Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Further support for aneuploidy tolerance in wild yeast and effects of dosage compensation on gene copy-number evolution

In our prior work by Hose et al., we performed a genome-sequencing survey and reported that aneuploidy was frequently observed in wild strains of S. cerevisiae. We also profiled transcriptome abundance in naturally aneuploid isolates compared to isogenic euploid controls and found that 10–30% of amplified genes, depending on the strain and affected chromosome, show lower-than-expected expression compared to gene copy number. In Hose et al., we argued that this gene group is enriched for genes subject to one or more modes of dosage compensation, where mRNA abundance is decreased in response to higher dosage of that gene. A recent manuscript by Torres et al. refutes our prior work. Here, we provide a response to Torres et al., along with additional analysis and controls to support our original conclusions. We maintain that aneuploidy is well tolerated in the wild strains of S. cerevisiae that we studied and that the group of genes enriched for those subject to dosage compensation show unique evolutionary signatures. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14409. 001
The History of Supervision: A Critical Review

Leddick and Bernard review the counseling literature and describe the historical evolution of the practice of supervision from a polarized state to its current trend toward collaboration. The authors analyze several therapy models, and describe direct and indirect supervision activities. This article concludes by calling attention to assumptions in the counseling and supervision literature that have yet to receive the benefit of evaluation and research.
Physician and patient communication training in primary care: effects on participation and satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a communication skills training program for physicians and patients. DESIGN A randomized experiment to improve physician communication skills was assessed 1 and 6 months after a training intervention; patient training to be active participants was assessed after 1 month. Across three primary medical care settings, 156 physicians treating 2,196 patients were randomly assigned to control group or one of three conditions (physician, patient, or both trained). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient satisfaction and perceptions of choice, decision-making, information, and lifestyle counseling; physicians' satisfaction and stress; and global ratings of the communication process. RESULTS The following significant (p < .05) effects emerged: physician training improved patients' satisfaction with information and overall care; increased willingness to recommend the physician; increased physicians' counseling (as reported by patients) about weight loss, exercise, and quitting smoking and alcohol; increased physician satisfaction with physical exam detail; increased independent ratings of physicians' sensitive, connected communication with their patients, and decreased physician satisfaction with interpersonal aspects of professional life. Patient training improved physicians' satisfaction with data collection; if only physician or patient was trained, physician stress increased and physician satisfaction decreased. CONCLUSION Implications for improving physician-patient relationship outcomes through communication skills training are discussed.
Pharmacotherapy and mortality in atrial fibrillation--a cohort of men and women 75 years or older in Sweden.

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiovascular morbidity, not least among elderly people, and is treated with different classes of cardiovascular pharmacotherapies. HYPOTHESIS Cardiovascular drugs may have a different impact on survival in elderly patients with AF in primary health care. METHODS A cohort of 3,020 men and 3,749 women aged ≥75 and diagnosed with AF were selected from 75 primary care centres in Sweden. Laplace regression was used with years to death of the first 10% of the participants as the outcome. Independent variables were prescribed cardiovascular drugs. Regression models were adjusted for a propensity score comprising age, cardiovascular co-morbidities, socio-economic factors and other cardiovascular pharmacotherapies. RESULTS Overall, mortality was 18.2%. The main finding of this study was survival increases associated with anticoagulants versus no treatment and versus antiplatelets of 1.95 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-2.48) and 0.78 years (95% CI 0.38-1.18), respectively, and survival increases associated with thiazides and calcium channel blockers of 0.81 years (95% CI 0.43-1.18) and 0.83 years (95% CI 0.47-1.18), respectively, in men and women together (results from sex-adjusted models). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that anticoagulants, thiazides and calcium channel blockers may lead to longer survival in elderly patients with AF.
The Effects of the Number of Scale Points and Non-Normality on the Generalizability Coefficient: A Monte Carlo Study

Increasingly, assessment practitioners use generalizability coefficients to estimate the reliability of scores from performance tasks. Little research, however, examines the relation between the estimation of generalizability coefficients and the number of rubric scale points and score distributions. The purpose of the present research is to inform assessment practitioners of (a) the optimum number of scale points necessary to achieve the best estimates of generalizability coefficients and (b) the possible biases of generalizability coefficients when the distribution of scores is non-normal. Results from this study indicate that the number of scale points substantially affects the generalizability estimates. Generalizability estimates increase as scale points increase, with little bias after scales reach 12 points. Score distributions had little effect on generalizability estimates.
sw-SVM: sensor weighting support vector machines for EEG-based brain–computer interfaces

In many machine learning applications, like brain–computer interfaces (BCI), high-dimensional sensor array data are available. Sensor measurements are often highly correlated and signal-to-noise ratio is not homogeneously spread across sensors. Thus, collected data are highly variable and discrimination tasks are challenging. In this work, we focus on sensor weighting as an efficient tool to improve the classification procedure. We present an approach integrating sensor weighting in the classification framework. Sensor weights are considered as hyper-parameters to be learned by a support vector machine (SVM). The resulting sensor weighting SVM (sw-SVM) is designed to satisfy a margin criterion, that is, the generalization error. Experimental studies on two data sets are presented, a P300 data set and an error-related potential (ErrP) data set. For the P300 data set (BCI competition III), for which a large number of trials is available, the sw-SVM proves to perform equivalently with respect to the ensemble SVM strategy that won the competition. For the ErrP data set, for which a small number of trials are available, the sw-SVM shows superior performances as compared to three state-of-the art approaches. Results suggest that the sw-SVM promises to be useful in event-related potentials classification, even with a small number of training trials.
Vieillissement, fonctions exécutives et métamémoire : dissociation entre le « feeling-of-knowing » (sentiment de savoir) en mémoire épisodique et en mémoire sémantique

Cette etude analyse les effets du vieillissement sur la precision du jugement de Feeling-Of-Knowing (FOK) en memoire episodique et semantique. Suite a la presentation de paires de mots en memoire episodique et a la presentation de definitions portant sur les memes mots en memoire semantique, les sujets devaient predire, dans les deux cas, la possibilite qu’ils avaient de reconnaitre ulterieurement les items non rappeles. Les resultats ont montre un deficit de la precision du jugement de FOK chez les sujets âges uniquement en memoire episodique. La relation entre le jugement de FOK episodique, les mesures de memoire et le fonctionnement executif a aussi ete etudiee. Des analyses de correlations et de regressions ont revele qu’un indice executif composite etait correle uniquement au FOK episodique et que cet indice apparaissait comme le principal facteur explicatif de l’effet de l’âge sur la precision du jugement de FOK episodique.
Reply: Mutations in TUBB4A and spastic paraplegia

Thank you for the opportunity to reply to the correspondence concerning our recent publication, “Mosaic dominant TUBB4A mutation in an inbred family with complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. ” We read with great interest the letter from Kumar et al., entitled “Mutations in TUBB4A and Spastic Paraplegia. ” Mutations in TUBB4A have been associated with a continuum of neurological conditions, ranging from early-onset severe hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum syndrome to the clinically milder, adultonset dystonia type 4. In general, the complexity of genotype–phenotype correlations is becoming increasingly evident with the use of new genetic technologies, which have repeatedly demonstrated that mutations in the same gene can cause widely different phenotypes, whereas identical phenotypes can be caused by diverse gene defects. The major challenge is to subsequently determine the underlying molecular mechanisms giving rise to this phenomenon. In the family reported by Kancheva et al., the patients satisfied the clinical criteria for hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) as proposed by Harding in 1984, namely, predominant lower spastic paraplegia and lack of weakness and spasticity in the upper limbs 20 to 29 y after the clinical onset. Supratentorial white matter (WM) lesions were present but were mild relative to the age of the patients. Age is considered to be an important factor influencing magnetic resonance imaging patterns in hypomyelinating disorders, because in most affected adolescents and adults cerebral/ cerebellar atrophy with little or no myelin in the WM is observed. From the clinical point of view, the differentiation between hypomyelination disorders and complicated HSP is a difficult issue given the common manifestations, such as developmental delay, nystagmus, cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, and a growing number of reported cases of HSP with WM lesions on conventional magnetic resonance imaging or on diffusion tensor imaging, complicating such differentiation. Mutations in PLP1 have been described in 2 allelic disorders, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia 2, both characterized by WM lesions, varying from patchy abnormalities to diffuse leukoencephalopathy. In the affected family described by Kancheva et al., our clinical diagnosis was complicated HSP, and our analytical approach was TABLE 1. Characteristics of HSP patient sample
Cross‐linking of CD26 by antibody induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase

CD26, a T‐cell activation antigen that has dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in its extracellular domain and has also been shown to play an important role in T‐cell activation. The earliest biochemical events seen in stimulated T lymphocytes activated through the engagement of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) is the tyrosine phosphorylation of a panel of cellular proteins. In this study we demonstrate that antibody‐induced cross‐linking of CD26 in CD26‐transfected Jurkat cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins with a similar pattern to that seen after TCR/CD3 stimulation. Herbimycin A, an inhibitor of the src family protein tyrosine kinases dramatically inhibited this CD26‐mediated effect on tyrosine phosphorylation. Major tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were identified by immunoblotting, and included p56lck, p59fyn, zeta associated protein‐tyrosine kinase of 70 000 MW (ZAP‐70), mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase, c‐Cbl, and phospholipase Cγ. CD26‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase correlated with increased MAP kinase activity. In addition, CD26 was costimulatory to CD3 signal transduction since co‐cross‐linking of CD26 and CD3 antigens induced prolonged and increased tyrosine phosphorylation in comparison with CD3 activation alone. We therefore conclude that CD26 is a true costimulatory entity that can up‐regulate the signal transducing properties of the TCR.
Remembering Numbers in Old Age: Mnemonic Training Versus Self-Generated Strategy Training

The effectiveness of two memory training programs designed to enhance four-digit number recall was examined in 90 healthy older adults. One group received instruction and training in the number-consonant mnemonic, whereas another group was instructed to adopt their own encoding and retrieval strategies to enhance number recall. Also, a control group receiving no training between testing occasions was included. The criterion task was administered according to the Buschke selective reminding procedure. Posttest performance was evaluated with and without cognitive support for remembering (i.e., verbal cues). Under unsupported conditions, the mnemonic group improved number recall following training and the self-generated strategy group showed a tendency in the same direction. When support was provided, group differences in favor of the two training groups increased. In addition, no training-related gains were observed in two verbal transfer tasks. The relatively similar patterns of gains in the two intervention groups were discussed in terms of advantages and disadvantages in the two training regimens balancing each other.
Mechanisms of within- and cross-modality suppression in the superior colliculus.

The present studies were initiated to explore the basis for the response suppression that occurs in cat superior colliculus (SC) neurons when two spatially disparate stimuli are presented simultaneously or in close temporal proximity to one another. Of specific interest was examining the possibility that suppressive regions border the receptive fields (RFs) of unimodal and multisensory SC neurons and, when activated, degrade the neuron's responses to excitatory stimuli. Both within- and cross-modality effects were examined. An example of the former is when a response to a visual stimulus within its RF is suppressed by a second visual stimulus outside the RF. An example of the latter is when the response to a visual stimulus within the visual RF is suppressed when a stimulus from a different modality (e. g., auditory) is presented outside its (i.e., auditory) RF. Suppressive regions were found bordering visual, auditory, and somatosensory RFs. Despite significant modality-specific differences in the incidence and effectiveness of these regions, they were generally quite potent regardless of the modality. In the vast majority (85%) of cases, responses to the excitatory stimulus were degraded by >/=50% by simultaneously stimulating the suppressive region. Contrary to expectations and previous speculations, the effects of activating these suppressive regions often were quite specific. Thus powerful within-modality suppression could be demonstrated in many multisensory neurons in which cross-modality suppression could not be generated. However, the converse was not true. If an extra-RF stimulus inhibited center responses to stimuli of a different modality, it also would suppress center responses to stimuli of its own modality. Thus when cross-modality suppression was demonstrated, it was always accompanied by within-modality suppression. These observations suggest that separate mechanisms underlie within- and cross-modality suppression in the SC. Because some modality-specific tectopetal structures contain neurons with suppressive regions bordering their RFs, the within-modality suppression observed in the SC simply may reflect interactions taking place at the level of one input channel. However, the presence of modality-specific suppression at the level of one input channel would have no effect on the excitation initiated via another input channel. Given the modality-specificity of tectopetal inputs, it appears that cross-modality interactions require the convergence of two or more modality-specific inputs onto the same SC neuron and that the expression of these interactions depends on the internal circuitry of the SC. This allows a cross-modality suppressive signal to be nonspecific and to degrade any and all of the neuron's excitatory inputs.
Applications and Challenges in Dynamic Assessment

Dynamic assessment is described as a subset of interactive assessment that includes deliberate and planned mediational teaching and the assessment of the effects of that teaching on subsequent performance. Its historical roots are traced to Vygotsky and Feuerstein and rests on four assumptions: (a) Accumulated knowledge is not the best indication of ability to acquire new knowledge. (b) Everyone functions at less than 100% of capacity. (c) The best test of any performance is a sample of that performance. (d) There are many obstacles that can mask one's ability; when the obstacles are removed, greater ability than was suspected is often revealed. The authors review what is known so far about dynamic assessment and give examples of its utility as a tool for research and clinical work in psychopathology, neuropsychology, education, the study of cultural differences, and developmental research. Some persistent problems are noted as well.
Scheduling of parallel real-time DAG tasks on multiprocessor systems. (Ordonnancement temps réels des tâches parallèles sur des systèmes multiprocesseurs)

The interest for multiprocessor systems has recently been increased in industrial applications, and parallel programming API's have been introduced to benefit from new processing capabilities. The use of multiprocessors for real-time systems, whose execution is performed based on certain temporal constraints is now investigated by the industry. Real-time scheduling problem becomes more complex and challenging in that context. In multiprocessor systems, a hard real-time scheduler is responsible for allocating ready jobs to available processors of the systems while respecting their timing parameters. In this thesis, we study the problem of real-time scheduling of parallel Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) tasks on homogeneous multiprocessor systems. In this model, a DAG task consists of a set of subtasks that execute under precedence constraints. At all times, the real-time scheduler is responsible for determining how subtasks execute, either sequentially or in parallel, based on the available processors of the system. We propose two DAG scheduling approaches to determine the execution form of DAG tasks. The first approach is the DAG Stretching algorithm, from the Model Transformation approach, which forces DAG tasks to execute as sequentially as possible. The second approach is the Direct Scheduling, which aims at scheduling DAG tasks while respecting their internal dependencies. We provide real-time schedulability analyses for Direct Scheduling at DAG-Level and at Subtask-Level. Due to the incomparability of DAG scheduling approaches, we use extensive simulations to compare performance of global EDF with global DM scheduling using our simulation tool YARTISS
Induced tolerance in F1 rats to anti-major histocompatibility complex receptors on parental T cells. Implications for self tolerance

The immunogenicity of cell surface markers associated with specific anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alloreactivity of rat peripheral T lymphocyte subpopulations has been demonstrated in the past by the ability of such cell populations to induce a profound and specific resistance to systemic graft-vs.-host (GVH) disease in adult rats. Our studies demonstrate that these specificity-associated anti- MHC parental strain T cell markers are also tolerogenic; if small numbers of parental strain T cells are administered to newborn F1 rats, they result in the specific inability to induce GVH resistance later on in adult life. Moreover, unlike normal animals, these F1 rats are extremely sensitive to systemic GVH disease caused by T cells from the original donor parental strain.
Multilevel Converters: Control and Modulation Techniques for Their Operation and Industrial Applications

In the last decades, multilevel converters have been developed usually for medium-voltage high-power applications. They have become a mature solution for the increasing power demand of multiple applications such as renewable energy systems, power quality improvement, and motor drives. In this paper, the operation of multilevel converters is addressed focusing on control and modulation techniques for different well-known applications. The new developments are presented as an extension of conventional methods for two-level voltage-source converters which are still the mainstream solution for most cases.
Stereotypes and Self-ratings among Finnish Dancers

The purpose of this study was to examine incidences of stereotype traits associated with four types of dancer: a folk dancer, competitive ballroom dancer, ballet dancer and modern dancer. Evidence was gathered from each of these types to test dancers' views on their own stereotype traits (in-group's traits) and those related to the other types of dancers (out-group's traits). The study compared each dancer's self-rating to the ratings of others both in the same group and in the other three groups. The study used 308 non-professional dancers as subjects. They were all given a list of 28 traits and were asked to assign the traits they perceived to be typical for the four groups and for themselves individually. The dancers' in-group and out-group ratings for the 28 traits applied to the four groups differed significantly. There were fewer differences between the ballet and modern dancers' ratings of in-group and out-group stereotypes than for those of folk and ballroom dancers. Dancers assigned a larger number of traits as typical for their own group than for the out-groups. This supports the hypothesis of dancers' tendency to underestimate out-group variability relative to in-group variability (i.e. the out-group homogeneity effect). Also, in-group stereotype traits were seen in a more positive light than those of out-groups. Finally the implications for dance educators are discussed.
Localization of acoustic sources in the ray space for distributed microphone sensors

In this paper we propose a method for the localization of acoustic sources using small microphone arrays randomly placed in the acoustic scene. The presented approach is based on a ray-based plane wave decomposition performed locally on each microphone array followed by a fusion of the obtained results in order to build a sound field representation that is convenient for the localization of acoustic sources.