Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resolving Ambiguities in the Extraction of Syntactic Categories through Chunking

In recent years, several authors have investigated how co-occurrence statistics in natural language can act as a cue that children may use to extract syntactic categories for the language they are learning. While some authors have reported encouraging results, it is difficult to evaluate the quality of the syntactic categories derived. It is argued in this paper that traditional measures of accuracy are inherently flawed. A valid evaluation metric needs to consider the well-formedness of utterances generated through a production end. This paper attempts to evaluate the quality of the categories derived from cooccurrence statistics through the use of MOSAIC, a computational model of syntax acquisition that has already been used to simulate several phenomena in child language. It will be shown that derived syntactic categories which may appear to be of high quality will quickly give rise to errors which are not typical of child speech. A solution to this problem is suggested in the form of a chunking mechanism which serves to differentiate between alternative grammatical functions of identical word forms. Results are evaluated in terms of the error rates in utterances produced by the system as well as the quantitative fit to the phenomenon of subject omission.
Potassium channel activator drugs: Mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, and therapeutic potential

Central Neurones. Skeletal Muscle . Other Effects of PCAs . Concluding Remarks . 134 References. 136
Reverse Engineering of Design Patterns for High Performance Computing

Reverse engineering tools are typically used for program understanding. Popular code analysis and comprehension tools like CSCOPE [6] and RedHat Source-Navigator [1] can recover program structure and relationships between program components. However, without proper documentation of legacy code, it would still take users a lot of work to understand the intent of the code. The need for a good reverse engineering tool becomes more vital to understand code designed for high performance computing. A design pattern abstracts a reusable object-oriented design that solves a common recurring design problem in a particular context [14]. An object-oriented design describes the roles, responsibilities, and collaboration of participating classes and instances. Every design pattern has its own unique intent. By finding design patterns from source, we can bring program understanding to a higher level by revealing the architectural design of a system. Past efforts have used structural relationships (such as the generalization and association relationships) to find design patterns. However, some patterns, e.g., the Strategy and the State patterns, are structurally identical but differ in behavior. To distinguish such patterns and to reduce the false positive rate, other approaches use dynamic analysis to verify pattern behavior. Dynamic analysis depends on the coverage of test data, which can increase the false negative rate if the test data is not complete. Patterns for concurrent programs and distributed applications [17, 23] are defined similarly to sequential design patterns (i.e., the GoF design patterns [14]). The task to analyze code behavior when concurrency and synchronization are involved becomes more difficult. Unfortunately, dynamic analysis would not be helpful in analyzing concurrent behavior, considering it would need to deal with more complicated scenarios and larger amount of execution traces. We propose to automate the pattern recognition process that combines structural analysis to look for pattern structures from source code and static program analysis to verify whether the semantics matches the pattern behavior. We have some preliminary results from our initial prototype in recovering design patterns from the Java AWT package. We believe that our approach will be a better fit for finding patterns designed for high performance computing. For example, our tool is also able to spot performance overhead by detecting a particular optimization pattern for concurrency [23].
Multilevel analysis of the association between posterior restorations and gingival health in young adults: a population-based birth cohort.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of direct posterior restorations with gingival bleeding and dental calculus in young adults from a birth cohort. METHODS A representative sample (n = 720) of 5914 infants born live in Pelotas, Brazil, in 1982, were prospectively investigated, and posterior restorations and periodontal health outcomes assessed when they were 24 years of age. Tooth-level exploratory variables included the presence and number of restoration's surfaces. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics, oral health instructions, dental floss usage, dental caries presence and smoking were also considered whilst gingival bleeding and dental calculus were the outcomes. Multilevel logistic regression was carried out. RESULTS Class I cavities were found in 15.2% (95% CI 14.5-15.9) of the teeth and class II in 3.6% (3.3-4.0). Percentage of teeth with gingival bleeding was 6.1% (5.6-6.6) and that with dental calculus 22% (21.2-22.8). Even after all the individual variables were controlled for, the presence of a class I [OR1.51 (1.14-2.00)] and class II [OR 1.76 (1.04-2.97)] cavities was positively associated with gingival bleeding. Class I [OR1.36 (1.13-1.65)] and Class II [OR1.80 (1.28-2.53)] cavities were associated with dental calculus also. CONCLUSIONS Posterior restoration and higher number of restored surfaces was associated with a higher prevalence of gingival bleeding and dental calculus around the restoration.
Designing HPC libraries in the modern C++ world

Numerical simulations running on computers is the most fundamental tool that most sciences - from physics to social science - use as a substitute to experiments when said experiments cannot realistically be run with a satisfactory duration, budget or ethical framework. This also means that the accuracy and the speed at which such computer simulations can be done is a crucial factor for the global scientific advancement. If accuracy of the simulation is tied to the field knowledge of scientists, the speed of a simulation is tied to the way one may take advantage of a computer hardware.
Tools for the design of stable yet nonsteady bounding control

Control efforts on dynamic gaits for legged systems traditionally focus on limit cycles and their stability. However, there are many practical situations where step-to-step variability is highly desirable, for example to achieve variable footholds or to recover and replan after perturbations. In this paper we present an effective, high-level switching control framework for overcoming terrain obstacles using the familiar A* algorithm to search a mesh over the reachable space for a given set of controllers. In support of this, we present new low-level control strategies for generating stable bounding with planar models of a spring-legged quadruped robot, and demonstrate their use crossing gaps in the terrain.
Perceived crowding and attitudes toward limiting use in backcountry recreation areas.

Abstract The relationship between perceived crowding and the desire to further limit established carrying capacities is examined from a study of users of the Sylvania Recreation Area. The relationship is found to be weak, especially among those users with low education. Possible explanations in terms of expressed crowding as a status group convention are discussed. It is concluded that user limitation decisions cannot be directly derived from studies of perceived crowding.
Risk Profiles and Antithrombotic Treatment of Patients Newly Diagnosed with Atrial Fibrillation at Risk of Stroke: Perspectives from the International, Observational, Prospective GARFIELD Registry

Background Limited data are available on the characteristics, clinical management, and outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke, from a worldwide perspective. The aim of this study was to describe the baseline characteristics and initial therapeutic management of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation across the spectrum of sites at which these patients are treated. Methods and Findings The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD (GARFIELD) is an observational study of patients newly diagnosed with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Enrollment into Cohort 1 (of 5) took place between December 2009 and October 2011 at 540 sites in 19 countries in Europe, Asia-Pacific, Central/South America, and Canada. Investigator sites are representative of the distribution of atrial fibrillation care settings in each country. Cohort 1 comprised 10,614 adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with non-valvular atrial fibrillation within the previous 6 weeks, with ≥1 investigator-defined stroke risk factor (not limited to those in existing risk-stratification schemes), and regardless of therapy. Data collected at baseline included demographics, medical history, care setting, nature of atrial fibrillation, and treatments initiated at diagnosis. The mean (SD) age of the population was 70.2 (11.2) years; 43.2% were women. Mean±SD CHADS2 score was 1.9±1.2, and 57.2% had a score ≥2. Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.2±1.6, and 8,957 (84.4%) had a score ≥2. Overall, 38.0% of patients with a CHADS2 score ≥2 did not receive anticoagulant therapy, whereas 42.5% of those at low risk (score 0) received anticoagulant therapy. Conclusions These contemporary observational worldwide data on non-valvular atrial fibrillation, collected at the end of the vitamin K antagonist-only era, indicate that these drugs are frequently not being used according to stroke risk scores and guidelines, with overuse in patients at low risk and underuse in those at high risk of stroke. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov TRI08888
Optical Fiber Torsion Sensor with Mechanically Induced Long Period Fiber Gratings in Rare-Earth Doped Fibers

In this work wavelength sensitivity in mechanically induced long period fiber gratings (MLPFG) is analyzed. This analysis is first carried out both in standard single-mode fiber SMF-28 and in Er-doped fibers. The mechanical analysis for both types of fibers under different torsion conditions is presented. In order to apply the torsion one of the fiber ends is fixed while torsion is applied on the other end. A MLPFG whose period is 503 μm is used to press the fiber after torsion is applied. This allows for micro curvatures to be formed on the fiber, which in turn generates a periodical index perturbation on it. Here, it was noted that the sensitive wavelength shift of the rejection bands is bigger for Er-doped fibers. For a torsion of 6 turns applied to 10 cm of doped fiber the wavelength peaks can be moved up to 25 nm, which is longer to what was detected on standard fibers. Therefore, by using Er-doped fibers to monitor torsion on structures will give more sensitive and accurate results than using standard fibers. These results can be employed for sensing applications, especially for small to medium size structures, which can be mechanical, civil or aeronautics.
Resisting Brazil : Perspectives on local nationalisms in Salvador da Bahia

This paper discusses ideas about ‘the nation’ and ‘the people’ expressed by residents of a low‐income district in the city of Salvador, capital of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The analysis relates positive and negative evaluations of national identity to a dialectic of hegemony and resistance. It focuses on gender and race in the local making or negating of nationalism, concluding that constitutive discourses and practices must be understood in relation to social inequality and the class structure.
Peripheral airway involvement in asthma assessed by single-breath SF6 and He washout

The aim of the study was to assess how deep into the acinar region the airway response to cold dry-air hyperventilation challenge (CACh) reaches in subjects with asthma of different severity. Peripheral airway function was measured using a single-breath sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and helium (He) washout test and overall airway function by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) at rest, after CACh and β2-therapy in 55 adults with a history of asthma. The normalised phase-III slopes (SnIII) for SF6 and He were used to assess peripheral airway obstruction and the (SF6-He) SnIII difference to indicate where obstruction occurred. While a greater He versus SF6 slope increase indicates a response close to the acinar entrance, the reverse indicates a response deeper into the acinar airspaces. Twelve subjects had a major fall in FEV1 (≥20%) after CACh, 16 a minor fall (10–19%), and 27 did not react. Resting He and SF6 SnIII were significantly greater in major responders with respect to minor and nonresponders, while resting FEV1 did not differ between the three groups. The major responders showed marked increases of He and SF6 SnIII after CACh, with greater increase for He resulting in a negative (SF6-He) SnIII difference. To conclude, airways close to the acinar entrance participate in the overall airway response to cold-air challenge in asthmatic adults with marked airway hyperresponsiveness to cold, dry air.
Attention, Memory, and Language after Pediatric Ischemic Stroke

A previous study evaluating receptive language after unilateral brain damage in childhood hypothesized lateralized attention and memory deficits without direct measurement. Our study directly measured attention, memory, and language in order to evaluate empirically the severity and laterality of sequelae. The performances of 11 individuals with a unilateral ischemic-lesion (7 right and 4 left hemisphere) were compared to controls matched on age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Results suggest subtle but persistent deficits in verbal memory, functional memory, and speed of processing after a lesion to either hemisphere. Lesions sustained before two years of age were associated with the lowest IQ scores. Our findings provide support for a configural representation of language that can to some extent compensate for inefficient or damaged components (Bates, 1994), and the middle-ground lateralization position (Thal et al., 1991) that asserts initial hemispheric specialization with the potential for reorganization.
ANALYZING SHORT-TERM X-RAY VARIABILITY OF CYGNUS X-1 WITH LINEAR STATE SPACE MODELS

Cyg X-1 exhibits irregular X-ray variability on all measured timescales. The usually applied shot noise models describe the typical short-term behavior of this source by su- perposition of randomly occuring shots with a distribution of shot durations. We have reanalyzed EXOSAT ME observations of Cyg X-1 using the more general Linear State Space Models (LSSMs). These models, which explicitly take the observation- noise into account, model the intrinsic system variability with an autoregressive (AR) process. Our fits show that an AR process of first order can reproduce the system variability of Cyg X-1. A possible interpretation is again the superposition of individual shots, but with a single relaxation time . This parameter was found to be 0.19 s.
Dispositional and maturational development through competency‐based training

Presents a perspective on vocational learning that proposes that vocational competence is dependent upon dispositional development, which in turn, results in moves towards maturation. Reports research with unemployed adults engaging in vocational training and resulting in four findings. First, while training packages describe assessable outcomes in competency‐referenced terms, trainees describe learning outcomes in non‐competency referenced terms. Second, vocational trainees describe their learning in terms of dispositional outcomes; that is, in terms of values, interests and attitudes. Third, dispositions can be categorised in terms of maturational concepts. Fourth, trainees made moves towards maturation as a result of CBT/NEIS training over the six‐week period of the course. The findings have important ramifications for all future VET/CBT trainees since it is the researcher's formative theory that maturation is a subset of competence in every vocational skill domain.
On the Fronthaul Statistical Multiplexing Gain

Breaking the fronthaul capacity limitations is vital to make cloud radio access network scalable and practical. One promising way is aggregating several remote radio units (RRUs) as a cluster to share a fronthaul link, so as to enjoy the statistical multiplexing gain brought by the spatial randomness of the traffic. In this letter, a tractable model is proposed to analyze the fronthaul statistical multiplexing gain. We first derive the user blocking probability caused by the limited fronthaul capacity, including its upper and lower bounds. We then obtain the limits of fronthaul statistical multiplexing gain when the cluster size approaches infinity. Analytical results reveal that the user blocking probability decreases exponentially with the average fronthaul capacity per RRU, and the exponent is proportional to the cluster size. Numerical results further show considerable fronthaul statistical multiplexing gain even at a small to medium cluster size.
Semipermeable lipid bilayers exhibit diastereoselectivity favoring ribose

Nutrient uptake by a primitive cell would have been limited by the permeability characteristics of its membrane. We measured the permeabilities of model protocellular membranes to water, five of the six pentoses, and selected aldohexoses, ketohexoses, and three to six carbon alditols by following volume changes of vesicles after the addition of solute to the external medium. Solute hydrophobicities correlated poorly with permeability coefficients within one structural class of compounds. The permeability coefficients of diastereomeric sugars differed by as much as a factor of 10, with ribose being the most permeable aldopentose. Flexible alditols and sugars, sugars biased toward or restricted to furanose forms, and sugars having anomers with hydrophobic faces permeated more quickly than compounds lacking these features. Among the aldopentoses, only ribose possesses all of these properties. Ribose permeated both fatty acid and phospholipid membranes more rapidly than the other aldopentoses or hexoses. The enhanced permeability conferred by the unique conformational preferences of ribose would have allowed faster assimilation of ribose by primitive cells as they passively absorbed materials from the environment. The kinetic advantage of ribose over the other aldopentoses in crossing membranes may therefore have been one factor that facilitated the emergence of the RNA world.
Community detection in Facebook with outlier recognition

Communities among users play the popular role for days of Social Network and the presence of groups of nodes that are high tightly connected with each other than with less links connected to nodes of different groups. So community detection algorithms are come to be the key to detect the user who are interact with each other in social media. However, there are still challenges in considering of some nodes have no any common node within the same group as well as some nodes have no any link to the other node. It can be used similarity measure based on neighborhood overlapping of nodes to organize communities and to identify outliers which cannot be grouped into any of the communities. In this paper, we detect communities and outliers from Edge Structure with neighborhood overlap by using nodes similarity. The result implies the best quality with modularity measurement which leads to more accurate communities as well as improved their density after removing outliers in the network structure.
Research funding for palliative medicine.

BACKGROUND Medical care for seriously ill patients has been acknowledged to be inadequate and multiple reports have called for increased investment in palliative medicine research. OBJECTIVE To identify funding sources of palliative medicine research published form 2003-2005 and to examine National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding of palliative medicine research from 2001-2005. METHODS We sought to identify United States publications related to adult palliative medicine research from 2003-2005 and their funding sources. We reviewed all articles published in the major palliative medicine journals and additionally, we reviewed all articles published in major medicine journals and relevant sub-specialty journals which were identified in Pub-Med using the key words "palliative care," "end-of-life care," "hospice" and "end-of-life. " From all identified articles, we abstracted all sources of funding detailed. We then compiled a list of U.S. palliative medicine researchers from 2001-2005 using the published first and last authors in the above article review, the editorial boards of palliative medicine journals, and other organizations. To examine NIH funding, we cross-matched this list of researchers against all NIH grants funded from 2001-2005. RESULTS We identified 388 palliative medicine research articles and 2,197 investigators. Seventy-two percent of papers identified received extramural funding: 31% from the NIH, 51% from foundations, and 16% from other sources. Only 109 investigators received NIH funding and the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), and National Institute on Aging (NIA) funded 85% of all NIH awards. CONCLUSIONS Research funding, particularly federal funding, for palliative medicine research is inadequate to support improvements in care for the most seriously ill patients and their families.
Latest Developments in Live Z-Score Training: Symptom Check List, Phase Reset, and Loreta Z-Score Biofeedback

Advances in neuroscience are applied to the clinical applications of EEG neurofeedback by linking symptoms to functional networks in the brain. This is achieved by reviews of the last 20 years of functional neuroimaging studies of brain networks related to clinical disorders based on positron emission tomography, functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and EEG/MEG inverse solutions. Considerable consistency exists between different imaging modalities because of the property of functional localization and the existence of large clusters of connections in the brain representing network modules and hubs. Reviewed here is new method of EEG neurofeedback called Z-Score Neurofeedback, and it is demonstrated how real-time comparison to an age-matched population of healthy subjects simplifies protocol generation and allows clinicians to target modules and hubs that indicate dysregulation and instability in networks related to symptoms. Z-score neurofeedback, by measuring the distance from the center of the heal.