Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UNCERTAINTY AND EXPECTATION IN SENTENCE PROCESSING 1 Running head : Uncertainty and expectation in sentence processing Uncertainty and expectation in sentence processing

There is now considerable evidence that human sentence processing is expectation based: As people read a sentence, they use their statistical experience with their language to generate predictions about upcoming syntactic structure. This study examines how sentence processing is affected by readers’ uncertainty in their expectations about upcoming structure. In a self-paced reading study, we manipulate both expectations and the uncertainty about them factorially, based on lexical subcategorization information. We compare two types of uncertainty: uncertainty about the verb’s complement, reflecting the next prediction step; and uncertainty about the full sentence, reflecting an unbounded number of prediction steps. We find that uncertainty about the full structure, but not about the next step, was a significant predictor of processing difficulty: Greater reduction in uncertainty was correlated with increase reading times. We additionally replicated previously observed effects of expectation violation (surprisal), orthogonal to the effect of uncertainty. This suggests that both surprisal and uncertainty have a role to play in explaining human reading times. We discuss the consequences for theories of sentence comprehension.
Negative Selection and Knuth Morris Pratt Algorithm for Anomaly Detection

In this paper an algorithm for detecting anomalous behavior on computer systems is proposed. The work is based on information from the behavior of authorized users who have performed various tasks on a computer system over two years. The study uses a dynamic data structure that can encode the current activities of users and their behaviors. The identification of the most and least frequent tasks, based on the historical database of each user, provides a simple way of creating a single profile of behavior. With this profile, we apply negative selection techniques to obtain a reasonable computational size set of anomalous detectors. We then apply the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm for locating detectors of anomalies as indicators of fraudulent behavior. This procedure for detecting anomalous behavior has been tested on real data and the results prove the effectiveness of the proposal and motivate further research to improve the existing detection system.
The Study on Land Reclamation Technology and Ecological Control for Coal Mining Subsidence Area

Both coal mine and land are important natural resources that human depend on for existence and development. Coal mining has contributed greatly to the development of economy and society in China. Meanwhile, subsidence induced by coal mining has seriously affected human life, ecological environment and development of regional economy in mining area. Thus, aiming at coal mining subsidence area, this paper puts forward two kinds of land reclamation techniques containing engineering reclamation technology and biological reclamation technology, which can scientifically guide land reclamation practice, coordinate relationship between human and land and relax ecological crisis.
Is there a universal answering strategy for rejecting negative propositions? Typological evidence on the use of prosody and gesture

Previous research has proposed that languages diverge with respect to how their speakers confirm and contradict negative questions. Taking into account the classification between truth-based and polarity-based languages, this paper is mainly concerned with the expression of REJECT (a semantic operation that signals a contradiction move with respect to the common ground, along Krifka's lines) in two languages belonging to two typologically distinct answering systems, namely Catalan (polarity-based) and Russian (a mixed system using polarity-based, truth-based, and echoic strategies). This investigation has two goals. First, to assess empirically the relevance of prosodic and gestural patterns in the interpretation of confirming and rejecting responses to negative polar questions. Second, to test the claim that in fact speakers resort to strikingly similar universal strategies at the time of expressing rejecting answers to discourse accessible negative assertions and negative polar questions, namely the use of linguistic units that encode REJECT in combination with ASSERT. The results of our investigation support the existence of a universal answering system for rejecting negative polar questions that integrates lexical and syntactic strategies with prosodic and gestural patterns, and instantiate the REJECT and ASSERT operators. We will also discuss the implications these results have for the truth-based vs. polarity-based taxonomy.
The Altered Triple Networks Interaction in Depression under Resting State Based on Graph Theory

The triple network model (Menon, 2011) has been proposed, which helps with finding a common framework for understanding the dysfunction in core neurocognitive network across multiple disorders. The alteration of the triple networks in the major depression disorder (MDD) is not clear. In our study, the altered interaction of the triple networks, which include default model network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), and salience network (SN), was examined in the MDD by graph theory method. The results showed that the connectivity degree of right anterior insula (rAI) significantly increased in MDD compared with healthy control (HC), and the connectivity degree between DMN and CEN significantly decreased in MDD. These results not only supported the proposal of the triple network model, but also prompted us to understand the dysfunction of neural mechanism in MDD.
Synchronization phenomena in coupled logistic maps involving parametric force

Synchronization phenomena in coupled logistic maps whose parameters are forced into periodic varying are investigated through the use of Lyapunov exponents. When three maps are coupled, various synchronization phenomena are observed by choosing a coupling intensity. The synchronization phenomena fall into three general categories, which are asynchronous, synchronization of two among the three maps and synchronization of all the maps. In particular, in the synchronization of two of the three maps, solutions of maps behave periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic for several coupling intensities.
Embedded Force Control for a Hybrid 5-Axis H-4 Family Parallel Manipulator

This paper presents the derived dynamics equations in 5 axis H-4 parallel manipulator for real-time controls using Inverse Dynamics Control for position control and Impedance Control for indirect force control strategy. Friction models obtained from the experiment are also used to compensate the actual friction of the control system. From the experimental results of the real-time control, the motion tracking and impedance force control performance are satisfaction. Tracking errors can be reduced within 0.40 millimeter by using friction compensated model. The derived dynamic model is also suitable for others advanced control technique. The accuracy of the control can be improved by increasing the rigidity of the structure.
CHARM: A Cost-Efficient Multi-Cloud Data Hosting Scheme with High Availability

Nowadays, more and more enterprises and organizations are hosting their data into the cloud, in order to reduce the IT maintenance cost and enhance the data reliability. However, facing the numerous cloud vendors as well as their heterogenous pricing policies, customers maywell be perplexed with which cloud(s) are suitable for storing their data and what hosting strategy is cheaper.The general status quo is that customers usually put their data into a single cloud (which is subject to the vendor lock-in risk) and then simply trust to luck. Based on comprehensive analysis of various state-of-the-art cloud vendors, this paper proposes a novel data hosting scheme (named CHARM) which integrates two key functions desired. The first is selecting several suitable clouds and an appropriate redundancy strategy to store data with minimized monetary cost and guaranteed availability. The second is triggering a transition process to re-distribute data according to the variations of data access pattern and pricing of clouds. We evaluate the performance of CHARM using both trace-driven simulations and prototype experiments. The results show that compared with the major existing schemes, CHARM not only saves around 20 percent of monetary cost but also exhibits sound adaptability to data and price adjustments.
Behavioral Modulation by Spontaneous Activity of Dopamine Neurons

Dopamine modulates a variety of animal behaviors that range from sleep and learning to courtship and aggression. Besides its well-known phasic firing to natural reward, a substantial number of dopamine neurons (DANs) are known to exhibit ongoing intrinsic activity in the absence of an external stimulus. While accumulating evidence points at functional implications for these intrinsic “spontaneous activities” of DANs in cognitive processes, a causal link to behavior and its underlying mechanisms has yet to be elucidated. Recent physiological studies in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster have uncovered that DANs in the fly brain are also spontaneously active, and that this activity reflects the behavioral/internal states of the animal. Strikingly, genetic manipulation of basal DAN activity resulted in behavioral alterations in the fly, providing critical evidence that links spontaneous DAN activity to behavioral states. Furthermore, circuit-level analyses have started to reveal cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate or regulate spontaneous DAN activity. Through reviewing recent findings in different animals with the major focus on flies, we will discuss potential roles of this physiological phenomenon in directing animal behaviors.
The Neglected Research of Egas Moniz of Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Occlusion

Egas Moniz is generally remembered for having discovered cerebral angiography in 1927, and having introduced lobotomy as a form of treatment for mental illness in 1935. Less well known is his pioneering research on occlusive cerebrovascular disease, namely internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, as documented by cerebral angiography. It is our contention that the medical community has, until recently, largely overlooked this research. His neglected observations on ICA occlusion and the important diagnostic role played by angiography are reviewed. We propose to show how our paper differs from previous publications regarding Moniz’s ICA occlusion contributions. Whereas most previous reviews have focused on either the role played by cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of ICA occlusion, or on the importance of Moniz’s internal carotid occlusion observations, our review attempts to integrate both topics. We will tie Moniz’s ICA occlusion research to his documented use of angiography.
Rate of over-diagnosis of breast cancer 15 years after end of Malmö mammographic screening trial: follow-up study

Abstract Objective To evaluate the rate of over-diagnosis of breast cancer 15 years after the end of the Malmö mammographic screening trial. Design Follow-up study. Setting Malmö, Sweden. Subjects 42 283 women aged 45-69 years at randomisation. Interventions Screening for breast cancer with mammography or not (controls). Screening was offered at the end of the randomisation design to both groups aged 45-54 at randomisation but not to groups aged 55-69 at randomisation. Main outcome measures Rate of over-diagnosis of breast cancer (in situ and invasive), calculated as incidence in the invited and control groups, during period of randomised design (period 1), during period after randomised design ended (period 2), and at end of follow-up. Results In women aged 55-69 years at randomisation the relative rates of over-diagnosis of breast cancer (95% confidence intervals) were 1.32 (1.14 to 1.53) for period 1, 0.92 (0.79 to 1.06) for period 2, and 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) at the end of follow-up. Conclusion Conclusions on over-diagnosis of breast cancer in the Malmö mammographic screening trial can be drawn mainly for women aged 55-69 years at randomisation whose control groups were never screened. Fifteen years after the trial ended the rate of over-diagnosis of breast cancer was 10% in this age group.
Origins of vaginal acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source.

BACKGROUND The origin of the lactic acid that acidifies the vagina is not well established. It is widely accepted that during times of high oestrogen (during the neonatal period and again during a woman's reproductive years) large amounts of glycogen are deposited in the vaginal epithelium and that the glycogen is anaerobically metabolized to lactic acid. What is not established is whether lactic acid is primarily produced by vaginal bacteria or by vaginal epithelial cells. Human cells can make only L-lactate, while bacteria can produce both D- and L-, thus the D- to L-lactate ratio can indicate the relative contribution of bacterially derived lactic acid. METHODS In this study, we used chiral HPLC to examine the percentages of D- and L-lactate in vaginal secretions, in primary cultures of bacteria from these vaginal secretions, and in cultures of lactobacillus isolates of vaginal origin. RESULTS We found that in most vaginal secretion samples, >50% of the lactic acid was the D-isoform (mean 55%, range 6-75%, n = 14). CONCLUSIONS Our results thus support the hypothesis that vaginal bacteria, not epithelial cells, are the primary source of lactic acid in the vagina.
IL-1β Stimulates COX-2 Dependent PGE2 Synthesis and CGRP Release in Rat Trigeminal Ganglia Cells

Objective Pro-inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and inflammatory pain. The trigeminal ganglion and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are crucial components in the pathophysiology of primary headaches. 5-HT1B/D receptor agonists, which reduce CGRP release, and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors can abort trigeminally mediated pain. However, the cellular source of COX and the interplay between COX and CGRP within the trigeminal ganglion have not been clearly identified. Methods and Results 1. We used primary cultured rat trigeminal ganglia cells to assess whether IL-1β can induce the expression of COX-2 and which cells express COX-2. Stimulation with IL-1β caused a dose and time dependent induction of COX-2 but not COX-1 mRNA. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of COX-2 protein in neuronal and glial cells. 2. Functional significance was demonstrated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release 4 hours after stimulation with IL-1β, which could be aborted by a selective COX-2 (parecoxib) and a non-selective COX-inhibitor (indomethacin). 3. Induction of CGRP release, indicating functional neuronal activation, was seen 1 hour after PGE2 and 24 hours after IL-1β stimulation. Immunohistochemistry showed trigeminal neurons as the source of CGRP. IL-1β induced CGRP release was blocked by parecoxib and indomethacin, but the 5-HT1B/D receptor agonist sumatriptan had no effect. Conclusion We identified a COX-2 dependent pathway of cytokine induced CGRP release in trigeminal ganglia neurons that is not affected by 5-HT1B/D receptor activation. Activation of neuronal and glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion by IL-β leads to an elevated expression of COX-2 in these cells. Newly synthesized PGE2 (by COX-2) in turn activates trigeminal neurons to release CGRP. These findings support a glia-neuron interaction in the trigeminal ganglion and demonstrate a sequential link between COX-2 and CGRP. The results could help to explain the mechanism of action of COX-2 inhibitors in migraine.
Informatics based design of prosthetic Ti alloys

Abstract Informatics based approaches are employed to find a suitable composition of Ti alloy, with high strength, low elastic modulus, adequate biocompatibility and low cost. Artificial neural network, capable of prediction and diagnosis in non-linear and complex systems, is used to obtain the relationship of composition and processing parameters with elastic modulus and yield strength. As the objectives are conflicting, multiobjective optimisation using genetic algorithm is employed to optimally design titanium alloys suitable for prosthetic applications using the above models as objective functions for the mechanical properties. The Pareto solutions provide the desired alloy compositions where such properties may be achieved.
Computer security for data collection technologies☆

Many organizations in the developing world (e.g., NGOs), include digital data collection in their workflow. Data collected can include information that may be considered sensitive, such as medical or socioeconomic data, and which could be affected by computer security attacks or unintentional mishandling. The attitudes and practices of organizations collecting data have implications for confidentiality, availability, and integrity of data. This work, a collaboration between computer security and ICTD researchers, explores security and privacy attitudes, practices, and needs within organizations that use Open Data Kit (ODK), a prominent digital data collection platform. We conduct a detailed threat modeling exercise to inform our view on potential security threats, and then conduct and analyze a survey and interviews with technology experts in these organizations to ground this analysis in real deployment experiences. We then reflect upon our results, drawing lessons for both organizations collecting data and for tool developers.
Learning to rank videos personally using multiple clues

In this paper, we introduce a new learning based video content similarity model. The model leverages on multiple clues on the contents of a video and can be used to rank videos in a personalized way. The key to produce a personalized video ranking is to have a good estimate of pairwise video content similarity, which is realized through meta-learning using a radial-basis function network. Four aspects of a video are considered in deriving the video content similarity in our method. The training data to our model are acquired in the form of user judged preference relationships regarding video content similarities. With the optimized video content similarity estimation obtained by our algorithm, we can produce a personalized video ranking that matches more closely an individual user's watching interest over a collection of videos. The video ranking results generated by our prototype system are compared with the groundtruth rankings supplied by the individual users as well as rankings by the commercial video website YouTube. The results confirm the advantages of our method in generating personalized video rankings.
Kinetics of decarburization reaction in oxygen steelmaking process

The steelmaking process is complex since it involves simultaneous multi-phase (solidgas-liquid) interactions, chemical reactions, heat and mass transfer and complex flow patterns at high temperatures. The transient nature of the process also adds more complexities and the severe operating conditions inhibit the direct measurement and observation of the process. This difficulty can be addressed by developing models, which make it possible to describe the complicated nature of the process itself and to understand the interconnection of important process variables. A global model of oxygen steelmaking focusing on the overall decarburization of the process and including the new bloated droplet theory has been developed.
Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are widely debated, fueled by variations in prevalence estimates across countries, time, and broadening diagnostic criteria. We conducted a meta-analysis to: establish a benchmark pooled prevalence for ADHD; examine whether estimates have increased with publication of different editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); and explore the effect of study features on prevalence. METHODS: Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies with point prevalence estimates of ADHD. We included studies of children that used the diagnostic criteria from DSM-III, DSM-III-R and DSM-IV in any language. Data were extracted on sampling procedure, sample characteristics, assessors, measures, and whether full or partial criteria were met. RESULTS: The 175 eligible studies included 179 ADHD prevalence estimates with an overall pooled estimate of 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 6.7 to 7.8), and no statistically significant difference between DSM editions. In multivariable analyses, prevalence estimates for ADHD were lower when using the revised third edition of the DSM compared with the fourth edition (P = .03) and when studies were conducted in Europe compared with North America (P = .04). Few studies used population sampling with random selection. Most were from single towns or regions, thus limiting generalizability. CONCLUSIONS: Our review provides a benchmark prevalence estimate for ADHD. If population estimates of ADHD diagnoses exceed our estimate, then overdiagnosis may have occurred for some children. If fewer, then underdiagnosis may have occurred.
NimbRo Explorer: Semiautonomous Exploration and Mobile Manipulation in Rough Terrain

Fully autonomous exploration and mobile manipulation in rough terrain are still beyond the state of the art—robotics challenges and competitions are held to facilitate and benchmark research in this direction. One example is the 2013 DLR SpaceBot Cup, for which we developed an integrated robot system to semiautonomously perform planetary exploration and manipulation tasks. Our robot explores, maps, and navigates in previously unknown, uneven terrain using a three‐dimensional laser scanner and an omnidirectional RGB‐D camera. We developed manipulation capabilities for object retrieval and pick‐and‐place tasks. Many parts of the mission can be performed autonomously. In addition, we developed teleoperation interfaces on different levels of shared autonomy, which allow for specifying missions, monitoring mission progress, and on‐the‐fly reconfiguration. To handle network communication interruptions and latencies between robot and operator station, we implemented a robust network layer for the middleware Robot Operating System (ROS). The integrated system has been demonstrated at the 2013 DLR SpaceBot Cup. In addition, we conducted systematic experiments to evaluate the performance of our approaches.