Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving inclusive cache performance with two-level eviction priority

Inclusive cache hierarchies are widely adopted in modern processors, since they can simplify the implementation of cache coherence. However, it sacrifices some performance to guarantee inclusion. Many recent intelligent management policies are proposed to improve the last-level cache (LLC) performance by evicting blocks with poor locality earlier. Unfortunately, they are inapplicable in inclusive LLCs. In this paper, we propose Two-level Eviction Priority (TEP) policy. Besides the eviction priority provided by the baseline replacement policy, TEP appends an additional high level of eviction priority to LLC blocks, which is decided at the insertion time and cannot be changed during their lifetime in the LLC. When blocks with high eviction priority are not in inner caches anymore, they get evicted from the LLC preferentially. Thus, the LLC can retain more useful blocks to improve performance. TEP can cooperate well with various baseline replacement policies. Our evaluation shows that TEP with NRU can improve the performance of inclusive LLCs significantly while requiring negligible extra storage. It also outperforms other recent proposals including QBS, DIP, and DRRIP.
Outcome of Early Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Managed in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients require immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Early initiation of CPR and defibrillation before arrival at Emergency Department (ED) increases the chance of survival from sudden cardiac arrest. The main objective of this study was to identify the factors that influenced the outcome of early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients managed at the ED of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). The second objective was to determine the incidence of CPR initiated by the public prior to ambulance arrival. The present study was a one-year cross-sectional study. The OHCA patients were identified from the ED resuscitation logbook. Patients’ medical records were used to obtain details of the resuscitation. Factors recorded included: aetiology of arrest, initiation of on-scene CPR, use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), mode of transportation and the incidence of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in the ED. Categorical data was analysed using chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Nine patients out of 98 had early CPR. Three patients achieved ROSC. Gender was significantly associated with ROSC (p-value=0.015). More patients who received early CPR achieved ROSC compared to those who received late CPR. The provision of early CPR and usage of AEDs by the public is still low. Female gender had a positive influence on ROSC. Efforts are required to increase the awareness and involvement of the public in initiating early CPR prior to the arrival of ambulance service.
Astrocytic endfoot Ca2+ and BK channels determine both arteriolar dilation and constriction

Neuronal activity is thought to communicate to arterioles in the brain through astrocytic calcium (Ca2+) signaling to cause local vasodilation. Paradoxically, this communication may cause vasoconstriction in some cases. Here, we show that, regardless of the mechanism by which astrocytic endfoot Ca2+ was elevated, modest increases in Ca2+ induced dilation, whereas larger increases switched dilation to constriction. Large-conductance, Ca2+-sensitive potassium channels in astrocytic endfeet mediated a majority of the dilation and the entire vasoconstriction, implicating local extracellular K+ as a vasoactive signal for both dilation and constriction. These results provide evidence for a unifying mechanism that explains the nature and apparent duality of the vascular response, showing that the degree and polarity of neurovascular coupling depends on astrocytic endfoot Ca2+ and perivascular K+.
Variation of the dielectric properties of tissues with age: the effect on the values of SAR in children when exposed to walkie–talkie devices

In vitro dielectric properties of ageing porcine tissues were measured in the frequency range of 50 MHz–20 GHz, and the total combined uncertainties of the measurements were assessed. The results show statistically significant reduction with age in both permittivity and conductivity of 10 out of 15 measured tissues. At microwave frequencies, the observed variations are mainly due to the reduction in the water content of tissues as an animal ages. The results obtained were then used to calculate the SAR values in children of age 3 and 7 years when they are exposed to RF induced by walkie–talkie devices. No significant differences between the SAR values for the children of either age or for adults were observed.
An examination of the quality of life among rural and outer metropolitan injecting drug users in NSW, Australia

This article aims to explore the relationship between quality of life (QOL) and health-related behaviours among rural and metropolitan injecting drug users (IDU) using a new scale developed specifically for use with IDU.One-hundred and sixty-four rural and 96 metropolitan IDU from seven different NSW Area Health Services were interviewed using a cross-sectional survey, including the Injection Drug Use Quality of Life (IDUQOL) scale. The mean domain-based IDUQOL score was 59.4 (SD 22.3). The life areas most commonly selected by participants as important in determining their QOL were family, health, money, housing and partnerships. Rural participants were less likely to choose “housing” compared to those from the metropolitan areas, but were more likely to select “independence”. Rural participants also gave a lower mean rating to “money” (33.1 vs. 47.0) and to “partnerships” (53.8 vs. 71.1), suggesting differences in the composition of QOL among rural and metropolitan IDU. Compared to metropolitan participants, rural participants had a lower domain-based QOL score (56.1 vs. 64.5). No association was found between QOL and health-related behaviours such as drug use or sexual and injecting practices. IDU subjective assessment of QOL is mediated by a range of factors. Disparity between rural and metropolitan IDU appears to be influenced by non-health related areas such as partnerships and money, highlighting the need for a more holistic approach to the management of substance use problems.
Reduced Expression of the SHORT-ROOT Gene Increases the Rates of Growth and Development in Hybrid Poplar and Arabidopsis

SHORT-ROOT (SHR) is a well characterized regulator of cell division and cell fate determination in the Arabidopsis primary root. However, much less is known about the functions of SHR in the aerial parts of the plant. In this work, we cloned SHR gene from Populus trichocarpa (PtSHR1) as an AtSHR ortholog and down-regulated its expression in hybrid poplar (Populus tremula×P. tremuloides Michx-clone T89) in order to determine its physiological functions in shoot development. Sharing a 90% similarity to AtSHR at amino acid level, PtSHR1 was able to complement the Arabidopsis shr mutant. Down regulation of PtSHR1 led to a strong enhancement of primary (height) and secondary (girth) growth rates in the transgenic poplars. A similar approach in Arabidopsis showed a comparable accelerated growth and development phenotype. Our results suggest that the response to SHR could be dose-dependent and that a partial down-regulation of SHR could lead to enhanced meristem activity and a coordinated acceleration of plant growth in woody species. Therefore, SHR functions in plant growth and development as a regulator of cell division and meristem activity not only in the roots but also in the shoots. Reducing SHR expression in transgenic poplar was shown to lead to significant increases in primary and secondary growth rates. Given the current interest in bioenergy crops, SHR has a broader role as a key regulator of whole plant growth and development and SHR suppression has considerable potential for accelerating biomass accumulation in a variety of species.
Role of Karaka Relations in Hindi Word Sense Disambiguation

Karakas are an important constituent of Hindi language. Karaka relations express syntactico-semantic or semantico-syntactic relationship between verbs and nouns or pronouns in a sentence. They capture certain level of semantics closer to thematic relations, but different from it. A vibhakti is assigned to each karaka, in Paninian grammar. This paper investigates the role of karaka relations in Hindi Word Sense Disambiguation WSD by utilizing vibhaktis. Two supervised WSD algorithms were used for disambiguation. The first algorithm is based on conditional probability of co-occurring words and the second algorithm is Naive Bayes NB classifier. The first algorithm utilizes various heuristics for analyzing the role of karakas in Hindi WSD. The authors obtained an improvement of 14.86% in precision by utilizing content words, vibhaktis and phrases containing them in context vector over the context vector of content words after dropping vibhaktis. A gain of 6.91% in precision was observed by using content words and vibhaktis in context vector over the context vector of content words after dropping vibhaktis of similar context window size. The authors obtained maximum precision of 50.73% by extracting vibhaktis in a ±3 window using WSD algorithm based on conditional probability of co-occurring words. They obtained maximum precision of 56.56% by extracting vibhaktis in a ±4 window using NB classifier.
Computer-mediated communication : linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives

1. Foreword 2. Introduction 3. I. Linguistic Perspectives 4. Electronic Language: A new variety of English (by Collot, Milena) 5. Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing (by Yates, Simeon J.) 6. Linguistic and interactional features of Internet Relay Chat (by Werry, Christopher C.) 7. Functional comparisons of face-to-face and computer-mediated decision making interactions (by Condon, Sherri L.) 8. Two variants of an electronic message schema (by Herring, Susan C.) 9. II. Social and Ethical Perspectives 10. Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities (by Kollock, Peter) 11. Our passionate response to virtual reality (by Deuel, Nancy R.) 12. Cyberfeminism (by Hall, Kira) 13. III. Cross-Cultural Perspectives 14. Computer-mediated conversations as a new dimension of intercultural communication between East Asian and North American college students (by Ma, Ringo) 15. Perceptions of American culture: The impact of an electronically-mediated cultural exchange program on Mexican high school students (by Meagher, Mary Elaine) 16. Visible conversation and academic inquiry: CMC in a culturally diverse classroom (by Golomb, Gregory G.) 17. IV. CMC and group Interaction 18. Group dynamics in an e-mail forum (by Korenman, Joan) 19. Writing to work: How using e-mail can reflect technological and organizational change (by Ziv, Oren) 20. The rhetorical dynamics of a community protest in cyberspace: What happened with Lotus Marketplace (by Gurak, Laura J.) 21. References 22. Index of names 23. Index of subjects
Seizure Sensitivity Is Ameliorated by Targeted Expression of K+–Cl− Cotransporter Function in the Mushroom Body of the Drosophila Brain

The kccDHS1 allele of kazachoc (kcc) was identified as a seizure-enhancer mutation exacerbating the bang-sensitive (BS) paralytic behavioral phenotypes of several seizure-sensitive Drosophila mutants. On their own, young kccDHS1 flies also display seizure-like behavior and demonstrate a reduced threshold for seizures induced by electroconvulsive shock. The product of kcc shows substantial homology to KCC2, the mammalian neuronal K+–Cl− cotransporter. The kccDHS1 allele is a hypomorph, and its seizure-like phenotype reflects reduced expression of the kcc gene. We report here that kcc functions as a K+–Cl− cotransporter when expressed heterologously in Xenopus laevis oocytes: under hypotonic conditions that induce oocyte swelling, oocytes that express Drosophila kcc display robust ion transport activity observed as a Cl−-dependent uptake of the K+ congener 86Rb+. Ectopic, spatially restricted expression of a UAS-kcc+ transgene was used to determine where cotransporter function is required in order to rescue the kccDHS1 BS paralytic phenotype. Interestingly, phenotypic rescue is largely accounted for by targeted, circumscribed expression in the mushroom bodies (MBs) and the ellipsoid body (EB) of the central complex. Intriguingly, we observed that MB induction of kcc+ functioned as a general seizure suppressor in Drosophila. Drosophila MBs have generated considerable interest especially for their role as the neural substrate for olfactory learning and memory; they have not been previously implicated in seizure susceptibility. We show that kccDHS1 seizure sensitivity in MB neurons acts via a weakening of chemical synaptic inhibition by GABAergic transmission and suggest that this is due to disruption of intracellular Cl− gradients in MB neurons.
Symmetry breaker governs synchrony patterns in neuronal inspired networks

Experiments in the human brain reveal switching between different activity patterns and functional network organization over time. Recently, multilayer modeling has been employed across multiple neurobiological levels (from spiking networks to brain regions) to unveil novel insights into the emergence and time evolution of synchrony patterns. We consider two layers with the top layer directly coupled to the bottom layer. When isolated, the bottom layer would remain in a specific stable pattern. However, in the presence of the top layer, the network exhibits spatiotemporal switching. The top layer in combination with the inter-layer coupling acts as a symmetry breaker, governing the bottom layer and restricting the number of allowed symmetry-induced patterns. This structure allows us to demonstrate the existence and stability of pattern states on the bottom layer, but most remarkably, it enables a simple mechanism for switching between patterns based on the unique symmetry-breaking role of the governing layer. We demonstrate that the symmetry breaker prevents complete synchronization in the bottom layer, a situation that would not be desirable in a normal functioning brain. We illustrate our findings using two layers of Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) oscillators, employing the Master Stability function approach in small networks to investigate the switching between patterns.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF VITAMINS A1 AND A2

The distribution of vitamins A1 and A2 has been determined in the eye tissues and livers of a number of fishes. The vitamins were differentiated by means of the antimony chloride reaction, which yields with A1 a band at 615–620 mµ and with A2 a band at about 696 mµ. In the retina the presence of vitamin A1 is diagnostic of the operation of a rhodopsin, and vitamin A2 of a porphyropsin cycle. The eye tissues of all permanently marine fishes examined, except the tautog, contain vitamin A1 alone. Those of all permanently freshwater fishes possess only vitamin A2. Those of all euryhaline (potentially migratory) fishes, except possibly the alewife, contain mixtures of both vitamins A, and always predominantly that one which ordinarily is associated with the environment in which the fish is spawned. These correlations extend in part to the liver oils, but most livers contain mixtures of both vitamins A, and occasionally in proportions the reverse of those in the eye tissues. The vitamin A configuration does not depend upon environmental circumstances, but is determined genetically. The transfer from vitamin A1 to A2 metabolism appears associated phylogenetically with migration of marine teleosts into fresh water.
A Harnack inequality for homogeneous graphs and subgraphs

We prove a Harnack inequality for eigenfunctions of certain homogeneous graphs and subgraphs which we call strongly convex. This inequality can be used to derive a lower bound for the (nontrivial) Neumann eigenvalues by l/(8kD) where k is the maximum degree and D denotes the diameter of the graph.
Ecological relevance in honeybee pesticide risk assessment: developing context-dependent scenarios to manage uncertainty

We reported 1 year ago (Henry et al., 2012a) that a sublethal dose of thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid pesticide used on some common flowering crops, reduces the ability of exposed honeybees to find their way back to the colony. More recently, Guez (2013) have raised concerns about the relevance of our study design. The obvious intention of the author was to discredit our study, both by seeking after inconsistencies in calculations and gathering new arguments against the experimental dose of thiamethoxam. In both case, we would like to carry out major rectifications of his statements. We fully agree that there is still place for improvement in the way one may estimate pesticide exposure levels in honeybees, and Guez (2013) brought interesting thoughts in that direction. However, this should be done with respect to the recent advance on that topic (ANSES, 2012; Cresswell and Thompson, 2012; EFSA, 2012a,b, 2013; Henry et al., 2012b) and with respect to the need for hierarchizing the sources of uncertainty. Herein, we show that the overestimation issue raised by Guez has already been addressed before and with an even greater magnitude of uncertainty. But at the heart of the debate is the way to deal with uncertainty in estimates of honeybee field exposure to pesticides. In that respect, we further underline (1) the need to properly hierarchize uncertainties using conventional ecological scaling approaches and (2) the need to investigate context-dependent exposure scenarios, whereby worse-case situations are explicitly linked with their spatial or temporal occurrence likelihood. Our main concern about Guez's comment is that the conclusions on the peer review of the risk assessment for bees, published consecutively to our study, were basically ignored (ANSES, 2012; EFSA, 2012a,b, 2013). The updated expertise and field measurements of nectar residues intake returned exposure levels of 0.10–0.33 ng.bee−1.day−1 (ANSES, 2012), 0.184–5.888 ng.bee−1.day−1 (EFSA, 2012a) and 0.553–2.903 ng.bee−1.day−1 (EFSA, 2013) for winter oilseed rape treated with thiamethoxam. Based on these results, one must admit that uncertainties in field exposure levels are so high that they should be the prime focus of risk assessors interested in refining honeybee exposure scenarios. Depending on the considered scenario, our 1.34 ng dose may actually overestimate by a factor of 13.4 or underestimate by a factor of 4.4 the real field exposure level. This actually overwhelms the uncertainty levels raised by Guez due to temporal variations in sugar content (<6-fold overestimations, Figure 1A in Guez, 2013) and due to spatial variations in daylight time available for foraging (Figure 1B in Guez, 2013). Although Guez made valuable efforts to challenge our study design, there is a higher level of uncertainty to deal with first.
Liposuction in Dercum's disease: impact on haemostatic factors associated with cardiovascular disease and insulin sensitivity

Berntorp E, Berntorp K, Brorson H, Frick K (University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden). Liposuction in Dercum's disease: impact on haemostatic factors associated with cardiovascular disease and insulin sensitivity. J Intern Med 1998; 243: 197–201.
Faster SDP Hierarchy Solvers for Local Rounding Algorithms

Convex relaxations based on different hierarchies of linear/semi-definite programs have been used recently to devise approximation algorithms for various optimization problems. The approximation guarantee of these algorithms improves with the number of rounds r in the hierarchy, though the complexity of solving (or even writing down the solution for) the r'th level program grows as n<sup>Ω(r)</sup> where n is the input size. In this work, we observe that many of these algorithms are based on local rounding procedures that only use a small part of the SDP solution (of size n<sup>O(1)</sup>2<sup>O(r)</sup> instead of n<sup>Ω(r)</sup>). We give an algorithm to find the requisite portion in time polynomial in its size. The challenge in achieving this is that the required portion of the solution is not fixed a priori but depends on other parts of the solution, sometimes in a complicated iterative manner. Our solver leads to n<sup>O(1)</sup>2<sup>O(r)</sup> time algorithms to obtain the same guarantees in many cases as the earlier n<sup>O(r)</sup> time algorithms based on r rounds of the Lasserre hierarchy. In particular, guarantees based on O(log n) rounds can be realized in polynomial time. For instance, one can (i) get O(1/λ<sub>r</sub>) approximations for graph partitioning problems such as minimum bisection and small set expansion in n<sup>O(1)</sup>2<sup>O(r)</sup> time, where λ<sub>r</sub> is the r'th smallest eigenvalue of the graph's normalized Laplacian; (ii) a similar guarantee in n<sup>O(1)</sup>k<sup>O(r)</sup> for Unique Games where k is the number of labels (the polynomial dependence on k is new); and (iii) find an independent set of size Ω(n) in 3-colorable graphs in (n2<sup>r</sup>)<sup>O(1)</sup> time provided λ<sub>n-r</sub> <; 17/16. We develop and describe our algorithm in a fairly general abstract framework. The main technical tool in our work, which might be of independent interest in convex optimization, is an efficient ellipsoid algorithm based separation oracle for convex programs that can output a certificate of infeasibility with restricted support. This is used in a recursive manner to find a sequence of consistent points in nested convex bodies that “fools” local rounding algorithms.
Conceptual change: A powerful framework for improving science teaching and learning

In this review, we discuss (1) how the notion of conceptual change has developed over the past three decades, (2) giving rise to alternative approaches for analysing conceptual change, (3) leading towards a multiperspective view of science learning and instruction that (4) can be used to examine scientific literacy and (5) lead to a powerful framework for improving science teaching and learning.
Effectiveness of the Jaw-Thrust Maneuver in Opening the Airway: A Flexible Fiberoptic Endoscopic Study

Objective: A prospective study was carried out to find the exact site of obstruction in sleep model and to quantitatively evaluate the effect of Jaw-thrust maneuver (JTM) in opening the obstructed airway using flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Methods: Twenty-eight ASA physical status I or II patients with snoring symptom undergoing elective surgery were included. The patients were held in supine position without hyperextension of the neck. Having induced anesthesia, the base of the tongue and laryngeal inlet and/or epiglottis were visualized using endoscope. The patients’ epiglottides were classified as leaf-shaped, curved (concaved or omega-shaped) and floppy types. We graded the airway opening at the level of epiglottis into six grades and obstruction at the tongue base level into four grades. The grades during inspiration (GrIns), expiration (GrExp) and after JTM (GrJTM) were recorded and compared with Pearson chi-square test. Results: The strictly curved (Ω-shaped or concaved) epiglottis supplied a salvage pathway for airflow that resisted collapsing with the posterior movement of the tongue base in 2 patients. When we compared GrIns with GrExp for epiglottis the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 0.001), but the difference for tongue base was not (χ2 = 0.152). After JTM, GrJTM for both epiglottis and tongue base were significantly better than GrIns and GrExp (χ2 < 0.001). Conclusion: Tongue base was the principal site of obstruction although during the respiratory cycle the position of epiglottis changed prominently and increased the obstruction in inspiration. JTM alone significantly relieved the obstruction at the tongue base and epiglottis levels and increased the retroglossal airway.