Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Mix and the Neighbourhood Effect. Policy Ambitions and Empirical Evidence

Segregation is a central concept in both academic and policy debates on urban issues. It has been argued that the process of globalisation results in increased social polarisation and subsequently sharper spatial segregation. Indeed, many politicians express a fear of rising segregation, envisioning the emergence of 'ghettos' or as it is called in the Netherlands 'income neighbourhoods'. In order to prevent concentrations of poverty from forming, a new area-based policy was formulated which aimed to restructure the urban housing market at the neighbourhood level and mix low-quality with high-quality houses. Such a concern with social mix has become common in a number of developed countries. In this regard the analysis has a wide relevance. This paper explores these ideas both by discussing the theoretical framework underpinning the policy, and by examining empirical support for it. Since the policy of housing-quality mixing is still in the first phase of implementation, relevant longitudinal data is not yet available. As a consequence our evaluation addresses present poverty concentrations and housing stock (mix) characteristics in the city of Amsterdam. By comparing neighbourhoods that already have a 'mixed' housing stock to homogeneous neighbourhoods, it has been possible to see whether mixing really does correspond to significantly lower poverty rates. It turns out that the empirical facts are quite different from the expected results: mixing does not in fact reduce poverty. It is concluded that the policy lacks an empirical basis. Housing-mix policy requires substantial budgets, while the goal of reducing poverty cannot be reached. As an alternative, we suggest that poverty is a personal characteristic and that it is therefore preferable to approach poverty directly instead of hoping for the results of a dubious 'neighbourhood effect'.
Peer Relationships as a Source of Support for Adolescent Mothers

Little has been written about the role of the peer group in the lives of adolescent mothers. There has been speculation that an adolescent mother's peer relationships change as a result of pregnancy andparenthood. The literature indicates that peers become less able to provide a support system. Little empirical evidence has been provided to support this speculation. This study assessed a sample of 46 adolescent mothers on the amounts and types of supportprovided byfriends as compared to relatives and examined peer support in relation to parenting stress. The Inventory of Social Contacts measured levels of perceived child-rearing, emotional, and material support and interference from family and friends. The Parenting Stress Index assessed self-reported parenting stress arising from child and parent characteristics. Results of repeated-measures ANOVAs and Pearson correlations indicated that, as compared to family, friends provide more emotional support and less interference. Parenting stress is buffered more effectively by the support that is provided by friends.
The Welfare Effects of Soft Dollar Brokerage: Law and Economics

Soft dollar brokerage is the subject of much controversy, but its practice persists. In this monograph, the authors carefully and dispassionately analyze why. Their thesis is that by understanding the underlying reasons for soft dollar use rather than simply condemning it, investment managers and government regulators can gain a new understanding of soft dollar brokerage's positive role in the economy. Horan and Johnsen present a compelling case for soft dollar brokerage as the outcome of efficient economic organization. They explore the relevant legal and economic issues and analyze two alternative hypotheses about the intended function and consequences of soft dollar brokerage. The authors conclude that when soft dollar brokerage is done properly, it helps align the incentives of portfolio managers and clients.
A novel DCAF1‐binding motif required for Vpx‐mediated degradation of nuclear SAMHD1 and Vpr‐induced G2 arrest

HIV‐2 and closely related SIV Vpx proteins are essential for viral replication in macrophages and dendritic cells. Vpx hijacks DCAF1–DDB1–Cul4 E3 ubiquitin ligase to promote viral replication. DCAF1 is essential for cell proliferation and embryonic development and is responsible for the polyubiquitination of poorly defined cellular proteins. How substrate receptors recruit the DCAF1‐containing E3 ubiquitin ligase to induce protein degradation is still poorly understood. Here we identify a highly conserved motif (Wx4Φx2Φx3AΦxH) that is present in diverse Vpx and Vpr proteins of primate lentiviruses. We demonstrate that the Wx4Φx2Φx3AΦxH motif in SIVmac Vpx is required for both the Vpx–DCAF1 interaction and/or Vpx‐mediated degradation of SAMHD1. DCAF1‐binding defective Vpx mutants also have impaired ability to promote SIVΔVpx virus infection of myeloid cells. Critical amino acids in the Wx4Φx2Φx3AΦxH motif of SIV Vpx that are important for DCAF1 interaction maintained the ability to bind SAMHD1, indicating that the DCAF1 and SAMHD1 interactions involve distinctive interfaces in Vpx. Surprisingly, VpxW24A mutant proteins that were still capable of binding DCAF1 and SAMHD1 lost the ability to induce SAMHD1 degradation, suggesting that Vpx is not a simple linker between the DCAF1–DDB1–Cul4 E3 ubiquitin ligase and its substrate, SAMHD1.VpxW24A maintained the ability to accumulate in the nucleus despite the fact that nuclear, but not cytoplasmic, mutant forms of SAMHD1 were more sensitive to Vpx‐mediated degradation. The Wx4Φx2Φx3AΦxH motif in HIV‐1 Vpr is also required for the Vpr–DCAF1 interaction and Vpr‐induced G2 cell cycle arrest. Thus, our data reveal previously unrecognized functional interactions involved in the assembly of virally hijacked DCAF1–DDB1‐based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Are Poverty and Social Goals for the 21st Century Attainable

Summaries The article assesses the prospects for countries attaining two important International Development Goals (IDGs) by the year 2015: halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty; and reducing by two thirds the death rate for children. On the basis of recent growth experience and predicted GDP growth rates, the picture is mixed. About a half of the developing countries for which data are available are likely to reach the poverty reduction target. However, with improved economic policy (reflected in the ‘openness’ index), the number of countries shown likely to achieve the target increases sharply. Prospects for achieving the child mortality target are much bleaker. Even under the most favorable scenario – improved female education and high economic growth – child mortality rates would be substantially above the IDG target for 2015. The article reviews the types of public action that are needed now if these targets are to be attained. It emphasises the need to focus on policy and institutional reforms needed to achieve well‐functioning social sectors.
Community Unionism and Union Renewal

The purpose of this article is to identify various ways unions engage with communities and to understand the obstacles that confront union—community cooperation. Qualitative data was analyzed from multiple sources, including documentary evidence and interviews with union officials and community activists. We locate the debate on community unionism within the broader literature on union renewal and revitalization. In doing this we are able to explore the potential of different forms of union—community relationships to foster union renewal. The study reveals the diversity in relationships both within and across unions and the existence of coalitions operating at different levels within union organization. While the unions in this study were actively seeking to engage with the community, not all alliances were reflective of an inclusive social and political agenda which could constitute the basis for union renewal.
Equal emissions per capita over time – a proposal to combine responsibility and equity of rights for post-2012 GHG emission entitlement allocation

Any effective future climate policy regime based on the Kyoto Protocol requires the determination of the concrete contribution regarding time and quantity for each party. Based on the two justice principles, responsibility and equity of rights, that form the basis for the so-called Brazilian Proposal and Contraction and Convergence respectively, a new approach is developed: future emission rights are allocated on the basis of equal emissions per capita over time. By so doing not only are emissions per capita (EPC) taken into account during the allocation but also their evolution over time. This may result in negative quantities of emission rights for some parties due to their historical ‘burden’. On the other hand, parties with low EPC would be allocated large amounts of ‘fair air’. Even though this approach may currently lack political support by powerful parties, it offers another analytical reference point for the political bargaining process on future allocations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Effects of cyclosporine or FK506 in chronic colitis.

The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the effects FK506 on the pathophysiology observed in a model of chronic granulomatous colitis in rats and compare these effects to those obtained with cyclosporin A (CyA). Chronic granulomatous colitis was induced in female Lewis rats via intramural (subserosal) injections of peptidoglycan/polysaccharide (PG/PS) into the distal colon. Rats then received daily injections (i.m.) of either vehicle for CyA (0.5 ml/kg cremophor), CyA in vehicle (25 mg/kg), saline (0.5 ml/kg) or FK506 (1 mg/kg in saline), beginning 7 days after PG/PS injection and continuing for an additional 2 weeks. On day 21, we found that the intramural injection of PG/PS produced a chronic colitis that was associated with hepatic and splenic granulomatous inflammation. Daily treatment with CyA or FK506 beginning 7 days after the induction of colitis resulted in significant inhibition in colonic mucosal permeability, colonic myeloperoxidase activity and plasma nitrate/nitrite levels when compared with their vehicle or untreated controls. In some instances, we noticed a significant vehicle-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. The incidence of peritoneal adhesions as well as the presence of hepatic and splenic granulomas induced by PG/PS were also significantly reduced in both the CyA- and FK506-treated groups. Taken together, these data suggest that immunosuppressive therapy is effective at attenuating both the colitis as well as the extraintestinal inflammation induced by PG/PS. We conclude that FK506 may be useful in the treatment of certain types of inflammatory bowel disease.
Gain, Loss, and Asset Pricing: It is Much Easier. A note

Bernardo and Ledoit (2000) develop a very appealing framework to compute pricing bounds based on the so-called gain-loss ratio. Their method has many advantages and very interesting properties and so far one important drawback: the complexity of the numerical computation of the pricing bounds. In this note we provide an simple procedure for their computation which only entails solving a linear optimization program.
Human adaptations to diet, subsistence, and ecoregion are due to subtle shifts in allele frequency

Human populations use a variety of subsistence strategies to exploit an exceptionally broad range of ecoregions and dietary components. These aspects of human environments have changed dramatically during human evolution, giving rise to new selective pressures. To understand the genetic basis of human adaptations, we combine population genetics data with ecological information to detect variants that increased in frequency in response to new selective pressures. Our approach detects SNPs that show concordant differences in allele frequencies across populations with respect to specific aspects of the environment. Genic and especially nonsynonymous SNPs are overrepresented among those most strongly correlated with environmental variables. This provides genome-wide evidence for selection due to changes in ecoregion, diet, and subsistence. We find particularly strong signals associated with polar ecoregions, with foraging, and with a diet rich in roots and tubers. Interestingly, several of the strongest signals overlap with those implicated in energy metabolism phenotypes from genome-wide association studies, including SNPs influencing glucose levels and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, several pathways, including those of starch and sucrose metabolism, are enriched for strong signals of adaptations to a diet rich in roots and tubers, whereas signals associated with polar ecoregions are overrepresented in genes associated with energy metabolism pathways.
Financial Intermediary Development and Output Fluctuations: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis on Asean-5 Plus 3

This paper examines the direct and indirect effects of financial intermediary development on output fluctuations based on the theoretical works by Bacchetta and Caminal (2000) and Beck, Lundberg and Majnoni (2006). According to credit market imperfections, well-developed financial intermediaries dampen the effect of real sector shocks and magnify the effect of monetary shocks on output fluctuations. This paper examines whether financial intermediaries serve as shock absorbers or shock magnifiers that mitigate or amplify the effect of real and monetary shocks on output fluctuations. Using data from 8 countries of ASEAN-5 Plus 3, the empirical results indicate that (1) there is strong and robust evidence for the dampening effect of financial intermediary development on output fluctuations via the propagation of real shocks, (2) there is somewhat weak evidence for the magnifying effect of financial intermediary development via the propagation of monetary shocks and (3) financial intermediary development has strong direct impact on output fluctuations if countries are bankdependent in the cointegration regression.
Additive independent factors that predict risk for alcoholism.

Pedigree and adoption studies have supported a genetic heterogeneity model for alcoholism. Lifetime alcoholism diagnosis in medical-surgical inpatients was reported to increase additively with the presence of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASP) diagnosis, male gender and family history of alcoholism (FHA). These three risk factors have been shown to have separate genetic transmission. This study tested the predictive strength of these factors in a prospective sample of untreated, nonhospitalized young male (n = 98, mean = 25.2 years) and female (n = 121, mean = 25.5 years) offspring of alcoholic (n = 131) and nonalcoholic (n = 88) parents. NIMH-Diagnostic Interview Schedule items were used to diagnose blindly DSM-III alcohol or drug abuse or dependence. No alcohol- or drug-related behavioral items were used in ASP diagnosis. Parental alcoholism was rated using proband information and Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. ASP, then gender and finally FHA but not age were significant predictors of DSM-III alcoholism. The log linear analysis improvement chi square was significant at p less than . 05 for each variable and the overall goodness of fit of the model was substantial (chi 2 = 13.3, p = .78). Prediction of lifetime alcohol abuse/dependence rates for young adults in a prospective sample was highly significant. These three factors with separate genetic vulnerability increased risk over a lifetime. Male gender increased the risk for alcoholism 1.5 times, FHA 1.5 times and ASP diagnosis 3 times in an independent and additive manner.
A tracking based BEM algorithm for joint channel and CFO estimation in OFDMA uplink

This paper investigates joint channel and Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) estimation for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) uplink system in doubly selective channel. We develop a Basis Expansion Model (BEM) based signal model for the OFDMA system in a doubly selective channel and, then we analyze the Inter-carrier Interference (ICI) introduced by rotation due to CFO. After formulating a Maximum Likelihood (ML) based CFO compensation method in time domain, a tracking based BEM algorithm is developed to estimate the BEM coefficients in frequency domain. By introducing a tracking term in the BEM coefficients, giving the rate of change in the coefficients, the algorithm is particularly suitable for high mobility applications. Specifically, the algorithm estimates the BEM coefficients for each OF-DMA block in an iterative manner based on using a new objective function that takes into consideration first order variations in the coefficients in the current and adjacent blocks.
El modelo de generaciones traslapadas como modelo monetario

En este articulo se presenta el modelo basico de generaciones traslapadas de intercambio puro y se introduce el modelo OLG monetario. Se examinan las condiciones que garantizan la existencia de equilibrios bajo expectativas racionales y sus caracteristicas de optimalidad, y se describen las tendencias actuales en la literatura reciente sobre los desarrollos del modelo OLG como modelo monetario.
Form of the Pubic Bone in Neanderthal Man

Shanidar I and III from Iraq have the same peculiar form of pubis as Tabūn I from Palestine. These are the only such pubes known to exist. These facts suggest that Neanderthal man (Shanidar-Tabūn) and an early variety of modern man (Skhūl) coexisted during Mousterian times in this part of the world.
Embedding, knowledge transfer, industry clusters and global competitiveness with firm performance: case study of the Iran

This study seeks to develop a dynamic theoretical framework for global competitiveness and to determine whether the enhancement of firm performance comes as a consequence of clustering at the location level, inter-organisational trust at the relationship level, or resource and knowledge management at the firm level. Examining a sample group of petroleum industry investing in the Iran, we find that resources and the mechanisms of system dependence have a positive impact on performance. Further, we find that embedding and knowledge transfer are key determinants of industry clusters that lead to global competitiveness and resources interact with clustering to positively impact firm performance. The implications of the framework for organisations in the petroleum industry are creating trust and encouraging inter-organisation relationships. These organisations also need to design processes for tacit knowledge transfer, implement mentoring programmes and build general management capabilities.
Job attitudes, behaviours and well‐being among different types of temporary workers in Europe and Israel

Applying an innovative typology based on preference for temporary em- ployment and perceived employability, the authors empirically examine four types of temporary workers (and a group of permanent workers for comparison). In a sample of 1,300 employees from six countries, they find significant differences between the four types on a broad set of variables - including demographic and job characteristics, attitude and insecurity - but not in life satisfaction and well-being. They conclude with an argument against the equation of temporary employment with low-skilled workers unable to find a permanent job, stressing the valuable implications of more sensitive research for policy-making on flexicurity. emporary work is an inherent feature of current employment relations in T Europe. In the EU-27 in 2005, an average of 22 per cent of employees were working under non-permanent contracts; 7 per cent of them had no for- mal employment contract at all and the remaining 15 per cent worked under a variety of temporary arrangements (such as fixed-term contracts or temporary employment agency contracts), with substantial differences between countries. In the EU-15, temporary employment increased from 4.3 per cent in 1983 to about 14 per cent in 2005 (Parent-Thirion et al., 2007; see also Paoli and Merl- lie, 2001). Given that temporary workers are traditionally seen as a homoge- neous group of low-skilled employees who would prefer a permanent job, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of this group of workers because a considerable share of the workforce is now employed under temporary con- tractual arrangements. This article contributes to existing research in several ways. It starts by showing why it is important to understand the heterogeneity of temporary workers.
Non-profit Governance Models: Problems and Prospects

Drawing on our experiences in developing a new governance model for the Canadian Health Network, in this paper we argue that there is currently no agreement about a prescriptive or ideal model of non-profit governance. Rather we suggest that within the current diversity of thought about governance there is an exciting opportunity to create new models which are hybrids of existing and emerging models with the selection of the best model based on a contingency approach. The paper begins with a review and critique of the normative and academic literatures on non-profit boards looking at the assumptions which inform each. The paper then characterizes existing governance models along two dimensions: established vs. innovative and unitary vs. pluralistic. This provides us with a way of mapping current perspectives according to four different models; the Policy Governance model, the Entrepreneurial model, the Constituency model and the Emergent Cellular model. The paper briefly describes the characteristics of each model and outlines the positive and negative features of each. The paper concludes by describing a new hybrid model which embraces the strengths of each model and also capitalizes on some of the new ways of framing management in turbulent times.
Management-concept and quality-strategic elements of transport-logistic services

In this paper, it is indicated how important the development and implementation of quality systems are for the transport-logistic service providers. It can be stated that ISO 9002 system standard is the right solution, however, it requires significant professional efforts to adapt this standard because of the special characteristics of transport-logistic services. This paper tries to explore the methodological background of the implementation with practical examples.
The Sustainability Impact of the EU Emissions Trading System on the European Industry

This BEEP explains the mechanism of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) for the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and explore into its likely sustainability impact on European industry. In doing so, it focuses on energy-intensive indus-tries like cement, steel and aluminium production as well as on the emerging hy-drogen economy. The BEEP concludes that at the moment it is still very inconsis-tently implemented and has a fairly narrow scope regarding greenhouse gases and involved sectors. It may also give an incentive to relocate for energy-intensive industries. In its current format, the EU ETS does not yet properly facilitate long term innovation dynamics such as the transition to a hydrogen economy. Nevertheless, the EU ETS is foremost a working system that – with some improvements – has the potential to become a pillar for effective and efficient climate change policy that also gives incentives for investment into climate friendly policies.