Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Permanents of Circulants: a Transfer Matrix Approach (Expanded Version)

Calculating the permanent of a (0,1) matrix is a #P-complete problem but there are some classes of structured matrices for which the permanent is calculable in polynomial time. The most well-known example is the fixed-jump (0,1) circulant matrix which, using algebraic techniques, was shown by Minc to satisfy a constant-coefficient fixed-order recurrence relation. In this note we show how, by interpreting the problem as calculating the number of cycle-covers in a directed circulant graph, it is straightforward to reprove Minc's result using combinatorial methods. This is a two step process: the first step is to show that the cycle-covers of directed circulant graphs can be evaluated using a transfer matrix argument. The second is to show that the associated transfer matrices, while very large, actually have much smaller characteristic polynomials than would a-priori be expected. An important consequence of this new viewpoint is that, in combination with a new recursive decomposition of circulant-graphs, it permits extending Minc's result to calculating the permanent of the much larger class of circulant matrices with non-fixed (but linear) jumps. It also permits us to count other types of structures in circulant graphs, e.g., Hamiltonian Cycles.
Stimulus vs. Austerity vs. Default

There is an ongoing debate about austerity and stimulus in the Euro zone. Moreover, given the fiscal and financial problems in the region, a default has appeared likely at times. In this context, this paper develops a dynamic stochastic quantitative model of sovereign default with fiscal policy, which captures the most salient features of the recent fiscal and debt situation in the Euro zone. In this setting, this highlights the economic nature of the decision to default, the key role of official aid in avoiding such event and, thus, improving the overall economic outlook.
Basic Behavior Acquisition with Multisensor Integration for a Robot System

A robot system generally has several degrees of freedom of motions as well as different kinds of sensors. Basic behaviors are planned based on these sensors' feedback. We take advantage of the Jacobian matrix to describe the differential relations between the sensor feedback and the motor motions. Hence, the relation between two sensors could be formulated by the two respective Jacobian matrices of both sensors to motors. Multisensor integration can, thus, be employed for better performance of the robot system. Experiments of basic behavior acquisition like gazing and posture control of a robot head are conducted. The performances of the two basic behaviors before and after multisensor integration are compared, which demonstrate the performance and robustness of the proposed multisensor integration method.
Developing lexicographic sorting: An example for Urdu

Collation or lexicographic sorting is essential to develop multilingual computing. This paper presents the challenges faced in developing collation sequence for a language. The paper discusses both theoretical linguistic and practical standardization and encoding related considerations that need to be addressed for languages for which relevant standards and/or solutions have not been defined. The paper also defines the process, by giving the details of the procedure followed for Urdu language, which is the national language of Pakistan and is spoken by more than 100 million people across the world. The paper is oriented towards organizations involved in developing and using collation standards and the localization industry, and not focused on theoretical issues.
Towards a proper aspect-oriented model for distributed systems

The adoption of Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP), and in general, of more sophisticated composition models is a recent trend in software engineering to address the problem of the correct modularization of cross-cutting concerns. However, most of these models are not well-suited for the particular conditions, scale and complexity of the problems inherent to distributed systems. This paper outlines a minimum set of desirable criteria for an aspect oriented model for those systems. We study some problems with existing models and propose a solution inspired by the actor model with aspect mobility and controlled invasiveness.
Syntactic categories and grammatical relations : the cognitive organization of information

Seeking to develop the first satisfying universal definition of basic grammatical units of the major syntactic categories such as "noun," "verb," and "adjective" and of the principal grammatical relations, "subject," "object," and "oblique," William Croft employs the methods of cross-linguistic or typological analysis and cognitive linguistics. Drawing evidence from a wide variety of languages, Croft shows that the traditional semantic definitions for the major syntactic categories (e.g., nouns denote persons and things) represent the unmarked correlation or "prototype" for the syntactic functions of reference, predications, and modification. Turning to recent work in cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis, Croft argues that the syntactic functions represent universal ways of conceptualizing experience for the purpose of communicating information in language. Croft then applies this hypothesis to grammatical relations between the verb and its dependent subject, object, and oblique noun phrases, arguing that one cannot account for cross-linguistic patterns of marking using semantic roles such as "agent" or "instrument. " He proposes instead an "idealized (prototypical) cognitive model" of verb-meaning based on causal relations among participants in the action that human beings use in conceptualizing events, which largely determines the choice of subject, object, and oblique forms. -From the publisher's announcement
Magic Music Desk : A Tangible and Ubiquitous Multimodal Music and Speech System

This paper describes a novel multi-modal multi-user audio-visual interface – the Magic Music Desk (MMD) which employs the principles of embodied interaction, and emphasizes social interaction between users. This research is aimed for use in wearable and mobile sound and music systems. We combine multiple modalities for the interfaces including speech recognition, hand gesture recognition, sound and visual mixed reality technologies. A new type of interaction which is called as “What You Say is What You See” (WYSIWYS) is demonstrated in our system. This interaction enables all users to visualize each others spoken words as 3D objects which could be seen by multi-users (this also allows multi-cultural social interaction).
Supplementary Materials for “ Macroeconomic Implications of Agglomeration ”

These supplementary materials provide details on (1) our growth model, (2) our data, (3) deriving the moment conditions underlying our estimation, (4) measuring the impact of agglomeration on per capita consumption growth (5) solving the model and comparing it with the data, (6) standard errors of our estimates, and (6) Monte Carlo analysis of our estimation strategy. ∗Any views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago or the Federal Reserve System. A First Order Conditions, Prices and Growth This section describes details about the growth model that were omitted from the main text. These include (1) the first order conditions of the planning problem, (2) how to map the Lagrange multipliers for this problem into competitive equilibrium prices, (3) how the planner’s first order conditions relate to those of the agents’ in the competitive equilibrium, (4) the stationarity inducing transformation of the growing economy, and (5) how to calculate the increase in steady state consumption and housing required to compensate households for not having the growth due to local agglomeration. A.1 The Model Without Growth The competitive equilibrium can be found as the solution to an optimization problem with side conditions. Idiosyncratic technology zt evolves as a stationary discrete Markov chain. Let qt(z ) denote the time t distribution of cities across productivity histories z and Q(z, z′) denote the probability that zt+1 = z ′ conditional on zt = z. The planner’s problem is given by: max {Ct,Kbt+1,Kst+1,y(z),lb(z),lh(z), kb(z ),ks(z),kft+1(z ),n(z),h(z)}t=0 [ ∞ ∑
Non-cascaded Dynamic Inversion Design for Quadrotor Position Control with L 1 Augmentation

This paper presents a position control design for quadrotors, aiming to exploit the physical capability and maximize the full control bandwidth of the quadrotor. A novel noncascaded dynamic inversion design is used for the baseline control, augmented by an L1 adaptive control in the rotational dynamics. A new implementation technique is developed in the linear reference model and error controller; so that without causing any inconsistency, nonlinear states can be limited to their physical constraints. The L1 adaptive control is derived to compensate plant uncertainties like inversion error, disturbances, and parameter changes. Simulation and experiment tests have been performed to verify the effectiveness of the designs and the validity of the approach.
Pre-Crastination

In this article, we describe a phenomenon we discovered while conducting experiments on walking and reaching. We asked university students to pick up either of two buckets, one to the left of an alley and one to the right, and to carry the selected bucket to the alley’s end. In most trials, one of the buckets was closer to the end point. We emphasized choosing the easier task, expecting participants to prefer the bucket that would be carried a shorter distance. Contrary to our expectation, participants chose the bucket that was closer to the start position, carrying it farther than the other bucket. On the basis of results from nine experiments and participants’ reports, we concluded that this seemingly irrational choice reflected a tendency to pre-crastinate, a term we introduce to refer to the hastening of subgoal completion, even at the expense of extra physical effort. Other tasks also reveal this preference, which we ascribe to the desire to reduce working memory loads.
Efficient algorithm for computing syndrome polynomial in Reed-Solomon decoder

Application of the cyclotomic Fast Fourier Transform algorithm to the syndrome evaluation problem in classical Reed-Solomon decoders is described. A number of complexity reduction tricks is suggested. Application of the algorithm leads to significant reductions in the complexity of syndrome evaluation. Moreover, automatic generation of the program code implementing the described algorithm is possible.
On the Mass of Population III Stars

Performing one-dimensional hydrodynamical calculations coupled with nonequilibrium processes for hydrogen molecule formation, we pursue the thermal and dynamical evolution of filamentary primordial gas clouds and attempt to make an estimate on the mass of Population III stars. The cloud evolution is computed from the central proton density nc~102-104 cm-3 up to ~1013 cm-3. It is found that, almost independent of initial conditions, a filamentary cloud continues to collapse nearly isothermally owing to H2 cooling until the cloud becomes optically thick against the H2 lines (nc~1010-1011 cm-3). During the collapse the cloud structure separates into two parts, i.e., a denser spindle and a diffuse envelope. The spindle contracts quasi-statically, and thus the line mass of the spindle keeps a characteristic value determined solely by the temperature (~800 K), which is ~1×103 M☉ pc-1 during the contraction from nc~105 cm-3 to 1013 cm-3. Applying a linear theory, we find that the spindle is unstable against fragmentation during the collapse. The wavelength of the fastest growing perturbation (λm) lessens as the collapse proceeds. Consequently, successive fragmentation could occur. When the central density exceeds nc~1010-1011 cm-3, the successive fragmentation may cease, since the cloud becomes opaque against the H2 lines and the collapse decelerates appreciably. Resultantly, the minimum value of λm is estimated to be ~2×10−3 pc. The mass of the first star is then expected to be typically ~3 M☉, which may grow up to ~16 M☉ by accreting the diffuse envelope. Thus, the first-generation stars are anticipated to be massive but not supermassive.
A Bibliometrics Analysis of Canadian Electrical and Computer Engineering Institutions (1996-2006) Based on IEEE Journal Publications

This paper presents a bibliometric assessment of Canadian institutions in the discipline of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) from 1996 to 2006. The paper is a first step in identifying the top institutions over a 10-year period in Canada. The rankings are calculated using three metrics: (1) simple count of papers, (2) journal impact factors, and (3) journal impact factor of each institution normalized by its faculty size. The venues/journals considered are 71 flagship IEEE Transaction journals in different areas of ECE which are perceived as the most prestigious venues in the discipline. Using the three metrics, the top-ranked institutions are identified as: the University of Waterloo (by two metrics), and Queen’s University’s (by one metric). Our study also reveals other interesting results, such as: (1) Researchers from the universities of Waterloo and Toronto, combined, authored about a third of all the Canadian papers published in the IEEE Transaction journals during the time period under study (691 of 2,540 papers). (2) Canadian provinces have different levels of ECE research productivity and efficiency, and (3) ECE ranking of the Canadian institutions has similarities and differences versus a recently-published software engineering ranking of the same institutions. While this study is in the context of Canadian ECE institutions, our approach can be easily adapted to rank the institutions of any other nation and/or in any other discipline.
Role of Autophagy in the Control of Body Metabolism

Autophagy plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular nutrient balance and the function of organelles such as mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum, which are important in intracellular metabolism, insulin release, and insulin sensitivity. In the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, autophagy is important in the maintenance of β-cell mass, structure, and function. Mice with deficiencies in β-cell-specific autophagy show reduced β-cell mass and defects in insulin secretion that lead to hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia but not diabetes. However, these mice developed diabetes when bred with ob/ob mice, suggesting that autophagy-deficient β-cells have defects in dealing with the increased metabolic stress imposed by obesity. These results also imply that autophagy deficiency in β-cells could be a factor in the progression from obesity to diabetes. Another important function of autophagy is in hypothalamic neurons for the central control of energy expenditure, appetite, and body weight. In addition, mice with autophagy deficiencies in the target tissues of insulin have yielded diverse phenotypes. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagy is important in the control of whole body energy and nutrient homeostasis, and its dysregulation could play a role in the development of metabolic disorders and diabetes.
Novel therapies in the search for a cure for Huntington's disease.

The present era is one of tremendous excitement and rapid innovation in Huntington's disease (HD) research. The pace of research seems to be rapidly quickening. The discovery of the gene and the subsequent development of transgenic mouse models of HD have been major breakthroughs. Now, after a large number of experimental studies in animals, a few pilot clinical trials have been initiated. The work presented by Freeman et al. (1) in a recent issue of PNAS reports the survival and development of a graft, derived from human fetal striatal, in a patient with HD.
0 00 40 53 v 2 2 1 Se p 20 00 Response of massive bodies to gravitational waves

The response of a massive body to gravitational waves is described on the microscopic level. The results shed a new light on the commonly used oscillator model. It is shown that apart from the non-resonant tidal motion the energy transfer from a gravitational wave to an electromagnetically coupled body is in general restricted to the surface, whereas gravitational coupling gives rise to bulk excitation of quadrupole modes, but several orders of magnitude smaller. A microscopic detector making use of the effect is suggested.
The Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity of Market Based and Voluntary Measures to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Agri-Food Sector

Agriculture accounts for 13 percent of global GHG emissions. This rises to approximately 30 percent if land clearance for farming, agrochemical production and trade in agricultural and food products are attributed to the sector. Market based mechanisms (carbon tax, cap and trade, payment for environmental services) and voluntary mitigation measures (carbon labeling and food miles) are reviewed for their effectiveness (if they reduce emissions), efficiency (the costs of the measures) and equity (fairness to suppliers). Measures to reduce agricultural emissions are limited in their effectiveness and efficiency by the technical difficulty and high costs of measuring, reporting and verification. However, pricing carbon would be effective in internalizing negative externalities in the transport, processing, retail and consumer purchase and preparation of food. The GTAP model is used to illustrate that a US $40 carbon tax implemented in the EU would have little negative impact on developing country exporters of agricultural products due to their low carbon intensity. Carbon labeling and food miles initiatives are likely to be ineffective, inefficient and unfair to developing country exporters.
Evaluating Question Answering Systems Using FAQ Answer Injection

Question answering (NLQA) systems which retrieve a textual fragment from a document collection that represents the answer to a question are an active field of research. But evaluations currently involve a large amount of manual effort. We propose a new evaluation scheme that uses the insertion of answers from Frequently Asked Questions collections (FAQs) to measure the ability of a system to retrieve it from the corresponding question. We describe how the usefulness of the approach can be assessed and discuss advantages and problems.
A new therapeutic option for postoperative pain management with oxycodone HCI injection

Fentanyl is the most commonly used opioid analgesic in intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) in Korea. IV oxycodone was approved for postoperative IV PCA by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea in 2013. The approved dosage regimen for postoperative pain relief with IV oxycodone is IV bolus loading of 2 mg followed by PCA composed of demand boluses of 1 mg and no background infusion with an oxycodone concentration of 1 mg/ml. However, a simulation study indicated that the minimum effective analgesic concentration (MEAC, as indicated by relief of pain by administering rescue analgesics) of oxycodone was reached most quickly with a higher loading dose of 0.1 mg/kg and IV PCA with background infusion. Oxycodone is a therapeutic option as an analgesic for postoperative pain management. It is necessary to reduce the analgesic dose of oxycodone in elderly patients because metabolic clearance decreases with age.
Bidding Decision on Open Group-buying Online Auction Based on Multi-price Levels

Group-buying online auction (GBA) is a new kind of dynamic pricing mechanisms. Most of researches on the GBA focus on B2C, and the researches under the B2B just focus on two-price levels without considering multi-price levels. To solve this problem, this paper analyzes the bidderpsilas optimal decision with the case that each bidder bids independently based on the B2B open group-buying online auction, with which, the seller will sell products to the bidders with the certain arrival information, and obtains the bidderpsilas optimal bidding decision based on the idea of newsboy model. Compared to the bidding decision under the fixed price, the bidderpsilas optimal bidding decision with certain arrival information under multi-price levels is much better.
Guided self-assembly of Au nanocluster arrays electronically coupled to semiconductor device layers

We report the controlled deposition of close-packed monolayer arrays of ∼5-nm-diam Au clusters within patterned regions on GaAs device layers, thus demonstrating guided self-assembly on a substrate which can provide interesting semiconductor device characteristics. Uniform nanometer scale ordering of the clusters is achieved by a chemical self-assembly process, while micron scale patterning is provided by a soft lithographic technique. Scanning tunneling microscope imaging and current–voltage spectroscopy indicate the Au nanoclusters are strongly coupled electronically into the underlying semiconductor substrate while exhibiting only weak electronic coupling in the lateral plane.
Reviews and future prospects of low-voltage embedded RAMs

Low-voltage high-density embedded (e-) RAMs, focusing on RAM cells and peripheral circuits, are described. First, challenges and trends in low-voltage e-RAMs are described based on the S/N issue of RAM cells, and leakage and speed-variation issues of peripheral circuits. Next, state-of-the-art low-voltage e-DRAMs and e-SRAMs are investigated, focusing on leakage-reduction circuits. Finally, future prospects for e-RAM cells and peripheral circuits are discussed in terms of low-voltage designs.
Prognostic Impact of Early ST-Segment Resolution in Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Simple and rapid measures are needed for timely assessment of the quality of reperfusion therapy in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although successful recanalization of the epicardial vessel is a necessary condition, it is the microvascular flow that most strongly correlates with outcome. ST-segment changes reflect myocardial rather than epicardial flow and hence yield prognostic information beyond that provided by coronary angiogram alone.1–4 Numerous studies have shown a remarkably consistent relationship between the degree of ST resolution and subsequent mortality.5 In a 2001 editorial in Circulation , Gibson wrote, “In a time of dizzying advances in diagnostic modalities, it is refreshing to see what a useful, simple, noninvasive, broadly accessible, easily repeatable/applied, and affordable tool the ECG is. ”6 Because reperfusion is a dynamic process, it was suggested that continuous monitoring of ST-segment resolution might be advantageous. Although continuous monitoring could elucidate the dynamics of ST-segment recovery, the prognostic implications of early ST-segment fluctuations are unclear. No conclusive studies of sufficient sample size exist with regard to the utility of continuous ST-segment monitoring in predicting mortality risk. Fortunately, an early variability of ST-segment resolution at most plays only a minor role in the quality of outcome prediction by static ECG analysis.7 The domain for continuous ST monitoring may be a later time period between 6 and 24 hours after fibrinolysis, when the goal of ST monitoring shifts toward the detection of silent reocclusion.8 ### Sum STR In most studies, resolution of the sum of ST-segment elevation (sum STR) after reperfusion therapy either by fibrinolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is used to predict infarct size, left ventricular function, epicardial vessel patency, and mortality.3,5,9–11 Sum STR is expressed as the percentage from baseline. Measuring ST-segment elevations from all leads related to infarct location, however, is time consuming. In …