Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The adjustment journey of international postgraduate students at an English university

Using findings from an ethnographic study of international postgraduate students at a university in the south of England, this article offers a model of adjustment that is informed by the duration of the sojourn, from the initial stage to the month of students' departure from England. This study found that stress was at its height in the initial stage of the academic sojourn; this was caused by the struggle to cope with the challenges of foreign language use and an unfamiliar academic and sociocultural environment at a time when students were beset with homesickness and loneliness. An association was made between the passage of time and a gradual decrease in acculturative stress. However, this was not a generalizable process; there was fluctuation not only in experience across the student body but also in the individual's subjective sense of success across different aspects of life in the new country. This led to the conceptualization of the adjustment journey as an unpredictable and dynamic process, which is experienced differently among sojourners, and fluctuates throughout the sojourn as a result of a host of individual, cultural and external factors.
Corporate social responsibility in sport: Stakeholder management in the UK football industry

Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly significant for a wide range of organisations and for the managers that work within them. This is particularly true in the sport industry, where CSR is now an important area of focus for sport organisations, sport events and individual athletes. This article demonstrates how CSR can inform both theoretical debates and management practice within sport organisations. It does so by focusing on stakeholder theory, which overlaps considerably with CSR. In this article, stakeholder theory is used to examine three major CSR issues: stakeholder definition and salience, firm actions and responses, and stakeholder actions and responses. These three issues are considered in the context of the UK football industry. The article draws on 15 semi-structured qualitative interviews with senior representatives from a number of different organisations. These include the director of a large professional football club; a chief executive of a medium-sized professional football club in addition to the supporter-elected director; and the vice-chairman of a small professional football club. Additional interviews were undertaken with five representatives from national supporter organisations, two board members at two large supporter associations, two representatives from the Football League, one representative from the Independent Football Commission, and a prominent sports journalist. The analysis of the interview data illustrates ways in which CSR can be implemented by sport organisations through stakeholder management strategies. The article concludes that stakeholder theory has both conceptual and empirical value and can be used to illuminate key issues in sport management.
Getting Geographical Answers fromWikipedia: the GikiP pilot at CLEF

This paper reports on the GikiP pilot that took place in 2008 in GeoCLEF. After providing motivation from both organizers and participants, it presents the task description, detailing topic choice and evaluation measures. Results are reported together with assessment difﬁculties and issues. Each participant system is described in detail
Computer Models of Creativity

Creativity isn’t magical. It’s an aspect of normal human intelligence, not a special faculty granted to a tiny elite. There are three forms: combinational, exploratory, and transformational. All three can be modeled by AI—in some cases, with impressive results. AI techniques underlie various types of computer art. Whether computers could “really” be creative isn’t a scientific question but a philosophical one, to which there’s no clear answer. But we do have the beginnings of a scientific understanding of creativity.
The Birth of the Herd

Abstract One of the most significant contributions of archaeology to the studies of human-animal relations is the concept of the “domestication” of non-human animals. Domestication is often seen as a specific human-animal relation that explains the ways people and animals interact. However, I argue, that “domestication” does not explain anything but has to be explained or “reassembled” by focusing on the many historically specific ways human and animals live together. Thus, the paper tackles the emergence of a “herd”, an assembly of animals, humans and things that appeared in the Neolithic, by following the ways the different agencies—human, animal, material and composite—are involved in the creation of new sociality. Living with animals is always already a material practice. It includes material culture, bodies, gestures, actions, habits, and body skills. It requires new practices and skills of flocking, herding, closing, observing, separating, amassing, and forming a queue; skills to be learned and employed by the participants. However, numerous resistances and translations are encountered and employed along the way, changing everybody in the process. In this way new bodies and persons—human and animal—are created, ultimately leading to the “herd”, a new way of association of animals, people, and things. From this perspective the agency and power is distributed and not confined to one species or group. There is no single locus of power and agency and no hegemony or “domination” but power and resistance that works from everywhere. Living with animals is not a matter of management, control or domination, but it is about making hybrid society work, a matter of politics, for all the parties involved.
Hypomane Persönlichkeit - Psychometrische Evaluation und erste Ergebnisse zur Validität der deutschen Version der Chapman-Skala

Zusammenfassung. Die deutsche Version der Skala Hypomane Personlichkeit (Hyp) von Eckblad und Chapman wird erstmalig an einer nicht-studentischen Stichprobe (n = 279) psychometrisch evaluiert. Aufgrund der bisherigen Forschung wird erwartet, das Hyp mit Schizotypie, Zwanghaftigkeit und emotionaler Instabilitat assoziiert ist. Zusatzlich zu korrelativen Analysen wird eine psychometrisch definierte hypomane Risikogruppe (n = 26) mit einer hinsichtlich Geschlecht, Alter und Schulbildung parallelisierten Kontrollgruppe (n = 26) verglichen. Die Skala erweist sich als stabil, reliabel und zeigt korrelative Zusammenhange zu schizotypen Merkmalen. Im Gruppenvergleich zeigen hypomane Risikopersonen signifikant hohere Werte in den Skalen Magisches Denken und Soziale Anhedonie und berichten - nach Kontrolle schizotyper Merkmale - signifikant mehr Anzeichen fur die Borderline-Personlichkeitsstorung. Tendenziell gilt dies auch fur die zwanghafte Personlichkeitsstorung. Die Ergebnisse sprechen fur die Validitat der Ska.
Police and the Reclamation of Public Places: A Study of MacArthur Park in Los Angeles

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, MacArthur Park — a 40-acre public park located near downtown Los Angeles — was widely known to be one of the largest open-air drug markets in Los Angeles. The Alvarado Corridor Initiative, a police-led initiative developed in 2003, was designed to address crime and disorderly behaviour in MacArthur Park through a combination of problem-solving, order-maintenance, and situational crime prevention efforts. This paper assesses the impact of the Alvarado Corridor Initiative using information from interviews and focus groups with neighbourhood residents, business-people, police officers, and other individuals familiar with MacArthur Park. The results suggest that many of the problems in MacArthur Park have been resolved and that the park experienced a turnaround that can be linked to the implementation of the Alvarado Corridor Initiative. In assessing the effectiveness of the Alvarado Corridor Initiative, this paper also provides a commentary on the evolution of public places in the United States and the role that the police can serve in terms of helping to preserve those public places.
Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz als Prinzipien in der Psychotherapie

Die therapeutischen Prinzipien Achtsam− keit und Akzeptanz sind in jüngster Zeit durch eine zunehmende Popularität cha− rakterisiert, was sich beispielsweise in der steigenden Anzahl an Veröffentli− chungen und wissenschaftlichen Beiträ− gen zu diesem Themengebiet zeigt. Zu− nächst werden Definitionen beider Be− griffe gegeben. Im Anschluss daran wird dargestellt, welche Rolle Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz in anderen psychothera− peutischen Ansätzen spielen. Hierbei werden achtsamkeitsanaloge, achtsam− keitsinformierte und achtsamkeitsbasier− te Ansätze einführend vorgestellt; eine Vertiefung erfolgt in den nachfolgenden Beiträgen dieses Themenheftes. Auch wenn die Frage nach der empirischen Fundierung und therapeutischen Wirk− samkeit von Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz aus methodischen Gründen nicht einfach zu beantworten ist, versuchen wir einen kurzen einführenden Überblick zum em− pirischen Forschungsstand zu geben. Da− bei werden Forschungsergebnisse zu achtsamkeitsbasierten und −informierten Ansätzen dargestellt. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung von Achtsamkeit und Ak− zeptanz im Bereich der empirischen Psy− chologie und der neurobiologischen Me− thoden vorgestellt.
Risk of Advanced-Stage Breast Cancer among Older Women with Comorbidities

Background: Comorbidities have been suggested influencing mammography use and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. We compared mammography use, and overall and advanced-stage breast cancer rates, among female Medicare beneficiaries with different levels of comorbidity. Methods: We used linked Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) and Medicare claims data from 1998 through 2006 to ascertain comorbidities among 149,045 female Medicare beneficiaries ages 67 and older who had mammography. We defined comorbidities as either “unstable” (life-threatening or difficult to control) or “stable” (age-related with potential to affect daily activity) on the basis of claims within 2 years before each mammogram. Results: Having undergone two mammograms within 30 months was more common in women with stable comorbidities (86%) than in those with unstable (80.3%) or no (80.9%) comorbidities. Overall rates of advanced-stage breast cancer were lower among women with no comorbidities [0.5 per 1,000 mammograms, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3–0.8] than among those with stable comorbidities (0.8; 95% CI, 0.7–0.9; P = 0.065 compared with no comorbidities) or unstable comorbidities (1.1; 95% CI, 0.9–1.3; P = 0.002 compared with no comorbidities). Among women having undergone two mammograms within 4 to 18 months, those with unstable and stable comorbidities had significantly higher advanced cancer rates than those with no comorbidities (P = 0.004 and P = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: Comorbidities were associated with more frequent use of mammography but also higher risk of advanced-stage disease at diagnosis among the subset of women who had the most frequent use of mammography. Impact: Future studies need to examine whether specific comorbidities affect clinical progression of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(9); 1510–9. ©2012 AACR.
Interdependence Revisited: Mathematics Achievement in an Intensified French Immersion Program

This study examines the effect of teaching mathematics in French on mathematics achievement evaluated in English. In this context it analyzes the effect of increased intensity of bilingual education on mathematics achievement. It also analyzes the effects of language of testing in the context of French immersion at the intermediate level. The participants in the study are two cohorts of French immersion pupils followed from Grades 4-7. The treatment group received 80% of the core academic curriculum, including mathematics, in French and 20% in English. The comparison group received 50% of the core academic curriculum in French and 50%, including mathematics, in English. Achievement in mathematics was measured for both groups at the end of Grade 6. Analyses of covariance showed an advantage in mathematics for the 80% French group compared to the 50% French group. These results provide further evidence for Cummins' threshold hypothesis and interdependence hypothesis.
Astigmatic axis and amblyopia in childhood.

PURPOSE This study is part of a larger project whose aim is to evaluate the relationship between refractive errors and amblyopia. In an earlier study, we showed that there is a substantial increase in the prevalence of amblyopia among children with oblique astigmatism. To further evaluate this relationship, we examined children with astigmatisms of 1 dioptre or more and varying directions of the astigmatic axes. METHODS Two groups of astigmatic children, with oblique and orthogonal astigmatism, respectively, were selected for the study at 1 year of age via a general health screening programme. The most emmetropic axis was identified in each child and used in the study. Visual acuity (VA) was tested when the children were between 4 and 4.5 years of age. The presence of amblyopia, defined as difference in VA between the eyes of 0.1 log unit or more, and any increase in acuity following occlusion therapy were noted. RESULTS The angle of the astigmatic axis strongly relates to the risk of developing amblyopia. Axes +/- 15 degrees from the main axes did not affect the risk of amblyopia but oblique astigmatism significantly increased the risk of developing amblyopia (p = 0.0024). CONCLUSIONS The results accord with earlier findings that oblique astigmatism increases the risk of developing amblyopia.
RNA Degradation in Staphylococcus aureus: Diversity of Ribonucleases and Their Impact

The regulation of RNA decay is now widely recognized as having a central role in bacterial adaption to environmental stress. Here we present an overview on the diversity of ribonucleases (RNases) and their impact at the posttranscriptional level in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. RNases in prokaryotes have been mainly studied in the two model organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Based on identified RNases in these two models, putative orthologs have been identified in S. aureus. The main staphylococcal RNases involved in the processing and degradation of the bulk RNA are (i) endonucleases RNase III and RNase Y and (ii) exonucleases RNase J1/J2 and PNPase, having 5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′ activities, respectively. The diversity and potential roles of each RNase and of Hfq and RppH are discussed in the context of recent studies, some of which are based on next-generation sequencing technology.
Description and evaluation of a short‐term reproduction test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Due to the time and expense associated with full life‐cycle testing, most current toxicity tests with fish do not explicitly consider reproductive output as an endpoint but, rather, focus on early life‐stage survival and development. However, some classes of chemicals could adversely impact reproduction at concentrations below those that affect development. Further, estimates of the effects of toxic compounds on reproductive output can be critical to the ecological risk assessment process. In this manuscript, we describe a short‐term reproduction test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and evaluate the test using two model reproductive toxicants, methoxychlor (an estrogenic compound) and methyltestosterone (an androgenic chemical). The test is initiated with reproductively mature animals and is comprised of a pre‐exposure phase of 14 to 21 d, followed by a chemical exposure of up to 21 d. During and at completion of the test, several endpoints related to reproductive fitness and endocrine function are assessed. Both chemicals evaluated in our study caused a significant decrease in fecundity of the fish at nominal concentrations of 5.0 μg/L (methoxychlor) and 0.2 mg/L (methyltestosterone). Methoxychlor decreased plasma concentrations of one or more steroids (testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, β‐estradiol) in both sexes and caused a significant induction of plasma vitellogenin in males, a response consistent with activation of the estrogen receptor by the pesticide (or its metabolites). Methyltestosterone decreased plasma concentrations of sex steroids and adversely affected gonadal status (as evaluated by relative weight and histopathology) in both sexes. The androgenic nature of methyltestosterone was clearly expressed as masculinization of exposed females via formation of nuptial tubercles, structures normally present only in reproductively active males. The chemical also caused a significant induction of plasma vitellogenin in both males and females; this unexpected estrogenic response was most likely due to aromatization of the androgen to a form capable of binding to the estrogen receptor. These studies demonstrate the utility of this short‐term assay for identifying chemicals that exert reproductive toxicity through alterations in endocrine systems controlled by estrogens and androgens.
Interactions between Controlled Atmospheres and Low Temperature Tolerance: A Review of Biochemical Mechanisms

Controlled atmosphere treatments using carbon dioxide, oxygen, and/or nitrogen, together with controlled temperature and humidity, form an important method for post-harvest sterilization against insect-infested fruit. However, in insects, the cross tolerance and biochemical interactions between the various stresses of modified gas conditions and low temperature may either elicit or block standard stress responses which can potentiate (or limit) lethal low temperature exposure. Thus, the success of such treatments is sometimes erratic and does not always result in the desired pest mortality. This review focuses on the biochemical modes of action whereby controlled atmospheres affect insects low temperature tolerance, making them more (or occasionally, less) susceptible to cold sterilization. Insights into the integrated biochemical modes of action may be used together with the pests’ low temperature tolerance physiology to determine which treatments may be of value in post-harvest sterilization.
Oscillations, networks, and their development: MEG connectivity changes with age

Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) investigations of inter‐regional amplitude correlations have yielded new insights into the organization and neurophysiology of resting‐state networks (RSNs) first identified using fMRI. Inter‐regional MEG amplitude correlations in adult RSNs have been shown to be most prominent in alpha and beta frequency ranges and to express strong congruence with RSN topologies found using fMRI. Despite such advances, little is known about how oscillatory connectivity in RSNs develops throughout childhood and adolescence. This study used a novel fMRI‐guided MEG approach to investigate the maturation of resting‐state amplitude correlations in physiologically relevant frequency ranges within and among six RSNs in 59 participants, aged 6–34 years. We report age‐related increases in inter‐regional amplitude correlations that were largest in alpha and beta frequency bands. In contrast to fMRI reports, these changes were observed both within and between the various RSNs analyzed. Our results provide the first evidence of developmental changes in spontaneous neurophysiological connectivity in source‐resolved RSNs, which indicate increasing integration within and among intrinsic functional brain networks throughout childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5249–5261, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting Changes in Macrophyte Community Structure from Functional Traits in a Freshwater Lake: A Test of Maximum Entropy Model

Trait-based approaches have been widely applied to investigate how community dynamics respond to environmental gradients. In this study, we applied a series of maximum entropy (maxent) models incorporating functional traits to unravel the processes governing macrophyte community structure along water depth gradient in a freshwater lake. We sampled 42 plots and 1513 individual plants, and measured 16 functional traits and abundance of 17 macrophyte species. Study results showed that maxent model can be highly robust (99.8%) in predicting the species relative abundance of macrophytes with observed community-weighted mean (CWM) traits as the constraints, while relative low (about 30%) with CWM traits fitted from water depth gradient as the constraints. The measured traits showed notably distinct importance in predicting species abundances, with lowest for perennial growth form and highest for leaf dry mass content. For tuber and leaf nitrogen content, there were significant shifts in their effects on species relative abundance from positive in shallow water to negative in deep water. This result suggests that macrophyte species with tuber organ and greater leaf nitrogen content would become more abundant in shallow water, but would become less abundant in deep water. Our study highlights how functional traits distributed across gradients provide a robust path towards predictive community ecology.
Race and Class Revisited – Conceptualising Race and Racisms

This paper casts a critical eye on the ‘race’ and class debate in the British literature on race. It begins by arguing that ‘race’ derives its analytical status from its location within the wider category of ‘ethnos An exploratory framework is provided that defines racism’ and distinguishes it from race’ A number of central positions on the links between race and class are then reviewed and their theoretical and empirical difficulties discussed. The paper concludes by arguing that race and racism cannot be located as emanating essentially from specific class interest Racism is considered as a form i)f discourse and practice that can be harnessed to different political projects including those of class and nation building. Race on the other hand derives its ontological and analytical status from modes by which communal difference and identity are attributed and proclaimed.
Hypertension: Psychological Fallout of Type A, Stress, Anxiety and Anger

The study was aimed at determining whether there are differences in type A, anger, stress and anxiety or between hypertensives and normotensives. From a large community sample of adults from Shimla, 100 individuals having hypertension and having clinic Blood Pressure (BP)> or 140/90 mm hg were selected and compared with a sex and age matched group of 100 individuals with normotensives (clinic or 120/80 mm hg)on measures of type A, anxiety, anger and psychological stress derived from standardized Questionnaire. Results of 2X2 ANOVAs revealed significant differences between hypertensives and normotensives and were in line with all the hypotheses on all the variables. With regard to gender, the null hypotheses stand rejected as males were found to be significantly higher on type A and anger and females were found to be significantly higher on stress and anxiety.