Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of different cerebral lesions showing restriction on diffusion weighted imaging cases

Background: Diffusion Weighted Images (DWI) is conventionally used to identify acute ischemic lesions. It has now become a routine technique in the magnetic resonance protocols for the evaluation of stroke patients. The objective of the present study was to find the distribution of different cerebral lesions showing restriction on DWI and influence of ADC on them.Methods: This was single blinded prospective study. Evaluating the magnetic resonance imaging was blinded for the clinical data of the patient. This study was done at M.R. I. unit of Department of Radio Diagnosis, C.S. M. Medical University, Lucknow, during a period of one year from August 2008 to July 2009.Total 93 subjects with restricted diffusion with age range of (6 to 95 years) were found. Data were analyzed using statistical software package, STATA 9.2 and the difference was considered to be significant if ‘p’ value was found to be <0.05. Results: Ninety-three cases of diffusion restriction were seen of which 55 of infarcts (37 male and 18 female) with age range of 6 to 95 years. 10 cystic lesions which were showing restriction on DWI with low ADC value were found. Total 12 cases of encephalitis were found showing restriction on DWI. Most of the cases of encephalitis were found to have ADC value between 400 to 800 x 10-6 mm2/s that 75% of total encephalitis cases. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery was superior to T2 sequencing in showing cortical lesions.Conclusions: MRI with DWI and ADC values are helpful in the earlier diagnosis of the encephalitis, infarcts and helpful in better differentiation of infarcts, abscesses and encephalitis in comparison to MRI without DWI and ADC value.
Sensitivity of NOGAPS Forecasts to UAS-like Observations

Abstract : An adjoint-based method is used to calculate the impact of in situ upper-air observations from a data-austere region of high meteorological variability (Almaty, Kazakhstan) on short-range forecast error in the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). During the May 2006 ? July 2007 study period, Almaty Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) ascent and radiosonde observations assimilated at 00 UTC have large beneficial impacts on forecast error reduction when compared to average global AMDAR ascent and radiosonde observation impacts. For Almaty, the average impact of an AMDAR ascent observation is more than twice as beneficial as that of a radiosonde observation in the reduction of forecast error in the global domain. The large beneficial impact of Almaty AMDAR ascent observations offers great promise for the beneficial utilization of weather data from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) deployed in similar environments. Currently, the long-endurance medium-altitude Predator flown by the USAF and others is the most suitable UAS platform available for AMDAR-like surface to mid troposphere atmospheric profiling. The acquisition of both test and in-theater Predator data and the concurrent examination of how such data impacts the accuracy of short-range forecasts in data-sparse regions are ongoing at NRL.
The recreational benefits from an improvement in water quality at Oakwood Lakes and Lake Poinsett, South Dakota.

Excess nutrients from agricultural runoff have led to accelerated algae growth in Oakwood Lakes and Lake Poinsett, South Dakota, resulting in impaired recreational use of the lakes. Partially in response to the algae problem, an agricultural land use improvement program is currently underway to reduce lake nutrients. The travel cost method is used to estimate the recreational benefits from reduced algae growth at the lakes. Total recreational benefits from a reduction in algae growth are estimated to be about $3.5 million annually.
Developing New Ligand Platforms for MRI Contrast Agents

Supervisory Committee Dr. David Berg, Department of Chemistry Supervisor Dr. Fraser Hof, Department of Chemistry Co-Supervisor Dr. Lisa Rosenberg, Department of Chemistry Departmental Member Dr. Stan Dosso, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences Outside Member A series of lanthanide complexes, {[CpCo(P=O(OR)2)3]2Ln(H2O)x}Cl (Ln = Nd, Eu, Tb, Yb; R = Et, Ph), (Kläui)2Ln, were prepared. The related complex {[CpCo(P=O(OPh)2)3]2Yb} [CoCl3(THF)] was crystallographically characterized and the cation in this case was confirmed to be 6-coordinate and solvent free. To determine the Kläui complexes potential as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging agents, ligand exchange rates between the d0and d60-isotopomers of the Kläui lanthanide complexes were determined in acetonitrile by electrospray mass spectrometry. The ligand exchange rate was found to increase by almost 4-orders of magnitude from the smallest (Yb) to largest ion (Nd) in acetonitrile. Additionally, the ligand exchange rate increased rapidly for the Tb complex with increasing water concentration. Changing the phosphite substituent had no significant impact on the rate of ligand exchange for R = Ph relative to R = Et. Modification to the phosphite substituents to decrease ligand exchange was unsuccessful indicating that these ligands were not suitable as MR imaging agents. Oxazoline based ligands are known to complex lanthanide ions, however, most of these complexes undergo rapid ligand exchange when not in water solution. Several novel oxazoline based ligands with increased chelation to stop ligand exchange were designed. During the course of their synthesis it was discovered that these ligands were too unstable to be used in vivo and this ligand set was abandoned for a more stable alternative. iv A series of ligands based on a calix[4]arene scaffold were developed. Through modifications to the upper rim of the calix[4]arene scaffold a mono, di, and tri substituted catechol calix[4]arene were designed. After the mono-catechol tri-sulfonated calix[4]arene was found to decompose in solution the catechol substituent was determined to be too reactive for use as a contrast agent. An upper rim tetra substituted iminodiacetic acid calix[4]arene was synthesized. Upon addition of the lanthanide a coordination polymer was likely forming. Using a dye displacement assay it was found that this ligand was not able to out-compete the dye for metal chelation and would not be suitable for MR use. Using established Suzuki chemistry, DO3A functionality was incorporated onto a tri-sulfonated calix[4]arene scaffold. Using a dye displacement assay it was found that the stability constant KML of this complex was similar to DO3A at pH 8.35. At pH 3.99 it was found that no displacement occurred, most likely due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Deficiency of the Transcriptional Regulator p8 Results in Increased Autophagy and Apoptosis, and Causes Impaired Heart Function

In this study, we investigate a role for p8 in autophagy in vitro and in vivo, by using p8 −/− mice. In both settings, silencing of p8 is associated with basal up-regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. In vivo, the hearts of p8 knockout mice develop features that provoke a decreased left ventricular functionality.
San Joaquin, California, High-Speed Rail Grade Crossing Data Acquisition Characteristics, Methodology, and Risk Assessment

This report discusses data acquisition and analysis for grade crossing risk analysis at the proposed San Joaquin High-Speed Rail Corridor in San Joaquin, California, and documents the data acquisition and analysis methodologies used to collect and analyze grade crossing data and evaluate the effects of each method in the overall risk calculations for the entire corridor. This report describes grade crossing data acquisition techniques from existing Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) inventory data, track charts, site surveys and interviews, and aerial and video surveys. Costs for data acquisition and analysis associated with each method were documented and analyzed to determine their influences on the overall risk assessment for the corridor. Results using FRA’s Accident Prediction Formula indicate that all data acquisition and analysis methods are suitable for evaluating the grade crossing risk at a given corridor.
Mechanical Properties Optimization of Friction Stir Welded Lap Joints in Aluminium Alloy

This work focuses on the influence of the rotational and travel speed on the strength of AA 2024 T3 friction stir welded lap joints. Tensile tests were carried out on minispecimens extracted from different welding zones. A central composite design was applied to identify the relative importance of the variable factors’ effects and their interaction on yield/ultimate strength and elongation for both the heat affected-zone (HAZ) and nugget zone. Surface methods and gradient algorithms were used to optimize the yield strength of the joints. Shear and microhardness tests were executed to achieve a more complete mechanical characterization.
Tyrannosaur Paleobiology: New Research on Ancient Exemplar Organisms

Tyrannosaurs Revisited Tyrannosaurs represent some of the most successful and largest carnivores in Earth's history. An expanding fossil record has allowed studies of their evolution and behavior that now allow broader comparisons with other groups, not just dinosaurs. Brusatte et al. (p. 1481) review the biology and evolutionary history of tyrannosaurs and update their phylogenetic relations to include several new fossils. The analysis suggests that tyrannosaurs remained relatively small (less than about 5 meters long) until the Late Cretaceous (about 80 million years ago). Tyrannosaurs, the group of dinosaurian carnivores that includes Tyrannosaurus rex and its closest relatives, are icons of prehistory. They are also the most intensively studied extinct dinosaurs, and thanks to large sample sizes and an influx of new discoveries, have become ancient exemplar organisms used to study many themes in vertebrate paleontology. A phylogeny that includes recently described species shows that tyrannosaurs originated by the Middle Jurassic but remained mostly small and ecologically marginal until the latest Cretaceous. Anatomical, biomechanical, and histological studies of T. rex and other derived tyrannosaurs show that large tyrannosaurs could not run rapidly, were capable of crushing bite forces, had accelerated growth rates and keen senses, and underwent pronounced changes during ontogeny. The biology and evolutionary history of tyrannosaurs provide a foundation for comparison with other dinosaurs and living organisms.
Evaluation of error and reproducibility of qPCR for absolute quantification of DNA

Absolute quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a method that determines the concentration of DNA in a sample. Accurate, and reproducible quantification is required during forensic DNA processing since the results determine the volume of sample used during STR genotyping. If too little DNA is utilized allelic dropout can occur; if too much DNA is used an increase in the number of artifacts can result. In either case, sub-optimal DNA input-masses can lead to the misinterpretation of the evidentiary profile, by increasing the probability of drop in and/or drop out. Generally, the qPCR method used during forensic DNA processing employs a set of standards, which are run with the questioned samples and used to generate a standard curve. These data are then used to establish a linear equation that is subsequently utilized to estimate the concentration of DNA in the unknown sample. However, standard curves have been shown to be prone to systematic and random error effects that impact the accuracy of the concentration estimate.
Morphological and molecular differentiation of smooth‐hound sharks (Genus Mustelus, Family Triakidae) from the Gulf of California

Summary The genus Mustelus is the most species-rich of the widespread family Triakidae whereby its taxonomy and systematics have been historically challenging. They represent a significant fraction of the shark catches of small-scale fisheries in the Gulf of California. In order to provide information useful for their management and conservation, the morphological and genetic distinction of the four species found in the northern Gulf of California (M. albipinnis, M. californicus, M. henlei and M. lunulatus) were analyzed. Discriminant analysis of 10 morphometric variables placed each species in a distinct and significantly different region of multivariate morpho-space. The variables contributing most to their distinction were inter-nostril width, mouth length, upper and lower labial furrow length, and mouth width. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) of the nuclear ITS2 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) confirmed that each species represents a genetically cohesive and independent evolutionary lineage. In spite of the difficulty in differentiating these Mustelus species, a few cephalic measurements are useful to separate them. A PCR-RFLP assay (using RsaI and MspI on ITS2 rDNA amplicons) is also proposed for the molecular differentiation of these commercially harvested smooth-hound sharks, constituting the first molecular marker available for their identification. These data provide morphological and genetic tools that can be used to improve their management and conservation.
MODELS AND METHODS

An efficient hardware–software co-verification methodology is essential in the design of systems on boards (SOB) and systems on chips (SOC). The increasing complexity of hardware and software makes the challenge of their integration more difficult than ever. This paper addresses the correctness verification of mixed hardware–software systems prior to IC fabrication. It presents the requirements of an efficient verification methodology, the multilevel co-verification approach, and a wide set of co-verification models based on different techniques like co-simulation, in circuit emulation, and hardware emulation. For each model, we present its advantages, its restrictions, and its implementation techniques. Then we study the factors that drive the co-simulation performance and we show how to fairly estimate this performance for different configurations.
Transcriptome Analysis in Banana

DNA sequencing has become an inevitable platform for molecular biological studies. As a rapid and inexpensive method, the nextgeneration sequencing (NGS), offer high throughput through transcriptome profiling system called RNA-Seq . As next-generation sequencing technologies provides deep coverage and at single base-pair resolution, RNA sequencing is preferred as an alternative to wholegenome sequencing as it analyzes only the transcribed portions of the genome.
A Formal Approach to Combining Prospective and Retrospective Security

The major goal of this dissertation is to enhance software security by provably correct enforcement of in-depth policies. In-depth security policies allude to heterogeneous specification of security strategies that are required to be followed before and after sensitive operations. Prospective security is the enforcement of security, or detection of security violations before the execution of sensitive operations, e.g., in authorization, authentication and information flow. Retrospective security refers to security checks after the execution of sensitive operations, which is accomplished through accountability and deterrence. Retrospective security frameworks are built upon auditing in order to provide sufficient evidence to hold users accountable for their actions and potentially support other remediation actions. Correctness and efficiency of audit logs play significant roles in reaching the accountability goals that are required by retrospective, and consequently, in-depth security policies. This dissertation addresses correct audit logging in a formal framework. Leveraging retrospective controls beside the existing prospective measures enhances security in numerous applications. This dissertation focuses on two major application spaces for in-depth enforcement. The first is to enhance prospective security through surveillance and accountability. For example, authorization mechanisms could be improved by guaranteed retrospective checks in environments where there is a high cost of access denial, e.g., healthcare systems. The second application space is the amelioration of potentially flawed prospective measures through retrospective checks. For instance, erroneous implementations of input sanitization methods expose vulnerabilities in taint analysis tools that enforce direct flow of data integrity policies. In this regard, we propose an in-depth enforcement framework to mitigate such problems. We also propose a general semantic notion of explicit flow of information integrity in a high-level language with sanitization. This dissertation studies the ways by which prospective and retrospective security could be enforced uniformly in a provably correct manner to handle security challenges in legacy systems. Provable correctness of our results relies on the formal Programming Languages-based approach that we have taken in order to provide software security assurance. Moreover, this dissertation includes the implementation of such in-depth enforcement mechanisms for a medical records web application. To my parents, Nasrin and Sirous, and the joy of my life, Afsoon
SINGLE-FEED SINGLE-PATCH TRIPLE-BAND SINGLE-BEAM/DUAL-BEAM U-SLOTTED PATCH ANTENNA

A novel single probe-fed, single-layer, and single-patch triple-band microstrip antenna is presented. By incorporating two identical U-slots in the patch whose length is λd instead of 1/2λd in a conventional patch, three operating bands are achieved. Dual-beam radiation pattern is obtained at the upper band, and a single broadside beam radiation pattern is obtained at each of the lower and middle bands. The antenna’s structure is simple. Only by using a single probe-fed point, the impedance matches well at all the three resonant frequencies. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The measured lower, middle, and upper bands are centered at 2.442 GHz, 3.505 GHz, and 5.787 GHz, respectively. The measured gains are 6.2 dBi at 2.442 GHz and 5.5 dBi at 3.505 GHz, respectively. At 5.787 GHz, the measured gains for the dual radiation beams are 8.4 dBi directed at 26◦ and 8.2 dBi directed at −38◦, respectively. The proposed antenna can be a candidate for WLAN 2.4 GHz, WLAN 5.8 GHz, and 3.5 GHz of 5G (the fifth-generation mobile communication) operation.
Comparative Study of Classification Algorithms for Web Usage Mining

— Web usage mining is the process of extracting useful information from server web logs. Information regarding interested web users provides valuable information for web designer to quickly respond to their individual needs. Classification Algorithms can be used for classifying the interested users. In this paper we are analysing the performance of classification algorithms on the bases of some factors like accuracy, precision, session based timing, recall. In section ( I ) and ( III ) introduction about web usage mining is provide. In ( II ) section literature review is provided. In section ( IV ) classification algorithms are discussed and in section ( V ) comparison between these algorithms are analyzed. And lastly section ( VI ) provides conclusion.
Greenhouse gas emissions (CH4, CO2 and N2O) from a newly flooded hydroelectric reservoir in subtropical South Asia : The case of Nam Theun 2 Reservoir, Lao PDR

The identification and accurate quantification of sinks or sources of GHG has become a key challenge for scientists and policy makers groups working on climate change or global warming. The creation of a hydro-reservoir while damming a river for power generation converts the terrestrial ecosystems into aquatic ecosystem and subsequently decomposition of flooded terrestrial soil organic matter stimulates GHG productions and thereby emissions to atmosphere. Tropical or subtropical hydroelectric reservoirs are more significant sources of GHG than boreal or temperate one. The number of hydroelectric reservoirs continues to increase at fast pace specially in the tropical or sub-tropical regions which still hold significant amount of hydropower resources to be exploited. In this context, we study the subtropical hydroelectric Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Reservoir, a complex-structuraldesigned, created on the Nam Theun River in Laos PDR. The main aims of our study are to: (1) Study the GHG dynamics (CH4, N2O and CO2) in the reservoir and in the whole area of influence (downstream and drawdown areas), (2) explore the effectiveness of different methodology (eddy covariance, floating chamber, submerged funnel and thin boundary layer) to assess of GHG emission from a hydroelectric reservoir, (3) determine the environmental controls on the different emission terms; (4) attempt to determine the first net GHG budget of a subtropical hydroelectric reservoir.
Alluvial Landscape Evolution: What Do We Know About Metamorphosis of Gravel‐Bed Meandering and Braided Streams?

This paper is our attempt to synthesize a portion of the vast literature concerning the effects of landscape evolution on channel changes in gravel-bed rivers. More precisely, we try to understand how changes in the boundary conditions of an alluvial plain lead to channel metamorphosis as defined by Schumm in 1969 between two end-member patterns or rivers: highly sinuous meandering and braided.
Crystal structure and conformational flexibility of the unligated FK506-binding protein FKBP12.6

Two crystal forms of unligated FKBP12.6 exhibit multiple conformations in the active site and in the 80s loop, the primary site for known protein-recognition interactions. The previously unreported NMR backbone assignment of FKBP12.6 revealed extensive doubling of amide resonances, which reflects a slow conformational transition centered in the 80s loop.
What Data Should Be Used to Price Options?

In this paper we propose a generic procedure for estimating and pricing options in the context of stochastic volatility models using simultaneously the fundamental price and a set of option contracts. We appraise univariate and multivariate estimation of the model in terms of pricing and hedging performance. Our results, based on the S&P 500 index contract, show that the univariate approach only involving options by and large dominates. A by-product of this finding is that we uncover a remarkably simple volatility extraction filter based on a polynomial lag structure of implied volatilities. The bivariate approach involving both the fundamental and an option appears useful when the information from the cash market provides support via the conditional kurtosis to price options. This is the case for some long-term options. Moreover, having estimated separately the risk-neutral and objective measures allows us to appraise the typical risk-neutral representations used in the literature. Using Heston's (1993) model as example we show that the usual transformation from objective to risk neutral density is not supported by the data. Nous presentons une procedure generique pour l'estimation et l'evaluation de modeles d'options avec volatilite stochastique ou le sousjacent et un ensemble de contrats d'options sont utilises simultanement. Nos resultats demontrent qu'un modele univarie avec seulement des donnees d'options domine en terme d'erreurs de prix hors-echantillon et en terme de couverture. Nous trouvons egalement un filtre d'extraction pour la volatilite latente qui est base sur un polynome de retards de volatilites implicites. Ayant simultanement la probabilite de risque neutre et la probabilite objective, nous pouvons verifier, dans le contexte du modele de Heston, si la transformation usuelle est empiriquement plausible. Nous rejetons le changement de mesure suppose dans ce modele.