Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advice for New Authors about the Submission of Articles / Conseils pour les nouveaux auteurs sur la soumission d’articles

ABSTRACT New authors often see the publication process as a mystery that only gets revealed in bits and pieces over time. This article aims to present some tips and ideas to new authors to facilitate the submission of an article to Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research / Revue canadienne de re­cherche sur les OSBL et l’economie sociale ( ANSERJ ). It describes the review process and highlights some key milestones. As the English Language and French Language editors for ANSERJ, we would like to encourage new contributors, and thus we will highlight specific items as they apply to ANSERJ. These guidelines complement the author guidelines already posted on the ANSERJ website. Our advice may apply to authors interested in other journals with a peer review process. RESUME Les nouveaux auteurs considerent souvent le processus de publication comme un mystere qui se decouvre au fil du temps. Cet article vise a presenter certains conseils et reflexions pour faciliter la soumission d’un article a la Revue canadienne de re­cherche sur les OSBL et l’economie sociale / Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research ( ANSERJ ). Il decrit le processus de publication et ses etapes principales. A titre de redacteurs en chef d’ANSERJ, nous aimerions encourager les nouveaux chercheurs, contribuer au debat par quelques conseils et reflexions et souligner certains elements specifiques a notre revue. Les presentes reflexions completent les directives deja presentes sur le site web de la revue. Ils peuvent s’appliquer a des auteurs interesses par d’autres revues avec comite de lecture.
A database to support the interpretation of human mismatch repair gene variants

Germline mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 can cause Lynch syndrome. This syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominantly‐inherited disorder predominantly characterized by colorectal and endometrial cancer. Truncating MMR gene mutations generally offer a clear handle for genetic counseling and allow for presymptomatic testing. In contrast, the clinical implications of most missense mutations and small in‐frame deletions detected in patients suspected of having Lynch syndrome are unclear. We have constructed an online database, the Mismatch Repair Gene Unclassified Variants Database (www.mmruv.info), for information on the results of functional assays and other findings that may help in classifying these MMR gene variants. Ideally, such mutations should be clinically classified by a broad expert panel rather than by the individual database curators. In addition, the different MMR gene mutation databases could be interlinked or combined to increase user‐friendliness and avoid unnecessary overlap between them. Both activities are presently being organized by the International Society for Gastrointestinal Hereditary Tumours (InSiGHT; www.insight‐group.org). Hum Mutat 29(11), 1337–1341, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2A to the Fore – Research, Technology and Applications

Abstract The 2A region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) encodes a short sequence that mediates self-processing by a novel translational effect. Translation elongation arrest leads to release of the nascent polypeptide and re-initiation at the next in-frame codon. In this way discrete translation products are derived from a single open read-size of 2A peptides compared to internal promoters or IRES sequences makes them ideal candidates for use in size-restricted viral and nonviral vectors. Additionally, the diversity of the 2A sequence minimizes the chances for homologous recombination which is an important consideration when using retroviral or lentiviral systems. One outstanding question is the effect of the 2A “tag” attached to the C-terminus of the upstream protein. This may interfere with function, or more importantly may present a new epitope that could be subject to immunological surveillance. However, the attachment of extra amino acids is a routine method for labelling transgene products while leaving their function intact (e.g. tags such as the His tag and Myc tag). To our knowledge, the 2A tag does not impair activity and expression - proteins that require authentic termini, or are N-/C- terminally modified, can be introduced as the first or final polyprotein domain, respectively. In any event, strategies have now been devised that allow removal of the 2A linker (see François et al., 2004; Fang et al., 2005). The “unwanted” tag may however stick – antibodies directed against 2A can be used to detect the gene cloned upstream (Ryan and Drew, 1994; de Felipe et al., 2003, 2006). Lastly, the presence of a proline residue at the N-terminus of the downstream protein, as a relict of the 2A self-cleaving process, does not normally interfere with function – it does, however, confer high protein stability (Varshavsky, 1992). Aware of the factors that influence expression levels it is important to empirically design any co-expression cassette to ensure the polyprotein is the most suitable arrangement in respect to desired function. As a form of control of protein biogenesis, 2A sequences are much more wide-spread than was first suspected. To appease different and opposing sensibilities, 2A variants that are not found in mammalian viruses can be used just as effectively for the production of multiple protein products. Although a relative new-kid-on-the-block in terms of co-expression studies, 2A can safely be considered an “established” player. It is clear that assorted 2A-derived proteins with diverse and distinct localized functions may be stably expressed in several different cell types demonstrating the applicability of this technology in biomedicine and biotechnology. The biotechnological applications of 2A are continually updated on www.st-andrews.ac. uk/ryanlab/Index.htm We envisage that 2A technology will become one of the predominant strategies for multigene delivery in the coming years.
researching with children: ethical tensions

There is a need to reflect on both the processes and outcomes of the range of approaches aimed at promoting children’s engagement in research, with the specific intent of listening to children’s voices. This article considers some of the ethical tensions we have experienced when engaging children in research about their prior-to-school and school environments and their perspectives of the transitions between these environments. Examples from projects conducted in Iceland and Australia are drawn upon to illustrate these tensions and, to reflect on the strategies and questions we have developed to guide our engagement with children. This article raises issues rather than offering simple solutions. We suggest that there are a number of contextual and relational variables that guide our research interactions, and no ‘one best solution’ applicable to all contexts. Our aim in sharing these tensions is to stimulate further debate and discussions around children’s participation in research.
Language choices and pedagogic functions in the foreign language classroom: a cross-linguistic functional analysis of teacher talk

This article examines the language choices made by native-speaker teachers of Japanese, Korean, German and French in foreign language (FL) classrooms in New Zealand secondary schools. It explores these teachers’ patterns of alternation between English, the majority language, and the TL, using both AS-units (Analysis of Speech units), devised by Foster et al. (2000) and a multiple-category coding system entitled ‘Functional Language Alternation Analysis of Teacher Talk’ (FLAATT), developed expressly to allow a cross-linguistic comparison of the relationship between teachers’ language choices and particular pedagogic functions. Findings suggest that the participating teachers differed markedly from one another not only in the amount of TL used but also in the pedagogic functions they used most frequently and in the language (TL or English) they chose for these functions. There was a tendency by most teachers to avoid complex interactions in the TL, limiting the potential for intake and for real communication on the part of the students. Implications are drawn for research and for teacher education.
On the Presumption of Evidentiary Independence

A confession is potent evidence, persuasive to judges and juries. Is it possible that a confession can also affect other evidence? The present study tested the hypothesis that a confession will alter eyewitnesses' identification decisions. Two days after witnessing a staged theft and making an identification decision from a lineup that did not include the thief, participants were told that certain lineup members had confessed or denied guilt during a subsequent interrogation. Among those participants who had made a selection but were told that another lineup member confessed, 61% changed their identifications. Among those participants who had not made an identification, 50% went on to select the confessor when his identity was known. These findings challenge the presumption in law that different forms of evidence are independent and suggest an important overlooked mechanism by which innocent confessors are wrongfully convicted: Potentially exculpatory evidence is corrupted by a confession itself.
Mass Distribution of Azithromycin for Trachoma Control Is Associated With Short-term Reduction in Risk of Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Young Children

Background: We evaluated the effect of a single mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma on the risk of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) during a 6-month period among young children living in 8 communities in rural Tanzania. Methods: In 8 communities, a cohort of randomly selected children (n = 1036) was followed for incidence of ALRI episodes. Mass treatment for trachoma using a single dose of oral azithromycin was provided in 4 of the 8 communities where trachoma prevalence was . 10%. All children were followed with biweekly surveillance at home for 6 months. Incidence of ALRI episodes was calculated for 0 to 1 month, 1 to 3 months, and 3 to 6 months posttreatment and in comparable time points in the nontreated villages. Results: In the multivariate analysis, living in a MDA village was associated with a 38% (rate ratio 5 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.43–0.91) decreased risk of ALRI in the 0- to 1-month follow-up period as compared with those in the untreated communities after adjusting for covariates and clustering. There were no significant differences in ALRI incidence by exposure status in the 1- to 3-month (rate ratio = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.69–1.20) and in the 3- to 6-month (rate ratio = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.76–1.30) follow-up periods. Conclusions: Mass distribution of a single dose of oral azithromycin for trachoma is associated with a significant short-term reduction in ALRI morbidity among young children.
An Uncommon Helicobacter Isolate from Blood: Evidence of a Group of Helicobacter spp. Pathogenic in AIDS Patients

ABSTRACT An unusual Helicobacter sp. was isolated from the blood of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient. This organism had spiral morphology, with single amphitrichous flagella, and was negative for hippurate hydrolysis, production of urease, and reduction of nitrate. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis verified that the isolate was a species of Helicobacter, most closely related to an undescribed Helicobacter-like isolate from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and to Helicobacter westmeadii, a recently described species from Australia. Both organisms had also been isolated from the blood of HIV-infected patients. These blood isolates, along with Helicobacter cinaedi, form a cluster of closely related Helicobacter spp. that may represent an emerging group of pathogens in immunocompromised patients.
Cardiomyopathy cap Gene Mutations in Hypertrophic ardiomyopathy and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

akeharu Hayashi, MD, PHD,* Takuro Arimura, DVM, PHD,* Manatsu Itoh-Satoh, MD, PHD,* azuo Ueda, MD,* Shigeru Hohda, MD, PHD,* Natsuko Inagaki, MD,* Megumi Takahashi, MS,* isae Hori, PHD,* Michio Yasunami, MD, PHD,* Hirofumi Nishi, MD, PHD,† oshinori Koga, MD, PHD,† Hiroshi Nakamura, MD, PHD,‡ Masunori Matsuzaki, MD, PHD,‡ o Yoon Choi, MS,§ Sung Won Bae, PHD,§ Cheol Woon You, MD,§ Kyung Hoon Han, MD, eong Euy Park, MD,§ Ralph Knöll, MD, PHD,¶ Masahiko Hoshijima, MD, PHD,¶ enneth R. Chien, MD, PHD,¶ Akinori Kimura, MD, PHD* okyo, Kurume, and Ube, Japan; Seoul and Jeju, Korea; and La Jolla, California
Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition from transferrin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa placed across a dialysis membrane from [55Fe]transferrin caused the mobilization of the iron from the transferrin side to the bacterial or dialysate side of the membrane. Although the bacteria were capable of obtaining iron from transferrin for growth, the siderophores of P. aeruginosa failed to convert iron bound to transferrin into dialyzable, low-molecular-weight chelates. The crucial factor produced by the bacteria which was not present when the siderophores were added alone was the acid produced from the glucose minimal medium. The siderophores mobilized considerable iron from transferrin when used in the dialysis assay at pH values between 5.0 and 6.0, values which were commonly found during incubation of bacteria in the assays. When the siderophores were tested individually, pyoverdin was more effective than pyochelin in mobilizing iron across dialysis membranes at pH values of 5.0 and 6.0, but neither had appreciable activity at pH 7.4. The amounts of iron mobilized from conalbumin were comparable to the amounts from transferrin, but there was negligible release from lactoferrin at the three pH values. When the two siderophores were combined, the level of iron mobilization was identical to that demonstrated by pyoverdin alone. When the dialysis membrane was removed and the bacteria were mixed with the siderophores and transferrin, pyoverdin was again more active than pyochelin in mediating iron transport. Although no pyochelin-mediated iron mobilization could be detected at pH 7.4, there was transport. Therefore, the bacteria appeared to be aiding the siderophores in iron mobilization from transferrin.
Airflow limitation in smokers is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.

RATIONALE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Although a close association between COPD and atherosclerosis has been speculated, such scientific information is limited. OBJECTIVES To evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis in smokers with airflow limitation. METHODS The subjects of this study were healthy middle-aged men. Smokers with airflow limitation (n = 61) and age-matched control smokers (n = 122) and control never-smokers (n = 122) without airflow limitation were included in the present study. Subjects with diabetes, acute infection, and respiratory disease other than COPD were excluded beforehand. All subjects underwent chest radiogram, spirometry, blood sampling, and carotid ultrasonography. We determined carotid intima-media thickness and focal atheromatous plaque as indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mean carotid intima-media thickness was greater in smokers with airflow limitation than in control smokers (P < 0.01) and control never-smokers (P < 0.005). Focal carotid plaque was significantly more prevalent in smokers with airflow limitation than in control never-smokers (P < 0.005). Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between thickened intima-media thickness and decreased percent predicted FEV(1) (P = 0.001) and between plaque and log(10) C-reactive protein (P = 0.013) independent of age, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, peripheral mean arterial pressure, heart rate, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Smokers with airflow limitation had exaggerated subclinical atherosclerosis. This study suggests that middle-aged men who are susceptible to COPD may also be susceptible to vascular atherosclerosis by smoking, and atherosclerotic change starts early in the disease process of COPD.
On botnet behaviour analysis using GP and C4.5

Botnets represent a destructive cyber security threat that aim to hide their malicious activities within legitimate Internet traffic. Part of what makes botnets so affective is that they often upgrade themselves over time, hence reacting to improved detection mechanisms. In addition, Internet common communication protocols (i.e. HTTP) are used for the purposes of constructing subversive communication channels. This work employs machine learning algorithms (genetic programming and decision trees) to detect distinct behaviours in various botnets. That is to say, botnets mimic legitimate HTTP traffic while actually serving botnet purposes. To this end, two different feature sets are employed and analyzed to see how differences between three botnets - Zeus, Conficker and Torpig - can be distinguished. Specific recommendations are then made regarding the utility of different feature sets and machine learning algorithms for detecting each type of botnet.
Determinants of Beat-to-Beat Variability of Repolarization Duration in the Canine Ventricular Myocyte: A Computational Analysis

Beat-to-beat variability of repolarization duration (BVR) is an intrinsic characteristic of cardiac function and a better marker of proarrhythmia than repolarization prolongation alone. The ionic mechanisms underlying baseline BVR in physiological conditions, its rate dependence, and the factors contributing to increased BVR in pathologies remain incompletely understood. Here, we employed computer modeling to provide novel insights into the subcellular mechanisms of BVR under physiological conditions and during simulated drug-induced repolarization prolongation, mimicking long-QT syndromes type 1, 2, and 3. We developed stochastic implementations of 13 major ionic currents and fluxes in a model of canine ventricular-myocyte electrophysiology. Combined stochastic gating of these components resulted in short- and long-term variability, consistent with experimental data from isolated canine ventricular myocytes. The model indicated that the magnitude of stochastic fluctuations is rate dependent due to the rate dependence of action-potential (AP) duration (APD). This process (the “active” component) and the intrinsic nonlinear relationship between membrane current and APD (“intrinsic component”) contribute to the rate dependence of BVR. We identified a major role in physiological BVR for stochastic gating of the persistent Na+ current (INa) and rapidly activating delayed-rectifier K+ current (IKr). Inhibition of IKr or augmentation of INa significantly increased BVR, whereas subsequent β-adrenergic receptor stimulation reduced it, similar to experimental findings in isolated myocytes. In contrast, β-adrenergic stimulation increased BVR in simulated long-QT syndrome type 1. In addition to stochastic channel gating, AP morphology, APD, and beat-to-beat variations in Ca2+ were found to modulate single-cell BVR. Cell-to-cell coupling decreased BVR and this was more pronounced when a model cell with increased BVR was coupled to a model cell with normal BVR. In conclusion, our results provide new insights into the ionic mechanisms underlying BVR and suggest that BVR reflects multiple potentially proarrhythmic parameters, including increased ion-channel stochasticity, prolonged APD, and abnormal Ca2+ handling.
A hospitalidade e cordialidade brasileira: o Brasil percebido por estrangeiros

Resumo O tema central deste ensaio e o traco cultural de ‘cordialidade’ do homem brasileiro, na acepcao de Sergio Buarque de Holanda, como sendo uma das principais motivacoes para os turistas estrangeiros viajarem ao Brasil. A partir de uma visao panorâmica do mercado turistico mundial e da constatacao da incipiente participacao do pais no mesmo, este ensaio busca uma explicacao desse fator motivador atraves da teoria do “homem cordial” de Holanda, tambem sinalizada nas obras de Gilberto Freyre, Jose Carlos Reis, e em tantos outros interpretes do Brasil. Finalmente, este artigo sugere que essa “hospitalidade” referida por nossos visitantes estrangeiros deriva da natureza “cordial” antes aludida, podendo assim constituir-se em importante fator diferencial na elaboracao de uma politica para o setor. Palavras-chave: hospitalidade; cordialidade; personalismo; heranca iberica; turismo. Abstract The central theme of this essay is the cultural trait of 'cordiality’ present on brazilian, according to Sergio Buarque de Holanda’s sense, as one of the main motivations for foreign tourists travel to Brazil. Using a panoramic view of the world tourist market and the low participation of the country in it, this study seeks an explanation about this motivating factor through the theory of Holland’s "cordial man", also mentioned in Gilberto Freyre’s, Jose Carlos Reis’s works and in many other interpreters of Brazil. Finally, this article suggests that such "hospitality", referred by foreign visitors, comes from the cordiality mentioned before and it may well be a differentiation factor for policy development to the tourism sector. Keywords: hospitality; cordiality; personalism; Iberian heritage; tourism.
The Role of Religion, Spirituality and Faith in Development: a critical theory approach

Abstract Religion, spirituality and faith have suffered from long-term and systematic neglect in development theory, policy making and practice, although there has been a noticeable turnover the past 10 years. This paper explores the role of religion, spirituality and faith in development in the past, present and future by applying three core concepts from critical theory—grounding of knowledge in historical context, critique through dialectical process, and identification of future potentialities for emancipation and self-determination. It concludes that religion, spirituality and faith have a role to play in the future of development, particularly in ensuring that it is appropriate and sustainable. The paper also serves to counter critics who claim that critical theory has no resonance to contemporary social research.