Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Opportunistic Infections in Women With HIV AIDS

Women account for half of the global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) infections. Heterosexual contact is the leading risk factor in women. Over 50% of patients are significantly immunosuppressed at the time of diagnosis. Women with advanced HIV infection are at a risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). OIs lead to significant morbidity and cost. Some of OIs may impact women more significantly than men, that is, human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer. OIs during pregnancy can increase the risk of maternal-to-child transmission of HIV and some OIs, such as Hepatitis C. This chapter will review of OIs that are most important in women’s health.
A Hybrid and Flexible Genetic Algorithm for the Job-Shop Scheduling Problem

A hybrid and flexible genetic algorithm (HybFlexGA) is presented for the job-shop scheduling problem (JSSP). The JSSP is one of the most difficult production scheduling problems in industry because it requires very large combinational search space and the precedence constraint between machines. The computational results on the well-known benchmark instances show the proposed HybFlexGA is very effective and competitive with other methods presented in the literature.
Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interd

Classifications of heart muscle diseases have proved to be exceedingly complex and in many respects contradictory. Indeed, the precise language used to describe these diseases is profoundly important. A new contemporary and rigorous classification of cardiomyopathies (with definitions) is proposed here. This reference document affords an important framework and measure of clarity to this heterogeneous group of diseases. Of particular note, the present classification scheme recognizes the rapid evolution of molecular genetics in cardiology, as well as the introduction of several recently described diseases, and is unique in that it incorporates ion channelopathies as a primary cardiomyopathy.
Enhancement of cisplatin cytotoxicity by disulfiram involves activating transcription factor 3.

BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a stress-inducible gene, is a regulator of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity, and enhancement of the ATF3 expression potentiates this cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS ATF3 expression and its binding to the transcription target CHOP were evaluated by western blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), respectively, in a panel of five cell lines (WI38, MCF7, PC3, A549). MTT assays were employed to assess the effects of many drugs, including disulfiram, on cell viability. RESULTS ATF3 protein expression was up-regulated after cytotoxic doses of cisplatin treatment and it directly bound to the CHOP gene promoter, increasing this pro-apoptotic protein's expression. In a library screen of 1200 compounds, disulfiram, a dithiocarbamate drug, was identified as an enhancer of the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. This increased cytotoxic action was synergistic and likely due to their ability to induce ATF3 independently. CONCLUSION Understanding the role of ATF3 in cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity will lead to novel therapeutic approaches that could improve this drug's efficacy.
Is Plan A OK in the ‘plausibly difficult’ airway?

Pandit and Heidegger describe an updated approach to airway assessment [1]. Despite Yentis’s [2] 2002 editorial, and further evidence of poor performance of predictive tests since [3–5], most anaesthetists are clearly uncomfortable inducing general anaesthesia without some form of airway assessment, typically including one or more of the common clinical tests. Re-framing predictive tests as a screening process seems a more accurate representation of clinical experience, and we welcome it as a useful improvement. However, we disagree that defining a patient’s airway as ‘plausibly difficult’ mandates the use of a ‘nonroutine’ airway management technique, per plan A of the Difficult Airway Society’s 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults [6]. They argue that ‘a later inspection of records should indicate to a dispassionate observer – from the techniques used alone – whether the anaesthetist regarded the airway as ‘plausibly difficult or not’. Clearly, there are cases when an advanced technique is indicated from the outset, such as their example of the morbidly obese patient presenting after extensive facial reconstructive surgery and a litany of failed intubations. We argue, though, that use of a ‘routine’ technique may be perfectly acceptable in patients where there is ‘plausible difficulty’ with direct laryngoscopy, but in whom successful intubation with an available videolaryngoscope, or rescue with a supraglottic airway or other techniques, can be safely applied [7]. Nørskov et al.’s data [3–5] showed that the number of patients with difficult airway management was higher among those whose airways were assessed as ‘easy’, even if the prevalence was lower. As demonstrated in the illustrative data from Pandit and Heidegger’s editorial, 90% of the 3300 patients in whom tracheal intubation was difficult were not predicted to be so. Routine techniques must still involve measures to overcome unexpected difficulty, including optimal positioning, appropriate pre-oxygenation, and immediate availability of alternative airways and advanced equipment. If routine practice involves being prepared for difficulty, it should be acceptable to apply a similar management plan to a patient where there is a somewhat increased likelihood that difficulty will be encountered. Additional preparation should certainly include sharing and probably documenting the risk assessment and airway management plan in the team briefing and ensuring extra anaesthetic assistance is on hand. However, documenting only the ‘the techniques used alone’ would not necessarily reflect this. Previously, failed intubation following intravenous induction and direct laryngoscopy left few options, but, latterly, this has become merely step one in a structured approach to managing the airway, even in the proportion of cases where difficulty is anticipated.
Fetal deaths in Brazil: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE To review the frequency of and factors associated with fetal death in the Brazilian scientific literature. METHODS A systematic review of Brazilian studies on fetal deaths published between 2003 and 2013 was conducted. In total, 27 studies were analyzed; of these, 4 studies addressed the quality of data, 12 were descriptive studies, and 11 studies evaluated the factors associated with fetal death. The databases searched were PubMed and Lilacs, and data extraction and synthesis were independently performed by two or more examiners. RESULTS The level of completeness of fetal death certificates was deficient, both in the completion of variables, particularly sociodemographic variables, and in defining the underlying causes of death. Fetal deaths have decreased in Brazil; however, inequalities persist. Analysis of the causes of death indicated maternal morbidities that could be prevented and treated. The main factors associated with fetal deaths were absent or inadequate prenatal care, low education level, maternal morbidity, and adverse reproductive history. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal care should prioritize women that are most vulnerable (considering their social environment or their reproductive history and morbidities) with the aim of decreasing the fetal mortality rate in Brazil. Adequate completion of death certificates and investment in the committees that investigate fetal and infant deaths are necessary.
Laser‐scanning lithography (LSL) for the soft lithographic patterning of cell‐adhesive self‐assembled monolayers

We report the development of laser‐scanning lithography (LSL), which employs a laser‐scanning confocal microscope to pattern photoresists that can be utilized, for example, in the fabrication of masters for use in soft lithography. This convenient technique provides even exposure across the entire view field and facilitates accurate alignment of successive photoresist exposures. Features on the scale of 3 µm have been achieved to date with a 10× objective (NA 0.45). Virtual masks, instructions for laser irradiation, were drawn using the Region of Interest (ROI) function of a Zeiss LSM 510 microscope. These regions were then exposed to a 458 nm argon laser for 32 µs (0.9 mW/µm2). Differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging was utilized with a non‐destructive 514 nm argon laser as an immediate quality check of each exposure, to align successive exposures, and to reduce chromatic aberration between imaging and exposure. Developed masters were replica‐molded with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS); these masters were then utilized for microcontact printing of cell‐adhesive self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) to demonstrate the utility of this process. Initial studies confirmed that human dermal fibroblast adhesion and spreading were limited to cell‐adhesive SAM areas. LSL is a rapid, flexible, and readily available technique that will accelerate master design and preparation; moreover, it can be applied to additional forms of photolithography and photopolymerization for studies in cell biology, biomaterials design and evaluation, materials science, and surface chemistry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An enterprise mobile e-business system model based on pushmail

Bandwidth and speed are no longer the bottleneck of mobile e-business in 3G era. E-business based on mobile phones and other mobile devices has emerged, which empowers and facilitates the development and application of enterprise informatization. This paper describes the enterprise mobile e-business system model based on pushmail, puts forward the architecture and principle of the model, and then briefly introduces the applications of mobile e-business. At last, the paper points out the obstacles and problems when mobile e-business is applied in enterprises and their countermeasures.
A First Experimental Demonstration of Massive Knowledge Infusion

A central goal of Artificial Intelligence is to create systems that embody commonsense knowledge in a reliable enough form that it can be used for reasoning in novel situations. Knowledge Infusion is an approach to this problem in which the commonsense knowledge is acquired by learning. In this paper we report on experiments on a corpus of a half million sentences of natural language text that test whether commonsense knowledge can be usefully acquired through this approach. We examine the task of predicting a deleted word from the remainder of a sentence for some 268 target words. As baseline we consider how well this task can be performed using learned rules based on the words within a fixed distance of the target word and their parts of speech. This captures an approach that has been previously demonstrated to be highly successful for a variety of natural language tasks. We then go on to learn from the corpus rules that embody commonsense knowledge, additional to the knowledge used in the baseline case. We show that chaining learned commonsense rules together leads to measurable improvements in prediction performance on our task as compared with the baseline. This is apparently the first experimental demonstration that commonsense knowledge can be learned from natural inputs on a massive scale reliably enough that chaining the learned rules is efficacious for reasoning.
Multiple phenotypes of prostatic glandular cells in castrated dogs after individual or combined treatment with androgen and estrogen. Morphometric, ultrastructural, and cytochemical distinctions.

To demonstrate a potential for multidirectional differentiation in mature prostatic epithelium, 17 beta-estradiol 17-cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol dipropionate (3 alpha-diol DP) were administered individually and in combination to castrated dogs. Quantitative ultrastructural and cytochemical methods were used to distinguish phenotypes of glandular cells in the various hormonal environments. Castration-induced glandular cell regression was accompanied by an increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio; by enhanced keratin positivity, expressed as dispersed immunolabeled tonofilaments; and by an absence of peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding sites on luminal membranes. Administration of ECP resulted in squamous metaplasia as well as hypertrophy of the glandular epithelium. The hypertrophied estrogen-modified glandular (EMG) cells were characterized by a new population of small (0.29 micron in diameter) secretory granules, bundles of tonofilaments, and PNA-positive luminal membranes. Treatment of castrated dogs with 3 alpha-diol DP produced a greater epithelial hypertrophy than ECP. These cells were characterized by larger (0.49 micron in diameter) secretory granules, dispersed tonofilaments, and no detectable PNA receptors. Joint administration of ECP and 3 alpha-diol DP caused a florid response including squamous metaplasia and hypertrophy of the glandular epithelium which was associated with the emergence of a novel phenotype in androgen-estrogen modified glandular (A-EMG) cells. In A-EMG cells, secretory granules were similar in size to those found in 3 alpha-diol DP-dominated epithelium whereas tonofilaments often appeared in bundles and luminal membranes were PNA positive, i.e., features found in EMG cells. Our results indicate that atrophic canine prostatic glandular cells possess pluripotentiality of response to sex hormones.
Sex differences in 6-month-old infants' affect and behavior: Impact on maternal caregiving.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN 6-MONTH-OLD INFANTS' AFFECT AND BEHAVIOR: IMPACT ON MATERNAL CAREGIVING FEBRUARY 1992 MARTA K. WEINBERG, B.A., SMITH COLLEGE M . A . , UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Ph . D . , UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Rachel K. Clifton Previous studies of gender differences in emotional and behavioral expressivity have generally found few differences between male and female infants despite persistent reports by parents to the contrary. This study presents striking sex differences in infants' behavior and affect during face-to-face interactions with their mother. 81 infants (43 females and 38 males) and their mothers were videotaped in Tronick's Still-Face Paradigm at 6 and 6 1/2 months. The Still-Face Paradigm consists of three two-minute episodes: normal age-appropriate interaction, mother acting unresponsive by holding a still-face (a stressful event), and a reunion of normal interaction. The infants' behavior (e.g., gaze, self-regulatory coping behaviors, gestural and vocal signals, and withdrawal/ escape behaviors) was coded using the Infant Regulatory Scoring System and their affective expressions with the AFFEX system. The mothers' behavior (e.g., facilitative
Pointing Treatments Are Task Relevant: A Visuomotor Priming Study

The present study focused on priming effects on pointing with everyday objects. In a set of four experiments, a visuomotor priming paradigm was used to investigate the nature of visuomotor processing (automatic versus task relevant). By manipulating congruency of orientation and location we found that location congruency facilitates the initiation time of pointing whereas orientation congruency does not. We provide evidence to show that motor planning is influenced by the goal of the action, and that how visual information is processed and held in memory depends on the task relevance. These data are consistent with the proposed interaction between visuomotor and higher processes during the planning and execution of actions such as pointing.
Estimating operating mode parameters in distribution grids with regard to the peculiarities of their development

The operating modes control of 35 kV, 6/10 kV distribution grids within the concept of Smart Grid is currently possible due to the impact on the control units available in the grid. The devices include: a transformer with on-load tap changing, energy storage systems, switching equipment, reactive power sources, distributed generators. A combined use of these control devices would allow performing the optimization of the normal and post-fault operation modes of distribution grids. However, the solution of the optimization problem is impossible without the knowledge of the node voltages, the active and reactive power flows and the state topology of the optimized grid referred to as the operating mode parameters. The paper proposes using an amount of power energy from the automated measuring systems, basing on electricity meters as multifunctional measuring devices. The estimation of the operating mode parameters according to the data of electricity meters at the certain time intervals gives a better result, compared to the classical approaches based on the calculation of the average steady-state parameters under the changes of both topology and operation modes, which usually takes place in the distribution grids. Thus, for estimating the operating mode parameters in distribution grids, the authors propose to implement a new approach based on the use of energy.
A cross-layer design of channel assignment and routing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) technology provides a new and promising solution to improve the spectrum utilization. Due to the dynamic and diversity characteristics of channels in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), channel assignment and routing paths selection are critical issues for the functionality and performance of CRNs. In this paper, the routing metric of Minimum cumulative Interference and channel Switching Delay (MISD) is proposed for CRNs, which jointly undertakes the intra/inter-flow interference and channel switching delay for the end-to-end route. With consideration of the diversity of Spectrum OPportunity (SOP) set for each cognitive user, the optimal end-to-end path and channel on each hop are found in route resolve procedure by cross-layer design among the physical layer, MAC layer and network layer. Simulation results show that the proposed routing metric outperforms minimum hops metric and Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (WCETT) metric in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, packets delivery ratio and route overhead in CRNs.
Migratory Responses of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes to Kinin Peptides

The present study examines the influence of kinins on the migratory capacity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes under in vitro conditions using the Boyden chamber technique. By means of checkerboard analysis the migration of neutrophils induced by bradykinin could be characterized as true chemotaxis. The stimulation of human neutrophils with bradykinin, with the nonpeptide B<sub>2</sub> receptor agonist FR190997 as well as with des-Arg<sup>9</sup>-bradykinin and des-Arg<sup>10</sup>-kallidin results in a concentration-dependent migration. Pretreatment of the neutrophils with the B<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonist HOE-140 (icatibant) inhibited the bradykinin-induced migration but not that induced by B<sub>1</sub> receptor agonists, whereas the B<sub>1 </sub>receptor antagonist des-Arg<sup>10</sup>HOE-140 abolished the migration elicited by des-Arg<sup>9</sup>-bradykinin or des-Arg<sup>10</sup>-kallidin but not that evoked by bradykinin. Pretreatment of the neutrophils with the leukotriene B<sub>4</sub> (LTB<sub>4</sub>) antagonist ZK158252 inhibited the LTB<sub>4</sub>-induced chemotaxis as well as the chemotaxis produced by bradykinin and des-Arg<sup>10</sup>-kallidin. An involvement of interleukin-1β and of the chemokine IL-8 in the bradykinin-induced migration in vitro could be excluded during the migration time of the neutrophils. In conclusion, the present study provides pharmacological evidence showing that B<sub>1</sub> and B<sub>2</sub> kinin receptors are involved in the migration of human neutrophils in vitro, that LTB<sub>4</sub> participates in the downstream pathway and that the B<sub>1</sub> kinin receptor seems to be expressed already under physiological conditions.
Plasma HIV-2 RNA According to CD4 Count Strata among HIV-2-Infected Adults in the IeDEA West Africa Collaboration

Background Plasma HIV-1 RNA monitoring is one of the standard tests for the management of HIV-1 infection. While HIV-1 RNA can be quantified using several commercial tests, no test has been commercialized for HIV-2 RNA quantification. We studied the relationship between plasma HIV-2 viral load (VL) and CD4 count in West African patients who were either receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or treatment-naïve. Method A cross sectional survey was conducted among HIV-2-infected individuals followed in three countries in West Africa from March to December 2012. All HIV-2 infected-patients who attended one of the participating clinics were proposed a plasma HIV-2 viral load measurement. HIV-2 RNA was quantified using the new ultrasensitive in-house real-time PCR assay with a detection threshold of 10 copies/ mL (cps/mL). Results A total of 351 HIV-2-infected individuals participated in this study, of whom 131 (37.3%) were treatment naïve and 220 (62.7%) had initiated ART. Among treatment-naïve patients, 60 (46.5%) had undetectable plasma HIV-2 viral load (<10 cps/mL), it was detectable between 10-100 cps/mL in 35.8%, between 100-1000 cps/mL in 11.7% and >1000 cps/mL in 6.0% of the patients. Most of the treatment-naïve patients (70.2%) had CD4-T cell count ≥500 cells/mm3 and 43 (46.7%) of these patients had a detectable VL (≥10 cps/mL). Among the 220 patients receiving ART, the median CD4-T cell count rose from 231 to 393 cells/mm3 (IQR [259-561]) after a median follow-up duration of 38 months and 145 (66.0%) patients had CD4-T cell count ≤ 500 cells/mm3 with a median viral load of 10 cps/mL (IQR [10-33]). Seventy five (34.0%) patients had CD4-T cell count ≥ 500 cells/mm3, among them 14 (18.7%) had a VL between 10-100 cps/mL and 2 (2.6%) had VL >100 cps/mL. Conclusion This study suggests that the combination of CD4-T cell count and ultrasensitive HIV-2 viral load quantification with a threshold of 10 cps/mL, could improve ART initiation among treatment naïve HIV-2-infected patients and the monitoring of ART response among patients receiving treatment.