Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Assessment and Modeling of Perceptual Control: A Transformation in Research Methodology to Address the Replication Crisis

Replication in the behavioral sciences is a matter of considerable debate. We describe a series of fundamental interrelated conceptual and methodological issues with current research that undermine replication and we explain how they could be addressed. Conceptually, we need a shift (a) from verbally described theories to mathematically specified theories, (b) from lineal stimulus-cognition-response theories to closed-loop theories that model behavior as feeding back to sensory input via the environment, and (c) from theories that “chunk” responses to theories that acknowledge the continuous, dynamic nature of behavior. A closely related shift in methodology would involve studies that attempt to model each individual's performance as a continuous and dynamic activity within a closed-loop process. We explain how this shift can be made within a single framework—perceptual control theory (PCT)—that regards behavior as the control of perceptual input. We report evidence of multiple replication using this approach within visual tracking, and go on to demonstrate in practical research terms how the same overarching principle can guide research across diverse domains of psychology and the behavioral sciences, promoting their coherent integration. We describe ways to address current challenges to this approach and provide recommendations for how researchers can manage the transition.
Hemochromatosis.

Hemochromatosis was first identified in the 1800s, and by 1935 it was understood to be an inherited disease resulting in iron overload and deposition. Today, hemochromatosis is defined as a metabolic disorder affecting iron absorption, and resulting in the accumulation of excess iron in the body's organs. Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects one in three hundred people in the United States. One in nine people carry the gene—making hemochromatosis the most common genetic disorder in the United States. It is primarily seen in middle-aged men of Northern European descent, and postmenopausal women. Treatment is readily available and the prognosis, with early diagnosis and proactive treatment, is a normal life expectancy. If untreated, hemochromatosis may lead to cirrhosis. What is Hemochromatosis? Despite being the most prevalent monoallelic genetic disease in Caucasians, hereditary hemochromatosis is under-diagnosed. There are several reasons for this, including lack of awareness, a long latency period, and nonspecific symptoms. Normal iron absorption occurs in the proximal small intestine at a rate of 1-2 mg per day. In people with hereditary hemochromatosis, this absorption rate can reach 4–5 mg per day with progressive accumulation to 15–40 grams of iron in the body (Figure 2). Humans have no physiologic pathway to excrete iron. Therefore, iron can accumulate in any body tissue, although depositions are most common in the liver, thyroid, heart, pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus and joints. Hemochromatosis causes or exacerbates arthritis, diabetes, impotence, heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. The liver is the organ most affected by hemochromatosis, because of its relatively large blood flow. Blood from the portal circulation (which comes from the intestines) goes straight to the liver. Once the body absorbs iron, it is not lost until blood is lost. Extra iron in the body causes an overproduction of free radicals and this results in injury that may affect any organ. Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that occurs in approximately 1 in 300 people, ultimately making them more susceptible to cirrhosis and liver failure. People who inherit two abnormal genes will most likely develop hemochromatosis even with a normal diet, whereas those with a single gene may absorb more iron than the average person without developing full-blown disease. Hereditary hemochromatosis is distinct from secondary iron overload, which also causes increased iron absorption and increased iron deposition. Cases of secondary iron overload include ineffective erythropoiesis (where erythroid …
Strategy and Public Relations: a Bibliometric Comparative Study

This article presents a bibliometric study of journals specialized in public relations (PR) that were listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index-Communication-Journal List database and journals specialized in strategy management that were listed in the Social Sciences Citation IndexManagement-Journal List. Both lists owned by Thomson Reuters until October 2016. Articles referring to the concept of “strategy” in PR journals were identified through content analysis, as well as those articles that included the concept “public relations” in journals specialized in strategy management. Variables of analysis were: periods of time for publishing; gender of authors; prevalent number of authors per article; and titles of the articles. Results showed that strategy appeared widely treated in the journals specialized in PR, while PR had almost no presence in magazines specialized in strategy management.
A mixed branch length model of heterotachy improves phylogenetic accuracy.

Evolutionary relationships are typically inferred from molecular sequence data using a statistical model of the evolutionary process. When the model accurately reflects the underlying process, probabilistic phylogenetic methods recover the correct relationships with high accuracy. There is ample evidence, however, that models commonly used today do not adequately reflect real-world evolutionary dynamics. Virtually all contemporary models assume that relatively fast-evolving sites are fast across the entire tree, whereas slower sites always evolve at relatively slower rates. Many molecular sequences, however, exhibit site-specific changes in evolutionary rates, called "heterotachy. " Here we examine the accuracy of 2 phylogenetic methods for incorporating heterotachy, the mixed branch length model--which incorporates site-specific rate changes by summing likelihoods over multiple sets of branch lengths on the same tree--and the covarion model, which uses a hidden Markov process to allow sites to switch between variable and invariable as they evolve. Under a variety of simple heterogeneous simulation conditions, the mixed model was dramatically more accurate than homotachous models, which were subject to topological biases as well as biases in branch length estimates. When data were simulated with strong versions of the types of heterotachy observed in real molecular sequences, the mixed branch length model was more accurate than homotachous techniques. Analyses of empirical data sets confirmed that the mixed branch length model can improve phylogenetic accuracy under conditions that cause homotachous models to fail. In contrast, the covarion model did not improve phylogenetic accuracy compared with homotachous models and was sometimes substantially less accurate. We conclude that a mixed branch length approach, although not the solution to all phylogenetic errors, is a valuable strategy for improving the accuracy of inferred trees.
Extending a Secure Autonomous Bootstrap Mechanism to Multicast Security

There are many kinds of control systems, which have been used in industry area, such as process automation (PA) and factory automation (FA). They have numerous sensors and actuators called field devices in their networks, and are introducing Internet protocol (IP) as network technology. Network security is necessary to make the most of IP's capability. The authors have previously studied a security mechanism which can satisfy the restrictions required by control systems and a secure autonomous bootstrap mechanism which is based on the security mechanism. This paper shows an extension of the bootstrap mechanism to support multicast security. The discussion in this paper excludes security of multicast routing protocols and admission control protocols, e.g. IGMP and MLD, because the subject of this paper and those protocols are orthogonal
Body Height and its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Male and Female Adolescents from Danilovgrad and Cetinje

The goal of this study was to examine the bodi height of male and female from the Danilovgrad and Cetinje, as well as the ratio of body height and arm span as an alternative assessment of body height. A total of 244 individuals (125 male and 119 female) participated in this research. Anthropometric measurements were taken on the basis of the International Community for the Advancement of Kinantropometry (ISAK). Methods and standard deviations in anthropometric measurements were used. The T-test has verifi ed the diff erences in the arithmetic mean of anthropometric variables in relation to half of the subjects. The correlation between the body height and the arm’s length was analyzed with a confi dence of 95%. By linear regression analysis, the prediction of the arm’s range on the criterion variable is the body height at the new value of p <0.05. These relationships are shown as a scatter diagram. The results showed that male are 182.49±6.81 cm high and have a range of arms of 183.60±8.27 cm, female are 168.14±6.30 in height and have a arm span of 167.07±7.36 cm. Compared with other studies, the results of this study have shown that men and women from the Danilovgrad and Cetinje belong to a high population, higher than most of the nations in Europe. On the other hand, as expected, it has been shown that in this male and female it is possible to predict reliably the body height using a arm span However, the estimation equations obtained for men and women from the Danilovgrad and Cetinje diff er from the general population, since the arm span was closer to the height of the body (1.11±1.46 cm) and (1.07±1.06 cm) than in the general population. That confi rmans the need of development of special height models of montenegrin population, for everu region in Montenegro.
Marriage postponement and fertility decline in Iran: accounting for socio-economic and cultural changes in time and space

This thesis examines the patterns and determinants of the marriage postponement and fertility decline experienced by Iranian women during the last two decades of the twentieth century. The thesis accounts for temporal changes in the socio-economic context of marriage and childbearing (e.g. improvement in education, urbanisation, economic fluctuations, etc.) and examines the marriage timing and fertility patterns of the cohorts of women who contributed to the recent marriage and fertility changes in order to provide more insight into the demographic behaviour of women with specific life course experiences. A topic of specific interest is the variation between the ethnic groups in Iran. The findings suggest that the recent marriage postponement was related to improvements in women's education and restrictions in the availability of suitable spouses (marriage market), with the former being the only factor contributing to the marriage delay of consecutive (1971-75 and 1976-80) birth cohorts. The recent decline in the probability of second and third conceptions was related to improvements in women's educational level, reductions in child mortality, and improvements in children's enrolment in education. The contribution of son preference to the probability of conception of a second child and the specific impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on the recent marriage and fertility changes were also notable. Different socio-economic factors were found responsible for the decline in the probability of a second conception across consecutive cohorts. of women (those who became exposed to the risk of childbearing in 1986-90 and 1991-95), whereas cohort differences in the probability of a third conception was not generally related to socio-economic forces, probably reflecting a common preference for stopping at two children. The findings also highlight the role of cultural factors associated with ethnicity in shaping differential patterns of marriage timing and suggest that ethnic differences in fertility are strongly related to ethnic differences in socio-economic attributes.
Electron Microscope Study of DNA-Containing Plasms

The nucleoids of Escherichia coli, independently of the physiological state of the bacteria, are shown to be preserved as a fine-stranded fibrillar nucleoplasm by an OsO4 fixation under defined conditions: acetate-veronal buffer pH 6, presence of Ca++ and amino acids, stabilization with uranyl-acetate before dehydration. The same fixation procedure applied to the DNA of vegetative phage reveals a pool of homogeneous fibrillar structure very similar to the nucleoplasm. The "versene test," which produces a coarse coagulation of these plasms, emphasizes the similar behaviour of the pool and the nucleoids. The heads of mature phage are preserved in their true polyhedral shape by the standard fixation procedure, although they may be badly distorted when fixed under different conditions. Lanthanum nitrate and uranyl-acetate are shown to increase markedly the contrast of both phage and cytoplasm. The consequences of the fibrillar structure of the genetic material are discussed in relation to the probable division process.
Factors influencing citizen to E-government Services Adoption

Electronic government provides a variety of services to citizens on-line, which include carrying out a range of transactions. These transactions include people’s personal information in electronic form. Some people remain suspicious of information technology (IT), either because they are unfamiliar with it or have concerns about how departments might use their information. Others are simply indifferent or unaware that a range of services are becoming available on-line. Some groups within society may be concerned that they will no longer be able to access services in traditional ways and therefore, need assurance that they will not be disadvantaged or excluded. In this process, the citizen will have to decide whether to adopt new electronic government services by considering its risks and benefits. The study objectives are to identify and analyze the factors that affect the adoption of e-government services. This research proposes a conceptual model of citizen adoption of e-government that integrates constructs from pervious studies and models to form key factors that influence adoption of e-government services among Malaysian citizens. Structural equation modeling will used to analyze the data, examine and validate a theoretical e-government services adoption model. Keyword: e-government, e-services, and egovernment services adoption
The Relationship Between Intelligence and Creativity: On Methodology for Necessity and Sufficiency

A classic theory in psychology is that intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity: Unintelligent people are only uncreative, but intelligent people may be creative or uncreative. Many other theories in the social sciences invoke the same asymmetric necessary-but-not-sufficient relationship. Whereas the theory is simple enough to state, statistically confirming it—as scientists aim to do with their theories—is a complicated matter, as statistical methods conventional to psychologists are inappropriate for asymmetric relationships. For decades, this methodological problem left researchers stumped, and the present article sheds light on it. In particular, the present article does the following: argues that previous methods purported to statistically confirm the theorized relationship are lacking, proposes a novel model that elucidates the notions of necessity and sufficiency between a pair of variables, and demonstrates this model on a dataset from a published study of intelligence and creativity. Of the two creativity variables analyzed, the classic theory was confirmed for only one of them. It is important that social science researchers carefully think about methodology, as doing so guards against false-positive results in their respective fields. S C I E N T I F I C A B S T R A C T On the relationship between intelligence and creativity, a classic theory is that intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity. Graphically, this theory is represented by a triangular shape of bivariate scatter between the two. As conventional linear methods are known to be inappropriate, a long-standing problem has been how to substantiate this theory. One innovation purported to solve this problem is the use of Necessary Condition Analysis, a method that confirms the relationship on the basis of an empty upper left corner in the scatterplot. The present article elaborates a novel take on this methodological problem. What it takes to account for necessity and sufficiency is tackled, and it is argued that Necessary Condition Analysis is not an appropriate method. As an alternative, a probability model of creativity as a function of IQ was posited, in particular for double-bounded creativity variables. Using the model proposed, intelligence versus creativity data from Jauk, Benedek, Dunst, and Neubauer (2013b) were reanalyzed. A formal hypothesis based on the theorized relationship was supported for one of the two creativity variables analyzed.
Deep Submicron Technology: Opportunity or Dead End for Dynamic Circuit Techniques

Dynamic circuit techniques offer potential advantages over static CMOS, especially if more complex logic is to be implemented. Therefore, they are extensively used in high performance designs to speed up critical subsystems. However, the speed benefit is traded off for increased power consumption, area overhead, design effort, and reduced noise margins. The continuing process of technology scaling raises further concerns of reliability and limits the wide use of dynamic logic. This paper presents evaluations in terms of area, power dissipation, and propagation delay for several dynamic logic styles as well as for static CMOS in a 90 nm technology. The intention is to assess if dynamic circuit techniques are still an option to boost performance against the background of the issues of nanotechnology. Moreover, issues of reliability and signal integrity, gained from practical experience for different testbenches, and possible solutions are discussed. Finally, an automated design flow for dynamic logic, derived from a standard CMOS flow, is presented
Facilitation by Endogenous Tachykinins of the NMDA-Evoked Release of Acetylcholine after Acute and Chronic Suppression of Dopaminergic Transmission in the Matrix of the Rat Striatum

Using a microsuperfusion method in vitro, the effects of the NK1, NK2, and NK3 tachykinin receptor antagonists SR140333, SR48968, and SR142801, respectively, on the NMDA-evoked release of [3H]-acetylcholine were investigated after both acute and chronic suppression of dopamine transmission in striosomes and matrix of the rat striatum. NMDA (1 mm) alone or withd-serine (10 μm) in the presence of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 μm) markedly enhanced the release of [3H]-acetylcholine through a dopamine-independent inhibitory process. In both conditions, as well as after chronic 6-OHDA-induced denervation of striatal dopaminergic fibers, SR140333, SR48968, or SR142801 (0.1 μm each) reduced the NMDA-evoked release of [3H]-acetylcholine in the matrix but not in striosome-enriched areas. These responses were selectively abolished by coapplication with NMDA of the respective tachykinin agonists, septide, [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]NKA(4–10), or senktide. Distinct mechanisms are involved in the effects of the tachykinin antagonists because the inhibitory response of SR140333 was additive with that of either SR48968 or SR142801. In addition, the SR140333-evoked response remained unchanged, whereas those of SR48968 and SR142801 were abolished in the presence ofNG-monomethyl-l-arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). Therefore, in the matrix but not in striosomes, the acute or chronic suppression of dopamine transmission unmasked the facilitatory effects of endogenously released substance P, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B on the NMDA-evoked release of [3H]-acetylcholine. Whereas substance P and neurokinin A are colocalized in same efferent neurons, their responses involve distinct circuits because the substance P response seems to be mediated by NK1 receptors located on cholinergic interneurons, while those of neurokinin A and neurokinin B are nitric oxide-dependent.
Making the Case for Results-Based Accountability as an Intervention for Chronic Absenteeism in Schools to Improve Attendance

Chronic absenteeism has been indicated to put over 6 million students at the risk of numerous negative short- and long-term outcomes, such as academic failure, dropping out of school, long-term health issues, unemployment, and exposure to the juvenile justice system. Research presents a clear case that the use of zero tolerance policies, such as suspension and expulsion, contributes significantly to the rates of chronic absenteeism among students of color. When students of color are absent from school, regardless of the reason for the absences, it presents significant barriers to equitable and effective instruction, undermines stable learning environments, and inhibits students’ success. Chronic absence can be reduced when schools work with families and communities to track attendance data, create welcoming school environments, and implement strategies to address barriers to attendance. Results-based accountability (RBA) is a measure of accountability that has successfully been used to improve the performance of school districts, programs, agencies, municipalities, and service systems. This article presents a case for RBA to be considered as a standard measure of accountability for schools, districts, and agencies in their efforts to improve school attendance. This article also provides recommendations and implications for practice, policy, education, and research.
Children of Incarcerated Parents: Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behavior Across Adolescence

Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct trajectories of externalizing behavior for youth (N = 647) across the period 10 to 16 years of age. Four trajectory classes were identified: Low-Stable, Mid-Increasing, Borderline-Stable, and Chronic-High. Relations of the identified trajectories with parental incarceration, parent–child relationships, trauma, and parenting as well as future substance use and criminality were then examined. Children of incarcerated parents were underrepresented in the Low-Stable trajectory and overrepresented in the Mid-Increasing group. However, nearly 60% of the children of incarcerated parents were best represented by the low-risk trajectory. The trajectory classes differed significantly on many of the preadolescent measures, such as parent–child relationships and trauma, as well as on adolescent delinquency, adult criminality, and substance use. The Mid-Increasing, Borderline-Stable, and Chronic-High trajectory groups showed significantly higher levels of early risk factors and problematic outcomes than the Low-Stable trajectory group. Implications for practice are discussed.