Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraining terrestrial ecosystem CO 2 fluxes by integrating models of biogeochemistry and atmospheric transport and data of surface carbon fluxes and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations

Abstract. Regional net carbon fluxes of terrestrial ecosystems could be estimated with either biogeochemistry models by assimilating surface carbon flux measurements or atmospheric CO 2 inversions by assimilating observations of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. Here we combine the ecosystem biogeochemistry modeling and atmospheric CO 2 inverse modeling to investigate the magnitude and spatial distribution of the terrestrial ecosystem CO 2 sources and sinks. First, we constrain a terrestrial ecosystem model (TEM) at site level by assimilating the observed net ecosystem production (NEP) for various plant functional types. We find that the uncertainties of model parameters are reduced up to 90% and model predictability is greatly improved for all the plant functional types (coefficients of determination are enhanced up to 0.73). We then extrapolate the model to a global scale at a 0.5° × 0.5° resolution to estimate the large-scale terrestrial ecosystem CO 2 fluxes, which serve as prior for atmospheric CO 2 inversion. Second, we constrain the large-scale terrestrial CO 2 fluxes by assimilating the GLOBALVIEW-CO2 and mid-tropospheric CO 2 retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) into an atmospheric transport model (GEOS-Chem). The transport inversion estimates that: (1) the annual terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink in 2003 is −2.47 Pg C yr −1 , which agrees reasonably well with the most recent inter-comparison studies of CO 2 inversions (−2.82 Pg C yr −1 ); (2) North America temperate, Europe and Eurasia temperate regions act as major terrestrial carbon sinks; and (3) The posterior transport model is able to reasonably reproduce the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, which are validated against Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) CO 2 concentration data. This study indicates that biogeochemistry modeling or atmospheric transport and inverse modeling alone might not be able to well quantify regional terrestrial carbon fluxes. However, combining the two modeling approaches and assimilating data of surface carbon flux as well as atmospheric CO 2 mixing ratios might significantly improve the quantification of terrestrial carbon fluxes.
Caring for Others, but Not Themselves: Implications for Health Care Interventions in Women with Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the largest killer of women internationally and women often suffer inferior outcomes following an acute cardiac event as compared to men. A gendered approach to investigating cardiovascular disease in women incorporates the unique social, cultural, and economic circumstances that being a woman brings to the health encounter. The multiple roles enacted by many women may be important factors in this health discrepancy. In order to more fully understand the impact of the roles of women on health, a questionnaire was administered to participants of the Heart Awareness for Women group cardiac rehabilitation program which assessed women's role perceptions followed by discussions. We found that caregiving can be both positive and negative. It gives a sense of purpose, meaning, and community connection as well as burden and conflict. Emphasis must be placed on promoting strategies in women to achieve a balance between caregiving responsibilities and prioritisation of cardiovascular health.
Oscillatory activity, phase differences, and phase resetting in the inferior olivary nucleus

The generation of temporal patterns is one of the most fascinating functions of the brain. Unlike the response to external stimuli temporal patterns are generated within the system and recalled for a specific use. To generate temporal patterns one needs a timing machine, a “master clock” that determines the temporal framework within which temporal patterns can be generated and implemented. Here we present the concept that in this putative “master clock” phase and frequency interact to generate temporal patterns. We define the requirements for a neuronal “master clock” to be both reliable and versatile. We introduce this concept within the inferior olive nucleus which at least by some scientists is regarded as the source of timing for cerebellar function. We review the basic properties of the subthreshold oscillation recorded from olivary neurons, analyze the phase relationships between neurons and demonstrate that the phase and onset of oscillation is tightly controlled by synaptic input. These properties endowed the olivary nucleus with the ability to act as a “master clock. ”
Uncovering attacks on security protocols

Security protocols are indispensable in secure communication. We give an operational semantics of security protocols in terms of a Prolog-like language. With this semantics, we can uncover attacks on a security protocol that are possible with no more than a given number of rounds. Though our approach is exhaustive testing, the majority of fruitless search is cut off by selecting a small number of representative values that could be sent by an attacker. Hence, the number of scenarios is relatively small and our method is quite practical. Furthermore, our method not only reports possible attacks but also describes the attacks in great detail. This description would be very helpful to protocol designers and analyzers.
The mathematical model of the human arm as a switched linear system

The article presents the process of designing a mathematical model of the human arm. Modelling arm consists of two joints connected by the rotational link. Each of them is represented as a rectangular prism which changes shape during the movement. The moment of shape change depends on the two-state coordinates: the angular displacement q1 and q2. Based on the analysis of the arm movement, a mathematical model has been proposed. The design process was made on the basis of switched systems theory. In the first step, we present the transition from the general equation of the two-link arm dynamics to the state equation for stationary linear models. In the second step, a mathematical model has been shown as a switched linear system. The article also shows that the switching rule depends on the two components of the state vector. A switching method was presented in the schematic drawings.
Statistical Analysis of 3D Faces in Motion

We perform statistical analysis of 3D facial shapes in motion over different subjects and different motion sequences. For this, we represent each motion sequence in a multilinear model space using one vector of coefficients for identity and one high-dimensional curve for the motion. We apply the resulting statistical model to two applications: to synthesize motion sequences, and to perform expression recognition. En route to building the model, we present a fully automatic approach to register 3D facial motion data, Based on a multilinear model, and show that the resulting registrations are of high quality.
Investigation of the Three-Dimensional Fault Geometry Ruptured by the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake Using Strong-Motion and Geodetic Data

The fault geometry of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in Japan is investigated from the perspective of three-dimensional moment distribution, which in turn is estimated using a linear inversion of strong-motion and geodetic data, without regard to aftershock distribution. The inversion result is evaluated with numerical tests in which intentional modeling errors are given on purpose. In regions shallower than about 9 km, faults on the southwestern and northeastern sides dip toward the southeast and northwest, respectively. Fault segments show a clear stepover at a depth shallower than about 9 km and coalesce into a single fault at a depth of about 14 km. The fault geometry is compared with the distribution of aftershocks that occurred within two hours after the main shock. This shows that aftershocks cluster near the bends and the edges of the main faults. These results imply that the main cause of the aftershocks is the concentration of stresses induced by the main shock. Manuscript received 15 June 1999.
A note on strategic piracy in the economics of software : an explanation by learning costs

We explain strategic piracy in the software industry as a result of the presence of learning costs in the context of intertemporal price discrimination. First, piracy can be a means to incite consumers to invest in human capital, which increases their propensity to pay and enables the firm to raise prices. Second, the presence of piracy induces a more efficient intertemporal price discrimination.
Racket control and its experiments for robot playing table tennis

This paper proposes a racket control method for returning a table tennis ball to a desired position with a desired rotational velocity. The method determines the racket's state, i.e., the racket's striking posture and translational velocity by using two physical models: racket rebound model and aerodynamics model. The algorithm of determining the racket's state is derived by solving nonlinear equations and solving two points boundary value problems of differential equation. Numerical simulations and experimental results show effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Measurement of in vivo rectal mucosal cytokine and eicosanoid production in ulcerative colitis using filter paper

BACKGROUND Excessive mucosal generation of cytokines and eicosanoids has been reported in vitro in ulcerative colitis (UC) using traumatising biopsy techniques, and in vivo using time consuming rectal dialysis. AIMS To validate a simple filter paper technique to profile rectal mucosal production of cytokines and eicosanoids in vivo in patients with UC compared with controls. PATIENTS Forty one patients with UC (21 with active disease) and 16 controls were studied. METHODS In vitro, recovery of known concentrations of cytokine or mediator applied to filter papers was measured by ELISA following incubation in buffer. In vivo, patients and controls had filter papers apposed to the rectal mucosa briefly through a rigid sigmoidoscope. Filter papers were then incubated prior to assay by ELISA. RESULTS In vitro validation studies showed that the filter paper technique could be used to measure mucosal release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), thromboxane B2(TXB2), and prostaglandin E2(PGE2), but not interferon γ (IFN-γ). Mucosal release of IL-1β, TNF-α, TXB2 and PGE2 were significantly increased in active UC (p=0.001) and correlated directly with disease activity (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The filter paper technique confirmed increased rectal mucosal release of cytokines and eicosanoids in UC, in proportion to disease activity. The simplicity, safety and speed of the technique make it a practicable option for use in the outpatient clinic to study the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, and potentially its response to treatment.
In which cultural contexts do individual values explain entrepreneurship? An integrative values framework using Schwartz’s theories

Answering research calls for better contextualisation of entrepreneurial behaviour, we examine the cultural contexts in which individuals with entrepreneurial values (Schwartz’s self-enhancement- and openness-to-change values) are most likely to be entrepreneurs. Culture is assessed through Schwartz’s cultural dimensions of mastery and egalitarianism. The results of multilevel logistic regressions with more than 35,000 respondents nested in 28 European countries support the hypotheses that individual values are more important for explaining entrepreneurship in non-entrepreneurial cultures (low in mastery and egalitarianism). Our results indicate that mastery compensates for openness-to-change, whereas egalitarianism reduces the impact of both self-enhancement and openness-to-change values.
On Mental Imagery in Lexical Processing: Computational Modeling of the Visual Load Associated to Concepts

This paper investigates the notion of visual load, an estimate for a lexical item’s efficacy in activating mental images associated with the concept it refers to. We elaborate on the centrality of this notion which is deeply and variously connected to lexical processing. A computational model of the visual load is introduced that builds on few low level features and on the dependency structure of sentences. The system implementing the proposed model has been experimentally assessed and shown to reasonably approximate human response.
Research on mixed PCA/ICA for SAR image feature extraction

The differences between Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for feature extraction are analyzed theoretically and experimentally, and a mixed PCA/ICA transform is developed for Synthetic Aperture Radar image feature extraction. This method combines the subspace produced by PCA and the subspace generated by ICA to form a mixed subspace to be used to extract features. The mixed components features retain the information characterized by statistics of second and high orders simultaneously. Finally, combined with Support Vector Machine (SVM), the method is employed to recognition of objects in MSTAR SAR dataset. Experimental results indicate the method can improve the recognition performance slightly compared to PCA and ICA.
Motion Control for Fast Mobile Robots: A Trajectory-Based Approach

This paper presents an approach to motion control for fast mobile robots. The approach is based around the notion of a trajectory, which describes the time evolution of the robot's position, orientation and velocity over some finite interval. The use of trajectories allows us to take into account a wide range of dynamic effects, including (but not limited to) finite accelerations and wheel slip. As a result, this trajectory-based approach is able to produce robust behaviour at high speeds. This paper develops the basic formalism for the trajectorybased approach, and presents some preliminary results from simulation.
Central Pattern Generator for Locomotion: Anatomical, Physiological, and Pathophysiological Considerations

This article provides a perspective on major innovations over the past century in research on the spinal cord and, specifically, on specialized spinal circuits involved in the control of rhythmic locomotor pattern generation and modulation. Pioneers such as Charles Sherrington and Thomas Graham Brown have conducted experiments in the early twentieth century that changed our views of the neural control of locomotion. Their seminal work supported subsequently by several decades of evidence has led to the conclusion that walking, flying, and swimming are largely controlled by a network of spinal neurons generally referred to as the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. It has been subsequently demonstrated across all vertebrate species examined, from lampreys to humans, that this CPG is capable, under some conditions, to self-produce, even in absence of descending or peripheral inputs, basic rhythmic, and coordinated locomotor movements. Recent evidence suggests, in turn, that plasticity changes of some CPG elements may contribute to the development of specific pathophysiological conditions associated with impaired locomotion or spontaneous locomotor-like movements. This article constitutes a comprehensive review summarizing key findings on the CPG as well as on its potential role in Restless Leg Syndrome, Periodic Leg Movement, and Alternating Leg Muscle Activation. Special attention will be paid to the role of the CPG in a recently identified, and uniquely different neurological disorder, called the Uner Tan Syndrome.
Accepting, active and in control: older women's experiences of ageing with peripheral arterial disease

Abstract The population of Australia is ageing, with women being the primary beneficiaries of this increase in longevity. Increasingly older individuals are being diagnosed with different chronic illnesses such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) which causes blockages of the blood vessels in the legs resulting in pain, non-healing ulcers, immobility and the potential amputation of the threatened limb. PAD has been traditionally thought to affect men more than women. Resultingly, women have been under-represented in clinical trials of PAD and under-diagnosed in the health-care setting. However, it has recently been acknowledged that women are indeed more likely to suffer from PAD than men due to increased presence of disease and survival advantage. As such, very little is known about women's understanding of and the meaning they create of their experiences of PAD. Therefore, how older women with PAD experience the ageing process is the focus of this qualitative research project. Interviews were conducted with 11 women from Sydney, Australia aged over 65 years who had been diagnosed with PAD. The interviews were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis. Three manifest themes were constructed: independence and control, active and involved, and the acceptance of ageing. These findings emphasised the idea that despite the presence of a chronic illness and increased age, remaining independent and engaged with life was vital to these women's wellbeing. Their subjective experiences of ageing reflect the fact that by adapting to the physical, mental and social changes that come with growing older, the focus does not need to be on loss and decline but rather can be about the continuation of life that can be both positive and meaningful.
Measuring 12C(α, γ)16O from White Dwarf Asteroseismology

During helium burning in the core of a red giant, the relative rates of the 3α and 12C(α, γ)16O reactions largely determine the final ratio of carbon to oxygen in the resulting white dwarf star. The uncertainty in the 3α reaction at stellar energies due to the extrapolation from high-energy laboratory measurements is relatively small, but this is not the case for the 12C(α, γ)16O reaction. Recent advances in the analysis of asteroseismological data on pulsating white dwarf stars now make it possible to obtain precise measurements of the central ratio of carbon to oxygen, providing a more direct way to measure the 12C(α, γ)16O reaction rate at stellar energies. We assess the systematic uncertainties of this approach and quantify small shifts in the measured central oxygen abundance originating from the observations and from model settings that are kept fixed during the optimization. Using new calculations of white dwarf internal chemical profiles, we find a rate for the 12C(α, γ)16O reaction that is significantly higher than most published values. The accuracy of this method might improve as we modify some of the details of our description of white dwarf interiors that were not accessible through previous model-fitting methods.
Plaque Rupture in the Carotid Artery Is Localized at the High Shear Stress Region: A Case Report

Background and Purpose— Cerebrovascular events are related to atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries and are frequently caused by rupture of a vulnerable plaque. These ruptures are often observed at the upstream region of the plaque, where the wall shear stress (WSS) is considered to be highest. High WSS is known for its influence on many processes affecting tissue regression. Until now, there have been no serial studies showing the relationship between plaque rupture and WSS. Summary of Case— We investigated a serial MRI data set of a 67-year-old woman with a plaque in the carotid artery at baseline and an ulcer at 10-month follow up. The lumen, plaque components (lipid/necrotic core, intraplaque hemorrhage), and ulcer were segmented and the lumen contours at baseline were used for WSS calculation. Correlation of the change in plaque composition with the WSS at baseline showed that the ulcer was generated exclusively at the high WSS location. Conclusions— In this serial MRI study, we found plaque ulceration at the high WSS location of a protruding plaque in the carotid artery. Our data suggest that high WSS influences plaque vulnerability and therefore may become a potential parameter for predicting future events.
Bayesian filtering for tracking pose and location of rigid targets

Tracking of target pose is important for ATR in situations where there is a relative motion between the targets and the sensor(s). Taking a Bayesian approach, we formulate the problem of jointly tracking the target positions and orientations as a problem in nonlinear filtering. Combining pertinent ideas form importance sampling and sequential methods, we apply an iterative Monte Carlo approach to solve for MMSE solutions. This tracking algorithm is demonstrated for tracking individual targets in a simulated environment.
An Approximate Law of One Price in Random Assignment Games

The "law of one price" asserts that homogeneous goods must sell for the same price across locations and vendors. While many deviations from this 'law' have been observed in the real world, it remains a useful building block in economic theory, and serves as a benchmark for empirical studies. A crucial underlying assumption used in arguing for the validity of the law is the homogeneity of goods and buyers: buyers do not care which of the goods they buy, or which seller they are buying it from, nor do sellers care about the identity of the buyers. In other words, any two instances of the good are perfect substitutes for the buyers, as are any two buyers from any seller's point of view. This paper makes the formal claim that even in the presence of heterogeneous preferences, an approximate version of the law remains valid, and the approximation improves as the market grows large. To prove this result we use the assignment game model of Shapley and Shubik (1971) in which there is a finite set of firms and a finite set of workers, and each firm is looking to hire exactly one worker in exchange for a negotiable salary. Each firm has a (possibly different) value for hiring each of the workers, and each worker has a (possibly different) reservation value for working for each of the firms, and utilities are assumed to be linear in money. We study three different random models which generate the value: In the independent and bounded model, we assume that this productivity is separable in the firm's quality, the worker's human capital level, and an idiosyncratic component that is independently and identically distributed according to some bounded distribution.
Incorporation of finite element analysis into annual energy loss estimation for permanent magnet wind turbine generators

Several methods of estimating the annual energy losses for wind turbine generators are investigated in this paper. Utilizing a high amount of transient simulations with motion is first demonstrated. Usage of a space-time transformation for prediction of iron losses is also explored. The methods, which use varying amounts of simulation results and computational resources, are compared based on time required and consistency in varying wind climates.
Designing a Conceptual Model for Herbal Research Domain Using Ontology Technique

This paper demonstrates a conceptual model for herbal research domain using ontology technique. Important information in herbal research domain have been identified through interview sessions conducted on groups of herbs researchers in fields of engineering, medical and botany. The variation of information gathered led to the difficulty of database design. However, we propose a methodology for the development of conceptual model using ontology technique, with adoption of four extended relationship components. It covers relationships of temporal, prerequisite, mutually inclusive and mutually exclusive. In order to ensure the conceptual model is well defined, a set of rules for keyword searching is created to verify preciseness of output produced. The rules created in this paper will be executed on Herbal Research E-Centre prototype.