Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL CONSTRICTION OF A BLOOD VESSEL ON BLOOD FLOW

In many situations in which blood flow through a vessel is under consideration, it is frequently a matter of practical importance to estimate the reduction in blood flow which will result when the lumen of a blood vessel is partially obstructed or locally reduced by compression. As examples, a vessel lumen may be reduced from natural causes by external compression (e.g., extravascular muscular contraction, neoplastic masses), intrinsic pathologic changes (sclerotic plaques, scars), or artificially reduced by vessel clamps (Goldblatt clamps and other devices), flow measuring instruments (thermostromuhr, electromagnetic flow recorder), etc. Considering the diversified fields in which such information might be of practical value, little physiological work has been published which deals with the relationship of vessel bore to volume flow. Interest in this problem was aroused during the course of recent experimental studies in this laboratory on the accuracy of the thermostromuhr method for measuring blood flow (1, 2). It was observed that the application of a loosely fitting thermostromuhr unit to an artery frequently caused an appreciable decrease in the flow through the artery as measured by a rotameter (3). While it did not seem likely at the time that the lumen was markedly reduced by application of the thermostromuhr, no vessel diameter or wall thickness measurements were made from which values of lumen area could later be computed. These observations suggested the possibility that a relatively small external constriction of an artery could, under physiological conditions, induce an appreciable reduction in flow through a vessel. The study of vessel constriction and its flow limiting effects involves consideration of the various factors which determine the rate of blood flow through a given vessel segment. An expression of the interrelationship of these factors is given in Poiseuille’s law which states that the rate of flow through small tubes is directly proportional to the 4th power of the radius of the lumen and to the pressure drop across the two ends and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the blood and the length of the tube. Thus, for any vessel segment which is locally constricted, the accompanying reduction in blood flow will become greater as 1, the lumen is decreased; 2, the length of the segment constricted is increased, and 3, the viscosity of the blood is increased. If, in a given case, these factors remain fixed, the rate of flow through the constriction will be governed entirely by the pressure difference across the two ends of the constricted segment. The factors which determine this pressure difference in an
Consolation as possible expression of sympathetic concern among chimpanzees

Chimpanzees are known to spontaneously provide contact comfort to recent victims of aggression, a behavior known as consolation. Similar behavior in human children is attributed to empathic or sympathetic concern. In line with this empathy hypothesis, chimpanzee consolation has been shown to reduce the recipient's state of arousal, hence to likely alleviate distress. Other predictions from the empathy hypothesis have rarely been tested, however, owing to small sample sizes in previous studies. An exceptionally large database of spontaneous consolation in two outdoor-housed groups of chimpanzees lends further support to the empathy hypothesis in that consolation occurred disproportionally between individuals that are socially close (i.e., kin and affiliation partners) and was more typical of females than males, which differences are also known of human empathy. These effects were demonstrated using generalized linear mixed models, which control multiple variables at once. An exception to the above pattern was formed by the highest-ranking males, which frequently offered consolation to victims of aggression, probably as part of their general policing function in chimpanzee society. Consolation occurred more frequently in the absence of reconciliation between former opponents, suggesting that actors are sensitive to the contact need of victims of aggression, which may be greater if the aggressor ignores them. That consolation is an integrated part of close mutual relationships is supported by the tendency for it being reciprocated.
Propagation in Subway Tunnels : SISO and MIMO Channel Characterization

This paper first describes experimental results on the characterization of the propagation in subway tunnels. A first set of experiments have been carried out in Paris subway to determine the path loss, the long term and short term fading and the masking effect produced by a train. Then a wide band analysis has been performed both for a SISO (Single Input Single Output) and for a MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) transmission. The improvement of the channel capacity which can be expected with MIMO techniques is outlined. Key-Words :Propagation, MIMO, Tunnel, channel capacity
Nirvana Play: Short-Term Play on Academic Campuses

The undergraduate student experience is a unique phase of life, encompassing independence, social group membership, self-identity formation and changing support systems. In addition to their social evolution, students strive to perform well, driven by self and familial expectations, and peer competition native to collegiate environments. I explored these experiences at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), particularly with respect to a student's work-life balance and how non-academic campus spaces play a role in affecting the personal and social emotional environment for students on campus. In my research, I uncovered a persistent state of anxiety resulting from a constant focus on the self, a world-view limited to the CMU work-home bubble and peer-induced stress-all of which contributed to a negatively heightened emotional environment. Non-academic spaces provided on campus, such as recreational, exercise, eating and green savannah and garden spaces, which aimed to serve as coping mechanisms, were found to be difficult to access on a regular basis for various reasons, such as scheduling issues, membership requirements, inconvenient visibility and further, some facilities were found to be overcrowded or had broken equipment. Hence, they did not successfully allow students daily opportunities to mentally suspend themselves from their anxiety. My project looks at transitional environments as new sites for short playful interactions. The Nirvana Play pole is a technologically enhanced environment platform that is embedded on existing infrastructure present within the landscape of a campus i.e. street light posts in outdoor pathways. It has been designed to currently run three applications-the Shadow, the Tower and the Swarm. It aims to provide students with daily opportunities to break away and mentally suspend their anxiety. It strives to contribute to the creation of a preferred emotional environment within the CMU bubble.
Natural Pozzolan as a Partial Substitute for Cement in Concrete

In this paper, the use of natural pozzolan as a partial cement substitute in concrete materials is investigated. By means of a test series, four mixes using three types of natural pozzolan, as well as a Class F fly ash, are evaluated. The ef- fectiveness of each pozzolan in controlling alkali-silica reactions has been studied. Correlations have been revealed be- tween the mechanical properties of the proposed mixes and a Portland cement control mix. The results are also compared with industry standards for mortars made with fly ash and silica fume. The paper's findings indicate that one type of pozzolan may be used as a substitute for fly ash, but not for silica fume.
PROBABILITY UPDATI G FOR DECODER A D E CODER RATE CO TROL TURBO BASED WY ER-ZIV VIDEO CODI G

In Wyner-Ziv video coding (WZVC), powerful error correcting codes must be used to achieve high compression efficiency; turbo codes are the most commonly used error correcting codes in WZVC. To improve the turbo coding performance in the context of WZVC, this paper proposes a probability updating technique (PUT) acting as an outer loop of the common turbo decoding operation. Whenever a turbo decoded bitplane is not error-free, the proposed technique attempts to correct bitplane errors by updating the correlation noise probabilities for the most likely in error bits, followed by turbo redecoding. The new tool is evaluated both in the context of encoder rate control (ERC) and decoder rate control (DRC) turbo based WZVC scenarios with average overall PSNR gains up to about 0.5 dB in ERC and average WZ rate savings up to about 6% in DRC.
Seeking long‐term relationship: axon and target communicate to organize synaptic differentiation

Synapses form after growing axons recognize their appropriate targets. The subsequent assembly of aligned pre and postsynaptic specializations is critical for synaptic function. This highly precise apposition of presynaptic elements (i.e. active zones) to postsynaptic specializations (i.e. neurotransmitter receptor clusters) strongly suggests that communication between the axon and target is required for synaptic differentiation. What trans‐synaptic factors drive such differentiation at vertebrate synapses? First insights into the answers to this question came from studies at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where axon‐derived agrin and muscle‐derived laminin β2 induce post and presynaptic differentiation, respectively. Recent work has suggested that axon‐ and target‐derived factors similarly drive synaptic differentiation at central synapses. Specifically, WNT‐7a, neuroligin, synaptic cell adhesion molecule (SynCAM) and fibroblast growth factor‐22 (FGF‐22) have all been identified as target‐derived presynaptic organizers, whereas axon‐derived neuronal activity regulated pentraxin (Narp), ephrinB and neurexin reciprocally co‐ordinate postsynaptic differentiation. In addition to these axon‐ and target‐derived inducers of synaptic differentiation, factors released from glial cells have also been implicated in regulating synapse assembly. Together, these recent findings have profoundly advanced our understanding of how precise appositions are established during vertebrate nervous system development.
Evaluation of Location-Specific Predictions by a Detailed Simulation Model of Aedes aegypti Populations

Background Skeeter Buster is a stochastic, spatially explicit simulation model of Aedes aegypti populations, designed to predict the outcome of vector population control methods. In this study, we apply the model to two specific locations, the cities of Iquitos, Peru, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. These two sites differ in the amount of field data that is available for location-specific customization. By comparing output from Skeeter Buster to field observations in these two cases we evaluate population dynamics predictions by Skeeter Buster with varying degrees of customization. Methodology/Principal Findings Skeeter Buster was customized to the Iquitos location by simulating the layout of houses and the associated distribution of water-holding containers, based on extensive surveys of Ae. aegypti populations and larval habitats that have been conducted in Iquitos for over 10 years. The model is calibrated by adjusting the food input into various types of containers to match their observed pupal productivity in the field. We contrast the output of this customized model to the data collected from the natural population, comparing pupal numbers and spatial distribution of pupae in the population. Our results show that Skeeter Buster replicates specific population dynamics and spatial structure of Ae. aegypti in Iquitos. We then show how Skeeter Buster can be customized for Buenos Aires, where we only had Ae. aegypti abundance data that was averaged across all locations. In the Argentina case Skeeter Buster provides a satisfactory simulation of temporal population dynamics across seasons. Conclusions This model can provide a faithful description of Ae. aegypti populations, through a process of location-specific customization that is contingent on the amount of data available from field collections. We discuss limitations presented by some specific components of the model such as the description of food dynamics and challenges that these limitations bring to model evaluation.
Central Neurocytoma : Case Report and Literature Review

Intraventricular neoplasms are readily seen on cross-sectional images,consideration of the tissue within and the clinical findings provide the means to limit the differential diagnosis when analyzing an intraventricular mass on an imaging study. Central neurocytomas are rare, slow-growing, intraventricular tumors that are of neuronal origin, typically located in the lateral ventricles, near the foramen of Monro with characteristic imaging features. Central neurocytoma is a slow growing, benign neoplasm with a favorable prognosis and by using clinical and imaging findings one can significantly limit the differential diagnosis.
A Minimalistic Resource Allocation Model to Explain Ubiquitous Increase in Protein Expression with Growth Rate

Most proteins show changes in level across growth conditions. Many of these changes seem to be coordinated with the specific growth rate rather than the growth environment or the protein function. Although cellular growth rates, gene expression levels and gene regulation have been at the center of biological research for decades, there are only a few models giving a base line prediction of the dependence of the proteome fraction occupied by a gene with the specific growth rate. We present a simple model that predicts a widely coordinated increase in the fraction of many proteins out of the proteome, proportionally with the growth rate. The model reveals how passive redistribution of resources, due to active regulation of only a few proteins, can have proteome wide effects that are quantitatively predictable. Our model provides a potential explanation for why and how such a coordinated response of a large fraction of the proteome to the specific growth rate arises under different environmental conditions. The simplicity of our model can also be useful by serving as a baseline null hypothesis in the search for active regulation. We exemplify the usage of the model by analyzing the relationship between growth rate and proteome composition for the model microorganism E.coli as reflected in two recent proteomics data sets spanning various growth conditions. We find that the fraction out of the proteome of a large number of proteins, and from different cellular processes, increases proportionally with the growth rate. Notably, ribosomal proteins, which have been previously reported to increase in fraction with growth rate, are only a small part of this group of proteins. We suggest that, although the fractions of many proteins change with the growth rate, such changes could be part of a global effect, not requiring specific cellular control mechanisms.
The Abundance of Kaluza-Klein dark matter with coannihilation

In universal extra dimension models, the lightest Kaluza-Klein (KK) particle is generically the first KK excitation of the photon and can be stable, serving as particle dark matter. We calculate the thermal relic abundance of the KK photon for a general mass spectrum of KK excitations including full coannihilation effects with all (level-one) KK excitations. We find that including coannihilation can significantly change the relic abundance when the coannihilating particles are within about 20% of the mass of the KK photon. Matching the relic abundance with cosmological data, we find the mass range of the KK photon is much wider than previously found, up to about 2 TeV if the masses of the strongly interacting level-one KK particles are within 5% of the mass of the KK photon. We also find cases where several coannihilation channels compete (constructively and destructively) with one another. The lower bound on the KK photon mass, about 540 GeV when just right-handed KK leptons coannihilate with the KK photon, relaxes upward by several hundred GeV when coannihilation with electroweak KK gauge bosons of the same mass is included.
An improved bound on the Minkowski dimension of Besicovitch sets in $\mathbb{R}^3$

A Besicovitch set is a set which contains a unit line segment in any direction. It is known that the Minkowski and Hausdorfi dimensions of such a set must be greater than or equal to 5= 2i n 3 . In this paper we show that the Minkowski dimension must in fact be greater than 5= 2+ " for some absolute constant "> 0. One observation arising from the argument is that Besicovitch sets of near-minimal dimension have to satisfy certain strong properties, which we call \stickiness," \planiness," and \graininess. "
Risk factors associated with a breast cancer in a population of Moroccan women whose age is less than 40 years: a case control study

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in morocco women were it occupies the first place in term of incidence and mortality. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the risk factors associated with a breast cancer in a population of Moroccan women. Methods A case-control study was conducted with population women whose age is less than 40 years during 2008-2010 at the National Institute of Oncology of Rabat. These women were interviewed for Epidemiological information and risk factor for breast cancer. Results Included in this study were 124 cases and 148 age matched controls. No statistically significant case-control difference was found for the early age of menarche (OR = 2.474; CI 95%: 1.354- 4.521), and family antecedents of first degree of breast cancer (OR = 11.556; 95% CI: 2.548-52.411). However physical activity (OR = 0.507; 95% CI: 0.339 -0.757) early maternity age (OR = 0.212; 95% CI: 0.087 - 0.514), multiparity (OR = 0.742; 95% CI: 0.359 -1.539) and breastfeeding than 6 months (OR = 0.739; 95% CI: 0.357 -1.523) appear as significant protective factors. Conclusion This study show the criminalization of only part of the known risk factors of breast cancer in this age group and confirms the probable protective role of physical activity and factors related to life reproductive women in our study (early childbearing, multiparity and lactation).
Systematic Lossy Source/Channel Coding

The fundamental limits of "systematic" communication are analyzed. In systematic transmission, the decoder has access to a noisy version of the uncoded raw data (analog or digital). The coded version of the data is used to reduce the average reproduced distortion D below that provided by the uncoded systematic link and/or increase the rate of information transmission. Unlike the case of arbitrarily reliable error correction (D/spl rarr/0) for symmetric sources/channels, where systematic codes are known to do as well as nonsystematic codes, we demonstrate that the systematic structure may degrade the performance for nonvanishing D. We characterize the achievable average distortion and we find necessary and sufficient conditions under which systematic communication does not incur loss of optimality. The Wyner-Ziv (1976) rate distortion theorem plays a fundamental role in our setting. The general result is applied to several scenarios. For a Gaussian bandlimited source and a Gaussian channel, the invariance of the bandwidth-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, in decibels) product is established, and the optimality of systematic transmission is demonstrated. Bernoulli sources transmitted over binary-symmetric channels and over certain Gaussian channels are also analyzed. It is shown that if nonnegligible bit-error rate is tolerated, systematic encoding is strictly suboptimal.
Auditors' forecasting in going concern decisions: framing, confidence and information processing

Forecasts provide a key factor in determining whether a client remain a going-concern. Auditors’ judgments and decision choices may be called upon to evaluate a forecast that could shed light on a company’s going-concern status. This research attempts to model evaluations and choice and two additional components influencing auditors’ opinions in the going concern task: decision framing and confidence in the decision that is made. A field experiment was conducted in which auditors assessed a company’s forecasted financial statements and made a decision about whether to issue an examination report supporting the statements. A revised information processing model was presented and tested that added the roles of framing and confidence in auditors’ decision making. It was found that decision framing influenced auditors’ perception. Perceived understanding influenced subsequent evaluations of the reasonableness of client-provided financial forecasts, which in turn influenced decisions about whether to issue an assurance letter supporting the forecasted financial statements.
The modified GTCF method and its application to multi-branch multihop relaying systems with full selection diversity

A modification to the new transform method, the generalized transformed characteristic function (GTCF), is proposed to reduce its computational complexity. The GTCF and the modified GTCF (M-GTCF) use a new transform domain rather than the conventional moment generating function or characteristic function approaches. The M-GTCF gives exact solutions in single integral form for the probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of multihop amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying systems. The M-GTCF method is applied to obtain exact, integral solutions for the average symbol error probability and the outage probability of multi-branch, multihop AF relaying systems with full selection diversity. The results are precise for any number of hops, N, any number of branches, L, and can accommodate any channel fading distribution. The GTCF method can provide exact solution for such systems. However, the M-GTCF method provides the first exact theoretical solution for such systems with complexity less than the GTCF method.
Injection molding scrap reduction: a study in the relationships of plastics processing methods

Nguyen Duoc T. (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Initial) Injection Molding Scrap Reduction: a Study in the (Title) Relationships of Plastics Processing Methods Management Technology Robert H. Feirn & Linards Stradins 5/2004 57 Pages (Graduate Major) (Research Advisor) (Month/Year) (No. of Pages) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Name of Style Manual Used in this Study) To maintain competitiveness and maximize profits in today’s marketplace, one of the most important aspects that organizations must focus on is scrap reduction. In the plastics industry Phillips Plastics-Short Run, an injection molding facility, methodically collects data in an effort to better understand and control scrap generation. The purpose of this research is to analyze the scrap levels associated with variances occurring in the injection molding machines, processes, materials, and operators at the Short Run facility. The results help to identify the possible causes of scrap and will lead to an appropriate solution to support Short Run in reducing scrap.