Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Social Norms in Common Property Resource Use

The problem of extracting commonly owned renewable resources is examined within an evolutionary-game-theoretic framework. It is shown that cooperative behavior guided by norms of restraint and punishment may be stable in a well-defined sense against invasion by narrowly self-interested behavior. The resource-stock dynamics are integrated with the evolutionary-game dynamics. Effects of changes in prices, technology, and social cohesion on extraction behavior and the long-run stock are analyzed. When threshold values of the parameters are crossed, social norms can break down leading generally to the lowering of the long-run stock and possibly to its extinction. Copyright 1996 by American Economic Association.
Design optimization of solar chimney power plant by finite elements based numerical model and cascade neural networks

Power output fluctuation is a common problem in the various generating systems of renewable energies. The hybrid energy storage system with water and soil is adopted to decrease the fluctuation of solar chimney power generating systems in the present study. The aim of this paper is a cross-comparison between finite element method (FE) and neural networks (NN) simulation results which were produced for a chosen set of parameters not already considered during the networks training. As main result we propose a prediction tool for investigating the design and performance of a solar system in different working scenarios, not included in reference database exploited for the NN training process.
Real-Time fMRI

Real-time fMRI permits simultaneous measurement and observation of brain activity during an ongoing task. One of the most challenging applications of real-time fMRI in neuroscientific and clinical research is the possibility of acquiring volitional control of localized brain activity using real-time fMRI–based neurofeedback protocols. Real-time fMRI allows the experimenter to noninvasively manipulate brain activity as an independent variable to observe the effects on behavior. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies demonstrated that learned control of the local brain activity leads to specific changes in behavior. Here, the authors describe the implementation and application of real-time fMRI with particular emphasis on the self-regulation of local brain activity and the investigation of brain-function relationships. Real-time fMRI represents a promising new approach to cognitive neuroscience that could complement traditional neuroimaging techniques by providing more causal insights into the functional role of circumscribed brain regions in behavior.
Variability in black hole accretion discs

Observations of accreting systems often show significant variability (10–20 per cent of accretion luminosity) on time-scales much longer than expected for the disc regions releasing most of the luminosity. We propose an explicit physical model for disc variability, consistent with Lyubarskii's general scheme for solving this problem. We suggest that local dynamo processes can affect the evolution of an accretion disc by driving angular momentum loss in the form of an outflow (a wind or jet). We model the dynamo as a small-scale stochastic phenomenon, operating on roughly the local dynamical time-scale. We argue that large-scale outflow can only occur when the small-scale random processes in neighbouring disc annuli give rise by chance to a coherent large-scale magnetic field. This occurs on much longer time-scales, and causes a bright large-amplitude flare as a wide range of disc radii evolve in a coherent fashion. Most of the time, dynamo action instead produces small-amplitude flickering. We reproduce power spectra similar to those observed, including a 1/ƒ power spectrum below a break frequency given by the magnetic alignment time-scale at the inner disc edge. However, the relation between the black hole mass and the value of the break frequency is less straightforward than often assumed in the literature. The effect of an outer disc edge is to flatten the spectrum below the magnetic alignment frequency there. We also find a correlation between the variability amplitude and luminosity, similar to that found in some active galactic nuclei.
An Intercountry Translog Model of Energy Substitution Responses

Results of earlier transcendental logarithmic (translog) production function are challenged on the basis of the limited time-series used. The same methodology is applied to a pool of international manufacturing data to test whether long-run price elasticities can be generated with intercountry samples. Both the time-series and international cross-section methods agree that there is some elasticity of substitution between energy demand and non-energy inputs and that energy forecasting should not be based on the assumption that substitutions between energy and nonenergy inputs are trivial. The international method finds, however, that capital and energy are substitutes rather than complements in the long-run and that there is a difference between short-run and long-run effects of substitution. 29 references. (DCK)
Dynamic thermal management for single and multicore processors under soft thermal constraints

In this paper, we investigate Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM) policies under soft thermal constraint that allows the thermal constraint to be violated for a user specified period. For single core processor, we develop analytical expression for the optimal frequency policy under the soft constraint such that maximal performance can be extracted. We extend this problem to multi-core processor and provide optimal frequency policy when all cores run at same frequency. We also present LP based approximated formulation that generates frequency policies where each core has separate frequency control and considers leakage power. We use frequency legalization to approximate the frequency into discrete values. Experimental results indicate that 10°C increase in core temperature for 100sec results in 13% performance gain for single core processor, and 30% performance gain for two-core processor. Without Tmax constraint, the performance improves almost 100% for two-core processor.
Storage and retrieval of system log events using a structured schema based on message type transformation

Message types are semantic groupings of the free form messages in system log events. The message types that exist in a log file, if known, can be used in several log management and analysis tasks. In this work, we explore the use of message types as a schema definition for the storage and retrieval of messages in event logs. We show how message types can be used to impose structure on the unstructured content of event logs and how this structured representation can provide a usable index for searching the contents of the log file. As a side benefit, the structured representation that message types impose also leads to the removal of redundant information in the event logs that leads to space savings on disk.
Querying and monitoring distributed business processes

A business process (BP for short) consists of a group of business activities undertaken by one or more organizations in pursuit of some particular goal. It usually operates in a cross-organization, distributed environment and the software implementing it is fairly complex. Standards facilitate the design, deployment, and execution of BPs. In particular, the recent BPEL standard (Business Process Execution Language), provides an XML-based language to describe the interface between the participants in a process, as well as the full operational logic of the process and its execution flow. BPEL specifications are automatically compiled into executable code that implements the described BP and runs on a BPEL application server. Processes execution is traced, and their run-time behavior can be recorded in standard XML formats.
A New Solution for Resisting Gray Hole Attack in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are vulnerable to various types of denial of service (DoS) attacks for the absence of fixed network infrastructure. The gray hole attack is a type of DoS attacks. In this attack, an adversary silently drops some or all of the data packets sent to it for further forwarding even when no congestion occurs. In this paper, a new solution against the gray hole attack is proposed. The proposal is consisted of two related algorithms: the key management algorithm based on gossip protocol and the detection algorithm based on aggregate signatures. The simulation results using ns-2 show that in a moderately changing network, most of the malicious nodes could be detected, the routing packet overhead was low, and the packet delivery rate has been improved.
Revue générale Kétamine à faibles doses : antihyperalgésique , non analgésique Low doses ketamine : antihyperalgesic drug , non-analgesic

Recent data in animal experiments as in clinical trials have clearly reported that pain modulation is related to an equilibrium between antinociceptive and pronociceptive systems. Therefore, the apparent pain level could not only be a consequence of a nociceptive input increase but could also result from a pain sensitization process. Glutamate, via NMDA receptors, plays a major role in the development of such a neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system, leading to a pain hypersensitivity that could facilitate chronic pain development. By an action on NMDA receptors opioids also induce, in a dose dependent manner, an enhancement of this postoperative hypersensitivity. “Antihyperalgesic” doses of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, were able to decrease this central sensitization not only in painful animal but also in human volunteers exposed to different pain models, or in the postoperative period. Many studies have reported that ketamine effects are elicited when this drug is administered the following manner: peroperative bolus (0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg), followed by a constant infusion rate (1 to 2 μg/kg per min) during the peroperative period and for 48 to 72 hours after anaesthesia. Those ketamine doses improved postoperative pain management by reducing hyperalgesia due to both surgical trauma and high peroperative opioid doses. This antihyperalgesic action of ketamine also limited the postoperative morphine tolerance leading to a decrease in analgesic consumption and an increase in the analgesia quality. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits réservés. * Auteur correspondant. Adresse e-mail : pierre.maurette@chu-bordeaux.fr (P. Maurette). Annales Françaises d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation 24 (2005) 1349–1359 http://france.elsevier. com/direct/ANNFAR/ 0750-7658/$ see front matter © 2005 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits réservés. doi:10.1016/j.annfar. 2005.07. 069 Mots clés : Hyperalgésie ; Sensibilisation ; Opiacés ; NMDA ; Kétamine
Promoting Private Investment: The Role of Multilateral Development Banks

International financial markets and mechanisms have seen profound changes in the past few years, in particular in the strong growth of private capital flows to developing countries. In this important publication--from the Per Jacobsson Lecture delivered by Jacques de Larosiere in September 1996--the author considers the implications of these changes and assesses the future role of multilateral development institutions.
Selected String Representation for Whole Genomes

The increase in the amount of available genomic data has made phylogenetic analysis possible at the whole genome scale. However, such a huge amount of data imposes computational challenges in both memory consumption and CPU usage. One novel proposal in this paper is to extract sequence patterns that are biologically meaningful. Using these patterns, whole genomes can be mapped into a significantly lower dimensional space and subsequent studies using these representations become computationally feasible. Experiments on two datasets of 64 vertebrate mitochondrial genomes and 99 prokaryote whole genomes demonstrate that the selected sequence patterns result in good quality evolutionary distances in terms of the final phylogeny.
Intelligent adaptation of digital game-based learning

Games for learning cannot take the same design approach as games when targeting audiences. While players of entertainment games have the luxury of choosing games that suit them, students using digital games for learning typically have a single game for them to learn from, regardless of whether or not it fits their playing style or learning needs. We contend that this problem can be addressed by creating games that identify the kind of player-learner using the game and adapts itself to best fit that individual. These adaptive games can specialize themselves according to a student's learning needs, gameplay preferences, and learning style. We present a prototype mini-game, called S.C. R.U. B. , which employs this method for teaching microbiology concepts.
Gender, Distribution, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Developing Countries

An unresolved debate in the development literature concerns the impact of gender equality on economic growth. Previous studies have found that the effect varies, depending on the measure of equality (wages or capabilities). This paper expands that discussion by considering both the short and long run, evaluating the effects of gender equality in two types of economies—semi-industrialized economies (SIEs) and low-income agricultural economies (LIAEs). Further, it incorporates gender effects on the balance of payments constraint to growth. The results suggest that gender wage and capabilities equality work in opposite directions in SIEs and in the same (positive) direction in LIAEs. In the long-run analysis, government macroeconomic management policies are shown to be necessary in order to ratify movements towards gender equality.
The Molecular Basis of Tolerance

Tolerance is defined as the diminished response to alcohol or other drugs over the course of repeated or prolonged exposure. This mechanism allows physiological processes to achieve stability in a constantly changing environment. The onset of tolerance may occur within minutes, during a single exposure to alcohol (i.e., acute tolerance), or over longer timeframes and with prolonged exposure to alcohol (i.e., rapid or chronic tolerance). Changes in tolerance induced by alcohol may affect several processes at the molecular, cellular, or behavioral level. These effects often are interrelated and may be difficult to separate. This article describes changes at the molecular level that are related to the onset of acute, rapid, or chronic tolerance. It focuses on neuronal membrane–bound channels and the factors that affect their function and production, such as modification of protein synthesis and activity, interaction with the membrane lipid microenvironment, epigenetic effects on cytoplasmic regulation, and gene transcription. Also considered is the genetics of tolerance.
Data quality and systems theory

One certain way to improve the quality of data : improve its use ! In the movie War Games, set in the U.S. Strategic Air Command Center under a mountain near Colorado Springs, there is a critical scene : on a huge map of the globe are arrows indicating large numbers of nuclear missiles approaching the U.S. from the Soviet Union. The military official in charge is trying to decide if he should ask the President for permission to launch a retaliatory attack because the technicians are telling him the threat is real. At this point, the scientist who originally designed the system (and who knows that something is wrong with the system itself) says, General, what you see on that board is not reality, it is a computer-generated hallucination !
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Body Burden Levels of Dioxin and Related Compounds among Japan’s General Population

Background Environmental exposure to some persistent organic pollutants has been reported to be associated with a metabolic syndrome in the U.S. population. Objectives We evaluated the associations of body burden levels of dioxins and related compounds with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the general population in Japan. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study with 1,374 participants not occupationally exposed to these pollutants, living throughout Japan during 2002–2006. In fasting blood samples, we measured biochemical factors and determined lipid-adjusted concentrations of 10 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 7 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and 12 dioxin-like poly-chlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) all of which have toxic equivalency factors. We also performed a questionnaire survey. Results The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs and total TEQs had significant adjusted associations with metabolic syndrome, whether or not we excluded diabetic subjects. By analyzing each component of metabolic syndrome separately, the DL-PCB TEQs and total TEQs were associated with all components, and the odds ratios (ORs) in the highest quartile of DL-PCB TEQs in four of the five components were higher than those for PCDDs or PCDFs. We also found congener-specific associations with metabolic syndrome; in particular, the highest quartiles of PCB-126 and PCB-105 had adjusted ORs of 9.1 and 7.3, respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that body burden levels of dioxins and related compounds, particularly those of DL-PCBs, are associated with metabolic syndrome. Of the components, high blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, and glucose intolerance were most closely associated with these pollutants.
GMRES Interference Canceler for doubly iterative MIMO system with a Large Number of Antennas

In this paper, we propose a reduced complexity interference canceler for a Turbo Space-Time Codes (TSTC) receiver. Actually, the TSTC receiver is based on a linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) filter inside an Interference Canceler (IC) loop. In this scheme, considering the matrix inversion cost, the overall complexity remains important for a large number of transmit and receive antennas. In the proposed receiver, we integrate the Generalized Minimum residual method (GMRES) for symbol detection to compute the MMSE filter without matrix inversion. A good tradeoff between performances and complexity is thus achieved for a system with a large number of transmit and receive antennas. The bit error ratio (BER) and the complexity are evaluated with respect to the number of iterations of the GMRES and the number of transmit/receive antennas. A comparison with the existent IC-MMSE is presented and discussed at the end of the paper.
Teacher learning and development in primary schools: a view gained through the National Education Monitoring project

Today’s teachers work in exhausting times. Curriculum and assessment change has been unrelenting and even the most conscientious teachers often feel overwhelmed. At national and local levels, professional development programmes have assisted teachers to address these changes and a number of approaches have been adopted. However, while teachers have engaged in professional development programmes, the actual benefits to classroom teaching and learning have been less certain. The quantity and frantic pace of these changes have worked against the achievement of quality outcomes. This thesis makes an important contribution to existing knowledge about professional development practice because it investigates teachers’ experiences of educational change and school improvement processes to show what is both helping and hindering teachers as learners. The findings suggest that currently many schools are not effective learning organisations. This research uses the example of the National Education Monitoring Project (NEMP) reports to explore teacher learning processes in action. It is argued that the impact of the NEMP reports and their assessment information is being compromised because classroom teachers are already fully committed to curriculum document developments mandated by the Ministry of Education. In fact all professional development projects are faced with the same dilemma that schools are working with multiple projects at the same time. While this continues to happen the potential benefits of the NEMP reports as assessment exemplars for effective assessment practice remain unrealised because teachers’ time is drawn to so many other competing priorities. It is this reality which now makes answers to key questions about teacher learning especially important. These questions concern who makes the decisions about what it is that teachers should be learning and how this learning might be presented to them. It is a matter of concern that teachers are cast as ‘victims of change’ and decisions about their learning largely determined by others. Rather than helping schools to help themselves and become ‘agents’ of change, this practice increases teachers’ dependence on others for learning. A three stage approach to data collection is used in order to suggest improvements to current practice in professional development for teachers. This begins with questionnaire surveys to establish baseline data on the impact of the NEMP reports on classroom teachers in the Canterbury region. From this information an intervention is introduced to eight teachers who share a quality learning circle experience in order to learn more about the NEMP reports. Then observations and interviews of teachers in case study schools show teacher learning in action and reveal the strengths and weaknesses of current professional development experiences within
Disclosing versus Withholding Technology Knowledge in a Duopoly

We study firms' incentives to transfer knowledge about production technology to a rival in a Cournot duopoly. In a setting where two technologies are available, a technology is characterized by its associated cost function and no single technology is strictly superior to the other. A firm has superior information if it knows both techniques and the other only one. Cost efficiency may be "reversed" after the voluntary disclosure, so that the rival's costs are improved at the equilibrium level of output. Adding R&D investments to the picture, we find that a firm can decide to invest just for the purpose of acquiring knowledge that will be transferred and not used. Furthermore, for the same point in the parameters space, the acquisition of full knowledge may occur or not as a function of the initial distribution of information
Statistics of RNA secondary structures

A statistical reference for RNA secondary structures with minimum free energies is computed by folding large ensembles of random RNA sequences. Four nucleotide alphabets are used: two binary alphabets, AU and GC, the biophysical AUGC and the synthetic GCXK alphabet. RNA secondary structures are made of structural elements, such as stacks, loops, joints, and free ends. Statistical properties of these elements are computed for small RNA molecules of chain lengths up to 100. The results of RNA structure statistics depend strongly on the particular alphabet chosen. The statistical reference is compared with the data derived from natural RNA molecules with similar base frequencies.
Multi-label Classification with ART Neural Networks

Multi-label Classification (MC) is a classification task with instances labeled by multiple classes rather than just one. This task becomes increasingly important in such fields as gene function prediction or web-mining. Early approaches to MC were based on learning independent binary classifiers for each class and combining their outputs in order to obtain multi-label predictions. Alternatively, a classifier can be directly trained to predict a label set of an unknown size for each unseen instance. Recently, several direct multi-label learning algorithms have been proposed. This paper investigates a novel method to solve a MC task by using an Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural network. A modified Fuzzy ARTMAP algorithm Multi-Label-FAM (ML-FAM) was applied to classification of multi-label data. The obtained preliminary results on the Yeast data set and their comparison with the results of existing algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.