Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From the Background to the Spotlight: TASK Channels in Pathological Conditions

TWIK‐related acid‐sensitive potassium channels (TASK1–3) belong to the family of two‐pore domain (K2P) potassium channels. Emerging knowledge about an involvement of TASK channels in cancer development, inflammation, ischemia and epilepsy puts the spotlight on a leading role of TASK channels under these conditions. TASK3 has been especially linked to cancer development. The pro‐oncogenic potential of TASK3 could be shown in cell lines and in various tumor entities. Pathophysiological hallmarks in solid tumors (e.g. low pH and oxygen deprivation) regulate TASK3 channels. These conditions can also be found in (autoimmune) inflammation. Inhibition of TASK1,2,3 leads to a reduction of T cell effector function. It could be demonstrated that TASK1−/− mice are protected from experimental autoimmune inflammation while the same animals display increased infarct volumes after cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, TASK channels have both an anti‐epileptic as well as a pro‐epileptic potential. The relative contribution of these opposing influences depends on their cell type‐specific expression and the conditions of the cellular environment. This indicates that TASK channels are per se neither protective nor detrimental but their functional impact depends on the “pathophysiological” scenario. Based on these findings TASK channels have evolved from “mere background” channels to key modulators in pathophysiological conditions.
Consciousness, Intentionality, and Causality

To explain how stimuli cause consciousness, we have to explain causality. We can't trace linear causal chains from receptors after the first cortical synapse, so we use circular causality to explain neural pattern formation by self-organizing dynamics. But an aspect of intentional action is causality, which we extrapolate to material objects in the world. Thus causality is a property of mind, not matter.
Adverse Prognostic Significance of New Diabetes in Treated Hypertensive Subjects

Abstract—Diabetes may develop in nondiabetic hypertensive subjects during treatment, but the long-term cardiovascular implications of this phenomenon are not clear. We determined the prognostic value of new diabetes in hypertensive subjects. In a long-term cohort study, 795 initially untreated hypertensive subjects, 6.5% of whom with type 2 diabetes, underwent diagnostic procedures including 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring and electrocardiography (ECG). Procedures were repeated after a median of 3.1 years in the absence of cardiovascular events. Follow-up duration was 1 to 16 years (median 6.0). New diabetes occurred in 5.8% of subjects initially without diabetes. Antihypertensive treatment included a diuretic in 53.5% of these subjects, versus 30.4% of those in whom diabetes did not develop (P =0.002). Plasma glucose at entry (P =0.0001) and diuretic treatment on follow-up (P =0.004) were independent predictors of new diabetes. Subsequent to the follow-up visit, a first cardiovascular event occurred in 63 subjects. Event rate in nondiabetic subjects at both visits, new diabetes, and diabetes at entry were 0.97, 3.90, and 4.70×100 person-years, respectively (P =0.0001). After adjustment for several confounders, including 24-hour ambulatory BP, the relative risk of events was 2.92 (95% CI: 1.33 to 6.41; P =0.007) in the group with new diabetes and 3.57 (95% CI: 1.65 to 7.73; P =0.001) in the group with previous diabetes, when compared with the group persistently free of diabetes. In treated hypertensive subjects, occurrence of new diabetes portends a risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease that is not dissimilar from that of previously known diabetes.
Teaching Approaches That Reflect and Promote Professionalism

The teaching and cultivation of professionalism have long been part of medical education and have had recent special emphasis because professionalism has been identified as a core competency by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The author focuses on two complementary teaching initiatives that contribute to the development of professionalism in the academic environment: a resident-as-teacher program and an approach to faculty bedside teaching that mirrors and extends the lessons of the resident-as-teacher effort. These have been implemented and refined over the previous 15 years by the author and his colleagues at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The commitment to the development and refinement of residents' teaching skills serves to promulgate the fundamental elements of professionalism, with emphasis on caring and the educational well-being of the team. The author describes the elements and benefits of these approaches and shows how they can foster the development of professionalism in graduate medical education.
An audio FIR-DAC in a BCD process for high power class-D amplifiers

A 322 coefficient semi-digital FIR-DAC using a 1-bit PWM input signal was designed and implemented in a high voltage, audio power bipolar CMOS DMOS (BCD) process. This facilitates digital input signals for an analog class-D amplifier in BCD. The FIR-DAC performance depends on the ISI-resistant nature of this PWM-signal. An impulse response with only positive coefficients was chosen, because of its resistance to deadzone and mismatch. With a DAC current of 0.5 mA, the dynamic range is 111 dB (A-weighted), with SINAD = 103 dB (A-weighted). The current consumption is 1mA for the analog part and 4.8 mA for the digital part. The power consumption is 29 mW at V/sub dd/ = 5 V and the chip area is 2 mm/sup 2/ including the reference diode that can be shared by more channels.
Calcium in motor nerve terminals associated with posttetanic potentiation

We have used fura-2 fluorescence to study the effects of repetitive stimulation producing posttetanic potentiation (PTP) at crayfish neuromuscular junctions on presynaptic calcium concentration. Fura-2 was injected into the preterminal axon of the excitor motor neuron to the claw opener muscle of a walking leg. Pictures of presynaptic terminals on the muscle surface were obtained with a charge-coupled device camera, ratioed, and converted to spatial images of intracellular calcium concentration. Stimulation of the motor nerve for 7–10 min at 20–33 Hz produced potentiation during the tetanus and PTP following the tetanus. Presynaptic calcium levels in terminal boutons and varicosities rose to about 2 microM during the tetanus and decayed at first rapidly and then slowly back to levels near the initial concentration of about 200 nM. The decay rate of potentiated synaptic transmission was the same as the decay rate of the elevated calcium concentration during the posttetanic period dominated by PTP, when facilitation and augmentation had dissipated. A 13-fold potentiation corresponded to a 500 nM elevation of calcium to about 700 nM. The linear dependence we observed is not consistent with the power law formulation of a residual calcium hypothesis for PTP. During the tetanus, the enhancement of synaptic transmission due to facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation exceeded that expected from the correspondence between PTP and posttetanic calcium levels. This may occur because during the tetanus there is insufficient time for calcium to equilibrate spatially between action potentials, and the submembrane calcium will be higher than the volume-average calcium levels that we detect. Following low-frequency trains (typically 8 Hz for about 35 sec), enhanced synaptic transmission and elevated presynaptic calcium decayed rapidly, within a few seconds. Short high-frequency trains (50– 100 Hz for 1–2 min) elicited an additional hours-long elevation of presynaptic calcium, corresponding to, and perhaps responsible for, part of the long-term potentiation of transmission that such stimulation produces at this synapse.
Antipsychotic-Induced Dopamine Supersensitivity Psychosis: Pharmacology, Criteria, and Therapy

The first-line treatment for psychotic disorders remains antipsychotic drugs with receptor antagonist properties at D2-like dopamine receptors. However, long-term administration of antipsychotics can upregulate D2 receptors and produce receptor supersensitivity manifested by behavioral supersensitivity to dopamine stimulation in animals, and movement disorders and supersensitivity psychosis (SP) in patients. Antipsychotic-induced SP was first described as the emergence of psychotic symptoms with tardive dyskinesia (TD) and a fall in prolactin levels following drug discontinuation. In the era of first-generation antipsychotics, 4 clinical features characterized drug-induced SP: rapid relapse after drug discontinuation/dose reduction/switch of antipsychotics, tolerance to previously observed therapeutic effects, co-occurring TD, and psychotic exacerbation by life stressors. We review 3 recent studies on the prevalence rates of SP, and the link to treatment resistance and psychotic relapse in the era of second-generation antipsychotics (risperidone, paliperidone, perospirone, and long-acting injectable risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole). These studies show that the prevalence rates of SP remain high in schizophrenia (30%) and higher (70%) in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. We then present neurobehavioral findings on antipsychotic-induced supersensitivity to dopamine from animal studies. Next, we propose criteria for SP, which describe psychotic symptoms and co-occurring movement disorders more precisely. Detection of mild/borderline drug-induced movement disorders permits early recognition of overblockade of D2 receptors, responsible for SP and TD. Finally, we describe 3 antipsychotic withdrawal syndromes, similar to those seen with other CNS drugs, and we propose approaches to treat, potentially prevent, or temporarily manage SP.
A new line of attack on the dichotomy conjecture

The well known dichotomy conjecture of Feder and Vardi states that for every finite family Γ of constraints CSP(Γ) is either polynomially solvable or NP-hard. Bulatov and Jeavons reformulated this conjecture in terms of the properties of the algebra Pol(Γ), where the latter is the collection of those n-ary operations (n= 1,2,.) that keep all constraints in Γ invariant. We show that the algebraic condition boils down to whether there are arbitrarily resilient functions in Pol(Γ). Using this characterization and a result of Dinur, Friedgut and Regev, we give an entirely new and transparent proof to the Hell-Nesetril theorem, which states that for a simple, connected and undirected graph H, the problem CSP(H) is NP-hard if and only if H is non-bipartite. We also introduce another notion of resilience (we call it strong resilience), and we use it to characterize CSP problems that 'do not have the ability to count. ' Very recently this class has been shown to be equivalent with the the class of bounded width problems, i.e. the class of CSPs that be described by existential k-pebble games. What emerges from our research, is that certain important algebraic conditions that are usually expressed via identities have equivalent definitions that rely on asymptotic properties of term operations. Our new notions have a potential to show hardness of CSPs (as demonstrated on the Hell-Nesetril theorem), or to prove their tractability.
Peaks cloaked in the mist: The landscape of mammalian replication origins

Replication of mammalian genomes starts at sites termed replication origins, which historically have been difficult to locate as a result of large genome sizes, limited power of genetic identification schemes, and rareness and fragility of initiation intermediates. However, origins are now mapped by the thousands using microarrays and sequencing techniques. Independent studies show modest concordance, suggesting that mammalian origins can form at any DNA sequence but are suppressed by read-through transcription or that they can overlap the 5′ end or even the entire gene. These results require a critical reevaluation of whether origins form at specific DNA elements and/or epigenetic signals or require no such determinants.
The Microsoft Academic Search challenges at KDD Cup 2013

Microsoft Academic Search is a free search engine specific to scholarly material. It currently covers more than 50 million publications and over 19 million authors across a variety of domains. One of the main challenges in correctly indexing this material is author name ambiguity and the resulting noise in author profiles. KDD Cup 2013 invited participants to tackle this problem in 2 ways: (1) by automatically determining which papers in an author profile are truly written by a given author, and (2) by identifying which author profiles need to be merged because they belong to the same author. This paper presents a brief account of the contest and the lessons learned.
A Model Order Reduction Method for the Finite-Element Simulation of Inhomogeneous Waveguides

A finite-element-based model order reduction method for the broadband analysis of the dominant modes of transversally inhomogeneous waveguides is presented. We show that the sub-space projections used in conventional multipoint methods may result in spurious modes in the reduced-order model and propose an improved formulation to overcome this problem. The suggested method achieves error levels comparable to those of the underlying finite-element method, while overall solution times are significantly smaller.
Do Implicit Attitudes Predict Actual Voting Behavior Particularly for Undecided Voters?

The prediction of voting behavior of undecided voters poses a challenge to psychologists and pollsters. Recently, researchers argued that implicit attitudes would predict voting behavior particularly for undecided voters whereas explicit attitudes would predict voting behavior particularly for decided voters. We tested this assumption in two studies in two countries with distinct political systems in the context of real political elections. Results revealed that (a) explicit attitudes predicted voting behavior better than implicit attitudes for both decided and undecided voters, and (b) implicit attitudes predicted voting behavior better for decided than undecided voters. We propose that greater elaboration of attitudes produces stronger convergence between implicit and explicit attitudes resulting in better predictive validity of both, and less incremental validity of implicit over explicit attitudes for the prediction of voting behavior. However, greater incremental predictive validity of implicit over explicit attitudes may be associated with less elaboration.
A 40-GHz phase-locked loop for 60-GHz sliding-IF transceivers in 65nm CMOS

This paper presents a 40 GHz phase-locked loop as an enabling component for sliding-IF 60 GHz transceivers. The PLL front-end includes, a 40 GHz LC voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a quadrature injection locked frequency divider (ILFD), which are tuned simultaneously to align their tuning and locking range, respectively. The PLL back-end consists of an optimized divider chain, PFD, CP and a second-order passive loop filter integrated on chip. The PLL can be locked from 38.2 to 43.6 GHz corresponding to a down-conversion range of 57.3 to 65.4 GHz, thus covering all IEEE 802.15. 3c channels. The phase noise for a 40.2 GHz output is −89.7, −94 and −112 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz, 4 MHz and 10 MHz offsets, respectively. The settling time is lower than 2μsec and reference spurs are lower than −42dB. Implemented in a 65nm bulk CMOS technology, the PLL consumes 22.8 mW, excluding buffers, from a 1.2 V supply and occupies 1.67×0.745 mm2 silicon area.
Arabic speaker-independent continuous automatic speech recognition based on a phonetically rich and balanced speech corpus

This paper describes and proposes an efficient and effective framework for the design and development of a speaker-independent continuous automatic Arabic speech recognition system based on a phonetically rich and balanced speech corpus. The speech corpus contains a total of 415 sentences recorded by 40 (20 male and 20 female) Arabic native speakers from 11 different Arab countries representing the three major regions (Levant, Gulf, and Africa) in the Arab world. The proposed Arabic speech recognition system is based on the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) Sphinx tools, and the Cambridge HTK tools were also used at some testing stages. The speech engine uses 3-emitting state Hidden Markov Models (HMM) for tri-phone based acoustic models. Based on experimental analysis of about 7 hours of training speech data, the acoustic model is best using continuous observation's probability model of 16 Gaussian mixture distributions and the state distributions were tied to 500 senones. The language model contains both bi-grams and tri-grams. For similar speakers with different sentences, the system obtained a word recognition accuracy of 92.67% and 93.88% and a Word Error Rate (WER) of 11.27% and 10.07% with and without diacritical marks, respectively. For different speakers with similar sentences, the system obtained a word recognition accuracy of 95.92% and 96.29%, and a WER of 5.78%, and 5.45% with and without diacritical marks, respectively. Whereas different speakers and different sentences, the system obtained a word recognition accuracy of 89.08% and 90.23%, and a WER of 15.59% and 14.44% with and without diacritical marks, respectively.
Modified NLMS Algorithm Using Adaptive Learning Rate in Nonstationary Environment

Abstract. In this paper a modified Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) algorithm is derived using past weight vectors and adaptive learning rate for nonstationary channels. The proposed minimization criterion minimizes the mean square error (MSE) of currently updated weight vector and past weight vector. The MSE of the modified NLMS algorithm is plotted for various values of adaptive learning rate from zero to one. The result shows that as the adaptive learning rate decreases the convergence rate increases. The result also shows that the modified NLMS algorithm with active weight detection is capable of determining changes in position and strength of the weight vector coefficients in time-varying channel.
Cross-language headline generation for Hindi

This paper presents new approaches to headline generation for English newspaper texts, with an eye toward the production of document surrogates for document selection in cross-language information retrieval. This task is difficult because the user must make decisions about relevance based on (often poor) translations of retrieved documents. To facilitate the decision-making process we need translations that can be assessed rapidly and accurately; our approach is to provide an English headline for the non-English document. We describe two approaches to headline generation and their application to the recent DARPA TIDES-2003 Surprise Language Exercise for Hindi. For comparison, we also implemented an alternative method for surrogate generation: a system that produces topic lists for (Hindi) articles. We present the results of a series of experiments comparing each of these approaches. We demonstrate in both automatic and human evaluations that our linguistically motivated approach outperforms two other surrogate-generation methods: a statistical system and a topic discovery system.
Correlation Analysis of the Structures and Stability Constants of Gadolinium(III) Complexes

To simplify the abstraction of descriptors, for the correlation analysis of the stability constants of gadolinium(III) complexes and their ligand structures, aiming at gadolinium(III) complexes, we only considered the ligands and ignored the common parts of the structures, i.e., the metal ions. Quantum-chemical descriptors and topological indices were calculated to describe the structures of the ligands. Multiple regression analysis and neural networks were applied to construct the models between the ligands and the stability constants of gadolinium(III) complexes and satisfactory results were obtained.
Targeting Microglial Activation States as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized neuropathologically by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, intracellular proteinaceous inclusions, reduction of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum, and increased neuroinflammatory cells. The consequent reduction of dopamine in the basal ganglia results in the classical parkinsonian motor phenotype. A growing body of evidence suggest that neuroinflammation mediated by microglia, the resident macrophage-like immune cells in the brain, play a contributory role in PD pathogenesis. Microglia participate in both physiological and pathological conditions. In the former, microglia restore the integrity of the central nervous system and, in the latter, they promote disease progression. Microglia acquire different activation states to modulate these cellular functions. Upon activation to the M1 phenotype, microglia elaborate pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic molecules promoting inflammation and cytotoxic responses. In contrast, when adopting the M2 phenotype microglia secrete anti-inflammatory gene products and trophic factors that promote repair, regeneration, and restore homeostasis. Relatively little is known about the different microglial activation states in PD and a better understanding is essential for developing putative neuroprotective agents. Targeting microglial activation states by suppressing their deleterious pro-inflammatory neurotoxicity and/or simultaneously enhancing their beneficial anti-inflammatory protective functions appear as a valid therapeutic approach for PD treatment. In this review, we summarize microglial functions and, their dual neurotoxic and neuroprotective role in PD. We also review molecules that modulate microglial activation states as a therapeutic option for PD treatment.
Recommender systems on web service selection problems using a new hybrid approach

Recommender systems can reduce information overload and recommend better items for customers in different fields such as, electronic commerce, web service selection and so on. Recommender systems use different technologies that are classified into two broad groups: content-based filtering technologies and collaborative filtering technologies. In this paper, a new hybrid recommender system has been proposed to alleviate new user cold-start problem. The new user cold-start problem is when a number of users have a few numbers of ratings on items. Also, an unsupervised learning algorithm means dynamic K-means algorithm has been used to address scalability problem. In this paper, recommender system approaches have been used for web service selection. The changed weighted majority voting (CWMV) technique has been used to combine the output of six strategies. The experiment results show the proposed approach has recommendations with better accuracy than other approaches.