Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What is a Word

Language is a means of expressing knowledge and at the same time an object of knowledge. How do children, in addition to using Ianguage, acquire the capacity to think about language? The authors postulate that this ‘metalinguistic competence’ develops along with general cognitive structuration as described by Piaget. The present research concerns the concept of ‘the word’, experimentally studied with children aged 4–10 years. It shows a slow development of this concept from an initial indifferentiation between word and thing (at the level of metalinguistic thought and not at the level of know-how) towards the capacity of conceiving the word both as a meaningful constituent element of larger units and as a unit which is itself built up from smaller elements.
Lisboa Capital Markets clustering : An econometric approach

1 Trabalho de projecto apresentado como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de without whose help the data collection would have been impossible. I would especially like to thank all my friends, Catarina Rodrigues, my brother, my sister, my father and my mother for their support and inspiration. Abstract Keywords: market efficiency, random walk, fair game, liquidity P. Samuelson and later in the 60's E. Fama presented the Efficient Market Hypothesis Model which is still referred to in discussion of financial efficiency. Later, Mandelbrot observed that large (small) price changes in the capital markets were usually followed by large (small) price changes. The result is that volatility comes together around certain periods in time. Using an econometric approach, this project uses financial data of the Portuguese, Spanish and UK capital markets to prove that this effect is statistically significant while providing some reasoning regarding its origins and consequences and their relation to market liquidity.
Acrolein environmental levels and potential for human exposure

This article provides environmental information on acrolein including environmental fate, potential for human exposure, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations and advisories. Acrolein may be released to the environment in emissions and effluents from its manufacturing and use facilities, in emissions from combustion processes (including cigarette smoking and combustion of petrochemical fuels), from direct application to water and waste water as a slimicide and aquatic herbicide, as a photooxidation product of various hydrocarbon pollutants found in air (including propylene and 1,3-butadiene), and from land disposal of some organic waste materials. Acrolein is a reactive compound and is unstable in the environment. The general population may be exposed to acrolein through inhalation of contaminated air and through ingestion of certain foods. Important sources of acrolein exposure are via inhalation of tobacco smoke and environmental tobacco smoke and via the overheating of fats contained in all living matter. There is potential for exposure to acrolein in many occupational settings as the result of its varied uses and its formation during the combustion and pyrolysis of materials such as wood, petrochemical fuels, and plastics.
Chemokines: Key Regulators of Mononuclear Cell Recruitment in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

Understanding the increasingly complex role of chemokines in various manifestations of atherosclerotic vascular disease and the apparent redundancy in their expression requires improved concepts defining the specialization and cooperation of chemokines in regulating the recruitment of mononuclear cells to vascular lesions. In an attempt to elaborate such models, this review highlights recent insights into the functional role of chemokines in mediating distinct steps during the atherogenic recruitment of monocytes and T cells obtained in genetically deficient mice and in suitable models. A particular focus is placed on the contribution of platelet chemokines deposited on endothelium for monocyte arrest, on differences in the involvement of chemokines between recruitment to native lesions and to neointimal lesions after arterial injury, and on closely related functions of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, a cytokine with considerable structural homology to chemokines. As an evolving aspect of atherosclerotic vascular disease, a role of chemokines, foremost stromal cell-derived factor-1&agr;, in the recruitment of mononuclear progenitors of vascular cells during neointimal hyperplasia, endothelial recovery, and angiogenesis is discussed. The functional diversity and pleiotropy of chemokines in and beyond mononuclear cell recruitment awaits further elucidation to enable therapeutic targeting of atherogenesis by context-specific blockade of nonoverlapping chemokine receptor pairs.
The tourist landscape paradox

This paper is about tourist practices of landscape. Landscape has long been a key reference point in the construction of tourist imaginaries and, to this day, plays an important role in tourists' experience of travelling and their encounters with Otherness. Yet the ambivalent ways in which tourists conceptualize landscape is inherently paradoxical; indeed, it is by travelling that tourists try to overcome the tension produced by such a paradox. Putting into practice two alternative conceptions of landscape at once—a ‘Vidalian’ landscape-as-essence and a ‘Cosgrovian’ landscape as ‘way of seeing’—the tourist inevitably falls into an intriguing epistemological trap. Tourists' embodiment of the landscape experience becomes an attempt to evade that trap. In this paper, I note how this is exemplified in the ways in which tourist rhetoric frames the idea of Morocco and, in particular, the Jamaa el Fna square in Marrakech, the most ‘landscaped’ (and photographed) tourist site in the Maghreb. To help unpack this paradox, I take a brief look at what tourists actually do in the Jamaa el Fna, in order to reproduce, in place, their landscape-driven idea of Moroccan cultural space. The spatial practices of most tourists in that iconic place reveal, indeed, that the landscape paradox that drives tourist readings of the Jamaa el Fna cannot be avoided, but only endlessly performed, for this paradox is constitutive of the very formation of the Modern travelling European subject.
Process Analysis

This article presents the rationale and procedures for conducting a process analysis in evaluation research. Such an analysis attempts to identify the process that mediates the effects of some treatment, by estimating the parameters of a causal chain between the treatment and some outcome variable. Two different procedures for estimating mediation are discussed. In addition we present procedures for examining whether a treatment exerts its effects, in part, by altering the mediating process that produces the outcome. Finally, the benefits of process analysis in evaluation research are underlined.
Intrusion Detection and tolerance in Grid-based applications

With the increasing use of Grid-based applications, especially in business-driven scenarios, new types of cross-domain attacks which initiate from one site and then easily spread to other federated sites are expected to appear and become serious threats. In this paper, the need for dedicated Grid Intrusion Detection Systems (Grid-IDS) is motivated by giving such an example attack on a federated service protocol. A generic Grid-IDS architecture is presented as well as a concrete realization based on various Web services specifications. At the heart of the introduced Grid-IDS architecture is the correlation service, which receives the event information from sensors distributed across the federation and detects intrusions by analyzing and correlating the events. A protocol-aware correlation service is proposed, in which each service protocol is abstracted to a generic representation - a relationship of roles. Finally, based on the developed Grid-IDS and the gathered experiences, an approach towards intrusion tolerance is presented and discussed.
In Vitro and in Vivo Induction of Cytochrome P450: A Survey of the Current Practices and Recommendations: A Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Perspective

Cytochrome P450 (P450) induction is one of the factors that can affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug molecule upon multiple dosing, and it can result in pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with coadministered drugs causing potential therapeutic failures. In recent years, various in vitro assays have been developed and used routinely to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions due to P450 induction. There is a desire from the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies to harmonize assay methodologies, data interpretation, and the design of clinical drug-drug interaction studies. In this article, a team of 10 scientists from nine Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) member companies conducted an anonymous survey among PhRMA companies to query current practices with regards to the conduct of in vitro induction assays, data interpretation, and clinical induction study practices. The results of the survey are presented in this article, along with reviews of current methodologies of in vitro assays and in vivo studies, including modeling efforts in this area. A consensus recommendation regarding common practices for the conduct of P450 induction studies is included.
Antioxidant enzymatic activities after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Lipid peroxidation has been hypotesized as one of possible factors involved in the pathogenesis of neuronal damage and delayed vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In the brain there are anti‐oxidant enzymatic systems which act as scavengers of superoxides and free radicals. In the present study the pattern of enzymatic anti‐oxidant activities (Cu‐Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) was investigated in an experimental model of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat in order to verify whether the hemorrhagic insult may be responsible for an impairment of such anti‐oxidant systems. Enzymatic activities were assayed in three different rat brain areas (cerebral cortex, hippocampus and brain stem) of sham‐operated and at 30 min, 1, 6 and 48 h after subarachnoid hemorrhage induction. After the hemorrhage induction the Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase activity in cerebral cortex was significantly reduced at all the set times (p <.05), while Mn‐superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decreased since 1 h (p <.05) until 48 h (p <.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly reduced only in the late phase (48 h) of subarachnoid hemorrhage (p <.01). In the hippocampus, all enzymatic activities were significantly reduced in the late phase. In the brain stem Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase was significantly impaired at 1 and 6 h (p <.05) after subarachnoid hemorrhage induction, while in the late phase (48 h) reached the control value. The mitochondrial Mn‐superoxide dismutase was significantly reduced since 1 h (p <.05) until 48 h (p <.02) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Glutathione peroxidase activity in this area was impaired at 1, 6 (p <.01) and 48 h (p <.02). These results suggest that subarachnoid hemorrhage causes a significant reduction of anti‐oxidant enzymatic activities in brain compartment: Cu‐Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase, which are specific scavengers of superoxide radicals, show an early decrease, while glutathione peroxidase activity is significantly reduced in a delayed phase.
Big Policies/Small World: An introduction to international perspectives in education policy

In this paper the primary emphasis is upon the general and common elements in contemporary, international education policy, but nonetheless the discussion also considers the processes of translation and recontextualisation involved in the realisation or enactment of policy in specific national and local settings. A set of generic 'problems' which constitute the contemporary social, political and economic conditions for education and social policy making are adumbrated. The emergence of ideological and 'magical' solutions to these problems is identified and the means of the dissemination of these solutions are discussed. A relationship between the global market and the marketisation of education is suggested and explored.
Psychosocial Factors in Fibromyalgia Compared With Rheumatoid Arthritis: II. Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Abuse and Neglect

Objective Two recent reports have found associations between fibromyalgia and sexual victimization, but had methodologic characteristics that limited their interpretation. Method We compared 36 patients with fibromyalgia and 33 patients with rheumatoid arthritis by using structured interviews for sexual, physical, and emotional victimization histories, as well as dimensional self-report measures of victimization severity. Results Compared with the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, those with fibromyalgia had significantly higher lifetime prevalence rates of all forms of victimization, both adult and childhood, as well as combinations of adult and childhood trauma. Although childhood maltreatment was found to be a general risk factor for fibromyalgia, particular forms of maltreatment (eg, sexual abuse per se) did not have specific effects. Experiences of physical assault in adulthood, however, showed a strong and specific relationship with unexplained pain. Trauma severity was correlated significantly with measures of physical disability, psychiatric distress, illness adjustment, personality, and quality of sleep in patients with fibromyalgia but not in those with rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusions Fibromyalgia seems to be associated with increased risk of victimization, particularly adult physical abuse. Sexual, physical, and emotional trauma may be important factors in the development and maintenance of this disorder and its associated disability in many patients.
Improvement of SIW horn antenna with metallic via drilled transition

In this paper, a wideband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) horn antenna with enhanced performance is investigated. Through adding metallic via on the edge of the parallel plates, additional inductance is introduced and can compensate the coupling capacitance in some degree, which significantly improves the impedance matching of the planar horn antenna. Moreover, the introduced via act as the extended narrow walls of SIW, which can enhance the Front-to-Back Ratio (FTBR) at the same time. Results indicate the proposed horn antenna works from 16.42 to 20.89 GHz with stable end-fire radiation patterns in the whole operating band.
Mandatory access control for Android application

For security of Android operating systems, permission-based solutions are one of popular approaches but still exposed to two problems. First, there is coarse-grained relationship between a permission and its associated methods. Second, mobile users do not have rights to control the permissions of their applications. To solve these problems, we propose MacDroid that enables users to control the system resources of the installed applications through its policy. MacDroid classifies the permission into method units. The results of our performance test show that MacDroid is able to enforce its policy without too much overhead compared to the pure Android systems.
Perceived public stigma and stigmatization in explaining lifetime illicit drug use among emerging adults

Illicit drug use is often associated with adverse health and legal consequences, as well as stigma, or social disapproval. Stigma may be enacted as a preventive measure against drug use; however, research was needed to investigate its effects on use in an empirical manner. This cross-sectional study surveyed 1021 emerging adults (age 18–25) throughout Manhattan, New York. We investigated how two forms of stigma – perceived public stigma and personal stigmatization – along with religiosity and exposure to users, explained lifetime use of five drugs: marijuana, powder cocaine, ecstasy, and non-medical use of opioids and amphetamine. Odds ratios for lifetime use of each drug were estimated using age-adjusted stepwise logistic regression models. Results suggest that high levels of exposure to users increased the odds of lifetime use of each drug, and protective effects of religiosity and racial minority status often diminished when controlling for stigma. High levels of stigmatization toward users tended to decrease the odds of use, and perceived public stigma toward users did not explain use of any drug. In conclusion, although individuals who stigmatize users are protected from use, the perception of public stigma does not appear to be valuable in preventing use. Since stigma is associated with adverse psychological and social consequences in users, the efficacy of stigma as a public health tool against drug use is questionable. Public health efforts can deglamorize and discourage use while aiming to reduce stigma toward users by treating use as a health behavior and not a deviant or moral behavior.
Chronic antigen ingestion protects ovalbumin sensitized mice from severe manifestation of Leishmania major infection

In the present work, the development of experimental leishmaniasis was examined in sensitized BALB/c mice that were chronically fed with antigen. After an oral challenge with egg white solution, the ovalbumin (Ova)‐sensitized mice showed an increase in serum anti‐Ova IgE and IgG1 antibodies. Lesions induced by Leishmania major infection were reduced by the ingestion of Ova in sensitized mice, as assessed by reduced footpad growth, lower parasite loads and improved pathological outcome compared to sham sensitized mice. Moreover, such findings were connected to a shift to a Th1 response involving higher IFN‐γ production and serum levels of IgG2a anti‐Leishmania antigens. The data appear to corroborate the suggestion that chronic ingestion of an antigen by sensitized mice modulates the immunological system through a shift in cytokine release, exhibiting a healing response and resistance to L. major infection.
Mesh Discriminative Features for 3D Steganalysis

We propose a steganalytic algorithm for triangle meshes, based on the supervised training of a classifier by discriminative feature vectors. After a normalization step, the triangle mesh is calibrated by one step of Laplacian smoothing and then a feature vector is computed, encoding geometric information corresponding to vertices, edges and faces. For a given steganographic or watermarking algorithm, we create a training set containing unmarked meshes and meshes marked by that algorithm, and train a classifier using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on six well-known watermarking/steganographic schemes with satisfactory accuracy rates.
Texture Overlay onto Deformable Surface Using Geometric Transformation

We propose a system that overlays textures onto the arbitrary deformable surface of an object in real time using HMD. In this system, we select a book as the object and documents as the textures. Such overlaying of textures is achieved by rendering warped textures onto a surface which is projected onto an HMD image using some geometric transformations. We assume that the surface of an object consists of curved sub-surfaces which can be generated by a 2D geometric transformation, so that we can warp textures using the matrix of 2D geometric transformation. In order to deform textures ﬁtly, we select the ﬁttest transformation of 2D geometric transformations which we choose in this system. Since the system computes the transformation matrix in each frame, the texture can be adjusted to the surface in real time even though an observer with HMD moves, turns a page, or de-forms a page. Therefore, using this system, the observer can read digitized documents as if he reads real books.
Cinderella Stories Of Women Leaders: Connecting Leadership Contexts And Competencies

This paper illustrates central themes of the Cinderella fairy tale in the leadership of three contemporary women leaders, Ruth Simmons, Mary Kay, and Oprah Winfrey, who exercise their leadership in three different contexts, academia, business and the media, respectively. It then describes the leadership of these women in terms of specific competencies, which the three contemporary women leaders share and that are their defining leadership attributes. Cinderella themes, context and leadership competencies are linked in a conceptual model that treats these as antecedents of leadership effectiveness.
Political representation in the European Parliament

The political structure of the European Union is experiencing a period of critical change, as leaders seek to address the twin problems of the ‘democratic deficit’ and institutional effectiveness in the Intergovernmental Conference. Problems of governance, already serious, have become more urgent, and will be further compounded by increasing EU powers and subsequent waves of European enlargement. The widely recognised danger is that the expansion of the European Union will be threatened by a growing crisis of democratic legitimation and of effective governance (Andersen & Eliassen 1996; Hayward 1995). All the articles in this special issue focus on the relationship between citizens and Members of the European Parliament. The aim is to examine the effectiveness of alternative channels of representation, and the way weak linkages contribute towards the democratic deficit within the Union. To understand the problems of democratic legitimacy in the Union we need to unpack the concept of ‘political representation’, which has a number of multifaceted and complex dimensions (Thomassen 1994; Holmberg 1989; Eulau & Wahlke 1978; Birch 1971; Pitkin 1967). Ideas of representation reflect different assumptions about the nature of democracy, the most appropriate linkages between citizens and the state, and the role of legislators.
Access methods for multiversion data

We present an access method designed to provide a single integrated index structure for a versioned timestamped database with a non-deletion policy. Historical data (superceded versions) is stored separately from current data. Our access method is called the <italic>Time-Split B-tree</italic>. It is an index structure based on Malcolm Easton's Write Once B-tree. The Write Once B-tree was developed for data stored entirely on a Write-Once Read-Many or <italic>WORM</italic> optical disk. The Time-Split B-tree differs from the Write Once B-tree in the following ways:<list><item>Current data <italic>must</italic> be stored on an <italic>erasable</italic> random-access device. </item><item>Historical data <italic>may</italic> be stored on <italic>any</italic> random-access device, including WORMs, erasable optical disks, and magnetic disks. The point is to use a faster and more expensive device for the current data and a slower cheaper device for the historical data. </item><item>The splitting policies have been changed to reduce redundancy in the structure—the option of pure key splits as in B<supscrpt>+</supscrpt>-trees and a choice of split times for time-based splits enable this performance enhancement. </item><item>When data is migrated from the current to the historical database, it is consolidated and appended to the end of the historical database, allowing for high space utilization in WORM disk sectors. </item></list>