Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Log Volume Formula for Exporters

The procedures for scaling for JAS in New Zealand are defined in (Ellis and Elliott 2001). JAS understates the cubic volume of short logs and those of small diameter by as much as 40% of the actual volume, while longer, larger Douglas fir logs with little taper maybe over estimated by 20% (Ellis and Elliott 2001, Ellis et al. 1996). Mensuration and scaling systems in New Zealand provide estimates of the under-bark cubic content of logs and trees (Ellis 2005, Goulding 2005). As a result, forest owners require conversion from JAS volume to true cubic for stand volume reconciliation. All logs for export from New Zealand are measured on truck and only the small-end diameter and length are used for the calculation of volume. JAS is calculated by assuming a rectangular solid shape with square rather than circular ends and for logs greater than 6m, with a pre-determined standard allowance for the increase in log diameter from smallend to large-end. Thus actual log taper has a large impact on the accuracy of the volume estimate from small-end diameter and length.
Block sampling the discrete latent variable in dynamic mixture models

We propose two algorithms for block-sampling the discrete latent variable in dynamic mixture models. The first is a multi-move extension of the single-move Gibbs sampler devised by Gerlach, Carter and Kohn (2000). The second is an adaptive Metropolis-Hastings scheme that performs well even when the number of discrete states is large. Three empirical examples illustrate the gain in eciency achieved. We also show that visual inspection of sample partial autocorrelations of the discrete latent variable helps anticipating whether blocking can be eective.
The growth of double Dirichlet series

Under the condition that there is not restrict that the three pairs of convergence coordinates of double entire Dirichlet series are equal,it is studied the relationship between the growth of double entire Dirichlet Series and coefficient in two-dimensional after plane by Knopp-Kojima method,then,a necessary and sufficient condition of θ order is got and the strict proof is given.
Oscillating Brownian motion

An ‘oscillating' version of Brownian motion is defined and studied. ‘Ordinary' Brownian motion and ‘reflecting' Brownian motion are shown to arise as special cases. Transition densities, first-passage time distributions, and occupation time distributions for the process are obtained explicitly. Convergence of a simple oscillating random walk to an oscillating Brownian motion process is established by using results of Stone (1963).
Individual and Neighborhood Environmental Factors Affecting Healthy Eating Among Korean Rural Adults

Background: Although it is recognized that social and environmental factors influence healthy eating behaviors, few studies have investigated the association between environmental factors and healthy eating among rural adults in Korea. We aimed to identify individual and neighborhood environmental factors influencing adherence to fruit and vegetable intake among adults living in rural areas using an ecological approach. Methods: The study sample comprised 1,582 adults from 38 rural areas from Chungbuk Province, South Korea in 2017 who provided individual- and neighborhood-level data. Neighborhood-level data were obtained by aggregating individual-level responses measured for each residential town resulting in an average value for each neighborhood-level variable for the 38 rural areas. The data were merged and used for a series of multilevel logistic regression analyses. Results: Among the individual-level factors, age, alcohol drinking, physical activity, self-efficacy for healthy eating, and social support for healthy eating were significantly associated with adherence to fruit and vegetable intake. Among the neighborhood-level factors, social cohesion and perceived neighborhood safety were significantly associated with adherence to fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusion: Multifaceted intervention strategies to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables should include behavioral modification, social support, and improvement of neighborhood environments.
Frontiers in Dentistry

Article type: Original Article Objectives: Age estimation is a crucial aspect of forensic odontology, and the Tooth Coronal Index (TCI) has been widely used for forensic purposes in determining age. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of TCI in age estimation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, and TCI was calculated for the mandibular first premolar in 700 digital panoramic radiographs. Age was divided into five groups: 20-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, and >61 years. Bivariate correlation was used to establish the relationship between TCI and age. Linear regression was calculated for the different age groups and genders. Inter-observer reliability and agreement were assessed using one-way ANOVA. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Comparison of the mean difference from actual age showed underestimation in males aged 20-30 years and overestimation in males over 60 years of age. The least difference between actual and calculated age was found in females aged 31-40 years. Inter-age comparison using ANOVA for females demonstrated a statistically highly significant difference from actual age in all age groups (P<0.01), with the highest mean in females aged 51-60 years and the lowest in females aged 31-40 years. Inter-group comparison of mean TCI revealed statistically non-significant differences in males and statistically highly significant differences in females (P<0.01). Conclusion: Age estimation using TCI on mandibular first premolars can be recommended as an easy, non-invasive, and less time-consuming method. This study suggests that regression formulas were more accurate for males aged 31-40 years.
CALIBRATION OF SPES4-π SET-UP IN EXPERIMENTS ON SATURNE-II

Calibration and alignment of the SPES4-π set-up components are described. The procedure is veried using real data on the elastic backward (in c.m.) p(d, p)d scattering taken in the course of the experiment on study of inelastic (d, d � ) scattering of protons with excitation of N (1440) and ∆-isobar. The investigation has been performed at the Laboratory of High Energies, JINR.
Meshless Methods in Conformation Dynamics

● M. Weber, S. Kube, A. Riemer, A. Bujotzek: Efficient sampling of the stationary distribution of metastable dynamical systems, ZIB Report 07-03, Zuse Institute Berlin, 2007. ● M. Weber, S. Kube, L. Walter, P. Deuflhard: Stable computation of probability densities for metastable dynamical systems, Multiscale Model. Simul. 6 (2007), Nr. 2, 396 – 416. ● S. Kube: Statistical Error Estimation and Hierarchical Refinement in Conformation Dynamics, doctoral thesis, FU Berlin 2008. Cooperations: ● Pharmacology and Toxicology, FU Berlin: M. Schafer-Korting ● Medical Physics, FU Berlin: K. D. Kramer
Robust and Non-fragile H_∞ Control for Discrete-time Uncertain Linear Systems

The problem of robust and non-fragile H_∞ control via state feedback for linear discrete-time uncertain systems is studied.While robustness relates to uncertainties in the mathematical model of a controlled system,fragility relates to the uncertainties in the implementation of a designed controller.When both controlled system and controller have uncertainties,no other than the robust and non-fragile controller can stabilize the closed-loop systems and guarantee a prescribed performance.The systems are assumed to have norm-bounded parameter uncertainties.The controller gains are assumed to have norm-bounded parameter uncertainties which can be either additive or multiplicative.The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of robust and non-fragile controller is presented via linear matrix inequality (LMI). A numerical example shows the validity of the design method.
Detection of a Supervirial Hot Component in the Milky Way Circumgalactic Medium Along Multiple Sight Lines by Using the Stacking Technique

The study of the elusive hot component (T ≳ 107 K) of the Milky Way circumgalactic medium (CGM) is a novel topic for understanding Galactic formation and evolution. In this work, we use the stacking technique through 46 lines of sight with Chandra ACIS-S HETG totaling over 10 Ms of exposure time and nine lines of sight with ACIS-S LETG observations totaling over 1 Ms of exposure time, to study in absorption the presence of highly ionized metals arising from the supervirial temperature phase of the CGM. Focusing in the spectral range 4–8 Å, we were able to confirm the presence of this hot phase with high significance. We detected transitions of Si XIV K α (with a total significance of 6.0σ) and, for the first time, S XVI K α (total significance of 4.8σ) in the rest frame of our own galaxy. For S XVI K α we found a column density of 1.50−0.38+0.44×1016cm−2 . For Si XIV K α we measured a column density of 0.87 ± 0.16 × 1016 cm−2. The lines of sight used in this work are spread across the sky, probing widely separated regions of the CGM. Therefore, our results indicate that this newly discovered hot medium extends throughout the halo and is not related only to the Galactic bubbles. The hot gas location, distribution, and covering factor, however, remain unknown. This component might contribute significantly to the missing baryons and metals in the Milky Way.
Einstein's Equation

According to the principle of the general relativity theory, the gravity field equation should contain the field energy as a source of the field itself. Including the field energy-momentum tensor into the Einstein’s equation brings extra unknown quantities to the equation. Such equation is not suitable for a metric finding; however it allows – based on the known metric – calculating the whole energy-momentum tensor of both matter and gravitational field. As the gravity field metric, the metric of continuous field can be used, parameters of which are found from the generally covariant one-parametric equation. Here, the solutions are given of the equation for the spherically symmetric stationary problem. One of the solutions coincides practically with that by Schwarzschild for weak fields, while the other one describes an expulsive field.
FlexiChain 2.0: NodeChain Assisting Integrated Decentralized Vault for Effective Data Authentication and Device Integrity in Complex Cyber-Physical Systems

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has been introduced using the most common consensus algorithm either for an electronic cash system or a decentralized programmable assets platform which provides general services. Most established reliable networks are unsuitable for all applications such as smart cities applications, and, in particular, Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) applications. The purpose of this paper is to provide a suitable DLT for IoT and CPS that could satisfy their requirements. The proposed work has been designed based on the requirements of Cyber Physical Systems. FlexiChain is proposed as a layer zero network that could be formed from independent blockchains. Also, NodeChain has been introduced to be a distributed (Unique ID) UID aggregation vault to secure all nodes' UIDs. Moreover, NodeChain is proposed to serve mainly FlexiChain for all node security requirements. NodeChain targets the security and integrity of each node. Also, the linked UIDs create a chain of narration that keeps track not merely for assets but also for who authenticated the assets. The security results present a higher resistance against four types of attacks. Furthermore, the strength of the network is presented from the early stages compared to blockchain and central authority. FlexiChain technology has been introduced to be a layer zero network for all CPS decentralized applications taking into accounts their requirements. FlexiChain relies on lightweight processing mechanisms and creates other methods to increase security.
The time delay of gamma-ray bursts in the soft energy band.

Using a cross correlation method, we find that there may exist gamma-ray bursts whose soft emission has a time delay relative to the high-energy emission. Autocorrelation was used to determine the duration of substructures in different energy bands of selected bursts,in order to examine the correlation between time def ay and broadening of soft emission. The results indicate a positive correlation with correlation coefficient 0.75 between the two parameters, this suggests that scattering could partly be the mechanism of time delay and broadening. The hardness ratios of the bursts with time delays are concentrated in a relatively narrow range.
On Approximate Reconfigurability of Label Cover

Given a two-prover game $G$ and its two satisfying labelings $\psi_\mathsf{s}$ and $\psi_\mathsf{t}$, the Label Cover Reconfiguration problem asks whether $\psi_\mathsf{s}$ can be transformed into $\psi_\mathsf{t}$ by repeatedly changing the value of a vertex while preserving any intermediate labeling satisfying $G$. We consider an optimization variant of Label Cover Reconfiguration by relaxing the feasibility of labelings, referred to as Maxmin Label Cover Reconfiguration: we are allowed to transform by passing through any non-satisfying labelings, but required to maximize the minimum fraction of satisfied edges during transformation from $\psi_\mathsf{s}$ to $\psi_\mathsf{t}$. Since the parallel repetition theorem of Raz (SIAM J. Comput., 1998), which implies NP-hardness of Label Cover within any constant factor, produces strong inapproximability results for many NP-hard problems, one may think of using Maxmin Label Cover Reconfiguration to derive inapproximability results for reconfiguration problems. We prove the following results on Maxmin Label Cover Reconfiguration, which display different trends from those of Label Cover and the parallel repetition theorem: (1) Maxmin Label Cover Reconfiguration can be approximated within a factor of nearly $\frac{1}{4}$ for restricted graph classes, including slightly dense graphs and balanced bipartite graphs. (2) A naive parallel repetition of Maxmin Label Cover Reconfiguration does not decrease the optimal objective value. (3) Label Cover Reconfiguration on projection games can be decided in polynomial time. The above results suggest that a reconfiguration analogue of the parallel repetition theorem is unlikely.
Improving Scene Text Recognition for Character-Level Long-Tailed Distribution

Despite the recent remarkable improvements in scene text recognition (STR), the majority of the studies focused mainly on the English language, which only includes few number of characters. However, STR models show a large performance degradation on languages with a numerous number of characters (e.g., Chinese and Korean), especially on characters that rarely appear due to the long-tailed distribution of characters in such languages. To address such an issue, we conducted an empirical analysis using synthetic datasets with different character-level distributions (e.g., balanced and long-tailed distributions). While increasing a substantial number of tail classes without considering the context helps the model to correctly recognize characters individually, training with such a synthetic dataset interferes the model with learning the contextual information (i.e., relation among characters), which is also important for predicting the whole word. Based on this motivation, we propose a novel Context-Aware and Free Experts Network (CAFE-Net) using two experts: 1) context-aware expert learns the contextual representation trained with a long-tailed dataset composed of common words used in everyday life and 2) context-free expert focuses on correctly predicting individual characters by utilizing a dataset with a balanced number of characters. By training two experts to focus on learning contextual and visual representations, respectively, we propose a novel confidence ensemble method to compensate the limitation of each expert. Through the experiments, we demonstrate that CAFE-Net improves the STR performance on languages containing numerous number of characters. Moreover, we show that CAFE-Net is easily applicable to various STR models.
Demonstration of a Conceptual Design Tool for Multiple Lifting Elements

The design of high lift devices during the conceptual design phase of transport aircraft requires highly iterative methods in order to develop an efficient product. A conceptual design tool has been developed to support the analysis of these multiple lifting elements. The method employed is based on a modified higher order potential flow method that uses elements of distributed vorticity and a fixed or relaxed wake model. Although small differences exist between the predictions of both wake models, both compute lift and induced drag values which compare well with the NASA Trap wing data experiment, with the fixed wake model being computationally faster. Section pressure distributions show that the computed difference between the upper and lower pressure coefficients shows good agreement with the experimental data at 65% halfspan, but underpredicts the pressure difference closer to the wingtip. Results of a trade study on the relative placement of a trailing edge flap tend to agree with the expected trends. The tool is computationally efficient; a single angle of attack analysis can be completed in minutes on a personal computer. To further reduce the time needed for an analysis, a fixed wake analysis can be completed in, on average, 20% less time than a relaxed wake analysis.
Quantum Annealing for Single Image Super-Resolution

This paper proposes a quantum computing-based algorithm to solve the single image super-resolution (SISR) problem. One of the well-known classical approaches for SISR relies on the well-established patch-wise sparse modeling of the problem. Yet, this field’s current state of affairs is that deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated far superior results than traditional approaches. Nevertheless, quantum computing is expected to become increasingly prominent for machine learning problems soon. As a result, in this work, we take the privilege to perform an early exploration of applying a quantum computing algorithm to this important image enhancement problem, i.e., SISR. Among the two paradigms of quantum computing, namely universal gate quantum computing and adiabatic quantum computing (AQC), the latter has been successfully applied to practical computer vision problems, in which quantum parallelism has been exploited to solve combinatorial optimization efficiently. This work demonstrates formulating quantum SISR as a sparse coding optimization problem, which is solved using quantum annealers accessed via the D-Wave Leap platform. The proposed AQC-based algorithm is demonstrated to achieve improved speed-up over a classical analog while maintaining comparable SISR accuracy 1.
Non-vanishing of twists of $\text{GL}_4(\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{Q}})$ $L$-functions

Let $\pi$ be a unitary cuspidal automorphic representation of $\text{GL}_{4}(\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{Q}})$. Let $f \geq 1$ be given. We show that there exists infinitely many primitive even (resp. odd) Dirichlet characters $\chi$ with conductor co-prime to $f$ such that $L(s, \pi \otimes \chi)$ is non-vanishing at the central point. Our result has applications for the construction of $p$-adic $L$-functions for $\text{GSp}_{4}$ following Loeffler-Pilloni-Skinner-Zerbes, the Bloch-Kato conjecture and the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for abelian surfaces following Loeffler-Zerbes, strong multiplicity one results for paramodular cuspidal representations of $\text{GSp}_{4}(\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{Q}})$ and the rationality of the central values of $\text{GSp}_{4}(\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{Q}})$ $L$-functions in the remaining non-regular weight case.
In ChatGPT We Trust? Measuring and Characterizing the Reliability of ChatGPT

The way users acquire information is undergoing a paradigm shift with the advent of ChatGPT. Unlike conventional search engines, ChatGPT retrieves knowledge from the model itself and generates answers for users. ChatGPT's impressive question-answering (QA) capability has attracted more than 100 million users within a short period of time but has also raised concerns regarding its reliability. In this paper, we perform the first large-scale measurement of ChatGPT's reliability in the generic QA scenario with a carefully curated set of 5,695 questions across ten datasets and eight domains. We find that ChatGPT's reliability varies across different domains, especially underperforming in law and science questions. We also demonstrate that system roles, originally designed by OpenAI to allow users to steer ChatGPT's behavior, can impact ChatGPT's reliability in an imperceptible way. We further show that ChatGPT is vulnerable to adversarial examples, and even a single character change can negatively affect its reliability in certain cases. We believe that our study provides valuable insights into ChatGPT's reliability and underscores the need for strengthening the reliability and security of large language models (LLMs).
Anomalous impact of thermal fluctuations on spin transfer torque induced ferrimagnetic switching

The dynamics of a spin torque-driven ferrimagnetic (FiM) system is investigated using the two-sublattice macrospin model. We demonstrate ultrafast switching in the picosecond range. However, we find that the excessive current leads to magnetic oscillation. Therefore, faster switching cannot be achieved by unlimitedly increasing the current. By systematically studying the impact of thermal fluctuations, we find that the dynamics of FiMs can also be distinguished into the precessional region, the thermally activated region, and the crossover region. However, in the precessional region, there is a significant deviation between FiM and ferromagnet (FM), i.e., the FM is insensitive to thermal fluctuations since its switching is only determined by the amount of net charge. In contrast, we find that the thermal effect is pronounced even when a very short current pulse is applied to the FiM. We attribute this anomalous effect to the complex relation between the anisotropy and overdrive current. By controlling the magnetic anisotropy, we demonstrate that the FiM can also be configured to be insensitive to thermal fluctuations. This controllable thermal property makes the FiM promising in many emerging applications such as the implementation of tunable activation functions in the neuromorphic computing.