Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association of climatic factors with infectious diseases in the Arctic and subarctic region – a systematic review

Background The Arctic and subarctic area are likely to be highly affected by climate change, with possible impacts on human health due to effects on food security and infectious diseases. Objectives To investigate the evidence for an association between climatic factors and infectious diseases, and to identify the most climate-sensitive diseases and vulnerable populations in the Arctic and subarctic region. Methods A systematic review was conducted. A search was made in PubMed, with the last update in May 2013. Inclusion criteria included human cases of infectious disease as outcome, climate or weather factor as exposure, and Arctic or subarctic areas as study origin. Narrative reviews, case reports, and projection studies were excluded. Abstracts and selected full texts were read and evaluated by two independent readers. A data collection sheet and an adjusted version of the SIGN methodology checklist were used to assess the quality grade of each article. Results In total, 1953 abstracts were initially found, of which finally 29 articles were included. Almost half of the studies were carried out in Canada (n=14), the rest from Sweden (n=6), Finland (n=4), Norway (n=2), Russia (n=2), and Alaska, US (n=1). Articles were analyzed by disease group: food- and waterborne diseases, vector-borne diseases, airborne viral- and airborne bacterial diseases. Strong evidence was found in our review for an association between climatic factors and food- and waterborne diseases. The scientific evidence for a link between climate and specific vector- and rodent-borne diseases was weak due to that only a few diseases being addressed in more than one publication, although several articles were of very high quality. Air temperature and humidity seem to be important climatic factors to investigate further for viral- and bacterial airborne diseases, but from our results no conclusion about a causal relationship could be drawn. Conclusions More studies of high quality are needed to investigate the adverse health impacts of weather and climatic factors in the Arctic and subarctic region. No studies from Greenland or Iceland were found, and only a few from Siberia and Alaska. Disease and syndromic surveillance should be part of climate change adaptation measures in the Arctic and subarctic regions, with monitoring of extreme weather events known to pose a risk for certain infectious diseases implemented at the community level.
The use of multiple sources of social information in contest behavior: testing the social cognitive abilities of a cichlid fish

Theory suggests that living in large social groups with dynamic social interactions often favours the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities. Studies of how animals assess their own contest ability commonly focus on a single cognitive task, and little is known about the diversity or co-occurrence of cognitive abilities in social species. We examined how a highly social cichlid fish Julidochromis transcriptus uses four major cognitive abilities in contest situations; direct experience, winner/loser effects, social eavesdropping and transitive inference (TI). We conducted experiments in which fish assessed the social status of rivals after either direct physical contests or observed contests. Individuals used direct information from a previous physical encounter to re-establish dominance without additional contact, but winner/loser effects were not observed. Social eavesdropping alone was ruled out, but we found that transitive reasoning was used to infer social dominance of other individuals of unknown status. Our results suggest that in stable hierarchical social groups, estimations of contest ability, based on individual recognition pathways such as TI and direct experience, are more prevalent than social eavesdropping or winner/loser effects. We suggest that advanced cognitive abilities might be widespread among highly social fishes, but have previously gone undetected.
How Many Immigrants? Foreign-Born Population Innumeracy in Europe

Individuals frequently perceive immigrant and minority population sizes to be much larger than they are in reality. To date, little is understood about the extent or causes of this phenomenon, known as innumeracy, which may have consequences for inter-group relations. However, before the literature can assess these consequences, a better understanding of the development of these misperceptions is needed. The extant literature focuses only on the United States and lacks a clear understanding of how innumeracy arises. Drawing from the 2002 European Social Survey (ESS), this study attempts to make sense of this phenomenon by proposing and testing a framework that views innumeracy among majority group members as developing in two ways: as cognitive mistakes and emotional responses. I establish the existence and extent of the phenomenon across 21 European nations, test new key predictors such as media exposure and socio-economic status, and find independent associations with cognitive and emotional factors using multi-level regression analyses.
Differential interactions of Rel‐NF‐kappa B complexes with I kappa B alpha determine pools of constitutive and inducible NF‐kappa B activity.

The Rel‐NF‐kappa B family of transcription factors plays a crucial role in the regulation of genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses. We demonstrate that in vivo, in contrast to the other members of the family, RelB associates efficiently only with NF‐kappa B1 (p105‐p50) and NF‐kappa B2 (p100‐p52), but not with cRel or p65. The RelB‐p52 heterodimers display a much lower affinity for I kappa B alpha than RelB‐p50 heterodimers or p65 complexes. However, similarly to the other Rel‐NF‐kappa B complexes, RelB‐p52 can upregulate the synthesis of I kappa B alpha leading to the cytoplasmic trapping of dimers which have a higher affinity for the inhibitor. We suggest that a hierarchy of interactions between I kappa B alpha and the different Rel‐NF‐kappa B complexes governs their cellular distribution. This results in the presence of two distinct pools of NF‐kappa B activity which differ in their composition: one a constitutive nuclear and the other an inducible cytoplasmic activity.
Women with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Lived Study

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to discover the structure of the lived experience of adult women diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using Parse’s theoretical framework and qualitative methodology. Nursing research related to the experiences of adult women is important and adds to nursing knowledge. Knowledge gained through this research is key in understanding and supporting these women as they go through life’s journey. Four women diagnosed with ADHD were interviewed. Analysis of data revealed 11 themes: forgiving self and accepting failures while feeling guilty, hurting while not understanding with empathy arising with situational knowing, having dignity during imperfection, wishing for more but accepting the now, being chained while wanting to run free, controlling while uncontrolled, maintaining tranquility during chaos, realizing limiting while striving for success, accepting the bad and celebrating the good, and understanding the past while creating knowledge of now.
Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation.

BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation have inadequate reperfusion or reocclusion of the infarct-related artery, leading to an increased risk of complications and death. METHODS We enrolled 3491 patients, 18 to 75 years of age, who presented within 12 hours after the onset of an ST-elevation myocardial infarction and randomly assigned them to receive clopidogrel (300-mg loading dose, followed by 75 mg once daily) or placebo. Patients received a fibrinolytic agent, aspirin, and when appropriate, heparin (dispensed according to body weight) and were scheduled to undergo angiography 48 to 192 hours after the start of study medication. The primary efficacy end point was a composite of an occluded infarct-related artery (defined by a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade of 0 or 1) on angiography or death or recurrent myocardial infarction before angiography. RESULTS The rates of the primary efficacy end point were 21.7 percent in the placebo group and 15.0 percent in the clopidogrel group, representing an absolute reduction of 6.7 percentage points in the rate and a 36 percent reduction in the odds of the end point with clopidogrel therapy (95 percent confidence interval, 24 to 47 percent; P<0.001). By 30 days, clopidogrel therapy reduced the odds of the composite end point of death from cardiovascular causes, recurrent myocardial infarction, or recurrent ischemia leading to the need for urgent revascularization by 20 percent (from 14.1 to 11.6 percent, P=0.03). The rates of major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients 75 years of age or younger who have myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation and who receive aspirin and a standard fibrinolytic regimen, the addition of clopidogrel improves the patency rate of the infarct-related artery and reduces ischemic complications.
Risk as Value: Combining Affect and Analysis in Risk Judgments

Studies of public perceptions of hazardous activities and technologies include a wide range of approaches. One approach—“risk‐as‐analysis”—emphasizes the human capacity for analytic deliberation. A second approach—“risk‐as‐feelings”—emphasizes the tendency for people to rely on affective reactions. In this paper we expand and link these approaches by adopting a “risk‐as‐value” model, emphasizing that responses to risk result from a combination of analysis and affect that motivates individuals and groups to achieve a particular way of life. Derived from dual‐process theories, the risk‐as‐value model implies that differences in perceived risk may arise from differences in the analytic evaluation of a risk, differences in the affective evaluation of a risk, or the way these evaluations are combined. We discuss the goals of dual processes in comprehensively governing the valuation of risk information in order to achieve desirable outcomes. We highlight the importance of model‐based research and the need for researchers to look for converging evidence using multiple dependent measures and methods. Implications for risk communication are discussed.
Falling through the cracks: gaps in depression treatment among older Mexican‐origin and white men

This study aims (i) to compare depression frequency and self‐reported depression treatment in Mexican‐origin and white men; (ii) to examine ethnic differences in self‐reported prior depression diagnosis and types of treatment; and (iii) to determine whether Mexican‐origin men (both English and Spanish language preferring) are less likely than white men to report receiving depression treatment after controlling for potential confounders.
Polarity-Dependent Morphological Changes of Ti/TiN/W Via Under High Current Density

Electrical voltage polarity-dependent failures of Ti/TiN/W via fuses were observed and analyzed by microstructural analyses and flux calculations based on the simulated Thomson-shifted temperature profiles. In the forward program, electromigration (EM) was in the same direction as thermomigration (TM), while in the reverse program, EM was in the opposite direction from TM, which made the forward program more efficient. When designing a fuse device, various fluxes had to be taken into account.
Reversing Polarities: Anarchical (Failed) States versus International Progress

The article explores how the literature on 'failed states' (re)produces the modern state as a regulatory ideal, obscuring its contingent character and its violent foundation. So, discursive practices, based on an Eurocentric account, construct the 'failed state' as deviant. The resultant hierarchy of states, in turn, creates favorable conditions for interventionist practices, whose agents are depicted as members of a 'progressive' and 'benevolent' 'international community'. As state failure is interpreted as exclusively domestic process, a well-demarcated boundary between the domestic level of 'anarchy' and the international realm of 'order' and 'progress' results. This article shows that the traditional image of an anarchical system versus an ordered and progressive state is turned on its head when viewed from the perspective of 'failed states'. In the latter, domestic anarchy is contrary to a modernizing international realm. By labelling the 'other' as 'traditional', 'failed', and 'backward' in distinction to a 'modern', 'successful' and 'progressive' international, the dominant discourse conditions us to conceive of these realms as homogeneous in themselves and radically different from each other, rather than as liminal areas with numerous ambiguities and overlaps.
Optimum Power Utilization in Wireless Sensor Network using Partition Technique

We Propose Balanced, Localized, Robust, Dynamic state changing and energy efficient spanning tree approaches for Wireless sensor networks which we call Balanced energy Efficient Spanning Tree with Sleep scheduling(BEESP-SS). In this paper first we construct the spanning tree based on RNG(Relative Neighborhood Graph) after that we find the minimum spanning tree it considers the different parent selection strategies and select the best among them, Our major concern is to balance the load with in the spanning tree, actual spanning tree is constructed based on the transmitter and receiver residual energy. It is done by measuring the energy level of the nodes in the spanning tree, because energy is drain out when large number of messages travelling through the particular node by limiting the messages travelled through the sensor nodes we can improve the lifetime of the spanning tree and reduce the frequency of spanning tree, it is done by partitioning the messages based on the energy level of the node in the spanning tree and redirect the messages to the some other nodes in the spanning tree. The proposed solution also adapted the Sleep Scheduling Algorithm, it wake up the sensor nodes in the network when it is needed. This paper also handles the route maintenance it includes node insertion and node deletion.
Processing spatial keyword query as a top-k aggregation query

We examine the spatial keyword search problem to retrieve objects of interest that are ranked based on both their spatial proximity to the query location as well as the textual relevance of the object's keywords. Existing solutions for the problem are based on either using a combination of textual and spatial indexes or using specialized hybrid indexes that integrate the indexing of both textual and spatial attribute values. In this paper, we propose a new approach that is based on modeling the problem as a top-k aggregation problem which enables the design of a scalable and efficient solution that is based on the ubiquitous inverted list index. Our performance study demonstrates that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art hybrid methods by a wide margin.
Interlaminar Magnetic Flux Assessment of a Transformer Core Measured by an Extra-Thin Printed Foil Detector

Transformer cores represent complex 3-D magnetization systems with balancing off-plane fluxes, normal to magnetization plane. Therefore, for optimizations of core performance, not only the information about the local induction distributions in the plane, but also perpendicular to it is highly essential. The conventional sensors for detections of off-plane inductions <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_{Z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) are either of very high thicknesses, causing significant air gaps between laminations, or require extremely laborious preparations and are not reusable. In this paper, we developed an extra-thin (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 50~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), reusable foil detector with handles for easy and precise insertion and positioning in the interior of a laminated core. The detector was assembled by a low-cost 3-D printer, equipped with a micro-dispersing system for printing of conductive ink, controlled by in-house developed software. The manufactured foil sensor, due to its high mechanical stability, enables detections of off-plane flux at many different locations within an entire core. The detector was effectively tested in a three-phase model transformer core, stacked from three packages of different width. The results prove the important role of sensor thickness for precise detection of off-plane induction. Peak induction <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_{Z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> increases in a strong non-linear way with increasing nominal magnetization <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_{\mathrm{ NOM}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Maxima of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_{Z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> arise close to border regions of packages. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_{Z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ceases for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_{\mathrm{ NOM}}< 1.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> T, favoring low level of audible noise.
Effect of Chitosan on Motility of Bacteria-Driven Liposomal Microrobots

This study proposes a prototype of bacteria-based microrobots using chitosan-coated liposomes attached to a Salmonella enteritidis bacterial strain. The attachment of the liposome and the bacteria is performed by interaction between the positive charge surface of the liposomes and the gram-negative bacteria. The liposomes are fabricated using hydration method to obtain the average diameter of 10 um and they are coated with chitosan. The chitosan coating is shown to have effect on motility of the microrobots. First, the bacteria cannot attach to chitosan-uncoated liposomes, but they can easily adhere to the chitosan-coated liposomes. Second, when the concentration of chitosan increases from 0.1% to 0.5%, average velocity of the microrobots increases from 1.20±0.12 um/s to 3.25±0.35 um/s. However, when chitosan concentration increases to 1% the average velocity of the microrobots slightly decreases from 3.25±0.35 um/s to 3.17±0.33 um/s, respectively. The study suggests that using chitosan coating can be a potential method for further development of therapeutic bacteria-based liposomal microrobots.
Consistency of Kernel Estimators of Heteroscedastic and Autocorrelated Covariance Matrices

Conditions are derived for the consistency of kernel estimators of the covariance matrix of a sum of vectors of dependent heterogeneous random variables, which match those of the currently best-known conditions for the central limit theorem, as required for a unified theory of asymptotic inference. These include finite moments of order no more than 2 + for > 0, trending variances, and variables which are near-epoch dependent on a mixing process, but not necessarily mixing. The results are also proved for the case of sample-dependent bandwidths.
Americans' knowledge of cancer risk and survival.

BACKGROUND There are more than 500,000 deaths from cancer each year in the United States. This study examines Americans' knowledge of risk factors for breast, cervical, colon, and prostate cancers, which account for over 130,000 of these deaths, and their knowledge of the prospects of surviving these cancers following early detection. METHODS Data were obtained from 12,035 subjects who completed the 1992 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplement which includes questions about cancer risk factors and survival. RESULTS The majority of respondents were unable to identify major cancer risk factors when prompted with a list. Approximately two-thirds did not recognize that age increased the risk for breast and colon cancer, that diet increased the risk for colon cancer, or that multiple sex partners increased the risk for cervical cancer. Knowledge about survival was also poor. Only about half thought they had a good chance of survival following early detection of colon and cervical cancers, for which 5-year relative survival exceeds 90%. CONCLUSIONS Americans lack knowledge about major risk factors for common cancers and about the prospects of survival following early detection. Knowledge about risk factors and about survival from cervical and colon cancers was poor at all ages, among all races, at all income levels, and at all educational levels. It was poorest among blacks and Hispanics and among those with the lowest income and least education. Americans need education about cancer risk factors and survival.
Openness and requirements: Opportunities and tradeoffs in software ecosystems

A growing number of software systems is characterized by continuous evolution as well as by significant interdependence with other systems (e.g. services, apps). Such software ecosystems promise increased innovation power and support for consumer oriented software services at scale, and are characterized by a certain openness of their information flows. While such openness supports project and reputation management, it also brings some challenges to Requirements Engineering (RE) within the ecosystem. We report from a mixed-method study of IBM®'s CLM® ecosystem that uses an open commercial development model. We analyzed data from from interviews within several ecosystem actors, participatory observation, and software repositories, to describe the flow of product requirements information through the ecosystem, how the open communication paradigm in software ecosystems provides opportunities for `just-in-time' RE, as well as some of the challenges faced when traditional requirements engineering approaches are applied within such an ecosystem. More importantly, we discuss two tradeoffs brought about the openness in software ecosystems: i) allowing open, transparent communication while keeping intellectual property confidential within the ecosystem, and ii) having the ability to act globally on a long-term strategy while empowering product teams to act locally to answer end-users' context specific needs in a timely manner.
A study on effects of cost-of-equity models on cost-of-capital and capital structure

Article history: Received March 26, 2012 Received in Revised form June, 12, 2012 Accepted 19 June 2012 Available online June 26 2012 Most financial managers believe that there are different factors hindering decision-making about the capital structure of a company. This hindrance is so that, in some financial management literatures capital structure is called the mystery of capital. Financial managers widely believe that financial leverage enjoys a noticeable status in managerial decision making as well as management of the framework of balance sheet. The primary purpose of this research is to present applications of equity modules and to study effective factors on such models on Tehran stock exchange. The study covers data over a period of five years from 2001 to 2005. The study analyzes and tests relevant data to firm’s debt ratio and corporate size as effective factors on cost-of-equity. The preliminary findings indicate that contrary to the commonly held belief in financial management theorems, debts ratio has the least effect on cost-of-equity. Nevertheless, the study suggests that the variant of company’s size has a meaningful relationship with cost-of-equity. To calculate cost-of-equity, CAPM, Gordon and return ratio methods are used. Findings show that CAPM has more validity compared with other varieties. On the other hand, the results indicate that there is a 95-percent probability proving that liquidity has a significant negative effect on financial leverage. © 2012 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.