Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Focus Drift on Aperture Photometry

We have examined the impact of the long term and short term focus position variations on small aperture photometry. For both the WF cameras and the PC, the effect has been found to be small for aperture radii of about 5 pixel or larger. At smaller aperture radii, the magnitude corrections for defocusing become important for absolute photometry if high photometric accuracy is needed. The aperture corrections phased with the focus drift are given for the filters F439W, F555W, and F814W for the PC and the WF3 camera. They are compared with the early results in Holtzman et al (1995a). With regard to short term focus variations, we have found that, depending on the current average focus position, the aperture magnitudes may vary due to the effect of focus “breathing” by a few percent, and up to ~10% for the aperture radius r = 1 pixel. If high absolute accuracy is desired in aperture photometry, it is recommended therefore that either apertures of 5 pixels or larger be used, or the aperture correction be determined from the brightest stars in each observation. We have also found that, in the PC, the photometric zero point appears to have drifted away from its original value in a way that our primary standard looks now brighter than in April of 1994 by ~0.05 mag. In WF, the data were affected by a bug in CALWP2 and cannot be used for checking this effect until they are recalibrated. Preliminary indications, however, are that there has been a similar brightening in WF as well.
Solubility and Thermodynamic Properties of Febuxostat in Various (PEG 400 + Water) Mixtures

The solubility of the poorly soluble medicine febuxostat (FXT) (3) in various {polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) (1) + water (H2O) (2)} mixtures has been examined at 298.2–318.2 K and 101.1 kPa. FXT solubility was measured using an isothermal method and correlated with “van’t Hoff, Apelblat, Buchowski–Ksiazczak λh, Yalkowsky–Roseman, Jouyban–Acree, and Jouyban–Acree-van’t Hoff models”. FXT mole fraction solubility was enhanced via an increase in temperature and PEG 400 mass fraction in {(PEG 400 (1) + H2O (2)} mixtures. Neat PEG 400 showed the highest mole fraction solubility of FXT (3.11 × 10–2 at 318.2 K), while neat H2O had the lowest (1.91 × 10–7 at 298.2 K). The overall error value was less than 6.0% for each computational model, indicating good correlations. Based on the positive values of apparent standard enthalpies (46.72–70.30 kJ mol−1) and apparent standard entropies (106.4–118.5 J mol−1 K−1), the dissolution of FXT was “endothermic and entropy-driven” in all {PEG 400 (1) + H2O (2)} mixtures examined. The main mechanism for FXT solvation in {PEG 400 (1) + H2O (2)} mixtures was discovered to be an enthalpy-driven process. In comparison to FXT-H2O, FXT-PEG 400 showed the strongest molecular interactions. In conclusion, these results suggested that PEG 400 has considerable potential for solubilizing a poorly soluble FXT in H2O.
Influence of Al-O and Al-C Clusters on Defects in Graphene Nanosheets Derived from Coal-Tar Pitch via Al4C3 Precursor

By treating Al4C3 as the precursor and growth environment, graphene nanosheets (GNs) can efficiently be derived from coal-tar pitch, which has the advantages of simple preparation process, high product quality, green environmental protection, low equipment requirements and low preparation cost. However, the defects in the prepared GNs have not been well understood. In order to optimize the preparation process, based on density functional theory calculations, the influence mechanism of Al-O and Al-C clusters on defects in GNs derived from coal-tar pitch via Al4C3 precursor has been systematically investigated. With minute quantities of oxygen-containing defects, Al-O and Al-C clusters have been realized in the prepared GNs from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Therefore, the influences of Al-O and Al-C clusters on graphene with vacancy defects and oxygen-containing defects are systematically explored from theoretical energy, electron localization function and charge transfer analysis. It is noted that the remaining Al-O and Al-C clusters in GNs are inevitably from the thermodynamics point of view. On the other hand, the existence of defects is beneficial for the further adsorption of Al-O and Al-C clusters in GNs.
Compressibility and Rarefaction Effects on Particle Dynamics and Heat Transfer in Aerosol Deposition Process

The aerosol deposition (AD) method is an emerging coating technique to create a dense ceramic or metal layer on a substrate through the kinetic impaction and cumulative deposition of ultrafine solid particles under near-vacuum conditions. Prediction of the particles’ impact velocity and temperature during the AD process is crucial in enhancing the coating quality. In the present work, a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model is developed for an AD system equipped with a converging-barrel nozzle to simulate the supersonic gas flow, particle in-flight behavior, as well as particle conditions upon impact on a flat substrate. The focus of the current study is to understand the effects of compressibility and rarefaction on particle velocity and temperature during the AD process. The effects of compressibility and rarefaction can be assessed using the Mach and Knudsen numbers. Therefore, different models for the drag coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient that take into account the Knudsen, Mach, and Reynolds number effects are implemented into the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The results show that compressibility and rarefaction have significant influence on the particle temperature and velocity. As the particle size reduces, the effects of compressibility and rarefaction become more important.
The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars

Context. The “mass discrepancy” in massive O stars represents a long-standing problem in stellar astrophysics with far-reachin g implications for the chemical and dynamical feedback in galaxies. Aims. Our goal is to investigate this mass discrepancy by comparing state-of-the-art model masses with model-independent masses determined from eclipsing binaries. Methods. Using stellar evolution models and a recent calibration of stellar parameters for O-star spectral sub-classes, we pres ent a convenient way to convert observed solar metallicity O star spectral types into model masses, which we subsequently compare to our dynamical mass compilation. We also derive similar conversions for Large and Small Magellanic Cloud metallcities. Results. We obtain a good agreement between model and dynamical masses, suggesting the long-standing problem of a systematic mass discrepancy problem may have been solved. We also provide error ranges for the model masses, as well as minimal and maximal age estimates for when the model stars are in a given spectral type box.
Connections between cosmic-ray physics, gamma-ray data analysis and Dark Matter detection

Cosmic-ray (CR) physics has been a prolific field of research for over a century. The open problems related to CR acceleration, transport and modulation are deeply connected with the indirect searches for particle dark matter (DM). In particular, the high-quality gamma-ray data released by Fermi-LAT are under the spotlight in the scientific community because of a recent claim about a inner Galaxy anomaly: The necessity to disentangle the astrophysical emission due to CR interactions from a possible DM signal is therefore compelling and requires a deep knowledge of several non-trivial aspects regarding CR physics. I review all these connections in this contribution. In the first part, I present a detailed overview on recent results regarding modeling of cosmic-ray (CR) production and propagation: I focus on the necessity to go beyond the standard and simplified picture of uniform and homogeneous diffusion, showing that gamma-ray data point towards different transport regimes in different regions of the Galaxy; I sketch the impact of large-scale structure on CR observables, and -- concerning the interaction with the Heliosphere -- I mention the necessity to consider a charge-dependent modulation scenario. In the second part, all these aspects are linked to the DM problem. I analyze the claim of a inner Galaxy excess and discuss the impact of the non-trivial aspects presented in the first part on our understanding of this anomaly.
Does the audit quality affect the financing efficiency of photovoltaic enterprises? Evidence from listed companies in China

ABSTRACT The Photovoltaic industry promotes the transformation of China’s energy structure to green and low-carbon, which is of great significance to achieve the goal of “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality. ” At present, the industry is mainly faced with problems such as the drastic reduction of government subsidies and the difficulty of financing. From the perspective of independent auditing, our paper takes 54 A-share listed photovoltaic companies in China from 2011 to 2020 as the research object to study the impact of audit quality on financing efficiency, and the role of agency costs in the relationship between audit quality and financing efficiency.The results show that audit quality is positively related to financing efficiency. For every 1% increase in audit quality, the financing efficiency will increase by 13%. In addition, agency cost plays an intermediary role between audit quality and financing efficiency. For every 1% increase in audit quality, agency cost can be reduced by 34% and financing efficiency can be increased by 25%.
Studies on the Removal of Phenol and Nitrophenols from Water by Activated Carbon Developed from Demineralized Kraft Lignin

The present investigation deals with the importance of interaction and position of the nitro group in the adsorptive removal of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and phenol by demineralized kraft lignin activated carbon (DKLAAC). The adsorption of phenol and NPs on DKLAAC was found to follow the order 2-NP > 4-NP > phenol. In this study, both solubility and donor–acceptor complex mechanism played an important role besides the porosity and surface area of the materials. Accordingly, the NP possessing the least solubility would noticeably exhibit a higher affinity to be adsorbed at the solid–liquid interface. Thus the highly hydrophobic 2-NP was adsorbed to a greater extent followed by 4-NP and phenol. Moreover, the adsorption capacity as affected by contact time, initial phenol concentration, pH, and temperature was also investigated. The experimental adsorption capacity by DKLAAC was 2.09, 2.34, and 2.20 mmol·g−1 for phenol, 2-NP, and 4-NP at 25 °C, respectively, with the maximum amount being adsorbed within 40 min. The experimental data obtained for the removal of phenol and NPs were adequately fitted by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Additionally, the temperature study revealed the adsorption process to be endothermic and spontaneous with high affinity between DKLAAC and phenols.
Impact of undoped channel thickness and carbon concentration on AlN/GaN-on-SiC HEMT performances

We report on a vertically scaled AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor technology design optimization for millimeter-wave applications. The undoped GaN channel thickness and carbon concentration into the buffer are extensively varied and systematically characterized. It is found that a thin GaN channel, typically below 150 nm improves the electron confinement, but increases the trapping effects, especially when using shorter gate lengths. Moreover, high carbon concentration into the buffer enables not only high electron confinement but also low leakage current under a high electric field at the expense of trapping effects. As a result, the optimum epi-design enabled state-of-the-art RF performances at 40 GHz.
Simultaneous hysteresis‐dynamics compensation in high‐speed, large‐range trajectory tracking: A data‐driven iterative control

In this article, a data‐driven difference‐inversion‐based iterative control (DDD‐IIC) approach is proposed to compensate for both nonlinear hysteresis and dynamics of Hammerstein systems. Simultaneous hysteresis‐dynamics compensation is needed in control of Hammerstein systems such as smart actuators, where effects of hysteresis and dynamics coexist and become pronounced in high‐speed, large‐range output tracking. Challenges, however, arises as hysteresis modeling, as needed in many existing control methods, can be complicated and prone to uncertainties, and the hysteresis and the dynamics are coupled and tend to change due to the variations of the system conditions (e.g., the aging of smart actuators). The proposed DDD‐IIC technique aims to achieve simultaneous hysteresis‐dynamics compensation with no need for modeling hysteresis and/or dynamics, and with both precision tracking and good robustness against hysteresis/dynamics variations. The convergence of the DDD‐IIC algorithm in the presence of random output disturbance/noise is analyzed. It is shown that when the noise is negligible, exact tracking is achieved and the size of hysteresis accounted is given by the Golden ratio. The proposed DDD‐IIC method is demonstrated via experiments of high‐speed large‐range output tracking on two different types of smart actuators with symmetric and asymmetric hysteresis behavior, respectively.
Planar single-/dual-band bandpass filters based on new perturbed multi-mode SIW circular cavity

In this paper, new single- and dual-band bandpass filters are implemented based on the perturbed multi-mode substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) circular cavity. For the single-band filter, the TM mode, TM mode, and TM mode are simultaneously utilized to realize the triple-mode resonance response, of which both the bandwidth and central frequency can be flexibly adjusted by allocating the perturbation position properly. Meanwhile, for the dual-band operation, the TM mode, TM mode, and TM mode are arranged to realize the lower passband, whereas the TM and TM modes are excited to generate the upper passband. The working principle of the filters' coupling topology is explained in detail. For concept verification, both the triple-mode single-band and multi-mode dual-band filters are designed, manufactured and measured, with the measurement results are separately in good agreement with the corresponding simulations.
The user-controlled K shortest paths with diversity

The user-controlled K shortest path problem with diversity (UKSPD) is a general form of the K shortest path (KSP) problem in graphs. Instead of finding the K shortest from point to point, the UKSPD determines the level of similarity of the K shortest paths through user input parameters. In this paper, we formally describe the UKSPD problem, which acts as a multi-objective optimization problem. Considering the application of genetic algorithm in multi-objective optimization, we propose an improved genetic algorithm to solve the UKSPD problem. The basic mechanism of the whole algorithm is as follows: chromosomes are directly represented as paths, crossover and mutation operations are performed to ensure the connectivity of the paths, and the user input parameter in each iteration determines the similarity of the selected paths. The proposed algorithm is tested on the New York City Map and compared with the improved Dijkstra algorithm, and the experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed genetic algorithm.
Two-phase Flow in Micro and Nanofluidic Devices

This thesis provides experimental data and theoretical analysis on two-phase flow in devices with different layouts of micrometer or nanometer-size channels. A full flow diagram is presented for oil and water flow in head-on microfluidic devices. Morphologically different flow regimes (dripping, jetting and threading) are observed over a broad range of capillary numbers: 10-6~10-1. At extremely low flow rates, we obtained a new droplet formation regime in which a droplet formation due to the device geometry is solely determined by capillary instability. This head-on device provides us with the choice to generate droplet-based flow in regimes that are determined either by flow-rate or device geometry. To investigate the role of interfacial tensions in micro- and nanofluidics, we modulated solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfacial forces. In microchannels, the emulsion types are mainly determined by the solid-liquid interfacial forces. By combination of different interfacial forces, we could obtain the designed emulsion type, determine droplet deformation, obtain coalescence and even emulsion conversion. Surface-determined flow phenomena may therefore be important to explain fluid transfer in some biological processes and to estimate interfacial properties. The strong confinement and flow resistance in nanochannels challenges high pressure and low flow rate fluidic interconnections. We developed a flow control method to smoothly manipulate liquid in nanochannels with flow rates as low as pL.s-1. Using this method, we investigated the mixing of two miscible liquids and flows of two immiscible liquids in nanochannels. In devices with nanochannel/microchannel interfaces, the creation of stable and monodisperse attoliter to femtoliter droplets was obtained at the nanochannel-microchannel interface in a wide range of flow rates and ratios. Furthermore, microfluidic manipulation of fluids at the microscale enabled us to form and control liquid microspheres in three-dimensional lattices which are highly applicable in many fields: photonic crystal structures, liquid chromatography packings, data storage and so on. Micro- and nanofluidic devices can not only create small droplets but also control them to flow or organize into stable structures. Therefore, for different purposes, it is highly required to precisely understand and design suitable micro- and nano-structures (or networks).
Convex-Optimization-Based Power-Flow Calculation Method for Offshore Wind Systems

Offshore wind farms have boomed worldwide due to the sustainability of wind power and ocean resources. Power grid companies should consider the wind power consumption problem with more power generated. Power-flow calculation is the most fundamental tool in energy management. This paper proposes the convex-relaxation-based method for offshore wind farms’ power flow. In this method, the traditional equations’ problem solving is transferred into standard convex optimization, which can be solved efficiently with unique optimum. Second-order cone relaxations are imposed to describe the quadratic relationship. The exactness of the relaxation is guaranteed with the special definition of the objective function.The superiority of the proposed method is tested on the case study, for which a computational efficiency improvement is shown. Moreover, the reliability of the power-flow results is verified within the precision tolerance.
Evolution of Proliferative Model Protocells Highly Responsive to the Environment

In this review, we discuss various methods of reproducing life dynamics using a constructive approach. An increase in the structural complexity of a model protocell is accompanied by an increase in the stage of reproduction of a compartment (giant vesicle; GV) from simple reproduction to linked reproduction with the replication of information molecules (DNA), and eventually to recursive proliferation of a model protocell. An encounter between a plural protic catalyst (C) and DNA within a GV membrane containing a plural cationic lipid (V) spontaneously forms a supramolecular catalyst (C@DNA) that catalyzes the production of cationic membrane lipid V. The local formation of V causes budding deformation of the GV and equivolume divisions. The length of the DNA strand influences the frequency of proliferation, associated with the emergence of a primitive information flow that induces phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. A predominant protocell appears from the competitive proliferation of protocells containing DNA with different strand lengths, leading to an evolvable model protocell. Recently, peptides of amino acid thioesters have been used to construct peptide droplets through liquid–liquid phase separation. These droplets grew, owing to the supply of nutrients, and were divided repeatedly under a physical stimulus. This proposed chemical system demonstrates a new perspective of the origins of membraneless protocells, i.e., the “droplet world” hypothesis. Proliferative model protocells can be regarded as autonomous supramolecular machines. This concept of this review may open new horizons of “evolution” for intelligent supramolecular machines and robotics.
Quality Analysis of DANA Application on the Customer Satisfaction using MS-Qual in Manado, North Sulawesi

E-wallet is an electronic wallet that can be used as an integrated payment instrument. In addition, because of the development of this technology, many people have become experts in a cashless society, which means that people rarely use cash in making transactions and then replace it with an e-wallet. DANA application is a platform in the form of a digital wallet that is created to facilitate every transaction that will be carried out by the community. For this reason, this study aims to determine what factors affect people's satisfaction in the city of Manado for users who used it. The method used by researchers to obtain data in the measurement is by distributing questionnaires to the people of the city of Manado. And measure it with the M-S-Qual method which consists of nine variables, namely efficiency, system availability, content, privacy, fulfillment, responsiveness, contact, compensation, and payment. By taking a sample of 135 respondents in filling out the questionnaire and using the multiple regression analysis formula with a p-value of 0.05, the research uses a quantitative approach. The results of the calculation of the hypothesis test using SPSS 26.0 software, it turns out that compensation, contact, payment has a number > 0.05 for the p-value so that the hypothesis is rejected. And for the dimensions of efficiency, system availability, content, privacy, compliance, responsiveness has an influence with a number <0.05 for the p-value so that the hypothesis is accepted.
Quantum computing with spins in solids

The ability to perform high-precision one- and two-qubit operations is sufficient for universal quantum computation. For the Loss–DiVincenzo proposal to use single-electron spins confined to quantum dots as qubits, it is therefore sufficient to analyze only single- and coupled double-dot structures, since the strong Heisenberg exchange coupling between spins in this proposal falls off exponentially with distance and long-ranged dipolar coupling mechanisms can be made significantly weaker. A scaled-up quantum computer could then be constructed from many single- and double-dot elements. This scalability of the Loss–DiVincenzo design is both a practical necessity for eventual applications of multiqubit quantum computing and a great conceptual advantage, making analysis of the relevant components relatively transparent and systematic. We review the Loss–DiVincenzo proposal for quantum-dot-confined electron-spin qubits, and survey the current state of experiment and theory regarding the relevant single- and double-quantum dots, with a brief look at some related alternative schemes for quantum computing. Keywords: quantum dots; quantum computing; single dot; double dot; decoherence; entanglement; quantum information processing; Coulomb blockade; stability diagram; encoded qubits; hyperfine interaction; spin-orbit interaction; relaxation; spin echo