Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lens-specific expression of a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule disrupts normal lens development and induces cataracts in transgenic mice.

PURPOSE Lens epithelial tissue does not normally express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In addition, the mechanism of self-tolerance to intraocular antigens is unknown. To study the effect of class I expression in the lens, transgenic mice were produced that express an allo-MHC class I molecule under the alpha A-crystallin proximal promoter. METHODS p alpha Dd was generated by fusion of the H-2Dd structural gene to the alpha A-crystallin proximal promoter. Transgenic mice were produced, and founder lines were identified by Southern blot hybridization. Eyes from transgenic mice were cryostat sectioned and stained for Dd expression or fixed in paraformaldehyde and stained for histologic analysis. Lens RNA was isolated by acid phenol extraction, and transgene expression was analyzed by nuclease protection. RESULTS The transgenic mice demonstrated dose-dependent, nonimmunologic lens defects consistent within a given line. In the highest expressing lines, ocular defects, including microphthalmia and cataract formation, were observed. Many adult mice from these lines demonstrated lens capsule rupture and a Dd-specific inflammatory response. Inflammation did not occur in mice with intact lens capsules. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of H-2Dd in the lens had serious nonimmunologic consequences on lens development and cataract formation. In addition, the high copy number mice revealed at least a partial loss of immunologic tolerance on lens capsule rupture. The lack of an inflammatory response in transgenic mice with intact lens capsules suggests that the physical barrier of the lens capsule is one mechanism of maintaining immune privilege.
A DFA with Extended Character-Set for Fast Deep Packet Inspection

Deep packet inspection (DPI), based on regular expressions, is expressive, compact, and efficient in specifying attack signatures. We focus on their implementations based on general-purpose processors that are cost-effective and flexible to update. In this paper, we propose a novel solution, called deterministic finite automata with extended character-set (DFA/EC), which can significantly decrease the number of states through doubling the size of the character-set. Unlike existing state reduction algorithms, our solution requires only a single main memory access for each byte in the traffic payload, which is the minimum. We perform experiments with several Snort rule-sets. Results show that, compared to DFAs, DFA/ECs are very compact and are over four orders of magnitude smaller in the best cases; DFA/ECs also have smaller memory bandwidth and run faster. We believe that DFA/EC will lay a groundwork for a new type of state compression technique in fast packet inspection.
Microbial diversity of Antarctic Dry Valley mineral soil

Antarctica provides some of the most extreme environments on Earth. Low temperatures, low water availability and nutrient deficiency are contributing factors to the limited colonisation of Antarctic biotopes, particularly in the continental Dry Valleys. The survival of microorganisms in this harsh continent provides the basis for the significance of this study. In this study we aim to explore microbial phylotypic diversity across a 500m altitudinal transect in the Miers Dry Valley, Ross Desert, East Antarctica. We also attempt to infer from phylogenetic data, the possible presence of indicative phenotypes which might contribute to a functional microbial community. Total genomic DNA was isolated from 12 soil samples and 16S rDNA PCR was performed with primers designed to target the conserved regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. A preliminary analysis of bacterial diversity across the transect was conducted via Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). It was observed that essentially similar phylotypes were present in every level. The vertical transect of 500m in the Miers Dry Valley was shown to have little effect on microbial diversity, as DGGE indicated that few phylotypes appeared to be altitudinal dependent. Due to the similarity between the transect samples, 16S rDNA clone libraries of transect samples 1, 5, 7 and 9 were prepared. A total of 121 clones were sequenced and similarity searches with known bacterial 16S rDNA sequences in public databases were evaluated. 115 were =90% identical to their respective matches in the database, 2 sequences were 89% identical and 4 sequences were 88% identical. Approximately 500 base pairs of the 16S sequences were being compared to those on the database. Major taxonomic groups represented by the genera included: a, ß, ? Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and several uncultured environmental and Antarctic samples. Genera which can be assigned with some confidence included, Opitutis, Clostridium, Rhodoglobus, Brevundimonas, Lysobacter, Nocardia, Kribella, Sphingomonas, Rubrobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Janthinobacterium. Molecular evidence did not support the presence of an established trophic community structure in the Miers Valley transect as most of the phylotypes and genera identified in the present investigation were heterotrophs. The possibility of autotrophs inhabiting the Miers Dry Valley cannot be eliminated as a large portion of the phylotypes were uncultured and there was
Na+ and K+ transport at basolateral membranes of epithelial cells. II. K+ efflux and stoichiometry of the Na,K-ATPase

Changes of 42K efflux (J23K) caused by ouabain and/or furosemide were measured in isolated epithelia of frog skin. From the kinetics of 42K influx (J32K) studied first over 8-9 h, K+ appeared to be distributed into readily and poorly exchangeable cellular pools of K+. The readily exchangeable pool of K+ was increased by amiloride and decreased by ouabain and/or K+-free extracellular Ringer solution. 42K efflux studies were carried out with tissues shortcircuited in chambers. Ouabain caused an immediate (less than 1 min) increase of the 42K efflux to approximately 174% of control in tissues incubated either in SO4-Ringer solution or in Cl-Ringer solution containing furosemide. Whereas furosemide had no effect on J23K in control tissues bathed in Cl-rich or Cl-free solutions, ouabain induced a furosemide-inhibitable and time-dependent increase of a neutral Cl-dependent component of the J23K. Electroconductive K+ transport occurred via a single-filing K+ channel with an n' of 2.9 K+ efflux before ouabain, normalized to post- ouabain (+/- furosemide) values of short-circuit current, averaged 8-10 microA/cm2. In agreement with the conclusions of the preceding article, the macroscopic stoichiometry of ouabain-inhibitable Na+/K+ exchange by the pump was variable, ranging between 1.7 and 7.2. With increasing rates of transepithelial Na+ transport, pump-mediated K+ influx saturated, whereas Na+ efflux continued to increase with increases of pump current. In the usual range of transepithelial Na+ transport, regulation of Na+ transport occurs via changes of pump-mediated Na+ efflux, with no obligatory coupling to pump-mediated K+ influx.
Nonlinearity, Structural Breaks Or Outliers In Economic Time Series?

This paper has its motivation from discussions at the E C 2 conference in 1995. y Financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged , as are helpful discussions with Sid Chib and Les Oxley. z Financial support from the Academic Senate UCLA and Center for Computable Economics, UCLA is gratefully acknowledged. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in nonlinear models as an alternative to the linear speciications which h a ve dominated the applied macroeconomics literature. For many series empirical evidence for nonlinearity exists. However, it is possible that this apparent nonlinearity could be due to structural breaks or outliers. Hence, this paper develops methods for comparing linear, nonlinear, structural break and outlier models. We adopt a Bayesian approach which allows for the easy comparison of non-nested models and surmounts the problems associated with nuisance parameters which are unidentiied under the null which plague classical tests. The computational diiculties associated with the Bayesian approach are surmounted by w orking with autoregressive s w i t c hing models for which analytical posterior results for most of the parameters are available. After motivating and deriving Bayesian methods for such models, an empirical section analyzes the behaviour of the growth of US real GDP and British industrial production.
A General Framework for Global Retrievals of Trace Gases From IASI: Application to Methanol, Formic Acid, and PAN

Retrieving concentrations of minor atmospheric trace gases from satellite observations is challenging due to their weak spectral signature. Here we present a new version of the ANNI (Artificial Neural Network for Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, IASI) retrieval framework, which relies on a hyperspectral range index (HRI) for the quantification of the gas spectral signature and on an artificial feedforward neural network to convert the HRI into a gas total column. We detail the different steps of the retrieval method, especially where they differ from previous work, and apply the retrieval to three important volatile organic compounds: methanol (CH3OH), formic acid (HCOOH), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). The comparison of the retrieved columns with those from an optimal estimation inversion retrieval shows an overall excellent agreement: differences occur mainly when the sensitivity to the target gas is low and are consistent with the conceptual differences between the two approaches. We present retrieval examples over selected regions, comparison with previously developed products, and the global seasonal distributions including the first global distributions of PAN on a daily basis. The ANNI retrieval has been carried out on the whole time series of IASI observations (2007–2018), so that currently over 10 years of twice‐daily global CH3OH, HCOOH, and PAN total column distributions have been produced. This unique data set opens avenues for tackling important questions related to sources, transport, and transformation of volatile organic compounds in the global atmosphere.
Borrelia crocidurae infection of Ornithodoros erraticus (Lucas, 1849) ticks in Tunisia.

Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is caused by Borrelia species transmitted to humans by infected Ornithodoros sp. ticks. The disease has been rarely described in North Africa, and in Tunisia the local transmission of TBRF seems to have disappeared or is undiagnosed. A longitudinal study was conducted in 14 sites located in four different bioclimatic zones of Tunisia to assess both the distribution of Ornithodoros sp. and their infection rate with the relapsing fever Borrelia sp. Three polymerase chain reaction methods targeting the 16S rRNA, the intergenic spacer, and the fla (flagellin) genes were used and phylogenetic analyses were carried out. Three hundred and fifty-eight specimens of Ornithodoros were collected: O. erraticus (previously termed "small variety") (n = 190) and O. normandi (n = 168). Borrelia crocidurae DNA was detected in 15.1% of O. erraticus (small variety) (24 out of the 159 randomly selected for testing) collected in rodent burrows situated in the arid and Saharan areas in southern Tunisia. Molecular analysis targeting the 16S rRNA gene and the noncoding intergenic spacer domain showed good resolution for this Borrelia sp. , although no molecular polymorphism was evidenced according to location. In contrast, none of the 133 O. normandi, also randomly selected for testing, was infected by Borrelia sp. and these ticks were restricted to the subhumid and semiarid zones in northern Tunisia. Both O. erraticus (small variety) and O. normandi were found in Tunisia and the high B. crocidurae infection rate found in O. erraticus highlights the risk of TBRF transmission in the southern part of the country.
Dielectric Charging Asymmetry in SiN Films Used in RF MEMS Capacitive Switches

This paper presents a systematic investigation of the effect of stressing bias polarity to the discharge process of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition SiN films that have been fabricated under different deposition conditions. Dielectric charging asymmetry has been observed on the utilized films of metal-insulator-metal capacitors and microelectromechanical systems capacitive switches, since charging is enhanced when negative polarization bias is applied to the top electrode. In addition, it is shown that deposition conditions play a key issue role on the degree of this asymmetry. Finally, a physical model which assumes that hopping dominates the discharging process is used in order to gain a better understanding of the processes that are responsible for the appearance of asymmetric dielectric charging and the results correlate with the material’s electrical properties.
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity Socioeconomic Differences in Lack of Recreational Walking among Older Adults: the Role of Neighbourhood and Individual Factors

Background: People with a low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to be physically inactive than their higher status counterparts, however, the mechanisms underlying this socioeconomic gradient in physical inactivity remain largely unknown. Our aims were (1) to investigate socioeconomic differences in recreational walking among older adults and (2) to examine to what extent neighbourhood perceptions and individual cognitions regarding regular physical activity can explain these differences.
No Sign of Proliferative Retinopathy in 15 Patients With Permanent Neonatal Diabetes With a Median Diabetes Duration of 24 Years

The knowledge about the long-term consequences of diabetes with onset in the neonatal period is scanty. We investigated the impact of long-standing diabetes (>15 years) on the retina of 10 patients with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) (diabetes diagnosis within 6 months of birth) associated with mutations of GCK , KCNJ11 , INS , or ABCC8 genes and of two parents carrying an INS gene mutation diagnosed with diabetes in their childhood (1,2) (Table 1, patients 1–12). Eye complications were also evaluated in three patients with diabetes onset within 1 year of age and negative for type 1A diabetes autoantibodies (2) (Table 1, patients 13–15). View this table: Table 1 Clinical and genetic features of PNDM patients with a median diabetes duration of 24 years The mean age at diagnosis of diabetes of patients with …
A Framework to Support Automated Classification and Labeling of Brain Electromagnetic Patterns

This paper describes a framework for automated classification and labeling of patterns in electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data. We describe recent progress on four goals: 1) specification of rules and concepts that capture expert knowledge of event-related potentials (ERP) patterns in visual word recognition; 2) implementation of rules in an automated data processing and labeling stream; 3) data mining techniques that lead to refinement of rules; and 4) iterative steps towards system evaluation and optimization. This process combines top-down, or knowledge-driven, methods with bottom-up, or data-driven, methods. As illustrated here, these methods are complementary and can lead to development of tools for pattern classification and labeling that are robust and conceptually transparent to researchers. The present application focuses on patterns in averaged EEG (ERP) data. We also describe efforts to extend our methods to represent patterns in MEG data, as well as EM patterns in source (anatomical) space. The broader aim of this work is to design an ontology-based system to support cross-laboratory, cross-paradigm, and cross-modal integration of brain functional data. Tools developed for this project are implemented in MATLAB and are freely available on request.
An Integrated 20-26 GHz CMOS Up-Conversion Mixer with Low Power Consumption

A fully integrated 20-26 GHz broadband up-conversion mixer with low power consumption is demonstrated on 90nm CMOS technology in this paper. This mixer has a single-ended input and a multi-layer Marchand balun is used for converting the output of the single-balanced Gilbert cell topology to a single-ended output. This balun employs capacitive coupling between two metal layers and includes slotted shields to reduce substrate losses. The die size is 650mum times 570mum. At 22.1 GHz, the integrated mixer achieves a conversion gain of 2 dB with a maximum power dissipation of only 11.1mW from a 1.2V dc power supply at LO power of 5 dBm. Input referred 1-dB compression point is -14.8 dBm. The LO and RF return loss are better than 10 dB for frequencies between 20-26 GHz.
Algorithms to Find Two-Hop Routing Policies in Multiclass Delay Tolerant Networks

Most of the literature on delay tolerant networks (DTNs) focuses on optimal routing policies exploiting a priori knowledge about nodes mobility traces. For the case in which no a priori knowledge is available (very common in practice), apart from basic epidemic routing, the main approaches focus on controlling two-hop routing policies. However, these latter results commonly employ fluid approximation techniques, which, in principle, do not provide any theoretical bound over the approximation ratio. In our work, we focus on the case without a priori mobility knowledge and we provide approximation algorithms with theoretical guarantees that can be applied to cases where the number of hops allowed in the routing process is arbitrary. Our approach is rather flexible allowing us to address heterogeneous mobility patterns and transmission technologies, to consider explicitly the signaling and transmission costs, and to include also nodes discarding packets after a local timeout. We then provide a comprehensive performance evaluation of our algorithms, showing that two-hop routing provides the best tradeoff between delay and energy and that, in this case, they find solutions very close to the optimal ones with a low overhead. Finally, we compare our methods against some state-of-the-art approaches by means of a DTN simulation environment in realistic settings.
A modified lattice algorithm for deconvolving filtered impulsive processes

Many least-squares deconvolution algorithms are based on fitting an autoregressive model to the observed data. An implicit assumption in these algorithms is that the data was generated by a zero mean white noise process driving a linear filter. In many applications such as speech analysis or seismic deconvolution this assumption does not hold, and the performance of conventional deconvolution algorithms is, therefore, degraded. This paper presents an approach that attempts to alleviate this problem. The proposed technique combines a joint-process lattice filter with a nonlinear estimator of the driving process.
Altered synaptic and non‐synaptic properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons in Kv4.2 knockout mice

Back‐propagating action potentials (bAPs) travelling from the soma to the dendrites of neurons are involved in various aspects of synaptic plasticity. The distance‐dependent increase in Kv4.2‐mediated A‐type K+ current along the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells (CA1 PCs) is responsible for the attenuation of bAP amplitude with distance from the soma. Genetic deletion of Kv4.2 reduced dendritic A‐type K+ current and increased the bAP amplitude in distal dendrites. Our previous studies revealed that the amplitude of unitary Schaffer collateral inputs increases with distance from the soma along the apical dendrites of CA1 PCs. We tested the hypothesis that the weight of distal synapses is dependent on dendritic Kv4.2 channels. We compared the amplitude and kinetics of mEPSCs at different locations on the main apical trunk of CA1 PCs from wild‐type (WT) and Kv4.2 knockout (KO) mice. While wild‐type mice showed normal distance‐dependent scaling, it was missing in the Kv4.2 KO mice. We also tested whether there was an increase in inhibition in the Kv4.2 knockout, induced in an attempt to compensate for a non‐specific increase in neuronal excitability (after‐polarization duration and burst firing probability were increased in KO). Indeed, we found that the magnitude of the tonic GABA current increased in Kv4.2 KO mice by 53% and the amplitude of mIPSCs increased by 25%, as recorded at the soma. Our results suggest important roles for the dendritic K+ channels in distance‐dependent adjustment of synaptic strength as well as a primary role for tonic inhibition in the regulation of global synaptic strength and membrane excitability.
Correction: Midazolam Ameliorates the Behavior Deficits of a Rat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Model through Dual 18 kDa Translocator Protein and Central Benzodiazepine Receptor and Neurosteroidogenesis

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder that may develop after an individual has experienced or witnessed a severe traumatic event. It has been shown that the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) may be correlated with PTSD and that the TSPO ligand improved the behavioral deficits in a mouse model of PTSD. Midazolam, a ligand for TSPO and central benzodiazepine receptor (CBR), induces anxiolyticand anti-depressant-like effects in animal models. The present study aimed to determine whether midazolam ameliorates PTSD behavior in rats as assessed by the single prolonged stress (SPS) model. The SPS rats received daily Sertraline (Ser) (15 mg/kg, p.o.) and midazolam (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, p.o.) during the exposure to SPS and behavioral assessments, which included the open field (OF) test, the contextual fear paradigm (CFP), and the elevated plus-maze (EPM). The results showed that, like Ser (15 mg/kg, p.o.), midazolam (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reversed the behavioral deficiencies of the SPS rats, including PTSDassociated freezing and anxiety-like behavior but not the effects on spontaneous locomotor activity. In addition, the antiPTSD effects of midazolam (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) were antagonized by the TSPO antagonist PK11195 (3 mg/kg, i.p.), the CBR antagonist flumazenil (15 mg/kg, p.o.) and the inhibitor of steroidogenic enzymes finasteride (30 mg/kg, p.o.), which by themselves had no effect on PTSD-associated freezing and anxiety-like behavior. In summary, this study demonstrated that midazolam improves the behavioral deficits in the SPS model through dual TSPO and CBR and neurosteroidogenesis. Citation: Miao Y-L, Guo W-Z, Shi W-Z, Fang W-W, Liu Y, et al. (2014) Midazolam Ameliorates the Behavior Deficits of a Rat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Model through Dual 18 kDa Translocator Protein and Central Benzodiazepine Receptor and Neurosteroidogenesis. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101450. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0101450 Editor: Ulrike Schmidt, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany Received March 4, 2014; Accepted June 5, 2014; Published July 2, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Miao et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This study was supported by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81371204). This foundation helped us in study design and performance of the experiment. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * Email: wwzwgk@163.com (WW); lyf0619@aiyun.com (YFL) . These authors contributed equally to this work.