Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiology, frequency, and effects of different treatment modalities.

The importance of strict glycemic control to limit the risk of diabetic vascular complications is indisputable, but many barriers obstruct its attainment. Hypoglycemia is recognized to be a major limitation in achieving good control in type 1 diabetes (1) but has been considered to be a minor problem of the treatment modalities used for type 2 diabetes (2). This may be a misperception based on inadequate information. The burden of covert hypoglycemia associated with oral antidiabetic agents may be underestimated, and with the increasing use of insulin to treat type 2 diabetes, the actual prevalence of hypoglycemia is likely to escalate. The frequency and pathophysiology of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes and the relationship to different therapies was reviewed by conducting a literature search using the bibliographic database PubMed to identify publications in English from 1984 until 2005 related to hypoglycemia associated with treatment of type 2 diabetes, and the bibliographies of relevant articles were scrutinized for additional citations. Search terms included “type 2 diabetes,” “NIDDM,” “non-insulin-dependent diabetes,” “hypoglycemia,” and “hypoglycaemia. ” ### Normal physiological responses to hypoglycemia The human brain primarily uses glucose as its source of energy. Under normal conditions, the brain is unable to synthesize or store glucose and is exquisitely vulnerable to glucose deprivation. To protect the integrity of the brain, several physiological mechanisms have evolved to respond to and limit the effects of hypoglycemia (3–6). In humans, the initial response to a decline in blood glucose is suppression of endogenous insulin secretion followed by release of counterregulatory hormones, of which glucagon and epinephrine (adrenaline) are the most potent. When blood glucose falls in a nondiabetic adult, the secretion of counterregulatory hormones and the onset of cognitive, physiological, and symptomatic changes occur at reproducible blood glucose thresholds (4,7) within a defined hierarchy (5) (Fig. 1). Subjective recognition of …
Health Outcomes of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review to assess the short-, middle- and long-term consequences of sarcopenia. Methods Prospective studies assessing the consequences of sarcopenia were searched across different electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBM Reviews, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBM Reviews ACP Journal Club, EBM Reviews DARE and AMED). Only studies that used the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People to diagnose sarcopenia were included. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. For outcomes reported by three or more studies, a meta-analysis was performed. The study results are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI. Results Of the 772 references identified through the database search, 17 were included in this systematic review. The number of participants in the included studies ranged from 99 to 6658, and the duration of follow-up varied from 3 months to 9.8 years. Eleven out of 12 studies assessed the impact of sarcopenia on mortality. The results showed a higher rate of mortality among sarcopenic subjects (pooled OR of 3.596 (95% CI 2.96–4.37)). The effect was higher in people aged 79 years or older compared with younger subjects (p = 0.02). Sarcopenia is also associated with functional decline (pooled OR of 6 studies 3.03 (95% CI 1.80–5.12)), a higher rate of falls (2/2 studies found a significant association) and a higher incidence of hospitalizations (1/1 study). The impact of sarcopenia on the incidence of fractures and the length of hospital stay was less clear (only 1/2 studies showed an association for both outcomes). Conclusion Sarcopenia is associated with several harmful outcomes, making this geriatric syndrome a real public health burden.
A polynomial combinatorial algorithm for generalized minimum cost flow

We propose the first combinatorial solution to the generalized minimum cost flow problem (flow with losses and gains). Despite a rich history dating back to Kantorovich and Dantzig, until now, the only known way to solve the problem in polynomial-time was via general-purpose linear programming techniques. Polynomial combinatorial algorithms were previously known only for the version of our problem without costs. We design the first such algorithms for the version with costs. Our algorithms also find provably good solutions faster than optimal ones, providing the first strongly polynomial approximation schemes for the problem.Our techniques extend to optimize linear programs with two variables per inequality. Polynomial combinatorial algorithms were previously developed for testing the feasibility of such linear programs. We propose the first such methods for the optimization version.
Designing Intrusion Detection Systems : Architectures , Challenges and Perspectives

Computer security is defined as the protection of computing systems against threats to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. There are two types of intruders: the external intruders who are unauthorized users of the machines they attack, and internal intruders, who have permission to access the system with some restrictions. Due to increasing incidents of cyber attacks, building effective intrusion detection systems are essential for protecting information systems security, and yet it remains an elusive goal and a great challenge. We present the state-of-the-art of the evolution of intrusion detection systems and address some of the research challenges to design efficient and effective intrusion detection systems. Further distributed intrusion detection systems are presented which could be used to detect and prevent attacks that would be invisible to any single system or whose significance would be missed if information from only a single system were available. We finally illustrate how a data mining approach could reduce abundant/redundant and noisy data and design effective intrusion detection systems.
Chapter 4 The effect of pre-cooling intensity on cooling efficiency and exercise performance

Although pre-cooling is known to enhance exercise performance, the optimal cooling intensity is essentially unknown. We hypothesized that mild cooling opposed to strong cooling circumvents skin vasoconstriction and thermogenesis, and thus improves cooling efficiency reflected in improved time to exhaustion. Eight males undertook three randomized trials, consisting of a pre-cooling and an exercise session. During the precooling, performed in a room of 24.6 ± 0.4 °C and 24 ± 6% relative humidity, participants received either 45 min of mild cooling using an evaporative cooling-shirt or strong cooling using an ice-vest. A no-cooling condition was added as a control. Subsequent cycling exercise was performed at 65% peak 2 O V & in a climatic chamber of 29.3 ± 0.2 °C and 80 ± 3% relative humidity. During pre-cooling session, mild and strong cooling opposed to control decreased the skin blood flow. However, no differences were observed between mild and strong cooling. No thermogenesis was observed in any conditions investigated. The reduction of body heat storage was after pre-cooling session two times larger with strong cooling (39.5 ± 8.4 W·m -2 ) opposed to mild cooling (21.2 ± 5.1 W·m -2 ). This resulted in greatest improvement in time to exhaustion for strong cooling. We conclude that the investigated cooling intensities had a similar effect on cooling efficiency (vasoconstriction and thermogenesis) and that the improved performance after strong cooling is attributable to the greater decrease in body heat storage. Pre-cooling intensity, cooling efficiency and exercise performance
Study on Modular Design-based Reconfigurable Embedded Network Numerical Control

The modular design-based reconfigurable embedded numerical control system is composed of a series of embedded control modules, which are designed according to universal not special object or condition. However, choosing some appropriate modules can construct a special numerical control system. The framework of the modular design-based reconfigurable embedded numerical control system is presented in the paper. Detailed information about functional modules is also given. The key points in design are resource sharing, scheduling and data traffic. Also, the realizing technologies of embedded real-time operating system customization, embedded web server, communication between modules and resource scheduling are discussed. The system has high extensibility, reliability, applicability and reconfiguration. It also has high arithmetic capability and low cost.
Twin–singleton differences in intelligence?

Abstract The twin method has been criticised for its alleged non-generalisability. When population parameters of intellectual abilities are estimated from a twin sample, critics point to the twin–singleton differences in intrauterine and family environments. These differences are suggested to lead to suboptimal cognitive development in twins. Although previous studies have reported twin–singleton differences in intelligence, these studies had two major drawbacks: they tested young twins, and twins were compared with (genetically) unrelated singletons. To test accurately whether twin–singleton differences in intelligence exist, a group of adult twins and their non-twin siblings were administered the Dutch WAIS-III. The group was large enough to detect twin–singleton differences of magnitudes reported in earlier investigations. The data were analysed using maximum likelihood model fitting. No evidence of differences between adult twins and their non-twin siblings on cognitive performance was found. It is concluded that twin studies provide reliable estimates of heritabilities of intellectual abilities which can be generalised to the singleton population. Twin Research (2000) 3, 83–87.
Comparative study and Security Limitations of 4G Network (Case Study LTE and WIMAX)

--The advancement and migration of the broadband wireless communication technology into the next generation technology known as Fourth Generation (4G) network has indeed become the next emergent wireless revolution, as an important milestone beyond third generation. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wimax) are among the numerous new innovation technologies which have evolved as leading contenders for the 4G technology. The high speed capability and wider coverage has been a good achievement for 4G networks. Nevertheless, security and improved higher speed with a better quality of service (QOS) has been an issue in its network operations due to the open nature and all IP infrastructure of 4G network. This paper explores the trends in the evolution of 4G wireless technology and its security limitations. It studies the wireless standards of 4G technologies. Also, the security related architecture for the LTE and Wimax technologies are analysed. Finally, it evaluates and recommends ways of tackling the security issues in 4G network.
The Status of Neuropsychological Testing in Psychogeriatrics in the Year 2000 Neuropsychological testing

Neuropsychological testing provides an important adjunct to diagnosis and prognosis in geriatric assessment, which has become of increasing importance in light of the rising prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders for which no specific biological marker is presently available. Neuropsychological testing itself involves the observation of an individual’s behavior in relation to a given stimulus selected for its likelihood to provoke an abnormal response in the face of damage to a specific neuroanatomical structure. The theoretical basis of neuropsychological assessment is derived both from cognitive psychology, which deals with the development of cognitive tests for the demonstration of theoretical models of cognitive functioning, and also from behavioral neurology, which aims at the classification of normal and pathological responses to cognitive stimuli with a view to screening central nervous system disorder. The increasing priority given in recent years to research in cortical aging has focused interest in particular on subsystems of memory functioning and their underlying neuroanatomical correlates. Cognitive research in this area has been greatly facilitated by the more widespread use of cerebral imaging techniques in a research context. This has permitted more precise localization of cognitive functions in cortical and subcortical areas, particularly in relation to the differentiation of varying memory systems such as implicit learning (unintentionally acquired information) and secondary memory. This is of importance to aging research because impairment in the former is seen in senile dementia, whereas difficulties of secondary memory are considered to be a common feature of both dementia and normal cerebral aging. Nyberg (1998), for example, has recently undertaken a review of magnetic resonance imaging studies of secondary episodic memory (memory for events) and concludes that there is converging evidence that the principal areas of activation are medial temporal regions and the right prefrontal cortex. Cerebral imaging studies are also being used to validate neuropsychological testing methods. For example, the widely used verbal fluency test, generally considered to principally mobilize the frontal cortex, has recently been demonstrated by positron emission
Secured color image watermarking technique in DWT-DCT domain

The multilayer secured DWT-DCT and YIQ color space based image watermarking technique with robustness and better correlation is presented here. The security levels are increased by using multiple pn sequences, Arnold scrambling, DWT domain, DCT domain and color space conversions. Peak signal to noise ratio and Normalized correlations are used as measurement metrics. The 512x512 sized color images with different histograms are used for testing and watermark of size 64x64 is embedded in HL region of DWT and 4x4 DCT is used. 'Haar' wavelet is used for decomposition and direct flexing factor is used. We got PSNR value is 63.9988 for flexing factor k=1 for Lena image and the maximum NC 0.9781 for flexing factor k=4 in Q color space. The comparative performance in Y, I and Q color space is presented. The technique is robust for different attacks like scaling, compression, rotation etc.
Spectra of Graphs

This book gives an elementary treatment of the basic material about graph spectra, both for ordinary, and Laplace and Seidel spectra. The text progresses systematically, by covering standard topics before presenting some new material on trees, strongly regular graphs, two-graphs, association schemes, p-ranks of configurations and similar topics. Exercises at the end of each chapter provide practice and vary from easy yet interesting applications of the treated theory, to little excursions into related topics. Tables, references at the end of the book, an author and subject index enrich the text. Spectra of Graphs is written for researchers, teachers and graduate students interested in graph spectra. The reader is assumed to be familiar with basic linear algebra and eigenvalues, although some more advanced topics in linear algebra, like the Perron-Frobenius theorem and eigenvalue interlacing are included.
The maximum rate of mammal evolution

How fast can a mammal evolve from the size of a mouse to the size of an elephant? Achieving such a large transformation calls for major biological reorganization. Thus, the speed at which this occurs has important implications for extensive faunal changes, including adaptive radiations and recovery from mass extinctions. To quantify the pace of large-scale evolution we developed a metric, clade maximum rate, which represents the maximum evolutionary rate of a trait within a clade. We applied this metric to body mass evolution in mammals over the last 70 million years, during which multiple large evolutionary transitions occurred in oceans and on continents and islands. Our computations suggest that it took a minimum of 1.6, 5.1, and 10 million generations for terrestrial mammal mass to increase 100-, and 1,000-, and 5,000-fold, respectively. Values for whales were down to half the length (i.e., 1.1, 3, and 5 million generations), perhaps due to the reduced mechanical constraints of living in an aquatic environment. When differences in generation time are considered, we find an exponential increase in maximum mammal body mass during the 35 million years following the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event. Our results also indicate a basic asymmetry in macroevolution: very large decreases (such as extreme insular dwarfism) can happen at more than 10 times the rate of increases. Our findings allow more rigorous comparisons of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns and processes.
Impact of mobility on the sum rate of an NB-OFDMA based mobile IoT networks

In future Internet of Things (IoT) networks, the explosive growth of mobile devices compel us to reconsider the effectiveness of the current frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) schemes. Devices' differentiated mobility features and diversified scattering environments make it more complicated to characterize the multi-user interference. In this paper, we thoroughly analyze the impacts of devices' mobility on the inter-sub-carrier interference (ICI) in an IoT system based on the 3GPP narrow-band orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (NB-OFDMA) protocol, and obtain the relationship between the system sum-rate and devices' mobility. Our results may shed some lights on the system design under the mobile scenarios.
Conceptual integration of sound and image: A model of perceptual modalities

Based on Conceptual Blending Theory and Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and drawing on a rich body of empirical material from music psychology and ongoing fieldwork research data collected in three countries, we review visual representations of music as a blended domain between music and 2d images, giving rise to the concept of musical shape. As we describe the mechanisms that seem to influence this blend, based on physiological parameters (primary sensory motor skills) and variable cultural denominators with a particular emphasis on the representation of time, we put forward a “Model of Perceptual Modalities”. Here, music interacts with components of other domain spaces (imagery) while being informed by cognitive metaphors (both culturally specific and human-universal) so as to provide a simple but enriched theoretical understanding of the relation between music and shape.
CORBA Async Requirements

The basic paradigm of CORBA communications is a blocked, synchronous model. Clients invoke operations on their proxies, which in turn do the work: construct a Request object, marshal arguments, send over the network, await response, and return it to the client. Meanwhile, the client application code is blocked on the request until completion. (Define this as the CORBA BASIC PARADIGM CBP). Note, of course, that this is the same Basic Paradigm of all RPC based systems like DCE or ONC. Hence, CBP is even more Basic than CORBA. However, since the focus is CORBA, the paradigm is named CBP.
Time-Domain EFIE, MFIE, and CFIE Formulations Using Laguerre Polynomials as Temporal Basis Functions for the Analysis of Transient Scattering from Arbitrary Shaped Conducting Structures

—In this paper, we present time-domain integral equation (TDIE) formulations for analyzing transient electromagnetic responses from three-dimensional (3-D) arbitrary shaped closed conducting bodies using the time-domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE), the time-domain magnetic field integral equation (TD-MFIE), and the time-domain combined field integral equation (TD-CFIE). Instead of the conventional marching-on in time (MOT) technique, the solution methods in this paper are based on the Galerkin's method that involves separate spatial and temporal testing procedure. Triangular patch basis functions are used for spatial expansion and testing functions for arbitrarily shaped 3-D structures. The time-domain unknown coefficient is approximated by using an orthonormal basis function set that is derived from the Laguerre functions. These basis functions are also used as temporal testing. Using these Laguerre functions it is possible to evaluate the time derivatives in an analytic fashion. We also propose a second alternative formulation to solve the TDIE. The methods to be described result in very accurate and stable transient responses from conducting objects. Detailed mathematical steps are included and representative numerical results are presented and compared.
Parking Garage Channel Characteristics at 5 GHz for V2V Applications

We provide results for propagation path loss and root-mean-square delay spread within a parking garage, in the 5 GHz band, aimed at V2V applications. Results for both same-floor, and floor-to-floor propagation are shown for a typical urban parking garage structure. For line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, same-floor propagation path loss is well approximated by a 2-ray model. Same-floor non-LOS path loss shows path loss exponent n-3. Path loss for the floor-to-floor case can be well-modeled by accounting for floor attenuation factors and an additional loss that represents distance of the mobile toward the garage interior, away from the garage's open sides, i.e., a model that accounts for both vertical and horizontal distance. Mean delay spreads reach nearly 150 ns for the same-floor case, and reduce to ~50 ns for the longest (3-floor) distance floor-to-floor case. Since there have been few results for such environments previously published, our results should prove useful for V2V systems deployed in parking garages.
Context-aware multi-agent based framework for securing Android

With the proliferation of mobile devices, and bring-your-own-device policies of corporations, securing mobile devices from malware based on context information has become paramount, more so with possible context-aware malware threats. Android is one of the most popular operating system for such mobile devices. Given the availability of multiple sensors on Android mobile devices that can be accessed by Android applications using Android API; and the lack of available on-device resources such as battery, memory and CPU; we propose the use of a context-aware multi-agent based framework to monitor and dynamically launch investigative agents on Android mobile devices. We provide a framework design, implementation details and initial evaluation of our proposed framework to show that a multi-agent based system is a viable option for securing such devices. We propose the use of spatial context-information gathered using location information(GPS, network) and device context (battery level, Android API level, rooted device) to make context-aware decisions for the framework. We also show that we can use context information to reduce frequency of network connections and CPU utilization overhead caused by the Multi-Agent framework.