Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in footpad skin lesions with diabetic neuropathy

Background Diabetic neuropathy originating in distal lower extremities is associated with pain early in the disease course, overwhelming in the feet. However, the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy remains unclear. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor has been implicated in the onset of neuropathic pain and the development of diabetes. Objective of this study was to observe pain syndromes elicited in the footpad of diabetic neuropathy rat model and to assess the contributory role of migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Methods Diabetic neuropathy was made in Sprague Dawley rats by streptozotocin. Pain threshold was evaluated using von Frey monofilaments for 24 weeks. On comparable experiment time after streptozotocin injection, all footpads were prepared for following procedures; glutathione assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling staining, immunohistochemistry staining, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. Additionally, human HaCaT skin keratinocytes were treated with methylglyoxal, transfected with migration inhibitory factor/control small interfering RNA, and prepared for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results As compared to sham group, pain threshold was significantly reduced in diabetic neuropathy group, and glutathione was decreased in footpad skin, simultaneously, cell death was increased. Over-expression of migration inhibitory factor, accompanied by low expression of glyoxalase-I and intraepidermal nerve fibers, was shown on the footpad skin lesions of diabetic neuropathy. But, there was no significance in expression of neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, mas-related G protein coupled receptor D, nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 between diabetic neuropathy group and sham group. Intriguingly, small interfering RNA-transfected knockdown of the migration inhibitory factor gene in methylglyoxal-treated skin keratinocytes increased expression of glyoxalase-I and intraepidermal nerve fibers in comparison with control small interfering RNA-transfected cells, which was decreased by induction of methylglyoxal. Conclusions Our findings suggest that migration inhibitory factor can aggravate diabetic neuropathy by suppressing glyoxalase-I and intraepidermal nerve fibers on the footpad skin lesions and provoke pain. Taken together, migration inhibitory factor might offer a pharmacological approach to alleviate pain syndromes in diabetic neuropathy.
Le Role de la Consommation Publique dans la Croissance : le cas des pays de l'Union Europeenne.

Résumé La réduction de la croissance économique pendant ces dernières années a provoqué un renouveau d’intérêt en ce qui concerne le poids de la présence de l’État, surtout dans les économie européennes. Il ne suffit pas d’insister sur le poids excessive de l’Etat. Il faut le prouver et dire jusqu’à tel point il est excessive. Ces questions doivent recevoir des réponses précises de l’analyse économique. Ce que nous avons essayé de faire dans notre étude d’une façon tout à fait originale puisque nous adressons empiriquement la question de l’endogeneité-exogeneité des dépenses publiques et la détermination de la taille optimale de l’Etat pour l’U.E. Nous avons utilisé comme point de départ de notre analyse la Courbe d’Armey et le modèle de Barro (1989). Nous avons appliqué les idées de ces deux auteurs aux pays de l’U.E. pour la période allant de 1960 à 2002. L’étude empirique a été fait en panel et aussi aux séries temporelles. On étudie un espace économique intégré et les différentes parties intégrantes. Les techniques économétriques utilisées sont adéquates aux données stationnaires et non-stationnaires. La taille de l’Etat se comporte comme une variable avec mémoire longue, en conséquence elle ne peut pas être considérée comme contrôlée en courte-période. Nous avons aussi admis la présence de la Loi de Wagner pour l’U.E. L’application économétrique ne conduit pas, au niveau de l’U.E. à une taille optimale au sens d’Armey et du modèle de Barro. Au niveau individuel le modèle de Barro conduit, pour une partie des économies, à des dimensions bien supérieures aux dimensions effectives. Classification JEL : C0, E6, H5 et O0 . Mots-Clés : Dépenses Publiques, Croissance, Productivité, Panel, Courbe d’Armey, Union Européenne, Co-intégration en Panel, GMM et MCI.
WWP2 is a physiological ubiquitin ligase for phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in mice

The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) plays a central role in regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, and its gene is very frequently mutated in various human cancers. Numerous studies have revealed that PTEN levels are tightly regulated by both transcriptional and posttranslational modifications, with especially ubiquitylation significantly regulating PTEN protein levels. Although several ubiquitin ligases have been reported to mediate PTEN ubiquitylation in vitro, the ubiquitin ligase that promotes PTEN degradation in vivo has not been reported. Here we took advantage of specific knockout mouse models to demonstrate that WW domain–containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (WWP2) promotes PTEN degradation under physiological conditions, whereas another ubiquitin ligase, carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP), had no such effect. WWP2 knockout mice exhibited reduced body size, elevated PTEN protein levels, and reduced phosphorylation levels of the serine/threonine kinase and PTEN target AKT. In contrast, we observed no elevation of PTEN protein levels in CHIP knockout tissues and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, PTEN protein levels in CHIP/WWP2 double knockout mice were very similar to those in WWP2 single knockout mice and significantly higher than in WT and CHIP knockout mice. Our results demonstrate that WWP2, rather than CHIP, is an ubiquitin ligase that promotes PTEN degradation in vivo. Considering PTEN's significant role in tumor development, we propose that WWP2 may be a potential target for fine-tuning PTEN levels in anticancer therapies.
Is Microfinance the Panacea for Development? Lessons from the Developing World

In the contemporary world economy characterised by in-egalitarian tendencies, this paper tries to critically look at the transformations in the sphere of development finance. It tries to develop a critique against the nature of deregulation in the microfinance sector. It argues that there could be no substitute for state intervention in the macro economy towards the provision of public goods like education and health. At best, microfinance could play a supplementary role, and never the role of a substitute.
Crowdsourcing Modern and Historical Data Identifies Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) Habitat Offshore of South-Western Australia

The distribution and use of pelagic habitat by sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) is poorly understood in the south-eastern Indian Ocean off Western Australia. However, a variety of data are available via online portals where records of historical expeditions, commercial whaling operations, and modern scientific research voyages can now be accessed. Crowdsourcing these online data allows collation of presence-only information of animals and provides a valuable tool to help augment areas of low research effort. Four data sources were examined, the primary one being the Voyage of the Odyssey expedition, a five-year global study of sperm whales and ocean pollution. From December 2001-May 2002, acoustic surveys were conducted along 5,200 nautical miles of transects off Western Australia including the Perth Canyon and historical whaling grounds off Albany; 60 tissue biopsy samples were also collected. To augment areas not surveyed by the RV Odyssey, historical Yankee whaling data (1712-1920), commercial whaling data (1904-1999), and citizen science reports of sperm whale sightings (1990-2003) were used. Using Maxent, a species distribution modeling tool, we found that the submarine canyons off Albany and Perth provide important habitat for sperm whales. Current technology, along with current understanding of sperm whale bioacoustics and habitat preferences, provides strong motivation for undertaking long-term passive acoustic studies that can monitor the sperm whale population within Australia’s EEZ waters (Perth and Albany canyons) as a way of informing future marine management and policy decisions.
Bacterial LPS and IFN‐γ trigger the tyrosine phosphorylation of vav in macrophages: evidence for involvement of the hck tyrosine kinase

We and others have previously reported that tyrosine kinases play key roles in the activation of macrophages by both bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). However, little is known regarding the substrates of tyrosine phosphorylation that mediate macrophage activation and the resultant production of inflammatory mediators. In lymphocytes and other hematopoietic lineages, tyrosine phosphorylation of the proto‐oncogene vavappears to be an essential component of cell activation. In this study, we demonstrate that both LPS and rIFN‐γ trigger the prompt, dose‐dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of vavin murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, vavis physically associated with the src‐related kinase hckin murine macrophages, and antisense oligonucleotides specific for murine hckblock both LPS and rIFN‐γ‐mediated vavphosphorylation. These findings suggest that hckprobably mediates vavtyrosine phosphorylation during macrophage activation and that LPS and rIFN‐γ‐mediated signaling pathways partially overlap. J. Leukoc. Biol. 62: 859–874; 1997.
Hallmarks of T-cell Exit from Quiescence

The appropriate activation of the adaptive immune system relies upon the reprogramming of naïve T cells into specialized effector T cells that can combat pathogens and tumors. Naïve T cells are actively maintained in a state of hyporesponsiveness termed quiescence, which is characterized by small cell size, low proliferative rate, and low basal metabolism. Engagement of antigen and costimulatory receptors drives T cells to exit quiescence to promote subsequent clonal expansion and functional differentiation. The exit from quiescence, which precedes activation-induced proliferation, is associated with extensive remodeling of cellular morphology and metabolism. Here, we define and discuss the implications of the six key features of the exit of naïve T cells from quiescence: (i) cell-cycle entry, (ii) cell growth, (iii) autocrine or paracrine interleukin-2 signaling, (iv) anabolic metabolism, (v) nutrient uptake, and (vi) remodeling of mitochondrial function. Ultimately, understanding how naïve T cells meet each of these requirements for quiescence exit will allow for the tuning of T-cell responses to treat infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 502–8. ©2018 AACR.
Sleep stage classification using convolutional neural networks and bidirectional long short-term memory

Classification of sleep stage is very useful to detect the occurrence of sleep apnea. This classification requires mechanisms that automatically and efficiently process polysomnography data. However, the process requires a system to be able to extract the relevant features which are then used to classify the sleep stage. The best solution is sequence classification because it not only concerns the contents of each segment or the sequence of data. One of the best order-based identifiers today is Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The LSTM can only update for forwarding directions. To process the data in two directions, it implemented Bidirectional Longs Short Term Memory (Bi-STM). Also, the implementation also applies Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) as a feature learning before using Bi-LSTM. The result shows that F-measure Bi-LSTM is better than LSTM but use CNN as a learning attribute for Bi-LSTM cause an F-measure decrease.
Angioplasty and stenting for severe vertebral artery orifice stenosis: effects on cerebellar function remodeling verified by blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging

Vertebral artery orifice stenting may improve blood supply of the posterior circulation of the brain to regions such as the cerebellum and brainstem. However, previous studies have mainly focused on recovery of cerebral blood flow and perfusion in the posterior circulation after interventional therapy. This study examined the effects of functional recovery of local brain tissue on cerebellar function remodeling using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after interventional therapy. A total of 40 Chinese patients with severe unilateral vertebral artery orifice stenosis were enrolled in this study. Patients were equally and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The control group received drug treatment only. The intervention group received vertebral artery orifice angioplasty and stenting + identical drug treatment to the control group. At 13 days after treatment, the Dizziness Handicap Inventory score was compared between the intervention and control groups. Cerebellar function remodeling was observed between the two groups using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. The improvement in dizziness handicap and cerebellar function was more obvious in the intervention group than in the control group. Interventional therapy for severe vertebral artery orifice stenosis may effectively promote cerebellar function remodeling and exert neuroprotective effects.
Strong Societies And Weak States State Society Relations And State Capabilities In The Third World

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Behavioral thermoregulation in older adults with cardiovascular co-morbidities

ABSTRACT We tested the hypotheses that older adults with cardiovascular co-morbidities will demonstrate greater changes in body temperature and exaggerated changes in blood pressure before initiating thermal behavior. We studied twelve healthy younger adults (Younger, 25 ± 4 y) and six older adults (‘At Risk’, 67 ± 4 y) taking prescription medications for at least two of the following conditions: hypertension, type II diabetes, hypercholesterolemia. Subjects underwent a 90-min test in which they voluntarily moved between cool (18.1 ± 1.8°C, RH: 29 ± 5%) and warm (40.2 ± 0.3°C, RH: 20 ± 0%) rooms when they felt ‘too cool’ (C→W) or ‘too warm’ (W→C). Mean skin and intestinal temperatures and blood pressure were measured. Data were analyzed as a change from pretest baseline. Changes in mean skin temperature were not different between groups at C→W (Younger: +0.2 ± 0.8°C, ‘At Risk’: +0.7 ± 1.8°C, P = 0.51) or W→C (Younger: +2.7 ± 0.6°C, ‘At Risk’: +2.9 ± 1.9°C, P = 0.53). Changes in intestinal temperature were not different at C→W (Younger: 0.0 ± 0.1°C, ‘At Risk’: +0.1 ± 0.2, P = 0.11), but differed at W→C (-0.1 ± 0.2°C vs. +0.1 ± 0.3°C, P = 0.02). Systolic pressure at C→W increased (Younger: +10 ± 9 mmHg, ‘At Risk’: +24 ± 17 mmHg) and at W→C decreased (Younger: −4 ± 13 mmHg, ‘At Risk’: -23 ± 19 mmHg) to a greater extent in ‘At Risk’ (P ≤ 0.05). Differences were also apparent for diastolic pressure at C→W (Younger: −2 ± 4 mmHg, ‘At Risk’: +17 ± 23 mmHg, P < 0.01), but not at W→C (Younger Y: +4 ± 13 mmHg, ‘At Risk’: −1 ± 6 mmHg, P = 0.29). Despite little evidence for differential control of thermal behavior, the initiation of behavior in ‘at risk’ older adults is preceded by exaggerated blood pressure responses.
Reduce the factor of space humidity on the incorrect action of circuit breakers

The design of modern circuit breakers precision, excellent quality, its own causes a very small probability of incorrect action, but external factors such as the daily average relative humidity is too high in certain space will cause circuit breaker malfunction or refuse to move. Outdoor mechanism housing, the Department of substation control cabinet is an important device, the internal components play a power, control, measurement and protection, if the outdoor substation mechanism housing, the Department of the internal control cabinet more than the daily average relative humidity 70% dew point condensation phenomena occur may lead to DC ground, AC discharge or short circuit occurs, the circuit breaker Malfunction or refuse to move, there are serious hidden dangers, and even the entire power grid of outdoor substation security and stability of a threat. In this paper, the change of temperature, rainfall, the use of heater and the seal of mechanism housing, cable channel water damp and other aspects of impact of the outdoor substation mechanism box's average relative humidity will be analyzed, and a series of effective measures to control the chamber humidity, down to 70% (dew point) to avoid outdoor mechanism housing's high space humidity causing circuit breaker malfunction, refused to move, which do not state the correct action.
Disability concentration and access to rehabilitation services: a pilot spatial assessment applying geographic information system analysis

Abstract Purpose: Due to geographical disparities, many people with profound or severe disabilities experience considerable delays in rehabilitation treatment, resulting in threats to quality of life. This pilot study aims to identify areas in Greater Brisbane, Australia, with a higher concentration of people with profound or severe disabilities and to evaluate access to rehabilitation services in these areas. Methods: Data came from the 2016 Australian Census of Population and Housing and the National Health Services Directory. Four frequently used rehabilitation services by individuals with profound or severe disabilities (i.e., occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech pathology and psychology) were the focus of the analysis. The data were analyzed using geospatial analysis methods (e.g., spatial scan statistic and network analysis). Results: A higher concentration of rehabilitation services was found in the regions with lower disability prevalence and lower potential demand for rehabilitation services. In contrast, the regions with higher disability prevalence and higher potential demand for rehabilitation services experienced poorer access to rehabilitation services. Conclusion: The findings are expected to inform policy decisions about the prioritization of rehabilitation resources and derive evidence for planning more responsive service delivery. Implications for rehabilitation The current study has demonstrated the utilization of geographic information system methods to facilitate rehabilitation service planning. Identification of disability concentration may inform locally responsive rehabilitation service delivery. Spatial assessment of mismatch between supply and potential demand may assist policy makers and service providers in the prioritization of rehabilitation resources. The current study contributes to the World Health Organization’s call for action to ensure adequate access to rehabilitation services by people with profound or severe disabilities.
Declarative virtual water maze learning and emotional fear conditioning in primary insomnia

Healthy sleep restores the brain's ability to adapt to novel input through memory formation based on activity‐dependent refinements of the strength of neural transmission across synapses (synaptic plasticity). In line with this framework, patients with primary insomnia often report subjective memory impairment. However, investigations of memory performance did not produce conclusive results. The aim of this study was to further investigate memory performance in patients with primary insomnia in comparison to healthy controls, using two well‐characterized learning tasks, a declarative virtual water maze task and emotional fear conditioning. Twenty patients with primary insomnia according to DSM‐IV criteria (17 females, three males, 43.5 ± 13.0 years) and 20 good sleeper controls (17 females, three males, 41.7 ± 12.8 years) were investigated in a parallel‐group study. All participants completed a hippocampus‐dependent virtual Morris water maze task and amygdala‐dependent classical fear conditioning. Patients with insomnia showed significantly delayed memory acquisition in the virtual water maze task, but no significant difference in fear acquisition compared with controls. These findings are consistent with the notion that memory processes that emerge from synaptic refinements in a hippocampal–neocortical network are particularly sensitive to chronic disruptions of sleep, while those in a basic emotional amygdala‐dependent network may be more resilient.
Design of experiments using the microcytotoxicity assay

Examination of data from the microcytotoxicity assay revealed that the number of surviving target cells varies systematically both between microtest plates and within plates. If the layout of treatments on the plate is not planned carefully, these effects decrease precision and introduce bias. It is recommended that treatments which are to be compared be placed close together on the plate; for example, a plate with 96 wells might be considered as 24 blocks of 4 wells, with the treatments placed within these blocks. Data can be analyzed by means of paired t‐tests or randomized block analysis of variance. These design changes remove the effect of systematic variation and increase the precision of the assay.
The ischemic penumbra: the location rather than the volume of recovery determines outcome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical efficiency of thrombolysis is explained by the rescue of ischemic penumbra areas resulting from early arterial recanalization. The perfusion-diffusion weighted imaging mismatch is a commonly used MRI surrogate of the ischemic penumbra. However, the randomized trials testing the mismatch hypothesis have been negative. We will review the 'mismatch concept' and the recent studies that aim to localize the clinically eloquent areas of penumbra in middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarcts. RECENT FINDINGS New methods of image analysis have shown that poor outcomes after MCA stroke are related to infarction of an extremely well localized area of the periventricular white matter and adjacent internal capsule, where projections and association tracts are crossing and converging. This area almost colocalizes with the area salvaged by early arterial recanalization and is located extremely close to the initial ischemic core. SUMMARY The location of the area that correlates with disability in MCA stroke patients and that is salvaged by early arterial recanalization is in the same specific region of the deep white matter, close to the initial ischemic core. These findings may have important implications for designing new recanalization trials and support the importance of basic research on white-matter neuroprotection.