Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimized Design of an Alu Block Using Power Gating Technique

Power is the limiting factor in traditional CMOS scaling and must be dealt with aggressively. With the scaling of technology and the need for high performance and more functionality, power dissipation becomes a major bottleneck for a system design. Power gating of functional units has been proved to be an effective technique to reduce power consumption. This paper describe about to design of an ALU block with sleep mode to reduce the power consumption of the circuit. Local sleep transistors are used to achieve sleep mode. During sleep mode one functional unit is working and another functional unit is in idle state. i.e., it disconnects the idle logic blocks from the power supply. Architecture and functionality of the ALU implemented on FPGA and is tested using DSCH tool. Power analysis is carried out using MICROWIND tool. I. Introduction The increasing speed and complexity of today's designs implies a significant increase in the power consumption of very-large-scale integration circuits. Voltage is increased to attain higher speed of operation with the penalty of increased power consumption. To meet this challenge, researchers have developed many different design techniques to reduce power. CMOS technology scaling has now moved to a power constrained condition. Circuit techniques to reduce chip standby leakage have become a key enabler. Scaling is a trade off between performance and leakage. One of the key features that led to the success of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology was its intrinsic low-power consumption (2). This meant that circuit designers and electronic design automation (EDA) tools could afford to concentrate on maximizing circuit performance and minimizing circuit area. Another interesting feature of CMOS technology is its nice scaling properties, which has permitted a steady decrease in the feature size, allowing for more and more complex systems on a single chip, working at higher clock frequencies (1). In fact, power consumption is regarded as the limiting factor in the continuing scaling of CMOS technology.
Semantic versus Spatial Audio Cues: Is There a Downside to Semantic Cueing?

An auditory spatial Stroop paradigm was used to examine the effects of semantic and spatial audio cue conflict on accuracy and response time. Participants responded to either the semantic meaning or the spatial location of a directional word, which was either congruent (i.e. the word “right” being presented from the right) or incongruent (i.e. the word “right” being presented from the left). Contrary to our predictions, people responded more accurately to the semantic meaning of the directional words relative to spatial audio cues. An interaction between task type and congruency indicated people found it more difficult to ignore the semantic content of the word when performing the location version of this task relative to ignoring the location in the semantic task. Implications of these results for use in driver collision-avoidance warning systems are discussed. The current results indicate that performance benefits gained by the use of directional words in combination with spatial audio may be offset by greater detriment to performance when the warning system presents unreliable or incongruent semantic information.
Light-scattering submicroscopic particles as highly fluorescent analogs and their use as tracer labels in clinical and biological applications.

Submicroscopic gold particle suspensions scatter colored light when illuminated with white light, and we have observed that a light-scattering gold particle suspension has the same appearance as a fluorescing solution. Thus, when illuminated by a narrow beam of white light, a 40-nm gold sol displays a clear (not cloudy), green scattered light (Tyndall) beam and has the same appearance as a fluorescing fluorescein solution. These, as well as other, observations have suggested to us that, in general, light-scattering particles can be treated as fluorescent analogs and used as fluorescent analog tracers in immuno- and DNA probe assays as well as in cell and molecular biology studies. Light-scattering particles are advantageous in these applications because particles such as gold and silver have very high light-scattering powers, which allows these particles to be easily detected, by light-scattering, at particle concentrations as low as 10(-16) M. The scattered light can be detected by the unaided eye for qualitative measurements or with a simple light-sensitive detector for quantitative measurements. Moreover, individual particles can be easily detected by eye or a video camera using a simple light microscope with a proper illuminating system. In addition, submicroscopic particles which scatter blue, green, yellow, orange, or red light can be readily synthesized. Antibodies, DNA probes, and other tracer substances can be readily attached to gold and other particles without altering their light-scattering properties. In this article we present the theory which allows one to predict the light-scattering properties of particles of different sizes and compositions and identify those particle sizes and compositions which appear most adequate for particular applications. Furthermore, we calculate molar extinction coefficients and emission efficiencies for particles of different sizes and compositions which allows us to compare the light-producing powers of these particles with those of well known fluorescent tracers. A 60-nm gold particle, for example, is equivalent to about 3 x 10(5) fluorescein molecules. Very simple, easy to use, low-cost, ultrasensitive immuno- and DNA probe assays can be developed using light-scattering particles as fluorescent analog tracers. Single particles can be detected on cell surfaces and inside cells using light microscopy techniques with proper illumination as described in the article. At high particle densities, particle-labeled cells have the same appearance as fluorescent cells.
Maximizing Players’ Anticipation by Applying the Proximity-Compatibility Principle to the Design of Video Games

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to investigate elements of the spatial design of video game interfaces. Background: In most video games, both the objects and the background scene are moving. Players must pay attention to what appears in the background to anticipate events while looking at head-up displays. According to the proximity-compatibility principle, game-related information should be placed as close as possible to the anticipation zone. Method: Participants played a video game where they had to anticipate the upward movement of obstacles. The score location was manipulated. The average vertical gaze position and dispersion were used to assess anticipation and extent of visual scanning, respectively. Results: Putting the score at the bottom rather than the top of the game window, within the anticipation zone, was expected to minimize attentional moves. Experiment 1 revealed lower average gaze positions and reduced extent of visual scanning in that condition, but the score performance did not improve significantly. Experiment 2 demonstrated that players’ performance increased compared with the bottom condition when the score was displayed just below but outside the game window, despite an increased extent of visual scanning. Conclusion: Positioning the score just outside the anticipation zone facilitated anticipation of the movement of obstacles and led to better performance than when the score overlapped with the game anticipation zone. Application: For games requiring visual anticipation, contextual information should be located in the direction of anticipation but not within the anticipation zone. This recommendation complements the proximity compatibility principle for simple dynamic displays.
Goethean science as a way to read landscape.

Abstract This paper demonstrates the method of Goethean observation as a means of surveying and appraising landscape which allows a role for a schooled subjectivity. Similarities between this method and phenomenological studies are made. To explore what Goethe's scientific method is, the first section of this paper discusses the Goethean method as taught by the School of Life Science. I then move on to the situation of attempting to apply the method as a means of understanding the Genius Loci of a specific place, and record what happens when the same place is then revisited. The method, as negotiated by the group applying it, is examined by describing the experience and examining the intersubjective consistencies and discrepancies that arose within the group. In conclusion I suggest the way in which this method could be used to approach landscape in an informed way that is also sensitive to the phenomenon of the place itself
A Prospective Evaluation of Opioid Weaning in Opioid-Dependent Pediatric Critical Care Patients

Critically ill children are treated with opioid medication in an attempt to decrease stress and alleviate pain during prolonged pediatric intensive care. This treatment plan places children at risk for opioid dependency. Once dependent, children need to be weaned or risk development of a withdrawal syndrome on abrupt cessation of medication. We enrolled opioid-dependent children into a prospective, randomized trial of 5- versus 10-day opioid weaning using oral methadone. Children exposed to opioids for an average of 3 wk showed no difference in the number of agitation events requiring opioid rescue (3 consecutive neonatal abstinence scores >8 every 2 h) in either wean group. Most of the events requiring rescue occurred on day 5 and 6 of the wean in both treatment groups. Patients may be able to be weaned successfully in 5 days once converted to oral methadone, with a follow-up period after medication wean to observe for a delayed withdrawal syndrome.
The Concept of Skill

The concept of “skill” provides the linchpin for many debates on work. Yet occupational sociologists have seldom thought to ask what the concept means. This article reviews the literature and develops critical observations on skill research. Although recent theorists have tended to dismiss deskilling theory, the research findings remain equivocal. Despite their inability to measure compositional shifts in skill, case studies continue to play an important function. New lines of inquiry have emerged, indicating a growing consciousness of the limitations of the dominant theories of skill. Absent greater rigor in the study of skill, policy debates will proceed without a sociological contribution.
Elderly selection on geriatric index assessment.

Lung cancer has been the most common cancer-worldwide since 1985 and the median age at diagnosis is 71 years (1). The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data reported that 37.3% of the patients diagnosed with cancer were 75 years and older and 68.4% were 65 years and older, respectively (1). The age of 70 years is considered as the limit of senescence and clinical trials dedicated to elderly patients usually consider the enrollment of patients aged 70 years and above (2).
Personalization in Smart Homes for Disabled People

Dependent people have a great variability in their needs and levels of motor and/or cognitive handicap. Hence they call for personalized services, especially when interacting with their environment. In smart homes, the semantic matching framework (SMF) provides an appropriate middleware for delivering personalized assistive services in line with the disabilities of a user. SMF is a system based on the Web Ontology Language (OWL) as a modeling language to define ontologies for modeling and reasoning on the user environment and its profile. This paper first, details the adopted approach to personalize a smart home to people with special needs. Then shows how SMF support and manage multiple-users.
Infrared-sensitive InGaAs-on-Si p-i-n photodetectors exhibiting high-power linearity

We report on the device fabrication and measured performance of p-i-n photodiodes made from wafer-bonded InGaAs-on-Si material. Dark currents below 38 pA and 3-dB bandwidths above 11 GHz were measured for a -4-V bias and for an active area diameter of 20 /spl mu/m. The thermal conductivity of silicon enables a 200-MHz 1-dB compression current of 76.5 mA, measured on nonoptimized test devices. These devices dissipate upwards of 612 mW of electrical power. High-yield wafer-scale fabrication of InGaAs-on-Si p-i-n photodetectors is demonstrated.
TAP: An Adjustable Planar Structure for Adaptive Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, a planar topology enables nodes to deliver packets without a routing table. Pervious planar structures are fixed for the whole network. However, environmental or network dynamics such as channel status, interference or energy will prevent such structures from providing the best service to the network. In this paper, we present a t-adjustable planar structure (TAP) which enables nodes to adjust the topology independently and allows nodes to have different path loss exponent. We show by proof or simulation properties of TAP: (1) It preserves connectivity; (2) It is planar, sparse and symmetric; (3) It preserves all minimum energy path when t = 1 for all nodes; (4) The average transmission power, interference and node degree decrease as t increases and the maximum node degree is bounded by 6 when t = 3 for all nodes.
Selection of multiple seagrass indicators for environmental biomonitoring

The need to monitor the environmental condition of ecosystems worldwide has resulted in a large number of potential bioindicators being proposed in the scientific literature. However, only a few have been validated at an adequate scale to monitor environmental problems and to solve man- agement questions. Here we compiled a list of candidate seagrass indicators (n = 59) obtained from the literature. We empirically validated them on a temperate seagrass ecosystem (Posidonia ocean- ica) across a wide anthropogenic gradient ranging from undisturbed to severely disturbed sites. We discarded about 75% of the candidate indicators because of their lack of sensitivity at the relevant spatial scale for biomonitoring (i.e. 10s of km against 10s of m) or across the environmental quality gradient. This illustrates the need for a careful validation of indicators prior to their use in monitoring programmes. Bathymetric variability strongly influenced indicator responses to the quality gradient. Deep meadows responded more clearly to differences in environmental quality, whereas shallow meadows were more influenced by natural sources of variability such as herbivory and physical dis- turbances. The 16 indicators unequivocally related to the environmental status gradient were repre- sentative of physiological, biochemical, individual, and population levels of biotic organisation. Their combination was necessary to cover the entire environmental gradient and to reflect the multiple anthropogenic disturbances causing the gradient. The selection process of indicators described here is an important step that needs to take place before the integration of these indicators to extract eco- logically relevant information useful for policy and management goals.
Maternal Western-Style High Fat Diet Induces Sex-Specific Physiological and Molecular Changes in Two-Week-Old Mouse Offspring

Maternal diet is associated with the development of metabolism-related and other non-communicable diseases in offspring. Underlying mechanisms, functional profiles, and molecular markers are only starting to be revealed. Here, we explored the physiological and molecular impact of maternal Western-style diet on the liver of male and female offspring. C57BL/6 dams were exposed to either a low fat/low cholesterol diet (LFD) or a Western-style high fat/high cholesterol diet (WSD) for six weeks before mating, as well as during gestation and lactation. Dams and offspring were sacrificed at postnatal day 14, and body, liver, and blood parameters were assessed. The impact of maternal WSD on the pups’ liver gene expression was characterised by whole-transcriptome microarray analysis. Exclusively male offspring had significantly higher body weight upon maternal WSD. In offspring of both sexes of WSD dams, liver and blood parameters, as well as hepatic gene expression profiles were changed. In total, 686 and 604 genes were differentially expressed in liver (p≤0.01) of males and females, respectively. Only 10% of these significantly changed genes overlapped in both sexes. In males, in particular alterations of gene expression with respect to developmental functions and processes were observed, such as Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. In females, mainly genes important for lipid metabolism, including cholesterol synthesis, were changed. We conclude that maternal WSD affects physiological parameters and induces substantial changes in the molecular profile of the liver in two-week-old pups. Remarkably, the observed biological responses of the offspring reveal pronounced sex-specificity.
Measurement of cerebral blood volume with subtraction three-dimensional functional CT.

PURPOSE To implement a three-dimensional subtraction functional CT technique to permit rapid quantitative mapping of regional cerebral blood volume (CBV). METHODS The 3-D functional CT technique was implemented in a rabbit model using normal and ischemic animals. Two spiral data acquisitions were performed, one before and one during biphasic administration of contrast material. CBV maps were then produced on a voxel-by-voxel basis through the whole brain. RESULTS The average normal CBV was 3.3 +/- 0.4 mL/100 g (n = 7), and the regional values were 4.5 +/- 0.6 mL/100 g for cortical gray matter, 2.5 +/- 0.6 mL/100 g for white matter, and 3.7 +/- 0.4 mL/100 g for the basal ganglia. The CBVs in ischemic regions were 1.5 +/- 0.4 mL/100 g, 0.7 +/- 0.7 mL/100 g, and 1.8 +/- 0.9 mL/100 g, respectively. CONCLUSION Subtraction 3-D functional CT is a fast, potentially cost-effective method with which to assess whole-brain CBV. Because the data collected in 3-D functional CT imaging also can be used to produce large-vessel angiograms, its use in a clinical setting can provide a multiparametric study of cerebrovascular abnormalities that encompasses both large and small vessel circulations for patients being examined for stroke.
Female executives are particularly prone to the sleep‐disturbing effect of isolated high‐strain jobs: a cross‐sectional study in German‐speaking executives

This study assessed the main, curvilinear, interactive and gender‐dependent effects of job demands, job control and social support in the prediction of sleep quality. Participants were 348 male and 76 female executives and managers from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. A multiple regression controlling for age, occupational hierarchy and various health behaviors was computed. On the level of the main effects of the Job–Demand–Control–Support (JDCS) model, the results indicate a sleep‐promoting effect of social support. A significant three‐way interaction of job demands, job control and social support was observed. This interaction confirms the buffering effect of high job control and high social support on high job demands. Further, this three‐way interaction of the JDCS dimensions is moderated by gender as indicated by a significant four‐way interaction. The directions of the significant interactions suggest that female executives are especially prone to react with impaired sleep quality when exposed to isolated high‐strain jobs. The study seems to imply that the JDCS model is a suitable framework for the prediction of sleep quality among executives and managers. The results suggest that the JDCS model might contribute to a better understanding of the higher prevalence of poor sleep amongst female executives. Further, the results imply that high job control and high social support might help executives to maintain good sleep quality despite experiencing high job demands.
Decreasing the digital divide: analysing the UI requirements of older Australians

This paper describes an intervention with older social housing tenants in a regional NSW town. The intervention used existing research-based guidelines on User Interface (UI) design, applied to the interfaces used for learning and using technology by older Australians, as part of the Digital Age Project. The study found that adhering to standard UI guidelines is particularly important when designing for novice computer users over 55 and that, although tablets overall were an attractive option, some participants found touch screens and pens problematic. Discussion of participants' preferences in devices and input methods, as well as other observations of UI design effects recorded during the project, is included.
Evolving Diverse Ensembles Using Genetic Programming for Classification With Unbalanced Data

In classification, machine learning algorithms can suffer a performance bias when data sets are unbalanced. Data sets are unbalanced when at least one class is represented by only a small number of training examples (called the minority class), while the other class(es) make up the majority. In this scenario, classifiers can have good accuracy on the majority class, but very poor accuracy on the minority class(es). This paper proposes a multiobjective genetic programming (MOGP) approach to evolving accurate and diverse ensembles of genetic program classifiers with good performance on both the minority and majority of classes. The evolved ensembles comprise of nondominated solutions in the population where individual members vote on class membership. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of two popular Pareto-based fitness strategies in the MOGP algorithm (SPEA2 and NSGAII), and investigates techniques to encourage diversity between solutions in the evolved ensembles. Experimental results on six (binary) class imbalance problems show that the evolved ensembles outperform their individual members, as well as single-predictor methods such as canonical GP, naive Bayes, and support vector machines, on highly unbalanced tasks. This highlights the importance of developing an effective fitness evaluation strategy in the underlying MOGP algorithm to evolve good ensemble members.
Democratic Deficit or the Europeanisation of Secession? Explaining the Devolution Referendums in Scotland

This article deals with the variation in the demand for self-government in Scotland – as measured by the vote in the two referendums – between 1979, when devolution was rejected, and 1997, when devolution was endorsed. The existing literature mainly deals with each of the two referendums in isolation and does not offer an explicitly comparative analysis of them. However, implicit comparisons contained in analyses of the 1997 referendum tend to identify as the main cause of the variation the ‘democratic deficit’ created by Conservative rule between 1979 and 1997, which was consistently rejected in Scotland. I take issue with this explanation on theoretical and empirical grounds and advances an alternative account grounded in an explicit comparison of the two referendums. Based on a rationalist approach, the analysis presented here identifies three key elements in the voting dynamics at the two points in time – a gap between support for self-government and the actual vote in the referendum; an interaction effect between attitudes to devolution and to independence; and the role of the European context in shaping perceptions of independence. I argue that significant change in these three variables (rather than a ‘democratic deficit’) appear to have been the most important determinants of the different results of the two referendums.