Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two years of free‐tropospheric aerosol layers observed over Portugal by lidar

Multi‐wavelength Raman light detection and ranging (lidar) observations were analyzed, which were performed in Évora, Portugal, during more than 2 years on a regular basis in the framework of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). An aerosol characterization in terms of the lidar ratios at 355 and 532 nm and the extinction and backscatter related Ångström exponents is presented. Aerosol layers in the free troposphere were classified according to their origin. Clear differences in the intensive optical properties were found for layers of mineral dust from the Sahara and from Asia, of anthropogenic aerosol from Europe and from North America, as well as of biomass burning smoke from the Iberian Peninsula and from North America, respectively. In general, the mean Ångström exponents of aerosol layers of the same type, but from closer source regions, were smaller than those from aerosol layers transported over a longer distance. This hints at the deposition of large particles along the transportation path, especially for anthropogenic aerosol and mineral dust. Besides, the seasonal behavior of aerosol in the free troposphere over Évora was studied. Seventy‐three percent of the detected layers were observed during spring and summer. On average, the layers were highest in summer with an overall mean layer height of (3.8 ±1.9) km above sea level (asl), and lowest in winter with (2.3 ±0.9) km asl.
Inverted metamorphism in the intracontinental ductile shear zone during Himalayan collision tectonics

Collision tectonics in the Himalaya ca. 50 Ma remobilized the Proterozoic basement and its cover of the Indian plate into the Higher Himalayan crystalline belt. This belt displays an inverted metamorphism progressing from a garnet to a sillimanite-K-feldspar zone toward higher topographic and structural levels. Because previously hypothesized mechanisms are not sufficient to explain inverted metamorphism, we propose that ductile shear displacements along ubiquitous, closely spaced S-C shear planes may have caused metamorphic inversion across a 15-20-km-thick, southwest-vergent, Higher Himalayan shear zone.
Fullerene-Inspired Efficient Neuromorphic Network-on-Chip Scheme

Router-based network-on-chips (NoCs) are widely used for multi-core interconnection in neuromorphic chips. The NoC scheme has a great impact on communication efficiency. Although many efforts have been made to develop high-efficiency NoC schemes, they still suffer from poor topological connectivity and the single function of routing nodes, making it stay on a low efficiency in neuromorphic computing. This brief proposes an efficient merge-and-link (MerLin) NoC scheme by reconsidering interconnection topology and bottom communication nodes. At the topology level, an efficient communication structure inspired by the fullerene-60 structure is proposed as the NoC topology; at the node level, an efficient merge-and-link routing scheme is proposed for implementing the bottom routers. The fullerene-60-inspired topology brings improvements of 8~63% in average degree and $2\times $ in connectivity and a decrease of 9~27% in the communication distance compared with other topologies. The merge-and-link router supports hybrid transmission modes, achieves a low transmission latency of 2 clock periods, and only occupies 0.004 mm2 area. Eventually, the MerLin NoC achieves a minimal zero-load latency of 6.32 clock cycles, outperforming related works. This brief is expected as a promising solution to optimize the interconnection of next-generation multi-core neuromorphic chips.
The location of innovation. Universities and technological infrastructure in Spain

During the last decade, in Spain, there has been important growth and territorial expansion of universities and technological centres in support of the innovative activity in firms. This paper is divided into two parts. Firstly, through a review of the theoretical and empirical studies the main connections between geography and innovation are presented. Secondly, in the framework of a Griliches-Jaffe knowledge production function the relation, at a geographical level, of university research, technological infrastructure and human capital to innovations in Spain is explored.
Nanoscale Thermal Transport in Vertical Gate-All-Around Junctionless Nanowire Transistors—Part I: Experimental Methods

In this article, we present the first detailed experimental study of electrothermal effects in 3-D vertical gate-all-around (GAA) junctionless nanowire transistors (JLNTs). In contrast with conventional CMOS technologies, JLNTs exhibit steady increase of current with temperature owing to weak mobility degradation in the highly doped nanowires. Consequently, in this work, we proposed novel experimental methods for extracting thermal resistance using dc and low-frequency (LF) S-parameter measurements. Experimental results obtained from different methods are validated against theoretical as well as simulated values obtained from multiphysics simulation of JLNTs.
Stainless Steel in Municipal Sewage—How to Recognize Favorable Corrosion Conditions

While chromium–nickel steel is known to be extremely resistant to corrosion, the occurrence of certain factors can unfortunately initiate an uncontrolled corrosion process. This paper presents samples made of 304 stainless steel containing delta ferrite that have been exposed to wastewater for 18 months. Samples placed above the surface of the wastewater (A-series) were intensively corroded. Samples half-submerged in the wastewater and periodically fully submerged at higher effluent flows through the screenings and grit separator (B-series) only suffered minor mechanical erosion. No significant changes in the tested surface were observed on samples fully submerged in wastewater (C-series). The results indicated that the observed pitting corrosion of samples placed above the surface of the wastewater was a consequence of the presence of bacteria in a wet hydrogen sulfide environment. The fluorescence in situ hybridization method showed that either the sludge taken from the wastewater, or from the surface of samples submerged in wastewater exhibited increased amounts of bacteria from the δ-proteobacteria class, indicating the presence of microorganisms involved in the reduction of sulfur or sulfate compounds. A new approach to microbiological evaluation by determining classes of bacteria may be a promising tool for evaluating wastewater in terms of aggressiveness and recognizing favorable corrosive conditions.
Nighttime ozone profiles in the stratosphere and mesosphere by the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars on Envisat

[1] The Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument on board the European Space Agency’s Envisat satellite measures ozone and a few other trace gases using the stellar occultation method. Global coverage, good vertical resolution and the self-calibrating measurement method make GOMOS observations a promising data set for building various climatologies. In this paper we present the nighttime stratospheric ozone distribution measured by GOMOS in 2003. We show monthly latitudinal distributions of the ozone number density and mixing ratio profiles, as well as the seasonal variations of profiles at several latitudes. The stratospheric profiles are compared with the Fortuin-Kelder daytime ozone climatology. Large differences are found in polar areas and they can be shown to be correlated with large increases of NO2. In the upper stratosphere, ozone values from GOMOS are systematically larger than in the Fortuin-Kelder climatology, which can be explained by the diurnal variation. In the middle and lower stratosphere, GOMOS finds a few percent less ozone than Fortuin-Kelder. In the equatorial area, at heights of around 15–22 km, GOMOS finds much less ozone than Fortuin-Kelder. For the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, there has previously been no comprehensive nighttime ozone climatology. GOMOS is one of the first new instruments able to contribute to such a climatology. We concentrate on the characterization of the ozone distribution in this region. The monthly latitudinal and seasonal distributions of ozone profiles in this altitude region are shown. The altitude of the mesospheric ozone peak and the semiannual oscillation of the number density are determined. GOMOS is also able to determine the magnitude of the ozone minimum around 80 km. The lowest seasonal mean mixing ratio values are around 0.13 ppm. The faint tertiary ozone peak at 72 km in polar regions during wintertime is observed.
NAIRU IN UZBEKISTAN: A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT (2016-2022)

Economic analysts frequently encourage the Fed to utilize unemployment rates or wages growth rates as leading measures of inflation and as indicators of whether to loosen or tighten monetary policy. The theory behind this strategy is based on current Keynesian macroeconomics, notably the Phillips curve and the nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). The main purpose of this study to analyze the trade-off between inflation and unemployment of Uzbekistan and calculate NAIRU through Phillips curve approach during 6 years quarterly data from 2016-2021. In this study Hodrick-Prescott filter (HP) filter is used to calculate NAIRU and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model to determine the relationship between inflation and unemployment rate. VIF test is used to check collinearity or multicollinearity of determinants and result showed that there is not any collinearity between variables. OLS model indicated that there are positive and significant trade-off between inflation and unemployment, while GDP and inflation showed negative and insignificant relationship.
Complex structural imaging of transition zones in Bohai Bay, China, by OBC technology

Abstract A series of ocean-bottom cable (OBC) surveys has been conducted in the Bohai Sea in China in recent years to overcome difficulties experienced with streamer surveys in shallow water, such as strong currents, missing near offsets, and obstacles. The main challenges in OBC data imaging include steeply dipping structures, serious multiples in the shallow-water environment, large lateral velocity variations, fault shadow effects, and low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). To obtain optimal images, advanced processing technologies have been developed and applied to OBC data which involve effective PZ summation and shallow-water demultiple, a high-fidelity beam migration in the wide-azimuth domain, and accurate velocity-model building in 3D tilted-transverse-isotropy (TTI) media. The PZ summation and shallow-water demultiple methods aim to effectively eliminate shallow-water ghosts to achieve broadband seismic data. Furthermore, high-fidelity controlled-beam migration (CBM) and TTI velocity-model updates gre.
Predictive modeling of the seismic cycle of the Greater San Francisco Bay Region

The seismic cycle for the San Francisco Bay region is synthesized by a model combining the pre-and post-1906 seismic histories. The long-term acceleration of seismic release (seismic moment, Benioff strain release, or event count) in the seismic cycle and the shorter-term accelerations preceding the larger earthquakes within that cycle are modeled using an empirical predictive technique, called time-to-failure analysis, in which rate of seismic release is proportional to an inverse power of the remaining time to failure. The exponent of time to failure in the accelerating sequences appears to be scale invariant, and the length of the full cycle is estimated at 269 ± 50 years. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which is the culmination of the first subcycle in the present long-term seismic cycle, should have been predictable with an uncertainty of 2 years in time and 0.5 in magnitude, although the specific location (at Loma Prieta) was not predictable by this technique. If our model is correct and if the Loma Prieta earthquake is the culmination of a subcycle, the San Francisco Bay region should be entering a relatively long (20–50 years) period of seismic quiescence above magnitude 6. A great earthquake, such as the 1906 San Francisco event, would appear to be more than a century in the future.
BiLSTM- and GNN-Based Spatiotemporal Traffic Flow Forecasting with Correlated Weather Data

The timely and accurate forecasting of urban road traffic is crucial for smart city traffic management and control. It can assist both drivers and traffic controllers in selecting efficient routes and diverting traffic to less congested roads. However, estimating traffic volume while taking into account external factors such as weather and accidents is still a challenge. In this research, we propose a hybrid deep learning framework, double attention graph neural network BiLSTM (DAGNBL), that utilizes a graph neural network to represent spatial characteristics and bidirectional LSTM units to capture temporal dependencies between features. Attention modules are added to the GNN and BLSTM to find high-impact attention weight values for the chosen road section. Our model offers the best prediction accuracy with a mean absolute percentage error of 5.21% and a root mean squared error of 4. It can be utilized as a useful tool for predicting traffic flow on certain stretches of road.
Dynapenia and Sarcopenia in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Hospitalized Patients Are Associated with Severe Reduction in Pulmonary Function

Background: After hospital discharge, post-COVID-19 syndrome has been observed to be associated with impaired diffusing capacity, respiratory muscle strength, and lung imaging abnormalities, in addition to loss of muscle mass/strength, sarcopenia, and obesity impact exercise tolerance, pulmonary functions, and overall prognosis. However, the relationship between lung function and the coexistence of obesity with low muscle strength and sarcopenia in post-COVID-19 patients remains poorly investigated. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the association between lung function and the coexistence of obesity with dynapenia and sarcopenia in post-COVID-19 syndrome patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study included subjects who were hospitalized due to moderate to severe COVID-19, as confirmed by PCR testing. Subjects who could not be contacted, declined to participate, or died before the follow-up visit were excluded. Results: A total of 711 subjects were evaluated; the mean age was 53.64 ± 13.57 years, 12.4% had normal weight, 12.6% were dynapenic without obesity, 8.3% had sarcopenia, 41.6% had obesity, 21.2% had dynapenic obesity, and 3.8% had sarcopenic obesity. In terms of pulmonary function, the dynapenic subjects showed decreases of −3.45% in FEV1, −12.61 cmH2O in MIP, and -12.85 cmH2O in MEP. On the other hand, the sarcopenic subjects showed decreases of −6.14 cmH2O in MIP and −11.64 cmH2O in MEP. The dynapenic obesity group displayed a reduction of −12.13% in PEF. Conclusions: In post-COVID-19 syndrome, dynapenia and sarcopenia—both with and without obesity—have been associated with lower lung function.
Effect of wet tropospheric path delays on estimation of geodetic baselines in the Gulf of California using the Global Positioning System

Geodetic baseline measurements using the Global Positioning System (GPS) were acquired in the Gulf of California between Loreto and Cabo San Lucas in Baja California and Mazatlan on the mainland of Mexico. Tropospheric water vapor content was high during the experiment, typically yielding wet path delays in excess of 20 cm at zenith. Surface meteorological (SM) and water vapor radiometer (WVR) measurements were recorded at each site, providing independent means of calibrating the GPS signal for the wet tropospheric path delay. Residual wet delays at zenith are estimated as constants and also as first-order exponentially correlated stochastic processes. In addition, the entire wet zenith delay is estimated stochastically without prior calibration. The results of these approaches are compared in terms of day-to-day baseline repeatability and other system performance discriminants. Calibration with WVR data yields the best repeatabilities, of the order of 1–7.5 parts in 108 in the horizontal components of 350- to 650-km baselines with carrier phase data. Further improvement in these results occurs if combined carrier phase and pseudorange data are used. WVR data are important for direct characterization of the wet tropospheric path delays in humid regions. SM measurements, if used with a simple atmospheric model and estimation of residual zenith delays as constants, can introduce significant errors in baseline solutions. However, SM calibration and stochastic estimation of residual zenith wet delays may be adequate for precise estimation of GPS baselines, with a deterioration in repeatability of less than 1–2 cm compared to WVR calibration. Stochastic estimation of the entire zenith wet delay yields comparable repeatabilities, particularly if both carrier phase and pseudorange data are used. Similar analyses of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory-Mojave baseline in California, where zenith wet delays are factors of 3–5 less, show no significant differences among the various tropospheric calibrations.
The impact of innovative behaviors on academic misconduct among graduate students: a mediated moderation model

Introduction Academic misconduct among graduate students poses a significant challenge in graduate education. This study aims to explore the impact of innovative behavior on graduate student academic misconduct and its underlying mechanisms. Methods A survey was conducted on 677 graduate students currently enrolled in Beijing universities to assess their innovative behavior, academic misconduct, academic anxiety, employment confidence, educational levels, among other factors. The study analyzed the mediating roles of academic anxiety, employment confidence, and educational levels in the relationship between innovative behavior and graduate student academic misconduct. Results Graduate student innovative behavior exerts a negative predictive effect on academic misconduct, with a stronger emphasis on innovative behavior associated with a reduced likelihood of academic misconduct. Academic anxiety plays a mediating role in the relationship between graduate student innovative behavior and academic misconduct. Educational levels and employment confidence each play moderating roles in the latter stages of the mediation effects concerning graduate student innovative behavior, academic anxiety, and academic misconduct. Conclusion This study reveals the mediating role of academic anxiety in the relationship between innovative behavior and graduate student academic misconduct. It also identifies the moderating roles of employment confidence and educational levels. These findings deepen our understanding of the relationship between innovative behavior and graduate student academic misconduct and are conducive to preventing such misconduct among graduate students.
Stream functions and equivalent freshwater heads for modeling regional flow of variable-density groundwater: 1. Review of theory and verification

Steady state flow of variable-density groundwater is simulated using equivalent freshwater heads and stream functions. On the basis of the work by De Josselin de Jong (1960,1969), fluids with different fluid densities are replaced by one hypothetical fluid, and singularities are introduced along interfaces where the actual fluids change densities. The basic flow equation describing variable-density flow, written in terms of equivalent freshwater head, is used to derive the corresponding stream function equation and associated boundary conditions. Neumann boundary conditions for the stream function equation can be determined from gradients of equivalent freshwater heads along the boundary. Stream functions provide a direct representation of the groundwater flow pattern and flow rates where fluid densities vary in space. In comparison, equivalent freshwater heads and fluid densities describe the two driving forces, hydraulic gradient and buoyancy force, but head gradients do not necessarily describe the flow direction of variable-density groundwater in isotropic media. Comparison of the finite element formulations indicates that potential errors in the centroid-consistent velocity calculation based on the stream function solution can be expected to be smaller than those in the velocity calculation based on the head solution for cross-sectional flow models, because discretization in the vertical direction is typically finer than in the horizontal direction.
Self-Organized Wireless Sensor Network (SOWSN) for Dense Jungle Applications

To facilitate wireless sensor networks deployment in dense jungle environments, the challenges of unreliable wireless communication links used for routing data between nodes and the gateway, and the limited battery energy available from the nodes must be overcome. In this paper, we introduce the Self-Organized Wireless Sensor Network (SOWSN) to overcome these challenges. To develop the traits needed for such SOWSN nodes, three types of computational intelligence mechanisms have been featured in the design. The first feature is the introduction of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) algorithm with simple Additive Weight (SAW) function for clustering the SOWSN nodes. The second feature is the introduction of the fuzzy logic ANFIS-optimized Near Ground Propagation Model to predict the wireless transmission link quality and power transfer between transmitters. The third feature is the introduction of the (Levenberg Marquardt artificial neural network (LM-ANN) for Adaptive and Dynamic Power Control to further optimize the transmitter power levels, radio modulation, Spreading Factor configurations, and settings of the employed SOWSN LoRaWAN nodes based on predicted wireless transmission link quality parameters. The introduced features were extensively evaluated and analyzed using simulation and empirical measurements. Using clustering, near-ground propagation, and adaptive transmission power control features, a robust wireless data transmission system was built while simultaneously providing power conservation in SOWSN operation. The payload loss can be improved using SAW clustering from 1275-bytes to 5100-bytes. The result of power conservation can be seen from the reduction of transmission power in SOWSN nodes with the increase of transmission time (TOA) as its side effect. With the original power transmission at 20-dBm, original TOA time at 96.832-milliseconds for all nodes, and SNR 3 as input, transmission power was reduced to 12.76-dBm and the TOA increased to 346.78-milliseconds for all nodes.
A Microlens Array Grating for Miniature Multi-Channel Spectrometers

Most existing multi-channel spectrometers are constructed by physically stacking single-channel spectrometers, resulting in their large size, high weight, and limited number of channels. Therefore, their miniaturization is urgently needed. In this paper, a microlens array grating is designed for miniature multi-channel spectrometers. A transmissive element integrating microlens arrays and gratings, the MLAG, enables simultaneous focusing and dispersion. Using soft lithography, the MLAG was fabricated with a deviation of less than 2.2%. The dimensions are 10 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm with over 2000 available units. The MLAG spectrometer operates in the 400–700 nm wavelength range with a resolution of 6 nm. Additionally, the designed MLAG multi-channel spectrometer is experimentally verified to have independently valid cells that can be used in multichannel spectrometers. The wavelength position repeatability deviation of each cell is about 0.5 nm, and the repeatability of displacement measurements by the chromatic confocal sensor with the designed MLAG multi-channel spectrometer is less than 0.5 μm.