Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resolving the iterated prisoner’s dilemma: theory and reality

Pairs of unrelated individuals face a prisoner’s dilemma if cooperation is the best mutual outcome, but each player does best to defect regardless of his partner’s behaviour. Although mutual defection is the only evolutionarily stable strategy in one‐shot games, cooperative solutions based on reciprocity can emerge in iterated games. Among the most prominent theoretical solutions are the so‐called bookkeeping strategies, such as tit‐for‐tat, where individuals copy their partner’s behaviour in the previous round. However, the lack of empirical data conforming to predicted strategies has prompted the suggestion that the iterated prisoner’s dilemma (IPD) is neither a useful nor realistic basis for investigating cooperation. Here, we discuss several recent studies where authors have used the IPD framework to interpret their data. We evaluate the validity of their approach and highlight the diversity of proposed solutions. Strategies based on precise accounting are relatively uncommon, perhaps because the full set of assumptions of the IPD model are rarely satisfied. Instead, animals use a diverse array of strategies that apparently promote cooperation, despite the temptation to cheat. These include both positive and negative reciprocity, as well as long‐term mutual investments based on ‘friendships’. Although there are various gaps in these studies that remain to be filled, we argue that in most cases, individuals could theoretically benefit from cheating and that cooperation cannot therefore be explained with the concept of positive pseudo‐reciprocity. We suggest that by incorporating empirical data into the theoretical framework, we may gain fundamental new insights into the evolution of mutual reciprocal investment in nature.
The Role of Elastomeric Pumps in Postoperative Analgesia in Orthopaedics and Factors Affecting their Flow Rate

Elastomeric pumps are mechanical devices composed of an elastomeric balloon reservoir into which the drug to be infused is stored, a protective casing (used by some manufacturers), a flow controller and a wound catheter. In orthopaedics they are used to provide continuous local infiltration analgesia. In this way patients rely less on other routes of analgesia and thus avoid their systemic side effects. Studies have shown good response to analgesia with these pumps for the first 24 hours but their benefit is not as clear at 48 and 72 hours. There are numerous factors that affect the flow rate of elastomeric pumps. Some are inherent to all elastomeric pumps such as: the pressure exerted by the elastomeric balloon, catheter size, the vertical height of the pump in relation to the wound, viscosity and partial filling. There are also other factors which vary according to the manufacturer such as: the optimal temperature to obtain the desired flow rate as this directly affects viscosity, the dialysate that the analgesic drug is mixed with (ie normal saline or 5% dextrose), and the storage conditions of the fluid to be infused. It is thus essential to follow the clinical guidelines provided by the manufacturer in order to obtain the desired flow rate.
Performance of the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Pooled Cohort Risk Equations by Social Deprivation Status

Background The atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Pooled Cohort risk equations have shown different calibration across US populations with varied levels of social deprivation. Methods and Results We analyzed the calibration and discrimination of the Pooled Cohort risk equations by social deprivation status among 9066 REGARDS (REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke) study participants not taking statins for whom ASCVD risk may lead to statin initiation. Patients were aged 45 to 79 years, had no ASCVD or diabetes mellitus, and had a low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level 70 to 189 mg/dL. Social deprivation was defined using 3 indicators: annual household income <$25 000, less than a high school education, and living without a partner. At baseline in 2003–2007, 54.6%, 27.4%, and 18.0% of participants had 0, 1, and 2 or 3 indicators showing deprivation, respectively. From baseline through December 2012, 457 participants developed ASCVD (nonfatal/fatal stroke, myocardial infarction, or coronary heart disease death). Predicted and observed ASCVD incidence per 1000 person‐years were 8.02 and 6.23 (95% CI, 5.31–7.31), respectively, among participants with 0 indicators of deprivation (Hosmer–Lemeshow P=0.01); 8.05 and 6.61 (95% CI, 5.29–8.24), respectively, with 1 indicator (P=0.09); and 9.83 and 11.40 (95% CI, 9.23–14.05), respectively, with 2 or 3 indicators (P=0.12). The C‐index (95% CI) was 0.72 (0.69–0.75), 0.73 (0.69–0.78), and 0.70 (0.65–0.75) among participants with 0, 1, and 2 or 3 indicators of deprivation, respectively. The net reclassification improvement after adding deprivation data to the Pooled Cohort risk equations was modest (0.12; 95% CI, 0.03–0.21). Conclusions The Pooled Cohort risk equations have good calibration among individuals with social deprivation but overestimate ASCVD risk among those with less social deprivation.
Integrative structural Investigation on the architecture of human Importin4_histone H3/H4_Asf1a complex and its histone H3 tail binding

Importin4 transports histone H3/H4 in complex with Asf1a to the nucleus for chromatin assembly. Importin4 recognizes the nuclear localization sequence located at the N-terminal tail of histones. Here, we analyzed the structures and interactions of human Importin4, histones and Asf1a by cross-linking mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, negative-stain electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and integrative modeling. The XL-MS data showed that the C-terminal region of Importin4 interacts extensively with the histone H3 tail. We determined the crystal structure of the C-terminal region of Importin4 bound to the histone H3 peptide, thus revealing that the acidic path in Importin4 accommodates the histone H3 tail and that histone H3 Lys14 is the primary residue interacting with Importin4. Furthermore, the molecular architecture of the Importin4_histone H3/H4_Asf1a complex was produced through an integrative modeling approach. Overall, this work provides structural insights into how Importin4 recognizes histones and their chaperone complex.
Less attention event-driven model predictive control of time-delay system

This paper presents a less attention event-driven model predictive control (MPC) approach for time-delay system, which leads to a little attention to the plant while keeping a good control performance. In this paper, the proposed event-driven MPC method saves more computation and communication resource by reducing the number and the time of event trigger than the usual event-driven mechanism. We design the controller according to model predictive control algorithm for the time-delay system firstly; then a dual-mode switching control strategy is built based on the relationship of size between tracking error and the upper or lower triggering threshold. In addition, the feasible condition of the control method is derived from theory proof of its stability. Finally, the simulation results of an illustrative example demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Application of CNTs Gas Sensor in Online Monitoring of SF6 Insulated Equipment

The detection and analysis of SF6 decomposition components are of great significance in online condition assessment and fault diagnosis of GIS. Considering the shortcomings of general detection methods, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) gas sensor was studied to detect the SF6 decomposition components because of its advantages in large surface activity and abundant pore structure, et al. The large surface area has a strong adsorption and desorption capacity. In this chapter, SF6 decomposed gases, namely SO2F2, SOF2, SO2, H2S and CF4 are chosen as probe gases because they are the main by-products in the decomposition of SF6 under partial density (PD). First, the properties and preparation methods of CNTs are introduced to verify the advantages of CNTs for SF6 decomposition components detection. Then, both theoretical calculation and sensing experiment were adopted to study the microadsorption mechanism and macrogas-sensing properties. Based on the intrinsic CNTs, study for SF6 decomposition components adsorption, Pd, Ni, Al, Pt and Au metal doping CNTs and plasma-modified CNTs are discussed in order to enhance the gas sensing and selectivity of CNTs.
Quantitative Linguistics and Complex System Studies

Abstract Linguistic discourses treated as maximum entropy systems of words according to prescriptions of algorithmic information theory (Kolmogorov, Chaitin, & Zurek) are shown to give a natural explanation of Zipf's law with quantitative rigor. The pattern of word frequencies in discourse naturally leads to a distinction between two classes of words: content words (c‐words) and service words (s‐words). A unified entropy model for the two classes of words leads to word frequency distribution functions in accordance with data. The model draws on principles of classical and quantum statistical mechanics and emphasises general principles of classifying, counting and optimising their related costs for coding of sequential symbols, under certain obvious constraints; hence it is likely to be valid for diverse complex systems of nature. Unlike other models of Zipf s law, which require exponential distribution of word lengths, entropy models based on words as primary symbols do not restrict the word length distri.
Influence of Media Storage Sand and Plastic Seeds with the Provision of Cooling Water to Over Change in Quality of Kepok Banana (Musa Normalis L)

Banana is a climacteric fruit is fruit that will perpetuate the process of maturity even though it has been harvested and is followed by the process of damage due to perpetuate fruit respiration and metabolic processes. The process of respiration in the fruit will result in rapid fruit mature and over-mature. This is an obstacle in maintaining the shelf life of a banana. This Study aims to determine the effect of storage media of sand and plastic seeds to changes in the quality of banana fruit. Storage media used in this study were sand and plastic seeds. While the banana varieties used in this study is kepok banana (Musa Normalis L). In this study each of the bunches of banana inserted into the aluminum tube that has been filled with a store media and cooling water on the outside of the storage media with high cooling water height of 10 cm from the media store. The results showed that colour of kepok banana changed from the begining until the end of storage. Weight of kepok banana decreased by 12,45% and levels of violence decreased by 2,95 kg.s/mm on last day of storage. In addition, the level sweetness of kepok banana increased to 23,0obrix and level of fruit water to 77,8% on last day of storage. Kepok banana stored in the sand has a longer shelf life (17 days) than the bananas that are stored in the storage media of plastic seeds (14 days) and control (10 days). Keywords: Storage, kepok banana, store media of sand, store media of plastic seeds, and cooling water.
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) – a Challenge for the Addiction Treatment Services

Abstract Over the last few years, hundreds of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been identified in Europe. Apart from some herbal compounds, NPS mainly include synthetic cannabinoids and a range of new synthetic stimulants (e. g., cathinones). Synthetic NPS are often developed whilst modifying the basic chemical (e. g., phenethylamine or tryptamine) structure. Although the pharmacology and toxicology of most NPS are hardly known, they are being offered, especially online, as “bath salts,” as “incense mixtures,” or under other misleading labels. In addition, NPS are advertised as “legal highs,” suggesting that, in contrast to substances regulated by the national laws, trading with NPS is legal. Although only little is known about the prevalence of NPS use, some of these molecules may be associated with a range of severe adverse reactions. Indeed, different from cannabis, synthetic cannabinoid users may present with epileptic seizures, loss of consciousness, and a range of persisting psychopathological disorders. Future studies should inform better-tailored management strategies.
Chemical modification: a non-toxic approach to wood preservation

SUMMARY Wood can be chemically modified to reduce the moisture content of the cell wall and increases decay resistance. As the level of bonded chemical increases, the cell wall equilibrium moisture content decreases and the resistance to attack by white- and brown-rot fungi increases. There is a direct relationship between the decrease in cell wall moisture Content and resistance to fungal attack. INTRODUCTION After millions of years of evolution, wood is designed to perform in a wet environment, and nature is programmed to recycle it, in a timely way, back to the basic building blocks of carbon dioxide and water through biological, thermal, aqueous, photochemical, chemical, and mechanical degradation. The properties of wood are, for the most part, a result of the chemistry of its cell wall components. The polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses) are mainly responsible for moisture uptake and release in changing environments that results in changes in wood volume (dimensional instability) and in the recognition mechanisms for biological degradation (attack by fungi, termites, etc). The need to protect wood from decay has been an issue ever since humans first used wood. There are references in the Old Testament to the use of decay resistant wood and the Vikings charred the outside of their ships for preservation. When wood preservation was in its infancy, the approach for protection was focused only on toxicity. Salts of arsenic, chromium, copper and tin have been used along with toxic organic chemicals such as pentachlorophenol and creosote. The wood was treated with these chemicals at various loading levels using various solvents and most did provide long-term effectiveness against fungal attack. Unfortunately, these chemicals are broad spectra toxins that are so toxic to humans and other life forms. With a greater awareness of the persistence of some of these toxic wood preservative chemicals in nature and the concern for our ecosystem, less toxic or narrow spectra toxins have been explored and developed into commercial products. Less toxic and narrower toxicity also has resulted in less effectiveness.
Estimation of Success in Collaborative Learning Based on Multimodal Learning Analytics Features

Multimodal learning analytics provides researchers new tools and techniques to capture different types of data from complex learning activities in dynamic learning environments. This paper investigates high-fidelity synchronised multimodal recordings of small groups of learners interacting from diverse sensors that include computer vision, user generated content, and data from the learning objects (like physical computing components or laboratory equipment). We processed and extracted different aspects of the students' interactions to answer the following question: which features of student group work are good predictors of team success in open-ended tasks with physical computing? The answer to the question provides ways to automatically identify the students' performance during the learning activities.
Genomewide association studies of suicide attempts in US soldiers

Suicide is a global public health problem with particular resonance for the US military. Genetic risk factors for suicidality are of interest as indicators of susceptibility and potential targets for intervention. We utilized population‐based nonclinical cohorts of US military personnel (discovery: N = 473 cases and N = 9778 control subjects; replication: N = 135 cases and N = 6879 control subjects) and a clinical case‐control sample of recent suicide attempters (N = 51 cases and N = 112 control subjects) to conduct GWAS of suicide attempts (SA). Genomewide association was evaluated within each ancestral group (European‐, African‐, Latino‐American) and study using logistic regression models. Meta‐analysis of the European ancestry discovery samples revealed a genomewide significant locus in association with SA near MRAP2 (melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2) and CEP162 (centrosomal protein 162); 12 genomewide significant SNPs in the region; peak SNP rs12524136‐T, OR = 2.88, p = 5.24E‐10. These findings were not replicated in the European ancestry subsamples of the replication or suicide attempters samples. However, the association of the peak SNP remained significant in a meta‐analysis of all studies and ancestral subgroups (OR = 2.18, 95%CI 1.70, 2.80). Polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses showed some association of SA with bipolar disorder. The association with SNPs encompassing MRAP2, a gene expressed in brain and adrenal cortex and involved in neural control of energy homeostasis, points to this locus as a plausible susceptibility gene for suicidality that should be further studied. Larger sample sizes will be needed to confirm and extend these findings.
Can niche plasticity promote biodiversity-productivity relationships through increased complementarity?

Most experimental biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research to date has addressed herbaceous plant communities. Comparably little is known about how forest communities will respond to species losses, despite their importance for global biogeochemical cycling. We studied tree species interactions in experimental subtropical tree communities with 33 distinct tree species mixtures and one, two, or four species. Plots were either exposed to natural light levels or shaded. Trees grew rapidly and were intensely competing above ground after 1.5 growing seasons when plots were thinned and the vertical distribution of leaves and wood determined by separating the biomass of harvested trees into 50 cm height increments. Our aim was to analyze effects of species richness in relation to the vertical allocation of leaf biomass and wood, with an emphasis on bipartite competitive interactions among species. Aboveground productivity increased with species richness. The community-level vertical leaf and wood distribution depended on the species composition of communities. Mean height and breadth of species-level vertical leaf and wood distributions did not change with species richness. However, the extra biomass produced by mixtures compared to monocultures of the component species increased when vertical leaf distributions of monocultures were more different. Decomposition of biodiversity effects with the additive partitioning scheme indicated positive complementarity effects that were higher in light than in shade. Selection effects did not deviate from zero, irrespective of light levels. Vertical leaf distributions shifted apart in mixed stands as consequence of competition-driven phenotypic plasticity, promoting realized complementarity. Structural equation models showed that this effect was larger for species that differed more in growth strategies that were characterized by functional traits. In 13 of the 18 investigated two-species mixtures, both species benefitted relative to intraspecific competition in monoculture. In the remaining five pairwise mixtures, the relative yield gain of one species exceeded the relative yield loss of the other species, resulting in a relative yield total (RYT) exceeding 1. Overall, our analysis indicates that richness-productivity relationships are promoted by interspecific niche complementarity at early stages of stand development, and that this effect is enhanced by architectural plasticity.
Image segmentation by region integration using initial dependence of the K-means algorithm

An image needs to be segmented before object-based coding can be performed. This paper proposes a practical method of doing this by region integration. Clustering based on the K-means algorithm is widely used, but this tends to segment the image into too many small regions. Further, since the shape of initial clusters has a lasting influence, region segmentation sometimes takes place in areas other than the original contour of an object in the image. To overcome these problems, we propose a three-step region integration based on the K-means algorithm. We applied this new method to several different natural images. The results show that we can extract the contours of regions from different images even with the same parameters, and even after varying the number of initial clusters. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 29(14): 68–80, 1998
Effect of Electrochemical Parameters on the Morphology and Ca/P Ratios of Deposited Apatite Coatings on Metal and Alloy Substrates

In this research the optimal conditions of electrochemically depositing uniform apatite coatings on stainless steel was investigated. Apatite is a ceramic with many different phases and compositions that have beneficial characteristics for biomedical applications. Of those phases Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the most biocompatible and is the primary constituent of the inorganic material in bones. HA coatings on metal and alloys have the ability to bridge the growth between human tissues and implant technology. The metal provides the strength and the HA provides the needed bioactivity.
Nano-Communication for Biomedical Applications: A Review on the State-of-the-Art From Physical Layers to Novel Networking Concepts

Nano-communication-based devices have the potential to play a vital role in future healthcare technologies by improving the quality of human life. Its application in medical diagnostics and treatment has a great potential, because of its ability to access small and delicate body sites noninvasively, where conventional medical devices fall short. In this paper, the state of the art in this field is presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of current models, considering various communication paradigms, antenna design issues, radio channel models based on numerical and experimental analysis and network, and system models for such networks. Finally, open research areas are identified for the future directions within the field.
Review of the role of leptin in the regulation of male reproductive function

Since discovered in 1994, leptin has been thought to be a pleiotropic hormone that regulates food intake, controls energy balance in the body and influences multiple tissues in the body. Leptin plays an important mediating role in the regulation of neuroendocrine and can transmit the nutritional status signals to the reproductive‐related central nervous system. Many studies have shown that leptin may play an important role in the control of reproductive function. Leptin can act on all levels of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis and may have local effects on the function of testis and spermatogenesis. Leptin is critical for puberty initiation and can also modulate testosterone synthesis by downregulating cAMP‐dependent activation of steroidogenic genes expressions. Leptin is found to be higher in infertile men than in normal subjects. Yet, the exact role of leptin in the regulation of male reproductive function remains incomplete. The purpose of this review was to summarise the recent research about the biological effects of leptin on male reproductive system. In‐depth study of leptin in reproductive system will help to reveal the pathogenesis of infertility and provide new treatment ideas for human assisted reproductive technology.