Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Technique Integration for Requirements Assessment

In determining whether to permit a safety-critical software system to be certified and in performing independent verification and validation (IV&V) of safety- or mission-critical systems, the requirements traceability matrix (RTM) delivered by the developer must be assessed for accuracy. The current state of the practice is to perform this work manually, or with the help of general-purpose tools such as word processors and spreadsheets Such work is error-prone and person-power intensive. In this paper, we extend our prior work in application of Information Retrieval (IR) methods for candidate link generation to the problem of RTM accuracy assessment. We build voting committees from five IR methods, and use a variety of voting schemes to accept or reject links from given candidate RTMs. We report on the results of two experiments. In the first experiment, we used 25 candidate RTMs built by human analysts for a small tracing task involving a portion of a NASA scientific instrument specification. In the second experiment, we randomly seeded faults in the RTM for the entire specification. Results of the experiments are presented.
Fifty years since Monteith's 1965 seminal paper: the emergence of global ecohydrology

Since Monteith published his seminal paper on evaporation and introduced the canopy resistance 50 years ago, evaporation research has shown great progress, such that his contribution describing evaporation as the delicate interplay between supply, demand and control, needs a tribute. We first identify the key contributions of John Monteith to this development and then identify a new set of challenges in the field of ecohydrology made possible by his breakthrough. These relate to adequate prediction of the occurrence, frequency and severity of drought, in relation to vegetation water use and resilience, and the interplay between the carbon and water cycles. Importantly, since Monteith published his paper, development of satellite remote sensing has made it possible to generalize site level processes and to investigate vegetation, carbon and water relations at global scale. This emerging field of research, tentatively called global ecohydrology, is set to address key questions related to the resilience and vulnerability of the world's ecosystems to their changing environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gravity Field Modelling From CHAMP Kinematic Orbits Using the Energy Balance Approach

A gravity field model has been computed based solely on CHAMP GPS orbit tracking and accelerometry, without any prior gravity information entering the compu- tation. The basic characteristics of our approach are (1) the use of purely kinematic orbits, (2) a translation of veloci- ties to gravity potential employing the principle of energy conservation and (3) correction for non-gravitational forces either derived from measured accelerations or from models. The method of gravity field recovery using energy considera- tions has recently been tested successfully by various groups, and it has been shown, that it is possible to derive a solu- tion only from a purely kinematic CHAMP orbit without any use of prior knowledge. Thereby the satellite velocities are determined separately from the kinematic positions. Now two recent years of CHAMP data have been used to derive the gravity field model TUM-2S. The quality of the field has been tested by comparing the model to other state-of-the-art models as well as to terrestrial data. contrast to dynamic (or reduced-dynamic) orbit determina- tion, kinematic POD is based on GPS-measurements only, and no a priori models enter the computation. In a previous study (Gerlach et. al , 2003), it could be shown, that grav- ity field determination using the energy balance approach with reduced-dynamic orbits, produces gravity field models, which are strongly influenced by the a priory gravity field model, that has been used for POD. The disadvantage of kinematic POD is, that it only delivers positions, and no ve- locities. As velocities are the core quantity of the energy balance approach, they have to be derived numerically from positions.
Geothermal exploration of Paleozoic formations in Central Alberta

This study explores the distribution of Paleozoic formations in the Central Alberta Basin and investigates rock properties with regard to their usability as geothermal reservoirs. The study area of this regional-scale investigation is about 160 km × 200 km in size and located around Edmonton where the basin depth ranges between 1.8 and 3.5 km. A three-dimensional (3D) geological model was developed based on stratigraphic tops from about 7000 wells from the database of the Alberta Geological Survey (AGS). Spatial distribution and thickness of deep formations were established in the 3D geological model. Porosity and permeability of four Devonian carbonate formations — Cooking Lake, Leduc, and Nisku formations, and Wabamun Group — were investigated using data from more than 50 000 core analyses. Average porosity of the Devonian strata in the study area ranges from 4.5% (Nisku) to 8.7% (Wabamun), average permeability is between 3.5 × 10−15 m2 (Wabamun) and 26 × 10−15 m2 (Leduc). The distribution of both param.
MEDIEVAL GLASS FROM ROCCA DI ASOLO (NORTHERN ITALY): AN ARCHAEOMETRIC STUDY

An archaeometric study was performed on 33 medieval glass samples from Rocca di Asolo (northern Italy), in order to study the raw materials employed in their production, identify analogies with medieval glass from the Mediterranean area and possible relationships between chemical composition and type and/or production technique, contextualize the various phases of the site and extend data on Italian medieval glass. The samples are soda–lime–silica in composition, with natron as flux for early medieval glasses and soda ash for the high and late medieval ones. Compositional groups were identified, consistent with the major compositional groups identified in the western Mediterranean during the first millennium AD . In particular, Asolo natron glass is consistent with the HIMT group and recycled Roman glass; soda ash glass was produced with the same type of flux (Levantine ash) but a different silica source (siliceous pebbles, and more or less pure sand). Cobalt was the colouring agent used to obtain blue glass; analytical data indicate that at least two different sources of Co were exploited during the late medieval period. Some data, analytical and historical, suggest a Venetian provenance for the high/late medieval glass and a relationship between type of object (beaker or bottle) and chemical composition.
Lead distribution in soil due to lithogenic and anthropogenic factors in the Bregalnica river basin

A b s t r a c t: The distribution of lead, which in higher content represents hazard to the environment, causes certain unwanted consequences on human health. Therefore, the environmental monitoring not only for the lithogenic but also for the anthropogenic distribution leads to determination of the main hot spots in the environment. Bregalnica river basin in the Republic of Macedonia was selected as a study area with the presence of three potential emission sources: lead and zinc mines (“Zletovo” and “Sasa” mines) and copper mine (Bucim mine). The lead contents in alluvial and automorphic soil range from 4.4 to 46000 mg kg -1 . The most enriched subarea with lead in the Bregalnica river basin is the Zletovo–Kamenica region. The average Pb content in these subareas is 3100 mg kg –1 . Despite the anthropogenic activities in the above mentioned mines, enriched Pb deposition in soil is mainly correlated with the dominant geological formations, such as Neogene pyroclastites and vulcanites and Proterozoic gneisse and shales.
ANALISA KESEHATAN TANAMAN PADI BERDASARKAN NILAI NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) MENGGUNAKAN CITRA ASTER (STUDI KASUS : KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU - JAWA BARAT)

Padi merupakan salah satu tanaman budidaya yang terpenting karena merupakan makanan pokok bagi 90% penduduk Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu dibutuhkan analisa yang cepat dan akurat mengenai kesehatan tanaman padi. Dalam Penelitian ini NDVI atau Normalized Difference Vegetation Index merupakan metode yang digunakan dalam membandingkan tingkat kehijauan vegetasi yang berasal dari citra ASTER. Dari nilai NDVI tersebut dapat diketahui klasifikasi kesehatan tanaman padi. Dalam penelitian ini klasifikasi kesehatan tanaman padi dibagi menjadi 4 kelas. Kesehatan sangat baik terdapat pada rentang nilai NDVI 0.721-0.92, untuk kesehatan baik rentang nilai NDVI antara 0.421-0.72, dan nilai NDVI kesehatan normal terdapat pada rentang 0.221-0.42, sedangkan kesehatan buruk nilai NDVI 0.11-0.22. Selain itu juga menggunakan data Field Spectrometer sebanyak 14 titik sebagai data lapangan yang digunakan untuk proses validasi. Validasi ini mempunyai koefisien korelasi (R) sebesar 0.829. Sehingga dapat dikatakan antara nilai hasil prediksi dan hasil pengukuran lapangan berkolerasi sebesar 82,9 %. Dengan data citra ASTER juga dihasilkan pustaka spektral dan peta kesehatan tanaman padi, dalam pustaka spektral semakin sehat tanaman nilai Digital Number pada band 2 semakin kecil. Sedangkan band 3 banyak dipantulkan atau tidak digunakan sehingga nilai Digital Number pada tanaman padi yang semakin sehat, nilainya semakin tinggi. Sedangkan dalam peta kesehatan tanaman padi klasifikasi kesehatan buruk luas areanya 3.949. 560 Ha. Pada klasifikasi kesehatan normal luas areanya 14.877. 315 Ha. Sedangkan pada klasifikasi kesehatan baik luas areanya 9.846. 833 Ha dan pada klasifikasi kesehatan sangat baik luas areanya 8.922. 892.
Environmental factors affecting aquatic plant growth potential in Marinuka Lake, Wisconsin

Abstract : Submersed aquatic macrophytes play an important role in stabilizing sediment from resuspension, sequestering nutrients, and reducing algal growth in shallow lakes. Loss of vegetation is usually accompanied by changes in stable state to one characterized by higher turbidity, low light penetration, and frequent noxious algal blooms. Aquatic vegetation once played an important role in stabilizing the sediment and providing important fish and water fowl habitat in Marinuka Lake, Wisconsin. However, macrophyte biomass levels have declined significantly in the last decade with accompanying shifts toward blue-green algal dominance. Although reasons for this vegetation decline are not precisely known, it may be related to changes in light regime due to excessive algal growth induced by watershed phosphorus loading. Other possible factors include changes in sediment fertility, carp damage, or a physical stress such as drought or excessive pool fluctuations. The objectives of this research were to evaluate environmental factors that my inhibit submersed aquatic macrophyte growth in this lake and to use these findings to develop management scenarios for improving growth and successful propagation,
Ponderomotive narrow continuum (NCp) component in stimulated electromagnetic emission spectra

[1] We present experimental results concerning the ponderomotive narrow continuum (NCp) in stimulated electromagnetic emission spectra, generated in the ionospheric F region plasma by a powerful O mode electromagnetic wave. It is found that the generation of the NCp is determined by the development of the parametric decay instability in the initial stage of the interaction of the HF pump wave with the plasma. The dependence of the NCp temporal and spectral characteristics on pump power, pump frequency, time of day, and pump schedule as well as its gyrofeatures are considered. A possible mechanism for the NCp generation is discussed.
Impacts of upwind wildfire emissions on CO, CO2, and PM2.5 concentrations in Salt Lake City, Utah

Biomass burning is known to contribute large quantities of CO2, CO, and PM2.5 to the atmosphere. Biomass burning not only affects the area in the vicinity of fire but may also impact the air quality far downwind from the fire. The 2007 and 2012 western U.S. wildfire seasons were characterized by significant wildfire activity across much of the Intermountain West and California. In this study, we determined the locations of wildfire‐derived emissions and their aggregate impacts on Salt Lake City, a major urban center downwind of the fires. To determine the influences of biomass burning emissions, we initiated an ensemble of stochastic back trajectories at the Salt Lake City receptor within the Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, driven by wind fields from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The trajectories were combined with a new, high‐resolution biomass burning emissions inventory—the Wildfire Emissions Inventory. Initial results showed that the WRF‐STILT model was able to replicate many periods of enhanced wildfire activity observed in the measurements. Most of the contributions for the 2007 and 2012 wildfire seasons originated from fires located in Utah and central Idaho. The model results suggested that during intense episodes of upwind wildfires in 2007 and 2012, fires contributed as much as 250 ppb of CO during a 3 h period and 15 µg/m3 of PM2.5 averaged over 24 h at Salt Lake City. Wildfires had a much smaller impact on CO2 concentrations in Salt Lake City, with contributions rarely exceeding 2 ppm enhancements.
Chinese Area Positioning System With Wide Area Augmentation

The Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS) is a regional satellite navigation system; its space segment consists of some Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites and 2∼3 Inclined Geo-Synchronous Orbit (IGSO) satellites. Only a few satellites are needed to provide good area coverage and hence it is an ideal space segment for a regional navigation system. A time transfer mode is used to transmit navigation signals, so no high-precision atomic clocks are required onboard the satellites; all of the transferred navigation signals are generated by the same atomic clock at the master control station on the ground. By using virtual clock technology, the time of emission of signals from the ground control station is transformed to the time of transfer of signals at the phase centre of the satellite antenna; thus the impact of ephemeris errors of satellite on positioning accuracy is greatly decreased, enabling the CAPS to have the capability of wide area augmentation. A novel technology of orbit determination, called Paired Observation Combination for Both Stations (POCBS), proposed by the National Time Service Centre, is used in CAPS. The generation and measurement of ranging signals for the orbit survey are carried out in the ground station and the instrument errors are corrected in real-time. The determination of the clock offset is completely independent of the determination of satellite orbit, so the error of the clock offset has no impact on orbit determination. Therefore, a very high precision of satellite orbits, better than 4·2 cm (1 drms) can be obtained by the stations under regional distribution.
A Wake due to the Maldives in the Eastward Wyrtki Jet

AbstractA wake due to islands in background zonal flow has been observed in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. This study detects and examines a wake due to the Maldives in the eastward Wyrtki jet in the Indian Ocean. Observations by acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed east of the Maldives show semiannual variability in cross-equatorial currents, which cannot be explained by annual monsoonal wind forcing. Output from a high-resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM) shows that the semiannual current variability is a part of a stationary wavelike pattern of meridional currents, which appears east of the Maldives concurrently with the eastward Wyrtki jet. Idealized numerical experiments are conducted using a 1.5-layer model, in which an equatorial jet driven by wind forcing or steady inflow impinges islands that are similar to the Maldives in shape. The results show the meandering of the equatorial eastward jet east of the model islands, and the resulting cross-equatorial currents have a similar p.
A Sensitivity Study of the General Circulation of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Part II: The Response to Atmospheric Forcing

Abstract This paper investigates the influence of sea surface thermohaline fluxes and wind stress on the circulation of the Western Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution 3D primitive equation model. An 18-year experiment was forced with the daily output of a fine grid mesh numerical weather prediction model. The major characteristics of the circulation are well reproduced. The basin surface circulation is cyclonic over all of the basin. The two anticyclonic Alboran gyres are present. The instabilities of the Algerian Current generate large anticyclonic eddies that invade the whole Algerian Basin. The Liguro–Provencal–Catalan Current is well marked. Deep water convection down to the bottom only occurs during the first 3 years, then winter intermediate water is produced. The north–south gradient of the atmospheric thermohaline fluxes induces a northward surface transport of water from the Algerian Basin into the Liguro–Provencal Basin. This pattern can be associated with the Balearic front. Sensitivity .
Neuroenergetics Original Research Article Materials and Methods

(Burnett et al., 2005) used only a single laser Doppler (LD) probe to monitor the intra-ischemic events, changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to stimulation remains to be determined despite the promising results. In the past decade optical imaging [laser speckle imaging (LSI) and imaging of intrinsic signals (OIS)] has became a powerful tool for collecting information on cortical perfusion and metabolism with excellent temporal and spatial resolution (Dunn et al., 2005). In the present study we have used multispectral (LSI and OIS) imaging to determine if contralateral forepaw stimulation in rat has any detectable biological effect on intra-ischemic CBF and/or flow/hemoglobin transients (PhotocheMically induced diStal Middle cerebral artery occluSion All procedures performed were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Pennsylvania. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (290–320 g) were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane for induction in a mixture of 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen and maintained on 1.2–1.3%
Mechanisms controlling mixed‐layer temperature variability in the eastern tropical Pacific on the intraseasonal timescale

The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a prominent mode of intraseasonal (∼35–95 day) variability in the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Its impacts on ocean mixed‐layer temperatures (MLT) in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETPO) are not well‐understood. A previous study of mooring data at (110°W, EQ) implies vertical advection forced by MJO‐generated Kelvin waves is important to ETPO intraseasonal MLT; another, based on model output over (120–100°W, 3°S–3°N), indicates meridional advection dominates. We analyze an ocean state estimate at (110°W, EQ) and find combined subsurface processes, including a notable vertical advection component like that expected from MJO‐forced Kelvin waves, dominate. However, when averaged over (120–100°W, 3°S–3°N), subsurface processes and horizontal advection are both important, and effects of thermocline forcing (e.g., Kelvin waves) are small compared to those by local wind driven mixing and horizontal advection. The results highlight the importance of understanding regional physics on different spatial scales.
Camera, Hand Lens, and Microscope Probe (CHAMP): An Instrument Proposed for the 2009 MSL Rover Mission

The Camera, Hand Lens, and Microscope Probe (CHAMP) will allow examination of martian surface features and materials (terrain, rocks, soils, samples) on spatial scales ranging from kilometers to micrometers, thus enabling both microscopy and context imaging with high operational flexibility. CHAMP is designed to allow the detailed and quantitative investigation of a wide range of geologic features and processes on Mars, leading to a better quantitative understanding of the evolution of the martian surface environment through time. In particular, CHAMP will provide key data that will help understand the local region explored by Mars Surface Laboratory (MSL) as a potential habitat for life. CHAMP will also support other anticipated MSL investigations, in particular by helping identify and select the highest priority targets for sample collection and analysis by the MSL's analytical suite.
Can Hungry Nestlings Be Trained to Reduce Their Begging?

Nestling begging behavior is usually characterized by a behavioral response of increasing begging levels with an increase in nestling need or hunger. Recent evidence for the possible effect of learning on begging intensity raises the question of how learning can shape this response rule. In particular, it is not clear whether hungry nestlings can learn to reduce their begging when it is not successful or, rather, whether they must first acquire positive experiences with low begging levels in order to do so. To explore this question, we conducted 3 hand-feeding experiments with pairs of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) nestlings. In the first 2 experiments, the nestlings targeted to lower their begging were rewarded mainly or only for low begging postures. However, despite the high expected reward for low begging, these nestlings did not lower their begging. Controlled by their behavioral response function, hungry nestlings were ''stuck'' at high postures without being able to experience the potential success of low postures. In the third experiment, nestlings targeted to lower their begging levels were rewarded for any begging posture, ensuring that satiation would provide their initial ''positive experience'' with low begging postures. Begging postures were reduced by this treatment. In light of these results, we suggest that parents are unlikely to reduce offspring begging levels by simply ignoring them. However, they might be able to do so by attending to the begging as soon as possible, thereby allowing their offspring to explore low begging and learn that it is sufficiently effective. O ffspring solicitation of resources from their parents is a widespread phenomenon that has received consider-Much of the recent empirical work on parent–offspring communication has been aimed at testing whether begging is an honest signal of need A general feature of current models is that nestlings increase their level of begging in relation to need, according to their (presumably innate) response function , but this function itself is not allowed to change dynamically over time. This lack of nest dynamics in the models may be necessary for analytical tractability (Godfray 1995) and has been acknowledged before (Cotton et al. 1999; Godfray and Johnstone 2000; Johnstone and Godfray 2002). However, under natural conditions, flexible adjustments of the behavioral response function (e.g., changing its slope or asymptotic level) may be necessary for offspring in order to cope with phenotypic changes in the expected costs and benefits of begging (Cotton et al. 1999; Kedar …