Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The hydrolysis of triphosphoinositide by extracts of ox brain.

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Mutual Funds Win and Investors Lose

This study examines the question of why investors continue to buy underperforming actively managed mutual funds. Four approaches to this question are discussed: 1) investor overconfidence; 2) strategic fund repricing decisions; 3) fund “sentiment contrarian behavior;” and 4) investor dependence on brokers with agency-conflicted incentives.
Characterization of Dimorphism in Cladosporium werneckii

Yeast forms of the dimorphic fungus Cladosporium werneckii grow by polar budding and yield a homogeneous yeast phase when cultured at 21 C in an agitated sucrose-salts medium (Czapek-Dox broth). Yeast extract enrichment of such a yeast phase consisting of 104 yeasts per ml induces a quantitative conversion of the yeasts to true hyphae. This conversion is not mediated by a transition cell and is often attended by capsule formation. When 105 or 106 yeasts per ml receive enrichment, a nonquantitative conversion to moniliform hyphae is effected and no capsule formation is observed. Rapid agitation compared to slow agitation or stationary incubation of the nutritionally mediated conversion cultures greatly accelerates the production of lateral hyphal buds or their yeast progenies. These cells appear incapable of undergoing nutritional conversion to hyphae, but instead must grow for several generations in the unenriched sucrose-salts medium to restore conversion competence. Temperature shifts affect directly the morphology and morphogenesis of the yeast in unenriched medium; at 17 C yeasts are smaller and more ovoid than at 21 C, and at 30 C marked conversion of yeasts to moniliform hyphae occurs. A methodology employing the Coulter counter and Coulter channelizer provides evidence that direct correlations do not always exist between the optimum conditions for the growth of C. werneckii and the optimum conditions for its yeast-to-mold conversion.
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereal Grain Production with Optical Sensing and Variable Rate Application

In 2001, N fertilizer prices nearly doubled as a result of increased natural gas prices. This was further troubling when considering that the world N use efficiency (NUE) in cereal grain production averages only 33%. Methods to improve NUE in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have not included high spatial-resolution management based on sensed plant growth properties nor on midseason prediction of grain yield. Our objective was to determine the validity of using inseason estimates of grain yield (INSEY) and a response index (RI) to modulate N at 1-m 2 spatial resolution. Four winter wheat field experiments were conducted that evaluated prescribed midseason N applications compared with uniform rates that simulated farmer practices. Our methods recognize that each 1-m 2 area in wheat fields needs to be sensed and managed independently and that the need for fertilizer N is temporally dependent. Averaged over locations, NUE was improved by >15% when N fertilization was based on optically sensed INSEY, determined for each 1-m 2 area, and a RI compared with traditional practices at uniform N rates.
Short-Term Load Prediction For Economic Dispatch Of Generation

A set of procedures and algorithms are developed for short-term (1-3 hours) electric power system load prediction. The short-term load predictors provide "look ahead" capability for an economic dispatch that coordinates predicted load changes with the rate-of- response capability of generation units. The short- term load prediction also enables valve-point loading of generation units. The predictor models are estimated empirically. Test results are given for the predictor models applied to actual loads of an electric utility.
Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African children, 2010-2011.

BACKGROUND There are limited data on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among children in settings with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied the epidemiology of RSV-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) hospitalizations among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children in South Africa. METHODS Children aged <5 years admitted to sentinel surveillance hospitals with physician-diagnosed neonatal sepsis or ALRTI were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for RSV and other viruses. Associations between possible risk factors and severe outcomes for RSV infection among HIV-infected and uninfected children were examined. The relative risk of hospitalization in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children was calculated in 1 site with population denominators. RESULTS Of 4489 participants, 4293 (96%) were tested for RSV, of whom 1157 (27%) tested positive. With adjustment for age, HIV-infected children had a 3-5-fold increased risk of hospitalization with RSV-associated ALRTI (2010 relative risk, 5.6; [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.5-6.4]; 2011 relative risk, 3.1 [95% CI, 2.6-3.6]). On multivariable analysis, HIV-infected children with RSV-associated ALRTI had higher odds of death (adjusted odds ratio. 31.1; 95% CI, 5.4-179.8) and hospitalization for >5 days (adjusted odds ratio, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.5-10.6) than HIV-uninfected children. CONCLUSION HIV-infected children have a higher risk of hospitalization with RSV-associated ALRTI and a poorer outcome than HIV-uninfected children. These children should be targeted for interventions aimed at preventing severe RSV disease.
Urban Systems: Market and Efficiency

The supply of local public goods would obey principles that are not fundamentally different from those governing the efficient supply of differentiated goods. All these results rest on the assumption of an efficient land market. This suggests that the problem of land property rights should receive more attention than it does nowadays. However, the conditions for a competitive market for cities to work might be hard to achieve. First, the instrument menu available to developers is likely to be constrained. Second, nonreplicability and indivisibility may give rise to additional difficulties. In either case, the market would fail to sustain the optimum for reasons which are not always well understood.
The impact of query precision on returned data precision criterion

Data quality continues to be a challenge for many organizations as they look to improve efficiency and customer satisfaction. Most of companies suffer from common data errors. The most common data errors are incomplete or missing data, outdated information and inaccurate data. Although data quality has been defined as fitness for use, models of information quality assessment have thus far tended to ignore the impact of contextual quality on information use and decision outcomes. Contextual assessments can be as important as objective quality criterion because they can affect which information gets used for decision making tasks. Given that, this research focuses on the precision criterion, since Highly precise data can be very critical in several fields and if this dimension of quality is not taken into account, it could cause crucial damages. In This article, we have hypothesized that data returned via an information system can only be precise if it is the result of a specific request from the system final user. For this purpose, we proposed a new function to evaluate the quality of a query, based on this, we developed a tool implementing this function and we experimented to calculate different query's precisions to valid our contribution.
Differentiation of Pathogenic BartonellaSpecies by Infrequent Restriction Site PCR

ABSTRACT Infrequent restriction site PCR (IRS-PCR) is a recently described DNA fingerprinting technique based on selective amplification of restriction endonuclease-cleaved fragments. Bartonellaisolates associated with human disease and related nonhuman isolates were analyzed by IRS-PCR genomic fingerprinting. Preparation of DNA templates began with double digestion using three different restriction endonuclease combinations. Combinations included the frequently cutting endonuclease HhaI in conjunction with an infrequently cutting endonuclease, EagI, SmaI, orXbaI. Digestion was followed by ligation of oligonucleotide adapters designed with ends complementary to the restriction endonuclease sites. Amplification of fragments flanked with anEagI, SmaI, or XbaI site in combination with an HhaI site produced a series of different-sized amplicons resolvable into patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The pattern complexity was varied by the addition of selective nucleotides to the 3′ ends of theEagI-, SmaI-, or XbaI-specific primers. Amplicons were also generated with fluorescently labeled primers and were subsequently resolved and detected by capillary electrophoresis. Analysis by traditional slab PAGE and capillary electrophoresis provided suitable resolution of patterns produced with the enzyme combinations EagI-HhaI andSmaI-HhaI. However, the combination ofXbaI-HhaI produced too many fragments for sufficient resolution by traditional PAGE, thus requiring the better resolving properties of capillary electrophoresis. Due to the flexibility in modulating the pattern complexity and electrophoresis methods, these techniques allow for a high level of experimental optimization. The results provide evidence of the discriminatory power, ease of use, and flexibility of the IRS-PCR method as it applies to the identification of human-pathogenic Bartonella species.
A randomized clinical trial comparing intralesional bone marrow and steroid injections for simple bone cysts.

BACKGROUND Simple bone cysts are common benign lesions in growing children that predispose them to fracture and are sometimes painful. The purpose of this trial was to compare rates of healing of simple bone cysts treated with intralesional injections of bone marrow with rates of healing of those treated with methylprednisolone acetate. METHODS Of ninety patients randomly allocated to treatment with either a bone-marrow or a methylprednisolone acetate injection, seventy-seven were followed for two years. The primary outcome, determined by a radiologist who was blind to the type of treatment, was radiographic evidence of healing. The cyst was judged to be either not healed (grade 1 [a clearly visible cyst] or grade 2 [a cyst that was visible but multilocular and opaque]) or healed (grade 3 [sclerosis around or within a partially visible cyst] or grade 4 [complete healing with obliteration of the cyst]). Patient function was assessed with use of the Activity Scale for Kids, and pain was assessed with the Oucher Scale. RESULTS Sixteen (42%) of the thirty-eight cysts treated with methylprednisolone acetate healed, and nine (23%) of the thirty-nine cysts treated with bone marrow healed (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between the treatment groups (p > 0.09) with respect to function, pain, number of injections, additional fractures, or complications. CONCLUSIONS Although the rate of healing of simple bone cysts was low following injection of either bone marrow or methylprednisolone, the latter provided superior healing rates.
Primary Encephalic Plasma Cell Tumor in a Dog

A 5-year-old female spayed Spitz dog had a 5-week history of right head tilt, seizures, and progressive quadriplegia. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed 27,600 white blood cells per microliter with 63% mononuclear phagocytes, 27% lymphocytes, 6% neutrophils, 3% plasmacytoid cells, and 1% eosinophils, and over 2000 mg/dl protein. On contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images, a focal 1-cm oval lesion was identified in the right ventral brainstem. There was also marked contrast enhancement of the meninges in the following areas: surrounding the brainstem, outlining cerebellar folia, along the ventral floor of the brain and extending to the falx cerebri, and partially outlining the left frontal lobe. At necropsy, the areas of contrast enhancement corresponded to the presence of compact cellular sheets of pleomorphic, anisocytotic, oval to polygonal neoplastic cells with plasmacytoid differentiation. The smaller of these plasmacytoid cells stained predominantly for cytoplasmic immunoglobulin A using immunoperoxidase methodology. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells had morphologic features typical of plasma cells, with large amounts of predominantly rough endoplasmic reticulum with variably prominent Golgi formation. This is the first report of a canine primary intracranial malignant plasma cell tumor.
Emerging multinationals: home and host country determinants and outcomes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for analyzing home and host country determinants and outcomes of emerging multinationals (EMNCs). Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies a conceptual approach combined with analyses of statistics and secondary material.Findings – The paper identifies changing trends and features of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from emerging economies and identifies in particular differences between outflows from Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC). Originality/value – The paper puts forward a framework for analyzing determinants and outcomes of structures and strategies of multinational companies from emerging economies and surveys contemporary trends and features of outward FDI from these economies.
Developing an environmental scanning process in the hotel sector

Investigates the environmental scanning activities of hotel chains operating in Portugal. Attitudes towards environmental scanning by companies where strategy was formalised through a formal written strategic plan (Intenders) and those companies where strategy was informally developed through a “vision” or “informal plan” (Realizers) were compared. Face to face interviews were conducted with board level executives to identify and assess the relevance of a formal environmental scanning process, the characteristics of such a process, barriers to its development and ways to overcome them. A cognitive mapping technique was used in the analysis of respondents’ perceptions towards the development of such a process, with the maps showing more similarities than differences between the comparison groups, thus highlighting the importance of this process for both intenders and realizes.
Results of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Laparoscopic surgery for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease was first described 5 years ago. The more widespread technique is the Nissen fundoplication with its different modifications. The early results suggest that this operation is equivalent in efficacy to the open antireflux operations. METHODOLOGY Over a 5 year period, 622 patients underwent laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Five hundred and fifty patients underwent Nissen fundoplication. Preoperative, operative and postoperative data were prospectively reviewed. One hundred twenty seven patients were evaluated 1 to 4 years after the operation. RESULTS Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with standard gastric mobilisation and without division of the SGV was performed during the first three years of the laparoscopic approach. Since early 1994, we applied division of the SGV with complete mobilisation of the upper part of the gastric fundus in all the patients. The mean operative time was 86 minutes (range 30-180 minutes). Conversion to open surgery was necessary in 5 patients (0.9%). There was neither incidence of splenic trauma nor esophageal perforation. There was no mortality. Morbidity was 2.3%. Mean hospital stay was 3.1 days (range 1-13 days). Postoperative dysphagia was observed in all the patients and resolved after 2 to 6 weeks in all but 12 patients (2.1%) who were submitted to endoscopic dilatation with success in 9 patients. At a median follow-up period of 2 years (16-44 months), 127 consecutive patients from the initial experience (series 1991-1992) volunteerd for mid term follow-up evaluation. We obtained Visick I and II grading in 92% of the patients. Reoperation for failure has been necessary in 6 patients (1.0%). CONCLUSIONS The long term results of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are not yet available. The incidence of poor long term outcome or recurrence of symptoms cannot be assessed. At present, we feel that, in experienced hands, the laparoscopic operation is as good as the open procedure if all the surgical principles of antireflux surgery are respected. One of our complications is related to the choice of the operative technique and that highlights the absolute necessity of strict preoperative assessment and selection of the patient but also selection of the type of operation, tailored to the patient.
Gender in Practices of Fair Trade and Decent Work

Abstract This article questions the effectiveness of the dual approach of Fair Trade as a development instrument and a business, focusing on the ability of Fair-trade Organizations (FTOs) to implement their principle of gender equality as they enter mainstream markets. Current research has revealed that while the certification scheme—a requirement for entry into ethical trading—has boosted Fair-trade sales, it has also broken down the producer–consumer relationship and reduced social awareness about what is ‘fair’ in Fair Trade. On the basis of a case study of an FTO producing handicrafts in West Bengal, India, this article brings into focus the impact of third-party certification on women workers at the lower end of the production chain. The introduction of a certification regime has resulted in a shift in the operative principle of the FTO, from one based on solidarity and development for the poor to one driven by market demands. While the FTO applies the principle of “fairness” in the relationship between itself and Northern buyers, it does not extend this notion to its relationship with the lower-end producers on whom it relies for entry to the global market. Gender equality as a Fair-trade principle has been narrowly interpreted as the creation of opportunities for women as marginalized producers, without due attention to ILO standards of Decent Work.
Productivity Gains from Geographic Concentration of Human Capital: Evidence from the Cities

Based on recent theoretical developments I argue that the average level of human capital is a local public good. Cities with higher average levels of human capital should therefore have higher wages and higher land rents. After conditioning on the characteristics of individual workers and dwellings, this prediction is supported by data for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the United States, where the SMSA average levels of formal education and work experience are used as proxies for the average level of human capital. I evaluate the alternative explanations of omitted SMSA variables and self-selection. I conclude by computing an estimate of the effect of an additional year of average education on total factor productivity.
‘The Island Man's Behavior’: Some Microfoundations of How Households Form Macroeconomic Expectations

This paper investigates how households form expectations about the macroeconomy. We outline a theoretical model whereby households form subjective expectations about the aggregate economy based on personal finance expectations as a reference point. The speed of updating the expectations reflects the households' willingness to incur transactions costs and may be state‐varying. This forms the basis of the empirical analysis using survey‐based US household data. The results indicate that while household expectations of the aggregate economy adjust to personal finance expectations, it is slow and non‐linear, thereby, explaining the persistence of relative effects in the context of the Lucas‐Phelps Island model.
Impaired clearance of virus-infected hepatocytes in transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis C virus polyprotein.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Multiple molecular mechanisms are likely to contribute to the establishment of persistent infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this work was to study the evasion of cell-mediated antiviral immune responses in transgenic mice with liver-targeted expression of the hepatitis C viral genome. These mice develop steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and constitute a murine model of chronic HCV infection. METHODS Mice of the FL-N/35 lineage were infected with replication-deficient adenoviral vectors encoding beta-galactosidase, and the persistence of infected cells was measured by histochemistry and enzymatic assays. RESULTS Hepatocytes from the HCV(+) transgenic mice are deficient in eliminating an adenoviral infection, despite an apparently normal T-cell response. The defect in adenoviral clearance was associated with resistance of transgenic hepatocytes to apoptosis induced by Fas/APO1/CD95 death receptor stimulation, a major pathway of cell killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The attenuation of Fas-mediated apoptosis observed in the murine model was associated with a reduced abundance of Bid, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that viral evasion of cell-mediated immune responses leading to apoptotic death of hepatocytes may contribute to viral persistence. Such a mechanism might also contribute to the development of liver cancer in HCV.