Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND GENETIC LOAD IN LABORATORY METAPOPULATIONS OF THE BUTTERFLY BICYCLUS ANYNANA

Abstract We investigated the effects of inbreeding on various fitness components and their genetic load in laboratory metapopulations of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Six metapopulations each consisted of four subpopulations with breeding population sizes of N = 6 or N = 12 and migration rate of m = 0 or m = 0.33. Metapopulations were maintained for seven generations during which coancestries and pedigrees were established. Individual inbreeding coefficients at the F7 were calculated and ranged between 0.01 and 0.51. Even though considerable purging had occurred during inbreeding, the genetic load remained higher than that of many outbreeding species: approximately two lethal equivalents were detected for egg sterility, one for zygote survival, one for juvenile survival, and one for longevity. Severe inbreeding depression occurred after seven generations of inbreeding, which jeopardized the metapopulation survival. This finding suggests that the purging of genetic load by intentional inbreeding cannot be recommended for the genetic conservation of species with a high number of lethal equivalents. Corresponding Editor: C. Boggs
Eye movements and reading comprehension while listening to preferred and non-preferred study music

In the present study 24 university students read four different texts in four conditions: (1) while listening to music they preferred to listen to while studying; (2) while listening to music they did not prefer to listen to while studying; (3) while listening to a recording of noise from a café; and finally (4) in silence. After each text they took a reading-comprehension test. Eye movement data were recorded for all participants in all conditions. A main effect for the reading-comprehension scores revealed that the participants scored significantly lower after they had been listening to the non-preferred music while reading, compared with reading in silence. No significant effects were found between the other conditions. No significant differences between conditions were found for the traditional eye movement measures in reading (fixation duration, saccadic amplitude, regressions, and first-pass and second-pass reading time). It is suggested that this result is a consequence of participants not being aware that their reading processes are disrupted by a non-preferred musical background. They do not make the necessary changes to the processes involved in reading required to compensate for increased cognitive load. The results are discussed in relation to study/reading habits, extraversion, arousal and working memory capacity.
Bayesian analyses of longitudinal binary data using Markov regression models of unknown order

We present non‐homogenous Markov regression models of unknown order as a means to assess the duration of autoregressive dependence in longitudinal binary data. We describe a subject's transition probability evolving over time using logistic regression models for his or her past outcomes and covariates. When the initial values of the binary process are unknown, they are treated as latent variables. The unknown initial values, model parameters, and the order of transitions are then estimated using a Bayesian variable selection approach, via Gibbs sampling. As a comparison with our approach, we also implement the deviance information criterion (DIC) for the determination of the order of transitions. An example addresses the progression of substance use in a community sample of n=242 American Indian children who were interviewed annually four times. An extension of the Markov model to account for subject‐to‐subject heterogeneity is also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhetorical Strategies for Scientific Authority: A Boundary-Work Analysis of ‘Climategate’

The term ‘Climategate’ refers to the episode in November 2009 when emails between climate scientists were stolen and published online. The content of this private correspondence prompted criticism from diverse commentators who cast doubts on the methods, claims, and members of the climate science community. In response, individual scientists and scientific institutions published statements responding to the allegations of scientific fraud. Gieryn's concept of ‘boundary-work’ can be used to analyse the rhetoric of scientists in situations where their legitimacy is disputed. More specifically, boundary-work can be used to analyse the responses of scientists in terms of: how they represent the attributes of science, what types of boundary-work they undertake (e.g. expulsion, expansion, and protection), and the professional interests that come into play. A boundary-work analysis of the commentaries published in the aftermath of Climategate reveals that scientists characterised climate science as consensual, asocial, and open. Scientists depicted climate science as consensual with the purpose of expelling dissenters and protecting areas of climate science from criticism. Scientists also described knowledge about climate as being ideally produced apart from society so that they could preserve their autonomy and exclude individuals who are accused of being ‘politically biased’. Scientists characterised climate science as necessarily open as the means to justify both existing and additional public funding for science and to avoid external corrective interventions against scientific opacity. Scientists and their critics alike interpreted the stolen emails as embarrassing deviations from the alleged social demands of a consensual, objective, and accessible science.
Temporally consistent adaptive depth map preprocessing for view synthesis

In this paper, a novel Depth Image-based Rendering (DIBR) method, which generates virtual views from a video sequence and its associated Depth Maps (DMs), is presented. The proposed approach is especially designed to close holes in extrapolation scenarios, where only one original camera is available or the virtual view is placed outside the range of a set of original cameras. In such scenarios, large image regions become uncovered in the virtual view and need to be filled in a visually pleasing way. In order to handle such disocclussions, a depth preprocessing method is proposed, which is applied prior to 3-D image warping. As a first step, adaptive cross-trilateral median filtering is used to align depth discontinuities in the DM to color discontinuities in the textured image and to further reduce estimation errors in the DM. Then, a temporally consistent and adaptive asymmetric smoothing filter is designed and subsequently applied to the DM. The filter is adaptively weighted in such a way that only the DM regions that may reveal uncovered areas are filtered. Thus, strong distortions in other parts of the virtual textured image are prevented. By smoothing the depth map image, objects are slightly distorted and disocclusions in the virtual view are completely or partially covered. The proposed method shows considerable objective and subjective gains compared to the state-of-the-art one.
Environmental Education within a Science Course in the Initial Education of Primary Teachers

Summary This paper describes an attempt to infuse an environmental dimension into a science course through which prospective primary teachers are trained. The innovation concerns teaching science concepts not in the context of the discipline, but within a context of everyday life, and as such the focus chosen was drinking water. In formulating the course, learners’ ideas about aspects of the issue were taken into account. The evaluation was based on a post‐course questionnaire. The main conclusions to be drawn from this evaluation is that the science knowledge learned through this approach helped students gain a better understanding of a variety of aspects which concern that issue. The majority of students appreciated such an integrated approach and thought the approach taken was more promising than the stereotypical one that they had been accustomed to up to that point.
N‐nitro l‐arginine causes coronary vasoconstriction and inhibits endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation in anaesthetized greyhounds

1 The effect of N‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide biosynthesis, on large coronary artery diameter and coronary blood flow was examined in anaesthetized greyhounds. The effects of l‐NNA on the coronary vascular responses to acetylcholine (ACh), glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) were also assessed. 2 l‐NNA (5 mg kg−1), infused into the left circumflex coronary artery, increased systemic mean arterial pressure and decreased the external diameter of the artery. Infusion of l‐NNA decreased coronary blood flow in 5 of the 7 dogs tested and increased mean coronary resistance but neither of these effects was statistically significant. There was no change in heart rate. 3 Intra‐arterial injection of both ACh (0.01–0.05 μg kg−1) and GTN (0.1–0.5μg kg−1) increased large coronary artery diameter and coronary blood flow. Coronary vascular responses to the endothelium‐dependent vasodilator ACh were significantly reduced by l‐NNA, whereas the responses to the endothelium‐independent vasodilator GTN were not significantly affected. 4 5‐HT (0.1 μg kg−1, injected into the left circumflex coronary artery) decreased coronary artery diameter but increased coronary blood flow. After the administration of l‐NNA the 5‐HT‐induced dilatation of the coronary resistance vessels was significantly attenuated whereas the constriction of the circumflex coronary artery was increased in 3 out of 3 dogs in which diameter could be measured, although the latter effect was not statistically significant. 5 These data indicate that l‐NNA causes coronary and systemic vasoconstriction and selectively inhibits endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation in the coronary circulation of the anaesthetized greyhound. Therefore endothelium‐derived NO has an important role in the regulation of coronary vascular tone in the large arteries and the resistance vessels.
The impact of virtual classroom laboratories in CSE

In order to gauge the pedagogical implications of conducting Computer Science practical sessions remotely, the Division of ICS at Macquarie University conducted a formal experiment using a virtual classroom environment called Macromedia Breeze Live. Research results indicated that students who completed their practical in the virtual classroom: i) felt they performed significantly more collaboration, ii) expressed a preference for this mode of practical session over regular laboratory sessions, iii) felt that they learnt significantly more from their classmates and iv) felt that they learnt significantly more from the practical supervisor than students in the standard classroom. Reasons for these results are proposed in the pedagogical context of offering Computer Science practical sessions online.
Don Rickles or Dick Cavett?

The results of the study &dquo;present a strong case that it is possible to train preservice teachers to increase their level of teacher enthusiasm. &dquo; From a cosmetic point of view this may be highly likely, but based on 15 years of training preservice teachers, I find that infusing student teachers with genuine enthusiasm for their subjects and interaction with students is a complicated endeavor. In many cases, this task involves a radical restructuring of the teacher’s intellectual and emotional self-concept. In some cases, this reinterpretation of self and others cannot take place without personal transformation on a profound, characterological level. Along with the author, I’m convinced that external change can be induced rather rapidly to make students give the impression of a livelier, more energetic person. Dale Carnegie proved that this process can be accomplished quickly and profitably; however, genuine enthusiasm, real intellectual ardor, or, to use the etymological impact of the word, &dquo;spiritual zeal,&dquo; is an energizing phenomenon of a different order. As the study itself indicated on Posttest II, after three weeks, the differences between the control and experimental groups began to diminish. I suspect that given a significantly longer interval for posttesting, perhaps six months, it would be harder, if not impossible, to discern those who received the enthusiasm training. As Goffman (1959) points out throughout his work on self-presentation in social situations, even the most trivial mannerisms are carefully selected to enhance the psychological safety of the 11 actor&dquo;; without a supportive environment (grade school) echoing the values of the fostering environment (schools of education), even superficial changes are difficult to sustain as the beginning teacher establishes his permanent repertoire of teaching
Almost certain diagnosis for intermittently faulty systems

The authors present and analyze a uniformly probabilistic model for the self-diagnosis capabilities of a multiprocessor system. In this model an individual processor fails with probability p and a fault-free processor testing a faulty processor detects a fault with probability q, modeling the situation in which processors can be intermittently faulty or the situation where tests are not capable of detecting all possible faults within a processor. They present an efficient algorithm which utilizes a relatively small number of tests (given by any function dominating n log n where n is the number of processors) and achieves correct diagnosis with high probability. They obtain a nearly matching lower bound which shows that no algorithm can achieve correct diagnosis with high probability in systems which conduct a number of tests dominated by n log n. Examples of systems which perform a modest number of tests are given in which the probability of correct diagnosis for the authors' algorithm is very nearly one. <<ETX>>
Theory of mind: is training contagious?

In this study, preschool children were successfully trained in theory of mind tasks, namely false belief inference and appearance–reality distinction. Results show that both types of training had a direct effect, as measured by the improvement of performance on the FB and AR delayed post-tests. Both types of training also had an indirect effect, as measured by transfer of the benefits of the training to the task that was not in the training. Finally, both types of training were effective even when the children were trained in a task they had already mastered.
Strains of the Morphospecies Ploeotia costata (Euglenozoa) Isolated from the Western North Pacific (Taiwan) Reveal Substantial Genetic Differences

Two phagotrophic euglenid strains (Strains Pac and Tam) were isolated from coastal locations in Taiwan. Ultrastructural characteristics of the strains included five pellicle strips joined at the posterior end. The strips were formed by major grooves with bifurcated edges. At the cell anterior, the feeding structure formed a lip. Underneath the lip was a comb composed of layers of microtubules. Farther back, two supporting rods tapered toward the posterior end, and a number of vanes with attached microtubules were present between the rods. The morphological characteristics agree with Ploeotia costata Strain CCAP 1265/1. However, the 18S rDNA sequences of Strains Pac/Tam lacked a group I intron and possessed three extra insertions of 116, 67, and 53 bp. Phylogenetic analysis indicated low sequence similarity between Strains Pac/Tam and CCAP 1265/1 (92%). The morphospecies P. costata apparently includes a substantial level of DNA sequence divergence, and likely represents multiple molecular species units.
Optically Pumped Midinfrared Laser With Simultaneous Dual-Wavelength Emission

We demonstrate optically pumped semiconductor lasers that are capable of simultaneously emitting at two different midinfrared wavelengths. The wavelengths can be independently chosen and designed into the heterostructure. The epitaxial III-V antimonide structure employs two sets of type-II quantum wells in a waveguide that is partitioned by a thin electrical barrier that is transparent to the pump radiation. Two-color devices emitting at wavelengths as far apart as ~4.0 and ~5.4 mum are reported.
Daily Newspaper Contributions to Community Discussion

Long before Cohenl wrote his oftquoted phrase on the press' presumed ability to influence what the public thinks about, Park2 wrote that the newspaper had taken over the job of the town gossip in providing topics for public discussion. The extent to which the newspaper can substitute for the town gossip is, of course, limited by the norms of the industry and the laws of privacy and libel. but there is little reason to believe that any item in the newspaper is exempt from becoming a topic on the community conversation agenda. People d o talk to each other,' but the literature examining the relationships between what they read about in the newspaper and what they talk about day-today is meager.4 Several studies have shown that the wire services set the agenda for what the newspapers print.5 To what extent does the newspaper set the agenda for community discussion? Whites considers the press almost allpowerful in setting the political agenda, and Tarde' seems to enlarge the arena of influence well beyond political agenda.
Genomic ancestry and somatic alterations correlate with age at diagnosis in Hispanic children with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Hispanic children have a higher incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) than non‐Hispanic whites but tend to be diagnosed at older ages. In genome‐wide association studies, Native American ancestry and polymorphisms in six genes have been associated with ALL risk. In multivariable regression models, we investigated whether genomic ancestry, inherited risk SNPs, or acquired somatic alterations were associated with differences in age at diagnosis in Hispanic children with B‐cell ALL. Genome‐wide array data were used to estimate each participant's percent membership in the three Hispanic ancestral populations: Native American, African, and European. Each 20% increase in European ancestry was associated with a six month younger age at diagnosis (95% CI = 0.36–11.6 months, P = 0.037). Correspondingly, each 20% increase in Native American ancestry was associated with a six‐month older age at diagnosis (P = 0.037). Both the TEL‐AML1 translocation and high‐hyperdiploidy were associated with younger age at diagnosis (24.4 months, P = 2.0 x 10−4 and 12.4 months, P = 0.011, respectively), while CDKN2A and IKZF1 deletions were associated with older age at diagnosis (19.7 months, P = 7.0 x 10−4 and 18.1 months, P = 0.012, respectively). No associations with age at diagnosis were observed for RAS mutation, PAX5 deletion or for known heritable risk alleles in IKZF1, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, GATA3, ARID5B, or CEBPE. Because younger age at diagnosis is associated with improved treatment outcomes for children with ALL, the effect of European ancestry on ALL survival may be mediated by its effect on age at diagnosis, or by proxy, its association with more treatable molecular subtypes of ALL. Am. J. Hematol. 89:721–725, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs.

"Ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs are amphetamine derivatives that also have some of the pharmacological properties of mescaline. They have become popular with participants in "raves," because they enhance energy, endurance, sociability and sexual arousal. This vogue among teenagers and young adults, together with the widespread belief that "ecstasy" is a safe drug, has led to a thriving illicit traffic in it. But these drugs also have serious toxic effects, both acute and chronic, that resemble those previously seen with other amphetamines and are caused by an excess of the same sympathomimetic actions for which the drugs are valued by the users. Neurotoxicity to the serotonergic system in the brain can also cause permanent physical and psychiatric problems. A detailed review of the literature has revealed over 87 "ecstasy"-related fatalities, caused by hyperpyrexia, rhabdomyolysis, intravascular coagulopathy, hepatic necrosis, cardiac arrhythmias, cerebrovascular accidents, and drug-related accidents or suicide. The toxic or even fatal dose range overlaps the range of recreational dosage. The available evidence does not yet permit an accurate assessment of the size of the problem presented by the use of these drugs.
Migraine and Stroke: “Vascular” Comorbidity

Several comorbidities are associated to migraine. Recent meta-analyses have consistently demonstrated a relationship between migraine and stroke, which is well-defined for ischemic stroke and migraine with aura (MA), even stronger in females on oral contraceptives or smokers. However, there seems to be no clear-cut association between stroke in migraineurs and the common vascular risk factors, at least in the young adult population. Migraineurs also run an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke, while the association between migraine and cardiovascular disease remains poorly defined. Another aspect is the relationship between migraine and the presence of silent brain lesions. It has been demonstrated that there is an increased frequency of ischemic lesions in the white matter of migraineurs, especially silent infarcts in the posterior circulation territory in patients with at least 10 attacks per month. Although there is a higher prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in migraineurs, the relationship between migraine and PFO remains controversial and PFO closure is not a recommended procedure to prevent migraine. As an increased frequency of cervical artery dissections has been observed in migrainous patients, it has been hypothesized that migraine may represent a predisposing factor for cervical artery dissection. There still remains the question as to whether migraine should be considered a true “vascular disease” or if the comorbidity between migraine and cerebrovascular disease may have underlying shared risk factors or pathophysiological mechanisms. Although further studies are required to clarify this issue, current evidence supports a clinical management where MA patients should be screened for other concomitant vascular risk factors and treated accordingly.
Use of Spatial Capture‐Recapture Modeling and DNA Data to Estimate Densities of Elusive Animals

Abstract: Assessment of abundance, survival, recruitment rates, and density (i.e., population assessment) is especially challenging for elusive species most in need of protection (e.g., rare carnivores). Individual identification methods, such as DNA sampling, provide ways of studying such species efficiently and noninvasively. Additionally, statistical methods that correct for undetected animals and account for locations where animals are captured are available to efficiently estimate density and other demographic parameters. We collected hair samples of European wildcat (Felis silvestris) from cheek‐rub lure sticks, extracted DNA from the samples, and identified each animals’ genotype. To estimate the density of wildcats, we used Bayesian inference in a spatial capture‐recapture model. We used WinBUGS to fit a model that accounted for differences in detection probability among individuals and seasons and between two lure arrays. We detected 21 individual wildcats (including possible hybrids) 47 times. Wildcat density was estimated at 0.29/km2 (SE 0.06), and 95% of the activity of wildcats was estimated to occur within 1.83 km from their home‐range center. Lures located systematically were associated with a greater number of detections than lures placed in a cell on the basis of expert opinion. Detection probability of individual cats was greatest in late March. Our model is a generalized linear mixed model; hence, it can be easily extended, for instance, to incorporate trap‐ and individual‐level covariates. We believe that the combined use of noninvasive sampling techniques and spatial capture‐recapture models will improve population assessments, especially for rare and elusive animals.