Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Need for Most Accurate Discrete Approximations Explains Heavy-Tailed Distributions

In many practical situations, we encounter Gaussian distributions, for which the distribution tails are light – in the sense that as the value increases, the corresponding probability density tends to 0 very fast. There are many theoretical explanations for the Gaussian distributions and for similar light-tail distributions. In practice, however, we often encounter heavy-tailed distributions, in which the probability density is asymptotically described, e.g., by a power law. In contrast to the light-tail distributions, there is no convincing theoretical explanation for the heavy-tailed ones. In this paper, we provide such a theoretical explanation. This explanation is based on the fact that in many applications, we approximate a continuous distribution by a discrete one. From this viewpoint, it is desirable, among all possible distributions which are consistent with our knowledge, to select a distribution for which such an approximation is the most accurate. It turns out that under reasonable condition, this requirement (of allowing the most accurate discrete approximation) leads to the desired power-law heavy-tailed distributions. 1 Formulation of the Problem Many usual probability distributions have light tails. In many practical situations, we encounter Gaussian distributions. Their ubiquity can be explained by the fact that in many of these situations, the corresponding random quantity is the result of joint effect of many different factors, and according to the Central Limit Theorem, the distribution of the sum of many independent small random variables is close to Gaussian; see, e.g., [20].
Ambivalence over emotional expression and well-being: Nomothetic and idiographic tests of the stress-buffering hypothesis.

Nomothetic and idiographic relations between ambivalence over emotional expression (AEQ; King & Emmons, 1990) and well-being were examined in a 4-month study with an interim 2-week diary component. Nomothetic and idiographic analyses both revealed that AEQ was related to psychological health but not to physical well-being. The nomothetic test of stress-buffering showed that AEQ was more predictive of depression among Ss who had experienced higher levels of positive life-event stress. In contrast, the idiographic test of stress-buffering revealed that Ss higher in AEQ exhibited less covariation between daily stress and negative affect over time. It is proposed that AEQ may reflect 2 types of emotional vulnerability - emotional reactivity and emotional perseveration - and the implications of this distinction for testing the stress-buffering hypothesis are discussed
The Meaning of Attack-Resistant Systems

In this paper, we introduce a formal notion of partial compliance, called Attack-resistance, of a computer program running together with a defense mechanism w.r. t a non-exploitability specification. In our setting, a program may contain exploitable vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows, but appropriate defense mechanisms built into the program or the operating system render such vulnerabilities hard to exploit by certain attackers, usually relying on the strength of the randomness of a probabilistic transformation of the environment or the program and some knowledge on the attacker's goals and attack strategy. We are motivated by the reality that most large-scale programs have vulnerabilities despite our best efforts to get rid of them. Security researchers have responded to this state of affairs by coming up with ingenious defense mechanisms such as address space layout randomization (ASLR) or instruction set randomization (ISR) that provide some protection against exploitation. However, implementations of such mechanism have been often shown to be insecure, even against the attacks they were designed to prevent. By formalizing this notion of attack-resistance we pave the way towards addressing the questions: "How do we formally analyze defense mechanisms? Is there a mathematical way of distinguishing effective defense mechanisms from ineffective ones? Can we quantify and show that these defense mechanisms provide formal security guarantees, albeit partial, even in the presence of exploitable vulnerabilities? ". To illustrate our approach we discuss under which circumstances ISR implementations comply with the Attack-resistance definition.
Calcium channels in rat brain synaptosomes: identification and pharmacological characterization. High affinity blockade by organic Ca2+ channel blockers

Rat brain synaptosomes are shown to contain functional voltage- sensitive Ca2+ channels that are inhibited by organic Ca2+ channel blockers. Depolarization of synaptosomes with high K+ stimulates uptake of 45Ca2+ which is biphasic in its time course. Replacement of external Na+ with choline eliminates the slower phase of depolarization- stimulated Ca2+ uptake, leaving only a rapid uptake process which terminates within 1 sec. This rapid, tetrodotoxin-insensitive Ca2+ uptake can be inactivated by prior depolarization of the synaptosomes. Depolarization has no effect on the rate of synatptosomal 22Na+ efflux. These results are interpreted as ruling out Na+/Ca2+ exchange as a mediator of the rapid phase of depolarization-stimulated Ca2+ uptake. A portion (30 to 50%) of the rapid phase of depolarization-stimulated Ca2+ uptake is inhibited by nitrendipine, as is depolarization- stimulated [3H]norepinephrine release from synaptosomes. In external Na+, the inhibition constant (Kapp) for nitrendipine inhibition of Ca2+ uptake is 56 nM. The potency of nitrendipine is increased in the absence of external Na+ (Kapp = 1.7 nM), such that inhibition correlates more closely with the equilibrium dissociation constant for [3H] nitrendipine binding to synaptosomes (Kd = 0.35 nM). Other organic channel blockers (nifedipine, verapamil, D600, and dilitiazem) inhibit the rapid Ca2+ uptake. The potencies of all Ca2+ channel blockers tested by us are in reasonable agreement with their potencies, observed in other laboratories, as blockers of Ca2+ channels in smooth and cardiac muscle. These data demonstrate the existence of active voltage- sensitive Ca2+ channels in synaptosomes. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT AND ECONOMIC UTILITY OF CORPORATE-WIDE TRAINING

This study describes a 4 year effort to investigate the effect and utility of managerial and sales/technical training. The effort relied upon quasi-experimental designs to investigate the effect of training programs, meta-analysis to summarize the effect of different types of training, and utility analysis to estimate the economic impact of training. The utilized multi-attribute utility analysis model, based on Raju, Burke, and Normand's 1990 (RBN) model, was modified and approved by the senior management of a Fortune 500 pharmaceutical company; it included a measure of criterion deficiency and corrected for differences due to alternative methods of calculating effect sizes (e.g., repeated measures ANOVA vs. ANCOVA). Results of 18 training program evaluations (range of N= 10 to 216), which were conducted in one company on the basis of supervisor, subordinate, or peer ratings, are reported. Great variation existed between the effectiveness of the programs (range of d= -.09 to 1.11), and managerial training was found to have less effect (d= .31) and utility (mean ROI= 45%) than sales/technical training (d= .64, mean ROI= 418%). In addition, the use of a 2-point performance scale in application of the RBN utility model as well as the role of management pre-approval of utility analysis are investigated.
Inflammation and Infection in Clinical Stroke

Stroke has enormous clinical, social, and economic implications, and demands a significant effort from both basic and clinical science in the search for successful therapies. Atherosclerosis, the pathologic process underlying most coronary artery disease and the majority of ischemic stroke in humans, is an inflammatory process. Complex interactions occur between the classic risk factors for atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences. These interactions appear to involve inflammatory mechanisms both in the periphery and in the CNS. Central nervous system inflammation is important in the pathophysiologic processes occurring after the onset of cerebral ischemia in ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and head injury. In addition, inflammation in the CNS or in the periphery may be a risk factor for the initial development of cerebral ischemia. Peripheral infection and inflammatory processes are likely to be important in this respect. Thus, it appears that inflammation may be important both before, in predisposing to a stroke, and afterwards, where it is important in the mechanisms of cerebral injury and repair. Inflammation is mediated by both molecular components, including cytokines, and cellular components, such as leukocytes and microglia, many of which possess pro- and/or antiinflammatory properties, with harmful or beneficial effects. Classic acute-phase reactants and body temperature are also modified in stroke, and may be useful in the prediction of events, outcome, and as therapeutic targets. New imaging techniques are important clinically because they facilitate in vivo dynamic evaluation of tissue damage in relation to outcome. Inflammatory conditions such as giant cell arteritis and systemic lupus erythematosus predispose to stroke, as do a range of acute and chronic infections, principally respiratory. Diverse mechanisms have been proposed to account for inflammation and infection-associated stroke, ranging from classic risk factors to disturbances of the immune and coagulation systems. Considerable opportunities therefore exist for the development of novel therapies. It seems likely that drugs currently used in the treatment of stroke, such as aspirin, statins, and modulators of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, act at least partly via antiinflammatory mechanisms. Newer approaches have included antimicrobial and antileukocyte strategies. One of the most promising avenues may be the use of cytokine antagonism, for example, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.
Fine-tuning gait in Parkinson disease

Bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a well-established treatment for severe Parkinson disease (PD), in particular when complications of medical therapy occur. However, its effects on gait impairment, one of the most incapacitating problems in advanced PD—potentially resulting in falls, immobilization, and social isolation—remain unclear. Current knowledge is mostly based on short-term results obtained in small patient cohorts. Benefit from STN stimulation seems to be lower for axial signs and to decline over time, as compared to the sustained improvement for tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia.1,2 Little is known about the factors that may predict therapeutic outcome and the optimal deep brain stimulation (DBS) approach to gait abnormalities in patients with PD. Contact configuration, stimulation parameters, and concurrent dose of levodopa may all contribute, alone or in combination, to gait and balance abnormalities.3 As current options seem insufficient for the management of gait dysfunction, there has been a search for new treatment modalities, including new surgical targets (i.e., pedunculopontine nucleus) and new …
Treatment of Chemical Synthesis-Based Pharmaceutical Wastewater with Combined ABR and MBR System

The performance of treating chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater with combined ABR and MBR system was evaluated under different operating conditions: first, the system was conducted at a medium temperature (23℃-28℃), The average COD removal efficiency of ABR was constantly maintained at around 65% and the total COD removal rate of the system was from 95% to 98%. When the influent COD concentration varied from 5161 mg/L to 16740 mg/L, the final effluent COD of membrane bioreactor was 300~500 mg/L. Second, the system was conducted at low temperature (11℃-17℃ ). The average COD removal efficiency of ABR was only 30%- 50%. MBR process supplied a large contribution to organic removal, the effluent COD stabilized at about 600mg/L. The effluent NH3-N concentration of ABR was higher than that in the influent obviously if it was fed raw wastewater, but the MBR which was fed the effluent from ABR had a good effect on NH3-N removal.
The politics of development in Botswana: A model for success?

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Trauma and Chinese heroin users

ABSTRACT This qualitative study explores the traumas of Chinese heroin users. The results showed that the Chinese experience traumas during (childhood, later in life but prior to heroin-use onset, and throughout their heroin-use career. Themes related to the traumas include the historical economic transition, the value of family orientation, an emphasis on scholarly pursuits, the shame orientation, and a scarcity of resources conducive to recovery. This article provides a framework to understand the traumas experienced by Chinese people and offers insights on how macrofactors may impact the trauma and its treatment in different societies.
The Influence of Alzheimer Disease Family History and Apolipoprotein E ε4 on Mesial Temporal Lobe Activation

First-degree family history of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) and the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) are risk factors for developing AD. Although the role of APOE4 in AD pathogenesis has been well studied, family history remains a rarely studied and poorly understood risk factor. Both putatively cause early brain changes before symptomatic disease, but the relative contribution of each to brain function is unknown. We examined 68 middle-aged participants with a parent diagnosed with AD [family history (+FH)] and 64 age- and education-matched controls without a first-degree family history of any dementia [no family history (−FH)]. All underwent cognitive testing, APOE genotyping, and a functional magnetic resonance imaging encoding task that required discrimination of novel items from previously learned items. A 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA (presence/absence of parental family history and presence/absence of the APOE4) was used to detect group effects. A greater response to novel items was detected in the mesial temporal lobe and fusiform gyrus bilaterally among persons without a first-degree family history of AD. In hippocampal areas, the −FH +ε4 group exhibited the greatest signal change, and the +FH +ε4 group exhibited the least. These findings indicate that FH of AD is an important predictor of hippocampal activation during encoding and that FH may modulate the effect of APOE4 in these middle-aged adults, suggesting that an as yet unspecified factor embodied in first-degree family history of AD is influencing the expression of APOE4 on brain function.
The Role and the Person

As a complement to the familiar idea of self-conception, the concept of role-person merger is proposed as a more behavioral approach to understanding the social construction of personality than has been taken previously. Person and role are said to be merged when there is a systematic pattern involving failure of role compartmentalization, resistance to abandoning a role in the face of advantageous alternative roles, and the acquisition of role-appropriate attitudes. Three principles concerning appearance, effect, and consistency provide the basis for a series of propositions concerning interactive determinants of merger. Three other principles-consensual frames of reference, autonomy and favorable evaluation, and investment- provide the basis for propositions concerning individual determinants of role-person merger.
Responses to Colored and Conflict-Inducing Stimuli in a Psychiatric Population

As part of a project concerned with the psychophysiology of personality and affect, we have attempted to evaluate some objective behavioral tests which might serve as independent indicators of these variables. One procedure which seemed worthy of exploration was the color-word interference test introduced by Stroop ( 1935) and modified by Thurstone ( 1944). In the basic experimental situation S reads three cards. On card A, S is presented with a series of 100 words consisting of the names of four colors. Card B consists of 100 circles of color, composed of the colors named on the preceding card. S is required to name.the colors. On card C are the words of card A, but printed in ink of incompatible colors, i.e., the word "blue" appears in ink colored red, yellow, etc. S is required to ignore the printed word and to name the color of the ink in which the word is printed. The instructions are for S to perform these tasks aloud, as fast as he can. Performance (time required) is generally retarded on card C. This test has been used as an index of "breadth of attention" by Callaway (1959), to assess the effects of induced "anxiery" by Basowitz, et al. (1956) and as a criterion of "cognitive controls" or "constriction of affect" by Klein (1954). In the present investigation, test performance was compared among four broadly defined psychiatric patient groups and two nonpatient control groups.
Formation of Chromosomal Tandem Arrays of the SXT Element and R391, Two Conjugative Chromosomally Integrating Elements That Share an Attachment Site

ABSTRACT The SXT element, a conjugative, self-transmissible, integrating element (a constin) originally derived from a Vibrio cholerae O139 isolate from India, and IncJ element R391, originally derived from a South African Providencia rettgeri isolate, were found to be genetically and functionally related. Both of these constins integrate site specifically into the Escherichia coli chromosome at an identical attachment site within the 5′ end of prfC. They encode nearly identical integrases, which are required for chromosomal integration, excision, and extrachromosomal circularization of these elements, and they have similar tra genes. Therefore, these closely related constins have virtually identical mechanisms for chromosomal integration and dissemination. The presence of either element in a recipient cell did not significantly reduce its ability to acquire the other element, indicating that R391 and SXT do not encode surface exclusion determinants. In cells harboring both elements, SXT and R391 were integrated in tandem fashion on the chromosome, and homologous recombination appeared to play little or no role in the formation of these arrays. Interference between R391 and SXT was detected by measuring the frequency of loss of an unselected resident element upon introduction of a second selected element. In these assays, R391 was found to have a stronger effect on SXT stability than vice versa. The level of expression and/or activity of the donor and recipient integrases may play a role in the interference between these two related constins.
Assault Discovery and Localizing Adversary in Remote Networks

Remote Systems are presently prevalent worldwide to help individuals and machines to speak with each other regardless of their area, where it has an unending mission for expanded limit and enhanced quality. Despite the fact that there are many points of interest yet regardless it have a few burdens. This paper manages the vulnerabilities in the remote frameworks. The vulnerabilities show in the remote innovation that is generally identified with dangers and dangers. Despite the fact that much defencelessness are in the remote frameworks this paper for the most part manages the parodying assaults. In remote frameworks the foes can dispatch any kind of assaults to take the information and to lull the execution of the system. The fundamental driver of this paper is to pass on that remote frameworks require a more grounded instrument. So we likewise propose to perform equipment execution utilizing a Zig honey bee handset which utilizes the standard (802.15.4) chiefly in view of Zigbee convention Stack.
Candidates for Intestinal Transplantation: A Multicenter Survey in Europe

OBJECTIVES:Epidemiology of candidacy for intestinal transplantation (ITx) and timing for referral for ITx are unknown. Patient candidacy and physician attitudes toward ITx were investigated among centers that participated in previous European surveys on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). METHODS:Patients on HPN for benign intestinal failure (IF) were evaluated by a structured questionnaire. Candidacy was assessed by USA Medicare and American Transplantation Society criteria, categorized as: (1) life-threatening HPN complications; (2) high risk of death because of the gastrointestinal disease; (3) IF with high morbidity or patient HPN refusal. Physicians judged candidacy as immediate or potential.RESULTS:Forty-one centers from nine countries enrolled 688 adults (>18 yr) and 166 pediatric patients; 70% of patients were from five countries which collected 60–100% of their HPN patients. Candidacy was 15.7% in adults and 34.3% in pediatrics (HPN failure, 62.1% and 28.1%; gastrointestinal disease, 25.9% and 59.6%; high morbidity IF or HPN refusal, 12.0% and 12.3%, respectively). Immediate candidacy was required for 14.8% of adult and 15.8% of pediatric candidates (<50% of candidates because of HPN-related liver failure). Among centers, the candidacy rate ranged 0–100% and was negatively associated with the number of patients enrolled in the survey (R = −0.463, p = 0.002). Among the major contributing countries, candidacy ranged 0.3–0.8/million inhabitants for adults and 0.9–2/million inhabitants ≤18 yr for pediatric candidates.CONCLUSIONS:The rate of candidacy and the indications for ITx candidacy differed greatly among age groups and HPN centers; within countries candidacy was more homogeneous; physicians had a generally reserved attitude toward ITx.
Stability and Change in Gender-Related Differences on the College Board Advanced Placement and Achievement Tests

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Intra-respondent taste heterogeneity in instantaneous panel surveys

The vast majority of discrete choice modelling applications are now estimated on Stated Preference (SP) data, including but not limited to the field of transport research. In SP data, each respondent is faced with multiple choice situations, and recognising this repeated choice nature of the data is a crucial modelling issue. With the increasing popularity of the Mixed Multinomial Logit (MMNL) model, most applications now rely exclusively on a random coefficients approach in dealing with the repeated choice nature of the data. Here in turn, the assumption is generally made that tastes vary across respondents, but not across observations for the same respondent. In this paper, we question this assumption and show that it is important to also allow for variation in the marginal utility coefficients across replications for the same respondent.