Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory of mind impairment after right-hemisphere damage

ABSTRACT Background: Some patients after right-hemisphere damage (RHD) show difficulty in Theory of Mind (TOM), namely, in the ability to attribute and reason about mental states of others and of themselves. Aims: This study explored TOM abilities of individuals with right-hemisphere brain damage. Methods & Procedures: We developed and administered a battery of TOM tasks (the aTOMia battery) to evaluate the TOM abilities of the right-hemisphere brain damaged participants in comparison to healthy control participants. The aTOMia battery included 8 types of TOM tasks. The participants were 25 Hebrew-speakers with RHD aged 25–65 years (mean 53), 8 women and 17 men; 22 of them had a right cerebrovascular accident, and 3 were surgically treated: 2 for tumours, and 1 for cavernoma. Outcomes & Results: The participants with RHD showed heterogeneity with respect to their TOM abilities—17 of them had TOM impairment (aTOMia), whereas 8 showed normal TOM. All patients, including the aTOMic patients, were able to use sentence embedding in their responses to the aTOMia tests items, indicating that their purely syntactic ability of embedding was intact (and did not underlie their aTOMia). Conclusions: Individuals with RHD form a heterogeneous group. Some of them, but not all, have aTOMia. Therefore, the TOM abilities of each individual with right hemisphere should be examined. Whereas purely syntactic abilities are not affected by aTOMia, such TOM impairment may have implications for everyday life, and for the use and comprehension of language during social interaction and in understanding and conveying information.
Characterization of Acetic Acid Bacteria in Traditional Acetic Acid Fermentation of Rice Vinegar (Komesu) and Unpolished Rice Vinegar (Kurosu) Produced in Japan

ABSTRACT Bacterial strains were isolated from samples of Japanese rice vinegar (komesu) and unpolished rice vinegar (kurosu) fermented by the traditional static method. Fermentations have never been inoculated with a pure culture since they were started in 1907. A total of 178 isolates were divided into groups A and B on the basis of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR and random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting analyses. The 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of strains belonging to each group showed similarities of more than 99% with Acetobacter pasteurianus. Group A strains overwhelmingly dominated all stages of fermentation of both types of vinegar. Our results indicate that appropriate strains of acetic acid bacteria have spontaneously established almost pure cultures during nearly a century of komesu and kurosu fermentation.
Polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) genes of Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo resistance to sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in isolates from Tanzania

The efficacy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) in treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Africa is increasingly compromised by development of resistance. The occurrence of mutations associated with the active site sequence in the Plasmodium falciparum genes coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) is associated with in vitro resistance to pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine. This study investigates the occurrence of these mutations in infected blood samples taken from Tanzanian children before treatment with S/P and their relationship to parasite breakthrough by day 7. The results show that alleles of DHPS (436‐alanine, 437‐alanine and 540‐lysine) were significantly reduced in prevalence on day 7 after S/P treatment. In this area, a DHPS with 436‐serine, 437‐glycine and 540‐glutamate appears to play a major role in resistance to S/P in vivo. Evidence for the influence of mutations in the DHFR gene in this investigation is not clear, probably because of the high prevalence of ‘resistance‐related’ mutations at day 0 in the local parasite population. For apparently the same reason, it was not possible to show a statistical association between S/P resistance and the presence of particular polymorphisms in the DHFR and DHPS genes before treatment.
On the Macro Diversity With Multiple BSs to Mitigate Blockage in Millimeter-Wave Communications

In this letter, we consider the macro diversity for millimeter-wave cellular systems, which suffer from blockage, to reduce the outage probability. A user can choose a base station (BS) within a communication range. By increasing the communication range, the user can see more unblocked BSs and reduce the outage probability. A closed-form expression for the outage probability is derived, and the average transmission power is studied to see the impact of the communication range on performances.
How Collaborative Communication to Promote the Satisfaction and Loyalty of Franchisees: Exploring the Moderating Effect of Net Profit

For entrepreneurs, franchising has various advantages over starting one's own store, including speedy product development, pre-packaged business format, and efficient marketing strategy; however, such arrangements also give rise to conflicts. The paper applies communication theory to explain franchisor-franchisee relationships and to determine how to enhance operation efficiency and reduce uncertainty. The study draws from Taiwan's convenience stores empirically, the density of which is the highest in the world. In total, 486 usable responses were analyzed to examine the nature of the collaborative communication, non-coercive communication, formality of communication, and two-directional communication, and also the loyalty behaviors occurring between franchisors and franchisees. Non-coercive communication, formality of communication, and two-directional communication were found to have a positive and significant effect on economic and social satisfaction, except on the relationship between non-coercive communication and economic satisfaction, and further enhance franchisee intention to renew contracts and continue franchise to advocate others. The study also identifies the relevance of franchisee profit, based on the division of the franchisees into two categories-high-profit franchisees and lowprofit franchisees and explores the different communication strategies used in the two groups. The results of the study urge franchisors to communicate with their franchisees more efficiently.
Neural Cognitive Correlates of Orthographic Neighborhood Size Effect for Children During Chinese Naming

A lot of researchers are concerned of orthographic neighborhood (N) effect (Andrews, 1989, 1992; Carreiras et al., 1997; Laxon et al., 1988; Peereman & Content, 1995; Sears et al., 2006), which can reflect how the potential word candidates with similar orthography affect the word naming task. In alphabetic writing systems, orthographic neighborhood refers to a word pool, which is consisted by changing one letter of a given word while keeping other letters unchanged (Coltheart et al., 1977). Behavioral researches with naming tasks have reported a facilitatory effect of N size (Andrews, 1989, 1992; Carreiras et al., 1997; Peereman & Content, 1995; Sears et al., 1995), which the presence of many orthographic neighbors facilities phonological retrieval of the target word, and such facilitation would be more prominent for low-frequency words (Andrews, 1989, 1992; Peereman & Content, 1995). This large N advantage is also found as orthographic distinctiveness effect in memory (Glanc & Greene, 2007; 2009). Modeling researches suggested that the facilitation of large N arises from the overlapping phonemes of their neighbors (Coltheart et al., 2001) and the feedback activations from orthographic units to feature units strengthen the phonological retrieval (Reynolds & Besner, 2002). Recently, Fiebach et al. (2007) examine the neural mechanisms of N size effect using fMRI. Their results demonstrated the interactions of lexicality and N size in mid-dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex, suggesting domain general processes during word recognition.
Time-Related Inventory of Preferences: A Reliability Study

Jones ( 1976) and Faulconer and Williams ( 1985) note that humans function in the three dimensions of space and one of time. Based on these assumptions, Beattie (in press) devised a personality inventory, the Time-related Inventory of Preferences. This instrument assumes that personality can be described in terms of how much time people prefer to spend by Themselves, with Others, or interacting with Things. The preferences for Self, Others, and Things activities are indicated by subjects examining a Unit that contains a self, thing, and other activity, and then deciding how they would divide up 10 hr. of free time among the three choices. This instrument contains 15 of these units with three statements in each unit for a total of 45 statements. Subjects are instructed they may spend zero hours or up to five hours on an activity and they cannot spend more than 10 hr. of time within any one unit. The Time-related Inventory of Preference was administered to 208 students in a class on principles of educational psychology. One subject's data were dropped because the total number of hours exceeded 150. The SSPS-X statistical package was used to obtain reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) on the data. The reliability coefficient for the total test is . 88, for Self subscore . 84, the Other subscore . 77, and the Thing subscore . 80. With these reliabilities, the ease of administering, scoring, and interpreting the results of the Time-related Inventory of Preference make it suitable for use in the classroom. An examiner does not require special training. Further studies are being done to relate results to known personality inventories and studies.
New Methods for Network Traffic Anomaly Detection

Outlier detection is a well developed topic in data mining and has made remarkable inroads into many application domains. In this thesis we examine the efficacy of applying outlier detection techniques to understand the behaviour of anomalies in communication network traffic. We have identified several shortcomings. Our most finding is that known techniques either focus on characterizing the spatial or temporal behaviour of traffic but rarely both. For example DoS attacks are anomalies which violate temporal patterns while port scans violate the spatial equilibrium of network traffic. To address this observed weakness we have designed a new method for outlier detection based spectral decomposition of the Hankel matrix. The Hankel matrix is spatio-temporal correlation matrix and has been used in many other domains including climate data analysis and econometrics. To the best of our knowledge it has not been used for analysis of network traffic before. Using our approach we can seamlessly integrate the discovery of both spatial and temporal anomalies. Comparison with other state of the art methods in the networks community confirms that our approach can discover both DoS and port scan attacks. The spectral decomposition of the Hankel matrix is closely tied to the problem of inference in Linear Dynamical Systems (LDS). We introduce a new problem, the Online Selective Anomaly Detection (OSAD) problem, to model the situation where the objective is to report new anomalies in the system and suppress know faults. For example, in the network setting an operator may be interested in triggering an alarm for malicious attacks but not on faults caused by equipment failure. In order to solve OSAD we combine techniques from machine learning and control theory in a unique fashion. Machine Learning ideas are used to learn the parameters of an underlying data generating system. Control theory techniques are used to model the feedback and modify the residual generated by the data generating state model. Experiments on synthetic and real data sets confirm that the OSAD problem captures a general scenario and tightly integrates machine learning and control theory to solve a practical problem.
The lifetime total physical activity questionnaire: development and reliability.

OBJECTIVE To develop and test the intra-rater reliability of an interview-administered questionnaire that assesses lifetime patterns of total physical activity including occupational, household, and exercise/sports activities. METHODS The questionnaire was developed and pretested using cognitive interviewing techniques on a sample of women with and without previous breast cancer diagnoses. A pilot study was conducted with 115 women who were interviewed twice, 6 to 8 wk apart by interviewers trained in cognitive interviewing methods. Respondents used recall calendars to record their education, occupations, life events, and physical activity patterns before the interviews. Interviewers helped respondents recall their lifetime exposures, including their occupational, household, and exercise/sports activities, using these calendars and memory-probing strategies. Activity levels were estimated as the average number of hours of activity per week over different time periods. Means and correlation coefficients were estimated and compared for the two time periods. RESULTS The questionnaire was found to be highly reliable. The test-retest correlations for hours per week spent in total lifetime physical activity was 0.74, for lifetime occupational activity was 0.87, for household activity was 0.77, and for exercise/sports activities was 0.72. CONCLUSIONS This is the first questionnaire to measure lifetime physical activity by collecting data on each type of physical activity separately over lifetime and by measuring frequency, intensity, and duration of each activity. It is also the first physical activity questionnaire to be developed, refined, and administered using cognitive-based methods employed in survey research. Respondents were able to reliably recall their lifetime physical activity patterns. This instrument can be used for any disease outcome for which physical activity may be a risk factor.
A Metamodel for Designing an Intelligent Tutoring Systems Authoring Tool

Previous intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) and ITS authoring studies predominantly simulated and evaluated artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and cognitive architectures/notions in educational domains. Current research focuses on software design that is priori driven by educational theories; it concerns the conception of Augmented Conversation and Cognitive Apprenticeship Metamodel (ACCAM). The pedagogy driven metamodel―ACCAM―forms the basis for a formal (theory based) approach to designing ITS authoring tools for numerical aspect of numerical disciplines. This research, therefore, showcases the convergence of two theoretical perspectives—the Conversation Theory (CT) and Cognitive Apprenticeship (CA)—which were never considered together before now. The novel conceptual platform―the ACCAM—flows and benefited from the synergistic effect of the stated theories through the introduction of the concept of ‘augmented conversation’ within the resulting integrated framework. Thus, current work draws on the pedagogical import of the mentioned educational theories, elicits new meanings, and lays the foundation as well as opens future evaluation of a pedagogical engineering methodology that flows therefrom.
Autophagy: Basic Principles and Relevance to Transplant Immunity

Autophagy developed into a rapidly expanding field detailing its molecular mechanism and relevance in health and disease. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that summarizes a pathway in which intracellular material is degraded within the lysosome and where the macromolecular constituents are recycled. This “self‐eating” process was originally described in a cell under starvation but now numerous studies established autophagy as a cellular response to stress. As a consequence, the autophagy machinery interfaces with most cellular stress–response pathways, including those involved in controlling immune response and inflammation. Autophagy also influences adaptive immunity through its effect on antigen presentation, naïve T cell repertoire selection and homeostasis and TH cell polarization. Data are emerging that dysregulated autophagy has an impact on human pathologies including infectious diseases, cancers, aging and neurodegenerative conditions. This review focuses on recent findings elucidating the ability of autophagy to be of significance in the transplant setting.
Elevated brain natriuretic peptide predicts mortality in interstitial lung disease

Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance portends a poor prognosis across interstitial lung disease (ILD), irrespective of the histospecific diagnosis. Currently, no noninvasive surrogate prognostic marker exists. We explore the prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and echocardiography across ILD. ILD patients with BNP concentrations performed during 2005–2007 were reviewed (n = 90). Echocardiography tapes were reviewed by a cardiologist blinded to other results. Outcome was evaluated for survival against BNP and echocardiograph parameters. A priori threshold values and composite markers were evaluated against survival. During follow-up (20±9 months) there were 28 deaths (31%). BNP correlated with right heart echocardiographic indices, including right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) (R2 = 0.18, p = 0.0002) but not with parameters of left heart function. Nonsurvivors had higher BNP and RVSP levels than survivors. BNP ≥20 pmol·L−1 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.93, 95% CI 1.28–6.73; p = 0.01) and moderate–severe pulmonary hypertension (HR 2.53, 95% CI 1.15–5.57; p = 0.02) were associated with increased mortality, independent of age, sex and pulmonary function. Patients with BNP ≥20 pmol·L−1 had a 14-fold increased mortality over those with BNP <4 pmol·L−1. Increased BNP levels and/or echocardiographic markers of right ventricular dysfunction were associated with increased mortality across ILD. The link between vascular parameters and mortality supports the concept that pulmonary vascular disease contributes to the final common pathway seen across ILD.
Phase Transitions in Instigated Collective Decision Making

This article proposes a computational model for an emergent collective behavior that collectively changes strategy type, such as from attack to defense, as seen in any kind of battle. It describes the result of an experimental simulation with multiple autonomous robots based on the proposed model. Our model first defines payoff functions that create multiple equilibrium states, each of which corresponds to one strategy type. Subsequently, we attempt to model the dynamics that cause the robots to change their choice of strategy type collectively when a small number of robots change their chosen type. In these dynamics, we pay particular attention to how many robots, called instigators, are required to make all robots eventually change their strategy type. In addition, to make it easy for all robots to change their strategy type, we provide a mechanism by which the robots themselves reduce the utility of strategies.
Comparative analysis of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in children and adults: a 31P-MRS study.

The aim of the present study was to compare the oxidative capacity of the forearm flexor muscles in vivo between children and adults using 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Seven boys (11.7 +/- 0.6 y) and 10 men (35.6 +/- 7.8 year) volunteered to perform a 3 min dynamic finger flexions exercise against a standardized weight (15% of the maximal voluntary contraction). Muscle oxidative capacity was quantified on the basis of phosphocreatine (PCr) post-exercise recovery kinetics analysis. End-of-exercise pH was not significantly different between children and adults (6.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 6.5 +/- 0.2), indicating that indices of PCr recovery kinetics can be reliably compared. The rate constant of PCr recovery (kPCr) and the maximum rate of aerobic ATP production were about 2-fold higher in young boys than in men (kPCr: 1.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.2 min(-1); Vmax: 49.7 +/- 24.6 vs. 29.4 +/- 7.9 mmol.L(-1). min(-1), p < 0.05). Our results clearly illustrate a greater mitochondrial oxidative capacity in the forearm flexor muscles of young children. This larger ATP regeneration capacity through aerobic mechanisms in children could be one of the factors accounting for their greater resistance to fatigue during high-intensity intermittent exercise.
Review of web crawlers

The web is a repository of large amount of data. Information available in the web is organised in the form of pages. Due to the presence of unlimited amount of information, searching and finding out appropriate information from the web is a task which needs expertise. Web crawlers are programmes that assist search engines by automating the task of visiting web pages and downloading their contents. They also help in ranking the downloaded web pages. Thus, the search engines can produce a list of web pages ordered by their relevance and can display this list as a result of the search. Crawling also helps to validate web pages, analyse them, notify about page-updation, visualise web pages and sometimes for collecting e-mail addresses for spam purposes. They can be of different types, each one using different strategies and techniques to crawl web pages. This paper presents a review of various types of web crawlers.
Incorporating local variables in mixed-signal assertions

In verification of Analog and Mixed-Signal (AMS) designs, considerable efforts are being given now days towards extending assertion languages such as Property Specification Language (PSL) and SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) to capture mixed-signal behaviors and verify them on mixed-signal design at run-time. In SVA and PSL the temporal properties are written on boolean valued signals only, whereas in the AMS extensions we intend to handle the real valued variables (like voltages, currents etc) by encapsulating them in terms of analog predicates. In this paper we discuss how certain complex mixed-signal properties can be encoded with the help of local variables and describe a methodology for dynamically verifying such AMS properties by mapping them into SVA properties. We demonstrate the proof of concept using our prototype toolkit which parses the AMS properties involving local variables and generates corresponding equivalent SVA properties and Verilog-AMS monitors to verify them dynamically using Synopsys' mixed-signal simulator Nanosim-VCS along with SVA checker.
The Future of Religiosity Education in Catholic Schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Religiosity education is an alternative to Catholic religious education in some Catholic schools in Yogyakarta. In religiosity education students learn to appreciate different religions. It was started in 1982 by the late Father Y.B. Mangunwijaya, and later developed by the Commission of Religious Education in the Diocese of Semarang (which includes Yogyakarta). This development took place at a time of tension for Christian schools, because, under the terms of a new law, they had to offer religious education specific to every student's religion. Religiosity education was successfully developed as a new curriculum, which met the criteria of multicultural education. Unfortunately, when the government Education Office in Yogyakarta did not accept religiosity education as an alternative to Catholic religious education, most Catholic schools withdrew from implementing it. The future of religiosity education in Yogyakarta was uncertain. However, this research shows that much Catholic religious education is currently undertaken in the same way as religiosity education, using the reflective pedagogy paradigm. So the spirit of religiosity education remains in these schools – though without the actual term. The paper argues that the spirit of religiosity education should be maintained in Catholic schools in Yogyakarta in order to contribute to making Yogya a true ‘city of tolerance’.