Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computationally Efficient Ground-to-Air Missile Seeker Based on Camera Images

Recently, advanced ground-to-air missiles are developed to defend against a targeted aircraft. A conventional ground-to-air missile has infrared (IR) seekers or radar sensors. However, an anti-aircraft missile based on infrared images is easily distracted by flares, thus an aircraft deploys flares when an incoming missile is detected. In this paper, we propose a missile seeker that complements the weakness of the existing IR sensors, by switching to camera sensors in the case where IR sensors are disturbed. As we switch to camera sensors, we generate the initial bounding box by applying simple line detection algorithms on the target image. Once a bounding box is generated at the target aircraft, the box is tracked continuously using object trackers, which are based on camera images. The missile then uses the bounding box for tracking the target continuously. The object tracker is based on the camera image and is not disturbed by flares or chaffs. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is unique in proposing a missile seeker that complements the weakness of the existing IR sensors, by switching to camera sensors in the case where IR sensors are disturbed. The proposed tracking algorithm is simple and computationally efficient, thus is suitable for real time applications. As far as we know, our tracking algorithm is novel in using simple line detection algorithms for tracking a target aircraft. Using experiments, we show that the proposed tracking method outperforms the-state-of-the-art on object detector considering both time efficiency and tracking accuracy.
Conduit diameter and buoyant rising speed of mantle plumes: Implications for the motion of hot spots and shape of plume conduits

Mantle plumes are expected to be affected by large‐scale flow in the Earth's mantle related to plate motions, subducted slabs, and possibly large‐scale upwellings. Motion of plume conduits will depend on both large‐scale flow and buoyant rising speed of the conduit through the mantle. Here we present a model of depth‐dependent plume conduit temperature, viscosity, radius, and buoyant rising speed and use it to compute plume and hot spot motion. Results support a temperature anomaly of about 500 K at the plume base. In this case, sublithospheric temperature anomaly is about 150 K for the Iceland plume; transition zone anomaly is between 150 and 200 K for Iceland, about 250 K for Samoa, and about 300 K for Hawaii. Thermal plume radii are about 100 km in the upper mantle, increasing to about 200 km in the lower mantle. Beneath the lithosphere, viscosity in the vicinity of plumes is substantially reduced compared to the underlying mantle, and fast‐moving plates deflect plumes by 200 km or less, corresponding to a plume conduit buoyant rise time of about 3 Myr between 400 and 100 km depth, where most of the shear flow due to plate motions occurs. During 100 Myr, plume conduits rise buoyantly from about 1500–2000 km depth. In many cases, computed hot spot motion agrees with previous computations: south‐southeastward motion of the Hawaiian hot spot during the past 100 Myr, Louisville hot spot motion in a similar direction but at slower speed during the past 50 Myr, and westward motion of the Easter hot spot relative to Hawaii and Louisville. However, the previously computed substantial southward motion of the Kerguelen hot spot is not confirmed. If plume sources in the lowermost mantle are assumed to move with large‐scale flow, they are predicted to be displaced toward the two large‐scale upwellings beneath Africa and the Pacific relative to hot spot surface locations. For fixed sources, predicted tilts of the lower part of conduits tend to be opposite to that.
Projected changes in solar UV radiation in the Arctic and sub‐Arctic Oceans: Effects from changes in reflectivity, ice transmittance, clouds, and ozone

Ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B), UV‐A, and erythemal solar irradiance over ocean‐covered areas north of 55°N are simulated for the past (1950–1960), present (2005–2015), and future (2090–2100) using a radiative transfer model. The simulations focus mainly on the effects of changes in ocean surface reflectivity, cloudiness, and stratospheric ozone. Based on projected changes in sea ice cover and thickness, changes in irradiance transmitted into the ocean are also derived. The input parameters of the radiative transfer model were obtained from four Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 Earth System Models driven by the emission scenarios Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Over a large fraction of the area under study, the overall effect from the projected changes in the factors considered is a reduction in the ultraviolet solar irradiance by the end of the 21st century relative to the levels in the 1950s. Increases were projected only for all skies during August for locations below 65°N due to the projected decrease in cloudiness. The reduction in clear‐sky UV‐A irradiance (on average 4–7% depending on scenario and season) is entirely driven by the reduction in surface reflectivity, while the projected ozone recovery is responsible for a great portion of the reduction in clear‐sky UV‐B irradiance (10–18% on average). Under all skies, the changes in the monthly mean noontime erythemal irradiance range from +15% to −38%, depending on the location and season. Compared to the 1950s, up to 10 times higher levels of UV‐B irradiance are projected to enter large parts of the Arctic Ocean by 2100, mainly because of the partial disappearance of sea ice.
SAR interferometry in post-seismic ground deformation detection related to the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, India

The 2001 Bhuj earthquake, which occurred due to rupturing of a hidden reverse fault, caused large-scale ground deformation. The ground deformations in the Bhuj earthquake-affected region have been analysed using two interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data sets. The data sets belong to the years 2003–2004 and 2004–2005, covering an area east of Bhuj falling on near-flat terrain north of Kutch Mainland Fault (KMF). Two interferograms have been generated successfully displaying the interference fringes in the study area, enabling us to draw interesting observational inferences. The 2003–2004 interferogram image exhibits upliftment of about 8 cm (surface motion towards the satellite) around Kunjisar village and also upliftment of 25 and 5 cm in the other two areas north of Kunjisar, whereas the interferogram image belonging to the year 2004–2005 reveals subsidence of about 17 cm (surface motion away from the satellite) in Kunjisar area along with subsidence of about 28 and 5 cm in the two areas north and northwest of Kunjisar, respectively. Hence, between the years 2003 and 2005, two different episodes of upliftment and subsidence have been observed in the study area. The ground upliftment during 2003–2004 probably indicates that the last phase of ground deformation in the earthquake-affected region has been followed by the onset of subsidence during 2004–2005 as the rock volume involved in stress–strain processes began to experience a relaxation phase.
Tidally heated convection: Constraints on Europa's ice shell thickness

[1] The thickness of Europa's ice shell is constrained with numerical experiments of thermal convection, including heterogeneous tidal heating. Thermal convection occurs in the stagnant lid regime with most of the tidal heating located in the bottom half of the layer. The addition of tidal heating mainly results in the increase of the temperature of the well-mixed interior and in the decrease of the heat flux at the base of the ice layer. In many simulations, the ice in hot plumes is heated up to its melting point. This induces episodic upwellings (0.5 Ma) of partially molten ice up to the base of the conductive lid, with possible implications for the formation of lenticulae and chaos regions. The thickness of the convective ice shell in equilibrium with the heat flow from the silicate core is estimated to be about 20–25 km. Tidal dissipation and surface temperature variations create lateral variations of the ice shell thickness of about 5 km, with maxima near the equator at the Jovian and anti-Jovian points and minima at midlatitudes. Surface heat flux is about 35–40 mW.m−2; it is almost constant all over Europa's surface, even though the tidal dissipation rate is four times larger at the poles than at the equator.
What If the Moon Didn't Exist?: Voyages to Earths That Might Have Been

What were the factors that spawned life on Earth? And how would life have evolved if any of those elements were changed? If the moon were closer to the Earth than it is, tides would be more extreme; the Earth would rotate more slowly, creating longer days. Conversely, if there was no moon, the Earth would rotate more than five times faster than it does, and tides would be much lower. On a moonless Earth, the atmosphere would probably be of the same thickness and makeup of Venus, where there is no life. And what if Earth had two moons? Or if the Earth were less dense, or if the solar system were younger, or located closer to the edge of the universe? What would life on Earth be like? In this book, Neil Comins analyzes how differences would affect the plant, animal and human life on planet Earth. His examination should help readers gain an understanding of the Earth's place in the solar system, and of just how fragile that place is.
Income inequality since 1820

This chapter focuses on income inequality as measured by gross (i.e. pre-tax) household income across individuals within a country. It builds upon a number of large-scale initiatives to chart income inequality trends over time, supplementing them with data on wages and heights for the earlier period. Income inequality trends follow a U-shape in most Western European countries and the Western Offshoots. It declined between the end of the 19th century until about 1970, followed by a rise. In Eastern Europe, communism resulted in strong declines in income inequality, followed by a sharp increase after its disintegration in the 1980s. In other parts of the world (China in particular) income inequality is on the rise recently. The chapter also provides evidence on the global income distribution, i.e. assuming all people belong to the same community. This distribution was unimodal in the 19th century, became increasingly bi-modal between 1910 and 1970 and suddenly reverted back into a unimodal distribution between 1980 and 2000.
PREDICTION OF PLANTING DATE AND GROWING PERIOD USING SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST) ANOMALIES IN NINO 3.4 FOR INDRAMAYU DISTRICT

Agriculture is a very important sector in Indramayu’s economy. Approximately 53.52% of Indramayu residents are involved in agriculture. Indramayu is a center of rice production in Indonesia. Most of the farmers use a traditional cropping method called Pranata Mangsa, which is based on periodic natural events, but not consider climate variability well. Climate variability has become a major obstacle to achieving a successful harvest, because it can affect the timing of planting and length of the growing season, which leads to drought and flood vulnerability. The planting date and growing season predicted by using monthly sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) in Nino 3.4. The August SSTa can describe the planting date better than the growing season, which are demonstrated best in Lohbener with R 2 = 45% with forecast skill reach = 84% and 92% for advanced and delayed planting dates. Knowing the planting date and growing season length produce a more effective cropping calendar, which includes details such as when to prepare the land, plant seeds, and harvest. This cropping calendar is expected to reduce the impacts of climate variability by providing a more efficient cropping pattern and avoiding potential harvest failures.Agriculture is a very important sector in Indramayu's economy. Approximately 53.52% of Indramayu residents are involved in agriculture. Indramayu is a center of rice production in Indonesia. Most of the farmers use a traditional cropping method called Pranata Mangsa, which is based on periodic natural events, but not consider climate variability well. Climate variability has become a major obstacle to achieving a successful harvest, because it can affect the timing of planting and length of the growing season, which leads to drought and flood vulnerability. The planting date and growing season predicted by using monthly sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) in Nino 3.4. The August SSTa can describe the planting date better than the growing season, which are demonstrated best in Lohbener with R2 = 45% with forecast skill reach = 84% and 92% for advanced and delayed planting dates. Knowing the planting date and growing season length produce a more effective cropping calendar, which includes details such as when to prepare the land, plant seeds, and harvest. This cropping calendar is expected to reduce the impacts of climate variability by providing a more efficient cropping pattern and avoiding potential harvest failures.
Discrimination Between Earthquakes and Underground Explosions Employing an Improved Ms Scale

Summary The M, Rayleigh wave magnitude formula is revised for purposes of eliminating the heretofore variable effects of near distances and propagation paths on the values computed from standard long-period seismograms. The improved formulation employs a revised distance correction function and a period-dependent path correction that normalizes M, to large teleseismic distance 20-s values. For purposes of earthquake-explosion discrimination, an empirical focal depth correction is derived on the basis of Rayleigh wave frequency content as a function of focal depth, which normalizes M, values to the surface focus equivalent, i.e. aids discrimination when it can be applied by increasing earthquake M, values and moving them away from the equivalent explosion population on M, : m, plots. The revised M, improves on previously achieved discrimination of North American events, and provides reliable discrimination between suites of Eurasian earthquakes and explosions. Having removed the dominant propagation path effects on M,, the residual differences in M, : mb among events are generally attributed to source environment and regional effects on m,,. The 42 Eurasian WWSSN stations employed are shown to have a discrimination threshold at the M,3.2 level. With the improved M, scale now equivalent to first order for North American and Eurasian continental propagation, available Nevada Test Site explosion yields are extrapolated to the Eurasian sites to illustrate that this M,3.2 discrimination threshold is equivalent to an Eurasian explosion of about 20 kt in hard rock. Given improved long-period instrumentation to reduce the Rayleigh wave detection threshold, the principal restriction on further studies of discrimination to lower levels of magnitude and yield will be the availability of earthquake occurrence information at the low magnitudes.
Operation of irreversible series reactions in pressure swing reactors

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Tributary valley impoundment by trunk river floodplain development: a case study from the KwaZulu‐Natal Drakensberg foothills, eastern South Africa

This paper investigates the origin and geomorphic evolution of Stillerust Vlei, a 189 ha wetland located approximately 150 km northwest of Durban in the temperate submontane foothills of the KwaZulu‐Natal Drakensberg Mountains. The investigation confirms the findings of previous research on the arid to semi‐arid South African interior, which established that many floodplain wetlands in eastern South Africa are located upstream of resistant rock barriers (dolerite intrusions) that cross river courses and form stable local base levels. Upstream of these barriers, rivers laterally plane less resistant Karoo sedimentary rocks (sandstones, mudstones), creating broad, low gradient valleys conducive to the formation of floodplain wetlands. In addition, the study examines how local levee and alluvial ridge accretion on the floodplain of Stillerust Vlei has impounded a small tributary valley, and drawing on observations of similar wetlands in the region, the paper explains the origin and geomorphic evolution of wetlands in floodplain‐abutting valleys, and associated streams that commonly become discontinuous toward their confluence with the trunk (floodplain) river. Controls on the origin and geomorphic evolution of Stillerust Vlei are placed within the context of slope‐channel decoupling and (dis)connectivity in sediment delivery, illustrating that wetlands are environments of deposition. As a result of dynamic trunk‐tributary relations, Stillerust Vlei holds a diversity of geomorphic features, and thus provides potential habitat for a diversity of biota. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic control of dissolved organic matter concentration and quality in a semiarid artificially drained agricultural catchment

Agricultural practices have altered watershed‐scale dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics, including in‐stream concentration, biodegradability, and total catchment export. However, mechanisms responsible for these changes are not clear, and field‐scale processes are rarely directly linked to the magnitude and quality of DOM that is transported to surface water. In a small (12 ha) agricultural catchment in eastern Washington State, we tested the hypothesis that hydrologic connectivity in a catchment is the dominant control over the concentration and quality of DOM exported to surface water via artificial subsurface drainage. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic‐like components of DOM decreased while the Fluorescence Index and Freshness Index increased with depth through the soil profile. In drain discharge, these characteristics were significantly correlated with drain flow across seasons and years, with drain DOM resembling deep sources during low‐flow and shallow sources during high flow, suggesting that DOM from shallow sources bypasses removal processes when hydrologic connectivity in the catchment is greatest. Assuming changes in streamflow projected for the Palouse River (which contains the study catchment) under the A1B climate scenario (rapid growth, dependence on fossil fuel, and renewable energy sources) apply to the study catchment, we project greater interannual variability in annual DOC export in the future, with significant increases in the driest years. This study highlights the variability in DOM inputs from agricultural soil to surface water on daily to interannual time scales, pointing to the need for a more nuanced understanding of agricultural impacts on DOM dynamics in surface water.
A modified xinanjiang model and its application in northern China

The Xinanjiang model has been widely used in the humid regions in southern China as a basic tool for rainfall–runoff simulation, flood forecasting and water resources planning and management. However, its performance in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China is usually not so good as in the humid regions. A modified Xinanjiang model, in which runoff generation in the watershed is based on both infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff mechanisms, is presented and discussed. Three different watersheds are selected for assessing and comparing the performance of the Xinanjiang model, the modified Xinanjiang model, the VIC model and the TOPMODEL in rainfall–runoff simulation. It is found that the modified Xinanjiang model performs better than the Xinanjiang model, and the models considering the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms are slightly better than those models considering the single runoff generation mechanism in semi-arid areas. It is suggested that the infiltration excess runoff mechanism should be included in rainfall–runoff models in arid and semi-arid regions.
Exploring the impact of strain on the electronic and optical properties of inorganic novel cubic perovskite Sr3PI3

Inorganic perovskite materials have drawn great attention in the realm of solar technology because of their remarkable structural, electronic, and optical properties. Herein, we investigated strain-modulated electronic and optical properties of Sr3PI3, utilizing first-principles density-functional theory (FP-DFT) in detail. The SOC effect has been included in the computation to provide an accurate estimation of the band structure. At its Г(gamma)-point, the planar Sr3PI3 molecule exhibits a direct bandgap of 1.258 eV (PBE). The application of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) relativistic effect causes the bandgap of Sr3PI3 to decrease to 1.242 eV. Under compressive strain, the bandgap of the structure tends to decrease, whereas, under tensile strain, it tends to increase. Due to its band properties, this material exhibits strong absorption capabilities in the visible area, as evidenced by optical parameters including dielectric function, absorption coefficient, and electron loss function. The increase in compressive or tensile strain also causes a red-shift or blue-shift behavior in the photon energy spectrum of the dielectric function and absorption coefficient. Finally, the photovoltaic (PV) performance of novel Sr3PI3 absorber-based cell structures with SnS2 as an Electron Transport Layer (ETL) was systematically investigated at varying layer thicknesses using the SCAPS-1D simulator. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 28.15% with JSC of 34.65 mA cm−2, FF of 87.30%, and VOC of 0.92 V was found for the proposed structure. Therefore, the strain-dependent electronic and optical properties of Sr3PI3 studied here would facilitate its future use in the design of photovoltaic cells and optoelectronics.
Radiative Transfer through Broken Clouds: Observations and Model Validation

Abstract Stochastic radiative transfer is investigated as a method of improving shortwave cloud–radiation parameterizations by incorporating the effects of statistically determined cloud-size and cloud-spacing distributions. Ground-based observations from 16 days at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site are used to derive a statistical description of scattered clouds. The data are ingested into a stochastic, shortwave radiative transfer model. The typical cloud-base height of the most prevalent cloud type, fair-weather cumulus, is 1100 m. Low cloud-fraction conditions are common, with observed cloud liquid water paths between 20 and 80 g m−2. Cloud-fraction amounts calculated using ceilometer data compare reasonably well with those reported in weather logs. The frequency distribution of cloud size can be described by a decaying exponential: the number of clouds decreases significantly with increasing cloud size. The minimum detectable cloud size is 200 m an.