Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recognition and Deterrence of SQL injection attacks in database using web service

A large number of web applications, especially those deployed by companies for e-business operations involve high reliability, efficiency and confidentiality. Such applications are often written in script languages like PHP embedded in HTML, allowing establishing connection to databases, retrieving data, and putting them in the Web. One of the most common in web application attacks is SQL Injection. SQL injection is an attack in which malicious code is inserted into strings that are later passed to an instance of SQL Server for parsing and execution. Any procedure that constructs SQL statements should be reviewed for injection vulnerabilities because SQL Server will execute all syntactically valid queries that it receives. In this paper, an attempt has been made to classify the SQL Injection attacks based on the vulnerabilities in web applications. A brief review of the existing approaches for the detection of SQL injection attack also has been presented. This paper proposes a novel specification-based methodology for the prevention of SQL injection Attacks. The two most important advantages of the new approach against existing analogous mechanisms are that, first, it prevents all forms of SQL injection attacks; second, Current technique does not allow the user to access database directly in database server. The innovative technique “Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique” is to detect and prevent SQLInjection Attacks in database the deployment of this technique is by generating functions of two filtration models that are Active Guard and Service Detector of application scripts additionally allowing seamless integration with currently-deployed systems. We have implemented our approach using . Net platform. Our result shows that we successfully detect the attacker and prevent them to breach the security.
The sublime bridge: anatomy and implications in median nerve entrapment.

OBJECT The sublime bridge is a potential site of entrapment of the median nerve in the forearm. To the authors' knowledge, this structure and its relationship to the median nerve have not been studied. The aim of the present study was to quantitate this structure and elucidate its relationship to the median nerve. METHODS Sixty adult cadaveric forearms underwent dissection of the sublime bridge. Relationships of this structure were observed, and measurements of its anatomy were made. The relationship of the median nerve to the sublime bridge was observed with range of motion about the forearm. RESULTS The sublime bridge was found to be tendinous in the majority (45 [75%]) of specimens and muscular in the remaining forearms (15 [25%]). The maximal mean width of the sublime bridge was 7 cm proximally, and the minimal mean width was 3 cm distally. The mean distance from the medial epicondyle to the apex of the sublime bridge was found to be 8.1 cm. The relation of the median nerve to the bridge was always intimate. On 2 sides (1 left and 1 right) from different male specimens, the median nerve was attached to the deep aspect of the sublime bridge by a strong connective tissue band, thus forming a tunnel on the deep aspect of this structure. With range of motion of the forearm, increased compression of the median nerve by the overlying sublime bridge was seen with extension but no other movement. CONCLUSIONS Based on the authors' study, pronator syndrome is an incorrect term applied to compression of the median nerve at the sublime bridge. This potential site of median nerve compression is distinct and has characteristics that can clinically differentiate it from compression of the median nerve between the heads of the pronator teres. The authors hope that these data will be of use to the surgeon in the evaluation and treatment of patients with proximal median nerve entrapment.
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis

The proper formation and morphogenesis of dendrites is fundamental to the establishment of neural circuits in the brain. Following cell cycle exit and migration, neurons undergo organized stages of dendrite morphogenesis, which include dendritic arbor growth and elaboration followed by retraction and pruning. Although these developmental stages were characterized over a century ago, molecular regulators of dendrite morphogenesis have only recently been defined. In particular, studies in Drosophila and mammalian neurons have identified numerous cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis that include transcriptional regulators, cytoskeletal and motor proteins, secretory and endocytic pathways, cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligases, and components of other signaling cascades. Here, we review cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite patterning and discuss how the characterization of such crucial regulators advances our understanding of normal brain development and pathogenesis of diverse cognitive disorders.
Characterizing the Motor Deficits in Children with Specific Language Impairment

The objective of this dissertation was to characterize the motor deficits in children with specific language impairment (SLI). This research was motivated by the hypothesis that the motor deficits provide a window into the underlying cause of SLI, which is currently unknown. The motor abilities of children with and without SLI were explored through a broad range of tasks across three experimental studies. The first study examined children’s gross, fine, oral motor and speech motor skills. The second study investigated children’s motor sequence planning and execution, adaptation and retention abilities. And the last study explored temporal aspects of the manual communicative gesture productions of children with SLI. The results of these studies revealed that children with SLI had significant difficulties with novel balance, fine limb and speech motor skills. At the processing level, children with SLI exhibited impaired fine motor sequence planning and execution, while adaptation and retention appeared to be unaffected. These procedural measures were also significantly correlated with performance on grammar and vocabulary measures. Finally, the temporal relationship between speech and communicative gesture was comparable between children with and without SLI.
Modeling of Anopheles minimus Mosquito NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase (CYPOR) and Mutagenesis Analysis

Malaria is one of the most dangerous mosquito-borne diseases in many tropical countries, including Thailand. Studies in a deltamethrin resistant strain of Anopheles minimus mosquito, suggest cytochrome P450 enzymes contribute to the detoxification of pyrethroid insecticides. Purified A. minimus CYPOR enzyme (AnCYPOR), which is the redox partner of cytochrome P450s, loses ﬂavin-adenosine di-nucleotide (FAD) and FLAVIN mono-nucleotide (FMN) cofactors that affect its enzyme activity. Replacement of leucine residues at positions 86 and 219 with phenylalanines in FMN binding domain increases FMN binding, enzyme stability, and cytochrome c reduction activity. Membrane-Bound L86F/L219F-AnCYPOR increases A. minimus P450-mediated pyrethroid metabolism in vitro. In this study, we constructed a comparative model structure of AnCYPOR using a rat CYPOR structure as a template. Overall model structure is similar to rat CYPOR, with some prominent differences. Based on primary sequence and structural analysis of rat and A. minimus CYPOR, C427R, W678A, and W678H mutations were generated together with L86F/L219F resulting in three soluble Δ55 triple mutants. The C427R triple AnCYPOR mutant retained a higher amount of FAD binding and increased cytochrome c reduction activity compared to wild-type and L86F/L219F-Δ55AnCYPOR double mutant. However W678A and W678H mutations did not increase FAD and NAD(P)H bindings. The L86F/L219F double and C427R triple membrane-bound AnCYPOR mutants supported benzyloxyresorufin O-deakylation (BROD) mediated by mosquito CYP6AA3 with a two- to three-fold increase in efficiency over wild-type AnCYPOR. The use of rat CYPOR in place of AnCYPOR most efficiently supported CYP6AA3-mediated BROD compared to all AnCYPORs.
In vitro and in vivo characterisation of the OCP-related photoprotective mechanism in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803

Strong light can cause damage and be lethal for photosynthetic organisms. An increase of thermal dissipation of excess absorbed energy at the level of photosynthetic antenna is one of the processes protecting against deleterious effects of light. In cyanobacteria, a soluble photoactive carotenoid binding protein, Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) mediates this process. The photoactivated OCP by interacting with the core of phycobilisome (PB; the major photosynthetic antenna of cyanobacteria) triggers the photoprotective mechanism, which decreases the energy arriving at the reaction centres and PSII fluorescence. The excess energy is dissipated as harmless heat. To regain full PB capacity in low light intensities, theFluorescence Recovery Protein (FRP) is required. FRP accelerates the deactivation of OCP.In this work, I present my input in the understanding of the mechanism underlying the OCPrelated photoprotection. I further characterized the FRP of Synechocystis PCC6803, the model organism in our studies. I established that the Synechocystis FRP is shorter than what it was proposed in Cyanobase and it begins at Met26. Our results also revealed the great importance of a high OCP to FRP ratio for existence of photoprotection. The most remarkable achievement of this thesis is the in vitro reconstitution of the OCPrelated mechanism using isolated OCP, PB and FRP. I demonstrated that light is only needed for OCP photoactivation but OCP binding to PB is light independent. Only the photoactivated OCP is able to bind the PB and quench all its fluorescence. Based on our in vitro experiments we proposed a molecular model of OCP-related photoprotection. The in vitro reconstituted system was applied to examine the importance of a conserved salt bridge (Arg155-Glu244) between the two domains of OCP and showed that this salt bridge stabilises the inactive form of OCP. During photoactivation this salt bridge is broken and Arg155 is involved in the interaction between the OCP and the PB. The site of OCP binding in the core of a PB wasalso investigated with the in vitro reconstituted system. Our results demonstrated that the terminal energy emitters of the PB are not needed and that the first site of fluorescence quenching is an APC trimer emitting at 660 nm. Finally, we characterised the properties of excited states of the carotenoid in the photoactivated OCP showing that one of these states presents a very pronounced charge transfer character that likely has a principal role in energy dissipation. Our results strongly suggested that the OCP not only induces thermal energy dissipation but also acts as the energy dissipator.
Prevalence, Prognosis, and Implications of Isolated Minor Nonspecific ST-Segment and T-Wave Abnormalities in Older Adults: Cardiovascular Health Study

Background— The prevalence and prognostic significance of isolated minor nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities (NSSTTAs) in older adults are poorly understood. Methods and Results— Cardiovascular Health Study participants free of both clinical cardiovascular disease and major ECG abnormalities were included. We examined the prospective association of isolated minor NSSTTAs (defined by Minnesota Codes 4–3, 4–4, 5–3, and 5–4) with total, cardiovascular, and coronary mortality and incident nonfatal myocardial infarction. Among 3224 participants (61.9% women; mean age, 72 years), 233 (7.2%) had isolated NSSTTAs at baseline. Covariates associated with isolated NSSTTAs included older age, nonwhite race (20.5% of blacks versus 4.8% of whites; P<0.001), diabetes, and higher blood pressure and body mass index but not the presence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. After 39 518 person-years of follow-up, the presence of isolated NSSTTAs was associated with significantly increased risk for coronary heart disease mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazards ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.61) but not with incident nonfatal myocardial infarction (multivariable-adjusted hazards ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.17). The association of isolated NSSTTAs with coronary death was independent of subclinical atherosclerosis and left ventricular mass measures. In secondary analyses, among those with cardiac death, there was a significantly higher rate of primary arrhythmic death (32.3% versus 15.4%; P=0.02) in participants with isolated NSSTTAs versus those without NSSTTAs. Conclusions— Isolated NSSTTAs are common in older Americans and are associated with significantly increased risk for coronary death. However, isolated NSSTTAs are not associated with incident nonfatal myocardial infarction, suggesting that they are associated particularly with increased risk for primary arrhythmic death.
Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality.

CONTEXT Growing evidence suggests that nurse staffing affects the quality of care in hospitals, but little is known about whether the educational composition of registered nurses (RNs) in hospitals is related to patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine whether the proportion of hospital RNs educated at the baccalaureate level or higher is associated with risk-adjusted mortality and failure to rescue (deaths in surgical patients with serious complications). DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Cross-sectional analyses of outcomes data for 232 342 general, orthopedic, and vascular surgery patients discharged from 168 nonfederal adult general Pennsylvania hospitals between April 1, 1998, and November 30, 1999, linked to administrative and survey data providing information on educational composition, staffing, and other characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Risk-adjusted patient mortality and failure to rescue within 30 days of admission associated with nurse educational level. RESULTS The proportion of hospital RNs holding a bachelor's degree or higher ranged from 0% to 77% across the hospitals. After adjusting for patient characteristics and hospital structural characteristics (size, teaching status, level of technology), as well as for nurse staffing, nurse experience, and whether the patient's surgeon was board certified, a 10% increase in the proportion of nurses holding a bachelor's degree was associated with a 5% decrease in both the likelihood of patients dying within 30 days of admission and the odds of failure to rescue (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.99 in both cases). CONCLUSION In hospitals with higher proportions of nurses educated at the baccalaureate level or higher, surgical patients experienced lower mortality and failure-to-rescue rates.
Materials for Bioresorbable Radio Frequency Electronics

Materials, device designs and manufacturing approaches are presented for classes of RF electronic components that are capable of complete dissolution in water or biofluids. All individual passive/active components as well as system-level examples such as wireless RF energy harvesting circuits exploit active materials that are biocompatible. The results provide diverse building blocks for physically transient forms of electronics, of particular potential value in bioresorbable medical implants with wireless power transmission and communication capabilities.
Radio, X-Ray, and Extreme-Ultraviolet Coronal Variability of the Short-Period RS Canum Venaticorum Binary σ2 Coronae Borealis

We present the results of a coordinated observing campaign on the short-period (1.14 days) RS CVn binary σ2 Coronae Borealis with the VLA, ASCA, and RXTE. We also discuss earlier observations of the same system obtained by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE). Dramatic coronal variability is present in all of these observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. σ2 CrB undergoes frequent large flares that occur close together in time. Radio flares are unambiguously correlated with X-ray flares; the X-ray flares peak as much as 1.4 hr before the corresponding radio maxima. Response to flares is more rapid in higher energy X-ray bandpasses, signaling an increase in temperature during the course of the flare. Flares are seen more frequently in the harder RXTE bandpass than in simultaneously taken ASCA observations. There is greater contrast between flaring and nonflaring conditions in the RXTE light curve. Complex flaring is seen in the radio at 3 and 6 cm, consistent with optically thin nonthermal gyrosynchrotron emission for most of the duration of the observation. Bursts of left-circularly polarized emission at 20 cm lasting ≤15 minutes appear to be due to a coherent emission process. EUVE spectra reveal coronal material at ne ≤ 1012 cm-3, with no discernible density differences between flaring and quiescent time intervals. Quiescent ASCA spectra show lower than solar photospheric abundances with iron depleted by a factor of 4 from the solar photospheric value. The abundances increase during a large flare observed with ASCA, with iron enhanced to the solar photospheric value during the rise phase of the flare. Two-temperature fits to extracted spectra show a low-temperature quiescent value of 8 MK and a high-temperature component that varies from 22 MK during quiescence to 50 MK at the peak of the flare. Emission measure distributions measured from the ASCA observations are consistent with the temperatures derived from the discrete two-temperature fits and indicate the presence of very hot (>100 MK) plasma during the rise phase of the ASCA flare. Many of the flares observed with EUVE, ASCA, and RXTE show a double exponential decay phase, further highlighting the importance of this phenomenon in diagnosing flaring conditions. We also find that the observed second decay timescale cannot be explained by some of the currently used flare parameterizations.
Psychotropic prescriptions in a sample including both healthy and mood and disruptive disordered preschoolers: relationships to diagnosis, impairment, prescriber type, and assessment methods.

OBJECTIVE Epidemiological data has shown that psychotropic medications are being prescribed to preschoolers at increasing rates. The diagnostic context and functional impairment of these preschoolers remains unknown. This investigation aimed to address these questions in a sample of preschoolers who were either without symptoms (healthy) or with mood and disruptive disorders by assessing them using a structured diagnostic interview and measure of impairment. METHOD Preschoolers aged 3.0 to 5.11 without symptoms and those with symptoms of mood and disruptive disorders were recruited from primary care and daycare sites in the St. Louis area to participate in a psychiatric evaluation that included information about psychotropic prescriptions from community practitioners. RESULTS Seven percent of preschoolers (n = 19) out of a total sample of n = 267 were prescribed psychotropic medications. Fifty-two percent of preschoolers in the total sample met criteria for an Axis I psychiatric disorder. Presence of an Axis I disorder was significantly related to psychotropic prescription (p < 0.01). Among preschoolers who met criteria for an Axis I disorder 12% received psychotropics (Dx/Rx group). The Dx/Rx group was more impaired than those with a diagnosis who were not prescribed psychotropics (p < 0.001). Among preschoolers taking psychotropic medications, two failed to meet criteria for any Axis I disorder. CONCLUSION In this sample, most psychotropic medications were prescribed for impaired preschoolers with an Axis I diagnosis. These findings shed some light on the prescribing trends among mood and disruptive disordered preschoolers.
Novel Technologies for Assessing Dietary Intake: Evaluating the Usability of a Mobile Telephone Food Record Among Adults and Adolescents

Background The development of a mobile telephone food record has the potential to ameliorate much of the burden associated with current methods of dietary assessment. When using the mobile telephone food record, respondents capture an image of their foods and beverages before and after eating. Methods of image analysis and volume estimation allow for automatic identification and volume estimation of foods. To obtain a suitable image, all foods and beverages and a fiducial marker must be included in the image. Objective To evaluate a defined set of skills among adolescents and adults when using the mobile telephone food record to capture images and to compare the perceptions and preferences between adults and adolescents regarding their use of the mobile telephone food record. Methods We recruited 135 volunteers (78 adolescents, 57 adults) to use the mobile telephone food record for one or two meals under controlled conditions. Volunteers received instruction for using the mobile telephone food record prior to their first meal, captured images of foods and beverages before and after eating, and participated in a feedback session. We used chi-square for comparisons of the set of skills, preferences, and perceptions between the adults and adolescents, and McNemar test for comparisons within the adolescents and adults. Results Adults were more likely than adolescents to include all foods and beverages in the before and after images, but both age groups had difficulty including the entire fiducial marker. Compared with adolescents, significantly more adults had to capture more than one image before (38% vs 58%, P = .03) and after (25% vs 50%, P = .008) meal session 1 to obtain a suitable image. Despite being less efficient when using the mobile telephone food record, adults were more likely than adolescents to perceive remembering to capture images as easy (P < .001). Conclusions A majority of both age groups were able to follow the defined set of skills; however, adults were less efficient when using the mobile telephone food record. Additional interactive training will likely be necessary for all users to provide extra practice in capturing images before entering a free-living situation. These results will inform age-specific development of the mobile telephone food record that may translate to a more accurate method of dietary assessment.
Holococcolithophore‐heterococcolithophore (Haptophyta) life cycles: Flow cytometric analysis of relative ploidy levels

Abstract Several coccolithophore species are known to exhibit heteromorphic life cycles. In certain species, notably Emiliania huxleyi, the heterococcolith‐bearing phase alternates with a non‐calcifying stage, whereas in others the heterococcolith‐bearing phase alternates with a holococcolith‐bearing phase. Heterococcolithophore‐holococcolithophore life cycles have previously been observed for only one species in culture, but have also been inferred from an increasing number of observations of combination coccospheres. 18S rDNA sequences from pure cultures of both the heterococcolith‐bearing and holococcolith‐bearing phases of Coccolithus pelagicus were identical, providing an additional indication of their identity as different life cycle stages of the same species. Flow cytometric analyses have been undertaken on SybrGreen‐stained nuclei isolated from pure cultures of the two phases of four coccolithophore species (Coccolithus pelagicus, Calcidiscus leptoporus, Coronosphaera mediterranea and Emiliania huxleyi) in order to determine relative DNA content. Results confirm the hypothesis that holococcolithophore‐heterococcolithophore life cycles are haplo‐diploid in nature. Light microscope observations of the processes of sexual fusion and meiosis are reported for two of the experimental species. The results are discussed in the context of the evolution of bio‐mineralization in the coccolithophores and the possible ubiquity of haplo‐diploidy in the haptophytes.