Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ih Channels Contribute to the Different Functional Properties of Identified Dopaminergic Subpopulations in the Midbrain

Dopaminergic (DA) midbrain neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are involved in various brain functions such as voluntary movement and reward and are targets in disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. To study the functional properties of identified DA neurons in mouse midbrain slices, we combined patch-clamp recordings with either neurobiotin cell-filling and triple labeling confocal immunohistochemistry, or single-cell RT-PCR. We discriminated four DA subpopulations based on anatomical and neurochemical differences: two calbindin D28-k (CB)-expressing DA populations in the substantia nigra (SN/CB+) or ventral tegmental area (VTA/CB+), and respectively, two calbindin D28-k negative DA populations (SN/CB−, VTA/CB−). VTA/CB+ DA neurons displayed significantly faster pacemaker frequencies with smaller afterhyperpolarizations compared with other DA neurons. In contrast, all four DA populations possessed significant differences inIh channel densities andIh channel-mediated functional properties like sag amplitudes and rebound delays in the following order: SN/CB− → VTA/CB− → SN/CB+ → VTA/CB+. Single-cell RT-multiplex PCR experiments demonstrated that differential calbindin but not calretinin expression is associated with differentialIh channel densities. Only in SN/CB− DA neurons, however, Ih channels were actively involved in pacemaker frequency control. In conclusion, diversity within the DA system is not restricted to distinct axonal projections and differences in synaptic connectivity, but also involves differences in postsynaptic conductances between neurochemically and topographically distinct DA neurons.
SecA proteins of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli possess homologous amino-terminal ATP-binding domains regulating integration into the plasma membrane

The Bacillus subtilis secA homolog, div, was cloned and expressed at a variety of different levels in wild-type and secA mutant strains of Escherichia coli. Analysis of Div function showed that it could not substitute for SecA despite being present at a wide range of concentrations at or above the physiological level. Location of regions of functional similarity between the two proteins using div-secA chimeras revealed that only the amino-terminal ATP-binding domain of Div could functionally substitute for the corresponding region of SecA. The role of this domain was revealed by subcellular localization experiments that demonstrated that in both B. subtilis and E. coli Div had cytoplasmic, peripheral, and integral membrane distributions similar to those of its SecA homolog and that an intact ATP-binding domain was essential for regulating integration of this protein into the plasma membrane. These results suggest strongly that the previously observed cycle of membrane binding, insertion, and deinsertion of SecA protein (A. Economou and W. Wickner, Cell 78:835-843, 1994) is common to these two bacteria, and they demonstrate the importance of the conserved ATP-binding domain in promoting this cycle.
DS-MOSD: A Dynamic Selectable Master OSD Model for Large-Scale Object-Based Storage System

I/O performance for very large-scale storage systems has become more and more important as the need for storage has grown dramatically. Replication is one of the most important approaches to improve the I/O performance of massive distributed storage system. The storage node to which the Read/Write request is directed is the critical issue when multiple replicas exist in some different storage nodes simultaneously. This paper proposes and evaluates a novel master OSD model, called Dynamic Selectable Master OSD (DS- MOSD), which allows client to direct the Read/Write request to the optimized OSD. This approach has the salient advantage of simultaneously improving I/O performance and balancing the loads of all the OSDs. This paper first describes the architecture of Master OSD and characterizes the advantages of this model contrasting to the pseudo random hash function. Then an improved model, which is considered as DS-MOSD, is presented and evaluated. The experimental results show that the load unbalance degree and network overheads of DS-MOSD model are smaller than that of Fixed MOSD model, while the success probability of Write/Update transactions of DS-MOSD model is larger than that of Fixed MOSD model.
Lecture 5 : Lower Bounds using Information Theory Tools

We begin by examining balanced vs. unbalanced coins, where the coins stand for statistical assumptions. Assume we have two coins, a balanced coin r with distribution r0 = 1 2 and r1 = 1 2 , and an unbalanced coin p with distribution p1 = 1 2 + and p0 = 1 2 − . This scenario is equivalent to the inspection of a given assumption, trying to figure out whether it is random or better than random. We will now investigate the behavior of m coin flips over P and R. Lemma 5.2. 1 For m random variables independently sampled, it holds that
On Sampling Methods for Linear Scale-Invariant Systems

We study a class of self-similar processes that are not stationary, nor have stationary increments. They are called Euler-Cauchy (EC) processes and are built as output of linear scale-invariant parametric systems. This article study several discretization methods of EC processes which are not bandlimited processes: direct sampling, bilinear transformation and approximation on fractional B-splines. For the three different methods, we obtain theoretical formulae and compute numerical realizations and properties
Fibronectin is overproduced by keloid fibroblasts during abnormal wound healing

Wound healing in certain individuals leads to the development of keloid tumors which exhibit abnormal collagen metabolism and an increased abundance of extracellular matrix components. Comparison of fibronectin levels in fibroblasts derived from keloids and normal dermis revealed a relative increase in intracellular and extracellular fibronectin in the keloid-derived cells. While fibronectin was similarly processed, compartmentalized, and degraded by both cell types, fibronectin biosynthesis was found to be accelerated as much as fourfold in keloid fibroblasts due to a corresponding increase in the amount of accumulated fibronectin mRNA. These changes account for the elevated steady-state level of the molecule in keloid fibroblasts and suggest that increased fibronectin in keloid lesions is due to overproduction by the wound-healing fibroblasts. Glucocorticoid treatment stimulated fibronectin biosynthesis in both normal and keloid fibroblasts. However, the amount of stimulation was less for the keloid-derived cells, indicating a limitation on maximal rates of fibronectin biosynthesis. These observations suggest that separate mechanisms act to control basal and maximal rates of fibronectin production. Biosynthesis of the 140-kilodalton fibronectin receptor was also found to be increased in keloid fibroblasts, suggesting some level of coordinate regulation for fibronectin and fibronectin receptor expression.
Is ‘Basal-Like’ Carcinoma of the Breast a Distinct Clinicopathological Entity? A Critical Review with Cautionary Notes

This review deals with studies that have used cDNA microarrays and immunohistochemistry to identify a subtype of breast carcinoma known as basal-like carcinoma. The key breast carcinoma studies are critically discussed to highlight methodological problems in cohort selection, definitions, interpretation of results and statistical analysis. The review concludes that basal-like carcinomas do not reflect a single, biologically uniform group of breast cancers, but show significant variations in their phenotypes, grades, immunoprofiles and clinical behavior, just as a wide range of subtypes and behaviors is observed among epithelial/luminal-derived breast carcinomas. Well-designed studies with comparison of low-grade nonbasal versus low-grade basal and high-grade nonbasal versus high-grade basal carcinomas are necessary before one can be convinced that this subtype represents a distinct clinicopathological entity.
Why Does the Cyclical Behavior of Real Wages Change Over Time?

This paper seeks to understand the evolution of the cyclical behavior of U.S. real wage rates from the interwar period to the post World War II period using a dynamic general equilibrium model that emphasizes demand-driven business cycle fluctuations. In the model, changes in the cyclical behavior of real wages arise endogenously from the interactions between nominal wage and price rigidities and an evolving input-output structure.
A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence.

I t is 7:00 A.M. The sun has just risen over the botanical gardens, and my research team and I are about to give up our attempt to catch a male Anna's hummingbird with a discrete white spot behind his left eye. "Spot" has been defending a small, flower-rich territory, and we want to put a colored plastic band on his leg as part of our study of nectar-foraging patterns. To catch Spot we had arrived before sunrise and strung a mist net, 5 feet high and 18 feet long, across the middle of his territory. Mist nets, made of very thin black nylon thread, are designed to entangle any bird that flies into them. Unfortunately, a heavy dew at sunrise had collected on the strands of the net, and Spot saw it immediately. He had flown along it and even perched on it. Experience has taught us that once a hummingbird has done this, it will never fly into the net. So we were about to take down the net, but first we were having a cup of coffee. Spot was sitting on his
A mathematical model of HIV-1 infection including the saturation effect of healthy cell proliferation

A mathematical model of HIV-1 infection including the saturation effect of healthy cell proliferation In this paper we derive a model describing the dynamics of HIV-1 infection in tissue culture where the infection spreads directly from infected cells to healthy cells trough cell-to-cell contact. We assume that the infection rate between healthy and infected cells is a saturating function of cell concentration. Our analysis shows that if the basic reproduction number does not exceed unity then infected cells are cleared and the disease dies out. Otherwise, the infection is persistent with the existence of an infected equilibrium. Numerical simulations indicate that, depending on the fraction of cells surviving the incubation period, the solutions approach either an infected steady state or a periodic orbit.
Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements

The primary purpose of the present review was to determine if the scientific evidence available for potential human health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is sufficient to support health claims on foods based on milk naturally enriched with cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA). A search of the scientific literature was conducted and showed that almost all the promising research results that have emerged in relation to cancer, heart health, obesity, diabetes and bone health have been in animal models or in vitro. Most human intervention studies have utilised synthetic CLA supplements, usually a 50:50 blend of c9, t11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA). Of these studies, the only evidence that is broadly consistent is an effect on body fat and weight reduction. A previous review of the relevant studies found that 3.2 g CLA/d resulted in a modest body fat loss in human subjects of about 0.09 kg/week, but this effect was attributed to the t10, c12-CLA isomer. There is no evidence of a consistent benefit of c9, t11-CLA on any health conditions; and in fact both synthetic isomers, particularly t10, c12-CLA, have been suspected of having pro-diabetic effects in individuals who are already at risk of developing diabetes. Four published intervention studies using naturally enriched CLA products were identified; however, the results were inconclusive. This may be partly due to the differences in the concentration of CLA administered in animal and human studies. In conclusion, further substantiation of the scientific evidence relating to CLA and human health benefits are required before health claims can be confirmed.
Clinical targeting recombinant immunotoxins for cancer therapy

Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are proteins that contain a toxin fused to an antibody or small molecules and are constructed by the genetic engineering technique. RITs can bind to and be internalized by cells and kill cancerous or non-cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. A wide variety of RITs have been tested against different cancers in cell culture, xenograft models, and human patients during the past several decades. RITs have shown activity in therapy of several kinds of cancers, but different levels of side effects, mainly related to vascular leak syndrome, were also observed in the treated patients. High immunogenicity of RITs limited their long-term or repeat applications in clinical cases. Recent advances in the design of immunotoxins, such as humanization of antibody fragment, PEGylation, and modification of human B- and T-cell epitopes, are overcoming the above mentioned problems, which predict the use of these immunotoxins as a potential therapeutic method to treat cancer patients.
Reliable and resilient transmission of STBC over scattering environment

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is an effective technique for high rate of data transmission but it is inherent with performance degradation for multipath fading channel. Antenna diversity is an effective and practical applied technique to provide good SNR in the effect of multipath fading. In recent next generation (4G) communications, the most promising technique to support high rate of data transmission can be the combination of “Space Time diversity” with “OFDM” systems. STBC-OFDM will provide a very reliable and robust transmission over scattering environment in particular coding over time, frequency and space domain. In this paper transmitter diversity has been applied through Alamouti matrix on binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated data and STBC-OFDM system is used for the BER performance evaluation. MATLAB simulation is performed for each system and the results are compared for the BER performance and finally the conclusion is drawn based on the simulated results.
A data-glove with vibro-tactile stimulators for virtual social interaction and rehabilitation

A data-glove is presented in this paper as an alternative to more expensive devices to be used in different science areas. This glove is characterized by low cost and a rugged construction. A further advantage is that consists of purely goniometric sensors, so they are not sensitive to the size of the user’s hand; for this reason it does not require of calibration before its use. The integration of vibromechanical stimulators with the hand motion capture makes this data-glove very useful in many contexts such as telerobotics, rehabilitation and virtual social interaction.
Targeting ECM Disrupts Cancer Progression

Metastatic complications are responsible for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. The progression from an isolated tumor to disseminated metastatic disease is a multistep process, with each step involving intricate cross talk between the cancer cells and their non-cellular surroundings, the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many ECM proteins are significantly deregulated during the progression of cancer, causing both biochemical and biomechanical changes that together promote the metastatic cascade. In this review, the influence of several ECM proteins on these multiple steps of cancer spread is summarized. In addition, we highlight the promising (pre-)clinical data showing benefits of targeting these ECM macromolecules to prevent cancer progression.
On test repair using symbolic execution

When developers change a program, regression tests can fail not only due to faults in the program but also due to out-of-date test code that does not reflect the desired behavior of the program. When this occurs, it is necessary to repair test code such that the tests pass. Repairing tests manually is difficult and time consuming. We recently developed ReAssert, a tool that can automatically repair broken unit tests, but only if they lack complex control flow or operations on expected values. This paper introduces symbolic test repair, a technique based on symbolic execution, which can overcome some of ReAssert's limitations. We reproduce experiments from earlier work and find that symbolic test repair improves upon previously reported results both quantitatively and qualitatively. We also perform new experiments which confirm the benefits of symbolic test repair and also show surprising similarities in test failures for open-source Java and . NET programs. Our experiments use Pex, a powerful symbolic execution engine for . NET, and we find that Pex provides over half of the repairs possible from the theoretically ideal symbolic test repair.
Computing Bayesian Cramer-Rao bounds

An efficient message-passing algorithm for computing the Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound (BCRB) for general estimation problems is presented. The BCRB is a lower bound on the mean squared estimation error. The algorithm operates on a cycle-free factor graph of the system at hand. It can be applied to estimation in (1) general state-space models; (2) coupled state-space models and other systems that are most naturally represented by cyclic factor graphs; (3) coded systems
Satisfaction with visit to tourism attractions.

Th e aim of this study is to assess the impact of a several factors on satisfaction with a visit to water-based natural attractions. After reviewing relevant studies, it was hypothesized that satisfaction is infl uenced by push motivations, pull motivations, on-site experience, perceived quality and perceived values of visit. As a method of data reduction, the factor analysis based on principal component analysis was used for multi-item constructs (push motivations, pull motivations, on-site experience, and perceived quality). Th ree factors of pull motivation (pleasant 'natural' environment, heritage and culture, accessibility), two factors of push motivation (social gathering, escape), one factor of on-site experience (pleasure), and one factor of perceived quality (commonplaceness) were used in further analyses. A satisfaction model was constructed and tested through a two-stage structural modelling process with the maximum likelihood of estimation method. Multiple indicators were used only for exogenous constructs; all endogenous constructs were indicated by a single indicator – in cases of value and satisfaction by those directly measured. Th e results confi rmed the causal path: pull motivation → perceived quality → perceived value → satisfaction, but indicated the on-site experience as a simultaneously eff ecting mediation element: pull motivation → perceived quality → on-site experience → perceived value → satisfaction. However, the linkage of push motives on the causal chain of predictors of satisfaction was not proved.
Discrete Wavelet Transform and Support Vector Machines Algorithm for Classification of Fault Types on Transmission Line

This paper proposes a new technique using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and support vector machines (SVM) to classify the fault types on transmission systems. The DWT is used to detect the high frequency components from fault signals. Positive sequence current signals are used in fault detection decision algorithm. The variations of first scale high frequency component that detects fault are used as an input for the SVM. Various cases studies based on Thailand electricity transmission systems have been investigated so that the algorithm can be implemented. SVM is also compared with the comparison of the coefficients DWT technique as well as back-propagation neural network algorithm. The proposed method gives satisfactory accuracy, and will be very useful in the development of a modern protection scheme for electrical power transmission systems. Therefore, this paper presents a development of a new decision algorithm used in the protective relays in order to classify types of fault along the transmission systems. The fault conditions are simulated using ATP/EMTP. The current waveforms obtained from the simulation, then, are extracted using the DWT. The validity of the proposed algorithm is tested with various fault inception angles, fault locations and faulty phases. In addition, the construction of the decision algorithm is detailed and implemented with various case studies based on Thailand electricity transmission systems. Moreover, the results from the proposed algorithm are compared with those from the trial-error (3) and the BPNN (8) in order to show the advantage of the proposed method.
Analysis of Pericardial Effusion from Idiopathic Pericarditis Patients by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Pericardial fluid (PF) is often considered to be reflection of the serum by which information regarding the physiological status of the heart can be obtained. Some local and systemic disorders may perturb the balance between synthesis and discharge of PF and may cause its aberrant accumulation in the pericardial cavity as pericardial effusion (PE). PE may then lead to an increased intrapericardial pressure from which the heart function is undesirably affected. For some cases, the causes for the perturbance of fluid balance are well understood, but in some other cases, they are not apparent. It may, thus, be helpful to understand the molecular mechanisms behind this troublesome condition to elucidate a clinical approach for therapeutic uses. In this study, protein profiles of PEs from idiopathic pericarditis patients were analyzed. Control samples from patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery (ECS) were included for comparison. In addition to high abundant serum-originated proteins that may not hold significance for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind this disease, omentin-1 was identified and its level was higher for more than two-fold in PE of IP patients. Increased levels of omentin-1 in PE may open a way for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind idiopathic pericarditis (IP).
The Cortactin-binding Postsynaptic Density Protein ProSAP1 in Non-neuronal Cells

Proline-rich synapse-associated protein-1 (ProSAP1) is a neuronal PDZ domain-containing protein that has recently been identified as an essential element of the postsynaptic density. Via its interaction with the actin-binding protein cortactin and its integrative function in the organization of neurotransmitter receptors, ProSAP1 is believed to be involved in the linkage of the postsynaptic signaling machinery to the actin-based cytoskeleton, and may play a role in the cytoskeletal rearrangements that underlie synaptic plasticity. As a result of our ongoing studies on the distribution and function of this novel PDZ domain protein, we now report that the expression of ProSAP1 is restricted neither to neurons and interneuronal junctions nor to the nervous system. Using immunohistochemical techniques in conjunction with specific antibodies, we found that, in the CNS, ProSAP1 can be detected in certain glial cells, such as ependymal cells, tanycytes, subpial/radial astrocytes, and in the choroid plexus epithelium. Moreover, our immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of ProSAP1 in endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis and of the pancreas, as well as in non-neuronal cell types of other organs. In the pancreas, ProSAP1 immunoreactivity was also localized in the duct system of the exocrine parenchyma. Our findings demonstrate that, in addition to neurons, ProSAP1 is present in various non-neuronal cells, in which it may play a crucial role in the dynamics of the actin-based cytoskeleton. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:639–648, 2001)