Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating heat‐related mortality in Korea by objective classifications of ‘air masses’

Objective classifications of weather types (‘air masses’, AMs) are a frequently used tool for evaluating and predicting increased mortality due to heat stress in summer. The air‐mass‐based approach takes into account the entire weather situation rather than single elements; it identifies ‘oppressive’ AMs associated with elevated mortality in a given location/area, and applies regression models within the oppressive AMs in order to account for and predict excess mortality. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis are used to define the AMs. This study examines the applicability of the method in South Korea. We focus on methodological issues that concern (1) the selection of input meteorological variables, (2) the way the input variables are treated (averaged/pooled station data), (3) the number of principal components retained for the cluster analysis, and (4) the number of clusters (AMs) formed. The oppressive AMs are examined with respect to the mean relative excess mortality above baseline, and the coverage of days with large excess mortality. We find that results strongly depend on the settings of the classification procedure, and general rules concerning the most appropriate methodology for the identification of oppressive AMs are difficult to be formulated. As the coverage of days with large excess mortality by the oppressive AM is the most important criterion for the application into predicting elevated mortality risks, the oppressive AMs that cover a small fraction of such days do not appear to be useful in spite of the large mean excess mortality. For South Korea, the classifications based on only two input variables, air temperature and dew‐point deficit, pooled input data, and two retained principal components are superior for identifying conditions associated with large excess mortality. Both meteorological and non‐meteorological parameters are found to be important predictors in regression models for excess mortality within the oppressive AMs of the selected classifications. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Parking Space Detection in Different Weather Conditions Based on YOLOv5 Method

The increasing number of vehicles on the road has led to a serious problem of finding available parking spaces during rush hour. Previous works used the classifier method to classify empty or occupied parking spaces. Other studies used object detection algorithms to detect the parking spaces and show their location. However, prior studies have not demonstrated the efficiency of parking space detection in various weather conditions. In this paper, we experiment with an object detection method to detect parking space using the You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5). This study used four out of nine cameras in the CNRPark dataset that include different weather conditions (overcast, rainy, and sunny). After splitting the datasets, the training and validation data were trained using six configurations of YOLOv5 architecture. We evaluated the result of testing data using six weights from the training process. The results show that the method achieved the best mean average precision (mAP0.5) score of 0.969 in rainy weather using the best model of YOLOv5 configurations. Furthermore, this study compared the accuracy of parking slot detection with previous studies. Our experiment provides an effective solution for parking space detection in various weather circumstances.
Identification of extratropical two‐way troposphere‐stratosphere mixing based on CARIBIC measurements of O3, CO, and ultrafine particles

Simultaneous measurements of O3, CO, and ultrafine aerosol particles (UFP), conducted on board of a Boeing 767-ER passenger aircraft flying from Sri Lanka to Germany (project CARIBIC), are used to study two-way cross-tropopause mixing near a subtropical tropopause fold. On the equatorward side of the fold, downward mixing of stratospheric air into the upper troposphere is identified by enhanced concentrations of O3 and 14CO. Very high UFP number concentrations of up to 1.5×104 cm−3 (STP) were encountered inside the poleward half of the fold. This accumulation of small particles is explained by recent extensive aerosol nucleation, most likely triggered by the mixing of stratospheric air with tropospheric air injected into the fold. Further, nine particle formation events were observed outside the fold which are attributed to isolated cells of deep convection and to rising air parcels under cyclonic conditions that mix with surrounding air. In the upper troposphere O3 and CO were found to be correlated with high ΔO3/ΔCO ratios of 0.6 to 1.5. In the fold the correlation was strongly negative with ΔO3/ΔCO; = −3.5; but the high CO mixing ratios of 100 ppb at O3 mixing ratios of 250 ppb point to earlier injection of tropospheric air, in agreement with the UFP measurements.
Balloon borne Antarctic frost point measurements and their impact on polar stratospheric cloud theories

The first balloonborne frost point measurements over Antarctica were made during September and October 1987 as part of the NOZE II effort at McMurdo. The results indicate water vapor mixing ratios on the order of 2 ppmv in the 15 to 20 km region, which is somewhat smaller than observed at mid-latitude. This suggests that models of the springtime Antarctic stratosphere should be based on approximately 2 ppmv water vapor. The observed water vapor mixing ratio would correspond to saturated conditions for what is thought to be the lowest stratospheric temperatures encountered over the Antarctic. Through the use of available lidar observations there appears to be significant evidence that some PSCs form at temperatures higher than the frost point (with respect to water) in the 15 to 20 km region, thus supporting the binary HNO3-H2O theory of PSC composition. Clouds near 15 km and below appear to form in regions saturated with respect to water; therefore they are probably mostly water ice clouds, although they could contain relatively small amounts of other constituents. Photographic evidence suggests that the clouds forming above the frost point have an appearance quite different from the lower altitude iridescent, colored nacreous clouds.
History of the Ross Sea region during the deposition of the Beacon Supergroup 400 - 180 million years ago

Abstract The Beacon Supergroup is the generally flat-lying sedimentary sequence about 2½km thick that rests unconformably on Ordovician and older rocks of the East Antarctic craton. In the Ross Sea region exposure is almost entirely limited to the Transantarctic Mountains, though Devonian rocks are now known from Marie Byrd Land. The history of the region is summarised on five palaeogeographic maps using a chronology based on palynomorphs but with help from several other fossil groups and the simple lithostratigraphy. However, the time-transgressive nature of the stratigraphy is recognised from the appearance of volcanic debris in the Permian at successively higher levels down the palaeoslope. The persistent feature of sedimentation during Beacon times is the development of elongate sedimentary basins sited along the present Transantarctic Mountains. Then the eastern Ross Sea and Marie Byrd Land were similar in elevation to the East Antarctic craton on the other side of the Beacon basins, from which it is.
Cosmogenic dating ranging from 20 to 700 ka of a series of alluvial fan surfaces affected by the El Tigre fault, Argentina

It is crucial to date continental landforms to quantify processes involved in terrestrial surface evolution, especially in regions affected by active tectonics. Andean quaternary alluvial fan surfaces affected by the El Tigre strike-slip fault have been studied using combined geomorphic and 10 Be exposure age approaches. Field observations and SPOT (French acronym for “Satellite for Observation of the Earth”) image analysis enable the identification of six alluvial fan units. Measurements of in situ–produced cosmogenic 10 Be concentrations in quartzite boulders exposed on the top of fan surfaces show that the depositional periods ended during successive major interglacial stages. The calculated minimum exposure ages date the abandonments of the alluvial fan surface from 41 000 ± 8500 yr for the youngest to 670 000 ± 140 000 yr for the oldest unit. When linked to the measured maximum cumulative right-lateral displacement of stream channels, the exposure ages yield a horizontal slip rate of about 1 mm/yr on the El Tigre fault. This study shows that for arid regions, where fan surface erosion is minimal, in situ–produced 10 Be can be used to constrain the age of stratigraphically separate alluvial fan surfaces. These fan surface exposure ages can be further used to calculate slip rates on active faults and infer depositional periods correlative with climatic events.
The influence of lithology and pre-existing structures on reservoir-scale faulting patterns in transtensional rift zones

In transtensional and transpressional deformation zones, bulk 3D strains are often kinematically partitioned into regions of wrench- and extension- or shortening-dominated faulting. Most strain models assume ideal incompressible materials with a Poisson's ratio (ν) of 0.5. It is well known from experimental and geophysical data, however, that natural rocks have values of ν <0.5 and that significant variations in the values of ν occur for different lithologies. We demonstrate that for non-coaxial, 3D transtension and transpression, this should lead to an expansion of the wrench-dominated strain field. The effect is especially marked in lithologies with very low Poisson's ratios (ν ≤0.15), where wrench-dominated deformation can occur even where the regional direction of divergence or convergence is only modestly oblique (e.g. 52°). The Carboniferous basin-bounding 90-Fathom Fault, NE England, was reactivated as a dextral transtensional structure during NE–SW regional stretching in post-Carboniferous times. Preferential dip-slip reactivation of pre-existing east–west structures in the underlying Carboniferous basement led to kinematic partitioning of the transtensional bulk strain. In addition, the geometric, spatial and kinematic patterns of minor faulting in Permian rocks located in the fault hanging wall are markedly influenced by the host lithology. Quartz-rich sandstones (ν=0.12) preserve complex faulting patterns consistent with a wrench-dominated transtension whereas immediately overlying dolostones (ν=0.29) preserve simpler patterns of Andersonian conjugate faults consistent with a more extension-dominated regime. We propose that the markedly different strain response during the same deformation reflects pronounced lithologically controlled variations in the value of Poisson's ratio in the adjacent rock units. Our findings illustrate that micro- to meso-scale faulting patterns are likely to be substantially influenced by lithology in all regions of oblique divergence or convergence.
Demersal fish fauna of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

The demersal fish fauna of the southern and eastern Weddell Sea is described. The following species were recorded for the first time in this area: Aethotaxis mitopteryx, Bathyraja eatoni, B. Maccaini, B. sp2 (FAO-list), Bathydraco marri, Dissostichus mawsoni, Macrourus holotrachys, Muraenolepis sp. , Notothenia coriiceps, Notothenia kempi, Psilodraco spec. and Trematomus nicolai. In terms of biomass the dominant species on the very narrow eastern continental shelf were Chionodraco myersi (49%), Trematomus eulepidotus (11%), C. hamatus (7%), T. lepidorhinus (6%), Pagetopsis maculatus (5%) and T. scotti, Cryodraco antarcticus, Cygnodraco mawsoni and Pleuragramma antarcticum (4% each). The highest density of individuals and greatest biomass was found between 400 and 650 m water depth. Here, C. myersi, T. eulepidotus and T. lepidorhinus dominated the catches. The shallow shelf area was inhabited by smaller species such as T. scotti, T. centronotus, P. maculatus, Artedidraco skottsbergii, A. shackletoni, and Prionodraco evansii. In the southern Weddell Sea Akarotaxis nudiceps, Dolloidraco longedorsalis, Gerlachea australis, Pleuragramma antarcticum, and Trematomus loennbergi were dominant. Members of the Channichthyidae occurred only occasionally, most of these are Dacodraco hunteri. The biomass of the demersal fish fauna was estimated to be 0.3 to 1.6 t km−2 on the Vestkapp shelf and 0.1 to 0.4 t km−2 for Gould Bay. Biomass values greater than 1.0 t km−2 were found at the shelf edge.
Standardizing the MR image intensity scales: making MR intensities have tissue-specific meaning

One of the major drawbacks of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been the lack of a standard and quantifiable interpretation of image intensities. Unlike in other modalities such as x-ray computerized tomography, MR images taken for the same patient on the same scanner at different times may appear different from each other due to a variety of scanner-dependent variations, and therefore, the absolute intensity values do not have a fixed meaning. We have devised a two-step method wherein all images can be transformed in such a way that for the same protocol and body region, in the transformed images similar intensities will have similar tissue meaning. Standardized images can be displayed with fixed windows without the need of per case adjustment. More importantly, extraction of quantitative information with fixed windows without the need of per case adjustment. More importantly, extraction of quantitative information about healthy organs or about abnormalities can be considerably simplified. This paper introduces and compares new variants of this standardizing method that can help to overcome some of the problems with the original method.
ADVANCING REGIONAL STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN CANADA'S WESTERN ARCTIC: IMPLEMENTATION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

The absence of Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment (R-SEA) in Canada's western Arctic has raised many questions concerning the country's preparedness for offshore Arctic energy development, given the constraints of project assessments in addressing long-term cumulative impacts of energy development on the marine environment and local communities. There has been much interest in R-SEA in recent years, and a growing body of research on the benefits of strategic approaches to environmental assessment, but relatively little attention has been given to implementation. This paper examines key opportunities for and challenges to the implementation of R-SEA in Canada's western Arctic. Results reinforce concerns that the current approach to environmental assessment in Canada's western Arctic is insufficient to address expanding offshore energy development. However, results also indicate several challenges to be addressed to advance R-SEA in the offshore environment including governance, stakeholder resistance to a futures-based approach, the timing of implementation, managing the diversity of expectations about R-SEA, and the nature and scope of alternatives assessment.
The late Tertiary - Quaternary stratigraphic record of the Duck Hawk Bluffs, Banks Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago

The Duck Hawk Bluffs, of southwestern Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, record a succession of late Tertiary – Quaternary events. Organic-bearing sediments of eolian, fluvial, and lacustrine origin that overlie the Late Cretaceous Kanguk Formation and the Miocene Beaufort Formation record preglacial events of Pliocene and (or) early Quaternary age and are assigned to the Worth Point Formation. These are covered by glacial sediments of the Duck Hawk Bluffs Formation associated with the Banks Glaciation, the oldest of the three recognized glaciations to reach the island. Associated with the glacial deposits are marine or glaciomarine sediments deposited in the glacio-isostatically depressed area as the ice both advanced and retreated. These sediments are in turn covered by interglacial sediments (Morgan Bluffs Formation), by marine deposits (Big Sea sediments associated with the Thomsen Glaciation), and by younger interglacial sediments (Cape Collinson Formation). Events associated with the e.
Analysis Combination and Pseudo Relevance Feedback in a Conceptual Language Model: LIRIS participation in ImageClefMed

This paper presents the LIRIS contribution to the CLEF 2009 medical retrieval task (i.e. ImageCLEFmed). On ImageCLEFmed our model makes use of the textual part of the corpus and of the medical knowledge found in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) knowledge sources. As proposed in [6] last year, we used a conceptual representation for each sentence in the corpus and we proposed a language modeling approach on these representations. We test two versions of conceptual unigram language model; one that use the log-probability of the query and a second one that compute the Kullback-Leibler divergence. We used different concept detection methods and we combine these detection methods on queries and documents. This year we mainly test the impact of the use of additional analysis on queries. But such additional analysis does not show significant improvement. We also test combinations on French queries where we combine translation and analysis, in order to solve the lack of French terms in UMLS, this provide good results close from the English ones. To complete these combinations we proposed a pseudo relevance method. This approach use the n first retrieve documents to form one pseudo query that is used in the Kullback-Leibler model to complete the original query. The results of this approach show that extending the queries with such an approach improves the results.
Analysis of Consumer Reviews on Second Home Use: A Research on a Social Travel Platform*

Öz Second home tourism, which is not recognised as a part of tourism activities or its place in tourism is relatively insignificant, has started to gain importance today. The advantages of renting a second home include its proximity to the city’s tourist attractions, being in touch with the local culture, making you feel at home, not being tied to a single point, and offering many options at lower costs. Second home tourism, which appears as an alternative to organised tourism businesses, can quickly enter the potential accommodation inventory, mainly thanks to electronic platforms that support the sharing economy. When the literature is analysed, it is understood that there are very few studies examine second homes through the sharing economy. These studies deal with exchanging second homes for a certain period (house swap). The neglect of user views on utilising second homes represents a gap. In the study, second home with increasing online popularity was approached from a different perspective and benefited from social platform reviews. The research is aimed to analyse the consumer evaluations for second homes in different geographies. The data is customer reviews on social media of second homes in popular tourist destinations (Palma-Spain, Chania-Greece, and Fethiye-Turkey). It has been collected automatically from the social travel platform (TripAdvisor) with the help of a program developed in the Python programming language. The number of comments for Palma, Chania and Fethiye is 215, 951 and 693, respectively. To evaluate the comments, topic model analysis was used, and those were clustered under “value”, “experience”, and “location” titles. In addition, name-entity analysis was used to identify top products and services such as “food”, “room”, “pool”, “shop”, and “beaches”. The sentiment analysis was used to score the determined products or services. For Palma, “beautiful beach”, “local restaurant”, and “spacious room”; for Chania, “fresh eggs”, “clean water”, and “minute walk”; for Fethiye, “jeep safari”, “private pool” and “local restaurant” were the most prominent features. Findings indicate that second homes in similar destinations have parallel consumer review content. Also, factors that generate demand for second homes (being at home and being-feeling local) are included in the literature supported by findings. Keywords: Second Home, User Reviews
A comparison of Northern and Southern Hemisphere cross‐tropopause ozone flux

The downward flux of ozone across the midlatitude (30°–60°) tropopause is calculated using changes in potential vorticity (PV) and a statistical relationship between the PV changes and ozone flux. This approach separates dynamical aspects of transport from the seasonal cycle of ozone in the lowermost stratosphere. The Northern Hemisphere (NH) ozone flux is larger (∼24%) than that calculated in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during the year 2000. The midlatitude SH total horizontal area of exchange is equal to or slightly greater than the area of exchange in the NH throughout an annual cycle. The mean changes in potential vorticity of parcels near the tropopause are also similar or slightly greater in the SH, suggesting that NH and SH downward air mass transport to the troposphere are comparable. These results show that the greater NH midlatitude ozone flux is mostly due to the amount of ozone available for exchange rather than dynamical differences near the tropopause level at these latitudes.
A Graph Scale Reduction Method for Graph Deep Learning-Based Transient Stability Assessment after Stability Controls

A contingency-based power system stability control strategy is a necessary technique to avoid the effects of severe “N-k” faults. In China, Transient Stability Assessment After Controls (TSAAC) is fundamental for operating and planning the power system. Data-driven graph deep learning (GDL) is promising to promote TSAAC in the graph-type power system in an efficient way. However, GDL applications in real power systems are rare because it is difficult to handle extremely high-dimensional graphs without a reliable scale reduction method. In this paper, an interpretable graph scale reduction method is proposed to generate low-dimensional graphs for the GDL model and apply it to graph deep learning transient stability assessment. First, the improved edge weights are constructed based on the key parameters of transient stability, and partitioning is performed using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Then, a reduced-dimensional graph is constructed by partitioning and equivalenting the original graph. Finally, a graph attention deep learning model for evaluating the transient stability of complex networks is built using the reduced dimensional graph as input. The validity and accuracy of the model are verified through an analysis of an actual system calculation case in the China Southern Power Grid.
Superplastic deformation of ice: Experimental observations

Creep experiments on fine-grained ice reveal the existence of three creep regimes: (1) a dislocation creep regime, (2) a superplastic flow regime in which grain boundary sliding is an important deformation process, and (3) a basal slip creep regime in which the strain rate is limited by basal slip. Dislocation creep in ice is likely climb-limited, is characterized by a stress exponent of 4.0, and is independent of grain size. Superplastic flow is characterized by a stress exponent of 1.8 and depends inversely on grain size to the 1.4 power. Basal slip limited creep is characterized by a stress exponent of 2.4 and is independent of grain size. A fourth creep mechanism, diffusional flow, which usually occurs at very low stresses, is inaccessible at practical laboratory strain rates even for our finest grain sizes of ∼3 μm. A constitutive equation based on these experimental results that includes flow laws for these four creep mechanisms is described. This equation is in excellent agreement with published laboratory creep data for coarse-grained samples at high temperatures. Superplastic flow of ice is the rate-limiting creep mechanism over a wide range of temperatures and grain sizes at stresses ≲0.1 MPa, conditions which overlap those occurring in glaciers, ice sheets, and icy planetary interiors.