Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Bloom's and Werner's syndrome proteins are DNA structure-specific helicases

BLM and WRN, the products of the Bloom's and Werner's syndrome genes, are members of the RecQ family of DNA helicases. Although both have been shown previously to unwind simple, partial duplex DNA substrates with 3'-->5' polarity, little is known about the structural features of DNA that determine the substrate specificities of these enzymes. We have compared the substrate specificities of the BLM and WRN proteins using a variety of partial duplex DNA molecules, which are based upon a common core nucleotide sequence. We show that neither BLM nor WRN is capable of unwinding duplex DNA from a blunt-ended terminus or from an internal nick. However, both enzymes efficiently unwind the same blunt-ended duplex containing a centrally located 12 nt single-stranded 'bubble', as well as a synthetic X-structure (a model for the Holliday junction recombination intermediate) in which each 'arm' of the 4-way junction is blunt-ended. Surprisingly, a 3'-tailed duplex, a standard substrate for 3'-->5' helicases, is unwound much less efficiently by BLM and WRN than are the bubble and X-structure substrates. These data show conclusively that a single-stranded 3'-tail is not a structural requirement for unwinding of standard B-form DNA by these helicases. BLM and WRN also both unwind a variety of different forms of G-quadruplex DNA, a structure that can form at guanine-rich sequences present at several genomic loci. Our data indicate that BLM and WRN are atypical helicases that are highly DNA structure specific and have similar substrate specificities. We interpret these data in the light of the genomic instability and hyper-recombination characteristics of cells from individuals with Bloom's or Werner's syndrome.
The timing of dialysis and kidney transplantation in type 1 diabetes

Despite significant improvements in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy over the last 20 years, patients with type 1 diabetes are at high risk of developing end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and high mortality once ESRD develops. The timing of dialysis initiation has occurred earlier over the years, but a recent study has led to a re‐evaluation of that approach. People with type 1 diabetes treated with pre‐dialysis (pre‐emptive) transplantation have a lower death rate than people with type 1 diabetes treated with dialysis. Living donor kidney transplantation is possible before starting dialysis and is associated with better kidney and patient outcomes as compared to transplantation while on dialysis. Multiple barriers remain that prevent people with type 1 diabetes from enjoying the reduced risk of death afforded by a pre‐emptive kidney transplant, including lack of knowledge by primary care physicians, endocrinologists and nephrologists, late referral for transplantation, patient and family misconceptions about timing of transplantation and who can be a donor. New data on both the optimal time to initiate dialysis or to pursue transplantation will be reviewed.
SWETWOL: A Comprehensive Morphological Analyser for Swedish

SWETWOL is implemented in the framework of Koskenniemi's (1983) two-level model. It contains a 48,000 item lexicon and a full inflectional description. Special attention was paid to the design of a computational analysis of productive Swedish compounds. Recall (coverage) and precision of SWETWOL meet high standards. SWETWOL has been extensively tested on various types of texts.
ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG INDONESIAN AND NORWEGIAN STUDENTS

This paper aims to identify determinants of entrepreneurial intention among young people. The empirical basis is formed by surveys among Indonesian and Norwegian students. The main objective is to compare the impact of different economic and cultural contexts. Independent variables in the study include demographic factors and individual background, personality traits and attitudes, and contextual elements such as access to capital and information. The individual perceptions of self-efficacy and instrumental readiness are the variables that affect entrepreneurial intention most significantly. Age, gender and educational background have no statistically significant impact. Generally, the level of entrepreneurial intention is higher among Indonesian students. The lower level of entrepreneurial intention among Norwegian students is explained by the social status and economic remuneration of entrepreneurs in comparison with those enjoyed by employees in the Norwegian context.
PHTHALOCYANINES AS PHOTODYNAMIC SENSITIZERS *

The most cherished goals of pharmacology are the development of selective therapeutic agents which affect exclusively the target tissue. Unfortunately, in many disorders including cancer, such a discrimination is still hard to achieve. One strategy which has been recently receiving attention is the use of compounds which acquire “drug activity” when activated by light. If such compounds are also taken up preferentially by the target tissues, selectivity is achieved by exposure to the correct wavelength of light which per se is harmless, and eventually by spatial restriction of the illumination. In this modality, for example, a photosensitizing dye restrictively confined to certain sites in the biological milieu is activated by visible light to obtain a desired effect on stained structures. A prototype of treatment belonging to this category of pharmacological agents is photodynamic therapy (PDT)t of cancer. This treatment has been based on the observation that the dye HPD, administered intravenously, as a result of some incompletely understood properties of malignant tissue, is preferentially retained in solid tumors; subsequent exposure to red light initiates a chain of events which ends in tumor necrosis. Observations that neoplastic tissues have affinity for PC were reported more than 30 years ago (Wrenn et al., 1951, Frigerio, 1962). However, only the comprehensive research of the last few years has boosted these dyes to the position of viable candidates for PDT. Several reviews on photodynamic activity of PC which have already appeared in the literature serve as a sure sign that this field has matured (Spikes, 1986; Rosenthal and Ben Hur, 1989; van Lier and Spikes, 1989; van Lier, 1990).
Mobile method of active hose passing through the narrow space

This paper proposes both the design concept and the driving mechanism of a flexible robot with multiple degrees of freedom to dive into debris. Up to now, several kinds of pneumatic robots with flexibility have been developed, however they have been unable to perform multiple degrees of freedom with high bending moment. A new type of robot, called "Active Hose", is proposed here, which has multiple degrees of freedom by connecting units of two degrees of freedom in series and has a high bending moment by introducing a spine structure and using deformation of the spiral tubes. "Active Hose" can be expected to be applied to rescue operations such as searching for victims under debris just after an earthquake, supplying fresh air and drinking water for victims, and carrying air jacks so as to make room for victims to escape.
Assessment of fighting ability or simple habituation: What causes young pigs (Sus scrofa) to stop fighting?

To determine how pigs assess their relative fighting ability, I observed paired contests between young pigs that were either of similar weight or of different weight. On the first day the incidence of fighting was high, but this was not affected by the size of the weight difference. Fights between pigs of different weight were shorter than those between pigs of similar weight. When the pigs were of different weight, the eventual winner bit more frequently and spent more time attacking than did the eventual loser. This difference was not apparent when the pigs were of similar weight. On the first day, winners and losers were equally likely to initiate fights. The incidence of fighting was lower on the second day, although this was unaffected by the weight difference. Losers were less likely to initiate fights on the second day, and fights were shorter than on the first day. However, for the time that they did fight, the losers fought as vigorously (based on the rate of biting) on the second day as on the first. Seventy-two hours of visual and olfactory contact before the fight had no effect on the incidence of fighting and minimal effect on its duration. I suggest a young pig cannot assess its chance of success prior to the first encounter but only during the course of the fight. This assessment is reduced by attacks from the opponent until it drops below a critical threshold, whereupon the pig stops fighting. As a result of a previous defeat, a pig will lower its assessment and will be less likely to fight or to initiate fights on subsequent encounters. It is this change in assessment rather than habituation alone that makes pigs less likely to fight as they become acquainted.
Enhancement of murine hepatocarcinogenesis by all-trans-retinoic acid and two synthetic retinamides.

Although retinoids have significant chemopreventive activity in many in vivo carcinogenesis models, their influence on experimental hepatocarcinogenesis has received only limited study. The present experiment was designed to determine the effects of three retinoids on hepatocarcinogenesis induced in female B6D2F1 mice by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Beginning 1 week after a single i.p. dose of 0, 50 or 100 mg DEN per kg body wt, groups of 35 mice received dietary supplements of (per kg diet): 0.1 mmol all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), 0.5 or 1.0 mmol all-trans-ethyl retinamide (ER), 0.5 or 1.0 mmol 13-cis-ethyl retinamide (13-cis-ER), or vehicle only. In mice treated with 100 mg DEN/kg, all three retinoids significantly increased the incidence of liver tumors (benign + malignant) from the level seen in dietary controls; significant increases in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma were seen in groups fed ER. At the lower DEN dose, all three retinoids significantly increased the incidence of total liver tumors and of hepatocellular carcinomas. In mice not treated with DEN, liver tumors were seen only in mice fed ER or 13-cis-ER at 1.0 mmol/kg diet. These data indicate that RA, ER and 13-cis-ER can promote liver carcinogenesis in mice when administered at doses that inhibit cancer induction in other tissues. Because chronic exposure to many retinoids results in the deposition and accumulation of both parent compound and metabolites in the liver, these results should suggest caution in the design of clinical chemoprevention trials with this class of compounds.
The Inner Tegument Promotes Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid Motility Along Microtubules in vitro

After viral fusion, capsids of the neurotropic herpes simplex virus are transported along microtubules (MT) to the nuclear pores for viral genome uncoating, nuclear transcription and replication. After assembly and egress from the nucleus, cytosolic capsids are transported to host membranes for secondary envelopment or to the axon terminal for further viral spread. Using GFP‐tagged capsids, Cy3‐labelled MT and cytosol, we have reconstituted viral capsid transport in vitro. In the presence of ATP, capsids moved along MT up to 30 µm. Blocking the function of dynactin, a cofactor of dynein and kinesin‐2, inhibited the transport. Removing outer tegument proteins from the capsids increased in vitro motility. In contrast, capsids isolated from infected nuclei that were devoid of inner as well as outer tegument proteins showed little interaction with dynein and its cofactor dynactin. Our data suggest that the inner tegument of alphaherpesviruses contains viral receptors for MT motors.
Ways of seeing: using ethnography and Foucault's `toolkit' to view assessment practices differently

Tamboukou and Ball ask, what value can genealogy and/or ethnography add to the other? This article illustrates, through an educational exemplar study, how being genealogically driven can produce new ways of seeing and thinking about practices, within the field of educational assessment. To date, neither the qualitative nor the quantitative methods customarily applied to the assessment field have been able to illuminate why, since the late 1980s, accountability demands have caused New Zealand primary school teachers to prioritize the use of summative classroom assessment practices when research indicates that formative practices are clearly more productive of learning. Using ethnographic data gathering techniques and grounded theory in combination with Foucauldian tools and notions of genealogy, discourses, surveillance, and `the history of the present', it is argued, enabled new ways to think about why teachers have normalized particular assessment practices in New Zealand's self-managing schools. In short, this article argues that it is extremely helpful to mix modernist ethnographic methods that focus on the micro-practices of teaching with post-modernist theoretical tools in order to provide different ways of seeing.
The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health

Scholars spanning a variety of disciplines have studied the ways in which contact with natural environments may impact human well‐being. We review the effects of such nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health, synthesizing work from environmental psychology, urban planning, the medical literature, and landscape aesthetics. We provide an overview of the prevailing explanatory theories of these effects, the ways in which exposure to nature has been considered, and the role that individuals’ preferences for nature may play in the impact of the environment on psychological functioning. Drawing from the highly productive but disparate programs of research in this area, we conclude by proposing a system of categorization for different types of nature experience. We also outline key questions for future work, including further inquiry into which elements of the natural environment may have impacts on cognitive function and mental health; what the most effective type, duration, and frequency of contact may be; and what the possible neural mechanisms are that could be responsible for the documented effects.
Methylxanthines cause a decrease of prolactin plasma levels in healthy non‐pregnant women

The effect of different doses of caffeine and theophylline (2, 4 and 8 mg/kg p.o.) on prolactin plasma levels in volunteer non‐pregnant women has been analysed. The study of basal serum prolactin levels demonstrated great interindividual variation with a good reproducibility of the basal prolactin pattern for all subjects. We found a slight but significant decrease in prolactin levels following xanthine administration. The possible dopaminergic agonism of xanthines and the consequent social implications are discussed.
The Situational Occurrences Theory of Job Satisfaction

A two-phase study was conducted to test the Situational Occurrences Theory of Job Satisfaction. The theory was designed to address the following anomalies: (1) why do employees holding seemingly excellent jobs in terms of the traditional job facets such as pay and benefits sometimes report low satisfaction, (2) why do employees holding similar jobs at the same or different organizations with similar pay, etc. have different job satisfaction levels, and (3) why do employee job satisfaction levels change over time when pay, etc. remains relatively stable? The theory posits that job satisfaction is a function of a relatively finite and stable set of variables called Situational Characteristics and a broader based, fluid set of variables called Situational Occurrences. It was hypothesized that overall job satisfaction could best be predicted from a combination of Situational Occurrences and Situational Characteristics than by either alone. It was also hypothesized that Situational Occurrences play a dominant role in determining subsequent satisfaction with the job. Both hypotheses were supported. In addition, male and female differences in the relative importance of Situational Characteristics and Situational Determinants were found.
Islet Pathology in Type 1 Effector-Memory T Cells Develop in Islets

CD8 + T cells are critical in human type 1 diabetes and in the NOD mouse. In this study, we elucidated the natural history of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)-specific CD8 + T cells in NOD diabetes using MHC-tetramer technology. IGRP 206–214-specific T cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissue increased with age, and their numbers correlated with insulitis progression. IGRP 206–214-specific T cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissue expressed markers of chronic Ag stimulation, and their numbers were stable after diagnosis of diabetes, consistent with their memory phenotype. IGRP 206–214-specific T cells in NOD mice expand, acquire the phenotype of effector-memory T cells in the islets, and emigrate to the peripheral lymphoid tissue. Our observations suggest that enumeration of effector-memory T cells of multiple autoantigen specificities in the periphery of type 1 diabetic subjects could be a reliable reporter for progression of islet pathology. T he pancreas is inaccessible for study in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Therefore, parameters in the blood have been investigated to study the natural history of islet immuno-pathology. However, the detection of Ag-specific T cells in peripheral blood has been difficult because of their low frequency and affinity. Sensitive assays have been developed to measure the number and function of islet-specific T cells from the blood of patients, including MHC tetramers and functional assays, such as ELISPOT (1). Although T cell responses to islet Ags, such as insulin, preproinsulin (2), islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, N (3), and glutamic acid decarboxlyase (4), have been detected in the blood of recent-onset T1D patients, these tests are not yet used in routine clinical practice. Although progress continues to be made, some studies reported a significant difference in the frequency of autoreactive T cells between recent-onset T1D subjects and healthy controls (3), whereas other studies reported no difference (5, 6). Moreover, some functional assays require intensive in vitro stimulation before responses in recent-onset patients are detected; in such scenarios, responses are often found in healthy humans, as well. The NOD mouse model is commonly deemed as the best model of T1D (7). In contrast to humans, it is possible to compare peripheral blood parameters and islet pathology in mice. MHC class I tetramers that detect Ag-specific T cells have been used to detect CD8 + T cells specific for the islet Ag IGRP 206–214 (referred to as " IGRP-specific CD8 + T …
Mixed discrete optimization of multiple-valued systems

In this paper, a cutting-plane method is presented that has been applied to mixed multiple-valued optimization problems. In practice, the approach is faster than transforming mixed multiple-valued programs to mixed integer or zero-one integer programs. The approach can be used for fuzzy sets and industrial applications involving discrete intervals of feasible solutions. It has been applied to industrial power plants and flexible manufacturing systems.
Serum and plasma BDNF levels in major depression: A replication study and meta-analyses

Abstract Objectives. Alterations of BDNF signalling in major depression (MD) are supported by studies demonstrating decreased levels of the neurotrophin serum and plasma content in MD patients. We conducted a replication study and we performed two meta-analyses on studies analysing serum and plasma BDNF levels in MD patients. Methods. The samples were composed by 489 patients/483 controls for the meta-analysis on serum and by 161 patients/211 controls for that on plasma levels. We performed also subgroup analyses to examine whether the decrease in BDNF levels in MD was influenced by gender. Results. In the replication study we found decreased serum BDNF levels in MD patients (P<0.01) and we demonstrated that is down-regulated the mature form of the neurotrophin (mBDNF). No significant difference was evidenced for plasma BDNF levels. The meta-analyses showed a reduction of both BDNF serum (P<0.0001) and plasma levels (P=0.02) in MD. No difference in the effect size on serum BDNF was observed between males and females (P=0.18). Conclusions. In conclusion, our results provide evidence of peripheral BDNF alteration in MD and support the rationale for further investigation aiming to the identification of biomarkers for differential diagnosis and personalization of therapies in this disorder.
CD45 Modulates Galectin-1-Induced T Cell Death: Regulation by Expression of Core 2 O-Glycans1

Galectin-1 induces death of immature thymocytes and activated T cells. Galectin-1 binds to T cell-surface glycoproteins CD45, CD43, and CD7, although the precise roles of each receptor in cell death are unknown. We have determined that CD45 can positively and negatively regulate galectin-1-induced T cell death, depending on the glycosylation status of the cells. CD45+ BW5147 T cells lacking the core 2 β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) were resistant to galectin-1 death. The inhibitory effect of CD45 in C2GnT− cells appeared to require the CD45 cytoplasmic domain, because Rev1.1 cells expressing only CD45 transmembrane and extracellular domains were susceptible to galectin-1 death. Moreover, treatment with the phosphotyrosine-phosphatase inhibitor potassium bisperoxo(1,10-phenanthroline)oxovanadate(V) enhanced galectin-1 susceptibility of CD45+ T cell lines, but had no effect on the death of CD45− T cells, indicating that the CD45 inhibitory effect involved the phosphatase domain. Expression of the C2GnT in CD45+ T cell lines rendered the cells susceptible to galectin-1, while expression of the C2GnT in CD45− cells had no effect on galectin-1 susceptibility. When CD45+ T cells bound to galectin-1 on murine thymic stromal cells, only C2GnT+ T cells underwent death. On C2GnT+ cells, CD45 and galectin-1 co-localized in patches on membrane blebs while no segregation of CD45 was seen on C2GnT− T cells, suggesting that oligosaccharide-mediated clustering of CD45 facilitated galectin-1-induced cell death.
Unwarping Images of Curved Documents Using Global Shape Optimization

The unwarping of curved document images is a crucial problem for camera-based document analysis since most of current OCR techniques can not handle distortion due to perspective and warping. In previous work we have shown how to recover the page shape from a single image using an iterative procedure without camera calibration, and using the shape information to restore a frontal view of a flat document. In this paper we report our recent progress using a global optimization method to do shape estimation. Experimental results show a clear improvement over our previous
Diagnosis and treatment of deep-vein thrombosis

Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common condition that can lead to complications such as postphlebitic syndrome, pulmonary embolism and death. The approach to the diagnosis of DVT has evolved over the years. Currently an algorithm strategy combining pretest probability, D-dimer testing and compression ultrasound imaging allows for safe and convenient investigation of suspected lower-extremity thrombosis. Patients with low pretest probability and a negative D-dimer test result can have proximal DVT excluded without the need for diagnostic imaging. The mainstay of treatment of DVT is anticoagulation therapy, whereas interventions such as thrombolysis and placement of inferior vena cava filters are reserved for special situations. The use of low-molecular-weight heparin allows for outpatient management of most patients with DVT. The duration of anticoagulation therapy depends on whether the primary event was idiopathic or secondary to a transient risk factor. More research is required to optimally define the factors that predict an increased risk of recurrent DVT to determine which patients can benefit from extended anticoagulant therapy.