Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation Tcp Nice: a Mechanism for Background Transfers

Many distributed applications can make use of large background transfers £ transfers of data that humans are not waiting for £ to improve availability, reliability, latency or consistency. However, given the rapid fluctuations of available network bandwidth and changing resource costs due to technology trends, hand tuning the aggressiveness of background transfers risks (1) complicating applications, (2) being too aggressive and interfering with other applications, and (3) being too timid and not gaining the benefits of background transfers. Our goal is for the operating system to manage network resources in order to provide a simple abstraction of near zero-cost background transfers. Our system, TCP Nice, can provably bound the interference inflicted by background flows on foreground flows in a restricted network model. And our microbenchmarks and case study applications suggest that in practice it interferes little with foreground flows, reaps a large fraction of spare network bandwidth, and simplifies application construction and deployment. For example, in our prefetching case study application, aggressive prefetching improves demand performance by a factor of three when Nice manages resources; but the same prefetching hurts demand performance by a factor of six under standard network congestion control.
Marijuana-Is It a Medicine?

This review is based on literature search to determine the risks and benefits of marijuana as a medical agent and the role for marijuana in mainstream medicine. “Marijuana" is the natural form of cannabis derived from the Cannabis sativa plant and refers specifically to the dried leaves and flowering tops or "herbal cannabis”. Other terms for marijuana are cannabis or hemp. Current clinical studies do not focus on the natural form of marijuana, but evaluate synthetical forms of THC instead. Marijuana is a schedule I substance by federal law with high potential of addiction and no medical benefit which limits research studies and forbids clinical use. However, the synthetically form THC cannot be compared with the natural form of marijuana and vice versa. Unlike most medications on the market, marijuana does not have only one or two active agents. Natural forms of marijuana are derived from the plant, Cannabis sativa, and consist of over 400 compounds including flavonoids and terpenoids and more than 60 cannabinoids other than delta-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Many of these compounds are not understood and their effects and adverse effects unknown.
$J_{\rm c}$ Scaling and Anisotropies in Co-Doped Ba-122 Thin Films

We have successfully grown epitaxial, superconducting films of Ba(Fe<sub>1-x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>)<sub>2</sub>As<sub>2</sub> (Ba-122)with <i>x</i> ~ 0.1. The films grow without observable correlated defects parallel to the c-axis, as confirmed by TEM. This is also reflected in the absence of a c-axis peak in <i>J</i><sub>c</sub>(θ). In contrast to cuprate high-<i>T</i><sub>c</sub> superconductors such as YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> or even Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10-δ</sub>, the pnictides show a rather low anisotropic behavior in their <i>J</i><sub>c</sub>(θ) behavior as well as in their upper critical fields, <i>H</i><sub>c2</sub>. As a multiband superconductor, Ba-122 exhibits a temperature dependent electronic mass anisotropy.
Discovery of an algicidal compound from Brevibacterium sp. BS01 and its effect on a harmful algal bloom-causing species, Alexandrium tamarense

Blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense have become worldwide phenomena and have detrimental impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, a culture supernatant of the marine actinomycete BS01 exerted a strong algicidal effect on A. tamarense (ATGD98-006). The target algicide from BS01 was separated by adsorption chromatography and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS and NMR analysis. The results suggested that the purified algicidal component corresponded to a hydrophobic compound (2-isobutoxyphenyl)amine (C10H15NO) with a molecular weight of 165 Da, which exhibited a significant algicidal effect (64.5%) on A. tamarense. After incubation in 5 μg/mL of (2-isobutoxyphenyl)amine for 24 h, the algae lost mobility and sank to the bottom of the flasks, and 56.5% of the algae cells lost vitality at a concentration of 20 μg/mL (p < 0.01) despite having intact cell profiles. Morphological analysis revealed that the cell structure of A. tamarense was altered by (2-isobutoxyphenyl)amine resulting in cytoplasm degradation and the loss of organelle integrity. The images following propidium iodide staining suggested that the algal nucleus was also severely damaged and eventually degraded due to exposure to the algicidal compound. All of the results indicate that (2-isobutoxyphenyl)amine from the actinomycete might be a candidate for the control of bloom-forming A. tamarense.
Modeling the game of Arimaa with Linguistic Geometry

A computer defeated a chess world champion for the first time in 1997. This event inspired Omar Syed to develop the game of Arimaa. He intended to make it difficult to solve under present search approaches. Linguistic Geometry is a technique that offers a formal method based on the expertise of human chess masters, to make the development of complex heuristics easier. This article introduces a Linguistic Geometry based model for the game of Arimaa. It gives implementation for each of the essential components of Linguistic Geometry: trajectories, zones, translations and searches. A test case is given and it is used as input for a software implementation of the proposed model. The results given by the software are compared against the analysis made by a human player.
Will drought events become more frequent and severe in Europe?

As a result of climate change in recent past and unsustainable land management, drought became one of the most impacting disasters and, with the projected global warming, it is expected to progressively cause more damages by the end of the 21st century. This study investigates changes in drought occurrence, frequency, and severity in Europe in the next decades. A combined indicator based on the predominance of the drought signal over normal/wet conditions has been used. The indicator, which combines the standardized precipitation index (SPI, which accounts for anomalous low rainfall), the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI, which accounts for high temperatures and scarce precipitations), and the reconnaissance drought indicator (RDI, similar to SPEI but more affected by extreme events), has been computed at 3‐ and 12‐month accumulation scales to characterize trends in seasonal and annual events from 1981 to 2100. Climate data from 11 bias‐adjusted high‐resolution (0.11°) simulations from the EURO‐CORDEX (coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment) have been used in the analyses. For each simulation, the frequency and severity of drought and extreme drought events for 1981–2010, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100 have been analysed. Under the moderate emission scenario (RCP4.5), droughts are projected to become increasingly more frequent and severe in the Mediterranean area, western Europe, and Northern Scandinavia, whereas the whole European continent, with the exception of Iceland, will be affected by more frequent and severe extreme droughts under the most severe emission scenario (RCP8.5), especially after 2070. Seasonally, drought frequency is projected to increase everywhere in Europe for both scenarios in spring and summer, especially over southern Europe, and less intensely in autumn; on the contrary, winter shows a decrease in drought frequency over northern Europe.
A new protein motif extraction framework based on constrained co-clustering

Signal finding (pattern discovery) in biological sequences is a fundamental problem in both computer science and molecular biology. Many approaches have been proposed for extracting interesting patterns (or motifs) from DNA/RNA and protein sequences. Some approaches are based on simple and multiple alignment techniques, some use biological knowledge and others do not. In this paper, we propose a de novo framework that performs motifs identification and exploits a constrained co-clustering technique allowing one to simultaneously find associations between groups of protein sequences and groups of motifs. We show that the presented approach is able to group together protein sequences belonging to the same families and, at the same time to provide a set of characterizing motifs.
The Role of the Donor in the Repair of the Marrow Vascular Niche Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Bone marrow sinusoids maintain homeostasis between developing hematopoietic cells and the circulation, and they provide niches for hematopoietic progenitors. Sinusoids are damaged by chemotherapy and radiation. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been shown to produce endothelial progenitor cells that contribute to the repair of damaged blood vessels. Because HSCs home to the marrow during bone marrow transplant, these cells may play a role in repair of marrow sinusoids. Here, we explore the role of donor HSCs in the repair of damaged sinusoids following hematopoietic stem cell transplant. We used three methods to test this role: (a) expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule to identify endothelial progenitors and the presence of the Y chromosome to identify male donor cells in female recipients; (b) presence of the Y chromosome to identify male donor cells in female recipients, and expression of the panendothelial marker mouse endothelial cell antigen‐32 to identify sinusoidal endothelium; and (c) use of Tie‐2/green fluorescent protein mice as donors or recipients and presence of Dil‐Ac‐LDL to identify sinusoids. We found that sinusoids were predominantly host‐derived posttransplant. Donor cells spread along the marrow vasculature early post‐transplant in a pattern that matched stromal‐derived factor‐1 expression. Furthermore, these engrafting progenitors were positioned to provide physical support, as well as growth and survival signals in the form of vascular‐endothelial growth factor‐A. Occasionally, donor cells provide cellular “patches” in the damaged sinusoids, although this occurred at a low level compared with hematopoietic engraftment. Donor support for the repair of the marrow vascular niche may be a critical first step of hematopoietic engraftment.
Method to Assist in the Scheduling of Add‐on Surgical Cases‐Upper Prediction Bounds for Surgical Case Durations Based on the Log‐normal Distribution

Background A problem that operating room (OR) managers face in running an OR suite on the day of surgery is to identify “holes” in the OR schedule in which to assign “add‐on” cases. This process necessitates knowing the typical and maximum amounts of time that the case is likely to require. The OR manager may know previous case durations for the particular surgeon performing a particular scheduled procedure. The “upper prediction bound” specifies with a certain probability that the duration of the surgeon's next case will be less than or equal to the bound. Methods Prediction bounds were calculated by using methods that (1) do not assume that case durations follow a specific statistical distribution or (2) assume that case durations follow a log‐normal distribution. These bounds were tested using durations of 48,847 cases based on 15,574 combinations of scheduled surgeon and procedure. Results Despite having 3 yr of data, 80 or 90% prediction bounds would not be able to be calculated using the distribution‐free method for 35 or 49% of future cases versus 22 or 22% for the log‐normal method, respectively. Prediction bounds based on the log‐normal distribution overestimated the desired value less often than did the distribution‐free method. The chance that the duration of the next case would be less than or equal to its 90% bound based on the log‐normal distribution was within 2% of the expected rate. Conclusions Prediction bounds classified by scheduled surgeon and procedure can be accurately calculated using a method that assumes that case durations follow a log‐normal distribution.
Posture control and trajectory formation during arm movement

One hypothesis for the generation of spatially oriented arm movements by the central nervous system is that a desired joint position is determined by the ratio of the tensions of agonist and antagonist muscles. According to this hypothesis, the transition between equilibrium states should be solely a function of the contraction time of the motor units and the mechanical properties of the arm. We tested this hypothesis in intact and deafferented rhesus monkeys by holding the forearm and measuring the accelerative transient after release of the forearm and by directly measuring the time course of the increase in torque during the movement. Both methods indicated an average time of 400 msec for attaining peak torque in a movement with a duration of 700 msec. In addition, by displacing the arm from its normal trajectory during the movement, we observed that the arm returned neither to the initial nor to the final equilibrium positions, but to points intermediate between them. We conclude that the processes underlying trajectory formation must be more complex than a simple switch between one equilibrium position and another.
The Infant Version of the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB): Measurement Properties and Implications for Concepts of Temperament

We describe large-sample research using the Infant Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB; Goldsmith and Rothbart, 1996) in 1,076 infants at 6 and 12 months of age. The Lab-TAB was designed to assess temperament dimensions through a series of episodes that mimic everyday situations. Our goal is to provide guidelines for scoring Lab-TAB episodes to derive temperament composites. We also present a set of analyses examining mean differences and stability of temperament in early infancy, gender differences in infant temperament, as well as a validation of Lab-TAB episodes and composites with parent reported Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ; Rothbart, 1981) scales. In general, laboratory observed temperament was only modestly related to parent reported temperament. However, temperament measures were significantly stable across time and several gender differences that align with previous research emerged. In sum, the Lab-TAB usefully assesses individual differences in infant emotionality.
Role of matrix stiffness on adhesion, migration,proliferation and differentiation of HaCaT cells: an in VITRO study

Since past few decades, a paradigm shift has been observed in the field of manual tuning of cell behavior using external mechanical cues. In this regard, matrix stiffness is considered as a crucial factor that regulates the cell adhesion, spreading, migration, proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to decipher the role of matrix stiffness on key cellular processes including cell adhesion, spreading and cytoskeletal reorganization at molecular level. To investigate the aforesaid prospective, epithelial cells (HaCaT) were chosen and cultured on silicone based PDMS substrate within a stiffness range from 62 kPa to 855 kPa. Our result showed that extent of initial cell adhesion was higher on softer substrate whereas overall cell adhesion kinetics was faster for stiffer substrate. Cell proliferation was favored on the stiffer substrate as evident from MTT assay, pERK 1/2 expression and its nuclear localization. On the other hand rate of cell migration was higher on the softer substrates due to low E-cadherin expression and subsequent destabilization by â-catenin. Cellular differentiation was analyzed by checking filaggrin expression and our results indicate that stiffer substrate significantly favored the HaCaT cell differentiation. Modulation of such cell behaviors in response to matrix stiffness may prove to be useful for various tissue engineering purposes.
Evidence for employing post-secondary educated youth as research assistants in global health disability research

This paper presents a participatory qualitative case review of the employment of postsecondary educated assistants in a global health research program. The research program was initiated by a visiting Canadian researcher who was a supervised principal investigator exploring disability in Western Zambia. This research was supported by eight paid Zambian research assistants (RAs), three of whom participated in the case review. The case review was informed by a dialogue in which participants identified and shared their perspectives regarding the effects of the employment of RAs in the program. The perspectives of the RAs about the effects of their employment were identified as two themes: professional skill acquisition and increased quality of life. The perspectives of the visiting researcher regarding the effects of the RA employment were identified as four themes: increased productivity, access to skills, increased integration in the community, and continuity. From the collective perspective of all co-authors, the employment of RAs made this research program more productive, rigorous, and equitable while also creating opportunities for Zambian youth. The co-authors recommend that global health researchers consider employing post-secondary educated RAs and engage in a wider dialogue about expanding and improving this arrangement. These perspectives and recommendations have been generated according to a radical, participatory action, research tradition that should be taken into account as other members of the global health community assess this evidence to inform their own activities.
Can pH monitoring reliably detect gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm infants?

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is the regurgitation of gastric contents into the oesophagus. It is alleged to be the cause of many clinical problems in premature infants, such as failure to thrive, apnoea, desaturation, bradycardia, and stridor.1 2 Twenty four hour oesophageal pH monitoring is currently regarded as the optimal method of diagnosing occult GOR in infants with respiratory events. European and North American working parties have produced guidelines for the methodology and interpretation of oesophageal pH studies in infants and children.3 4 However, pH monitoring in preterm infants has shortcomings, which makes the diagnosis of GOR in this group more difficult and its clinical significance more uncertain than in older children. This review seeks to highlight these shortcomings and to discuss the future of pH monitoring in preterm infants. The lack of published normal values for reflux variables in preterm infants makes interpretation of pH monitoring difficult. A reflux index (% of time pH 10% is widely accepted to be indicative of pathological GOR in infants, but this value is based on a study of term infants.5 There are only a few small studies involving preterm infants, with variable results6-10; they are summarised in table 1. Inconsistencies in feeding methods, ventilation, and positioning are reflected in the varying reflux indices. View this table: Table 1 Summary of studies on normal values in preterm infants Defining upper limits of normal is further hampered by the reporting of mean values for reflux indices rather than ranges.6 7 9 10 Vandenplas et al ,5 who studied the largest series of mature infants, showed that the reflux index is not normally distributed in this population.5 Attempting to define the upper limit of normal in preterm infants using mean (SD) is unlikely to be meaningful for this reason. It may …
Neurodegeneration caused by Trimethyltin via inhibition of Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase A/B and Phosphoinositide-3- Kinase/Protein kinase B Signaling pathway

We recently reported that trimethyltin (TMT, 2.4 mg/kg, i.p) can trigger neuronal damage by inhibiting Tropomyosin receptor kinase A/B (TrkA/B receptor) following by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. We examined hippocampal changes in TrkA/B phosphorylation on Tyr490/Tyr516 of TMT-treated mice in a time-dependent manner. Phospho-PI3K (Tyr508), phospho-3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) (Ser241) and phospho-Akt (Ser473) were changed following by TMT injury (from 3 hours until 7 days after injury). Pretreatment with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a specific TrkB receptor agonist, significantly attenuated the TMTcaused inhibition of phospho-TrkA/B, thereby increased in expressions of phospho-PI3K, phospho-PDK1 and phospho-Akt in TMT-treated mice, simultaneously 7,8-DHF showed a neuroprotective effect in observation of nuclear chromatic clumping by Cresyl violet and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL-) staining in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the TMT-injected mice. This finding suggests that inhibition of TrkA/B receptor following by PI3K/Akt cascade may play a role in the molecular mechanism of TMT-induced neurodegeneration in mice. Key-words: trimethyltin, neurodegenaration, TrkA/B receptor, PI3K/Akt pathway, mice
Fundamental Properties of Digital Simplicial Homology Groups

In this article we give characteristic properties of the simplicial homology groups of digital images which are based on the simplicial homology groups of topological spaces in algebraic topology. We then investigate EilenbergSteenrod axioms for the simplicial homology groups of digital images. We state universal coefficient theorem for digital images. We conclude that the Künneth formula for simplicial homology doesn't be hold in digital images. Moreover we show that the Hurewicz Theorem need not be hold in digital images. Copyright © AJCTA, all rights reserved.
It's Early: Event-related Potential Evidence for Initial Interaction of Syntax and Prosody in Speech Comprehension

Psycholinguistic theories assume an interaction between prosody and syntax during language processing. Based on studies using mostly off-line methods, it is unclear whether an interaction occurs at later or initial processing stages. Using event-related potentials, the present study provides neurophysiological evidence for a prosody and syntax interaction in initial processing. The sentence material contained mere prosodic and syntactic as well as combined prosodic-syntactic violations. For the syntax violation, the critical word appeared after a preposition. The suffix of the critical word either indicated a noun fulfilling the syntactic requirements of the preceding preposition or a verb causing a word category violation. For the prosodic manipulation, congruent critical words were normally intonated (signaling sentence continuation) while prosodically incongruent critical words signaled sentence end. For the mere prosodic incongruity, a broadly distributed negativity was observed at the critical word-stem (300500 msec aligned to word onset). In response to a mere syntactic error, a left temporal negativity was elicited in an early time window (200400 msec aligned to suffix onset), taken to reflect initial phrase structure building processes. In contrast, in response to the combined prosodic-syntactic violation, an early temporal negativity showed up bilaterally at the suffix in the same time window. Our interpretation is that the process of initial structure building as reflected in the early left anterior negativity recruits additional right hemispheric neural resources when the critical word contains both syntactic and prosodic violations. This suggests the immediate influence of phrasal prosody during the initial parsing stage in speech processing.