Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Benchmark Suite for Behavior-Based Security Mechanisms

This paper presents a benchmark suite for evaluating behavior-based security mechanisms. Behavior-based mechanisms are used to protect computer systems from intrusion and detect malicious code embedded in legitimate applications. They complement signature-based mechanisms (e.g., anti-virus software) by tackling zero-day attacks whose signatures have not been added yet to the signature database, as well as polymorphous attacks that have no stable signatures. In this work we present a benchmark suite of eight programs. All of these programs are legitimate applications, but we have designed them to be infected by malicious software. An evaluation framework is designed to infect, disinfect, build, and run the benchmark programs. This benchmark suite aims to help evaluate the effectiveness of various behavior-based defense mechanisms during different development stages, including prototyping, testing, and normal operation. We use this benchmark suite to evaluate a simple behavior-based security mechanism and report our findings.
Video Games and Social Competence

1. Rising Social Concerns of Online Gaming 2. What is Social Competence? 3. Social Implications of Online Video Game Involvement 4. Social Goals, Social Skills, and Online Video Game Involvement 5. Social Skills and Video Game Involvement: A Replication 6. Social Skills, Insecure Attachment, and Video Game Involvement 7. Research Findings and Implications 8. Sociability and Online Video Games: What We Know Now
A History of Tin Whisker Theory : 1946 to 2004

Tin whiskers are filamentary growths that spontaneously grow from electroplated tin surfaces (Figure 1). Whisker growth starts after an incubation period that varies from seconds to years. Typical whisker diameters range between 1-5 microns and whisker lengths range upwards of 5000 microns. Tin whisker growth rates under ambient conditions range around 0.1 Å/second. Whiskers are highly conductive and readily short out electrical components by bridging gaps between closely spaced electrical conductors. Tin and tin alloys have been widely used in the electronic industry for over 50 years and whisker problems have always been a concern and a problem. There has been a long history of whisker related electronic failures due to pure tin without any lead content. In the past, lead (Pb) additions to tin (Sn) were widely used to mitigate whiskering. However, on July 1, 2006 the European Union will enforce the Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which requires lead (Pb) removal from electronic assemblies, thereby exposing a new generation of electronic equipment to massive field service failure rates because of unmitigated whisker growth. Concern over whisker-related reliability problems led to NEMI (National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative) forming a number of whisker-related projects to review the problem and recommend appropriate action. One of the projects is the NEMI Tin Whisker Modeling Project, currently chaired by this author. As part of the overall study of whisker fundamentals, a comprehensive tin whisker literature search was conducted by this author, the results of which have been published by NEMI [ 1 ] and made available at http://www.nemi. org/projects/ese/tin_whisker_activities. html. This paper will present a selected set of papers from this reference along with a summary of some key points from the author’s “Integrated Theory of Whisker Formation and
FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEM BASED ON 2DFLD AND PCA

— An automated system is used for fast human face recognition. The 2DFLD algorithm is tested on the various databases. PCA algorithm is tested on various databases. As the face system is totally non-intrusive, existing security of face recognition system are more effective without bothering the user in any way. The 2DFLD approach is compared with the standard PCA. The 2DFLD is used for recognizing face. In 2DFLD algorithm an optimal subset of features are used that gives a better results than PAC. The 2DFLD algorithm is faster as compare to PCA.
Making Graph-Based Diagrams Work in Sound: The Role of Annotation

Nonlinear forms of diagrammatic presentation, such as node-arc graphs, are a powerful and elegant means of visual information presentation. Although providing nonvisual access is now routine for many forms of linear information, it becomes more difficult as the structure of the information becomes increasingly nonlinear. An understanding of the ways in which graphs benefit sighted people, based on experiments and the literature, together with the difficulties encountered when exploring graphs nonvisually, helps form a solution for nonvisual access to graphs. This article proposes that differing types of annotation offer a powerful and flexible technique for transferring the benefits of graph-based diagrams, as well as for reducing disorientation while moving around the graph and for tackling some of the inherent disadvantages of using sound. Different forms of annotation that may address these problems are explored, classified, and evaluated, including notes designed to summarise and to aid node differentiation. Graph annotation may be performed automatically, creating a graph that evaluation shows requires less mental effort to explore and on which tasks can be achieved more effectively and more efficiently.
USING DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS AND WEIGHTED FINITE STATE TRANSDUCERS

In this paper, a new approach to online Speech Activity Detection (SAD) is proposed. This approach is designed for the use in a system that carries out 24/7 transcription of radio/TV broadcasts containing a large amount of non-speech segments, such as advertisements or music. To improve the robustness of detection, we adopt Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) trained on artificially created mixtures of speech and non-speech signals at desired levels of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An integral part of our approach is an online decoder based on Weighted Finite State Transducers (WFSTs); this decoder smooths the output from DNN. The employed transduction model is context-based, i.e., both speech and non-speech events are modeled using sequences of states. The presented experimental results show that our approach yields state-of-the-art results on standardized QUT-NOISE-TIMIT data set for SAD and, at the same time, it is capable of a) operating with low latency and b) reducing the computational demands and error rate of the target transcription system.
Face Retrieval in Video Sequences Using a Single Face Sample

Automatic face retrieval or verification is a matter to identify whether the target person is the same person, which has been received considerable attention by researchers in computer vision. This paper proposes a method to localize a face from video sequences by considering only one shot. First, Cascade AdaBoost is applied to identify region of a face from the video sequence. The image enhancement step is followed in order to reduce the illumination variation. Image enhancement considers facial region's local mean and standard deviation. Later Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is used to generate any number of imitated face images for each face by perturbing its n-ordered images. Consequently, the problem of face retrieval with one sample image becomes a common face retrieval problem. In addition, we use the extended t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding) to extract condensed facial features. Correspondingly the computation cost is reduced largely. On the basis of the original one facial sample and extended training samples, our proposed method shows a better performance with comparison to other methods. Therefore, the proposed method is effective and competitive. The proposed method can be easily generalized to other face related tasks, such as attribute recognition, general object detection, and face validation.
Multimodal affective state recognition in serious games applications

A challenging research issue, which has recently attracted a lot of attention, is the incorporation of emotion recognition technology in serious games applications, in order to improve the quality of interaction and enhance the gaming experience. To this end, in this paper, we present an emotion recognition methodology that utilizes information extracted from multimodal fusion analysis to identify the affective state of players during gameplay scenarios. More specifically, two monomodal classifiers have been designed for extracting affective state information based on facial expression and body motion analysis. For the combination of different modalities a deep model is proposed that is able to make a decision about player's affective state, while also being robust in the absence of one information cue. In order to evaluate the performance of our methodology, a bimodal database was created using Microsoft's Kinect sensor, containing feature vectors extracted from users' facial expressions and body gestures. The proposed method achieved higher recognition rate in comparison with mono-modal, as well as early-fusion algorithms. Our methodology outperforms all other classifiers, achieving an overall recognition rate of 98.3%.
TROPE R HCRAESE R PAID I 2 D FACE RECOGNITION : AN EXPERIMENTAL AND REPRODUCIBLE RESEARCH SURVEY

Due to its wide range of applications, automatic face recognition is a research area with high popularity. Many different face recognition algorithms have been proposed in the last decades. Nearly every day there is a new face recognition paper sent to a conference or a journal. Often, researchers provide results that rely on a hand-made non-standard evaluation protocol and that are, hence, incomparable to state-of-theart algorithms. Additionally, the source code for the algorithms is often not provided by the researchers. In consequence, face recognition survey papers can only report the results of other papers. In this paper we provide to our best knowledge the first experimental and evaluative study of a variety of state-of-the-art face recognition algorithms that solely relies on open source software, including color-based linear discriminant analysis, local Gabor binary pattern histogram sequence, Gabor graphs using a Gabor-phase based similarity measure and inter-session variability modeling. Together with this paper we supply the source code to re-run all the experiments that we execute in this study. Experiments are performed on many freely available image databases, always following the evaluation protocols that are attached to them. First, we optimize the parameters of all tested algorithms on a single database. This includes finding the best image preprocessing for each algorithm. Then, we test the algorithms against facial variations as expressions, pose and occlusions using the Multi-PIE and the AR face database. Finally, we report the results of these algorithms on CAS-PEAL, MOBIO, SC face, GBU, FRGC and LFW and discuss some other properties of the algorithms. The results show several trends, partially supporting and partially contradicting prevailing beliefs of the face recognition society. First, Gabor wavelet based algorithms perform better than algorithms relying on raw pixel values, and incorporating Gabor phases improves performance; second, color is an important cue for face recognition; third, the inter-session variability modeling algorithm can handle variations in facial expression and partial occlusions best; fourth, if more than one image is provided at enrollment or probe time, algorithms increase performance; and fifth, biased evaluation protocols as in FRGC or CAS-PEAL favor algorithms that make use of identity information at training time, such as linear discriminant analysis and inter-session variability modeling.
Firm Uncertainty and Financial Analysts' Activity

Using implied volatility surfaces provided by the Optionmetrics database for the period 2003-2007, this study documents the strong, positive relation between investor perceptions of firm uncertainty and financial analysts’ activity. Granger causality tests reveal that an increase in perceived uncertainty leads to a subsequent increase in financial analysts’ activity, but this increase in activity does not seem to lead to lower firm uncertainty perceptions. The results from a sample of merger and acquisition transactions completed by S&P500 firms confirm a positive relation between firm uncertainty perceptions and financial analysts’ subsequent activity.
Model-driven development using UML 2.0: promises and pitfalls

Experience indicates that effective complexity management mechanisms automate mundane development tasks and provide strong support for separation of concerns. For example, current high-level programming languages and integrated development environments provide abstractions that shield developers from intricate lower-level details and offer automated support for transforming abstract representations of source code into faithful machine-executable forms. The Object Management Group initiated the Unified Modeling Language 2.0 effort to address significant problems in earlier versions. While UML 2.0 improves over earlier versions in some aspects, its size and complexity can present a problem to users, tool developers, and OMG working groups charged with evolving the standard.
Left Atrial Septal Pouch in Cryptogenic Stroke

Background: The left atrial septal pouch (LASP), an anatomic variant of the interatrial septum, has uncertain clinical significance. We examined the association between LASP and ischemic stroke subtypes in patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods: We determined the prevalence of LASP among consecutive patients who underwent TEE at our institution. Patients identified with ischemic strokes were further evaluated for stroke subtype using standard and modified criteria from the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). We compared the prevalence of LASP in ischemic stroke, cryptogenic stroke, and non-stroke patients using prevalence ratios (PR). Results: The mean age of all 212 patients (including stroke and non-stroke patients) was 57 years. The overall prevalence of LASP was 17% (n = 35). Of the 75 patients who were worked-up for stroke at our institution during study period, we classified 31 as cryptogenic using standard TOAST criteria. The prevalence of LASP among cryptogenic stroke patients (using standard and modified TOAST criteria) was increased compared to the prevalence among other ischemic stroke patients (26 vs. 9%, p = 0.06; PR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1–3.1, and 30 vs. 10%, p = 0.04; PR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2–4.1, respectively). Conclusion: In this population of relatively young patients, prevalence of LASP was increased in cryptogenic stroke compared to stroke patients of other subtypes. These findings suggest LASP is associated with cryptogenic stroke, which should be verified by future large-scale studies.
Large Ischemic Lesions on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Done Before Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis Predicts a Poor Outcome in Patients With Acute Stroke

Background and Purpose— MRI is useful for detecting early ischemic lesions before administration of tissue plasminogen activator in patients with hyperacute ischemic stroke. However, it is unclear whether early ischemic change seen on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can be used to predict patient outcomes. Methods— Consecutive patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke treated with tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of stroke onset were prospectively studied. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was obtained before and 7 days after tissue plasminogen activator administration. MRI, including DWI, was done before tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis. The relationship between the DWI Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS) and patients’ outcomes was assessed. Results— The subjects consisted of 49 consecutive patients with stroke (27 males; mean age, 72.9±10.3 years). The median (range) of the baseline DWI ASPECTS value was 9 (3–10). Dramatic improvement was seen in one of 8 patients with an ASPECTS ≤5 compared with 21 of 41 patients with a DWI ASPECTS >5 (P=0.0592). On the other hand, worsening was noted more frequently in patients with a DWI ASPECTS ≤5 (3 of 8 patients) than in patients with an ASPECTS >5 (4 of 41 patients; P=0.0753). Bad outcome was seen more frequently in patients with a DWI ASPECTS ≤5 (6 of 8 patients) than in patients with a DWI ASPECTS >5 (2 of 41 patients; P<0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a DWI ASPECTS ≤5 was the only independent predictor of a bad outcome (OR, 33.4; 95% CI, 2.7 to 410.8; P=0.0062). Conclusion— DWI ASPECTS appears to be a reliable tool for predicting bad outcome. Patients with a DWI ASPECTS >5 should be considered eligible for tissue plasminogen activator therapy.
Reanálisis del diagnóstico de alcoholismo en Perú: el test de alcoholismo Munich (malt)

The Munich Alcoholism Test (MAL 1) was translated into Spanish and applied to a sample of 145 Peruvians of whom 94 were diagnosed by the MALT as alcoholics. The test consists of two parts. The first one has seven items which are answered by the physician and the second part is a self-assessment section that comprehends 24 items answered by the patients. The validity of the whole test (r=0.87) and reliability of the self-assessment part (r=0.93) are high.
Improving Approximate Value Iteration Using Memories and Predictive State Representations

Planning in partially-observable dynamical systems is a challenging problem, and recent developments in point-based techniques, such as Perseus significantly improve performance as compared to exact techniques. In this paper, we show how to apply these techniques to new models for non-Markovian dynamical systems called Predictive State Representatiolls (PSRs) and Memory-PSRs (mPSRs). PSRs and mPSRs are models of non-Markovian decision processes that differ from latent-variable models (e.g. HMMs, POMDPs) by representing state using only observable quantities. Further, mPSRs explicitly represent certain structural properties of the dynamical system that are also relevant to planning. We show how planning techniques can be adapted to leverage this structure to improve performance both in terms of execution time as well as quality of the resulting policy.
Social and environmental accountability research: A view from the commentary box

Purpose – To investigate, analyse and critique contemporary research in social and environmental accounting.Design/methodology/approach – An analysis and critique of the social and environmental accountability (SEA) research field since the late 1980s. The study revisits two key prior seminal papers on the field, examines the remit for SEA researchers' focus on practice and policy and offers an empirical analysis of the profile of SEA publication.Findings – Theories are identified in two groups: augmentation and heartland theories. These have been more deductively than inductively generated, evidencing limited attention to field‐based engagement. An alternative to the elusive all‐embracing unitary SEA theory is presented. Researchers' concerns with capture of the SEA field is critiqued and an alternative researcher engagement orientation is offered. Environmental research dominates more recent SEA published output, the dominant methodological approach is literature‐based theorising, and national practices.
Inhibition of Phosphatidylserine Recognition Heightens the Immunogenicity of Irradiated Lymphoma Cells In Vivo

Strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of tumors are urgently needed. Although vaccination with irradiated dying lymphoma cells recruits a tumor-specific immune response, its efficiency as immunogen is poor. Annexin V (AxV) binds with high affinity to phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic and necrotic cells and thereby impairs their uptake by macrophages. Here, we report that AxV preferentially targets irradiated lymphoma cells to CD8+ dendritic cells for in vivo clearance, elicits the release of proinflammatory cytokines and dramatically enhances the protection elicited against the tumor. The response was endowed with both memory, because protected animals rejected living lymphoma cells after 72 d, and specificity, because vaccinated animals failed to reject unrelated neoplasms. Finally, AxV–coupled irradiated cells induced the regression of growing tumors. These data indicate that endogenous adjuvants that bind to dying tumor cells can be exploited to target tumors for immune rejection.
A state transition based approach to explicit solution of the LQR problem

In this paper, the well-known LQR problems are mainly investigated. In both of the continuous-time and discretetime representations, an explicit solution of the LQR problems are analytically determined with the proposed method. This procedure which, based on the state transition matrix, is used in two numerical examples to show the applicability of proposed method.
Pharmacologic Management of Psychosis in the Elderly: A Critical Review

Objective.Psychotic symptoms are seen in numerous psychiatric illnesses afflicting the elderly. This article reviews the efficacy of the pharmacologic management of psychotic symptoms in primary psychotic disorders, affective disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Method.A comprehensive literature review. Results.Evidence to support the use of pharmacologic interventions to manage psychotic symptoms in elderly patients afflicted with primary psychotic disorders and affective disorders is limited by the absence of randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs). The use of low-dose clozapine is supported by RCTs in Parkinson’s disease. The efficacy of risperidone and olanzapine for the treatment of psychotic symptoms has been demonstrated by large RCTs in Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion.There is evidence of the efficacy of antipsychotic medications to manage psychotic symptoms in elderly patients. However, the absence of published evidence from RCTs in primary psychotic and affective disorders, and the limited evidence in the neurodegenerative illnesses, is notable.
Spin-Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Increased Myocardial Blood Flow After Endothelial Cell Transplantation in the Infarcted Heart

Background— We quantified absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) using a spin-labeling MRI (SL-MRI) method after transplantation of endothelial cells (ECs) into the infarcted heart. Our aims were to study the temporal changes in MBF in response to EC transplantation and to compare regional MBF with contractile function (wall motion) and microvascular density. Methods and Results— We first validated the SL-MRI method with the standard microsphere technique in normal rats. We then induced myocardial infarction in athymic rats and injected 5 million ECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) suspended in Matrigel or Matrigel alone (vehicle) along the border of the blanched infarcted area. At 2 weeks after myocardial infarction, MBF averaged over the entire slice (P=0.038) and in the infarcted region (P=0.0086) was significantly higher in EC versus vehicle group; the greater MBF was accompanied by an increase of microvasculature density in the infarcted region (P=0.0105 versus vehicle). At 4 weeks after myocardial infarction, MBF in the remote region was significantly elevated in EC-treated hearts (P=0.0277); this was accompanied by increased wall motion in this region assessed by circumferential strains (P=0.0075). Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plot revealed a good reproducibility of the SL-MRI method. Conclusions— MBF in free-breathing rats measured by SL-MRI is validated by the standard color microsphere technique. SL-MRI allows quantification of temporal changes of regional MBF in response to EC treatment. The proof-of-principle study indicates that MBF is a unique and sensitive index to evaluate EC-mediated therapy for the infarcted heart.