Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF LARGE RIVERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MISSOURI RIVER 1

ABSTRACT: The technocratic approach for managing the Missouri River and other large rivers is not effective in resolving conflicts among competing uses of water and dealing with uncertainty about how river ecosystems respond to alternative management actions. Adaptive management offers an alternative way to address these and other issues. It has the potential to alleviate management gridlock and provide lasting solutions to management of the Missouri River and other large river ecosystems. In passive adaptive management, simulation models and expert judgment are combined to select a preferred management action. While passive adaptive management is relatively simple and inexpensive to use, it does not necessarily provide reliable information for making management decisions. Active adaptive management uses statistically designed experiments to test assumptions or hypotheses about ecosystem responses to management actions. It is best carried out by a collaborative working group. Active adaptive management has several advantages, but the inability to satisfy certain prerequisites for successful application makes it more difficult to implement in large river ecosystems. A second‐best approach is proposed here to select, implement, monitor, and evaluate a preferred management action and retain that action provided ecological conditions improve and socioeconomic indicators do not fall below established acceptability limits.
Imaging a shallow aquifer in temperate glacial sediments using seismic reflection profiling with DMO processing

We acquired a seismic reflection profile to image a shallow (<100 m) aquifer system on a small island in Puget Sound, north of Seattle, Washington. The aquifer system is comprised of temperate glacial sedimentary strata, with the primary aquifer lying approximately 45 m below the surface. We chose the site because there are water‐well boring descriptions available and a sea cliff parallels the profile location, providing stratigraphic control. A 20-lb (9-kg) weight drop was used as an energy source to acquire a 30-fold common‐midpoint (CMP) reflection profile along a 400-m line. Analysis of the recorded wavefield was not straightforward because of complex stratigraphy and the presence of a laterally variable thin bed (∼5–15 m) of high‐impedance lodgement till within a few meters of the surface. We used finite‐difference modeling to determine that conventional CMP processing would provide a reasonable approximation for imaging strata in the primary target zone, roughly 20 m below the high velocity till. Fo.
Accuracy and precision study of plane wave vector flow imaging for laminar and complex flow in vivo

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy and precision of fast plane wave 2-D vector flow imaging (VFI) under laminar and complex flow conditions in a human subject. The method has previously been validated in simulations and straight-vessel phantoms, however, complex flow patterns remain challenging to study, since there are no other imaging techniques accurately enough to compare with. Here, the approach was to study (1) the accuracy by comparing VFI obtained from a patient-specific phantom measurement to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulated velocities derived from the same geometry; and (2) the precision in vivo by calculating the standard deviation (SD) of VFI estimates at several evaluation points.
A neural network integrated approach for rice crop monitoring

Within Asia, rice is a main source of nutrition and provides between 30 and 70% of the daily calories for half the world's population. The importance of rice production demands an effective rice crop monitoring system to provide food security for this region. Recent research has proven radar's capabilities in rice crop monitoring. Radar backscatter increases significantly during a short period of vegetation growth, but large spatial variations in rice crop growth occur due to shifting in the crop calendar. The significant increase in radar backscatter over a short period of time can be used to differentiate rice fields from other land covers. The inter‐field variations can be used to derive information on local farmer practices and to enhance rice field mapping and yield prediction. The rice crop monitoring system developed in this project was based on these variations as applied to a neural network classification. The system delineated rice production areas for one wet and one dry season, and was able to extract information on rice cultivation as a function of different planting dates. A minimum mapping accuracy of 96% was achieved for both seasons. This information was then used in a neural network‐based yield model to predict rice yield on a regional basis for the wet season. When the yields predicted by the neural network were compared with government statistics, the result was a prediction accuracy of 94%.
Dictionary of Petrology

This dictionary encompasses the terminology of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous petrology and includes synoptic tables in which associated terms are grouped together so that it may be used as a thesaurus. The classification of terms by subject area in the synoptic tables will enable the reader to correlate similar and synonymous terms, and to understand their different connotations. In the alphabetical listing, words are given a historical and philosophical background, a first or early reference is provided and changes in definition or usage with time are indicated, which should be of interest to teachers and researchers in geology. (TRRL)
Design and Coordination Kinematics of an Insertable Robotic Effectors Platform for Single-Port Access Surgery

Single port access surgery (SPAS) presents surgeons with added challenges that require new surgical tools and surgical assistance systems with unique capabilities. To address these challenges, we designed and constructed a new insertable robotic end-effectors platform (IREP) for SPAS. The IREP can be inserted through a Ø15 mm trocar into the abdomen and it uses 21 actuated joints for controlling two dexterous arms and a stereo-vision module. Each dexterous arm has a hybrid mechanical architecture comprised of a two-segment continuum robot, a parallelogram mechanism for improved dual-arm triangulation, and a distal wrist for improved dexterity during suturing. The IREP is unique because of the combination of continuum arms with active and passive segments with rigid parallel kinematics mechanisms. This paper presents the clinical motivation, design considerations, kinematics, statics, and mechanical design of the IREP. The kinematics of coordination between the parallelogram mechanisms and the continuum arms is presented using the pseudo-rigid-body model of the beam representing the passive segment of each snake arm. Kinematic and static simulations and preliminary experiment results are presented in support of our design choices.
Effects of density contrasts on the orientation of stresses in the lithosphere: Relation to principal stress directions in the Transverse Ranges, California

The influence of stresses arising from horizontal density contrasts on the orientation and relative magnitudes of principal stresses in an otherwise uniform lithospheric stress field is investigated. A simple model is constructed, in which a local deviatoric stress due to a density anomaly, embedded within or just below the lithosphere, and a regionally constant deviatoric stress field are each approximated by biaxial tensors. The net stress field is obtained from the sum of the two. Both the relative magnitudes of principal stresses and the magnitude of the angular difference in principal stress direction of the summed tensor compared with that obtained in the absence of buoyancy forces depend on two parameters. The first is the ratio τ/τ′, where τ is a measure of the magnitude of the regional deviatoric stress and τ′ is the magnitude of the stress arising from buoyancy forces associated with the density anomaly. The second parameter is the angle between the trend of the density anomaly and the direction of maximum compressional stress that obtains in the absence of any perturbation by the local buoyancy forces. The directions of the principal axes of the total stress field are found to differ by up to 90° from those of the reference stress field. The model is applied to the Transverse Ranges, California, where the observed 23° difference in orientation of principal horizontal compressive stress compared with the principal compressive stress direction in central California constrains the predicted value of τ/τ′ to be approximately −0.4. This is consistent with an independently calculated range of τ/τ′ in which τ′ is inferred from seismological constraints on the magnitude of density variations underneath the Transverse Ranges and τ is inferred from observations of heat flow along the San Andreas fault in central California. The agreement between the two estimates of τ/τ′ supports the hypothesis that the observed differences in horizontal principal stress orientation in California can be explained by the combined influence of a local negative buoyancy force under the Transverse Ranges and a regional stress field associated with transcurrent deformation within the Pacific-North American plate boundary zone. The observed counterclockwise angular difference in principal horizontal stress direction in the Transverse Ranges compared with central California implies that the plane of maximum right lateral shear stress is also rotated counterclockwise relative to that in central California. This supports the possibility that the “big bend” in the San Andreas fault may be a consequence of the negative buoyancy forces acting in the Transverse Ranges, and not the cause of Transverse Ranges formation, as has often been assumed.
Toward a More Generalized Doherty Power Amplifier Design for Broadband Operation

The conventional Doherty power amplifier (DPA) theory is limited to single carrier operations, leading to a nongeneric structure. This paper presents a new analysis that generalizes the conventional DPA (CDPA) theory for increased efficiency and bandwidth. We demonstrate that by introducing a theoretical parameter <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at the output combiner, we can redefine the relationships among the output combiner elements for a greater level of design flexibility than it was possible in the CDPA. We also show that previously published works in this area can be considered as special cases of the proposed general theory. As a demonstrator, a specific design, named reduced-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$ </tex-math></inline-formula> DPA, realized using GaN HEMTs is provided to illustrate the robustness of the approach. This design proves effective for further improving the performance of the previously published 2.14-/2.655-GHz dual-band parallel DPA. A maximum drain efficiency of 84% and 67% at an average of 43-dBm peak and 6-dB back-off power levels, respectively, was measured with continuous wave signals. To quantify the linearity performance, the proposed DPA was tested using wideband CDMA and long-term evolution signals where the adjacent channel leakage ratio was recorded at −25 dBc with an average output power of 38.7 and 36.5 dBm at 2.14 and 2.655 GHz, respectively.
Ammonoid faunas from the Cardium Formation (Turonian-Coniacian, Upper Cretaceous) and contiguous units, Alberta, Canada: I. Scaphitidae

While the Cardium Formation (TuronianConiacian, Upper Cretaceous) is one of the major hydrocarbon sources, and consequently one of the most intensely studied siliciclastic formations in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, it remains one of the more controversial units in terms of understanding the depositional environments and processes it represents, and correlations between subsurface and outcrop. Proposed subsurface subdivisions based on sequence stratigraphic concepts, and relation of these allomembers to long-established members of the outcrop belt, have provoked further disagreements. The general lack of biostratigraphic data within the Cardium Formation makes it difficult to test different models and to resolve conflicting proposals. This paper provides stratigraphic and taxonomic information on all known scaphitid ammonoids from the Cardium Formation and correlation of these faunas with the Turonian and Coniacian zonal scheme established in the United States Western Interior; future publication.
On the Optimization of Point Absorber Buoys

A point absorbing wave energy converter (WEC) is a complicated dynamical system. A semi-submerged buoy drives a power take-off device (PTO), which acts as a linear or non-linear damper of the WEC system. The buoy motion depends on the buoy geometry and dimensions, the mass of the moving parts of the system and on the damping force from the generator. The electromagnetic damping in the generator depends on both the generator specifications, the connected load and the buoy velocity. In this paper a velocity ratio has been used to study how the geometric parameters buoy draft and radius, assuming constant generator damping coefficient, affects the motion and the energy absorption of a WEC. It have been concluded that an optimal buoy geometry can be identified for a specific generator damping. The simulated WEC performance have been compared with experimental values from two WECs with similar generators but different buoys. Conclusions have been drawn about their behaviour.
Height and aspect sensitivity of large aspect angle coherent backscatter at 933 MHz

During a special experiment in May 1988, coherent echoes were obtained with the UHF EISCAT radar system while the Tromso antenna was directed to the north at elevation angles between 10° and 13°, with corresponding magnetic aspect angles between 5.8° and 7.6°. The echoes were found to be consistent with scattering from a layer having approximately a Gaussian height profile centered on about 103 km and with an average thickness of about 6 km. This height is considerably lower than most other reports of auroral backscatter height, and the thickness is also smaller than most other reported values. These unusually low heights were confirmed with observations at the remote sites Kiruna and Sodankyla. The heights seem to be independent of aspect angle over the range of aspect angles observed. By modeling the scattering layer and comparing echo intensities at Tromso and the remote sites, estimates of aspect sensitivity of about 6 dB/deg were obtained, with an indication that the aspect sensitivity decreases with increasing aspect angle.
Geotechnical Aspects of Failures at Port-au-Prince Seaport during the 12 January 2010 Haiti Earthquake

Presented herein are the results of geotechnical investigations and subsequent laboratory and data analyses of the Port-au-Prince seaport following the Mw7.0 2010 Haiti earthquake. The earthquake caused catastrophic ground failures in calcareous-sand artificial fills at the seaport, including liquefaction, lateral spreads, differential settlements, and collapse of the pile-supported wharf and pier. The site characterization entailed geotechnical borings, hand-auger borings, standard penetration tests, and dynamic cone penetration tests. The laboratory tests included grain size and carbonate content tests. The observations and results presented herein add valuable field performance data for calcareous sands, which are relatively lacking in liquefaction case history databases, and the overall response of the artificial fills are consistent with predictions made using semi-empirical relations developed primarily from field data of silica sands.
Anomaly detection on time series

The problem of anomaly detection on time series is to predict whether a newly observed time series novel or normal, to a set of training time series. It is very useful in many monitoring applications such as video surveillance and signal recognition. Based on some existing outlier detection algorithms, we propose an instance-based anomaly detection algorithm. We also propose a local instance summarization approach to reduce the number of distance computation of time series, so that abnormal time series can be efficiently detected. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm achieves much better accuracy than the basic outlier detection algorithms. It is also very efficient for anomaly detection of time series.
Subchannels allocation on multiple pDSL lines

The pDSL technology is used for providing multiple, high-speed broadband links over power lines in the indoor environment This work addresses the problem of bandwidth allocation between the various links of a pDSL network and proposes an algorithm for determining the allocation of the various subchannels during network activation and periodically during the normal network operation. The paper also demonstrates the performance of the proposed algorithm using an illustrative example.
A Photo Album of Earth Scheduling Landsat 7 Mission Daily Activities

Landsat7 is a member of a new generation of Earth observation satellites. Landsat7 will carry on the mission of the aging Landsat 5 spacecraft by acquiring high resolution, multi-spectral images of the Earth surface for strategic, environmental, commercial, agricultural and civil analysis and research. One of the primary mission goals of Landsat7 is to accumulate and seasonally refresh an archive of global images with full coverage of Earth's landmass, less the central portion of Antarctica. This archive will enable further research into seasonal, annual and long-range trending analysis in such diverse research areas as crop yields, deforestation, population growth, and pollution control, to name just a few. A secondary goal of Landsat7 is to fulfill imaging requests from our international partners in the mission. Landsat7 will transmit raw image data from the spacecraft to 25 ground stations in 20 subscribing countries. Whereas earlier Landsat missions were scheduled manually (as are the majority of current low-orbit satellite missions), the task of manually planning and scheduling Landsat7 mission activities would be overwhelmingly complex when considering the large volume of image requests, the limited resources available, spacecraft instrument limitations, and the limited ground image processing capacity, not to mention avoidance of foul weather systems. The Landsat7 Mission Operation Center (MOC) includes an image scheduler subsystem that is designed to automate the majority of mission planning and scheduling, including selection of the images to be acquired, managing the recording and playback of the images by the spacecraft, scheduling ground station contacts for downlink of images, and generating the spacecraft commands for controlling the imager, recorder, transmitters and antennas. The image scheduler subsystem autonomously generates 90% of the spacecraft commanding with minimal manual intervention. The image scheduler produces a conflict-free schedule for acquiring images of the "best" 250 scenes daily for refreshing the global archive. It then equitably distributes the remaining resources for acquiring up to 430 scenes to satisfy requests by international subscribers. The image scheduler selects candidate scenes based on priority and age of the requests, and predicted cloud cover and sun angle at each scene. It also selects these scenes to avoid instrument constraint violations and maximizes efficiency of resource usage by encouraging acquisition of scenes in clusters. Of particular interest to the mission planners, it produces the resulting schedule in a reasonable time, typically within 15 minutes.
Modelling the impact of climate change on water resources.

Contributors. Preface. 1 INTRODUCTION (Fai Fung, Ana Lopez and Mark New). 2 WEATHER AND CLIMATE (Daithi A. Stone and Reto Knutti). 3 REGIONALCLIMATEDOWNSCALING (Robert L. Wilby and Hayley J. Fowler). 4 WATER FOR PEOPLE: CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER AVAILABILITY (Glenn Watts). 5 EMERGING APPROACHES TO CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT (Ana Lopez, Robert L. Wilby, Fai Fung and Mark New). 6 THE CASE STUDIES. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Quarai River Basin (Rodrigo Paiva, Walter Collischonn and Edith Beatriz Schettini). 6.3 Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower: Ariege, France (Jean-Philippe Vidal and Fre'de' ric Hendrickx). 6.4 ACase Study of Water Resource Management in the South West of England (Ana Lopez). Index. Colour plate section.
Nitrogen saturation in the Rocky Mountains

Nitrogen saturation is occurring throughout high-elevation catchments of the Colorado Front Range. Annual inorganic N loading in wet deposition to the Front Range of ∼4 kg ha-1 yr-1 is about twice that of the Pacific States and similar to many sites in the northeastern United States. In the last ten years at Niwot Ridge/Green Lakes Valley and Glacier Lakes, annual minimum concentrations of NO3- in surface waters during the growing season have increased from below detection limits to ∼10 μequiv L-1, indicating that these two catchments are at the threshold of N saturation. The Loch Vale watershed is N saturated, with annual minimum concentrations of NO3- in surface waters generally above 10 μequiv L-1; annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of 16 μequiv L-1 in surface waters are greater than that of ∼11 μequiv L-1 NO3- in wet deposition. At these high-elevation catchments, there has been a shift in ecosystem dynamics from an N-limited system to an N-saturated system as a result of anthropogenical.
Code generation techniques for the task-parallel programming language Spar

In this paper we describe a compilation scheme to translate implicitly parallel programs in the programming language Spar (an extension to Java) to efficient code for distributed-memory parallel computer systems. The compilation scheme is formulated as a set of transformation rules. In Spar, the language constructs for parallelization have been designed for comfortable use by the programmer, not for ease of compilation. Nevertheless, it is shown that the basic translation and optimization schemes can be implemented with a surprisingly small set of transformation rules. The paper discusses the systematic translation of Spar programs into parallel code by using these rules.
Modeling of Cross-shore Wave Propagation with Moving Shoreline

A numerical model for the transformation of nonlinear waves in the cross-shore direction towards the shore is developed by incorporating a moving shoreline boundary condition. The shoreline formulation is based on the net volumetric change eected by the translating shoreline front. Initial numerical results indicated the need to recast the ( ƞ; u ) wave model to a ( ƞ;Q ) form to remove the numerical instabilities due to discretization of the physical shoreline condition. It is also imperative to apply a threshold depth at the moving front to avoid singularities due to the very small total depth at the last wet point. Subsequent numerical simulations of nonbreaking wave runup on a plane sloping beach indicate that the moving boundary treatment reproduces the important wave evolution features revealed by past analytic studies. Results of numerical simulations of wave runup-rundown induced by nonlinear incident waves on beach slopes as high as 1/20 show the applicability of the moving shoreline treatment and the reformulated wave model.