Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corpus Evidence for Syntactic Structures and Requirements for Annotations of Tree Banks

In our talk we want to illustrate the usefulness of corpora to validate/falsify claims made in the linguistic literature. We will do so using three case studies, the first one dealing with extraposition and subjacency, the second one with the German clause structure and particle verbs, and the third with multiple frontings. Turning to the first case study, Chomsky (1986, p. 40; among others) argues that the trace t in (1) cannot be the source of the extraposition and explains this by the principle of subjacency, which says that only one Barrier may be crossed by such movement. See also Baltin 1981 on extraposition and subjacency. (1) [ NP Many books [ PP with [stories t]] t'] were sold [that I wanted to read]. that subjacency also plays a role for extraposition in German. But if one substitutes the head noun in (1) in a way that reduces attachment ambiguities, one can obtain parallel German examples which are grammatical: (2) weil because viele many Schallplatten records mit with Geschichten stories verkauft sold wurden, were die that ich I noch yet lesen read wollte. wanted 'because many records with stories that I wanted to read were sold. ' (The sentence describes a situation where the speaker goes to a record shop and for certain audio book records there he realizes he wants to read those stories.) The example in (2) seems to falsify the subjacency claim frequently found in the literature—which raises the question whether one can find more examples to empirically explore this issue. Even with an unannotated corpus, examples with such ex-traposed complement clauses can be found by looking for sentences that contain a 1
Polycystic ovaries in non-obese and obese patients: possible pathophysiological mechanism based on new interpretation of facts and findings.

This study was designed to investigate the basic concentrations of different hormones in obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD). Eight women with PCOD, of whom four were obese with body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) of > 25 and four were non-obese with BMI < 25, volunteered to participate in this study. Serum samples were taken every 20 min over an 8 h period, starting at 2300 h, on day 5 of a spontaneous or gestagen-induced cycle. Basic insulin concentration was found to be significantly higher in the obese women compared with their non-obese counterparts (P < 0.0001). Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-I) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were found to be significantly lower (P < 0.001 for both hormones) in the obese compared with the non-obese women. Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) did not differ between the two groups. The non-obese women had significantly higher serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) (P < 0.001) and of growth hormone (GH) (P < 0.002) than their obese counterparts. Based on these results, two models of the development of PCOD were suggested. In obese women, hyperinsulinaemia causes an excessive production of androgens through the enhancement of IGF-I receptors which, in synergism with LH, causes increased activity of cytochrome P-450c 17a. In non-obese patients, relative increase of GH concentration stimulates excessive ovarian IGF-I production. At this point synergism with LH results in excessive production of androgens by the same mechanism as in obese patients. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Realcouse2.0: From Fully Connected Topology to Multiple Overlapping Stars

We present the second version of Realcourse. Realcourse is a cooperative Internet video publishing and delivery system used by more than thirty Chinese universities to share course videos. The design of Realcourse bears the following assumptions 1) the system is supposed to consists of hundreds of unreliable but controllable servers where temporal failures are common, permanent failures are rare, 2) videos are concurrently uploaded to local servers but their metadata are broadcasted to all servers, 3) users are connected to and served by local servers but should be able to watch all the videos in the system in a seamless and efficient fashion. Realcourse has gone through two versions. In Realcourse1.0, all servers were treated equal and fully connected by messaging channels. In order to maintain a consistent global directory among servers, each server informs all others of local update operations through the message channels. The fully connected server topology poses a great challenge to system management with respect to failures. To solve this problem, Realcourse2.0 adopts a server topology of multiple overlapping stars by 1) replacing direct broadcast with relayed-broadcast, in which message is first sent to a relay server and then forwarded to all other servers, 2) partitioning the global directory into sub-trees, each sub-tree is then fully replicated to a group of selected servers while groups may overlap with each other. This paper explains why such a change is necessary and how it was done. Realcourse has been operational since December 2003. Today, more than 5000 videos are served. We constantly observe about 10000 unique user IP addresses each day.
Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana.

BACKGROUND Preexposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral agents has been shown to reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among men who have sex with men; however, the efficacy among heterosexuals is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned HIV-seronegative men and women to receive either tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) or matching placebo once daily. Monthly study visits were scheduled, and participants received a comprehensive package of prevention services, including HIV testing, counseling on adherence to medication, management of sexually transmitted infections, monitoring for adverse events, and individualized counseling on risk reduction; bone mineral density testing was performed semiannually in a subgroup of participants. RESULTS A total of 1219 men and women underwent randomization (45.7% women) and were followed for 1563 person-years (median, 1.1 years; maximum, 3.7 years). Because of low retention and logistic limitations, we concluded the study early and followed enrolled participants through an orderly study closure rather than expanding enrollment. The TDF-FTC group had higher rates of nausea (18.5% vs. 7.1%, P<0.001), vomiting (11.3% vs. 7.1%, P=0.008), and dizziness (15.1% vs. 11.0%, P=0.03) than the placebo group, but the rates of serious adverse events were similar (P=0.90). Participants who received TDF-FTC, as compared with those who received placebo, had a significant decline in bone mineral density. K65R, M184V, and A62V resistance mutations developed in 1 participant in the TDF-FTC group who had had an unrecognized acute HIV infection at enrollment. In a modified intention-to-treat analysis that included the 33 participants who became infected during the study (9 in the TDF-FTC group and 24 in the placebo group; 1.2 and 3.1 infections per 100 person-years, respectively), the efficacy of TDF-FTC was 62.2% (95% confidence interval, 21.5 to 83.4; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Daily TDF-FTC prophylaxis prevented HIV infection in sexually active heterosexual adults. The long-term safety of daily TDF-FTC prophylaxis, including the effect on bone mineral density, remains unknown. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health; TDF2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00448669.).
Loop-Free Hybrid Single-Path/Flooding Routing Algorithms with Guaranteed Delivery for Wireless Networks

In a localized routing algorithm, each node makes forwarding decisions solely based on the position of itself, its neighbors, and its destination. In distance, progress, and direction-based approaches'(reported in the literature), when node A wants to send or forward message m to destination node D, it forwards m to its neighbor C which is closest to D (has best progress toward D, whose direction is closest to the direction of D, respectively) among all neighbors of A. The same procedure is repeated until D, if possible, is eventually reached. The algorithms are referred to as GEDIR, MFR, and DIR when a common failure criterion is introduced: The algorithm stops if the best choice for the current node is the node from which the message came. We propose 2-hop GEDIR, DIR, and MFR methods in which node A selects the best candidate node C among its 1-hop and 2-hop neighbors according to the corresponding criterion and forwards m to its best 1-hop neighbor among joint neighbors of A and C. We then propose flooding GEDIR and MFR and hybrid single-path/flooding GEDIR and MFR methods which are the first localized algorithms (other than full flooding) to guarantee the message delivery (in a collision-free environment). We show that the directional routing methods are not loop-free, while the GEDIR and MFR-based methods are inherently loop free. The simulation experiments, with static random graphs, show that GEDIR and MFR have similar success rates, which is low for low degree graphs and high for high degree ones. When successful, their hop counts are near the performance of the shortest path algorithm. Hybrid single-path/flooding GEDIR and MFR methods have low communication overheads. The results are also confirmed by experiments with moving nodes and MAC layer.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Chloramphenicol Homodimers: Molecular Target, Antimicrobial Activity, and Toxicity against Human Cells

As fight against antibiotic resistance must be strengthened, improving old drugs that have fallen in reduced clinical use because of toxic side effects and/or frequently reported resistance, like chloramphenicol (CAM), is of special interest. Chloramphenicol (CAM), a prototypical wide-spectrum antibiotic has been shown to obstruct protein synthesis via binding to the bacterial ribosome. In this study we sought to identify features intensifying the bacteriostatic action of CAM. Accordingly, we synthesized a series of CAM-dimers with various linker lengths and functionalities and compared their efficiency in inhibiting peptide-bond formation in an Escherichia coli cell-free system. Several CAM-dimers exhibited higher activity, when compared to CAM. The most potent of them, compound 5, containing two CAM bases conjugated via a dicarboxyl aromatic linker of six successive carbon-bonds, was found to simultaneously bind both the ribosomal catalytic center and the exit-tunnel, thus revealing a second, kinetically cryptic binding site for CAM. Compared to CAM, compound 5 exhibited comparable antibacterial activity against MRSA or wild-type strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and E. coli, but intriguingly superior activity against some CAM-resistant E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Furthermore, it was almost twice as active in inhibiting the growth of T-leukemic cells, without affecting the viability of normal human lymphocytes. The observed effects were rationalized by footprinting tests, crosslinking analysis, and MD-simulations.
Postural Balance in a Random Sample of 7,979 Subjects Aged 30 Years and Over

Background: Reliable normative data for force platform measurements of postural balance have not been available. Methods: Data on postural balance were collected from a representative nationwide sample of a Finnish population aged ≧30 years (n = 7,979). As part of a comprehensive health survey (Health 2000), postural balance was measured with the help of a force platform system in four test conditions: normal standing with eyes open and closed (both for 30 s), semi-tandem (20 s) and tandem stand with eyes open (20 s). In addition, balance abilities were also evaluated by a non-instrumented field test. Results: The main findings of this study indicated that the differences in balance between subjects belonging to different age categories were apparent already among young and middle-aged subjects. This is true, however, only for the more accurate force platform measurements, as the field test showed a clear ceiling effect up to 60 years of age. At higher ages both methods indicated a further, accelerating decline in balance function. In most cases, males tended to have more pronounced sway, as indicated by the speed and amplitude aspects of the movement of the center of pressure during the force platform registrations and these differences were larger in the older age groups. In contrast, in the field test a larger proportion of males were able to achieve the highest category (10 s in tandem stand) and the proportion of subjects unable to stand for a minimum of 10 s feet side by side was larger among females than males. These observations may partly be due to differences in the participation/acceptable performance in the different tests. In addition, the field test and force platform measurements may partially reflect different aspects of balance abilities. Conclusion: The results of the present study provide normative values for force platform balance tests at an age of 30 years and above. Deterioration in balance function clearly starts at relatively young ages and further accelerates from at about 60 years upwards. Due to systematic differences between males and females, separate normative values for both sexes are needed. Due to marked ceiling effects the field test can only be recommended for older individuals, aged ≧60. On the other hand, force platform registrations in the more demanding tests (semi-tandem and tandem stands) suffer from floor effects in the oldest age groups.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of supplemental oral L-arginine in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND Patients with heart failure have reduced peripheral blood flow at rest, during exercise, and in response to endothelium-dependent vasodilators. Nitric oxide formed from L-arginine metabolism in endothelial cells contributes to regulation of blood flow under these conditions. A randomized, double-blind crossover study design was used to determine whether supplemental oral L-arginine can augment peripheral blood flow and improve functional status in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen subjects were given 6 weeks of oral L-arginine hydrochloride (5.6 to 12.6 g/d) and 6 weeks of matched placebo capsules in random sequence. Compared with placebo, supplemental oral L-arginine significantly increased forearm blood flow during forearm exercise, on average from 5.1 +/- 2.8 to 6.6 +/- 3.4 mL. min-1. dL-1 (P < .05). Furthermore, functional status was significantly better on L-arginine compared with placebo, as indicated by increased distances during a 6-minute walk test (390 +/- 91 versus 422 +/- 86 m, P < .05) and lower scores on the Living With Heart Failure questionnaire (55 +/- 28 versus 42 +/- 26, P < .05). Oral L-arginine also improved arterial compliance from 1.99 +/- 0.38 to 2.36 +/- 0.30 mL/mm Hg (P < .001) and reduced circulating levels of endothelin from 1.9 +/- 1.1 to 1.5 +/- 1.1 pmol/L (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Supplemental oral L-arginine had beneficial effects in patients with heart failure. Further studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic potential of supplemental oral L-arginine and to identify mechanisms of action in patients with heart failure.
Automated data mapping specification via schema heuristics and user interaction

Data transformation problems are very common and are challenging to implement for large and complex datasets. We describe a new approach for specifying data mapping transformations between XML schemas using a combination of automated schema analysis agents and selective user interaction. A graphical tool visualizes parts of the two schemas to be mapped and a variety of agents analyze all or parts of the schema, voting on the likelihood of matching subsets. The user can confirm or reject suggestions, or even allow schema matches to be automatically determined, incrementally building up to a fully-mapped schema. An implementation of the mapping specification can then be generated.
An asynchronous instruction length decoder

This paper describes an investigation of potential advantages and pitfalls of applying an asynchronous design methodology to an advanced microprocessor architecture. A prototype complex instruction set length decoding and steering unit was implemented using self-timed circuits. [The Revolving Asynchronous Pentium/sup (R)/ Processor Instruction Decoder (RAPPID) design implemented the complete Pentium II/sup (R)/ 32-bit MMX instruction set. ] The prototype chip was fabricated on a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process and tested successfully. Results show significant advantages - in particular, performance of 2.5-4.5 instructions per nanosecond - with manageable risks using this design technology. The prototype achieves three times the throughput and half the latency, dissipating only half the power and requiring about the same area as the fastest commercial 400 MHz clocked circuit fabricated on the same process.
CT should replace three-view radiographs as the initial screening test in patients at high, moderate, and low risk for blunt cervical spine injury: a prospective comparison.

BACKGROUND An estimated 10,000 Americans suffer cervical spine injuries each year. More than 800,000 cervical spine radiographs (CSR) are ordered annually. The human and healthcare costs associated with these injuries are enormous especially when diagnosis is delayed. Controversy exists in the literature concerning the diagnostic accuracy of CSR, with reported sensitivity ranging from 32% to 89%. We sought to compare prospectively the sensitivity of cervical CT (CCT) to CSR in the initial diagnosis of blunt cervical spine injury for patients meeting one or more of the NEXUS criteria. METHODS The study prospectively compared the diagnostic accuracy of CSR to CCT in consecutive patients evaluated for blunt trauma during 23 months at an urban, public teaching hospital and Level I Trauma Center. Inclusion criteria were adult patient, evaluated for blunt cervical spine injury, meeting one or more of the NEXUS criteria. All patients received both three-view CSR and CCT as part of a standard diagnostic protocol. Each CSR and CCT study was interpreted independently by a different radiology attending who was blinded to the results of the other study. Clinically significant injuries were defined as those requiring one or more of the following interventions: operative procedure, halo application, and/or rigid cervical collar. RESULTS Of 1,583 consecutive patients evaluated for blunt cervical spine trauma, 78 (4.9%) patients received only CCT or CSR and were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 1,505 patients, 78 (4.9%) had evidence of a radiographic injury by CSR or CCT. Of these 78 patients with radiographic injury, 50 (3.3%) patients had clinically significant injuries. CCT detected all patients with clinically significant injuries (100% sensitive), whereas CSR detected only 18 (36% sensitive). Of the 50 patients, 15 were at high risk, 19 at moderate risk, and 16 at low risk for cervical spine injury according to previously published risk stratification. CSR detected clinically significant injury in 7 high risk (46% sensitive), 7 moderate risk (37% sensitive), and 4 low risk patients (25% sensitive). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the superiority of CCT compared with CSR for the detection of clinically significant cervical spine injury. The improved ability to exclude injury rapidly provides further evidence that CCT should replace CSR for the initial evaluation of blunt cervical spine injury in patients at any risk for injury.
An enhanced controller design for combined renewable energy generation

This paper concentrates on the effect due to non linear loading when renewable energy sources fuel cell and photovoltaic panels are used. Ripple current get induced in the system due to the non linear loading. Which affect the life time of the fuel cell and causes power loss in photovoltaic panel. Even though many ripple mitigation techniques are available this paper uses a ripple current mitigation technique of sliding mode control of inverter.
Document NES / DOC / SAG / WP 3 / 018 / 3 ∗ † About the NESSIE Submission BMGL : Synchronous Keystream Generator with Provable Security ‡

• Using a hybrid argument for probability distributions it is shown that given an adversaryA who is capable of distinguishing the complete pseudorandom sequence (resulting from λ steps of the BMGL generator) from truely random bits (with advantage at least δ) there must exist a related adversary B and a fixed iteration i (of the one-way function f) such that B can distinguish the result of the i-th step of the BMGL generator (i. e. the bits extracted with some hard-core predicate) from truely random bits (with advantage at least δ/λ). B uses A as a black-box and the running time of BA is a fixed polynomial times the running time of A. ∗The work described in this paper has been supported by the Commission of the European Communities through the IST program under contract IST-1999-12324 †The information in this document is provided as is, and no warranty is given or implied that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The user thereof uses the information at its sole risk and liability ‡This report refers to the original submission BMGL: Synchronous Key-stream Generator with Provable Security. According to the comments in this report the authors revised the original document and resubmitted a new version.
Sequential Finite Element Model of Tissue Electropermeabilisation

Sequential model of liver tissue electropermeabilisation around two needle electrodes was designed by computing electric field (E) distribution by means of the finite element (FE) method. Sequential model consists of a sequence of static FE models which represent E distribution during tissue permeabilisation. In the model an S-shaped dependency between specific conductivity and E was assumed. Parameter estimation of S-shaped dependency was performed on a set of current measurements obtained by in vivo experiments. Another set of in vivo measurements was used for model validation. Model validation was carried out in three different ways by comparing experimental measurements and modelled results. The model validation showed good agreement between modelled and measured results. The model also provided means for better understanding processes that occur during permeabilisation. Based on the model, the permeabilised volume of tissue exposed to electrical treatment can be predicted. Therefore, the most important contribution of the model is its potential to be used as a tool for determining the electrode position and pulse amplitude needed for effective tissue permeabilisation.