Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La politique de développement de l'Union européenne. Construction et projection de l'Europe par le Sud 1957-2010

La politique de developpement de l’Union europeenne (UE), ferment de la relation Europe-Sud, prend racine dans le Traite de Rome en 1957. Elle est donc l’une des plus anciennes politiques communautaires. Au fil de plus de cinquante ans de construction europeenne, ce qui etait a l’origine un accident est devenu une composante essentielle de l’action exterieure de l’UE. En effet, l’Union represente desormais pres de 60% de l’aide publique au developpement (APD) mondiale, ce qui fait de l’Europe le leader sur la sce��ne internationale du developpement. Cependant, cette « Europe » est fragmentee, puisque ce sont en realite 27 bailleurs bilateraux et un bailleur communautaire qui operent en son sein, chacun defendant farouchement ses prerogatives et ses preferences au detriment de l'efficacite et de l'influence collectives. Depuis quelques annees, les divers acteurs de ce systeme europeen de politiques de developpement semblent neanmoins accepter un degre d’integration croissant, se dotant d’un cadre politique, d’un code de mise en œuvre et d’engagements financiers communs. L'action collective dans le developpement s'est en effet imposee comme une necessite (pour faire face a une interdependance de plus en plus menacante) et comme une opportunite (pour affirmer le role de l'Union sur la scene internationale). Emerge ainsi une politique "europeenne" de developpement, produit d'une ambition, de valeurs et d'interets communs. Ce changement -laborieux mais indeniable- permet d'envisager la politique de developpement comme un cas d’ecole, a travers lequel l’on peut etudier comment l’Europe se construit sur le temps long, se fabrique au quotidien, et se projette a l’international.
A mathematical model describing the mechanical kinetics of kinesin stepping

MOTIVATION Kinesin is a smart motor protein that steps processively forward and backward along microtubules (MTs). The mechanical kinetics of kinesin affecting its stepping behavior is not fully understood. Here, we propose a mathematical model to study the mechanical kinetics of forward and backward stepping of kinesin motor based on the four-state discrete stochastic model of the motor. RESULTS Results show that the probabilities of forward and backward stepping can be modeled using the mean probabilities of forward and backward kinetic transitions, respectively. We show that the backward stepping of kinesin motor starts when the probability of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) binding to the motor is much higher than that of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding. Furthermore, our results indicate that the backward stepping is related to both ATP hydrolysis and synthesis with rate limiting factor being ATP synthesis. Low rate of ATP synthesis under high backward loads above 10 pN is also suggested as a reason for the detachment of kinesin motor from MT in the kinetic state MTċKinesinċADPċPi. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The code for this work is written in Visual C# and is available by request from the authors.
Enterprise Application Integration -applying Patterns to the Process of Message Transformation

Enterprise application integration (EAI) is the process of integrating systems so that they can share resources such as information and processes. A popular approach to EAI is message-based integration, which allows systems to communicate by sending messages to each other. Messages are passed between systems by some type of middleware. A popular middleware product for EAI-solutions implemented at the message level is the message broker. This master thesis investigates the area of EAI as a whole and analyses different EAI-solutions. The purpose and functionality of middleware and especially message brokers are also examined. The core problem that this thesis deals with is the intricacies involved in transforming messages when passing them between systems. Today, this process, which is also known as mapping, is mostly solved with traditional programming and is often carried out from scratch in different projects. The aim of this thesis has been to build a framework for reusing mapping solutions in the form of patterns. The result of this work is a template for documenting mapping solutions that serves as a tool for learning, communicating and reusing mapping solutions. The idea is that this template should be used by organisations in order to make the mapping process less complex and less time-consuming. This increase in efficiency is beneficial for developers and companies that provide services within the area of EAI and also organisations employing the services of these companies.
Unexpected awakening from anaesthesia after hyperstimulation of the medial thalamus in the rat.

that the use of HES 130/0.4 resulted in similar level of DGF, when compared with HES 200/0.6. However, the serum creatinine levels were lower in the group treated with HES 130/0.4 than in the group treated with HES 200/0.6. This result is still valid at 1 yr. Although only the donors were matched, analysis of recipient characteristics did not show significant differences. Of note, this study was not supported by industry. The limitations of the study design are extensively reported in the discussion section. Use of a randomized design is not feasible since in France HES 200/0.6 was withdrawn from the market many years ago. We did not make a conclusion on the superiority of any given HES but on the need to clarify the safety of third generation HES preparations with low degree of substitution in the field of renal transplantation. One can acknowledge that this conclusion was careful. The results of retrospective studies should be better considered because they reflect the reallife conditions. Regarding the literature, it is not so clear that renal function was affected by the use of a low dosage of third generation colloid if the guidelines for its use are carefully respected, 11 that is, contraindication in patients with renal failure, respect of maximal dosages, and limited duration of use. In our opinion, the multicentre randomized trial entitled ‘Efficacy of Volume Substitution and Insulin Therapy in Severe Sepsis (VISEP)’cannot be used in all conditions. First, we did not investigate patients with severe sepsis. Secondly, the renal function of our patients was by definition normal. In VISEP, it seems that 25% of the patients had an initial level of serum creatinine above 180 mmol litre. Use of HES in these patients can be deleterious. Thirdly, the characteristics of the colloid that was used in VISEP are close to our ‘retrospective’ control, that is, the HES 200/0.6. As indicated above, this solution has not been available in France for many years. Fourthly, we infused 34 ml h of colloid to our brain-dead patients. With respect to the mean duration of brain death (18 h), our brain-dead patients received approximately 10 ml kg of HES, that is, ,612 ml. Just as reminder, the negative effects in VISEP appeared at a dosage . 22 ml kg with a mean dosage of 136 ml kg, that is, approximately 8 litre of colloids during the stay.
Cache Equalizer: A Cache Pressure Aware Block Placement Scheme for Large-Scale Chip Multiprocessors

This paper describes Cache Equalizer (CE), a novel distributed cache management scheme for large scale chip multiprocessors (CMPs). Our work is motivated by large asymmetry in cache sets usages. CE decouples the physical locations of cache blocks from their addresses for the sake of reducing misses caused by destructive interferences. Temporal pressure at the on-chip last-level cache, is continuously collected at a group (comprised of cache sets) granularity, and periodically recorded at the memory controller to guide the placement process. An incoming block is consequently placed at a cache group that exhibits the minimum pressure. CE provides Quality of Service (QoS) by robustly offering better performance than the baseline shared NUCA cache. Simulation results using a full-system simulator demonstrate that CE outperforms shared NUCA caches by an average of 15.5% and by as much as 28.5% for the benchmark programs we examined. Furthermore, evaluations manifested the outperformance of CE versus related CMP cache designs.
The molecular components of the extracellular protein-degradation pathways of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus

Proteins contribute to a major part of the organic nitrogen (N) in forest soils. This N is mobilized and becomes available to trees as a result of the depolymerizing activities of symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi. The mechanisms by which these fungi depolymerize proteins and assimilate the released N are poorly characterized. Biochemical analysis and transcriptome profiling were performed to examine the proteolytic machinery and the uptake system of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Paxillus involutus during the assimilation of organic N from various protein sources and extracts of organic matter. All substrates induced secretion of peptidase activity with an acidic pH optimum, mostly contributed by aspartic peptidases. The peptidase activity was transiently repressed by ammonium. Transcriptional analysis revealed a large number of extracellular endo- and exopeptidases. The expression levels of these peptidases were regulated in parallel with transporters and enzymes involved in the assimilation and metabolism of the released peptides and amino acids. For the first time the molecular components of the protein degradation pathways of an ectomycorrhizal fungus are described. The data suggest that the transcripts encoding these components are regulated in response to the chemical properties and the availability of the protein substrates.
Projet Hedge Fund - Gestion du Risque, ”Optimisations” dynamiques - l’impact de la rémunération sur la performance

L’objectif du projet est de mettre en place une politique de gestion de risque dans le cadre d’un Hedge Fund intervenant, par exemple, sur des marches futures (indices, devises ou produits de taux), donc avec des effets de levier. On developpera une methode de gestion dynamique du levier afin de repondre aux deux objectifs principaux de Value at Risk et de pertes maximales historiques (maximum drawdown). Typiquement, on supposera que la VaR a 95% a 1 mois ne devra pas depasser 4% du capital et le maximum drawdown devra etre limite a 30%. On fera egalement des hypotheses sur la strategies du trader (en terme de ratio de Sharpe, par exemple). La remuneration sur les performances(incentives fees) ainsi que les contraintes de liquidation (maximum drawdwon a ne pas depasser) peuvent induirent des comportements risques (levier excessif) lorsque le gerant se trouve proche de son seuil de liquidation ou proche du seuil de declenchement du bonus. Ces comportements, rationnels pour le gerant, peuvent aller a l’encontre des investisseurs. On s’appuiera sur l’article de Jackwerth [2] pour une explication des comportements et des methodes numeriques, voir aussi Goetzmann et Al. [1], pour des solutions analytiques. Ce projet est une implementation de l’article de Jackwerth que l’on etendra a la prise en compte d’autres contraintes telles que la VaR. Les developpements seront effectues en Excel/VBA ou R. Des developpement en C/C++ seront sans doute necessaires pour la partie optimisation stochastique (”brute force” .)
Extending the Kernel of a Relational DBMS with Comprehensive Support for Sequenced Temporal Queries

Many databases contain temporal, or time-referenced, data and use intervals to capture the temporal aspect. While SQL-based database management systems (DBMSs) are capable of supporting the management of interval data, the support they offer can be improved considerably. A range of proposed temporal data models and query languages offer ample evidence to this effect. Natural queries that are very difficult to formulate in SQL are easy to formulate in these temporal query languages. The increased focus on analytics over historical data where queries are generally more complex exacerbates the difficulties and thus the potential benefits of a temporal query language. Commercial DBMSs have recently started to offer limited temporal functionality in a step-by-step manner, focusing on the representation of intervals and neglecting the implementation of the query evaluation engine. This article demonstrates how it is possible to extend the relational database engine to achieve a full-fledged, industrial-strength implementation of sequenced temporal queries, which intuitively are queries that are evaluated at each time point. Our approach reduces temporal queries to nontemporal queries over data with adjusted intervals, and it leaves the processing of nontemporal queries unaffected. Specifically, the approach hinges on three concepts: interval adjustment, timestamp propagation, and attribute scaling. Interval adjustment is enabled by introducing two new relational operators, a temporal normalizer and a temporal aligner, and the latter two concepts are enabled by the replication of timestamp attributes and the use of so-called scaling functions. By providing a set of reduction rules, we can transform any temporal query, expressed in terms of temporal relational operators, to a query expressed in terms of relational operators and the two new operators. We prove that the size of a transformed query is linear in the number of temporal operators in the original query. An integration of the new operators and the transformation rules, along with query optimization rules, into the kernel of PostgreSQL is reported. Empirical studies with the resulting temporal DBMS are covered that offer insights into pertinent design properties of the article's proposal. The new system is available as open-source software.
Physical Layer Secrecy Performance of Multi-hop Decode-and-Forward Relay Networks with Multiple Eavesdroppers

Today, wireless networks become the most popular way to communicate. However, information can be easily eavesdropped or extracted by eavesdroppers due to the broadcast nature of wireless communication. Multi-hop relay communication systems provide for higher secrecy performance than direct transmission techniques. In this paper, the physical layer secrecy performance of multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay network is investigated in the presence of multiple passive eavesdroppers over Nakagami-m fading channels. To do so, we find out the exact closed-form expressions of existence probability of secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability by using statistical characteristics of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Importantly, these expressions are in more general forms compared to other results in the literature. The proposed results show a quite agreement between numerical analysis and equivalent Monte-Carlo simulations.
Normal Light Response, Photoreceptor Integrity, and Rhodopsin Dephosphorylation in Mice Lacking Both Protein Phosphatases with EF Hands (PPEF-1 and PPEF-2)

ABSTRACT Rhodopsin dephosphorylation in Drosophila is a calcium-dependent process that appears to be catalyzed by the protein product of the rdgC gene. Two vertebrate rdgC homologs, PPEF-1 and PPEF-2, have been identified. PPEF-1 transcripts are present at low levels in the retina, while PPEF-2transcripts and PPEF-2 protein are abundant in photoreceptors. To determine if PPEF-2 alone or in combination with PPEF-1 plays a role in rhodopsin dephosphorylation and to determine if retinal degeneration accompanies mutation of PPEF-1 and/or PPEF-2, we have produced mice carrying targeted disruptions in thePPEF-1 and PPEF-2 genes. Loss of either or both PPEFs has little or no effect on rod function, as mice lacking both PPEF-1 and PPEF-2 show little or no changes in the electroretinogram and PPEF-2−/− mice show normal single-cell responses to light in suction pipette recordings. Light-dependent rhodopsin phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are also normal or nearly normal as determined by (i) immunostaining ofPPEF-2 −/− retinas with the phosphorhodopsin-specific antibody RT-97 and (ii) mass spectrometry of C-terminal rhodopsin peptides from mice lacking both PPEF-1 and PPEF-2. Finally, PPEF-2 −/− retinas show normal histology at 1 year of age, and retinas from mice lacking both PPEF-1 and PPEF-2 show normal histology at 3 months of age, the latest time examined. These data indicate that, in contrast to loss of rdgC function in Drosophila, elimination of PPEF function does not cause retinal degeneration in vertebrates.
BIETX: A new quality link metric for Static Wireless Multi-hop Networks

In this work, we propose a novel quality link metric; Bandwidth adjusted Inverse ETX (BIETX) for Static Wireless Multi-hop Networks (SWMhNs). The proposed metric considers two path selection parameters into account i.e., packet delivery ratio and link capacity. For computing packet delivery ratios in BIETX, the mechanism of Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is adopted. On the other hand, we take two methods of computing link capacity in BIETX. These methods are based upon the size of pair probes; equal size and different size. We also enhance Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol while using BIETX. A comparative analysis of proposed metric with equal size and different size pair probe; BIETX-1 and BIETX-2, with two existing quality metrics (ETX and Expected Transmission Time (ETT)) in SWMhNs is also a part of this work. From simulation results, we conclude that BIETX-2 outperforms rest of the metrics because of low routing load in ad-hoc probes, and low routing latencies due to enhancements of routing update frequencies and window size in OLSR.
Developing a multi-dimensional scale for ethical decision making: the managerial ethical profile (MEP)

This article describes the development and validation of a multi-dimensional scale for measuring managers’ perceptions of the range of factors that routinely guide their decision-making processes. An instrument for identifying managerial ethical profiles (MEP) is developed by measuring the perceived role of different ethical principles in the decision-making of managers. Evidence as to the validity of the multidimensionality of the ethical scale is provided, based on the comparative assessment of different models for managerial ethical decision-making. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported a eight-factor model including two factors for each of the main four schools of moral philosophy. Future research needs and the value of this measure to business ethics are discussed.
Watertight Planar Surface Reconstruction of Voxel Data

There are many scenarios where a 3D shape is represented by a voxel occupancy grid. Oftentimes it is desirable to convert data from this format to a triangulated mesh that represents the surface of the volume described by the occupied voxels. Algorithms such as Marching Cubes [8] or Dual Contouring [6] can be applied, or each square voxel face could be converted to two triangles directly [9]. Unfortunately, each of these approaches has their drawbacks. The input voxel grid describes a discretized surface. If this surface represents a flat region that is not axis-aligned, the discretization will result in a zig-zag pattern along the boundary voxels. Such artifacts remain in the output of the above traditional approaches, even though it is typically undesirable. Additionally, these approaches always output elements of uniform size. The output mesh uses many triangles to model flat regions, even though such a region could be modeled just as accurately with a few large elements. These downsides dramatically affect models that are piece-wise planar. This project proposes an alternate approach. Given a voxelized representation of a volume, the algorithm described below will fit a piece-wise planar surface to these voxels, then form a mesh on each planar regions with proportionally-sized triangles. The result is a watertight reconstruction which accurately represents the underlying shape with sharp features and far fewer elements.
Error terms for closed orbits of hyperbolic flows

In this paper we obtain a polynomial error term for the closed orbit counting function associated to certain hyperbolic flows. In the case of weak-mixing transitive Anosov flows no further conditions are required; for general weak-mixing hyperbolic flows a diophantine condition on the periods of the closed orbits is required.
A study of the distribution of phylogenetically conserved blocks within clusters of mammalian homeobox genes

Genome sequencing efforts of the last decade have produced a large amount of data, which has enabled whole-genome comparative analyses in order to locate potentially functional elements and study the overall patterns of phylogenetic conservation. In this paper we present a statistically based method for the characterization of these patterns in mammalian DNA sequences. We have applied this approach to the study of exceptionally well conserved homeobox gene clusters (Hox), based on an alignment of six species, and we have constructed a map of Hox cataloguing the conserved fragments, along with their locations in relation to the genes and other landmarks, sometimes showing unexpected layouts.
An epidemiological study of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: life expectancy and cause of mortality

OBJECTIVE Early research into Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) described a high mortality and no relationship between deletion size and phenotype. This may need to be revised in the light of improved cytogenetic resolution and medical care. We have collected epidemiological data to allow the calculation of birth incidence and mortality figures. In addition, we have investigated the possibility of a relationship between deletion size and mortality. METHOD Information relating to past and present cases diagnosed in the UK was collected by multiple ascertainment. RESULTS A total of 159 cases were collected. The status (alive or dead) was determined for 146, of whom 96 are alive, 37 had died, and 13 were detected on prenatal diagnostic tests. A minimum birth incidence of 1 in 95 896 was calculated. The crude infant mortality rate was 17% (23/132) and in the first two years of life the mortality rate was 21% (28/132). Cases with large de novo deletions (proximal to and including p15.2) were more likely to have died than those with smaller deletions (odds ratio=5.7, 95% CI=1.7-19.9) after adjusting for age. A comparison of survival curves for de novo deletions and translocations did not show a statistically significant difference (p=0.11). The median survival time for de novo deletions was 34+ years while for translocation cases it was 18+ years. CONCLUSIONS The mortality rate is lower than previously reported. There is a statistically significant relationship between deletion size and overall risk of death in de novo deletion cases. The difference in survival curves between de novo deletions and translocations is not statistically significant.