Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonopioidergic Mechanism Mediating Morphine-Induced Antianalgesia in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with a low dose (0.3 nmol) of morphine causes an attenuation of i.t. morphine-produced analgesia; the phenomenon has been defined as morphine-induced antianalgesia. The opioid-produced analgesia was measured with the tail-flick (TF) test in male CD-1 mice. Intrathecal pretreatment with low dose (0.3 nmol) of morphine time dependently attenuated i.t. morphine-produced (3.0 nmol) TF inhibition and reached a maximal effect at 45 min. Intrathecal pretreatment with morphine (0.009–0.3 nmol) for 45 min also dose dependently attenuated morphine-produced TF inhibition. The i.t. morphine-induced antianalgesia was dose dependently blocked by the nonselective μ-opioid receptor antagonist (-)-naloxone and by its nonopioid enantiomer (+)-naloxone, but not by endomorphin-2-sensitive μ-opioid receptor antagonist 3-methoxynaltrexone. Blockade of δ-opioid receptors, κ-opioid receptors, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by i.t. pretreatment with naltrindole, nor-binaltorphimine, and (-)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), respectively, did not affect the i.t. morphine-induced antianalgesia. Intrathecal pretreatment with antiserum against dynorphin A(1-17), [Leu]-enkephalin, [Met]-enkephalin, β-endorphin, cholecystokinin, or substance P also did not affect the i.t. morphine-induced antianalgesia. The i.t. morphine pretreatment also attenuated the TF inhibition produced by opioid μagonist [d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol5]-enkephalin, δ-agonist deltorphin II, and κ-agonist U50,488H. It is concluded that low doses (0.009–0.3 nmol) of morphine given i.t. activate an antianalgesic system to attenuate opioid μ-, δ-, and κ-agonist-produced analgesia. The morphine-induced antianalgesia is not mediated by the stimulation of opioid μ-, δ-, or κ-receptors or NMDA receptors. Neuropeptides such as dynorphin A(1-17), [Leu]-enkephalin, [Met]-enkephalin, β-endorphin, cholecystokinin, and substance P are not involved in this low-dose morphine-induced antianalgesia.
Impact of convective transport and lightning NOx production over North America: dependence on cumulus parameterizations

Impact of convective transport and lightning NOx production over North America: dependence on cumulus parameterizations C. Zhao, Y. Wang, Y. Choi, and T. Zeng School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA Received: 10 December 2008 – Accepted: 17 December 2008 – Published: 26 January 2009 Correspondence to: C. Zhao (chun.zhao@eas.gatech.edu) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
General Subdomain Model for Predicting Magnetic Field in Internal and External Rotor Multiphase Flux-Switching Machines Topologies

This paper presents a general analytical subdomain model for the computation of magnetic field distribution in any number of stator slots and rotor poles with and without electrically excited, permanent magnet-excited and hybrid-excited multiphase flux-switching machine (FSM) topologies. The goal of this work is to elaborate an analytical general method based on the subdomain model for predicting the magnetic field in any FSM topology with defining in advance the number of subdomains and affect the general form of vector potential in each subdomain. The presented general subdomain method is comparable to the finite-element method (FEM) where the mesh elements can be compared with the number of harmonic terms used in each subdomain.
“I Was a Full Time Proper Smoker”: A Qualitative Exploration of Smoking in the Home after Childbirth among Women Who Relapse Postpartum

Background Many women stop smoking during pregnancy but relapse shortly afterwards, potentially putting their infants at risk of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Women who were able to stop during pregnancy may be a motivated group, receptive to making behaviour changes postpartum to protect their infant from SHS exposure. Understanding more about their experiences of relapse, and if this influences home smoking behaviours and children’s exposure to SHS in the home may help to inform intervention development to prevent infant SHS exposure. Methods Guided by interpretative phenomenological methodology we conducted and analysed nine semi-structured interviews with women who quit smoking during pregnancy, but relapsed ≤3 months postpartum. Findings Central to mothers’ accounts of their smoking behaviours during pregnancy and postpartum was their desire to be a ‘responsible mother’. Mothers described using strategies to protect their infant from SHS exposure, and held strong negative attitudes towards other smoking parents. After relapsing, mothers appeared to reposition themselves as ‘social’ or ‘occasional’ smokers rather than ‘regular’ smokers. Conclusions Findings suggest that interventions to prevent/reduce infants' home SHS exposure should build on mothers' intentions to be responsible parents. As mothers who relapse principally view themselves as ‘social’ or ‘occasional’ smokers, interventions that are highlighted as relevant for women with these types of smoking patterns may be more likely to be responded to, and, ultimately, be effective.
An 11b 60MS/s 2.1mW two-step time-interleaved SAR-ADC with reused S&H

An 11b 60MS/s 2-channel two-step SAR ADC in 65nm CMOS is presented. The scheme shares the op-amp between channels for the residual generation and takes advantage of time interleaving for reusing the input S&H of the first stage. A reduction of the gain in the residual generator and sub-threshold operation enables the use of a power-effective, singlestage op-amp with 69dB-gain. The ADC achieves peak SNDR of 57.6dB while consuming 2.1mW from 1-V analog and 0.85-V digital supply, resulting in an FoM of 57fJ/step.
The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Missing Import Price Changes and Pass-Through

A large body of empirical work has found that exchange rate movements have only modest effects on inflation. However, the response of an import price index to exchange rate movements may be underestimated because some import price changes are missed when constructing the index. We investigate downward biases that arise when items experiencing a price change are especially likely to exit or to enter the index. We show that, in theoretical pricing models, entry and exit have different implications for the timing and size of these biases. Using Bureau of Labor Statistics microdata, we derive empirical bounds on the magnitude of these biases and construct alternative price indexes that are less subject to selection effects. Our analysis suggests that the biases induced by selective exits and entries do not materially alter the literature’s view that pass-through to U.S. import prices is low over the short- to medium-term horizons that are most useful for both forecasting and differentiating among economic models.
Optimizing instruction cache performance for operating system intensive workloads

High instruction cache hit rates are key to high performance. One known technique to improve the hit rate of caches is to use an optimizing compiler to minimize cache interference via an improved layout of the code. This technique, however, has been applied to application code only, even though there is evidence that the operating system often uses the cache heavily and with less uniform patterns than applications. Therefore, it is unknown how well existing optimizations perform for systems code and whether better optimizations can be found. We address this problem in this paper. This paper characterizes in detail the locality patterns of the operating system code and shows that there is substantial locality. Unfortunately, caches are not able to extract much of it: rarely-executed special-case code disrupts spatial locality, loops with few iterations that call routines make loop locality hard to exploit, and plenty of loop-less code hampers temporal locality. As a result, interference within popular execution paths dominates instruction cache misses. Based on our observations, we propose an algorithm to expose these localities and reduce interference. For a range of cache sizes, associativities, lines sizes, and other organizations we show that we reduce total instruction miss rates by 31-86% (up to 2.9 absolute points). Using a simple model this corresponds to execution time reductions in the order of 12-26%. In addition, our optimized operating system combines well with optimized or unoptimized applications. <<ETX>>
Challenges for Research into Military Investigations

In cases of suspected violations of rules, regulations or the law by armed forces personnel, investigations are invariably mandatory. Military investigations differ from well-researched civilian criminal investigations. Differing from civilian police detectives, most military investigators – as disciplinary supervisors and military police personnel – have a number of tasks to accomplish, which include leading in combat and ensuring military readiness. Military investigations can lead to substantive negative or positive consequences for military readiness, including mental health, unit cohesion and subjective legal certainty. This impact on unit cohesion and mental health is influenced by any prior history of distress or trauma; military investigations are often preceded by contravention of internal disciplinary acts, complaints and traumatic events. This study explores factors in the differing military and legal systems of Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) that might help military personnel to successfully conduct investigations while ensuring deployment readiness and maintaining human rights.
BMO Functions and Carleson Measures with Values in Uniformly Convex Spaces

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between vector-valued $\text{BMO}$ functions and the Carleson measures defined by their gradients. Let $dA$ and $dm$ denote Lebesgue measures on the unit disc $D$ and the unit circle $\mathbb{T}$ , respectively. For $1\,<\,q\,<\,\infty $ and a Banach space $B$ , we prove that there exists a positive constant $c$ such that $$\underset{{{z}_{0}}\in D}{\mathop{\sup }}\,{{\int }_{D}}{{\left( 1-\left| z \right| \right)}^{q-1}}{{\left\| \nabla f\left( z \right) \right\|}^{q}}{{P}_{{{Z}_{0}}}}\left( z \right)dA\left( z \right)\le {{c}^{q}}\underset{{{z}_{0}}\in D}{\mathop{\sup }}\,{{\int }_{\mathbb{T}}}{{\left\| f\left( z \right)-f\left( {{z}_{0}} \right) \right\|}^{q}}{{P}_{{{z}_{0}}}}\left( z \right)dm\left( z \right)$$ holds for all trigonometric polynomials $f$ with coefficients in $B$ if and only if $B$ admits an equivalent norm which is $q$ -uniformly convex, where $${{P}_{{{z}_{0}}}}\left( z \right)=\frac{1-|{{z}_{0}}{{|}^{2}}}{|1-{{{\bar{z}}}_{0}}z{{|}^{2}}}. $$ The validity of the converse inequality is equivalent to the existence of an equivalent $q$ -uniformly smooth norm.
FUNCTIONALITY OF POULTRY MEAT

SUMMARY Functional foods are foods enriched with single ingredients, which influence 1 or more functions of the consumer in a favorable way, exceeding the effects of normal adequate nutrition. Consumers can expect health benefits from these products. The production of functional poultry meat is a promising future perspective, although the market share of such products will be small. The objective of the present paper was to summarize some examples of functional poultry meat. Substances of interest for this purpose are fatty acids and antioxidants. Enrichment of poultry meat with these health-promoting substances is not really a new approach, but there exists a potential for meeting the recommended daily intake for humans despite a probable negative effect on product quality. In the past, many papers were published showing that poultry meat can be enriched with conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, and Se in such a way that 100 g of enriched tissue meets 3 to 11, 70 to 130, and 60% of the recommended daily intake for humans, respectively. However, the occurrence of tough meat (conjugated linoleic acid) and an increased liability to oxidation (omega-3 fatty acids) may impair the use of functional poultry meat. More research is needed, both on these negative effects on human requirements for these substances and possible interactions between enriched components.
The Electronic Mail Game: Strategic Behavior Under "Almost Common Knowledge"

This paper addresses a paradoxical game theoretic example which is closely related to the coordinated attack problem. Two players have to play one of two possible coordination games. Only one of them receives information about the coordination game to be played. It is shown that even if a large (but finite) number of propositions of the type "i knows that j knows that i knows. that the game is G" are true, the game theoretic situation is very different from when the coordination game played is common knowledge. The example emphasizes the importance of the common knowledge assumption in game theory. Copyright 1989 by American Economic Association.
Cytological alterations in primary explant cultures of human neoplasms exposed to vincaleukoblastine.

Primary explant cultures of human neoplasms derived primarily from patients having malignant lymphoma, melanoma, carcinoma, and tumors of the nervous system exhibited a wide range of morphological changes following exposure to graded doses of Vincaleukoblastine. Specific changes appeared to be associated with low, medium, and high dose levels, and progressive changes were observed following prolonged exposure at each level. The over-all morphological change at the subtoxic dose levels was characterized by the alteration of pleomorphic multipolar elongated cells to an epithelial-like cell type. Progressive changes were characterized primarily by the loss of cytoplasmic material. In several cultures regeneration of the cytoplasm was observed 5–11 days following withdrawal of the drug at the medium and low dose levels. Metaphase arrest observed in vivo and in vitro by several investigators was also seen in these primary cultures. A four- to eightfold increase in the number of metaphases was found at the medium dose levels. The appearance of many multinucleated cells was one of the distinguishing features of the low dose levels. Several cells contained numerous small nuclei, and intermediary stages of nuclear cleavage and blebbing were frequently observed.
Maximum power point tracking of solar photovoltaic panels using advanced perturbation and observation algorithm

An efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme is necessary to improve the efficiency of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel. This paper proposes an advanced perturbation and observation (P&O) algorithm for tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of a solar PV panel. Solar PV cells have a non-linear V-I characteristic with a distinct MPP which depends on environmental factors such as temperature and irradiation. In order to continuously harvest maximum power from the solar PV panel, it always has to be operated at its MPP. The proposed P&O algorithm can reduce the main drawbacks commonly related to the P&O algorithm. This is achieved with determining the short-circuit current before each perturbation and observation stage. The obtained simulation results are compared with MPPs achieved using the conventional P&O algorithm under various atmospheric conditions. The results show that the advanced P&O algorithm is better than the conventional P&O algorithms for tracking MPPs of solar PV panels. Additionally, it is simple and can be easily implemented in digital signal processor (DSP).
An ABC Method for Estimating the Rate and Distribution of Effects of Beneficial Mutations

Determining the distribution of adaptive mutations available to natural selection is a difficult task. These are rare events and most of them are lost by chance. Some theoretical works propose that the distribution of newly arising beneficial mutations should be close to exponential. Empirical data are scarce and do not always support an exponential distribution. Analysis of the dynamics of adaptation in asexual populations of microorganisms has revealed that these can be summarized by two effective parameters, the effective mutation rate, Ue, and the effective selection coefficient of a beneficial mutation, Se. Here, we show that these effective parameters will not always reflect the rate and mean effect of beneficial mutations, especially when the distribution of arising mutations has high variance, and the mutation rate is high. We propose a method to estimate the distribution of arising beneficial mutations, which is motivated by a common experimental setup. The method, which we call One Biallelic Marker Approximate Bayesian Computation, makes use of experimental data consisting of periodic measures of neutral marker frequencies and mean population fitness. Using simulations, we find that this method allows the discrimination of the shape of the distribution of arising mutations and that it provides reasonable estimates of their rates and mean effects in ranges of the parameter space that may be of biological relevance.
Performance of power efficient LDPC coded OFDM over AWGN channel

OFDM with Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) technique can be used for high speed optical applications. As the order of modulation increases, the bit error rate (BER) increases. Forward Error correction (FEC) coding like LDPC coding is generally used to Improve BER performance. LDPC provides large minimum distance and also the power efficiency of the LDPC code increases significantly with the code length. Here we have given a theoretical review on the design of encoder and decoder for the Block codes followed by the fundamentals of various modified Block codes. Finally using a long Irregular LDPC code, it is shown that LDPC coded OFDM provides very low bit error rate compared to OFDM without coding case with a gain in transmitter power and thus making the link power efficient.
Global CLF Stabilization of Nonlinear Systems: A Geometric Point of View

Abstract The aim of this paper is to design regular feedback controls for the global asymptotic stabilization ( gas ) of systems with compact convex control value sets ( cvs ) U with 0 ∈ intU, in the framework of Artstein-Sontag's control Lyapunov function ( clf ) approach. Convex theory allows us to reveal the intrinsic geometry involved in the clf stabilization problem, and to show that it is solvable if there is an optimal control ω ¯ ( x ) . We study the existence, uniqueness and continuity of ω ¯ ( x ) depending on properties of U, and how to attain higher regularity in terms of the geometry (curvature) of U. However, in view that ω ¯ ( x ) is singular, we consider a general form of admissible feedbacks for the gas of a system, provided a clf is known. Then, we propose an explicit formula for suboptimal admissible feedback controls. Finally, based on a method to approximate compact convex sets, we design regular feedback controls for the gas of systems with compact convex cvs U with 0 ∈ intU, at expenses of small overflows in the control values.
An Approach to Creating and Maintaining House-Watching Network in MANET

It was found that in the disaster-hit area, a communication supporting system using the existing mobile ad hoc network techniques cannot function as expected and communication would be interrupted from time to time, since they have not taken into consideration the sleep operation that is a very frequently used means for users of mobile terminals to increase their battery life time. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes a system model and two methods. The one is used to create a house-watching network taking charge of waking up the sleeping terminals, so that periodic or planned communication can be supported even though users freely get into sleep at their convenience. The other is used to incorporate the sleeping with the routing protocols, so that users’ consideration for other people can be technically supported, and they can know if their terminals are functioning as routers, and when sleeping buttons of their terminals can be pushed down safely without interrupting the relaying in progress, and so without interfering with others’ communication. These methods have been demonstrated to be effective by simulation experiments.
The z=2.72 galaxy cB58: a gravitational fold arc lensed by the cluster MS 1512+36

Using HST WFPC2 V- and R-band data of the z=0.37 cluster MS 1512+36, we show that the z=2.72 ‘protogalaxy’ cB58 is not extraordinarily luminous intrinsically but lensed into a gravitational fold arc by the cluster. The arc has a surface- brightness-weighted axis ratio of 1:7, is marginally resolved in width and about 3 arcsec long. Its counterimage was identified and found to be very compact (r1/2=2.4–4.0 h−150 kpc in a q0=0.05 cosmology). In addition, we found three further multiple image systems, one with five and two with three images each. The positions of the multiple images can be explained by modelling the light deflection caused by the cluster and the cD galaxy with elliptical isothermal potentials. The major axis of the cluster potential approximately agrees with that of the cD light and that of the X-ray isophotes. As the multiple images are within ≈8 arcsec around the cD galaxy, a cluster core radius–cluster velocity dispersion degeneracy arises. Interpreting the observations conservatively, the cluster velocity dispersion and the core radius are limited to 540–670 km s−1 and 5–11 arcsec, respectively, and the brightness of the unlensed counterimage of cB58 is about 23.9±0.3 (R band), corresponding to a magnification- and extinction-corrected rest frame B-band absolute magnitude of −24.75±0.7 mag. The redshifts of the sources of the remaining three multiple image systems are predicted to be similar to that of cB58, while a strict upper limit of 4 is set as they are visible in B-band ground-based data. That part of the source of cB58 that is mapped into the arc is reconstructed and its magnification is found to be μarc≳50. This large magnification explains at least some of the untypical spectroscopic properties of cB58, e.g. that the star formation rate seems to be high and uniform and to take place in a large area.
Discovering latent factors from movies genres for enhanced recommendation

Current approaches on collaborative filtering factorize user-item matrices in order to infer latent factors from ratings previously assigned by users. However, they all have to deal with sparseness, whose workarounds are prone to bias and/or overfitting. This paper proposes a recommender algorithm that is based on a factorized matrix composed of user preferences associated to the movies' genres/categories. The advantage of using such user-genre matrix factorization model is that it requires less computational resources, as the matrix will be less sparse and at lower dimension. We present the experimental results with a dataset composed of real users, comparing the performance of different modules of our algorithm.
Iwssip 2010 -17th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing 308 on Face Tracking in Video Sequences

—This paper proposes a framework to track faces in image sequences in a video. The technique combines face detection through using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with target tracking through using a Kalman filter. The adjacent locations of the target point are predicted in a search window that reduces the number of image regions that are candidates for faces. Thus, the method can predict the object motion more accurately. Our architecture is distinguished by the satisfactory results for videos containing scale variation, bad illumination and complex background. Brightness compensation is applied to improve the detection of faces in videos.
Understanding the character and organisation of early microlithic systems during the last glacial peak (~29–12 ka) in the Western Cape, South Africa

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND GRATITUDE . iii CERTIFICATION . vi STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP . vii KEY TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS . viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xi TABLE OF CONTENTS . xii LIST OF FIGURES . xviii LIST OF TABLES . xxiv 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 30 1.