Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of increasing anthropogenic soluble iron and nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry

We present results from transient sensitivity studies with the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) ocean model to increasing anthropogenic atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N) and soluble iron (Fe) deposition over the industrial era. Elevated N deposition results from fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, and elevated soluble Fe deposition results from increased atmospheric processing in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants and soluble Fe from combustion sources. Simulations with increasing Fe and increasing Fe and N inputs raised simulated marine nitrogen fixation, with the majority of the increase in the subtropical North and South Pacific, and raised primary production and export in the high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. Increasing N inputs alone elevated small phytoplankton and diatom production, resulting in increased phosphorus (P) and Fe limitation for diazotrophs, hence reducing nitrogen fixation (∼6%). Globally, the simulated primary production, sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) export. and atmospheric CO2 uptake were highest under combined increase in Fe and N inputs compared to preindustrial control. Our results suggest that increasing combustion iron sources and aerosol Fe solubility along with atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen deposition are perturbing marine biogeochemical cycling and could partially explain the observed trend toward increased P limitation at station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific. Excess inorganic nitrogen ([NO3−] + [NH4+] − 16[PO43−]) distributions may offer useful insights for understanding changing ocean circulation and biogeochemistry.
Hepatoblastoma, cisplatin, and ototoxicity

Hepatoblastoma, like several other solid tumors in children, is a good-news story: good news for the spectacular improvement in survival for hepatoblastoma achieved over the past 30 to 40 years and also good news for the manner in which this was achieved the remarkable level of collaboration by several international cooperative clinical trials groups. Hepatoblastoma is a rare malignant embryonal tumor of the liver that occurs in young infants with a median age at diagnosis of 16 months. With an age-adjusted frequency of 1.2 per million children aged 15 years, hepatoblastoma accounts for 1% of new cancer diagnoses in childhood. Ironically, it is the very rarity of hepatoblastoma that may have contributed to its improved clinical outcome. Most pediatric oncology units, which treat between 50 and 150 new cases of childhood cancer per year, will only diagnose 1 new case of hepatoblastoma per year or even less. However, the treatment of a malignant liver tumor in a young infant requires a special level of interdisciplinary collaboration between oncologists, diagnostic radiology and pathology, and surgeons to ensure the best possible outcome. Seeking an improved outcome fostered the development of the first collaborative clinical trials for infants with hepatoblastoma and, in doing so, has provided healthcare professionals with a clear roadmap for the care of a rare malignant tumor based on the best available evidence. In 1982, Evans et al reported what to our knowledge was the first collaborative trials for childhood liver tumors. After the first chemotherapy trial, in which a 17% survival rate was achieved, a second study of 62 patients (Children’s Cancer Group [CCG]/Pediatric Oncology Group [POG], 1976-1978) who received postoperative vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-flurouracil achieved a 30% survival rate and demonstrated for the first time that hepatoblastoma is a chemosensitive tumor. A later nonrandomized CCG trial (CCG 823. 1986-1989) used cisplatin and doxorubicin (Adriamycin) for unresectable and metastatic hepatoblastoma and achieved 3-year event-free survival (EFS) rates of 55% and 30%, respectively. A similar study from the POG that used cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and vincristine (C5V) achieved a similar 3-year EFS rate. Although later treatment approaches varied, subsequent cooperative clinical trials from the Intergroup Hepatoma Study, the German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH), and the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) Liver Tumor StudyGroup (SIOPEL) all produced dramatic improvements in overall survival for hepatoblastoma; and central to that success was the use chemotherapy regimens that incorporated cisplatin. The Intergroup Study INT-0098 (1989-1992) of postoperative C5V or combined cisplatin and doxorubicin
Delayed nausea and vomiting continue to reduce patients' quality of life after highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy despite antiemetic treatment.

PURPOSE Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are major adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy. We compared the impact of acute (during the first 24 hours postchemotherapy) and delayed (days 2 through 5 postchemotherapy) CINV on patients' quality of life (QoL) after highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC and MEC, respectively). PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospective, multicenter, multinational study was conducted in 14 medical practices on cancer patients undergoing either HEC or MEC treatment. Patients recorded episodes of nausea and vomiting in a diary. Patients completed the Functional Living Index-Emesis (FLIE) questionnaire at baseline and on day 6. RESULTS A total of 298 patients were assessable (67 HEC patients, 231 MEC patients). Emesis was reported by 36.4% of patients (13.2% acute, 32.5% delayed) and nausea by 59.7% (36.2% acute, 54.3% delayed). HEC patients reported significantly lower mean FLIE total score than MEC patients (95.5 v 107.8 respectively; P = .0049). Among all patients, the nausea score was significantly lower than the vomiting score (50.0 and 55.3, respectively; P = .0097). Of the 173 patients who experienced neither vomiting nor nausea during the first 24 hours postchemotherapy, 22.9% reported an impact of CINV on daily life caused by delayed CINV. CONCLUSION CINV continues to adversely affect patients' QoL despite antiemetic therapy even after treatment with only moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimens, and even in the subgroup of patients who do not experience nausea and vomiting during the first 24 hours. On the basis of the FLIE results in this study, nausea had a stronger negative impact on patients' daily lives than vomiting.
Uncalibrated perspective reconstruction of deformable structures

Reconstruction of 3D structures from uncalibrated image sequences has a wealthy history. Most work has been focused on rigid objects or static scenes. This paper studies the problem of perspective reconstruction of deformable structures such as dynamic scenes from an uncalibrated image sequence. The task requires decomposing the image measurements into a composition of three factors: 3D deformable structures, rigid rotations and translations, and intrinsic camera parameters. We develop a factorization algorithm that consists of two steps. In the first step we recover the protective depths iteratively using the sub-space constraints embedded in the image measurements of the deformable structures. In the second step, we scale the image measurements by the reconstructed projective depths. We then extend the linear closed-form solution for weak-perspective reconstruction by J. Xiao, et al. (2004) to factorize the scaled measurements and simultaneously reconstruct the deformable shapes and underlying shape model, the rigid motions, and the varying camera parameters such as focal lengths. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed method is demonstrated quantitatively on synthetic data and qualitatively on real image sequences
Gender bias in scholarly peer review

Peer review is the cornerstone of scholarly publishing and it is essential that peer reviewers are appointed on the basis of their expertise alone. However, it is difficult to check for any bias in the peer-review process because the identity of peer reviewers generally remains confidential. Here, using public information about the identities of 9000 editors and 43000 reviewers from the Frontiers series of journals, we show that women are underrepresented in the peer-review process, that editors of both genders operate with substantial same-gender preference (homophily), and that the mechanisms of this homophily are gender-dependent. We also show that homophily will persist even if numerical parity between genders is reached, highlighting the need for increased efforts to combat subtler forms of gender bias in scholarly publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.21718. 001
Tribofilm formation in biotribocorrosion – does it regulate ion release in metal-on-metal artificial hip joints?

Abstract Metal-on-metal prostheses have been considered as alternatives to the well-established metal-on-polyethylene implants due to polyethylene wear debris-induced osteolysis. The release of metal ions from metallic components of metal-on-metal joint implants is of great concern to patients and surgeons. Clinical studies have shown that the level of ions in blood and urine samples of patients does not increase linearly with time. Understanding the processes of metallic ion release from the bearing surfaces of metal-on-metal implants is urgent, as more and more younger and active patients demand longer-lasting joint prostheses. In this study, a hip joint simulator with a novel integrated corrosion cell was used. The diameter of the hip joint head was 36 mm. In situ electrochemical measurements were carried out to investigate the interactions between the tribological contacts and corrosion (ion release) processes in simulated biological environments. The role of the tribofilm on the bearing surfaces is discussed. As a conclusion, the complex organometallic tribofilm once formed can protect the bearing surface from further ion release and act to control the level of overall damage from the implant.
A Survey of Gesture Recognition Techniques

Processing speeds have increased dramatically bitmapped displays allow graph ics to be rendered and updated at increasing rates and in general computers have advanced to the point where they can assist humans in complex tasks Yet input technologies seem to cause the major bottleneck in performing these tasks under utilising the available resources and restricting the expressiveness of application use We use our hands constantly to interact with things pick them up move them transform their shape or activate them in some way In the same uncon scious way we gesticulate in communicating fundamental ideas stop come closer over there no agreed and so on Gestures are thus a natural and intuitive form of both interaction and communication This report develops the motivations for gestural input and surveys current gesture recognition techniques A recognition technique under development at TCD as part of the GLAD IN ART EP project is also introduced
Towards preemption control using CPU frequency scaling in sporadic task systems

Preemptions in real-time systems scheduling typically lead to variations in task execution times, increase the temporal overhead required for various RTOS related operations and may even cause unschedulability. We examine the preemption behavior of sporadic tasks scheduled under the Fixed Priority Scheduling (FPS) policy, and evaluate the possibility of using CPU frequency scaling for preemption control. We propose an online heuristic-based algorithm, of linear complexity, to control the number of preemptions in a sporadic task system using CPU frequency scaling. Evaluation results show that CPU frequency scaling is an attractive option to control the preemption behavior of real-time sporadic task systems.
Proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of central retinal artery occlusion

Purpose To analyze cytokines in the retina and serum in an experimental model of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in mice. Methods CRAO was induced by laser activation of intravenously injected rose bengal, a photosensitive dye, in 60 C57Bl/6 mice. mRNA and protein levels of macrophage inhibitory protein-2 (MIP-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot, respectively. Cytokine levels in serum were measured by ELISA. Analysis was performed at various time intervals from CRAO induction. Results In the retina, MIP-2 and IL-6 mRNA expression decreased 3 h after induction of CRAO and increased thereafter, peaking at 12–24 h. By 7 days, levels were again mostly undetectable. TNF-α mRNA expression increased at 3 h and decreased to control levels at 7 days. At the protein level, all cytokines were present at 3 h, following similar patterns to their respective gene expression thereafter. In serum, MIP-2 and TNF-α levels peaked early, and decreased to control levels at 12 h, with a second late rise of TNF-α. IL-6 levels increased between 3 and 12 h and decreased at 24 h. Conclusions Temporal variations in cytokines were observed following the induction of CRAO, both at the retinal mRNA expression and protein levels. These temporal changes, and the variable effects of the cytokines at the different time intervals, should be taken into account during the formulation of therapeutic strategies.
A quick measurement method of the terminal equivalent impedance for multiple parallel cable-bundles

In this paper, based on electromagnetic theory and multi-conductor transmission lines(MTL) theory, proposes a quick measurement method of the terminal equivalent impedance for multiple parallel cable-bundles. According to the method, the multiple cable-bundles are treated as equivalent of MTL firstly. After that, using vector network analyzer(VNA) and current probe measures broadband voltage reflection coefficients at two locations of each cable-bundle. Then construct nonlinear equations about terminal equivalent resistances, at last solve the equations and acquire broadband terminal equivalent resistance for each cable-bundle.
Long noncoding RNAs: New evidence for overlapped pathogenesis between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

Background: About half of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have clinically meaningful levels of anxiety. Greater severity of depressive illness and functional impairment has been reported in patients with high levels of anxiety accompanying depression. The pathogenesis for the comorbidity was still unsure. Aim: This study aimed to determine whether there would be molecular link for overlapped pathogenesis between MDD and anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: Using long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) microarray profiling and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, six downregulated lncRNAs and three upregulated lncRNAs had been identified to be the potential biomarkers for MDD and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), respectively. Then, the lncRNAs were cross-checked in forty MDD patients, forty GAD patients, and forty normal controls. Results: Compared with normal controls, six downregulated MDD lncRNAs also had a significantly lower expression in GAD (P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference between GAD and MDD (P > 0.05). In addition, three upregulated GAD lncRNAs had no different expression in MDD (P > 0.05), but there was remarkable difference between MDD and GAD (P < 0.01). Conclusions: These results indicated that lncRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells could be potential molecular link between MDD and GAD, which added new evidence to the overlapped pathogenesis and suggested that anxious depression could be a valid diagnostic subtype of MDD.
Geometric cooperativity and anticooperativity of three‐body interactions in native proteins

Characterizing multibody interactions of hydrophobic, polar, and ionizable residues in protein is important for understanding the stability of protein structures. We introduce a geometric model for quantifying 3‐body interactions in native proteins. With this model, empirical propensity values for many types of 3‐body interactions can be reliably estimated from a database of native protein structures, despite the overwhelming presence of pairwise contacts. In addition, we define a nonadditive coefficient that characterizes cooperativity and anticooperativity of residue interactions in native proteins by measuring the deviation of 3‐body interactions from 3 independent pairwise interactions. It compares the 3‐body propensity value from what would be expected if only pairwise interactions were considered, and highlights the distinction of propensity and cooperativity of 3‐body interaction. Based on the geometric model, and what can be inferred from statistical analysis of such a model, we find that hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen‐bonding interactions make nonadditive contributions to protein stability, but the nonadditive nature depends on whether such interactions are located in the protein interior or on the protein surface. When located in the interior, many hydrophobic interactions such as those involving alkyl residues are anticooperative. Salt‐bridge and regular hydrogen‐bonding interactions, such as those involving ionizable residues and polar residues, are cooperative. When located on the protein surface, these salt‐bridge and regular hydrogen‐bonding interactions are anticooperative, and hydrophobic interactions involving alkyl residues become cooperative. We show with examples that incorporating 3‐body interactions improves discrimination of protein native structures against decoy conformations. In addition, analysis of cooperative 3‐body interaction may reveal spatial motifs that can suggest specific protein functions. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial infarction in relation to mercury and fatty acids from fish : a risk-benefit analysis based on pooled Finnish and Swedish data in men 1 – 4

Background: Exposure to methylmercury from fish has been associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in some studies. At the same time, marine n23 (omega-3) PUFAs are an inherent constituent of fish and are regarded as beneficial. To our knowledge, no risk-benefit model on the basis of data on methylmercury, PUFA, and MI risk has yet been presented. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe how exposure to both marine n23 PUFAs and methylmercury relates to MI risk by using data from Finland and Sweden. Design: We used matched case-control sets from Sweden and Finland that were nested in population-based, prospective cohort studies. We included 361 men with MI from Sweden and 211 men with MI from Finland. MI risk was estimated in a logistic regression model with the amount of mercury in hair (hair-Hg) and concentrations of n23 PUFAs (EPA and DHA) in serum (S-PUFA) as independent variables. Results: The median hair-Hg was 0.57 mg/g in Swedish and 1.32 mg/g in Finnish control subjects, whereas the percentage of S-PUFA was 4.21% and 3.83%, respectively. In combined analysis, hair-Hg was associated with higher (P = 0.005) and S-PUFAwith lower (P = 0.011) MI risk. Our model indicated that even a small change in fish consumption (ie, by increasing S-PUFA by 1%) would prevent 7% of MIs, despite a small increase in mercury exposure. However, at a high hair-Hg, the modeled beneficial effect of PUFA on MI risk was counteracted by methylmercury. Conclusions: Exposure to methylmercury was associated with increased risk of MI, and higher S-PUFA concentrations were associated with decreased risk of MI. Thus, MI risk may be reduced by the consumption of fish high in PUFAs and low in methylmercury. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:706–13.
The initiation of development at fertilization.

As seen, important advances have now been made in understanding the beginning of development at fertilization. Free calcium and pHi level changes result from a sperm-mediated breakdown of PPI with production of IP3. The resultant calcium increase, either alone or in concert with diacylglycerol, activates the Na(+)-H+ exchange and a consequent cytosolic pHi level increase. The calcium increase is responsible for the NADP change (via NAD kinase) and possibly the change in G6PD. These two changes could be involved solely in producing NADPH for fertilization membrane hardening or these changes could also have some role in the later initiation of DNA synthesis. The finding that other enzymes assayed in permeabilized cells also evince large changes in activity suggests that a global change may be occurring with important portents for cell activity. The role of calcium in furthering subsequent synthetic events, however, is unclear since no calcium target has yet been described that is necessary for the subsequent specific synthesis of proteins, as cyclins, or for the initiation of DNA synthesis. The pHi level increase, in concert with increased calcium, might be sufficient to start off protein synthesis and subsequent cyclin accumulation. However, the pHi level increase, independently of protein synthesis, can initiate new DNA synthesis. These independent events converge in the putative activation of MPF by cyclin, which then starts off the first mitotic cycle. Other independent events are associated with the sperm entry, cortical modifications, fertilization membrane elevation and the numerous changes leading to the fusion of the sperm and egg nucleus in the egg center. Fertilization represents one of the best studied examples of how a covert developmental program is made overt by an external messenger. The challenges for the near future are to explain how sperm-egg contact leads to PPI hydrolysis and how pHi level changes (and Cai level changes? ) lead to the initiation of the cell cycle. The challenge for the distant future is describing how this program is set up during oogenesis.
Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale: validity and development of a short form.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the factorial and criterion validity of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and to develop an abbreviated version (NEWS-A). METHODS A stratified two-stage cluster sample design was used to recruit 1286 adults. The sample was drawn from residential addresses within eight high- and eight low-walkable neighborhoods matched for socioeconomic status. Subjects completed the NEWS and reported weekly minutes of walking for transport and recreation using items from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was used to develop measurement models of the NEWS and NEWS-A. Six individual-level and five blockgroup-level factors were identified. Factors/scales gauging presence of diversity of destinations, residential density, walking infrastructure, aesthetics, traffic safety, and crime were positively related to walking for transport. Aesthetics, mixed destinations, and residential density were associated with walking for recreation. CONCLUSIONS The NEWS and NEWS-A possess adequate levels of factorial and criterion validity. Alternative methods of scoring for different purposes are presented.