Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of niche genetic algorithm in the design of permanent magnet generator in automobile

The simple genetic algorithm is introduced at first. To avoid the shortcomings of genetic algorithm of pre-maturity and stagnation, an adaptive niche genetic algorithm is proposed. It adjusts the fitness of individuals and replacement strategy. It makes the individuals evolve in special environment, ensures the diversity of evolution population and gets the global optimum. The optimal design of permanent magnet generator in automobile based on niche genetic algorithm is explored in this paper. We took the permanent magnet as the main excitor, and electric excitation as the auxiliary excitor, a mathematical model of the generator is set up. The result shows that the niche genetic algorithm could be applied well in the automobile permanent magnet generator. It satisfies the reliable constant voltage of the generator.
An Analysis of an Axonal Gradient of Phosphorylated MAP 1B in Cultured Rat Sensory Neurons

The present study investigated the cellular distribution of a developmentally regulated phosphorylated form of MAP 1B recognized by monoclonal antibody (mAb) 150 in cultures of dorsal root ganglia. The cell soma and the whole axon, when it first appears, are labelled, but longer axons label with a proximodistal gradient, such that the cell soma and proximal axon become unlabelled, whilst the distal axon and growth cone label strongly. Double‐labelling experiments with mAb 150 and a polyclonal antibody (N1–15) that recognizes all forms of MAP 1B demonstrated that MAP 1B is distributed along the entire length of axons with gradients, so the gradient of phosphorylated MAP 1B is not due to a loss or absence of MAP 1B from the proximal axon. The proportion of axons from 20 h cultures that were labelled with a mAb 150 gradient was at least 80% and this proportion was independent of the nerve growth factor concentration of the culture medium. Analysis of axons ranging in length from 100 to 700 μm and labelled with a gradient showed that the unlabelled proximal portions of axons increased in length more slowly than the labelled distal axon. Axons labelled along their entire length accounted for no more than 19% of the axonal population and analysis of these showed them to be frequently <400 μm long. After simultaneously fixing and detergent‐extracting cultures this proportion rose significantly to 93%, suggesting that in the proximal axon the mAb 150 epitope is masked by some factor(s) that is removed by detergent extraction. The possibility that mAb 150 could not access the epitope in the proximal axon was discounted because another IgM, mAb 125, which recognizes a different phosphorylation epitope on MAP 1B, labelled the proximal axon of conventionally fixed cultures. In growth cones of fixed and extracted neurons examined by immunofluorescence, the mAb 150 labelling strongly colocalized to bundled microtubules in the distal axon shaft and the C‐domain. In the P‐domain, mAb 150 staining was weaker and more widely distributed than the microtubules. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed that antibody N1–15 and mAb 150 strongly labelled the bundled microtubules in the C‐domain and also showed that individual microtubules in the P‐domain, some of which lie alongside actin filament bundles of filopodia, were labelled lightly and discontinuously with both antibodies. This suggests that the phosphorylated isoform of MAP 1B recognized by mAb 150 may be involved in bundling microtubules in the proximal region of the growth cone and in the interaction between microtubules and actin filaments in the P‐domain.
Lymphokine‐Activated Killer Cells in Mouse Bone Marrow Chimaeras The Relationship to Natural Killer Cells and to Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Cells

Spleen cells from mouse bone marrow chimaeras were cultured in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) or in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL‐2) without the added alloantigen. Precursors for the nonspecific cytotoxic cells (in this study: lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells) lysing natural killer (N K) cell‐sensitive YAC‐1 lymphoma could be found 10–12 days after the bone marrow reconstitution, simultaneously with the appearance of the NK activity. The ability of LAK cells to lyse NK‐resistant tumour targets as well was demonstrated using the P 815 mastocytoma cell line; reactivity against this target was demonstrable 1 week later than the appearance of YAC‐1 lysing cells. Phenotypically LAK cells derived from spleen cell cultures of bone marrow chimaeras did not differ from LAK cells derived from normal spleen cell cultures: precursors resided within the Thy 1‐. asialo‐GM1+ cell population, and effectors expressed both of these antigens. Splenic N K cells of early bone marrow chimaeras (up to 14–18 days after the bone marrow reconstitution) were Thy 1+ cells, and thus LAK cells of bone marrow chimaeras were not derived from these Thy 1+ NK cells. The treatment of effector cells with anti‐Thy 1 antibody plus complement (C) abolished the lytic activity totally. However, these cells were not cytotoxic T cells, since alloreactiviiy, as an indication of the T‐cell cytotoxicity, could not be demonstrated until 4–5 weeks after the bone marrow reconstitution.
Optimizing transparency of haptic device through velocity estimation

In this paper, the conception and optimization of a new dual-stage haptic device is described. A particular attention is given to the choice of encoder. Compact, consumer grade, but low resolution encoders are particularly used. An issue arising from this particularity is the deterioration of the velocity measurement when Finite Difference method is used. Moreover, when encoders resolution decreases, velocity estimation becomes noisy. From haptic point of view, this noise destroys the realism of the rendered force. To deal with this problem, numerous methods have been proposed to offer a noiseless estimation. Here, advanced methods such as Low-Pass Filter, First Order Adaptive Windowing, Kalman Filter are proposed. Performances of theses methods are verified and experimentally compared to a conventional finite difference method. Here, we show that Kalman filter and First Order Adaptive Windowing offers a good trade-off between estimation and noise rejection.
Efficient Chemotherapy of Rat Glioblastoma Using Doxorubicin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles with Different Stabilizers

Background Chemotherapy of glioblastoma is largely ineffective as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents entry of most anticancer agents into the brain. For an efficient treatment of glioblastomas it is necessary to deliver anti-cancer drugs across the intact BBB. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 188 hold great promise as drug carriers for brain delivery after their intravenous injection. In the present study the anti-tumour efficacy of the surfactant-coated doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles against rat glioblastoma 101/8 was investigated using histological and immunohistochemical methods. Methodology The particles were prepared by a high-pressure solvent evaporation technique using 1% polyvinylalcohol (PLGA/PVA) or human serum albumin (PLGA/HSA) as stabilizers. Additionally, lecithin-containing PLGA/HSA particles (Dox-Lecithin-PLGA/HSA) were prepared. For evaluation of the antitumour efficacy the glioblastoma-bearing rats were treated intravenously with the doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 188 using the following treatment regimen: 3×2.5 mg/kg on day 2, 5 and 8 after tumour implantation; doxorubicin and poloxamer 188 solutions were used as controls. On day 18, the rats were sacrificed and the antitumour effect was determined by measurement of tumour size, necrotic areas, proliferation index, and expression of GFAP and VEGF as well as Isolectin B4, a marker for the vessel density. Conclusion The results reveal a considerable anti-tumour effect of the doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles. The overall best results were observed for Dox-Lecithin-PLGA/HSA. These data demonstrate that the poloxamer 188-coated PLGA nanoparticles enable delivery of doxorubicin across the blood-brain barrier in the therapeutically effective concentrations.
Evolution of Reference Networks with Fitness Inheritance

The vertex connectivity of many large networks follows a scale-free power-law distribution. BA model and many other BA-derived models reproduce such property and acquire a special status. The most distinct characteristic of these models is that during the preferential attachment process the choice of old vertices is based on the connectivity of the old vertices and there is no relationship between new vertices’ property and old ones’. In this article we present a new model that bases its choice of old vertices on the fitness of the old vertices and the fitness of new vertices is partially determined by the old ones. Based on the new model, both theoretical analysis and simulation show that the connectivity distribution of networks generated by our model follows an exponential distribution and loses the scale-free property. Also the differences between our model and existing models and the relationships between them are discussed.
Verifying Functional Behaviour of Concurrent Programs

Specifying the functional behaviour of a concurrent program can often be quite troublesome: it is hard to provide a stable method contract that can not be invalidated by other threads. In this paper we propose a novel modular technique for specifying and verifying behavioural properties in concurrent programs. Our approach uses history-based specifications. A history is a process algebra term built of actions, where each action represents an update over a heap location. Instead of describing the object's precise state, a method contract may describe the method's behaviour in terms of actions recorded in the history. The client class can later use the history to reason about the concrete state of the object. Our approach allows providing simple and intuitive specifications, while the logic is a simple extension of permission-based separation logic.
A survey of food problems experienced by Toronto street youth.

A brief survey was undertaken to assess the nature and severity of food scarcity experienced by a sample of 88 street youth in downtown Toronto, and to identify markers of vulnerability to food scarcity. Almost half of the youth reported experiencing involuntary hunger or food deprivation during the previous 30 days. Youth who were literally homeless (i.e., on the street or "squatting" in abandoned buildings) and those relying primarily on street-based activities for income appeared particularly vulnerable to food deprivation. Although limited in scope, the findings raise questions about the nutritional well-being of street youth and highlight the need for more effective interventions to address problems of poverty, hunger, and homelessness among Canadian youth.
Minimum Makespan Multi-Vehicle Dial-a-Ride

Dial-a-Ride problems consist of a set V of n vertices in a metric space (denoting travel time between vertices) and a set of m objects represented as source-destination pairs {(si,ti)}mi=1, where each object requires to be moved from its source to destination vertex. In the multi-vehicle Dial-a-Ride problem, there are q vehicles, each having capacity k and where each vehicle j ∈ [q] has its own depot-vertex rj ∈ V. A feasible schedule consists of a capacitated route for each vehicle (where vehicle j originates and ends at its depot rj) that together move all objects from their sources to destinations. The objective is to find a feasible schedule that minimizes the maximum completion time (i.e., makespan) of vehicles, where the completion time of vehicle j is the time when it returns to its depot rj at the end of its route. We study the preemptive version of multi-vehicle Dial-a-Ride, in which an object may be left at intermediate vertices and transported by more than one vehicle, while being moved from source to destination. Our main results are an O(log3n)-approximation algorithm for preemptive multi-vehicle Dial-a-Ride, and an improved O(log t)-approximation for its special case when there is no capacity constraint (here t≤ n is the number of distinct depot-vertices). There is an Ω (log1/4-ε n) hardness of approximation known even for single vehicle capacitated Dial-a-Ride [Gørtz 2006]. For uncapacitated multi-vehicle Dial-a-Ride, we show that there are instances when natural lower bounds (used in our algorithm) are ˜Ω(log t) factor away from the optimum. We also consider the special class of metrics induced by graphs excluding any fixed minor (e.g., planar metrics). In this case, we obtain improved guarantees of O(log2 n) for capacitated multi-vehicle Dial-a-Ride, and O(1) for the uncapacitated problem.
T cell control of the gut IgA response against commensal bacteria

In humans and most experimental mammals the gut lamina propria (LP) is the site of prodigious synthesis of the IgA isotype of immunoglobulin (Ig) and its secretion into the lumen. The major part of total Ig synthesis occurs here, leading to questions concerning the possible specific and non-specific stimuli of its production and the usefulness of this product to the host. Clearly, this typically continuous output of IgA is not constitutive as axenic (germ free (GF)) and newborn humans and other mammals display few secretory IgA plasmablasts in gut LP and minimal levels of secreted IgA in their gut lumen.1 2 In some way, colonisation with members of the normal gut microbiota seem to initiate the development and chronic activity of certain elements of the humoral mucosal immune system.3 4 This IgA consists of specific antibodies identifiably reactive with colonising bacteria, as well as of large quantities of IgA that cannot be shown to have been stimulated by or be reactive with particular antigens (Ags) present in food or microbes—so called “natural” IgA. In the mouse, the apparent duality of the IgA response might be explained by a difference in origin: firstly, conventional B cells (also called B2 cells) are specifically stimulated by microbial Ags and benefit from cognate interaction with Ag specific CD4+ T cells. They are clonally expanded in germinal centre reactions (GCR) in Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes, and benefit from the positive selection process occurring in GCR leading to affinity maturation that results in specific IgA antibodies.5 6 Secondly, a separate lineage of B cells, termed B1 cells, can be observed in the mouse. These cells, originally defined by expression of the surface marker CD5 and high expression of IgM, arise early in ontogeny, reside in the peritoneal and pleural …
Casein Supplementation Does Not Affect the Estimates of True Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus in Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs Determined by the Regression Method

Forty-eight barrows with an average initial body weight of 25.5±0.3 kg were assigned to 6 dietary treatments arranged in a 3×2 factorial of 3 graded levels of P at 1.42, 2.07, or 2.72 g/kg, and 2 levels of casein at 0 or 50 g/kg to compare the estimates of true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of P in soybean meal (SBM) for pigs fed diets with or without casein supplementation. The SBM is the only source of P in diets without casein, and in the diet with added casein, 1.0 to 2.4 g/kg of total dietary P was supplied by SBM as dietary level of SBM increased. The experiment consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and a 5-d total collection period with ferric oxide as a maker to indicate the initiation and termination of fecal collection. There were interactive effects of casein supplementation and total dietary P level on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of P (p<0.05). Dietary P intake, fecal P output, digested P and retained P were increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM in diets regardless of casein addition (p<0.01). Compared with diets without casein, there was a reduction in fecal P in the casein-supplemented diets, which led to increases in digested P, retained P, ATTD, and retention of P (p<0.01). Digested N, ATTD of N, retained N, and N retention were affected by the interaction of casein supplementation and dietary P level (p<0.05). Fecal N output, urinary N output, digested N, and retained N increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM for each type of diet (p<0.01). The estimates of TTTD of P in SBM, derived from the regression of daily digested P against daily P intake, for pigs fed diets without casein and with casein were calculated to be 37.3% and 38.6%, respectively. Regressing daily digested N against daily N intake, the TTTD of N in SBM were determined at 94.3% and 94.4% for diets without casein and with added casein, respectively. There was no difference in determined values of TTTD of P or N in SBM for pigs fed diets with or without casein (p>0.05). In summary, our results demonstrate that the estimates of TTTD of P in SBM for pigs were not affected by constant casein inclusion in the basal diets.
Acute Septicemic Melioidosis Occurring in a Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A 13-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on chemotherapy developed neutropenia and acute cellulitis progressing to fulminating septicemia due to Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Septicemic melioidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a febrile illness in children who are susceptible to infections.
Seasonal Changes in Methanogenesis and Methanogenic Community in Three Peatlands, New York State

Fluctuating environmental conditions can promote diversity and control dominance in community composition. In addition to seasonal temperature and moisture changes, seasonal supply of metabolic substrates selects populations temporally. Here we demonstrate cascading effects in the supply of metabolic substrates on methanogenesis and community composition of anaerobic methanogenic archaea in three contrasting peatlands in upstate New York. Fresh samples of peat soils, collected about every 3 months for 20 months and incubated at 22 ± 2°C regardless of the in situ temperature, exhibited potential rates of methane (CH4) production of 0.02–0.2 mmol L−1 day−1 [380–3800 nmol g−1 (dry) day−1). The addition of acetate stimulated rates of CH4 production in a fen peatland soil, whereas addition of hydrogen (H2), and simultaneous inhibition of H2-consuming acetogenic bacteria with rifampicin, stimulated CH4 production in two acidic bog soils, especially, in autumn and winter. The methanogenic community structure was characterized using T-RFLP analyses of SSU rRNA genes. The E2 group of methanogens (Methanoregulaceae) dominated in the two acidic bog peatlands with relatively greater abundance in winter. In the fen peatland, the E1 group (Methanoregulaceae) and members of the Methanosaetaceae were co-dominant, with E1 having a high relative abundance in spring. Change in relative abundance profiles among methanogenic groups in response to added metabolic substrates was as predicted. The acetate-amendment increased abundance of Methanosarcinaceae, and H2-amendment enhanced abundance of E2 group in all peat soils studied, respectively. Additionally, addition of acetate increased abundance of Methanosaetaceae only in the bog soils. Variation in the supply of metabolic substrates helps explain the moderate diversity of methanogens in peatlands.
Model for e-Government Implementation in Pakistan

This study examined that many e-Government application suits are developed, but their implementation is jeopardized due to certain administrative issues in Pakistan. E-Government brings a radical change in business process, organizational culture, and human behavior and change is resisted by human nature unless proper awareness about it is created among the stakeholders and enforced through administrative measures. Therefore, we are focused on the successful implementation of G2G e-Government programs in Pakistan. This paper presents a four layered holistic framework for the successful implementation of e-Government programs in G2G sector of e-Government in Pakistan. The target audience of the survey is limited to local IT industry professionals, government employees, bureaucrats, and members of the parliament. Sample size for survey is limited to 250. We need to put the things in their right perspective. Top level political leadership must own the e-Government initiatives to make them successful. The proposed framework encompasses all the prerequisites which play a pivotal role in the success of e-Government. As it is based on the collective wisdom of the key stakeholders in G2G sector of e-Government, it can be very useful for the successful implementation of e-Government programs if implemented in its true spirit.
Multiple Camera Calibration with Bundled Optimization using Silhouette Geometry Constraints

We propose a method of calibrating multiple camera systems that operates by adjusting the camera parameters and the 3D shape of objects onto silhouette observations. Our method employs frontier points, which are geometrically meaningful points on object surfaces, to determine the geometrical relations among multiple cameras. In contrast to conventional methods, both camera parameters and the 3D positions of the frontier points are jointly estimated by minimizing the 2D projection errors between the 2D projected positions of the frontier points and observed silhouette contours for all cameras. This method makes it possible to obtain accurate calibration results without using any special instruments. Experimental results using real image data demonstrate the effectiveness of our method
An approach to alleviate link overload as observed on an IP backbone

Shortest path routing protocols may suffer from congestion due to the use of a single shortest path between a source and a destination. The goal of our work is to first understand how links become overloaded in an IP backbone, and then to explore if the routing protocol, -either in its existing form, or in some enhanced form could be made to respond immediately to overload and reduce the likelihood of its occurrence. Our method is to use extensive measurements of Sprint's backbone network, measuring 138 links between September 2000 and June 2001. We find that since the backbone is designed to be overprovisioned, link overload is rare, and when it occurs, 80% of the time it is caused due to link failures. Furthermore, we find that when a link is overloaded, few (if any) other links in the network are also overloaded. This suggests that deflecting packets to less utilized alternate paths could be an effective method for tackling overload. We analytically derive the condition that a network, which has multiple equal length shortest paths between every pair of nodes (as is common in the highly meshed backbone networks) can provide for loop-free deflection paths if all the link weights are within a ratio 1 + 1/(d- I) of each other; where d is the diameter of the network. Based on our measurements, the nature of the backbone topology and the careful use of link weights, we propose a deflection routing algorithm to tackle link overload where each node makes local decisions. Simulations suggest that this can be a simple and efficient way to overcome link overload, without requiring any changes to the routing protocol.