Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small Signal, Big Noise: Performance of the CIDI Depression Module

Objectives: With the release of data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Weil-Being (Cycle 1.2), researchers have, for the first time, information on several psychiatric disorders from a nationally representative sample of Canadians residing in households. This survey used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to identify persons with one or more psychiatric disorders. In this paper, our primary purpose was to evaluate the evidence supporting the validity of the CIDI—that is, the extent to which the depression diagnoses generated by the CIDI reflect true cases of depression. Method: We conducted a critical review of the CIDI, focusing on the depression module. Results: Reliability studies indicate that the CIDI performs reliably, as measured by interrater reliability. However, the use of different versions of the CIDI and the occasional exclusion of the Depression module from studies suggest that the reliability of the CIDI Depression module remains unconfirmed. The most critical issue in regard to the CIDI's performance is that clinical samples are used to test validity. A clinical sample has a higher prevalence of depression than a community sample. Conclusion: The results generated by the CIDI in a community setting likely will have a high false-positive rate, resulting in a falsely elevated prevalence rate. Given the widespread application of the CIDI internationally, addressing the outstanding concerns about validity with proper validation studies should become an international priority.
VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2

Insecticide resistance has been a problem in all insect groups that serve as vectors of emerging diseases. Although mechanisms by which insecticides become less effective are similar across all vector taxa, each resistance problem is potentially unique and may involve a complex pattern of resistance foci. The main defense against resistance is close surveillance of the susceptibility of vector populations. We describe the mechanisms of insecticide resistance, as well as specific instances of resistance emergence worldwide, and discuss prospects for resistance management and priorities for detection and surveillance. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com <Website: http://www.haworthpressinc.com>]
Comparative Activities of Doripenem versus Isolates, Mutants, and Transconjugants of Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter spp. with Characterized β-Lactamases

ABSTRACT Doripenem (S-4661), a new parenteral carbapenem, was tested against over 250 clinical isolates, mutants, and transconjugants of Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter spp. , selected or derived for their β-lactamase expression characteristics. Imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem were tested as comparators, along with cephalosporins and piperacillin-tazobactam, by using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards agar dilution methodology. Doripenem MICs were from 0.03 to 0.25 μg/ml for Klebsiella isolates, irrespective of the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) or plasmid-mediated AmpC or hyperproduced K1 β-lactamase. Similarly, MICs of doripenem for both AmpC-inducible and -derepressed Enterobacter isolates were 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml. ESBL production did not raise the MICs of doripenem for Escherichia coli transconjugants, and studies with known expression mutants confirmed that neither inducible nor depressed AmpC β-lactamase expression was protective in Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, or Morganella morganii. In all of these respects, doripenem resembled meropenem and imipenem, whereas the MICs of ertapenem were raised (but still ≤1 μg/ml) for many ESBL-producing klebsiellas and AmpC-derepressed E. cloacae and C. freundii strains. Resistance to all carbapenems, including doripenem (MICs of mostly 16 to 64 μg/ml, compared with 0.25 to 1 μg/ml for typical strains), was seen in Acinetobacter isolates with metallo-β-lactamases or OXA-carbapenemases. Isolates of Klebsiella and Serratia spp. with IMP, KPC, and SME β-lactamases also were resistant to doripenem (MICs, 8 to >64 μg/ml) and to other carbapenems, although the continued apparent susceptibility (MICs, ≤0.5 μg/ml) of E. coli derivatives with cloned IMP-1 and NMC-A β-lactamases suggested that carbapenem resistance might require other factors besides the enzymes.
Degradation elements coincide with cofactor binding sites in a short-lived transcription factor

Elaborate control of gene expression by transcription factors is common to all kingdoms of life. In eukaryotes, transcription factor abundance and activity are often regulated by targeted proteolysis via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The yeast MATα2 (α2) cell type regulator has long served as a model for UPS-dependent transcription factor degradation. Proteolysis of α2 is complex: it involves at least 2 ubiquitylation pathways and multiple regions of α2 affect its degradation. Such complexity also exists for the degradation of other UPS substrates. Here I review α2 degradation, most notably our recent identification of 2 novel degradation elements within α2 that overlap corepressor binding sites. I discuss possible implications of these findings and consider how principles of α2 proteolysis may be relevant to the degradation of other UPS substrates.
Robust Time Estimation Reconciles Views of the Antiquity of Placental Mammals

Background Molecular studies have reported divergence times of modern placental orders long before the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary and far older than paleontological data. However, this discrepancy may not be real, but rather appear because of the violation of implicit assumptions in the estimation procedures, such as non-gradual change of evolutionary rate and failure to correct for convergent evolution. Methodology/Principal Findings New procedures for divergence-time estimation robust to abrupt changes in the rate of molecular evolution are described. We used a variant of the multidimensional vector space (MVS) procedure to take account of possible convergent evolution. Numerical simulations of abrupt rate change and convergent evolution showed good performance of the new procedures in contrast to current methods. Application to complete mitochondrial genomes identified marked rate accelerations and decelerations, which are not obtained with current methods. The root of placental mammals is estimated to be ∼18 million years more recent than when assuming a log Brownian motion model. Correcting the pairwise distances for convergent evolution using MVS lowers the age of the root about another 20 million years compared to using standard maximum likelihood tree branch lengths. These two procedures combined revise the root time of placental mammals from around 122 million years ago to close to 84 million years ago. As a result, the estimated distribution of molecular divergence times is broadly consistent with quantitative analysis of the North American fossil record and traditional morphological views. Conclusions/Significance By including the dual effects of abrupt rate change and directly accounting for convergent evolution at the molecular level, these estimates provide congruence between the molecular results, paleontological analyses and morphological expectations. The programs developed here are provided along with sample data that reproduce the results of this study and are especially applicable studies using genome-scale sequence lengths.
CNN based texture synthesize with Semantic segment

Deep learning algorithm display powerful ability in Computer Vision area, in recent year, the CNN has been applied to solve problems in the subarea of Image-generating, which has been widely applied in areas such as photo editing, image design, computer animation, real-time rendering for large scale of scenes and for visual effects in movies. However in the texture synthesize procedure. The state-of-art CNN can not capture the spatial location of texture in image, lead to significant distortion after texture synthesize, we propose a new way to generating-image by adding the semantic segment step with deep learning algorithm as Pre-Processing and analyze the outcome.
Mobile technologies: prospects for their use in learning in informal science settings

Abstract: Recent developments in mobile technologies have offered the potential to support learners studying a variety of subjects. In this paper we explore the possibilities related to science learners and in particular focus on science learners in informal settings and reflect on a number of recent projects in order to consider the prospects for such work. The debate on informal learning acknowledges the complexity of the area and the difficulty of defining informal learning. One view is to consider the settings in which learning takes place as a continuum from formal settings, e.g. university, to social structures, e.g. friendship groups (Sefton-Green, 2004). The literature on science learning with mobile devices at this very 'informal' end of the spectrum is currently sparse and so in the paper we reflect on some projects and possibilities across the continuum. Our main focus is how mobile devices can support informal learning in science and research possibilities. Some of the recent research on mobile learning has used an activity theoretical perspective, including one of the case studies we discuss and in the final part of the paper we highlight the influence of activity theory in helping us to consider the complexity of the learning settings Editors: Ann Jones, Agnes Kukulska-Hulme and Daisy Mwanza. Reviewers: Jocelyn Wishart (Bristol), George Roberts (Oxford Brookes), Danae Stanton Fraser (Bath).
Balancing natural and sexual selection in sockeye salmon: interactions between body size, reproductive opportunity and vulnerability to predation by bears

Traits that increase reproductive success, such as body size and sexual dimorphism, may compromise survival, leading to opposing pressures of natural and sexual selection. Discrete populations exposed to different balances between selective forces should differ in phenotypic traits associated with natural and sexual selection. We used two proximate populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that differ in body size as a model for studying this kind of balancing selection. We hypothesized that large body size would enhance potential reproductive success through relationships with duration of nest guarding in females, and dominance and duration of reproductive life in males, but that it would be opposed by probability of premature death, chiefly from predation by bears. Longevity on the breeding grounds was primarily controlled by predation, which varied between creeks and years. Pick Creek salmon experienced less predation than those in Hansen Creek and also tended to live longer before being killed, giving Pick Creek females a higher probability of completing egg deposition and males a greater opportunity to breed than those in Hansen Creek. In addition, Hansen Creek salmon were subjected to strong, size-selective predation and also selective mortality from stranding as they ascended the mouth of the creek, whereas we found no evidence of size-selective mortality among Pick Creek salmon. Male dominance in courtship for access to females favoured large salmon, except when predation was very intense. These patterns of balancing selection were consistent with the larger body size of sockeye salmon in Pick Creek. We also found that premature mortality, especially predation by bears, can significantly truncate the reproductive opportunities of salmon, raising a cautionary note regarding controlled studies in which predation cannot occur.
Is Data Distribution Necessary in OpenMP?

This paper investigates the performance implications of data placement in OpenMP programs running on modern ccNUMA multiprocessors. Data locality and minimization of the rate of remote memory accesses are critical for sustaining high performance on these systems. We show that due to the low remote-to-local memory access latency ratio of state-of-the-art ccNUMA architectures, reasonably balanced page placement schemes, such as round-robin or random distribution of pages incur modest performance losses. We also show that performance leaks stemming from suboptimal page placement schemes can be remedied with a smart user-level page migration engine. The main body of the paper describes how the OpenMP runtime environment can use page migration for implementing implicit data distribution and redistribution schemes without programmer intervention. Our experimental results support the effectiveness of these mechanisms and provide a proof of concept that there is no need to introduce data distribution directives in OpenMP and warrant the portability of the programming model.
Implementing a play‐based and developmentally appropriate curriculum in Northern Ireland primary schools: what lessons have we learned?

In the United Kingdom tensions have existed for many years between the pedagogical traditions of pre‐school, which tend to adopt developmentally oriented practices, and the more formal or subject‐oriented curriculum framework of primary school. These tensions have been particularly acute in the context of Northern Ireland, which has the earliest school starting age throughout Europe. In response to international research evidence and practice, a play‐based and developmentally appropriate curriculum, known as the Enriched Curriculum (EC), was introduced as a pilot in Year 1 and 2 classes in over 100 primary schools in Northern Ireland between 2000 and 2002 and continued until the Foundation Stage became statutory for all primary schools in 2007. This paper outlines four key lessons that have been learned from the first four years of the evaluation of this experience. These include the value and the meaning of a play‐based curriculum; the importance of teachers’ confidence and knowledge; teaching reading in a play‐based curriculum; and easing transitions in a play‐based curriculum.
Avenues for genetic modification of radiation use efficiency in wheat.

Radiation use efficiency (RUE) of a crop is a function of several interacting physiological phenomena, each of which can be tackled independently from the point of view of genetic improvement. Although wheat breeding has not raised RUE substantially, theoretical calculations suggest room for improvement. Selection for higher rates of leaf photosynthesis at saturating light intensities (Amax) has not resulted in improved RUE of crops, perhaps in part because most leaves in a canopy are not light-saturated. However, higher Amax may be observed as a pleiotropic effect of other yield-enhancing genes (e.g. genes for reduced height). Genetic transformation of Rubisco to double its specificity for CO2 would theoretically increase Amax by perhaps 20%, and some evidence suggests that photosynthesis at sub-saturating light intensities would also be improved. However, photo-protection may be jeopardized if capacity for oxygenase activity is impaired. Photosynthetic rate of the whole eanopy can be enhanced by manipulation of leaf angle, which is under relatively simple genetic control, and possibly by manipulating leaf-N distribution throughout the canopy. Genetic diversity for adaptation of lower canopy leaves (e.g. changes in chlorophyll a:b ratio) to reduced light intensity observed in some crops needs to be investigated in wheat. Improved RUE may be achieved by increasing sink demand (i.e. kernel number) if excess photosynthetic capacity exists during grain filling, as suggested by a number of studies in which source-sink balance was manipulated. Some evidence suggests that improved sink strength may be achieved by lengthening the duration of the period for juvenile spike growth. Balancing source- and sink-strength is a complex genetic challenge since a crop will change between source and sink limitation as conditions vary during the day, and with phenological stage. Improved RUE will be partly a function of a genotype's ability to buffer itself against changes in its environment to match the demand imposed by its development. Analysis of the physiological basis of genotype by environment interactions may indicate avenues for genetic improvement. The genetic control of photosynthetic regulation may be elucidated in the future through the application of genomics. However, given a lack of specific knowledge on the genetic basis of RUE, empirical selection is currently the most powerful tool for detecting favourable genetic interactions resulting from crosses between lines with superior photosynthetic traits and other high yielding characteristics. Selection for superior segregants can be accelerated using rapidly measured physiological selection traits, such as stomatal conductance or canopy temperature depression.
Three-photon excitation in fluorescence microscopy.

We show experiments proving the feasibility of scanning fluorescence microscopy by three-photon excitation. Three-photon excitation fluorescence axial images are shown of polystyrene beads stained with the fluorophore 2,5-bis(4-biphenyl)oxazole (BBO). Three-photon excitation is performed at an excitation wavelength of 900 nm and with pulses of 130 fs duration provided by a mode-locked titanium sapphire laser. Fluorescence is collected between 350 and 450 nm. The fluorescence image signal features a third-order dependence on the excitation power, also providing intrinsic 3-D imaging. The resolution of a three-photon excitation microscope is increased over that of a comparable two-photon excitation microscope.
A High Throughput Algorithm for Data Encryption

encryption algorithm (3,12,16) was examined based on the text to be encrypted and the chosen key. It is a symmetric key algorithm and uses stream cipher i.e. data is being encrypted bit by bit. The same algorithm is used for both encryption and decryption. The data stream is XORed with the generated key sequence and the key stream is completely independent of the plaintext used. The weakness of the algorithm has been found out and is being rectified. We proposed a modification in RC4 algorithm that would result in saving the memory space and also augment the performance by reducing the time. The proposed algorithm explains that we can have the key as an image so that we can compress it and store. Hence the algorithm yields better results in hardware also.
Undiagnosed NIDDM: Clinical and Public Health Issues

U ndiagnosed NIDDM is highly prevalent in the U.S. population, reaching 10-20% in people >50 yr of age, with even higher rates in blacks and Mexican Americans. Recent data show that retinopathy begins developing at least 7 yr before clinical diagnosis of NIDDM, and that onset of NIDDM probably occurs at least 12 yr before its clinical diagnosis. Significant complications are present in patients at diagnosis; for example, 21% of newly diagnosed patients have retinopathy. Thus, during the time that diabetes remains undiagnosed and, consequently, while it remains untreated, retinopathy and other complications of diabetes are developing. Other data confirm that undiagnosed NIDDM is not a benign condition. The prevalence of macrovascular disease in undiagnosed NIDDM is about equal to that found in diagnosed diabetes, and rates of CHD in both diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes are about twice that for nondiabetic individuals. Mortality in undiagnosed diabetes is also equal to that of diagnosed diabetes, and both are significantly higher than in nondiabetic individuals. Risk factors for microand macrovascular complications in undiagnosed NIDDM are very common and are as frequent as in diagnosed NIDDM. Prevalence of hypertension is 61%, hypercholesterolemia is 49%, LDL cholesterol >130 mg/dl is 62% (>95% of whom have CHD or >2 risk factors for heart disease), hypertriglyceridemia is 28%, obesity is 50% for men and 82% for women, and cigarette smoking is 32%. Effective treatment for hyperglycemia and other risk factors for diabetic complications is available, including dietary and pharmacological therapy and lifestyle and behavioral changes. However, such treatment is either not being offered, in the case of hyperglycemia, or would likely be offered with greater intensity if the clinician were aware that the patient had diabetes. No national programs are currently available to address the issue of undiagnosed diabetes, including screening programs to detect the 6.3 million cases in the U.S. In contrast, major national efforts have been launched by the American Heart Association to fight hypertension and hyper-
Using Straggler Replication to Reduce Latency in Large-scale Parallel Computing

In cloud computing jobs consisting of many tasks run in parallel, the tasks on the slowest machines (straggling tasks) become the bottleneck in the completion of the job. One way to combat the variability in machine response time is to add replicas of straggling tasks and wait for the earliest copy to finish. Using the theory of extreme order statistics, we analyze how task replication reduces latency, and its impact on the cost of computing resources. We also propose a heuristic algorithm to search for the best replication strategies when it is difficult to model the empirical behavior of task execution time and use the proposed analysis techniques. Evaluation of the heuristic policies on Google Trace data shows a significant latency reduction compared to the replication strategy used in MapReduce.
A kallikrein-like enzyme in blood vessels of one-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats.

Active and inactive kallikrein or a kallikrein-like enzyme are found in the aorta, vena cava, and tail artery and veins of the rat. We studied the concentration of vascular kininogenase in rats with one-kidney, one clip renovascular hypertension and in unilaterally nephrectomized normotensive rats. Six weeks after surgery, active and total vascular kininogenase activity (active plus trypsin-activated) was measured. Blood pressure was 212 +/- 4 mm Hg in the hypertensive rats (n = 33) and 120 +/- 1 mm Hg in the normotensive rats (n = 32) (p less than 0.001). Active kininogenase was lower in the hypertensive rats; although the difference was not significant in the thoracic aorta (56 +/- 8 versus 77 +/- 15), it was highly significant in the abdominal aorta (63 +/- 13 versus 167 +/- 17, p less than 0.001) and tail artery (48 +/- 8 versus 197 +/- 31, p less than 0.003). Total vascular kininogenase activity (active plus trypsin-activated) was lower in the hypertensive rats in all arteries examined: thoracic aorta (183 +/- 16 versus 380 +/- 38, p less than 0.003), abdominal aorta (565 +/- 61 versus 1,093 +/- 74, p less than 0.001), and tail artery (532 +/- 112 versus 1,243 +/- 135, p less than 0.003). Active kininogenase in the vena cava was higher in the hypertensive rats (213 +/- 56 versus 131 +/- 31); however, this difference was not statistically significant, whereas in the tail veins it was highly significant (1,803 +/- 221 versus 771 +/- 79, p less than 0.003). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)