Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Variable Relativistic Outflow of IRAS 13224–3809

The discovery of an ultrafast outflow has been reported in the z = 0.0658 narrow-line Seyfert galaxy IRAS 13224−3809. The ultrafast outflow was first inferred through the detection of highly blueshifted absorption lines and then confirmed with a principal component analysis. Two of the reported properties of this outflow differed from those typically detected in other AGNs with ultrafast outflows. First, the outflow velocity was found not to vary with v = 0.236c ± 0.006c. Second, the equivalent width of the highly blueshifted absorption line was reported to be anticorrelated with the 3–10 keV flux of this source. We present a reanalysis of the XMM-Newton observations of IRAS 13224−3809 considering the influence of background. We also undertook a different analysis approach in combining the spectra and investigated the change of the properties of the outflow as a function of 3–10 keV flux and time. We confirm the presence of an ultrafast outflow in IRAS 13224−3809; however, we find that the background spectra used in the Parker et al. analyses dominate the source spectra for energies near the blueshifted iron lines. By reducing the source extraction regions to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, we discover larger than previously reported outflow velocities and find that the outflow velocity varies from ∼0.2c to ∼0.3c and increases with 3–10 keV flux. The previously reported anticorrelation between equivalent width of the iron line and 3–10 keV flux disappears when the background spectra are reduced by optimizing the source extraction regions.
A 200 MHz 14 W Pulsed Optical Illuminator With Laser Driver ASIC and On-Chip DLL-Based Time Interpolator for Indirect Time-of-Flight Applications

The applications requiring three-dimensional information have been growing rapidly, including facial recognition, gesture recognition, auto-focus for 2D camera, self-driving autonomous vehicles, etc. Indirect Time-of-Flight (iToF) technique has been adopted widely for 3D depth imaging due to its high spatial resolution and excellent depth accuracy performance. In this brief, a 200 MHz pulsed optical Illuminator for iToF applications is reported. A 940 nm GaAs-based triple-junction VCSEL array is adopted and an integrated pulsed VCSEL driver ASIC in 180 nm BCD process is realized. Optical pulses with peak power up to 14 W can be transmitted by the laser illuminator with a maximum driving current of 6.5 A by the driver ASIC. The modulation frequency can be up to 200 MHz. Automatic optical power control (AOPC) is realized for stable optical power output and laser eye safety protection. An on-chip DLL-based time interpolator is proposed to eliminate the mechanical moving components used during system calibration. The measured absolute accuracy of the time interpolator is +/−50 ps with a resolution of 800 ps and tuning range of 49.6 ns. This brief effectively extends the measurement distance of the iToF system. The calibration efficiency is also improved with the proposed method.
Neutrons production on the IPHI accelerator for the validation of the design of the compact neutron source SONATE

We aim at building a compact accelerator-based neutron source (CANS) which would provide a thermal neutron flux on the order of 4x1012 n.s-1.cm-2.sr-1. Such a brilliance would put compact neutron sources on par with existing medium flux neutron research reactors for neutron scattering experiments. We performed the first neutron production tests on the IPHI proton accelerator at Saclay at a proton energy of 3 MeV. The thermal neutron flux were measured using gold foil activation and 3He detectors. The measured flux were compared with GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations (10.4) in which the whole experimental setup was modelled. There is a good agreement between the experimental measurements and the Monte-Carlo simulations. The available modelling tools will allow us to optimize the whole Target Moderator Reflector assembly together with the neutron scattering spectrometer geometries for the design of the neutron scattering facility SONATE.
Distribution, abundance and sighting patterns of multiple stocks of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in coastal Virginia waters

Three stocks of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are currently known to co‐occur in the coastal waters off Virginia. A combination of visual line‐transect survey and photo‐identification (photo‐ID) methods was used to gather information on the occurrence, distribution and density of bottlenose dolphins in the coastal areas of Norfolk and Virginia Beach. Sixty‐one line‐transect surveys were completed in two zones (inshore and offshore) between August 2012 and August 2015, with on‐effort coverage of 6,550 kilometres (km) of trackline over 349.6 hours. Conventional line‐transect analysis of bottlenose dolphin sightings showed both spatial and temporal variation in density (D) and abundance (N), with highest density in the inshore zone during warm‐water months (June–November). Inshore densities were calculated as 3.51 individuals per square kilometre (km2) (N = 1,090) in the warm‐water season and 0.73 individuals/km2 (N = 225) in cool‐water months (December–May). Densities in the offshore zone were 1.24 individuals/km2 (N = 741) in the warm‐water season and 0.61 individuals/km2 (N = 366) in the cool‐water season. Warm‐water density peaks support previous research; however, this study documents a cold‐season presence of dolphins in both zones not previously reported. Twenty‐seven photo‐ID surveys were completed and a photo‐ID catalogue was created using photos taken during both dedicated photo‐ID and line‐transect surveys, containing 1,335 unique individuals. Re‐sighting numbers were low, with less than 17% of individuals documented on more than one occasion, and only 4% sighted on three or more occasions, with a maximum of 4 re‐sightings. Days between re‐sightings ranged from 5 to 970, though distance between re‐sightings spanning greater time was minimal (less than 25km). Sighting locations of photo‐IDed dolphins were broken into three regions to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of individual distribution; dolphins sighted only in the Cape Henry (CH) or Inner Bay (IB) region were observed mostly during summer and fall seasons (93% CH, 100% IB) with none occurring during winter. For the Outer Coastline (OC) region, the majority of sightings (88%) occurred during fall and winter. Additionally, there were two individuals sighted during winter months also sighted during summer more than 130km to the north inside Chesapeake Bay (matched to a different catalogue). These sightings support the possibility that the current stock structure does not account for all dolphins in the region. Stock structure as currently understood is complicated, with overlapping spatial distribution of three stocks that separate seasonally. Our study provides information that may be useful for management, but also additional findings that could impact future stock designations
IDENTIFIKASI PERSON PADA GAME FIRST PERSON SHOOTER (FPS) MENGGUNAKAN YOLO OBJECT DETECTION DAN DIIMPLEMENTASIKAN SEBAGAI AGENT CERDAS AUTOMATIC TARGET HIT

Game First-person shooter (FPS) merupakan genre video game yang berpusat pada senjata, umumnya permainan ini membutuhkan akurasi untuk membidik sasaran dengan cepat. Tetapi pemain terutama pemain baru biasanya tidak memiliki reaksi yang cepat dalam mengetahui lawan(person) disekitarnya. Metode yang biasa digunakan adalah memanipulasi memori menggunakan dynamic-link library untuk membuat asisten bidik untuk mendeteksi lawan. Penelitian ini mendeteksi dan mengklasifikasi citra person dengan menggunakan metode YOLO. Versi YOLO yang digunakan sebanyak tiga versi, yaitu YOLOv3, YOLOv4 dan YOLOv5s, karena tingkat keberhasilan YOLO yang luar biasa. YOLO akurasi klasifikasi sebesar 65%, dan presisi sebesar 98% dengan peforma inference pada YOLO Tiny sebesar 30FPS. YOLO pada penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil yang baik pada klasifikasi, akan tetapi dibutuhkan metode untuk mempercepat inference yang baik juga untuk melakukan deteksi yang lebih cepat. Metode YOLO dapat digunakan untuk melakukan deteksi objek, akan tetapi pada kecepatan deteksi didapatkan hasil yang kurang memuaskan
An Observer With Cooperative Interaction Structure for Biasing Attack Detection and Secure Control

This article studies state estimation and attack reconstruction problems for sensor and actuator biasing attack detection and secure control in cyber–physical systems (CPSs) through the observer techniques. The considered unknown bounded biasing attacks are produced from any dynamical system satisfying the error system between it and its equilibrium to be input-to-state stable, so that some reported biasing attacks are contained as a special case. In order to deal with potential compromised sensor output signals, an auxiliary filter is first introduced. Then, an augmented system, including the CPS and filter dynamics is constructed. Furthermore, with the aid of the system structure and input–output data, fictitious systems comprising the information of attack reconstruction errors are given. And then, by the cooperative interaction between the dynamics of observer’s estimation errors and virtual systems, an observer with a cooperative interaction structure is proposed, where the fictitious systems can be viewed as co-workers conducing to the accurate state estimation and attack reconstruction. By the Lyapunov approach, it is shown that state estimations and reconstructed attack signals, respectively, converge to the small set around system states and real attack signals, and the set bound can be reduced by adjusting the observer’s parameter. The applications of the observer to biasing attack detection and secure control are further given. Finally, an illustrative example validates the proposed methods.
The aftermath of the Great Collision between our Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud

The Milky Way (MW) offers a uniquely detailed view of galactic structure and is often regarded as a prototypical spiral galaxy. But recent observations indicate that the MW is atypical: it has an undersized supermassive black hole at its centre; it is surrounded by a very low mass, excessively metal-poor stellar halo; and it has an unusually large nearby satellite galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Here, we show that the LMC is on a collision course with the MW with which it will merge in 2.4+1.2 −0.8 Gyr (68 per cent confidence level). This catastrophic and long-overdue event will restore the MW to normality. Using the EAGLE galaxy formation simulation, we show that, as a result of the merger, the central supermassive black hole will increase in mass by up to a factor of 8. The Galactic stellar halo will undergo an equally impressive transformation, becoming 5 times more massive. The additional stars will come predominantly from the disrupted LMC, but a sizeable number will be ejected on to the halo from the stellar disc. The post-merger stellar halo will have the median metallicity of the LMC, [Fe/H] = −0.5 dex, which is typical of other galaxies of similar mass to the MW. At the end of this exceptional event, the MW will become a true benchmark for spiral galaxies, at least temporarily.
Implications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Acute Cholangitis: A Systematic Review of Current Literature

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been associated with higher rates and poorer prognosis of infections, mainly due to poor glycemic control, reduced response of T-cells and neutrophils, and impaired migration, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis of leukocytes. However, the impact of T2DM on acute cholangitis (AC) has not been assessed so far. Thus, we aimed to explore this association by means of a systematic review of the literature. Methods: This systematic review was carried out based on the recommendations stated in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases to identify relevant publications depicting an association between T2DM and AC from the inception of these search services up to present. Results: We detected a total of 435 eligible records. After we applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were included in the present systematic review. Included manuscripts focused on the potential role of T2DM as a risk factor for the development of AC and on its contribution to a worse prognosis in AC, e.g., development of sepsis or other complications, the risk of AC recurrence and the impact on mortality. Conclusions: As compared to non-diabetic individuals, patients with T2DM have a higher risk of AC as a complication of choledocholithiasis or gallstone pancreatitis. Several oral hypoglycemic drugs used in the management of T2DM may also be involved in the onset of AC. Diabetic patients who suffer from AC have a higher likelihood of longer hospital stays and sepsis, as well as a higher risk of mortality and more severe forms of AC as compared to non-diabetic individuals.
Measurement of viscoelastic constants and Poisson’s ratio of carbon fiber reinforced composites using in-situ imaging

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is conducted to measure the viscoelastic nature of a material. The commercial DMA equipment calculates the complex modulus (E*) by assuming a constant Poisson’s ratio. In this work, a method is developed for the simultaneous measurement of Poisson’s ratio and complex modulus (E*) for carbon fiber (CF) reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) composites using in-situ optical measurements and digital image correlation. The computation of E* includes shear deflection and relaxes the assumption of constant Poisson’s ratio to obtain accurate values. DMA was conducted on 3D printed CF-ABS composite specimens with oscillating displacement of 10 µm and static load of 1 N at 1 Hz loading frequency. The results in this work reveal that CF-ABS composite does not have a constant Poisson’s ratio over temperature. Additionally, applying the Poisson’s ratio correction results in higher values for the complex modulus. This work is beneficial for composites where the shear deflection component should not be neglected, and where variation of Poisson’s ratio with respect to temperature is important.
Photometric Analysis and Transit Times of TRAPPIST-1 B and C

TRAPPIST-1 hosts seven Earth-sized planets transiting an M8 star. We observed mid-transit times of each of the inner two planets with the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) 3.5 m Telescope at Apache Point Observatory (APO) to help constrain the planet masses with transit timing variations, and we outline a procedure for analyzing transit observations of late-M stars with APO. The transit times of TRAPPIST-1 b and c are $\mathrm{BJD}_{\mathrm{TDB}} = 2457580.87634^{+0.00034}_{-0.00034}$ and $2457558.89477^{+0.00080}_{-0.00085}$, respectively, which will help constrain the planet masses.
More Relaxed but Less Helpful: The Relationship between Stress, Age, and Self-Reported Prosocial Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic

(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has collectively increased stress levels, with individuals making difficult choices between protecting themselves and helping others. Previous research has shown that people engage in more prosocial, or helping, behavior as they age and in moments of acute stress, but it is unclear how c stress has influenced perceived changes in prosocial behavior in the later stages of the pandemic and whether this varies across the lifespan. (2) Methods: The current study explored how perceived stress, age, and gender impact participants’ reports of perceived changes in their prosocial behavior due to the pandemic using survey questions administered through an online subject pool (n = 201). (3) Results: Hierarchical linear regression results revealed results indicated a significant main effect of perceived stress (β = −0.166, p = 0.021) and age (β = −0.217, p = 0.003) but not gender (β = −0.062, p = 0.370) on perceptions of how one’s prosocial behavior was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. (4) Conclusions: Study findings showed that older adults and individuals with higher levels of perceived stress reported a decrease in their prosocial behavior, which supported our hypotheses. These findings provide unique insight into the influence of a long-term health crisis on different groups of people’s participation in prosocial behavior, with implications for mental health and community engagement during a pandemic.
Neutron stars and millisecond pulsars in star clusters: implications for the diffuse γ-radiation from the Galactic Centre

Globular clusters (GCs) are the ideal environment for the formation of neutron stars (NSs) and millisecond pulsars (MSPs). NSs origin and evolution provide a useful information on stellar dynamics and evolution in star clusters, and are among the most interesting astrophysical objects, being precursors of several high-energy phenomena such as gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts. Due to a large velocity kick that they receive at birth, most of the NSs escape the local field, affecting the evolution and dynamics of their parent cluster. In this paper, we study the origin and dynamical evolution of NSs within GCs with different initial masses, metallicities and primordial binary fractions. We find that the radial profile of NSs is shaped by the BH content of the cluster, which partially quenches the NS segregation until most of the BHs are ejected from the system. Independently on the cluster mass and initial configuration, the NSs map the average stellar population, as their average radial distance is $\approx 60-80\%$ of the cluster half-mass radius. Finally, by assuming a recycling fraction of $f_\mathrm{rec}=0.1$ and an average MSP gamma-ray emission of $L_\gamma=2\times 10^{33}$ erg s$^{-1}$, we show that the typical gamma-ray emission from our GCs agrees with observations and supports the MSP origin of the gamma-ray excess signal observed by the Fermi-LAT telescope in the Galactic Centre.
Bayesian parameter constraints for neutron star masses and radii using X-ray timing observations of accretion-powered millisecond pulsars

We present a Bayesian method to constrain the masses and radii of neutron stars (NSs) using the information encoded in the X-ray pulse profiles of accreting millisecond pulsars. We model the shape of the pulses using “oblate Schwarzschild” approximation, which takes into account the deformed shape of the star together with the special and general relativistic corrections to the photon trajectories and angles. The spectrum of the radiation is obtained from an empirical model of Comptonization in a hot slab in which a fraction of seed black-body photons is scattered into a power-law component. By using an affine-invariant Markov chain Monte Carlo ensemble sampling method, we obtain posterior probability distributions for the different model parameters, especially for the mass and the radius. To test the robustness of our method, we first analysed self-generated synthetic data with known model parameters. Similar analysis was then applied for the observations of SAX J1808.4−3658 by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The results show that our method can reproduce the model parameters of the synthetic data, and that accurate constraints for the radius can be obtained using the RXTE pulse profile observations if the mass is a priori known. For a mass in the range 1.5–1.8 M⊙, the radius of the NS in SAX J1808.4−3658 is constrained between 9 and 13 km. If the mass is accurately known, the radius can be determined with an accuracy of 5% (68% credibility). For example, for the mass of 1.7 M⊙ the equatorial radius is Req = 11.9+0.5−0.4 km. Finally, we show that further improvements can be obtained when the X-ray polarization data from the Imaging X-ray Polarimeter Explorer will become available.
H1N1 Influenza A Virus Protein NS2 Inhibits Innate Immune Response by Targeting IRF7

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen and causes a highly infectious respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. IAV has evolved various strategies to counteract the innate immune response, using different viral proteins. However, the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) of H1N1 IAV negatively regulate the induction of type-I interferon. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that NS2 specifically interacts with interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). NS2 blocks the nuclear translocation of IRF7 by inhibiting the formation of IRF7 dimers, thereby prevents the activation of IRF7 and inhibits the production of interferon-beta. Taken together, these findings revealed a novel mechanism by which the NS2 of H1N1 IAV inhibits IRF7-mediated type-I interferon production.
SNEMO: Improved Empirical Models for Type Ia Supernovae

SN Ia cosmology depends on the ability to fit and standardize observations of supernova magnitudes with an empirical model. We present here a series of new models of SN Ia spectral time series that capture a greater amount of supernova diversity than is possible with the models that are currently customary. These are entitled SuperNova Empirical MOdels (SNEMO; https://snfactory.lbl.gov/snemo). The models are constructed using spectrophotometric time series from 172 individual supernovae from the Nearby Supernova Factory, comprising more than 2000 spectra. Using the available observations, Gaussian processes are used to predict a full spectral time series for each supernova. A matrix is constructed from the spectral time series of all the supernovae, and Expectation Maximization Factor Analysis is used to calculate the principal components of the data. K-fold cross-validation then determines the selection of model parameters and accounts for color variation in the data. Based on this process, the final models are trained on supernovae that have been dereddened using the Fitzpatrick and Massa extinction relation. Three final models are presented here: SNEMO2, a two-component model for comparison with current Type Ia models; SNEMO7, a seven-component model chosen for standardizing supernova magnitudes, which results in a total dispersion of 0.100 mag for a validation set of supernovae, of which 0.087 mag is unexplained (a total dispersion of 0.113 mag with an unexplained dispersion of 0.097 mag is found for the total set of training and validation supernovae); and SNEMO15, a comprehensive 15-component model that maximizes the amount of spectral time-series behavior captured.
Current correlators in the coordinate space at short distances

We calculate the vector and axial-vector current correlators in the coordinate space and compare them with the experimental information obtained through the spectral functions of hadronic tau decays measured by ALEPH. Lattice data are obtained with 2+1 Mobius domain-wall fermions at three lattice spacings 0.044, 0.055 and 0.080 fm and the continuum limit is taken. The correlators calculated on the lattice after extrapolating to the physical point agree with those converted from the ALEPH data.