Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating Daily Regional Rainfall Fields by Multiquadric Functions: Accuracy of Interpolation and Decision Making

This paper reports on multiquadric functions', a specific type of radial basis functions, capablity of estimating daily precipitation on a regional scale. This is done with the software package SURFER, Version 6 (Golden Software, Inc. 1995). Beforehand, spatial correlation and anisotropy within the data were analysed with VARIOWIN 2.2 (Pannatier 1996). A geometric anisotropy along the NE-SW axes was identified. Anisotropy was reflected in the interpolation model by anisotropy ratios that were associated with the ranges of the directional variogram models. The performance of the estimation was assessed by traditional statistical methods. In order to highlight possible consequences of errors of decision making, a typecasting of errors was carried out by simplified decision rules with relevance to environmental objectives.
Supervisory control of dense real-time discrete-event systems with partial observation

In supervisory control theory, the basic task of the supervisor is to disable certain events of the plant so that the obtained behaviour lies within a given specification. We propose a method which extends this theory with the following two points. First, the plant and the specification contain temporal constraints and are described by a model called Timed Automata (TA). Second, the supervisor has only a partial observation of the behaviour of the plant. The problem that arises with the TA model is that the state space can be infinite. Recently, we proposed a method to finitely represent the state space which generates less states than the well-known region graph approach. Its principle consists of transforming a TA into a Finite State Automaton (FSA) using two special types of events: Set and Exp. Such a FSA is denoted se-FSA. In this article, we propose a method for the supervisory control of timed discrete event systems that are modelled by TA and partially observable. We use the above-mentioned transformation procedure for representing the plant and the specification by two se-FSAs. Then, we develop a procedure for generating the supervisor from the two se-FSAs that represent the plant and the specification. We also propose a supervisory control architecture.
Application of a Green's function method to heat conduction problems in multi-layered cylinders

In this paper, the Green's functions which are used in solving the heat conduc- tion problem in a composite cylinder are derived. The functions are obtained by the solution of one-dimensional eigenproblems and are presented in the form of eigenfunction series. The temperature in the cylinder as a function of time and space coordinates are expressed by the Green's functions. A numerical example is presented. wise, in papers (2, 3), the solution of the heat conduction problem in a cylinder was obtained by using the Laplace transform. The inverse transform has been numeri� cally determined. However, the numerical computations of the inverse transform often leads to numerical instabilities and for this reason the seeking of new methods is purposeful. The other approach to solving the problem is the use of the proper� ties of Green's functions which correspond to the initial boundary problem of heat conduction in the layers of the considered composite cylinder. Applications of the Green's functions to various problems of heat conduction are presented in the book by Beck et al. (4), in the book by Duffy (5) and in the book by Ozisik (6). The Green's function method to the heat conduction in a composite twolayered cylinder has been applied in reference (7). In this paper the Green's functions applying in the problems of the heat conduc� tion in finite, composite multilayered cylinders ar e derived. The functions are obtained by solving the heat conduction differential equation with homogenous boundary conditions of the second and third kind. An example of application of the Green's functions to the problem of heat conduction in radial direction of a twolayered cylinder is given. The temperature in the cylinder as a time function is numerically computed.
Blind equalization based on radius directed adaptation

A blind equalization algorithm, termed radius directed equalization (RDE), for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals based on the known modulus of the constellation symbol radii is described. For example, 16 QAM has three radii and 32 QAM has five radii. The algorithm uses the error between the equalizer output modulus and the nearest symbol radius to update the equalizer weights. The RDE algorithm provides faster convergence than the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) for QAM signals and is independent of the carrier offset. The algorithm is described in the context of blind carrier and baud clock recovery schemes. <<ETX>>
Effects of different additions to Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on silage quality

This research was carried out to determine the effects of different additions (urea and molasses) used with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) silage on fermentation, in vitro gas production, microbiological properties, in vitro digestibility parameters, and relative fodder quality (RFQ) in silages made under laboratory conditions. The Italian grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) used in the study was chopped to an approximate size of 2–3.0 cm. Amounts of 0, 2, and 4% molasses and 0, 0.5, and 1% urea were added to the fresh material as a percentage of dry matter. Because of the urea, crude protein (CP) of Italian ryegrass silage increased, but the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) decreased. While the addition of urea decreased the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations of the silage, it increased the pH, lactic acid, and ammonia (NH3) content. Molasses addition increased in vitro gas production and organic matter digestibility (OMD); urea increased metabolic energy (ME) and the net energy lactation (NEL) values of silages. Urea and molasses both increased in vitro digestibility parameters, microbial protein production and synthesis, and relative fodder quality of the silage. As a result of the research, it was determined that urea and molasses could be used at contents of 1.5% and 4%, respectively, in Italian ryegrass silage.
Efficacy of acupuncture combined with oral Chinese medicine in the treatment of arrhythmia: A meta-analysis

Background: At present, Western medicine treatment methods for arrhythmia emerge in an endless stream, but the accompanying side effects are also exposed, which brings pressure on medical resources and social economy. In recent years, the advantages of acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the control of arrhythmia have become increasingly prominent. Neiguan (PC6) is the collateral point in pericardium meridian; acupuncture at Neiguan can nourish the heart and calm the mind, and also plays an important role in treating arrhythmias. There is currently a lack of evidence-based medical evidence for the combination of acupuncture and TCM in the treatment of arrhythmia. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acupuncture combined with oral TCM in the treatment of arrhythmia. Methods: Randomized controlled trials published from the inception of databases to June 2022 were reviewed by searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, VIP, and WanFang databases. Review Manager 5.4. 1 was used for the meta-analysis after the reviewers scanned the literature, extracted information, and identified the risk of bias. Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials with 804 patients were reviewed, including 402 and 402 patients in the treatment and control groups, respectively. The results of the meta-analysis showed a significant benefit of acupuncture plus oral TCM in terms of clinical effectiveness compared with oral TCM alone (n = 696; relative risk (RR), 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 1.30; P < . 00001) and in lowering the number of premature beats in 24 hours (n = 374; standard mean difference, −10,55; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) −14.61 to −6.49; P < . 00001). Acupuncture plus oral TCM was also found to improve the conversion rate (n = 168; RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14–1.52; P = .0002) and increase the left ventricular ejection fraction (n = 250; mean difference, 6.57; 95% CI, 4.11–9.04; P < .00001), but it had no significant increase in adverse events (n = 262; RR, 0.57; 95% CI 0.30–1.09; P = .09). Conclusion: Compared with oral TCM alone, acupuncture combined with oral TCM showed a clear benefit in treating arrhythmias and had no increase in adverse events.
Radiation Therapy and the Microbiome; More Than a Gut Feeling

Abstract It is increasingly recognized that heterogeneities in tumor response and severity of adverse effects in irradiated patients can be attributed to the tumor microenvironment and host-related factors. Among the latter, a growing body of literature in recent years has demonstrated the role of the patient's microbiome in modulating both tumor and normal tissue response to radiotherapy (RT). Upon contact with the environment after birth, the infant's gastrointestinal tract is rapidly colonized by microbiota, which is low in diversity and predominantly characterized by 2 dominant species, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. With time, intestinal microbiota diversity increases, and colonization of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes becomes dominant. By the time a child reaches 3 years, the gut microbiota composition has been reshaped and is relatively similar to that of an adult. The microbiome colonizing the different body organs comprises various species and abundances, which may impact human health. Although the adult microbiome composition is thought to remain stable in health, microbiome diversity and composition respond to different environmental and pathological conditions, including pharmaceutical interventions and RT. Our review focuses on how the gut microbiota modulates normal tissue toxicity and tumor control. Readers who want to learn more about how RT shapes gut microbiome diversity and composition are referred to several excellent recently published reviews.
STAR-FORMATION IN THE SPIRAL ARMS OF NGC-4321 .2. H-I DISTRIBUTION AND KINEMATICS

We present H I 21 cm observations of the grand design spiral galaxy NGC 4321, as obtained with the VLA. From our original data, we have obtained data cubes with resolutions ranging from 13'' to 45''. The H I is observed to break up into small condensations at high resolution. These condensations, with typical masses of 3.3 +/- 0.7 x 10(7) M. , are not confined to the arm regions. They may be unresolved at 15'' resolution and thus may have physical sizes smaller than 1 kpc. The total H I distribution is mostly confined to the radius of the optical disk, but a large though faint extension is seen in the H I data at 45'' resolution on the SW side of the disk. NGC 4321 is asymmetric in H I and may be called ''lopsided. '' We have derived a rotation curve which agrees fairly well with what was previously published but shows more detail due to the higher resolution of our new observations. The rotation curve does not decline within the radius of the disk, but important differences are seen between the behavior of the approaching and the receding sides. These differences are caused by deviations from circular motions in the outer disk that are probably due to a close passage of the companion galaxy NGC 4322, which may also be the cause of the observed asymmetry in the total H I distribution. Deviations from circular motion due to density wave streaming are seen in the inner disk. From skewing of the velocity contours in the central part of NGC 4321, the presence of a nonaxisymmetric potential is deduced. Near-infrared and Halpha images indicate that a bar is indeed present in this galaxy. The deviations from circular motions seen in the velocity field can be identified with gas streaming around the bar in elongated orbits, in broad agreement with theoretical predictions.
A stochastic bulk model for turbulent collision and coalescence of cloud droplets

We propose a mathematical procedure to derive a stochastic parameterization for the bulk warm cloud micro-physical properties of collision and coalescence. Unlike previous bulk parameterizations, the stochastic parameterization does not assume any particular droplet size distribution, all parameters have physical meanings which are recoverable from data, all equations are independently derived making conservation of mass intrinsic, the auto conversion parameter is finely controllable, and the resultant parameterization has the flexibility to utilize a variety of collision kernels. This new approach to modelling the kinetic collection equation (KCE) decouples the choice of a droplet size distribution and a collision kernel from a cloud microphysical parameterization employed by the governing climate model. In essence, a climate model utilizing this new parameterization of cloud microphysics could have different distributions and different kernels in different climate model cells, yet employ a single parameterization scheme. This stochastic bulk model is validated theoretically and empirically against an existing bulk model that contains a simple enough (toy) collision kernel such that the KCE can be solved analytically. Theoretically, the stochastic model reproduces all the terms of each equation in the existing model and precisely reproduces the power law dependence for all of the evolving cloud properties. Empirically, values of stochastic parameters can be chosen graphically which will precisely reproduce the coefficients of the existing model, save for some ad-hoc non-dimensional time functions. Furthermore values of stochastic parameters are chosen graphically. The values selected for the stochastic parameters effect the conversion rate of mass cloud to rain. This conversion rate is compared against (i) an existing bulk model, and (ii) a detailed solution that is used as a benchmark. The utility of the stochastic bulk model is extended to include hydrodynamic and turbulent collision kernels for both clean and polluted clouds. The validation and extension compares the time required to convert 50% of cloud mass to rain mass, compares the mean rain radius at that time, and used detailed simulations as benchmarks. Stochastic parameters can be chosen graphically to replicate the 50% conversion time in all cases. The curves showing the evolution of mass conversion that are generated by the stochastic model with realistic kernels do not match corresponding benchmark curves at all times during the evolution for constant parameter values. The degree to which the benchmark curves represent ground truth, i.e. at-
Universal Tetanus–Diphtheria–Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy

Universal tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination during pregnancy reduces infant morbidity and mortality and is cost effective compared with no Tdap vaccination during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost effectiveness of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination in pregnant patients in the United States. METHODS: A decision-analytic model in TreeAge was developed to compare universal Tdap vaccination in pregnancy with no Tdap vaccination in pregnancy using a theoretical cohort of 3.66 million pregnant individuals, the approximate number of deliveries per year in the United States. Outcomes included infant pertussis infections, infant hospitalizations, infant encephalopathy cases, infant deaths, and maternal pertussis infections. All probabilities and costs were derived from the literature. Utilities were applied to discounted life expectancies at a rate of 3% to generate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). A strategy was considered cost effective if it had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of less than $100,000 per QALY. Univariable and multivariable sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the model to changes in the baseline assumptions. RESULTS: With a baseline assumption of vaccine cost at $47.75, Tdap vaccination was cost effective at $7,601 per QALY. The vaccination strategy was associated with a decrease of 22 infant deaths, 11 infant encephalopathy cases, 2,018 infant hospitalizations, 6,164 infant pertussis infections, and 8,585 maternal pertussis infections, with an increase of 19,489 QALYs. In sensitivity analyses, the strategy was cost effective until the incidence of maternal pertussis became lower than 1.6 cases per 10,000 individuals, the cost of the Tdap vaccine was greater than $540, or previous pertussis immunity was present in more than 92.1% of pregnant individuals. CONCLUSION: In a theoretical U.S. cohort of 3.66 million pregnant individuals, Tdap vaccination during pregnancy is cost effective and reduces infant morbidity and mortality compared with no vaccination during pregnancy. These findings are especially relevant given that approximately half of individuals are not vaccinated during pregnancy and recent data have shown that postpartum maternal vaccination and cocooning strategies are ineffective. Public health strategies to encourage greater uptake of Tdap vaccination should be used to reduce the morbidity and mortality of pertussis infection.
Trap-and-Track for Characterizing Surfactants at Interfaces

Understanding the behavior of surfactants at interfaces is crucial for many applications in materials science and chemistry. Optical tweezers combined with trajectory analysis can become a powerful tool for investigating surfactant characteristics. In this study, we perform trap-and-track analysis to compare the behavior of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) at water–glass interfaces. We use optical tweezers to trap a gold nanoparticle and statistically analyze the particle’s movement in response to various surfactant concentrations, evidencing the rearrangement of surfactants adsorbed on glass surfaces. Our results show that counterions have a significant effect on surfactant behavior at the interface. The greater binding affinity of bromide ions to CTA+ micelle surfaces reduces the repulsion among surfactant head groups and enhances the mobility of micelles adsorbed on the interface. Our study provides valuable insights into the behavior of surfactants at interfaces and highlights the potential of optical tweezers for surfactant research. The development of this trap-and-track approach can have important implications for various applications, including drug delivery and nanomaterials.
Computational Handbook of Statistics

1. Organizing Data and Some Simple Computations. 2. Confidence Intervals. 3. Correlation and Related Topics. 4. Analysis of Variance. 5. Supplemental Computations for Analysis of Variance. 6. Multivariate Analyses. 7. Nonparametric Tests, Miscellaneous Tests of Significance, and Indexes of Relationships. Appendices. Normal-Curve Areas. Critical Values of "Student's" t Statistic. Critical Values for Sandler's A Statistic. Values of the Chi-Square Statistic. Probabilities of the F Distribution. Fisher's z Transformation for Pearson's r Correlation Coefficient. Critical Values of Pearson's r Correlation Coefficient for Five Alpha Significance Levels. Critical Values of the U Statistic of the Mann-Whitney Test. Critical Values for Hartley's Maximum F Ratio Significance Test for Homogeneity of Variances. Significant Studentized Ranges for Duncan's New Multiple-Range Test. Significant Studentized Ranges for the Newman-Keuls' and Tukey Mulitple-Comparison Tests. Dunnett's Test: Comparison of Treatment Means with a Control. Critical Values of Wilcoxon's t Statistic for the Matched- Pairs, Signed-Ranks Test. Coefficients for Orthogonal Polynomials. Cumulative Probability Distribution for r', the Total Number of Runs Up or Down. Sample Size and Power.
Reversible line‐scan and circular synthetic aperture sonar processing with applications to object classification.

Spectral response as a function of aspect, often called “acoustic color,” is sometimes used to classify objects. The ability to utilize reversible imaging algorithms to enhance spectral features and to isolate the acoustic color plots of adjacent targets were previously demonstrated in the line‐scan case [Marston et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 2461 (2010)]. Sometimes the resonant or ringing part of an object’s response is isolated from the spatially localized background. This was verified by experiments at Washington State University with a metal cylinder where the ringing part was modeled using quantitative ray theory. An overview of multiple inversion techniques and the importance of the assumptions behind the beam forming processes involved will be given. Current research additionally concerns the application of reversible circular synthetic aperture sonar algorithms to enhance our understanding of the relationship between CSAS images of objects and particular spectral features present in color plots.
Double Superposed Epoch Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms and Corresponding Solar Wind and IMF in Solar Cycles 23 and 24

The weakest solar cycle 24 (SC24, 2010–2019) in 100 years was 1/3rd less active compared to the previous solar cycle 23 (SC23, 1996–2009). We identify 135 and 61 ICME (interplanetary coronal mass ejection) driven clear geomagnetic storms (DstMin ≤ −50 nT) in SC23 and SC24, respectively, giving a reduction of 55% storms in SC24, and present the double superposed epoch analysis (DSEA) of the storms/activities in SC23 and SC24 using the Dst, symmetric H (SymH), Kp and AE indices. The DSEA method for the corresponding solar wind velocity V, north‐south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz) and the product VBz are also presented. Compared to SC23, the maximum storm/activity intensity in SC24 reduces by 52%, 12%, and 45% at low, mid and high latitudes and the corresponding maxima in ‐VBz, V, and ‐Bz reduce by 39%, 17%, and 38%, respectively. The epoch average storm/activity intensity reduces by 27%, 11%, and 4% at low, mid and high latitudes and average maxima in ‐VBz, V, and ‐Bz reduce by 24%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. The results seem to reveal that the average reduction in the main driver ‐VBz (∼24%) might have caused nearly the same and equal average storm/activity intensity reductions in all latitudes (∼25%), though the irregular nature of the AE index makes the reduction very small (4%) at high latitudes, and small (∼11%) at mid latitudes mainly due to the small (0–9) quasi logarithmic scale of the Kp index.
The composition method

The subject of this dissertation is a model-theoretic decidability technique for monadic second-order theories. This technique, which we call the composition method, was used by Saharon Shelah and Yuri Gurevich to extend decidability results for linear orders in some sense as far as possible. Many properties of structures that are of importance in computer science are expressible in monadic second-order logic. There is an close connection between this logic and the theory of finite automata and regular languages. Unfortunately, the composition method has remained relatively unknown. Part of the purpose of this dissertation is to present the technique in an accessible manner, and to show that it provides a clarifying and unifying approach to many decision problems. This is done in part by giving new applications of the technique to problems for which other and varied methods have been developed. Two of these applications concern classes of graphs whose tree-width is bounded by some fixed number, and are novel uses of the composition method in the sense that they allow identification of elements in components of the composition. We also give a new general template for the use of the method (which allows for the identification mentioned above) in the form of theorems that give sufficient conditions for its application.