Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Universal prediction and universal coding

Although prediction schemes called “universal” are now abundant, very little attention has been devoted to the definition of universal prediction. This paper addresses, for α-nary (α ≥ 2) sequences, the criteria of successful universal prediction and the prediction schemes that achieve the goals. We propose the following criteria: for any probability measures in a given measure class, the error probability of prediction (in the problem of predicting a value for the next outcome) and the conditional probability of the next outcome given the past sequence (in the problem of predicting a probability distribution for the next outcome, i.e., the probability assignment problem) should converge to the optimal values in probability (weakly universal) and almost surely (strongly universal). We present a small review of various results on universal prediction, and give several results relating the developed criteria to each other and to various prediction submeasures. Furthermore, we explore the connection between universal prediction and universal coding. The proposed criteria are applied to any measure class as well as stationary ergodic measures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(6): 1–11, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10357
Layered Performance Animation with Correlation Maps

Performance has a spontaneity and “aliveness” that can be difficult to capture in more methodical animation processes such as keyframing. Access to performance animation has traditionally been limited to either low degree of freedom characters or required expensive hardware. We present a performance‐based animation system for humanoid characters that requires no special hardware, relying only on mouse and keyboard input. We deal with the problem of controlling such a high degree of freedom model with low degree of freedom input through the use of correlation maps which employ 2D mouse input to modify a set of expressively relevant character parameters. Control can be continuously varied by rapidly switching between these maps. We present flexible techniques for varying and combining these maps and a simple process for defining them. The tool is highly configurable, presenting suitable defaults for novices and supporting a high degree of customization and control for experts. Animation can be recorded on a single pass, or multiple layers can be used to increase detail. Results from a user study indicate that novices are able to produce reasonable animations within their first hour of using the system. We also show more complicated results for walking and a standing character that gestures and dances.
The Effect of Primordial Non-Gaussianity on Halo Bias

It has long been known how to analytically relate the clustering properties of the collapsed structures (halos) to those of the underlying dark matter distribution for Gaussian initial conditions. Here we apply the same approach to physically motivated non-Gaussian models. The techniques we use were developed in the 1980s to deal with the clustering of peaks of non-Gaussian density fields. The description of the clustering of halos for non-Gaussian initial conditions has recently received renewed interest, motivated by the forthcoming large galaxy and cluster surveys. For inflationary-motivated non-Gaussianities, we find an analytic expression for the halo bias as a function of scale, mass, and redshift, employing only the approximations of high peaks and large separations.
A statistical analysis of natural images matches psychophysically derived orientation tuning curves

A neural net method is used to extract principal components from real-world images. The initial components are a Gaussian followed by horizontal and vertical operators, starting with the first derivative and moving to successively higher orders. Two of the components are ‘bar-detectors’. Their measured orientation selectivity is similar to that suggested by Foster & Ward (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 243, 75 (1991)) to account for brief-exposure psychophysical data. In tests with noise images, the ratio of sensitivity between the two components is controlled by the degree of anisotropy in the image.
Metabolic targeting of malignant glioma: Modulation of glycolytic flux by erythropoietic factors

METABOLIC TARGETING OF MALIGNANT GLIOMA: MODULATION OF GLYCOLYTIC FLUX BY ERYTHROPOIETIC FACTORS by TODD B. FRANCIS, M.D. AUGUST 2010 Advisor: Saroj Mathupala, Ph.D. Major: Physiology Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Introduction: Malignant glioma display a highly glycolytic phenotype where the tumors flux glucose to lactic acid independent of oxygen concentration (“aerobic glycolysis”). This altered phenotype is facilitated by expression of primarily fetal enzyme isoforms in these malignant tumors. The end-product lactic acid is rapidly expelled from the cytosol by selective monocarboxylate transporters expressed on the plasma membrane. GATA response element islands are present on the promoter of glioma lactate transporter genes, and GATA-1 has been shown to be over-expressed in glioblastoma. Our long-term goal is to inhibit glioma proliferation by indirectly down- regulating GATA-1 to inhibit glycolysis (Colen et al., 2006; Mathupala et al., 2007; Mathupala et al., 2004). Methods: We have engineered U87-MG glioblastoma tumor cell lines to either over-express (via viral promoter based vectors) or silence (using siRNA inducible vector systems) GATA-1. Cell proliferation was assessed via both MTT assay and cell cycle analysis. Luciferase based reporter gene analysis was utilized to identify regulation of lactate transporter promoter by GATA-1.
Factors Affecting Overbooking Policy General Concerns

We develop two models to evaluate overbooking policies. The first model predicts the effectiveness of a proposed overbooking scheme, using the concept of expected marginal seat revenue (EMSR). This model solves the discount seat allocation problem in the presence of overbooking factors for each fare class and evaluates an overbooking policy stochastically. The second model takes in historical flight data and reconstructs what the optimal seat allocation should have been. The percentage of overbooking revenue obtained in practice serves as a measure of the policy’s value. Finally, we examine the overbooking problem in light of the recent drastic changes to airline industry and conclude that increased overbooking would bring short-term profits to most carriers. However, the long-term ill effects that have traditionally caused airlines to shun such a policy would be even more pronounced in a post-tragedy climate.
A framework for exploring alternative fault-tolerant schemes targeting 3-D reconfigurable architectures

For decades computer architects pursued one primary goal: performance. Transistor scaling has translated into remarkable gains in operating frequency and reduction in power consumption. However, increased complexity from the device to architecture levels impose several new challenges, including a decrease in dependability/reliability due to physical failures. Reconfigurable platforms are highly susceptible to scaling related complexity, typically resulting in higher power consumption as compared to application-specific integrated circuits. The concern becomes far more important in the 3-D integrated circuit (IC) domain as vertically stacked blocks exhibit increased thermal resistance to the heat sink. The degradation in dependability becomes an important design challenge, not only for safety critical systems, but for the majority of architectures. In this paper, a framework used to explore alternative fault-tolerant schemes is proposed that masks the degradation in reliability for 3-D FPGA platforms. Simulation results at the RTL level highlight the benefits of the introduced solution, as the maximum operating frequency and power consumption are improved by 33% and 26%, respectively, as compared to similar state-of-the-art solutions.
Protective Effects of Exercise and Insulin Against Stress-Induced Impairment of Spatial Learning

Background: Studies have shown that exercise and insulin can improve cognitive function. However, little is known about the combined effects of insulin and exercise on memory and learning under stress conditions. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effects of peripheral insulin injection and/or physical exercise on stress-induced memory deficit. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (200 - 220 g) received immobilization stress (2 h/d × 7 d), mild-intensity exercise (30 min/d × 7 d), intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of insulin (1, 6, 12 IU/kg) or saline, insulin-exercise treatment, or no intervention. The animals were assigned on a random basis to 21 experimental groups (N = 10). They were trained and tested in the Morris water maze. Results: Chronic restraint stress impaired spatial performance in the Morris water maze (P < 0.05) and elevated serum corticosterone levels (P < 0.001). Detrimental effects of stress were alleviated by exercise (P < 0.01). The lower dose (1 IU/kg) of insulin protected the animals against the deleterious effects of stress. The combined effects of exercise and insulin (low and moderate doses) prevented stress-induced learning and memory impairment. Conclusions: Insulin and/or exercise can prevent stress-induced memory deficits. The cognitive benefits of exercise continue to evolve after cessation of treatment. Insulin-exercise treatment is as effective as exercise alone and insulin alone for preventing the detrimental effects of stress.
Nonlocal effective medium model for multilayered metal-dielectric metamaterials

We study layered metal-dielectric structures, which can be considered as a simple example of nanostructured metamaterials. We analyze the dispersion properties of such structures and demonstrate that they show strong optical nonlocality due to excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. We derive a model of a nonlocal effective medium for describing the effects of strong spatial dispersion in the multilayered metal-dielectric metamaterials. We obtain analytical expressions for the components of the effective permittivity tensor which depend on the wave vector and reveal that spatial dispersion effects exist in both directions across and along the layers.
Optics of the ultraviolet reflecting scales of a jumping spider

The jumping spider Cosmophasis umbratica from Singapore is strongly sexually dimorphic. The males, but not the females, reflect ultraviolet as well as green–orange light. The scales responsible for this are composed of a chitin–air–chitin sandwich in which the chitin layers are three-quarters of a wavelength thick and the air gap a quarter wavelength (where λ=600 nm, the peak wavelength of the principal reflection maximum). It is shown that this configuration produces a second reflectance peak at approximately 385 nm, accounting for the observed reflection in the ultraviolet. Other scales have a similar thickness of chitin but lack the air gap and thus produce a dull purple reflection. This novel mechanism provides the spiders with two colour signals, both of which are important in mating displays.
Continuous workflows: from model to enactment system

Workflows are actively being used in both business and scientific domains to automate processes and facilitate collaboration. A workflow management (or enactment) system (WfMS) defines, creates and manages the execution of workflows on one or more workflow engines, which are able to interpret workflow definitions, allocate resources, interact with workflow participants and, where required, invoke the needed tools (e.g., databases, job schedulers, etc.) and applications. Traditional WfMSs and workflow design processes view the workflow as a one-time interaction with the various data sources, i.e., when a workflow is invoked, its steps are executed once and in-order. The fundamental underlying assumption has been that data sources are passive and all interactions are structured along the request/reply (query) model. Hence, traditional WfMS cannot effectively support business or scientific monitoring applications that require the processing of data streams such as those generated by sensing devices as well as mobile and web applications. It is the hypothesis of this dissertation that Workflow Management Systems can be extended to support data stream semantics to enable monitoring applications. This includes the ability to apply flexible bounds on unbounded data streams and the ability to facilitate on-the-fly processing of bounded bundles of data (window semantics). To support this hypothesis this dissertation has produced new specifications, a design, an implementation and a thorough evaluation of a novel Continuous Workflows (CWf) model, which is backwards compatible with currently available workflow models. The CWf model was implemented in a CONtinuous workFLow ExeCution Engine, CONFLuEnCE, as an extension of Kepler, which is a popular scientific WfMS. The applicability of the CWf model in both scientific and business applications was demonstrated by utilizing CONFLuEnCE in Astroshelf to support live annotations (i.e., monitoring of astronomical data), and to support supply chain monitoring and management. The implementation of CONFLu- EnCE led to the realization that different applications have different performance requirements and hence an integrated workflow scheduling framework is essential. Towards meeting this need, STAFiLOS, a Stream FLOw Scheduling framework for Continuous Workflows, was designed and implemented, within CONFLuEnCE. The performance of STAFiLOS was evaluated using the Linear Road Benchmark for continuous workflows. Keywords Continuous Workflows, Data Stream Processing, Event processing, Workflow Patterns, Workflow Scheduling, Workflow Management Systems.
Analytic hierarchy process in load balancing for the multicast and unicast mixed services in LTE

In the LTE networks, the multicast services can be transmitted by single frequency network (SFN) mode and point-to-multipoint (PTM) mode, and the unicast services are delivered with point-to-point (PTP) mode. To avoid the network congestion in the LTE networks with the multicast and unicast mixed services, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in load balancing is proposed to minimize the demanded radio resources of the maximum load cell. The system model of the demanded radio resources in the maximum load cell is based on AHP. For the same multicast service, the AHP calculates the weight of the demanded radio resources with the three transmission modes of SFN, PTM and PTP. Then the selecting problem of the transmission mode is solved by means of simulated annealing (SA) heuristics. It selects the optimal mode between SFN and PTM for the multicast services. Simulation results show that the proposed AHP in load balancing achieves less demanded radio resources of the maximum load cell than SFN mode for all the multicast services.
Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems Image Segmentation of Retinal Vessels by Fuzzy Models

Image segmentation of retinal vessels is an important and very challenging task in any automated system for the diagnosis of vascular conditions associated with diabetic retinopathy which is the most common complications of diabetes. In this paper we propose several fuzzy computational models for detecting retinal vessels in images which are subjected to inconsistent contrast and vague boundaries.
Quasar Microlensing at High Magnification and the Role of Dark Matter: Enhanced Fluctuations and Suppressed Saddle Points

Contrary to naive expectation, diluting the stellar component of the lensing galaxy in a highly magnified system with smoothly distributed "dark" matter increases rather than decreases the microlensing fluctuations caused by the remaining stars. For a bright pair of images straddling a critical curve, the saddle point (of the arrival time surface) is much more strongly affected than the associated minimum. With a mass ratio of smooth matter to microlensing matter of 4 : 1, a saddle point with a macromagnification of μ = 9.5 will spend half of its time more than a magnitude fainter than predicted. The anomalous flux ratio observed for the close pair of images in MG 0414+0534 is a factor of 5 more likely than computed by Witt, Mao, & Schechter, if the smooth matter fraction is as high as 93%. The magnification probability histograms for macroimages exhibit a distinctly different structure that varies with the smooth matter content, providing a handle on the smooth matter fraction. Enhanced fluctuations can manifest themselves either in the temporal variations of a light curve or as flux ratio anomalies in a single epoch snapshot of a multiply imaged system. While the millilensing simulations of Metcalf & Madau also give larger anomalies for saddle points than for minima, the effect appears to be less dramatic for extended subhalos than for point masses. Moreover, microlensing is distinguishable from millilensing because it will produce noticeable changes in the magnification on a timescale of a decade or less.
Multi-channel noise reduction with beamforming and masking-based Wiener filtering for human-robot interface

In this paper, an efficient noise reduction algorithm is proposed for robust speech recognition. For the nonstationary noise reduction, frequency-domain beamforming-based speech enhancement is performed and masking-based Wiener filter is applied to the beamforming output. To design the masking-based Wiener filter, the spectrum of beamforming output is classified into noise spectrum and speech spectrum at each spectral bin by the inter-channel time delay between two reference inputs. Hamming windowing for the speech spectrum and noise spectrum is separately performed to smooth each spectrum. Then, the Wiener filtering is applied to the beamforming output. The performance of the proposed algorithm significantly improves the speech recognition accuracies and the signal-to-noise ratios.
Voltage scheduling in the IpARM microprocessor system

Microprocessors represent a significant portion of the energy consumed in portable electronic devices. Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) allows a device to reduce energy consumption by lowering its processor speed at run-time, allowing a corresponding reduction in processor voltage and energy. A voltage scheduler determines the appropriate operating voltage by analyzing application constraints and requirements. A complete software implementation, including both applications and the underlying operating system, shows that DVS is effective at reducing the energy consumed without requiring extensive software modification.
Comparative Analysis of Decision Tree Classification Algorithms

At the present time, the amount of data stored in educational database is increasing swiftly. These databases contain hidden information for improvement of student’s performance. Classification of data objects is a data mining and knowledge management technique used in grouping similar data objects together. There are many classification algorithms available in literature but decision tree is the most commonly used because of its ease of execution and easier to understand compared to other classification algorithms. The ID3, C4.5 and CART decision tree algorithms former applied on the data of students to predict their performance. But all these are used only for small data set and required that all or a portion of the entire dataset remain permanently in me mory. This limits their suitability for mining over large databases. This problem is solved by SPRINT and SLIQ decision tree algorithm. In serial implementation of SPRINT and SLIQ, the training data set is recursively partitioned using breadth -first technique. In this paper, all the algorithms are explained one by one. Performance and results are compared of all algorithms and evaluation is done by already existing datasets. All the algorithms have a satisfactory performance but accuracy is more witnessed in case of SPRINT algorithm.
HIT-IR-WSD: A WSD System for English Lexical Sample Task

HIT-IR-WSD is a word sense disambiguation (WSD) system developed for English lexical sample task (Task 11) of Semeval 2007 by Information Retrieval Lab, Harbin Institute of Technology. The system is based on a supervised method using an SVM classifier. Multi-resources including words in the surrounding context, the part-of-speech of neighboring words, collocations and syntactic relations are used. The final micro-avg raw score achieves 81.9% on the test set, the best one among participating runs.
Reasons for vaccine declination in healthy individuals attending an international vaccine and travel clinic

Little is known about the vaccine-related health behaviors of healthy individuals. We surveyed healthy individuals attending a vaccine center to define the reasons behind vaccine declination when the vaccine is warranted under current guidance. Declination due to perceived risks of the vaccines were by far the most common rationale, suggesting continued need for public health educational campaigns. DOI: 10.18297/rgh/vol2/iss1/2 Submitted Date: October 24, 2018 Accepted Date: December 14, 2018 https://ir.library. louisville.edu/rgh/vol2/iss1 Affiliations: 1Saint Louis University Center for Health Outcomes Research 2 University of Louisville, School of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases This original article is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville’s Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of Refugee & Global Health by an authorized editor of ThinkIR. For more information, please contact thinkir@louisville.edu. Recommended Citation: Wiemken, Timothy L. ; Ramirez, Julio A. ; and Carrico, Ruth M. (2019) “Reasons for vaccine declination in healthy individuals attending an international vaccine and travel clinic,” Journal of Refugee & Global Health: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. *Correspondence To: Timothy L Wiemken, PhD MPH CIC FAPIC Associate Professor Work Email: timothy.wiemken@health.slu. edu Original Research Copyright: © 2019 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.