Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 and S2 Tables S1 to S4 References Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome

12. Because it is a prototype, there has been no attempt to reduce the weight of the backpack—indeed, it is substantially ''overdesigned. '' Further, the 5.6 kg includes the weight of six load cells and one 25-cm-long transducer, each with accompanying brackets and cables, as well as other components that will not be present on a typical pack. In future prototypes, we estimate that the weight will exceed that of a normal backpack by no more than 1 to 1.5 kg. 13. Under high-power conditions (5.6 km hour j1 with 20-and 29-kg loads and 4.8 km hour j1 with a 38-kg load), power generation on the incline was the same as on the flat. Under low-power conditions (4.8 km hour j1 with 20-and 28-kg loads), electricity generation on the incline was actually substantially greater than that on the flat (table S1). 21. Because this savings in metabolic energy represents only 6% of the net energetic cost of walking with the backpack (492 W) (table S3) (17, 18), accurate de-terminations of the position and movements of the center of mass, as well as the direction and magnitude of the ground reaction forces, are essential to discern the mechanism. This will require twin–force-platform single-leg measurements, as well as a complete kine-matics and mechanical energy analysis (19, 20). The energy analysis is made more complex because the position of the load with respect to the backpack frame and the amount of energy stored in the back-pack springs vary during the gait cycle. Finally, elec-tromyogram measurements are also important to test whether a change in effective muscle moment arms may have caused a change in the volume of activated muscle and hence a change in metabolic This assumes that electronic devices are being powered in real time. If there were a power loss of 50% associated with storage (such as in batteries) and recovery of electrical energy, then these factors would be halved. 24. When not walking, the rack can be disengaged and the generator cranked by hand or by foot. Electrical powers of È3 W are achievable by hand, and higher wattage can be achieved by using the leg to power it. for helping with the experimentation ; and F. Letterio for machining the backpacks. 1 We describe a DNA sequencing technology in which a commonly available, inexpensive epifluorescence microscope is converted to rapid nonelectrophoretic DNA sequencing automation. We apply this technology to resequence …
IPOS Sutherland Memorial Lecture: psycho‐oncology and health care research

Remarkable changes of health‐care systems, increasing costs of health care and of social inequality in modern societies, an aging population and the increase of chronic illnesses such as cancer implicate various future challenges for the provision of health care. Health‐care research aims to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of patient‐oriented services involving the evaluation of innovative treatment approaches and settings. It deals with the patients' path through different areas of health‐care systems in order to identify significant factors for the provision of quality assurance of structures and resources concerning treatments, processes and health outcomes. Health‐care research focusses on three main topics that play an important role for quality management: (1) the admission to health‐care services and assessment strategies including indication, utilization and specificity of settings and target groups; (2) the treatment process including the implementation, standardization and flexibility of services and dose‐effect relationship of interventions; (3) health‐care outcome including effectiveness and efficiency of interventions and services, the cost‐benefit relationship and the transfer from research to health‐care practice. Given the objectives of health‐care research, the topics of health‐care research in psychosocial care for cancer patients include the study of structural conditions of psycho‐oncological services, the epidemiology of distress and mental disorders and the subjective need of psycho‐oncological support in cancer patients, the improvement of psycho‐oncological measures and assessment strategies in daily treatment, the study of psycho‐oncological interventions under routine conditions, and quality assurance. Requirements of future health‐care research and developments of psycho‐oncology including aspects of orientation, strategies, health‐care equity, and resources are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral Economics: “Nudging” Underserved Populations to Be Screened for Cancer

Persistent disparities in cancer screening by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status require innovative prevention tools and techniques. Behavioral economics provides tools to potentially reduce disparities by informing strategies and systems to increase prevention of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. With an emphasis on the predictable, but sometimes flawed, mental shortcuts (heuristics) people use to make decisions, behavioral economics offers insights that practitioners can use to enhance evidence-based cancer screening interventions that rely on judgments about the probability of developing and detecting cancer, decisions about competing screening options, and the optimal presentation of complex choices (choice architecture). In the area of judgment, we describe ways practitioners can use the availability and representativeness of heuristics and the tendency toward unrealistic optimism to increase perceptions of risk and highlight benefits of screening. We describe how several behavioral economic principles involved in decision-making can influence screening attitudes, including how framing and context effects can be manipulated to highlight personally salient features of cancer screening tests. Finally, we offer suggestions about ways practitioners can apply principles related to choice architecture to health care systems in which cancer screening takes place. These recommendations include the use of incentives to increase screening, introduction of default options, appropriate feedback throughout the decision-making and behavior completion process, and clear presentation of complex choices, particularly in the context of colorectal cancer screening. We conclude by noting gaps in knowledge and propose future research questions to guide this promising area of research and practice.
The case for background independence

The aim of this paper is to explain carefully the arguments behind the assertion that the correct quantum theory of gravity must be background independent. We begin by recounting how the debate overwhetherquantum gravity must be background independent is a continuation of a long-standing argument in the history of physics and philosophy over whether space and time are relational or absolute. This leads to a careful statement of what physicists mean when we speak of background independence. Given this we can characterize the precise sense in which general relativity is a background independent theory. The leading background independent approaches to quantum gravity are then discussed, including causal set models, loop quantum gravity and dynamical triangulations and their main achievements are summarized along with the problems that remain open. Some first attempts to cast string/M theory into a background independent formulation are also mentioned. The relational/absolute debate has implications also for other issues such as unification and how the parameters of the standard models of physics and cosmology are to be explained. The recent issues concerning the string theory landscape are reviewed and it is argued that they can only be resolved within the context of a background independent formulation. Finally, we review some recent proposals to make quantum theory more relational.
Measuring and simulating passive C-band microwave relief effects over uncovered land surface in remote sensing

A ground based experiment measuring relief effects on microwave radiation at C band (6.925GHz) was carried on. According to the results of the field observation, relief effects were dived into primary and secondary effects. Both effects based we developed a relief effect simulated model that provides a reliable method to describe microwave radiation properties over mountain areas.
An Effective Cold Start Recommendaton Method Using A Web Of Trust

Cold start recommendations are important because they help build user loyalty, which is the key to the success of e-services and e-commerce systems. Recommending useful information for new users generally creates a sense of belonging and loyalty, and encourages them to visit e-commerce systems frequently. However, as new users take time to become familiar with recommendation systems, the systems usually have limited information about newcomers and have difficulty providing appropriate recommendations. The cold start phenomenon has a serious impact on the performance of recommendation systems. To address the problem, we propose a cold start recommendation method that integrates a web of trust with a user model to identify trustworthy users. The suggestions of those users are then aggregated to provide useful recommendations for cold start users. Experiments based on the well-known Epinions dataset demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and efficient, and outperforms well-known recommendation methods by a significant margin.
Why is a third of your time wasted in meetings

Executives in the Caribbean are spending more time planning and attending meetings now than they did five years ago. They will continue to spend a great deal of time in meetings five years from now. Yet, in the spring of 1995, our survey of managers in the Caribbean found that approximately 35 per cent of the time spent in meetings is unproductive.
The Effects of Relationship Characteristics on Task Performance in Collaborative Environments Mediated by Information Systems

This study examines task performance by considering the application of information systems (ISs) in computer-mediated collaborative environments from the perspective of personal characteristics. Based on previous research, this study investigates the effects of relationship characteristics of an organization's members on their task performance. In addition, the study explores the ways in which ISs can be applied effectively to improve their task performance in collaborative environments mediated by ISs. From a socio-technical perspective, this study presents community orientation, communicativeness, information sharing, and collaboration as relationship characteristics and provides an empirical analysis of their effects on perceived usefulness, user satisfaction, and individual performance through a survey of members sharing the same IS. The results indicate that community orientation and communicativeness had significant effects on perceived usefulness and that information sharing and collaboration had significant effects on user satisfaction. Both perceived usefulness and user satisfaction had positive effects on task performance in the context of collaboration.
A dimensão político-democrática nas teorias de desenvolvimento sustentável e suas implicações para a gestão local

The article analyses several concepts of sustainable development, focusing on the following dimensions: the political-administrative model, the role of the State, and the democratic potential of these approaches. First, the paper analyses those approaches that consider the market as the fundamental regulative force of development (market approach of economic liberalism). Second, it tackles approaches that consider the State and its regulatory and planning institutions indispensable instruments to guarantee the prevalence of the common good in developing processes (ecological-technocratic planning approach). Finally, it examines conceptions that highlight the necessity of an extended political mobilisation and an enhanced involvement of the population and civil society organisations in the search for a sustainable mode of development (political approach of democratic participation). At the end, the paper discusses the implications of these approaches for local management and suggests some basic elements in the search for a democratic management model of sustainable urban development.
Progresses in Vaginal Microflora Physiology and Implications for Bacterial Vaginosis and Candidiasis

In the last decade, there have been quite a lot of scientific advances reported regarding the immunology and pathophysiology of human vaginal microbiota. As a result, physicians have a more comprehensive understanding of the role that lactobacilli exert in the vaginal milieu and their interactions with vaginal mucosa, pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This commentary addresses those advances in vaginal microflora, vaginal epithelial cells, immunity, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis. Additionally, recent reports regarding lactobacilli biofilm formation will be discussed. Last, an assessment of future implications is presented.
Verifying IP-core based system-on-chip designs

We describe a methodology for verifying system-on-chip designs. In our methodology, the problem of verifying system-on-chip designs is decomposed into three tasks. First, we verify, once and for all, the standard bus interconnecting IP cores in the system. The next task is to verify the glue logic, which connects the IP cores to the buses. Finally, using the verified bus protocols and the IP core designs, the complete system is verified. To illustrate our methodology, we verify the PCI local bus, a widely used bus protocol in system-on-chip designs. We demonstrate various modeling and verification techniques for buses by modeling the PCI local bus with the symbolic model checker SMV. We have found two potential bugs in the PCI bus protocol specification that await confirmation of the PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG).
Alteration of Escherichia coli murein during amino acid starvation

We have studied the mechanisms by which amino acid starvation of Escherichia coli induces resistance against the lytic and bactericidal effects of penicillin. Starvation of E. coli strain W7 of the amino acids lysine or methionine resulted in the rapid development of resistance to autolytic cell wall degradation, which may be effectively triggered in growing bacteria by a number of chemical or physical treatments. The mechanism of this effect in the amino acid-starved cells involved the production of a murein relatively resistant to the hydrolytic action of crude murein hydrolase extracts prepared from normally growing E. coli. Resistance to the autolysins was not due to the covalently linked lipoprotein. Resistance to murein hydrolase developed most rapidly and most extensively in the portion of cell wall synthesized after the onset of amino acid starvation. Lysozymes digests of the autolysin-resistant murein synthesized during the first 10 min of lysine starvation yielded (in addition to the characteristic degradation products) a high-molecular-weight material that was absent from the lysozyme-digests of control cell wall preparations. It is proposed that inhibition of protein synthesis causes a rapid modification of murein structure at the cell wall growth zone in such a manner that attachment of murein hydrolase molecules is inhibited. The mechanism may involve some aspects of the relaxed control system since protection against penicillin-induced lysis developed much slower in amino acid-starved relaxed controlled (relA) cells than in isogenic stringently controlled (relA+) bacteria.
An Interaction, a Conversation, Often in the Context of Play: Constructing Intentional Teaching in Early Childhood Education

High profile documents in early childhood education describe Intentional Teaching (IT), yet little research has been undertaken to give specificity to the definition so that application is possible, for example, to determine and prioritize information to include in professional development, assess fidelity of the implementation of that professional development, and measure impact on teachers. Prekindergarten teachers in a community-based Head Start program participated in the study and were observed during large-group and centers/small-group activities. Three studies using mixed methods are presented. In 2 of the studies, experts together observed focus teachers with attention to coding all instances of IT. They then discussed their observations. Discussions were recorded and analyzed with grounded theory analyses. Features of IT were specified. The additional study used direct observations of teachers to assess their IT, comparing those given professional development centered on IT and a control group. F.
The social suppression of caching in western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica)

This study focussed on the social suppression of caching in 3 groups of western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica). Each group (3 males and 4 females) were housed in a separate aviary. Only the dominant male and/or his partner cached in each aviary. When the alpha pair was removed from the aviary, however, caching by the beta pair increased significantly. As all subordinate birds cache when housed individually, cache cessation was attributed to social suppression. In each aviary, storers from both the alpha and beta pairs tolerated their partners recovering their caches, but treated all other birds aggressively if they approached a cache site. The storer and their partner tended to move one another's caches around multiple times, possibly making the final location of caches ambiguous. Importantly, caches were only moved around repeatedly on trials where multiple pilfering attempts were made. Western scrub-jays therefore appear to adjust their caching behaviour depending on the risk that observers pose to their caches.
Measles virus-induced immune suppression in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model depends on viral glycoproteins

Immune suppression during measles accounts for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with the virus infection. Experimental study of this phenomenon has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. We have used the cotton rat to demonstrate that mitogen-induced proliferation of spleen cells from measles virus-infected animals is impaired. Proliferation inhibition is seen in all lymphocyte subsets and is not dependent on viral replication. Cells which express the viral glycoproteins (hemagglutinin and fusion protein) transiently by transfection induce proliferation inhibition after intraperitoneal inoculation, whereas application of a recombinant measles virus in which measles virus glycoproteins are replaced with the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein does not have an antiproliferative effect. Therefore, in vivo expression of measles virus glycoproteins is sufficient and necessary to induce inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation.
Action research to study classroom impact: is it possible?

Abstract In recent years, a discourse is emerging in education that emphasises the study of the impact of in-service teacher education on student outcomes (more often than not student outcomes are seen in the form of test scores of academic achievement). Implicit in this discourse is the view that the impact of in-service teacher education is directly observable on students' outcomes, suggesting that the variables in a school or classroom are connected in some kind of a causal link. However, it is problematic to view variables in a social setting such as a school or a classroom as being in causal relationships because social settings are complex so that it is not possible to control the variables or the outcomes. Hence, one cannot convincingly study the outcomes without also studying the process and its complexity. In this article, I describe an action research study undertaken to study the impact in the classroom, of new teaching strategies introduced as part of an in-service teacher education programme in Karachi, Pakistan. By describing this study I mean to suggest that action research is an appropriate methodology to study the impact of in-service teacher education.
Schools, Achievement, and Inequality: A Seasonal Perspective

Are there socioeconomic differences in the seasonality of children’s learning over the school year and summer months? The achievement gap across social lines increases during the primary grades, as much research indicates, but descriptive analyses and HLM within-person growth models for a representative panel of Baltimore school children demonstrate that the increase can be traced mainly to the out-of-school environment (i.e., influences situated in home and community). School-year verbal and quantitative achievement gains are comparable for upper socioeconomic status (SES) and lower SES children, but summer gains, when children are out of school, evidence large disparities. During the summer, upper SES children’s skills continue to advance (albeit at a slower rate than during the school year), but lower SES children’s gains, on average, are flat. This seasonal pattern of achievement gains implies that schooling plays an important compensatory role, one that is obscured when achievement is compared on an annual basis, as is typical. Policy implications of the seasonality of learning are discussed, including support for preventive measures over the preschool years and for programs, possibly including calendar reforms and summer school, to support disadvantaged children’s learning year-round.
SST Dependence of Ku- and C-Band Backscatter Measurements

The normalized radar cross section (NRCS) measured by satellite ocean radar systems is representative of the sea surface roughness at the scale of gravity-capillary waves, which are not only dominated by winds, but also modulated by some secondary factors such as sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS). In this paper, the variations of NRCS due to SST changes, depending on scatterometer radar frequency, polarization, and incidence angle, are investigated on the basis of a physics-based radar backscatter model and a dataset of collocated ASCAT C-band and RapidScat Ku-band scatterometer measurements. The study shows that the SST effects are substantial at Ku-band, but rather negligible for C-band NRCS measurements. Furthermore, the SST effects are wind speed dependent and more pronounced in VV polarization and at higher incidence angles. SSS effects, due to dielectric constant, surface tension, and dynamic viscosity variations, on scatterometer winds are limited (within 1%). This study concludes that it is necessary to take SST into account in scatterometer wind retrieval for radar wavelengths smaller than C-band.