Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fundamental constants and high resolution spectroscopy

Absorption-line systems detected in high resolution quasar spectra can be used to compare the value of dimensionless fundamental constants such as the fine-structure constant, α, and the proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ = mp/me, as measured in remote regions of the Universe to their value today on Earth. In recent years, some evidence has emerged of small temporal and also spatial variations in α on cosmological scales which may reach a fractional level of ≈ 10 ppm (parts per million). We are conducting a Large Programme of observations with the Very Large Telescope's Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES), and are obtaining high-resolution (R ≈ 60000) and high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ≈ 100) spectra calibrated specifically to study the variations of the fundamental constants. We here provide a general overview of the Large Programme and report on the first results for these two constants, discussed in detail in Molaro et al. (2013) and Rahmani et al. (2013). A stringent bound for Δα /α is obtained for the absorber at zabs = 1.6919 towards HE 2217-2818. The absorption profile is complex with several very narrow features, and is modeled with 32 velocity components. The relative variation in α in this system is +1.3 ± 2.4stat ± 1.0sys ppm if Al II λ 1670 A and three FeII transitions are used, and +1.1 ± 2.6stat ppm in a slightly different analysis with only FeII transitions used. This is one of the tightest bounds on α -variation from an individual absorber and reveals no evidence for variation in α at the 3-ppm precision level (1σ confidence). The expectation at this sky position of the recently-reported dipolar variation of α is (3.2–5.4) ± 1.7 ppm depending on dipole model used and this constraint of Δα /α at face value is not supporting this expectation but not inconsistent with it at the 3σ level. For the proton-to-electron mass ratio the analysis of the H2 absorption lines of the zabs ≈ 2.4018 damped Lyα system towards HE 0027–1836 provides Δμ /μ = (–7.6 ± 8.1stat ± 6.3sys) ppm which is also consistent with a null variation. The cross-correlation analysis between individual exposures taken over three years and comparison with almost simultaneous asteroid observations revealed the presence of a possible wavelength dependent velocity drift as well as of inter-order distortions which probably dominate the systematic error and are a significant obstacle to achieve more accurate measurements. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Application of geometrical irregularities identification using the cubic phase masks

The geometrical analysis of the healthy and the deformed biological cells is a very helpful aide to the generally more expensive and complicated pathological methods for disease detection. The methods demonstrated in this paper have successfully identified the healthy and the distorted cells using the cubic phase masks as the Fourier domain filters and a 4-f setup architecture of the Fourier Optics principles and the orientation wise weighted tuning of the edges of the cell. For two orthogonal arrangements of the mask, two images are generated. For the healthy and regular shaped cells, the maximum intensity values of these two images are the same whereas they are different for a distorted cell – for example, an ellipse or a sickle cell. Moreover, the maximum intensity values of the two halves of an image frame for a particular arrangement of the mask will be different for a tear-drop cell. These maximum brightness values are automatically read and the appropriate marking of these recognized cells has been done in an automated process.
CO(J = 1 – 0) Observations toward the Filamentary Cloud in the Galactic Region of 153.°60 ≤ l ≤ 156.°50 and 1.°85 ≤ b ≤ 3.°50

We present observations of the J = 1 – 0 transition lines of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O toward the Galactic region of 153. °60 ≤ l ≤ 156. °50 and 1. °85 ≤ b ≤ 3. °50, using the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7 m millimeter telescope. Based on the 13CO data, one main filament and five subfilaments are found together as a network structure in the velocity interval of [−42.5, −30.0] km s−1. The kinematic distance of this molecular cloud is estimated to be ∼4.5 kpc. The median length, width, excitation temperature, and line mass of these filaments are ∼49 pc, ∼2.9 pc, ∼8.9 K, and ∼39 M ⊙ pc−1, respectively. The velocity structures along these filaments exhibit oscillatory patterns, which are likely caused by the fragmentation or accretion process along these filaments. The maximum accretion rate is estimated to be ∼700 M ⊙ pc−1. A total of ∼162 13CO clumps and ∼103 young stellar objects are identified in this region. Most of the clumps are in gravitationally bound states. Three H ii regions (G154.359+2.606, SH2-211, and SH2-212) are found to be located in the apexes of the filaments. Intense star-forming activity is found along the entire filamentary cloud. The observed results may help us to better understand the link between filaments and massive star formation.
Development of parallel strongly coupled hybrid fluid-structure interaction technology involving thin geometrically non-linear structures

This work details the development of a computational tool that can accurately model strongly-coupled fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) problems, with a particular focus on thin-walled structures undergoing large, geometrically non-linear deformations, which has a major interest in, amongst others, the aerospace and biomedical industries. The first part of this work investigates improving the efficiency with which a stable and robust in-house code, Elemental, models thin structures undergoing dynamic fluid-induced bending deformations. Variations of the existing finite volume formulation as well as linear and higher-order finite element formulations are implemented. The governing equations for the solid domain are formulated in a total Lagrangian or undeformed conguration and large geometrically non-linear deformations are accounted for. The set of equations is solved via a single-step Jacobi iterative scheme which is implemented such as to ensure a matrix-free and robust solution. Second-order accurate temporal discretisation is achieved via dual-timestepping, with both consistent and lumped mass matrices and with a Jacobi pseudo-time iteration method employed for solution purposes. The matrix-free approach makes the scheme particularly well-suited for distributed memory parallel hardware architectures. Three key outcomes, not well documented in literature, are highlighted: the issue of shear locking or sensitivity to element aspect ratio, which is a common problem with the linear Q4 finite element formulation when subjected to bending, is evaluated on the finite volume formulations; a rigorous comparison of finite element vs. finite volume methods on geometrically non-linear structures is done; a higher-order finite volume solid mechanics procedure is developed and evaluated. The second part of this work is concerned with fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modelling. It considers the implementation and coupling of a higherorder finite element structural solver with the existing finite volume fluid-flow solver in Elemental. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first instance in which a strongly-coupled hybrid finite element–finite volume FSI formulation is developed. The coupling between the fluid and structural components with non-matching nodes is rigorously assessed. A new partitioned fluid-solid interface coupling methodology is also developed, which ensures stable partitioned solution for strongly-coupled problems without any additional computational overhead. The solver is parallelised for distributed memory parallel hardware architectures. The developed technology is successfully validated through rigorous temporal and mesh independent studies of representative two-dimensional strongly-coupled large-displacement FSI test problems for which analytical or benchmark solutions exist.
A Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Problem Solving 1-1 Mathematics and Problem Solving 1-2 Explorations with Patterns 1-3 Algebraic Thinking 1-4 Logic: An Introduction Chapter 2 Sets, Whole Numbers, and Functions 2-1 Describing Sets 2-2 Other Set Operations and Their Properties 2-3 Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers 2-4 Multiplication and Division of Whole Numbers 2-5 Functions Chapter 3 Numeration Systems and Whole-Number Computation 3-1 Numeration Systems 3-2 Algorithms for Whole-Number Addition and Subtraction 3-3 Algorithms for Whole-Number Multiplication and Division 3-4 Mental Mathematics and Estimation for Whole-Number Operations Chapter 4 Integers and Number Theory 4-1 Integers and the Operations of Addition and Subtraction 4-2 Multiplication and Division of Integers 4-3 Divisibility 4-4 Prime and Composite Numbers 4-5 Greatest Common Divisor and Least Common Multiple 4-6 Clock and Modular Arithmetic Chapter 5 Rational Numbers as Fractions 5-1 The Set of Rational Numbers 5-2 Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers 5-3 Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers 5-4 Proportional Reasoning Chapter 6 Decimals, Percents, and Real Numbers 6-1 Introduction to Decimals 6-2 Operations on Decimals 6-3 Nonterminating Decimals 6-4 Real Numbers 6-5 Percents 6-6 Computing Interest Chapter 7 Probability 7-1 How Probabilities Are Determined 7-2 Multistage Experiments with Tree Diagrams and Geometric Probabilities 7-3 Using Simulations in Probability 7-4 Odds, Conditional Probability, and Expected Value 7-5 Using Permutations and Combinations in Probability Chapter 8 Data Analysis/ Statistics: An Introduction 8-1 Statistical Graphs of Categorical and Numerical Data 8-2 Measures of Central Tendency and Variation 8-3 Abuses of Statistics Chapter 9 Introductory Geometry 9-1 Basic Notions 9-2 Polygons 9-3 More About Angles 9-4 Geometry in Three Dimensions 9-5 Networks Chapter 10 Constructions, Congruence, and Similarity 10-1 Congruence Through Constructions 10-2 Other Congruence Properties 10-3 Other Constructions 10-4 Similar Triangles and Similar Figures 10-5 Trigonometry Ratios via Similarity 10-6 Lines in a Cartesian Coordinate System Chapter 11 Concepts of Measurement 11-1 Linear Measure 11-2 Areas of Polygons and Circles 11-3 The Pythagorean Theorem and the Distance Formula 11-4 Surface Areas 11-5 Volume, Mass & Temperature Chapter 12 Motion Geometry and Tessellations 12-1 Translations and Rotations 12-2 Reflections and Glide Reflections 12-3 Size Transformations 12-4 Symmetries 12-5 Tesselations of the Plane Appendix I: Using a Spreadsheet Appendix II: Graphing Calculators Appendix III: Using a Geometry Drawing Utility
Quantification of the Elastic Property of Normal Thigh Muscles Using MR Elastography: Our Initial Experience

Purpose This study aimed to apply MR elastography (MRE) to achieve in vivo evaluation of the elastic properties of thigh muscles and validate the feasibility of quantifying the elasticity of normal thigh muscles using MRE. Materials and Methods This prospective study included 10 volunteer subjects [mean age, 32.5 years, (range, 23–45 years)] who reported normal activities of daily living and underwent both T2-weighted axial images and MRE of thigh muscles on the same day. A sequence with a motion-encoding gradient was used in the MRE to map the propagating shear waves in the muscle. Elastic properties were quantified as the shear modulus of the following four thigh muscles at rest; the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, adductor magnus, and biceps femoris. Results The mean shear modulus was 0.98 ± 0.32 kPa and 1.00 ± 0.33 kPa for the vastus medialis, 1.10 ± 0.46 kPa and 1.07 ± 0.43 kPa for the vastus lateralis, 0.91 ± 0.41 kPa and 0.93 ± 0.47 kPa for the adductor magnus, and 0.99 ± 0.37 kPa and 0.94 ± 0.32 kPa for the biceps femoris, with reader 1 and 2, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the shear modulus based on sex (p < 0.05). Aging consistently showed a statistically significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) with the shear modulus of the thigh muscles, except for the vastus medialis (p = 0.194 for reader 1 and p = 0.355 for reader 2). Conclusion MRE is a quantitative technique used to measure the elastic properties of individual muscles with excellent inter-observer agreement. Age was consistently significantly negatively correlated with the shear stiffness of muscles, except for the vastus medialis.
Pseudomembranous Aspergillus Tracheobronchitis: Case Report of a Rare Manifestation of Airway Invasive Aspergillosis

Aspergillus tracheobronchitis, an uncommon form of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, is characterized by the development of a pseudomembrane, ulcers, or an obstruction that is predominantly confined to the tracheobronchial tree. Pseudomembranous Aspergillus tracheobronchitis is the most severe form of Aspergillus tracheobronchitis, and only a few cases have been reported in Korea. We report the characteristic chest CT findings in a patient diagnosed with pseudomembranous Aspergillus tracheobronchitis after bronchoscopy and successfully treated by proper antifungal treatment.
Modeling of screening currents in coated conductor magnets containing up to 40000 turns

Screening currents caused by varying magnetic fields degrade the homogeneity and stability of the magnetic fields created by REBCO coated conductor coils. They are responsible for the AC loss; which is also important for other power applications containing windings, such as transformers, motors and generators. Since real magnets contain coils exceeding 10000 turns, accurate modeling tools for this number of turns or above are necessary for magnet design. This article presents a fast numerical method to model coils with no loss of accuracy. We model a 10400-turn coil for its real number of turns and coils of up to 40000 turns with continuous approximation, which introduces negligible errors. The screening currents, the screening current induced field (SCIF) and the AC loss is analyzed in detail. The SCIF is at a maximum at the remnant state with a considerably large value. The instantaneous AC loss for an anisotropic magnetic-field dependent Jc is qualitatively different than for a constant Jc, although the loss per cycle is similar. Saturation of the magnetization currents at the end pancakes causes the maximum AC loss at the first ramp to increase with Jc. The presented modeling tool can accurately calculate the SCIF and AC loss in practical computing times for coils with any number of turns used in real windings, enabling parameter optimization.
NEXUS: Tracing the cosmic web connection

We introduce the NEXUS algorithm for the identification of cosmic web environments: clusters, filaments, walls and voids. This is a multiscale and automatic morphological analysis tool that identifies all the cosmic structures in a scale free way, without preference for a certain size or shape. We develop the NEXUS method to incorporate the density, tidal field, velocity divergence and velocity shear as tracers of the cosmic web. We also present the NEXUS+ procedure which, taking advantage of a novel filtering of the density in logarithmic space, is very successful at identifying the filament and wall environments in a robust and natural way. To assess the algorithms we apply them to an N-body simulation. We find that all methods correctly identify the most prominent filaments and walls, while there are differences in the detection of the more tenuous structures. In general, the structures traced by the density and tidal fields are clumpier and more rugged than those present in the velocity divergence and velocity shear fields. We find that the NEXUS+ method captures much better the filamentary and wall networks and is successful in detecting even the fainter structures. We also confirm the efficiency of our methods by examining the dark matter particle and halo distributions.
Bridging the Gap—The Disappearance of the Intermediate Period Gap for Fully Convective Stars, Uncovered by New ZTF Rotation Periods

The intermediate period gap, discovered by Kepler, is an observed dearth of stellar rotation periods in the temperature–period diagram at ∼20 days for G dwarfs and up to ∼30 days for early-M dwarfs. However, because Kepler mainly targeted solar-like stars, there is a lack of measured periods for M dwarfs, especially those at the fully convective limit. Therefore it is unclear if the intermediate period gap exists for mid- to late-M dwarfs. Here, we present a period catalog containing 40,553 rotation periods (9535 periods >10 days), measured using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). To measure these periods, we developed a simple pipeline that improves directly on the ZTF archival light curves and reduces the photometric scatter by 26%, on average. This new catalog spans a range of stellar temperatures that connect samples from Kepler with MEarth, a ground-based time-domain survey of bright M dwarfs, and reveals that the intermediate period gap closes at the theoretically predicted location of the fully convective boundary (G BP − G RP ∼ 2.45 mag). This result supports the hypothesis that the gap is caused by core–envelope interactions. Using gyro-kinematic ages, we also find a potential rapid spin-down of stars across this period gap.
Adaptive Image Rescaling for Weakly Contrast-Enhanced Lesions in Dedicated Breast CT: A Phantom Study

Purpose Dedicated breast CT is an emerging volumetric X-ray imaging modality for diagnosis that does not require any painful breast compression. To improve the detection rate of weakly enhanced lesions, an adaptive image rescaling (AIR) technique was proposed. Materials and Methods Two disks containing five identical holes and five holes of different diameters were scanned using 60/100 kVp to obtain single-energy CT (SECT), dual-energy CT (DECT), and AIR images. A piece of pork was also scanned as a subclinical trial. The image quality was evaluated using image contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The difference of imaging performances was confirmed using student's t test. Results Total mean image contrast of AIR (0.70) reached 74.5% of that of DECT (0.94) and was higher than that of SECT (0.22) by 318.2%. Total mean CNR of AIR (5.08) was 35.5% of that of SECT (14.30) and was higher than that of DECT (2.28) by 222.8%. A similar trend was observed in the subclinical study. Conclusion The results demonstrated superior image contrast of AIR over SECT, and its higher overall image quality compared to DECT with half the exposure. Therefore, AIR seems to have the potential to improve the detectability of lesions with dedicated breast CT.
Dissipative residual layers for unsupervised implicit parameterization of data manifolds

—We propose an unsupervised technique for implicit parameterization of data manifolds. In our approach, the data is assumed belonging to a lower dimensional manifold in a higher dimensional space, and the data points are viewed as the endpoints of the trajectories originating outside the manifold. Under this assumption, the data manifold is an attractive manifold of a dynamical system to be estimated. We parameterize such dynamical system with a residual neural network and propose a spectral localization technique to ensure it is locally attractive in the vicinity of data. We also present initialization and additional regularization of the proposed residual layers. We mention the importance of the considered problem for the tasks of reinforcement learning and support our discussion with examples demonstrating the performance of the proposed layers in denoising and generative tasks.
GraspNeRF: Multiview-based 6-DoF Grasp Detection for Transparent and Specular Objects Using Generalizable NeRF

In this work, we tackle 6-DoF grasp detection for transparent and specular objects, which is an important yet challenging problem in vision-based robotic systems, due to the failure of depth cameras in sensing their geometry. We, for the first time, propose a multiview RGB-based 6-DoF grasp detection network, GraspNeRF, that leverages the generalizable neural radiance field (NeRF) to achieve material-agnostic object grasping in clutter. Compared to the existing NeRF-based 3-DoF grasp detection methods that rely on densely captured input images and time-consuming per-scene optimization, our system can perform zero-shot NeRF construction with sparse RGB inputs and reliably detect 6-DoF grasps, both in real-time. The proposed framework jointly learns generalizable NeRF and grasp detection in an end-to-end manner, optimizing the scene representation construction for the grasping. For training data, we generate a large-scale photorealistic domain-randomized synthetic dataset of grasping in cluttered tabletop scenes that enables direct transfer to the real world. Our extensive experiments in synthetic and real-world environments demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms all the baselines in all the experiments while remaining in real-time. Project page can be found at https://pku-epic.github. io/GraspNeRF.
Equal Improvability: A New Fairness Notion Considering the Long-term Impact

Devising a fair classifier that does not discriminate against different groups is an important problem in machine learning. Although researchers have proposed various ways of defining group fairness, most of them only focused on the immediate fairness, ignoring the long-term impact of a fair classifier under the dynamic scenario where each individual can improve its feature over time. Such dynamic scenarios happen in real world, e.g., college admission and credit loaning, where each rejected sample makes effort to change its features to get accepted afterwards. In this dynamic setting, the long-term fairness should equalize the samples' feature distribution across different groups after the rejected samples make some effort to improve. In order to promote long-term fairness, we propose a new fairness notion called Equal Improvability (EI), which equalizes the potential acceptance rate of the rejected samples across different groups assuming a bounded level of effort will be spent by each rejected sample. We analyze the properties of EI and its connections with existing fairness notions. To find a classifier that satisfies the EI requirement, we propose and study three different approaches that solve EI-regularized optimization problems. Through experiments on both synthetic and real datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed EI-regularized algorithms encourage us to find a fair classifier in terms of EI. Finally, we provide experimental results on dynamic scenarios which highlight the advantages of our EI metric in achieving the long-term fairness. Codes are available in a GitHub repository, see https://github.com/guldoganozgur/ei_fairness.
Relations in singular instanton homology

We calculate the singular instanton homology with local coe cients for the simplest n-strand braids in S1 × S2 for all odd n, describing these homology groups and their module structures in terms of the coordinate rings of explicit algebraic curves. e calculation is expected to be equivalent to computing the quantum cohomology ring of a certain Fano variety, namely a moduli space of stable parabolic bundles on a sphere with n marked points.