Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Winds in the atmospheric boundary layer prediction and observation

Abstract A simple, but realistic, three-layer model of the unstable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) comprising surface layer, deep mixed layer and transition layer, within which geostrophic adjustment takes place, is utilized. Relations for the mixed-layer wind components and velocity defects are derived, with the latter depending upon entrainment, baroclinity, advection and local acceleration. These predicted quantities are compared with observations from three field experiments in the unstable ABL, including conditions of moderate baroclinity, strong horizontal advection and rapid growth of the mixed layer. The observations cover a range in scale-height ratio fh/u*, of approximately 0.025–0.5, and in normalized height h/z0 of 103 to 107. Within the limits of experimental errors in wind speed measurements the observed and predicted wind components are in good agreement, implying an internal equilibrium with the turbulent field and no significant influence from, what are observed to be, strong entrainmen.
Second-order Bayesian revision of a generalised linear model

It is well known that the exponential dispersion family (EDF) of univariate distributions is closed under Bayesian revision in the presence of natural conjugate priors. However, this is not the case for the general multivariate EDF. This paper derives a second-order approximation to the posterior likelihood of a naturally conjugated generalised linear model (GLM), i.e., multivariate EDF subject to a link function (Section 5.5). It is not the same as a normal approximation. It does, however, lead to second-order Bayes estimators of parameters of the posterior. The family of second-order approximations is found to be closed under Bayesian revision. This generates a recursion for repeated Bayesian revision of the GLM with the acquisition of additional data. The recursion simplifies greatly for a canonical link. The resulting structure is easily extended to a filter for estimation of the parameters of a dynamic generalised linear model (DGLM) (Section 6.2). The Kalman filter emerges as a special case. A second type of link function, related to the canonical link, and with similar properties, is identified. This is called here the companion canonical link. For a given GLM with canonical link, the companion to that link generates a companion GLM (Section 4). The recursive form of the Bayesian revision of this GLM is also obtained (Section 5.5.3). There is a perfect parallel between the development of the GLM recursion and its companion. A dictionary for translation between the two is given so that one is readily derived from the other (Table 5.1). The companion canonical link also generates a companion DGLM. A filter for this is obtained (Section 6.3). Section 1.2 provides an indication of how the theory developed here might be applied to loss reserving. A sequel paper, providing numerical illustrations of this, is planned.
Neutralization of toxic activities of Bothrops asper snake venom by ethnomedicinal plants used in Central America, with emphasis in Guatemala: a review

T here are few scientific studies that explore the use of medicinal plants for snakebite envenoming in Central America, although plant-based therapies have been traditionally used in the region. This work reviews the studies conducted in Central America to assess the ability of extracts obtained from plants of local ethnomedical use to inhibit toxic activities of the venom of Bothrops asper , the snake responsible for approximately half of the snakebite envenomings in these countries. The search prioritized the description of the plants used in Guatemala, since most of the studies described in this work were conducted in that country, although references to other countries are included. Information concerning secondary metabolites and other pharmacological activities of these plant species, relevant to the treatment of snakebites, was also described. The literature search was conducted in the Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases and completed with locally available literature. It was found that extracts of 12 plant species inhibited the hemorrhagic effect of the venom and three neutralized the edema-forming activity, while inhibition of proteolytic and phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activities was achieved by three and one plant species, respectively. Only Brownea rosa-de-monte was able to effectively counteract the in vitro coagulant effect of the venom. Some plant extracts screened in Guatemala demonstrated procoagulant or anti-thrombin intrinsic effects that might aggravate the coagulopathy induced by the venom. These findings underscore the need of carrying out scientific studies aimed to validate the inhibitory potential of Central American plant extracts and their metabolites against B. asper venom.
Design of compensator for large relative aperture aspherical surface

Firstly, the parameters of relative large aperture aspherical surface to betested are described. The large aperture aspherical surface is very difficult to be tested. Then two kinds of null-test methods are used. One is null test with parallel ligh. The other is the refractive Offner compensating system. The solving process of the preliminary structure parameters of the compensator is discussed. Through comparison of two methods, we choose the method which is more appropriate to test large relative aperture aspherical surface.The consequence after optimization by ZEMAX is also given in the paper.
Linear multistep methods, particle filtering and sequential Monte Carlo

Numerical integration is the main bottleneck in particle filter methodologies for dynamic inverse problems to estimate model parameters, initial values, and non-observable components of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) system from partial, noisy observations, because proposals may result in stiff systems which first slow down or paralyze the time integration process, then end up being discarded. The immediate advantage of formulating the problem in a sequential manner is that the integration is carried out on shorter intervals, thus reducing the risk of long integration processes followed by rejections. We propose to solve the ODE systems within a particle filter framework with higher order numerical integrators which can handle stiffness and to base the choice of the variance of the innovation on estimates of the discretization errors. The application of linear multistep methods to particle filters gives a handle on the stability and accuracy of the propagation, and linking the innovation variance to the accuracy estimate helps keep the variance of the estimate as low as possible. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated with a simple ODE system similar to those arising in biochemical applications.
Tropical Indian Ocean Warming Contributes to Arctic Warming

Currently, the Arctic is undergoing a significant warming, which has exerted widespread impacts on global climate. Although many mechanisms responsible for the Arctic warming have been proposed, the impacts of the multi‐decadal change of tropical sea surface temperature receive little attention. Here we use numerical experiments to elucidate that the Indian Ocean (IO) warming may contribute to the Arctic warming. Through enhancing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the IO warming remotely induces more ocean heat transport from the North Atlantic to the Arctic. The resulted upper ocean warming dominates the surface warming in the Arctic. Additionally, despite the net negative contribution of the atmospheric heat transport, more warm air is conveyed into the Kara Seas, North Eurasia, and North America sectors, contributing to the local warming. The results propose a new mechanism to interpret the Arctic warming and indicate the important remote impacts of the tropical IO warming.
Laser detection of remote targets applying chaotic pulse position modulation

Abstract. Chaotic pulse position modulation (CPPM) has been successfully used in robust digital communication for years. We propose to adapt CPPM for laser detection of remote targets to address the issue of noise. Specified in a time-of-flight (TOF) consecutive laser ranging application scenario, the feasibility of laser detection applying CPPM for laser detection is experimentally investigated. The scheme including the adaptive design for laser detection and parameter settings with validation is introduced. Lab-based electrical experiment and a proof-of-concept outdoor TOF experiment are further conducted to verify the feasibility of laser ranging and detection using CPPM through comparison with traditional Lidar detection and other pulse interval patterns. According to experiments and the following analysis, laser ranging using CPPM is feasible and more robust than traditional laser ranging.
A recombinant Der p 1-specific allergen-toxin demonstrates superior killing of allergen-reactive IgG+ hybridomas in comparison to its recombinant allergen-drug conjugate

Summary Introduction Current treatments for asthma help to alleviate clinical symptoms but do not cure the disease. In this study, we explored a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of house dust mite allergen Der p 1induced asthma by aiming to eliminate specific population of B-cells involved in memory IgE response to Der p 1. Materials and Methods To achieve this aim, we developed and evaluated two different proDer p 1-based fusion proteins; an allergen-toxin (proDer p 1-ETA) and an allergen-drug conjugate (ADC) (proDer p 1-SNAP-AURIF) against Der p 1 reactive hybridomas as an in vitro model for Der p 1 reactive human B-cells. The strategy involved the use of proDer p 1 allergen as a cell-specific ligand to selectively deliver the bacterial protein toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA) or the synthetic small molecule toxin Auristatin F (AURIF) into the cytosol of Der p 1 reactive cells for highly efficient cell killing. Results As such, we demonstrated recombinant proDer p 1 fusion proteins were selectively bound by Der p 1 reactive hybridomas as well as primary IgG1+ B-cells from HDM-sensitized mice. The therapeutic potential of proDer p 1-ETAʹ and proDer p 1-SNAP-AURIF was confirmed by their selective cytotoxic activities on Der p 1 reactive hybridoma cells. The allergen-toxin demonstrated superior cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values in the single digit nanomolar value, compared to the ADC. Discussions Altogether, the proof-of-concept experiments in this study provide a promising approach for the treatment of patients with house dust mite-driven allergic asthma.
Contacting nanowires and nanotubes with atomic precision for electronic transport

Making contacts to nanostructures with atomic precision is an important process in the bottom-up fabrication and characterization of electronic nanodevices. Existing contacting techniques use top-down lithography and chemical etching, but lack atomic precision and introduce the possibility of contamination. Here, we report that a field-induced emission process can be used to make local contacts onto individual nanowires and nanotubes with atomic spatial precision. The gold nano-islands are deposited onto nanostructures precisely by using a scanning tunneling microscope tip, which provides a clean and controllable method to ensure both electrically conductive and mechanically reliable contacts. To demonstrate the wide applicability of the technique, nano-contacts are fabricated on silicide atomic wires, carbon nanotubes, and copper nanowires. The electrical transport measurements are performed in situ by utilizing the nanocontacts to bridge the nanostructures to the transport probes.
SERPINE1 as an Independent Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target for Nicotine-Related Oral Carcinoma

Objectives Nicotine is an ingredient of tobacco, and exposure to nicotine increases the risks of various cancers, including oral cancer. Previous studies have focused on the addictive properties of nicotine, but its carcinogenic mechanism has rarely been studied. We aimed to explore the key genes in the process through which nicotine promotes the occurrence and development of oral cancer via data mining and experimental verification. Methods This study involved three parts. First, key genes related to nicotine-related oral cancer were screened through data mining; second, the expression and clinical significance of a key gene in oral cancer tissues were verified by bioinformatics. Finally, the expression and clinical significance of the key gene in oral cancer were histologically investigated, and the effects of its expression on cell proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance were cytologically assessed. Results SERPINE1 was identified as the key gene, which was upregulated in nicotine-treated oral cells and may be an independent prognostic factor for oral cancer. SERPINE1 was enriched in various pathways, such as the tumor necrosis factor and apelin pathways, and was related to the infiltration of macrophages, CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells. Overexpression of SERPINE1 was associated with N staging and may be involved in hypoxia, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Knockdown of SERPINE1 in oral cancer cells resulted in weakened cell proliferation and invasion ability and increased sensitivity to bleomycin and docetaxel. Conclusion This study revealed SERPINE1 as a key gene for nicotine-related oral cancer, indicating that SERPINE1 may be a novel prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for oral carcinoma.
Consistent Timing of Arctic Permafrost Loss Across the CESM1 Large Ensemble

The Arctic is especially vulnerable to climate change and is warming faster than the global average. Changes in this region pose a heightened threat due to the immense amount of carbon frozen as organic material in the soil. When permafrost thaws, organic material decays and releases as greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to further warming. A better understanding of the processes that influence permafrost degradation is needed to inform climate adaptation and mitigation planning. This study assesses changes to Arctic permafrost across 35 ensemble member simulations from the Community Earth System Model 1 Large Ensemble Project, under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 21st century scenario. Most Arctic near‐surface permafrost is lost by 2100, but timing varies across regions and with soil depth. Internal climate variability, represented by differences between ensemble members, has a constrained influence on degradation timing due to relative consistency of summer temperature increases and insulation by winter snow cover.
A Method for Assessing Extent and Sources of Heterogeneity of Residual Variances in Mixed Linear Models

Abstract A statistical method is presented for identifying sources of heterogeneity of residual variance in mixed linear models. The method is based on a log-linear model for the residual variances from which parameters can be estimated and hypotheses tested using the marginal likelihood function. It can be viewed as a generalization of Bartlett's test. Computing procedures are presented and an illustration is given. The method can be used with experimental or field data, e.g., to detect possible preferential treatment of daughters of sires or to investigate the possible segregation of major genes.
Image synthesis of effective atomic number images using a deep convolutional neural network-based generative adversarial network

Background The effective atomic numbers obtained from dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) can aid in characterization of materials. In this study, an effective atomic number image reconstructed from a DECT image was synthesized using an equivalent single-energy CT image with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN)-based generative adversarial network (GAN). Materials and methods The image synthesis framework to obtain the effective atomic number images from a single-energy CT image at 120 kVp using a CNN-based GAN was developed. The evaluation metrics were the mean absolute error (MAE), relative root mean square error (RMSE), relative mean square error (MSE), structural similarity index (SSIM), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and mutual information (MI). Results The difference between the reference and synthetic effective atomic numbers was within 9.7% in all regions of interest. The averages of MAE, RMSE, MSE, SSIM, PSNR, and MI of the reference and synthesized images in the test data were 0.09, 0.045, 0.0, 0.89, 54.97, and 1.03, respectively. Conclusions In this study, an image synthesis framework using single-energy CT images was constructed to obtain atomic number images scanned by DECT. This image synthesis framework can aid in material decomposition without extra scans in DECT.
A broadband single-layer substrate integrated waveguide cavity-backed slot array antenna with improved gain

ABSTRACT A single-layer substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slot array antenna with broad impedance bandwidth and improved gain is presented in this paper. In the element design, a multi-branch slot and a pair of inclined slots are designed on the top layer of the SIW as radiating structure and the grounded coplanar waveguide feeding structure are used for impedance matching, which ensures that the triple special resonant modes with the odd TE120 mode, the half TE120 mode, and a hybrid mode can be excited successfully to obtain broad impedance bandwidth and high gain, because of its low order and adjacent working frequencies points. Following this, an array antenna consisting of four elements and a four-way microstrip feeding network using only single-layer substrate structure is simulated and fabricated. The measured impedance bandwidth of the four-element array antenna achieves up to 34.4% and the measure peak gain at desired frequency band is 14.4 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 71.1%. The measured results prove that the proposed design has advantages of simple structure, broadband, and high gain, which is expected to be applied in high-speed vehicular communication system.
Disruptions from Wildfire Smoke: Vulnerabilities in Local Economies and Disadvantaged Communities in the U.S.

Wildfires, which are increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity, are measurably affecting vulnerable populations, labor, housing, and education. This report describes how wildfire smoke disrupts various sectors of the economy across the United States. Wildfire smoke is a growing problem for groups that face greater economic barriers than the general population, such as low-income families, housing-vulnerable communities, and frontline workers.
Asymptotic analysis of the American call option with dividends

We consider an American call option and let C(S, T0) be the price of an option corresponding to asset price S at some time T0 prior to the expiration time TF . We analyze C(S, T0) in various asymptotic limits. These include situations where the interest and dividend rates are large or small, compared to the volatility of the asset. We also analyze the optimal exercise boundary for the option. We use perturbation methods to analyze either the PDE that C(S, T0) satisfies, or a nonlinear integral equation that is satisfied by the optimal exercise boundary.
Effective single-particle potentials for MnO in light of interatomic magnetic interactions: Existing theories and perspectives

It is shown that the fundamental gauge-symmetry constraints superimposed on the admissible form of the exchange-correlation energy functional lead to the generalized local force theorem for small nonuniform rotations of the spin magnetic moments near equilibrium. The theorem suggests that the magnetic interactions responsible for the low-energy spin-wave excitations near the ground state can be expressed in terms of the effective single-particle potential designed for the ground-state spin-magnetization density. The theorem allows us to obtain an empirical effective potential for MnO by fitting the experimental low-temperature spin-wave dispersion curve. The theorem is further applied to investigate abilities of several different first-principles techniques: local-~spin! -density approximation, LDA plus ‘‘Hubbard U’’ (LDA 1U) and optimized effective potential ~OEP! None of these approaches treats the magnetic interactions in MnO properly. Limitations of the one-electron band picture underlying the failure are elucidated in each case. As one of the perspective techniques to deal with the electronic structure of narrow-band materials, we propose to combine the LDA1U form of the single-particle equations with the variational principles of the OEP approach. Several possible approximations along this line are discussed. @S0163-1829~98! 04047-8#
Application of holographic interferometry for plasma diagnostics

The principle of holographic interferometry is described and its importance for plasma diagnostics is indicated, particularly for the determination of electron concentration (Section 2). A review is given of different methods for increasing the sensitivity associated with penetration into the infrared region of the spectrum, and also with the use of multiple-pass, resonance, dispersive nonlinear and two-wavelength holographic interferometry. Section 3 discusses the experimental techniques—recording media and radiation sources—as well as the results of fringe shift measurements, stroboscopic holography and cineholography. Section 4 gives a review of work on investigation of various plasmas—laser-induced sparks, laser jets, neutral current layers, z- and θ-pinches, flash lamps, CO2 laser-induced plasmas, exploding conductors, plasmotrons, electric arcs and various other kinds of electric discharges in gases.
Theory of magnetic levitation for biaxial systems

The magnetic suspension system consisting of a metallic cylindrical shell encircling an alternating‐current filament is analyzed by vector field methods for arbitrary relative orientations of shell and current axes. The induced magnetic field and resulting force‐torque system, and associated eddy‐currents, are calculated for a variety of shell constructions: homogeneous shells, shells with annular hollow space, and shells composed of annular layers of different metals. End effects neglected in the computations are analyzed in a companion paper. The biaxial shell‐filament systems treated model the magnetic suspension in ’’disturbance compensation systems’’ for Navy navigational satellites.
Lower‐hybrid wave resonance cone detection via CO2‐laser scattering

Lower‐hybrid waves are studied in the Princeton ACT‐I steady‐state toroidal plasma device using a radially scanning CO2 laser scattering system with both amplitude and phase sensitive detection techniques. Clearly defined resonance cones launched from external electrostatic antennas are seen to disappear as the plasma density is raised. Scaling of a lower‐hybrid wave (LHW) laser signal with radio‐frequency (rf) power in the presence of resonance cones shows nonlinearities associated with rf‐induced changes in the effective laser scattering volume. Absolute fluctuation level estimates suggest that this occurs when eΦ/Te≥1. Wave‐front curvature effects can cause a complete loss of resonance cone laser signals, even though probes indicate that cones are still present. Measurements of the wave k⊥ spectrum in the plasma show direct evidence for electron Landau filtering of the original wave k∥ spectrum launched from the antenna at the plasma edge, and strong dependence on antenna phasing. Finally, frequency sh.