Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization in Games with Many Player Actions

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) is a popular, iterative algorithm for computing strategies in extensive-form games. The Monte Carlo CFR (MCCFR) variants reduce the per iteration time cost of CFR by traversing a smaller, sampled portion of the tree. The previous most effective instances of MCCFR can still be very slow in games with many player actions since they sample every action for a given player. In this paper, we present a new MCCFR algorithm, Average Strategy Sampling (AS), that samples a subset of the player's actions according to the player's average strategy. Our new algorithm is inspired by a new, tighter bound on the number of iterations required by CFR to converge to a given solution quality. In addition, we prove a similar, tighter bound for AS and other popular MCCFR variants. Finally, we validate our work by demonstrating that AS converges faster than previous MCCFR algorithms in both no-limit poker and Bluff.
Immunization against rubella.

The Telegraph's action was a serious and unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the patient and both families. It was against their wishes and against the express request of the doctors caring for the patient. The plea of public interest cannot be sustained. The public has every right to know what heart transplantation can and cannot accomplish and to have brought to its notice the difficult moral and social questions involved. But it has no right to be told the names of patients against their wishes. Such breaches in confidentiality undermine the doctor-patient relationship, to the public's disadvantage. They may also affect the willingness of relatives to permit the donation of organs for those who would die without them. Nor does notification have to be " public" to secure proper follow-up. The innuendo that the medical profession conceals its failures is false, as the briefest perusal of our pages would show.
The Effect of Age, Accommodation, and Refractive Error on the Adult Human Eye

Purpose To quantify changes in ocular dimensions associated with age, refractive error, and accommodative response, in vivo, in 30- to 50-year-old human subjects. Methods The right eyes of 91 adults were examined using ultrasonography, phakometry, keratometry, pachymetry, interferometry, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Accommodation was measured subjectively with a push-up test and objectively using open-field autorefraction. Regression analyses were used to assess differences in ocular parameters with age, refractive error, and accommodation. Results With age, crystalline lens thickness increased (0.03 mm/yr), anterior lens curvature steepened (0.11 mm/yr), anterior chamber depth decreased (0.02 mm/yr), and lens equivalent refractive index decreased (0.001/yr) (all p < 0.01). With increasing myopia, there were significant increases in axial length (0.37 mm/D), vitreous chamber depth (0.34 mm/D), vitreous chamber height (0.09 mm/D), and ciliary muscle ring diameter (0.10 mm/D) (all p < 0.05). Increasing myopia was also associated with steepening of both the cornea (0.16 mm/D) and anterior lens surface (0.011 mm/D) (both p < 0.04). With accommodation, the ciliary muscle ring diameter decreased (0.08 mm/D) and the muscle thinned posteriorly (0.008 mm/D), allowing the lens to shorten equatorially (0.07 mm/D) and thicken axially (0.06 mm/D) (all p < 0.03). Conclusions Refractive error is significantly correlated with not only the axial dimensions but also the anterior equatorial dimension of the adult eye. Further testing and development of accommodating intraocular lenses should account for differences in patients’ preoperative refractive error.
Evidence That Inhibition of p44/42 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Is a Factor in Proteasome Inhibitor-mediated Apoptosis*

The proteasome is emerging as a target for cancer therapy because small molecule inhibitors of its catalytic activity induce apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo models of human malignancies and are proving to have efficacy in early clinical trials. To further elucidate the mechanism of action of these inhibitors, their impact on signaling through the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was studied. Proteasome inhibition with either carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-phenylalaninal or lactacystin led to a loss of dually phosphorylated, activated p44/42 MAPK in A1N4-mychuman mammary and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. This correlated with an induction of the dual specificity MAPK phosphatases (MKP)-1 and -2, and blockade of MKP induction using either actinomycin D or Ro-31-8220 significantly decreased loss of activated p44/42 MAPK. Inhibition of p44/42 MAPK signaling by use of the MAPK kinase inhibitors PD 98059 or U0126, or by use of a dominant negative MAPK construct, enhanced proteasome inhibitor-mediated apoptosis. Conversely, activation of MAPK by epidermal growth factor, or use of a mutant MAPK resistant to MKP-mediated dephosphorylation, inhibited apoptosis. These studies support a role for inactivation of signaling through the p44/42 MAPK pathway in proteasome inhibitor-mediated apoptosis.
K4, 4 - e has no finite planar cover

A graph G has a planar cover if there exists a planar graph H , and a homomorphism φ : H → G that maps the neighbours of each vertex bijectively. Each graph that has an embedding in the projective plane also has a finite planar cover. Negami conjectured the converse in 1988. This conjecture holds as long as no minor-minimal non-projective graph has a finite planar cover. From the list there remain only two cases not solved yet—the graphs K 4,4 − e and K1,2,2,2. We prove the non-existence of a finite planar cover of K4,4−e.
Electronic textbooks that transform how textbooks are used

Purpose – This paper's goals are to motivate the design of an electronic textbook that seeks to transform how textbooks are used inside and outside the classroom. In particular, it seeks to show that merely creating an electronic form of an existing paper textbook is not a sufficiently motivating condition for instructors and students to move from paper to electronic textbooks, and doing so misses much of the opportunities presented by electronic media to enhance learning from textbooks.Design/methodology/approach – An electronic textbook application running on Microsoft's TabletPC operating system was implemented and used as the primary text in three offerings of an Introductory Computer Science course, with one section used as a control group. Student learning was assessed via course examinations and overall grades, and student perceptions and use of the textbook were assessed via surveys.Findings – No significant differences in student learning or textbook usage were observed between students using the.
Functions of Propositions

In [1] (p. 131 et seq) Professor A. N. Prior suggests a calculus of functions of propositions in which the range of the function variables is not restricted to truth functions.1 If f, g, … etc. represent such variables and we have quantification over all variables we can introduce propositional identity by definition as (ƒ)(ƒp ⊃ ƒq) Alternatively identity may be primitive with the usual axioms and schemata (v.e.g. [4] p. 190 et seq). We shall refer to such systems as ‘functorial calculi’2 (abbreviated as FC).
A Phase I, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Study of Panobinostat, an HDAC Inhibitor, Combined with Erlotinib in Patients with Advanced Aerodigestive Tract Tumors

Purpose: Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, enhances antiproliferative activity in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines when combined with erlotinib. We evaluated this combination in patients with advanced NSCLC and head and neck cancer. Experimental Design: Eligible patients were enrolled in a 3+3 dose-escalation design to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of twice weekly panobinostat plus daily erlotinib at four planned dose levels (DL). Pharmacokinetics, blood, fat pad biopsies (FPB) for histone acetylation, and paired pre and posttherapy tumor biopsies for checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) expression were assessed. Results: Of 42 enrolled patients, 33 were evaluable for efficacy. Dose-limiting toxicities were prolonged-QTc and nausea at DL3. Adverse events included fatigue and nausea (grades 1–3), and rash and anorexia (grades 1–2). Disease control rates were 54% for NSCLC (n = 26) and 43% for head and neck cancer (n = 7). Of 7 patients with NSCLC with EGF receptor (EGFR) mutations, 3 had partial response, 3 had stable disease, and 1 progressed. For EGFR-mutant versus EGFR wild-type patients, progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.7 versus 1.9 months (P = 0.43) and overall survival was 41 (estimated) versus 5.2 months (P = 0.39). Erlotinib pharmacokinetics was not significantly affected. Correlative studies confirmed panobinostat's pharmacodynamic effect in blood, FPB, and tumor samples. Low CHK1 expression levels correlated with PFS (P = 0.006) and response (P = 0.02). Conclusions: We determined MTD at 30 mg (panobinostat) and 100 mg (erlotinib). Further studies are needed to further explore the benefits of HDAC inhibitors in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC, investigate FPB as a potential surrogate source for biomarker investigations, and validate CHK1's predictive role. Clin Cancer Res; 20(6); 1644–55. ©2014 AACR.
Multiple Pathways Used for the Targeting of Thylakoid Proteins in Chloroplasts

The assembly of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane requires the import of numerous proteins from the cytosol and their targeting into or across the thylakoid membrane. It is now clear that multiple pathways are involved in the thylakoid‐targeting stages, depending on the type of protein substrate. Two very different pathways are used by thylakoid lumen proteins; one is the Sec pathway which has been well‐characterised in bacteria, and which involves the threading of the substrate through a narrow channel. In contrast, the more recently characterised twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) system is able to translocate fully folded proteins across this membrane. Recent advances on bacterial Tat systems shed further light on the structure and function of this system. Membrane proteins, on the other hand, use two further pathways. One is the signal recognition particle‐dependent pathway, involving a complex interplay between many different factors, whereas other proteins insert without the assistance of any known apparatus. This article reviews advances in the study of these pathways and considers the rationale behind the surprising complexity.
Information transfer and cognitive mismatch: a Popperian model for studies of public understanding

Studies of public understanding, which include specific areas of study such as the public understanding of science, intuitive physics, nutritional myths and misunderstandings, and the ‘mental mapping’ of geographical space are seen as falling into a general model of information transfer, using Popper’s notion of three Worlds. The deficiencies and distortions of understanding that these studies reveal can be perceived as defects in information transfer from Worlds 1 and 3 to World 2. It is proposed that more detailed cognitive profiling could identify these problem areas, thus enabling remedial measures to be taken to ensure better information transfer to the public for specific ventures, such as the promotion of healthcare, education or advertising.
AEROBOT AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION AND MAPPING FORPLANETARY EXPLORATION

Mobility is a key requirement for planetary exploration missions. Autonomous airships (aerobots) can be used to explore unknown environments without obstacle avoidance problems, mapping large areas and complex land systems (such as canyons or pluvial areas) to different resolutions and perform a wide variety of measurements and experiments on planetary surface and on the atmosphere too. Sensor fusion between Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and vision systems can be used to support vehicle navigation and variable resolution surface mapping. In this work a minimal sensor suite composed by a navigation-grade IMU and stereo camera pair has been studied. Vision subsystem can provide range, bearing and elevation measurements of a set of scattered points on the planetary surface. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) extended Kalman filter algorithm has been adapted to deal with monocular and stereo camera observations. Sensor fusion with IMU measurements is used to track rapid vehicle movements and to maintain the vehicle position and attitude estimation also if, for a limited time period, no vision measurements are available. Moreover the SLAM algorithm produce a scattered points map of the whole traveled area. In this work vehicle position, attitude and mapping estimation accuracy have been assessed through tests on a set of simulated vehicle trajectories on Titan to show the reliability of this navigation solution.
AGE, SOCIAL STRATUM, AND OBESITY IN LATIN AMERICA: SIMILARITIES IN THE INEQUALITIES FOR OLDER PEOPLE

neuropathy or nephropathy. Several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, including vascular dysfunction, polyol pathway, and advanced glycation end-product accumulations. A common mechanism may be involved in DM-related central nervous system dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy. The current analysis demonstrates that the specific factors associated with decline were different in two different tests, suggesting that multiple factors may cause diabetes-related cognitive decline.
Increased 24-h energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes have higher basal and 24-h energy expenditure compared with healthy control subjects before and after adjustment for body composition, spontaneous physical activity (SPA), sex, and age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data from 31 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 61 nondiabetic control subjects were analyzed. The 24-h energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and sleeping energy expenditure (EEsleep) between 1:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. were measured in whole-body respiratory chambers. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS No significant differences in unadjusted EEsleep, BMR, and 24-h energy expenditure were observed between the type 2 diabetic group and the control group. After adjustment for fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, SPA, sex, and age, EEsleep and BMR were, respectively, 7.7 and 6.9% higher in the type 2 diabetic group compared with the control group. This was equivalent to 144 +/- 40 kcal/day (P = 0.001) and 139 +/- 61 kcal/day (P = 0.026), respectively. Adjusted 24-h energy expenditure was 6.5% higher in the type 2 diabetic group compared with the nondiabetic control subjects (2,679 +/- 37 vs. 2,515 +/- 23 kcal/day, P = 0.002). In multiple regression analyses, FFM, fat mass, SPA, and diabetes status were all significant determinants of EEsleep and 24-h energy expenditure, explaining 83 and 81% of the variation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms reports in Pima Indians that basal and 24-h energy expenditure adjusted for body composition, SPA, sex, and age are higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with nondiabetic control subjects and may be even more pronounced in Caucasians.
Dynamic Searchable Encryption with Multi-user Private Search for Cloud Computing

Dynamic searchable encryption enables data owner to store a dynamic collection of encrypted files to the cloud server and generate search tokens of queries over the cloud server. Upon receiving a token, the server can perform the search on the \encrypted data while preserving privacy. Unlike many previous works that focused on a single-user scheme, we present a dynamic searchable encryption scheme with multi-user private search for cloud computing. We consider the use scenario of cloud storage services where an organization outsources its data to the cloud and authorizes a group of users to access the data. Our scheme is dependent on a red-black data structure which is highly parallelizable and dynamic, and its security is proven in the random oracle model.
Counting Self-avoiding Walks in Some Regular Graphs

Figure 1: A length-18 in the complete 2D grid. lems in different areas of science, such as combinatorics, statistical physics, theoretical chemistry, and computer science. By “twodimensional grid” we mean the two-dimensional rectangular lattice Z2 with origin (0, 0). One of the most prominent applications of counting SAWs is the modeling of spatial arrangement of linear polymer molecules in a solution. Here a SAW represents a molecule composed of monomers linked together in a chain by chemical bonds. Other application areas include the percolation model, the Ising model, and the network reliability model. Valiant [Val79b] is the first to find connections between the problem of counting SAWs and computational complexity theory. He showed that the problem of counting SAWs between two given points, the problem of counting Hamiltonian cycles, and the problem of counting Hamiltonian paths between two given points are all #P-complete under polynomial parsimonious reductions (that is, polynomial-time reductions of functions not requiring post-computation) both for directed graphs and for undirected graphs. One might ask for which types of graphs these counting problems remain #P-complete. The goal of this paper is to present some natural regular graphs for which the corresponding counting problems are #P-complete and discuss some open issues.
Pattern recognition of cardiac arrhythmias using scalar autoregressive modeling

Arrhythmia classification is introduced for automatic diagnosis and treatment of cardiac diseases. Scalar autoregressive (AR) modeling was performed on two-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signals to extract features. AR coefficients were estimated from each channel and concatenated together to form the ECG features. Five types of ECG signals were obtained from MIT-BIH database including normal sinus rhythm, atria premature contraction, premature ventricular contraction, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. A stage-by-stage quadratic discriminant function (QDF) based classification algorithm was employed. The results show two ECG lead based classification can obtain better results than that of single ECG lead. The accuracy of classification based on two ECG leads is over 98.3%.
Full Duplex-Assisted Intercell Interference Cancellation in Heterogeneous Networks

This paper studies the suppression of cross-tier intercell interference (ICI) generated by a macro base station (MBS) to pico user equipments (PUEs) in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Different from existing ICI avoidance schemes such as enhanced ICI cancellation (eICIC) and coordinated beamforming, which generally operate at the MBS, we propose a full duplex (FD)-assisted ICI cancellation (fICIC) scheme, which can operate at each pico BS (PBS) individually and is transparent to the MBS. The basic idea of the fICIC is to apply FD technique at the PBS such that the PBS can send the desired signals and forward the listened cross-tier ICI simultaneously to PUEs. We first consider the narrowband single-user case, where the MBS serves a single macro UE and each PBS serves a single PUE. We obtain the closed-form solution of the optimal fICIC scheme, and analyze its asymptotical performance in ICI-dominated scenario. We then investigate the general narrowband multiuser case, where both MBS and PBSs serve multiple UEs. We devise a low-complexity algorithm to optimize the fICIC aimed at maximizing the downlink sum rate of the PUEs subject to user fairness constraint. Finally, the generalization of the fICIC to wideband systems is investigated. Simulations validate the analytical results and demonstrate the advantages of the fICIC on mitigating cross-tier ICI.
Trends in Pain Medicine Liability

Background: The authors examined changes in the frequency of pain medicine malpractice claims and associated treatment modalities and outcomes over time. Methods: The authors analyzed trends in pain medicine claims from 1980 to 2012 in the Anesthesia Closed Claims Project database by binary logistic regression on year of event. Pain procedures in claims from 2000 to 2012 were compared with the proportion of pain procedures reported to the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry in 2010–2014. Results: Malpractice claims for pain medicine increased from 3% of 2,966 total malpractice claims in the Anesthesia Closed Claims Project database in 1980–1989 to 18% of 2,743 anesthesia claims in 2000–2012 (odds ratio [OR], 1.088 per year; 95% CI, 1.078 to 1.098; P < 0.001). Outcomes in pain claims became more severe over time, with increases in death and permanent disabling injury (OR, 1.094 per year; P < 0.001). Nonneurolytic cervical injections increased to 27% of pain claims in 2000–2012 (OR, 1.054; P < 0.001), whereas National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry demonstrates that lumbar injections are a more common procedure. Claims associated with medication management increased to 17% of pain claims in 2000–2012 (OR, 1.116 per year; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Pain medicine claims have increased over time and have increased in severity. Claims related to cervical procedures were out of proportion to the frequency with which they are performed. These liability findings suggest that pain specialists should aggressively continue the search for safer and more effective therapies.
Relation between grain size and coherency parameters in aluminium alloys

AbstractDuring equiaxed dendritic solidification, dendritic grains form at the point where primary dendritic crystals become coherent (or impinge on each other). An experimental and theoretical approach to evaluate the grain size in the alloys is proposed, using thermal and constitutional parameters, and the parameters at the dendrite coherency point. For an alloy with a solute concentration below the solid solubility limit, the grain size is inversely proportional to (dT/dt)1/2 Σ miCoi (ki−1) and the coherency parameters (T is the temperature, t is the time, m is the liquid line slope, Co is the original solute concentration, k is the solute distribution, and subscript i is the ith alloying element). For an alloy with a solute concentration above the solid solubility limit, the grain size can be calculated using the dendritic growth interval Σ ki(TLi−Teui), where TL and Teuare the liquidus and eutectic temperatures, respectively, instead of the dendritic restriction factor Σ miCoi (ki−1). For commercial .
Robust Regression with Twinned Gaussian Processes

We propose a Gaussian process (GP) framework for robust inference in which a GP prior on the mixing weights of a two-component noise model augments the standard process over latent function values. This approach is a generalization of the mixture likelihood used in traditional robust GP regression, and a specialization of the GP mixture models suggested by Tresp [1] and Rasmussenand Ghahramani [2]. The value of this restriction is in its tractable expectation propagation updates, which allow for faster inference and model selection, and better convergence than the standard mixture. An additional benefit over the latter method lies in our ability to incorporate knowledge of the noise domain to influence predictions, and to recover with the predictive distribution information about the outlier distribution via the gating process. The model has asymptotic complexity equal to that of conventional robust methods, but yields more confident predictions on benchmark problems than classical heavy-tailed models and exhibits improved stability for data with clustered corruptions, for which they fail altogether. We show further how our approach can be used without adjustment for more smoothly heteroscedastic data, and suggest how it could be extended to more general noise models. We also address similarities with the work of Goldberg et al. [3].