Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protection of Low-Voltage DC Microgrids

In this paper, a low-voltage (LV) DC microgrid protection system design is proposed. The LV DC microgrid is used to interconnect distributed resources and sensitive electronic loads. When designing an LV DC microgrid protection system, knowledge from existing DC power systems can be used. However, in most cases, these systems use grid-connected rectifiers with current-limiting capability during DC faults. In contrast, an LV DC microgrid must be connected to an AC grid through converters with bidirectional power flow and, therefore, a different protection-system design is needed. In this paper, the operating principles and technical data of LV DC protection devices, both available and in the research stage, are presented. Furthermore, different fault-detection and grounding methods are discussed. The influence of the selected protection devices and grounding method on an LV DC microgrid is studied through simulations. The results show that it is possible to use available devices to protect such a system. Problems may arise with high-impedance ground faults which can be difficult to detect.
The Impulse Response Functions of Stock Market Returns to Temperature and Precipitation Innovations

This study investigates how returns on the CRSP value-weighted index and other 16 industries respond to the temperature and precipitation innovations. The current study uses the vector autoregression (VAR) to analyze monthly data of the temperature and precipitation indices obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) and returns on the CRSP value-weighted index and other 16 industries from 1926:M7 to 2011:M12. Based on the 12-month horizon, the response of the returns on the CRSP value-weighted index to precipitation innovations is mostly positive; the response is only negative in the 4th, 5th and 11th months. The response of returns on the CRSP value-weighted index to the temperature innovations is mostly negative; the response is only positive in the 1st, 4th and 9th months.
Pesticides and Worker Safety

A key problem in pesticide regulation is uncertainty about health risks. Trade-offs between economic benefits and worker health safety are examined using an empirical illustration. Alternative decision rules for regulation under uncertainty are considered: a safety fixed rule, which protects individuals from excessive health risks, and uncertainty-adjusted cost-benefit analysis, which evaluates aggregate trade-offs between health and economic welfare. These criteria may lead to opposite policy conclusions, suggesting that the most appropriate public policy is a safe minimum standard (SMS), which allows weighing of costs and benefits only after some minimum acceptable level of health safety has been assured.
Implications of laser nonlinearity on the performance of integrated analog wireless/optical networks: modeling, simulation and measurements

In this paper, we present a semiconductor laser model to accurately predict the dynamic operations and the nonlinear distortion in a directly modulated semiconductor lasers. We introduce a new implementation technique for the proposed model that provides a compelling incentive for the performance assessment and enhancement of the analog wireless/optical transceivers using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) CAD tool. A detailed comparative experimental and simulation study of the dynamic operation and the nonlinear distortion in laser diodes are used to verify the accuracy of the proposed model for analyzing the performance of the analog optical transmitters. The measured results, such as harmonic and intermodulation distortion levels, are in good agreement with the simulation results.
Global Imbalances and East Asian Currencies

This paper considers a causality relationship from the global imbalances to the global financial crisis and asymmetric reactions of East Asian currencies to the global financial crisis. In addition, it is pointed out that regional monetary coordination is necessary for stability of intra-regional exchange rates among East Asian currencies. It considers what we should do for the regional monetary coordination in East Asia.
Carvedilol nano lipid carriers: formulation, characterization and in-vivo evaluation

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop Carvedilol nanostructured lipid carriers (CAR-NLCs) using stearic acid and oleic acid as lipid, and to estimate the potential as oral delivery system for poorly water soluble drug. The particle-size analysis revealed that all the developed formulations were within the nanometer range. The EE and loading were found to be between 69.45–88.56% and 9.58–12.56%, respectively. The CAR–NLCopt showed spherical morphology with smooth surface under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The crystallization of the drug in NLC was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and revealed that the drug was in an amorphous state in the NLC matrix. The ex vivo gut permeation study showed many folds increment in the permeation of CAR-NLCs compared to Carvedilol suspension (CAR-S). The oral bioavailability study of CAR was carried out using Wistar rats and relative bioavailability of CAR–NLCopt was found to be 3.95 fold increased in comparison with CAR-S. In vivo antihypertensive study in Wistar rats showed significant reduction in mean systolic BP by CAR-NLCopt vis-à-vis CAR-S (p < 0.05) owing to the drug absorption through lymphatic pathways. In conclusion, the NLC formulation remarkably improved the oral bioavailability of CAR and demonstrated a promising perspective for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. The promising findings in this investigation suggest the practicability of these systems for the enhancement of bioavailability of CAR.
The Trading Decision and Market Clearing under Transaction Price Uncertainty

This paper models an individual's trading decision, given: (1) his/her demand function to hold shares of an asset, (2) his/her expectation on what the market clearing price will be, and (3) the design of the market which determines how orders will be translated into trades. The particular market design we consider is the batched trading (periodic call) regime. Assuming investors are distributed according to their propensities to hold shares, we model the aggregation of orders to obtain market clearing values of price and volume and to show the way in which, with trading friction, these solutions differ from Pareto efficient values. The importance of this analysis for various issues concerning market design is noted. WHEN MARKETS ARE NOT frictionless and transaction prices are uncertain, the act of trading requires analysis. This paper models an individual's trading decision in secondary financial asset markets. In so doing, we study the order flow as an endogenous part of the system. We show how, given an underlying demand curve, the trader will choose an optimal (price, quantity) order to transmit to the market, and we model the aggregation of orders to obtain market clearing values for price and volume. These models are used to show the way in which the prices and trading volume established on the market will in general differ from their Pareto efficient values. Much of the microstructure literature that studies the behavior of transaction prices in a nonfrictionless market has assumed that orders are generated by some exogenously given stochastic process. This has been true, for instance, in the
Cognitive Suppression of Tilt Sensations during Linear Horizontal Self-Motion in the Dark

On the basis of models of otolith functioning, one would expect that, during sinusoidal linear self-motion in darkness, percepts of body tilt are experienced. However, this is normally not the case, which suggests that the otoliths are not responsive to small deviations from the vertical of the gravito-inertial force vector acting on them. Here we show that this is incorrect. Subjects usually know on what kind of linear motion device they are (going to be) moved, having seen it prior to experimentation. This may result in a cognitive suppression of such otolith responses. In the present study, subjects were kept completely unaware of how they were moved and were asked to report on how they thought they moved. About 50% of the reports included tilt percepts almost immediately. It is concluded that this reveals the presence of otolith responsiveness to even small and short-lived deviations of the gravito-inertial force vector from verticality, a responsiveness which is suppressed when (prior) cognitions exist that the motion path is purely in the horizontal plane.
Unemployment, Hysteresis and the Natural Rate Hypothesis

I Introduction Rod Cross et al, University of St. Andrews II Reflections on Hysteresis and the Natural Rate 1. The Irrelevance of the Natural Rate: Lawrence Summers (Harvard University) 2. On the History of Hysteresis: Rod Cross (University of St. Andrews) III The Characteristics of the Unemployed 1. Unemployment, Vacancies and the Long-Term Unemployed: Peter Smith (L.B.S.) Paul Levine (South Bank Polytechnic), Alan Budd (L.B.S.) 2. Characteristics of the Long-Term Unemployed: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey: Stephen Creigh (Department of Employment) 3. Is Unemployment Irreversible? : Peter R. Hughes (Department of Employment) Gillian Hutchinson (Queen Mary College, London) IV Analysis of Hysteresis Effects 1. Union Activity and Wage-Employment Movements: Assar Lindbeck (Institute for International Studies, University of Stockholm) and Dennis Snower (Birkbeck College, London) 2. A Simple Model of Imperfect Competition with Walrasian Features: Huw Dixon (Birkbeck College, London) 3. Unemployment and Worker Quality: Simon Price (University of Bristol) 4. Screening in Labour Markets with Heterogeneous Workers: Inge Schnell (University of Bonn and L.S.E.) IV Hysteresis Effects and the Explanation of Aggregate Unemployment 1. Testing for Multiple Natural Rates of Unemployment in the British Economy: Alan Carruth (University of Kent) and Andrew Oswald (Centre for Labour Economics, L.S.E.) 2. Why is Wage Inflation in Britain so High? : Stephen Nickell (University of Oxford) 3. Phillips Curve Estimates Incorporating a Natural Rate with Hysteresis Effects: David Coe (O.E.C.D.) 4. Hysteresis and European Unemployment: Olivier Blanchard (M.I.T.) and Lawrence Summers (Harvard University) 5. The Natural Rate: Empirical Fact or Theoretical Straitjacket: Tim Jenkinson (Merton College, Oxford) IV Panel Discussion: The Implications of Hysteresis Effects For Unemployment Policy 1. David Stanton (Employment Market Research Unit, Department of Employment) 2. Charles Adams (I.M.F.) 3. Marcus Miller (University of Warwick) 4. Peter McGregor (Fraser of Allander Institute, University of Strathclyde)
Towards an ontology driven approach for systems interoperability and energy management in the smart city

Modern Information and Communication Technologies are definitely a key factor to develop the green and sustainable applications that the so-called "smart city" needs. Effective management of resources, gathering and interpreting data as well as ecological considerations are prerequisites to turn such a vision into reality. The European FP7 project DIMMER address these issues by providing a flexible Internet of Thing platform for application development and data integration, exploiting information about buildings, energy distribution grids and user behaviors. Among those applications, the possibility to real-time access and aggregate information about building environmental characteristics and energy consumption enables the optimization of energy management and control, as well as the user's awareness about, which is the scope of the DIMMER project. The paper will describe the ontology-driven approach, as well as the actual design, exploited to model the physical world within the context of this project, adding a special emphasis on the state of art research in the field of energy profiling.
The Power of Integrality: Linkages between Product Architecture, Innovation, and Industry Structure

A substantial literature stream suggests that many products are becoming more modular over time, and that this development is often associated with a change in industry structure towards higher degrees of specialization. These developments can have strong implications for an industry's competition as the history of the PC industry illustrates. To add to our understanding of the linkages between product architecture, innovation, and industry structure we develop detailed product architecture measurements based on a previously proposed method [Fixson, S.K. , 2005. Product architecture assessment: a tool to link product, process, and supply chain design decisions. Journal of Operations Management 23 (3/4), 345-369] and study an unusual case in which a firm - through decreasing its product modularity - turned its formerly competitive industry into a near-monopoly. Using this case study we explore how existing theories on modularity explain the observed phenomenon, and show that most consider technological change in rather long-term dimensions, and tend to focus on efficiency-related arguments to explain the resulting forces on competition. We add three critical aspects to the theory that connects technological change and industry dynamics. First, we suggest integrating as a new design operator to explain product architecture genesis. Second, we argue that a finer-grained analysis of the product architecture shows the existence of multiple linkages between product architecture and industry structure, and that these different linkages help explain the observed intra-industry heterogeneity across firms. Third, we propose that the firm boundary choice can also be a pre-condition of the origin of architectural innovation, not only an outcome of efficiency considerations.
Do Banks in Nigeria Manage Earnings through Loan Loss Provisions

The financial reporting scandals that was recorded in Enron, Cadbury Nigeria and some banks like Oceanic bank, International bank and Afribank has prompted researchers and regulators to investigate the incidence of earnings management in Nigeria and abroad.The main objective of this study is to investigate whether banks in Nigeria manage their earnings through the use of loan loss provisions.Data was collected from the fact book of The Nigerian Stock Exchange and published financial statements of 11 banks. The study used a one sample T-Test, Descriptive statistics and pooled linear regression model which was estimated using an ordinary least squares procedure and employing Statistical Package for Social Science Programme to analyse the data collected. The result reveals that earnings management management through the use of loan loss provision is present in Nigeria banks. The study recommends that regulatory agencies responsible for meintaining finanicial reporting quality like the SEC, CBN and FRC should device a means of monitoring financial statements of reporting organisations (banks in particular) quaterly. Key w ords: Audit Committee, Financial Expert, Earnings Management, Banks, Nigeria
A framework for the governance of social enterprise

– This paper aims to assess the appropriateness of two contrasting models of governance to organisations within the social enterprise sector. , – In order to achieve this aim the paper draws on theories of for‐profit governance, particularly the stewardship model, and theories of non‐profit governance, particularly the democratic model. Theoretical insights from these literatures are then combined with the emerging literature on social enterprise. , – Two propositions result from this which posit that social enterprise, despite being located within the non‐profit sector, may be more likely to exhibit for‐profit forms of governance. , – Practitioners within social enterprises, and those operating in advisory roles to the sector, could benefit from the argument advanced in the paper in that it offers a potential governance solution to the distinctive management challenges being faced by social enterprises. , – The paper contributes a framework for examining governance within social enterprises, and offers a guide for future research into social enterprise governance.
Market efficiency within dry bulk markets in the short run: a multi-agent system dynamics Nash equilibrium

In this paper, we assess the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in relation to dry bulk shipping in the short run. The aim is to explain why freight rates in the different ship segments are highly correlated. By building a system dynamics model, which is well-suited to modelling complex and stochastic processes with limited data availability, we attempt to track the arbitrage process in which the different ship types (Handy, Panamax and Capesize) literally seek to transport each others’ cargoes (substitution) when this is beneficial. Also, within one ship segment, we govern the arbitrage opportunities arising from regional differences in freight rates. Although the EMH is ever more contested in the maritime literature, holistic and analytical proof is provided that efficiency is maintained through the intrinsic arbitrage free and evolutionary behaviour in the system towards the Nash equilibrium.
Treasury yield curves and cointegration

Previous studies find that there is only one common stochastic trend in a set of interest rate series. The result is interpreted as the evidence for supporting the expectations hypothesis (cf. Hall et al., 1992). This study finds that there are three common stochastic trends when whole spectrum stucture is analysed. The three common stochastic trends can be interpreted as the shift, the slope and the curvature of the term structure.
A time-series analysis of US entrepreneurship: evidence from fractional integration

This empirical note employs fractional integration techniques with allowance for seasonality to infer the degree of persistence in US self-employment rate using monthly data from 2000:01 to 2014:05. The results indicate orders of integration in the range of [0.5,1] implying nonstationary, but mean-reverting behaviour.
Returns to Scale in Research and Development: What Does the Schumpeterian Hypothesis Imply?

Joseph Schumpeter argued that there are increasing returns in R & D both to size of R & D establishment and to firm size. This has been taken to imply that the combination of small firms into big ones would increase R & D output. Tests have been attempted in the literature looking at the relation between scale and R & D input. The present paper shows that these tests are inappropriate. Moreover, the stated conclusion as to R & D output does not follow from Schumpeter's hypothesis. Indeed, it is very nearly true that none of these propositions can be derived from any other.
Containing children: some lessons on planning for play from New York City

This paper relates the history of playground provision in New York to changing conceptions of childhood, and specifically to a felt need to ’contain’ children in order to keep them off the streets, safe from traffic and unsavoury influences - a trend that children have tended to resist. Playgrounds most often substitute a narrow range of physical activity for the spontaneous play in diverse environments that children more naturally crave. Not only do playgrounds fail to satisfy the complexity of children’s developmental needs, they also tend to separate children from the daily life of their communities - exposure to which is fundamental to the development of civil society. What is needed, argues the author, is not more segregated playgrounds, but a greater attempt to make neighbourhoods safe and welcoming for children, responding to their own preferences for free play close to home.
Characteristics of shared service centers

Purpose – Even though a lot of publications focusing on shared service center (SSC) exist, there is no unique understanding of the term “SSC”. The aim of this paper is to obtain an overview of definitions of the term “SSC” and an overview of relevant literature. It also aims to derive a common understanding with the help of SSC characteristics frequently mentioned. Furthermore, it seeks to identify important differences in the definitions and show their implications for the SSC concept.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive literature review was the basis for this research. An online database containing the most important journals had been scanned for SSC definitions. Furthermore, the most cited books had been analyzed.Findings – There is no unique understanding of SSCs in science and practice. A standardized definition of SSCs is not established. The different definitions vary in many ways. Nevertheless, some characteristics that define the term SSC are mentioned in most publications, including conso.
Do Long-Term Investors Care About Inflation?

Even though inflation has a tremendous effect on the outcome of a long-term financial investment, banking practice largely abstains from presenting information in terms of inflation-adjusted (real) returns. The paper’s objective is to investigate how far this restriction of information matters and whether real return information should be made available to long-term investors. In an experimental study, an interactive software program allowed 133 subjects to adjust the return distribution of an initially chosen stock/bond mixture of a buy-and-hold strategy. In this process, they were able to switch the presentation type between nominal returns and real returns at any point in time. This experimental design allows us to (1) quantify the interest in nominal and real return information and to (2) document interdependencies between the nominal vs. real presentation format choice and decision-making behavior. The selected stock proportion of the buy-and-hold investment differs significantly across user-selected views (nominal or real returns). The participants’ customization of the return distribution is also correlated to the information condition.
Money and price relationship in China

This paper investigates the effectiveness monetary policy by Granger causality tests in the two regimes of inflation and deflation, respectively. The surplus lag rolling estimation is applied to deal with the problem of the frequent structural changes in the Chinese monetary system. We found that the monetary policies have become less effective in stabilizing the price level in the deflation era that started from 1998. There is also empirical evidence to suggest that money was endogenous in China during the inflation period. This implies that the People's Bank of China had difficulty exercising the power of money supply to reduce inflation if the endogeneity was the result of the market behaviour. However, if the endogeneity was due to the government inflation-targeting rule, then there is no evidence to suggest that this rule has been effective for M0, M1 and M2 instruments, except for the M0 instrument during the inflation period of April 1990 to March 1995. Although it was found that money ceased to be endogenous in the deflation periods, it does not support the proposal of utilizing the money supply as a policy instrument, as we found that money is impotent in influencing price in the deflation regime. Our findings provide some empirical evidence to support the Chinese government adopting alternative policy instruments such as an active fiscal policy in the era of deflation.
Ein neues Bankinsolvenzrecht für die Schweiz

In Switzerland, new bank insolvency legislation is under consideration. The article compares the proposed regulation with the rules that would be optimal from an economic point of view. Optimal rules are a compromise between value maximization and absolute priority on the one hand (ex post optimality), and the avoidance of perverse incentives on the other (ex ante optimality). Existing Swiss rules are severely deficient in these respects. In contrast, the proposed revision is a reasonable approximation to an economic optimum in some respects, while it deviates from it in others.