Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic detection of species concentration and distribution in pre-combustion gases by laser spectroscopy of infrared absorption

This paper describes the development of spectrum computation and analysis for a single model and untunable laser spectroscopy to detect the species concentration and space distribution in pre-combustion gases. Absorption spectroscopy using infrared laser diode provides a dynamic, non-instructive, and in situ way to determine the concentration and distribution of the mixture of fuel gas and O2 in the pre-combustion gas stream. For species, wavelength suitable for absorption spectroscopy is determined using the spectra distributions of the species provided in HITRAN database. Inverse method and Abel algorithm are employed separately to retrieve the concentration of species and calculate the distribution of the measured gas. The results of the paper provide the foundation to develop a dynamic diagnostic instrument to monitor the state of gaseous species in hostile environments such as various industrial combustion systems.
Electron cyclotron current drive in the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator

High power electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) experiments in the W7-AS stellarator are analysed. In these net-current-free discharges, the ECCD and the bootstrap current are feedback controlled by an inductive current. Based on the measured density and temperature profiles, the neoclassical predictions of the bootstrap (with the ambipolar radial electric field taken into account) and the inductive current densities as well as the ECCD from the linear adjoint approach with trapped particles included are calculated. For stationary conditions, the current balance is checked. Launch-angle scans at fixed density as well as density scans at fixed launch-angle are described. Low-frequency MHD mode activity is obtained for strong co-ECCD, and for counter-ECCD a ‘ feature’ with complete loss of the central confinement is found. The linear ECCD prediction is in reasonable agreement with the current balance except for low-density discharges with highly peaked on-axis deposition, where the ECCD predicted from linear theory exceeds by a factor of about 2 the one from the current balance. Since the bootstrap current is well balanced by the inductive current without ECCD, the linear ECCD overestimate is compared with nonlinear Fokker–Planck (FP) simulations, where two different power loss models are used to reach steady state. These volume-averaged FP simulations cannot describe the ECCD degradation at the low densities.
Dynamic Analysis of a High-Speed Rotor-Ball Bearing System Under Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

The nonlinear dynamic behaviors of a high-speed rotor-ball bearing system under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) are investigated. First, the numerical curve fittings for stiffness and damping coefficients of lubricated contacts between rolling elements and races are undertaken, and then the fitted formulae are introduced to the equations of motion of the rotor-ball bearing system to investigate its nonlinear characteristics. Furthermore, the time responses, power spectra, phase trajectories, orbit plots, and bifurcation diagrams for cases of ignoring and considering the lubrication condition in bearings are inspected and compared. The results indicate that, when lubrication is taken into account, the amplitudes of vibration displacements and velocities of the rotor system increase, and the appearance of different regions of periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic behavior is strongly dependent on the speed and load.
Nonlinear Detection of Ultrasonic Vibrations in an Atomic Force Microscope

A new method is proposed to detect ultrasonic vibration of the samples in the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) using nonlinearity in the tip-sample interaction force curve F(z). Small amplitude ultrasonic vibration less than 0.2 nm is detected as an average displacement of a cantilever. This Ultrasonic Force Mode (UFM) of operation is advantageous in detecting ultrasonic vibration with frequencies up to the GHz range, using an AFM cantilever with a resonant frequency below 100 kHz. It was found that a strong repulsive force is acting after an ultrasonic amplitude threshold of the is crossed, with the amplitude of this threshold depending upon the average force applied to the tip.
The visible extinction peaks of Ag nanohelixes: A periodic effective dipole model

Using the discrete dipole approximation method, two visible extinction peaks are found for Ag nanohelixes. Both of them redshift periodically in an approximate half pitch with the helix height and redshift linearly with the helix diameter and pitch height. At the two absorbance peaks, an integer number of E-field maxima occur along the helix. These field maxima could be treated as results of collective electron oscillations by periodic effective dipoles within a half pitch along the helix. The wavelengths of the absorbance peaks are found to scale with the effective dipole length, which is consistent with the periodic structure of the helix.
Photonic and plasmonic modulators based on optical switching in VO2

Researchers all over the world are competing in a technology-driven quest to develop the next generation of ultrasmall, low-power photonic and plasmonic devices. One route to this objective involves hybrid structures that incorporate a phase-changing material into the structure, creating a nanocomposite material in which the optical response of a plasmonic or photonic structure is modulated by a change in phase, crystallinity or dielectric function induced by thermal, optical or electrical stimulus. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has been considered as a potential electro-optic switching material for electronic and photonic applications ever since its semiconductor-to-metal transition (SMT) was first described half a century ago. This review describes the application of vanadium dioxide as the switching element in (i) a hybrid silicon ring resonator and (ii) a polarization-sensitive, multifunctional plasmonic modulator in the form of a nanoscale heterodimer. As is now widely known, the SMT in VO2 is also accompanied by a structural phase transition (SPT) from the M1 (monoclinic) to a rutile (tetragonal, R) crystalline form that was believed to prevent a fast recovery after switching. However, recent research has shown that this picture is oversimplified, and that there is a monoclinic metallic state that enables true ultrafast switching. That understanding, in turn, is leading to new concepts in developing hybrid nanocomposites that incorporate VO2 in silicon photonics and plasmonic modulators, enabling the construction of ultrafast optical switches, modulators and memory elements.
Cascading effects of livestock grazing on insect functional groups associated to flowers in arid lands

Disturbances affect plant diversity with consequences on other trophic levels, like the associated insect communities. Domestic livestock is a major disturbance affecting flowering plant abundance at the bottom of insect food webs with unpredicted consequences on ecosystem functioning. This work evaluated livestock effect on flower‐associated insect functional groups (i.e., predators, herbivores and pollinators) hypothesizing that plant damage produced by grazing exerts bottom up effects on insect populations, affecting their interactions. On contrary, livestock might supply food resources for several dipteran pests (e.g., scavengers, parasites or bloodsucking) or benefit predator species by increasing habitat transparency with grazing. Seven independent rangelands within the same arid environment and increasing livestock density, were used to test these hypotheses using a regression approach. Insect, herbivore and pollinator diversity decreased with increasing livestock density, and increased with increasing vegetation. Bare soil affected solitary bees (but not all the pollinators) and habitat transparency benefited predators, as expected. Dipteran pests quadratically decreased with increasing livestock density, rejecting the hypothesis of food supply. Apparently, predators reduced the abundance of almost all insect groups. Grazing reduce vegetation positively affecting predators, which negatively affect other insect groups (top‐down), potentially altering species complex interactions and ecosystem functioning.
Domestication of Wild Edible Species: The Response of Scolymus hispanicus Plants to Different Fertigation Regimes

Scolymus hispanicus L. is a wild edible species with wide distribution in the Mediterranean area. Recent research has focused on the domestication of wild edible greens, which is essential for the preservation of agroecosystems and the increase in biodiversity, especially under the adversely changing climate conditions. In the present work, the aim was to evaluate the response of S. hispanicus plants to different fertilization regimes that varied in the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in regard to plant growth and chemical composition of leaves. For this purpose, plants were grown in pots within an unheated greenhouse. Seven experimental treatments were used, including six fertigation regimes (SH1-SH6) and the control treatment (SHC), where no fertilizers were added. Fresh yield was beneficially affected by the treatments that included a high content of P and K (e.g., SH3 and SH5), while lesser amounts of these macronutrients (e.g., SH1 and SH4) resulted in higher chlorophyll content (SPAD index) and leaf area. In terms of mineral profile, high amounts of P and K improved dietary fiber and carbohydrates content, whereas the untreated plants had the highest content of ash, fat and crude protein. Oxalic and quinic acid were the major organic acids detected, with fertigation regimes significantly reducing their content compared to the control treatment. α-tocopherol was the only isoform of vitamin E detected in all the samples, while glucose and fructose were the most abundant sugars, with their highest content detected in control and SH4 treatments, respectively. Scolymus hispanicus leaves were rich in macro and micro minerals, while their contents varied depending on the fertigation regime. Finally, α-linolenic, palmitic, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids detected, while their contents were beneficially affected by low nutrient inputs (e.g., untreated plants and SH1 and SH2 treatments). In conclusion, the regulation of nutrient solution seems to be an effective practice to increase fresh yield in S. hispanicus without compromising the nutritional profile of the edible product, while low inputs of macronutrients such as P and K may improve the chemical composition of the species, especially in terms of n-fatty acids.
Formation and Microstructural Evolution of Ferritic ODS Steel Powders during Mechanical Alloying

Ferritic ODS steel elemental powder compositions with various Zr content (0.3–1.0 wt.%), ground in a Pulverisette 6 planetary ball mill, were extensively studied by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis, microscopic observations, microhardness testing and particle size measurements. A characteristic three-stage process of flattening the soft powders, formation of convoluted lamellae and, finally, formation of nanocrystalline grains was observed. In order to quantify the microstructural properties, expressed mainly in terms of crystallite size and dislocation density, a methodology for detailed and accurate microstructure analysis of nanosized and severely deformed materials was proposed by the Whole Powder Pattern Modelling (WPPM) approach. In the case of the proposed ODS alloy composition, the overlapping of Fe and Cr Bragg reflections makes the microstructure analysis certainly more complicated. The results showed that the microstructure of powders evolved towards the nanocrystalline state consisting of fine (diameter of ~15 nm) and narrowly dispersed domains, with extensive dislocation density exceeding 1016 m−2.
On the collision rate of small particles in turbulent flows

A theoretical framework is developed to predict the rate of geometric collision and the collision velocity of small size inertialess particles in general turbulent flows. The present approach evaluates the collision rate for small size, inertialess particles in a given instantaneous flow field based on the local eigenvalues of the rate-of-strain tensor. An ensemble average is then applied to the instantaneous collision rate to obtain the average collision rate. The collision rates predicted by Smoluchowski (1917) for laminar shear flow and by Saffman & Turner (1956) for isotropic turbulence are recovered. The collision velocities presently predicted in both laminar shear flow and isotropic turbulence agree well with the results from numerical simulations for particle collision in both flows. The present theory for evaluating the collision rate and the collision velocity is also applied to a rapidly sheared homogeneous turbulence to assess the effect of strong anisotropy on the collision rate. Using (ε/v)1/2, in which ε is the average turbulence energy dissipation rate and v is the fluid kinematic viscosity, as the characteristic turbulence shear rate to normalize the collision rate, the effect of the turbulence structure on the collision rate and collision velocity can be reliably described. The combined effects of the mean flow shear and the turbulence shear on the collision rate and collision velocity are elucidated.
THE MECHANISM OF SURFACE WAVE SUPPRESSION IN FILM FLOW DOWN A VERTICAL PLANE

The equation relating the average rate of change of disturbance kinetic energy to the rates of work done by the surface tension, the shear stress, the Reynolds stress, and the rate of mechanical energy dissipation through viscosity in a falling liquid film flow down an oscillating vertical plate is obtained. Each term in the equation is evaluated in various regions of parameter space to elucidate the physical mechanism of stabilizing an inherently unstable vertical film flow by use of plate oscillations [Lin, Chen, and Woods, Phys. Fluids 8, 3247 (1996); Lin and Chen, Phys. Fluids 9, 3926 (1997)].
Impact of Phenolic Acid Derivatives on the Oxidative Stability of β-Lactoglobulin-Stabilized Emulsions

Proteins, such as β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), are often used to stabilize oil–water-emulsions. By using an additional implementation of phenolic compounds (PC) that might interact with the proteins, the oxidative stability can be further improved. Whether PC have a certain pro-oxidant effect on oxidation processes, while interacting non-covalently (pH-6) or covalently (pH.9) with the interfacial protein-film, is not known. This study aimed to characterize the impact of phenolic acid derivatives (PCDs) on the antioxidant efficacy of the interfacial β-Lg-film, depending on their structural properties and pH-value. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses were performed to assess the radical scavenging in the aqueous and oil phases of the emulsion, and the complexation of transition metals: these are well known to act as pro-oxidants. Finally, in a model linseed oil emulsion, lipid oxidation products were analyzed over storage time in order to characterize the antioxidant efficacy of the interfacial protein-film. The results showed that, at pH.6, PCDs can scavenge hydrophilic radicals and partially scavenge hydrophobic radicals, as well as reduce transition metals. As expected, transition metals are complexed to only a slight degree, leading to an increased lipid oxidation through non-complexed reduced transition metals. At pH.9, there is a strong complexation between PCDs and the transition metals and, therefore, a decreased ability to reduce the transition metals; these do not promote lipid oxidation in the emulsion anymore.
Effectiveness of Blood Flow Restriction on Functionality, Quality of Life and Pain in Patients with Neuromusculoskeletal Pathologies: A Systematic Review

Background: Blood flow restriction is characterized as a method used during exercise at low loads of around 20–40% of a repetition maximum, or at a low-moderate intensity of aerobic exercise, in which cuffs that occlude the proximal part of the extremities can partially reduce arterial flow and fully restrict the venous flow of the musculature in order to achieve the same benefits as high-load exercise. Objective: The main objective of this systematic literature review was to analyze the effects of BFR intervention on pain, functionality, and quality of life in subjects with neuromusculoskeletal pathologies. Methods: The search to carry out was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, PEDro, CINHAL, SPORTDiscus, Trip Medical Database, and Scopus: “kaatsu” OR “ischemic training” OR “blood flow restriction” OR “occlusion resistance training” OR “vascular occlusion” OR “vascular restriction”. Results: After identifying 486 papers and eliminating 175 of them due to duplication and 261 after reading the title and abstract, 50 papers were selected. Of all the selected articles, 28 were excluded for not presenting a score equal to or higher than 6 points on the PEDro scale and 8 for not analyzing the target outcome variables. Finally, 14 papers were selected for this systematic review. Conclusions: The data collected indicate that the blood flow restriction tool is a therapeutic alternative due to its effectiveness under different exercise modalities. The benefits found include decreases in pain thresholds and improvement in the functionality and quality of life of the neuro-musculoskeletal patient during the first six weeks. However, the results provided by this tool are still not clear for medium- and long-term interventions.
A solute flux approach to transport in heterogeneous formations: 1. The general framework

It is common to represent solute tranport in heterogeneous formations in terms of the resident concentration C(x, t), regarded as a random space function. The present study investigates the alternative representation by q, the solute mass flux at a point of a control plane normal to the mean flow. This representation is appropriate for many field applications in which the variable of interest is the mass of solute discharged through a control surface. A general framework to compute the statistical moments of q and of the associated total solute discharge Q and mass M is established. With x the direction of the mean flow, a solute particle is crossing the control plane at y = η, z = ζ and at the travel (arrival) time τ. The associated expected solute flux value is proportional to the joint probability density function (pdf) g1 of η, ζ and τ, whereas the variance of q is shown to depend on the joint pdf g2 of the same variables for two particles. In turn, the statistical moments of η, ζ and τ depend on those of the velocity components through a system of stochastic ordinary differential equations. For a steady velocity field and neglecting the effect of pore-scale dispersion, a major simplification of the problem results in the independence of the random variables η, ζ and τ. As a consequence, the pdf of η and ζ can be derived independently of τ. A few approximate approaches to derive the statistical moments of η, ζ and τ are outlined. These methods will be explored in paper 2 in order to effectively derive the variances of the total solute discharge and mass, while paper 3 will deal with the nonlinear effect of the velocity variance upon the moments of η, ζ and τ
Acoustical image reconstruction in parallel‐processing analog electronic systems

Ultrafast cardiac‐valve ultrasonic tomography requires parallel multichannel processing of received echoes. In parallel processing the level of secondary ’’ghost’’ images due to spatial undersampling is much higher than in slower series processors which use a selective field insonification. The paper describes a 20‐channel moving‐focus parallel‐processing analog electronic system, which is realized in our laboratory. It is shown analytically that the secondary‐image level is reduced and remains unchanged when the receiver angular aperture (aperture relative to distance) is limited and kept constant during the whole observation time.
A Global Analysis of Snow Depth for Numerical Weather Prediction

Abstract The operational analysis of snow depth at the Canadian Meteorological Centre is described. The analysis makes use of forecasts of precipitation and analyses of screen-level temperature to estimate snowfall and snowmelt for a global domain, and assumes persistence of the mass of the snowpack between melting and/or snowfall events. In addition, wherever snow depth observations are available, these are incorporated using the method of statistical interpolation, performed every 6 h on a ⅓° grid. Correlations between two observations or between observations and grid points are taken as functions of spatial separation in both the horizontal and vertical with an e-folding distance of 120 km in the horizontal and 800 m in the vertical. Observations undergo three separate tests designed to eliminate 1) false reports of snow when none is present, 2) systematically understated snow depths, and 3) reports that violate temporal continuity. Verification of the analysis is presented using three sources of indep.
Strain Measurements Based Finite Element Model Updating

Analytical models of the actual structure often differ greatly from their as-built counterparts. Model updating techniques improve the predictions of the behavior of the actual structure by identifying and correcting the uncertain parameters of the analytical model. This paper presents a new model updating technique to improve the finite element analysis model by updating design parameters using strain measurement based on affine scaling interior Algorithm. Static strain measurements are more reliable and realistic than acceleration data in practice. Numerical examples are presented to study the application of the method.
Examining Different Analysis Protocols Targeting Hospital Sanitary Facility Microbiomes

Indoor spaces exhibit microbial compositions that are distinctly dissimilar from one another and from outdoor spaces. Unique in this regard, and a topic that has only recently come into focus, is the microbiome of hospitals. While the benefits of knowing exactly which microorganisms propagate how and where in hospitals are undoubtedly beneficial for preventing hospital-acquired infections, there are, to date, no standardized procedures on how to best study the hospital microbiome. Our study aimed to investigate the microbiome of hospital sanitary facilities, outlining the extent to which hospital microbiome analyses differ according to sample-preparation protocol. For this purpose, fifty samples were collected from two separate hospitals—from three wards and one hospital laboratory—using two different storage media from which DNA was extracted using two different extraction kits and sequenced with two different primer pairs (V1–V2 and V3–V4). There were no observable differences between the sample-preservation media, small differences in detected taxa between the DNA extraction kits (mainly concerning Propionibacteriaceae), and large differences in detected taxa between the two primer pairs V1–V2 and V3–V4. This analysis also showed that microbial occurrences and compositions can vary greatly from toilets to sinks to showers and across wards and hospitals. In surgical wards, patient toilets appeared to be characterized by lower species richness and diversity than staff toilets. Which sampling sites are the best for which assessments should be analyzed in more depth. The fact that the sample processing methods we investigated (apart from the choice of primers) seem to have changed the results only slightly suggests that comparing hospital microbiome studies is a realistic option. The observed differences in species richness and diversity between patient and staff toilets should be further investigated, as these, if confirmed, could be a result of excreted antimicrobials.