Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ROCs in Eyewitness Identification: Instructions versus Confidence Ratings

Summary From the perspective of signal detection theory, different lineup instructions may induce different levels of response bias. If so, then collecting correct and false identification rates across different instructional conditions will trace out the receiver operating characteristic (ROC)—the same ROC that, theoretically, could also be traced out from a single instruction condition in which each eyewitness decision is accompanied by a confidence rating. We tested whether the two approaches do in fact yield the same ROC. Participants were assigned to a confidence rating condition or to an instructional biasing condition (liberal, neutral, unbiased, or conservative). After watching a video of a mock crime, participants were presented with instructions followed by a six-person simultaneous photo lineup. The ROCs from both methods were similar, but they were not exactly the same. These findings have potentially important policy implications for how the legal system should go about controlling eyewitness response bias.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TCP-ELN: on the protocol aspects and performance of explicit loss notification for TCP over wireless networks

Recently many works have been invested to overcome the low performance of TCP in wireless environments. These proposals are hardly adaptable in real networks due to high resource demand, non scalability and difficulties in their implementation. In this paper we propose a new technique that besides of allowing TCP to improve its performance also takes applicability into account. Our solution is based on the idea of explicit loss notification (ELN) to notify the sender about packet losses on the wireless channel. We evaluate the performance of TCP-ELN with different kind of traffic and error models. Simulation results show that ELN significantly improves the efficiency and fairness performance of TCP for FTP-like and Web-like traffic.
Neonatal Exposure to Low Doses of Diazinon: Long-Term Effects on Neural Cell Development and Acetylcholine Systems

Background The developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides involves mechanisms other than their shared property of cholinesterase inhibition. Objectives We gave diazinon (DZN) to newborn rats on postnatal days 1–4, using doses (0.5 or 2 mg/kg) spanning the threshold for barely detectable cholinesterase inhibition. Methods We then evaluated the lasting effects on indices of neural cell number and size, and on functional markers of acetylcholine (ACh) synapses (choline acetyltransferase, presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter, nicotinic cholinergic receptors) in a variety of brain regions. Results DZN exposure produced a significant overall increase in cell-packing density in adolescence and adulthood, suggestive of neuronal loss and reactive gliosis; however, some regions (temporal/occipital cortex, striatum) showed evidence of net cell loss, reflecting a greater sensitivity to neurotoxic effects of DZN. Deficits were seen in ACh markers in cerebrocortical areas and the hippocampus, regions enriched in ACh projections. In contrast, there were no significant effects in the midbrain, the major locus for ACh cell bodies. The striatum showed a unique pattern, with robust initial elevations in the ACh markers that regressed in adulthood to normal or subnormal values. Conclusions These results indicate that developmental exposures to apparently nontoxic doses of DZN compromise neural cell development and alter ACh synaptic function in adolescence and adulthood. The patterns seen here differ substantially from those seen in earlier work with chlorpyrifos, reinforcing the concept that the various organophosphates have fundamentally different effects on the developmental trajectories of specific neurotransmitter systems, unrelated to their shared action as cholinesterase inhibitors.
Inter-Plane Communication Methods for 3-D ICs

Three-dimensional (3-D) integration is an emerging candidate for implementing high performance multifunctional systems-on-chip. Employing an efficient medium for data communication among different planes is a key factor in achieving a high performance 3-D system. Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) provide high bandwidth, high density inter-plane links while facilitating the flow of heat in 3-D circuits. This paper provides an overview of the diverse applications of TSVs within 3-D circuits and surveys the manufacturing and design challenges relating to these interconnects. Inter-plane communication through AC-coupled on-chip inductors is also discussed as an alternative to TSVs. Although there have been several efforts that model the electrical characteristics of these inter-plane communication schemes, the effect that heat can have on the performance of the inter-plane link implemented with either means has not sufficiently been investigated. Consequently, some insight on the effects of thermal gradients on the performance of these links is offered. Results indicate that the electrical performance of TSV is not susceptible to temperature variations. Signal integrity can, however, be degraded in the case of pronounced thermal gradients in contactless 3-D ICs, as demonstrated by a decay of the S-parameters for the investigated inductive links.
Comparison of Classification Algorithms and Training Sample Sizes in Urban Land Classification with Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery

Although a large number of new image classification algorithms have been developed, they are rarely tested with the same classification task. In this research, with the same Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data set and the same classification scheme over Guangzhou City, China, we tested two unsupervised and 13 supervised classification algorithms, including a number of machine learning algorithms that became popular in remote sensing during the past 20 years. Our analysis focused primarily on the spectral information provided by the TM data. We assessed all algorithms in a per-pixel classification decision experiment and all supervised algorithms in a segment-based experiment. We found that when sufficiently representative training samples were used, most algorithms performed reasonably well. Lack of training samples led to greater classification accuracy discrepancies than classification algorithms themselves. Some algorithms were more tolerable to insufficient (less representative) training samples than others. Many algorithms improved the overall accuracy marginally with per-segment decision making.
Hysteresis in Unemployment: Old and New Evidence

This paper argues that hysteresis helps explain the long-run behavior of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is influenced by the path of actual unemployment, and hence by shifts in aggregate demand. I review past evidence for hysteresis effects and present new evidence for 20 developed countries. A central finding is that large increases in the natural rate are associated with disinflations, and large decreases with run-ups in inflation. These facts are consistent with hysteresis theories and inconsistent with theories in which the natural rate is independent of aggregate demand.
Information systems application educational needs of small enterprises-a survey of Finnish circumstances

This study discusses how information systems application education can help small and medium-sized enterprises in their application of information technology. The supply for education in information systems application seems to be divided into two parts. First there is the basic education gained before beginning of the active career. Through this education young people are nowadays quite well equipped with knowledge on information systems application. On the other hand, there are different supplementary offerings for those active in the daily professional work. This sector of education is characterized with heterogeneity and many times high expenses. This set of offerings for those in practical work is also the focus of our discussion here. Our study here is based on a survey among a group of Finnish small and medium-sized enterprises. <<ETX>>
Intrinsic Curvature in the X-Ray Spectra of BL Lacertae Objects

We report results from XMM-Newton observations of 13 X-ray bright BL Lacertae objects, selected from the Einstein Slew Survey sample (SSS). The survey was designed to look for evidence of departures of the X-ray spectra from a simple power-law shape (i.e., curvature and/or line features) and to find objects worthy of deeper study. Our data are generally well fit by power-law models, with three cases having hard (Γ < 2; dN/dE ∝ E-Γ) spectra that indicate synchrotron peaks at E ≳ 5 keV. Previous data had suggested a presence of absorption features in the X-ray spectra of some BL Lac objects. In contrast, none of these spectra show convincing examples of line features in either absorption or emission, suggesting that such features are rare among BL Lac objects, or, more likely, are artifacts caused by instrumental effects. We find significant evidence for intrinsic curvature [steepening by dΓ/d(log E) = 0.4 ± 0.15] in 14 of the 17 X-ray spectra. This cannot be explained satisfactorily via excess absorption, since the curvature is essentially constant from 0.5-6 keV, an observation that is inconsistent with the modest amounts of absorption that would be required. We use the XMM-Newton Optical Monitor data with concurrent radio monitoring to derive broadband spectral energy distributions and peak frequency estimates. From these, we examine models of synchrotron emission and model the spectral curvature we see as the result of episodic particle acceleration.
In the Core of Correlation

Introduction The modelling of dependence between defaults is a key issue for the valuation and risk management of multi-name credit derivatives. The Gaussian copula model seems to have become an industry standard for pricing. It’s appeal is partly due to its ease of implementation via Monte Carlo simulation and the fact that the underlying dependence structure has for a long time been linked to equity returns correlation. Furthermore, a big driving force behind the adoption of this approach has been the tractability in reduced dimension, with fast (semi-)analytical calculations of prices and deltas of CDO tranches and basket default swaps. The simplest form of the model is the so-called one factor Gaussian copula.
Mind Houses Language: An Innate Endowment Facilitating Language Acquisition

Language, is a unique capacity of humans and undoubtedly the most sophisticated product of human mind. This biologically grounded instinctive capability in humans results from special purpose cognitive faculty, inherent in all normally functioning human beings. Language has been credited to the miraculous generative ability of human mind, which gets activated by environmental input. A structured and rule-governed mechanism in human mind facilitates language acquisition. The domain of human mind dedicated to language acquisition is biologically linked to age by the critical period hypothesis. Language works in human mind, helping us to associate meaning with the sounds of language and thus, enabling us to acquire, use, comprehend and produce utterances. The evidence of the intimate association of language and mind is further provided by language handicap resulting from brain damage. The present paper is a descriptive attempt towards proving that mind is indeed a reservoir of language. The paper enlists facts pertaining to the universality of language acquisition, the complexity of human language systems, the exceptional ability that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task.
Retrieving good, better, and best answers to questions in advertisements

Question-Answering (QA) service is a growing area of research study, and commercial QA systems have recently been developed. We are motivated to provide complementary QA service that answers questions in advertisements (ads). These days with almost all businesses online, potential buyers who search for merchandises to purchase through the Internet are also flourishing. When a Web user looks for products online, he may have many questions on his mind for which he would be eager to receive answers prior to finalizing his purchasing decision. Although some ads Web sites are complemented with FAQs, their QA services either are non-existent or do not provide answers to inquires in real time automatically. We address these problems by answering user's questions such as "Which is the cheapest car? ", "Are there any entry-level, software developer positions? ", etc., spontaneously in real time. Existing general-purpose QA systems, such as Ask.com, provide answers to a user's question Q in a list format. A more sophisticated approach is to order the answers to Q according to their degrees of relevance to Q. We propose a QA system which deals with the challenge of interpreting users' questions and retrieves correct, as well as partially-matched ranked, answers. Experimental results have verified that the proposed QA system is highly accurate in answering users' questions on car ads.
Ideal Body Image Assessment Among Japanese Women

ABSTRACT Using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale, we examined the ideal body sizes of young Japanese women who resided in Tokyo. The results indicated that the relationship among the respondents' current, ideal, perceived male-peer, and perceived female-peer ideal body sizes were not necessarily the same across different body mass index levels. For example, the results revealed thatonly the heavier respondents seemed to consider their male-peer ideal body sizes as their own ideal body sizes. The findings also showed that although most participants wished to be slimmer, they believed that their same-sex peers wanted to be even thinner than themselves.
Discovery of Analogous Enzymes in Thiamin Biosynthesis by Anticorrelation

Prediction of gene function is one of the most challenging tasks in genomic science when there is noclear sequence similarity to annotated genes. In all genome-sequencing projects completed to date, aconsiderable amount of \gaps" have been found in the biochemical pathways of the respective species.In many instances, missing enzymes are displaced by analogs: functionally equivalent proteins thathave evolved independently and lack sequence and structural similarity. We analysed the thiamin(vitamin B1) biosynthesis pathway in the completely sequenced microorganisms. We used two ap-proaches: rst, genomic context and the second, anticorrelation of occurrence of genes in the genomes.Using these criteria we identi ed several di erent ORFs which do not have homology to any knownthi gene from Escherichia coli which might be involved in thiamin biosynthesis. We have cloned someof these genes from Thermotoga maritima, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhizo-bium etli and used them to complement the thiamin de ciency of thiC, thiE, thiG and thiH mutantstrain generated by precise gene deletion. Our results demonstrated that seven of these genes indeedparticipate in thiamin biosynthesis and shown that gene displacement has occurred often in thiaminbiosynthesis.
Elterliche Sorgen und psychische Belastung bei krebskranken Eltern mit minderjährigen und jungerwachsenen Kindern

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Ziel der dargestellten Untersuchung ist es, elterliche Sorgen von Krebsüberlebenden zu untersuchen und Kovariaten dieser spezifischen Belastungen zu identifizieren. Material & Methoden In einer epidemiologischen Stichprobe von n=1416 an Krebs erkrankten Eltern wurden soziodemografische und medizinische Merkmale sowie die psychische Belastung der Eltern (HADS) erhoben. Elterliche Sorgen wurden mit dem Parenting Concerns Questionnaire (PCQ) erhoben, der die Subskalen Sorgen um die ‚praktischen Auswirkungen‘ der Erkrankung auf die Kinder, ‚emotionale Auswirkungen‘ auf die Kinder und Sorgen in Bezug auf den ‚Co-Elternteil‘ umfasst. Ergebnisse 73% der Krebsüberlebenden sind Frauen, das durchschnittliche Alter liegt bei 47,5 Jahren (SD 5,9). Zwischen 24% und 71% der Patienten mit elterlichen Sorgen zeigen in den Skalen der HADS unauffällige Werte. Alleinleben, jüngeres Alter des jüngsten Kindes, ein höheres Tumorstadium und das Vorhandensein einer weiteren körperlichen Erkrankung sind mit Sorgen in allen 3 Subskalen des PCQ positiv assoziiert. Ein niedriger Sozialstatus konnte als Kovariate für elterliche Sorgen auf emotionaler Ebene und auf praktischer Ebene identifiziert werden. Weibliches Geschlecht ist assoziiert mit Sorgen auf der Subskala Co-Elternteil. Diskussion Betroffene Eltern sind neben der allgemeinen psychischen Belastung durch die Erkrankung auch durch Sorgen um ihre Kinder belastet. Psychologische Unterstützungsangebote für krebskranke Eltern sollten auch spezifische elterliche Sorgen thematisieren. Eltern mit Risikokonstellationen für eine erhöhte Belastung sollten besonders berücksichtigt werden, um bedarfsgerecht Unterstützung anbieten zu können.
Reexamining the Nineteenth-Century Presidency and Partisan Press: The Case of President Grant and the Whiskey Ring Scandal

Studies of the institutional development of the presidency and popular leadership by presidents over time lead us to contrary expectations as to how a nineteenth-century president would react to a major political scandal. Scholarship on newspapers of the late 1800s is also unclear on how a quasipartisan media, with some outlets moving toward independence, would cover a White House scandal. I find that a close analysis of the case of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Whiskey Ring scandal forces us to reconsider what we assume to be firmly modern developments in both presidential studies and media history. Though a supposedly “premodern” president, Grant still mounted a concerted effort to mitigate the damage of the scandal. Further, although the president could get his version of events across in prominent newspapers, Republican newspaper coverage was hardly reliable. Newspapers also connected politicians’ character and psychology to mistakes made in office and made presidential strategies to shape public perception clear to their audiences—emphases on political gamesmanship considered hallmarks of the modern media environment.
Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios Based on Multiple Cumulants

In cognitive radios, energy detector is considered for spectrum sensing in the literature. However, its performance deteriorates rapidly when noise power is fluctuating. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a spectrum sensing method based on multiple cumulants. Although cumulant-based detection methods have been extensively studied, they usually consider a single cumulant of a certain order and a certain lag. Therefore, they only make limited use of the rich statistical information contained in the signal. The proposed detection method is based on multiple cumulants of arbitrary orders and arbitrary lags hence it is superior and more flexible. In addition, the proposed detector is nonparametric in the sense that it does not require any exact prior knowledge about the signal or the noise, such as noise power or cyclic frequencies. Thus it is immune from noise uncertainty. Simulation experiments are provided to show the validity and the superiority over single-cumulant based detector of the proposed multicumulant based detector.
Shallow Parsing of a Tennis Game from Audio Events

This paper proposes a method to infer the syntactical units of a sports game (tennis) from a stream of game events. We assume that we are given a sequence of events within the game (examples of events are “serve”, “rally”, “score announcement” etc.), with their durations, and our goal is to segment them into “units” that are meaningful for the game, such as a “point”. Such a segmentation is essential for understanding the way that the events relate to each other, and hence for inferring automatically the structure of the game. We use a multi-gram based technique to segment the event steam into variable-length sequences by estimating the optimal (maximum-likelihood) segmentation using the Viterbi algorithm. We then make use of some extra contextual information, namely the time gap between two adjacent match events, which is in itself a reasonable indicator of segmentation. By integrating this feature into the multigram segmentation, we considerably enhance segmentation performance. The results show that our approach is an effective way to parse a tennis game from a stream of events with minimal human intervention. Keywords-Shallow parsing; variable-length unit; segmentation; game learning;
Effects of Speech Rate and Background Noise on EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension of Different Types of Materials

The present study examined the effects of speech rate and background noise on EFL learners’ listening comprehension of film and textbook materials. The participants listened to eight different types of dialogues with different conditions in the speech rate, the background noise, and the types of learning materials, and their listening comprehensibility was measured. For the speech rate factor, either a fast or a slow speech rate was used. The background noise effect was executed by adding crowd talking noise to the dialogue. The script was adapted from either textbook materials or film materials. The results showed that each factor had an influence on learners’ listening comprehension. Though the readability, word levels, and the number of words were at the same level, the scores when textbook materials were used were significantly higher than that of the film materials. Regarding the textbook materials, they had higher scores with the slow speech than the fast speech, and also the scores in the silent condition were higher than that of the noise condition. The students’ listening comprehension score was the lowest where there was background noise and a fast speech rate.
A Hybrid Method for Relevance Feedback in Image Retrieval Using Rough Sets and Neural Networks

Described herein are blends of at least two separately made crystalline polyarylether resins formed into an intimate moldable mixture, each resin having, prior to being formed into said mixture (i) a different crystalline melting temperature and a different glass transition temperature, of (ii) a different molecular arrangement of unit components each resin comprising 1,4 phenylene units separated by ether oxygen and at least one of said resins containing 1,4-phenylene unit separated by a divalent carbonyl radical.
Co znaczy „rozumieć” w „perspektywie i metodzie” interakcjonizmu symbolicznego Herberta Blumera?

The paper presents Blumer’s procedure of theoretical reasoning formulated in his symbolic-interactionist program. I discuss with those who read this perspective as a radically nominalistic and hermeneutic one. In my interpretation, Blummer’s program claims for empirical social science which is to seek for adequacy of its thesis and the empirical world. As a theoretical social science, it has to respect objective character of facts that are created in human interactions. They are created when people negotiate mutually their lines of action; the last ones become the real object for symbolic-interactionism science. A formal, abstract theory of human social life is possible, but such a theory will remain permanently unstable and variable because of lability and variability of its objects themselves.