Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of nucleotide substitutions occurring during experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Analysis of full-genome sequences was previously used to trace the origin and transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in the UK in 2001 and 2007. Interpretation of these data was sometimes at variance with conventional epidemiological tracing, and was also used to predict the presence of undisclosed infected premises that were later discovered during serological surveillance. Here we report the genome changes associated with sequential passage of a highly BHK-21-cell-adapted (heparan sulphate-binding) strain of FMDV arising from two independent transmission chains in cattle. In vivo virus replication rapidly selected for a wild-type variant with an amino acid substitution at VP356. Full-genome sequence analysis clearly demonstrated sequence divergence during parallel passage. The genetic diversity generated over the course of infection and the rate at which these changes became fixed and were transmitted between cattle occurred at a rate sufficient to enable reliable tracing of transmission pathways at the level of the individual animal. However, tracing of transmission pathways was only clear when sequences from epithelial lesions were compared. Sequences derived from oesophageal–pharyngeal scrapings were problematic to interpret, with a varying number of ambiguities suggestive of a more diverse virus population. These findings will help to correctly interpret full-genome sequence analyses to resolve transmission pathways within future FMDV epidemics.
VALUE CREATION ANALYSIS. ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED

The origins of the Economic Value Added comes from Hamilton (1877) and Marshall (1890), which showed that companies can create wealth if you manage to earn more than their own capital costs and liabilities. Economic Value Added is an indicator for measuring performance based on real economic profits of the company product, which allows measurement of its success or failure over a period of time is useful to investors who wish to determine how well the product has value to them and can be used for comparative analysis with rapid industrial similar.
Motion Planning by Integration of Multiple Policies for Complex Assembly Tasks

Robotic assembly has been an active area of manipulation research for several decades. However, almost all assembly tasks, especially complex ones, still need to be performed manually in industrial manufacturing. The difficulty in planning appropriate motion is a major hurdle to robotic assembly. In assembly tasks, manipulated objects come into contact with the environment. Thus, force control techniques are required for successfully achieving operations by regulating the reaction forces and dealing with uncertainties such as the position errors of robots or objects. Under force control, a robot’s responsiveness to the reaction forces is determined by force control parameters. Therefore, planning assembly motions requires designing appropriate force control parameters. Many studies have investigated simple assembly tasks such as peg-in-hole, and some knowledge of appropriate force control parameters for the tasks has been obtained by detailed geometric analysis (Whitney, 1982). However, the types of parameters that would be effective for other assembly tasks are still unknown. Here, it should be noted that the efficiency is always required in industrial application. Therefore, force control parameters that can achieve successful operations with a short time are highly desirable. However, it is difficult to estimate the cycle time, which is the time taken to complete an operation, analytically. Currently, designers have to tune the control parameters by trial and error according to their experiences and understanding of the target tasks. In addition, for complex assembly, such as insertion of complex-shaped objects, a robot's responsiveness to the reaction forces is needs to be changed according to the task state. Since tuning force control parameters with determining task conditions for switching parameters by trial and error imposes a very heavy burden on designers, complex assembly has been left for human workers. Several approaches to designing appropriate force control parameters have been presented. They can be classified as follows: (a) analytical approaches, (b) experimental approaches, and (c) learning approaches based on human skill. In the analytical approaches, the necessary and sufficient conditions for force control parameters that will enable successful operations are derived by geometric analysis of the target tasks (e.g., Schimmels, 1997, Huang & Schimmels, 2003). However, the analytical approaches cannot be utilized for obtaining the parameters to achieve operations efficiently since the cycle time cannot be 5
Interactions of Endophenotypes & Genotypes

" Addiction " is a multifaceted complicated disorder with many interrelated causes, as well as environmental and genetic features. Several hereditary variables that have an effect on these features might work in together to influence vulnerability and the extent of being an addict. Molecular re-sequencing of the latest and formerly researched genes holds a crucial place with regards to the breakthrough of hereditary alternates of possible interest. This report presents a brief review of this complicated disorder through genotyping and phenotyping aspects, and examines their correlation in creating and driving this disease.
A cool starspot or a second transiting planet in the TrES-1 system?

Aims. We investigate the origin of a flux increase found during a transit of TrES-1, observed with the HST (Hubble Space Telescope). This feature in the HST light curve cannot be attributed to noise and is supposedly a dark area on the stellar surface of the host star eclipsed by TrES-1 during its transit. We investigate the likelihood of two possible hypotheses for its origin. A starspot or a second transiting planet. Methods. We made use of several transit observations of TrES-1 from space with the HST and from ground with the IAC 80-cm telescope (IAC-80). On the basis of these observations we did a statistical study of flux variations in each of the observed events to investigate whether similar flux increases are present in other parts of the data set. Results. The HST observation presents a single clear flux rise during a transit, whereas the ground observations lead to detecting two such events but with low significance. In the case of having observed a starspot in the HST data, assuming a central impact between the spot and TrES-1, we would obtain a lower limit for the spot radius of 42 000 km. For this radius the spot temperature would be 4690 K, 560 K lower then the stellar surface of 5250 K. For a putative second transiting planet, we can set a lower limit for its radius at 0.37 RJ and for periods of less than 10.5 days, we can set an upper limit at 0.72 RJ. Conclusions. Assuming a conventional interpretation, this HST observation then constitutes the detection of a starspot. Alternatively, this flux rise might also be caused by an additional transiting planet. The true nature of the origin can be revealed if a wavelength dependency of the flux rise can be shown or discarded with higher certainty. Additionally, the presence of a second planet can be detected by radial velocity measurements.
Automated Grading System for Evaluation of Corneal Superficial Punctate Keratitis Associated with Dry Eye.

Purpose. To develop an automated method of grading fluorescein staining that accurately reproduces the clinical grading system currently in use. Methods. From the slit lamp photograph of the fluorescein-stained cornea, the region of interest was selected and punctate dot number calculated using software developed with the Opencv computer vision library. Images (N=229) were then divided into six incremental severity categories based on computed scores. The final selection of fifty-four photographs represented the full range of scores: nine images from each of six categories. These were then evaluated by three investigators using a clinical 0-4 corneal staining scale. Pearson correlations were calculated to compare investigator scores, and mean investigator and automated scores. Lin's Concordance Correlations (CCC) and Bland Altman plots were used to assess agreement between methods and between investigators. Results. Pearson's correlation between investigators was 0.914; mean CCC between investigators was 0.882. Bland-Altman analysis indicated that scores assessed by Investigator 3 were significantly higher than those of Investigators 1 and 2 (paired t-test). The predicted grade was calculated to be: Gpred=1.48log(Ndots) - 0.206. The two-point Pearson's correlation coefficient between the methods was 0.927 (p<0.0001). CCC between predicted automated score Gpred and mean investigator score was 0.929, 95% C.I. (0.884, 0.957). Bland-Altman analysis did not indicate bias. The difference in standard deviation between clinical and automated methods was 0.398. Conclusion. An objective, automated analysis of corneal staining provides a quality assurance tool to be used to substantiate clinical grading of key corneal staining endpoints in multi-centered clinical trials of dry eye.
A fast Coding Tree Unit depth Prediction for HEVC

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard employs Coding Tree Unit (CTU) quadtree partition technology to improve the compression efficiency significantly, but it also consumes an enormous encoding computational complexity. In this paper, a fast CTU depth prediction algorithm is proposed. First, the spatio-temporal correlation of CTU depths among the current CTU, the spatial neighbor CTUs, and the same located CTU in the reference frame are utilized to predict the depth range of current CTU. Second, the rate-distortion (RD) costs of the spatio-temporal neighbor Coding Units (CUs) and the parent CU are employed to further reduce CU partitions. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the encoding time effectively with maintaining a good RD performance as the HEVC test Model (HM). Compared to the state-of-the-art depth prediction algorithm, the proposed algorithm also obtains about 10% more time saving for various test sequences, while has a similar RD performance.
Synthesising Interprocedural Bit-Precise Termination Proofs (T)

Proving program termination is key to guaranteeing absence of undesirable behaviour, such as hanging programs and even security vulnerabilities such as denial-of-service attacks. To make termination checks scale to large systems, interprocedural termination analysis seems essential, which is a largely unexplored area of research in termination analysis, where most effort has focussed on difficult single-procedure problems. We present a modular termination analysis for C programs using template-based interprocedural summarisation. Our analysis combines a context-sensitive, over-approximating forward analysis with the inference of under-approximating preconditions for termination. Bit-precise termination arguments are synthesised over lexicographic linear ranking function templates. Our experimental results show that our tool 2LS outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives, and demonstrate the clear advantage of interprocedural reasoning over monolithic analysis in terms of efficiency, while retaining comparable precision.
A $W$ -Band On-Wafer Active Load–Pull System Based on Down-Conversion Techniques

A new W-band active load-pull system is presented. It is the first load-pull system to implement a 94 GHz load by means of an active loop exploiting frequency conversion techniques. The active loop configuration demonstrates a number of advantages that overcome the typical limitations of W-band passive tuners or conventional active open-loop techniques in a cost-effective way: load reflection coefficients ΓL as high as 0.95 in magnitude can be achieved at 94 GHz, thus providing a nearly full coverage of the Smith chart. Possible applications of the setup include technology assessment, large-signal device model verification at sub-terahertz frequencies, and W-band monolithic microwave integrated circuit design and characterization. The availability of direct and accurate load-pull measurements at W-band should prove an asset in the development of sub-terahertz integrated circuits. First measurements performed on high-performance InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors and GaN high electron-mobility transistors are presented.
Exchange Rate and Output Dynamics between Japan and Korea

Japan and Korea are close countries in terms of economic interaction as well as geography. To quantify the impact of changes in the yen-dollar exchange rate on the Korean economy before and after the crisis in 1997, the sample period has been divided into two sub-periods and the causal relationships examined by using vector autoregression analysis. Our estimates show that while the response of Korean industrial production to changes in the yen-dollar exchange rate was not significant during the pre-crisis period, it became significant during the post-crisis period. The forecast error variance decomposition also confirms that the yen-dollar exchange rate shocks have almost negligible explanatory power with regards to Korean industrial production during the pre-crisis period, but they have some significance for the postcrisis period. These empirical results show that the free floating exchange rate regime adopted since the crisis cannot insulate the Korean economy from external nominal shocks such as the yen-dollar exchange rate shocks.
Relative and Discrete Utility Maximising Entropy

The notion of utility maximising entropy (u-entropy) of a probability density, which was introduced and studied by Slomczynski and Zastawniak (Ann. Prob 32 (2004) 2261-2285, arXiv:math.PR/0410115 v1), is extended in two directions. First, the relative u-entropy of two probability measures in arbitrary probability spaces is defined. Then, specialising to discrete probability spaces, we also introduce the absolute u-entropy of a probability measure. Both notions are based on the idea, borrowed from mathematical finance, of maximising the expected utility of the terminal wealth of an investor. Moreover, u-entropy is also relevant in thermodynamics, as it can replace the standard Boltzmann-Shannon entropy in the Second Law. If the utility function is logarithmic or isoelastic (a power function), then the well-known notions of the Boltzmann-Shannon and Renyi relative entropy are recovered. We establish the principal properties of relative and discrete u-entropy and discuss the links with several related approaches in the literature.
Design of Broadband Circular Polarization Truncated Horn Antenna with Single Feed

This paper presents the design of a broadband circular polarization truncated horn antenna with single feed. It does not require any complex feeding structure and uses only a coaxial feed extended with a simple electric fleld coupling probe. The corners of the horn are truncated to generate circular polarization modes, and a broad axial ratio bandwidth which is insensitive to the probe feed dimension is achieved. Simulated and measured results of an S band truncated horn antenna are presented. The antenna has a broad 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 26% with aperture e-ciency of 60%.
Towards a theory of endogenous market structure in strategy

Purpose – The thought and rationale of sustainable competitive advantage in strategy are significantly influenced by the Schumpeterian models of dynamic competition in IO and evolutionary economics. Yet, most analytical accounts of sustainable competitive advantage fail to explain how firms' investment choices influence, and are simultaneously influenced by, the co‐evolution of “external” industry competition and “internal” firm competences. This paper aims to contribute to the development of a theory of endogenous market structure in strategy.Design/methodology/approach – Two alternative assumptions are developed – concerning temporally heterogeneous firm investment strategy – that lie central to a proposed behavioral theory of endogenous market structure. Additionally, a theoretical description is provided of the endogeneity of the demand‐side determinants of firm investment strategy and industrial market structure. Finally, guidelines are provided for empirical application of [incorporating] the altern.
3D hexagonal network: modeling, topological properties, addressing scheme, and optimal routing algorithm

The 2D hexagonal mesh, based on triangle plane tessellation, is considered as a multiprocessor interconnection network. The 3D hexagonal mesh is presented as a natural extension of the hexagonal mesh. Although the topological properties of the 2D hexagonal mesh are well known, existing addressing schemes are not suitable to be extended to 3D hexagonal mesh. Then, we present, in this paper, a new addressing scheme and an optimal routing algorithm for 2D hexagonal network based on the distance formula and using shortest paths. We propose also a 3D hexagonal network that can be built with 2D hexagonal meshes as a natural generalization. We also present some topological properties, an efficient addressing scheme, and an optimal routing algorithm based on our 2D routing algorithm.
Operating System Support for Embedded Real-Time Applications

The rapid progress in processor and sensor technology combined with the expanding diversity of application fields is placing enormous demands on the facilities that an embedded operating system must provide. Embedded systems can be defined as computing systems with tightly coupled hardware and software that are designed to perform a dedicated function. The word embedded reflects the fact that these systems are usually an integral part of a larger system. We can find a large variety of applications where embedded systems play an important role, from small stand-alone systems, like a network router, to complex embedded systems supporting several operating execution environments as we can find in avionic applications. This variety of applications also implies that the properties, platforms, and techniques on which embedded systems are based can be very different. The hardware needs can sometimes be achieved with the use of general purpose processors, but in many systems specific processors are required, for instance, specific DSP devices to perform fast signal processing. Memory management capabilities are necessary in some systems to provide memory protection and virtual memory. Special purpose interfaces are also needed to support a variety of external peripheral devices, energy consumption control, and so on. Nowadays, the use of processor-based devices has increased dramatically for most of our activities, both professional and leisure. Mobile phones and PDAs are used extensively. Consumer electronics (set-top boxes, TVs, DVD players, etc.) have incorporated microprocessors as a core system component, instead of using specific hardware. This trend is expected to grow exponentially in the near future. Embedded applications have some common features such as the following.
Clinical Features and Outcome in Children with Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: A Meta-Analysis

Background Although global malaria mortality is declining, estimates may not reflect better inpatient management of severe malaria (SM) where reported case fatality rates (CFRs) vary from 1–25%. Methods A meta-analysis of prospective studies of SM was conducted to examine i) whether hypothesized differences between clinical features and outcome in Melanesian compared with African or Asian children really exist, and ii) to explore temporal changes in overall and complication-specific CFRs. The proportions of different SM complications and, overall and complication-specific CFRs were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Adjustments were made for study-level covariates including geographic region, SM definition, artemisinin treatment, median age of participants and time period. Findings Sixty-five studies were included. Substantial heterogeneity (I 2>80%) was demonstrated for most outcomes. SM definition contributed to between-study heterogeneity in proportions of cerebral malaria (CM), metabolic acidosis (MA), severe anemia and overall CFR, whilst geographic region was a significant moderator in for CM and hypoglycemia (HG) rates. Compared with their African counterparts, Melanesian children had lower rates of HG (10% [CI95 7–13%] versus 1% [0–3%], P<0.05), lower overall CFR (2% [0–4%] versus 7% [6–9%], P<0.05) and lower CM-specific CFR (8% [0–17%] versus 19% [16–21%], P<0.05). There was no temporal trend for overall CFR and CM-specific CFR but declining HG- and MA- specific CFRs were observed. Interpretation These data highlight that recent estimates of declining global malaria mortality are not replicated by improved outcomes for children hospitalized with SM. Significant geographic differences in the complication rates and subsequent CFRs exist and provide the first robust confirmation of lower CFRs in Melanesian children, perhaps due to less frequent HG.
A METHOD FOR CQI FEEDBACK BASED ON DISTRIBUTED COMPRESSED SENSING IN ADAPTIVE TWO-WAY RELAY SYSTEM

In two-way relay wireless communication systems, ad aptive modulation and scheduling are promising for increasing the system throughput. To achieve this g oal, it is necessary to feedback the information of the channel quality indication (CQI). In this paper, we introduced a novel method for CQI feedback based o n distributed compressed sensing (DCS) under orthogon al frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, and the feedback data are compressed and reconstruc ted using compressed sensing (CS) and DCS algorithm respectively. Simulation results shown that, compar ed with CS, DCS can significantly decrease the numb er of measurement under the same probability of recove ry without increasing the complexity of terminals, and the throughput is increased, thus decreased the fee dback expenses.
How to improve XML web services performance?

XML has ability to enable data interoperability between applications on different platforms. For example, XML enhances e-commerce, communication between businesses, and companies' internal integration of data from multiple sources. XML use is thus increasing rapidly. However, XML's growing implementation raises a key concern: Because it provides considerable metadata about each element of a document's content, XML files can include a great deal of data. They can thus be inefficient to process and can burden a company's network, processor, and storage infrastructures. Goal of web service is to give wide support for loosely-coupled interactions. But, at the same time, web services decrease performance in favor of qualities such as readability and portability. Performance still matters and awareness of the performance costs of design decisions will benefit both practitioners and researchers alike. XML has been criticized for the overhead it introduces into the enterprise infrastructure. Business data encoded in XML takes five to ten times more bandwidth to transmit in the network and proportionally more disk space to store. This paper surveys the current issues and state-of-the-art regarding XML Web services performance. We discuss some bottleneck, and examine current and proposed solutions.