Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigations of a Possible Chemical Effect of Salvadora persica Chewing Sticks

Salvadora persica is commonly used chewing sticks in many parts of the world as an oral hygiene tool. This study measured the amount of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) released into the mouth and assessed its retention time in saliva. The study also tested if the released amount of BITC could potentially be antibacterial or cytotoxic. Twelve subjects brushed their teeth with fresh Miswak once, twice, and four times. The amount of BITC in the saliva and in the used brushes was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antibacterial effect of BITC and Miswak essential oil (MEO) was tested against Haemophilus influenzae, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The cytotoxic effect on gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes was tested using MTT. The highest amount of the active compounds was detected in saliva after using the Miswak tip for once and immediately. It significantly decreased when the Miswak tip was used more than once and thus after 10 min. The growth of the tested bacteria was inhibited by MEO and BITC in a dose dependent manner, P. gingivalis being the most sensitive. MTT assay showed that BITC and MEO were cytotoxic towards gingival fibroblasts while oral keratinocytes showed resistance. This study suggests that the Miswak tip should be cut before each use to ensure the maximum effect.
Solving linear systems on vector and shared memory computers

Vector and parallel processing overview of current high-performance computers implementation details and overhead performance - analysis, modeling and measurements building blocks in linear algebra direct solution of sparse linear systems iterative solution of sparse linear systems. Appendices: acquiring mathematical software information on various high-performance computers level 1,2, and 3 BLAS quick reference operation counts for various BLAS and decompositions.
Pinterest or Thinterest?: Social Comparison and Body Image on Social Media

Social media have become increasingly popular mechanisms for communication. Past research suggests a link between using social media, upward social comparison, and negative affect. This online experiment of US women (N = 118) takes a media psychology approach to understanding how fitness images on the social networking website Pinterest contribute to social comparison as well as intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Findings suggest that individuals who follow more fitness boards on Pinterest are more likely to report intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Additionally, endorsement of an ideal female body type was positively related to both social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Findings are discussed in light of social comparison theory, and suggestions are made are made for future experimental work.
Improving the Security and Flexibility of One-Time Passwords by Signature Chains

While the classical attack of \monitor the network and intercept the password" can be avoided by advanced protocols like SSH, one-time passwords are still considered a viable alternative or a supplement for software authentication since they are the only ones that safeguard against attacks on insecure client machines. In this paper by using public-key techniques we present a method called signature chain alternative to Lamport’s hash chain to improve security and flexibility of one-time passwords. Our proposition improves the security because rst, like other public-key authentication protocols, the server and the user do not share a secret, thereby eliminating attacks on the server side. Second, from any incorrectly revealed one-time password, unspent passwords cannot be calculated if a signature chain is preferred. Having an innite length, the chain in our proposition is more flexible and facilitates using the protocol without the complexity of restarting. On the other hand, the disadvantage of signature chain is the longer verication time with respect to hash chain based approaches.
Scalable multicast based filtering and tracing framework for defeating distributed DoS attacks

In this paper we present a distributed scalable framework to support on‐demand filtering and tracing services for defeating distributed denial of service attacks. Our filtering mechanism is designed to quickly identify a set of boundary filter locations so that attack packets might be dropped as close as possible to their origin(s). We argue that precisely identifying the origins of an attack is not achievable when there is only a partial deployment of tracing nodes—as is likely to be the case in practice. Thus we present a tracing mechanism which can identify sets of candidate nodes containing attack origins. Both mechanisms leverage multicasting services to achieve scalable, responsive and robust operation, and operate with a partial and incremental deployment.
Diabetic neuropathy: one disease or two?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To compare and contrast the evidence for the effect of glucose control on the prevention of neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RECENT FINDINGS In T1DM, multiple clinical trials have demonstrated a large benefit from enhanced glucose control, whereas the benefit in T2DM is much more modest. Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence exists to support factors other than hyperglycemia in the development of neuropathy including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and insulin resistance. SUMMARY T1DM neuropathy and T2DM neuropathy are fundamentally different. In T1DM, glucose control has a large effect on the prevention of neuropathy; therefore, future efforts should continue to concentrate on this avenue of treatment. In contrast, in T2DM, glucose control has a small effect on the prevention of neuropathy; as a result, more research is needed to define the underlying mechanisms for the development of neuropathy. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat diabetic neuropathy.
Is there a common origin to surround-inhibition as seen through electrical activity versus hemodynamic changes? Focus on "Duration-dependent response in SI to vibrotactile stimulation in squirrel monkey".

A common aspect of neocortical electrophysiology is that even a brief and spatially localized stimulus leads to activation that both outlives the stimulus and spreads well beyond the patch of cortex that receives direct afferent input. In this issue of the Journal of Neurophysiology , Simons et al
Inhibition of milk ejection in cows by oxytocin receptor blockade, α-adrenergic receptor stimulation and in unfamiliar surroundings

Inhibition of milk ejection in cows by oxytocin receptor blockade (Atosiban) and α-adrenergic receptor stimulation (phenylephrine) prior to prestimulation was compared with inhibition of milk ejection in unfamiliar surroundings. In addition, Atosiban and phenylephrine were administered after a 1 min prestimulation or 1 min after the start of milking. Oxytocin concentrations increased during milking in all treatments. The spontaneously removed milk fraction (before oxytocin was injected) was similar for Atosiban and phenylephrine treatments and in unfamiliar surroundings, but lower than in controls. Peak flow rates were similar in all treatments, but reduced as compared with controls when phenylephrine and Atosiban were administered before prestimulation. Peripheral (Atosiban, phenylephrine) and central (unfamiliar surroundings) inhibition of milk ejection reduced the amount of available milk similarly. Drug treatments resulted in similar peak flow rates; however, teats were contracted after phenylephrine administration but not after Atosiban. The inhibition induced by Atosiban could be abolished by oxytocin injection, but not that induced by phenylephrine, which was antagonized by α-adrenergic receptor blockade. These results indicate that inhibition of milk ejection through activation of α-adrenergic receptors is based on blockade of milk flow into the cistern, but not through the teats.
Wip1 promotes RUNX2-dependent apoptosis in p53-negative tumors and protects normal tissues during treatment with anticancer agents

The inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in many cancers often increases their resistance to anticancer therapy. Here we show that a previously proposed strategy directed to Wip1 inhibition could be ineffective in tumors lacking p53. On the contrary, Wip1 overexpression sensitized these tumors to chemotherapeutic agents. This effect was mediated through interaction between Wip1 and RUNX2 that resulted, in response to anticancer treatment, in RUNX2-dependent transcriptional induction of the proapoptotic Bax protein. The potentiating effects of Wip1 overexpression on chemotherapeutic agents were directed only to tumor cells lacking p53. The overexpression of Wip1 in normal tissues provided protection from cisplatin-induced apoptosis through decreased strength of upstream signaling to p53. Thus, Wip1 phosphatase promotes apoptosis in p53-negative tumors and protects normal tissues during treatment with anticancer agents.
Clustering with Confidence: A Binning Approach

We present a plug-in method for estimating the cluster tree of a density. The method takes advantage of the ability to exactly compute the level sets of a piecewise constant density estimate. We then introduce clustering with confidence, an automatic pruning procedure that assesses significance of splits (and thereby clusters) in the cluster tree; the only user input required is the desired confidence level.
Evolutionary Origins of Cancer Driver Genes and Implications for Cancer Prognosis

The cancer atavistic theory suggests that carcinogenesis is a reverse evolution process. It is thus of great interest to explore the evolutionary origins of cancer driver genes and the relevant mechanisms underlying the carcinogenesis. Moreover, the evolutionary features of cancer driver genes could be helpful in selecting cancer biomarkers from high-throughput data. In this study, through analyzing the cancer endogenous molecular networks, we revealed that the subnetwork originating from eukaryota could control the unlimited proliferation of cancer cells, and the subnetwork originating from eumetazoa could recapitulate the other hallmarks of cancer. In addition, investigations based on multiple datasets revealed that cancer driver genes were enriched in genes originating from eukaryota, opisthokonta, and eumetazoa. These results have important implications for enhancing the robustness of cancer prognosis models through selecting the gene signatures by the gene age information.
ON NONLINEAR MODELING FOR THE PREDICTABILITY OF EQUITY RETURN

Non-stationary time series are commonly found in nancial applications. Added to the complexity are the time-varying nature and non-linearity of accurate models for describing the dynamic behavior of these nancial time series. We extend the techniques of cointegration to handle time-varying, non-linear relationship betw een a time series (\news") and its causally a ected time series. The predictability of daily return, as related to the NASDA Q indexes and to a possible NASDAQ-GEM relationship, is investigated based on a proposed \news" model for dynamic changes. The e ectiveness and robustness of neural netw ork models for handling non-linearity is compared with linear least-squares estimation.
‘Kinesis und Katharsis’: The African Traditional Concept of Sound/Motion (Music): Its Application in, and Implications for, Music Therapy — Part III

This paper falls into three broad sections, the first two of which were published in BJMT 10:1 (1996). The first section provided a brief introduction to the African philosophy of music and musical instruments and explored the reasons behind the therapeutic powers attributed to music; the second section considered the traditional African causal theory of ailments and the relevance of the different uses of music in almost all traditional medical interventions in African society. This third and final section is an attempt to draw up an evaluative paradigm of some traditional music therapeutic practices and techniques in the light of modern music therapy. Mention is made of several traditional music therapy practices but, overall, the paper does not have an anthropological bias. This paper is a partial report of current research into traditional African music therapy and is motivated by the author's interest in identifying those aspects of African music therapy which may have correlations in Western music therapy methodology and practice.
09 APPROXIMATE SOLUTION TO G – RENEWAL EQUATION WITH UNDERLYING WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION

An important characteristic of the grenewal process, and of great practical interest, is the grenewal equation, which represents the expected cumulative number of recurrent events as a function of time. The problem is that the grenewal equation does not have a closed form solution, unless the underlying event times are exponentially distributed. The Monte Carlo solution [10], although exhaustive, is computationally demanding. This paper offers a simple-toimplement (in an Excel spreadsheet) approximate solution, when the underlying failuretime distribution is Weibull. The accuracy of the proposed solution is in the neighborhood of 2%, when compared to the respective Monte Carlo solution. Based on the proposed solution, we also consider an estimation procedure of the grenewal process parameters.
Online Linear Optimization via Smoothing

We present a new optimization-theoretic approach to analyzing Follow-the-Leader style algorithms, particularly in the setting where perturbations are used as a tool for regularization. We show that adding a strongly convex penalty function to the decision rule and adding stochastic perturbations to data correspond to deterministic and stochastic smoothing operations, respectively. We establish an equivalence between “Follow the Regularized Leader” and “Follow the Perturbed Leader” up to the smoothness properties. This intuition leads to a new generic analysis framework that recovers and improves the previous known regret bounds of the class of algorithms commonly known as Follow the Perturbed Leader.
Range cell migration correction for bistatic SAR image formation

Range cell migration correction (RCMC) is the key process in the imaging formation of the bistatic SAR. Due to the existence of double-square-root in the bistatic range equation, the RCMC in the general bistatic SAR configuration is more complicated than the traditional monostatic method. In this letter, the range cell migration of bistatic SAR system is analysed in detail, and a novel data transformation is derived. From the derivation, we find that the original keystone transform is only a special case of our proposed transformation, so that we called it the generalized keystone transform. Compared with the original keystone transform, this generalized method can correct more complex range cell migration nicely. After the generalized keystone transform processing, the range cell migration is eliminated closely, and the focused image with full range and Doppler resolution can be obtained using the fast Fourier transform. Finally, a hybrid spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR numerical simulation is performed to validate the proposed processing procedure.
Semi-supervised graph fusion of hyperspectral and lidar data for classification

This paper proposes a semi-supervised graph-based fusion framework to couple dimensionality reduction and the fusion of multi-sensor data for classification. First, morphological features are used to model the elevation and spatial information contained in both LiDAR data and on the first few principal components (PCs) of the original hyperspectral (HS) image. Then, we fuse the features by projecting the spectral, spatial and elevation features onto a lower subspace through our proposed semi-supervised fusion graph. Experimental results on fusion of HS and LiDAR data from the 2013 IEEE GRSS Data Fusion Contest demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared to the methods using single data source or unsupervised graph fusion, with the proposed method, overall classification accuracies were improved by 9% and 4%, respectively.
Prospective Evaluation of an Assessment Strategy for Geriatric Urinary Incontinence

The objectives of this study were to design and prospectively evaluate a strategy to assess geriatric urinary incontinence in primary care settings. A management plan for urinary incontinence was determined for 264 elderly incontinent patients (205 females and 59 males) based on a clinical evaluation, simple tests of lower urinary tract function, and several criteria for referral for further evaluation derived from the literature on incontinence. Of the 264 patients, 168 (64%) also consented to undergo a urologic and formal urodynamic evaluation. Half of these 168 patients met at least one criterion for referral for further evaluation. At least one‐quarter of the patients who met one or more of the criteria were found not to require surgical intervention, and probably did not benefit from the urologic and urodynamic evaluation. Among 84 patients who did not meet any of the criteria for referral, the urologic and urodynamic evaluation changed the initial treatment plan in only 10 (12%). The risks associated with the treatment plan based on the clinical assessment in these patients were, however, relatively small. While further refinement and testing in larger numbers of incontinent patients are needed, the data presented document that a substantial proportion of elderly patients with a treatable and often ignored problem can be appropriately managed based on a relatively simple and inexpensive assessment, which can easily be carried out in primary care settings.
A Structural Model of Sponsored Search Advertising Auctions

Sponsored links that appear beside Internet search results on the major search engines are sold using real-time auctions. Advertisers place standing bids, and each time a user enters a search query, the search engine holds an auction. Ranks and prices depend on advertiser bids as well as \quality scores" that vary over time, by advertisement and individual user query. Existing models assume that bids are customized for a single user query. In practice queries arrive more quickly than advertisers can change their bids. This paper develops a new model that incorporates these features. In contrast to prior models, which produce multiplicity of equilibria, we provide sucient conditions for existence and uniqueness of equilibria. In addition, we propose a homotopy-based method for computing equilibria. We propose a structural econometric model. With sucient uncertainty in the environment, the valuations are point-identied; otherwise, we consider bounds on valuations. We develop an estimator which we show is consistent and asymptotically normal, and we assess the small sample properties of the estimator using Monte Carlo. We apply the model to historical data for several search phrases. Our model yields lower implied valuations and bidder prots than those suggested by the leading alternative model. We nd that bidders have substantial strategic incentives to reduce their expressed demand in order to reduce the unit prices they pay in the auctions. These incentives are asymmetric, leading to inecient allocation, which does not arise in models that ignore uncertainty. Although these are among the most competitive search phrases, bidders earn substantial prots: values per click are between 40 and 90 percent higher than prices for low-ranked bidders, but are between 90 and 270 percent higher for high-ranked bidders. Our counterfactual analysis shows that for the search phrases we study, the auction mechanism used in practice is only slightly less ecient than a Vickrey auction, but the revenue eects are ambiguous, with Vickrey leading to substantially less revenue for one search phrase and slightly more for the other. In addition, less ecient
Autophagy in the context of the cellular membrane-trafficking system: the enigma of Atg9 vesicles

Macroautophagy is an intracellular degradation system that involves the de novo formation of membrane structures called autophagosomes, although the detailed process by which membrane lipids are supplied during autophagosome formation is yet to be elucidated. Macroautophagy is thought to be associated with canonical membrane trafficking, but several mechanistic details are still missing. In this review, the current understanding and potential mechanisms by which membrane trafficking participates in macroautophagy are described, with a focus on the enigma of the membrane protein Atg9, for which the proximal mechanisms determining its movement are disputable, despite its key role in autophagosome formation.
Capacitative Ca2+ Entry via Orai1 and Stromal Interacting Molecule 1 (STIM1) Regulates Adenylyl Cyclase Type 8

Capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE), which occurs through the plasma membrane as a result of Ca2+ store depletion, is mediated by stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), a sensor of intracellular Ca2+ store content, and the pore-forming component Orai1. However, additional factors, such as C-type transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels, may also participate in the CCE apparatus. To explore whether the store-dependent Ca2+ entry reconstituted by coexpression of Orai1 and STIM1 has the functional properties of CCE, we used the Ca2+-calmodulin stimulated adenylyl cyclase type 8 (AC8), which responds selectively to CCE, whereas other modes of Ca2+ entry, including those activated by arachidonate and the ionophore ionomycin, are ineffective. In addition, the Ca2+ entry mediated by previous CCE candidates, diacylglycerol-activated TRPC channels, does not activate AC8. Here, we expressed Orai1 and STIM1 in HEK293 cells and saw a robust increment in CCE, and a proportional increase in CCE-stimulated AC8 activity. Inhibitors of the CCE assembly process ablated the effects on cyclase activity in both AC8-overexpressing HEK293 cells and insulin-secreting MIN6 cells endogenously expressing Ca2+-sensitive AC isoforms. AC8 is believed to be closely associated with the source of CCE; indeed, not only were AC8, Orai1, and STIM1 colocalized at the plasma membrane but also all three proteins occurred in lipid rafts. Together, our data indicate that Orai1 and STIM1 can be integral components of the cAMP and CCE microdomain associated with adenylyl cyclase type 8.
Spontaneous flow transition in active polar gels

We study theoretically the effects of confinement on active polar gels such as the actin network of eukaryotic cells. Using generalized hydrodynamics equations derived for active gels, we predict, in the case of quasi–one-dimensional geometry, a spontaneous flow transition from a homogeneously polarized immobile state for small thicknesses, to a perturbed flowing state for larger thicknesses. The transition is not driven by an external field but by the activity of the system. We suggest several possible experimental realizations.
THE ROLE OF THYMECTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Vincent P. Perlo, Barry Amason,* David Poskanzer, Benjamin Castleman, Robert S. Schwab, Kermit E. Osserman, Angelo Papatestis, Lawrence Alpert and Alan Kark The Myasthenia Gravis Clinic of the Massachusetts General Hospital; the Neurology and Pathology Departments, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. : the Myasthenia Gravis Clinic and Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, N . Y .