Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Seeing is Not Believing: Two-Year-Olds' Use of Video Representations to Find a Hidden Toy

Research on children's understanding of video has shown seeming contradictions. Fourteen-month-olds imitate actions seen on TV (Meltzoff, 1988) and 18-month-olds are reminded of an event by watching video (Sheffield & Hudson, 2003) but 24-month-olds fail at a video-mediated object-retrieval task requiring dual representational understanding (Troseth & DeLoache, 1998). Experiments 1, 2A, and 2B tested whether changes to the video object-retrieval task that require imitation instead of retrieval would make it easier. Experiment 1 compared replications of Troseth and DeLoache's (1998) window retrieval and video retrieval conditions as well as window imitation and video imitation conditions, in which children imitated the act of finding a toy, to chance performance. Twenty-four-month-olds performed worse in the imitation conditions. Follow-up experiments showed that 24-month-olds' performance improved when an imitation search task included a goal but not when a retrieval task included a goal. Children transferred success after goal-based imitation to object retrieval. Implications for dual representation and the role of competing representations in the object-retrieval task are discussed.
Centeralised and distributed communication in an airport environment

Providing quality of service (QoS) to the passengers is extremely challenging due to the dynamic nature of the environment in which they operate and their own behaviour. With the regular arrivals and departures of flights, passenger flow tends to continuously change making it more difficult to maintain the required QoS. For this purpose, there is a need to study a complete architecture based on both centralised and ad hoc setups with the aim of improving data dissemination and increasing network reliability. Having previously developed the passenger flow model [1], in this paper we implement both a centralised and an ad hoc message exchange setups in the airport environment. To simulate the centralised scenario, we model the teletraffic based on passenger flow and the number of users and their applications in each cell while considering both spatial and temporal traffic variations. Having base stations responsible for access to the channel, we evaluate the performance of the airport model by using our proposed modified packet reservation multiple access (M-PRMA) protocol. In an ad hoc setup, some unknown parameters such as packets delay and the impact of transmission range with respect to nodes in range, number of hops and meeting time between nodes must be studied to improve data dissemination.
Comparisons of a Polymer in Confinement versus Applied Force

The similarities and differences between geometric and tensile constraints on polymers have not been fully investigated. Here we use theory (blob models) and simulations to present a comprehensive comparison between polymers in these two situations. For a polymer in good solvent, the effect of tensile force f on extension in the Pincus regime is similar to the effect of cylindrical confinement in the de Gennes regime after mapping the characteristic length kBT/f to the cylindrical diameter D, where kBT is the thermal energy. However, the comparison of the effects of tension and confinement on extension is lacking when kBT/f and D are less than the thermal blob size b, referred to as extended Pincus regime and extended de Gennes regime, respectively. In the extended Pincus regime, force can still segregate the ideal-coils with the size of ∼kBT/f, resulting in the scaling of extension L∥ ∼ (kBT/f)−1. In the extended de Gennes regime, excluded volume interaction is not sufficient to segregate the ideal-coils.
[Sclerotherapy of hydrocele and cord cyst with polidocanol. Efficiency study].

OBJECTIVES Checking the efficiency (cost/benefit) of the sclerotherapy with polidocanol in our country for the treatment of hydrocele and epididymal cyst. PATIENT AND METHODS We studies 86 patients with this diagnosis from may of 1995, until april of 2000. We have applied the costs for process according to the indicators of administration-cost our hospital in the year 1999. OUTPUTS 79 patient completed the protocol. The overall cure rate was 83.87% with sclerotherapy; 42.3% with first one treatment. Only a 4.5% of the patients had significant pain and a 7.4% others complications. DISCUSSION There were necessaries 1.5 sclerotherapies of mean for curation, resulting this treatment 4.78 more cheaper than surgery. CONCLUSION The sclerotherapy with polidocanol of the hydrocele or epididymal cyst are an effective treatment, sure, simple, reasonably comfortable and fundamentally, economical.
Three Equivalent Forms of a Semantic Differential Inventory

scores. We used the forms to trace the momentary attitude changes towards one’s own voice at three successive but closely spaced times. Our experimental purpose, that of obtaining independent yet valid assessments of momentary attitude towards one’s own voice, directed that the items on the three forms be equivalent but not identical to each other. The instruments finally constructed proved to be most satisfactory and we present the forms here for the use of any colleagues who might wish to employ them in their own work. The forms, of course, were constructed to yield information about the subject’s own voice, and the concept to be rated by the polar adjectives is &dquo;my voice. &dquo; Nevertheless, there may be other concepts for which the items could be appropriate. Some students may wish to test whether these forms maintain their equivalence when they are used to describe other concepts. We are also suggesting our method of inventory construction as one that can assure equivalence. Too often investigators cull items from the Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum book (1957) without pretesting their relevance or their factor structure for the concept they wish to study. We therefore believe that whether or not the forms are appropriate for as-
Epigenetic consequences of assisted reproduction and infertility on the human preimplantation embryo

Epigenetic information, which is essential for normal mammalian development, is acquired during gametogenesis and further regulated during preimplantation development. The epigenetic consequences of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and infertility on the health and quality of the human preimplantation embryo are considered in this review. In the zygote, the epigenetic information that is inherited from the sperm and the oocyte intersects and must be appropriately recognized, regulated and then propagated during preimplantation development so as to regulate gene expression in an appropriate manner. A growing body of evidence suggests that ARTs and/or infertility itself may affect these complex processes leading to epigenetic diseases that include disorders of genomic imprinting. The epigenetic safety of human gametes and embryos is of paramount importance. Unfortunately, morphological methods of assessing embryo quality are incapable of detecting epigenetic errors. Further research is therefore critical to resolve these issues.
RSF - A New Tree Mining Approach with an Ecient Data Structure

Mining frequent subtrees from tree databases is currently a very active research topic. This research has many interests, including for instance mediator schema building from XML schemas. In this framework, many works have been proposed. However, the way the data are represented is often very memory-consuming. In this paper, we pro-pose a new method to represent such data. We show that this representation has many properties, which can be used in order to enhance sub-tree mining algorithms. Experiments are led to assess our proposition (data representation and its associated algorithms).
Term Extraction Through Unithood and Termhood Unification

Term Extraction (TE) is an important component of many NLP applications. In general, terms are extracted for a given text collection based on global context and frequency analysis on words/phrases association. These extracted terms represent effectively the text content of the collection for knowledge elicitation tasks. However, they fail to dictate the local contextual information for each document effectively. In this paper, we refine the state-of-the-art C/NCValue term weighting method by considering both termhood and unithood measures, and use the former extracted terms to direct the local term extraction for each document. We performed the experiments on Straits Times year 2006 corpus and evaluated our performance using Wikipedia termbank. The experiments showed that our model outperforms C/NC-Value method for global term extraction by 24.4% based on term ranking. The precision for local term extraction improves by 12% when compared to pure linguistic based extraction method.
Improving the Self-adaptive Rate Control to Wireless Multicast for Virtual Environment

Distributed virtual environment requires high stability and low delay to support real-time data transmission for large number of users. In wireless network-based virtual environment, traditional transmission protocol fails to meet the requirements of virtual environment due to variety of nodes distribution, complexity, and difference of bandwidth. Based on our research of rate control for distributed virtual environment, we hereby propose a bandwidth selfadaptive rate control algorithm based on layers of interest. According to effective bandwidth of proxy gateway in distributed virtual environment, this method solving the problem of time inconsistency between publishers and subscribers, constraining occupied bandwidth within the range of effective bandwidth of gateways. Our experiments prove that this algorithm can solve the problem that users’needs of interactive with each other very frequently in wireless network virtual environment. The algorithm automatically match data transmission based on bandwidth and the received datagram is smooth and much more stable. The prime performances meet our expected research objectives.
Knee strength variability between individuals across ranges of motion and hip angles.

PURPOSE Isokinetic strength is normally measured for a single range of motion and body position. This study quantified the variability, between individuals, in the relationships between a single peak knee extension moment and the isokinetic extension moments measured for different hip angles and ranges of knee motion. Effects of hip angle, and of the starting knee angle of the range of motion, on isokinetic knee extension strength were also determined. METHODS The isokinetic knee extension strength of 10 subjects was measured at 30 degrees x s(-1) to a knee flexion angle of 10 degrees from starting knee angles of 90, 75, 60, 45, and 30 degrees, in both the seated and supine positions. Moments were normalized to the peak moment from a reference contraction. RESULTS Peak moments and moments at larger knee flexion angles were greater in the seated than in the supine position. The starting knee angle affected the peak moment, the angle of peak moment, and the moments over the initial and final portions of the range of motion. Peak moments were highly correlated between all hip angle-starting knee angle combinations. However, the normalized peak moments, the angles of peak moment, and the normalized angle-specific moments all varied considerably between subjects. The pooled standard deviation and average coefficient of variation of the normalized angle-specific moments between subjects were 10.5% of the normalizing moment and 15.7%, respectively. Excluding the reference contraction, between-subject variability was unaffected by hip angle or starting knee angle. CONCLUSIONS Influences of hip angle, starting knee angle, and individual differences on isokinetic knee extension strength must be considered to ensure that the moments obtained from isokinetic testing adequately reflect the general strength capabilities of an individual.
Facial Encoding of Children with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders

Facial encoding of a sample of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) was compared to facial encoding of matched typically developing children. Each participant was photographed after being prompted to enact a facial expression for six basic emotions. Raters evaluated (a) the extent to which the photo reflected the emotion, (b) the emotion in the photograph, and (c) the degree to which the photo appeared odd. Children with HFASD were significantly less adept at encoding sadness, and their expressions were significantly odder than those of their typical peers. Nonsignificant trends for children with HFASD suggested somewhat greater difficulty encoding anger and fear, as well as somewhat greater skill in encoding surprise and disgust, which was unanticipated.
Personal narratives/political lives: personal reflection as a tool for collective change

Community development is committed to a more just, equitable and sustainable world. This vision is driven by a greater urgency as we face the crises of our times. The practice of a more just society starts in the personal everyday experiences that shape people’s lives. Creating reflective learning contexts which connect deeply personal experiences with profoundly political consequences leads to the critical consciousness needed for collective action for social change. It is this dynamic, personal narratives—and in particular the role of story in the process of action for change—on which I concentrate here.
3D Face Fitting Using Multi-stage Parameter Updating in the 3D Morphable Face Model

This paper proposes a 3D face fitting algorithm based on the 3D Morphable Face Model. This algorithm updates parameters at each stage in the fitting process. To simplify measurement of parameters, this algorithm updates the parameters in cylindrical coordinates. The parameters are updated using a cost function which is the difference between the input 3D face data and the fitted 3D face model. This proposed algorithm shows good results when shape, texture and extrinsic variations occur in the 3D domain. The average correlation of the fitted shape and texture parameters to the test values are 0.72 and 0.99, respectively. This 3D face fitting algorithm can be widely used for 3D face analysis and 3D face recognition.
Outcomes of Quality Assurance: A Discussion of Knowledge, Methodology and Validity

Abstract A common characteristic in many quality assurance schemes around the world is their implicit and often narrowly formulated understanding of how organisational change is to take place as a result of the process. By identifying some of the underlying assumptions related to organisational change in current quality assurance schemes, the aim of this paper is to discuss the relevance of these assumptions in the light of more recent insights from organisational theory. It is argued that the whole field of quality assurance will benefit from the creation of a more realistic picture of how organisational change takes place in that this may provide (1) a more nuanced view on expected outcomes of quality assurance and (2) more refined quality assurance schemes.
Why is the areoid like the residual geoid?

The equipotential figures of Earth (residual geoid), and of Mars (areoid) are characterized by pairs of elevated and pairs of depressed antipodal equatorial regions. Elevated regions of the residual geoid lie vertically above the two Large Low Shear Wave Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) on the Core Mantle Boundary (CMB). There is evidence that the LLSVPs are dense, physicochemically distinct, and have been stable in their positions with respect to each other and to the Earth's spin axis for at least ∼550 My. The final event in the planetary‐scale development of the Earth's structure was the moon‐forming event and the comparable event on Mars is thought by many to have been the Borealis basin‐forming impact. We attribute the formation of the LLSVPs and postulated comparable masses underlying the elevated regions of the areoid on the CMB of Mars, to the immediate after‐effects of those two giant impacts.
A Monte Carlo procedure for checking identication in DSGE models

We propose a numerical method, based on indirect inference, for checking the identi cation of a DSGE model. Monte Carlo samples are generated from the models true structural parameters and a VAR approximation to the reduced form estimated for each sample. We then search for a di¤erent set of structural parameters that could potentially also generate these VAR parameters. If we can nd such a set, the model is not identi ed. The test is both an alternative to using the rank condition and also can establish whether there is empirically weak identi cation. Key words: identi cation, indirect inference, Monte Carlo, VAR, reduced form
Private School Diversity in Denmark's National Voucher System

The voucher system in Denmark combines unrestricted generous subsidies with substantial autonomy of private schools as to schedule and teaching methods. This has produced a private school sector with a wide variety of school types. This paper uses data on eight cohorts of students (over 510,000 individuals) to compare educational attainment in public and private voucher schools, including religious schools (Catholic and Protestant) and various types of non‐religious schools. The findings suggest that, after controlling for individual and peer characteristics, the average public student would attain moderately higher levels of education if he/she attended grammar or Catholic school, relative to the public alternative. Attainment of students at Protestant, international and German minority schools is not different from public schools. However, attending free, boarding and, particularly, little and Waldorf schools is associated with substantially lower completion rates at the upper secondary level, which is probably at least partly due to the clustering of special education students in these school types, which cannot be controlled for. At the tertiary level, differences between private and public schools generally vanish.
The effect of posture on upper airway dimensions in normal subjects and in patients with the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.

The effect of posture on upper airway dimensions was assessed for two reasons. First, some patients with untreated sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) report they sleep better sitting upright. Second, to allow comparison of the differing techniques used to determine the site of maximal airway narrowing in awake patients with SAHS, as some are carried out in the erect and others in the supine posture. Lateral cephalometry was therefore carried out in 33 nonsnoring normal subjects and in 29 patients with obstructive SAHS (mean apneas plus hypopneas, 46 per hour; range, 17 to 103). In both normal subjects and patients, uvular width was increased (p less than 0.05) in the supine posture, and this was associated with significant narrowing of the retropalatal airway in the patients with SAHS (erect, 5.0 +/- SD 2.6 mm; supine, 3.6 +/- 2.8 mm; p less than 0.01). In both normal subjects and patients, the retroglossal hypopharynx widened (p less than 0.05) in the supine posture (e.g., in patients with SAHS, posterior airway space was: erect, 11.5 +/- 4.5 mm; supine, 13.4 +/- 4.8 mm; p = 0.003). In the supine posture there was anterior movement of the hyoid and neck flexion in both groups. However, a study of the effect of neck flexion in the erect posture showed that neck flexion produced no changes in airway caliber. Thus, posture is an important determinant of upper airway dimensions.
On the development of a fully automated cryosection image registration system

The CCD cryosection images for the male collected in the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project were registered through a procedure involving significant human intervention. In addition, several large misalignments were visible in the registered CCD data for the male. To expedite the exploitation of the visible human cryosection data sets, there is a need to develop a highly accurate yet efficient image registration tool. In this paper, we present the current status of the development of such a fully automated registration system. This system is based on the maximization of mutual information criterion. One key issue of this approach is a robust optimization scheme. The method developed in this paper is to estimate the initial search point through segmentations of regions of interest for each cryosection image slice. Experimental results using the 70 mm cryosection image data for the male are presented in this paper.
The American Census: A Social History

This book, published on the eve of the bicentennial of the American census, is the first social history of this remarkably important institution, from its origins in 1790 to the present. Margo Anderson argues that the census has always been an influential policymaking tool, used not only to determine the number of representatives apportioned to each state but also to allocate tax dollars to states, and, in the past, to define groups-such as slaves and immigrants-who were to be excluded from the American polity. "As a history of the census, this study is a delight. It is thoroughly researched and richly detailed. Anderson is to be commended for covering such an expansive chronology with such skill. Anderson has woven together not only social history but also intellectual, institutional, political, and military history into a thoroughly readable book that examines not only changes in the census but also the remarkable changes that have taken place in the US. "-Choice "This book is valuable, clearly written and contains many interesting facts. It should be read not only by national policymakers and the statistical community, but by all who are interested in American society. "-Bryant Robey, Population Today "A solid and readable piece of social, political, and institutional history. It will be essential reading not only for historians of American politics but also for census and population experts, for any public policy formulators who rely on census figures, and for those interested in the history of numeracy and statistics. "-Patricia Cline Cohen, University of California, Santa Barbara
Psychosocial Factors in the Origins of Bulimia Nervosa

Evidence is gathering that family disturbance precedes the onset of bulimia nervosa in a high proportion of cases presenting for treatment, however, this may be a general rather than a specific risk factor and may only be relevant in the subgroup with additionl personality disorder and depression. Serious life events and difficulties occurring shortly before onset are common in bulimic patients, but may be mediated by deficient coping skills and poor social support. The potential links between childhood care and adult eating disorder are discussed.
Efficient Streamline, Streamribbon, and Streamtube Constructions on Unstructured Grids

Streamline construction is one of the most fundamental techniques for visualizing steady flow fields. Streamribbons and streamtubes are extensions for visualizing the rotation and the expansion of the flow. The paper presents efficient algorithms for constructing streamlines, streamribbons, and streamtubes on unstructured grids. A specialized Runge-Kutta method is developed to speed up the tracing of streamlines. Explicit solutions are derived for calculating the angular rotation rates of streamribbons and the radii of streamtubes. In order to simplify mathematical formulations and reduce computational costs, all calculations are carried out in the canonical coordinate system instead of the physical coordinate system. The resulting speed up in overall performance helps explore large flow fields.