Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estudio sobre métodos tipo Lesk usados para la desambiguación de sentidos de palabras

Resumen. La ambiguedad semantica es un problema que se presenta en todos los lenguajes naturales. Podriamos decir que para los seres humanos la ambiguedad en el lenguaje pasa desapercibida, debido a que la resolvemos casi inconscientemente utilizando la realidad en que vivimos, el contexto y el conocimiento que poseemos sobre algunos temas. Pero para las computadoras no es asi. En el area de procesamiento de lenguaje natural, la tarea de desambiguacion de sentidos de palabras es el problema de seleccionar un sentido, de un conjunto de posibilidades predefinidas, para una palabra dada en un texto o discurso. La desambiguacion del sentido de las palabras, es considerada como uno de los problemas mas importantes de investigacion en el procesamiento del lenguaje natural. Es esencial para las aplicaciones que requieren la comprension del lenguaje, como la comunicacion hombre­maquina, traduccion automatica, recuperacion de la informacion y otros. Uno de los primeros metodos propuestos para llevar a cabo esta tarea es el metodo de Lesk, el cual propone utilizar la coherencia global del texto, es decir, el total de sentidos de palabras relacionadas en el texto. La ventaja de este metodo es que solo se necesita un diccionario de sentidos como recurso lexico. El problema principal es que mientras mas palabras tengamos, mas grande es el espacio de busqueda. Por lo tanto, se han desarrollado diferentes metodos (conocidos como metodos tipo Lesk) que aplican modificaciones de este algoritmo intentando obtener la combinacion de sentidos optima para un texto dado. En este articulo se presenta un estudio de los principales metodos tipo Lesk usados para la desambiguacion de sentidos de palabras.
Magnitude and distribution of stresses in composite resin and sound dentine interface with mechanical retentions

Background Adhesive systems are constantly subjected to mechanical and chemical stresses that negatively impact the integrity and durability of the dentine-adhesive interface. Despite the lack of evidence to support or reject the clinical indication for mechanical retention, the potential further contribution of these preparations to the behavior of the composite resin-sound dentine bond has been rarely addressed. The authors evaluated by finite element analysis the effect of mechanical retention on the magnitude and distribution of stresses in a composite resin-sound dentin bonding interface when subjected to tensile and shear forces. Material and Methods A three-dimensional model was created based on three cylindrical volumes representing the sound dentin, adhesive system, and composite resin. From this main model, two models were designed to simulate dentine bonding: 1) a model with no mechanical retention, which considered flat adhesion; and 2) a model with retention, which considered four hemispherical holes on the dentine surface. Both groups were subjected to linear static analysis under tensile and shear loading of 200N. Results At the model with retentions’ bonding interface under tensile and shear loading, a concentration of Von Mises equivalent stress was observed within the retentions, with a reduction of those stresses on the bonding boundary surface. Conclusions Additional mechanical retention increases the tensile strength of the sound dentin-composite resin bonding interface, promoting a decrease in the magnitude of the stresses and their redistribution under tensile and shear loading. Key words:Adhesion, composite resins, dentine, finite element analysis.
Winter floods in Britain are connected to atmospheric rivers

Damage from flooding in the winter and fall seasons has been widespread in the United Kingdom (UK) and Western Europe over recent decades. Here we show that winter flood events in the UK are connected to Atmospheric Rivers (ARs), narrow ribbons along which a large flux of moisture is transported from the subtropics to the mid‐latitudes. Combining river flow records with rainfall measurements, satellite data and model simulations, we demonstrate that ARs occur simultaneously with the 10 largest winter flood events since 1970 in a range of British river basins, suggesting that ARs are persistently critical in explaining extreme winter flooding in the UK. Understanding the physical processes that determine the persistence of AR events will be of importance in assessing the risk of future flooding over north‐western Europe and other mid‐latitude regions.
Cardiomyopathy-linked myosin regulatory light chain mutations disrupt myosin strain-dependent biochemistry

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is caused by mutations in sarcomeric proteins including the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC). Two such FHC mutations, R58Q and N47K, located near the cationic binding site of the RLC, have been identified from population studies. To examine the molecular basis for the observed phenotypes, we exchanged endogenous RLC from native porcine cardiac myosin with recombinant human ventricular wild type (WT) or FHC mutant RLC and examined the ability of the reconstituted myosin to propel actin filament sliding using the in vitro motility assay. We find that, whereas the mutant myosins are indistinguishable from the controls (WT or native myosin) under unloaded conditions, both R58Q- and N47K-exchanged myosins show reductions in force and power output compared with WT or native myosin. We also show that the changes in loaded kinetics are a result of mutation-induced loss of myosin strain sensitivity of ADP affinity. We propose that the R58Q and N47K mutations alter the mechanical properties of the myosin neck region, leading to altered load-dependent kinetics that may explain the observed mutant-induced FHC phenotypes.
3D Reconstruction from Multiple Images Using Inverse- Mapping IDVR

According to the principle of direct volume rendering (DVR), visualization can be created without using the intermediate geometrical structure of images, such as mesh, grid, silhouettes etc. In-fact the direct volume rendering is a mapping process from volume data (voxels) of points. Inverse volume rendering is not required geometric parameters of cameras and images, only the optical properties of images are more important than others, such as colour, light, opacity, etc. Flexibility of interactive direct volume rendering(IDVR) is depends upon the transfer functions and function points for appropriate operation such as image stitching, blending and warping etc. before describing the inverse mapping approach to find out transfer functions and specifying the basic steps for mapping and reconstruction. This motivates the study of various transfer and mapping functions and requirements of interaction techniques for visualization system, So that the interface can produce the visual effects on various steps and processes of volume rendering.
xposure of zebrafish embryos / larvae to TDCPP alters concentrations f thyroid hormones and transcriptions of genes involved in the ypothalamic – pituitary – thyroid axis

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) has been frequently detected in the environment and in various biota, including fish, and has been implicated in disruption of the thyroid endocrine system. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to different concentrations of TDCPP (10, 50, 100, 300 and 600 g/L) from 2 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 144 hpf. Developmental endpoints, and whole-body concentrations of thyroid hormones and transcriptional profiles of genes involved in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis were examined. Exposure to TDCPP caused a dose-dependent developmental toxicity, including decreased body weight, reduced hatching, survival and heartbeat rates, and increased malformation (spinal curvature). Treatment with the positive control chemical 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) significantly decreased whole-body thyroxin (T4) concentrations, increased whole-body T3 concentrations, and upregulated mRNA expression involved in the HPT axis as a compensatory mechanism. These results suggested that the HPT axis in 144-hpf zebrafish larvae was responsive to chemical exposure and could be used to evaluate the effects of chemicals on the thyroid endocrine system. TDCPP exposure significantly decreased whole-body T4 concentrations and increased whole-body T3 concentrations, indicating thyroid endocrine disruption. The upregulation of genes related to thyroid hormone metabolism (dio1 and ugt1ab) might be responsible for decreased T4 concentrations. Treatment with TDCPP also significantly increased transcription of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis (tshˇ, slc5a5 and tg) and thyroid development (hhex, nkx2.1 and pax8) as a compensatory mechanism for decreased T4 concentrations. Taken together, these results suggest that TDCPP alters the transcription of genes involved in the HPT axis and changes whole-body concentrations of thyroid hormones in zebrafish embryos/larvae, thus causing an endocrine disruption of the thyroid system.
A Simple String-Rewriting Formalism for Dependency Grammar

Recently, dependency grammar has gained renewed attention as empirical methods in parsing have emphasized the importance of relations between words, which is what dependency grammars model explicitly, but context-free phrase-structure grammars do not. While there has been much work on formalizing dependency grammar and on parsing algorithms for dependency grammars in the past, there is not a complete generative formalization of dependency grammar based on string-rewriting in which the derivation structure is the desired dependency structure. Such a system allows for the deﬁ-nition of a compact parse forest in a straightforward manner. In this paper, we present a simple generative formalism for dependency grammars based on Extended Context-Free Grammar, along with a parser; the formalism captures the intuitions of previous formalizations while deviating minimally from the much-used Context-Free Grammar.
Improving Change Detection in Forest Areas Based on Stereo Panchromatic Imagery Using Kernel MNF

The goal of this paper is to develop an efficient method for forest change detection using multitemporal stereo panchromatic imagery. Due to the lack of spectral information, it is difficult to extract reliable features for forest change monitoring. Moreover, the forest changes often occur together with other unrelated phenomena, e.g., seasonal changes of land covers such as grass and crops. Therefore, we propose an approach that exploits kernel Minimum Noise Fraction (kMNF) to transform simple change features into high-dimensional feature space. Digital surface models (DSMs) generated from stereo imagery are used to provide information on height difference, which is additionally used to separate forest changes from other land-cover changes. With very few training samples, a change mask is generated with iterated canonical discriminant analysis (ICDA). Two examples are presented to illustrate the approach and demonstrate its efficiency. It is shown that with the same amount of training samples, the proposed method can obtain more accurate change masks compared with algorithms based on k-means, one-class support vector machine, and random forests.
Examination of the heart in supine and left lateral positions.

The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in the diastolic pulsations and sounds at the cardiac apex when examining the heart in the supine and left lateral positions. Fifty-eight patients with an atrial gallop and/or third heart sound were examined in the two positions by the techniques of apex cardiography and phonocardiography. In nearly all cases the amplitudes of the apical diastolic heart sounds and movements were much greater in the left lateral position, and, frequently, movements and sounds which could be recorded in the left lateral position were absent in the supine. It is suggested that, in view of the valuable information about left ventricular function which can be deduced from these signs, the palpation and auscultation of the heart with the patient lying on his left side should be a routine part of all examinations of the cardiovascular system.
Do Hospitals Rank Differently on HCAHPS for Different Patient Subgroups?

Prior research documents differences in patient-reported experiences by patient characteristics. Using nine measures of patient experience from 1,203,229 patients discharged in 2006-2007 from 2,684 acute and critical access hospitals, the authors find that adjusted hospital scores measure distinctions in quality for the average patient with high reliability. The authors also find that hospital “ranks” (the relative scores of hospitals for patients of a given type) vary substantially by patient health status and race/ ethnicity/language, and moderately by patient education and age (p < .05 for almost all measures). Quality improvement efforts should examine hospital performance with both sicker and healthier patients, because many hospitals that do well with one group (relative to other hospitals) may not do well with another. The experiences of American Indians/Alaska Natives should also receive particular attention. As HCAHPS (Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) data accumulate, reports that drill down to hospital performance for patient subtypes (especially by health status) may be valuable.
Generalizing Java RMI to Support Efficient Group Communication

This paper presents a generalization of the Java Remote Method Invocation model (RMI) providing an efficient group communication mechanism for parallel programming. In our Group Method Invocation model (GMI), methods can be invoked on a local object, on a remote object or on a group of objects (possibly with personalized parameters). Likewise, result values and exceptions can be returned normally, discarded, or, when multiple results are produced, combined into a single result. The different method invocation and reply handling schemes can be combined orthogonally, allowing us to express a large spectrum of communication mechanisms of which standard RMI and MPI-style collective communication are special cases. For each method, the invocation and reply scheme can be selected at runtime. GMI has been implemented in the Manta high-performance Java system. Using several micro-benchmarks and three applications, we compare GMI’s expressiveness and runtime efficiency to plain Java RMI and to the collective communication operations from the mpiJava library. Our results show that GMI significantly simplifies program complexity while our prototype implementation performs even faster than mpiJava (except for one test case).
PalmRC: imaginary palm-based remote control for eyes-free television interaction

User input on television (TV) typically requires a mediator device, such as a handheld remote control. While being a well-established interaction paradigm, a handheld device has serious drawbacks: it can be easily misplaced due to its mobility and in case of a touch screen interface, it also requires additional visual attention. Emerging interaction paradigms like 3D mid-air gestures using novel depth sensors, such as Microsoft's Kinect, aim at overcoming these limitations, but are known to be e.g. tiring. In this paper, we propose to leverage the palm as an interactive surface for TV remote control. Our contribution is three-fold: (1) we explore the conceptual design space in an exploratory study. (2) Based upon these results, we investigate the effectiveness and accuracy of such an interface in a controlled experiment. And (3), we contribute PalmRC: an eyes-free, palm-surface-based TV remote control, which in turn is evaluated in an early user feedback session. Our results show that the palm has the potential to be leveraged for device-less and eyes-free TV remote interaction without any third-party mediator device.
The Involvement of Multiple Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR)-associated Factors in the Signaling Mechanisms of Receptor Activator of NF-κB, a Member of the TNFR Superfamily*

Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) is a recently identified member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is expressed on activated T cells and dendritic cells. Its cognate ligand (RANKL) plays significant roles in the activation of dendritic cell function and osteoclast differentiation. We demonstrate here the interaction of RANK with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 both in vitro and in cells. Mapping of the structural requirements for TRAF/RANK interaction revealed multiple TRAF binding sites clustered in two distinct domains in the RANK cytoplasmic tail. These TRAF binding domains were shown to be functionally important for the RANK-dependent induction of NF-κB and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activities. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that these TRAF binding sites exhibited selective binding for different TRAF proteins. In particular, TRAF6 interacted with membrane-proximal determinants distinct from those binding TRAFs 1, 2, 3, and 5. When this membrane-proximal TRAF6 interaction domain was deleted, RANK-mediated NF-κB signaling was completely inhibited while c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation was partially inhibited. An NH2-terminal truncation mutant of TRAF6 inhibited RANKL-mediated NF-κB activation, but failed to affect constitutive signaling induced by receptor overexpression, revealing a selective role for TRAF6 in ligand-induced activation events.
How to Interpret LC3 Immunoblotting

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is now widely used to monitor autophagy. One approach is to detect LC3 conversion (LC3-I to LC3-II) by immunoblot analysis because the amount of LC3-II is clearly correlated with the number of autophagosomes. However, LC3-II itself is degraded by autophagy, making interpretation of the results of LC3 immunoblotting problematic. Furthermore, the amount of LC3 at a certain time point does not indicate autophagic flux, and therefore, it is important to measure the amount of LC3-II delivered to lysosomes by comparing LC3-II levels in the presence and absence of lysosomal protease inhibitors. Another problem with this method is that LC3-II tends to be much more sensitive to be detected by immunoblotting than LC3-I. Accordingly, simple comparison of LC3-I and LC3-II, or summation of LC3-I and LC3-II for ratio determinations, may not be appropriate, and rather, the amount of LC3-II can be compared between samples.
Glutamatergic Agents for Cocaine Dependence

Abstract: Effective medications for cocaine dependence are needed to improve outcome in this chronic, relapsing disorder. Medications affecting glutamate function are reasonable candidates for investigation, given the involvement of glutamate circuits in reward‐related brain regions and evdence of cocaine‐induced glutamatergic dysregulation. In addition, it is increasingly apparent that glutamatergic mechanisms underlie several clinical aspects of cocaine dependence, including euphoria, withdrawal, craving, and hedonic dysfunction. Even denial, traditionally viewed as purely psychological, may result, in part, from dysfunctional glutamate‐rich cortical regions. We review the involvement of glutamate in reward‐related circuits, the acute and chronic effects of cocaine on these pathways, and glutamatergic mechanisms that contribute to the neurobiology of cocaine dependence. We also present preliminary data from our research of modafinil, a glutamate‐enhancing agent with promise in the treatment of cocaine‐addicted individuals.
Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States.

BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis can cause severe ocular and neurological disease. We sought to determine risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of adults recently infected with T. gondii. Case patients were selected from the Palo Alto Medical Foundation Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory from August 2002 through May 2007; control patients were randomly selected from among T. gondii-seronegative persons. Data were obtained from serological testing and patient questionnaires. RESULTS We evaluated 148 case patients with recent T. gondii infection and 413 control patients. In multivariate analysis, an elevated risk of recent T. gondii infection was associated with the following factors: eating raw ground beef (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.67; 95% confidence limits [CLs], 2.09, 21.24; attributable risk [AR], 7%); eating rare lamb (aOR, 8.39; 95% CLs, 3.68, 19.16; AR, 20%); eating locally produced cured, dried, or smoked meat (aOR, 1.97; 95% CLs, 1.18, 3.28; AR, 22%); working with meat (aOR, 3.15; 95% CLs, 1.09, 9.10; AR, 5%); drinking unpasteurized goat's milk (aOR, 5.09; 95% CLs, 1.45, 17.80; AR, 4%); and having 3 or more kittens (aOR, 27.89; 95% CLs, 5.72, 135.86; AR, 10%). Eating raw oysters, clams, or mussels (aOR, 2.22; 95% CLs, 1.07, 4.61; AR, 16%) was significant in a separate model among persons asked this question. Subgroup results are also provided for women and for pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, exposure to certain raw or undercooked foods and exposure to kittens are risk factors for T. gondii infection. Knowledge of these risk factors will help to target prevention efforts.
A Historical Perspective: Changes in Grassland Breeding Bird Densities Within Major Habitats in North Dakota Between 1967 and 1992-1993

Population declines of many grassland-nesting birds are now widely recognized. Fundamental to understanding these declines is knowing if they are caused by changes in the availability of suitable habitats or changes in the densities of birds within those habitats. We address that issue with information from systematic surveys of breeding birds throughout North Dakota in 1967, 1992, and 1993. We compared the availability of 8 major habitat types, and the densities of 24 species of grassland birds in each habitat type, for 128 randomly selected quarter-sections (64.7 ha or 160 ac) that were surveyed in each of those years. Between 1967 and 1992-1993, the area of cropland, planted cover, woody vegetation, and other habitats increased in the 128 quarter-sections, whereas the area of grassland, hayland, and wetland habitats declined. Our results are mixed concerning patterns of population change within habitats, which primarily reflect the disparate habitat requirements of individual species. Some species increased in density in 1 habitat between the 2 periods (e.g., horned lark [Eremophila alpestris] in grassland), whereas others declined in that same habitat (e.g., western meadowlark [Sturnella neglecta]). Other species (e.g., lark bunting [Calamospiza melanocorys]) declined in densities in 1 habitat but increased in another. Some species declined (e.g., Baird’s sparrow [Ammodramus bairdii]) or increased (e.g., northern harrier [Circus cyaneus]) in 1 or more habitats but their statewide populations were stable between the 2 periods; whereas other species were relatively stable within habitats but their statewide populations increased (e.g., upland sandpiper [Bartramia longicauda]) or declined (e.g., Le Conte’s sparrow [Ammodramus leconteii]). Nonetheless, our results provide evidence that populations of some species have declined on their breeding grounds in North Dakota. The disparate habitat requirements of grassland birds emphasize the importance of large-scale conservation efforts for grassland birds, especially those efforts that can provide a complex mixture of vegetation or habitat types. Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conference 20:275-295