Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iteration based temporal subcycling finite-difference time-domain algorithm with applications to the through-the-wall radar detection analysis

The nite-di erence time-domain (FDTD) method is a widely used numerical technique for solving the time domain Maxwell's equations of electrodynamics. To accurately model small structures in relatively large computational domain, the subgridding technique is applied to save computational cost. In this dissertation, we rst investigate the stability of the subgridding FDTD method and show the late-time instability due to temporal subcycling. To overcome the late-time instability problem, we propose a novel stable iteration based temporal subcycling FDTD algorithm for solving the Maxwell's equations in time domain. The stability of our method is analyzed using eigenvalue test and veri ed by performing long time simulation of millions of steps. Through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) is emerging as a viable technology for providing high quality image of enclosed structures. In our research, we apply the proposed temporal subcycling FDTD algorithm to simulate the through-the-wall radar (TWR) and employ a radar imaging method to reconstruct the object.
Enhanced Sensitivity in Optical Sensors through Self-Image Theory and Graphene Oxide Coating

This paper presents an approach to enhancing sensitivity in optical sensors by integrating self-image theory and graphene oxide coating. The sensor is specifically engineered to quantitatively assess glucose concentrations in aqueous solutions that simulate the spectrum of glucose levels typically encountered in human saliva. Prior to sensor fabrication, the theoretical self-image points were rigorously validated using Multiphysics COMSOL 6.0 software. Subsequently, the sensor was fabricated to a length corresponding to the second self-image point (29.12 mm) and coated with an 80 µm/mL graphene oxide film using the Layer-by-Layer technique. The sensor characterization in refractive index demonstrated a wavelength sensitivity of 200 ± 6 nm/RIU. Comparative evaluations of uncoated and graphene oxide-coated sensors applied to measure glucose in solutions ranging from 25 to 200 mg/dL showed an eightfold sensitivity improvement with one bilayer of Polyethyleneimine/graphene. The final graphene oxide-based sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 10.403 ± 0.004 pm/(mg/dL) and demonstrated stability with a low standard deviation of 0.46 pm/min and a maximum theoretical resolution of 1.90 mg/dL.
A Mechanistic Model of Perceptual Binding Predicts That Binding Mechanism Is Robust against Noise

The concept of the brain’s own time and space is central to many models and theories that aim to explain how the brain generates consciousness. For example, the temporo-spatial theory of consciousness postulates that the brain implements its own inner time and space for conscious processing of the outside world. Furthermore, our perception and cognition of time and space can be different from actual time and space. This study presents a mechanistic model of mutually connected processes that encode phenomenal representations of space and time. The model is used to elaborate the binding mechanism between two sets of processes representing internal space and time, respectively. Further, a stochastic version of the model is developed to investigate the interplay between binding strength and noise. Spectral entropy is used to characterize noise effects on the systems of interacting processes when the binding strength between them is varied. The stochastic modeling results reveal that the spectral entropy values for strongly bound systems are similar to those for weakly bound or even decoupled systems. Thus, the analysis performed in this study allows us to conclude that the binding mechanism is noise-resilient.
Engineering in Oxygen-incorporated monolayer MoS2 for Effi-cient Hydrogen Evolution

MoS2 is a promising alternative to Pt in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its low cost. To enhance the catalytic properties of the 2H MoS2 inert basal plane, we propose an approach of employing oxygen incorporated MoS2 as a catalyst for HER. Different density of oxygen substitution doped monolayer MoS2 samples (MoS1.51O0.49, MoS1.55O0.45, MoS1.67O0.33) were achieved by chemical vapor deposition method and their catalytic performance were tested. Experimentally, we demonstrate that oxygen substitution can activate the inert basal plane and the catalytic performance is dependent on the oxygen substitution percentage. Also, combining with DFT calculations, we confirm that oxygen substitution act as catalytic sites. Our work provides a strategy for enhancing of monolayer MoS2 HER activities through in situ substitution doping.
Psychometric characteristics of the career adapt-abilities scale in Thai undergraduate students: a multiple indicators multiple causes model

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Career Adapt-abilities Scale (CAAS) and analyze the relationships between sociodemographic variables and career adaptability using the MIMIC model with DIF. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the CAAS, consisting of four sub-scales—concern, control, curiosity, and confidence—each comprising six items, was administered to 620 undergraduate students from 34 universities in Thailand. Among the participants, women constituted 66.77%, while men accounted for 32.58% (Mean Age = 20.33). To explore the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on specific CAAS item responses, a Multiple-Indicators, Multiple-Causes model with Differential Item Functioning (MIMIC-model with DIF) was employed. Results The findings revealed robust internal consistency and reliability in the CAAS. Both the four-factor and second-order factor models exhibited excellent fit indices, emphasizing the significance of each item within the measure. Sociodemographic characteristics did not demonstrate a significant direct effect on the four CAAS subscales, it is worth noting the exception regarding paternal education. Paternal education was found to have a statistical significance impact on two specific CAAS items: “looking for opportunities to grow as a person” and “becoming curious about new opportunities. ” Conclusion These findings underscore the intricate influence of paternal education on specific aspects of career adaptability, suggesting that certain dimensions of career adaptability may be shaped by factors extending beyond the conventional sociodemographic variables examined in this study. Future research could delve deeper into the complex interplay of sociodemographic factors and individual attributes to provide a more holistic perspective on career adaptability in Thailand.
Exploring The Factors Affecting Consumer Preparedness For Smart Home Technology In Indonesia

SSmart home technology is becoming more popular globally, including in Indonesia. However, its adoption is still early, mainly due to the public's limited awareness of this technology. This study uses the Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM) to assess individuals' readiness to embrace smart home technology. This research was conducted using SEM PLS with 271 respondents selected through purposive sampling, using 34 questions with a 5-point Likert scale. Positive outlook and user-friendliness have a role in how people value smart home technology, according to the study's findings. Optimism, inventiveness, and discomfort all affecthow easy something is to use. Anxiety and unease can play a role in how we interpret danger. Smart home technology adoption is influenced by factors such as its perceived value, simplicity of use, and cost significantly and positively.
Study on the ionospheric TEC storms over China

Ionospheric TEC is an important parameter for space weather research,monitoring and forecasting.This paper introduces the ionospheric TEC disturbance index(DI) that is the relative deviation of the vertical TEC.By investigating the DI data at Qingdao and other five GPS observations in China the value of DI0.35(DI≤-0.30) has been selected as the criterion of positive(negative) ionospheric TEC disturbed state,and the ionospheric TEC storm event is identified when the DI values satisfy above criterion in six consecutive hours or more.Statistical analysis of the TEC storm events has shown that the section between sunset and midnight is the occurrence peak period of the TEC storm.The average duration is about 10.9 h(10.5 h) for the positive(negative) ionospheric TEC storm.For the positive storm,the occurrence is higher in winter and lower in summer.For the negative storm,the occurrence is highest in summer.The ionosphere at GUAN(lies in the ionospheric equatorial anomaly crest)and HLAR(a high-mid latitude station) are more disturbed than BJSH(a typical mid latitude station). And the positive TEC storm event is dominant in low latitudes.It is shown that about 70% of TEC storm events accompany with the geomagnetic disturbances.But the ionospheric TEC storms are not entirely caused by the geomagnetic disturbances,and the intense weather events and other local environmental factors may also play important roles in the ionospheric TEC disturbances.
Transcriptional consequences of trisomy 21 on neural induction

Introduction Down syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, is a complex developmental disorder associated with intellectual disability and reduced growth of multiple organs. Structural pathologies are present at birth, reflecting embryonic origins. A fundamental unanswered question is how an extra copy of human chromosome 21 contributes to organ-specific pathologies that characterize individuals with Down syndrome, and, relevant to the hallmark intellectual disability in Down syndrome, how trisomy 21 affects neural development. We tested the hypothesis that trisomy 21 exerts effects on human neural development as early as neural induction. Methods Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on isogenic trisomy 21 and euploid human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at successive stages of neural induction: embryoid bodies at Day 6, early neuroectoderm at Day 10, and differentiated neuroectoderm at Day 17. Results Gene expression analysis revealed over 1,300 differentially expressed genes in trisomy 21 cells along the differentiation pathway compared to euploid controls. Less than 5% of the gene expression changes included upregulated chromosome 21 encoded genes at every timepoint. Genes involved in specific growth factor signaling pathways (WNT and Notch), metabolism (including oxidative stress), and extracellular matrix were altered in trisomy 21 cells. Further analysis uncovered heterochronic expression of genes. Conclusion Trisomy 21 impacts discrete developmental pathways at the earliest stages of neural development. The results suggest that metabolic dysfunction arises early in embryogenesis in trisomy 21 and may affect development and function more broadly.
Trace element distribution and implications in sediments across the allerød–younger dryas boundary in the netherlands and belgium

Abstract In the Northern Hemisphere, the Younger Dryas cooling occurred between 12.8 and 11.7 ka bp. This cooling is thought to have been the result of an abrupt change in atmospheric and oceanic circulations. One of the hypotheses explaining such a change suggests that just before the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling, multiple airbursts/impacts occurred over the Northern Hemisphere. We studied the late Pleistocene sediments from the Netherlands and Belgium to check whether a sudden short event might have taken place just before the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling. The geochemical features revealed suggest that such events might have occurred. The presence of products of biomass burning is suggested on the basis of trace element features of sediments from the lower Younger Dryas boundary. The presence of a volcanic component and a component resulting from extensive biomass burning in the sediments of c. 12.9 ka bp are indicated on the basis of trace element features. The volcanic component may be related to the Laacher See volcano eruption, whereas the cause of the extensive biomass burning remains unclear.
INTERPRETATION OF BOUGUER ANOMALY TO DETERMINE FAULT AND SUBSURFACE STRUCTURE AT BLAWAN-IJEN GEOTHERMAL AREA

Gravity survey has been acquired by Gravimeter Lacoste & Romberg G-1035 at Blawan-Ijen geothermal area. It was a focusing study from previous research. The residual Bouguer anomaly data was obtain after applying gravity data reduction, reduction to horizontal plane, and upward continuation. Result of Bouguer anomaly interpretation shows occurrence of new faults and their relative movement. Blawan fault (F1), F2, F3, and F6 are normal fault. Blawan fault is main fault controlling hot springs at Blawan-Ijen geothermal area. F4 and F5 are oblique fault and forming a graben at Banyupahit River. F7 is reverse fault. Subsurface model shows that Blawan-Ijen geothermal area was dominated by the Ijen caldera forming ignimbrite (ρ1=2.670 g/cm3), embedded shale and sand (ρ2=2.644 g/cm3) as Blawan lake sediments, magma intrusion (ρ3=2.814 g/cm3 & ρ7=2.821 g/cm3), andesite rock (ρ4=2.448 g/cm3) as geothermal reservoir, pyroclastic air fall deposits (ρ5=2.613 g/cm3) from Mt. Blau, and lava flow (ρ6=2.890 g/cm3).
Analysis of high resolution polarimetric SAR in urban areas

Parallel to the conventional (statistical, spectral) description of mixed urban classes for image segmentation, the description on the basis of cues and related spatial properties is used within the classification process. Recently we concentrate very much on strong model-based classification, which may lead to a classification not covering the whole area due to the implementation of insufficient models (class descriptions). Major interest is related to urban features like urban fabric, continuous urban fabric (dense, medium dense), discontinuous urban fabric (dense residential, sparse residential, residential blocks) as well as industrial areas.
An overview of the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in the central Arctic during MOSAiC

Abstract. Observations collected during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) provide an annual cycle of the vertical thermodynamic and kinematic structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in the central Arctic. A self-organizing map (SOM) analysis conducted using radiosonde observations shows a range in the Arctic ABL vertical structure from very shallow and stable, with a strong surface-based virtual potential temperature (θv) inversion, to deep and near neutral, capped by a weak elevated θv inversion. The patterns identified by the SOM allowed for the derivation of criteria to categorize stability within and just above the ABL, which revealed that the Arctic ABL during MOSAiC was stable and near neutral with similar frequencies, and there was always a θv inversion within the lowest 1 km, which usually had strong to moderate stability. In conjunction with observations from additional measurement platforms, including a 10 m meteorological tower, ceilometer, and microwave radiometer, the radiosonde observations and SOM analysis provide insight into the relationships between atmospheric vertical structure and stability, as well as a variety of atmospheric thermodynamic and kinematic features. A low-level jet was observed in 76 % of the radiosondes, with stronger winds and low-level jet (LLJ) core located more closely to the ABL corresponding with weaker stability. Wind shear within the ABL was found to decrease, and friction velocity was found to increase, with decreasing ABL stability. Clouds were observed within the 30 min preceding the radiosonde launch 64 % of the time. These were typically low clouds, corresponding to weaker stability, where high clouds or no clouds largely coincided with a stable ABL.
Unlocking English proficiency: Youtube's impact on speaking skills among indonesian university students

This study examines the factors affecting the intention to use and actual use of YouTube in improving English-speaking skills in Indonesia. To meet the aims, we extended the theory of technology acceptance model (TAM); two external factors, subjective norms, and perceived enjoyment, to support the TAM variables (perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude, intention to use, and actual use). Data were collected through a survey with 526 measurable responses from Indonesian preservice English teachers in three Indonesian universities. The data were analyzed through partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), measurement, and structural model. The findings informed that all hypothesized relationships were accepted and confirmed. The strongest relationship emerged between intention to use and actual use. Meanwhile, the weakest correlation was between subjective norms and perceived ease of use. The study facilitates recommendations for future researchers, language educators, and all related parties.
A Comprehensive Survey of EEG Preprocessing Methods for Cognitive Load Assessment

Preprocessing electroencephalographic (EEG) signals during computer-mediated Cognitive Load tasks is crucial in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). This process significantly influences subsequent EEG analysis and the efficacy of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models employed in Cognitive Load Assessment. Consequently, it stands as an indispensable procedure for developing dependable systems capable of adapting to users’ cognitive capacities and constraints. We systematically analyzed fifty-seven (57) research papers on computer-mediated Cognitive Load EEG experiments published between 2018 and 2023. The preprocessing methods identified were multiple, controversial, and strongly dependent on the particularities of each experiment and the derived experimental dataset. Our investigation involved the meticulous classification of preprocessing methods based on distinct parameters, namely the degree of user intervention, the noise level, and the subject pool size. Particular attention was paid to semi-automated denoising technology since conventional methods, advanced approaches, and standardized pipelines overwhelm research, but no optimum solution is available yet. This survey is anticipated to provide a valuable contribution to the rising demand for an efficient and fully automated preprocessing approach in EEG-based computerized Cognitive Load experiments.
Preliminary Characterization of Submarine Basalt Magnetic Mineralogy Using Amplitude‐Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility

The past ∼200 million years of Earth's geomagnetic field behavior have been recorded within oceanic basalts, many of which are only accessible via scientific ocean drilling. Obtaining the best possible paleomagnetic measurements from such valuable samples requires an a priori understanding of their magnetic mineralogies when choosing the most appropriate protocol for stepwise demagnetization experiments (either alternating field or thermal). Here, we present a quick, and non‐destructive method that utilizes the amplitude‐dependence of magnetic susceptibility to screen submarine basalts prior to choosing a demagnetization protocol, whenever conducting a pilot study or other detailed rock‐magnetic characterization is not possible. We demonstrate this method using samples acquired during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 391. Our approach is rooted in the observation that amplitude‐dependent magnetic susceptibility is observed in basalt samples whose dominant magnetic carrier is multidomain titanomagnetite (∼TM60–65, (Ti0.60–0.65Fe0.35–0.40)Fe2O4). Samples with low Ti contents within titanomagnetite or samples that have experienced a high degree of oxidative weathering do not display appreciable amplitude dependence. Due to their low Curie temperatures, basalts that possess amplitude‐dependence should ideally be demagnetized either using alternating fields or via finely‐spaced thermal demagnetization heating steps below 300°C. Our screening method can enhance the success rate of paleomagnetic studies of oceanic basalt samples.
Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation strategies of local communities in Malawi: experiences of women fish-processing groups in the Lake Chilwa Basin

Abstract. In recent years, research on climate change and human security has received much attention among policy makers and academia alike. Communities in the Global South that rely on an intact resource base and struggle with poverty, existing inequalities and historical injustices will especially be affected by predicted changes in temperature and precipitation. The objective of this article is to better understand under what conditions local communities can adapt to anticipated impacts of climate change. The empirical part of the paper answers the question as to what extent local women engaged in fish processing in the Chilwa Basin in Malawi have experienced climate change and how they are affected by it. The article assesses an adaptation project designed to make those women more resilient to a warmer and more variable climate. The research results show that marketing and improving fish processing as strategies to adapt to climate change have their limitations. The study concludes that livelihood diversification can be a more effective strategy for Malawian women to adapt to a more variable and unpredictable climate rather than exclusively relying on a resource base that is threatened by climate change.
Explaining the Behaviour of Reinforcement Learning Agents in a Multi-Agent Cooperative Environment Using Policy Graphs

The adoption of algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been rapidly increasing during the last few years. However, some aspects of AI techniques are under heavy scrutiny. For instance, in many use cases, it is not clear whether the decisions of an algorithm are well informed and conforming to human understanding. Having ways to address these concerns is crucial in many domains, especially whenever humans and intelligent (physical or virtual) agents must cooperate in a shared environment. In this paper, we apply an explainability method based on the creation of a Policy Graph (PG) based on discrete predicates that represent and explain a trained agent’s behaviour in a multi-agent cooperative environment. We show that from these policy graphs, policies for surrogate interpretable agents can be automatically generated. These policies can be used to measure the reliability of the explanations enabled by the PGs through a fair behavioural comparison between the original opaque agent and the surrogate one. The contributions of this paper represent the first use case of policy graphs in the context of explaining agent behaviour in cooperative multi-agent scenarios and present experimental results that sets this kind of scenario apart from previous implementations in single-agent scenarios: when requiring cooperative behaviour, predicates that allow representing observations about the other agents are crucial to replicate the opaque agent’s behaviour and increase the reliability of explanations.