Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An in-depth comparison of keyword specific thresholding and sum-to-one score normalization

The quality of a spoken term detection (STD) system critically depends on the choice of a “thresholding” function, which is used to determine whether to output a candidate detection or not based on its score. In the context of the IARPA Babel program and the NIST OpenKWS evaluation series, the penalty for missing an occurrence depends on the frequency of the keyword, so it is desirable either to apply different thresholds to different keywords, or to normalize the scores before applying a global threshold. This paper compares two widely used thresholding algorithms: keyword specific thresholding (KST) and sum-to-one score normalization (STO), analyzes the difference in their performance in detail, and recommends the use of the “estimated KST” algorithm.
Short Exposures to an Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field (ELF MF) Enhance Protein but not mRNA Alkaline Phosphatase Expression in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

Background: Among electromagnetic fields treatments used in orthopedics, extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) need more detailed information about the molecular mechanisms of their effects and exposure conditions. Objective: Evaluation of the effects of an ELF MF exposure system, recently introduced among current clinical treatments for fracture healing and other bone diseases, on Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression in a human osteosarcoma cell line (SaOS-2), as marker typically associated to osteogenesis and bone tissue regeneration. Method: Cells were exposed to the ELF MF physical stimulus (75 Hz, 1.5 mT) for 1h. Cell viability, enzymatic activity, protein and mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase were then measured at different times after exposure (0, 4 and 24 h). Results: Data demonstrate that this signal is active on an osteogenic process already one hour after exposure. Treatment was, in fact, capable, even after an exposure shorter than those commonly used in clinical applications, to significantly up-regulate alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity. This regulation is produced essentially through an increase of ALP protein level, without changes of its mRNA concentration, while assessed magnetic field did not affect cell growth and viability and did not produce temperature variations. Conclusion: Tested low-frequency magnetic field affects cellular ALP expression with a posttranslational mechanism, without the involvement of regulations at gene transcription and mRNA level. This molecular effect is likely produced even within treated tissues during therapies with this signal and may be implicated in the induction of observed effects in treated patients.
Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis

Objective: To develop comprehensive recommendations for the treatment of the various clinical manifestations of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) based on evidence obtained from a systematic review of the literature and from consensus opinion. Methods: Formal literature reviews of treatment for the most significant discrete clinical manifestations of PsA (skin and nails, peripheral arthritis, axial disease, dactylitis and enthesitis) were performed and published by members of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA). Treatment recommendations were drafted for each of the clinical manifestations by rheumatologists, dermatologists and PsA patients based on the literature reviews and consensus opinion. The level of agreement for the individual treatment recommendations among GRAPPA members was assessed with an online questionnaire. Results: Treatment recommendations were developed for peripheral arthritis, axial disease, psoriasis, nail disease, dactylitis and enthesitis in the setting of PsA. In rotal, 19 recommendations were drafted, and over 80% agreement was obtained on 16 of them. In addition, a grid that factors disease severity into each of the different disease manifestations was developed to help the clinician with treatment decisions for the individual patient from an evidenced-based perspective. Conclusions: Treatment recommendations for the cardinal physical manifestations of PsA were developed based on a literature review and consensus between rheumatologists and dermatologists. In addition, a grid was established to assist in therapeutic reasoning and decision making for individual patients. It is anticipated that periodic updates will take place using this framework as new data become available.
Is Adhesive Bond Strength Similar in Primary and Permanent Teeth? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE To systematically review the literature on laboratory studies to determine whether the bond strength of adhesives to primary teeth is similar to that to permanent teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42014015160). A comprehensive literature search was conducted considering in vitro studies published up to June 2015 in the PubMed/MEDLINE database, with no limit on year of publication. Two reviewers independently selected papers, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. From 422 eligible studies, 42 were fully analyzed. Thirty-seven studies were ultimately included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A global comparison was performed with a random-effects model at a significance level of p < 0.05, expressed by the difference of means between the groups. The mean bond strengths and standard deviations were tabulated and statistical analyses were conducted in RevMan 5.1 (The Cochrane Collaboration). RESULTS There was a significant difference between groups, with permanent teeth presenting higher bond strength than primary teeth (p = 0.0005). When the enamel and dentin substrates were considered separately, dentin presented the same trend (p = 0.002), while for enamel there was no significant difference between the dentitions (p = 0.11). The majority of the studies had a high bias risk. CONCLUSION Adhesives have higher bond strengths when applied to permanent than to primary teeth. This difference was also valid when the comparison was made between permanent and primary dentin.
Guidelines for the Antibiotic Use in Adults with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

These guidelines were developed as part of the 2016 Policy Research Servicing Project by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A multidisciplinary approach was taken to formulate this guideline to provide practical information about the diagnosis and treatment of adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection, with the ultimate aim to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics. The formulation of this guideline was based on a systematic literature review and analysis of the latest research findings to facilitate evidence-based practice, and focused on key questions to help clinicians obtain solutions to clinical questions that may arise during the care of a patient. These guidelines mainly cover the subjects on the assessment of antibiotic indications and appropriate selection of antibiotics for adult patients with acute pharyngotonsillitis or acute sinusitis.
IMPACT OF AMORPHIZATION ON CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF FERROMAGNET

In solid state physics, the issue of ferromagnetism and magnetism in general, in structured amorphous materials, attracted great interest in recent years, both in theoretical and experimental research. It is known that the crystal and the amorphous structure of the same substance do not have the same characteristics. Amorphous magnets constitute a class of systems with the highest degree of disorder. The existence of ferromagnetism in amorphous materials is determined by the relation between exchange interactions and configuration of magnetic atoms. In the computer experiments presented in this paper, the general-purpose software Maple was used, as well as a simplified Ising model, which implies that it is a ferromagnetic with a small impact of anti-ferromagnetic state. In this paper the effect of amorphization on critical temperature of ferromagnet is presented. The change of spontaneous magnetization depending on the temperature is observed, in a temperature range close to the critical temperature, and a critical temperature shift for different influences of nonhomogeneity of the interaction energy. The results are compared with results of other authors who deal with the same subject matter.
Methods for an International Randomized Clinical Trial to Investigate the Effect of Gsk249320 on Motor Cortex Neurophysiology using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Survivors of Stroke

Introduction Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neurophysiological tool capable of assessing the motor nervous system and its change over time. In multi-site clinical trials, this technique has some advantages over other neuroimaging methods owing to its relatively low cost, low personnel and equipment infrastructure requirements, and greater ease in consistently applying technology to collect and analyze data. Limited published details exist regarding methods to deliver TMS and analyze data in a standardized and consistent manner as part of an international, multicenter, clinical trial. Purpose The objective of this paper is to describe standardized methods of applying TMS motor cortex assessments in an international clinical trial of a pharmacological intervention for stroke patients, which was conducted at 15 centers in three countries. Materials and methods A standardization process was developed to ensure TMS protocol adherence and data quality, and each clinical site was required to successfully complete standardization procedures prior to collecting patient data. Key elements of standardization included internet-based training, pilot subject data collection, common TMS equipment across sites, and corrective feedback provided by a standardization administrator. Subsequently, TMS assessments of motor hot spot location, motor threshold, and recruitment curve were conducted in stroke patients on post-stroke Days 5, 30, and 112. Ongoing standardization was maintained by regular review of patient data and communication between the clinical site and standardization administrator. Conclusion Although TMS methodological approaches vary, a protocol with standardized procedures was successfully developed and implemented. Using this protocol, centers were formally certified to perform TMS-based neurophysiological measures in this clinical trial of stroke patients. The methodology described is potentially valuable to investigators who might construct future multi-site clinical trials using TMS.
ENHANCEMENT OF GENERIC BUILDING MODELS BY RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS

Abstract. Many buildings in 3D city models can be represented by generic models, e.g. boundary representations or polyhedrons, without expressing building-specific knowledge explicitly. Without additional constraints, the bounding faces of these building reconstructions do not feature expected structures such as orthogonality or parallelism. The recognition and enforcement of man-made structures within model instances is one way to enhance 3D city models. Since the reconstructions are derived from uncertain and imprecise data, crisp relations such as orthogonality or parallelism are rarely satisfied exactly. Furthermore, the uncertainty of geometric entities is usually not specified in 3D city models. Therefore, we propose a point sampling which simulates the initial point cloud acquisition by airborne laser scanning and provides estimates for the uncertainties. We present a complete workflow for recognition and enforcement of man-made structures in a given boundary representation. The recognition is performed by hypothesis testing and the enforcement of the detected constraints by a global adjustment of all bounding faces. Since the adjustment changes not only the geometry but also the topology of faces, we obtain improved building models which feature regular structures and a potentially reduced complexity. The feasibility and the usability of the approach are demonstrated with a real data set.
Gain-Scheduling Control of Teleoperation Systems Interacting With Soft Tissues

Surgical teleoperation systems are being increasingly deployed recently. There are, however, some unsolved issues such as nonlinear characteristics of the interaction between the slave robot and soft tissues and difficulty in employing force sensors in the surgical end-effectors of the slave. These issues make it difficult to generalize any approach to develop a control for the system. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a H∞ suboptimal controller preserving robust stability and performance. The environment, i.e., soft tissues, is characterized with the nonlinear Hunt-Crossley model. This nonlinear characteristics of soft tissues are expressed with an affine combination of linear models within a predefined parameter polytope. For this linear parameter-varying system, a gain-scheduling control scheme is employed to design a suboptimal controller while guaranteeing its stability. To avoid using any force measurement in slave, we used position-position (PP) control architecture. The developed gain-scheduling control is validated with quantitative experimental results. The developed gain-scheduling PP control scheme shows good tracking capacity and high transparency for varied experimental conditions. Error of the transmitted impedance is significantly lower compared with other conventional control schemes for frequencies less than 2 Hz, which is frequently recommended for surgical teleoperation.
Advancing Psychologically Informed Practice for Patients With Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain: Promise, Pitfalls, and Solutions

&NA; There has been growing interest in psychologically oriented pain management over the past 3 to 4 decades, including a 2011 description of psychologically informed practice (PIP) for low back pain. PIP requires a broader focus than traditional biomechanical and pathology‐based approaches that have been traditionally used to manage musculoskeletal pain. A major focus of PIP is addressing the behavioral aspects of pain (ie, peoples' responses to pain) by identifying individual expectations, beliefs, and feelings as prognostic factors for clinical and occupational outcomes indicating progression to chronicity. Since 2011, the interest in PIP seems to be growing, as evidenced by its use in large trials, inclusion in scientific conferences, increasing evidence base, and expansion to other musculoskeletal pain conditions. Primary care physicians and physical therapists have delivered PIP as part of a stratified care approach involving screening and targeting of treatment for people at high risk for continued pain‐associated disability. Furthermore, PIP is consistent with recent national priorities emphasizing nonpharmacological pain management options. In this perspective, PIP techniques that range in complexity are described, considerations for implementation in clinical practice are offered, and future directions that will advance the understanding of PIP are outlined.
Functional morphology of the “tongue‐bite” in the osteoglossomorph fish Notopterus

Osteoglossomorph fishes are characterized by having three sets of jaws: a mandibular jaw apparatus (MJA) anteriorly, a pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) posteriorly, and a tongue‐bite apparatus (TBA) associated with basihyal and parasphenoid teeth. The TBA is a novel complex feature of the head that characterizes osteoglossomorph fishes and provides a case study in the origin of novel functions and roles in the vertebrate musculoskeletal system.
Precise simulation of interrupts using a rollback mechanism

Instruction set simulation based on dynamic compilation is a popular approach that focuses on fast simulation of user-visible features according to the instruction-set-architecture abstraction of a given processor. Simulation of interrupts, even though they are rare events, is very expensive for these simulators, because interrupts may occur anytime at any phase of the programs execution. Many optimizations in compiling simulators can not be applied or become less beneficial in the presence of interrupts. We propose a rollback mechanism in order to enable effective optimizations to be combined with cycle accurate handling of interrupts. Our simulator speculatively executes instructions of the emulated processor assuming that no interrupts will occur. At restore-points this assumption is verified and the processor state reverted to an earlier restore-point if an interrupt did actually occur. All architecture dependent simulation functions are derived using an architecture description language that is capable to automatically generate optimized simulators using our new approach. We are able to eliminate most of the overhead usually induced by interrupts. The simulation speed is improved up to a factor of 2.95 and compilation time is reduced by nearly 30% even for lower compilation thresholds.
Living and ageing with stroke: an exploration of conditions influencing participation in social and leisure activities over 15 years

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore conditions influencing long-term participation in social and leisure activities among people who have had a stroke. Methods: This study had a qualitative design, using a grounded theory methodology. Data collection was based on in-depth interviews performed 15 years after a first-ever stroke with 10 persons recruited from a population-based stroke cohort in Sweden. The study also included four family members. Findings: Over time, the stroke meant a changed but gradually normalised life situation. Participation in social and leisure activities was influenced by several transacting personal and contextual conditions changing with time and ageing. Central conditions that emerged from the analysis included personal characteristics, having social and supportive networks, being dependent on others, having access to valued activities and contexts, being motivated to participate, and perceiving sufficient capacity to participate. Conclusions: Long-term participation after stroke is possible despite impairments, but is influenced by a range of personal and environmental conditions. Stroke rehabilitation should be based on an awareness of this influence and address conditions that change with time and ageing during different phases after stroke.
A Mechanism‐Based Approach to Physical Therapist Management of Pain

&NA; Pain reduction is a primary goal of physical therapy for patients who present with acute or persistent pain conditions. The purpose of this review is to describe a mechanism‐based approach to physical therapy pain management. It is increasingly clear that patients need to be evaluated for changes in peripheral tissues and nociceptors, neuropathic pain signs and symptoms, reduced central inhibition and enhanced central excitability, psychosocial factors, and alterations of the movement system. In this Perspective, 5 categories of pain mechanisms (nociceptive, central, neuropathic, psychosocial, and movement system) are defined, and principles on how to evaluate signs and symptoms for each mechanism are provided. In addition, the underlying mechanisms targeted by common physical therapist treatments and how they affect each of the 5 categories are described. Several different mechanisms can simultaneously contribute to a patient's pain; alternatively, 1 or 2 primary mechanisms may cause a patient's pain. Further, within a single pain mechanism, there are likely many possible subgroups. For example, reduced central inhibition does not necessarily correlate with enhanced central excitability. To individualize care, common physical therapist interventions, such as education, exercise, manual therapy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, can be used to target specific pain mechanisms. Although the evidence elucidating these pain mechanisms will continue to evolve, the approach outlined here provides a conceptual framework for applying new knowledge as advances are made.
Activity theory in Information Systems Research

complex and dynamic activities. The authors propose social capital as a part of activity theory to help explain distributed and collective phenomena with emergent structures, such as crowdfunding. The fourth paper, by Miettinen and Paavola (2018) “ Reconceptualizing object construction: the dynamics of building information modelling in construction design, ” provides an interesting exploration of the properties of and conduction of digital artefacts andsimultaneously providesa nuancedandthoughtfuldevelopment andexploration of the conceptof the object inan activity system. Focusingon theconstruction of building informationmodels, the authorsarguethat instead of viewing such digital models as immaterial or intangible, they can be seen as demonstrating concreteness and materiality. Drawing upon Lektorsky (1980), the authors provide an account of the collaborative work of developing building information models. Ilyenkov's (1977) theory of the “ ideal ” is also employed to describe the gradual construction of building information models as an “ ideal object ” that existsina different material form to the final object (the buildingandconstruc-tion of a building). They describe how such “ ideal objects ” are constructed though a series of intermediary objects. We believe that the selected articles demonstrate the value of activity theory in IS research as well as the development of activity theory in IS, which has evolved in thoroughly different ways from early understandings of activity theory as per Vygotsky and others. In this way, the papers contribute to new insights regarding activity theory but also empirically within their own genre of IS research.
On the influence of using initialization functions on genetic algorithms solving combinatorial optimization problems: A first study on the TSP

Combinatorial optimization is a widely studied field within artificial intelligence. There are many problems of this type, and many techniques applied to them can be found in the literature. Especially, population techniques have received much attention in this area, being genetic algorithms (GA) the most famous ones. Although throughout history many studies on GAs have been performed, there is still no study like the presented in this work. In this paper, a study on the influence of using heuristic initialization functions in genetic algorithms (GA) applied to combinatorial optimization problems is performed. Being the first phase of this research, the study is conducted using one of the best known problems in combinatorial optimization: the traveling salesman problem. Three different experimentations are carried out, using three different heuristic initialization functions. Additionally, for each experiment four versions of a GA have been developed for the comparison. Each of these variant differs in the initialization phase. The results obtained by each GA are compared to determine the influence of the use of heuristic functions for the initialization of the population.