Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
If belief is a behavior, what controls it?

“Self-deception” usually occurs when a false belief would be more rewarding than an objective belief in the short run, but less rewarding in the long run. Given hyperbolic discounting of delayed events, people will be motivated in their long-range interest to create self-enforcing rules for testing reality, and in their long-range interest to evade these rules. Self-deception, then, resembles interpersonal deception in being an evasion of rules, but differs in being a product of intertemporal conflict.
A Unified Model for the Prediction of Yield Strength in Particulate-Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites

Lightweighting in the transportation industry is today recognized as one of the most important strategies to improve fuel efficiency and reduce anthropogenic climate-changing, environment-damaging, and human death-causing emissions. However, the structural applications of lightweight alloys are often limited by some inherent deficiencies such as low stiffness, high wear rate and inferior strength. These properties could be effectively enhanced by the addition of stronger and stiffer reinforcements, especially nano-sized particles, into metal matrix to form composites. In most cases three common strengthening mechanisms (load-bearing effect, mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion, and Orowan strengthening) have been considered to predict the yield strength of metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs). This study was aimed at developing a unified model by taking into account the matrix grain size and porosity (which is unavoidable in the materials processing such as casting and powder metallurgy) in the prediction of the yield strength of MMNCs. The Zener pinning effect of grain boundaries by the nano-sized particles has also been integrated. The model was validated using the experimental data of magnesium- and titanium-based nanocomposites containing different types of nano-sized particles (namely, Al2O3, Y2O3, and carbon nanotubes). The predicted results were observed to be in good agreement with the experimental data reported in the literature.
Saliency-guided Enhancement for Volume Visualization

Recent research in visual saliency has established a computational measure of perceptual importance. In this paper we present a visual-saliency-based operator to enhance selected regions of a volume. We show how we use such an operator on a user-specified saliency field to compute an emphasis field. We further discuss how the emphasis field can be integrated into the visualization pipeline through its modifications of regional luminance and chrominance. Finally, we validate our work using an eye-tracking-based user study and show that our new saliency enhancement operator is more effective at eliciting viewer attention than the traditional Gaussian enhancement operator
Spatial Variation in Ambient Air Toxics Concentrations and Health Risks between Industrial-Influenced, Urban, and Rural Sites

Abstract Concentrations of 38 gas-phase organic air toxics were measured over a 2-yr period at four different sites in and around Pittsburgh, PA, to investigate spatial variations in health risks from chronic exposure. The sites were chosen to represent different exposure regimes: a downtown site with substantial mobile source emissions; two residential sites adjacent to one of the most heavily industrialized zones in Pittsburgh; and a regional background site. Lifetime cancer risks and non-cancer hazard quotients were estimated using a traditional and interactive risk models. Although study average concentrations of specific air toxics varied by as a much as a factor of 26 between the sites, the additive cancer risks of the gas-phase organic air toxics varied by less than a factor of 2, ranging from 6.1 × 10-5 to 9.5 × 10-5. The modest variation in risks reflects the fact that two regionally distributed toxics, formalde-hyde and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), contributed more than half of the cancer risk at all four sites. Benzene contributed substantial cancer risks at all sites, whereas trichloroethene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene only contributed substantial cancer risks at the downtown site. Only acrolein posed a non-cancer risk. Diesel particulate matter is estimated to pose a much greater cancer risk in Pittsburgh than other classes of air toxics including gas-phase organic, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and coke oven emissions. Health risks of air toxics in Pittsburgh are comparable with those in other urban areas in the United States.
Exploring the Instability of Spectra Based Fault Localization Performance

Spectra Based Fault Localization (SBFL) is a technique to improve the efficiency of software fault localization. The performance of SBFL largely depends on the input information provided by an executed test suite. Due to the randomness existing in the testing process, the output of SBFL may not be stable. In practice, testers do not have the chance to run the whole testing process many times. They are not sure whether the actually obtained SBFL output has a large deviation from the ideal output (i.e. the SBFL output obtained under the assumption that the amount of testing resources is unlimited). Thus, concerning the application of SBFL in real cases, such instability of its performance (SBFL instability for short) is a challenge. In this paper, the SBFL instability is discussed and its characteristics are further explored. Specifically, we define SBFL instability as a stochastic quantity and introduce the measure of StabilityLevel to quantify it. Then, based on the definition and measurement, we conduct experimental studies to demonstrate that SBFL instability is indeed a prevalent phenomenon and also a serious problem. Besides, two factors which influence the intensity of SBFL instability, i.e. the test suite size and risk evaluation formula, are observed and analyzed.
The expression of PAX6, PTEN, vascular endothelial growth factor, and epidermal growth factor receptor in gliomas: relationship to tumor grade and survival.

PURPOSE Malignant astrocytic gliomas, including anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), result from various genetic perturbations and dysregulated gene expression. Identifying genetic prognostic markers could be more useful for stratifying glioma patients than gross pathology alone. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN cDNAs were generated by reverse transcriptase using mRNAs from gliomas and adjacent normal tissues from 86 patients. The tissues used for analysis were 45 AAs, 42 GBMs, and 7 samples of adjacent normal tissue. The levels of PAX6, PTEN, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene expression were quantified using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and normalized to beta-actin. All statistical tests used were two-sided. RESULTS PAX6 expression was significantly reduced in GBM compared with AA (P < 0.0001). The relative levels of PTEN, EGFR, and VEGF expression also differed significantly among glioma grades. Multivariate Cox analysis of glioma samples, adjusting for patient age, histology, recurrent status, and levels of PTEN, EGFR, VEGF, and PAX6 (7 variables) showed a correlation between a low level of PAX6 expression in malignant astrocytic gliomas and unfavorable patient outcomes (hazard ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.63). Recursive partitioning analysis showed a favorable outcome for patients with high expression values of PTEN and PAX6 compared with low expression values of one or both genes (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The expression levels of PAX6, PTEN, and VEGF but not EGFR were independent prognostic markers, and the model including 7 variables was able to account for 55% of the variation in survival times for malignant astrocytic glioma patients.
Successful Return to Work for Cancer Survivors

This study investigated factors associated with successful return to work for cancer survivors in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. A focus group was held with seven female cancer survivors. Participants discussed return-to-work issues following a cancer diagnosis. Factors such as coworker support and job flexibility improved their experiences, whereas coworker and supervisor ignorance about cancer and lack of support made returning to work more stressful. Participants discussed personal, environmental, and cancer-related factors that influenced their experiences with returning to work following a cancer diagnosis. Knowledge of factors that support employees helps occupational health nurses ease their transition, and may improve quality of life for employees. Physicians and health care provider teams may play a critical role in the employees' positive evaluation of their recovery process. This pilot study serves as a basis for a larger, population-based study.
Assessing the impact of ERP on supplier performance

Purpose – Through an empirical study, this paper identifies a multitude of drivers that facilitate or hinder the implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) in business environments. Also, the purpose of this paper is to analyze its role in supply chain operations and assesses its impact on supplier capabilities and performances from supply chain perspectives.Design/methodology/approach – Based on both a contingency theory and a resource‐based view (RBV) of the firm, the research develops a series of hypotheses regarding the use of ERP for strategic sourcing. A large‐scale survey of Korean manufacturers and their suppliers was conducted. A structural equation model was used for data analysis.Findings – The firm's external environment (EE) has little influence on its decision to adopt and implement ERP. However, through the mediating role of an internal environment (IE), an EE still indirectly influences the ERP adoption and ERP implementation (ERPI) decision. Also, the paper found that ERP could .
POST-ISCHEMIC SHUNT FOLLOWING HEPATIC POST ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION DOES NOT AFFECT TISSUE CHEMOKINE LEVELS OR TISSUE INJURY

Hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion causes the release of a cascade of mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-a and epithelial neutrophil activating protein (ENA-78), which are important in the subsequent development of the lung and liver injury associated with this insult. We hypothesize that preferential post-ischemic shunting of blood into the nonischemic hepatic lobes at the time of reperfusion may increase the ischemic injury. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a rat model of lobar no-flow hepatic ischemia/reperfusion and removed the nonischemic hepatic lobes at the time of reperfusion to eliminate the preferential shunting of blood into the nonischemic tissues. We assessed pulmonary and hepatic tissue levels of ENA-78, pulmonary neutrophil influx and changes in pulmonary capillary permeability, and liver injury as measured by hepatic neutrophil influx and serum transaminase levels. Our results demonstrated that there were no significant differences in pulmonary and hepatic levels of ENA-78, or in the development of the lung and liver injury in animals undergoing resection of the nonischemic hepatic lobes at the time of reperfusion, as compared with animals undergoing hepatic ischemia/reperfusion alone.
TouchWave: kinetic multi-touch manipulation for hierarchical stacked graphs

The increasing popularity of touch-based devices is driving us to rethink existing interfaces. Within this opportunity, the complexity of information visualizations offers particular challenges. We explore these challenges to bring multi-touch interactions to a specific visualization technique, stacked graphs. Stacked graphs are a visually appealing and popular method for presenting time series data, however, they come with associated problems-issues with legibility, difficulties with comparisons, and restrictions in scalability. We present TouchWave, a rethinking and extension of stacked graphs for multi-touch capable devices that provides a variety of flexible layout adjustments, interactive options for querying data values, and seamlessly switching between different visualizations. In addition to ameliorating the main issues of stacked graphs, TouchWave also integrates hierarchical data within stacked graphs. We demonstrate TouchWave capabilities with two datasets-a music listening history and movie box office revenues and discuss the implications for weaning other visualizations off mouse and keyboard.
Quaternionic algebraic cycles and reality

In this paper we compute the equivariant homotopy type of spaces of algebraic cycles on real Brauer-Severi varieties, under the action of the Galois group Gal(C/R). Appropriate stabilizations of these spaces yield two equivariant spectra. The first one classifies Dupont/Seymour's quaternionic K-theory, and the other one classifies an equivariant cohomology theory 3*(-) which is a natural recipient of characteristic classes KH*(X) → 3*(X) for quaternionic bundles over Real spaces X.
Providing support for creating next generation software architecture languages

Many languages for software architectures have been proposed, each dealing with different stakeholder concerns, operating at different levels of abstraction and with different degrees of formality. It is known that a universal architectural language cannot exist since the various concerns, requirements, and domains may change. Moreover, stakeholder concerns and needs are various and ever evolving even while designing a single system. Model-driven techniques may be used to answer the need for supporting the creation of extensible, customizable and stakeholder-oriented architectural languages (i.e., next generation architectural languages). Part of this approach is developed in a framework called byADL. In this paper I present the big picture behind the approach, the research aspects considered in order to get byADL closer to an ideal architectural framework and future research issues.
Manifold-based mathematical morphology for graph signal editing of colored images and meshes

This paper presents a framework for morphological processing of graph signals and investigates its usage for colored images and meshes editing tasks. The proposed method enables, with the help of the construction of a manifold-based ordering of color vectors, to define a new representation of graph signals in the form of an ordering of vectors and an index. The ordering relies on three steps: dictionary learning, manifold learning, and out of sample extension. This enables to formulate morphological operators for graphs signals and we demonstrate the performance of the proposed method on various colored image and mesh editing applications (simplification, abstraction, enhancement).
Risk factors for pertussis in young infants during an outbreak in Chicago in 1993.

Because young infants are at highest risk for severe pertussis and death and are also too young to have received the minimal protective series of three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, we conducted a matched case-control study to assess risk factors for pertussis among young infants during a pertussis outbreak in Chicago in 1993. We enrolled 39 cases < 7 months of age from a single teaching hospital and 96 controls, individually matched for age, from the well-child clinic at the same hospital. Demographic characteristics, immunization status, and opportunities for disease exposure were analyzed by means of conditional logistic regression. Cases and controls were similarly up to date with their DTP vaccinations (87% and 89%, respectively). Infants of adolescent mothers (matched odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-41.4) and infants of mothers who suffered > or = 7 days of cough during the child's incubation period (matched OR, 12.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to infinity) were significantly more likely to have pertussis. Young mothers and mothers with a cough lasting > or = 7 days may be an important source of pertussis infection for their young infants.
Simplification of Arbitrary Polyhedral Meshes

Surface models containing billions of polygons are becoming more frequent in computer graphics. Mesh simplification is necessary for displaying such surfaces at interactive rates. We describe a novel method for simplifying polyhedral meshes while producing multiple levels of detail for progressive transmission and interactive exploration. Unlike previous work on mesh simplification, our method is not restricted to triangle meshes. We propose a highly efficient edge-collapsing algorithm for meshes composed of non-planar multi-sided polygons based on a simple edge-selection strategy.
Open Access Research Article Genome-wide Estimation of Firing Efficiencies of Origins of Dna Replication from Time-course Copy Number Variation Data

article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons At-tribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: DNA replication is a fundamental biological process during S phase of cell division. It is initiated from several hundreds of origins along whole chromosome with different firing efficiencies (or frequency of usage). Direct measurement of origin firing efficiency by techniques such as DNA combing are time-consuming and lack the ability to measure all origins. Recent genome-wide study of DNA replication approximated origin firing efficiency by indirectly measuring other quantities related to replication. However, these approximation methods do not reflect properties of origin firing and may lead to inappropriate estimations. Results: In this paper, we develop a probabilistic model-Spanned Firing Time Model (SFTM) to characterize DNA replication process. The proposed model reflects current understandings about DNA replication. Origins in an individual cell may initiate replication randomly within a time window, but the population average exhibits a temporal program with some origins replicated early and the others late. By estimating DNA origin firing time and fork moving velocity from genome-wide time-course S-phase copy number variation data, we could estimate firing efficiency of all origins. The estimated firing efficiency is correlated well with the previous studies in fission and budding yeasts. Conclusions: The new probabilistic model enables sensitive identification of origins as well as genome-wide estimation of origin firing efficiency. We have successfully estimated firing efficiencies of all origins in S.cerevisiae, S.pombe and human chromosomes 21 and 22. Background DNA replication is a well-organized process confined to the S phase of cell division cycle. It is initiated at a number of loci called replication origins. During G1 phase, pre-replication complex (pre-RC) is formed at replication origins with the binding of origin-recognition complex (ORC) and initiation factors [1]. In the S phase, DNA rep-lication can be activated from these sites with assistance of protein kinases CDK and DDK. DNA replication origins of different eukaryotes may have different properties. In budding yeast, ORC binds to the 11-bp conserved Autonomously Replicating Sequences (ARS) to initiate the DNA synthesis [2]. In other eukaryotes, consensus sequence is not found and the mechanisms of regulating the function of origins may be determined by other com
Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock.

To investigate disturbances in the coronary circulation and myocardial metabolism during septic shock, we examined coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial substrate extraction in 40 patients with septic shock and 13 control patients. Patients with coronary artery disease were excluded from this study. The global hemodynamic pattern of the septic patients was characterized by a lower stroke volume, despite an elevated cardiac index. Coronary sinus blood flow was high (187 +/- 47 vs 130 +/- 21 ml/min in the control group, p less than .001) due to marked coronary vasodilation, especially in the subgroup of nonsurvivors. In contrast to the control group, myocardial lactate uptake was elevated, while that of free fatty acids, glucose, and ketone bodies was diminished in patients with septic shock. These findings were especially prominent in the nonsurvivors. Expressed as oxygen equivalents, the contribution of free fatty acids as an energy source of the myocardium was markedly diminished in septic patients (12% vs 54% in the control group, p less than .005), while that of lactate was increased (36% vs 12%, p less than .01). The observed shift in myocardial substrate extraction was associated with a discrepancy between measured myocardial oxygen consumption and that calculated chemically from commonly available exogenous substrates: 41% of myocardial oxygen consumption was not explained by the utilization of commonly available substrates extracted from coronary circulation in all patients with septic shock. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Noninvasive ultrasonic measurement of arterial wall motion in mice

To facilitate assessment of arterial function, we developed a noninvasive Doppler method for measuring vessel motion in genetically altered mice. A 20 MHz probe was held by an alligator clip and positioned over the carotid arteries of 16 mice including six 3 to 5-month old wild-type (WT), four 30-month old senescent (Old), two apolipoprotein-E null (ApoE), and four alpha smooth muscle actin null (αSMA) mice. Doppler signals were obtained simultaneously from both vessel walls and from blood flow using one or two probes. The displacement signals from the near and far walls were subtracted to generate a diameter signal from which the excursion and an augmentation index were calculated. The excursion ranged between 13 μm (in ApoE) and 95 μm (in αSMA). The augmentation index was lowest in the WT mice (0.06) and highest in the Old mice (0.29). This noninvasive method is able to identify and confirm characteristic changes in arterial properties associated with age, atherosclerosis, and the absence of vascular tone.
Development of a Simultaneous Elemental Analysis for Clay Minerals Using EDXRF

the paper relates a study in developing a quantitative elemental analysis for clay minerals by the EDXRF technique. Elements of interest are Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe. The regression method involved development of calibration graphs of each of these elements using six different clay minerals reference standards. straight lines were obtained from these calibration graphs with r2 values ranging from 0.923 to 0.997. The accuracy of this regression method was then tested by comparing the quantitative analysis result obtained from fundamental parameter method using argillaceous limestone reference standard as the sample. Fundamental parameter method gives a more accurate result than that of the regression method.
2 Operating System Level Intrusion Detection

This chapter gives an introduction to host-based intrusion detection systems, which are systems that analyze audit data produced by the operating system or by applications with the goal of identifying malicious activity. We discuss different sources of audit data as well as the different techniques to analyze the input events. In particular, we present misuse-based, anomaly-based, and specification-based approaches to host-based intrusion detection. In addition to classic intrusion detection systems, we introduce related security tools such as virus scanners and file integrity checkers. Also, a comparison between host-based and network-based systems with their respective advantages and limitations is provided. Finally, we outline possible directions into which host-based intrusion detection might evolve in the