Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tidal Variations in Concentrations of Dissolved and Particulate Materials in a Semiclosed Bay of the Yellow Sea

Abstract Tidal variations in dissolved nutrients and particulate matter at the mouth of semiclosed Keunso Bay were investigated over four seasons. The role of the bay, whether it acted as a sink or a source, was element-specific and seasonally dependent. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen was imported in spring, summer, and winter due to active denitrification throughout the year and was exported offshore in autumn. For dissolved inorganic phosphorus, the bay served as a sink in spring and winter and as a source in summer and autumn, possibly in association with the redox potential of surface sediments. Similarly, dissolved silicate was imported in spring when a spring bloom occurred, but the bay was a silicate source in summer and autumn. Suspended particulate matter flux also varied seasonally, with tendencies of summer export and winter import, possibly controlled by meteorological conditions and tidal cycle. Particulate organic carbon was exported offshore in summer but imported in winter.
Marine C, S and N biogeochemical processes in the redox-stratified early Cambrian Yangtze ocean

The temporal change of redox conditions of the Yangtze ocean has been revealed by investigating the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition section at Zhalagou, South China. During the earliest Cambrian, cherts and shales were deposited under an anoxic and ferruginous bottom water with significantly increasing total organic carbon and P contents, and negative shift in kerogen δ13C values in the lowest part of the section. Euxinic bottom water conditions occurred during the earliest Cambrian Stage 2, with the surface water dominated by N2 utilization by cyanobacteria or sulphur bacteria leading to negative kerogen δ15N values. During Stage 3, dissolved oxygen and sulphate concentrations were significantly increased, and thus the oxidized surface water and the redox transition zone overlying a euxinic bottom water may have been expanded, resulting in an increase in kerogen δ15N increasing to 2–4‰, a decrease in pyrite δ34S decreasing to as low as –24.6‰ and differences in δ34S values between kerogen and pyrite as high as 37‰. This period coincided with the abrupt appearance of large-body metazoans. Thus, the expanding oxic surface water may have reinforced the evolution of animals or vice versa. Interestingly, kerogen δ34S values show negative relationships to FePy/FeHR ratios and pyrite sulphur contents, indicating that they can be used to reflect redox conditions, with the lightest values being obtained from euxinic environments.
Tropospheric propagation effects in GPS height results using meteorological observations

Part of the standard procedure of GPS geodesy has been to record atmospheric data (pressure, temperature and humidity) at GPS sites for the purpose of calculating tropospheric zenith delays. However, the common experience has been that the use of the meteorological observations produced poorer results than using a standard atmospheric model. Atmospheric observations are severely affected by the closeness of the ground and thus by very local micrometeorological conditions. Modelling of ground proximity effects on temperature and humidity is a rather difficult task and moreover the results are often wrong. Therefore, in addition to the use of the meteorological observations, it is essential to estimate residual tropospheric zenith delays at all GPS sites. The analog to this is the well known procedure of using a standard atmospheric model to calculate approximate tropospheric zenith delays and additionally estimating residual tropospheric zenith delays. We will show that both methods yield similar results using data from a GPS campaign. Therefore, we conclude that the use of high quality atmospheric observations measured at GPS sites does not lead to more accurate GPS results.
Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere

Modern halogenated inhalation anesthetics undergo little metabolization during clinical application and evaporate almost completely to the atmosphere. Based on their first measurements in a range of environments, from urban areas to the pristine Antarctic environment, we detect a rapid accumulation and ubiquitous presence of isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane in the global atmosphere. Over the past decade, their abundances in the atmosphere have increased to global mean mole fractions in 2014 of 0.097ppt, 0.30ppt, and 0.13ppt (parts per trillion, 10−12, in dry air), respectively. Emissions of these long‐lived greenhouse gases inferred from the observations suggest a global combined release to the atmosphere of 3.1 ± 0.6 million t CO2 equivalent in 2014 of which ≈80% stems from desflurane. We also report on halothane, a previously widely used anesthetic. Its global mean mole fraction has declined to 9.2ppq (parts per quadrillion, 10−15) by 2014. However, the inferred present usage is still 280 ±120t yr−1.
Coping with climate change: The role of climate related stressors in affecting the mental health of young people in Mexico

Young people today are predicted to experience more climate change related stressors and harms than the previous generation, yet they are often excluded from climate research, policy, and advocacy. Increasingly, this exposure is associated with experience of common mental health disorders (CMD). The VoCes-19 study collected surveys from 168,407 young people across Mexico (ages 15–24 years) through an innovative online platform, collecting information on various characteristics including CMD and experience of recent climate harms. Logistic regression models were fit to explore characteristics associated with CMD. Structural equation models were fit to explore pathways between exposure, feeling of concern about climate change, and a sense of agency (meaning the respondent felt they could help address the climate crisis) and how these relate to CMD. Of the respondents, 42% (n = 50,682) were categorized as experiencing CMD, higher among those who experienced a climate stressor (51%, n = 4,808) vs those not experiencing climate stressors (41%, n = 43,872). Adjusting for key demographic characteristics, exposure to any climate event increased the odds of CMD by 50% (Odd Ratio = 1.57; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.49, 1.64), highest for heatwaves. Specific climate impacts such as housing damage, loss of or inability to work, damage to family business, leaving school and physical health affected were adversely related to CMD, though for different climate hazards. More concern and less agency were related to CMD through different pathways, particularly for those exposed to recent events. Future research regarding the cumulative exposures to climate change, not just acute events but as an ongoing crisis, and various pathways that influence the mental health and well-being of young people must be clearly understood to develop programs and policies to protect the next generation.
Chamarajpet Cricket Club: Analysis of Team Performance

Globally, mathematical concepts has potentially been having a profound impact in arena of sports. Development of information technology and its advancements, stats and figures, along with mathematical subjects has a big impact upon athletics. Efficacy of a team or a group playing cricket is determined by each of its members in the team. The work of assessing and predicting a professional player’s progress is tedious, time – consuming, yet is important. Eleven individuals are chosen from among a team of 15-20 individuals once after players are analyzed on various data-points and their traits. Depending on prior achievements and milestones, committees and boards involved in such activities, perform them independently and forecast their projections individually. As a result, choosing someone to involve in the game to represent in the squad gets complicated. Through examining how well a squad is performing, trainers, instructors as well as management could arrive at tactical choices that rely greater on evidences compared to reliance on intuitive thinking. Albeit, it being a challenging endeavor, using strategy of linear regression that takes into account various characteristics like economy rate, strike rate and many others, provides an important distinction in how effective the decision making procedure is. The work mainly concentrates to employ multiple linear regression to evaluate overall performance and strength of the squad represented by Chamarajpet Cricket Club which currently is a 5th division group that is affiliated to KSCA aka, Karnataka State Cricket Assosciation (KSCA).
Diaphyseal Cross-sectional Geometry of Near Eastern Middle Palaeolithic Humans: The Tibia

External osteometric assessments of Near Eastern Middle Palaeolithic human tibial diaphyseal robusticity have been used to argue for significant differences in locomotor loading regimes between late archaic and early modern humans from the Middle Palaeolithic of that region. Reassessment of tibial diaphyseal strength using cross-sectional geometry of their shafts scaled against biomechanically appropriate measures of body mass and beam length reveals no significant difference between the Near Eastern late archaic human and Qafzeh-Skhul early modern human samples. This is in agreement with other assessments of their comparative levels of locomotor strength and endurance indicating similar levels of summed loads upon their lower limbs once body mass and beam length are appropriately incorporated into the analysis. At the same time, there are no systematic differences in either relative cortical area within cross-sections or the biomechanically relevant distribution of bone (indicated by perpendicular second moments of area) between these samples. What emerges from a consideration of appropriately scaled measures of strength of these NEMP tibiae (however precise the estimates employed) is that, contrary to previous assessments, there are no grounds for inferring a significant change in locomotor activity levels or patterns between late archaic and early modern humans in the Near Eastern Middle Palaeolithic.
Sedimentology and stratigraphy of Prospect Formation, Te Anau Basin, western Southland, New Zealand

Abstract The syntectonic late Miocene—Pliocene Prospect Formation, comprising over 3000 m of gravels and sands, forms the uppermost preglacial unit in the central Te Anau Basin, western Southland, New Zealand. Its inferred distal correlatives, the marine Rowallan Sandstone and Te Waewae Formation, lie to the south in the Waiau Basin. These two units are removed from the Waiau Group and, together with the previously ungrouped Prospect Formation, are placed in a newly proposed lithostratigraphic unit, the Wilderness Group. The largely nonmarine Prospect Formation is wholly subdivided into five members on the basis of lithofacies associations and petrofacies. The basal Forest Burn and Umbrella Flat Members (new) were deposited by coarsegrained deltaic systems which prograded across the marine Te Anau Basin from petrologically distinct uplifted basement terranes to either side. The upper part of the formation is dominated by gravelly braided stream deposits, subdivided into the Mt York, Little Creek, and Key .
Chamber measurement of surface‐atmosphere trace gas exchange: Numerical evaluation of dependence on soil, interfacial layer, and source/sink properties

We employed a three-dimensional finite difference gas diffusion model to simulate the performance of chambers used to measure surface-atmosphere trace gas exchange. We found that systematic errors often result from conventional chamber design and deployment protocols, as well as key assumptions behind the estimation of trace gas exchange rates from observed concentration data. Specifically, our simulations showed that (1) when a chamber significantly alters atmospheric mixing processes operating near the soil surface, it also nearly instantaneously enhances or suppresses the postdeployment gas exchange rate, (2) any change resulting in greater soil gas diffusivity, or greater partitioning of the diffusing gas to solid or liquid soil fractions, increases the potential for chamber-induced measurement error, and (3) all such errors are independent of the magnitude, kinetics, and/or distribution of trace gas sources, but greater for trace gas sinks with the same initial absolute flux. Finally, and most importantly, we found that our results apply to steady state as well as non-steady-state chambers, because the slow rate of gas diffusion in soil inhibits recovery of the former from their initial non-steady-state condition. Over a range of representative conditions, the error in steady state chamber estimates of the trace gas flux varied from −30 to +32%, while estimates computed by linear regression from non-steady-state chamber concentrations were 2 to 31% too small. Although such errors are relatively small in comparison to the temporal and spatial variability characteristic of trace gas exchange, they bias the summary statistics for each experiment as well as larger scale trace gas flux estimates based on them.
Experimental Limitations of Time Domain Reflectometry Hardware for Dispersive Soils

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been used to determine soil water content. Multiple attachments and long cables may result in unreliable data for dispersive soils, but these attachments are necessary for automated field monitoring at multiple sites and depths. The objective of this study was to experimentally determine the effect of attachments on the TDR waveform for a parallel probe with a balun. The probe with parallel waveguides and balun was successively attached to the front panel of the cable tester (Level 1), to a transient suppressor (Level 2), to the first level multiplexer (Level 3), or to a second level multiplexer (Level 4). Each attachment level significantly reduced frequency bandwidth, and Level 4 frequency bandwidth was about half that of Level 1. The greatest attenuation decrease was between Levels 1 and 2. Attenuations due to TDR hardware make it difficult to obtain useful waveforms for determining soil water content.
MICROMODEL STUDIES OF THREE-FLUID POROUS MEDIA SYSTEMS : PORE-SCALE PROCESSES RELATING TO CAPILLARY PRESSURE-SATURATION RELATIONSHIPS

An experimental approach to study physical processes affecting fluid behavior in three-fluid porous media systems was designed and implemented. These experiments were designed to provide quantitative evidence of important pore-scale displacement processes. A unique experimental approach using a two-dimensional synthetic porous medium (micromodel) and digital image analysis (DIA) enabled both measurement of three-fluid capillary pressure-saturation relationships and analysis of fluid behavior at the pore level. Experiments were pressure controlled, and were designed to mimic measurements typically performed on laboratory cores. Only quasi-static measurements were made, with a focus on capillary pressure-saturation relations. Different orders of fluid infiltration with respect to wettability were studied. DIA made it possible to obtain quantitative information about the experiments, including fluid saturations, saturation changes between pressure steps, and movement of apparently isolated fluids through films. The results provide insights into important pore-scale mechanisms and provide a basis for three-fluid pore-scale computations.
Ferrite-based soft and hard magnetic structures by extrusion free-forming

Functional ceramic materials, especially those with unique magnetic properties, with complex geometries have become increasingly important for various key technologies in industry. Herein, ferrite-based soft (NiFe2O4) and hard (BaFe12O19) bulk magnetic structures with three-dimensional morphologies are successfully fabricated from inexpensive metal oxide powder (NiO/Fe2O3 and BaCO3/Fe2O3) precursors through a simple extrusion free-forming (EFF) technique coupled with a high temperature solid-state reaction process. Dense polycrystalline microstructures with negligible porosity are observed for samples sintered above 1200 °C and highly crystalline NiFe2O4 and BaFe12O19 phases are successfully formed. The printed structures also exhibit either soft or hard magnetic material behavior with (i) saturation magnetization values up to approximately 86% and 95% of the NiFe2O4 and BaFe12O19 theoretical bulk magnetization values, respectively, and (ii) high densities up to ∼93% of their respective theoretical bulk density. Bulk magnetic structures with unique geometries (e.g. mesh, gear, ring and cylinder) are successfully fabricated. The EFF technique demonstrated in this work can be readily extended to other functional ferrite or titanate ceramic materials simply by changing the metal oxide powder precursors.
Analisis Kemampuan Ruang Terbuka Hijau dalam Mereduksi Konsentrasi CO2 dari Kontribusi Kendaraan Bermotor di Kampus USU Medan (Green Open Space Capability Analysis on Reducing Concentration of CO2 from Motor Vehicles at Campus USU Medan)

Air pollution has become a serious problem in several major cities in Indonesia, especially Medan. Technological development in the field of transportation contribute to the increasing of energy necessaries, which eventually cause the increasing of energy’s residual that influence the air quality and potentially contaminate the environment. Campus USU as a renowned in Medan should be prepared as a role models to manage the existing condition of air pollution. For that, conducted research on existing vegetation in the campus USU in terms of the flow field emissions from motor vehicles which through the campus USU based on the traffic daily density. The collecting of vegetation data use the census method while for the daily traffic data used the traffic counting method. From the vegetation data will be computed extensive of canopy cover for each tree and will be multiplied by a factor of CO 2 absorption coefficient in order to get the capability of vegetation to absorb the CO 2 at campus USU. Then, from these capabilities will be obtained how emission levels that can not be absorbed by green open space. If the campus area is not able to reduce the emissions of existing discharge, then the control efforts by planting the trees in the campus area is needed. The research has been done about the existing vegetation in campus USU showed that there are 68 species with 3 types of deployment of green open space. The potential of CO 2 absorption from 4.254 trees in the campus of USU Medan is 3327.25 kg / hr lower than the burden of emissions resulting from motor vehicle that is 6088.14 kg / hr. This absorption is not sufficient to reduce the burden of CO 2 emissions resulting from motor vehicles. Keywords: Burden of CO 2 Emissions, CO 2 Absorbtion, Campus USU, Tree Species Distribution, Green Open Space
Geochemical insights into the internal dynamics of debris avalanches. A case study: The Socompa avalanche, Chile

One way to infer the internal dynamics of debris avalanches is to characterize the heterogeneity of their deposits. Here we present high‐precision Sr‐Nd isotope compositions, plus major and trace element concentrations, of matrix samples and rock fragments from the Socompa debris‐avalanche deposit (Chile). The Socompa blocks are easily identifiable in the field, but distinguishing substrate debris from disaggregated material formed at the volcano is difficult to do with only field criteria. Combining isotope data with field observations can help with this. Measured Sr and Nd isotope ratios show significant variations, defining a binary mixing array where matrix and rock deposits overlap. This testifies to the mixing of crushed rocks during collapse and/or movement. Assimilation of Socompa basement appears to be variable; overall, it is far lower than was previously proposed. Comparison between matrix and block samples in contact, over the whole surface area of the deposit, shows that the isotopic heterogeneity increases from source to front. Close to the Socompa, matrices are resulting from simple crushing of adjacent rocks. At the front, rock samples with distinct compositions are found in a close relationship with matrices that result either from mixing of these (or some of these) rocks or from crushing of basement material. Between the source and the front, the efficient mixing of Socompa rocks (and basement rocks) generates matrices with isotopic compositions distinct from those of the blocks they are in contact with. We interpret these results as being due to more efficient vertical mixing during the avalanche emplacement.
A Specific Prebiotic Mixture Added to Starting Infant Formula Has Long-Lasting Bifidogenic Effects123

There is some evidence that early colonization of the intestine affects the composition of the intestinal microbiota after weaning. In the present study, the effect of prebiotics administered from the first day of life on fecal counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were studied during and after the administration of the prebiotics. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, explorative study, 20 newborns of hepatitis C virus-infected mothers who decided not to breast feed due to their concerns regarding their plasma viral load were randomly assigned to either a formula with 8 g/L of a specific prebiotic mixture (short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides, ratio 9:1) or a formula containing the same amount of maltodextrin (placebo). Clinical examination including anthropometric measurements, microbiological analysis of fecal samples, and blood leukocyte population analysis were performed at birth and 3, 6, and 12 mo age. At the age of 12 mo, hepatitis B vaccine-specific IgG serum titers (Hepatitis B virus surface antibodies) were also measured. Prebiotic supplementation resulted in more fecal bifidobacteria (P < 0.0001) and lactobacilli (P = 0.0044) compared with the placebo group. These differences between the groups were maintained during the second half of the first year without any prebiotic supplementation. There was no influence of the different diets on anthropometric data or the measured immunological variables. The data from this small explorative study indicate that early colonization of the intestine might have long-lasting effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
Demographic and geographic determinants of regional physician supply

Against the backdrop of an ongoing debate in most countries about the geographic (mal-)distribution of physician practices, we develop a theoretical and empirical framework to analyze how physician supply at regional level depends on demographic (population size, age structure, fertility and migration) and geographic determinants. Particular attention is given (i) to local population change as a predictor of future demand for physician services, (ii) to the way in which the age-structure of the (potential patient) population and regional structure interact in shaping the profitability of treating the local population, and (iii) to cross-regional correlations in physician supply. Using regional data for Germany, we examine econometrically the determinants of regional physician supply. We find it to be negatively related to both the population share 60+ and the population share 20- in rural areas. While both population shares tend to have a less negative impact in urban areas, a pronounced positive effect arises only for the share 20- in regions with agglomeration character. Net migration and natural balance turn out to be significant positive as long-run determinants only, indicating thus their role as predictors of future demand. On average, cross-regional spillovers in demand do not seem to be important determinants of regional supply.