Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defense Technical Information Center Compilation Part Notice ADP 021409

We are developing a technique for recognizing logic, MFT relies on dynamic logic, which starts with patterns below clutter based on modeling field theory. The fuzzy statements and derives exact conclusions. presentation briefly summarizes the difficulties related to the combinatorial complexity of computations, and analyzes Dynamic logic mitigates combinatorial complexity by the fundamental limitations of existing algorithms such comparing all models and data simultaneously. Fuzzy as Multiple Hypothesis Testing. A new concept, dynamic models dynamically converge onto corresponding data using logic, is introduced along with an algorithm suitable for feedback from a similarity measure. Each model can then be pattern recognition in images with intense clutter data. This understood as behaving like an intelligent agent by refining new mathematical technique is inspired by the analysis of its parameters to extract maximum object information from biological systems, like the human brain, which combines the data. Just like internal visual models "grab" onto the conceptual understanding with emotional evaluation and corresponding internal retinal signals, internal models of overcomes the combinatorial complexity of model-based stationary and moving objects converge onto patterns in techniques. The presentation provides examples of object images that best fit the models. The computational cost of the pattern recognition below clutter, dynamic logic algorithm (DLA) increases linearly with the number of object models, while computations of the classical MHT algorithm increase exponentially with additional models.
A Density-Dependent Model for Credit Ratings Migration Dynamics

This study examines an alternative approach for simulating credit ratings migration by associating firm's survivability and transitivity to a valuable economic parameter; the market- density. The article contrasts several known methodologies over the S&P long-term credit ratings from 1985 to 2004, and authenticates that the density-dependent model is the most realistic scheme. The proposed model statistically and economically dominates the homogeneous Markov chain process, the stochastic business-cycles notion, as well as the momentum technique in describing credit rating transitions. Its main advantages rely upon simplicity of deployment, and its improved ability to track observed default patterns.
A Novel SNARE N-terminal Domain Revealed by the Crystal Structure of Sec22b*

Intra-cellular membrane fusion is facilitated by the association of SNAREs from opposite membranes into stable α-helical bundles. Many SNAREs, in addition to their α-helical regions, contain N-terminal domains that likely have essential regulatory functions. To better understand this regulation, we have determined the 2.4-Å crystal structure of the 130-amino acid N-terminal domain of mouse Sec22b (mSec22b), a SNARE involved in endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi membrane trafficking. The domain consists of a mixed α-helical/β-sheet fold that resembles a circular permutation of the actin/poly-proline binding protein, profilin, and the GAF/PAS family of regulatory modules. The structure is distinct from the previously characterized N-terminal domain of syntaxin 1A, and, unlike syntaxin 1A, the N-terminal domain of mSec22b has no effect on the rate of SNARE assembly in vitro. An analysis of surface conserved residues reveals a potential protein interaction site. Key residues in this site are distinct in two mammalian Sec22 variants that lack SNARE domains. Finally, sequence analysis indicates that a similar domain is likely present in the endosomal/lysosomal SNARE VAMP7.
Concentration and Diversity Revisited: Production Logics and the U.S. Mainstream Recording Market, 1940-1990

What shapes the diversity of media markets? A literature on the U.S. recording industry offers competing accounts. The cyclical account stresses the negative effect of market concentration, where high concentration dampens diversity. The open system account stresses a mitigated effect, where the logic of decentralized production reduces concentration's negative effect. However, both accounts contain notable gaps. This article fills these gaps and consequently advances this literature. Most notably, it adjudicates these accounts by analyzing time series data on two carriers of diversity: performing acts and recording firms. When decentralized production is low, as in the 1940s, high concentration reduces the number of new performers and new firms. When decentralized production grows more pronounced, as in the 1980s, concentration's negative effect is reduced and eventually eliminated.
Customer engagement in a Facebook brand community

Purpose - Customer engagement is a concept that has emerged recently to capture customers' total set of behavioral activities toward a firm. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of customer engagement behaviors on perceived relationship benefits and relationship outcomes. Design/methodology/approach - An online survey of members of a gaming Facebook brand community, resulting in 276 usable responses from gaming customers. Findings - Customer engagement was divided into “Community Engagement Behaviors” (CEB) and “Transactional Engagement Behaviors” (TEB). In addition, three relationship benefits were identified: social benefits, entertainment benefits and economic benefits. The engagement behaviors largely influenced the benefits received. Furthermore, the mediation analysis results show that the influence of CEB on satisfaction is partially mediated by social benefits and entertainment benefits, while the effect of TEB on satisfaction is fully mediated through the same benefits. The effect of CEB on loyalty is mediated through entertainment benefits. Research limitations/implications - The findings are limited to one brand community. The findings have implications for further research on customer engagement. Practical implications - The paper's findings give ideas about how firms can utilize Facebook communities to enhance satisfaction and loyalty by offering the right kinds of relationship benefits. Managers are encouraged to study customer engagement behaviors on, and perceptions of, all channels and to utilize this information for the development of their social media strategies. Originality/value - Customer engagement is a newly introduced concept on which scarce empirical research exists, and there is very little evidence of its effect on customer relationships. This is the first paper to study customer engagement empirically on a Facebook brand community, and to relate customer engagement to relationship constructs.
Digital music services: consumer intention and adoption

In recent years, the popular channel to obtain record albums has shifted from purchasing compact discs to downloading MP3 files. In fact, digital music service (DMS), the industry that sells MP3 songs, has seen tremendous successes and is making hundreds of millions of dollars every year. However, few attempts have been made to understand the consumption behavior of this newly emerging market because it has its own characteristics that have made other behavioral models inapplicable. In this study, we surveyed college students, who are the most active in this market, concerning their DMS subscription behavior. A modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) model was used as the framework. This new model incorporates the technology acceptance model and a new construct, the perceived service quality, into the original TPB model. Based on the survey results, the present study depicts a model that explains subscription behavior and indicates that subjective norm has the most significant effect on the intention to subscribe. Also, features that potential subscribers found important are revealed. The results provide marketing implications for DMS providers and indicate possible direction for future studies.
MEDIUM RUN REDUX

We develop a framework for measuring and analyzing medium-run departures from balanced growth, and apply it to developments in the euro area. A time-varying factor-augmenting production function (mimicking directed technical change) with below-unitary substitution elasticity is shown to account for the observed dynamics of factor incomes shares, TFP growth, and its components. Based on careful data accounting, we also identify a rising markup and the importance of financial-market regulations in the 1970s. The balanced growth path emerges as a special (and testable) case of our framework, as do existing strands of medium-run debates.
Fighting “Low Equilibria” by Doubling the Minimum Wage? Hungary’s Experiment

In January 2001 the Hungarian government increased the minimum wage from Ft 25,500 to Ft 40,000. One year later the wage floor rose further to Ft 50,000. The paper looks at the short-run impact of the first hike on small-firm employment and flows between employment and unemployment. It finds that the hike significantly increased labor costs and reduced employment in the small firm sector; and adversely affected the job retention and job finding probabilities of low-wage workers. While the conditions for a positive employment effect were mostly met in depressed regions spatial inequalities were amplified rather than reduced.
Disruption of native and recombinant Escherichia coli in a high‐pressure homogenizer

The disruption of native and recombinant strains of Escherichia coli was studied using a high‐pressure homogenizer (Microfluidizer). The cells were grown in both batch and continuous fermentations. Cell suspensions ranging from 4 to 175 g dry wt/L were investigated at disruption pressures ranging from 30–95 MPa and at up to five passes. For both types of cells, the fraction of cells disrupted was dependent on the growth rate and concentration of the cells, the disruption pressure, and the number of passes through the disrupter. A model is presented that correlates the fractional disruption with these operating variables. The recombinant strain disrupted more readily than the native strain; 95 to 98% disruption of the former was achieved in two to three passes at a pressure of 95 MPa.
The rise of the "just-in-time workforce": on-demand work, crowdwork and labour protection in the "gig-economy"

The so-called “gig-economy” has been growing exponentially in numbers and importance in recent years but its impact on labour rights has been largely overlooked. Forms of work in the “gig-economy” include “crowdwork”, and “work-on-demand via apps”, under which the demand and supply of working activities is matched online or via mobile apps. These forms of work can provide a good match of job opportunities and allow flexible working schedules. However, they can also pave the way to a severe commodification of work. This paper discusses the implications of this commodification and advocates the full recognition of activities in the gig-economy as “work”.
The fine structure of neurons and synapses in the motor nuclei of the cat spinal cord

The normal synaptic organization of the motor nuclei in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord was examined by light and electron microscopy. Neurons could be classified into three categories on the basis of their size in Nissl stained sections. In neurofibrillar stained sections, seven neurofibrillar rings were observed, on the average, to lie upon large neurons and proximal dendrites in the motor nuclei. Electron microscopic examination revealed no apparent differences in the fine structure of the three neuronal cell types. In contrast the synaptic covering, as determined by the actual number of synaptic contacts or “active” zones, varied greatly. Less than half of the perikaryal surface of large neurons was covered by “active” zones and very few or no “active” zones covered the perikaryal surface of smaller neurons.
Quality Uncertainty Mitigates Product Differentiation

I present the idea that imperfect information about the (vertical) quality characteristics of goods reduces the sellers' incentives for horizontal product differentiation. As a result, the equilibrium outcome may be characterized by "minimum differentiation. " In a spatial framework this implies that firms tend to choose head-on competition by agglomerating at the same location. It may happen that consumers benefit from imperfect information about product quality.
Innovation capacity: working towards a mechanism for improving innovation within an inter‐organizational network

Improving the innovation capacity of firms is dependent upon various factors, among which the continuous supply of innovation resources and the accumulation of innovation knowledge are crucial. Utilizing the interaction between the two factors within an inter‐organizational network, a firm should be working towards a mechanism for improving innovation capacity (MIIC) which benefits the process of research and development (R&D) for new products, not only to meet customer needs but also to create new markets. This paper examines the experience of a firm in improving its innovation capacity through the initiation of a collaborative project with one other network member. The result implies that the two factors dynamically interact within inter‐organizational networks creating a cycle of improvement and contributing to the development of innovation capacity for improved organizational competitiveness.
Impacts of the CAP 2014–2020 on the Agroenergy Sector in Tuscany, Italy

The agricultural sectors’ contribution to the provision of energy is a central issue in Horizon 2020 strategies and has shaped the public and research debates on the future of the bioeconomy. The common agricultural policy (CAP) has been one of the main drivers of farmers’ behavioural changes and represents the main agricultural policy instrument to address viability of rural areas and maintaining the profitability of the agricultural sector. To contribute to the ongoing policy debate towards CAP reform, this paper will provide an empirical model to simulate the impact of an alternative CAP mechanism on the provision of renewable energy. By applying a dynamic mathematical programming model, the paper tests the impact new policy measures will have on the provision of a second-generation of bio fuel crops that represent a relevant option for Tuscan farmers. Results show that CAP reform positively impacts the supply of energy crops mainly due to the introduction of greening payments, which allows an enlarging of crop diversification. Model results stress also the income stabilisation effects of energy production introduction at farm level, due to reduction of farm exposure to market prices fluctuations.
Participation of Ordinary Investors and Stock Market Quality: A Comparison between Japanese and US Markets

This study investigates the quality of Japanese and US stock markets from the viewpoints of efficiency and fairness. We design a new Internet survey and develop a simple model that can quantitatively explain stock market quality by those data. Our estimation shows that the Japanese stock market is of lower quality with respect both to efficiency and fairness than the US stock market. This suggests that the quarter-century-long stagnation of the Japanese economy since the early 1990s might be attributable to the lack of high quality stock markets in Japan.
Policies for agricultural nitrogen management—trends, challenges and prospects for improved efficiency in Denmark

With more than 60% of the land farmed, with vulnerable freshwater and marine environments, and with one of the most intensive, export-oriented livestock sectors in the world, the nitrogen (N) pollution pressure from Danish agriculture is severe. Consequently, a series of policy action plans have been implemented since the mid 1980s with significant effects on the surplus, efficiency and environmental loadings of N. This paper reviews the policies and actions taken and their ability to mitigate effects of reactive N (Nr) while maintaining agricultural production. In summary, the average N-surplus has been reduced from approximately 170 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to below 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1 during the past 30 yrs, while the overall N-efficiency for the agricultural sector (crop + livestock farming) has increased from around 20–30% to 40–45%, the N-leaching from the field root zone has been halved, and N losses to the aquatic and atmospheric environment have been significantly reduced. This has been achieved through a combination of approaches and measures (ranging from command and control legislation, over market-based regulation and governmental expenditure to information and voluntary action), with specific measures addressing the whole N cascade, in order to improve the quality of ground- and surface waters, and to reduce the deposition to terrestrial natural ecosystems. However, there is still a major challenge in complying with the EU Water Framework and Habitats Directives, calling for new approaches, measures and technologies to mitigate agricultural N losses and control N flows.
Experimental Analysis of an Internet-Based Bilateral Teleoperation System With Motion and Force Scaling Using a Model Predictive Controller

This paper presents an experimental investigation of a bilateral generalized predictive controller for scaled teleoperation systems subject to slave force feedback, variable transmission-time delays, and packet losses. The originality of the approach proposed mainly lies in its capacity to take into account explicitly the slave force feedback in the predictive algorithm. Experimental results show the system stability with the proposed approach using a frequency-domain technique. Several configurations of scaling factors have been used; it is shown that the stability conditions strongly depend of the external environment. Another experimental result verify the robust performances of the approach in terms of tracking behavior with both strong variations of time delays and packet losses in the communication network. For the experimentations, the communication network is the Internet using user-datagram protocol, while the slave robot is a 6-DOF anthropomorphic robot with a force sensor.
Separation of Cash Flow and Voting Rights and Firm Performance in Large Family Business Groups in Korea

Manuscript Type Empirical Research Question/Issue This study examines how separation of cash flow and voting rights influences performance of firms affiliated with large family business groups. Complementing the dominant view grounded in agency theory, we suggest that the separation of cash flow and voting rights has positive influence on firm performance in the context of large family business groups. Research Findings/Insights Using the data from the large family business groups in Korea, or Chaebols, between 2003 and 2010, we found that the separation is positively associated with firm accounting performance, but not with market performance. We also found that the effect of the separation is moderated by analyst coverage, R&D expenditure, and sales share in the business group. Theoretical/Academic Implications This study reveals that in the large family business groups, the context in which the separation most frequently occurs, the separation not only induces the controlling minority shareholders to pursue private benefits of control but also accompanies financing benefits from active use of the internal capital market. In addition, this study notes the importance of addressing the endogeneity in the analysis of the relation between ownership structure and performance. Practitioner/Policy Implications This study offers insights to policy makers planning to enforce/revoke the regulation on the separation of cash flow and voting rights in the pursuit of corporate governance reform especially in countries with poor shareholder protection.
A CMOS-based Microelectrode Array for Information Processing with Natural Neurons

We report on a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-based system that is capable of bidirectionally communicating (stimulation and recording) with electrogenic cells such as neurons or cardiomyocytes. It is is targeted at investigating electrical signal propagation within cellular networks in vitro. Experiments including the stimulation of neurons with two different spatio-temporal patterns and the recording of the triggered spiking activity have been carried out. The neuronal response patterns have been successfully classified (83% correct classifications) with respect to the different stimulation patterns. It will be demonstrated that information processing using natural neuronal networks may be possible
Gene expression in Bacillus subtilis surface biofilms with and without sporulation and the importance of yver for biofilm maintenance

Five independent DNA microarray experiments were used to study the gene expression profile of a 5‐day Bacillus subtilis air–liquid interface biofilm relative to planktonic cells. Both wild‐type B. subtilis and its sporulation mutant (ΔspoIIGB::erm) were investigated to discern the important biofilm genes (in the presence and absence of sporulation). The microarray results indicated that suspension cells were encountering anaerobic conditions, and the air–liquid interface biofilm was metabolically active. For the statistically significant differential expression (P < 0.05), there were 342 genes induced and 248 genes repressed in the wild‐type biofilm, whereas 371 genes were induced and 128 genes were repressed in the sporulation mutant biofilm. The microarray results were confirmed with RNA dot blotting. A small portion of cells (1.5%) in the wild‐type biofilm formed spores and sporulation genes were highly expressed. In the biofilm formed by the sporulation mutant, competence genes (comGA, srfAA, srfAB, srfAD, and comS) were induced which indicate a role for quorum sensing (bacterial gene expression controlled by sensing their population) in biofilms. There were 53 genes consistently induced in the biofilms of both the wild‐type strain and its spoIIGB mutant—those genes have functions for transport, metabolism, antibiotic production—and 26 genes with unknown functions. Besides the large number of genes with known functions induced in the biofilm (121 genes in the wild‐type biofilm and 185 genes in the sporulation mutant biofilm), some genes with unknown functions were also induced (221 genes in the wild‐type biofilm and 186 genes in the sporulation mutant biofilm), such as the yve operon which appears to be involved in polysaccharide synthesis and the ybc operon which inhibits the growth of competitors for nutrients. A knockout mutant of yveR was constructed, and the mutant showed major defects in biofilm maintenance. Both the wild‐type strain and its sporulation mutant formed normal biofilms, suggesting complete sporulation is not necessary for biofilm formation. The expression profiles of these two strains share more repressed genes than induced genes, suggesting that the biofilm cells repress similar pathways in response to starvation and high cell density. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The North-South Divide: Questions of Existence and Stability?

This paper investigates the relationship between regional earnings and unemployment by use of information primarily from the General Household Surveys of 1975 and 1982. Conventional earnings functions are augmented to capture the effects of the level and duration of unemployment and of regional differences in living costs. In common with previous studies, the authors find personal characteristics and the occupation or industry of employment to be important in earnings determination. In this paper, however, they generally find that, although higher unemployment is associated with reduced regional earnings ceteris paribus, long-term unemployment has little influence in regional earnings determination. Copyright 1990 by Royal Economic Society.