Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emigration or Tax Evasion?: Solutions for Portuguese to Escape from Its Economic Crisis

In last three years, Portugal was affected by a financial crisis, which largely increased the unemployment rate, and decreased social conditions of citizens. Emigration and tax evasion were two of the typical strategies that the Portuguese used to solve their difficulties. In this context, emigration is a social behaviour associated to the demand for better life conditions in other countries. People move away when they see no hope in their country. As for tax evasion, it is also a behaviour that happens when citizens face unemployment and are overwhelmed by high taxes. This article aims firstly to compare both strategies when it comes to the preference shown by citizens. On the other side, it seeks to replicate the restrictions that the Portuguese Government has in hands. Simulations revealed that the ethical attitude of citizens is a key factor for the choice of each strategy, comparing with other factors. Results also demonstrated that Portuguese Government has an insignificant role on agent's decision.
Endogenous Democratization

The authors show that economic development increases the probability that a country will undergo a transition to democracy. These results contradict the finding of Przeworski and his associates, that development causes democracy to last but not to come into existence in the first place. By dealing adequately with problems of sample selection and model specification, the authors discover that economic growth does cause nondemocraciesto democratize. They show that the effect of economic development on the probability of a transition to democracy in the hundred years between the mid-nineteenth century and World War II was substantial, indeed, even stronger than its effect on democratic stability.They also show that, in more recent decades, some countries that developed but remained dictatorships would, because of their development, be expected to democratize in as few as three years after achieving a per capita income of $12,000 per capita.
The effect of CEO tenure on CEO compensation: Evidence from inside CEOs vs outside CEOs

Purpose - The paper aims to study the effect of tenure on the structure of CEO compensation. The relation between CEO compensation and CEO tenure provides a good testing bed for many effects: the managerial power effect, the portfolio consideration effect, the learning effect, and the career concern effect. Design/methodology/approach - Tobit regressions were run of the percentage of equity-based compensation on CEO tenure and the effect of tenure compared between inside CEOs and outside CEOs. Findings - It was found that the percentage of equity-based compensation increases during the early years of tenure for outside CEOs, and decreases during the later years of tenure for inside CEOs. Before they are tenured, outside CEOs have significantly higher and faster growing percentage of equity-based compensation than inside CEOs. Furthermore, the portfolio consideration effect and the learning effect are the major effects in explaining the effect of tenure on the compensation structure. Practical implications - The evidence that boards of directors take into account the CEOs’ holdings of equity incentives, the types of CEOs, and their years on tenure to adjust the structure of CEO compensation indicates that firms should, and do, try to optimize their CEO compensation structure on the basis of firm-specific or CEO-specific characteristics. It is suggested that there is no simple formulaic approach to governance reform. Originality/value - The paper contributes to the literature by studying and explaining the different patterns of compensation structure over CEO tenure between inside CEOs and outside CEOs.
Prediction of Lynch syndrome in consecutive patients with colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome is caused by inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (primarily MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2) and is one of the most prevalent inherited cancer syndromes. Several models have been developed to predict the occurrence of Lynch syndrome in high-risk patients and families, but it is not known how these models compare with one another or how they perform for colorectal cancer patients from the general population. We used data from such patients to test the ability of four models--Leiden, MMRpredict, PREMM(1,2), and MMRpro--to distinguish between those who did and did not carry DNA mismatch repair gene mutations. METHODS We studied a consecutive series of 725 patients who were younger than 75 years at colorectal cancer diagnosis and whose DNA mismatch repair gene mutation status was available; 18 of the 725 patients carried such a mutation. For each model, we calculated the risk score, compared the observed number of mutations with the expected number, and determined the receiver operating characteristics. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Although all four models overestimated the probability of a mutation (range = 1.2- to 4.3-fold), especially in low-risk patients, they could discriminate between carriers and noncarriers of a mismatch repair mutation. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves from the four models ranged from 0.91 to 0.96. Carriers of mutations in the MSH6 or PMS2 genes had lower risk scores than carriers of MSH2 or MLH1 mutations. For example, the MMRpredict model gave median risk scores of 24% and 94% (P < .015) for MSH6-PMS2 and MSH2-MLH1 mutation carriers, respectively. For the Leiden, MMRpredict, and PREMM(1,2) models, correcting the risk scores for bias introduced by family size improved their power to discriminate between carriers and noncarriers. After correcting for family size, the best model was MMRpredict, which achieved a sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 73% to 99%) and a specificity of 91% (95% CI = 88% to 93%) and identified a smaller proportion of patients than the revised Bethesda criteria as those who should undergo additional molecular or immunohistochemical testing (11% vs 50%). CONCLUSION MMRpredict was the best-performing model for identifying colorectal cancer patients who are at high risk of carrying a DNA mismatch repair gene mutation and thus should be screened for Lynch syndrome.
Using Design of Experiments and Virtual Instrumentation to Evaluate the Tribocharging of Pulverulent Materials in Compressed-Air Devices

Tribocharging of pulverulent materials in compressed-air devices is a typical multifactorial process. Quantification of the effects of the factors and of their interactions is a prerequisite for the development of new tribocharging devices for industrial applications. This paper aims at demonstrating the interest of using the design of experiments methodology in association with virtual instrumentation for the study of such processes, in view of their modeling and optimization. A classical 23 full-factorial design followed by a composite design were employed for conducting experiments simulating the tribocharging conditions of starch powder. The response function was the charge/mass ratio of the material collected in a modified Faraday cage, at the exit of the tribocharging device, the factors under investigation being the injection pressure, the dillution pressure, and the vortex pressure. The charge measurements were performed using a digital electrometer connected to a personal computer equiped with a data acquisition system. The data were processed by a custom-designed LabView virtual instrument. By using appropriate design of experiments software, it was possible to estimate the effects of these factors and then derive the model of the process as a quadratic polynomial function.
Spatial location is accurately tracked by human auditory sensory memory: evidence from the mismatch negativity

The nature of spatial representation in human auditory cortex remains elusive. In particular, although humans can discriminate the locations of sounds as close as 1–10 degrees apart, such resolution has not been shown in auditory cortex of humans or animals. We used the mismatch negativity (MMN) event related brain potential to measure the neural response to spatial change in humans in narrow 10 degree spatial steps. Twelve participants were tested using a dense array EEG setup while watching a silent movie and ignoring the sounds. The MMN was reliably elicited by infrequent changes of spatial location of sounds in free field. The MMN amplitude was linearly related to the degree of spatial change with a resolution of at least 10 degrees. These electrophysiological responses occurred within a window of 100–200 milliseconds from stimulus onset, and were localized to the posterior superior temporal gyrus. We conclude that azimuthal spatial displacement is rapidly, accurately and automatically represented in auditory sensory memory in humans, at the level of the auditory cortex.
Parent-specific copy number in paired tumor-normal studies using circular binary segmentation

MOTIVATION High-throughput techniques facilitate the simultaneous measurement of DNA copy number at hundreds of thousands of sites on a genome. Older techniques allow measurement only of total copy number, the sum of the copy number contributions from the two parental chromosomes. Newer single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) techniques can in addition enable quantifying parent-specific copy number (PSCN). The raw data from such experiments are two-dimensional, but are unphased. Consequently, inference based on them necessitates development of new analytic methods. METHODS We have adapted and enhanced the circular binary segmentation (CBS) algorithm for this purpose with focus on paired test and reference samples. The essence of paired parent-specific CBS (Paired PSCBS) is to utilize the original CBS algorithm to identify regions of equal total copy number and then to further segment these regions where there have been changes in PSCN. For the final set of regions, calls are made of equal parental copy number and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). PSCN estimates are computed both before and after calling. RESULTS The methodology is evaluated by simulation and on glioblastoma data. In the simulation, PSCBS compares favorably to established methods. On the glioblastoma data, PSCBS identifies interesting genomic regions, such as copy-neutral LOH. AVAILABILITY The Paired PSCBS method is implemented in an open-source R package named PSCBS, available on CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org/).
The Distribution of Inflation among Austrian Households

We estimate the distribution of household-level inflation and show a strong and stable negative relationship between income and inflation that reflects the differences in consumption bundles along the income distribution (2010–2012). Inflation decreases as education levels increase. It is especially high for blue-collar worker households and extraordinarily low for farmer households and shows a u-shaped relationship with age. Our findings question the exclusive focus of economic policymakers on the consumer price index based on a mean consumption bundle in times of diverging price developments. We advocate monitoring inflation of a broader range of real household level consumption bundles, such as inflation across the entire range of household incomes. We use the Austrian consumer survey (2009/10) as well as disaggregated price data to calculate inflation for given consumption bundles at the household level.
de-linkability: a privacy-preserving constraint for safely outsourcing multimedia documents

Outsourcing social multimedia documents is a growing practice among several companies in a way to shift their business globally. It is a cost-effective process where those companies tend to gain more profits disregarding eventual privacy risks. In fact, several case studies have showed that adversaries are capable of identifying individuals, whose identities need to be kept private, using the content of their multimedia documents. In this paper, we propose de-linkability, a privacy-preserving constraint to bound the amount of information outsourced that can be used to re-identify the individual. We also provide a sanitizing MD*-algorithm to enforce de-linkability and present a set of experiments to demonstrate its efficiency.
A Visualization Tool Used to Develop New Photon Mapping Techniques

We present a visualization tool aimed specifically at the development and optimization of photon map denoising methods. Our tool allows the rapid testing of hypotheses and algorithms through the use of parallel coordinates, domain‐specific scripting, colour mapping and point plots. Interaction is carried out by brushing, adjusting parameters and focus‐plus‐context and yields interactive visual feedback and debugging information. We demonstrate the use of the tool to explore high‐dimensional photon map data, facilitating the discovery of novel parameter spaces which can be used to dissociate complex caustic illumination. We then show how these new parametrizations may be used to improve upon pre‐existing noise removal methods in the context of the photon relaxation framework.
Trade in Services in the Central and East European Countries

Trade in services, although often neglected by theory and empiricism, plays a quite influential role in the balance of payments of most countries. In the case of the CEE countries, services trade also enters another dimension it is a helpful means in the modernization process of the CEE economies whose (producer) services, as of 1989, were far from the development level typical of well-functioning market economies. The first part of the present paper gives a theoretical and empirical overview of the services trade in eight CEECs, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. The second part of the paper focuses on the services trade of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland with the EU in general and Austria in particular, thus also allowing for an examination of the advantages and disadvantages Austria has vis-a-vis the EU in trading services with the CEECs.
Risk Factors and Their Combined Effects on the Incidence Rate of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage – A Population-Based Cohort Study

Background Prospective studies on the risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are limited. Moreover, the effect of risk factors on the incidence rates of SAH is not well known about. Aims In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors for SAH and characterize subgroups in a population with a high incidence of SAH. Methods After recording multiple potential risk factors for SAH at the time of enrolment, first ever SAH events between 1972 and 2009 were recorded through the nationwide Causes of Death Register and Hospital Discharge Register for the population-based cohort of 64 349 participants, who participated in the National FINRISK Study between 1972 and 2007 in Finland. Results During the follow-up time of 1.26 million person-years (median 17.9 years, range 0 to 37.9 years), 437 persons experienced fatal or non-fatal SAH. Crude SAH incidence was 34.8 (95% confidence interval: 31.7–38.2) per 100 000 person-years among ≥25-year-old persons. Female sex, high blood pressure values and current smoking were confirmed as risk factors for SAH. Previous myocardial infarction, history of premature stroke (any kind) in mother and elevated cholesterol levels in men were identified as new risk factors for SAH. Depending on the combination of risk factors, SAH incidence varied between 8 and 171 per 100 000 person-years. Conclusions New and previously reported risk factors appear to have a much stronger association with the incidence of SAH than is ordinarily seen in cardiovascular diseases. Risk factor assessments may facilitate the identification of high-risk persons who should be the focus of preventive interventions.
G2019S dardarin substitution is a common cause of Parkinson's disease in a Portuguese cohort

LRRK2 mutations have recently been described in families with Parkinson's disease. Here we show that one of them (G2019S) is present in 6% (7 of 124) unrelated cases of disease in a clinic‐based sample series from central Portugal, but not present in 126 controls from the same population. Thus, LRRK2 mutations appear to be a common cause of typical Parkinson's disease and as such will alter clinical practice. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Role of network virtualization in designing Future Internet

This paper discusses the potential role of the network infrastructure virtualization in designing Future Internet. Such infrastructure gives us possibilities for introducing new functionalities, which cannot be implemented in the current network. These new functionalities will be illustrated in the case of the currently designed IIP System, which is based on the network virtualization enabling us to set a number of Parallel Internets differing in data and control planes. On the other hand, when we introduce virtualization to the network, we should solve new problems that are mainly related to effective resource sharing and flexible management.
Hsp90β is involved in the development of high salt-diet-induced nephropathy via interaction with various signalling proteins

A high-salt diet often leads to a local intrarenal increase in renal hypoxia and oxidative stress, which are responsible for an excess production of pathogenic substances. Here, Wistar Kyoto/spontaneous hypertensive (WKY/SHR) rats fed a high-salt diet developed severe proteinuria, resulting from pronounced renal inflammation, fibrosis and tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. All these were mainly non-pressure-related effects. Hsp90β, TGF-β, HIF-1α, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 were shown to be highly expressed in response to salt loading. Next, we found that Hsp90β might play the key role in non-pressure-related effects of salt loading through a series of cellular signalling events, including the NF-κB, p38 activation and Bcl-2 inactivation. Hsp90β was previously proven to regulate the upstream mediators in multiple cellular signalling cascades through stabilizing and maintaining their activities. In our study, 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) or Hsp90β knockdown dramatically alleviated the high-salt-diet-induced proteinuria and renal damage without altering blood pressure significantly, when it reversed activations of NF-κB, mTOR and p38 signalling cascades. Meanwhile, Co-IP results demonstrated that Hsp90β could interact with and stabilize TAK1, AMPKα, IKKα/β, HIF-1α and Raptor, whereas Hsp90β inhibition disrupted this process. In addition, Hsp90β inhibition-mediated renal improvements also accompanied the reduction of renal oxidative stress. In conclusion, salt loading indeed exhibited non-pressure-related impacts on proteinuria and renal dysfunction in WKY/SHR rats. Hsp90β inhibition caused the destabilization of upstream mediators in various pathogenic signalling events, thereby effectively ameliorating this nephropathy owing to renal hypoxia and oxidative stress.
Sums of Powered Characteristic Roots Count Distance-Independent Circular Sets

Abstract Significant values of a combinatorial count need not fit the recurrence for the count. Consequently, initial values of the count can much outnumber those for the recurrence. So is the case of the count, Gl(n), of distance-l independent sets on the cycle Cn, studied by Comtet for l ≥ 0 and n ≥ 1 [sic]. We prove that values of Gl(n) are nth power sums of the characteristic roots of the corresponding recurrence unless 2 ≤ n ≤ l. Lucas numbers L(n) are thus generalized since L(n) is the count in question if l = 1. Asymptotics of the count for 1 ≤ l ≤ 4 involves the golden ratio (if l = 1) and three of the four smallest Pisot numbers inclusive of the smallest of them, plastic number, if l = 4. It is shown that the transition from a recurrence to an OGF, or back, is best presented in terms of mutually reciprocal (shortly: coreciprocal) polynomials. Also the power sums of roots (i.e., moments) of a polynomial have the OGF expressed in terms of the co-reciprocal polynomial.
IMPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES REGARDING THE ORGANIZATION OF QUALITY COST MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

Taking into considerations the obvious importance of the concept of quality, the inevitable question arises "What is the cost of quality? ", clearly reaching the notion of "cost". It would seem absolutely logical and natural, that when we are referring to the total quality cost, from the professional point of view, to have an accountant that should take care of recording and supply of all the necessary data in terms of the inventory of this cost. The practical reality, however, shows that the accounting side of an economic entity does not provide comprehensive information regarding a complete definition of the quality cost. From this perspective, the present paper aims to consider a relevant discussion on the necessity and importance of the existence of the management accounting regarding the cost of quality.
Light Higgsino Dark Matter

We reinvestigate the question of whether a light Higgsino-like neutralino is a viable dark matter candidate. To this end we compute the dominant one-loop corrections to the masses of the Higgsino-like states in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), due to loops involving heavy quarks and their superpartners. We also calculate analogous corrections to the couplings of Higgsino-like neutralinos to Z and Higgs bosons. In the region of parameter space leading to high Higgsino purity of the lightest neutralino, these corrections can change the expected relic density by up to a factor of 5 in either direction. We conclude that for favorable choices of soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters, a state with more than 99{percent} Higgsino purity could indeed form all cold dark matter in the Universe. In some cases these corrections can also increase the expected cross section for LSP scattering off spinless nuclei by up to two orders of magnitude, or reduce it to zero. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
EVALUATION AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF SUBPIXEL IMAGE REGISTRATION USING PHASE CORRELATION METHODS

In this study we first propose and compare two frequencydomain motion estimation methods using phase correlation principle. Then, we focus on the particular case of subpixel translational movements, we evaluate the accuracy of these two registration methods and we give some practical hints for their implementation. Finally, we compare the performances of these methods for both an ideal theoretical case and for real images.
IPv 4 is enough for the next 20 years

The most compelling problem facing the IP Internet today is IP address depletion. Motivated by the perceived IP Address shortage crisis, IPv6 was conceived in 1995 as a panacea to all the problems currently faced by IPv4. It has been almost a decade since and there has been no discernible large-scale adoption of IPv6 yet. A full-fledged transition to IPv6 hardly seems imminent. Moreover, IPv4 has been surprisingly resilient to the address-space crunch crisis. In this paper we intend to show why the switch to IPv6 is unnecessary, by countering all the purported weaknesses of IPv4 which led to the creation of IPv6 in the first place.
Sports Economics: It May be Fun but What's the Point?

Economists’ interest in sports has grown dramatically in Europe and North America over the past twenty years. Today there are two journals devoted to sports economics,1 and much-cited symposia have appeared in Applied Economics, Economic Journal, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Journal of Productivity Analysis, Labour Economics, Oxford Review of Economic Policy and Scottish Journal of Political Economy. This might have been pretty difficult for Simon Rottenberg to imagine when he wrote perhaps the first sports economics article in the Journal of Political Economy back in 1956.