Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 94:204-206, February 1982 COMMENTS ON REDUCTION OF PHOTOELECTRIC PHOTOMETRY

A recent issue of these Publications contains an excellent discussion (Harris, FitzGerald, and Reed 1981; hereinafter HFR) of the machine reduction of photometric observations, with particular application to the widely employed UBV system. Of particular value, in addition to their discussion of computational matters, are the recommendation that one always plot residuals to look for a variety of systematic effects, rather than just accepting results as they are produced by a computing machine; that large air masses be avoided; that one combine data obtained over a number of nights into a single reduction program; that one employ standard stars covering at least the same range of characteristics as the program stars; and that the appropriate regressions (equations (2.8), (2.9), (3.2) in HFR) be employed. My experience with the UBV photometric system is based on programs concentrating on eclipsing binaries, with special effort made to tie the results to the UBV system without systematic error. Much of the fruit of this work is contained in two publications. For the first (Popper 1957), reductions were carried out with a desk calculator, while for the second (Popper and Dumont 1977), a modern computer was used. Appearance of the HFR work provides an impetus to comment briefly on certain practical aspects of photometric reductions not emphasized in HFR. Avoidance of systematic errors in the color indices of the order of 0.01 or 0.02 mag is a demanding task, toward the achievement of which these comments are directed. Astronomical problems in which errors of 0.01 or 0.02 in the color indices may be important include obtaining the color index of a hot star free of reddening; the related problem of determining small amounts of interstellar reddening; and the evaluation of ultraviolet excesses, to be correlated, for example, with heavy element deficiencies.
The nature of the millimetre emission in NGC 4102, NGC 4418, NGC 6000 and MRK 231.

Millimetre and submillimetre photometry of four galaxies with bright compact infrared nuclei is presented. The two galaxies with starburst nuclei have 60 μm-1 mm spectra well fitted by isothermal emission from cool (∼35 K) dust grains with a ν 2 emissivity dependence and no evidence of emission from a much colder dust component. Non-thermal nuclear emission and free-free emission arising from the nuclear H II regions become significant at wavelengths longer than 1 mm, where they can make a measurable contribution to the flux. The Seyfert galaxy Mrk 231 shows clear excess emission beyond 1 mm above the dust continuum fitted to the far-infrared and submillimetre photometry. Tits component has a flux level that is consistent with an extrapolation of the radio spectrum attributed to synchrotron emission
Cathode fall measurements in fluorescent lamps

We describe an improved method and apparatus for making capacitive measurements of the cathode fall in fluorescent lamps employing known behaviour of anode oscillations to provide a zero-of-potential reference, placing the entire cathode and anode fall waveform on an absolute rather than relative scale. The improved method is applicable to any diameter of fluorescent lamp currently manufactured. We also describe a method and apparatus for making spectroscopic measurements of the cathode fall in fluorescent lamps. This uses the abrupt onset of emission of certain selected spectral lines of the rare gas filling as a signal that the cathode fall has exceeded the excitation potentials of the spectral lines in question.
Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Genetic Analysis

Durbin, B. P., Hardin, J. S. , Hawkins, D. M. , and Rocke, D. M. (2002), “A Variance-Stabilizing Transformation for Gene-Expression Microarray Data,” Bioinformatics, 18 (Suppl. 1), S105–S110. Huber, W. , von Heydebreck, A. , Sültmann, H. , Poustka, A. , and Vingron, M. (2002), “Variance Stabilization Applied to Microarray Data Calibration and to the Quantification of Differential Expression,” Bioinformatics, 18 (Suppl. 1), S96–S104.
3. A New Approach to Estimating Life Tables with Covariates and Constructing Interval Estimates of Life Table Quantities

Extant approaches to constructing life tables generally rely on the use of population data, and differences between groups defined by discrete characteristics are examined by disaggregating the data before estimation. When sample data are used, few researchers have attempted to include covariates directly in the process of estimation, and fewer still have attempted to construct interval estimates for state expectancies when covariates are used. In this paper, we present a Bayesian approach that is useful for producing interval estimates for single-decrement, multiple-decrement, and multistate life tables. The method involves (1) estimating a hazard or survival model using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to produce a sample from the posterior distribution for the parameters of the model; (2) generating distributions of transition probabilities for selected values of covariates using the sample of model parameters; (3) using these distributions of transition probabilities as inputs for life table construction; and (4) summarizing the distribution of life table quantities. We illustrate the method on data simulated from the Berkeley Mortality Database, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (and follow-ups), and data from the National Long Term Care Survey, and we show how the results can be used for hypothesis testing.
Analysis of Preconditioners for Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations

Preconditioners for conjugate gradient (CG)-like iterative methods are analyzed. The systems of equations arise from discretizations of time-dependent hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) in two space dimensions. Incomplete LU (ILU) and block ILU preconditioners are considered for a model problem subject to periodic boundary conditions. The spectra of the preconditioned coefficient matrices are determined by Fourier analysis. It is found that the condition number is not improved by the ILU preconditioners. Furthermore, the number of distinct eigenvalues is not decreased. A semicirculant preconditioner applied to a problem, subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions at the inflow boundaries, is also examined. Analytical formulas for the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors are derived. For this purpose a special analysis, based on spectral decomposition and residue theory, is developed. When the grid ratio in space is less than one, the spectrum asymptotically becomes two finite curve segments, which are independent of the number of gridpoints. For the restarted generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iteration, a slight reduction of the grid ratio from one substantially improves the convergence rate. This is also predicted by an asymptotic analysis.
Equilibrium States of the Ising Model in the Two-Phase Region

We prove that at low enough temperature all translationally invariant equilibrium states for the Ising ferromagnet are a superposition of only two extremal states, i.e., the positively and negatively magnetized pure phases. In particular this proves, at low temperature and in two dimensions, the identity of the spontaneous magnetization and the Onsager's value ${M}_{0}={[1\ensuremath{-}{(sh\ensuremath{\beta})}^{\ensuremath{-}4}]}^{\frac{1}{8}}$.
Simulations of Coalescing Neutron Star and Black Hole Binaries

We investigate the dynamics and evolution of merging neutron stars, of neutron stars coalescing with stellar-mass black holes, and the formation and properties of accretion tori around the (remnant) black holes. The three-dimensional Newtonian hydrodynamics equations are integrated by a Eulerian PPM code on four nested Cartesian grids. The code includes the emission and backreaction of gravitational waves as well as a physical nuclear equation-of-state (Lattimer & Swesty 1991) and the neutrino emission from the hot matter. Lepton number and energy losses of the gas due to neutrino emission are treated by an elaborate neutrino leakage scheme which takes into account neutrinos and antineutrinos of all flavors. Neutrino-antineutrino annihilation in the vicinity of the merger is evaluated in a post-processing step. The gravity of the black hole is described with a Newtonian or, alternatively, with a Paczynski-Wiita potential. The hydrodynamic effect of the black hole is simulated by extracting all matter that flows into a sphere with radius equal to the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole or, in accretion simulations, twice the Schwarzschild radius. The NS/NS and BH/NS merging models yield information about gravitational wave and neutrino emission. Also, they allow us to determine the physical properties (masses, densities, temperatures, estimated life times) of the remnants of the mergers: a black hole surrounded by an accretion torus. In the NS/NS case, a thick disk with a mass around 0.1 Mforms after the massive and very compact central object that contains most of the mass of the merged neutron stars, has collapsed to a black hole, presumably on a dynamical time scale. The dynamics of BH/NS mergers is very sensitive to the neutron star to black hole mass ratio. For low ratios the neutron star transfers mass to the black hole during a few cycles of orbital decay and subsequent widening before finally being disrupted, whereas for ratios near unity the neutron star is already destroyed during its first approach. Agas mass of about 0.5 Mis left in an accretion torus around the black hole. The accretion tori radiate neutrinos at luminosities of up to several 10 53 erg/s. Higher luminosities are found for larger disk masses and smaller black holes. The emitted neutrinos and antineutrinos annihilate into e ± pairs with efficiencies of a few percent and rates of up to ∼ 2 × 10 52 erg/s, releasing an estimated energy of up to ∼ 10 51 erg in a pair-plasma fireball. The torus geometry favors relativistic expansion of the pair plasma along the baryon depleted system axis. The occurrence of moderately beamed jets with opening angles of several ten degrees is therefore likely. The jet energies and short accretion times of the tori of about 0.1 s are in the right range to account for the subclass of short and less energetic gamma-ray bursts.
Note on the Kerr Spinning‐Particle Metric

It is shown that by means of a complex coordinate transformation performed on the monopole or Schwarzschild metric one obtains a new metric (first discovered by Kerr). It has been suggested that this metric be interpreted as that arising from a spinning particle. We wish to suggest a more complicated interpretation, namely that the metric has certain characteristics that correspond to a ring of mass that is rotating about its axis of symmetry. The argument for this interpretation comes from three separate places: (1) the metric appears to have the appropriate multipole structure when analyzed in the manner discussed in the previous paper, (2) in a covariantly defined flat space associated with the metric, the Riemann tensor has a circular singularity, (3) there exists a closely analogous solution of Maxwell's equations that has characteristics of a field due to a rotating ring of charge.
Cation-based resistance change memory

A potential replacement for current charge-based memory technologies in the nanoscale device regime is a form of resistance change memory (RRAM) which utilizes cation transport and redox reactions to form and remove a conducting filament in a metal–electrolyte/insulator–metal (MEM/MIM) structure. A variety of oxide and higher chalcogenide materials have been used as the silver or copper ion transport medium, yielding devices with similar switching characteristics. The technology has been the subject of extensive research in academia and industry and is in an advanced stage of commercialization but there remain a number of fundamental questions regarding the fine details of device operation and the connection with electrochemical theory at the nanoscale. This review surveys some of the published research in the area and considers the topics of ion-conducting materials, rate limiting steps during device operation and filament stability. Device performance and modelling are also presented and discussed.
Two-step growth of high quality Bi2Te3 thin films on Al2O3 (0001) by molecular beam epitaxy

Large-area topological insulator Bi2Te3 thin films were grown on Al2O3 (0001) using a two-temperature step molecular beam epitaxy growth process. By depositing a low temperature nucleation layer to serve as a template for high temperature epitaxial film growth, a high quality terrace-step surface morphology with a significant reduction in three-dimensional defect structures was achieved. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that high crystalline quality Bi2Te3 layers were grown incoherently by van der Waals epitaxy using this technique. Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements verified the integrity of this growth method by confirming the presence of metallic surface states on cleaved two-step Bi2Te3 samples.
Single‐phase flow regimes in a discrete fracture model

Typical flow regimes occurring in a finite fractured reservoir, occupied by a single‐phase liquid, are quantified, using approximate analytical expressions. Estimates are provided for the time at the beginning and end of each regime and of the expected pressure drawdown within each regime. The central result is the derivation of an approximate r4/t self‐similarity for the bilinear flow regime, and new analytical expressions are obtained for the early and late development of this bilinear regime. The evolution of flow regimes is problem dependent, and examples of slope halving and slope doubling are provided for the transition between the first and second regimes. Examples discussed and quantified include radial and linear flows, fracture flows, bilinear flows, parallel flows, block drawdown, and finite fracture regimes.
Far-IR measurements at Cerro Toco, Chile: FIRST, REFIR, and AERI

In mid-2009, the Radiative Heating in the Underexplored Bands Campaign II (RHUBC-II) was conducted from Cerro Toco, Chile, a high, dry, remote mountain plateau, 23°S , 67.8°W at 5.4km, in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile. From this site, dominant IR water vapor absorption bands and continuum, saturated when viewed from the surface at lower altitudes, or in less dry locales, were investigated in detail, elucidating infrared (IR) absorption and emission in the atmosphere. Three Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) instruments were at the site, the Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Troposphere (FIRST), the Radiation Explorer in the Far Infrared (REFIR), and the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). In a side-by-side comparison, these measured atmospheric downwelling radiation, with overlapping spectral coverage from 5 to 100μm (2000 to 100cm-1), and instrument spectral resolutions from 0.5 to 0.643cm-1, unapodized. In addition to the FTIR and other ground-based IR and microwave instrumentation, pressure/temperature/relative humidity measuring sondes, for atmospheric profiles to 18km, were launched from the site several times a day. The derived water vapor profiles, determined at times matching the FTIR measurement times, were used to model atmospheric radiative transfer. Comparison of instrument data, all at the same spectral resolution, and model calculations, are presented along with a technique for determining adjustments to line-by-line calculation continuum models. This was a major objective of the campaign.
Nonlinear self-interaction of geodesic acoustic modes in toroidal plasmas

A self-nonlinear process involving the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) was analyzed. GAMs nonlinearly excite higher harmonics as quasimodes. In the fluid picture, the Reynolds stress is modeled by the drift wave action. Other nonlinear terms such as the coupling between parallel velocity and vorticity, and between density and vorticity, were also considered, and evaluated using linear eigenmodes. We considered nonlinearities up to the third order. Analytic expressions for the amplitude of the second harmonic GAM and the saturation level of the fundamental GAM were derived. The validity of the theory is discussed based on a comparison of experimental results with theoretical predictions.
ON THE USE OF THE STEIN VARIANCE ESTIMATOR IN THE DOUBLE k-CLASS ESTIMATOR IN REGRESSION

This paper investigates the predictive mean squared error performance of a modified double k-class estimator by incorporating the Stein variance estimator. Recent studies show that the performance of the Stein rule estimator can be improved by using the Stein variance estimator. However, as we demonstrate below, this conclusion does not hold in general for all members of the double k-class estimators. On the other hand, an estimator is found to have smaller predictive mean squared error than the Stein variance-Stein rule estimator, over quite large parts of the parameter space.
On the traversal of labyrinths by automata leaving unremovable labels

The problem of traversal of plane labyrinths by automata was set by C. Shannon at the beginning of sixties. It is known that there exists no finite automaton which can traverse an arbitrary preassigned labyrinth. It is natural to carry on the search of the positive solution of the problem of the traversal of labyrinths by automata in two directions. The first direction is concerned with consideration of more restricted classes of labyrinths and the second one is concerned with extension of capabilities of automata traversing labyrinths. In this paper it is shown that there exists an automaton leaving one unremovable label (colour) in nodes of a labyrinth which can traverse an arbitrary rectangular labyrinth. 1. THE FORMULATION OF THE RESULT OBTAINED Let Xa, a G A, be an indexed family of sets where A is finite. For any a e A we denote by Pra the mapping which projects the product onto its ath factor Xa. Let L ( V, Γ) be a connected oriented graph without loops and multiple arcs, V be the set of nodes, Γ the set of arcs of the graph L. If a graph L = (V, Γ) contains an arc (v2, vi) together with an arc (vj , v2) then this pair of arcs is called an edge and denoted by (vi , v2). A graph L is called symmetric if for any arc (vi,v2) e Γ the inclusion 0>i, v2) £ Γ holds. Let D = [e, n, w, s}. Let M E R, N G R, Μ Φ N, ~MN = α\ί + a^j where ij are the unit coordinate vectors of the Cartesian coordinate system on the plane. We assume that the segment MN has the direction e if a\ > Ο, α2 = 0, the direction n if a\ = 0, a2 > 0, the direction w if a} < 0, a2 = 0, the direction s if a} < 0, a2 = 0. A set T of segments on the plane is called a configuration if any two segments of this set can have no more than one common point, and moreover, if such a point exists, then it is necessarily an endpoint for both segments. Let L = (V, Γ) be such a graph that V c R, and a label of the set D is assigned to each arc of the graph L in such a way that different arcs directed away from one and the *UDC 519.7. Originally published in Diskretnaya Matematika (1997) 9, No. 1, 123-133 (in Russian). Received October 10, 1996. Translated by T. V. Khrapchenko.
Simulation Study on Fit Indexes in CFA Based on Data With Slightly Distorted Simple Structure

Fit indexes were compared with respect to a specific type of model misspecification. Simple structure was violated with some secondary loadings that were present in the true models that were not specified in the estimated models. The c2 test, Comparative Fit Index, Goodness-of-Fit Index, Incremental Fit Index, Nonnormed Fit Index, root mean squared error of approximation, standardized root mean square residual, and the c2/df values were investigated. Simulated data sets with 3 sample sizes (250, 500, and 1,000 cases), 4 levels of main loadings (.40,. 50,. 60, and. 80), 2 numbers of factors (4, 8), and 2 types of association matrix (covariance, correlation) were the basis for maximum likelihood estimation of orthogonal and oblique factor models. Some correlations between fit indexes were low. Moreover, small distortions from simple structure did not lead to misfit in the RMSEA and SRMR, but they often led to misfit in the incremental fit indexes. This result may be of interest for research on personality traits, where small violations of simple structure are very common.
The Verasonics ultrasound system as a pedagogic tool in teaching wave propagation, scattering, beamforming, and signal processing concepts in physics and engineering.

The Verasonics ultrasound system is a highly programmable data acquisition and processing platform designed to facilitate development of new medical ultrasound imaging methods. In contrast to conventional commercial ultrasound systems, individual element digitized rf data are available to the developer. All beamforming and postprocessing are done in software, and both the hardwaredata acquisition sequence and the host computer processing flow are programmable by the user using a MATLABinterface. Because the system is designed to be highly flexible, it can also be useful as a practical tool in teaching acoustic wave physics, transducer and array design, and data processing concepts, using benchtop scale homemade acoustic and elastic media, including flow models. For script evaluation and testing, the Verasonics system includes a hardware simulator that uses a simple point scatterer numerical model to compute rf backscatter data. rf data can also be recorded during a hardware acquisition, and then reprocessed using different user‐developed algorithms for comparative study. Because the system is easy to learn, many fundamental concepts can be explored in a laboratory setting, using scattering media or custom transducers fabricated as part of the student experimental plan. The system enables sophisticated hands‐on experience with acoustics beyond the numerical world.
An exact separation of the spin‐free and spin‐dependent terms of the Dirac–Coulomb–Breit Hamiltonian

The Dirac Hamiltonian is transformed by extracting the operator (σ⋅p)/2mc from the small component of the wave function and applying it to the operators of the original Hamiltonian. The resultant operators contain products of Pauli matrices that can be rearranged to give spin‐free and spin‐dependent operators. These operators are the ones encountered in the Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian, as well as some of higher order in α2. However, since the transformation of the original Dirac Hamiltonian is exact, the new Hamiltonian can be used in variational calculations, with or without the spin‐dependent terms. The new small component functions have the same symmetry properties as the large component. Use of only the spin‐free terms of the new Hamiltonian permits the same factorization over spin variables as in nonrelativistic theory, and therefore all the post‐self‐consistent field (SCF) machinery of nonrelativistic calculations can be applied. However, the single‐particle functions are two‐component orbitals having a.
Convective heat transfer past a continuously moving plate embedded in a non-Darcian porous medium in the presence of a magnetic field

In the present study, free-convection and heat-transfer behavior of an electrically conducting fluid is investigated near a stretching sheet embedded in a non-Darcian medium. The temperature of the stretching sheet is varied. The sheet is stretched linearly with variable velocity and temperature. Boundary-layer equations are derived. The resulting approximate nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically. Velocity and temperature profiles as well as the local Nusselt number and skin-friction coefficient are computed for various values of the magnetic field, the Prandtl number, the free convective parameter, and the inertia parameter. PACS No.: 44.30+v