Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women's Participation in the Rwandan Genocide

Although public-health-based violence-prevention trials have been successful in a variety of high-risk settings, no study has addressed the prevention of genocide, a form of population-based catastrophic violence. In addition, little is known about women who participate in genocide, including women's motivations for active participation in hands-on battery, assault, or murder. In order to explain why women assaulted or murdered targeted victims during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, we interviewed ten Rwandan female genocide perpetrators living in prisons and communities in six Rwandan provinces in 2005. Respondents' narratives reveal two distinct pictures of life in Rwanda, separated by an abrupt transition: Life prior to 6 April 1994 and Life during the 1994 genocide (6 April-15 July 1994). In addition, respondents described four experiential pressures that shaped their choices to participate in the 1994 genocide: (1) a disaster mentality; (2) fear of the new social order; (3) confusion or ambivalence about events on the ground; and (4) consonance and dissonance with gender roles. The unique combination of these factors that motivated each female genocide participant in Rwanda in 1994 would shift and evolve with new situations. These findings may have implications for understanding and preventing catastrophic violence in other high-risk jurisdictions.
Total variation error bounds for convex approximations of two-stage mixed-integer recourse models

Many practical decisions have to be made while future data are uncertain. The stochastic programming approach to such decision problems is to model the uncertain data as random parameters and to assume that all probabilistic information concerning these random parameters is known or can be accurately estimated. A particular class of such models, studied in this thesis, comprises mixed-integer recourse models. These models have a wide range of applications in e.g. engineering, logistics, energy, and finance. They combine the modeling power but also the difficulties of random parameters and integer decision variables, so that in general they are extremely difficult to solve. This thesis contributes to the theory of mixed-integer recourse models by constructing approximations having desirable properties (such as convexity) for optimization purposes. To guarantee the performance of these approximations, error bounds on the approximation error are derived. Several subclasses and problem instances of mixed-integer recourse models are considered, ranging from simple integer recourse models to mixed-integer recourse models in general.
CURTAILING PROCEDURAL PAIN / STRESS IMPACT IN EXTREMELY PREMATURE INFANTS: CURRENT PRUDENCE AND CROATIAN CONSUETUDE

For a long time belief persisted that premature infants do not experience pain. Extremely premature newborns are exposed to number of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions during their stay in neonatal intensive care units. That time coincides the time of rapid brain development, when transitional neuronal structures are particularly vulnerable. Repeated painful and stressful procedures have proven impact on brain development of premature infant. As long-term effects of procedural pain and stress were recognized efforts of reduction became an imperative of neonatal medicine. We present non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods of procedural pain control; action, known side-effects and efﬁ cacy. We also refer to practice of high level neonatal intensive care units in Croatia. Non-pharmacological methods such as non-nutritive sucking, facilitated tucking, swadling, parental involvement, and others, have proven efﬁ ciency in pain control of many procedures causing mild pain. In combination with topical anesthetics and sweeteners they are effective in procedures of moderate intensity. Non-far-macologicala methods affect transmission of painful stimuli and as sweeteners dampen behavioral response. Among drugs opioids are far most effective during severly painful procedures and side-effects should be balanced with impact of pain and stress. Eye examination for retinopathy of prematurity is an inevitable procedure stressful at the very eye drops application. It demands to be marked since only opioids have proven absolute efﬁ cacy which should be kept in mind with ventilated and haemodynamically unstable patients. Non-pharmacological methods as well as topical anestetics are uneffective when heel lance for blood sampling is performed. Overall, awareness of pain and stress in Croatian high level units exists, but recognition of pain and stress malevolence and action in terms of prevention are still insufﬁ cient, especially in terms of mild to moderate intensity procedures.
Self-Management in Allergic Rhinitis: Strategies, Outcomes and Integration into Clinical Care

Abstract Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease, characterized by typical symptoms and type 2 inflammation. Standard treatment is usually effective and safe, and most medications are available as over-the-counter (OTC). Therefore, AR patients, mostly at the AR onset or if symptoms are mild, prefer to manage symptoms themselves. However, self-management could be associated with problems, including inadequate control or medication abuse. Therefore, this paper aimed at presenting and discussing this issue. Ideally, self-management should be conducted under medical supervision. In this regard, telemedicine could represent a valuable tool for implementing self-management. Visual analog scale (VAS) is a perfect parameter to measure symptom severity, medications use, and AR control. In addition, VAS is easily monitored over time. Presently, a mobile application allows to AR patients of self-managing themselves. Therefore, mobile healthcare may supply fundamental support in communication and decision-making. In this regard, VAS represents the best tool to monitor symptoms’ severity and control over time. Finally, pharmacological and non-pharmacological remedies are numerous and effective but should be used wisely.
Assessment of the clinical significance of gelatinase activity in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis patients using quantitative protein substrate zymography.

Objective To measure gelatinase activities in paired synovial fluid (SF) and serum of patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), and to assess how these activities relate to clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity. Methods A quantitative protein substrate zymography method was adapted and validated for use with serum and SF. Bands of activity were quantitated by densitometry and correlated to standard laboratory indicators of inflammation; erythrocyte sedimentation rate and platelet count. Results Gelatinase activity was found consistently in JIA patients, with reproducible, quantified bands of activity corresponding to pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 (pro-MMP-9) including the neutrophil-associated lipocalin complex, and pro-and active forms of MMP-2. Both active MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 were higher in JIA serum compared to controls, though no differences were observed between patients grouped according to age, disease duration or JIA sub-type. However, SF MMP-9 correlated significantly with the laboratory indicators of inflammation, as did the relative level of active MMP-2.
Postharvest Melatonin Application Preserves Quality and Imparts Chilling Tolerance in Peaches

Peach being a climacteric fruit has a limited shelf life. Cold storage of peaches is an essential measure to maintain their quality. However, prolonged exposure to cold temperatures causes chilling injury in peaches, resulting in significant economic losses. Approximately, 40% of the produced commodity is lost in postharvest handling in which chilling injury contributes to about 25%. Melatonin can be a green solution and plays a key role in protecting peaches from chilling injury. Therefore, this experiment aimed to determine the effect of melatonin on the “Silver King” peaches by dipping them in 100 μM melatonin for 2 hours followed by storing them at chilling temperatures of 2 ± 1°C and 90–95% relative humidity for 21 d. The results showed that while control fruit experienced chilling injury and poor fruit quality, increased respiration rate, and enhanced senescence, 100 μM melatonin treatment was successful in preserving the fruit quality at chilling temperatures and was associated with the delayed respiration rate and lower malondialdehyde levels, along with the preservation of certain physicochemical parameters, namely, total soluble solids, pH, fruit firmness, and titratable acidity. Moreover, a 1.5 times higher proline concentration was observed in melatonin-treated peaches when compared to that of nontreated peaches. This rise was linked to the enhanced activity of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and ornithine-δ-aminotransferase along with a decrease in the activity of proline dehydrogenase during 21 d of storage.
Imaging the Mechanical Properties of Wood Cell Wall Layers by Atomic Force Modulation Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy in force modulation mode was used to study the elastic properties of the different fibre wall layers of the tension wood of holm oak and normal wood of boco. The method is based on the measurement of the resonance frequency of the microscope lever in contact with the sampie. This frequency is related to the reduced Young modulus E* = E/(I-v2) of the material, supposed to be isotropie. 'Elastic' images of the cell are obtained simultaneously with the topographie images, which allows the observation of the mechanical properties of the cells at a nanometric scale. Layers G, S1, S2 and ML can clearly be distinguished. By comparison with known materials an estimation of the absolute modulus is given in the range 5-20 GPa, but should be considered with caution, because the inherent anisotropy of the materials has not been taken into account.
Loading of a seismic zone to failure deforms nearby volcanoes: a new earthquake precursor

The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) was loaded to failure in June 2000, resulting in two M6.6 earthquakes. The SISZ is an E–W‐trending zone with an overall sinistral movement. Numerical models indicate that, when the SISZ is loaded to failure, there are stress concentrations at its ends: tensile in the north‐east and south‐west quadrants, and compressive in the north‐west and south‐east quadrants. These model predictions fit well with observations. Geodetic measurements indicate considerable compression, uplift and associated intense seismicity in recent years in the volcanoes of Hengill and Eyjafjallajokull, located in the quadrants of compression, whereas there have been unusually frequent eruptions in the past decades in the Hekla Volcano, located in one of the quadrants of extension. The models predict that following the large June 2000 earthquakes, stress relaxation within the SISZ should lead to stopping of the intense seismicity and deformation in the volcanoes of Hengill and Eyjafjallajokull, again in agreement with observations. However, when similar episodes of deformation and seismicity start again, particularly in the Hengill Volcano, a large earthquake would be expected within several years in the SISZ. The numerical models, and the deformation and seismic data, indicate that monitoring of ‘soft’ inclusions such as volcanoes (many with magma chambers) in the vicinity of a seismic zone may serve as precursors to large earthquakes.
Crack‐filling clays and weathered cracks in the DPRI 1800 m core near the Nojima Fault, Japan: Evidence for deep surface‐water circulation near an active fault

Abstract Crack‐filling clays and weathered cracks were observed in the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University (DPRI) 1800 m cores drilled from the Nojima Fault Zone, which was activated during the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe earthquake). The crack‐filling clays consist mainly of unconsolidated fine‐grained materials that fill opening cracks with no shear textures. Most of the cracks observed in the DPRI 1800 m cores are yellow‐brown to brown in color due to weathering. Powder X‐ray diffraction analyses show that the crack‐filling clays are composed mainly of clay minerals and carbonates such as siderite and calcite. Given that the top of the borehole is approximately 45 m above sea level, most of the core is far below the stable groundwater table. Hence, it is suggested that the crack‐filling clays and weathered cracks in the cores taken at depths of 1800 m were formed by the flow of surface water down to the deep fractured zone of the Nojima Fault Zone during seismic faulting.
Use of the Smart Excretion Care System Linked to Electronic Medical Records to Alleviate Nursing Burden and Enhance Patient Convenience: Mixed Methods Study

Background The surge in older demographics has inevitably resulted in a heightened demand for health care, and a shortage of nursing staff is impending. Consequently, there is a growing demand for the development of nursing robots to assist patients with urinary and bowel elimination. However, no study has examined nurses’ opinions of smart devices that provide integrated nursing for patients’ urinary and bowel elimination needs. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the Smart Excretion Care System tethered to electronic medical records in a tertiary hospital and community care setting and discuss the anticipated reductions in the burden of nursing care. Methods Focus group interviews were conducted using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. The interviews were conducted in March 2021 and involved 67 nurses who had worked at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital for more than 1 year and had experience in assisting patients with excretion care. Data were collected using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Results A total of four themes relevant to the Smart Excretion Care System were found: (1) expected reductions in the burden of nursing care, (2) applicable indications (by departments and diseases), (3) preferred features/functions, and (4) expected benefits of using the Smart Excretion Care System in clinical facilities. Nurses from comprehensive nursing care wards had the highest burden when it came to excretion care. It was a common opinion that the Smart Excretion Care System would be very useful in intensive care units and should be applied first to patients with stroke or dementia. Conclusions Excretion care is one of the most burdensome tasks for nurses, increasing their workload. The development of the Smart Excretion Care System as a digital health intervention could help improve nurses’ work efficiency, reduce their burden, and extend to caregivers and guardians.
Regional Expression of Tourism Development

This paper aims to highlight the importance of tourism to strengthen the capacities of the different regions and their resources. With this goal in mind an empirical study was conducted in a tourist destination located in the inner part of Portugal (Beira Interior), which aimed to measure the satisfaction obtained by tourists and also to identify the elements of the supply that the demand considers more important to choose this destination. The research stated that the symbolic aspects related to the specific resources of the region were the most important elements that help tourists to choose their destination and the same elements are also those that make tourists more satisfied. Assuming that the symbolic contents are in fact the underlying identity of the region, one can conclude that the more the identity of the region is reinforced, the more the difference is motivating and the more this identity is a key factor of its attractiveness
Cognitive decline monitoring through a web-based application

Cognitive decline usually begins after individuals reach maturity, which is more evident in late adulthood. Rapid and constant cognitive screenings allow early detection of cognitive decline and motivate individuals to participate in prevention interventions. Due to accelerated technological advances, cognitive screening and training are now available to the layperson using electronic devices connected to the internet. Large datasets generated by these platforms provide a unique opportunity to explore cognitive development throughout life and across multiple naturalistic environments. However, such data collection mechanisms must be validated. This study aimed to determine whether the data gathered by commercial visuospatial and phonological working memory tests (CogniFit Inc., San Francisco, USA) confirm the well-established argument that age predicts cognitive decline. Data from 3,212 participants (2,238 females) who were 45 years old or older were analyzed. A linear regression analysis explored the relationship between age and working memory while controlling for gender, sleep quality, and physical activity (variables that are known to affect working memory). We found that age negatively predicts working memory. Furthermore, there was an interaction between age and gender for visuospatial working memory, indicating that although male participants significantly outperformed females, the relationship between age and working memory differs for females and males. Our results suggest that the computerized assessment of visuospatial and phonological working memory is sensible enough to predict cognitive functions in aging. Suggestions for improving the sensitivity of self-reports are discussed. Further studies must explore the nature of gender effects on cognitive aging.
Carbonic Anhydrase Robustness for Use in Nanoscale CO2 Capture Technologies

Continued dependence on crude oil and natural gas resources for fossil fuels has caused global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to increase to record-setting proportions. There is an urgent need for efficient and inexpensive carbon sequestration systems to mitigate large-scale emissions of CO2 from industrial flue gas. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) has shown high potential for enhanced CO2 capture applications compared to conventional absorption-based methods currently utilized in various industrial settings. This study aims to understand structural aspects that contribute to the stability of CA enzymes critical for their applications in industrial processes, which require the ability to withstand conditions different from those in their native environments. Here, we evaluated the thermostability and enzyme activity of mesophilic and thermophilic CA variants at different temperature conditions and in the presence of atmospheric gas pollutants like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. Based on our enzyme activity assays and molecular dynamics simulations, we see increased conformational stability and CA activity levels in thermostable CA variants incubated week-long at different temperature conditions. The thermostable CA variants also retained high levels of CA activity despite changes in solution pH due to increasing NO and SO2 concentrations. A loss of CA activity was observed only at high concentrations of NO/SO2 that possibly can be minimized with the appropriate buffered solutions.
La crisi finisecular i la recomposició del món rural a Catalunya

En aquest article intentem resseguir, en primer lloc, la percepcio que les classes propietaries de la terra van tenir del canvi que implicava el desenvolupament d'una agricultura capitalista, les maneres com ho van intentar racionalitzar i els projectes que van anar formulant i impulsant entre mitjan segle XIX i la Primera Guerra Mundial a mesura que avancava simultaniament la integracio de l'activitat agraria en el mercat i es consolidaven els processos d'industrialitzacio i urbanitzacio. Tanmateix, la nostra analisi no es mantindra en el pla ideologic i doctrinal, sino que la part mes substantiva la dedicarem a examinar les diverses i successives xarxes de relacions socials entre els propietaris de la terra i la forca de treball predominants en l'agricultura catalana i la seva relacio amb els principals canvis economics que paral·lelament s'anaren materialitzant
Avaliação de Método Expedito de Determinação do Nível do Mar como Datum Vertical para Amarração de Perfis de Praia

The altimetric adjustment of topographic beach profiles to the mean sea-level can be done extending the profiles down to the point of maximum backwash of waves at the beach face and relating the sea height at the moment of observation with local mean sea level, according to the nearest available tide table prevision as suggested by Bigarella et al. (1961). With the purpose to verify the consistence of the method for different beach profiles located at the same position as also for profiles located along a beach arc, the vertical references established in two distinct expeditions to the Pontal beach at the Southern border of the Espirito Santo State (Southeast Brazil), were compared with the vertical reference established under very calm wave and wind conditions, indicating that under small waves the differences were acceptable considering the low precision required for this kind of survey, while under high waves the error became too large. For this reason, establishing an unique vertical reference level, determined under favorable oceanographic conditions, is fundamental to allow an adequate comparison between beach profiles measured at different periods or different positions as also for coupling the sub aerial profiles to the submarine zone.
Effect of flux adjustments on temperature variability in climate models

It has been suggested that “flux adjustments” in climate models suppress simulated temperature variability. If true, this might invalidate the conclusion that at least some of observed temperature increases since 1860 are anthropogenic, since this conclusion is based in part on estimates of natural temperature variability derived from flux‐adjusted models. We assess variability of surface air temperatures in 17 simulations of internal temperature variability submitted to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. By comparing variability in flux‐adjusted vs. non‐flux adjusted simulations, we find no evidence that flux adjustments suppress temperature variability in climate models; other, largely unknown, factors are much more important in determining simulated temperature variability. Therefore the conclusion that at least some of observed temperature increases are anthropogenic cannot be questioned on the grounds that it is based in part on results of flux‐adjusted models. Also, reducing or eliminating flux adjustments would probably do little to improve simulations of temperature variability.