Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Astrophysics with New Horizons: Making the Most of a Generational Opportunity

The outer solar system provides a unique, quiet vantage point from which to observe the universe around us, where measurements could enable several niche astrophysical science cases that are too difficult to perform near Earth. NASA’s New Horizons mission comprises an instrument package that provides imaging capability from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (near-IR) wavelengths with moderate spectral resolution located beyond the orbit of Pluto. A carefully designed survey with New Horizons can optimize the use of expendable propellant and the limited data telemetry bandwidth to allow several measurements, including a detailed understanding of the cosmic extragalactic background light; studies of the local and extragalactic UV background; measurements of the properties of dust and ice in the outer solar system; confirmation and characterization of transiting exoplanets; determinations of the mass of dark objects using gravitational microlensing; and rapid follow-up of transient events. New Horizons is currently in an extended mission designed to focused on Kuiper Belt science that will conclude in 2021. The astrophysics community has a unique, generational opportunity to use this mission for astronomical observation at heliocentric distances beyond 50 au in the next decade. In this paper, we discuss the potential science cases for such an extended mission, and provide an initial assessment of the most important operational requirements and observation strategies it would require. We conclude that New Horizons is capable of transformative science, and that it would make a valuable and unique asset for astrophysical science that is unlikely to be replicated in the near future.
COARSENING DYNAMICS OF CRYSTALLINE THIN FILMS

The formation of pyramidlike structures in thin-film growth on substrates with a quadratic symmetry, e.g., ${001}$ surfaces, is shown to exhibit anisotropic scaling as there exist two length scales with different time dependences. Numerical results indicate that for most realizations coarsening of mounds is described by an exponent $n\ensuremath{\simeq}1/4$. However, depending on material parameters it is shown that $n$ may lie between 0 (logarithmic coarsening) and 1/3. In contrast, growth on substrates with triangular symmetries $({111}$ surfaces $)$ is dominated by a single length $\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{1/3}$.
Robustification of Elliott's on-line EM algorithm for HMMs

In this paper, we establish a robustification of an on-line algorithm for modelling asset prices within a hidden Markov model (HMM). In this HMM framework, parameters of the model are guided by a Markov chain in discrete time, parameters of the asset returns are therefore able to switch between different regimes. The parameters are estimated through an on-line algorithm, which utilizes incoming information from the market and leads to adaptive optimal estimates. We robustify this algorithm step by step against additive outliers appearing in the observed asset prices with the rationale to better handle possible peaks or missings in asset returns.
Martensitic transformation from α-Ti to β-Ti on rapid heating

Instead of conventional quenching martensitic transformation from β-Ti to α-Ti, unusual martensitic transformation from α-Ti to β-Ti induced by rapid heating has been achieved simply by using an electric current pulse. A large amount of the high-temperature martensitic phase remained in a Ti–6Al–4V alloy. We verified that such transformation is structurally and kinetically achievable, which agrees well with the phenomenological crystallographic theory of martensitic transformation.
Applications of the Exponential Function of the Euclidean Motion Group to the Theory of Gearing

The present paper provides a first step to a new approach to the theory of gearing, which uses modern differential geometry in order to ensure a strict and coordinate-independent formulation. Here, we are mainly concerned with a basic equation, namely, the equation of meshing, of two rotating surfaces in mesh. Since we are able to solve this equation by the time parameter, we derive parameterizations of the mating pinion from a bevel gear as well as a parameterization for gears produced by special machine tools.
Mulching as soil moisture conservation to improve physiological traits in maize (Zea mays L.)

Field experiments were conducted at Yezin farm and Sepin research farm, Yamethin, Myanmar to study the effect of different mulching materials on percent reduction of soil moisture content and physiological traits in Yezin and Yamethin. Randomized complete block design (RCB) was used with three replications from October, 2019 to March, 2020. Rice straw mulching (T2), rice husk mulching (T3), maize stover mulching (T4), mung bean stover mulching (T5), soybean stover mulching (T6) and white plastic polyethylene mulching (T7) and no mulching (T1) were tested with NK-621, variety. At Yezin, the minimum percent reduction of soil moisture content (45.89) was obtained from T2 and (76.79, 58.07) was resulted in T7 whereas the maximum percent reduction of soil moisture contents (76.93, 89.00, 83.93) were recorded from T1 at 14 DAI (Days after irrigation). At tasseling stage, the maximum photosynthesis rates (20.45 µmol m-2s-1) and (21.59 µmol m-2s-1) were observed from T2 at Yezin and Yamethin. At two locations, the maximum stomatal conductance (158.36 mmol m-2s-1) and (204.44 mmol m-2s-1) was observed from T2 at maximum growth stage. At maximum growth stage, the maximum SPAD values (33.90) and (53.98) were obtained from T6 at Yezin and T2 at Yamethin. The maximum five ears weight (1830.6 g) was recorded from rice straw mulching whereas the minimum five ears weight (1326.0 g) was resulted from no mulching at Yamethin. According to the results, rice straw mulching resulted in the highest physiological traits of maize, and white plastic polyethylene mulching recorded the minimum percent reduction of soil moisture content at Yezin and maize stover mulching at Yamethin.
Differential rotation on the lower main sequence

We compute the differential rotation of main sequence stars of the spectral types F, G, K, and M by solving the equation of motion and the equation of convective heat transport in a mean-field formulation. For each spectral type the rotation rate is varied to study the dependence of the surface shear on this parameter. The resulting rotation patterns are all solar-type. The horizontal shear turns out to depend strongly on the effective temperature and only weakly on the rotation rate. The meridional flow depends more strongly on the rotation rate and has different directions in the cases of very slow and very fast rotation, respectively. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the existence of homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits for differential equations with a small parameter

Low order differential equations typically have solutions which represent homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits between singular points in the phase plane. These orbits occur when the stable manifold of one singular point intersects or coincides with its unstable manifold, or the unstable manifold of another singular point. This paper investigates the persistence of these orbits when small dispersion is added to the system. In the perturbed system the stable manifold of a singular point passes through an exponentially small neighbourhood of a singular point and careful analysis is required to determine whether a homoclinic or heteroclinic connection is achieved.
Physical Insight into Fuel-Air Mixing for Upstream-Fuel-Injected Scramjets via Multi-Objective Design Optimization

Fuel injection and mixing into air play a crucial role in the operation of hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems, particularly scramjet engines featuring upstream fuel injection. This study applies an advanced design methodology combining computational fluid dynamics and evolutionary algorithms assisted by surrogate modeling to a multi-objective optimization for fuel injection in a Mach 5.7 crossflow after the initial compression in a scramjet intake operating at Mach 7.6. Optimization is performed for elliptical injector configurations defined by four design parameters (i.e., the injection angle, spanwise spacing, aspect ratio, and radius of the injector), simultaneously aiming to maximize three objectives, that is, fuel/air mixing, total pressure saving, and fuel penetration into the crossflow. Statistical methods based on global sensitivity analysis are employed to assess the optimization results in conjunction with surrogate models to identify key design factors with respect to the three design o.
AdS2 quantum gravity and string theory

AdS2 has an SL(2,R) isometry group. It is argued that in the context of quantum gravity on AdS2 this group is enlarged to the full infinite-dimensional 1+1 conformal group. Massive scalar fields are coupled to AdS2 gravity and shown to have associated conformal weights h(m) shifted by their mass. For integral values of h primary boundary operators are obtained as h normal derivatives of the scalar field. AdS2 string theories arise in the `very-near-horizon' limit of S1-compactified AdS2 string theories. This limit corresponds to energies far below the compactification scale. The dual conformal field theory has one null dimension and can in certain cases be described as the discrete light cone quantization of a two-dimensional deformed symmetric-product conformal field theory. Evidence is given that the AdS2 Virasoro algebra is related to the right-moving AdS2 Virasoro algebra by a topological twist which shifts the central charge to zero.
Model calibration for compressive sensing based linear antenna array fault diagnosis

ABSTRACT The Compressive Sensing (CS) theory has been widely studied as it requires only a small number of measurements to identify faulty elements of antenna arrays. However, the model for linear antenna array fault diagnosis based on CS is much sensitive to model mismatch and the identification results usually turn out to be much worse than expected in the practical situation. In this study, the model mismatch for linear antenna array fault diagnosis is first analyzed and then a CS model calibration method is proposed to improve the performance of the CS-based linear antenna array fault diagnostic method by solving a convex optimization model. Numerical results demonstrate that the calibrated CS model is much more accurate in identifying faulty antenna elements under model mismatch and noise than the traditional one.
Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation – XV. Stellar evolution and feedback in dwarf galaxies at high redshift

We directly compare predictions of dwarf galaxy properties in a semi-analytic model (SAM) with those extracted from a high-resolution hydrodynamic simulation. We focus on galaxies with halo masses of 1e9 10$), with the relevant time-scale becoming significantly longer towards lower redshifts. This indicates efficient accretion in cold mode in these low-mass objects at high redshift. Note that the improved SAM, which has been calibrated against hydrodynamic simulations, can provide more accurate predictions of high-redshift dwarf galaxy properties that are essential for reionization study.
Compounds Don't Come Easy

In this article we present an original analysis of NN compounds in Germanic and Romance, proposing that their morpho-syntactic and interpretive properties can be explained in compliance with narrow syntax conditions on Merge and Projection, crucially related to Kayne’s Antisymmetry model. In particular, we contend that root compounding represents a specific mode of syntactic computation (‘Compound Phase’), whereby two structurally identical syntactic objects – the compound members – get merged in a parallel fashion, hence yielding a symmetric configuration that prevents label projection. Compound Phase computation can thus be seen as a ‘repair strategy’ allowing the derivation to get a label and converge at the interfaces. On these theoretical grounds, the formal and interpretive contrasts between Germanic and Romance, and, within each language, the differences between compounds and prototypical syntactic constructions are essentially derived from the syntax of Compound Phases, given the independent properties of the lexical items involved in the computation.
ERF1 inhibits lateral root emergence by promoting local auxin accumulation with altered distribution and repressing ARF7 expression

Lateral roots (LRs) are crucial for plants to sense environmental signals in addition to water and nutrient absorption. Auxin is key for LR formation, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that Arabidopsis ERF1 inhibits LR emergence by promoting local auxin accumulation with altered distribution and regulating auxin signaling. Loss of ERF1 increases LR density compared with the wild type, whereas ERF1 overexpression causes the opposite phenotype. ERF1 enhances auxin transport by upregulating PIN1 and AUX1, resulting in excessive auxin accumulation in the endodermal, cortical, and epidermal cells surrounding LR primordia. Furthermore, ERF1 represses ARF7 transcription, consequently affecting the expression of cell wall remodeling genes that facilitate LR emergence. Together, our study reveals that ERF1 integrates environmental signals to promote local auxin accumulation with altered distribution and repress ARF7, consequently inhibiting LR emergence in adaptation to fluctuating environments. Highlights ERF1 functions as a negative regulator of lateral root emergence ERF1 enhances rootward and shootward auxin transport by directly upregulating the expression of PIN1 and AUX1, resulting in high local auxin accumulation and abnormal auxin distribution in the endodermal, cortical, and epidermal cells overlying lateral root primordia ERF1 represses the transcription of ARF7 and cell wall remodeling genes in lateral root emergence
An R-matrix study of singlet and triplet continuum states of N2

A systematic calculation of the positions and widths of the resonances converging on the first two excited states of N2+? > (A 2Πu? > and B 2Σu+? >) is presented. A closely-spaced grid of geometries is used to give continuous resonance curves without the need for curve fitting. Three methods, fitting the eigenphase sum, the time-delay method and the R-matrix specific QB method, are tested. Fits to the longest three time-delays are found to give the most reliable and complete determination of the resonance parameters. The low excitation energies of the A and B ion states results in complex resonance features with many avoided crossings leading to pronounced structures in both the resonance curves and the associated widths. The resonance curves likely to be important for dissociative recombination are identified. Their positions generally agree well with the calculations of Guberman, although in some cases their widths are narrower. Full data on all curves is provided.
Strain gradient induced polarization in graphene

Flexoelectricity phenomenon is the response of electric polarization to an applied strain gradient and is developed as a consequence of crystal symmetry in all materials. In this study, we show that the presence of strain gradient in non-piezoelectric graphene sheet does not only affect the ionic positions, but also the asymmetric redistribution of the electron density, which induce strong polarization in the graphene sheet. Using quantum mechanics calculations, the resulting axial and normal piezoelectric coefficients of the graphene sheet were determined using two loading conditions: (i) a graphene sheet containing non-centrosymmetric pores subjected to an axial load, and (ii) a pristine graphene sheet subjected to a bending moment. Particular emphases were placed on the role of edge and corner states of pores arising due to the functionalization. We also investigated the electronic structure of graphene sheet under different in-plane strain distributions using quantum mechanics calculations and tight-binding approach. The findings of our work reveal that the respective axial and normal electromechanical couplings in graphene can be engineered by changing the size of non-centrosymmetric pores and radii of curvature. Our fundamental study highlights the possibility of using graphene sheets in nanoelectromechanical systems as sensors or actuators
Matching of experimental and statistical-model thermonuclear reaction rates at high temperatures

We address the problem of extrapolating experimental thermonuclear reaction rates toward high stellar temperatures (T>1 GK) by using statistical model (Hauser-Feshbach) results. Reliable reaction rates at such temperatures are required for studies of advanced stellar burning stages, supernovae, and x-ray bursts. Generally accepted methods are based on the concept of a Gamow peak. We follow recent ideas that emphasized the fundamental shortcomings of the Gamow peak concept for narrow resonances at high stellar temperatures. Our new method defines the effective thermonuclear energy range (ETER) by using the 8th, 50th, and 92nd percentiles of the cumulative distribution of fractional resonant reaction rate contributions. This definition is unambiguous and has a straightforward probability interpretation. The ETER is used to define a temperature at which Hauser-Feshbach rates can be matched to experimental rates. This matching temperature is usually much higher compared to previous estimates that employed the Gamow peak concept. We suggest that an increased matching temperature provides more reliable extrapolated reaction rates since Hauser-Feshbach results are more trustwhorthy the higher the temperature. Our ideas are applied to 21 (p,{gamma}), (p,{alpha}), and ({alpha},{gamma}) reactions on A=20-40 target nuclei. For many of the cases studied here, our extrapolated reaction rates at high temperatures differmore » significantly from those obtained using the Gamow peak concept. « less
Corrections for Second-Order Doppler Shift and Cavity Phase Error in Cesium Atomic Beam Frequency Standards

From the measured static resonance curve of a cesium beam tube, corrections can be derived for second-order Doppler shift and cavity phase error. For the calculation Fourier transforms are used, which also produce the velocity distribution of the atoms. Data are given for the distortion of the resonance curve from which the corrections can be derived applicable in the case of very slow square wave frequency modulation. A method is also given for calculating corrections for faster modulation rates where the time-of-flight effects are no longer negligible. However, quadrature components will now occur in the beam signal, and their effect on the clock servo is discussed.
The Onset of Methane in L Dwarfs

We have detected weak absorption features produced by the strong ν3 methane band at 3.3 μm in two L dwarfs, 2MASSW J1507476-162738 and 2MASSI J0825196+211552, classified as spectral types L5 and L7.5, respectively. These absorptions occur in objects warmer than any in which methane previously has been detected and mark the first appearance of methane in the ultracool star-to-brown dwarf spectral sequence.
Transforming Contingency Tables

Abstract : We present a general theorem on transforming contingency tables and several applications where the transformation technique has allowed us to take advantage of the Iterative Proportional Fitting Procedure and has resulted in simple and useful procedures. A further advantage of this technique is that it is sometimes possible to recognize closed-form estimates in the transformed problem while they would be overlooked in the original setting. We shall view the estimation problem as one of minimizing the Kullback-Leibler information distance between two probability mass functions and will roughly follow the notation of Csiszar (1976). Although we have adopted the information distance point of veiw, the duality between maximum likelihood estimation and minimum information estimation (see e.g. Darroch and Ratcliff (1972)) implies that the results of this paper can just as well be interpreted from the maximum likelihood point of view.
The shrinking domain framework I: a new, faster, more efficient approach to cosmological simulations

The advent of the new generation of wide field galaxy surveys makes large N-body cosmological simulations a necessary evil. While the cosmological simulation codes have evolved a lot since the first calculations in the 80s, the computational requirements for generating data that is relevant for large surveys remain challenging. We propose an alternative approach that can speed up these simulations. The framework is based on the idea of reducing the size of the integration region following the lightcone of an observer at redshift zero and thus simulating only the parts of the Universe that can be observed. A possible implementation of this framework is presented, as well as tests of its accuracy and performance. These simple tests, based on conservative assumptions, show that the new framework gives a factor of three speed up with respect to the usual approach.
Different Typologies of Gamers Are Associated with Mental Health: Are Students DOOMed?

(1) Background: The inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) led to a rapid development of assessment instruments based on the suggested diagnosis. However, previous studies suggest that some of the symptoms in the diagnosis reflect engagement in gaming rather than a disorder or addiction. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate mental health associations with different typologies of gamers. (2) Methods: Data stemmed from a large national survey of students (SHoT2022) that was conducted between February and April 2022 (N = 59,544). Participants were categorized into non-gamers, recreational gamers, engaged gamers, problematic gamers, and addicted gamers. Logistic regression models adjusted for age were analyzed with and without gender-stratification for mental distress and life satisfaction as dependent variables across gaming categories. (3) Results: The proportion reporting case-level mental distress was lower for recreational gamers compared to non-gamers, indicating fewer mental health problems for recreational gamers. However, after stratifying the analysis by gender, female recreational gamers had higher levels of mental distress compared to female non-gamers, reflecting Simpson’s paradox. (4) Conclusions: Future studies investigating mental health and gaming should include a gender perspective.
Dissipative Rabi model for deep strong far-off-resonant driving

We study the dissipative Rabi model under deep strong far-off-resonant driving when the driving frequency and strength exceed significantly the qubit transition frequency. We find analytical expressions for the density matrix, the steady-state first-order field correlation function and the multiphoton emission spectrum. This spectrum consists of a series of narrow delta-like lines, caused by coherent processes and of Lorenzian peaks resulted from the incoherent scattering of photons. It is shown that the width of emission lines as well as the decay rate of the time oscillations in the population difference have oscillating dependence on the driving strength. We show how the features of this dependence are controlled by the relative rates of energetic relaxation and pure dephasing.