Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Qualitative global sensitivity analysis for probabilistic circuits

Julissa Giuliana Villanueva Llerena. Qualitative Global Sensitivity Analysis for Probabilistic Circuits. Thesis (Doctorate). Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2023. A Probabilistic Circuit (PC) is an expressive generative model that encodes a probability distribution through an structure of weighted sums, products and univariate or multivariate distributions. Subject to some restrictions, PCs are tractable for large classes of queries. The most popular examples of PCs are Sum-Product Networks, Probabilistic Sentential Decision Diagrams, and Generative Random Forests. These models have shown competitive performance in several machine learning tasks. Despite the relative success of PCs, several issues can affect the quality of their predictions. In this work, we focus on two relevant issues. (i) PCs with a high number of parameters and scarce data can produce unreliable and overconfident inferences. (ii) Typical approaches treat missing data either by marginalization or heuristically, assuming that the missingness process is ignorable or uninformative; however, data is often missing in a non-ignorable way, which introduces bias into the prediction if not handled properly. To address these issues, we developed two algorithms based on Credal Probabilistic Circuits, which are sets of PCs obtained by a simultaneously perturbing of all model parameters (with the model structure fixed). Our first algorithm performs a qualitative global sensitivity analysis on the model parameters, measuring the variability of the predictions to perturbations of the model weights. To mitigate the second issue, we propose a procedure to perform tractable predictive inference under non-ignorable missing data. We evaluate our algorithms on challenging tasks such as image completion, multi-label classification, and multi-class classification.
Seasonal and tidal variations in the hydrology of Wellington harbour

Abstract Observations were made on several hydrological features of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand (41° 16’ S, 174° 51’ E) during 1970 to 1972. These suggest that the harbour is topographically partially isolated from oceanic influences, and that waters within the harbour undergo efficient mixing. Monthly mean sea‐surface temperatures ranged seasonally between 10.5°c and 18.5°c, and some stratification was observed during summer and winter. Salinities usually ranged from 33.5‰ to 34.5‰, and water transparency by Secchi disc from 3 m to 6 m. Dissolved oxygen content ranged from 96% to 127% saturation, usually exceeding 100% saturation in surface waters. Under normal discharge conditions during winter, the Hutt River was observed to markedly affect surface temperatures and salinities as far south as Somes Island to a depth of about 5 m.
Terrestrial heat flow in Botswana and Namibia

We report terrestrial heat flow measurements from 25 new sites in Botswana and Namibia. Twelve sites from the Archean Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe Craton and the Limpopo Belt have a mean of 47 ± 4 mW m−2 (standard error of the mean) but show a trend of increasing heat flow from less than 40 mW m−2 within the cratonic nucleus to about 60 mW m−2 at its edge. Thirteen sites in the Proterozoic and Pan African mobile belts that surround the craton have a mean of 66 ± 3 mW m−2, increasing from about 60 mW m−2 at the cratonic margin to more than 70 mW m−2 several hundred kilometers away. Radiogenic heat production in near-surface basement rocks was measured for four sites on the craton and seven sites in the mobile belts. The limited heat flow-heat production data from the craton are insufficient to establish a correlation. Heat flow and heat production data from the mobile belts, when combined with published data from six sites in Zambia, exhibit a linear trend with an intercept of 50 ± 3 mW m−2 and a slope of 5.5 ± 1.1 km. Some but not all of the observed difference in surface heat flow between the mobile belts and the cratonic nucleus may be due to differences in crustal heat production. That part of the regional variation in surface heat flow which originates at greater depths implies a fundamental difference in thermal structure of the lithosphere between the craton and the mobile belts in southern Africa.
Climate response to physiological forcing of carbon dioxide simulated by the coupled Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3.1) and Community Land Model (CLM3.0)

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 decrease stomatal conductance of plants and thus suppress canopy transpiration. The climate response to this CO2‐physiological forcing is investigated using the Community Atmosphere Model version 3.1 coupled to Community Land Model version 3.0. In response to the physiological effect of doubling CO2, simulations show a decrease in canopy transpiration of 8%, a mean warming of 0.1K over the land surface, and negligible changes in the hydrological cycle. These climate responses are much smaller than what were found in previous modeling studies. This is largely a result of unrealistic partitioning of evapotranspiration in our model control simulation with a greatly underestimated contribution from canopy transpiration and overestimated contributions from canopy and soil evaporation. This study highlights the importance of a realistic simulation of the hydrological cycle, especially the individual components of evapotranspiration, in reducing the uncertainty in our estimation of climatic response to CO2‐physiological forcing.
Three‐dimensional geometry of the Gorda Plate beneath northern California

The isostatic residual gravity field over northern California displays a gravity gradient interpreted to reflect the south edge of the Gorda plate where it is subducted eastward beneath the North American plate. The locus of points of maximum slope defines a line trending S60°E from a coastal point approximately 20 km south of Cape Mendocino, a point where the buried plate boundary is inferred from magnetic and seismicity data. Southeast from the coast for a distance of 120 km the gravity anomaly parallels the strike of the Blanco fracture zone and the present direction of relative motion between the Pacific and northern Gorda plates. Calculations from the form of the anomaly yield depth estimates that fit an east–southeast plunge of approximately 9° for the top of the Gorda south edge. The sense of the anomaly (higher gravity to the south) supports the hypothesis that a window developed in the subducted slab east of the San Andreas fault and south of the Gorda plate. South of the Gorda boundary the base of the North American plate is thus in contact with hot material from the asthenosphere that invaded the window. Because the overlying North American plate has been moving relatively south across the Gorda boundary, the North American plate beneath the Coast Ranges east of the San Andreas fault in central California may be decoupled from the underlying material at a depth slightly deeper than the depth to the top of the boundary at the time the North American plate passed over it.
Effects of larval crowding on the transcriptome of Drosophila simulans

Larval crowding is one common ecological stressor for many insect species. In Drosophila, high larval density alters multiple widely‐studied phenotypes including life‐history traits, morphology and behavior. Nevertheless, we still miss a holistic view of the full range of phenotypic changes and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the adult transcriptomes of high and low larval density fly cohorts, and highlighted the molecular basis of the plastic traits. Increased cellular energy metabolism and locomotion, along with reduced reproductive investment, are key responses to high larval density. Moreover, we compared the expression changes among cohorts with different developmental delays caused by larval crowding. The majority of genes induced by larval crowding showed the strongest expression alterations in cohorts with intermediate delay. Furthermore, linear expression changes were observed in genes related to nutrition and detoxification. Comparing different high‐density cohorts could provide insights into the varied responses to distinct larval crowding‐induced stresses such as space competition, food degradation and waste accumulation.
Automatic knowledge-based extraction of real-world objects from scanned maps

For the automation of this task a new approach based on a multi-level model is presented. It is not restricted to the recognition of graphics but also uses knowledge about the topographic objects of the real world depicted in the map like roads, buildings, etc. in the form of their properties and relations. The model is represented by means of semantic networks and frames. It is utilized data- as well as model-driven. The approach has been tested on sections of Bavarian cadastral maps 1:1000 and 1:5000. Roads constituting the road network, pavements and roadsides were recognized in both maps. Additionally all buildings and the gardens were recognized in the map 1:1000 and meadows and fields were distinguished in the map 1:5000. The results show the applicability of the approach for automatic map interpretation.
An additional measurement of the tritium content of atmospheric hydrogen of 1949

Some recent papers have been concerned with the tritium content of atmospheric hydrogen and its steady increase since regular measurements were begun about 1953 [Gonsior, 1959; Bishop and Taylor, 1960]. Not many measurements are available for the tritium content of atmospheric hydrogen before that time [Fallings and Harteck, 1950; Harteck and Fallings, 1950], and we wish to record one additional measurement. This sample was collected on August 4, 1949, by Air Reduction Company, and it was measured for tritium activity in September 1953. This sample showed a T/H ratio of (5.7±1.0)×10−15, corrected to the time of collection.
Medium-Term (Months to Years) Morphodynamic Modelling of a Complex Estuarine System

Medi um t e rm (months to years) morphodynamic model l ing o f a complex estuarine system Marcos Eduardo Cordeiro Bemardes This contribution focuses on the medium-term (months to years) morphodynamic modelling of natural estuaries. A 2D morphodynamic model based on the Telemac system was calibrated and validated using extensive field measurements' at Teignmouth (UK). Statistical tools indicate that the model is capable of predicting the observed hydrodynamics with 'good' accuracy, given that measurement noise is removed. Despite some qualitative agreement, morphological predictions show a more limited skill; consistent with the current 'state of the art' in this area of scientific research. The typical long simulation times associated with process-based morphodynamic models are optimised through the successful implementation of an input reduction approach, adapted from Latteux (1995). The technique is shown to reduce the model run times by up to 85% without a significant loss in accuracy. Bathymetric surveys spanning 2 years (December 2002 to November 2004) at Teignmouth have clearly demonstrated a seasonal variability in the sediment volumes within the estuary, with accretion in the relatively energetic winter periods and erosion during the quiescent summer months. The net longer-term trend over this period is accretionary with average seabed accumulation rates of 20 cm.year"'. It is demonstrated that i f the wave stirring effect is neglected, the predictions carried out with a single grain size do not replicate the observed sediment import to the estuary from the neighbouring coastal region, due to the ebb dominated tidal regime found at Teignmouth. The importance of the combined effects of wave stirring and mixed grain sizes on reproducing the sediment import processes is confirmed by the Brier skill scores. Model predictions show a high influx of suspended sediment into the estuary in the presence of wave stirring effects at the coastal region. These sediments are advected into the estuary during the flood phase and are rapidly deposited at the outer estuary, since lag effects are neglected. The sediment input is predicted to be dominated by the finer sediment fractions (primarily silts and clays) although in very energetic conditions even granule-sized sediments can enter the estuary. Starting from an isotropic sediment distribution, a realistic spatial redistribution o f sediment grain sizes is predicted, with sediments generally fining towards the shallower and upper regions of the estuary, whilst coarser grains were concentrated seawards. COAST3D Project (Whitehouse. 2004) and CoastView Project (Davidson et al., submitted).
Aerosol optical properties observed by combined Raman‐elastic backscatter lidar in winter 2009 in Pearl River Delta, south China

We present combined Raman and elastic backscatter lidar observations in Zhongshan, PRD (Pearl River Delta), China, during two periods in 2009: one haze period and one moderate pollution period. During the haze period, high Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) (0.86 and 1.20 at 355 nm) and medium Ångström exponents (1.23 and 1.35 at 355 nm/532 nm) were observed. In the moderate pollution period, the corresponding parameters were comparatively lower with values of 0.83 and 0.74 at 355 nm for AOD and 1.108 and 0.98 at 355 nm/532 nm for Ångström exponent. The mean lidar ratios in the two periods were 64 ± 10 sr and 56 ± 9 sr, respectively, at 355 nm. The Ångström exponent was calculated for the extinction from the wavelength pair 355 nm/532 nm, with high values of around 1.35 for the haze event. The particle size distribution and single‐scattering albedo derived from Sun photometer measurements indicate the presence of rather small particles. The 3 day back trajectories from a Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model in the haze period indicate that the air masses in the lower layer were advected from the southeast coast of China, where incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels and straw burning are frequently found in Shanghai during the heating period in winter. In the moderate pollution period, the air mass passed through western China, indicating a combination of some pollution from South Asia in case of strong convection, local aerosol aging, and smoke from adjacent fire burning spots in the PRD region.
Antibodies to coagulase of Staphylococcus aureus crossreact to Efb and reveal different binding of shared fibrinogen binding repeats

Staphylococcus aureus pathology is caused by a plethora of virulence factors able to combat multiple host defence mechanisms. Fibrinogen (Fg), a critical component in the host coagulation cascade, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, as it is the target of numerous staphylococcal virulence proteins. Amongst its secreted virulence factors, coagulase (Coa) and Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) share common Fg binding motives and have been described to form a Fg shield around staphylococcal cells, thereby allowing efficient bacterial spreading, phagocytosis escape and evasion of host immune system responses. Targeting these proteins with monoclonal antibodies thus represents a new therapeutic option against S. aureus. To this end, here we report the selection and characterization of fully human, sequence-defined, monoclonal antibodies selected against the C-terminal of coagulase. Given the functional homology between Coa and Efb, we also investigated if the generated antibodies bound the two virulence factors. Thirteen unique antibodies were isolated from naïve antibodies gene libraries by antibody phage display. As anticipated, most of the selected antibodies showed cross-recognition of these two proteins and among them, four were able to block the interaction between Coa/Efb and Fg. Furthermore, our monoclonal antibodies could interact with the two main Fg binding repeats present at the C-terminal of Coa and distinguish them, suggesting the presence of two functionally different Fg-binding epitopes.
Predicting Bimodal Soil-Water Characteristic Curves

Failure of colluvial soil deposits induced by rainfall is a common geohazard in the natural terrain. Many colluvial soils are widely and gap graded with a minimal sand fraction. In order to study the pore water pressures in such gap-graded, unsaturated soil deposits through a seepage analysis and to evaluate the stability of these soil deposits, the soil-water characteristic curves for gap-graded soils must be known. Usually, gap-graded soils exhibit bimodal grain-size and pore-size distributions. This technical note presents a theoretical continuum method for the determination of soil-water characteristic curves for soils with a bimodal or multimodal pore-size distribution. Based on the capillary law, the water content in a multimodal soil is equal to the sum of water stored in each pore series in the soil. Therefore, the bimodal or multimodal soil-water characteristic curves can be obtained by combining the unimodal soil-water characteristic curves for all components of the soil corresponding to the pore series weighted by the respective volumetric percentages. The proposed method is verified using experimental soil-water characteristics data of sand-diatomaceous earth mixtures with dual porosity.
Measuring the building blocks of everyday cognition: executive functions and relational reasoning

Measurement of the building blocks of everyday thought must capture the range of different ways that humans may train, develop, and use their cognitive resources in real world tasks. Executive function as a construct has been enthusiastically adopted by cognitive and education sciences due to its theorized role as an underpinning of, and constraint on, humans’ accomplishment of complex cognitively demanding tasks in the world, such as identifying problems, reasoning about and executing multi-step solutions while inhibiting prepotent responses or competing desires. As EF measures have been continually refined for increased precision; however, they have also become increasingly dissociated from those everyday accomplishments. We posit three implications of this insight: (1) extant measures of EFs that reduce context actually add an implicit requirement that children reason using abstract rules that are not accomplishing a function in the world, meaning that EF scores may in part reflect experience with formal schooling and Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD) socialization norms, limiting their ability to predict success in everyday life across contexts, (2) measurement of relational attention and relational reasoning have not received adequate consideration in this context but are highly aligned with the key aims for measuring EFs, and may be more aligned with humans’ everyday cognitive practices, but (3) relational attention and reasoning should be considered alongside rather than as an additional EF as has been suggested, for measurement clarity.
Investigation of the Optical Nonlinearity for Au Plasmonic Nanoparticles Based on Ion Implantation

The Au ion implantation process has emerged as an effective and simple method to be utilized for the fabrication of opto-electronic materials and devices due to numerous fascinating features of Au nanoparticles such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), large third-order nonlinearity and a fast response time. In this paper, we describe the fabrication of a novel Au nanoparticle saturable absorber (Au NP-SA) by embedding the Au NPs into a SiO2 thin film using the ion implantation process, which shows excellent saturable absorption features due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Au NPs. A stable and high-quality pulsed laser with a repetition rate of 33.3 kHz and a single pulse energy of 11.7 nJ was successfully constructed with the Au NP-SA. Both the stable operation characteristic of the obtained Q-switched pulsed laser and the high repeatability of the fabrication process of the Au NP-SA were demonstrated. In addition, the simple feasibility and maturity of the ion implantation process allow for the plasmonic nanoparticles to be easily integrated into other types of opto-electronic materials and devices to further improve their performance, and shows immense potential for the production of wafer-level products.
What Influences Hazard Mitigation? Household Decision Making About Wildfire Risks in Arizona's White Mountains

Through a study of human response to wildfire hazards, this article addresses the question: What influences hazard mitigation? Results from a household-level multiple regression analysis using structured survey, hazard exposure, and secondary data reveal that social vulnerability, place dependency, and contextual influences are important determinants of mitigation of wildfire hazards. Lower income and renter households engage in less mitigation than higher income and homeowner households; these findings reflect underlying issues of social vulnerability. The role of place dependency as a catalyst for mitigation is illustrated by results showing that longer term, full-time, and resource-dependent residents implement more mitigation measures than shorter term, part-time, and resource-independent residents. In relation to contextual influences, results reveal that apartment complexes and gated residential settings impede mitigation and dwelling cash value motivates mitigation at the household level. Findings suggest that wildfire protection programs, which have traditionally focused on public education, must be expanded to increase levels of household hazard mitigation. Interventions should target gatekeepers from the real estate, government planning, and residential property management institutions that are partly responsible for structuring residents” lives. For example, the provision of public cost-sharing programs could help alleviate the financial burdens of mitigation for low- and fixed-income households, and in contexts where renter–landlord tenure arrangements prevail (e.g., apartment complexes), mitigation plans could be more effectively implemented through collaboration among owners, property managers, and residents.
Bayesian binary quantile regression for the analysis of Bachelor-to-Master transition

ABSTRACT The multi-cycle organization of modern university systems stimulates the interest in studying the progression to higher level degree courses during the academic career. In particular, after the achievement of the first level qualification (Bachelor degree), students have to decide whether to continue their university studies, by enrolling in a second level (Master) programme, or to conclude their training experience. In this work we propose a binary quantile regression (BQR) approach to analyse the Bachelor-to-Master transition phenomenon with the adoption of the Bayesian inferential perspective. In addition to the traditional predictors of academic outcomes, such as the personal characteristics and the field of study, different aspects of student's performance are considered. Moreover, the role of a new contextual variable, representing the type of university regulations experienced during the academic path, is investigated. The utility of the Bayesian BQR to characterize the non-continuation decision after the first cycle studies is illustrated with an application to administrative data of Bachelor graduates at the School of Economics of Sapienza University of Rome. The method favourably compares with more conventional model specifications concerning the conditional mean of the binary response.