Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physiological Tooth Migration and its Significance for the Development of Occlusion

A NY attempt to develop preventative methods in the field of orthodontics must be based on adequate knowledge of normal growth and development of the dentitions and the many modifying factors. A review of the literature reveals little authentic information on which the present-day concept of the development of occlusion is based. Delabarre, in 1819, described for the first time the spacing of anterior deciduous teeth between the ages of 4 and 6 years and suggested that the purpose was to make allowance for the permanent ones.15 This concept prevails among most writers of recent textbooks (Dewey-Anderson" 6 Korkhaus,14 MeCoy,20 Salzmann,26 Schour and Massler,'27 and Strang.35 Zsigmondy3' in 1890, was the first to measure the lengths of the dental arches of three series of models of the same individual between 6 and 17 years of age. After Angle39 published his Malocclusion of the Teeth in 1907, the main interest turned from genetics to the systematics of malocclusion. Thus, Angle's theory of the fixed position of the upper first molars became an established law in orthodontics. In 1910, Zielinsky37 concluded from measurements of four skulls and some models of various individuals that, between the ages of 4 and 6 years, the upper anterior deciduous teeth move forward and laterally. This spreading of the upper dental arch would cause a spacing of the deciduous anteriors and simultaneously a forward migration of the mandibular deciduous teeth into the enlarged maxillary arch. This concept is known as the so-called "physiological mesial shift" of the mandibular teeth. " 14, 20, 26, 35 In 1922, Franke,7 from numerous skull measurements, calculated a shortening of 3.7 mm. in the lower dental arch following the shedding of the deciduous teeth. Simon,34 in 1924, presented his biometric law of the "orbit-cuspid relationship" establishing the possibility of positional changes of the upper permanent molars. Kantorowicz13 was the first to emphasize the necessity for a genetic approach to the classification of dentofacial and ocelusal anomalies on the basis of a large number of serial models of development. In 1927 Schwarz28 reported a comprehensive anatomical study of the problem. He accounted for ocelusal adjustment by means of tooth morphology. Friel's8 de-
Tepper School of Business 3-2009 An Integrated Solver for Optimization Problems

One of the central trends in the optimization community over the past several years has been the steady improvement of general-purpose solvers. A logical next step in this evolution is to combine mixed integer linear programming, constraint programming, and global optimization in a single system. Recent research in the area of integrated problem solving suggests that the right combination of different technologies can simplify modeling and speed up computation substantially. Nevertheless, integration often requires special purpose coding, which is time-consuming and error-prone. We present a general purpose solver, SIMPL, that allows its user to replicate (and sometimes improve on) the results of custom implementations with concise models written in a high-level language. We apply SIMPL to production planning, product configuration, machine scheduling, and truss structure design problems on which customized integrated methods have shown significant computational advantage. We obtain results that either match or surpass the original codes at a fraction of the implementation effort.
A novel microstructured fiber optic sensor for small deformations

This paper will detail novel enabling fiber optic sensors based on the use of the photonic structures embedded in the core of the fiber. We will start by briefly reviewing fiber optics used as sensors for mechanical deformations, and introducing photonic crystals characteristics. Afterwards we will show that embedding photonic crystal structures into standard monomode fiber optics allows for highly sensitive detection of mechanical deformations. Finally, we will show simulation results using EMExporer which support our claim that embedded photonic crystals can sense very small mechanical deformations.
Correlation of Large Artery Intracranial Occlusive Disease With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Presence of Carotid Plaque

Background and Purpose— Large artery intracranial occlusive disease (LAICOD) is a predominant cause of ischemic stroke in China. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and presence of carotid plaque are also related to subsequent ischemic stroke. However, the correlation between these and LAICOD is less clear. Methods— This was a community-based cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent carotid duplex ultrasonography and transcranial Doppler. Mean CIMT value of bilateral common carotid arteries was used. Plaque was defined as a focal CIMT of >1.5 mm. LAICOD in transcranial Doppler was defined by peak systolic velocity and age, and presence of turbulence or musical sound was also considered. Results— For the 537 subjects studied (mean age, 54.7±10.1 years; 46.9% males), mean CIMT was 0.74±0.12 mm, with the 75th percentile of 0.80 mm. CIMT ≥1.0 mm was identified in 13 subjects (2.4%). Plaques were detected in 79 subjects (14.7%). Compared with those without LAICOD, the 48 subjects (8.9%) with LAICOD had greater CIMTs (0.77±0.09 versus 0.73±0.12 mm; P=0.044), more with CIMT of higher quartiles (P=0.007), and more with carotid plaques (25.0% versus 13.7%; P=0.035). However, after adjusting for confounding factors, CIMT and presence of carotid plaque were not significantly associated with LAICOD. Conclusions— The results suggest that CIMT and presence of carotid plaque probably are not independently correlated with LAICOD in Chinese community residents, which supported the existence of pathologic and pathophysiologic differences in atherogenesis of intra- and extracranial arteries.
Complexity Reduction of LD-CELP Speech Coding in Prediction of Gain Using Neural Networks

Reducing the computational complexity is desired in speech coding algorithms. In this paper, three neural gain predictors are proposed which can function as backward gain adaptation module of low delay-code excited linear prediction (LD-CELP) G.728 encoder, recommended by International Telecommunication Union-Telecom sector (ITU-T, formerly CCITT). Elman, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and fuzzy ARTMAP are candidate neural models in this work. Empirical results show that gain prediction by Elman and MLP neural networks improve the mean opinion score (MOS) and segmental signal to noise ratio (SNRseg) as compared to traditional implementation of encoder. However, fuzzy ARTMAP reduces the computational complexity noticeably, without significant degradations in MOS and SNRseg.
Refinements in BTG-based Statistical Machine Translation

Bracketing Transduction Grammar (BTG) has been well studied and used in statistical machine translation (SMT) with promising results. However, there are two major issues for BTG-based SMT. First, there is no effective mechanism available for predicting orders between neighboring blocks in the original BTG. Second, the computational cost is high. In this paper, we introduce two refinements for BTG-based SMT to achieve better reordering and higher-speed decoding, which include (1) reordering heuristics to prevent incorrect swapping and reduce search space, and (2) special phrases with tags to indicate sentence beginning and ending. The two refinements are integrated into a well-established BTG-based Chinese-toEnglish SMT system that is trained on largescale parallel data. Experimental results on the NIST MT-05 task show that the proposed refinements contribute significant improvement of 2% in BLEU score over the baseline system.
Children’s Spatial Representations: 3- and 4-Year-Olds are Affected by Irrelevant Peripheral References

Children as young as 3 years can remember an object’s location within an arrangement and can retrieve it from a novel viewpoint (Nardini et al., 2006). However, this ability is impaired if the arrangement is rotated to compensate for the novel viewpoint, or, if the arrangement is rotated and children stand still. There are two dominant explanations for this phenomenon: self-motion induces an automatic spatial updating process which is beneficial if children move around the arrangement, but misleading if the children’s movement is matched by the arrangement and not activated if children stand still and only the arrangement is moved (see spatial updating; Simons and Wang, 1998). Another explanation concerns reference frames: spatial representations might depend on peripheral spatial relations concerning the surrounding room instead on proximal relations within the arrangement, even if these proximal relations are sufficient or more informative. To evaluate these possibilities, we rotated children (N = 120) aged between 3 and 6 years with an occluded arrangement. When the arrangement was in misalignment to the surrounding room, 3- and 4-year-olds’ spatial memory was impaired and 5-year-olds’ was lightly impaired suggesting that they relied on peripheral references of the surrounding room for retrieval. In contrast, 6-years-olds’ spatial representation seemed robust against misalignment indicating a successful integration of spatial representations.
Instanton calculus of Lifshitz tails

For noninteracting particles moving in a Gaussian random potential, there exists a disagreement in the literature on the asymptotic expression for the density of states in the tail of the band. We resolve this discrepancy. Further we illuminate the physical facet of instantons appearing in replica and supersymmetric derivations with another derivation employing a Lagrange multiplier field.
Intrinsic mechanism for the poor luminescence properties of quantum-box systems.

The poor radiative efficiency in quantum-box luminescence is tentatively explained as an intrinsic effect rather than the usually invoked effect of etch damages. From the recently calculated decreased relaxation rate in zero-dimensional (0D) systems under 100\char21{}200-nm lateral quantization, we propose that electrons captured from the barriers in the upper levels of quantum boxes are retained in their cascade to the fundamental states for more than nanoseconds. Due to the mutual orthogonality of quantum states in a box, no luminescence, or much less than in 2D or 3D, can be obtained from these stored electrons with reasonable assumptions for the hole population. Magnetic-confinement experiments in quantum-well lasers support our conclusion. A realistic model at low temperature describes more quantitatively the observed strong decay of the radiative efficiency in quantum boxes and pseudowires with decreased lateral dimensions.
Read, Think, Do!: a method for fitting research evidence into practice.

AIM This paper discusses a process for research utilization that overcomes well-known barriers in order to influence clinical decision-making and practice change. Read, Think, Do! is a problem-solving approach to research utilization and practice development which has the potential to overcome barriers to research utilization. BACKGROUND Any process for research utilization at the practice level needs to overcome numerous barriers in order to influence clinical decision-making and practice change. Access to research-based knowledge is an obvious first step in the evidence-based approach to care delivery, but is clearly inadequate alone in influencing the improvement of practice. DISCUSSION Read, Think, Do! acknowledges the complexity of problem-solving processes from the outset by looking for (1) the evidence, (2) assessing the value to practice, and (3) addressing the social and cultural milieu of the practice setting to ascertain the best strategies for initiating and sustaining practice change. This approach draws distal forms of empirical knowledge that have the capacity to improve patient outcomes into the proximal knowledge base of the clinical nurse. This is achieved by collaboration, planning and evaluation involving all levels of staff and a specialist facilitator, the Clinical Nurse Consultant in evidence-based practice. CONCLUSION Read, Think, Do! is a method of research utilization and practice development that has the potential to overcome barriers to research utilization and avoid the "misplaced concreteness" that can occur when trying to fit empiricism into practice. By addressing the breadth and diversity of issues surrounding research utilization in a systematic manner it presents a sustainable method for practice change informed by evidence.
Interaction between oxytocin receptor DNA methylation and genotype is associated with risk of postpartum depression in women without depression in pregnancy

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects up to 19% of women, negatively impacting maternal and infant health. Reductions in plasma oxytocin levels have been associated with PPD and heritability studies have established a genetic contribution. Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) has been demonstrated and we hypothesized that individual epigenetic variability at OXTR may impact the development of PPD and that such variability may be central to predicting risk. This case-control study is nested within the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and included 269 cases with PPD and 276 controls matched on age group, parity, and presence or absence of depressive symptoms in pregnancy as assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. OXTR DNA methylation (CpG site -934) and genotype (rs53576 and rs2254298) were assayed from DNA extracted from blood collected during pregnancy. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of elevated symptoms of PPD with genotype, methylation, and their interaction adjusted for psychosocial factors (n = 500). There was evidence of an interaction between rs53576 and methylation in the OXTR gene amongst women who did not have depression prenatally but developed PPD (p interaction = 0.026, adjusted for covariates, n = 257). Those women with GG genotype showed 2.63 greater odds of PPD for every 10% increase in methylation level (95% CI: 1.37, 5.03), whereas methylation was unrelated to PPD amongst “A” carriers (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.73). There was no such interaction among women with PPD and prenatal depression. These data indicate that epigenetic variation that decreases expression of OXTR in a susceptible genotype may play a contributory role in the etiology of PPD.
Common Agency and Coordination: General Theory and Application to Government Policy Making

We develop a model of common agency with complete information and general preferences with nontransferable utility, and we prove that the principals' Nash equilibrium in truthful strategies implements an efficient action. We apply this theory to the construction of a positive model of public finance, where organized special interests can lobby the government for consumer and producer taxes or subsidies and targeted lump‐sum taxes or transfers. The lobbies use only the nondistorting transfers in their noncooperative equilibrium, but their intergroup competition for transfers turns into a prisoners' dilemma in which the government captures all the gain that is potentially available to the parties.
Research digest

There is extensive evidence that the developing human brain and the brain actively recovering from injury have the capacity for experience-dependent neuroplastic change; however, the evidence for such neuroplasticity in the healthy adult brain is more limited. The possibility of improving a healthy (or stable, recovered) adult brain has significant clinical implications, including optimising intact areas of functioning to offset impairments in other areas, and increasing reserve capacity to provide prophylactic benefits against ageing or future neurological disorders (Satz, 1993; Stern, 2002). One area of research in experience-dependent neuroplasticity that has been receiving a great deal of attention over the past decade is meditation. Meditation is of clinical interest as it represents one of the few examples of experience-dependent neuroplasticity for higher order in healthy adults for higher cognitive functions. Meditation has also been shown to beneficially affect autonomic nervous system function (Newberg & Iverson, 2003) and affect regulation (Creswell, Way, Eisenberger, & Lieberman, 2007). Moreover, meditation is an intervention that can be self-administered, obviating transportation and cost factors that can be barriers to treatment. Thus, meditation is a treatment modality for neurorehabilitation with marked potential, although it is yet to be widely employed. The aims of this digest are to provide an introduction to meditation research, to discuss some of
An extension of the PEAQ measure by a binaural hearing model

Instrumental evaluation of the perceived audio signal quality is an important tool for the development of audio signal enhancement and transmission systems. There are various single channel measures which can be used for different application scenarios. Binaural signals have not received much focus so far and no sophisticated model of spatial perception is utilized in the available measures. In this contribution, an extension to Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) is presented which makes use of a recently proposed binaural hearing model. It is shown that the inclusion of spatial information into the instrumental quality measurement leads to a strongly increased correlation between the instrumental measure and a listening test.
From bench to patient: model systems in drug discovery

ABSTRACT Model systems, including laboratory animals, microorganisms, and cell- and tissue-based systems, are central to the discovery and development of new and better drugs for the treatment of human disease. In this issue, Disease Models & Mechanisms launches a Special Collection that illustrates the contribution of model systems to drug discovery and optimisation across multiple disease areas. This collection includes reviews, Editorials, interviews with leading scientists with a foot in both academia and industry, and original research articles reporting new and important insights into disease therapeutics. This Editorial provides a summary of the collection's current contents, highlighting the impact of multiple model systems in moving new discoveries from the laboratory bench to the patients' bedsides. Drug Discovery Collection: This Editorial introduces the new DMM Special Collection entitled ‘From bench to patient: model systems in drug discovery’, providing a summary of its contents and highlighting the impact of multiple model systems in moving new discoveries from bench to patient.
The Yin & Yang of Mitochondrial Architecture - Interplay of MICOS and F1Fo-ATP synthase in cristae formation

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place at specialized compartments of the inner mitochondrial membrane, the cristae. The elaborate ultrastructure of cristae membranes enables efficient chemi-osmotic coupling of respiratory chain and F1Fo-ATP synthase. Dynamic membrane remodeling allows mitochondria to adapt to changing physiological requirements. The mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) and the oligomeric ATP synthase have been known to govern distinct features of cristae architecture. A new study 1 on the crosstalk between these two machineries now sheds light on the mechanisms of cristae formation and maintenance.
RNAi for Plant Functional Genomics

A major challenge in the post-genome era of plant biology is to determine the functions of all the genes in the plant genome. A straightforward approach to this problem is to reduce or knock out expression of a gene with the hope of seeing a phenotype that is suggestive of its function. Insertional mutagenesis is a useful tool for this type of study, but it is limited by gene redundancy, lethal knock-outs, nontagged mutants and the inability to target the inserted element to a specific gene. RNA interference (RNAi) of plant genes, using constructs encoding self-complementary ‘hairpin’ RNA, largely overcomes these problems. RNAi has been used very effectively in Caenorhabditis elegans functional genomics, and resources are currently being developed for the application of RNAi to high-throughput plant functional genomics.
RIM Controls Homeostatic Plasticity through Modulation of the Readily-Releasable Vesicle Pool

Rab3 interacting molecules (RIMs) are evolutionarily conserved scaffolding proteins that are located at presynaptic active zones. In the mammalian nervous system, RIMs have two major activities that contribute to the fidelity of baseline synaptic transmission: they concentrate calcium channels at the active zone and facilitate synaptic vesicle docking/priming. Here we confirm that RIM has an evolutionarily conserved function at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction and then define a novel role for RIM during homeostatic synaptic plasticity. We show that loss of RIM disrupts baseline vesicle release, diminishes presynaptic calcium influx, and diminishes the size of the readily-releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles, consistent with known activities of RIM. However, loss of RIM also completely blocks the homeostatic enhancement of presynaptic neurotransmitter release that normally occurs after inhibition of postsynaptic glutamate receptors, a process termed synaptic homeostasis. It is established that synaptic homeostasis requires enhanced presynaptic calcium influx as a mechanism to potentiate vesicle release. However, despite a defect in baseline calcium influx in rim mutants, the homeostatic modulation of calcium influx proceeds normally. Synaptic homeostasis is also correlated with an increase in the size of the RRP of synaptic vesicles, although the mechanism remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that the homeostatic modulation of the RRP is blocked in the rim mutant background. Therefore, RIM-dependent modulation of the RRP is a required step during homeostatic plasticity. By extension, homeostatic plasticity appears to require two genetically separable processes, the enhancement of presynaptic calcium influx and a RIM-dependent modulation of the RRP.
Structure of Microsomal Cytochrome P450 2B4 Complexed with the Antifungal Drug Bifonazole

To better understand ligand-induced structural transitions in cytochrome P450 2B4, protein-ligand interactions were investigated using a bulky inhibitor. Bifonazole, a broad spectrum antifungal agent, inhibits monooxygenase activity and induces a type II binding spectrum in 2B4dH(H226Y), a modified enzyme previously crystallized in the presence of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazole (CPI). Isothermal titration calorimetry and tryptophan fluorescence quenching indicate no significant burial of protein apolar surface nor altered accessibility of Trp-121 upon bifonazole binding, in contrast to recent results with CPI. A 2.3 Å crystal structure of 2B4-bifonazole reveals a novel open conformation with ligand bound in the active site, which is significantly different from either the U-shaped cleft of ligand-free 2B4 or the small active site pocket of 2B4-CPI. The O-shaped active site cleft of 2B4-bifonazole is widely open in the middle but narrow at the top. A bifonazole molecule occupies the bottom of the active site cleft, where helix I is bent ∼15° to accommodate the bulky ligand. The structure also defines unanticipated interactions between helix C residues and bifonazole, suggesting an important role of helix C in azole recognition by mammalian P450s. Comparison of the ligand-free 2B4 structure, the 2B4-CPI structure, and the 2B4-bifonazole structure identifies structurally plastic regions that undergo correlated conformational changes in response to ligand binding. The most plastic regions are putative membrane-binding motifs involved in substrate access or substrate binding. The results allow us to model the membrane-associated state of P450 and provide insight into how lipophilic substrates access the buried active site.