Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Black/white segregation in the Eighth District: a look at the dynamics

ased on a popular index, racial segregation decreased in the Eighth District's four major metropolitan areas between 1970 and 2000. This decline was not particular to the Eighth District; for example, a similar decline occurred in Chicago. To help explain what happened, we created a simple way to decompose the decline in the index; by doing so, we found that the decline can be explained by opposing forces that are the same in all metro areas. The force that lowered the index of segregation was an increase in racial integration in historically highly black and highly white communities. The forces that partly offset this decrease were the suburbanization of the white population into new, highly white communities and, to a lesser extent, the increased segregation in communities that experienced " tipping " from highly white in 1970 to highly black in 2000. Racial segregation exists in a city to the extent that people of different races do not share the same areas. 1 Different types of areas can be analyzed, such as blocks, neighborhoods or counties. For this article, we documented the extent and evolution of black/white segregation across census tracts of the Eighth District between 1970 and 2000. 2 Although 1970 is a good starting point (since it was the first decennial census year after the Civil Rights Act of 1964), we focused on the 1970-2000 period mainly because there exist adequate data for it. The data we used come from the Neighborhood Change Database (NCDB). 3 This dataset is built by transforming the original Census Bureau data in such a way that tract borders do not vary between 1970 and 2000. 4 Using it, we could observe segregation changes within fixed plots of land. (Data from the 2010 census are not yet available in the NCDB format.) We used the Index of Dissimilarity (IOD), a popular measure of segregation among sociologists and economists, because it has a straightforward interpretation. The IOD varies from zero to 100 percent. An IOD of 90 implies that at least 90 percent of one of the two groups (in this case, either black or white) would need to move to a different neighborhood to make all neighborhoods end up with the same racial mix. Consider a dessert party in which two buckets of vanilla ice cream and one bucket of chocolate ice cream are to be served. To serve all guests with the …
A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

The dynamic balance between magma supply and vent output at Kilauea volcano is used to estimate both the volume of magma stored within Kilauea volcano and its magma supply rate. Throughout most of 1991 a linear decline in volume flux from the Kupaianaha vent on Kilauea's east rift zone was associated with a parabolic variation in the elevation of Kilauea's summit as vent output initially exceeded then lagged behind the magma supply to the volcano. The correspondence between summit elevation and tilt established with over 30 years of data provided daily estimates of summit elevation in terms of summit tilt. The minimum in the parabolic variation in summit tilt and elevation (or zero elevation change) occurs when the magma supply to the reservoir from below the volcano equals the magma output from the reservoir to the surface, so that the magma supply rate is given by vent flux on that day. The measurements of vent flux and tilt establish that the magma supply rate to Kilauea volcano on June 19, 1991, was 217,000±10,000 m3/d (or 0.079±0.004 km3/yr). This is close to the average eruptive rate of 0.08 km3/yr between 1958 and 1984. In addition, the predictable response of summit elevation and tilt to each east rift zone eruption near Puu Oo since 1983 shows that summit deformation is also a measure of magma reservoir pressure. Given this, the correlation between the elevation of the Puu Oo lava lake (4 km uprift of Kupaianaha and 18 km from the summit) and summit tilt provides an estimate for magma pressure changes corresponding to summit tilt changes. The ratio of the change in volume to the change in reservoir pressure (dV/dP) during vent activity may be determined by dividing the ratio of volume erupted to change in summit tilt (dV/dtilt) by the ratio of pressure change to change in summit tilt (dP/dtilt). This measure of dV/dP, when combined with laboratory measurements of the bulk modulus of tholeitic melt, provides an estimate of 240±50 km3 for the volume of Kilauea's magma reservoir. This estimate is much larger than traditional estimates but consistent with seismic tomographic imaging and geophysical modeling of Kilauea's magma system.
Liver Elastography: Basic Principles, Evaluation Technique, and Confounding Factors

Ultrasound-based elastography techniques have received considerable attention in the last years for the noninvasive assessment of tissue mechanical properties. These techniques have the advantage of detecting tissue elasticity changes occurring in various pathological conditions and are able to provide qualitative and quantitative information that serves diagnostic and prognostic purposes. For liver applications and especially for the noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis, ultrasound-based elastography has shown promising results. Several ultrasound elastography techniques using different excitation methods have been developed. In general, these techniques are classified into strain elastography, which is a semi-quantitative method that uses internal or external compression for tissue stimulation, and shear wave elastography, which measures the ultrasound-generated shear wave speed at different locations in the tissue. All liver elastography techniques have a standardized examination technique, with the patient in a supine position, while the measurements are performed through the right liver lobe. There are also some confounding factors that need to be taken into account when performing liver elastography such as a higher level of aminotransferases, infiltrative liver disease, liver congestion, cholestasis. This chapter briefly introduces the basic principles of liver elastography and discusses some important clinical aspects of elastography, such as the examination technique and the limitations.
Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection and Classification Based on a Video Feed

REAL-TIME TRAFFIC SIGN DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION BASED ON A VIDEO FEED Victor Ciuntu, MS Department of Electrical Engineering Northern Illinois University, 2020 Hasan Ferdowsi, Co-Director Mansour Tahernezhadi, Co-Director Autonomous vehicle development is currently progressing at a very fast pace and traffic sign detection and classification has an important role in it. This thesis looks at the history of autonomous vehicles as well as different implementations for traffic sign detection and classification. Multiple possible approaches are analyzed with the final goal of doing this task in real-time using a portable system. To accomplish this task, the final solution uses a convolutional neural network for detection and classification combined with a custom optical character recognition algorithm for speed limit signs. The optical character recognition algorithm is built from the ground up using a combination of custom code and basic OpenCV color manipulation. The training and testing dataset is based on a combination of the Belgian Dataset, German Dataset, as well as images taken while driving in Illinois, United States. The final results are compared against other research papers in this field. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DE KALB, ILLINOIS
The character of total solar and ultraviolet radiations over Nanjing area

This article analyzed annual, seasonal and daily variations of total solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, based on observed data over Nanjing area from May 2001 to April 2002. The study shows that the daily variation of solar radiation and UV-radiation is bigger at noon, smaller in the morning and afternoon. When looking at it on an annual scale the variation is bigger in summer, smaller in winter. A linear regression equation has been set up to calculate quantities of UV-radiation that reaches the earth in a sunny day from daily-observed data.
Reminiscence therapy; an effective intervention for cancer patients

Dear Editor, Reminiscence therapy is a mechanism that helps a person remember events in their life so that by remembering these memories, events, feelings, and thoughts, person‐centered care may be provided for them. This approach can be administered both in individual or in group sessions to stimulate conversation among participants under the help of trained nurses and clinical psychologists. It is implemented over a period of time, usually one session per week, but its duration varies and can range from 4 to 12 weeks or even more. The topics of reminiscence therapy sessions are different and can include childhood stories, school life, working experiences, etc. Recently some changes have been made in the implementation of reminiscence therapy and led to the integration of technology, such as robots or applications, in reminiscence therapy. Reminiscence therapy is a type of psychotherapy that is usually used as a non‐pharmacological intervention to help older people with dementia to improve cognitive function and memory, reduce anxiety and depression, achieve better mood and psychological well‐being, and improve their quality of life. Although it is mostly used in elderly people and those suffering from dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and depression, it has been used for people of any age, including middle‐ aged, young and even children. Positive results of reminiscence therapy have been shown in healthy adults. Since cancer patients experience depression and anxiety in different stages of the disease and when receiving different treatments, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. This leads to high prevalence of psychological distress in these patients, and subsequently, this psychological distress leads to decrease in their quality of life. Reminiscence therapy has been used to improve life quality of patients with colorectal, cervical, gastric, prostate, lung, and glioma cancers by reducing anxiety and depression. Although various studies have focused on the effect of reminiscence therapy on different types of common cancers, some cancers such as breast cancer have not been investigated yet. Examining patients in different stages of the disease and treatment can also yield interesting results. Moreover, the long‐term effects of reminiscence therapy should be examined in addition to its short‐ term effects. It is suggested that clinical research be directed to further identify the various effects of reminiscence therapy based on its implementation and its long‐term outcomes. Considering that the reminiscence therapy approach as an easy and low‐cost treatment method is highly effective in solving mental and psychological problems of patients and that reminiscence therapy has achieved positive results in cancer patients, health managers and policy makers can plan for the consistent implementation of reminiscence therapy in inpatient and outpatient care centers for cancer patients and provide the necessary infrastructures for in‐ person or remote implementation using technology.
Assessment of articular cartilage of ankle joint in stable and unstable unilateral weber type-B/SER-type ankle fractures shortly after trauma using T2 relaxation time

Background Early detection of post-traumatic cartilage damage in the ankle joint in magnetic resonance images can be difficult due to disturbances to structures usually appearing over time. Purpose To study the articular cartilage of unilateral Weber type-B/SER-type ankle fractures shortly post-trauma using T2 relaxation time. Material and Methods Fifty one fractured ankles were gathered from consecutively screened patients, compiled initially for RCT studies, and treated at Oulu University Hospital and classified as stable (n = 28) and unstable fractures (n = 23) based on external-rotation stress test: medial clear space of ≥5 mm was interpreted as unstable. A control group of healthy young individuals (n = 19) was also gathered. All ankles were imaged on average 9 (range: 1 to 25) days after injury on a 3.0T MRI unit for T2 relaxation time assessment, and the cartilage was divided into sub-regions for comparison. Results Control group displayed significantly higher T2 values in tibial cartilage compared to stable (six out of nine regions, p-values = .003–.043) and unstable (six out of nine regions, p-values = .001–.037) ankle fractures. No differences were detected in talar cartilage. Also, no differences were observed between stable and unstable fractures in tibial or talar cartilage. Conclusions Lower T2 relaxation times of tibial cartilage in fractured ankles suggest intact extra cellular matrix (ECM) of the cartilage. Severity of the ankle fracture, measured by ankle stability, does not seem to increase ECM degradation immediately after trauma.
Analyzing genomic variation in cultivated pumpkins and identification of candidate genes controlling seed traits

Pumpkins are important vegetable crops widely grown worldwide, and seeds are considered a popular nutraceutical food and an excellent source of protein, oil, and vitamins. Seed size is one of the most important targets for commercial breeding in Cucurbita species; studies have shown that pumpkin seed size variation has a similar trend with fruit size, shape, and seed yield. However, few studies have been conducted to identify genetic loci controlling seed‐related traits in cultivated pumpkins. This study analyzed the genomic characteristics of pumpkin breeding materials of 321 Cucurbita accessions collected worldwide, including Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita pepo, using extensive single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from the genotyping‐by‐sequencing method, significant genetic variations were identified within and between Cucurbita species. Four major cultivar fruit types were further revealed in C. moschata species, and significant differentiation patterns were detected in several chromosomal regions. A total of 15 significant loci associated with pumpkin seed traits were mapped through a genome‐wide association approach; 32 genes previously reported to be associated with seed size regulation in Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa were located in the intervals defined by linkage disequilibrium. Through this study, we gained a deep understanding of the genomic variation distribution across Cucurbita species. The available genetic resources and the associated genetic contents could be used in commercial pumpkin breeding and will facilitate molecular marker‐assisted selection in pumpkin seed trait improvement.
Patient‐derived organoid culture in epithelial ovarian cancers—Techniques, applications, and future perspectives

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous disease composed of different cell types with different molecular aberrations. Traditional cell lines and mice models cannot recapitulate the human tumor biology and tumor microenvironment (TME). Patient‐derived organoids (PDOs) are freshly derived from patients' tissues and are then cultured with extracellular matrix and conditioned medium. The high concordance of epigenetic, genomic, and proteomic landscapes between the parental tumors and PDOs suggests that PDOs can provide more reliable results in studying cancer biology, allowing high throughput drug screening, and identifying their associated signaling pathways and resistance mechanisms. However, despite having a heterogeneity of cells in PDOs, some cells in TME will be lost during the culture process. Next‐generation organoids have been developed to circumvent some of the limitations. Genetically engineered organoids involving targeted gene editing can facilitate the understanding of tumorigenesis and drug response. Co‐culture systems where PDOs are cultured with different cell components like immune cells can allow research using immunotherapy which is otherwise impossible in conventional cell lines. In this review, the limitations of the traditional in vitro and in vivo assays, the use of PDOs, the challenges including some tips and tricks of PDO generation in EOC, and the future perspectives, will be discussed.
Fibroblast‐specific adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 is a potential pathological trigger and prognostic marker for liver fibrosis independent of etiology

Aortic carboxypeptidase‐like protein (ACLP) is an extracellular protein involved in adipogenesis, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, epithelial cell hyperplasia, and collagen fibrogenesis. This study mainly aimed to analyze the potential role of adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 (AEBP1), the ACLP‐encoding gene, as a pathological target or prognostic marker for liver fibrosis regardless of etiology.
N-glycomic profiling of capsid proteins from Adeno-Associated Virus serotypes

Abstract Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector has become the leading platform for gene delivery. Each serotype exhibits a different tissue tropism, immunogenicity, and in vivo transduction performance. Therefore, selecting the most suitable AAV serotype is critical for efficient gene delivery to target cells or tissues. Genome divergence among different serotypes is due mainly to the hypervariable regions of the AAV capsid proteins. However, the heterogeneity of capsid glycosylation is largely unexplored. In the present study, the N-glycosylation profiles of capsid proteins of AAV serotypes 1 to 9 have been systemically characterized and compared using a previously developed high-throughput and high-sensitivity N-glycan profiling platform. The results showed that all 9 investigated AAV serotypes were glycosylated, with comparable profiles. The most conspicuous feature was the high abundance mannosylated N-glycans, including FM3, M5, M6, M7, M8, and M9, that dominated the chromatograms within a range of 74 to 83%. Another feature was the relatively lower abundance of fucosylated and sialylated N-glycan structures, in the range of 23%–40% and 10%–17%, respectively. However, the exact N-glycan composition differed. These differences may be utilized to identify potential structural relationships between the 9 AAV serotypes. The current research lays the foundation for gaining better understanding of the importance of N-glycans on the AAV capsid surface that may play a significant role in tissue tropism, interaction with cell surface receptors, cellular uptake, and intracellular processing.
Post-Kohn–Sham Random-Phase Approximation and Correction Terms in the Expectation-Value Coupled-Cluster Formulation

Using expectation-value coupled-cluster theory and many-body perturbation theory (MBPT), we formulate a series of corrections to the post-Kohn–Sham (post-KS) random-phase approximation (RPA) energy. The beyond-RPA terms are of two types: those accounting for the non-Hartree–Fock reference and those introducing the coupled-cluster doubles non-ring contractions. The contributions of the former type, introduced via the semicanonical orbital basis, drastically reduce the binding strength in noncovalent systems. The good accuracy is recovered by the attractive third-order doubles correction referred to as Ec2g. The existing RPA approaches based on KS orbitals neglect most of the proposed corrections but can perform well thanks to error cancellation. The proposed method accounts for every contribution in the state-of-the-art renormalized second-order perturbation theory (rPT2) approach but adds additional terms which initially contribute in the third order of MBPT. The cost of energy evaluation scales as noniterative in the implementation with low-rank tensor decomposition. The numerical tests of the proposed approach demonstrate accurate results for noncovalent dimers of polar molecules and for the challenging many-body noncovalent cluster of CH4···(H2O)20.
Natural products as a source of new anticancer chemotypes

ABSTRACT Introduction Exploring the chemical diversity and molecular mechanisms of natural products continues to be an important research area for identifying novel promising therapeutic approaches for fighting cancer. This is a complex disease and poses important challenges, which require not only targeted interventions to improve chemotherapy efficacy and tolerability, but also adjuvant strategies to counteract chemoresistance development and relapses. Areas covered After a brief description of the recent literature on the anticancer potential of natural compounds, we searched for patents following the PRISMA guidelines, filtering the results published from 2019 onwards. In addition, some relevant publications from the overall scientific literature were also discussed. Expert opinion This review comprehensively covers and analyzes the most recent advances on the anticancer mechanism of licensed natural compounds and their chemical optimization. Patentability of natural compounds was discussed according to the recent legislation in the U.S.A. and Europe. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
High- versus Low-dose Steroid Injection for Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Intraarticular steroid injections are a commonly used and proven treatment for frozen shoulder; however, there is no scientific basis for a certified dose. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the difference between high- and low-dose steroid injections treatments and suggest an appropriate dose. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane electronic databases were searched through February 15, 2023 for eligible randomized controlled trials. The effects of high- and low-dose steroid injections were calculated as standardized mean differences (SMD) in pain, shoulder range of motion (ROM), and functional improvement. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate evidence quality. RESULTS Four studies with 274 patients were included in the final analysis. The meta-analysis showed that improvement in pain (SMD, 0.10; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.32), ROM (SMD, 0.07; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.19), and functional improvement (SMD, 0.08; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.26) did not differ significantly between the high- and low-dose steroid injections. Subgroup follow-up analyses also showed no clinically significant differences in SMD for pain, ROM, and functional scale measurement in any subgroups (after 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and one year). One article described that, although there was no significant difference in adverse events frequency between the high- and low-dose groups, flushing tended to occur more frequently in the high-dose group. LIMITATIONS Limitations are the small number of studies included in the meta-analysis, no disease stage considered, and a short follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests there are no significant differences between the high- and low-dose steroid groups in pain, ROM, or functional improvement. Therefore, considering the side effects of high-dose steroids, starting with low-dose steroids is recommended. However, further studies are needed to establish exact protocols according to disease severity. KEY WORDS Frozen shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, steroids, triamcinolone acetonide, injections, intraarticular, optimal dose, meta-analysis, randomized controlled trial.