Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Serotonergic and octopaminergic systems in the squat lobster Munida quadrispina (anomura, galatheidae)

Immunocytochemical mapping of serotonergic and octopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of the squat lobster Munida quadrispina reveal approximately 120 serotonin‐immunoreactive cell bodies (distributed throughout the neuromeres except in abdominal ganglion 5) and 48 octopamine‐immunoreactive cell bodies (in brain and thoracic neuromeres but none in the circumesophageal or abdominal ganglia). Immunopositive neuropils for both amines are distributed in multiple areas in each neuromere and overlap extensively. Serotonergic and octopaminergic neurons have extensive bilateral projections in abdominal ganglia, whereas the majority of projections in thoracic and subesophageal ganglia are unilateral (contralateral to soma). This difference correlates with typical differences between abdominal and thoracic motor system coordination. Processes of immunoreactive cells for both amines form extensive, peripheral, neurosecretory‐like structures. Serotonin seems to be released peripherally in more segments, and from more nerves per segment, than octopamine. M. quadrispina has fewer serotonergic and octopaminergic immunoreactive cells, in particular, fewer segmentally repeated cells, than other species studied to date. Nevertheless, the general organization of the aminergic systems is similar, and several aminergic cells have locations and morphologies that strongly suggest homology with identified aminergic cells in other crustaceans. Among these are segmentally repeated neurons that, in M. quadrispina, form serotonin‐immunopositive tubular structures in the thoracic hemiganglia innervating pereiopods 1–3 that are unlike anything reported previously for any species. Comparisons of immunocytochemical maps within one species and between species exhibiting different behaviors provide insights into possible sites of action, functional differences between, and evolution of biogenic aminergic systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:450–468, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory

The prefrontal cortex is involved in the cognitive process of working memory. Local injections of SCH23390 and SCH39166, selective antagonists of the D1 dopamine receptor, into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys induced errors and increased latency in performance on an oculomotor task that required memory-guided saccades. The deficit was dose-dependent and sensitive to the duration of the delay period. These D1 antagonists had no effect on performance in a control task requiring visually guided saccades, indicating that sensory and motor functions were unaltered. Thus, D1 dopamine receptors play a selective role in the mnemonic, predictive functions of the primate prefrontal cortex.
Bed roughness effects on boundary‐layer turbulence and consequences for odor‐tracking behavior of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus)

We employed laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements of odorant plume structure and behavioral observations to examine how turbulence affects the three‐dimensional structure of odorant plumes and subsequently mediates olfactory search efficiency and success in our model organism, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). The turbulent characteristics of two laboratory flumes (one for behavioral quantification, one for signal‐structure quantification) were systematically varied by changing the bed substrate roughness to create smooth, transitional, and fully rough flow conditions. Generally, increasing bed roughness caused greater mixing, decreased the time‐averaged odorant concentration and concentration variance, and increased the plume width and homogeneity. Foraging success and speed of blue crabs attempting to locate the odorant source both declined consistently with increasing bed roughness. The variation in signal structure at the height of the antennules among bed‐roughness treatments explains the observed behavior differences in crab foraging speed. In contrast, steering (path linearity) appeared to be unaffected by bed‐roughness‐induced turbulence. The transverse correlation function for odorant concentration at sensors separated across the width of the plume was examined among bed‐roughness treatments, and, ultimately, the correlation function was found to be related to the spatial position of tracking blue crabs. The spatial arrangement of blue crab chemosensors combined with the three‐dimensional structure of odor plumes account for the differential effects of turbulence on the speed and success of crab‐tracking behavior.
Nicotine Promotes Acquisition of Stem Cell and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Properties in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The ability of nicotine to enhance the malignancy of cancer cells is known; however, the possibility that nicotine could regulate a cancer stem cell phenotype remains to be well-established. In this study we sought to determine whether long-term exposure to nicotine could promote cancer stem cell-like properties in two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, UMSCC-10B and HN-1. Nicotine treatment induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in both cell lines by repressing E-cadherin expression, and led to the induction of stem cell markers Oct-4, Nanog, CD44 and BMI-1, which was reversed upon ectopic re-expression of E-cadherin. Nicotine-treated cells formed spheres at a higher efficiency than non-treated cells, formed larger tumors when injected into mice, and formed tumors with 4-fold greater efficiency compared to control cells when injected at limiting doses. Consistent with previous literature, nicotine-treated cells demonstrated a greater capacity for survival and also a higher tendency to invade. Comparison of microRNA profiles between nicotine and control cells revealed the upregulation of miR-9, a repressor of E-cadherin, and the downregulation of miR-101, a repressor of EZH2. Taken together, these results suggest that nicotine may play a critical role in the development of tobacco-induced cancers by regulating cancer stem cell characteristics, and that these effects are likely mediated through EMT-promoting, microRNA-mediated pathways. Further characterization of such pathways remains a promising avenue for the understanding and treatment of tobacco-related cancers.
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Isoflurane and Propofol Block Neurotoxicity Caused by Mk-801 in the Rat Posterior Cingulate/retrosplenial Cortex

In acute brain injury syndromes, the potent N­ methyl-o-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, MK-801, can pre­ vent neuronal degeneration, and the general anesthetics, isoflurane and propofol, may also provide neuroprotective benefits, An obstacle to the use of NMDA antagonists for neuroprotective purposes is that they can cause a neuro­ toxic vacuole reaction in cerebrocortical neurons, This study demonstrates the ability of isoflurane and propofol to prevent the neurotoxic vacuole reaction induced by MK-801, Low sedative doses of inhaled isoflurane (1 %) or intra-Excessive activation of excitatory receptors by the endogenous transmitter, glutamate, is believed to trig­ ger neuronal degeneration in commonly occurring acute brain or spinal cord injury syndromes (stroke, trauma, hypoglycemia, status epilepticus) (Choi, 1988). The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of gluta­ mate receptor is thought to play a major role in the neurodegenerative process, based on evidence that NMDA receptor antagonists are neuroprotective in various experimental models of acute brain or spinal cord injury (Faden et aI., 1989; McCulloch, 1992), A potential obstacle to the use of NMDA antago­ nists for neurotherapeutic purposes is the fact that these agents cause psychotomimetic reactions in adult humans (Luby et aI. 168 venous (Lv,) propofol (75 mg/kg/h) were as effective as higher general anesthetic doses, Thus, in the clinical man­ agement of acute brain injury conditions such as stroke and brain trauma, administration of one of these anesthetic agents together with an NMDA antagonist may be an excel­ lent formula for obtaining optimal neuroprotection while eliminating serious side effects, can injure or kill cerebrocortical neurons in the adult rat brain. At low doses, NMDA antagonists cause a reversible vacuole reaction in pyramidal neurons of the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial (PC! RS) cortex (Olney et aI., 1989), but at higher doses, PC! RS neurons are killed (Fix et aI., 1993; Corso et aI., 1994). In order for NMDA antagonists to be of opti­ mal value as neuroprotective agents, it will be neces­ sary to develop strategies for counteracting or avoid­ ing these side effects. Ketamine, an NMDA antagonist that has been used in human anesthesia for two decades, causes psychotic ("emergence") reactions in human adults that are reduced in frequency and severity by co­ administration of either of two classes of drugs­ benzodiazepines or barbiturates-that facilitate y­ aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor-mediated neurotransmission (Magbagbeola and Thomas, 1974; Reich and Silvay, 1989). It has been shown that these two classes of drugs also prevent the neurotoxic vacu­ ole …
High-Quality Synthesis Against Stochastic Environments

In the classical synthesis problem, we are given an LTL formula psi over sets of input and output signals, and we synthesize a transducer that realizes psi. One weakness of automated synthesis in practice is that it pays no attention to the quality of the synthesized system. Indeed, the classical setting is Boolean: a computation satisfies a specification or does not satisfy it. Accordingly, while the synthesized system is correct, there is no guarantee about its quality. In recent years, researchers have considered extensions of the classical Boolean setting to a quantitative one. The logic LTL[F] is a multi-valued logic that augments LTL with quality operators. The satisfaction value of an LTL[F] formula is a real value in [0,1], where the higher the value is, the higher is the quality in which the computation satisfies the specification. Decision problems for LTL become search or optimization problems for LFL[F]. In particular, in the synthesis problem, the goal is to generate a transducer that satisfies the specification in the highest possible quality. Previous work considered the worst-case setting, where the goal is to maximize the quality of the computation with the minimal quality. We introduce and solve the stochastic setting, where the goal is to generate a transducer that maximizes the expected quality of a computation, subject to a given distribution of the input signals. Thus, rather than being hostile, the environment is assumed to be probabilistic, which corresponds to many realistic settings. We show that the problem is 2EXPTIME-complete, like classical LTL synthesis, and remains so in two extensions we consider: one that maximizes the expected quality while guaranteeing that the minimal quality is, with probability $1$, above a given threshold, and one that allows assumptions on the environment.
Regeneration Patterns in Canopy Gaps of Mixed-oak Forests of the Southern Appalachians: Influences of Topographic Position and Evergreen Understory

-Canopy gaps in southern Appalachian mixed-oak forests were assessed for the effects of topographic, gap and stand variables on density of wood seedlings. Seedling density was significantly correlated with percent slope and positively with gap age (1-5 yr). Density varied substantially among topographic positions and increased with gap size. Species richness decreased over time and increased with gap size. Regeneration was dominated by Acer rubrum L. Other important species included Quercus coccinea Muench. , Q. rubra L. , Q. velutina Lamarck, Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Cornus florida L. Some known gap species increased in density with increasing gap size. Competitive inhibition effects of the evergreen understory (Rhododendron maximum L. and Kalmia latifolia L.) were also examined. Gaps containing over 50% cover of R. maximum had significantly lower densities than all other gaps, including gaps with >50% K latifolia cover. Height distributions of major regenerating species were skewed away from small (<15 cm) height classes. Species establishment was a function of gap area, gap age, topographic position and cover of R. maximum. In addition, species of varying degrees of tolerance of understory conditions are capable of establishment in small to medium size canopy openings in the absence of an evergreen shrub understory.
MULTI-PHASE STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION VIA A LEVEL SET METHOD ∗, ∗∗

We consider the optimal distribution of several elastic materials in a fixed working domain. In order to optimize both the geometry and topology of the mixture we rely on the level set method for the description of the interfaces between the different phases. We discuss various approaches, based on Hadamard method of boundary variations, for computing shape derivatives which are the key ingredients for a steepest descent algorithm. The shape gradient obtained for a sharp interface involves jump of discontinuous quantities at the interface which are difficult to numerically evaluate. Therefore we suggest an alternative smoothed interface approach which yields more convenient shape derivatives. We rely on the signed distance function and we enforce a fixed width of the transition layer around the interface (a crucial property in order to avoid increasing "grey" regions of fictitious materials). It turns out that the optimization of a diffuse interface has its own interest in material science, for example to optimize functionally graded materials. Several 2-d examples of compliance minimization are numerically tested which allow us to compare the shape derivatives obtained in the sharp or smoothed interface cases.
The Benefits of a Small Country as a Member of NATO

Abstract : The paper glimpses at the roles of a small country throughout history, and the specific pattern of behavior it develops in interaction with the great powers. Then, after briefly looking at NATO as an alliance, it explores the benefits of a small country as a member of NATO, in particular: participation in decision making, international visibility, collective defense, burden sharing, ability to address new security challenges, democratic reforms, stability, improved relations among European countries, and prosperity. After analysis of the benefits one could argue that the most beneficial for a small country is its security. A country's democracy, stability, and rule of law of lay on the foundations set by the security of the country. On the other hand, the principle of consensus and unanimity gives something that small countries never had before, it involves them into the decision making process on an equal basis as the great powers. Nevertheless, when one combines these benefits one can conclude that the greatest benefit for a small country as a member of NATO is the ability to command their own destiny.
Cognitive Radio and Management of Spectrum in a Multi Radio Access Technology Environment

Cognitive radio capabilities will lead to the ubiquitous availability of a great variety of innovative services, delivered via a multitude of Radio Access Technologies (RATs). To achieve this vision, heterogeneity in wireless access technologies; including the requirements and capabilities of different services, mobility patterns, devices, and so forth. Since the demand for spectrum gradually increases and will continue to do so in future systems, this paper present some key-issues with respect to efficiently managing spectrum and brought into view the relevant regulatory perspectives. Moreover, the usage of spectrum will not fluctuate between extreme limits, but be constantly at a rather satisfactory level, giving the opportunity to stakeholders to create, introduce and experience innovative services and applications.
On Finding an Optimized Categorization in Conceptual Spaces using Genetic Algorithms

The complex analyses required by artificial intelligence applications need both a flexible structure for information representation and a quick and ecient method for information categorization. The latter has a great impact on the former because it can increase or not the knowledge database dimension. This situation can sometimes lead to undesired complexity. In this paper a genetic algorithm approach was used in order to obtain two major desired eects. The first one is to increase the disjunction level in knowledge representation and the second is to increase the processing speed. Comparisons were made between our solutions and the weighting results of ReliefF algorithm.
The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long

A method of making security paper such as paper for currency notes and paper made by the method. The method comprises incorporating in the body of the paper thermoplastic material, such as polyethylene, polyamides, or polyvinylchloride, and raising the temperature of the thermoplastic material to a level at which the material fuses. Preferably the material is in the form of a nut which has been so stretched that the filaments between the nodes of the net have their molecules orientated so that on fusion the filaments part and draw back towards the nodes to leave islands. The material may also comprise single filaments or granules, and it may be incorporated into the paper sheet during deposition on a Fourdrinier or cylinder paper machine.
Modified Dropout for Training Neural Network

Dropout is a method that prevents overfitting when training deep neural networks. It involves sampling different sub-networks by temporarily removing nodes at random. Dropout works well in practice, but its properties have not been fully explored or theoretically justified. Our project explores the properties of dropout by applying methods used in optimization such as simulated annealing and low discrepancy sampling in model combination. We include experimental results that demonstrate the properties of these modifications to dropout and compare them to existing versions of dropout.
An applicable high-efficient CNTFET-based full adder cell for practical environments

Full adder is among the most practical logic blocks. It is the main arithmetical component of all digital systems. This paper presents the novel design of a high-speed and high-efficient full adder cell which is on the basis of low-complex pass-transistor logic. Using carbon nanotube field effect transistors, formation of transmission gates are not required and the usage of extra transistors is avoided. It benefits from ultra high computational speed which makes it ideal for high-speed and high-frequency applications. It could be employed in portable devices as it consumes very low power. It has also the advantage of working reliably in spite of fabrication imperfections. Simulations are carried out using Synopsys HSPICE in a realistic test bench and other various strict conditions. Simulation results demonstrate higher efficiency with respect to other conventional and state-of-the-art CNTFET and MOSFET implementations.
Fast acoustic computations using graphics processors

In this paper we present a fast method for computing acoustic likelihoods that makes use of a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). After enabling the GPU acceleration the main processor runtime dedicated to acoustic scoring tasks is reduced from the largest consumer to just a few percent even when using mixture models with a large number of Gaussian components. The results show a large reduction in decoding time with no change in accuracy and we also show by using a 16bit half precision floating point format for the acoustic model parameters, storage requirements can be halved with no reduction in accuracy.
Notes on Maxwell & Delaney 12 Higher-order Within-subject Designs 12.1 Factorial Within-subjects Designs

Chapter 11 discussed the analysis of data collected in experiments that had a single, within-subject factor. Here we extend those ideas to cover situations in which we have two (or more) within-subjects factors, and one within-and one between-subjects factor. As before, we consider only balanced data. Also, we assume that the subjects variable is random and the experimental factors are fixed. Therefore, we can generalize our results to different subjects, but not to different levels of the independent variables. We first consider a situation in which all combinations of two experimental variables are presented to each subject. We call this a within-subject factorial design: all of the factors are crossed within every subject. For instance, the data in Table 12.1 in your textbook presents the data from a hypothetical perception experiment that uses a 2x3 within-subject factorial experiment to examine the effects of distractors, or noise, and stimulus orientation on the time required to discriminate two letters. The noise factor has two levels – present vs. absent – and the angle of the stimulus was 0, 4, or 8 deg from upright/vertical. The dependent variable is response time (RT). Data were collected from ten subjects; every subject was tested in all six experimental conditions, and the order of conditions was randomized for each subject. A full model for this two-way within-subjects design is Y ijk = µ + α j + β k + π i + (αβ) jk + (απ) ji + (βπ) ki + (αβπ) jki + ijk (1) where Y ijk is the score on the dependent variable from subject i in the jth level of A and the kth level of B; µ is the intercept; α j is the effect associated with the jth level of A; β k is the effect associated with the kth level of B; π i is the effect associated with the ith subject; (αβ) jk is the effect of the interaction between the jth level of A and the kth level of B; (απ) ji is the effect of the interaction between the jth level of A and the ith subject; (βπ) ki is the effect of the interaction between the kth level of B and the ith subject; (αβπ) jki is the effect of the three-way interaction of the jth level of A, the kth level of B, and the ith subject; and ijk is the error for …
Petri Analysis on Multi-Path Pre-Detection of Byzantine Nodes in WMN

to solve the security issues in WMN (Wireless Mesh Network), a session key negotiation model based on multi-path in WMN has been proposed, which realizes the pre-detection of Byzantine nodes and prevent the mesh nodes from the man-in-the-middle attacking. Petri Net Theory is introduced to analyze, in a formalized way, the feature and security of the new model. Solution to the loophole discovered by Petri is given. The scheme increases the security level of WMN.
No Metaphorical Timeline in Gesture and Cognition Among Yucatec Mayas

In numerous languages, space provides a productive domain for the expression of time. This paper examines how time-to-space mapping is realized in Yucatec Maya. At the linguistic level, Yucatec Maya has numerous resources to express deictic time, whereas expression of sequential time is highly constrained. Specifically, in gesture, we do not find any metaphorical oriented timeline, but only an opposition between “current time” (mapped on the “here” space) and “remote time” (mapped on the “remote/distant space”). Additionally, past and future are not contrasted. Sequential or deictic time in language and gesture are not conceived as unfolding along a metaphorical oriented line (e.g., left-right or front-back) but as a succession of completed events not spatially organized. Interestingly, although Yucatec Maya speakers preferentially use a geocentric spatial frame of reference (FoR), especially visible in their use of gesture, time is not mapped onto a geocentric axis (e.g., east-west). We argue that, instead of providing a source for time mapping, the use of a spatial geocentric FoR in Yucatec Maya seems to inhibit it. The Yucatec Maya expression of time in language and gesture fits the more general cultural conception of time as cyclic. Experimental results confirmed, to some extent, this non-linear, non-directional conception of time in Yucatec Maya.