Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On heat equation in the framework of classic irreversible thermodynamics with internal variables

In this paper, we show that, using a procedure of classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT) with internal variables, it is possible to describe the relaxation of thermal phenomena, obtaining some well known results of extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT). In particular, we introduce as internal variables a vector and a second rank tensor, that influence the thermal transport phenomena, and we derive in the anisotropic and isotropic case, the phenomenological equations for these variables. In the case, in which the medium is isotropic, it is obtained that the total heat flux can be split in two parts: a first contribution J(0), governed by Fourier law, and a second contribution J(1), obeying Maxwell–Cattaneo–Vernotte (MCV) equation, in which a relaxation time is present. The obtained results may have applications in describing the thermal behavior in nanosystems (semiconductors, nanotubes,…), where the phenomena are fast and there are high-frequency thermal waves.
Design and application of multivariable digital robust optimal controllers

For linear multivariable discrete-time control systems, a new design approach to robust optimal controllers is developed in this paper. By presenting a new design concept to select row characteristic functions for a multi-variable system, a robust decomposition method is built up to guarantee the normalization of the closed-loop transfer function matrix. The H-infinity robust stability and the optimal time domain indices for the closed-loop system are then achieved simultaneously by utilizing the 1-infinity optimal control approach in its decoupling equivalent system. Finally, optimization and robustness of this digital controller are verified by an on-line application in a paper-making control system for three different indices of quantity and moisture.
LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST FOR THE REDUNDANCY IN A MULTIVARIATE GROWTH CURVE MODEL

This paper is concerned with a multivariate growth curve model for observations obtained by simultaneously measuring m response variables at each of p time points, on samples from multiple groups. The objective is to develop a test for determining whether the m 2 = m (cid:0) m 1 response variables carry no additional information (are redundant) for a comparison between the groups, given the presence of the (cid:12)rst m 1 response variables. We obtain some equivalent hypotheses for redundancy by extending the technique of Rao (1970). The likelihood ratio (LR) test is discussed. However, because its null distribution is complicated, we propose a more practical approximate test using a conditional LR criterion.
Boundary Layer Development over a Tropical Island during the Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment

Abstract Data collected during the Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX) (10 November–10 December 1995) have been used to analyze boundary layer development and circulations over two almost flat, tropical islands. The two adjacent islands have a combined length of about 170 km from east to west and 70 km from north to south. Intense thunderstorms formed over these islands every day of the field campaign. The boundary layer depth, temperature, and circulation over the island have been measured over the full diurnal cycle using a multiple radar analysis combined with surface and radiosonde measurements. On average, the island boundary layer depth reaches 1.5 km by early to midafternoon coinciding with the development of the deep convection. Thus, the island boundary layer is significantly deeper than the typical tropical oceanic boundary layer. In the midafternoon, thunderstorm outflows and their associated cold pool stabilize the lower boundary layer, suppressing late convection. This is follo.
Novel One-Beam Tracking Detection Method for Dual-Layer Blu-ray Discs

In this paper, we propose a new advanced push–pull (APP) method as a new one-beam tracking detection method suitable for a dual-layer Blu-ray disc (BD) system. This method overcomes two issues. One of them is tracking error signal (TES) offset at the boundary between recorded tracks and unrecorded tracks, and the other is TES offset caused by the stray lights from the other layer of dual-layer discs. The new APP-TES is stable at the boundary in the dual-layer BD system, because the dividing area of a far-field pattern is optimized and the detecting areas are allocated to avoid stray lights from the other layer. Its stable characteristics are confirmed experimentally.
Relative contributions of bulge and disk to the luminosity density of the universe

Redshifts for a virtually complete, magnitude-limited sample of galaxies in a set of randomly chosen fields were obtained. These are used in conjunction with previously measured bulge-to-disk ratios to determine the dependence of blue bulge-to-disk ratio on absolute magnitude, and the relative contributions of bulge and disk to the mean luminosity density of the universe. It is found that B/D varies as 0.61(L/L-asterisk) exp 0.28. When the different mass-to-light ratios of bulge and disk are taken into account, it is found that roughly equal amounts of mass are incorporated in bulges and disks. 31 references.
Hailfall Characteristics Related to Crop Damage

Abstract Collection of crop loss assessment values adjacent to halipads has allowed a comparative investigation to determine which hailfall characteristics were related to the degree of loss to wheat, corn and soybean crops in Illinois. Establishment of such relationships is important information because it indicates which characteristics must be measured, either with hailpads or other hail-sensing devices, to provide meaningful evaluations of hail suppression project results and useful data for crop-hail studies. Because of factors related to the thickness of wheat stands, wheat losses were found to be closely related to the frequency of hailstones with diameters >0.25 inch. Corn and soybean losses exhibited varying seasonal relationships with either hailstone frequency and/or hailfall energy values. Corn losses in May related only to stone frequency, whereas corn losses in later growth stages (July-August) related well to both stone frequency and energy. A given number of hailstones falling in May produ.
Competing Risks of Default and Prepayment of Mortgage Market

Using a large data set on the Single family home loans from The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), sponsored by the US government, this research studies the economic factors affecting the competing risks of prepayment and default. Since the subprime crisis, understanding the competing risks of prepayment and default on the single-family mortgage market have become increasingly important. Refinancing incentives on the mortgage market has been triggered by the current low interest rate environment. The paper presents a unified model of the competing risks of default and default mortgage termination, considering the two hazards as independent competing risks, which are jointly estimated. It also accounts for the unobserved heterogeneity among borrowers, and estimates the unobserved heterogeneity simultaneously with the parameters and baseline hazards associated with default and prepayment functions. This thesis also examines the different models that can be used to predict current and future prepayment rates. In mortgage research applications the time to occurrence of one event of interest which may be caused by another competing event is investigated. The most widely used prepayment and default models are competing risk models and option theoretic models. However, this thesis places more emphasis on competing risk models. As we know, survival analysis examines and models the time to an event (usually failure of a system and possibly subject to right censoring) and one of the most common tools ‘Cox proportional-hazards regression model’ is used to study the dependency of survival times on the predictor variables. Important risks determinants include the specific characteristics of the borrower, specific characteristics of the loan and macro-economic variables. Variable selection procedures are used to identify the most significant risk drivers. Tests on parameter stability are conducted to check forecasting accuracy for models. A problem, however, is heterogeneity between mortgages-suggesting there is future potential research to be done on this topic.
Cervical exenteration and its variants for locally advanced thyroid cancer: when, why, and how?

Purpose of review To describe the modern surgical approach for management of advanced thyroid cancers infiltrating the cervicovisceral axis with special attention to well differentiated tumors not amenable to organ-sparing techniques. In particular, cervical exenteration, herein defined as the sum of total thyroidectomy, central compartment and lateral neck dissections, variously associated with total laryngectomy and possible partial or total pharyngoesophagectomy, represents an extreme surgical procedure that, in properly selected cases, allows for reasonable palliation of central compartment life-threatening signs/symptoms if not cure for an advanced oncologic condition. Recent findings Cervical exenteration is not contraindicated by the presence of limited distant metastases at presentation. Even though it requires that the patient is in general good health as it can be associated with a number of complications and long in-hospital stay, when appropriately planned and performed according to the most recent reconstructive nuances, it allows good oncologic outcomes that are not inferior to those described for similarly advanced primaries of the upper aerodigestive tract. In addition, quality of life and functional results are not significantly different from those described after total laryngectomy for primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Summary Cervical exenteration requires a tertiary, expert, multidisciplinary effort in terms of diagnosis, surgical performance, and postoperative care. A patient-centered decision process is strongly warranted taking into consideration alternative therapeutic and symptom-based palliative strategies.
BOUNDARY STABILIZATION OF AN

Boundary feedback schemes for stabilizing flexural vibrations in a linear viscoelastic beam are studied. It is shown that in the EulerBernoulli model an arbitrarily small feedback delay can cause unbounded vibrations with arbitrarily large exponential growth rates. For the Timoshenko beam: in the purely elastic case: a contrasting result is given, and formulas for decay rates of high frequency modes are developed for the case of no feedback delay. Numerical results for various no-delay cases are summarized.
Are we ready for deintensification in human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal carcinomas?

Purpose of review Excellent outcomes following contemporary treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma (HPV+ OPC) have prompted the exploration of deintensification approaches to minimize treatment-related toxicities. This review describes the landscape of deintensification to date (up to November 2022). Recent findings Although several deintensification trials have been published, none are practice changing. Three phase III randomized-controlled trials studying cetuximab and radiation therapy vs. standard chemoradiotherapy all showed inferior outcomes. Although some phase II trials reported favourable outcomes, they are often single-arm trials without an adequate control arm, thereby limiting the ability to modify practice. Summary Substantial effort has been expended to explore deintensification options for selected HPV+ OPC patients aiming to avoid unnecessary toxicity. Strategies have included replacing cisplatin with cetuximab, reduced chemotherapy or radiotherapy intensity, reduction of radiotherapy volumes and risk stratification after trans-oral surgery or following induction chemotherapy. Challenges remain in the current deintensification landscape, including identifying the most suitable candidates along with a choice of most appropriate deintensification strategies. Promising selection criteria included either static baseline features or kinetic characteristics of clinical-biological parameters. Practice-changing trials remain elusive, and the search continues to attempt optimization of the therapeutic ratio for these patients.
Communications in Mathematical Physics Tunneling in Two Dimensions

Tunneling is studied here as a variational problem formulated in terms of a functional which approximates the rate function for large deviations in Ising systems with Glauber dynamics and Kac potentials, [9]. The spatial domain is a two-dimensional square of side L with reflecting boundary conditions. For L large enough the penalty for tunneling from the minus to the plus equilibrium states is determined. Minimizing sequences are fully characterized and shown to have approximately a planar symmetry at all times, thus departing from the Wulff shape in the initial and final stages of the tunneling. In a final section (Sect. 11), we extend the results to d = 3 but their validity in d > 3 is still open.
Some effects of mutual coupling and noise on channel capacity between antenna arrays

Space-time coding techniques can be used to achieve very high spectral efficiencies in highly scattering environments using multiple transmit and receive antennas. At the remote station, there is usually a more limited space allotted to the antenna array than at the base station. Since the spectral efficiency improves with the number of antennas, one is interested in how many antennas can be crammed into the limited space on the remote station. This paper addresses some of the issues which affect the allowable density of antennas in the remote station. In particular, the mutual impedance between antenna elements in the remote array, the correlation between the signal and noise fields received by these elements, and amplifier noise contributions impact on the channel capacity achievable by such arrays. In particular, we assume the transmitter is radiating from nT elements of uncoupled half wave dipoles and knows nothing of the channel. A formula is given for the maximum channel capacity to a receiving array of nR elements, coupled to each other in the presence of ambient noise or interference with a uniform angle of arrival distribution. This formula neglects amplifier noise in the receivers. It is shown that the channel capacity is already determined at the terminals of the receiving array and can not be improved by internal coupling networks following the receiving array. When the propagation is by means of full three dimensional scattering, the channel capacity is unaffected by mutual coupling in the receiving array.
Electrolytic capacitor‐less reduced power processing single‐phase LED driver with power decoupling using split capacitor

Light emitting diode (LED) driver systems are now moving toward reduced processing power to improve conversion efficiency in indoor and outdoor applications. LED drivers connected to a single‐phase supply must meet the requirements for power factor correction with lower input current harmonics to maintain the alternating current (AC) power grid's quality and maintain a constant current through the LED load to eliminate the flickering effect in the light output. An LED driver is required to fulfill these requirements. In this paper, a new reduced processing power LED driver is proposed. By splitting the output capacitor into two capacitors and with the help of hardware design, the processing power can be reduced by using fewer semiconductors than in earlier designs. The proposed driver employs a simple ripple cancellation control approach to eliminate the 100 Hz ripple in the LED load current. Using this principle, an LED driver was designed and tested. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed LED driver achieved an input power factor close to unity with lower input current harmonics and 92.5% of peak efficiency when operating at full power.
Ecology and behavioral response of Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) in the wetland complex of Oued Righ valley (Algerian Sahara).

The wetland complex of Oued Righ valley accommodates a population of Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) between 2012 and 2014, the total reached 80 individuals in the Lake Hamraia where the species wintering. The analysis of the diurnal time budget of wintering populations revealed the role of feeding area delivery for this species and they devoted their day time to feeding (51.2%), sleeping (18.8%), followed by swimming activity (6.3 %), and courtship activities with flying (2.03%) which often occurs after disturbances caused by human or by Marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus). It is interesting to study the behavior of these ducks in Saharan bioclimatic area and follow the phenology and characteristics in order to preserve the biodiversity in this region.
Guess Which Car Type I Am Driving: Information Leak via Driving Apps

—Driving apps, such as navigation, fuel-price, and road services, have been deployed and used widely. The car-related nature of these services may motivate them to infer the type of their users’ vehicles. We first apply systematic analytics on real-world apps to show that the vehicle-type — seemingly unharmful — information may have serious privacy implications. Next, we demonstrate that attackers can harvest the features of these mobile apps to infer the car-type information in a stealthy way. Specifically, we explore the use of zero-permission mobile motion sensors to extract spectral features for differentiating the engines and body types of vehicles. Based on our experimental results of 17 different cars, we have achieved 82+% and 85+% overall accuracy in identifying three major engine types and four popular body types, respectively.
Overexpression of Sirt6 ameliorates sleep deprivation induced-cognitive impairment by modulating glutamatergic neuron function

Sleep benefits the restoration of energy metabolism and thereby supports neuronal plasticity and cognitive behaviors. Sirt6 is a NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase that has been recognized as an essential regulator of energy metabolism because it modulates various transcriptional regulators and metabolic enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Sirt6 on cerebral function after chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). We assigned C57BL/6J mice to control or two CSD groups and subjected them to AAV2/9-CMV-EGFP or AAV2/9-CMV-Sirt6-EGFP infection in the prelimbic cortex (PrL). We then assessed cerebral functional connectivity (FC) using resting-state functional MRI, neuron/astrocyte metabolism using a metabolic kinetics analysis; dendritic spine densities using sparse-labeling; and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and action potential (AP) firing rates using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. In addition, we evaluated cognition via a comprehensive set of behavioral tests. Compared with controls, Sirt6 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the PrL after CSD, accompanied by cognitive deficits and decreased FC between the PrL and accumbens nucleus, piriform cortex, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, olfactory tubercle, insular cortex, and cerebellum. Sirt6 overexpression reversed CSD-induced cognitive impairment and reduced FC. Our analysis of metabolic kinetics using [1-13C] glucose and [2-13C] acetate showed that CSD reduced neuronal Glu4 and GABA2 synthesis, which could be fully restored via forced Sirt6 expression. Furthermore, Sirt6 overexpression reversed CSD-induced decreases in AP firing rates as well as the frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs in PrL pyramidal neurons. These data indicate that Sirt6 can improve cognitive impairment after CSD by regulating the PrL-associated FC network, neuronal glucose metabolism, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Thus, Sirt6 activation may have potential as a novel strategy for treating sleep disorder-related diseases.
Proposed temporary waqf model for family waqf implementation in Malaysia

Purpose This study aims to propose a temporary waqf model for family waqf by establishing its application parameters, which may facilitate the management of family waqf in Malaysia and encourage new donors to establish waqf. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology was employed to analyse the data through deductive and field research methods. For field research, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with the Waqf Corporations and Mufti's Department in the selected states within Malaysia. Findings Results drawn from the interview's findings are that creating family waqf in Malaysia is hindered by several obstacles, including family waqfs not serving the public interest but rather their descendants, and family waqfs have been practised in perpetuity. Besides, inefficient management of family waqf and a lack of an effective mechanism and parameter exists. Therefore, this study presented a conceptual framework for a temporary cash waqf model for family waqf along with the parameters that can be used to implement it. The temporary waqf is a strategy to develop waqf property and the interests of creators, beneficiaries and trustees. Temporary waqf merged into the family waqf yields benefits to the family waqf. Research limitations/implications Because of Malaysia's Waqf Regulation and Administration, this study was confined to selected states. This study has broadened the scope of temporary family waqf, including moveable, immovable property and cash waqf. Practical implications This study presented a temporary waqf model for family waqf as a realistic mechanism and criterion for its practical implementation in Malaysia. Social implications This study could encourage new donors to establish waqf. Originality/value This study’s novelty lies in its attempt to highlight the importance of the temporary waqf model as a practical mechanism with holistic principles for its implementation in Malaysia to benefit the donors, their families and trustees. In addition to family waqf, numerous temporary waqfs may be established, in which the income or usufruct is shared proportionally, such as charitable waqf (waqf khairi), private waqf (waqf khas) and joint waqf (waqf mushtarak).
Impedance-Mismatched Hyperlens with Increasing Layer Thicknesses

Structure with non-negative effective permittivities in the radial and tangential directions can also perform far-field imaging beyond the diffraction limit since the dispersion curves can be long and flat enough and utilized to transfer the subwavelength information. Thus we propose an impedance-mismatched hyperlens with such a dispersion curve and increasing thicknesses (from the innermost layer to the outermost) to reduce reflection losses due to the impedance difference between the nearby layer pairs. Compared with the hyperlens with same thickness for each period, the resolution ability of the hyperlens with varying thicknesses can be improved dramatically, while the image intensity is weaker. Furthermore, the influence of the layer number on the imaging is also analyzed to improve the performance of the system and an improved hyperlens with repeated thickness setting is also utilized to increase the intensity of the magnified image.
Globally sparse vertex-Ramsey graphs

For graphs G and F we write F (G)1r if every r-coloring of the vertices of F results in a monochromatic copy of G. The global density m(F) of F is the maximum ratio of the number of edges to the number of vertices taken over all subgraphs of F. Let We show that The lower bound is achieved by complete graphs, whereas, for all r ≥ 2 and ϵ > 0, mcr(Sk, r) > r - ϵ for sufficiently large k, where Sk is the star with k arms. In particular, we prove that