Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of ion energy distributions by Doppler shift spectroscopy in an inertial-electrostatic confinement device

Doppler shift spectroscopy was carried out on the discharge in a spherically symmetric inertial-electrostatic confinement system. This enabled the ion energy distributions, types, and densities of ionic species to be determined. A weakly ionized hydrogen radio-frequency discharge was used as the ion source for two spherical and concentric electrostatic grids. The inner and outer grids were the cathode and anode, respectively. It was found that the ion energy distribution consisted of a non-Maxwellian directional component, as well as a spatially isotropic Maxwellian distribution. The directional component consisted of three broadened energy peaks belonging to H3+ (20%), H2+ (60%), and H+ (20%). These ions had energies approximately 20% of the cathode potential. The temperature (in electronvolts) of the Maxwellian distribution was approximately 15% of the cathode potential.
Asymptotic separability in sensitivity analysis

In an observational study in which each treated subject is matched to several untreated controls by using observed pretreatment covariates, a sensitivity analysis asks how hidden biases due to unobserved covariates might alter the conclusions. The bounds required for a sensitivity analysis are the solution to an optimization problem. In general, this optimization problem is not separable, in the sense that one cannot find the needed optimum by performing a separate optimization in each matched set and combining the results. We show, however, that this optimization problem is asymptotically separable, so that when there are many matched sets a separate optimization may be performed in each matched set and the results combined to yield the correct optimum with negligible error. This is true when the Wilcoxon rank sum test or the Hodges‐Lehmann aligned rank test is applied in matching with multiple controls. Numerical calculations show that the asymptotic approximation performs well with as few as 10 matched sets. In the case of the rank sum test, a table is given containing the separable solution. With this table, only simple arithmetic is required to conduct the sensitivity analysis. The method also supplies estimates, such as the Hodges‐Lehmann estimate, and confidence intervals associated with rank tests. The method is illustrated in a study of dropping out of US high schools and the effects on cognitive test scores.
Enriched formulas to conjugate gradient method for removing impulse noise images

Abstract The formula conjugate is usually the focal point in conjugate gradient techniques. In this paper, the Perry’s conjugacy condition and quadratic model are used to derive a new coefficient conjugate for the conjugate gradient technique, which is used to solve picture restoration issues. The algorithms show global convergence and have the required descent property. The new technique has showed substantial improvement in numerical testing. It has been demonstrated that the novel conjugate gradient approach outperforms the traditional FR conjugate gradient method. The new technique has showed substantial improvement in numerical testing. It has been demonstrated that the novel conjugate gradient approach outperforms the traditional FR conjugate gradient method.
Tiered sentence based topic model for multi-document summarization

Abstract In this work, a probabilistic two level topic model named Tiered Sentence based Topic Model is proposed which models the document at sentence and word levels and infer hierarchical latent topics for sentences. The proposed model uses two latent variables for the generation of words- a super topic and a subtopic for each sentence of the document, to model word groupings at sentence level. Popular super topics identify general theme of the documents and are used for selecting summary sentences. The model parameters are used for ranking sentences considering sentence importance and topic coverage. Collapsed Gibbs sampling is used for inference and parameter estimation. The proposed model is used to compare with two sentence based topic models- SenLDA and LDCC on query focused multi-document summarization task, over standard DUC2005 dataset using ROUGE-1 and ROUGE-2 precision and recall scores. The proposed model performs better than Latent Dirichlet Allocation and SenLDA but has been outperformed by LDCC.
Effective negative triplet sampling for knowledge graph embedding

Abstract Knowledge graphs contain only positive triplet facts, whereas the negative triplets need to be generated precisely to train the embedding models. Early Uniform and Bernoulli sampling are applied but suffer’s from the zero loss problems during training, affecting the performance of embedding models. Recently, generative adversarial technic attended the dynamic negative sampling and obtained better performance by vanishing zero loss but on the adverse side of increasing the model complexity and training parameter. However, NSCaching balances the performance and complexity, generating a single negative triplet sample for each positive triplet that focuses on vanishing gradients. This paper addressed the zero loss training problem due to the low-scored negative triplet by proposing the extended version of NSCaching, to generate the high-scored negative triplet utilized to increase the training performance. The proposed method experimented with semantic matching knowledge graph embedding models on the benchmark datasets, where the results show the success on all evaluation metrics.
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopic ellipsometry of metallic strontium titanate

Abstract The coexistence of the polar instability and metallic conduction has attracted much attention. Ferroelectric soft optic modes and carrier electrons were investigated in A- and B-site heterovalent doped strontium titanate SrTiO3 crystals by the terahertz time-domain spectroscopic ellipsometry. The observed real and imaginary parts of a complex dielectric constant were fitted by the damped harmonic oscillator model for the ferroelectric soft optic mode and the Drude-Smith model for carrier electrons. The observed soft mode frequency increases as the La and Nb content increases. It is found that the square of the ferroelectric soft mode frequency linearly changes to the carrier electron concentration. This fact indicates that the carrier electrons suppress the ferroelectric instability and the ferroelectric soft mode frequency increases as the carrier concentration increases.
Artificial intelligence‐based remote monitoring system for automated anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks

In recent decades, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are employed in the remote monitoring system which experiences a huge delay due to the excessive time consumption by the image processing techniques. The existing video surveillance system is unable to detect the anomaly accurately and falls short in classifying the routine activity and the anomaly activities. Therefore, an efficient anomaly detection model is necessitated for identifying the anomaly behavior of malicious nodes in the WSN environment. This research work introduces a novel artificial intelligence (AI)‐based remote monitoring system for WSN. Primarily, the online video frames are retrieved from the wireless video sensors where the frames are generated by segmenting the entire stream of video as a constant‐sized structural frame. The sequence/stream of video segments is fed into the proposed AI framework to detect anomaly activities. It has multiple levels of hidden layers to compare the features of the input captured image with the preloaded reference image. Furthermore, a 5‐fold cross‐validation approach has been inspected to validate the efficacy of the suggested AI model. The performance results evident that the proposed AI system acquires a better prediction accuracy of 98.2% and precision of 97.3% than the existing monitoring systems.
Divergent associations between auditory activation and inhibition task performance in children and adults

Adults and children show remarkable differences in cortical auditory activation which, in children, have shown relevance for cognitive performance, specifically inhibitory control. However, it has not been tested whether these differences translate to functional differences in response inhibition between adults and children. We recorded auditory responses of adults and school-aged children (6-14y) using combined magneto- and electroencephalography (M/EEG) during passive listening conditions and an auditory Go/No-go task. The associations between auditory cortical responses and inhibition performance measures diverge between adults and children; while in children the brain-behavior associations are not significant, or stronger responses are beneficial, adults show negative associations between auditory cortical responses and inhibitory performance. Furthermore, we found qualitative differences in auditory responses between adults and children; the late (∼200 ms post stimulation) adult peak activation shifts from auditory to frontomedial areas. In contrast, children show prolonged obligatory responses in the auditory cortex. Together this likely translates to a functional difference between adults and children in the cortical resources for performance consistency in auditory-based cognitive tasks.
Identifying indels from WGS short reads of haploid genomes distinguishes variant-calling algorithms

Identification of clinically relevant strains of bacteria increasingly relies on whole genome sequencing. The downstream bioinformatics steps necessary for calling variants from short read sequences are well-established but seldom validated against haploid genomes. We devised an in silico workflow to introduce single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and indels into bacterial reference genomes, and computationally generate sequencing reads based on the mutated genomes. We then applied the method to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and used the synthetic reads as truth sets for evaluating several popular variant callers. Insertions proved especially challenging for most variant callers to correctly identify, relative to deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms. With adequate read depth, however, variant callers that use high quality soft-clipped reads and base mismatches to perform local realignment consistently had the highest precision and recall in identifying medium-length insertions and deletions.
Chelerythrine as an anti-Zika virus agent: therapeutic potential and mode of action

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has been associated with adult and neonatal neurological conditions. So far, there is no approved drug or vaccine against ZIKV infection; thus, ZIKV remains a global health threat. Here, we explored the effects of chelerythrine (CTC), a known protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, against ZIKV infection in cell culture models to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent for ZIKV infection. We found that CTC protected Vero cells from ZIKV-induced cytopathic effects in a dose-dependent manner. It also reduced the production of ZIKV in Vero and A549 cells. In contrast, other PKC inhibitors failed to protect Vero cells from ZIKV-induced cytopathic effects, indicating PKC-independent mechanisms underlying the effects of CTC on ZIKV. Further investigation suggested that CTC inhibited ZIKV attachment/binding rather than internalization in the host cells. Pretreatment of cell-free ZIKV particles rather than pretreatment of cells with CTC resulted in reduced ZIKV infectivity in vitro, indicating that CTC blocked the attachment/binding of the ZIKV particles to host factors. In silico analyses suggested that these effects are potentially due to the binding of CTC to the ZIKV E protein, which may occlude the interaction of the E protein with attachment factors or receptors on the host cell surface. Overall, our findings suggest that CTC reduces the infectivity of ZIKV particles through PKC- and cell-independent mechanisms. Our findings also support further exploration of CTC as an anti-ZIKV agent.
Cryo-EM Structures of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Tau Filaments with PET Ligand Flortaucipir

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging allows monitoring the progression of amyloid aggregation in the living brain. [18F]-Flortaucipir is the only approved PET tracer compound for the visualisation of tau aggregation. Here, we describe cryo-EM experiments on tau filaments in the presence and absence of flortaucipir. We used tau filaments isolated from the brain of an individual with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and from the brain of an individual with primary age-related tauopathy (PART) with a co-pathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Unexpectedly, we were unable to visualise additional cryo-EM density for flortaucipir for AD paired helical or straight filaments (PHFs or SFs), but we did observe density for flortaucipir binding to CTE Type I filaments from the case with PART. In the latter, flortaucipir binds in a 1:1 molecular stoichiometry with tau, adjacent to lysine 353 and aspartate 358. By adopting a tilted geometry with respect to the helical axis, the 4.7 Å distance between neighbouring tau monomers is reconciled with the 3.5 Å distance consistent with π-π-stacking between neighbouring molecules of flortaucipir.
Motility mediates satellite formation in confined biofilms

Bacteria have spectacular survival capabilities and can spread in many, vastly different environments. For instance, when pathogenic bacteria infect a host, the cells expand through proliferation and squeezing through narrow pores and elastic matrices. However, the exact role of surface structures and matrix elasticity in colony expansion and morphogenesis is still largely unknown. Here we show how satellite colonies emerge around biofilms embedded in semi-soft agar in controlled in vitro assays. We tested how extra-cellular structures – important for biofilm formation and motility – control this morphology. Moreover, we identify the range of extra-cellular matrix elasticity, where this morphology is possible. When paralleled with mathematical modelling, our results demonstrate that satellite formation allows bacterial communities to spread faster. We anticipate that this strategy is important to speed up expansion in various environments while retaining the close interactions and protection provided by the community.
An Assessment of the Transplant's Survival Level for Recipients after Kidney Transplantations using Cox Proportional-Hazards Model

On the basis of the preliminary analysis, a simulation of graft survival in recipients is carried out 3 years after kidney transplantation to find the most significant factors that non-randomly affect the probability of graft survival after kidney transplantation. A semiparametric Cox proportional hazards regression model was constructed to estimate the survival of a functioning graft. It was shown that the risk of rejection in the group of recipients with changes in key hematological and immunological indicators is more aggressive and prognostically unfavorable. It has been proven that the most significant signs (p<0.001) include four signs: the number of HLA-antigen mixmatches before kidney transplantation, the concentration of creatinine and leukocytes in the blood, as well as the level of proteins in the urine after kidney transplantation. The possibility of further use of the obtained model for predicting the survival of recipients 3 years after transplantation is indicated.
ECG Analysis Software Library based on NLP and ML Methods

This article discusses the implementation of a software library for the analysis of the electrocardiogram signal. A feature of this library is to improve the functionality and simplify the interaction with existing machine learning software and tools for loading, processing and storing ECG signal datasets by using the Word2Vec model. The library increases development speed of a new software, which involves various ECG analysis. Therefore, scientists could more easily implement their ideas related to NLP and ML.
The Transient Response of Damped Linear Networks with Particular Regard to Wideband Amplifiers

When the transient response of a linear network to an applied unit step function consists of a monotonic rise to a final constant value, it is found possible to define delay time and rise time in such a way that these quantities can be computed very simply from the Laplace system function of the network. The usefulness of the new definitions is illustrated by applications to low pass, multi‐stage wideband amplifiers for which a number of general theorems are proved. In addition, an investigation of a certain class of two‐terminal interstage networks is made in an endeavor to find the network giving the highest possible gain—rise time quotient consistent with a monotonic transient response to a step function.
A useful nonlinear design model for the magnetic frequency tripler

A model of the magnetic frequency triplet is described that yields useful design information at a reasonable cost. The model is based on the analysis of an ideal lossless triplet. Simple modifications are introduced to account for the effects of direct and quadrature axis losses. Similarly, a method of including a line filter network is described.
Source Attribution of Ozone and Precursors in the Northeast U.S. Using Multiple Photochemical Model Based Approaches (CMAQ v5.3.2 and CAMx v7.10)

The Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) has been revised in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. This work updates ISAM to maximize its flexibility, particularly for ozone 10 (O 3 ) modeling, by providing multiple attribution options, including products inheriting attribution fully from nitrogen oxide reactants, fully from volatile organic compound (VOC) reactants, equally to all reactants, or dynamically to NO x or VOC reactants based on the indicator gross production ratio of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to nitric acid (HNO 3 ). This study's primary objective is to document these ISAM updates and demonstrate their impacts on source apportionment results for O 3 and its precursors. 15 Additionally, the ISAM results are compared with the Ozone Source Apportionment Technology (OSAT) in the Comprehensive Air-quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) and the brute force method (BF). All comparisons are performed for a 4km horizontal grid resolution application over the northeast U.S. for a selected two-day summer case study (August 9th and 10th, 2018). General similarities among ISAM, OSAT, and BF results add credibility to the new ISAM algorithms. However, some 20 discrepancies in magnitude or relative proportions among tracked sources illustrate the distinct features of each approach while others may be related to differences in model formulation of chemical and physical processes. Despite these differences, OSAT and ISAM still provide useful apportionment data by identifying the geographical and temporal contributions of O 3 and its precursors. Both OSAT and ISAM attribute the majority of O 3 and NO x contributions to boundary, mobile, and biogenic sources, 25 whereas
Particle Diffusion on Vortices in Nearly Incompressible Magnetohydrodynamics

Standard theory of energetic particle transport in magnetic irregularities treats the latter as weak random fluctuations described as linear MHD wave modes and does not include nonlinear coherent structures such as vortices. To address this shortcoming, a study of energetic particle diffusion in the heliosphere, taking into account scattering on vortices, is made. We consider vortices as nonlinear coherent planar two-dimensional structures orthogonal to the background magnetic field. They can be derived in the framework of nearly incompressible two-dimensional MHD for a subsonic plasma in the fluid frame with plasma beta β ≤ 1 and correspond to "zero-frequency" modes in the linear regime. Transport coefficients for energetic particles are evaluated using the Hamiltonian formalism and variational principles. Further applications for study of cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere are discussed.
: Study and Design of a Multi-range Programmable Sensor

—In this paper, a wide-range high-precision sensor has been designed in order to accurately measure the temperature in a medium with arbitrary temperature variation and the implementation of a wide-spectrum temperature measurement system with a self-selected multi-sensor has been realized. This multi-sensor core is made up of different sensors combined to measure different temperature ranges. This concept can be used for high-precision temperature measurement in electrical capacitance tomography applications. The proposed technique is well suited for temperatures in boilers, industries, and everywhere high temperature measurement sensitivity is needed by using different combined temperature sensors of high precision
Estimation of Causal Effects via Principal Stratification When Some Outcomes are Truncated by “Death”

The topic of “truncation by death” in randomized experiments arises in many fields, such as medicine, economics and education. Traditional approaches addressing this issue ignore the fact that the outcome after the truncation is neither “censored” nor “missing,” but should be treated as being defined on an extended sample space. Using an educational example to illustrate, we will outline here a formulation for tackling this issue, where we call the outcome “truncated by death” because there is no hidden value of the outcome variable masked by the truncating event. We first formulate the principal stratification (Frangakis & Rubin, 2002) approach, and we then derive large sample bounds for causal effects within the principal strata, with or without various identification assumptions. Extensions are then briefly discussed.
An insoluble surfactant model for a vertical draining free film with variable surface viscosity

A mathematical model is constructed to study the evolution of a vertically oriented, thin, free liquid film draining under gravity when there is an insoluble surfactant, with finite variable surface viscosity, on its free surface. Lubrication theory for this free film results in three coupled nonlinear partial differential equations describing the free surface shape, the surface velocity and the surfactant transport, at leading order. In the limit of large surface viscosity and the Marangoni effect, the evolution of the free surface is that of a rigid film. For mobile films with small surface viscosity, transition from a mobile to an essentially immobile film is observed for large Marangoni effects. It is also verified that stable aqueous films can be formed in the regime of high surfactant concentrations. The theoretical results are compared with experiment; the purpose of both is to act as a model problem to evaluate the effectiveness of surfactants for potential use in foam-fabrication processes.
Some characteristics of the predisruption phase in the Damavand tokamak

The time evolution of magnetohydrodynamic activity, charge exchange neutral particles spectra, the line emission of the impurities in the visible spectral range and soft x-ray radiation were investigated in the predisruption phase of the small Damavand tokamak [Amrollahi et al., Plasma Phys. Rep. 23, 561 (1997)]. The experimental data show that the main disruptive processes, particularly the kinetic, take place near the plasma periphery. The experimental results also show that the interaction between high energy ions of bulk plasma and impurity ions may play an important role in the plasma radiation processes. A new mechanism for the plasma radiation processes in the predisruption phase may be obtained that can be considered for the investigation of the disruption instability.