Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of expression of the rodent cytosolic sulfotransferases

Understanding the molecular regulation of the sulfotransferases is important because these enzymes are essential to a number of critical biological processes. Sulfotransferase expression clearly plays a role in xenobiotic detoxication, carcinogen activation, prodrug processing, cellular signaling pathways, and the regulation of intratissue active androgen and estrogen levels. Although cytosolic sulfotransferases are present in the gut, adrenal, kidney, lung, skin, brain, and other extrahepatic tissues, the basis for the molecular regulation of this complicated gene family has been best characterized in the rat liver, where sulfotransferase levels are relatively abundant. Advances in genomic cloning and in the molecular characterization of individual sulfotransferase cDNAs have inspired new insights into the mechanisms involved in sulfotransferase gene regulation. In particular, the hypothalamic‐pi‐tuitary‐gonadal‐adrenocortical axis appears to play a significant role in the regulation of individual sulfotransferase genes. The molecular signals that fluctuate with developmental age, gender, and the occurrence of systemic endocrinopathies also influence sulfotransferase gene expression. For example, diabetes, which disrupts glucose and ketone homeo‐ stasis, insulin sensitivity, gonadal and neuroendocrine hormone balance, protein kinase C isoform expression, and P450 metabolism, also disturbs hepatic sulfotransferase gene expression. What role does sulfotransferase expression play in target organ toxicity? Do xenobiotic‐mediated changes in sulfotransferase expression compromise detoxication? Does deregulated sulfotransferase expression during development lead to birth defects by perturbing the delicate balance of active hormone levels in fetal tissues? Do conditions of glucocorticoid excess, such as stress or high‐dose glucocorticoid therapy induce sulfotransferase expression and place toxicant and carcinogen bioactivation systems in overdrive? This review will summarize our current understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of the major rodent cytosolic sulfotransferases. Only by thoroughly dissecting the regulation of this important multigene family in rodent liver, where sulfotransferase expression is most abundant, can we begin to focus on more pressing questions concerning the role of the sulfotransferases in the genesis of endocrinopathies and cancer in humans. —Runge‐Morris, M. A. Regulation of expression of the rodent cytosolic sulfotransferases. FASEB J. 11, 109‐117 (1997)
Anterior bone cement augmentation in anterior lumbar interbody fusion and percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in patients with osteoporosis.

OBJECT The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of anterior polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement augmentation in instrumented anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) for patients with osteoporosis. METHODS Sixty-two patients with osteoporosis who had undergone single-level instrumented ALIF for spondylolisthesis and were followed for more than 2 years were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: instrumented ALIF alone (Group I) and instrumented ALIF with anterior PMMA augmentation (Group II). Sixty-one patients were interviewed to evaluate the clinical results, and plain radiographs and 3D CT scans were obtained at the last follow-up in 46 patients. RESULTS The mean degree of cage subsidence was significantly higher in Group I (19.6%) than in Group II (5.2%) (p = 0.001). The mean decrease of vertebral body height at the index level was also significantly higher in Group I (10.7%) than in Group II (3.9%) (p = 0.001). No significant intergroup differences were observed in the incidence of radiographic adjacent-segment degeneration (ASD) or in terms of pain and functional improvement. The incidences of clinical ASD (23% in Group I and 10% in Group II) were not significantly different. There was 1 case of nonunion and 3 cases of screw migration in Group I, but none resulted in implant failure. CONCLUSIONS Anterior PMMA augmentation during instrumented ALIF in patients with osteoporosis was useful to prevent cage subsidence and vertebral body collapse. In addition, PMMA augmentation did not increase the nonunion rate and incidence of ASD.
Specific fear modulates attentional selectivity during visual search: electrophysiological insights from the N2pc.

In the present study, we used high-density EEG during a visual search task to investigate the dynamics of spatial attention to fear-relevant targets and background stimuli in small animal phobia during a visual search task. Twenty-five spider fearful (22 females) and 25 healthy nonfearful participants (19 females) were measured, while searching for discrepant objects in visual arrays. Compared to nonfearful participants, spider fearful individuals showed a more enhanced posterior N2pc to spider (vs. butterfly) targets in an array of flowers. Furthermore, spider fearful participants showed enhanced hypervigilance for all presented stimuli compared to controls as reflected by enhanced N1 amplitudes (160-200 ms). Our findings provide neural evidence for early, enhanced selective spatial attention for fear-relevant stimuli.
iFogStor: An IoT Data Placement Strategy for Fog Infrastructure

Internet of Things (IoT) will be one of the driving application for digital data generation in the next years as more than 50 billions of objects will be connected by 2020. IoT data can be processed and used by different devices spread all over the network. The traditional way of centralizing data processing in the Cloud can hardly scale because it cannot satisfy many of the latency critical IoT applications. In addition, it generates a too high network traffic when the number of objects and services increase. Fog infrastructure provides a beginning of an answer to such an issue. In this paper, we present a data placement strategy for Fog infrastructures called iFogStor. The objective of iFogStor is to take profit of the heterogeneity and location of Fog nodes to reduce the overall latency of storing and retrieving data in a Fog. We formulated the data placement problem as a Generalized Assignment Problem (GAP) and proposed two ways to solve it: 1) an exact solution using integer programming and 2) a heuristic one based on geographical zoning to reduce the solving time. Both solutions proved very good performance as they reduced the latency by more than 86% as compared to a Cloud based solution and by 60% as compared to a naive Fog solution. Using geographical zoning heuristic can allow solving problems with large number of Fog nodes efficiently and in a couple of seconds making iFogStor feasible in runtime and scalable.
Short-term tumor cell lines from breast cancer for use as autologous tumor cell vaccines in the treatment of breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE We tried to establish short-term cultures of autologous tumors from patients with breast carcinoma for potential use as active specific immunotherapy (i.e., autologous vaccine) after resection of primary breast cancer, and/or for the treatment of metastases. METHODS Between 10/90 and 12/99 the cell biology laboratory of the Hoag Cancer Center attempted to establish short-term tumor cell lines from 115 breast cancer specimens from 56 primary breast lesions, 17 axillary nodes, 14 other lymph node/soft tissue sites, 10 chest wall recurrences, and 6 thoracentesis of malignant pleural effusions. Success was defined by growth of 5 x 10(7) viable cells whose malignant nature and breast cancer origin was confirmed by histology of the submitted tissue, cell morphology and antigenic phenotyping. Variables associated with successful growth of short-term cell lines were examined. RESULTS Expansion to 5 x 10(7) cells was achieved for only 8/115 samples [7%] including two from chest wall recurrences, and one each from a supraclavicular node, an umbilical node, liver, omentum, and pleural fluid. Two of the successful cell lines were established from tissue that originally had been cryopreserved; the others were initiated from fresh tumor. The success rate was better from regional/distant metastases 7/55 (13%) compared to primary tumors 1/56 (1.8%) (p = 0.063). The success rate for tumors harvested at Hoag Hospital was 4/97 (4%) compared to 4/14 from (31%) distant sites, but all but one of the tumors from a distant geographic site was a metastatic lesion. Tumor cell lines were successfully established from metastatic lesions ranging in size from < 1.0 g to 19 g. Four patients were treated with their autologous vaccine in the setting of chemotherapy-refractory metastatic disease without any significant toxicity. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to establish short-term cell lines for most patients with primary or metastatic breast cancer using this methodology. However, two long-term cell lines have been established and characterized. Treatment with the autologous irradiated cell product was not associated with acute toxicity.
Cell-specific regulation of oncogene-responsive sequences of the c-fos promoter

We have identified oncogene-responsive sequences in the human c-fos promoter that mediate induction of transcription by several nonnuclear oncoproteins and the tumor promoter TPA. These sequences are regulated in a cell-specific manner. (i) In NIH 3T3 cells, the CArG box of the c-fos promoter is sufficient to mediate activation by oncogenes. (ii) In contrast, in HeLa cells, additional flanking sequences are also required, including the outer arm of the serum response element and the FAP site. We also show that the serum response factor, which binds to the CArG box, activates transcription in vivo in NIH 3T3 cells but not in HeLa cells. Finally, we present evidence that the intracellular level of the c-Fos protein could be a major determinant of cell-specific regulation of these oncogene-responsive elements of the c-fos promoter.
Social Networking Privacy: a Qualitative Study of the Risks and Effects of Sharing Data to a Global Environment Via Facebook

Young women have placed themselves at risk by disclosing private and sensitive data on their Facebook accounts. Privacy settings which can help prevent unauthorized access of this data exist, but some women choose to ignore them. This study is an attempt to gain an understanding of this phenomenon and answer the question of why young women choose to share personal information. Qualitative interviews of college students were conducted and the results interpreted in this paper. The results of this interview are intended to supply research for future studies which aim to minimize problems caused to individuals who choose to share such private information to a semi-global audience. SOCIAL NETWORKING PRIVACY iii
Robust H∞ control for switched cascaded systems with time delay

In this paper, the robust H∞ control problem for a class of uncertain switched nonlinear cascaded systems with time delay is studied. We achieve the sufficient conditions under which the considered switched system possesses the H∞ performance for all admissible uncertainty under arbitrary switching. Moreover, we also develop the robust H∞ control for such switched systems in terms of the state-driven switching method under a designed switching rule. This method can be suitable to cases, where all subsystems are unstable.
Validation of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Tests for Universal Pathogen Detection.

CONTEXT - Metagenomic sequencing can be used for detection of any pathogens using unbiased, shotgun next-generation sequencing (NGS), without the need for sequence-specific amplification. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated in infectious disease outbreaks of unknown causes and in patients with suspected infections but negative results for conventional tests. Metagenomic NGS tests hold great promise to improve infectious disease diagnostics, especially in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. OBJECTIVE - To discuss challenges and provide example solutions for validating metagenomic pathogen detection tests in clinical laboratories. A summary of current regulatory requirements, largely based on prior guidance for NGS testing in constitutional genetics and oncology, is provided. DATA SOURCES - Examples from 2 separate validation studies are provided for steps from assay design, and validation of wet bench and bioinformatics protocols, to quality control and assurance. CONCLUSIONS - Although laboratory and data analysis workflows are still complex, metagenomic NGS tests for infectious diseases are increasingly being validated in clinical laboratories. Many parallels exist to NGS tests in other fields. Nevertheless, specimen preparation, rapidly evolving data analysis algorithms, and incomplete reference sequence databases are idiosyncratic to the field of microbiology and often overlooked.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION LAND EXPANSION TO CULTIVATED LAND AND GRAIN PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL CHINA

As the most important grain production base,the change of grain production in the central region of China is crucial to the Foodstuff Security in China.With rapid economic and social development,the contradiction between the expansion of construction land and agriculture development becomes more serious in the central region of China.Based on the analysis of the expansion of construction land,changes of cultivated land and grain production in detail,this paper concludes that construction expansion is the main reason of the reduction of cultivated land in the central region of China.Moreover,the fluctuation of foodstuff production is resulted from the decrease of cultivated land.With Factor Analysis Approach,this paper calculates the impacts of cultivated land area,multiple cropping exponential,grain sowing ratio and yield of per unit area on the foodstuff production.Furthermore,this paper focuses on figuring out the concrete contribution of construction land expansion to the foodstuff production.
SDN-LIRU: A Lossless and Seamless Method for SDN Inter-Domain Route Updates

Maintaining service availability during an inter-domain route update is a challenge in both conventional networks and software-defined networks (SDNs). In the update process, asynchronous reconfigurations to border forwarding devices in different domains will incur transient anomalies with numerous packet losses and service disruptions. Based on current SDN inter-domain routing mechanisms, we in this paper propose a lossless and seamless method for SDN inter-domain route updates. This method is lightweight, and it has no requirement to add extra switch functionality or to extend SDN southbound protocols. The primary idea of this method is to achieve a lossless inter-domain route update by communications and collaborations among relevant domains. Motivated by this idea, we first identify three different domain categories for the update, i.e., domains only on the new inter-domain route, domains on both the old and new inter-domain routes, and domains only on the old inter-domain route. We further find that the transient anomalies are able to be avoided by reconfiguring the related border switches of the three categories of domains in order. Four update steps are then designed to keep the orderly update. Furthermore, we present the theoretical proof of the effectiveness of this method. Finally, based on our prototype implementation, the proposed method is also validated by simulation studies, and the simulation results indicate that this method succeeds in avoiding packet loss and maintaining service availability during the update.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 Fc receptor protects infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Recent studies indicate that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Fc receptor (FcR) can bind antiviral immunoglobulin G by participating in antibody bipolar bridging. This occurs when the Fab domain of an immunoglobulin G molecule binds to its antigenic target and the Fc domain binds to the HSV-1 FcR. In experiments comparing cells infected with wild-type HSV-1 (NS) and cells infected with an FcR-deficient mutant (ENS), we demonstrate that participation of the HSV-1 FcR in antibody bipolar bridging reduces the effectiveness of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
[A Frictionless View of U.S. Inflation]: Comment

Goodfriend, M. (1998). Central banking under the gold standard. CarnegieRochester Conference Series on Public Policy 29:85-124. Hall, R. E. (1983). Optimal fiduciary monetary systems. Journal of Monetary Economics 12:33-50. Hamilton, J. D. , and M. A. Flavin. (1986). On the limitations of government borrowing: A framework for empirical testing. American Economic Review 76:808-819. King, R. G. (1983). On the economics of private money. Journal of Monetary Economics 12:127-158. Leeper, E. (1991). Equilibria under "active" and "passive" monetary policies. Journal of Monetary Economics 27:129-147. Lucas, R. E. , Jr. (1980). Equilibrium in a pure currency economy. Economic Inquiry 18:203-220. (1988). Money demand in the United States: A quantitative review. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 29:137-167. Sargent, T. J. (1986). Rational Expectations and Inflation. New York: Harper & Row. --. (1987). Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schmitt-Grohe, S. , and M. Uribe. (1997). Price level determinacy and monetary policy under a balanced-budget requirement. Federal Reserve Board. Manuscript. Sims, C. A. (1994). A simple model for the determination of the price level and the interaction of monetary and fiscal policy. Economic Theory 4:381-399.
A voltage‐clamp analysis of inward (anomalous) rectification in mouse spinal sensory ganglion neurones.

Mouse embryo dorsal root ganglion neurones were grown in tissue culture and voltage‐clamped with two micro‐electrodes. Hyperpolarizing voltage commands from holding potentials of ‐50 to ‐60 mV evoked slow inward current relaxations which were followed by inward tail currents on repolarization to the holding potential. These relaxations are due to the presence of a time‐ and voltage‐dependent conductance provisionally termed Gh. Gh activates over the membrane potential range ‐60 to ‐120 mV. The presence of Gh causes time‐dependent rectification in the current‐voltage relationship measured between ‐60 and ‐120 mV. Gh does not inactivate within this range and thus generates a steady inward current at hyperpolarized membrane potentials. The current carried by Gh increases when the extracellular K+ concentration is raised, and is greatly reduced in Na+‐free solutions. Current‐voltage plots show considerably less inward rectification in Na+‐free solution; conversely inward rectification is markedly enhanced when the extracellular K+ concentration is raised. The reversal potential of Ih is close to ‐30 mV in media of physiological composition. Tail‐current measurement suggests that Ih is a mixed Na+‐K+ current. Low concentrations of Cs+ reversibly block Ih and produce outward rectification in the steady‐state current‐voltage relationship recorded between membrane potentials of ‐60 and ‐120 mV. Cs+ also reversibly abolishes the sag and depolarizing overshoot that distort hyperpolarizing electrotonic potentials recorded in current‐clamp experiments. Impermeant anion substitutes reversibly block Ih; this block is different from that produced by Cs+ or Na+‐free solutions: Cs+ produces outward rectification in the steady‐state current‐voltage relationship recorded over the Ih activation range; in Na+‐free solutions inward rectification, of reduced amplitude, can still be recorded since Ih is a mixed Na+‐K+ current; in anion‐substituted solutions the current‐voltage relationship becomes approximately linear. It is concluded that in dorsal root ganglion neurones anomalous rectification is generated by the time‐and voltage‐dependent current Ih. The possible function of Ih in sensory neurones is discussed.
Professional interpreters and bilingual physicians in a pediatric emergency department: effect on resource utilization.

OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of interpreters and bilingual physicians on emergency department (ED) resource utilization. DESIGN Cohorts defined by language concordance and interpreter use were prospectively studied preceding and following the availability of dedicated, professional medical interpreters. SETTING Pediatric ED in Chicago, Ill. PARTICIPANTS We examined 4146 visits of children (aged 2 months to 10 years) with a presenting temperature of 38.5 degrees C or higher or a complaint of vomiting or diarrhea; 550 families did not speak English. In 170 cases, the treating physician was bilingual. In 239, a professional interpreter was used. In the remaining 141, a professional medical interpreter was unavailable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence and costs of diagnostic testing, admission rate, use of intravenous hydration, and length of ED visit. RESULTS Regression models incorporated clinical and demographic factors. Compared with the English-speaking cohort, non-English-speaking cases with bilingual physicians had similar rates of resource utilization. Cases with an interpreter showed no difference in test costs, were least likely to be tested (odds ratio [OR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.97), more likely to be admitted (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8), and no more likely to receive intravenous fluids, but had longer lengths of visit (+16 minutes; 95% CI, 6.2-26 minutes). The barrier cohort without a professional interpreter had a higher incidence (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.04-2.2) and cost (+$5.78; 95% CI, $0.24-$11.21) for testing and was most likely to be admitted (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.5) and to receive intravenous hydration (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.3), but showed no difference in length of visit. CONCLUSION Decision making was most cautious and expensive when non-English-speaking cases were treated in the absence of a bilingual physician or professional interpreter.
Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer (NEPC) progressing from conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma: factors associated with time to development of NEPC and survival from NEPC diagnosis-a systematic review and pooled analysis.

PURPOSE An often under-recognized late manifestation of prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) is the development of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors related to survival after NEPC diagnosis (NEPCS) and time from initial diagnosis of PCa to development of NEPC (TTNEPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A literature search on NEPC was performed using databases such as MEDLINE and EMBASE. Studies were eligible if outcomes data (NEPCS and/or TTNEPC) were reported in patients with a prior history of PCa and histopathologically confirmed NEPC. NEPCS and TTNEPC were evaluated using the Cox regression model with the robust sandwich estimates of the covariance matrix. RESULTS There were 54 eligible publications, contributing 123 patients. The median TTNEPC was 20 months. In multivariable analyses, the Gleason score was significantly associated with shorter TTNEPC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.66; P = .032). The median NEPCS was 7 months. In multivariable analyses, the number of organs with metastatic disease at NEPC was significantly associated with shorter NEPCS (HR, 3.31; P = .001). Type of treatment after NEPC was significantly associated with longer NEPCS, with HRs of 0.66 (radiotherapy v palliative therapy; P = .034), 0.38 (chemotherapy v palliative therapy; P = .018), and 0.29 (chemoradiotherapy v palliative therapy; P = .012), respectively. CONCLUSION Treatment-related NEPC is an often under-recognized late manifestation of PCa with poor prognosis. Our study found that Gleason score was the only independent factor contributing to TTNEPC. Once NEPC is diagnosed, type of treatment and the number of organs with metastatic disease were the most important factors related to survival.