Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Space object material identification of hyperspectral data using nonnegative tensor factorization

Among kinds of ways to improve the early-warning of a country, identifying the space object material in a better and faster way is an important and effective method. The hyperspectral image, which is a 3-D data cube and contains the spatial and spectral information of the interest objects, will play a more important role in identifying the space object material. However, the low spatial resolution of the hyperspectral remote sensing instrument makes the single pixel spectrum often mixed up several different materials' spectra, which is called mixed pixel. So it is a considerable question to decompose the mixed pixels into spectra of pure materials (called endmembers) and get their corresponding fractions (called abundances). Since a hyperspectral image can be seen as a 3-D tensor, nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF) algorithm based on tensor analysis can be introduced into the field of hyperspectral unmixing. However, random initialization, a classical way to initialize the NTF algorithm, causes a slow rate of convergence, which can be improved through other methods to initialize this algorithm. This paper selects the vertex component analysis (VCA) algorithm to initialize the NTF algorithm. In this way, a faster and better result is obtained, and furthermore, four simulated hyperspectral images dataset of 3-D model of Hubble Space Telescope with different spatial resolutions are processed by the improved algorithm in this paper, and good results are obtained.
Device for detailed analysis of leakage current paths in photovoltaic modules under high voltage bias

High voltages used in photovoltaic (PV) systems are known to induce long-term power loss in PV modules due to leakage current flowing through the module packaging materials. It has been difficult to identify the specific materials and interfaces responsible for degradation based on an analysis of only the total leakage current. A detailed investigation of the leakage current paths within the PV modules, under high voltage bias, is carried out by utilizing a device that measures the independent contributions of various paths in real-time. Knowledge about dominant leakage current paths can be used to quantify the physical and chemical changes occurring within the module packaging materials.
Rigrod laser-pumped-laser resonator model: II. Application to thin and optically-dilute laser media

In part I of this paper, and to set the foundation for this part II, we derived the resonator equations describing the normalized intensities, output power, gain, and extraction efficiency for a standard resonator incorporating two dielectric mirrors and a gain element. We then generalized the results to include an absorbing region representing a second laser crystal characterized by a small-signal transmission T0. Explicit expressions were found for the output power extracted into absorption by the second laser crystal and the extraction efficiency, and the limits to each were discussed. It was shown that efficient absorption by a thin or dilute second laser crystal can be realized in resonators in which the mirror reflectivities were high and in which the single-pass absorption was low, due to the finite photon lifetime and multi-passing of the absorbing laser element. In this paper, we apply the model derived in part I to thin or dilute laser materials, concentrating on a Yb, Er:glass intracavity pumped by a 946 nm Nd:YAG laser, a Yb, Er:glass laser-pumped intracavity by a 977 nm diode laser, and an Er:YAG laser-pumped intracavity to a 1530 nm diode laser. It is shown that efficient absorption can be obtained in all cases examined.
Comments on "A matrix inequality associated with bounds on solutions of algebraic Riccati and Lyapunov equation" by J.M. Saniuk and I.B. Rhodes

Improved inequalities over the ones reported by J.M. Saniuk and I.B. Rhodes (1987) in the above mentioned paper (ibid., vol.32, p.739-40, 1987) are obtained following the reasoning developed thereby. Relations are presented that demonstrate the improvement asserted by the commenter. >
Experimental determination of the structure of H 3

Three different measurements on the structure of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ molecular ion are reported. The measurements all make use of a new technique\char22{}the foil-induced dissociation of a fast molecular-ion beam. It is shown that the structure is equilaterally triangular in shape. The most probable length of side of the triangle is determined by the three measurements to be 0.97 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03 \AA{}, 0.95 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.06 \AA{}, and 1.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2 \AA{}, respectively.
Quantifying overdispersion effects in count regression data

The Poisson regression model is often used as a first model for count data with covariates. Since this model is a GLM with canonical link, regression parameters can be easily fitted using standard software. However the model requires equidispersion, which might not be valid for the data set under consideration. There have been many models proposed in the literature to allow for overdispersion. One such model is the negative binomial regression model. In addition, score tests have been commonly used to detect overdispersion in the data. However these tests do not allow to quantify the effects of overdispersion. In this paper we propose easily interpretable discrepancy measures which allow to quantify the overdispersion effects when comparing a negative binomial regression to Poisson regression. We propose asymptotic $\alpha$-level tests for testing the size of overdispersion effects in terms of the developed discrepancy measures. A graphical display of p-values curves can then be used to allow for an exact quantification of the overdispersion effects. This can lead to a validation of the Poisson regression or a discrimination of the Poisson regression with respect to the negative binomial regression. The proposed asymptotic tests are investigated in small samples using simulation and applied to two examples.
A Hybrid Method for Reconstructing Temperature Distributions in a Radiant Enclosure

A hybrid method combining Tikhonov regularization and generalized singular value decomposition (TR–GSVD) was proposed to reconstruct temperature distributions in radiant enclosures. The regularization parameter, which is crucial to accurately inverse temperature distributions, could be fast updated in TR–GSVD. Numerical reconstruction of three-dimensional temperature fields in a 10 m × 10 m × 20 m furnace proved TR–GSVD possesses the same computational accuracy but higher efficiency compared with TR. Experimental reconstruction results from practical flames in the furnace also showed the regularization parameter changed significantly in some combustion conditions. It is necessary to update the regularization parameter during the reconstruction.
Individual oxide traps as probes into submicron devices

In field‐effect transistors with gate areas less than 0.5 μm2 the effect of a single electron trapped in the gate oxide on the device resistance is easily observable. In about 10% of these devices a single thermally activated two‐state trap produces most of the low‐frequency resistance fluctuations in a wide bandwidth near room temperature. Detailed information about this single oxide interface trap can be extracted from the temperature and bias dependence of the trapping kinetics. In this work we extend this technique to locating the trap between the source and drain. With this information these traps become unique local 5–50 A probes into submicron devices to study the local surface potential and the sensitivity to localized trapped charges under different bias conditions.
Nuclear Planetology: Especially Concerning the Moon and Mars

To approach basic scientific questions on the origin and evolution of planetary bodies such as planets, their satellites and asteroids, one needs data on their chemical composition. The measurements of gamma-rays, X-rays and neutrons emitted from their surface materials provide information on abundances of major elements and naturally radioactive gamma-ray emitters. Neutron spectroscopy can provide sensitive maps of hydrogen- and carbon-containing compounds, even if buried, and can uniquely identify layers of carbon-dioxide frost. Nuclear spectroscopy, as a means of compositional analysis, has been applied via orbital and lander spacecraft to extraterrestrial planetary bodies: the Moon, Venus, Mars, Mercury and asteroids. The knowledge of their chemical abundances, especially concerning the Moon and Mars, has greatly increased in recent years. This paper describes the principle of nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear planetary instruments carried on planetary missions so far, and the nature of observational results and findings of the Moon and Mars, recently obtained by nuclear spectroscopy.
Backing up a simulated truck via grey relational analysis

Abstract Based on grey relational analysis, this paper develops a new approach to backing up a simulated truck to a loading dock. Unlike the neural control system, which requires extensive computation for training, and fuzzy control systems which require fuzzification, fuzzy inference, and defuzzification for obtaining a crisp output, the proposed approach provides a simple and efficient scheme, which needs no training process or complex computation, to back up a simulated truck to a loading dock. The space the simulated truck goes through may be empty or contain obstacles. We can see from the simulation results that the proposed approach demonstrates its usefulness in the considered control problems.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in laser tissue bonding of incisions in the cornea

Temperature controlled laser bonding of the cornea is analyzed in this paper using optical coherence tomography imaging, histological section evaluations and tensile strength measurements. The heat generated to obtain the bonding causes changes to the tissue structure, which appear as a bowl shaped lesion around the heated spot. Optical coherence tomography is established as an appropriate modality for the assessment of these lesions, using the other methods for validation. A quantitative analysis of the lesions attributes is produced, using a dedicated image processing algorithm. By means of this method we observed that the depth of the lesion is the most effective measure in estimating the extent of the tissue reaction to heat. A comparison of the measured lesion depth, produced by different heating profiles, is presented. This comparison shows a linear dependence on both the temperature and the exposure time, within the boundaries of the experiment. The bond strength was evaluated for several set temperatures (with 20 seconds heating time in each case) displaying an optimal value at 70°C. Yet if an incision was successfully bonded, it held a higher burst pressure for a higher temperature value. These findings demonstrate the plausibility of an integrated laser tissue bonding apparatus with an optical coherence tomography probe, which will provide, for the first time, a real time feedback of the tissue structural change, and indicate the bonding progress and end point.
Reversible and irreversible domain wall contributions to the polarization in ferroelectric thin films

Abstract In this work, standard characterization methods like hysteresis loops and C-V- measurements are used to distinguish the reversible and irreversible parts of the total ferroelectric polarization. Special attention has been given to the frequency dependence of the hysteresis loops-and the C-V-measurements. The frequency dependence of the C-V measurements indicates that the relaxation of the polarization is enhanced in ferroelectric materials compared to paraelectric SrTiO3. The reversible and irreversible contributions are demonstrated for SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin film capacitors. Additionally, a method is described to obtain the static hysteresis curve, which allows to characterize the polarization of a ferroelectric material independent of the measuring frequency, since remanent polarizations or coercive voltages inferred from usual hysteresis loop measurements strongly depend on the measuring frequency.
Particle Swarm Improvement Optimization Algorithm and Performance Study

In this paper, the PSO algorithm is improved, and take mutate of idea into PSO, namely algorithm not set particle boundaries constraints to make them limited in the search interval, but produce the same number of random particle replace those particles of flying away from the search area. Put forward a kind of improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. Use three input XOR problem to improve algorithm testing, the results show that the improved algorithm in the convergence speed and global search ability is superior to the PSO and SGA algorithm, and avoid the prematurity and local convergence.
On Feynman’s proof of the Maxwell equations

Feynman’s proof, as recounted by F. J. Dyson [Am. J. Phys. 58, 209–211 (1990)], that the Lorentz force law and two of Maxwell’s equations can apparently be deduced from minimal assumptions about the equation of motion and quantization condition for a nonrelativistic particle, is analyzed. A version of this result is found to hold in classical mechanics, and it is shown that instead of limiting interactions to electromagnetic ones, Feynman’s result is a rederivation of the constraints on the velocity‐dependent generalized forces that can be accommodated in a canonical Lagrangian formalism. The generality of the result is illustrated by showing that particle motion in a noninertial frame or in a weak gravitational field also satisfies the constraints.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Total Pain Scores for a Panel of Patients Treated by Pain Clinics

Background: There is a critical necessity to identify psychometric properties of the total pain score as a measurement of pain management effectiveness in the clinic. Purpose: In this article, we perform the analysis of the global pain scores from a panel of patients treated by 10 pain management physicians in a single group practice. Basic Procedures: The pain measurement consists of 4 pain subscales, namely physical pain, emotions, clinical outcome, and activities. A panel of 130 patients with 4 pain measurements is available to perform longitudinal analysis of the total pain scores. The analysis includes the following: (1) confirmatory factor analysis of the global pain scores with 4 related dimensions, (2) the stability of the pain scores between 2 clinical visits, (3) the change trajectories of pain scores in 4 waves of the pain measurement, and (4) the detection of physician variability in patients’ treatment outcomes measured by the reduction of total pain scores. Main Findings: The global pain scores were relatively stable between time 1 and time 2 clinical visits. The analysis indicated that there was a decrease in pain with longitudinal advancement in treatment. It also indicated that there was no significant change in this improvement with respect to difference in physicians involved in providing treatment. Principal Conclusion: While the results indicated a decrease in pain with an alleviation in treatment provided to the patient, the article delineates a well-thought scientific approach to the targeted problem.
Solution of the unitarity equation with overlapping left and right cuts: A tool for study of the S* and similar systems

The partial‐wave unitarity condition is complicated by the presence of overlapping left and right branch cuts when the lowest exchanged mass is small in comparison to the direct‐channel mass. A coupled‐channel ND−1 method for constructing unitary amplitudes with overlapping cuts is described. The study is motivated in part by the problem of analyzing the ππ−Ksystem near the S* resonance.
Bubble Effect on the Structures of Weakly Turbulent Couette Taylor Flow

In industrial applications, rotating flows have been recognized to enhance mixing and transfer properties. Moreover, bubbly flows are also used to improve transfers. Therefore, it is interesting to study the effects of the dispersed phase on the structure of a Couette Taylor flow. Experiments are conducted for the quasi-periodic (Ta=780) and the weakly turbulent (Ta= 1000) flow regimes. Bubbles (0.035 times as small as the gap) are generated by agitation of the upper free surface (ventilated flow). Larger bubbles (0.15 times as small as the gap) are generated by injection at the bottom of the apparatus and by applying a pressure drop (gaseous-cavitating flow). Void fraction, bubble size, and velocity, as well as axial and azimuthal velocity components of the liquid are investigated. The bubble location in the gap clearly depends on the bubble size. For α>0.1%, there is evidence of bubble-induced modifications of axial transfers and wall shear stress, the observed trends being different according to the bubble location in the gap.
The drilling problem: A stochastic modeling and control example in manufacturing

A machining economics problem is considered where feed rate selection and tool replacement policies are to be determined. A new stochastic model for tool wear, called a diffusion-threshold model, is proposed. This tool wear model allows the machining economics problem to be formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem incorporating measurement feedback of tool wear. Two types of control policies are described. One is a traditional machining economics policy and the other utilizes tool wear feedback and allows on-line decision making. The optimal policy is described for both types. An example problem based on actual data is worked out that compares the two approaches and demonstrates the utility of information feedback and on-line control.
The effect of photonic structures on the light guiding efficiency of fluorescent concentrators

It is possible to increase the efficiency of fluorescent concentrator systems with photonic structures. This is achieved by reducing the losses caused by the loss cone of total internal reflection. Examples of fluorescent concentrators we are currently working with are given and different photonic structures designed for the application on these fluorescent concentrators are presented. We discuss the optical characteristics of the photonic structures and their effects on the light guiding efficiency of the fluorescent concentrators. An analytical model is established to analyze and quantify the effects of these filters on the light guiding efficiency theoretically. This model is used to analyze the given photonic structures in detail. We show that with a real photonic structure the loss cone losses can be reduced by more than 75%.
A combinatorial approach to transitive extensions of generously unitransitive permutation groups

Motivated by symmetric association schemes (which are known to approximate generously unitransitive group actions), we formulate combinatorial approximations to transitive extensions of generously unitransitive permutation groups. Specifically, the notions of compatible and coherent partitions are suggested and investigated in terms of the orbits of an ambient group (H, Ω) on the k‐subsets of Ω, k=2, 3, 4. We apply these ideas to investigate transitive extensions of the automorphism groups of the classical Johnson and Hamming schemes. In the latter case, we further provide algorithmic details and computer‐generated data for the particular series of Hamming schemes H(m, 3), m⩾2. Finally, our approach is compared to the concept of a symmetric association scheme on triples in the sense of Mesner and Bhattacharya. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 18:369–391, 2010
Soft x-ray lasers seeded by a high harmonic beam

We studied seeding of two x-ray laser transitions, 4d-4p at 32.8 nm in Kr8+ and 5d-5p 41.8 nm in Xe8+. The amplifying medium is generated by focussing a high energy circularly polarized, 35 fs 10 Hz Ti: sapphire laser system in a few mm cell filled with gas (xenon or krypton). We succeeded to increase from a factor 10 to 200 the input HHG energy, without deteriorating their optical qualities. The resulting beam was polarized, coherent and we estimate the output energy to be about 1 μJ.
Novel Nonlinear Rendezvous Guidance Scheme Under Constraints on Thrust Direction

DOI: 10.2514/1.52491 This paper proposes a new nonlinear guidance scheme to treat rendezvous trajectory planning under constraints on thrust direction. Considering the constraints on the parameters in the general quadratic performance index, a control design process is proposedusing modal analysis to make the thrust angle small at the initial and final phases. Then, using a candidate control Lyapunov function by solving the Riccati equation for the considered performance index, a new control applying “satisficing” concepts is devised to meet the constraints strictly from start to finish. Numerical simulations show that thrust angle can be practically constrained within a small magnitude and the proposed control law leads to convergence at the origin in both a circular orbit and an eccentric one. Nomenclature A0 = semimajor axis of the target c = � cos � e = eccentricity of the target h = angular momentum of the target
Hydrogen annealing of arrays of planar and vertically stacked Si nanowires

Four level matrices of round, 35nm in diameter Si nanowires (NWs) are obtained thanks to a top-down approach. In particular, we report optimized H2 annealing conditions (800to900°C) in order to reconstruct the plasma-etched surfaces of the suspended nanowires. The nanowire shape evolution has been studied in scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The side roughness decrease and the rounding of the NWs have been quantified. The instability of the anchors of the NWs to the contact regions has been evidenced and confirmed by surface diffusion simulations.
Confinement of the Crab pulsar's wind by its supernova remnant

We construct a steady state, spherically symmetric, magnetohydrodynamic model of the Crab nebual. A highly relativistic, positronic pulsar wind is terminated by a strong MHD shock that decelerates the flow and increases its pressure to match boundary conditions imposed by the recently discovered supernova remnant that surrounds the nebula. If the magnetic luminosity of the pulsar wind upsteam of the shock is about 0.3% of its particle luminosity, the pressure and velocity boundary conditions imposed by the remnant place the shock where we infer it to be; near the outer boundary of an underluminous region observed to surround the pulsar. It is necessary to include the weak magnetization of the wind to satisfy the boundary conditions and to calculate the nebular synchrotron radiation self-consistently.
Semi-empirical model for channel bed evolution due to lateral discharge withdrawal

Side weirs and overtopable levees are widely used to increase flood routing along a channel or river. The lateral loss of water reduces the sediment transport capacity leading to the formation of a local sediment deposit close to the overflow. Since the extent of the morphological bed changes is not known a priori, the design discharge is increased by this flow–sediment transport interaction in an uncontrolled way. Based on a systematic flume study, a semi-empirical model to predict the three-dimensional bed evolution of the aggraded channel reach in the vicinity of the overflow is developed. The shape of the deposit is modelled by an adapted Maxwell-type distribution function. The main input parameters of the model are expressed in terms of dimensionless parameters accounting for main channel and side overflow geometry as well as flow and sediment transport characteristics. The application of the empirical model in numerical flow calculations predicts 90% of the measured overflow.