Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expert participation on Wikipedia: barriers and opportunities

On the occasion of Wikipedia's 10th anniversary, the Chronicle wrote that, nowadays, the project does not represent "the bottom layer of authority, nor the top, but in fact the highest layer without formal vetting" and, as such, it can serve as "an ideal bridge between the validated and unvalidated Web". An increasing number of university students use Wikipedia for "pre-research", as part of their course assignments or research projects. Yet many among academics, scientists and experts turn their noses up at the thought of contributing to Wikipedia, despite a growing number of calls from the expert community to join the project. The Association for Psychological Science launched an initiative to get the scientific psychology community involved in improving the coverage and quality of articles in their field; biomedical experts recently called upon their peers to help make public health information in Wikipedia rigorous and complete; historians have recently started to contribute references to Wikipedia in an effort to make their scholarly work more easily accessible to a broad readership; chemists are curating Wikipedia to include structured metadata in articles on chemical compounds. The Wikimedia Foundation itself is exploring strategies to engage with the expert community and with higher education at large, as part of initiatives such as USPP or the expert review proposal. These calls for participation, however, remain sporadic and most experts-- despite goodwill to contribute--still perceive major barriers to participation, which typically include issues of a technical, social and cultural nature, from the lack of incentives from the perspective of a professional career, to the poor recognition of one’s expertise within Wikipedia to issues of social interaction. In combination with the apparent anomaly of collaborative--and often anonymous--authorship and the resulting fluidity of Wikipedia articles, these factors create an environment that significantly differs from the ones experts are accustomed to. There has been so far only anecdotal evidence on what keeps experts (defined in the broadest possible sense to include academics, but also expert professionals in industry and in the public sector, as well as research students) from contributing to Wikipedia. The Wikimedia Research Committee ran a survey on expert participation between February and April 2011 with over 3K respondents to try and turn anecdotes about expert participation into data. The aim of this talk is to present the results of the survey and tackle questions such as: the different perception of participation in Wikipedia across academic fields; the effects of expertise, gender, discipline, wiki literacy on participation; the gap between shared attitudes and individual drivers of participation; the relation between participation in Wikipedia and attitudes towards open access and open science.
Synovial sarcoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 112 patients with primary localized tumors of the extremity.

PURPOSE Synovial sarcoma is a high-grade tumor that is associated with poor prognosis. Previous studies analyzing prognostic factors are limited because of inclusion of heterogeneous cohorts of patients with nonextremity and recurrent tumors. The objective of this study was to determine independent prognostic factors of primary synovial sarcoma localized to the extremity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between July 1, 1982, and June 30, 1996, 112 patients underwent surgical resection for cure at our institution and then were followed-up prospectively. Clinical and pathologic factors examined for prognostic value included age, sex, tumor site and location, depth, size, microscopic status of surgical margins, invasion of bone or neurovascular structures, and monophasic or biphasic histology. The end points analyzed were the time to first local recurrence that was not preceded by a distant recurrence, time to any distant recurrence, and time to disease-related mortality. These end points were modeled using the method of Kaplan and Meier and analyzed by the log-rank test and Cox regression. RESULTS The median duration of follow-up among survivors in this cohort of 112 patients was 72 months. The 5-year local-recurrence, distant-recurrence, and mortality rates were 12%, 39%, and 25%, respectively. Tumor size > or = 5 cm (P =.001; relative risk [RR] = 2. 7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 5.2) and the presence of bone or neurovascular invasion (P =.04; RR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5. 3) were independent adverse predictors of distant recurrence. Tumor size > or= 5 cm (P =.003; RR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.3) and the presence of bone or neurovascular invasion (P =.03; RR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.0 to 6.5) were also independent adverse predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION The natural history of primary synovial sarcoma of the extremity is related to tumor size and invasion of bone and neurovascular structures.
Presence of renin within intramitochondrial dense bodies of the rat adrenal cortex.

It has been suggested that tissue-specific expression of the genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) leads to local generation of angiotensin (ANG) II with specific physiological implications. We demonstrate here that an intracellular RAS exists in adrenal glomerulosa cells; 60 h after bilateral nephrectomy and hemodialysis, renin and prorenin were eliminated from the circulation, whereas intra-adrenal renin content increased (control rats: 2 +/- 0.5 ng ANG I.mg-1.h-1; anephric rats: 25 +/- 2). Thus renin is produced locally within adrenal cells. We obtained immunocytochemical and biochemical evidence for the presence of renin within intramitochondrial dense bodies of the zona glomerulosa. After nephrectomy, dense bodies increased in number, size, and renin content (control rats: 2.5 +/- 0.7 ngANGI.mg-1.h-1; anephric rats: 43 +/- 7). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was also present within mitochondria and their dense bodies. In addition, in adrenal cortex of anephric rats, giant dense bodies were observed, which contain renin and strongly react with an anti-angiotensinogen antibody. The localization of renin, ACE, and angiotensinogen at these sites provides new evidence for the existence of an intracellular adrenal RAS.
Parallel MIMO Channel Measurement Architecture

Optimal methods of developing Multiple-Input Multiple- Output (MIMO) systems have been an active area of interest in recent communications research. This technology enables wireless communication systems to achieve higher data rates with good bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance, but at the expense of added system complexity due to the circuitry and algorithms that must be implemented to facilitate communication among multiple transmitters and receivers over wireless channels. The goal of this project is to develop and investigate the architecture of a MIMO radio frequency (RF) antenna testbed for parallel channel impulse response measurements using four transmitters and four receivers, with central control and signal processing to be carried out using two Altera Stratix II field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
Is the poorer rate of survival among patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and anemia linked to immune activation?

Model 1 CD4 cell count, cells/mL 0.0063 (0.0018) 12.27 . 0001 1192 (31) 1.0 192 (16) 6.6 (2.3–18.8) . 0004 RNA level, log10 copies/mL 0.7225 (0.3827) 3.56 . 0591 5.06 (31) 1.0 15.06 (16) 2.4 (0.92–6.5) . 07 Model 2 CD4 cell count, cells/mL 0.0044 (0.0018) 5.93 . 0149 1192 (31) 1.0 192 (16) 6.0 (2.1–17.5) . 001 RNA level, log10 copies/mL 0.5845 (0.4395) 1.77 1.1 5.06 (31) 1.0 15.06 (16) 2.2 (0.82–6.1) . 12 Hemoglobin level, g/dL 0.5189 (0.2011) 6.66 . 0098 112.6 (31) 1.0 12.6 (16) 2.8 (1.1–7.2) . 037 Model 3 CD4 cell count, cells/mL 0.0048 (0.0021) 5.18 . 0228 1192 (31) 1.0 192 (16) 5.3 (1.7–16.6) . 004 RNA level, log10 copies/mL 0.5162 (0.5034) 1.05 1.1 5.06 (31) 1.0 15.06 (16) 2.1 (0.68–6.5) . 20 Hemoglobin level, g/dL 0.3659 (0.2199) 2.77 . 0961 112.6 (31) 1.0 12.6 (16) 1.2 (0.37–3.7) . 79 Neopterin level, nmol/L 0.0979 (0.0337) 8.45 . 0037 16.3 (32) 1.0 116.3 (15) 7.8 (2.3–26.0) . 0008
Spinal Neuropeptide Responses in Persistent and Transient Pain Following Cervical Nerve Root Injury: (Presented at the 2004 CSRS Meeting)

Study Design. Behavioral and immunohistochemical analysis in rat models of persistent and transient allodynia. Objectives. To examine separate cervical nerve root injuries (compression, transection) for producing behavioral hypersensitivity and investigate spinal neuropeptides to understand relationships to pain symptoms. Summary of Background Data. Mechanical cervical nerve root injury can be a source of neck pain. Painful lumbar radiculopathy models show that different nerve root ligation intensities produce differential allodynia responses. Spinal neuropeptides can mediate pain responses. Yet, little is known about their contributions to pain in the cervical spine. Methods. Rats underwent separate procedures on the right C7 nerve roots: transection (n = 12), 10-gf compression for 15 minutes (n = 11), or sham (n = 5). Ipsilateral forepaw mechanical allodynia was measured after surgery for 7 days. C7 spinal cord tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression on days 1 and 7 for each injury; densitometry quantified immunoreactivity in lamina I of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. Results. Both injuries immediately produced significant increases in allodynia. Sensitivity was sustained following root compression, and at day 7, was not different from day 1. By day 7 after transection, allodynia had returned to baseline and sham levels, significantly decreasing from day 1 (P = 0.0012). Spinal substance P and CGRP were increased over normal at day 1 for both injuries and decreased with time for CGRP after transection, which paralleled behaviors. For individual rats, substance P was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with CGRP expression for both injuries. Conclusions. Compression and transection of the cervical nerve root produce different forepaw allodynia responses, with persistent and transient sensitivity, respectively. Spinal neuropeptide expression in these models parallels this sensitivity, suggesting their potential role in pain symptoms.
Social and environmental accountability in developing countries

The principal aim of this chapter is to undertake a critical review of the social and environmental accountability of global business activities in developing countries. While global business activities have contributed to the economic development of developing countries they have many adverse social and environmental consequences which are often under-studied. I explore the role of accounting in making those consequences visible. The chapter, however, concludes that while social and environmental accounting has the potential to raise the visibility of social and environmental impacts of corporate activities it often fails to do so particularly under the current voluntary disclosure regime where corporations can choose what to report and how to report. This is even more pronounced in the developing countries because of their vulnerabilities arising from various social and environmental problems. The chapter argues for a case of ‘surrogate accountability’ as an alternative to the current corporate driven form of accountability.
Symbol sequence detection with joint channel estimation and carrier synchronization

This paper presents the simultaneous data detection and parameter estimation receiver. The receiver performs simultaneous ML detection of the data sequence and joint channel estimation and carrier synchronization. The explicit structure of the joint amplitude, frequency offset and unknown phase estimator enables us to evaluate explicitly the ML estimates of the fading amplitude, frequency offset and unknown phase corresponding to each hypothesized data sequence. This then allows us to evaluate explicitly for each hypothesized data sequence the maximum value of the likelihood function. By comparing these maximum values among all possible data sequences, the optimal ML detection of the data sequence can be obtained.
Detoxification of plasma containing lipopolysaccharide by adsorption

We compared the ability of 13 materials, all with known affinity for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to remove LPS from water, pooled normal human plasma, and plasma from a patient with Gram-negative bacterial sepsis. Escherichia coli O111:B4 LPS was added to water and pooled normal human plasma to a concentration of 200 ng/ml and aliquots were adsorbed in parallel with each of the materials. Plasma containing 25 ng/ml of LPS was obtained by plasmapheresis from a patient with fatal Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis and was similarly adsorbed. Ethanolamine bound to Sepharose 4B® served as a control adsorbent. LPS was most readily removed from water and least readily removed from plasma obtained from the patient with sepsis. Nonetheless, some materials removed substantial quantities of LPS from the patient's plasma. Upon ip injection of control-adsorbed patient's plasma into LPS-sensitized mice, death occurred in 13 of 13 mice within 12 h. In contrast, when this plasma was first adsorbed with activated charcoal, Kaopectate®, or polymyxin B bound to Sepharose 4B, death occurred 12 h after challenge in 0/13, 0/13, and 2/13 mice, respectively (p < .0001 by actuarial life table analysis of survival distributions). Thus, plasma that contains bacterial toxins produced during Gram-negative bacterial sepsis can be detoxified by adsorption.
The central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagus ganglia in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L.

The central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in the mallard have been studied with the Fink‐Heimer I method and are compared to those of the trigeminal and facial nerves. The N. vagus projects ipsilaterally and contralaterally upon the central nuclei of the solitary complex, except the most rostral part of it, upon the n. sulcalis dorsalis, the parasolitary nuclei and the n. commissuralis. The glossopharyngeal nerve contributes to the rostral pole of the n. centralis anterior and to the n. ventrolateralis anterior of the solitary complex, but it has also terminal fields in a cellgroup sIX of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, in a small cellgroup sIXd on the dorsum of the descending trigeminal tract, in the n. interpolaris of this tract and in nuclei of the cuneate complex. There is hardly any overlap of the respective terminal fields. The convergence of projections from N VII and N IX can be connected with the presence of tastebuds in upper and lower bill and in the soft palate. The converging projections from N V and N IX in “trigeminal” nuclei may reflect the functional coherence of the mechanoreceptors in bill and tongue. It is suggested that these nuclei play a role in the feeding behavior.
Proliferation Markers, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, Ki67, 5-Bromo-2′-Deoxyuridine, and Cyclin D1 in Mouse Olfactory Epithelium

We immunohistochemically identified proliferating cells in the olfactory epithelium of mice, using an anti–proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody, an anti-Ki67 antibody, an anti–5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) antibody, and an anti–cyclin D1 antibody. Positive cells stained by the 4 antibodies were identified mainly in the basal layer. The mean numbers of positive cells stained by the 4 antibodies in 500 olfactory epithelium cells from each animal were as follows: PCNA-positive cells 42, Ki67-positive cells 23, BrdU-positive cells 13.7, and cyclin D1–positive cells 9.2. PCNA may be detected in both proliferating and resting cells. Ki67 is an intranuclear antigen expressed in proliferating, but not resting, cells. Anti-BrdU antibodies might stain proliferating cells only following the S-phase, but not the G1-phase. Cyclin D1 is a protein that works during the G1-phase of the cell cycle. When we stain proliferating cells using proliferating cell markers, it is important to consider the cell cycle phases during which each marker stains.
Ultraviolet B Radiation Stimulates the Interaction between Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 5 (NFAT5) and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) in Human Lens Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT Purpose: Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) has been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cataracts. The authors investigated the relationship between nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) and NF-κB in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. Methods: Human lens epithelial B-3 (HLE-B3) cells were exposed to UVB light at a dose of 10 mJ/cm2 and then incubated for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Gene expression level of NFAT5 was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Protein expression levels of NFAT5, NF-κB p65, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the association of NFAT5 with the NF-κB p65 subunit were measured by Western blot analysis and a co-immunoprecipitation assay, respectively. The cellular distribution of NFAT5 and NF-κB p65 was examined by triple immunofluorescence staining. Results: At 24 h after UVB exposure, cell viability significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and UVB light (15 and 20 mJ/cm2) significantly increased the ROS generation. UVB irradiation increased NFAT5 mRNA and protein levels and increased phosphorylation of NF-κB in HLE-B3 cells. α-SMA protein levels were increased in the irradiated cells. In addition, NFAT5 and NF-κB translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and binding between the p65 subunit and NFAT5 was increased. Conclusions: Exposure to UVB radiation induces nuclear translocation and stimulates binding between NFAT5 and NF-κB proteins in HLE-B3 cells. These interactions may form part of the biochemical mechanism of cataractogenesis in UVB-irradiated HLECs.
Functional and structural changes of rat plantaris motoneurons following compensatory hypertrophy of the muscle

The conduction velocity and histological structure of motoneurons innervating normal and hypertrophied rat plantaris muscles were investigated. Hypertrophy was produced by ablation of synergist muscles. Single motor units were obtained by ventral root dissection and conduction velocities measured. The structure of neurons was investigated following retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. A combined silver, gold and cholinesterase staining method was developed to study the motor endplate. In addition, the peripheral nerve was fixed, embedded in Araldite, and sectioned for determination of axonal size and myelin thickness. Conduction velocity of motor axons decreased following hypertrophy of the skeletal muscle (control CV = 75.8 ± 8.9 m s−1, n = 94, hypertrophy CV = 69.0 ± 12.3 m s−1, n = 84). However, no alteration in the size of motor axons or myelin thickness could account for this alteration in conduction velocity. Mean motoneuronal soma size decreased following muscle hypertrophy (soma diameter: control 36.1 ± 4.6 μ, n = 283, hypertrophy 32.9 ± 4.5 μ, n = 294). The complexity of the motor endplate increased following hypertrophy with an increased occurrence of nodal sprouts. In addition, the area of cholinesterase staining increased following hypertrophy (control 588.1 ± 297.2 μm2, n = 269, hypertrophy 857.7 ± 357.0 μm2, n = 269). This study found that both the morphological and physiological parameters of motoneurons innervating a hypertrophied muscle were shifted toward those of normal rat slow motor units.
Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in the beef jerky production line

Abstract Intense manipulation during beef jerky production increases the possibility of contamination with pathogenic microorganisms. This study evaluated the contamination by thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. , on processing surfaces and raw materials during beef jerky production, as well as in the final product. Thermotolerant coliforms were found on all surfaces tested and in the raw material. Escherichia coli was identified in 6.7% of the surface samples, while Salmonella spp. was found in 3.3% of the surface samples and 8.6% of raw material samples. Virulence genes were detected in Salmonella spp. isolates. One Salmonella spp. isolate was resistant to sulfonamide, while one E. coli isolate was multiresistant, including the presence of resistance genes sul2, strA, strB, tetA and tetB. The presence of coliforms demonstrates failings in hygienic‐sanitary procedures. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms causing foodborne diseases in the production line indicates persistent contamination in the production plant. Although the drying process applied to beef jerky should guarantee the safety of the final product, the presence of multiresistant pathogenic microorganisms, presenting virulence genes, should be a matter of concern. Because beef jerky is a ready‐to‐eat product, a failure in the production process may cause such microorganisms to pose a public health risk.
Generalized Circuit Topology of Qn-Hybrid-NPC Multilevel Converter With Novel Decomposed Sensor-Less Modulation Method

In this paper, a novel generalized circuit topology of the n-time quadrupled-hybrid-neutral-point-clamped (Qn-HNPC) converter and a new decomposed sensor-less modulation method are proposed to multiply the number of output voltage levels of the 5L-HNPC converter with a less number of components. The Qn-HNPC converter is realized by applying $n$ number of the proposed voltage-level multiplier modules (VLMMs) to the 5L-HNPC converter. Hence, the number of output voltage levels is n-time quadrupled in the attained Qn-HNPC converter, whereas a less number of components, as well as, low cost and size, are added to the main 5L-HNPC converter. Moreover, a novel generalized decomposed sensor-less modulation method is introduced to decompose the main 5L-HNPC and the proposed VLMMs reference signals in the attained Qn-HNPC converter. Consequently, only four low-voltage and low-power switches operate at switching frequency, whereas the remaining devices commutate at the low or fundamental frequency. Furthermore, employing the proposed modulation method in the attained Qn-HNPC converter causes self-balancing of all the capacitors voltage, doubling the first switching harmonic cluster frequency of the output voltage, as well as a remarkable decrease in the control complexity, the stored energy, and the size of the VLMMs capacitor. The presented simulation and experimental results verify the performance and viability of the proposed Qn-HNPC converter topology, as well as, the suggested decomposed modulation method.
Akt Signaling Mediates Postnatal Heart Growth in Response to Insulin and Nutritional Status*

Akt is a serine-threonine kinase that mediates a variety of cellular responses to external stimuli. During postnatal development, Akt signaling in the heart was up-regulated when the heart was rapidly growing and was down-regulated by caloric restriction, suggesting a role of Akt in nutrient-dependent regulation of cardiac growth. Consistent with this notion, reductions in Akt, 70-kDa S6 kinase 1, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 phosphorylation were observed in mice with cardiac-specific deletion of insulin receptor gene, which exhibit a small heart phenotype. In contrast to wild type animals, caloric restriction in these mice had little effect on Akt phosphorylation in the heart. Furthermore, forced expression of Akt1 in these hearts restored 70-kDa S6 kinase 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 phosphorylation to normal levels and rescued the small heart phenotype. Collectively, these results indicate that Akt signaling mediates insulin-dependent physiological heart growth during postnatal development and suggest a mechanism by which heart size is coordinated with overall body size as the nutritional status of the organism is varied.