Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast thin-disk multipass amplifier with 1.4 kW average power and 4.7 mJ pulse energy at 1030 nm converted to 820 W and 2.7 mJ at 515 nm

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in increasing the output power of ultrafast lasers to the kW-range. This allows higher productivity for laser material processing, e.g. for cutting of carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) or for micro-machining. We developed an Yb:YAG thin-disk multipass amplifier delivering sub-8 ps pulses with 1.4 kW average power which is – to the best of our knowledge – the highest output power reported for a sub-100 ps ultrafast laser system so far. The amplifier is seeded by a regenerative amplifier with 6.5 ps pulses and 115 W of average power at a repetition rate of 300 kHz. Taking this repetition rate into account, the energy of the amplified pulses is as high as 4.7 mJ. This was achieved using a scheme with 40 mirrors in an array to geometrically fold the seed beam 40 times over the thin-disk. The beam quality was measured to be better than M2=1.4. This system was used in first experiments to cut CFRP with very good quality and with unprecedented efficiency. Additionally, the output beam of the amplifier was frequency-doubled in an LBO crystal to 820 W (70 % conversion efficiency) output power at the second harmonic wavelength (515 nm) and 106 W (26.5 % conversion efficiency) at the third harmonic wavelength (343 nm). Both results are record output powers for ultrafast laser systems at the respective wavelengths. In the presentation, we will show concepts on further power scaling of the system.
MSTAR extended operating conditions: a tutorial

One key advantage of the model-based approach for automatic target recognition (ATR) is the wide range of targets and acquisition scenarios that can be accommodated without algorithm re-training. This accrues from the use of predictive models which can be adjusted to hypothesized scenarios on-line. Approaches which rely on measured signature exemplars as the source of reference data for signature matching are constrained to those scenarios represented in the reference data base. The moving and stationary target recognition (MSTAR) program will advance the state-of-the-art in model-based ATR by developing, evaluating, and testing algorithm performance against a set of extended operating conditions (EOCs) designed to reflect real-world battlefield scenarios. In addition to full 360 deg target aspect coverage over a range of depression angles, the EOCs include variations in squint angle, target articulation and configurations, obscuration due to occlusion and/or layover, and intra-class target variability. These conditions can have a profound impact on the nature of the target signature, necessitating the development of explicit prediction and reasoning algorithms to provide robust target recognition. This paper provides a tutorial description of the impact of the MSTAR EOCs on SAR target signatures. A brief background discussion of the SAR imaging process is presented first. This is followed by a description of the impact of each EOC category on the target signature along with synthetic imagery examples to illustrate this impact.
IMPROVED CCD STANDARD FIELDS

We have combined multiple nights of CCD observations of NGC 7790, NGC 7006 and NGC 4147 in order to establish a deep sequence of photometric standards whose errors have been objectively derived through statistical comparisons. In addition to extending these previously studied fields to a fainter limit, we have increased the range in observed color, making the new mean sequences more suitable for deriving photometric transformation coefficients.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING INTERVAL-VALUED CONSTRAINT MATRIX GAMES

The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective linear programming technique for solving matrix games in which the payoffs are expressed with intervals and the choice of strategies for players is constrained, i.e., interval-valued constraint matrix games. Because the payoffs of the interval-valued constraint matrix game are intervals, its value is an interval as well. In this methodology, the value of the interval-valued constraint matrix game is regarded as a function of values in the payoff intervals, which is proven to be monotonous and non-decreasing. By the duality theorem of linear programming, it is proven that both players always have the identical interval-type value and hereby the interval-valued constraint matrix game has an interval-type value. A pair of auxiliary linear programming models is derived to compute the upper bound and the lower bound of the value of the interval-valued constraint matrix game by using the upper bounds and the lower bounds of the payoff intervals, respectively. Validity and applicability of the linear programming technique proposed in this paper is demonstrated with a numerical example of the market share game problem.
The analysis of x-ray absorption fine structure: beam-line independent interpretation

Can current experimental techniques and analytical procedures produce x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) which is independent of the beam line or synchrotron used? We investigate the consequence upon XAFS interpretation of typical systematic errors, including determination of the edge energy, detector response and synchrotron bandwidth. Using the highest accuracy data set of the mass-attenuation coefficient collected so far, we consider a series of systematic effects in the analyses of both the near-edge and extended energy regions of the spectrum. We investigate whether conclusions derived from an experiment using a given analytical procedure are consistent when performed on different synchrotron beam lines. We find that the effectiveness of common XAFS analysis is limited by experimental and data reduction techniques, particularly relating to determinations of photon energy. By correcting for all major systematic errors in XAFS data, one can determine bond lengths more robustly and with greater accuracy.
Penning trap mass measurements on nobelium isotopes

The Penning trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP at GSI Darmstadt allows accurate mass measurements of radionuclides, produced in fusion-evaporation reactions and separated by the velocity filter SHIP from the primary beam. Recently, the masses of the three nobelium isotopes {sup 252-254}No were determined. These are the first direct mass measurements of transuranium elements, which provide new anchor points in this region. The heavy nuclides were produced in cold-fusion reactions by irradiating a PbS target with a {sup 48}Ca beam, resulting in production rates of the nuclei of interest of about one atom per second. In combination with data from decay spectroscopy our results are used to perform a new atomic-mass evaluation in this region.
Fabrication of Hierarchically Micro- and Nano-structured Mold Surfaces Using Laser Ablation for Mass Production of Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Many studies have examined the formation of surfaces with mixed patterns of micro- and nano-sized lotus leaves that have hydrophobic properties. In this study, micro- and nano-shapes such as lotus leaves were fabricated on a metal mold surface using laser ablation and ripple formation. A microstructure on the mold surface was replicated onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) using the polymer casting method to manufacture low-cost hydrophobic surfaces. A PDMS surface with micro- and nano-structures that were the inverse image of a lotus leaf showed hydrophobic characteristics (water contact angle: 157°). From these results, we deduced that portions of the microstructures were wet and that air gaps existed between the microstructures and the water drops. In this paper we suggest the possibility of the mass production of hydrophobic plastic surfaces and the development of a methodology for the hydrophobic texturing of various polymer surfaces, using the polymer casting method with laser-processed molds.
NONSTANDARD QUANTILE-REGRESSION INFERENCE

It is well known that conventional Wald-type inference in the context of quantile regression is complicated by the need to construct estimates of the conditional densities of the response variables at the quantile of interest. This note explores the possibility of circumventing the need to construct conditional density estimates in this context with scale statistics that are explicitly inconsistent for the underlying conditional densities. This method of studentization leads conventional test statistics to have limiting distributions that are nonstandard but have the convenient feature of depending explicitly on the user’s choice of smoothing parameter. These limiting distributions depend on the distribution of the conditioning variables but can be straightforwardly approximated by resampling.
Feature transform for ATR image decomposition

We have developed an approach to image decomposition for ATR applications called the `feature transform. ' There are two aspects to the feature transform: (1) A collection of rich, sophisticated feature extraction routines, and (2) the orchestration of a hierarchical decomposition of the scene into an image description based on the features. We have expanded the approach into two directions, one considering local features and the other considering global features. When studying local features, we have developed for (1) corner, T-junctions, edge, line, endstopping, and blob detectors as local features. A unified approach is used for all these detectors. For (2), we make use of the theory of matching pursuits and extend it to robust measures, using results involving Lp norms, in order to build an iterative procedure in which local features are removed from the image successively, in a hierarchical manner. We have also considered for (1) global shape features or modal features, i.e., features representing the various modes of the models to be detected. For (2) a multiscale strategy is used for moving from the principal modes to secondary ones. The common aspect of both directions, local and global feature detection, is that the resulting transformations of the scene decomposes the image into a collection of features, in much the same way that a discrete Fourier transform decomposes an image into a sum of sinusoidal bar patterns. With the feature transform, however, the decomposition uses redundant basis functions that are related to spatially localized features or modal features that support the recognition process.
Tetrahedral mesh generation using Delaunay refinement with non‐standard quality measures

This paper studies the practical performance of Delaunay refinement tetrahedral mesh generation algorithms. By using non‐standard quality measures to drive refinement, we show that sliver tetrahedra can be eliminated from constrained Delaunay tetrahedralizations solely by refinement. Despite the fact that quality guarantees cannot be proven, the algorithm can consistently generate meshes with dihedral angles between 18circ and 154∘. Using a fairer quality measure targeting every type of bad tetrahedron, dihedral angles between 14∘ and 154∘ can be obtained. The number of vertices inserted to achieve quality meshes is comparable to that needed when driving refinement with the standard circumradius‐to‐shortest‐edge ratio. We also study the use of mesh improvement techniques on Delaunay refined meshes and observe that the minimum dihedral angle can generally be pushed above 20∘, regardless of the quality measure used to drive refinement. The algorithm presented in this paper can accept geometric domains whose boundaries are piecewise smooth. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CALCULATING STABLE AND UNSTABLE MANIFOLDS

A numerical procedure is described for computing the successive images of a curve under a diffeomorphism of RN. Given a tolerance e, we show how to rigorously guarantee that each point on the computed curve lies no further than a distance e from the "true" image curve. In particular, if e is the distance between adjacent points (pixels) on a computer screen, then a plot of the computed curve coincides with the true curve within the resolution of the display. A second procedure is described to minimize the amount of computation of parts of the curve that lie outside a region of interest. We apply the method to compute the one-dimensional stable and unstable manifolds of the Henon and Ikeda maps, as well as a Poincare map for the forced damped pendulum.
ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTIONS OF LIKELIHOOD RATIOS FOR OVERPARAMETRIZED ARMA PROCESSES

This paper is devoted to an extension of a classical problem of statistics to the asymptotic distribution of likelihood ratios. Two main types of likelihood ratios are considered for Gaussian ARMA processes. It is assumed in both cases that the asymptotic Fisher information matrix of estimation is singular in the higher order models. It is proved that the asymptotic distributions of the log likelihood ratios are invariant with respect to the parameters generating the process. A simulation shows that the sample distribution of the log likelihood ratio approaches the asymptotic one. Finally, the likelihood ratio test is proposed for model order reduction.
ON ‘RAVENS AND RELEVANCE’ AND A LIKELIHOOD SOLUTION OF THE PARADOX OF CONFIRMATION

very conditions which 'provide the rationale' for retaining a term in the transition from one theory to another are found to be fulfilled in the case where two theories compete. What better reason could there be? And these are the conditions which Fine's criterion captures. If, as I have argued, the criterion does succeed in providing a sufficient condition for sameness of meaning in cases of theory transition, there is no extra problem about other cases.
Optimal Adaptive Estimation on R or R + of the Derivatives of a Density

— In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the d -th order derivative f ( d ) of a density f , relying on a sample of n i.i. d. observations X 1 , . , X n with density f supported on R or R + . We propose projection estimators de ﬁ ned in the orthonormal Hermite or Laguerre bases and study their integrated L 2 -risk. For the density f belonging to regularity spaces and for a projection space chosen with adequate dimension, we obtain rates of convergence for our estimators, which are optimal in the minimax sense. The optimal choice of the projection space depends on unknown parameters, so a general data-driven procedure is proposed to reach the bias-variance compromise automatically. We discuss the assumptions and the estimator is compared to the one obtained by simply di ﬀ erentiating the density estimator. Simulations are ﬁ nally performed. They illustrate the good performances of the procedure and provide numerical comparison of projection and kernel estimators
Nanoindentation models and Young's modulus of monolayer graphene: A molecular dynamics study

We studied the nanoindentation of monolayer graphene by molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the response of graphene to indentation is deflection dependent. In small deflection range, the response obeys point load model, while large-deflection indentation follows the sphere load model. Hence, we proposed to make sectional fittings and use different response models in different deflection ranges. In this way, a consistent Young's modulus is obtained that is almost independent of the size ratio of intender to graphene and the pretensions of graphene. The calculated Young's modulus is about 1.00 TPa, in good agreement with the experiments.
The JCMT SCUBA-2 Survey of the James Webb Space Telescope North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field

The James Webb Space Telescope Time-Domain Field (JWST-TDF) is an ∼14′ diameter field near the North Ecliptic Pole that will be targeted by one of the JWST Guaranteed Time Observations programs. Here, we describe our James Clerk Maxwell Telescope SCUBA-2 850 μm imaging of the JWST-TDF and present the submillimeter source catalog and properties. We also present a catalog of radio sources from Karl J. Jansky Very Large Array 3 GHz observations of the field. These observations were obtained to aid JWST's study of dust-obscured galaxies that contribute significantly to cosmic star formation at high redshifts. Our deep 850 μm map covers the JWST-TDF at a noise level of σ 850µm = 1.0 mJy beam−1, detecting 83/31 sources in the main/supplementary signal-to-noise ratio (S/N > 4 / S/N = 3.5–4) sample, respectively. The 3 GHz observations cover a 24′ diameter field with a 1σ noise of 1 μJy beam−1 at a 0. ″7 FWHM. We identified eighty-five 3 GHz counterparts to sixty-six 850 μm sources and then matched these with multiwavelength data from the optical to the mid-infrared wave bands. We performed spectral energy distribution fitting for 61 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) matched with optical/near-infrared data, and found that SMGs at S/N > 4 have a median value of z phot = 2.22 ± 0.12, star formation rates of 300 ± 40 M ⊙ yr−1 (Chabrier initial mass function), and typical cold dust masses of 5.9 ± 0.7 × 108 M ⊙, in line with bright SMGs from other surveys. The large cold dust masses indicate correspondingly large cool gas masses, which we suggest are a key factor necessary to drive the high star formation rates seen in this population.
Diverse Carbonates in Exoplanet Oceans Promote the Carbon Cycle

Carbonate precipitation in oceans is essential for the carbonate-silicate cycle (inorganic carbon cycle) to maintain temperate climates. By considering the thermodynamics of carbonate chemistry, we demonstrate that the ocean pH decreases by approximately 0.5 for a factor of 10 increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide content. The upper and lower limits of ocean pH are within 1–4 of each other, where the upper limit is buffered by carbonate precipitation and defines the ocean pH when the carbon cycle operates. If the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) resides above the ocean floor, then carbonate precipitation and the carbon cycle cease to operate. The CCD is deep (>40 km) for high ocean temperature and high atmospheric carbon dioxide content. Key divalent carbonates of magnesium, calcium and iron produce an increasingly wider parameter space of deep CCDs, suggesting that chemical diversity promotes the carbon cycle. The search for life from exoplanets will benefit by including chemically more diverse targets than Earth twins.
A noniterative method for identification using Hammerstein model

A noniterative method developed by Hsia for the particular case where the transfer function in the Hammerstein model has no zeros is extended to the general case where the transfer function may have zeros. Numerical examples show that the computation time by this method is considerably less than by the iteratire procedure proposed by Narendra and Gallman while the accuracy of the estimates is comparable.
Acute ischaemic stroke: recent advances in reperfusion treatment

Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract Upper part left: angiography of an occluded middle cerebral artery (typical image in an acute anterior circulation stroke). Upper middle: ongoing ischaemia in the brain area, supplied by the occluded artery. Upper right: computed tomography and perfusion computed tomography images in the acute phase of anterior circulation stroke. Lower part left: intravenous thrombolysis is recommended within 4.5 h of symptom onset (if no contraindication is present). Lower middle: endovascular treatment (i.e. thrombectomy with stent retriever and/or aspiration catheter) is recommended within 6 h of symptom onset, irrespective of whether intravenous thrombolysis was given or not. Lower right: Time window for endovascular treatment may be extended up to 24 h from symptom onset when significant penumbra is proven by advanced imaging methods (e.g. perfusion computed tomography). ASPECT, Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT; CT, computed tomography; DSA, digital subtraction angiography; EVT, endovascular treatment; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis; LVO, large-vessel occlusion; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
Attachment of the RNA degradosome to the bacterial inner cytoplasmic membrane prevents wasteful degradation of rRNA in ribosome assembly intermediates

RNA processing and degradation shape the transcriptome by generating stable molecules that are necessary for translation (rRNA and tRNA) and by facilitating the turnover of mRNA, which is necessary for the posttranscriptional control of gene expression. In bacteria and the plant chloroplast, RNA degradosomes are multienzyme complexes that process and degrade RNA. In many bacterial species, the endoribonuclease RNase E is the central component of the RNA degradosome. RNase E-based RNA degradosomes are inner membrane proteins in a large family of gram-negative bacteria (β- and γ-Proteobacteria). Until now, the reason for membrane localization was not understood. Here, we show that a mutant strain of Escherichia coli, in which the RNA degradosome is localized to the interior of the cell, has high levels of 20S and 40S particles that are defective intermediates in ribosome assembly. These particles have aberrant protein composition and contain rRNA precursors that have been cleaved by RNase E. After RNase E cleavage, rRNA fragments are degraded to nucleotides by exoribonucleases. In vitro, rRNA in intact ribosomes is resistant to RNase E cleavage, whereas protein-free rRNA is readily degraded. We conclude that RNA degradosomes in the nucleoid of the mutant strain interfere with cotranscriptional ribosome assembly. We propose that membrane-attached RNA degradosomes in wild-type cells control the quality of ribosome assembly after intermediates are released from the nucleoid. That is, the compact structure of mature ribosomes protects rRNA against cleavage by RNase E. Turnover of a proportion of intermediates in ribosome assembly explains slow growth of the mutant strain. Competition between mRNA and rRNA degradation could be the cause of slower mRNA degradation in the mutant strain. We conclude that attachment of the RNA degradosome to the bacterial inner cytoplasmic membrane prevents wasteful degradation of rRNA precursors, thus explaining the reason for conservation of membrane-attached RNA degradosomes throughout the β- and γ-Proteobacteria.
Acute myeloid leukemia: challenges for diagnosis and treatment in Latin America

ABSTRACT Objective to review the current diagnostic and therapeutic landscape of AML in Latin America as a reflection of other low- and middle-income countries and regions of the world. Encompassing both acute promyelocytic and non-promyelocytic disease types. Methods We reviewed the literature and study registries concerning epidemiological features of patients with AML/APL treated in Latin America, as well as evaluated diagnostic and genetic stratification and patient fitness assessment challenges, the importance of early mortality and supportive care capacity, intensive and non-intensive chemotherapy alternatives, consolidation, and maintenance strategies including novel agents and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Results Although most of the current technologies and treatment options are available in the region, a significant fraction of patients have only limited access to them. In addition, mortality in the first weeks from diagnosis is higher in the region compared to developed countries. Conclusions Disparities in access to technologies, supportive care capacity, and availability of novel agents and HSCT hinder results in our region, reflecting barriers common to other LMICs. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease must be implemented through education, collaborative clinical research, and advocacy to improve outcomes.