Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3. a Whole System Built on Secure Code 3.1 a Typed View of Hardware 4. Related Work

251 Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and a comprehensive, flexible, expressive and powerful security architecture would need to combine all three elements in a thoughtful manner. The primary advantage of language-based security is that it is flexible and can easily express very fine-grained policies. For example, the memory protection policy of a type-safe program is very fine-grained compared to the coarse page-level protection that modern operating systems typically provide. Also, since the programmer deals with language-level semantics while writing a program, it is much more useful and intuitive to raise security concerns to the language-level rather than leave them in other parts of the system. To transport secure code between machines, we need t o encode programs in a portable, safe, and tamper-proof manner; these goals are identical to those of mobile code infrastruc-tures. Mobile code has been an extremely active area of research spurned by the ubiquity of the Internet and the consequent need for running third-party untrusted code. One outcome of this research has been a range of techniques for ensuring the security of mobile code, especially by using specialized mobile code formats. These mobile code formats are amenable to security checks. Thereafter, they could be interpreted or compiled to native code for execution. Examples are the popular bytecode-based Java format[24], as well as other higher level representations such as abstract syntax trees[25] Note that even though secure mobile code formats were developed in the context of running untrusted code over the Internet, their security advantages are just as attractive for running any code. In fact, we propose that in order to have a truly trusted system, we should do away with native code altogether , and all code in the system should be in some secure format. Native code would only be generated when needed. Our goal is to build a practical system about which we can make security guarantees from the ground up, and not just from the operating system up. We assume that all hardware (or at least the CPU) is part of the trusted computing base, and start from there. We propose making use of language-based security to build a trusted system from the level of hardware and above. We propose to do this by essentially inverting the roles of compiler and operating system in the traditional view of computer systems. Instead of the compiler and other applications being conceptually built on …
A chronic kidney disease patient awareness questionnaire: Development and validation

Background With the advance of medical care, chronic non-communicable diseases, like chronic kidney disease (CKD), have become the predominant diseases around the world. With heavy society and economy burden, we shall make full use of chronic disease management, including precision therapies. And the prerequisite for implementing precision medicine is to fully understand the characteristics of patients. Being the basis of the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice Model, patient’s awareness is essential to conduct individualized treatments. However, there have been no validated questionnaires specific to the awareness of patients with CKD. Therefore, this study aims to develop and validate an awareness questionnaire for patients with CKD. Methods From March 2013 to September 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted at Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. Age 18 or above were enrolled in the study. After signing the informed consent, they received a self-developed questionnaire to evaluate their CKD-related awareness. Then we collected their demographic data for further analyses. We also conducted item analyses/ validity and reliability analysis to filter out improper items and to retain the eligible ones. Results We totally distributed 110 copies of the questionnaires and 100 of them were returned. After item analyses, 2 items were excluded because of Cronbach’s Alpha analysis. In total, 18 items were retained, comprising the final set of the questionnaire. For validity analysis, 4 components could explain the cumulative 73.966% extraction sums of the squared loadings; for reliability analysis, the Guttman Split-Half coefficient was 0.918. Conclusions This awareness questionnaire has favorable validity and reliability. It is a sound method for evaluating and measuring levels of disease-related awareness in CKD patients.
Why do we need to improve monitoring of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on biologic treatment?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Treatment goals for IBD patients traditionally focused on symptom control. It is increasingly recognized that many patients have continued disease activity without symptoms. Subclinical inflammation increases the risk of disease flares and long-term complications. A consensus is therefore emerging on the need to treat beyond symptoms and to define clear treatment targets for IBD patients receiving biologic medicines. Areas covered: We review validated tools used in IBD for monitoring clinical and endoscopic response to therapy. We discuss the value of using non-invasive tests in assessing disease activity. We summarise the latest guidelines in IBD treatment and review recommendations regarding therapeutic drug monitoring. We examine the role of monitoring for and prevention of avoidable complications of treatment. Expert Opinion: The goals of treatment in IBD are to achieve both clinical remission and mucosal healing. Whether we adopt a top-down or more conventional treatment strategy there is now an imperative to monitor patients using a combination of endoscopic and biochemical markers to assess the degree of continuing inflammation and establish early disease control. TDM has facilitated huge improvement in the ability to personalize delivery of biologics. This has allowed for early detection and prevention of loss of response.
How the Role-Based Trust Management Can Be Applied to Wireless Sensor Networks

Trust plays an important role in human life environments. That is why the researchers has been focusing on it for a long time. It allows us to delegate tasks and decisions to an appropriate person. In social sciences trust between humans was studied, but it also was analyzed in economic transactions. A lot of computer scientists from different areas, like security, semantic web, electronic commerce, social networks tried to transfer this concept to their domains. Trust is an essential factor in any kind of network, whether social or computer. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are characterized by severely constrained resources, they have limited power supplies, low transmission bandwidth, small memory sizes and limited energy, therefore security techniques used in traditional wired networks cannot be adopted directly. Some effort has been expended in this fields, but the concept of trust is defined in slightly different ways by different researchers. In this paper we will show how the family of Role-based Trust management languages (RT) can be used in WSN. RT is used for representing security policies and credentials in decentralized, distributed access control systems. A credential provides information about the privileges of users and the security policies issued by one or more trusted authorities. Keywords—access control, role-based trust management, trust, wireless sensor networks.
Temporal genomic contrasts reveal rapid evolutionary responses in an alpine mammal during recent climate change

Many species have experienced dramatic changes in their abundance and distribution during recent climate change, but it is often unclear whether such ecological responses are accompanied by evolutionary change. We used targeted exon sequencing of 294 museum specimens (160 historic, 134 modern) to generate independent temporal genomic contrasts spanning a century of climate change (1911–2012) for two co-distributed chipmunk species: an endemic alpine specialist (Tamias alpinus) undergoing severe range contraction and a stable mid-elevation species (T. speciosus). Using a novel analytical approach, we reconstructed the demographic histories of these populations and tested for evidence of recent positive directional selection. Only the retracting species showed substantial population genetic fragmentation through time and this was coupled with positive selection and substantial shifts in allele frequencies at a gene, Alox15, involved in regulation of inflammation and response to hypoxia. However, these rapid population and gene-level responses were not detected in an analogous temporal contrast from another area where T. alpinus has also undergone severe range contraction. Collectively, these results highlight that evolutionary responses may be variable and context dependent across populations, even when they show seemingly synchronous ecological shifts. Our results demonstrate that temporal genomic contrasts can be used to detect very recent evolutionary responses within and among contemporary populations, even in the face of complex demographic changes. Given the wealth of specimens archived in natural history museums, comparative analyses of temporal population genomic data have the potential to improve our understanding of recent and ongoing evolutionary responses to rapidly changing environments.
Monte Carlo simulation of phase separation during thin‐film codeposition

The results of Monte Carlo simulation of phase separation during binary film coevaporation are presented for a range of deposition conditions. The model employed assumes that phase separation occurs through surface interdiffusion during deposition, while the bulk of the film remains frozen. Simulations were performed on A‐B alloy films having compositions of 10 and 50 vol % solute. For both film compositions, the lateral scale of the domains at the film surface evolves to a steady‐state size during deposition. A power‐law dependence of the steady‐state domain size on the inverse deposition rate is obtained. Simulation microstructures at 50 vol % compare favorably with those obtained in a previous experimental study of phase separation during coevaporation of Al‐Ge films of the same composition. Results of simulations performed at 10 vol % are compared with the predictions of a theoretical model based on the above assumptions. The power‐law exponent obtained from simulations at 10 vol % is different than t.
Developmental Association of the Synaptic Activity-Regulated Protein Arc with the Mouse Acrosomal Organelle and the Sperm Tail1

Abstract In neurons, arc (activity regulated, cytoskeleton associated) is an immediate early gene (IEG) that is rapidly and transiently induced by excitatory stimulation. It is believed to mediate rapid strengthening of signaling structures at activated synaptic sites. Unlike most IEGs, arc does not encode nuclear transcription factor, but an effector molecule that associates with the actin cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal rearrangements of microtubule- and actin-based networks that occur at activated synapses also take place in similar fashion during the formation of the acrosome, the site of regulated exocytosis at fertilization. In this paper, arc is reported to be highly expressed both at the RNA and protein levels in postmeiotic germ cells in the testis of adult mice. Immunofluorescence studies reveal that arc is first present in the perinuclear region of round, elongating, and elongate spermatids, where it colocalizes with the developing acrosome. In isolated mature sperm, arc is present in the acrosomal region of the sperm head, the centriole region of the neck, and the principal piece of the tail. Arc is lost to varying degrees during sperm capacitation and in acrosome-reacted sperm. Phalloidin staining of mature sperm cells reveals an overlapping pattern of filamentous-actin and arc expression. These results support a role for arc and the actin cytoskeleton in the acrosome formation, the sperm acrosome reaction, and in sperm cell motility.
Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapies to Fight HIV: How Far from a Success Story? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The scientific community still faces the challenge of developing strategies to cure HIV-1. One of these pursued strategies is the development of immunotherapeutic vaccines based on dendritic cells (DCs), pulsed with the virus, that aim to boost HIV-1 specific immune response. We aimed to review DCs-based therapeutic vaccines reports and critically assess evidence to gain insights for the improvement of these strategies. We performed a systematic review, followed by meta-analysis and meta-regression, of clinical trial reports. Twelve studies were selected for meta-analysis. The experimental vaccines had low efficiency, with an overall success rate around 38% (95% confidence interval = 26.7%–51.3%). Protocols differed according to antigen choice, DC culture method, and doses, although multivariate analysis did not show an influence of any of them on overall success rate. The DC-based vaccines elicited at least some immunogenicity, that was sometimes associated with plasmatic viral load transient control. The protocols included both naïve and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced individuals, and used different criteria for assessing vaccine efficacy. Although the vaccines did not work as expected, they are proof of concept that immune responses can be boosted against HIV-1. Protocol standardization and use of auxiliary approaches, such as latent HIV-1 reservoir activation and patient genomics are paramount for fine-tuning future HIV-1 cure strategies.
SATURATED FREE ALGEBRAS REVISITED

Abstract We give an exposition of results of Baldwin–Shelah [2] on saturated free algebras, at the level of generality of complete first order theories T with a saturated model M which is in the algebraic closure of an indiscernible set. We then make some new observations when M is a saturated free algebra, analogous to (more difficult) results for the free group, such as a description of forking.
Dean flow assisted single cell and bead encapsulation for high performance single cell expression profiling

Single-cell RNA sequencing examines the transcriptome of individual cells and reveals the inter-cell transcription heterogeneity, playing a critical role in both scientific research and clinical applications. Recently, droplet microfluidics-based platform for expression profiling has been shown as a powerful tool to capture of the transcriptional information on single cell level. Despite the breakthrough this platform brought about, it required the simultaneous encapsulation of single cell and single barcoded bead, the incidence of which was very low. Suboptimal capturing efficiency limited the throughput of the Drop-seq platform. In this work, we leveraged the advance in inertial microfluidics-based cell sorting and designed a microfluidic chip for high efficiency cell-bead co-encapsulation, increasing the capturing rate by more than four folds. Specifically, we adopted spiral and serpentine channels and ordered cells/beads before the encapsulation region. We characterized the effect of cell concentration on the capturing rate and achieved a cell-bead co-capturing rate up to 3%. We tested this platform by co-encapsulating barcoded beads and human-mouse cell mixtures. The sequencing data distinguished the majority of human and mice expressions, with the doublet rate being as low as 5.8%, indicating that the simultaneous capturing of two or more cells in one droplet was minimal even when using high cell concentration. This chip design showed great potential in improving the efficiency for future single cell expression profiling.
Pannexin 1 and pannexin 3 are glycoproteins that exhibit many distinct characteristics from the connexin family of gap junction proteins

Pannexins are mammalian orthologs of the invertebrate gap junction proteins innexins and thus have been proposed to play a role in gap junctional intercellular communication. Localization of exogenously expressed pannexin 1 (Panx1) and pannexin 3 (Panx3), together with pharmacological studies, revealed a cell surface distribution profile and life cycle dynamics that were distinct from connexin 43 (Cx43, encoded by Gja1). Furthermore, N-glycosidase treatment showed that both Panx1 (∼41-48 kD species) and Panx3 (∼43 kD) were glycosylated, whereas N-linked glycosylation-defective mutants exhibited a decreased ability to be transported to the cell surface. Tissue surveys revealed the expression of Panx1 in several murine tissues – including in cartilage, skin, spleen and brain – whereas Panx3 expression was prevalent in skin and cartilage with a second higher-molecular-weight species present in a broad range of tissues. Tissue-specific localization patterns of Panx1 and Panx3 ranging from distinct cell surface clusters to intracellular profiles were revealed by immunostaining of skin and spleen sections. Finally, functional assays in cultured cells transiently expressing Panx1 and Panx3 were incapable of forming intercellular channels, but assembled into functional cell surface channels. Collectively, these studies show that Panx1 and Panx3 have many characteristics that are distinct from Cx43 and that these proteins probably play an important biological role as single membrane channels.
Ground moving target detection and location based on SAR images for distributed spaceborne SAR

This paper investigates data processing approaches to detect and locate ground moving targets using distributed spaceborne SAR systems with long cross-track baselines. In particular, it investigates the performance of ground moving target detection for two typical satellite formations: Cartwheel and Pendulum. An approach based on SAR images and a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm is proposed in order to overcome the effects of the ground terrain on the clutter suppression. The key idea of the approach is firstly to reduce the clutter degrees of freedom greatly by using conventional SAR imaging processing. Then the ground terrain clutter within each SAR pixel can be effectively cancelled by using the very limited spatial degrees of freedom. Finally, constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) techniques can be used to detect the remaining target SAR pixels after clutter cancellation. An approach to relocate the detected targets is also proposed, which is based on the estimation of the Doppler spectrum shifts of ground moving targets relative to the clutter Doppler spectrum. The proposed approaches in this paper have the advantages of simplicity and high efficiency.
Epidemiology of soccer players traumatic injuries during the 2015 America Cup.

AIM to provide an overview of the traumatic injuries sustained by players in the 2015 America Cup. MATERIAL AND METHODS we collected the medical reports on all the matches held during the 2015 America Cup, in Chile, in 2015. Twelve American teams took part in the championship, consisted of 26 matches with a total of 276 players. The physician for each team sent a request form of the traumatic injuries sustained, including the time at which the injury was produced, the location and diagnosis, its severity and the circumstances (contact injury, sanction, treatment required). RESULTS the mean number of minutes played was 233 (SD: 147) (5-570) minutes. An injury occurred every 58 minutes, which means that there were 17.25 injuries per 1,000 minutes of match time. We found 44 injuries in 30 players. There were 14 non-contact injuries, and 30 contact injuries, of which 13 were declared fouls and resulted in cards being given. Five teams had one injured player, two had 2, two had 4, and one had 25 injuries. The most frequent injuries were those to the lower limbs. The muscles strains happened in the second part of the second half of the match, the ACL rupture at the end of the first half, and the other sprains and strains in the second half. The contusions occurred at all times throughout the match, although they seemed to be concentrated towards the end of the first half, while the cases of tendinitis were caused in the first part of the second half. CONCLUSION football injuries are very common, and even though serious injuries are rare, it is increasingly necessary to set protocols for action which ensure good medical attention at all levels to address the problems that arise, both during training and in competitions, and to be prepared to treat serious injuries if these occur.
The effect of age, educational level, gender and cognitive reserve on visuospatial working memory performance across adult life span

ABSTRACT Working memory (WM) is a limited capacity cognitive system that temporarily holds information for processing. In the present study, we tested the effect of age, gender and cognitive reserve in terms of educational level, working and leisure time activities on an active visuospatial WM task. One-hundred thirty-four participants between 20 and 80 years old performed an n-back task with different degree of WM demanding. Reaction times (RTs) became slower and accuracy decreased with age; the former started to decline in participants that were 35 years old, the latter in participants that were 57 years old. Males were faster than females. Educational level (10 years in accuracy and 15 years in RTs) showed a positive effect on accuracy and RTs. Cognitive reserve had a positive effect on accuracy but no effect on RTs. In conclusion, age-related decline influenced earlier the speed and later the accuracy in a task that required active processes. While male was faster independently of WM demanding and age, middle school degree and an average cognitive reserve prevent errors during performance. Coherently, high school degree prevents slowing down but only in low demanding condition.
Has somethong changed here? Autonomous difference detection for security patrol robots

This paper presents a system for autonomous change detection with a security patrol robot. In an initial step a reference model of the environment is created and changes are then detected with respect to the reference model as differences in coloured 3D point clouds, which are obtained from a 3D laser range scanner and a CCD camera. The suggested approach introduces several novel aspects, including a registration method that utilizes local visual features to determine point correspondences (thus essentially working without an initial pose estimate) and the 3D-NDT representation with adaptive cell size to efficiently represent both the spatial and colour aspects of the reference model. Apart from a detailed description of the individual parts of the difference detection system, a qualitative experimental evaluation in an indoor lab environment is presented, which demonstrates that the suggested system is able register and detect changes in spatial 3D data and also to detect changes that occur in colour space and are not observable using range values only.
Exact Likelihood Equations for Autoregression Models with Multivariate Elliptically Contoured Distributions

Abstract The multivariate elliptically contoured distributions provide a viable framework for modeling time-series data. It includes the multivariate normal, power exponential, t, and Cauchy distributions as special cases. For multivariate elliptically contoured autoregressive models, we derive the exact likelihood equations for the model parameters. They are closely related to the Yule-Walker equations and involve simple function of the data. The maximum likelihood estimators are obtained by alternately solving two linear systems and illustrated using the simulation data.