Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Liquid-liquid phase separation and morphology of internally mixed dicarboxylic acids/ammonium sulfate/water particles

Knowledge of the physical state and morphology of internally mixed organic/inorganic aerosol particles is still largely uncertain. To obtain more detailed information on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and morphology of the particles, we investigated complex mixtures of atmospherically relevant dicarboxylic acids containing 5, 6, and 7 carbon atoms (C5, C6 and C7) having oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratios (O:C) of 0.80, 0.67, and 0.57, respectively, mixed with ammonium sulfate (AS). With micrometer-sized particles of C5/AS/H_2O, C6/AS/H_2O and C7/AS/H_2O as model systems deposited on a hydrophobically coated substrate, laboratory experiments were conducted for various organic-to-inorganic dry mass ratios (OIR) using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. When exposed to cycles of relative humidity (RH), each system showed significantly different phase transitions. While the C5/AS/H_2O particles showed no LLPS with OIR = 2:1, 1:1 and 1:4 down to 20% RH, the C6/AS/H_2O and C7/AS/H_2O particles exhibit LLPS upon drying at RH 50 to 85% and ~90%, respectively, via spinodal decomposition, growth of a second phase from the particle surface or nucleation-and-growth mechanisms depending on the OIR. This suggests that LLPS commonly occurs within the range of O:C < 0.7 in tropospheric organic/inorganic aerosols. To support the comparison and interpretation of the experimentally observed phase transitions, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed with the AIOMFAC model. For the C7/AS/H_2O and C6/AS/H_2O systems, the calculated phase diagrams agree well with the observations while for the C5/AS/H_2O system LLPS is predicted by the model at RH below 60% and higher AS concentration, but was not observed in the experiments. Both core-shell structures and partially engulfed structures were observed for the investigated particles, suggesting that such morphologies might also exist in tropospheric aerosols.
Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarction Occurring After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Dose-Finding Trial

Background and Purpose— This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study assessed efficacy and safety of 1, 5, and 15 mg/h intravenous clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in preventing vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods— Patients (n=413) were randomized to placebo or clazosentan beginning within 56 hours and continued up to 14 days after initiation of treatment. The primary end point was moderate or severe angiographic vasospasm based on centrally read, blinded evaluation of digital subtraction angiography at baseline and 7 to 11 days postsubarachnoid hemorrhage. A morbidity/mortality end point, including all-cause mortality, new cerebral infarct from any cause, delayed ischemic neurological deficit due to vasospasm, or use of rescue therapy, was evaluated by local assessment. Clinical outcome was assessed by the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale at 12 weeks. Results— Moderate or severe vasospasm was reduced in a dose-dependent fashion from 66% in the placebo group to 23% in the 15 mg/h clazosentan group (risk reduction, 65%; 95% CI, 47% to 78%; P<0.0001). No significant effects were seen on secondary end points. Post hoc analysis using a centrally assessed morbidity/mortality end point that included death and rescue therapy but only cerebral infarcts and delayed ischemic neurological deficit due to vasospasm on central review showed a trend toward improvement with clazosentan (37%, 28%, and 29% in the 1, 5, and 15 mg/h groups versus 39% in the placebo group, nonsignificant). Clazosentan was associated with increased rates of pulmonary complications, hypotension, and anemia. Conclusions— Clazosentan significantly decreased moderate and severe vasospasm in a dose-dependent manner and showed a trend for reduction in vasospasm-related morbidity/mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage when centrally assessed. Overall, the adverse effects were manageable and not considered serious.
Ectopic expression of cone‐specific G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase GRK7 in zebrafish rods leads to lower photosensitivity and altered responses

Non‐technical summary When rod and cone photoreceptors in the eye respond to light, they need to recover, and the first step in recovery involves a protein called G‐protein receptor kinase (GRK). Rods, which underlie night vision, employ a variant called GRK1, whereas cones, which mediate day vision, typically employ a variant called GRK7. We have engineered rod cells in the zebrafish retina that additionally express the cone variant, GRK7. By recording electrically from these modified rods, we have found that they are less sensitive to light than normal rods, in that regard mimicking cones. We have also found evidence to suggest that the size of the cell's response to a single photon (the smallest particle of light) is normal when recovery is mediated by GRK1, but is small (and hence somewhat cone‐like) when mediated by GRK7. These results help us understand the differences between rod and cone photoreceptors.
Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Fe–M–B (M=Zr, Hf, Nb) Alloys Produced by Crystallization of Amorphous Phase (Overview)

This paper reviews our results on the development of a new type of soft magnetic material with high saturation magnetic flux density (B s ) combined with excellent soft magnetic properties. A mostly single bcc structure composed of bcc grains with about 10-20 nm in size surrounded by a small amount of intergranular amorphous layers was obtained by crystallization of amorphous phases prepared by melt-spinning and sputtering technique in Fe-rich regions of Fe-M-B (M=Zr, Nb, Hf) ternary systems. The typical nanocrystalline bcc Fe 90 Zr 7 B 3 , Fe 89 Hf 7 B 4 and Fe 84 Nb 7 B 9 alloys subjected to the optimum annealing exhibit high B s above 1.5 T as well as high effective permeability (μ e ) at 1 kHz above 20000. The high B s for the Fe-M-B alloys is resulting from the high Fe concentrations owing to high glass-forming ability of M(Zr, Hf, Nb) and B. The origin of the good soft magnetic properties for the alloys are listed as follows. (1) The apparent anisotropy is decreased by the combined effects of the formation of the nanoscale bcc structure and the achievement of rather strong magnetic coupling between the bcc grains through the intergranular ferromagnetic amorphous phase. (2) The small saturation magnetostriction (λ s ) results from the nonequilibrium bcc phase. The solute-rich inter-glanular amorphous phase with high Curie temperature (T c ) and high thermal stability has an important role in the achievement of the good soft magnetic properties through the formation of the nanoscale bcc structure and the attainment of the rather strong magnetic coupling between the bcc grains. The soft magnetic properties of the nanocrystalline Fe-M-B alloys were improved through the decrease in the bcc grain size and the increase in T c of the intergranular amorphous phase by optimizing heating rate in the crystallization process and adding small amounts of elements. For example, the improved Fe 84 Zr 3.5 Nb 3.5 N 8 Cu 1 alloy shows the high μ e of 100000 combined with the high B s of 1.53 T. This excellent μ e is comparable to those of nanocrystalline Fe 73.5 Si 13.5 B 9 Nb 3 Cu 1 and the zero-magnetostrictive Co based amorphous alloys, and the high B s is comparable to those of the Fe based amorphous alloys with good soft magnetic properties. The Fe-M-B based alloys also have very low core losses, the sufficient thermal stability and the low stress-sensibility of the soft magnetic properties. Therefore, the nanocrystalline Fe-M-B alloys are expected as practical magnetic materials for magnetic transformers, inductors, and other devices and parts.
Tunable ceramic phase shifters and their applications

There is considerable interest in the development of microwave ceramic phase shifters because of limitations of currently available ferrite and PIN diode phase shifters regarding cost and reliability and complexity. Ceramic phase shifters may provide a cost breakthrough for the phased array antenna designer while maintaining low insertion losses and low drive power and high power handling capacity. This paper describes ceramic phase shifters which utilize a ferroelectric material [(Ba-Sr)TiO3 series] for obtaining phase shifts from changes in dc biasing fields. Also, the dielectric properties are measured as a function of dc biasing fields, frequency and temperature for a few compositions of barium-strontium titanate material. For the frequency range of 400 MHz to 5 GHz, differential phase shift is obtained by a dc voltage-controlled lumped barium-strontium titanate capacitor in a coaxial line or stripline medium. For 5 to 18 GHz frequency range, a barium-strontium titanate material which partially or completely fills the rectangular waveguide is required for the construction of a ceramic phase shifter.
Prolonging the MANET lifetime through wireless energy transfer using high powered and native powered mobile nodes

Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) have limited battery energy. Therefore they have limited network lifetime. Thus prolonging network lifetime is considered as an important design objective in energy-constrained networks such as MANETs. Recent work in the area of wireless charging allows nodes in a MANET to recharge wirelessly and readily available for operation forever. This paper deals with the approach of prolonging network lifetime by introducing Powered Mobile Nodes namely, High Powered Mobile Node (HPMN) and Native Powered Mobile Nodes (NPMN). To achieve that, the MANET is divided into non-overlapping disjoint zones by geographically partitioning the network. In each zone we deploy one NPMN, which wirelessly charges the mobile nodes in its deployed zone. The HPMN takes a proactive movement to meet up the NPMNs in each zone for wirelessly charging them. The simulation results show that the use of HPMN in conjunction with NPMNs for wireless charging can prolong MANET lifetime significantly.
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Recent game-theoretic analyses of the adversarial process have focused on the ability of courts to render accurate verdicts in light of selectively reported evidence. This paper generalizes previous work by developing a game where the court’s decision to weigh evidence and litigants’ information-gathering and reporting strategies are endogenously determined, and examines the effects on the players’ equilibrium strategies of varying the informational endowments of the litigants concerning the true value of the parameter under dispute. We find that litigants’ strategies are driven by their knowledge of the court’s potential strategic behavior and prior beliefs, which are non-neutral with respect to trial results.
DNA Barcoding Reveals High Cryptic Diversity in the North Eurasian Moina Species (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Species of the genus Moina Baird (Cladocera: Moinidae) often dominate freshwater crustacean communities in temporary water bodies. Several species of Moina are used as food for fish larvae in aquaculture, as bioindicators in toxicological studies, and as common subjects for physiological studies. The aim of this paper is to estimate biodiversity of Moina in northern Eurasia using the standard DNA barcoding approach based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. We analysed 160 newly obtained and 157 existing COI sequences, and found evidence for 21 phylogroups of Moina, some of which were detected here for the first time. Our study confirmed the opinion that the actual species diversity of cladocerans is several times higher than is presently accepted. Our results also indicated that Moina has the second richest species diversity among the cladoceran genera (with only Daphnia O. F. Mueller having a greater diversity of species). Our study strongly supports division of Moina into two faunistic groups: European-Western Siberian and Eastern Siberian-Far Eastern, with a transitional zone at the Yenisey River basin (Eastern Siberia). Here, we refrain from taxonomic descriptions of new species, as this requires a thorough morphological and taxonomic study for each putative taxon.
Kinetics of radical‐molecule reactions in aqueous solution: A benchmark study of the performance of density functional methods

The performance of 18 density functional approximations has been tested for a very challenging task, the calculations of rate constants for radical‐molecule reactions in aqueous solution. Despite of the many difficulties involved in such an enterprise, six of them provide high quality results, and are recommended to that purpose. They are LC‐ωPBE, M06‐2X, BMK, B2PLYP, M05‐2X, and MN12SX, in that order. This trend was obtained using experimental data as reference. The other relevant aspects used in this benchmark are: (i) the SMD model for mimicking the solvent; (ii) the conventional transition state, the zero‐curvature tunneling correction, and the limit imposed by diffusion for the calculation of the rate constants. Even though changing any of these aspects might alter the trend in performance, at least, when using them, the aforementioned functionals can be successfully used to obtain high quality kinetic data for the kind of reactions investigated in this work. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UAV Flight Experiments Applied to the Remote Sensing of Vegetated Areas

The miniaturization of electronics, computers and sensors has created new opportunities for remote sensing applications. Despite the current restrictions on regulation, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with small thermal, laser or spectral sensors has emerged as a promising alternative for assisting modeling, mapping and monitoring applications in rangelands, forests and agricultural environments. This review provides an overview of recent research that has reported UAV flight experiments on the remote sensing of vegetated areas. To provide a differential trend to other reviews, this paper is not limited to crops and precision agriculture applications, but also includes forest and rangeland applications. This work follows a top-down categorization strategy and attempts to fill the gap between application requirements and the characteristics of selected tools, payloads and platforms. Furthermore, correlations between common requirements and the most frequently used solutions are highlighted.
Local-Nearest-Neighbors-Based Feature Weighting for Gene Selection

Selecting functional genes is essential for analyzing microarray data. Among many available feature (gene) selection approaches, the ones on the basis of the large margin nearest neighbor receive more attention due to their low computational costs and high accuracies in analyzing the high-dimensional data. Yet, there still exist some problems that hamper the existing approaches in sifting real target genes, including selecting erroneous nearest neighbors, high sensitivity to irrelevant genes, and inappropriate evaluation criteria. Previous pioneer works have partly addressed some of the problems, but none of them are capable of solving these problems simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a new local-nearest-neighbors-based feature weighting approach to alleviate the above problems. The proposed approach is based on the trick of locally minimizing the within-class distances and maximizing the between-class distances with the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="an-ieq1-2712775.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> nearest neighbors rule. We further define a feature weight vector, and construct it by minimizing the cost function with a regularization term. The proposed approach can be applied naturally to the multi-class problems and does not require extra modification. Experimental results on the UCI and the open microarray data sets validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the new approach.
Simultaneous optimization of timing and trajectory in sequential and parallel tasks of humanoid robots

This paper presents a motion planning technique capable of scheduling multiple sub-tasks that can be achieved in different orders and at various timings. A robotic motion is defined as a timed event sequence of multi-body dynamical system. Schedules of the motion planning is determined by robotic mechanism and motion requirements. Motion planning problem including task scheduling is then formulated as a class of constrained optimization problems, which can be solved efficiently by means of an iterative algorithm that exploits the sparsity of the multi-body system. The proposed method is demonstrated in object-catching tasks of a standing humanoid in numerical simulation.
Kanzi: A Distributed, In-memory Key-Value Store

Traditional database systems either sacrifice availability or partitionability at the cost of offering strict consistency guarantee of data. However, the significant growth of Web-scale applications and the wider array of emerging workloads demand revisiting the need for full transactional consistency. One new dominant class of workload is the ability to efficiently support single statement transaction consisting of either Get or Put operation; thus, simplifying the consistency model. These simple workloads have given rise to decade-long efforts for building efficient key-value stores that often rely on disk-resident and log-structured storage model that is distributed across many machines. To further expand the scope of key-value stores, in this paper, we introduce Kanzi, a distributed, in-memory key-value stored over shared-memory architecture enabled by remote direct memory access (RDMA) technology. The simple data and transaction model of our proposed Kanzi additionally may serve as a generic (embedded) caching layer to speed up any disk-resident data-intensive workloads.
The tin-mercury mirror: its manufacturing technique and deterioration processes

AbstractMirrors made of glass backed with a reflective coating of tin amalgam first came into general use in the sixteenth century. Production ceased around 1900. The mirrors were made by sliding glass over tin foil flooded with mercury. The mercury reacts with tin to form a layer of crystals containing about 19wt% of mercury alloyed with the tin. The voids between the crystals are filled with a fluid phase containing about 0.5% tin in mercury. This two-phase reflective coating changes with time: the crystals grow larger and cover a greater proportion of the glass surface, while mercury slowly evaporates. In time, tiny voids appear between glass and amalgam. The fluid phase also migrates to the bottom of the mirror. Corrosion of the amalgam produces tin dioxide and tin monoxide and releases liquid mercury from the solid phase. Amalgam mirrors contribute a few micrograms of mercury per cubic metre of air in a room. Measured values have all been far below the official toxic limit of 50μgm−3. The frames ofte.
The Association Between Fluid Administration and Outcome Following Major Burn: A Multicenter Study

Objective:To determine patient and injury variables that influence fluid requirements following burn injury and examine the association between fluid volume received and outcome. Background:Fluid resuscitation remains the cornerstone of acute burn management. Recent studies suggest that patients today are receiving more fluid per percent total body surface area (TBSA) than in the past. Therefore, there is a need to better define the factors that impact fluid requirements and to determine the effects of fluid volumes on outcome. Methods:This study was part of a federally funded multicenter study. Multilinear regression analyses were performed to determine the patient and injury characteristics that most influenced fluid resuscitation volumes received. To assess the association of fluid volumes on outcome, propensity scores were developed to provide a predicted volume of fluid for each patient. Logistic models were then used to assess the impact of excess fluid beyond predicted volumes on outcome. Results:Seventy-two patients were included in this analysis. Average patient age was 40.6 years and average TBSA was 44.5%. Average fluid volume received during the first 24 hours after injury was 5.2/mL/kg/TBSA. Significant predictors of fluid received included % TBSA, age, intubation status, and weight. Increased fluid volume received increased risk of development of pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92), bloodstream infections (OR =2.33), adult respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 1.55), multiorgan failure (OR= 1.49), and death (OR = 1.74). Conclusion:TBSA, age, weight, and intubation status on admission were significant predictors of fluid received. Patients who received larger volumes of resuscitation fluid were at higher risk for injury complications and death.
Comparison of the regulatory regions of ilvGEDA operons from several enteric organisms

The nucleotide sequence preceding the ilvGEDA operon has been examined and compared in five enteric organisms. The sequence in Escherichia coli B was identical to the earlier-described strain K-12 sequence. The sequences of Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella aerogenes were remarkably similar to that of E. coli and identical in that part of the leader region that specified the putative 32-amino-acid peptide. Thus, identical secondary structures could be postulated for the leaders of all three organisms, and regulation of operon expression could be like that postulated earlier for E. coli. Different secondary structures had to be postulated for the leader transcripts of Edwardsiella tarda and Serratia marcescens. Control of attenuation of the operon in these organisms by the level of leucyl tRNA could be explained only if ribosome stalling occurred at a single leucine codon. In both organisms, that single leucine codon is the rarely used CUA rather than the CUG that is in E. coli, S. typhimurium, and K. aerogenes.
The role of monocyte phenotype switching in peri-procedural myocardial injury and its involvement in statin therapy

Peri-procedural myocardial injury, which is associated with worse long-term clinical outcome, is a common complication related to inflammatory pathogenetic mechanisms. Monocytes and macrophages play key roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that monocytes in human peripheral blood are heterogeneous, including CD14+CD16− monocytes and CD14+CD16+ monocytes. Several lines of evidence suggested that CD14+CD16+ monocytes might contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis. In view of the heightened appreciation of the heterogeneity of circulating monocytes, we hypothesized that an up-shifting subset of CD14+CD16+ monocytes might be induced by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which subsequently leads to peri-procedural myocardial injury. Moreover, statins loading before PCI could exert anti-inflammatory effects partly by modulating monocyte phenotype and thus prevent peri-procedural myocardial injury.
Empty Category Detection using Path Features and Distributed Case Frames

We describe an approach for machine learning-based empty category detection that is based on the phrase structure analysis of Japanese. The problem is formalized as tree node classification, and we find that the path feature, the sequence of node labels from the current node to the root, is highly effective. We also find that the set of dot products between the word embeddings for a verb and those for case particles can be used as a substitution for case frames. Experiments show that the proposed method outperforms the previous state-of the art method by 68.6% to 73.2% in terms of F-measure.