Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Universal Condition Satisfied by the Action of Electromagnetic Radiation Fields

The action (the product of radiated energy and the time of emission) of the radiation fields generated by four types of radiators, namely, short electric dipole, small magnetic dipole, travelling wave antenna and bi-conical antenna is investigated with special reference to the charge associated with the current waveform which is responsible for the radiation. The results obtained can be summarized by the order of magnitude inequality where A is the action (product of the radiated energy and the time of emission), h is the Planck constant, q is the charge associated with the current that gave rise to the radiation and e is the electronic charge. The condition is obtained when the length of the antenna and its radius are pushed to its extreme natural limits. Based on the results obtained here and elsewhere, it is suggested that this inequality is valid in general for electromagnetic radiation fields as predicted by classical electrodynamics.
Simulation of Indexing and Clocking with Harmonic Balance

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the harmonic balance method can be used to predict rotor–rotor and stator–stator interactions in turbomachinery. These interactions occur in the form of clocking and indexing. Whereas clocking refers to the dependency of the performance on the relative circumferential positioning of the rotors or stators, the term indexing is used when different blade (or vane) counts lead to an aperiodic time-averaged flow. The approach developed here is closely related to the one presented by He, Chen, Wells, Li, and Ning, who generalised the Nonlinear Harmonic method to zero-frequency disturbances. In particular, configurations with only one passage per blade row are used for the simulations. We validate the methods by means of the simulation of a fan stage configuration with rotationally asymmetric inlet conditions. It is demonstrated that the harmonic balance solver is able to accurately predict the inhomogeneity of the time-averaged flow field in the stator row. Moreover, the results show that the approach offers a considerable gain in computational efficiency.
A new steady-state gas–particle partitioning model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: implication for the influence of the particulate proportion in emissions

Abstract. Gas–particle (G–P) partitioning is a crucial atmospheric process for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, accurately predicting the G–P partitioning of PAHs has remained a challenge. In this study, we established a new steady-state G–P partitioning model based on the level-III multimedia fugacity model, with a particular focus on the particulate proportion (ϕ0) of PAHs in emissions. Similar to previous steady-state models, our new model divided the G–P partitioning behavior into three domains based on the threshold values of log KOA (octanol–air partitioning coefficient), with slopes of 1, from 1 to 0, and 0 for the three domains. However, our model differed significantly from previous models in different domains. We found that deviations from the equilibrium-state G–P partitioning models were caused by both gaseous interference and particulate interference, with ϕ0 determining the influence of this interference. Different forms of the new steady-state model were observed under different values of ϕ0, highlighting its significant impact on the G–P partitioning of PAHs. Comparison of the G–P partitioning of PAHs between the prediction results of our new steady-state model and monitored results from 11 cities in China suggested varying prediction performances under different values of ϕ0, with the lowest root mean square error observed when ϕ0 was set to 0.9 or 0.99. The results indicated that the ϕ0 was a crucial factor for the G–P partitioning of PAHs. Furthermore, our new steady-state model also demonstrated excellent performance in predicting the G–P partitioning of PAHs with entirely gaseous emission and polybrominated diphenyl ethers with entirely particulate emission. Therefore, we concluded that the ϕ0 should be considered in the study of G–P partitioning of PAHs, which also provided a new insight into other SVOCs.
Multi-GNSS high-rate RTK, PPP and novel direct phase observation processing method: application to precise dynamic displacement detection

This paper provides the methodology and performance assessment of multi-GNSS signal processing for the detection of small-scale high-rate dynamic displacements. For this purpose, we used methods of relative (RTK) and absolute positioning (PPP), and a novel direct signal processing approach. The first two methods are recognized as providing accurate information on position in many navigation and surveying applications. The latter is an innovative method for dynamic displacement determination with the use of GNSS phase signal processing. This method is based on the developed functional model with parametrized epoch-wise topocentric relative coordinates derived from filtered GNSS observations. Current regular kinematic PPP positioning, as well as medium/long range RTK, may not offer coordinate estimates with subcentimeter precision. Thus, extended processing strategies of absolute and relative GNSS positioning have been developed and applied for displacement detection. The study also aimed to comparatively analyze the developed methods as well as to analyze the impact of combined GPS and BDS processing and the dependence of the results of the relative methods on the baseline length. All the methods were implemented with in-house developed software allowing for high-rate precise GNSS positioning and signal processing. The phase and pseudorange observations collected with a rate of 50 Hz during the field test served as the experiment’s data set. The displacements at the rover station were triggered in the horizontal plane using a device which was designed and constructed to ensure a periodic motion of GNSS antenna with an amplitude of ~3 cm and a frequency of ~4.5 Hz. Finally, a medium range RTK, PPP, and direct phase observation processing method demonstrated the capability of providing reliable and consistent results with the precision of the determined dynamic displacements at the millimeter level. Specifically, the research shows that the standard deviation of the displacement residuals obtained as the difference between a benchmark-ultra-short baseline RTK solution and selected scenarios ranged between 1.1 and 3.4 mm. At the same time, the differences in the mean amplitude of the oscillations derived from the established scenarios did not exceed 1.3 mm, whereas the frequency of the motion detected with the use of Fourier transformation was the same.
Functional principal component analysis in age–period–cohort analysis of body mass index data by gender and ethnicity

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a two-stage functional principal component analysis method in age–period–cohort (APC) analysis. The first stage of the method considers the age–period effect with the fitted values treated as an offset; and the second stage of the method considers the residual age–cohort effect conditional on the already estimated age-period effect. An APC version of the model in functional data analysis provides an improved fit to the data, especially when the data are sparse and irregularly spaced. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method using body mass index data stratified by gender and ethnicity.
Adipocyte property evaluation with photoacoustic spectrum analysis: a feasibility study on human tissues

Photoacoustic spectrum analysis (PASA) offers potential advantages in identifying optically absorbing microstructures in biological tissues. Working at high ultrasound frequency, PASA is capable of identifying the morphological features of cells based on their intrinsic optical absorption. Adipocyte size is correlated with metabolic disease risk in the form of diabetes mellitus, thus it can be adopted as a pathology predictor to evaluate the condition of obese patient, and can be helpful for assessing the patient response to bariatric surgery. In order to acquire adipocyte size, usually adipose tissue biopsy is performed and histopathology analysis is conducted. The whole procedure is not well tolerated by patients, and is also labor and cost intensive. An unmet need is to quantify and predict adipocyte size in a mild and more efficient way. This work aims at studying the feasibility to analyze the adipocyte size of human fat tissue using the method of PASA. PA measurements were performed at the optical wavelength of 1210 nm where lipid has strong optical absorption, enabling the study of adipocyte without need of staining. Both simulation and ex vivo experiments have been completed. Good correlation between the quantified photoacoustic spectral parameter slope and the average adipocyte size obtained by the gold-standard histology has been established. This initial study suggests the potential opportunity of applying PASA to future clinical management of obesity.
Algebraic aspects of evolution partial differential equation arising in the study of constant elasticity of variance model from financial mathematics

Abstract The optimal investment-consumption problem under the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model is investigated from the perspective of Lie group analysis. The Lie symmetry group of the evolution partial differential equation describing the CEV model is derived. The Lie point symmetries are then used to obtain an exact solution of the governing model satisfying a standard terminal condition. Finally, we construct conservation laws of the underlying equation using the general theorem on conservation laws.
Endogenous PTEN acts as the key determinant for mTOR inhibitor sensitivity by inducing the stress-sensitized PTEN-mediated death axis in KSHV-associated malignant cells

As a part of viral cancer evolution, KSHV-infected human endothelial cells exert a unique transcriptional program via upregulated mTORC1 signaling. This event makes them sensitive to mTOR inhibitors. Master transcriptional regulator PTEN acts as the prime regulator of mTOR and determining factor for mTOR inhibitory drug resistance and sensitivity. PTEN is post-translationally modified in KSHV-associated cell lines and infected tissues. Our current study is an attempt to understand the functional role of upstream modulator PTEN in determining the sensitivity of mTOR inhibitors against KSHV-infected cells in an in vitro stress-responsive model. Our analysis shows that, despite phosphorylation, endogenous levels of intact PTEN in different KSHV-infected cells compared to normal and non-infected cells are quite high. Genetic overexpression of intact PTEN showed functional integrity of this gene in the infected cells in terms of induction of a synchronized cell death process via cell cycle regulation and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. PTEN overexpression enhanced the mTOR inhibitory drug activity, the silencing of which hampers the process against KSHV-infected cells. Additionally, we have shown that endogenous PTEN acts as a stress balancer molecule inside KSHV-infected cells and can induce stress-sensitized death program post mTOR inhibitor treatment, lined up in the ATM-chk2-p53 axis. Moreover, autophagic regulation was found as a major regulator in mTOR inhibitor-induced PTEN-mediated death axis from our study. The current work critically intersected the PTEN-mediated stress balancing mechanism where autophagy has been utilized as a part of the KSHV stress management system and is specifically fitted and switched toward autophagy-mediated apoptosis directing toward a therapeutic perspective.
Adapting to Post Pandemic Learning: Re-visiting Online English Course for Non-Academic Staffs

An English course for non Academic Staff was designed for online learning mode due to COVID-19 pandemic. Regardless the importance of the course, highdrop-outs were inevitable. The study used descriptive quantitative methods that included a survey to elicit opinions from participants about the program and a Vocabulary Levels Test to assess if the course increased vocabulary knowledge. Responses from the participants would provide information for further use of the program in both modes, offline and online learning that would be carried out in the post pandemic. The program was well-tailored and implemented; however, there is a discrepancy in the results of the VLT tests. There is no significant different between the pre-and post-test. However, The current study demonstrated the implementation's efficacy, making the program recommendable to be continued in the post-pandemic age. However, future research needs to look further into the scores because the differences were not statistically significant.
BOUNDARY EFFECT REDUCTION IN KERNEL ESTIMATION OF CHOSEN FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RANDOM VARIABLE

For a random variable with bounded support, the kernel estimation of functional characteristics may lead to the occurrence of the so-called boundary effect. In the case of the kernel density estimation it can mean an increase of the estimator bias in the areas near the ends of the support, and can lead to a situation where the estimator is not a density function in the support of a random variable. In the paper the procedures for reducing boundary effect for kernel estimators of density function, distribution function and regression function are analyzed. Modifications of the classical kernel estimators and examples of applications of these procedures in the analysis of the functional characteristics relating to gross national product per capita are presented. The advantages of procedures are indicated taking into account the reduction of the bias in the boundary region of the support of the random variable considered.
FLUID FLOW AND PARTICLE TRANSPORT THROUGH PERIODIC CAPILLARIES

Fluid flow through periodic capillaries has widespread and multidisciplinary applications. In particular, recent experimental studies have recognised the potential to separate particle dispersions within microfluidic devices and nanoporous membranes. In the types of devices of interest here, a particle-laden fluid is pumped backwards and forwards through a membrane of axi-symmetric pores, whose diameter varies along their length in a periodic but longitudinally asymmetric manner. As a result, the pores have a saw-tooth profile in longitudinal cross-section. Pumping of the particulate suspension backwards and forwards results in no net flow of the fluid; however, the particles are transported along the pores from one side of the membrane to the other. This system involves many parameters, such as the shape and geometry of the pores, the nature of the fluid (for example, viscosity), the properties of the particles (for example, their size) and the form of the applied pressure which drives the motion of the fluid. In this thesis, we aim to gain a better understanding about the underlying processes affecting particle transport and also determine which are the important parameters of the system. A complete and definitive theoretical model for this system is intractable to solve. However, under certain assumptions, the problem can be reduced to two interconnected sub-problems. The first involves a determination of the flow field within the pores, the second concerns the motion of the particles under the influence of the underlying flow, in combination with their Brownian motion (or diffusion). As such, we first solve the appropriate hydrodynamic equations for the flow field and then use this knowledge as input for a convection–diffusion model for the evolution of the particle distribution within a pore.
Impact of COVID-19 on outbound medical tourism: An empirical study

This study attempts to analyze the overall outbound medical tourism situation in Bangladesh, more specifically in the city of Dhaka, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary focus of the study is to identify the effect of COVID-19 on outbound medical tourism. To attain the objectives of the study, a quantitative research technique was used, and data were collected from respondents involved in outbound medical tourism through convenience sampling. The study’s samples were 100 people from Dhaka who were patients, medical attendants, relatives of patients, neighbors of patients, and closely related entities of outbound medical tourism. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results reveal that the COVID-19 situation had a significant impact on outbound medical tourism; the effects were measured through various factors, including accessibility, cost, the quality of domestic medical services, the information gap, and technological advancement. The results of the study provide insights to those involved in outbound medical tourism and offer guidelines to recover from this problem. Future research can consider the whole of Bangladesh and conduct a longitudinal study to increase the generalizability of the result.
Biliptysis Revealing a Bilio-Bronchial Fistula

The presence of a bilio-bronchial fistula (BBF) of hydatid origin is considered a serious complication as it can lead to significant injuries at the abdominal, diaphragmatic, and thoracic levels. Here, we report the case of a 70-year-old patient presenting with biliptysis as a symptom and whose thoracic and abdominal CT scan confirmed the presence of a right BBF. The management consisted of an initial endoscopic sphincterotomy, followed by an exclusive left thoracotomy surgery to treat lung, liver, and diaphragmatic injuries. Fortunately, the evolution was favorable with the disappearance of the biliptysis. To diagnose a BBF, it is crucial to conduct a precise assessment, focusing mainly on imaging to accurately locate the injury before any surgical intervention.
Search for New Physics in Final States with One Muon and Missing Transverse Energy with CMS Data

This analysis deals with the search for new physics in the μ + ν final state. Regarding this, a four-fermion contact interaction is considered as a potential standard-model extension as well as the decay of a new heavy, charged gauge boson W ′ in a simplified reference model. The dataset comprises proton-proton collisions recorded at a center-ofmass energy of √ s = 8 TeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2012 corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 10.3 fb−1. Since no deviations from the standard model prediction have been found, exclusion limits are set on the considered new-physics models. Exclusion limits on the W ′ mass of MW ′ < 2.9 TeV under the assumption of W -like couplings are obtained, as well as on the contact interaction energy scale of Λ < 10.0 TeV, each for a 95 % confidence interval. Furthermore, an improvement of the exclusion limit to MW ′ < 3.0 TeV is achieved by combining results with the decay channel W ′ → eν. Results of the analysis with a dataset of 3.7 fb−1 have been published in [1].
On confidence intervals for the mean past lifetime function under random censorship

ABSTRACT The mean past lifetime (MPL) function (also known as the expected inactivity time function) is of interest in many fields such as reliability theory and survival analysis, actuarial studies and forensic science. For estimation of the MPL function some procedures have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we give a central limit theorem result for the estimator of MPL function based on a right-censored random sample from an unknown distribution. The limiting distribution is used to construct normal approximation-based confidence interval for MPL. Furthermore, we use the empirical likelihood ratio procedure to obtain confidence interval for the MPL function. These two intervals are compared with each other through simulation study in terms of coverage probability. Finally, a couple of numerical example illustrating the theory is also given.
Dual-Mode Human-Robot Collaboration With Guaranteed Safety Using Time-Varying Zeroing Control Barrier Functions and Quadratic Program

Safety and efficiency are two important aspects of human-robot collaboration (HRC). Most existing control methods for HRC consider either contactless HRC or physical HRC, hindering more efficient HRC. The proposed control framework enables dual-mode HRC, filling the gap between contactless and physical HRCs. With the framework, the robot can perform contactless HRC under safety regulations regarding the co-working human. Meanwhile, the human can safely interrupt the robot via physical contact to enter physical HRC, in which he/she can hand guide the robot or take over its gripped object. First, human safety is defined as bounded approaching velocities between human and multiple robot links based on ISO/TS 15066, allowing gradual establishing of physical contact. Then, the time-varying zeroing control barrier function is proposed and defined to guarantee the bounded approaching velocities by a safety control set. Second, a unified task control set is designed to achieve different robot tasks for different HRC modes in a unified manner. The unified task control set enables the robot to switch smoothly between the two HRC modes. An optimal final control input is determined by a quadratic program based on different control sets. Experiments were conducted to verify the proposed framework and compare the proposed framework with existing methods. An application example is presented to show the versatility of the proposed framework.
Dynamics of Amino Acid Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Circulomics in a Recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line Adapted to Moderate and High Levels of Extracellular Lactate

The accumulation of metabolic wastes in cell cultures can diminish product quality, reduce productivity, and trigger apoptosis. The limitation or removal of unintended waste products from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures has been attempted through multiple process and genetic engineering avenues with varied levels of success. One study demonstrated a simple method to reduce lactate and ammonia production in CHO cells with adaptation to extracellular lactate; however, the mechanism behind adaptation was not certain. To address this profound gap, this study characterizes the phenotype of a recombinant CHO K-1 cell line that was gradually adapted to moderate and high levels of extracellular lactate and examines the genomic content and role of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) and gene expression on the adaptation process. More than 500 genes were observed on eccDNAs. Notably, more than 1000 genes were observed to be differentially expressed at different levels of lactate adaptation, while only 137 genes were found to be differentially expressed between unadapted cells and cells adapted to grow in high levels of lactate; this suggests stochastic switching as a potential stress adaptation mechanism in CHO cells. Further, these data suggest alanine biosynthesis as a potential stress-mitigation mechanism for excess lactate in CHO cells.