Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-level filtering process for national R&D projects: the case of photovoltaic energy in Korea

In many countries, the selection of appropriate R&D projects has been considered as an important issue. Owing to this necessity, technology forecasting has become a widely used critical tool for planning a country's national R&D scheme. Subsequently, several national R&D selection indicators have been proposed as a supplementary measure. However, since these have dealt with various indicators, it is difficult to grasp the step-wise selection process ranging from industry, product and technology levels. Thus, in this research, we propose a three-level filtering process composed of industrial, product and technological levels. At the industrial level, we propose concordance with the national R&D strategy, contribution to economic development, contribution to society and contribution to knowledge accumulation; at the product level, we propose the existence of a subject and its competence; and at the technological level, we propose the possibility of technological realization, technological attractiveness and technological extendibility. As an example, we describe the photovoltaic energy sector of Korea.
Evaluating Elementary Functions in a Numerical Coprocessor Based on Rational Approximations

A different approach to hardware evaluation of elementary functions for high-precision floating-point numbers (in particular, the extended double precision format of the IEEE standard P754) is examined. The evaluation is based on rational approximations of the elementary functions, a method which is commonly used in scientific software packages. A hardware model is presented of a floating-point numeric coprocessor consisting of a fast adder and a fast multiplier, and the minimum hardware required for evaluation of the elementary functions is added to it. Next, rational approximations for evaluating the elementary functions and testing the accuracy of the results are derived. The calculation time of these approximations in the proposed numeric processor is then estimated. It is concluded that rational approximations can successfully complete with previously used methods when execution time and silicon area are considered. >
Landscape of somatic single-nucleotide and copy-number mutations in uterine serous carcinoma

Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a biologically aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer. We analyzed the mutational landscape of USC by whole-exome sequencing of 57 cancers, most of which were matched to normal DNA from the same patients. The distribution of the number of protein-altering somatic mutations revealed that 52 USC tumors had fewer than 100 (median 36), whereas 5 had more than 3,000 somatic mutations. The mutations in these latter tumors showed hallmarks of defects in DNA mismatch repair. Among the remainder, we found a significantly increased burden of mutation in 14 genes. In addition to well-known cancer genes (i.e., TP53, PIK3CA, PPP2R1A, KRAS, FBXW7), there were frequent mutations in CHD4/Mi2b, a member of the NuRD–chromatin-remodeling complex, and TAF1, an element of the core TFIID transcriptional machinery. Additionally, somatic copy-number variation was found to play an important role in USC, with 13 copy-number gains and 12 copy-number losses that occurred more often than expected by chance. In addition to loss of TP53, we found frequent deletion of a small segment of chromosome 19 containing MBD3, also a member of the NuRD–chromatin-modification complex, and frequent amplification of chromosome segments containing PIK3CA, ERBB2 (an upstream activator of PIK3CA), and CCNE1 (a target of FBXW7-mediated ubiquitination). These findings identify frequent mutation of DNA damage, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle, and cell proliferation pathways in USC and suggest potential targets for treatment of this lethal variant of endometrial cancer.
ALTERNATIVES TO SINGLE-MEMBER PLURALITY DISTRICTS: LEGAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES*

While single-member districting (smd) is the most common form of representation in the U.S., apportionment schemes at the state and local level often make use of multimember districts (Klain 1955; Jewell 1971), the polar type of which is, of course, the at-Iarge election; •' and in one state (New York) weighted voting is the most common of the various systems in use for county government. ^ In the late 196O's and 7O's such non-smd systems have come under increasing challenge as violating 14th Amendment "equal protection" standards.
Fair trade and the coffee crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias

Small coffee producers in Nicaragua have faced a crisis as the coffee export price has halved since the 1990s. This article examines the role of fair trade in stabilizing prices for small coffee producers, and compares the prices all along the supply chain of the instant coffees, Nestle and Cafedirect. Although Cafedirect's price guarantee has prevented producers from going bankrupt, it is clear that the processing and retail side has become more expensive since the 1990s, partly as a result of the small volumes traded. Cafedirect's high prices compared with commercial brands are likely to ensure that it remains small, and therefore only benefits a minority of producers. The authors examine the options for Nicaragua's small coffee producers and recommend that the producers upgrade their production and post-harvest technologies to produce high-quality specialty coffees which can command high prices even without a fair trade tag. They also recommend that the co-operatives be strengthened to be less ineffici.
Universal Quantum Channel Simulation in Duality Quantum Computing

Quantum channels describe general transformations of the state of a physical system and play a fundamental role in many fields. It promises wide range of applications, because any physical process can be represented as a quantum channel transforming an initial state into a final state. The evolution of system undergoing a quantum channel is not necessary unitary which makes it unrealisable without ancillary system. Inspired by the method performing non-unitary operator by the linear combination of unitary operations, we proposed a quantum algorithm for the simulation of universal single-qubit channel, described by a convex combination of two generalized extreme channels corresponding to four Kraus operators, and is scalable to arbitrary higher dimension. We demonstrate the whole algorithm experimentally using the universal IBM cloud quantum computer and study properties of different qubit quantum channels. We illustrate the quantum capacity of the general qubit quantum channels, which quantifies the amount of quantum information that can be protected. There is a general agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experiments, which strongly supported our method. By realizing arbitrary qubit channel, this work provides a universal way to explore various properties of quantum channel and novel prospect of quantum communication.
Transactions Costs and Nonlinear Adjustment in Real Exchange Rates; An Empirical Investigation

Eolquilibrium models of real exchange rate determination in the presence of transactions costs imply a nonlinear adjustment process toward purchasing power parity (PPP). Conventional cointegration tests, Which ignore the effect of transactions costs, may be biased against the long‐run PPP hypothesis. Our results, using both monthly data for the interwar period and annual data spanning two centuries, clearly reject the linear framework in favor of an exponential smooth transition autoregressive process. The systematic pattern in the estimates of the nonlinear models provides strong evidence of mean‐reverting behavior for PPP deviations and helps explain the mixed results of previous studies
The contribution of the UN Convention on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses

The 1997 UN Convention on international watercourses helps to clarify the basic standards governing the non-navigational uses of internationally shared fresh water resources. Generally, the Convention does not seek to push the law beyond its present contours, but reflects a general consensus regarding the principles that are universally applicable in the field. It provides a starting point for the negotiation of agreements relating to specific watercourses and, in the absence of an agreement, sets basic parameters governing the conduct of riparian states relative to those watercourses. Even where there is an applicable agreement, the Convention may play an important role in the interpretation of that agreement, as in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros case. For these reasons, the success of the Convention does not depend on whether it enters into force. Its influence is more likely to derive from its status as the most authoritative statement of general principles and rules governing the non-navigational uses of international watercourses.
International Migration and the Restructuring of Gender Asymmetries: Continuity and Change among Filipino Labor Migrants in Rome 1

This article examines the different factors which may explain gender-selectivity among Filipino labor migrants in Rome, where women are around 70 percent of this nationality group. Following the analysis of labor demand in the domestic service sector, it explores ‘supply’ aspects, ranging from economic conditions within the Philippine labor market to noneconomic constraints, such as ideologies and expectations of gender. The research findings show that migrant women's commitments and obligations toward their households in home areas are generally stronger than those of their male counterparts. However, spatial distance and increased financial independence may provide some women with the opportunity to pursue ‘self-interested’ goals while at the same time keeping within the ‘altruistic’ role dictated by normative gender roles. Important elements affecting women's increased autonomy are life course paths, households’ developmental cycle, class and migration form.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Regulates Endothelial Cell Survival through the Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase/Akt Signal Transduction Pathway

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been found to have various functions on endothelial cells, the most prominent of which is the induction of proliferation and differentiation. In this report we demonstrate that VEGF or a mutant, selectively binding to the Flk-1/KDR receptor, displayed high levels of survival activity, whereas Flt-1-specific ligands failed to promote survival of serum-starved primary human endothelial cells. This activity was blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3-kinase)-specific inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002. Endothelial cells cultured in the presence of VEGF and the Flk-1/KDR-selective VEGF mutant induced phosphorylation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt in a PI3-kinase-dependent manner. Akt activation was not detected in response to stimulation with placenta growth factor or an Flt-1-selective VEGF mutant. Furthermore, a constitutively active Akt was sufficient to promote survival of serum-starved endothelial cells in transient transfection experiments. In contrast, overexpression of a dominant-negative form of Akt blocked the survival effect of VEGF. These findings identify the Flk-1/KDR receptor and the PI3-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway as crucial elements in the processes leading to endothelial cell survival induced by VEGF. Inhibition of apoptosis may represent a major aspect of the regulatory activity of VEGF on the vascular endothelium.
Futures Markets: A Consequence of Risk Aversion or Transactions Costs?

A two-period model of an industry of risk-neutral processors who have nonlinear production costs and who face transact ions costs in the spot and futures markets is put forth as a countere xample to the models of commodity markets in which processors' risk a version plays the major role. The model's equilibrium exhibits the sa lient endogenous features of actual commodity markets, namely, that t he futures price is below the current spot price, that processors hol d inventories despite this opportunity cost, that those holding inven tories are short in futures, and that processors as a group hold an u nbalanced, usually net short, position in the futures market. Copyright 1987 by University of Chicago Press.
Three-dimensional virtual force sensing for kinetic interaction with a robot

The potential market of robots that can helpfully work at home is increasing, and such robots are required to possess force and tactile sensors achieving dynamic and cooperative interactions with their users. We proposed virtual force sensing (VFS) which, is a versatile solution allowing high spatial resolution and degrees of freedom instead of embedding force sensors in robots/machines. The technological key of the VFS is the estimation of the force, exerted by the user and applied to the robots/machines, by means of function approximation whose inputs are user's biological signals such as electromyogram (EMG) and postural information. In this study, we develop a three-dimensional force-vector estimator and investigate its performance through a three-dimensional trajectory tracing task. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.
Financial Development, Economic Institutions and Policy - Panel Data Evidence

In recent years significant researches have been done to identify what are the determinants of financial development. This paper tries to explore the complex role of institutional quality, financial liberalization, trade openness and economic policy in banking sector and stock market development, using data from 44 countries during 1988-2007. In order to investigate the effect of institutions on bankbased and equity-based financial development, we employ dynamic panel techniques and more specifically, we employ the ‘system GMM’ estimator developed by Arellano and Bover (1995), and Blundell and Bond (1998), controlling for endogeneity among variables. In order to quantify the effect of institutions on financial development, we decompose institutions into economic, political and social institutions and especially for the economic dimension, we decompose into legal structure and government quality. The results demonstrate that: i) institutional quality can explain international differences in the level of banking sector and stock market development; ii) economic institutions and trade openness have a much stronger association with the banking sector development, while political institutions and financial openness have a closer link with stock market development; and iii) political choices - the degree of government intervention to the economy - deeply affect the development and operations of the financial system.
Genetic instability of the Streptomyces chromosome

The Streptomyces wild‐type chromosome is linear in all examples studied. The ends of the chromosome or telomeres consist of terminal inverted repeats of various sizes with proteins covalently bound to their 5′ ends. The chromosome is very unstable and undergoes very large deletions spontaneously at rates higher than 0.1% of spores. Frequently, the telomeres are included in the deletions. Loss of both telomeres leads to circularization of the chromosome. The wild‐type chromosome can also be circularized artificially by targeted recombination. Spontaneously or artificially circularized chromosomes are even more unstable than the linear ones. High‐copy‐number tandem amplifications of specific chromosomal regions are frequently associated with the deletions. RecA seems to be involved in the amplification mechanism and control of genetic instability.
Correlation of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Total Rotational Motion to Shoulder Injuries in Professional Baseball Pitchers

Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) indicates a 20° or greater loss of internal rotation of the throwing shoulder compared with the nondominant shoulder. Purpose: To determine whether GIRD and a deficit in total rotational motion (external rotation + internal rotation) compared with the nonthrowing shoulder correlate with shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Over 3 competitive seasons (2005 to 2007), passive range of motion measurements were evaluated on the dominant and nondominant shoulders for 170 pitcher-seasons. This included 122 professional pitchers during the 3 seasons of data collection, in which some pitchers were measured during multiple seasons. Ranges of motion were measured with a bubble goniometer during the preseason, by the same examiner each year. External and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint was assessed with the participant supine and the arm abducted 90° in the plane of the scapula, with the scapula stabilized anteriorly at the coracoid process. The reproducibility of the test methods had an intraclass correlation coefficient of . 81. Days in which the player was unable to participate because of injury or surgery were recorded during the season by the medical staff of the team and defined as an injury. Results: Pitchers with GIRD (n = 40) were nearly twice as likely to be injured as those without but without statistical significance (P = .17). Pitchers with total rotational motion deficit greater than 5° had a higher rate of injury. Minor league pitchers were more likely than major league pitchers to be injured. However, when players were injured, major league pitchers missed a significantly greater number of games than minor league pitchers. Conclusion: Compared with pitchers without GIRD, pitchers with GIRD appear to be at a higher risk for injury and shoulder surgery.
The effectiveness of environmental interpretation at resource-sensitive tourism destinations.

The process of appropriate visitor management is an integral part of sound tourism management. Visitor management includes the development and implementation of rules and regulations with respect to visitor activity, which in turn provides the guidelines for visitors. On the other hand, it also aims to create enjoyable visitor experiences in the hope that visitors will appreciate the value of the site. Environmental interpretation in a resource-sensitive tourism destination is considered to be an effective visitor management strategy that helps to encourage visitors to adopt more appropriate behaviour in order to sustain the development of tourism. This paper aims to examine the processes and purposes of visitor management and environmental interpretation, including relevant definitions and functions. The characteristics of visitor management and environmental interpretation, and how to increase their effectiveness, also are addressed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evaluation of interface design of software used on Home Appliances based on gray disaster theory

The interface design of software used on Home Appliances targeted at satisfying passenger's physiology and psychological needs when operating the machine to the maximum extent is a complicated synthetic topic which embracing ergonomics, visual communication design, user experience design, behavior psychology, cultural studies of the consumer, optics and Chromatics and so on. So, it is very difficult for us to find a unified criterion which can be used to estimate the interface design of software used on Home Appliances. In order to further guarantee that the evaluation process of the interface design of software used on Home Appliances is scientific and Objective, this paper established the evaluation index system firstly centered around the user experience, then used AHP method to compute the weight of each index and constructed the evaluation analytical model of the interface design of software used on Home Appliances. This method effectively overcomes the subjectivity and arbitrariness in the evaluation process. Finally, we also have designed software which can use the method to evaluate the design.
Comparison of Anti-Xa and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Monitoring for Heparin Dosing in Patients With Cirrhosis

Backgroud: Cirrhosis of the liver results in complex hemostatic changes that place patients at risk for both bleeding and thrombotic events. This study evaluates the adverse effects of anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin among patients with cirrhosis and analyzes the discrepancy between anti-Xa and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values for heparin monitoring among cirrhotics. Methods: Patients with cirrhosis receiving unfractionated heparin were matched 2:1 to patients without evidence of cirrhosis anticoagulated with unfractioned heparin. Markers of bleeding events including blood product administration and use of heparin reversal were analyzed between groups. Patients from both groups with aPTT and anti-Xa values obtained at the same time were also analyzed. Results: A higher incidence of blood product administration or use of heparin reversal was observed among patients with cirrhosis [35/105 (33.3%) versus 37/210 (17.6%), P = 0.002]. This finding was consistent among those receiving anticoagulation through an established anti-Xa–based heparin dosing protocol [23/62 (37.1%) versus 25/124 (20.2%), P = 0.013]. A decrease in hemoglobin greater than 2 g/dL or a platelet decrease 50% or greater from baseline was also more frequently identified among cirrhotics when receiving heparin therapy [20/105 (19%) versus 23/210 (11%), P = 0.049 and 21/105 (20%) versus 12/210 (6%), P < 0.001, respectively]. A total of 88 correlated anti-Xa and aPTT values from 35 patients with cirrhosis demonstrated supratherapeutic aPTT values for anti-Xa levels within the therapeutic range (P < 0.001). This discrepancy was not observed among controls. Conclusions: A greater use of blood products among the cirrhotic population may indicate potential bleeding events on therapy. A discrepancy in correlated anti-Xa and aPTT values among patients with cirrhosis may explain the propensity for adverse effects. Further study is required to identify effective heparin anticoagulation monitoring strategies in liver disease.
Distribution and Growth in an Economy with Heterogeneous Capital and Excess Capacity

In a world of heterogeneous capital the aggregate capital-capacity ratio can change in a complicated way as the real wage rate changes and, therefore, nothing useful can be said, a priori, about the relationships between the real wage rate (or the aggregate profit share), the degree of capacity utilization and the rates of profit, capital accumulation and interest.