Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Border terror: policing, forced migration and terrorism

The symbiotic relationship between refugees and the police is increasing around key zones of global exclusion: the US/Mexico border, the European Union and the Southeast Asian/Australasian rim.1 Examining these relationships uncovers the contradictory yet stunted deployment of sovereignty‐led responses of the Global North to refugees, particularly those responses that cluster around the frontier, marking and patrolling the border. Moreover, the police/refugee relationship and the discourses underpinning it have prepared the way for problematic constructions of, and responses to, terrorism as it is patrolled at the border. Refugees are not just a problem, but a policing problem. Terrorism is not a problem, but a counter‐terrorism policing problem. Increasingly the securitisation of borders explicitly and implicitly conflates these two ‘policing’ problems. This article will examine the discursive resources underpinning border‐policing efforts against refugees and terrorism, and the repercussions for the law enforcement apparatus. In the case of Australia, it will argue that the border‐policing effort has become a site for the recrafting of federal law enforcement with significant consequences for regional governance as policing becomes unshackled from territory and merged with military functions. In making this argument in relation to Australia within the Southeast Asian region, the article will also draw on evidence from Europe and North America.
Enzymatic protein switches built from paralogous input domains

Protein switches have a variety of potential applications in biotechnology and medicine that motivate efforts to accelerate their development. Switches can be built by the proper fusion of two proteins with the prerequisite input and output functions. However, the exact fusion geometry for switch creation, which typically involves insertion of one protein domain into the other, is difficult to predict. Based on our previous work developing protein switches using periplasmic binding proteins as input domains, we wondered whether there are “hot spots” for insertion of output domains and successful switch creation within this class of proteins. Here we describe directed evolution experiments that identified switches in which TEM‐1 beta‐lactamase (BLA) is inserted into the class I periplasmic binding proteins ribose binding protein (RBP), glucose binding protein (GBP), and xylose binding protein (XBP). Although some overlap in sites for successful switch insertion could be found among the paralogs, successful switches at these sites required different linkers between the domains and different circular permutations of the BLA protein. Our data suggests that sites for successful switch creation are not easily transferable between paralogs. Furthermore, by comparison to a previous study in which switches were created by inserting a xylanase into XBP, we find no correlation between insertion sites when using two different output domains. We conclude that the switch property likely depends on the precise molecular details of the fusions and cannot be easily predicted from some overall general structural property of the fusion topology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 852–858. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myocardial Protection at a Crossroads: The Need for Translation Into Clinical Therapy

Over the past 30 years, hundreds of experimental interventions (both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) have been reported to protect the ischemic myocardium in experimental animals; however, with the exception of early reperfusion, none has been translated into clinical practice. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a working group to discuss the reasons for the failure to translate potential therapies for protecting the heart from ischemia and reperfusion and to recommend new approaches to accomplish this goal. The Working Group concluded that cardioprotection in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery, and cardiac arrest is at a crossroads. Present basic research approaches to identify cardioprotective therapies are inefficient and counterproductive. For 3 decades, significant resources have been invested in single-center studies that have often yielded inconclusive results. A new paradigm is needed to obviate many of the difficulties associated with translation of basic science findings. The Working Group urged a new focus on translational research that emphasizes efficacy and clinically relevant outcomes, and recommended the establishment of a system for rigorous preclinical testing of promising cardioprotective agents with clinical trial-like approaches (ie, blinded, randomized, multicenter, and adequately powered studies using standardized methods). A national preclinical research consortium would enable rational translation of important basic science findings into clinical use. The Working Group recommended that the National Institutes of Health proactively intervene to remedy current problems that impede translation of cardioprotective therapies. Their specific recommendations include the establishment of a preclinical consortium and the performance of 2 clinical studies that are likely to demonstrate effectiveness (phase III clinical trials of adenosine in acute myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery).
Reducing the Codebook Search Time in G.728 Speech Coder Using Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Networks

Codebook search has high computational load in code excited linear prediction (CELP) speech coders. In this paper, a fuzzy ARTMAP neural network (FAMNN) is used to determine the best index of shape codebook in ITU-T G.728 speech coding algorithm. In this way, the gain value is calculated according to this index and the best index of gain codebook is determined based on the minimum distance to each of eight gain codebook values. Empirical results show that the proposed model leads to 50.7% reduction in codebook search time as compared to the traditional implementation of ITU-T G.728 encoder. However, the degradations in mean opinion score (MOS), perceived evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) and segmental signal to noise ratio (SNR ) are not significant, as well. seg
Screening Risk Assessment of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Ecosystems Using a Multimedia Model

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent and highly bioaccumulative substances. The possible risks to ecosystems caused by releases of SCCPs to the environment have been assessed in the European Union and the United States of America. The study reported in this paper was a screening risk assessment of SCCPs in the ecosystems of Japan. However, the monitoring data for SCCPs in Japan were too limited to estimate the overview of exposure. Therefore, in this study, the flows and releases throughout the life cycle of these substances were estimated from international data, environmental concentrations were predicted using a multimedia model, and risk characterization was conducted. The results indicate that there is a low potential risk from SCCPs to aquatic and sediment‐dwelling organisms in most regions and local areas of Japan.
Building a Flexible Java Runtime Upon a Flexible Compiler

Abstract While JAVA has become a de facto standard for mobile code and distributed programming, it is still a rigid and closed execution environment. Not only does this lack of flexibility severely limit the deployment of innovations, but it imposes artificial constraints to application developers. Therefore, many extensions to the JVM have been proposed, each of them dealing with specific limitations, such as emerging devices (mobile phones, smart cards) or constraints (real time, fault tolerance). This leads to a proliferation of ad hoc solutions requiring the design of new virtual machines. Furthermore, those solutions are still rigid, closed, and poorly interoperable. In response to this problem, the authors propose a flexible JAVA execution environment, called the JNJVM , that can be dynamically adapted to applications' needs as well as to available resources.
Redox regulation in plant immune function.

SIGNIFICANCE Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) occurs rapidly in response to attempted pathogen invasion of potential host plants. Such reduction-oxidation (redox) changes are sensed and transmitted to engage immune function, including the hypersensitive response, a programmed execution of challenged plant cells. RECENT ADVANCES Pathogen elicitors trigger changes in calcium that are sensed by calmodulin, calmodulin-like proteins, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, which activate ROS and RNS production. The ROS and RNS production is compartmentalized within the cell and occurs through multiple routes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are engaged upstream and downstream of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production. NO is increasingly recognized as a key signaling molecule, regulating downstream protein function through S-nitrosylation, the addition of an NO moiety to a reactive cysteine thiol. CRITICAL ISSUES How multiple sources of ROS and RNS are coordinated is unclear. The putative protein sensors that detect and translate fluxes in ROS and RNS into differential gene expression are obscure. Protein tyrosine nitration following reaction of peroxynitrite with tyrosine residues has been proposed as another signaling mechanism or as a marker leading to protein degradation, but the reversibility remains to be established. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Research is needed to identify the full spectrum of NO-modified proteins with special emphasis on redox-activated transcription factors and their cognate target genes. A systems approach will be required to uncover the complexities integral to redox regulation of MAPK cascades, transcription factors, and defense genes through the combined effects of calcium, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and protein tyrosine nitration.
Emotion in inter-group relations

The study of inter-group relations has seen a renewed emphasis on emotion. Various frameworks converge on the general conceptualisation of group-level emotions, with respect to their antecedent appraisals and implications for inter-group relations. However, specific points of divergence remain unresolved regarding terminology and operationalisation, as well as the role of self-relevance (e.g., self-categorisation, in-group identification) in moderating the strength of emotion that individuals feel about groups and their inter-relations. In this chapter we first present a typology of group-level emotions in order to classify current conceptual and empirical approaches, differentiating them along the dimensions of the (individual or group) subject and object of emotion. The second section reviews evidence for the claim that individuals feel stronger group-level emotions about things that are relevant to their self-concept, with emphasis on three indicators of self-relevance: domain relevance, self-categorisation as an in-group member, and in-group identification. Implications for, and future directions in, the study of emotion in inter-group relations are discussed.
The expectant father.

A properly indoctrinated expectant father can be an ally to the doctor. The husband can offer understanding aid and comfort to his wife throughout her pregnancy. The doctor should review specific problems of pregnancy with both husband and wife. Overanxious or depressed expectant fathers should be reassured. Adjusting to fatherhood requires patience and study.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens

With increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant pathogens all over the world there is a pressing need for strategies that are capable of inactivating biofilm-state pathogens with less potential of developing resistances in pathogens. Antimicrobial strategies of that kind are especially needed in dentistry in order to avoid the usage of antibiotics for treatment of periodontal, endodontic or mucosal topical infections caused by bacterial or yeast biofilms. One possible option could be the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), whereby the lethal effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a photosensitizer (PS), leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species, e.g., singlet oxygen, which induce phototoxicity immediately during illumination. Many compounds have been described as potential PS for aPDT against bacterial and yeast biofilms so far, but conflicting results have been reported. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to outline the actual state of the art regarding the potential of aPDT for inactivation of biofilms formed in vitro with a main focus on those formed by oral key pathogens and structured regarding the distinct types of PS.
Using a Conceptual Framework for Reuse Processes as a Basis for Reuse Adoption and Planning

Software development today continues to be plagued by high cost, poor productivity , and poor or inconsistent quality. Contributing to this problem is the fact that most software development organizations do not practice software reuse, or do so ineeectively. EEective reuse generally involves more than just the ad hoc, unplanned \recycling" of existing code modules. It involves systematically organizing and encapsulating a broad range of knowledge about application domains and establishing the infrastructure to support the capture and reuse of that knowledge within an organization. The transition to this systematic, domain-speciic approach to reuse generally requires signiicant investment and can have substantial impact on an or-ganization's overall software development processes. Fortunately, there have been a number of technological and management advances in recent years to facilitate such a transition. Foremost among these advances is the emergence of domain analysis as a distinct engineering discipline.1] Domain analysis and the broader eld of domain engineering encompass methods and tools for analyzing capabilities within a family of systems (a domain) and capturing, organizing, and evolving information about the domain (encapsulated in domain models and reusable assets) so that it can be exploited to support reuse-based system development and evolution. Other important technologies supporting domain-speciic reuse have also emerged or matured in recent years in areas such as reuse libraries, application generators, modeling tools, and software engineering environments. In addition, there have been recent advances in elds that are not generally recognized as reuse-oriented, but which focus on many of the same goals as reuse and are beginning to innuence reuse practice, particularly from a management perspective.
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Background: As part of a prospective study on quality of life in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients an investigation was carried out to examine whether there were differences among patients' quality of life scores and their socioeconomic status. Methods: Quality of life was measured at two points in time (baseline and three months after initial treatment) using three standard instruments; the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), the European Organization for Research and Cancer Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and its lung cancer supplement (QLQ-LC13). Socioeconomic status for each individual patient was derived using Carstairs and Morris Deprivation Category ranging from 1 (least deprived) to 7 (most deprived) on the basis of the postcode sector of their address. Results: In all, 129 lung cancer patients entered into the study. Of these data for 82 patients were complete (at baseline and follow-up). 57% of patients were of lower socioeconomic status and they had more health problems, less functioning, and more symptoms as compared to affluent patients. Of these, physical mobility (P = 0.05), energy (P = 0.01), role functioning (P = 0.04), physical functioning (P = 0.03), and breathlessness (P = 0.02) were significant at baseline. However, at follow-up assessment there was no significant difference between patient groups nor did any consistent pattern emerge. Conclusion: At baseline assessment patients of lower socioeconomic status showed lower health related quality of life. Since there was no clear trend at follow-up assessment this suggests that patients from different socioeconomic status responded to treatment similarly. In general, the findings suggest that quality of life is not only the outcome of the disease and its treatment, but is also highly dependent on each patients' socioeconomic characteristics. Background Lung cancer is one of the common cancers among males and females worldwide [1]. It is well known that lower socioeconomic background as measured by educational level, occupational status, house ownership and level of income are all associated with an increased risk of lung cancer [e.g. [2,3]]. Thus most lung cancer patients are from disadvantaged populations. On the other hand since Published: 9 June 2003 Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003, 1:19 Received: 18 February 2003 Accepted: 9 June 2003 This article is available from: http://www.hqlo. com/content/1/1/19 © 2003 Montazeri et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.
A simple PCR-based method for the rapid genotyping of inherited fifth complement component (C5)-deficient mice

The fifth component of complement (C5) is considered to be the center of complement activation and function. However, there are no genetically engineered knockout mice for this gene, and the only commercially available inherited C5-deficient mice, in which a “TA” nucleotide deletion in the coding frame was previously identified, are in theC57BL/10Sn genetic background rather than the commonly used backgrounds C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Therefore, these mice must be backcrossed into the desired genetic background. Here, we developed an ARMS (amplification refractory mutation system) PCR method using a specific primer pair that was able to discriminate between the genotypes when the resulting product was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. These results were supported by quantitative RT-PCR and semi-quantitative PCR and were consistent with the results from sequencing each backcrossed generation. Using ARMS-PCR method, we generated C5-deficient mice in the C57BL/6 background over 9 backcrossed generations and further verified the phenotype using complement-mediated hemolytic assays. In this study, we describe a simple, rapid and reliable PCR-based method for genotyping inherited C5-deficient mice that may be used to backcross C57BL/10Sn mice into other genetic backgrounds.
Racial Discrimination and White Gain.

The question of whether or not whites gain economically from economic discrimination against third world people is examined with evidence from the 1970 U.S. census. The impact of racial discrimination is measured by the percentage of the population of third world origin in each state and by the ratio of black to white male earnings for those who work full time. White gain is measured by the level of white male earnings in each state and the Gini coefficient of earnings inequality among white males. If whites gain economically from racism, we would expect to find that the greater the percentage of the population of a state that is third world and the lower the ratio of black/white earnings then the higher the level of white earnings and the less the inequality in white earnings. The basic relationships were examined controlling for percentage of the population that is urban, percentage of the economically active population in manufacturing, level of personal income, region and percentage of the population that is third world. It is found that whites do not gain from economic discrimination; on the contrary, white working people actually lose economically from such discrimination. It is argued that racism is a divisive force which undermines the economic and political strength of working people and acts to worsen the economic position of white workers in the most racist areas. In support of this interpretation, data on the strength of unions is examined.
200 V Enhancement-Mode p-GaN HEMTs Fabricated on 200 mm GaN-on-SOI With Trench Isolation for Monolithic Integration

Monolithic integration of a half bridge on the same GaN-on-Si wafer is very challenging because the devices share a common conductive Si substrate. In this letter, we propose to use GaN-on-SOI (silicon-on-insulator) to isolate the devices by trench etching through the GaN/Si(111) layers and stopping in the SiO2 buried layer. By well-controlled epitaxy and device fabrication, high-performance 200 V enhancement-mode (e-mode) p-GaN high electron mobility transistors with a gate width of 36 mm are achieved. This letter demonstrates that by using GaN-on-SOI in combination with trench isolation, it is very promising to monolithically integrate GaN power systems on the same wafer to reduce the parasitic inductance and die size.
Academic and Nonacademic Influences on the College Destinations of 1980 High School Graduates.

Social scientists and policymakers have long been interested in equality of opportunity to pursue postsecondary education. This research focused on one aspect of that issue, the relationships between high school graduates' personal characteristics (ability, achievements, expectations, socioeconomic status, raceethnicity, and gender) and the nature of the postsecondary institutions they attend. Based on national data for college attenders from the high school class of 1980, the findings suggest that nonacademic factors, particularly socioeconomic background, affected graduates' postsecondary destinations. For example, students from lower-income families were particularly likely to attend lowerselectivity institutions, regardless of their levels of academic ability, achievement, and expectations. The possible reasons for the persistence of such inequalities, despite policy efforts to limit or remove them, are discussed.