Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermal transport modelling in a fully integrated surface/subsurface framework

Thermal stream loadings from both natural and anthropogenic sources have significant relevance with respect to ecosystem health and water resources management, particularly in the context of future climate change. In recent years, there has been an increase in field‐based research directed towards characterizing thermal energy transport exchange processes that occur at the surface water/groundwater interface of streams. In spite of this effort, relatively little work has been performed to simulate these exchanges and elucidate their roles in mediating surface water temperatures and to simultaneously take into account all the pertinent hydrological, meteorological and surface/variably‐saturated subsurface processes. To address this issue, HydroGeoSphere, a fully‐integrated surface/subsurface flow and transport model, was enhanced to include fully integrated thermal energy transport. HydroGeoSphere can simulate water flow, evapotranspiration, and advective‐dispersive heat and solute transport over the 2D land surface and water flow and heat and solute transport in the 3D subsurface under variably saturated conditions. In this work, the new thermal capabilities of HydroGeoSphere are tested and verified by comparing HydroGeoSphere simulation results to those from a previous subsurface thermal groundwater injection study and also by simulating an example of atmospheric thermal energy exchange. High‐resolution 3D numerical simulations of a well‐characterized reach of the Pine River in Ontario, Canada are also presented to demonstrate thermal energy transport in an atmosphere–groundwater–surface water system. The HydroGeoSphere simulation successfully matched the spatial variations in the thermal patterns observed in the riverbed, the surface water and the groundwater. The computational framework can be used to provide quantitative guidance towards establishing the conditions needed to maintain a healthy ecosystem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convection within the inner‐core and thermal implications

Estimation of the Rayleigh numbers of the inner-core leads to the conclusion that, even with low internal heating rates, this region of the Earth is convecting. This work presents an axisymmetrical model able to investigate convection in a sphere and its applications to the Earth's inner-core. Rayleigh numbers ranging from the critical (onset of the convection) to ten thousand times the critical have been explored. The thermal implications of a convecting inner-core have been pointed out: in all the cases the temperature profiles are very close to the adiabat, leading to the possibility of a partially molten regions in the inner-core. Indeed, the most important effects appear in the first tens of kilometers, just below the inner-core surface and could be at the origin of the low quality factors Qα and Qβ revealed by seismological studies.
Maximum entropy spectral analysis for the estimation of fractals in topography

Spectral analysis is an important method by which the variation in a data set can be decomposed into waves of different frequencies. In the form of the power spectral density it is usually estimated directly from the data using the fast Fourier transform which often requires considerable pre-processing for accurate calculation. Many geomorphological data, including topography, display a power law/fractal model of a decrease in power spectral density with an increase in frequency. Inaccurate calculation of the power spectral density may result in an incorrect estimation of both the power law exponent and observed fractal dimension. As an alternative, maximum entropy spectral analysis provides, in theory, a more accurate estimate of the power spectrum and therefore a more accurate estimate of the fractal dimension. Results are presented of a maximum entropy spectral analysis of both simulated and real topographic surfaces, with derived calculations of fractal dimension. Although the technique offers certain advantages, and returns accurate estimates of the fractal dimension under certain conditions, these have to be traded off against various methodological difficulties which remain unresolved. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colostrum and Milk in Sow

Both colostrum and milk quality and quantity can influence piglet survival and growth, especially in a highly prolific sow. The Danish Landrace Yorkshire crossbred was selected for high prolificacy and challenged to provide enough colostrum and milk of high quality to all piglets. This chapter reviewed the mechanism of colostrum and milk production, basic information of colostrum, and milk quality (immunoglobulin, fat, protein, lactose, etc.) and quantity. The importance of colostrum and milk in modern sows on piglet performance and survival was addressed. Since the sow immunoglobulin cannot pass epitheliochorial placenta in the sow to the piglet’s bloodstream. Therefore, colostrum is a crucial role in piglet survival and growth. However, the amount of colostrum and milk production in hyperprolific sow still improve from high litter size. The knowledge about the factors influencing colostrum and milk quality and quantity, such as parity number, piglet, the environment in hyperprolific sows, may support veterinarians and farmers in the commercial swine farms for increasing pig production. Moreover, the technique to improve colostrum and milk quality and quantity were explained, such as feed supplementation in gestating and lactating sows.
Edna: Disguising and Revealing User Data in Web Applications

Edna is a system that helps web applications allow users to remove their data without permanently losing their accounts, anonymize their old data, and selectively dissociate personal data from public profiles. Edna helps developers support these features while maintaining application functionality and referential integrity via disguising and revealing transformations. Disguising selectively renders user data inaccessible via encryption, and revealing enables the user to restore their data to the application. Edna's techniques allow transformations to compose in any order, e.g., deleting a previously anonymized user's account, or restoring an account back to an anonymized state. Experiments with Edna that add disguising and revealing transformations to three real-world applications show that Edna enables new privacy features in existing applications with low developer effort, is simpler than alternative approaches, and adds limited overhead to applications.
The Mysterious Amurian Grig Paracyphoderris erebeus Storozhenko, 1980 (Orthoptera: Prophalangopsidae): New Data on Its Distribution, Ecology and Biology

Simple Summary The rare relict species Paracyphoderris erebeus is endemic to the Russian Far East. The primary objectives of this study were (1) to provide the unpublished data on habitat, behaviour and biology of the Amurian grig, (2) to discuss some issues arising from long-term studies of distribution, and (3) to produce ecologo-geographic models of the species distribution over the Far East as the basis to forecast some possible shifts in its distribution. Ecologo-geographic modelling of the P. erebeus distribution in 2021–2060 shows that the species range will be relatively stable. Abstract New data on distribution, ecology and biology of the rare extant species Paracyphoderris erebeus of the almost completely ancient family Prophalangopsidae (Orthoptera) are given. This montane species prefers humid areas with relatively low summer temperatures. Habits, mating behaviour and life history of P. erebeus are extremely similar to those of the North American representatives of the genus Cyphoderris. Nowadays, the Amurian grig is known from the Myaochan, Badzhalsky, Dusse-Alin, Bureinsky and Aezop ridges in the Khabarovsk Territory (north of the Amur River) and Bydyr Mountain in the Jewish Autonomous Region of Russia only. The analysis of the predicted distribution of P. erebeus based on the occurrence data reveals that the populations of the species may be more widely distributed over the southern part of the Russian Far East, at least up to 56° N. The ecologo-geographic model of the species distribution over its range is generated using the Maxent 3.4. 4 software for the first time. Modelling of the P. erebeus distribution for 2021–2040 and 2041–2060 shows that the position of the species range appears to be relatively stable but a weak decline in the foretold suitability during climate warming may result in a reduction in population sizes and the subsequent fragmentation of the species population system. In this case, the Amurian grig will become a prospective to be included on the IUCN Red List.
Comparing Muscular Fitness Among School Children Based on Sport Participation and Gender

The objective of this study was to examine muscular fitness using measurements of the right hand grip (RHG) and left hand grip (LHG), as well as the counter movement jump (CMJ) performance of both athlete and non-athlete school children. Additionally, the study aimed to compare these variables between genders. A total of 221 school children aged 11–13 participated in this study. The participants were categorized into four groups based on their characteristics: female athletes (n = 57), female non-athletes (n = 60), male athletes (n = 59), and male non-athletes (n = 45). The primary exclusion criteria included any musculoskeletal limitations that could potentially affect test performance. The strength of the RHG and LHG (kg) was assessed using the Takei-TKK-5101 device. CMJ heights (cm) were measured using the Smart-Speed device. For all variables, a mixed-design two-way univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify differences between and within groups. The findings of the present study indicated that the RHG, LHG, and CMJ values of athletes were significantly greater than those of non-athletes for both genders (p < 0.001). Moreover, the analyzed performance values exhibited significant differences between male athletes and male as well as female non-athletes, and also between female athletes and female as well as male non-athletes (p < 0.001). Engaging in sports is highly important for school children aged 11–13 to enhance their muscular fitness. It can be stated that the development of muscular fitness for both genders would be higher in children who participate in sports compared to those who do not engage in sports.
Interferon-Free Regimens and Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents for Delta Hepatitis: Are We There Yet?

Chronic delta hepatitis is a global health problem. Although a smaller percentage of chronic HBV-infected patients are coinfected with the hepatitis delta virus, these patients have a higher risk of an accelerated progression to fulminant “delta hepatitis”, cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma, putting a financial strain on the healthcare system and increasing the need for a liver transplant. Since its discovery, tremendous efforts have been directed toward understanding the intricate pathogenic mechanisms, discovering the complex viral replication process, the essential replicative intermediates, and cell division-mediated viral spread, which enables virion viability. The consideration of the interaction between HBV and HDV is crucial in the process of developing novel pharmaceuticals. Until just recently, interferon-based therapy was the only treatment available worldwide. This review aims to present the recent advancements in understanding the life cycle of HDV, which have consequently facilitated the development of innovative drug classes. Additionally, we will examine the antiviral strategies currently in phases II and III of development, including bulevirtide (an entry inhibitor), lonafarnib (a prenylation inhibitor), and REP 2139 (an HBsAg release inhibitor).
Contrastive Distillation With Regularized Knowledge for Deep Model Compression on Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition

Deep learning (DL) approaches have been widely applied to sensor-based human activity recognition (HAR). However, existing approaches neglect to distinguish human activities which have similar sensory reading patterns, resulting in poor recognition accuracy on those activities. Moreover, these deep models often come with complex network architectures for performance improvement. Expensive computational cost and memory requirement hinder their feasibility to be deployed on resource-limited environments such as smartphones. As one of the most popular model compress techniques, knowledge distillation (KD) can be leveraged to boost the performance of a compact student with the knowledge from a cumbersome teacher. However, most of the existing KD works ignore the bias introduced by teacher's logits during distillation, leading to sub-optimal issue for student training. To address the above issues, we propose a novel Contrastive Distillation framework with Regularized Knowledge (ConDRK) for sensor-based human activity recognition. Particularly, we first utilize multiple intra-class samples to formulate a novel unbiased soft target as regularized knowledge which can significantly eliminate the bias introduced by teacher. Then, we propose a contrastive distillation scheme which employs the proposed unbiased soft target as positive pair and samples from other different classes as negative pairs to transfer the knowledge. Our proposed approach can not only reduce the intra-class variance but also maximize the inter-class distances, thus further enhancing the recognition performance of the compact student on similar activities. Extensive experimental results on two sensor-based HAR datasets clearly show that our proposed method can achieve superior and consistent performance over other state-of-the-art methods.
Do cows see the forest or the trees? A preliminary investigation of attentional scope as a potential indicator of emotional state in dairy cows housed with their calves

A positive mood in humans tends to broaden attentional scope while negative mood narrows it. A similar effect may be present in non-human animals; therefore, attentional scope may be a novel method to assess emotional states in livestock. In this proof-of-concept exploratory study, we examined the attentional scope of dairy cows housed with their calves either full-time, part-time (during daytime only), or with no calf contact (enrolled n = 10 each). Housing conditions were previously verified to induce differences in positive and negative emotional state, where part-time was considered more negative. Cows were trained to approach or avoid hierarchical images on a screen that were consistent in local and global elements (i.e., 13 small circles or crosses arranged in an overall circle or cross). After discrimination learning (>80% correct, over two consecutive days), 14 cows proceeded to test (n = 6 each full-and part-time; n = 2 no-contact, not analyzed). Test images showed inconsistent combinations of global and local elements (i.e., the overall global shape differs from the smaller local elements, such as a global circle composed of smaller local crosses and vice versa). Over two test days, approach responses to global and local images (each presented four times) were recorded. All cows were more likely to approach the local than the global image, especially part-time cows who never approached the global image; this may reflect a narrowed attentional scope in these cows. Full-time cows approached images more often than part-time cows, but overall response rates to global and local images were low, making specific conclusions regarding attentional scope difficult. Different housing conditions have potential to affect attentional scope, and possibly emotional state, of dairy cows, but statistical comparison to no-contact treatment was not possible. Cortisol concentration did not affect responses to images; thus arousal due to treatment or test conditions could not explain test performance. Further work with refined methodology and a larger sample size is required to validate the reliability of attentional scope as an assessment method of emotional state in cattle. Beyond this, the attentional scope test revealed how cattle may process, learn and respond to different visual hierarchical images, which further our understanding of cognitive and visual processes in cattle.
Stresses in the subducting slab beneath southwest Japan and relation with plate geometry, tectonic forces, slab dehydration, and damaging earthquakes

[1] We infer stresses in the subducting slab beneath southwest Japan from focal mechanisms and discuss their geodynamical implications. The majority of the 824 fault plane solutions used in this study were obtained by the Japan Meteorological Agency for earthquakes that occurred during 1970–2002 and were previously unpublished. The focal mechanisms are believed to reflect stresses in both the untransformed slab crust and the slab mantle. The stresses are controlled by tectonic forces, and the earthquakes are facilitated by local dehydration. The slab experiences a regional E–W stretch, that is, downdip and margin-parallel tension at the Kyushu and Nankai margins, respectively. We propose that the margin-parallel component of mantle resistance to the obliquely subducting young slab at Nankai provides an easterly stretch, acting against the westerly slab pull of the older and colder part of the slab at northern Kyushu. Despite the complex slab geometry along the Nankai margin the direction of tension is largely parallel with the local strike of the slab, indicating that the slab is a stress guide. The complex slab geometry is not related to the present stress regime but likely reflects severe deformation in the past when an extremely young and incompetent plate was forced to subduct against its own buoyancy. The maximum margin-parallel stretch and a sharp bending of the slab both occur in the area of the 2001 M 6.7 Geiyo earthquake. Using a simple strength envelope model, we demonstrate that normal-faulting failure of the slab mantle can occur under such conditions.
Volumetric apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis of the brain in paediatric patients with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Purpose To evaluate the whole brain, hippocampus, thalamus, and lentiform nucleus by volumetric apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis in paediatric patients with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Material and methods This retrospective study included 25 patients with HIE and 50 patients as the control group. Diffusion-weighted imaging was obtained at b-values of 1000 mm2/s. The histogram parameters of ADC values, including the mean, minimum, maximum, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles, as well as skewness, kurtosis, and variance were determined. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the inter-observer agreement. Results ADCmin, ADCmean, and ADCmax, as well as the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of ADC values for the HIE group were all lower than those of the control group (p < 0.001) in the volumetric histogram analysis of the hippocampus, thalamus, and lentiform nucleus. In the whole-brain histogram analysis, ADC min, and the 50th and 75th percentiles of ADC values did not differ significantly, while other parameters were lower in the HIE group. The ROC curve revealed that the ADC histogram parameters of the hippocampus provided the most accurate results for the diagnosis of HIE. The area under the curve (AUC) of the 95th percentile of ADC values was the highest (AUC = 0.915; cut-off 1.262 × 10-3 mm2/s; sensitivity 88% and specificity 84%). Conclusions Volumetric ADC histogram analysis of the whole brain, hippocampus, thalamus, and lentiform nucleus with b-values of 1000 mm2/s can serve as an imaging marker for determining HIE.
Determinant Causes of Limb Amputation in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Most amputees suffered from lack of rehabilitation services and went on streets as glorified beggars. However, there is a paucity of information about determinant causes of amputation in Ethiopia. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled prevalence of limb amputation and its determinant causes in Ethiopian population. Methods: Worldwide databases such as PubMed/MedLine, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched to retrieve pertinent articles. Grey literatures were also looked in local and national repositories. Microsoft excel was used to extract data which were exported to stata version 14.0 for analysis. Cochrane Q and I2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity. Egger's and Begg's tests were employed to assess reporting biases. Random effect meta-analysis model was applied to estimate pooled prevalence. Results: Twenty-one qualified studies with 18,900 study participants were reviewed. Pooled prevalence of limb amputation was 31.69%. Lower extremity amputation (LEA) accounted for 14.41%, and upper extremity amputation (UEA) took 10.53% (6.50, 14.53). Above knee amputations (2.50 %) were common orthopedic operations whereas ray amputations (0.03%) were the least orthopedic procedures of LEA. Above elbow amputations (2.46%) were common from UEA while shoulder disarticulations (0.02%) were the least orthopedic surgical procedures. The major causes of limb amputations were trauma (11.05%), diabetic foot ulcer (9.93 %), traditional bone setters (24.10%) and burn (10.63%). Conclusion: Lower extremity amputations were common orthopedic surgical procedures. Major determinant causes were trauma, diabetic foot ulcer, traditional bone setters and burn.
Reply to comment by Kleypas et al. on “Coral reef calcification and climate change: The effect of ocean warming”

[1] In their original paper [Kleypas et al., 1999] and in subsequent papers, Kleypas and others considered how acidification of the surface ocean by rising atmospheric CO2 might impact coral reef calcification by affecting the aragonite saturation state of seawater (arag). They concluded that coral calcification is already compromised and predicted further declines through the 21st Century. We took this a step further [McNeil et al., 2004] (herein referred to as MMB04) by using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model that takes into account future changes in arag due to rising sea surface temperature (SST), changes in ocean circulation and changes in oceanic biological activity. We also took into account increases in calcification that may be expected due to rising SST by using in-situ evidence. In their response to our paper, Kleypas et al. [2005] (herein referred to as K05) seek to discredit our finding that coral reef calcification may increase through the 21st Century.
Phosphorus leaching from manure-impacted soils affected by fluctuating water tables

by Jaime Mejias-Bassaletti, Ph.D. Washington State University August, 2005 Chair: Claudio Stöckle The main objectives of this dissertation were: 1. Acquire relevant field data to determine the role of iron reduction in P transport in tile effluents. 2. Explore the relation of the soil redox potential to P release and transport in column studies under dynamic conditions. 3. Develop a P leaching indicator based on the estimate of the P sorption strength in highly P-impacted soils. In the first study, we observed a significant positive correlation between P and Fe concentrations in drainage water from the pasture, but not in that from the corn field. In the latter, a significant relation was found between P Fe concentration. Phosphorus and Fe were positively correlated to drain flow rate in the pasture system