Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discussion of ?Experimental designs for identifying causal mechanisms?

The importance of experimental design for causal inference is twofold. It can guarantee crucial assumptions, e.g. actual randomisation allows identification of average causal effects. A careful design also clarifies, almost defines, the target of inference — this is especially relevant in the context of sometimes woolly notions of “causal mechanisms”. Imai et al. (2012) consider in/direct effects involving Y (t,M(t)). Setting treatment to t and t for the same unit is genuinely counterfactual. Consequently, while their designs improve on the single-experiment, they cannot avoid untestable assumptions. Furthermore, do the proposed designs define the target of inference? The additional experiment in the parallel designs really targets the controlled direct effect, and the two require linking by untestable Assumption 5. However, the proposed cross-over designs clearly target Y (t,M(t)), and under untestable Assumption 7 this comes close to observing Y (t,M(t)) itself. A different type of design is sometimes possible and clarifies the causal parameter in a decision theoretic context (Didelez et al., 2006), namely when we can manipulate the mediator, without controlling it, (almost) as if treatment were at two different values for the same unit. For example double-blind placebo-controlled studies: these target the direct effect of active ingredient not mediated by patient’s / doctor’s expectation. Crucially the mediator (the expectations) is not (and cannot) itself be controlled, but the design guarantees that it arises as under “drug taken”. One can easily think of variations addressing the indirect effect, here the placebo effect. This type of design seems feasible whenever “treatment” comprises different aspects that could — with a bit of imagination — be separated out. Robins and Richardson (2010) use similar examples and (possibly hypothetical) interventions in augmented DAGs to discuss when Y (t,M(t)) can be regarded as manipulable quantity. Does this mean that we observe Y (t,M(t)) itself? Not necessarily, the design fails when there are post-treatment confounders (even if observed) of M and Y ; in the placebo-controlled trial this is known as “unblinding” e.g. by side-effects of the active ingredient. Looking at typical applications, it will be rare that cross-over or placebo-type designs can be used. The interest in causal parameters based on Y (t,M(t)) therefore remains a mystery to me — what practical questions does it help answer that simpler approaches (causal chain, controlled effects) do not? If effect modification is the main problem, we should maybe direct more attention to investigating effect modification and design experiments accordingly.
Sign Restrictions in Bayesian Favars with an Application to Monetary Policy Shocks

We propose a novel identification strategy of imposing sign restrictions directly on the impulse responses of a large set of variables in a Bayesian factor-augmented vector autoregression. We conceptualize and formalize conditions under which every additional sign restriction imposed can be qualified as either relevant or irrelevant for structural identification up to a limiting case of point identification. Deriving exact conditions we establish that, (i) in a two dimensional factor model only two out of potentially infinite sign restrictions are relevant and (ii) in contrast, in cases of higher dimension every additional sign restriction can be relevant improving structural identification. The latter result can render our approach a blessing in high dimensions. In an empirical application for the US economy we identify monetary policy shocks imposing conventional wisdom and find modest real effects avoiding various unreasonable responses specifically present and pronounced combining standard recursive identification with FAVARs.
Harmonic-Balance-Based Code-Coupling Algorithm for Aeroelastic Systems Subjected to Forced Excitation

Aeroelastic systems may exhibit vibrations that are induced by a forced periodic motion of their elements. For example, the forced periodic motion of an aileron on a deformable wing produces vibrations of this wing. Accurate numerical simulation of such problems is usually based on a time-marching scheme and a code-coupling strategy. Such computations are costly, since before the periodic-vibration cycles, a long transient has to be computed. A technique called time-harmonic balance has been developed in the field of computational fluid dynamics to accelerate the computation of unsteady periodic flows. This technique allows the periodic state of these flows to be computed directly without computing their transients. In this paper the time-harmonic-balance strategy is applied to an aeroelastic solver consisting of two coupled codes. The time-harmonic-balance technique allows the resulting aeroelastic solver to compute the periodic-vibration cycles caused by a periodic forced motion directly, without computing the long transients. The time-harmonic-balance-based aeroelastic solver is analyzed and validated on a two-dimensional aeroelastic pitch-plunge airfoil undergoing a forced pitching. Furthermore, application to an industrial case is considered, where the flexibility of an aircraft wing is taken into account in the computation of unsteady aerodynamic forces caused by an oscillating aileron.
Study of Multi-Chip Module Thermal Placement Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Set Theory

An algorithm based on the fuzzy set theory for the placement of chips on multi-chips modules (MCM) substrate is presented. In this algorithm,any chip in MCM is suffered three apparent forces: the repulsive force between chips,the attractive force between substrate boundaries and chip,and the attractive force between substrate and substrate center. The fuzzy relationships between the forces and the placement of chips are analyzed by the fuzzy inference rules. After defuzzification by the height method,the optimal placement of chips is obtained,in which the resulting apparent force is minimized. Finally,the validity of the algorithm is verified by FEM. Furthermore,the results from the fuzzy thermal placement algorithm are compared with those from the quadrisection placement method. It shows that the chip placement obtained by the fuzzy thermal placement algorithm is more reasonable and robust than that by the quadrisection placement method.
Robust sliding mode control with unidirectional auxiliary surfaces for nonlinear system with state constraints

The sliding mode control with unidirectional auxiliary surfaces(UAS-SMC) is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with state constraints.And the unidirectional auxiliary surfaces(UAS) are designed by the state constraints.By using the UAS to constitute the boundaries of the positive invariant sets,the constraints of the system states are guaranteed.The stability of the system and the invariant sets which consist of the UAS are proved.The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Correlation Between Noise Estimates andd Graph Theoretical Measurements on Resting State fMRI Data

Graph theory applied to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) analysis allows valuable and specific information of the functional network structure within the brain. Due to the sensitivity of graph theoretical measures, any noise in the data may alter these measurements, including subject head motion. However, noise in fMRI can be generated not only by head motion, but several other undesired sources, such as physiological noise or equipment errors. The amount of noise can be estimated though an outlier measurement of the time series within the voxels. This article aims to assess the impact of noise in fMRI data in Graph Theoretical Measurements (GTM), within a normal population, using two parameters; patient head motion and number of outliers in the functional data. With different threshold levels used to calculate the GTM (Global Efficiency, GE; Characteristic Path Length, CPL; Average Local Efficiency, ALE; Average Clustering Coefficient, ACC) we calculate the correlation with the two noise. We found high levels of correlation between GTM and patient motion estimation (ME) and outlier measurements (OM). However, there is a greater correlation between OM and GTM than ME and GTM. Our results demonstrated that GTM are affected by more than just head motion, but by other noise sources that can be captured by observing the outliers within the functional time series.
Extensional Neighborhood Preserving Embedding

In this paper, a modified construction method of neighbor-graph is proposed for Neighborhood Preserving Embedding (NPE). NPE aims to find the local structure of the data set manifold and it is a linear approximation to Locally Linear Embedding (LLE). Although NPE gets an optimal embedding which can preserve the neighborhood structure for the original data set, but the construction method of neighborgraph is not the best, which suffers from the following issue: the data set is vectorized to compute the k-nearest neighbor graph (adjacency graph), which leads to the lost of the correlative columns information. So we modify the neighbor-graph construction method to preserve the corresponding columns information. In our method, we can describe the intrinsic structure of original data in lowdimensional space much better. Extensive experiments are performed on the well-known face databases: AR, ORL and Yale face databases to test and evaluate our method’s performance. The result demonstrates the effectiveness of our new method.
The Problem of Irreproducible Bioscience Research

Over recent decades, progress in bioscience research has been remarkable, but alongside the many transformative advances is a growing concern that a surprisingly high fraction of published research cannot be reproduced by the scientific community. Though experimental and interpretive errors are unavoidable features of the scientific process, recent evidence suggests that irreproducibility is a serious issue requiring analysis, understanding, and remediation. This article reviews the meaning of research reproducibility, examines ongoing efforts to estimate its prevalence, and considers the factors that contribute to it. Two recent case studies illustrate the disparate responses that researchers may take when facing serious claims that a high-profile research finding is irreproducible and may be false. Finally, the article examines potential interventions to counter the current level of irreproducibility, aimed at increasing the efficiency and impact of society’s substantial and critically important investment in bioscience research.
Further Study on the Predictability of Landscape-Induced Atmospheric Flow.

Abstract The effect of the synoptic-scale wind on the predictability of landscape-induced atmospheric flow as a function of surface characteristics is studied by means of over 200 two-dimensional numerical simulations. The predictability measure is defined based on domain-averaged signal to noise ratio. The decomposition of the signal into two different parts is also used to further understand the effect of the synoptic-scale wind on the mesoscale atmospheric predictability. It is emphasized that different predictability measures should be used for different purposes, and different predictability results can be obtained based on different measures. For the cases of surface heat patches with patch sizes from L = 0 to 150 km and constant large-scale mean winds of U = 0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 m s−1, it is found that the potential temperature θ, the deviation of θ from its horizontally domain-averaged value θ′, the horizontal velocity u, and u′ are all predictable at any time during the day when L = 10 to 150 km reg.
Wide-Area Determination of Cloud Microphysical Properties from NOAA AVHRR Measurements for FIRE and ASTEX Regions

Abstract A method for satellite remote sensing of cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius has been developed to apply to NOAA AVHRR multispectral radiance data. Undesirable radiation components such as ground-reflected solar radiation and thermal radiation are guessed from satellite-received radiances in channels 1, 3, and 4 of AVHRR and subtracted from radiances in channels 1 and 3 to derive the reflected solar radiation of a cloud layer that includes information about cloud microphysical properties. This method can be applied to a broad range of water clouds from semitransparent to thick clouds. This method was applied to AVHRR data acquired over oceans during the First ISCCP Regional Experiment and the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment. The authors found good agreement between satellite-derived and in situ microphysical quantities. The presence of drizzle droplets in optically thin clouds was also confirmed from the satellite observation. Furthermore, the results show that mari.
Calculation of scalar optical diffraction field from its distributed samples over the space

CALCULATION OF SCALAR OPTICAL DIFFRACTION FIELD FROM ITS DISTRIBUTED SAMPLES OVER THE SPACE Gokhan Bora Esmer Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Levent Onural April 2010 As a three-dimensional viewing technique, holography provides successful threedimensional perceptions. The technique is based on duplication of the information carrying optical waves which come from an object. Therefore, calculation of the diffraction field due to the object is an important process in digital holography. To have the exact reconstruction of the object, the exact diffraction field created by the object has to be calculated. In the literature, one of the commonly used approach in calculation of the diffraction field due to an object is to superpose the fields created by the elementary building blocks of the object; such procedures may be called as the “source model” approach and such a computed field can be different from the exact field over the entire space. In this work, we propose four algorithms to calculate the exact diffraction field due to an object. These proposed algorithms may be called as the “field model” approach. In the first algorithm, the diffraction field given over the manifold, which defines the surface of the object, is decomposed onto a function set derived from propagating plane waves. Second algorithm is based on pseudo inversion of the system iii matrix which gives the relation between the given field samples and the field over a transversal plane. Third and fourth algorithms are iterative methods. In the third algorithm, diffraction field is calculated by a projection method onto convex sets. In the fourth algorithm, pseudo inversion of the system matrix is computed by conjugate gradient method. Depending on the number and the locations of the given samples, the proposed algorithms provide the exact field solution over the entire space. To compute the exact field, the number of given samples has to be larger than the number of plane waves that forms the diffraction field over the entire space. The solution is affected by the dependencies between the given samples. To decrease the dependencies between the given samples, the samples over the manifold may be taken randomly. Iterative algorithms outperforms the rest of them in terms of computational complexity when the number of given samples are larger than 1.4 times the number of plane waves forming the diffraction field over the entire space.
Schätzung der Kanalstoßantwortlänge in Funksystemen und ein neues Konzept für OFDM-Systeme mit adaptiver Schutzintervall-Länge

In this work, a new method for channel impulse response length estimation as well as a new concept for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with adaptive guard interval length are proposed. Based on the different statistical characteristics of the additive noise and the mobile radio channels, the channel impulse response length will be estimated. The proposed method provides a reliably estimated channel impulse response length even at signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 0 dB. This method is applicable for an OFDM system with adaptive guard interval length, where the length of the guard interval is adapted to the current length of the channel impulse response. With this concept, the length of the guard interval can be optimized, and therefore an increase of the spectral efficiency is possible. Von Van Due Nguyen, Index Terms Hans-Peter Kuchenbecker Schätzung der Kanalstoßantwortlänge, OFDM-Systeme mit adaptiver Schutzintervalllänge und Matthias Pätzold Channel impulse response length estimation, OFDM systems with adaptive guard interval length Frequenz 58(2004) 11-12
VARIABLE SELECTION BY THE LASSO METHOD

Repeated double Cross-Validation. rdCV [4,5] for estimating model performance of PLS models with (a) all variables, (b) LASSO selected variables, (c) GA selected variables. Data is split into 4 outer random segments for test set validation, and 10 inner random segments for CV to determine optimum number of PLS components. The random data split is repeated 100 times, giving different sample order. Each repetition yields n test set predicted y values, which are summarized by the performance measure Q2rdcv=1 – (PRESS/nEXTERNAL)/(TSS/nTRAIN) based on [15]. In the case of rdCV, nEXTERNAL = nTRAIN = n. References
A comparative study of a system of Lotka-Voltera type of PDEs through perturbation methods

In this paper the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is employed in order to solve linear and nonlinear functional equations and the results are then compared with those produced by Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) through a system of Lotka Voltera type of PDEs. The result produced by HPM are promising and ADM appears as a special case of HPM for Lotka Voltera type of PDEs.
A multi-platform approach to marine environment assessment in the Civitavecchia (Rome) area

ABSTRACT Multi-platform systems for coastal environment monitoring are important tools that enable a better understanding of the dynamics of coastal ecosystems and their forcings; these observation networks can be used to highlight changes in marine ecosystems in response to anthropogenic impacts, identifying specific evolution. trends. This paper reports the results of a field study conducted in summer 2012 to test the efficacy of the multi-platform Civitavecchia Coastal Environment Monitoring System (C-CEMS). An observation programme was employed to analyse the fate of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) in bathing areas, to predict its dynamics and to prevent the sanitary risk associated with the presence of this microorganism in seawater.
On the interior approximate controllability for fractional wave equations

We study the interior approximate controllability of fractional wave equations with the fractional Caputo derivative associated with a non-negative self-adjoint operator satisfying the unique continuation property. Some well-posedness and fine regularity properties of solutions to fractional wave and fractional backward wave type equations are also obtained. As an example of applications of our results we obtain that if $1 0$, $(u_0,u_1)\in V_{\frac{1}{\alpha}}\times L^2(\Omega)$, $\omega\subset\Omega$ any open set and any $f\in C_0^\infty(\omega\times (0,T))$. Here, $A_B$ can be the realization in $L^2(\Omega)$ of a symmetric non-negative uniformly elliptic operator with Dirichlet or Robin boundary conditions, or the realization in $L^2(\Omega)$ of the fractional Laplace operator $(-\Delta)^s$ ($0< s <1$) with the Dirichlet boundary condition ($u=0$ on $\mathbb{R}^N\setminus\Omega$) and the space $V_{\frac{1}{\alpha}}$ denotes the domain of the fractional power of order $\frac{1}{\alpha}$ of the operator $A_B$.
IV. BX Monocerotis: orbital and stellar parameters

We investigate the orbit and the components of the symbiotic BX Mon system with new high resolution spec- troscopy, IUE spectra, published photographic magnitudes, and brightness estimates from the RASNZ. We review the available photometry and deduce a new binary period of 1401 days . W e also find evidence in the IUE data that BX Mon is an eclipsing system. With our high resolution spectroscopy we determine the ra- dial velocity curve of the M giant from photospheric absorption features. BX Mon is unusual for a symbiotic star in that its hot component is also observable in the optical wavelength region. From corresponding absorption features we are able to mea- sure the hot component's radial velocity. We determine semi- amplitudes for the cool and the hot components of 4.3 km s 1 and 29 km s 1 , respectively. The mass ratio is thus 7 which is among the highest yet found for symbiotic systems. The orbit of BX Mon is eccentric with an ellipticity of e = 0:49. The binary mass function is0:0076M. We determine the mass of the red giant as Mr =3 : 7M and the mass of the hot component as Mh =0 :55 M. This low Mh suggests that even relatively high mass symbiotics are unlikely to be supernova Type I progenitors. The distance to BX Mon of 3k pcis determined with the Nai 5890;5896 interstellar absorption lines and the inter- stellar extinction feature at 2200 ˚ A. For the luminosity of the cool component we find Lr = 3400 L and a stellar radius Rr = 160 R. The red giant's radius remains within the in- ner Lagrangian point, even at periastron. The hot component is unlikely to be a main sequence star.
Rhetorical theory in L A T E X with the rst package

Drawing rhetorical analyses is no fun when you need to change and update diagrams as you refine your work, or, more importantly, if a lot of analyses are to be drawn. Previous solutions include O’Donnell’s RSTTool application (O’Donnell, 2000), which can output (encapsulated) postscript graphics. However, these drawings are more suitable for reference than for use in publications. Besides, pdfTeX has a a notorious problem with postscript-items in source files. Voilà, there we go: This package enables us to typeset beautiful diagrams with no hassle. It is oriented towards the style of the diagrams shown in Mann & Thompson (1988) and subsequent works. Further developments include a conversion tool to generate the rst format automatically from URML files. Please refer to the last section for copyright and usage information.
İlköğretim Yedinci Sınıf Matematik Dersi Tamsayılar Ünitesinde Çoklu Zeka Teorisi Tabanlı Öğretimin Öğrenci Başarısına Etkisi

The only way to be able to succeed in mathematics is to understand its nature. If you cannot discover the beauty of mathematics and make students curious about it, mathematics education may not be realized. The aim of mathematics must be solving to learn, not learning to solve. It is not possible to convince students that “mathematics is joyful” before they are made a part of it. Multiple Intelligences Theory may be useful to realize this part of mathematical charasteristics. Mathematics has relationships with other disciplines as well as abstract discussion inside. In this study, the effect of the application of Multiple Intelligences Theory upon the learning process is investigated. Success in mathematics is compared by “Whole Numbers Knowledge Scale”. After the statistical analyses it was seen that througout the application process, there has been important diMatematik Ogretimi, Coklu Zeka TeorisiMathematics Teaching, Intelligence, Multiple Intelligences Theory Tam Metin
A Novel Two-level Causal Inference Framework for On-road Vehicle Quality Issues Diagnosis

In the automotive industry, the full cycle of managing in-use vehicle quality issues can take weeks to investigate. The process involves isolating root causes, defining and implementing appropriate treatments, and refining treatments if needed. The main pain-point is the lack of a systematic method to identify causal relationships, evaluate treatment effectiveness, and direct the next actionable treatment if the current treatment was deemed ineffective. This paper will show how we leverage causal Machine Learning (ML) to speed up such processes. A real-word data set collected from on-road vehicles will be used to demonstrate the proposed framework. Open challenges for vehicle quality applications will also be discussed.