Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unambiguous discrimination between linearly dependent states with multiple copies

A set of quantum states can be unambiguously discriminated if and only if they are linearly independent. However, for a linearly dependent set, if C copies of the state are available, then the resulting C particle states may form a linearly independent set, and be amenable to unambiguous discrimination. We obtain one necessary and one sufficient condition for the possibility of unambiguous discrimination among N states given that C copies are available and that the single copies span a D-dimensional space. These conditions are found to be identical for qubits. We then examine in detail the linearly dependent trine ensemble. The set of $Cg1$ copies of each state is a set of linearly independent lifted trine states. The maximum unambiguous discrimination probability is evaluated for all $Cg1$ with equal a priori probabilities.
Study of turbulence and interacting inertial modes in a differentially rotating spherical shell experiment

We present a study of inertial modes in a differentially rotating spherical shell (spherical Couette flow) experiment with a radius ratio of $\eta = 1/3$. Inertial modes are Coriolis-restored linear wave modes which often arise in rapidly rotating fluids. Recent experimental work has shown that inertial modes exist in a spherical Couette flow for $\Omega_{i}<\Omega_{o}$, where $\Omega_i$ and $\Omega_o$ is the inner and outer sphere rotation rate. A finite number of particular inertial modes has previously been found. By scanning the Rossby number from $-2.5 < Ro = (\Omega_{i}-\Omega_{o})/\Omega_{o} < 0$ at two fixed $\Omega_{o}$, we report the existence of similar inertial modes. However, the behavior of the flow described here differs much from previous spherical Couette experiments. We show that the kinetic energy of the dominant inertial mode dramatically increases with decreasing Rossby number that eventually leads to a wave-breaking and an increase of small-scale structures at a critical Rossby number. Such a transition in a spherical Couette flow has not been described before. The critical Rossby number scales with the Ekman number as0 $E^{1/5}$. Additionally, the increase of small-scale features beyond the transition transfers energy to a massively enhanced mean flow around the tangent cylinder. In this context, we discuss an interaction between the dominant inertial modes with a geostrophic Rossby mode exciting secondary modes whose frequencies match the triadic resonance condition.
Optical rogue wave in random distributed feedback fiber laser

The famous demonstration of optical rogue wave (RW)-rarely and unexpectedly event with extremely high intensity-had opened a flourishing time for temporal statistic investigation as a powerful tool to reveal the fundamental physics in different laser scenarios. However, up to now, optical RW behavior with temporally localized structure has yet not been presented in random fiber laser (RFL) characterized with mirrorless open cavity, whose feedback arises from distinctive distributed multiple scattering. Here, thanks to the participation of sustained and crucial stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process, experimental explorations of optical RW are done in the highly-skewed transient intensity of an incoherently-pumped standard-telecom-fiber-constructed RFL. Furthermore, threshold-like beating peak behavior can also been resolved in the radiofrequency spectroscopy. Bringing the concept of optical RW to RFL domain without fixed cavity may greatly extend our comprehension of the rich and complex kinetics such as photon propagation and localization in disordered amplifying media with multiple scattering.
Information carriers closing in on the black-hole singularity

The interiors of Schwarzschild black-holes border on space-like singularities which are considered to serve as geodesic information sinks. It is shown that these sinks are completely decoupled from local quantum physics by a dynamically generated Dirichlet boundary. Towards this boundary, local information carriers become free and receive vanishing probabilistic support. Hence information cannot leak and information processing in black-hole interiors is free from paradoxes.
Stability and Regularization of a Discrete Approximation to the Cauchy Problem for Laplace's Equation

The standard five-point difference approximation to the Cauchy problem for Laplace's equation satisfies stability estimates---and hence turns out to be a well-posed problem---when a certain boundedness requirement is fulfilled. The estimates are of logarithmic convexity type. Herewith, a regularization method will be proposed and associated error bounds can be derived. Moreover, the error between the given (continuous) Cauchy problem and the difference approximation obtained via a suitable minimization problem can be estimated by a discretization and a regularization term.
The IRAS 1 Jy Survey of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. I. The Sample and Luminosity Function

A complete flux-limited sample of 118 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs) has been identified from the IRAS Faint Source Catalog (FSC). The selection criteria were a 60 μm flux density greater than 1 Jy in a region of the sky δ > -40°, |b| > 30°. All sources were subsequently reprocessed using co-added IRAS maps in order to obtain the best available flux estimates in all four IRAS wavelength bands. The maximum observed infrared luminosity is Lir = 1012.90 L☉, and the maximum redshift is z = 0.268. The luminosity function for ULIGs over the decade luminosity range Lir = 1012-1013 L☉ can be approximated by a power law Φ(L) ∝ L-2.35[Mpc-3 mag-1]. In the local universe (z ≲ 0.1), the space density of ULIGs appears to be comparable to or slightly larger than that of optically selected QSOs at comparable bolometric luminosities. A maximum likelihood test suggests strong evolution for our sample; assuming density evolution proportional to (1 + z)α we find α = 7.6 ± 3.2. Examination of the two-point correlation function shows a barely significant level of clustering, ξ(r) = 1.6 ± 1.2, on size scales r ~ 22 h-1 Mpc.
Buckling of Shallow Spherical Caps Subjected to External Pressure

This contribution details buckling tests and numerical results for shallow spherical caps subjected to static and uniform external pressure. Six mild steel caps were carefully CNC-machined from a solid billet. Three caps were designed to fail elastically with the remaining three failing within the plastic range. Caps' shallowness parameter, λ, varied from 3.5 to 5.5, and radius-to-thickness ratio varied from 300 to 1800.
Experiment and theory in the Casimir effect

Casimir effect is the attractive force which acts between two plane parallel, closely spaced, uncharged, metallic plates in vacuum. This phenomenon was predicted theoretically in 1948 and reliably investigated experimentally only in recent years. In fact, the Casimir force is similar to the familiar van der Waals force in the case of relatively large separations when the relativistic effects come into play. We review the most important experiments on measuring the Casimir force by means of torsion pendulum, atomic force microscope and micromechanical torsional oscillator. Special attention is paid to the puzzle of the thermal Casimir force, i.e. to the apparent violation of the third law of thermodynamics when the Lifshitz theory of dispersion forces is applied to real metals. Thereafter we discuss the role of the Casimir force in nanosystems including the stiction phenomenon, actuators, and interaction of hydrogen atoms with carbon nanotubes. The applications of the Casimir effect for constraining predictions of extra-dimensional unification schemes and other physics beyond the standard model are also considered.
Non-linear permittivity study of the crossover from ferroelectric to relaxor and cluster glass in BaTi1−xSnxO3 (x = 0.175–0.30)

The electric susceptibilities χ1, χ2, and χ3 of BaTi1−xSnxO3 ceramics with 0.175 ≤ x ≤ 0.30 are measured at 90 ≤ T ≤ 350 K and 37 ≤ f ≤ 106 Hz. Crossover from ferroelectric (x = 0.175) to relaxor behavior (x = 0.30) via coexistence of both (x = 0.25) is indicated by increasing polydispersivity and suppression of χ2 intensity. The relaxor properties are due to weak random fields acting on dipolar Ti4+ clusters in non-polar Sn4+ environment. Upon cooling frustrated interaction between the blocked polar nanoregions yields a cluster glass ground state for x = 0.30 as verified by the dynamic criticality of χ1, χ3, and the scaled non-linear susceptibility a3.
Inferring Compton-thick AGN candidates at z > 2 with Chandra using the >8 keV rest-frame spectral curvature

To fully understand cosmic black hole growth we need to constrain the population of heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) at the peak of cosmic black hole growth ($z\sim$1-3). Sources with obscuring column densities higher than $\mathrm{10^{24}}$ atoms $\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$, called Compton-thick (CT) AGN, can be identified by excess X-ray emission at $\sim$20-30 keV, called the "Compton hump". We apply the recently developed Spectral Curvature (SC) method to high-redshift AGN (2 5\times 10^{43}}$ erg $\mathrm{s^{-1}}$. In the Cosmological evolution survey (COSMOS), we find an observed CT fraction of $\mathrm{15^{+4}_{-3}\%}$ (40/272) or $\mathrm{32\pm11 \%}$ when corrected for the survey sensitivity. When comparing to low redshift AGN with similar X-ray luminosities, our results imply the CT AGN fraction is consistent with having no redshift evolution. Finally, we provide SC equations that can be used to find high-redshift CT AGN (z>1) for current (XMM-Newton) and future (eROSITA and ATHENA) X-ray missions.
Realizing Quantum Boltzmann Machines Through Eigenstate Thermalization

Quantum Boltzmann machines are natural quantum generalizations of Boltzmann machines that are expected to be more expressive than their classical counterparts, as evidenced both numerically for small systems and asymptotically under various complexity theoretic assumptions. However, training quantum Boltzmann machines using gradient-based methods requires sampling observables in quantum thermal distributions, a problem that is NP-hard. In this work, we find that the locality of the gradient observables gives rise to an efficient sampling method based on the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis, and thus through Hamiltonian simulation an efficient method for training quantum Boltzmann machines on near-term quantum devices. Furthermore, under realistic assumptions on the moments of the data distribution to be modeled, the distribution sampled using our algorithm is approximately the same as that of an ideal quantum Boltzmann machine. We demonstrate numerically that under the proposed training scheme, quantum Boltzmann machines capture multimodal Bernoulli distributions better than classical restricted Boltzmann machines with the same connectivity structure. We also provide numerical results on the robustness of our training scheme with respect to noise.
Strange form factors in the context of SAMPLE, HAPPEX, and A4 experiments

The strange properties of the nucleon are investigated within the framework of the SU(3) chiral quark-soliton model assuming isospin symmetry and applying the symmetry conserving SU(3) quantization. We present the form factors $G^0_{E,M}(Q^2)$, $G^Z_M(Q^2)$ and the electric and magnetic strange form factors $G^s_{E,M}(Q^2)$ incorporating pion and kaon asymptotics. The results show a fairly good agreement with the recent experimental data from the SAMPLE and HAPPEX collaborations. We also present predictions for future measurements including the A4 experiment at MAMI (Mainz).
TESTING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS EFFICIENCY IN SIMULATIONS OF LONG-RANGE INTERACTING MAGNETIC MODELS

Periodic boundary conditions have no unique implementation in magnetic systems where all spins interact with each other through a power law decaying interaction of the form 1/rα, r being the distance between spins. In this work we present a comparative study of the finite size effects oberved in numerical simulations by using first image and infinite image periodic boundary conditions in one- and two-dimensional spin systems with those interactions, including the ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic and competitive interaction cases. Our results show no significative differences between the finite size effects produced by both boundary conditions when the low temperature phase has zero global magnetization, and it depends on the ratio α/d for systems with a low temperature ferromagnetic phase. In the last case the first image convention gives more stronger finite size effects than the other when the system enters into the classical regime α/d≤3/2.
Spin tunnelling in Molecular Magnets

We study spin tunneling in magnetic molecules, with special reference to Fe8. The article aims to give a pedagogical discussion of what is meant by the tunneling of a spin, and how tunneling amplitudes or energy level splittings may be calculated using path integral and discrete phase integral methods. In the case of Fe8, an issue of great interest is the oscillatory tunnel splittings as a function of applied magnetic field that have recently been observed. These oscillations are due to the occurrence of diabolical points in the magnetic field space. It is shown how this effect comes about in both the path-integral and the discrete phase integral methods. In the former it arises due to the presence of a Berry-like phase in the action, which gives rise to an interference between tunneling trajectories. In the latter, it arises due to the presence of further neighbor terms in the recursion relation for the energy eigenfunction. These terms give rise to turning points which have no analog in the one-dimensional continuum quasiclassical method. Explicit results are obtained for the location of the diabolical points in Fe8.
Bayesian discrimination of the panchromatic spectral energy distribution modelings of galaxies

Abstract Fitting the multi-wavelength spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies is a widely used technique to extract information about the physical properties of galaxies. However, a major difficulty lies in the numerous uncertainties regarding almost all ingredients of the SED modeling of galaxies. The Bayesian methods provide a consistent conceptual basis for dealing with the problem of inference with many uncertainties. While the Bayesian parameter estimation method have become quite popular in the field of SED fitting of galaxies, the Bayesian model comparison method, which is based on the same Bayes’ rule, is still not widely used in this field. With the application of Bayesian model comparison method in a series of papers, we show that the results obtained with Bayesian model comparison are understandable in the context of stellar/galaxy physics. These results indicate that Bayesian model comparison is a reliable and very powerful method for the SED fitting of galaxies.
Aharonov-Bohm phase operations on a double-barrier nanoring charge qubit

We present a scheme for charge qubit implementation in a double-barrier nanoring. The logical states of the qubit are encoded in the spatial wavefunctions of the two lowest energy states of the system. The Aharonov-Bohm phase introduced by magnetic flux, instead of tunable tunnelings, along with electric fields can be used for implementing the quantum gate operations. During the operations, the external fields should be switched smoothly enough to avoid the errors caused by the transition to higher-lying states. The structure and field effects on the validity of the qubit are also studied.
Orbiting black-hole binaries and apparent horizons in higher dimensions

We study gravitational wave emission and the structure and formation of apparent horizons in orbiting black-hole binary systems in higher-dimensional general relativity. For this purpose we present an apparent horizon finder for use in higher dimensional numerical simulations and test the finder’s accuracy and consistency in single and binary black-hole spacetimes. The black-hole binaries we model in D = 6 dimensions complete up to about one orbit before merging or scatter off each other without formation of a common horizon. In agreement with the absence of stable circular geodesic orbits around higher-dimensional black holes, we do not find binaries completing multiple orbits without finetuning of the initial data. All binaries radiate about 0.13%–0.2% of the total mass-energy in gravitational waves, over an order of magnitude below the radiated energy measured for four-dimensional binaries. The low radiative efficiency is accompanied by relatively slow dynamics of the binaries as expected from the more rapid falloff of the binding gravitational force in higher dimensions.
Observation and active control of a collective polariton mode and polaritonic band gap in few-layer WS2 strongly coupled with plasmonic lattices.

Two-dimensional semiconductors host excitons with very large oscillator strengths and binding energies due to significantly reduced carrier screening. Two-dimensional semiconductors integrated with optical cavities are emerging as a promising platform for studying strong light-matter interactions as a route to explore a variety of exotic many-body effects. Here, in few-layered WS2 coupled with plasmonic nanoparticle lattices, we observe the formation of a collective polaritonic mode near the exciton energy and the formation of a complete polariton band gap with energy scale comparable to the exciton-plasmon coupling strength. A coupled oscillator model reveals that the collective mode arises from the cooperative coupling of the excitons to the plasmonic lattice diffraction orders via exciton-exciton interactions, leading to ultrastrong coupling. The emergence of the collective mode is accompanied by a superlinear increase of the polariton mode splitting as a function of the square root of the exciton oscillator strength. The presence of these many body effects, which are enhanced in systems which lack bulk polarization, not only allows the formation of a collective mode with periodically varying field profiles, but also further enhances the exciton-plasmon coupling. By integrating the hybrid WS2¬-plasmonic lattice device with a field-effect transistor, we demonstrate active tuning of the collective mode and the polariton band gap. We also report electrically tunable waveguiding in the polariton bandgap region through a line defect, which can be turned off with gate bias that can extinguish the collective mode and the polariton bandgap. These systems provide new opportunities for obtaining a deeper and systematic understanding of many body cooperative phenomena in two-dimensional materials coupled with periodic photonic systems and for designing more complex and actively controllable polaritonic devices including switchable polariton lasers, waveguides, and optical logical elements.
Constraining Dark Energy with Type Ia Supernovae and Large-Scale Structure

Measurements of the distances to type Ia supernovae have produced strong evidence that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, implying the existence of a nearly uniform component of dark energy with negative pressure. We show that constraints to this mysterious component based upon large-scale structure nicely complement the SN Ia data, and that together they require {Omega}{sub X}={rho}{sub X}/{rho}{sub crit}{element_of}(0.6,thinsp0.7) and w=p{sub X}/{rho}{sub X}{lt}{minus}0.6 (95{percent} C.L.), for the favored flat Universe. Other cosmological data support this conclusion. The simplest explanation, a cosmological constant, is consistent with this, while some of the other possibilities are not. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society }
Multi-mother multi-vanishing moments joint best basis selection for iris recognition

For optical iris recognition, the eigen-images correlation recognition method is modified. The 2-D separable approximations of wavelet packet bases are constructed with the help of the cascade algorithm. Expanding the scale of basis selection, mutli-mother multi-vanishing moment joint best bases are chosen from the basis set of 25 mother wavelets including the mothers constructed by the lifting scheme. Using the corresponding eigen-images generated and the post-processing method based on statistic features, optical experiment is implemented. The experimental result agrees with the simulation result.
Transfer learning for galaxy morphology from one survey to another

Deep Learning (DL) algorithms for morphological classification of galaxies have proven very successful, mimicking (or even improving) visual classifications. However, these algorithms rely on large training samples of labeled galaxies (typically thousands of them). A key question for using DL classifications in future Big Data surveys is how much of the knowledge acquired from an existing survey can be exported to a new dataset, i.e. if the features learned by the machines are meaningful for different data. We test the performance of DL models, trained with Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data, on Dark Energy survey (DES) using images for a sample of 5000 galaxies with a similar redshift distribution to SDSS. Applying the models directly to DES data provides a reasonable global accuracy ($\sim$ 90%), but small completeness and purity values. A fast domain adaptation step, consisting in a further training with a small DES sample of galaxies ($\sim$ 500-300), is enough for obtaining an accuracy > 95% and a significant improvement in the completeness and purity values. This demonstrates that, once trained with a particular dataset, machines can quickly adapt to new instrument characteristics (e.g., PSF, seeing, depth), reducing by almost one order of magnitude the necessary training sample for morphological classification. Redshift evolution effects or significant depth differences are not taken into account in this study.
Analysis of Consumers’ Innovation Resistance Behavior to Facial Analysis of Consumers’ Innovation Resistance Behavior to Facial Recognition Payment: An Empirical Investigation Recognition Payment: An Empirical Investigation

: Systematically combing and deeply understanding users’ innovation resistance behavior of facial recognition payment is of positive significance to the product innovation and customer relationship management of service providers. Through integrating innovation resistance theory, privacy calculus theory, and Antecedents-Privacy Concerns-Outcomes model, this article proposed a research model. Research data (N=494) is collected by questionnaire and hypotheses were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results show that facial privacy concerns positively influence perceived payment risks and negatively influence perceived payment benefits in three behaviors. Additionally, perceived payment risks positively influence opposition and rejection, while perceived payment benefits negatively influence postponement and opposition. As for the moderation effect, gender and platform trust are successively tested throughout the process, and the effect is various in different resistance behaviors.
One-Dimensional Simulation with the FDTD Method

^ = L ^ . (1.2b) dt /xo 3z These are the equations of a plane wave with the electric field oriented in the x direction, the magnetic field oriented in the y direction, and traveling in the z direction. Taking the central difference approximations for both the temporal and spatial derivatives gives Ei(k) Ex~ (k) 1 Hy{k + 1/2) H>;{k 1/2) _ (i.3a) At SQ Ax H^\k + 1/2) H;(k + 1/2) _ 1 Ex (k + 1) EZ(k) At /x0 Ax