Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counter-comment on: Cadrin et al. (2010) "Population structure of beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella: evidence of divergence associated with different habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1617- 1630."

Steven X. Cadrin1*, Stefano Mariani2, Christophe Pampoulie3, Matthias Bernreuther4, Anna Kristin Danielsdottir5, Torild Johanssen6, Lisa Kerr1, Kjell Nedreaas7, Jakup Reinert8, Þorsteinn Sigurðsson3, and Christoph Stransky4 School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts, 200 Mill Road, Fairhaven, MA 02719, USA School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland Marine Research Institute, Skulagata 4, Reykjavik121, Iceland Institute of Sea Fisheries, Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institute, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany Matis, Vinlandsleið 12, Reykjavik113, Iceland Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 6404, Tromso 9294, Norway Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway Faroe Marine Research Institute, PO Box 3051 Noatun 1, Torshavn FO-110, Faroe Islands *Corresponding Author: tel: +1 508 910 6358; fax: +1 508 910 6396; e-mail:scadrin@umassd.edu.
Dust aerosol feedback on the Indian summer monsoon: Sensitivity to absorption property

We examine the sensitivity of dust radiative feedback to the dust absorption property during the Indian summer monsoon (June–September) season from 2005 to 2010 using the Regional Climate Model version 4.1. The dust direct radiative forcing at top of atmosphere switches from cooling to warming for absorbing dust over the Indian subcontinent. The dust‐induced low pressure anomaly plays a crucial role in building up large‐scale convergence particularly over the Arabian Peninsula, which strengthens the monsoon circulation leading to enhanced precipitation over India. The intensity of precipitation and wind field at 850 hPa increases over India by considering more absorbing dust. Air temperature and cloud fraction change by 20–50% in the lower to middle troposphere as a result of dynamic response due to modification in dust absorptive characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the response of monsoon circulation to dust radiative feedback is highly sensitive to dust absorption; and hence, it should be accurately represented in the models for improved simulation of monsoon precipitation. The results have important implications in case of break‐to‐active transition within the Indian summer monsoon season.
The dynamics of MAPK inactivation at fertilization in mouse eggs

ABSTRACT Egg activation at fertilization in mammals is initiated by prolonged Ca2+ oscillations that trigger the completion of meiosis and formation of pronuclei. A fall in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is essential for pronuclear formation, but the precise timing and mechanism of decline are unknown. Here, we have measured the dynamics of MAPK pathway inactivation during fertilization of mouse eggs using novel chemiluminescent MAPK activity reporters. This reveals that the MAPK activity decrease begins during the Ca2+ oscillations, but MAPK does not completely inactivate until after pronuclear formation. The MAPKs present in eggs are Mos, MAP2K1 and MAP2K2 (MEK1 and MEK2, respectively) and MAPK3 and MAPK1 (ERK1 and ERK2, respectively). Notably, the MAPK activity decline at fertilization is not explained by upstream destruction of Mos, because a decrease in the signal from a Mos–luciferase reporter is not associated with egg activation. Furthermore, Mos overexpression does not affect the timing of MAPK inactivation or pronuclear formation. However, the late decrease in MAPK could be rapidly reversed by the protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid. These data suggest that the completion of meiosis in mouse zygotes is driven by an increased phosphatase activity and not by a decline in Mos levels or MEK activity.
Detecting synoptic warming trends across the US Midwest and implications to human health and heat‐related mortality

This paper highlights and expands on the extensive work concerning extreme heat events, and the environmental and societal factors that affect human health. Selections of this work were presented originally in a Union of Concerned Scientists public report (‘Heat in the Heartland’). As humans respond concomitantly to a suite of meteorological variables, we accordingly aim to examine summertime frequencies and characteristics of select synoptic weather types in the Midwestern United States, particularly those associated with elevated health impacts risk. We analyse five major urban centres, paired with five nearby smaller cities, to investigate the potential relative differences due to urban form and size. In virtually all of these locales, the frequency of health‐debilitating hot weather types has increased in the six most recent decades, with many of these also demonstrating statistically significant upward trends in air and dew point temperatures. This is most prevalent for overnight temperatures, where the hottest weather types display increasing overnight temperatures in both large and small cities, thus causing the diurnal temperature ranges to decrease. Furthermore, the prevalence of three or more consecutive runs of these days is on the rise, with all five large cities experiencing a higher number of heat waves today than in the late 1940s. We emphasize the importance of city‐level efforts to assist in minimizing future climate‐related health risks. Finally, we demonstrate the increasing human mortality response in one select city (Detroit, MI), which is estimated without the presence of city‐level efforts, targeted interventions, adaptation strategies, or physiological acclimatization. This highlights the importance of providing accurate heat‐health warnings to the public, and provides essential understanding of the Midwest US region's summertime climate trends.
Interaction of polygonal fault systems with salt diapirs

Salt diapirs are some of the most dynamic geological structures in sedimentary basins and vertical rise through their overburdens leads to the development of complex fault systems. Polygonal fault systems constitute a major structural element of fine-grained sediments in sedimentary basins, forming without the requirement of tectonic extension during the early burial phase of sediment compaction and dewatering. These same fine-grained sedimentary overburdens are also deformed by salt diapirs and their associated fault systems in basins such as the Gulf of Mexico, the South Atlantic margins and the North Sea. The aim of this research was to investigate the interactions between salt diapirism and faulting in overburdens deformed by polygonal fault systems using 3D seismic data sets from the Central North Sea and the extensional domain of the Espirito Santo Basin on the SE continental margin of Brazil. In both case studies the regional isotropic planform arrangements of polygonal faults mapped in the post-salt overburden have preferred (radial) orientations around salt stocks, orthogonal alignments with tectonic faults and salt walls, and concentric arrangements in withdrawal basins. Radial faults around salt stocks are invariably layer-bound, conforming to the same discrete layer of stratigraphy as laterally equivalent to layer-bound polygonal fault systems. In the Espirito Santo Basin, the lateral distribution and stacking of polygonal faults is heavily influenced by the distribution of proximal and distal seismic facies. In the Central North Sea spacing, throw and fault length vary as a function of tier thickness. Polygonal and radial faults in the same tier have a similar range of maximum throws and spacing but differ in length and aspect ratios. Radial faults are classified as perturbed members of the basin-wide polygonal fault system which propagate primarily under the influence of compaction and contraction but in an anisotropic stress field. Stacked arrays of layer-bound radial and polygonal faults formed sequentially where upper tier boundaries date the cessation of fault activity. The radial fault zone is between 2-4 stock radii wide. The radial fault zone expanded as salt growth intensified or widened, and contracted as they slowed or became narrower. However, the width of the radial fault zone is not related to the hinge in the domed overburden discrediting arching as mechanism forming the radial faults. Instead, the transition boundary separating zones of radial and polygonal faults in a tier is interpreted to reflect the lateral-extent of hoop stress around salt stocks during faulting. An upward change in the regional polygonal planform and dip polarity of polygonal faults in the Espirito Santo Basin is attributed to a change in the regional stress field during the cessation of thin-skinned extension and gravity gliding and the onset of inversion. The results of this thesis highlight the sensitivity of polygonal fault system to local stress anisotropy and provide a potential route for reconstructing the palaeostate of stress around salt diapirs.
Comment on “Riparian vegetation distribution induced by river flow variability: A stochastic approach” by C. Camporeale and L. Ridolfi

[1] The recent paper by Camporeale and Ridolfi [2006] proposed a stochastic model for ‘‘riparian vegetation ecosystem dynamics forced by random variations in river discharge. ’’ The general analytical solution for the proposed stochastic model is not known. However, as described by Camporeale and Ridolfi [2006], the stochastic model yielded analytical expressions for the probability density function (pdf) and moments of the overall vegetation mass for a number of special cases. The first and the simplest of these special cases considered by equations (18)–(22) and (B1) of Camporeale and Ridolfi [2006] has the pdf of the overall vegetation mass given by
POTENSI TANAMAN OBAT BANONDIT (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) SEBAGAI SUMBER PAKAN HIJAUAN DI LEMBAH KEBAR PAPUA BARAT

Banondit has been known as “Kebar grass” by the people in Papua Kebar valley and also in Indonesia for generations. This study was carried out to know the potential extent of banondit as medical plant and source of forage for livestock. The study lasted for 2 months by using descriptive method with case studies. Local com- munities, the one who get benefit from these species, were used as respondents by using random sampling. The results showed that community utilized banondit as drugs in their life to improve fertility for men and women, to normalize menstrual cycle, and for livestock (Bali cattle, goats, pigs and chicken) which cultivated in this location. Banondit within other forages grew naturally dispersed on pastures at Kebar. Livestock raising system remain extensive with the biological rhythm which has been formed for years. In that case, these animals continually consumed banondit according to their needs.
Hopewell on the Sandusky: Analysis and Description of an Inundated Ohio Hopewell Mortuary-Ceremonial Site in North-Central Ohio

Northern Ohio has traditionally been placed at the “periphery” of Ohio Hopewell interaction. The recent discovery of an inundated mortuary-ceremonial site in Sandusky Bay with characteristic Hopewell artifacts, burial treatments, and deposits has stimulated a reexamination of the relationship between northern Ohio Middle Woodland societies and the Ohio Hopewell core. From this locality, known as the Pumpkin site, amateur archaeologists salvaged burials; Flint Ridge chert bifaces, Lowe cluster points and bladelets; a copper celt and beads; and other distinctive Hopewell funerary and ceremonial objects. Pumpkin site burial treatments and artifact forms also show considerable similarities to the Esch Mounds component located just to the east. A single AMS radiocarbon determination of 1840 ± 40 BP (Beta-221575) on human bone collagen places the Pumpkin component securely within the Middle Woodland period. Information from this unique site indicates that local Middle Woodland ties to the Ohio Hopewell heartland were more significant than previously perceived.
The sustainability of a groundnut plus maize rotation over 12 years on smallholder farms in the sub-humid zone of Zimbabwe

An experiment was conducted on four smallholder farms and on-station in the sub-humid zone of northeast Zimbabwe for 12 years to assess how the rotation of groundnut with NPK-fertilized and unfertilized maize affected the productivity and sustainability of this common smallholder cropping system. At the sandy-soil Domboshava station, maize grain yield declined over 12 years of continuous maize cropping, and the rate of decline was larger when fertilizer was used. Maize grain yield was already low (around 0.7 t ha -1 without fertilizer) on the smallholder farm fields when the experiment began, and there was little evidence of further decline. A 3-year groundnut plus maize plus maize rotation raised maize grain yield on station both when fertilizer was used on maize and when not, with some benefits persisting into the second year of maize after groundnut. Three cycles of the rotation with fertilizer at Domboshava increased maize yields by 0.21, 2.92 and 2.26 t ha -1
Hydrological and chemical connectivity dynamics in a groundwater‐dependent ecosystem impacted by acid sulfate soils

Groundwater‐dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in arid and semiarid environments play significant ecological roles, and, yet in many parts of the world, these ecosystems have been drained for agricultural use. In wetlands containing acid sulfate soils, the altered hydrology may trigger acidification and subsequent trace metal release. Quantifying shifts in hydrological regime and connectivity dynamics across wetlands is critical for understanding the resilience of these GDEs to anthropogenic impacts. Seasonal water balances for a wetland severely impacted by drainage and acidification were combined with laboratory geochemical data and field observations to develop a conceptual model describing hydrological connectivity across the wetland. The data indicated that, with the onset of the dry season, the superficial aquifer was lowered, exposing sulfides that oxidized to form sulfuric acid and dissolving metal salts. The following dry season enhanced capillary action causing upwelling of oxidized products to the surface where evaporative precipitation created acidity scalds. Subsequent winter rainfall and infiltration caused groundwater levels to rise, intersect with the ground surface, and form disconnected acidic pools. As the wet season progressed, connectivity was established between the pools, resulting in metal‐rich acid discharge from the wetland. The degree of acid fluxes and metal release was controlled by the physicochemical characteristics of the soils, its exposure to the seasonally variable wetland hydrology, antecedent hydrological conditions, hydrological connectivity (both vertical and horizontal), and the resulting biogeochemical conditions.
Changes in Meridional Temperature and Salinity Gradients in the North Atlantic Ocean (30°–72°N) during the Last Interglacial Period

Eight deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic Ocean ranging from 31° to 72°N are studied to reconstruct the meridional gradients in surface hydrographic conditions during the interval of minimum ice volume within the last interglacial period. Using benthic foraminiferal δ18O measurements and estimates of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), we show that summer SSTs and SSSs decreased gradually during the interval of minimum ice volume at high-latitude sites (52°–72°N) whereas they were stable or increased during the same time period at low-latitude sites (31°–41°N). This increase in meridional gradients of SSTs and SSSs may have been due to changes in the latitudinal distribution of summer and annual-average insolation and associated oceanic and atmospheric feedbacks. These trends documented for the Eemian ice volume minimum period are similar to corresponding changes observed during the Holocene and may have had a similar origin.
BASS, an alternative to ETAS

The epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model has been widely used to model the statistics of seismicity. An essential feature of the ETAS model is the concept of generations of aftershocks. A mainshock has primary aftershocks, the primary aftershocks have secondary aftershocks, and so forth. In this paper, we introduce the branching aftershock sequence (BASS) model as an alternative to ETAS. The BASS model is fully self‐similar whereas the ETAS model is not. Furthermore, the ETAS model requires the specification of branching (parent‐daughter) ratios, while the BASS model instead utilizes Båth's law. We also show that the branching statistics in the BASS model are identical to the self‐similar Tokunaga statistics of drainage networks.
Osmium behavior in a subduction system elucidated from chromian spinel in Bonin island beach sands

The Os isotopic system is a potential tracer of a recycled crustal component in mantle or volcanic rocks because of the significant contrast between Os isotope ratios of crust and mantle. However, the potential for crustal contamination overprinting this possible signal has hampered the utility of Os isotopic ratios. We explored the use of Os isotopes in chromian spinel (Cr-spinel) as a discriminator of primitive magma Os compositions in the Izu-Bonin arc, using beach sands as composite samples of the boninite and tholeiite magmas in three different islands. Cr-spinel is an early-stage crystal that preserves its isotopic composition even during later crustal contamination of the bulk rock. We found highly unradiogenic Os isotopic compositions in Cr-spinels from boninites, suggesting that they represent primitive magmas with slight or no Os contribution from the subducting slab during the generation of boninites in the infant arc stage (48–46 Ma). Conversely, the radiogenic Os isotopic ratios in Cr-spinels from tholeiites most likely reflect the contribution from a slab-derived component, because more oxidative conditions in the subarc mantle probably allowed Os to mobilize from the subducting slab during the transitional arc stage (45–41 Ma). Although shallow-level assimilation of crustal components with radiogenic Os may overprint the original Os signature of tholeiite magma during its ascent, Cr-spinel allows us to compensate such possibilities.
Development and Application of a Numerical Model of the Formation and Evolution of the Perseid Meteoroid stream

The recovery of comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle in 1992 marked the beginning of an intensive effort to characterize one of the largest known Earth-crossing bodies. Much has been learned of Swift-Tuttle in the intervening years (cf. Yau et al., 1994), but the comet’s equally famous trail of meteoroidal debris remains mysterious. The return of the comet was presaged by a strong increase in activity from the Perseids beginning most notably in 1991 (Brown and Rendtel, 1996). This marked the first occasion when a large change in the flux of the shower was unambiguously recorded. Indeed, Olivier (1925) comments that “. the Perseids appear with no remarkable variations in numbers practically every August”. The Perseid shower has been recognized in the sky almost as long as records of such phenomena have been kept. Hasegawa (1993) has traced ancient records of the
Geographic information system–based decision support for soil conservation planning in Tajikistan

Soil erosion on sloping agricultural land poses a serious problem for the environment, as well as for production. In areas with highly erodible soils, such as those in loess zones, application of soil and water conservation measures is crucial to sustain agricultural yields and to prevent or reduce land degradation. The present study, carried out in Faizabad, Tajikistan, was designed to evaluate the potential of local conservation measures on cropland using a spatial modeling approach to provide decision-making support for the planning of spatially explicit sustainable land use. A sampling design to support comparative analysis between well-conserved units and other field units was established in order to estimate factors that determine water erosion, according to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Such factor-based approaches allow ready application using a geographic information system and facilitate straightforward scenario modeling in areas with limited data resources. The study showed first that assessment of erosion and conservation in an area with inhomogeneous vegetation cover requires the integration of plot-based cover. Plot-based vegetation cover can be effectively derived from high-resolution satellite imagery, providing a useful basis for plot-wise conservation planning. Furthermore, thorough field assessments showed that 25.7% of current total cropland is covered by conservation measures (terracing, agroforestry, and perennial herbaceous fodder). Assessment of the effectiveness of these local measures, combined with the RUSLE calculations, revealed that current average soil loss could be reduced through low-cost measures such as contouring (by 11%), fodder plants (by 16%), and drainage ditches (by 53%). More expensive measures, such as terracing and agroforestry, can reduce erosion by as much as 63% (for agroforestry) and 93% (for agroforestry combined with terracing). Indeed, scenario runs for different levels of tolerable erosion rates showed that more cost-intensive and technologically advanced measures would lead to greater reduction of soil loss. However, given economic conditions in Tajikistan, it seems advisable to support the spread of low-cost and labour-extensive measures.
Doubt management as a tool for change: Karl E. Weick

The young lieutenant of a small Hungarian detachment in the Alps sent a reconnaissance unit into the icy wilderness. It began to snow immediately, snowed for 2 days and the unit did not return. The lieutenant suffered, fearing that he has despatched his own people to death. But on the third day the unit came back. Where had they been? How had they made their way? Yes, they said, we considered ourselves lost and waited for the end. And then one of us found a map in his pocket. That calmed us down. We pitched camp, lasted the snowstorm, and then with the map we discovered our bearings. And here we are. The lieutenant borrowed this remarkable map and had a good look at it. He discovered to his astonishment that it was not a map of the Alps, but a map of the Pyrenees. (Weick, 1995: 54)
Sharpening the tomographic image of the subducting slab below Sumatra, the Andaman Islands and Burma

SUMMARY Taking advantage of the increased ray coverage due to seismicity following the 2004 December and 2005 March great earthquakes, an improved iterative regional–global tomographic method was applied to the Sumatra–Andaman and adjacent regions to better constrain the 3-D mantle velocity heterogeneity in the region. Velocity and hypocentral parameters were iteratively perturbed to sharpen the image of the subducted slab. Several iterations were performed, and the effects of source mislocation were considered in the iterative process, an issue usually neglected in global tomography. We find that source relocation between iterations increases the amplitudes of slab anomalies and sharpens the definition of slab geometry beyond what can be achieved by a fixed-source iterative inversion alone. In addition, extensive restoration tests of synthetic data were conducted that emphasize enhancements obtained by our iterative process. These tests show significant increases in amplitude and decreased smearing of synthetic slab features. Thus, when applied to the real data, similar enhancements are inferred in the resulting model, which better illustrates the complex slab geometry in the upper-mantle and transition zone regions along the Sumatra, Andaman and Burma subduction zones.