Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of folate analogue transport inward in L1210 cells during methotrexate therapy of leukemic mice: evidence of the nature of the effect, possible host mediation, and pharmacokinetic significance.

Studies are described that sought the basis for a discrepancy in values for a key kinetic parameter of methotrexate transport (influx Vmax) in L1210 cells derived alternately from biochemical or pharmacokinetic measurements. Our results show that, within a short period of time following administration of a therapeutic dose of methotrexate to leukemic mice, influx of this folate analogue measured in L1210 cells removed from these mice was markedly stimulated. Enhancement of [3H]methotrexate influx in these cells was observed within 15 min of drug administration, was maximum (up to 3-fold) within 2 to 3 h, then decreased with time until 24 h when influx was at the control level. Measurements of [3H]methotrexate influx in cells removed from drug-treated mice were made after a period of incubation in drug-free medium to allow for efflux of exchangeable drug. Enhanced influx of [3H]methotrexate was accounted for by an increase in influx Vmax (influx Km was unchanged) and was further enhanced (to a total of 5-fold) by coadministration of leucovorin. Also, enhancement of influx of [3H]methotrexate in L1210 cells did not occur following administration of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytidine at a therapeutically equivalent dose to leukemic mice or following exposure of these cells to methotrexate or methotrexate with leucovorin during growth in culture. Methotrexate therapy did not affect all transport systems, since the same therapy of leukemic mice had no effect on influx of the purine nucleoside analogue, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine, in these same L1210 cells. These findings suggest that stimulation of [3H]methotrexate influx in L1210 cells during therapy with this folate analogue was not due to transstimulation during exchange between folate compounds and was not related to the antiproliferative effect of methotrexate on these tumor cells. The coadministration of cycloheximide with methotrexate to leukemic mice at a dose which markedly inhibited 3H-leucine incorporation into L1210 cell protein severely diminished the stimulation of [3H]methotrexate influx. However, in L1210 cells removed from leukemic mice treated with methotrexate, there was no increase compared to control cells in affinity labeling with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of [3H]methotrexate. This suggested that the effect of cycloheximide was not on increased synthesis of folate transporter and that increased rate of translocation of folate transporter, rather than increased amount of transporter, accounted for the increase in [3H]methotrexate influx. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Advancing the Frontiers of Simulation: A Festschrift in Honor of George Samuel Fishman

This Festschrift honors George Samuel Fishman, one of the founders of the field of computer simulation and a leader in the disciplines of operations research and management science for the past five decades. The papers in this volume span the theory, methodology, and application of computer simulation. Renowned researcher, teacher, mentor, and author, Fishman has made fundamental contributions to both the theory and practice of simulation, the dissemination of knowledge, service to the profession, and the advancement of the status of the field. Among his many honors and awards are the Distinguished Service Award from TIMS/College on Simulation; the Frederick W. Lanchester Prize from INFORMS; and the INFORMS Simulation Societys Lifetime Professional Achievement Award. Individual papers in this volume include a biography and then an interview with Fishman; Computer Intensive Statistical Model Building; Patchwork Distributions; Asymptotic Validity of Batch Means Steady-State Confidence Intervals; Efficient Modeling of Delays in Discrete-Event Simulation; Sampling from Linear Multivariate Densities; Factor Screening in Simulation Experiments; and many others that all honor the achievements, influence, and friendship of George Samuel Fishman.
2 The New Organizing Logic of Digital Innovation : An Agenda for Information Systems Research 1

In this essay, we argue that pervasive digitization gives birth to a new type of product architecture, the layered modular architecture. The layered modular architecture extends the modular architecture of physical products by incorporating four loosely coupled layers of devices, networks, services, and contents created by digital technology. We posit that this new architecture instigates profound changes in the ways that firms organize for innovation in the future. We develop (1) a theoretical framework to describe the emerging organizing logic of digital innovation, and (2) an IS research agenda for digital strategy strategies and the creation and management of corporate IT infrastructures. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers who provided insightful comments. We also want to thank Kentaro Nobeoka, Yaichi Aoshima, Arun Kumaraswamy, David Schuff, and Gord Burtch for their suggestions. This paper is in part based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under NSF grant #0621262. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Overweight Adolescents' Self-Perceived Weight and Weight Control Behaviour: HBSC Study in Finland 1994–2010

Introduction. Overweight and perception of being overweight, may lead adolescent to lose weight. The aim of the present study was to investigate overweight adolescents' self-perceived weight, body dissatisfaction, and weight control behaviour during 1994–2010 in Finland. Methods. The country-representative, cross-sectional data of 15-year olds were obtained from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, conducted in 1994 (N = 1194; males: 48%), 1998 (N = 1545; 49%), 2002 (N = 1745; 50%), 2006 (N = 1670; 47%), and 2010 (N = 2082; 48%). Results. The majority of overweight boys (62–69%) and girls (89–100%) assessed themselves as too fat, and their body image was lower than in nonoverweight adolescents. The highest prevalence of current weight controlling was found in 2006 in males (18%) and in 2010 in females (39%). Conclusion. The phenomena were current and gender differences notable, but there was no statistically significant difference in overweight adolescents' self-perceived weight, body dissatisfaction, or weight control behaviour between survey years.
Cost/revenue optimisation in multi-service mobile broadband systems

Multi-service traffic has a strong impact in mobile broadband systems (MBS) revenues, allowing one to obtain merit functions for optimisation purposes. A 'net cost' model is presented for the design trade-offs between re-use pattern, K, the coverage distance, R, and the spectral efficiency, S/sub ef/(R). It allows for the determination of the revenue per basic channel, R/sub 384/, that achieves a given value for the annual profit per kilometre. Comparing the urban with the roads scenarios for R=100 in and K=2, whereas (S/sub ef/)/sub TOT/=32.2 and 15.2%, R/sub 384/ has to be 0.005 and 0.045 #/min, respectively, i.e., the prices in the roads scenario (with higher terminal mobility) have to be around one order of magnitude higher than in the urban one.
Framingham risk prediction equations for incidence of cardiovascular disease using detailed measures for smoking

Current prediction models for risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence incorporate smoking as a dichotomous yes/no measure. However, the risk of CVD associated with smoking also varies with the intensity and duration of smoking and there is a strong association between time since quitting and the risk of disease onset. This study aims to develop improved risk prediction equations for CVD incidence incorporating intensity and duration of smoking and time since quitting. The risk of developing a first CVD event was evaluated using a Cox’s model for participants in the Framingham offspring cohort who attended the fourth examination (1988–92) between the ages of 30 and 74 years and were free of CVD (n=3751). The full models based on the smoking variables and other risk factors, and reduced models based on the smoking variables and non-laboratory risk factors demonstrated good discrimination, calibration and global fit. The incorporation of both time since quitting among past smokers and pack-years among current smokers resulted in better predictive performance as compared to a dichotomous current/non-smoker measure and a current/quitter/never smoker measure. Compared to never smokers, the risk of CVD incidence increased with pack-years. Risk among those quitting more than five years prior to the baseline exam and within five years prior to the baseline exam were similar and twice as high as that of never smokers. A CVD risk equation incorporating the effects of pack-years and time since quitting provides an improved tool to quantify risk and guide preventive care.
Deconstructing a State-of-the-Art Review of the Asbestos Brake Industry

State of the art is a legal concept that describes what was known as knowable by experts including manufacturer's state of knowledge about the potential hazards of their product(s) at a point in time. In 2004, Paustenbach et al. published a state-of-the-art review that describes the development of knowledge about asbestos hazards to brake mechanics performing asbestos brake installation and maintenance. Paustenbach et al.'s review, however, omits important pieces of corporate knowledge, dismisses several historical scientific conclusions and ignores the way experts have applied the results of scientific research to protect workers and consumers handling asbestos brakes. By taking their state-of-the-art review out of the legal liability context, Paustenbach et al. create a misleading version of events that fails to properly address the question of what asbestos brake manufacturers knew or should have known about the potential hazards of their brakes to mechanics over time. Without proper presentation of this information, judges and juries cannot adequately assess whether these companies had a duty to warn or take other action to prevent injury to those exposed to their asbestos brakes.
Ageing Factor: a Potential Altmetric for Observing Events and Attention Spans in Social Media

Our long-term goal is to study public communication about science: understanding what the public thinks about scientific research is important for many reasons, from developing science policy, through making the case for technological developments and determining the impact of research, to simply being able to characterize the vibrant public discourse which marks a healthy society, in which science plays as important a part as politics, popular culture or the arts. The new media of the social web, which are open to all, offer a fresh insight into public opinion to supplement the surveys, and so forth, used in Public Understanding of Science (PUS) research [20]. Because of the scale of data available (Twitter claims there are 340M tweets per day), quantitative metrics are needed to aggregate the contributions of many individuals. Informetrics research has developed and used quantitative measures to study scholarly communication in traditional media for decades. Informetric methods have been shown to transfer to communication on the web [1] and latterly social media / Web 2.0 [2], in which field they are coming to be known as altmetrics. Altmetrics adapt tried and tested informetric methods to the analysis of scientific communication in social media. Used along with natural language methods, such as clustering and summarization, we believe they have much to offer analysts. Our aim, in the experiments reported in this paper, was to study a metric called ageing factor as a means to characterize whether people’s interest in discussion of scientific topics on Twitter is sustained or transient.
A generic platform for addressing the multimodal challenge

Multimodal interactive systems support multiple interaction techniques such as the synergistic use of speech and direct manipulation. The flexibility they offer results in an increased complexity that current software tools do not address appropriately. One of the emerging technical problems in multimodal interaction is concerned with the fusion of information produced through distinct interaction techniques. In this article, we present a generic fusion engine that can be embedded in a multi-agent architecture modelling technique. We demonstrate the fruitful symbiosis of our fusion mechanism with PAC-Amodeus, our agentbased conceptual model, and illustrate the applicability of the approach with the implementation of an effective interactive system: MATIS, a Multimodal Airline Travel Information System.
Tachycardia detection performance of implantable loop recorders: results from a large 'real-life' patient cohort and patients with induced ventricular arrhythmias.

AIMS Implantable loop recorders (ILRs) are valuable for diagnosing arrhythmias. We evaluated tachycardia detection performance of the Medtronic Reveal(®) ILR with FullView™ Software. METHODS AND RESULTS The rate of occurrence of tachycardia detection [supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF)] and the percentage of appropriately detected tachycardias were determined from all 2190 ILR patients that transmitted to CareLink over a 4-month period (total follow-up = 135.6 patient-years). All 1909 tachycardia episodes were reviewed. Episodes with actual heart rate above the programmed tachycardia detection rate were classified as appropriate. Sensitivity to detect true ventricular arrhythmias was assessed in another group of 215 patients undergoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implant testing. Skin electrodes represented ILR electrodes. Induced VF (404 episodes) and VT (93 episodes) were processed by an emulation of FullView Software. Generalized estimation equation analysis adjusted for multiple episodes per patient. In the CareLink cohort, 68.7% (63.9% adjusted) of detected episodes had tachycardia above the detection rate. Of 1642 episodes detected in the VT zone (12.1 episodes/patient-year), 78.8% (79.0% adjusted) had tachycardia above the detection rate. Of 267 episodes detected in the fast VT zone (1.9 episodes/patient-year), 6.7% (9.4% adjusted) had tachycardia above the detection rate. Twelve true VT/VF episodes were observed in 10 patients. In the ICD patient cohort, 95.9% (96.5% adjusted) of induced VT/VF segments were correctly detected at nominal rate cutoffs. When VT detection was set to 130 b.p.m. (to include the slowest VT), 99.0% (99.3% adjusted) were correctly detected. CONCLUSION The majority (63.9%) of detected tachycardias contained true tachycardia. Sensitivity to detect induced VT/VF was 99.3%.
Hb Belleville [β10(A7)Ala→Thr] Affects The Determination of Hb A1c by Routine Cation Exchange High Performance Liquid Chromatography

When analyzed by routine cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the Hb A1c peak of a Caucasian diabetic patient from Yorkshire, UK, appeared to be an incompletely resolved doublet. One component (5.5%) eluted at the normal time for Hb A1c, whereas the other component (6.6%) eluted slightly later. The HPLC trace was otherwise normal. Analysis of the diabetic patient's blood and a tryptic digest thereof by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) identified the Hb Belleville trait. To relate Hb A1c determined by HPLC to α and β chain glycation determined by ESI-MS, several normal blood samples (5–14% Hb A1c) were analyzed by both techniques. The Hb A1c levels derived from the α and β chain glycation levels of the diabetic patient (12.9 and 12.4%, respectively) agreed with the sum of the two peaks (12.1%) in the HPLC trace. Similarly, Hb Belleville was detected and identified in another Caucasian, also from Yorkshire, with normal Hb A1c.
Theory of evidence-based automated decision making in cyber-physical systems

The Smart Grid is a complex cyber-physical system that is evolving rapidly from a relatively isolated to an open and diverse environment. Within this context, enhancing the security of the future Smart Grid becomes a major priority. In this paper we introduce the use of data fusion for automated decision making in cyber-physical systems such as the Smart Grid. One of the most important applications of decision making is in the field of anomaly detection. This can enable the detection of attacks in cyber-physical systems without requiring a complete description of the physical process. The novelty of our approach is that is combines reports of various cyber and physical sensors, rather than focusing on either one single metric, or one singe realm, as was the case of similar techniques. Based on the proposed architecture we implement a new cyber-physical anomaly detection system. We show that data fusion is much more effective if it combines both cyber and physical realms, rather than focusing on the two realms separately.
Blinking and the Brain: Pathways and Pathology

textabstractA blink is a rapid bilateral eyelid closure and co-occurring eye movement. The eyes rotate down towards the tip of the nose and back up again. Seemingly, this generally unnoticed often repeated action is not very spectacular. However, if not for the occasional blink we would all be blind. A blink is an interesting phenomenon worth investigating. Through its role as a protective barrier for the eye and as a distributor of the eye’s tearfi lm, blinking is a necessity for our well-being but is also an important tool for neuroscience research and physicians. It is an extremely useful model to study motor performance, motor control, synaptic plasticity and is an excellent physiological instrument for the assessment of internal networks and nuclei [Nishimura, T. and Mori, K, 1996]. The blink rate, refl ex blink characteristics and learned blinks are the three main parameters that can be studied to this end. The blink rate is the frequency with which spontaneous blinks occur and can give information about the dopaminergic system [Karson 1988] and might even be usable as a measure of fatigue [Stern et al. 1994]. The refl ex blink is a rapid involuntary response evoked by external stimulation of the eye or eyelid. It has a protective function and is for instance used in research and physiological tests that use the blink to provide important information on the integrity of afferent and efferent pathways. However, important gaps remain in the knowledge of pathways underlying blinking, and aberrations in pathways or compensatory mechanisms are not fully understood. The learned blink is acquired during eyeblink or eyelid conditioning in which an involuntary blink-evoking stimulus is repeatedly combined with a neutral stimulus. After training the neutral stimulus can evoke the learned blink.
Laboratory investigation of diarrhea in travelers to Mexico: evaluation of methods for detecting enterotoxigenic Echerichia coli

A laboratory investigation was conducted on cultures collected from travelers before, during, and after a trip to Mexico to characterize the etiology of traveler's diarrhea. Four laboratory methods for detecting enterotoxigenicity of Escherichia coli were evaluated: the infant mouse assay, the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay, the Y1 adrenal cell assay, and the rabbit ileal loop. Although a number of common enteric pathogens were identified as a cause of traveler's diarrhea, including six serotypes of Salmonella, two serotypes of Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was most commonly isolated. Strains were identified that produced only heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), only heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), or both LT and ST. The infant mouse assay yielded results falling into two distinct groups, providing a clear separation of positive and negative cultures. The CHO assay also formed two groups, with positive cultures producing 11% or more of the elongated cells. There was good agreement between the CHO and the Y1 adrenal cell assays for detection of LT. The adrenal cell system for detection of LT was more suitable than the CHO assay for processing large numbers of specimens because of the miniculture modification of this method utilized in this study. The infant mouse method was a simple and reliable method for detecting ST.
Designing out Crime – Voices from the Fields

‘Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)’, ‘designing out crime’, ‘safer by design’, ‘secured by design’ or any of the other ‘flavours’ of manipulating the built environment to prevent crime, invariably engender an inter-disciplinary approach. This work is frequently the domain of architects, urban planners, police, security professionals, local authority planners and community safety professionals (amongst others). Despite the real work being undertaken by these actors, the diverse disciplinary and practitioner perspectives are insufficiently heard within criminological discourse. We have sought to rectify this by bringing together contributions from built environment and local authority practitioners from England, Australia and New Zealand in this ‘Designing out Crime – Voices from the Fields’ special edition of the Safer Communities journal. We believe that these perspectives provide fresh insights into a body of work that is now many decades in the making (and perhaps centuries in the making – see Cozens (2008)). The different disciplinary and jurisdictional perspectives uncover numerous practical dilemmas, competing priorities, and tensions in how this work is approached and implemented. By viewing these issues through various disciplinary, organisational and jurisdictional perspectives, it is possible to not only compare and contrast approaches, but to also identify emerging themes consistent in these different locations, ensuring that this edition will be of great interest to policy makers, practitioners and scholars alike.
Incremental Approach to Hamming Code Optimization

Hamming codes are a family of linear error correcting-codes that can detect up to two simultaneous bit errors and correct upto one bit errors. This paper propounds an advanced software implementation of Hamming Code using VHDL, with an incremental approach to generate a 15 bit circuit using a 7 bit seed circuit. Up to 33% reduction in the circuitry is observed , the seed circuit can be further used to design larger circuits to save the storage space by reducing the total number of gates used. Optimization of Hamming codes is useful as it finds a wide variety of applications from fields ranging from genetic barcode designing [1] to satellite communication & finding employability in IEEE 802.3 [2].
Generation of equal length patterns from heterogeneous patterns for using in artificial neural networks

A challenging task is to classify Internet customers based on their heterogeneous search histories of shopping in the Internet. The problem is the data pattern itself. Each transition of a customer from one page to the next in purchasing a commodity is considered as an attribute and this is a pair of data. The purchase patterns consist of usually different length for different customers. We cannot classify customers using a neural network (NN) due to these two problems - pair of attribute and unequal lengths of data. Here, we have developed an algorithm that can automatically generate equal length data with non-pair attributes. Finally, we use an unsupervised competitive learning in order to classify them because we do not know how many classes are there. We found that most of the customers belong to single category or class. The results we obtained have a nice agreement with the customerpsilas goal. The goal of all customers is to reach a common target page and to purchase a commodity. Therefore, we can consider that they may belong to the same category or class.