Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current management of acute cutaneous wounds.

In this article we describe our approach to the management of wounds. Wherever possible, our recommendations are based on randomized trials. However, many of the recommendations are based on small, observational studies or expert opinion; thus, we recognize that there may be disagreement with some of our recommendations. Nevertheless, the approach we advise has been shown to be workable and useful. The primary goal in the management of wounds is to achieve rapid healing with optimal functional and aesthetic results. This is best accomplished by pre- venting infection and further trauma and by providing an environment that opti- mizes healing of the wound. All wounds should be thoroughly cleansed with tap water or normal saline. 6 For heavily contaminated wounds, high-pressure irriga- tion (>7 psi) can be achieved with the use of a 10-to-50-ml syringe and splatter shield (see the video in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at www.nejm.org). 7 The patient's tetanus-immunization status should be ascertained, and standard recommendations followed to ensure that the patient is protected against tetanus. A moist environment for the wound accelerates healing by preventing cellular dehydration and stimulating collagen synthesis and angiogenesis, thus improving cosmesis and reducing pain, the risk of infection, and the costs of care. 8-10 A moist environment may be created by covering the wound with a topical antimicrobial agent or by applying an occlusive dressing that reduces the loss of fluid through evaporation. Topical anti microbial agents have been shown to reduce rates of in- fection of traumatic lacerations, 11 although not of wounds caused by elective sur- gery. 12 Occlusive dressings have also been shown to reduce rates of infection. 13 Over-the-counter cyanoacrylate liquid bandages are effective for clean, simple wounds. 14 The choice of dressing depends on the cause, size, depth, location, degree of exudation, and level of contamination of the wound, as well as on cost (Table 1). There is no clinically directive evidence to support the choice of one dressing over another. 15 Occlusive dressings are less painful and more convenient for patients and may speed healing, although they are more expensive than topical antibiotics and gauze dressings. In some circumstances, however, the fact that
Social mobility and post-compulsory education: revisiting Boudon’s model of social opportunity

This paper uses Raymond Boudon’s model of educational expansion to examine the relationship between education and social mobility, paying particular attention to post-compulsory education – an important site of social differentiation in England. The paper shows how Boudon focuses explicitly on the consequences of educational expansion, and argues that his work helps us understand why widening access to post-compulsory education does not necessarily lead to higher rates of social mobility. We investigate Boudon’s key theoretical insights and assess the contemporary relevance of his model. The paper argues that the fundamental assumptions of Boudon’s model not only remain valid, but have been intensified by systemic changes in English post-compulsory education, and its articulation with the labour market.
Presence: concept, determinants, and measurement

The concept of presence, i.e. the sensation of 'being there' in a mediated environment, has received substantial attention from the virtual reality community, and is becoming increasingly relevant both to broadcasters and display developers. Although research into presence is still at an early stage of development, there is a consensus that presence has multiple determinants. To identify and test which parameters affect presence, a reliable, robust and valid means of measuring presence is required. In this paper, we describe the categories of factors thought to have an impact on presence. Furthermore, we present an overview of various approaches taken to measuring presence, which can be divided into two general categories: subjective measures and objective corroborative measures. Since presence is a subjective experience, the most direct way of assessment is through users' subjective report. This approach has serious limitations however, and should be used judiciously. Objective measures, such as postural, physiological or social responses to media, can be used to corroborate subjective measures, thereby overcoming some of their limitations. At present, the most promising direction for presence measurement is to develop and use an aggregate measure of presence that is comprised of both subjective and objective components, tailored to the specific medium under study.
Development and Psychopathology of Children with the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Extended psychiatric and pediatric examinations were performed on patients with the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). A subgroup of these patients underwent psychological testing to measure intelligence, visual perception, and psycholinguistic abilities. Psychopathology was also studied in a matched control group. The investigation revealed a broad scale of developmental hazards and psycho-pathologic symptoms indicating the negative long-range effects of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. The extent of morphologic damage was found to be a good predictor of psychopathology and mental impairment. Social environment and socioeconomic status appear less important as predictors.
Evaluating Beliefs Associated with Late-Stage Lung Cancer Presentation in Minorities

Introduction: Minority patients in the United States present with later stages of lung cancer and have poorer outcomes. Cultural factors, such as beliefs regarding lung cancer and discrimination experiences, may underlie this disparity. Methods: Patients with a new diagnosis of lung cancer were recruited from four medical centers in New York City. A survey, using validated items, was conducted on the minority (black and Hispanic) and nonminority patients about their beliefs regarding lung cancer, fatalism, and medical mistrust. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to compare beliefs among minorities and nonminorities and to assess the association of these factors with late-stage (III and IV) presentation. Results: Of the 357 lung cancer patients, 40% were black or Hispanic. Minorities were more likely to be diagnosed with advanced-stage lung cancer (53% versus 38%, p = 0.01). Although beliefs about lung cancer etiology, symptoms, and treatment were similar between groups (p > 0.05), fatalistic views and medical mistrust were more common among minorities and among late-stage lung cancer patients (p < 0.05, for all comparisons). Adjusting for age, sex, education, and insurance, minorities had increased odds of advanced-stage lung cancer (odds ratio: 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–3.08). After controlling for fatalism and medical mistrust, the association between minority status and advanced stage at diagnosis was attenuated and no longer statistically significant (odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.84–2.87). Conclusions: Fatalism and medical mistrust are more common among minorities and may partially explain the disparities in cancer stage at diagnosis. Addressing these factors may contribute to reducing disparities in lung cancer diagnosis and outcomes.
Discovery of a Small Molecule Targeting IRA2 Deletion in Budding Yeast and Neurofibromin Loss in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a life-threatening complication of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is caused by mutation in the gene encoding neurofibromin, a negative regulator of Ras signaling. There are no effective pharmacologic therapies for MPNST. To identify new therapeutic approaches targeting this dangerous malignancy, we developed assays in NF1+/+ and NF1−/− MPNST cell lines and in budding yeast lacking the NF1 homologue IRA2 (ira2Δ). Here, we describe UC1, a small molecule that targets NF1−/− cell lines and ira2Δ budding yeast. By using yeast genetics, we identified NAB3 as a high-copy suppressor of UC1 sensitivity. NAB3 encodes an RNA binding protein that associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA Pol II and plays a role in the termination of nonpolyadenylated RNA transcripts. Strains with deletion of IRA2 are sensitive to genetic inactivation of NAB3, suggesting an interaction between Ras signaling and Nab3-dependent transcript termination. This work identifies a lead compound and a possible target pathway for NF1-associated MPNST, and shows a novel model system approach to identify and validate target pathways for cancer cells in which NF1 loss drives tumor formation. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(9); 1740–50. ©2011 AACR.
A personalized music filtering system based on melody style classification

With the growth of digital music, the personalized music filtering system is helpful for users. Melody style is one of the music features to represent user's music preference. We present a personalized content-based music filtering system to support music recommendation based on user's preference of melody style. We propose the multitype melody style classification approach to recommend the music objects. The system learns the user preference by mining the melody patterns from the music access behavior of the user. A two-way melody preference classifier is therefore constructed for each user. Music recommendation is made through this melody preference classifier. Performance evaluation shows that the filtering effect of the proposed approach meets user's preference.
The Use Made of Treatment: an Alternative Approach to the Evaluation of Alcoholism Services

Despite much evaluative research on alcoholism services, the effectiveness of treatment is still an unsettled matter. The inconclusive results of empirical studies comparing different methods and extensive statistical analysis of their findings do not point a clear way forward for future evaluative efforts. Using a sample of follow-up data from an evaluation study of three residential units (not considered here) this report sets out to demonstrate that dynamics in individual drinking patterns make surveys of studies which have applied different outcome criteria very unreliable. The feasibility of the single controlled study in evaluation is also questioned and attributed to the inappropriate use of a “quality control” model. An alternative approach which avoids the methodological and practical difficulties of the conventional design examines the use made of treatment by clients. A more realistic account based on individual cases is urged which recognizes that seeking help for a drink problem is only one of a number of ways in which the treatment episode fits into the lives of problem drinkers. Some observational evidence is presented and a reinterpretation of Costello' successful and unsuccessful treatment groupings is made in support of a treatment-use approach to evaluation.
Fas and Fas ligand gene expression in autoimmune thyroiditis in BB/W rats.

OBJECTIVE Apoptosis via the Fas pathway is a potential mechanism for thyroid tissue destruction leading to clinical hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Recent studies reported contradictory results regarding the regulation of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) expression by cytokines in vitro. We therefore determined the Fas and FasL gene expression in the BioBreeding/Worcester (BB/W) rat thyroiditis model, which can be regarded as a model for HT. METHODS In order to obtain BB/W rats with spontaneous, iodine-induced or without lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT), rats were divided into 3 groups: 55-day-old rats after 24 days of iodine administration, 75-day-old rats after 45 days of iodine administration, and 101-day-old rats respectively. The gene expression of Fas, FasL, and interleukin (IL)-1beta was determined by Genescan fragment analysis using reverse polymerase chain reaction. Serum thyroglobulin (TG) antibody concentrations were measured and the extent of lymphocytic infiltration of one thyroid lobe was histologically graded. RESULTS Fas and FasL gene expression was significantly higher in rats with LT and correlated with the extent of lymphocytic infiltration and the TG antibody level. There was no evidence that the expression of IL-1beta or other cytokines is related to the expression of Fas or its ligand. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of Fas and FasL in LT of BB/W rats suggests the involvement of the Fas pathway in the pathogenesis of LT in BB/W rats. However, in contrast to results of recent in vitro studies, in the BB/W rat Fas/FasL expression is not regulated by IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -12, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Population Receptive Field Dynamics in Human Visual Cortex

Seminal work in the early nineties revealed that the visual receptive field of neurons in cat primary visual cortex can change in location and size when artificial scotomas are applied. Recent work now suggests that these single neuron receptive field dynamics also pertain to the neuronal population receptive field (pRF) that can be measured in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To examine this further, we estimated the pRF in twelve healthy participants while masking the central portion of the visual field. We found that the pRF changes in location and size for two differently sized artificial scotomas, and that these pRF dynamics are most likely due to a combination of the neuronal receptive field position and size scatter as well as modulatory feedback signals from extrastriate visual areas.
I AM an Angry Black Woman: Black Feminist Autoethnography, Voice, and Resistance

This article couples Black feminist thought (Collins, 2009) and autoethnography to advocate for Black feminist autoethnography (BFA) as a theoretical and methodological means for Black female academics to critically narrate the pride and pain of Black womanhood. Rooted in my desire to “talk back” (hooks, 1989) to systemic oppression as a biracial (Black and White) Black woman, I position anger as a productive force that fuels coming to voice through BFA as an act of resistance. In this article, BFA is used to self-reflexively explore my everyday experiences as an “outsider within” (Collins, 1986) and problematize the omnipresence of racism and sexism (at the least) in the everyday lives of Black women. Situating my anger as just and justifiable, I locate my voice directly in response to controlling imagery, such as the angry sapphire that denotes angry women of color as unruly, while simultaneously highlighting the need for “progressive Black sexual politics” (Collins, 2005, p. 16) that bear witness to the productive anger of Black women.
EVOLUTION OF PASSERINE INCUBATION BEHAVIOR: INFLUENCE OF FOOD, TEMPERATURE, AND NEST PREDATION

Abstract Incubation behavior is one component of reproductive effort and thus influences the evolution of life-history strategies. We examined the relative importance of body mass, frequency of mate feeding, food, nest predation, and ambient temperature to explain interspecific variation in incubation behavior (nest attentiveness, on- and off-bout durations, and nest trips per hour) using comparative analyses for North American passerines in which only females incubate. Body mass and frequency of mate feeding explained little variation in incubation behavior. We were also unable to detect any influence of food; diet and foraging strategy explained little interspecific variation in incubation behavior. However, the typical temperature encountered during reproduction explained significant variation in incubation behavior: Species breeding in colder environments take shorter bouts off the nest, which prevents eggs from cooling to temperatures below the physiological zero temperature. These species must compensate for shorter off-bouts by taking more of them (thus shorter on-bouts) to obtain needed energy for incubation. Nest predation also explains significant variation in incubation behavior among passerines: Species that endure high nest predation have evolved an incubation strategy (long on- and off-bouts) that minimizes activity that could attract predators. Nest substrate explained additional variation in incubation behavior (cavity-nesting birds have shorter on-bouts and make more frequent nest trips), presumably because nest predation and/or temperature varies among nest substrates. Thus, nest predation can influence reproductive effort in a way previously not demonstrated—by placing a constraint on parental activity at the nest. Incubating birds face an ecological cost associated with reproductive effort (predation of entire brood) that should be considered in future attempts to explain avian life-history evolution. Corresponding Editor: E. Ketterson
Comparison of predictability of epileptic seizures by a linear and a nonlinear method

The performance of traditional linear (variance based) methods for the identification and prediction of epileptic seizures are contrasted with "modern" methods from nonlinear time series analysis. We note several flaws of design in demonstrations claiming to establish the efficacy of nonlinear techniques; in particular, we examine published evidence for precursor identification. We perform null hypothesis tests using relevant surrogate data to demonstrate that decreases in the correlation density prior to and during seizure may simply reflect increases in the variance.
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is the key component of most cardiovascular diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction.1–3 An inflamed endothelium recruits inflammatory cells, such as monocytes, via the expression of various mediators and chemokines.4–6 This, in addition to the accumulation of cholesterol and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the intima, leads to the transformation of monocytes into foam cells, which consume dead cells and lipids.7–9 The atherogenic process involves multiple cell types, that is, endothelial cells (ECs),10 SMCs,11 immune cells,12 and stem/progenitor cells,13 in which levels of both intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a fundamental role in vascular cell homoeostasis and eventually affects the development of atherosclerosis.14 Fine-tuning of cellular redox status is a prerequisite for the well-being of vascular system. Although too much oxidative stress can be detrimental, some basal levels are crucial for proper cell signaling. Recently, a number of publications in ATVB and other journals have demonstrated substantial progress in research into oxidative stress vascular disease, especially atherosclerosis.14–17 In the present article, we highlight these updated publications, providing insights into the mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in pathophysiological conditions of the vessel wall, and the contribution of redox imbalance to lesion formation via influencing vascular cell (dys)functions. Oxidative stress is defined as a cellular condition where the damaging effect of oxidant is greater than the beneficial effect of antioxidants. Major oxidants are based on O2 molecules, which are taken in during respiration, with higher reactivity than molecular O2, and are known as ROS.14 ROS are, thus, broadly defined as oxygen-containing chemical species with higher reactive properties. Major ROS include superoxide (O2·−) and hydroxyl (HO·) free radicals, as well as nonradical …
Mixed-Mode BIST Using Embedded Processors

In complex systems, embedded processors may be used to run software routines for test pattern generation and response evaluation. For system components which are not completely random pattern testable, the test programs have to generate deterministic patterns after random testing. Usually the random test part of the program requires long run times whereas the part for deterministic testing has high memory requirements.In this paper it is shown that an appropriate selection of the random pattern test method can significantly reduce the memory requirements of the deterministic part. A new, highly efficient scheme for software-based random pattern testing is proposed, and it is shown how to extend the scheme for deterministic test pattern generation. The entire test scheme may also be used for implementing a scan based BIST in hardware.
The Impact of Repression on Creativity

The main thesis of Polivy' s target article is that suppression of behavior, thoughts, or affects has costs and results in conflicts, cognitive disruption, and some form of maladaptive behavior. In general, the research Polivy reviews supports this thesis. However, Polivy's review covers much conceptual territory, whereas, in actuality, different variables and mechanisms might be involved in these different processes. For example, inhibition of thoughts, affects, and behaviors are discussed as being similar. But inhibition of thoughts and affects could involve very different processes and have different consequences from those of inhibition of behaviors. The difference between the concepts of repression of thoughts and affects, and suppression of behavior is important. The psychoanalytic concept of repression involves the warding off of the feeling of instinctive impulses or the ideational representations of instincts (A. Freud, 1937/1966). Both the feeling and the thought associated with the feeling are repressed. The purpose of repression is to reduce the anxiety and conflict by reducing the awareness of the "dangerous" content. There are individual differences in the use of repression in children and adults. If there is too little repression, the individual can be overwhelmed by inappropriate images and affects, such as in the manic phase associated with bipolar disorder. If there is too much repression, a major constriction of thinking can occur. One of the costs of utilizing repression and not having access to affective content is a reduction in creativity. The link between repression and reduced creativity has been well supported in the empirical literature. My own research program has focused on this relation and the findings are supportive of the general thesis Polivy puts forth. Creativity is one type of adaptive functioning that is impaired when thoughts and affects are not acknowledged.
SOFAS: A Lightweight Architecture for Software Analysis as a Service

Access to data stored in software repositories by systems such as version control, bug and issue tracking, or mailing lists is essential for assessing the quality of a software system. A myriad of analyses exploiting that data have been proposed throughout the years: source code analysis, code duplication analysis, co-change analysis, bug prediction, or detection of bug fixing patterns. However, easy and straight forward synergies between these analyses rarely exist. To tackle this problem we have developed SOFAS, a distributed and collaborative software analysis platform to enable a seamless interoperation of such analyses. In particular, software analyses are offered as Restful web services that can be accessed and composed over the Internet. SOFAS services are accessible through a software analysis catalog where any project stakeholder can, depending on the needs or interests, pick specific analyses, combine them, let them run remotely and then fetch the final results. That way, software developers, testers, architects, or quality assurance experts are given access to quality analysis services. They are shielded from many peculiarities of tool installations and configurations, but SOFAS offers them sophisticated and easy-to-use analyses. This paper describes in detail our SOFAS architecture, its considerations and implementation aspects, and the current set of implemented and offered Restful analysis services.