Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cellular actions of beta-amyloid precursor protein and its soluble and fibrillogenic derivatives.

beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), the source of the fibrillogenic amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) that accumulates in the brain of victims of Alzheimer's disease, is a multifunctional protein that is widely expressed in the nervous system. beta-Amyloid precursor protein is axonally transported and accumulates in presynaptic terminals and growth cones. A secreted form of beta-APP (sAPP alpha) is released from neurons in response to electrical activity and may function in modulation of neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and cell survival. A signaling pathway involving guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate is activated by sAPP alpha and modulates the activities of potassium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and the transcription factor NF kappa B. Additional functions of beta-APP may include modulation of cell adhesion and regulation of proliferation of nonneuronal cells. Alternative enzymatic processing of beta-APP liberates A beta, which has a propensity to form amyloid fibrils; A beta can damage and kill neurons and increase their vulnerability to excitotoxicity. The mechanism involves generation of oxyradicals and impairment of membrane transport systems (e.g., ion-motive ATPases and glutamate and glucose transporters). Genetic mutations or age-related metabolic changes may promote neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease by increasing production of A beta and/or decreasing levels of neuroprotective sAPP alpha.
On the hierarchicalness of q&a posting networks

Many internet users turn to online knowledge exchange communities to get information they cannot find elsewhere. Question&Answer sites are one of the largest hosts of such communities where users reciprocally answer their questions. Research on expert identification in online communities tries to rank community members by their expertise or to separate experts from non-experts. Until now proposed algorithms for expert identification do not perform well on all datasets. We present an analysis of the structures of topic-induced sub-communities of Question&Answer communities. This analysis aims to provide a basis for expert identification research. The results from the analysis of the network structures explain why common expert identification algorithms are not suitable for all communities.
Stochastic models for throughput analysis of randomly arriving elastic flows in the Internet

This paper is about analytical models for calculating the average bandwidth shares obtained by TCP controlled finite file transfers that arrive randomly and share a single (bottleneck) link. Owing to the complex nature of the TCP congestion control algorithm, a single model does not work well for all combinations of network parameters (i.e., mean file size, link capacity, and propagation delay). We propose two models, develop their analyses, and identify the regions of their applicability. One model is obtained from a detailed analysis of TCP's AIMD adaptive window mechanism; the analysis accounts for session arrivals and departures, and finite link buffers. It is essentially a processor sharing (PS) model with time varying service rate; hence we call it TCP-PS. The other model is a simple modification of the PS model that accounts for large propagation delays; we call this model rate limited-PS (RL-PS). The TCP-PS model analysis accommodates a general file size distribution by approximating it with a mixture of exponentials. The RL-PS model can be used for general file size distributions. We show that the TCP-PS model converges to the standard PS model as the propagation delay approaches zero. We also observe that the PS model provides very poor estimates of throughput unless the propagation delay is very small. We observe that the key parameters affecting the throughput are the bandwidth delay product (BDP), file size distribution, the link buffer and the traffic intensity. Several numerical comparisons between analytical and simulation results are provided. We observe that the TCP-PS model is accurate when the BDP is small compared to the mean file size, and the RL-PS model works well when the BDP is large compared to the mean file size.
Criteria for Generating Speci cation-based Tests

This paper presents general criteria for generating test inputs from state based speci cations Software testing can only be formalized and quanti ed when a solid basis for test generation can be de ned Formal speci cations of complex systems represent a signi cant opportunity for testing because they precisely de scribe what functions the software is supposed to pro vide in a form that can easily be manipulated These techniques provide coverage criteria that are based on the speci cations and are made up of several parts including test pre xes that contain inputs necessary to put the software into the appropriate state for the test values The test generation process includes several steps for transforming speci cations to tests Empir ical results from a comparative case study application of these criteria are presented
Improving graph based multidocument text summarization using an enhanced sentence similarity measure

Multi document summarization is a process to produce a single summary from a set of related documents collected from heterogeneous sources. Since the documents may contain redundant information, the performance of a multi document summarization system heavily depends on the sentence similarity measure used for removing redundant sentences from the summary. For graph based multi document summarization where existence of an edge between a pair of sentences is determined based on how much two sentences are similar to each other, the sentence similarity measure also plays an important role. This paper presents an enhanced method for computing sentence similarity aiming for improving multidocument summarization performance. Experiments using two different datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed sentence similarity measure in improving the performance of a graph based multidocument summarization system.
An efficient OFDM carrier system design using parallel architecture

The objective of this design is to made a design of 128/64 point Fast Fourier transform processor to support future generation Multiple- Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO -OFDM). 1n wireless local area network base band processor the architecture produces high complexity. The pipelined mixed radix multipath delay feedback (MRMDF) FFT architecture is proposed to provide as higher throughput rate combining the characteristics of both Single path Delay Feedback (SDF) which is used to reduce memory size . The proposed processor not only supports the operation of FFT in 128 point and 64 point but can also provide different throughput rates . And also less hardware complexity is needed in this deign compared with conventional four. This approach will also reduce the power consumption. The proposed FFT Processor is designed and implemented in VHDL and the simulation results are presented. This paper discusses the effect of carrier frequency offset and its estimation method.
A Comparative Evaluation of Models and Specification Languages for Embedded System Design

The HW/SW Codesign approach in the design of embedded systems and their increasing complexity has turned the need of simplifying the specification of both the desired behaviour and the final implementation a very crucial task in the design process. Towards this effort programmers and designers have introduced a plethora of model-specification language pairs that can effectively reduce the complexity of the captured functionality, raise the level of abstraction and support several design tasks (such as verification, performance estimation etc). Due to the lack of a set of well-defined features for the comparative evaluation of those pairs industry is still reluctant in taking advantage of their full potential. Additionally, design teams are introducing new models and specification languages which sometimes add nothing new to already existing ones. Although VSIA’ s [13] model taxonomy has been proven very useful in classifying models for the specification of the system’s implementation our approach deals with the specification of the initial desired behaviour. By introducing two evaluation axes for models, introducing a 3 dimensional space for the taxonomy of specification languages and classifying the latter with respect to the model they are used to express, we present a complete feature-based approach that can be used not only for the selection of the most appropriate model-specification language pair for the design at hand but also for the classification and evaluation of new models and specification languages introduced for embedded system design.
Dopamine Effects of Stimulant and Non-Stimulant drugs used in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to be associated with dysfunction of ascending catecholamine systems in the brain, particularly dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Dysfunction of these catecholamine neurons innervating the prefrontal cortex is hypothesized to underlie impaired executive functions. Dysfunction of the DA neurons innervating the striatum is additionally hypothesized to underlie deficits in motivation and reinforcement learning. However, investigating mechanisms of action of therapeutic drugs used for treating ADHD has mainly focused on catecholamines in the prefrontal cortex and have not adequately addressed the role played by DA signaling in the striatum. The present study addresses this issue by examining the neuropharmacologic mechanism of atomoxetine (ATX), a potent and selective NE reuptake inhibitor, on phasic DA signaling in the striatum of anesthetized rats. ATX, a non-stimulant approved for ADHD treatment in the form of Strattera®, is suggested to produce its therapeutic effects by enhancing catecholamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex. We propose that in addition to its remedial effects in the prefrontal cortex, ATX enhances phasic DA signaling in the striatum. We found ATX to activate DA transients, the extracellular component of phasic DA signaling occurring in DA terminal fields and elicited by burst firing of DA neurons, which were measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at a carbon-fiber microelectrode. This study is neurobiologically significant, because it leads to a better understanding of the role NE plays in regulating phasic DA signaling in the striatum. Moreover, this study sheds light on the incompletely understood therapeutic mechanism of action of ATX and hence, may contribute towards development of better drugs for treating ADHD.
Multivariate Time Series Similarity Searching

Multivariate time series (MTS) datasets are very common in various financial, multimedia, and hydrological fields. In this paper, a dimension-combination method is proposed to search similar sequences for MTS. Firstly, the similarity of single-dimension series is calculated; then the overall similarity of the MTS is obtained by synthesizing each of the single-dimension similarity based on weighted BORDA voting method. The dimension-combination method could use the existing similarity searching method. Several experiments, which used the classification accuracy as a measure, were performed on six datasets from the UCI KDD Archive to validate the method. The results show the advantage of the approach compared to the traditional similarity measures, such as Euclidean distance (ED), cynamic time warping (DTW), point distribution (PD), PCA similarity factor (SPCA), and extended Frobenius norm (Eros), for MTS datasets in some ways. Our experiments also demonstrate that no measure can fit all datasets, and the proposed measure is a choice for similarity searches.
A 14.5 GHz, 0.35 /spl mu/m frequency divider for dual-modulus prescaler

This paper reports on structures of frequency divider to be used in the first stage of a dual modulus prescaler. A divider by 2, the prescaler elementary cell, has been designed and characterized. A 4/5 divider is presented as a natural extension of the divider by 2. A first realization has been characterized. We show that an asynchronous structure can overcome the synchronous structure frequency limitations.
The timing of birds' breeding seasons: a review of experiments that manipulated timing of breeding

Reproductive success usually declines in the course of the season, which may be a direct effect of breeding time, an effect of quality (individuals with high phenotypic or environmental quality breeding early), or a combination of the two. Being able to distinguish between these possibilities is crucial when trying to understand individual variation in annual routines, for instance when to breed, moult and migrate. We review experiments with free-living birds performed to distinguish between the ‘timing’ and ‘quality’ hypothesis. ‘Clean’ manipulation of breeding time seems impossible, and we therefore discuss strong and weak points of different manipulation techniques. We find that the qualitative results were independent of manipulation technique (inducing replacement clutches versus cross-fostering early and late clutches). Given that the two techniques differ strongly in demands made on the birds, this suggests that potential experimental biases are limited. Overall, the evidence indicated that date and quality are both important, depending on fitness component and species, although evidence for the date hypothesis was found more frequently. We expected both effects to be prevalent, since only if date per se is important, does an incentive exist for high-quality birds to breed early. We discuss mechanisms mediating the seasonal decline in reproductive success, and distinguish between effects of absolute date and relative date, for instance timing relative to seasonal environmental fluctuations or conspecifics. The latter is important at least in some cases, suggesting that the optimal breeding time may be frequency dependent, but this has been little studied. A recurring pattern among cross-fostering studies was that delay experiments provided evidence for the quality hypothesis, while advance experiments provided evidence for the date hypothesis. This indicates that late pairs are constrained from producing a clutch earlier in the season, presumably by the fitness costs this would entail. This provides us with a paradox: evidence for the date hypothesis leads us to conclude that quality is important for the ability to breed early.
Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations of Multidrug RND Efflux Pumps

Over-expression of multidrug efflux pumps of the Resistance Nodulation Division (RND) protein super family counts among the main causes for microbial resistance against pharmaceuticals. Understanding the molecular basis of this process is one of the major challenges of modern biomedical research, involving a broad range of experimental and computational techniques. Here we review the current state of RND transporter investigation employing molecular dynamics simulations providing conformational samples of transporter components to obtain insights into the functional mechanism underlying efflux pump-mediated antibiotics resistance in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Alcohol Taxes and Birth Outcomes

This study examines the relationships between alcohol taxation, drinking during pregnancy, and infant health. Merged data from the US Natality Detailed Files, as well as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1985–2002), data regarding state taxes on beer, wine, and liquor, a state- and year-fixed-effect reduced-form regression were used. Results indicate that a one-cent ($0.01) increase in beer taxes decreased the incidence of low-birth-weight by about 1–2 percentage points. The binge drinking participation tax elasticity is −2.5 for beer and wine taxes and −9 for liquor taxes. These results demonstrate the potential intergenerational impact of increasing alcohol taxes.
Neurofeedback Tunes Scale-Free Dynamics in Spontaneous Brain Activity

Brain oscillations exhibit long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs), which reflect the regularity of their fluctuations: low values representing more random (decorrelated) while high values more persistent (correlated) dynamics. LRTCs constitute supporting evidence that the brain operates near criticality, a state where neuronal activities are balanced between order and randomness. Here, healthy adults used closed-loop brain training (neurofeedback, NFB) to reduce the amplitude of alpha oscillations, producing a significant increase in spontaneous LRTCs post-training. This effect was reproduced in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, where abnormally random dynamics were reversed by NFB, correlating with significant improvements in hyperarousal. Notably, regions manifesting abnormally low LRTCs (i.e., excessive randomness) normalized toward healthy population levels, consistent with theoretical predictions about self-organized criticality. Hence, when exposed to appropriate training, spontaneous cortical activity reveals a residual capacity for "self-tuning" its own temporal complexity, despite manifesting the abnormal dynamics seen in individuals with psychiatric disorder. Lastly, we observed an inverse-U relationship between strength of LRTC and oscillation amplitude, suggesting a breakdown of long-range dependence at high/low synchronization extremes, in line with recent computational models. Together, our findings offer a broader mechanistic framework for motivating research and clinical applications of NFB, encompassing disorders with perturbed LRTCs.
Histone Deacetylase Is a Target of Valproic Acid-Mediated Cellular Differentiation

Valproic acid (VPA), a well-established therapy for seizures and bipolar disorder, has recently been shown to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs). Similar to more widely studied HDAC inhibitors, VPA can cause growth arrest and induce differentiation of transformed cells in culture. Whether this effect of VPA is through inhibition of HDACs or modulation of another target of VPA has not been tested. We have used a series of VPA analogs to establish a pharmacological profile for HDAC inhibition. We find that VPA and its analogs inhibit multiple HDACs from class I and class II (but not HDAC6 or HDAC10) with a characteristic order of potency in vitro. These analogs also induce hyperacetylation of core histones H3 and H4 in intact cells with an order of potency that parallels in vitro inhibition. VPA and VPA analogs induce differentiation in hematopoietic cell lines in a p21-dependent manner, and the order of potency for induction of differentiation parallels the potencies for inhibition in vitro, as well as for acetylation of histones associated with the p21 promoter, supporting the argument that differentiation caused by VPA is mediated through inhibition of HDACs. These findings provide additional evidence that VPA, a well-tolerated, orally administered drug with extensive clinical experience, may serve as an effective chemotherapeutic agent through targeting of HDACs.
Physics-based hot-carrier degradation model for SiGe HBTs

We present hot-carrier degradation analysis for SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors based on deterministic solutions of the Boltzmann transport equations for a coupled system of electrons and holes. The full-band transport model provides the distribution function of the charge carriers interacting with the passivated Si-H bonds along the Si/SiO2 interface. Investigation of the density of hot carriers along the emitter-base spacer oxide interface asserts the significant role of hot holes in the long-term degradation of SiGe HBTs under DC mixed-mode stress conditions. The creation of interface trap states by hot carriers is calculated by an energy-driven microscopic model. These traps increase the forward base current via Shockley-Read-Hall recombination and degrade the overall device performance.
An Analysis of Field Data Permeability

Spatially heterogeneous permeability data from several sites is reviewed. The spatial correlations in this data are valid (i.e. statistically signi cant) for short distances only. Multifractal power-normal distributions t this data about as well as the more commonly used exponential models, while better for long distance correlations inferred indirectly from hydrological studies, with the data combined between distinct sites. The data reviewed, when interpreted in the power-normal, multifractal model, is consistent with our earlier theoretical prediction that the fractal scaling exponent satis es 2 [0; 1]. AMS (MOS) Subject Classi cation: 82A32, 76S05
Standardized ILR-Based and Task-Based Speech-to-Speech MT Evaluation

We present a new method for task-based speechto-speech machine translation evaluation, in which tasks are defined and assessed according to independent published standards, both for the military tasks performed and for the foreign language skill levels used. We analyze task success rates and automatic MT evaluation scores for 220 role-play dialogs. Each role-play team consisted of one native English-speaking soldier role player, one native Pashto-speaking local national role player, and one Pashto/English interpreter. Machine translation (MT) and human translation (HT) conditions were assigned in a Latin Square design. Dialogs were assessed for language difficulty according to the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) speaking and listening skills.
Comparative ultrastructure of CRM1-Nucleolar bodies (CNoBs), Intranucleolar bodies (INBs) and hybrid PML/p62 bodies uncovers new facets of nuclear body dynamic and diversity

In order to gain insights on the nuclear organization in mammalian cells, we characterized ultrastructurally nuclear bodies (NBs) previously described as fluorescent foci. Using high resolution immunoelectron microscopy (I-EM), we provide evidence that CNoBs (CRM1-Nucleolar bodies) and INBs (Intranucleolar bodies) are distinct genuine nucleolar structures in untreated HeLa cells. INBs are fibrillar and concentrate the post-translational modifiers SUMO1 and SUMO-2/3 as strongly as PML bodies. In contrast, the smallest CRM1-labeled CNoBs are vitreous, preferentially located at the periphery of the nucleolus and, intricately linked to the chromatin network. Upon blockage of the CRM1-dependent nuclear export by leptomycin B (LMB), CNoBs disappear while p62/SQSTM1-containing fibrillar nuclear bodies are induced. These p62 bodies are enriched in ubiquitinated proteins. They progressively associate with PML bodies to form hybrid bodies of which PML decorates the periphery while p62/SQSTM1 is centrally-located. Our study is expanding the repertoire of nuclear bodies; revealing a previously unrecognized composite nucleolar landscape and a new mode of interactions between ubiquitous (PML) and stress-induced (p62) nuclear bodies, resulting in the formation of hybrid bodies.