Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐Frequency Variability of Small‐Particle Carbon Export Flux in the Northeast Atlantic

The biological carbon pump exports carbon fixed by photosynthesis out of the surface ocean and transfers it to the deep, mostly in the form of sinking particles. Despite the importance of the pump in regulating the air‐sea CO2 balance, the magnitude of global carbon export remains unclear, as do its controlling mechanisms. A possible sinking flux of carbon to the mesopelagic zone may be via the mixed‐layer pump: a seasonal net detrainment of particulate organic carbon (POC)‐rich surface waters, caused by sequential deepening and shoaling of the mixed layer. In this study, we present a full year of daily small‐particle POC concentrations derived from glider optical backscatter data, to study export variability at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) sustained observatory in the Northeast Atlantic. We observe a strong seasonality in small‐particle transfer efficiency, with a maximum in winter and early spring. By calculating daily POC export driven by mixed‐layer variations, we find that the mixed‐layer pump supplies an annual flux of at least 3.0 ± 0.9 g POC·m−2·year−1 to the mesopelagic zone, contributing between 5% and 25% of the total annual export flux and likely contributing to closing a gap in the mesopelagic carbon budget found by other studies. These are, to our best knowledge, the first high‐frequency observations of export variability over the course of a full year. Our results support the deployment of bio‐optical sensors on gliders to improve our understanding of the ocean carbon cycle on temporal scales from daily to annual.
Models of Hierarchically Dominated Spatial Interactiona

Strongly asymmetrical spatial flows are analyzed by using as example the flows of news between major Canadian cities. Conceptually such flows can be modelled by combining a vertical dimension of dominance with two spatial dimensions. The conceptual model is interpreted mathematically by appropriate use of the attraction and emissivity terms in the spatial interaction model. A family of models is identified and calibrated using the Canadian data, allowing the positions of cities on the dominance dimension to be identified. By inverting the model it is possible to scale positions in the spatial dimensions to reflect interaction more correctly. The result is a three-dimensional image which gives a ‘fuzzy’ interpretation to the conventional topological tree model of a hierarchy. Relationships with Tobler's ‘winds' model are examined.
Convergence of correlations in multiply scattering media

Correlations of ambient seismic or acoustic noise are now widely used to reconstruct the impulse response between two passive receivers as if a source was placed at on of them. Applications include terrestrial and solar seismology, underwater acoustics and structural health monitoring. Nevertheless, for a given set of data, correlations do not only yield automatically the Green function between the sensors, but also contains residual fluctuations that might "blur" the images. [Gizon et al, Astrophys. J. 614 (2004); Weaver and Lobkis, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 (2005); Sabra et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118 (2005)]. We propose a model to describe the “signal‐to‐fluctuations” ratio in the correlations in the case of nonstationary wavefields, and more particularly in the case of scattering media. The work includes theoretical derivations and numerical simulations. The role of multiple scattering in the rate of convergence of the correlations toward the Green function is quantitatively evaluated [Larose et al, (s.
Generalized Smooth Monotonic Regression in Additive Modeling

Common approaches to monotonic regression focus on the case of a unidimensional covariate and continuous response variable. Here a general approach is proposed that allows for additive structures where one or more variables have monotone influence on the response variable. In addition the approach allows for response variables from an exponential family, including binary and Poisson distributed response variables. Flexibility of the smooth estimate is gained by expanding the unknown function in monotonic basis functions. For the estimation of coefficients and the selection of basis functions a likelihood-based boosting algorithm is proposed which is simple to implement. Stopping criteria and inference are based on AIC-type measures. The method is applied to several datasets.
Fiber Bragg Grating Vibration Sensor Using Incoherent Light

The operation of an optical fiber vibration sensor using two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and incoherent light has been demonstrated, based on the intensity-modulation method. One FBG is used to make a narrow-band incoherent light source from a broad-band light source and the other is used for sensing the vibration of a solid. Stable and linear operation of the sensor is realized without optical isolators and fusion splicing. The developed sensor is expected to be temperature insensitive if the temperatures of the two FBGs are kept same during the operation.
Finite-temperature Gutzwiller projection for strongly correlated electron systems

We generalized the Gutzwiller projectional variational method for the ground state of strongly correlated electron systems to the case of finite temperature. Under the Gutzwiller approximation, we show that this maps to a finite temperature renormalized mean-field theory. As one of the key ingredients in the theory, we obtained an explicit expression of the projection entropy or the entropy change due to the projection. We illustrate the application of the theory to the Anderson impurity problem and the half-filled Hubbard model and compare the theory to more elaborate techniques. We find qualitative agreement. The theory can be applied to a wide variety of Hubbard, $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$, and Anderson impurity models.
The General Linear Model and Direct Standardization

A formal comparison is made between direct standardization and three cross- classified data structures: tables of means which are linear additive; tables of means which are log-linear additive; and tables of frequencies which are log-linear addi tive and can be converted to tables of proportions which are logit-linear additive. Standardization is an appropriate method of summarizing the data if the differ ences between standardized means and so on are not affected by the choice of standard distribution. This condition occurs when there is no interaction between the predictor and control variables in their impact on the dependent variable. It is shown that the condition may also be expressed in the form of the general linear model with the corresponding interaction terms absent. Then, when standardiza tion is appropriate, differences between standardized quantities are estimates of differences between parameters in linear models. In some circumstances, e.g. when the cell sizes are small, if the specified interactions are believed absent then the cell entries may be fitted using the general linear model; standardization of the fitted entries would then be preferable to standardization of the observed entries.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pediococcus acidilactici Strain LPBC161, Isolated from Mature Coffee Cherries during Natural Fermentation

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Pediococcus acidilactici strain LPBC161, a lactic acid bacterium isolated from mature coffee cherries in Brazil. The genome sequence of P. acidilactici LPBC161 provides valuable information on the mechanisms of adaptation and metabolism of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the environment and stressor factors of coffee processing. ABSTRACT Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Pediococcus acidilactici strain LPBC161, a lactic acid bacterium isolated from mature coffee cherries in Brazil. The genome sequence of P. acidilactici LPBC161 provides valuable information on the mechanisms of adaptation and metabolism of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the environment and stressor factors of coffee processing.
Colloidal chemical synthesis and characterization of InAs nanocrystal quantum dots

InAs nanocrystal quantum dots have been prepared via colloidal chemical synthesis using the reaction of InCl3 and As[Si(CH3)3]3. Sizes ranging from 25 to 60 A in diameter are produced and isolated with size distributions of ±10%–15% in diameter. The nanocrystals are crystalline and generally spherical with surfaces passivated by trioctylphosphine giving them solubility in common organic solvents. The dots have been structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and the optical absorption and emission have been examined. Quantum confinement effects are evident with absorption onsets well to the blue of the bulk band gap and size dependent absorption and emission features. The emission is dominated by band edge luminescence. These quantum dots are particularly interesting as they provide an opportunity to make important comparisons with comparably sized InAs quantum dots synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy techniques.
Implications of an Extragalactic Origin for the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays

L'origine extragalactique des rayons cosmiques d'environ 10 19 eV est analysee. Les possibilites de detection des rayons gamma d'origine cosmologique en dessous de 10 10 eV, des rayons gamma extragalactiques diffus d'origine non cosmologique a 10 14 eV et au-dessus de 10 19 eV et d'antimatiere en dessous de 10 10 eV sont etudiees
WSN and GNSS based Deformation Monitoring-Frame Design and Case Analysis

To maintain safe and smooth operation of urban infrastructures, security evaluation and deformation monitoring have formed a challenging issue, especially for large scale buildings and structures since they are usually built within urban areas and densely populated districts. In recent years, related specific methods have been presented to achieve valid monitoring for these human structures, among which, GNSS, either combined with other spatial technologies such as remote sensing, SAR or InSAR, or sensors including inertial system or total stations, have played active roles for deformation monitoring. We propose a way to combine GNSS with wireless sensor network (WSN) to form a unique approach for deformation monitoring for some special regions that can not be effectively tackled by previous schemes. Our research work lies in two aspects. One is the configuration of networks in which roving GNSS receivers and reference receivers are properly distributed to form a more flexible configuration to suit for specific shapes of structures. The other feature is the employment of wireless sensor network to form a flexible routine for cost-effective data communication within the monitoring areas. Some methods to deal with challenges arisen from impacts like multipath and deformation prediction are also explored and discussed to promote monitoring efficiency. Related tests have been conducted to exemplify our technical routines and verify the feasibility of suggested monitoring schemes.
Discussion of marketing decision-making strategies based on market research

Company decisions cannot be implemented through the subjective will of leaders; therefore, market research is required to help determine the approach. By continuously comparing and combining information, industry research will carry out its purpose. In this work, we first use Python to do the data pre-processing, then contrast the most pertinent variables. Regression analysis, comparative analysis, and other techniques are being used to analyze the responses. In this paper, using wine sales as an opportunity to highlight overall spending. The findings indicate that people's purchasing preferences are greatly influenced by their quality of qualification and revenue. Discovering if there is a connection between the factors is also another goal.
Research on Discrete Fourier Transform Representation for Image Quality Assessment

Recently the Structural Similarity (SSIM) is proposed, and attracts a lot of attentions for its good performance and simple calculation. By deeply studying the SSIM, we find it fails to measure the badly blurred images. Based on this, we develop an improved objective quality assessment method which is based on Discrete Fourier Transform representation (called as MDFT). Experiment results show the proposed method is more consistent with HVS than SSIM especially for blurred images and fading images.
Detection of bio-organism simulants using random binding on a defect-free photonic crystal

The defect-free photonic crystal (PC) slab geometry was explored for size-selective detection of bio-organism simulants. Through feedback between finite-difference time-domain simulations and experiments, we generated a conservative limit of detection estimate for randomized pore filling of a two-dimensional PC slab, and predict that random binding affords the label-free PC-based optical detection of low numbers (of the order of 10) of biological particles.
Speaker‐independent digit recognition system

This paper describes an implementation of a speaker‐independent digit recognition system. The digit classification scheme is based on segmenting the unknown word into three regions and then making categorical judgments as to which of six broad acoustic classes each segment falls into. The measurements made on the speech waveform include energy, zero crossings, and two‐pole LPC analysis. A formal evaluation of the systems showed an error rate of 2.7% for a carefully controlled recording environment, and a 5.6% error rate for online recordings in a noisy computer room.
Viscous Internal Gravity Waves and Low–Frequency Oscillations in the Tropics

Abstract In this paper we deal with the interpretation of observed oscillations in the tropical troposphere and stratosphere within the framework of the equatorial wave theory. A difficulty with this problem arises when one compares the short vertical wavelength (or equivalent depth) predicted by the classical theory and the observed large vertical scales associated with the low Doppler-shifted frequencies of the tropospheric oscillations. In this analysis it is shown that the inclusion of simple linear damping, justified by budget studies which revealed the important role of cumulus momentum transport, has a strong influence at low frequencies on the forced equatorial waves and results in two types of dispersive relationships. The first type is characteristic of the regular internal gravity waves which have fast phase speeds and weak vertical attenuation. The second type is dominated by the viscous damping time scale and has slow phase speeds and strong vertical trapping. The theory predicts that the str.
BUILDING DETECTION FROM AERIAL IMAGERY USING INCEPTION RESNET UNET AND UNET ARCHITECTURES

Abstract. Buildings are one of the key components in change detection, urban planning, and monitoring. The automatic extraction of the building from high-resolution aerial imagery is still challenging due to the variations in their shapes, structures, textures, and colours. Recently, the convolutional neural networks (CNN) show a significant improvement in object detection and extraction that surpasses other methods. To extract building, in this paper two segmentation architectures, the UNet and the Inception ResNet UNet are implemented and then tested on the Inria aerial image datasets. The Inception ResNet UNet utilizes the Inception architecture and residual blocks. This makes the model wide and deep, though there are a few differences between numbers of UNet and Inception ResNet UNet parameters. The analyses show that UNet has a high rate of metrics in the training progress. However, on the unseen dataset, Inception ResNet UNet extracts buildings more accurately (97.95% accuracy and 0.96 in the dice metric) in comparison with UNet (94.30% accuracy and 0.55 in the dice metric).
A History of Solar Activity over Millennia

Presented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The concept of solar activity is discussed along with an overview of the special indices used to quantify different aspects of variable solar activity, with special emphasis upon sunspot number.Over long timescales, quantitative information about past solar activity can only be obtained using a method based upon indirect proxies, such as the cosmogenic isotopes 14C and 10Be in natural stratified archives (e.g., tree rings or ice cores). We give an historical overview of the development of the proxy-based method for past solar-activity reconstruction over millennia, as well as a description of the modern state. Special attention is paid to the verification and cross-calibration of reconstructions. It is argued that this method of cosmogenic isotopes makes a solid basis for studies of solar variability in the past on a long timescale (centuries to millennia) during the Holocene.A separate section is devoted to reconstructions of strong solar energetic-particle (SEP) events in the past, that suggest that the present-day average SEP flux is broadly consistent with estimates on longer timescales, and that the occurrence of extra-strong events is unlikely.Finally, the main features of the long-term evolution of solar magnetic activity, including the statistics of grand minima and maxima occurrence, are summarized and their possible implications, especially for solar/stellar dynamo theory, are discussed.
Measurement of the Flux and Zenith-Angle Distribution of Upward Throughgoing Muons by Super-Kamiokande

A total of 614 upward throughgoing muons of minimum energy 1.6thinspthinspGeV are observed by Super-Kamiokande during 537 detector live days. The measured muon flux is [1.74{plus_minus}0.07(stat){plus_minus} 0.02(sys)]{times}10{sup {minus}13} cm{sup {minus}2}thinsps{sup {minus}1}thinspsr{sup {minus}1} compared to an expected flux of [1.97{plus_minus}0.44(theor)]{times} 10{sup {minus}13} cm{sup {minus}2}thinsps{sup {minus}1}thinspsr{sup {minus}1} . The absolute measured flux is in agreement with the prediction within the errors. However, the zenith-angle dependence of the observed upward throughgoing muon flux does not agree with no-oscillation predictions. The observed distortion in shape is consistent with the {nu}{sub {mu}}{leftrightarrow}{nu}{sub {tau}} oscillation hypothesis with sin{sup 2}thinsp2{theta} {gt}0.4 and 1{times}10{sup {minus}3}{lt}{Delta}m{sup 2}{lt}1{times}1 0{sup {minus}1} eV{sup 2} at 90{percent} confidence level. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Detecting DDoS issues under 5G with ResNet

The operation of the network is often accompanied by network attacks, and as the network begins to gradually enter the 5G era, the intensity of network attacks and attacks are also rising significantly, of which Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), as the mainstream attack of network attacks, has a very high attack intensity and attack frequency, and the traditional detection system is unable to detect the complex DDoS attacks. However, when the detection scheme is combined with artificial intelligence, it becomes efficient and reliable. Over the years, the detection of DDoS attacks has achieved very good results. However, in the face of the advent of the 5G era, higher requirements are put forward for detecting DDoS attacks. Given the good potential and performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in classifying images, this work proposes a method to convert network traffic into images and apply the ResNet model for training on the converted data. The work sacrifice some of the accuracy on binary classification, which drops to 99.6% but improve 2% on multivariate classification over previous work to 89%.
Spectrum and Energy Levels of Triply-Ionized Niobium (Nb IV)

The spectrum of triply-ionized niobium Nb IV was observed from 300 Å to 4100 Å with sliding spark discharges on 10.7-m normal- and grazing-incidence spectrographs. The existing analysis of this spectrum [Meinders, E. et al., Physica Scripta 25, 527 (1982). ] was extended to include the 5s2, 5p2, 5s5d, 5s4f, 5s6s, 4d6d, 4d7s, 4d5f, 4d6f and 4d5g configurations, which are practically complete. A few levels of 4d7p and a few missing levels of the already known 4d4f configuration were also located. One level of the 4d6p configuration was revised. There are now a total of 840 lines classified as transitions between 185 energy levels. Of these, 546 lines and 107 levels are new. From the optimized energy level values, Ritz-type wavelengths with uncertainties varying from about 0.0005 Å to 0.003 Å were determined. The observed configurations were theoretically interpreted by means of Hartree-Fock calculations and least-squares fits of the energy parameters to the observed levels. The fitted parameters were used to calculate oscillator strengths for all classified lines. An improved value for the ionization energy was obtained from the 4dns(n = 4–6), 4dnf(n = 4–6), and 4d5g configurations. The adopted value is 303350 ± 180 cm-1 (37.611 ± 0.022 eV).
The Mediating Role of Board Size and Working Capital Management in Corporate Governance on Firm Performance

Purpose: This study aimed to test the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance, as well as the mediating role of board size and working capital management in the relationship. The sample in this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2017-2021. Methodology: The panel regression method was used to analyse research data. In this study, corporate governance was proxied by independent commissioners and ownership structure, while firm performance was measured by ROA and ROE. Meanwhile, the mediating variable, board size was measured by the number of board of directors and working capital management was measured by average payment period. Findings: The results showed that independent commissioners had a significant positive effect as measured by ROA and ROE. While ownership structure also had a significant positive effect as measured by ROA. In addition, working capital management was proven to have a partial mediating role in the relationship between independent commissioners and ROA. However, working capital management was not proven to have a mediating role in the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance, and board size was also not proven to have a mediating role. Practical Implications: This study helps companies understand the significance of corporate board structure and ownership in the effort of achieving a good corporate governance to maximize firm performance. Originality/Value: This study contributes to studies on the effect of corporate governance on firm performance, where the novelty lies in working capital management and board size as mediating variables in the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance.
A pump power insensitive high stability L-band erbium-doped superfluorescent fibre source

A simple one-stage configuration for a high stability L-band (1565? 1605? nm) erbium-doped superfluorescent fibre source (SFS) is designed and investigated for the first time. The SFS is realized in a section of erbium-doped fibre (EDF) with a double-pass bi-directional pump configuration. With an appropriate pump ratio of forward to total pump power and fibre length, pump power insensitive mean wavelength L-band SFS operation can be obtained. Theoretical simulations indicate that the proportion of the forward pump power to the total pump power should be 0.2, in order to obtain high mean wavelength stability and high output power simultaneously. For a 19? m long EDF with a peak absorption of 27? 33? dB? m? 1 at 1530? nm, a SFS with a linewidth of 42.6? nm, an output power of 34? mW, and a high mean wavelength stability insensitive to pump power is obtained with a pump ratio of 0.2 and 82? mW total pump power. Pump power insensitive mean wavelength characteristics are attributable to the bi-directional pumping configuration and the use of a power splitter which ensures simultaneous variations of forward and backward pump power.