Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metaphors we program by

Due to the inherent abstract nature of certain types of software development, programmers and software engineers use metaphoric language throughout many areas of their work. This paper examines some of the many metaphors found within software development and engineering. A simplistic taxonomy is used to present the metaphors that have been found. The use and importance of metaphor and programming are discussed and some consideration is given towards the origins of metaphor. Intersections with other disciplines interested in this topic are also presented. It is concluded that software developers should ideally possess the ability to both understand and to generate new metaphors to successfully develop usable and successful software
Probabilistic RDF

RDF is rapidly being adopted around the world as a paradigm for knowledge representation. However, we are not aware of any version of RDF that can express probabilistic knowledge. In this paper, we develop a framework called probabilistic RDF (pRDF for short) - we provide a syntax as well as a model theoretic and fixpoint semantics for acyclic pRDF theories. We then provide algorithms to efficiently answer queries posed to pRDF ontologies. We have developed a prototype implementation that shows that our algorithms work very well in practice
Is China Climbing Up the Quality Ladder?

There is an ongoing debate in the literature about the quality content of Chinese exports and to what extent China poses a threat to the market positions of advanced economies. While China’s export structure is very similar to that of the advanced world, its export unit values are well below the level of developed economies. Building on the assumption that unit values reflect quality, the prevailing view of the literature is that China exports low quality varieties of the same products as its advanced competitors. This paper challenges this view by relaxing the assumption that unit values reflect quality. We derive the quality of Chinese exports to the European Union by estimating disaggregated demand functions from a discrete choice model. The paper has three major findings. First, China’s share of the European Union market is larger than would be justified only by its low average prices, implying that the quality of Chinese exports is high compared to many competitors. Second, China has gained quality relative to other competitors since 1995, indicating that China is climbing up the quality ladder. Finally, our analysis of the supply side determinants reveals that the relatively high quality of Chinese exports is related to processing trade and the increasing role of global production networks in China.
Preference Level Of Bees Apis Mellifera L. To The Supplementary Feed Of Mixed Syrup And Paliasa Leaf Decoction And Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of Produced Honey

Supplementary feeding mixed with paliasa leaves (Kleinhovia hospita Linn.) to the honeybees Apis mellifera L. is expected to produce honey, which have properties of paliasa naturally. Four colonies of honeybees were fed a mixture of syrup and paliasa leaf decoction with four different concentrations, one for each colony, to produce honey essence of paliasa (HEP). In general the bees liked the given supplementary feed. Differences in color and aroma of HEP did not depend on the amount of feed consumed but were influenced by the concentration of paliasa in the supplementary feed given. The higher concentration of paliasa resulting in HEP with the darker color, the more real aroma of paliasa, and the more viscous consistency. The HEP had a sweet and sour sweet taste with pH between 4.90 and 5.15 and water content between 19.51 and 21.67%. The qualitative analysis showed that the HEP produced by bees fed without paliasa gave only positive reactions for alkaloids, while the HEP produced by bees fed with paliasa gave positive results for alkaloids, polyphenols and flavonoids. This indicated that the chemical components of paliasa were transformed by the bees into the HEP. The higher concentration of paliasa the higher level of total polyphenols and total flavonoids of HEP with the amount of total polyphenol contents was greater than the total flavonoid contents.
On Verification by Translation to Recursive Functions An Overview of the Leon Verification System

We present the Leon verification system for a subset of the Scala programming language. Along with several functional features of Scala, Leon supports imperative constructs such as mutations and loops, using a translation into recursive functional form. Both properties and programs in Leon are expressed in terms of user-defined functions. We discuss several techniques that led to an efficient semi-decision procedure for first-order constraints with recursive functions, which is the core solving engine of Leon. We describe a generational unrolling strategy for recursive templates that yields smaller satisfiable formulas and ensures completeness for counter-examples. We evaluate the benefits of these techniques on a set of examples.
Abiotic stress tolerance in rice for Asia: progress and the future

Various abiotic stresses limit rice production in rainfed environments, which comprise about 45% of the global rice area. Important stresses include water deficit, submergence, salinity, and deficiencies of P and Zn. In recent years, advances in physiology, molecular biology, and genetics have greatly improved our understanding of how rice responds to these stresses and the basis of varietal differences in tolerance. Progress has relied on the application of rather specific phenotypic screens that allow the effects of stress to be distinguished from general differences in adaptation of diverse parents. QTLs have been identified that explain a considerable portion of observed variation, and in some cases, the genes underlying specific QTLs have been identified. Transformation has been used to assess the effects of altered expression of specific stress-related genes, allowing confirmation of the importance of particular metabolic pathways. Through expression profiling of many genes simultaneously, it has been possible to identify three types of stress-responsive gene networks: early signaling pathways, adaptive responses, and genes that reflect downstream results of damage. For crop improvement, the identification of useful allelic variation for genes in the second group may be the most promising approach. Once such genes or gene combinations are identified, either molecular approaches or trait-specific physiological screens can be used to search for these superior alleles. Marker-assisted backcrossing can then be applied to incorporate these alleles into agronomically superior germplasm.
Transcriptome Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Relevant to Variegation in Peach Flowers

Background Variegation in flower color is commonly observed in many plant species and also occurs on ornamental peaches (Prunus persica f. versicolor [Sieb.] Voss). Variegated plants are highly valuable in the floricultural market. To gain a global perspective on genes differentially expressed in variegated peach flowers, we performed large-scale transcriptome sequencing of white and red petals separately collected from a variegated peach tree. Results A total of 1,556,597 high-quality reads were obtained, with an average read length of 445 bp. The ESTs were assembled into 16,530 contigs and 42,050 singletons. The resulting unigenes covered about 60% of total predicted genes in the peach genome. These unigenes were further subjected to functional annotation and biochemical pathway analysis. Digital expression analysis identified a total of 514 genes differentially expressed between red and white flower petals. Since peach flower coloration is determined by the expression and regulation of structural genes relevant to flavonoid biosynthesis, a detailed examination detected four key structural genes, including C4H, CHS, CHI and F3H, expressed at a significantly higher level in red than in white petal. Except for the structural genes, we also detected 11 differentially expressed regulatory genes relating to flavonoid biosynthesis. Using the differentially expressed structural genes as the test objects, we validated the digital expression results by using quantitative real-time PCR, and the differential expression of C4H, CHS and F3H were confirmed. Conclusion In this study, we generated a large EST collection from flower petals of a variegated peach. By digital expression analysis, we identified an informative list of candidate genes associated with variegation in peach flowers, which offered a unique opportunity to uncover the genetic mechanisms underlying flower color variegation.
Physiological and Growth Responses of Six Turfgrass Species Relative to Salinity Tolerance

The demand for salinity-tolerant turfgrasses is increasing due to augmented use of effluent or low-quality water (sea water) for turf irrigation and the growing turfgrass industry in coastal areas. Experimental plants, grown in plastic pots filled with a mixture of river sand and KOSASR peat (9 : 1), were irrigated with sea water at different dilutions imparting salinity levels of 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, or 48 dS m−1. Salinity tolerance was evaluated on the basis of leaf firing, shoot and root growth reduction, proline content, and relative water content. Paspalum vaginatum was found to be most salt tolerant followed by Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella, while Digitaria didactyla, Cynodon dactylon “Tifdwarf,” and Cynodon dactylon “Satiri” were moderately tolerant. The results indicate the importance of turfgrass varietal selection for saline environments.
Label noise correction methods

The important task of correcting label noise is addressed infrequently in literature. The difficulty of developing a robust label correction algorithm leads to this silence concerning label correction. To break the silence, we propose two algorithms to correct label noise. One utilizes self-training to re-label noise, called Self-Training Correction (STC). Another is a clustering-based method, which groups instances together to infer their ground-truth labels, called Cluster-based Correction (CC). We also adapt an algorithm from previous work, a consensus-based method called Polishing that consults with an ensemble of classifiers to change the values of attributes and labels. We simplify Polishing such that it only alters labels of instances, and call it Polishing Labels (PL). We experimentally compare our novel methods with Polishing Labels by examining their improvements on the label qualities, model qualities, and AUC metrics of binary and multi-class data sets, and ultimately conclude that only CC can significantly improve label qualities, model qualities, and AUC metrics consistently. STC and PL can improve these metrics in some cases, but not as reliably. Hence, our Cluster-based Correction method is the best.
Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health).

There is a paradoxical relationship between "race" and genetics. Whereas genetic data were first used to prove the validity of race, since the early 1970s they have been used to illustrate the invalidity of biological races. Indeed, race does not account for human genetic variation, which is continuous, complexly structured, constantly changing, and predominantly within "races. " Despite the disproof of race-as-biology, genetic variation continues to be used to explain racial differences. Such explanations require the acceptance of 2 disproved assumptions: that genetic variation explains variation in disease and that genetic variation explains racial variation in disease. While the former is a form of geneticization, the notion that genes are the primary determinants of biology and behavior, the latter represents a form of racialization, an exaggeration of the salience of race. Using race as a proxy for genetic differences limits understandings of the complex interactions among political-economic processes, lived experiences, and human biologies. By moving beyond studies of racialized genetics, we can clarify the processes by which varied and interwoven forms of racialization and racism affect individuals "under the skin. "
The origin of subdwarf B stars – I. The formation channels

Subdwarf B (sdB) stars (and related sdO/sdOB stars) are believed to be helium-core-burning objects with very thin hydrogen-rich envelopes. In recent years it has become increasingly clear from observational surveys that a large fraction of these objects are members of binary systems. To understand their formation better, we present the results of a detailed investigation of the three main binary evolution channels that can lead to the formation of sdB stars: the common-envelope (CE) ejection channel, the stable Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) channel, and the double helium white dwarfs (WDs) merger channel. The CE ejection channel leads to the formation of sdB stars in short-period binaries with typical orbital periods between 0.1 and 10 d, very thin hydrogen-rich envelopes and a mass distribution sharply peaked around similar to0.46 M-. On the other hand, under the assumption that all mass transferred is soon lost, the stable RLOF channel produces sdB stars with similar masses but long orbital periods (400-1500 d) and with rather thick hydrogen-rich envelopes. The merger channel gives rise to single sdB stars whose hydrogen-rich envelopes are extremely thin but which have a fairly wide distribution of masses (0.4-0.65 M-.). We obtained the conditions for the formation of sdB stars from each of these channels using detailed stellar and binary evolution calculations where we modelled the detailed evolution of sdB stars and carried out simplified binary population synthesis simulations. The observed period distribution of sdB stars in compact binaries strongly constrains the CE ejection parameters. The best fits to the observations are obtained for very efficient CE ejection where the envelope ionization energy is included, consistent with previous results. We also present the distribution of sdB stars in the T (eff) -log g diagram, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and the distribution of mass functions.
How to connect a voltage sag-measuring device: phase to phase or phase to neutral?

In contrast to most other power-quality phenomena, it requires several years of measurements to obtain a good insight of the voltage sag problems at a given grid connection point. In some countries, sag measurements at high- or medium-voltage level of several years are available. This paper analyzes how to calculate the sag characteristics at lower voltage levels if the sags measured at higher voltage levels are only characterized as the largest value of the voltage drop in each phase. Whether these values are based on phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral voltages turns out to be an important parameter and is therefore analyzed in detail. Based on this analysis, this paper gives guidelines on how new sag meters should preferably be connected (measuring phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral voltages).
Connecting brawn, brains, and people: an exploration of non-traditional outcomes of youth stewardship programs

Abstract Programs in which youth work collectively on an environmental stewardship project may provide social learning opportunities that support social-ecological system resilience and the development of social ties. However, few empirical investigations document the social learning processes that actually occur in these programs. This paper presents a multi-case study ethnography of six summer youth civic ecology education programs. Methods included participant observation, interviews, and group mind-mapping. The results suggest that programs offered moderate social learning contexts, with participants having little say over the direction and design of the program’s environmental stewardship goals. Nevertheless, participants worked together and collaborated on projects led by program leaders, with whom they developed strong ties. In programs focused on a single issue in one place, participants shifted their conceptual frames to include locally relevant concepts. While participants did not form strong ties with other program participants or with individuals from outside programs, they valued experiences where they led volunteers or were observed by others doing stewardship work. These results suggest that environmental stewardship programs can be designed to enhance social learning opportunities, which could incorporate strategies to increase youth developing ties with each other and with outside organizations.
Flexible Repairs for Improving the Integrity of Databases

Semantic properties of stored data can be represented by integrity constraints. Repairing violated constraints thus contributes to maintain the correctness of data. Repairing all inconsistencies in databases often is inconvenient and sometimes not feasible. We show that it is possible to conceive partial repairs that reduce the amount of extant inconsistency but do not necessarily eliminate it totally. Thus, such repairs are able to improve the integrity of the stored data, while providing more flexibility than traditional repairs that are required to be total.
Exercise training in heart failure improves quality of life and exercise capacity.

AIMS Benefit from exercise training in heart failure has mainly been shown in men with ischaemic disease. We aimed to examine the effects of exercise training in heart failure patients < or = 75 years old of both sexes and with various aetiology. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-four patients with stable mild-to-moderate heart failure were randomized to exercise or control, and 49 completed the study (49% > or = 65 years; 29% women; 24% non-ischaemic aetiology; training, n = 22; controls, n = 27). The exercise programme consisted of bicycle training at 80% of maximal intensity over a period of 4 months. Improvements vs controls were found regarding maximal exercise capacity (6 +/- 12 vs -4 +/- 12% [mean +/- SD], P < 0.01) and global quality-of-life (2 [1] vs 0 [1] units [median ¿inter-quartile range¿], P < 0.01), but not regarding maximal oxygen consumption or the dyspnoea-fatigue index. All of these four variables significantly improved in men with ischaemic aetiology compared with controls (n = 11). However, none of these variables improved in women with ischaemic aetiology (n = 5), or in patients with non-ischaemic aetiology (n = 6). The training response was independent of age, left ventricular systolic function, and maximal oxygen consumption. No training-related adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION Supervised exercise training was safe and beneficial in heart failure patients < or = 75 years, especially in men with ischaemic aetiology. The effects of exercise training in women and patients with non-ischaemic aetiology should be further examined.
The Effect of Maternal Healthcare on the Probability of Child Survival in Azerbaijan

This study assesses the effects of maternal healthcare on child survival by using nonrandomized data from a cross-sectional survey in Azerbaijan. Using 2SLS and simultaneous equation bivariate probit models, we estimate the effects of delivering in healthcare facility on probability of child survival taking into account self-selection into the treatment. For women who delivered at healthcare facilities, the probability of child survival increases by approximately 18%. Furthermore, if every woman had the opportunity to deliver in healthcare facility, then the probability of child survival in Azerbaijan as a whole would have increased by approximately 16%.
A Model for Accelerating Academic Success of Community College Remedial English Students: Is the Accelerated Learning Program (ALP) Effective and Affordable? CCRC Working Paper No. 21.

This paper presents the findings from a quantitative analysis of the Community College of Baltimore County’s Accelerated Learning Program (ALP). Under ALP, students placed into upper-level developmental writing are “mainstreamed” into English 101 classes and simultaneously enrolled in a companion ALP course (taught by the same instructor) that meets in the class period immediately following the English 101 class. The aim of the ALP course, which has only eight students, is to help students maximize the likelihood of their success in English 101. Our results suggest that among students who place into the highest level developmental writing course, participating in ALP is associated with substantially better outcomes in terms of English 101 completion and English 102 completion, the two primary outcomes ALP was designed to improve. However, we found no evidence that ALP students’ greater likelihood of completing English 101 and 102 correlates with increased rates of college persistence or passing other college-level courses. Looking at the costs of ALP in relation to our findings on its effects, we found that ALP is a more cost-effective pathway through the required collegelevel English courses than the traditional developmental English sequence as measured by cost per successful student ($2,680 versus $3,122). A rough cost-benefit analysis finds that the benefits of ALP are more than double the costs.
Techniques for Preserving QoS Performance in Contention-Based IEEE 802.11e Networks

The new information and communication technologies should allow users to enjoy current as well as future applications and services in an efficient and effective way, in order to achieve a certain level of user perceived satisfaction. Such applications are mainly based on heterogeneous multimedia flows with different characteristics and requirements. Audio, text, video and voice are the basic components of multimedia flows and they have different needs for efficient delivery.
Supersymmetric IIB Solutions with Schrodinger Symmetry

We find a class of non-relativistic supersymmetric solutions of IIB supergravity with non-trivial B-field that have dynamical exponent n = 2 and are invariant under the Schrodinger group. For a general Sasaki-Einstein internal manifold with U(1)3 isometry, the solutions have two real supercharges. When the internal manifold is S5, the number of supercharges can be four. We also find a large class of non-relativistic scale invariant type IIB solutions with dynamical exponents different from two. The explicit solutions and the values of the dynamical exponents are determined by vector eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Laplacian on an Einstein manifold.
Les appartenances identitaires et la construction d'une posture énonciative chez les élèves: un exemple en classe d'histoire

History teaching in schools aims to disseminate subject-specific content to pupils as well as inculcate specific modes of thinking, enabling them to understand the past. However, this understanding stems from disciplinary knowledge instead of common sense knowledge. During a history lesson on immigration, the social groups under study are subjected to stereotyping and social hierarchical order emanating from intergroup relations. We will argue that the mobilization of these groups may constitute an obstacle understanding the various situations studied. The aim of this article is to highlight four pitfalls of history teaching in a secondary school classroom in Geneva, Switzerland. Through the analysis of an extract of classroom interaction during a history lesson, the following observations emerge. Firstly, pupils find it difficult to adopt a discursive stance while taking into account multiple voices. Secondly, certain key concepts of history are insufficiently conceptualized. Thirdly, pupils as individuals have a strong tendency to identify themselves with a nationalistic standpoint, as seeming reduced sense of essentialism. Lastly, an overgeneralized discourse in the classroom leads to dehumanization of certain social groups under study.