Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys: I. Subcortical connections

Intracortical microstimulation was used to define the borders of the frontal eye fields in squirrel, owl, and macaque monkeys. The borders were marked with electrolytic lesions, and horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin was injected within the field. Following tetramethyl benzidine histochemistry, afferent and efferent connections of the frontal eye field with subcortical structures were studied. Most connections were ipsilateral and were similar in all primates studied. These include reciprocal connections with the following nuclei: medial dorsal (lateral parts), ventral anterior (especially with pars magnocellularis), central lateral, paracentral, ventral lateral, parafascicular, medial pulvinar, limitans, and suprageniculate. The frontal eye field also projects to the ipsilateral pretectal nuclei, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus of the posterior commissure, superior colliculus (especially layer four), zona incerta, rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, nucleus Darkschewitsch, dorsomedial parvocellular red nucleus, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, basilar pontine nuclei, and bilaterally to the paramedian pontine reticular formation and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Many of these structures also receive input from deeper layers of the superior colliculus and are known to participate in visuomotor function. These results (1) reveal connections that account for the parallel influence of the superior colliculus and the frontal eye field on visuomotor function; (2) suggest that there has been little evolutionary change in subcortical connections, and therefore function, of the frontal eye fields since the time that these lines of primates diverged; and (3) support the conclusion that the frontal eye fields are homologous in New and Old World monkeys.
DNA sequencing methods in human genetics and disease research

DNA sequencing has revolutionized biological and medical research, and is poised to have a similar impact in medicine. This tool is just one of a number of developments in our capability to identify, quantitate and functionally characterize the components of the biological networks keeping us healthy or making us sick, but in many respects it has played the leading role in this process. The new technologies do, however, also provide a bridge between genotype and phenotype, both in man and model (as well as all other) organisms, revolutionize the identification of elements involved in a multitude of human diseases or other phenotypes, and generate a wealth of medically relevant information on every single person, as the basis of a truly personalized medicine of the future.
A Power Saving Scheme for Open Flow Network

recently the main focus of researchers in energy efficient networks was how to extend the life time of battery operated networks such as wireless sensor networks and mobile wireless networks by reducing the consumption of energy by nodes. But as Internet traffic has increased, the power consumed by Internet nodes has also increased. Researchers now focus on energy efficient wired network also. Here we proposed a scheme to put nodes to sleep or wake sleeping nodes depending upon the traffic in the Open Flow network. We focused in Open Flow network because it is flexible to manage and easy to deploy new protocols in it and is being standardized/supported by big enterprises such as NEC, Google, Cisco, Microsoft etc.
Tracking multiple objects using particle filters and digital elevation maps

Tracking multiple objects has always been a challenge, and is a crucial problem in the field of driving assistance systems. The particle filter-based trackers have the theoretical possibility of tracking multiple hypotheses, but in practice the particles will cluster around the stronger one. This paper proposes a two-level approach to the multiple object tracking problem. One particle filter-based tracker will search the whole state space for new hypotheses, and when a hypothesis becomes strong enough, it will be passed to an individual object tracker, which will track it until the object is lost. The initialization tracker and the individual object trackers use the same state models and the same measurement technique, based on stereovision-generated elevation maps, and differ only in their use of the estimation results. The proposed solution is a simple and robust one, adaptable to different types of object models and to different types of sensors.
Prevalence of Incisors Crowding in Saudi Arabian Female Students

Fadia M. Al-Hummayani, BDS, MS * Abstract This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of incisor crowding in Saudi Arabian female students. A group of one thousand sixty four (1064) Saudi female school students, with an age range (13-19 years) were randomly selected from governmental and private schools in different districts at Jeddah city. Clinical examinations were performed to evaluate the maxillary and mandibular incisors crowding using the method described by (little, 1975 ). The findings indicated that 18.6% of the students have well-aligned incisors. Incisor crowding decreases by age in the upper and the lower arches. (81.4%) of the examined sample had different degrees of incisors crowding. Mandibular incisors crowding were more prevalent than the maxillary incisor s crowding.
Conversion between discrete images and organized 3D file formats

The discrete space representation of most scientific datasets (pixels, voxels, etc.), generated through instruments, while being simple, is also verbose and structureless. In order to convert it to a universal 3D file format, such as VRML, the paper introduces a new type of 3D graphic file format generated by a 3D imaging camera. It is called GTI format. It then presents a method to manage the disordered data into a well-organized structure, and the conversion procedures between it and other universal file formats, i.e., VRML and STL. The test result shows that the GTI file size is much smaller than the other two graphic files of VRML and STL and the image can be transferred with less distortion. The use of GTI format will greatly simplify the rendering, transmission and storage process of graphics files.
The expanding territory of organizational communication in China

The field of organizational communication has been dominated by the Euro-American intellectual tradition. In order to create a multicultural field, this study proposes a Chinese-centered perspective to examine organizational communication in Mainland China. Based on a search of the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database using the key words “organizational communication,” the authors collected 129 articles that were published from 1996 to 2014. Using a Chinese-centered perspective, the authors then developed a codebook based on the thematic analysis of the collected articles. A content analysis was employed to analyze year-to-year distributions, definitions of organizational communication, topical areas, theoretical orientations, and methods that were reported in the articles. The results were used to map the current trajectory of organizational communication studies in China. Based on our findings, we recommend that organizational communication scholars acknowledge local philosophies and build local frameworks in order to promote the global inclusivity of the field of organizational communication.
Lifelong Residential Exposure to Green Space and Attention: A Population-based Prospective Study

Background: Natural environments, including green spaces, may have beneficial impacts on brain development. However, longitudinal evidence of an association between long-term exposure to green spaces and cognitive development (including attention) in children is limited. Objectives: We evaluated the association between lifelong residential exposure to green space and attention during preschool and early primary school years. Methods: This longitudinal study was based on data from two well-established population-based birth cohorts in Spain. We assessed lifelong exposure to residential surrounding greenness and tree cover as the average of satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index and vegetation continuous fields, respectively, surrounding the child’s residential addresses at birth, 4–5 y, and 7 y. Attention was characterized using two computer-based tests: Conners’ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) at 4–5 y (n=888) and Attentional Network Task (ANT) at 7 y (n=987). We used adjusted mixed effects models with cohort random effects to estimate associations between exposure to greenness and attention at ages 4–5 and 7 y. Results: Higher lifelong residential surrounding greenness was associated with fewer K-CPT omission errors and lower K-CPT hit reaction time-standard error (HRT-SE) at 4–5 y and lower ANT HRT-SE at 7 y, consistent with better attention. This exposure was not associated with K-CPT commission errors or with ANT omission or commission errors. Associations with residential surrounding tree cover also were close to the null, or were negative (for ANT HRT-SE) but not statistically significant. Conclusion: Exposure to residential surrounding greenness was associated with better scores on tests of attention at 4–5 y and 7 y of age in our longitudinal cohort. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP694
Thalamo‐cortical connections of areas 3a and M1 in marmoset monkeys

The present investigation is part of a broader effort to examine cortical areas that contribute to manual dexterity, reaching, and grasping. In this study we examine the thalamic connections of electrophysiologically defined regions in area 3a and architectonically defined primary motor cortex (M1). Our studies demonstrate that area 3a receives input from nuclei associated with the somatosensory system: the superior, inferior, and lateral divisions of the ventral posterior complex (VPs, VPi, and VPl, respectively). Surprisingly, area 3a receives the majority of its input from thalamic nuclei associated with the motor system, posterior division of the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), and intralaminar nuclei including the central lateral nucleus (CL) and the centre median nucleus (CM). In addition, sparse but consistent projections to area 3a are from the anterior pulvinar (Pla). Projections from the thalamus to the cortex immediately rostral to area 3a, in the architectonically defined M1, are predominantly from VL, VA, CL, and MD. There is a conspicuous absence of inputs from the nuclei associated with processing somatic inputs (VP complex). Our results indicate that area 3a is much like a motor area, in part because of its substantial connections with motor nuclei of the thalamus and motor areas of the neocortex (Huffman et al. [2000] Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 25:1116). The indirect input from the cerebellum and basal ganglia via the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus supports its role in proprioception. Furthermore, the presence of input from somatosensory thalamic nuclei suggests that it plays an important role in somatosensory and motor integration. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:291–310, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular conformation and dynamics of the Y145Stop variant of human prion protein in amyloid fibrils

A C-terminally truncated Y145Stop variant of the human prion protein (huPrP23–144) is associated with a hereditary amyloid disease known as PrP cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Previous studies have shown that recombinant huPrP23–144 can be efficiently converted in vitro to the fibrillar amyloid state, and that residues 138 and 139 play a critical role in the amyloidogenic properties of this protein. Here, we have used magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy to provide high-resolution insight into the protein backbone conformation and dynamics in fibrils formed by 13C,15N-labeled huPrP23–144. Surprisingly, we find that signals from ≈100 residues (i.e., ≈80% of the sequence) are not detected above approximately −20°C in conventional solid-state NMR spectra. Sequential resonance assignments revealed that signals, which are observed, arise exclusively from residues in the region 112–141. These resonances are remarkably narrow, exhibiting average 13C and 15N linewidths of ≈0.6 and 1 ppm, respectively. Altogether, the present findings indicate the existence of a compact, highly ordered core of huPrP23–144 amyloid encompassing residues 112–141. Analysis of 13C secondary chemical shifts identified likely β-strand segments within this core region, including β-strand 130–139 containing critical residues 138 and 139. In contrast to this relatively rigid, β-sheet-rich amyloid core, the remaining residues in huPrP23–144 amyloid fibrils under physiologically relevant conditions are largely unordered, displaying significant conformational dynamics.
Kernel-Based Semiparametric Estimators: Small Bandwidth Asymptotics and Bootstrap Consistency

This paper develops asymptotic approximations for kernelâ€ based semiparametric estimators under assumptions accommodating slowerâ€ thanâ€ usual rates of convergence of their nonparametric ingredients. Our first main result is a distributional approximation for semiparametric estimators that differs from existing approximations by accounting for a bias. This bias is nonnegligible in general, and therefore poses a challenge for inference. Our second main result shows that some (but not all) nonparametric bootstrap distributional approximations provide an automatic method of correcting for the bias. Our general theory is illustrated by means of examples and its main finite sample implications are corroborated in a simulation study.
Content in Context: Generating Language and Iconic Gestures without a Gestionary

When expressing information about spatial domains, humans frequently accompany their speech with iconic gestures that depict spatial, imagistic features. For example, when giving directions, it is common to see people indicating the shape of buildings, and their spatial relationship to one another, as well as the outline of the route to be taken by the listener, and these gestures can be essential to understanding the directions. Based on results from an ongoing study on gesture and language during direction-giving, we propose a method for the generation of coordinated language and novel iconic gestures based on a common representation of context and domain knowledge. This method exploits a framework for linking imagistic semantic features to discrete morphological features (handshapes, trajectories, etc.) in gesture. The model we present is preliminary and currently under development. This paper summarizes our approach and poses new questions in light of this work.
GPSDB: a new database for synonyms expansion of gene and protein names

UNLABELLED We present a new database, GPSDB (Gene and Protein Synonyms DataBase) which collects gene/protein names, in a species specific way, from 14 main biological resources. A web-based search interface gives access to the database: given a gene/protein name, it retrieves all synonyms for this entity and queries Medline with a set of user-selected terms. AVAILABILITY GPSDB is freely available from http://biomint.oefai.at/ CONTACT johann@oefai.at.
Stochastic dynamics of active swimmers in linear flows

Abstract Most classical work on the hydrodynamics of low-Reynolds-number swimming addresses deterministic locomotion in quiescent environments. Thermal fluctuations in fluids are known to lead to a Brownian loss of the swimming direction, resulting in a transition from short-time ballistic dynamics to effective long-time diffusion. As most cells or synthetic swimmers are immersed in external flows, we consider theoretically in this paper the stochastic dynamics of a model active particle (a self-propelled sphere) in a steady general linear flow. The stochasticity arises both from translational diffusion in physical space, and from a combination of rotary diffusion and so-called run-and-tumble dynamics in orientation space. The latter process characterizes the manner in which the orientation of many bacteria decorrelates during their swimming motion. In contrast to rotary diffusion, the decorrelation occurs by means of large and impulsive jumps in orientation (tumbles) governed by a Poisson process. We begin by deriving a general formulation for all components of the long-time mean square displacement tensor for a swimmer with a time-dependent swimming velocity and whose orientation decorrelates due to rotary diffusion alone. This general framework is applied to obtain the convectively enhanced mean-squared displacements of a steadily swimming particle in three canonical linear flows (extension, simple shear and solid-body rotation). We then show how to extend our results to the case where the swimmer orientation also decorrelates on account of run-and-tumble dynamics. Self-propulsion in general leads to the same long-time temporal scalings as for passive particles in linear flows but with increased coefficients. In the particular case of solid-body rotation, the effective long-time diffusion is the same as that in a quiescent fluid, and we clarify the lack of flow dependence by briefly examining the dynamics in elliptic linear flows. By comparing the new active terms with those obtained for passive particles we see that swimming can lead to an enhancement of the mean-square displacements by orders of magnitude, and could be relevant for biological organisms or synthetic swimming devices in fluctuating environmental or biological flows.
Videolaryngoscopy vs. fibreoptic bronchoscopy for awake tracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Awake fibreoptic intubation is often considered the technique of choice when a difficult airway is anticipated. However, videolaryngoscopes are being used more commonly. We searched the current literature and performed a meta‐analysis to compare the use of videolaryngoscopy and fibreoptic bronchoscopy for awake tracheal intubation. Our primary outcome was the time needed to intubate the patient's trachea. Secondary outcomes included: failed intubation; the rate of successful intubation at the first attempt; patient‐reported satisfaction with the technique; and any complications resulting from intubation. Eight studies examining 429 patients were included in this review. The intubation time was shorter when videolaryngoscopy was used instead of fibreoptic bronchoscopy (seven trials, 408 participants, mean difference (95%CI) −45.7 (−66.0 to −25.4) s, p < 0.0001, low‐quality evidence). There was no significant difference between the two techniques in the failure rate (six studies, 355 participants, risk ratio (95%CI) 1.01 (0.24–4.35), p = 0.99, low‐quality evidence) or the first‐attempt success rate (six studies, 391 participants, risk ratio (95%CI) 1.01 (0.95–1.06), p = 0.8, moderate quality evidence). The level of patient satisfaction was similar between both groups. No difference was found in two reported adverse events: hoarseness/sore throat (three studies, 167 participants, risk ratio (95%CI) 1.07 (0.62–1.85), p = 0.81, low‐quality evidence), and low oxygen saturation (five studies, 337 participants, risk ratio (95%CI) 0.49 (0.22–1.12), p = 0.09, low‐quality evidence). In summary, videolaryngoscopy for awake tracheal intubation is associated with a shorter intubation time. It also seems to have a success rate and safety profile comparable to fibreoptic bronchoscopy.
Annealed vs quenched critical points for a random walk pinning model

Nous considerons le modele de marche aleatoire avec pinning suivant : etant donne une marche aleatoire simple Y sur ℤd qui sert d’environnement aleatoire, on se donne une mesure de Gibbs sur les trajectoires d’une marche aleatoire X jusqu’au temps t de Hamiltonien −Lt(X, Y) ou Lt(X, Y) est le temps local d’intersection entre X et Y jusqu’au temps t. Ce modele apparait naturellement dans des contextes varies tels que l’etude du modele parabolique d’Anderson avec catalyseurs mouvants, l’etude du modele parabolique d’Anderson avec bruit Brownien ainsi que dans le cadre de l’etude de polymeres diriges. Ce modele appartient a la meme classe que les modeles de pinning et copolymeres et presente une transition localisation / delocalisation quand la temperature inverse β varie. Nous montrons qu’en dimension d=1, 2 les valeurs critiques annealed et quenched de β sont toutes deux 0 mais que en dimension d≥4 la valeur critique quenched de β est strictement superieure a la valeur annealed (qui est positive). Ceci entraine l’existence de certains regimes intermediaires pour le modele parabolique de Anderson avec bruit Brownien et pour les polymeres diriges. Pour d≥5 des resultats similaires ont ete recemment etablis par Birkner, Greven et den Hollander [Quenched LDP for words in a letter sequence (2008)] via un principe de grandes deviations quenched. Notre preuve se fonde sur la methode des moments fractionnaires utilisee recemment par Derrida, Giacomin, Lacoin et Toninelli [Comm. Math. Phys. 287 (2009) 867–887] pour etablir la non-coincidence des valeurs critiques quenched et annealed du modele de pinning dans le regime lie au desordre. Le cas de la dimension critique d=3 reste ouvert.
A Hybrid Web-Based and In-Person Self-Management Intervention Aimed at Preventing Acute to Chronic Pain Transition After Major Lower Extremity Trauma: Feasibility and Acceptability of iPACT-E-Trauma

Background A transition from acute to chronic pain frequently occurs after major lower extremity trauma. While the risk factors for developing chronic pain in this population have been extensively studied, research findings on interventions aiming to prevent chronic pain in the trauma context are scarce. Therefore, we developed a hybrid, Web-based and in-person, self-management intervention to prevent acute to chronic pain transition after major lower extremity trauma (iPACT-E-Trauma). Objective This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of iPACT-E-Trauma. Methods Using a descriptive design, the intervention was initiated at a supra-regional level-1 trauma center. Twenty-eight patients ≥18 years old with major lower extremity trauma, presenting with moderate to high pain intensity 24 hours post-injury were recruited. Feasibility assessment was two-fold: 1) whether the intervention components could be provided as planned to ≥80% of participants and 2) whether ≥80% of participants could complete the intervention. The rates for both these variables were calculated. The E-Health Acceptability Questionnaire and the Treatment Acceptability and Preference Questionnaire were used to assess acceptability. Mean scores were computed to determine the intervention’s acceptability. Results More than 80% of participants received the session components relevant to their condition. However, the Web pages for session 2, on the analgesics prescribed, were accessed by 71% of participants. Most sessions were delivered according to the established timeline for ≥80% of participants. Session 3 and in-person coaching meetings had to be provider earlier for ≥35% of participants. Session duration was 30 minutes or less on average, as initially planned. More than 80% of participants attended sessions and <20% did not apply self-management behaviors relevant to their condition, with the exception of deep breathing relaxation exercises which was not applied by 40% of them. Web and in-person sessions were assessed as very acceptable (mean scores ≥3 on a 0 to 4 descriptive scale) across nearly all acceptability attributes. Conclusions Findings showed that the iPACT-E-Trauma intervention is feasible and was perceived as highly acceptable by participants. Further tailoring iPACT-E-Trauma to patient needs, providing more training time for relaxation techniques, and modifying the Web platform to improve its convenience could enhance the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 91987302; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN91987302 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6ynibjPHa)