Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intelligence as smart heuristics

ntelligence is thought of as an assembly of “factors,” either one (g), a few, or This tool-driven metaphor (factor analysis) has its limits because it does not e how cognition translates into behavior. We propose a new view of intelligence vides the missing link in terms of heuristics. Human intelligence, in our view, is d by an adaptive toolbox that contains building blocks for heuristics to direct for information, to stop search, and to make a decision. Smart search rules e how people find the few relevant pieces of information, in memory or in the world. Stopping rules describe a primary function of cognition, to ignore or irrelevant information. Decision rules translate the information searched in y or in the outside world into behavior, such as what profession to choose or what ts to buy. The adaptive toolbox embodies an ecological, not logical, view of l behavior. The building blocks can be recombined to form new heuristics, which onal to the degree that they are adapted to the structure of environments in which e employed. s In R. J. Sternberg, J. Davidson, & J. Pretz (Eds.), Cognition and intelligence.
Routes to obesity: phenotypes, food choices and activity

Gain in body weight over a number of years could be achieved through cumulative positive energy balances. These positive balances could come about through adjustments in the various components of energy expenditure or fuel utilization, together with shifts in food selection or eating patterns leading to adjustments in macronutrient intake. This means that many combinations of intake and expenditure could lead to a positive energy balance; these combinations can be called routes to body weight gain. However, these routes are difficult to trace by studying random samples of individuals. Previous investigations have found a clear association between high fat consumption and the occurrence of obesity, and although a high fat intake is a strong behavioural risk factor for weight gain, the relationship does not constitute a biological inevitability. Some normal-weight and lean individuals appear to eat a high-fat diet. To investigate reasons for this we have studied individuals initially defined by particular clusters of dietary characteristics related to fat and carbohydrate consumption. Habitual high-fat (HF) and low-fat (LF) consumers have been termed phenotypes. Various aspects of energy expenditure (physiological and behavioural) and energy intake were measured in these individuals with contrasting profiles. HF phenotypes had high intakes of fatty foods and an overall higher energy intake than LF. However, these groups of young adult males had similar BMIs and percentage body fat. The HF had a significantly higher resting metabolic rate (RMR) and a lower RQ, together with high plasma fasting leptin levels, and a higher sleeping heart rate. In HF individuals the physical activity level was somewhat lower and they had significantly more periods of sedentary behaviour than LF subjects. Although HF individuals appear to be more vulnerable to developing obesity, both phenotypes carry particular risk factors and protective factors for weight gain. The use of phenotypes has allowed the identification of different potential routes to weight gain. Different strategies are required to prevent age-related increase in body weight in these quite different individuals.
The dynamics of genome replication using deep sequencing

Eukaryotic genomes are replicated from multiple DNA replication origins. We present complementary deep sequencing approaches to measure origin location and activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Measuring the increase in DNA copy number during a synchronous S-phase allowed the precise determination of genome replication. To map origin locations, replication forks were stalled close to their initiation sites; therefore, copy number enrichment was limited to origins. Replication timing profiles were generated from asynchronous cultures using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Applying this technique we show that the replication profiles of haploid and diploid cells are indistinguishable, indicating that both cell types use the same cohort of origins with the same activities. Finally, increasing sequencing depth allowed the direct measure of replication dynamics from an exponentially growing culture. This is the first time this approach, called marker frequency analysis, has been successfully applied to a eukaryote. These data provide a high-resolution resource and methodological framework for studying genome biology.
Recommender System Based on Product Taxonomy in E-Commerce Sites

This article describes a novel and fast recommender system for websites based on product taxonomy and user click patterns. The proposed system consists of the following four steps. First, a product-preference matrix for each customer is estimated through a linear combination of the click, basket placement, and purchase statuses. Second, the preference matrix of the genre and that of the specific type are constructed by computing the ratios of the number of clicks, basket placements, and purchases of a product to the totals. Third, cluster analysis is performed using the genre preference matrix, and a neighborhood formation process is conducted using the specific-type preference matrix. Finally, data are generated for prediction, in which a customer's preference for specific types is greater than a given threshold value. Using these data sets, computational burden and processing time are greatly reduced. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was assessed by applying the F1 metric to an experimental e-commerce website. The proposed method outperformed conventional methods.
Third-order dispersion control in ultrafast Yb fiber amplifiers

Generation of 52 fs pulses with an Yb fiber amplifier is demonstrated. The pulse energy is 3 nJ at a repetition rate of 50 MHz. Pulse compression including an anomalous 3rd-order dispersion fiber in conjunction with a simple bulk grating compressor is implemented. Frequency doubling provides an efficient ultrafast pulse source in the green spectral region.
Statistical Mechanics Material Model for the Constitutive Modelling of Elastomeric Compounds

Material models for the finite element analysis (FEA) of polymeric and elastomeric compounds are only available in limited form in most commercial finite element (FE) packages. The most common are the phenomenological Mooney-Rivlin and the Ogden models, for which the constants bear no relationship to the physical or chemical characteristics of the rubber and their derivation is difficult. Both models are limited in their accuracy for filled rubbers used in combined states of tensile and compressive deformation, and since these are common operational conditions for engineering components such as drive couplings, engine mounts and torsional vibration dampers, their use in engineering analyses is restricted. In this paper a statistical mechanics material modelling approach for synthetic, filled elastomeric compounds in FEA is presented. Using styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as an example, the theory and its application in the commercially available ABAQUS finite element analysis program is explained. FE models of tensile and compressive specimens in two and three dimensions are used to demonstrate the use of the model, and results are presented, discussed and compared with measured data. Good correlation in both tension and compression is demonstrated. A practical application of the model to the SBR blocks in a Holset torsional drive coupling is presented; this analysis involves complex issues of mesh design and contact modelling. The results show good agreement with measured performance, and clearly demonstrate how this type of material modelling approach can be effectively used in the computer aided engineering and design of engineering rubber components.
Acoustic communication in noise: regulation of call characteristics in a New World monkey

SUMMARY This study on common marmosets Callithrix jacchus is the first to examine noise-dependent mechanisms of vocal plasticity in a New World monkey. Since acoustic communication can be considerably impaired by environmental noise, some animals have evolved adaptations to counteract its masking effects. The studied marmosets increased the sound level of their spontaneous calls in response to increased levels of white noise broadcast to them. Possibly, such noise-dependent adjustment of vocal amplitude serves to maintain a specific signal-to-noise ratio that is favourable for signal production. Concurrently, the adjustment of vocal amplitude can maintain a given active space for communication. In contrast to some bird species, no noise-induced increase in the number of syllables per call series could be found, showing that an increased serial redundancy of vocal signals was not used to communicate under noisy conditions. Finally, we examined a possible noise-dependent prolongation of vocal signals. This approach was guided by the findings of perceptional studies, which suggest an increased detection probability of prolonged signals in noise by temporal summation. Marmosets indeed increased the duration of their call syllables along with increasing background noise levels. This is the first evidence of such mechanism of vocal plasticity in an animal communication system.
T-T cell interactions during in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. V. Precursor frequencies and specificity of alloreactive helper T cells

We assessed the quantitative representation and specificity of alloreactive helper T lymphocytes (HTL) within murine spleen cells by three different limiting dilution systems. For the induction of primary cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses towards alloantigens, a Lyt-1+23- HTL precursor (HTLp) could be defined, which occurred at frequencies of 1/2.000-1/50,000, depending on the alloantigen in question. The HTLp limiting for interleukin-2 (Il-2) production also expressed the Lyt-1+ phenotype and occurred in similar frequencies. This cell type was concluded to be the limiting HTLp for the overall helper activity required for the induction of primary CTL responses. HTLp reactive to Mlsa -encoded antigens occurred at higher frequencies (1/500) than those reactive towards whole allogeneic H-2 haplotypes (1/4,000- 1/7,000). Within the H-2 complex, I region-encoded alloantigens activated approximately 10 times more HTLp than did H-2K or H-2D regions. When alloreactive HTL were tested for antigen specificity at the clonal level, approximately 80% of the HTL clones proved to be specific to the alloantigen used for immunization, whereas approximately 20% reacted also towards third-party alloantigens. The data are discussed with respect to putative T-T interactions within the helper T cell population and the precision of alloantigen recognition by HTL.
On interpretation and task selection: the sub-component hypothesis of cognitive noise effects

It is often argued that the effects of noise on a “complex ability” (e.g., reading, writing, calculation) can be explained by the impairment noise causes to some ability (e.g., working memory) upon which the complex ability depends. Because of this, tasks that measure “sub-component abilities” (i.e., those abilities upon which complex abilities depend) are often deemed sufficient in cognitive noise studies, even when the primary interest is to understand the effects of noise as they arise in applied settings (e.g., offices and schools). This approach can be called the “sub-component hypothesis of cognitive noise effects. ” The present paper discusses two things that are troublesome for this approach: difficulties with interpretation and generalizability. A complete understanding of the effects of noise on complex abilities requires studying the complex ability itself. Cognitive noise researches must, therefore, employ tasks that mimic the tasks that are actually carried out in the applied setting to which the results are intended to be generalized. Tasks that measure “sub-component abilities” may be complementary, but should not be given priority in applied cognitive research.
Decrease of both stem cell factor and clusterin mRNA levels in testicular biopsies of azoospermic patients with constitutive or idiopathic but not acquired spermatogenic failure.

BACKGROUND Sertoli cells nurse germ cells during spermatogenesis, and alterations of Sertoli cell functions have been suggested in cases of spermatogenic failures. METHODS In this work, we measured stem cell factor (SCF) and clusterin mRNA levels, by quantitative RT-PCR, in RNA extracted from testicular biopsies of 49 azoospermic patients classified according to testicular histology as having normal spermatogenesis or spermatogenic failure. RESULTS When related to the percentage of Sertoli cells counted on a histological section of a neighbouring tissue sample, SCF and clusterin mRNA levels were significantly lower in the 'spermatogenic failure' group compared with the control group (P = 0.0297 and P = 0.0043, respectively). These levels were also significantly lower in the cases of 'constitutive' (cryptorchidism and Yq microdeletion) and 'idiopathic' spermatogenic failures when compared with the control group; conversely, they were not significantly decreased in the group with 'acquired spermatogenic failure' (orchitis, testicular traumatism, chemoradiotherapy and varicocele). CONCLUSIONS These data further demonstrate an alteration of Sertoli cell functions in some human spermatogenic failures and suggest that a lack of Sertoli cell maturation may be involved in cases of constitutive or idiopathic spermatogenic failures.
R2FP: Rich and Robust Feature Pooling for Mining Visual Data

The human visual system proves smart in extracting both global and local features. Can we design a similar way for unsupervised feature learning? In this paper, we propose anovel pooling method within an unsupervised feature learningframework, named Rich and Robust Feature Pooling (R2FP), to better explore rich and robust representation from sparsefeature maps of the input data. Both local and global poolingstrategies are further considered to instantiate such a methodand intensively studied. The former selects the most conductivefeatures in the sub-region and summarizes the joint distributionof the selected features, while the latter is utilized to extractmultiple resolutions of features and fuse the features witha feature balancing kernel for rich representation. Extensiveexperiments on several image recognition tasks demonstratethe superiority of the proposed techniques.
Nonlinear Evidence Fusion and Propagation for Hyponymy Relation Mining

This paper focuses on mining the hyponymy (or is-a) relation from large-scale, open-domain web documents. A nonlinear probabilistic model is exploited to model the correlation between sentences in the aggregation of pattern matching results. Based on the model, we design a set of evidence combination and propagation algorithms. These significantly improve the result quality of existing approaches. Experimental results conducted on 500 million web pages and hypernym labels for 300 terms show over 20% performance improvement in terms of P@5, MAP and R-Precision.
Engineering hematopoietic stem cells to create melanoma specific CTL

Using a humanized mouse model, we developed melanoma specific CD8 T cells from genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC). The transgenic T cells were functional both in vivo and ex vivo, effectively limiting and clearing tumor growth. Finally, the transduced hHSC stably populated the bone marrow.
Toward the body image horizon: How do users recognize the body of a robot?

In this study, we investigated the boundary for recognizing robots. Many anthropomorphic robots are used for interactions with users. These robots show various body forms and appearances, which are recognized by their users. This ability to recognize a variety of robotic appearances suggests that a user can recognize a wide range of imaginary body forms compared with the native human appearance. We attempted to determine the boundary for the recognition of robot appearances. On the basis of our previous studies, we hypothesized that the discrimination of robot appearances depends of the order of the parts. If the body parts of a robot are placed in order from top to bottom, the user can recognize the assembly as a robot body. We performed a human-robot experiment in which we compared the results for robots with ordered parts with those for robots with inverted parts. The result showed that the users' perception of the robot's body differed between the two groups. This result confirms our hypothesized boundary for the recognition of robot appearances.
Why Do We Still Have a Maternally Inherited Mitochondrial DNA ? Insights from Evolutionary Medicine

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a quality-control mechanism that selectively degrades mRNAs harboring premature termination (nonsense) codons. If translated, these mRNAs can produce truncated proteins with dominant-negative or deleterious gain-of-function activities. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanism of NMD. We first cover conserved factors known to be involved in NMD in all eukaryotes. We then describe a unique protein complex that is deposited on mammalian mRNAs during splicing, which defines a stop codon as premature. Interaction between this exon-junction complex (EJC) and NMD factors assembled at the upstream stop codon triggers a series of steps that ultimately lead to mRNA decay. We discuss whether these proofreading events preferentially occur during a “pioneer” round of translation in higher and lower eukaryotes, their cellular location, and whether they can use alternative EJC factors or act independent of the EJC. 51 A nn u. R ev . B io ch em . 2 00 7. 76 :5 174 . D ow nl oa de d fr om a rj ou rn al s. an nu al re vi ew s. or g by H eb re w U ni ve rs ity o f Je ru sa le m o n 04 /1 9/ 09 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV313-BI76-03 ARI 30 April 2007 17:31 PTC: premature termination (nonsense) codon TCR: T-cell receptor Ig: immunoglobulin
The Impact of Quick Response in Inventory-Based Competition

We propose a multi-period extension of the competitive newsvendor model of Lippman and McCardle (1997) to investigate the impact of quick response under competition. For this purpose, we consider two retailers that compete in terms of inventory: customers that face a stockout at their first-choice store will look for the product at the other store. Consequently, the total demand that each retailer faces depends on the competitor's inventory level. We allow for asymmetric reordering capabilities, and we are particularly interested in the case when one of the firms has a lower ordering cost but can only produce at the beginning of the selling season, whereas the second firm has higher costs but can replenish stock in a quick response manner taking advantage of any incremental knowledge about demand (if it is available). We visualize this problem as the competition between a traditional make-to-stock retailer that builds up inventory before the season starts versus a retailer with a responsive supply chain that can react to early demand information. We provide conditions for this game to have a unique pure-strategy subgame-perfect equilibrium, which then allows us to perform numerical comparative statics. Our results confirm in a competitive setting the intuitive fact that quick response is more beneficial when demand uncertainty is higher, or exhibits a higher correlation over time. Finally, we find that part of the competitive advantage from quick response arises from the asymmetry in response capabilities.
When Does Targeting Make Sense for an Attacker?

How do so many Internet users escape harm? The range of attacks is enormous and growing; we know that most users neglect even basic defense measures. Yet things somehow muddle along: 2 billion people use the Internet and seem to derive more good than harm from it. If security is only as good as the weakest link, why don't worst-case outcomes happen regularly? Why isn't everyone hacked every day? The answer might lie in economics rather than technology.
Treatment of 34 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes with 13‐CIS retinoic acid

Abstract: Thirty‐four patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, 23 men and 11 women, aged between 47 and 80 years, with all types of myelodysplastic syndromes were treated with 13‐cis‐retinoic acid. The dose of retinoic acid ranged between 10 and 60 mg/m2/daily and was administered in combination with vitamin E to diminish side effects. The duration of treatment was 3 months to 5 years. Partial remission was achieved in 4 patients, 1 with RA type, 2 with RAEB and 1 with CMML. Survival ranged from 1 to 5 years. Patients who received retinoic acid developed mild side effects. In conclusion, the administration of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid improves the hematological picture in a small number of MDS patients (11.7%).
Analysing the privacy policies of Wi-Fi trackers

Wi-Fi-based tracking systems have recently appeared. By collecting radio signals emitted by Wi-Fi enabled devices, those systems are able to track individuals. They basically rely on the MAC address to uniquely identify each individual. If retailers and business have high expectations for physical tracking, it is also a threat for citizens privacy. We analyse the privacy policies used by the current tracking companies then we show the pitfalls of hash-based anonymization. More particularly we demonstrate that the hash-based anonymization of MAC address used in many Wi-Fi tracking systems can be easily defeated using of-the-shelf software and hardware. Finally we discuss possible solutions for MAC address anonymization in Wi-Fi tracking systems.
Pedal-Panner : Foot Control of a Secondary Task

Foot pedals have been widely used in music performance primarily for switching tasks such as the kick drum pedal, MIDI synthesizer pedal, guitar effects pedal and the piano sustain pedal. The commonality in these pedals is the one DOF of movement, which is mapped to one parameter at a time. A higher DOF controller for the foot like the pedal panner would enable the performer to control multi-parameter and multi-dimensional tasks effectively while being engaged in the primary task with her primary body channels.
Incidence of Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Anti‐HCV‐Negative Plasma Pools and Blood Products

Anti-HCV-negative plasma pools from 6 manufacturers were tested for HCV RNA by PCR in order to determine the efficiency of removal of HCV-positive donations by antiHCV screening. HCV RNA was found in 5/95 (5%) pools, all from one manufacturer. Forty-one products from the 6 manufacturers were negative for HCV RNA. The products were albumins, factor VIII and i.v. immunoglobulins (IVIG), all of which undergo a validated virus inactivation step during manufacture, and i.m. immunoglobulins (IMIG; which do not have a virus inactivation step included during manufacture). Two products, factor VIII and IVIG samples, prepared from the HCV RNA-positive pools, were negative for HCV RNA. Thus, in order to secure the virological safety of blood products, routine PCR testing for HCV RNA, in addition to serological testing of individual donations and virus inactivation steps undertaken during manufacture, would be useful. This is especially true in the case of products, such as IMIG, which do not undergo a validated virus inactivation step during manufacture.
Service Datastores in Cloud Governance

A direct consequence of adopting Cloud Computing is the creation of new marketplaces for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Having a strong support offered by Platform as a Service (PaaS) paradigm in terms of automation and management, combined with cloud governance, SMEs have a real chance to get back in competition with the large enterprises. The implementation of Cloud Governance solutions offers the necessary support for storing and manipulating data which is relevant for various aspects of applications, ranging from business to technical support for deployed services. Our paper focuses on analysing and detailing governance specific data stores and the way they are able to provide system-wide services.