Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A translational roadmap for transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in stroke rehabilitation: Consensus-based core recommendations from the third stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable

Background and Aims: The purpose of this Third Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable (SRRR3) was to develop consensus recommendations to address outstanding barriers for the translation of preclinical and clinical research using the non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and provide a roadmap for the integration of these techniques into clinical practice. Methods: International NIBS and stroke recovery experts (N = 18) contributed to the consensus process. Using a nominal group technique, recommendations were reached via a five-stage process, involving a thematic survey, two priority ranking surveys, a literature review and an in-person meeting. Results and Conclusions: Results of our consensus process yielded five key evidence-based and feasibility barriers for the translation of preclinical and clinical NIBS research, which were formulated into five core consensus recommendations. Recommendations highlight an urgent need for (1) increased understanding of NIBS mechanisms, (2) improved methodological rigor in both preclinical and clinical NIBS studies, (3) standardization of outcome measures, (4) increased clinical relevance in preclinical animal models, and (5) greater optimization and individualization of NIBS protocols. To facilitate the implementation of these recommendations, the expert panel developed a new SRRR3 Unified NIBS Research Checklist. These recommendations represent a translational pathway for the use of NIBS in stroke rehabilitation research and practice.
Diel coral reef acidification driven by porewater advection in permeable carbonate sands, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef

Little is known about how biogeochemical processes in permeable sediments affect the pH of coastal waters. We demonstrate that seawater recirculation in permeable sands can play a major role in proton (H+) cycling in a coral reef lagoon. The diel pH range (up to 0.75 units) in the Heron Island lagoon was the broadest ever reported for reef waters, and the night‐time pH (7.69) was comparable to worst‐case scenario predictions for seawater pH in 2100. The net contribution of coarse carbonate sands to the whole system H+ fluxes was only 9% during the day, but approached 100% at night when small scale (i.e., flow and topography‐induced pressure gradients) and large scale (i.e., tidal pumping as traced by radon) seawater recirculation processes were synergistic. Reef lagoon sands were a net sink for H+, and the sink strength was a function of porewater flushing rate. Our observations suggest that the metabolism of advection‐dominated carbonate sands may provide a currently unknown feedback to ocean acidification.
Assessing the necessary width of buffer zones : an ecological study in Ruteng Strict Nature Reserve, Flores, Indonesia

The buffer zone has become an important component i n a l l reserve management plans or c o n s e r v a t i o n . i n i t i a t i v e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t r o p i c a l regions. Buffer zones have been proposed as both an additional protection to e x i s t i n g reserves and a means to provide opportunities for people l i v i n g adjacent to the reserves to maintain t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d . One fundamental problem of the buffer zone approach i s that there are no methods available to determine appropriate buffer zone width for any given reserve. Many suggestions for a standard buffer zone width have been offered, but these are l a r g e l y based on i n t u i t i o n . There i s a serious lack of ecological studies to support those suggestions. In areas where land i s abundant and population density i s low, we may make "prudent guesses" i n determining buffer zone width. However, i n areas where human population pressure has led tb increasing l e v e l s of resource consumption and an increase i n land-use c o n f l i c t s , ecologically-based studies should be used i n determining buffer zone width. Considering the accelerated rate of habitat destruction and loss coupled with chronic reserve management problems, long-term and detailed ecological studies to determine buffer zone width . for each i n d i v i d u a l reserve are i n f e a s i b l e and u n r e a l i s t i c . What i s needed i s a method that can be used to gather biophysical data for determining necessary buffer zone width. Such a method should be simple, inexpensive, and e a s i l y taught to and used by park planners and communities around the reserves; yet, i t should also be comprehensive enough to provide r e l i a b l e information. The method proposed i n t h i s thesis i s based on analysis of species richness, species d i v e r s i t y , stem density and species compositions. The major concept i s that areas around the reserve showing si m i l a r species richness, species d i v e r s i t y , stem density and species composition to the core habitats of the reserve, should be l e g a l i z e d as buffer zone. The proposed method must be used i n conjunction with considerations about the socio-economic and c u l t u r a l conditions of the people l i v i n g around the reserve. The p o t e n t i a l of the proposed method i s demonstrated by an application focusing on plants i n the area around the Ruteng S t r i c t Nature Reserve on Flores Island, Indonesia.
Shock experiments on feldspar crystals

Single crystals of sanidine, orthoclase, microcline, oligoclase, and labradorite as well as polycrystalline bytownite were shocked from 10.5 to 45 GPa and recovered. The direction of shock wave propagation in single crystals was always parallel to the crystallographic a-axis. Optical observations reveal a continuous sequence of shock effects: fracturing starts to develop at <10.5 GPa, planar elements develop at 10.5–14 GPa, mosaicism at 18–26 GPa, transformation of the crystal into diaplectic glass begins at 26–34 GPa, and formation of melt glass is observed at ∼42 GPa. Microcline, however, remains weakly birefringent even at 45 GPa. Refractive indices of diaplectic glass drop sharply at shock pressures between 30 and 40 GPa. Xray investigations reveal only a minor expansion of the unit cell of sanidine, whereas the other feldspars display no systematic change of lattice constants. The structural state (Al,Si-distribution) of feldspars is not affected by shock. EPR analyses reveal the disordering of the crystal structure and the formation of a short-range order phase in feldpars at pressures as low as 10.5–14 GPa. The beginning of the formation of diaplectic glass in the range from 18–22 GPa is evident from IR-spectra of shocked samples. It is assumed that diaplectic glass is an arrangement of grossly unchanged crystalline material and a glassy phase that is structurally indistinguishable from fusion-formed glass. The influence of the chemical composition and initial structural state of feldspars on the development of shock effects is believed to be less than the influence of exsolution lamellae and alteration products. Based on the results of these investigations, pressure ranges are given for the lower and upper boundary of the mixed-phase regime of the pV Hugoniot (p = shock pressure; V = specific volume) for all samples. Two independent methods for the determination of shock pressures from residual shock effects are proposed based on optical and IR-spectroscopic analyses.
High-Density Lipoprotein Vascular Protective Effects, Dysfunction, and Potential as Therapeutic Target From

: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a complex mixture of lipoproteins that is associated with many minor proteins and lipids that influence the function of HDL. Although HDL is a promising marker and potential therapeutic target based on its epidemiological data and the effects of healthy HDL in vitro in endothelial cells and macrophages, as well as based on infusion studies of reconstituted HDL in patients with hypercholesterolemia, it remains still uncertain whether or not HDL cholesterol–raising drugs will improve outcomes. Recent studies suggest that HDL becomes modified in patients with coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome because of oxidative processes that result in alterations in its proteome composition (proteome remodelling) leading to HDL dysfunction. ( Circ Res . 2014;114:171-182.) ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, High-Density Lipoprotein: Vascular Protective Effects, Dysfunction, and Potential as Therapeutic Target MicroRNA Control of High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Novel Therapies Focused on the High-Density Lipoprotein Particle High-Density Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis Regression: Evidence Preclinical and Clinical Studies
On the winter evolution of snow thermophysical properties over land‐fast first‐year sea ice

The geophysical, thermodynamic and dielectric properties of snow are important state variables that are known to be sensitive to Arctic climate variability and change. Given recent observations of changes in the Arctic physical system (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 2004), it is important to focus on the processes that give rise to variability in the horizontal, vertical and temporal dimensions of the life‐history of snow on sea ice. The objectives in this study are to present these ‘state’ variables and to investigate the processes that govern variability in the vertical, horizontal and temporal dimension by using a case study over land‐fast first‐year sea ice for the period December 2003 to June 2004.
Determination of seasonal variations in solar energy utilization by the leaves of Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)

Definition of both quality and quantity of energy consumption of crops by recently developed remote sensing methods has been an important factor in the control of sustainable bioenergy production in terms of food security. This study was conducted to find the critical physiological stages of orange trees from their energy supply and energy balances using remote sensing methods. The relationships between absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and chlorophyll content (chl) of the leaves at different growth stages were investigated. Canopy reflectance by hand‐held spectroradiometer and total chl analysis at the laboratory were measured simultaneously from the random samples taken from four different parts of orange trees in orchards, each orchard being at a different age group. Reflectance measurements were conducted between 450 nm and 900 nm wavelength at four different bands (three visible bands and one near‐infrared band) at the four basic physiological periods of orange trees. Reflectance values measured in the field were converted to APAR (W m−2) and the chl values were determined in mg ml−1. According to the statistical analysis, there was a strong relationship between APAR at the bands of 450–520 nm (blue) and 630–690 nm (red) and the chlorophyll content ( p⩽0.01; R 2 = 0.750 at blue wavelength and R2 = 0.770 at red wavelength) in June (fruit setting stage). These results showed that the relationships between chl and APAR values were very strong despite low levels of APAR at this stage, in comparison to the other ones. Amongst all the stages, APAR values were the highest in November. Another important result was that Washington navel trees unexpectedly had the highest APAR during the dormancy stage. These results suggested that the relationships between PAR utilization and chlorophyll content were important for tree health and indirect yield of per annum plants such as citrus. The values obtained from the leaves of orange trees at different physiological periods were more important than those relationships for the trees of different ages.
Importance of Toxin A, Toxin B, and CDT in Virulence of an Epidemic Clostridium difficile Strain

Clostridium difficile infection is the main cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhea in the developed world. In addition to the main virulence factors toxin A and B, epidemic, PCR Ribotype 027 strains, such as R20291, produce a third toxin, CDT. To develop effective medical countermeasures, it is important to understand the importance of each toxin. Accordingly, we created all possible combinations of isogenic toxin mutants of R20291 and assessed their virulence. We demonstrated that either toxin A or toxin B alone can cause fulminant disease in the hamster infection model and present tantalizing data that C. difficile toxin may also contribute to virulence.
Sensitivity of three-component 3D finite-difference elastic seismic modeling to inclusion parameters in HTI and TTI media with high inclusion density

Parameters associated with the presence of inclusions (cracks or vugs) significantly influence seismic responses. The T-matrix method is used to define approximate anisotropic effective elastic stiffness tensors for media with inclusions. This allows 3D, three-component, eighth-order staggered-grid finite-difference modeling to simulate the seismic responses of anisotropic media with high inclusion density, various aspect ratios, spatial distributions and orientations of inclusions, and fluid content. The model parameters are chosen to represent aligned inclusions ranging from vertical cracks to vugs in a carbonate reservoir encased in clastics. The magnitude of anisotropy increases with increasing inclusion density for P- and S-waves. Cracks in a high-velocity carbonate reduce the stiffnesses and correspondingvelocities; this results in smaller contrasts with the surrounding (lower-stiffness) clastics and, hence, smaller reflection coefficients. S-wave splitting and the anisotropy of VP ∕ VS are clearly .
The occult nodal metastasis rate of early tongue cancer (T1–T2)

Abstract Objectives: In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the occult lymph node metastasis rate in patients with early-stage (T1–T2) oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Also, the correlation between occult lymph node metastasis rate and T2 ratio among T1–T2 or the reported year of each study was analyzed to adjust other confound variables. Study Design: Literature search. Methods: A systematic computerized search of the electronic databases was carried out for articles published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2018, which reported occult nodal metastasis rate in T1 and T2 (separately) tongue cancer patients. Statistical analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis version 3.3. 070. Publication bias was assessed by the Egger test and Begg funnel plot method. The correlation between occult nodal metastasis rate and T2 ratio or reported year, respectively, was assessed by meta-regression analysis. Results: From 19 studies, a total of 1567 cases were included in the meta-analysis. By random effects model, the mean occult cervical lymph node metastasis was 24.4% (95% confidence interval; 0.205–0.248). The meta-regression revealed that the T2 ratio and the reported year of the studies did not have a significant effect on the occult metastasis rate (correlation coefficient = 0.531 and 0.002, respectively, and P = .426 and 0.921, respectively). Conclusion: The meta-analysis revealed that the early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma had a rate of 24.4% for occult nodal metastasis. The occult nodal metastasis rate was not significantly affected by neither T2 ratio among T1–T2 nor reported year of the studies.
Current-swept sea floors near the southern half of Great Britain

Since 1952, geological mapping of the continental shelf around southern Britain has been carried out with echo-sounders, and more recently by the echo-ranging equipment on R.R. S. Discovery II, which produces acoustic maps of the sea floor. The character of the superficial sediments is here interpreted in terms of sedimentation processes and it is argued that these are controlled by the strong tidal currents. Regions of deposition and their supply paths are indicated and it is shown that only one sand stream is heading for the deep sea floor. The subsequent history of land deposits after a marine transgression and of younger material on present-day current-swept sea floors is stated and the facies that are being produced are mentioned.
Swarm and ESR observations of the ionospheric response to a field‐aligned current system in the high‐latitude midnight sector

We present a conjunction between the Swarm fleet and the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard Radar (ESR) on 9 January 2014. The Swarm orbit in the early phase of the mission gives us the unique opportunity of sequencing the temporal evolution of the observed field‐aligned current system in the nightside, near magnetic local midnight. These field‐aligned currents are seen to move poleward through the radar field of view and to affect the observed ionosphere. The upward field‐aligned current (FAC) is responsible, at least in part, for the heating of the ionospheric electrons. It is less clear whether the downward FAC cools the ionosphere. We use the TRANSCAR model of the ionosphere to quantify the thermoelectric effect that comes into play. Finally, we compare the plasma parameters measured by the Langmuir probe on board Swarm and the ESR and conclude on an agreement within the errors.
Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Comprehensive Response of Two Susceptible Poplar Sections to Marssonina brunnea Infection

Marssonina leaf spot disease of poplar (MLDP), caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Marssonina brunnea, frequently results in damage to many poplar species. In nature, two formae speciales of M. brunnea exist that are susceptible to different poplar subgenera. Marssonina brunnea f. sp. monogermtubi infects poplar hosts from Populus sect. Aigeiros (Aig), while M. brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi always infects poplar hosts from Populus sect. Leuce Duby (Leu). Based on the fungal penetration structures, a comprehensive transcriptomic approach was used to investigate the gene expression patterns of these two poplar subgenera at three crucial infection stages. MLDP significantly altered the expression patterns of many genes involved in mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and calcium signaling, transcription factors, primary and secondary metabolism, and other processes in both poplar subgenera. However, major differences in gene expression were also observed between the two poplar subgenera. Aig was most responsive at the initial infection stage, while Leu largely interacted with M. brunnea at the necrotrophic phase. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in pathways related to biotic stress also differed substantially between the two poplar subgenera. Further analysis indicated that the genes involved in cell wall metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism were differentially expressed in the progression of the disease. By examining the expression patterns of genes related to the defense against disease, we found that several genes annotated with causing hypersensitive cell death were upregulated at the necrotrophic phase of MLDP, inferring that plant immune response potentially happened at this infection stage. The present research elucidated the potential molecular differences between the two susceptible interaction systems in MLDP and provided novel insight into the temporal regulation of genes during the susceptible response. To the best of our knowledge, this study also constitutes the first to reveal the molecular mechanisms of poplar in response to the transition of hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens from the biotrophic phase to the necrotrophic phase.
Evaluation of the contamination droplet model used for the assessment of skin dose during the manipulation of radiopharmaceuticals

The manipulation of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine can result in the droplet contamination of operators resulting in the accumulation of a significant skin dose. Current methods to estimate this skin dose often utilise a 50 μl cylindrical droplet model, which can lead to unrealistically high estimated skin doses for some radiopharmaceuticals. By conducting experiments to measure the volume of real droplets arising from simulating the manipulation of radiopharmaceuticals, this work found that 50 μl is an overestimation of a realistic contamination droplet. For almost all radiopharmaceuticals considered in this work, incorporating a smaller droplet volume into skin dose simulations resulted in higher estimates of skin dose rate per unit of activity, which, when combined with appropriate activity concentrations and droplet volumes, resulted in lower skin doses for contamination droplet incidents. The results presented in this work challenge the 50 μl contamination droplet volume and highlight the importance of having an accurate model when estimating the skin dose for contamination scenarios.
The Role of Uncertainty for Lumped Parameter Modeling and Optimization of Low Temperature Geothermal Resources

With a growing population and ongoing industrialization, energy demand is rising on a global scale. Satisfying this demand in a sustainable way, while minimizing mankind’s impact on climate change, is a significant challenge for our and future generations. One of the options that is apt to make a difference, is the use of low emission energy sources for heating purposes. One of these sources is Earth’s ubiquitous geothermal potential. Understanding this potential and its limitations is of utmost importance. Despite having a large impact on optimization and management of geothermal resources, the influence of uncertainty has not been studied extensively. Consequently, this thesis discusses the role of uncertainty in detail. Using net present value maximization as the objective function, the sources of uncertainty are identified by creating a customized net present value model, which splits costs and benefits into different variables. These variables are analyzed for their tendency towards uncertainty. One of the influencing variables is the reservoir’s physical reaction to production, as it allows forecasting of realistic exploitation values. In order to test how much information is needed to produce good forecasting results, an initial lumped parameter model fit is obtained to identify the complexity of the best fit for four low temperature reservoirs in Iceland. In order to simulate decreasing uncertainty, the operational data is cut into smaller portions. By gradually extending the data range and iterative fitting, a development of the coefficient of determination is analyzed, finding that after ten seasonal cycles of data input, the model fit reaches a significant level of certainty. This time horizon can act as a stabilizing factor in the economic optimization and improve the accuracy of economic forecasting. Furthermore, the best fits do not show differences in model complexity for different levels of uncertainty.
Journal of Solid Mechanics Vol

In this research, wave propagation analysis in polymeric smart nanocomposite micro-tubes reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) conveying fluid is studied. The surrounded elastic medium is simulated by visco-Pasternak model while the composite micro-tube undergoes electromagneto-mechanical fields. By means of micromechanics method, the constitutive structural coefficients of nanocomposite are obtained. The fluid flow is assumed to be incompressible, viscous and irrotational and the dynamic modelling of fluid flow and fluid viscosity are calculated using Navier-Stokes equation. Micro-tube is simulated by Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models. Based on energy method and the Hamilton’s principle, the equation of motion are derived and modified couple stress theory is utilized to consider the small scale effect. Results indicate the influences of various parameters such as the small scale, elastic medium, 2D magnetic field, velocity and viscosity of fluid and volume fraction of carbon nanotube (CNT). The result of this study can be useful in micro structure and construction industries. © 2018 IAU, Arak Branch. All rights reserved.