Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Categorization of COPD patients in Turkey via gOlD 2013 strategy document: alPhaBeT study

Objective: To determine distribution of COPD assessment categories and physicians’ adherence to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2013 strategy in Turkish COPD patients. Methods: A total of 1,610 COPD patients (mean [standard deviation] age: 62.6 [9.9] years, 85.7% were males) were included in this multicenter, non-interventional, cross-sectional study. Patients were categorized via GOLD 2013 strategy document. Consistency between reported and re-classified GOLD categories, and measures used for symptom evaluation and exacerbation was analyzed. Results: Overall, 41.1% of patients were assigned to GOLD A, while 13.2% were assigned to GOLD C categories. Long-acting beta-2 agonist + long-acting muscarinic antagonist + inhaled corticosteroid regimen was the most common treatment (62.0%). Over-treatment was noted in  70% of GOLD A, B, and C patients. A high consistency between measures of symptom evaluation (Kappa coefficient = 0.993, P  0.0001) and a low-moderate consistency between exacerbation risk measures (Kappa coefficient = 0.237, P  0.0001) were noted. Conclusion: Our findings revealed GOLD A as the most prevalent category in Turkish cohort of COPD patients. Group assignment was altered depending on the chosen measure for symptom and risk assessment. Physician non-adherence to treatment recommendations in GOLD 2013 document leading to over-treatment in patients assigned to GOLD A, B, and C categories
RESUMENIntroducción: La isquemia renal

hematoxylin/eosin to examine the renal changes histopathologically and stereologically under a light microscope. Results: Histopathological changes caused by I/R were decreased with vitamin A administration in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Vitamin A administration decreased MDA levels and increased SOD and CAT activities (p<0.05). The most effective dose among treatment groups was 9000 IU/kg. There was no significant difference between the controls and all other groups regarding BUN and Cr concentrations. Conclusions: Consequently, administration of vitamin A after renal I/R reduced the histological damage and ameliorated the antioxidant state. These results showed that vitamin A could be a promising agent in treating I/R-induced acute kidney injury.
A Modified Completeness Theorem of KAT and Decidability of Term Reducibility( Digest_要約 )

The main result of this paper is a modiﬁed completeness theorem of KAT , the equational logic for Kleene algebra with tests . This completeness theorem gives an eﬀective reduction of a term reducibility problem to a membership problem of regular languages. In this paper, based on this reduction, we also show that a certain term reducibility problem is decidable
Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Model deployment of a predictive machine learning model

An increasing amount of available healthcare data has led to research creating validated predictive healthcare models. However, when the research is completed, little attention is given to deploying these models. This is unfortunate as the models could be used as clinical decision support (CDS) tools for doctors and patients. This research aims to reduce the gap between developing and implementing predictive machine learning models. To do so, the study implements several predictive healthcare models in Python and R as a web application using the Streamlit library in Python. From these specific applications, a general coding framework arises for implementing medical machine learning models as web apps on a local machine. In healthcare research, models are often saved in a remote environment that is not accessible to general practitioners or patients due to privacy issues with the data. To overcome this issue, the framework only requires the model’s parameters (through an export file of a trained model) instead of the data itself. The doctors and patients should enter any missing variables in the interactive web app as input to get a prediction.
MIT Open Access Articles Improved Approximation Algorithms for Projection Games

The projection games (aka Label Cover ) problem is of great importance to the ﬁeld of approximation algorithms, since most of the NP-hardness of approximation results we know today are reductions from Label Cover . In this paper we design several approximation algorithms for projection games: 1. A polynomial-time approximation algorithm that improves on the previous best approximation by Charikar, Hajiaghayi and Karloﬀ [8]. 2. A sub-exponential time algorithm with much tighter approximation for the case of smooth projection games. 3. A polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for projection games on planar graphs and a tight running time lower bound for such approximation schemes. 1
Evaluation of capture-recapture estimators using a cyclic snowshoe hare population

Many theoretical capture-recapture estimation models have been introduced into applied field ecology in the last twenty years, but only a few of these models have been tested in field situations. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate capture-recapture estimators when applied to a cyclic snowshoe hare population in the Kluane Lake area in the Southern Yukon. The estimation models and model selection routine of program CAPTURE, and the Jolly-Seber open model were evaluated. Two independent approaches were used to evaluate estimators: 1)Island populations of known size were used to determine estimator bias and study factors that affect hare capture probabilities, and 2) An individual-based spatial Monte Carlo simulation model was used to evaluate estimator robustness to sample biases caused by a cyclic snowshoe hare population. Two islands were used for studies of estimator bias. Results from both islands suggest that the CAPTURE heterogeneity models Mh (jackknife), Mh (Chao), and Mth (time/heterogeneity) were approximately unbiased for the island population of hares. All other CAPTURE models displayed a negative bias. The program CAPTURE model selection routine picked models of different bias for each trapping period. Island studies of variation in hare capture probabilities documented a strong relationship between hare movement patterns and capture probabilities on an individual and population level. The strong contribution of sampling factors such as trap placement, and time of sampling in the variation of hare capture probabilities was also documented. A Monte Carlo simulation model was used to determine estimator robustness to trap saturation with increasing hare densities, uneven trap spacing, and other sample biases typical of a cyclic snowshoe hare population. All models except the jackknife heterogeneity (MO estimator showed increasing negative bias with increasing simulated hare density. The jackknife estimator was robust to biases caused by trap saturation, and showed an acceptable coefficient of variation. The program CAPTURE model selection routine performed poorly when selecting estimation models of different bias for each simulated hare density. The results from the island studies and Monte Carlo simulation study were then compared to Kluane field data. Similar trends were evident in all the data sets. This study concludes that the jackknife estimator (Mh) is the most robust to sampling variations in a cyclic snowshoe hare population. The poor performance of the program CAPTURE model selection routine was documented. Recommendations for future research are given.
University of Birmingham Prediction of long-term net clinical outcomes using the TIMI-AF score:

Background. The TIMI-AF score was described to predict net clinical outcomes (NCOs) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients receiving warfarin. However, this score derived from the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial, and no external validation exists in real world clinical practice. We tested the long-term predictive performance of the TIMI-AF score in comparison with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED in a ‘real world’ cohort of anticoagulated AF patients. Methods. We included 1156 consecutive AF patients stable on vitamin K antagonist (INR 2.0-3.0) during 6 months. The baseline risk of NCOs (composite of stroke, life-threatening bleeding, or all-cause mortality) was calculated using the novel TIMI-AF score. During follow-up, all NCOs were recorded and the predictive performance and clinical usefulness of TIMI-AF was compared with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED. Results. During 6.5 years (IQR 4.3-7.9), there were 563 NCOs (7.49%/year). ‘Low’ risk (6.07%/year) and ‘medium’ risk (9.49%/year) patients defined by the TIMI-AF suffered more endpoints that ‘low’ and ‘medium’ risks patients of CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED (2.37%/year and 4.40%/year for ‘low’ risk; 3.48%/year and 6.39%/year for ‘medium’ risk, respectively). The predictive performance of TIMI-AF was not different from CHA 2 DS 2 - VASc (0.678 vs . 0.677, p=0.963) or HAS-BLED (0.644 vs . 0.671, p=0.054). Discrimination and reclassification did not show improvement of prediction using the TIMI-AF score, and decision curves analysis did not demonstrate higher net benefit.
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Effects on Portulaca olearacea in Controlled-Environment Agriculture

This study aims to evaluate the impacts of the lighting photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) on the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant response of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) cultivars to determine energy-efficient lighting strategies for CEA. Green and golden purslane cultivars were cultivated in CEA chambers and four experimental treatments consisting of PPFDs of 150, 200, 250, and 300 ± 10 µmol m−2s−1 were performed, representing daily light integrals (DLIs) of 8.64–17.28 mol m−2d−1 throughout a 16 h photoperiod. The results show that photoresponses to light PPFDs are cultivar-specific. The green cultivar accumulates 174% more dry weight at 300 PPFD compared to the golden cultivar, and also has a higher LUE, but a lower ETR. Dry weight accumulation, plant height, and leaf area dependence on light intensity do not highlight the economic significance of light PPFD/DLI. The derivative parameter (Δ fresh weight (%)/ΔDLI %) more efficiently explains how the percentage increase in DLI due to an increased PPFD affects the percentage of biomass gain between these PPFD treatments. For both cultivars, the relative fresh weight gain is maximal when the lighting PPFD increases from 200 to 250 µmol m−2s−1 and declines with PPFD increases from 250 to 300.
MIT Open Access Articles Influencing human–AI interaction by priming beliefs about AI can increase perceived trustworthiness, empathy and effectiveness

10 As conversational agents powered by large language models (LLMs) become more human-like, users are starting to view them as companions rather than mere assistants. Our study explores how changes to a person’s mental model of an AI system affects their interaction with the system. Participants interacted with the same conversational AI, but were influenced by different priming statements regarding the AI’s inner motives: caring, manipulative, or no motives. Here we show that those who imagined a caring motive for the AI perceived it as more trustworthy, empathetic, and better-performing, and that the effects of priming and initial mental models were stronger for a more sophisticated AI model. Our work also indicates a feedback loop where the user and AI reinforce the user’s mental model over a short time; further work should investigate long-term effects. The research highlights the importance of how AI systems are introduced can significantly affect the interaction and how the AI is experienced.
Interdecadal variability and extreme precipitation events in South America during the monsoon season

This study aims to clarify the impact of interdecadal climate oscillations (periods of 8 years and longer) on the frequency of extreme precipitation events over South America in the monsoon season (austral spring and summer), and determine the influence of these oscillations on the daily precipitation frequency distribution. Interdecadal variability modes of precipitation during the monsoon season are provided by a continental-scale rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis for the 60 years period 1950-2009. The main disclosed modes are robust, since they are reproduced for different periods. They can produce differences around 50% in monthly precipitation between opposite phases. Oceanic and atmospheric anomalous fields associated with these modes indicate that they have physical basis. The first modes in spring and summer display highest correlation with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) SST mode, while the second modes have strongest correlation with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) SST mode. However, there are also other influences on these modes.
Passive Ultra-Wideband Single-Photon Imaging

We consider the problem of imaging a dynamic scene over an extreme range of timescales simultaneously—seconds to picoseconds—and doing so passively, without much light, and without any timing signals from the light source(s) emitting it. Because existing flux estimation techniques for single-photon cameras break down in this regime, we develop a flux probing theory that draws insights from stochastic calculus to enable reconstruction of a pixel’s time-varying flux from a stream of monotonically-increasing photon detection timestamps. We use this theory to (1) show that passive free-running SPAD cameras have an attainable frequency bandwidth that spans the entire DC-to-31 GHz range in low-flux conditions, (2) derive a novel Fourier-domain flux reconstruction algorithm that scans this range for frequencies with statistically-significant support in the timestamp data, and (3) ensure the algorithm’s noise model remains valid even for very low photon counts or non-negligible dead times. We show the potential of this asynchronous imaging regime by experimentally demonstrating several never-seen-before abilities: (1) imaging a scene illuminated simultaneously by sources operating at vastly different speeds without synchronization (bulbs, projectors, multiple pulsed lasers), (2) passive non-line-of-sight video acquisition, and (3) recording ultra-wideband video, which can be played back later at 30 Hz to show everyday motions—but can also be played a billion times slower to show the propagation of light itself.
MIT Open Access

Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce desirable products on an industrial scale can result in unbalanced cellular metabolic networks that reduce productivity and yield. Metabolic fluxes can be rebalanced using dynamic pathway regulation, but few broadly applicable tools are available to achieve this. We present a pathway-independent genetic control module that can be used to dynamically regulate the expression of target genes. We applied our module to identify the optimal point to redirect glycolytic flux into heterologous engineered pathways in Escherichia coli, resulting in 5.5-fold increased titres of myo-inositol and titers of glucaric acid that improved from unmeasurable quantities to >0.8 g/L. Scaled-up production in benchtop bioreactors resulted in almost 10-fold and 5-fold increases in titers of myo-inositol and glucaric acid. We also used our module to control flux into aromatic amino acid biosynthesis to increase titers of shikimate in E. coli from unmeasurable quantities to >100 mg/L. Metabolic engineering manipulates cellular metabolism of microbes to maximize production of value-added products. Heterologous pathways compete with cellular metabolism, limiting product yields and affecting cell growth. Several approaches have been used to optimally alter steady-state flux distributions 1,2 ; however, traditional strategies such as gene knockouts, expression level tuning, and protein engineering cannot address challenges
pH, phosphorus and C:P dominantly control the community structure of bacteria, fungi, archaea and nitrogen-cycling-associated microbes in an arable chernozem.

The ecological characterization of soil microbes in northeastern China is unclear, hindering the sustainability evaluation of current agricultural practices. In the present study, we comprehensively monitored the soil properties and the community structure of bacteria, fungi, archaea, (bacterial and archaeal) nitrifiers and denitrifer in a chernozem in a long-term experiment located in this region, in order to identify the major determinant(s) on soil microbial structure. The results showed that correlation of a range of soil properties with community structure of the six important microbial groups in the present study supported the viewpoint that land use practices regulate soil microbial community structure through changing soil properties. Particularly, the observation that soil microbial community structure differentially diverged with pH and nutrient availability (total P concentration and C: P) suggested that comprehensive management should be designed to develop sustainability of current agriculture from the point of view of microbial community structure.
Characterization of dissolved organic matter from a Greenland ice core by nanospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract Nanospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was developed as a tool for examining the dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in ice cores, significantly reducing the sample volume required for extraction compared with previous studies. Using smaller sample volumes is important for resolving temporal changes in ice-core DOM. We demonstrate that a small volume of ice-core meltwater can be extracted and analyzed with sufficient mass spectral sensitivity to describe the molecular composition of the DOM. Two different solid-phase extraction resins (PPL and C18) were compared to examine potential fractionation of the DOM. Over 2500 unique molecular formulas isolated from two different Greenland ice-core samples, dated to approximately AD 1660 and AD 1360, were obtained from the analyses. Method and sensitivity improvements provide an opportunity for organic matter characterization at higher temporal resolution than our previous analyses afforded and allows for examination of ice cores containing low levels of organic carbon.
The impact of caregiver mental health on child prosocial behavior: A longitudinal analysis of children and caregivers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Background Prosocial behavior has positive social, cognitive, and physical health effects on the individual exhibiting the behavior as well as on society as a whole, and is integral to overall mental and physical wellbeing. The development of prosocial behavior is rooted in early childhood and learned through observation. As such, those spending time with children, especially their caregiver, play a critical role in their prosocial development. The current study investigates the impact of caregiver mental health on the prosocial development of young children over time. Methods This paper presents a secondary analysis of child prosocial development in the Asenze Study, a longitudinal, population-based cohort study based in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Children were followed-up over time from an average age of five to seven years along with their caregivers. Linear GEE regression analysis was used to assess whether a change in presence of a mental health disorder in a caregiver during this 2-year interval (using the Client Diagnostic Questionnaire) impacted the development of their child’s prosocial behavior (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). Results After adjusting for early child-care, child HIV status, SDQ child prosocial subscale, SDQ total difficulties score, and household order score (CHAOS), children whose caregivers acquired a mental health disorder had a significantly smaller increase in prosocial behavioral development compared to children whose caregivers never had a mental health disorder. Conclusions Identifying contextually relevant modifiable factors such as this will help stimulate the development of interventions to promote prosocial development in childhood.
Acute Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke Exposure During a Compound Event: A Case‐Crossover Study of the 2016 Great Smoky Mountain Wildfires

In 2016, unprecedented intense wildfires burned over 150,000 acres in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States. Smoke from these fires greatly impacted the region and exposure to this smoke was significant. A bidirectional case‐crossover design was applied to assess the relationship between PM2.5 (a surrogate for wildfire smoke) exposure and respiratory‐ and cardiovascular‐related emergency department (ED) visits in Western North Carolina during these events. For 0‐, 3‐, and 7‐day lags, findings indicated a significant increase in the odds of being admitted to the ED for a respiratory (ORs: 1.055, 95% CI: 1.048–1.063; 1.083, 1.074–1.092; 1.066, 1.058–1.074; respectively) or cardiovascular event (ORs: 1.052, 95% CI: 1.045–1.060; 1.074, 1.066–1.081; 1.067, 1.060–1.075; respectively) for every 5 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 over a chosen cutpoint of 20.4 μg/m3. For all endpoints assessed except for emphysema, there were statistically significant increases in odds from 5.1% to 8.3%. In general, this increase was most pronounced 3 days after exposure. Additionally, individuals aged 55+ generally experience higher odds of heart disease at the 3‐ and 7‐day lag points, and Black/African Americans generally experience higher odds of asthma at the 3‐day lag point. In general, larger fires and increased numbers of fires within counties resulted in higher health burden at same day exposure. In a secondary analysis, the odds of an ED visit increased by over 40% in several cases among people exposed to days above the Environmental Protection Agency 24‐hr PM2.5 standard of 35 μg/m3. Our findings provide new understanding on the health impacts of wildfires on rural populations in the southeastern US.
Computational mechanisms underlying latent value updating of unchosen actions

Current studies suggest that individuals estimate the value of their choices based on observed feedback. Here, we ask whether individuals also update the value of their unchosen actions, even when the associated feedback remains unknown. One hundred seventy-eight individuals completed a multi-armed bandit task, making choices to gain rewards. We found robust evidence suggesting latent value updating of unchosen actions based on the chosen action’s outcome. Computational modeling results suggested that this effect is mainly explained by a value updating mechanism whereby individuals integrate the outcome history for choosing an option with that of rejecting the alternative. Properties of the deliberation (i.e., duration/difficulty) did not moderate the latent value updating of unchosen actions, suggesting that memory traces generated during deliberation might take a smaller role in this specific phenomenon than previously thought. We discuss the mechanisms facilitating credit assignment to unchosen actions and their implications for human decision-making.