Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Observation of Output Signal of MSGS

A circuit for overcoming variations in the output signals from a synchro device resulting from a.c. supply voltage variations includes means to provide a pulse train in which the pulse widths are modulated in accordance with supply voltage variations. A signal derived from a pair of synchro output terminals is applied to a rectifier/filter which is intermittently actuated by the pulse width modulated signal. The resultant d.c. signal is effectively divided by a factor proportional to the supply voltage so as to be independent of variations in that voltage.
Receptor and postreceptor insulin resistance induced by in vivo hyperinsulinemia.

We examined the effects of inducing hyperinsulinemia in vivo in rats on the insulin receptors of, and the glucose oxidation by their adipocytes. Hyperinsulinemia was induced over a 2-week period by injecting NPH insulin subcutaneously. This was given in doses that were gradually increased to a final dose of 6 units/day. Profound hypoglycemia was avoided by providing supplemental sucrose to both the insulin-treated and control rats. The insulin concentration was eight times greater in the insulin-treated rats. However, they were not grossly obese and their adipocytes were not enlarged. The adipocytes of the hyperinsulinemic rats had a 25% lower maximal insulin binding capacity and were resistant to the effects of insulin on glucose oxidation. We felt that the hyperinsulinemia was sufficient so that, despite their somewhat lower insulin binding capacity, these adipocytes would not bind less insulin in vivo than would adipocytes from control rats. Hence, we postulated that, this massive hyperinsulinemia not only down regulated the insulin receptor, but also led to a postreceptor resistance. This notion was supported by two lines of in vitro data. First, even at maximally effective medium concentrations of insulin, the maximum rate of glucose oxidation by the adipocytes from hyperinsulinemic rats reached a plateau which was less than that reached by cells from controls. Second, when this in vitro glucose oxidation was related not merely to the medium insulin concentration, but to the amount of insulin bound to adipocytes, the response of the hyperinsulinemic rats' cells was always lower than control. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
How to test graphical user interfaces

An approach for automatically testing GUIs in the MATLAB environment has been proposed. We developed a software tool that tests GUIs by simulating the user through an action recorder. We proposed a heuristic test procedure: providing random input to GUI, but guiding the randomness with predefined weights assigned to the user controls. The weights change during the testing process, as the controls are activated. The errors are collected for later investigation.
Rank 3 Inhabitation of Intersection Types Revisited (Extended Version)

We revisit the undecidability result of rank 3 intersection type inhabitation (Urzyczyn 2009) in pursuit of two goals. First, we strengthen the previous result by showing that intersection type inhabitation is undecidable for types of rank 3 and order 3, i.e. it is not necessary to introduce new functional dependencies (new instructions) during proof search. Second, we pinpoint the principles necessary to simulate Turing machine computation directly, whereas previous constructions used a highly parallel and non-deterministic computation model. Since our construction is more concise than existing approaches taking no detours, we believe that it is valuable for a better understanding of the expressiveness of intersection type inhabitation.
Biological Learning and Control: How the Brain Builds Representations, Predicts Events, and Makes Decisions

In Biological Learning and Control, Reza Shadmehr and Sandro Mussa-Ivaldi present a theoretical framework for understanding the regularity of the brain's perceptions, its reactions to sensory stimuli, and its control of movements. They offer an account of perception as the combination of prediction and observation: the brain builds internal models that describe what should happen and then combines this prediction with reports from the sensory system to form a belief. Considering the brain's control of movements, and variations despite biomechanical similarities among old and young, healthy and unhealthy, and humans and other animals, Shadmehr and Mussa-Ivaldi review evidence suggesting that motor commands reflect an economic decision made by our brain weighing reward and effort. This evidence also suggests that the brain prefers to receive a reward sooner than later, devaluing or discounting reward with the passage of time; then as the value of the expected reward changes in the brain with the passing of time (because of development, disease, or evolution), the shape of our movements will also change. The internal models formed by the brain provide the brain with an essential survival skill: the ability to predict based on past observations. The formal concepts presented by Shadmehr and Mussa-Ivaldi offer a way to describe how representations are formed, what structure they have, and how the theoretical concepts can be tested.
Hey Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors Are Repressors of GATA4 and GATA6 and Restrict Expression of the GATA Target Gene ANF in Fetal Hearts

ABSTRACT The Hey basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are downstream effectors of Notch signaling in the cardiovascular system. Mice lacking Hey2 develop cardiac hypertrophy, often associated with congenital heart defects, whereas combined Hey1/Hey2 deficiency leads to severe vascular defects and embryonic lethality around embryonic day E9.5. The molecular basis of these disorders is poorly understood, however, since target genes of Hey transcription factors in the affected tissues remain elusive. To identify genes regulated by Hey factors we have generated a conditional Hey1 knockout mouse. This strain was used to generate paired Hey2- and Hey1/2-deficient embryonic stem cell lines. Comparison of these cell lines by microarray analysis identified GATA4 and GATA6 as differentially expressed genes. Loss of Hey1/2 leads to elevated GATA4/6 and ANF mRNA levels in embryoid bodies, while forced expression of Hey factors strongly represses expression of the GATA4 and GATA6 promoter in various cell lines. In addition, the promoter activity of the GATA4/6 target gene ANF was inhibited by Hey1, Hey2, and HeyL. Protein interaction and mutation analyses suggest that repression is due to direct binding of Hey proteins to GATA4 and GATA6, blocking their transcriptional activity. In Hey2-deficient fetal hearts we observed elevated mRNA levels of ANF and CARP. Expression of ANF and Hey2 is normally restricted to the trabecular and compact myocardial layer, respectively. Intriguingly, loss of Hey2 leads to ectopic ANF expression in the compact layer, suggesting a direct role for Hey2 in limiting ANF expression in this cardiac compartment.
Video Resolution Enhancement in the Presence of Moving Objects

Moving objects is one of the main bottlenecks in many computer vision problems including video super resolution. Video Super-resolution algorithms reconstruct a high resolution video from a low resolution video. Recent advances in Super-Resolution techniques show trends towards model-based or example-based approaches. In this article a new method for video super-resolution problem based on our recent paper is proposed with at the same time handles moving objects efficiently. The overall method is based on this hypothesis, which some high-resolution(HR) images from the scene are available. Instead of the previous example based methods, which do blocking, here the whole training image is mapped to each frame. Proper mapping of the HR image onto LR frames has been done using a combination of feature-based and area-based registration methods. After creating a suitable mask for handling moving objects, each LR frame is fused with the registered HR image. The simulation results show the better performance of the proposed algorithm in compare with some other superresolution methods.
Management of streptococcal pharyngitis.

Abstrtlct: Management of pharyngitis remains an important and controversial subject. A re1rospedive chart review at the University of South Alabama Family Practice Center was undertaken to assess changes in physician prescribing and testing patterns since the advent of rapid testing of streptococcal pharyngitis (rapid strep tests [RST]). Charts for study were identified by encounter form coding of a diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis or pharyngitis not otherwise specified. Control and test groops were formed based on the availability of the RST, and a stratified sample was drawn &om each group. In the group of patients studied after the RST became available, data analysis showed a significantly increased likelihood that patients received antibiotics with a positive RST (odds ratio [OR] = 6.42), whereas those patients with a negative or no RST were significantly less likely to receive antibiotics (OR = 2.50 and 2.48, respectively). Group assignment was a significant predictor of test-orderiog behavior (P < 0.05). A higher than expected rate of streptococcal pharyngitis was noted in the group of patients who had the RST available to them. The RST plays an important though not fully defined role in the current management of pharyngitis. (J Am Board Fam Prad 1991; 4:139-43.)
A cascade 3-1-1 multibit /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ A/D modulator with reduced sensitivity to non-idealities

A new 3(5b)-1(1b)-1(5b) fifth-order cascade multibit MA A/D modulator is proposed to achieve high dynamic range at low oversampling ratio of 8. The /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator in the first stage accomplishes a modified 3rd-order FIR noise-transfer-function, which is stable by using a 5-bit quantizer. Moreover, low-distortion topology in this stage is employed to reduce the nonlinear effects of operational amplifiers. The second and third stages consist of the common first-order architecture with 1-bit and 5-bit quantizer, respectively. The performance of the proposed modulator is analyzed and compared with other topologies. Simulation results show that the in-band noise, especially at high frequencies, can be significantly suppressed by these arrangements and this architecture has also very low sensitivity to nonidealities of analog circuits. It is very suitable for high-resolution broadband applications, as well as for low-power design in scaled IC technologies.
CD2 is a Dominant Target for Allogeneic Responses

CD2 and 2B4 (CD244) are members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and are both ligands for another family member, CD48. CD2 is widely distributed on T, NK, and B cells and some antigen‐presenting cells, while 2B4 is expressed on NK and some T cells and monocytes and is known to participate in NK cytotoxicity. Since indefinite allograft survival could be obtained by a combination of anti‐CD48 plus anti‐CD2 mAb administration, it was important to determine the role of 2B4 blockade in allograft rejection. MAbs directed against CD2, CD48, or 2B4 were administered singly or in pairs to cardiac allograft recipients. The experiments show that only anti‐CD2 plus anti‐CD48 mAbs result in indefinite allograft survival, while anti‐CD2 plus anti‐2B4 mAbs substantially prolong graft survival, and anti‐CD48 plus anti‐2B4 mAbs were no better than each mAb alone. The effect of these mAbs on anti‐CD3 mAb and alloantigen‐driven proliferation and IFN‐γ production were also assessed. In general, anti‐CD2 inhibited both anti‐CD3 mAb and alloantigen‐driven responses, while anti‐CD48 inhibited only anti‐CD3 mAb but not alloantigen‐driven proliferative and cytokine responses. Anti‐2B4 mAbs were generally ineffective alone. Combinations of mAbs were more effective than single mAbs only in alloantigen‐driven proliferation, commensurate with allograft survival results. Using CD2–/– and CD48–/– T cells and antigen‐presenting cells, we also demonstrate that these inhibitory mAbs act primarily by blocking intercellular interactions, rather than directly delivering negative signals to T cells. These results suggest that, unlike CD2, 2B4 is not a potent regulatory molecule or ligand for CD48 in the response to alloantigen. Blocking the 2B4–CD48 receptor–ligand pair does not inhibit T‐cell responses and alloreactivity to the same degree as CD2–CD48 blockade.
Face adaptation does not improve performance on search or discrimination tasks

(1999), is a robust perceptual shift in the appearance of faces after a brief adaptation period. For example, prolonged exposure to Asian faces causes a Eurasian face to appear distinctly Caucasian. This adaptation effect has been documented for general configural effects, as well as for the facial properties of gender, ethnicity, expression, and identity. We began by replicating the finding that adaptation to ethnicity, gender, and a combination of both features induces selective shifts in category appearance. We then investigated whether this adaptation has perceptual consequences beyond a shift in the perceived category boundary by measuring the effects of adaptation on RSVP, spatial search, and discrimination tasks. Adaptation had no discernable effect on performance for any of these tasks.
The contribution of the cortical shell to pedicle screw fixation.

BACKGROUND A pedicle screw insertion technique known as "hubbing" involves the removal of cortical bone around the screw insertion with the aim of improving fixation and decreasing screw loosening. However, the efficacy of this procedure relative to bone density and early loading have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to establish the contribution of the cortical layer (hubbing), cancellous density, early loading (toggling) in an idealised model. This is an in vitro laboratory study. METHODS Synthetic bone blocks with cancellous bulk and a simulated cortical shell were implanted with 6.5 mm pedicle screws. Three key variables were evaluated in this study; density of the simulated bone (10-20 lb/ft3), toggling (±0.5 mm for 10,000 cycles), and the presence or absence of the surrounding cortex (hubbing). Pullout testing after toggling was performed to determine maximum load, stiffness and energy. Results were analyzed to assess interaction and main effects. RESULTS Removal of the cortex decreased the pullout loads by approximately 1,100 N after toggling. Toggling in the presence of the cortical shell had no effect. However, once the cortical shell is removed damage to the weaker cancellous bone accumulates and further compromises the fixation. CONCLUSIONS The addition of a cortical layer in the Sawbone model is significant and provides a more realistic model of load sharing. The cortex plays a considerable role in the protection of underlying cancellous bone as well as contributing to initial pullout strength. The results of this study demonstrate a negative synergistic effect when both toggling and hubbing are applied to the weaker bone.
Self-efficacy and multiple illness representations in older adults: A multilevel approach

Objectives: The Common-Sense Model assumes that individuals form subjective representations about their illnesses, which in turn guide cognitive and behavioural responses. This assumption is complicated in individuals with multimorbidity, and it is an open question to which degree illness-specific and person-level factors determine the representations of specific illnesses. This study examines the structure and interrelations of illness representations in multimorbidity employing a hierarchical framework based on Cognitive Theory. Methods: Multiple illness representations were assessed in 305 people aged 65 and older using two Brief Illness Perception Questionnaires. Multilevel modelling was used to explore the relations between illness representations and to explain how two illness-specific representations – personal control and treatment control – were determined by a person-level factor, self-efficacy. Results: Self-efficacy had significant main (B = 0.29; p < 0.01 for personal control; B = 0.19; p < 0.05 for treatment control) and interaction effects (B = 0.38; p < 0.01 personal control on self-efficacy × timeline; B = −0.31; p < 0.05 treatment control on self-efficacy × coherence). Conclusions: This study suggests that illness-specific representations of older people with multimorbidity are a product of both illness-specific and person-level factors, such as self-efficacy. Strengthening individual self-efficacy may improve illness controllability regardless and on top of illness-specific information.
Understanding Digital Note-Taking Practice for Visualization

As digital notebooks become common forms of external memory, keeping track of these volumes of content is also becoming increasingly difficult. Information visualization tools can provide note-takers with an overview of their content and allow them to explore diverse sets of notes, find and organize related content, and compare their notes with collaborators. To ground the design of such tools, the authors conducted a detailed mixed-methods study of digital note-taking practice. They identify a variety of editing, organization, and sharing methods used by digital note-takers, many of which result in notes becoming "lost in the pile. " These findings form the basis for the authors' design considerations that examine how visualization can support the revisitation, organization, and sharing of digital notes.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Stress, and Academic Performance

Changes in physical activity (PA) patterns and stress levels are common among college students. Not only are physiological and psychological changes occurring, changes in academic performance can be disrupted. Despite descriptive and intervention data already provided on PA and stress, limited data exists when examining how changes in these variables affect academic performance. The current study was designed to investigate (1) how the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), a common PA measurement performed on college students, correlates with the Sensewear Armband (SWA) by Body Media, (2) the relationship of PA and stress in this population, and (3) the relationship of PA and stress on grade point average. Two-hundred and ninety-seven undergraduate students, mean age 19.6 years, completed 2 self-report PA and 2 stress surveys throughout the fall semester. A subsample (n=84) of these students also wore BodyMedia SenseWear Armbands during the data collection period. Grade point averages were collected upon the conclusion of the fall semester. Results indicate that moderate correlations between the IPAQ and SWA were observed for vigorous (r = 0.54) and moderate activity (r = 0.54). Walking was not correlated to step count(r = 0.20) nor sedentary activity (r = 0.15) from both measures. Total energy expended measured by the SWA was only correlated with minutes of vigorous PA (r = 0.35) and minutes of walking (r = 0.34) from the IPAQ. Specifically examining PA and stress, higher levels of stress were associated with being female and conversely, stress levels were lower with every hour of sleep achieved. Grade point averages were altered as changes in PA occurred. Total energy expenditure and step counts were associated with higher GPA, whereas stress was associated with lower GPA. These results indicate that moderate correlations were noted with more intense activity and Bland-Altman plots showed better agreement between measures in activities of shorter duration. Moreover, specific demographics appear to alter the PA and stress relationship, yet a direct relationship between PA and stress were not observed. Furthermore, GPA was affected by various components of PA, yet further research is warranted in this area.
The Role of Emotion Perception and Experience on Laterality

Author(s): Miller, Vanessa | Advisor(s): Chiarello, Christine | Abstract: Language research has moved from the left hemisphere (LH) processing all language, to a differential processing across hemispheres. Davidson (1995) suggests the right hemisphere (RH) is specialized for experiencing negative emotions, while the LH is specialized for experiencing positive emotions. However, when readers' perceive emotion, the RH processes emotion regardless of valence. Examining laterality of perception versus experience of emotions has not been thoroughly tested using cognitive paradigms. Experience was examined using positive, negative, and neutral moods induced via pictures from the International Affective Picture Inventory. We predicted a LH advantage for positive or neutral mood induction and a RH advantage when negative mood was induced. Perception of emotions was tested using valence judgments. Predictions were a RH advantage for natural and man-made target words preceded by positive and negative central words and a LH advantage for targets preceded by neutral central words. An overall LH advantage for the semantic decision task was found. The valence of the central word did have an effect on accuracy and reaction time of the subsequent semantic decision words. Although there was no effect of visual field for the negative mood induction condition, there was a trend toward a significant interaction between mood and visual field. A LH advantage was found for accuracy of the semantic decision task for the positive mood induction, which partially supports experimental predictions. This experiment examined the effect of valence on hemispheric asymmetry. Arousal level was controlled for in order to have a non-confounded measure of valence. Given experimental findings, arousal level may be an important variable when examining valence.