Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bell inequalities and entanglement in solid-state devices

Bell-inequality checks constitute a probe of entanglement-given a source of entangled particles, their violation is a signature of the nonlocal nature of quantum mechanics. Here, we study a solid-state device producing pairs of entangled electrons, a superconductor emitting Cooper pairs properly split into the two arms of a normal-metallic fork with the help of appropriate filters. We formulate Bell-type inequalities in terms of current-current cross correlators, the natural quantities measured in mesoscopic physics; their violation provides evidence that this device indeed is a source of entangled electrons.
LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS FOR EXPLAINING A HIERARCHICAL LEARNING STRUCTURE

In the present paper, a latent structure analysis for studying the systematic learning process of acquiring several skills is developed. The learning structure con sidered in this paper means not only the linear hierarchical learning structure but also the branching hierarchical learning structure. The acquisition of each skill is assessed on the basis of the response to the related binary item (Success or Failure), Further, it is assumed that each subject responds to each item stochastically, that is, we admit both guessing errors and forgetting errors. With regards to the model, the hypothe sized structure is incorporated into the model itself within the framework of the latent class model. An algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of the latent parameters (MLE algorithm) is constructed according to the EM algorithm. A numerical example is also presented to demonstrate the estimation procedure.
Investigation of primary mathematics student teachers’ concept images: cylinder and cone

The aim of the present study is to determine the influence of concept definitions of cylinder and cone on primary mathematics student teachers’ construction of relevant concept images. The study had a relational survey design and the participants were 238 primary mathematics student teachers. Statistical analyses implied the following: mathematics student teachers did not have sufficient level of knowledge about the concepts of cylinder and cone; concept definitions were insufficient in constructing concept images; providing student teachers with formal definitions of the concepts increased performance in choosing the right models of cylinder and cone from a given set of models but decreased performance in constructing a new cylinder; formal definitions did not affect the selection of models which were not cylinder and cone and the construction of a new cone model.
Earliest evidence of primate captivity and translocation supports gift diplomacy between Teotihuacan and the Maya

Significance We interpret the offering of a complete skeleton of a charismatic animal—a captively managed spider monkey—at Plaza of the Columns as the subject of a strategic gift exchange between Teotihuacan and the Maya that reified diplomatic ties between these two major regions of Classic Mesoamerica. We suggest a more multilateral mode of ritual exchange preceded the Teotihuacan state’s eventual ascent to prominence prior to the epigraphically attested militaristic involvement of Teotihuacan in local Maya politics. A multimethod archaeometry study of a spider monkey sacrificed at Teotihuacan provides the earliest evidence of primate captivity and translocation in the Americas over 1,500 y ago.
Quantum Theory of Observers

This is an attempt to create a consistent and non-trivial extension of quantum theory, describing in detail the quantum measurement process. A tentative but concrete model is presented, based on the concept of multiple observer/participators, represented by separate state vectors. The evolution is deterministic, and in the chaotic regime implies approximate adherence to the Born rule for probabilities. The model is applied in a number of contexts: simple detectors, multi-state selectors, and intermittent systems. The results are consistent with phenomenology. We also consider more speculative applications, including specic spin and position ‘observables. ’ Finally the outlook for the model is discussed, and its relation to other work.
Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Bone Loss in Rodent Models: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Osteoporosis has traditionally been characterized by underlying endocrine mechanisms, though evidence indicates a role of inflammation in its pathophysiology. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram‐negative bacteria that reside in the intestines, can be released into circulation and stimulate the immune system, upregulating bone resorption. Exogenous LPS is used in rodent models to study the effect of systemic inflammation on bone, and to date a variety of different doses, routes, and durations of LPS administration have been used. The study objective was to determine whether systemic administration of LPS induced inflammatory bone loss in rodent models. A systematic search of Medline and four other databases resulted in a total of 110 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a random‐effects meta‐analyses were used for bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD). Heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. Shorter‐term (<2 weeks) and longer‐term (>2 weeks) LPS interventions were analyzed separately because of intractable study design differences. BV/TV was significantly reduced in both shorter‐term (SMD = −3.79%, 95% CI [−4.20, −3.38], I2 62%; p < 0.01) and longer‐term (SMD = −1.50%, 95% CI [−2.00, −1.00], I2 78%; p < 0.01) studies. vBMD was also reduced in both shorter‐term (SMD = −3.11%, 95% CI [−3.78, −2.44]; I2 72%; p < 0.01) and longer‐term (SMD = −3.49%, 95% CI [−4.94, −2.04], I2 82%; p < 0.01) studies. In both groups, regardless of duration, LPS negatively impacted trabecular bone structure but not cortical bone structure, and an upregulation in bone resorption demonstrated by bone cell staining and serum biomarkers was reported. This suggests systemically delivered exogenous LPS in rodents is a viable model for studying inflammatory bone loss, particularly in trabecular bone. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Radio Wave Emissions Due to Gravitational Radiation

We consider the interaction of a weak gravitational wave with electromagnetic fields in a thin plasma on a Minkowski background spacetime using the 1+3 orthonormal frame formalism. Because gravitational and electromagnetic waves satisfy the same dispersion relation, electromagnetic waves can be effectively generated as a result of this interaction. In the case of the interaction with a static magnetic field, the amplitude of the electromagnetic waves depends on the size of the excitation region in which the magnetic field is contained. It is argued that because of the presence of a plasma this process can also lead to the generation of higher harmonics of the original mode. Estimates are given for this effect in the case of a binary pulsar and a cold electron plasma. It is found that the emitted radiation will lie in the radio frequency band. We also speculate on the possible relevance of this process on situations in cosmology, in particular, whether this could be used to constrain primordial magnetic fields.
Across-horizon scattering and information transfer

We address the question whether or not two electrically charged elementary particles can Coulomb scatter if one of these particles is inside the Schwarzschild black-hole horizon and the other outside. It can be shown that the quantum process is consistent with the local energy–momentum conservation law. This result implies that across-horizon scattering is a physical effect, relevant to astrophysical black holes. We propose a Gedankenexperiment which uses the quantum scattering process to transfer information from inside the black-hole horizon to outside.
Modeling NNLO Jet Corrections with Neural Networks

We present a preliminary strategy for modeling multidimensional distributions through neural networks. We study the efficiency of the proposed strategy by considering as input data the two-dimensional next-to-next leading order (NNLO) jet k-factors distribution for the ATLAS 7 TeV 2011 data. We then validate the neural network model in terms of interpolation and prediction quality by comparing its results to alternative models.
Geometry design for a fully insertable glucose biosensor with multimodal optical readout

Abstract. Significance Insertable optical continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) with wearable readers are a strong option for monitoring individuals with diabetes. However, a fully insertable CGM requires a small form factor while still delivering sufficient signal to be read through tissue by an external device. Previous work has suggested that a multimodal repeating unit (barcode) approach may meet these requirements, but the biosensor geometry must be optimized to meet performance criteria. Aim This work details in silico trials conducted to evaluate the geometry of a fully insertable multimodal optical biosensor with respect to both optical output and species diffusion in vivo. Approach Monte Carlo modeling is used to evaluate the luminescent output of three presupposed biosensor designs based on size constraints for an injectable and logical placement of the bar code compartments. Specifically, the sensitivity of the luminescent output to displacement of the biosensor in the X and Y directions, overall size of the selected design, and size of an individual repeating unit are analyzed. Further, an experimentally validated multiphysics model is used to evaluate the diffusion and reaction of glucose and oxygen within the biosensor to estimate the occurrence of chemical crosstalk between the assay components. Results A stacked cylinder multimodal biosensor 4.4 mm in length with repeating units 0.36 mm in length was found to yield a greater luminescent output than the current “barcode” biosensor design. In addition, it was found that a biosensor with enzymatic elements does not significantly deplete glucose locally and thus does not impact the diffusion profile of glucose in adjacent compartments containing nonenzymatic assays. Conclusions Computational modeling was used to design the geometry of a multimodal, insertable, and optical CGM to ensure that the optical output and chemical diffusion profile are sufficient for this device to function in vivo.
Heavy-Element Abundances and Dust Depletions in the Host Galaxies of Three Gamma-Ray Bursts

We have derived the column densities of heavy elements in three gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical transients, associated with the circumburst or interstellar medium (ISM) of the host galaxy. In comparison with the same elements observed in damped Lyα (DLA) systems along QSO sight lines, we find evidence for much higher column densities of Zn II. The gap between the QSO-DLA and GRB-DLA distributions is smoothly bridged by observations of the interstellar absorption in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds. Very small [Fe/Zn], [Si/Zn], and [Cr/Zn] values in GRB-DLAs indicate large dust depletions. Once the dust-to-metals ratios are determined, we find an optical extinction AV ≈ 1 mag, to be compared with typical AV ≲ 0.1 in most QSO-DLAs. Our inference of high dust content appears to be in contradiction with the typical low reddening previously found in GRBs. One possible way to reconcile is a dust grain size distribution biased toward big grains, which would give a gray extinction. Possibly, the small dust grains have been destroyed by the GRBs themselves. Our findings support the idea that primarily optically selected QSOs probe mainly low-gas/dust regions of high-redshift galaxies, while the more powerful GRBs can be detected through denser regions of their ISM (molecular clouds and star-forming regions). Therefore, GRB-DLAs and QSO-DLAs together provide a more complete picture of the global properties of the interstellar medium in high-redshift galaxies.
Role of renal tubular programed cell death in diabetic kidney disease

The pathogenic mechanism of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is involved in various functions; however, its inadequate characterisation limits the availability of effective treatments. Tubular damage is closely correlated with renal function and is thought to be the main contributor to the injury observed in early DKD. Programed cell death (PCD) occurs during the biological development of the living body. Accumulating evidence has clarified the fundamental role of abnormalities in tubular PCD during DKD pathogenesis. Among PCD types, classical apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and pyroptosis are the most studied and will be the focus of this review. Our review aims to elucidate the current knowledge of the mechanism of DKD and the potential therapeutic potential of drugs targeting tubular PCD pathways in DKD.
Performance comparison of advanced optical modulation formats in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems employing G.655 fibers

This paper studies the non-linear tolerance of several modulation formats in a four-span WDM system (8x10Gb/s) using low chromatic dispersion fiber. The narrow spacing between the channels (50 GHz) makes FWM to be the most detrimental effect experienced in each span made of G.655 fiber (80 km, D=2ps/nm.km) compensated by 0.8 km of DCF. A particular attention to the Q factor computed in the simulations enables a fair comparison between IMDD (Intensity Modulated Direct Detection) and phase modulated formats. It is shown that the various amplitude modulation alternatives result in more or less the same performance. Phase modulation schemes drastically increase the system performance leading to an increase of the Q-factor by almost 3dB.
X-ray and optical properties of X-ray sources in the 13hr XMM-Newton/Chandra deep survey

The 13hr XMM-Newton/Chandra deep survey is the first of two extremely deep XMM-Newton fields observed by the XMM-OM consortium, A 120 ks Chandra mosaic, covering 0.2 deg(2), provides sensitive, confusion-free point source detection with sub-arcsecond positions. while the 200 ks XMM-Newton observation provides high quality X-ray spectroscopy over the same sky area. We have optical spectroscopic identifications for 70 X-ray sources. Of these, 42 are broad emission-line AGN with a wide range of redshifts. The optical counterparts of a further 23 sources are narrow emission line galaxies and absorption line galaxies. These 23 sources all lie at z < I and typically have lower X-ray luminosities than the broad-line AGN. About half of them show significant X-ray absorption and are almost certainly intrinsically absorbed AGN. However some of them have unabsorbed, AGN-like, power-law components in their X-ray spectra, but do not show broad emission lines in their optical spectra, These sources may be weak, unobscured AGN in bright galaxies and their existence at low redshifts could be a consequence of the strong cosmological evolution of AGN characteristic luminosities.
Simultaneous multidimensional impacts of active learning revealed in a first implementation in the MENA region

Significance The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals underscore the principle of “leaving no one behind” through “a holistic approach to achieve sustainable development for all. ” Quality education, the fourth goal, targets learning outcomes and skills. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, while access to education is growing, the quality of education and education-driven economic growth are lagging. MENA has the world’s largest youth population and the highest youth unemployment rate. The impact of unrealized education promise cannot be excluded from drivers of youth’s frustration and instabilities. Active learning can potentially reform education, particularly in science, and materialize the education promise. We show that a grassroots implementation outside developed countries using open resources is feasible, resulting in multidimensional gains.
Nonnormality and transient behavior of the de Saint‐Venant‐Exner equations

Shallow‐water flows on fixed and movable beds play an important role in both hydrology and river morphodynamics, and several efforts have been devoted to investigating their stability. The analysis is usually conducted focusing the asymptotic fate of small disturbances, using normal modes. In this work we instead have tackled another aspect of the stability problem studying the disturbance behavior at finite times. Recent studies have in fact shown that nonnormality of differential operators can induce a nonmonotonic decay of disturbances in asymptotically stable cases and the occurrence of transient growths. We have investigated these aspects for the de Saint‐Venant‐Exner equations and discussed the transient behavior of the energy of disturbances for both fixed and movable bed conditions. We show that the former case provides weak levels of nonnormality; while the latter can give rise to important transient growths. These growths result from uniquely linear mechanisms, are potentially able to trigger nonlinear instabilities, and are physically due to a transfer of potential energy between the water stream and the bed. The results encourage revisiting the study of morphodynamics from a nonmodal perspective.
Spatially targeted brain cancer immunotherapy with closed-loop controlled focused ultrasound and immune checkpoint blockade

Despite the challenges in treating glioblastomas (GBMs) with immune adjuvants, increasing evidence suggests that targeting the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can lead to improved responses. Here, we present a closed-loop controlled, microbubble-enhanced focused ultrasound (MB-FUS) system and test its abilities to safely and effectively treat GBMs using immune checkpoint blockade. The proposed system can fine-tune the exposure settings to promote MB acoustic emission–dependent expression of the proinflammatory marker ICAM-1 and delivery of anti-PD1 in a mouse model of GBM. In addition to enhanced interaction of proinflammatory macrophages within the PD1-expressing TME and significant improvement in survival (P < 0.05), the combined treatment induced long-lived memory T cell formation within the brain that supported tumor rejection in rechallenge experiments. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the ability of MB-FUS to augment the therapeutic impact of immune checkpoint blockade in GBMs and reinforce the notion of spatially tumor-targeted (loco-regional) brain cancer immunotherapy.
Maximising functionals of the joint law of the maximum and terminal value in the Skorokhod embedding problem

The Skorokhod embedding problem for Brownian motion $W$ is, given a centred probability measure $\mu$, to find a stopping time $\tau$ such that $W_\tau \sim \mu$. There exist many classical solutions to this problem, some of which give solutions with particular optimality properties. The Az\'ema-Yor solution (respectively the Perkins solution) has the property that it maximises (respectively minimises) the law of the maximum of the stopped process. We show that these constructions have a wider property in that they also maximise (and minimise) expected values for a more general class of bivariate functions $F(W_\tau,S_\tau)$ depending on the joint law of the stopped process and the maximum. Moreover, for monotonic functions $g$, they also maximise and minimise $\E[\int_0^\tau g(S_t) dt ]$ amongst embeddings of $\mu$, although, perhaps surprisingly, we show that for increasing $g$ the Az\'ema-Yor embedding minimises this quantity, and the Perkins embedding maximises it. Along the way we also consider whether $\mu_n$ converges weakly to $\mu$ is a sufficient condition for the associated Az\'ema-Yor and Perkins stopping times to converge. In the case of the Az\'ema-Yor embedding, if the potentials at zero also converge, then the stopping times converge almost surely, but for the Perkins embedding, the stopping times need only converge in probability.
Low-energy fixed points of random quantum spin chains

The one-dimensional isotropic quantum Heisenberg spin systems with random couplings and random spin sizes are investigated using a real-space renormalization-group scheme. It is demonstrated that these systems belong to a universality class of disordered spin systems, characterized by weakly coupled large effective spins. In this large-spin phase the uniform magnetic susceptibility diverges as T{sup {minus}1} with a nonuniversal Curie constant at low temperatures T, while the specific heat vanishes as T{sup {vert_bar}{alpha}{vert_bar}}{vert_bar}lnT{vert_bar} for T{r_arrow}0. For a broad range of initial distributions of couplings and spin sizes the distribution functions approach a single fixed-point form, where {alpha}{approx}{minus}0.44. For some singular initial distributions, however, the fixed-point form of distributions becomes nonuniversal, suggesting that there is a line of fixed points. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Utilization of the emergency department as a routine source of care among children with asthma

Abstract Objective: To describe characteristics of children with persistent asthma in the ED who receive most of their healthcare in emergency settings; and determine whether recent asthma experiences or historic patterns of care are associated with identifying the ED as a typical location for care. Methods: We conducted a sub-analysis of baseline data from Telemedicine Enhanced Asthma Management through the Emergency Department (TEAM-ED), an RCT of children (3-12 years) presenting to the ED with persistent asthma (2016-2020). Caregivers identified reasons for seeking emergency care, including if their child received most overall healthcare in the ED (‘ED Care’; primary outcome) or not (‘Other Care’). Independent variables included demographics, recent symptoms and quality of life (QOL), and historic preventive care and healthcare use. We compared responses between ED Care and Other Care groups using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: We analyzed data for 355 children (31% ED Care, 69% Other Care). Compared with Other Care, ED Care respondents were more likely to identify the ED as the closest source of healthcare; report fewer symptom nights but a poorer quality of life; and describe the ED as a usual place for sick care, despite most having a PCP. Conclusions: Many children with asthma use the ED as a typical source of healthcare, and are distinguished by need for proximity, poorer caregiver QOL, and historic patterns of care-seeking. Efforts to improve timely access to outpatient care and reinforce the role of PCP-directed asthma management, such as through telemedicine, may reduce preventable morbidity including ED visits.