Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Federal Meteorological Programs for Fiscal Years

Abstract The trend in the funding of Federal meteorological services and research over the past decade has been assessed. The major thrusts of this analysis have been directed toward determining the service improvements that have occurred, the impact of inflation over the years, and the directions for future programs. The increases in radar surveillance of severe storms, the improved capability of remote sensing from satellites, the steady rise in computer power, and the expansion of warning dissemination systems are examples of program highlights discussed. While the annual Federal expenditures for meteorology have more than doubled over the past decade and have kept somewhat ahead of inflation, Federal manpower in operational meteorology peaked in the middle of the decade and is now at a level below that of ten years ago. The major meteorological functions of monitoring, forecast and warning preparation and dissemination, as well as the research that supports these functions, are all characterized by a .
Resonances in the Dijet Mass Distribution in pp Collisions at √ s = 7 TeV

We present a measurement of the dijet invariant mass spectrum and search for new particles decaying to dijets at CMS in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV with 120± 13 nb−1 of data. The dijet mass distribution of the two leading jets in the pseudorapidity region | η |< 1.3 is measured and compared to QCD predictions from PYTHIA propagated through the CMS detector simulation. The highest observed dijet mass is 2.13 TeV. We fit the observed dijet mass spectrum with a parameterization, search for dijet resonances, and set upper limits at 95% Confidence Level (C.L.) on the resonance cross section. These generic cross section limits are compared with theoretical predictions for the cross section for several models of new particles: string resonances, axigluons, colorons, excited quarks, E6 diquarks, Randall-Sundrum Gravitons, W’ and Z’. We exclude at 95% C.L. string resonances with mass less than 1.67 TeV, excited quarks with mass less than 0.59 TeV and axigluons and colorons with mass less than 0.52 TeV. Our limit on string resonances is more stringent than previously published limits.
Black Hole X-ray Binaries in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1399

We present results from analysis and comparison of 2000 and 2003 Chandra X-ray Observatory observations of the population of X-ray binaries in the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1399. A number of variable low-mass X-ray binaries are identified, including some candidate transient sources. Evidence for the presence of black hole binaries in NGC 1399 is strong, and the case most compelling for the globular cluster sources. The most luminous source declined from 5 × 1039 erg s-1 to 2 × 1039 erg s-1 while maintaining a soft spectrum. Such behavior is seen in (high state) black hole binaries; however, none of these are found in Milky Way globular clusters.
Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and studies of topological insulators and heavy fermions

Angle-resolve photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) as an experimental method that can directly measure electronic structure has been playing an important role in studies of novel materials, such as high temperature superconductors, topological insulators and many others. In this thesis, we will discuss the development of a tunable vacuum UV Laser ARPES system as well as ARPES studies of topological insulators and heavy fermion materials. The main results are as follows: 1. We developed an angle-resolved photoemission spectrometer with tunable vacuum ultraviolet laser as a photon source. The photon source is based on the fourth harmonic generation of a near IR beam from a Ti:sapphire laser pumped by a CW green laser and tunable between 5.3 eV and 7 eV. The most important part of the set-up is a compact, vacuum enclosed fourth harmonic generator based on potassium beryllium fluoroborate crystals, grown hydrothermally in the US. This source can deliver a photon flux of over 1014 photon/s. We demonstrate that this energy range is su cient to measure the kz dispersion in an iron arsenic high temperature superconductor and rare-earth antimonides, which was previously only possible at synchrotron facilities. 2. We studied a nontrivial surface state in a pseudobinary Bi2Te2.28Se0. 58 topological insulator. We demonstrated that, unlike in previously studied binaries, this is an intrinsic topological insulator with the conduction bulk band residing well above the chemical potential. Our data shows that under a good vacuum condition there are no significant aging e↵ects for more than two weeks after cleaving. We also demonstrated that the shift of the Kramers point at low temperature is caused by UV-assisted absorption of atomic hydrogen. 3. We systematically studied the electronic structure of quasi-2D heavy fermion material
A Systematic Review on Current Trends in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B to Predict Disease Remission and Relapse

Despite decreasing the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), it is still a major health care challenge. Current antiviral regimens aim to suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) activity to prevent the risk of hepatic decompensation, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogs (NA) are the first-line choices of drugs. Peg-IFN is now discontinued due to its mode of application and side effects. NA is used once daily to suppress HBV DNA activity but has little effect on covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), so continuous long-term therapy is required to suppress HBV DNA. Due to this effect, disease remission, relapse, and even clinical flare are common phenomena after the end of treatment (EOT). This review aimed to analyze the current regimens for treating chronic hepatitis B. Their mode of action, duration of treatment, and events after stopping therapy. The review was performed using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A search was undertaken in PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Screening of articles was carried out to find relevant and appropriate articles. Articles were then quality-checked before inclusion. Our analysis showed that long-term finite therapy with nucleoside analogs could improve clinical outcomes and suppress viral DNA activity. However, a functional cure, loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), is rarely achieved. The decision to end treatment depends on quantitative HBsAg level (qHBsAg), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), HBV DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and fibrosis assessment. It is concluded that patients with HBeAg negative without cirrhosis can be easily withdrawn from treatment if they have long-term viral remission and a high HBsAg loss rate. However, patients with positive HBeAg should continue treatment because there is a high chance of disease relapse and even acute flare. To predict whether patients will benefit from EOT, some immunomodulatory markers are studied, including interleukin (IL-20, IL-8), fas ligand (FASGL), and IFN gamma. Although these factors are reliable, none pose an independent effect on disease remission. Combination therapy (IFN alpha + oral nucleoside analogs) is promising but has clinical shortcomings.
THE GAUSS-MARKOV THEOREM FOR REGRESSION MODELS WITH POSSIBLY SINGULAR COVARIANCES*

In this note we extend the Gauss–Markov theorem to the case of singular covariances and give an explicit formula for the BLUE of an estimable parameter. The formula reduces to the usual one when the covariance is nonsingular. An easy by-product of this result reestablishes known conditions for coincidence of the BLUE and naive least squares estimate.
Data assimilation and inverse methods in terms of a probabilistic formulation

Abstract The weak constraint inverse for nonlinear dynamical models is discussed and derived in term of a probabilistic formulation. The well-known result that for Gaussian error statistics the minimum of the weak constraint inverse is equal to the maximum-likelihood estimate is rederived. Then several methods based on ensemble statistics that can be used to find the smoother (as opposed to the filter) solution are introduced and compared to traditional methods. A strong point of the new methods is that they avoid the integration of adjoint equations, which is a complex task for real oceanographic or atmospheric applications. They also avoid iterative searches in a Hilbert space, and error estimates can be obtained without much additional computational effort. The feasibility of the new methods is illustrated in a two-layer quasigeostrophic ocean model.
Control of Laminar Pulsating Flow and Heat Transfer in Backward-Facing Step by Using a Square Obstacle

In the present study, laminar pulsating flow over a backward-facing step in the presence of a square obstacle placed behind the step is numerically studied to control the heat transfer and fluid flow. The working fluid is air with a Prandtl number of 0.71 and the Reynolds number is varied from 10 and 200. The study is performed for three different vertical positions of the square obstacle and different forcing frequencies at the inlet position. Navier–Stokes and energy equation for a 2D laminar flow are solved using a finite-volume-based commercial code. It is observed that by properly locating the square obstacle the length and intensity of the recirculation zone behind the step are considerably affected, and hence, it can be used as a passive control element for heat transfer augmentation. Enhancements in the maximum values of the Nusselt number of 228% and 197% are obtained for two different vertical locations of the obstacle. On the other hand, in the pulsating flow case at Reynolds number of 200, two locations of the square obstacle are effective for heat transfer enhancement with pulsation compared to the case without obstacle.
Modified Wilson Plots for Enhanced Heat Transfer Experiments: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Heat transfer coefficients for enhanced tubes are typically measured indirectly using the “Wilson plot” method to first characterize the thermal performance of the one side (heating or cooling supply) and then to obtain the heat transfer data for the enhanced side based on the Wilson plot results. A brief history of the Wilson plot evolution and alternative methods to the Wilson plot, including the advantages and disadvantages, are discussed as applied for enhanced heat transfer. A slight modification to the Briggs and Young (1969) method is proposed so that the experimental errors can be propagated through the method, allowing us to estimate the error in the generated correlations. Furthermore, a new method based on unconstrained minimization is proposed as an alternative to the least-squares regression. As an example, both methods have been applied to two enhanced boiling tubes (the most recent generation) and heat transfer coefficients were compared against direct wall temperature based heat transfer coefficient measurements made on the same tubes for water flow with high-performance internal helical ribs. Both the unconstrained minimization method and the modified Briggs and Young (1969) method performed well and predicted the same heat transfer performance within experimental uncertainty for two databases taken on two different experimental facilities. Furthermore, if the presently modified Wilson plot method is utilized, and the form of the correlating equation is chosen judiciously and is only applied within the range of experimental conditions tested, the results garnered from the analysis can very adequately predict the local heat transfer performance.
MODEL CALCULATIONS OF HIGH-HARMONIC GENERATION IN MOLECULAR IONS

One electron bound by a three-dimensional two-center zero-range potential is embedded in an electric field with sinusoidal time dependence and arbitrary polarization and orientation with respect to the axis of the two-center potential. In the absence of the field, the model supports up to two bound states, which have a large transition dipole moment. Hence, the physical systems best described by the model are molecular ions such as ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}. $ Rates for high-harmonic emission are calculated analytically up to one final quadrature. In terms of the rescattering picture, harmonic emission can be attributed to two different mechanisms: electrons recombine either at the center they started from or at the other one. The latter case allows for three topologically different classes of orbits, which lead to different spectral ranges of harmonics. Two of them are similar to atomic (one-center) harmonic generation, but have different cutoff laws that are no longer proportional to the ponderomotive potential. In the third the electron moves directly from one center to the other. This leads to strong harmonic emission at comparatively low frequencies similar to emission from a two-level atom with the cutoff proportional to the field amplitude rather than the intensity. The molecular dipole phase in this case is almost independent of the field intensity and, at constant intensity, the phases of neighboring harmonics are locked. Different orientations of the two-center system with respect to the field with various polarization configurations are investigated. Most of the observed features lend themselves to interpretation in terms of the simple man's model.
A Simulated Annealing Algorithm with Constant Temperature for Discrete Stochastic Optimization

We present a modification of the simulated annealing algorithm designed for solving discrete stochastic optimization problems. Like the original simulated annealing algorithm, our method has the hill climbing feature, so it can find global optimal solutions to discrete stochastic optimization problems with many local solutions. However, our method differs from the original simulated annealing algorithm in that it uses a constant (rather than decreasing) temperature. We consider two approaches for estimating the optimal solution. The first approach uses the number of visits the algorithm makes to the different states (divided by a normalizer) to estimate the optimal solution. The second approach uses the state that has the best average estimated objective function value as estimate of the optimal solution. We show that both variants of our method are guaranteed to converge almost surely to the set of global optimal solutions, and discuss how our work applies in the discrete deterministic optimization setting. We also show how both variants can be applied for solving discrete optimization problems when the objective function values are estimated using either transient or steady-state simulation. Finally, we include some encouraging numerical results documenting the behavior of the two variants of our algorithm when applied for solving two versions of a particular discrete stochastic optimization problem, and compare their performance with that of other variants of the simulated annealing algorithm designed for solving discrete stochastic optimization problems.
Dual-band MgZnO ultraviolet photodetector integrated with Si

We have constructed a dual-band ultraviolet photodetector by growing high quality MgxZn1−xO layers on Si substrate with molecular beam epitaxy. The device performance was studied by current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, spectra photoresponse, and time-resolved photoresponse characterizations. It demonstrates a high UV/visible light rejection ratio of more than 2 orders of magnitude and a fast response speed of less than 100 ms. The cutoff wavelength can be at solar-blind (280 nm)/visible-blind (301 nm) region by applying 1 V forward/2 V reverse bias. The working principle of the dual-band photodetector was finally investigated by interpretation of the specific carrier transport behavior with the energy band diagram.
Interferometric phase velocity measurements

Phase velocities of plasma waves near the lower hybrid frequency were measured with an interferometer composed of two spatially separated electron density probes. The plasma waves were produced in the F-region ionosphere by an argon ion beam. By calculating the normalized cross spectrum of the plasma waves a coherency of . 98 was estimated along with a maximum phase difference of π/3 radians between the two probes. This implies that the wavelength was 6 meters compared to an O+ gyroradius of 3.8 meters and that the phase velocity was 45 km/sec compared to an ion beam velocity of 12.4 km/sec. These numbers compare favorably with recent predictions of a nonresonant mode produced by a dense ion beam.
Development of Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) and Its Derivatives: A Review of the Progress over the past Two Decades

Abstract Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and its derivatives have been developed and used for various biomedical applications over the past two decades. Several publications have reviewed the development of PGS from different perspectives, typically focusing on the biofabrication techniques and intended biomedical applications of PGS. However, a comprehensive review of the progress in the research on PGS and its derivatives over the past two decades, in terms of material design, synthesis, and properties have not been conducted. Herein, we review the design and preparation of PGS using different synthesis processes, ranging from the traditional heat curing method to various novel synthesis approaches, before systematically exploring the development of novel PGS derivatives prepared by functional groups modification or (and) hybridizing with other substances. Moreover, a statistical analysis of related publications is presented to quantify the progress in the research on PGS and its derivatives from different perspectives and identify any trends. We expect that this review and the design principles of PGS-based materials summarized herein will inform and promote the further development and optimization of PGS and its derivatives for biomedical applications.
Micromechanical fracture strength of silicon

In order to test the statistical influence of some process and micromachining parameters on the fracture strength of silicon microelements, arrays of identical microsized cantilever beams were bulk micromachined in single‐crystalline silicon wafers. The beams were exposed to various surface treatments (diamond polishing with different grades, oxidization, stripping of oxide) in different combinations. The influence on fracture strength was investigated by bending the beams to fracture in a micromanipulator mounted in situ in a scanning electron microscope while registering force‐versus‐deflection curves. Average fracture strengths, standard deviations, Weibull moduli, crack‐initiating flaw sizes, and in some cases elastic moduli were evaluated. Diamond polishing was found to decrease the fracture strength drastically, but polishing followed by oxidization not only restored the original strength, but actually increased it, due to crack healing. Polishing, oxidization, and subsequent stripping of oxide resu.
Spectral Irradiance Calibration in the Infrared. XV. Absolute Calibration of Standard Stars by Experiments on the Midcourse Space Experiment

Calibration experiments were conducted with the SPIRIT III infrared instrument on the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) against a number of infrared standard stars and five emissive reference spheres that were ejected at various times during the mission. The physical properties of the 2 cm diameter spheres, such as size and emissivity, were precisely measured in the laboratory. The energy balance equation between the total flux absorbed and that emitted by the sphere is solved to obtain the time-dependent temperature of the sphere under the assumption that the sphere radiates as a blackbody with the measured wavelength-dependent emissivity. The estimated uncertainties in the modeling of the sphere are about 1 K in the thermal component and 3% for the geometric contribution. MSX also measured over 150 mean fluxes for eight standard infrared calibration stars during the 10 month mission. The measurements were scaled to the absolute fluxes that Cohen et al. adopt for α CMa (Sirius). The measured spectral energy distributions of the calibration stars relative to Sirius are within the uncertainties that Cohen et al. assign to the absolute fluxes from these stars, with a few exceptions. However, the MSX measurement uncertainties are generally much smaller, and the mission-averaged fluxes reveal statistically significant deviations from the Cohen et al. values. Of the calibration stars, only β Peg was found to be variable. MSX also measured excess fluxes for α Lyr (Vega) in the 12.1, 14.7, and 21.3 μm spectral bands; the excesses in the latter two bands are consistent with the published thermal model for the dust ring around this star. The absolute calibration of the fluxes of the stellar standards based on the average of the measurements of the spheres over all MSX bands and the five experiments agrees with those predicted to within the 1.4% MSX measurement uncertainties. The zero-magnitude absolute fluxes proposed by Cohen et al. are validated if the flux from Sirius is increased by 1%.
Relieving Burnout through Job Design: A SEM Approach

Introduction: The research paper “Alleviating Burnout through Job Design: A SEM Approach”, was developed at KIET School of Management, KIET Group of Institutions in the year 2021. The challenges of the 21st century are to create a new paradigm that will lead to the success of an organization; one which must be decided by the organization itself. It is assumed that pay at the workplace is the most important factor for motivation. Problem: This paper posits that a well-defined job design, can reduce burnout and further enhance the employees’ performance. It will in turn help the organization effectively compete in the ever-challenging global market. Objective: Investigating the relation between job design and burnout in employees (managers) in FMCG compa - nies. It’s done by assessment of changes in core dimensions of burnout with respect to job design. Design/Methodology/Approach: The assessment was done among 350 managers working in FMCG companies in Delhi/NCR. They had been given questionnaires to make an assessment of the dimensions of different variables related to burnout. The hypothesis was made that job design and burnout have a negative correlation. The path analysis method was used to generate the model and was tested for job design and burnout. For the analysis of the obtained model, SEM software AMOS 20.0 version was used. Conclusion: Sub hypotheses were formed by transforming the hypothesis. The hypotheses were validated with the results obtained from the analysis. It also substantiated that there is a significant negative correlation between job design and burnout. Originality: The main aspect of this research was to examine the connection amongst these two variables i.e. job design and burnout. The resolve of this research is to examine the significant effect of job design in the alleviation of burnout. The major outcomes of the present research divulge that there is a negative and noteworthy associa - tion between job design and burnout. Limitations: The correlation has only been validated amongst a limited setup of FMCG managers which gives a conceptual base. It can further be extended to other sectors of public and private companies and to other job roles and services. Various measures of management of employees can further be identified on the basis of this research.