Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The History of Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Baltic Sea

Abstract Long-term information on possible changes in cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea, formed mainly by Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon sp. , was sought in published records in historical (years 1887–1938) and modern (years 1974–1998) phytoplankton data sets. Old and new sampling methods and fixatives were tested to improve the comparison of data that had been collected and analyzed in different ways. A hundred years ago, plankton was mainly of interest as a source of fish food; eutrophication problems were only locally reported from the coast, mainly in southern haffs and the receiving waters of larger cities. There were few recordings of open-sea blooms before World War II. Abundances of Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon sp. were low in the old material, and 137 summer samples from 1887–1938 showed no peak abundance. High abundances are common in the new material, and the range of the numbers of both taxa has increased markedly relative to the old material. Since the 1960s, cyanobacterial blooms have been common in the open sea in both the Baltic proper and the Gulf of Finland, indicating high availability of nutrients.
Indirect Dispossession: Domestic Power Imbalances and Foreign Access to Land in Mozambique

Rather than treating the global land grab as a top-down phenomenon driven by global markets or foreign states, this article instead highlights the crucial mediating role played by the host state and domestic elites through a case study of Mozambique. I first introduce the domestic institutional framework, particularly the national Land Law and the institutions that determine the economic value of land. I then argue for an analysis of large-scale land acquisitions that brings into focus the effects of domestic power imbalances on determining the outcomes of foreign demand for land. I examine the ways in which domestic inequality may shape foreign land acquisitions through a typology of the sources of power that give domestic elites a privileged role in relation to foreign investors. The five sources of domestic power considered are: traditional authority, bureaucratic influence, historical accumulation, locally-based business knowledge and networks, and control over the development agenda. Finally, I conclude that the emphasis placed on the actions of the foreigner by both opponents (via framings of land acquisitions as neocolonialism or imperialism) and proponents (via solutions rooted in corporate codes of conduct) may obscure the ways in which pre-existing domestic inequality conditions the outcomes of these deals.
Signaling Effects and the Timing of Foreign Exchange Interventions

This paper empirically examines whether timing foreign exchange interventions can enhance central banks’ signaling effects. Classifying the Japanese and the US intervention operations against the yen/dollar exchange rate into (1) officially announced, (2) unannounced but reported and (3) perfectly secret interventions, we find that announced interventions outperformed the latter two. Even official announcements, however, were quite effective only for the short sub-sample period when a former vice minister of finance for international affairs Eisuke Sakakibara, nicknamed “Mr. Yen” by NY Times, was in charge. Then we explore whether the efficacy of intervention announcements is associated with market conditions. We show strong evidence that announced interventions had a more significant influence on exchange rate when implied volatility and trading volume on the last trading day were high. This is consistent with the conjecture by Peter B. Kenen (1987) that intervention is more effective when traders’ exchange rate expectations are heterogeneous. These findings are explained in a noise trading framework.
Funding sustainable paddle trail development: paddler perspectives, willingness to pay and management implications

Paddle sports (kayaking, canoeing) are a growing tourism niche and an activity that can bring sustainable rural tourism development and economic regeneration. Managing sustainable paddle trail growth is complex, involving coordination among government bodies, consensus from landowners and funding acquisition for safe access sites, signage, maps and other amenities. This paper explores the paddle-trail-related literature and the many different funding options to manage the creation and maintenance of paddle trails. An Internet survey of 1851 respondents determined support for a variety of user funding mechanisms for trail development as well as paddler perceptions about trail development as a viable form of economic development. The results indicate that women and recreational paddlers are more likely to support funding mechanisms, in addition to paddlers who consider paddle trail development a form of economic development. Paddlers who did not support any user funding mechanism were male, employed in the private sector, avid paddlers, and those who owned boats. It is observed that awareness of paddle trails’ value as an economic regeneration tool increases the willingness to pay. A range of management implications from this research are discussed, including information and educational programs, marketing partnerships and targeted incentive offers to those groups that are unwilling to pay.
Organizational Development, Organizational Culture and Organizational Change

Organizational change is triggered by the ever changing business environment, political, economic, cultural, competitor initiatives, technological innovations, globalization, or restructuring, among others. This paper discusses the crucial aspects of dealing with the volatile business environment looking at how best to manage change. It focuses on organization development which is a broad term comprising, among other things, organizational culture and organizational change. Organizational Development (OD) is seen as mostly proactive, that is, is initiated by managers/owners and focuses on how best to develop an organization. It runs from the initial stage of inception of ideas to form an organization (start-up stage) all through to the development working structures and strategic goals. On the other hand, organizational culture focuses on how best the so formed organization and structures can be safeguarded, how best to achieve the set goals, how to carry ourselves around. In other words, organizational culture attempts to freeze the developments or changes made so far in such a way that they are more effective and efficiently used. However, the organization is surrounded by so many factors, both within and without, that are ever changing and can trigger a change, even to the best laid plans. Here is where organizational change comes in. Organizational change is both proactive and reactive. If it is planned and initiated by management, then it is proactive. But if it is in response to externalities or even internal shocks, then it is reactive. Organizational change focuses on unfreezing the existing structures and cultures in an attempt to make the organization affluent with the current technologies and challenges. Hence, there exists interplay between organizational development, organizational culture and organizational change, which forms the interest of this discussion.
Cattle MHC: evolution in action?

Summary: Because major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play a major role in the development of acquired immune responses, it is essential to obtain comparative information on their organisation, expression and possible functional dichotomies in different species. In human, three classical, polymorphic class I genes (HLA‐A, B‐ and ‐C) and four expressed A/B class II gene pairs (HLA‐DM, ‐DP, ‐DQ and ‐DR) are each present on all haplotypes. With the exception of the HLA‐DRB loci, it has been assumed that a similar rigid organisational situation exists in other mammalian species. However, extensive analysis of the bovine MHC (BoLA) at both the genomic and transcriptional levels has revealed a degree of genetic fluidity not described in other species. None of the four (or more) classical class I genes identified is consistently expressed, and haplotypes differ from one another in both the number and composition of expressed class I genes. Similarly, in the class II region, the number of DQ genes varies between haplotypes in both number and composition. These variations in both class I and II (which appear to reflect differences at the genomic level) are likely to play an important role in cattle immune responses. The observed phenotypic differences in cattle demonstrate very clearly the dynamic nature of the MHC region. This review addresses the functional impact of such variation in different breeds and populations, and its significance in terms of MHC evolution.
Monoclonal antibody recognition and function of a DnaK (HSP70) epitope found in gram-negative bacteria

The isolation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody (MAb 2G5) specific for the bacterial DnaK (HSP70) protein is described. The 2G5 MAb was initially selected because of its ability to bind to DnaK under denaturing conditions. Isotype analyses indicated that 2G5 was an immunoglobulin G2a. Dose-response Western blot (immunoblot) experiments with purified but unconcentrated 2G5 permitted detection of 10 ng of pure DnaK protein. The DnaK epitope was determined by Western blot analysis of a series of truncated DnaK fragments overproduced in Escherichia coli using 5' and 3' dnaK-deleted expression plasmids. The epitope mapped to a 22-amino-acid region spanning DnaK residues 288 and 310. Phylogenetic distribution of the epitope was examined by Western blot analysis of a wide variety of bacterial species and indicated that the epitope was uniquely present in gram-negative organisms. The proximity of the epitope to the presumed DnaK ATP-binding pocket suggested that MAb binding might inhibit DnaK ATPase activity. In vitro analysis supported this prediction and demonstrated that MAb-mediated inhibition of ATPase activity was antibody specific and occurred at stoichiometric molar ratios of MAb to DnaK. Possible mechanisms to explain the ability of the 2G5 MAb to inhibit DnaK activity are discussed.
Curriculum in interventional cardiology: Coronary pressure and flow measurements in the cardiac catheterization laboratory

The inability to characterize a coronary stenosis functionally by angiography remains a well-recognized limitation [1], repeatedly documented by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging and ischemia stress testing [2–4]. Measuring coronary blood flow and pressure provides unique information that complements anatomic (angiographic) evaluation and facilitates decision-making regarding therapy. This review will discuss the fundamental assumptions, methodology, validation, and clinical applications of coronary physiology using intracoronary pressure and flow as measured in the cardiac catheterization laboratory in patients.
The Social Structure of the Australian Urban Labour Market: 1976–1991

Abstract The changing social structure of the labour market has both distributional and efficiency implications for Australian society. This article analyses the increase in the employment inequality among Australian urban neighbourhoods (that is, Collectors Districts or CDs) between the 1976 and 1991 censuses. When CDs are ranked by socioeconomic status we find that the employment rate falls by more in the low status areas than in other areas. Given that participation and population growth rates are higher in the high status areas, this phenomenon is likely to be driven by differences in employment levels. Shift share analysis of changes in employment levels shows that the lower demand for workers who live in the low status areas has led to falls in employment in those areas. Therefore the structural shift in the Australian economy has been a major explanation of the differences in employment rate within Australian cities. The results raise questions about the current ability of Australia's economy to adjust to the structural change necessary in an open economy.
A systematic review of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft compared with allograft.

BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be performed with use of either autograft or allograft tissue. It is currently unclear if the outcomes of these two methods differ significantly. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated whether the short-term clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate reconstruction with allograft were significantly different from those with autograft. METHODS A computerized search of the electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE was conducted. Only therapeutic studies with a prospective or retrospective comparative design were considered for inclusion in the present investigation. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality and extracted relevant data from each included study. If a study failed the qualitative assessment and statistical tests of homogeneity, it was excluded from the meta-analysis. Furthermore, a study was withdrawn from the meta-analysis of a particular outcome if that outcome was not studied or was not reported adequately. A Mantel-Haenszel analysis utilizing a random-effects model allowed for pooling of results according to graft source while accounting for the number of subjects in individual studies. RESULTS Nine studies were determined to be appropriate for the systematic review. Eight studies compared bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts, and one study compared quadruple-stranded hamstring grafts. Five studies were prospective comparative studies, and four were retrospective comparative studies. One study, which investigated allografts that underwent a unique sterilization process, demonstrated an allograft failure rate of 45% (thirty-eight of eighty-five). That study failed the qualitative assessment and statistical tests of homogeneity and consequently was excluded from the meta-analysis. When the outcomes from the remaining studies were pooled according to graft source, the meta-analyses of the Lysholm score, instrumented laxity measurements, and the clinical failure rate estimated mean differences and odds ratios that were not significant. These findings were robust during the sensitivity analysis, which varied the included studies or variables on the basis of graft type, instrumented laxity cut-off value, secondary sterilization technique, duration of follow-up, mean patient age, and study methodology. CONCLUSIONS In general, the short-term clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate reconstruction with allograft were not significantly different from those with autograft. However, it is important to note that none of these nonrandomized studies stratified outcomes according to age or utilized multivariable modeling to mathematically control for age (or any other possible confounder, such as activity level, that is not equally distributed in the two treatment groups). Understanding these limitations of the best available evidence, the surgeon may incorporate the results of the present systematic review into the informed-consent and shared-decision-making process in order to individualize optimum patient care.
False belief and sentence complement performance in children with specific language impairment.

BACKGROUND Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have language abilities not commensurate with other cognitive abilities. This pattern makes the SLI population of interest when investigating the relationship between language and theory of mind. One view regarding this relationship is that theory of mind develops independently of language, but certain language skills are required to meet the demands of tasks used to measure theory of mind, such as false belief. Another view is that language development facilitates theory of mind development, and specifically, that mastery of sentence complement structures is necessary for false belief. AIMS The study asked (1) if children with SLI can succeed on false belief, despite their language deficits, when the linguistic demands of the false belief task are low, and (2) if performance on sentence complement structures predicts false belief performance. METHODS & PROCEDURES Fifteen children with SLI, 15 children matched for age and 15 children matched for language comprehension level participated in a false belief task with four conditions of differing linguistic complexity, and a test of sentence complementation understanding. Spontaneous production of sentence complements was also measured. Group differences for false belief and sentence complementation, and condition differences for false belief, were tested non-parametrically. Partial correlation analysis, log-linear analysis, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to explore relationships among the complementation and false belief measures for all children and for each group. OUTCOMES & RESULTS Children with SLI performed similarly to age-matched peers on false belief when linguistic complexity of the task was low, and performed more poorly than age-matched peers on understanding of sentence complements. For all children, sentence complement performance was correlated with false belief (controlling for age), and those who performed well on sentence complements had higher mean rates of false belief success. Log-linear analysis showed the sentence complement-false belief relationship to hold for a condition with relatively low linguistic demands. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence that children with SLI can perform at age-appropriate levels when false belief tasks are less demanding, and that mastery of sentence complementation is a predictor of false belief ability.
Beyond Planning and Mercantilism: An Evaluation of Pakistan's Growth Strategy

Through the nineties Pakistan remained preoccupied with crisis management. All debate and policy was, as a result, involved with current policy and our coping with the IMF programmes. Adjustment was the main theme leaving little room for growth initiatives.1 A lively debate has raged on the distributional impacts of adjustment policy on which the government and the thinking community have adopted opposing stances, often with much emotion. With this focus of economic and political discussion on critiquing of the current government and its policies, there has been little effort put in understanding and reviewing the country’s growth strategy. This paper attempts to assess the evolution of Pakistan’s long-term growth strategy.2 It is my contention that the growth strategy remains inertia-ridden because of the lack of an academic community and debate.3 The paper will also attempt to identify the actors who influence and shape this strategy. This will be followed by what changes should be made in that strategy, based on more recent developments in economic thinking and experience in the world. For long-run sustained growth that will lead us to join the club of the more advanced countries, a new strategy based on the latest research findings will be needed. Finally, I shall point to the factors that impede the adoption of such a strategy, and especially to our owning such a strategy.
XI. How to treat children and adolescents with relapsed non‐Hodgkin lymphoma?

Treatment for childhood and adolescent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been optimised within the major biological subgroups for the last 30 years. Event-free survival rates reach almost 90% for mature B-cell NHL (B-NHL), 80% for lymphoblastic lymphomas (LBL) and 70% for anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL). The efficacy of the front-line treatment leaves highly refractory relapsed disease, and few patients are available to study reinduction and consolidation approaches. With the exception of few phase II studies and one ongoing prospective trial, therefore, data on children with relapsed NHL are limited to retrospective analyses. Most of these analyses include low patient numbers and summarise patients over more than 10 years during which time first line therapies often changed. The influence of front-line therapy efficacy on outcome in relapse can be highlighted by two examples: The Japanese group reported survival of 43% of 48 LBLrelapse patients, altogether 89% of 260 LBL patients survived [1]. Only 14% of 34 LBL relapse patients survived in a Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (BFM) series, leading to a comparable survival of 91% of all 324 LBL patients [2]. A second example with potential future implications for paediatric relapsed mature B-NHL is the dismal outcome of adult diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relapse patients who received rituximab in first-line therapy compared to those who did not get rituximab first-line [3]. Outcome in relapse further differs according to the NHL subtype. Both retrospective data and an unpublished NHLBFM analysis suggest that patients with relapsed ALCL or DLBCL have a fair chance to survive (40–60%), whereas survival of patients with relapsed Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and LBL stays less than 30%. Based on these observations, the questions which re-induction therapy andwhat kind of consolidation therapy to chose—autologous, allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation (SCT) or maintenance chemotherapy—
Regulation of signal transduction by HDL1

High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has direct effects on numerous cell types that influence cardiovascular and metabolic health. These include endothelial cells, vascular smooth-muscle cells, leukocytes, platelets, adipocytes, skeletal muscle myocytes, and pancreatic β cells. The effects of HDL or apoA-I, its major apolipoprotein, occur through the modulation of intracellular calcium, oxygen-derived free-radical production, numerous kinases, and enzymes, including endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). ApoA-I and HDL also influence gene expression, particularly genes encoding mediators of inflammation in vascular cells. In many paradigms, the change in intracellular signaling occurs as a result of cholesterol efflux, with the cholesterol acceptor methyl-β-cyclodextrin often invoking responses identical to HDL or apoA-I. The ABC transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 and scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) frequently participate in the cellular responses. Structure-function relationships are emerging for signal initiation by ABCA1 and SR-BI, with plasma membrane cholesterol binding by the C-terminal transmembrane domain of SR-BI uniquely enabling it to serve as a sensor of changes in membrane cholesterol. Further investigation of the processes underlying HDL and apoA-I modulation of intracellular signaling will potentially reveal new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to optimize both cardiovascular and metabolic health.