Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chaotic Economic Dynamics

Capitalism as creative, chaotic evolution by structural change Classical dynamics: the corn economy The von Neumann model as a chaotic attractor Growing in short and long waves The structural and dynamical instability of the modern economy An analysis of high and low growth rates Irregular waves of growth from structural innovation Dynamical control of economic waves by fiscal policy A fresh look at traditional cycle models Chaotic aperiodic behaviour from forced oscillators.
Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Contingent Values: A Comparison of On-Site Users, Off-Site Users, and Non-users

Abstract Imperfect information in contingent markets can affect the validity and reliability of contingent values (willingness to pay, WTP) for changes in natural resource allocations. Survey respondents can acquire information about the natural resource to be valued from behavior such as on-site use of the resource, off-site use of the resource, and/or from the survey itself. In this paper we compare the validity and reliability of WTP from respondents who obtained information in these different ways. Using theoretical validity tests based on relative prices as well as income we find that WTP is valid for respondents with information from on-site and/or off-site use. Willingness to pay is less valid for respondents who had no information about the natural resource before they participated in the survey. Using an alternative form reliability test, we find that WTP is, in the technical sense, reliable for all respondents and somewhat more reliable for on-site users.
Prebiotic synthesis from CO atmospheres: Implications for the origins of life

Most models of the primitive atmosphere around the time life originated suggest that the atmosphere was dominated by carbon dioxide, largely based on the notion that the atmosphere was derived via volcanic outgassing, and that those gases were similar to those found in modern volcanic effluent. These models tend to downplay the possibility of a strongly reducing atmosphere, which had been thought to be important for prebiotic synthesis and thus the origin of life. However, there is no definitive geologic evidence for the oxidation state of the early atmosphere and bioorganic compounds are not efficiently synthesized from CO2 atmospheres. In the present study, it was shown that a CO-CO2-N2-H2O atmosphere can give a variety of bioorganic compounds with yields comparable to those obtained from a strongly reducing atmosphere. Atmospheres containing carbon monoxide might therefore have been conducive to prebiotic synthesis and perhaps the origin of life. CO-dominant atmospheres could have existed if the production rate of CO from impacts of extraterrestrial materials were high or if the upper mantle had been more reduced than today.
Oil Price Shocks and Macroeconomic Responses: Does the Exchange Rate Regime Matter?

The sharp fluctuations in oil prices in recent years provide an opportunity to empirically test Friedman's hypothesis that flexible exchange regimes better absorb real external shocks. This paper empirically examines whether the responses of real output, consumer prices, interest rates and real exchange rates differ across exchange rate regimes. Since the effects of oil price shocks depend on whether the economy is a net importer or a net exporter of oil, the sample used in this study is composed of nine Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development major oil‐importing countries. The results show that only consumer prices and real exchange rates exhibit relatively faster and smoother adjustment to their long‐run equilibrium when the adopted de facto exchange rate regime is flexible, supporting Friedman's hypothesis. Also, panel Granger causality tests suggest a feedback from real effective exchange rates and inflation rates to the real oil price, supporting the argument that oil price shocks are not purely exogenous to developed economies.
Morphological changes in rat hindlimb muscle fibres during recovery from disuse atrophy.

AIM The present study attempted to use HE staining to clarify morphological changes in muscle fibres during recovery from disuse muscle atrophy. METHODS Disuse muscle atrophy was induced by suspending 7-week-old male Wistar rats by their tails for 5 weeks (hindlimb unloading or HU group). Histological changes in the soleus muscle (SOL) during the recovery process were examined and compared with those in control rats who were raised freely without unloading (C group). RESULTS Wet muscle mass and muscle cross-sectional area per fibre of SOL in the HU group were 52 +/- 5 and 22 +/- 5% of those in the C group, respectively. Muscle atrophy was largely attributable to decreases in the size of muscle fibres, rather than to muscle fibre damage or loss. Muscle mass in the HU group increased quickly after reloading, but recovery of cross-sectional area per fibre was slow, with mean area in the HU group measuring 69 +/- 10% of that in the C group even after 5 weeks of reloading. After 1, 2 and 5 weeks of reloading, incidences of muscle fibres displaying central nuclei (regenerated muscle fibres) were 7.4 +/- 2.4, 7.2 +/- 6.3 and 19.2 +/- 14.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that recovery of muscle fibres atrophied by disuse involves not only growth of atrophied muscle fibres, but also regeneration of muscle fibres. Cross-sectional areas recovery of atrophied muscle fibres thus continues after increases of muscle mass.
Trade liberalisation: Global economic implications

The purpose of this book is to use model simulations to explore the implications of further trade liberalization as envisaged under the Uruguay round and to examine other dominant issues in world trade, including the effects of the opening up of the Soviet Union and China and technological change. In chapter one the author provides an introduction to the issues of trade liberalization and to the background of the modeling project. The following chapters develop the simulations that form the basis for assessing the implications of trade liberalization. Chapter two describes the main elements of the Rural Urban-North South (RUNS) model as well as presenting the levels of protection, both agricultural and non-agricultural, across the world. Chapter three provides the core simulations of the volume. The RUNS model is used to assess the impact of partial trade reform, similar to what is likely to occur at a successful conclusion of the Uruguay round. Chapter four concentrates on Latin America which is divided into three components in the RUNS model. Chapter five continues the regional exploration of consequences but focusing on Africa. Chapter six examines one of the principal concerns of some of the African and Latin American food-importing countries. Chapter seven is devoted to Asia and focuses on China and India. The profound changes taking place in the former Soviet Union are examined in chapter eight. Finally, chapter nine relaxes the assumption of exogenous agricultural productivity. This chapter attempts to show the importance of introducing a link between profitability and changes in productivity. However, it is recognized that this link cannot simply be reduced to a price transmission mechanism, but that it requires substantial investment in research, infrastructure, and education.
Systems biology in physiology: the vasopressin signaling network in kidney.

Over the past 80 years, physiological research has moved progressively in a reductionist direction, providing mechanistic information on a smaller and smaller scale. This trend has culminated in the present focus on "molecular physiology," which deals with the function of single molecules responsible for cellular function. There is a need to assemble the information from the molecular level into models that explain physiological function at cellular, tissue, organ, and whole organism levels. Such integration is the major focus of an approach called "systems biology. " The genome sequencing projects provide a basis for a new kind of systems biology called "data-rich" systems biology that is based on large-scale data acquisition methods including protein mass spectrometry, DNA microarrays, and deep sequencing of nucleic acids. These techniques allow investigators to measure thousands of variables simultaneously in response to an external stimulus. My laboratory is applying such an approach to the question: "How does the peptide hormone vasopressin regulate water permeability in the renal collecting duct? " We are using protein mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the phosphoproteome of collecting duct cells. The response to vasopressin, presented in the form of a network model, includes a general downregulation of proline-directed kinases (MAP kinases and cyclin-dependent kinases) and upregulation of basophilic kinases (ACG kinases and calmodulin-dependent kinases). Further progress depends on characterization and localization of candidate protein kinases in these families. The ultimate goal is to use multivariate statistical techniques and differential equations to obtain predictive models describing vasopressin signaling in the renal collecting duct.
Learning Deficit in BDNF Mutant Mice

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the regulation of high‐frequency synaptic transmission and long‐term potentiation in the hippocampus, processes that are also thought to be involved in the learning of spatial tasks such as the Morris water maze. In order to determine whether BDNF is required for normal spatial learning, mice carrying a deletion in one copy of the BDNF gene were subjected to the Morris water maze task. Young adult BDNF mutant mice were significantly impaired compared with wild‐type mice, requiring twice the number of days to reach full performance. Aged wild‐type mice performed significantly worse than young wild‐type mice and the effect was even more pronounced in the BDNF mutant mice, which did not learn at all. Although there was no difference in mean swimming speed between BDNF mutant and wild‐type mice, we cannot exclude the possibility that developmental or peripheral deficits also contribute to the learning deficits in these mice. In situ hybridization and RNase protection analysis revealed that BDNF mRNA expression was indeed decreased in BDNF mutant mice. Furthermore, a pronounced effect of age on BDNF mRNA expression was seen, displayed as both a reduced level of mRNA expression and a reduced or entirely absent layer‐specific expression pattern in the cerebral cortex of aged animals. Thus, our data suggest that BDNF expression may be linked to learning.
Eosinophil‐larval‐interaction in onchocerciasis: heterogeneity of in vitro adherence of eosinophils to infective third and fourth stage larvae and microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus

Summary Adherence of eosinophilic granulocytes from patients with onchocerciasis to microfilariae (Mf), third (L3) and fourth (L4) stage larvae of Onchocerca volvulus was studied in vitro. Native and heat‐inactivated sera from patients with onchocerciasis (OS), from endemic controls without signs of the disease (ECS), from healthy Caucasians (NS) or foetal calf serum (FCS) served as sources for adherence mediating factors. In FCS‐supplemented medium eosinophils did not adhere to any larvae. None of the sera mediated the adherence of eosinophils to L4. Eosinophils adhered to L3 in the presence of OS, ECS and NS, whereas OS exclusively mediated adherence to Mf. Reduced adherence rates of eosinophils to L3 occurred in heat‐inactivated or zymosan‐activated OS, ECS or CS. Eosinophils bound to the L3 cuticle of moulting stage but not lo the newly exposed L4 cuticle. A single adherent layer of effector cells was found around cast L3 cuticle, multiple layers were found around intact L3 leading to subsequent paralysis of the larvae and to an amplification of the toxic effector potential by homotypic intereosinophilic adhesion. Our experiments document heterogeneity of in vitro effector cell adherence to the three larval stages of O. volvulus and indicate that complement‐dependent as well as independent mechanisms arc operative in eosinophil‐larval‐interaction. The results emphasize the importance of the invading infective larval stages of O. volvulus as possible targets for vaccine production.
Increased PD‐1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is involved in immune evasion in gastric cancer

Co‐signaling molecules play an important role in T cells. Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) is an immunoinhibitory receptor and its overexpression on T cells appears to be involved in immune evasion in cancer patients. The present study was designed to investigate PD‐1 expression on T cells and its relationship with immune evasion in gastric cancer patients.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Vibrio harveyi Strain ZJ0603

ABSTRACT Vibrio harveyi is an important pathogen that causes vibriosis in various aquatic organisms. Here, we announce the draft genome sequence of V. harveyi strain ZJ0603, which was isolated from diseased Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in Guangdong, China.
Does the Euro-Zone Diverge? A Stress Indicator for Analyzing Trends and Cycles in Real GDP and Inflation

This paper presents a stress indicator for the Euro-zone that summarizes developments of trends and cycles in real GDP and inflation in the member countries. Stress in a country is defined as the difference between the country’s actual short-term interest rate and the interest rate that would prevail if that country was able to follow an “optimal” monetary policy. The optimal monetary policy rule corresponds to the policy rule that was adopted by the country in the pre-EMU period and depends on the trend growth rates of GDP and consumer prices as well as on the related cyclical components. The main results are that stress in the Euro-zone is mainly due to different trend growth rates and that for most of the Euro-zone countries interest rates have been too low over the 1999-2005 period. Stress in Germany is close to zero, implying that the ECB continues the policy of the Bundesbank.
The search for social entrepreneurship

Research on social entrepreneurship is finally catching up to its rapidly growing potential. In The Search for Social Entrepreneurship , Paul Light explores this surge of interest to establish the state of knowledge on this growing phenomenon and suggest directions for future research. Light begins by outlining the debate on how to define social entrepreneurship, a concept often cited and lauded but not necessarily understood. A very elemental definition would note that it involves individuals, groups, networks, or organizations seeking sustainable change via new ideas on how governments, nonprofits, and businesses can address significant social problems. That leaves plenty of gaps, however, and without adequate agreement on what the term means, we cannot measure it effectively. The unsatisfying results are apple-to-orange comparisons that make replication and further research difficult. The subsequent section examines the four main components of social entrepreneurship: ideas, opportunities, organizations, and the entrepreneurs themselves. The copious information available about each has yet to be mined for lessons on making social entrepreneurship a success. The third section draws on Light's original survey research on 131 high-performing nonprofits, exploring how they differ across the four key components. The fourth and final section offers recommendations for future action and research in this burgeoning field.
Genetic and physiological analysis of the lethal effect of L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase deficiency in Streptococcus mutans: complementation by alcohol dehydrogenase from Zymomonas mobilis

CH4ts is a previously isolated recombinant mutant of Streptococcus mutans NG8 which produces a thermolabile L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. It does not grow at 42 degrees C under a variety of cultivation conditions. In this study, we show that a batch culture of CH4ts shifted from 30 to 42 degrees C underwent rapid cessation of growth and accelerated cell death. The mutant grew at 42 degrees C in continuous culture under glucose-limiting conditions. Under these conditions, lactate production was replaced by production of ethanol and, to a smaller extent, acetoin. The cloned Zymomonas mobilis gene for alcohol dehydrogenase II, placed under the control of the S. mutans spaP regulatory signals, complemented LDH deficiency. The alcohol dehydrogenase-complemented mutant grew as well or better than NG8 on a variety of carbon sources at 42 degrees C and produced significant amounts of ethanol in place of lactic acid. These results are in accord with other approaches indicating that S. mutans has other enzymatic activities, including pyruvate formate-lyase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, for pyruvate metabolism. However, at high glucose concentrations, the levels of activity of these enzymes are apparently insufficient to compensate for the absence of LDH.
Observations on the Normal Anatomy of the Bronchial Arteries

The existence of systemic arteries to the lungs has been known for many centuries. Ruysch (1732) claimed to be the first to have described the bronchial arteries, but Galen had already done so in the second century A.D. During the nineteenth century the anatomy of the bronchial arteries was studied in detail and their possible function considered. Reisseisen and von Soemmering (1808) defined the bronchial arteries as " vasa nutritiva " of the lungs, and showed that they accompanied the bronchi. Le Fort (1858) showed that the bronchial arteries continue along the bronchial tree as far as the respiratory bronchioli. Von Luschka (1863) drew attention to the ramification of the bronchial arterioles in the bronchial mucosa and suggested that the capillaries of the bronchial arterioles communicated near the alveolar ducts with those derived from the pulmonary arteries. Virchow (1856) showed that occlusion of a lobar pulmonary artery branch did not result in necrosis of the lobe. He concluded therefore that the viability of the lobe,did not depend on the pulmonary artery, but was maintained by the bronchial arteries. Rindfleisch (1878) considered the bronchial arteries to be end arteries. Kuttner (1878), by dye injections in rabbit lungs, showed that the terminal branches of the pulmonary arteries were nowhere in communication with vessels of a similar calibre, and concluded that communication between the pulmonary artery bed and the bronchial arteries, if it existed, must be capillary only. Zuckerkandl (1881 and 1883) demonstrated that the bronchial arteries supplied the visceral pleura in man, and thought that the capillaries of the pulmonary and bronchial arteries were in communication. Miller (1947), at the beginning of this century, described the course of the bronchial arteries. He showed that they ran from the aorta to the main bronchi and followed these distally to the hila. There they divided and continued in the walls of the bronchi as far as the alveolar ducts. From the fibrous tunic, in which an arterial plexus was formed, small branches penetrated the muscle layer to reach the tunica propria of the bronchus and then continued to run in the long axis of the bronchus. Miller did not think that the problem of anastomosis between the two circulations had been adequately studied by previous workers, and contended that the use of a
Rapid bioluminescence method for bacteriuria screening

A study was performed to evaluate the UTIscreen (Los Alamos Diagnostics, Los Alamos, N. Mex.), a rapid bioluminescence bacteriuria screen. The UTIscreen was compared with three other rapid bacteriuria screens: the Bac-T-Screen (Vitek Systems, Hazelwood, Mo.), an automated filtration device; the Chemstrip LN (Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics, BioDynamics, Indianapolis, Ind.), an enzyme dipstick; and the Gram stain. A semiquantitative plate culture was used as the reference method. Of the 1,000 specimens tested, 276 had colony counts of greater than 10(5) CFU/ml by the culture method. Of these, the UTIscreen detected 96% (265 of 276) using greater than or equal to 5% of the integrated light output of the standard reading as a positive interpretive breakpoint, the Bac-T-Screen detected 96% (266 of 276), the Chemstrip LN detected 90% (249 of 276), and the Gram stain detected 96% (264 of 276). Of the 214 probable pathogens isolated at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen detected 95% (204 of 214), the Bac-T-Screen detected 98% (210 of 214), the Chemstrip LN detected 92% (198 of 214), and the Gram stain detected 98% (209 of 214). The predictive values of negative test results at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 98, 97, 93, and 98%, respectively. The overall specificities at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 70, 48, 51, and 69%, respectively. There were 532 specimens with colony counts of >10(3) CFU/ml, and of these, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain detected 72, 81, 76, and 73%, respectively. Of the 249 probable pathogens isolated at >10(3) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain detected 91, 95, 89, and 93%, respectively. The overall specificities at > 10(3) CFU/ml for these methods were 79, 55, 57, and 78%, respectively. The cost per test for detection was approximately $0.50 for the Chemstrip LN. Overall, the UTIscreen is rapid and easy to perform; its sensitivity compared favorably with those of the other screening methods; it had higher specificity than the Bac-T-Screen and Chemstrip LN; and it allowed for bathing of specimen.
A Fast Feature Fusion Algorithm in Image Classification for Cyber Physical Systems

Collaborative applications of physical systems and algorithms bring the rapid development of cyber physical systems (CPS). Establishing CPS with image classification systems, however, is difficult, because both categories of algorithms, deep learning methods and traditional feature extraction methods, are independent and individual currently. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a fast feature fusion algorithm to satisfy the requirement of CPS in the area of image classification from a comprehensive perspective. First, we fuse the shallow-layer network feature, large pre-trained convolutional neural network feature and traditional image features together by genetic algorithm, in order to guarantee high accuracy with little training time and hardware cost. Second, we increase the distance between different centers by dynamic weight assignment to improve distinguishability of different classes. Third, we propose a partial selection method to reduce the length of the fused feature vectors and to improve the classification accuracy further by centralizing the features within the same class. Finally, experimental results show that our method can achieve high classification accuracy with lower training time and hardware consumption, which can greatly improve the efficiency and flexibility of image classification in cyber physical systems.