Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Performance of a Generic Intrusion Detection Method Using Doc2vec

Cyber attack techniques in cyberspace are evolving every second, and detecting unknown malicious communication is a challenging task. Pattern-matching-based techniques and using malicious website blacklists are not effective, because the attacker can easily change the traffic pattern or the attack infrastructure. There are many behavior based detection methods which use the characteristic of drive-by-download attacks or C&C traffic. However, many previous methods specialize the attack techniques and the adaptability is limited. Moreover, they have to decide the feature vectors every attack method. Accordingly, we propose a generic detection method which is independent of attack methods and does not need devising feature vectors. This method uses Paragraph Vector an unsupervised algorithm that learns fixed-length feature representations from variable-length pieces of texts, such as sentences, paragraphs, and documents, and learns the context in proxy server logs. This paper reveals the long-term performance and the effectiveness to the other dataset. This paper conducts timeline analysis with the dataset which contains captured traffic from Exploit Kit (EK) between 2014 and 2017. This paper also demonstrates cross-dataset validation by showing that an automated feature extraction scheme learned from one dataset can be used successfully for classification on another dataset. The experimental results show the proposed method is effective over three years, and effective on another dataset too. The proposed method achieves an F-measure of 0.95 in the timeline analysis and an F-measure of 0.96 on the other dataset.
The Relationship Between Homelessness and Health: An Overview of Research in Canada

C. James Frankish, Stephen W. Hwang, and Darryl Quantz, The Relationship Between Homelessness and Health: An Overview of Research in Canada. In: Hulchanski, J. David; Campsie, Philippa; Chau, Shirley; Hwang, Stephen; Paradis, Emily (eds.) Finding Home: Policy Options for Addressing Homelessness in Canada (e-book), Chapter 2.1. Toronto: Cities Centre, University of Toronto. www.homelesshub. ca/FindingHome
Design and Implementation of WSN Based Stable Management System

WSN (Wireless sensor networks) based on low-power technologies is one of the important technologies currently available in constructing ubiquitous society and is applied in various fields, including, environmental monitoring, disaster management, logistics management, and home network. In this paper, we proposed a WSN-based stable management system as one of the WSN applications. This stable management system consists of sensor manager and CCTV manager with a purpose of gathering environmental data and disposing this data into useful information. By using the WSN based stable management system, a raiser can monitor and manage the stable at anytime from anyplace so the environment of a stable could be optimized and the productivity of a stable would be increased.
Labor productivity and energy use in a three sector model: An application to Egypt

This paper presents a model of a developing economy with three sectors---a modern sector producing manufactures and services, a traditional sector producing agricultural goods, and a third sector providing energy. Modern and energy sector are assumed to be demand--constrained; the agricultural sector is supply--constrained. Simulation exercises confirm insights of existing theory on structural heterogeneity: A price--clearing agricultural sector can impose an inflationary barrier on growth. Further, emphasis is placed on the sources of productivity growth. Specifically, higher energy intensity rather than increases in energy productivity enable labor productivity growth, with the attendant complications for 'green growth'.
The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests

The saving and investment nexus as postulated by Feldstein and Horioka (FH) (1980) is revisited. The saving investment correlation for China is estimated over the periods 1952–1998 and 1952–1994, the latter culminating in a period of fixed exchange rate regime. Amongst the key results, it is found that saving and investment are correlated for China for both the period of the fixed exchange rate and the entire sample period. With high saving-investment correlation, the results suggest that the Chinese economy is in conformity with the FH hypothesis. This is a valid outcome, for in China capital mobility was fairly restricted over the 1952–1994 period as indicated by the relatively low foreign direct investment.
Enteric virus and indicator bacteria levels in a water treatment system modified to reduce trihalomethane production

A drinking-water treatment plant with high concentrations of trihalomethanes in its finished water and large numbers of viruses in its source water was located. This plant was used to study the effect of an alteration in the point of chlorination from the first to last step of water treatment on the biological and chemical qualities of its finished water. This alteration caused some reduction in trihalomethane production, but trihalomethane concentrations still exceeded the prescribed limit of 100 micrograms/liter. No viruses or bacterial indicators were ever isolated from the finished water of the modified plant. Total virus removal by the treatment steps before chlorination (coagulation, sedimentation, and sand filtration) averaged ca. 90%, whereas removal of bacterial indicators by these processes averaged between 88 and 98%. Recoveries of viruses and bacterial indicators in the source water were generally negatively correlated.
The Importance of Anti-Discrimination and Workers' Compensation Laws on the Provision of Workplace Accommodations following the Onset of a Disability

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was the first federal disability-based anti-discrimination law that applied to a broad range of workers. Whereas some studies have focused on its impact on workplace accommodation, this is the first to do so while accounting for previous state anti-discrimination and Workers' Compensation laws. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, the authors find that prior to the implementation of the ADA, employers were more likely to accommodate workers if their disability onset was work-related and hence likely to be covered by Workers' Compensation laws. State anti-discrimination laws significantly increased accommodations to workers whose disabilities were not work-related, effectively bringing their accommodation rates in line with workers whose disabilities were. Though implementation of the ADA increased accommodation for all workers, the authors point out that failure to account for pre-existing state anti-discrimination and Workers' Compensation laws will underestimate its effect.
Size, Performance and Effectiveness: Cost-Constrained Measures of Best-Practice Performance and Secondary-School Size

Current education policy in the UK requires secondary schools to strive for 'effectiveness' or 'best-practice' performance in producing educational outcomes, while securing cost efficiency in input use when doing so. Given this double policy objective, the present study uses data envelopment analysis to generate performance scores for schools relative to cost-constrained best-practice benchmarks that simultaneously take account of both outcome effectiveness and cost efficiency. The empirical results, relating to the set of Northern Ireland secondary schools, indicate that a positive relationship between effectiveness-efficiency performance scores and secondary school size holds across a range of educational outcomes. Larger schools were still found to outperform smaller ones, on average, when schools were grouped according to gender, school type, and absence/presence of a sixth form. The findings imply that it is inappropriate to assess the performance of schools without taking into account the impact of school size on such performance.
4-day lansoprazole quadruple therapy: a highly effective cure for Helicobacter pylori infection.

OBJECTIVES We have advocated quadruple therapy as the optimal therapy for cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and tolerability of 4-day therapy with lansoprazole, bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole. METHODS In a prospective open study, 51 consecutive patients, most of them with chronic peptic ulcer disease and biopsy proven H. pylori infection, received 4-day lansoprazole quadruple therapy after 3 days of lansoprazole pretreatment. Repeat endoscopy was performed 6 wk later, with antral and corpus biopsies for rapid urease test, histology, and culture. A patient was considered cured if three methodologies had negative results. RESULTS By intention-to-treat, 48 of 51 patients (94%) (95% CI 84%-99%) were cured; per protocol, 48 of 49 (98%) (95% CI 89%-100%) were cured. In 14 patients, the bacterial isolates were tested for metronidazole susceptibility: 12/12 with a sensitive strain were cured, as were 2/2 with a resistant strain. The regimen was well tolerated. Most side effects were mild, and none caused treatment to be stopped prematurely. CONCLUSIONS Four-day lansoprazole quadruple therapy achieves a very high cure rate in an unselected population of mainly ulcer patients. Furthermore, the regimen is short, can be used in patients allergic to penicillin, and is well tolerated, with no dropouts due to side effects. Presently, this regimen should be used only in patients with a metronidazole-sensitive pre-treatment bacterial isolate. When empiric treatment is used, 7-day quadruple therapy remains the therapy of choice, because it has well-documented efficacy against metronidazole-resistant strains. Further studies are needed to define the optimal treatment duration for quadruple therapy in patients with metronidazole-resistant strains.
Acid–base chemical reaction model for nucleation rates in the polluted atmospheric boundary layer

Climate models show that particles formed by nucleation can affect cloud cover and, therefore, the earth's radiation budget. Measurements worldwide show that nucleation rates in the atmospheric boundary layer are positively correlated with concentrations of sulfuric acid vapor. However, current nucleation theories do not correctly predict either the observed nucleation rates or their functional dependence on sulfuric acid concentrations. This paper develops an alternative approach for modeling nucleation rates, based on a sequence of acid–base reactions. The model uses empirical estimates of sulfuric acid evaporation rates obtained from new measurements of neutral molecular clusters. The model predicts that nucleation rates equal the sulfuric acid vapor collision rate times a prefactor that is less than unity and that depends on the concentrations of basic gaseous compounds and preexisting particles. Predicted nucleation rates and their dependence on sulfuric acid vapor concentrations are in reasonable agreement with measurements from Mexico City and Atlanta.
The Wheat Mediator Subunit TaMED25 Interacts with the Transcription Factor TaEIL1 to Negatively Regulate Disease Resistance against Powdery Mildew1

A conserved Mediator complex subunit physically interacts with the transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 (TaEIL1) to promote ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (TaERF1) expression and repress powdery mildew resistance. Powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a major limitation for the production of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). However, to date, the transcriptional regulation of bread wheat defense against powdery mildew remains largely unknown. Here, we report the function and molecular mechanism of the bread wheat Mediator subunit 25 (TaMED25) in regulating the bread wheat immune response signaling pathway. Three homoalleles of TaMED25 from bread wheat were identified and mapped to chromosomes 5A, 5B, and 5D, respectively. We show that knockdown of TaMED25 by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing reduced bread wheat susceptibility to the powdery mildew fungus during the compatible plant-pathogen interaction. Moreover, our results indicate that MED25 may play a conserved role in regulating bread wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare) susceptibility to powdery mildew. Similarly, bread wheat ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 (TaEIL1), an ortholog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3, negatively regulates bread wheat resistance against powdery mildew. Using various approaches, we demonstrate that the conserved activator-interacting domain of TaMED25 interacts physically with the separate amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of TaEIL1, contributing to the transcriptional activation activity of TaEIL1. Furthermore, we show that TaMED25 and TaEIL1 synergistically activate ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (TaERF1) transcription to modulate bread wheat basal disease resistance to B. graminis f. sp. tritici by repressing the expression of pathogenesis-related genes and deterring the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Collectively, we identify the TaMED25-TaEIL1-TaERF1 signaling module as a negative regulator of bread wheat resistance to powdery mildew.
Two-echelon supply chain with selling price dependent demand under wholesale price index and consumer price index

In recent Indian economic scenario, consumer price index (CPI) at the retailer is escalated very high where-as wholesale price index (WPI) at the manufacturer reduced very low, especially in the case of essential commodities. Under these circumstances, illustrating the effect of reduced WPI and increased CPI on the gross profit of the supply chain as well as at individual echelons is worthwhile in taking inventory decisions. In this paper, a model for a two echelon supply chain under WPI and CPI with price dependent demand is developed to analyse the variation of optimal gross profit, cycle time, average inventory levels and total relevant costs of inventory of both the manufacturer and retailer, with and without coordination. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the application of the model developed. Results show that gross profit of the retailer increases significantly where as that of manufacturer reduces with decrease in WPI and increase in CPI, while overall gross profit of the supply chain increases.
Auditor tenure, managerial fraud and report qualification: a behavioural game-theoretic approach

We consider the effect of auditor tenure on the level of managerial fraud and the extent of auditor qualification of reports. We consider two conflicting effects. As auditor tenure increases, the auditor's ability to detect fraud increases (the 'learning curve' effect), which reduces the manager's fraud-incentives. On the other hand, the auditor may become more sympathetic towards management (the 'loss of independence' effect), which may increase fraud incentives. In order to analyse these issues, we develop an auditing game in which the manager makes an unobservable decision whether or not to commit fraud. The auditor then decides whether to perform a basic or an extended audit. The level of audit affects the probability of fraud-detection. Following the outcome of the audit, the auditor then decides whether to issue a qualified or unqualified report. In equilibrium, the effect of auditor tenure on fraud and report qualification depends on whether the auditor's ability or the auditor's loss of independence dominates. We consider the ethical dimensions of our model, and we provide policy implications in relation to the ongoing debate regarding mandatory turnover of auditors.
A 1-mW Solar-Energy-Harvesting Circuit Using an Adaptive MPPT With a SAR and a Counter

This brief presents an energy-harvesting system that uses an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit for 1-mW solar-powered wireless sensor networks. The proposed MPPT circuit exploits a successive approximation register and a counter to solve the tradeoff problem between a fast transient response and a small steady-state oscillation with low-power consumption. The proposed energy-harvesting circuit is fabricated using a 0.35-μm CMOS process. The MPPT circuit reduces the transient response time by 76.6%, dissipates only 110 μW , and shows MPPT efficiency of 99.6%.
The Buying and Selling Behavior of Individual Investors at the Turn of the Year

The average returns on low-capitalization stocks are unusually high relative to those on large-capitalization stocks in early January, a phenomenon known as the turn-of-the-year effect. This paper finds that the ratio of stock purchases to sales by individual investors displays a seasonal pattern, with individuals having a below-normal buy/sell ratio in late December and an above-normal ratio in early January. Year-to-year variation in the early January buy/sell ratio explains forty-six percent of the year-to-year variation in the turn-of-the-year effect during 1971–1985.
The role of focal adhesion kinase in the regulation of cellular mechanical properties

The regulation of mechanical properties is necessary for cell invasion into connective tissue or intra- and extravasation through the endothelium of blood or lymph vessels. Cell invasion is important for the regulation of many healthy processes such as immune response reactions and wound healing. In addition, cell invasion plays a role in disease-related processes such as tumor metastasis and autoimmune responses. Until now the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in regulating mechanical properties of cells and its impact on cell invasion efficiency is still not well known. Thus, this review focuses on mechanical properties regulated by FAK in comparison to the mechano-regulating protein vinculin. Moreover, it points out the connection between cancer cell invasion and metastasis and FAK by showing that FAK regulates cellular mechanical properties required for cellular motility. Furthermore, it sheds light on the indirect interaction of FAK with vinculin by binding to paxillin, which then impairs the binding of paxillin to vinculin. In addition, this review emphasizes whether FAK fulfills regulatory functions similar to vinculin. In particular, it discusses the differences and the similarities between FAK and vinculin in regulating the biomechanical properties of cells. Finally, this paper highlights that both focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and FAK, synergize their functions to regulate the mechanical properties of cells such as stiffness and contractile forces. Subsequently, these mechanical properties determine cellular invasiveness into tissues and provide a source sink for future drug developments to inhibit excessive cell invasion and hence, metastases formation.
Influence of the interaction between antenna currents and return currents on the coupling between digital interfaces and on-board antennas

Due to the integration of wireless modules and on-board antennas at printed circuit board (PCB) level, design engineers are faced with even more difficult challenges to avoid intra-system electromagnetic interference issues. When starting to design a printed circuit board, the first rule is to partition the printed circuit board such that noisy components are placed physically far away from sensitive components. This rule relies on the phenomenon that at moderately high frequencies, return currents tend to stay in proximity of and close to their signal currents. Unfortunately, on-board antennas most often induce antenna currents which are distributed over a large part of the PCB's power/ground planes. As a result, significant interference might even happen with circuits which are placed physically far away from the antenna's location. During the whole design process, the engineer has to make sure that the overlap area between the antenna currents and the return currents paths of the critical circuits is as minimal as possible. This is achieved by properly placing circuits, keeping track of the antenna current distribution, and by avoiding all return path discontinuities. “Intuitive” solutions as putting a slot around the critical circuits might actually lead to higher electromagnetic interference levels. Hence, full-wave simulations which allow for visualizing all current distributions and their interactions, are an important asset in aiding the design process. The simulation process becomes a key element in a judicial component placement to minimize the interaction between antenna currents and return currents in PCB designs.
House Prices, Bubbles and City Size

We build a theoretical model that relates house price, city size and the expected future growth of demand for housing. Our model combines the Alonso-Mills model on urban economics with insights from financial economics on house prices. Estimating the model for cities in the US, we empirically validate the positive effect of city size on urban house prices. Moreover, our estimations confirm that an (unrealistic) increase in the expected growth of demand fuelled by the widespread availability of credit provides a better explanation for the recent bubble than inelastic housing supply that explained earlier bubbles.
Pattern recognition of benign nodules at ultrasound of the thyroid: which nodules can be left alone?

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate morphologic features predictive of benign thyroid nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS From a registry of the records of 1,232 fine-needle aspiration biopsies performed jointly by the cytology and radiology departments at a single institution between 2005 and 2007, the cases of 650 patients were identified for whom both a pathology report and ultrasound images were available. From the alphabetized list generated, the first 500 nodules were reviewed. We analyzed the accuracy of individual sonographic features and of 10 discrete recognizable morphologic patterns in the prediction of benign histologic findings. RESULTS We found that grouping of thyroid nodules into reproducible patterns of morphology, or pattern recognition, rather than analysis of individual sonographic features, was extremely accurate in the identification of benign nodules. Four specific patterns were identified: spongiform configuration, cyst with colloid clot, giraffe pattern, and diffuse hyperechogenicity, which had a 100% specificity for benignity. In our series, identification of nodules with one of these four patterns could have obviated more than 60% of thyroid biopsies. CONCLUSION Recognition of specific morphologic patterns is an accurate method of identifying benign thyroid nodules that do not require cytologic evaluation. Use of this approach may substantially decrease the number of unnecessary biopsy procedures.
High-flow nasal cannula in postextubation management.

Extubation failure, defined as requiring reintubation within 2–7 days after a planned extubation, is associated with remarkably higher mortality rates compared to successfully extubated patients (1,2). Numbers of studies investigated the rate of extubation failure in various populations of patients in intensive care units (ICU), showing that it varied from 10% to 30% of extubated patients (3).
Making Service Logic Explicit: Findings from Business-to-Business Case Study

Service logic means a holistic approach towards the management, offering, and customers of a service business. The previous literature on service logic appears to be mostly conceptual, lacking empirical examples. This research paper provides such examples through a retrospective case study by analysing the evolution of a knowledge-intensive professional service company during the last eight years. The embodiments of service logic were examined from four dimensions: 1) value logics, 2) relationships, 3) processes and interactions, and 4) service culture. The findings showed a strong intertwining within the above service logic dimensions. In our case company, sustainable success required the company as a whole to be tuned towards a customer orientation and a balance to be found between operations and different value creation logics.