Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated Lensing Learner - I: An Automated Strong Lensing Identification Pipeline

Gravitational lensing directly probes the underlying mass distribution of lensing systems, the high redshift universe, and cosmological models. The advent of large scale surveys such as the Large Synoptic Sky Telescope (LSST) and Euclid has prompted a need for automatic and efficient identification of strong lensing systems. We present (1) a strong lensing identification pipeline, and (2) a mock LSST dataset with strong galaxy-galaxy lenses. In this first application, we employ a fast feature extraction method, Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), to capture edge patterns that are characteristic of strong gravitational arcs in galaxy-galaxy strong lensing. We use logistic regression to train a supervised classifier model on the HOG of HST- and LSST-like images. We use the area under the curve (AUC) of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve to assess model performance; AUC=1.0 is an ideal classifier, and AUC=0.5 is no better than randomly guessing. Our best performing models on a training set of 10,000 lens containing images and 10,000 non-lens containing images exhibit an AUC of 0.975 for an HST-like sample. However, for one exposure of LSST, our model only reaches an AUC of 0.625. For 10-year mock LSST observations, the AUC improves to 0.809. Model performance appears to continually improve with the size of the training set. Models trained on fewer images perform better in absence of the light from the lens galaxy. However, with larger training data sets, information from the lens galaxy actually improves model performance. Our results demonstrate an efficient and effective method for automatically identifying strong lenses that captures much of the complexity of the arc finding problem. The linear classifier both runs on a personal laptop and can easily scale to large data sets on a computing cluster, all while using existing open source tools.
The phase transition in bounded-size Achlioptas processes

Perhaps the best understood phase transition is that in the component structure of the uniform random graph process introduced by Erd\H{o}s and R\'enyi around 1960. Since the model is so fundamental, it is very interesting to know which features of this phase transition are specific to the model, and which are `universal', at least within some larger class of processes (a `universality class'). Achlioptas process, a class of variants of the Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi process that are easy to define but difficult to analyze, have been extensively studied from this point of view. Here, settling a number of conjectures and open problems, we show that all `bounded-size' Achlioptas processes share (in a strong sense) all the key features of the Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi phase transition. We do not expect this to hold for Achlioptas processes in general.
Revisiting the Early Cretaceous sauropod Agustinia ligabuei (Dinosauria: Diplodocoidea) from southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina), with implications on the early evolution of rebbachisaurids

ABSTRACT The Lohan Cura Formation (Albian) at the Cerro de los Leones locality (Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina) yielded several fossil materials, especially sauropod specimens. Among these, Agustinia ligabuei includes postcranial elements of a single individual, with widely debated taxonomy and phylogeny. Here, we provide an extended osteological description and illustrations of the axial and appendicular elements of Agustinia, as well as a revised diagnosis. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis including a new combination of morphological features recognises Agustinia as a basal Rebbachisauridae, closely related with other South American rebbachisaurids. Our results suggest a more diversified sauropod fauna in the Neuquén Basin, where different members of both neosauropod lineages (i.e. Macronaria and Diplodocoidea) survived in the same region during the Albian age. The reassessment of Agustinia as a basal rebbachisaurid improves our knowledge about the early stages of evolutionary history of Rebbachisauridae, adding new information on the morphological and taxonomic diversification of the clade during the Early Cretaceous of southwestern Gondwana.
Analysis of natural gradient descent for multilayer neural networks

Natural gradient descent (NGD) is an on-line algorithm for redefining the steepest descent direction. An analysis of NGD for training a multilayer neural network is presented using statistical mechanics. The performance can be significantly improved using NGD algorithm and can be used for both the transient and asymptotic stages of learning.
Interlayer exchange coupling and magnetic anisotropy in prototype trilayers: Ab initio theory versus experiment

The magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and the interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) of prototype ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{8}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{9}/\mathrm{Cu}(001)$ trilayers are calculated using an ab initio approach based on the experimental lattice spacings. The results thereof are compared to ferromagnetic resonance experiments which allow for the quantitative determination of the MAE as well as the IEC. The tetragonal distortion of the Ni films due to the pseudomorphic growth leads to a positive MAE of the inner Ni layers favoring an out-of-plane easy axis. At the Cu/Ni interfaces a negative surface anisotropy is present which is, however, reduced compared to a Ni/vacuum interface. The MAE is clearly determined by the Ni layers only, whereas the IEC is shown to result from Ni and Cu layers at the inner Cu/Ni interfaces.
O/H in the Local Bubble

We present new measurements of the oxygen gas-phase abundance along four sight lines probing gas inside the Local Bubble, using data obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Combining these with seven previously published N(O I) and N(H I) measurements, we determine a mean O/H ratio for the Local Bubble, (O/H)LB = (3.45 ± 0.19) × 10-4 (1 σ in the mean). Our result is virtually identical to O/H = (3.43 ± 0.15) × 10-4 derived from data for sight lines probing gas well outside the Local Bubble. In contrast to the D/O and D/H ratios, which seem to have different values beyond the Local Bubble, our results show that the O/H ratio is constant and single valued both inside and outside the Local Bubble for low-density sight lines with column densities up to log N(H) ≃ 21. In addition, the similarity of the two values above suggests that the net effect of the uncertain O I f-values in the FUSE bandpass is not significant. Taking into account the latest determinations of the solar abundance of oxygen, our result implies that ~25% of the oxygen in the Local Bubble is depleted onto dust grains. The similarity of the value for O/H along low average density sight lines in the Local Bubble with that of denser sight lines beyond may permit a limit on the diluting effects of infalling low-metallicity gas.
An invitation to harmonic analysis associated with semigroups of operators

This article is an introduction to our recent work in harmonic analysis associated with semigroups of operators, in the effort of finding a noncommutative Calder\'on-Zygmund theory for von Neumann algebras. The classical CZ theory has been traditionally developed on metric measure spaces satisfying additional regularity properties. In the lack of such metrics -or with very little information on the metric- Markov semigroups of operators appear to be the right substitutes of classical metric/geometric tools in harmonic analysis. Our approach is particularly useful in the noncommutative setting but it is also valid in classical/commutative frameworks.
The Role of Contextual Values in the Formation of Ecological Behaviours

It is commonly understood that over-arching transcendental values (TVs) play a major role in directly influencing individual and group behaviours, including those relating to the environment. This paper challenges this approach, by arguing that there is good evidence to indicate that personal contexts – rather than TVs – inform many decisions that individuals need to make. As such, the paper argues that individuals use their TVs as a guide to forming contextual values, in a way that TVs only influence daily behaviours indirectly. In order to review the potential utility of these arguments, we offer a secondary analysis of the International Social Survey Programme. The results indicate that contexts can influence behaviours independently of the set of (transcendental) values that people may hold.
The dynamic expansion of positive leaders observed using Mach-Zehnder interferometry in a 1-m air gap

The leader plays an important role in long-air-gap discharges. In this paper, Mach-Zehnder interferometry and a high-speed video camera were used to observe the dynamic expansion process of positive leaders near the anode in a 1 m air gap. The leader diameters under lightning and switching impulse are obtained through the analysis of interference fringes. The influences of the applied voltage, including the amplitude and the front time, as well as the electrode sizes on leader expansion are obtained and analysed. For a 0.5-cm-diameter cone electrode, when the applied voltage amplitudes are 330-419 kV, the diameters of the leaders are 1.5-2.5 mm at time scales of less than 195 {\mu}s, and the diameters increase as the voltage rises. The diameters of the leaders are larger and the expansion rates are higher for shorter front times. The average expansion rates are 72.30-9.54, 28.09-5.05, 14.38-3.02 and 5.73-1.44 m/s for front times of 1.2, 40, 100 and 250 {\mu}s for a 0.5-cm-diameter cone electrode. A larger electrode size leads to a wider diameter. A numerical model was employed to analyse the expansion of the leaders, and the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on the model, the mechanism underlying the leader expansion is discussed in detail.
Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine and Comedications With Inducing Properties: A Modeling Study

Abstract Background Long-acting (LA) intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine are prone to drug-drug interactions (DDI). However, given the long dosing interval, the conduct of clinical DDIs studies with LA antiretrovirals is challenging. We performed virtual clinical DDI studies using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to provide recommendations for the management of DDIs with strong or moderate inducers such as rifampicin or rifabutin. Methods Each DDI scenario included a cohort of virtual individuals (50% female) between 20 and 50 years of age with a body mass index of 18–30 kg/m2. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine were given alone and in combination with rifampicin or rifabutin. The predictive performance of the PBPK model to simulate cabotegravir and rilpivirine pharmacokinetics after oral and intramuscular administration and to reproduce DDIs with rifampicin and rifabutin was first verified against available observed clinical data. The verified model was subsequently used to simulate unstudied DDI scenarios. Results At steady state, the strong inducer rifampicin was predicted to decrease the area under the curve (AUC) of LA cabotegravir by 61% and rilpivirine by 38%. An increase in the dosing frequency did not overcome the DDI with rifampicin. The moderate inducer rifabutin was predicted to reduce the AUC of LA cabotegravir by 16% and rilpivirine by 18%. The DDI with rifabutin can be overcome by administering LA cabotegravir/rilpivirine monthly together with a daily oral rilpivirine dose of 25 mg. Conclusions LA cabotegravir/rilpivirine should be avoided with strong inducers but coadministration with moderate inducers is possible by adding oral rilpivirine daily dosing to the monthly injection.
Finiteness properties of cubulated groups

Abstract We give a generalized and self-contained account of Haglund–Paulin’s wallspaces and Sageev’s construction of the CAT(0) cube complex dual to a wallspace. We examine criteria on a wallspace leading to finiteness properties of its dual cube complex. Our discussion is aimed at readers wishing to apply these methods to produce actions of groups on cube complexes and understand their nature. We develop the wallspace ideas in a level of generality that facilitates their application. Our main result describes the structure of dual cube complexes arising from relatively hyperbolic groups. Let $H_1,\ldots, H_s$ be relatively quasiconvex codimension-1 subgroups of a group $G$ that is hyperbolic relative to $P_1, \ldots, P_r$. We prove that $G$ acts relatively cocompactly on the associated dual CAT(0) cube complex $C$. This generalizes Sageev’s result that $C$ is cocompact when $G$ is hyperbolic. When $P_1,\ldots, P_r$ are abelian, we show that the dual CAT(0) cube complex $C$ has a $G$-cocompact CAT(0) truncation.
Electronic and magnetic properties of V-doped anatase TiO2 from first principles

We report a first-principles study on the geometric, electronic and magnetic properties of V-doped anatase TiO$_{2}$. The DFT+U (Hubbard coefficient) approach predicts semiconductor band structures for Ti$_{1-x}$V$_{x}$O$_{2}$ (x=6.25 and 12.5%), in good agreement with the poor conductivity of samples, while the standard calculation within generalized gradient approximation fails. Theoretical results show that V atoms tend to stay close and result in strong ferromagnetism through superexchange interactions. Oxygen vacancy induced magnetic polaron could produce long-range ferromagnetic interaction between largely separated magnetic impurities. The experimentally observed ferromagnetism in V-doped anatase TiO$_{2}$ at room temperature may originate from a combination of short-range superexchange coupling and long-range bound magnetic polaron percolation.
A Note on the Nonlinear Attenuation of an Ultrasound Contrast Agent Calculated by Rayleigh-Plesset Equation

The attenuation of small-amplitude acoustic waves in a suspension containing ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs, coated microbubbles) is determined by the linear oscillation of the UCAs in the medium, which can be estimated via a linear attenuation theory. Recently, several nonlinear phenomena of energy attenuation at very low-intensity of acoustic pressures have been observed experimentally, raising concerns on the validity of the linear attenuation theory. Explanations of the nonlinear phenomenon are still lacking. Particularly, the interpretation of the pressure-dependent attenuation phenomenon is still under debate. In this note, we investigated the energy dissipation of a single UCA via a nonlinear Rayleigh-Plesset equation and used a formula capable of estimating attenuation coefficient due to the nonlinear oscillation of the UCA. The simulation results show the linear oscillation of an UCA at low excitation pressures does not always guarantee the linearity in the energy attenuation. Although nonlinear oscillation of the UCA contributes to the occurrence of nonlinear attenuation phenomena, it is not the only trigger.
Two-Time Correlation Functions in Dissipative and Interacting Bose–Hubbard Chains

A method is presented for the systematic derivation of a hierarchy of coupled equations for the computation of two-time correlation functions of operators for open many-body quantum systems. We show how these systems of equations can be closed in mean-field and beyond approximations. Results for the specific example of the spectral weight functions are discussed. Our method allows one to access the full temporal evolution, not just the stationary solution, of non-equilibrium open quantum problems described by a Markovian master equation.
Optimal Eavesdropping in Quantum Cryptography with Six States

A generalization of the quantum cryptographic protocol by Bennett and Brassard is discussed, using three conjugate bases, i.e. six states. By calculating the optimal mutual information between sender and eavesdropper it is shown that this scheme is safer against eavesdropping on single qubits than the one based on two conjugate bases. We also address the question for a connection between the maximal classical correlation in a generalized Bell inequality and the intersection of mutual informations between sender/receiver and sender/eavesdropper.
Single-axis-dependent structural and multiferroic properties of orthorhombic R Mn O 3 (R =Gd -Lu )

Controlling material properties by modulating the crystalline structure has been attempted using various techniques, e.g., hydrostatic pressure, chemical pressure, and epitaxy. These techniques succeed to improve properties and achieve desired functionalities by changing the unit cell in all dimensions. In order to obtain a more detailed understanding on the relation between the crystal lattice and material properties, it is desirable to investigate the influence of a smaller number of parameters. Here, we utilize the combination of chemical pressure and epitaxy to modify a single lattice parameter of the multiferroic orthorhombic $R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($R=\mathrm{rare}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{earth}$; $\mathrm{o}\text{\ensuremath{-}}R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) system. By growing a series of $\mathrm{o}\text{\ensuremath{-}}R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($R=\mathrm{Gd}--\mathrm{Lu}$) films coherently on (010)-oriented $\mathrm{YAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ substrates, the influence of chemical pressure is reflected only along the $b$ axis. Thus a series of $\mathrm{o}\text{\ensuremath{-}}R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ with $a\ensuremath{\sim}5.18\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}5.77\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}lbl5.98\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$, and $c\ensuremath{\sim}7.37\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$ were obtained. Raman spectra analysis reveals that the change of the $b$-axis parameter induces a shift of the oxygen in the nominally ``fixed'' $ca$ plane. Their ferroelectric ground state is independent on the $b$-axis parameter showing polarization of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{C}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ along the $a$ axis for the above-mentioned range, except for $b\ensuremath{\sim}5.94\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$, which corresponds to $\mathrm{TbMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ showing $\ensuremath{\sim}2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{C}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. This result implies that multiferroic order of $\mathrm{o}\text{\ensuremath{-}}R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is almost robust against the $b$-axis parameter provided that the dimension of the $ca$ plane is fixed to $7.37\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5.18\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$.
Green Financial Reform and Corporate ESG Performance in China: Empirical Evidence from the Green Financial Reform and Innovation Pilot Zone

Does the establishment of pilot zones for green finance reform and innovations in 2017 have an impact on the Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) scores of enterprises? This paper selects data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2014–2020 and uses the differences-in-differences (DID) model to analyze the impact of green financial reform on the ESG scores of enterprises. The study shows that the establishment of the Green Financial Reform and Innovation Pilot Zone (GFPZ) policy helps enterprises to obtain higher ESG scores through environmental, social and governance mechanisms. When ESG is measured using environmental, social and governance data, our results suggest that the contribution of green finance reforms to ESG scores is primarily driven by social responsibility scores. The adjustment effect analysis shows that for large enterprises in the GFPZ, the above effects have stronger influence, but there is no significant difference between heavily polluting and non-heavily polluting firms in the GFPZ. Expansive analysis shows that the improvement in ESG scores of enterprises in the GFPZ not only contributes to the green performance of enterprises, but also to their financial performance.
X-ray and γ-ray spectra and variability of the black hole candidate GX 339—4

We analyse five observations of the X-ray binary GX 339‐4 by the soft γ -ray OSSE detector on board CGRO simultaneous with either Ginga or RXTE observations. The source was bright during four of them, with the luminosity of L ∼ 10 37 erg s −1 and the spectrum typical for hard states of accreting black holes, and it was in an off state during the fifth one, with L ∼ 10 35 erg s −1 . Our broad-band spectral fits show the mean electron energy of electrons in the Comptonizing plasma decreasing with increasing luminosity within the hard (bright) state. For the observation with the best statistics at soft γ -rays, ∼1/4 of energy in the Comptonizing plasma is probably carried by non-thermal electrons. Then, considering the efficiency of Comptonized hybrid synchrotron emission allows us to obtain an upper limit on the strength of the magnetic field in the X-ray source. Furthermore, this synchrotron emission is capable of producing the optical spectrum observed in an optically-high state of GX 339‐4. In the off state, the hard X-ray spectrum is consistent with being dominated by bremsstrahlung. The unusually strong Fe Kα line observed by the RXTE/PCA during that state is found not to be intrinsic to the source but to originate mostly in the Galactic diffuse emission.
Association of polymorphic variants in GEMIN genes with the risk of depression in a Polish population

Background The role of miRNA in depression is widely described by many researchers. miRNA is a final product of many genes involved in its formation (maturation). One of the final steps in the formation of miRNAs is the formation of the RISC complex, called the RNA-induced silencing complex, which includes, among others, GEMIN proteins. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may lead to disturbance of miRNA biogenesis and function. The objective of our research was to assess the relationship between the appearance of depression and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GEMIN3 (rs197388) and GEMIN4 (rs7813; rs3744741) genes. Our research provides new knowledge on the genetic factors that influence the risk of depression. They can be used as an element of diagnostics helpful in identifying people at increased risk, as well as indicating people not at risk of depression. Methods A total of 218 participants were examined, including individuals with depressive disorders (n = 102; study group) and healthy people (n = 116, control group). All the patients in the study group and the people in the control group were non-related native Caucasian Poles from central Poland. Blood was collected from study and control groups in order to assess the SNPs of GEMIN genes. Results An analysis of the results obtained showed that in patient population, the risk of depression is almost doubled by polymorphic variants of the genes: rs197388/GEMIN3 genotype A/A in the recessive model and rs3744741/GEMIN4 genotype T/T, codominant and recessive model. The dual role of rs7813/GEMIN4 is noteworthy, where the G/A genotype in the codominant and over dominant model protects against depression.