Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Life, death and afterlife of the extrusion flow theory

Abstract ‘Extrusion flow’ describes any velocity field where maximum horizontal velocity occurs below the surface. By 1914, viscous flow and basal sliding over rough beds were accepted concepts. Between the world wars, there was little communication between naturalists describing complicated ice sheets, and physicists studying fundamental processes controlling flow. Max Demorest brought concepts from mechanics into glaciology and glacial geology; however, his extrusion flow theory, to explain how ice flowed out of central Greenland, overlooked force imbalance. Rudolf Streiff-Becker found an apparent large imbalance between ice flux discharged through a gate and net accumulation in the upstream catchment at Claridenfirn, Switzerland. Because he underestimated uncertainty in ice depth, he had to propose a strong undercurrent (extrusion flow) to evacuate the excess mass. Reassessment of his assumptions shows that extrusion was actually unnecessary. However, confluence of two lines of evidence for extrusion flow added stature to the concept. In 1952, John Nye showed that free extrusion flow was impossible due to force imbalance. Two forms of extrusion flow survive: capped extrusion flow is possible on local scales where longitudinal stress gradients allow upper ice to move slowly, and rigid- body rotational flow can allow deeper ice to move faster without strain.
2 Challenges in Mobile Ad-Hoc Routing 2 . 1 Current Routing Architecture

This work explores several system issues regarding the design and implementation of routing protocols for ad-hoc wireless networks. We examine the routing architecture in current operating systems and find it insufficient on several counts, especially for supporting on-demand or reactive routing protocols. Examples include lack of mechanisms for queuing outstanding packets awaiting route discovery and mechanisms for communicating route usage information from kernel to userspace. We propose an architecture and a generic API for any operating system to augment the current routing architecture. Implementing the API may normally require kernel modifications, but we provide an implementation for Linux using only the standard Linux 2.4 kernel facilities. The API is provided as a shared user-space library called the Ad-hoc Support Library (ASL), which uses a small loadable kernel module. To prove the viability of our framework, we provide a full-fledged implementation of the AODV protocol using ASL, and a design for the DSR protocol. Through this study, we also reinforce our belief that it is profoundly important to consider system issues in ad-hoc routing protocol design.
Los Angeles County Young Children's Literacy Experiences, Emotional Well-Being and Skills Acquisition: Results from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey

In this technical report, we use data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A.FANS) to examine childrenOs readiness for school in Los Angeles County. We present results on several aspects of school readiness and show how they vary by geography, socioeconomic status, maternal education, and child gender, ethnicity and immigrant status.
Maastrichtian sauropod footprints from the Fumanya site, Berguedà, Spain

A sauropod tracksite near Fumanya (Bergueda, Catalunya, Spain) was mapped in detail in 1996. Discovered by Viladrich (1986), this is the only known Maastrichtian sauropod tracksite in Europe. The tracks have been strongly affected by strain and erosion. The wide-gauged, four-clawed pes trackways are attributed to titanosaurs. Although most trackways indicate single individuals, a few trackways involved multiple individuals, suggesting social behavior.
On the rheological models used for time‐domain methods of seismic wave propagation

After publications by Emmerich and Korn [1987] and Carcione et al. [1988a , 1988b] authors who implemented realistic attenuation in the time‐domain methods decided for either of two rheological models – generalized Maxwell body (as defined by Emmerich and Korn) or generalized Zener body. Two parallel sets of papers and mathematical formalisms developed during the years. We have not found any comments on the other rheology. Therefore, we review both models and show that, in fact, they are equivalent. We also derive material‐independent anelastic functions.
Adiposity and Health Status among Adult Male Mundas and Oraons of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India

The present cross-sectional study was conducted among two male tribal groups Munda () and Oraon () aged 18–73 years of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. Objective was to evaluate the health status based on body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF). Measurements of weight, height, circumferences, and skinfolds were recorded. Results revealed that mean age of Mundas () and Oraons () in years were similar. Significant () ethnic differences in mean chest circumference and anterior thigh skinfold were observed. Both Munda (50.0%) and Oraon (46.2%) males suffered from very high degree of chronic energy deficiency (CED) based on BMI. Similarly, for percent body fat (PBF), Mundas (29.3%) and Oraons (35.4%) had unhealthy (too low) PBF (i.e., ≤5%) levels. Significantly negative correlations were observed between age and BMI and positive correlations between age, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and conicity index (CI) (only Mundas) among Mundas and Oraons. In Linear regression, age had a significant impact on all derived central and overall adiposity measures. Prospective studies are required to determine the associations between health status and PBF as well as nutrition status and BMI in different indigenous ethnic groups of India and elsewhere.
Coupling between Land and Ocean Biospheres as Observed by Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)

SeaWiFS measurements of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are analyzed for understanding the coupling between the oceanic and terrestrial biospheres at interannual timescale. Principal component analysis (PCA) of NDVI and Chl-a jointly suggests existence of stationary/dipole modes of variability between several neighbouring land-ocean regions. PC time series for NDVI and Chl-a separately are found to be anticorrelated during the period of this analysis (Autumn 1997-Summer 2006). Other satellite and analyzed products, e.g., sea-surface temperature, precipitation, absorbing aerosols suggest that the observed land-ocean biospheres are coupled beyond that can be explained by purely dynamical mechanisms.
Environmental impacts of tropospheric volcanic gas plumes

Abstract Recent studies suggest that the environmental effects of volcanic gas emissions in the lower troposphere have been underestimated. This chapter first briefly summarizes the techniques available for characterizing tropospheric volcanic gas plumes, including the composition and fluxes of emitted gases and aerosols, as well as their atmospheric dispersion. The second part documents the contribution of gas emissions from degassing craters to the composition of the atmosphere, including effects from dry and wet deposition chemistry. The third section deals with the detrimental impacts on vegetation, soils, and groundwater in relation to passive degassing activity. Improved understanding of the impacts of volcanic degassing on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment will require: (1) systematic two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes, (2) development of general physical and chemical models to describe the fate of volcanic gases and aerosols during transport in the troposphere, and (3) investigation of the response of diverse ecosystems to volcanogenic air pollution.
A numerical study on localized volume reduction in elastic media : Some insights on the mechanics of anticracks

[1] Porous rocks, subjected to compressive stress, often undergo mechanical compaction via grain crushing and grain rearrangement, and chemical compaction by pressure solution. Such volume reduction processes are known to spontaneously localize under certain conditions, creating compaction and compacting shear bands, solution seams, and stylolites. However, the localization process is poorly understood. The formation and propagation of compaction bands have recently been studied using an elastoplastic spring network model (Katsman et al., 2005). In this paper, the same technique was employed to systematically analyze localized volume reduction (LVR) defects and their interactions with the surrounding elastic media, i.e., the stress distribution around an LVR region. Simulation results show that LVR regions experience stress concentrations at their tips, reminiscent of mode I cracks. However, aside from this similarity point, comparison of stress around LVR regions to stress around cracks reveals that the stress/strain distribution in such LVR defects is quite different than that surrounding mode I cracks. Implications for stylolites and compaction band are thoroughly discussed.
Long-read transcript sequencing identifies differential isoform expression in the entorhinal cortex in a transgenic model of tau pathology

Increasing evidence suggests that alternative splicing plays an important role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder involving the intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau. We used long-read cDNA sequencing to profile transcript diversity in the entorhinal cortex of wild-type (WT) and transgenic (TG) mice harboring a mutant form of human tau. Whole transcriptome profiling showed that previously reported gene-level expression differences between WT and TG mice reflect changes in the abundance of specific transcripts. Ultradeep targeted long-read cDNA sequencing of genes implicated in AD revealed hundreds of novel isoforms and identified specific transcripts associated with the development of tau pathology. Our results highlight the importance of differential transcript usage, even in the absence of gene-level expression alterations, as a mechanism underpinning gene regulation in the development of neuropathology. Our transcript annotations and a novel informatics pipeline for the analysis of long-read transcript sequencing data are provided as a resource to the community.
The southern Menderes Massif (western Turkey): geochronology and exhumation history

In the southern flank of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey, an E–W‐trending quartz–mica vein was recognized in the augen gneisses of the so‐called ‘core’ series. Rb‐Sr determinations of two undeformed or slightly deformed mica books from the vein yielded Palaeocene–Early Eocene ages (c. 62–43 Ma) for the vein formation. The new data are interpreted to closely post‐date the time of major Barrovian‐type High Temperature/Medium Pressure (HT/MP) main Menderes metamorphism (MMM) and coeval crustal‐scale top‐to‐the‐N‐NNE Tertiary deformation that affected the whole Massif. Subsequent cooling occurred in the Middle Eocene (36 ± 2 Ma Ar‐Ar mica ages).
Fuel Models and Fire Potential From Satellite and Surface Observations

A national 1-km resolution fire danger fuel model map was derived through use of previously mapped land cover classes and ecoregions, and extensive ground sample data, then refined through review by fire managers familiar with various portions of the U.S. The fuel model map will be used in the next generation fire danger rating system for the U.S., but it also made possible immediate development of a satellite and ground based fire potential index map. The inputs and algorithm of the fire potential index are presented, along with a case study of the correlation between the fire potential index and fire occurrence in California and Nevada. Application of the fire potential index in the Mediterranean ecosystems of Spain, Chile, and Mexico will be tested.
Landscape Quality Assessment in Almăj Land Rural System from the Mountainous Banat (Romania), during the 1990-2010 period

Almăj Land represents one of the “land” types of territorial entities from Romania and the only one of this type from the Mountainous Banat. It is a purely rural regional system where the hierarchy and the centrality are the two defining attributes for the 31 villages that represent the region's habitat component. The geographic location of Almăj Land constitutes the main element of restrictiveness regarding the region's development and the setting of the interrelations with the neighboring regional systems, aspect that has recorded the region in the category of the mountainous rural landscape. For this reason, the economic practices are not very diversified, being based only on the revaluation of the local resources (especially forests and agricultural resources). This has accelerated the anthropogenic impact on its landscape and components, causing transformations in the typology of the rural landscapes. The changes occurred were identified following the calculation of several indicators of landscape quality assessment for a period of 20 years, choosing 2010 as the reference year. The results obtained (the naturality index - 0.56, population density 15.1 inhabitant/km², the human pressure through agricultural – 2.84 ha/inhabitant, non-agricultural lands – 4.54 ha/inhabitant and forests – 4.35 ha/inhabitant, the environmental transformation indicator 1.5) present the current state of the environment, practically emphasizing the more and more obvious anthropization of the mountainous rural landscape after the change of the political regime and the transition to the market economy, especially through massive deforestation. The evaluation of the current condition of the landscape quality and of the changes in the landscape of the study area, should have a very important role for the mountainous rural community, in order to identify several protection measures of the ecosystems for the assurance of the sustainable development process, especially of the forest ecosystems, which are the most affected and the most important for maintaining ecological balance.
Morphotectonic evolution of the central Kenya rift flanks: Implications for late Cenozoic environmental change in East Africa

The Kenya rift valley is the classic example of an active continental rift zone. We report the rift flank cooling history based on a combination of previous apatite fission track (AFT) and new (U-Th)/He (AHe) data. Our results corroborate the Late Cretaceous rapid cooling episode of continent-wide significance revealed previously by AFT dating. Post-Cretaceous cooling of the eastern rift flank was slow with net cooling of 3400 m in central Kenya. This timing also largely coincides with the uplift of the Western Rift flanks in Uganda and Congo and with the change toward drier conditions and grassland-dominated vegetation in East Africa. We propose that the regional morphotectonic evolution of the Kenyan rift flanks contributed to late Cenozoic environmental change in East Africa, thus superimposing a pronounced local effect on global climate change at that time.
Tunable PhenoCycler Imaging of the Murine Pre-Clinical Tumour Microenvironments

The tumour microenvironment (TME) consists of tumour-supportive immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. PhenoCycler, a high-plex single cell imaging platform, is used to characterize the complexity of the TME. Here, we used PhenoCycler to spatially resolve the TME of 8 routinely employed pre-clinical models of lymphoma, breast cancer, and melanoma. Our data reveal distinct TMEs in the different cancer models that were imaged, and show that cell-cell contacts differ depending on the tumour type examined. For instance, we found that the immune infiltration in a murine model of melanoma is altered in cellular organization in melanomas that become resistant to αPD-1 therapy, with depletions in a number of cell-cell interactions. Furthermore, we provide detailed pipelines for the conjugation of antibodies that are optimized for PhenoCycler staining of murine FFPE tissues specifically, alongside open-source data analysis procedures. Overall, this is a valuable resource study seamlessly adaptable to any field of research involving murine models.
Variability of fCO2 in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic from a moored buoy

[1] A fCO2 sensor, based on a colorimetric method used for the CARIOCA buoys, has been installed on a Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) mooring at 6°S, 10°W, in the gulf of Guinea, in June 2006 during the EGEE 3 cruise. Hourly fCO2 data recorded from June to December 2006 are presented. An alkalinity-salinity relationship has been determined using data from different cruises, which allows the calculation of dissolved inorganic carbon. Although the tropical Atlantic is an important source of CO2, an unexpected area of low CO2 concentrations is observed in the South Equatorial Counter Current with fCO2 values close to equilibrium conditions or even slightly undersaturated with respect to the atmospheric fCO2 value of 367.7 μatm measured during the cruise. At the end of June, an increase of seawater fCO2 to 400 μatm is consistent with the beginning of the upwelling season occurring from July to September. Although the mooring is not located within the upwelling area, the spreading of the cold tongue explains the large CO2 outgassing. The monthly CO2 flux ranges from 1.19 mmol m−2 d−1 in June to a maximum of 8.37 mmol m−2 d−1 in October, when high fCO2 values above 420 μatm are maintained by the warming of surface water. Most of the fCO2 distribution can be explained by physical processes and a strong relationship between fCO2 and SST is determined for the upwelling season. From mid-September, diurnal cycles can be detected. Using a dissolved inorganic carbon budget, periods where net community production or diurnal warming and cooling dominates are observed.
Malheur River Wildlife Mitigation Project, Annual Report 2003.

Hydropower development within the Columbia and Snake River Basins has significantly affected riparian, riverine, and adjacent upland habitats and the fish and wildlife species dependent upon them. Hydroelectric dams played a major role in the extinction or major loss of both anadromous and resident salmonid populations and altered instream and adjacent upland habitats, water quality, and riparian/riverine function. Hydroelectric facility construction and inundation directly affected fish and wildlife species and habitats. Secondary and tertiary impacts including road construction, urban development, irrigation, and conversion of native habitats to agriculture, due in part to the availability of irrigation water, continue to affect wildlife and fish populations throughout the Columbia and Snake River Basins. Fluctuating water levels resulting from facility operations have created exposed sand, cobble, and/or rock zones. These zones are generally devoid of vegetation with little opportunity to re-establish riparian plant communities. To address the habitat and wildlife losses, the United States Congress in 1980 passed the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act (Act) (P.L. 96-501), which authorized the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington to create the Northwest Power Planning Council (Council). The Act directed the Council to prepare a program in conjunction with federal, state, and tribal wildlife resource authorities to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife species affected by the construction, inundation and operation of hydroelectric dams in the Columbia River Basin (NPPC 2000). Under the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program (Program), the region's fish and wildlife agencies, tribes, non-government organizations (NGOs), and the public propose fish and wildlife projects that address wildlife and fish losses resulting from dam construction and subsequent inundation. As directed by the Council, project proposals are subjected to a rigorous review process prior to receiving final approval. An eleven-member panel of scientists referred to as the Independent Scientific Review Panel (ISRP) examines project proposals. The ISRP recommends project approval based on scientific merit. The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority (CBFWA), Council staff, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and subbasin groups also review project proposals to ensure each project meets regional and subbasin goals and objectives. The Program also includes a public involvement component that gives the public an opportunity to provide meaningful input on management proposals. After a thorough review, the Burns Paiute Tribe (BPT) acquired the Malheur River Mitigation Project (Project) with BPA funds to compensate, in part, for the loss of fish and wildlife resources in the Columbia and Snake River Basins and to address a portion of the mitigation goals identified in the Council's Program (NPPC 2000).
Gradual deformation and iterative calibration of truncated Gaussian simulations

Recently, we proposed the gradual deformation approach for constraining stochastic models to dynamic data (well-tests and production history). In this paper, we review the basic gradual deformation algorithm and extend its application to different types of truncated Gaussian simulations (including non stationary truncated Gaussian and truncated pluri-Gaussian simulations). A case study on the calibration of a reservoir lithofacies model to well-test pressure data illustrates the efficiency of the gradual deformation approach.
Infrastructure and Private-Sector Productivity

A recent study by David Aschauer suggested a novel explanation for the slowdown of private-sector total factor productivity (TFP) in the United States in the early 1970s. He argues that it is due to the roughly contemporaneous slowdown in the rate of investment in public-sector infrastructure. Using data for eleven OECD countries, this note provides only mixed support for Aschauer's hypothesis. With series starting in the 1960s for most countries, regression analysis found a significant effect of infrastructure on TFP in about half the countries. A longer-term perspective was also examined for the United States. On the basis of data going back to the end of the 19th century, it appears that there was no relationship between infrastructure and TFP until after World War II . Une etude recente de David Aschauer suggerait une nouvelle explication pour le ralentissement de la productivite totale des facteurs (PTF) dans le secteur des entreprises aux Etats-Unis durant les annees 1970 : il s'expliquerait par le ralentissement approximativement contemporain des depenses d'infrastructure du secteur public. Utilisant des donnees pour onze pays de l'OCDE, cette note n'apporte qu'un soutien partiel a l'hypothese de Aschauer. Avec des series commencant dans les annees 1960 pour la plupart des pays, l'analyse econometrique met en evidence un effet significatif des infrastructures sur la PTF pour environ la moite des pays. Une perspective de plus long terme a ete aussi envisagee pour les Etats-Unis. Sur la base de donnees remontant a la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle, il apparait qu'il n'y a pas de relation entre infrastructure et PTF jusqu'a l'apres-seconde guerre mondiale .
A preliminary analysis of the NRL airborne gravimetry system

The Naval Research Laboratory has developed an airborne gravimetry system for marine use. The system utilizes global positioning system navigation and high‐resolution radar altimetry to overcome the major difficulties of Eotvos correction and vertical acceleration determination. Precise measurements of aircraft motions permit system operation in the noisy low‐altitude environment and allow averaging data over fairly short periods. This results in good system response to short‐wavelength gravity anomalies. Preliminary analysis indicates average errors of 4 mGals or less on three aircraft profiles over a gravity equipment evaluation range for a flight altitude of 150 m and air speed of 400 km/hr.