Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
T-cell and macrophage subsets in the bronchial wall of clinically healthy subjects.

This study was conducted to obtain quantitative data on the numbers of T-cells and macrophage subsets in the normal bronchial wall of man, and, thus, produce a baseline against which the numbers of these cells present in inflamed bronchi may be judged. Bronchial biopsies were obtained from 27 clinically healthy subjects attending hospital for elective orthopaedic operations. Eight of the subjects were smokers (median 3.5 pack-years), and eight were atopic as defined by skin prick test. Three to eight weeks after biopsy, subjects attended the lung function laboratory for spirometric testing and determination of provocative concentration of histamine producing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PC20FEV1). The bronchial biopsies were frozen and cryostat sections prepared. These sections were investigated with immunohistological techniques to reveal the presence and distribution of T-cell and macrophage subsets. Twenty six out of 27 subjects had spirometric values within the normal range, but a wide spectrum of bronchial reactivity was observed (PC20FEV1 range 2-36 mg histamine). Using monoclonal antibodies in immunohistological techniques, only small numbers of T-cells were seen, the majority being CD8+ cells in the epithelium. In the underlying tissue, CD4+ cells predominated (CD4/CD8 ratio, epithelium 1:9; underlying tissue 4:1). In both cases, approx. 50% of T-cells expressed the CD45Ro isotype. Small numbers of macrophages were observed in all samples. The majority of these cells expressed a "suppressor cell" phenotype (RFD1+RFD7+), whilst only a small proportion (median 11% ) exhibited the phenotype of antigen presenting cells (RFD1+RFD7-). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pictorial Socratic dialogue and conceptual change

Counter-examples used in a Socratic dialogue aim to provoke reflection to effect conceptual changes. However, natural language forms of Socratic dialogues have their limitations. To address this problem, we propose an alternative form of Socratic dialogue called the pictorial Socratic dialogue. A Spring Balance System has been designed to provide a platform for the investigation of the effects of this pedagogy on conceptual changes. This system allows learners to run and observe an experiment. Qualitative Cartesian graphs are employed for learners to represent their solutions. Indirect and intelligent feedback is prescribed through two approaches in the pictorial Socratic dialogue which aim to provoke learners probe through the perceptual structural features of the problem and solution, into the deeper level of the simulation where Archimedes’ Principle governs.
Scheduling in WDM Networks with Tunable Transmitter and Tunable Receiver Architecture

This paper describes a scheduling algorithm for a medium access control (MAC) protocol for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) multi-channel optical network s. The protocol is designed for a passive star topology with one tunable transmitter and one tunable receiver (TT-TR) per node. The scheduling algorithm, called BALSAM (BALanced Scheduling AlgorithM), operates using a M M input traffic demand matrix where M denotes the number of nodes in the network. One of the design goals for the algorithm was to keep it simple so that it can be efficiently implemented in hardware or software. The overall time complexity of the BALSAM algorithm is shown to beO(M2CK+MlogM + M2), whereC denotes the number of channels and K denotes the largest entry in the matrix. It should be noted that any algorithm operating on a M M matrix will have a minimum complexity bound of (M2). A performance study that considers network utilization, computation time and throu ghput for 1.2 Gbps and 2.4 Gbps datastreams is presented.
Brain glycogen re‐awakened

The mammalian brain contains glycogen, which is located predominantly in astrocytes, but its function is unclear. A principal role for brain glycogen as an energy reserve, analogous to its role in the periphery, had been universally dismissed based on its relatively low concentration, an assumption apparently reinforced by the limited duration that the brain can function in the absence of glucose. However, during insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia, where brain glucose availability is limited, glycogen content falls first in areas with the highest metabolic rate, suggesting that glycogen provides fuel to support brain function during pathological hypoglycaemia. General anaesthesia results in elevated brain glycogen suggesting quiescent neurones allow glycogen accumulation, and as long ago as the 1950s it was shown that brain glycogen accumulates during sleep, is mobilized upon waking, and that sleep deprivation results in region‐specific decreases in brain glycogen, implying a supportive functional role for brain glycogen in the conscious, awake brain. Interest in brain glycogen has recently been re‐awakened by the first continuous in vivo measurements using NMR spectroscopy, by the general acceptance of metabolic coupling between glia and neurones involving intercellular transfer of energy substrate, and by studies supporting a prominent physiological role for brain glycogen as a provider of supplemental energy substrate during periods of increased tissue energy demand, when ambient normoglycaemic glucose is unable to meet immediate energy requirements.
Modest Interference with Actin Dynamics in Primary T Cell Activation by Antigen Presenting Cells Preferentially Affects Lamellal Signaling

Dynamic subcellular distributions of signaling system components are critical regulators of cellular signal transduction through their control of molecular interactions. Understanding how signaling activity depends on such distributions and the cellular structures driving them is required for comprehensive insight into signal transduction. In the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) signaling intermediates associate with various subcellular structures, prominently a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell. While actin dynamics are well established as general regulators of cellular organization, their role in controlling signaling organization in primary T cell:APC couples and the specific cellular structures driving it is unresolved. Using modest interference with actin dynamics with a low concentration of Jasplakinolide as corroborated by costimulation blockade we show that T cell actin preferentially controls lamellal signaling localization and activity leading downstream to calcium signaling. Lamellal localization repeatedly related to efficient T cell function. This suggests that the transient lamellal actin matrix regulates T cell signaling associations that facilitate T cell activation.
Opportunistic downlink interference alignment

We introduce an opportunistic downlink interference alignment (ODIA) for interference-limited cellular downlink, which intelligently combines user scheduling and downlink IA techniques. The proposed ODIA not only efficiently reduces the effect of inter-cell interference from other-cell base stations (BSs) but also eliminates intra-cell interference among spatial streams in the same cell. We show that compared to the existing downlink IA schemes, the minimum number of users required to achieve a target degrees-of-freedom (DoF) can be fundamentally reduced, i.e., the fundamental user scaling law can be improved, by using the ODIA. In addition, we introduce a limited feedback strategy in our ODIA framework, and then analyze the minimum number of feedback bits required to obtain the same performance as that of the ODIA assuming perfect feedback.
Enhancing Literature Review Methods - Evaluation of a Literature Search Approach based on Latent Semantic Indexing

Literature search, as a fundamental and time"consum ing step in a literature research process, is part of many established scientific research methods. The facilitated access to scientific resources requires an increasing effort to conduct comprehensive literature reviews. We address the lack of semantic approaches in this context by proposing and evaluating our Tool for Semantic Indexing and Similarity Queries (TSISQ) for the enhancement of established literature review methods. Its applicability is evaluated in different environments and search cases covering realistic applications. Results indicate that TSISQ can increase efficiency by saving valuable time in finding relevant literature in a desired research field, improve the quality of search results, and enhance the comprehensiveness of a review by identifying sources that otherwise would not have been considered. The target audience includes all researchers who need to efficiently gain an overview of a specific research field and refine the theoretical foundations of their research.
Simplified Models of Vector Control Impact upon Malaria Transmission by Zoophagic Mosquitoes

Background High coverage of personal protection measures that kill mosquitoes dramatically reduce malaria transmission where vector populations depend upon human blood. However, most primary malaria vectors outside of sub-Saharan Africa can be classified as “very zoophagic,” meaning they feed occasionally (<10% of blood meals) upon humans, so personal protection interventions have negligible impact upon their survival. Methods and Findings We extended a published malaria transmission model to examine the relationship between transmission, control, and the baseline proportion of bloodmeals obtained from humans (human blood index). The lower limit of the human blood index enables derivation of simplified models for zoophagic vectors that (1) Rely on only three field-measurable parameters. (2) Predict immediate and delayed (with and without assuming reduced human infectivity, respectively) impacts of personal protection measures upon transmission. (3) Illustrate how appreciable indirect communal-level protection for non-users can be accrued through direct personal protection of users. (4) Suggest the coverage and efficacy thresholds required to attain epidemiological impact. The findings suggest that immediate, indirect, community-wide protection of users and non-users alike may linearly relate to the efficacy of a user’s direct personal protection, regardless of whether that is achieved by killing or repelling mosquitoes. High protective coverage and efficacy (≥80%) are important to achieve epidemiologically meaningful impact. Non-users are indirectly protected because the two most common species of human malaria are strict anthroponoses. Therefore, the small proportion of mosquitoes that are killed or diverted while attacking humans can represent a large proportion of those actually transmitting malaria. Conclusions Simplified models of malaria transmission by very zoophagic vectors may be used by control practitioners to predict intervention impact interventions using three field-measurable parameters; the proportion of human exposure to mosquitoes occurring when an intervention can be practically used, its protective efficacy when used, and the proportion of people using it.
The Happiest People on Earth?: Scandinavian Narratives of Guilt and Discontent

Since the first publication in 2012 of the united nations’ World Happiness Report (Helliwell, Layard, and Sachs), the Scandinavians have repeatedly been ranked as the happiest nations in the world.2 this, as the reports argue, is not because of an intrinsic “happy” disposition among a people, but because of a welfare state that creates the conditions for high measures of happiness among its citizens. We are thus talking about evaluative happiness understood as overall contentment with life and its possibilities (provided by a social structure), as opposed to affective happiness understood as a feeling of joy at a particular moment. as revealed by the 2012 World Happiness Report (Helliwell,
Determination of Critical Source Areas for Sediment Loss: Sarrath River Basin, Tunisia

The risk of water erosion is one of the main environmental concerns in the southern Mediterranean regions. Thus, quantification of soil loss is an important issue for soil and water conservation managers. The objective of this paper is to examine the applicability of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in The Sarrath river catchment, North of Tunisia, and to identify the most vulnerable areas in order to help manager implement an effective management program. The spatial analysis of the results shows that 7 % of the catchment experiences very high erosion risk, in need for suitable conservation measures to be adopted on a priority basis. The spatial distribution of erosion risk classes estimated 3% high, 5,4% tolerable, and 84,6% low. Among the 27 delineated subcatchments only 4 sub-catchments are found to be under high and very high soil loss group, two sub-catchments fell under moderate soil loss group, whereas other sub-catchments are under low soil loss group. Keywords—Critical source areas, Erosion risk, SWAT model.
A Decision Support System for Scheduling the Canadian Football League

The eight-team Canadian Football League (CFL) features an 18-game regular season played between late June and early November. The regular-season schedule is manually created using an iterative process involving league management, teams, and a television sports broadcaster. We developed a mixed-integer program-driven decision support system that provided league officials with multiple schedule versions relatively quickly. Our approach informed the development of the regular-season schedule by offering league management a neighborhood of potentially solid solutions. We demonstrated the impact of specific schedule requests to decision makers. Such sensitivity analysis was impossible under the previous manual creation method.
A trilinear immersed finite element method for solving the EEG forward problem

This article describes a trilinear immersed finite element method for solving the EEG forward problem, which is a 3-D elliptic interface problem in the head geometry. The method uses hexahedral Cartesian meshes independent of the interfaces between head tissues, thus avoiding the sometimes difficult task of generating geometry fitting meshes. The interfaces are represented with levelsets and the finite element space is locally modified to better approximate the discontinuities of the solution. Numerical results show that this method achieves the same accuracy than the standard linear finite element method with geometry fitting mesh.
Constraint weighting and constraint domination: a formal comparison*

The advent of Optimality Theory has revived the interest in articulatorily and perceptually driven markedness in phonological research. To some researchers, the cross-linguistic prevalence of such markedness relations is indication that synchronic phonological grammar should include phonetic details. However, there are at least two distinct ways in which phonetics can be incorporated in an optimality-theoretic grammar: traditional constraint domination and Flemming (2001) 's proposal that the costs of constraint violations should be weighted and summed. I argue that constraint weighting is unnecessary as an innovation in Optimality Theory. The arguments are twofold. First, using constraint families with intrinsic rankings, constraint domination formally predicts the same range of phonological realisations as constraint weighting. Second, with proper constraint definitions and rankings, both the additive effect and the locus effect predicted by constraint weighting can be replicated in constraint domination.
Mammalian TRPV4 (VR-OAC) directs behavioral responses to osmotic and mechanical stimuli in Caenorhabditis elegans

All animals detect osmotic and mechanical stimuli, but the molecular basis for these responses is incompletely understood. The vertebrate transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily 4 (TRPV4) (VR-OAC) cation channel has been suggested to be an osmo/mechanosensory channel. To assess its function in vivo, we expressed TRPV4 in Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons and examined its ability to generate behavioral responses to sensory stimuli. C. elegans ASH neurons function as polymodal sensory neurons that generate a characteristic escape behavior in response to mechanical, osmotic, or olfactory stimuli. These behaviors require the TRPV channel OSM-9 because osm-9 mutants do not avoid nose touch, high osmolarity, or noxious odors. Expression of mammalian TRPV4 in ASH neurons of osm-9 worms restored avoidance responses to hypertonicity and nose touch, but not the response to odorant repellents. Mutations known to reduce TRPV4 channel activity also reduced its ability to direct nematode avoidance behavior. TRPV4 function in ASH required the endogenous C. elegans osmotic and nose touch avoidance genes ocr-2, odr-3, osm-10, and glr-1, indicating that TRPV4 is integrated into the normal ASH sensory apparatus. The osmotic and mechanical avoidance responses of TRPV4-expressing animals were different in their sensitivity and temperature dependence from the responses of wild-type animals, suggesting that the TRPV4 channel confers its characteristic properties on the transgenic animals' behavior. These results provide evidence that TRPV4 can function as a component of an osmotic/mechanical sensor in vivo.
Authentication through keystrokes: What you type and how you type

Authentication mechanism provides the basis for access control in order to ensure the information security. Relying on the traditional text based password method to authenticate users is not effective anymore due to its vulnerabilities. Many alternative solutions such as the use of multi level authentication, graphical password or biometric password have been suggested in the last few decades. Keystroke dynamics is a low cost biometric solution as it does not require any special hardware. The assumption behind keystroke dynamics is that typing rhythm is unique for any individual. In this paper, a simple and secure authentication scheme has been produced by adding this biometric feature with the existing ID/password method.
$KK$-theory spectra for $C^\ast$-categories and discrete groupoid $C^\ast$-algebras

In this paper we refine a version of bivariant $K$-theory developed by Cuntz to define symmetric spectra representing the $KK$-theory of $C^\ast$-categories and discrete groupoid $C^\ast$-algebras. In both cases, the Kasparov product can be expressed as a smash product of spectra.
The Shelterin TIN2 Subunit Mediates Recruitment of Telomerase to Telomeres

Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) is a heritable multi-system disorder caused by abnormally short telomeres. Clinically diagnosed by the mucocutaneous symptoms, DC patients are at high risk for bone marrow failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and multiple types of cancers. We have recapitulated the most common DC-causing mutation in the shelterin component TIN2 by introducing a TIN2-R282H mutation into cultured telomerase-positive human cells via a knock-in approach. The resulting heterozygous TIN2-R282H mutation does not perturb occupancy of other shelterin components on telomeres, result in activation of telomeric DNA damage signaling or exhibit other characteristics indicative of a telomere deprotection defect. Using a novel assay that monitors the frequency and extension rate of telomerase activity at individual telomeres, we show instead that telomerase elongates telomeres at a reduced frequency in TIN2-R282H heterozygous cells; this recruitment defect is further corroborated by examining the effect of this mutation on telomerase-telomere co-localization. These observations suggest a direct role for TIN2 in mediating telomere length through telomerase, separable from its role in telomere protection.
Semi-tied Full-covariance Matrices for Hidden Markov Models

There is normally a simple choice made in the form of the covariance matrix to be used with HMMs. Either a diagonal covariance matrix is used, with the underlying assumption that elements of the feature vector are independent, or a full or block-diagonal matrix is used, where all or some of the correlations are explicitly modelled. Unfortunately when using full or block-diagonal covariance matrices there tends to be a dramatic increase in the number of parameters per Gaussian component, limiting the number of components which may be robustly estimated. This paper introduces a new form of covariance matrix which allows a few \full" covariance matrices to be shared over many distributions, whilst each distribution maintains its own \diagonal" covariance matrix. In contrast to other schemes which have hypothesised a similar form, this technique ts within the standard maximum-likelihood criterion used for training HMMs. The new form of covariance matrix is evaluated on a large-vocabulary speechrecognition task. In initial experiments the performance of the standard system was achieved using approximately half the number of parameters. Moreover, a 10% reduction in word error rate compared to a standard system can be achieved with less than a 1% increase in the number of parameters and little increase in recognition time.
A Statistical Parsing Framework for Sentiment Classification

We present a statistical parsing framework for sentence-level sentiment classification in this article. Unlike previous works that use syntactic parsing results for sentiment analysis, we develop a statistical parser to directly analyze the sentiment structure of a sentence. We show that complicated phenomena in sentiment analysis (e.g., negation, intensification, and contrast) can be handled the same way as simple and straightforward sentiment expressions in a unified and probabilistic way. We formulate the sentiment grammar upon Context-Free Grammars (CFGs), and provide a formal description of the sentiment parsing framework. We develop the parsing model to obtain possible sentiment parse trees for a sentence, from which the polarity model is proposed to derive the sentiment strength and polarity, and the ranking model is dedicated to selecting the best sentiment tree. We train the parser directly from examples of sentences annotated only with sentiment polarity labels but without any syntactic annotations or polarity annotations of constituents within sentences. Therefore we can obtain training data easily. In particular, we train a sentiment parser, s.parser, from a large amount of review sentences with users' ratings as rough sentiment polarity labels. Extensive experiments on existing benchmark data sets show significant improvements over baseline sentiment classification approaches.
Self-Compassion Of Bataknese Street Children

This research aimed to describe the self-compassion of Bataknese street children. Subjects involved in this study were 220 bataknese street children, selected by using incidental nonprobability sampling method. Teenagers who involved in this study are bataknese street children aged 12-18 years old. The data was collected through questionnaires about self-compassion. The self-compassion scale was developed based on self-compassion theory by Kristin Neff, composed of three components: self-kindness vs. self-judgment, common humanity vs. isolation, and mindfulness vs. over-identification. The results showed that self-compassion of subject belonging to the low category is 1%, the moderate category is 37% and the high category is 62%. If we look at self-compassion categorization based on its component then on self-kindness vs. self-judgment can be seen that low category is 3, the medium is 63, high is 154. The medium category is 72.27%, and the high category is 5.31%. Whereas in the component of common humanity vs. isolation showed that it belongs to medium category in 10.6% and the high category is in 89.4%. The components of mindfulness vs. over-identification indicate that . In other words, it can be concluded that the largest group is in high self-compassion category.