Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Impacts of Iceland’s Katla Subglacial Volcano on the Mýrdalsjökull Glacier

Jökulhlaup is the Icelandic term for a sudden and substantial release of subglacial and/or proglacial water. The subglacial volcano Katla and its associated glacier Mýrdalsjökull, near Iceland’s southern coast, have the potential to cause catastrophic jökulhlaups through geothermally induced melting and volcanic eruptions. The resulting jökulhlaups can cause destruction of property and detriment to human life. Water-filled ice depressions (termed ice cauldrons) are produced by enhanced geothermal heating/melting and are large enough to be identified through remote sensing; therefore, ice cauldrons can be used to infer geothermal hot-spot locations and melt rates. To assess the risk of surrounding communities and infrastructure, a map of geothermal hot spots, loss of glacial mass, and meltwater flow paths of the Mýrdalsjökull glacier were created and analysed. Using geospatial analysis, it was determined that three hazard zones – two towns, Alftaver (to the east) and Vik (to the south), as well as Iceland’s main highway, Route 1 – are directly in the path of potential jökulhlaups originating from the Mýrdalsjökull-Katla complex. Future research should further constrain meltwater flow paths to determine potential flow discharge rates and areas that are at the greatest risk of flooding. Jökulhlaup est le terme islandais pour un rejet subit et appréciable d’eau sous-glaciaire et proglaciaire. Le volcan sousglaciaire Katla et son glacier associé, Mýrdalsjökull, près de la côte sud de l’Islande, peuvent provoquer des jökulhlaups catastrophiques par la fonte d’origine géothermique et les éruptions volcaniques. Les jökulhlaups résultants peuvent provoquer la destruction de biens et nuire à la vie humaine. Les dépressions de glace remplies d’eau (appelées cuvettes de glace) sont générées par une augmentation du chauffage/de la fonte géothermiques et sont suffisamment importantes pour être décelées par télédétection; par conséquent, les cuvettes de glace peuvent servir à déterminer par inférence l’emplacement des points chauds géothermiques et les taux de fonte. De façon à évaluer le risque pour les collectivités environnantes et l’infrastructure, les auteurs ont créé et analysé une carte des points chauds géothermiques, de la perte de masse glaciaire, des cheminements d’écoulement de l’eau de fonte du glacier Mýrdalsjökull. À l’aide de l’analyse géospatiale, il a été établi que trois zones à risque – deux villes, Alftaver (à l’est) et Vik (au sud), ainsi que la principale route d’Islande, la route 1, sont directement sur le tracé de jökulhlaups éventuels provenant du complexe Mýrdalsjökull- Katla. Les recherches futures devraient déterminer davantage les voies d’écoulement des eaux de fonte afin de préciser les débits de déversement potentiels et les zones les plus à risque d’inondation.
A Survey of Plethodon sp. (Plethodontidae) Salamander Populations in Caves and Sinkholes at Fort Hood, Texas

Abstract : Salamanders of the genus Plethodon occur in a variety of mesic woodland habitats. Recently, populations of an undescribed species have been discovered at Fort Hood, Texas. These populations are associated with features such as caves and sinkholes. Red imported fire ants (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, are thought to compete with cavernicoles for food and sometimes prey upon animals in the caves, but their impact at Fort Hood has not been closely examined. This research documents (1) the presence/absence and abundance of Plethodon sp. at selected caves and sinkholes on Fort Hood and (2) the presence or absence of RIFA at features surveyed for Plethodon sp. The data fail to demonstrate any meaningful relationship between either active RIFA mound counts or numbers of RIFA in bait traps and the presence/absence or abundance of Plethodon sp. Because RIFA can be overwhelming as a predator and difficult to control, management efforts should focus toward limiting the impacts of RIFA on sites where the salamander is known to occur. A more robust estimate of the population size for the salamander is needed. General size data suggest that the salamander population is normal and healthy.
AAPG Memoir 67: Seals, Traps, and the Petroleum System. Chapter 7: Microstructures and Diagenesis in North Sea Fault Zones: Implications for Fault-Seal Potential and Fault-Migration Rates

The deformation mechanisms and diagenetic events that determine the fluid-flow properties of North Sea faults have been established by characterization of faults in core and thin section. The results of this study have implications for predicting fault-seal potential and fault-migration rates. In the northern North Sea, faulting of weakly lithified sand and shale units was accomplished via independent particulate flow, in which grains are disaggregated and reoriented without grain fracture. In the southern North Sea, faulting of lithified sandstone units was dominated by grain fracture and grain size reduction. Capillary pressure measurements of the deformed samples indicate that both independent particulate flow and cataclastic deformation mechanisms result in relatively low permeability fault zones in comparison to the surrounding reservoir rocks. Cements are commonly observed within the North Sea fault zones and also contribute to the permeability reduction. Simple calculations using the fluid-flow measurements suggest, however, that faults with good sealing potential can allow hydrocarbon migration over geologic time scales.
Constraining Basin Geometry and Fault Kinematics on the Santo Tomás Segment of the Agua Blanca Fault Through a Combined Geophysical and Structural Study

The Agua Blanca fault is a major transverse structure of northern Baja California, extending more than 120km east from the Punta Banda ridge near the city of Ensenada to the San Matais Pass in central Baja. Through much of its eastern extent slip on this fault appears to be pure strike slip, however, at the Valle de Santo Tomás the fault makes a ~25 ̊ change in orientation, which coincides with the formation of extensional basins on the fault. Recent evidence of the independent movement of the Baja Micro-plate relative to a stable Southern California Black leads to several possible hypotheses to explain this including: 1) That basins are localized structures, the result of a series of right steps or bends along the dextral Agua Blanca fault. 2) Basins are transtensional, possibly as a result of complexities associated with the northern boundary of the Baja Micro-plate . To test between these hypotheses it was necessary to constrain the fault kinematics on both basin bounding and in-basin faults, well as the basin geometry. This was accomplished through combined structural and geophysical surveys. Data collected suggest that the majority of dip-slip is confined to the Santo Tomás fault bounding the basin to the south, while the Agua Blanca fault bounding the
Premature ovarian failure

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is the term usually used to describe women aged younger than 40 years, who present with amenorrhoea, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and infertility. POF is a devastating diagnosis for reproductive-aged women. The clinical presentation is diverse, and several different disorders can lead to premature ovarian failure. POF has serious health consequences, including psychological distress, infertility, osteoporosis, autoimmune disorders, ischaemic heart disease, and increased risk of mortality. Hashimoto’s disease is the most frequent autoimmune disorder associated with premature ovarian failure. Management should be initiated immediately to prevent long-term consequences. Oestrogen therapy is the mainstay of management. Hormone therapy should be provided to eliminate symptoms of oestrogen deficiency.
Fast face sequence matching in large-scale video databases

There have recently been many methods proposed for matching face sequences in the field of face retrieval. However, most of them have proven to be inefficient in large-scale video databases because they frequently require a huge amount of computational cost to obtain a high degree of accuracy. We present an efficient matching method that is based on the face sequences (called face tracks) in large-scale video databases. The key idea is how to capture the distribution of a face track in the fewest number of low-computational steps. In order to do that, each face track is represented by a vector that approximates the first principal component of the face track distribution and the similarity of face tracks bases on the similarity of these vectors. Our experimental results from a large-scale database of 457,320 human faces extracted from 370 hours of TRECVID videos from 2004–2006 show that the proposed method easily handles the scalability by maintaining a good balance between the speed and the accuracy.
Balloon borne observations of backscatter, frost point and ozone in polar stratospheric clouds at the South Pole

Concurrent backscatter and ozone measurements were made with near-simultaneous frost point soundings over the South Pole when the center of the 1990 winter vortex was at or very near that location. The initial water vapor concentration in the stratosphere was {approximately}5ppmv and decreased to {approximately}1.5-2.0 ppmv as cooling took place. By mid-July the stratospheric temperature had decreased to the frost point and heavy polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) activity was observed presumably due to the condensation of water vapor. The lowest water vapor concentrations observed correspond to saturated air at the lowest temperatures encountered. The slow recovery of the water vapor concentration during spring warming indicates that the 12 to 22 km altitude region in the vortex is not readily penetrated by outside air. The observed large decrease in PSC backscatter above {approximately}14 km before the stratosphere began to warm is consistent with loss of particles by sedimentation leading to significant dehydration and denitrification. The region of PSC activity in July is noted to be in the same region in which ozone depletion and the persistent dehydration is observed later in the year. At the end of August heavy PSC activity was observed in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, consistentmore » with earlier observations from NASA aircraft. These lower clouds were in a region that apparently was still experiencing cooling. No compelling evidence was found surrounding earlier claims that PSC layers are anti-correlated with ozone inside the vortex. « less
Evaluating methods to detect bark beetle-caused tree mortality using single-date and multi-date Landsat imagery

beetles cause signi ﬁ cant tree mortality in coniferous across North America. Mapping beetle-caused tree mortality is therefore important for gauging impacts to forest ecosystems and assessing trends. Remote sensing offers the potential for accurate, repeatable estimates of tree mortality in outbreak areas. With the advancement of multi-temporal disturbance detection methods using Landsat data, the capability exists for im-provementinmappingmethods,yetmoreinformationisneededtodeterminetheaccuracyofthesemethodsfor mapping forest disturbances and to quantify differences between these methods and single-date image classi ﬁ cation methods. We compared single-date (using maximum likelihood classi ﬁ cation) to multi-date (using time series of spectral indices) classi ﬁ cation methods of Landsat imagery and investigated how detection accuracy changed with varying levels of mortality severity. For each method, we evaluated several bands and/or spectral vegetation indices and identi ﬁ ed the one that resulted in the highest accuracy. A ﬁ ne-resolution classi ﬁ ed aerial imagewithintheLandsatscenewasusedasreferencedataforevaluationandcomparisonbetweenmethods.For the single-date image classi ﬁ cation, we achieved a 91.0% (kappa=0.88) overall accuracy with 11.7% omission and 2.3%commission errorsfor the red stage (tree mortality)class using thetasseledcap transformation indices of brightness, greenness, and wetness. For the multi-date analysis, the Band5/Band4 anomaly produced the highest accuracy among spectral indices and resulted in a 89.6% (kappa=0.86) classi ﬁ cation accuracy with 12.6% omission and 7.1% commission errors for the red stage class. We compared accuracies between the best single- and multi-date methods across a range of tree mortality within a pixel. The multi-date method was more accurate at intermediate levels of tree mortality, whereas the single-date method was more accurate at high mortality levels. Our results indicate that Landsat-based mapping of forest disturbances that use either single-date or multi-date methods can result in high classi ﬁ cation accuracy.
Influence of psychological attachment patterns on periodontal disease - a pilot study with 310 compliant patients.

OBJECTIVES Psychosocial variables have received increased attention in periodontology. Attachment theory adds to known risk factors by linking early interactional experiences with adult tendencies of stress-regulation, health behaviour, symptom reporting, and healthcare utilization. The study investigates associations between attachment patterns and periodontal parameters. METHODS Within the context of a longitudinal study on periodontal diseases, 310 patients with aggressive (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) filled out questionnaires on psychological attachment patterns. The influence of attachment style on health behaviour, treatment attendance and utilization, and periodontal variables was tested. RESULTS We found associations between psychological attachment anxiety on smoking and higher number of session use, independent of disease severity, which was more pronounced for women. Patients with higher attachment avoidance attended periodontal treatment later when diagnosed with CP and earlier with AgP. For men, we found differential associations for attachment avoidance and anxiety and number of teeth at beginning of treatment. CONCLUSION Psychological attachment patterns are a promising target for understanding periodontal disease in addition to known psychosocial risk factors.
How we diagnose and treat essential thrombocythaemia

The approach to the diagnosis and management of essential thrombocythaemia (ET) is steadily changing, influenced by advances in molecular biology, data from clinical trials and retrospective analyses of patient cohorts. In the past decade options for clinical management largely remain unchanged, but who we treat, and with what target in mind, is evolving. A further area of change is recognition of symptoms that may be associated with ET, as well as other myeloproliferative neoplasms, and that potential options for their management are becoming available. Judicious and careful diagnosis is increasingly a fundamental key to successful management followed by cytoreductive therapy in a subset of patients. In this review we demonstrate our management strategies for ET using a case‐based format.
Stalk versus base invasion in pT1 papillary cancers of the bladder: improved substaging system predicting the risk of progression

Pathological stage pT1 bladder cancers constitute a clinically heterogeneous group. However, current staging guidelines for superficially invasive cancers do not acknowledge the variability in type and extent of lamina propria invasion in papillary urothelial carcinomas (PUCs), and historically proposed substaging systems showed either high interobserver variation or limited value in predicting patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to reappraise pT1 PUC substaging, with the objective of identifying a novel scheme that is reproducible and prognostically meaningful.
RATIONAL USE OF DIURETICS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EDEMA

The use of diuretics for therapeutic purposes is not new. They were used for the treatment of dropsy as early as 16th century. Diuretic drugs increase urine output by the kidney by altering sodium handling. Increased sodium excretion by kidneys leads to increase in water excretion. Most diuretics produce diuresis by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium at different segments of the renal tubular system. Diuretic use in clinical practice spans conditions like edema, hypertension, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia. Patients with nephropathy or heart failure may have a 10 to 30% increase in extracellular and blood volume, even in the absence of overt edema1.
An OFDM timing synchronization ASIC

In this paper an OFDM timing synchronization ASIC is presented. The proposed synchronization unit can be used in any OFDM system. The algorithm is based on the correlation introduced by the cyclic prefix, which is exploited in the time domain where the time offset is estimated. Although the algorithm is too complex to be implemented on today's most powerful standard DSP, a hardware architecture that is optimized for the algorithm is implemented with moderate complexity. The unit contains 32 kbit RAM and 3000 gates. At the sample rate of 25 Msamples/s the power consumption is 16 mW, which is small for such a complex algorithm.
Proton lifetime bounds from chirally symmetric lattice QCD

We present results for the matrix elements relevant for proton decay in grand unified theories (GUTs). The calculation is performed at a fixed lattice spacing α -1 = 1.73(3) GeV using 2 + 1 flavors of domain-wall fermions on lattices of size 16 3 X 32 and 24 3 X 64 with a fifth dimension of length 16. We use the indirect method which relies on an effective field theory description of proton decay, where we need to estimate the low-energy constants, a = -0.0112(25) GeV 3 and β = 0.0120(26) GeV 3 . We relate these low-energy constants to the proton decay matrix elements using leading order chiral perturbation theory. These can then be combined with experimental bounds on the proton lifetime to bound parameters of individual GUTs.
Normes, taxes et pollution diffuse aux nitrates

[eng] Based upon a critical review of various works about nitrate NPS pollution, we show that in the debate opposing price vs. quantity instruments to regulate pollution, it is possible to refine — and even more to go past — the measures which fail to reduce pollution, but at a significantly higher public cost, to be balanced with the expected private cost savings. First of all, we shall see that the employment of standards on inputs is not always very expensive for farmers regarding the cost associated with a tax on fertilizers, but the public costs that these standards need to support are very high and may explain, for a large part, why some European countries preferred to use this later. Nevertheless, we will see that tax on fertilizers is partly unfair in so far as the farmers continue to pay it on optimal unit of fertilizers, and so at such a point that tax rates remain too small to have any significant impact on fertilizer consumption and then nitrates pollution. Finally, according to the idea that efficiency and equity would remain inseparable for any new design or instrument — in order to increase its social and political acceptability —, we analyse some refined measures, keeping this ideal in mind. We then see that these ambitious refinements may probably be very costly in public funds. But may be it is the price to consent to definitely reduce NPS pollution. [fre] A partir d’une revue critique de divers travaux relatifs a la regulation de la pollution diffuse aux nitrates, on montre que dans le debat opposant instruments-prix et instruments-quantite — et plus largement approches economiques et reglementaires —, il est possible de raffiner, voire de depasser, les mesures restees jusqu’ici sans effet, mais que cela se traduira par une hausse des couts d’administration a mettre en balance avec les economies de couts prives attendues. Nous verrons d’abord que si l’emploi de normes sur les intrants ne parait pas toujours ou guere plus couteux que des taxes sur l’azote pour les agents, leur cout de controle public est en revanche tres eleve et explique sans doute, pour une large part, que divers pays europeens ont prefere recourir a des taxes plutot qu’a des normes en la matiere. Nous verrons toutefois qu’en raison d’un probleme de double penalisation injuste et propre aux «taxes au 1er kilo » , les taux sont restes bien trop faibles pour avoir un effet sensible sur l’usage d’azote et reduire la pollution. Constatant alors la necessite de trouver des instruments qui repondent au mieux a un double souci d’efficacite et d’equite superieures — lesquelles devraient rester indissociables pour plus d’acceptabilite sociale et politique des mesures — nous procedons enfin, a l’aune de cette double exigence, a l’analyse de plusieurs raffinements ambitieux — testes ou au moins envisages — et soulevons alors la question de leur cout d’administration public ; mais prix sans doute a payer pour une reduction enfin significative de la pollution diffuse.
Impact of US Quantitative Easing Policy on Emerging Asia

The adoption of quantitative easing (QE) policy by the United States (US) Federal Reserve Bank since early 2009 has aroused widespread concerns in Asia and elsewhere regarding its possible impact in terms of the weakening of the US dollar and stimulating capital outflows to emerging economies that might increase inflationary pressures in them. This report investigates possible impacts of US quantitative easing policy on Asian economies and financial markets.
Axisymmetry of mantle aspherical structures

Recent seismic tomographic models have revealed broad, low velocity anomalies in the lower mantle beneath Africa and the central Pacific that correspond to the poles of the surface geotectonic reference network. We test the hypothesis that the tomographic models are axisymmetrical with respect to axes passing near the geotectonic poles. The symmetry is apparent at the bottom of the lower mantle as well as in the transition zone in the upper mantle. This supports the idea of massive flushing of cold upper mantle material into the bottom part of the lower mantle and points to a stabilizing role of the lower mantle megaplumes on whole mantle processes.
Estimating Oceanic Heat Content Change Using Isotherms

Abstract This paper presents a new analysis of ocean heat content changes over the last 50 yr using isotherms by calculating the mean temperature above the 14°C isotherm and the depth of the 14°C isotherm as separate variables. A new quantity called the “relative heat content” (“RHC”) is introduced, which represents the minimum local heat content change over time, relative to a fixed isotherm. It is shown how mean temperature and isotherm depth changes make separable and additive contributions to changes in RHC. Maps of RHC change between 1970 and 2000 show similar spatial patterns to a traditional fixed-depth ocean heat content change to 220 m. However, the separate contributions to RHC suggest a more spatially uniform contribution from warming above the isotherm, while isotherm depth changes show wind-driven signals, of which some are identifiable as being related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The time series show that the warming contribution to RHC dominates the global trend, while the depth cont.
Is chronic hepatitis B being undertreated in the United States?

Summary. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for development of end‐stage liver disease, including cirrhosis, liver failure and primary liver cancer. There are now seven antiviral agents approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of chronic HBV infection. Despite the fact that there are between 1.4 and 2 million chronic HBV infections in the United States, fewer than 50 000 people per year receive prescriptions for HBV antiviral medications. This report discusses possible explanations for the disparity between the number of people who are chronically infected and the number of people who receive treatment. Explanations for this incongruence include the potentially large number of infected persons who are unscreened and thus remain undiagnosed, and lack of access, including insurance, education and referral to appropriate medical care, particularly for disproportionately infected populations.