Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring Net Foreign Assets: The Case of China

This paper discusses two methods of measuring net foreign assets(NFA): directly using the financial account and indirectly using the current account. The former method is found to be more accurate than the latter method. The paper also includes a detailed discussion of the valuation methodology. The results show that China's NFA are much lower than the cumulative current account surplus or the cumulative foreign exchange reserves. This leads to an underestimation of growth in foreign direct investment and an overestimation of the capacity of foreign exchange reserves to cope with possible withdrawals. Therefore, the Chinese Government should pay more attention to valuation issues to obtain more accurate measurement of NF A. Meanwhile, the Chinese monetary authority should relax its control on the foreign exchange settlement system, allow the private sector to hold a certain amount of foreign exchange, and encourage foreign assets to be denominated in RMB to solve structural problems, including entity and currency mismatch.
Risk, information and noise: risk perception and risk management of French and German banks during the nineteenth century

Most financial historians have followed neoclassical economics in assuming that banks can obtain information to assist converting risk into certainty. This paper begins by discussing the concept of information that underlies such studies. Thereafter, risk management undertaken by nine French and German banks during the nineteenth century is investigated and the findings of this investigation are set against the maxims of neoclassical economics. The evidence collected strongly suggests that this particular group of bankers largely ignored the so-called 'bed-rock principles of banking'. Instead, they relied upon verifying the bourgeois mores of their prospective customers and financial partners, and on assessing the value of primary information (balance sheet data, technical reports etc.) almost exclusively in the terms of the bourgeois reputations of those who had supplied it. At the same time, banks created this kind of information for 'outsiders' (governments, stock-holders, the investing public), who, for their part, concluded that it was reliable on the basis of the banks' own reputations.
Satellite observations of atmospheric methane and their value for quantifying methane emissions

Methane is a greenhouse gas emitted by a range of natural and anthropogenic sources. Atmospheric methane has been measured continuously from space since 2003, and new instruments are planned for launch in the near future that will greatly expand the capabilities of space-based observations. We review the value of current, future, and proposed satellite observations to better quantify and understand methane emissions through inverse analyses, from the global scale down to the scale of point sources and in combination with suborbital (surface and aircraft) data. Current global observations from Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) are of high quality but have sparse spatial coverage. They can quantify methane emissions on a regional scale (100–1000 km) through multiyear averaging. The Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), to be launched in 2017, is expected to quantify daily emissions on the regional scale and will also effectively detect large point sources. A different observing strategy by GHGSat (launched in June 2016) is to target limited viewing domains with very fine pixel resolution in order to detect a wide range of methane point sources. Geostationary observation of methane, still in the proposal stage, will have the unique capability of mapping source regions with high resolution, detecting transient "super-emitter" point sources and resolving diurnal variation of emissions from sources such as wetlands and manure. Exploiting these rapidly expanding satellite measurement capabilities to quantify methane emissions requires a parallel effort to construct high-quality spatially and sectorally resolved emission inventories. Partnership between top-down inverse analyses of atmospheric data and bottom-up construction of emission inventories is crucial to better understanding methane emission processes and subsequently informing climate policy.
Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness

ABSTRACT Individuals with psychosocial problems such as social phobia or feelings of loneliness might be vulnerable to excessive use of cyber-technological devices, such as smartphones. We aimed to determine the relationship of smartphone addiction with social phobia and loneliness in a sample of university students in Istanbul, Turkey. Three hundred and sixty-seven students who owned smartphones were given the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS). A significant difference was found in the mean SAS scores (p < .001) between users who declared that their main purpose for smartphone use was to access social networking sites. The BSPS scores showed positive correlations with all six subscales and with the total SAS scores. The total UCLA-LS scores were positively correlated with daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, cyber-oriented relationship, and total scores on the SAS. In regression analyses, total BSPS scores were significant predictors for SAS total scores (β = 0.313, t = 5.992, p < .001). In addition, BSPS scores were significant predictors for all six SAS subscales, whereas UCLA-LS scores were significant predictors for only cyber-oriented relationship subscale scores on the SAS (β = 0.130, t = 2.416, p < .05). The results of this study indicate that social phobia was associated with the risk for smartphone addiction in young people. Younger individuals who primarily use their smartphones to access social networking sites also have an excessive pattern of smartphone use.
Developmental catch-up, and deficit, following adoption after severe global early privation. English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team.

The extent of developmental deficit and catch-up following adoption after severe global early privation was examined at 4 years in a sample of 111 Romanian children who came to the U.K. before the age of 2 years, and compared with respect to their functioning at the same age to a sample of 52 U.K. adopted children placed before the age of 6 months. The measures at 4 years included height, head circumference, and general cognitive level (assessed on both the McCarthy and Denver Scales). The children from Romania were severely developmentally impaired at the time of U.K. entry, with about half below the third percentile on height, on weight, on head circumference, and on developmental quotient. Many were also in a poor physical state with recurrent intestinal and respiratory infections. The catch-up in both physical growth and cognitive level appeared nearly complete at 4 years for those children who came to the U.K. before the age of 6 months, despite the fact that their background prior to U.K. entry was similar to the children who came to the U.K. when older. The developmental catch-up was also impressive, but not complete, in those placed after 6 months of age. The mean McCarthy General Cognitive Index was 92 compared with 109 for the within-U.K. adoptees. The strongest predictor of level of cognitive functioning at 4 years was the children's age at entry to the U.K. It was concluded that the remaining cognitive deficit was likely to be a consequence of gross early privation, with psychological privation probably more important than nutritional privation. A further follow-up at age 6 years will determine whether there is continuing recovery after 4 years.
through Stimulation of Innate Immunity Encephalomyelitis and Can Be Activated against Experimental Autoimmune Autoreactive T Cells Persist in Rats Protected

Lewis rats can be rendered unresponsive to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP), or MBP68–86, the dominant encephalitogenic MBP epitope for this strain, administered in IFA. However, protected rats harbor potentially encephalitogenic T cells, which are maintained in an inactive state. We investigated whether these quiescent effector cells could be activated in vitro. Although these T cells respond poorly to MBP68–86, they proliferate vigorously whether cocultured with MBP68–86 and either IL-2 or IL-12, suggesting that the T cells are in a state of anergy. Moreover, we could activate these anergic T cells with peptide and cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) oligonucleotide, but not control oligonucleotide, suggesting that products of the innate immune response are capable of activating anergic autoreactive T cells. The activated T cells produced the proinﬂammatory cytokine, IFN- (cid:1) in response to IL-12, and IL-6 was secreted in response to CpG oligonucleotide. IL-6 has been reported to play a role in T cell activation by blocking T regulatory/suppressor (Treg) cell-mediated suppression through a Toll-like receptor-dependent pathway. However, anti-IL-6 mAb did not block CpG activation of the anergized cells. In contrast, anti-TGF- (cid:2) 1 Ab released the unresponsive T cells from the anergic state in the presence of MBP68–86, whereas TGF- (cid:2) 1 inhibited proliferation of MBP68–86- plus CpG-activated T cells. Because TGF- (cid:2) 1 has previously been impli-cated in Treg activity, this ﬁnding is consistent with a role for Treg cells in maintaining autoreactive T cells in the anergic
Stigmatizing attitudes in nurses towards people with mental illness: a cross-sectional study in primary settings in Finland.

UNLABELLED WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? : Stigma related to mental illnesses is a great burden on societies globally. Factors associated with nurses' attitudes towards people with mental illness in health-care settings are discrepant. Stigmatized attitudes among staff members towards patients with mental illness have widely been studied in various specialized health care contexts, but less often in primary health-care settings. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE? : Nurses' attitudes towards people with mental illness in general were positive in primary care health settings. Younger nurses expressed feeling afraid of mentally ill patients. They not only lacked a feeling of safety around these patients but were also often of the opinion that people with mental illness should be segregated from the general population. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE? : Systematic and continuous mental health on-the-job training for primary care nurses is recommended to strengthen the positive attitudes of young nurses towards patients. Young nurses especially should be prevented from developing stigmatized attitudes towards patients with mental problems and to ensure a skilled workforce for the future in this demanding area of health care. ABSTRACT Introduction Despite the development of mental health services in many countries, nurses working in different health care specialties may still have concerns and negative attitudes towards people with mental illness. Aim To describe nurses' attitudes towards people with mental illness and examine factors associated with their attitudes in primary care health centres. Method The data were collected from nursing staff (N = 264, response rate 84%) in 15 primary care health centres in two Finnish cities (spring 2014) with a self-report questionnaire (Attribution Questionnaire-27, Corrigan 2003) and analysed by descriptive statistics and multiway covariance analysis. Results Nurses' attitudes towards people with mental illness were generally positive. The nurses mostly reported willingness to help and feelings of concern and sympathy towards these patients. However, younger nurses or those without additional mental health training expressed a fear of patients. Discussion Special attention should be paid to nursing education and on-the-job training to prevent young nurses from developing stigmatized attitudes towards patients. Implications for practice Higher confidence in nursing staff could ensure a skilled work force in areas of mental health in the future, prevent young nurses from developing a fear of patients at work and support positive attitudes towards patients with mental problems.
AMS in a cold climate: The scottish parliament in practice

The process of devolution in the UK has already provided an abundance of riches for psephologists. A range of new elections to examine ‐ all with different electoral systems ‐ was almost too good to be true. Now that the legislatures are up and running, attention can turn to how the institutions function in practice ‐ and what this can tell us about the way PR works in practice in the UK. Based on roll call data and a survey of Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), this article shows that there are no substantial differences between the behaviour of the parliamentary parties at Westminster and in Scotland. Cohesion is roughly the same, and ‐ outside of the formal coalition ‐ there is little evidence of consensual voting. But there do appear to be differences between the different types of MSPs, with those elected for single‐member constituencies being more constituency orientated.
Cluster‐based global firms' use of local capabilities

Purpose – Despite growing interest in clusters role for the global competitiveness of firms, there has been little research into how globalization affects cluster‐based firms' (CBFs) use of local knowledge resources and the combination of local and global knowledge used. Using the cluster's knowledge base as a mediating variable, the purpose of this paper is to examine how globalization affected the studied firms' use of local cluster‐based knowledge, integration of local and global knowledge, and networking capabilities.Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative case studies of nine firms in three clusters strongly affected by increasing global division of labour.Findings – The paper suggests that globalization has affected how firms use local resources and combine local and global knowledge. Unexpectedly, clustered firms with explicit procedures and established global fora for exchanging knowledge were highly active in local knowledge use, whereas CBFs characterized by a more implicit knowledge base did .
Why has Europe not co-ordinated its fiscal policies?

Traditionally, economic policy co-operation in Europe has taken the form of setting common rules rather than taking discretionary action. This picture did not change in the 1980s. Despite high unemployment and decelerating inflation, the EEC countries refrained from any co-ordinated expansionary fiscal policy. One reason for this may have been the surprisingly divergent views held by the policymakers of the four major economics on how such policies operated. While expansionary fiscal stances were universally condemned, the reasons given diverged widely. More important, however, than such intellectual confusion, was a common political determination to reduce public debts and public expenditure, diminish the role of the welfare state and restore the power of market forces.
Performance analysis of downlink multiuser MIMO with Wiener precoding

In this paper we investigate the performance of downlink transmission in multiuser MIMO system with linear precoding. Specifically, we perform diversity analysis of MIMO systems that use block-diagonalization and Wiener precoding. It is known that MMSE equalizers and their counterpart Wiener precoding induce a complicated diversity-rate tradeoff that is function of the number of antennas and the operating spectral efficiency in the case of single user. In this paper we provide the diversity-rate tradeoff when Wiener precoding is used in downlink MIMO multiuser system. Block diagonalization, a common precoding technique that was proposed for downlink MIMO, is also analyzed under MMSE equalization and Wiener precoding. It is shown that block diagonalization does not improve the per-user diversity that is obtained in the case of Wiener precoding. The maximum per-user diversity achieved by Wiener precoding is (M-(N-Nk) Nk, where M is the number of transmit antennas, Nk is the number of receive antennas for user k, and N = ΣkNk.
Media Relations in Sport

Mass Communication -- The Process of Sport Information The Print Media -- The Original Model of Sport Information The Broadcast Media -- The Most Powerful Sports Information Providers Sports Information Specialists -- Sport Organisation Managers of Information and Entertainment News Releases -- The Sports Journalist's Lifeline Managed News Events -- News Conferences and Media Days Media Brochures -- Mirror Images of Sports Programs Interviews -- From Personal to Pack Journalism Game Management -- Press-Box and Press-Table Operations Special Events -- From Awards Banquets to National Tournaments The Publicity Campaign -- The Making of an All-American Public Relations Dilemmas -- Under the Media Microscope Law and Ethics -- Playing by the Rules The Future -- The Impact of Media and Technology.
Heritability estimates for meat quality traits in a male broiler line.

INTRODUCTION Brazilian broiler production is the industry that has had a very large progress in the last few decades. In the last five years, broiler production in Brazil grew more than 41%, reaching close to 9.3 million ton in 2005 (Avisite, 2006). It represents 45.3% of the total amount of meat produced in Brazil and close to 12% of the total broiler produced in the world. This evolution, in Brazil and worldwide, resulted not only from number of producers and their size, but mainly due to the intense selection process realized since the beginning of the use of breed crosses in broilers. However, the selection for economic traits might be induced several changes in broiler meat quality (Dransfield and Sosnicki, 1999). According to Sams (1999) and to Solomon et al. (1998), broiler meat quality is influenced by several factors, however, mainly by genetics. According to Campos and Pereira (1999), animal breeding might search for chicken compatible with market exigencies, so, in this context, the estimation of heritabilities for such traits are primordial to the establishment of strategies to be used in breeding programs. With the study of this parameter, the evaluation of response to selection for a trait becomes possible.
Forced Relocation in France: How Residential Trajectories Affect Individual Experiences

In France, an urban renewal programme was launched in 2003 with the aim of boosting social mix by diversifying housing in disadvantaged neighbourhoods known as ‘Sensitive Urban Zones’. Drawing on 121 qualitative interviews conducted in seven neighbourhoods in the Paris region, this article focuses on relocation processes triggered by the demolition of social housing. How are these socio-residential changes experienced by those actually being relocated? To answer this question, the paper shows how an analysis of long-term residential trajectories can highlight and nuance the experiences of relocatees. Three broad types of trajectories are defined as an analytical framework for a comprehensive approach of the meaning of relocation and opportunity held by households. It shows how forced relocation can either be a positive step in residential trajectories or merely an adaptation in terms of housing, whether or not the inhabitants actually stay in their neighbourhood or leave it.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and impairments on neuropsychological, tests of attention have been documented in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). To date, there has been a lack of research comparing attention in adults with ASD and adults with ADHD. In study 1, 31 adults with ASD and average intellectual function completed self‐report measures of ADHD symptoms. These were compared with self‐report measures of ADHD symptoms in 38 adults with ADHD and 29 general population controls. In study 2, 28 adults with a diagnosis of ASD were compared with an age‐ and intelligence quotient‐matched sample of 28 adults with ADHD across a range of measures of attention. Study 1 showed that 36.7% of adults with ASD met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‐IV criteria for current ADHD “caseness” (Barkley Current self‐report scores questionnaire). Those with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified were most likely to describe ADHD symptoms. The ASD group differed significantly from both the ADHD and control groups on total and individual symptom self‐report scores. On neuropsychological testing, adults with ASD and ADHD showed comparable performance on tests of selective attention. Significant group differences were seen on measures of attentional switching; adults with ADHD were significantly faster and more inaccurate, and individuals with Asperger's syndrome showed a significantly slower and more accurate response style. Self‐reported rates of ADHD among adults with ASD are significantly higher than in the general adult population and may be underdiagnosed. Adults with ASD have attentional difficulties on some neuropsychological measures. Autism Res 2013, ●●: ●●–●●. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Causative Alternation

This article discusses the transitivity alternation between lexical causative verbs and their anticausative (inchoative) counterparts. It provides an overview of the semantic, syntactic and morphological properties of verbs undergoing the causative alternation, thereby identifying their cross-linguistically stable core as well as the areas of variation among languages. The main theoretical lines of analysis proposed in the literature are introduced by an exemplary discussion of accounts within lexical and syntactic frameworks of word formation. The article serves as an introduction to the research on the causative alternation as it presents important results achieved in the earlier literature, but also touches upon more recent findings and their theoretical interpretation. Finally, it addresses the aspects that still await a conclusive analysis.
Further Notes on Operationalizing Some Variables Related to Regional Integration

Barrera and Haas suggest as an operational indicator of the "relative size or power of units" entering an economic integration scheme the adjusted mean deviation in the total gross national products of the member states. Without disputing its utility as a measure of the heterogeneity of distribution of a single indicator-and conceding its accordance with the subjective panel ratings of the same phenomenon2-I believe a more valid indicator can be devised.