Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correction Method for Particle Velocimetry Data Based on the Stokes Drag Law

A correction method based on the Stokes drag law was developed for flow velocimetry using tracer particles. The present method can be used to calculate the corrected velocity from the measured velocity and its spatial gradient without the need to solve the whole flowfield. Velocity measurement was conducted for sonic transverse injection into Mach 1.8 flow using particle image velocimetry. The correction method was applied to the velocity field obtained from the particle image velocimetry data. The corrected data showed the positions and shapes of the shock waves in the measurement region more clearly. The corrected peak velocity downstream of the shock waves became closer to the theoretical values. The jet streamlines calculated from the corrected and original particle image velocimetry data were compared. The streamlines from the corrected data went lower than those from the original data.
An Examination of Double-Plate Ice Crystals and the Initiation of Precipitation in Continental Cumulus Clouds

Abstract Measurements within continental convective clouds in the Highveld region of South Africa indicate that the first appreciable nucleation of ice occurs between the −9° to −12°C levels as the cloud top rises through these levels. Moreover, these crystals usually take the form of double plates. Frozen drop centers were observed in 30% of the double crystals, with the diameter of the frozen drop between 10 and 20 μm. The growth of these ice crystals is investigated using ice crystal measurements collected in situ as well as a modeling study. New information regarding axial dimensions, bulk densities, and riming characteristics of double-plate crystals is presented. Numerical simulations were performed to compare the growth characteristics of ice crystals nucleated at different temperature levels between −6° and −16°C in updrafts of 1 and 3 m s−1. Crystals nucleated at temperatures ≥−12°C are shown to start riming at smaller sizes than previously thought and these crystals are potentially important as .
The Large Binocular Camera Image Simulator

The Large Binocular Camera Image Simulator (LBCImSim) is a package for generating artificial images in the typical FITS format. It operates on real or artificial images, simulating the expected performances of real instruments by including several observing conditions (filters, air mass, flat field, and exposure time) and creating images with the LBC instrumental artifacts (optical deformations, noise, and CCD architectures). This simulator can also be used to produce artificial images for other existing and future telescopes, since its structure is very flexible. The primary aim of LBCImSim is to support the development of a pipeline and data analysis procedure that is able to handle wide‐field imaging and the fast reduction of huge amounts of photometric data. The software consists of three stand‐alone programs written in C that use IRAF and run on Linux OS. In this paper, we first describe the software, its performance in several tests carried out prior to public release, and some examples for users. In particular, we compare the Hubble Deep Field–South (HDF‐S) as seen by FORS1 with a simulated image and found that the agreement is good. We then use this software to predict the expected performances of the LBC instrument by means of realistic simulations of deep‐field observations with the Large Binocular Telescope.
Geodesy by radio interferometry: The application of Kalman Filtering to the analysis of very long baseline interferometry data

We discuss the application of Kalman filtering techniques to the analysis of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data. The VLBI observables are geometrically related to the geodetic and astrometric parameters which can be determined from them. However, contributions to the observables from the clocks at, and the atmospheres above, the VLBI sites must be accounted for if reliable estimates of geodetic and astrometric parameters are to be obtained. Here an implementation of a Kaiman filter to account for stochastic behavior on those parameters which vary during the course of a VLBI experiment is discussed. Both the nature of the stochastic processes which should be used in the model for the VLBI data and the implementation of the Kaiman filter estimator are considered. From the results obtained, we conclude that the Kaiman filter is appropriate for analyzing VLBI data. The choice of stochastic model does not unduly affect the estimates of the geodetic parameters and the quality of these estimates is higher than that for conventional weighted least squares estimators.
A critical parabolic estimate and application to nonlocal equations arising in chemotaxis

We consider a nonlinear parabolic equation with exponential nonlinearity which contains a nonlocal multiplication factor. This equation models an aggregation of cells via interaction with a chemical substance. We concentrate on two dimensional geometry, where a critical population number exists beyond which there are no regular steady states. The analysis involves a comparison theorem for linear parabolic equations with L1 sources, as well as a critical Sobolev inequality
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Dissipative Heating on Tropical Cyclone Intensity

Abstract The impact of dissipative heating on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts is investigated using the U.S. Navy’s operational mesoscale model (the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System). A physically consistent method of including dissipative heating is developed based on turbulent kinetic energy dissipation to ensure energy conservation. Mean absolute forecast errors of track and surface maximum winds are calculated for eighteen 48-h simulations of 10 selected TC cases over both the Atlantic basin and the northwest Pacific. Simulation results suggest that the inclusion of dissipative heating improves surface maximum wind forecasts by 10%–20% at 15-km resolution, while it has little impact on the track forecasts. The resultant improvement from the inclusion of the dissipative heating increases to 29% for the surface maximum winds at 5-km resolution for Hurricane Isabel (2003), where dissipative heating produces an unstable layer at low levels and warms a deep layer of the tropos.
Photothermal and optical spectroscopy analysis of burned bones

In this work the possibilities of infrared thermography for the study of burned human bones of outstanding interest in archaeology and anthropology are explored. The technique used consisted in the illumination of the sample using an infrared solid state laser beam and the observation and the monitoring of the surface temperature with an infrared camera. The bones analyzed were previously thermally treated in a furnace and boiled in water. It is shown that the effect of the thermal treatments can be observed in the infrared images, from which the dynamics of the cooling process of the sample is obtained. It is shown that the cooling process of the samples could be used to identify the possible burning treatment at which a given material could have undergone previously. As an auxiliary technique X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystallization of the material and to look for a correlation with different thermal treatments.
Damascene and subtractive processing of narrow tungsten lines: Resistivity and size effect

Narrow W lines with linewidths down to ~40 nm were manufactured by both damascene and subtractive processing. The dependence of the resistivity on the linewidth was studied for different deposition temperatures of the W layer. Generally, the resistivity decreases for decreasing deposition temperature of W. The resistivity increases with decreasing linewidth for both processes due to size effects. However, the W damascene lines show a much steeper increase of the resistivity than etched W lines. In the case of the etched lines the grain size is already fixed after deposition of the W and, therefore, the resistivity increase is caused by an increase of the surface scattering contribution solely. In the case of the damascene lines the line geometry restricts the grain size and, therefore, with decreasing linewidth both an increase of the grain boundary scattering and of the surface scattering contributes to the resistivity. The different behavior of the resistivities can be understood within a compact model .
MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND LASER PULSE WIDTHS

The special symmetry properties of second‐harmonic generation at the surface of a GaAs crystal are used in a technique which measures the shape of the fast pulses from a mode‐locked Nd‐glass laser. The pulses studied were found to have a full width at half power of between 4 and 6 picoseconds. The technique is capable of measuring pulse widths at least as short as 4 × 10−13 sec.
Two-photon Rabi oscillations in a single In x Ga 1 − x As ∕ Ga As quantum dot

We report on Rabi oscillations of the biexciton in a single ${\mathrm{In}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ quantum dot, induced via a coherent two-photon process. In contrast to single-exciton Rabi oscillations the measured population oscillation is not purely sinusoidal in excitation pulse area. The experimental results are well reproduced by a theoretical calculation that relies only on the pulse shape and biexciton binding energy. Dephasing times of the biexciton are similar to those of the single exciton under the applied measurement conditions reaching up to $220\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$.
The propagation of time harmonic RAyleigh-Lamb waves in a bimaterial plate

The time harmonic elastodynamic response of two semi-infinite elastic plates of dissimilar material properties perfectly bonded along their lateral faces is studied. The wave field in either half-plate can be written as a superposition of the so-called Rayleigh–Lamb eigenmodes of an infinite plate. The interaction of a time harmonic incident wave with the interface results in reflected and transmitted fields that contain contributions from all of the real, imaginary, and complex eigenmodes of an infinite plate. Attention is focused on the distribution of energy among the various reflected and transmitted eigenmodes over a range of frequencies. The fundamental symmetric and the fundamental antisymmetric Lamb modes are each used as input excitations. Such excitations can be approximately realized in experiments. It is assumed that the solution of such a canonical problem will facilitate the solution of problems with complicated time-dependent sources.
Signal Appropriation of Explicit HIV Status Disclosure Fields in Sex-Social Apps used by Gay and Bisexual Men

HIV status disclosure fields in online sex-social applications ("apps") are designed to help increase awareness, reduce stigma, and promote sexual health. Public disclosure could also help those diagnosed relate to others with similar statuses to feel less isolated. However, in our interview study (n=28) with HIV positive and negative men who have sex with men (MSM), we found some users preferred to keep their status private, especially when disclosure could stigmatise and disadvantage them, or risk revealing their status to someone they knew offline in a different context. How do users manage these tensions between health, stigma, and privacy? We analysed our interview data using signalling theory as a conceptual framework and identify participants developing 'signal appropriation' strategies, helping them manage the disclosure of their HIV status. Additionally, we propose a set of design considerations that explore the use of signals in the design of sensitive disclosure fields.
VALIDATION OF A SOURCE-RECEIVER MODEL FOR ROAD TRAFFIC-INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN BUILDINGS. I: SOURCE MODEL

This work focuses on the coupling of a validated source model for free field traffic-induced vibrations to a receiver model that enables one to predict the response of buildings, accounting for dynamic soil-structure interaction. The resulting model is validated by means of in situ measurements, that have been performed in and around a single-family dwelling during the passage of a truck with known characteristics at speeds between 23 km/h and 58 km/h on joints between plates of the concrete pavement and on a plywood unevenness installed on the road. Simultaneous vibration measurements have been performed with a mobile data acquisition system on the truck's axles. The objective of part I of this paper is to present the validation of the source model. The characteristics of the vehicle and the road unevenness are discussed, and the vehicle response is validated. The response is independent of the vehicle speed for the passage on the joints, whereas, for the passage on the plywood unevenness, the vibrations increase with the vehicle speed. The dynamic road-soil interaction problem is subsequently solved. Special consideration is given to the determination of the dynamic soil characteristics using the spectral analysis surface wave and seismic cone penetration test methods and to the validation of the transfer functions in the soil. The free-field incident wave field is finally validated. This incident wave field is used in part II of the paper to predict and validate the response of the single family dwelling.
Semi‐occluded vocal tract postures and their application in the singing voice studio

Many singing teachers employ semi‐occluded vocal tract postures in their teaching. These postures can be divided into three types: (1) postures where the semi‐occlusion remains consistent over time, as in singing vowels into a straw, the sustained phonation of voiced fricative consonants and the sustained phonation of nasal consonants; (2) postures where the occlusion is oscillatory, as in the lip buzz, the raspberry, and the rolled /r/; (3) postures where the semi‐occlusion or occlusion is very transitory, as is found in the semi‐vowels /j/ and /w/ and the voiced plosive consonants. The presentation will review the benefits of these semi‐occluded postures, show videoendoscopic images of the pharynx and larynx and electroglottography of the vocal folds while the semi‐occluded postures listed above are used as pilots to the vowels /i/, /u/, and /a/, and will demonstrate some of the traditional uses of the semi‐occluded postures in singing pedagogy.
ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES Restoration of the All-Weather Mode of the AIRS/AMSU Hyperspectral System of the AQUA Satellite Using the ATMS Microwave Radiometer of the SUOMI-NPP and NOAA-20 Satellites

The technology for processing data from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) (mounted on the Aqua satellite), which makes it possible to reconstruct the geophysical parameters of the atmosphere and the underlying surface even with 80% of the observation area covered by clouds, is discussed. The failure of the AMSU-A in 2016 led to the exclusion of its data from the AIRS processing scheme and introduction of the simplified AIRS Only algorithm used today at NASA. An approach to the restoration of the AIRS all-weather functionality using data from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) of the Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20 satellites is proposed. It is shown that the introduction of the ATMS data to the processing algorithm makes it possible to obtain geophysical results that are almost identical to the initial AIRS/AMSU data. DOI: 10.3103/S8756699022020066
Global exact boundary controllability for 1‐D quasilinear wave equations

Based on the local exact boundary controllability for 1‐D quasilinear wave equations, the global exact boundary controllability for 1‐D quasilinear wave equations in a neighborbood of any connected set of constant equilibria is obtained by an extension method. Similar results are also given for a kind of general 1‐D quasilinear hyperbolic equations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF SIGNALS AND IMAGES Dimensionality Reduction for the Feature System in Classification of Hyperspectral Earth Remote Sensing Data by Use of Neural Networks

The hyperspectral method of analyzing the Earth’s surface is very effective in solving classification problems as applied to both objects located on it and the state of these objects (e.g., agricultural crops). However, full-scale hyperspectral analysis is a very expensive procedure and looking for ways of cheapening it are quite explicable. The most consistent way is to reduce the number of spectral components (classification features) by selection (or formation from them) of the most informative ones. It is proposed to implement it by using neural network technologies. By an example of processing a 200-channel hyperspectral image, it is shown that the high accuracy achieved in classification due to reducing the dimensionality of the feature space by these technologies exceeds the accuracy obtained by other known methods. DOI: 10.3103/S8756699022010046
An investigation of the structure of non-uniformities of interstellar absorption using photometry of globular clusters

Charge-coupled device photometric investigations of the central regions of the globular clusters NGC 4372 (r < 4′) and NGC 6266 (0.5′ < r < 2′) were used to obtain detailed maps of the distribution of differential reddening. In both clusters the reddening is non-uniform on angular scales less than 1′ and varies by magnitudes of 0.15 and 0.20 within the investigated fields of NGC 4372 and NGC 6266 respectively. For these clusters the average E(B − V) values of magnitudes 0.34 and 0.43 are smaller than those found previously.
Low Cost Composite Wing Structure Manufacturing Technology Development Program in JAXA

This program is aiming at development of the low cost manufacturing technology for composite material structure. Since autoclave is unnecessary when manufacturing by VaRTM, it is known that it is very effective for the reduction in cost. However, the improvement of quality is needed in order to use for airplane structure manufacturing. Moreover, there is also no example of application to the airplane major structure by a VaRTM manufacturing process. Therefore, it has also been the big purpose of this research to clarify the subject of type certification acquisition of the airplane manufacturing by this process. In this research, taking advantage of the feature of VaRTM, integral molding is used extensively, and weight reduction is also made into the target. This paper reports the manufacturing subjects and countermeasure which occurred during development. By /www.pref. iwate.jp/ Fig.1 The 30m length blade and appearance of a windmill
Efficient algorithms for the regularization of dynamic inverse problems: I. Theory

In this paper dynamic inverse problems are studied, where the investigated object is allowed to change during the measurement procedure. In order to achieve reasonable results, temporal a priori information will be considered. Here, ‘temporal smoothness’ is used as a quite general, but for many applications sufficient, a priori information. This is justified in the case of slight movements during an x-ray scan in computerized tomography, or in the field of current density reconstruction, where one wants to conclude from electrical measurements on the surface of the head, the locations of brain activity. First, the notion of a dynamic inverse problem is introduced, then we describe how temporal smoothness can be incorporated in the regularization of the problem, and finally an efficient solver and some regularization properties of this solver are presented. This theory will be exploited in three practically relevant applications in a following paper.
STUDY OF PHASE CONVERSION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL q = 3 POTTS MODEL

In order to see the phase conversion taking place in a weak first-order phase transition, we have simulated the q = 3 state Potts model in three dimensions and studied the time evolutions of oriented clusters forming after a rapid temperature quench. Our results indicate that the phase conversion mechanism following a deep temperature quench is spinodal decomposition while a rather shallow quench to temperatures near the phase transition point proceeds through usual nucleation.
Self-folding of single-and multiwall carbon nanotubes

Long carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have many important applications. However, long CNTs may self-fold and therefore compromise their applications. The authors have determined the critical length for self-folding as 4πEI∕γ, where EI and γ are the CNT bending stiffness and binding energy, respectively. This simple expression has been verified by atomistic simulations. For single-wall CNTs, the critical self-folding length ranges from a few hundred nanometers to about 2μm. For multiwall CNTs, the critical length increases rapidly with the number of walls and exceeds 10μm for a 14-wall CNT.
Shortcuts for Locally Consonant Closed Test Procedures

The closed testing principle provides a general and simple framework to construct powerful multiple test procedures for k elementary null hypotheses while controlling the familywise error rate in the strong sense. However, the closed testing principle has the disadvantage of leading to the evaluation of O(2k) intersection hypotheses. Multiple test procedures based on the closed testing principle may thus require substantial computational efforts. Consonant closed test procedures for unrestricted hypotheses have the advantage of rejecting at least one elementary null hypothesis whenever the global null hypothesis is rejected and thus admit shortcuts of size k. If the elementary null hypotheses are restricted by logical constraints, the closure of common tests, such as max-t or min-p tests, may not be consonant in the usual sense. In this article we introduce a weaker consonance property, denoted as local consonance, and show that many closed test procedures with restricted hypotheses satisfy this condition. We describe a general algorithm to construct related shortcuts and illustrate the results with several applications.
Wine Label Recognition System using Image Similarity

Recently the research on the system using images taken from camera phones as input is actively conducted. This paper proposed a system that shows wine pictures which are similar to the input wine label in order. For the calculation of the similarity of images, the representative color of each cell of the image, the recognized text color, background color and distribution of feature points are used as the features. In order to calculate the difference of the colors, RGB is converted into CIE-Lab and the feature points are extracted by using Harris Corner Detection Algorithm. The weights of representative color of each cell of image, text color and background color are applied. The image similarity is calculated by normalizing the difference of color similarity and distribution of feature points. After calculating the similarity between the input image and the images in the database, the images in Database are shown in the descent order of the similarity so that the effort of users to search for similar wine labels again from the searched result is reduced.
On the Question of Statistical Confidentiality

Abstract In Section 1 the nature of statistical confidentiality is explored, i.e., its essential role in the collection of data by statistical offices, its relationship to privacy and the need for increased attention to potential statistical disclosures because of the increased tabulation and dissemination capabilities of statistical offices. In Section 2 a definition of inadvertent direct disclosure is provided as well as a theorem concerning a test for residual disclosure of tabulations. In Section 3 different media and methods of data dissemination are considered from the point of view of potential for statistical disclosure.