Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What are the Price Effects of Trade ? Evidence from the U . S . and Implications for Quantitative Trade Models ∗

This paper finds that U.S. consumer prices fell substantially due to trade with China. With comprehensive price micro-data and two complementary identification strategies, we estimate that a 1pp increase in import penetration, stemming from supply shocks in China, causes a 1.9% decline in consumer prices. This price response is one order of magnitude larger than in standard trade models that abstract from strategic price-setting. We find a large fall in domestic prices, driven by intensified competition and declining markups. The estimates imply that trade with China increased U.S. consumer surplus by about $400,000 per displaced job. JEL codes: F10, F13, F14 ∗For thoughtful comments, we thank our discussants Teresa Fort, Colin Hottman, Amit Khandelwal and Paul Pivetteau, as well as Pol Antras, David Atkin, David Autor, Arnaud Costinot, Kirill Borusyak, Thomas Chaney, David Dorn, Andrew Figura, Thesia Garner, Giammario Impullitti, Oleg Itskhoki, Marc Melitz, Daniel Sturm, Felix Tintelnot, Jon Vogel, and numerous seminar participants at the ASSA Meetings, Barcelona GSE Summer Forum, Berkeley, College de France, Dartmouth, FTC, Harvard, HBS, ISES, LBS, LSE, Mannheim, MIT, NBER Summer Institute, San Francisco Fed, Sciences-Po, SED, UCLA and WAITS. We also thank Fergal Hanks and Gabriel Leite Mariante for excellent research assistance. This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data and all results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential data are disclosed. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, the Federal Reserve System or the U.S. government.
Convective suppression before and during the United States Northern Great Plains flash drought of 2017

Abstract. Flash droughts tend to be disproportionately destructive because they intensify rapidly and are difficult to prepare for. We demonstrate that the 2017 US Northern Great Plains (NGP) flash drought was preceded by a breakdown of land–atmosphere coupling. Severe drought conditions in the NGP were first identified by drought monitors in late May 2017 and rapidly progressed to exceptional drought in July. The likelihood of convective precipitation in May 2017 in northeastern Montana, however, resembled that of a typical August when rain is unlikely. Based on the lower tropospheric humidity index (HIlow), convective rain was suppressed by the atmosphere on nearly 50 % of days during March in NE Montana and central North Dakota, compared to 30 % during a normal year. Micrometeorological variables, including potential evapotranspiration (ETp), were neither anomalously high nor low before the onset of drought. Incorporating convective likelihood to drought forecasts would have noted that convective precipitation in the NGP was anomalously unlikely during the early growing season of 2017. It may therefore be useful to do so in regions that rely on convective precipitation.
The transformative potential of institutions: how symbolic markers can institute new social meaning in changing cities

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Fishery in ‘free spaces’: non-compliance with fishery regulations in a northern Baikal Evenki village

ABSTRACT During the post-Soviet period, fishery became one of the main sources of income for the inhabitants of Evenki villages in the northern Baikal region. When a number of villagers lost their official jobs, they managed to earn money by selling fish. Most people are required to fish during a particular season and to follow official quotas. Special indigenous Evenki quotas, however, are usually in excess of regular official guidelines and those who can use these quotas usually exceed them. This results in a tension between the way local Evenki people judge their own actions and the way their actions are judged by the official authorities. The law never covers all the areas of human activities, and in these gaps regular people manage to control certain institutions, knowledge and the use of landscapes themselves. In a discussion of the northern Baikal area, I employ the term ‘free spaces’, that describes the weakening of external control over the sphere of activities which are essential for local people's survival. This lessening of control has led people to regulate the fishing situation locally, resulting in many violations of fishing laws not being registered in official documents. The purpose of this paper is to to discuss a case of ‘free spaces’ in the post-Soviet Evenki village, with particular focus upon the village's non-compliance with official fishery regulations. This article investigates the reasons for, and the social mechanisms guiding, non-compliant behaviour in a northern Baikal Evenki village. It argues that non-compliance with fishery regulations should be interpreted within the context of local mechanisms of social control, market relations, reciprocity and cooperation.
Speed of longitudinal sound in clathrate hydrates

The relative speed of longitudinal sound in clathrate hydrates and in ice has been estimated to an accuracy of about ½%. It is 0.939 and 0.945 for the full structure I and structure II clathrates, respectively, and 1.011 for the empty clathrate of both kinds. The difference of the speed of sound in a porous rock when filled with ice and with clathrate is about 240ϕ(ur/ui)3m s−1, where ϕ is the volume fraction of the ice or clathrate and ur and ui are the speeds of sound in rock containing ice or clathrate, and in ice, respectively.
Nongrowing Season ET from Irrigated Fields

The evaporative loss of water from agricultural fields during the nongrowing season is an important component of the annual water balance of irrigated lands. This study was conducted to measure daily ET from clipped grass and fallow fields from October through March and to compare the ET with precipitation received during the same period. Two weighing lysimeters near Kimberly, Idaho, were used to measure daily ET for six nongrowing seasons, from 1985 through 1991. ET averaged about 1 mm/day during the 6-month season, and total ET exceeded precipitation except for the 1985-86 period. ET from the grass lysimeter exceeded that from the mostly fallow lysimeter in early fall while the reverse was true during later winter. The results indicate that there is little, if any, potential for a net increase in stored soil water during the nongrowing season when fields receive an early or mid-fall irrigation in southern Idaho.
Building on our strengths: a framework to reduce racial discrimination and promote diversity in Victoria

Building on our strengths: a framework to reduce race-based discrimination and support diversity in Victoria has been developed through a partnership between the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), the Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission, the McCaughey Centre: VicHealth Centre for the Promotion of Mental Health and Community Wellbeing and the Onemda VicHealth Koori Health Unit. The McCaughey Centre and Onemda are both in the School of Population Health at the University of Melbourne. Drawing on the best available evidence in Australia and internationally, this report outlines themes, strategies and priority settings for the development and implementation of activity to reduce race-based discrimination and support diversity.
Collaborative Study to Establish a World Health Organization International Genotype Panel for Hepatitis B Virus Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique (NAT) - Based Assays

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The Standard Model Eﬀective Field Theory up to Mass Dimension 12

We present a complete and non-redundant basis of eﬀective operators for the Standard Model Eﬀective Field Theory up to mass dimension 12 with three generations of fermions. We also include operators coupling to gravity via the Weyl tensor up to mass dimension 11. The results are obtained by implementing the algorithm of Li et al. [1–3], and provided in the form of ancillary ﬁles.
Structural basis for subtype-specific inhibition of the P2X7 receptor

The P2X7 receptor is a non-selective cation channel activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Chronic activation of P2X7 underlies many health problems such as pathologic pain, yet we lack effective antagonists due to poorly understood mechanisms of inhibition. Here we present crystal structures of a mammalian P2X7 receptor complexed with five structurally-unrelated antagonists. Unexpectedly, these drugs all bind to an allosteric site distinct from the ATP-binding pocket in a groove formed between two neighboring subunits. This novel drug-binding pocket accommodates a diversity of small molecules mainly through hydrophobic interactions. Functional assays propose that these compounds allosterically prevent narrowing of the drug-binding pocket and the turret-like architecture during channel opening, which is consistent with a site of action distal to the ATP-binding pocket. These novel mechanistic insights will facilitate the development of P2X7-specific drugs for treating human diseases. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.22153. 001
Research on the Mechanism of Decompression and Augmented Injection during Waterflooding Development in Low Permeability Reservoirs

Developing low permeability reservoirs becomes more and more important to the sustainable energy development in China and the waterflooding development is the common mode. But with the oilfield development, water injection well has exposed some problems gradually, such as the injection pressure increases, water injection rate decreases and so on. Based on this situation, scale inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor and other additives are added in injection water continually, which increases the development cost to a large extent. In order to develop low permeability reservoirs better and more economical, we proposed a novel decompression and augmented injection technology by manufacturing a novel surfactant FS-01, which could change the wettability of the rock surface and has the features of low free surface energy, low interfacial tension, emulsifying and so on. The decompression and augmented injection mechanism is discussed by measuring the contact angle, SEM (scanning electron microscope), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray), oil-water relative permeability test and so on. After the core surface treated by FS-01, the contact angle of crude oil and the core surface increases from 35.35°to 85.7°, which has perfect wettability reversal function. After the successful application in well HJS112-21 in ShengLi oilfield, it is proved that the new technology has well decompression and augmented injection function.
DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE BIOMEDICHE

A large majority of thyroid nodules are benign, and only 5% have malignant features on cytological examination. Unfortunately, fine-needle aspiration is inconclusive in approximately 30% of all thyroid biopsies, because the cytological features are indeterminate (suspicious for malignancy but not completely diagnostic or nondiagnostic). Wide panels of somatic mutations have been identified in thyroid cancers, and detection of genetic alterations in fine-needle aspirate has been demonstrated to improve diagnostic accuracy. Nevertheless, the relatively high number of genetic targets to be investigated,in comparison with the low percentage of malignant samples, makes the usual diagnostic protocol both time-consuming and expensive. We developed a reliable and sensitive protocol based on high-resolution melting analysis for the rapid screening of mutations of KRAS, HRAS, NRAS, and BRAF oncogenes in thyroid fine-needle aspirations. The entire procedure can be completed in approximately 48 hours, with a dramatic reduction in costs. The proposed protocol was applied to the analysis of 260 consecutive fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples. In 35 of 252 samples, 36 sequence variants were detected for BRAF (17 samples), NRAS (6 samples), HRAS (3 samples), KRAS codon 12 (9 samples), and KRAS codon 61 (1 sample). Elenco pubblicazioni correlate allo studio per le metodologie impiegate: 1: Galbiati S, Damin F, Pinzani P, Mancini I, Vinci S, Chiari M, Orlando C, Cremonesi L, Ferrari M. A new microarray substrate for ultra-sensitive genotyping of KRAS and BRAF gene variants in colorectal cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59939. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0059939. 2: Vinci S, Gelmini S, Mancini I, Malentacchi F, Pazzagli M, Beltrami C, Pinzani P, Orlando C. Genetic and epigenetic factors in regulation of microRNA in colorectal cancers. Methods. 2013 Jan;59(1):138-46. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth. 2012.09. 002. 3: Mancini I, Pinzani P, Pupilli C, Petrone L, De Feo ML, Bencini L, Pazzagli M, Forti G, Orlando C. A high-resolution melting protocol for rapid and accurate differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. J Mol Diagn. 2012 Sep;14(5):501-9. 4: Pratesi N, Mangoni M, Mancini I, Paiar F, Simi L, Livi L, Cassani S, Buglione M, Grisanti S, Almici C, Polli C, Saieva C, Magrini SM, Biti G, Pazzagli M,Orlando C. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the XRCC1 and RAD51 genes and clinical radiosensitivity in head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2011 Jun;99(3):356-61. 5: Pinzani P, Santucci C, Mancini I, Simi L, Salvianti F, Pratesi N, Massi D, De Giorgi V, Pazzagli M, Orlando C. BRAFV600E detection in melanoma is highly improved by COLD-PCR. Clin Chim Acta. 2011 May 12;412(11-12):901-5. 6: Mancini I, Santucci C, Sestini R, Simi L, Pratesi N, Cianchi F, Valanzano R, Pinzani P, Orlando C. The use of COLD-PCR and high-resolution melting analysis improves the limit of detection of KRAS and BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2010 Sep;12(5):705-11.
A SIMPLE AND UNIFIED THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL TO DESCRIBE VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS

ABSTRACT A simple and unified constitutive model for soils, considering various effects such as the influences of density, bonding, time dependent behavior and others, is presented in this paper. The elastoplastic behavior of over consolidated non-structured soils under a one-dimensional stress condition is firstly presented by introducing a state variable that represents the influence of density (stage I). To describe the one-dimensional stress-strain behavior of structured soils, attention is focused on density and bonding as the main factors that affect the response of this type of soil, because it can be considered that soil a skeleton structure which is in a looser state than that of a normally consolidated soil is formed by bonding effects (stage II). Furthermore, a simple method is presented which allows for other soil characteristics to be considered, such as time and temperature dependency, and the effect of suction in unsaturated soils. Experimental observations show that the normally consolidated line (NCL) in the void ratio—stress relation (e.g., e-ln σ curve) shifts depending on the change of strain rate, temperature, suction and others (stage III). The validation of the model at stages I and II is demonstrated by simulating one-dimensional consolidation tests for normally consolidated, over consolidated and natural clays. The applicability of the model at stage III is verified not only by the simulations of time-dependent behavior of clays in one-dimensional element tests but also by the soil-water coupled finite element analysis of oedometer tests as a boundary value problem. The extension from one-dimensional models to three-dimensional models is easily achieved by defining the yield function using stress invariants instead of one-dimensional stress ‘σ’ and by assuming an appropriate flow rule in stress space. The details of the modeling in general three-dimensional stress conditions will be described in another paper (Nakai et al., 2011).
Exposure dating and glacial reconstruction at Mt. Field, Tasmania, Australia, identifies MIS 3 and MIS 2 glacial advances and climatic variability

Tasmania is important for understanding Quaternary climatic change because it is one of only three areas that experienced extensive mid‐latitude Southern Hemisphere glaciation and it lies in a dominantly oceanic environment at a great distance from Northern Hemisphere ice sheet feedbacks. We applied exposure dating using 36Cl to an extensive sequence of moraines from the last glacial at Mt. Field, Tasmania. Glaciers advanced at 41–44 ka during Marine oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and at 18 ka during MIS 2. Both advances occurred in response to an ELA lowering greater than 1100 m below the present‐day mean summer freezing level, and a possible temperature reduction of 7–8°C. Deglaciation was rapid and complete by ca. 16 ka. The overall story emerging from studies of former Tasmanian glaciers is that the MIS 2 glaciation was of limited extent and that some glaciers were more extensive during earlier parts of the last glacial cycle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera: Accuracy and geoscience application

Topographic measurements for detailed studies of processes such as erosion or mass movement are usually acquired by expensive laser scanners or rigorous photogrammetry. Here, we test and use an alternative technique based on freely available computer vision software which allows general geoscientists to easily create accurate 3D models from field photographs taken with a consumer-grade camera. The approach integrates structure-from-motion (SfM) and multi-view-stereo (MVS) algorithms and, in contrast to traditional photogrammetry techniques, it requires little expertise and few control measurements, and processing is automated. To assess the precision of the results, we compare SfM-MVS models spanning spatial scales of centimeters (a hand sample) to kilometers (the summit craters of Piton de la Fournaise volcano) with data acquired from laser scanning and formal close-range photogrammetry. The relative precision ratio achieved by SfM-MVS (measurement precision : observation distance) is limited by the straightforward camera calibration model used in the software, but generally exceeds 1:1000 (i.e. centimeter-level precision over measurement distances of 10s of meters). We apply SfM-MVS at an intermediate scale, to determine erosion rates along a ~50-m-long coastal cliff. Seven surveys carried out over a year indicate an average retreat rate of 0.70±0.05 m a-1. Sequential erosion maps (at ~0.05 m grid resolution) highlight the spatio-temporal variability in the retreat, with semivariogram analysis indicating a correlation between volume loss and length scale. Compared with a laser scanner survey of the same site, SfM-MVS produced comparable data and reduced data collection time by ~80%.
Porosity/depth trends in reservoir sandstones: assessing the quantitative effects of varying pore-pressure, temperature history and mineralogy, Norwegian Shelf data

Abstract Empirical porosity/depth trends from the Norwegian Continental Shelf are discussed in the light of models on compactional processes during burial. Linear best-fit lines are useful as a first approximation, illustrating the general decline in porosity with depth. Porosity increases non-linearly with pore-pressure, and notably higher than normal porosity is found in very high overpressure reservoirs. Hydrostatic pressure sandstones from the Haltenbanken area are on average more porous than equivalents from the northern Viking Graben. This may be related to the burial history, as generally more subsidence occurred in Late Pliocene and Pleistocene in the Haltenbanken basins. The porosity/depth data show considerable scatter, and this is to a large degree related to the initial mineralogical composition. Correlated with mineralogical analyses, the reservoir sandstones show a trend towards lower porosity with increasing clay content at shallow burial, probably due to more extensive mechanical compaction. At depths >3.0–3.5 km, the porosity loss is highest in sandstones with low clay contents. This may be explained by a lower rate of quartz cementation in sandstones with abundant intergranular clays or clay coatings around quartz grains. These data show that pre-burial mineralogy is a very important factor in porosity prediction of sandstones, in many cases more important than the degree of overpressure.
Magnetic Anomalies due to Prism-Shaped Bodies with Arbitrary Polarization

A study is made of magnetic anomalies due to prism‐shaped bodies with arbitrary polarization. Expressions of the total field and its first and second derivatives are derived on the assumption of uniform magnetization through out the body. Formulas for all possible cases in connection with a rectangular prism with vertical sides can be obtained either directly from this paper or by simple extension of the formulas given here. Using the exact expressions given in this paper, the total field and its derivatives are evaluated conveniently and rapidly with the aid of a digital computer. The effect of the dip angle anti declination of the polarization vector on the size and shape of the magnetic anomaly is then studied for the case when the earth’s normal total field vector has a dip angle of 60° and declination of 0°. With an increase in the dip angle of the polarization vector, the negative anomaly occurring on the north of the causative body diminishes in magnitude, whereas the positive and second derivative.