Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A quarter‐century of metrology using synchrotron radiation by PTB in Berlin

For more than 25 years, the Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt has been strongly engaged in the field of metrology using synchrotron radiation. In Berlin, this research programme started together with the user operation of the electron storage ring BESSY I in the early 1980s. At the beginning, the work was focused on fundamental radiometry, i.e. using the storage ring as a primary radiation source standard and operating beamlines for source and detector calibration in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range. Meanwhile, at the electron storage rings BESSY II and Metrology Light Source in Berlin‐Adlershof, the activities have been extended to a broad range of fundamental and applied photon metrology in the range from the far infrared to hard X‐rays, including methods like cryogenic radiometry, reflectometry and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In the present review, we give a short historical introduction to this work, describe our laboratories and the basic radiometric principles, and present examples of recent applications, largely performed within the framework of scientific cooperations with external partners from industry and research. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiband Transit Light Curve Modeling of WASP-4

Abstract We report on the simultaneous g′,r′,i′,z′ multiband, high time sampling (18-24s) ground-based photometric observations, which we use to measure the planetary radius and orbital inclination of the extrasolar transiting hot Jupiter WASP-4b. We recorded 987 images during three complete transits with the GROND instrument, mounted on the MPG/ESO-2.2m telescope at La Silla Observatory. Assuming a quadratic law for the stellar limb darkening we derive system parameters by fitting a composite transit light curve over all bandpasses simultaneously. To compute uncertainties of the fitted parameters we employ the Bootstrap Monte Carlo Method. The three central transit times are measured with precision down to 6 s. We find a planetary radius Rp = 1.413 ± 0.020RJup, an orbital inclination i = 88. °57 ± 0.45° and calculate new ephemeris, a period P = 1.33823144 ± 0.00000032 days and reference transit epoch T0 = 2454697.798311 ± 0.000046 (BJD). The analysis of the new transit mid-times in combination with previous measurements imply a constant orbital period and no compelling evidence for TTVs due to additional bodies in the system.
Estimation of the Differential Pathlength Factor for Human Skin Using Monte Carlo Simulations

Near-infrared technology is an emerging non-invasive technique utilized for various medical applications. Recently, there have been many attempts to utilize NIR technology for the continues monitoring of blood glucose levels through the skin. Different approaches and designs have been proposed for non-invasive blood glucose measurements. Light photons penetrating the skin can undergo multiple scattering events, and the actual optical pathlength becomes larger than the source-to-detector separation (optode spacing) in the reflection-mode configuration. Thus, the differential pathlength factor (DPF) must be incorporated into the modified Beer–Lambert law. The accurate estimation of the DPF values will lead to an accurate quantification of the physiological variations within the tissue. In this work, the aim was to systematically estimate the DPF for human skin for a range of source-to-detector separations and wavelengths. The Monte Carlo (MC) method was utilized to mimic the different layers of human skin with different optical properties and blood and water volume fractions. This work could help improve the accuracy of the near-infrared technique in the measurement of physiological variations within skin tissue.
Employing the houseless as corporate social responsibility

Purpose Many hospitality organizations see the benefits of engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR), which can take many forms. This study aims to examine one relatively unique form of CSR: hiring individuals experiencing houselessness. This research aimed to investigate the impact of hiring individuals experiencing houselessness on customers’ behavioral intentions, attitudes toward an organization and perceptions of CSR actions. Design/methodology/approach Across two experiments, this study investigated the impact of employing individuals experiencing houselessness on customers’ perceptions of the employee and organization using organizational legitimacy theory. Findings Results demonstrate that employees known to be houseless elicited more positive employee and organizational perceptions from the customers, mediated by CSR perceptions. In addition, the gender of the employees or the quality of the organization did not impact these findings. Practical implications Hospitality and tourism organizations should consider using available resources or tax benefits to make a deliberate effort to employ those experiencing houselessness. Originality/value Using organizational legitimacy theory, this study examines CSR perceptions as a potential explanatory mechanism between houselessness and customers’ reactions.
Pancakes and the formation of galaxies in a Universe dominated by collisionless particles

Detailed, numerical hydrodynamical calculations are presented of the coupled growth of (baryon)--(collisionless particle) pancakes in a post-recombination Friedmann universe dominated by finite mass, stable, weakly interacting elementary particles, such as neutrinos, gravitinos, photinos, or axions. Pancakes such as these arise during the cosmological growth of primordial, adiabatic density fluctuations and may be the sites of galaxy formation. The evolution of individual pancakes is calculated by numerically solving the hydrodynamical conservation equations for the baryonic fluid, together with the Poisson equation for the combined (baryon)--(collisionless particle) gravitational potential and the Vlasov equation for the collisionless particles, all in a homogeneous, isotropically expanding universe described by the Robertson-Walker metric. The effects of ionization, recombination, radiative and Compton cooling, and thermal conductivity are explicitly included.
Influences of Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, Perspective (PETTLEP) Intervention on Psychological Resilience, Psychological Skills, Anxiety and Depression of Athletes

Background: High-intensity competition pressure leads to psychological problems for athletes, which need to be improved through intervention. We aimed to explore the influences of PETTLEP (physical, environment, task, timing, learning, emotion, perspective) intervention on the psychological state of athletes, and provide references for their psychological improvement. Methods: Overall, 120 basketball players were enrolled through the convenience sampling method from Shaanxi, Yunnan, Fujian, and the national basketball team in China from April to June 2022. PETTLEP-based imagery intervention was given to all athletes, and their psychological resilience, training state, psychological skills, anxiety, and depression before and after the intervention were evaluated using a questionnaire survey. Results: The psychological resilience value of athletes after the intervention was higher than that before the intervention (P<0.05). The psychological resilience index of athletes who trained for more than three years was higher than that of athletes who trained for less than 3 years (P<0.05). The athletes who trained for over three years felt better after the intervention concerning good feelings, self-efficacy, self-adjustment, and physical fitness recovery than before the intervention (P<0.05). No statistical differences in self-confidence, coordination ability, and motivation were observed among the athletes trained for different years before and after the intervention (P>0.05). The athletes who trained for over three years have shown better results regarding focal attention and cognitive regulation after the intervention than before the intervention (P<0.05). Conclusion: The PETTLEP-based imagery intervention can improve the athletes’ psychological skills, relieves anxiety and depression, and enhance their psychological resilience.
Improving Power System Resilience through Decentralized Decision-Making

Natural disasters has been causing an increasing amount of economic losses in the past two decades. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, winter storms, and wildfires, can cause severe damages to power systems, significantly impacting industrial, commercial, and residential activities, leading to not only economic losses but also inconveniences to people’s day-today life. Improving the resilience of power systems can lead to a reduced number of power outages during extreme events and is a critical goal in today’s power system operations. This paper presents a model for decentralized decision-making in power systems based on distributed optimization and implemented it on a modified RTS-96 test system, discusses the convergence of the problem, and compares the impact of decision-making mechanisms on power system resilience. Results show that a decentralized decision-making algorithm can significantly reduce power outages when part of the system is islanded during severe transmission contingencies.
Autoregressive Modeling of Canadian Money and Income Data

Abstract A sequential procedure based on Akaike's final prediction-error criterion and Granger's concept of causality to fit multiple auto-regressions is suggested. The method not only allows each variable to enter the equation with a different time lag but also provides a reasonably powerful test of exogeneity or causality. The idea is applied to Canadian postwar money and income data. It is found that a bivariate feedback model for M1 and GNP and a one-way causal relation from GNP to M2 fit the data best. Diagnostic checks applied to our model seem to indicate the adequacy of our approach.
VRI photometry of the Einstein Cross Q2237+0305 at Maidanak observatory

Observations of the gravitationally lensed quasar Q2237+0305 were made with the 1.5-meter AZT-22 telescope at Maidanak (Uzbekistan) on 17–19 September 1995. All four components of the quasar are clearly resolved. The results of photometric measurements of the components are presented. It is confirmed that the component A again became the brightest one in the system. A noticeable change of the mutual colours of the components A and B in comparison with previous observations is detected and discussed. We cannot decide, on the basis of existing observational data, whether varying extinction or “chromatic” microlensing is the cause. Stronger, correlated colour changes in the system are probably caused by quasar variability. The dominant time scale of the microlensing-governed brightness variations since the discovery is of the order of 10 years. A correlation between radio brightness and optical colour is found but cannot be explained.
MONODROMY APPROACH TO QUANTUM COMPUTING

In this work, a gauge approach to quantum computing is considered. It is assumed that there exists a classical procedure for placing certain classical system in a state described by a holomorphic vector bundle with connection with logarithmic singularities. This bundle and its connection are constructed with the aid of unitary operators realizing the given algorithm using methods of the monodromic Riemann–Hilbert problem. Universality is understood in the sense that for any collection of unitary matrices there exists a connection with logarithmic singularities whose monodromy representation involves these matrices.
Lexical Gaps and Strategies Used by Language Teachers and Translators

: Linguists usually address existing or occurring lexical items. However, there could be words that do not occur but could potentially materialise in the lexicon of a language. These non-occurring words are considered to be gaps or holes in the system of a language. This paper pretends to explore those gaps, also known as lexical gaps, or lexical lacunae, focusing on the genesis of this linguistic phenomenon, the variety of definitions it has received throughout time and its typologies. Since it plays a role in so many aspects of linguistics, then this study will go further by answering certain questions and issues related to the topic. For instance, the scarcity of research papers that deal with the problems and challenges those lexical lacunae bring in some fields, such as in translation and in language teaching. Finally, I will analyse the result of a questionnaire aimed at knowing the strategies used by language teachers and translators when coping with the gaps.
How to Capture Moral Behaviors: From Laboratory to Everyday Life

: Morality is an eternal topic that has been contemplated and pursued by both philosophers and lay people alike for thousands of years. Psychologists have found that individuals’ moral judgments, moral emotions, moral intentions, moral motivations, moral reasoning and moral behaviors are not internally consistent. Among which, moral behavior is most relevant to everyday life. Given that moral behaviors are influenced by various factors such as personality traits (e.g., virtue), social situations (e.g., time pressure), and social desirability (e.g., moral image), it is quite challenging to effectively and accurately measure moral behaviors both in the laboratory and in real-life social situations. Our current work synthesizes differing concepts of moral behaviors and their conceptual distinctions from diverse disciplinary perspectives. We then offer a selective review on differing paradigms such as scale method, laboratory experiment, virtual reality, field experiment, big data approaches and experience-sampling method. It is our hope that this work would inspire researchers to better capture and explore the complex and dynamic moral behaviors, and provide potential future prospects to the emerging trends of novel thoughts, theories, methods, paradigms and applications for unveiling moral behaviors and their underlying processes.
Local likelihood with time‐varying additive hazards model

The authors propose the local likelihood method for the time‐varying coefficient additive hazards model. They use the Newton‐Raphson algorithm to maximize the likelihood into which a local polynomial expansion has been incorporated. They establish the asymptotic properties for the time‐varying coefficient estimators and derive explicit expressions for the variance and bias. The authors present simulation results describing the performance of their approach for finite sample sizes. Their numerical comparisons show the stability and efficiency of the local maximum likelihood estimator. They finally illustrate their proposal with data from a laryngeal cancer clinical study.
Near-infrared images of LINER and starburst galaxies

Near-infrared observations of the nuclei of 22 LINER and starburst galaxies are presented. Most of the galaxies that make up our sample exhibit a smooth regular near-infrared structure. A few show more complex morphologies with hotspots. Colour index maps indicate the combined effects of dust obscuration, emission from hot dust, and stellar population gradients. A method is described, based on a generalized Gaussian fit to the galaxy profile, which estimates the flux due to a point source within the galaxy. This method provides an alternative to traditional procedures for estimating the nuclear component, irrespective of whether this is due to a compact cluster of stars or an obscured Seyfert nucleus
Image Restoration with Lucy-Richardson Algorithm

Motion blur is a phenomenon common to nearly all photographs. Moving objects in the scene or camera movement during the exposure progress lead to blurred images. Lucy Richardson (LR) algorithm has been used to process image restoration of motion blur. In this paper LR algorithm would be discussed. The simulation experiment result shows the PSF plays an important role in the image restoration with LR iterative algorithm.
Field theory of guided waves

Preface. Basic Electromagnetic Theory. Green's Functions. Transverse Electromagnetic Waves. Transmission Lines. Waveguides and Cavities. Inhomogeneously Filled Waveguides and Dielectric Resonators. Excitation of Waveguides and Cavities. Variational Methods for Waveguide Discontinuities. Periodic Structures. Integral Transform and Function-Theoretic Techniques. Surface Waveguides. Artificial Dielectrics. Mathematical Appendix. Name Index. Subject Index. About the Author.
Terahertz current oscillations in a gated two-dimensional electron gas with antenna integrated at the channel ends

We studied terahertz current oscillations induced by a frequency-tunable radiation source in a AlGaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure field effect transistor channel. A planar antenna was integrated on-chip, and a substrate lens was used for broadband coupling of free-space radiation at 0.18–0.72 THz to the channel ends. Through spectral analysis of the detection signal, we identified two different mixing mechanisms: one related to channel current oscillations and the other to modulation of the gate-to-channel potential. Depending on gate bias and radiation frequency, the two mechanisms either compete or cooperate, leading to responsivity up to 300 V/W and noise equivalent power of 1 nW/Hz0.5
Diagnostics for a Linear Model with First-Order Autoregressive Symmetrical Errors

In this article, we focus on some diagnostics for linear regression model with first-order autoregressive and symmetrical errors. The symmetrical class includes both light- and heavy-tailed univariate symmetrical distributions, which offers a more flexible framework for modeling. Maximum likelihood estimates are computed via the Fisher-score method. Score statistic and its adjustment are proposed for testing autocorrelation of the random errors. Local influence diagnostics are also derived for the model under some usual perturbation schemes. The performances of the test statistics are investigated through Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, a real data set is used to illustrate our diagnostic methods.
Size effect of dissipative surface stress on quality factor of microbeams

A dissipative surface stress model is suggested to study the surface dissipation of vibrating elastic microbeams. The model is an extension of the well-known Zener model from bulk materials to the surface in the presence of an initial surface tension. Explicit formulas are derived for the frequency-dependent quality factor and the maximum surface dissipation. This model predicts a size-dependent surface dissipation when the size of the cross section downs to nanometers. In particular, the model offers plausible explanation for a few experimental phenomena reported in the most recent literature.
Temperature Dependence of the Polarization and Tilt Angle Under an Electric Field Close to the Smectic AC* Phase Transition in a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal

The temperature dependence of the polarization P and the tilt angle θ is calculated here in the presence of a constant electric field near the smectic AC* phase transition of a ferroelectric liquid crystal using a mean field model. We demonstrate here the temperature dependence of P and θ under some fixed electric fields for the ferroelectric liquid crystal of 4-(3-methyl-2-chlorobutanoyloxy)-4′-heptyloxybiphenyl. Our predicted values of P and θ at various temperatures under fixed electric fields, follow similar critical behaviour as predicted for zero electric field from the mean field model near the smectic AC* phase transition in 4-(3-methyl-2-chlorobutanoyloxy)-4′-heptyloxybiphenyl.
Imputation of Binary Treatment Variables With Measurement Error in Administrative Data

Administrative systems—specifically, cancer registries—can be a valuable data source for studies of health care; however, provision of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy is often underreported in such databases. In a study of colorectal cancer in California, a relatively small physician follow-back survey allowed us to model the probability of underreporting. We then wished to model the relationship of true treatment status to covariates in the full database. We developed hierarchical models for imputation of corrected data using data recorded with error in the administrative system and the “validation sample” from the survey. The model includes a model for the probability of receipt of chemotherapy and a model for the probability of reporting given that chemotherapy was received. This factorization of the joint distribution of the true status and reported data is designed to permit generalization from the validation sample to a larger population in which the reporting process is similar but the prevalence of treatment may differ. Hospital random effects are included to represent variation in both treatment and reporting patterns across hospitals. We used Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques to estimate model parameters and impute true treatment status. Valid inferences are obtained by combining the results from multiply imputed datasets. In an analysis of predictors of survival using imputed data that corrected for bias due to underreporting, uncertainty due to underreporting of chemotherapy substantially inflated the variance of estimates of the chemotherapy effect but had little effect on the estimation of coefficients of other characteristics.
Convex optimization based time-domain broadband beamforming with sidelobe control

An approach to time-domain broadband beamforming with sidelobe control is proposed. The array response is expressed as a linear function of the finite impulse response filters tap weights. The filters are designed by minimizing beamformer output power while maintaining the distortionless response in the direction of the desired signal and guaranteeing the sidelobes to be below some given threshold values. Norm constraint on tap weights is also imposed to improve the robustness of the beamformer. Computationally efficient convex formulation for the beamformer design problem is derived using second-order cone programming. Simulation results demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed approach.
Blade Tip Carving Effects on the Aerothermal Performance of a Transonic Turbine

Tip leakage flows in unshrouded high speed turbines cause large aerodynamic penalties, induce significant thermal loads and give rise to intense thermal stresses onto the blade tip and casing endwalls. In the pursuit of superior engine reliability and efficiency, the turbine blade tip design is of paramount importance and still poses an exceptional challenge to turbine designers. The ever-increasing rotational speeds and pressure loadings tend to accelerate the tip flow velocities beyond the transonic regime. Overtip supersonic flows are characterized by complex flow patterns, which determine the heat transfer signature. Hence, the physics of the overtip flow structures and the influence of the geometrical parameters require further understanding to develop innovative tip designs. Conventional blade tip shapes are not adequate for such high speed flows and hence, potential for enhanced performances lays in appropriate tip shaping. The present research aims to quantify the prospective gain offered by a fully contoured blade tip shape against conventional geometries such as a flat and squealer tip. A detailed numerical study was conducted on a modern rotor blade (Reynolds number of 5.5 × 105 and a relative exit Mach number of 0.9) by means of three-dimensional (3D) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) calculations. Two novel contoured tip geometries were designed based on a two-dimensional (2D) tip shape optimization in which only the upper 2% of the blade span was modified. This study yields a deeper insight into the application of blade tip carving in high speed turbines and provides guidelines for future tip designs with enhanced aerothermal performances.