Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Four Distributed Denial of Service Counter-measures

The ever increasing sophistication of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attackers and attack tools is causing detection and protection to become even more difficult and complex. To address this menace, the Internet research community has proposed many promising countermeasures, yet currently none has been widely deployed. For a system administrator, choosing a counter-measure has become a daunting task. By weighing different aspects of a DDoS counter-measure, this paper qualitatively compares and contrasts four recently proposed counter-measures against these destructive attacks, they are: Hussain et al’s Framework for Classifying Denial of Service attacks, Tupakula et al’s Controller-Agent Model, Brustoloni’s VIPnet, and Keromytis et al’s Secure Overlay Services. This paper presents and discusses qualitative attributes of effective counter-measures; then determines which countermeasure is the most efficacious by qualitatively assessing them against each of the attributes of effective countermeasures. The qualitative analysis generates a hypothesis that decidedly singles out one counter-measure with the most potential above the rest. Results of this paper can help system administrators choose a DDoS countermeasure as well as provide information for advanced internet services students and researchers.
Impact of wireless link delay on handover latency in Mobile IPv6 environment

In the last decade tremendous development in the area of mobile and wireless network. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed Mobile IPv6 to provide mobility in wireless IPv6 networks. But still transparent mobility over the Internet is one of the biggest in challenges. Recently Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) and Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) are proposed to reduce the handover latency and as a result to reduce packet loss. This paper analyzes impact of handover latency wireless link delay on handover latency and compares the results analytically.
State of the Art Bronchiolar Disorders

Bronchiolar abnormalities are relatively common and occur in a variety of clinical settings. Various histopathologic patterns of bronchiolar injury have been described and have led to confusing nomenclature with redundant and overlapping terms. Some histopathologic patterns of bronchiolar disease may be relatively unique to a specific clinical context but others are nonspecific with respect to either etiology or pathogenesis. Herein, we present a scheme separating (1) those disorders in which the bronchiolar disease is the predominant abnormality (primary bronchiolar disorders) from (2) parenchymal disorders with prominent bronchiolar involvement and (3) bronchiolar involvement in large airway diseases. Primary bronchiolar disorders include constrictive bronchiolitis (obliterative bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans), acute bronchiolitis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis, mineral dust airway disease, follicular bronchiolitis, and a few other rare variants. Prominent bronchiolar involvement may be seen in several interstitial lung diseases, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, respiratory bronchiolitis–associated interstitial lung disease, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia), and pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. Large airway diseases that commonly involve bronchioles include bronchiectasis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The clinical relevance of a bronchiolar lesion is best determined by identifying the underlying histopathologic pattern and assessing the correlative clinico–physiologic–radiologic context.
Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of z ~ 0.7 Star-forming Galaxies

We analyze the infrared (IR) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 10 μm < λrest < 100 μm for ~600 galaxies at z ~ 0.7 in the extended Chandra Deep Field South by stacking their Spitzer 24, 70, and 160 μm images. We place interesting constraints on the average IR SED shape in two bins: the brightest 25% of z ~ 0.7 galaxies detected at 24 μm, and the remaining 75% of individually detected galaxies. Galaxies without individual detections at 24 μm were not well detected at 70 and 160 μm even through stacking. We find that the average IR SEDs of z ~ 0.7 star-forming galaxies fall within the diversity of z ~ 0 templates. While dust obscuration LIR/LUV seems to be only a function of star formation rate (SFR; ~LIR + LUV), not of redshift, the dust temperature of star-forming galaxies (with SFR ~ 10 M☉ yr-1 ) at a given IR luminosity was lower at z ~ 0.7 than today. We suggest an interpretation of this phenomenology in terms of dust geometry: intensely star-forming galaxies at z ~ 0 are typically interacting, and host dense centrally concentrated bursts of star formation and warm dust temperatures. At z ~ 0.7, the bulk of intensely star-forming galaxies are relatively undisturbed spirals and irregulars, and we postulate that they have large amounts of widespread lower density star formation, yielding lower dust temperatures for a given IR luminosity. We recommend which IR SEDs are most suitable for modeling intermediate-redshift galaxies with different SFRs.
Comparison of fractal compression methods impact on radiographic images of weld defects

This paper proposes an evaluation of various fractal compression techniques, dedicated to radiographic images of weld defects. Fractal image compression, based on concepts of iterated function systems (IFS), consists of partitioning blocks and approximates each block by a transformed codebook block derived from the image itself. Each transformation, described by a linear term and a translation term, maps a block onto another block with a different resolution and composes the coded information. For the purpose of this work, we selected four well-known fractal compression techniques employing different partitioning schemes: Fixed size square block (Jacquin's method), Quadtree decomposition, Triangle subdivision, Delaunay triangulation. Preliminary results obtained on radiographic images of weld defects; show that the Jacquin's method seems to give the best compromise between coding performance and image quality.
The Arabidopsis Abscisic Acid Response Gene ABI5 Encodes a Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor

The Arabidopsis abscisic acid (ABA)–insensitive abi5 mutants have pleiotropic defects in ABA response, including decreased sensitivity to ABA inhibition of germination and altered expression of some ABA-regulated genes. We isolated the ABI5 gene by using a positional cloning approach and found that it encodes a member of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor family. The previously characterized abi5-1 allele encodes a protein that lacks the DNA binding and dimerization domains required for ABI5 function. Analyses of ABI5 expression provide evidence for ABA regulation, cross-regulation by other ABI genes, and possibly autoregulation. Comparison of seed and ABA-inducible vegetative gene expression in wild-type and abi5-1 plants indicates that ABI5 regulates a subset of late embryogenesis–abundant genes during both developmental stages.
Incremental Learning and Memory Consolidation of Whole Body Human Motion Primitives

The ability to learn during continuous and on-line observation would be advantageous for humanoid robots, as it would enable them to learn during co-location and interaction in the human environment. However, when motions are being learned and clustered on-line, there is a trade-off between classification accuracy and the number of training examples, resulting in potential misclassifications both at the motion and hierarchy formation level. This article presents an approach enabling fast on-line incremental learning, combined with an incremental memory consolidation process correcting initial misclassifications and errors in organization, to improve the stability and accuracy of the learned motions, analogous to the memory consolidation process following motor learning observed in humans. Following initial organization, motions are randomly selected for reclassification, at both low and high levels of the hierarchy. If a better reclassification is found, the knowledge structure is reorganized to comply. The approach is validated during incremental acquisition of a motion database containing a variety of full body motions.1
Environment modelling for the robust motion planning and control of planar rigid robot manipulators

Trajectory planning and tracking are crucial tasks in any application using robot manipulators. These tasks become particularly difficult when obstacles are present in the manipulatorpsilas workspace. In this paper it is assumed that the obstacles can be approximated in a conservative way with discs. The goal is to represent the obstacles in the robot configuration space, in order to allow an efficient and accurate trajectory planning and tracking. Moreover, the paper provides the methods for checking the collision between the n-joint manipulator and the obstacles. Trajectory planning depends on tracking accuracy. In this paper an adequate tracking accuracy is guaranteed assuming the use of a suitably designed robust controller.
Evidence for the psychological reality of semantic components: The verbs of possession

This chapter is concerned with the way verbs are stored and processed. I use a set of possession verbs as illustrative examples. The first section of the chapter deals with the structural representation of these verbs. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with issues of processing and with experimental tests of the theory. In this chapter I use the terms "components" and "chunks" to refer to the underlying semantic units of verbs, rather than the term "primi-tive elements," which is used iii the other chapters of this book. 1 make this change to emphasize that the components analyzed in this chapter need not necessarily represent the members of some universal set of innate semantic features. If such a set exists, most of the components that are described in this chapter are probably combinations of the innate features. The two main linguistic treatments of the possession verbs are those by Bendix (1966) and Fillmore (1966). Bendix proposed a general analysis of verbs of possession, and in a critique of this work, Fillmore suggested some alternative representations. Schank and his collaborators have also studied verbs of possession (Schank, Goldman, Rie-ger, and Riesbeck, 1972). My treatment differs from all three of these approaches, although it has some points in common with each.
Movements, activity patterns, and habitat use of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in interior Alaska

Abstract Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are generally sedentary, but are likely to move among habitats frequently to gain access to spatially segregated food and cover. We investigated movement patterns of hares from 2 characteristic boreal habitats using very-high-frequency radio collars (n = 300) monitored weekly and global positioning system (GPS) collars (n = 18) programmed to record locations at 30–120-min intervals. We used collar recoveries (n = 203) to estimate distance from capture to mortality site. Approximately 90% of collars were recovered within 1 km of their deployment locations, the greatest distances being recorded in winter. We used locations of GPS-collared hares to estimate seasonal home range sizes, habitat use, and diel patterns of movement among and within habitats. Seasonal home ranges were 3–6 ha in size, depending on season and habitat. Hares used multiple habitat types on a daily basis. Movement rates, based on animal locations recorded every 2 h, varied 4-fold between peak and nadir. The majority of movements between habitat types coincided with times when hares were most active. Our findings show that hares may use multiple vegetation types even when food and cover are apparently abundant in a single habitat. Hares move between these areas on a daily basis, probably to make use of better foraging opportunities in one location and return to resting sites in dense cover in a different location.
Texture modeling and labeling using divide and conquer

Texture detection plays an important role in many computer vision tasks. Application ranges from finding an object in satellite images to anomaly detection in medical imaging. Recently sparse representation based texture modeling and detection scheme is proposed. One major drawback using such a generative data modeling is the time taken for texture detection. In this paper we propose and investigate divide and conquer strategy in sparse framework. Our study shows that divide and conquer strategy can be efficiently used with sparsity based data modeling without compromising the accuracy. Advantage of such an approach is reduced computation with minimal degradation in detection accuracy. Detection is performed by comparing a test texture with each dictionary, in conventional approach; whereas the proposed approach speeds up detection using divide and conquer strategy. Detection time complexity of conventional and proposed approaches for n classes are O(n) and O log(4n) respectively. Proposed approach learns dictionaries at different levels where a group of classes are merged to form a reduced set of classes. This leads to learning overhead. We also propose an algorithm to remove the learning overhead.
Radiative pressure feedback by a quasar in a galactic bulge

We show that Eddington-limited black hole luminosities can be sufficient to deplete a galaxy bulge of gas through radiation pressure, when the ionization state of the gas and the presence of dust are properly taken into account. Once feedback starts to be effective it can consistently drive all the gas out of the whole galaxy. We estimate the amount by which the effect of radiation pressure on dusty gas boosts the mass involved in the Eddington limit, and discuss the expected column density at which the gas is ejected. An example is shown of the predicted observed nuclear spectrum of the system at the end of an early, obscured phase of growth when the remaining column density N H ∼ 10 24 f cm −2 , where f is the gas fraction in the bulge.
Assessing the attractiveness of interactive systems

Qualities beyond usefulness and traditional usability are increasingly being recognised as important in HCI. A common understanding of which factors affect the overall user experience and how they interrelate is still to be established. In a theory-led approach, users' perceptions of qualities that together contribute to the overall 'attractiveness' of a system are investigated. An empirical study with three live websites from Stanford University demonstrates a halo effect of aesthetics on perceptions of usability and content. However, the perception and impact of aesthetics are significantly affected by users' backgrounds and tasks.
ReLACK: A Reliable VoIP Steganography Approach

VoIP steganography is a real-time network steganography, which utilizes VoIP protocols and traffic as a covert channel to conceal secret messages. Recently, there has been a noticeable increase in the interest in VoIP steganography due to the volume of VoIP traffic generated, which proved to be economically feasible to utilize. This paper discusses VoIP steganography challenges, compares the existing mechanisms, and proposes a new VoIP steganography approach. Current VoIP steganography techniques lack mechanisms to provide reliability without weakening the steganography system. Accordingly, this paper modifies the (k, n) threshold secret sharing scheme, which is based on Lagrange's Interpolation, and then applies a two phase approach on the LACK steganography mechanism to provide reliability and fault tolerance and to increase steganalysis complexity. The cost of reliability is a loss in bandwidth, therefore, the proposed approach also provides mechanisms to maximize packets utilization to mitigate the effect of adding redundancy.
1 Adaptive Brain-Body Interfaces

This paper describes an adaptive brain-body interface (BBI) that was designed to cater for traumatic brain injured personnel to use the computer screen as a means for communicating, recreating and controlling their environment. The paper describes how the initial interface was developed and optimised for this group of personnel. It also deals with the challenges involved in designing an adaptive interface and the adaptive features incorporated in to the interface.
Practitioner Review: What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD?

Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its possible causes still attract controversy. Genes, pre and perinatal risks, psychosocial factors and environmental toxins have all been considered as potential risk factors. Method This review (focussing on literature published since 1997, selected from a search of PubMed) critically considers putative risk factors with a focus on genetics and selected environmental risks, examines their relationships with ADHD and discusses the likelihood that these risks are causal as well as some of the main implications. Results No single risk factor explains ADHD. Both inherited and noninherited factors contribute and their effects are interdependent. ADHD is familial and heritable. Research into the inherited and molecular genetic contributions to ADHD suggest an important overlap with other neurodevelopmental problems, notably, autism spectrum disorders. Having a biological relative with ADHD, large, rare copy number variants, some small effect size candidate gene variants, extreme early adversity, pre and postnatal exposure to lead and low birth weight/prematurity have been most consistently found as risk factors, but none are yet known to be definitely causal. There is a large literature documenting associations between ADHD and a wide variety of putative environmental risks that can, at present, only be regarded as correlates. Findings from research designs that go beyond simply testing for association are beginning to contest the robustness of some environmental exposures previously thought to be ADHD risk factors. Conclusions The genetic risks implicated in ADHD generally tend to have small effect sizes or be rare and often increase risk of many other types of psychopathology. Thus, they cannot be used for prediction, genetic testing or diagnostic purposes beyond what is predicted by a family history. There is a need to consider the possibility of parents and siblings being similarly affected and how this might impact on engagement with families, influence interventions and require integration with adult services. Genetic contributions to disorder do not necessarily mean that medications are the treatment of choice. We also consider how findings might influence the conceptualisation of ADHD, public health policy implications and why it is unhelpful and incorrect to dichotomise genetic/biological and environmental explanations. It is essential that practitioners can interpret genetic and aetiological research findings and impart informed explanations to families.
(m,n)-string-like Dp-brane bound states

An (m,n)-string bound state (with m, n relatively prime integers) in type IIB string theory can be interpreted from the D-string worldsheet point of view as n D-strings carrying m units of quantized electric flux or quantized electric field. We argue, from the D-brane worldvolume point of view, that similar Dp-brane bound states should also exist for 2 ≤ p ≤ 8 in both type IIA (when p is even) and type IIB (when p is odd) string theories. As in p = 1 case, these bound states can each be interpreted as n Dp-branes carrying m units of quantized constant electric field. In particular, they all preserve one half of the spacetime supersymmetries.
Comparative Study on Seed Germination of Vigna Radiata with the Effect of Tannery Effluent

Disposal of tannery effluent will result in heavy metal contamination of land and will lead to many important health and environmental hazards. Aim of the work is to determine the effects of untreated tannery effluent and treated tannery effluent on seed germination and to biodegrade the effluent using fungi. Chemical methods of remove the heavy metals in tannery effluent will have metal bearing solid waste. Hence degrading tannery effluent using Trichoderma harzianum cultured from tannery effluent is an economical and easy method. T.harzianum isolated from the effluent is used to degrade the tannery effluent. Effect of tannery effluent on germinating seeds and relative toxicity are measured at different concentrations of tannery effluent. The degradation level of chromium is also analysed in this present work.
Response to commentaries Learning obscure and obvious properties of language

Some aspects of an account of successful native language learning are nonnegotiable. First, learners are unlikely to succeed if they cannot analyze the input correctly. Second, learners need to recognize discrepancies between their current grammar and the target language to progress to the appropriate endstate. Both requirements depend on an understanding of how learners process the language around them. In order to understand why other learner groups are less successful, it is useful to scrutinize the most successful learners, i.e., children: when and how do they succeed, and with what cognitive resources? We can then ask which of those mechanisms fall short in the less successful learners. These two connections are the main motivations for our target article (Phillips & Ehrenhofer, 2015). We are grateful to the authors of the 17 commentaries for engaging seriously with our arguments. In attempting to draw connections across fields we inevitably exposed gaps in our own knowledge, and we are glad to have these filled in by the commentators. In our response we aim to clarify some key steps in the argument that are engaged by a number of the commentaries. In particular, we ask:
Experimental Evaluation of Modified Decomposition Algorithm for Maximum Weight Bipartite Matching

Let $G$ be an undirected bipartite graph with positive integer weights on the edges. We refine the existing decomposition theorem originally proposed by Kao et al., for computing maximum weight bipartite matching. We apply it to design an efficient version of the decomposition algorithm to compute the weight of a maximum weight bipartite matching of $G$ in $O(\sqrt{|V|}W'/k(|V|,W'/N))$-time by employing an algorithm designed by Feder and Motwani as a subroutine, where $|V|$ and $N$ denote the number of nodes and the maximum edge weight of $G$, respectively and $k(x,y)=\log x /\log(x^2/y)$. The parameter $W'$ is smaller than the total edge weight $W,$ essentially when the largest edge weight differs by more than one from the second largest edge weight in the current working graph in any decomposition step of the algorithm. In best case $W'=O(|E|)$ where $|E|$ be the number of edges of $G$ and in worst case $W'=W,$ that is, $|E| \leq W' \leq W. $ In addition, we talk about a scaling property of the algorithm and research a better bound of the parameter $W'$. An experimental evaluation on randomly generated data shows that the proposed improvement is significant in general.