Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of spontaneous potential in chalk with application to aquifer characterization in the southern UK

We report the first measured values of the streaming potential coupling coefficient in chalk samples saturated with natural groundwater, and preliminary field measurements of the spontaneous potential (SP), at both ambient and pumped conditions, at a test site in the Berkshire Chalk aquifer in the southern UK. The ultimate aim of the work is to use measurements of SP, in conjunction with borehole data, to characterize groundwater flow and aquifer properties. Laboratory measurements yield a value of the streaming potential coupling coefficient of −60 ± 4 mV MPa−1 and a corresponding zeta potential of −13 ± 1 mV. A negative zeta potential contrasts with previous published open-system measurements on artificial calcite, and may reflect the presence of organic material in the natural chalk samples or HCO3 and SO4 ions in the groundwater. Field measurements at ambient conditions show temporal variations in SP consistent with flow processes within the aquifer, but no coherent spatial variations. Measurements during water abstraction demonstrate that voltages at the ground surface and in monitoring boreholes become more positive during pressure drawdown and more negative during pressure build-up, consistent with the negative values of streaming potential coupling coefficient and zeta potential observed in the laboratory. Moreover, the magnitude of the change in voltage is similar to that estimated using the laboratory value of the coupling coefficient. Our results suggest that measurements of SP may make a valuable contribution to characterizing groundwater flow in the UK Chalk aquifer.
Vermiculite, with hydroxy-aluminium interlayer, and kaolinite formation in a subtropical sandy soil from south Brazil

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the clay mineral phases in a Rhodic Acrisol soil and to discuss their evolution in subtropical conditions. Prairie and forest soil profiles were sampled and clay fractions of the parent material and soil horizons analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil. The XRD results show the presence of interstratified kaolinite-smectite and illite-smectite as well as illite in the parent material. These minerals were also found in the soil samples but with two new phases: hydroxy-aluminium interlayered vermiculite (HIV), which showed incomplete collapse with treatment at 550ºC, and a newly formed kaolinite (d = 7.17 Ǻ). Under a subtropical climate and a sandy lithology, HIV and kaolinite appear to be a result of a specific pedogenic clay formation, related to the natural vegetation. Originally, under the prairie area, the intensity of the weathering processes was weak (within 2:1 clay minerals), as only small quantities of kaolinite and Fe oxides, and no evidence of gibbsite, were found.
Secondary calcium‐iron‐rich minerals in the Bali‐like and Allende‐like oxidized CV3 chondrites and Allende dark inclusions

Abstract— We have characterized Ca‐Fe‐rich silicates (salite‐hedenbergite pyroxenes (Fs10–50Wo45–50), andradite (Ca3Fe2Si3O12), kirschsteinite (CaFeSiO4), and wollastonite (Ca3Si3O9)) in the type I chondrules and matrices in the Bali‐like and Allende‐like oxidized CV3 chondrites and Allende dark inclusions. In type I chondrules in the Bali‐like CV3 chondrites, metal is oxidized to magnetite; magnetite‐sulfide nodules are replaced by Ca‐Fe‐rich pyroxenes with minor andradite and pure fayalite. We infer that Ca‐Fe‐rich pyroxenes, andradite, fayalite, magnetite, and phyllosilicates (which occur in mesostases) formed at relatively low temperatures (<300 °C) in the presence of aqueous solutions. Thermodynamic analysis of phase relations in the Si‐Fe‐Ca‐O‐H system and large O isotopic fractionation of the coexisting magnetite and fayalite (∼20%) (Krot et al., 1998) are consistent with this interpretation.
Retrieval of cloud parameters from satellite‐based reflectance measurements in the ultraviolet and the oxygen A‐band

[1] We present a new method for the retrieval of cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness and cloud top pressure from measurements of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), relevant for the retrieval of trace gas abundances in cloudy atmospheres. The presented algorithm makes use of the measurements of the oxygen A-band between 758 and 770 nm and additionally of measurements in the ultraviolet between 350 and 390 nm. In addition to the cloud parameters, information about the surface reflection is retrieved. It is shown that measurements in the oxygen A-band alone contain significant information about only two cloud parameters. By adding measurements in the ultraviolet, information about cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness, and cloud top pressure can be retrieved. The cloud retrieval algorithm was applied to GOME data, and the results are compared to cloud parameters retrieved from measurements of the Along Track Scanning Radiometer 2 (ATSR-2). The cloud fractions, cloud optical thickness, and cloud top pressures retrieved by our algorithm and the corresponding ATSR-2 values have a median difference of −0.01, 2.5 and −33 hPa, respectively, with 68% confidence intervals of ±0.11, ±7.5 and ±111 hPa, respectively.
Modeling Landuse Impact on Runoff & Erosion - A Review

The modeling and forecasting of floods and their consequences requires a good approximation of the runoff. Due to lack of rainfall and runoff gauge stations, it has become difficult to understand hydraulic condition of a river basin. Before applying the techniques of modeling we need to obtain the information about the specific region such as typical terrain , type of soils, cropping system and management practices followed. In the present study we are going to discuss the various aspects of modeling and the tools available.
Source-Receiver Seismic Interferometry

Seismic (or more generally, wavefield) interferometry allows receivers to assume the role of sources, or vice versa. Recorded waveforms (theoretically, Green’s functions) can be constructed from new ‘virtual’ source positions at which only receivers have been physically located. To-date, however, forms of interferometry have only been derived to provide inter-receiver or inter-source Green’s functions. For the first time we derive a form of interferometry that provides Green’s functions on realsource to real-receiver paths, using only energy that has propagated from surrounding sources or to surrounding receivers. This allows various useful interferometric methods to be applied to (more conventional) sourcereceiver configurations for the first time.
Motion detection and estimation in low-level-light video sequence

This article introduces motion detection and estimation of low-level-light video sequence, and, motion detection, motion estimation and variational problem. Low-level-light video sequence different form others, the time and space domain noise in the signal not only limit the lowest illuminance of the system but also make the image show random glitter. In this paper how to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of low light level image is discussed too. The results show that models and estimation algorithms in low-level-light video sequence can lead to improve reliability and accuracy of the estimated motion.
Raised Coral Terraces at Malakula, Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific, Indicate High Sea Level During Marine Isotope Stage 3

Abstract The occurrence of a series of raised coral reefs from the uplifted island of Malakula (Vanuatu, SW Pacific) provide an opportunity to examine sea-level fluctuations over at least the past 120,000 years. Thirteen fossil coral samples from Malakula were analyzed by the thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) U/Th dating technique, yielding information on sea levels during late marine isotope stage 3 and early stage 4. Our findings are in good agreement with sea-level estimates from raised coral terraces in Papua New Guinea and the recent sea-level reconstruction from the deep-sea sedimentary δ18O records. In particular, our coral data appear to confirm that sea levels at about 45,000–50,000 yr B.P. were only 30 to 60 m below the present level. Combined with other evidence of sea-level change, our data provide a strong case for much higher sea levels and therefore markedly reduced continental ice volume at 47,000 to 49,000 years ago.
Stochastic reconstruction of the microstructure of equilibrium form snow and computation of effective elastic properties

Abstract Three-dimensional geometric descriptions of microstructure are indispensable to obtain the structure–property relationships of snow. Because snow is a random heterogeneous material, it is often helpful to construct stochastic geometric models that can be used to model physical and mechanical properties of snow. In the present study, the Gaussian random field-based stochastic reconstruction of the sieved and sintered dry-snow sample with grain size less than 1 mm is investigated. The one- and two-point correlation functions of the snow samples are used as input for the stochastic snow model. Several statistical descriptors not used as input to the stochastic reconstruction are computed for the real and reconstructed snow to assess the quality of the reconstructed images. For the snow samples and the reconstructed snow microstructure, we also estimate the mechanical properties and the size of the associated representative volume element using numerical simulations as additional assessment of the quality of the reconstructed images. The results indicate that the stochastic reconstruction technique used in this paper is reasonably accurate, robust and highly efficient in numerical computations for the high-density snow samples we consider.
Ultrastructural observations of isolated intact and fragmented junctions of skeletal muscle by use of tannic acid mordanting

Tannic acid mordanting during fixation of isolated vesicles from skeletal muscle enhanced the resolution of the images. Isolated triadic junctions displayed two characteristic features not previously described: (a) a clear gap separated terminal cisternae from transverse tubules; (b) this gap was bridged by a separating array of structures which resembled the "feet" of intact muscle. When the triad was broken in a French press and subsequently reassembled by joining the two organelles, a similar gap was seen but the structure of the feet was less well defined. When the membrane of the triad was extracted by Triton X-100, the junctional region was retained and a similar gap between the two organelles could be discerned. The terminal cisternae characteristically displayed a thickening of the cytoplasmic leaflet of the membrane in select areas in which electron-dense material was apposed on the luminal leaflet. This thickened membrane was not observed in longitudinal reticulum or in terminal cisternae regions distal to the electron-dense matter. This thickened leaflet was not invariably associated with the junction, and some junctional regions did not display discernible thickening of the membrane. When the triad was treated with KCl, the electron-dense aggregate was dispersed and the thickened leaflet of the terminal cisternae dissipated, whereas the triadic junctional region with its feet remained unchanged. KCl treatment caused dissolution of three proteins of Mr = 77,000, 43,000, and 38,000. Treatment of Triton-resistant vesicles with KCl caused the loss of electron-dense aggregate but did not otherwise influence the appearance of the junction. A good degree of correlation both qualitatively and in quantitative parameters between the isolated vesicles and the intact muscle was observed.
The tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the very low‐grade hangingwall constrains two‐stage gneiss dome formation in the Montagne Noire (Southern France)

The Montagne Noire in the southernmost French Massif Central is made of an ENE‐elongated gneiss dome flanked by Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. The tectonic evolution of the gneiss dome has generated controversy for more than half a century. As a result, a multitude of models have been proposed that invoke various tectonic regimes and exhumation mechanisms. Most of these models are based on data from the gneiss dome itself. Here, new constraints on the dome evolution are provided based on a combination of very low‐grade petrology, K–Ar geochronology, field mapping and structural analysis of the Palaeozoic western Mont Peyroux and Faugères units, which constitute part of the southern hangingwall of the dome. It is shown that southward‐directed Variscan nappe‐thrusting (D1) and a related medium‐P metamorphism (M1) are only preserved in the area furthest away from the gneiss dome. The regionally dominant pervasive tectono‐metamorphic event D2/M2 largely transposes D1 structures, comprises a higher metamorphic thermal gradient than M1 (transition low‐P and medium‐P metamorphic facies series) and affected the rocks between c. 309 and 300 Ma, post‐dating D1/M1 by more than 20 Ma. D2‐related fabrics are refolded by D3, which in its turn, is followed by dextral‐normal shearing along the basal shear zone of both units at c. 297 Ma. In the western Mont Peyroux and Faugères units, D2/M2 is largely synchronous with shearing along the southern dome margin between c. 311 and 303 Ma, facilitating the emplacement of the gneiss dome into the upper crust. D2/M2 also overlaps in time with granitic magmatism and migmatization in the Zone Axiale between c. 314 and 306 Ma, and a related low‐P/high‐T metamorphism at c. 308 Ma. The shearing that accompanied the exhumation of the dome therefore was synchronous with a peak in temperature expressed by migmatization and intrusion of melts within the dome, and also with the peak of metamorphism in the hangingwall. Both, the intensity of D2 fabrics and the M2 metamorphic grade within the hangingwall, decrease away from the gneiss dome, with grades ranging from the anchizone–epizone boundary to the diagenetic zone. The related zonation of the pre‐D3 metamorphic field gradients paralleled the dome. These observations indicate that D2/M2 is controlled by the exhumation of the Zone Axiale, and suggest a coherent kinematic between the different crustal levels at some time during D2/M2. Based on integration of these findings with regional geological constraints, a two‐stage exhumation of the gneiss dome is proposed: during a first stage between c. 316 and 300 Ma dome emplacement into the upper crust was controlled by dextral shear zones arranged in a pull‐apart‐like geometry. The second stage from 300 Ma onwards was characterized by northeast to northward extension, with exhumation accommodated by north‐dipping detachments and hangingwall basin formation along the northeastern dome margin.
Greenhouse gases and climatic states of minimum entropy production

The hypothesis of minimum entropy production is applied to a simple one-dimensional energy balance model and is analyzed for different values of the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases. The extremum principle is used to determine the planetary “conductivity” and to avoid the “diffusive” approximation, which is commonly assumed in this type of model. For present conditions the result at minimum radiative entropy production is similar to that obtained by applying the classical model. Other climatic scenarios show visible differences, with better behavior for the extremal case.
Trends in juvenile detention in Australia

An overview of key trends in juvenile detention in Australia since 1981 is provided in this paper, based on data contained in the Australian Institute of Criminology’s Juveniles in Detention in Australia Monitoring Program database. In addition, two key trends in juvenile detention in Australia are discussed. First, the substantial increase in the proportion of juvenile detainees that is remanded, rather than sentenced, is identified as a concerning trend. A number of potential drivers for the increased use of remand are outlined in this paper. It is argued that the apparent increase in the use of remand should be a key focus of future juvenile justice research. Second, the over-representation of Indigenous juveniles continues to be an important issue to be addressed. Although rates of Indigenous over-representation have increased steadily, this appears to be due to decreases in rates of non-Indigenous juveniles in detention rather than increases in rates of Indigenous juveniles in detention. It is argued that rather than attempting to determine how juvenile justice policies have failed to keep Indigenous juveniles out of detention, consideration might be given to what has worked in reducing rates of non-Indigenous juveniles in detention.
Lasso regression: estimation and shrinkage via the limit of Gibbs sampling

The application of the lasso is espoused in high dimensional settings where only a small number of the regression coefficients are believed to be non‐zero (i.e. the solution is sparse). Moreover, statistical properties of high dimensional lasso estimators are often proved under the assumption that the correlation between the predictors is bounded. In this vein, co‐ordinatewise methods, which are the most common means of computing the lasso solution, naturally work well in the presence of low‐to‐moderate multicollinearity. The computational speed of co‐ordinatewise algorithms, although excellent for sparse and low‐to‐moderate multicollinearity settings, degrades as sparsity decreases and multicollinearity increases. Though lack of sparsity and high multicollinearity can be quite common in contemporary applications, model selection is still a necessity in such settings. Motivated by the limitations of co‐ordinatewise algorithms in such ‘non‐sparse’ and ‘high multicollinearity’ settings, we propose the novel ‘deterministic Bayesian lasso’ algorithm for computing the lasso solution. This algorithm is developed by considering a limiting version of the Bayesian lasso. In contrast with co‐ordinatewise algorithms, the performance of the deterministic Bayesian lasso improves as sparsity decreases and multicollinearity increases. Importantly, in non‐sparse and high multicollinearity settings the algorithm proposed can offer substantial increases in computational speed over co‐ordinatewise algorithms. A rigorous theoretical analysis demonstrates that the deterministic Bayesian lasso algorithm converges to the lasso solution and it leads to a representation of the lasso estimator which shows how it achieves both l1 ‐ and l2 ‐types of shrinkage simultaneously. Connections between the deterministic Bayesian lasso and other algorithms are also provided. The benefits of the deterministic Bayesian lasso algorithm are then illustrated on simulated and real data.
Soil Soluble Nitrogen Availability across an Elevation Gradient in a Cold‐Temperate Forest Ecosystem

Little is known about the distribution of plant-available N with elevation or under different plant–mycorrhizal associations. Our study evaluated soil amino acids, NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻ pools, soil properties, and enzyme activities under three types of plant–mycorrhizal associations along a cold-temperate forest elevation gradient. We found that amino acid concentrations increased as elevation increased (0.21 mg kg⁻¹ per 100 m), while NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ pool sizes remained constant (0.9–3 mg kg⁻¹ for NH₄⁺–N and 0–0.5 mg kg⁻¹ for NO₃⁻–N). Similar pool sizes and composition of soil soluble N were found under three plant–mycorrhizal associations. We concluded that amino acids, as a major component of soil N, increasingly supplement inorganic N as elevation increases. This study provides evidence of the importance of amino acids in soil soluble N of northern Idaho cold-temperate forest ecosystems, especially at high elevations, suggesting the need to include organic amino acids in future studies of forest nutrient availability.
A stochastic model for the time distribution of hourly rainfall depth

A probabilistic characterization of temporal storm patterns is presented wherein a storm is defined as an uninterrupted sequence of consecutive hourly rainfalls. A stochastic model is proposed to determine the probability distributions of rainfall accumulated at the end of each time unit within a total storm duration. An illustrative application of the model was made by using a 32-year hourly rainfall record at Dorval Airport on Montreal Island. The hourly rainfall depth was assumed to be an exponentially distributed random variable. The probability of any given number of consecutive rainy hours was determined by first- and second-order Markov chains. Statistical tests were performed to test the fit of the Markov model to the sequence of wet hours. The agreement between the observations and the proposed model is discussed. It is concluded that the methodology in this study is more flexible and more general than those that have been used in previous investigations. By using the stochastic model developed, a storm profile can be characterized in terms of the time of occurrence of a storm, the total storm depth, and the probability estimates of accumulated rainfalls at the end of each time unit within the total storm duration.
Osteoclast Progenitors Reside in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (cid:1) -Expressing Bone Marrow Cell Population (cid:1)

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells essential for skeletal development, homeostasis, and regeneration. They derive from hematopoietic progenitors in the monocyte/macrophage lineage and differentiate in response to RANKL. However, the precise nature of osteoclast progenitors is a longstanding and important question. Using inducible peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (cid:1) (PPAR (cid:1) )-tTA TRE-GFP (green ﬂuorescent protein) reporter mice, we show that osteoclast progenitors reside speciﬁcally in the PPAR (cid:1) -expressing hematopoietic bone marrow population and identify the quiescent PPAR (cid:1) (cid:2) cells as osteoclast progenitors. Importantly, two PPAR (cid:1) -tTA TRE-Cre-controlled genetic models provide compelling functional evidence. First, Notch activation in PPAR (cid:1) (cid:2) cells causes high bone mass due to impaired osteoclast precursor proliferation. Second, littermate cohorts. All protocols for mouse experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Bone analyses. To evaluate bone volume and architecture by micro-computed tomography ( (cid:3) CT), mouse tibiae were ﬁxed in 70% ethanol and scanned using a Scanco (cid:3) CT-35 instrument (Scanco Medical) at several resolutions for both overall tibial assessment (14- (cid:3) m resolution) and structural analysis of trabecular and cortical bone (7- (cid:3) m resolution). Trabecular bone parameters were calcu-lated using the Scanco software to analyze the bone scans from the trabecular region directly distal to the proximal tibial growth plate. Histomorphometric analyses were conducted using Bioquant Image Analysis software (Bioquant). TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining of osteoclasts was performed using a leukocyte acid phosphatase staining kit (Sigma). ALP staining of function, small interfering RNA (siRNA) for GATA2 (siGATA2) or control siRNA (siCtrl) (Santa Cruz) was transfected. Flow cytometry. The FACS analyses of bone marrow cells were performed using a BD FACScan ﬂow cytometer and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti- bodies (all from BD Pharmingen). The FACS sorting of GFP (cid:5) and GFP (cid:6) bone marrow cell populations was performed using a MoFlo Cell Sorter (Beckman Coulter). Statistical analyses. All statistical analyses were performed with Student’s t test, and the results are represented as means and standard deviations (SD).