Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why does Australia grow faster than New Zealand

We analyse the divergence in productivity between Australia and New Zealand, with a special emphasis on quantifying the industry-level contributors to the divergence and on whether the countries have comparable growth processes. The Convergence Hypothesis is tested between industries and across countries. We find that two industries satisfy our definition of Conditional Convergence (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing and Cultural and Recreational Services). Cointegration tests reveal more stochastic trends governing Australian productivity than in New Zealand. Decompositions of the divergence to the industry-level suggest large contributions from differences in labour growth across the two countries, and significant contributions from cross-country structural differences. Most of the industries add to the divergence, with particularly large contributions from differences across the Mining and Wholesale Trade industries. The evidence suggests that the growth processes of the two economies are fundamentally different, thereby questioning the relevance of comparisons between them.
Fiscal Multipliers

The concept of fiscal multipliers is examined, in the context of the major theoretical approaches. Differing methods of calculating multipliers are then recounted (structural equations, VAR, simulation). The sensitivity of estimates to conditioning on the state of the economy (slack, financial system) and policy regimes (exchange rate system, monetary policy reaction function) is discussed.
On the thermal evolution of the Earth's core

The Earth's magnetic field is sustained by dynamo action in the fluid outer core. The energy sources available to the geodynamo are well established, but their relative importance remains uncertain. We focus on the issue of thermal versus compositional convection, which is inextricably coupled to the evolution of the core as the Earth cools. To investigate the effect of the various physical processes on this evolution, we develop models based on conservation of energy and the assumption that the core is well mixed by vigorous convection. We depart from previous numerical studies by developing an analytical model. The simple algebraic form of the solution affords insight into both the evolution of the core and the energy budget of the geodynamo. We also present a numerical model to compare with the quantitative predictions of our analytical model and find that the differences between the two are negligible. An important conclusion of this study is that thermal convection can contribute significantly to the geodynamo. In fact, a modest heat flux in excess of that conducted down the adiabatic gradient is sufficient to power the geodynamo, even in the absence of compositional convection and latent-heat release. The relative contributions of thermal and compositional convection to the dynamo are largely determined by the magnitude of the heat flux from the core and the inner-core radius. For a plausible current-day heat flux of Q = 3.0 × 1012 W and the current inner-core radius, we find that compositional convection is responsible for approximately two thirds of the ohmic dissipation in the core and thermal convection for the remaining one third. The proportion of ohmic dissipation produced by thermal convection increases to 45% with an increase in Q to 6.0 × 1012 W. In the early Earth, when the inner core was smaller and the heat flux probably greater than the present values, thermal convection would have been the dominant energy source for the dynamo. We also calculate the history of inner-core growth as a function of the heat flux. For example, the inner core would have grown to its present size in 2.8 × 109 years if the average heat flux was Q = 4.0 × 1012 W. The model does not require the heat flux to be constant.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2003 Organisation De Coopération Et De Développement Economiques Working Party on Global and Structural Policies Oecd Workshop on the Benefits of Climate Policy: Improving Information for Policy Makers Distributional Aspects of Climate Change Im

FOREWORD This paper was prepared for an OECD Workshop on the Benefits of Climate Policy: Improving Information for Policy Makers, held 12-13 December 2002. The aim of the Workshop and the underlying Project is to outline a conceptual framework to estimate the benefits of climate change policies, and to help organise information on this topic for policy makers. The Workshop covered both adaptation and mitigation policies, and related to different spatial and temporal scales for decision-making. However, particular emphasis was placed on understanding global benefits at different levels of mitigation-in other words, on the incremental benefit of going from one level of climate change to another. Participants were also asked to identify gaps in existing information and to recommend areas for improvement, including topics requiring further policy-related research and testing. The Workshop brought representatives from governments together with researchers from a range of disciplines to address these issues. Further background on the workshop, its agenda and participants, can be found on the internet at: www.oecd. org/env/cc The overall Project is overseen by the OECD Working Party on Global and Structural Policy (Environment Policy Committee). The Secretariat would like to thank the governments of Canada, Germany and the United States for providing extra-budgetary financial support for the work. This paper is issued as an authored " working paper "-one of a series emerging from the Project. The ideas expressed in the paper are those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or its Member Countries. As a working paper, this document has received only limited peer review. Some authors will be further refining their papers, either to eventually appear in the peer-reviewed academic literature, or to become part of a forthcoming OECD publication on this Project. The objective of placing these papers on the internet at this stage is to widely disseminate the ideas contained in them, with a view toward facilitating the review process. were of great help in getting the paper in its current shape. The interpretations and any errors in this paper are, however, our own.
Role of inorganic colloids generated in a high-level deep geological repository in the migration of radionuclides : Open questions

Do colloids contribute to the radionuclide (RN) transport in a high level radioactive waste repository (HLWR)? The fact is that, during the last decades, many theoretical and experimental studies, at laboratory and in-situ scale, have been devoted to give an answer to this question. However, many uncertainties still exist and as a result most performance assessment (PA) studies either treat such scenarios conservatively or do not include the influence of colloids in the calculations for evaluating the long-term behaviour of a HLWR, basically due to the lack of quantitative data. The aim of this paper is to review the studies carried out during the last years to elucidate the colloid contribution to the RN migration, paying special attention to the role of bentonite colloids, formed at the bentonite/host rock interface in a HLWR and considering an emplacement in crystalline rock. The main uncertainties and present research projects and future research strategies will be highlighted.
Is Our World Going to Get a Whole Lot Smaller?

The surge of oil prices in recent years has led to speculation that rising transportation costs could end the period of dramatic world trade growth in the words of Rubin (2009), Your world is going to get a whole lot smaller. Using data from China's Customs Statistics, we examine the impact of oil prices on trade's sensitivity to distance. We find that higher oil prices increase trade's elasticity to distance, but that the economic effect is small. We also find that the effect is more pronounced for trade within global production networks, and less large for goods shipped by air.
Does light rail transit increase physical activity

Moderate walking between home and transit stops can be a significant portion of daily physical activity. Yet, we know little about the role of public transit in promoting physical activity at the neighborhood level. Using a pre-post treatment-control research design, we examine whether new Expo light rail transit has any impact on physical activity outcomes among residents of a low-income neighborhood in south Los Angeles. We hypothesize that physical activity gain varies by proximity to transit stations, transit trip frequency, and past behavior. The data consist of two waves of longitudinal samples collected about 6 months before and after the implementation of new Expo light rail transit in Fall 2012. Based on the 82 repeated samples across the two waves, we obtained travel behavior and physical activity data through a travel diary, GPS logger, and accelerometer for a 7-day period. The results suggest that proximity to transit has a complex association with physical activity. Taking more bus transit trips positively affects physical activity. Also, individual characteristics determine the extent to which physical activity increases. Further, past physical activity levels play a key role in moderating the effect of the Expo Line on later physical activity levels of the residents living near the Expo Line. The implication is that the health impact of transit investments at the neighborhood level is complex and potentially operates through mediators/moderators, such as personal characteristics and past behavior. Our findings indicate that health impact assessments of transit investments should be comprehensive, possibly incorporating individual and behavioral factors in order to account for this complex relationship.
Micas in carbonate-saturated pelites: the transformation from biotite to phengite, melting and melt geochemistry

In this study, a series of high-pressure piston-cylinder and multi-anvil experiments have been condueted on three synthetic carbonate-saturated pelite bulk compositions in the modelSys¬ tems K20-CaO-MgO-Al203-Si02-H20-C02 (KCaMAS-HC) and K2O-Na20-Ca0-Fe0--Fe203 -MgO-AI203-Si02-H20-C02 (KNCaFMAS-HC) to investigate the subsolidus and melting phase petrology for subdueted carbonaeeous pelites. The results can be used to draw conclusionsabout reaction grids, devolatilization and melting in carbonate-bearingmetasediments during prograde subduetion, whichis importantfor the origin ofare magmatism and the recycling of water and C02. Melting experimentson a Fe-rich carbonate-saturated pelite in KNCaFMAS-HC(chapter 5) were performed at 850-1300 °C and 2.5-5.0 GPa to define the conditions to which carbonates remain residual to sediment melting. For this purpose, phase relations,melting conditions and melt compositions were determined. In this fertile bulk composition,30 wt% potassic granite (2.5 GPa) to phonolite (5.0 GPa) melts are generatedat the fluid-absent solidus. The solidus is located at 900 °C, 2.4 GPa and 1070 °C, 5.0 GPa. Phengite+quartz/coesite control initial Silicate melting and melt productivity through the reaction phengite+coesite+clinopyroxene+calcite = Silicate melt+ kyanite+garnet, leaving most of the Mg-calcitein the residue. Mg-calcitedisappears only through the formationof Ca-carbonatite at 1100 °C, 3.5 to 5.0 GPa. The experiments demonstrate a possible source for Ca-carbonatites in combination with alkaline granitic to phonolitic melts at temperaturesunlikely to be achieved duringongoing subduetion, but whichcan easily be attaincd when burying rates slow down or subdueted crust becomes incorporated into the mantle. Conse¬ quently, it appears likely that carbonates will not bc quantitatively recycled in a typical subarc region, extending and confirming earlier results from subsolidus studies (Connolly 2005), that >70-80% of the subduetedcarbonate will bypass the volcanic are region and get buried to larger depths.
The Effects on Soil Carbon Mineralization of Different Doses of Epoxiconazole and Carbendazim Suspension used in Wheat Cultivation

10.21276/sajb.2018. 6.3. 5 Abstract: In this study, the effects on soil carbon mineralization of different doses [recommended dose (RD), × 2RD and × 4RD] of Epoxiconazole + Carbendazim fungicide suspension used for destroying the powdery mildew and yellow rust diseases in the cultivation of wheat being a common agriculture product in Osmaniye (Turkey) were determined in soils before and after wheat spraying and the campus soil of Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. Carbon mineralization of three different soils moistered at 80% of the field capacity were observed under controlled conditions (28 °C and 45 days) and CO2 respiration method. At the end of the 45 days incubation period, the highest and statistically significant value of cumulative carbon mineralization was observed in wheat soil sampled after fungicide spraying (AWS × 2RD). This value (7.756 mg C(CO2)/100 g) was significantly different in both within own group and among the other groups (P <0.001). This result showed that Epoxiconazole + Carbendazim fungicide suspension added at × 2RD level was only used as a carbon source for microorganisms in the research soils. In the light of this finding, it might be said that the amount of carbon added into the soil with other doses of this fungicide was not enough to increase microorganism activity.
A Study of the High Resolution COSMO-SkyMed SAR Data for Ground Subsidence

COSMO SkyMed satellites are very suitable for natural disaster monitoring, be- cause they can acquire high quality images with very high resolution. DInSAR can map ground deformation phenomena over tens-of-kilometers-wide area with centimeter-scale accuracy level, and has been considered as a powerful tool. In this paper, COSMO-SkyMed SAR and ASAR data are respectively processed by DInSAR for land subsidence derivation in Tianjin.The comparison between the two preliminary results shows that similar deformation trend can be identifled based on the two kinds of SAR data and the deformation values of COSMO's DInSAR result are closer to truth. With the characteristics of high resolution and short wavelength, COSMO data seem more robust for extract high-precision ground deformation information than ASAR data in case of no obvious orbit error existing in both the 2 kinds of data. While COSMO data are suitable for high-precision information extraction in a relatively small and important area, ASAR data are flt for large area, regional surface deformation survey.
Soil Line Influences on Two-Band Vegetation Indices and Vegetation Isolines: A Numerical Study

Influences of soil line variations on two-band vegetation indices (VIs) and their vegetation isolines in red and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance space are investigated based on recently derived relationships between the relative variations of VIs with variations of the soil line parameters in the accompanying paper by Yoshioka et al. (1). The soil line influences are first demonstrated numerically in terms of variations of vegetation isolines and VI values along with the isolines. A hypothetical case is then analyzed by assuming the discrepancies between the general and regional soil lines for a Southern Brazil area reported elsewhere. The results indicate the validity of our analytical approach for the evaluation of soil line influences and the applicability for adjustment of VI errors using external data sources of soil reflectance spectra.
How Hiking Bloggers Explore Blogs with Interactive Text Visualization

Temporally-connected online repositories, such as blogs and tweets about events and experiences like long multi-week hikes, provide opportunities and challenges when exploring and reflecting and planning new experiences, both for readers and for the bloggers themselves. Exploring large text repositories have benefitted from interactive text visualization on large touch displays, but little is known about how bloggers understand blogs through visualization and how system design could support a variety of exploration activities. This position paper presents ways that blog authors explore their own long-term hiking blogs, and discusses future directions for using interactive text visualization on surface devices to support data exploration, information organization and knowledge sharing.
Cross‐equalization data processing for time‐lapse seismic reservoir monitoring: A case study from the Gulf of Mexico

Nonrepeatable noise, caused by differences in vintages of seismic acquisition and processing, can often make comparison and interpretation of time-lapse 3-D seismic data sets for reservoir monitoring misleading or futile. In this Gulf of Mexico case study, the major causes of nonrepeatable noise in the data sets are the result of differences in survey acquisition geometry and binning, temporal and spatial amplitude gain, wavelet bandwidth and phase, differential static time shifts, and relative mispositioning of imaged reflection events. We attenuate these acquisition and processing differences by developing and applying a cross-equalization data processing flow for time-lapse seismic data. The cross-equalization flow consists of regridding the two data sets to a common grid; applying a space and time-variant amplitude envelope balance; applying a first pass of matched filter corrections for global amplitude, bandwidth, phase and static shift corrections, followed by a dynamic warp to align mispositioned events; and, finally, running a second pass of constrained space-variant matched filter operators. Difference sections obtained by subtracting the two data sets after each step of the cross-equalization processing flow show a progressive reduction of nonrepeatable noise and a simultaneous improvement in time-lapse reservoir signal.
Early intravenous unfractionated heparin and mortality in septic shock*

Background:Sepsis and septic shock represent a systemic inflammatory state with substantial pro-coagulant elements. Unfractionated heparin is a known anticoagulant, which also possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Unfractionated heparin has been shown to increase survival in experimental models of septic shock. Objective:To evaluate the impact of intravenous therapeutic dose unfractionated heparin in a cohort of patients diagnosed with septic shock. Design:Retrospective, propensity matched, multicenter, cohort study. Setting:Regional intensive care units in Winnipeg, Canada between 1989 and 2005. Patients:Two thousand three hundred fifty-six patients diagnosed with septic shock, of which 722 received intravenous therapeutic dose heparin. Measurements and Main Results:The primary outcome of study was 28-day mortality, and mortality stratified by severity of illness (Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II quartile). Safety was assessed by comparing rates of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, and the need for transfusion. By using a Cox proportional hazards model, systemic heparin therapy was associated with decreased 28-day mortality (307 of 695 [44.2%] vs. 279 of 695 [40.1%]; hazard ratio 0.85 [confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.73–1.00]; p = 0.05). In the highest quartile of severity of illness (Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II score 29–53), heparin administration was associated with a clinically and statistically significant reduction in 28-day mortality [127 of 184 (69.0%) vs. 94 of 168 (56.0%); hazard ratio 0.70 (CI 95% 0.54–0.92); p = 0.01]. The use of intravenous unfractionated heparin was associated with successful liberation from mechanical ventilation [odds ratio of 1.42 (CI 95% 1.13–1.80); p = 0.003], and successful discontinuation of vasopressor/inotropic support [odds ratio of 1.34 (CI 95% 1.06–1.71); p = 0.01]. No significant differences in the rates of major hemorrhage or need for transfusion were identified. Conclusion:Early administration of intravenous therapeutic dose unfractionated heparin may be associated with decreased mortality when administered to patients diagnosed with septic shock, especially in patients with higher severity of illness. Prospective randomized trials are needed to further define the role of this agent in sepsis and septic shock.
E ects of climate change on water resources in Tarim River Basin

Based on hydrology, temperature, and precipitation data from the past 50 years, the e ects of climate change on water resources in Tarim River Basin in Northwest China were investigated. The long-term trends of the hydrological time series were detected using both parametric and nonparametric techniques. The results showed that the increasing tendency of the temperature has a 5% level of significance, and the temperature increased by nearly 1°C over the past 50 years. The precipitation showed a significant increase in the 1980s and 1990s, and the average annual precipitation exhibited an increasing trend with a magnitude of 6.8 mm per decade. A step change occurred in both the temperature and precipitation time series around 1986. The streamflow from the headwater of the Tarim River exhibited a significant increase during the last 20 years. The increase in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow may be attributed to global climate change.
Research on characteristics of early strength of ecological slope-protected base material of vegetation-growing concrete

The early strength of ecological slope-protected base material has an important influence on stability of base material onto slope and seed germination.Taking the unconfined compressive strength at 2 days of vegetation-growing concrete base material(VCBM) as research object,the characteristics of early strength of ecological slope-protected base material are studied.Through single factor affecting tests and orthogonal tests,which take cement dosage,organic matter dosage and water-cement ratio as influence factor,the analysis of tests data indicate: the three factors all affect the early strength of VCBM;and the degree follows by: cement dosage organic matter dosage water-cement ratio.When water-cement ratio is between 0.50 and 0.55,the early strength of VCBM reaches a maximum value.Regarding Cement dosage and organic matter dosage as independent variables on condition that water-cement ratio and other factors are constant,a multiple nonlinear regression model on the early strength of VCBM is established.And the confirmatory tests testify that the model could predict the early strength of VCBM approximately.According the model to estimating the minimum cement dosage and maximum organic matter dosage in course of the application of VCBM ecological slope-protected technology,it can ensure the stability of base material during early stage of implementation as well as propitious to vegetation recovery and sustained growth on slope in late stage.