Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase stability under irradiation: Ballistic effects

We propose a simple mean-field description of solid solutions in the presence of irradiation-induced atomic mixing. The equilibrium configuration of the system is described by a concentration profile which is a steady-state solution of the appropriate diffusion equation. For clustering solid solutions, we show that a Lyapunov functional may be built, the minimum of which yields the equilibrium configuration. In a simple case (regular solution in the Bragg-Williams approximation together with simplifying assumptions on the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficients), a law of corresponding states is found: The equilibrium configuration of the solid under irradiation flux $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and temperature $T$ is identical to the configuration at $\ensuremath{\varphi}=0$ and ${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}=T(1+\ensuremath{\Delta})$ where $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ has a simple expression in terms of the irradiation parameters and of material characteristics. As a prototype of ordering solid solutions, the Bragg-Williams approximation of the $B2$ structure is treated. A Lyapunov function is found; the above law of corresponding configurations is checked numerically and found to be obeyed fairly precisely. With the above law taken as a guide, interesting features are anticipated. In particular, we speculate on the possibility for obtaining equilibrium between an amorphous and a crystalline phase, the latter being a long-range-ordered or random solid solution.
Dissipative effects in the Early Universe

Inflationary cosmology is the leading candidate for explaining the homogeneity, isotropy and spatial flatness of the universe whilst also providing the mechanism for the seeding of large scale structure. The central theme of inflationary dynamics involves the evolution of a scalar field, called the inflaton, such that its potential drives an accelerated expansion. Warm inflation is the dynamical realization in which interactions between the inflaton and other fields can lead to dissipation of inflaton energy to other dynamical degrees of freedom. Heavy fields coupled to the inflaton mediate the transfer of inflaton energy to light degrees of freedom which thermalize and heat the universe. This damps the inflaton’s motion and allows for the potential formation of a thermal bath during the inflationary period. Hybrid inflation models are a natural way in which warm inflation can be realized, with dissipation of inflaton energy mediated by the waterfall fields to fields in the light sector. In this thesis I outline the dynamics and observational predictions of supersymmetric hybrid inflation driven by radiative corrections in the warm regime. As in the standard cold inflationary scenario inflation ends when the effective mass squared of the waterfall field becomes negative, with the tachyonic instability driving the system to a global minimum in a process called the waterfall transition. I present the effect of including thermal mass corrections to the waterfall fields, and SUSY mass splittings on the quantum effective potential and the resulting dissipation coefficient. I show that including
Optimal properties of the Laplace trend test for soft-reliability models

The author studies the Laplace trend test when it is used to detect software reliability growth, and proves its optimality in the frame of the most famous software reliability models. Its intuitive importance is explained, and its statistical properties are established for the five models: Goel-Okumoto, Crow, Musa-Okumoto, Littlewood-Verral, and Moranda. The Laplace test has excellent optimality properties for several models, particularly for nonhomogeneous Poisson processes (NHPPs). It is good in the Moranda model, which is not an NHPP; this justifies entirely the use of this test as a trend test. Nevertheless, the Laplace test is not completely satisfactory because neither its exact statistical-significance level, nor its power are calculable, and nothing can be said about its properties for the Littlewood-Verral method. Consequently, the author suggests that it is always better to check if it has good properties in the model, and to search for other tests whose statistical-significance level and power are calculable. >
On Recent Advances in Modeling of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer

General thermal design methods for two-phase heat exchangers are emerging that are based on local two-phase flow patterns and the flow structure of the two-phases. These methods promise to be much more accurate and reliable for predicting two-phase heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops than the older, statistically-derived empirical design methods that completely ignore flow regime effects or simply treat flows as stratified (gravity-controlled) or nonstratified (shear-controlled) flows, which greatly limits their accuracy, validity, and reliability and often results in prediction errors surpassing 100% within their supposed range of application. These new flow pattern and flow structure types of design methods are particularly suited for use in modern heat exchanger design software, which are typically incremental and hence require local methods that capture the real trends in experimental data. The status of these new developments is reviewed here for intube two-phase flow and heat transfer processes.
Control of microstrip antenna radiation characteristics by ground plane size and shape

The effects of various physical and electrical parameters of circular microstrip patch antennas on their radiation characteristics are investigated. These parameters include the ground plane size, substrate permittivity, ground plane and substrate thicknesses and the ground plane shape. The investigation is carried out for the first four modes. A numerical method based on the moment methods is utilised which computes surface currents on the conductors and field distributions on the dielectric substrate. To avoid excessive computation, circular patch and ground planes are selected to allow the use of moment method for bodies of revolution. Initially, a circular patch with a finite ground plane is studied. The ground plane is then deformed, above and below the substrate, to increase the gain or shape the radiation patterns. It is shown that the ground plane effects are significant and a wide range of radiation pattern shapes can be generated.
A meshfree Hermite‐type radial point interpolation method for Kirchhoff plate problems

A meshfree computational method is proposed in this paper to solve Kirchhoff plate problems of various geometries. The deflection of the thin plate is approximated by using a Hermite‐type radial basis function approximation technique. The standard Galerkin method is adopted to discretize the governing partial differential equations which were derived from using the Kirchhoff's plate theory. The degrees of freedom for the slopes are included in the approximation to make the proposed method effective in enforcing essential boundary conditions. Numerical examples with different geometric shapes and various boundary conditions are given to verify the efficiency, accuracy, and robustness of the method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-frequency demodulation of multiphoton fluorescence for hyper-Rayleigh scattering in solution

We demonstrate a novel technique in the frequency-domain for the suppression of the multiphoton fluorescence contribution in hyper-Rayleigh scattering experiments. The technique takes advantages of the demodulation and the phase-shift in the frequency-domain of the time-delayed (multiphoton) fluorescence in the time-domain. For this technique, we use the improved temporal resolution offered by the femtosecond pulse versus the nanosecond pulse. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the demodulation of the fluorescence at high modulation frequencies of the fundamental laser beam by determining the molecular second-order nonlinear polarizability for a reference molecule under fluorescent conditions. The value that was obtained for the /spl beta/ (second-order nonlinear optical polarizability) of crystal-violet in methanol with 9,10-diphenylanthracene added as a centrosymmetric fluorophore, compares very well with the values that were previously obtained. The frequency-dependence of the retrieved value shows both the overestimation at DC and low modulation frequencies and the convergence towards the fluorescence-free value at high modulation frequencies.
Goss’s Wilt Resistance in Corn Is Mediated via Salicylic Acid and Programmed Cell Death but Not Jasmonic Acid Pathways

A highly aggressive strain (CMN14-5-1) of Clavibacter nebraskensis bacteria, which causes Goss’s wilt in corn, induced severe symptoms in a susceptible corn line (CO447), resulting in water-soaked lesions followed by necrosis within a few days. A tolerant line (CO450) inoculated with the same strain exhibited only mild symptoms such as chlorosis, freckling, and necrosis that did not progress after the first six days following infection. Both lesion length and disease severity were measured using the area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC), and significant differences were found between treatments. We analyzed the expression of key genes related to plant defense in both corn lines challenged with the CMN14-5-1 strain. Allene oxide synthase (ZmAOS), a gene responsible for the production of jasmonic acid (JA), was induced in the CO447 line in response to CMN14-5-1. Following inoculation with CMN14-5-1, the CO450 line demonstrated a higher expression of salicylic acid (SA)-related genes, ZmPAL and ZmPR-1, compared to the CO447 line. In the CO450 line, four genes related to programmed cell death (PCD) were upregulated: respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D (ZmrbohD), polyphenol oxidase (ZmPPO1), ras-related protein 7 (ZmRab7), and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (ZmPPI). The differential gene expression in response to CMN14-5-1 between the two corn lines provided an indication that SA and PCD are involved in the regulation of corn defense responses against Goss’s wilt disease, whereas JA may be contributing to disease susceptibility.
Hobbes: Geometrical Objects

Hobbes' philosophy of geometry was eccentric to contemporary movements and worsted in specific controversy. But he laid down stipulations defining geometry and its method which might provide a significant and workable alternative "meta-geometry". Some of these are isolated and reinterpreted here, especially those concerned with describing magnitudes, motions and quantities, and with his use of proportions. Rather than refutation of commentaries and historical rehash, the effort here is to isolate definitive texts and to offer a reinterpretation of their arguments in succinct form showing their coherence and their interdependence with his other philosophic principles.
Examination of thin films of phthalocyanines in plasmon system for application in NO2 sensors

Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy is an optical technique that is capable of monitoring chemical and physical processes. It is sensitive to small changes of dielectric properties near a metal surface, and has been used to characterize a number of different types of films. This work analyzes the possibility of using the surface plasmon resonance phenomena for gas detection. We present examinations of thin films of phthalocyanines in plasmon systems from the point of view of their application in NO 2 sensors.
A Common-Resonator Filtering Hybrid With a Wide Stopband and Compact Size

In this brief, a compact filtering microstrip hybrid with a wide stopband is proposed. The filtering hybrid is designed with 2nd order filtering performance with only three resonators in total. The sum and difference channels share a common centre-shorted open-loop resonator (CSOLR). The even and odd mode resonances are adjusted to be the same by deliberately designed short vias and open-loop structure. By splitting the even and odd modes of the CSOLR, the shared CSOLR provides two inherently isolated channels for the hybrid. This characteristic not only makes sure the high isolation between the sum and difference channels but also leads to a very compact structure. Besides, because different modes are involved for both channels, a wide non-radiative stopband up to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5. 45f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be observed for the proposed hybrid. To verify the concept, a second-order filtering hybrid is designed, fabricated and measured. The detailed synthesis procedure is provided in this brief. The measured result demonstrates two well-isolated channels and a stopband up to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5. 45f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a minimum rejection level of 20.7 dB.
Evaluating the use of remote sensing data in the U.S. Agency for International Development Famine Early Warning Systems Network

The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)’s Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) provides monitoring and early warning support to decision makers responsible for responding to food insecurity emergencies on three continents. FEWS NET uses satellite remote sensing and ground observations of rainfall and vegetation in order to provide information on drought, floods, and other extreme weather events to decision makers. Previous research has presented results from a professional review questionnaire with FEWS NET expert end-users whose focus was to elicit Earth observation requirements. The review provided FEWS NET operational requirements and assessed the usefulness of additional remote sensing data. We analyzed 1342 food security update reports from FEWS NET. The reports consider the biophysical, socioeconomic, and contextual influences on the food security in 17 countries in Africa from 2000 to 2009. The objective was to evaluate the use of remote sensing information in comparison with other important factors in the evaluation of food security crises. The results show that all 17 countries use rainfall information, agricultural production statistics, food prices, and food access parameters in their analysis of food security problems. The reports display large-scale patterns that are strongly related to history of the FEWS NET program in each country. We found that rainfall data were used 84% of the time, remote sensing of vegetation 28% of the time, and gridded crop models 10% of the time, reflecting the length of use of each product in the regions. More investment is needed in training personnel on remote sensing products to improve use of data products throughout the FEWS NET system.
Measuring sports teaching activities in higher education through natural language processing

The evaluation of teaching activities plays an integral part in measuring teachers’ abilities and improving teaching qualities. Among of which, Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) serves as the key approach to assessing teaching activities. In the field of sports teaching in China, SET has been implemented nationwide, however, very few studies have touched upon the aspect of measuring sports teaching activities in higher education from the perspective of SET. Among rare studies, attention has been mainly directed to aspects of structured data (e.g., rating scales), which are easy to quantify, rather than descriptive evaluation comments/reviews that came from students (e.g., texts). Natural Language Processing (NLP) is deemed as an effective tool to deal with unstructured data and may explore more valuable diagnostic information through a multidimensional view (i.e., data mining), thus improving sports teaching and promoting learning in the long run. This research collected SET data from several universities. The NLP approach and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model were used to analyze the SET corpora for feature extraction. The results were then used to identify traits that may be considered for measuring sports teaching activities. Besides, a user dictionary was constructed through thematic coding and was then further applied to investigate the emotional polarity and subjectivity of SET.
Caesarean Section Delivery Is Associated with Childhood Overweight and Obesity, Low Childbirth Weight and Postnatal Complications: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Objectives: In the last decades, simultaneously increasing trends have been recorded for both caesarean section delivery and childhood overweight/obesity around the world, which are considered serious public health concerns, negatively affecting child health. Aim: The present study aims to investigate whether caesarean section is associated with the increased rates of childhood overweight/obesity, low childbirth anthropometric indices and postnatal complications in pre-school age. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 5215 pre-school children aged 2–5 years old were enrolled from nine different Greek regions after applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Non-adjusted and adjusted statistical analysis was performed to assess the impact of caesarean section in comparison to vaginal delivery. Results: Children delivered by caesarean section were significantly more frequently overweight or obese at the age of 2–5 years, also presenting a higher prevalence of low birth weight, length and head circumference. Caesarean section was also associated with higher incidence of asthma and diabetes type I at the age of 2–5 years. In a multivariate analysis, caesarean section increased the risk of childhood overweight/obesity and low childbirth anthropometric indices even if adjusting for several childhood and maternal confounding factors. Conclusions: Increasing trends were recorded for both caesarean section delivery and childhood overweight/obesity, which are considered serious public health concerns. Caesarean section independently increased childhood overweight/obesity in pre-school age, highlighting the emergent need to promote health policies and strategies to inform future mothers about its short and long-term risks and that this mode of delivery should preferably be performed only when there are strong medical recommendations in emergency obstetric conditions.
PreVIEW: An Untyped Graphical Calculus for Resource-aware Programming

ions, Bracket and Escapes by normalizing such subterms recursively1. Once every subterm of M has a letrec variable associated with it, and all lambda, Bracket, and Escape subterms are normalized recursively, we eliminate letrec indirections of the form x = y with x . y using substitution. Lemma 4.3 (ν maps terms to normal forms) If M ∈ M then ν(M) ∈ Mnorm. Example 4.2 Applying the normalization function ν to each of the terms 1. λx. 〈∼ x ∼ x〉 2. letrec y = λx. 〈∼ x ∼ x〉 in y 3. λx. letrec y = 〈∼ x ∼ x〉 in y yields a term alpha-equivalent to letrec y1 = λx. (letrec y2 = 〈letrec y3 = ∼ x, y4 = ∼ x, y5 = y3 y4 in y5〉 in y2) in y1 Note that the core structure of the original terms (lambda term with Bracket body and application of two escaped parameter references inside) is maintained in the normalized version, but every subterm is now named explicitly. 4.2 From Terms to Graphs We have established that for every term we can compute a normal form. In order to show that every term can also be mapped to a PreVIEW graph, we need to define a mapping from terms in M to graphs in G. To simplify the definition of this translation, we introduce the notion of an intermediate graph for which the well-formedness condition is relaxed. This notion corresponds to Ariola and Blom’s concept of scoped pre-graphs. 1This is similar to the translation τ from graphs to terms presented above, where lambda, Bracket and Escape nodes are translated to terms recursively.
Role of ICT in Teacher-Student Communication during Covid-19 in Pakistan

ICT tools provided an alternative and effective direction to teaching and learning during COVID. The goal of this research is to investigate the effects of ICT on teacher-student communication during COVID-19. Quantitative research design was employed. A sample size of 40 teachers and 100 students from four public secondary schools was selected. Data were gathered through a closed-ended questionnaire carrying 14 statements. Purposive sampling was used. Data were analyzed through SPSS software. Standard deviation and independent sample t-test were run. Overall, it was found that all participants (teachers and students) find ICT tools useful in teacher-student communication but there were difference of opinion between male and female teachers about the role of ICT in communication based on different applications whereas male and female students showed similar responses.
The observed characteristics of flare energy release. I - Magnetic structure at the energy release site

It is shown that flaring activity as seen in X-rays usually encompasses two or more interacting magnetic bipoles within an active region. Soft and hard X-ray spatiotemporal evolution is considered as well as the time dependence of the thermal energy content in different magnetic bipoles participating in the flare, the hardness and impulsivity of the hard X-ray emission, and the relationship between the X-ray behavior and the strength and observable shear of the magnetic field. It is found that the basic structure of a flare usually consists of an initiating closed bipole plus one or more adjacent closed bipoles impacted against it. 119 references.
Turbine Blade Entropy Generation Rate: Part II — The Measured Loss

Using detailed boundary layer velocity measurements the profile loss, expressed in terms of local entropy generation rate, is evaluated at discrete locations along the suction surface of a turbine blade in a subsonic linear cascade at a chord Reynolds number of 1.8 × 103 under adiabatic test conditions. The distribution of loss through the entire boundary layer is thus established with particular attention given to the comparison of the relative contributions from the laminar, transitional and turbulent regions. It is found that 75% of the entropy generation occurs in the laminar region of the blade, with transition being one of the key features of the overall loss distribution. Traditional correlation methods are considered and shown to give accurate results when compared to the experimental measurements within both the laminar and turbulent regions, the application of such correlations is however dependant upon knowledge of the onset and extent of transition. Finally it is demonstrated that an existing method for the evaluation of local entropy generation rate from measurements of wall shear stress in laminar flow, may be adapted for use in turbulent flow and hence the possibility is presented for the measurement of loss from surface mounted sensors. © 2000 ASME