Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Acceptance of Soy-Based Foods

Abstract Programs intending to encourage the adoption of soy-based foods have fallen short of expectations. This issue of how unfamiliar, protein-rich foods can be introduced into diets was addressed during the rationing years of World War II when citizens were encouraged to incorporate protein-rich organ meats into their protein deficient diets. Unfortunately, most of the insights resulting from these efforts remained unpublished or in limited distribution. This article takes these recently released findings and uses them to show how the acceptance of soy-based foods can be facilitated.
Developing a Unified List of Physicians’ Reasoning Tasks During Clinical Encounters

Purpose The clinical reasoning literature focuses on how physicians reason while making decisions, rather than on what they reason about while performing their clinical tasks. In an attempt to provide a common language for discussing, teaching, and researching clinical reasoning, the authors undertook the task of developing a unified list of physicians’ reasoning tasks, or what they reason about, during clinical encounters. Method The authors compiled an initial list of 20 reasoning tasks based on the literature from four content areas—clinical reasoning, communications, medical errors, and clinical guidelines. In the summer and fall of 2010, they surveyed a purposive sample of 46 international experts in clinical reasoning and communications. From the results of the first survey, the authors refined their list of reasoning tasks, then resurveyed 22 of the original participants. From the results of the second survey, they further refined their list and validated the inclusion of the reasoning tasks. Results Twenty-four of 46 (52%) and 15 of 22 (65%) participants completed the first- and second-round surveys, respectively. Following the second-round survey, the authors’ list included 24 reasoning tasks, and a clinical example corresponding to each, that fell into four broad categories: framing the encounter (3), diagnosis (8), management (11), and self-reflection (2). Conclusions The development of this unified list represents a first step in offering a vocabulary for discussing, reflecting on, teaching, and studying physicians’ reasoning tasks during clinical encounters.
Installed base and compatibility : innovation, product preannouncements and predation

A good is often more valuable to any user, the more others use compatible goods. The authors show that this effect may inhibit innovation. If an installed base exists and transition to a new standard must be gradual, early adopters bear a disproportionate share of transient incompatibility costs. This can produce "excess inertia. " The installed base, however, is "stranded" if the new standard is adopted: this may create "excess momentum. " These dynamic effects have strategic implications. Temporary price cutting can permanently prevent entry; and product preannouncements can be critical in innovation. These strategic actions have ambiguous welfare effects.
Range in pulmonary artery systolic pressure among highly trained athletes.

BACKGROUND Although the physiologic range of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) has been reported, data on how it is manifested in athletes are limited. The aim of the present study was to explore the full spectrum of PASP and the long-term training impact in a large population of highly trained athletes. METHODS Six hundred fifteen consecutive athletes (370 endurance-trained athletes [ATEs] vs 245 strength-trained athletes [ATSs]; 28.4 ± 10.1 years old) and 230 healthy control subjects (27.5 ± 11.3 years old) underwent transthoracic echocardiography. PASP was estimated by measuring maximal tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) with the modified Bernoulli equation. The ratio of TRV to right ventricular outflow tract time-velocity integral (TRV/RVOTTVI) was obtained as a correlate of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). RESULTS Left ventricular (LV) mass index and ejection fraction did not differ significantly between the two groups of athletes. Conversely, ATSs showed an increased sum of wall thickness and relative wall thickness, whereas LV end-diastolic diameter, LV stroke volume, peak TRV, and PASP were significantly higher in ATEs. The ratio between transmitral E wave and tissue Doppler e' wave was not different among the three groups. The ratio TRV/RVOTTVI was ≤ 0.2 (ie, normal PVR) in all subjects. A TRV value > 2.5 m/s was observed in 76 athletes (12.3%). By multivariable analysis, age (P < .01), type and duration of training (P < .01), and LV stroke volume (P < .001) were the only independent predictors of PASP in athletes. CONCLUSIONS This study delineates the full range of resting TRV and derived PASP in highly trained athletes. The upper physiologic limit of PASP in endurance athletes may reach 40 mm Hg, in line with the greater increase in stroke volume. This should be considered a "physiologic phenomenon" when evaluating athletes for sports eligibility.
The impact of avatar-owner visual similarity on body ownership in immersive virtual reality

In this paper we report on an investigation of the effects of a self-avatar's visual similarity to a user's actual appearance, on their perceptions of the avatar in an immersive virtual reality (IVR) experience. We conducted a user study to examine the participant's sense of body ownership, presence and visual realism under three levels of avatar-owner visual similarity: (L1) an avatar reconstructed from real imagery of the participant's appearance, (L2) a cartoon-like virtual avatar created by a 3D artist for each participant, where the avatar shoes and clothing mimic that of the participant, but using a low-fidelity model, and (L3) a cartoon-like virtual avatar with a pre-defined appearance for the shoes and clothing. Surprisingly, the results indicate that the participants generally exhibited the highest sense of body ownership and presence when inhabiting the cartoon-like virtual avatar mimicking the outft of the participant (L2), despite the relatively low participant similarity. We present our experiment and main findings, also, discuss the potential impact of a self-avatar's visual differences on human perceptions in IVR.
Water allocation systems in Texas

Allocation of water resources among nations, states, regions, water management organizations and numerous water users is a governing concern in water management in Texas as well as throughout the world. Water allocation practices in Texas have evolved historically over centuries, with significant improvements occurring in recent years that continue to be refined. Texas shares water with Mexico and several neighbouring states in the United States. Thousands of government agencies, cities, private companies and citizens within Texas hold rights to use the waters of the state. Legal rights to use surface water differ from those for groundwater. Surface water allocation for the Lower Rio Grande is different to that for the rest of the state. With growing demands on limited water resources, expanding and refining water allocation systems has become a central governing concern in water management. The Texas experience illustrates fundamental principles, issues, management strategies and complexities involved in developing and administering water allocation systems.
Gaze and Arrow Distractors Influence Saccade Trajectories Similarly

Perceiving someone's averted eye-gaze is thought to result in an automatic shift of attention and in the preparation of an oculomotor response in the direction of perceived gaze. Although gaze cues have been regarded as being special in this respect, recent studies have found evidence for automatic attention shifts with nonsocial stimuli, such as arrow cues. Here, we directly compared the effects of social and nonsocial cues on eye movement preparation by examining the modulation of saccade trajectories made in the presence of eye-gaze, arrows, or peripheral distractors. At a short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the distractor and the target, saccades deviated towards the direction of centrally presented arrow distractors, but away from the peripheral distractors. No significant trajectory deviations were found for gaze distractors. At the longer SOA, saccades deviated away from the direction of the distractor for all three distractor types, but deviations were smaller for the centrally presented gaze and arrow distractors. These effects were independent of whether line-drawings or photos of faces were used and could not be explained by differences in the spatial properties of the peripheral distractor. The results suggest that all three types of distractors (gaze, arrow, peripheral) can induce the automatic programming of an eye movement. Moreover, the findings suggest that gaze and arrow distractors affect oculomotor preparation similarly, whereas peripheral distractors, which are classically regarded as eliciting an automatic shift of attention and an oculomotor response, induce a stronger and faster acting influence on response preparation and the corresponding inhibition of that response.
Design for gender equality - the history of cohousing ideas and realities

Today’s development of alternative types of housing with communal spaces and shared facilities, called cohousing, has been influenced by utopian visions, practical proposals and implemented pro-jects far back in the past. This article traces the driving forces behind the various models of communi-tarian settlements, cooperative housekeeping, central kitchen buildings, collective housing and colla-borative residential experiments while focusing specifically on the design and gender aspects of these models. An emphasis is given to feminist arguments for cohousing, as well as a discussion of the patriarchal resistance against various forms of housing and living based on equality and neighbourly cooperation. The article includes an analysis of the relief of house work burdens and of the possibility for men to be courageously domesticated through this type of housing. The main research methods comprise analyses of literature and the researchers’ own practical experiences of cohousing. The authors claim that cohousing in Scandinavian and some other countries has contributed to a more equal distribution of responsibilities for house work. However, the number of people living in cohou-seing is still too small to influence the gender segregation of labour markets. It is furthermore conclu-ded that design factors, such as the quality of shared spaces, easy access to common rooms and indoor communication, are important for the smooth functioning of cohousing.
Relative Earnings and Individual Union Membership in the United Kingdom

Considerable attention has been focused in recent years on the empirical analysis of the effect of trade unions on the structure of earnings. Such empirical investigation usually entails measurement of the union/non-union differential in wages or earnings. At the level of the individual this involves comparison of the earnings of union members with estimates of what their earnings would be were they not union members, or, equivalently, examination of differences in earnings between individuals comparable with regard to all other relevant characteristics who differ in their union membership alone. In the United Kingdom all previous attempts at estimation of this differential have used aggregate data at either the industry or occupation level.1 The conventional methodology involves regression of the logarithm of the average wage on either the proportion of workers who are union members or the proportion covered by a collective agreement, together with a vector of industry characteristics that are deemed to determine the non-union wage. However, several problems are immediately apparent with this methodology. First, the model ignores the possibility of variation in the differential across industries, which has potentially serious consequences. Second, the vector of other characteristics customarily used is somewhat limited and raises doubts concerning the adequacy of the standardization for what might loosely be termed "labour quality". Third, only a sub-sample of industries is ever used owing to lack of data. Those industries excluded are generally smaller (in terms of employment) that those included. If the differential varies with the size of the industry a further bias will be induced. All of these problems are either removed or lessened by the use of individual-level data. (For an analysis of their impact at the industry level see Geroski and Stewart, 1981). 2 As a result, it is now widely accepted that the appropriate way to measure such differentials is to use micro-data sets at the level of the individual worker. Until recently suitable data have not been available for the United Kingdom and hence such analysis was not possible. This paper presents the first estimates for the United Kingdom based on individual-level data. If the value of the union/non-union differential were the same for all workers in the unionized sector, analysis at the industry level and the individual level would produce similar results. However, the Marshallian laws of derived demand suggest that this will not be the case. Despite this clear prediction of variation in the differential, there has been little systematic investigation of the variation. This paper also presents such an analysis. Since variation in the differential across industries results in aggregation bias in industry-level studies, such an analysis is of considerable relevance to the evaluation of the evidence from such studies, as well as being of interest in its own right. The paper is laid out as follows. Section I presents a method of estimating the union/non-union differential at the individual level while Section II
Avian carcinoma virus MH2 contains a transformation-specific sequence, mht, and shares the myc sequence with MC29, CMII, and OK10 viruses.

Avian carcinoma virus MH2 has been grouped together with MC29, CMII, and OK10, because all of these viruses share a transformation-specific sequence termed myc. A 5.2-kilobase (kb) DNA provirus of MH2 has been molecularly cloned. The complete genetic structure of MH2 is 5'-delta gag(1.9-kb)-mht(1.2-kb)-myc(1.3-kb)-delta env(? ) and noncoding c-region (0.2-kb)-3'. delta gag, delta env, and c are genetic elements shared with nondefective retroviruses, whereas mht is a unique, possibly MH2 transformation-specific, sequence. Hybridizations with normal chicken DNA and cloned chicken c-myc DNA indicate that the mht sequence probably derives from a normal cellular gene that is distinct from the c-myc gene. The genetic structure of MH2 suggests that the delta gag and mht sequences function as a hybrid gene that encodes the p100 putative transforming protein. The myc sequence of MH2 appears to encode a second transforming function. Therefore, it seems that MH2 contains two genes with possible oncogenic function, whereas MC29, CMII, and OK10 each carries a single hybrid delta gag-myc transforming gene. It is remarkable that, despite these fundamental differences in their primary structures and mechanisms of gene expression, MH2 and MC29 have very similar oncogenic properties.
Psychological and behavioral factors unpredictive of disordered eating: a prospective study of the general adolescent population in Norway.

OBJECTIVE To investigate if cross-sectionally identified correlates of disordered eating among adolescents could also predict disordered eating prospectively over and beyond the initial level of disordered eating. METHOD Two-wave longitudinal questionnaire study of a representative and nationwide sample of 7,751 Norwegian adolescents aged 12-19 at initial testing (t1). A 12-item version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) was included. RESULTS Forty percent of the girls and 25% of the boys with disordered eating at t1 also scored above the cut-off point 2 years later (t2). Initial disordered eating, gender, depressed mood, body dissatisfaction, unstable self-perceptions, perceived obesity, excessive exercise, and having idols with perfect bodies all predicted change in disordered eating. However, when the initial symptom load was controlled, these variables - except gender - only contributed marginally to the prediction of disordered eating. These negative results are in line with other longitudinal studies of changes in disordered eating in unselected adolescent populations. DISCUSSION It cannot be established that psychological factors play a major etiological role in the development of disordered eating. The results are discussed with reference to a potential discontinuity between eating problems and eating disorders.
Mental health system financing in developing countries: Policy questions and research responses*

Abstract To what extent does previous and existing health economics research directly address key health system financing issues facing mental health services in developing countries? By mapping WHO's health systems framework onto mental health, three key financing questions for mental health are identified: the sufficiency of resources for mental health; the protection of individuals or households against the economic consequences of mental ill-health; and the efficient use of available resources for mental health. Research efforts to date have mainly focused on the evaluation of intervention costs in relation to mental health outcomes (the efficiency question). There is a need to achieve a greater balance between economic analysis (aimed at identifying best buys) versus financial planning (scaling up the delivery or implementation of interventions shown to be cost-effective). In addition, a better understanding and clearer articulation of the negative impact of mental disorders at the household level is needed, together with ways of alleviating financial burden via appropriate and affordable pre-payment financing mechanisms.
Children's well-being, adult poverty, and jobs-of-last-resort

This article addresses the failure of the 1996 welfare reform act (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act [PRWORA]) as an anti-poverty program demonstrated by the fact that approximately half of all ‘welfare leavers’ have fallen back into poverty within a year or two of their exit. The proximate cause is that, because of “barriers to work” or insufficient demand, leavers end up working too few hours over the course of a year. To address this failure, we propose a program of jobs-of-last-resort, called Promise of a Job (POJ), based on an examination of the design, costs, and results for a large number of transitional-job and welfare-to-work programs. In this article, we estimate POJ's costs per participant and overall costs of implementation, as well as the impact such a program would have on reducing adult and, particularly, child poverty. We find, in examining past data, that had POJ been applied to just those Americans who were on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in 1996, it would have raised almost 7 million children above the poverty line. We argue that this result (and similar results from any other program) should appeal across the political spectrum, to conservatives and liberals alike, because of the documented general agreement that child poverty is inconsistent with a widely held American value: the provision of equal opportunity for all.
Supplementary Material : Multiple Clustering Views from Multiple Uncertain Experts

For variational inference in our approach, we use the following parameter settings 1. G, the number of components in truncated Dirichlet Process, is set to be M/2, where M is the total number of experts. In this way, we try to enforce the constraint that on average, there should be at least two experts in each view. In all experiments, the number of expert views recovered by our approach is smaller than G = M/2. Therefore, the value of G we use is large enough to discover the true number of expert views. 2. For the parameters of prior distributions: • p(αm), p(βm): set the parameters of prior Beta distributions to be (10, 1) to incorporate the prior knowledge that each expert’s accuracy parameters should be far away from 0.5 (random guess) and close to 1. The choice can be illustrated from Figure 1. Under this setting, there is very small probability that the accuracy parameters can be close to 0.5.
Expenditure on the NHS in Perspective

In the wake of the recently-announced increases in health spending, Martin Chalkley reviews the record of health spending in the UK both historically and comparatively. It is clear that prices paid by the NHS have increased more than prices in general, and once this is allowed for then it appears that real health spending today is only twice that of 50 years ago as compared with the fourfold increase suggested when using a general price deflator. Such differential inflation is obviously not a problem which is confined to the UK, and it does add considerably to problems in making proper comparisons between levels of health spending in different countries. In spite of these difficulties, it seems that compared with many other developed countries, health spending in the UK as a proportion of GDP is modest. So, looking ahead, there is some way to go before the UK attains the levels of spending achieved in many other countries. But understanding the reasons for relative price changes is vital if any proposed increases in spending is to be translated into increases in the quantity and quality of services provided.
Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Parametric Images by Cluster Analysis

Parametric images are formed by analyzing the concentration history of every voxel in PET data sets. Because PET concentration data at the voxel level are rather noisy, noise propagation into the parametric image is often quite noticeable. To address this problem, a model-based clustering method has been developed to generate parametric images. The basic idea of the clustering method is to average over voxels whose concentration histories have the same shape. We applied the method to a two-parameter (K1, k2) compartment model of local cerebral blood flow. The statistic R = integral tC(t) dt/integral C(t) dt= integral te-k2t multiply sign in circle Ca(t) dt/integral e-k2t multiply sign in circle Ca(t) dt classifies curves in terms of k2, where C(t) and Ca(t) denote the tissue and blood concentration histories, respectively, and multiply sign in circle is the convolution operator. Simulation studies of noise propagation in the clustering statistic showed that 30% voxel noise yielded a 2% standard deviation in R. Parametric images of blood flow and partition coefficient were computed for an O15 study, with and without clustering. Cluster size affected bias, statistical precision, and computation time. With clusters of 400 voxels, the variance of the flow parameter was around 1/50 smaller with clustering, with negligible bias and a computation time of 30 s on a 64-MHz workstation for 15 x 128 x 128 images with MATLAB 5.1.
The search for "true north" in corporate financial reporting

This contribution reviews the search for "true north" in corporate financial reporting, based on the book entitled Mark-to-Market Accounting: "True North" in Financial Reporting by Schuetze and Wolnizer. Among other reasons, this book is significant because the principal author's background is in practice rather than academia. As suggested by its title, the main argument of the book is that corporate financial reports can be improved and that the key to such improvement rests with ensuring that they depict "economic reality".