Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The problem with community cohesion

In 2001, civil disturbances took place in Bradford, Burnley and Oldham. After these events community cohesion was introduced and this concept has recently become progressively at the forefront in public policy debates. The term was effectively developed as a direct response to the civil disturbances in 2001 as Oldham, Burnley and the City of Bradford were at the epicentre of disorder at this time. The civil disturbances have widely been understood by central government as resulting from a lack of social cohesion. The concept of community cohesion is seen, by central government, to be the solution to solving the issues of segregation among communities. This paper critically examines, from a policy context, the debates around community cohesion. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in Oldham in Greater Manchester, the paper presents an insight into how community cohesion is perceived by policy makers and residents.
Variable-Length Unit Selection in TTS Using Structural Syntactic Cost

This paper presents a variable-length unit selection scheme based on syntactic cost to select text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis units. The syntactic structure of a sentence is derived from a probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG), and represented as a syntactic vector. The syntactic difference between target and candidate units (words or phrases) is estimated by the cosine measure with the inside probability of PCFG acting as a weight. Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is applied to reduce the dimensionality of the syntactic vectors. The dynamic programming algorithm is adopted to obtain a concatenated unit sequence with minimum cost. A syntactic property-rich speech database is designed and collected as the unit inventory. Several experiments with statistical testing are conducted to assess the quality of the synthetic speech as perceived by human subjects. The proposed method outperforms the synthesizer without considering syntactic property. The structural syntax estimates the substitution cost better than the acoustic features alone
Downregulation of the Escherichia coli guaB Promoter by Upstream-Bound Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein

ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli guaB promoter (P guaB ) is responsible for directing transcription of the guaB and guaA genes, which specify the biosynthesis of the nucleotide GMP. P guaB is subject to growth rate-dependent control (GRDC) and possesses an UP element that is required for this regulation. In addition, P guaB contains a discriminator, three binding sites for the nucleoid-associated protein FIS, and putative binding sites for the regulatory proteins DnaA, PurR, and cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP). Here we show that the CRP-cyclic AMP (cAMP) complex binds to a site located over 100 bp upstream of the guaB transcription start site, where it serves to downregulate P guaB . The CRP-mediated repression of P guaB activity increases in media that support lower growth rates. Inactivation of the crp or cyaA gene or ablation/translocation of the CRP site relieves repression by CRP and results in a loss of GRDC of P guaB . Thus, GRDC of P guaB involves a progressive increase in CRP-mediated repression of the promoter as the growth rate decreases. Our results also suggest that the CRP-cAMP complex does not direct GRDC at P guaB and that at least one other regulatory factor is required for conferring GRDC on this promoter. However, PurR and DnaA are not required for this regulatory mechanism.
The effect of looks and musical preference on trait inference

Stereotypes regarding social status lead to the categorization of individuals as belonging to high or low social-status groups, based on little information, such as looks or possession of certain traits. The present study examined the relative effect of looks and musical preference on the inference of other traits relating to high and low social status. Seventy participants were asked to rate photos of eight individuals (four males and four females). Compatible and incompatible pairing of high- and low-status looks and liking for high- and low-status music were created. Findings show that more positive traits were attributed to females, high-status looking individuals and individuals with a preference for high-status music. An interaction between looks and music status was found in which liking for low-status music lowered evaluations in high-status looking individuals, but liking for high-status music did not affect evaluations of low-status looking individuals. Participants' own musical preference did not consistently affect ratings of photographed individuals.
Inability of vitamin A deficiency to alter benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in Syrian hamsters.

Syrian golden hamsters were placed on a control or vitamin A-deficient diet. When their serum vitamin A content was significantly reduced, i.e., to less than 10% of controls, the hamsters were killed and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene were determined. The benzo(a)pyrene metabolite profile was similar with control and A-deficient systems, and only few quantitative differences were noted. Addition of beta-retinyl acetate to the in vitro incubations did not substantially affect benzo(a)pyrene metabolism.
Moderate Partially Reduplicated Conditioned Stimuli as Retrieval Cue Can Increase Effect on Preventing Relapse of Fear to Compound Stimuli

The theory of memory reconsolidation argues that consolidated memory is not unchangeable. Once a memory is reactivated it may go back into an unstable state and need new protein synthesis to be consolidated again, which is called “memory reconsolidation”. Boundary studies have shown that interfering with reconsolidation through pharmacologic or behavioral intervention can lead to the updating of the initial memory, for example, erasing undesired memories. Behavioral procedures based on memory reconsolidation interference have been shown to be an effective way to inhibit fear memory relapse after extinction. However, the effectiveness of retrieval–extinction differs by subtle differences in the protocol of the reactivation session. This represents a challenge with regard to finding an optimal operational model to facilitate its clinical use for patients suffering from pathogenic memories such as those associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Most of the laboratory models for fear learning have used a single conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). This has simplified the real situation of traumatic events to an excessive degree, and thus, limits the clinical application of the findings based on these models. Here, we used a basic visual compound CS model as the CS to ascertain whether partial repetition of the compound CSs in conditioning can reactivate memory into reconsolidation. The results showed that the no retrieval group or the 1/3 ratio retrieval group failed to open the memory reconsolidation time window. The 2/3 repetition retrieval group and the whole repetition retrieval group were able to prevent fear reinstatement, whereas only a 2/3 ratio repetition of the initial compound CS as a reminder could inhibit spontaneous recovery. We inferred that a retrieval–extinction paradigm was also effective in a more complex model of fear if a sufficient prediction error (PE) could be generated in the reactivation period. In addition, in order to achieve an optimal effect, a CS of moderate discrepancy should be used as a reminder.
on the justification of societal development claims

Towards the end of the seventeenth century, an interesting debate arose in France about the evaluation of seventeenth century culture in relation to the classical culture of the Greeks. One of the participants in this &dquo;querelle des anciennes et modernes&dquo; was Charles Perrault, who was to become well-known for his fairy tales. In his Parallele des anciens et des modernes (1688) he defended the claim that, &dquo;there is not an art or science in which the ancients have excelled and which has not now been perfected by the moderns. &dquo; With this claim, Perrault took severe risks because 50 years before the magistrate of Paris had forbidden &dquo;anyone, under penalty of death, to propose or to defend this thesis against the ancient writers. &dquo; Fortunately for Perrault, nothing of the sort happened, and many people supported his plea for the superiority of modern culture over Greek culture, out of which modern culture developed.
Measuring scales used for assessment of patients with traumatic brain injury: multicenter studies

Background Application of adequate numeric scales is essential for assessment of a patient’s condition. The scales most commonly used by the therapeutic team for assessment of a patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI) include deficit scales, functional scales, and scales assessing quality of life. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationships between the particular scales used for assessment of patients with TBI. Methods This multicenter study included 159 patients with TBI. The direct observation technique was used. Two measurements were made (at hospital admission and discharge) using standardized assessment scales, ie, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the Functional Capacity Scale (FCS), the Functional Index “Repty” (FIR), and the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Results Patients with mild impairment of consciousness were most numerous in the examined group at both admission and discharge, ie, 118 (78.8%) and 134 patients (89.3%), respectively. The mean score for functional capacity measured with the FCS was 34.41 points (71.7%) on the day of admission and 41.87 points (87.2%) on the day of discharge from hospital. A significant correlation was found between results obtained using the GCS and results on the FIR, on both the day of admission [R t(n-2) =7.612=0.530; P=0.00] and the day of discharge [R t(n-2) =8.998=0.595; P=0.00]. Further, a high correlation was found between the FCS and the FIR (rs= −0.854 on day of admission and rs= −0.840 on day of discharge). Conclusion The majority of examined patients had mild impairment of consciousness. A moderate correlation was found between the GCS and the scales assessing activities of daily living. A high correlation was found between FCS and FIR, which may result from the similarities between the analyzed tools in the scope of their construction and application.
The prodromal phase of sporadic Parkinson's disease: Does it exist and if so how long is it?

It is frequently assumed that idiopathic Parkinson's disease starts with several nonmotor symptoms and signs, but the evidence for this stage in the disease process is of variable quality. This review evaluates the more robust prospective or pathologically confirmed publications to establish whether there is a premotor period and if so what is its duration. The most informative studies are considered to be those concerned with olfaction, dysautonomia, and sleep disorder. Estimates for the duration of the prodromal phase vary from months to decades. It is concluded that there probably is an early phase in the disease where a variety of nonmotor features develop, but the sequence and time of onset of such features is not well established. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Preventing epidemics in a community of households

Summary The occurrence of epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases, and the immunization coverage required to prevent them, is affected by the presence of households and heterogeneity in the community. We consider a community where individuals live in households and are of different types, according to infectivity and/or susceptibility to infection. We describe a method for computing the critical immunization coverage to prevent epidemics in such communities and discuss the effectiveness of immunization strategies. In a heterogeneous community where individuals live in households several immunization strategies are possible and we examine strategies targeting households, randomly selected individuals, or groups with highly intense transmission, such as school children. We compare estimates of the critical immunization coverage if we assume that disease is spread solely by random mixing with estimates which result if we assume the effects of the household structure. Estimates made under these two sets of assumptions differ. The results provide insights into the community effects of vaccination, and the household structure of the community should be taken into account when designing immunization policies.
Tumor-specific transplantation antigens in reticulum cell sarcomas and lymphomas induced by the friend virus complex.

Summary The reticulum cell sarcomas induced by Friend leukemia virus (FLV) and the lymphomas induced by the Friend virus-associated lymphatic leukemia virus (LLV) have been investigated for both their antigenic relationships and the presence in them of common tumor-specific transplantation antigens. Since noninfectious reticulum cell sarcomas containing the Friend virus genome were available, this was a unique opportunity to determine whether new tumor-specific transplantation antigens were present in these tumors in the absence of virus. All of the lymphomas induced by LLV in different strains of mice contained LLV and each induced transplantation resistance against the other. The reticulum cell sarcomas induced by FLV were of two kinds: ( a ) those that contained FLV and ( b ) those that apparently contained no FLV but did contain the FLV genome, which could be rescued by LLV. Both the infectious and noninfectious reticulum cell sarcomas induced transplantation resistance against each other. Furthermore, the lymphomas induced by LLV and the infectious and noninfectious reticulum cell sarcomas induced by FLV also induced transplantation resistance against each other. Finally, LLV itself induced transplantation resistance against not only the lymphomas, but also the virus-containing and noninfectious reticulum cell sarcomas. It is concluded that both the LLV-induced lymphomas and the FLV-induced reticulum cell sarcomas probably contain new nonviral, cross-reacting, tumor-specific transplantation antigen(s).
High Expression of a New Marker PCA-1 in Human Prostate Carcinoma

Purpose: Identifying the genetic factors involved in prostate carcinogenesis is critical. Novel cancer-specific markers aid in early detection, in differentiating between cancer and nonmalignant disorders, and in monitoring clinical of prostate disease. We therefore examined differential gene displays in an attempt to identify genes that may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis. Experimental Design: Applying fluorescent differential display analysis to human prostate carcinomas, we have identified and cloned several cDNA transcripts. Antisera were raised against synthetic peptides and used in Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. The mRNAs were also analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. For functional analysis, we assessed methylmethane sulfonate (MMS)–induced toxicity in COS-7 cells after cDNA transfection. Results: We identified a gene, designated prostate cancer antigen-1 (pca-1), which shows high mRNA expression in prostate carcinoma. Database analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of PCA-1 indicated high similarity to Escherichia coli AlkB, a DNA alkylation damage repair enzyme. By immunohistochemical analysis, PCA-1 was expressed in a high number of both prostate carcinoma samples and in the atypical cells within high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias but not in benign prostatic hyperplasia or normal adjacent tissues. PCA-1-transfected COS-7 cells further showed resistance against MMS-induced cell death. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PCA-1 could be a useful diagnostic marker. Furthermore, because this human counterpart of AlkB exhibits a protective function against alkylation damage in mammalian cells, PCA-1 may also serve as a therapeutic target molecule for prostate cancer.
Green governmentality: insights and opportunities in the study of nature's rule

This article seeks to unpack notions of governmentality by reading it through the case of nature. By highlighting three key aspects of governmentality — its analytics of power, biopolitics, and technologies of the self — I argue that this approach presents a promising theoretical trend for those who study nature and its rule. However, there have been critiques leveled at this approach which must be considered. Using examples drawn from human/non-human interactions, I explore how the governmentality literature needs to be made more complex and attune to difference. In the final analysis, I argue that the concept of governmentality is not only an effective tool for geographers, but that geography provides a particularly insightful lens with its attention to spatiality, scale, territory and human/non-human relations that enrich the analysis of the making of governable spaces.
Scalable RDF data compression with MapReduce

The Semantic Web contains many billions of statements, which are released using the resource description framework (RDF) data model. To better handle these large amounts of data, high performance RDF applications must apply a compression technique. Unfortunately, because of the large input size, even this compression is challenging. In this paper, we propose a set of distributed MapReduce algorithms to efficiently compress and decompress a large amount of RDF data. Our approach uses a dictionary encoding technique that maintains the structure of the data. We highlight the problems of distributed data compression and describe the solutions that we propose. We have implemented a prototype using the Hadoop framework, and evaluate its performance. We show that our approach is able to efficiently compress a large amount of data and scales linearly on both input size and number of nodes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low power dual edge triggered flip-flop

A new technique for pulse generation circuit of dual edge triggered flip flop for low power is presented in this paper which enables the flip flop to be operated at 1.2 V. By incorporating a new fast latch and employing conditional pre-charging, dual edge triggered flip flop is capable of achieving low power consumption that has smaller delay. According to simulation on Spectre simulator, it has been observed that total power consumption of proposed flip flop at 0.67 switching activity is 30.16% and 27.36% less than that of previous arts DSPFF and SCDFF respectively. Clock-gated sense-amplifier is incorporated to reduce power consumption at low switching activity. Proposed flip-flop is capable to reduce Clock to output delay up to 44% of that of DSPFF.
A crowdsourced WiFi sensing system with an endorsement network in smart cities

As crowd-centric applications have attracted a lot of attention, this work exploits the crowdsourcing technologies to collect and share user experience of WiFi hotspots in an urban area. To address the trust issue, we incorporate an endorsement network into the system, where users can endorse others based on the reviews submitted by themselves. With the incentive endorsement network, our system can quantify the trustworthiness of data publishers to make the system more trustful. We have implemented our design as a mobile application for mobile devices to demonstrate how our system guides people to connect to WiFi hotspots and how the endorsement network works with the crowdsourced WiFi sensing system.
Brazilian version of the Burden Interview scale for the assessment of burden of care in carers of people with mental illnesses

INTRODUCTION: Burden on informal carers of people with mental or physical illnesses has been studied for a long time. Several standardized instruments for the assessment of carer's burden have been developed. The Burden Interview is one of the most frequently used instruments. The aim of the present study is to examine the internal consistency and validity of the Brazilian version of the Burden Interview, designed to examine the burden in carers of individuals with mental illnesses. METHODS: Carers of patients with a diagnosis of depression, aged 60 or over, were assessed for burden (Burden Interview), emotional distress (SRQ-20) and their perception of patients' behavioral and mood disturbances (Behavioral and Mood Disturbance Scale - BMD). Socio-demographic information of patients and carers was collected with a standardized form. The reliability of the Burden Interview was assessed through its internal consistency. Construct validity was assessed through the exam of the associations of carers' burden with their perception of patients' behavioral and mood disturbances, and the carers' burden with carers' distress. RESULTS: Eighty-two carers of elderly patients with depression were included, being forty-eight (58,5%) women. The internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. The associations between total scores of the Burden Interview and total scores of the SRQ-20 (r=0.37, p=0.001), and between total scores of the Burden Interview with total scores of BMD (r=0.54, p=0.001) were strong, and similar to other studies that examined those associations, indicating a good construct validity of the Brazilian version of the Burden Interview. DISCUSSION: The Brazilian version of the Burden Interview is a standardized and valid instrument that can be used in the study of the impact of mental and physical illnesses on informal carers.
Compressing Deep Convolutional Networks Using K-means Based on Weights Distribution

For the application of deep neural networks on devices with limited hardware resources, it is necessary to reduce the computational complexity and storage requirement. Compression is an effective way to achieve this goal. One of the available method is to quantize the weights to enforce weight sharing, which can greatly reduce the parameters of each layer. This paper presents an improved k-means clustering algorithm to compress CNN (convolutional neural networks). By taking weights distribution into consideration when choosing clustering centers to quantize weights, this algorithm automatically chooses and revises centers to compress network. Compared with traditional quantification method, this algorithm can maintain accuracy and increase the compression speed at the same time. Experiments on AlexNet show that using k-means based on weights distribution to quantize the weights can improve compression speed by 5% to 10% and improve accuracy by 6% compared to traditional algorithm. This algorithm provides a better way for the application of convolutional neural networks on mobile devices.
Inferring Parameters of Gene Regulatory Networks via Particle Filtering

Gene regulatory networks are highly complex dynamical systems comprising biomolecular components which interact with each other and through those interactions determine gene expression levels, that is, determine the rate of gene transcription. In this paper, a particle filter with Markov Chain Monte Carlo move step is employed for the estimation of reaction rate constants in gene regulatory networks modeled by chemical Langevin equations. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms previously considered methods while being computationally more efficient. Dynamic behavior of gene regulatory networks averaged over a large number of cells can be modeled by ordinary differential equations. For this scenario, we compute an approximation to the Cramer-Rao lower bound on the mean-square error of estimating reaction rates and demonstrate that, when the number of unknown parameters is small, the proposed particle filter can be nearly optimal.