Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plagiarism Detection in Malayalam Language Text using a Composition of Similarity measures

Plagiarism refers to the actof using someone else's work without permission or without due acknowledgement. It has become a main concern in educational and research organisations. Though plagiarism existed from the very old times, the fast technological changes due to the internet has increased the problem to a very high level. Numerous plagiarism detection systems have been developed for dealing with this problem, especially for the English language. For a south Indian language like Malayalam which is both inflectional and agglutinative, developing an efficient plagiarism detection system is a challenging task. This paper focuses on the effect of using shallow Natural Language Processing techniques along with a combination of similarity metrics for extrinsic plagiarism detection in Malayalam text documents.
Loss of CD28 expression by liver-infiltrating T cells contributes to pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS T-cell-mediated biliary injury is a feature of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We studied the roles of CD28(-) T cells in PSC and their regulation by vitamin D. METHODS Peripheral and liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells were isolated from blood or fresh liver tissue. We analyzed numbers, phenotypes, functions, and localization patterns of CD28(-) T cells, along with their ability to activate biliary epithelial cells. We measured levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α in liver tissues from patients with PSC and the effects of exposure to active vitamin D (1,25[OH]2D3) on expression of CD28. RESULTS A significantly greater proportion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that infiltrated liver tissues of patients with PSC were CD28(-), compared with control liver tissue (CD4(+): 30.3% vs 2.5%, P < . 0001; and CD8(+): 68.5% vs 31.9%, P < . 05). The mean percentage of CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells in liver tissues from patients with PSC was significantly higher than from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (P < .05). CD28(-) T cells were activated CD69(+)CD45RA(-) C-C chemokine receptor (CCR)7(-) effector memory and perforin(+) granzyme B(+) cytotoxic cells, which express CD11a, CX3CR1, C-X3-C motif receptor 6 (CXCR6), and CCR10-consistent with their infiltration of liver and localization around bile ducts. Compared with CD28(+) T cells, activated CD28(-) T cells produced significantly higher levels of interferon γ and TNFα (P < .05), and induced up-regulation of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, HLA-DR, and CD40 by primary epithelial cells (3.6-fold, 1.5-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively). Liver tissue from patients with PSC contained high levels of TNFα; TNFα down-regulated the expression of CD28 by T cells in vitro (P < .01); this effect was prevented by administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory CD28(-) T cells accumulate in livers of patients with PSC and localize around bile ducts. The TNFα-rich microenvironment of this tissue promotes inflammation; these effects are reversed by vitamin D in vitro.
Porous metallosilicates for heterogeneous, liquid-phase catalysis: perspectives and pertaining challenges

Porous silicates containing dilute amounts of tri-, tetra- and penta-valent metal sites, such as TS-1, Sn-β and Fe-ZSM-5, have recently emerged as state of the art catalysts for a variety of sustainable chemical transformations. In contrast with their aluminosilicate cousins, which are widely employed throughout the refinery industry for gas-phase catalytic transformations, such metallosilicates have exhibited unprecedented levels of performance for a variety of liquid-phase catalytic processes, including the conversion of biomass to chemicals, and sustainable oxidation technologies with H2O2. However, despite their unique levels of performance for these new types of chemical transformations, increased utilization of these promising materials is complicated by several factors. For example, their utilization in a liquid, and often polar, medium hinders process intensification (scale-up, catalyst deactivation). Moreover, such materials do not generally exhibit the active-site homogeneity of conventional aluminosilicates, and they typically possess a wide variety of active-site ensembles, only some of which may be directly involved in the catalytic chemistry of interest. Consequently, mechanistic understanding of these catalysts remains relatively low, and competitive reactions are commonly observed. Accordingly, unified approaches towards developing more active, selective and stable porous metallosilicates have not yet been achieved. Drawing on some of the most recent literature in the field, the purpose of this mini review is both to highlight the breakthroughs made with regard to the use of porous metallosilicates as heterogeneous catalysts for liquid-phase processing, and to highlight the pertaining challenges that we, and others, aim to overcome during the forthcoming years.
Energy Efficiency and Delay Tradeoff in Device-to-Device Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks

This paper investigates the problem of revealing the tradeoff between energy efficiency (EE) and delay in device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying cellular networks. Considering both stochastic traffic arrivals and time-varying channel conditions, we formulate it as a stochastic optimization problem, which optimizes EE subject to the average power, interference-control, and network stability constraints. With the help of fractional programming and the Lyapunov optimization technique, we develop an algorithm, referred to as the TRADEOFF, to solve the problem. To deal with the nonconvex and NP-hard power allocation subproblem in the TRADEOFF, we adopt the prismatic branch and bound algorithm to find its globally optimal solution, where only a linear programming needs to be solved in each iteration. Thus, the TRADEOFF serves as an important benchmark to evaluate performance of other heuristic algorithms and is usually cost-efficient. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the TRADEOFF achieves an EE-delay tradeoff of [O(1/V),O(V)] with V being a control parameter and can strike a flexible balance between them by simply tuning V.
Family Interactions Among African Americans Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family and friends on the management of persons with diabetes and their willingness to be involved in a culturally tailored program. Methods This qualitative study was based within a larger quasi-experimental study that focused on the impact of a culturally tailored group intervention compared with individual standard diabetes education on the outcomes of self-management and glycemic control among rural African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to an individual education group or a culturally tailored intervention group. Family members/ peers (n = 6) attended invited group sessions to obtain information about diabetes and family/peer support. The facilitator of the invited group sessions used a guide to help with group discussions. The investigators used an iterative approach to enhance the examination of the responses from the discussion guide, thus identifying recurring themes within the participants' responses. Results The data revealed that family and friends made a difference in the diabetes management of individuals with dia- betes. Although family and friends may have been helpful at times, they also created moments of problems and an environment that made it more difficult to care for diabetes. The data also revealed that diabetes is hard to manage and control. Participants reported that taking medications and being aware of types of foods to keep a well-maintained glucose level were often challenging. Conclusions These findings confirm that family and peers greatly influence diabetes management among rural African Americans. The study's results will help health care providers understand the importance of involving family members and friends in the treatment and diabetes management of individuals with type 2 diabetes, particularly within rural African American communities where resources are limited.
Lateral thoracotomy for epicardial pacemaker placement in patients with congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVES Our institution adopted a lateral thoracotomy approach to epicaridal pacemaker implantation with the objective of avoiding epicardial scar tissue and to achieve adequate lead pacing and sensing. We sought to assess the short-term outcomes of this approach. METHODS A single-centre review was conducted in paediatric patients and adults with congenital heart disease or inherited arrhythmia syndromes who underwent a lateral thoracotomy for epicardial pacemaker placement from August 2010 to January 2016. Patient histories were recorded along with outcomes including complications, lead and generator performance. RESULTS Twenty-one operations were performed in 20 patients (median age 17 years, range 3 months-49 years), including 19 pacemakers and 2 implantable-cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Prior epicardial pacemakers had been placed in 11 (55%) patients, including 3 with multiple pacemakers. Most patients had undergone at least 1 prior cardiac operation, with a mean of 3.2 (range 0-7) prior cardiac operations. Through our lateral thoracotomy approach, 17 of the 19 attempted atrial leads (89%) and 20 of the 20 attempted ventricular leads (100%) were successfully implanted with acceptable pacing thresholds. Complications included 1 (5%) bleeding, 2 (10%) pacemaker pocket revisions and 1 late death at 6 months unrelated to the pacemaker. There were no lead failures at a mean follow-up period of 27.5 months (range of 0.7-56.1 months). CONCLUSIONS The lateral thoracotomy is a useful approach for epicardial pacemaker implantation in patients with congenital heart disease or inherited arrhythmia syndromes including those with multiple prior operations.
LATTICE-RESCORING ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION

Lattice-rescoring is a common approach to take advantage of recurrent neural language models in ASR, where a wordlattice is generated from 1st-pass decoding and the lattice is then rescored with a neural model, and an n-gram approximation method is usually adopted to limit the search space. In this work, we describe a pruned lattice-rescoring algorithm for ASR, improving the n-gram approximation method. The pruned algorithm further limits the search space and uses heuristic search to pick better histories when expanding the lattice. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm achieves better ASR accuracies while running much faster than the standard algorithm. In particular, it brings a 4x speedup for lattice-rescoring with 4-gram approximation while giving better recognition accuracies than the standard algorithm.
Key developments that impacted the field of mechanobiology and mechanotransduction

Advances in mechanobiology have evolved through insights from multiple disciplines including structural engineering, biomechanics, vascular biology, and orthopaedics. In this paper, we reviewed the impact of key reports related to the study of applied loads on tissues and cells and the resulting signal transduction pathways. We addressed how technology has helped advance the burgeoning field of mechanobiology (over 33,600 publications from 1970 to 2016). We analyzed the impact of critical ideas and then determined how these concepts influenced the mechanobiology field by looking at the citation frequency of these reports as well as tracking how the overall number of citations within the field changed over time. These data allowed us to understand how a key publication, idea, or technology guided or enabled the field. Initial observations of how forces acted on bone and soft tissues stimulated the development of computational solutions defining how forces affect tissue modeling and remodeling. Enabling technologies, such as cell and tissue stretching, compression, and shear stress devices, allowed more researchers to explore how deformation and fluid flow affect cells. Observation of the cell as a tensegrity structure and advanced methods to study genetic regulation in cells further advanced knowledge of specific mechanisms of mechanotransduction. The future of the field will involve developing gene and drug therapies to simulate or augment beneficial load regimens in patients and in mechanically conditioning organs for implantation. Here, we addressed a history of the field, but we limited our discussions to advances in musculoskeletal mechanobiology, primarily in bone, tendon, and ligament tissues. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:605–619, 2018.
Linking Early Childhood Nutrition and Health Problems to School Achievement: A Cross-section Analysis of Grade 4 Students in Sri Lanka

This paper examines the separate impacts of early childhood nutrition and current health problems on academic achievement. Previous research has only considered either the impact of nutrition or specific health problems on academic achievement. This is the first paper to consider both measures of health in a comprehensive way. A unique cross-section dataset of grade 4 students in Sri Lanka allows one to creatively deal with endogeneity issues stemming from missing variable bias. Specifically, controlling for school heterogeneity and parental taste for education the results show that children affected by hearing problems, intestinal worms and early childhood malnutrition have significantly lower cognitive skills. These results are robust to conditioning on the rate of student absence from school. The policy implications are that returns to investments made to improving school quality will be limited by any lack in investment in improving early childhood nutrition and health problems faced by children in school years.
Polygenic hazard score to guide screening for aggressive prostate cancer: development and validation in large scale cohorts

Abstract Objectives To develop and validate a genetic tool to predict age of onset of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) and to guide decisions of who to screen and at what age. Design Analysis of genotype, PCa status, and age to select single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diagnosis. These polymorphisms were incorporated into a survival analysis to estimate their effects on age at diagnosis of aggressive PCa (that is, not eligible for surveillance according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines; any of Gleason score ≥7, stage T3-T4, PSA (prostate specific antigen) concentration ≥10 ng/L, nodal metastasis, distant metastasis). The resulting polygenic hazard score is an assessment of individual genetic risk. The final model was applied to an independent dataset containing genotype and PSA screening data. The hazard score was calculated for these men to test prediction of survival free from PCa. Setting Multiple institutions that were members of international PRACTICAL consortium. Participants All consortium participants of European ancestry with known age, PCa status, and quality assured custom (iCOGS) array genotype data. The development dataset comprised 31 747 men; the validation dataset comprised 6411 men. Main outcome measures Prediction with hazard score of age of onset of aggressive cancer in validation set. Results In the independent validation set, the hazard score calculated from 54 single nucleotide polymorphisms was a highly significant predictor of age at diagnosis of aggressive cancer (z=11.2, P<10−16). When men in the validation set with high scores (>98th centile) were compared with those with average scores (30th-70th centile), the hazard ratio for aggressive cancer was 2.9 (95% confidence interval 2.4 to 3.4). Inclusion of family history in a combined model did not improve prediction of onset of aggressive PCa (P=0.59), and polygenic hazard score performance remained high when family history was accounted for. Additionally, the positive predictive value of PSA screening for aggressive PCa was increased with increasing polygenic hazard score. Conclusions Polygenic hazard scores can be used for personalised genetic risk estimates that can predict for age at onset of aggressive PCa.
An Update on the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing endopeptidases, proteins essential to the degradation of various tissue extracellular matrix proteins. Under normal conditions, MMPs participate in several physiological processes, both in the developing organism and the adult. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), affecting primarily young adults. Inflammatory infiltrations of the CNS parenchyma by autoreactive immune cells, that mediate myelin degradation in the form of the demyelination "plaque", are the pathological hallmark of the disease. Due to their capacity to orchestrate tissue penetration from various cells, MMPs have been elucidated in MS as mediators of blood-brain barrier disruption and CNS inflammation, thus contributing to the disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on clinical and experimental evidence of MMPs' pathogenetic role in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHOD A MEDLINE search was performed for using the following terms: "metalloproteinases", "multiple sclerosis", "experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis", "central nervous system" and "autoimmunity". RESULTS Expression patterns of MMPs and their specific inhibitor molecules at the sites of MS and EAE lesions, as well as by specific cell types of the immune system, provide evidence of MMPs' role in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity. Clinical evidence suggests differential profile of MMPs' expression in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between MS patients with various disease types and healthy adults, rendering MMPs potential biomarkers for disease incidence and activity. CONCLUSION MMPs' role in the processes of CNS inflammation, de- and remyelination, confers implications as therapeutic targets, either alone, or in relation with widely-used disease modifying treatments in MS.
Health related quality of life and physical activity in prison: a multicenter observational study in Italy

Background Inmates have a poorer health status than the general population. The physical activity is well know that improve the wellness of the people. This multicentric cross-sectional study aimed to assess the relationship between Quality of Life (QoL) and physical activity levels among Italian prisoners. Methods Inmates from eight prisons compiled a questionnaire. The Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) was used to measure inmates' weekly physical activity levels (MATwk). Their QoL was measured using two components of Short Form with 12 items (SF12): MCS (mental score) and PCS (physical score). Results A total of 636 questionnaires were compiled. High level of MET was significantly (P <0.05) associated with both PCS (OR = 1.02) and MCS (OR = 1.03). The correlations between PCS, MCS vs. METwk scores were respectively significant: r = 0.17 and r = 0.10, P < 0.05. The number of years of detention was associated to higher MET (OR = 1.04 P < 0.05). The presence of Physical Exercise Areas (PEAs) within Jails did not improve the QoL level. Conclusions Jails may not seem like the ideal place to fight sedentary behavior, but, in any case, health promotion can occur within its walls. The heterogeneity of Italian jails, and particularly relative PEAs therein (areas had different characteristics between jails), suggests that such spaces should be regulated or well defined. Furthermore, the implement of training schedules could be done in a standardized way. Despite this heterogeneity both the physical and mental components of inmates' quality of life were associated to a high level of physical activity.
Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer

This review is focused on anthropometric and physiological characteristics of soccer players with a view to establishing their roles within talent detection, identification and development programmes. Top-class soccer playershave to adapt to the physical demandsof the game, which are multifactorial. Players may not need to have an extraordinary capacity within any of the areas of physical performance but must possess a reasonably high level within all areas. This explains why there are marked individual differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics among top players. Various measurements have been used to evaluate specific aspects of the physical performance of both youth and adult soccer players.The positional role of a player is related to his or her physiological capacity. Thus, midfield players and full-backs have the highest maximal oxygen intakes (> 60 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) and perform best in intermittent exercise tests. On the other hand, midfield players tend to have the lowest muscle strength. Although these distinctions are evident in adult and elite youth players, their existence must be interpreted circumspectly in talent identification and development programmes. A range of relevant anthropometric and physiological factors can be considered which are subject to strong genetic influences (e.g. stature and maximal oxygen intake) or are largely environmentally determined and susceptible to training effects. Consequently, fitness profiling can generate a useful database against which talented groups may be compared. No single method allows for a representative assessment of a player's physical capabilities for soccer. Weconclude that anthropometric and physiological criteria do have a role as part of a holistic monitoring of talented young players.
How Acid are Lemons? Adverse Selection and Signalling for Skilled Labour Market Entrants

This paper jointly analyses the consequences of adverse selection and signalling on entry wages of skilled employees. It uses German linked employer employee panel data (LIAB) and introduces a measure for relative productivity of skilled job applicants based on apprenticeship wages. It shows that post-apprenticeship employer changers are a negative selection from the training firms’ point of view. Negative selection leads to lower average wages of employer changersin the first skilled job in comparison to stayers. Entry wages of employer changers are specifically reduced by high occupation and training firm retention rates. Additional training firm signals are high apprenticeship wages that signal a positive selection of apprenticeship applicants, works councils and establishment size. Finally, positive individual signals such as schooling background affect the skilled entry wages of employer changers positively.