Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human endometrial cells in primary tissue culture: estrogen interactions and modulation of cell proliferation.

Human endometrium, obtained from premenopausal women after hysterectomy, was dissociated into cells and placed in culture in order to examine estrogen responsiveness in a model in vitro system. Experiments which utilized cell proliferation as an index of responsiveness spanned at least 7 days and were performed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% steroid-depleted serum from castrate-adrenalectomized calves. The addition of 2 × 1(10−7 M 17β-estradiol (E2) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) resulted in a 2- to 5-fold optimal acceleration in the rate of proliferation, with stimulation first being detected at 2-4 days. Ten-fold higher or lower concentrations of E2 or DES resulted in little stimulation, and high (2 × 10−5 M) concentrations of either estrogen stopped cell proliferation. The addition of E2 or DES (2 × 10−8−2 × 10−6 M) to cultures of a putative nontarget cell line (Detroit- 98) derived from human sternum failed to elicit any increase in the rate of proliferation, although high E2.
Recent Marxist Theories of Nationalism and the Issue of Racism

This paper comments critically on certain assertions about the relationship between racism and nationalism made by recent Marxist contributions to the debate about the nature and origins of nationalism. The ideas of'race' and 'nation', and the ideologies of racism and nationalism, are shown to have certain common features which create the potential for their articulation rather than opposition. Thereafter, taking the particular example of England, it is argued that the ideology of racism can be used to define and
Generation of interleukin 4 (IL-4)-producing cells in vivo and in vitro: IL-2 and IL-4 are required for in vitro generation of IL-4- producing cells

T cell populations derived from naive mice produce very small amounts of interleukin 4 (IL-4) in response to stimulation on anti-CD3-coated dishes. IL-4 production by such cells is mainly found among large- and intermediate-sized T cells and is dependent upon IL-2. Injection of anti-IgD into mice, a stimulus that leads to striking increases in serum levels of IgG1 and IgE, causes a striking increase in the IL-4- producing capacity of T cells. This increase is first observed 4 d after injection of anti-IgD. IL-4 production by T cells from anti-IgD- injected donors is mainly found among large- and intermediate-sized T cells. Small, dense T cells are poor producers of IL-4. The capacity of T cells from anti-IgD-injected donors to produce IL-4 is enhanced by addition of IL-2 and is largely, but not completely, inhibited by neutralization of in situ produced IL-2. These results indicate that the control of IL-4 production in T cells from naive and anti-IgD- injected donors is similar. However, it is possible that a portion of the IL-4-producing activity of T cells from activated donors is IL-2 independent. Although small T cells from naive donors have a very limited capacity to produce IL-4 in response to stimulation with anti- CD3, even in the presence of added IL-2, they can give rise to IL-4- producing cells upon in vitro culture on plates coated with anti-CD3 if both IL-2 and IL-4 are added. This leads to the appearance of IL-4- producing cells within 2 d. When analyzed after 5 d of culture by harvesting and re-exposure to anti-CD3-coated culture wells and IL-2, these cells have increased their IL-4-producing capacity by approximately 100-fold. The development of IL-4-producing cells in response to anti-CD3, IL-2, and IL-4 is not inhibited by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), nor does IFN-gamma diminish IL-4 production by these cells upon challenge with anti-CD3 plus IL-2.
Protein Engineering of Epoxide Hydrolase from Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 for Enhanced Activity and Enantioselective Production of (R)-1-Phenylethane-1,2-Diol

ABSTRACT DNA shuffling and saturation mutagenesis of positions F108, L190, I219, D235, and C248 were used to generate variants of the epoxide hydrolase of Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 (EchA) with enhanced enantioselectivity and activity for styrene oxide and enhanced activity for 1,2-epoxyhexane and epoxypropane. EchA variant I219F has more than fivefold-enhanced enantioselectivity toward racemic styrene oxide, with the enantiomeric ratio value (E value) for the production of (R)-1-phenylethane-1,2-diol increased from 17 for the wild-type enzyme to 91, as well as twofold-improved activity for the production of (R)-1-phenylethane-1,2-diol (1.96 ± 0.09 versus 1.04 ± 0.07 μmol/min/mg for wild-type EchA). Computer modeling indicated that this mutation significantly alters (R)-styrene oxide binding in the active site. Another three variants from EchA active-site engineering, F108L/C248I, I219L/C248I, and F108L/I219L/C248I, also exhibited improved enantioselectivity toward racemic styrene oxide in favor of production of the corresponding diol in the (R) configuration (twofold enhancement in their E values). Variant F108L/I219L/C248I also demonstrated 10-fold- and 2-fold-increased activity on 5 mM epoxypropane (24 ± 2 versus 2.4 ± 0.3 μmol/min/mg for the wild-type enzyme) and 5 mM 1,2-epoxyhexane (5.2 ± 0.5 versus 2.6 ± 0.0 μmol/min/mg for the wild-type enzyme). Both variants L190F (isolated from a DNA shuffling library) and L190Y (created from subsequent saturation mutagenesis) showed significantly enhanced activity for racemic styrene oxide hydrolysis, with 4.8-fold (8.6 ± 0.3 versus 1.8 ± 0.2 μmol/min/mg for the wild-type enzyme) and 2.7-fold (4.8 ± 0.8 versus 1.8 ± 0.2 μmol/min/mg for the wild-type enzyme) improvements, respectively. L190Y also hydrolyzed 1,2-epoxyhexane 2.5 times faster than the wild-type enzyme.
Nannochloropsis Genomes Reveal Evolution of Microalgal Oleaginous Traits

Oleaginous microalgae are promising feedstock for biofuels, yet the genetic diversity, origin and evolution of oleaginous traits remain largely unknown. Here we present a detailed phylogenomic analysis of five oleaginous Nannochloropsis species (a total of six strains) and one time-series transcriptome dataset for triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis on one representative strain. Despite small genome sizes, high coding potential and relative paucity of mobile elements, the genomes feature small cores of ca. 2,700 protein-coding genes and a large pan-genome of >38,000 genes. The six genomes share key oleaginous traits, such as the enrichment of selected lipid biosynthesis genes and certain glycoside hydrolase genes that potentially shift carbon flux from chrysolaminaran to TAG synthesis. The eleven type II diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes (DGAT-2) in every strain, each expressed during TAG synthesis, likely originated from three ancient genomes, including the secondary endosymbiosis host and the engulfed green and red algae. Horizontal gene transfers were inferred in most lipid synthesis nodes with expanded gene doses and many glycoside hydrolase genes. Thus multiple genome pooling and horizontal genetic exchange, together with selective inheritance of lipid synthesis genes and species-specific gene loss, have led to the enormous genetic apparatus for oleaginousness and the wide genomic divergence among present-day Nannochloropsis. These findings have important implications in the screening and genetic engineering of microalgae for biofuels.
Keefektifan Problem-Based Learning Dan Problem Posing Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan membandingkan keefektifan pembelajaran matematika menggunakan problem based learning dan problem posing ditinjau dari kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu yang populasinya mencakup siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Banguntapan yang berjumlah enam kelas. Kelas VIII E dan VIII F terpilih secara acak sebagai sampel. Kelas VIII E sebagai kelas yang diberikan pembelajaran dengan problem-posing dan siswa kelas VIII F sebagai kelas yang diberikan pembelajaran dengan problem-based learning. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes dan instrumen yang digunakan adalah soal kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji MANOVA, uji t satu sampel, dan uji t dua sampel independen. Hasil penelitian pada taraf signifikan 5% menunjukkan bahwa problem-based learning efektif ditinjau dari prestasi dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Pembelajaran problem posing efektif ditinjau dari prestasi dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Pembelajaran matematika menggunakan problem-based learning tidak lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan pembelajaran problem posing ditinjau dari prestasi maupun kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Kata kunci: kemampuan berpikir kreatif, prestasi, problem-based learning, problem posing.
CONVERSION OF OB CONSTRUCTS TO CB CONSTRUCTS: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION EXERCISE

This paper aims to share the experiences of converting Hofstede’s constructs from Organization Behaviour (OB) perspective to Consumer Behaviour (CB) perspective. This research paper presents three prominent phases in this exercise (a) selection of items from previous studies (b) ensuring Content Validity and (c) ensuring Criterion validity. Focus groups were conducted and results were significant to ensure the valid items to measure the cultural dimensions, namely Power Distance, Uncertainly Avoidance, Individualism and Masculinity in a consumer research study.
TGFβ induces morphological and molecular changes similar to human anterior subcapsular cataract

Background: Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has been shown to induce subcapsular plaques in cultured rat lenses as well as in lenses of transgenic mice. In the present study the authors have extended their analysis of these cataract models to determine how closely they mimic human cataract. In particular, they studied the maturation of cataract in the transgenic model to determine if it develops similar features as previously described for anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) in humans. Furthermore, they investigated whether both of these animal models express the range of molecular markers that have now been shown to be present in human ASC. Methods: Histology and periodic acid Schiff staining were used to study the development and maturation of subcapsular plaques in transgenic mice overexpressing TGFβ1 in the lens. Immunolabelling methods were used to identify the molecular markers for ASC in both the transgenic mouse model and in rat lenses cultured with TGFβ2. Results: Histological analysis showed that the subcapsular plaques that develop in adult transgenic mouse lenses bear a striking similarity to mature human ASC, including the formation of a new epithelial-like layer extending between the subcapsular plaque and the underlying fibre mass. All known molecular markers for human ASC were induced in both rodent models, including collagen types I and III, tenascin, and fibronectin. They also identified the presence of desmin in these plaques, a putative novel marker for human cataract. Conclusions: In both transgenic mouse and rat lens culture models TGFβ induces markers similar to those found in human ASC. Atypical expression of these cataract markers is also characteristic of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). The molecular markers expressed are typical of a myofibroblastic/fibroblastic phenotype and suggest that a common feature of ASC and PCO may be induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition by TGFβ.
Limisphaera ngatamarikiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, pink-pigmented coccus isolated from subaqueous mud of a geothermal hotspring.

A novel bacterial strain, NGM72.4(T), was isolated from a hot spring in the Ngatamariki geothermal field, New Zealand. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences grouped it into the phylum Verrucomicrobia and class level group 3 (also known as OPB35 soil group). NGM72.4(T) stained Gram-negative, and was catalase- and oxidase-positive. Cells were small cocci, 0.5-0.8 µm in diameter, which were motile by means of single flagella. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) imaging showed an unusual pirellulosome-like intracytoplasmic membrane. The peptidoglycan content was very small with only trace levels of diaminopimelic acid detected. No peptidoglycan structure was visible in TEM imaging. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 (92%). The major fatty acids (>15%) were C(16 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0). Major phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME) and cardiolipin (CL), and a novel analogous series of phospholipids where diacylglycerol was replaced with diacylserinol (sPE, sPMME, sCL). The DNA G+C content was 65.6 mol%. Cells displayed an oxidative chemoheterotrophic metabolism. NGM72.4(T) is a strictly aerobic thermophile (growth optimum 60-65 °C), has a slightly alkaliphilic pH growth optimum (optimum pH 8.1-8.4) and has a NaCl tolerance of up to 8 g l(-1). Colonies were small, circular and pigmented pale pink. The distinct phylogenetic position and phenotypic traits of strain NGM72.4(T) distinguish it from all other described species of the phylum Verrucomicrobia and, therefore, it is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus for which we propose the name Limisphaera ngatamarikiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is NGM72.4(T) ( = ICMP 20182(T) = DSM 27329(T)).
The Causes of Evolutionary Radiations in Archipelagoes: Passerine Birds in the Lesser Antilles

To investigate why some lineages undergo evolutionary radiation, we compare the passerine avifaunas of the Hawaiian and Galápagos archipelagoes, which have supported well‐known radiations of birds, with those of the Lesser Antilles, which have not. We focus on four steps required for the buildup of diversity through allopatric speciation and secondary sympatry: genetic divergence in isolation, persistence of island populations, recolonization of source islands, and ecological compatibility in secondary sympatry. Analysis of genetic divergence among island populations in the Lesser Antilles reveals evidence of both prolonged independent evolution and re‐expansion of differentiated island populations through the archipelago but little evidence of secondary sympatry of divergent genetic lineages. Archipelagoes with high rates of colonization from continental or nearby large‐island sources might fail to promote evolutionary radiations because colonists fill ecological space and constrain diversification through competition. However, morphological analysis demonstrated similar divergence between allopatric populations in species in Hawaii, Galápagos, and the Lesser Antilles, although the rate of divergence between secondarily sympatric species evidently is more rapid in Hawaii and the Galápagos. Alternatively, endemic buildup of diversity might be facilitated by the relative absence of pathogens in Hawaii and Galápagos that otherwise could prevent the secondary sympatry of populations owing to disease‐mediated competition.
Problems and Review of Statistical Parsing Language Model

The lexical language model is recently the hotspot in grammar research, which is promoted by incorporating the phrase head with statistics. This paper summarizes about four improving language models which belong to this kind of model: they have utilized heads that is extracted by CFG and calculated the probability between the heads or inside CFG. Different from N-gram and SCFG, the probability calculation change SCFG's manner to the calculation among vocabulary. Corresponding experiments have shown improvement not only in precision but also in the language complexity. This paper has analyzed these models and also pointed out their problems. Especially, more detailed discussion was given about the immediate-head language model. But, it still has many defects. Finally, the potential idea for Chinese natural language model was promoted, the feasibility and the actuality of Chinese deep grammar analysis have discussed, too.
PET image reconstruction using ANN

The aim of this study is to improve the positron emission tomography (PET) image quality for medical diagnosis. The statistical reconstructions on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm often results in a blurring effect, which fails to determine the toughness class in the reconstructed image. The development of new reconstruction algorithms for PET is an active field of research. In this article, artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed for replicating the output image, which is generated from the acquired projection data with the corresponding angles using the PET images. This article proposes the advantage of arranging the neural network to stock up the information of the continuous capacity. This reduces the storage space and recuperates as much sequence of the continuous quantity as possible. The performance of image quality parameters using ANN is better when compared with MAP, FBP‐NN (filtered back projection with nearest neighbor interpolation). Thus ANN provides 63% better peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) when compared with FBP‐NN and 47% better when compared to MAP. Thus, ANN is better than FBP and MAP algorithm, by providing better PSNR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 249–255, 2014
Glucose Counterregulation and Its Impact on Diabetes Mellitus

Glucose counterregulation is the sum of processes that protect against development of hypoglycemia and that restore euglycemia if hypoglycemia should occur. In order of importance, the key counterregulatory factors are glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol, and hepatic autoregulation. These act primarily by increasing hepatic glucose output, initially via breakdown of glycogen and later by gluconeogenesis. In people without diabetes and in people with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, suppression of endogenous insulin secretion during hypoglycemia is also important in permitting full expression of the effects of counterregulation. People with diabetes are more prone to develop hypoglycemia for various reasons (e.g., insulin overdose, skipped meals, and intensive exercise); one that has recently been identified is impaired glucose counterregulation: patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes (and to a lesser extent, patients with type II diabetes) lose the glucagon response to hypoglycemia; subsequent development of autonomic neuropathy with concomitant loss of the epinephrine response leads to almost complete paralysis of counterregulation and loss of recognition of hypoglycemia. To make matters worse, an episode of hypoglycemia that causes activation of counterregulation can lead to rebound hyperglycemia (Somogyi phenomenon); if this is improperly treated, brittle diabetes may follow. Thus, abnormalities in glucose counterregulation may predispose to severe hypoglycemia and prevent achievement of optimal glycemic control in patients with diabetes.
Enhanced anticaries efficacy of a 0.243% sodium fluoride/10% xylitol/silica dentifrice: 3-year clinical results.

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of a sodium fluoride (NaF)/silica/xylitol dentifrice compared with that of a positive control NaF/silica dentifrice on caries increments in school children over a 3-year period in an area without an optimal level of fluoride in the drinking water (mean level <0.1 ppm). MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3-year, double-blind clinical caries study was conducted in 2,630 children initially aged 8-10 years at 17 schools in the San Jose, Costa Rica metropolitan area. Clinical dental examinations were performed at participating schools utilizing portable dental equipment. Caries evaluations employed conventional tactile/visual methodology consisting of artificial light, dental mirrors and single-edge #23 explorers. Children accepted into the study were stratified by age and sex into two balanced groups within each school, and randomly assigned to use either a positive control dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF/silica or a test dentifrice containing 0.234% NaF/silica/10% xylitol. Children were instructed to brush with the assigned dentifrice twice daily. Caries evaluations were conducted at baseline, 2 years, and 3 years. RESULTS After 3 years, subjects using the 0.234% NaF/silica/10% xylitol dentifrice had statistically significantly reduced decayed/filled surfaces (DFS; -12.3% reduction; P < or = 0.001) and decayed/filled buccal and lingual surfaces (DFS-BL; -10.5% reduction; P < or = 0/01).
What You Should Know About Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer

A study was published in the J. Natl. Cancer Institute suggesting a link between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3s) intake and increased risk of prostate cancer (Brasky et al., 2013). Many questions have been asked regarding whether men should continue to use omega-3 supplements. Numerous benefits have been associated with the use of omega-3s including positive effects on cardiovascular health, perinatal health and fetal formation, cognitive function, and uterine cancer (Mazza et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2006). The data for the recent article (Brasky et al., 2013) were derived from an epidemiological study meant to generate a hypothesis, not establish a cause-and-effect relationship, and was designed to address selenium and vitamin E supplementation on prostate cancer. Subjects were not given fish or omega-3 supplements as part of the research protocol, nor was dietary intake of fish or omega-3s documented, creating no data to back the conclusion that supplementing omega-3s correlated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. The authors were quick to brand dietary supplements as the cause although there was no evidence that anybody in the study took omega-3 dietary supplements. The study demonstrated no cause-and-effect relationship, and it only purported to show an association between higher plasma levels of omega-3s and those identified as having an increased risk of prostate cancer. A major flaw in the report of Brasky et al. (2013) is the fact that what they refer to as a high omega-3 blood level is very near the average of a normal unsupplemented population (Cao, Schwichtenberg, Hanson, & Tsai, 2006), a population that neither supplements with omega-3s nor consumes fatty fish. The difference between what the authors consider low and high levels is insignificantly small physiologically with the high level being about 40% of the level expected in an individual who daily consumes an omega-3 supplement. Furthermore, a one-time determination does not reflect long-term incorporation of omega-3s into tissues and cells. As a consequence, the subjects considered to be in the highest quartile of omega-3
Personality Functioning and the Cortical Midline Structures – An Exploratory fMRI Study

Objective Recent neuroscience studies explored the neuronal mechanisms underlying our sense of self. Thereby the cortical midline structures and their anterior and posterior regions have been shown to be central. What remains unclear though is how both, self and cortical midline structures, are related to the identity of the self which is of central importance in especially personality disorders. Methods Conducting an exploratory study with a dimensional approach, we here compared subjects with high and low level of personality functioning and identity integration as measured in a standardized way in fMRI during both, emotion- and reward-related tasks. Results Low levels of personality functioning and identity integration were predicted by significantly decreased degrees of deactivation in the anterior and posterior cortical midline structures. Conclusions Though exploratory our results show for the first time direct relationship between cortical midline structures and personality functioning in terms of identity integration. This does not only contribute to our understanding of the neuronal mechanism underlying self and identity but carries also major implications for the treatment of patients with personality disorders.