Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Een beetje mens vergrijst niet

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The Role of Interruptions in polyQ in the Pathology of SCA1

At least nine dominant neurodegenerative diseases are caused by expansion of CAG repeats in coding regions of specific genes that result in abnormal elongation of polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in the corresponding gene products. When above a threshold that is specific for each disease the expanded polyQ repeats promote protein aggregation, misfolding and neuronal cell death. The length of the polyQ tract inversely correlates with the age at disease onset. It has been observed that interruption of the CAG tract by silent (CAA) or missense (CAT) mutations may strongly modulate the effect of the expansion and delay the onset age. We have carried out an extensive study in which we have complemented DNA sequence determination with cellular and biophysical models. By sequencing cloned normal and expanded SCA1 alleles taken from our cohort of ataxia patients we have determined sequence variations not detected by allele sizing and observed for the first time that repeat instability can occur even in the presence of CAG interruptions. We show that histidine interrupted pathogenic alleles occur with relatively high frequency (11%) and that the age at onset inversely correlates linearly with the longer uninterrupted CAG stretch. This could be reproduced in a cellular model to support the hypothesis of a linear behaviour of polyQ. We clarified by in vitro studies the mechanism by which polyQ interruption slows down aggregation. Our study contributes to the understanding of the role of polyQ interruption in the SCA1 phenotype with regards to age at disease onset, prognosis and transmission.
Brachial plexus magnetic resonance imaging differentiates between inflammatory neuropathies and does not predict disease course

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the distribution of brachial plexus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities and clinical weakness, and to evaluate the value of brachial plexus MRI in predicting disease course and response to treatment in multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), Lewis‐Sumner syndrome (LSS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).
Herpetic keratitis in athymic (nude) mice

The inflammatory response to herpes simplex virus infection of the cornea was studied in athymic nude (nu/nu) and heterozygote (nu/+) BALB/c mice. Although athymic mice were highly susceptible to HSV infection and died 13 to 17 days after corneal inoculation, they failed to develop necrotizing keratitis of the cornea. Heterozygote mice survived the initial virual infection, but many of these mice developed necrotizing keratitis and permanent corneal scarring. Light and electron microscopy showed numerous inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes) in the corneas of heterozygote mice, but not in the athymic mice. These studies suggest that the immune system plays a dual role in herpes simplex virus infection of the cornea: protection against dissemination of the virus and immunopathogenesis of necrotizing keratitis in the cornea.
SloMo: Downclocking WiFi Communication

As manufacturers continue to improve the energy efficiency of battery-powered wireless devices, WiFi has become one of--if not the--most significant power draws. Hence, modern devices fastidiously manage their radios, shifting into low-power listening or sleep states whenever possible. The fundamental limitation with this approach, however, is that the radio is incapable of transmitting or receiving unless it is fully powered. Unfortunately, applications found on today's wireless devices often require frequent access to the channel. We observe, however, that many of these same applications have relatively low bandwidth requirements. Leveraging the inherent sparsity in Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation, we propose a transceiver design based on compressive sensing that allows WiFi devices to operate their radios at lower clock rates when receiving and transmitting at low bit rates, thus consuming less power. We have implemented our 802.11b-based design in a software radio platform, and show that it seamlessly interacts with existing WiFi deployments. Our prototype remains fully functional when the clock rate is reduced by a factor of five, potentially reducing power consumption by over 30%.
Structuring labeled trees for optimal succinctness, and beyond

Consider an ordered, static tree /spl Tscr/ on t nodes where each node has a label from alphabet set /spl Sigma/. Tree /spl Tscr/ may be of arbitrary degree and of arbitrary shape. Say, we wish to support basic navigational operations such as find the parent of node u, the ith child of u, and any child of it with label /spl alpha/. In a seminal work over fifteen years ago, Jacobson (1989) observed that pointer-based tree representations are wasteful in space and introduced the notion of succinct data structures. He studied the special case of unlabeled trees and presented a succinct data structure of 2t + o(t) bits supporting navigational operations in O(1) time. The space used is asymptotically optimal with the information-theoretic lower bound averaged over all trees. This led to a slew of results on succinct data structures for arrays, trees, strings and multisets. Still, for the fundamental problem of structuring labeled trees succinctly, few results, if any, exist even though labeled trees arise frequently in practice, e.g. in the data as in markup text (XML) or in augmented data structures. We present a novel approach to the problem of succinct manipulation of labeled trees by designing what we call the xbw transform of the tree, in the spirit of the well-known Burrows-Wheeler transform for strings. The xbw transform uses path-sorting and grouping to linearize the labeled tree /spl Tscr/ into two coordinated arrays, one capturing the structure and the other the labels. Using the properties of the xbw transform, we (i) derive the first-known (near-)optimal results for succinct representation of labeled trees with O(1) time for navigation operations, (ii) optimally support the powerful subpath search operation for the first time, and (iii) introduce a notion of tree entropy and present linear time algorithms for compressing a given labeled tree up to its entropy beyond the information-theoretic lower bound averaged over all tree inputs. Our xbw transform is simple and likely to spur new results in the theory of tree compression and indexing, and may have some practical impact in XML data processing.
Glutamate Transporter GLAST Is Expressed in the Radial Glia–Astrocyte Lineage of Developing Mouse Spinal Cord

The glutamate transporter GLAST is localized on the cell membrane of mature astrocytes and is also expressed in the ventricular zone of developing brains. To characterize and follow the GLAST-expressing cells during development, we examined the mouse spinal cord byin situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. At embryonic day (E) 11 and E13, cells expressing GLAST mRNA were present only in the ventricular zone, where GLAST immunoreactivity was associated with most of the cell bodies of neuroepithelial cells. In addition, GLAST immunoreactivity was detected in radial processes running through the mantle and marginal zones. From this characteristic cytology, GLAST-expressing cells at early stages were judged to be radial glia cells. At E15, cells expressing GLAST mRNA first appeared in the mantle zone, and GLAST-immunopositive punctate or reticular protrusions were formed along the radial processes. From E18 to postnatal day (P) 7, GLAST mRNA or its immunoreactivity gradually decreased from the ventricular zone and disappeared from radial processes, whereas cells with GLAST mRNA spread all over the mantle zone and GLAST-immunopositive punctate/reticular protrusions predominated in the neuropils. At P7, GLAST-expressing cells were immunopositive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, an intermediate filament specific to astrocytes. Therefore, the glutamate transporter GLAST is expressed from radial glia through astrocytes during spinal cord development. Furthermore, the distinct changes in the cell position and morphology suggest that both the migration and transformation of radial glia cells begin in the spinal cord between E13 and E15, when the active stage of neuronal migration is over.
Event Processing in the Visual World: Projected Motion Paths During Spoken Sentence Comprehension

Motion events in language describe the movement of an entity to another location along a path. In 2 eye-tracking experiments, we found that comprehension of motion events involves the online construction of a spatial mental model that integrates language with the visual world. In Experiment 1, participants listened to sentences describing the movement of an agent to a goal while viewing visual scenes depicting the agent, goal, and empty space in between. Crucially, verbs suggested either upward (e.g., jump) or downward (e.g., crawl) paths. We found that in the rare event of fixating the empty space between the agent and goal, visual attention was biased upward or downward in line with the verb. In Experiment 2, visual scenes depicted a central obstruction, which imposed further constraints on the paths and increased the likelihood of fixating the empty space between the agent and goal. The results from this experiment corroborated and refined the previous findings. Specifically, eye-movement effects started immediately after hearing the verb and were in line with data from an additional mouse-tracking task that encouraged a more explicit spatial reenactment of the motion event. In revealing how event comprehension operates in the visual world, these findings suggest a mental simulation process whereby spatial details of motion events are mapped onto the world through visual attention. The strength and detectability of such effects in overt eye-movements is constrained by the visual world and the fact that perceivers rarely fixate regions of empty space.
A report of anticipated benefits of functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury

Abstract Background Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been regularly used to offset several negative body composition and metabolic adaptations following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the outcomes of many FES trials appear to be controversial and incoherent. Objective To document the potential consequences of several factors (e.g. pain, spasms, stress and lack of dietary control) that may have attenuated the effects on body composition and metabolic profile despite participation in 21 weeks of FES training. Participant A 29-year-old man with T6 complete SCI participated in 21 weeks of FES, 4 days per week. Methods Prior to and following training, the participant performed arm-crank-graded exercise testing to measure peak VO2. Tests conducted included anthropometrics and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition assessments, resting energy expenditure, plasma lipid profiles and intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Results The participant frequently reported increasing pain, stress and poor eating habits. VO2 peak decreased by 2.4 ml/kg/minute, body mass increased by 8.5 kg, and body mass index increased from 25 to 28 kg/m2. Waist and abdominal circumferences increased by 2–4 cm, while %fat mass increased by 5.5%. Absolute increases in fat mass and fat-free mass of 8.4 and 1 kg, respectively, were reported. Fasting and peak plasma glucose increased by 12 and 14.5%, while lipid panel profiles were negatively impacted. Conclusion Failure to control for the listed negative emerging factors may obscure the expected body composition and metabolic profile adaptations anticipated from FES training.
Multipurpose Public Displays: Can Automated Grouping of Applications and Services Enhance User Experience?

Transitioning from bespoke single-purpose displays to multipurpose public interactive displays entails a number of challenges. One challenge is the development of usable mechanisms that allow users to explore the functionality and services on such displays. This article presents a field trial that employs AutoCardSorter, a tool that uses semantic similarity and clustering algorithms, to automatically group the available applications of a public interactive display into categories based on the developer-provided descriptions of each application. The results demonstrate that the grouping generated by AutoCardSorter improved both performance and self-reported usability measures compared to practitioners' existing grouping. In addition, the study investigated the interplay between grouping and interaction modality (i.e., public display vs. desktop). Results tend to support that grouping affects more the user experience with a multipurpose interactive display, but findings were insignificant. This work provides a way for public displays to dynamically update their offered services without sacrificing usability.
Effect of tolbutamide on the rate of fatigue and recovery in frog sartorius muscle.

The goal of this study was to determine how blocking ATP-sensitive K+ channels with tolbutamide affects the excitability and contractility of intact frog sartorius muscle during fatigue development. Fatigue was elicited with one tetanic contraction every sec for 3 min. During fatigue the resting potential decreased by 10 mV although the action potential overshoot remained constant. The addition of 2 mmol.liter-1 tolbutamide 60 min before fatigue did not modify the effect of fatigue on the resting potential and action potential overshoot. During fatigue development the half-repolarization time of control muscles increased by 0.26 msec in control muscles, although it increased by 0.77 msec in the presence of 2 mmol.liter-1 tolbutamide; the difference was significant. The decrease in force during fatigue development was not affected by 2 mmol.liter-1 tolbutamide (added 60 min before fatigue), whereas the recovery of force after fatigue was slower in tolbutamide- exposed muscles than in control muscles. Addition of 2 mmol.liter-1 tolbutamide after 5 min of recovery reduced the recovery rate of the resting potential and half-repolarization time, but did not affect the recovery of tetanic force during the first 40 min. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that ATP-sensitive K+ channels are activated during fatigue development and that they contribute to the repolarization phase of action potentials, but they do not support the hypothesis that ATP-sensitive K+ channels contribute to the decrease in force.
Parenting in Puerto Rican Families: Mothers and Father’s Self-Reported Practices

Little information is available on parenting practices of families living in Puerto Rico. In order to fill this gap, 55 two-parent families with a 6 to 11 year old child were surveyed on contextual stressors known to impact parenting (i.e., depression, subjective economic status, parenting stress, marital satisfaction), parenting practices (i.e., skills building, positive involvement, problem solving, monitoring, and effective discipline), as well as child externalizing behavior problems. Data reveal a sample with relatively low self-reported stressors, high endorsement of parenting practices, and subclinical child externalizing behaviors. All measures were reliable, indicating potential for future use in Puerto Rican samples. All relationships were in the expected direction between parenting practices and contextual stressors where higher reports on stressors were negatively related to endorsement of parenting practices. Similarly parenting practices negatively related to problematic scores in child outcomes. Maternal problem solving fully mediated the relationship between marital satisfaction and child externalizing behaviors. While substantive findings are reported, the research led t the formulation of many more questions than it answered. Implications for future research are provided.
IASCE: an intelligent assistant to software cost estimation

A CASE (computer-aided software design) tool called IASCE has been developed to help the project manager estimate a proposed project cost. This tool collects accurate data from current software so that researchers can explore new software models and metrics. IASCE also supports multiple software cost estimation models and their corresponding metrics, tractable for project management control, feedback, and learning activities. In addition, IASCE provides for the establishment of project-specific cost models and corporate metrics for the models, permits tracing of these models and metrics throughout the software life cycle via feedback and post mortem evaluation, and offers a mechanism for long-range improvements of software cost estimation. It can be tailored to a specific software development environment. <<ETX>>
Head and Neck Carcinoma in Patients under 40 Years of Age

From 1965–1978 over 2,700 patients were admitted to the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary or the Massachusetts General Hospital with carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx or nasopharynx; only 36 of these patients were less than 40 years of age. Twelve patients had oropharyngeal carcinoma, 13 patients had laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma, and 11 patients had nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Analysis of these patients indicates an increased incidence of head and neck cancer in younger females. In patients less than age 31 there was no significant social history which contributed to early onset of disease. The younger patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma survived longer than patients of all ages with comparable neoplasms. The survival of patients with oropharyngeal, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma is comparable to survival in patients of all ages with similar lesions.
Large Scale, Collaborative, Invasive Species Planning and Visualisation Tool

The allocation of resources to manage invasive species is decided by multiple land managers. However, these decisions are commonly made without full knowledge of, and access to, information about the landscape beyond the immediate areas of interest. Consequently, many decisions on pest management are made without consideration of other invaded areas by individuals who may not appreciate the broader implications. Landscape scale modelling can be enhanced through high speed species dispersal modelling combined with table sized interactive visualisation technologies that can incorporate large volumes of spatial data to better inform the decision-making process. This paper presents a project that combines these modelling and visualisation technologies so multiple stakeholders can engage with, and assess, interactions simultaneously. Then, pest management decisions can be based on a wider ecological and economical perspective.
Nadużywanie internetu przez młodzież. Wyniki badania EU NET ADB

Cele badawcze postawione w artykule to określenie skali zjawiska oraz czynnikow ryzyka naduzywania internetu wśrod polskich nastolatkow. Kryteria naduzywania internetu spelnia niewielki odsetek badanych — 1,3%. Wiekszą grupe (12%) stanowią osoby zagrozone naduzywaniem internetu. Analizy nie wykazaly roznic istotnych statystycznie w przypadku zmiennych plec, wiek i wyksztalcenie rodzicow. Najcześciej wystepujące symptomy naduzywania internetu to mowienie sobie: „Jeszcze tylko chwilke”, gdy jest sie online, spedzanie w sieci wiecej czasu niz sie zamierzalo oraz sprawdzanie maila i innych wiadomości zanim zabierze sie do innych czynności, ktore nalezy wykonac. Dysfunkcyjni uzytkownicy internetu podejmują prawie wszystkie aktywności online istotnie cześciej niz funkcjonalni uzytkownicy. Dysfunkcyjni uzytkownicy istotnie cześciej niz funkcjonalni uzytkownicy probują ograniczyc korzystanie z internetu pod wplywem rodzicow, nauczycieli lub innych doroslych osob (p<0,01) i istotnie rzadziej podejmują taką decyzje, poniewaz korzystanie z internetu przestalo ich interesowac (p<0,01). Osoby dysfunkcyjnie korzystające z internetu ocenialy gorzej wszystkie aspekty swojego zycia niz funkcjonalni internauci oraz uzyskaly wyzsze wyniki na wszystkich skalach problemowych kwestionariusza samooceny.
Apoptosis: the biochemistry and molecular biology of programmed cell death.

I. Introduction DEATH, along with growth and differentiation, is a critical part of the life cycle of a cell. Homeostatic control of cell number is thought to be the result of the dynamic balance between cell proliferation and cell death. It is only in the past few years, however, that attention has been focused on the physiological occurrence of cell death and its role in homeostasis. Researchers have become increasingly more aware during this time that this type of “natural” death, which is now called apoptosis or programmed cell death, is a widespread phenomenon that plays a crucial role in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes. This review first briefly covers some historical perspective on the discovery of apoptotic cell death, the characteristic morphology that accompanies this process, and the numerous cell types and mediators with which programmed cell death is associated. The bulk of the review discusses our current understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which.
International Journal of Women's Health Dovepress Open Access to Scientific and Medical Research Open Access Full Text Article Dovepress Current Status of Maintenance Therapy for Advanced Ovarian Cancer

Even after countered with and responding to maximal surgical and chemotherapy efforts, advanced ovarian cancer usually ultimately recurs. One strategy employed to forestall recurrence is maintenance chemotherapy, an extension of treatment following a complete response to conventional measures. Many agents have been studied and many more are currently under investigation in maintenance regimens. While phase III data suggest that taxane maintenance prolongs progression-free survival, no overall survival benefit has been established. This article reviews the current status of maintenance therapy for advanced ovarian cancer, including phase III evidence and new and upcoming trials.
Designing for Emotional Complexity in Games: The Interplay of Positive and Negative Affect

People play games for the experience, and one of the aims of player experience research is to understand what constitutes and contributes to positive gaming experiences. Emotionally challenging and uncomfortable game play experiences have been largely neglected, as they are seemingly at odds with the field's focus on fun and positive affect. We argue that the positively-biased perspective on desirable emotions in games misses out on opportunities that the interplay between positive and negative emotions offers. A previous workshop at CHI PLAY 2015 covered this missed opportunity by focusing on the false dichotomy between positive and negative affect, and identified a number of factors, both personal and contextual, which determine when players will value emotional game experiences that go beyond the purely positive. The present workshop is a continuation of this effort, putting the spotlight on the complexity of emotional experience and how it evolves throughout game play. Crucially, a central aspect of this workshop is to get participants thinking more about the design and evaluation of these types of experiences, by allowing hands-on game design exercise for the examined emotional experiences.