Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conversations Among Competitors

I develop a model of bilateral conversations in which players may honestly exchange ideas with their competitors. The key to incentive compatibility is a strong form of complementarity in the information structure: a player can only generate a useful new insight on a given topic if he has access to his counterpart's previous thoughts on the topic. I then embed this model into a linear social network in which player A first can have a conversation with player B, then player B can have a conversation with player C, and so on. I show that relatively underdeveloped ideas can travel long distances over the network and thus be shared by many agents. More valuable ideas, by contrast, tend to remain localized among small groups of agents.
Understanding Predictability of the Ocean

Abstract : The long-term scientific goals of this research are as follows: (1) to develop an understanding of how some observations affect ocean predictability, (2) to further develop the state-of-the-art ROMS 4D-Var by extending the observational types and applications, (3) to gain experience and develop ideas regarding limitations to the predictability of oceanic processes, and (4) to train a new generation of students in data assimilation and ROMS. The primary objectives of this project are as follows: explore the capabilities of a real-time ocean state-estimation and prediction system; assess how particular observations may affect predictability; compare these results with full ocean-state estimates generated from the PSI EX acoustic experiment; and provide the means to build a research program for early career scientists. With this YIP award, my aim is to characterize the factors that control predictability in the ocean, particularly around Hawaii and the North Philippine Sea. Accomplishing this goal will require a number of studies of the role of internal tides interacting with mesoscale energy. It also will require quantifying the role of observations in understanding such difficult dynamical regimes, extending the capability of the assimilation procedure to utilize advanced observational datasets (high-frequency radar and acoustic tomography), making further improvements to the state-estimation procedure, and quantifying the role of errors in models. As part of the NOAA-funded Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) effort, I lead the ocean modeling effort of the Pacific IOOS (PacIOOS) region. The ocean model used in this research is the ONR-funded Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) a free-surface, hydrostatic, primitive equation ocean model discretized with a terrain-following vertical coordinate system. ROMS has been successfully used to model many regions of the world's ocean and is a widely used community resource.
Everything should be as simple as possible, but no simpler: towards a protocol for accumulating evidence regarding the active content of health behaviour change interventions

There is a need to consolidate the evidence base underlying our toolbox of methods of behaviour change. Recent efforts to this effect have conducted meta-regressions on evaluations of behaviour change interventions, deriving each method's effectiveness from its association to intervention effect size. However, there are a range of issues that raise concern about whether this approach is actually furthering or instead obstructing the advancement of health psychology theories and the quality of health behaviour change interventions. Using examples from theory, the literature and data from previous meta-analyses, these concerns and their implications are explained and illustrated. An iterative protocol for evidence base accumulation is proposed that integrates evidence derived from both experimental and applied behaviour change research, and combines theory development in experimental settings with theory testing in applied real-life settings. As evidence gathered in this manner accumulates, a cumulative science of behaviour change can develop.
Everything should be as simple as possible , but no simpler : towards a protocol for accumulating evidence regarding the active content of health behaviour change interventions

Everything should be as simple as possible, but no simpler: towards a protocol for accumulating evidence regarding the active content of health behaviour change interventions Gjalt-Jorn Ygram Peters, Marijn de Bruin & Rik Crutzen a Department of Methodology & Statistics, Faculty of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands b Department of Work & Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands c Amsterdam School of Communication Research, Faculty of Society and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands d Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Published online: 21 Oct 2013.
The long-term effects of lime (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), and tillage on the physical and chemical properties of a sodic red-brown earth

In 1994 a long-term field trial with 9 lime–gypsum combinations and 2 tillage treatments (reduced tillage and direct drill) was established on a sodic red-brown earth soil [surface pH(water) 6.5] at a property near Peak Hill, NSW, Australia. The lime-gypsum treatments were: L0G0 (lime 0 t/ha, gypsum 0 t/ha), L0G1, L0G2.5, L0G5, L1G0, L2.5G0, L5G0, L1G1, and L2.5G1. After 3 years, higher rates of lime and gypsum or their combinations significantly (P < 0.01) increased exchangeable and soluble calcium and decreased exchangeable and soluble sodium in the 0–100 mm layer of the soil. Gypsum was found to decrease the total soluble cation concentration (TCC) in some instances, while lime maintained TCC at 1995 levels. Soil pH was significantly higher on all lime plots and electrical conductivity was slightly higher on plots treated with lime than on control plots. Organic carbon levels were significantly higher in plots with gypsum and high levels of the lime–gypsum combination (L2.5G1). The effectiveness of the lime treatments was influenced by the initial soil pH (as suggested by the findings of other studies). The lime, and to a lesser extent the gypsum treatments, improved the physical properties of the soil as measured by the Emerson aggregate test, penetrometer resistance, infiltration, and water availability. A tillage effect was also present resulting in less dispersion, decreased penetrometer resistance, and higher infiltration rates in plots prepared with reduced tillage practices than direct drill plots. Plant-available water content (AWC) was significantly higher in the surface soil of plots treated with L2.5G1 than control treatments. The L5G0 and L0G5 treatments did not significantly improve the AWC. Crop yields were increased by some of the lime–gypsum treatments in both 1995 and 1996. Corresponding with the increased AWC, the L2.5G1 treatment produced the highest crop yields. Plots with reduced tillage had consistently higher yields than those with direct drill treatment.
Impacts of Local Soil Moisture Anomalies on the Atmospheric Circulation and on Remote Surface Meteorological Fields during Boreal Summer: A Comprehensive Analysis over North America

AbstractA series of stationary wave model (SWM) experiments are performed in which the boreal summer atmosphere is forced, over a number of locations in the continental United States, with an idealized diabatic heating anomaly that mimics the atmospheric heating associated with a dry land surface. For localized heating within a large portion of the continental interior, regardless of the specific location of this heating, the spatial pattern of the forced atmospheric circulation anomaly (in terms of 250-hPa eddy streamfunction) is largely the same: a high anomaly forms over west-central North America and a low anomaly forms to the east. In supplemental atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments, similar results are found; imposing soil moisture dryness in the AGCM in different locations within the U.S. interior tends to produce the aforementioned pattern, along with an associated near-surface warming and precipitation deficit in the center of the continent. The SWM-based and AGCM-based patte.
Hydrology: catchment vegetation and runoff

The interactions between catchment vegetation and runoff continue to be a staple area of hydrological research. Drawing mainly upon material published since 2002, this report briefly reviews progress in this area with specific reference to: (1) paired and single catchment studies; (2) top-down models; and (3) the likely impact of climate change. Results from a wider range of paired and single catchments studies are revealing the complex relationship between catchment vegetation and runoff and prompting a reassessment of the methodologies used to generalize this relationship. Vegetation appears to have a significant influence on runoff at small scales, which reduces to a second-order influence, relative to aridity, at larger scales. Top-down models of catchment behaviour generally reflect this second-order influence at the large scale. As vegetation responds to CO2 enrichment under climate change, the magnitude and direction of associated changes in runoff remains uncertain. A key element in quantifying the hydrological impact of climate change is the relationship between catchment vegetation and runoff, which continues to be a productive area of research within hydrology.
Phase-shift/transmittance measurements in a micro pattern using MPM193EX

A new direct Phase-shift/Transmittance measurement tool "MPM193EX" has been developed to respond to the growing demand for higher precision measurements of finer patterns in ArF Lithography. Specifications of MPM193EX are listed below along with corresponding specifications of the conventional tool MPM193. 1) Phase-shift [3 Sigma]: 0.5 deg. (MPM193) => 0.2 deg. (MPM193EX) 2) Transmittance [3 Sigma]: 0.20 % (MPM193) => 0.04 % (MPM193EX) 3) Minimum measurement pattern width: 7.5 μm (MPM193) => 1.0 μm (MPM193EX) Furthermore, new design optics using an ArF Laser and an objective lens with long working distance allows measurements of masks with pellicles. The new method for improving the measurement repeatability is based on elimination of influence from instantaneous fluctuation in interferometer fringes by scanning two adjacent areas simultaneously. Also, MPM193EX is equipped with high-resolution and stable optics. The newly employed auto-focus system in MPM193EX accurately adjusts, by a new image processing method using high-resolution optics, the focus height that is one of the most important factors for measurements in a micro pattern.
Proof of concept study to develop a novel connectivity-based electric-field modelling approach for individualized targeting of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment

Background Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) offers promise for individualizing stimulation targets for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatments. However current targeting approaches do not account for non-focal TMS effects or large-scale connectivity patterns. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel targeting optimization approach that combines whole-brain rsFC and electric-field (e-field) modelling to identify single-subject, symptom-specific TMS targets. Methods In this proof of concept study, we recruited 91 anxious misery (AM) patients and 25 controls. We measured depression symptoms (MADRS/HAMD) and recorded rsFC. We used a PCA regression to predict symptoms from rsFC and estimate the parameter vector, for input into our e-field augmented model. We modeled 17 left dlPFC and 7 M1 sites using 24 equally spaced coil orientations. We computed single-subject predicted ΔMADRS/HAMD scores for each site/orientation using the e-field augmented model, which comprises a linear combination of the following elementwise products 1) the estimated connectivity/symptom coefficients, 2) a vectorized e-field model for site/orientation, 3) the pre-treatment rsFC matrix, scaled by a proportionality constant. Results In AM patients, our pre-stimulation connectivity-based model predicted a significant decrease depression for sites near BA46, but not M1 for coil orientations perpendicular to the cortical gyrus. In control subjects, no site/orientation combination showed a significant predicted change. Discussion These results corroborate previous work suggesting the efficacy of left dlPFC stimulation for depression treatment, and predict better outcomes with individualized targeting. They also suggest that our novel connectivity-based e-field modelling approach may effectively identify potential TMS treatment responders and individualize TMS targeting to maximize the therapeutic impact.
Seismicity of the Caribbean-Nazca Boundary: Constraints on microplate tectonics of the Panama region

There are at least three kinds of models that have been used to explain plate motions and boundaries in the Panama region. These models suggest that the major Caribbean-Nazca boundary is (1) a thrust fault along which the Panama Deformed Belt has developed, (2) a left-lateral strike-slip fault along the southern margin of Panama, or (3) a diffuse array of mostly thrust faults which cause internal deformation to occur throughout Panama. In this paper, we use joint epicenter location methods to obtain improved locations for earthquakes that occurred in this region between 1964 and 1985 and we use waveform modeling to obtain more precise depths for five events. Hypocenters of 13 events beneath the Panama Deformed Belt suggest that overthrusting of Panama upon the Caribbean plate causes active deformation which supports model 1 but does not rule out models 2 and 3. The nature of seismic faulting along the Panama Deformed Belt is complex and supports the premise that slow north-south convergence loads the cold thick Caribbean lithosphere and causes it to fail seismically. Epicenters of 64 events along the Panama Fracture Zone indicate that this north–south trending rightlateral transform fault is splayed north of 6°N. Overall, the seismicity throughout suggests that the Panama arc can be treated as a microplate, in accordance with models 1 or 2. Similarly, a possible second microplate may exist south of Panama, but if so it does not affect regional plate motions significantly. The strongest evidence for model 3 occurs in the easternmost and westernmost portions of Panama, where the diffuse seismicity prevents us from resolving specific microplate triple-junction boundaries.
Measurement Invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale Across 26 Countries

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a commonly used life satisfaction scale. Cross-cultural researchers use SWLS to compare mean scores of life satisfaction across countries. Despite the wide use of SWLS in cross-cultural studies, measurement invariance of SWLS rarely has been investigated and previous studies showed inconsistent findings. Therefore, we examined the measurement invariance of SWLS with samples collected from 26 countries. In order to test measurement invariance, we utilized three measurement invariance techniques: (1) Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MG-CFA), (2) Multi-Level Confirmatory Factor Analysis (ML-CFA), and (3) alignment optimization methods. The three methods demonstrated that configural and metric invariances of life satisfaction held across 26 countries, while scalar invariance did not. With partial invariance testing, we identified that the intercepts of items 2, 4, and 5 were non-invariant. Based on two invariant intercepts, factor means of countries were compared. Chile showed the highest factor mean; Spain and Bulgaria showed the lowest. The findings enhance our understanding of life satisfaction across countries, and they provide researchers and practitioners with practical guidance on how to conduct measurement invariance testing across countries.
Bafra Ovası Sağ Sahil Sulama Alanındaki Tuzluluk Dağılımının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi / Determination of Salinity Distribution Using GIS in Bafra Plain Right Land Irrigated Area

Ozet: Bu arastirmada, Bafra Ovasi sag sahil sulama alaninda bulunan tarim arazilerinin tuzluluk durumu ve bunlarin mevsimsel olarak degisimlerinin Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) kullanilarak belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Arastirma alaninda, tuzluluk dagiliminin belirlenmesi icin 60 farkli noktadan ve 0–30, 30–60, 60–90 ve 90–120 cm derinliklerden Agustos 2003 ve Mart 2004 tarihlerinde toprak ornekleri alinmis ve laboratuar analizleri yapilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda Agustos 2003 tarihinde calisma alaninin % 17 sine karsilik gelen 1 404 ha alanda tuzlulugun 4 dS/m’den fazla oldugu, Mart 2004 tarihinde ise ayni tuzluluk degerine sahip alanin % 1’e dustugu belirlenmistir. Sonbahar ve kis yagislari ile yikanmanin fazla olmasina ragmen denize yakin bolgelerde drenaj sisteminin tamamlanmamis olmasi nedeniyle tuzluluk probleminin devam ettigi tespit edilmistir. Toprak profilleri goz onunde alindiginda yuzeyden asagiya dogru gidildikce tuzlulugun arttigi belirlenmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Taban Suyu, Tuzluluk, Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri Determination of Salinity Distribution Using GIS in Bafra Plain Right Land Irrigated Area Abstract: In this study, it was aimed to determine salinity properties and seasonal variation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Bafra Plain right land irrigated area. To achieve the purpose, soil samples were taken 60 different points and 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm depth of soil profiles in August 2003 – March 2004 and analyzed in the laboratory. Result of study, electrical conductivity values were found above 4 dS/m in the part 14% of total area (1404 ha) in August 2003. But this area decreased to %1 in March 2004. Although leaching has increased by autumn and winter precipitation, it was determined that salinity problem has continued as drainage system has not been completed yet in the coastal region. In addition, soil salinity increased from surface to the lower depth. Key words: Ground Water, Salinity, Geographical Information Systems
Type D personality is a predictor of poor emotional quality of life in primary care heart failure patients independent of depressive symptoms and New York Heart Association functional

Quality of life is an important patient-centered outcome and predictor of mortality in heart failure, but little is known about the role of personality as a determinant of quality of life in this patient group. We examined the inﬂuence of Type D personality (i.e., increased negative emotions paired with emotional non-expression) on quality of life in primary care heart failure patients, using a prospective study design. Heart failure patients ( n = 251) recruited from 44 primary care practices in Germany completed standardized questionnaires at baseline and 9 months. The prevalence of Type D was 31.9%. Type D patients experienced poorer emotional ( P \ .001) and physical quality of life ( P = .01) at baseline and 9 months compared to non-Type D patients. There was no signiﬁcant change in emotional ( P = .78) nor physical quality of life ( P = .74) over time; neither the interaction for time by Type D for emotional ( P = .31) nor physical quality of life ( P = .91) was signiﬁcant, indicating that Type D exerted a stable effect on quality of life over time. Adjusting for demographics, New York Heart Association functional class, and depressive symptoms, Type D remained an independent determinant of emotional ( P = .03) but not physical quality of life ( P = .29). Primary care heart failure patients with a Type D personality experienced poorer emotional but not physical quality of life compared to non-Type D patients. Patients with this personality proﬁle should be identiﬁed in primary care to see if their treatment is optimal, as both Type D and poor quality of life have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
ONZE Miner: the development of a browser-based research tool

The Origins of New Zealand English project (ONZE) at the University of Canterbury houses a large audio corpus. Until a few years ago, this corpus was stored as a series of audio tapes and Microsoft Word documents. However, the corpus is now housed on a central server, and can be interacted with through the tailor-made software ‘ONZE Miner’. ONZE Miner is a digitally-interactive database that enables researchers to search across and interact with sound files. It houses time-aligned transcripts of the sound-files, which are tagged for phonological, grammatical and morphological information – all of which is searchable. The researcher can conduct acoustic analysis of sound files directly through the ONZE Miner interface. Search results can be exported into Excel, together with hypertext links to the relevant sound files. This paper describes the development and the architecture of the ONZE Miner software.
Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska: 2. Elemental composition and sources

The fine particle (<2.5 μm) composition data from seven National Park Service locations in Alaska for the period from 1986 to 1995 was performed using a new type of factor analysis, positive matrix factorization (PMF). This method uses the estimates of the error in the data to provide optimum data point scaling and permits a better treatment of missing and below detection limit values. Eight source components were obtained for data sets from the Northwest Alaska Areas and the Bering Land Bridge sites. Five to seven components were obtained for the other Alaskan sites. The solutions were normalized by using aerosol fine mass concentration data. Squared correlation coefficients between the reconstructed mass obtained from aerosol composition data for the sites and the measured mass were in the range of 0.74–0.95. Two factors identified as soils were obtained for all of the sites. Concentrations for these factors for most of the sites have maxima in the summer and minima in the winter. A sea-salt component was found at five locations. A factor with the highest concentrations of black carbon (BC), H+, and K identified as forest fire smoke was obtained for all data sets except at Katmai. Factors with high concentrations of S, BC-Na-S, and Zn-Cu were obtained at all sites. At three sites, the solutions also contained a factor with high Pb and Br values. The factors with the high S, Pb, and BC-Na-S values at most sites show an annual cycle with maxima during the winter-spring season and minima in the summer. The seasonal variations and elemental compositions of these factors suggest anthropogenic origins with the spatial pattern suggesting that the sources are distant from the receptor sites. The seasonal maxima/minima ratios of these factors were higher for more northerly locations. Four main sources contribute to the observed concentrations at these locations: long-range transported anthropogenic aerosol (Arctic haze aerosol), sea-salt aerosol, local soil dust, and aerosol with high BC concentrations from regional forest fires or local wood smoke. A northwest to southeast negative gradient suggesting long-range transport of air masses from regions north or northwest of Alaska dominated the spatial distribution of the high S factor concentrations.