Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alterations in neuronal activity in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in the parkinsonian state

In patients with Parkinson’s disease and in animal models of this disorder, neurons in the basal ganglia and related regions in thalamus and cortex show changes that can be recorded by using electrophysiologic single-cell recording techniques, including altered firing rates and patterns, pathologic oscillatory activity and increased inter-neuronal synchronization. In addition, changes in synaptic potentials or in the joint spiking activities of populations of neurons can be monitored as alterations in local field potentials (LFPs), electroencephalograms (EEGs) or electrocorticograms (ECoGs). Most of the mentioned electrophysiologic changes are probably related to the degeneration of diencephalic dopaminergic neurons, leading to dopamine loss in the striatum and other basal ganglia nuclei, although degeneration of non-dopaminergic cell groups may also have a role. The altered electrical activity of the basal ganglia and associated nuclei may contribute to some of the motor signs of the disease. We here review the current knowledge of the electrophysiologic changes at the single cell level, the level of local populations of neural elements, and the level of the entire basal ganglia-thalamocortical network in parkinsonism, and discuss the possible use of this information to optimize treatment approaches to Parkinson’s disease, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy.
The Enclave, the Citadel, and the Ghetto

The author defines classic ghetto as the result of the involuntary spatial segregation of a group that stands in a subordinate political and social relationship to its surrounding society, the enclave as a voluntarily developed spatial concentration of a group for purposes of promoting the welfare of its members, and the citadel as created by a dominant group to protect or enhance its superior position. The author describes a new phenomenon, connected to global economic changes: the outcast ghetto, inhabited by those excluded from the mainstream economy by the forces of macroeconomic developments. The distinction among these differing forms of spatial separation is crucial for a number of public policies.
Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate

PART I: The Pre-Islamic Middle East Chapter 1 Mesopotamia Chapter 2 The Mediterranean Middle East PART II: Founding Discourses Chapter 3 Women and the Rise of Islam Chapter 4 The Transitional Age Chapter 5 Elaboration of the Founding Discourses Chapter 6 Medieval Islam PART III: New Discourses Chapter 7 Social and Intellectual Change Chapter 8 The Discourse of the Veil Chapter 9 The First Feminists Chapter 10 Divergent Voices Chapter 11 The Struggle for the Future Conclusion Notes Index.
The histomorphometry of bone in primary hyperparathyroidism: preservation of cancellous bone structure.

To evaluate the effects of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) on bone mass and structure, we have studied the iliac crest biopsies of 27 patients, 10 males (28-68 yr old) and 17 females (26-72 yr old) with mild PHPT after in vivo tetracycline labeling. All patients had mild hypercalcemia in the absence of any other cause and elevated levels of PTH without radiological evidence of bone disease. Static parameters of bone turnover (osteoid surface, osteoid volume, and eroded surface) were elevated in both men and women compared to normal values; the midmolecule RIA for PTH (PTHMM) was positively correlated with osteoid surface (r = 0.44; P less than 0.025) and eroded surface (r = 0.58; P less than 0.005). Dynamic parameters of bone turnover (mineralizing surface, expressed as double plus half single labeled surface, and bone formation rate at tissue level) were elevated compared to normal values; PTHMM was positively correlated with double plus half single labeled surfaces (r = 0.33; P less than 0.05) and with bone formation rate at the tissue level (r = 0.37; P less than 0.05). The mineral apposition rate was within the limits of normal values and positively correlated with PTHMM (r = 0.34; P less than 0.05). Histomorphometric parameters of bone structure [cancellous bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and total bone density (TBD)] were compared to those in 20 autopsy control subjects, 12 men (33-60 yr old) and 8 women (27-75 yr old). BV/TV and Tb.N were significantly higher in PHPT patients than controls (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.001, respectively). Tb.Sp was significantly lower in PHPT patients than controls (P less than 0.001), whereas Tb.Th was not significantly different between PHPT patients and controls. Ct.Th was significantly lower in PHPT patients than in controls (P less than 0.001), whereas TBD was not significantly different between the two groups. BV/TV was negatively correlated with age in both controls and PHPT patients. Tb.N showed a negative correlation and Tb.Sp a positive correlation with age in controls (r = -0.47; P less than 0.05 and r = 0.52; P less than 0.02, respectively), but they were not significantly dependent on age in PHPT patients. Tb.Th, while showing no significant age-related change in controls, was negatively correlated with age in PHPT patients (r = -0.42; P less than 0.05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Conspiracy of Fishes, or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying About #GamerGate and Embrace Hegemonic Masculinity

Recently, the margins between gaming and feminism have become increasingly contentious (Salter & Blodgett, 2012). This article addresses a cultural moment where masculine gaming culture became aware of and began responding to feminist game scholars by analyzing GamerGate conspiracy documents and social media discussions related to the now infamous “DiGRA fishbowl. ” Worries about the opacity of academic practices and a disparaging of feminist knowledge-making practices dominate these documents. By looking at these discussions and practices through the lens of conspiracy theories (Fenster, 2008; Hofstadter, 1952) and counterknowledge (Fiske, 1994) we consider the broader meaning of GamerGate's attention to academia.
Improved Unsupervised Sentence Alignment for Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Parallel Corpora

We address the problem of unsupervised and language-pair independent alignment of symmetrical and asymmetrical parallel corpora. Asymmetrical parallel corpora contain a large proportion of 1-to-0/0-to-1 and 1-to-many/many-to-1 sentence correspondences. We have developed a novel approach which is fast and allows us to achieve high accuracy in terms of F1 for the alignment of both asymmetrical and symmetrical parallel corpora. The source code of our aligner and the test sets are freely available.
Drug discovery for Chagas disease should consider Trypanosoma cruzi strain diversity

This opinion piece presents an approach to standardisation of an important aspect of Chagas disease drug discovery and development: selecting Trypanosoma cruzi strains for in vitro screening. We discuss the rationale for strain selection representing T. cruzi diversity and provide recommendations on the preferred parasite stage for drug discovery, T. cruzi discrete typing units to include in the panel of strains and the number of strains/clones for primary screens and lead compounds. We also consider experimental approaches for in vitro drug assays. The Figure illustrates the current Chagas disease drug-discovery and development landscape.
An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries

Countries are encouraged to identify drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the development of national strategies and action plans for REDD+. In this letter we provide an assessment of proximate drivers of deforestation and forest degradation by synthesizing empirical data reported by countries as part of their REDD+ readiness activities, CIFOR country profiles, UNFCCC national communications and scientific literature. Based on deforestation rate and remaining forest cover 100 (sub)tropical non-Annex I countries were grouped into four forest transition phases. Driver data of 46 countries were summarized for each phase and by continent, and were used as a proxy to estimate drivers for the countries with missing data. The deforestation drivers are similar in Africa and Asia, while degradation drivers are more similar in Latin America and Asia. Commercial agriculture is the most important driver of deforestation, followed by subsistence agriculture. Timber extraction and logging drives most of the degradation, followed by fuelwood collection and charcoal production, uncontrolled fire and livestock grazing. The results reflect the most up to date and comprehensive overview of current national-level data availability on drivers, which is expected to improve over time within the frame of the UNFCCC REDD+ process.
The role of microtubules in growth cone turning at substrate boundaries

To understand the role of microtubules in growth cone turning, we observed fluorescently labeled microtubules in neurons as they encountered a substrate boundary. Neurons growing on a laminin-rich substrate avoided growing onto collagen type IV. Turning growth cones assumed heterogeneous morphologies and behaviors that depended primarily in their extent of adhesion to the substrate. We grouped these behaviors into three categories-sidestepping, motility, and growth-mediated reorientation. In sidestepping and motility-mediated reorientation, the growth cone and parts of the axon were not well attached to the substrate so the acquisition of an adherent lamella caused the entire growth cone to move away from the border and consequently reoriented the axon. In these cases, since the motility of the growth cone dominates its reorientation, the microtubules were passive, and reorientation occurred without significant axon growth. In growth-mediated reorientation, the growth cone and axon were attached to the substrate. In this case, microtubules reoriented within the growth cone to stabilize a lamella. Bundling of the reoriented microtubules was followed by growth cone collapse to form new axon, and further, polarized lamellipodial extension. These observations indicate that when the growth cone remains adherent to the substrate during turning, the reorientation and bundling of microtubules is an important, early step in growth cone turning.
Graph-based semi-supervised learning for relational networks

We address the problem of semi-supervised learning in relational networks, networks in which nodes are entities and links are the relationships or interactions between them. Typically this problem is confounded with the problem of graph-based semi-supervised learning (GSSL), because both problems represent the data as a graph and predict the missing class labels of nodes. However, not all graphs are created equally. In GSSL a graph is constructed, often from independent data, based on similarity. As such, edges tend to connect instances with the same class label. Relational networks, however, can be more heterogeneous and edges do not always indicate similarity. For instance, instead of links being more likely to connect nodes with the same class label, they may occur more frequently between nodes with different class labels (link-heterogeneity). Or nodes with the same class label do not necessarily have the same type of connectivity across the whole network (class-heterogeneity), e.g. in a network of sexual interactions we may observe links between opposite genders in some parts of the graph and links between the same genders in others. Performing classification in networks with different types of heterogeneity is a hard problem that is made harder still when we do not know a-priori the type or level of heterogeneity. Here we present two scalable approaches for graph-based semi-supervised learning for the more general case of relational networks. We demonstrate these approaches on synthetic and real-world networks that display different link patterns within and between classes. Compared to state-of-the-art approaches, ours give better classification performance without prior knowledge of how classes interact. In particular, our two-step label propagation algorithm gives consistently good accuracy and runs on networks of over 1.6 million nodes and 30 million edges in around 12 seconds.
A criança hiperativa: uma visão da abordagem gestáltica

The study investigated the psychological functioning of the hyperactive child according to Contact Cycle Theory of Gestalt Approach, proposed by Ribeiro (1997). Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by motor, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disturbances. According to DSM-IV (1994), the disorder comprises 18 basic symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. The research adopted a qualitative approach. The sample was composed by 20 subjects: five couples, five teachers and five children from eight to 11 years old. Non-structured interviews and children's apperception test using animal figures (CAT-A) were applied as instruments to collect data. We concluded that hyperactive child displays specific psychological processes forming the base of his personality, hyperactivity is the characteristic that defines the disorder, and that there is no attention deficit properly. Thus, we propose a different terminology: Hyperactivity/Attention Disorder.
Three informants' reports of child behavior: parents, teachers, and foster parents.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether disagreements in reporting child behavior problems between biological parents and foster parents and teachers are related to depressive symptoms in the biological parent. METHOD Child Behavior Checklists and Teacher's Report Forms were completed by parents, foster parents, and teachers on 95 foster children between ages 5 and 16 during 1990-1991. Depressive symptoms in biological parents were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the relation between parental depressive symptoms and the discrepancies between their reports and those of two other informants. RESULTS In both the internalizing and externalizing behavior models, a significant relation was found between parents' depressive symptoms and their discrepancies in reporting, but not with child behavior. This relation was stronger for internalizing than externalizing models. CONCLUSIONS Using foster parents (and teachers) as informants offered a unique opportunity to view the reports of biological parents in comparison to two independent reports. Foster parents have a similar observational situation as biological parents but bring a less emotionally invested perspective to behavior observation, even when they are relatives. It is likely that depressive symptoms in parents distort their reports of their children's behavior. Clinicians would be wise to supplement parental with other informant reports.
Cloning and characterization of two catA genes in Acinetobacter lwoffii K24

Two novel type I catechol 1,2-dioxygenases inducible on aniline media were isolated from Acinetobacter lwoffii K24. Although the two purified enzymes, CD I1 and CD I2, had similar intradiol cleavage activities, they showed different substrate specificities for catechol analogs, physicochemical properties, and amino acid sequences. Two catA genes, catA1 and catA2, encoding by CD I1 and CD I2, respectively, were isolated from the A. lwoffii K24 genomic library by using colony hybridization and PCR. Two DNA fragments containing the catA1 and catA2 genes were located on separate regions of the chromosome. They contained open reading frames encoding 33.4- and 30.4-kDa proteins. The amino acid sequences of the two proteins matched well with previously determined sequences. Interestingly, further analysis of the two DNA fragments revealed the locations of the catB and catC genes as well. Moreover, the DNA fragment containing catA1 had a cluster of genes in the order catB1-catC1-catA1 while the catB2-catA2-catC2 arrangement was found in the catA2 DNA fragment. These results may provide an explanation of the different substrate specificities and physicochemical properties of CD I1 and CD I2.
祖父母協助托育孫子女的決定過程—運用家族治療中結構學派的分析 The Decision Process of Grandparents' Nurturing the Grandchildren - Using the Perspective of Structural Family Therapy

本研究旨在瞭解祖父母協助托育孫兒的決定過程中，二代之間的權力運作、憑藉、消長的情形，以及二代間界限、聯盟的運作情形。 本研究的研究參與者共有六位，其中兩對是婆媳，另外一對是母女。 在研究方法上，透過深度訪談的方式搜集「托育決定過程」的相關資料，再依結構學派的觀點分別分析三對研究參與者彼此權力、界限、聯盟的關係。 研究結果發現如下：1．在托育決定上，第一代在托育決定上往往有其優勢，婆婆似乎是最有權力的人，但第二代也並非完全被動的接受。 2．托育的決定不完全被視為新家庭單獨的責任，甚至社會文化賦予婆婆帶孫的義務觀點被延續，有能力托育的婆婆有時反成為環境下的被決定者，不能不帶。 3．相對於男性在托育決定的不主動，女性似乎仍被期待為托育較主要的負責人，然而第二代的女性在使夫婦雙方共同參與托育決定上，往往較第一代的女性更為積極。 4．女兒（媳婦）對文化規範下的父系優先的順序似乎更為謹慎，此影響往往更勝個人期待由自己媽媽托育的意念。 因此，若能再次和自己媽媽建立合作的關係，彼此往往就有著鬆散的界限，與婆媳間清楚乃至僵硬的界限便很不相同。 5．二代的互動上似乎會透過關係較親近的家庭成員，以便能順利的和關係較遠離的成員做聯繫，而互動的方式似乎也強化了彼此原有的關係。 6．第二代的夫婦聯盟往往仍是家庭中穩固的次系統，原有的親子聯盟--特別是母親和兒子--仍然維持，但並不絕對影響新家庭的運作。 這兩個聯盟的成員似乎較容易擔心自身的聯盟關係會受到其他聯盟的威脅，而產生不安感，特別在媳婦身上更是如此。 本研究針對研究結果加以討論，並提供未來相關研究、諮商輔導領域的參考之用。 The purpose of this study was to understand the power、boundary and alliance between grandparents and parents when they want to decide who's going to nurture the new born baby. The participants were two pairs of mother in-law and daughter in-law, and one pair of mother and daughter. In-depth interview was adopted to collect data, and data was analyzed from the opinion of structural family therapy. The main findings were as follows: (1) The first generation have more vantage, and mother in-law is the most powerful person to make the decision, however the second generation was not totally passive. (2) Parents weren't both responsible for nurturing the baby, and such a situation strengthen grandmother's duty to take care of grandchildren. Even the social culture give the mother in-law some duty, therefore a capable grandmother would take care of grandchildren, and she wouldn't say NO. (3) Men who were more passive than women who were expected to have more responsibility for taking care of children. The woman of second generation was more active than the first generation to let spouse make the decision together. (4) Daughter in-law pay more attention to the paternal priority belonging to the culture. The effect of culture is more powerful then personal expectancy. Daughter in-law would think about mother in-law's opinion first. Thus, if mother and daughter could cooperate again, the boundary between them would be more diffuse than that between mother in-law and daughter in-law. (5) The interaction between two generations would be connected and maintained by the closed family member, here fore, the way of interaction would be continued in the original way. (6) In the second generation, the spouse alliance was a stable subsystem. The original parental alliance, especially mother and son, would be kept, but it's not necessary to influence the working of the second generation. If parental alliance or spouse alliance were not stable in their relationship, each member, especially daughter in-law, would worry that her own alliance would be threatened by the other alliance. Base on the results, discussion and suggestion were presented.
A novel technique of silicon-on-nothing MOSFETs fabrication by hydrogen and helium co-implantation

In this paper a novel technique of silicon-on-nothing (SON) MOSFETs fabrication by H/sup +/ and He/sup +/ co-implantation is presented for the first time. This in-house technique is compatible with conventional CMOS technology and it can greatly alleviate the problems existing in the known techniques of SON devices. SON nMOSFETs with 50nm gate length have been fabricated and demonstrated in this paper. With the same process condition, SON MOSFETs exhibit better performance than the corresponding bulk silicon MOSFETs.
Protective immunity to Schistosoma mansoni induced in the olive baboon Papio anubis by the irradiated cercaria vaccine

SUMMARY The radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine induces a high level of protective immunity in rodents. In order to assess its potential relevance to man, we have tested its efficacy in the non-human primate Papio anubis. A vaccination regime consisting of 3 exposures of approximately 9000 cercariae irradiated with 30 or 60krad. of gamma radiation induced > 50% protection to a challenge with normal larvae. A lower attenuating dose of 20 krad. , optimal for vaccination of mice, was less effective. All vaccination regimes elicited a population of PBMC which proliferated in vitro in response to antigen. These responses peaked after the third exposure but were significantly lower after challenge. They revealed relatively little cross-reactivity with adult Schistosoma haematobium antigens and provided some evidence for stage-specific antigens. Circulating IgM reactive with adult S. mansoni antigen was detected after the second vaccination but levels remained low throughout. In contrast, IgG levels were boosted by successive vaccinations, although they showed a tendency to decline from 14 days after each exposure. There also appeared to be a lag of about 14 days after challenge before levels began to rise. Thus, both proliferation and antibody data suggest a lower responsiveness after challenge which may reflect either the reduced antigenic load or immunogenicity of normal, compared to vaccinating larvae. The data indicate that the attenuated schistosome vaccine is capable of inducing protection in a highly permissive primate host, with the implication that the mechanisms involved may also be relevant to man.
A blackboard architecture for the decision support process

The paper describes a technology project to assist with the Decision Support Process (DSP), and the applicability of a Blackboard architecture to provide such assistance. The primary thrust of the paper is on the design and development concerns of a system called XDSP (expert assistance to the Decision Support Process). The development of this system is an extension to the research on Intelligent Decision Support Systems. A conceptual framework for DSP is provided as the basis for proposing the system, Given the diverse nature of the managerial domain and the varied approaches of the experts solving the problem, the XDSP system is tailored to accommodate input from several experts, whose problem solving knowledge will be codified in the form of knowledge sources. These virtual experts then communicate with each other via the medium of a global data structure, the blackboard.
Success Factors of New Product Development: A Review of the Empirical Literature

The continuous development and market introduction of new products can be an important determinant of sustained company performance. For approximately 30 years, conceptual and empirical research has been undertaken to identify the critical success factors of new products. This paper reviews the findings of empirical work into the success factors of new product development (NPD). It is the prime objective of this work to summarize the most important findings in a compact and structured way. In addition, shortcomings of previous empirical work on NPD success factors will be discussed and suggestions for improvement in future empirical NPD studies will be made.