Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost-E ective Adaptive Error Control Using a Hybrid of FEC and ARQ in Wireless Networks

Wireless links are known to su er location-dependent, time-varying, and bursty errors. This paper considers adaptive error-control schemes in the data link layer for reliable communication over wireless links, in which the error-control code and frame length are chosen adaptively based on the estimated channel state/condition. Three error-control schemes are considered according to (1) the number of code segments a packet is divided into, and (2) the way a lost packet is retransmitted. Through throughput performance and computation complexity analyses, these three schemes are compared, and then one of them is claimed to be the most attractive in terms of computation complexity and practicality even though its throughput performance is not the best. Simulation results also verify that this scheme works well over a time-varying fading channel. Error control for the MAC header and its e ect on the performance of each error-control scheme are also considered since, without proper error protection for the header, it would be futile to exercise error control on the user data.
On the Achievable Rate of Generalized Spatial Modulation Using Multiplexing Under a Gaussian Mixture Model

Spatial modulation (SM) is a new modulation technique where the information to be sent is encoded using one or more symbols and the subspace over which the symbols are transmitted. Unfortunately, a general capacity analysis that encompasses different forms of SM systems has not been developed. In this paper, we consider a general form of SM, where the number of transmitted data streams is allowed to vary. We refer to this form of SM as generalized spatial modulation with multiplexing (GSMM). A Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is shown to accurately model the transmitted spatially modulated signal using a precoding framework. Using this transmit model, a closed-form expression for the achievable rate when operating over Rayleigh fading channels is evaluated, and tight upper and lower bounds for the achievable rate are proposed. The expressions of the achievable rate obtained are flexible enough to accommodate any form of SM-where any subspace can be used for the transmission-by adjusting the precoding set. Simulations are presented to show the tightness of the proposed bounds. The effect of the system dimensions and a comparison with other prominent capacity results are also demonstrated in simulations.
Gene Sampling Strategies for Multi-Locus Population Estimates of Genetic Diversity (θ)

Background Theoretical work suggests that data from multiple nuclear loci provide better estimates of population genetic parameters than do single loci, but just how many loci are needed and how much sequence is required from each has been little explored. Methodology/Principle Findings To investigate how much data is required to estimate the population genetic parameter θ (4Neμ) accurately under ideal circumstances, we simulated datasets of DNA sequences under three values of θ per site (0.1, 0.01, 0.001), varying in both the total number of base pairs sequenced per individual and the number of equal-length loci. From these datasets we estimated θ using the maximum likelihood coalescent framework implemented in the computer program Migrate. Our results corroborated the theoretical expectation that increasing the number of loci impacted the accuracy of the estimate more than increasing the sequence length at single loci. However, when the value of θ was low (0.001), the per-locus sequence length was also important for estimating θ accurately, something that has not been emphasized in previous work. Conclusions/Significance Accurate estimation of θ required data from at least 25 independently evolving loci. Beyond this, there was little added benefit in terms of decreasing the squared coefficient of variation of the coalescent estimates relative to the extra effort required to sample more loci.
Cardiovascular Opportunistic Infections in HIV Disease

Cardiovascular opportunistic infections are fairly encountered in patients with HIV disease. The search on this topic was carried out electronically via peer-reviewed articles in PubMed sources, Cochrane reviews and other medically-oriented search engines. Most opportunistic infections occur when the CD4 counts fall below 200/mL. The spectrum of presentations in-cludes pericarditis, pericardial effusion, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, endocarditis, pulmonary arterial hypertension and aneurysmal disease. The incidence of these complica-tions showed significant difference between the periods prior and after the introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In addition, some complications are pe-culiar to certain region of the world notably tuberculous pericarditis in areas of endemic tu-berculosis. The management of these conditions requires meticulous diagnosis, supportive therapies, prompt detection and treatment of opportunistic infections. Furthermore, the early institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy had altered the course of most of the HIV-related cardiac complications. The physicians managing these patients should also be aware of complications of treatment and potential drug-drug interactions.
High-Rate Distributed Space-Time-Frequency Coding for Wireless Cooperative Networks

In this paper, we propose high-rate distributed space-time-frequency codes (DSTFCs) to exploit maximum achievable diversity gains over frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed designs achieve full-rate for any number of cooperative nodes, and allow channel variations over multiple OFDM blocks within one DSTFC codeword. We analyze diversity gains of DSTFCs through both conditional and average pairwise error probability (PEP), and we proposes better design criteria based on one-side channel conditional PEP. We show that the difference between the frequency-selective channel orders of source-to-relay and relay-to-destination links may provide extra diversity advantages, thus additional performance gains. Through Monte-Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that proposed high-rate DSTFCs provide notable diversity advantages over existing designs.
Instruction flow-based front-end throttling for power-aware high-performance processors

We present a number of power-aware instruction front-end (fetch/decode) throttling methods for high-performance dynamically-scheduled superscalar processors. Our methods reduce power dissipation by selectively turning on and off instruction fetch and decode. Moreover, they have a negligible impact on performance as they deliver instructions just in time for exploiting the available parallelism. Previously proposed front-end throttling methods rely on branch prediction confidence estimation. We introduce a new class of methods that exploit information about instruction flow (rate of instructions passing through stages). We show that our methods can boost power savings over previously proposed methods. In particular, for an 8-way processor a combined method reduces traffic by 14%, 20%, 6% and 6% for the fetch, decode, issue and complete stages respectively while performance remains mostly unaffected. The best previously proposed method reduces traffic by 10%, 15%, 4% and 4% respectively.
A novel TCF7L2 type 2 diabetes SNP identified from fine mapping in African American women

SNP rs7903146 in the Wnt pathway’s TCF7L2 gene is the variant most significantly associated with type 2 diabetes to date, with associations observed across diverse populations. We sought to determine whether variants in other Wnt pathway genes are also associated with this disease. We evaluated 69 genes involved in the Wnt pathway, including TCF7L2, for associations with type 2 diabetes in 2632 African American cases and 2596 controls from the Black Women’s Health Study. Tag SNPs for each gene region were genotyped on a custom Affymetrix Axiom Array, and imputation was performed to 1000 Genomes Phase 3 data. Gene-based analyses were conducted using the adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP) statistic. The PSMD2 gene was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes after correction for multiple testing (corrected p = 0.016), based on the nine most significant single variants in the +/- 20 kb region surrounding the gene, which includes nearby genes EIF4G1, ECE2, and EIF2B5. Association data on four of the nine variants were available from an independent sample of 8284 African American cases and 15,543 controls; associations were in the same direction, but weak and not statistically significant. TCF7L2 was the only other gene associated with type 2 diabetes at nominal p <0.01 in our data. One of the three variants in the best gene-based model for TCF7L2, rs114770437, was not correlated with the GWAS index SNP rs7903146 and may represent an independent association signal seen only in African ancestry populations. Data on this SNP were not available in the replication sample.
CD134L Engagement Enhances Human B Cell Ig Production: CD154/CD40, CD70/CD27, and CD134/CD134L Interactions Coordinately Regulate T Cell-Dependent B Cell Responses1

CD134 is a member of the TNFR family expressed on activated T cells, whose ligand, CD134L, is found preferentially on activated B cells. We have previously reported that the CD70/CD27 interaction may be more important in the induction of plasma cell differentiation after the expansion phase induced by the CD154/CD40 interaction has occurred. When CD134-transfected cells were added to PBMCs stimulated with pokeweed mitogen, IgG production was enhanced in a dose-dependent fashion. Addition of CD134-transfected cells to B cells stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain/IL-2 resulted in little if any enhancement of B cell IgG production and proliferation. We found that while CD134-transfected cells induced no IgG production by themselves, it greatly enhanced IgG production in the presence of CD40 stimulation or T cell cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The addition of CD134-transfected cells showed only a slight increase in the number of plasma cells compared with that in the culture without them, indicating that an increased Ig production rate per cell is responsible for the observed enhancing effect of CD134L engagement rather than increase in plasma cell generation. These results strongly suggest different and sequential roles of the TNF/TNFR family molecules in human T cell-dependent B cell responses through cell-cell contacts and the cytokine network.
X R D S @bullet S P R I N G 2 0 1 2 @bullet V O L . 1 8 @bullet N O . 3 Pseudorandomness and Derandomization

R andomized algorithms (that is, algorithms that make random choices at various points in their execution) are used to test the primality of large numbers, to perform approximate computations in complex models arising in physics and in finance, to save memory in " streaming " algorithms, to encrypt or authenticate messages in cryptographic protocols, and in several other applications. Since the 1970s, theoretical computer scientists have been wondering how necessary is the use of random-ness in such applications. In cryptographic applications, the use of randomness is necessary, at the very least in order to select passwords or secret keys that are difficult for an attacker to guess. Although it is an important question to determine how much randomness is necessary to guarantee a given level of security. In algorithmic applications, it is somewhat counterintuitive that ran-domness would help at all.921 is prime, which is a question with a determined yes/no answer, why should it help to make random choices? The point is that one can look at the problem of checking if a number is prime as the problem of looking for a " certificate " that a given number n is composite; a non-trivial divisor is clearly such a certificate, but there are other ones, such as an integer a such that a n ≡ ⁄ a (mod n), or four distinct square roots (mod n) of the same integer. Rabin, Solovay and Strassen [1, 2] proved that there is a good chance of finding such certificates just by picking them at random, even though no efficient method to deterministically construct them was known. In this article, we will follow the theoretical computer science convention of calling an algorithm " efficient " if its running time is at most a polynomial function of the length of the input. When the input is an integer n, its " length " is the number of bits in the binary representation of n, that is log 2 n, so an efficient algorithm for testing pri-mality is an algorithm running in time O((log n) c) for some constant c. The algorithms of Rabin and of Solovay and Strassen are also efficient in the standard sense that they run reasonably fast even on very large inputs. Markov-Chain Monte Carlo methods , such as the Metropolis algorithm, are very effective randomized algorithmic techniques to find good approximations to problems arising in statistical physics and finance. …
A Simple Test of Simple Rules: Can They Improve How Monetary Policy is Implemented with Inflation Targets?

The authors evaluate whether an assortment of simple rules could improve how the Bank of Canada implements its inflation-targeting monetary policy. They focus on measuring the correlation between the deviations of inflation from the target and the lagged deviations of rule recommendations from the actual policy interest rate. This empirical procedure evaluates the rules in a model-free environment and uses historical data over the Bank’s inflation-targeting regime. The authors find that the Bank would not improve its policy of targeting inflation by paying more attention to the advice provided by these rules.
A Rigorous and Comprehensive Analysis of Effort for Modeling Aspect State Machines: Results from a Series of Controlled Experiments

In this paper, we report a comprehensive analysis of Effort required for performing various modeling activities, based on the data we collected from a series of controlled experiments. These experiments were conducted to evaluate the overall applicability of a UML profile for Aspect-oriented Modeling (AOM): AspectSM. AspectSM was developed to model crosscutting behaviors on UML state machines and has been successfully applied for supporting model-based robustness testing at Cisco Systems, Norway. Our analysis results show that Effort required for applying AspectSM does not deviate significantly from Effort required for applying non-AOM modeling approaches for various modeling activities related to crosscutting behaviors. In addition, our previous studies show that AspectSM helps achieving improved readability of state machines, improved modeling quality, and increased understandability, reduced modeling errors, and require lesser number of modeling elements. Therefore, we conclude that modeling crosscutting behaviors using AspectSM can bring significant benefits in practice at no significant additional Effort as compared to using standard UML state machines.
Dysfunctional endogenous analgesia during exercise in patients with chronic pain: to exercise or not to exercise?

BACKGROUND Exercise is an effective treatment for various chronic pain disorders, including fibromyalgia, chronic neck pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic low back pain. Although the clinical benefits of exercise therapy in these populations are well established (i.e. evidence based), it is currently unclear whether exercise has positive effects on the processes involved in chronic pain (e.g. central pain modulation). OBJECTIVES Reviewing the available evidence addressing the effects of exercise on central pain modulation in patients with chronic pain. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Exercise activates endogenous analgesia in healthy individuals. The increased pain threshold following exercise is due to the release of endogenous opioids and activation of (supra)spinal nociceptive inhibitory mechanisms orchestrated by the brain. Exercise triggers the release of beta-endorphins from the pituitary (peripherally) and the hypothalamus (centrally), which in turn enables analgesic effects by activating μ-opioid receptors peripherally and centrally, respectively. The hypothalamus, through its projections on the periaqueductal grey, has the capacity to activate descending nociceptive inhibitory mechanisms. However, several groups have shown dysfunctioning of endogenous analgesia in response to exercise in patients with chronic pain. Muscle contractions activate generalized endogenous analgesia in healthy, pain-free humans and patients with either osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, but result in increased generalised pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia patients. In patients having local muscular pain (e.g. shoulder myalgia), exercising non-painful muscles activates generalized endogenous analgesia. However, exercising painful muscles does not change pain sensitivity either in the exercising muscle or at distant locations. LIMITATIONS The reviewed studies examined acute effects of exercise rather than long-term effects of exercise therapy. CONCLUSIONS A dysfunctional response of patients with chronic pain and aberrations in central pain modulation to exercise has been shown, indicating that exercise therapy should be individually tailored with emphasis on prevention of symptom flares. The paper discusses the translation of these findings to rehabilitation practice together with future research avenues.
Biosynthesis and in vivo localization of the decapentaplegic-Vg-related protein, DVR-6 (bone morphogenetic protein-6)

DVR-6 (BMP-6 or Vgr-1) is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of polypeptide signaling molecules. In situ hybridization studies have previously shown that DVR-6 RNA is expressed in a variety of cell types in the mouse embryo, but no information has been available on protein localization and biosynthesis. We have produced a polyclonal antibody to the proregion of DVR-6 and used it to localize the protein in whole mount and sectioned embryonic, newborn, and adult mouse tissues. DVR-6 protein is expressed in the mouse nervous system beginning at 9.5 days postcoitum (d.p.c.) and continues through adulthood. A variety of epithelial tissues also produce DVR-6 protein, including the suprabasal layer of the skin, bronchiolar epithelium, and the cornea. Additionally, a stably transfected cell line, BMGE+H/D6c4, is used to study the biosynthesis of DVR-6 protein and evidence is presented for translational regulation of DVR-6 expression.
International Management Ethics: A Critical, Cross-cultural Perspective

What can we learn about management ethics from other cultures and societies? In this textbook, cross-cultural management theory is applied and made relevant to management ethics. To help the reader understand different approaches that global businesses can take to operate successfully and ethically, there are chapters focusing on specific countries and regions. As well as giving the wider geographical, political and cultural contexts, the book includes numerous examples in every chapter to help the reader critique universal assumptions of what is ethical. By taking a closer look at the way we view other cultures and their values, the author challenges us to rethink commonly held assumptions and approaches in cross-cultural management, and to apply a more critical approach.
Assessing the public health impact of state health benefit mandates.

OBJECTIVE To document the process used in assessing the public health impact of proposed health insurance benefit mandates in California as part of the California Health Benefits Review Program (CHBRP) to serve as a guide for other states interested in incorporating a public health impact analysis into their state mandated benefit review process. BACKGROUND As of September 2004, of the 26 states that require reviews of mandated benefit legislation, 25 required an assessment of the cost impact, 12 required an assessment of the medical efficacy, and only 6 had language requiring an assessment of the public health impact. METHODOLOGY This paper presents the methodology used to calculate the overall public health impact of each mandate. This includes a discussion of data sources, required data elements, and the methods used to quantify the impact of a mandated health insurance benefit on: overall public health, on gender and racial disparities in health outcomes, on premature death, and on the economic loss associated with disease. In addition we identify the limitations of this type of analysis. CONCLUSIONS The approach that California has adopted to review proposed health benefit mandates represents a leap forward in its consideration of the impact of such mandates on the health of the population. the approach is unique in its specific requirements to address public health impacts as well as the attempt to quantify these impacts by the CHBRP team. The requirement to make available this information to the state government has the potential, ultimately, to increase the availability of health insurance products in California that will maximize public health.
La construcción de modelos mentales espaciales a partir de descripciones verbales

Se llevo a cabo un experimento para investigar la construccion de representaciones mentales a partir de descripciones espaciales. Los sujetos leyeron frase a frase una serie de descripciones determinadas e indeterminadas sobre relaciones espaciales entre diversos objetos, con una tarea de lectura autoadministrada. Inmediatamente despues de leer cada descripcion, los sujetos verificaron si una relacion explicita o implicita entre dos objetos era verdadera o falsa en relacion con el contenido de la descripcion. Los resultados mostraron que los sujetos leyeron mas rapido las frases criticas de las descripciones determinadas que las de las descripciones indeterminadas. Ademas, los sujetos cometieron menos errores en la verificacion de frases sobre relaciones explicitas en las descripciones determinadas que en las indeterminadas. La comparacion entre la verificacion de relaciones explicitas e implicitas arrojo resultados poco consistentes. Los resultados sugieren que los sujetos construyen modelos mentales de descripciones espaciales, y que se incorpora en la representacion tanto informacion superficial como del contenido del texto.
The Role of Vertical Linkages in the Propagation of the Global Downturn of 2008 ∗

Beginning in mid-2007, the world witnessed a sequence of increasingly disturbing outcomes in the housing and financial sectors in the United States and several European countries. Then, in September 2008, a critical point was reached with the entire U.S. financial system seemingly reaching the brink of collapse and Europe simultaneously experiencing multiple financial crises. Until that month, most countries and most nonfinancial sectors had been spared any significant spillover effects emanating from the distressed financial sectors in the U.S. and other countries. After that watershed month, the crisis became truly global in its geographic and sectoral reach. Of the 14 countries whose GDP exceeded 1 trillion dollars in 2007, countries which collectively account for three-fourths of world GDP, only India and China experienced growth in the last quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009. The other 12 countries all suffered real GDP declines, ranging from 2.5 percent in Canada to 10.8 percent in Russia. The change in global GDP growth between the middle two quarters of 2008 and the ensuing two ∗PRELIMINARY. The views expressed here are those of the authors and are not necessarily reflective of views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, the Federal Reserve System, or the International Monetary Fund.