Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cell numbers during cleavage of the zebra fish egg.

This paper reports a study of the timing of early cleavage divisions in the zebra fish and of the changes that occur during cleavage in cell size and number. The eggs of the zebra fish Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan) were used in these studies. Roosen-Runge (1936, 1938, 1939), Marrable (1959, 1962a) and others have described various aspects of the biology of this fish when maintained in the laboratory. It is a freshwater tropical teleost, the females laying nonsticky, non-pigmented demersal eggs which undergo a regular and predictable pattern of cleavage; fertilization is external and the diameter of the spheroidal chorion enclosing each egg is about 800 μ. Breeding is normally promiscuous but when monogamy is imposed hundreds of fertile eggs can be obtained. Development is rapid: at 27·25±0·5°C. the first cleavage is 30 min. after fertilization; there are 32 cells after 90 min. and gastrulation takes place after about 4 hr.
Application of the evidence procedure to the estimation of the number of paths in wireless channels

This paper addresses application of the Bayesian evidence procedure to the analysis of wireless channels. We use relevance vector machines, a kernel-based technique to locally maximize evidence that turns out to be promising in the context of the wireless channel estimation. This approach not only allows to estimate channel parameters, but also provides a tool to assess the number of multipath components. We show that in the case of channel sounding using a pulse-compression technique, it is possible to design an optimal kernel, as well as to estimate parameters of the additive noise and base on it a thresholding level to implement model order estimation. The applicability of the proposed scheme is demonstrated with synthetic as well as real channel measurements.
Bacteria utilizing plant‐derived carbon in the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum change in different depths of an arable soil

Root exudates shape microbial communities at the plant-soil interface. Here we compared bacterial communities that utilize plant-derived carbon in the rhizosphere of wheat in different soil depths, including topsoil, as well as two subsoil layers up to 1 m depth. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse using soil monoliths with intact soil structure taken from an agricultural field. To identify bacteria utilizing plant-derived carbon, 13 C-CO2 labelling of plants was performed for two weeks at the EC50 stage, followed by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation of extracted DNA from the rhizosphere combined with 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing. Our findings suggest substantially different bacterial key players and interaction mechanisms between plants and bacteria utilizing plant-derived carbon in the rhizosphere of subsoils and topsoil. Among the three soil depths, clear differences were found in 13 C enrichment pattern across abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Whereas, OTUs linked to Proteobacteria were enriched in 13 C mainly in the topsoil, in both subsoil layers OTUs related to Cohnella, Paenibacillus, Flavobacterium showed a clear 13 C signal, indicating an important, so far overseen role of Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes in the subsoil rhizosphere.
Tutorial overviewCategorial grammar

The paper is a review article comparing a number of approaches to natural language syntax and semantics that have been developed using categorial frameworks. It distinguishes two related but distinct varieties of categorial theory, one related to Natural Deduction systems and the axiomatic calculi of Lambek, and another which involves more specialized combinatory operations. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-92-52. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn. edu/cis_reports/466
Complexity in linearly coupled dynamical networks: Some unusual phenomena in energy accumulation

This paper addresses the energy accumulation problem, in terms of the $H_2$ norm, of linearly coupled dynamical networks. An interesting outer-coupling relationship is constructed, under which the $H_2$ norm of the newly constructed network with column-input and row-output shaped matrices increases exponentially fast with the node number $N$: it increases generally much faster than $2^N$ when $N$ is large while the $H_2$ norm of each node is 1. However, the $H_2$ norm of the network with a diffusive coupling is equal to $\gamma_2 N$, i.e., increasing linearly, when the network is stable, where $\gamma_2$ is the $H_2$ norm of a single node. And the $H_2$ norm of the network with antisymmetrical coupling also increases, but rather slowly, with the node number $N$. Other networks with block-diagonal-input and block-diagonal-output matrices behave similarly. It demonstrates that the changes of $H_2$ norms in different networks are very complicated, despite the fact that the networks are linear. Finally, the influence of the $H_2$ norm of the locally linearized network on the output of a network with Lur'e nodes is discussed.
A derivation system and compositional logic for security protocols

Many authentication and key exchange protocols are built using an accepted set of standard concepts such as Diffie-Hellman key exchange, nonces to avoid replay, certificates from an accepted authority, and encrypted or signed messages. We propose a general framework for deriving security protocols from simple components, using composition, refinements, and transformations. AS a case study, we examine the structure of a family of key exchange protocols that includes Station-TO-Station (STS), ISO-9798-3, Just Fast Keying (JFK), IKE and related protocols, derving all members of the family from two basic protocols, In order to associate formal proofs with protocol derivations, we extend our previous security protocol logic with preconditions, temporal assertions, composition rules, and Several other improvements. Using the logic, which we prove is sound with respect to the standard symbolic model of protocol execution and attack (the "Dolev-Yao model"), the security properties of the standard signature based Challange- Response protocol and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol are estabilished. The ISO-9798-3 protocol is then proved correct by composing the correctness proofs of these two simple protocols Although our current formal logic is not sufficient to modulary prove security for all of our current protocol derivations. the derivation system provides a framework for further improvements.
Model Theory with Applications to Algebra and Analysis: Differential algebra and generalizations of Grothendieck's conjecture on the arithmetic of linear differential equations

We prove that a nonlinear version of the Grothendieck-Katz conjecture (essentially in the form given by Ekhedahl, Shepherd-Barron and Taylor) is equivalent to the original Grothendieck-Katz conjecture together with a certain differential algebraic geometric/model-theoretic statement: a type over C(t) with “p-curvature 0 for almost all p” is nonorthogonal to the constants.
Refractive lenticule re-implantation after myopic ReLEx: a feasibility study of stromal restoration after refractive surgery in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE To investigate the potential of refractive lenticule (RL) storage and re-implantation in vivo as a method for reversing RL extraction (ReLEx) and restoring corneal stromal volume. METHODS ReLEx [-6.00 diopter (D) correction] was performed on six New Zealand White rabbits in one eye. Each extracted RL was tagged and orientated before storage at -80°C for 28 days. Each RL was then re-implanted autologously in the correct orientation after flap relifting. All animals were monitored for 28 days before being euthanized for immunohistochemical analysis. Unoperated fellow eyes were used as controls. All animals had regular pre- and postoperative slit lamp photography, in vivo confocal microscopy, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), keratometry, and topography. RESULTS No intra-operative complications occurred and RL re-implantation was performed without complication. A mild intrastromal haziness was noted on day 3 after re-implantation (corneal haze grade: 2.20 ± 0.45), but corneas were clear on day 28 (0.20 ± 0.27). RL re-implantation restored central corneal thickness, and keratometric and topographic indices to near pre-operative values. Wound healing processes, marked by fibronectin and tenascin, and a few inflammatory cells were present along the re-implanted lenticular interfaces. No myofibroblasts formation, and Ki67- and TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the corneal stroma on postoperative day 28. CONCLUSIONS RL storage and re-implantation is a feasible technique for restoring stromal volume after myopic ReLEx, and may provide a method for restoring tissue in ectatic corneas, or provide an opportunity for further refractive surgery and presbyopic treatment.
Genetic Alterations That Inhibit In Vivo Pressure-Overload Hypertrophy Prevent Cardiac Dysfunction Despite Increased Wall Stress

Background—A long-standing hypothesis has been that hypertrophy is compensatory and by normalizing wall stress acts to maintain normal cardiac function. Epidemiological data, however, have shown that cardiac hypertrophy is associated with increased mortality, thus casting doubt on the validity of this hypothesis. Methods and Results—To determine whether cardiac hypertrophy is necessary to preserve cardiac function, we used 2 genetically altered mouse models that have an attenuated hypertrophic response to 8 weeks of pressure overload. End-systolic wall stress (&sfgr;es) obtained by sonomicrometry after 1 week of pressure overload showed complete normalization of &sfgr;es in pressure-overloaded wild-type mice (287±39 versus sham, 254±34 g/cm2), whereas the blunted hypertrophic response in the transgenic mice was inadequate to normalize &sfgr;es (415±81 g/cm2, P <0.05). Remarkably, despite inadequate normalization of &sfgr;es, cardiac function as measured by serial echocardiography showed little deterioration in either of the pressure-overloaded genetic models with blunted hypertrophy. In contrast, wild-type mice with similar pressure overload showed a significant increase in chamber dimensions and progressive deterioration in cardiac function. Analysis of downstream signaling pathways in the late stages of pressure overload suggests that phosphoinositide 3-kinase may play a pivotal role in the transition from hypertrophy to heart failure. Conclusions—These data suggest that under conditions of pressure overload, the development of cardiac hypertrophy and normalization of wall stress may not be necessary to preserve cardiac function, as previously hypothesized.
UV and pigmentation: molecular mechanisms and social controversies

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an essential risk factor for the development of premalignant skin lesions as well as of melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer. UVR exerts many effects on the skin, including tanning, carcinogenesis, immunomodulation, and production of vitamin D. Vitamin D (vit D) is important in the maintenance of healthy bones as well as other purported beneficial effects, amongst which is the potential for reducing risk of malignancy—though oral supplementation is fully capable of maintaining systemic levels. The known medical harm from UV exposure relates primarily to cancer of the skin—the most common organ in man to be affected by cancer. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the ultraviolet (UV) response in regards to inflammation, immunosuppression, carcinogenesis and the tanning response. We also discuss vit D and UV, as well as public health implications of tanning behavior and commercial interests related to the promotion of UV exposure. As the most ubiquitous human carcinogen, UVR exposure represents both a challenge and enormous opportunity in the realm of skin cancer prevention.
Risk-sensitive and robust control of discrete time hybrid systems

In this paper we study systems that are subject to sudden structural changes due to either changes in the operational mode of the system or due to failure. We consider linear dynamical systems that depend on a modal variable which is either modeled as a finite state Markov chain or generated by an automaton that is subject to an external disturbance. In the Markov chain case the objective of the control is to minimize a risk sensitive cost functional. The risk sensitive cost functional measures the risk sensitivity of the system to transitions caused by the random modal variable. In the case when a disturbed automaton describes the modal variable, the objective of the control is to make the system as robust to changes in the external disturbance as possible. Optimality conditions for both problems are derived and it is shown that the disturbance rejection problem is closely related to a certain risk sensitive control problem for the hybrid system.
A Comparative study of Classifiers Performance forGender Classification

-Reviewer gender classification is an important function of Sentiment Analysis system. Both supervised and unsupervised approach may be applied for gender classification. In this paper we used supervised machine learning approach. We use three different classifiers, namely Naive Bayes Classifier, Maximum Entropy Classifier and Decision Tree Classifier respectively. We trained all classifiers using same training set and same feature function. Then we test the Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-measure of all test cases using same test set. Finally, we make an comparative study about performance of this classifiers. KEYWORDS: naive bayes classifier; maxent classifier; decision tree classifier; text classification; gender classification; classifier
Utility-based plan recognition: an extended abstract

Plan recognition is the process of inferring other agents' plans and goals based on their observable actions. Essentially all previous work in plan recognition has focused on the recognition process itself, with no regard to the use of the information in the recognizing agent. As a result, low-likelihood recognition hypotheses that may imply significant meaning to the observer, are ignored in existing work. In this paper, we present novel efficient algorithms that allows the observer to incorporate her own biases and preferences---in the form of a utility function---into the plan recognition process. This allows choosing recognition hypotheses based on their expected utility to the observer. We call this Utility-based Plan Recognition (UPR). We briefly discuss a hybrid symbolic decision-theoretic plan recognizer, and demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in an example.
Optimal Synthesis of Fanoutfree Functions Optimal Synthesis of Fanoutfree Functions

The problem of provable optimal synthesis of boolean functions for a given technology is still unsolved. In this paper we study the problem for the small class of fanoutfree functions. Every fanoutfree function can be uniquely represented by a Normal AND-OR-Tree. Based on this representation, we introduce algorithms for provable optimal synthesis of any n-input fanoutfree function over a given library of gates implementing the functions AND, OR, NAND and NOR with 2 : : :m inputs. The synthesis yields a complete time-area tradeoo of the optimal fanoutfree implementations of the function. Since in worst case our algorithms have exponential run time, we show their feasibility on realistic examples of fanout free zones of circuits. Finally, ideas are outlined for the the integration of complex gates into the synthesis process.
Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting cognitive, language, and social functioning. Although language and social communication abnormalities are characteristic, prior structural imaging studies have not examined language‐related cortex in autistic and control subjects. Subjects included 16 boys with autism (aged 7–11 years), with nonverbal IQ greater than 80, and 15 age‐ and handedness‐matched controls. Magnetic resonance brain images were segmented into gray and white matter; cerebral cortex was parcellated into 48 gyral‐based divisions per hemisphere. Asymmetry was assessed a priori in language‐related inferior lateral frontal and posterior superior temporal regions and assessed post hoc in all regions to determine specificity of asymmetry abnormalities. Boys with autism had significant asymmetry reversal in frontal language‐related cortex: 27% larger on the right in autism and 17% larger on the left in controls. Only one additional region had significant asymmetry differences on post hoc analysis: posterior temporal fusiform gyrus (more left‐sided in autism), whereas adjacent fusiform gyrus and temporooccipital inferior temporal gyrus both approached significance (more right‐sided in autism). These inferior temporal regions are involved in visual face processing. In boys with autism, language and social/face processing–related regions displayed abnormal asymmetry. These structural abnormalities may relate to language and social disturbances observed in autism.
Isolation of Capsid Protein Dimers from the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Flavivirus and In Vitro Assembly of Capsid-Like Particles

ABSTRACT Flaviviruses have a spherical capsid that is composed of multiple copies of a single capsid protein and, in contrast to the viral envelope, apparently does not have an icosahedral structure. So far, attempts to isolate distinct particulate capsids and soluble forms of the capsid protein from purified virions as well as to assemble capsid-like particles in vitro have been largely unsuccessful. Here we describe the isolation of nucleocapsids from tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and their disintegration into a capsid protein dimer by high-salt treatment. Purified capsid protein dimers could be assembled in vitro into capsid-like particles when combined with in vitro transcribed viral RNA. Particulate structures could also be obtained when single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides were used. These data suggest that the dimeric capsid protein functions as a basic building block in the assembly process of flaviviruses.
Reducing state loss for effective trace sampling of superscalar processors

There is a wealth of technological alternatives that can be incorporated into a processor design. These include reservation station designs, functional unit duplication, and processor branch handling strategies. The performance of a given design is measured through the execution of application programs and other workloads. Presently, trace driven simulation is the most popular method of processor performance analysis in the development stage of system design. Current techniques of trace driven simulation, however, are extremely slow and expensive. A fast and accurate method for statistical trace sampling of superscalar processors is proposed.
Detection of Leukemia in microscopic images using image processing

Leukemia occurs when lot of abnormal white blood cells produced by the bone marrow. Hematologist makes use of microscopic study of human blood, which leads to need of methods, including microscopic color imaging, segmentation, classification and clustering that can allow identification of patients suffering from Leukemia. The microscopic images will be inspected visually by hematologists and the process is time consuming and tiring. The automatic image processing system is urgently needed and can overcome related constraints in visual inspection. The proposed system will be on microscopic images to detect Leukemia. The early and fast identification of Leukemia greatly aids in providing the appropriate treatment. Initial segmentation is done using Statistical parameters such as mean, standard deviation which segregates white blood cells from other blood components i.e. erythrocytes and platelets. Geometrical features such as area, perimeter of the white blood cell nucleusis investigated for diagnostic prediction of Leukemia. The proposed method is successfully applied to a large number of images, showing promising results for varying image quality. Different image processing algorithms such as Image Enhancement, Thresholding, Mathematical morphology and Labelling are implemented using LabVIEW and MATLAB.
Identifying Argument Components through TextRank

In this paper we examine the application of an unsupervised extractive summarisation algorithm, TextRank, on a different task, the identification of argumentative components. Our main motivation is to examine whether there is any potential overlap between extractive summarisation and argument mining, and whether approaches used in summarisation (which typically model a document as a whole) can have a positive effect on tasks of argument mining. Evaluation has been performed on two corpora containing user posts from an on-line debating forum and persuasive essays. Evaluation results suggest that graph-based approaches and approaches targeting extractive summarisation can have a positive effect on tasks related to argument mining.
Effects of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers on dentin permeability in root surfaces: a preliminary in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE This in vitro study evaluated the effects of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers on reducing dentin permeability by sealing opened tubules. BACKGROUND DATA According to hydrodynamic theory, dentine hypersensitivity occurs when dentin is exposed with tubules opened. Consequently, a painful sensation occurs due to an intensification of the dentinal permeability. Treatment, therefore, should be based on a decrease of this permeability, achieved by the obliteration of dentinal tubules. The Nd:YAG laser is known for its capacity to seal dentinal tubules; however, few studies concerning treatment with Er:YAG laser are available. METHODS The Nd:YAG laser was used, based on two parameters: (A) 1.0 W, 10 Hz, and (B) 1.5 W, 15 Hz. The Er:YAG laser was used at 60 mJ, 2 Hz, four applications of 20 sec each, at 6 mm from the surface. After irradiation, all samples were immersed in 1% Rodamine B dye solution, in order to evaluate the penetration of the dye solution and observe the decrease/increase of dentinal permeability after the laser treatment. RESULTS The laser conditions used in the present study decreased the permeability as follows: (a) when using the Er:YAG laser at 60 mJ, 2 Hz in 26.05%, and (b) when using the Nd:YAG laser at 1.5 W, 15 Hz in 19.03%--with no statistical difference between them. Additionally, the Nd:YAG laser at 1.0 W, 10 Hz, decreased permeability in 4.59%, with a smaller effect. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this in vitro study, the Er:YAG laser at 60 mJ, 2 Hz, and the Nd:YAG laser at 1.5 W, 15 Hz are useful for decreasing dentin permeability.