Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys.

1. The experiments described here are addressed at identifying some of the processes underlying arm movements in monkeys. 2. We used three adult monkeys that were trained to point to a target light with the forearm and hold at that position for about 1 s in order to obtain a reward. During the experimental sessions the monkey was seated in a primate chair and its forearm was fastened to an apparatus that permitted flexion and extension of the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane. 3. We tested their performance prior to and after bilateral dorsal rhizotomy (C2--T3). Forearm movements were performed without the sight of the arm both before and after the surgical intervention. In intact animals we unexpectedly displaced the arm prior to movement initiation (150--200 ms) and observed the outcome of this displacement on movement termination. Our results indicated that the arm moved accurately to the target. The same procedure was used in the deafferented monkeys, yielding qualitatively the same results; i.e., a displacement of the initial position did not affect the attainment of the intended final position. 4. These results are relevant to the question of what is being controlled by motor commands. It appears that the controlled variable is an equilibrium point resulting from the interaction of agonist and antagonist muscles. Consequently, a change in the equilibrium leads to movement and the attainment of a new posture. The fact that both intact and deafferent monkeys display essentially similar motor behavior in our highly practiced task should not obliterate the dramatic difference in motor performance that exists between intact and rhizotomized animals. In fact, the successful execution of the learned motor performance in the deafferented animal is contingent on the animal's body being in a fixed relation to the arm apparatus. Whenever we changed the usual spatial relationship between the monkey's body and the arm apparatus, the animal's pointing response to the target was inaccurate. All of our intact monkeys, in contrast, were able to compensate quickly for any variations in their accustomed position with respect to the arm apparatus. The dramatic inability of the deafferented monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural setting underscores the great importance of the afferent monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural settiing underscores the great importance of the afferent feedback. These findings suggest that, in the performance of visually evoked learned movements, one of the major functions of the afferent feedback is in the adaptive modifications of learned motor programs.
E-Government Websites Evaluation Using Correspondence Analysis

Some websites are currently listing huge information overloads, with new and emerging ICT capabilities, and with a shortage of information management skills and human expertise. Additionally, various features of information categories and user services are provided in there. E-Government websites in developing countries are a type of the complex websites mentioned above. However, little work is found to evaluate the huge contents of e-Government websites services in this sense. The e-government website design mainly concentrates on website features that would enhance its usability with designer centric approach. A few of them answer why some web design is better than others to facilitate users’ information seeking and others services providing. The goal of the research presented in this paper is to explore concepts and models for huge contents websites for developing countries by investigating the characteristics and motivates of the users in browsing the sites to seek information and use others services. We explore the concept by investigating users of e-Government websites of the central government of Indonesia with correspondence analysis.
Characterization of Reaction Intermediates of Human Excision Repair Nuclease*

Nucleotide excision repair in humans is a complex reaction involving 14 polypeptides in six repair factors for dual incisions on either sides of a DNA lesion. To identify the reaction intermediates that form by the human excision repair nuclease, we adopted three approaches: purification of functional DNA·protein complexes, permanganate footprinting, and the employment as substrate of presumptive DNA reaction intermediates containing unwound sequences 5′ to, 3′ to, or encompassing the DNA lesion. The first detectable reaction intermediate was formed by substrate binding of XPA, RPA, XPC·HHR23B plus TFIIH (preincision complex 1, PIC1). In this complex the DNA was unwound on either side of the lesion by no more than 10 bases. Independent of the XPG nuclease function, the XPG protein stabilized this complex, forming a long lived preincision complex 2 (PIC2). The XPF·ERCC1 complex bound to PIC2, forming PIC3, which led to dual incisions and the release of the excised oligomer. With partially unwound DNAs, thymine cyclobutane dimer was excised at a fast rate independent of XPC·HHR23B, indicating that a major function of this protein is to stabilize the unwound DNA or to aid lesion unwinding in preincision complexes.
Edge-valued binary decision diagrams for multi-level hierarchical verification

In this paper we present a new data structure called edge-valued binary decision diagrams (EV) as a representation of functions. An EV is an extension of ordered binary decision diagrams that allows for multilevel and hierarchical verification. We show that an EV is a compact and canonical representation for arbitrary integer functions. Hence the specification can be at a higher level than the implementation. Furthermore, the variable ordering strategy for an EV can be derived from a hi her level functional specification instead of the gate fevel specification. Examples shown in this paper includes SN74L85[7], SN74181 71, a 64built from SN74181.
Reliability and Validity of Bilateral Ankle Accelerometer Algorithms for Activity Recognition and Walking Speed After Stroke

Background and Purpose— Outcome measures of mobility for large stroke trials are limited to timed walks for short distances in a laboratory, step counters and ordinal scales of disability and quality of life. Continuous monitoring and outcome measurements of the type and quantity of activity in the community would provide direct data about daily performance, including compliance with exercise and skills practice during routine care and clinical trials. Methods— Twelve adults with impaired ambulation from hemiparetic stroke and 6 healthy controls wore triaxial accelerometers on their ankles. Walking speed for repeated outdoor walks was determined by machine-learning algorithms and compared to a stopwatch calculation of speed for distances not known to the algorithm. The reliability of recognizing walking, exercise, and cycling by the algorithms was compared to activity logs. Results— A high correlation was found between stopwatch-measured outdoor walking speed and algorithm-calculated speed (Pearson coefficient, 0.98; P=0.001) and for repeated measures of algorithm-derived walking speed (P=0.01). Bouts of walking >5 steps, variations in walking speed, cycling, stair climbing, and leg exercises were correctly identified during a day in the community. Compared to healthy subjects, those with stroke were, as expected, more sedentary and slower, and their gait revealed high paretic-to-unaffected leg swing ratios. Conclusions— Test–retest reliability and concurrent and construct validity are high for activity pattern-recognition Bayesian algorithms developed from inertial sensors. This ratio scale data can provide real-world monitoring and outcome measurements of lower extremity activities and walking speed for stroke and rehabilitation studies.
Evaluation of stimulation scheme for mu rhythm based-Brain computer interface user

This paper deals with the evaluation of video stimulation scheme for sensorymotor rhythm based-Brain Computer Interface's user training. To extract mu brainwave from raw EEG signal, two processing methods based on time domain and frequency domain are also evaluated. This experiment involves six participants (4 right handed and 2 left handed). The brainwave of the participant while imagining hand movement by the guidance of four different video stimulation is recorded by Emotiv wireless Electroencephalograph (EEG). Result shows that observation based video that gives the same observed image as the imagination that is instructed, gives the highest average mu wave desynchronization. Frequency domain extraction gives higher sensitivity in detecting the mu wave desynchronization.
Accounting for Variability in 2-Year-Olds' Production of Coda Consonants

One of the challenges in child language research is determining when children have acquired a particular linguistic structure, and of particular interest is the identification of factors that contribute to variable performance. The purpose of the current study is to better understand the mechanisms underlying children's variable production of syllable-final (coda) consonants (e.g., moon). Fifteen 2-year-olds were asked to imitate novel words of different phonological shapes. Production accuracy was assessed by comparing coda consonant production in stressed versus unstressed syllables, in word-medial versus word-final syllables, in monosyllabic versus bisyllabic words, and also stop codas versus nasal codas. Children were most accurate at producing codas in monosyllables, and least likely to produce codas in medial unstressed syllables, with no systematic segmental effects. Because existing data cast doubt on purely perceptual accounts of the role of acoustic prominence, we argue that the longer durations of acoustically prominent syllables provide learners with more time to articulate coda consonants, thereby enhancing production accuracy. This article concludes with a discussion of the larger implications of variability in phonological development.
Segregation of Human Neural Stem Cells in the Developing Primate Forebrain

Many central nervous system regions at all stages of life contain neural stem cells (NSCs). We explored how these disparate NSC pools might emerge. A traceable clone of human NSCs was implanted intraventricularly to allow its integration into cerebral germinal zones of Old World monkey fetuses. The NSCs distributed into two subpopulations: One contributed to corticogenesis by migrating along radial glia to temporally appropriate layers of the cortical plate and differentiating into lamina-appropriate neurons or glia; the other remained undifferentiated and contributed to a secondary germinal zone (the subventricular zone) with occasional members interspersed throughout brain parenchyma. An early neurogenetic program allocates the progeny of NSCs either immediately for organogenesis or to undifferentiated pools for later use in the “postdevelopmental” brain.
Paraoxonase-1 Inhibits Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Metabolic Alterations and Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells: A Nondirected Metabolomic Study

We studied the influence of PON1 on metabolic alterations induced by oxidized LDL when incubated with endothelial cells. HUVEC cells were incubated with native LDL, oxidized LDL, oxidized LDL plus HDL from wild type mice, and oxidized LDL plus HDL from PON1-deficient mice. Results showed alterations in carbohydrate and phospholipid metabolism and increased apoptosis in cells incubated with oxidized LDL. These changes were partially prevented by wild type mouse HDL, but the effects were less effective with HDL from PON1-deficient mice. Our results suggest that PON1 may play a significant role in endothelial cell survival by protecting cells from alterations in the respiratory chain induced by oxidized LDL. These results extend current knowledge on the protective role of HDL and PON1 against oxidation and apoptosis in endothelial cells.
Potential Role of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Structural Protein GP2 in Apoptosis Inhibition

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a serious threat to the pork industry, and its pathogenesis needs further investigations. To study the role of two structural proteins of PRRSV in virus-host cells interactions, two stable cell lines (MARC-2a and MARC-N) expressing GP2 and N proteins, respectively, were established. We induced apoptosis in these cells by treating them with staurosporine and found a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells in MARC-2a as compared to MARC-N and MARC-145 cells. In addition, we found significantly higher activities of transcriptional factors (NF-κB and AP-1) in both cell lines as compared to MARC-145 (parent cells). Overall, our data suggest that, although both stable cell lines activate NF-κB and AP-1, GP2 triggers the antiapoptotic process through an intermediate step that needs to be further investigated.
Insulin glargine 300 U/mL for basal insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective To review published clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of new insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla-300), a new long-acting insulin analog, for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM) Materials and methods Data sources comprised primary research articles on Gla-300, including pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies. Results In pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies, Gla-300 showed a flatter time–action profile and longer duration of action than Gla-100. Noninferiority of Gla-300 versus Gla-100 for lowering of glycated hemoglobin was demonstrated in Phase III clinical studies covering a range of T1DM and T2DM patient populations. Over 6–12 months of follow-up, Gla-300 consistently showed comparable glycemic efficacy with less hypoglycemia vs Gla-100, even during the first 8 weeks of treatment. Although titrated insulin doses were 11%–17% higher with Gla-300 vs Gla-100, changes in body weight were similar or favored Gla-300. Conclusion Clinical studies provide evidence that the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of Gla-300 may translate into clinical benefits in both T1DM and T2DM. Gla-300 may provide a new option for people initiating basal insulin, those requiring higher basal insulin doses, those with T1DM, and those who may be at increased risk for hypoglycemia, such as people with chronic kidney disease, the elderly, and those with cardiovascular comorbidities.
Empirical Model for Remote Monitoring of Rain-Triggered Lahar at Mount Merapi

A remote monitoring method of rain triggered lahar has been developed and applied to study lahar event on Feb. 17, 2016, at Mount Merapi. Lahar is a wet mass of volcanic fragments flowing rapidly downhill. The system was developed by modifying the Manning formula of kinematic wave model, combined with empirical equations for lahar properties estimation. The rainfall intensity estimated from X-MP radar at Mt. Merapi was also applied to give better spatial rainfall information. The modified model gave lower mean velocity and peak discharge compared to the original kinematic wave model results. These results implicitly indicated that the flow carried more sediment while managed to simulate the stoppage mechanisms in the downstream area. The modified model overestimated the water depth during higher rainfall rate but showed a similar trend with the real observed data. Thus, this method can be an alternative for lahar flow estimation in Mt. Merapi.
The Effect of Mushroom Beta-Glucans from Solid Culture of Ganoderma lucidum on Inhibition of the Primary Tumor Metastasis

This study evaluates the effect of mushroom beta-glucans (MBGS) derived from solid culture of Ganoderma lucidum on tumor inhibition by examining size of the primary tumor and rate of metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) bearing mice (C57BL/6), given oral administration of MBGS with radiation therapy. A previous result showed that MBGS enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice without LLC bearing in advance. Furthermore, applications of MBGS in conjunction with radiation therapy were effective in controlling tumor growth, and rate of metastasis, life threatening, and can potentially serve as a protective factor for wounds and hair loss that resulted from the overgrowth of primary tumor in LLC bearing mice.
Identification of Circulating Biomarker Candidates for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): An Integrated Prioritization Approach

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the world’s third most widespread cancer. Currently available circulating biomarkers for this silently progressing malignancy are not sufficiently specific and sensitive to meet all clinical needs. There is an imminent and pressing need for the identification of novel circulating biomarkers to increase disease-free survival rate. In order to facilitate the selection of the most promising circulating protein biomarkers, we attempted to define an objective method likely to have a significant impact on the analysis of vast data generated from cutting-edge technologies. Current study exploits data available in seven publicly accessible gene and protein databases, unveiling 731 liver-specific proteins through initial enrichment analysis. Verification of expression profiles followed by integration of proteomic datasets, enriched for the cancer secretome, filtered out 20 proteins including 6 previously characterized circulating HCC biomarkers. Finally, interactome analysis of these proteins with midkine (MDK), dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), current standard HCC biomarker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), its interacting partners in conjunction with HCC-specific circulating and liver deregulated miRNAs target filtration highlighted seven novel statistically significant putative biomarkers including complement component 8, alpha (C8A), mannose binding lectin (MBL2), antithrombin III (SERPINC1), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1), alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (ADH6), beta-ureidopropionase (UPB1) and cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6). Our proposed methodology provides a swift assortment process for biomarker prioritization that eventually reduces the economic burden of experimental evaluation. Further dedicated validation studies of potential putative biomarkers on HCC patient blood samples are warranted. We hope that the use of such integrative secretome, interactome and miRNAs target filtration approach will accelerate the selection of high-priority biomarkers for other diseases as well, that are more amenable to downstream clinical validation experiments.
Comparison of NBTree and VFI Machine Learning Algorithms for Network Intrusion Detection using Feature Selection

But, with the proliferation of electronic devices and the internet, there has been an exponential rise in malicious activities. The security perpetrators take the advantage of the intricacy of the internet and carry out intrusions. There have been certain researches to find out solutions for detecting intrusions. In this paper, the research has been the application of machine learning techniques to the field of network intrusion detection. Machine learning techniques can learn normal and anomalous patterns from training data and generate classifiers which can be used to detect intrusions in a network. The machine learning techniques used are Naive Bayes Tree algorithm and the Voting Feature Intervals algorithm. Also, Feature Selection Methods to improve the performance of these algorithms were used because the input to classifiers is in a high dimension feature space, but all features available are not relevant for classification. Two approaches were taken into consideration for feature selection, Chi Square and Gain Ratio. Using these feature selection approaches a comparative study of the two algorithms NBTree and VFI as classifiers has been done. The NSL-KDD data set has been used to train and test the classifiers.
Don't Trust Your Roommate, or, Access Control and Replication Protocols in "Home" Environments

A "home" sharing environment consists of the data sharing relationships between family members, friends, and acquaintances. We argue that this environment, far from being simple, has sharing and trust relationships as complex as any general-purpose network. Such environments need strong access control and privacy guarantees. We show that avoiding information leakage requires both to be integrated directly into (rather than layered on top of) replication protocols, and propose a system structure that meets these guarantees.
Second-Order Asymptotics in Fixed-Length Source Coding and Intrinsic Randomness

There is a difference between the optimal rates of fixed-length source coding and intrinsic randomness when we care about the second-order asymptotics. We prove this difference for general information sources and then investigate independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables and Markovian variables as examples. The difference is demonstrated through an investigation of the second-order asymptotic behavior of the rates. A universal fixed-length source code attaining the second-order optimal rate is also proposed. The difference between the rates of fixed-length source coding and intrinsic randomness proves that the outputs of fixed-length source codes are not uniformly distributed.
Better abstractions for secure server-side scripting

It is notoriously difficult to program a solid web application. Besides addressing web interactions, state maintenance, and whimsical user navigation behaviors, programmers must also avoid a minefield of security vulnerabilities. The problem is twofold. First, we lack a clear understanding of the new computation model underlying web applications. Second, we lack proper abstractions for hiding common and subtle coding details that are orthogonal to the business functionalities of specific web applications. This paper addresses both issues. First, we present a language BASS for declarative server-side scripting. BASS allows programmers to work in an ideal world, using new abstractions to tackle common but problematic aspects of web programming. The meta properties of BASS provide useful security guarantees. Second, we present a language MOSS reflecting realistic web programming concepts and scenarios, thus articulating the computation model behind web programming. Finally, we present a translation from BASS to MOSS, demonstrating how the ideal programming model and security guarantees of BASS can be implemented in practice.
A remark on multivalued algebraic groups

We point out how suitable algebraic n-valued groups (in the sense of Buchstaber) give rise, in a reasonably canonical manner, to algebraic groups. This is proved using the "group configuration theorem" of Hrushovski. In particular this applies to all algebraic 2-valued groups.