Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decentralized Diagnosis for Nonfailures of Discrete Event Systems Using Inference-Based Ambiguity Management

The task of decentralized decision-making involves interaction of a set of local decision-makers, each of which operates under limited sensing capabilities and is thus subjected to ambiguity during the process of decision-making. In our previous work, we made an observation that such ambiguities are of differing gradations and presented a framework for inferencing over various local control decisions of varying ambiguity levels to arrive at a global control decision. A similar inferencing-based framework for the management of ambiguities in the decentralized diagnosis of failures was also reported by us in another earlier work. For each event-trace executed by a system being monitored, each local diagnoser issues its own diagnosis decision (failure or nonfailure or unsure), tagged with a certain ambiguity level (zero being the minimum). A global diagnosis decision is taken to be a ? winning? local diagnosis decision, i.e., one with a minimum ambiguity level. The computation of an ambiguity level for a local decision requires an assessment of the self-ambiguities as well as the ambiguities of the others, and an inference based up on such knowledge. This correspondence paper extends this to the decentralized diagnosis of nonfailures which requires that any ambiguity about the nonoccurrence of a failure be resolved within a uniformly bounded delay. It is known that the decentralized diagnosability for failures does not imply that for nonfailures, and vice versa. Further, the following difference exists: Once the ambiguity about the occurrence of a failure is resolved, future observations do not cause the ambiguity to reoccur. The same is not true when one is concerned with the diagnosis for nonfailures, and so, a different formulation is needed. In order to characterize the class of systems for which the ambiguity about the nonoccurrence of a failure can be resolved within a uniformly bounded delay, we introduce the notion of N-inference diagnosability for NonFailures (also called N-inference NF-diagnosability), where the index N represents the maximum ambiguity level of any winning local decision. We present a method for verifying N-inference NF-diagnosability and also establish various properties of it.
Peri-ictal water drinking lateralizes seizure onset to the nondominant temporal lobe

The authors describe seven patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy whose seizures were associated with peri-ictal water drinking behavior. Presurgical evaluation, including video-EEG monitoring, MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological testing, revealed a seizure onset in the nondominant temporal lobe. All patients had an excellent outcome after epilepsy surgery. Peri-ictal water drinking may represent a lateralizing sign indicating seizure onset in the nondominant temporal lobe.
Effect of fish oil enriched enteral diet on inflammatory bowel disease tissues in organ culture: differential effects on ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

AIM To investigate the influence of fish oil enriched enteral diet on intestinal tissues taken from Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and non-inflamed non-IBD control patients in vitro. METHODS Colonoscopic biopsies from patients with active CD (n = 4), active UC (n = 7), and non-inflamed non-IBD control patients (n = 4) were incubated (three dilutions of 1:20, 1:10, and 1:5) with Waymouth's culture medium and enteral elemental diet (EO28, SHS, Liverpool, UK) modified in the fatty acid composition with fish oil (EF) in an organ culture system for 24 h. In each experimental set-up, incubation with Waymouth's medium alone as control was included. Tissue viability was assessed by adding bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to the culture fluid and immunohistochemically staining for BrdU uptake. Cytokine ratio of IL-1ra/IL-1beta (low ratio indicative of inflammation) and production of those cytokines as a percentage of medium control were assayed in the culture supernatant. RESULTS Incubation of CD-affected tissue with EF (1:20, 1:10, and 1:5) modestly and non-significantly increased IL-1ra/IL-1beta ratio as compared with medium control (CD 39.1+/-16.1; 26.5+/-7.8, 47.1+/-16.8 vs control 13.0+/-2.2), but incubation of UC-affected tissues increased IL-1ra/IL-1beta ratio significantly in all three dilutions (UC 69.1+/-32.2, P<0.05; 76.1+/-36.4, P = 0.05; 84.5+/-37.3, P<0.02; vs control 10.2+/-3.7). Incubation of non-inflamed non-IBD control tissue did not increase the IL-1ra/IL-1beta ratio in any dilution compared to medium control (69.3+/-47.0, 54.1+/-30.6, 79.4+/-34.0 vs control 76.1+/-37.3). Average percentage production of IL-1beta indexed against medium control was significantly less in UC after EF incubation as compared with CD (UC 24.0+/-4.8 vs CD 51.8+/-8.1; P<0.05). Average percentage production of IL-1ra was markedly higher in UC (135.9+/-3.4) than that in control patients (36.5+/-4.3) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION IBD tissues, after incubation with elemental diet modified in its fatty acid composition with fish oil, show an increase in IL-1ra/IL-1beta cytokine ratio. This effect of omega-3 fatty acid modulation is significantly more marked in UC compared with CD and is accompanied by both a reduction of IL-1beta and increase of IL-1ra. The positive direct anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diet with fish oil in tissue affected with UC suggests dietary treatment of UC may be possible.
Infection patterns in chronic and aggressive periodontitis.

BACKGROUND We revisited the postulate that localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) patients have robust serum antibody (ab) responses to periodontal pathogens while patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) show weak responses. We also studied ab responses in localized chronic (LCP) and generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP). METHODS Fifty-seven patients (14-74 years, 25% male, 70% Hispanic, 26% African American) were studied (15 LAP, 19 GAP, 11 LCP, 12 GCP patients). Three plaque samples/subject were analysed with respect to 15 species, and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to the same bacteria were determined. Ab responses were expressed as log-transformed titres, and "infection ratios", i.e., log-transformed ratios of ab titre over the subject-based mean bacterial load for the homologous species. RESULTS The results failed to corroborate the postulate that LAG patients have robust responses to infecting agents while GAP subjects exhibit weak responses. This held true for ab to "red complex", "orange complex", and health-associated species, and for both titres and infection ratios. Similarly, no differences were found between ab titres or infection ratios in chronic and aggressive periodontitis, or their extent-based subdivisions. CONCLUSIONS A distinction between the two principal categories of the current periodontitis classification cannot be established by the study of infection patterns.
On convergence of a receding horizon method for parabolic boundary control

A method of receding horizon type is considered for a simplified linear-quadratic parabolic boundary control problem with bound constraints on the control. The performance of the method is examined numerically and confirmed by an associated analysis. In particular, the method is shown to converge to a unique fixed point. Moreover, a new hybrid method is suggested.
Mexican Roots, American Schools: Helping Mexican Immigrant Children Succeed

Contents Acknowledgments 1. American Dreams for a New Generation 2. Studying Children from Mexican Immigrant Families 3. Looking at Three Domains of Child Development 4. Exploring Three Contexts of Child Development 5. The High Stakes of Early Learning in Math 6. What Have We Learned? 7. Where Do We Go From Here? Epilogue Appendix Notes References Index
Minimal-length linearizations for mildly context-sensitive dependency trees

The extent to which the organization of natural language grammars reflects a drive to minimize dependency length remains little explored. We present the first algorithm polynomial-time in sentence length for obtaining the minimal-length linearization of a dependency tree subject to constraints of mild context sensitivity. For the minimally context-sensitive case of gap-degree 1 dependency trees, we prove several properties of minimal-length linearizations which allow us to improve the efficiency of our algorithm to the point that it can be used on most naturally-occurring sentences. We use the algorithm to compare optimal, observed, and random sentence dependency length for both surface and deep dependencies in English and German. We find in both languages that analyses of surface and deep dependencies yield highly similar results, and that mild context-sensitivity affords very little reduction in minimal dependency length over fully projective linearizations; but that observed linearizations in German are much closer to random and farther from minimal-length linearizations than in English.
Differential but beneficial effect of phytohemagglutinin on efficiency of in vitro porcine embryo production by somatic cell nuclear transfer or in vitro fertilization

In vitro production of porcine embryos has become routine in most laboratories but the yield and quality of the resultant blastocysts remains sub‐optimal. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is an N‐acetylgalactosamine/galactose sugar‐specific lectin with a wide variety of biological activities including mitogenesis, mediation of cell recognition and agglutination of cells. This study was therefore, designed to investigate the effect of PHA on the preimplantation development and quality of parthenogenetic, somatic cell nuclear transferred (SCNT) and in vitro fertilized (IVF) porcine embryos cultured in the absence or presence of PHA. Analysis showed that, supplementation of PHA significantly improved the blastocyst rate of parthenogenetic (70.6 ± 0.2 vs. 51.4 ± 0.6%) and SCNT (27.7 ± 1.7 vs. 12.5 ± 0.3%) embryos but not IVF embryos (25.0 ± 14.3 vs. 20.1 ± 12.7%). Nonetheless, PHA‐treated blastocysts had higher hatching ability and contained higher cell number than control blastocysts in all the groups (P < 0.05). TUNEL labeling revealed that blastocysts cultured in the presence of PHA were less predisposed to biochemical apoptosis and showed lower indices of TUNEL, fragmentation and total apoptosis than those cultured in the absence of PHA (P < 0.05). Real time qRT‐PCR analysis of parthenogenetic blastocysts revealed that PHA decreased the expression ratio of BAX:BCL‐xL transcripts. Therefore, our study suggests that PHA improves the blastocyst yield and quality by enhancing blastocyst expansion, hatching and total cell number and decreasing the apoptosis. However, PHA has a differential effect on development rate of IVF derived embryos. These results may represent an approach towards achieving better preimplantation development of porcine embryos in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1557–1567, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute myocardial infarction activates distinct inflammation and proliferation pathways in circulating monocytes, prior to recruitment, and identified through conserved transcriptional responses in mice and humans

The immune system plays critical roles in myocardial injury and repair following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Evidence from experimental models strongly implicates monocytes as critical to these processes and their specific targeting results in a significant reduction in infarct size and improved healing. It is currently unclear if monocytes play a similarly important role in humans. Examining changes in the patterns of gene expression can address this question. Here, we show that the peripheral blood monocyte response following AMI is conserved between species and that monocytes appear to be ‘programmed’ prior to their arrival at sites of myocardial injury. This investigation may translate to the future development of therapeutics to treat patients presenting with AMI that importantly would be effective in the hours after the onset of ischaemia.
Expression of Hedgehog Pathway Mediator GLI Represents a Negative Prognostic Marker in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Inhibition Exerts Antileukemic Effects

Purpose: The Hedgehog pathway plays an important role in stem-cell biology and malignant transformation. Therefore, we investigated the expression and prognostic impact of Hedgehog pathway members in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Experimental Design: Pretreatment samples from 104 newly diagnosed AML patients (AMLSG 07-04 trial) were analyzed by qPCR, and expression of Hedgehog family members was correlated with clinical outcome. Inhibition of GLI by GANT61 or shRNA was investigated in AML cells in vitro and in vivo. Results: Expression of receptors Smoothened and Patched-1 and their downstream mediators, GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3, was found in AML patients in contrast to Hedgehog ligands. GLI2 expression had a significant negative influence on event-free survival (EFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS; P = 0.037, 0.026, and 0.013, respectively) and was correlated with FLT3 mutational status (P < 0.001). Analysis of a second, independent patient cohort confirmed the negative impact of GLI2 on EFS and OS (P = 0.007 and 0.003, respectively; n = 290). Within this cohort, GLI1 had a negative prognostic impact (P < 0.001 for both EFS and OS). Although AML cells did not express Hedgehog ligands by qPCR, AML patients had significantly increased Desert Hedgehog (DHH) plasma levels compared with healthy subjects (P = 0.002), in whom DHH was presumably provided by bone marrow niche cells. Moreover, the GLI inhibitor GANT61 or knockdown of GLI1/2 by shRNA caused antileukemic effects, including induction of apoptosis, reduced proliferation, and colony formation in AML cells, and a survival benefit in mice. Conclusions: GLI expression is a negative prognostic factor and might represent a novel druggable target in AML. Clin Cancer Res; 21(10); 2388–98. ©2015 AACR.
CYCLIC MAGNETIC ACTIVITY DUE TO TURBULENT CONVECTION IN SPHERICAL WEDGE GEOMETRY

We report on simulations of turbulent, rotating, stratified, magnetohydrodynamic convection in spherical wedge geometry. An initially small-scale, random, weak-amplitude magnetic field is amplified by several orders of magnitude in the course of the simulation to form oscillatory large-scale fields in the saturated state of the dynamo. The differential rotation is solar-like (fast equator), but neither coherent meridional poleward circulation nor near-surface shear layer develop in these runs. In addition to a poleward branch of magnetic activity beyond 50° latitude, we find for the first time a pronounced equatorward branch at around 20° latitude, reminiscent of the solar cycle.
Statistical Based Intrusion Detection Framework using Six Sigma Technique

Summary This paper presents our statistical based intrusion detection framework for computer networks. This framework uses the six sigma technique to identify the thresholds for the critical network parameters. With the help of raw network data, the thresholds identified are used to differentiate normal, uncertain and abnormal behavior due to network intrusion. This is then used for efficient detection and response. We also present a methodology of six sigma control analysis for intrusion detection in a network. Performance evaluation of our statistical based intrusion detection approach with related intrusion detection approaches conducted using the benchmark DARPA data are very promising.
An updated look at actin dynamics in filopodia

Cells dynamically interact with and probe their environment by growing finger‐like structures named filopodia. The dynamics of filopodia are mainly caused by the actin rich core or shaft which sits inside the filopodial membrane and continuously undergoes changes like growth, shrinking, bending, and rotation. Recent experiments combining advanced imaging and manipulation tools have provided detailed quantitative data on the correlation between mechanical properties of filopodia, their molecular composition, and the dynamic architecture of the actin structure. These experiments have revealed how retrograde flow and twisting of the actin shaft within filopodia can generate traction on external substrates. Previously, the mechanism behind filopodial pulling was mainly attributed to retrograde flow of actin, but recent experiments have shown that rotational dynamics can also contribute to the traction force. Although force measurements have indicated a step‐like behavior in filopodial pulling, no direct evidence has been provided to link this behavior to a molecular motor like myosin. Therefore, the underlying biochemical and mechanical mechanisms behind filopodial force generation still remain to be resolved. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geometrically Connected Components of Lubin-Tate Deformation Spaces with Level Structures

Let M_m be the generic fibre of the formal deformation space of a one-dimensional formal module X of finite height together with level-m-structures. We show that it is defined over the mth Lubin-Tate extension of the ground field and that it is geometrically connected over this field. The action of the covering group of M_m over M_0 on the set of geomtrically connected components is calculated as well as the action of the action of the automorphism group of X.
Change propagation analysis of trustworthy requirements based on dependency relations

Change propagation analysis of trustworthy requirements is one of the important activities of trustworthy software evolution. From the perspective of the dependency relations among various trustworthy attributes which are included in trustworthy requirements and between trustworthy requirements and functional requirements, a three-stage analysis framework of trustworthy requirements change propagation is brought forward based on three tiers which are the establishment of Requirements Relation Model, the construction of Requirements Dependency DSM, the measurement and analysis of requirement change propagation influence. The trustworthy requirements variable vector, Trustworthy Requirements Influence Relation Matrix, Requirements Variable Transfer Matrix and Reachability Matrix for trustworthy attributes are used to record the trustworthy requirements changes and the information of requirements change propagation. Based on matrix construction, matrix conversion and matrix calculation, the paper has described and analyzed the concrete realization for change propagation, and has given the influence range for internal trustworthy attributes and the range and extent of the impact for external functional requirements. It is advantage to implement the research of trustworthy software maintenance and level division.
On the Equivalence of Several Security Notions of Key Encapsulation Mechanism

KEM (Key Encapsulation Mechanism) was introduced by Shoup to formalize the asymmetric encryption specified for key distribution in ISO standards on public-key encryption. Shoup defined the “semantic security (IND) against adaptively chosen ciphertext attacks (CCA2)” as a desirable security notion of KEM. This paper introduces ”nonmalleability (NM)” of KEM, a stronger security notion than IND. We provide three definitions of NM, and show that these three definitions are equivalent. We then show that NM-CCA2 KEM is equivalent to IND-CCA2 KEM. That is, we show that NM is equivalent to IND under CCA2 attacks, although NM is stronger than IND in the definition (or under some attacks like CCA1). In addition, this paper defines the universally composable (UC) security of KEM and shows that NM-CCA2 KEM is equivalent to UC KEM.
Breast cancer detection in digital breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography-a side-by-side review of discrepant cases.

OBJECTIVE To analyse discrepant breast cancer detection in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and digital mammography (DM). METHODS From a previous detection study comparing DBT and DM, 26 discrepant cases were extracted, 19 detected by DBT only and 7 by DM only. An expert panel of three radiologists reviewed these cases and documented the level of discrepancy, lesion visibility, radiographic pattern and lesion conspicuity and assessed the reason for non-detection. Differences between groups were tested using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and visual grading characteristics. RESULTS The proportion of lesion periphery in fatty tissue was statistically significantly larger, and there were significantly more spiculated masses in DBT compared with DM in the DBT only group (p = 0.018; p = 0.015). The main reasons for missing a lesion were poor lesion visibility when using DM and interpretative error when using DBT. CONCLUSION Lesion visualization is superior with DBT, particularly of spiculated tumours. A major reason for non-detection in DBT seems to be interpretative error, which may be due to lack of experience. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Our findings suggest that DBT is better than DM in visualizing breast cancer and that non-detection when using DBT is related to interpretative error regarding clearly visible lesions.
Radar-based extended object tracking under clutter using generalized probabilistic data association

An important foundation for various vehicular applications is a reliable environment recognition. In this context, the simultaneous estimation of the state and the existence of an unknown number of objects under difficult detection conditions is a particular challenge. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for tracking extended objects under clutter. We propose an extended measurement model which enables the estimation of the object width using a standard Kalman filter implementation without the need for clustering the data. As this implies multiple observations generated by one object and additional clutter observations, the generalized probabilistic data association with a state-depended cardinality model is utilized. The proposed algorithm is evaluated with simulated data of a radar-based vehicle tracking system.
The Global Burden of Trachoma: A Review

Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Recurrent infection of the ocular surface by Chlamydia trachomatis, the causative agent, leads to inturning of the eyelashes (trichiasis) and blinding corneal opacification. Trachoma is endemic in more than 50 countries. It is currently estimated that there are about 1.3 million people blind from the disease and a further 8.2 million have trichiasis. Several estimates for the burden of disease from trachoma have been made, giving quite variable results. The variation is partly because different prevalence data have been used and partly because different sequelae have been included. The most recent estimate from the WHO placed it at around 1.3 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). A key issue in producing a reliable estimate of the global burden of trachoma is the limited amount of reliable survey data from endemic regions.