Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dielectric function of Cu(In, Ga)Se2-based polycrystalline materials

The dielectric functions of Cu(In, Ga)Se2(CIGS)-based polycrystalline layers with different Ga and Cu compositions have been determined by applying spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in a wide energy range of 0.7–6.5 eV. To suppress SE analysis errors induced by rough surface and compositional fluctuation, quite thin CIGS layers (<60 nm) with high uniformity toward the growth direction have been characterized using a self-consistent SE analysis method. We find that the optical model used in many previous studies is oversimplified particularly for the roughness/overlayer contribution, and all the artifacts arising from the simplified analysis have been removed almost completely in our approach. The CIGS dielectric functions with the variation of the Ga composition [x = Ga/(In + Ga)] revealed that (i) the whole CIGS dielectric function shifts toward higher energies with x, (ii) the band gap increases linearly with x without the band-gap bowing effect, and (iii) the overall absorption coefficients are significa.
Mathematische aspekte zu einer methode zur numerischen bestimmung individueller thermodynamischer aktivitätskoeffizienten einzelner ionensorten in konzentrierten elektrolytlösungen

The mathematical problems of the – in an communication [3] described – principle for the calculation of individual thermodynamic activity coefficients of single ionic species in concentrated electrolyte solutions are specified. It is the Newtonian approximation method that makes possible the evaluation of the constants b 1,…b 4 in the concentration function (0.1) for the product of the activity coefficients. The efficiency of the method is represented by the example of the activity coefficients of pure and of – with other electrolytes – mixed solutions of NaCIO4. The individual activity coefficients of the single ionic species are evaluated for several electrolytes of the concentration range from m = 0 to m = 10 mole/kg and published at another place [3, 17, 18].
Planning and scheduling the Spitzer Space Telescope

Launched as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) in August, 2003 and renamed in early 2004, the Spitzer Space Telescope is performing an extended series of science observations at wavelengths ranging from 3 to 180 microns. The California Institute of Technology is the home of the Spitzer Science Center (SSC) and operates the Science Operations System (SOS), which supports science operations of the Observatory. A key function supported by the SOS is the long-range planning and short-term scheduling of the Observatory. This paper describes the role and function of the SSC Observatory Planning and Scheduling Team (OPST), its operational interfaces, processes, and tools.
DEXP: a fast method to determine the depth to the sources of potential fields

Summary A new method is described to determine the depth to sources of potential fields. The theory is here developed for sources such as poles or dipoles, but it may be extended to lines of poles, line masses, lines of dipoles, dykes, ribbons and so on. The field is scaled at several altitudes following a specific law analytically determined. The depth to the source is finally obtained by determining the scaled field extreme points. The method is fast and stable. It may be applied to any vertical derivative of a Newtonian potential, by using theoretically determined scaling functions for each order of derivative.
The California State University Mobile Atmospheric Profiling System: A Facility for Research and Education in Boundary Layer Meteorology

The California State University Mobile Atmospheric Profiling System (CSU-MAPS) is a shared facility between San Francisco and San Jose State Universities providing researchers and students state-of-the-art atmospheric profiling measurements that require fast deployments and ease of use. CSU-MAPS is intended for boundary layer field research and comprises a suite of commercially available instruments including micrometeorological sensors mounted on a 32-m extendable tower trailer, a scanning Doppler wind lidar, a microwave temperature–humidity profiler, and upper-air sounding systems. The trailer is towed using a Ford F250 4 × 4 truck equipped with surface weather instrumentation and workstations for operating the lidar and microwave profiler. The flexible design of the measurement system allows for a large range of important research projects to be tackled. To date, the system has been used in four major field experiments. During 2011, CSU-MAPS was deployed to Salt Lake City, Utah, to investigate the beha.
Difference equations and an artificial pancreatic beta‐cell

Some difference equations are developed to model glucose—insulin kinetics. The resulting algorithm permits continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for hospitalized insulin‐dependent diabetics. Three venal catheters infuse glucose and insulin and sample the plasma glucose levels to constitute an artificial pancreatic beta‐cell. This application of a discrete segments approach to modelling illustrates the need for a balanced approach to the undergraduate mathematics curriculum.
High-speed camera system for the acquisition of flow tomography sequences for 3D least squares matching

For the examination of mixing processes in turbulent flows a system based on a high-speed solid state camera has been implemented, which allows for the quasi-simultaneous acquisition of sequences of flow tomography voxel data. In these data, velocity fields are determined by 3D least squares matching. The first part of the paper will show a hardware configuration based on a highspeed solid state camera with a maximum frame rate of 500 images per second and a scanning laser lightsheet, which allows for the acquisition of flow tomography data sequences with a typical size of 256 X 256 X 50 voxels per volume dataset at a rate of 10 datasets per second. The quality of the data and some special problems of the highspeed camera will be discussed. In the second part of the paper the 3D implementation of least squares matching with a 12-parameter 3D affine transformation between voxel-patches of consecutive datasets will be described. In order to strengthen the matching in regions with insufficient local contrast the algorithm is combined with several geometric and radiometric constraints.
Fisher Scaling In Two-Dimensional Ising Magnetic Lattice-Gas

The critical properties of two-dimensional Ising magnetic lattice-gas model are studied by Monte-Carlo simulation in the canonical ensemble. The results are analyzed considering the modified Fisher scaling for systems with zero specific heat exponent, which applies when there are constrained variables such as the density in the canonical ensemble. The estimates of the exponents are obtained and compared to the exponents of the Ising universality class to which the model is expected to belong.
Time and spatially resolved spectroscopic measurement of temperatures in a free-burning arc by monochromatic imaging

An imaging method that involves a high-speed camera and a narrow-band filter has been used to acquire images of the argon atomic line intensity of a free-burning arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. The measured lateral intensities are converted to radially distributed emission coefficients by means of an Abel inversion. Under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, the time resolved temperature distributions in the arc have been determined. Both the intensities and temperatures indicate that the arc was gradually evolving toward a static state after it was ignited; the temperature at any position of the arc column shows the same decreasing trend. These results demonstrate that this method enables the time and spatially resolved properties of plasmas to be characterized and thus it may bring new findings and applications concerning the diagnostics of plasmas.
The average ellipticity of groups of galaxies.

The ellipticity index of a group of galaxies is defined as epsilonI=1-b/a, where a is the length of a, the vector distance between the two most widely separated galaxies in the group, and b=b/sub 1/+b/sub 2/, where b/sub 1/ and b/sub 2/ are the shortest distances from a to the most distant galaxy on either side of a. Monte Carlo experiments on spherical model groups (known ellipticity epsilon=0.0) provide the run of with N, the number of randomly sampled group members. The run for disklike groups (known average ellipticity =0.5) is also plotted. The oberved values of (and ) for the real STV (Sandage and Tammann, and de Vaucouleurs) and TG (Turner and Gott) groups lie midway between the values for spherical groups and disklike groups, which means that the observed average ellipticity of the STV and TG groups is epsilonapprox.0. 25. This value is identical to that for elliptical galaxies. This could mean that the actual ellipticities of elliptical galaxies and groups of galaxies are determined by similar astrophysical processes.
Three-dimensional simulations of scattering polarization and the Hanle effect in MHD chromospheric models

Abstract Scattering line polarization and the Hanle effect are among the most important mechanisms for diagnostics of the solar and stellar atmospheres. The fact that real stellar atmospheres are horizontally inhomogeneous makes the spectral synthesis and interpretation very challenging because the effect of thermodynamic fluctuations on spectral line polarization is entangled with the action of magnetic fields. This applies to the spatially resolved as well as to the averaged spectra. The necessary step towards the interpretation of such spectra is to study the line formation in sufficiently realistic 3D MHD models and compare the synthetic spectra with observations. This paper gives an overview of recent progress in the field of 3D NLTE synthesis of polarized spectral lines resulting from investigations with the radiative transfer code PORTA.
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ZNO MATERIALS AND DEVICES

The semiconductor ZnO has gained substantial interest in the research community in part because of its large exciton binding energy (60meV) which could lead to lasing action based on exciton recombination even above room temperature. Even though research focusing on ZnO goes back many decades, the renewed interest is fueled by availability of high-quality substrates and reports of p-type conduction and ferromagnetic behavior when doped with transitions metals, both of which remain controversial. It is this renewed interest in ZnO which forms the basis of this review. As mentioned already, ZnO is not new to the semiconductor field, with studies of its lattice parameter dating back to 1935 by Bunn [Proc. Phys. Soc. London 47, 836 (1935)], studies of its vibrational properties with Raman scattering in 1966 by Damen et al. [Phys. Rev. 142, 570 (1966)], detailed optical studies in 1954 by Mollwo [Z. Angew. Phys. 6, 257 (1954)], and its growth by chemical-vapor transport in 1970 by Galli and Coker [Appl. Phys. .
Homomorphisms between finite direct sums of circle algebras

Let A (resp. B) be a finite direct sum of full matrix algebras over C(X) (resp. Y), where X and Y are compact Hausdorff spaces. We classify the ∗-homomorphisms A → B when X = Y =T, and when X =[0,1]and Yis[0,1] [0,1]2or [0,1]X T.
Searching for contaminants

Decision theory is applied to the problem of identifying a small fraction of observations that contaminate a random sample from a specified distribution. The uncertainty about the parameters that characterise the contamination is addressed by sensitivity analysis. The analyst's (or the client's) perspective and priorities are incorporated in the analysis by ranges of plausible loss functions. An application to fraud detection is presented.
New Radiative Recombination Processes Involving Neutral Donors and Acceptors in Silicon and Germanium

Radiative transitions due to the recombination of excitons localized at neutral donor and acceptor impurities were first recognized by Haynes in the low temperature near band-gap lum-inescence of lightly doped silicon. (1) Shortly afterwards, similar transitions were identified in doped germanium(2) and subsequently in many other materials. Both no-phonon and phonon-assisted bound exciton recombinations were seen. The identified phonons are those which conserve momentum (M. C. phonons) in the indirect inter-band transitions, as is shown from a comparison between the intrinsic absorption and lumines- cence spectra. The impurity center remains in its ground electronic state during these transitions. Additional, weaker, impurity-induced luminescence lines were observed in the early work, particularly in germanium by Benoit a la Guillaume and Parodi(2) (hereafter B.P.). The transitions responsible for these bands, which were inadequately explained in the early work, are the subject of the present paper. It will be shown that they all involve recombinations in which the impurity center is left in an excited state.
Estimation in generalized linear models with random effects

SUMMARY A conceptually very simple but general algorithm for the estimation of the fixed effects, random effects, and components of dispersion in generalized linear models with random effects is proposed. Conditions are described under which the algorithm yields approximate maximum likelihood or quasi-maximum likelihood estimates of the fixed effects and dispersion components, and approximate empirical Bayes estimates of the random effects. The algorithm is applied to two data sets to illustrate the estimation of components of dispersion and the modelling of overdispersion.
The properties of solutions of weakly singular integral equations

Abstract We examine the differential properties of the solution of the linear integral equation of the second kind, whose kernel depends on the difference of arguments and has an integrable singularity at the point zero. The derivatives of the solution of the equation have singularities at the end points of the domain of integration, and we derive precise estimates for these singularities.
Cosmic-Ray Pitch-Angle Scattering through 90°

We study the problem of cosmic-ray diffusion in the Galactic disk with particular attention paid to the problem of particle scattering through the θ =(v∥/v) = 90° pitch angle in momentum space by wave-particle mirror interaction (here v∥ is the cosmic-ray velocity parallel to the average Galactic magnetic field). We consider the case in which cosmic rays are the only source of magnetic turbulence, which originates as the relativistic particles try to stream through the interstellar plasma faster than the local Alfvén speed. The wave growth rate is proportional to the cosmic-ray anisotropy, and the amplitude of hydromagnetic waves generated by this streaming instability is limited by the presence of various damping mechanisms. We study the propagation of cosmic rays in the different phases of the interstellar medium, in particular the coronal regions (where the main form of wave dissipation is nonlinear Landau damping) and the warm regions (where charge exchange between the ions and the neutral atoms gives rise to the dominant form of wave dissipation). We also account for ion-cyclotron damping of small wavelength waves. The effect of a spectrum of waves is to limit the anisotropy of the cosmic-ray distribution function and hence their drift velocity. We show that quasi-linear resonant scattering cannot account for particle diffusion everywhere in momentum space and that particles with θ ~ 90° must change their pitch angle by mirror interaction with long-wavelength waves generated by the θ ~ 0° particles. We match the quasi-linear scattering with the adiabatic mirroring in a small boundary layer in momentum space close to the θ ~ 90° point, and then we calculate the diffusion coefficient together with the cosmic-ray drift velocity. We show that scattering through the 90° point is very efficient, and we calculate the correction to the particle diffusion coefficient due to the presence of mirroring.
Modeling flat stretches, bursts, and outliers in time series using mixture transition distribution models

Abstract The class of mixture transition distribution (MTD) time series models is extended to general non-Gaussian time series. In these models the conditional distribution of the current observation given the past is a mixture of conditional distributions given each one of the last p observations. They can capture non-Gaussian and nonlinear features such as flat stretches, bursts of activity, outliers changepoints in a single unified model class. They can also represent time series defined on arbitrary state spaces, univariate or multivariate, continuous, discrete or mixed, which need not even be Euclidean. They perform well in the usual case of Gaussian time series without obvious nonstandard behaviors. The models are simple, analytically tractable, easy to simulate readily estimated. The stationarity and autocorrelation properties of the models are derived. A simple EM algorithm is given and shown to work well for estimation. The models are applied to several real and simulated datasets with satisfacto.
Recombination line intensities for hydrogenic ions-IV. Total recombination coefficients and machine-readable tables for Z=1 to 8

Line emissivities, effective recombination coefficients, opacity factors, departure coefficients and total recombination coefficients are calculated for hydrogenic ions with Z less-than-or-equal-to 8. Results are obtained for Cases A and B for n less-than-or-equal-to 50. Collisional transitions among individual n and l states are fully treated. Calculations were made for log N(e) = 2(1)14 for Case B and log N(e) = 2(1)10 for Case A. The electron temperature takes between nine and 12 values, lying within the range 500 to 100 000 K, depending on the ion. All results are available in the form of machine-readable files.Secondary files containing only effective emissivities for transitions for n less-than-or-equal-to 25 and total recombination coefficients are also available for use with an interactive data server. The server produces tables of relative intensities of any two specified transitions or emissivities for any transition at all temperatures and densities in the data set. Extensive facilities for two-dimensional interpolation of relative intensities, emissivities and total recombination coefficients are provided.
Effect of Sample Size on Goodness-Fit of-Fit Indices in Structural Equation Models

The effect of sample size on goodness of fit indices that are widely used in structural equation models is discussed and empirically illustrated. Many of the indices discussed in the. article are reported in such applications as LISREL and EQS. GR, AGR, Normed fit index (NFI), Non-normed fit index (NNFI), Incremental fit index (LFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) are examined for iwo types of sample size effects. The means of the sampling distributions of GR, IR and CR were relatively stable across different sample sizes and these three indices were not as downward biased as NFI and NNFI.
Estimating Trade Policy Effects with Structural Gravity

The objective of this manuscript is to serve as a practical guide for estimations with the structural gravity model. After a brief review of the theoretical foundations, we summarize the main challenges with gravity estimations and we review the solutions to address those challenges. Then, we integrate the latest developments in the empirical gravity literature and we offer six recommendations to obtain reliable partial equilibrium estimates of the effects of bilateral and non-discriminatory trade policies within the same comprehensive, and theoretically-consistent econometric specification. Our recommendations apply equally to analyses with aggregate and disaggregated data. Interpretation, consistent aggregation methods, and data challenges and sources for gravity estimations are discussed as well. Empirical exercises demonstrate the usefulness, validity, and applicability of our methods.
Quasi-moments under the projected rotation group

In this paper, we consider the projected rotation group which consists of projection and rotations in 3D and give some invariant feature extractors. Based on the theory of Lie algebra, the representation of the projected rotation group is obtained. Therein it is shown that the basis of the representation can be an orthonormal basis. With this orthonormal basis, we can construct quasi moment which is a kind of a weighted moment. It is also shown that the quasi moments which are closed in their orders under the projected rotation group. By computer simulations, some experiments for 3D motion analysis with the quasi moments are given.
Generalized Taylor dispersion in suspensions of gyrotactic swimming micro-organisms

We calculate the average swimming velocity and dispersion rate characterizing the transport of swimming gyrotactic micro-organisms suspended in homogeneous (simple) shear. These are requisite effective phenomenological coefficients for the macroscale continuum modelling of bioconvection and related collective-dynamics phenomena. The swimming cells are modelled as rigid axisymmetric dipolar particles subject to stochastic Brownian rotations. Calculations are effected via application of the generalized Taylor dispersion scheme. Attention is focused on finite (as opposed to weak) shear. Results indicate that the largest transverse average swimming velocities (essential to gyrotactic focusing) appear shortly after transition from the ‘tumbling’ mode of motion to cells swimming in the equilibrium direction. At sufficiently large shear rates, dispersivity is not monotonically decreasing with external-field intensity. Exceptional dispersion rates which are unique to non-spherical cells appear in the ‘intermediate domain’ of external fields. These are rationalized in terms of the corresponding deterministic problem (i.e. in the absence of diffusion) when cell rotary motion is governed by the simultaneous coexistence of multiple stable attractors.
Portable mid-IR source around 3.7 μm based on temperature-tuned periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN)

In this paper, mid-IR light generation based on difference frequency generation (DFG) in a single piece of PPLN is proposed and studied. In the studies, a Yb doped fiber laser at 1.092 μm and a tunable laser around 1.55 μm were used. The output mid-IR laser with the wavelength tunable around 3.7 μm was generated. Since compact Yb doped fiber lasers at 1.092 μm and tunable semiconductor laser diodes around 1.55 μm are available on the market, the proposed mid-IR laser is potentially portable. Our simulations show that tunable mid-IR light as broad as 800 nm can be obtained from a single PPLN chip simply by tuning temperature (from 30 oC to 500 oC) and signal wavelength (from 1.48 μm to 1.62 μm).
A Novel Transflective Liquid Crystal Display with a Periodically Patterned Electrode

We propose a novel transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) with a periodically patterned electrode on a substrate. By optimizing the pattern size of the electrodes, the retardations which are required in reflective and transmissive modes are periodically achieved by the same voltage. The region with a small retardation is used as reflective mode and the region with a large retardation as transmissive mode. In the proposed transflective LCD, we can expect a very simple manufacturing process and a high optical performance as complex process such as a multi-cell gap process and multi driving method are not applied.