Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Area laws for the entanglement entropy - a review

Physical interactions in quantum many-body systems are typically local: Individual constituents interact mainly with their few nearest neighbors. This locality of interactions is inherited by a decay of correlation functions, but also reflected by scaling laws of a quite profound quantity: The entanglement entropy of ground states. This entropy of the reduced state of a subregion often merely grows like the boundary area of the subregion, and not like its volume, in sharp contrast with an expected extensive behavior. Such 'area laws' for the entanglement entropy and related quantities have received considerable attention in recent years. They emerge in several seemingly unrelated fields, in the context of black hole physics, quantum information science, and quantum many-body physics where they have important implications on the numerical simulation of lattice models. In this Colloquium we review the current status of area laws in these fields. Center stage is taken by rigorous results on lattice models in one and higher spatial dimensions. The differences and similarities between bosonic and fermionic models are stressed, area laws are related to the velocity of information propagation, and disordered systems, non-equilibrium situations, classical correlation concepts, and topological entanglement entropies are discussed. A significant proportion of the article is devoted to the quantitative connection between the entanglement content of states and the possibility of their efficient numerical simulation. We discuss matrix-product states, higher-dimensional analogues, and states from entanglement renormalization and conclude by highlighting the implications of area laws on quantifying the effective degrees of freedom that need to be considered in simulations.
Sex differences in conventional and some behavioral cardiovascular risk factors, Analysis of the prevention clinic database

Background: An increase in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) frequency was observed over the past three decades in low- and middle income countries, especially in Iran. The purpose of the present study was to review and compare the frequencies of conventional and some non-conventional CVD risk factors between men and women in a tertiary level referral cardiovascular teaching hospital in a six month period in the North of Iran. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using medical databases including conventional risk factors: opium consumption, physical inactivity, high salt diet, and serum vitamin D level. The chi-square and independent t tests were used to assess the differences between groups. Results: A total of 740 (55% women) who had available full medical history data were recruited in the study. Approximately 62% of the participants were older than 45 years with the mean age of 54 (14.2) years old. Percentages of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity in women were significantly higher than those of men ( P <0.05). A total of 50% of all the participants were physically inactive. Men had higher frequency of opium and saltshaker use than women ( P <0.05). Conclusion: The current study indicated that despite the importance of conventional CVD risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity, educational programs should be considered to improve physical activity and reducing salt consumption and awareness about opium use complications.
Genomic-Enabled Prediction of Ordinal Data with Bayesian Logistic Ordinal Regression

Most genomic-enabled prediction models developed so far assume that the response variable is continuous and normally distributed. The exception is the probit model, developed for ordered categorical phenotypes. In statistical applications, because of the easy implementation of the Bayesian probit ordinal regression (BPOR) model, Bayesian logistic ordinal regression (BLOR) is implemented rarely in the context of genomic-enabled prediction [sample size (n) is much smaller than the number of parameters (p)]. For this reason, in this paper we propose a BLOR model using the Pólya-Gamma data augmentation approach that produces a Gibbs sampler with similar full conditional distributions of the BPOR model and with the advantage that the BPOR model is a particular case of the BLOR model. We evaluated the proposed model by using simulation and two real data sets. Results indicate that our BLOR model is a good alternative for analyzing ordinal data in the context of genomic-enabled prediction with the probit or logit link.
Neuronal Responses to Looming Objects in the Superior Colliculus of the Cat

The superior colliculus (SC) in the mammalian mesencephalon is involved in avoidance or escape behaviors, but little is known about the response properties of collicular neurons to an object approaching on a collision course towards the animal. The present study identified two classes of looming-sensitive neurons, rho and eta cells, in the SC of the cat, but did not find any tau cell, which has been observed in the pigeon tectofugal pathway. The looming responses were characterized by distinct firing patterns, in which the neuronal discharge steadily increased as the object was approaching, and peaked approximately at the time of collision (rho cell) or some time earlier (eta cell). The response onset time of both rho and eta cells was linearly related to the square root of the diameter/velocity ratio of looming objects; whereas for eta cells, the response peak time was linearly related to the diameter/velocity ratio. The receptive fields of these collicular cells were composed of an excitatory center and a suppressive surround, but the occurrence and development of neuronal responses to looming stimuli were independent of the receptive-field organization. Although the cell number was relatively small in the deep layers of the SC, the proportion of looming-sensitive neurons was close to that in the superficial layers. These results suggest that a population of collicular cells is involved in signaling impending collision of a looming object with the animal and the neural mechanisms underlying the collision avoidance behaviors are to some extent conservative across species from insects to mammals.
Neuro MR: Protocols

Clinical MRI depends on a symbiosis between MR physics and clinical requirements. The imaging solutions are based on a balance between the “palette” of available image contrasts derived from nuclear spin physics and tissue biophysics, and clinical determinants such as the anticipated pathology and efficient use of imaging time. Imaging is therefore optimized to maximize diagnostic sensitivity and specificity through the development of protocols organized along the lines of major disease categories. In the other part of this two‐part review, the primary determinants of image contrast, including T1, T2, and T2*, were highlighted. The development of pulse sequences designed to optimize each of these image contrasts was discussed and the impact of technological innovation (parallel imaging and high‐field systems) on the manner in which these sequences could be modified to improve clinical efficacy was further emphasized. The scope of that discussion was broadened to include the application of: 1) water diffusion imaging used primarily for detection of pathologies that restrict the free movement of water in the tissues and for defining fiber tracts in the brain; 2) the intravenous administration of exogenous contrast agents (gadolinium‐diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid [GdDTPA]) for assessment of blood‐brain‐barrier (BBB) defects and brain blood flow; and 3) MR spectroscopy (MRS) for assessment of brain metabolites. The goal of this part is to discuss how these acquisitions are combined into specific protocols that can effectively detect and characterize, or in keeping with our artistic analogy, “paint” each of the major diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). This work concludes with a discussion of image artifacts and pitfalls in image interpretation, which, in spite our best efforts to minimize or eliminate them, continue to occur. Much of the ensuing discussion is based on our own institutional experience. Protocols, therefore, do not necessarily match those from other institutions due to variability in clinical emphasis, MR instruments, and available software. An attempt was made to focus on basic clinical sequences that are available on most modern MR systems, with protocols employing generally accepted clinical imaging philosophies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:838–847. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Process Mining for Individualized Behavior Modeling Using Wireless Tracking in Nursing Homes

The analysis of human behavior patterns is increasingly used for several research fields. The individualized modeling of behavior using classical techniques requires too much time and resources to be effective. A possible solution would be the use of pattern recognition techniques to automatically infer models to allow experts to understand individual behavior. However, traditional pattern recognition algorithms infer models that are not readily understood by human experts. This limits the capacity to benefit from the inferred models. Process mining technologies can infer models as workflows, specifically designed to be understood by experts, enabling them to detect specific behavior patterns in users. In this paper, the eMotiva process mining algorithms are presented. These algorithms filter, infer and visualize workflows. The workflows are inferred from the samples produced by an indoor location system that stores the location of a resident in a nursing home. The visualization tool is able to compare and highlight behavior patterns in order to facilitate expert understanding of human behavior. This tool was tested with nine real users that were monitored for a 25-week period. The results achieved suggest that the behavior of users is continuously evolving and changing and that this change can be measured, allowing for behavioral change detection.
Intraskeletal Variability of Relative Cortical Area in Humans

Histomorphometric and cross‐sectional geometric studies of bone have provided valuable information about age at death, behavioral and activity patterns, and pathological conditions for past and present human populations. While a considerable amount of exploratory and applied research has been completed using histomorphometric and cross‐sectional geometric properties, the effects of intraskeletal variability on interpreting observed histomorphometric data have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to quantify intraskeletal variability in the relative cortical area of long bones and ribs from modern humans. To examine intraskeletal variability, cross‐sections of the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, and rib when present, were examined within individuals from a cadaveric collection (N = 34). Relative cortical area was compared within individuals using a repeated measurements General Linear Model, which shows significant differences between bones, particularly between the rib and the remaining long bones. Complementarily, correlations between bones’ relative cortical area values suggest an important allometric component affecting this aspect of long bones, but not of the rib. This study highlights the magnitude of intraskeletal variability in relative cortical area in the human skeleton, and because the relative cortical area of any particular bone is affected by a series of confounding factors, extrapolation of relative cortical area values to infer load history for other skeletal elements can be misleading. Anat Rec, 298:1635–1643, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Municipal solid waste as a reinforced soil: Investigation using synthetic waste

It is commonly accepted that the shear strength of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) may be enhanced by the reinforcing effect of fibrous waste constituents. However, until recently no investigation has systematically evaluated the effects of the fibrous waste materials on the stress-strain-strength response of MSW. The present study is a continuation of a previous investigation conducted by the authors and aims at experimentally quantifying the effect of the fibrous materials on the stress-strainstrength response of MSW, as well as demonstrating the analogy of MSW to reinforced soil. Preliminary direct shear test results indicate that, similarly to tests performed on reinforced soils, the orientation of the fibrous materials with respect to the shear surface is critical and affects significantly the stress-displacement-strength response. In addition, the type of fibrous materials also affects the stress-displacementstrength response.
Self-repairing mobile robotic car using astrocyte-neuron networks

A self-repairing robot utilising a spiking astrocyte-neuron network is presented in this paper. It uses the output spike frequency of neurons to control the motor speed and robot activation. A software model of the astrocyte-neuron network previously demonstrated self-detection of faults and its self-repairing capability. In this paper the application demonstrator of mobile robotics is employed to evaluate the fault-tolerant capabilities of the astrocyte-neuron network when implemented in a hardware-based robotic car system. Results demonstrated that when 20% or less synapses associated with a neuron are faulty, the robot car can maintain system performance and complete the task of forward motion correctly. If 80% synapses are faulty, the system performance shows a marginal degradation, however this degradation is much smaller than that of conventional fault-tolerant techniques under the same levels of faults. This is the first time that astrocyte cells merged within spiking neurons demonstrates a self-repairing capabilities in the hardware system for a real application.
Determining building interior structures using compressive sensing

Abstract. We consider imaging of the building interior structures using compressive sensing (CS) with applications to through-the-wall imaging and urban sensing. We consider a monostatic synthetic aperture radar imaging system employing stepped frequency waveform. The proposed approach exploits prior information of building construction practices to form an appropriate sparse representation of the building interior layout. We devise a dictionary of possible wall locations, which is consistent with the fact that interior walls are typically parallel or perpendicular to the front wall. The dictionary accounts for the dominant normal angle reflections from exterior and interior walls for the monostatic imaging system. CS is applied to a reduced set of observations to recover the true positions of the walls. Additional information about interior walls can be obtained using a dictionary of possible corner reflectors, which is the response of the junction of two walls. Supporting results based on simulation and laboratory experiments are provided. It is shown that the proposed sparsifying basis outperforms the conventional through-the-wall CS model, the wavelet sparsifying basis, and the block sparse model for building interior layout detection.
hNuf2 inhibition blocks stable kinetochore–microtubule attachment and induces mitotic cell death in HeLa cells

Identification of proteins that couple kinetochores to spindle microtubules is critical for understanding how accurate chromosome segregation is achieved in mitosis. Here we show that the protein hNuf2 specifically functions at kinetochores for stable microtubule attachment in HeLa cells. When hNuf2 is depleted by RNA interference, spindle formation occurs normally as cells enter mitosis, but kinetochores fail to form their attachments to spindle microtubules and cells block in prometaphase with an active spindle checkpoint. Kinetochores depleted of hNuf2 retain the microtubule motors CENP-E and cytoplasmic dynein, proteins previously implicated in recruiting kinetochore microtubules. Kinetochores also retain detectable levels of the spindle checkpoint proteins Mad2 and BubR1, as expected for activation of the spindle checkpoint by unattached kinetochores. In addition, the cell cycle block produced by hNuf2 depletion induces mitotic cells to undergo cell death. These data highlight a specific role for hNuf2 in kinetochore–microtubule attachment and suggest that hNuf2 is part of a molecular linker between the kinetochore attachment site and tubulin subunits within the lattice of attached plus ends.
Acoustic field modeling in therapeutic ultrasound

Understanding of ultrasound‐tissue interaction is important for realization of clinically useful therapeutic ultrasound methods and devices. Linear acoustic propagation in homogeneous media, including diffraction and absorption effects, provides a useful first approximation but fails to accurately model many problems of interest. Depending on the therapy regime, other important effects can include finite‐amplitude propagation, cavitation and other gas activity, inhomogeneous tissue structure, temperature‐dependent tissue properties, and irreversible tissue modification. For bulk ablation of soft tissue using ultrasound, prediction of therapeutic effects requires accurate knowledge of space‐ and time‐dependent heat deposition from acoustic absorption. A primary factor affecting heat deposition is local heat loss due to blood flow, both from bulk perfusion and large vessels. Gas activity due to boiling and tissue property changes due to local ablation, both of which markedly affect treatment, can be approxi.
Stabilization from Autoproteolysis and Kinetic Characterization of the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Proteinase*

We have developed a system for expression and purification of wild-type human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proteinase to attain sufficient quantities for structural, kinetic, and biophysical investigations. However, similar to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteinase, HTLV-1 proteinase also undergoes autoproteolysis rapidly upon renaturation to produce two products. The site of this autoproteolytic cleavage was mapped, and a resistant HTLV-1 proteinase construct (L40I) as well as another construct, wherein the two cysteine residues were exchanged to alanines, were expressed and purified. Oligopeptide substrates representing the naturally occurring cleavage sites in HTLV-1 were good substrates of the HTLV-1 proteinase. The kinetic parametersk cat and K m were nearly identical for all the three enzymes. Although three of four peptides representing HTLV-1 proteinase cleavage sites were fairly good substrates of HIV-1 proteinase, only two of nine peptides representing HIV-1 proteinase cleavage sites were hydrolyzed by the HTLV-1 proteinase, suggesting substantial differences in the specificity of the two enzymes. The large difference in the specificity of the two enzymes was also demonstrated by inhibition studies. Of the several inhibitors of HIV-1 or other retroviral proteinases that were tested on HTLV-1 proteinase, only two inhibit the enzyme with aK i lower than 100 nm.
The Architecture of Platforms: A Unified View

The central role of "platform" products and services in mediating the activities of disaggregated "clusters" or "ecosystems" of firms has been widely recognized. But platforms and the systems in which they are embedded are very diverse. In particular, platforms may exist within firms as product lines, across firms as multi-product systems, and in the form of multi-sided markets. In this paper we argue that there is a fundamental unity in the architecture of platforms. Platform architectures are modularizations of complex systems in which certain components (the platform itself) remain stable, while others (the complements) are encouraged to vary in crosssection or over time. Among the most stable elements in a platform architecture are the modular interfaces that mediate between the platform and its complements. These interfaces are even more stable than the interior core of the platform, thus control over the interfaces amounts to control over the platform and its evolution. We describe three ways of representing platform architectures: network graphs, design structure matrices and layer maps. We conclude by addressing a number of fundamental strategic questions suggested by a unified view of platforms.
Using Social Intelligence for New Event Detection in Microblog Stream

New event detection from microblog has a very practical significance for people who would like be aware of events in the first place. Although it is a traditional task of TDT, most of the state-of-the-art approaches are not designed for microblog, so they could not take full advantages of the social media, such as users and their relationships. In this paper, we propose an on-line method to detect new events from microblog stream. We establish the Individual Language/Memory model (ILM Model) to formalize the social intelligence of users, using their knowledge help us find out new events. The experiment on our corpus collected from Chinese microblog, shows the effectiveness of our model.
Types of typologies: from recreationists & tourists to artificial agents

In order to successfully manage natural recreational sites, it is fundamental to have a comprehensive understanding of recreational use in the outdoors. Depending on the research question or a management problem to solve, scientists try to identify groups that respond to a certain situation in a similar way. Such knowledge seems to be useful while trying to satisfy visitors’ needs and to assure the conservation goals. It is argued that focusing on the visitors themselves and their typological forms helps explain why people are attracted to specific destinations (Jafari 1989, 26–27 in Wickens 2002).
Performance Evaluation of Vertical Handover Mechanisms in IP Networks

In this paper we discuss a methodology for performance evaluation of the solutions for vertical handovers between different wireless access technologies in IP network. The performance evaluation is based on simple analytical models and covers both the ideal case (no packet loss) and the real case where there is a given packet loss rate. The methodology is applied to a comparison among three solutions, namely MIPv4, classical SIP mobility management using re-INVITE messages and a SIP based solution called MMUSE (Mobility Management Using SIP Extensions) proposed by the authors.
Terahertz Scattering and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Polymethacryl Imide Microstructures

The translucency of terahertz wave through many polymer composite materials, particularly foams, makes it a good complement to another nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technology can obtain amplitude and phase information simultaneously. It is a powerful tool for nondestructive testing of foam materials to embody the depth information of defects while acquiring defect location, size, and nature. In the process of NDT, the refractive index is one of the important factors that affect the detection effect. In previous studies, the effective refractive index of polymethacryl imide (PMI), a commonly employed foam material, in the THz band is found to be very close to that of air. However, based on systematic measurements of the THz spectra and scattering parameters of PMI with a variety of thicknesses and densities, it is found that THz attenuation in PMI has a strong frequency dependence and that the size of the particles making up the material has a great influence on the attenuation: the larger the size of the micro particles and the faster the attenuation of the THz wave. This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon through combined experimental study and theoretical analysis, supported by the numerical simulation based on the Mie scattering model.