Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina.

UNLABELLED Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is the most common rust disease of wheat. The fungus is an obligate parasite capable of producing infectious urediniospores as long as infected leaf tissue remains alive. Urediniospores can be wind-disseminated and infect host plants hundreds of kilometres from their source plant, which can result in wheat leaf rust epidemics on a continental scale. This review summarizes current knowledge of the P. triticina/wheat interaction with emphasis on the infection process, molecular aspects of pathogenicity, rust resistance genes in wheat, genetics of the host parasite interaction, and the population biology of P. triticina. TAXONOMY Puccinia triticina Eriks. : kingdom Fungi, phylum Basidiomycota, class Urediniomycetes, order Uredinales, family Pucciniaceae, genus Puccinia. HOST RANGE Telial/uredinial (primary) hosts: common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum), cultivated emmer wheat (T. dicoccon) and wild emmer wheat (T. dicoccoides), Aegilops speltoides, goatgrass (Ae. cylindrica), and triticale (X Triticosecale). Pycnial/aecial (alternative) hosts: Thalictrum speciosissimum (= T. flavum glaucum) and Isopyrum fumaroides. IDENTIFICATION Leaf rust is characterized by the uredinial stage. Uredinia are up to 1.5 mm in diameter, erumpent, round to ovoid, with orange to brown uredinia that are scattered on both the upper and the lower leaf surfaces of the primary host. Uredinia produce urediniospores that are sub-globoid, average 20 microm in diameter and are orange-brown, with up to eight germ pores scattered in thick, echinulate walls. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Wheat varieties that are fully susceptible have large uredinia without causing chlorosis or necrosis in the host tissues. Resistant wheat varieties are characterized by various responses from small hypersensitive flecks to small to moderate size uredinia that may be surrounded by chlorotic and/or necrotic zones. USEFUL WEBSITE USDA Cereal Disease Laboratory: http://www.ars. usda.gov/mwa/cdl.
Energy Efficiency and Optimal Power Allocation in Virtual-MIMO Systems

This paper investigates energy efficiency (EE) performance of a virtual multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) wireless system using the receiver- side cooperation with the compress-and-forward protocol. We derive a linear approximation of EE as a function of spectral efficiency (SE) in the low SE operation regime. In addition, we obtain a closed-form lower bound for EE which is valid for both low and high SE regions. This lower bound can be used for optimizing the power allocation between the transmitter and the relay in order to minimize the overall energy per bit consumption in the system. Both analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the virtual MIMO system using the receiver-side cooperation outperforms the multiple- input single-output (MISO) case in terms of energy efficiency. Finally we show that, with the optimal power allocation, the virtual-MIMO system achieves an EE performance close to that of an ideal MIMO system.
Comprehensive family therapy: an effective approach for cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia

Background Antipsychotic medication has limited abilities to improve the cognitive impairments that accompany schizophrenia. Adding psychosocial treatment may result in marked improvements in cognitive function, as compared to antipsychotic treatment alone. We hypothesized that a combination of individual and family interventions may be a useful cognitive rehabilitation paradigm for schizophrenia. Materials and methods An 18-month follow-up clinical trial of 256 stabilized patients with schizophrenia at six communities in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China were randomly assigned to into either a comprehensive family therapy (CFT) group or a usual daily care (UDC) group. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were the primary outcome instruments for this study. Results There was no significant difference between the CFT and UDC for all demographic characteristics at the baseline assessment. During the 18-month follow-up observation, changes in RBANS total score indicated that patients undergoing CFT showed greater improvement from baseline to the follow-up assessments in cognitive function than those in the UDC group (F=9.77, P=0.002). Post hoc analysis showed that the CFT group presented with significant differences in the RBANS total score, immediate memory, visuospatial skill, language, attention, and delayed memory sections compared with the UDC after 18 months of follow-up (all P<0.01). Conclusion Our findings suggest that CFT can be easily adapted and may prove to be an effective approach for improving cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Our program provides a potential paradigm for cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia patients in the community.
Toward localizing genes underlying cerebral asymmetry and mental health

Genome investigations of autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and dyslexia suggest possible genetic overlap. Atypical cerebral asymmetry (ACA), the absence of the left hemisphere dominance for language, may be a shared phenotype due to genes located in regions of overlap. A binomal test is used to evaluate whether linked regions overlap more than expected by chance for 15 genome‐wide scans in autism, ADHD, and dyslexia. Significant evidence of linkage overlap (P = 10−7) is seen for autism, ADHD, and dyslexia for seven chromosomal regions (2p11–12, 5p13, 7q22–33, 9q33–34, 13q22, 16p13, and 17p11–q11). Linkage analysis of ACA and molecular markers for 270 sibling pairs with ADHD is conducted using the Haseman–Elston statistic. Linkage analysis supports ACA as a shared phenotype with risk genes located on 9q33–34 or 16p13 (P < 0.004). Further support stems from the overlap of these regions in schizophrenia, bipolar illness, specific language impairment (SLI), and handedness, all traits associated with ACA. Autism, ADHD, and dyslexia share regions of linkage overlap and ACA may be a shared phenotype for such genes similar to HLA in autoimmune disease. Because ACA is associated with certain aspects of creativity, such risk genes may also be enhancer genes for creativity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helping Consumers Achieve Recommended Intakes of Whole Grain Foods

According to research data from both the USDA and private companies, Americans consume approximately one serving of whole grain foods per day. Current guidelines recommend three or more servings a day. The health benefits of whole grains are well documented. However, convincing Americans to eat them, especially in the amount recommended, has been unsuccessful. Adults and children give a variety of reasons for not choosing whole grain foods, including these: a lack of understanding of the health benefits of whole grain foods, an inability to identify whole grain foods at the point of purchase, their taste, their cost, the time it takes to prepare them and the availability of whole grain foods in stores. This paper addresses some of the misconceptions surrounding whole grain foods and offers strategies for helping consumers choose more whole grain products. In addition, we present historical information on the consumption trends of whole grains as well as educational and promotional opportunities that industry and health professionals can use to encourage the public to eat more whole grains.
An overview of the 100-car naturalistic study and findings

A key to the development of effective crash countermeasures is an understanding of pre-crash causal and contributing factors. This research effort was initiated to provide an unprecedented level of detail concerning driver performance, behavior, environment, driving context and other factors that were associated with critical incidents, near crashes and crashes for 100 drivers across a period of one year. A primary goal was to provide vital exposure and pre-crash data necessary for understanding causes of crashes, supporting the development and refinement of crash avoidance countermeasures, and estimating the potential of these countermeasures to reduce crashes and their consequences. The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study database contains many extreme cases of driving behavior and performance, including severe fatigue, impairment, judgment error, risk taking, willingness to engage in secondary tasks, aggressive driving, and traffic violations. The data set includes approximately 2,000,000 vehicle miles, almost 43,000 hours of data, 241 primary and secondary drivers, 12 to 13 months of data collection for each vehicle, and data from a highly capable instrumentation system including five channels of video and vehicle kinematics. From the data, an “event” database was created, similar in classification structure to an epidemiological crash database, but with video and electronic driver and vehicle performance data. The events are crashes, near crashes and other “incidents. ” Data was classified by pre-event maneuver, precipitating factor, event type, contributing factors, and the avoidance maneuver exhibited. Parameters such as vehicle speed, vehicle headway, time-to-collision, and driver reaction time are also recorded. This paper presents the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study method, including instrumentation and vehicle characteristics, and a sample of study results. Presented analyses address the driver characteristics, the role of inattention and distraction in rear-end and lane change events. In addition, the methodological attributes of naturalistic data collection and the implications for a larger-scale naturalistic data collection effort are provided.
Why we Play Games: Four Keys to More Emotion without Story

The following specification discloses an encatheter adapted for biaxial flow for receipt of a syringe at one end with a main axial passage interconnecting a plastic or teflon insertion conduit at the other end adapted for placement in a blood vessel with a needle. The hub in its main axial passage, has a flapper or one way control valve, that can be made of an elastomeric material. The valve is adapted for receiving the needle therethrough for simultaneous insertion of the insertion conduit and the needle within the interior of a blood vessel. The insertion conduit remains within the blood vessel after the needle is removed, at which time a second interior tube is implaced within the insertion conduit through the main axial passage and valve to provide coaxial orientation between the two. Th conduit and tube each respectively connect to a biaxial flow device for branched flow through the device to two rubber tubes. The first tube connected to the conduit allows body fluid to flow to an exterior device for processing, such as a hemodialysis machine, while the second tube returns to the coaxial tube for flow back to the blood vessel after processing the body fluid.
Transcriptional properties and splicing of the flamenco piRNA cluster

In Drosophila, the piRNA cluster, flamenco, produces most of the piRNAs (PIWI‐interacting RNAs) that silence transposable elements in the somatic follicle cells during oogenesis. These piRNAs are thought to be processed from a long single‐stranded precursor transcript. Here, we demonstrate that flamenco transcription is initiated from an RNA polymerase II promoter containing an initiator motif (Inr) and downstream promoter element (DPE) and requires the transcription factor, Cubitus interruptus. We show that the flamenco precursor transcript undergoes differential alternative splicing to generate diverse RNA precursors that are processed to piRNAs. Our data reveal dynamic processing steps giving rise to piRNA cluster precursors.
On the correlation between drain-gate breakdown voltage and hot-electron reliability in InP HEMTs

By comparing devices with different recess widths, we show that the off-state drain-gate breakdown voltage (BV/sub DG/) may give totally misleading indications on the reliability of lattice-matched InP HEMTs under hot-electron (HE) and impact ionization conditions, from both standpoints of gradual and catastrophic degradation. Since the hot-electron degradation effects observed in our HEMTs are quite common, we believe that our results should be considered as a general caveat whenever indications on HE HEMT robustness are inferred from BV/sub DG/ measurements.
On sampled-data models for model predictive control

In this paper we discuss how to obtain accurate and simple sampled-data models for model predictive control (MPC) in power electronics. We highlight the role that relative degree plays in the model accuracy. To support our presentation, we review examples from the literature where model complexity, time-varying parameters, and nonlinearities make the discretization procedure a key issue to achieve good performance in MPC strategies. Moreover, we propose a general discretization procedure based on a simple Taylor series expansion, which provides a sampled model with higher accuracy than Euler approximation.
HUMAN KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE-ON-A-CHIP FOR DRUG TRANS- PORTER STUDIES AND NEPHROTOXICITY ASSESSMENT

We introduce a simple microfluidic device that mimics function of the kidney proximal tubule by integrating a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel and human proximal tubule cells on a porous extracellular matrix (ECM)coated porous membrane. This allows us to culture the kidney epithelial cells under a low level (0.2 dyne/cm 2 ) of fluid shear stress that mimics that of the normal kidney tubule. By providing in this system, a more physiological microenvironment, we are able to enhance epithelial cell polarization, cytoskeletal reorganization, primary cilia formation and response to renal toxins. These results suggest that our system is useful for studying human-relevant renal toxicity, and has the potential for drug development and advanced tissue engineering applications.
Combined Effects of High Pressure Processing and Addition of Soy Sauce and Olive Oil on Safety and Quality Characteristics of Chicken Breast Meat

This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of high pressure (HP) with the addition of soy sauce and/or olive oil on the quality and safety of chicken breast meats. Samples were cut into 100 g pieces and 10% (w/w) of soy sauce (SS), 10% (w/w) of olive oil (OO), and a mixture of both 5% of soy sauce and 5% olive oil (w/w) (SO) were pressurized into meat with high pressure at 300 or 600 MPa. Cooking loss was lower in OO samples than SS samples. With increased pressure to 600 MPa, the oleic acid content of OO samples increased. The total unsaturated fatty acids were the highest in SO and OO 600 MPa samples. Lipid oxidation was retarded by addition of olive oil combined with HP. The addition of olive oil and soy sauce followed by HP decreased the amount of volatile basic nitrogen during storage and reduced the population of pathogens. Sensory evaluation indicated that the addition of olive oil enhanced the overall acceptance and willingness to buy. In conclusion, the combination of HP with the addition of soy sauce and/or olive oil is an effective technology that can improve chemical, health, sensory qualities and safety of chicken breast.
The role of exhaled nitric oxide assessment in children with bronchial asthma

Background Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) assessment in children with bronchial asthma (BA) is an easy and non-invasive test that provides informations on the presence of bronchial inflammation. Methods The study included 110 children aged between 5–18 years with a diagnosis of BA. The patients were assessed clinically (objective examination, questionnaire regarding the disease control) and by medical tests (exhaled breath analysis for nitric oxide, induced sputum, spirometry). Results Of the 33 patients with non-atopic BA, 9 (27.27%) presented normal eNO values, and 24 (72.72%) had higher than normal levels. There were 26 patients with controlled BA, 59 with partially controlled BA and 25 with uncontrolled BA, the levels of eNO demonstrating the existence of the statistically significant differences between the mean values of the variables obtained in the studied groups (p=0.003). Increased individual values were more frequently noted in patients with an exacerbation of asthma in the last month (70% vs 56.6%), but the differences were not statistically significant. Of the 77 patients with atopic BA, 35 (45.45%) had normal eNO, while 42 (54.54%) had increased values. The normal values of the eNO were most frequently noted in patients undergoing treatment with inhaled glucocorticoids (IGC). Patients with low percent of eosinophils in sputum had increased eNO values (p=0.03). Conclusions The investigation of the airways by measuring the eNO levels is a useful method of assessing bronchial inflammation in children with bronchial asthma, in order to establish the disease responsiveness and therapy.
The meaning of money: An individual-difference perspective

We discuss individual differences in the meanings people attach to money. We briefly review the management theory and research that describe money as a motivator and how attitudes about pay influence behavior. Following this is a section on money as an individual-difference construct, how it is defined and measured, and to what it is related. We conclude the article with a discussion of how an understanding of this individual-difference variable can further our theory, research, and practice in the areas of human resource management and organizational behavior.
A systematic review of the scales used for the measurement of cancer-related fatigue (CRF).

BACKGROUND Fatigue in cancer is very common and can be experienced at all stages of disease and in survivors. There is no accepted definition of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and no agreement on how it should be measured. A number of scales have been developed to quantify the phenomenon of CRF. These vary in the quality of psychometric properties, ease of administration, dimensions of CRF covered and extent of use in studies of cancer patients. This review seeks to identify the available tools for measuring CRF and to make recommendations for ongoing research into CRF. METHODS A systematic review methodology was used to identify scales that have been validated to measure CRF. The inclusion criteria required the scale to have been validated for use in cancer patients and/or widely used in this population. Scales also had to meet a minimum quality score for inclusion. RESULTS The reviewers identified 14 scales that met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly used scales and best validated were the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Fatigue (FACT F), the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C30) (fatigue subscale) and the Fatigue Questionnaire (FQ). CONCLUSIONS Unidimensional scales are the easiest to administer and have been most widely used. The authors recommend the use of the EORTC QLQ C30 fatigue subscale or the FACT F. The FQ gives a multidimensional assessment and has also been widely used. A substantial minority of the scales identified have not been used extensively or sufficiently validated in cancer patients and cannot be recommended for routine use without further validation.
Generalization Performance of Fisher Linear Discriminant Based on Markov Sampling

Fisher linear discriminant (FLD) is a well-known method for dimensionality reduction and classification that projects high-dimensional data onto a low-dimensional space where the data achieves maximum class separability. The previous works describing the generalization ability of FLD have usually been based on the assumption of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) samples. In this paper, we go far beyond this classical framework by studying the generalization ability of FLD based on Markov sampling. We first establish the bounds on the generalization performance of FLD based on uniformly ergodic Markov chain (u.e.M.c.) samples, and prove that FLD based on u.e. M.c. samples is consistent. By following the enlightening idea from Markov chain Monto Carlo methods, we also introduce a Markov sampling algorithm for FLD to generate u.e. M.c. samples from a given data of finite size. Through simulation studies and numerical studies on benchmark repository using FLD, we find that FLD based on u.e. M.c. samples generated by Markov sampling can provide smaller misclassification rates compared to i.i. d. samples.
The practical indispensability of articulation work to immediate and remote help-giving

This paper argues that the design of remote help-giving systems should be grounded in articulation work and the methodical ways in which help-givers and help-seekers coordinate their problem solving activities. We provide examples from ethnographic studies of both immediate and remote help-giving to explicate what we mean by articulation work and to tease out common and characteristic methods involved in help-seeking and the giving of expert advice. We then outline how emerging technologies might best be used to support articulation work in the design and development of systems for remote troubleshooting of devices with embedded computing capabilities.
Password Policy Purgatory

IT system users, (all of us), and administrators, (increasingly large numbers of us), must all manage some passwords. In this article, the author reviews some issues related to password policies and concludes that managing passwords, in any sensible manner, is becoming more and more of a nuisance for users, a factor that should be to the forefront when administrators are creating password policies.
Tumor Classification Using High-Order Gene Expression Profiles Based on Multilinear ICA

Motivation. Independent Components Analysis (ICA) maximizes the statistical independence of the representational components of a training gene expression profiles (GEP) ensemble, but it cannot distinguish relations between the different factors, or different modes, and it is not available to high-order GEP Data Mining. In order to generalize ICA, we introduce Multilinear-ICA and apply it to tumor classification using high order GEP. Firstly, we introduce the basis conceptions and operations of tensor and recommend Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier and Multilinear-ICA. Secondly, the higher score genes of original high order GEP are selected by using t-statistics and tabulate tensors. Thirdly, the tensors are performed by Multilinear-ICA. Finally, the SVM is used to classify the tumor subtypes. Results. To show the validity of the proposed method, we apply it to tumor classification using high order GEP. Though we only use three datasets, the experimental results show that the method is effective and feasible. Through this survey, we hope to gain some insight into the problem of high order GEP tumor classification, in aid of further developing more effective tumor classification algorithms.