Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
İMKB Kurumsal Yönetim Endeksi Kapsamındaki Şirketlerin Kurumsal Yönetim Derecelendirme Notu ve Hisse Senedi Getirileri Arasındaki İlişkinin Olay Çalışması (Event Study) Yöntemi İle Analizi

Bu calismada hisse senetleri IMKB’de islem goren ve 2009 yilinda ilk defa yeterli kurumsal yonetim derecelendirme notu alarak IMKB Kurumsal Yonetim Endeksi (IMKB-XKURY) kapsamina alinan sirketlerin derecelendirme notunun ilani ile hisse senedi getirileri arasindaki iliski incelenmektedir. Bu baglamda 2009 yilinda yeterli kurumsal yonetim derecelendirme notu alan 11 sirket IMKB Kurumsal Yonetim Endeksine dahil edilmistir. Olay calismasi(Event Study) yontemi kullanilarak yapilan analizde iyi kurumsal yonetim derecelendirme notunun ilani ile hisse senedi getirisi arasinda pozitif bir iliskinin oldugu, olay oncesi ve sonrasinda endeks kapsamindaki sirketlerin hisse senetlerinden anormal getirilerin elde edilebilecegi tespit edilmistir. Bu durum, piyasanin yari guclu formda bile etkin olmadiginin onemli bir gostergesidir.
Data Report: Paleomagnetic and Rock Magnetic Measurements on Hole U1301B Basaltic Samples

During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301, 235 m of upper igneous crust was cored in Hole U1301B, in an area of hydrothermal circulation on Juan de Fuca Ridge, providing an opportunity to better understand ocean crust magnetization. We studied the paleomagnetism of this section using a variety of techniques. Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) and alternating-field or thermal demagnetization measurements were made on 330 individual samples of igneous rock from both the working-half and archive-half cores. Rock magnetic characterization measurements were made on a subset of samples to better understand the source of the magnetization. These measurements included hysteresis parameters, Curie temperature, and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition. In addition, thin sections were examined for several samples in an effort to visually identify magnetic grains. Igneous samples from Hole U1301B display a range of NRM values between 1.3 and 73.0 A/m with a median value of 6.9 A/m, which are values typical of ocean crust basalts. IRM acquisition curves are consistent with titanomagnetite as the magnetic remanence carrier. Hysteresis parameters indicate single domain and pseudosingle domain behavior, despite large grain sizes seen in scanning electron microphotographs. The apparent paradox is resolved by observation of grain textures that indicate that large grains are split into small domains. Magnetization direction characteristics vary and have been divided into five types by demagnetization patterns. The many patterns suggest that the remanent magnetization of some samples has been altered by secondary processes, such as hydrothermal metamorphism.
Tectonics at the axis of the very slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge: Insights from TOBI side‐scan sonar imagery

We present the analysis of the deformation in the axial valley of two contrasted regions of the very slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge based on side‐scan sonar images. Our objective is to investigate how the obliquity is accommodated along the system. We show that the robust magmatic segments have axial valleys and major faults subperpendicular to spreading. The other sections show fault populations with various degrees of obliquity, often arranged in left‐stepping echelons, accommodating part of the strike‐slip deformation. Side‐scan sonar reveals the presence of a corrugated surface near 59°E interpreted to be an incipient detachment fault. We show that the large width of the SWIR oblique sections, and the difference in tectonic style between the robust volcanic segments and the magma‐starved sections, is accounted for by large variations in the thickness of the brittle lithosphere. We suggest that the emplacement of mantle rocks in the surveyed amagmatic ridge sections can occur by alternating conjugate faults. Serpentinization of outcropping peridotites might also play a significant role in the development of faults in thin crust regions and the distribution of deformation in space and time.
Discovering Knowledge in Data: An Introduction to Data Mining

The second edition of a highly praised, successful reference on data mining, with thorough coverage of big data applications, predictive analytics, and statistical analysis.Includes new chapters on Multivariate Statistics, Preparing to Model the Data, and Imputation of Missing Data, and an Appendix on Data Summarization and VisualizationOffers extensive coverage of the R statistical programming languageContains 280 end-of-chapter exercisesIncludes a companion website with further resources for all readers, and Powerpoint slides, a solutions manual, and suggested projects for instructors who adopt the book
Generalized maximum likelihood estimators for the nonstationary generalized extreme value model

The objective of the present study is to develop efficient estimation methods for the use of the GEV distribution for quantile estimation in the presence of nonstationarity. Parameter estimation in the nonstationary GEV model is generally done with the maximum likelihood estimation method (ML). In this work, we develop the generalized maximum likelihood estimation method (GML), in which covariates are incorporated into parameters. A simulation study is carried out to compare the performances of the GML and the ML methods in the case of the stationary GEV model (GEV0), the nonstationary case with a linear dependence of the location parameter on covariates (GEV1), the nonstationary case with a quadratic dependence on covariates (GEV2), and the nonstationary case with linear dependence in both location and scale parameters (GEV11). Simulation results show that the GLM method performs better than the ML method for all studied cases. The nonstationary GEV model is also applied to a case study to illustrate its potential. The case study deals with the annual maximum precipitation at the Randsburg station in California, and the covariate process is taken to be the Southern Index Oscillation.
Energy-conserving and Hamiltonian low-order models in geophysical fluid dynamics

Arbitrary truncations in the Galerkin method com- monly used to derive low-order models (LOMs) may violate fundamental conservation properties of the original equa- tions, causing unphysical behaviors in LOMs such as un- bounded solutions. To avoid these, energy-conserving LOMs are developed in the form of coupled Volterra gyrostats, based on analogies between fluid dynamics and rigid body mechanics. Coupled gyrostats prove helpful in retaining in LOMs the Hamiltonian structure of the original equations. Examples of Hamiltonian LOMs describing 2-D and 3-D Rayleigh-B´ enard convection are presented, including the cel- ebrated Lorenz model and its 3-D analog. infinite sets of time-independent basis functions; then projec- tion of the PDEs onto these functions yields a finite system of ODEs (the LOM) for the time evolution of the coefficients in truncated expansions. The method, however, does not provide criteria for select- ing modes, while in arbitrary truncations fundamental con- servation properties of the fluid dynamical equations may be violated, resulting in LOMs with unphysical behaviors (throughout the paper "conservation" means "conservation in the absence of forcing and dissipation"). This has been demonstrated, in particular, by attempts to extend the cele- brated Lorenz (1963) model of 2-D Rayleigh-Bcon- vection,
Test plan: the Czechowice Oil Refinery bioremediation demonstration of a process waste lagoon

The remediation strategies that will be applied at the Czechowice Oil Refinery waste lagoon in Czechowice, Poland are designed, managed, and implemented under the direction of the Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC) for the United States Department of Energy (DOE). WSRC will be assisted in the demonstration by The Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU). This collaboration between IETU and DOE will provide the basis for international technology transfer of new and innovative remediation technologies that can be applied in Poland and the Eastern European Region as well.
Surface roughness and breaking wave properties retrieved from polarimetric microwave radar backscattering

Ocean surface roughness and wave breaking are the two main contributors of radar backscattering from the ocean surface. The relative weightings of the two contributions vary with the microwave polarization: the VV (vertical transmit vertical receive) is dominated by the Bragg resonance scattering mechanism, and the HH (horizontal transmit horizontal receive) and VH (horizontal transmit vertical receive or vertical transmit horizontal receive) contain nontrivial non-Bragg contributions mainly produced by breaking features. A method is developed to obtain the short-scale properties of ocean surface roughness and wave breaking from Ku, C, and L band polarimetric sea returns. The results are used for quantitative evaluation of the ocean surface roughness spectral models and for deriving understanding of the breaking contribution important to microwave ocean remote sensing, in particular its dependence on wind speed, microwave frequency, and incidence angle. Implications of the results to air-sea interaction applications are discussed.
The relationship between shell size and Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, δ18O, and δ13C of species of planktonic foraminifera

The relationship between shell size and Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, δ18O, and δ13C of planktonic foraminiferal calcite has been investigated using seventeen species in six different size fractions. Mg/Ca increases and Sr/Ca decreases with increasing size, except for two globorotaliid species which show the opposite trend. The changes in Mg/Ca broadly follow δ18O calcification temperatures except that surface and near‐surface dwelling species show larger changes in Mg/Ca than can be accounted for by differences in calcification temperature derived from δ18O. The increases in Mg/Ca and decreases in Sr/Ca vary linearly with the well‐established increase in δ13C with size. This is consistent with smaller individuals calcifying faster than larger individuals and larger individuals forming calcite that more closely reflects seawater temperature and composition. It appears that variations in calcification rate affect Mg and Sr shell chemistry. The observations may account for part of the temporal variability in foraminiferal Sr/Ca within a single size fraction that has been attributed to changes in seawater Sr/Ca.
Lithospheric shear wave velocity and radial anisotropy beneath the northern part of North China from surface wave dispersion analysis

Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocities in the northern part of the North China are obtained from ambient noise tomography in the period range of 8–35 s and two plane wave earthquake tomography at periods of 20–91 s using data recorded at 222 broadband seismic stations from the temporary North China Seismic Array and permanent China Digital Seismic Array. The dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love wave from 8 to 91 s are jointly inverted for the 3‐D shear wave structure and radial anisotropy in the lithosphere to 140 km depth. Distinct seismic structures is observed from the Fenhe Graben and Taihang Mountain to the North China Basin. The North China Basin from the lower crust to the depth of 140 km is characterized by high‐velocity anomaly, reflecting mafic intrusion and residual materials after the extraction of melt, and by strong radial anisotropy with Vsh > Vsv, implying horizontal layering of intrusion and alignment of minerals due to vigorous extensional deformation and subsequent thermal annealing. However, low‐velocity anomaly and positive radial anisotropy are observed in the Fenhe Graben and Taihang Mountain, suggesting the presence of partial melt in the lithosphere due to the mantle upwelling and horizontal flow pull.
Modeling resident attitudes on the environmental impacts of tourism : a case study of Oʻahu, Hawaii

Modeling Resident Attitudes on the Environmental Impacts of Tourism: A Case Study of o 'abu, Hawai'i This research is an exploratory analysis of sustainable tourism development and resident attitudes on O'ahu regarding the resource consumption and environmental impacts caused by tourists. A paper survey was administered to a convenience sample of residents (N=440) at local area malls and local businesses. The instrument investigated residents' perceptions of tourism's environmental impacts and how these perceptions relate to their personal benefits from tourism, community satisfaction, and views on sustainable tourism in Hawai'i. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the various relationships between residents' views of tourism and their attitudes towards sustainable tourism development.
Geomorphic evidence for ancestral drainage patterns in the Zagros Simple Folded Zone and growth of the Iranian plateau

Abstract We describe the geomorphology of a large (~10000 km2) internally draining region within the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Fars province, Iran. A series of wind gaps through fold crests and a continuous line of low-slope pixels in digital elevation models indicate the presence of an older, and now abandoned, through-going river system. We suggest, from the presence of the wind gaps, that the original through-going river system was abandoned as a direct result of fold growth. At present, through-going drainage in Fars is restricted to only two major rivers, the Kul and the Mand, which bound the margins of the internally drained region. The low gradients of the Kul and the Mand rivers are similar to those in topographic profiles drawn along the course of the abandoned drainage. The Mand and Kul rivers may be defeated in the future, causing an expansion of the internally drained region, and resulting in a profound change in the distribution of sediment and surface elevations within the Zagros. The internally draining part of the Zagros resembles the Central Iranian Plateau both in its geomorphology and in the apparently slow rates of deformation within it. We speculate that the development of internally drained basins and distribution of shortening within the range may be causally linked. The geomorphology that we describe might, therefore, record a stage in the southward expansion of the non-deforming and topographically high Central Iranian Plateau.
Self‐help application for obsessive‐compulsive disorder based on exposure and response prevention technique with prototype design and usability evaluation: A cross‐sectional study

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is a relatively common disorder that, due to its debilitating nature, significantly affects personal abilities, job performance, social adjustment, and interpersonal relationships. There are significant barriers to accessing evidence‐based cognitive‐behavioral therapy as a first‐line treatment for obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Mobile health applications (Apps) offer a promising way to improve access to evidence‐based therapies while overcoming these barriers. The present study was to design and evaluate a prototype of a self‐help application for people with OCD (the most common pattern of OCD) based on the exposure and response prevention (ERP) technique.
Measurements of the downward longwave radiation spectrum over the Antarctic Plateau and comparisons with a line-by-line

A 1-year field program was conducted at South Pole Station in 1992 to measure the downward infrared radiance spectrum at a resolution of 1 cm−1 over the spectral range 550–1667 cm−1. The atmosphere over the Antarctic Plateau is the coldest and driest on Earth, where in winter, surface temperatures average about −60°C, the total column water vapor is as low as 300 μm of precipitable water, and the clear-sky downward longwave flux is usually less than 80 W m−2. Three clear-sky test cases are selected, one each for summer, winter, and spring, for which high-quality radiance data are available as well as ancillary data to construct model atmospheres from radiosondes, ozonesondes, and other measurements. The model atmospheres are used in conjunction with the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) to compare model calculations with the spectral radiance measurements. The high-resolution calculations of LBLRTM (≈0.001 cm−1) are matched to the lower-resolution measurements (1 cm−1) by adjusting their spectral resolution and by applying a correction for the finite field of view of the interferometer. In summer the uncertainties in temperature and water vapor profiles dominate the radiance error in the LBLRTM calculations. In winter the uncertainty in viewing zenith angle becomes important as well as the choice of atmospheric levels in the strong near-surface temperature inversion. The spectral radiance calculated for each of the three test cases generally agrees with that measured, to within twice the total estimated radiance error, thus validating LBLRTM to this level of accuracy for Antarctic conditions. However, the discrepancy exceeds twice the estimated error in the gaps between spectral lines in the region 1250–1500 cm−1, where emission is dominated by the foreign-broadened water vapor continuum.
Projection of “strong wind” events related to recovery from hypoxia in Tokyo Bay, Japan

This study describes the projection of sudden recovery from hypoxia in Tokyo Bay. Three different horizontal resolution of the Meteorological Research Institute Atmospheric General Circulation models (with a 20‐km mesh resolution), and eight Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3 models) outputs were applied to project the occurrence of strong negative (south–west) winds, which enhance rapid recovery from hypoxia in the bay. South–west wind energy, KEw, was successfully reproduced in all models by using bias correction based on a cumulative distribution function from the present day (1980–1998). The MRI‐AGCM3.1S with a 20‐km mesh resolution suggested an increase in the number of days with the square of southwesterly winds > 100 m2 s−2, but the other 10 models showed no significant difference in the future. As a result, it appears likely that recovery from hypoxia will not occur more frequently in the future if we assume that the other meteorological and hydrological conditions remain constant. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical simulation of the effects of snow particle shapes on blowing snow development

[1] Snow particle shape is an important factor affecting the development of blowing snow. In this paper, we established a numerical model of blowing snow development and compared the changes in numbers of endurance spherical, ellipsoidal, star, hexagonal prism, and cylindrical snow particles in the air with time and their transport rates with time and height during the development. The following are the major conclusions. (1) The effects of snow particle shapes on the numbers of endurance snow particles in the air and the transport rates of snow vary so dramatically, even in a few orders of magnitude, that snow particles should not be simplified as spheres or ellipsoids in simulation. (2) In the logarithmic wind field, the potential energy of spherical snow particles obtained from wind at higher heights is much greater than that of star snow particles at lower heights. Thus, the snow particles with greater energy can eject more snow particles when precipitating to the snow bed. (3) The five snow particles differ in their duration to reach dynamic equilibrium but not in the variation of the numbers of endurance snow particles in the air and the snow transport rates with time. (4) At dynamic equilibrium, the number of endurance snow particles in spherical, ellipsoidal, and star shapes and their heights and transport rates with time are at least one order of magnitude larger than those of the endurance snow particles in hexagonal prism and cylindrical shapes.
Shoreward facies changes and their relation to cyclical sedimentation in part of the Namurian east of Stirling, Scotland★

Synopsis A thick, persistent bed of shale known as the Black Metals, which lies near the middle of the Limestone Coal Group (Namurian, E1 Zone), was deposited partly under marine conditions. It may be traced with little change over the Central Coalfield, but in the Kincardine Basin east of Stirling it becomes split by sandy beds which increase progressively in number and thickness eastwards so that within only 10 to 15 miles the whole succession is dominantly sandy. Seatearths and coals also appear. Variations in thickness and lithology are traced by means of 80 sections and illustrated by a series of maps. The undivided Black Metals may be considered as part of an unusually thick and persistent cycle, formed during a general, possibly eustatic, rise of sea-level. The complex lithological variations east of Alloa and Grangemouth are thought to be due to the interplay of this major marine transgression and local processes of subsidence and sedimentation, probably including the progressive building out and abandonment of local deltas topped by vegetation, which gave rise to a series of thin, impersistent, coal-bearing cycles within the Black Metals. Faunal alternations in the all-shale successions of the west may reflect the formation of coal-bearing cycles further east.
Balancing Water for Humans and Nature: The New Approach in Ecohydrology

Part I: Water Functions in the Life-support System * Water: The Bloodstream of the Biosphere * Water Availability: Expanding the Perspective * Human Water Requirements * Incorporating Water for Ecosystem 'Services' * Regional Differences * Part II: Closing Upon the Vulnerable Savanna Zone * Vulnerability of the Savanna Zone * Water Perspectives on Feeding Humanity * Closing the Yield Gap on the Savannna: The Real World Perspective * Part III: Socio-ecohydrological Balancing * Finding the Balance between Water for Humans and for Nature * Towards Hydrosolidarity through Integrated Land/Water/Ecosystem Management * Notes * References * Index
SYNTHESIS EMPHASIZING NEW IDEAS TO STIMULATE RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY

A major challenge in ecology is to understand how the millions of species on Earth are organized into biological communities. Mechanisms promoting coexistence are one such class of organizing processes, which allow multiple species to persist in the same trophic level of a given web of species interactions. If some mechanism promotes the coexistence of two or more species, each species must be able to increase when it is rare and the others are at their typical abundances; this invasibility criterion is fundamental evidence for species coexistence regardless of the mechanism. In an attempt to evaluate the level of empirical support for coexistence mechanisms in nature, we surveyed the literature for empirical studies of coexistence at a local scale (i.e., species found living together in one place) to determine whether these studies satisﬁed the invasibility criterion. In our survey, only seven of 323 studies that drew conclusions about species coexistence evaluated invasibility in some way in either observational or experimental studies. In addition, only three other studies evaluated necessary but not sufﬁcient conditions for invasibility (i.e., negative density dependence and a trade-off in performance that inﬂuences population regulation). These results indicate that, while species coexistence is a prevalent assumption for why species are able to live together in one place, critical empirical tests of this fundamental assumption of community structure are rarely performed. These tests are central to developing a more robust understanding of the relative contributions of both deterministic and stochastic processes structuring biological communities.