Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flexible Conceptual Projection of Time Onto Spatial Frames of Reference

Flexibility in conceptual projection constitutes one of the most challenging issues in the embodiment and conceptual metaphor literatures. We sketch a theoretical proposal that places the burden of the explanation on attentional dynamics in interaction with mental models in working memory that are constrained to be maximally coherent. A test of this theory is provided in the context of the conceptual projection of time onto the domain of space. Participants categorized words presented at different spatial locations (back-front, left-right) as referring to the past or to the future. Responses were faster when the irrelevant word location was congruent with the back-past, front-future metaphoric mapping. Moreover, when a new highly task-relevant spatial frame of reference was introduced, it changed the projection of past and future onto space in a way that was congruent with the new frame (past was now projected to left space and future to right space), as predicted by the theory. This study shows that there is substantial flexibility in conceptual projection and opens a venue to study metaphoric variation across tasks, individuals, and cultures as the result of attentional dynamics.
The Effect of Interaction Techniques on Coordination and Conflict in Tabletop Groupware

The interaction techniques that are used in tableto p groupware systems can affect users’ abilities to track others ’ actions and can have a corresponding impact on the way people are a bl to coordinate their activities. Very little is known a bout how the different characteristics of the interaction techni ques affect coordination in groups, making it difficult for des igners to make informed decisions about which interaction techniqu es to implement in their systems. In this paper, we consi der the relationship between tabletop interaction technique s and group coordination and conflict. We present a framework t hat classifies techniques according to input, feedback and embodim ent. We also present the results of a controlled study where ten groups of three participants used five different techniques in two distinct tabletop groupware activities. Our results show that the cho ice of interaction technique does indeed affect the coordi nation process in surprising ways. This provides insight into how tabletop systems can better support group work and coordinat ed ctivity.
Digitally implemented sliding-mode control of a single-phase dual-boost PFC rectifier

The digital implementation of a sliding-mode based control for a dual-boost rectifier with power factor correction (PFC) is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme has a current controller tracking a pure sine-wave reference, whose amplitude is a function of the output voltage error affected by proportional and integral terms. Thus, both power factor correction and output voltage regulation are simultaneously achieved. The performance of the overall converter was verified using MATLAB-based simulations and experimental results in a 120 W prototype, obtaining an unitary power factor and a total harmonic distortion (THD) below 3%.
Précis of Gut Reactions

A lot of things happen when you are, say, overcome with grief. Usually there is an experience of an eliciting event (your lover breaks up with you), a barrage of appraisal judgments (what a terrible loss! ), a cascade of changes in your body (the tears flow), an experience of those changes (the ache in your chest), changes in attention and memory (a rapid effort to recall where things went sour), and a suite of new behaviors and behavioral dispositions (you withdraw and sulk). Much of the work done in emotion theory is designed to characterize these events, and to take a stand on which of them are most essential to our emotions. Dif-
Does Comparing Informal and Formal Procedures Promote Mathematics Learning? The Benefits of Bridging Depend on Attitudes Toward Mathematics

1 Temple University, 2 University of Wisconsin—Madison Students benefit from learning multiple procedures for solving the same or related problems. However, past research on comparison instruction has focused on comparing multiple formal procedures. This study investigated whether the benefits of comparing procedures extend to comparisons that involve informal and formal procedures. We also examined how learner characteristics, including prior knowledge and attitudes toward mathematics, affect learning from comparing procedures. We addressed these issues in college students’ learning procedures for solving systems of equations problems in algebra. Learners who liked mathematics learned equally well whether they received comparison or sequential instruction. However, among learners who did not like mathematics, instruction that included support for comparisons between the formal and informal procedures led to greater gains in conceptual knowledge than did sequential instruction of the procedures. Correspondence: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Shanta Hattikudur, via email to shanta.hattikudur@temple.edu.
X-rays from jet-driving protostars and T Tauri stars

Aims. We study jet-driving protostars and T Tau stars to characterize their X-ray emission. We seek soft spectral components that may be due to shock emission, and search for soft, shock-induced emission displaced from the stellar position. Methods. We study two stellar samples, the rst consisting of lightly absorbed T Tau stars with strong jets, the other containing protostars with disks seen nearly edge-on. The former sample was observed in the XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST), while Chandra archival data provided observations of the latter. Results. We conrm the previously identied peculiar spectrum of DG Tau A and nd similar phenomenology in GV Tau and DP Tau, suggesting a new class of X-ray spectra. These consist of a lightly absorbed, very soft component and a strongly absorbed, very hard component. The latter is aring while little variability is detected in the former. The absorption of the harder component is about an order of magnitude higher than expected from the optical extinction assuming a standard gas-to-dust mass ratio. For the absorbed protostars, only the hard, stellar X-ray component is found. Conclusions. The aring hard component represents active coronal emission. Its strong absorption is attributed to mass ino w from the accretion disk. The optical extinction is small because the dust has sublimated at larger distances. The little absorbed soft component cannot originate from the same location. Because the stars drive strong jets, we propose that the X-rays are generated in shocks in the jets. We nd that for the three peculiar X-ray sources, the luminosity of the soft component roughly scales with the equivalent width of the [O I] 6300 line formed in the jets, and with the mass outo w rate. In the more strongly obscured protostars, the soft component is entirely absorbed, and only the hard, coronal component penetrates the envelope or the near-edge-on disk.
Molecular cloning and expression of flagellar radial spoke and dynein genes of Chlamydomonas

Several flagellar dynein ATPase and radial spokehead genes have been isolated from a Chlamydomonas genomic expression library in lambda gt11. The library was probed with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against purified flagellar polypeptides, and recombinant phage giving positive signals were cloned. In vitro translation of mRNAs hybrid-selected by the cloned sequences from whole cell RNA provided confirmation of identity for three of the four clones. Evidence supporting the identification of the fourth, which encodes a dynein heavy chain, was provided by antibody selection; the fusion protein produced by this clone selected heavy chain-specific antibodies from a complex polyclonal antiserum recognizing many dynein determinants. One of the radial spoke sequences isolated here is of particular interest because it encodes the wild-type allele of a locus which was defined previously by temperature-sensitive paralyzed flagella mutation pf-26ts (Huang, B., G. Piperno, Z. Ramanis, and D. J. L. Luck, 1981, J. Cell Biol., 88:80-88). The cloned sequence was used to hybrid-select mRNA from mutant pf-26ts cells, and when translated in vitro, the selected mRNA produced a mutant spokehead polypeptide with an altered electrophoretic mobility. This confirms that the pf-26ts mutation alters the primary structure of a radial spokehead polypeptide. To quantify spokehead and dynein mRNAs during flagellar regeneration, all of the cloned sequences were used as hybridization probes in RNA dot experiments. Levels increased rapidly and coordinately after deflagellation, peaked 3-10-fold above nondeflagellated controls, and then returned to control values within 2 h. This accumulation pattern was similar to that of flagellar alpha-tubulin mRNA.
Noticing Unexpected Objects Improves the Creation of Creative Solutions—Inattentional Blindness by Children Influences Divergent Thinking Negatively

During intense and attention-demanding tasks, the sudden discovery of unexpected objects or solutions is often associated with originality or even creativity. For instance, a computer programmer, after having mulled over a faulty programming code for hours, calls his colleague who discovers—virtually at first sight—an anomaly that he, himself, was not aware of. Now the program runs smoothly and the colleague is said to be a creative person. In a general and more scientific context, Sternberg and Lubart (1999, p. 3) and others (e.g., Runco, 2007; Ward, 2007) defined creativity as ‘‘the ability to produce work that is both novel (i.e., original, unexpected) and appropriate (i.e., useful). ’’ This study investigated the influence of inattentional blindness (IB) on creative thinking. The IB paradigm demonstrated that if attention is diverted to another object, observers sometimes fail to notice an unexpected object, even if it is right in front of them (Mack & Rock, 1998; Most, Scholl, Clifford, & Simons, 2005). For this project, children were chosen as subjects because recent research from the neurosciences has suggested that stagnation in creative development could occur above 8 years (Huttenlocher, 1990; Chugani, Phelps, & Mazziotta, 1987). Children up to the age of around 7 years exhibit the greatest absolute number and density of synapses in the human primary visual cortex, as well as resting glucose uptake in the occipital cortex as measured by PET. These indicators are currently associated with creativity (Ashby, Valentin, & Turken, 2002; Bekhtereva, Dan’ko, Starchenko, Pakhomov, & Medvedev, 2001). Therefore, the probability to have great variance in the divergent thinking data was maximized. This study will be the first to examine the link between divergent thinking and IB. Therefore, this investigation expanded the work of Kasof (1997) and others (cf. Dewing & Battye, 1971; Martindale, 1999; Mendelsohn, 1976; Mendelsohn & Griswold, 1964) that explored the relationship between different kinds of attention processes and creative performance. According to these previous results, it was assumed that children with higher attention performance (less IB) perform better in terms of divergent thinking. Divergent thinking tests were used because divergent thinking is one of the most studied and most commonly recognized components of the multifaceted phenomenon of the creativity complex (Sternberg, 1999; Runco, 2007). Divergent thinking is not to be interpreted as synonymous with creativity or creative thinking. The role and definition of divergent thinking is now a topic of current discussions (Dietrich, 2007; Ward, 2007; Ward, Finke, & Smith, 2002).
Retroviral Spread by Induction of Virological Synapses

Cells of the immune system communicate via the formation of receptor‐containing adhesive junctions termed immunological synapses. Recently, retroviruses have been shown to subvert this process in order to pass directly from infected to uninfected immune cells. Such cell–cell viral dissemination appears to function by triggering existing cellular pathways involved in antigen presentation and T‐cell communication. This mode of viral spread has important consequences for both the virus and the host cells in terms of viral pathogenesis and viral resistance to immune and therapeutic intervention. This review summarises the current knowledge concerning virological synapses induced by retroviruses.
A Secret Hidden in the Sediments: Lepidoptera Scales

Natural disturbance is one of the major topics in ecology. However, most paleoecological studies have only considered the influence of wildfire as an agent of disturbance, with fire history based primarily on the use of charcoal as a proxy for fire events. The frequency and intensity of insect outbreaks and their effect on the forest landscape have been neglected due to the absence of an effective proxy tool. Finding indicators able to provide insight into the impacts of past insect outbreaks is therefore essential. Fossil moth (Lepidoptera) wing scales offer a new approach for interpreting past insect-related disturbances and assessing the interactions between climate, fire and insect outbreaks. Paleoindicators must respond to three main criteria: 1) be in high abundance, 2) allow for easy identification and 3) remain well-preserved in sediment records. We demonstrate that wing scales are abundant in the boreal forest during insect outbreak periods. We also show that due to their chitin composition, these scales remain well-preserved throughout a 10,000-year sediment record. Furthermore, they are relatively easy to identify after being recovered from lake sediments. Therefore, we introduce the needs, potential and applications of this paleoindicator in forest ecology, and the main directions for the future research. This new approach offers an important scientific advance in forest ecology through a much improved, higher resolution reconstruction of an important natural disturbance.
The effects of sexual abuse on body image, self-image, and sexual activity of women.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the differences between females who had been sexually abused and those who had not been sexually abused in body image, self-image, self-consciousness, and relationships; to determine the effect of sexual abuse on sexual intimacy and behavior; and to identify consequences of sexual abuse. METHODS A sample of 1664 females (832 sexually abused and 832 not sexually abused) who responded to a survey in Shape magazine were strictly matched on age and body mass index. RESULTS Females who had been sexually abused reported more body dissatisfaction and self-consciousness, less satisfaction with themselves and in relationships, and less comfort with having sex with the lights on and undressing in front of their sexual partner than females who had not been sexually abused. Additional consequences of sexual abuse included lack of control over the body, eating disorders, and sexual identity confusion. Females who had been sexually abused were less likely to use contraception regularly than those without a history of sexual abuse. DISCUSSION Results are presented with respect to limitations of the study and suggestions for treatment interventions. CONCLUSIONS The impact of sexual abuse permeates all areas of survivors' lives. Clinicians have the opportunity to help their clients respond to the trauma of abuse.
The Effects of Abiotic Factors on Induced Volatile Emissions in Corn Plants1

Many plants respond to herbivory by releasing a specific blend of volatiles that is attractive to natural enemies of the herbivores. In corn (Zea mays), this induced odor blend is mainly composed of terpenoids and indole. The induced signal varies with plant species and genotype, but little is known about the variation due to abiotic factors. Here, we tested the effect of soil humidity, air humidity, temperature, light, and fertilization rate on the emission of induced volatiles in young corn plants. Each factor was tested separately under constant conditions for the other factors. Plants released more when standing in dry soil than in wet soil, whereas for air humidity, the optimal release was found at around 60% relative humidity. Temperatures between 22°C and 27°C led to a higher emission than lower or higher temperatures. Light intensity had a dramatic effect. The emission of volatiles did not occur in the dark and increased steadily with an increase in the light intensity. An experiment with an unnatural light-dark cycle showed that the release was fully photophase dependent. Fertilization also had a strong positive effect; the emission of volatiles was minimal when plants were grown under low nutrition, even when results were corrected for plant biomass. Changes in all abiotic factors caused small but significant changes in the relative ratios among the different compounds (quality) in the induced odor blends, except for air humidity. Hence, climatic conditions and nutrient availability can be important factors in determining the intensity and variability in the release of induced plant volatiles.
Smart Grid Testbed using SCADA Software and Xbee Wireless Communication

This paper presents the development of Smart Grid testbed using SCADA software and Xbee wireless communication. The proposed testbed combines both the software simulation and the hardware simulation. The Winlog SCADA software is employed to implement the algorithm in the Smart Grid system. To communicate between nodes and the Smart Grid Center, the Xbee wireless communication is employed. The testbed is useful to test and verify the developed algorithms in the Smart Grid system. By using the hardware testbed, the more realistic simulation could be performed. While by using the software testbed, the complex model and algorithm could be implemented easily. The experimental results show that the proposed testbed works properly in simulating the continuous supply algorithm implemented in the Smart Grid system.
Transistor Sizing of LCD Driver Circuit for Technology Migration

Design automation of LCD driver circuits is not sophisticatedly established. Display fineness of an LCD panel depends on a performance metric, ratio of pixel voltage to video voltage (RPV). However, there are several other important metrics, such as area, and the best circuit cannot be decided uniquely. This paper proposes a design automation technique for a LCD column driver to provide several circuit design results with different performance so that designers can select an appropriate design among them. The proposed technique is evaluated with an actual design data, and experimental results show that the proposed method successfully performs technology migration by transistor sizing. Also, the proposed technique is experimentally verified from points of solution quality and computational time.
Youth Crime Rates and the Youth Justice System

Selon un examen de la variation observée d’une province à l’autre pour les crimes violents ou contre les biens signalés par les intéressés, de jeunes Canadiens et Canadiennes, il y considérablement moins de variation que pour les taux des contacts enregistrés entre les policiers et les jeunes et le recours aux tribunaux pour adolescents pour ces jeunes. Il est probablement préférable de considérer la mesure officielle des crimes commis par les jeunes au Canada comme une représentation du comportement adopté par les adultes lorsqu’ils décident de la manière de réagir aux crimes, plutôt que comme une représentation du comportement des jeunes.
Backhaul aware joint uplink and downlink user association for delay‐power trade‐offs in HetNets with hybrid energy sources

In cellular networks, conventional user association algorithms are solely based on downlink (DL) performance, which may lead to inefficient transmission power and high interference in the uplink (UL) transmission. In addition, the backhaul data rate constraint has been neglected by the majority of the existing user association algorithms. However, the backhaul constraint has become more severe in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) where small cells are densely deployed to meet the skyrocketing data traffic demand. In this paper, we propose an optimal backhaul‐aware joint UL and DL user association for delay‐power trade‐offs in HetNets with hybrid energy sources. In the considered HetNets, all the base stations are assumed to be powered by a combination of power grid and renewable energy sources, in order to achieve both uninterrupted and green communications. Taking both UL and DL transmissions into consideration, the proposed user association algorithm aims to improve network quality of service by minimising the sum of UL and DL average traffic delay, as well as to reduce the overall UL power consumption of users and DL on‐grid power consumption by maximising the utilisation of green power harvested from renewable energy sources. To this end, a convex optimisation problem is formulated to minimise the weighted sum of cost of average traffic delay and cost of power consumption. We have proved that the proposed user association algorithm converges to the global optimum, which enables a flexible trade‐off between average traffic delay and power consumption. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in adapting the traffic loads among base stations along with the distribution of green power and the backhaul data rate constraint. Simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed user association algorithm achieves prominent improvement in UL average traffic delay reduction and effectively reduces both the DL on‐grid power consumption and overall UL power consumption of users, with limited sacrifice on DL average traffic delay, compared with the user association algorithm only based on DL performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feed Energy Evaluation for Growing Pigs*

Pigs require energy for maintenance and productive purposes, and an accurate amount of available energy in feeds should be provided according to their energy requirement. Available energy in feeds for pigs has been characterized as DE, ME, or NE by considering sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. Among these energy values, the NE system has been recognized as providing energy values of ingredients and diets that most closely describes the available energy to animals because it takes the heat increment from digestive utilization and metabolism of feeds into account. However, NE values for diets and individual ingredients are moving targets, and therefore, none of the NE systems are able to accurately predict truly available energy in feeds. The DE or ME values for feeds are important for predicting NE values, but depend on the growth stage of pigs (i.e., BW) due to the different abilities of nutrient digestion, especially for dietary fiber. The NE values are also influenced by both environment that affects NE requirement for maintenance (NEm) and the growth stage of pigs that differs in nutrient utilization (i.e., protein vs. lipid synthesis) in the body. Therefore, the interaction among animals, environment, and feed characteristics should be taken into consideration for advancing feed energy evaluation. A more mechanistic approach has been adopted in Denmark as potential physiological energy (PPE) for feeds, which is based on the theoretical biochemical utilization of energy in feeds for pigs. The PPE values are, therefore, believed to be independent of animals and environment. This review provides an overview over current knowledge on energy utilization and energy evaluation systems in feeds for growing pigs.