Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A simple test of changes in mean in the possible presence of long‐range dependence

We propose a simple testing procedure to test for a change point in the mean of a possibly long‐range dependent time series. Under the null hypothesis, the series is stationary with long‐range dependence and our test statistic converges to a non‐degenerate distribution, whereas under the alternative, the series has a change point in the mean and the test statistic diverges to infinity. We demonstrate the good size and power properties of our test via simulations and illustrate its usefulness by analysing two real data sets.
Calculation of the dielectric tensor for a generalized Lorentzian (kappa) distribution function

Expressions are derived for the elements of the dielectric tensor for linear waves propagating at an arbitrary angle to a uniform magnetic field in a fully hot plasma whose constituent particle species σ are modeled by generalized Lorentzian distribution functions. The expressions involve readily computable single integrals whose integrands involve only elementary functions, Bessel functions, and modified plasma dispersion functions, the latter being available in the form of finite algebraic series. Analytical forms for the integrals are derived in the limits λ→0 and λ→∞, where λ=(k⊥ρLσ)2/2, with k⊥ the component of wave vector perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, and ρLσ the Larmor radius for the particle species σ. Consideration is given to the important limits of wave propagation parallel and perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, and also to the cold plasma limit. Since most space plasmas are well modeled by generalized Lorentzian particle distribution functions, the results obtained in .
Accurate detection of tree apexes in coniferous canopies from airborne scanning light detection and ranging images based on crown-extraction filtering

We describe crown-extraction (CE) filtering to accurately determine tree apex positions for various coniferous species using an airborne light detection and ranging–derived digital canopy height model (DCHM). This method uses a square mask, with a frame at the edges, that overlaps pixels within the DCHM image; when no pixels touch the frame, the pixel at the center is extracted as a tree-crown pixel. The apex of each tree is determined by choosing the pixel with maximum height from the pixels in the crown. We compared the performance of this method and of two other methods (local-maximum filtering and canopy-segmentation method) for several species. The CE filtering had the most accurate results for most tree species with appropriate mask size selection. The mean omission, commission, and total errors for all tree species were 8.1%, 1.6%, and 9.7%, respectively, for CE filtering. Comparing mask sizes and canopy diameters estimated from the DCHM for each species revealed that the smallest canopy diameter of each species was close to the most appropriate mask size for that species in CE filtering. We also confirmed that the smoothing process used in the DCHM has little effect on the accuracy of CE filtering.
Current fast ion collective Thomson scattering diagnostics at TEXTOR and ASDEX Upgrade and ITER plans (invited)

Fast ion physics will play an important role on ITER where confined alpha particles will affect plasma dynamics and overall confinement. Fast ion collective Thomson scattering (CTS) using gyrotrons has the potential to meet the need for measuring the spatially localized velocity distributions of confined fast ions in ITER. Currently, CTS experiments are performed at TEXTOR using a 150kW, 0.2s, 110GHz gyrotron and a receiver upgraded at the Riso National Laboratory. The gyrotron and receiver optics have also been upgraded for rapid scanning during a plasma shot. The receiver consists of a nine-mirror quasioptical transmission line including a universal polarizer and a 42-channel data acquisition system, which allows complete coverage of the double sideband scattered spectrum for localized (∼10cm) time resolved (4ms) measurements of the ion velocity distribution. At ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) a similar 50-channel CTS receiver has been installed. This CTS system will use the 105GHz frequency of a dual frequency gyr.
Optical spectra of nitride quantum dots: Quantum confinement and electron–hole coupling

We calculate the optical properties of nitride-based quantum dots by taking into account quantum confinement as well as electron–hole interaction. We analyze model structures simulating InxGa1−xN dots in InyGa1−yN layers with different alloy compositions. We discuss the trends with the dot size and show that quantum confined excitations exist for a broad range of sizes down to the smallest observed dots. Our results allow us to identify the strong role of Coulomb correlations in the optical spectra and to predict a strong influence of photoexcitation power on selection rules in polarized samples. The signature of quantum confinement can be utilized for a critical interpretation of measured optical spectra.
Workshop on Dimensions of Meaning: Distributional and Curated Semantics

: Present-day language models provide contextual representations of words: a given element of the model’s vocabulary will generally be represented differently depending on the larger (linguistic and/or non-linguistic) context in which it appears. This is undoubtedly a key feature of the success of these models. What do these contextual representations mean for linguists working on lexical semantics? In this talk, I’ll argue, ﬁrst and foremost, that contextual representations are better aligned with linguists’ conception of word meaning than any previous representation scheme in NLP, including symbolic approaches. I will then describe some ways in which linguists can use large pretrained language models to gain new insights into lexical meaning, and some ways in which language model development could be fruitfully informed by ﬁndings in linguistics. The overall take-away is that the turn toward contextual representations has created an exciting new space for collaboration between linguists and NLPers. Bio: Christopher Potts is Professor and Chair of Linguistics and Professor (by courtesy) of Computer Science at Stanford, and a faculty member in the Stanford NLP Group and the Stanford AI Lab. His group uses computational methods to explore topics in emotion expression, context-dependent language use, systematicity and compositionality, and model interpretability. This research combines methods from linguistics, cognitive psychology, and computer science, in the service of both scientiﬁc discovery and technology development. He is the author of the 2005 book The Logic of Conventional Implicatures as well as numerous scholarly papers in computational and theoretical linguistics.
Learning Dynamic Graph Embeddings Using Random Walk with Temporal Backtracking

Representation learning on graphs (also referred to as network embedding) can be done at different levels of granularity, from node to graph level. The majority of work on graph representation learning focuses on the former, and while there has been some work done on graph-level embedding, these typically deal with static networks. However, learning low-dimensional graph-level representations for dynamic (i.e., temporal) networks is important for such downstream graph retrieval tasks as temporal graph similarity ranking, temporal graph isomorphism, and anomaly detection. In this paper, we propose a novel temporal graph-level embedding method to fill this gap. Our method first builds a multilayer graph and then utilizes a novel modified random walk with temporal backtracking to generate temporal contexts for the nodes in the graph. Finally, a “document-level” language model is learned from these contexts to generate graph-level embeddings. We evaluate our model on five publicly available datasets for two commonly used tasks of graph similarity ranking and anomaly detection. Our results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to all prior baselines.
Animal Welfare Considerations When Conducting OECD Test Guideline Inhalation and Toxicokinetic Studies for Nanomaterials

Simple Summary Animal welfare considerations with the 3R principles, Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs), have become more important in regulatory toxicity testing. Modifying OECD inhalation toxicity test guidelines 412 and 413 aim to minimize animal use and maximize the number of endpoints that are measured for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung burden measurement in toxicokinetics studies. Abstract The OECD test guidelines for animal experiments play an important role in evaluating the chemical hazards. Animal tests performed using OECD guidelines, especially when the good laboratory practice (GLP) principle is applied, reduce the duplication of toxicity testing and ensure the best mutual acceptance of data by the OECD’s Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD). The OECD inhalation toxicity test guidelines 412 (28 days) and 413 (90 days) have been revised. These OECD guidelines now reflect the inclusion of nanomaterials and recent scientific and technological developments. In particular, these test guidelines aim to evaluate the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the lungs for objective toxicity evaluation, along with the existing subjective histopathological evaluation. For solid particles, the lung burden measurement of particles is required for toxicokinetic studies and, in order to properly perform a toxicokinetic study, two post-exposure observations are recommended. In light of the revised OECD guidelines, we propose a method to reduce the number of animals when testing is conducted for nanomaterials.
The Anti-Amoebic Activity of a Peptidomimetic against Acanthamoeba castellanii

Acanthamoeba is a free-living protozoan known to cause keratitis most commonly, especially among contact lens wearers. Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis is challenging as Acanthamoeba can encyst from the active form, a trophozoite, into a hibernating cyst that is refractory to antibiotics and difficult to kill; therefore, there is a need for more effective anti-amoebic strategies. In this study, we have evaluated the anti-amoebic activity of the antimicrobial peptide mimic RK-758 against Acanthamoeba castellanii. RK-758 peptidomimetic was subjected to biological assays to investigate its amoebicidal, amoebistatic, anti-encystation, and anti-excystation effects on A. castellanii. The anti-amoebic activity of the peptide mimic RK-758 was compared with chlorhexidine against the Acanthamoeba castellanii ATCC30868 and Acanthamoeba castellanii 044 (a clinical strain) with the concentrations of both ranging from 125 µM down to 7.81 µM. All experiments were performed in duplicate with three independent replicates. The data were represented as mean ± SE and analysed using a two-sample t-test and two-tailed distributions. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The peptidomimetic RK-758 had anti-Acanthamoeba activity against both trophozoites and cysts in a dose-dependent manner. The RK-758 had amoebicidal and growth inhibitory activities of ≥50% at a concentration between 125 µM and 15.6 µM against the trophozoites of both Acanthamoeba strains. Inhibitory effects on the cyst formation and trophozoite re-emergence from cysts were noted at similar concentrations. Chlorhexidine had 50% activity at 7.81 µM and above against the trophozoites and cysts of both strains. In the haemolysis assay, the RK-758 lysed horse RBCs at concentrations greater than 50 µM whereas lysis occurred at concentrations greater than 125 µM for the chlorhexidine. The peptidomimetic RK-758, therefore, has activity against both the trophozoite and cyst forms of Acanthamoeba and has the potential to be further developed as an anti-microbial agent against Acanthamoeba. RK-758 may also have use as an anti-amoebic disinfectant in contact lens solutions.
AR Object Layout Method Using Miniature Room Generated from Depth Data

In augmented reality (AR), users can place virtual objects anywhere in a real-world room, called AR layout. Although several object manipulation techniques have been proposed in AR, it is difficult to use them for AR layout owing to the difficulty in freely changing the position and size of virtual objects. In this study, we make the World-in-Miniature (WIM) technique available in AR to support AR layout. The WIM technique is a manipulation technique that uses miniatures, which has been proposed as a manipulation technique for virtual reality (VR). Our system uses the AR device’s depth sensors to acquire a mesh of the room in real-time to create and update a miniature of a room in real-time. In our system, users can use miniature objects to move virtual objects to arbitrary positions and scale them to arbitrary sizes. In addition, because the miniature object can be manipulated instead of the real-scale object, we assumed that our system will shorten the placement time and reduce the workload of the user. In our previous study, we created a prototype and investigated the properties of manipulating miniature objects in AR. In this study, we conducted an experiment to evaluate how our system can support AR layout. To conduct a task close to the actual use, we used various objects and made the participants design an AR layout of their own will. The results showed that our system significantly reduced workload in physical and temporal demand. Although, there was no significant difference in the total manipulation time.
Are Signals Regulating Energy Homeostasis Related to Neuropsychological and Clinical Features of Gambling Disorder? A Case–Control Study

Gambling disorder (GD) is a modestly prevalent and severe condition for which neurobiology is not yet fully understood. Although alterations in signals involved in energy homeostasis have been studied in substance use disorders, they have yet to be examined in detail in GD. The aims of the present study were to compare different endocrine and neuropsychological factors between individuals with GD and healthy controls (HC) and to explore endocrine interactions with neuropsychological and clinical variables. A case–control design was performed in 297 individuals with GD and 41 individuals without (healthy controls; HCs), assessed through a semi-structured clinical interview and a psychometric battery. For the evaluation of endocrine and anthropometric variables, 38 HCs were added to the 41 HCs initially evaluated. Individuals with GD presented higher fasting plasma ghrelin (p < 0.001) and lower LEAP2 and adiponectin concentrations (p < 0.001) than HCs, after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). The GD group reported higher cognitive impairment regarding cognitive flexibility and decision-making strategies, a worse psychological state, higher impulsivity levels, and a more dysfunctional personality profile. Despite failing to find significant associations between endocrine factors and either neuropsychological or clinical aspects in the GD group, some impaired cognitive dimensions (i.e., WAIS Vocabulary test and WCST Perseverative errors) and lower LEAP2 concentrations statistically predicted GD presence. The findings from the present study suggest that distinctive neuropsychological and endocrine dysfunctions may operate in individuals with GD and predict GD presence. Further exploration of endophenotypic vulnerability pathways in GD appear warranted, especially with respect to etiological and therapeutic potentials.
Integral equation formulations for imperfectly conducting scatterers

Integral equation formulations are presented for characterizing the electromagnetic (EM) scattering interaction for nonmetallic surfaced bodies. Three different boundary conditions are considered for the surfaces: namely, the impedance (Leontovich), the resistive sheet, and its dual, the magnetically conducting sheet boundary. The integral equation formulations presented for a general geometry are specialized for bodies of revolution and solved with the method of moments (MM). The current expansion functions, which are chosen, result in a symmetric system of equations. This system is expressed in terms of two Galerkin matrix operators that have special properties. The solutions of the integral equation for the impedance boundary at internal resonances of the associated perfectly conducting scatterer are examined. The results are compared with the Mie solution for impedance-coated spheres and with the MM solutions of the electric, magnetic, and combined field formulations for impedance-coated bodies.
Homogeneous and isotropic closed cosmologies with a gauge sector

The authors study in a systematic way the kinematics and dynamics of closed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmologies in the presence of a gauge sector, with an arbitrary gauge group. For this purpose they complement the SO(4)-invariant ansatz for the metric with SO(4)-symmetric ansatze for the matter fields. The dynamics of the resulting Lagrangian system with a finite number of degrees of freedom is studied for the case of Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs theories with an SO(N) gauge group.
Multiscale Structure and Evolution of Hurricane Earl (2010) during Rapid Intensification

AbstractThe structure and evolution of Hurricane Earl (2010) during its rapid intensification as sampled by aircraft is studied here. Rapid intensification occurs in two stages. During the early stage, covering ~24 h, Earl was a tropical storm experiencing moderate northeasterly shear with an asymmetric distribution of convection, and the symmetric structure was shallow, broad, and diffuse. The upper-level circulation center was significantly displaced from the lower-level circulation at the beginning of this stage. Deep, vigorous convection—termed convective bursts—was located on the east side of the storm and appeared to play a role in positioning the upper-level cyclonic circulation center above the low-level center. By the end of this stage the vortex was aligned and extended over a deep layer, and rapid intensification began. During the late stage, rapid intensification continued as Earl intensified ~20 m s−1 during the next 24 h. The vortex remained aligned in the presence of weaker vertical shear, .
EARLY STAGES OF AN IMPULSIVELY STARTED UNSTEADY LAMINAR FLOW PAST TAPERED TRAPEZOIDAL CYLINDERS

SUMMARY Characteristics of the developing recirculation region behind a tapered trapezoidal cylinder and its interaction with the separating shear layer from the leading edges were studied numerically for an impulsively started laminar flow. An unsteady stream function‐vorticity formulation was used. The Reynolds numbers considered range from 25 to 1000. Pressure contours, surface pressure coefficient, wake length and drag coefficient were studied through the streamline flow field. Main flow and subflow regimes were identified by an analysis of the evolution of the flow characteristics. It was found that typically, for a given trapezoidal cylinder, flow starts with no separation. As time advances, the symmetrical standing zone of recirculation develops aft of the trapezoidal cylinder. The rate of growth in width, length and structure of the aft end eddies depends on the Reynolds number. In time, separated flow from the leading edges of the trapezoidal cylinder also develops and forms growing separation bubbles on the upper and lower inclined surfaces of the trapezoidal cylinder. As time advances, the separation bubbles on the upper and lower inclined surfaces of the cylinder grow towards the downstream regions and eventually merge with the swelling symmetrical eddies aft of the cylinder. This merging of the flows creates a complex flow regime with a disturbed tertiary flow zone near the merging junction. Eventually, depending on the Reynolds number and the tapered angle of the trapezoidal cylinder, the flow develops into a specific category of symmetrical standing recirculatory flow with its own distinct characteristics. Comparisons with the available results of other investigators showed very good agreement. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the Diurnal Variation of Surface Temperature in Mountainous Terrain.

Abstract The diurnal variation of surface temperature in mountainous terrain was modeled using the first two harmonics of the Fourier series. The temperature T at any time t is given by Each of the Fourier coefficients in this equation was considered a linear function of eight variables (X1, X2, ., X8). The eight variables were 1) daily mean temperature=(maximum+minimum temperature)/2; 2) daily range of temperature=maximum−minimum temperature; 3) length of day=time of sunset−time of sunrise; 4) elevation of the station; 5) slope of the station; 6) u component of aspect of the station=sin (aspect); 7) v component of aspect of the station=cos(aspect); and 8) time of sunrise. The expanded equation contained 44 variables which were treated as 44 potential predictors in stepwise regression. The predictand was the surface temperature at each hour for 41 days (1 day week−1) during May-October 1975–76 at 10 remote stations in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. Five predictors were selected for.
Implementation of real-time multiple reflection and Fresnel absorption of laser beam in keyhole

A computational analysis of laser keyhole welding is achieved. The main driving force to make the molten pool as a narrow and deep keyhole is the recoil pressure induced by evaporation of the material. Also, the multiple reflection effect on the keyhole wall plays an important role in making the keyhole deeper and raising its total energy absorption rate. Multiple reflection and Fresnel absorption are implemented simultaneously with the proposed ray tracing technique in a discrete grid cell system during the simulation for every single time step. In particular, the Fresnel absorption model is chosen as an energy transfer mechanism from laser beam to workpiece. With all the governing equations including continuity, momentum and energy equation, the VOF method is adopted to trace the free surface of the molten pool. Simulation results are compared with the experimental ones to verify its validity. A pulsed Nd : YAG laser was used for keyhole welding experiments on mild steel plates of 7 mm thickness. It was observed that the generated keyhole maintains its solidified shape without any closing phenomenon both in the experiments and in the simulations.
Frontal Face Outline Generation

The technique of synthesizing a frontal image of a face from its non-frontal perspective is known as face frontalization. Face recognition systems employ frontalization to improve their accuracy. Even while contemporary approaches in face recognition boast accuracy that in certain situations exceeds that of humans, recognition systems' performance degrades when a profile view of faces is provided as input. Synthesizing frontal views of faces before recognition is one technique to address this problem. The DLIB library is used to create a frontal face outline in this example. The landmarks that are discovered during the procedure are the most important factor in obtaining a frontal facial outline.
Using fuzzy neural network clustering algorithm in the symbolization of time series

Data mining on time series needs to translate the continuous time series into discrete symbol sequences first. In this paper, a new and efficient approach to convert the time series into symbol sequence is proposed. In the approach, the time series is converted into a discrete sequence with a piecewise linear segmentation representation first, each segment has a simple and primitive shape; then, the segments are clustered by using a fuzzy neural network clustering algorithm. The clustering is based on a similarity measure that can describe the shape similarity of vectors. Results of experiment show that the fuzzy neural network and the shape similarity measure are suitable to the online clustering analysis of time series.