Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corona Formation and Heat Loss on Venus by Coupled Upwelling and Delamination

Coronae are volcanotectonic features that are unique to Venus and are interpreted to be small-scale upwellings. A model in which upwelling causes delamination at the edge of the plume head, along with deformation of a preexisting depleted mantle layer, produced the full range of topographic forms of coronae. If half of the coronae are active, delamination of the lower lithosphere could account for about 10 percent of Venus9 heat loss, with another 15 percent due to upwelling. Delamination may occur in other geologic environments and could account for some of Venus9 heat loss “deficit. ”
Training in pediatric anesthesia for registrars – UK National survey

Background: The aim of this National survey was to review the training provided in pediatric anesthesia to all registrars across all deaneries in the United Kingdom. The Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCA) recognizes training in pediatric anesthesia as an important training module for specialist registrars in years 1 and 2 of their training and recommends that this training should be delivered in 1–3‐month blocks.
Simulated small-channel bed scour and head cut erosion rates compared

Concentrated-flow erosion is often a major part of cropland erosion. The concentrated-flow processes of bed scour and head cut need improved characterization to better predict and prevent erosion. This study was conducted to compare the erosion rates due to simulated small-scale bed-scour (D b ) and head-cut (D h ) processes. A 6.4-m-long by 0.15-m-wide hydraulic flume was used to simulate concentrated-flow erosion on five Midwestern soils: Barnes (fine-loamy, mixed Udic Haploboroll), Forman (fine-loamy, mixed Udic Argiboroll), Mexico (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Udollic Ochraqualf), Sharpsburg (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll), and Sverdrup (sandy, mixed Udic Haploboroll). For slopes of 1.5, 3.5, and 5.0%, flow rates of 3.78, 5.67, 7.65, 11.34, and 15.12 L min -1 were used to provide a range from low (0.5 Pa) to moderate (1.5 Pa) shear stresses (τ). Soil detachment rates are functions of slope, flow rate, and shear stress. Slope, flow, their squares, and the slope×flow interaction were highly significant predictors of D b . Only flow, its square, and its interaction with slope were significant predictors of D h . Nonlinear power regressions using τ as an independent variable were better predictors of detachment than simple linear regressions. Erodibility for the soils from this study does not relate well with soil erodibility calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Differences in the slope and intercept of detachment vs. τ exist among soils. The value of D h was at least four times greater than D b for all soils at equal slope and flow rate, indicating that head cutting is the main process of detachment for the conditions tested
CS229: Grant Prediction with Network Features

This project investigates supervised learning to predict grant proposal approval or rejection, using the Mimir project’s data on external grants applied for by Stanford faculty. Baseline features relating to the grant itself and faculty features are used, in particular the novel use of a faculty member’s network to extract features is investigated and its eects on grant prediction.
Router Dual IPv4/IPv6: una transición hacia las Redes IPv6

Desde su inicio, Internet ha crecido rapidamente transformandose desde una red de investigacion a una red comercial con un alcance mundial. Internet se ha convertido en un medio apropiado y economico para la colaboracion de usuarios, aprendizaje, comercio electronico y entretenimiento. Un consenso comun indica que Internet se podria transformar en el medio comun para la convergencia de la comunicacion de voz, video y datos. Al mismo tiempo, esta evolucionando desde un servicio sin garantias hacia un marco de servicios integrados o diferenciados con garantias de calidad de servicio para el soporte de las nuevas aplicaciones multimedia. Por otro lado, para un mejor entendimiento de estas propuestas es necesario disponer de nuevas herramientas. Existen diversos sistemas para implementar redes con los nuevos protocolos y nuevas arquitecturas. Una de ellas es la herramienta Click, que permite disenar, configurar y emular componentes internos de routers para que soporten nuevos protocolos como IPv6 y soluciones a los problemas actuales de la Internet. Este articulo presenta el diseno, implementacion y evaluacion de un router dual IPv4/IPv6 desarrollado sobre la arquitectura de software Click; el diseno implementa las funcionalidades basicas de IPv4/IPv6. Tambien, esta arquitectura de software representa una potente herramienta en el campo del software educativo para el
A Multilevel State Estimation Paradigm for Smart Grids

The main objective of this paper is to describe a multilevel framework that facilitates seamless integration of existing state estimators (SEs) that are designed to function at different levels of modeling hierarchy in order to accomplish very large-scale monitoring of interconnected power systems. This has been a major challenge for decades as power systems grew pretty much independently in different areas, which had to operate in an interconnected and synchronized fashion. The paper initially provides a brief historical perspective which also explains the existing state estimation paradigm. This is followed by a review of the recent technological and regulatory drivers that are responsible for the new developments in the energy management functions. The paper then shows that a common theoretical framework can be used to implement a hierarchical scheme by which even very large-scale power systems can be efficiently and accurately monitored. This is illustrated for substation level, transmission system level as well as for a level between different transmission system operators in a given power system. Finally, the paper describes the use and benefits of phasor measurements when incorporated at these different levels of the proposed infrastructure. Numerical examples are included to illustrate performance of the proposed multilevel schemes.
Simulating the Effect of Vegetation in Formation of Pedogenic Carbonate

The impacts of dynamic plant growth and microbial respiration have not been simulated in numerical models for calcite accumulation but are likely important because of their influence on variables governing calcite solubility. We simulated soil calcite dissolution and precipitation with HYDRUS-1D, which considers vegetation-soil interactions. We investigated vegetated vs. nonvegetated soil surfaces and the effect of plant phenology on seasonal calcite accumulation patterns in a silt loam soil. In each model run, calcite was leached from the shallow subsurface and redistributed deeper in the soil. Under identical boundary conditions, calcite accumulated in a narrower, more concentrated horizon (55% more calcite by mass) under a vegetated than a bare surface. The most significant periods of calcite accumulation corresponded with the onset of seasonal plant growth and root water uptake, when water was flowing up and focusing Ca ions in the root zone, resulting in the narrower, concentrated carbonate horizon. Therefore, accumulation of soil calcite occurred at temperatures 10°C higher for a simulation with summer plant growth {phenology based on C₄ grass blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths]} than for a simulation with spring plant growth occurred in the spring (intended to approximate a C₃ plant community). Calcite was precipitated at or near thermodynamic equilibrium in the simulations, whereas previous empirical studies of calcic soils indicate the typical presence of calcite-supersaturated soil water and groundwater. More accurate, future simulations of CaCO₃ accumulation should address this discrepancy, perhaps by incorporating a process that inhibits calcite precipitation, which might push calcite accumulation later in the year than simulated here.
Learnability and automatizability

We consider the complexity of properly learning concept classes, i.e. when the learner must output a hypothesis of the same form as the unknown concept. We present the following upper and lower bounds on well-known concept classes: 1) We show that unless NP = RP, there is no polynomial-time PAC learning algorithm for DNF formulae where the hypothesis is an OR-of-thresholds. Note that as special cases, we show that neither DNF nor OR-of-thresholds are properly learnable unless NP = RP. Previous hardness results have required strong restrictions on the size of the output DNF formula. We also prove that it is NP-hard to learn the intersection of /spl lscr/ /spl ges/ 2 halfspaces by the intersection of k halfspaces for any constant k > 0. Previous work held for the case when k = /spl lscr/; 2) Assuming that NP /spl nsube/ DTIME(2/sup n/spl epsi//) for a certain constant /spl epsiv/ < 1 we show that it is not possible to learn size s decision trees by size s/sup k/ decision trees for any k /spl ges/ 0. Previous hardness results for learning decision trees held for k /spl les/ 2; 3) We present the first nontrivial upper bounds on properly learning DNF formulae and decision trees. In particular we show how to learn size s DNF by DNF in time 2/sup O~/(/spl radic/(n log s)), and how to learn size s decision trees by decision trees in time n/sup O(log s)/. The hardness results for DNF formulae and intersections of halfspaces are obtained via specialized graph products for amplifying the hardness of approximating the chromatic number as well as applying work on the hardness of approximate hypergraph coloring. The hardness results for decision trees, as well as the upper bounds, are obtained by developing a connection between automatizability in proof complexity and learnability, which may have other applications.
High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium.

CONTEXT Prevalence data are important for assessing the burden of disease on the health care system; data on pituitary adenoma prevalence are very scarce. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to measure the prevalence of clinically relevant pituitary adenomas in a well-defined population. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional, intensive, case-finding study performed in three regions of the province of Liège, Belgium, to measure pituitary adenoma prevalence as of September 30, 2005. SETTING The study was conducted in specialist and general medical practitioner patient populations, referral hospitals, and investigational centers. METHODS Three demographically and geographically distinct districts of the province of Liège were delineated precisely using postal codes. Medical practitioners in these districts were recruited, and patients with pituitary adenomas under their care were identified. Diagnoses were confirmed after retrieval of clinical, hormonal, radiological, and pathological data; full demographic and therapeutic follow-up data were collected in all cases. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients with clinically relevant pituitary adenomas were identified in a population of 71,972 individuals; the mean (+/- sd) prevalence was 94 +/- 19.3 cases per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval, 72.2 to 115.8). The group was 67.6% female and had a mean age at diagnosis of 40.3 yr; 42.6% had macroadenomas and 55.9% underwent surgery. Prolactinomas comprised 66% of the group, with the rest having nonsecreting tumors (14.7%), somatotropinomas (13.2%), or Cushing's disease (5.9%); 20.6% had hypopituitarism. CONCLUSION The prevalence of pituitary adenomas in the study population (one case in 1064 individuals) was more than 3.5-5 times that previously reported. This increased prevalence may have important implications when prioritizing funding for research and treatment of pituitary adenomas.
Turbo coded MIMO multiplexing with iterative adaptive soft parallel interference cancellation

An iterative adaptive soft parallel interference canceller (ASPIC) is proposed for turbo coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing. ASPIC is applied to transform a MIMO channel into single-input multiple-output (SIMO) channels for maximum ratio diversity combining (MRC). In the iterative ASPIC, replicas of the interference from different transmit antennas are generated and subtracted from the received signals. The log-likelihood ratio (LLR) sequence, obtained as the turbo decoder output, is fed back for iterative interference cancellation. At the transmitter, the information bit sequences and parity bit sequences are transmitted from different antennas. The achievable bit error rate (BER) performance of turbo coded MIMO multiplexing with the proposed iterative ASPIC in a Rayleigh fading channel is evaluated by computer simulation.
Linking Demographic Processes of Juvenile Corals to Benthic Recovery Trajectories in Two Common Reef Habitats

Tropical reefs are dynamic ecosystems that host diverse coral assemblages with different life-history strategies. Here, we quantified how juvenile (<50 mm) coral demographics influenced benthic coral structure in reef flat and reef slope habitats on the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Permanent plots and settlement tiles were monitored every six months for three years in each habitat. These environments exhibited profound differences: the reef slope was characterised by 95% less macroalgal cover, and twice the amount of available settlement substrata and rates of coral settlement than the reef flat. Consequently, post-settlement coral survival in the reef slope was substantially higher than that of the reef flat, and resulted in a rapid increase in coral cover from 7 to 31% in 2.5 years. In contrast, coral cover on the reef flat remained low (~10%), whereas macroalgal cover increased from 23 to 45%. A positive stock-recruitment relationship was found in brooding corals in both habitats; however, brooding corals were not directly responsible for the observed changes in coral cover. Rather, the rapid increase on the reef slope resulted from high abundances of broadcast spawning Acropora recruits. Incorporating our results into transition matrix models demonstrated that most corals escape mortality once they exceed 50 mm, but for smaller corals mortality in brooders was double those of spawners (i.e. acroporids and massive corals). For corals on the reef flat, sensitivity analysis demonstrated that growth and mortality of larger juveniles (21–50 mm) highly influenced population dynamics; whereas the recruitment, growth and mortality of smaller corals (<20 mm) had the highest influence on reef slope population dynamics. Our results provide insight into the population dynamics and recovery trajectories in disparate reef habitats, and highlight the importance of acroporid recruitment in driving rapid increases in coral cover following large-scale perturbation in reef slope environments.
The dendroclimatological potential of an alpine shrub, cassiope mertensiana, from mount rainier, wa, usa

Abstract The application of dendrochronological techniques to shrubs found in arctic and alpine plant communities is opening previously untapped regions to the exploration of plant‐climate ecological relationships and climate reconstruction. In this pilot study, we present growth (1963–2004), reproduction (1963–2004), and stable carbon isotope ratio (1975–2004) chronologies for Cassiope mertensiana from a subalpine site in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA. Based on simple linear correlation analysis, positive correlations characterize plant growth and previous year mean maximum temperature in April and June, suggesting the influence of temperature on snowpack and, in turn, on growing season length, plant and soil insulation, and nutrient and moisture availability. Plant growth and reproduction are significantly correlated with current year July mean maximum temperature and total precipitation, indicating the importance of a warm and extended growing season for optimal plant development. Using step‐wise multiple linear regression analysis, we developed a preliminary calibration model for July mean maximum temperature (R=0.63), extending over the 1974–2004 time period. This archive has the potential to elucidate multi‐scale, spatially‐explicit, ecological and climatic information for alpine ecosystems situated along a north‐south transect from the southern Yukon to the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
Rethinking Memory Permissions for Protection Against Cross-Layer Attacks

The inclusive permissions structure (e.g., the Intel ring model) of modern commodity CPUs provides privileged system software layers with arbitrary permissions to access and modify client processes, allowing them to manage these clients and the system resources efficiently. Unfortunately, these inclusive permissions allow a compromised high-privileged software layer to perform arbitrary malicious activities. In this article, our goal is to prevent attacks that cross system layers while maintaining the abilities of system software to manage the system and allocate resources. In particular, we present a hardware-supported page permission framework for physical pages that is based on the concept of noninclusive sets of memory permissions for different layers of system software (such as hypervisors, operating systems, and user-level applications). Instead of viewing privilege levels as an ordered hierarchy with each successive level being more privileged, we view them as distinct levels each with its own set of permissions. In order to enable system software to manage client processes, we define a set of legal permission transitions that support resource allocation but preserve security. We show that the model prevents a range of recent attacks. We also show that it can be implemented with negligible performance overhead (both at load time and at runtime), low hardware complexity, and minimal changes to the commodity OS and hypervisor code.
LMI Techniques for Optimization Over Polynomials in Control: A Survey

Numerous tasks in control systems involve optimization problems over polynomials, and unfortunately these problems are in general nonconvex. In order to cope with this difficulty, linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques have been introduced because they allow one to obtain bounds to the sought solution by solving convex optimization problems and because the conservatism of these bounds can be decreased in general by suitably increasing the size of the problems. This survey aims to provide the reader with a significant overview of the LMI techniques that are used in control systems for tackling optimization problems over polynomials, describing approaches such as decomposition in sum of squares, Positivstellensatz, theory of moments, Pólya's theorem, and matrix dilation. Moreover, it aims to provide a collection of the essential problems in control systems where these LMI techniques are used, such as stability and performance investigations in nonlinear systems, uncertain systems, time-delay systems, and genetic regulatory networks. It is expected that this survey may be a concise useful reference for all readers.
Determining Host Metabolic Limitations on Viral Replication via Integrated Modeling and Experimental Perturbation

Viral replication relies on host metabolic machinery and precursors to produce large numbers of progeny - often very rapidly. A fundamental example is the infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T7. The resource draw imposed by viral replication represents a significant and complex perturbation to the extensive and interconnected network of host metabolic pathways. To better understand this system, we have integrated a set of structured ordinary differential equations quantifying T7 replication and an E. coli flux balance analysis metabolic model. Further, we present here an integrated simulation algorithm enforcing mutual constraint by the models across the entire duration of phage replication. This method enables quantitative dynamic prediction of virion production given only specification of host nutritional environment, and predictions compare favorably to experimental measurements of phage replication in multiple environments. The level of detail of our computational predictions facilitates exploration of the dynamic changes in host metabolic fluxes that result from viral resource consumption, as well as analysis of the limiting processes dictating maximum viral progeny production. For example, although it is commonly assumed that viral infection dynamics are predominantly limited by the amount of protein synthesis machinery in the host, our results suggest that in many cases metabolic limitation is at least as strict. Taken together, these results emphasize the importance of considering viral infections in the context of host metabolism.
Fuzzy-Clustering Durability Diagnosis of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Dedicated to Transportation Applications

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (FCs) are often considered as the most promising power-generation sources for next- generation electrical or hybrid electrical vehicles. However, areas needing further development are the improvements of the efficiency, durability, and reliability of the whole powertrain. Moreover, freeze start of the FC system is also a major issue. To reach these aims, diagnosis solutions of FC stacks and systems can speed up the development cycle of this new technology. The aim of this paper is, thus, to propose some guidelines within the framework of embedded FC system durability diagnosis.
Killer whale ecotypes: is there a global model?

Killer whales, Orcinus orca, are top predators occupying key ecological roles in a variety of ecosystems and are one of the most widely distributed mammals on the planet. In consequence, there has been significant interest in understanding their basic biology and ecology. Long‐term studies of Northern Hemisphere killer whales, particularly in the eastern North Pacific (ENP), have identified three ecologically distinct communities or ecotypes in that region. The success of these prominent ENP studies has led to similar efforts at clarifying the role of killer whale ecology in other regions, including Antarctica. In the Southern Hemisphere, killer whales present a range of behavioural, social and morphological characteristics to biologists, who often interpret this as evidence to categorize individuals or groups, and draw general ecological conclusions about these super‐predators. Morphologically distinct forms (Type A, B, C, and D) occur in the Southern Ocean and studies of these different forms are often presented in conjunction with evidence for specialised ecology and behaviours. Here we review current knowledge of killer whale ecology and ecotyping globally and present a synthesis of existing knowledge. In particular, we highlight the complexity of killer whale ecology in the Southern Hemisphere and examine this in the context of comparatively well‐studied Northern Hemisphere populations. We suggest that assigning erroneous or prefatory ecotypic status in the Southern Hemisphere could be detrimental to subsequent killer whale studies, because unsubstantiated characteristics may be assumed as a result of such classification. On this basis, we also recommend that ecotypic status classification for Southern Ocean killer whale morphotypes be reserved until more evidence‐based ecological and taxonomic data are obtained.