Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 9: Money and the Open Economy (Monetary Theory and Policy, 3rd ed.)

The analysis in earlier chapters was conducted within the context of a closed economy. Many useful insights into monetary phenomena can be obtained while still abstracting from the linkages that tie di¤erent economies together, but clearly many issues do require an open-economy framework if they are to be adequately addressed. New channels through which monetary factors can inuence the economy arise in open economies. Exchange-rate movements, for example, play an important role in the transmission process that links monetary disturbances to output and ination movements. Open economies face the possibility of economic disturbances that originate in other countries, and this raises questions of monetary policy design that are absent in a closed-economy environment: Should policy respond to exchange-rate movements? Should monetary policy be used to stabilize exchange rates? Should national monetary policies be coordinated? In this chapter, we begin in section 2 by studying a two-country model based on Obstfeld and Rogo¤ (1995, 1996). The two-country model has the advantage of capturing some of the important linkages between economies while still maintaining a degree of simplicity and tractability. Because an open economy is linked to other economies, policy actions in one economy have the potential to a¤ect other economies. Spillovers can occur. And policy actions in one country will depend on the response of monetary policy in the other. Often, because of these spillovers, countries attempt to coordinate their policy actions. The role of policy coordination is examined in section 3. Section 4 considers the case of a small open economy. In the open-economy literature, a small open economy denotes an economy that is too small to a¤ect world prices, interest rates, or economic activity. Since many countries really are small relative to the world economy, the small-open-economy model provides a framework that is relevant for studying many policy issues.
Evidence of dynamic crossover phenomena in water and other glass-forming liquids: experiments, MD simulations and theory

In a recent quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiment on water confined in a Portland cement paste, we find that this 3D confined water shows a dynamic crossover phenomenon at TL = 227 ± 5 K. The DSC heat-flow scan upon cooling and an independent measurement of specific heat at constant pressure of confined water in silica gel show a prominent peak at the same temperature. We show in this paper that this type of behavior is common to many other glassy liquids, which also show the crossover temperature in coincidence with the temperature of a small specific heat peak. We also demonstrate with MD simulations that the dynamic crossover phenomenon in confined water is an intrinsic property of bulk water, and is not due to the confinement effect. Recently, an extended version of the mode coupling theory (MCT) including the hopping effect was developed. This theory shows that, instead of a structural arrest transition at TC predicted by the idealized MCT, a fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover phenomenon takes place instead at TC, confirming both the experimental and the numerical results. The coherent and incoherent α relaxation times can be scaled with the calculated viscosity, showing the same crossover phenomenon. We thus demonstrated with experiments, simulations and theory that a genuine change of dynamical behavior of both water and many glassy liquids happens at the crossover temperature TL, which is 10–30% higher than the calorimetric glass transition temperature Tg.
Components of Type A, Hostility, and Anger‐In: Relationship to Angiographic Findings

&NA; Previous research has linked the Type A coronary‐prone behavior pattern to angiographically documented severity of coronary atherosclerosis (CAD). The present study sought through component scoring of the Type A Structured Interview (SI) to determine what elements of the multidimensional Type A pattern are related to coronary disease severity in a selected group of patients with minimal or severe CAD. Multivariate analyses controlling for the major risk factors showed no relationship between global Type A and extent of disease. Of all attributes measured, only Potential for Hostility and Anger‐In were significantly and positively associated with the disease severity, including angina symptoms and number of myocardial infarctions. Further analysis revealed that Potential for Hostility and Anger‐In were interactive in their association, such that Potential for Hostility was associated with disease endpoints only for patients who were high on the Anger‐In dimension. These findings support previous research in suggesting that anger and hostility may be the critical aspects of the Type A pattern in predisposing individuals to risk of CAD.
PEOPLE IDENTIFICATION ACROSS AMBIENT CAMERA NETWORKS

This paper proposes a robust algorithm based on conditional random field (CRF) to improve people identification in an ambient camera network environment. Ambient cameras collect visual signals of subjects from a distance. The quality of these visual signals are often not adequate to train effective classifiers to identify persons in video. We use a CRF to probabilistically propagate the weak identification results across the temporal-spatial space covered by the camera network. No visual based tracking is necessary for our algorithm. Experiments with a 23-camera network demonstrate that the proposed algorithm leverages the advantage of monitoring from multiple cameras and improves the accuracy of person identification.
Generating neuronal diversity in the Drosophila central nervous system

Generating diverse neurons in the central nervous system involves three major steps. First, heterogeneous neural progenitors are specified by positional cues at early embryonic stages. Second, neural progenitors sequentially produce neurons or intermediate precursors that acquire different temporal identities based on their birth‐order. Third, sister neurons produced during asymmetrical terminal mitoses are given distinct fates. Determining the molecular mechanisms underlying each of these three steps of cellular diversification will unravel brain development and evolution. Drosophila has a relatively simple and tractable CNS, and previous studies on Drosophila CNS development have greatly advanced our understanding of neuron fate specification. Here we review those studies and discuss how the lessons we have learned from fly teach us the process of neuronal diversification in general. Developmental Dynamics 241:57–68, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of agonist structure with acetylcholine receptor kinetics: studies on the frog end‐plate and on chick embryo muscle.

The apparent lifetimes of frog end‐plate channels activated by several nicotinic agonists have been determined with voltage‐jump and fluctuation analysis techniques. The agonists were monoquaternary, N‐substituted derivatives of trimethylammonium (TMA). Methyl TMA activated channels which had apparent lifetimes about 3‐4 times shorter than acetylcholine (ACh)‐activated channels. This result was confirmed with single‐channel recordings from embryonic chick skeletal muscle. Channel conductance and voltage dependence of channel lifetime were similar for methyl TMA‐ and ACh‐activated channels. Methyl TMA showed no signs of blocking open end‐plate channels. Ethyl TMA, acetylthiocholine, cholinethiol and carbamylcholine all activated channels similar to methyl TMA‐activated channels with regard to lifetime. None of these agonists appeared to block end‐plate channels in the employed concentrations. 4‐ketopentyl TMA, which contains a methylene group in place of the ether oxygen of ACh, sometimes opened end‐plate channels with similar apparent lifetimes as those opened by ACh. Single‐channel recordings showed that bursts of current from channels activated by 4‐ketopentyl TMA have similar durations as do those activated by ACh. Pentyl TMA and benzyl TMA block open end‐plate channels even when delivered at doses which elicit very small currents. It is concluded that the ester moiety of ACh serves to stabilize the open conformation of the channel.
Asthma drug delivery devices for children

The drug treatment regimen for most patients with asthma is straightforward and is documented in the British Thoracic Society guidelines.1 The choice of which drug delivery device to use is less clear as we become more confused by an ever increasing choice. For example, when a child with asthma taking prophylactic steroids is seen in clinic or the accident and emergency department for the first time the parents are often unsure which inhalational devices the child uses. If the child is not taking steroids by nebulisation the clinician has a 1 in 125 chance of guessing the correct combination of inhalation device, drug, and strength of inhaler that the child is using. It should be possible to devise a simple prescribing strategy that would avoid this confusion. The confusion is added to by the way devices are marketed. In several cases insufficient published information is available to allow clinicians to make an informed choice. Promotional material is often based on unpublished data on file or non-peer reviewed abstracts. Many people assume that drug delivery devices are strictly regulated, but this is not …
Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control of Future Electric Power Networks

Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) involves the use of system-wide information and the communication of selected local information to a remote location to counteract the propagation of large disturbances. Synchronized measurement technology (SMT) is an important element and enabler of WAMPAC. It is expected that WAMPAC systems will in the future reduce the number of catastrophic blackouts and generally improve the reliability and security of energy production, transmission, and distribution, particularly in power networks with a high level of operational uncertainties. In this paper, the technological and application issues are addressed. Several key monitoring, protection, and control applications are described and discussed. A strategy for developing a WAMPAC system in the United Kingdom is given as well.
Towards formalizing adaptive software services

More and more complex, distributed and software-Intensive systems are built using independently developed services. Due to various reasons, such as changes in the execution environment, these systems may need to adapt their behavior. Although, adaptation at the system level has been extensively studied, developing adaptive services to start-with has not received any significant attention. This paper describes a framework for formalizing the concept of adaptation at the service level, leading to the "service adaptation by construction" approach. Hence, the proposed work will help software developers in identifying the important adaptation categories at the service level.
nfluence of hydropattern and vegetation type on phosphorus dynamics in ow-through wetland treatment systems

Phosphorus (P) flux from wetland soil can be a significant factor affecting overall wetland treatment performance. The purpose of our study was to quantify the effects of water level drawdown on P exchange between surface water and organic soil in a constructed wetland. We used 12 fiberglass mesocosms filled with 30 cm of peat soil to quantify nutrient exchange between surface water and organic soil in a wet–dry–wet cycle. Six mesocosms were planted with emergent macrophytes and six mesocosms were maintained free of emergent vegetation. We evaluated four treatments including continuously and intermittently flooded treatments, both with and without emergent macrophytes. Each treatment was replicated three times and every mesocosm was plumbed to monitor flow volumes and water chemistry. Effluent P concentrations were similar for all four treatments prior to first drawdown period. However, upon re-flooding, all intermittently flooded tanks exhibited a three to fourfold increase in surface water P concentration, which lasted for a period of up to ten weeks. The magnitude of nutrient flux to surface water and the time period over which P release took place were season dependent, with longer duration of high nutrient flux during dry-season drawdowns. Results of repeated measures analysis indicated that hydropattern was the dominant factor affecting P-flux to overlying surface water, while presence or absence of emergent vegetation had no significant influence on effluent concentrations. Organic and particulate phosphorus fluxes were substantially higher in treatments lacking emergent macrophytes, subsequent to the dry-season drawdowns. Intermittently flooded treatments with no emergent vegetation generated the most dissolved and particulate phosphorus. Our results indicate that maintaining saturated soil is sufficient to retain stored P, while plants played no significant role in P retention for a ng ra −1 g A E a T o ( w s wetland receiving P-loadi
Fronthaul dimensioning in C-RAN with web traffic for coordinated multipoint joint transmission

The use of centralized signal processing for dense urban mobile networks is gaining interest both in research and in industry. Gathering most of the base station functionalities in a processing pool would enable capacity sharing and the implementation of advanced techniques such as coordinated multi-point. Nevertheless, this puts stringent requirements on the network interconnecting the processing pool and the sites, especially in terms of maximum latency. In this paper, we provide results for dimensioning the fronthaul network that are obtained through modelling and discrete-event simulation. We model the full protocol stack for the network end-to-end in order to use realistic application-layer traffic and user behavior models. Our results show that the fronthaul latency should be kept below 0.6 ms in order to ensure optimal performances for the application.
The aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of prolapsed intervertebral disk, with a review of 300 cases of sciatica.

1. An account is given of the symptoms, physical signs, and treatment of a number of patients suffering from sciatic pain. 2. Trauma plays an important part in the production of an intervertebral disk prolapse, but has little relevance to the myofascial type of sciatica. 3. The symptoms of intervertebral disk prolapse may be divided into two stages; the stage in which pain is confined to the back, and the stage in which pain is also present in the leg. Remissions are characteristic and are largely independent of treatment. 4. The symptoms of myofascial sciatica are less constant, but the diagnosis from pain due to a disk protrusion may be impossible in the early stages of the latter condition. 5. The characteristic physical signs of intervertebral disk protrusion are described. They fall into two groups, the mechanical and the neurological. The former are mainly due to changes in ligamentous and fascial structures in the lumbar spine, the latter are due to pressure upon the nerve root by the disk protrusion itself. 6. Surgical treatment of prolapsed disk is by no means certain to result in cure, certainly not immediate cure, and in some cases it is doubtful whether the slow improvement which results is directly attributable to surgery. From these results it would also seem justifiable to assume that removal of the protrusion itself will only relieve the symptoms of root compression, the relief of myofascial symptoms depending upon the removal of other affected structures in the course of the operation and perhaps upon the process of repair stimulated by the trauma incidental to the operation. 7. It is the writer's opinion that surgery should be reserved for those patients in whom prolonged rest has failed to give relief or for those in whom economic reasons render the prospect of a rather more speedy return to work desirable. Further, it is considered that a history of pain in the back and thigh without evidence of root compression does not alone constitute sufficient grounds for the performance of laminectomy; although a disk protrusion may be found in such cases, there is insufficient evidence to show that it is the primary cause of symptoms. 8. A comparison of the results of conservative and operative treatment of intervertebral disk prolapse leads to the suggestion that caution should be exercised in recommending the latter course. In addition there is reason to believe that sciatica, with the exception of the symptomatic variety, is a self-limiting disease, and that operation is practically speaking only a short cut in an otherwise tediously protracted disease. The surgeons concerned in the operative treatment of these cases were: Mr. B. H. Burns, Mr. R. H. Young, Mr. Harvey Jackson, Mr. E. B. C. Hughes, Mr. H. L. C. Wood, aud Mr. R. H. Boggon, to all of whom the writer expresses thanks for permission to utilize their case notes and record their operative findings.
SemEval-2015 Task 5: QA TempEval - Evaluating Temporal Information Understanding with Question Answering

QA TempEval shifts the goal of previous TempEvals away from an intrinsic evaluation methodology toward a more extrinsic goal of question answering. This evaluation requires systems to capture temporal information relevant to perform an end-user task, as opposed to corpus-based evaluation where all temporal information is equally important. Evaluation results show that the best automated TimeML annotations reach over 30% recall on questions with ‘yes’ answer and about 50% on easier questions with ‘no’ answers. Features that helped achieve better results are event coreference and a time expression reasoner.
Somatoform Dissociation in Traumatized World War I Combat Soldiers

Abstract The massive traumatization of World War I combat soldiers led to an unprecedented incidence of somatoform dissociative disorders and symptoms, usually diagnosed as hysterical disorders during the war years. Following a brief overview of the scope of the suffering during this Great War, attention is given to British army psychiatrist Charles S. Myers' (1940) observations of the alternation between a so-called “emotional” personality and an “apparently normal” personality in traumatized combat soldiers. Somatoform dissociation, further categorized into positive and negative symptoms, is related to this structural dissociation, and to fixation in the trauma and avoidance of the trauma, and may be part of a more encompassing symptomatology. Next, a short overview of diagnostic issues is given. We argue that the DSM-IV category of “conversion disorder” is incorrect. Rather, the findings revealed here support Janet's classic and Nijenhuis' more recent views on somatoform dissociation. Finally, treatment issues are briefly presented.
Victims of crime : the experience of criminal justice activities

The present study investigated the severity and intensity of peritraumatic responses of individuals during criminal victimisation and while engaging in a police interview and court testimony. Of particular interest were the different aspects of these criminal justice events that might contribute to their stressful nature. A personalised, staged guided imagery methodology was employed to assess the peritraumatic psychological and psychophysiological reactions of the 43 victims of crime. As predicted, results of the crime analysis indicated that victims respond in negative ways to criminal victimisation, more so than emotionally neutral events. Although perceived risk to life did not impact the severity of all responses to criminal activity, it did increase the overall sense of threat, violation and fear in victims. As expected, results of the police interview analysis also indicated that police interviews elicit stronger psychophysiological and psychological responses in victims than neutral events. However, victims are affected differently during police interviews in comparison to crimes. A perceived need to prove victimisation during police interview impacted on victims’ feelings of control and violation at different stages of their experiences. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the perceived support received from police officers did not impact on victims’ experiences. When considering the results of the court testimony analysis (n=19), the psychological and psychophysiological ratings again provided support for the hypothesis, in this case, that testifying in court is a distressing event when compared to emotionally neutral events. Further, the need to prove victimisation during testimony increased feelings of anger during this stage and a general sense of threat throughout the entire courtroom experience. Against predictions, levels of violation, lack of control and anger were elevated when the perpetrator was absent from the courtroom. The results add to the literature on, and provide some interesting insights into, the complex impact of involvement in criminal justice system on victims’ posttraumatic wellbeing.
The spectral density function of a toric variety

For a Kahler manifold (X, \omega) with a holomorphic line bundle L and metric h such that the Chern form of L is \omega, the spectral measures are the measures \mu_N = \sum |s_{N,i}|^2 \nu, where \{s_{N,i}\}_i is an L^2-orthonormal basis for H^0(X, L^{\otimes N}), and \nu is Liouville measure. We study the asymptotics in N of \mu_N for (X, L) a Hamiltonian toric manifold, and give a precise expansion in terms of powers 1/N^j and data on the moment polytope \Delta of the Hamiltonian torus K acting on X. In addition, for an infinitesimal character k of K and the unique unit eigensection s_{Nk} for the character Nk of the torus action on H^0(X, L^N), we give a similar expansion for the measures \mu_{Nk} = |s_{Nk}|^2 \nu. A final remark shows that the eigenbasis \{s_{k}, k \in \Delta \cap \mathbb{Z}^{\dim K} \} is a Bohr-Sommerfeld basis in the sense of Tyurin. Some of the present results are related to work of Shiffman, Tate and Zelditch. The present paper uses no microlocal analysis, but rather an Euler-Maclaurin formula for Delzant polytopes.
Circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer: Precision diagnosis and therapy

The primary cause of tumor-associated mortality in prostate cancer (PCa) remains distant metastasis. The dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant sites through the bloodstream cannot be detected early by standard imaging methods. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent an effective prognostic and predictive biomarker, which are able to monitor efficacy of adjuvant therapies, detect early development of metastases, and finally, assess therapeutic responses of advanced disease earlier than traditional diagnostic methods. In addition, since repeated tissue biopsies are invasive, costly and not always feasible, the assessment of tumor characteristics on CTCs, by a peripheral blood sample as a liquid biopsy, represents an attractive opportunity. The implementation of molecular and genomic characterization of CTCs may contribute to improve the treatment selection and thus, to move toward more precise diagnosis and therapy in PCa. The present study summarizes the current advances in CTC enrichment and detection strategies and reviews how CTCs may contribute to significant insights in the metastatic process, as well as how they may be utilized in clinical application in PCa. Although it is proposed that CTCs may offer insights into the prognosis and management of PCa, there are a number of challenges in the study of circulating tumor cells, and their clinical utility remains under investigation.