Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of solar wind-produced water in irradiated rims on silicate minerals

Significance Whether water is produced by solar wind (SW) radiolysis has been debated for more than four decades. In this paper, we exploit the high spatial resolution of electron microscopy and sensitivity of valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy to detect water (liquid or vapor) in vesicles within (SW-produced) space-weathered rims on interplanetary dust particle (IDP) surfaces. Water in the rims has implications for the origin of water on airless bodies like the Moon and asteroids, the delivery of water to the surfaces of terrestrial planets, and the production of water in other astrophysical environments. In particular, water and organic carbon were likely delivered simultaneously by the high flux of IDPs accreted by the early Earth and other terrestrial planets. The solar wind (SW), composed of predominantly ∼1-keV H+ ions, produces amorphous rims up to ∼150 nm thick on the surfaces of minerals exposed in space. Silicates with amorphous rims are observed on interplanetary dust particles and on lunar and asteroid soil regolith grains. Implanted H+ may react with oxygen in the minerals to form trace amounts of hydroxyl (−OH) and/or water (H2O). Previous studies have detected hydroxyl in lunar soils, but its chemical state, physical location in the soils, and source(s) are debated. If −OH or H2O is generated in rims on silicate grains, there are important implications for the origins of water in the solar system and other astrophysical environments. By exploiting the high spatial resolution of transmission electron microscopy and valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy, we detect water sealed in vesicles within amorphous rims produced by SW irradiation of silicate mineral grains on the exterior surfaces of interplanetary dust particles. Our findings establish that water is a byproduct of SW space weathering. We conclude, on the basis of the pervasiveness of the SW and silicate materials, that the production of radiolytic SW water on airless bodies is a ubiquitous process throughout the solar system.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Extract on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats

Orthosiphon stamineus as medicinal plant is commonly used in Malaysia for treatment of hepatitis and jaundice; in this study, the ethanol extracts were applied to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects in a thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxic model in Sprague Dawley rats. Five groups of adult rats were arranged as follows: Group 1 (normal control group), Group 2 Thioacetamide (TAA) as positive control (hepatotoxic group), Group 3 Silymarin as a well-known standard drug (hepatoprotective group), and Groups 4 and 5 as high and low dose (treatment groups). After 60-day treatment, all rats were sacrificed. The hepatotoxic group showed a coarse granulation on the liver surface when compared to the smooth aspect observed on the liver surface of the other groups. Histopathological study confirmed the result; moreover, there was a significant increase in serum liver biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, and Bilirubin) and the level of liver Malondialdehyde (MDA), accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of total protein and Albumin in the TAA control group when compared with that of the normal group. The high-dose treatment group (200 mg/kg) significantly restored the elevated liver function enzymes near to normal. This study revealed that 200 mg/kg extracts of O. stamineus exerted a hepatoprotective effect.
Development of the Intrasegmental Bronchial Tree: the Pattern of Branching and Development of Cartilage at Various Stages of Intra-uterine Life *

The purpose of this study is to establish the progress of branching of the intrasegmental part of the bronchial tree at different phases of intra-uterine life and the relation to it of the development of bronchial cartilage. The importance of the topography of the pulmonary segments to both the surgeon and the clinician has led in recent years to the study of the growth of the segmental structures (Boyden
The International Protection Regime for Minorities, the Aftermath of the 2008 Financial Crisis and the EU: New Challenges for Non-State Actors

Th is article examines the reasons why European institutions and in particular the European Commission support a range of public interest groups that exert advocacy on behalf of minority rights. It argues that supported groups are notably those that provide political legitimacy to the European project, those that provide an alternative channel of representation for politically weak minority groups thereby off ering them a needed and alternative channel of representation, and those that contribute to a mythology of the European Union by emphasising the concept of human rights and thus providing the European Union (EU) with a distinctive and needed political identity. Among the groups that fulfi l these criteria are those who lobby on behalf of migrants and ethnic minorities. Th e article points out the role of these groups in combating racism and xenophobia and argues that this role has become more important following the fi nancial crisis of 2008 and a related mounting rivalry within EU Member States for resources of the welfare state.
Family Support During the Transition Out of the Parental Home in Britain, Spain and Norway

This article explores how family support is negotiated for young people either living at home or in the process of leaving home in three European countries: Britain, Spain and Norway. Using qualitative data collected from parents and adult children, I examine what kinds of support are provided, how different strategies of giving and receiving support are adopted, and how young people and parents view the role of the state. Family support emerges as a key factor in facilitating leaving home transitions in all three countries, though the strategies for giving support vary. In particular, greater emphasis is placed on young people learning about responsibility in Britain and Norway, while Spanish families identify more closely with maintaining young people’s material well-being.
A Temporal Clustering Method forWeb Archives

Web pages are collected and stored in Web archives, and several methods to construct Web archives have been developed. We propose a method to retrieve time series of Web pages from Web archives by using the pages’ temporal characteristics. We present two processes for searching Web archives based on the temporal relation of query keywords. One is a method for determining the relation. The other is a method of inquiring Web pages based on the relation. In this paper, we discuss the two processes and an experimental result of the method.
Protein Kinases in the Pathogenesis of Muscle Wasting

The skeletal muscle is a very heterogeneous tissue, that is in charge of a broad range of functions such as movement, stability, heat production and cold tolerance. It represents approximately 50% of total body protein, and plays a central role in whole body metabolism (Bassel-Duby & Olson, 2006). In the last two decades, the skeletal muscle, previously considered as a mere protein reservoir, has been shown to release cytokines and other humoral factors (Pedersen & Febbraio, 2008). This tissue plays a pivotal role in the overall energy balance. Indeed, it regulates lipid flux, takes up and stores most of plasma glucose, and modulates insulin sensitivity. In this regard, the skeletal muscle likely plays a crucial role in pathological states characterized by peripheral insulin resistance such as obesity, as also suggested by recent evidence showing the occurrence of a cross-talk between muscle and the adipose tissue (reviewed in Clarke & Henry, 2010).
ICT-development in residential care settings: sensitizing design to the life circumstances of the residents of a care home

In this paper we wish to contribute to the recent ICT-design for and reflection of the application field of residential care homes. In doing so, the contribution of the paper is twofold: we wish to highlight some aspects of the every-day life of institutionalized elderly people - trust, sociality, and memory - which not only provoke reflection on design ideas but also on the socio-technical nexus in which design for the elderly has to take place. This domain, we suggest, is one where the 'parachuting in' of technology is unlikely to prove successful, for reasons we examine below. Further, we suggest that design for and with the elderly carries with it some specific problems. We illustrate our methodological reflections by means of an ongoing empirical research project which aims at the development of a large-screen display for a residential care home.
Optimal Charging Arrangements for Energy Transmission : Final Report

Four principles underlie our recommendations for Great Britain's (GB) transmission charging arrangements: 1. Charges for the usage of the network should reflect the incremental costs imposed by that usage. 2. Charges to recover historic (sunk) capital costs and other fixed costs should distort usage as little as possible. 3. Environmental objectives are most efficiently pursued through mechanisms that directly address those objectives. 4. Objectives for equitable distribution of costs and risks can be addressed while still preserving incentives for efficient use of the network. Our recommendations are as follows. First, incentives for efficient congestion relief should be provided by energy prices that are differentiated locationally. At a minimum, there should be transparent zonal or nodal pricing of energy in the balancing market in which: • all imbalances at a particular network location are cleared at the same price, • a balanced schedule submitted to a locational market would pay (or receive) the difference in prices between the locations of injections and withdrawals, and • prices are determined by the interaction of offers by incremental supply and bids by incremental demand, submitted schedules, and the physical and security constraints of the network. A price at a location will then reflect the as-offered cost of meeting an incremental MW of demand (or the value of an incremental MW of supply) at that place and time. 5 One possible implementation of a locational pricing scheme that would be minimally disruptive to present trading arrangements would be to extend the current balancing mechanism to report locational prices and use them for settlement. Locational pricing could also be extended to creating a formal day-ahead market in which producers either submit energy-only offers (internalizing start-up and other lumpy costs as well as operating constraints), or, alternatively, producers could submit information about these costs and their operating constraints, in which case the market is cleared using a security-constrained unit commitment. The reason for clearing all imbalances at a particular location and time using the same price stems from the fungibility of electricity. Paying different up-and down-balancing prices to different generation units at the same time and location (or different locations if there is no congestion) ignores the fact that injections from those generation units are perfect substitutes for meeting load and should therefore be paid the same price. Otherwise, the load would purchase more energy from the lower-priced generator and less from the higher-priced generator, and thereby …
Optimization and Coordination of Damping Controls for Improving System Dynamic Performance

This paper presents a global tuning procedure for FACTS device stabilizers (FDS) and power system stabilizers (PSS) in a multimachine power system using a parameter-constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm implemented in a simulation program. This algorithm deals with such an optimization problem by solving a sequential quadratic programming using the dual algorithm. The main objective of this procedure is to simultaneously optimize preselected parameters of the FDSs and PSSs having fixed parameters in coping with the complex nonlinear nature of the power system. By minimizing a nonexplicit target function in which the oscillatory rotor modes of the generators involved and swing characteristics between areas are included, interactions among the FACTS controls under transient conditions in the multimachine system are improved. A multimachine power system equipped with a TCSC and an SVC, as well as three PSSs, is applied to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the tuning procedure presented. The results obtained from simulations validate the improvement in damping of overall power oscillations in the system in an optimal and globally coordinated manner. The simulations also show that the stabilizers tuned are robust in providing adequate damping for a range of conditions in the system.
THE ACQUISITION OF ONSETS IN A MARKEDNESS RELATIONSHIP

This article reports the findings of a longitudinal study in interlanguage phonology examining the production of two structures in a markedness relationship, biliteral and triliteral onsets, the latter being more marked than the former. This study specifically tests the Interlanguage Structure Conformity Hypothesis (ISCH) by measuring the acquisition of the onsets in the markedness relationship against a criterion measure of 80% correct production. The subjects were 10 native Spanish speakers enrolled in intermediate courses in a community college. Data were gathered twice over a period of 10 months. Results of the study fail to provide any counterevidence to the ISCH.
Pushing away the silicon limits of ESD protection structures: Exploration of crystallographic orientation

Improving the ESD robustness of integrated protection structures to cope with the constraints of severe environments such as the automotive one is a real challenge. Getting a deep understanding of the involved high injection physics during an ESD stress helps defining specific design guidelines. The grounded-base NPN bipolar transistor is a popular and efficient protection device. In this paper, we explore the impact of crystal orientation on the electrical characteristics and the robustness of this device. It is shown for the first time that orienting the structure 45deg with respect to the wafer flat allows significantly improving its on-resistance. A 30% improvement is measured on the device under study.
Mining for Information in Accident Data

Abstract : Purpose. This project evaluated WinMine, an analytic tool developed by Chickering, Heckerman, Meek, Platt, and Thiesson (2000) to determine its usefulness for identifying higher-order relationships in research data from dynamic and high-consequence aviation events. Traditionally, researchers have relied on several types of analyses to better understand the relationships between factors related to an outcome. However, researchers need an analytic approach that can clearly illustrate the interactions among causal factors as probabilities associated with the chain of events. Method. A convenience sample of aviation accident data previously classified using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS; Shappell & Wiegmann, 2000; 2001) was used to evaluate WinMine in contrast to traditional methods, such as bar graphs, contingency tables, and odds ratios. Results. WinMine showed an advantage when compared with other methods because it graphs quantifiable interrelationships between factors and illuminates the underlying hierarchical structure of variables. Discussion. Each technique examined contributed toward understanding the causal factors; however, WinMine provided a better picture of the factor interrelationships than the other methods.
Image guided biopsy in the management of cancer of the ovary

When used in the context of multidisciplinary team discussion, image guided biopsy using ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT) guidance is of value in planning management of women with suspected ovarian cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of uncertain aetiology. It is essential in women believed to have ovarian cancer but with poor performance status or with advanced disease believed beyond the scope of primary cytoreductive surgery for whom staging surgical pathology will not be obtained. It provides a site-specific primary tumour diagnosis in 93% of cases and it should replace diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomy for this purpose. It allows provision of primary (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy based on a firm histological diagnosis. It is mandatory in women with a history of cancer whose metastases may mimic ovarian cancer (e.g. breast, GI tract, melanoma). More women with prior breast cancer who re-present with peritoneal cancer will have a new gynaecological primary than recurrence of their original primary tumour; the two options require radically different therapies. Finally it is a valuable problem solving tool in situations of diagnostic uncertainty, e.g. unusual imaging patterns of disease such as PC with bilateral solid ovarian masses or non-enlarged ovaries and with an unusual tumour marker profiles suggesting primary tumours outwith the ovary. The technique is simple, safe and effective and can be combined with palliative drainage of ascites at the same procedure.
String correlation functions of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg XXZ chain

We calculate certain string correlation functions, originally introduced as order parameters in integer spin chains, for the spin-1/2 XXZ Heisenberg chain at zero temperature and in the thermodynamic limit. For small distances, we obtain exact results from Bethe Ansatz and exact diagonalization, whereas in the large-distance limit, field-theoretical arguments yield an asymptotic algebraic decay. We also make contact with two-point spin-correlation functions in the asymptotic limit.
Tasks for Assessing Memory for Temporal Order Versus Memory for Items in Aging

Younger and older adults were compared on new tests for item and temporal memory suitable for use in future electrophysiological or neuroimaging studies. Following a series of 10 simple line drawings, 4-choice panels containing two previously seen targets and two novel distractors appeared. Participants identified which pictures had been seen previously (item), or which of the items was presented earliest (temporal order). Performance of younger adults was superior to that of older adults. Memory for item and temporal order were equivalent in the younger group. In contrast, the item memory of the older group was superior to memory for temporal order, confirming previous evidence of differential impairment of memory for temporal order with age.
Glucose-6-Phosphate–Mediated Activation of Liver Glycogen Synthase Plays a Key Role in Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis

The liver responds to an increase in blood glucose levels in the postprandial state by uptake of glucose and conversion to glycogen. Liver glycogen synthase (GYS2), a key enzyme in glycogen synthesis, is controlled by a complex interplay between the allosteric activator glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and reversible phosphorylation through glycogen synthase kinase-3 and the glycogen-associated form of protein phosphatase 1. Here, we initially performed mutagenesis analysis and identified a key residue (Arg582) required for activation of GYS2 by G6P. We then used GYS2 Arg582Ala knockin (+/R582A) mice in which G6P-mediated GYS2 activation had been profoundly impaired (60–70%), while sparing regulation through reversible phosphorylation. R582A mutant–expressing hepatocytes showed significantly reduced glycogen synthesis with glucose and insulin or glucokinase activator, which resulted in channeling glucose/G6P toward glycolysis and lipid synthesis. GYS2+/R582A mice were modestly glucose intolerant and displayed significantly reduced glycogen accumulation with feeding or glucose load in vivo. These data show that G6P-mediated activation of GYS2 plays a key role in controlling glycogen synthesis and hepatic glucose-G6P flux control and thus whole-body glucose homeostasis.
Mobile Users' Strategies for Managing Phishing Attacks

Phishing is the use of electronic media, like emails and SMS messages, to fraudulently elicit private information or obtain money under false pretence. Though there is considerable interest in phishing as a security problem, there is little previous research from the human factors perspective and in particular very little empirical support for what makes phishing effective or successful and therefore how best to defend people from it. In this paper, we report findings of an experimental lab study to investigate individuals' strategies dealing with mobile phishing attacks.
Probability Weighting Functions Derived from Hyperbolic Time Discounting: Psychophysical Models and Their Individual Level Testing

A probability weighting function (w(p)) is considered to be a nonlinear function of probability (p) in behavioral decision theory. This study proposes a psychophysical model of probability weighting functions derived from a hyperbolic time discounting model and a geometric distribution. The aim of the study is to show probability weighting functions from the point of view of waiting time for a decision maker. Since the expected value of a geometrically distributed random variable X is 1/p, we formulized the probability weighting function of the expected value model for hyperbolic time discounting as w(p) = (1 − k log p)−1. Moreover, the probability weighting function is derived from Loewenstein and Prelec's (1992) generalized hyperbolic time discounting model. The latter model is proved to be equivalent to the hyperbolic-logarithmic weighting function considered by Prelec (1998) and Luce (2001). In this study, we derive a model from the generalized hyperbolic time discounting model assuming Fechner's (1860) psychophysical law of time and a geometric distribution of trials. In addition, we develop median models of hyperbolic time discounting and generalized hyperbolic time discounting. To illustrate the fitness of each model, a psychological experiment was conducted to assess the probability weighting and value functions at the level of the individual participant. The participants were 50 university students. The results of individual analysis indicated that the expected value model of generalized hyperbolic discounting fitted better than previous probability weighting decision-making models. The theoretical implications of this finding are discussed.
Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge

In the past few years scholarly discussions have characterized indigenous knowledge as a significant resource for development. This article interrogates the concept of indigenous knowledge and the strategies its advocates present to promote development. The article suggests that both the concept of indigenous knowledge, and its role in development, are problematic issues as currently conceptualized. To productively engage indigenous knowledge in development, we must go beyond the dichotomy of indigenous vs. scientific, and work towards greater autonomy for ‘indigenous’ peoples.