Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Disconnection Based Brain Hemisphere Segmentation in MRI : Applications to Brain Asymmetry Studies

With the development of neuroinformatics, a number of large int rnational databases of brain imaging data have been built by integrati n images collected from multiple imaging centers or neuroscientific research i nstitutes. This thesis aims to develop accurate, robust and automatic brain image a nalysis methods that can be applied to analyze the images contained in the lar g databases. First a fully automatic algorithm, the Adaptive Disconnection method, was developed to segment the brain volume into the left and right cerebral hemispheres, the left and right cerebellar hemispheres and the b rainstem in threedimensional magnetic resonance images. Using the partial d ifferential equations based shape bottlenecks algorithm cooperating with a n information potential value clustering process, the method detects and cu ts, first, the compartmental connections between the cerebrum, the cerebellum an d the brainstem in the white matter domain, and then, the interhemispheric c onnections of the extracted cerebrum and cerebellum volumes. The modeling of partial volume effect is used to locate cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem boundaries, and make the interhemispheric connections detectable. With th e knowledge of the subject orientation in the scanner, the Adaptive Disconnection method can automatically adapt the variations in subject location and norm al brain morphology in different images without the aid of stereotaxic registra tion. The method was evaluated with one simulated realistic database and three c linical databases. The evaluation results showed that the developed method is very accurate and can well tolerate the image noises and intensity non-uniformit y. TheAdaptive Disconnectionmethod was applied to analyses of cerebral structural asymm etries in schizophrenia. The obtained results were consistent wit h previously reported observations and hypotheses of abnormal brain asymmetry in sch zophrenia. Furthermore, an automatic shape analysis method was develo p d based on the Adaptive Disconnectionmethod for studying the Yakovlevian torque in three-dimensional brain magnetic resonance images by nume rically modeling the interhemispheric fissure shape with polynomial surface and measuring its regional averaged and local curvature features. This shape analysis method can produce straightforward quantification and geometric inte rpretation of local and regional Yakovlevian torque.
Indirect Study of the Astrophysically Relevant 6Li(p, α)3He Reaction by Means of the Trojan Horse Method

The Trojan Horse Method was applied to the 2 H( 6 Li,α 3 He)n three-body reaction in order to extract the bare nucleus S(E) factor for the 6 Li(p, α) 3 He reaction. The three-body reaction was performed in two kinematically complete experiments at beam energies of 25 and 14 MeV. The selected quasi-free coincidence yield was compared with the result of a Monte Carlo calculation where the entering two-body cross section was the result of a R-matrix parameterization of the direct two-body cross section. The quite good agreement throughout the investigated region above and below the p- 6 Li Coulomb barrier, allowed for the extraction of the bare S(E) factor in the astrophysical energy region. The S(0) value together with an independent estimate of the screening potential U e were derived and compared with those obtained from direct measurements.
Measuring and Estimating Treatment Effect on Count Outcome in Randomized Trial and Observational Studies

When estimating treatment effect on count outcome of given population, one uses different models in different studies, resulting in non-comparable measures of treatment effect. Here we show that the marginal rate differences in these studies are comparable measures of treatment effect. We estimate the marginal rate differences by log-linear models and show that their finite-sample maximum-likelihood estimates are unbiased and highly robust with respect to effects of dispersing covariates on outcome. We get approximate finite-sample distributions of these estimates by using the asymptotic normal distribution of estimates of the log-linear model parameters. This method can be easily applied to practice.
Supply chain management and its antecedents : An empirical investigation in Brazil

This paper tests the impact of four dimensions credibility, benevolence, top management support and internal relationship on the supply chain management, using structural equation modeling and a sample of 103 companies that have operations in Brazil. Although measurement models for the constructs defined as antecedents proved to be appropriate, results did not support the literature, as the relationships were not statistically significant. A possible explanation for this is the Brazilian environment, where the relationship between chain members are still based on market negotiations and bargaining power, with a volatile and unstable demand.
Exact Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Stationary Vector ARMA Models

The problems of evaluating and maximizing the exact likelihood function of vector ARMA models are considered separately. A new and efficient procedure for evaluating the exact likelihood function is presented. This method puts together a set of useful features which can only be found separately in currently available algorithms. A procedure for maximizing the exact likelihood function, which takes full advantage of the properties offered by the evaluation algorithm, is also considered. Combining these two procedures, a new algorithm for exact maximum likelihood estimation of vector ARMA models is obtained. Comparisons with existing procedures, in terms of both analytical arguments and a numerical example, are given in order to show that the new estimation algorithm performs at least as well as existing ones, and that relevant real situations occur in which it do es better.
Drift waves in a straight stellarator

The eigenmode structure of drift waves in a straight stellarator using the ballooning mode formalism is investigated. The electrons are assumed to be adiabatic and the ions constitute a cold, magnetized fluid. The ‘‘effective potential’’ has an overall parabolic envelope but is modulated strongly by helical ripples along B. Two classes of solutions are found: those that are strongly localized in local helical wells, and those that are weakly localized and have broad spatial extent. The weakly localized modes decay spatially due to the existence of Mathieu resonances between the periods of the eigenfunction and the modulation of the ‘‘effective potential. ’’
How Do the Asian and the Asia-Pacific Equity Markets Covariate? The Linkage with Japan

The objective of this paper is to reveal the situations of time-series changes of the covariations of stock returns between the Japanese markets and other Asian and Asia-pacific markets. In this paper, we first statistically revealed that the connections between stock returns between the Japanese markets and other Asian and Asia-pacific markets recently gradually increased. Second, our empirical examinations also clarified that right after the Lehman Shock in the US, the covariations between stock returns in Japan and other Asian and Asia-pacific markets generally increased.
Theoretical analysis of wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing in light-holding SOAs

We propose to use an additional injection beam of short wavelength to enhance the wavelength conversion that utilizes the four-wave-mixing (FWM) effect in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). With this scheme, the assist light can increase the saturation intensity without sacrificing the gain of an SOA, and this leads to an increase in conversion efficiency. A numerical method dealing with various FWM mechanisms, such as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, longitudinal spatial hole burning, and wavelength-dependent gain spectrum, is developed to predict the static characteristics of our scheme. The carrier densities are nonuniformly distributed along the longitudinal direction of the SOA as a result of the ASE effect, which affects the measurement of the wavelength-dependent transparent current. The effects of an assist light on saturation output power and conversion efficiency are analyzed in detail. The analysis shows that using an assist light can improve both the conversion efficiency and signal-to-background-noise ratio (SBR) for SOAs of different lengths. The degree of improvement depends on the bias condition, assist light wavelength, and the device geometry. The study for the device optimization reveals that a compromise between conversion efficiency and SBR must be made to choose the device length.
On the Representation of Ignorance

Abstract An invariance principle is used to show that λ−1 is the prior density representing ignorance concerning the parameter λ of a Poisson process, and a compatibility principle is applied to find an ignorance prior for the probabilities pi of the categories in a multinomial model. It is shown that IIpi −1 is the only positive and exchangeable prior that satisfies the compatibility condition.
Listeners' successful search for melodies scrambled into several octaves

Distorting familiar melodies by randomly assigning notes to different octaves makes recognition difficult. This difficulty can be lessened by preserving the contour (ups and downs) of the original melody. These experiments (using complex tones) show that cuing with either the unscrambled melody itself or its title also improves performance. In experiment 1 listeners heard a “straight” version of a familiar or an unfamiliar melody, followed by a scrambled version of either the same melody or a lure. Hit rates for scrambled melodies averaged 0.80, while false alarms to lures averaged 0.40. In experiment 2, scrambled familiar melodies or lures were preceded by accurate or spurious titles, respectively. Hit rates were 0.80 and false‐alarms 0.20. These results show that listeners can use a memorized, pitch‐and‐time‐flexible, “melody template” in recognizing scrambled melodies, just as they can in recognizing an unscrambled melody temporally interleaved with other tones in the same pitch range. The template is .
High resolution frequency stability measurement system

This article reports on the frequency stability measurement system based upon the dual-mixer time-difference scheme working at 10 MHz with 1 Hz beat note. The principle of the system is reviewed, the design approach is described, and the experimental results are presented. The measurement system shows a stability of 5.6×10−14/τ (Allan deviation) and a temperature sensitivity of some picoseconds per Kelvin. An approach to reduce crosstalk problems has been tested.
A microwave imaging spectrometer for security applications

In recent years the security of people and critical infrastructures is of increasing interest. Passive microwave sensors in the range of 1 - 100 GHz are suitable for the detection of concealed objects and wide-area surveillance through poor weather and at day and night time. The enhanced extraction of significant information about an observed object is enabled by the use of a spectral sensitive system. For such a spectral radiometer in the microwave range also some depth information can be extracted. The usable frequency range is thereby dependent on the application. For through-wall imaging or detection of covert objects such as for example landmines, the lower microwave range is best suited. On the other hand a high spatial resolution requires higher frequencies or instruments with larger physical dimensions. The drawback of a large system is the required movement of a mirror or a deflecting plate in the case of a mechanical scanner system, or a huge amount of receivers in a fully-electronic instrument like a focal plane array. An innovative technique to overcome these problems is the application of aperture synthesis using a highly thinned array. The combination of spectral radiometric measurements within a wide frequency band, at a high resolution, and requiring a minimum of receivers and only minor moving parts led to the development of the ANSAS instrument (Abbildendes Niederfrequenz-Spektrometer mit Apertursynthese). ANSAS is a very flexible aperture synthesis technology demonstrator for the analysis of main features and interactions concerning high spatial resolution and spectral sensing within a wide frequency range. It consists of a rotated linear thinned array and thus the spatial frequency spectrum is measured on concentric circles. Hence the number of receivers and correlators is reduced considerably compared to a fully two-dimensional array, and measurements still can be done in a reasonable time. In this paper the basic idea of ANSAS and its setup are briefly introduced. Some first imaging results showing the basic capabilities are illustrated. Possible error sources and their impacts are discussed by simulation and compared to the measured data.
Residual stresses measurement by using ring-core method and 3D digital image correlation technique

Ring-core method/three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC) residual stresses measurement is proposed. Ring-core cutting is a mechanical stress relief method, and combining with 3D DIC system the deformation of the specimen surface can be measured. An optimization iteration method is proposed to obtain the residual stress and rigid-body motion. The method has the ability to cut an annular trench at a different location out of the field of view. A compression test is carried out to demonstrate how residual stress is determined by using 3D DIC system and outfield measurement. The results determined by the approach are in good agreement with the theoretical value. Ring-core/3D DIC has shown its robustness to determine residual stress and can be extended to application in the engineering field.
The shrinking-and-expanding method for the graph enumeration

Several problems on the graph enumeration, which can be solved by the use of a unified method suggested and developed by the first of the authors, are considered. In order to enumerate graphs of a given type, an induced subgraph with particular structure properties should be chosen in each graph and shrunk to a special vertex. The graphs obtained, which contain a fixed (special) vertex of some degree, and also the shrunk subgraphs are enumerated separately by some known methods of graph enumeration. The enumeration of the initial graphs is completed by summing, over all possible degrees of the special vertex, the products of the number of the shrunk subgraphs, the number of the graphs obtained after shrinking, and the number of ways of reconstructing (expanding to) the initial graph. 1. In this paper, we consider several problems on the graph enumeration, which can be solved by the use of a unified method suggested and developed by the first author in a series of papers [1-4]. The idea of the method is simple and was used without any special formalization by many authors beginning with J. W. Moon [5, 6]. The essence of the method can be described as follows. In order to enumerate graphs of a given type, an induced subgraph with particular structure properties should be chosen in each graph and shrunk to a special vertex. The graphs obtained, which contain a fixed (special) vertex of some degree, and also the shrunk subgraphs are enumerated separately by some known methods of graph enumeration. The enumeration of the initial graphs is completed by summing, over all possible degrees of the special vertex, the products of the number of the shrunk subgraphs, the number of the graphs obtained after shrinking, and the number of ways of reconstructing (expanding to) the initial graph. In the next sections the method of shrinking-and-expanding will be illustrated by several examples of solving enumeration problems. 2. Recall that a smooth graph is a connected graph without end vertices. A vertex of a graph is called inner if it belongs to the smooth graph which is obtained from a connected graph by sequential removing end vertices together with the incident edges until such vertices exist. It is clear that any connected graph which is not a tree *UDC 519.1. Originally published in Diskretnaya Matematika (1998) 10, No. 4 (in Russian). Received June 20, 1998. Translated by V. F. Kolchin. 494 G. N. Bagaev and V A. Voblyi consists of a smooth graph whose vertices are roots of trees. Let Vp be the number of labelled smooth graphs with p vertices and Cp(n) be the number of labelled connected graphs with n vertices among which p vertices are inner. Then
Characteristics of electron cyclotron harmonic waves observed in an active two‐point propagation experiment in the ionosphere

[1] Electrostatic electron cyclotron waves (ECWs), also-called electron Bernstein waves, observed at harmonics nfc of the electron cyclotron frequency fc were transmitted over field-aligned emitter-receiver separations of hundreds of meters in the active rocket experiment OEDIPUS-C. Although the 300-μs rectangular current pulses into the emitting antenna were smoothly maintained during the experiment, the resulting ECW pulses at the receiver exhibited considerable variety in both the time and frequency domains. A full hot-plasma dispersion relation has been applied to ray-tracing investigations to identify the rays that could connect the emitter and receiver in a smoothly varying model of the auroral ionospheric magnetoplasma. Theoretical connecting rays were limited to frequencies extending from 1 to a few kilohertz above 2fc, which was about 2.6 MHz. But the observed pulse spectra extended over a much broader bandwidth, from several kilohertz below nfc to several kilohertz above, for n = 2, 3, and 4. The broadening is interpreted as a consequence of Doppler effect caused by payload motion and backscatter of the ECWs. Field-aligned density irregularities typical of the auroral topside ionosphere or waves nonlinearly induced by the intense near fields of the HEX antenna may act as the scatterers.
Evidence for Enrichment of Niobium-92 in the Outer Protosolar Disk

The short-lived radionuclide, niobium-92 (92Nb), has been used to estimate the site of nucleosynthesis for p-nuclei and the timing of planetary differentiation, assuming that it was uniformly distributed in the early solar system. Here, we present the internal niobium–zirconium (Nb–Zr) isochron dating of Northwest Africa (NWA) 6704, an achondrite thought to form in the outer protosolar disk due to nucleosynthetic isotope similarities with carbonaceous chondrites. The isochron defines an initial 92Nb/93Nb ratio of (2.72 ± 0.25) × 10−5 at the NWA 6704 formation, 4562.76 ± 0.30 million years ago. This corresponds to a 92Nb/93Nb ratio of (2.96 ± 0.27) × 10−5 at the time of solar system formation, which is ∼80% higher than the values obtained from meteorites formed in the inner disk. The results suggest that a significant proportion of the solar 92Nb was produced by a nearby core-collapse supernova (CCSN) and that the outer disk was more enriched in CCSN ejecta, which could account for the heterogeneity of short-lived 26Al and nucleosynthetic stable-isotope anomalies across the disk. We propose that NWA 6704 serves as the best anchor for mapping relative Nb–Zr ages of objects in the outer solar system onto the absolute timescale.
Simulation of Rainfall-Runoff in the Diyala River Basin in Iraq using Hydrological Model by HMS with remote sensing, Geo-HMS and ArcGIS

In Iraq, the Diyala River (DR) occasionally experiences both droughts and floods. The DR is supplying the amount of water to Tigris River at the south of Baghdad. Estimation of runoff from precipitation is very important because of its impact on decision-making in water resources management. The conceptual and distributed hydrological model was adopted and by HEC-HMS, Geo-HMS, and GIS software, remote digital elevation models were processed. The sensitivity, calibration, and validation were made through the period 2017-2021. The estimated CN values were from 60 to 100 with distributed related ratios between 0.6% to 52.8%. The differences between the observed and estimated inlet discharge of Hemrin Dam were for (+0.1 to -0.2) % with some more at peak discharge point. The HEC-HMS, using data from NASA and FAO, was acceptable model. The results with an accuracy of 95%, which is indicated by the value of R2 and PBIAS indicators.
The Interplay Between Information and Estimation Measures

1. Introduction 2: Basic Information and Estimation Measures 3: Properties of the MMSE in Gaussian Noise 4: Mutual Information and MMSE: Basic Relationship 5: Mutual Information and MMSE in Discrete- and Continuous-time Gaussian Channels 6: Entropy, Relative Entropy, Fisher Information, and Mismatched Estimation 7: Applications of I-MMSE 8: Information and Estimation Measures in Poisson Models and Channels 9: Beyond Gaussian and Poisson Models 10: Outlook. Acknowledgements. Appendices. References.
Mixing and entrainment in developing stratified currents

The spatially developing region of a steady downslope current in transition from a hydraulically controlled, arrested wedge flow is examined through a set of laboratory experiments. The mixing and entrainment mechanisms at the shear interface are explored with the use of imaging techniques. The initial, unstable accelerating region, characterized by rapid development, low shear layer Richardson numbers and high entrainment rates, is limited by the effects of stratification which suppress the large-scale overturning. A subsequent high Richardson number region is characterized by weak entrainment and the collapse of turbulence from the initial region. The flow approaches a quasi-stable state as the mixed layer draws energy from the accelerating density current. Observed large-scale structure is attributed to an instability of the marginally unstable shear layer. Entrainment rates are calculated within each region for the various slopes considered and estimates for the extent of the transition regions are obtained.
Two ‐ Phase Pressure Drop Model for Homogenous Separated Flow for Circular Tube Condenser , Examined with Four Modern

Article history: Received 2 September 2018 Received in revised form 9 October 2018 Accepted 12 November 2018 Available online 15 December 2018 This study presents an analytical model for the calculation of two‐phase pressure drops for homogeneous separated flow for circular tube condensers. Four different refrigerants were used to examine the pressure‐drop model, and some parameters were selected for a trial test, such as vapor quality, inner tube diameter, and the mass flux at a given saturated temperature. The model demonstrates strong validity compared to previous works. The saturated temperature is given at 40C because most average condensing temperatures are equal to, or are approaching, this value. The pressure‐drop model was examined with four refrigerants: R134a, R507A, R600a, and R1234xyh. These refrigerants had different critical pressures, critical temperatures, and molecular weights. Three inner tube diameters were used to examine the model at 6mm, 8mm, and 12mm, and the mass flux was100, 200, 300, 500, and 800 kg/sec. m, with vapour quality ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 to 0.1 steps. The results indicate a good agreement of the two‐phase pressure‐drop behaviour for completely variable parameters compared with previous works. Finally, these findings suggest that this model can contribute to the design of heat exchangers and/or condensation tubes for other refrigerants.