Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monovalent and divalent cation permeability and block of neuronal nicotinic receptor channels in rat parasympathetic ganglia

Acetylcholine-evoked currents mediated by activation of nicotinic receptors in rat parasympathetic neurons were examined using whole-cell voltage clamp. The relative permeability of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor channel to monovalent and divalent inorganic and organic cations was determined from reversal potential measurements. The channel exhibited weak selectivity among the alkali metals with a selectivity sequence of Cs+ > K+ > Rb+ > Na+ > Li+, and permeability ratios relative to Na+ (Px/PNa) ranging from 1.27 to 0.75. The selectivity of the alkaline earths was also weak, with the sequence of Mg2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+ > Ca2+, and relative permeabilities of 1.10 to 0.65. The relative Ca2+ permeability (PCa/PNa) of the neuronal nACh receptor channel is approximately fivefold higher than that of the motor endplate channel (Adams, D. J., T. M. Dwyer, and B. Hille. 1980. Journal of General Physiology. 75:493-510). The transition metal cation, Mn2+ was permeant (Px/PNa = 0.67), whereas Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ blocked ACh-evoked currents with half-maximal inhibition (IC50) occurring at approximately 500 microM, 5 microM and 1 mM, respectively. In contrast to the muscle endplate AChR channel, that at least 56 organic cations which are permeable to (Dwyer et al., 1980), the majority of organic cations tested were found to completely inhibit ACh- evoked currents in rat parasympathetic neurons. Concentration-response curves for guanidinium, ethylammonium, diethanolammonium and arginine inhibition of ACh-evoked currents yielded IC50's of approximately 2.5- 6.0 mM. The organic cations, hydrazinium, methylammonium, ethanolammonium and Tris, were measureably permeant, and permeability ratios varied inversely with the molecular size of the cation. Modeling suggests that the pore has a minimum diameter of 7.6 A. Thus, there are substantial differences in ion permeation and block between the nACh receptor channels of mammalian parasympathetic neurons and amphibian skeletal muscle which represent functional consequences of differences in the primary structure of the subunits of the ACh receptor channel.
Life history of the carcinoid tumor of the small intestine

LTHOUGH a irelatively uncommon clinical A problem, the carcinoid tumor, or argentaffinoma, has been a source of great interest and considerable controversy throughout this century. In perusing the literature on this popular subject, one gains the impression that almost as many papers are written about this neoplasm as there are reported cases. Many of the earlier reports on the pathological nature of the carcinoid tumor contained erroneous conclusions based on insufficient evidence or on conjecture. Only in more recent times has the haze thus produced cleared sufficiently to allow the true milestones in the early literature to be recognized and acclaimed. Probably the first clearly described case of a carcinoid tumor was recorded by Lubarsch in 1888,s although there are earlier, more equivocal, descriiptions. Although Ransom in 189015 described a case in which this neoplasm had given rise to extensive metastasis, the term “carcinoid” was coined by Oberndorfer in 1907l3 to indicate a lesion that had the histological appearance of a carcinoma without any malignant attributes. Again, Aschoff 1 recognized the malignancy of the carcinoid tumor in 1911, but many years passed before the fact that these neoplasms can give rise to invasion and metastasis was recognized universally.2 Confusion regarding the malignant nature of the carciinoid tumor was easily matched by the controversy about its tissue of origin, until the enlightened work of Massong was published in the 1920’s. He established that the tumor arises from the chromaffin cells at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Even at that early date, Masson designated the carcinoid as an endocrine tumor, a full quarter of a century before this theory was corroborated as fact by the clinical observations of Thorson and c0lleagues. ~3
Design of torque-dense induction motors for automotive drive applications

This paper addresses the design of an induction motor for electric vehicle applications. The motor is required to give very high transient torque during accelerations will being efficient under steady state operation. The paper discussed the required torque-speed envelope and develops a design which is suitable. The analysis techniques includes the use of a spreadsheet design package, a finite element analysis package and a thermal analysis package. The results illustrate the use of highly saturated induction motors and high torque-dense design.
Amplificateur à fibre double gaine codopée à l'erbium et l'ytterbium : modélisation et vérification expérimentale

The main purpose of this project is to predict the behaviour of a high power double cladding erbium/ytterbium fibre amplifier in continuous wave operation using a simulation tool. A software simulating the amplification of light in a doped optical fibre has been developed and implemented numerically using the C++ computer language. This general model is suitable for any amplifier or laser scheme with a given active ion. The doped fibres used in the project have been characterized experimentally to determine the input parameters for the simulation. Experiments have also been conducted to measure the performance of such doped fibres in laser and amplifier configurations. We subsequently focus on comparing experiments and simulations. We first validate our software with results from scientific papers and with experimental data for the simple case of an ytterbium doped fibre laser. A simulation model is then developed for an erbium/ytterbium system using a simple energy level scheme reducing the number of parameters to adjust. The transfer rate between ytterbium and erbium atoms is fitted using experiments, which results in an excellent agreement between simulations and experiments. The resulting simulation software is then able to predict experimentally the performance of a high power double clad erbium/ytterbium amplifier in different configuration schemes. A new fact arises from our investigation: the emission cross-section of ytterbium in an erbium/ytterbium codoped fibre happens to be much smaller than that predicted by the McCumber theory.
Novel form of spreading acidification and depression in the cerebellar cortex demonstrated by neutral red optical imaging.

A novel form of spreading acidification and depression in the rat cerebellar cortex was imaged in vivo using the pH-sensitive dye, Neutral red. Surface stimulation evoked an initial beam of increased fluorescence (i.e., decreased pH) that spread rostrally and caudally across the folium and into neighboring folia. A transient but marked suppression in the excitability of the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell circuitry accompanied the spread. Characteristics differentiating this phenomenon from the spreading depression of Leao include: high speed of propagation on the surface (average of 450 microm/s), stable extracellular DC potential, no change in blood vessel diameter, and repeatability at short intervals. This propagating acidification constitutes a previously unknown class of neuronal processing in the cerebellar cortex.
REEVALUATION OF WATERBORNE RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS FROM THE MAYAK PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION INTO THE TECHA RIVER IN 1949–1951

The Mayak Production Association was the first site for the production of weapons-grade plutonium in Russia. Early operations led to the waterborne release of radioactive materials into the small Techa River. Residents living downstream used river water for drinking and other purposes. The releases and subsequent flooding resulted in deposition of sediments along the shoreline and on floodplain soil. Primary routes of exposure were external dose from the deposited sediments and ingestion of 90Sr and other radionuclides. Study of the Techa River Cohort has revealed an increased incidence of leukemia and solid cancers. Epidemiologic studies are supported by extensive dose-reconstruction activities that have led to various versions of a Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The correctness of the TRDS has been challenged by the allegation that releases of short-lived radionuclides were much larger than those used in the TRDS. Although the dosimetry system depends more upon measurements of 90Sr in humans and additional measurements of radionuclides and of exposure rates in the environment, a major activity has been undertaken to define more precisely the time-dependent rates of release and their radionuclide composition. The major releases occurred during 1950–1951 in the form of routine releases and major accidental releases. The reevaluated amount of total release is 114 PBq, about half of which was from accidents that occurred in late 1951. The time-dependent composition of the radionuclides released has also been reevaluated. The improved understanding presented in this paper is possible because of access to many documents not previously available.
ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATIC NECROSIS. III. CYTOCHROME P-450-MEDIATED COVALENT BINDING IN VITRO

The binding of 3 H-acetaminophen to hepatic microsomes was studied in vitro . Binding of 3 H-acetaminophen to rat and mouse microsomal protein was linear with time and with protein concentration. Binding occurred by covalent linkage to amino acids of protein. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinueleotide phosphate and oxygen were necessary for the binding while carbon monoxide or cobaltous chloride pretreatment inhibited it, demonstrating that a cytochrome P-450-dependent. mixed function oxidase mediated the binding. The extent of in vitro binding correlated with treatments that alter hepatic necrosis and in vivo binding, indicating that in vitro binding was a valid index of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Analogous studies with 2-acetylaminofluorene showed that its binding to microsomal protein also was dependent on cytochrome P-450. Since the toxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene results from its conversion to an N-hydroxy derivative, the collective data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hepatotoxic metabolite of acetaminmophen may be an N-hydroxy derivative.
Evaluation of a continuous cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation catheter in critically ill surgical patients.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the agreement of continuous cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation measurements, obtained with a modified pulmonary artery catheter, with those values obtained by standard intermittent bolus thermodilution and cooximetry. DESIGN Prospective, clinical investigation. SETTING A surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Twenty-one adult critically ill surgical patients, requiring pulmonary artery catheter monitoring. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A modified pulmonary artery catheter capable of continuous monitoring of cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation was used with either an 8.5-Fr or a 9-Fr introducer. At random intervals, the continuous cardiac output measurement was compared with the cardiac output obtained using standard intermittent bolus thermodilution. The system was calibrated every 24 hrs for mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring. Each saturation obtained by the laboratory cooximeter was compared with that value recorded using the catheter. Data points for 202 pairs of cardiac output (21 patients, 31 catheters) and 65 pairs of mixed venous oxygen saturation (20 patients, 28 catheters) were obtained. The bias and precision of the cardiac output data were 0.49 and 1.01 L/min, respectively. The agreement between the continuous and bolus values decreased as the cardiac output increased. Heart rate did not affect the agreement between the continuous and bolus techniques. The bias and precision of the mixed venous oxygen saturation data were -0.57% and 3.76%, respectively. The hematocrit did not affect the bias or precision of the venous saturation data over the hematocrit range observed (23.2% to 44.6%). Fewer catheter malfunctions were observed when the catheter was used with a 9-Fr introducer than with an 8.5-Fr introducer. CONCLUSIONS The test catheter adequately measures continuous cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation in the clinical setting. Because intermittent bolus thermodilution is not a true "gold standard" for cardiac output determination, new techniques compared with bolus thermodilution may fail to achieve accuracy expectations. A 9-Fr introducer is recommended, as fiberoptic damage may have occurred when the 8.5-Fr introducer was used.
Factors in human serum promoting phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Interaction of opsonins with the phagocytic cell.

Human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) receptors involved in opsonophagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied. Opsonophagocytosis of bacteria preopsonized with specific IgG antibodies was inhibited by normal IgG but was not inhibited when the bacteria were preopsonized with specific IgG antibodies and complement. Trypsinized PMNs showed decreased phagocytic activity of bacteria preopsonized with IgG antibodies and complement, but phagocytosis of bacteria preopsonized with IgG antibodies alone was enhanced. The phagocytic activity of trypsinized PMNs was fully restored by addition of IgG antibodies to P. aeruginosa to the assays. The data suggest that cytophilic IgG antibodies act as the receptors for bacteria-antibody-complement complexes on human PMNs.
Under Consideration for Publication in J. Functional Programming Shared Memory Multiprocessor Support for Functional Array Processing in Sac

Classical application domains of parallel computing are dominated by processing large arrays of numerical data. Whereas most functional languages focus on lists and trees rather than on arrays, SaC is tailor-made in design and in implementation for efficient high-level array processing. Advanced compiler optimizations yield performance levels that are often competitive with low-level imperative implementations. Based on SaC, we develop compilation techniques and runtime system support for the compiler-directed parallel execution of high-level functional array processing code on shared memory architectures. Competitive sequential performance gives us the opportunity to exploit the conceptual advantages of the functional paradigm for achieving real performance gains with respect to existing imperative implementations, not only in comparison with uniprocessor runtimes. While the design of SaC facilitates parallelization, the particular challenge of high sequential performance is that realization of satisfying speedups through parallelization becomes substantially more difficult. We present an initial compilation scheme and multi-threaded execution model, which we step-wise refine to reduce organizational overhead and to improve parallel performance. We close with a detailed analysis of the impact of certain design decisions on runtime performance, based on a series of experiments.
Approximation algorithms for link scheduling with physical interference model in wireless multi-hop networks

The link scheduling in wireless multi-hop networks is addressed. Different from most of work that adopt the protocol interference model which merely take consideration of packet collisions, our proposed algorithms use the physical interference model to reflect the aggregated signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR), which is a more accurate abstraction of the real scenario. We first propose a centralized scheduling method based on the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and resolve it by an approximate solution based on the randomized rounding method. The probability bound of getting a guaranteed approximate factor is given. We then extend the centralized algorithm to a distributed solution, which is favorable in wireless networks. It is proven that with the distributed scheduling method, all links can transmit without interference.
New Contender for Nano Regime VLSI: MLGNR Interconnect with FinFET Driver at 16nm Technology

VLSI domain is now a days facing new problems while going towards the miniaturization. For solving these problems many new technologies are coming up at device level as well as interconnect level. For getting best outcome in terms of delay, power dissipation and crosstalk variations from the available technology, the compatibility of technologies with each other should be checked. This paper simulates the MLGNR Interconnect with FinFET device technology in the form of Driver Interconnect Load system to check out the performance of the system and also compared the conventional CMOS and MLGNR interconnects performance with FinFET and MLGNR interconnect. It is concluded by the simulation results that this DIL system gives delay in ps and also reduced the crosstalk delay as compared to the CMOS GNR driver Interconnect load system.
Endotoxin-induced increase in liver mass and hepatocyte volume.

40 Pryor, H. J., Smyth, J. E. , Quinlan, P. T. and Halestrap, A. P. (1987) Biochem. J. 247,449-457 Halestrap, A. P. and Owen, M. R. (1991) in Regulation of Hepatic Function. Metabolic and Structural Interactions (Grunnet, N. and Quistorff, B., eds.), pp. 198-207, Munksgaard, Copenhagen McCormack, J. G. , Halestrap, A. P. and Denton, R. M. ( 1990) Physiol. Rev. 70, 39 1-425 Owen, M. R. and Halestrap, A. P. (1993) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1142, 11-22 Halestrap, A. P. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 927, 280-290 Sherratt, H. S. A. (1981) in Short-Term Regulation of Liver Metabolism (Hue, L. and Van der Werve, G., eds.), pp. 199-230, Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam Cook, D. E. , Blair, J. B. and Lardy, H. A. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248,5272-5277 Gerich, J. E. (1989) New Eng. J. Medicine 321, 1231-1245 41 42 43
A Multi-sensor Data Fusion Approach for Detecting Direct Debit Frauds

Electronic payment systems have always represented an attractive target for cyber criminals. In this context the Single Euro Payments Area Direct Debit (SDD) service is gaining more and more importance since it has been promoted by the European banking industry as an innovative payment infrastructure. This service allows to perform electronic payments across the Euro zone as simple as domestic payments currently are. This schema facilitates the access to new markets by enterprises and reduces the overall cost to move capitals in Europe, but the other side of the coin is that it is the only financial system that has recorded an increase in the number of frauds, as highlighted by European Central Bank in a report dated 2015. In this paper SDD service attack patterns are analysed and a SDD fraud detection system based on multi-sensor data fusion is presented. Specifically, the Dempster-Shafer Theory is used in the proposed system to correlate security-relevant data from multiple information sources in order to detect anomalous behaviours that could be the evidence of an ongoing SDD fraud.
Accuracy and precision in protein crystal structure analysis: two independent refinements of the structure of poplar plastocyanin at 173 K.

The structure of the copper protein plastocyanin from poplar leaves (Populus nigra var. italica) at 173 K has been subjected to two independent refinements, using a single set of synchrotron X-ray data at 1.6 A resolution. Energy-restrained refinement using the program EREF resulted in lower root-mean-square deviations from ideal geometry (e.g. 0.011 A for bond lengths) but a higher residual R (0.153) than restrained least-squares refinement using the program PROLSQ (0.014 A, 0.132). Electron-density difference maps in both refinements provided evidence for disorder at some side chains and solvent atoms, and the PROLSQ refinement made allowance for this disorder. The number of solvent sites identified at the 4sigma(rho) level was 171 in the EREF refinement and 189 in the PROLSQ refinement; 159 of the solvent sites are common to both refinements within 1 A. The root-mean-square differences between the atomic positions produced by the two refinements are 0.08 A for C(alpha) atoms, 0.08 A for backbone atoms and 0.12 A for all non-H atoms (excluding six obvious outliers) of the protein molecule. The two sets of Cu-ligand bond lengths differ by up to 0.07 A, and the ligand-Cu-ligand angles by up to 7 degrees. At 173 K the volume of the unit cell is 4.2% smaller than at 295 K. Greater order in the solvent region is indicated by the location of 79 more solvent sites, the identification of extensive networks of hydrogen-bonded rings of solvent molecules, and a general decrease in the thermal parameters. Within the unit cell, the protein molecules are significantly translated and rotated from their positions at ambient temperature. An important structural change at low temperature is a 180 degrees flip of the peptide group at Ser48-Gly49. Nearly all other significant differences between the structures of the protein at 173 and 295 K occur at exposed side chains. If the backbone atoms in the 173 and 295 K structures are superposed, excluding atoms involved in the peptide flip, the root-mean- square difference between the positions of 393 atoms is 0.25 A. Two internal water molecules, not included in previous descriptions of poplar plastocyanin, have been located. The plastocyanin Cu-site geometry at 173 K is not significantly different from that at 295 K. If plastocyanin undergoes a change in Cu-site geometry at low temperature, as has been suggested on the basis of resonance Raman spectroscopic evidence, then the change is not detected within the limits of precision of the present results.
New PEM Fuel Cell Stack Model Considering Reactants Diffsion Effects

The focus of this paper is placed on research and development of a control-oriented dynamic PEM(polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell system model that includes a stack model and system models. Particularly, the stack model considers a single cell model composed of different layers. The framework models for the system are based upon inertia dynamics of compressor, manifold filling dynamics and a simplified humidifier. The stack model is integrated into the system model under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Comparative simulation studies demonstrate different dynamics at a varying load than commonly employed semi-empirical models, which are mainly caused by the dynamics of the reactants in the GDL(Gas Diffusion Layer). One of possible applications will be for designing a fuel cell controller
Is Discrimination Due to a Coordination Failure

Can groups with equal productive potential end up in equilibria in which they get different average wages? We consider a simple model of statistical discrimination that shows that this might happen. Discrimination in this model is possible for the existence of multiple equilibria. We study what determines multiplicity, what policies might be used to eliminate discrimination in this situation and, finally, we test the main hypothesis of this model, namely, that identical groups will be treated equally. Our empirical results suggest, however, that discrimination is more due to structural differences in the wage schedules faced by black and white males.