Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biased dictionaries with fast insert/deletes

A dictionary data structure supports efficient <italic>search, insert,</italic> and <italic>delete</italic> operations on <italic>n</italic> keys from a totally ordered universe. Red-black trees, 2-3 trees, AVL trees, skip lists and other classic data structures facilitate <italic>O</italic>(log<italic>n</italic>) time search, insert and deletes, matching the information theoretic lower bound when access probabilities are uniform i.i. d. If access probabilities are non-uniform but still i.i. d. , there are other <italic>weighted</italic> data structures such as D-trees, biased search trees, splay trees and treaps which can achieve optimality. In many applications, however, the source of nonuniformity in access probabilities is <italic>locality of reference</italic>: examples include memory, cache, disk and buffer management and emerging applications in internetwork traffic management. In such applications, the access probability of any given key is not i.i. d. , but decreases with idle time since the last access to the key. It is possible to adjust the weighted dictionaries to achieve optimal search time even under time dependent distributions; however insert/delete times will be suboptimal at <italic>O</italic>(log<italic>n</italic>). In this paper, we present a lazy updating scheme which can be applied to weighted dictionaries to improve their amortized insert/delete performance when access probabilities decrease with time; optimality of search time is preserved. More speci%cally, let <italic>r(k)</italic> be the number of distinct keys accessed since the last access to key <italic>k</italic>- that is <italic>r(k)</italic> is the move-to-front rank of <italic>k</italic>. Let <italic>rmax(k)</italic> be the maximum rank of <italic>k</italic> during its lifetime. Then our lazy update scheme enables the abovementioned data structures to perform search in <italic>O</italic>(log <italic>r(k)</italic>) time and insert/delete in <italic>O</italic>(log <italic>rmax(k)</italic>) time. We illustrate our lazy update scheme in the context of a new Biased Skip List data structure and show that our bounds are optimal.
Healthy Built Environments Supporting Everyday Occupations: Current Thinking in Urban Planning

Occupation is intrinsic to human health and occupations emerge from environmental opportunities. They are shaped by features of the context in which they happen. Yet the places where many people live out their everyday lives are not supportive of health. Car-dominated transport systems, reduced opportunities to be physically active, limited opportunities to access healthy food, and fewer places for people to connect with each other to build safe and happy communities, are all implicated. These are part of the built environment which plays a critical role in supporting human health and well-being. This article draws on interdisciplinary research evidence to show how the built environment can sustain the everyday and ordinary occupations of living, keeping people physically and mentally healthy.
Posttraumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth?

As more individuals bear witness to terrorist attacks, school shootings, or assaults, there has been an increase in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnosis that has generated controversy since its genesis during the Vietnam War. Is PTSD real or is it a modern myth? Is the counseling of its victims valuable or possibly harmful? Are the memories of childhood trauma uncovered by many people valid or are they unwitting fabrications? In this groundbreaking book, Chris Brewin, an internationally recognized expert on trauma, presents recent research on PTSD, memory, and neuroscience and offers a powerful new theory to explain conflicting findings about the nature and treatment of traumatic stress. At the core of the book is an analysis of how the impact of trauma affects memory and identity. Overwhelming stress can lead to a condition in which survivors are lost for words to describe what has happened to them but still experience vivid and inescapable images. Trauma also has the ability to bring about profound changes in identity and block normal mechanisms for correcting abnormal memory. Building on this analysis, Brewin explains why some interventions work and others are ineffective, and what could and should be done to help survivors.
Resveratrol, Potential Therapeutic Interest in Joint Disorders: A Critical Narrative Review

Trans-resveratrol (t-Res) is a natural compound of a family of hydroxystilbenes found in a variety of spermatophyte plants. Because of its effects on lipids and arachidonic acid metabolisms, and its antioxidant activity, t-Res is considered as the major cardioprotective component of red wine, leading to the “French Paradox” health concept. In the past decade, research on the effects of resveratrol on human health has developed considerably in diverse fields such as cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. In the field of rheumatic disorders, in vitro evidence suggest anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative properties of t-Res in various articular cell types, including chondrocytes and synoviocytes, along with immunomodulation properties on T and B lymphocytes. In preclinical models of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, resveratrol has shown joint protective effects, mainly mediated by decreased production of pro-inflammatory and pro-degradative soluble factors, and modulation of cellular and humoral responses. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed evidence supporting a potential therapeutic interest of t-Res in treating symptoms related to rheumatic disorders.
A World of Difference: Unraveling the Conversations African American Mothers Have with Their Adult Daughters to Negotiate Diabetes

Of the 15.7 million people with diabetes in the United States, more than half are women and minority women account for the highest rates of type II diabetes. Medical literature offers a comprehensive biomedical overview of diabetes yet communication scholars have yet to unravel this health disparity, particularly as it relates to black women. The goal of this article is to understand conversations that transpire between type II diabetic mothers and their adult daughter. The conversations held by these dyads can inform the meaning mothers give to their illness. A socio-ecological model was used as the theoretical framework to explain the multi-layered aspect of communicative health behavior. Emergent themes highlight conversations about the familial dynamics, mothers' experiences living with diabetes, and prevention for daughters. This research has extensive value for understanding the role of talk in negotiating a chronic illness and is particularly useful as a cultural snapshot for practitioners who provide information on self-care and prevention to black populations.
Swelling‐activated ion channels: functional regulation in cell‐swelling, proliferation and apoptosis

Cell volume regulation is one of the most fundamental homeostatic mechanisms and essential for normal cellular function. At the same time, however, many physiological mechanisms are associated with regulatory changes in cell size meaning that the set point for cell volume regulation is under physiological control. Thus, cell volume is under a tight and dynamic control and abnormal cell volume regulation will ultimately lead to severe cellular dysfunction, including alterations in cell proliferation and cell death. This review describes the different swelling‐activated ion channels that participate as key players in the maintenance of normal steady‐state cell volume, with particular emphasis on the intracellular signalling pathways responsible for their regulation during hypotonic stress, cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF57 Protein Binds and Protects a Nuclear Noncoding RNA from Cellular RNA Decay Pathways

The control of RNA stability is a key determinant in cellular gene expression. The stability of any transcript is modulated through the activity of cis- or trans-acting regulatory factors as well as cellular quality control systems that ensure the integrity of a transcript. As a result, invading viral pathogens must be able to subvert cellular RNA decay pathways capable of destroying viral transcripts. Here we report that the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 protein binds to a unique KSHV polyadenylated nuclear RNA, called PAN RNA, and protects it from degradation by cellular factors. ORF57 increases PAN RNA levels and its effects are greatest on unstable alleles of PAN RNA. Kinetic analysis of transcription pulse assays shows that ORF57 protects PAN RNA from a rapid cellular RNA decay process, but ORF57 has little effect on transcription or PAN RNA localization based on chromatin immunoprecipitation and in situ hybridization experiments, respectively. Using a UV cross-linking technique, we further demonstrate that ORF57 binds PAN RNA directly in living cells and we show that binding correlates with function. In addition, we define an ORF57-responsive element (ORE) that is necessary for ORF57 binding to PAN RNA and sufficient to confer ORF57-response to a heterologous intronless β-globin mRNA, but not its spliced counterparts. We conclude that ORF57 binds to viral transcripts in the nucleus and protects them from a cellular RNA decay pathway. We propose that KSHV ORF57 protein functions to enhance the nuclear stability of intronless viral transcripts by protecting them from a cellular RNA quality control pathway.
A Family of LIM-Only Transcriptional Coactivators: Tissue-Specific Expression and Selective Activation of CREB and CREM

ABSTRACT Transcription factors of the CREB family control the expression of a large number of genes in response to various signaling pathways. Regulation mediated by members of the CREB family has been linked to various physiological functions. Classically, activation by CREB is known to occur upon phosphorylation at an essential regulatory site (Ser133 in CREB) and the subsequent interaction with the ubiquitous coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP). However, the mechanism by which selectivity is achieved in the identification of target genes, as well as the routes adopted to ensure tissue-specific activation, remains unrecognized. We have recently described the first tissue-specific coactivator of CREB family transcription factors, ACT (activator of CREM in testis). ACT is a LIM-only protein which associates with CREM in male germ cells and provides an activation function which is independent of phosphorylation and CBP. Here we characterize a family of LIM-only proteins which share common structural organization with ACT. These are referred to as four-and-a-half-LIM-domain (FHL) proteins and display tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression. FHL proteins display different degrees of intrinsic activation potential. They provide powerful activation function to both CREB and CREM when coexpressed either in yeast or in mammalian cells, specific combinations eliciting selective activation. Deletion analysis of the ACT protein shows that the activation function depends on specific arrangements of the LIM domains, which are essential for both transactivation and interaction properties. This study uncovers the existence of a family of tissue-specific coactivators that operate through novel, CBP-independent routes to elicit transcriptional activation by CREB and CREM. The future identification of additional partners of FHL proteins is likely to reveal unappreciated aspects of tissue-specific transcriptional regulation.
An Application of the Seven Principles of Good Practice to Online Courses.

Online learning has become a more common way to earn a college degree during the past ten years. Therefore, curriculum designers must evaluate the best ways in which to deliver information and assess student knowledge in an online forum. One way in which online courses can be designed is by using Chickering's Seven Principles of Good Practice (1996). This article analyzes the usefulness of each of the principles and suggests ways in which the principle can be implemented effectively in an online forum.
Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Decontamination in a Patient Room Using Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus as Surrogate Markers for Human Norovirus

OBJECTIVE To determine whether hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) could be used to decontaminate caliciviruses from surfaces in a patient room. DESIGN Feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) were used as surrogate viability markers to mimic the noncultivable human norovirus. Cell culture supernatants of FCV and MNV were dried in triplicate 35-mm wells of 6-well plastic plates. These plates were placed in various positions in a nonoccupied patient room that was subsequently exposed to HPV. Control plates were positioned in a similar room but were never exposed to HPV. METHODS Virucidal activity was measured in cell culture by reduction in 50% tissue culture infective dose titer for FCV and by both 50% tissue culture infective dose titer and plaque reduction for MNV. RESULTS Neither viable FCV nor viable MNV could be detected in the test room after HPV treatment. At least 3.65 log reduction for FCV and at least 3.67 log reduction for MNV were found by 50% tissue culture infective dose. With plaque assay, measurable reduction for MNV was at least 2.85 log units. CONCLUSIONS The successful inactivation of both surrogate viruses indicates that HPV could be a useful tool for surface decontamination of a patient room contaminated by norovirus. Hence nosocomial spread to subsequent patients can be avoided. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:561–566
Neuromyelitis optica-IgG (aquaporin-4) autoantibodies in immune mediated optic neuritis

The clinical course of immune mediated optic neuritis (ON) will depend on the specific underlying inflammatory disease. These disorders have traditionally been classified according to clinical and MRI findings. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies (neuromyelitis optica-IgG (NMO-IgG)) may have diagnostic and prognostic value in patients who present with isolated ON. In this prospective study, NMO-IgG was evaluated in 114 patients with ON in the following contexts: neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis (MSON), chronic relapsing inflammatory ON (CRION), relapsing isolated ON (RION) and single isolated ON (SION). The proportion seropositive was 56% for NMO (n = 9), 0% for MSON (n = 28) and 5% for the remaining diagnostic categories (CRION (n = 19), RION (n = 17) and SION (n = 41)). Testing for NMO-IgG in patients with recurrent or severe ON who lack convincing evidence of MS may identify patients who would benefit from immunosuppression rather than MS directed immunomodulatory therapies.
Evolution and issue patterns for major-sport-event organizing committees and their stakeholders.

The purpose of this article is to develop a framework of how organizing committees operationally evolve and the types of issues with which they and their stakeholders must deal. Based on a combination of stakeholder theory and issues management, a case study of the 1999 Pan American Games held in Winnipeg, Canada, was built using archival material and interviews. Three major organizing-committee operational modes emerged: planning, implementation, and wrap-up. Issue categories faced by the organizing committee and its stakeholders included politics, visibility, financial, organizing, relationships, operations, sport, infrastructure, human resources, media, interdependence, participation, and legacy. Issue-category prominence depended on the operational mode and organizing-committee member hierarchical level, such that issues became less strategic and broad as one moved through operational modes or down the hierarchy. Issue categories also differed within stakeholder groups, whereas stakeholder interests (.
An invited article Facilitating human–computer communication

ABSTRACT Basic cognitive psychology can provide guidelines for how to design computer systems that are easy for people to use. Prior knowledge of the real world and natural language affect the way people use computers, so computer systems that are consistent with this prior knowledge are easier for people to use. Providing users with mental models for a computer system will allow them to solve more complex problems and understand sequences of commands better. Computer systems should be flexible to accommodate the individual differences between users, but the complexity of understandable computer systems is constrained by the limited information processing capacity of users. The domain of human–computer communication promises to be a fertile domain for applied tests of cognitive theories.
Context into text into context: marketing practice into theory; marketing theory into practice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamics of marketing practice and theory in arguing that much of the dislocation between strategy and practice is due to the inheritance and internalisation of often impractical but persistently dominant, tacit Cartesian assumptions. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses case methodology to examine the marketing theory into practice/marketing practice into theory conundrum and explores: their separation (marketing theory and marketing practice); their flows (context to text to context: theory into practice/practice into theory); their symbiosis (the praxis of marketing); and the dynamic and static (in situ/in aspic) nature of their duality. This work is an exploratory empirical study undertaken in what is a very under-researched area. Findings – In this paper, marketing theory and marketing practice are recognised as occupying different epistemes. The lifeworld of marketing theorising appears as characterised by a relatively homogenous and mos.
Preferences for training options: A conjoint analysis

Singapore is a growing educational hub for the Asia Pacific region. However, no prior research has examined how Singaporean managers trade off attributes of training programs when making executive training decisions. The current study used conjoint analysis to identify the most important attributes of training programs as word of mouth, trainers' practical experience, and institutional reputation. Three clearly distinct segments were found: pragmatic executives, who preferred experienced trainers and were somewhat pricesensitive; willing-to-pay executives, who were willing to pay higher fees; and quality-conscious executives, who preferred attribute levels that relate to high quality, including trainers with a higher level of practical experience and an above-average institutional reputation.
Vaccination Targeting a Surface Sialidase of P. acnes: Implication for New Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

Background Acne vulgaris afflicts more than fifty million people in the United State and the severity of this disorder is associated with the immune response to Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Systemic therapies for acne target P. acnes using antibiotics, or target the follicle with retinoids such as isotretinoin. The latter systemic treatment is highly effective but also carries a risk of side effects including immune imbalance, hyperlipidemia, and teratogenicity. Despite substantial research into potential new therapies for this common disease, vaccines against acne vulgaris are not yet available. Methods and Findings Here we create an acne vaccine targeting a cell wall-anchored sialidase of P. acnes. The importance of sialidase to disease pathogenesis is shown by treatment of a human sebocyte cell line with recombinant sialidase that increased susceptibility to P. acnes cytotoxicity and adhesion. Mice immunized with sialidase elicit a detectable antibody; the anti-sialidase serum effectively neutralized the cytotoxicity of P. acnes in vitro and P. acnes-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in human sebocytes. Furthermore, the sialidase-immunized mice provided protective immunity against P. acnes in vivo as this treatment blocked an increase in ear thickness and release of pro-inflammatory macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-2) cytokine. Conclusions Results indicated that acne vaccines open novel therapeutic avenues for acne vulgaris and other P. acnes-associated diseases.
Impact of request dispatching granularity in geographically distributed Web systems

The advent of the mobile Web and the increasing demand for personalized contents arise the need for computationally expensive services, such as dynamic generation and on-the- fly adaptation of contents. Providing these services exacerbates the performance issues that have to be addressed by the underlying Web architecture. When performance issues are addressed through geographically distributed Web systems with a large number of nodes located on the network edge, the dispatching mechanism that distributes requests among the system nodes becomes a critical element. In this paper, we investigate how the granularity of re- quest dispatching may affect the performance of a distributed Web system for personalized contents. Through a real prototype, we compare dispatching mechanisms operating at various levels of granularity for different workload and network scenarios. We demonstrate that the choice of the best granularity for request dispatching strongly depends on the characteristics of the workload in terms of heterogeneity and computational requirements. A coarse- grain dispatching is preferable only when the requests have similar computational requirements. In all other instances of skewed workloads, that we can consider more realistic, a fine-grain dispatching augments the control on the node load and allows the system to achieve better performance.
Intertwined medium access scheduling of upstream and downstream traffic in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, the sensor data are often aggregated en-route to the base-station in order to eliminate redundancy and conserve the network resources. The base-station not only acts as a destination for the upstream data traffic, but it also configures the network by transmitting commands downstream to nodes. The data delivery latency is a critical performance metric in time-sensitive applications and is considered by a number of data aggregation schemes in the literature. However, to the best of our knowledge, no solution has considered the scheduling of downstream packets, originated from the base-station, in conjunction with upstream data aggregation traffic. This paper fills such a gap and proposes MASAUD, which intertwines the medium access schedule of upstream and downstream traffic in order to reuse time slots in a non-conflicting manner and reduce delay. MASAUD can be integrated with any scheme for data aggregation scheduling. The simulation confirms the effectiveness of MASAUD.