Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Meronymy in Persian: Cognitive Linguistics Perspective

In this paper the author is concerned with the role of cognitive and mental abilities of humans in the formation of meronymy sense relation at the level of words of Persian language, additionally the importance of the role of developed image schemas in accordance with meronymy and also the function of some cognitive and analytical factors in the formation of these image schemas such as construal, consists of perspective (focus point and reference point), profile and scanning are so important to the author. The starting point is the study of the way of the formation of developed image schemas related to meronymy sense relation. The author's fundamental claim is that the mentioned cognitive and analytical factors have a significant role in the formation of three developed image schemas related to meronymy and the mentioned schemas are given different names. Next the program of layered schemas (LSP) is provided by analyzing some Persian simple structures including meronymy. Moreover, we move towards a cognitive inter-lexical semantics in this paper by applying the proposed program of the author (LSP) on Persian linguistic data. For this purpose one example of Persian including meronymy is analyzed on the basis of (LSP). As the last step, the different stages of the formation of meronymy sense relation between the words of Persian are shown through some cognitive figures to add a kind of consistency and support to the author's proposed program in this paper. developed image schemas and their role in the formation Cognitive linguistics studies the cognitive role of of meronymy sense relation between words. Yet, all of language which is the intruding role of informational the analytical-cognitive tools active in the formation structures in relation with the outside world. Cognitive of developed image schemas in the minds of Persian linguists also believe that our interaction with the world speakers are recognized. Finally the process of the inside the mind and in this case consider the natural
Characterization of peripheral-compartment kinetics of antibiotics by in vivo microdialysis in humans

The calculation of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogates from concentrations in serum has been shown to yield important information for the evaluation of antibiotic regimens. Calculations based on concentrations in serum, however, may not necessarily be appropriate for peripheral-compartment infections. The aim of the present study was to apply the microdialysis technique for the study of the peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics of select antibiotics in humans. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of healthy volunteers and into inflamed and noninflamed dermis of patients with cellulitis. Thereafter, volunteers received either cefodizime (2,000 mg as an intravenous bolus; n = 6), cefpirome (2,000 mg as an intravenous bolus; n = 6), fleroxacin (400 mg orally n = 6), or dirithromycin (250 mg orally; n = 4); the patients received phenoxymethylpenicillin (4.5 x 10(6) U orally; n = 3). Complete concentration-versus-time profiles for serum and tissues could be obtained for all compounds. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (elimination half-life, peak concentration in serum, time to peak concentration, area under the concentration-time curve [AUC], and AUC/MIC ratio) were calculated for tissues. For cefodizime and cefpirome, the AUCtissue/AUCserum ratios were 0.12 to 0.35 and 1.20 to 1.79, respectively. The AUCtissue/AUCserum ratios were 0.34 to 0.38 for fleroxacin and 0.42 to 0.49 for dirithromycin. There was no visible difference in the time course of phenoxymethylpenicillin in inflamed and noninflamed dermis. We demonstrated, by means of microdialysis, that the concept of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogate markers for evaluation of antibiotic regimens originally developed for serum pharmacokinetics can be extended to peripheral-tissue pharmacokinetics. This novel information may be useful for the rational development of dosage schedules and may improve predictions regarding therapeutic outcome.
Impact of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and vascular disease on brain morphology in men from the NHLBI twin study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype (ApoE4) has been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease morbidity or mortality. This appears to be mediated by an ApoE4-related increase in cardiovascular atherosclerosis. Given the similarities between risk factors for heart disease and risk factors for stroke, a positive association between ApoE4 and stroke would be expected. Since age-related brain atrophy and the extent of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) share similar risk factors, we examined the combined effect of ApoE4 and history of vascular disease on brain volume, WMH, and MRI evidence of stroke. METHODS Subjects were the surviving members of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study. This is a longitudinal study of the effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors in community-dwelling male veterans. The fourth and final examination of this cohort included cerebral MRI and was completed in 1997. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype, quantitative measures of brain volume, WMH, and the presence of stroke on MRI were obtained from the 396 participants in the final examination. The presence or absence of a history of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and ApoE genotype were determined for each subject. RESULTS Of the 396 men, 88 (22%) had at least 1 ApoE4 allele. ApoE4 was not associated with differences in age or education. While the prevalence of vascular disease was generally greater in the ApoE4 group, this was only significant for coronary heart disease (29.8% in subjects without ApoE4 versus 40.7% in subject with ApoE4; P=0.03). ApoE4 subjects had significantly smaller brain volumes (942.4+/-34.5 versus 952.2+/-40.1 cm(3); P=0. 02). MRI evidence of stroke was detected in 88 (22%) of the subjects. The distribution of ApoE genotype was marginally different between subjects with MRI-detected stroke compared with those without. Further analysis revealed that the co-occurrence of cerebrovascular disease and ApoE4 was associated with significantly greater brain atrophy and WMH than either ApoE4 or cerebrovascular disease alone. Similar relations were seen for coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ApoE4 enhances the extent of brain abnormalities in the presence of various vascular diseases. We speculate that this effect may be mediated by an increased susceptibility to brain injury or impaired repair mechanisms associated with ApoE4.
Estudio de las poblaciones de chirópteros en el campus central de la Universidad de Panamá

Los predios de la Universidad de Panama en los ultimos diez anos han experimentado cambios profundos por la eliminacion de arboles para facilitar las construcciones de nuevas edificaciones y vias de acceso. Razon por lo cual, la escasa fauna que alli habita puede estar disminuyendo por la perdida de habitats, refugios o sitios de alimentacion. Para determinar los efectos de estos cambios en el medio, se llevo a cabo el presente estudio del 6 de octubre al 21 de noviembre del 2000. Para ello se colocaron dos redes, las cuales permanecieron abiertas en el periodo comprendido de 6:00pm a 10:00pm, durante seis muestreos. En total se atraparon 59 murcielagos, los cuales estan incluidos en tres especies a saber, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus lituratus y Uroderma bilobatum. La especie mas frecuentemente atrapada fue Artibeus jamaicensis con 29 individuos, de los cuales 15 fueron hembras juveniles. Seguido de Artibeus lituratus con una representacion de 28 ejemplares, de estos 15 fueron hembras en edad adulta. Y por ultimo, la especie Uroderma bilobatum con solo dos hembras juveniles. Simultaneamente a la captura de murcielagos, se recolectaron los ectoparasitos que estos presentaban. De ellos se extrajeron un total de 100 de ejemplares, los cuales fueron agrupados en cuatro especies. Atendiendo al orden en que aparecieron, la Speiseria ambiqua (Streblidae ) fue la mas abundante entre los murcielagos, tanto en fase adulta (todos ejemplares hembras) como en la fase de huevo. Seguido de los Streblidae Megistopoda aranae, con cinco ejemplares y Trichobius yunkeri con solo un ejemplar encontrado en U. bilobatum. Y por ultimo, el acaro Periglischrus iheringi representado con
Eschewing Obfuscation? Campaigns and the Perception of U.S. Senate Incumbents

Campaigns play a central role in a democracy. I examine the effect of campaigns on the perception of the ideological positions of incumbent senators. The results demonstrate that incumbents affect voter perception both through their actions in office and on the campaign trail. Using the 1988 Senate Election Study, I find that the perceived location of incumbents depends on their roll call voting records, the perceived position of their party and the voter's own position. More crucial is the finding that candidates can affect the clarity of these perceptions through their campaign strategies. Incumbents who stress issues increase the clarity of voter perceptions, while challengers' attacks on incumbents reduce clarity. While elections alone increase clarity, these effects are small in comparison to the effect due to candidate campaign strategies. The results remind us that to understand the politics of elections we must incorporate candidate strategy in our models.
Partisanship, Performance and Personality

The study of voting behaviour is characterized by controversy about the `importance' of various explanatory themes and specific variables, but there is a widespread reluctance to assess these hypotheses in a comprehensive causal model. This article specifies a model of Labour and Conservative voting in the 2001 British General Election which incorporates a whole series of competing and complementary hypotheses. The results suggest that partisanship, prospective evaluations of competence and favourable evaluations of Tony Blair all contributed to Labour's victory, while retrospective evaluations of Labour's record on crime and asylum-seekers reduced the size of Labour's victory. Analyses that incorporate a new measure of party identification suggest that long-term partisanship may have contributed less and short-term factors correspondingly more to the aggregate election outcome.
The Epic and the Anti­-epic. Myth­making in South Africa’s Number Gangs

This study considers the status of the narratives of the South African Number gangs. These gangs, who are dominant in South African prisons, are currently extending their influence into communities outside of prison. They also fea­ture increasingly in popular films and music. Such representations are often made with no awareness of the complex history of the Number gangs. Their origins can be traced to late nineteenth century mine gangs known as the Ninevites, created by a visionary bandit called Nongoloza. He is also the main character of their origin myth, which is the focus of this analysis. This paper follows a trans­disciplinary approach, focussing on a social­anthropological and ethnographic phenomenon in order to open up its linguistic manifestation to literary analysis. This is achieved via Halliday’s concept of the anti­language and the anti­society. The goal of this study is to link these concepts to the literary phenomenon of the anti­hero, and to explore the possibility of a category to be called the anti­epic.
A Study of the Maximum Momentum Flux in the Solitary Wave Run-Up Zone over Back-Reef Slopes Based on a Boussinesq Model

This study utilized a shock-capturing Boussinesq model FUNWAVE-TVD to investigate the maximum momentum flux in the solitary wave run-up zone over back-reef slopes. Validation results of the present model were compared to the previous version of FUNWAVE using the eddy viscosity breaking model to demonstrate the advantages of the shock-capturing method in predicting the breaking solitary wave transformation and run-up over fringing reefs. A series of numerical experiments was designed comprehensively and performed then to obtain a new formulation for the envelope of the spatial distribution of the maximum momentum flux within the solitary wave run-up zone over back-reef beaches, which is different from the one used over uniformly-sloping beaches. Finally, the effects of the variation of reef parameters (i.e., the fore-reef slope angle, reef flat width, and water depth over the reef flat) on the maximum momentum flux at the initial shoreline were investigated to better understand the role of fringing reefs in the mitigation of tsunami hazard.
Gate‐driver circuit with a variable supply voltage to influence the switching losses

The lifetime of semiconductor devices used in power electronics depends on the junction temperature. With a suitable junction temperature control system, the lifetime of semiconductor devices is extended. These control systems require a possibility to influence the power losses of the semiconductor devices and therefore the junction temperature. The proposed gate-driver circuit has a variable supply voltage in order to influence the switching speed of the semiconductor devices. This affects the switching losses. In addition, the adjustable switching speed can be used to prevent voltage overshoots during the switching transition or to decrease electromagnetic emission. The main advantage of this gate-driver circuit is its simple structure. This study focuses on the switching losses.
Cooperative dynamics in visual processing.

An oscillator neural network model that is capable of processing local and global attributes of sensory input is proposed and analyzed. Local features in the input are encoded in the average firing rate of the neurons while the relationships between these features can modulate the temporal structure of the neuronal output. Neurons that share the same receptive field interact via relatively strong feedback connections, while neurons with different fields interact via specific, relatively weak connections. The model is studied in the context of processing visual stimuli that are coded for orientation. The effect of axonal propagation delays on synchronization of oscillatory activity is analyzed. We compare our theoretical results with recent experimental evidence on coherent oscillatory activity in the cat visual cortex. The computational capabilities of the model for performing discrimination and segmentation tasks are demonstrated. Coding and linking of visual features other than orientation are discussed.
Enculturation Effects in Music Cognition

The authors replicate and extend findings from previous studies of music enculturation by comparing music memory performance of children to that of adults when listening to culturally familiar and unfamiliar music. Forty-three children and 50 adults, all born and raised in the United States, completed a music memory test comprising unfamiliar excerpts of Western and Turkish classical music. Examples were selected at two levels of difficulty—simple and complex—based on texture, instrument variety, presence of simultaneous musical lines, and clarity of internal repetition. All participants were significantly better at remembering novel music from their own culture than from an unfamiliar culture. Simple examples from both cultures were remembered significantly better than complex examples. Children performed as well as adults when remembering simple music from both cultures, whereas adults were better at remembering complex Western music. The results provide evidence that enculturation affects one's understanding of music structure before adulthood.
Parameter Calculation and Analysis of a Novel Wind Power Generator

Compared with the commonly used generators, the brushless doubly fed generator (BDFG) has a commercial potential for wind power generation due to its inherent characteristics. In this paper, a novel BDFG with hybrid rotor is proposed and its structural features and operation principle are presented. Meanwhile, the performance of the proposed BDFG is analyzed in comparison with the BDFG using a radial laminated magnetic barrier rotor. Furthermore, due to the complexity of the magnetic field and the particularity of the structure, the calculation and analysis of the parameters, especially the inductance, are extremely important for the performance analysis of the proposed BDFG. Therefore, an inductance calculation method based on modified winding function is investigated. For accurate inductance calculation, the effects of magnetic layers and cage bars on the air-gap permeance of the proposed hybrid rotor are both considered. Tests are performed on a 25 kW prototype machine to verify the performance of the proposed BDFG. The experimental results show the correctness and feasibility of the proposed inductance calculation method.
Infiltration of Stormwater in a Rain Garden: Richards Equation Numerical Model and Field Experiment

Traditional stormwater management does not mitigate groundwater depletion resulting from groundwater pumping and reduction in recharge. Infiltration practices, such as rain gardens, offer a potentially effective approach for addressing groundwater depletion. A rain garden is a landscaped garden in a shallow depression that receives the stormwater from nearby impervious surfaces, focusing recharge. We have developed a numerical model that can be applied in rain garden design and evaluation. Water flow through the rain garden soil is modeled over three layersa root zone, a middle storage layer of high conductivity, and a subsoil lower layer. To continuously simulate recharge, runoff and evapotranspiration, the model couples the Richards Equation with a surface water balance. The model was applied to the climate of southern Wisconsin. Simulation results show that very high recharge rates are possible during the nonsnowfall season. A rain garden with an area of approximately 10-20% of the contributing impervious area maximizes groundwater recharge. An experimental rain garden was installed to gather quantitative data on the water budget terms in a continuous fashion. Sensors were installed to measure the water input, garden ponding, soil moisture and bottom drainage. To validate the Richards Equation model, we used data from three experiments resembling typical recharge events. The model results agree well with soil moisture data, but predicts a higher recharge than measured (15 to 37% more). This could be due to intermediate storage in the system, insufficient characterization of initial conditions, or limitations of the 1-D model.
Animated storytelling about "my special place" to represent non-Aboriginal preservice teachers' awareness of "relatedness to country"

In this study, a group (N=15) of final year non-Aboriginal preservice teachers participated in an elective subject that aimed to raise their awareness about Aboriginal ways of knowing. A vital aspect of the course was developing the preservice teachers‘ awareness of ―relatedness to country‖ which is a key belief for Aboriginal people. The non-Aboriginal preservice teachers selected their own special place and then experienced Aboriginal ways of knowing throughout the course and visited local Aboriginal sites to hear and listen to stories shared by an Aboriginal Elder. At the end of the subject, the preservice teachers created their own animated story about their special place. The animation approach used is called ―Slowmation‖ (abbreviated from ―Slow Animation‖) which is a narrated stop-motion animation that is played slowly, at 2 photos/second, to tell a story. It is a simplified way for preservice teachers to make animations that integrates aspects of claymation, digital storytelling and object animation. To research this approach the preservice teachers were interviewed at the beginning and end of the course as well as submitting their animation for assessment. Data collected revealed that all the preservice teachers were able to make an animated story explaining their relationship to their ―special place‘ and most developed a deeper understanding of what a relational approach to country means. Getting the preservice teachers to make animated stories helped them to reflect upon their special place and was a creative way to develop their awareness of cultural diversity especially about Aboriginal ways of knowing.
The Efficacy of the Upright Position on Gastro-Esophageal Reflux and Reflux-Related Respiratory Symptoms in Infants With Chronic Respiratory Symptoms

Purpose Gastro-esophageal reflux (GER), particularly non-acid reflux, is common in infants and is a known cause of chronic respiratory symptoms in infancy. Recent guidelines recommended empirical acid suppression therapy and the head-up position in patients with suspected GER. However, the efficacy of the upright position in relieving GER and reflux-related respiratory symptoms in infants is unclear. We conducted this study to investigate the efficacy of the upright position on GER and reflux-related respiratory symptoms in infants with chronic respiratory symptoms. Methods Thirty-two infants (21 male; median age, 5 months; range, 0 to 19 months) with unexplained chronic respiratory symptoms underwent multi-channel intraluminal esophageal impedance and pH monitoring. We retrospectively compared the frequencies of GER and reflux-related symptoms according to body position. Results A mean of 3.30 episodes of reflux per hour was detected. Overall, refluxes were more frequent during the postprandial period than the emptying period (3.77 vs. 2.79 episodes/hour, respectively; P=0.01). Although there was no significant difference in the total refluxes per hour between the upright and recumbent positions (6.12 vs. 3.77 episodes, P=0.10), reflux-related respiratory symptoms per reflux were significantly fewer in infants kept in an upright position than in a recumbent position during the postprandial period (3.07% vs. 14.75%, P=0.016). Non-acid reflux was the predominant type of reflux in infants, regardless of body position or meal time. Conclusions The upright position may reduce reflux-related respiratory symptoms, rather than reflux frequency. Thus, it may be a useful non-pharmacological treatment for infantile GER disease resistant to acid suppressants.
Immunologic and clinical effects of antibody blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in previously vaccinated cancer patients

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) functions as a negative regulator of endogenous and vaccine-induced antitumor immunity. The administration of fully human anti-CTLA-4 blocking monoclonal antibodies to advanced-cancer patients increases immune-mediated tumor destruction in some subjects. Nonetheless, patients that respond also frequently manifest serious inflammatory pathologies, raising the possibility that the therapeutic and toxic effects of CTLA-4 blockade might be linked. Here we show that periodic infusions of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies after vaccination with irradiated, autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete GM-CSF (GVAX) generate clinically meaningful antitumor immunity without grade 3 or 4 toxicity in a majority of metastatic melanoma patients. The application of this sequential immunotherapy to advanced ovarian carcinoma patients also revealed that tumor destruction and severe inflammatory pathology could be dissociated, although further refinements are required to increase clinical responses and to minimize toxicity in this population. The extent of therapy-induced tumor necrosis was linearly related to the natural logarithm of the ratio of intratumoral CD8+ effector T cells to FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in posttreatment biopsies. Together, these findings help clarify the immunologic and clinical effects of CTLA-4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated patients and raise the possibility that selective targeting of antitumor Tregs may constitute a complementary strategy for combination therapy.