Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cold Plasma Source of Upflowing Ionospheric Ions in the Nightside Auroral Ionosphere.

The frequent occurrence of energetic O+ upflowing ionospheric ions (UFI) at high altitude during auroral substorms raises the question of the cold plasma source and acceleration altitude for the O+ ions, and their possible effects on the substorm-time plasma sheet. Ion composition observations on Akebono in the nightside auroral ionosphere reveal the significant presence of thermal-energy (a few eV) O+ ions in the 6000-10, 000 km altitude region both during and between auroral substorms. Their upward flux normalized to 2000 km altitude is about 2 × 108 cm-2s-1. They are believed to be a significant source of cold plasma for the energetic UFI. During auroral substorms, Akebono occasionally observes molecular (N2+ and NO+) upflowing ions up to ∼60 eV, in or near regions of auroral electron precipitation up to 10, 000 km altitude. This suggests the occurrence of a fast ion acceleration process in the F-region or topside ionosphere, where freshly created molecular N2+ and NO+ ions are accelerated to several eV or greater within their dissociative recombination lifetime (∼ a few minutes). Ground photometric observations and simultaneous particle measurements on sounding rockets confirm the presence of transversely accelerated ions (TAI) up to ∼200 eV in the topside ionosphere (near 600 km altitude) within tens of seconds of substorm expansion onset. Such hundred-eV TAI are frequently observed on Akebono in latitudinally confined regions of the nightside auroral ionosphere down to ∼2000 km altitude. They can reach the so-called “parallel accceleration region” at ∼-2 RE altitude within a few minutes, where they are often accelerated further to keV energy and can typically reach the plasma sheet during a substorm. Their flux is an order of magnitude smaller than the thermal ion flux. They are believed to be a minor source of plasma for the energetic UFI. In contrast, the lower-energy (≤10-eV) O+ TAI are typically too slow to reach the parallel acceleration region during the substorm, as they are decelerated by gravitation or trapped by it and traverse repeatedly along the magnetic field line. Hence they constitute a possible source of quiet-time thermal ions in the parallel acceleration region. Another possible source of thermal ions in the region is the polar wind O++ ions convected anti-sunward along the auroral oval from the dawn and dusk sectors. The thermal O+ ions in the parallel acceleration region at ∼1-2 RE altitude of the nightside auroral ionosphere are believed to be the dominant source of cold plasma for energetic UFI at high altitude; they can reach the plasma sheet during a substorm, thereby modifying its composition significantly.
Synthesis of Jicamarca Data During the Great Storm of March 8, 1970

Continuous measurement of electron temperature and electron concentration during the great magnetic storm of Mar. 8, 1970, when the F2 peak rose as high as 800 km. Continuous measurements of the vertical component of E x B drift were made from 1130 to 1730 LT. A synthesis of the observed electron concentrations was made using a model that solved the time-dependent electron-ion continuity equation for O(+) and the molecular ions; the latter chemistry was included to improve the solutions at lower heights. It was found, using the observed values of vertical drift, that most of the observed features of the F2-region ionosphere were synthesized by the model. An interpretation of the synthesis that emphasizes the importance of horizontal diffusion at the equator is given. Observations are presented for Mar. 7, 8, and 9, 1970, including the Huancayo magnetograms, which display a close correlation with the drift measurements.
Enhanced ELF wave generation efficiency using ‘O' mode HF heating

We present here signals received near the Tromsø ionospheric heater facility when the heater was modulated with a 505Hz square wave. We found that whereas the harmonics of the square wave (≥ 1515 Hz) showed the accepted behaviour of reduced wave excitation on switching from ‘X' to ‘O' mode HF heating, the fundamental frequency showed enhanced excitation of more than 10dB with ‘O' mode heating. The phase of the 505 Hz signals changed by typically 90° when the HF wave polarization was switched from ‘X' to ‘O' mode, but the phase of the harmonics was continuous through HF mode switching. We consider that these results indicate that during ‘O' mode heating the fundamental current was sourced in the upper D/E region, where the Pedersen current dominated, whereas the harmonic currents were sourced around 80 km where the Hall current maximised. The amplitude of the signal at the fundamental frequency was very unstable during ‘O' mode heating. This together with the fact that STARE data showed clear echos over Tromsø during ‘O' mode heating, which disappeared on switching to ‘X' mode, leads us to conclude that parametric instabilities, modulated by the HF heater, were responsible for this enhanced ELF excitation.
Web Service Recommendation via Combining Bilinear Graph Representation and xDeepFM Quality Prediction

With the increasing number of Web services, how to provide developers with Web services that meet their Mashup requirements accurately and efficiently has become a challenging problem. Therefore, focusing on the problem of “recommending appropriate services to build high-quality Mashup applications”, this paper proposes a Web service recommendation method via combining bilinear graph attention representation and xDeepFM (eXtreme Deep Factorization Machine) quality prediction. This method is based on content and structure-oriented service function classification and combines it with the service invocation prediction based on multi-dimensional quality attributes. Firstly, it uses the Word2Vec model to learn the latent semantic representations from service description documents. Then, it constructs the service relationship network according to tags and shared annotation relationships of Web services. Next, a bilinear aggregator is used to model the pairwise interactions between neighbor service nodes. Integrated with the traditional weighted sum aggregator, a bilinear graph neural network (BGNN) with stronger node representation ability is constructed. It exploits BGNN to calculate the representation of service nodes in the network and divides services into different functionality clusters. Finally, the high-quality representation results are combined with multi-dimensional QoS attributes. Aiming at the Web services in the service cluster, it utilizes xDeepFM to model and mine the complex interactions between Web services” features, and predict and rank the invocation scores of Web services. The experimental results on the real dataset of ProgrammableWeb show that compared with the other ten methods, the proposed approach has better performance in terms of Accuracy, Recall, F1, Logloss, and AUC, and has better performance in classification and recommendation.
Dialectical behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT-PTSD): transportability to everyday clinical care in a residential mental health centre

ABSTRACT Background: Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) is a phase-based treatment for PTSD. The DBT-PTSD treatment programme’s efficacy has not been tested during standard operation, outside of laboratory outcome studies. Objective: The present pilot study investigated the transportability of the DBT-PTSD treatment to a real word clinical setting in a residential mental health centre. Methods: The DBT-PTSD treatment was compared to a treatment as usual (TAU) condition in a non-randomized study. Overall, 156 patients from a residential mental health centre were included. Propensity score matching was used to match participants in the two treatment arms based on baseline characteristics. Primary and secondary outcomes (PTSD and other symptoms) were assessed at the time of admission and at the time of discharge. Results: The DBT-PTSD treatment outperformed the TAU condition in the improvement of all primary outcomes, as indicated by a significant time and group interaction. There were notable differences in the effect sizes between the unmatched and matched sample as well as between the available and the intent-to-treat (ITT) data analyses. The effect sizes in the ITT data analyses were much lower. Both treatment groups showed similar improvements in secondary outcomes. Conclusions: This study provides initial evidence for the transportability of the DBT-PTSD treatment to a naturalistic clinical care setting, but with considerably lower effect sizes than in previously published laboratory RCTs. The higher efficacy of DBT-PTSD compared to TAU may largely depend on patient’s adherence to treatment. HIGHLIGHTS The objective of the present study was to investigate the transportability of the DBT-PTSD programme to a real word clinical setting in a residential mental health centre. The DBT-PTSD treatment outperformed the TAU condition in the reduction of trauma-related symptoms, dissociative symptoms and DSO related but with lower effect sizes compared to previously published RCTs. The study results indicate the influence of treatment adherence on estimates of treatment effects and stress the necessity to routinely monitor the symptoms of patients who are at high risk of dropout or deterioration.
FERMI LAT DISCOVERY OF EXTENDED GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN THE DIRECTION OF SUPERNOVA REMNANT W51C

The discovery of bright gamma-ray emission coincident with supernova remnant (SNR) W51C is reported using the Large Area Telescope (LAT) onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. W51C is a middle-aged remnant (∼104 yr) with intense radio synchrotron emission in its shell and known to be interacting with a molecular cloud. The gamma-ray emission is spatially extended, broadly consistent with the radio and X-ray extent of SNR W51C. The energy spectrum in the 0.2–50 GeV band exhibits steepening toward high energies. The luminosity is greater than 1 × 1036 erg s−1 given the distance constraint of D > 5.5 kpc, which makes this object one of the most luminous gamma-ray sources in our Galaxy. The observed gamma-rays can be explained reasonably by a combination of efficient acceleration of nuclear cosmic rays at supernova shocks and shock–cloud interactions. The decay of neutral π mesons produced in hadronic collisions provides a plausible explanation for the gamma-ray emission. The product of the average gas density and the total energy content of the accelerated protons amounts to . Electron density constraints from the radio and X-ray bands render it difficult to explain the LAT signal as due to inverse Compton scattering. The Fermi LAT source coincident with SNR W51C sheds new light on the origin of Galactic cosmic rays.
Fluorescence Quantum Yields and Lifetimes of Aqueous Natural Dye Extracted from Tradescantia pallida purpurea at Different Hydrogen Potentials

In this work, we monitored the fluorescence quantum efficiency (η) and the fluorescence lifetime (τ) of natural dye extracts from the leaves of Tradescantia pallida purpurea. The natural dye was extracted from leaves in aqueous solutions as a function of the potential of hydrogen (pH). The η was determined from conical diffraction (CD) pattern measurements due to thermally-driven self-phase modulation. The fluorescence spectra and time-resolved fluorescence measurements corroborate the CD results, and the average η ≈ 0.28 and τ ≈ 3.1 ns values were obtained in the pH range 3.96–8.02. In addition, the extracted natural dye was tested as a possible colorimetric and/or fluorometric pH indicator in milk.
Structural Analysis, Multi-Conformation Virtual Screening and Molecular Simulation to Identify Potential Inhibitors Targeting pS273R Proteases of African Swine Fever Virus

The African Swine Fever virus (ASFV) causes an infectious viral disease in pigs of all ages. The development of antiviral drugs primarily aimed at inhibition of proteases required for the proteolysis of viral polyproteins. In this study, the conformation of the pS273R protease in physiological states were investigated, virtually screened the multi-protein conformation of pS273R target proteins, combined various molecular docking scoring functions, and identified five potential drugs from the Food and Drug Administration drug library that may inhibit pS273R. Subsequent validation of the dynamic interactions of pS273R with the five putative inhibitors was achieved using molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations using the molecular mechanics/Poison-Boltzmann (Generalized Born) (MM/PB(GB)SA) surface area. These findings demonstrate that the arm domain and Thr159-Lys167 loop region of pS273R are significantly more flexible compared to the core structural domain, and the Thr159-Lys167 loop region can serve as a “gatekeeper” in the substrate channel. Leucovorin, Carboprost, Protirelin, Flavin Mononucleotide, and Lovastatin Acid all have Gibbs binding free energies with pS273R that were less than −20 Kcal/mol according to the MM/PBSA analyses. In contrast to pS273R in the free energy landscape, the inhibitor and drug complexes of pS273R showed distinct structural group distributions. These five drugs may be used as potential inhibitors of pS273R and may serve as future drug candidates for treating ASFV.
Robust Transceiver Optimization for Downlink Multiuser MIMO Systems with Bounded Channel Uncertainties

This paper investigates the uplink-downlink duality under bounded channel uncertainties in the multiuser multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. In contrast to the perfect channel state information (CSI) case where the precise signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) duality is considered, the worst-case SINR duality is established under the norm-bounded error (NBE) model. With the aids of this duality, a new scheme is proposed for the robust transceiver design in multiuser MIMO downlink. Compared with the exiting robust algorithm, the proposed algorithm has lower complexity, and exhibits the same performance in simulations.
Histopathological carcinoma classification using parallel, cross‐concatenated and grouped convolutions deep neural network

Cancer is more alarming in modern days due to its identification at later stages. Among cancers, lung, liver and colon cancers are the leading cause of untimely death. Manual cancer identification from histopathological images is time‐consuming and labour‐intensive. Thereby, computer‐aided decision support systems are desired. A deep learning model is proposed in this paper to accurately identify cancer. Convolutional neural networks have shown great ability to identify the significant patterns for cancer classification. The proposed Parallel, Cross Concatenated and Grouped Convolutions Deep Neural Network (PC2GCDN2) has been developed to obtain accurate patterns for classification. To prove the robustness of the model, it is evaluated on the KMC and TCGA‐LIHC liver dataset, LC25000 dataset for lung and colon cancer classification. The proposed PC2GCDN2 model outperforms states‐of‐the‐art methods. The model provides 5.5% improved accuracy compared to the LiverNet proposed by Aatresh et. al on the KMC dataset. On the LC25000 dataset, 2% improvement is observed compared to existing models. Performance evaluation metrics like Sensitivity, Specificity, Recall, F1‐Score and Intersection‐Over‐Union are used to evaluate the performance. To the best of our knowledge, PC2GCDN2 can be considered as gold standard for multiple histopathology image classification. PC2GCDN is able to classify the KMC and TCGA‐LIHC liver dataset with 96.4% and 98.6% accuracy, respectively, which are the best results obtained till now. The performance has been superior on LC25000 dataset with 99.5% and 100% classification accuracy on lung and colon dataset, by utilizing less than 0.5 million parameters.
Collisions of ions with surfaces at chemically relevant energies: Instrumentation and phenomena

An overview of gaseous ion/surface collisions is presented, with special emphasis on the behavior of polyatomic projectile ions at hyperthermal collision energies (1–100 eV) and the instrumentation needed for such studies. The inelastic and reactive processes occurring during ion/surface collisions are described in terms of several archetypes, viz., elastic and quasielastic scattering, chemical sputtering leading to release of surface material, inelastic scattering leading to surface-induced dissociation (SID) of the projectile, ion/surface reactions, and soft landing. Parameters that are important in ion/surface interactions are discussed, including the interaction time, the conversion of translational to internal energy, the translational energies of the scattered ions, the effects of scattering angle, and the influence of the nature of the surface. Different types of tandem mass spectrometers, built specifically to study ion/surface collision phenomena, are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of the individual designs are compared. The role of SID as a technique in bioanalytical mass spectrometry is illustrated and this inelastic collision experiment is compared and contrasted with gas-phase collision-induced dissociation, the standard method of tandem mass spectrometry. Special emphasis is placed on reactive scattering including the use of ion/surface reactions for surface chemical analysis and for surface chemical modification.
Analysis of b‐value calculations in diffusion weighted and diffusion tensor imaging

Diffusion weighted imaging has opened new diagnostic possibilities by using microscopic diffusion of water molecules as a means of image contrast. The directional dependence of diffusion has led to the development of diffusion tensor imaging, which allows us to characterize microscopic tissue geometry. The link between the measured NMR signal and the self-diffusion tensor is established by the so-called b matrices that depend on the gradient's direction, strength, and timing. However, in the calculation of b-matrix elements, the influence of imaging gradients on each element of the b matrix is often neglected. This may cause errors, which in turn leads to an incorrect extraction of diffusion coefficients. In cases where the imaging gradients are high (high spatial resolution), these errors may be substantial. Using a generic pulsed gradient spin-echo (PGSE) imaging sequence, the effects of neglecting the imaging gradients on the b-matrix calculation are demonstrated. By measuring an isotropic phantom with this sequence it can be analytically as well as experimentally shown that large deviations in single b-matrix elements are generated. These deviations are obtained by applying the diffusion weighting in the readout direction of the imaging dimension in combination with relatively large imaging gradients. The systematic errors can be avoided by a full b-matrix calculation considering all the gradients of the sequence or by generating cross-term free signals using the geometric average of two diffusion weighted images with opposite polarity. The importance of calculating the exact b matrices by the proposed methods is based on the fact that more precise diffusion parameters are obtained for extracting correct property maps, such as fractional anisotropy, volume ratio, or conductivity tensor maps. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 25A: 53–66, 2005
The SUMOylation Pathway Components Are Required for Vegetative Growth, Asexual Development, Cytotoxic Responses, and Programmed Cell Death Events in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum

SUMOylation is an essential protein modification process that regulates numerous crucial cellular and biochemical processes in phytopathogenic fungi, and thus plays important roles in multiple biological functions. The present study characterizes the SUMOylation pathway components, including SMT3 (SUMO), AOS1 (an E1 enzyme), UBC9 (an E2 enzyme), and MMS21 (an E3 ligase), in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causative agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, in terms of the phylogenetic relationship, gene/protein structures, and basic biological functions. The SUMOylation components FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 are predominantly located in the nucleus. FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 are highly expressed in the germinating macroconidia, but their expression is downregulated gradually in infected watermelon roots with the disease progression. The disruption of FonUBA2 and FonSIZ1 seems to be lethal in Fon. The deletion mutant strains for FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 are viable, but exhibit significant defects in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, conidial morphology, spore germination, responses to metal ions and DNA-damaging agents, and apoptosis. The disruption of FonSMT3, FonAOS1, FonUBC9, and FonMMS21 enhances sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agents, but confers tolerance to digestion by cell wall-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the disruption of FonSMT3, FonAOS1, and FonUBC9 negatively regulates autophagy in Fon. Overall, these results demonstrate that the SUMOylation pathway plays vital roles in regulating multiple basic biological processes in Fon, and, thus, can serve as a potential target for developing a disease management approach to control Fusarium wilt in watermelon.
Brassica napus Roots Use Different Strategies to Respond to Warm Temperatures

Elevated growth temperatures are negatively affecting crop productivity by increasing yield losses. The modulation of root traits associated with improved response to rising temperatures is a promising approach to generate new varieties better suited to face the environmental constraints caused by climate change. In this study, we identified several Brassica napus root traits altered in response to warm ambient temperatures. Different combinations of changes in specific root traits result in an extended and deeper root system. This overall root growth expansion facilitates root response by maximizing root–soil surface interaction and increasing roots’ ability to explore extended soil areas. We associated these traits with coordinated cellular events, including changes in cell division and elongation rates that drive root growth increases triggered by warm temperatures. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed the main genetic determinants of these root system architecture (RSA) changes and uncovered the necessity of a tight regulation of the heat-shock stress response to adjusting root growth to warm temperatures. Our work provides a phenotypic, cellular, and genetic framework of root response to warming temperatures that will help to harness root response mechanisms for crop yield improvement under the future climatic scenario.