Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biogenic silica at the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study site in the Sargasso Sea: Temporal changes and their inferred controls based on a 15‐year record

Upper water column biogenic silica (bSiO2) at the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study (BATS) site in the western Sargasso Sea was measured biweekly to monthly from 1989 through 2003, and changes on four distinct timescales were observed. Mesoscale physical features, such as eddies, occasionally increase vertically integrated bSiO2 in the upper 120 m (∫bSiO2) by an order of magnitude or more (this degree of enhancement was observed in only 5 of 217 total profiles). There is a strong seasonal cycle in ∫bSiO2, with a maximum in spring followed by a ∼50% decline to a fall minimum. The ∫bSiO2 also varies on timescales of 3–6 years, parallel with phase shifts in the North Atlantic Oscillation; those changes appear to reflect diatom responses to the combined effects of changes in 18°C subtropical mode water volume and in the meteorological forcing that entrains nutrients into the lower euphotic zone. Removal of the seasonal cycle reveals a secular, ∼40% decline in ∫bSiO2 over the 15 years of the BATS record, concurrent in time with increases in vertically integrated abundances of dinoflagellates and prasinophytes in the upper 120 m. At the same time there has been a linear increase in density stratification in the upper 200 m, a linear decline in winter silicic acid supply in the upper 120 m, and a linear decline in the Si:N ratio on the 26.4 kg m−3 potential density isopycnal. The apparent 15‐year shift in autotrophic community composition, with decreasing ∫bSiO2 and increasing flagellates, may have impacted future biogeochemical processes in the Sargasso Sea by reducing the role of diatoms in this system.
Essential roles of class E Vps proteins for sorting into multivesicular bodies in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway is required for a number of biological processes, including downregulation of cell-surface proteins and protein sorting into the vacuolar lumen. The function of this pathway requires endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) composed of class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, many of which are conserved in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Of these, sst4/vps27 (homologous to VPS27) and sst6 (similar to VPS23) have been identified as suppressors of sterility in ste12Δ (sst), although their functions have not been uncovered to date. In this report, these two sst genes are shown to be required for vacuolar sorting of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) and an MVB marker, the ubiquitin–GFP–carboxypeptidase S (Ub–GFP–CPS) fusion protein, despite the lack of the ubiquitin E2 variant domain in Sst6p. Disruption mutants of a variety of other class E vps homologues also had defects in sorting of CPY and Ub–GFP–CPS. Sch. pombe has a mammalian AMSH homologue, sst2. Phenotypic analyses suggested that Sst2p is a class E Vps protein. Taken together, these results suggest that sorting into multivesicular bodies is dependent on class E Vps proteins, including Sst2p, in Sch. pombe.
Predicting regime shifts in flow of the Gunnison River under changing climate conditions

Water resource management agencies have traditionally relied upon past observations of historical hydrologic records for long‐term planning. This assumption of stationarity, that the past is representative of the future, may no longer be valid under changing climate conditions. The Gunnison River Basin contributes approximately 16% of the annual natural streamflow within the Upper Colorado River Basin, affecting water supply availability over the entire Colorado River Basin. Recent studies indicate that streamflow over the Gunnison River Basin, a subbasin within the Colorado River Basin, may decrease on the order of 15% through 2099. Further study has developed a methodology to statistically characterize the risk of regime shifts using observations of past streamflow through the use of a two‐parameter gamma distribution. In this study, regime characteristics derived using a paleoreconstruction of streamflow over the Gunnison River Basin are compared regime characteristics developed using 112 projections of future hydrology to better understand how the frequency and duration of persistent dry and wet periods may change as the impacts of climate change are realized over the subbasin. Results indicate that under changing climate conditions, similar regime characteristics may be expected through 2039. However, between 2040 and 2099, more frequent and persistent dry regimes increase on the order of 50%. Conversely, wet regimes are expected to be shorter and less frequent than observed over the paleoclimatic record, decreasing in frequency by as much as 50%.
Resiliencia: ¿Proceso o capacidad? Una lectura crítica del concepto de resiliencia en 14 universidades colombianas.

En este articulo se hace una lectura critica del concepto de “resiliencia” encontrado en documentos producidos en 14 universidades colombianas, que fueron investigados por el grupo Resilio. El proceso hermeneutico utiliza como horizonte para realizar la lectura critica el concepto de resiliencia como proceso y su contraste con el concepto de resiliencia en tanto capacidad. Como conclusion se proponen algunos caminos para delimitar el concepto de una manera compleja y dinamica, situada historica y culturalmente.
Two years of oceanic observations below the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica

The mechanisms by which heat is delivered to Antarctic ice shelves are a major source of uncertainty when assessing the response of the Antarctic ice sheet to climate change. Direct observations of the ice shelf‐ocean interaction are extremely scarce and in many regions melt rates from ice shelf‐ocean models are not constrained by measurements. Our two years of data (2010 and 2011) from three oceanic moorings below the Fimbul Ice Shelf in the Eastern Weddell Sea show cold cavity waters, with average temperatures of less than 0.1°C above the surface freezing point. This suggests low basal melt rates, consistent with remote sensing‐based, steady‐state mass balance estimates for this sector of the Antarctic coast. Oceanic heat for basal melting is found to be supplied by two sources of warm water entering below the ice: (i) eddy‐like bursts of Modified Warm Deep Water that access the cavity at depth for eight months of the record; and (ii) fresh surface water that flushes parts of the ice base with temperatures above freezing during late summer and fall. This interplay of processes implies that basal melting at the Fimbul Ice Shelf cannot simply be parameterized by coastal deep ocean temperatures, but instead appears directly linked to both solar forcing at the surface as well as to the dynamics of the coastal current system.
Urban expansion, land use land cover change and human impacts : a case study of Rawalpindi

Urbanization in Pakistan has increased rapidly from 25% in 1972 to 42% in 2012. Peripheral zones are being pushed by urbanization much beyond their previous extents. Moreover, dispersed developments along the highways/motorways and unplanned expansion of existing urban centres is instigating a substantial loss of vegetation and open spaces. This research is an effort to analyse the relationship between urban expansion and land use/cover change using a combination of remote sensing, census and field data. Rawalpindi has been chosen as a study area because of its rapidly changing population density and land cover over the last few decades, and availability of satellite and census data. Landsat MSS and TM images of 1972, 1979, 1998 and 2010 which are compatible with the 1972, 1981, 1998 and 2012 Census of Pakistan dates were classified using the Maximum Likelihood classifier. The results of the assessment of classification accuracy yielded an overall accuracy of 75.16%, 72.5%, for Landsat MSS 1972, 1979 images and 84.5% and 87.1% for Landsat TM 1998 and 2010 images. Results reveal that the built up area of the study area has been increased from 7,017 hectares to 36,220 hectares during the 1972 -2012 period. This expansion has been accompanied by the loss of agricultural and forest land. There has been a decrease of approximately 10,000 hectares in cropped area and 2,000 hectares in forest land of the study area during the 1998-2012 inter-censal period. Corroboration of official census data, remote sensing results and field based qualitative data supports the view that high population growth rate, industrialization, better educational and transportation facilities and proximity of the study area to the capital (Islamabad) are the major factors of urban expansion and resulting land cover changes The present research is expected to have significant implications for other rapidly urbanizing areas of Pakistan in particular, and the Global South in general, in delivering baseline information about long term land use/cover changes.
Sexual cultures amongst young Indians in Chatsworth.

In South Africa, HIV and AIDS is a crisis particularly for young women between the ages of 15-24. HIV and AIDS is gendered disease and its spread is heterosexual. The effects of the disease have led to an increasing examination of what sexual and gendered identities mean for young people. Using individual and focus-group interviews, this study explores young people’s sexual cultures amidst the backdrop of HIV and AIDS. It focuses on the ways in which young Indian men and women (aged 16-17) in a low to middle income context in Chatsworth, Durban, construct heterosexual relationships. The study explores how this selected group of learners navigate themselves as sexual subjects in the context of sexual passions and sexual risk. The study focuses on relationship cultures, sexual risk and the ways in which gender is constructed in heterosexual relationships. Currently we know very little of young people’s heterosexual relationships and in particular, we know very little of young Indian sexualities. In the context of sexual risk taking and broader concerns about sexual health, young people’s perceptions about sex and sexuality are important. Insight into how the youth understand gender and sexuality is necessary for addressing educational strategies in sexuality education, Life Orientation and HIV/AIDS education in South Africa.
Homogeneous temperature series for thermal characterization and detection of trends in the Province of Santa Elena, Ecuador

The generation of quality climatic series is the first step in the analysis of climate characteristics and behaviour in any region of the world. This article approaches the construction of homogeneous average temperature series for the period 1982–2011, for the study of spatial distribution and temporal evolution in the Province of Santa Elena, in the most western point of continental Ecuador in South America. Despite the low variability registered in the temperatures of the Province, these were higher and more homogeneous in the inland region than on the coast and almost 3 °C higher in the trimesters of the rainy season December–January–February (DJF) and March–April–May (MAM) than in the trimesters of the dry season June–July–August (JJA) and September–October–November (SON). Trend analysis detected positive increasing rates for the temperature of the province, with values three times higher during DJF and MAM in comparison with SON and annual average trend of 0.33 °C decade−1 in the region. The construction of homogeneous average temperature series in the Province of Santa Elena has been an important step towards the spatial‐temporal characterization of this peculiar climatic zone. These series can also be employed as base scenarios for the development of climate change studies in the region.
A review of colour-marking techniques used on vultures in southern Africa

This document aims to provide the background to and motivation for the decision by the Birds of Prey Working Group of South Africa to implement the use of patagial tags for the colour-marking of vultures, under the auspices of the Sasol Vulture Monitoring Project. Information is provided on the reasons for the review of colour-marking before 2006 and the various alternative options considered and tested during 2005. Vulture News Vol. 56 () 2007: pp.52-63
The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship

Extensive lordship inland the tenants and workers on the inland warland warland farms and families the growth of small estates and the beginnings of the seigneurial life Anglo-Norman landlords the Conquest and the peasantry tenure, statue and settlement villeinage. Appendices: inland and exempt land in the Doomsday Book Bordars, Cottars, coscets, geburs, buri and slaves as a percentage of the total recorded country populations.
NET Institute*

We study merger waves in vertically related industries where firms can engage in both vertical and horizontal mergers. Even though any individual merger would have been profitable, firms may refrain from merging for fear of negative impacts from other mergers. When they do merge, however, they always merge in waves, which is either vertical or horizontal depending on the relative intensity of double markup and horizontal competitions in the two industries. Finally, merger waves may happen with or without any fundamental change in the underlying economic conditions.
Incorporating temperature‐sensitive Q10 and foliar respiration acclimation algorithms modifies modeled ecosystem responses to global change

Evidence suggests that respiration acclimation (RA) to temperature in plants can have a substantial influence on ecosystem carbon balance. To assess the influence of RA on ecosystem response variables in the presence of global change drivers, we incorporated a temperature‐sensitive Q10 of respiration and foliar basal RA into the ecosystem model PnET‐CN. We examined the new algorithms' effects on modeled net primary production (NPP), total canopy foliage mass, foliar nitrogen concentration, net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem respiration/gross primary production ratios. This latter ratio more closely matched eddy covariance long‐term data when RA was incorporated in the model than when not. Averaged across four boreal ecotone sites and three forest types at year 2100, the enhancement of NPP in response to the combination of rising [CO2] and warming was 9% greater when RA algorithms were used, relative to responses using fixed respiration parameters. The enhancement of NPP response to global change was associated with concomitant changes in foliar nitrogen and foliage mass. In addition, impacts of RA algorithms on modeled responses of NEE closely paralleled impacts on NPP. These results underscore the importance of incorporating temperature‐sensitive Q10 and basal RA algorithms into ecosystem models. Given the current evidence that atmospheric [CO2] and surface temperature will continue to rise, and that ecosystem responses to those changes appear to be modified by RA, which is a common phenotypic adjustment, the potential for misleading results increases if models fail to incorporate RA into their carbon balance calculations.
Maximum Power Point Tracking under Partial Shading condition

Partial shading on a Photo Voltaic panel can generate the local maximum power points on the powervoltage curve of the panel. Presence of the local peaks can disturb the efficient operation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). In this study, the MPPT under partial shading condition is investigated. To circumvent the trappings into the local peaks, the results of the study are enumerated and discussed.
In pursuit of high resolution radar using pursuit algorithms

Maud, Abdur Rahman Mohammad Ph.D., Purdue University, May 2015. In Pursuit of High Resolution Radar Using Pursuit Algorithms. Major Professor: Mark Bell. Radar receivers typically employ matched filters designed to maximize signal to noise ratio (SNR) in a single target environment. In a multi-target environment, however, matched filter estimates of target environment often consist of spurious targets because of radar signal sidelobes. As a result, matched filters are not suitable for use in high resolution radars operating in multi-target environments. Assuming a point target model, we show that the radar problem can be formulated as a linear underdetermined system with a sparse solution. This suggests that radar can be considered as a sparse signal recovery problem. However, it is shown that the “sensing” matrix obtained using common radar signals does not usually satisfy the mutual coherence condition. This implies that using recovery techniques available in compressed sensing literature may not result in the optimal solution. In this thesis, we focus on the greedy algorithm approach to solve the problem and show that it naturally yields a quantitative measure for radar resolution. In addition, we show that the limitations of the greedy algorithms can be attributed to the close relation between greedy matching pursuit algorithms and the matched filter. This suggests that improvements to the resolution capability of the greedy pursuit algorithms can be made by using a mismatched signal dictionary. In some cases, unlike the mismatched filter, the proposed mismatched pursuit algorithm is shown to offer improved resolution and stability without any noticeable difference in detection performance. Further improvements in resolution are proposed by using greedy algorithms in a radar system using multiple transmit waveforms. It is shown that while using the greedy algorithms together with linear channel combining can yield significant resolution improvement, a greedy
Urban structure and its influence on vehicle travel reduction strategies

This paper examines what is known about the relationship between urban spatial structure (i.e. the arrangement of residential, industrial, commercial, recreational and municipal buildings and land lots) and urban travel. The first section provides an overview of the empirical evidence for relationships between urban spatial structure and travel in the United States. Section two focuses on the barriers to and opportunities for reducing the use of automobiles and light trucks in urban areas. The final section offers a policy-point-of-impact perspective on the sort of instruments governments have at their disposal for reducing vehicular travel.
Future Temperatures and Precipitations in the Arid Northern-Central Chile: A Multi-Model Downscaling Approach

Downscaling of global climate outputs is necessary to transfer projections of potential climate change scenarios to local levels. This is of special interest to dry mountainous areas, which are particularly vulnerable to climate change due to risks of reduced freshwater availability. These areas play a key role for hydrology since they usually receive the highest local precipitation rates stored in form of snow and glaciers. In the central-northern Chile (Norte Chico, 26-33oS), where agriculture still serves as a backbone of the economy as well as ensures the well being of people, the knowledge of water resources availability is essential. The region is characterised by a semiarid climate with a mean annual precipitation inferior to 100mm. Moreover, the local climate is also highly influenced by the ENSO phenomenon, which accounts for the strong inter-annual variability in precipitation patterns. Although historical and spatially extensive precipitation data in the headwaters of the basins in this region are not readily available, records at coastal stations show worrisome trends. For instance, the average precipitation in La Serena, the most important city located in the Coquimbo Region, has decreased dramatically in the past 100 years. The 30-year monthly average has decreased from 170 mm in the early 20th century to values less than 80 mm nowadays. Climate Change is expected to strengthen this pattern in the region, and therefore strongly influence local hydrological patterns.
Institutional Governance System (IGS) for forest management planning: A theoretical proposal

The structure of this working paper is as follows. In the first part after the introduction, the theory underlying the IGS is discussed (Chapter 2); specifically the conceptual framework for which the IGS of a forest management planning design can be developed. Five concepts are discussed here, namely the rationalist view of forest planning versus the community based view of planning on the one hand, and the "common", the "co-management" and the participatory and conflict management concept on the other. Then, based on the problem resulting from these five theories, the next section addresses the need for a new approach in forest planning. The second part of this working report emphasises the design of the institutional governance system (IGS), built primarily on the basis of the 'institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework' developed by Ostrom and colleagues.31 This approach facilitates the analysis of the actors' interactions and incentives in a given forest planning process (chapter 3). The IGS also incorporates interactive and active participatory forest planning and conflict management (democratic resolution of a problem) based on the establishment of a working group called the Combined Planning System Working Group (CPSWG), and also communication/consultation, negotiation and consensus building (Chapter 4). The third part of this report highlights the conclusions of the study (Chapter 5).