Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE PERFORMANCE OF LAGRANGIAN PERTURBATION SCHEMES AT HIGH RESOLUTION

Wepresenthigh-spatialresolutionstudiesoftheden- sity eld as predicted by Lagrangian perturbation approxima- tions up to the third order. The rst-order approximation is equivalent to the \Zel'dovich approximation" for the type of initial data analyzed. The study is performed for two simple models which allow studying of typical features of the clus- tering process in the early non-linear regime. We calculate the initial perturbation potentials as solutions of Poisson equations algebraically, and automate this calculation for a given initial random density eld. The presented models may also be use- ful for other questions addressed to Lagrangian perturbation solutions and for the comparison of different approximation schemes. In an accompanying paper we investigate a detailed comparisonwithvariousN-bodyintegratorsusingthesemodels (Karakatsanis et al. 1996). Results of the present paper include the following: 1. the collapse is accelerated signicantly by the higher-order correc- tions conrming previous results by Moutarde et al. (1991); 2. the spatial structure of the density patterns predicted by the \Zel'dovich approximation" differs much from those predicted by the second- and third-order Lagrangian approximations; 3. second-order effects amount to internal substructures such as \second generation" -pancakes, -laments and -clusters, as are also observed in N-body simulations; 4. the third-order effect gives rise to substructuring of the secondary mass-shells. The hierarchyofshell-crossingsingularitiesthatformfeaturessmall high-density clumps at the intersections of caustics which we interprete as gravitational fragmentation.
P-Persistent Stabilisation for Wireless Network Diversity Multiple Access Protocols

The network diversity multiple access (NDMA) protocols constitute an innovative way to resolve the packet collisions in wireless random access networks. However, unfavorable joint detection conditions at finite SNR can degrade their throughput performance. To mitigate this problem we propose a p-persistent stabilisation scheme to control the average number of colliding users. The optimum solution for the system parameters - i.e. the probability of false alarm and the parameter p - are given by a set of polynomial equations. A closed-form suboptimal solution, valid for large number of users and low SNR is demonstrated to be asymptotically bounded by the S-ALOHA characteristic. Further, with this new approach the throughput is optimized at the expense of a small delay degradation, and for traffic loads larger than a particular value the solution becomes traffic load independent. System parameters are analyzed by their analytical expressions and by simulations
The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria

Randall Packard’s The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria, published in 2007, was a timely overview of the history of one of the most complex and ancient of all diseases. Indeed, Packard’s subtitle: ‘a short history of malaria’ is a modest one considering the depth and breadth of the range of topics relating to the history of malaria that Packard covers. But at just under 300 pages in length, in a highly accessible and well-organised format, this book has been widely read by scholars from a broad range of disciplines. In addition, chapters selected for their scientific or historical material have appeared on many seminar and course lists for undergraduate and graduate students. Charles Rosenberg’s introduction to Packard’s book, one of a series of ‘Biographies of Disease’ published by Johns Hopkins University Press, highlights the significance of the importance of the kind of narrative Packard has written to guide his reader through the historical past. Rosenberg’s own research on health and disease and his legacy through the work of his students has echoes in the Packard book. While the series – a biography of disease – places the focus on the disease, Packard, true to his historical roots in the political economy of disease, treatment and prevention has written much more than a biography of malaria. Paying due respect to the sciences of entomology, parasitology and, in passing, immunology, Packard reminds us that malaria is about people and that people live in multiple contexts. We need to understand these contexts of people’s lives, at the political, social and economic levels, to appreciate the complexity of living and dying with this ‘burden of disease’.
Finite-Ring Combinatorics and MacWilliams' Equivalence Theorem

F. J. MacWilliams proved that Hamming isometries between linear codes extend to monomial transformations. This theorem has recently been genera- lized by J. Wood who proved it for Frobenius rings using character theoretic methods. The present paper provides a combinatorial approach: First we extend I. Constantinescu's concept of homogeneous weights on arbitrary finite rings and prove MacWilliams' equivalence theorem to hold with respect to these weights for all finite Frobenius rings. As a central tool we then establish a general inversion principle for real functions on finite modules that involves Mobius inversion on partially ordered sets. An application of the latter yields the aforementioned result of Wood.
Content-based image retrieval of centroblast cells and noncentroblast cells in Follicular lymphoma

In this study content-based image retrieval is applied to hematoxylin and eosin H&E stained Follicular lymphoma centroblast cell images and K-nearest neighbour classifier is used with multi-texton histogram features. With developed method, it is aimed to assist pathologists in their diagnosis of follicular lymphoma disease. The purpose of this project is the classification of centroblast cells and non-centroblast cells with a microscopic content based image retrieval method. Follicular lymphoma database is composed of 218 centroblast and 218 non-centroblast cells. The experiments were conducted by creating 10%-90% and 20%-80% data sets as training and test. The best average accuracies were 93.8% and 86.3% in the 10%-90% and 20%-80% data sets, respectively. In this work, two different feature extraction methods were employed and the classification results were compared with each other. The classification with multi-texton histogram features outperforms the classification accuracy of our group's previous work by 22.4% and 25.1% when 20%-80% and 10%-90% test-training datasets were used, respectively.
Dental Amalgam Exposure and Urinary Mercury Levels in Children: The New England Children’s Amalgam Trial

Background Urinary mercury (U-Hg) excretion is a commonly used biomarker for mercury exposure from dental amalgam restorations. Objectives Our goal was to determine the most efficient measure of dental amalgam exposure for use in analyses concerning U-Hg in children. Methods We analyzed time-sensitive longitudinal amalgam exposure data in children randomized to amalgam restorations (n = 267) during the 5-year New England Children’s Amalgam Trial. We calculated 8 measures of amalgam, evaluating current versus cumulative exposure, teeth versus surfaces, and total versus posterior occlusal amalgams. Urine samples collected during follow-up years 3–5 were analyzed for mercury excretion. Multivariate models for current and cumulative U-Hg excretion estimated associations between exposures and U-Hg. Results At the end of follow-up, the average (± SD) cumulative exposure was 10.3 ± 6.1 surfaces and 5.7 ± 2.9 teeth ever filled with amalgam, corresponding to 30 ± 21 surface-years. Amalgam measures and U-Hg were moderately correlated. Of amalgam exposure measures, the current total of amalgam surfaces was the most robust predictor of current U-Hg, whereas posterior occlusal surface-years was best for cumulative U-Hg. In multivariate models, each additional amalgam surface present was associated with a 9% increase in current U-Hg, and each additional posterior occlusal surface-year was associated with a 3% increase in cumulative U-Hg excretion (p < 0.001). Conclusions One single measure of amalgam exposure is insufficient. Studies of cumulative effects of mercury from amalgam exposure in children are likely to have improved validity and precision if time-sensitive amalgam exposure measures are used. In contrast, simple counts of current amalgam fillings are adequate to capture amalgam-related current U-Hg.
Tenascin-C signaling through induction of 14-3-3 tau

We searched by a cDNA subtraction screen for differentially expressed transcripts in MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells grown on tenascin-C versus fibronectin. On tenascin-C, cells had irregular shapes with many processes, whereas on fibronectin they were flat with a cobble stone–like appearance. We found elevated levels of 14-3-3 tau transcripts and protein in cells grown on tenascin-C. To investigate the consequences of an increased level of this phospho-serine/threonine–binding adaptor protein, we transfected MCF-7 cells with a construct encoding full-length 14-3-3 tau protein and selected clones with the highest expression levels. The morphology of these cells on tenascin-C was flat, resembling that of cells on fibronectin. This was reflected by a similar pattern of F-actin staining on either substratum. Furthermore, the growth rate on tenascin-C was increased compared with the parental cells. After transient transfection of HT1080 fibrosarcoma and T98G glioblastoma cells with 14-3-3 tau, only the 14-3-3 tau–expressing cells were able to adhere and survive on tenascin-C, whereas all cells adhered well on fibronectin. Therefore, we postulate that tenascin-C promotes the growth of tumor cells by causing an increase in the expression of 14-3-3 tau, which in turn has a positive effect on tumor cell adhesion and growth.
Determination and validation of the elastic moduli of small and complex biological samples: bone and keratin in bird beaks

In recent years, there has been a surge in the development of finite-element (FE) models aimed at testing biological hypotheses. For example, recent modelling efforts suggested that the beak in Darwin's finches probably evolved in response to fracture avoidance. However, knowledge of the material properties of the structures involved is crucial for any model. For many biological structures, these data are not available and may be difficult to obtain experimentally given the complex nature of biological structures. Beaks are interesting as they appear to be highly optimized in some cases. In order to understand the biomechanics of this small and complex structure, we have been developing FE models that take into account the bilayered structure of the beak consisting of bone and keratin. Here, we present the results of efforts related to the determination and validation of the elastic modulus of bone and keratin in bird beaks. The elastic moduli of fresh and dried samples were obtained using a novel double-indentation technique and through an inverse analysis. A bending experiment is used for the inverse analysis and the validation of the measurements. The out-of-plane displacements during loading are measured using digital speckle pattern interferometry.
Voltage-time characteristics of air gaps and insulation coordination — Survey of 100 years research

With the first application of HV-power lines at the early 20th century the protection of electric components against lightning strokes became a crucial problem. Albeit the overhead insulators were designed to withstand high ac-voltages above the operating level, they failed under stress of high impulse voltages with unknown shape. The need to generate short-time HV-impulses was solved in the 1920th by the invention of the “Marx-Generator”. At least it was observed that the flashover voltage of an insulator is higher for shorter than for longer pulses. During the following decades HV-power networks expanded worldwide rapidly and with it grew the need of HV-impulse tests in laboratories. Progress in short time measurement techniques allowed to reproduce impulses of defined shape and amplitude. In order to establish compatibility of discharge tests in the Megavolt-range, standard pulse shapes were internationally agreed upon. Of special interest for an effective coordination of various insulation structures became data of spark-over values of air gaps with very short time lags. However, a great number of measurements did not lead to satisfying results for non-standard test-voltages. Attempts to derive formulae for good results were neither easy to use nor reliable. Finally, an approach starting from the first principle of discharge in an air gap assuming the speed of leader growth being proportional to the instant voltage above the withstand value led to a simple and generally applicable criterion. Further development of physical models for the leader propagation process leads to self-reliant calculation methods, which are simply coupled to average field calculations.
Comparison of Unsteady and Quasi‐Unsteady Flow Models in Simulating Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Arizona Stream 1

Hummel, Ryan, Jennifer G. Duan, and Shiyan Zhang, 2012. Comparison of Unsteady and Quasi‐Unsteady Flow Models in Simulating Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Arizona Stream. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 987‐998. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012. 00663.x
Effect of Thermal Stratification and Mixing on Phytoplankton Community Structure in the Western Channel of the Korea Strait

The profile of a fixed site at station M (34.77˚N, 129.13˚E) in the Korea Strait was studied from March 2006 to February 2007. The aim was to understand the relationship between the annual thermal stratification pattern and seasonal variation in phytoplankton community structure. Physicochemical factors including temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations, which strongly influence the proliferation and diversity of phytoplankton, were measured. The study period was divided into three due to the characteristic of thermohaline structures; mixed Ⅰ (March-May 2006), stratified (June-November 2006) and mixed Ⅱ (December 2006-Feburuary 2007). Diatoms dominated during the mixed Ⅰ (89%) and Ⅱ (48%) periods, while nanoplankton group occupied over 83% of total population during the stratified period. The dominant species during the mixed Ⅰ and Ⅱ was Chaetoceros socialis (47% and 29%, respectively), while during the stratified period Gyrodinium sp. (4%) was the most dominant. Averaged total chl a concentrations during the mixed Ⅰ and Ⅱ periods were 0.61 ㎎ m? ³ and 0.72 ㎎ m? ³, respectively, which were at least two-fold higher than that during the stratified period (0.30 ㎎ m? ³). The vertical mixing and convection process of the water column induced nutrient supply from the bottom layer to the euphotic zone. It also led to the dominance of diatoms during the mixed periods, whereas small phytoplankton prevailed over large phytoplankton as stratification blocked the upward movement of nutrients to subsurface during the stratified period. During the mixed Ⅰ and Ⅱ periods, microplanktonic chl a dominated concentrations (50% and 48%, respectively), while picoplanktonic chl α occupied over 37% of total chl a during the stratified period.
Handwritten numeral string recognition using neural network classifier trained with negative data

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of neural network classifiers with the negative data, and develop an off-line handwritten numeral string recognition system based on the neural network classifier that uses negative data when estimating parameters. For numeral string recognition, it is attempted to generate all plausible segmentation candidates by character segmentation, which is followed by recognizing the segmentation candidates and finding an optimal segmentation path. In the preliminary experiments for numeral string recognition, the recognition rate of the classifier trained with both positive data and negative data is much higher than the recognition rate of the classifier trained with only positive data. This is because the classifier trained with negative data produces low matching scores for noncharacters, which enables the numeral string recognizer to exclude non-characters from the segmentation alternatives, so it helps the numeral string recognizer to find correct character segmentation paths.
Dielectric properties of salt-affected soils

Abstract A detailed laboratory experiment was conducted on three soils of different textures viz., sand, sandy clay loam and clay to study the influence of soil salinity and sodicity on the complex dielectric behaviour of soils as a function of volumetric soil moisture using an L-band (1 ·25 GHz) dielectric probe. The results revealed that soil salinity has no influence on the real part of the dielectric constant (ϵ') whereas, the imaginary part (ϵ'') is dependent and increases with increase in salinity for all the soils considered. It was found that the real part is more dependent on soil moisture and imaginary part on soil salinity. The sodicity of a soil has no influence either on real part or imaginary part. This study shows L-band (1·25 GHz) microwave response to soil salinity. It also demonstrates the possibility of separating saline soils from sodic soils at L-band frequencies under moist soil conditions.
Unified SNR analysis of medical imaging systems

The ideal observer signal to noise ratio (SNR) has been derived from statistical decision theory for all of the major medical imaging modalities. This SNR provides an absolute scale for image system performance assessment and leads to instrumentation design goals and constraints for imaging system optimisation since no observer can surpass the performance of the ideal observer. The dependence of detectable detail size on exposure or imaging time follows immediately from the analysis. A framework emerges from comparing data acquisition techniques, e.g. reconstruction from projections versus Fourier methods in NMR imaging, and time of flight positron emission tomography (TOFPET) versus conventional PET. The approach of studying the ideal observer is motivated by measurements on human observers which show that they can come close to the performance of the ideal observer, except when the image noise has negative correlations-as in images reconstructed from projections-where they suffer a small but significant penalty.
On the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of greigite (Fe3S4)

The ferrimagnetic mineral greigite (cubic Fe3S4) is well known as an intracellular biomineralization product in magnetic bacteria and as a widely occurring authigenic mineral in anoxic sediments. Due to the lack of suitable single‐crystal specimens, the magnetic anisotropy parameters of greigite have remained poorly constrained, to the point where not even the easy axis of magnetization is known. Here we report on an effort to determine the anisotropy parameters on the basis of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) powder spectroscopy on hydrothermally synthesized, chemically pure greigite microcrystals dispersed in a nonmagnetic matrix. In terms of easy axis orientations, the FMR data are consistent with <111> or <100>, or less likely, a more general type. With a g factor of 2.09, the anisotropy field is about 90 mT and in some samples may reach 125 mT, compared to 30 mT for cubic magnetite. This confirms the dominating role of cubic anisotropy on the magnetic properties of greigite, which we show to be responsible for large SIRM/k values. K1 is in the range −15 … −23 J/m3 (<111>) or +10 … +15 kJ/m3 (<100>), yielding upper limits of 44 or 34 nm for the superparamagnetic grain size, respectively.
IrisCode Decompression Based on the Dependence between Its Bit Pairs

IrisCode is an iris recognition algorithm developed in 1993 and continuously improved by Daugman. Understanding IrisCode's properties is extremely important because over 60 million people have been mathematically enrolled by the algorithm. In this paper, IrisCode is proved to be a compression algorithm, which is to say its templates are compressed iris images. In our experiments, the compression ratio of these images is 1:655. An algorithm is designed to perform this decompression by exploiting a graph composed of the bit pairs in IrisCode, prior knowledge from iris image databases, and the theoretical results. To remove artifacts, two postprocessing techniques that carry out optimization in the Fourier domain are developed. Decompressed iris images obtained from two public iris image databases are evaluated by visual comparison, two objective image quality assessment metrics, and eight iris recognition methods. The experimental results show that the decompressed iris images retain iris texture that their quality is roughly equivalent to a JPEG quality factor of 10 and that the iris recognition methods can match the original images with the decompressed images. This paper also discusses the impacts of these theoretical and experimental findings on privacy and security.
The 40Ar/39Ar ages and tectonic setting of the middle Eocene northeast Nevada volcanic field

Widespread middle to late Eocene calc-alkalic volcanism, which formed the Northeast Nevada Volcanic Field, marks the earliest Tertiary volcanism in the northern Basin and Range. The central part of this major field in northeast Nevada and adjacent Utah is herein defined by 23 40Ar/39Ar ages that range from 42.6 to 39.0 Ma, rock chemistry from 12 localities, stratigraphic position of the volcanic rocks above a regional middle Eocene unconformity, volcanic setting, and lithology. The type area is at Nanny Creek, in the northern Pequop Mountains, Nevada, where rhyolite ash flow tuffs are overlain by a thick section of intercalated andesitic to dacitic flows and flow breccias and rhyolite ash flow tuffs. The intermediate composition rocks are locally derived throughout the volcanic field, whereas the sources for rhyolite ash flow tuffs are unknown. The uniform and widespread occurrence of the andesitic and dacitic flows and flow breccias strongly suggests that the upper crust was perforated by intermediate composition magma across the entire region. In the central part of the field the middle Eocene volcanic rocks rest with depositional angular discordance on deformed middle Paleozoic to Triassic strata; ostracode-bearing limestone, probably of early Eocene age, is locally present below the volcanic rocks. In the western and southeastern parts of the field these middle Eocene volcanic rocks rest with depositional angular discordance on lower Eocene lacustrine strata of the Elko and White Sage Formations, respectively. This angular discordance documents a middle Eocene deformational event previously unrecognized in the region.