Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SCHIZOPHRENIA AS A DISORDER OF THE OBVIOUS: A CLINICAL HYPOTHESIS

Modern views of schizophrenia that have evolved from E.Bleuler’s and K.Schneider’s concepts, along with continuous empirical explorations of the nature of the disorder (mental discordance (confusion mentale) by F. Chaslin, primary de ﬁ cit of mental activity and hypotonia of consciousness (J. Berze, 1914), alogical thought disorder (K. Kleist, 1934), etc.), as well as recent neurobiological and genetic research have found no answer to the question whether all disorders of the schizophrenia spectrum are manifestations of the same genetic and clinical condition. In this respect, one may consider that efforts to ﬁ nd a clinical hypothesis capable of interpreting biological, epidemiological and psychopathological features of schizophrenia have not lost their perspective. The proposed hypothesis states that a discrete subpopulation of people possesses a unique genetically determined ‘transcendental’ mode of reality cognition, related to expanding human knowledge by questioning the obvious reality. Because cognition is a main factor of cultural development, and culture is an important factor of human evolution, carriers of the transcendental mode of cognition may turn out to be a necessary part of the general human population owning ‘evolutionary responsibility’ for the transcendental capacity to obtain innovative knowledge. Schizophrenia is regarded as a pathological disturbance in the transcendental mode of cognition in which a pathological interpretation of the obvious is formed. In schizophrenia, the interpretation of reality is based on arguments disregarding the existing obvious. From this clinical and genetic features of schizophrenia are interpreted. The fact that schizophrenia bears a certain biologically meaningful sense is supported by its biological constancy of morbidity, which remains unchanged in all cultures and social circumstances – about 1% of the population. One might also think that the part of general population consisting of individuals genetically endowed with unusual reason is constant as well. Three clinical and psychotherapeutic cases of various disorders of the schizophrenia spectrum are provided in support of the hypothesis.
Naturalizing Sense of Agency with a Hierarchical Event-Control Approach

Unraveling the mechanisms underlying self and agency has been a difficult scientific problem. We argue for an event-control approach for naturalizing the sense of agency by focusing on the role of perception-action regularities present at different hierarchical levels and contributing to the sense of self as an agent. The amount of control at different levels of the control hierarchy determines the sense of agency. The current study investigates this approach in a set of two experiments using a scenario containing multiple agents sharing a common goal where one of the agents is partially controlled by the participant. The participant competed with other agents for achieving the goal and subsequently answered questions on identification (which agent was controlled by the participant), the degree to which they are confident about their identification (sense of identification) and the degree to which the participant believed he/she had control over his/her actions (sense of authorship). Results indicate a hierarchical relationship between goal-level control (higher level) and perceptual-motor control (lower level) for sense of agency. Sense of identification ratings increased with perceptual-motor control when the goal was not completed but did not vary with perceptual-motor control when the goal was completed. Sense of authorship showed a similar interaction effect only in experiment 2 that had only one competing agent unlike the larger number of competing agents in experiment 1. The effect of hierarchical control can also be seen in the misidentification pattern and misidentification was greater with the agent affording greater control. Results from the two studies support the event-control approach in understanding sense of agency as grounded in control. The study also offers a novel paradigm for empirically studying sense of agency and self.
A semantics for imprecise exceptions

Some modern superscalar microprocessors provide only imprecise exceptions. That is, they do not guarantee to report the same exception that would be encountered by a straightforward sequential execution of the program. In exchange, they offer increased performance or decreased chip area (which amount to much the same thing). This performance/precision tradeoff has not so far been much explored at the programming language level. In this paper we propose a design for imprecise exceptions in the lazy functional programming language Haskell. We discuss several designs, and conclude that imprecision is essential if the language is still to enjoy its current rich algebra of transformations. We sketch a precise semantics for the language extended with exceptions.The paper shows how to extend Haskell with exceptions without crippling the language or its compilers. We do not yet have enough experience of using the new mechanism to know whether it strikes an appropriate balance between expressiveness and performance.
“Can I Talk about That?” Factors Influencing Spiritual and Religious Identity Exploration in Public Higher Education

Abstract College students are increasingly interested in spiritual and religious identity exploration. Factors influencing such inquiry at public institutions of higher education include rational empiricism, cultural norms, and faculty and student affairs professionals’ uncertainty about what is permissible, as well as their perceived level of preparation to guide such inquiry. Yet, students at public colleges and universities should be provided with opportunities to interrogate issues of purpose, identity, and meaning.
Environmental consultancy: dancing bee bioindicators to evaluate landscape “health”

Here we explore how waggle dance decoding may be applied as a tool for ecology by evaluating the benefits and limitations of the methodology compared to other existing ways to evaluate the honey bees’ use of the landscape. The honey bee foragers sample and “report” back on large areas (c. 100km2). Because honey bees perform dances only for the most profitable resources, these data provide spatial information about the availability of good quality forage for any given time. We argue that dance decoding provides information for a wide range of ecological, conservation, and land management issues. In this way, one species and methodology gives us a novel measure of a landscape’s profitability and “health” that may be widely relevant, not just for honey bees, but for other flower-visiting insects as well.
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coliO157:H7 target Peyer's patches in humans and cause attaching/effacing lesions in both human and bovine intestine

BACKGROUND EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coli (EHEC) constitute a significant risk to human health worldwide, and infections, particularly with serogroup O157:H7, are associated with consumption of a variety of food and water vehicles, particularly food of bovine origin. EHEC cause acute gastroenteritis, bloody diarrhoea, and haemorrhagic colitis; up to 10% of cases develop severe complications, including the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, with a 5% case fatality. A virulence characteristic of enteropathogenic E coli, the attaching/effacing lesion, is considered to be important in EHEC. However, although EHEC produce this lesion on cultured human cells, this has not been demonstrated on human intestinal mucosal surfaces. In addition, the initial site(s) of colonisation of EHEC in humans is not known. AIMS To assess the association of EHEC O157:H7 with paediatric and bovine intestine using in vitro organ culture and determine if attaching/effacing lesions occur. METHODS Ultrastructural analysis of in vitro intestinal organ cultures of human small and large intestine was used to investigate adhesion of O157:H7 EHEC to intestinal surfaces. Bovine intestinal organ culture was used to examine the pathology produced by the same EHEC strain in cattle. RESULTS The study showed that EHEC O157:H7 adhered to human intestinal mucosa. Binding and attaching/effacing lesion formation of O157:H7 in humans was restricted to follicle associated epithelium of Peyer's patches. The same strain caused attaching/effacing lesions on bovine mucosa. CONCLUSIONS O157:H7 targets follicle associated epithelium in humans where it causes attaching/effacing lesions. The same human isolate can cause attaching/effacing lesions in cattle, indicating that similar pathogenic mechanisms operate across human and bovine species
Molecular basis of natural variation and environmental control of trichome patterning

Trichomes are differentiated epidermal cells on above ground organs of nearly all land plants. They play important protective roles as structural defenses upon biotic attacks such as herbivory, oviposition and fungal infections, and against abiotic stressors such as drought, heat, freezing, excess of light, and UV radiation. The pattern and density of trichomes is highly variable within natural population suggesting tradeoffs between traits positively affecting fitness such as resistance and the costs of trichome production. The spatial distribution of trichomes is regulated through a combination of endogenous developmental programs and external signals. This review summarizes the current understanding on the molecular basis of the natural variation and the role of phytohormones and environmental stimuli on trichome patterning.
The effect of breakfast cereal consumption on adolescents' cognitive performance and mood

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of breakfast consumption on cognitive performance and mood in adolescents, and any interaction that breakfast consumption might have with cognitive load. The rationale for this approach was that the beneficial effects of any intervention with regard to cognitive function may be more readily apparent when more demands are placed on the system. Furthermore, as skipping breakfast is particularly prevalent within this age group, thus, we focused on adolescents who habitually skip breakfast. Cognitive load was modulated by varying the level of difficulty of a series of cognitive tasks tapping memory, attention, and executive functions. Mood measured with Bond–Lader scales (1974) as well as measures of thirst, hunger, and satiety were recorded at each test session both at baseline and after the completion of each test battery. Forty adolescents (mean age = 14:2) participated in this within-subjects design study. According to treatment, all participants were tested before and after the intake of a low Glycaemic index breakfast (i.e., a 35 g portion of AllBran and 125 ml semi-skimmed milk) and before and after no breakfast consumption. Assessment time had two levels: 8.00 am (baseline) and 10.45 am. The orders of cognitive load tasks were counterbalanced. Overall it appeared that following breakfast participants felt more alert, satiated, and content. Following breakfast consumption, there was evidence for improved cognitive performance across the school morning compared to breakfast omission in some tasks (e.g., Hard Word Recall, Serial 3's and Serial 7's). However, whilst participants performance on the hard version of each cognitive task was significantly poorer compared to the corresponding easy version, there was limited evidence to support the hypothesis that the effect of breakfast was greater in the more demanding versions of the tasks.
SpA: web-accessible spectratype analysis: data management, statistical analysis and visualization

SUMMARY SpA is a web-accessible system for the management, visualization and statistical analysis of T-cell receptor spectratype data. Users upload data from their spectratype analyzers to SpA, which saves the raw data and user-defined supplementary covariates to a secure database. The statistical engine performs several data analyses and statistical summaries. The visualization engine displays spectratype histograms in a Java applet and in an image file suitable for download. All of these results are also saved to the database and remain accessible to the user. Additional statistical tools specific to the analysis of multiple spectratypes are also available through the SpA interface. AVAILABILITY The service is freely accessible via the web at http://www.duke. edu/~kepler/spa.html. Additional technical support and specialized statistical analysis and consultation are available by arrangement with the authors and, depending on the service requested, may be subject to fee.
Awareness and beliefs about alcohol use among women in India

ABSTRACT Understanding the beliefs and attitudes of the people in community towards drinking among women is important, as this is likely to affect social support and social integration of women recovering from alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The present study aimed to examine awareness and beliefs about alcohol use among women in India from women in the community. The sample comprised of 60 women drawn from an urban community of India using snowball sampling technique. All participants were over 18 years of age and were assessed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and a semi-structured interview schedule (SIS) developed for the study. The SIS assessed participants’ awareness about alcohol use among women, beliefs about risk and protective factors and the need for treatment among women with alcohol use problems. Findings indicated that women from the community stigmatized and stereotyped women with AUDs, but only to a mild degree. To a large extent, they were aware of alcohol use problems among women and the possible risk and protective factors associated with the same. These findings have significance for strengthening social support for recovery and rehabilitation of women with alcohol use problems in India.
Relativistic Iron K Emission and Absorption in the Seyfert 1.9 Galaxy MCG –5-23-16

We present the results of the simultaneous deep XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the bright Seyfert 1.9 galaxy MCG -5-23-16, which is thought to have one of the best known examples of a relativistically broadened iron Kα line. The time-averaged spectral analysis shows that the iron K-shell complex is best modeled with an unresolved narrow emission component (FWHM < 5000 km s-1, EW ~ 60 eV) plus a broad component. This latter component has FWHM ~ 44,000 km s-1 and EW ~ 50 eV. Its profile is well described by an emission line originating from an accretion disk viewed with an inclination angle ~40°, with the emission arising from within a few tens of gravitational radii of the central black hole. The time-resolved spectral analysis of the XMM-Newton EPIC pn spectrum shows that both the narrow and broad components of the Fe K emission line appear to be constant in time within the errors. We detected a narrow sporadic absorption line at 7.7 keV, which appears to be variable on a timescale of 20 ks. If associated with Fe XXVI Lyα, this absorption is indicative of a possibly variable, high-ionization, high-velocity outflow. The variability of this absorption feature appears to rule out a local (z = 0) origin. The analysis of the XMM-Newton RGS spectrum reveals that the soft X-ray emission of MCG -5-23-16 is likely dominated by several emission lines superimposed on an unabsorbed scattered power-law continuum. The lack of strong Fe L-shell emission, together with the detection of a strong forbidden line in the O VII triplet, is consistent with a scenario in which the soft X-ray emission lines are produced in a plasma photoionized by the nuclear emission.
Psychology: A paradigm Shift

As any field of knowledge the field of Psychology has grown, modified and included many new concepts into its realm leading to many new branches of Psychology. This paper is an attempt at tracing its journey to understand human nature. An attempt has also been made to find parallels in the relatively new concepts and approaches, rather renewal of interest in the experiential aspects of human existence of western Psychology and the ancient but still accepted and practiced Indian approaches. It’s therapeutic potentials and it’s implication for therapist’s personal growth have been discussed.
Effects of aging on myelinated nerve fibers in monkey primary visual cortex

In monkeys, myelin sheaths of the axons in the vertical bundles of nerve fibers passing through the deeper layers of primary visual cortex show age‐related alterations in their structure. These alterations have been examined by comparing the myelin sheaths in young monkeys, 5–10 years old, with those in old monkeys, between 25 and 33 years of age. The age‐related alterations are of four basic types. In some sheaths, there is local splitting of the major dense line to accommodate dense cytoplasm derived from the oligodendrocytes. Other sheaths balloon out, and in these locations, the intraperiod line in that part of the sheath opens up to surround a fluid‐filled space. Other alterations are the formation of redundant myelin so that a sheath is too large for the enclosed axon and the formation of double sheaths in which one layer of compact myelin is surrounded by another one. These alterations in myelin increase in frequency with the ages of the monkeys, and there is a significant correlation between the breakdown of the myelin and the impairments in cognition exhibited by individual monkeys. This correlation also holds even when the old monkeys, 25 to 33 years of age, are considered as a group. It is suggested that the correlation between the breakdown of myelin in the old monkeys and their impairments in cognition has not to do specifically with visual function but to the role of myelin in axonal conduction throughout the brain. The breakdown of myelin could impair cognition by leading to a change in the conduction rates along axons, resulting in a loss of synchrony in cortical neuronal circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:364–376, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low-Dose Metronomic Oral Dosing of a Prodrug of Gemcitabine (LY2334737) Causes Antitumor Effects in the Absence of Inhibition of Systemic Vasculogenesis

Metronomic chemotherapy refers to the close, regular administration of conventional chemotherapy drugs at relatively low, minimally toxic doses, with no prolonged break periods; it is now showing encouraging results in various phase II clinical trials and is currently undergoing phase III trial evaluation. It is thought to cause antitumor effects primarily by antiangiogenic mechanisms, both locally by targeting endothelial cells of the tumor neovasculature and systemically by effects on bone marrow–derived cells, including circulating endothelial progenitor cells (CEP). Previous studies have shown reduction of CEPs by metronomic administration of a number of different chemotherapeutic drugs, including vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, topotecan, and tegafur plus uracil (UFT). However in addition to, or even instead of, antiangiogenic effects, metronomic chemotherapy may cause suppression of tumor growth by other mechanisms such as stimulating cytotoxic T-cell responses or by direct antitumor effects. Here we report results evaluating the properties of metronomic administration of an oral prodrug of gemcitabine LY2334737 in nontumor–bearing mice and in preclinical models of human ovarian (SKOV3-13) and breast cancer (LM2-4) xenografts. Through daily gavage (at 6 mg/kg/d), the schedules tested were devoid of toxicity and caused antitumor effects; however, a suppressive effect on CEPs was not detected. Unexpectedly, metronomic LY2334737 administration caused increased blood flow in luciferase-tagged LM2-4 tumor xenografts, and this effect, readily measured using contrast micro-ultrasound, coincided with a relative increase in tumor bioluminescence. These results highlight the possibility of significant antitumor effects mediated by metronomic administration of some chemotherapy drugs without a concomitant inhibition of systemic angiogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(3); 680–9. ©2011 AACR.
Identification of New Splice Sites Used for Generation of rev Transcripts in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Primary Isolates

The HIV-1 primary transcript undergoes a complex splicing process by which more than 40 different spliced RNAs are generated. One of the factors contributing to HIV-1 splicing complexity is the multiplicity of 3′ splice sites (3'ss) used for generation of rev RNAs, with two 3'ss, A4a and A4b, being most commonly used, a third site, A4c, used less frequently, and two additional sites, A4d and A4e, reported in only two and one isolates, respectively. HIV-1 splicing has been analyzed mostly in subtype B isolates, and data on other group M clades are lacking. Here we examine splice site usage in three primary isolates of subtype C, the most prevalent clade in the HIV-1 pandemic, by using an in vitro infection assay of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Viral spliced RNAs were identified by RT-PCR amplification using a fluorescently-labeled primer and software analyses and by cloning and sequencing the amplified products. The results revealed that splice site usage for generation of rev transcripts in subtype C differs from that reported for subtype B, with most rev RNAs using two previously unreported 3'ss, one located 7 nucleotides upstream of 3'ss A4a, designated A4f, preferentially used by two isolates, and another located 14 nucleotides upstream of 3'ss A4c, designated A4g, preferentially used by the third isolate. A new 5′ splice site, designated D2a, was also identified in one virus. Usage of the newly identified splice sites is consistent with sequence features commonly found in subtype C viruses. These results show that splice site usage may differ between HIV-1 subtypes.
Automated oracle creation support, or: How I learned to stop worrying about fault propagation and love mutation testing

In testing, the test oracle is the artifact that determines whether an application under test executes correctly. The choice of test oracle can significantly impact the effectiveness of the testing process. However, despite the prevalence of tools that support the selection of test inputs, little work exists for supporting oracle creation. In this work, we propose a method of supporting test oracle creation. This method automatically selects the oracle data - the set of variables monitored during testing - for expected value test oracles. This approach is based on the use of mutation analysis to rank variables in terms of fault-finding effectiveness, thus automating the selection of the oracle data. Experiments over four industrial examples demonstrate that our method may be a cost-effective approach for producing small, effective oracle data, with fault finding improvements over current industrial best practice of up to 145.8% observed.