Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional C3435T polymorphism of MDR1 gene: an impact on genetic susceptibility and clinical outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The significance of genetic background in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is not well understood. Polymorphisms of genes encoding for xenobiotics and drug transporters are potential factors, which can influence the risk of developing ALL and its clinical outcome. P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is an adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette (ABC)‐family transporter involved in protection against xenobiotics and multi‐drug resistance. Recently, the single‐nucleotide polymorphism C3435T of MDR1 gene has been found to be associated with altered tissue expression and function of P‐gp. To evaluate whether C3435T MDR1 polymorphism is associated with the occurrence and outcome of ALL, 113 children with ALL (median age 5.1 yr) and 175 healthy individuals of Polish Caucasian origin were studied by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment‐length polymorhism (PCR‐RFLP) assay. The mutant homozygous TT genotype was found to be associated with occurrence of ALL (OR, 95% CI; 1.8, 1.1–3.1; P = 0.037). Besides, the analysis of factors influencing clinical outcome of our ALL patient cohort showed that CC genotype carriers had significantly lower event‐free survival probability (pEFS) (0.62 vs. 0.87; P = 0.007) and overall survival probability (pOS) (0.72 vs. 0.91; P = 0.006). The Cox proportional hazards model‐based analysis revealed that the hazard ratios for lower pEFS and lower pOS among CC homozygous subjects were 3.9 (P = 0.008) and 3.3 (P = 0.02), respectively. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide evidence that C3435T MDR1 polymorphism may involve both the susceptibility to and the clinical outcome of childhood ALL. Carriers of the TT genotype are more at risk of developing ALL than other individuals, whereas CC genotype carriers are supposed to have worse prognosis.
Modernization and Educational Reform in Ataturk's Period

Modernization is a multifaceted process involving changes in all areas of human thought and activity. The principal aspects of modernization are industrialization, secularization, democratization, spread of education, and media participation. During Mustafa K. Ataturk's period, Ataturk and some progressive people emphasized the policy that the new government under his leadership should not only act to expand educational opportunities for children, young people, and ordinary citizens but also attempt to arouse and strengthen a national consciousness. Because they accepted education as an important key to unlock the door for becoming a modernized Western country. The politics of education are based on nationalism, secularization, populism and pragmatism. When the concept of modernization and the basics of educational policy during Atatuk's period were compared, common points between them can be observed. The basics of the education policy of the Ataturk's period are included in the characteristics of modernization drawn by modernization researchers. They, above all, commonly emphasized secularization, the possibility of change and its desirability, nationalism, and the spread of education.
Developing Spiritual Lifemaps as a Culture-Centered Pictorial Instrument for Spiritual Assessments with Native American Clients

This study represents an initial step at giving social work practitioners an important assessment tool as they seek to provide culturally competent services to Native American clients. For the current study, a spiritual lifemap assessment tool was modified by the authors for a Native American cultural context. To determine the relevancy and consistency of utilizing the modified assessment tool with Native American clients, 50 Native American experts reviewed, rated, and gave feedback on its use. Results showed that spiritual lifemaps were generally consistent with Native American culture and, if used properly, could be very beneficial in working with Native Americans.
Buffered interconnects in 3D IC layout design

A very important challenge in designing through-silicon via (TSV)-based 3D ICs is to accurately estimate, through all stages of the physical design, the interconnect delay which is strongly dependent on the layout of 3D IC. The earlier in the design process and more accurate it can be done; the better design decisions can be made. Incorporating an optimal buffer insertion approach in the early layout design stage can significantly minimize delay and power in 3D circuits. Unlike 2D ICs, buffer insertion in 3D ICs needs careful consideration of additional design constraints in interconnects spanning multiple device layers. In this paper, we propose a novel buffer insertion scheme for delay optimization during 3D floorplanning. For individual 3D nets, the algorithm efficiently computes the desired distance between consecutive buffers (buffer insertion length), which depends on the non-negligible TSV RC delay contribution of the net. This technique of variable buffer insertion length, used during floorplanning, allows optimizing buffers for individual 3D interconnects and reduces overall buffer count by up to 25% and total power consumption by up to 12%. The proposed approach also includes a method for buffer insertion around a TSV, based on the TSV location and its RC delay. Our experiments suggest that the proposed method of buffer planning around TSVs avoids delay violation and reduces delay across TSVs up to 11%, minimizing buffer usage. The paper also analyzes the impact of key parameters such as buffer size and TSV contact resistance on the delay and power dissipation in 3D interconnects.
Mapping an Opportunity Surface of Residential Burglary

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) to understand spatial patterns of crime and criminal behavior has become more prevalent in recent years, but with a few exceptions these analyses fall short of serving as predictive tools. The recent introduction of user-friendly, raster-based mapping software, designed primarily for environmental and planning purposes, offers new tools for examining and predicting crime and criminal behavior. By applying opportunity theories to the crime of residential burglary, this article examines the utility of raster-based mapping software for predicting desirable and undesirable locations of burglaries, as well as likely locations for crime displacement or diffusion. The findings reveal that the model holds promise for serving these prediction purposes.
On the psychomotor mechanisms of typewriting

Typewriting is one of the most important industrial operations. To many persons it is the direct means of livelihood and other persons are continually undertaking its study with a view to make it such. There is perhaps no psychomotor process do directly opens to experiment in which efficieny is of such practical value. Scientific inquiries into increasing the efficiency of typewriting on the psychological side may have a two-fold aim: 1) to discover the symptoms which presage success or failure in acquiring the accomplishment, in order that the probable progress of the learner may be predicted; and 2) To study the various conditions of efficiency in typwriting as affected by different times of day and different work periods, and different techniques of operation, etc., in order to increase so far as possible the efficiency of the skilled operator. The present experiments were made to get a further insight into the means of attacking these questions and also as a practical introduction to the broad problem of studying psychomotor adaptations experimentally through the media of choice reactions. Cited in: Burnham JC (2009). Accident Prone: A history of technology, psychology, and misfits of the machine age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-08117-5. The book was favorably reviewed by David Hemenway in Injury Prevention (2011), doi: 10.1136/ip.2011. 031658. Special Thanks to Dr. Burnham for providing an electronic copy of the bibliographic notes that accompany each chapter. This greatly facilitated adding previously unidentified records to the SafetyLit database. SafetyLit users may obtain a listing of the book's references by searching using the following Textword(s) Exact query: "Burnham-Accident-Prone". Language: en
Modelling density-dependent resistance in insect-pathogen interactions.

We consider a mathematical model for a host-pathogen interaction where the host population is split into two categories: those susceptible to disease and those resistant to disease. Since the model was motivated by studies on insect populations, we consider a discrete-time model to reflect the discrete generations which are common among insect species. Whether an individual is born susceptible or resistant to disease depends on the local population levels at the start of each generation. In particular, we are interested in the case where the fraction of resistant individuals in the population increases as the total population increases. This may be seen as a positive feedback mechanism since disease is the only population control imposed upon the system. Moreover, it reflects recent experimental observations from noctuid moth-baculovirus interactions that pathogen resistance may increase with larval density. We find that the inclusion of a resistant class can stabilise unstable host-pathogen interactions but there is greatest regulation when the fraction born resistant is density independent. Nonetheless, inclusion of density dependence can still allow intrinsically unstable host-pathogen dynamics to be stabilised provided that this effect is sufficiently small. Moreover, inclusion of density-dependent resistance to disease allows the system to give rise to bistable dynamics in which the final outcome is dictated by the initial conditions for the model system. This has implications for the management of agricultural pests using biocontrol agents-in particular, it is suggested that the propensity for density-dependent resistance be determined prior to such a biocontrol attempt in order to be sure that this will result in the prevention of pest outbreaks, rather than their facilitation. Finally we consider how the cost of resistance to disease affects model outcomes and discover that when there is no cost to resistance, the model predicts stable periodic outbreaks of the insect population. The results are interpreted ecologically and future avenues for research to address the shortfalls in the present model system are discussed.
Global Patterns of Protein Domain Gain and Loss in Superkingdoms

Domains are modules within proteins that can fold and function independently and are evolutionarily conserved. Here we compared the usage and distribution of protein domain families in the free-living proteomes of Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya and reconstructed species phylogenies while tracing the history of domain emergence and loss in proteomes. We show that both gains and losses of domains occurred frequently during proteome evolution. The rate of domain discovery increased approximately linearly in evolutionary time. Remarkably, gains generally outnumbered losses and the gain-to-loss ratios were much higher in akaryotes compared to eukaryotes. Functional annotations of domain families revealed that both Archaea and Bacteria gained and lost metabolic capabilities during the course of evolution while Eukarya acquired a number of diverse molecular functions including those involved in extracellular processes, immunological mechanisms, and cell regulation. Results also highlighted significant contemporary sharing of informational enzymes between Archaea and Eukarya and metabolic enzymes between Bacteria and Eukarya. Finally, the analysis provided useful insights into the evolution of species. The archaeal superkingdom appeared first in evolution by gradual loss of ancestral domains, bacterial lineages were the first to gain superkingdom-specific domains, and eukaryotes (likely) originated when an expanding proto-eukaryotic stem lineage gained organelles through endosymbiosis of already diversified bacterial lineages. The evolutionary dynamics of domain families in proteomes and the increasing number of domain gains is predicted to redefine the persistence strategies of organisms in superkingdoms, influence the make up of molecular functions, and enhance organismal complexity by the generation of new domain architectures. This dynamics highlights ongoing secondary evolutionary adaptations in akaryotic microbes, especially Archaea.
Relationship Between Cusp Size and Occlusal Wear Pattern in Neanderthal and Homo sapiens First Maxillary Molars

Tooth wear studies in mammals have highlighted the relationship between wear facets (attritional areas produced during occlusion by the contact between opposing teeth) and physical properties of the ingested food. However, little is known about the influence of tooth morphology on the formation of occlusal wear facets. We analyzed the occlusal wear patterns of first maxillary molars (M1s) in Neanderthals, early Homo sapiens, and contemporary modern humans. We applied a virtual method to analyze wear facets on the crown surface of three‐dimensional digital models. Absolute and relative wear facet areas are compared with cusp area and cusp height. Although the development of wear facets partially follows the cusp pattern, the results obtained from the between‐group comparisons do not reflect the cusp size differences characterizing these groups. In particular, the wear facets developed along the slopes of the most discriminate cusp between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens (hypocone) do not display any significant difference. Moreover, no correlations have been found between cusp size and wear facet areas (with the exception of the modern sample) and between cusp height and wear facet areas. Our results suggest that cusp size is only weakly related to the formation of the occlusal wear facets. Other factors, such as, diet, food processing, environmental abrasiveness, and nondietary habits are probably more important for the development and enlargement of wear facets, corroborating the hypotheses suggested from previous dental wear studies. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of Leukocytes in Intravital Video Microscopy Based on the Analysis of Hessian Matrix Eigenvalues

Detection of rolling and adhered leukocytes in intravital microscopy image sequences is an important task in studies of leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the microcirculation of living small animals under different inflammatory conditions. This procedure is usually performed by visual assessment of the image sequences. However, despite being tedious and time consuming, this procedure is prone to the inter- and intra-observer variability. In this work, we developed an automated computer system for the detection of leukocytes in intravital video microscopy. First, the video frames were processed by the bilateral filter to reduce noise while preserving sharp edges. Then, a demons-based image registration technique was applied to minimize animal motion. Finally, the detection of leukocytes was performed by local analysis of Hessian matrix Eigen values. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the proposed method were conducted by using 220 video frames obtained from an experimental study performed on the brain microvasculature of mice. The proposed method was compared with the template matching technique using precision, recall and F1-Score measures. For the Hessian-based method, the results of precision, recall and F1-Score were, respectively, equal to 0.81, 0.86, and 0.83. For direct comparison, the results obtained for the template matching technique were 0.86, 0.73 and 0.79.
Contextual Explanations of School Choice

Participation in school-choice programs has been increasing across the country since the early 1990s. While some have examined the role that families play in the school-choice process, research has largely ignored the role of social contexts in determining where a student attends school. This article improves on previous research by modeling the contextual effects of elementary schools and neighborhoods on high school enrollment outcomes using population-level geocoded administrative data on an entire cohort of eighth graders from one of the largest urban school districts in the United States. The results of hierarchical multinomial logistic models suggest that the contextual effects of percentage black, poverty, and neighborhood concentrated disadvantage reduce the likelihood of students attending private or elite public high schools. Students in schools with high average achievement are less likely to attend selective-enrollment magnet schools, perhaps because of a “frog pond” effect. Finally, the study found evidence of peer effects on attending non-neighborhood schools. Together, these findings suggest a new way of conceptualizing the causes of school choice at a time when such programs are becoming more prevalent.
Stress in Clinical Psychology Trainees: Current Research Status and Future Directions

The purpose of this article is to present the current status of the literature related to stress in clinical psychology trainees (CPTs), and to offer research directions for investigating stress in this population and ways to enhance self‐care in these individuals. The following conclusions emerge from the review: (1) CPTs are vulnerable to elevated stress; (2) undue stress can negatively impact CPTs' personal and professional functioning and, in turn, result in less than optimal standards of care for clients; (3) there is a dearth of studies on stress in this population and no published intervention studies; (4) incorporating self‐care strategies into clinical psychology training is recommended; and (5) “third‐wave” cognitive behaviour therapy stress management interventions have been efficacious in comparable populations. In view of the potential costs of elevated stress to trainees themselves and their clients, research on stress and stress management in this population is of a high priority. Broad research agendas are proposed for these two domains. Modifications to clinical training programmes to reduce trainee stress are required and should be evidence‐based and systematically revaluated.
From toys to products: a step towards supporting the robust reuse and integration on the web

UI component based mashup at client side is a new trend of information/knowledge integration method on the Web. However, without a systematic and robust composition mechanism, the widespread of such mashups is still a beautiful wish. In this paper we analyze and present some generally recognized problems about the robustness of current UI component based reuse and integration such as the reliability and security enforcement, then propose our solutions for supporting robust Web application reuse and integration. Superior to other similar systems in the information/functionality integration work, our approach focuses on assembling and utilizing components in a more efficient and flexible manner for large-scale reuse and complex integration.
When Workers Flout Convention: A Study of Workplace Incivility

Many organizations are concerned about the potential for workplace aggression and violence, yet pay little heed to lesser forms of interpersonal and organizational mistreatment. Drawing from knowledge and experiences of managers, attorneys, law enforcement officers and emergency medical professionals, we report a multi-method, multidisciplinary inductive study addressing two questions: (1) what is the nature of workplace incivility and how does incivility differ from and fit among other types of workplace mistreatment; and (2) what are some implications of incivility for employees and organizations?
Citrulline-based assessment score: first choice for measuring and monitoring intestinal failure after high-dose chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND Currently, objective tests are lacking that enable the extent and duration of intestinal mucosal damage induced by myeloablative chemotherapy to be determined. To address this problem, we explored a citrulline-based assessment score as this amino acid is a simple quantitative marker of intestinal failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS From March 2004 to June 2007, citrulline concentrations were determined at baseline and at least once weekly after the start of myeloablative chemotherapy until 30 days thereafter among 94 allogeneic or autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients. The patients were divided into three groups according to the regimen they received: (i) carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan/high-dose melphalan, (ii) cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation +/- antithymocyte globulin and (iii) idarubicin-containing regimens. Intestinal mucosal damage was described either by level of citrulline on each day, on the basis of different thresholds of citrulline indicating the severity of villous atrophy, or by area under the curve using reciprocal value of 10/citrulline. RESULTS Regimens that incorporated idarubicin induced the most severe intestinal toxicity. Scores based on the level of citrulline, using severity thresholds, and on the area under the reciprocal curve are able to discriminate between the damage induced by different high-dose chemotherapy regimens. CONCLUSION A citrulline-based assessment score appears objective, validated, reproducible, reliable, specific and sensitive making it a suitable first choice for measuring and monitoring intestinal mucositis.
Who uses Cocaine? Social Profiles of Cocaine Users

Despite the long history of cocaine use in the UK, little is known about which groups use it. This paper describes contemporary cocaine users in England of both its powder and crack form, in the 1990s. A classification, based on social context of use, was developed from ethnographic data collected on 82 users between 1990 and 1992. Three distinct groups of cocaine users were identified: recreational cocaine users, poly-drug cocaine users and salient cocaine users. The recognition of the heterogeneity of cocaine users could inform service providers. Recreational users are unlikely to make demands on services. Poly-drug users may already be in contact with existing services but may not have reported their cocaine use. Consequently problematic cocaine use, as a confounder of other drug problems, may go unnoticed. Salient cocaine users are less likely to identify themselves with other drug users such as opiate users, are less likely to have knowledge of drug services, and evidence suggests that drug agencies .
Feeling rules: Testing a model of appraisal—affect relations

The aim of this study was to test a model specifying the relations between appraisals and affects. A theory of the appraisal—affect relation is proposed in terms of general feeling rules differentiating between affects. A taxonomy of ten appraisals is presented, each defined by a specific profile of scores on four appraisal variables: desirability, controllability, responsibility, and the kind of value being at stake in an event. The appraisals are related to nine affect dimensions, resulting from earlier taxonomic research on the structure of affect (Hoekstra, 1986). All predictions following from the theory were tested in two independent samples by structural analysis. The model showed a good fit in both data sets.