Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative ventilation strategies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The introduction of the 2000 Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation emphasizes a new, evidence-based approach to the science of ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). New laboratory and clinical science underemphasizes the role of ventilation immediately after a dysrhythmic cardiac arrest (arrest primarily resulting from a cardiovascular event, such as ventricular defibrillation or asystole). However, the classic airway patency, breathing, and circulation (ABC) CPR sequence remains a fundamental factor for the immediate survival and neurologic outcome of patients after asphyxial cardiac arrest (cardiac arrest primarily resulting from respiratory arrest). The hidden danger of ventilation of the unprotected airway during cardiac arrest either by mouth-to-mouth or by mask can be minimized by applying ventilation techniques that decrease stomach gas insufflation. This goal can be achieved by decreasing peak inspiratory flow rate, increasing inspiratory time, and decreasing tidal volume to approximately 5 to 7 mL/kg, if oxygen is available. Laboratory and clinical evidence recently supported the important role of alternative airway devices to mask ventilation and endotracheal intubation in the chain of survival. In particular, the laryngeal mask airway and esophageal Combitube proved to be effective alternatives in providing oxygenation and ventilation to the patient in cardiac arrest in the prehospital arena in North America. Prompt recognition of supraglottic obstruction of the airway is fundamental for the management of patients in cardiac arrest when ventilation and oxygenation cannot be provided by conventional methods. “Minimally invasive” cricothyroidotomy devices are now available for the professional health care provider who is not proficient or comfortable with performing an emergency surgical tracheotomy or cricothyroidotomy. Finally, a recent device that affects the relative influence of positive pressure ventilation on the hemodynamics during cardiac arrest has been introduced, the inspiratory impedance threshold valve, with the goal of maximizing coronary and cerebral perfusion while performing CPR. Although the role of this alternative ventilatory methodology in CPR is rapidly being established, we cannot overemphasize the need for proper training to minimize complications and maximize the efficacy of these new devices.
Towards a theory of intentional behaviour change: plans, planning, and self-regulation.

PURPOSE Briefly review the current state of theorizing about volitional behaviour change and identification of challenges and possible solutions for future theory development. METHOD Review of the literature and theoretical analysis. RESULTS Reasoned action theories have made limited contributions to the science of behaviour change as they do not propose means of changing cognitions or account for existing effective behaviour change techniques. Changing beliefs does not guarantee behaviour change. The implementation intentions (IMPs) approach to planning has advanced theorizing but the applications to health behaviours often divert substantially from the IMPs paradigm with regard to interventions, effects, mediators and moderators. Better construct definitions and differentiations are needed to make further progress in integrating theory and understanding behaviour change. CONCLUSIONS Further progress in theorizing can be achieved by (a) disentangling planning constructs to study their independent and joint effects on behaviour, (b) progressing research on moderators and mediators of planning effects outside the laboratory and (c) integrating planning processes within learning theory and self-regulation theory.
Overview of blockchain and possible use cases in the Thai payment system

In recent years, there has been a lot of hype and interest around Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. Following the invention of Bitcoin in 2008, blockchain, the public ledger that supports Bitcoin transaction, has also emerged as a hot topic. Blockchain has attracted attention from many parties around the world including academic scholars, practitioners in many industries, and policymakers in many There are many discussions about whether or not blockchain technology can be beyond its application as a public ledger that records Bitcoin transactions. This paper will start by providing an overview of blockchain technology, including definition, background infonnation, key milestones, costs and benefits, and current applications. The last part of the paper will be an analysis of possible blockchain applications that may potentially help address some concerns in the Thai payment Thesis Supervisor: Christian Catalini Title: Assistant Professor of Technological Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Strategic Management
The Political Economy of Post-Uruguay Round Agricultural Policies in the United States and the European Union: Discussion

Economists who follow the process of policy formation, particularly that for agricultural policies, generally fall into one of two categories. The first group finds the process to be intensely distasteful, primarily because its outcome often seems to have little relationship to economic rationality. The second group finds the process, if not its outcome, to be fascinating. Some even attempt to explain policy formation in terms of some type of choice process or maximization problem. The authors of these two papers certainly fall into the second camp. They are neither disgusted nor overwhelmed by the intricacies of policy formation in two of the world's leading agricultural trading entities (the European Union and the United States). In fact, they even have the temerity to speculate on the future evolution of policy. I have been asked to comment on the paper by Mah6 and Roe, so I shall resist the temptation to stray into the fascinating world of U.S. agricultural policy. However, as suggested in both papers, it would be misleading to view recent or likely future policy formation in these two countries in isolation. For good or ill, the evolution of their policies has been closely linked in the recent past, and this is likely to be so for the foreseeable future. In my comments I shall focus on the driving forces behind the reform of agricultural policies in the European Union. International Pressures
A study on wearable behavior navigation system (II) - a comparative study on remote behavior navigation systems for first-aid treatment

The capability to perform specific human tasks with the assistance of expert navigation is expected to be realized through the development wearable and ubiquitous computing technology. For instance, when an injured or ill person requires first-aid treatment, but only non-experts are nearby, instruction from an expert at a remote site is necessary. A behavior navigation system will allow the user to provide first-aid treatment in the same manner as an expert. Focusing on first-aid treatment, we have proposed and developed a prototype wearable behavior navigation system (WBNS) that uses augmented reality (AR) technology. This prototype WBNS has been evaluated in experiments, in which participants wore the prototype and successfully administered various first-aid treatments. Although the effectiveness of the WBNS has been confirmed, many challenges must be addressed to commercialize the system. The head-mounted displays (HMDs) used in the WBNS have a number of drawbacks, for example, high cost (which is not expected to decrease in the near future) and the time required for an ordinary user to become accustomed to the display. Furthermore, some individuals may experience motion sickness wearing the HMD. We expect that these drawbacks to the current technology will be resolved in the future; meanwhile, a near-future remote behavior navigation system (RBNS) is necessary. Accordingly, we have developed RBNSs for first-aid treatment using off-the-shelf components, in addition to the WBNS. In this paper, the basic mechanisms of the RBNS, experiments investigating the demonstration of expert behavior, and a comparative study of the WBNS and the RBNSs are presented.
The Global and Local Dimensions of Place-making: Remaking Shanghai as a World City

Shanghai, the largest socialist industrial city in China, is now experiencing dramatic restructuring under global and local forces. This paper provides a preliminary account of remaking this city into a world city. The case study suggests the tremendous and pervasive impact of globalisation on the city in transitional economies, although it is still not comparable with a truly global city. The growth of inward investment, particularly its penetration into real estate development, has exerted direct impacts on the urban structure. It is argued that, however, that this global influence can only be realised through the coincidence of indigenous changes in the political economy system. Specifically, the willingness of the central government to give more autonomy to local governments, the new policy to set up a window for China's open policy, the incentive for making money from selling the space, the injection of public money into infrastructure and fierce promotional development strategies, all contributed to the process of urban restructuring. The effect of combined global and local changes has led to an extremely optimistic growth atmosphere and a building boom since the mid 1990s. Shanghai highlights the local as well as the global dimensions of urban change in the post-socialist economies.
Protective mechanisms against the intestinal nematode Strongyloides venezuelensis in Schistosoma japonicum‐infected mice

Mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum were resistant to the intestinal nematode, Strongyloides venezuelensis. The numbers of adult S. venezuelensis recovered from mice were significantly decreased when infections were given from 6 weeks after S. japonicum infection. Larval recovery from the lungs showed that significant numbers of subcutaneously inoculated S. venezuelensis larvae were eliminated by 3 days in S. japonicum‐infected mice (P < 0.0001), while histology revealed that this was associated with massive eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs. In addition, adult S. venezuelensis worms implanted in the duodenum of S. japonicum‐infected mice could not establish in the intestine. This failure was associated with mucosal mastocytosis. Activation of eosinophils and intestinal mast cells was correlated with elevated expression of mRNA for interleukin (IL)‐3, IL‐4, and IL‐5 in S. japonicum‐infected mice. Sera from S. japonicum‐infected mice recognized S. venezuelensis larva antigens as strongly as those from S. venezuelensis‐infected mice, although transfer of sera from S. japonicum‐infected mice to normal recipient mice did not protect them from S. venezuelensis challenge infection. It was concluded that the mechanisms for larval killing and adult worm expulsion of S. venezuelensis in S. japonicum‐infected mice were identical to those seen in infections with S. venezuelensis only.
Reactive oxygen species generation by human spermatozoa is induced by exogenous NADPH and inhibited by the flavoprotein inhibitors diphenylene iodonium and quinacrine

Human spermatozoa possess a specialized capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is thought to be of significance in the redox regulation of sperm capacitation (De Lamirande and Gagnon, 1993; Aitken et al., 1995). However, the mechanisms by which ROS are generated by these cells are not understood. In this study we have examined the possible significance of NADPH as a substrate for ROS production by human spermatozoa. Addition of NADPH to viable populations of motile spermatozoa induced a sudden dose‐dependent increase in the rate of superoxide generation via mechanisms that could not be disrupted by inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (antimycin A, rotenone, carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone [CCCP], and sodium azide), diaphorase (dicoumarol) xanthine oxidase (allopurinol), or lactic acid dehydrogenase (sodium oxamate). However, NADPH‐induced ROS generation could be stimulated by permeabilization and was negatively correlated with sperm function. Both NADH and NADPH were active electron donors in this system, while NAD+ and NADP+ exhibited little activity. Stereospecificity was evident in the response in that only the β‐isomer of NADPH supported superoxide production. The involvement of a flavoprotein in the electron transfer process was indicated by the high sensitivity of the oxidase to inhibition by diphenylene iodonium and quinacrine. These results indicate that NAD(P)H can serve as an electron donor for superoxide generation by human spermatozoa and present a simple strategy for the production of motile populations of free radical generating cells with which to study the significance of these molecules in the control of normal and pathological sperm function. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 47:468–482, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crossover, double‐blind clinical trial comparing almotriptan and ergotamine plus caffeine for acute migraine therapy

In this randomized, double‐blind, crossover clinical trial, adult patients treated two migraine attacks: one with almotriptan 12.5 mg and the other with ergotamine 2 mg plus caffeine 200 mg. Treatment with almotriptan was associated with a significantly greater proportion of patients achieving 2‐h pain free (20.9% vs. 13.7%; P < 0.05) and 2‐h pain relief (57.7% vs. 44.5%; P < 0.01) compared with ergotamine plus caffeine therapy; significant differences were not seen at 1 h. Rates for sustained pain free and sustained pain free plus no adverse events (AEs) also were significantly greater after almotriptan treatment than after the use of ergotamine plus caffeine (P < 0.05). Almotriptan was associated with a significantly lower rate of photophobia at 90 min (P < 0.05), phonophobia at 60, 90, and 120 min (P < 0.05 to <0.01), and nausea and vomiting at 90 and 120 min (P < 0.01) compared with ergotamine plus caffeine. A significantly greater proportion of patients were more satisfied with almotriptan than with ergotamine plus caffeine (P < 0.05). Sixteen patients reported adverse events during almotriptan treatment and 27 patients reported AEs during the ergotamine plus caffeine therapy. Most AEs were mild‐to‐moderate and did not result in treatment‐related discontinuations. In conclusion, almotriptan was associated with significantly greater efficacy for treating migraine compared with ergotamine plus caffeine, was generally well tolerated and was associated with greater rate of treatment satisfaction.
Segmented Europeanization: Exploring the Legitimacy of the European Union from a Public Discourse Perspective

The article presents the results of a longitudinal newspaper analysis on the Europeanization of public discourses in five EU countries. It shows that European governance is increasingly subject to public scrutiny, but neither has a common discourse in Europe developed nor has the communication lag of the EU disappeared. Therefore the EU remains largely dependent on domestic processes of legitimation.
Apocrine carcinoma as triple-negative breast cancer: novel definition of apocrine-type carcinoma as estrogen/progesterone receptor-negative and androgen receptor-positive invasive ductal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE Apocrine carcinoma, a subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, expresses androgen receptor (AR), but often lacks estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR). In the present study, the author immunohistochemically defined apocrine-type carcinoma as ER-/PgR-/AR+ invasive ductal carcinoma and analyzed the significance of apocrine-type carcinoma as triple-negative breast cancer. METHODS Four hundred and forty breast cancers from 429 cases were immunostained for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), p53, Ki-67 and epidermal growth factor receptor. The lesions included 58 in situ malignancies (including 13 apocrine-type lesions) and 325 invasive ductal carcinomas (including 44 apocrine type). RESULTS Of 91 estrogen receptor-negative invasive ductal carcinomas, 44 (48%) belonged to apocrine-type carcinoma, and overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 and p53 was observed in 23 (52%) and 33 (75%), respectively. Histologically, 22 (50%) were categorized as classical apocrine carcinoma. Among 281 non-apocrine invasive ductal carcinomas, 30 (11%) were quadruple-negative (ER-/PgR-/AR-/HER2-) and 17 (6%) were hormone receptor-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2-overexpressed. Invasive ductal carcinomas in the triple-negative breast cancer category (n= 51) were divided into triple-negative, androgen receptor-positive (apocrine, n= 21) and quadruple-negative (non-apocrine, n= 30). p53 overexpression was more often seen in the apocrine-type triple-negative breast cancer (18/21 = 86%) than in the non-apocrine type (14/30 = 46%) (P< 0.05). Ki-67 labeling was significantly higher in the non-apocrine type (58%) than in the apocrine type (37%) (P< 0.01). Epidermal growth factor receptor is consistently expressed in triple-negative breast cancers (16/16 = 100% in apocrine and 18/20 = 90% in non-apocrine). CONCLUSIONS Androgen receptor should be added to immunohistochemical panels, since apocrine-type invasive ductal carcinoma, resembling basal-like phenotypes, may show clinical behaviors different from the basal-like triple-negative breast cancer.
Laboratory selection for and characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus

Abstract. A laboratory colony of Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) was established in 2000 from material collected from southern Mozambique where pyrethroid resistance had been demonstrated in the wild population. A subsample of the colony was selected for pyrethroid resistance using 0.1% lambda‐cyhalothrin. Bioassay susceptibility tests in subsequent generations F2 to F4 showed increased resistance with each successive generation. Survival of individual mosquitoes fed only on 10% sugar solution, increased with age up to 4 days, but by day 10 had decreased significantly. However, females that had been mated and given bloodmeals showed no such increase in mortality with age. Biochemical analysis of resistant and susceptible individuals showed increased monooxygenase and glutathione S‐transferase activity but no significant correlation with age of the mosquitoes.
Prospective, Randomized Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Local UV-Free Blue Light Treatment of Eczema

Background: Blue light was shown to reduce the activation of T cells and modulate cytokine release in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of blue light in the treatment of eczema. Methods: A sample of 21 patients with mild to moderate eczema were locally treated with blue LED light (light-emitting diode, emission maximum: 453 nm). They received light treatment 3 times per week for 4 weeks. A contralateral control lesion remained untreated. Results: A total of 20 patients completed the trial with a compliance rate of 100%. The blue light treatment was safe with no adverse events and no side effects. The primary end point change from baseline in the mean sum score of the local Eczema Severity Index (local ESI) was more pronounced for the treated area than for the control area (-1.9 ± 2.02 vs. -1.3 ± 2.24). The treatment difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0152, paired t test, two-sided). Conclusion: In this study UV-free blue light was safe and effective in the reduction of eczema lesions.
The information capacity of young mental defectives in an assembly task.

1. Problems about the motor abilities of mental defectives indicate the necessity for a reconsideration of methodology in this area. Changed ideas of what jobs defectives can do or should be trained to do increase the need for a systematic investigation of job requirements with respect to the specific limitations of such patients. 2. It is suggested that the Therbligs may provide useful ready-made categories and that the within-element variables may be subsumed under the concept of Information Load. 3. The operator considered as a limited capacity channel in the operator-task system may be assessed with respect to channel capacity and the task may be assessed with respect to the objectively measured Information Load. 4. The results of an experiment in which the Information Load of one of four elements was increased by a definite amount illustrate the point that operators behave as though they were limited capacity channels and that imbeciles show significantly poorer transmission rates than High Grade patients. 5. The same task used in a learning experiment demonstrated that imbeciles whilst starting off worse tend to improve more with practice. 6. Whilst it seems possible that channel capacity may be limited by brain pathology the difficulty of generating neurological hypotheses from this data is underlined. 7. The results indicate the possibility of using such techniques both for selection and job evaluation and for adapting jobs to suit the limitations of the mentally defective.
Risks of Exposure to Ionizing and Millimeter-Wave Radiation from Airport Whole-Body Scanners1

Considerable public concern has been expressed around the world about the radiation risks posed by the backscatter (ionizing radiation) and millimeter-wave (nonionizing radiation) whole-body scanners that have been deployed at many airports. The backscatter and millimeter-wave scanners currently deployed in the U.S. almost certainly pose negligible radiation risks if used as intended, but their safety is difficult-to-impossible to prove using publicly accessible data. The scanners are widely disliked and often feared, which is a problem made worse by what appears to be a veil of secrecy that covers their specifications and dosimetry. Therefore, for these and future similar technologies to gain wide acceptance, more openness is needed, as is independent review and regulation. Publicly accessible, and preferably peer-reviewed evidence is needed that the deployed units (not just the prototypes) meet widely-accepted safety standards. It is also critical that risk-perception issues be handled more competently.