Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hibernation physiology, freezing adaptation and extreme freeze tolerance in a northern population of the wood frog

SUMMARY We investigated hibernation physiology and freeze tolerance in a population of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, indigenous to Interior Alaska, USA, near the northernmost limit of the species' range. Winter acclimatization responses included a 233% increase in the hepatic glycogen depot that was subsidized by fat body and skeletal muscle catabolism, and a rise in plasma osmolality that reflected accrual of urea (to 106±10 μmol ml−1) and an unidentified solute (to ~73 μmol ml−1). In contrast, frogs from a cool-temperate population (southern Ohio, USA) amassed much less glycogen, had a lower uremia (28±5 μmol ml−1) and apparently lacked the unidentified solute. Alaskan frogs survived freezing at temperatures as low as −16°C, some 10–13°C below those tolerated by southern conspecifics, and endured a 2-month bout of freezing at −4°C. The profound freeze tolerance is presumably due to their high levels of organic osmolytes and bound water, which limits ice formation. Adaptive responses to freezing (−2.5°C for 48 h) and subsequent thawing (4°C) included synthesis of the cryoprotectants urea and glucose, and dehydration of certain tissues. Alaskan frogs differed from Ohioan frogs in retaining a substantial reserve capacity for glucose synthesis, accumulating high levels of cryoprotectants in brain tissue, and remaining hyperglycemic long after thawing. The northern phenotype also incurred less stress during freezing/thawing, as indicated by limited cryohemolysis and lactate accumulation. Post-glacial colonization of high latitudes by R. sylvatica required a substantial increase in freeze tolerance that was at least partly achieved by enhancing their cryoprotectant system.
A New Architecture to Perform Phishing via Trojan horse

Today internet is full of web security threats such as phishing attack, Email bombing, Trojan virus etc., the hackers are increasing in number day by day. They invent new techniques to steal data and confidential information. Here a hybrid approach to launch a phishing attack is proposed. We use Trojan horse, email bombing, data stealing to perform phishing attack. Such approach is a eye open for all people to have an idea, so that they can prevent and avoid threats.
Spore lytic enzyme released from Clostridium perfringens spores during germination

The exudate of fully germinated spores of Clostridium perfringens was found to contain a large amount of a spore lytic enzyme which acted directly on alkali-treated spores of the organism to cause germination. Although no detectable amount of the enzyme was found in dormant spores during germination in a KCl medium, the enzyme was produced rapidly and released into the medium. The optimal conditions for enzyme activity were pH 6.0 and 45 degrees C. Maximum activity occurred in the presence of various univalent cations at a concentration of 50 mM. The enzyme was readily inactivated by several sulfhydryl reagents. A strong reducing condition was generated in the ionic germination of the spores, a minimum Eh level of -350 mV being reached 30 min after initiation of germination. Furthermore, adenosine triphosphate-dependent pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.7.1) was identified in both dorman and germinated spores. The relationship between the release of active enzyme and the generation of reducing conditions during germination is discussed.
The Drosophila membrane receptor Toll can function to promote cellular adhesion.

The product of the Toll gene is a membrane protein required for the formation of dorso‐ventral polarity during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. It acts together with the other dorsal group gene products to specify a nuclear gradient of dorsal morphogen in the syncytial blastoderm stage embryo. Here we report the presence in Toll protein of additional sequences held in common with the human membrane receptor platelet glycoprotein 1b (Gp1b). We propose that these sequences in Toll form disulphide linked extracellular domains that are important for the binding of ligands in the perivitelline space of the embryo. In addition, we show that expression of Toll protein induced in a non‐adhesive cell line promotes cellular adhesion, a property held in common with the related Drosophila glycoprotein chaoptin. Toll protein in such aggregates accumulates at sites of cell‐cell interaction, a characteristic displayed by other cellular adhesion molecules. Taken together these findings suggest that the biochemical function of Toll protein is more closely analogous to that of Gp1b than previously thought.
Machine Learning Comparison between WorldView-2 and QuickBird-2-Simulated Imagery Regarding Object-Based Urban Land Cover Classification

The objective of this study is to compare WorldView-2 (WV-2) and QuickBird-2-simulated (QB-2) imagery regarding their potential for object-based urban land cover classification. Optimal segmentation parameters were automatically found for each data set and the obtained results were quantitatively compared and discussed. Four different feature selection algorithms were used in order to verify to which data set the most relevant object-based features belong to. Object-based classifications were performed with four different supervised algorithms applied to each data set and the obtained accuracies and model performances indexes were compared. Segmentation experiments carried out involving bands exclusively available in the WV-2 sensor generated segments slightly more similar to our reference segments (only about 0.23 discrepancy). Fifty seven percent of the different selected features and 53% of all the 80 selections refer to features that can only be calculated with the additional bands of the WV-2 sensor. On the other hand, 57% of the most relevant features and 63% of the second most relevant features can also be calculated considering only the QB-2 bands. In 10 out of 16 classifications, higher Kappa values were achieved when features related to the additional bands of the WV-2 sensor were also considered. In most cases, classifications carried out with the 8-band-related features generated less complex and more efficient models than those generated only with QB-2 band-related features. Our results lead to the conclusion that spectrally similar classes like ceramic tile roofs and bare soil, as well as asphalt and dark asbestos roofs can be better distinguished when the additional bands of the WV-2 sensor are used throughout the object-based classification process.
Life Skills for Young Adults with Learning Disabilities

This study looks at the influence of normalisation on the practice of teachers in adult training centres (ATCs) in Greece and more specifically at the curricula used in ATCs in Greece for young adults with learning disabilities. It examines whether the centre curriculum emphasises the teaching of social and life skills through activities outside the learning environment, and the kinds of difficulty that teachers face during the teaching of these skills. Data were gathered through interview and questionnaire, and are presented by content analysis, for the interviews, and analysed by descriptive quantitative methods wherever possible. A total of 44 Greek teachers from ATCs were interviewed. Results suggest that teachers avoid teaching life and social skills that relate to activities outside the ATC. Students visit mainly local shops and far fewer theatres, cinemas and public buildings. Additionally, in most of the visits students remain passive attendants without learning much in the way of life skills. Teachers' obstacles to teaching life and social skills outside ATCs are mainly lack of assistants, lack of time and lack of parents' co‐operation. Generally, it is difficult for teachers to reduce teaching time in the classroom and give the students the opportunity to apply their knowledge outside the classroom.
The development of scientific reasoning in knowledge-rich contexts.

In this study of the development of scientific reasoning, 10 5th-6th-grade children (5 boys and 5 girls) and 10 noncollege adults conducted experiments over 6 half-hour sessions to explore the causal structure of 2 physical science domains. Feedback in these systems, though relevant to discriminating among hypotheses, was noisy as a result of varying effect sizes and measurement error. After 2 hr on each task, both age groups demonstrated changes in their understanding of the content and in their strategies for generating and interpreting evidence. In general, the adults outperformed the children. Neither valid strategies nor correct beliefs alone was sufficient to guarantee success, suggesting that regarding experimentation either as domain-general induction or as domain-specific learning may oversimplify its complexity.
Imaging Modalities for the Noninvasive Assessment of Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease

The development of strictures in Crohn's disease is a main cause of hospitalization and often represent an indication for surgery. The differentiation between inflammatory and fibrotic strictures is useful to determine the optimal treatment. Today, the availability of noninvasive methods to assess the presence and extension of strictures offers new tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease. Bowel ultrasound, power doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging offer the additional advantage that they do not expose patients to ionizing radiation. In this paper we provide an update on the accuracy of these noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.
Social Adjustment Experiences of African American College Students

Using qualitative research methods, the authors investigated African American college students' social climate experiences. Results expanded previous research on the college transitions and counseling needs of African Americans in predominantly White campus environments. A descriptive model was constructed that identified 4 features of African American student social adjustment to predominantly White campuses: (1) sense of underrepresentedness, (2) direct perceptions of racism, (3) hurdle of approaching faculty, and (4) effects of faculty familiarity. Counseling implications for preventive programs, developmental interventions, and consultation activities are presented. Advantages and limitations of using qualitative designs to examine African American student issues are also discussed.
Security Testing Based on Attack Patterns

Testing for security related issues is an important task of growing interest due to the vast amount of applications and services available over the internet. In practice testing for security often is performed manually with the consequences of higher costs, and no integration of security testing with today's agile software development processes. In order to bring security testing into practice, many different approaches have been suggested including fuzz testing and model-based testing approaches. Most of these approaches rely on models of the system or the application domain. In this paper we suggest to formalize attack patterns from which test cases can be generated and even executed automatically. Hence, testing for known attacks can be easily integrated into software development processes where automated testing, e.g., for daily builds, is a requirement. The approach makes use of UML state charts. Besides discussing the approach, we illustrate the approach using a case study.
Reconstructing afﬁne codes from their memory traces

Complete comprehension of loop codes is desirable for a variety of program optimizations. Compilers perform static transforms and analyses, such as loop tiling or memory partitioning, by constructing and manipulating formal representations of the source code. Runtime systems observe and characterize application behavior to drive resource management and allocation, including dependence detection and parallelization, or scheduling. However, the source code of target applications is not always available to the compiler or runtime system in an analyzable form. It becomes necessary to ﬁnd alternate ways to model application behavior. This paper presents a novel mathematical framework to rebuild loops from their memory access trace. An exploration engine traverses a tree-like solution space, driven by the access strides in the trace. It is guaranteed that the engine will ﬁnd the minimal afﬁne nest capable of reproducing the observed sequence of accesses by exploring this space in a brute force fashion, but most real traces will not be tractable in this way. Methods for an efﬁcient solu-tion space traversal based on mathematical properties of the equation systems which model the solution space are proposed. The experimental evaluation shows that these strategies achieve efﬁ-cient loop reconstruction, processing hundreds of gigabytes of trace data in minutes. The proposed approach is capable of correctly and minimally reconstructing 100% of the static control parts in Poly-Bench/C applications. As a side effect, this achieves very high compression rates of trace ﬁles. When used for dynamic access characterization, it is capable of predicting over 99% of future memory accesses.
A unique report: development of super anti-human IgG monoclone with optical density over than 3.

PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies and related conjugates are key reagents used in biomedical researches as well as, in treatment, purification and diagnosis of infectious and non- infectious diseases. METHODS Balb/c mice were immunized with purified human IgG. Spleen cells of the most immune mouse were fused with SP2/0 in the presence of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG). Supernatant of hybridoma cells was screened for detection of antibody by ELISA. Then, the sample was assessed for cross-reactivity with IgM & IgA by ELISA and confirmed by immunoblotting. The subclasses of the selected mAbs were determined. The best clone was injected intraperitoneally to some pristane-injected mice. Anti-IgG mAb was purified from the animals' ascitic fluid by Ion exchange chromatography and then, mAb was conjugated with HRP. RESULTS In the present study, over than 50 clones were obtained that 1 clone had optical density over than 3. We named this clone as supermonoclone which was selected for limiting dilution. The result of the immunoblotting, showed sharp band in IgG position and did not show any band in IgM&IgA position. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, the conjugated monoclonal antibody could have application in diagnosis of infectious diseases like Toxoplasmosis, Rubella and IgG class of other infectious and non- infectious diseases.
Wind speed forecasting for power system operational planning

Wind power is a necessary addition to traditional power market. Wind power prediction therefore is necessary because of the intermittence nature of wind. A lot of studies have been performed to accurately predict wind power and local wind speed. In this paper, an artificial neural network based predictor is described to predict wind speed, which can be mathematically modeled as a highly nonlinear random process. In this new algorithm, the short-term patterns in wind speed data are grasped by artificial neural networks and the long-term pattern are classified as increasing, decreasing and almost stable. The whole process is also divided into two parts: artificial neural networks predict short-term value and the results are modified according to the long term pattern. The experimental results are compared with those of linear regression approaches. It shows the prediction-modification process improves short-term as well as long-term predictions.
Liver Transplantation for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma is a complex and devastating disease. Its complexity in part arises from the difficulty of establishing a diagnosis, especially in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients. We have found fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of cytologic specimens to be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. In particular, FISH polysomy is useful in establishing a diagnosis of this malignancy. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspirates of regional lymph nodes has high utility in identifying patients who have advanced disease with lymph node metastases. Patients who are resectable by conventional surgical techniques are referred for surgery. However, patients who are not resectable or who have PSC and meet highly selective criteria become eligible for liver transplantation. The protocol employs external beam radiation therapy followed by brachytherapy, and then capecitabine until a staging laparotomy is performed. There is a high dropout rate while patients await liver transplantation of approximately 30% at 12 months, due to tumor progression. Overall, survival rates are approximately 65-70% at 5 years. The disease recurrence rate is 20%. Patients who have masses greater than 3 cm or who do not meet the criteria identified above have worse outcomes. These survival rates are better than those following surgical resection. Vascular complications occur frequently after liver transplantation. Portal venous anastomotic strictures are very common and can be managed by stent placement. In summary, neoadjuvant chemoradiation plus liver transplantation achieves excellent survival for patients with early-stage perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Cooperation and Competition in Restructuring an Organization

The consequences of restructuring depend upon the conditions under which it is implemented. This study documents that cooperative goals are a powerful antecedent of successful restructuring. Employees from a telecommunications company that had undergone considerable restructuring were interviewed using the critical incident method. When placed in a new structure, employees who had cooperative goals had positive expectations, exchanged information and ideas, worked efficiently, and developed confidence that they would work productively in the future. Evidence also suggests the antecedents for goal interdependence and specifies the varied consequences of restructuring. Resume Les consequences d'une restructuration dependent des conditions dans lesquelles elle a ete effectuee. Cette etude se propose de montrer que si l'on a des objectifs demandant de la cooperation, la restructuration reussira beaucoup mieux. On a interviewe les employes d'une compagnie de telecommunication qui avait effectue une restructuration considerable. Ces entrevues ont utilise la methode de l'incident critique. On a trouve qu'apres la restructuration, les employes qui avaient des objectifs demandant la cooperation s'attendaient a des resultats positifs, echangeaient des renseignements et des idees, travail-laient efficacement et avaient bon espoir de travailler productivement a l'avenir. Les resultats suggerent aussi quels sont les antecedents necessaires a l'interdependance des objectifs et specifient diverses consequences de la restructuration.
A Psychometric Reexamination of Kolb'S Experiential Learning Cycle Construct: A Separation of Level, Style, and Process

The study examined Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory through a psychometric analysis and revision of Honey and Mumford's Learning Style Questionnaire (LSQ) using a sample of 185 middle/senior managers in the UK and Eire. Kolb's theoretical two bipolar-dimension orthogonal structure emerges, although it is made up of pairs that are not Kolb's configurative opposites but ones suggested by other scholars. The authors' principal finding is that no single measure can bear the weight of all of Kolb's constructs. The revision of the LSQ supports two psychometrically sound, orthogonally related, bipolar-style dimensions. Indirectly, this construct can give rise to four descriptions, based on their quadrants, that Kolb usefully treats as types. Unrelated to any measure is a four-stage process that the authors define as an ideal dynamic schema.
Elevated sCD163 in plasma but not cerebrospinal fluid is a marker of neurocognitive impairment in HIV infection

Objective:Here we evaluated whether neurocognitive disorders in HIV-infected individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with persistent monocyte activation as indexed by levels of soluble CD163 (sCD163), shed by monocyte/macrophages. Design:Chronically, HIV-infected individuals were examined at two consecutive visits median [interquartile range (IQR)] 16 (7–32) months apart. All patients were on ART and durably virologically suppressed (plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml) at all visits. Thirty-four age-matched HIV-seronegative patients were used as controls. Methods:A global deficit score (GDS) was calculated based on comprehensive neuropsychological assessment according to standard methods. Neuropsychological and medical data were used to assign neurocognitive status according to published guidelines for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) as follows: neuropsychologically normal (NP-nml), asymptomatic neuropsychological impairment (ANI) and minor neurocognitive disorder (MND). sCD163 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid was measured using ELISA. Results:GDS-impaired patients had higher plasma sCD163 than those who were not impaired [median (IQR) 1401 ng/ml (1057–2258) versus 955 ng/ml (586–1313); Wilcoxon P = 0.028]. Patients with MND (N = 6) had significantly higher plasma sCD163 than ANI (P = 0.04) or NP-nml (P = 0.02). Whereas plasma sCD163 levels dropped in patients who were stably GDS-unimpaired after the first visit (P < 0.032), levels remained elevated in those who remained GDS-impaired (P = 0.50). Interpretation:These findings are consistent with persistent monocyte/macrophage activation in neurophysiologically impaired HIV-infected individuals despite virally suppressive ART. Overall, these observations underscore the significance of monocyte/macrophage immune responses in HIV, persistent monocyte activation in HAND and the value of sCD163, as a plasma marker of neurocognitive impairment.
Model predictive control of single phase grid-connected inverter with LC filter

Model Predictive Control (MPC) method is proposed in this paper applied to a single phase grid-connected inverter. This method uses a state-space equation of the system to predict the next time value of current from the grid side by adjusting the duty ratio of inverter in each sampling period. The duty ratio which minimizes a cost function is selected. Then, taking advantage of the duty ratio to control the output current of single phase inverter. This scheme is easy to realize and its mathematical model is simple. This method is convenient compared with traditional control method of single phase inverter. There is no need to adjust PI parameters. The Simulation results show that the model predictive control can effectively predict the output current and the system performs very well.