Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Middleman Minorities

Investigates the "middleman minorities," a term coined by Blalock. Included in this classification are Jews in Europe, the Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Greeks in the United States. Previous works on this topic have explored the hostile reaction of communities to these ethnic groups, which leads these middlemen to strengthen group solidarity. These works have also considered the nature of societies in which middleman groups can be found. The theory presented in this analysis classifies so-called middleman minorities as sojourners – those who do not plan to settle permanently in the new location. A relational representation of the development and perpetuation of the middleman minority position is presented. The impact of sojourning is that there is a tendency toward thrift and a concentration in certain occupations. A further result of sojourning is high levels of internal solidarity. Middleman groups also utilize their strong family and ethnic ties for preferential economic treatment. As might be expected, there are often conflicts for middleman groups in their host countries. Some of the conflicts identified in this analysis are those with clients, competing businesses, and labor. Many middlemen do not return to their homeland despite their initial intention to make such a return. Political conditions in their homelands are one reason. Another reason for remaining is that they are able to achieve business success in the host country. (SRD)
Accretion of gas by globular cluster stars

Received date; accepted date Abstract. Some recent observations of the abundances of s-process, r-process, and α elements in metal-poor stars have led to a new scenario for their formation. According to this scenario, these stars were born in a globular cluster and accreted the s-process enriched gas expelled by cluster stars of higher-mass, thereby modifying their surface abundances. Later on, these polluted stars evaporated from the globular cluster to constitute an important fraction of the current halo population. In addition, there are now many direct observations of abundance anomalies not only in globular cluster giant stars but also in subgiant and main-sequence stars. Accretion provides again a plausible explanation for (at least some of) these peculiarities. Here we investigate further the efficiency of the accretion scenario. We find that in concentrated clusters with large escape velocities, accretion is very efficient and can indeed lead to major modifications of the stellar surface abundances.
Changes in drug transport and metabolism and their clinical implications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

ABSTRACT Introduction: The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising, especially in Western countries. Drug treatment in patients with NAFLD is common since it is linked to other conditions like diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, changes in drug metabolism may have serious clinical implications. Areas covered: A literature search for studies in animal models or patients with obesity, fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or NASH cirrhosis published before November 2016 was performed. After discussing epidemiology and animal models for NAFLD, we summarized both basic as well as clinical studies investigating changes in drug transport and metabolism in NAFLD. Important drug groups were assessed separately with emphasis on clinical implications for drug treatment in patients with NAFLD. Expert opinion: Given the frequency of NAFLD even today, a high degree of drug treatment in NAFLD patients appears safe and well-tolerated despite considerable changes in hepatic uptake, distribution, metabolism and transport of drugs in these patients. NASH causes changes in biliary excretion, systemic concentrations, and renal handling of drugs leading to alterations in drug efficacy or toxicity under specific circumstances. Future clinical drug studies should focus on this special patient population in order to avoid serious adverse events in NAFLD patients.
Slow Tourism at the Caribbean's Geographical Margins

Abstract The Caribbean tourism industry owes much of its success to beneficial geographical site and situation factors. Yet these geographical advantages have also contributed to the mass tourism-related pressures of economic dependency, social division and environmental degradation. We argue geographically marginal locales in the Caribbean have the potential to develop alternative tourism models that ameliorate these negative repercussions. With its conceptual roots originating from the slow food movement and theoretically rooted in Herman Daly's ‘soft growth’ development, we propose slow tourism as a viable soft growth model that is a more culturally sensitive and sustainable genre of alternative tourism. This new model and its locational appropriateness appears eminently suitable since it diversifies and revitalizes mature tourism offerings, redirects tourism away from ‘hard growth’ maxims, and thereby contributes to more sustainable tourism ensembles. In a maturing industry that requires innovation, revitalization and significant change in offerings if it is to survive and prosper, we argue the best places to promote slow tourism lies in the Caribbean's overlooked geographical margins where diversity and authenticity still persist.
Is it possible to predict the early post‐transplant allograft function using 20‐HETE measurements? A preliminary report

20‐HydroxyEicosaTetraEnoic (20‐HETE) acid is an arachidonic acid metabolite that is generated via cytochrome P450 enzymes, and according to the findings from recent studies, may be involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia–reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to: examine the dynamics of 20‐HETE changes during the first 5 min of allograft reperfusion, and analyze whether the observed changes are associated with post‐transplant graft function. Sixty‐nine renal transplant recipients were divided, according to their outcome, into early, slow and delayed graft function (EGF, SGF, DGF) group. Blood samples were collected directly before and during the first 5 min of allograft reperfusion. 20‐HETE concentrations were measured using ELISA. The results demonstrated significant differences in the concentrations and in the dynamics of 20‐HETE changes between patients with immediate graft function, and individuals with allograft activation problems. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of 20‐HETEΔ(5‐0) parameter in discriminating EGF and SGF from DGF were 69%, 54%, 74% and 48% respectively. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the dynamics of 20‐HETE changes, which occurs during early phase of allograft reperfusion, is associated with early post‐transplant graft function and also highlighted 20‐HETE as a novel clinical marker of post‐transplant allograft function.
Neural Mechanisms of Belief Inference during Cooperative Games

Humans have the arguably unique ability to understand the mental representations of others. For success in both competitive and cooperative interactions, however, this ability must be extended to include representations of others' belief about our intentions, their model about our belief about their intentions, and so on. We developed a “stag hunt” game in which human subjects interacted with a computerized agent using different degrees of sophistication (recursive inferences) and applied an ecologically valid computational model of dynamic belief inference. We show that rostral medial prefrontal (paracingulate) cortex, a brain region consistently identified in psychological tasks requiring mentalizing, has a specific role in encoding the uncertainty of inference about the other's strategy. In contrast, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex encodes the depth of recursion of the strategy being used, an index of executive sophistication. These findings reveal putative computational representations within prefrontal cortex regions, supporting the maintenance of cooperation in complex social decision making.
Activity Analysis of Group Process

Summary There are a variety of theoretical models accepted within the practice of group psychotherapy. These approaches include interpersonal, in-trapsychic, and behavioral methods. The focus on here-and-now versus there-and-then varies. It is often determined by the leader's clinical training and demands of the setting relative to reimbursement factors. Regardless of these factors a match must be made between the member's ability to function and the group process activity.
The Skills Confidence Inventory: A Measure of Self-Efficacy

The Skills Confidence Inventory (SCI; Betz, Borgen, & Harmon, 1996) General Confidence Theme (GCT) scores differentiated appropriately between members of 21 occupational groups. The GCT scales represent confidence in ability to perform tasks and complete courses in six areas that correspond to the Holland themes (1985). The occupational groups represented all six Holland types and encompassed both professional and nonprofessional fields. For over 80% of the occupational groups, the highest GCT was on a scale matching the Holland code for the occupation. Likewise, the groups that scored highest and lowest on each GCT were consistent with Holland's theory. To determine whether the SCI can be useful in career assessment, it is important to show that the GCTs provide information that is different from the information provided by the Strong Interest Inventory (SII; Harmon, Hansen, Borgen, & Hammer, 1994) General Occupational Themes (GOT), which also provide scores for the six Holland themes. Reports of career assessments with four college students in which both the SCI and SII were used are presented. They suggest that the SCI is useful in career assessment and counseling.
The impact of attachment security and emotion dysregulation on anxiety in children and adolescents

Theoretical views and empirical findings suggest interrelations among attachment security, emotion dysregulation and anxiety in childhood and adolescence. However, the associations among the three constructs have rarely been investigated in children, and no study has yet addressed these associations in adolescence. The aim of the present study was to test a model of the interrelations among the three factors on a sample of 673 youths (age 9–16), using structural equation modelling. In accordance with theoretical conceptualisations, it was hypothesised that attachment security would relate to anxiety and that emotion dysregulation would help explain the association between attachment security and anxiety. Results showed that more securely attached youths reported less emotion dysregulation and that youths who had fewer emotion regulation difficulties experienced less anxiety. The association between attachment security and anxiety was mediated by emotion dysregulation. The model was confirmed for both children and adolescents. Findings are discussed with respect to theoretical implications, as well as future directions.
Morbidity and mortality after spinal deformity surgery in patients 75 years and older: complications and predictive factors.

OBJECT As the population continues to age, relatively older geriatric patients will present more frequently with complex spinal deformities that may require surgical intervention. To the authors' knowledge, no study has analyzed factors predictive of complications after major spinal deformity surgery in the very elderly (75 years and older). The authors' objective was to determine the rate of minor and major complications and predictive factors in patients 75 years of age and older who underwent major spinal deformity surgery requiring a minimum 5-level arthrodesis procedure. METHODS Twenty-one patients who were 75 years of age or older and underwent thoracic and/or lumbar fixation and arthrodesis across 5 or more levels for spinal deformity were analyzed retrospectively. The medical and surgical records were reviewed in detail. Age, diagnosis, comorbidities, operative data, hospital data, major and minor complications, and deaths were recorded. Factors predictive of perioperative complications were identified by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The mean patient age was 77 years old (range 75-83 years). There were 14 women and 7 men. The mean follow-up was 41.2 months (range 24-81 months). Fifteen patients (71%) had at least 1 comorbidity. A mean of 10.5 levels were fused (range 5-15 levels). Thirteen patients (62%) had at least 1 perioperative complication, and 8 (38%) had at least one major complication for a total of 17 complications. There were no perioperative deaths. Increasing age was predictive of any perioperative complication (p = 0.03). However, major complications were not predicted by age or comorbidities as a whole. In a subset analysis of comorbidities, only hypertension was predictive of a major complication (OR 10, 95% CI 1.3-78; p = 0.02). Long-term postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (52%), and revision fusion surgery was necessary in 3 (14%). CONCLUSIONS Patients 75 years and older undergoing major spinal deformity surgery have an overall perioperative complication rate of 62%, with older age increasing the likelihood of a complication, and a long-term postoperative complication rate of 52%. Patients in this age group with a history of hypertension are 10 times more likely to incur a major perioperative complication. However, the mortality risk for these patients is not increased.
A Prototype for Querying over LZCS Transformed Documents

We present novel query algorithms that efficiently support some popular XPath operations over LZCS-transformed documents. The LZCS transformation compresses a redundant XML collection without loss. The main idea of LZCS, inspired by Lempel-Ziv compression, is to replace whole substructures by previous occurrences thereof, and our algorithms try to reuse the work done over those repeating substructures. The algorithms are implemented in a prototype called lzcs-grep. The main advantage of lzcs-grep is that it processes the documents in transformed form, obtaining very fast response times in combination with low memory requirements. Our experimental results show that lzcs-grep is competitive with other XPath processors even over untransformed documents and by far unbeaten when it can operate over their LZCS-transformed version.
Subunit asymmetry in the three‐dimensional structure of a human CuZnSOD mutant found in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The X‐ray crystal structure of a human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mutant (G37R CuZnSOD) found in some patients with the inherited form of Lou Gehrig's disease (FALS) has been determined to 1.9 Å resolution. The two SOD subunits have distinct environments in the crystal and are different in structure at their copper binding sites. One subunit (subunitintact) shows a four‐coordinate ligand geometry of the copper ion, whereas the other subunit (subunitbroken) shows a three‐coordinate geometry of the copper ion. Also, subunitintact, displays higher atomic displacement parameters for backbone atoms ( = 30 ± 10 Å2) than subunitbroken ( = 24 ± 11 Å2). This structure is the first CuZnSOD to show large differences between the two subunits. Factors that may contribute to these differences are discussed and a possible link of a looser structure to FALS is suggested.
HOXA2 Haploinsufficiency in Dominant Bilateral Microtia and Hearing Loss

Microtia is a rare, congenital malformation of the external ear that in some cases has a genetic etiology. We ascertained a three‐generation family with bilateral microtia and hearing loss segregating as an autosomal dominant trait. Exome sequencing of affected family members detected only seven shared, rare, heterozygous, nonsynonymous variants, including one protein truncating variant, a HOXA2 nonsense change (c.703C>T, p.Q235*). The HOXA2 variant was segregated with microtia and hearing loss in the family and was not seen in 6,500 individuals sequenced by the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project or in 218 control individuals sequenced in this study. HOXA2 has been shown to be critical for outer and middle ear development through mouse models and has previously been associated with autosomal recessive bilateral microtia. Our data extend these conclusions and define HOXA2 haploinsufficiency as the first genetic cause for autosomal‐dominant nonsyndromic microtia.
L'approche néo-institutionnelle : des concepts, une méthode, des résultats

L’approche neo-institutionnelle, qui a connu des developpements considerables au cours des vingt dernieres annees, constitue un "programme de recherche progressif". Ce programme repose sur un noyau dur de concepts s’appliquant a des objets bien identifies, les modes de gouvernance, l’environnement institutionnel ou ils trouvent racine, et l’interaction qui les anime. Les couts de transaction jouent un role cle dans ce dispositif. L’article examine pourquoi il en est ainsi, aborde des points controverses, et fait etat d’un certain nombre de percees recentes de cette theorie en economie, mais aussi en histoire et en sciences politiques.
THE c=1 MATRIX MODEL FORMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL YANG-MILLS THEORIES

We find the exact matrix model description of two-dimensional Yang-Mills theories on a cylinder or on a torus and with an arbitrary semisimple compact gauge group. This matrix model is the singlet sector of a c=1 matrix model where the matrix field is in the fundamental representation of the gauge group. We also prove that the basic constituents of the theory are Sutherland fermions in the zero coupling limit, and this leads to an interesting connection between two-dimensional gauge theories and one-dimensional integrable systems. In particular we derive for all the classical groups the exact grand canonical partition function of the free fermion system corresponding to a two-dimensional gauge theory on a torus.
Fifty Years of Regional Inequality in China: A Journey Through Central Planning, Reform, and Openness

The paper constructs and analyzes a long-run time series for regional inequality in China from the Communist Revolution to the present. There have been three peaks of inequality in the last fifty years, coinciding with the Great Famine of the late 1950s, the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and 1970s, and finally the period of openness and global integration in the late 1990s. Econometric analysis establishes that regional inequality is explained in the different phases by three key policy variables—the ratio of heavy industry to gross output value, the degree of decentralization, and the degree of openness.
Cytochemical Markers of Differentiation in Acute Leukemia1

Material from 110 adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic granulocytic leu kemia (CGL) in blast crisis (BC) was studied by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy cytochemistry in order to examine the sensitivity of the tests used to define myeloid differentiation. Granulocytic differentiation was best visualized by the myeloperoxidase (MPO) reaction. By LM, the Hanker method using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine at pH 7.6 was the most sensitive in demonstrating MPO and the presence of <f>bodies in most acute myeloid leukemias and some CGLs in "myeloid" BC. 4> bodies were more numerous when the reaction was carried out at pH 9.7, suggesting that they originate from catalase-containing microperoxisomes. MPO at transmission electron mi croscope level (with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine) was more sensitive than the LM techniques because it demonstrated myeloblasts with few positive granules and reaction product in the endoplasmic reticulum. The platelet-peroxidase technique of Breton-Gorius, using a higher concentration of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and unfixed material, was of even greater sensitivity for the study of myeloid precursors and allowed the identifica tion of megakaryoblasts in CGL in BC. Monocytic differentiation was best recognized by LM using an esterase method (naphthol AS-acetate or a-naphthyl ace tate) and the acid phosphatase reaction. By transmission elec tron microscopy, the acid phosphatase reaction was positive in small electron-dense granules which are MPO negative and appear to be characteristic of the early maturation stages of monoblasts. The techniques described were of value in the classification of CGL in BC and demonstrating the myeloid component in 8 of 56 (14%) acute myeloid leukemia cases which were positive with the enzyme terminal transferase. Five of the latter were "pure" myeloid cell proliferations, and 3 others were "mix tures" of lymphoblasts and myeloblasts (or monoblasts), but with lymphoid cells predominating in 2 of them.
A survey of longest common subsequence algorithms

The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive comparison of well-known longest common subsequence algorithms (for two input strings) and study their behaviour in various application environments. The performance of the methods depends heavily on the properties of the problem instance as well as the supporting data structures used in the implementation. We want to make also a clear distinction between methods that determine the actual lcs and those calculating only its length, since the execution time and more importantly, the space demand depends crucially on the type of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first time this kind of survey has been done. Due to the page limits, the paper gives only a coarse overview of the performance of the algorithms; more detailed studies are reported elsewhere.
Built-In self-repair for divided word line memory

In this paper, a novel block-repair fault-tolerant architecture based on the characteristics of divided word line (DWL) is proposed for high-capacity memories. We divide the memory cell array into blocks and redundancies are added at the block level. Our fault-tolerant architecture can improve the yield for memory fabrication significantly. According to experimental results, the hardware overheads are less than 0.732% and 0.48% for SRAMs and DRAMs, respectively, It also concludes that the block repair approach improves repair rate significantly.
The relationship of neurocognition and negative symptoms to social and role functioning over time in individuals at clinical high risk in the first phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVES Impaired social, role, and neurocognitive functioning are preillness characteristics of people who later develop psychosis. In people with schizophrenia, neurocognition and negative symptoms are associated with functional impairment. We examined the relative contributions of neurocognition and symptoms to social and role functioning over time in clinically high-risk (CHR) individuals and determined if negative symptoms mediated the influence of cognition on functioning. METHODS Social, role, and neurocognitive functioning and positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms were assessed in 167 individuals at CHR for psychosis in the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study Phase 1 (NAPLS-1), of whom 96 were reassessed at 12 months. RESULTS Regression analyses indicated that negative symptoms accounted for unique variance in social and role functioning at baseline and follow-up. Composite neurocognition accounted for unique, but modest, variance in social and role functioning at baseline and in role functioning at follow-up. Negative symptoms mediated the relationship between composite neurocognition and social and role functioning across time points. In exploratory analyses, individual tests (IQ estimate, Digit Symbol/Coding, verbal memory) selectively accounted for social and role functioning at baseline and follow-up after accounting for symptoms. When negative symptom items with content overlapping with social and role functioning measures were removed, the relationship between neurocognition and social and role functioning was strengthened. CONCLUSION The modest overlap among neurocognition, negative symptoms, and social and role functioning indicates that these domains make substantially separate contributions to CHR individuals.