Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2b or Not 2b: Experimental Evolution of Functional Exogenous Sequences in a Plant RNA Virus

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is pervasive in viruses, and thought to be a key mechanism in their evolution. On the other hand, strong selective constraints against increasing genome size are an impediment for HGT, rapidly purging horizontally transferred sequences and thereby potentially hindering evolutionary innovation. Here we explore experimentally the evolutionary fate of viruses with simulated HGT events, using the plant RNA virus Tobacco etch virus (TEV), by separately introducing two functional, exogenous sequences to its genome. One of the events simulates the acquisition of a new function though HGT of a conserved AlkB domain, responsible for the repair of alkylation or methylation damage in many organisms. The other event simulates the acquisition of a sequence that duplicates an existing function, through HGT of the 2b RNA silencing suppressor from Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). We then evolved these two viruses, tracked the maintenance of the horizontally transferred sequences over time, and for the final virus populations, sequenced their genome and measured viral fitness. We found that the AlkB domain was rapidly purged from the TEV genome, restoring fitness to wild-type levels. Conversely, the 2b gene was stably maintained and did not have a major impact on viral fitness. Moreover, we found that 2b is functional in TEV, as it provides a replicative advantage when the RNA silencing suppression domain of HC-Pro is mutated. These observations suggest a potentially interesting role for HGT of short functional sequences in ameliorating evolutionary constraints on viruses, through the duplication of functions.
Preplanning for Feedback in Clinical Supervision: Enhancing Readiness for Feedback Exchange

This article makes the case for preplanning for feedback in clinical supervision. Preplanning for feedback can help supervisors maximize the positive benefits of feedback delivery by building and solidifying a supportive supervisory climate that enhances supervisee receptivity to corrective feedback. The Corrective Feedback Instrument-Revised (CFI-R) is introduced as a major tool to facilitate preplanning. Additional resources that derive from the CFI-R are presented to assist supervisors in the preplanning process.
Influence of Blend Ratio and Processing Additive on Free Carrier Yield and Mobility in PTB7:PC71BM Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Charge separation and extraction dynamics were investigated in high-performance bulk heterojunction solar cells made from the polymer PTB7 and the soluble fullerene PC71BM on a broad time scale from subpicosecond to microseconds using ultrafast optical probing of carrier drift and the integral-mode photocurrent measurements. We show that the short circuit current is determined by the separation of charge pairs into free carriers, which is strongly influenced by blend composition. This separation is found to be efficient in fullerene-rich blends where a high electron mobility of >0.1 cm2 V–1 s–1 is observed in the first 10 ps after excitation. Morphology optimization using the solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) doubles the charge pair separation efficiency and the short-circuit current. Carrier extraction at low internal electric field is slightly faster from the cells prepared with DIO, which can reduce recombination losses and enhance a fill factor.
Prevalence of Hepatitis D in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

Background Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) causes the most threatening form of chronic viral hepatitis. To date, there is no overall estimation of HDV prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Office of WHO (EMRO) countries. Objectives To provide a clear estimation of HDV prevalence in the aforementioned region. Patients and Methods In the current systematic review, databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of sciences and Google scholar were searched Until December 2010. The summary estimate of HDV prevalence in the EMRO region was calculated as an average of the pooled infection prevalence of each country weighted by the ratio of the country’s HBV population to the study’s sample size in the survey data analysis. Results We included 62 eligible studies. The weighted mean of HDV prevalence in the EMRO region was 14.74% (95% CI: 14.73 – 14.77), 27.8% (95% CI: 27.78 – 27.82), 36.57% (95% CI: 36.55 – 36.59) and 16.44%. (95% CI: 16.42 – 16.46) in asymptomatic HBsAg positive carriers, chronic hepatitis patients, cirrhosis/ hepatocellular carcinoma, and high risk group, respectively. Among the asymptomatic HBsAg positive group, HDV prevalence was increased by years in older patients in Saudi Arabia but its prevalence was decreased in Iran. No specific pattern was seen according to chronological analysis during years among the EMRO countries. Conclusions HDV infection is endemic in the EMRO countries and it is more common among patients with severe forms of hepatitis. Due to the high HDV infection rates in the EMRO countries, we recommend blood screening for HDV infection in this region.
Pathways between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Childhood Growth in the Scottish Longitudinal Study, 1991–2001

Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are more likely to be of shorter stature and overweight, leading to greater risk of obesity in adulthood. Disentangling the mediatory pathways between socioeconomic disadvantage and childhood size may help in the development of appropriate policies aimed at reducing these health inequalities. We aimed to elucidate the putative mediatory role of birth weight using a representative sample of the Scottish population born 1991–2001 (n = 16,628). Estimated height and overweight/obesity at age 4.5 years were related to three measures of socioeconomic disadvantage (mother’s education, Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, synthetic weekly income). Mediation was examined using two approaches: a ‘traditional’ mediation analysis and a counterfactual-based mediation analysis. Both analyses identified a negative effect of each measure of socioeconomic disadvantage on height, mediated to some extent by birth weight, and a positive ‘direct effect’ of mother’s education and Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation on overweight/obesity, which was partly counterbalanced by a negative ‘indirect effect’. The extent of mediation estimated when adopting the traditional approach was greater than when adopting the counterfactual-based approach because of inappropriate handling of intermediate confounding in the former. Our findings suggest that higher birth weight in more disadvantaged groups is associated with reduced social inequalities in height but also with increased inequalities in overweight/obesity.
No ecological opportunity signal on a continental scale? Diversification and life‐history evolution of African true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

The niche‐filling process predicted by the “ecological opportunity” (EO) model is an often‐invoked mechanism for generating exceptional diversity in island colonizers. Whether the same process governs lineage accumulation and trait disparity during continental colonization events is less clear. Here, we test this prediction by investigating the rate dynamics and trait evolution of one of Africa's most widespread amphibian colonizers, the true toads (Bufonidae). By reconstructing the most complete molecular phylogeny of African Bufonidae to date, we find that the diversification of lineages in Africa best conforms to a constant rate model throughout time and across subclades, with little support for EO. Evolutionary rates of life‐history traits have similarly been constant over time. However, an analysis of generalists and specialists showed a shift toward higher speciation rates associated with habitat specialization. The overall lack of EO signal can be interpreted in a number of ways and we propose several explanations. Firstly, methodological issues might preclude the detection of EO. Secondly, colonizers might not experience true EO conditions and due to the size, ecological heterogeneity and age of landmasses, the diversification processes might be more complex. Thirdly, lower speciation rates of habitat generalists may have affected overall proliferation of lineages.
Multiple structure in oxy-hydrogen detonation propagation in rectangular tubes with an improved CE/SE scheme

An improved space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) scheme is used to simulate propagation process of 3-D oxy-hydrogen detonation in rectangular tubes. Multiple detonation structure based on elementary cells of the diagonal, rectangular and spinning mode in square tubes are obtained by numerical cases with different aspect ratios of cross-section. By means of visualizing its detailed structure, the formation mechanism of 3-D multiple cellular patterns is preliminarily discussed. As the cross-sectional aspect ratio increases, new multiple cellular patterns are observed.
Resolving Re‐entrants' Problems in the Transfer of Management Learning

The purpose of this article is to present a model for resolving the problems experienced by managers (re‐entrants) when they try to apply and diffuse their learning on return to work. The continuing interest in post‐course organisational events arises from the fact that the ultimate benefit of management training is in work‐place application.
Interventions to improve or facilitate linkage to or retention in pre-ART (HIV) care and initiation of ART in low- and middle-income settings – a systematic review

Several approaches have been taken to reduce pre‐antiretroviral therapy (ART) losses between HIV testing and ART initiation in low‐ and middle‐income countries, but a systematic assessment of the evidence has not yet been undertaken. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the potential for interventions to improve or facilitate linkage to or retention in pre‐ART care and initiation of ART in low‐ and middle‐income settings.
The oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of omalizumab in children with severe asthma

Objective To report the oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of omalizumab in children with severe asthma. Design 16-week therapeutic trial. Setting Tertiary paediatric asthma clinic. Patients 34 children with severe asthma maintained on oral prednisolone (median age 12 years; 15 children <12 years and 19 children ≥12 years). Interventions Fortnightly or monthly subcutaneous injections of omalizumab; the dose was calculated as per manufacturer's instructions based on body weight and serum immunoglobulin E concentration. Main outcome measures Reduction in prednisolone dose; mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ); Childhood Asthma Control Test (ACT); forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Results Median daily prednisolone dose reduced from 20 mg to 5 mg (n=34, p<0.0001), including seven children who stopped prednisolone completely. Mini-AQLQ score increased from 3.5 to 5.9 (n=24, p<0.0001). Childhood ACT score increased from 12 to 20 (n=23, p=0.0001). FEV1 increased from 2.10 to 2.25 litres (n=31, non-significant). The reduction in prednisolone dose and improvements in mini-AQLQ and childhood ACT were significant in children both under and over 12 years of age, with no differences in outcome detected between these two groups. Conclusions A 16-week therapeutic trial of omalizumab allowed a significant reduction in daily prednisolone dose and was associated with improvements in asthma control and quality of life in 34 children with severe asthma. Similar benefits were seen in children both above and below 12 years of age. These uncontrolled data are very encouraging. There is an urgent requirement for a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of omalizumab in children with severe asthma, with reduction in oral corticosteroid dose as the primary outcome measure.
Pushing Vertices and Orienting Edges

William F. Klostermeyer Dept. Statistics and Computer Science West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 26506-6330 e-mail: wfk@cs.wvu. edu ABSTRACT A directed graph operation called pushing a vertexis studied. When a vertex is pushed, the orientation of each of its incident edges is reversed. We consider the problems of pushing vertices so as to produce strongly connected, semi-connected, and acyclic digraphs. NP-completeness results are shown for each problem. It is shown that it is possible to create a directed path between any two vertices in a digraph; additional positive results and characterizations are shown for tournaments, outerplanar digraphs, and Hamiltonian cycles.
Wealth Transmission and Inequality among Hunter‐Gatherers

We report quantitative estimates of intergenerational transmission and population‐wide inequality for wealth measures in a set of hunter‐gatherer populations. Wealth is defined broadly as factors that contribute to individual or household well‐being, ranging from embodied forms, such as weight and hunting success, to material forms, such as household goods, as well as relational wealth in exchange partners. Intergenerational wealth transmission is low to moderate in these populations but is still expected to have measurable influence on an individual’s life chances. Wealth inequality (measured with Gini coefficients) is moderate for most wealth types, matching what qualitative ethnographic research has generally indicated (if not the stereotype of hunter‐gatherers as extreme egalitarians). We discuss some plausible mechanisms for these patterns and suggest ways in which future research could resolve questions about the role of wealth in hunter‐gatherer social and economic life.
Flexible Representation Analysis Flexible Representation Analysis

Statically typed languages with Hindley-Milner polymorphism have long been compiled using ine cient and fully boxed data representations. Recently, several new compilation methods have been proposed to support more e cient and unboxed multi-word representations. Unfortunately, none of these techniques is fully satisfactory. For example, Leroy's coercion-based approach does not handle recursive data types and mutable types well. The type-passing approach (proposed by Harper and Morrisett) handles all data objects, but it involves extensive runtime type analysis and code manipulations. This paper presents a new exible representation analysis technique that combines the best of both approaches. Our new scheme supports unboxed representations for recursive and mutable types, yet it only requires little runtime type analysis. In fact, we show that there is a continuum of possibilities between the coercion-based approach and the type-passing approach. By varying the amount of boxing and the type information passed at runtime, a compiler can freely explore any point in the continuum|choosing from a wide range of representation strategies based on practical concerns. Finally, our new scheme also easily extends to handle type abstractions across ML-like higher-order modules. Flexible Representation Analysis Zhong Shao Dept. of Computer Science Yale University New Haven, CT 06520-8285 shao-zhong@cs.yale. edu Technical Report YALEU/DCS/TR-1125 April 11, 1997 Abstract Statically typed languages with Hindley-Milner polymorphism have long been compiled using ine cient and fully boxed data representations. Recently, several new compilation methods have been proposed to support more e cient and unboxed multi-word representations. Unfortunately, none of these techniques is fully satisfactory. For example, Leroy's coercion-based approach does not handle recursive data types and mutable types well. The type-passing approach (proposed by Harper and Morrisett) handles all data objects, but it involves extensive runtime type analysis and code manipulations. This paper presents a new exible representation analysis technique that combines the best of both approaches. Our new scheme supports unboxed representations for recursive and mutable types, yet it only requires little runtime type analysis. In fact, we show that there is a continuum of possibilities between the coercion-based approach and the type-passing approach. By varying the amount of boxing and the type information passed at runtime, a compiler can freely explore any point in the continuum| choosing from a wide range of representation strategies based on practical concerns. Finally, our new scheme also easily extends to handle type abstractions across ML-like higher-order modules.
Necesidades nutricionales y planificación dietética en deportes de fuerza

Nutritional needs in strength sports are controversial by different types of sports that make up (maximal strength, speed-strength, strength-endurance, etc.), however it is interesting to set the principles on nutritional requirements, dietary-nutritional planning and aids nutritionals in these sports. This article attempts to provide the basis for a dietary-nutritional advice for athletes competing in strength sport. A literature review in databases PubMed, Scirus, SportDiscus, SciELO, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Schoolar and snowball strategy. We used Nutrition assessment» OR «diet» OR «dietary suplements» AND «strength
Mobility performance enhancements for LTE-Advanced heterogeneous networks

Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) has attracted considerable attention since they can improve the system capacity and user throughput in Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced system. However, due to the different coverage sizes for macro eNodeB (eNB) and pico eNB, the handover performance of UE will be impacted especially when the user equipment (UE) moves in medium or high speed in HetNets. Three metrics are agreed in 3GPP RAN WG2 to evaluate the handover performance: radio link failure (RLF) rate, handover failure (HOF) rate, and short time of stay (short ToS). In this paper, firstly, based on the three metrics, the handover performance in HetNets is analyzed. Then, we propose two schemes to solve the issue of handover performance deterioration when UE moves in medium speed. One scheme is to optimize pico-macro handover, and the other is to optimize macro-pico handover. In other words, two schemes can separately optimize pico cell leaving and attaching. Furthermore, the two schemes can be used jointly to further improve the mobility robustness in HetNets. System level simulation is employed to present the handover performance improvement.
Clustered organization of homologous KRAB zinc‐finger genes with enhanced expression in human T lymphoid cells.

KRAB zinc‐finger proteins (KRAB‐ZFPs) constitute a large subfamily of ZFPs of the Krüppel C2H2 type. KRAB (Krüppel‐associated box) is an evolutionarily conserved protein domain found N‐terminally with respect to the finger repeats. We report here the characterization of a particular subgroup of highly related human KRAB‐ZFPs. ZNF91 is one representative of this subgroup and contains 35 contiguous finger repeats at its C‐terminus. Three mRNA isoforms with sequence identity to ZNF91 were isolated by the polymerase chain reaction. These encode proteins with a KRAB domain present, partially deleted or absent. Five genomic fragments were characterized, each encoding part of a gene: the ZNF91 gene or one of four distinct, related KRAB‐ZFP genes. All exhibit a common exon/intron organization with the variant zinc finger repeats organized in a single exon and the KRAB domain encoded by two separate exons. This positioning of introns supports the hypothesis that the mRNA isoforms encoding polypeptides with variability in the KRAB domain could arise by alternative splicing. By in situ chromosomal mapping studies and by analysis of fragments from a human genomic yeast artificial chromosome library containing KRAB‐ZFP genes, we show that these genes occur in clusters; in particular, a gene complex containing over 40 genes has been identified in chromosomal region 19p12‐p13.1. These ZNF91‐related genes probably arose late during evolution since no homologous genes are detected in the mouse and rat genomes. Although the transcription of members of this KRAB‐ZFP gene subgroup is detectable in all human tissues, their expression is significantly higher in human T lymphoid cells.
International Journal of Nanomedicine Dovepress Antitumor Activity of Silver Nanoparticles in Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites Tumor Model

Nanomedicine concerns the use of precision-engineered nanomaterials to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for human use. The present study demonstrates the efficacy of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an antitumor agent using Dal-ton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The AgNPs showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against DLA cells through activation of the caspase 3 enzyme, leading to induction of apoptosis which was further confirmed through resulting nuclear fragmentation. Acute toxicity, ie, convulsions, hyperactivity and chronic toxicity such as increased body weight and abnormal hematologic parameters did not occur. AgNPs significantly increased the survival time in the tumor mouse model by about 50% in comparison with tumor controls. AgNPs also decreased the volume of ascitic fluid in tumor-bearing mice by 65%, thereby returning body weight to normal. Elevated white blood cell and platelet counts in ascitic fluid from the tumor-bearing mice were brought to near-normal range. Histopathologic analysis of ascitic fluid showed a reduction in DLA cell count in tumor-bearing mice treated with AgNPs. These findings confirm the antitumor properties of AgNPs, and suggest that they may be a cost-effective alternative in the treatment of cancer and angiogenesis-related disorders.
Metodologia participativa no planejamento estratégico institucional de uma instituição de ensino superior (IES) comunitária

Este artigo propoe uma metodologia de participacao da comunidade de gestores universitarios e stakeholders para validacao das questoes e determinacao das estrategias no processo de Planejamento Estrategico em IES comunitaria. Propoe-se um mecanismo de participacao que considera uma visao sistemica e evolutiva na proposicao, estruturacao e no processo de operacionalizacao do planejamento estrategico, preservando as caracteristicas das comunidades das IES. A utilizacao de entrevistas, reunioes, seminarios e trabalhos com membros das comunidades envolvidas atraves de grupos de trabalho e comites, servem como forma de legitimacao dos resultados e para realizar um pensamento estrategico integrado.
Adoption of Assistive Technologies for Aged Care: A Realist Review of Recent Studies

Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify the technologies that have recently been applied in aged care, the problems that these technologies have sought to address and the adoption approaches that have been taken. Method: This paper has conducted a realist review on studies published in information systems and medical informatics journals in the past five years on adoption of assistive technologies among seniors. Results: We have identified potential technologies that have been utilized to address seniors' daily life difficulties in three areas: independent living, social isolation, dementia and medication taking. We have also extracted the theoretical lenses used for studying the adoption of these technologies and available empirical evidences for the theories. Conclusion: Having put the findings of this review together, we have identified factors impacting adoption of technologies among elderly. These have been classified as factors related to technologies, allocated tasks, individuals and social influences.