Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Housing Pathways: A Post Modern Analytical Framework

Many different frameworks can be used to describe and understand the set of relationships involved in the production, consumption and distribution of housing. This paper is an attempt to put forward one way of looking at what will be termed the housing field. This is not meant to deny the validity or usefulness of other frameworks or to put forward a housing theory, which explains all there is to know about the nature and meaning of housing. The assumption is that any framework offers only a partial insight into any social phenomenon and may obscure as much as it clarifies. Frameworks can be judged on the basis of their internal consistency and on the value of the insights, which they provide which by their very nature, will be contested. The intention of the paper is to review very briefly some common ways of looking at the housing field and to put forward a framework, based on social constructionism, which aims to be internally consistent and relatively comprehensive in its coverage.
SEISHIN KYŌIKU IN A JAPANESE BANK: A DESCRIPTION OF METHODS AND CONSIDERATION OF SOME UNDERLYING CONCEPTS

Many Japanese companies, including the bank reported here, offer moral and spiritual training for new employees. Zen meditation, endurance walks, military boot camp experiences and the like teach fortitude, cooperation, self-confidence and other qualitites of character and spiritual development. The attention to such education by modern corporations is notable. It reflects the particularly close ties between companies and their employees in Japan.
Faster chitosan production by mucoralean strains in submerged culture

Production of chitosan was conducted using two Mucoralean strains, Mucor racemosus and Cunninghamella elegans. Chitosan was extracted from mycelia of M. racemosus and C. elegans at different growth phases on YPD medium. In both fungi, chitosan was rapidly produced, while highest yield of extractable chitosan was found in 24h of cultivation in submerged culture. The yield of chitosan isolated from dry mycelia of M. racemosus was about 40% higher than from C. elegans. The degree of N-acetylation of chitosan was 49% in M. racemosus and 20% in C. elegans, and the D-glucosamine contents were about 48% and 90%, respectively.
Formal Verification of Human-Automation Interaction

This paper discusses a formal and rigorous approach to the analysis of operator interaction with machines. It addresses the acute problem of detecting design errors in human-machine interaction and focuses on verifying the correctness of the interaction in complex and automated control systems. The paper describes a systematic methodology for evaluating whether the interface provides the necessary information about the machine to enable the operator to perform a specified task successfully and unambiguously. It also addresses the adequacy of information provided to the user via training material (e.g., user manual) about the machine's behavior. The essentials of the methodology, which can be automated and applied to the verification of large systems, are illustrated by several examples and through a case study of pilot interaction with an autopilot aboard a modern commercial aircraft. The expected application of this methodology is an augmentation and enhancement, by formal verification, of human-automation interfaces.
On the validity of nested clade phylogeographical analysis

As will be apparent to any reader of Molecular Ecology, a large number of genetic analyses of geographically structured populations are routinely carried out. Researchers make promises to their sponsors that they can uncover aspects of the demographic history of these populations. Inevitably, there is demand for statistical methods that will provide credible answers, and consequently, many methods have been supplied. Nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA) is a technique that continues to be quite popular (Petit 2008). Naturally, there is curiosity to see whether the method works. Essentially, there is a disagreement between Templeton (2004, 2008), who suggests the method works well, and three independent groups (Knowles & Maddison 2002; Petit & Grivet 2002; Panchal & Beaumont 2007), who believe that they have demonstrated that it does not. As far as we are aware, there are currently no publications other than those of Templeton and co-workers to support the accuracy or efficacy of NCPA. In this article, we address some comments by Templeton (2008) on the study by Panchal & Beaumont (2007). We begin by highlighting a recommendation in Templeton (2004) that NCPA should be tested using data simulated from a single panmictic population of constant size, which we have carried out. We argue that our automated implementation is as close as is feasible to the published versions, and that the falsepositive rate that we observe is not a consequence of our implementation. With respect to validation, we suggest that it is not possible to draw comparisons between the outcome of our simulation-based tests and the inferences drawn from empirical data sets. We also note that many recent modifications of NCPA have had little validation. The difficulty of correcting for multiple statistical tests in NCPA is then discussed. Finally, we address the more general issues raised by Templeton (2008) concerning the method of scientific enquiry, and we recommend that a more model-based approach should be taken to infer demographic history. The tests discussed by Templeton (2008) were primarily applied to data assumed to have histories with range expansion and fragmentation. As Templeton (2004) noted, there is also a persuasive case for testing NCPA under scenarios of panmixia, using simulated data sets:
Representative Democracy and Fighting Domestic Terrorism

Does more representative government improve states' ability to fight domestic terrorism? In prior work, democracies are seen as more susceptible to terrorism because their respect for human rights prevents them from fully eliminating terrorist groups. However, such extrajudicial aggression could also alienate large portions of the population and create the ideal conditions for an insurgency. I argue that since terrorism is the lowest-capacity form of political violence, it is natural that states that do best at deterring political violence experience the most terrorism. While representative democracies should see terrorist groups initiate spells of attacks at a greater frequency, full political representation should also galvanize major political actors to unite and eliminate terrorist threats. I test this assertion through statistical models that treat the process of terrorist group initiation and its duration and intensity separately. Results not only show that less consolidated democracies and autocracies experience longer and more intense terrorist campaigns, but that, in support of the theory's mechanisms, groups are more likely to shift to terrorism from insurgency when their political base gains more political representation. The results call the division among research programs of various political violence types into question.
Relative Merits: Family Culture and Kinship in Small Firms

Small firms are saturated with the ideology of the family. For some, the notion of the `family firm' conjures up an image of harmony at the workplace; moreover, it is seen to serve as an important source of flexibility. Others, however, view it as little more than a cover-up of exploitative practices which are believed to be dominant in small firms. Using an ethnographic approach, this article explores in detail how the notion of the family is actually operationalised at the level of the workplace. Participant and direct observation methods were used to examine the role of the family in management organisation, recruitment and workplace control. We argue that the family is crucial to the understanding of the pattern of social relations within small firms, but it is more complex and contested than commonly portrayed. The `family' was found to be both a resource and constraint; management benefited from the `flexibility' afforded by familial ties, but the family also imposed obligations which contradicted economic rationality. The diffuse nature of such arrangements meant that `negotiated paternalism', rather than autocracy or harmony, more accurately depicted the family at work.
Infectious disease mortality in two Outer Hebridean islands: 2. pulmonary tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE To examine mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the Outer Hebridean islands of Harris and Barra, and to compare it with that in Scotland as a whole. DESIGN Ages and dates of death from PTB in Harris and Barra between 1855 and 1990 were ascertained from copies of death certificates. For Scotland, annual numbers of deaths in 5-year age-groups were extracted from Annual Reports of the Registrars General. Proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) were calculated for each population in the 1-14 and 15 or over age-groups, and the 'detrended' PMRs were subjected to spectral analysis. For this purpose the data were divided into the pre-antibiotic (1855-1950) and antibiotic/chemo-therapeutic (1951-1990) periods. RESULTS PTB was predominantly a disease of adolescence and early adulthood, although ages at death increased towards the end of the period of study. While PMRs for Scotland decreased steadily after the mid-1870s, apart from increases during the 1940s, those for the two islands increased during the late 19th century, and did not decrease markedly until the 1930s. In the younger age-groups the pattern of mortality was similar to that of an acute infectious disease, while in the older age-group the pattern was largely endemic. Spectral analysis of pre-1951 data from both islands showed marked periodicities in mortality, mostly among the younger age-group. The introduction of effective therapy in the 1950s appeared to lengthen inter-epidemic intervals. There appeared to be no relationship in either island between mortality and socio-economic deprivation, as indicated by numbers of new poor registrations. In Harris, mortality was higher in colder and wetter years. This was not the case in Barra. CONCLUSIONS The findings are reasonably consistent with a hypothesis that PTB was relatively uncommon in the Outer Hebrides until the later 19th century, and that it behaved epidemiologically like an acute infectious disease. This was not the case with Scotland as a whole, where the disease appeared to be largely endemic.
Reweighted Sparse Regression for Hyperspectral Unmixing

Hyperspectral unmixing (HSU) plays an important role in hyperspectral image (HSI) analysis. Recently, the HSU method based on sparse regression has drawn much attention. This paper presents a new weighted sparse regression problem for HSU and proposes two iterative reweighted algorithms for solving this problem, where the weights used for the next iteration are computed from the value of the current solution, and all the mixed pixels of an HSI are unmixed simultaneously. The proposed algorithms can be seen as the combinations of alternating direction method of multipliers and iterative reweighting procedure. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data demonstrate some advantages of the proposed algorithms over some other state-of-the-art sparse unmixing approaches.
A Prototype Augmented Reality Collaborative Process Modelling Tool

Identifying, modelling and documenting business processes usually requires the collaboration of many stakeholders that may be spread across companies in inter-organizational business settings. While there are many process modelling tools available, the support they provide for remote collaboration is still limited. This demonstration showcases a novel prototype application that implements collaborative virtual environment and augmented reality technologies to improve remote collaborative process modelling, with an aim to assisting common collaboration tasks by providing an increased sense of immersion in an intuitive shared work and task space. Our tool is easily deployed using open source software, and commodity hardware, and is expected to assist with saving money on travel costs for large scale process modelling projects covering national and international centres within an enterprise.
Sexual satisfaction and sexual self‐disclosure within dating relationships

This study examined dating individuals' self‐disclosure about their sexual likes and dislikes to their partner. Forty‐seven college men and 52 college women in a dating relationship of 3 to 36 months completed a questionnaire measuring sexual exchange variables, sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, sexual communication satisfaction, and sexual and non‐sexual self‐disclosure with their partner. Both sexual and nonsexual self‐disclosure were at the level of revealing some detail but not fully disclosing personal attitudes and feelings. Participants reported self‐disclosing significantly more about non‐sexual than about sexual topics. Sexual and nonsexual self‐disclosure were related to sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and sexual communication satisfaction. Sexual self‐disclosure was uniquely related to sexual communication satisfaction when nonsexual self‐disclosure was controlled, but was not uniquely associated with relationship satisfaction or sexual satisfaction. The study prov.
Variation in Specificity of HIV Rapid Diagnostic Tests over Place and Time: An Analysis of Discordancy Data Using a Bayesian Approach

Background Recent trends to earlier access to anti-retroviral treatment underline the importance of accurate HIV diagnosis. The WHO HIV testing strategy recommends the use of two or three rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) combined in an algorithm and assume a population is serologically stable over time. Yet RDTs are prone to cross reactivity which can lead to false positive or discordant results. This paper uses discordancy data from Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) programmes to test the hypothesis that the specificity of RDTs change over place and time. Methods Data was drawn from all MSF test centres in 2007-8 using a parallel testing algorithm. A Bayesian approach was used to derive estimates of disease prevalence, and of test sensitivity and specificity using the software WinBUGS. A comparison of models with different levels of complexity was performed to assess the evidence for changes in test characteristics by location and over time. Results 106, 035 individuals were included from 51 centres in 10 countries using 7 different RDTs. Discordancy patterns were found to vary by location and time. Model fit statistics confirmed this, with improved fit to the data when test specificity and sensitivity were allowed to vary by centre and over time. Two examples show evidence of variation in specificity between different testing locations within a single country. Finally, within a single test centre, variation in specificity was seen over time with one test becoming more specific and the other less specific. Conclusion This analysis demonstrates the variable specificity of multiple HIV RDTs over geographic location and time. This variability suggests that cross reactivity is occurring and indicates a higher than previously appreciated risk of false positive HIV results using the current WHO testing guidelines. Given the significant consequences of false HIV diagnosis, we suggest that current testing and evaluation strategies be reviewed.
Defining Indicators Which Make Sense to Local People: Intra-Cultural Variation in Perceptions of Natural Resources

The development of culturally relevant indicators of sustainability and quality of life is a need frequently cited but rarely addressed in the social science literature. This article presents a method and a case study based on an applied ethnoecology approach and utilizing an adaptation of the Thematic Apperception Test. Pictures of scenes around the Manupali watershed in Bukidnon, Philippines, were used to elicit people's perceptions and assessments of different environmental features and agricultural practices. Informants' stories were scored based on dominant themes to identify indicators of sustainability and quality of life that are relevant for different ethnic, gender, and age groups. These contextually sensitive indicators, the authors conclude, differ significantly from externally defined indicators and vary systematically as a function of socioceonomic and sociodemographic parameters. Taking culturally relevant indicators into consideration can help shape development trajectories that local peop.
The ecological consequences of megafaunal loss: giant tortoises and wetland biodiversity

The giant tortoises of the Galápagos have become greatly depleted since European discovery of the islands in the 16th Century, with populations declining from an estimated 250 000 to between 8000 and 14 000 in the 1970s. Successful tortoise conservation efforts have focused on species recovery, but ecosystem conservation and restoration requires a better understanding of the wider ecological consequences of this drastic reduction in the archipelago's only large native herbivore. We report the first evidence from palaeoecological records of coprophilous fungal spores of the formerly more extensive geographical range of giant tortoises in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island. Upland tortoise populations on Santa Cruz declined 500–700 years ago, likely the result of human impact or possible climatic change. Former freshwater wetlands, a now limited habitat-type, were found to have converted to Sphagnum bogs concomitant with tortoise loss, subsequently leading to the decline of several now-rare or extinct plant species.
Depressive mood in men after the birth of their offspring in relation to a partner's depression, social support, fathers' personality and prenatal expectations

The paper describes results of the study of fathers' depressed mood during the postpartum period. It was hypothesized that the most important factors in the development of depressed mood in men would be those linked to current situation and not those related to men's individual characteristics. Thus, men whose partners were depressed would reveal more depressive symptoms. It was also expected that depressed mood in men would be related to low social support, negative economic situation of a family, low quality of marital relationship and prenatal expectations concerning life with an infant. Eighty couples were asked to complete a set of questionnaires including the EPDS. The responses revealed that depression was present not only in mothers but also in fathers. The multivariate analyses confirmed initial assumptions—the most important correlates of depressed mood in men were as follows: the level of women's depression, the high discrepancy between prenatal expectations and experiences related to family and social life after childbirth, and low satisfaction with the marital relationship. Fathers' neuroticism and age were not related to depression.
Critical language awareness 1 part II: Towards critical alternatives

Abstract. In this, the second of a two‐part paper, we briefly explore the notion of Critical Language Analysis (or Critical Linguistics in a generic sense), and indicate how this approach might contribute to more critical Language Awareness programmes. We also argue that the diverse objectives which are usually given for Language Awareness programmes appear to be given particular desocialising weightings in actual materials, and we suggest a way of articulating the various objectives that might accord with a critical perspective. We end with an example of how Critical Language Awareness can be incorporated into a family history writing project.
Causes of Medication Errors in Intensive Care Units from the Perspective of Healthcare Professionals

Objective: This study was conducted to explore and to describe the causes of medication errors in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) from the perspective of physicians, nurses, and clinical pharmacists. Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method in 2016. We included 16 ICUs of seven educational hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Participants included 19 members of the healthcare team (physician, nurse, and clinical pharmacist) with at least 1 year of work experience in the ICUs. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews and were used for qualitative content analysis. Findings: The four main categories and ten subcategories were extracted from interviews. The four categories were as follows: “low attention of healthcare professionals to medication safety,” “lack of professional communication and collaboration,” “environmental determinants,” and “management determinants. ” Conclusion: Incorrect prescribing of physicians, unsafe drug administration of nurses, the lack of pharmaceutical knowledge of the healthcare team, and the weak professional collaboration lead to medication errors. To improve patient safety in the ICUs, healthcare center managers need to promote interprofessional collaboration and participation of clinical pharmacists in the ICUs. Furthermore, interprofessional programs to prevent and reduce medication errors should be developed and implemented.
Friendly Fire and the Proportion of Friends to Foes

Losses of inhibitory control may be partly responsible for some friendly fire incidents. The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART; Robertson, Manly, Andrade, Baddeley, & Yiend, 1997) may provide an appropriate empirical model for this. The current investigation aimed to provide an ecologically valid application of the SART to a small arms simulation and examine the effect of different proportions of enemy to friendly confederates. Seven university students engaged in a small arms simulation where they cleared a building floor using a near-infrared emitter gun, tasked with firing at confederates representing enemies and withholding fire to confederates representing friends. All participants completed three conditions which were differentiated by the proportion of enemies to friends present. As hypothesized, participants failed to withhold responses more often when the proportion of foes was higher, suggesting that a prepotent motor response routine had developed. This effect appeared to be disproportionately more substantial in the high foe condition relative to the others. Participants also subjectively reported higher levels of on-task focus as foe proportions increased, suggesting that they found this more mentally demanding. Future research could examine closer the nature of the performance reductions associated with high proportions of foes, as it appears that this is more complex than a simple linear relationship.
Production of Extracellular Proteases by Bacillus cereus (Strain PD1) Grown on pH Adjusted Whey

Three bacterial strains capable of producing extracellular proteases were isolated based on their ability to digest skimmed milk. One of these strains (designated as PD1) was identified as Bacillus cereus . Proteases secreted by PD1 were found to retain activity despite exposure to 65°C. Here, we have characterized the strain PD1 and its extracellular proteases and explored the possibility of recycling whey as a growth medium. Antibiotic sensitivity and carbohydrate utilization tests were performed. The kinetics of growth and protease secretion by PD1 were also established using LB broth or pH adjusted whey. It was found that protease activity in the culture supernatant was induced in the stationary phase of growth. Importantly, the stationary phase culture supernatants of PD1 in whey showed maximal protease activity at pH 8.0 and reaction temperature of 56-65°C. The data indicates that PD1 could prove to be a useful source of industrially relevant proteases. Furthermore, this study suggests a possible method of recycling whey to prevent pollution due to whey disposal.