Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Establishment of hormone‐dependent and hormone‐indhpendent carcinoma cell lines with different metastatic potentials from spontaneous mammary tumors in aged wistar rats

Three stable carcinoma cell lines, designated RM22‐F5, RM17 5R, and RM 1‐4, were established from spontaneously occurring mammary carcinomas in old, outbred, female Wistar rats. The RM22‐F5 and RM 17‐SR cells were keratin‐positive and formed epithelial monolayers, whereas RMI‐4 cells exhibited a spindle‐like morphology and intense vimentin staining. When injected into nude mice, RM22‐F5, RM17‐5R and RM1‐4 cells formed well‐differentiated, poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas, respectively. The relative growth rates of the tumor cells in vitro were RM1‐4 > RM22‐F5 > RM17‐5R. The growth of RM22‐F5, but not of RM17‐5R and RM1‐4 cells, was significantly stimulated by insulin, epidermal growth factor, dexamethasone, 17β‐estradiol and progesterone in vitro. Ovariectomy reduced the growth of RM22‐F5 cells in vivo and these cells (but not RM1‐4 or RM17‐5R) were estrogen‐receptor (ER)‐positive. None of the lines were positive for the progesterone receptor (PR). Spontaneous lung and lymph‐node metastases were observed in nude mice injected with RM22‐F5 or RM17‐5R cells, respectively. In contrast, RM1‐4 cells were non‐metastatic but invasive. Karyotype analysis revealed that RM22‐FS cells were hyperdiploid, RM 17‐SR were hypotetraploid, and RM1‐4 were diploid with a sizeable insertion in chromosome I. A point mutation in codon 12 (G to A transition) and loss of the normal aliele of the H‐ras‐1 gene was detected in the DNA from RM22‐FS cells. No p53 mutations were apparent in any of the cell lines. The results indicate that RM22‐F5 cells are hormone‐dependent with an ER+/PR− phenotype, while the RM 17‐SR and RM1‐4 lines are hormone‐independent and ER−/PR. These cell lines exhibit the spectrum of biological properties and genetic alterations observed in human breast cancers and may, therefore, be novel and useful models for understanding sporadic breast cancer in post‐menopausal women.
The Poor Employment Act of 1817

0 n I 6June I 81 7 the royal assent was given to 'An Act to authorize the Issue of Exchequer Bills and the Advance of Money out of the Consolidated Fund, to a limited Amount, for the carrying on of Public Works and Fisheries in the United Kingdom and Employment of the Poor in Great Britain, in manner therein mentioned'. 2 Briefly, the act appointed a number of commissioners who were empowered to make loans, initially for a period of three years, to any person or persons, within certain limitations, who could show that the loan would be used to create employment. The commissioners were authorized to make advances up to a total of Ji million. Subsequent acts extended the powers of the commissioners and authorized additional loans. The act attracted but little attention at the time and has subsequently received even less attention from historians.3 Yet the principles underlying the act were of some importance: the act acknowledged the obligation of governments to combat unemployment, and, equally important, it initiated the regular practice of
Investigating Variation in Replicability: A “Many Labs” Replication Project

Although replication is a central tenet of science, direct replications are rare in psychology. This research tested variation in the replicability of thirteen classic and contemporary effects across 36 independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. In the aggregate, ten effects replicated consistently. One effect – imagined contact reducing prejudice – showed weak support for replicability. And two effects – flag priming influencing conservatism and currency priming influencing system justification – did not replicate. We compared whether the conditions such as lab versus online or U.S. versus international sample predicted effect magnitudes. By and large they did not. The results of this small sample of effects suggest that replicability is more dependent on the effect itself than on the sample and setting used to investigate the effect.
HIV‐1 ENV gp120 structural determinants for peptide triazole dual receptor site antagonism

Despite advances in HIV therapy, viral resistance and side‐effects with current drug regimens require targeting new components of the virus. Dual antagonist peptide triazoles (PT) are a novel class of HIV‐1 inhibitors that specifically target the gp120 component of the viral spike and inhibit its interaction with both of its cell surface protein ligands, namely the initial receptor CD4 and the co‐receptor (CCR5/CXCR4), thus preventing viral entry. Following an initial survey of 19 gp120 alanine mutants by ELISA, we screened 11 mutants for their importance in binding to, and inhibition by the PT KR21 using surface plasmon resonance. Key mutants were purified and tested for their effects on the peptide's affinity and its ability to inhibit binding of CD4 and the co‐receptor surrogate mAb 17b. Effects of the mutations on KR21 viral neutralization were measured by single‐round cell infection assays. Two mutations, D474A and T257A, caused large‐scale loss of KR21 binding, as well as losses in both CD4/17b and viral inhibition by KR21. A set of other Ala mutants revealed more moderate losses in direct binding affinity and inhibition sensitivity to KR21. The cluster of sensitive residues defines a PT functional epitope. This site is in a conserved region of gp120 that overlaps the CD4 binding site and is distant from the co‐receptor/17b binding site, suggesting an allosteric mode of inhibition for the latter. The arrangement and sequence conservation of the residues in the functional epitope explain the breadth of antiviral activity, and improve the potential for rational inhibitor development. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Market Information and Firm Performance

The value of new information depends on how accurate the information is, but it may also depend on the characteristics of the firm and the nature of the industry it operates in. We develop a game-theoretic model to understand how firm and industry characteristics moderate the effect of market information on firm profits. Our results suggest that information is more valuable when product substitutability is higher, suggesting that information is of greater value in more competitive industries. Our results also suggest that although industry size does not affect the value of information, information is more valuable for larger firms. We find that, except under some conditions, more precise market information has a greater impact on profits in a Stackelberg mode of conduct than in a Bertrand-Nash mode.
Outward FDI from Brazil and its policy context, 2012

Brazil became a significant source of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) only in the 2000s. Concentrated in the secondary and tertiary sectors, OFDI from Brazil goes primarily to neighboring economies and the United States and Europe. OFDI flows from Brazil include large amounts in tax havens to escape domestic regulations and taxes. Brazil's OFDI flow was negative (-US$ 10 billion) in 2009 during the global financial and economic crisis, due to the repatriation of capital, mainly through intra-firm lending by foreign affiliates of Brazilian multinational enterprises (MNEs) to their parent firms. However, in 2010, OFDI flows from Brazil were positive again, at US$ 12 billion. The stock jumped from US$ 52 in 2000 to US$ 181 billion in 2010. Except for loans provided selectively by the state investment bank BNDES, Brazil still has no institutionalized policy measures to support OFDI. Always lower than inward FDI so far, Brazil's OFDI follows Brazilian economic growth and local currency appreciation that generate increased savings, and its recent growth reflects market opportunities abroad that are open to Brazilian national champions with competitive advantages and large-scale operations. Trends and developments In the 1990s, after monetary stabilization and pro-market reforms, Brazil consolidated its position as a significant global recipient of FDI flows. In the decade since 2000, it also became a significant investor abroad together with other emerging economies. Annex table 1 shows that a noticeable increase in OFDI is a new development, common to all the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) economies, driven by their domestic economic growth coupled with monetary stability and stimulated by market opportunities globally. In Brazil, the expansion of export-led industries, mainly commodities, resulted in an increasing trade surplus. Large inward FDI (IFDI) flows and the trade surplus have boosted foreign-exchange reserves, coupled with an The authors wish to thank Marcos Amatucci and Milton de Freitas Chagas for their helpful comments. The views expressed by the authors of this Profile do not necessarily reflect opinions of Columbia University, its partners and supporters. Columbia FDI Profiles (ISSN: 2159-2268) is a peer-reviewed series.
Staged Development of Robot Skills: Behavior Formation, Affordance Learning and Imitation with Motionese

Inspired by infant development, we propose a three staged developmental framework for an anthropomorphic robot manipulator. In the first stage, the robot is initialized with a basic reach-and- enclose-on-contact movement capability, and discovers a set of behavior primitives by exploring its movement parameter space. In the next stage, the robot exercises the discovered behaviors on different objects, and learns the caused effects; effectively building a library of affordances and associated predictors. Finally, in the third stage, the learned structures and predictors are used to bootstrap complex imitation and action learning with the help of a cooperative tutor. The main contribution of this paper is the realization of an integrated developmental system where the structures emerging from the sensorimotor experience of an interacting real robot are used as the sole building blocks of the subsequent stages that generate increasingly more complex cognitive capabilities. The proposed framework includes a number of common features with infant sensorimotor development. Furthermore, the findings obtained from the self-exploration and motionese guided human-robot interaction experiments allow us to reason about the underlying mechanisms of simple-to-complex sensorimotor skill progression in human infants.
Client industry audit expertise: towards a better understanding

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the supply of audit firm industry specialisation in the market for statutory audits of publicly traded companies in Australia. The purpose of this study is to seek to gain a better understanding of the dynamics within the market for industry specialist audit services.Design/methodology/approach – A structured interview process is used to investigate certain issues with the suppliers of industry specialist audit services (in this case all the then Big 5). Findings – This paper found that industry specialisation involves the Big 5 audit firms developing a specialised knowledge of what clients do within any given industry and the issues and audit risks they face. The Big 5 have industry “focus” groups that are responsible for providing “leading edge” practices to their clients. According to many of the auditor interview respondents, the large number of Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) classifications has meant that audit firms have sought a more manageable mea.
Variations in crowding and ambulance diversion in nine emergency departments.

OBJECTIVES The primary study aim was to examine the variations in crowding when an emergency department (ED) initiates ambulance diversion. METHODS This retrospective, multicenter study included nine geographically disparate EDs. Daily ED operational variables were collected during a 12-month period (January 2009 to December 2009), including total number of ED visits, mean overall length of stay (LOS), number of ED beds, and hours on ambulance diversion. The primary outcome variable was the "ED workload rate," a surrogate marker for daily ED crowding. It was calculated as the total number of daily ED visits multiplied by the overall mean LOS (in hours) and divided by the number of ED beds available for acute treatment in a given day. The primary predictor variables were ambulance diversion, as a dichotomous variable of whether or not an ED went on diversion at least once during a 24-hour period, diversion hour quintiles, and sites. RESULTS The annual ED census ranged from 43,000 to 101,000 patients. The percentage of days that an ED went on diversion at least once varied from 4.9% to 86.6%. On days with ambulance diversion, the mean ED workload rate varied from 17.1 to 62.1 patient LOS hours per ED bed among sites. The magnitude of variation in ED workload rate was similar on days without ambulance diversion. Differences in ED workload rate varied among sites, ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 patient LOS hours per ED bed. ED workload rate was higher on average on diversion days compared to nondiversion days. The mean difference between diversion and nondiversion was statistically significant for the majority of sites. CONCLUSIONS There was marked variation in ED workload rates and whether or not ambulance diversion occurred during a 24-hour period. This variability in initiating ambulance diversion suggests different or inconsistently applied decision-making criteria for initiating diversion.
An Empirical Study of Feature Extraction Methods for Audio Classification

With the growing popularity of video sharing web sites and the increasing use of consumer-level video capture devices, new algorithms are needed for intelligent searching and indexing of such data. The audio from these video streams is particularly challenging due to its low quality and high variability. Here, we perform a broad empirical study of features used for intelligent audio processing. We perform experiments on a dataset of 200 consumer videos over which we attempt to detect 10 semantic audio concepts.
Effects of dietary cysteine on blood sulfur amino acid, glutathione, and malondialdehyde concentrations in cats.

OBJECTIVE To determine effects of dietary cysteine on blood sulfur amino acids (SAA), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in cats. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURE Cats were fed diets with a nominal (0.50 g/100 g dry matter [DM]), moderate (1.00 g/100 g DM), or high (1.50 g/100 g DM) cysteine content in a 3 X 3 Latin square design with blocks of 8 weeks' duration. Venous blood samples were collected after each diet had been fed for 4 and 8 weeks, and a CBC and serum biochemical analyses were performed; poikilocyte, reticulocyte, and Heinz body counts were determined; and MDA, GSH, GSSG, and SAA concentrations were measured. RESULTS Blood cysteine and MDA concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary cysteine content. Blood methionine, homocysteine, and GSSG concentrations were significantly increased when cats consumed the high cysteine content diet but not when they consumed the moderate cysteine content diet, compared with concentrations obtained when cats consumed the nominal cysteine content diet. Blood GSH concentrations were significantly increased when cats consumed the moderate or high cysteine content diet. CONCLUSIONS Increased dietary cysteine content promotes higher blood methionine, homocysteine, GSH, and GSSG concentrations in healthy cats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Supplemental dietary cysteine may be indicated to promote glutathione synthesis and ameliorate adverse effects of oxidative damage induced by disease or drugs.
PRACTICE OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: EXPERIENCE FROM INDIAN SMES

The findings in the paper are reported on the basis of the outcome of sponsored research project on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Effective Performance Measurement System (PMS) for organisation is a key factor for success in today's competitive globalised market. In the era of globalisation and outsourcing, SMEs understand and acknowledge the importance of the performance measurement system in day-to-day business operations but may not able to pay serious attention to it. This paper presents results of a survey of Indian SMEs whilst addressing this issue. The study included SMEs from three western states of India covering the manufacturing, high tech engineering, finance, packaging, and distribution sector. Responses from 147 SMEs are analysed for various issues related to performance measurement system.
Public Assistance and the Pressure to Commit Crime: An Empirical Challenge to Conservative Criminology

ABSTRACT In this paper, bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to evaluate three hypotheses about the relationship between public assistance and the frequency of criminal arrests among women. The first two hypotheses are derived from conservative doctrine. These hypotheses propose that either (1) there is no correlation between public assistance and reported criminal offenses, or (2) there is a positive correlation between public assistance and reported criminal offenses. The third hypothesis is drawn from liberal scholarship and proposes that there is a negative correlation between public assistance and reported criminal offenses. The study tests these hypotheses using a sample compromised of 104 at-risk women. Statistical analysis find no empirical support for the two conservative hypotheses. Significant empirical support is found for the hypothesis derived from the liberal tradition. Results are presented and discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the significance of these findings for future social policy with respect to public assistance and street crime.
Bliss Levels That Aren't

In an often cited paper, Hall (1978) observed that, under rational expectations and the life cycle-permanent income hypothesis, the first-order condition for utility maximization implies that the marginal utility of consumption follows a random walk. If single-period utility is quadratic, that is, if U(Ct) = -. 5(B Ct)2, where Ct is time t consumption and U is utility, then consumption itself follows the random walk C, = a + bC,1 + et. If true utility is not quadratic, it may still be approximated by a quadratic. In this model b is the ratio of one plus the rate of time preference for utility to one plus the interest rate, and a = (1 b)B. The parameter B is interpreted as the bliss level of consumption because utility takes on its maximum value when C = B. This utility function is undefined for C > B because marginal utility is negative at these consumption levels. Given estimates of a and b, the corresponding bliss level is simply obtained using B = a/( 1 b). Yet authors who employ Hall's methodology and quadratic utility have not calculated B. Their oversight is corrected here. Using real per capita U.S. consumption of services and nondurables, Hall estimates a = 14 and b = 1.011 (0.003) (standard errors are in parentheses). These numbers imply a bliss level of B = $1,270, while C is in the range of $2,000-$4,000 (Hall actually gave the estimate of a as 0.0 14, but his data were in thousands). For consumption of durable goods, Mankiw (1982) uses Hall's methodology to derive the model Ct = ad + bCt1 + et + (d 1)et1, where Ct is real per capita U.S. consumption of durables and d is the rate of depreciation of durable capital. Setting d = 1, Mankiw estimates a = 2.65 (5.04) and b = 1.002 (0.011), which implies a bliss level of B = -$1,325. When d is estimated along with the other parameters, Mankiw finds ad = -4.37 (3.49), b = 1.015 (0.011), and
South Africa's Second Democratic Election

This study is about the recent, June 1999, elections in South Africa. The focus is on the contesting political parties and the successes or failures they have experienced. An attempt is made to analyze the major political parties in relation to their performances, provincially and nationally, but also centre attention on a number o f factors that have influenced the election process, the parties' problems and prospects. The methodological stance reflects a predominantly analytical and descriptive approach. The study proceeds to apply this analytical and approach by, firstly, reviewing selected literature and outlining the nature o f the political campaigns, electoral process ami opinion polls as well as some o f the unique characteristics o f the major political parties. While these characteristics are, in the main crude and tentative, they nonetheless suggest some relevance to people's voting preferences. This descriptive characterization is followed by an analytical view o f the "aftermath o f the elections", their implications fo r social transformation, reconstruction and development agenda o f the country in general and the ruling party in particular.
“WHAT NOW, JOSEPH?” INTRAPRENEURSHIP, ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCES DEVELOPMENT AND WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT IN PROFESSORS OF MASTERS AND DOCTORATE PROGRAMS IN MANAGEMENT

Ao perguntar - “E agora, Jose? ”- abre-se o questionamento em relacao ao genero masculino, sobre estes incidem conflitos trabalho-familia? Ou este fato nao os envolve. Este estudo percorre esta questao ao analisar como docentes de Programas de Pos-Graduacao em Administracao stricto sensu de Curitiba-PR-Brasil, com perfil intraempreendedor, lidam com os conflitos oriundos da relacao trabalho-familia no desenvolvimento das competencias empreendedoras. Jose aqui os simboliza, atraves da poesia de Carlos Drummond de Andrade (em um contraponto, aos possiveis questionamentos e angustias do genero masculino na contemporaneidade na interseccao entre trabalho e familia). Ressalta-se que os limites teoricos desse estudo nao se voltam para questoes como a construcao social do genero e orientacao sexual. Trata-se de pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, com estudo de caso exploratorio e descritivo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu entre 2010 e 2011. Os resultados demonstraram que o desenvolvimento de competencias empreendedoras traz conflitos nas relacoes de trabalho-familia.
Inhibition of Amyloid Protein Aggregation and Neurotoxicity by Rifampicin

Aggregation of physiologically produced soluble amyloid β protein (Aβ) to insoluble, neurotoxic fibrils is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Aggregation studies with synthetic Aβ1-40 peptide by the thioflavin T fluorescence assay and electron microscopy and cytotoxicity assays using rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells showed that an antibiotic, rifampicin, and its derivatives, which possess a naphthohydroquinone or naphthoquinone structure, inhibited Aβ1-40 aggregation and neurotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. Hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone, and 1,4dihydroxynaphthalene, which represent partial structures of the aromatic chromophore of rifampicin derivatives, also inhibited Aβ1-40 aggregation and neurotoxicity at comparable molar concentrations to rifampicin. Electron spin resonance spectrometric analysis revealed that the inhibitory activities of those agents correlated with their radical-scavenging ability on hydroxyl free radical, which was shown to be generated in cell-free incubation of Aβ1-40 peptide. These results suggest that at least one mechanism of rifampicin-mediated inhibition of Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity involves scavenging of free radicals and that rifampicin and/or appropriate hydroxyl radical scavengers may have therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease.