Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
U-Pb Zircon Dating of Regional Deformation in the Lower Crust of the Kohistan Arc

Felsic veins several cm thick to bodies several hundreds of m wide are sporadically distributed in the Kamila amphibolites of the Kohistan arc sequence. Some small dikes (less than one m thick) were deformed together with ductile deformation of wall-rock amphibolites; other small undeformed dikes crosscut foliation in the amphibolites. Large granitic intrusive bodies include gneissose and massive varieties. Ion-microprobe U-Pb dating of zircon grains reveal ages as follows: three deformed dikes, 107.7 ± 1.8 Ma, 94.0 ± 1.9 Ma, 81.0 ± 1.6 Ma; a single gneissose granitic body, 89.5 ± 4.2 Ma; three undeformed dikes, 82.0 ± 2.0 Ma, 80.6 ± 4.5 Ma, 75.8 ± 1.7 Ma; a massive granitic body, 75.7 ± 2.2 Ma; and a foliated amphibolite xenolith in the massive granitic body, 110.7 ± 4.9 Ma. Ages of the deformed dikes, the gneissose granitic body, and the amphibolite xenolith indicate that ductile deformation in the lower crust of the Kohistan arc took place episodically or successively during the period from 107 to 81 Ma. Ages of the undeformed dikes and the massive granitic body indicate that ductile deformation ceased prior to 80 Ma. Collision between Asia and the Kohistan arc elsewhere was inferred to be before 80 Ma. We conclude that the ductile deformation events did not extend beyond the time of Asia-Kohistan collision.
Freshwater Displacement Effect on the Weddell Gyre Carbon Budget

The Weddell Gyre mediates carbon exchange between the abyssal ocean and atmosphere, which is critical to global climate. This region also features large and highly variable freshwater fluxes due to seasonal sea ice, net precipitation, and glacial melt; however, the impact of these freshwater fluxes on the regional carbon cycle has not been fully appreciated. Using a novel budget analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) mass in the Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate, we highlight two freshwater‐driven transports. Where freshwater with minimal DIC enters the ocean, it displaces DIC‐rich seawater outwards, driving a lateral transport of 75 ± 5 Tg DIC/year. Additionally, sea ice export requires a compensating import of seawater, which carries 48 ± 11 Tg DIC/year into the gyre. Though often overlooked, these freshwater displacement effects are of leading order in the Weddell Gyre carbon budget in the state estimate and in regrouped box‐inversion estimates, with implications for evaluating basin‐scale carbon transport.
User-assisted visual search and tracking across distributed multi-camera networks

Human CCTV operators face several challenges in their task which can lead to missed events, people or associations, including: (a) data overload in large distributed multi-camera environments; (b) short attention span; (c) limited knowledge of what to look for; and (d) lack of access to non-visual contextual intelligence to aid search. Developing a system to aid human operators and alleviate such burdens requires addressing the problem of automatic re-identification of people across disjoint camera views, a matching task made difficult by factors such as lighting, viewpoint and pose changes and for which absolute scoring approaches are not best suited. Accordingly, we describe a distributed multi-camera tracking (MCT) system to visually aid human operators in associating people and objects effectively over multiple disjoint camera views in a large public space. The system comprises three key novel components: (1) relative measures of ranking rather than absolute scoring to learn the best features for matching; (2) multi-camera behaviour profiling as higher-level knowledge to reduce the search space and increase the chance of finding correct matches; and (3) human-assisted data mining to interactively guide search and in the process recover missing detections and discover previously unknown associations. We provide an extensive evaluation of the greater effectiveness of the system as compared to existing approaches on industry-standard i-LIDS multi-camera data.
Three‐dimensional view of the large‐scale tropospheric ozone distribution over the North Atlantic Ocean during summer

A global chemical transport model is used to study the three-dimensional structure of the tropospheric ozone (O3) distribution over the North Atlantic Ocean during summer. A simplified representation of summertime O3 photochemistry appropriate for northern hemisphere midlatitudes is included in the model. The model is evaluated by comparing simulated O3 mixing ratios to summertime O3 measurements taken in and near the North Atlantic Ocean basin. The model successfully reproduces (1) the means and standard deviations of ozonesonde measurements over North America at 500 mbar; (2) the statistical characteristics of surface O3 data at Sable Island off the coast of North America and at Bermuda in the western North Atlantic; and (3) the mean midtropospheric O3 measured at Bermuda and also at the Azores in the eastern North Atlantic. The model underestimates surface O3 in the eastern North Atlantic, overestimates O3 in the lower free troposphere over the western North Atlantic, and also has difficulty simulating the upper tropospheric ozonesonde measurements over North America. An examination of the mean summertime O3 distribution simulated by the model shows a significant continental influence on boundary layer and free-tropospheric O3 over the western North Atlantic. The model has also been exercised using a preindustrial NOx emission scenario. By comparing the present-day and preindustrial simulations, we conclude that anthropogenic NOx emissions have significantly perturbed tropospheric O3 levels over most of the North Atlantic. We estimate that present-day O3 levels in the lower troposphere over the North Atlantic are at least twice as high as corresponding preindustrial O3 levels. We find that the anthropogenic impact is substantial even in the midtroposphere, where modeled present-day O3 mixing ratios are at least 1.5 times higher than preindustrial O3 levels.
A Late Weichselian and early Flandrian pollen diagram from Østervatnet, Varanger peninsula, NE Norway

A relative and absolute (pollen concentration) diagram is presented from Ostervatnet, southern Varanger peninsula, north of the Main sub-stage (Tromso-Lyngen) moraines. The pollen assemblage zones are correlated biostratigraphically with chronozones from Bolling to Middle Flandrian. Sediment analyses (loss on ignition and particle size) and implied sedimentation rates support this chronology. The three 14C-dates are considered too old by 1000–2000 years because of hard water error. Redeposited Tertiary palynomorphs were encountered in the lower, mineral sediments; their source is unknown. Pollen spectra and pollen deposition rates indicate tundra throughout the Late Weichselian, with Artemisia-grass steppe predominant during Older and Younger Dryas. Rapid vegetational changes began at around 10,000 B.P., followed by successive immigration and establishment of tree birch (with accompanying floristic change) and Juniperus. Ericales were conspicuously unimportant and the pollen diagram records a herb flora rich in basiphilous species
Expression of the gene encoding blood coagulation factor VIII without domain B in E. coli bacterial expression system

In this article, we have demonstrated the feasibility of generating an active form of recombinant blood coagulation factor VIII using an E. coli bacterial expression system as a potential treatment for hemophilia type A. Factor VIII (FVIII), an essential blood coagulation protein, is a key component of the fluid phase blood coagulation system. So far, all available recombinant FVIII formulations have been produced using eukaryotic expression systems. Mammalian cells can produce catalytically active proteins with all the necessary posttranslational modifications. However, cultivating such cells is time-consuming and highly expensive, and the amount of the obtained product is usually low. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, bacterial culture is inexpensive and allows the acquisition of large quantities of recombinant proteins in a short time. With this study, we aimed to obtain recombinant blood coagulation factor VIII using the E. coli bacterial expression system, a method not previously explored for this purpose. Our research encompasses the synthesis of blood coagulation factor VIII and its expression in a prokaryotic system. To achieve this, we constructed a prokaryotic expression vector containing a synthetic factor VIII gene, which was then used for the transformation of an E. coli bacterial strain. The protein expression was confirmed by mass spectrometry, and we assessed the stability of the gene construct while determining the optimal growth conditions. The production of blood coagulation factor VIII by the E. coli bacterial strain was carried out on a quarter-technical scale. We established the conditions for isolation, denaturation, and renaturation of the protein, and subsequently confirmed the activity of FVIII.
Grammatical Evolution with Adaptive Building Blocks for Traffic Light Control

As traffic conditions constantly change, adaptive optimisation has proven to be an effective method for adapting traffic signal control systems accordingly. The utilisation of heuristic algorithms in directing traffic light control strategies, both in fixed time and real-time, has shown significant results. In order to improve the optimisation approach's ability to cope with modern traffic scenarios and synchronise with them, we propose a novel self-adapting algorithm to further enhance their capabilities. This work integrates particle swarm optimisation and ant colony optimisation with the novel self-adaptive approach, which enhances the selection of the most appropriate traffic cycle length to reduce traffic congestion based on real-world traffic conditions. The numerical experiments conducted on two traffic scenarios, peak hour and non-peak hour, show that our approach outperforms existing approaches by reducing travel time, traffic congestion, queue length, and pedestrian flow by 34%, 44%, 39%, and 11%, respectively. These results imply that our method can be implemented in real-world scenarios for sophisticated traffic light management.
Orogeny and orography: The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts

A numerical model of the coupled processes of tectonic deformation and surface erosion in convergent orogens is developed to investigate the nature of the interaction between these processes. Crustal deformation is calculated by a two-dimensional finite element model of deformation in response to subduction and accretion of continental crust. Erosion operates on the uplifted surface of this model through fluvial incision which is taken to be proportional to stream power. The relative importance of the tectonic and erosion processes is given by a dimensionless “erosion number” relating convergence velocity, rock erodibility, and precipitation rate. This number determines the time required for a system to reach steady state and the final topographic shape and size of a mountain belt. Fundamental characteristics of the model orogens include asymmetric topography with shallower slopes facing the subducting plate and an asymmetric pattern of exhumation with the deepest levels of exhumation opposite to subduction. These characteristics are modified when the regional climate exhibits a dominant wind direction and orographically enhanced precipitation on one side of the mountain belt. The two possible cases are dominant wind in the direction of motion of the subducting plate and dominant wind direction in the opposite direction of the subducting plate velocity. Models of the former case predict a broad zone of exhumation with maximum exhumation in the orogen interior. Models of the latter case predict a focused zone of exhumation at the margin of the orogen and, at high erosion number, a reversal in the topographic asymmetry. Natural examples of these two cases are presented. The Southern Alps of New Zealand exhibits the climate and exhumation asymmetry characteristic of wind in the direction opposite to motion of the subducting plate. The asymmetry of topography suggests that erosion is not efficient enough to have reversed the topographic asymmetry. The contrasting example of dominant wind in the direction of subduction motion is provided by the Olympic Mountains of Washington State. In this case, exhumation of deep levels of the Cascadia accretionary wedge shows a broad domal pattern consistent with the observed orographic precipitation.
The combined application of stem cells and three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds for the repair of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is considered one of the most difficult injuries to repair and has one of the worst prognoses for injuries to the nervous system. Following surgery, the poor regenerative capacity of nerve cells and the generation of new scars can make it very difficult for the impaired nervous system to restore its neural functionality. Traditional treatments can only alleviate secondary injuries but cannot fundamentally repair the spinal cord. Consequently, there is a critical need to develop new treatments to promote functional repair after spinal cord injury. Over recent years, there have been several developments in the use of stem cell therapy for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Alongside significant developments in the field of tissue engineering, three-dimensional bioprinting technology has become a hot research topic due to its ability to accurately print complex structures. This led to the loading of three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds which provided precise cell localization. These three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds could repair damaged neural circuits and had the potential to repair the damaged spinal cord. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying simple stem cell therapy, the application of different types of stem cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury, and the different manufacturing methods for three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds. In particular, we focus on the development of three-dimensional bioprinting scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
Paleoclimate Signals of Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia, Over the Last 19,000 Years Using Authigenic Beryllium Isotopes

The paleoclimatic signal of Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia was investigated using authigenic beryllium isotopes from 20 sediment samples. The beryllium isotopic records from this study indicate that there were three dry and cold periods at the lake around 9400, 12,700, and 17,100 cal yr BP. The significant 10Be signal during the Younger Dryas (YD) period is found to be lower. This indicates that the Lake Hovsgol area was subject to a period of cold and dry conditions with minimal dust input, which manifests itself as a low 9Be profile in this study. In warmer and wetter climatic conditions, the 10Be concentration was found to be higher, and this agrees with the sedimentation record of this study. The climatic signals from Lake Hovsgol appear to be similar to a decreased beryllium record during the deglacial period. The results of this study confirm that the Lake Hovsgol area also experienced the global paleoclimatic change associated with the YD event around 12,700 cal yr BP. Further investigation using worldwide lake records by the analytical technique of authigenic beryllium will be useful for understanding the global paleoclimatic change pattern in conjunction with lake-level change.
Palaeomagnetic investigation of Arctic rocks at Cambridge

Recent advances in rock magnetism have established the value of measuring the direction of the remanent magnetism of many kinds of rock. Provided certain conditions are satisfied, individual measurements relate to magnetic pole positions and sufficient measurements give a mean position which may indicate the geographical pole. Thus from determinations of a number of samples of rock from a geological formation, with suitable corrections, the latitude and geographical orientation of the rock at the time when it assumed its magnetic field may be postulated. This restricts and, in due course, may define palaeogeographical reconstructions and so serve to identify movements of the crust in relation to each other and to the poles. Results so far obtained show that averaged pole positions from successive rocks, ranging through many hundreds of millions of years in the same relatively undisturbed areas, lie on curves extending through many tens of degrees of arc. Moreover, similar curves, uniting near the present poles today but diverging considerably when traced backwards in time, derive from different continents, suggesting that both relative continental movements and polar wandering must be taken seriously. From the pattern of pole positions from dated rocks it may be possible to correlate rocks of unknown age (e.g. unfossiliferous and Pre-Cambrian rocks), and solve some petrogenetic problems.
Characterization of the atmospheric aerosol by combination of lidar and sun-photometry

During the summer 2006 an extended observational campaign of atmospheric aerosol has been developed in the area of Granada, South-eastern Spain. From July to the end of September two Cimel CE-318 radiometers have been operated continuously, one at Andalusian Centre for Environmental Studies (CEAMA), located in the urban area of Granada, a non-industrialized medium size city (37.16ºN, 3.61ºW and 680 m a.m.s.l.), and the second one at the Astronomical Observatory of Sierra Nevada (37.06ºN, 3.38ºW and 2896 m a.m.s.l.), with a short horizontal separation between stations that allows us to consider both instrument located in approximately the same vertical column. The Cimel CE-318 measurements have been used to retrieve the aerosol columnar properties, including the columnar volume size distribution, volume scattering phase function, asymmetry factor and single scattering albedo, by means of appropriate inversion procedures. Additionally, at the CEAMA a Raman Lidar system based on a Nd:YAG laser source operating at 1064, 532 and 355 nm and including elastic, polarized and Raman shifted detection has been used to derive profiles of several atmospheric aerosol properties. In this paper we present analyses of the changes and temporal evolution detected in atmospheric aerosol vertical profile. Several long range transport episodes have been detected and back-trajectories analyses and synoptic information have been used in the discussion of results.
Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic: Geology and evolution

The South American, African, and Antarctic lithospheric plates meet in the Bouvet Triple Junction (BTJ) located in the South Atlantic near the island of Bouvet. Multibeam, magnetic, gravimetric, and seismic reflection data have been used to understand the evolution of the three accretionary/transform boundaries that converge in the BTJ. The easternmost segments of the American-Antarctic Ridge (AAR) have a spreading full rate of 19.5 mm/yr for the last 8 m.y. They are oriented N-S, except for some NE-SW segments, probably created by magma-poor extension. The southernmost portion of Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) (spreading full rate of 30.5 mm/yr for the last 9 m.y.) has elevated topographic anomalies; it is segmented by transform and overlapping discontinuities and shows evidence of axial propagation. The MAR axial valley bifurcates at its southern tip in two branches oriented 115 o and 180 o that are, or have been up to recently, loci of crustal accretion. The bifurcation represents a former ridge-ridge-ridge triple junction. The westernmost segments of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) are anomalously high. The segment adjacent to the island of Bouvet (spreading rate 14.5 mm/yr) is shallower than normal by almost 1 km due to the influence of the Bouvet hot spot. The westernmost SWIR segment (Spiess Ridge) consists of a "swollen" volcanic ridge that reaches 320 rn below sea level and has a deep caldera on its summit. Spiess Ridge narrows and deepens to the NW; V-shaped topographic and magnetic lineations suggest that it propagates NW at a rate of 40 to 50 mm/yr. The Spiess magmatic event started at roughly 1 Ma, when it caused deactivation of the 115 o spreading branch. Therefore the Antarctic, South American, and African plates meet presently not in a triple point but in a broad zone of diffuse deformation. An area of extensional deformation observed east of Spiess Ridge may be caused by excess crustal formation at Spiess Ridge that cannot be accommodated by motion of rigid plates. The evolution of the BTJ since 10 Ma involves stages of RRR, RFF and RRF configurations with highly variable geometry of the accretionary/transform boundaries. Topographic anomalies, anomalously thick crust and excess volcanism suggest that the upper mantle below this region is affected by widespread, strong thermal anomalies that have influenced the configuration of the BTJ, and determined indirectly intraplate deformation in wide areas of the BTJ region. The thermal anomaly that gave rise to the SWIR-Spiess excess magmatism is the prime cause of the recent disruption of a former RRR configuration, and of the imminent establishment of a new RRR Triple Junction to the north.
Temporal Trends in Antibiotic Resistance in Europe, 1998-2019

The emergence of resistant phenotypes following the introduction of new antibiotics is well documented. However, the subsequent dynamics of resistance frequencies over long time periods are less well understood: the extent to which resistance frequencies increase, the rate at which resistance frequencies change, and how this depends on antibiotic consumption remain open questions. Here, we systematically analyse the resistance trajectories emerging from 3,375,774 hospital bacterial isolates sampled from infections in Europe over 1998-2019, representing 887 bug-drug-country combinations. Our analyses support a model in which, after an initial increase, resistance frequencies reach a stable intermediate equilibrium. The plurality (37%) of analysed trajectories were best described as `stable' (neither increasing nor decreasing). The second largest category of trajectories (21%) was those best described as `stabilising' - i.e. showing a transition from increasing frequency to a stable plateau. The antibiotic consumption in a country predicts both the equilibrium frequency of the corresponding resistance and the speed at which this equilibrium is reached. Moreover, we find weak evidence that temporal fluctuations in resistance frequency are driven by temporal fluctuations in hospital antibiotic consumption. Overall, our results indicate that ever increasing antibiotic resistance frequencies are not inevitable and that antibiotic management limits resistance spread. A large fraction of the variability in the speed of increase and the equilibrium level of resistance remains unexplained by antibiotic use, suggesting other factors also drive resistance dynamics.