Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the moderation of student assessment in South African universities

A conceptual analysis of the moderation of assessment exposed different and contested theoretical understandings and practical applications of the phenomenon in an international context. International literature also reveals that there is very strong support for a moderation system of continuous, social and consensus seeking moderation involving communities of moderation practice. In turn, a subsequent comparative document analysis of relevant South African national policy and guideline documents show that these documents might encourage institutional moderation systems that are relatively quantitative, structured, individualised, analytical and/or technical in nature. The implication is that South African higher education authorities and institutions such as universities of technology need to review and rethink their moderation of assessment policies and procedures.
Global Conformational Transitions in Escherichia coli Primary Replicative Helicase DnaB Protein Induced by ATP, ADP, and Single-stranded DNA Binding

The direct evidence of dramatic conformational changes of the DnaB hexamer, induced by nucleotide binding, and the presence of multiple conformational states of the enzyme have been obtained by using analytical sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation velocity studies, and the rigorous fluorescence titration technique. Equilibrium sedimentation measurements show that in the presence of the ATP nonhydrolyzable analog, AMP-PNP, the DnaB helicase fully preserves its hexameric structure. However, in the presence of the saturating concentration of AMP-PNP, the sedimentation coefficient of the hexamer is s = 11.9 ± 0.2 compared to the sedimentation coefficient s = 10.5 ± 0.2 of the free DnaB helicase hexamer. This large sedimentation coefficient change indicates dramatic global conformational transitions of the hexamer, encompassing all six subunits, upon binding the ATP analog. In the presence of ADP, the sedimentation coefficient is s = 11.4 ± 0.2, indicating that the conformation of the ADP form of the hexamer is different from the ATP form. The sedimentation coefficient of the ternary complex DnaB-(AMP-PNP)-dA(pA), s = 12.4, suggests that the DnaB helicase undergoes further conformational changes upon binding single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The large global structural changes correlate with the functional activities of the enzyme. In the absence of the ATP analog, the hexamer exists in a “closed” conformation which has extremely low affinity toward ssDNA. Upon binding the ATP analog, the DnaB hexamer transforms into a “tense” state which binds ssDNA with an affinity of 4 orders of magnitude higher than in the absence of the nucleotide. In the presence of ADP, the DnaB hexamer assumes a “relaxed” conformation. The functional difference between these two conformations is reflected in the much weaker allosteric effect of ADP on the ssDNA binding with the affinity constant 3 orders of magnitude weaker than in the presence of the ATP analog (tense state).
Microbial denitrification dominates nitrate losses from forest ecosystems

Significance Nitrogen (N) losses from terrestrial ecosystems can occur as inert forms or heat-trapping greenhouse gases, and via nitrate (NO3−) leaching to drainage waters, which can contribute to eutrophication and anoxia in downstream ecosystems. Here, we use natural isotopes to demonstrate that microbial gaseous N production via denitrification is the dominant pathway of NO3− removal from forest ecosystems, with gaseous N losses that are up to ∼60-fold higher than those based on traditional techniques. Denitrification becomes less efficient compared with NO3− leaching in more N-polluted ecosystems, which has important implications for assessing the connections between terrestrial soils and downstream ecosystems under rising anthropogenic N deposition. Denitrification removes fixed nitrogen (N) from the biosphere, thereby restricting the availability of this key limiting nutrient for terrestrial plant productivity. This microbially driven process has been exceedingly difficult to measure, however, given the large background of nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere and vexing scaling issues associated with heterogeneous soil systems. Here, we use natural abundance of N and oxygen isotopes in nitrate (NO3−) to examine dentrification rates across six forest sites in southern China and central Japan, which span temperate to tropical climates, as well as various stand ages and N deposition regimes. Our multiple stable isotope approach across soil to watershed scales shows that traditional techniques underestimate terrestrial denitrification fluxes by up to 98%, with annual losses of 5.6–30.1 kg of N per hectare via this gaseous pathway. These N export fluxes are up to sixfold higher than NO3− leaching, pointing to widespread dominance of denitrification in removing NO3− from forest ecosystems across a range of conditions. Further, we report that the loss of NO3− to denitrification decreased in comparison to leaching pathways in sites with the highest rates of anthropogenic N deposition.
Modified Look‐Locker T1 evaluation using Bloch simulations: Human and phantom validation

Modified Look‐Locker imaging is frequently used for T1 mapping of the myocardium. However, the specific effect of various MRI parameters (e.g., encoding scheme, modifications of flip angle, heart rate, T2, and inversion times) on the accuracy of T1 measurement has not been studied through Bloch simulations. In this work, modified Look‐Locker imaging was characterized through a numerical solution for Bloch equations. MRI sequence parameters that may affect T1 accuracy were systematically varied in the simulation. For validation, phantoms were constructed with various T2 and T1 times and compared with Bloch equation simulations. Human volunteers were also evaluated with various pulse sequences parameters to assess the validity of the numerical simulations. There was close agreement between simulated T1 times and T1 times measured in phantoms and volunteers. Lower T2 times (i.e., <30 ms) resulted in errors greater than 5% for T1 determination. Increasing maximum inversion time value improved T1 accuracy particularly for precontrast myocardial T1. Balanced steady‐state free precession k space centric encoding improved accuracy for short T1 times (post gadolinium), but linear encoding provided improved accuracy for precontrast T1 values. Lower flip angles are preferred if the signal‐to‐noise ratio is sufficiently high. Bloch simulations for modified Look‐Locker imaging provide an accurate method to comprehensively quantify the effect of pulse sequence parameters on T1 accuracy. As an alternative to otherwise lengthy phantom studies or human studies, such simulations may be useful to optimize the modified Look‐Locker imaging sequence and compare differences in T1‐derived measurements from different scanners or institutions. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Costs and Benefits of Structured Products: How Should the German Regulators React to Transparency, Wealth Appropriation, Pricing and Risk in the Local Structured Products Market?

This paper analyzes the structured products in the German secondary market from a regulatory and social interest point of view. It investigates the wealth appropriation and price transparency problems in this markets over-time and with the technical precision needed for a regulatory analysis. In its empirical part, this paper, in particular, increase the precision of past pioneering studies in this area. It also incorporates an algorithm for calculating the values under the normal distribution with additional precision; improves upon escrowed dividend model; incorporates the dividend-yield estimates published by commercial financial data providers; and uses volatility surfaces, to improve the calculation precision of volatility input into the valuation formula. It shows that after removing the above sources of imprecision, the mispricing hypothesis cannot be rejected. This study also distinguishes between random mispricing and systematic overpricing and shows that there is a shift in the underlying estimation distribution indicating systematic overpricing to the disadvantage of the retail customer. In a final step author derived specific recommendations for German regulatory reaction to transparency and wealth appropriation problems in local structured products markets.
Metastable precursors during the oxidation of the Ru(0001) surface

The interaction of metals with our oxygen-rich atmosphere leads to the oxidation of the metal surfaces. Although this is common knowledge, little is known about the microscopic processes that actuate this oxide formation. Roughly speaking, the reaction sequence may be divided into the initial dissociation of O2 and O chemisorption, followed by oxide nucleation, and finally the growth of the formed oxide film. In this scheme, particularly the transition from a twodimensional on-surface O adlayer to a three-dimensional surface-oxide nucleus has hitherto barely been addressed. Based on a host of density-functional-theory ~DFT! calculations, we present an atomistic pathway for the oxide formation on the Ru~0001! surface. 1 The situation for this surface is in fact unique, as both the initial O chemisorption on the metal and the finally resulting RuO 2(110) oxide patches were already characterized experimentally on an atomic level. 2,3 Bridging this detailed knowledge of the initial and final state of the oxidation, we predict that after the completion of a full monolayer of chemisorbed O on Ru~0001! , the incorporation of O into the lattice leads to the formation of two-dimensional subsurface O islands between the first and second substrate layer. This implies that domains are formed that have a local (1 31) periodicity, and that can be described as a trilayered Oad-Ru-Osub film on top of Ru~0001! Further O incorporation also occurs between the first and second substrate layer, saturating the underlying metal and almost completely decoupling the O-Ru-O trilayer. The ongoing oxidation results in the successive formation of more of these O-Ru-O trilayers, which at first remain in a loosely coupled stacking sequence. Once a critical film thickness is exceeded, this trilayer stack unfolds into the experimentally reported RuO2(110) rutile structure. 3
International Consensus Conference "Performance in top sports involving intense exercise".

The aim of this consensus conference is to facilitate the presentation and discussion of the latest knowledge on performance in high intensity elite sports. Specifically, the aim is to produce a series of statements and recommendations that can be used by decision makers in sport as well as in politics and economy. The conference will conclude with a press release presenting the statements and recommendations.
miRNA-940 reduction contributes to human Tetralogy of Fallot development

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a complex congenital heart defect and the microRNAs regulation in TOF development is largely unknown. Herein, we explored the role of miRNAs in TOF. Among 75 dysregulated miRNAs identified from human heart tissues, miRNA‐940 was the most down‐regulated one. Interestingly, miRNA‐940 was most highly expressed in normal human right ventricular out‐flow tract comparing to other heart chambers. As TOF is caused by altered proliferation, migration and/or differentiation of the progenitor cells of the secondary heart field, we isolated Sca‐1+ human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (hCMPC) for miRNA‐940 function analysis. miRNA‐940 reduction significantly promoted hCMPCs proliferation and inhibited hCMPCs migration. We found that JARID2 is an endogenous target regulated by miRNA‐940. Functional analyses showed that JARID2 also affected hCMPCs proliferation and migration. Thus, decreased miRNA‐940 affects the proliferation and migration of the progenitor cells of the secondary heart field by targeting JARID2 and potentially leads to TOF development.
Deep eutectic solvents compatible Aspergillus niger cellulase and its utility for in situ pre-treatment and saccharification of wheat straw

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) represent an emerging class of ionic liquids with many novel properties and wide industrial applications. Very recently, they are being used as natural solvent systems for lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment. The present study deals with the stability of Aspergillus niger cellulase in three types of DES namely reline (choline chloride and urea), glyceline (choline chloride and glycerol) and ethaline (choline chloride and ethylene glycol) at high concentrations (70%, v/v). The tertiary structural changes in the presence of varying concentrations of DES were monitored by intrinsic fluorescence indicating the maintenance of active site of cellulase in the presence of DES. Further, the applicability of DES stable cellulase was checked for the in situ pre-treatment and saccharification of wheat straw. The maximum reducing sugars (~16mg/ml) were generated under the optimised conditions by using ethaline as the chosen DES. Thus, the pre-treatment of wheat straw using DES compatible cellulase in a one-pot process represents an economical feasible approach in the utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass for the generation of biofuels.
Government Spending Multipliers and Imperfect Asset Substitution∗

There has been a renewed interest in the ability of fiscal policy to play an active role in stabilizing economies since the Great Recession. We illustrate in a tractable New Keynesian model that imperfect asset substitutability in the bond market can serve as an important channel for fiscal policy away from the effective lower bound on interest rates. Specifically, in the presence of imperfect asset substitution, government spending shocks can generate a positive consumption multiplier if the fiscal authority finances the shock by issuing bonds of a relatively shorter maturity. This channel works through the imperfect pass-through from shortto long-term bonds, inducing fluctuations in the interest rate spread. This spread is shown to have a substantial impact on consumption decisions. Policy-wise, this implies that the Treasury can play an active role in economic stabilization, an idea commonly relegated to monetary policy, by actively managing the maturity structure of its debt portfolio. JEL Classification: E62, E63, H63
POSSESSORS AND DEFINITENESS EFFECTS IN TWO AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES

The definiteness effects that form the backdrop to this paper were first investigated by Milsark (1974, 1977) in his pioneering work on the syntax and semantics of English existential sentences. Milsark (1977) observed that the pivots of existential clauses must be weak. He also observed that the subjects of what are now called individual-level predicates must be strong (see also Postal 1969 and Carlson 1977). These definiteness effects, repeated below, will be referred to here as DE1 and DE2.
Capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis: Principles and applications for the study of drug‐plasma protein binding

Capillary electrophoresis is a well‐established technique for the study of noncovalent interactions. Various approaches exist and capillary electrophoresis‐frontal analysis provides an interesting alternative to the migration shift affinity capillary electrophoresis methods and conventional methods. The present work reviews the principles on which the frontal analysis method is founded. Advantages and limitations of capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis in comparison with both conventional and other capillary electrophoresis based methods for quantification of binding interactions are discussed. Investigations utilizing capillary electrophoresis‐frontal analysis have focused on the interaction of drugs with plasma proteins. These studies, primarily addressing the binding of drugs to human serum albumin, α1‐acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins are reviewed together with some recent developments in capillary electrophoresis‐frontal analysis methodology.
Improvements in the Establishment of a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model

Coronary artery ligation is widely used for myocardial infarction (MI) induction in rats but produces a large variation in infarct size — a major determinant of mortality. Accurate control of infarct size is critically important for the establishment of a useful animal model. This study determined the anatomical course of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by direct visualization in order to locate precisely the position of ligation. MI was induced by conventional methods (control group) or using a detailed anatomical knowledge of the LAD (experimental group). Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed to compare infarct size, and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes were observed. The rate of MI induction was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (89.5% vs 65.6%) and the size of infarction was more consistent in the experimental group. Direct visualization of the rat LAD allowed accurate identification of the ligation site, thereby controlling infarct size and improving the success rate of the rat model.
Green conserved mammalian alternative promoters Characterization and predictive discovery of evolutionarily data

data Supplementary http://www.genome. org/cgi/content/full/gr.5872707/DC1 "Supplemental Research Data" References http://www.genome. org/cgi/content/full/17/2/145#otherarticles Article cited in: http://www.genome. org/cgi/content/full/17/2/145#References This article cites 32 articles, 19 of which can be accessed free at: Open Access Freely available online through the Genome Research Open Access option. service Email alerting click here top right corner of the article or Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the Notes
A Digital Forensic Investigation Model and Tool for Online Social Networks

The growth of online social networks has encouraged new ways of communicating and sharing information and is used regularly by millions of people; it now seems that these networks will be an enduring part of everyday life. The rapid growth of online social networks has also resulted in an increase in its use for significant criminal activities and perpetrators are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their attempt to use technology in order to evade detection and perform criminal acts. We have reviewed the existing literature of digital forensic investigation models and frameworks, most have quite similar approaches, and some of the models are generic which do not focus on the purpose of the investigation. In addition, there is no standard and consistent model, only sets of procedures and tools, thus many digital crime investigations are performed without proper guidelines. Moreover, there is no model built specifically for online social networks but in contrast digital crimes related to them are growing rapidly. To address these challenges, we have developed a standard model of digital forensic investigation for online social networks in this research. This model incorporates the existing traditional frameworks, allowing us to compile a comprehensive digital forensic investigation model specifically for the networks. In order to implement the model, we will develop a tool that is capable to automate searching, extracting, filtering and reporting important information in the networks without having to search manually. Keywords-computer security; digital forensic; online social neworks
ENTERPRISE VALUE AND DISCLOSURE LEVEL: EVIDENCES IN THE BRAZILIAN MARKET

There is a strong tendency in global markets towards an enhanced level of corporate transparency regarding the activities of companies and, as a result, information on their performance. The Purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between greater disclosure levels and shareholder value creation. Increasing levels of disclosure are required from companies‟ management before shareholders and the society in general. Obscure practices that fail to take into consideration the best interests of shareholders increase risks and cause shares to lose liquidity. The São Paulo Stock Exchange‟s “Novo Mercado” (“New Market”) emerged from the intent to improve the Brazilian stock market by adopting best practices in corporate governance, adding transparency to disclosed information, and heightening the respect for the interests of shareholders, whether they may be minority or not. The “Novo Mercado” intends to foster a differentiated environment in which companies committed to corporate governance are recognized and can benefit from better stock prices, resulting in lower placement costs and increased liquidity. Our research will assume that companies with American Depositary Receipts ADRs are committed to a higher level of disclosure as a result of the requirements of the Security Exchange Commission – SEC, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board FASB; an empiric study about these firms will be performed. We will determine, through a Study Event concerned with cases where ADR have been issued, which consequences of the commitment to higher levels of disclosure as regards shareholder are responsible for value creation, and what are the reflections on the stock price quoted in the Brazilian market.