Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Texture feature extraction based on HVS for MPEG-7 homogeneous texture descriptor

We present a texture descriptor for multimedia contents description in MPEG-7. The current MPEG-7 candidate for the texture descriptor has been designed to be suitable for the human visual system (HVS). In this paper, the texture is described using perceptual channels that are bands in spatial frequency. Further, the MPEG-7 texture description method has employed Radon Transformation that is suitable for HVS behavior. By taking average energy and energy deviation of the HVS channels, the texture descriptor is generated. To verify the performance of the texture descriptor, experiments with the MPEG-7 database are performed.
The Determinants of Rising Inequality in Health Insurance and Wages: An Equilibrium Model of Workers' Compensation and Health Care Policies

I develop and structurally estimate a non-stationary overlapping generations equilibrium model of employment and workers' health insurance and wage compensation, to investigate the determinants of rising inequality in health insurance and wages in the U.S. over the last 30 years. I find that skill-biased technological change and the rising cost of medical care services are the two most important determinants, while the impact of Medicaid eligibility expansion is quantitatively small. I conduct counterfactual policy experiments to analyze key features of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, including employer mandates and further Medicaid eligibility expansion. I find that (i) an employer mandate reduces both wage and health insurance coverage inequality, but also lowers the employment rate of less educated individuals; and (ii) further Medicaid eligibility expansion increases employment rate of less educated individuals, reduces health insurance coverage disparity, but also causes larger wage inequality.
PENGARUH INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA TERHADAP TINGKAT KRIMINALITAS DI KALIMANTAN BARAT DALAM KERANGKA EKONOMI ISLAM

This study aims to analyze the effect of the human development index on crime rates in West Kalimantan Province within the framework of Islamic economics. Quantitative approach is used in this research. The analytical method used is Panel Data Regression. The data used in this study is data on all regencies/cities in West Kalimantan Province for the period 2010 to 2016. The results of the study show that the best model for estimation in this study is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The influence of HDI on the crime rates shows a significant negative effect, which means that the higher the HDI, the lower the crime rates and vice versa. In addition, the HDI concept, which consists of 3 main dimensions, namely health, education and income, is very close to the maqashid sharia concept of Islamic economics, namely hifdzunnafs (safeguarding the soul), Hifdzunnaql (preserving the mind) and hifdzulmal (preserving wealth).
Thermal structure of the subduction zone in western Japan derived from seismic attenuation data

We use a well determined three‐dimensional attenuation model to infer the temperature distribution of the subduction zone in western Japan. The tomographic attenuation model was derived from about 19,000 t* determinations for P‐ waves recorded at 128 stations. The attenuation model with a previously determined velocity model was used to infer the temperature distribution of the subduction zone from depths of 15 to 80 km, using the high temperature background method. We can clearly see the cooler slab (400°C to 700°C) that is being subducted under the hotter mantle material (425°C to 850°C). We also show that the deep low‐frequency earthquakes are occurring in regions just above the slab with temperatures of about 500°C to 600°C.
Shear instabilities of wave‐driven alongshore currents

The present state of research into and understanding of shear waves is appraised. In this paper these motions, which result from an instability of an alongshore, wave‐driven current, are described, their theoretical explanation is recounted, and the history of their discovery is related. The various investigations into their genesis, which attempted to develop an understanding of when and why they occur, are summarized, and more recent research into their finite amplitude development is discussed, focusing on the understanding gained. Attention is also given to observations of shear waves made in the field and attempts to observe them in the laboratory. Finally, work that still needs to be done is described.
Stability of Rock Protection on Slopes

The stability of rock protection on slopes attacked by a flow requires two conditions. The first is the resistance to sliding that is provided if the ratio of tangential forces to normal forces on one or several rock layers is less than the tangent of the angle of friction of the layers on their support. The second is the resistance to wrenching of the surface layer blocks and is covered by equations derived from the Shields criteria. This paper proposes a new approach to two factors in the analysis, namely: (1) For downslope flow the hydrostatic pressure gradient is not vertical but normal to the slope, and thus existing equations expressing the effect of slope on the threshold shear stress are modified; and (2) a condition of stability that involves the bearing angle of a surface‐layer block thrusting on neighboring stable blocks that is wider than the commonly used angle of repose.
Causal quartets: Diﬀerent ways to attain the same average treatment eﬀect ∗

The average causal eﬀect can often be best understood in the context of its variation. We demonstrate with two sets of four graphs, all of which represent the same average eﬀect but with much diﬀerent patterns of heterogeneity. As with the famous correlation quartet of Anscombe (1973), these graphs dramatize the way in which real-world variation can be more complex than simple numerical summaries.
Analysing the Connectedness between Crude Oil and Petroleum Products : Evidence from the USA

This paper investigates the connectedness, in time and frequency domain, between daily returns series of crude oil and petroleum products for the period 2003/01/11-2018/03/12. In doing so, we have applied DY (2012) and BK (2018) spillover method. The overall spillover index value obtained from DY (2012) method is 62.29% and from BK method index value fluctuates with frequency. Further empirical evidence shows that the total connectedness, in time and frequency domain, as measured by a rolling-window approach, has dynamic and volatile characteristics. Our overall results show that there is a high level of partial contemporaneous relationship between jet fuel, heating oil, US gasoline as well as diesel. Furthermore, results from the Wavelet multiple correlations and cross-correlation show that heating oil act as a leader for a short time horizon, whereas gasoline at medium and longer time scale. The results from the DY spillover analysis suggest that among the series analysed heating oil has the highest contribution to others, which is confirmed across frequencies by BK spillover method (and the Brent contributes least to others at all frequency bands). These findings have important implications for a wide range of market participants, including investors, hedge funds, speculators, as well as for energy policy, with different temporal horizons.
The International Surface Temperature Initiative

OVERVIEW The International Surface Temperature Initiative was instigated in 2010. It provides an end-to-end process for accessibility of all land surface temperature data to the creation of a suite of open, transparent and verified surface temperature products to meet 21st Century requirements. The major identified work areas are a comprehensive land meteorological databank, benchmarking of homogenisation algorithms and provision of a data portal with user tools.
A Type 1 Diabetes Polygenic Score Is Not Associated With Prevalent Type 2 Diabetes in Large Population Studies

Abstract Context Both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have significant genetic contributions to risk and understanding their overlap can offer clinical insight. Objective We examined whether a T1D polygenic score (PS) was associated with a diagnosis of T2D in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium. Methods We constructed a T1D PS using 79 known single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with T1D risk. We analyzed 13 792 T2D cases and 14 169 controls from CHARGE cohorts to determine the association between the T1D PS and T2D prevalence. We validated findings in an independent sample of 2256 T2D cases and 27 052 controls from the Mass General Brigham Biobank (MGB Biobank). As secondary analyses in 5228 T2D cases from CHARGE, we used multivariable regression models to assess the association of the T1D PS with clinical outcomes associated with T1D. Results The T1D PS was not associated with T2D both in CHARGE (P = .15) and in the MGB Biobank (P = .87). The partitioned human leukocyte antigens only PS was associated with T2D in CHARGE (OR 1.02 per 1 SD increase in PS, 95% CI 1.01-1.03, P = .006) but not in the MGB Biobank. The T1D PS was weakly associated with insulin use (OR 1.007, 95% CI 1.001-1.012, P = .03) in CHARGE T2D cases but not with other outcomes. Conclusion In large biobank samples, a common variant PS for T1D was not consistently associated with prevalent T2D. However, possible heterogeneity in T2D cannot be ruled out and future studies are needed do subphenotyping.
ArthroNavi framework: stereo endoscope-guided instrument localization for arthroscopic minimally invasive surgeries

Abstract. Significance As an example of a minimally invasive arthroscopic surgical procedure, arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) is a common option for repairing focal cartilage defects in the knee joints. Arthroscopic OAT offers considerable benefits to patients, such as less post-operative pain and shorter hospital stays. However, performing OAT arthroscopically is an extremely demanding task because the osteochondral graft harvester must remain perpendicular to the cartilage surface to avoid differences in angulation. Aim We present a practical ArthroNavi framework for instrument pose localization by combining a self-developed stereo endoscopy with electromagnetic computation, which equips surgeons with surgical navigation assistance that eases the operational constraints of arthroscopic OAT surgery. Approach A prototype of a stereo endoscope specifically fit for a texture-less scene is introduced extensively. Then, the proposed framework employs the semi-global matching algorithm integrating the matching cubes method for real-time processing of the 3D point cloud. To address issues regarding initialization and occlusion, a displaying method based on patient tracking coordinates is proposed for intra-operative robust navigation. A geometrical constraint method that utilizes the 3D point cloud is used to compute a pose for the instrument. Finally, a hemisphere tabulation method is presented for pose accuracy evaluation. Results Experimental results show that our endoscope achieves 3D shape measurement with an accuracy of <730 μm. The mean error of pose localization is 15.4 deg (range of 10.3 deg to 21.3 deg; standard deviation of 3.08 deg) in our ArthroNavi method, which is within the same order of magnitude as that achieved by experienced surgeons using a freehand technique. Conclusions The effectiveness of the proposed ArthroNavi has been validated on a phantom femur. The potential contribution of this framework may provide a new computer-aided option for arthroscopic OAT surgery.
Forest ecosystem simulation modelling: the role of remote sensing

In recent years forest ecosystems have come under increasing pressure from environmental changes such as global warming and the impacts of pollution. Recent research has indicated that computer-simulation models driven by remotely sensed estimates of key variables may be used to assess the spatial impact of global environment changes on forest processes. This article begins with a discussion of key issues related to driving such models with remotely sensed estimates of these key variables. The article then outlines an investigation that examined whether a general ecosystem simulation model (FOREST-BGC), driven by remotely sensed and meteorological data, could be used to estimate forest processes for a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantation in mid-Wales.
New insights into boar sperm function and survival from integrated field and laboratory studies

En aquesta tesi s'han dut a terme dos tipus d'estudis diferents. L'objectiu del primer era la preservacio del semen de porci a 15oC i el del segon eren els co-cultius homolegs de cel·lules epitelials de l'oviducte i espermatozoides de porci. Pel que fa al primer estudi, s'ha observat que l'addicio de la prostaglandina F2α i acid hialuronic a les dosis seminals no malmena la qualitat espermatica i que la tolerancia dels espermatozoides als canvis d'osmolalitat del medi es pot correlacionar proves de fertilitat i prolificitat.Respecte el segon, s'ha determinat que les cel·lules oviductals afecten els parametres espermatics i que la presencia d'espermatozoides sobreexpressa els gens que codifiquen per les proteines de xoc termic. Aixi, se suggereix que aquestes proteines tenen algun paper en els processos reproductius que tenen lloc a l'oviducte, malgrat que s'hagi observat, mitjancant la tecnica de la interferencia de l'RNA, que la HSP90AA1 no esta implicada en el perllongament de la viabilitat espermatica.
The Hodgkin‐Huxley‐Katz Prize Lecture: A Markov model with permeation‐dependent gating that accounts for resurgent current of voltage‐gated Na channels

Many neurons that fire high‐frequency action potentials express specialized voltage‐gated Na channel complexes that not only conduct transient current upon depolarization, but also pass resurgent current upon repolarization. The resurgent current is associated with recovery of transient current, even at moderately negative potentials where fast inactivation is usually absorbing. The combined results of many experimental studies have led to the hypothesis that resurgent current flows upon repolarization when an endogenous blocking protein that occludes open channels at depolarized potentials is expelled by inwardly permeating Na ions. Additional observations have suggested that the position of the voltage sensor of domain IV regulates the affinity of the channel for the putative blocker. To test the effectiveness of a kinetic scheme incorporating these features, here we develop and justify a Markov model with states grounded in known Na channel conformations. Simulations were designed to investigate whether including a permeation‐dependent unblocking rate constant and two open‐blocked states, superimposed on conformations and voltage‐sensitive movements present in all voltage‐gated Na channels, is sufficient to account for the unusual gating of channels with a resurgent component. Optimizing rate constant parameters against a wide range of experimental data from cerebellar Purkinje cells demonstrates that a kinetic scheme for Na channels incorporating the novel aspects of a permeation‐dependent unblock, as well as distinct high‐ and low‐affinity blocked states, reproduces all the attributes of experimentally recorded Na currents in a physiologically plausible manner.
Modelling Self-demagnetisation and Body-body Interactions in the Fourier Domain

The assumption of a linearly induced magnetisation begins to break down in bodies with moderate to high susceptibilities. These bodies exhibit self-demagnetisation effects which tend to suppress the observed field and rotate the magnetisation vector into the plane of the body. We present a rapid Fourier method to accurately model these effects, including anisotropy of susceptibility and remanence, in a discretised volume. This method is tested for accuracy against the known analytic demagnetising effect of an ellipsoid. The Fourier method performs as well as other real space numerical schemes with a maximum error of better than 5% and 3% for the coarse and fine discretised grids, respectively. The speed of the method also allows us to model multiple bodies in a single volume and investigate the effect of body-body field interactions. Two vertical sheets are modelled where the self-demagnetisation of each sheet individually is found to suppress the field by around 18%, and to rotate the magnetisation vector into the plane of the body. The two bodies are then modelled simultaneously to demonstrate the body-body interaction effects, and this is found to enhance the demagnetising effect of each sheet by around 3%, and to slightly counteract the magnetisation rotation effect.
Evaluation of the Aardvark constant head soil permeameter to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity.

The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is a key parameter for analyzing or modelling water flow and chemical transport in subsurface soil. Several methods were developed over the last thirty years to measure Ksat which considered unsaturated and/or saturated flow of water around the holes where measurements are made. Most methods make use of devices to measure the infiltration rate into the soil and in combination with numerical models predict the Ksat parameter. If maximum infiltration rate exceeds the infiltration capacity, runoff will be the consequence. Therefore maintaining a constant head means the rate of water supplied corresponds to the infiltration capacity. Commonly used devices for infiltration capacity measurements are infiltrometers, disc permeameters, sprinkler infiltrometers and different types of constant head permeameters. This paper evaluates the theory and practical application of the Aardvark constant head soil permeameter (ACHSP) in combination with the Glover equation for field measurement of Ksat above the water table. The Glover equation has been criticized during the eighties because only the saturated flow around the hole was considered in its development. Several papers published since 2002, however, demonstrated that the Glover equation results are relatively close to the results obtained by other models for most practical applications and therefore the use of the Glover equation is justified.
The linkage between fault throw and footwall scarp erosion patterns: an example from the Bremstein Fault Complex, offshore Mid‐Norway

Studies of normal fault systems in modern extensional regimes (e.g. Basin and Range), and in exhumed, ancient rift basins (e.g. Gulf of Suez Rift) have shown a link between the evolution of fault‐related footwall topography and associated erosional drainage systems. In this study, we use 3D seismic reflection data to image the footwall crest of a gravity‐driven fault system developed during late Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting on the Halten Terrace, offshore Mid‐Norway. This 22‐km‐long fault system lacks significant footwall uplift, with hangingwall subsidence accommodating throw accumulation on the fault system. Significant erosion has occurred along the length of the footwall crest and is defined by 96 catchments characterized by erosional channels. These erosional channels consist of small, linear systems up to 750 m long located along the front of the fault footwall. Larger, dendritic channel systems extend further back (up to 3 km normal to fault strike) into the footwall. These channels are up to 7 km long, up to 50 m deep and up to 1 km wide. Fault throw varies along strike, with greatest throw in the centre of the fault decreasing towards the fault tips; localized throw minima are interpreted to represent segment linkage points, which were breached as the fault grew. Comparison of the catchment location to the throw distribution shows that the largest catchments are in the centre of the fault and decrease in size to the fault tips. There is no link between the location of the breached segment linkage points and the location and size of the footwall catchments, suggesting that the first‐order control on footwall erosion patterns is the overall fault‐throw distribution.
Advancing Perception in Artificial Intelligence through Principles of Cognitive Science

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved many feats at a rapid pace, there still exist open problems and fundamental shortcomings related to performance and resource efficiency. Since AI researchers benchmark a significant proportion of performance standards through human intelligence, cognitive sciences-inspired AI is a promising domain of research. Studying cognitive science can provide a fresh perspective to building fundamental blocks in AI research, which can lead to improved performance and efficiency. In this review paper, we focus on the cognitive functions of perception, which is the process of taking signals from one's surroundings as input, and processing them to understand the environment. Particularly, we study and compare its various processes through the lens of both cognitive sciences and AI. Through this study, we review all current major theories from various sub-disciplines of cognitive science (specifically neuroscience, psychology and linguistics), and draw parallels with theories and techniques from current practices in AI. We, hence, present a detailed collection of methods in AI for researchers to build AI systems inspired by cognitive science. Further, through the process of reviewing the state of cognitive-inspired AI, we point out many gaps in the current state of AI (with respect to the performance of the human brain), and hence present potential directions for researchers to develop better perception systems in AI.
Defect Analysis of 3D Printed Cylinder Object Using Transfer Learning Approaches

Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining attention across various industries like healthcare, aerospace, and automotive. However, identifying defects early in the AM process can reduce production costs and improve productivity - a key challenge. This study explored the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) approaches, specifically transfer learning (TL) models, for defect detection in 3D-printed cylinders. Images of cylinders were analyzed using models including VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet101, InceptionResNetV2, and MobileNetV2. Performance was compared across two datasets using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. In the first study, VGG16, InceptionResNetV2, and MobileNetV2 achieved perfect scores. In contrast, ResNet50 had the lowest performance, with an average F1-score of 0.32. Similarly, in the second study, MobileNetV2 correctly classified all instances, while ResNet50 struggled with more false positives and fewer true positives, resulting in an F1-score of 0.75. Overall, the findings suggest certain TL models like MobileNetV2 can deliver high accuracy for AM defect classification, although performance varies across algorithms. The results provide insights into model optimization and integration needs for reliable automated defect analysis during 3D printing. By identifying the top-performing TL techniques, this study aims to enhance AM product quality through robust image-based monitoring and inspection.