Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypersonic non-equilibrium Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and effect of underbelly shape on a conceptual lifting body spaceplane

A methodology is developed to analyse the effect of underbelly shape on the force coefficients and adiabatic wall temperature acting on a lifting body spaceplane at 30° angle of attack and three Mach numbers ( 𝑀𝑎 =4, 10, 16) in air in the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver, Ansys Fluent. A general overview of hypersonic theory and phenomena is also presented. The effect of hypersonic flow on gas dynamics is considered using a two-temperature non-equilibrium energy model and species transport simulation of reacting gases in Ansys Fluent. No third-party research of note is found validating the two-temperature Ansys Fluent non-equilibrium energy model due to only being recently implemented in 2021. Therefore, a focus of the investigation is validating the model against empirical results. Validation of the numerical and physical models is performed by comparison against empirical wind tunnel investigations and flight data for simple shapes. Domain and mesh sensitivity studies are performed. CFD simulations of a blunt cone at Mach 6.77 matched a wind tunnel validation case by within 15-20% for lift and drag coefficients, and matched lift-to-drag ratio by 1-3%. CFD of ELECTRE test vehicle validation case matched flight data stagnation point heat flux to within 1%. An attempt was made to determine the adiabatic wall temperature of a space vehicle re-entering from low Earth orbit, but poor agreement with theory was reached – suggestions are made to explain this, and recommendations for future work are discussed.
efflux affect the antibacterial activity of cisplatin and oxaliplatin

Signiﬁcance and Impact of the Study: As well as an anticancer treatment, cisplatin possesses antibacterial activity and is active against AMR-resistant persister cells, opening the possibility of renewed use against resistant bacterial strains. Our ﬁndings provide evidence on how the composition of growth media and choice of solvent modulate the antibacterial activity of cisplatin and its analogue, oxali-platin. These observations provide a necessary, consistent standard for assessing the antibacterial activity of platinum-based compounds, as a precursor towards their application against bacterial infection.
The Effects of Subject Transfer on Transformer-Based EEG Classification of Finger Movement

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) employing Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are powerful mechanisms for controlling prosthesis without physical manipulation. Current methods of processing EEG signals are either limited in their accuracy or in their flexibility, both of which hinder their broad use and application. EEG signals have exceptional temporal resolution but are comparatively lacking in spatial resolution which can make deep features of their signals difficult to interpret. Vision Transformers (ViTs) specialize in extracting patterns and features in images and categorizing them by detecting the importance of image regions in relation to other regions. This functionality makes ViTs strong candidates for translating EEG signals into specific motor functions. Transfer learning is the act of using a model trained on a similar task as a baseline for the intended task to reduce the amount of data required and improve classification accuracy. This paper proposes the use of Transformers and subject transfer to more effectively classify EEG signals as movements of individual fingers.
Directional Wavelet Packets for Image Processing

The paper presents a versatile library of quasi-analytic complex-valued wavelet packets originated from polynomial splines of arbitrary orders. The real parts of quasi-analytic wavelet packets are regular spline-based orthonormal wavelet packets derived from discretized periodic polynomial splines. Imaginary parts are the so-called complementary orthonormal wavelet packets derived from the Hilbert transforms of regular wavelet packets. The discrete Fourier transforms of quasi-analytic wavelet packets are located in either the positive or negative half-band of the frequency domain. Consequently, the discrete Fourier transforms of 2D wavelet packets, which are derived by as the tensor products of 1D wavelet packets, occupy one of the quadrants of the 2D frequency domain. Such a structure results in the directionality of their real parts. The shapes of real quasi-analytic wavelet packets are close to windowed cosine waves that oscillate in several diﬀerent directions at diﬀerent frequencies. The paper providesa few examples of the successful application of designed quasi-analytic wavelet packets to image denoising and inpainting.
Reliability Concerns in Through Silicon Via based 3D Integration: Fabrication to Packaging

—Chips are converted into reliable electronic devices through the process of electronic packaging throughout the process of electronics fabrication. 3D electronic packaging architectures with heterogeneous integration techniques have witnessed considerable demand as package density and functional diversity have increased. Despite the new architectural possibilities and enhanced performance offered by 3D integration, signal integrity and reliability problems still exist since packaging systems usually exhibit geometric discontinuities due to through silicon vias (TSVs), free edges, and multiple interfaces. Hence, manufacturing of high quality and reliable TSVs was and will remain a major enabler for the adoption of new 3D packaging technologies. TSV faults must be screened promptly during the manufacturing process because they could cause critical challenges during the initial phases of fabrication. Consequently, the mechanical stress and chip-package interaction are addressed as being major threats for 3D TSV IC failures. The emergence of various defects in 3D TSV ICs from fabrication to packaging is outlined and discussed in this article. Also, several defect mechanisms and fault structures causing unstable package performance and impaired device reliability are explained.
Recent Strain Rate and Deformation Field of Egypt by GPS and InSAR

The Earth’s crustal movements occur at local and regional scale with various intensities that depend on the tectonic settings. Egypt’s surface deformation is controlled by its location. It is located in the northeastern corner of the African continent and affected from the North by the subduction between Nubian and Eurasian plates and from the East by activities along the Red Sea spreading, Gulf of Suez, and Gulf of Aqaba. Away from the tectonic activities, the ground deformation could be triggered by human activities such as artificial lakes, underground water pumping or oil extraction. Estimating the recent crustal movements of the Earth’s crust and its relation to tectonic and/or human activities can assist in better understanding of such movements, identify its nature, and highlight the areas of high strain for the security of human, public facilities, and vital national constructions. Due to the lack of geodetic data collected from Egypt, former estimates are rough at best. Using very few GPS stations in Egypt, previous studies indicate northward motion of northern Nubia with respect to Eurasia of about 5 mm=y r ((McClusky et al., 2000); (Reilinger et al., 2006); (Mahmoud et al., 2005)). In order to better constrain the movement rate of northern Nubia and the interaction between Nubian, Eurasian, and Arabian plates, 16 permanent GPS stations in combination with 47 non-permanent stations covering Egypt for the period 2006-2012 were used. The collected data for about seven years were processed using Bernese 5.2 GNSS Software (Dach et al., 2007). To establish a good configuration around the Egyptian stations, the processing is carried out including 86 permanent stations belonging to three different tectonic plates. This led to a considerably better coverage of the Sinai-Dead Sea region as it represents the border between the Nubian and Arabian plates. Also, 34 stations out of these 86 are included in the ITRF2008 and used for datum definition. The Bernese results are assessed using the time series analysis tool CATS (Williams, 2008). The estimated absolute horizontal velocity field for Egypt is about 28-30 mm/yr to the northeast direction. GPS sites show a relative motion between Nubia and Eurasia of about 6.5±1 mm/yr, which increases towards the Hellenic trench, 8.2±0.8 mm/yr in Sinai peninsula, 14.2±1.4 mm/yr in the North of the Arabian plate and 22.3±�0.7 mm/yr in eastern and central Turkey. In the Nubia fixed frame the Gulf of Suez and southern Sinai do not show any significant horizontal velocities, which implies that Sinai may be still connected to Nubia. Applying the dislocation fault parallel analysis, the slip rate and the locking depth of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault are 5
Approximation Algorithms for the Unsplittable Flow Problem ∗

We present approximation algorithms for the unsplittable flow problem (UFP) in undirected graphs. As is standard in this line of research, we assume that the maximum demand is at most the minimum capacity. We focus on the non-uniform capacity case in which the edge capacities can vary arbitrarily over the graph. Our results are: • We obtain an O(∆α−1 log n) approximation ratio for UFP, where n is the number of vertices, ∆ the maximum degree, and α the expansion of the graph. Furthermore, if we specialize to the case where all edges have the same capacity, our algorithm gives an O(∆α−1 log n) approximation. • For certain strong constant-degree expanders considered by Frieze [17] we obtain anO( √ log n) approximation for the uniform capacity case. • For UFP on the line and the ring, we give the first constant-factor approximation algorithms. All of the above results improve if the maximum demand is bounded away from the minimum capacity. The above results either improve upon, or are incomparable to previously known results for these problems. The main technique used for these results is randomized rounding followed by greedy alteration, and is inspired by the use of this idea in recent work. ∗An extended abstract of this work appeared in the Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization, Rome, Italy. Most of this work was done at Lucent Bell Labs. †Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755. ac@cs.dartmouth. edu. Part of this work was done while the author was at Princeton University where he was supported in part by NSF grant CCR-96-23768 and ARO Grant DAAH04-96-1-0181. ‡Lucent Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974. chekuri@research.bell-labs.com. §Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213. anupamg@cs.cmu. edu. ¶Department of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India 110016. amitk@cse.iitd. ernet.in. This research was partly done while the author was at Cornell University where he was supported in part by an ONR Young Investigator Award of Jon Kleinberg.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Animal spirits, heterogeneous expectations and the amplification and duration of crises

We introduce a simple equilibrium model of a market for loans. Households lend to firms and form expectations about their loan default probability. Under heterogeneous expectations, with switching between forecasting strategies driven by reinforcement learning, even a small fraction of pessimistic traders has a large aggregate effect, causing a heterogeneous expectations risk premium, i.e. significantly higher contract rates for loans and significantly lower output. Our stylized model illustrates how animal spirits and heterogeneous expectations may lead to a confidence loss and to financial instability amplifying the magnitude of economic crises and slowing down recovery. JEL codes: E32, D83, D84
Increasing biomass carbon stocks in trees outside forests in China over the last three decades

Trees outside forests (TOF) play important roles in national economies, ecosystem services, and international efforts for mitigating climate warming. Detailed assessment of the dynamics of carbon (C) stocks in China's TOF is nec- essary for fully evaluating the role of the country's trees in the national C cycle. This study is the first to explore the changes in biomass C stocks of China's TOF over the last three decades, using the national forest inventory data in six periods from 1977 to 2008. According to the defini- tion of the forest inventory, China's TOF could be catego- rized into three groups: woodlands, shrubberies, and trees on non-forest land (including four-side greening trees, defined in the article, and scattered trees). We estimated biomass C stocks of woodlands and trees on non-forest land by us- ing the provincial biomass-volume conversion equations de- rived from the data of low-canopy forests, and estimated the biomass C stocks of shrubberies using the provincial mean biomass density. Total TOF biomass C stock increased by 62.7 % from 823 Tg C (1 Tg= 10 12 g) in the initial period of 1977-1981 to 1339 Tg C in the last period of 2004-2008. As a result, China's TOF have accumulated biomass C of 516 Tg during the study period, with 12, 270, and 234 Tg in wood- lands, shrubberies, and trees on non-forest land, respectively. The annual biomass C sink of China's TOF averaged 19.1 Tg C yr 1 , offsetting 2.1 % of the contemporary fossil-fuel CO2 emissions in the country. These estimates are equal to 16.5- 20.7 % of the contemporary total forest biomass C stock and 27.2 % of the total forest biomass C sink in the country, sug- gesting that TOF are substantial components in China's tree C budget.
Dynamics of Endophytic Fungal Communities Associated with Cultivated Medicinal Plants in Farmland Ecosystem

Microorganisms are an important component of global biodiversity and play an important role in plant growth and development and the protection of host plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the identities and communities of endophytic fungi inhabiting cultivated medicinal plants in the farmland ecosystem. The diversity and community composition of the endophytic fungi of cultivated medicinal plants in different hosts, tissue niches, and seasonal effects in the farmland of Northern China were examined using the next-generation sequencing technique. In addition, the ecological functions of the endophytic fungal communities were investigated by combining the sequence classification information and fungal taxonomic function annotation. A total of 1025 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of endophytic fungi were obtained at a 97% sequence similarity level; they were dominated by Dothideomycetes and Pleosporales. Host factors (species identities and tissue niches) and season had significant effects on the community composition of endophytic fungi, and endophytic fungi assembly was shaped more strongly by host than by season. In summer, endophytic fungal diversity was higher in the root than in the leaf, whereas opposite trends were observed in winter. Network analysis showed that network connectivity was more complex in the leaf than in the root, and the interspecific relationship between endophytic fungal OTUs in the network structure was mainly positive rather than negative. The functional predications of fungi revealed that the pathotrophic types of endophytic fungi decreased and the saprotrophic types increased from summer to winter in the root, while both pathotrophic and saprotrophic types of endophytic fungi increased in the leaf. This study improves our understanding of the community composition and ecological distribution of endophytic fungi inhabiting scattered niches in the farmland ecosystem. In addition, the study provides insight into the biodiversity assessment and management of cultivated medicinal plants.
FIU Digital Commons FIU Digital Commons

: A high share of distributed energy resources (DERs) in power distribution grids has posed many challenges for system operation and control. Microgrid (MG) application with different distributed control approaches for DERs has been drawn a lot of attention from the research community to provide more ﬂexibility, reliability and resilience for the system. This paper develops a distributed secondary control for DERs in MGs and on top of that using synchronous condenser (SC) participating in the secondary control for voltage support. The proposed distributed secondary control framework of MGs is designed to obtain four objectives as follows: (i) frequency restoration, (ii) average voltage restoration, (iii) arbitrary active power sharing among SGs and BESSs and (iv) arbitrary reactive power sharing among all SGs, BESSs and SCs. The comparison results under different scenarios show that with SC participating in the distributed secondary control in MGs, the system frequency and voltage response are much improved and quickly recovered to the nominal values thanks to the natural inertia response and fast reactive power control of SC sharing with other DERs in the MGs. Additionally, a multi-agent system is implemented to realize the proposed control method in hardware environment.
The cell wall of Fusarium oxysporum.

Sugar analysis of isolated cell walls from three formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum showed that they contained not only glucose and (N-acetyl)-glucosamine, but also mannose, galactose, and uronic acids, presumably originating from cell wall glycoproteins. Cell wall glycoproteins accounted for 50-60% of the total mass of the wall. X-ray diffraction studies showed the presence of alpha-1, 3-glucan in the alkali-soluble cell wall fraction and of beta-1, 3-glucan and chitin in the alkali-insoluble fraction. Electron microscopy and lectin binding studies indicated that glycoproteins form an external layer covering an inner layer composed of chitin and glucan.
Uncertainty Quantiﬁcation in Medical Image Synthesis

Machine learning approaches to medical image synthesis have shown outstanding performance, but often do not convey uncertainty information. In this chapter, we survey uncertainty quantiﬁcation methods in medical image synthesis and advocate the use of uncertainty for improving clinicians’ trust in machine learning solutions. First, we describe basic concepts in uncertainty quantiﬁcation and discuss its potential beneﬁts in downstream applications. We then review computational strategies that facilitate inference, and identify the main technical and clinical challenges. We provide a ﬁrst comprehensive review to inform how to quantify, communicate and use uncertainty in medical synthesis applications.
Application of Sequence Constrained Reservoir Predicting Techniques in Lithological Reservoir Exploration in Gaoliu Area

The high resolution sequence stratigraphy was combined with the seismic reservoir prediction techniques to provide a method of lithological reservoir exploration and successfully applied in the reservoir exploration in Gaoliu Area. The multi-grade base-level cycle was used for a high-resolution sequence stratigraphical study to establish a program of sequence stratigraphical division and a sequence stratigraphical framework,by which Dongying formation was divided into one long-time level cycle and four mid-time level cycles. By using the seismic reservoir inversion technique and constraining by the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework,twenty individual sandstone in the four sequences are identified,it provides important evidence for the lithological reservoir exploration.
Spectral response of rice crop and its relation to yield and yield attributes

Abstract Ground-based radiometric measurements were conducted on six varieties of rice crop during an entire growth cycle using a hand-held seven-band radiometer. Concomitant measurements of some of the yield attributes were also made. Spectral data were also collected on a single variety grown under 12 different fertilizer treatments. Spectral data have been correlated with leaf area index, total wet biomass, total dry biomass, plant water content and final grain, straw and total yield. The results show similar temporal spectral responses of all six varieties and a strong correlation of agronomic parameters with spectral parameters derived from the near-infrared and red radiances. Red and near-infrared radiance ratio and normalized differences were found sensitive to the N fertilizer application but not to the P and K fertilizers. Linear correlations were observed between spectral parameters and final grain, straw and total yield
Equilibrium Profile of Ice Caps

Abstract Nye’s theory of the equilibrium profile of two-dimensional ice caps is modified to include longitudinal stress and creep rate effects. A more generalized law for the sliding velocity of a glacier over its bed is introduced into the analysis in order to permit the inclusion of these additional complications. It is found that in the case of small ice caps (of the order of 30 km. in width), it is important to include the longitudinal stress. A somewhat “flatter” profile than that calculated by Nye is obtained. For ice sheets of the dimensions of the Greenland or Antarctic Ice Sheets, the additional stress causes essentially no modification in Nye’s theory. Nye’s theory also has been extended to include an isostatic sinking under the weight of the ice of the bedrock below an ice cap.
Effect of rootstocks on leaf water potential, water relations, antioxidant activities and drought tolerant in flemish beauty pear under water stress conditions

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of two Pyrus seedling rootstocks [Kainth (Pyrus pashia Buck and Ham.), Shiara (Pyrus serotina Redh.) and three clonal quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill) rootstocks [BA 29, Quince A and Quince C] on growth, water relations and antioxidant activities of one-year-old Flemish Beauty pears at -0.5 bars and -10.0 bars (water-stress) of soil moisture levels. Plant height, shoot and root dry weights of plants on different rootstocks decreased markedly by water stress. Plants on Kainth and BA 29 rootstocks were less affected under water stress than those on other rootstocks. Plants on Kainth and BA 29 rootstocks maintained higher leaf water potential and showed less reduction in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate. These plant accumulated more soluble sugar, ascorbic acid and proline content in their leaves in comparison to plants on other rootstocks under water stress conditions. The antioxidant enzymes (catalases, peroxidases and superoxide dismutase) activities increased significantly under water stress and increase was higher in plants on Kainth and BA 29 rootstocks than those on other rootstocks. The results suggest that plants on Kainth and BA 29 rootstocks exhibit better protection mechanism against oxidative damage under water stress conditions than those on other rootstocks.