Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Zone Routing Protocol in MANET Applying Authentic Parameter

Routing is the main part of wireless adhoc network conventionally there are two approaches first one is Proactive and another one is Reactive. Both these approaches have some substantial disadvantage and to overcome hybrid routing protocols designed. ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is one of the hybrid routing protocols, it takes advantage of proactive approach by providing reliability within the scalable zone, and for beyond the scalable zone it looks for the reactive approach. It (ZRP) uses the proactive and the reactive routing according to the need of the application at that particular instance of time depending upon the prevailing scenario. This work revolves around the performance of ZRP against realistic parameters by varying various attributes such as Zone Radius of ZRP in different node density. Results vary as we change the node density on Qualnet 4.0 network simulator.
miR‐10b expression in breast cancer stem cells supports self‐renewal through negative PTEN regulation and sustained AKT activation

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are linked to metastasis. Moreover, a discrete group of miRNAs (metastamiRs) has been shown to promote metastasis. Accordingly, we propose that miRNAs that function as metastatic promoters may influence the CSC phenotype. To study this issue, we compared the expression of 353 miRNAs in CSCs enriched from breast cancer cell lines using qRT–PCR analysis. One of the most altered miRNAs was miR‐10b, which is a reported promoter of metastasis and migration. Stable overexpression of miR‐10b in MCF‐7 cells (miR‐10b‐OE cells) promoted higher self‐renewal and expression of stemness and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. In agreement with these results, inhibiting miR‐10b expression using synthetic antisense RNAs resulted in a decrease in CSCs self‐renewal. Bioinformatics analyses identified several potential miR‐10b mRNA targets, including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a key regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway involved in metastasis, cell survival, and self‐renewal. The targeting of PTEN by miR‐10b was confirmed using a luciferase reporter, qRT–PCR, and Western blot analyses. Lower PTEN levels were observed in CSCs, and miR‐10b depletion not only increased PTEN mRNA and protein expression but also decreased the activity of AKT, a downstream PTEN target kinase. Correspondingly, PTEN knockdown increased stem cell markers, whereas AKT inhibitors compromised the self‐renewal ability of CSCs and breast cancer cell lines overexpressing miR‐10b. In conclusion, miR‐10b regulates the self‐renewal of the breast CSC phenotype by inhibiting PTEN and maintaining AKT pathway activation.
Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities

Aims: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain and identify the level of undiagnosed disease and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and activities of daily living (ADL). Methods: A population-based sample of 4274 adults aged 40–80 years was surveyed. They were invited to answer a questionnaire and undergo prebrochodilator and postbronchodilator spirometry. COPD was defined as a postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) ratio of <0.70. Results: For 3802 participants with good-quality postbronchodilator spirometry, the overall prevalence of COPD was 10.2% (95% CI 9.2% to 11.1%) and was higher in men (15.1%) than in women (5.6%). The prevalence of COPD stage II or higher was 4.4% (95%CI; 3.8%–5.1%). The prevalence of COPD increased with age and with cigarette smoking and was higher in those with a low educational level. A previous diagnosis of COPD was reported by only 27% of those with COPD. Diagnosed patients had more severe disease, higher cumulative tobacco consumption and more severely impaired HRQL compared with undiagnosed subjects. However, even patients with undiagnosed COPD stage I+ already showed impairment in HRQL and in some aspects of ADL compared with participants without COPD. Conclusions: The prevalence of COPD in individuals between 40 and 80 years of age in Spain is 10.2% and increases with age, tobacco consumption and lower educational levels. The rate of diagnosised COPD is very high and undiagnosed individuals with COPD already have a significant impairment in HRQL and ADL.
Case Study: A Combined Visualization Approach for WWW-Search Results

The idea of Information Visualization is to get insights into great amounts of abstract data. Especially document sets found by searching the World Wide Web are a sp ecial challenge. The paper gives a short overview on the variety of possible visualizations for this application area. Crucial factors for the success of visualization s are discussed. A combined approach is presented to use alternative simple visualizations, grouped around the traditional result-list, for usage with a local meta web search engine.
Tumor angiogenesis

The hypothesis that tumors are angiogenesis dependent has, in the past decade, generated new investigations designed to elucidate the mechanism of angiogenesis itself. Many laboratories are now engaged in this pursuit. Some are studying angiogenesis that occurs in physiological situations, whereas others are interested in angiogenesis that dominates pathological conditions. These efforts have led to (1) the development of bioassays for angiogenesis; (2) the partial purification and, in one case, the complete purification of angiogenic factors from neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells; (3) the development of new polymer technology for the sustained release of these factors and other macromolecules in vivo; (4) the cloning and long-term culture of capillary endothelial cells; (5) the demonstration of the role of nonendothelial cells, such as mast cells in modulating angiogenesis; (6) the discovery of angiogenesis inhibitors; and (7) the demonstration that certain animal tumors will regress when angiogenesis is inhibited. The effects of angiogenesis inhibitors provide perhaps the most compelling evidence for the role of angiogenesis in tumor growth. It is conceivable that the original effort to understand the role of angiogenesis in tumor growth will also lead to the use of angiogenesis inhibitors as a new class of pharmacologic agents in a variety of non-neoplastic diseases such as arthritis, psoriasis, and ocular neovascularization. However, much work remains to be done before it will be possible to understand (1) the regulatory systems that govern capillary density in normal tissues; (2) the factors that maintain the viability of microvascular endothelium; (3) the development of the vascular system itself; and (4) the mechanism by which vascular regression occurs, both in the embryo and in the postnatal organism. A knowledge of the mechanisms which underlie these normal processes may help to enlarge our comprehension of tumor angiogenesis.
Clinical outcome measures for cutaneous lupus erythematosus

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a clinically heterogeneous group of rare skin diseases that only rarely have been subjected to controlled clinical trials. This may have been partly due to a lack of suitable validated outcome instruments. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated that organ-specific trials for lupus erythematosus need to use a combination of different outcome measures. The patient’s condition needs to be assessed in terms of quality of life, the patient’s global response, and organ-specific instruments that measure activity of the disease as well as damage due to the disease. For the skin, the only formally validated and published instrument is currently the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI). This paper discusses the background of the development of the CLASI as well as issues related to its use and interpretation in the context of clinical research of CLE. Lupus (2010) 19, 1137—1143.
Computing crossing numbers in quadratic time

We show that for every fixed <italic>k\ge 0</italic> there is a quadratic time algorithm that decides whether a given graph has crossing number at most <italic>k</italic> and, if this is the case, computes a drawing of the graph in the plane with at most <italic>k</italic> crossings.
Industrial Facility Modeling Using Procedural Methods

We present an end-to-end system for procedurally modeling an industrial facility. The system is a collection of utilities that work together to assemble, lay out, and model a typical industrial facility (e.g. a wastewater treatment plant). A plug-in to the CityEngine R (cid:13) procedural modeling application was built in Java TM using an open-source framework. The plug-in provides the interface to access the facility assembly and layout engines, the facility rule ﬁle and Python script generators, and the OBJ footprint exporter. The system provides functionality for placing the facility model into an existing 3D scene using an established facility location algorithm that maximizes the minimum distance from existing structures in the scene.
A Naturally Occurring Deletion in Its NS Gene Contributes to the Attenuation of an H5N1 Swine Influenza Virus in Chickens

ABSTRACT In 2001 and 2003, we isolated two H5N1 viruses, A/swine/Fujian/1/01 (SW/FJ/01) and A/swine/Fujian/1/03 (SW/FJ/03), from pigs in Fujian Province, southern China. Genetically, these two viruses are similar, although the NS gene of the SW/FJ/03 virus has a 15-nucleotide deletion at coding positions 612 to 626. The SW/FJ/01 virus is highly lethal for chickens, whereas the SW/FJ/03 virus is nonpathogenic for chickens when administrated intravenously or intranasally. To understand the molecular basis for the difference in virulence, we used reverse genetics to create a series of single-gene recombinants of both viruses. We found that a recombinant virus containing the mutated NS gene from the SW/FJ/03 virus in the SW/FJ/01 virus background was completely attenuated in chickens. We also found that viruses expressing the mutant NS1 protein of SW/FJ/03 did not antagonize the induction of interferon (IFN) protein. Conversely, only the recombinant virus containing the wild-type SW/FJ/01 NS gene in the SW/FJ/03 background was lethal in chickens and antagonized IFN protein levels. Further, we proved that the NS1 genes of the two viruses differ in their stabilities in the host cells and in their abilities to interact with the chicken cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor. These results indicate that the deletion of amino acids 191 to 195 of the NS1 protein is critical for the attenuation of the SW/FJ/03 virus in chickens and that this deletion affects the ability of the virus to antagonize IFN induction in host cells.
ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA LINN.: EXTRACTION AND PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF LEAVES AND FLOWERS

Objective: Extraction and evaluation of the antifungal activity of extracts from leaves and flowers of Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) Linn. Methods: Leaves and flowers of A. cathartica were collected, dried and extracted by using well-established methods for alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and crude extracts in polar and non-polar solvents. Extracts were screened for antifungal activity using ‘Disc Diffusion Assay’ against Candida albicans (Yeast), Aspergillus flavus and Tricophyton mentagrophyte (fungi). Inhibition zone (IZ), Activity index (AI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and Total activity (TA) were studied. Mean and standard deviation has also been calculated. Results: C. albicans found to be the most susceptible organism while T. mentagrophyte found to be resistant. Alkaloid of leaf (IZ= 22 mm, AI= 0.65±0.02, MIC= 0.156 mg/ml, MFC= 0.078 mg/ml, TA= 278.85 ml/g) showed the best activity against C. albicans . Pet ether extract (IZ= 12 mm, AI= 0.40±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 57.24 ml/g) and water extract (IZ= 13 mm, AI= 0.43±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 49.68 ml/g) of flower also showed very good activities against C. albicans . The range of MIC and MFC found to be 1.25-0.156 mg/ml and 0.625-0.078 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Results indicate the good antifungal potency of extracts against tested microorganisms. Hence, may be explored for the formation of new antifungal drugs.
Estimation of aboveground biomass and carbon in a tropical rain forest in Gabon using remote sensing and GPS data

Abstract The knowledge of biomass stocks in tropical forests is critical for climate change and ecosystem services studies. This research was conducted in a tropical rain forest located near the city of Libreville (the capital of Gabon), in the Akanda Peninsula. The forest cover was stratified in terms of mature, secondary and mangrove forests using Landsat-ETM data. A field inventory was conducted to measure the required basic forest parameters and estimate the aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon over the different forest classes. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data were used in combination with ground-based GPS measurements to derive forest heights. Finally, the relationships between the estimated heights and AGB were established and validated. Highest biomass stocks were found in the mature stands (223 ± 37 MgC/ha), followed by the secondary forests (116 ± 17 MgC/ha) and finally the mangrove forests (36 ± 19 MgC/ha). Strong relationships were found between AGB and forest heights (R2 > 0.85).
Standardized Methods for Sampling Fishes in Streams of Panama

Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to outline methods for standardized sampling of stream fishes in Panama. For the purposes of this document, we define “stream fishes” to mean any fish species (classes Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, and Actinopterygii) that spends any portion of its life in freshwater streams that are shallow enough to be sampled by wading. This definition includes species that are lifetime residents in fresh water, as well as those that migrate between fresh and salt water over the course of a lifetime (i.e., anadromous, catadromous, and amphidromous species). We anticipate that the methods described herein can be applied to any wadeable stream in Panama to produce comparable data on fish distribution and abundance. Fishes are the most speciose group of vertebrates, with approximately 32,500 species known worldwide (FishBase: www.fishbase.org; search conducted 9 June 2013). Freshwater habitats are disproportionately speciose; despite containing only 0.01% of the world’s water, freshwater habitats harbor 41% of the world’s fish diversity (Helfman et al. 2009). In Panama, streams and rivers are the most abundant freshwater habitats. Panama is known to harbor 222 species of freshwater fish, including 29 endemic species (FishBase), making fishes a substantial component of Panama’s biodiversity overall. Monitoring spatiotemporal patterns of fish diversity therefore complements initiatives to monitor diversity of other, terrestrial taxa. Besides their intrinsic value as contributors to biodiversity, fishes also have high socioeconomic value for food, sport, pets, and cultural icons. For example, Golder Associates (2010) found that a significant number of local people in the Donoso District of north-central Panama rely upon freshwater fish for subsistence. Particularly important species included Brycon chagrensis, Gobiomorus dormitor, Agonostomus monticola, and Joturus pichardi. Monitoring the abundance and stock structure of such exploited species would allow inferences about the status of fisheries and their ability to meet human needs. Spatiotemporal monitoring of fish community structure also can provide information on the ecological integrity of stream ecosystems. Certain taxonomic and functional groups of fishes are highly sensitive to increases in environmental stressors such as sedimentation, eutrophication, and chemical pollution (Fausch et al. 1990). Changes in the abundance of these fish groups relative to more-tolerant groups can indicate elevated levels of one or more stressors. Because fishes are the only major vertebrate group restricted to aquatic habitats, use of fishes for environmental assessment complements assessments based on terrestrial taxa.
Trends in satellite communications and the role of optical free-space communications [Invited]

Feature Issue on Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) The communication needs of Earth observation satellites is steadily increasing. Within a few years, the data rate of such satellites will exceed 1 Gbit/s, the angular resolution of sensors will be less than 1 μrad, and the memory size of onboard data recorders will be beyond 1 Tbyte. Compared with radio frequency links, optical communications in space offers various advantages, such as smaller and lighter equipment, higher data rates, limited risk of interference with other communications systems, and the effective use of frequency resources. This paper describes and compares the major features of radio and optical frequency communications systems in space and predicts the needs of future satellite communications.
Exploiting a Theory of Phase Transitions in Three-Satisfiability Problems

In the past few years there have been several empirical discoveries of phase transitions in constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), and a growth of interest in the area among the artificial intelligence community. This paper extends a simple analytical theory of phase transitions in three-satisfiability (3-SAT) problems in two directions. First, a more accurate, problem-dependent calculation leads to a new polynomial time probabilistic estimate of the satisfiability of 3-SAT problems called PE-SAT (Probabilistic Estimate SATisfiability algorithm). PE-SAT empirically classifies 3-SAT problems with about 70% accuracy at the hardest region (the so-called crossover point or 50% satisfiable region) of random 3-SAT space. Furthermore, the estimate has a meaningful magnitude such that extreme estimates are much more likely to be correct. Second, the same estimate is used to improve the running time of a backtracking search for a solution to 3-SAT by pruning unlikely branches of the search. The speed-up is achieved at the expense of accuracy--the search remains sound but is no longer complete. The trade-off between speed-up and accuracy is shown to improve as the size of problems increases.
Evaluation of the ClearVoice Strategy in Adults Using HiResolution Fidelity 120 Sound Processing

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of ClearVoice strategy on speech perception in noise and in everyday listening situations in Cantonese-speaking cochlear implant users. Methods Twelve experienced adult users of the Harmony implant and HiRes 120 sound processing participated in the study. The study employed a prospective within-subjects design wherein speech recognition in adults using HiRes 120 without ClearVoice turned on (control option) was compared to their performance with HiRes 120 with ClearVoice turned on. Each subject was evaluated with two different ClearVoice gain settings: -12 dB (ClearVoice medium) and -18 dB (ClearVoice high) after one-week of use. The Cantonese hearing in noise test and a questionnaire were used as the outcome measures. Results Subjects performed significantly better with ClearVoice medium than with control option in noise. No significant difference in performance was noted among the 3 settings in quiet. Most subjects reported high level of satisfaction with ClearVoice in daily listening situations and preferred to keep ClearVoice on. Conclusion ClearVoice can help cochlear implant recipients to hear better in noise.
Patterns of Repeat-Induced Point Mutation in Transposable Elements of Basidiomycete Fungi

Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous genomic parasites that have prompted the evolution of genome defense systems that restrict their activity. Repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) is a homology-dependent genome defense that introduces C-to-T transition mutations in duplicated DNA sequences and is thought to control the proliferation of selfish repetitive DNA. Here, we determine the taxonomic distribution of hypermutation patterns indicative of RIP among basidiomycetes. We quantify C-to-T transition mutations in particular di- and trinucleotide target sites for TE-like sequences from nine fungal genomes. We find evidence of RIP-like patterns of hypermutation at TpCpG trinucleotide sites in repetitive sequences from all species of the Pucciniomycotina subphylum of the Basidiomycota, Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, Puccinia graminis, Melampsora laricis-populina, and Rhodotorula graminis. In contrast, we do not find evidence for RIP-like hypermutation in four species of the Agaricomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina subphyla of the Basidiomycota. Our results suggest that a RIP-like process and the specific nucleotide context for mutations are conserved within the Pucciniomycotina subphylum. These findings imply that coevolutionary interactions between TEs and a hypermutating genome defense are stable over long evolutionary timescales.
Complex networks theory's applying in the operation system modeling

Operation system modeling is an important content of war research. However, operation system involves so many ingredients and relations that traditional modeling methods based on reductive theory can't describe the significance of information in the modern battle. Complex Network theory affords a new measure of complex system modeling from the point of whole network. Paper based on complex network theory, combined with OODA operation theory, study the operation system's modeling method. Much more, we also give out the analysis result of the operation system model. It can provide a reference meaning for the study of the operation system in the whole point.
National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel's Updated Pressure Ulcer Staging System

The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel has updated the definition of a pressure ulcer and the stages of pressure ulcers based on current research and expert opinion solicited from hundreds of clinicians, educators, and researchers across the country. The amount of anatomical tissue loss described with each stage has not changed. New definitions were drafted to achieve accuracy, clarity, succinctness, clinical utility, and discrimination between and among the definitions of other pressure ulcer stages and other types of wounds. Deep tissue injury was also added as a distinct pressure ulcer in this updated system.
The Role of Hubness in Clustering High-Dimensional Data

High-dimensional data arise naturally in many domains, and have regularly presented a great challenge for traditional data mining techniques, both in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Clustering becomes difficult due to the increasing sparsity of such data, as well as the increasing difficulty in distinguishing distances between data points. In this paper, we take a novel perspective on the problem of clustering high-dimensional data. Instead of attempting to avoid the curse of dimensionality by observing a lower dimensional feature subspace, we embrace dimensionality by taking advantage of inherently high-dimensional phenomena. More specifically, we show that hubness, i.e., the tendency of high-dimensional data to contain points (hubs) that frequently occur in k-nearest-neighbor lists of other points, can be successfully exploited in clustering. We validate our hypothesis by demonstrating that hubness is a good measure of point centrality within a high-dimensional data cluster, and by proposing several hubness-based clustering algorithms, showing that major hubs can be used effectively as cluster prototypes or as guides during the search for centroid-based cluster configurations. Experimental results demonstrate good performance of our algorithms in multiple settings, particularly in the presence of large quantities of noise. The proposed methods are tailored mostly for detecting approximately hyperspherical clusters and need to be extended to properly handle clusters of arbitrary shapes.