Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate gold standard bias in cervical cancer screening studies

As acetic acid‐aided visual inspection (VIA) and colposcopic‐directed biopsy miss small ≥cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2, inflation of sensitivity of VIA may occur when colposcopic‐directed biopsy is the gold standard for ≥CIN 2. To determine whether such inflation occurs, we reviewed 375 women with ≥CIN 2 from the Shanxi Province Cervical Cancer Screening Study II. These women had positive self or physician‐collected tests for high‐risk human papillomavirus or abnormal cervical cytology and had VIA followed by colposcopy with directed biopsy and endocervical curettage (ECC). If a cervical quadrant had no lesion, a random biopsy at the squamocolumnar junction within that quadrant was obtained. Sensitivity of colposcopic‐directed biopsy was higher for ≥CIN 2 involving 3–4 cervical quadrants (81.3%) than for ≥CIN 2 involving 0–2 quadrants (49.0%, p < 0.001). Sensitivities of VIA, cytology of ≥ASC‐US, ≥LSIL, and ≥HSIL were higher for ≥CIN 2 involving 3–4 quadrants than for ≥CIN 2 involving 0–2 quadrants. When a colposcopic‐directed biopsy gold standard was compared with that of a 5‐biopsy standard (which included ≥CIN 2 from colposcopic‐directed biopsy, random biopsy, or ECC), the sensitivity for ≥CIN 2 of VIA was inflated by 20.0% (65.9% vs. 45.9%, p < 0.001). Sensitivities of other screening tests were not affected. Similar inflation of sensitivity of VIA was found with an endpoint of ≥CIN 3 (70.4% vs. 52.0%, p = 0.0013). Inflation of sensitivity of VIA depended upon agreement between colposcopic‐directed biopsy and the screening tests as measured by kappa. Studies of VIA that used colposcopic‐directed biopsy as the gold standard require reevaluation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of 4‐aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium ions on normal and demyelinated mammalian nerve fibres.

1. 4‐Aminopyridine (4AP) and tetraethylammonium ions (TEA), which block voltage‐dependent potassium channels in other nerve membranes, have been used to study nerve conduction in fibres of normal rat spinal roots and those demyelinated with diphtheria toxin. The pharmacological actions have been compared with those of temperature. 2. Both TEA and 4AP increased the amplitude and duration of the monophasically recorded compound action potentials of non‐myelinated fibres in normal rat dorsal roots. Enhancement of the action potential amplitude by 4AP was maximal near 1 mM, and was not readily reversed by washing. At concentrations up to 50 mM the action of TEA was weaker and reversible. 3. In normal dorsal and ventral roots TEA (20 mM) and 4AP (5 mM) had only a mildly depressant action on the compound action potentials of myelinated fibres. Whereas the slight reduction in peak amplitude and increase in width was also found in a single fibres treated with TEA, none was discerned in single fibres exposed to 4AP over a wide temperature range. 4. It is concluded that voltage‐dependent potassium channels occur in significant numbers in mammalian non‐myelinated fibres, but not at nodes of Ranvier. 5. Spinal roots previously treated with diphtheria toxin to cause demyelination were studied by longitudinal current analysis. Fibres affected by diphtheria toxin had a late phase of outward current, either restricted to nodes or, in the case of continuous conduction, distributed along internodes, and this outward current was specifically blocked by 4AP. 6. Both 4AP and TEA increased the temperature at which conduction block occurred in most single demyelinated fibres, so that in some cases fibres blocked at physiological temperatures were enabled to conduct. 4AP was more potent than TEA, but less consistent in its effect. 7. It is concluded that potassium channels are present at widened nodes and in internodal axolemma exposed by demyelination. Their presence enables TEA and 4AP to overcome conduction block in some demyelinated nerve fibres.
Modifying Risk Factors in the Management of Erectile Dysfunction: A Review

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is prevalent among men and its presence is often an indicator of systemic disease. Risk factors for ED include cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, hypogonadism, lower urinary tract symptoms, metabolic syndrome, and depression. Addressing the modifiable risk factors frequently improves a patient's overall health and increases lifespan. The literature suggests that smoking cessation, treatment of hyperlipidemia, and increasing physical activity will improve erectile function in many patients. How the treatment of DM, depression, and hypogonadism impacts erectile function is less clear. Clinicians need to be aware that certain antihypertensive agents can adversely impact erectile function. The treatment of men with ED needs to address the underlying risk factors to ameliorate the disease process.
Dynamics of Persistent and Acute Deformed Wing Virus Infections in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

The dynamics of viruses are critical to our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Using honey bee Deformed wing virus (DWV) as a model, we conducted field and laboratory studies to investigate the roles of abiotic and biotic stress factors as well as host health conditions in dynamics of virus replication in honey bees. The results showed that temperature decline could lead to not only significant decrease in the rate for pupae to emerge as adult bees, but also an increased severity of the virus infection in emerged bees, partly explaining the high levels of winter losses of managed honey bees, Apis mellifera, around the world. By experimentally exposing adult bees with variable levels of parasitic mite Varroa destructor, we showed that the severity of DWV infection was positively correlated with the density and time period of Varroa mite infestation, confirming the role of Varroa mites in virus transmission and activation in honey bees. Further, we showed that host conditions have a significant impact on the outcome of DWV infection as bees that originate from strong colonies resist DWV infection and replication significantly better than bee originating from weak colonies. The information obtained from this study has important implications for enhancing our understanding of host‑pathogen interactions and can be used to develop effective disease control strategies for honey bees.
The Immunisation Status of Poor Children: An Analysis of Parental Altruism and Child Well-Being

One out of every five children in the United States is growing up in a household where the family income is at or below the poverty threshold. The stress of poverty creates heighten parental stress, straining their capacity to provide warmth, understanding, and guidance for their children. The lack of an adequate income simply may not allow parents to focus their time and energies on parenting; rather, they are constantly struggling to survive. From an economic viewpoint, poverty
Modulation of GLO1 Expression Affects Malignant Properties of Cells

The energy metabolism of most tumor cells relies on aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) characterized by an increased glycolytic flux that is accompanied by the increased formation of the cytotoxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO). Consequently, the rate of detoxification of this reactive glycolytic byproduct needs to be increased in order to prevent deleterious effects to the cells. This is brought about by an increased expression of glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) that is the rate-limiting enzyme of the MGO-detoxifying glyoxalase system. Here, we overexpressed GLO1 in HEK 293 cells and silenced it in MCF-7 cells using shRNA. Tumor-related properties of wild type and transformed cells were compared and key glycolytic enzyme activities assessed. Furthermore, the cells were subjected to hypoxic conditions to analyze the impact on cell proliferation and enzyme activities. Our results demonstrate that knockdown of GLO1 in the cancer cells significantly reduced tumor-associated properties such as migration and proliferation, whereas no functional alterations where found by overexpression of GLO1 in HEK 293 cells. In contrast, hypoxia caused inhibition of cell growth of all cells except of those overexpressing GLO1. Altogether, we conclude that GLO1 on one hand is crucial to maintaining tumor characteristics of malignant cells, and, on the other hand, supports malignant transformation of cells in a hypoxic environment when overexpressed.
Nonperturbative effects in matrix models and D-branes

The large order growth of string perturbation theory in c ≤ 1 conformal field theory coupled to world sheet gravity implies the presence of O(e-1/gs) non-perturbative effects, whose leading behavior can be calculated in the matrix model approach. Recently it was proposed that the same effects should be reproduced by studying certain localized D-branes in Liouville Field Theory, which were constructed by A. and Al. Zamolodchikov. We discuss this correspondence in a number of different cases: unitary minimal models coupled to Liouville, where we compare the continuum analysis to the matrix model results of Eynard and Zinn-Justin, and compact c = 1 CFT coupled to Liouville in the presence of a condensate of winding modes, where we derive the matrix model prediction and compare it to Liouville theory. In both cases we find agreement between the two approaches. The c = 1 analysis also leads to predictions about properties of D-branes localized in the vicinity of the tip of the cigar in SL(2)/U(1) CFT with c = 26.
Implantable multichannel electrode array based on SOI technology

This work presents a new method of fabricating implantable multielectrode arrays on lightly doped single-crystal silicon. Such arrays are essential tools for electrical stimulation and recording of nerve signals. Our new microfabrication process, based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, inherently has excellent control over the final probe thickness without wet etching. The needle shanks are 6 mm long and 80 /spl mu/m wide. Here the thickness of the probe, 25 /spl mu/m, is defined by the device layer thickness on the SOI wafer. Our new sprinkler fluidic channel, which has holes spaced 50 /spl mu/m apart along its 6 mm length, permits the perfusion of a large area of tissue with any desired neurotransmitter or other drug. The probes fabricated here are tested in the cat primary visual cortex; data recorded from adjacent neurons was used to characterize their orientation tuning. The sprinkler channel was characterized, and flowrate through the channel is a linear function of the applied pressure.
Initial Results in the Development of SCAN A Swedish Clinical Abbreviation Normalizer

Abbreviations are common in clinical documentation, as this type of text is written under time-pressure and serves mostly for internal communica- tion. This study attempts to apply and extend existing rule-based algorithms that have been developed for English and Swedish abbreviation detection, in order to create an abbreviation detection algorithm for Swedish clinical texts that can identify and suggest definitions for abbreviations and acronyms. This can be used as a pre-processing step for further information extraction and text mining models, as well as for readability solutions. Through a literature review, a number of heuristics were defined for automat- ic abbreviation detection. These were used in the construction of the Swedish Clinical Abbreviation Normalizer (SCAN). The heuristics were: a) freely avail- able external resources: a dictionary of general Swedish, a dictionary of medical terms and a dictionary of known Swedish medical abbreviations, b) maximum word lengths (from three to eight characters), and c) heuristics for handling common patterns such as hyphenation. For each token in the text, the algorithm checks whether it is a known word in one of the lexicons, and whether it fulfills the criteria for word length and the created heuristics. The final algorithm was evaluated on a set of 300 Swedish clinical notes from an emergency department at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm. These notes were annotated for abbreviations, a total of 2,050 tokens. This set was annotated by a physician accustomed to reading and writing medical records. The algorithm was tested in different variants, where the word lists were modified, heuristics adapted to characteristics found in the texts, and different combinations of word lengths. The best performing version of the algorithm achieved an F-Measure score of 79%, with 76% recall and 81% precision, which is a considerable improvement over the baseline where each token was only matched against the word lists (51% F-measure, 87% recall, 36% preci- sion). Not surprisingly, precision results are higher when the maximum word length is set to the lowest (three), and recall results higher when it is set to the highest (eight). Algorithms for rule-based systems, mainly developed for English, can be successfully adapted for abbreviation detection in Swedish medical records. System performance relies heavily on the quality of the external resources, as well as on the created heuristics. In order to improve results, part-of-speech in-
Prevalence of antimitochondrial antibodies in autism spectrum subjects

ABSTRACT Objective: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication, repetitive and stereotypic behavior. Dysregulated immune system has a role in the pathogenesis of Autism. This study was designed to measure the prevalence of antimitochondrial (AM) antibodies in a group of autistic children. Methods: AM antibodies subtype 2 (AMA-M2) were evaluated by indirect solid phase enzyme immunoassay in 62 autistic children and 14 age-matched healthy controls. Autistic activity was assessed by using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Results: Significantly elevated levels of AMA-M2 were observed in the sera of autistic children (n = 54, 0.221 ± 0.029 IU/ml [mean ± SEM]) compared with healthy controls (n = 14, 0.111 ± 0.010 IU/ml [mean ± SEM], p = 0.0008) and there was no significant difference in patients with moderate to severe autism (p = 0.49). AM antibodies in autistic patients have no correlation with Childhood Autism Rating Scale score. Conclusion: T.
A synthesis of the Antarctic surface mass balance during the last 800 yr

Abstract. Global climate models suggest that Antarctic snowfall should increase in a warming climate and mitigate rises in the sea level. Several processes affect surface mass balance (SMB), introducing large uncertainties in past, present and future ice sheet mass balance. To provide an extended perspective on the past SMB of Antarctica, we used 67 firn/ice core records to reconstruct the temporal variability in the SMB over the past 800 yr and, in greater detail, over the last 200 yr. Our SMB reconstructions indicate that the SMB changes over most of Antarctica are statistically negligible and that the current SMB is not exceptionally high compared to the last 800 yr. High-accumulation periods have occurred in the past, specifically during the 1370s and 1610s. However, a clear increase in accumulation of more than 10% has occurred in high SMB coastal regions and over the highest part of the East Antarctic ice divide since the 1960s. To explain the differences in behaviour between the coastal/ice divide sites and the rest of Antarctica, we suggest that a higher frequency of blocking anticyclones increases the precipitation at coastal sites, leading to the advection of moist air in the highest areas, whereas blowing snow and/or erosion have significant negative impacts on the SMB at windy sites. Eight hundred years of stacked records of the SMB mimic the total solar irradiance during the 13th and 18th centuries. The link between those two variables is probably indirect and linked to a teleconnection in atmospheric circulation that forces complex feedback between the tropical Pacific and Antarctica via the generation and propagation of a large-scale atmospheric wave train.
Risky Alcohol Consumption by Young, Female Australians: The Influence of Significant others

This research used consumer behavior and social marketing principles to examine alcohol consumption among young female university students in Australia. Due to the high prevalence of risky alcohol consumption among this cohort, this study sought to examine the factors that influence the behavior of these individuals (Dowdall and Wechsler 2002; Shim and Maggs 2005). To date, this area of research has remained relatively unexplored. This article reports on the behavior of consumers in this cohort with a particular focus on reference group influence, in an attempt to make a contribution to future social marketing campaigns aimed at changing high risk behavior in the context of alcohol. The article also provides some insights into the possible components of a successful social marketing intervention program.
Two Constructions for Tower-Type Lower Bounds of Szemerédi ’ s Regularity Lemma

The theory of random graph is one of the most important theories in modern combinatorics and theoretical computer science. This naturally leads to the following question: what is the essential property of a random graph? How can we distinguish a given graph from a random graphs? This leads to the development of pseudo-random graph theory (quasi-random graphs). [2] gives a complete survey on pseudo-random graphs. Diverse methods have been applied to study these graphs including algebraic, combinatorial, probabilistic, and spectral methods. There are many equivalent definitions of pseudo-random graphs, for example, by the number of 4-cycles in the graphs, the number of edges between any two subsets of vertices, etc. [3] elaborates on the equivalence of all these definitions. One of the important topics in pseudo-random graph theory is Szemerédi’s Regularity Lemma. It was introduced by Szemerédi in his attempting proof [5] of the Erdős–Turán conjecture on long arithmetic progressions in dense subsets of the integers. Roughly speaking, it says that every large graph can be partitioned into a small number of parts such that the bipartite subgraph between almost every pair of parts is random-like. This structure is useful for approximating the number of copies of some fixed subgraph. [7] provides an excellent survey on Szemerédi’s Regularity Lemma. One weakness of Szemerédi’s Regularity Lemma is that in the proof the number of partitions could be very large, i.e. a tower of twos of height proportional to the regularity parameter. Gowers, in [1], proved that this lower bound is necessary by constructing a graph with this property. In this article, we try to make clear all the details of these constructions. However, this lower bound implies that any proof using Szemerédi’s Regularity Lemma will lead to poor bounds. For instance, the Triangle Removal Lemma (or more generally the Subgraph Removal Lemma) also has a tower-type dependence on the parameter. But Jacob Fox [4] found a proof recently for Graph Removal Lemma that avoids Szemerédi’s Regularity Lemma, and therefore improved the tower-type bounds. In [8], Alon proves that the number of edges to be removed in
Provided for Non-commercial Research and Educational Use Only. Not for Reproduction, Distribution or Commercial Use. the Genetics of Plant Clocks

benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution's website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at:
Materialism: the good, the bad, and the ugly

Abstract Materialism has a generally held connotation that is associated with character deficiencies, self-centeredness, and unhappiness, and most extant research views materialism as having a negative influence on well-being. In this article, we review and synthesise research that supports both positive and negative outcomes of behaviours associated with materialism. We conceptualise materialism in terms of the motives underlying materialistic behaviour, and situate our review and synthesis of materialism research within this context. In doing so, we document the utility of a motives-based view of materialism and propose research agendas that arise from this motives-based perspective.
A national study of prevocational education

Journal of Career Development, Vol. 18(4), Summer 1992 The nationwide education reform movement that began with publication of A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983) has brought about sweeping changes in secondary level education. Most reforms have focused on basic skills, higher academic standards, and increased graduation requirements. Not all reforms, however, have been confined to academic subjects. Lewis (1987) noted that:
Arabic/English word translation disambiguation using parallel corpora and matching schemes

The limited covera ge of available Arabic language lexicons causes a serious challenge in Arabic cross language information retrieval. Translation in cross language information retrieval consists of assigning one of the semantic representation terms in the target language to the intended query. Despite the problem of the completeness of the dictionary, we also face the problem of which one of the translations proposed by the dictionary for each query term should be included in the query translations. In this paper, we describe the implementation and evaluation of an Arabic/English word translation disambiguation approach that is based on exploiting a large bilingual corpus and statistical co-occurrence to find the correct sense for the query translations terms. The correct word translations of the given query term are determined based on their cohesion with words in the training corpus and a special similarity score measure. The specific properties of the Arabic language that frequently hinder the correct match are taken into account.
Making it in the Political Blogosphere: The World's Top Political Bloggers Share the Secrets to Success

Fuller, M. & Goffey, A. (2009) ‘Toward an evil media studies’, in The Spam Book. On Porn, Viruses and Other Anomalous Objects from the Dark Side of Digital Culture, eds J. Parikka & T. Sampson, The Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ, pp. 141–159.Fuller, M. & Goffey, A. (2012) Evil Media, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Schäfer, M. T. (2012) ‘? Rogue scholars in the Sim City University’, Dub Columb, 22 May, 2012, [Online] Available at: http://www.dub. uu.nl/artikel/column/ rogue-scholars-sim-city-university.html (5 August 2012).
The Data Ring: Community Content Sharing

Information ubiquity has created a large crowd of users (most notably scientists), who could employ DBMS technol- ogy to process and share their data more e! ec tively. Still, this user base prefers to keep its data in files that can be easily managed by applications such as spreadsheets, rather than deal with the complexity and rigidity of modern database systems. In this paper, we propose a vision for enabling non-experts, such as scientists, to build content sharing communities in a true database fashion: declaratively. The proposed infras- tructure, called the data ring, enables users to manage and share their data with minimal e! ort; the user points to the data that should be shared, and the data ring becomes re- sponsible for automatically indexing the data (to make it accessible), replicating it (for availability), and reorganiz- ing its physical storage (for better query performance). We outline the salient features of our proposal, and outline re- search challenges that must be addressed in order to realize this vision.