Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Evaluation of Digital Hand X-rays Is Not a Reliable Method to Assess Bone Mineral Density.

BACKGROUND The gold standard for evaluating bone mineral density is dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Prior studies have shown poor reliability using analog wrist X-rays in diagnosing osteoporosis. Our goal was to investigate if there was improved diagnostic value to visual assessment of digital hand X-rays in osteoporosis screening. We hypothesized that similar to analog counterparts, digital hand X-rays have poor correlation and reliability in determining bone mineral density (BMD) relative to DEXA. METHODS We prospectively evaluated female patients older than 65 years who presented to our hand clinic with digital hand and wrist X-rays as part of their evaluation over six months. Patients who had a fracture and were without DEXA scans within the past two years were excluded. Five fellowship-trained hand surgeons, blinded to DEXA T-scores, evaluated the x-rays over two assessments separated by four weeks and classified them as osteoporotic, osteopenic, or normal BMD. Accuracy relative to DEXA T-score, interobserver and intraobserver rates were calculated. RESULTS Thirty four patients met the inclusion criteria and a total of 340 x-rays reviews were performed. The assessments were correct in 169 cases (49%) as compared to the DEXA T-scores. A mean weighted kappa coefficient of agreement between observers was 0.29 (range 0.02-0.41) reflecting a fair agreement. The first and second assessment for all five physicians was 0.46 (range 0.19-0.78) reflecting a moderate agreement. Grouping osteoporosis and osteopenia together compared to normal, the accuracy, interobserver and intraobserver rates increased to 63%, 0.42 and 0.54 respectively. CONCLUSION Abnormally low BMD is a common occurrence in patients treated for upper extremity disorders. There is poor accuracy relative to DEXA scan and only fair agreement in diagnosing osteoporosis using visual assessments of digital x-rays.
Structure of the Basque emotion lexicon

Using a prototype approach to emotion concepts, two studies were conducted in the Basque Country, where an ancient non-Indo-European language is still spoken, to identify the mental state words that Basque speakers are most certain name emotions (emozioak) and to map the hierarchical and family resemblance structure of the most prototypical 124 emotion concepts. Cluster analysis of sorting data collected in the Basque Country revealed five basic level emotion categories similar to those found in American English and Indonesian (love, happiness, anger, sadness, and fear) as well as five other small positive emotion categories. All major categories found at the basic level contained several terms that are not traceable to Romance languages. Also in line with the American and Indonesian results, the basic level categories in Basque fell within two large superordinate categories: positive and negative emotions. Each of the five large basic level categories contained several subordinate level categories. The results suggest that the emotion lexicons, and corresponding conceptualisations of the emotion domain, in the Basque Country, Indonesia, and the US are similar, although there are some important differences.
Modulation of xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress in chronic streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats fed with Momordica charantia fruit extract

We studied the long‐term effects of streptozotocin‐induced diabetes on tissue‐specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione‐dependent (GSH‐dependent) xenobiotic metabolism in rats. In addition, we also studied the effect of antidiabetic Momordica charantia (karela) fruit‐extract feeding on the modulation of xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress in rats with diabetes. Our results have indicated an increase (35–50%) in CYP4A‐dependent lauric acid hydroxylation in liver, kidney, and brain of diabetic rats. About a two‐fold increase in CYP2E‐dependent hepatic aniline hydroxylation and a 90–100% increase in CYP1A‐dependent ethoxycoumarin‐O‐deethylase activities in kidney and brain were also observed. A significant increase (80%) in aminopyrene N‐demethylase activity was observed only in rat kidney, and a decrease was observed in the liver and brain of diabetic rats. A significant increase (77%) in NADPH‐dependent lipid peroxidation (LPO) in kidney of diabetic rats was also observed. On the other hand, a decrease in hepatic LPO was seen during chronic diabetes. During diabetes an increased expression of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and CYP4A1 isoenzymes was also seen by Western blot analysis. Karela‐juice feeding modulates the enzyme expression and catalytic activities in a tissue‐ and isoenzyme‐specific manner. A marked decrease (65%) in hepatic GSH content and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity and an increase (about two‐fold) in brain GSH and GST activity was observed in diabetic rats. On the other hand, renal GST was markedly reduced, and GSH content was moderately higher than that of control rats. Western blot analyses using specific antibodies have confirmed the tissue‐specific alterations in the expression of GST isoenzymes. Karela‐juice feeding, in general, reversed the effect of chronic diabetes on the modulation of both P450‐dependent monooxygenase activities and GSH‐dependent oxidative stress related LPO and GST activities. These results have suggested that the modulation of xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress in various tissues may be related to altered metabolism of endogenous substrates and hormonal status during diabetes. The findings may have significant implications in elucidating the therapeutic use of antidiabetic drugs and management of Type 1 diabetes in chronic diabetic patients. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Toxicol 14:131–139, 2000
TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: ALLEN DEVELOPING MOUSE BRAIN REFERENCE ATLAS

The Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas provides a cellular-resolution map of gene expression in the developing mouse brain from the embryo to the young adult. To provide a novel neuroanatomical framework based on genoarchitectonic data, the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Reference Atlas was created with the expertise of Professor Luis Puelles, MD, PhD (University of Murcia, Spain). Sagittal full-color, high resolution Web-based digital reference atlases have been created for seven stages of mouse brain development (Figure 1). These are based upon a systematic developmental ontology which is available in 13 hierarchic levels in the Ontology Legend Browser application, and is presently partially implemented down to Level 08.
Design of Binary Spray and wait protocol for intermittently connected mobile networks

Mobile adhoc is an autonomous network that consists of mobile nodes that communicate with each other over wireless links. These networks are becomes very popular and used in everywhere though out the world. We can use these networks whenever there is no proper structure. We can visit these in many situations like notebook of computers and PAD's. All nodes in the network are to be corporately performed to deliver the message even though there is no fixed structure. Routing is one of the primary functions each node has to perform in order to enable connections between nodes that are not directly within each others send range. We solve the problem of conventional routing schemas by the design of Binary Spray and wait protocol in ad hoc network. The main idea is, we formulate the problem of optimally for the BSW routing protocol with the designing of protocol. A new family of routing schemes that “spray” a few message copies into the network, and after that we can forward every message in the network until it reaches to destination. Performance of the network can be increased significantly by proper design of this protocol.
A review of the health hazards posed by cobalt

Abstract Cobalt (Co) is an essential element with ubiquitous dietary exposure and possible incremental exposure due to dietary supplements, occupation and medical devices. Adverse health effects, such as cardiomyopathy and vision or hearing impairment, were reported at peak blood Co concentrations typically over 700 µg/L (8–40 weeks), while reversible hypothyroidism and polycythemia were reported in humans at ∼300 µg/L and higher (≥2 weeks). Lung cancer risks associated with certain inhalation exposures have not been observed following Co ingestion and Co alloy implants. The mode of action for systemic toxicity relates directly to free Co(II) ion interactions with various receptors, ion channels and biomolecules resulting in generally reversible effects. Certain dose–response anomalies for Co toxicity likely relate to rare disease states known to reduce systemic Co(II)-ion binding to blood proteins. Based on the available information, most people with clearly elevated serum Co, like supplement users and hip implant patients, have >90% of Co as albumin-bound, with considerable excess binding capacity to sequester Co(II) ions. This paper reviews the scientific literature regarding the chemistry, pharmacokinetics and systemic toxicology of Co, and the likely role of free Co(II) ions to explain dose–response relationships. Based on currently available data, it might be useful to monitor implant patients for signs of hypothyroidism and polycythemia starting at blood or serum Co concentrations above 100 µg/L. This concentration is derived by applying an uncertainty factor of 3 to the 300 µg/L point of departure and this should adequately account for the fact that persons in the various studies were exposed for less than one year. A higher uncertainty factor could be warranted but Co has a relatively fast elimination, and many of the populations studied were of children and those with kidney problems. Closer follow-up of patients who also exhibit chronic disease states leading to clinically important hypoalbuminemia and/or severe ischemia modified albumin (IMA) elevations should be considered.
Goal-Directed Actions and Early Experience with Crawling

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in infant goal-directed actions after a period of experience with crawling. Sixty-four infants from ages 24 to 54 weeks were divided into pre-crawling (n = 33) and crawling (n = 31) groups and the mean number of goal-directed actions was compared using an analysis of covariance to control for the effect of age. Three infants were selected for longitudinal observations on a bimonthly basis providing descriptive examples of daily observations. Controlling for age, the main effect for crawling status was statistically significant (F(1, 61) = 11.13, p = . 001), with crawlers demonstrating a greater mean number of goal-directed actions than precrawlers. This study is the first to compare the goal-directed actions of precrawlers and crawlers, confirming an increase in infant goal-directed actions after infants gained experience with crawling.
Support of sinusoidal endothelial cell glutathione prevents hepatic veno‐occlusive disease in the rat

Depletion of sinusoidal endothelial cell glutathione (GSH) has been proposed as a common mechanism leading to hepatic veno‐occlusive disease (HVOD). This study examines whether intraportal infusion of GSH can prevent HVOD in the monocrotaline rat model. HVOD was induced in rats with monocrotaline 160 mg/kg i.g. on day 0. GSH was infused intraportally by mini‐osmotic pump. Monocrotaline decreased GSH in sinusoidal endothelial cells, but not in liver homogenate. Infusion of GSH, 2 μmol/hr starting day − 1, prevented the decrease in sinusoidal endothelial cell GSH and protected against histological and clinical evidence of HVOD. Protection by GSH was dose‐dependent (0.5‐2 μmol/hr). In rats receiving continuous GSH infusion, treatment with buthionine sulfoximine starting day − 2 decreased sinusoidal endothelial cell GSH and attenuated the protective effect of GSH against monocrotaline. GSH infusion starting 24 hours after monocrotaline (“glutathione rescue”) offered substantial protection to most rats. N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine conferred protection, but N‐acetyl‐D‐cysteine (an antioxidant that is not a precursor for GSH) had little or no protective effect, and 4‐hydroxy TEMPO, a free radical scavenger, was not protective. Discontinuation of the GSH infusion 5 days after monocrotaline administration led to severe hepatic veno‐occlusive disease on day 6. In conclusion, monocrotaline selectively depletes sinusoidal endothelial cell GSH. Intraportal infusion of GSH protects against monocrotaline toxicity, at least partially by maintaining sinusoidal endothelial cell GSH levels. Glutathione infusion started after monocrotaline is partially protective. Monocrotaline induces prolonged changes in the liver that remain suppressed as long as GSH is infused.
TASI/PiTP/ISS Lectures on Moduli and Microphysics

I review basic forces on moduli that lead to their stabilization, for example in the supercritical and KKLT models of de Sitter space in string theory, as well as an AdS{sub 4} x S{sup 3} x S{sup 3} model I include which is not published elsewhere. These forces come from the classical dilaton tadpole in generic dimensionality, internal curvature, fluxes, and branes and orientifolds as well as non-perturbative effects. The resulting (A)dS solutions of string theory make detailed predictions for microphysical entropy, whose leading behavior we exhibit on the Coulomb branch of the system. Finally, I briefly review recent developments concerning the role of velocity-dependent effects in the dynamics of moduli. These lecture notes are based on material presented at various stages in the 1999 TASI, 2002 PiTP, 2003 TASI, and 2003 ISS schools.
Mechanism of increased PLD1 gene expression during early adipocyte differentiation process of mouse cell line 3T3‐L1

A mouse cell line 3T3‐L1 is differentiated into adipocytes when treated with an inducer cocktail (IDX) (insulin, dexametahsone, and a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor of isobutyl‐methylxanthine (IBMX)). Here, we report that PLD1, but not PLD2, mRNA and protein increased during the early differentiation process. Our analysis shows that IDX resulted in a sequential induction of C/EBPβ, PLD1, and C/EBPα which is a key transcription factor of late adipocyte differentiation. Among the three inducers, IBMX + any other inducer induced mild adipocyte differentiation, whereas insulin + dexamethasone did not. IBMX increased PLD1 but not PLD2 mRNA. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, and dbcAMP also increased PLD1 mRNA, suggesting the cellular cAMP as the inducer of both adipocyte differentiation and PLD1 transcription. We focused on the regulatory mechanism of PLD1 transcription during this differentiation process. IDX or a combination of inducers including IBMX increased PLD1 promoter activity, which is consistent with mRNA analysis. Promoter analysis identified two adjacent C/EBP motifs located between −338 and −231 bp from the first exon as the IBMX responsive elements. Furthermore, overexpression of C/EBPβ, but not C/EBPα, increased PLD1 mRNA and PLD1 5′ promoter activity. EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed the direct binding of C/EBPβ, but not C/EBPα, to these C/EBP motifs of PLD1 5′ promoter. Our results show that PLD1 is a target gene of C/EBPβ through the increased cellular cAMP during early adipocyte differentiation of 3T3‐L1 cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 375–382, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emotional intelligence training and its implications for stress, health and performance

This study builds on earlier work (Slaski & Cartwright, 2002), examining the role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) as a moderator in the stress process. A sample of UK managers (n = 60) were given training in emotional intelligence. Pre and post measures were taken relating to EI, stress and health and management performance. The study also incorporated a matched control group. It was found that training resulted in increased EI and improved health and well being. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussion paper: between sharing and discourse

This discussion paper aims at critically discussing some of the issues covered in the papers collected in the present special issue. It deals with four major points: the main differences between everyday interaction and interaction in musical settings, and the implications for music, seen as a locus for social semiosis; the “sharing” function of music, particularly with regards to its intersubjective nature; the relevance of multimodality in musical interaction; and the way music may achieve authority construction and negotiation. Finally, the paper highlights the most promising pathways for future research traced by the special issue.
Unsupervised Languagemodel Adaptation for Meeting Recognition

We present an application of unsupervised language model (ML) adaptation to meeting recognition, in a scenario where sequences of multiparty meetings on related topics are to be recognized, but no prior in-domain data for LM training is available. The recognizer LMs are adapted according to the recognition output on temporally preceding meetings, either in speaker-dependent or speaker-independent mode. Model adaptation is carried out by interpolating the n-gram probabilities of a large generic LM with those of a small LM estimated from adaptation data, and minimizing perplexity on the automatic transcripts of a separate meeting set, also previously recognized. The adapted LMs yield about 5.9% relative reduction in word error compared to the baseline. This improvement is about half of what can be achieved with supervised adaptation, i.e. using human-generated speech transcripts.
Phenytoin Induction of the Cyp2c37 Gene Is Mediated by the Constitutive Androstane Receptor

The CYP2C subfamily of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases is responsible for the metabolism of approximately 20% of therapeutic drugs and many endogenous compounds in humans. These enzymes can be induced by prior treatment with drugs, resulting in changes in drug efficacy. Induction of human CYP2C enzymes by xenobiotics occurs at the transcriptional level and is reported to involve the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). In the present study, we report that murine CYP2C37 mRNA is induced by phenobarbital and phenytoin. In contrast, the mouse PXR agonist 5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one-16α-carbonitrile did not induce CYP2C37 mRNA, suggesting that PXR does not regulate this gene. The induction of CYP2C37 mRNA by phenobarbital and phenytoin is essentially abolished in CAR-null mice; thus, induction of Cyp2c37 by these xenobiotics is CAR-dependent. A functional CAR response element (CAR-RE) was identified at –2791 base pairs from the translation start site of the Cyp2c37 gene. Mutation of this CAR-RE abolished mouse CAR transactivation of a Cyp2c37 –2.9-kilobase pair luciferase reporter construct in HepG2 cells.
Efficient Content Authentication in AdHoc Networks Mitigating DDoS Attacks

With the emergence of mobile ad hoc networks it is now possible to access network accessing and communicate data in an area where no fixed infrastructure exists or existing infrastructure is not available. Since in ad hoc networks, the exact copies of the same content are stored at various locations. Therefore in order to prevent from various attacks based on the content; it becomes important to have some security solutions. In this paper, we propose an efficient content authentication method in ad hoc network. Foremost, the challenges in ad hoc networks have been mentioned in this paper. This paper focuses on secure packet forwarding in ad hoc networks and proposes a new solution based on observation by all the neighboring nodes to mitigate the effects of adverse situations caused by malicious nodes. This prevention mechanism exploits all well-behaving nodes’ local knowledge to bypass misbehaving nodes, evaluate path quality and choose the most reliable path for data forwarding. In this paper, a new solution for mobile ad hoc networks based on observation by all the neighboring nodes is presented.
A 1.2-MHz 10-bit Continuous-Time Sigma–Delta ADC Using a Time Encoding Quantizer

This paper shows the operating principle and experimental results of a new continuous-time sigma-delta modulator architecture. The proposed modulator does not require a multibit quantizer nor a mismatch-shaping digital-to-analog converter to produce a multibit noise-shaped output. Instead, its quantizer encodes the loop filter output in a binary signal using a time encoding technique similar to pulsewidth modulation. This binary signal is used to generate both the analog feedback loop signal and the digital output. A proof-of-concept chip in 0.35-mum CMOS achieves 10 bits of resolution within a signal bandwidth of 1.2 MHz using a first-order modulator.
[3H]-[H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2] ([3H]CTOP), a potent and highly selective peptide for mu opioid receptors in rat brain.

The cyclic, conformationally restricted octapeptide [3H]-[H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2] ([3H]CTOP) was synthesized and its binding to mu opioid receptors was characterized in rat brain membrane preparations. Association rates (k+1) of 1.25 x 10(8) M-1 min-1 and 2.49 x 10(8) M-1 min-1 at 25 and 37 degrees C, respectively, were obtained, whereas dissociation rates (k-1) at the same temperatures were 1.93 x 10(-2) min-1 and 1.03 x 10(-1) min-1 at 25 and 37 degrees C, respectively. Saturation isotherms of [3H]CTOP binding to rat brain membranes gave apparent Kd values of 0.16 and 0.41 nM at 25 and 37 degrees C, respectively. Maximal number of binding sites in rat brain membranes were found to be 94 and 81 fmol/mg of protein at 25 and 37 degrees C, respectively. [3H]CTOP binding over a concentration range of 0.1 to 10 nM was best fit by a one site model consistent with binding to a single site. The general effect of different metal ions and guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate on [3H]CTOP binding was to reduce its affinity. High concentrations (100 mM) of sodium also produced a reduction of the apparent mu receptor density. Utilizing the delta opioid receptor specific peptide [3H]-[D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin, CTOP appeared to be about 2000-fold more specific for mu vs. delta opioid receptor than naloxone. Specific [3H]CTOP binding was inhibited by a large number of opioid or opiate ligands. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Women Negotiating Change

This article explores the abduction and murder of Kalpana Chakma, Organizing Secretary of the Hill Women’s Federation, a local network addressing issues of gendered violence in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. The article reflects on Kalpana Chakma’s views of life and struggle, the incident, and its consequences. Analysing the response of the mainstream women’s movement to the event, I foreground contesting notions of violence and victimization upheld by the state and the women’s movement in Bangladesh. Engaging the processes through which ethnic women have been victimized, this article addresses issues of agency and resistance, and the means by which women, as individuals and in movements, negotiate and resist the subject position of ‘victim’.
Path Following of Autonomous Vehicles in the Presence of Sliding Effects

In this paper, a new controller for the path-following problem of a car-like autonomous vehicle is proposed. This controller is based on a new transformation that, for the case of roll with no slip, transfers the model to a chain form. However, in many practical cases, due to the strong effects of tire slip angles, a roll with no slip assumption is invalid. To cope with the presence of slip, a novel controller is proposed. The new method is based on a vehicle kinematical model, where the tire slip angles are taken into account. The control design method utilizes a peak-to-peak criterion and linear matrix inequality (LMI) tools to attenuate tire slip angle effects on the closed-loop performance.