Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prime Coset Sum: A Systematic Method for Designing Multi-D Wavelet Filter Banks With Fast Algorithms

As constructing multi-D wavelets remains a challenging problem, we propose a new method called prime coset sum to construct multi-D wavelets. Our method provides a systematic way to construct multi-D non-separable wavelet filter banks from two 1-D low-pass filters, with one of which being interpolatory. Our method has many important features including the following: 1) it works for any spatial dimension, and any prime scalar dilation; 2) the vanishing moments of the multi-D wavelet filter banks are guaranteed by certain properties of the initial 1-D low-pass filters, and furthermore; 3) the resulting multi-D wavelet filter banks are associated with fast algorithms that are faster than the existing fast tensor product algorithms.
Computing Medians and Means in Hadamard Spaces

The geometric median as well as the Frechet mean of points in an Hadamard space are important in both theory and applications. Surprisingly, no algorithms for their computation are hitherto known. To address this issue, we use a split version of the proximal point algorithm for minimizing a sum of convex functions and prove that this algorithm produces a sequence converging to a minimizer of the objective function, which extends a recent result of D. Bertsekas (2001) into Hadamard spaces. The method is quite robust and not only does it yield algorithms for the median and the mean, but it also applies to various other optimization problems. We moreover show that another algorithm for computing the Frechet mean can be derived from the law of large numbers due to K. -T. Sturm (2002). In applications, computing medians and means is probably most needed in tree space, which is an instance of an Hadamard space, invented by Billera, Holmes, and Vogtmann (2001) as a tool for averaging phylogenetic trees. It turns out, however, that it can be also used to model numerous other tree-like structures. Since there now exists a polynomial-time algorithm for computing geodesics in tree space due to M. Owen and S. Provan (2011), we obtain efficient algorithms for computing medians and means, which can be directly used in practice.
Fast ABC-Boost for Multi-Class Classification

Abc-boost is a new line of boosting algorithms for multi-class classification, by utilizing the commonly used sum-to-zero constraint. To implement abc-boost, a base class must be identified at each boosting step. Prior studies used a very expensive procedure based on exhaustive search for determining the base class at each boosting step. Good testing performances of abc-boost (implemented as abc-mart and abc-logitboost) on a variety of datasets were reported. For large datasets, however, the exhaustive search strategy adopted in prior abc-boost algorithms can be too prohibitive. To overcome this serious limitation, this paper suggests a heuristic by introducing Gaps when computing the base class during training. That is, we update the choice of the base class only for every $G$ boosting steps (i.e., G=1 in prior studies). We test this idea on large datasets (Covertype and Poker) as well as datasets of moderate sizes. Our preliminary results are very encouraging. On the large datasets, even with G=100 (or larger), there is essentially no loss of test accuracy. On the moderate datasets, no obvious loss of test accuracy is observed when G<= 20~50. Therefore, aided by this heuristic, it is promising that abc-boost will be a practical tool for accurate multi-class classification.
Ample Evidence: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Conversion into Activated Steroid Hormones Occurs in Adrenal and Ovary in Female Rat

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is important for human health, especially for women. All estrogens and practically half of androgens are synthesized from DHEA in peripheral tissues. However, the mechanism and exact target tissues of DHEA biotransformation in the female are not fully clear. The present study showed that maximal content of androstenedione (AD) and testosterone (T) were observed at 3h after DHEA administration in female rats, which was 264% and 8000% above the control, respectively. Estradiol (E2) content significantly increased at 6h after DHEA administration, which was 113% higher than that in control group. Gavage with DHEA could significantly reduce 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) mRNA level at 3-12h and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) mRNA level at 12h in ovary, while increasing aromatase mRNA levels at 6, 24, and 48h. It is interesting that administration of DHEA caused a significant increase of 17β-HSD, 3β-HSD and aromatase mRNA levels in adrenal. The AD and T contents also markedly increased by 537% and 2737% after DHEA administration in ovariectomised rats, in company with a significant increase in 17β-HSD and 3β-HSD mRNA levels and decreased aromatase mRNA level in adrenal. However, DHEA administration did not restore the decreased E2, estrone (E1), and progesterone (P) caused by the removal of the ovaries in females. These results clearly illustrated that exogenous DHEA is preferentially converted into androgens in adrenal, while its conversion to estrogens mainly happens in the ovary through steroidogenic enzyme in female rats.
So Many Troubled Children, So Little Time, and So Many in the Prison

The incredible and honorable responsibility of raising children is becoming more and more scary and overwhelming for many patients as more and more disturbed and dangerous children roam our streets. Those who will become their victims are countless. As many of them are put in prisons, still many more are at risk of despicable delinquent and mischievous behavior. As one time mom’s “sweetheart” drops out of school, turns to drugs, picks up guns to kill, rape people, and break homes and shops, many dedicated and conscientious parents whose children are involved would turn around and ask, “Where did we do wrong? ” “What did we not do? ” “We taught we did everything right! ” These are soul-searching questions from broken hearted patients, as well as for researchers on neurodevelopmental disabilities. In attempt to answer this question, neuropsychologists have uncovered in human brain propensities the tendencies that may be responsible for some bizarre and “out-of-the-blues” delinquent behaviors that may develop in children regardless conscious parental precautions and dedications toward their children. With the discovery of brain-behavior relationship, many brain-behaviour theorists have discovered some of the mysteries of early childhood-related behavioral problems. Where these problems are diagnose and treated early, many of our children will be rescued and given meaningful lives, especially those with neurodevelopment disabilities. This article attempts to investigate whether there are adequate and effective neuropsychological tests that would uncover neurodevelopmental problems early before they become explosive or damaging to children, family, and to the entire society. This effort will provide a review of neuropsychological testing that are often used with children and adolescence, while highlighting how they can be beneficiary to parents, teachers, and to the public.
Practical Power Analysis Attacks to RSA on a Large IP Portfolio SoC

The RSA algorithm is the most widely used public-key cryptosystem. For this reason it is important to protect RSA-based cryptosystems from the threat of Side Channels Attacks and particularly from Power Analysis.This article presents the application of Power Analysis attacks based on real power measurements and describes the main experimental results obtained by attacking software implementations of the RSA algorithm executed on an ARM 926 processor running at 266 MHz. Few practical results of similar type are reported in the literature, and none of them targets a complex SoC running at such a high frequency as that considered in this paper.
Two Micron Narrowband Imaging of the Sagittarius D H II Region

We present 2 μm narrowband images of the core H II region in the Galactic star-forming region Sagittarius D. The emission-line images are centered on 2.17 μm (Brγ) and 2.06 μm (He I). The H II region appears at the edge of a well-defined dark cloud, and the morphology suggests a blister geometry as pointed out in earlier radio continuum work. There is a deficit of stars in general in front of the associated dark cloud indicating the H II region is located in between the Galactic center and the Sun. The lesser spatial extent of the He I line emission relative to Brγ places the effective temperature of the ionizing radiation field below 40,000 K. The He I 2.06 μm to Brγ ratio and Brγ/far-infrared dust emission put Teff at about 36,500-40,000 K as derived from ionization models.
Serine phosphorylation of RUNX2 with novel potential functions as negative regulatory mechanisms

The RUNX family represents a small group of heterodimeric transcription factors that master‐regulate osteogenesis and hematopoiesis in mammals. Their genetic defects cause human diseases such as cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) and acute myelogenous leukemia. However, the mechanism(s) regulating their functions are still poorly understood. Here, we report a novel observation that suggests that the osteogenesis‐associated homologue RUNX2 is negatively regulated by the phosphorylation of two conserved serines (S104 and S451) in two distinct functional aspects. The phosphorylation of S104 could abolish the heterodimerization of RUNX2 with the partner subunit, PEBP2β, which enhances the metabolic stability of RUNX2. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of S451 resides within the C‐terminal transcription inhibition domain of RUNX2 and hence is implicated in its functional mobilization. One CCD mutation, S104R of RUNX2, appears to mimic the phosphorylation‐dependent inhibition of heterodimerization, thereby rendering RUNX2 metabolically unstable.
K-Complex Detection Using a Hybrid-Synergic Machine Learning Method

Sleep stage identification is the first step in modern sleep disorder diagnostics process. K-complex is an indicator for the sleep stage 2. However, due to the ambiguity of the translation of the medical standards into a computer-based procedure, reliability of automated K-complex detection from the EEG wave is still far from expectation. More specifically, there are some significant barriers to the research of automatic K-complex detection. First, there is no adequate description of K-complex that makes it difficult to develop automatic detection algorithm. Second, human experts only provided the label for whether a whole EEG segment contains K-complex or not, rather than individual labels for each subsegment. These barriers render most pattern recognition algorithms inapplicable in detecting K-complex. In this paper, we attempt to address these two challenges, by designing a new feature extraction method that can transform visual features of the EEG wave with any length into mathematical representation and proposing a hybrid-synergic machine learning method to build a K-complex classifier. The tenfold cross-validation results indicate that both the accuracy and the precision of this proposed model are at least as good as a human expert in K-complex detection.
High Level Model Integration for Design of Mechatronic Systems

Development of mechatronic products, and their controllers, carries a series of difficulties related mainly to product complexity. This paper discusses such difficulties and introduces a proposal of a framework of prototype tools that aim to support controller design for mechatronic systems by providing control software generation. This work emphasizes the high level system description embedded in such framework and the model integration aspects.
Distributed Leadership

Stories of leadership successes follow a familiar structure: A charismatic leader, often the CEO or school principal, takes over a struggling school, establishing new goals and expectations and challenging business as usual within the organization. This leader creates new organizational routines and structures that with time transform the school's culture, contributing in turn to greater teacher satisfaction, higher teacher expectations for students, and improved student achievement.
Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda.

BACKGROUND We studied a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in Uganda who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy, to explore the impact of helminths on HIV progression in areas where antiretrovirals are not available. METHODS A total of 663 patients were screened for helminths, treated presumptively with albendazole and selectively with praziquantel, and monitored for 6 months. Blood samples were analyzed for CD4+ cell count and HIV-1 RNA. RESULTS Schistosoma mansoni, hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Mansonella perstans were the most prevalent helminths. Helminth infection was not associated with higher viral load, lower CD4+ cell count, or faster decrease in CD4+ cell count preceding antihelminthic therapy. The effect of coinfection on HIV disease progression varied with species. CD4+ cell counts were highest in subjects with hookworm and Mansonella perstans infection. For most helminths, effective treatment was associated with greater decrease in CD4+ cell count than in those in whom infection was still present at follow-up. A highly significant decrease in viral load at 6 months was seen in patients with persistent Mansonella perstans infection at follow-up. Mortality was lower in subjects with hookworm infection at enrollment. CONCLUSION Helminth infection was not associated with more-advanced HIV disease or faster disease progression. Antihelminthic therapy may not be beneficial in slowing HIV progression in coinfected adults.
Normal Tritan Discrimination in Amblyopia Suggests Preservation of Koniocellular Function

Background: Human stereoscopic vision is a psychological abstraction emerging from sufficiently grouped monocular signals within a broader unity of simultaneous binocular perception. Incongruent central signals inevitably arise when moving through a visual landscape, due to changing asymmetries of perception, producing signal rivalry. Humans have an evolved capacity to dynamically inhibit incongruous or ambiguous signals in order to maintain a coherent unity of stereoscopic perception, a facility sometimes exploited by optical illusions. Unlike the beneficial mental construct that arises from physiological inhibition, the amblyopic inhibition is permanently unilaterally destructive, has a large field size, is associated with irreversible signal inhibition at the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), and leads to structural alterations in dLGN that can be demonstrated histologically. Recent reports suggest amblyopic signal inhibition at the dLGN may be selective, preferentially involving the parvocellular system and sparing the koniocellular system. It is not yet known whether physiological inhibition is also pathway specific, but it would be surprising if it were not. The two chromatic opponent systems display differing vulnerabilities in a number of disease states, including optic neuritis and toxic neuropathies, and they followed independent evolutionary paths during phylogenetic development from small primates into apes and humans with larger eyes. Tritan contrast is conducted exclusively by the koniocellular system as far as the striate cortex, so clinical tests of tritan contrast may provide information about koniocellular function in humans. If koniocellular function is not inhibited in amblyopia then tritan discrimination tests may be normal in amblyopic eyes. Objective: In this study the C test for tritan discrimination was employed as a proxy for koniocellular function to discover whether tritan discrimination was affected in proportion with achromatic contrast in the amblyopic eye of 18 amblyopic adults. Method: The tritan contrast and logmar visual acuity results were compared between eyes, using two non parametric statistical tests. Results: The C test scores for tritan discrimination were statistically similar in the normal and amblyopic eyes, but mean logmar acuity scores were significantly different, with a mean of 0.76 in the amblyopic eyes compared to 0.18 in the non-amblyopic eyes. Conclusion: This finding is consistent with preservation of koniocellular signal perception despite parvocellular signal inhibition in amblyopic eyes.
Evolution of robot programming, towards the Ubiquitous Computing era

We are now witnessing the beginning of Ubiquitous Computing era with the success of several start up to find early adopters among the general public for their home automation solutions through crow funding campaigns. We believe that in the near future, more and more people will come out with new ideas in relation with ubiquitous computing to make our daily life more and more easy. However, most of them face the challenge to manipulate electronics and to program microcontrollers in their early stage prototypes. Which is not easy for people without solid electronic manipulation background. Today we notice a lack for platforms that facilitates the development of Ubiquitous systems. New approaches helping programming microcontrollers have to be created. One of applications with high potential in ubiquitous computing is robotics. This paper applies the concept of ubiquitous computing for programming and controlling robots in an easy way taking examples of programming robots on the hardware and software level using Arduino and IOIO board.
SIRT1 transgenic mice show phenotypes resembling calorie restriction

We generated mice that overexpress the sirtuin, SIRT1. Transgenic mice have been generated by knocking in SIRT1 cDNA into the β‐actin locus. Mice that are hemizygous for this transgene express normal levels of β‐actin and higher levels of SIRT1 protein in several tissues. Transgenic mice display some phenotypes similar to mice on a calorie‐restricted diet: they are leaner than littermate controls; are more metabolically active; display reductions in blood cholesterol, adipokines, insulin and fasted glucose; and are more glucose tolerant. Furthermore, transgenic mice perform better on a rotarod challenge and also show a delay in reproduction. Our findings suggest that increased expression of SIRT1 in mice elicits beneficial phenotypes that may be relevant to human health and longevity.
On the multi-Koszul property for connected algebras.

In this article we introduce the notion of multi-Koszul algebra for the case of a locally finite dimensional nonnegatively graded connected algebra, as a generalization of the notion of (generalized) Koszul algebras defined by R. Berger for homogeneous algebras. This notion also extends and generalizes the one recently introduced by the author and A. Rey, which was for the particular case of algebras further assumed to be finitely gener- ated in degree 1 and with a finite dimensional space of relations. The idea of this new notion for this generality, which should be perhaps considered as a probably interesting common property for several of these algebras, was to find a grading independent description of some of the more appealing features shared by all generalized Koszul algebras. It includes several new interesting examples, e.g. the super Yang-Mills algebras introduced by M. Movshev and A. Schwarz, which are not generalized Koszul or even multi- Koszul for the previous definition given by the author and Rey in any natu- ral manner. On the other hand, we provide an equivalent description of the new definition in terms of the Tor (or Ext) groups, similar to the existing one for homogeneous algebras, and we show that several of the typical homo- logical computations performed for the generalized Koszul algebras are also possible in this more general setting. In particular, we give a very explicit description of the A1-algebra structure of the Yoneda algebra of a multi- Koszul algebra, which has a similar pattern as for the case of generalized Koszul algebras. We also show that a finitely generated multi-Koszul alge- bra with a finite dimensional space of relations is a K2 algebra in the sense of T. Cassidy and B. Shelton.
The Nature of Genetic Variation for Complex Traits Revealed by GWAS and Regional Heritability Mapping Analyses

We use computer simulations to investigate the amount of genetic variation for complex traits that can be revealed by single-SNP genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or regional heritability mapping (RHM) analyses based on full genome sequence data or SNP chips. We model a large population subject to mutation, recombination, selection, and drift, assuming a pleiotropic model of mutations sampled from a bivariate distribution of effects of mutations on a quantitative trait and fitness. The pleiotropic model investigated, in contrast to previous models, implies that common mutations of large effect are responsible for most of the genetic variation for quantitative traits, except when the trait is fitness itself. We show that GWAS applied to the full sequence increases the number of QTL detected by as much as 50% compared to the number found with SNP chips but only modestly increases the amount of additive genetic variance explained. Even with full sequence data, the total amount of additive variance explained is generally below 50%. Using RHM on the full sequence data, a slightly larger number of QTL are detected than by GWAS if the same probability threshold is assumed, but these QTL explain a slightly smaller amount of genetic variance. Our results also suggest that most of the missing heritability is due to the inability to detect variants of moderate effect (∼0.03–0.3 phenotypic SDs) segregating at substantial frequencies. Very rare variants, which are more difficult to detect by GWAS, are expected to contribute little genetic variation, so their eventual detection is less relevant for resolving the missing heritability problem.
The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents

Breakfast consumption is associated with positive outcomes for diet quality, micronutrient intake, weight status and lifestyle factors. Breakfast has been suggested to positively affect learning in children in terms of behavior, cognitive, and school performance. However, these assertions are largely based on evidence which demonstrates acute effects of breakfast on cognitive performance. Less research which examines the effects of breakfast on the ecologically valid outcomes of academic performance or in-class behavior is available. The literature was searched for articles published between 1950–2013 indexed in Ovid MEDLINE, Pubmed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE databases, and PsychINFO. Thirty-six articles examining the effects of breakfast on in-class behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents were included. The effects of breakfast in different populations were considered, including undernourished or well-nourished children and adolescents from differing socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds. The habitual and acute effects of breakfast and the effects of school breakfast programs (SBPs) were considered. The evidence indicated a mainly positive effect of breakfast on on-task behavior in the classroom. There was suggestive evidence that habitual breakfast (frequency and quality) and SBPs have a positive effect on children's academic performance with clearest effects on mathematic and arithmetic grades in undernourished children. Increased frequency of habitual breakfast was consistently positively associated with academic performance. Some evidence suggested that quality of habitual breakfast, in terms of providing a greater variety of food groups and adequate energy, was positively related to school performance. However, these associations can be attributed, in part, to confounders such as SES and to methodological weaknesses such as the subjective nature of the observations of behavior in class.