Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validating whole slide imaging for diagnostic purposes in pathology: guideline from the College of American Pathologists Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center.

CONTEXT There is increasing interest in using whole slide imaging (WSI) for diagnostic purposes (primary and/or consultation). An important consideration is whether WSI can safely replace conventional light microscopy as the method by which pathologists review histologic sections, cytology slides, and/or hematology slides to render diagnoses. Validation of WSI is crucial to ensure that diagnostic performance based on digitized slides is at least equivalent to that of glass slides and light microscopy. Currently, there are no standard guidelines regarding validation of WSI for diagnostic use. OBJECTIVE To recommend validation requirements for WSI systems to be used for diagnostic purposes. DESIGN The College of American Pathologists Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center convened a nonvendor panel from North America with expertise in digital pathology to develop these validation recommendations. A literature review was performed in which 767 international publications that met search term requirements were identified. Studies outside the scope of this effort and those related solely to technical elements, education, and image analysis were excluded. A total of 27 publications were graded and underwent data extraction for evidence evaluation. Recommendations were derived from the strength of evidence determined from 23 of these published studies, open comment feedback, and expert panel consensus. RESULTS Twelve guideline statements were established to help pathology laboratories validate their own WSI systems intended for clinical use. Validation of the entire WSI system, involving pathologists trained to use the system, should be performed in a manner that emulates the laboratory's actual clinical environment. It is recommended that such a validation study include at least 60 routine cases per application, comparing intraobserver diagnostic concordance between digitized and glass slides viewed at least 2 weeks apart. It is important that the validation process confirm that all material present on a glass slide to be scanned is included in the digital image. CONCLUSIONS Validation should demonstrate that the WSI system under review produces acceptable digital slides for diagnostic interpretation. The intention of validating WSI systems is to permit the clinical use of this technology in a manner that does not compromise patient care.
The secluded minds of violent patients

In this paper, I will present two violent patients suffering from severe Personality Disorders, illustrating the changes that can arise during the course of several years' psychoanalytic treatment in high security hospital. Progress was monitored using the Operationalised Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD) system. The clinical presentations will indicate how secluded these patients' minds are to themselves and to those involved in their care. The psychoanalytic treatment, as one part of the overall treatment, is described to show how the secluded parts of the patients'' minds can be approached, including references to the regular regressions that arise, provoked by ‘getting better’.
The Timing of the Cognitive Cycle

We propose that human cognition consists of cascading cycles of recurring brain events. Each cognitive cycle senses the current situation, interprets it with reference to ongoing goals, and then selects an internal or external action in response. While most aspects of the cognitive cycle are unconscious, each cycle also yields a momentary “ignition” of conscious broadcasting. Neuroscientists have independently proposed ideas similar to the cognitive cycle, the fundamental hypothesis of the LIDA model of cognition. High-level cognition, such as deliberation, planning, etc., is typically enabled by multiple cognitive cycles. In this paper we describe a timing model LIDA's cognitive cycle. Based on empirical and simulation data we propose that an initial phase of perception (stimulus recognition) occurs 80–100 ms from stimulus onset under optimal conditions. It is followed by a conscious episode (broadcast) 200–280 ms after stimulus onset, and an action selection phase 60–110 ms from the start of the conscious phase. One cognitive cycle would therefore take 260–390 ms. The LIDA timing model is consistent with brain evidence indicating a fundamental role for a theta-gamma wave, spreading forward from sensory cortices to rostral corticothalamic regions. This posteriofrontal theta-gamma wave may be experienced as a conscious perceptual event starting at 200–280 ms post stimulus. The action selection component of the cycle is proposed to involve frontal, striatal and cerebellar regions. Thus the cycle is inherently recurrent, as the anatomy of the thalamocortical system suggests. The LIDA model fits a large body of cognitive and neuroscientific evidence. Finally, we describe two LIDA-based software agents: the LIDA Reaction Time agent that simulates human performance in a simple reaction time task, and the LIDA Allport agent which models phenomenal simultaneity within timeframes comparable to human subjects. While there are many models of reaction time performance, these results fall naturally out of a biologically and computationally plausible cognitive architecture.
Psychological Safety as Determinants of the Belief in Dangerous Online Communities Mediated by General and Online Social Anxiety

This study explores the antecedents and outcomes of in dividual perceived safety in life. After factoring out beliefs and social anxiety, Facebook use was selected as a predictor for related psychological symptoms. A confirmatory factor analysis was applied to 230 email validated samples. Structural equation modeling was used to test the predictions for each construct. The results show that Psychological need of safety was positively correlated to both social anxieties and positively reflected to beliefs in dangerous online communities. The implication is that if the participants have high level of both social anxieties, then they have high levels of belief in dangerous online communities. The implication of these findings in conjunction with a number of discussions and recommendations for future research are provided. Keywords-general social anxiety; online social anxiety; psychological needs for safety; belief in a dangerous online community
Cluster Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Scaling Relations

X-ray observations of an "entropy floor" in nearby groups and clusters of galaxies offer evidence that important nongravitational processes, such as radiative cooling and/or "preheating," have strongly influenced the evolution of the intracluster medium (ICM). We examine how the presence of an entropy floor modifies the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect. A detailed analysis of scaling relations between X-ray and SZ effect observables and also between the two primary SZ effect observables is presented. We find that relationships between the central Compton parameter and the temperature or mass of a cluster are extremely sensitive to the presence of an entropy floor. The same is true for correlations between the integrated Compton parameter and the X-ray luminosity or the central Compton parameter. In fact, if the entropy floor is as high as inferred in recent analyses of X-ray data, a comparison of these correlations with both current and future SZ effect observations should show a clear signature of this excess entropy. Moreover, because the SZ effect is redshift independent, the relations can potentially be used to track the evolution of the cluster gas and possibly discriminate between the possible sources of the excess entropy. To facilitate comparisons with observations, we provide analytic fits to these scaling relations.
Work and Career Expectations of Insurance Company Employees and the Impact on Unionisation

The paper presents the results of a study of insurance company employees in 1979. The sample differentiated between `professionals' whose work was not significantly affected by computerisation and rationalisation, and `non-professionals' whose work had generally changed fundamentally through these processes. The data obtained covered the areas of respondents' jobs and their views of both their employer and trade union. A widespread lack of fulfilment of traditional expectations was identified, especially concerning promotion prospects. It was also found that these employees were interested in union involvement in topics such as the career structure and work content which have been regarded as areas of managerial prerogative. The study concludes that experience of decline in traditional white-collar work expectations, hastened by computerisation, leads such employees to view their union as a possible means of gaining influence over their work and careers.
Performance measurement of supply chain flexibility using witness

Article history: Received April 25, 2012 Received in Revised form June, 16, 2012 Accepted 28 June 2012 Available online July 8 2012 In today’s global scenario of intense competition and environmental uncertainty flexibility in supply chain has an important role to play for the existence of any supply chain business. A need to be responsive to the constantly changing market scenario and cater to the customer needs, a certain degree of flexibility is required, which requires the coordination of many plants to produce and deliver goods to customers located in different places, and suppliers, which provide each plant with the required components. This paper intends to measure the degree of flexibility required for a two stage supply chain and assessing both the supplier flexibility and the assembler flexibility. In this paper, nine configurations of the SC are considered resulting from the combination of the three degrees of supplier and manufacturer flexibility, i.e. no flexibility, limited flexibility and total flexibility, respectively. Simulation model representing the different flexibility configurations are evaluated and the performance of each configuration analyzed to determine the flexibility configuration suitable to a supply chain. In particular the performance analysis of lead time, work-in-process, service level and cost are measured to determine the suitable flexibility. © 2012 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Overexploitation and Species Extinctions

Extinctions are part of the normal process of natural selection and evolution , but we now face a massive human-induced extinction crisis, with extinction rates estimated at 1000 to 10,000 times the expected rate (Pimm et al. 1995). Currently, 24% of mammals and 12% of birds are at risk of extinction (Hilton-Taylor 2000). Overexploitation is a significant factor underlying species extinctions and frequently operates synergisti-cally with other forms of human-induced disturbances such as habitat loss (Mace & Balmford 2000; Peres 2001). The richest areas for biodiversity are those with the highest numbers of threatened species, and these areas also have high numbers of malnourished and poor people (Mainka 2002). It is therefore a significant challenge to ensure the survival of species and the livelihoods of people dependent on those species in many parts of the world. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has two conservation goals that reflect the broad set of interests of the overall conservation community. (1) Face the extinction crisis. The extinction crisis and massive loss in biodiversity are universally recognized as a shared responsibility that should result in action to reduce this loss of diversity within species, between species, and in ecosystems. (2) Maintain or restore ecosystem integrity. Ecosystems can be maintained and, where necessary, restored, and any use of natural resources should be sustainable and equitable. We discuss the use of wild species for meat within the context of the extinction crisis, acknowledging that loss of species can also have serious consequences for ecosystem function (e.g., Kaiser & Jennings 2001). The 2000 IUCN Red List (Hilton-Taylor 2000) contains information on the conservation status of a selected set of species. The evaluated species include all mammals, all birds, and many of the most commonly exploited wild-meat species. Therefore , we concentrate on the role of overexploitation in the decline of bird and mammal species. Of the 24% of mammals threatened with extinction, direct loss and overex-ploitation is considered a major threat to 34% (Hilton-Taylor 2000). Overall, overexploitation is such a major issue that it actually triggered red listing for 14% of threatened mammals (Table 1). Of most concern are the 15 critically endangered species (8% of all critically endangered mammals) for which exploitation is believed to be largely responsible for the population decline. Mace and Balmford (2000) recorded 1102 major threats to 600 species of mammals, including nonthreat-ened species. Overkill, including use of species for food and …
Cometabolic Degradation of Dibenzofuran by Biphenyl-CultivatedRalstonia sp. Strain SBUG 290

ABSTRACT Cells of the gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia sp. strain SBUG 290 grown in the presence of biphenyl are able to cooxidize dibenzofuran which has been 1,2-hydroxylated. Meta cleavage of the 1,2-dihydroxydibenzofuran between carbon atoms 1 and 9b produced 2-hydroxy-4-(3′-oxo-3′H-benzofuran-2′-yliden)but-2-enoic acid, which was degraded completely via salicylic acid. The presence of these intermediates indicates a degradation mechanism for dibenzofuran via lateral dioxygenation by Ralstonia sp. strain SBUG 290.
Predictors of perceived benefits and drawbacks of using paid service among daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers of people with dementia

ABSTRACT This study examines the types of benefits and drawbacks of a sample of daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers (CG) of people with dementia and explores the predictors associated with the identified benefits and drawbacks. The current study used a secondary analysis of a purposive sample of 102 daughters or daughters-in-law living in Northeast Ohio who were required to be using at least 8 hours of paid services per week to help in caring for their care recipient (CR) with Alzheimer’s disease or other memory problems. Logistic regression was used. All respondents answered that there were benefits of having the paid help, but 51% of them reported drawbacks as well. The analyses revealed that predictors of each identified benefit and drawback were different. Information about benefits and drawbacks of paid help is useful for service providers to design better services for CGs of people with dementia.
Intergenerational Remote Exergaming with Family and Friends for Health and Leisure

Global guidelines for physical activity are not being met by most of the world’s youths, adults, and older adults. Family and friends who engage in physical activity across generations derive emotional, social, cognitive, and physical benefits from their interaction. Youths depend on adult assistance to travel long distances, adults are encumbered with obligations to work, and older adults often live more than 200 miles from their extended families. Intergenerational physical activity is difficult because generations are distant and lead busy lifestyles. Remotely played exergames can connect family and friends for intergenerational physical activity. Internet exergaming can help to make physical activity convenient and enjoyable as well as eliminate the effect of distance on playing with family and friends.
The Psychopharmacology of addiction

The psychopharmacology of addiction - Benzodiazepine tolerance and dependence the "in vitro" pharmacology of selective opioid ligands the puzzle of nicotine use ethanol, phosphoinositides and transmembrane signalling - towards a unifying mechanism of action adaptation in neuronal Ca2+-channels may cause alcohol physical dependence drug anticipation and drug tolerance drug reward studied by the use of place conditioning in rats the role of opiate mechanisms in social relationships caffeine physical dependence and reinforcement in humans and laboratory animals the essence of benzodiazepine dependence psychopharmacology and social psychology - complementary or contradictory? Index.
Population dynamics of untreated Plasmodium falciparum malaria within the adult human host during the expansion phase of the infection

A retrospective analysis was performed of parasite count data recorded from the first 7 days of blood or mosquito transmitted Plasmodium falciparum infections given for the treatment of neurosyphilis in the USA before 1963. The objective of this study was to characterize initial growth dynamics before host defences have significant effects on the infecting parasite population. Of the 328 patients' data available for analysis, 83 were excluded because they had received anti-malarial treatment during the first 7 days of the patent infection. Nonlinear mixed effects modelling was performed to estimate the parameters of interest; ‘parasite multiplication rate per 48 h’ (PMR), and length of the parasite life-cycle (periodicity). The parasitaemia versus time profiles showed great variability between patients. The mean population estimate of ‘PMR’ was approximately 8, and was highly dependent on the P. falciparum ‘strain’. PMR also varied significantly between patients with a 90% prediction interval varying from 5·5 to 12·3-fold. Both intrinsic parasite multiplication rate (an intrinsic virulence determinant), and host susceptibility and defence contribute to expansion of the parasite biomass and thus disease severity in falciparum malaria.
Immunohistochemical Profile for Unknown Primary Adenocarcinoma

Background Development of tailored treatment based on immunohistochemical profiles (IPs) of tumors for cancers of unknown primary is needed. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed an algorithm based on primary known adenocarcinoma for testing sensitivity and specificity. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 71 patients of unfavorable subsets of unknown primary adenocarcinoma were obtained. We examined 15 molecular markers using the algorithm incorporating these IPs and classified the tumours into 9 subsets based on the primary tumour site. The sensitivity and specificity of this algorithm were 80.3% and 97.6%, respectively. Apparent primary sites were lung in 17 patients, digestive organs in 13, gynecological organs in 9, prostate in 7, liver or kidney in 6, breast in 4, urothelial organ in 2, biliary tract and pancreatic profile in none, and unclassified in 13. The response rate to chemotherapy was highest for the gynecological IPs. Patients with gynecological or lung cancer IPs had longer median progression-free survival than those with others: 11.2 months for gynecological IPs (p<0.001) and 6.8 months for lung IPs (p = 0.05). Lung, digestive, prostate, and gynecological profiles were associated with significantly longer median survival time than the other profiles. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the IPs were independent prognostic factors for survival. Conclusions/Significance The IPs identified in this study can be used to further stratify patient prognosis for unfavorable subsets of unknown primary adenocarcinoma.
The Advanced Computing Systems Association Efficient Support for P-http in Cluster-based Web Servers Efficient Support for P-http in Cluster-based Web Servers

This paper studies mechanisms and policies for supporting HTTP/1.1 persistent connections in cluster-based Web servers that employ content-based request distribution. We present two mechanisms for the efficient, content-based distribution of HTTP/1.1 requests among the back-end nodes of a cluster server. A trace-driven simulation shows that these mechanisms, combined with an extension of the locality-aware request distribution (LARD) policy, are effective in yielding scalable performance for HTTP/1.1 requests. We implemented the simpler of these two mechanisms, back-end forwarding. Measurements of this mechanism in connection with extended LARD on a prototype cluster, driven with traces from actual Web servers, confirm the simulation results. The throughput of the prototype is up to four times better than that achieved by conventional weighted round-robin request distribution. In addition, throughput with persistent connections is up to 26% better than without.
Gender pay gap and its perceptions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to broaden the domain of the gender pay gap research by exploring individuals' perceptions of it. Examining the factors that have an impact on the way individuals perceive the gender pay gap helps answering the question of why it persists and how to overcome it.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a conceptual model of the factors proposed to influence individuals' perceptions of the gender pay gap by adopting social comparison, equity, occupational socialization, relative deprivation, expectancy and social dominance theories as well gender socialization perspective.Findings – According to the conceptual framework, such individual factors as pay expectations, gender role orientation, perceived pay fairness, gender, age, marital status and education facilitate the perceived gender pay gap. Furthermore, gender composition of employment sector and occupational status predict individuals' perceptions of the gender pay gap. Finally, welfare state regime and th.
Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics

Introduction: The Social Construction of Economics and the Social Construction of Gender , Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson 1 The Study of Choice or the Study of Provisioning? Gender and the Definition of Economics , Julie A. Nelson 2 The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions , Paula England 3 Not a Free Market: The Rhetoric of Disciplinary Authority in Economics , Diana Strassmann 4 Some Consequences of a Conjective Economics , Donald N. McCloskey 5 Socialism, Feminist and Scientific , Nancy Folbre 6 Public or Private? Institutional Economics and Feminism , Ann L. Jennings 7 Discussion and Challenges , Rebecca M. Blank, Rhonda M. Williams, Robert M. Solow, Helen E. Longino
Relationship between % heart rate reserve and % VO2 reserve in treadmill exercise.

For exercise prescription purposes, it is often assumed that % heart rate reserve (%HRR) provides equivalent intensities to %VO2max. However, a recent study from this laboratory demonstrated that during cycling exercise %HRR is not equivalent to %VO2max, but is instead equivalent to a percentage of the difference between resting and maximal VO2, i.e., % VO2reserve (%VO2R). The current study examined these relationships during treadmill exercise. Fifty adults performed Bruce protocol treadmill tests to exhaustion. For each subject, data obtained at rest, at the end of each stage, and at maximum were used to determine linear regressions of %HRR versus %VO2max, and of %HRR versus %VO2R. For %HRR versus %VO2max the mean intercept and slope were -6.1+/-0.7 and 1.10+/-0.01, respectively, with a mean r of 0.990+/-0.002. For %HRR versus %VO2R, the mean intercept and slope were 1.5+/-0.6 and 1.03+/-0.01, respectively, with a mean r of 0.990+/-0.002. Both regressions differed statistically from the line of identity (i.e., intercept of 0 and slope of 1). However, the regression of %HRR versus %VO2R was significantly closer (P < 0.001 ) to the line of identity than was the regression of %HRR versus %VO2max. We conclude that %HRR should be considered as an indicator of %VO2R, not %VO2max, when prescribing treadmill exercise, as was previously concluded for cycling exercise.