Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antarctic echinoids and climate change: a major impact on the brooding forms

Ocean acidification (OA) and the accompanying changes to carbonate concentrations are predicted to have especially negative impacts in the Southern Ocean where, as a result of colder temperatures, there will be shallowing of both the aragonite (ASH) and calcite saturation horizons (CSH). Echinoids are a dominant group of the Antarctic macrofauna which, because of their high‐Mg calcite skeleton, are particularly susceptible to changes in the ASH. Using published information on the bathymetric distributions of Antarctic echinoids, we show that the majority of heavily calcified echinoids have their lower bathymetric limit above a depth of ca. 3000 m, approximately the current depth of the CSH. Echinoids whose depth range extends below 3000 m generally have thin, weakly calcified tests and include species from the Order Holasteroida, and the Families Cidaridae and Schizasteridae. Examination of the reproductive mode of Antarctic echinoids shows that brooding, where calcification of the young occurs in the same CaCO3 environment as the mother, is primarily found at a depth above 3000 m. The predicted shallowing of the ASH and CSH under OA conditions is likely to negatively impact growth and reproduction of heavily calcified brooders in the Family Cidaridae, which may result in changes to bathymetric ranges, local population extinction, and associated losses in macrofaunal biodiversity. As with other calcified deep sea invertebrates, echinoids may be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of increased CO2 and OA in the Southern Ocean.
Numerical analysis of tunnel liner failure mechanism in expansive soil considering water-increased state

In light of the collapse of an expansive soil tunnel owing to rainfall infiltration, swelling stress field caused by the change in the moisture content distribution of surrounding soil was taken into consideration to solve the problem. At first, due to the similarity of continuum heat conduction energy-balance equation and seepage continuity equation, an alternative expansive equation is derived based on the theory of heat conduction expansive to simulate water-increased expansion of expansive soil, and then determine the swelling force and seepage parameters by laboratory test and engineering simulation. Finally, considering the proper geologic factors, a numerical model of tunnel is established by means of thermal-mechanical coupling of FLAC3D. And by the simulations of tunnel with different swelling forces under water-increased state, relation curves are acquired between liner deformation and moisture content, swelling force.According to the above analysis, turning points of moisture content and swelling force to prevent liner from failure are proposed, which can effectively guide the design and deformation controlling of tunnel liner in expansive soil.
MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES FOR AVIAN POPULATION CONSERVATION AND ENRICHMENTN IN DEEPOR BEEL RAMSAR SITE, NORTH-EAST INDIA

Deepor Beel is one of the largest and most importan t riverine wetland in the Brahmaputra Valley of lower Assam, India and is representative of the wet lands found within the Burma Monsoon Forest biogeographic region. Altogether 232 bird species b elonging to 42 families were recorded during a sixt y months survey in Deepor Beel. Of all the species re corded, 137 were resident and 97 were migratory. About 4.1 km 2 of the wetland was declared as a wildlife sanctuar y in 1989 and larger area (40 km 2 ) as a Ramsar wetland of international importance in November, 2002. Further it has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BNHS and Birdlife International since 2003. There are fourteen villages (1200 families) around Deepor Beel wetland, most of which belong to low income groups living under the poverty line and depend directly or indirectly on the wetland’s natural resources. Present field investigation has recognized that, at least above 5 00 families of poor scheduled cast people in an aro und Deepor beel Ramsar site have entirely depends their livelihood on fishing and other herbaceous plant resources collection at Deepor beel Ramsar site and sell them at nearby daily markets. Currently, the wetland and its biota are facing a numerous threats in the form of encroachments, civil construction, garbage dumping, rail road development, unregulated fishing practices and rice cultivation and most importantly the lack of a single authority with man date to manage the wetland. Conservation of this wetland has been proposed keeping in view the needs for bird populations and local villagers. Involvement of local communities in the conservatio n measures is emphasized. The wetland with additional terrestrial forest land should be conser ved as Deepor beel Environmental Park with adequate legislative and administrative provisions and certa in usages right to the indigenous people .
Critical analysis of the slope method for estimation of ice-water interfacial energy from ice nucleation experimental data (with reviews)

An established procedure for the estimation of ice-water interfacial energy based on evaluation of the slope of the experimental ice nucleation rate data versus scaled temperature is critically analyzed in this work. An inconsistent estimate of the ice-water interfacial energy is found in the work of Murray et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 12, 10380-10387]. The source of the inconsistency is identified in an inappropriate regression method used for experimental ice nucleation data fitting, a correct estimate of the ice-water interfacial energy is presented, and limits of the slope method are discussed.
Dynamics of gravitational clustering III. The quasi-linear regime for some non-Gaussian initial conditions

Using a non-perturbative method developed in a previous work (Paper II), we derive the probability distribution ${\cal P}(\delta_{R})$ of the density contrast within spherical cells in the quasi-linear regime for some non-Gaussian initial conditions. We describe three such models. The first one is a straightforward generalization of the Gaussian scenario. It can be seen as a phenomenological description of a density field where the tails of the linear density contrast distribution would be of the form ${\cal P}_{\rm L}(\delta_{\rm L}) \sim {\rm e}^{-|\delta_{\rm L}|^{-\alpha}}$, where α is no longer restricted to 2 (as in the Gaussian case). We derive exact results for ${\cal P}(\delta_{R})$ in the quasi-linear limit. The second model is a physically motivated isocurvature CDM scenario. Our approach needs to be adapted to this specific case and in order to get convenient analytical results we introduce a simple approximation (which is not related to the gravitational dynamics but to the initial conditions). Then, we find a good agreement with the available results from numerical simulations for the pdf of the linear density contrast for $\delta_{{\rm L},R} \ga 0$. We can expect a similar accuracy for the non-linear pdf ${\cal P}(\delta_{R})$. Finally, the third model corresponds to the small deviations from Gaussianity which arise in standard slow-roll inflation. We obtain exact results for the pdf of the density field in the quasi-linear limit, to first-order over the primordial deviations from Gaussianity.
Three-dimensional Simulations of the Parker Instability in a Uniformly Rotating Disk

We investigate the effects of rotation on the evolution of the Parker instability by carrying out three-dimensional numerical simulations with an isothermal magnetohydrodynamic code. These simulations extend our previous work on the nonlinear evolution of the Parker instability by J. Kim and coworkers. The initial equilibrium system is composed of exponentially stratified gas and a field (along the azimuthal direction) in a uniform gravity (along the downward vertical direction). The computational box, placed at the solar neighborhood, is set to rotate uniformly around the Galactic center with a constant angular speed. The instability has been initialized by random velocity perturbations. In the linear stage, the evolution is not much different from that without rotation, and the mixed (undular + interchange) mode regulates the system. The interchange mode induces alternating dense and rarefied regions with small radial wavelengths, while the undular mode bends the magnetic field lines in the plane of the azimuthal and vertical directions. In the nonlinear stage, flow motion overall becomes chaotic, as in the case without rotation. However, as the gas in higher positions slides down along field lines forming supersonic flows, the Coriolis force becomes important. As oppositely directed flows fall into valleys along both sides of the magnetic field lines, they experience the Coriolis force toward opposite directions, which twists the magnetic field lines there. Hence, we suggest that the Coriolis force plays a role in randomizing the magnetic field. The three-dimensional density structure formed by the instability is still sheetlike with the short dimension along the radial direction, as in the case without rotation. However, the long dimension is now slightly tilted with respect to the mean field direction. The shape of high-density regions is a bit rounder. The maximum enhancement factor of the vertical column density relative to its initial value is about 1.5, which is smaller than that in the case without rotation. We conclude that uniform rotation does not change our point of view that the Parker instability alone is not a viable mechanism for the formation of giant molecular clouds.
Sobolev-Slobodeckij Spaces on Compact Manifolds, Revisited

In this article we present a coherent rigorous overview of the main properties of Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces of sections of vector bundles on compact manifolds; results of this type are scattered through the literature and can be difficult to find. A special emphasis has been put on spaces with noninteger smoothness order, and a special attention has been paid to the peculiar fact that for a general nonsmooth domain U in Rn, 0<t<1, and 1<p<oo, it is not necessarily true that W(1,p)(U) is continuously embedded in W(t,p)(U). This has dire consequences in the multiplication properties of Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces and subsequently in the study of Sobolev spaces on manifolds. To the authors' knowledge, some of the proofs, especially those that are pertinent to the properties of Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces of sections of general vector bundles, cannot be found in the literature in the generality appearing here.
Relationship between Carbon Sequestration and Physico-chemical Properties of Soils in Salt-affected Areas, Northeast Thailand

Variation of soil organic carbon as a result of differences in soil physico-chemical properties under natural and agricultural land use systems is of signifi cance for understanding and determining soil organic carbon sequestration (SOCseq). For the objectives of investigating Cseq and its relationship with different physical and chemical soil properties and high concentrations of Na + salts, this study was carried out in sandy-natured soil areas with salt-contaminated soil distributing in the lower areas of Ban Nong Suang in Kham Thale Sor district, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeast Thailand. Soil samples were collected for laboratory analysis at four different depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–45 and 45–60 cm. Three transects (tran-1, tran-2 and tran-3) were chosen, each comprising six mini soil pits located from the upper to the lower part of the transect. Most soils had loamy sand to sandy loam texture, being composed of very low amounts of organic carbon (OC), total N, available P and K in association with high bulk density, low pH and low cation exchange capacity. Some of the soils studied had sodic and saline sodic features with extremely high pH, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage and base saturation percentage. The percentage of silt+clay had a positive correlation with carbon sequestration (Cseq), whereas bulk density had a signifi cant negative correlation. Total N and available P were highly signifi cantly and signifi cantly positively correlated, respectively, with Cseq, while pH and other exchange properties were negatively correlated. A high concentration of Na + caused
Trading Spaces: Computation, Representation and the Limits of Uninformed Learning Long Abstract

It is widely appreciated (e.g. Marr, 1982) that the diiculty of a particular computation varies according to how the input data are presented. What is less well understood is the eeect of this computation/representation trade-oo within familiar learning paradigms. We argue that existing learning algorithms are often poorly equipped to solve problems involving a certain type of important and widespread statistical regularity, which we calìtype-2 regularity'. The solution in these cases is to trade achieved representation against computational search. We investigate several ways in which such a trade-oo may be pursued including simple incremental learning, modular connectionism, and the developmental hypothesis of`representational redescription'. In addition, the most distinctive features of human cognition | language and culture | may themselves be viewed as adaptations enabling this representation/computation trade-oo to be pursued on an even grander scale. (SERC/MRC/ESRC) Cognitive Science Human Computer Interaction Initiative to one of the authors (Clark). Thanks to the Initiative for that support. y The order of names is arbitrary. Some regularities enjoy only an attenuated existence in a body of training data. These are regularities whose statistical visibility depends on some systematic re-coding of the data. The space of possible re-codings is, however, innnitely large-it is the space of applicable Turing machines. As a result, mappings which pivot on such attenuated regularities cannot, in general, be found by brute force search. The class of problems which present such mappings we call the class of`type-2 problems'. Type-1 problems, by contrast, present tractable problems of search insofar as the relevant regularities can be found by sampling the input data as originally coded. Type-2 problems, we suggest, present neither rare nor pathological cases. They are rife in biologically realistic settings and in domains ranging from simple animat behaviors to language acquisition. Not only are such problems rife-they are standardly solved! This presents a puzzle. How, given the statistical intractability of these type-2 cases does nature turn the trick? One answer, which we do not pursue, is to suppose that evolution gifts us with exactly the right set of re-coding biases so as to reduce speciic type-2 problems to (tractable) type-1 mappings. Such a heavy duty nativism is no doubt sometimes plausible. But we believe there are other, more general mechanisms also at work. Such mechanisms provide general (not task-speciic) strategies for managing problems of type-2 complexity. Several such mechanisms are investigated. At the heart of each is a fundamental ploy …
ListenIN : Ambient Auditory Awareness at Remote Places

In this thesis we propose the architecture of a modular system that allows closely related people, such as relatives and friends, to maintain awareness of a distant site, such as home, through auditory cues and eavesdropping. While people are at work or traveling, they often want to have some degree of awarereness about activities related to family members' health and well-being. The solution that we propose is a light infrastructure system that listens into the home and in response to a change in activity (e.g. cooking, taking a shower, watching TV) sends a few seconds of audio to the caregivers providing them with background awareness of events occurring at the remote site. In order to protect privacy at the monitored site the system is designed to classify sounds and then send audio icons, pre-recorded pieces of sound representing activities (e.g. a recording of a baby crying), instead of the actual sound. However, when the classifier's confidence level is low and speech is detected, the system sends the actual sound but in a garbled way. In the absence of speech, the system simply sends the actual sound. The system takes classifying decisions based on acoustic evidence and possible location of the source. Several clients can connect to the system and simultaneously receive alerts. Thesis Supervisor: Christopher Schmandt Title: Principal Research Scientist, MIT
A Multi-wavelength Study of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mcg?6-30-15

We present a multiwaveband spectroscopic study of the nearby Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG? 6-30-15. New optical spectra from the Anglo-Australian Telescope are presented which clearly show the eeects of dust extinction/reddening on both the emission line spectrum and the non-stellar AGN continuum. The reddening is constrained to be in the range E(B ? V) = 0:61? 1:09. Spectroscopy in the X-ray band, with both ROSAT and ASCA, reveal absorption by the warm absorber but little or no neutral absorption expected to accompany the dust responsible for the optical reddening. The dusty warm absorber solution to this discrepancy is discussed and photoionization models of such warm absorbers are constructed. The optical spectrum also displays the relatively strong`coronal' lines of FeX]6375, FeXI]7892 and FeXIV]5303. We show that these lines may plausibly originate from the outer regions of the warm ab-sorber, although better calculations of the collision strengths for these transitions are required in order to conclusively address this issue. We also present new ultraviolet data from the International Ultraviolet Explorer and suggest that much of the observed UV ux is scattered into our line of sight (with a scattering fraction of 1{5 per cent). We conclude with a discussion of the global energetics of this system.
An investigation of the oceanic redistribution of carbon during the last deglaciation

iii Acknowledgements . v List of Tables . viii List of Figures . iv Chapter I: Introduction 1. Glacial to Interglacial Carbon Cycle Changes . 1 2. Radiocarbon as a Tracer in the Ocean . 3 3. δC in the Ocean . 5 4. Dissertation Outline . 6 Chapter II: The release of 14C-depleted carbon from the deep ocean during the last deglaciation: evidence from the Arabian Sea Abstract . 8
Is KPD 1930+2752 a good candidate type Ia supernova progenitor?

We investigate the evolution of a binary system which initially has an orbital period of 2 h 17 m and contains a 0.5 M helium star with a white dwarf companion of 0.97 M, similar to the suggested SN Ia candidate progenitor KPD 1930+2752. We show that the helium star completes core helium burning and becomes a white dwarf before the components merge. The most probable outcome of the merger of the components is the formation of a massive white dwarf, despite the fact that initially the total mass of the system is above the Chandrasekhar mass.
Observation of the decay

In a sample of 467 (cid:1) 10 6 B (cid:1) B pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II collider at SLAC we have observed the decay (cid:1) B 0 ! (cid:1) þ c (cid:1) p(cid:2) 0 and measured the branching fraction to be ð 1 : 94 (cid:2) 0 : 17 (cid:2) 0 : 14 (cid:2) 0 : 50 Þ (cid:1) 10 (cid:3) 4 , where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and the uncertainty on the (cid:1) þ c ! pK (cid:3) (cid:2) þ branching fraction, respectively. We determine an upper limit of 1 : 5 (cid:1) 10 (cid:3) 6 at 90% C.L. for the product branching fraction B ð (cid:1) B 0 ! (cid:3) þ c ð 2455 Þ (cid:1) p Þ (cid:1) B ð (cid:1) þ c ! pK (cid:3) (cid:2) þ Þ . Furthermore, we observe an enhancement at the threshold of the invariant mass of the baryon-antibaryon pair.
Especies necrófilas de Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) del municipio de Tlayacapan, Morelos, México

Necrophilous staphylinid beetles were studied with NTP-80 carrion traps in Tlayacapan, Morelos State, Mexico. Five localities were sampled: locality 1, pine-oak forest; 2, pine forest; 3, cloud forest; 4, deciduous rain forest; and 5, cultivated area and deciduous rain forest mixture. One trap was installed in each locality and was baited with squid; the sampling was monthly during one year (July, 1995 to June, 1996). 5,191 specimens of 11 subfamilies, 39 genera and 76 species were collected. Five new species were identified; three of Platydracus and two of Belonuchus. Two genera (lubomorphus and Stamnoderus) and two species (Heterothops tenuicornis Sharp, 1884 and Neohypnus championi Sharp, 1885) are recorded for the first time for Mexico and se ven species (Ph/oeonomus centralis Blackwelder, 1944, Belonuchus pollens Sharp, 1885, B. viridipennis Baudi, 1848, B, xanthomelas Solsky, 1868, Paederomimus genti/is Sharp, 1885, Philonthus longicornis Stephenson, 1832 and Platydracus mendicus Sharp, 1884) are recorded for the first time for Morelos state. keys to identify subfamilies, genera and species are provided, and taxonomic, biological and distributional comments are also included, with new combinations to Belonuchus trochanterinus (Sharp, 1885), Platydracus marcidus (Sharp, 1884) and Neohypnus championi (Sharp, 1885).
Proteotoxicity of polyglutamine expansion proteins: Cellular mechanisms and their modulation by molecular chaperones

Proteins are central to all biological processes. To become functionally active, newly synthesized protein chains must fold into unique three-dimensional conformations. A group of proteins, known as molecular chaperones, are essential for protein folding to occur with high efficiency in cells. Their main role is to prevent off-pathway reactions during folding that lead to misfolding and aggregation. A number of human diseases are known to result from aberrant folding reactions. The formation of insoluble protein aggregates in neurons is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington’s disease (HD). These disorders are though to result from the acquisition of dominant, toxic functions of misfolded proteins. HD is caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion that results in the expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the protein Huntingtin (Htt). The disorder is characterized by a progressive loss of specific neurons and the formation of inclusions containing aggregated Htt. Aggregate formation is causally linked to the progressive HD neuropathology, though it is not clear whether large insoluble, fibrillar structures or smaller assemblies of Htt are the toxic agents. Toxicity could arise from the recruitment of other polyQ-containing proteins, i.e. transcription factors, into the inclusions resulting in a loss of their normal cellular functions. Here, soluble Htt oligomers have been found to accumulate in the nucleus and to inhibit the function of the transcription factors TBP and CBP in cells. Aberrant interaction of toxic Htt with the benign polyQ repeat of TBP structurally destabilized the transcription factor, independent of the formation of insoluble coaggregates and caused transcriptional dysregulation. Chaperones of the Hsp70 family protect against this deactivation by modulating the conformation of Htt. This protective effect of Hsp70 was found to be based on a cooperation between Hsp70 and the chaperonin TRiC. Both chaperone systems cooperate in eliminating toxic polyQ oligomers, which may resemble the potentially pathogenic, prefibrillar states of other amyloidogenic disease proteins, and in stabilizing mutant Htt in a soluble, oligomeric state that is not associated with toxicity. TRiC and Hsp70 appear to be part of an effective chaperone network preventing the formation of harmful, amyloidogenic proteins species. They act synergistically on Htt, reminiscent of their sequential action in assisting the folding of newly-synthesized proteins.