Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gbx2 Plays an Essential but Transient Role in the Formation of Thalamic Nuclei

Unlike the laminar arrangement of neurons in the neocortex, thalamic neurons aggregate to form about dozens of nuclei, many of which make topographic connections with specific areas in the neocortex. The molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of thalamic nuclei remain largely unknown. Homeodomain transcription factor Gbx2 is specifically expressed in the developing thalamus. Deleting Gbx2 leads to severe disruption of the histogenesis of the thalamus in mice, demonstrating an essential role of Gbx2 in this brain structure. Using inducible genetic fate mapping, we have previously shown that the neuronal precursors for different sets of thalamic nuclei have distinctive onset and duration of Gbx2 expression, suggesting that the dynamic expression of Gbx2 plays an important role in the specification and differentiation of thalamic nuclei. Here, we showed that the Gbx2 lineage exclusively gives rise to neurons but not glia in the thalamus. We performed conditional deletion to examine the temporal requirements of Gbx2 in the developing thalamus in mice. Corresponding to the dynamic and differential expression of Gbx2 in various thalamic nucleus groups, deleting Gbx2 at different embryonic stages disrupts formation of distinct sets of thalamic nuclei. Interestingly, different thalamic nuclei have remarkably different requirements of Gbx2 for the survival of thalamic neurons. Furthermore, although Gbx2 expression persists in many thalamic nuclei until adulthood, only the initial expression of Gbx2 following neurogenesis is crucial for the differentiation of thalamic nuclei. Our results indicate that the dynamic expression of Gbx2 may act as an important determinant in coupling with other developmental programs to generate distinct thalamic nuclei.
Public School Finance in a General Equilibrium Tiebout World: Equalization Programs, Peer Effects and Private School Vouchers

This paper uses computable general equilibrium simulations to investigate the effect of private school vouchers. It improves on past computational approaches by (i) endogenizing the funding of public schools through the modelling of an explicit political process at the school district level; (ii) embedding the private/public school choice in a Tiebout model in which agents also choose between communities that provide different public school/property tax packages; and (iii) allowing for a variety of different public school financing mechanisms ranging from purely local financing and control all the way to pure state funding. While voucher programs are shown to increase school-based stratification of agents, they tend to decrease residence-based stratification. This implies that untargeted vouchers may be equity-enhancing under some institutional settings even when there are no direct improvements in public school efficiency from increased competition. Furthermore, the effects of targeting vouchers to low income districts may not differ significantly from the effects of untargeted voucher plans.
Why the Apple Doesn't Fall Far: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital

Parents with higher education levels have children with higher education levels. However, is this because parental education actually changes the outcomes of children, suggesting an important spillover of education policies, or is it merely that more able individuals who have higher education also have more able children? This paper proposes to answer this question by using a unique dataset from Norway. Using the reform of the education system that was implemented in different municipalities at different times in the 1960s as an instrument for parental education, we find little evidence of a causal relationship between parents' education and children's education, despite significant OLS relationships. We find 2SLS estimates that are consistently lower than the OLS estimates with the only statistically significant effect being a positive relationship between mother's education and son's education. These findings suggest that the high correlations between parents' and children's education are due primarily to family characteristics and inherited ability and not education spillovers.
Magnetic resonance diffraction using the magnetic field from a ferromagnetic sphere

The theory of magnetic resonance diffraction is developed for the case of a crystal in close proximity of a ferromagnetic sphere. Distinct spectral peaks in the magnetic resonance signal are discovered for the specific ferromagnetic sphere and magnetic field configurations, and the appearance of the peaks is a direct signature of the presence of discrete atomic sites in the crystal lattice. The positions of the spectral peaks are sensitive to the crystal unit-cell size, thereby providing a method for determination of the basic parameters of the crystal at the atomic scale. The appearance of the spectral peaks is explained, and the dependence of the magnetic resonance spectra on the sphere size and the angle of the sphere magnetization with respect to the sample surface is analyzed. Applications to the studies of crystals, thin films, and crystallites are reviewed, and potential measurement methods for the confirmation of the diffraction theory are proposed. The analysis suggests that the long-desired goal of detecting atomic resolution magnetic resonance diffraction is well within reach of current experimental techniques.
Identifying interacting SNPs using Monte Carlo logic regression

Interactions are frequently at the center of interest in single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association studies. When interacting SNPs are in the same gene or in genes that are close in sequence, such interactions may suggest which haplotypes are associated with a disease. Interactions between unrelated SNPs may suggest genetic pathways. Unfortunately, data sets are often still too small to definitively determine whether interactions between SNPs occur. Also, competing sets of interactions could often be of equal interest. Here we propose Monte Carlo logic regression, an exploratory tool that combines Markov chain Monte Carlo and logic regression, an adaptive regression methodology that attempts to construct predictors as Boolean combinations of binary covariates such as SNPs. The goal of Monte Carlo logic regression is to generate a collection of (interactions of) SNPs that may be associated with a disease outcome, and that warrant further investigation. As such, the models that are fitted in the Markov chain are not combined into a single model, as is often done in Bayesian model averaging procedures. Instead, the most frequently occurring patterns in these models are tabulated. The method is applied to a study of heart disease with 779 participants and 89 SNPs. A simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the Monte Carlo logic regression approach. Genet. Epidemiol. 28:157–170, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience Integrative Neuroscience

fundamental frequency (Palmer, 1982), even when the fundamental frequency component is 'missing'. Perceptually, irrespective of their spectral content, all harmonic sounds with the same envelope perio-dicity have the same pitch. This percept, related to the envelope periodicity is called 'periodicity pitch' or – in absence of the fundamental component – the percept of the 'missing fundamental' (Schouten et al., 1962). A more or less salient periodicity pitch is obtained only in the spectral range below 5 kHz, where auditory nerve fi bers faithfully transmit temporal information and the pitch saliency improves when the neuronal analysis has access to at least partly resolved components of a harmonic sound (Langner, 1992; Pressnitzer et al. 2001). The omnipresence of harmonic sounds in nature is the reason why animals and humans have evolved auditory mechanisms which are specialized to process such sounds. For example, in the auditory midbrain neurons are tuned to different periodicities
On the effects of smoothing for deterministic QoS

In order for a network to provide end-to-end guarantees on quality of service (QoS), it must allocate its resources according to the traffic characteristics and performance requirements of its clients. However, the burstiness of typical variable bit rate traffic streams makes it difficult to provide the QoS guarantees that the network's clients require and simultaneously make efficient use of network resources. In this paper, we investigate the impact that smoothing traffic at the network's edge has on both the client's QoS and on the network's utilization. Considering the case of end-to-end deterministic QoS guarantees, we explore the analytical foundations of smoothing and identify the scenarios in which smoothing is beneficial to the network or its clients. Moreover, we quantify the potential benefits of smoothing with a set of experiments based on traces of MPEG-compressed video in heterogeneous multi-hop networking environments.
Supporting disconnectedness - transparent information delivery for mobile and invisible computing

As computing devices become ubiquitous and increasingly mobile, it is becoming apparent that the directed peer-to-peer communication model has shortcomings for many forms of distributed interprocess communication. Undirected communication, including content-based messaging, is becoming increasingly common. The paper examines the issues involved in supporting content based messaging to both mobile devices and users using a combination of connected and mobile (possibly disconnected) devices. These issues include persistence, multi-client shared subscriptions, non-destructive notification receipt, and notification expiry. The discussion is placed in the context of the development of a proxy-server to provide disconnectedness support for the Elvin content-based messaging service.
A Meta-Analysis of Influencing Collagen Intake on Skin Utilizing Big Data

빅데이터 분석은 데이터 저장소에 저장된 대용량 데이터 속에서 의미 있는 새로운 상관관계, 패턴, 추세를 발견하여 새로운 가치를 창출하는 과정이다. 메타분석은 유의성 검정이라 하기보다는 예측변수가 종속변수에 미치는 영향의 크기가 중요한 이슈이다. 따라서 본 연구는 2000년-2016년 사이 콜라겐 섭취가 피부에 미치는 영향에 관한 관련 주제로 출판된 연구 6개 논문 236개 샘플을 대상으로 하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 피지 사전사후 경로에서 가장 큰 효과크기 (r = .412)를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 콜라겐 섭취 중재는 약 17 (%) 설명력을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로, 수분 사전사후 경로에서는 효과크기 (r = .318)를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 분석결과를 바탕으로 연구의 한계와 시사점을 제시하였다.
Weakening Impact of Excessive Human Serum Albumin (eHSA) on Cisplatin and Etoposide Anticancer Effect in C57BL/6 Mice with Tumor and in Human NSCLC A549 Cells

Excessive human serum albumin (eHSA) impact on anticancer effects is inconsistent. We explored the outcome of cisplatin (DDP)/etoposide (VP-16) plus eHSA in vivo and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice with tumor were used to compare the efficacy of DDP/VP-16 alone and DDP/VP-16+eHSA. Blood albumin was measured to confirm whether eHSA elevate its level. Western blotting assay were used to measure the expression of ERCC1/TOP2A in tumor tissues. Cell proliferation, mRNA, and protein expression of ERCC1/TOP2A were also assayed to compare two groups in A549 cells. Furthermore we evaluated eHSA impact on cell proliferation in RNAi targeting ERCC1/TOP2A in A549 cells, respectively. eHSA reduced the anticancer effect of DDP/VP-16 without altering albumin level, increased protein expression of ERCC1/TOP2A, respectively in mice. Similarly, eHSA increased mRNA and proteins expression of ERCC1/TOP2A in A549 cells. In RNAi A549 cells, however, eHSA no longer weakened but enhanced the anticancer effect of DDP, while no longer altered the effect of VP-16. Our findings suggested that eHSA weaken the anticancer effect of DDP/VP-16 via up-regulating ERCC1/TOP2A expression, respectively. Further molecular mechanism studies are warranted to investigate whether eHSA is not conducive to lung cancer chemotherapy.
Returns to scale in the generation map of repeated games

This paper identifies a notion of decreasing returns to scale in the generation map of repeated games, B. Many continuous stage games, including standard oligopoly models, satisfy the condition at least for some classes of equilibria. We deduce two key implications for the set of equilibrium payoffs. First, in the infinitely repeated game, that set varies continuously in the discount factor. Second, in the finitely repeated game with any discount factor, equilibrium unraveling is not robust: a small perturbation of the long-but-finitely-repeated game is sufficient to restore nearly all equilibrium payoffs of the corresponding infinitely repeated game having the same discount factor. These properties have been previously sought, but sufficient conditions were unknown. This paper identifies a notion of decreasing returns to scale in the generation map of repeated games, B. Introduced by Abreu, Pearce, and Stacchetti (1990) in the spirit of dynamic programming, B provides a recursive characterization of the set of equilibrium payoffs of a repeated game. If the set of equilibrium continuation payoffs beginning next period is W , then the set of equilibrium payoffs this period is B(W). Here we focus on the case of perfect
Taxonomy of Musical Genres

Many researchers have been conducted to retrieve pertinent parameters and adequate models for automatic music genre classification. It plays a significant role in multimedia applications. In principle, the categorization of music is mostly done by people expert in the field. These are based on several attributes music (timbre, melody, etc.). Despite great efforts employed, the results are very subjective and not very satisfactory. In this work, an ergodic hidden model fully connected is used as one model for 65 musical pieces. Standard Real World Computing (RWC) is used as Database. After training, relative frequency of states transition (histogram) is proposed as a pattern to characterized musical genre. Also, a taxonomy based histogram is presented and compared to manual taxonomy of the RWC.
The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain

When a job-seeker and an employer meet, find a prospective surplus, and bargain over the wage, conditions in the outside labor market, including especially unemployment, may be irrelevant. The job-seeker's threat point in the bargain is to delay bargaining, not to terminate bargaining and resume search at other employers. Similarly, the employer's threat point is to delay bargaining, not to terminate it. Consequently, the outcome of the bargain depends on the relative costs of delay to the parties, not on the results of irrational threats to disclaim any bargain. In a model of the labor market that otherwise adopts all of the features of the standard Mortensen-Pissarides model, unemployment is much more sensitive to changes in productivity than in the standard model, because feedback through the wage is absent. We also present models where the wage bargain is in partial contact with conditions in the labor market.
A Census of the Young Cluster IC 348

We present a new census of the stellar and substellar members of the young cluster IC 348. We have obtained images at I and Z for a 42′ × 28′ field encompassing the cluster and have combined these measurements with previous optical and near-infrared photometry. From spectroscopy of candidate cluster members appearing in these data, we have identified 122 new members, 15 of which have spectral types of M6.5-M9, corresponding to masses of ~0.08-0.015 M☉ by recent evolutionary models. The latest census for IC 348 now contains a total of 288 members, 23 of which are later than M6 and thus are likely to be brown dwarfs. From an extinction-limited sample of members (AV ≤ 4) for a 16′ × 14′ field centered on the cluster, we construct an initial mass function (IMF) that is unbiased in mass and nearly complete for M/M☉ ≥ 0.03 (≲M8). In logarithmic units where the Salpeter slope is 1.35, the mass function for IC 348 rises from high masses down to a solar mass, rises more slowly down to a maximum at 0.1-0.2 M☉, and then declines into the substellar regime. In comparison, the similarly derived IMF for Taurus from Briceño et al. and Luhman et al. rises quickly to a peak near 0.8 M☉ and steadily declines to lower masses. The distinctive shapes of the IMFs in IC 348 and Taurus are reflected in the distributions of spectral types, which peak at M5 and K7, respectively. These data provide compelling, model-independent evidence for a significant variation of the IMF with star-forming conditions.
THE FREQUENCY OF LOW-MASS EXOPLANETS

We report first results from the Anglo-Australian Telescope Rocky Planet Search—an intensive, high-precision Doppler planet search targeting low-mass exoplanets in contiguous 48 night observing blocks. On this run, we targeted 24 bright, nearby and intrinsically stable Sun-like stars selected from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search's main sample. These observations have already detected one low-mass planet reported elsewhere (HD 16417b), and here we reconfirm the detection of HD 4308b. Further, we have Monte Carlo simulated data from this run on a star-by-star basis to produce robust detection constraints. These simulations demonstrate clear differences in the exoplanet detectability functions from star to star due to differences in sampling, data quality and intrinsic stellar stability. They reinforce the importance of star-by-star simulation when interpreting the data from Doppler planet searches. These simulations indicate that for some of our target stars we are sensitive to close-orbiting planets as small as a few Earth masses. The two low-mass planets present in our 24-star sample indicate that the exoplanet minimum mass function at low masses is likely to be a flat α ∼ −1 (for dN/dM ∝ Mα) and that between 15% ± 10% (at α = −0.3) and 48% ± 34% (at α = −1.3) of stars host planets with orbital periods of less than 16 days and minimum masses greater than 3 M⊕.
Efficacy of cognitive behavioral group therapy on depression and anxiety of mothers with mentally retarded children

Introduction and goal: cognitive behavioral group therapy is active, structured and has some time constraints which stresses the role of thinking in etiology and continuation of problems, correction of destructive thinking patterns which is thought of a common aspect of all impairments. The current research has been conducted with the aim of examining then effects of cognitive behavioral group therapy on anxiety and depression of mothers with educable boy mentally retarded children. Methodology: This research, which is a semi-experimental research, was comprised of pretest and posttest along with control group. From among all mothers with educable boy mentally retarded children in the city of Tehran, in March 2013 and the three month of 2014, the number of 16 people was selected and placed into two 8 people groups of control and experimental through random. Thereafter, all the subjects were measured by way of Beck Anxiety and Beck Depression scales. The experimental group subjects were placed under 12 ninety minute weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioral group therapy. In the end, the questionnaire was again administered to the two groups. To analyses data, statistics of frequency and percentage, average and standard deviation were used in then descriptive level while in the inferential level, Covariance analysis was applied. Findings: findings obtained indicate that the mean depression scores in the posttest of the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group and the mean anxiety scores in the posttest of the experimental group was significantly lower than the mean scores in the control group. Conclusion: Cognitive behavioral group therapy will significantly lead to reduction of depression and anxiety among mothers with mentally retarded children.
Face Hallucination under an Image Decomposition Perspective

In this paper we propose to convert the task of face hallucination into an image decomposition problem, and then use the morphological component analysis (MCA) for hallucinating a single face image, based on a novel three-step framework. Firstly, a low-resolution input image is up-sampled by interpolation. Then, the MCA is employed to decompose the interpolated image into a high-resolution image and an unsharp masking, as MCA can properly decompose a signal into special parts according to typical dictionaries. Finally, a residue compensation, which is based on the neighbor reconstruction of patches, is performed to enhance the facial details. The proposed method can effectively exploit the facial properties for face hallucination under the image decomposition perspective. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, in terms of the visual quality of the hallucinated face images.
THE K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM BASED ON CHAOS PARTICLE SWARM

Proposed the Algorithm of K-means (CPSOKM) based on Chaos Particle Swarm in order to solve the problem that K-means algorithm sensitive to initial conditions and is easy to influence the clustering effect. On the selection of the initial value problem, algo rithm using particle swarm algorithm to balance the random value uncertainty, and then by introducing a ch otic sequence, the particles move speed and position in a redefined, thus solving the initial v alue sensitivity, while the algorithm with overall search capability, but also to avoid the local optimum. Th e algorithm add acceleration factor and escape fact or in order to improve the time efficiency. Experiment re sult proved that the CPSOKM algorithm has a fast convergence speed, high stability, and good cluster ing effect.
Performance Evaluation of Clock Synchronization Algorithms

Clock synchronization algorithms ensure that physically dispersed processors have a common knowledge of time. This report proposes a survey of software fault-tolerant clock synchronization algorithms: deterministic, probabilistic and statistical ; internal and external ; and resilient from crash to Byzantine failures. Our survey is based on a classification of clock synchronization algorithms (according to their internal structure and to three orthogonal and independent basic building blocks we have identified), and on a performance evaluation of algorithms constructed from these building blocks. The performance evaluation is achieved through the simulation of a panel of fault-tolerant clock synchronization algorithms (LL88, ST87, PB95, GZ89). The algorithms behavior is analyzed in the presence of various kinds of failures (crash, omission, timing, performance, Byzantine), both when the number and type of failures respect the fault assumptions made by the algorithm and when fault assumptions are exceeded. Our survey will help the designer in choosing the most appropriate structure of algorithm and the best building blocks suited to his/her hardware architecture, failure model, quality of synchronized clocks and message cost induced. Moreover, our classification uses a uniform notation that allows to compare existing clock synchronization algorithms with respect to their fault model, the building blocks they use, the properties they ensure and their cost in terms of message exchanges.
Tagging web product titles based on hidden Markov model

E-commerce web sites usually have to maintain a large number of product information. To organize this product information, a feasible way is to add semantic tags to the information. However, the Web product information often consists of many irregular statements published by users. Therefore, it is difficult to find rules to automatically tag the product information. This paper mainly focus on the problem of tagging Web product titles and proposes a tagging method based on the hidden markov model (HMM). This method first trains HMM with the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm, then employs the Viterbi algorithm to tag product titles. Moreover, some strategies including smoothing process, background knowledge, extraction rules and simplifying HMM output observations are used for improving the quality of results. Experimental results on the real world dataset show that our method can achieve more than 51% precision and 60% recall.