Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linux capabilities: making them work

Linux capabilities have been partially implemented for many years, and in their incomplete state have been nearly unusable. In light of recent kernel developments, including VFS support and per-process support for bounding-set and secure-bits, capabilities have ﬁ-nally come of age. In this paper we demonstrate, with examples, how capabilities enhance the security of the modern Linux system.
Linux Kernel Debugging on Google-sized clusters

This paper will discuss the difficulties and methods involved in debugging the Linux kernel on huge clusters. Intermittent errors that occur once every few years are hard to debug and become a real problem when running across thousands of machines simultaneously. The more we scale clusters, the more reliability becomes critical. Many of the normal debugging luxuries like a serial console or physical access are unavailable. Instead, we need a new strategy for addressing thorny intermittent race conditions. This paper presents the case for a new set of tools that are critical to solve these problems and also very useful in a broader context. It then presents the design for one such tool created from a hybrid of a Google internal tool and the open source LTTng project. Real world case studies are included.
Endogenous uncertainty and market volatility

Abstract. We advance the theory that the distribution of beliefs in the market is the most important propagation mechanism of economic volatility. Our model is based on the theory of Rational Beliefs (RB) and Rational Belief Equilibrium (RBE) developed by Kurz (1994, 1997). We argue that the diverse market puzzles which are examined, such as the equity premium puzzle, are all driven by the structure of market expectations. In support of our view, we present an RBE model with which we study financial markets. The model is able to simulate the correct order of magnitude of: (i) the long term mean and standard deviation of the price\dividend ratio; (ii) the long term mean and standard deviation of the risky rate of return on equities; (iii) the long term mean and standard deviation of the riskless rate; (iv) the long term mean equity premium. In addition, the model predicts (v) the GARCH property of risky asset returns; (vi) the observed pattern of the predictability of long returns on assets, and (vii) the Forward Discount Bias in foreign exchange markets. The common economic explanation for these phenomena is the existence of heterogenous agents with diverse but correlated beliefs such that some agents are optimistic and some pessimistic about future capital gains. The model has a unique parameterization under which the model makes all the above predictions simultaneously. The parameterization requires the optimists to be in the majority but the rationality of belief conditions of the RBE require the pessimists to have a higher intensity level. In simple terms, the large equity premium and the low equilibrium riskless rate are the result of the fact that at any moment of time there are agents who hold extreme pessimistic beliefs and they have a relatively stronger impact on the market. The paper also studies the effect of correlation of beliefs among investors. It shows that the main effect of such correlation is on the dynamic patterns of asset prices and returns and is hence important for studying such phenomena as stochastic volatility.
The impact of glaciation and climate change on biogeochemical cycling and landscape development

James Brice Mabry THE IMPACT OF GLACIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING AND LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Lake cores from Dry Lake, California and Crystal Lake, Illinois were analyzed to identify climate variability and characterize landscape response to glacial/deglacial climate transitions. Geochemical analysis of the Dry Lake sediment prior to the 8.2 kyr event revealed average values for percent total organic carbon to be 4% with a range of 0.2% to 15.2%. The average decreased to approximately 2.1% with a range of 0.4% to 5.3% during and after the event. Occluded phosphorus averaged 488 μg/g before the 8.2 kyr event and 547 μg/g after but was much lower during the event at 287 μg/g. These results were interpreted as an environment which began as warm, wet, and productive then quickly turned colder and drier during the 8.2 kyr event which resulted in a resetting of soil development. The higher temperatures returned after the 8.2 kyr event which allowed for continued soil development despite its drier climate. Previous research corroborated these conclusions. The Crystal Lake geochemical record was very different from Dry Lake. Percent total organic carbon averaged 6.7% with a range of 3.9% to 8.5% during the Younger Dryas but recorded a lower average before and after at 4.9% and 4.6% respectively. Occluded phosphorus acted similarly with a higher average during iii the cooling event, 2626 μg/g, and lower averages before and after, 1404 μg/g and 1461 μg/g, respectively. This was interpreted as continued productivity and soil development through the cold period which was attributed to a change in biomass. Gabriel Filippelli, PhD, Chair TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 1 Background . 3 Late Pleistocene/early Holocene climate events . 3 Climate Proxies . 5 Study Sites . 7 Dry Lake . 7 Crystal Lake . 7 Methods.9 Results . 12 Dry Lake . 12 Crystal Lake . 13 Discussion . 15 Dry Lake . 15 Prior to the 8.2 kyr event.15 8.2 kyr event.16 After the 8.2 kyr event . 17 Crystal Lake . 19 Oldest Dryas (bottom of core-14700 cal yrs BP). 19 Bolling/Allerod (14700-12800 cal yrs BP) . 20 Younger Dryas (12800-11500 cal yrs BP). 21 After the Younger Dryas (11500-9000 cal yrs BP) . 23 Conclusions . 25 v Tables . 26 Figures.38 References . 57 Curriculum Vitae
NAG Fortran Library Routine Document F 11 GAF

Both conjugate gradient and Lanczos (SYMMLQ) methods start from the residual r0 1⁄4 b Ax0, where x0 is an initial estimate for the solution (often x0 1⁄4 0), and generate an orthogonal basis for the Krylov subspace spanfAr0g, for k 1⁄4 0; 1; . , by means of three-term recurrence relations (Golub and van Loan (1996)). A sequence of symmetric tridiagonal matrices fTkg is also generated. Here and in the following, the index k denotes the iteration count. The resulting symmetric tridiagonal systems of equations are usually more easily solved than the original problem. A sequence of solution iterates fxkg is thus generated such that the sequence of the norms of the residuals fkrkkg converges to a required tolerance. Note that, in general, the convergence is not monotonic.
An Authenticated Asymmetric Group Key Agreement for Imbalanced Mobile Networks

A Group key agreement(GKA) protocol enables a group of communicating parties to negotiate a common secret key over an open, untrusted network. The design goal of GKA is to achieve secure group communication, which is an important research issue for mobile communication. The conventional(symmetric) GKA protocol allows a group of members to establish a common secret key for imbalanced mobile networks. However, only the group members can broadcast secret message to the group. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes an authenticated asymmetric GKA protocol. Instead of a common secret key, each group member negotiates a common group public key and holds a different decryption key. The paper proposed protocol supports the dynamic nodes update of mobile networks, which has forward secrecy and backward secrecy of group key. This protocol is proven secure under the Bilinear Computational Diffie–Hellman problem assumption and the performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme is highly efficient.
Seismic monitoring of deep-seated mass-movements

Slopes with deep seated mass-movements are frequently observed in high mountain areas and these are commonly investigated with geodetic monitoring and active seismic experiments. However, permanent seismic monitoring is a method which can also be used to obtain additional data and, combined with the methods mentioned above, this can lead to a better understanding of the processes of deep seated massmovements. The aim of such work to gain an insight into the microseismic activity related to the moving masses and the degree of development of the mass-movements.
Evolution temporelle du méthane et du protoxyde d'azote dans l'atmosphère : contrainte par l'analyse de leurs isotopes stables dans le névé et la glace polaires.

L'analyse des rapports isotopiques revet une importance croissante dans l'etude des sources et puits des gaz traces atmospheriques et dans la determination des diverses reactions chimiques mises en jeu. Dans le cadre de cette these, la composition isotopique du methane piege dans l'air du neve d'un site Arctique et d'un site Antarctique a ete mesuree. A partir des profils obtenus dans le neve, et grâce a l'application recursive d'un modele de transport diffusif des gaz a travers le neve, l'evolution du δ13 CH4 dans l'atmosphere depuis 1950 AD a pu etre reconstruite pour ces deux sites. La compilation de donnees existantes avec les resultats de cette etude a permis de deduire une evolution du δ13 CH4 de l'ordre de +0.03‰/an dans l'hemisphere sud et +0.007‰/an dans l'hemisphere nord, depuis 1950 AD. Une methode d'extraction et d'analyse du protoxyde d'azote dans l'air occlus dans la glace polaire a ete mise au point avec succes, donnant alors acces a la composition isotopique du N2O en periode pre-industrielle. La composition isotopique du N2O piege dans le neve et la glace d'un site Arctique et d'un site Antarctique a ete mesuree. Les profils alors obtenus ainsi que l'utilisation du modele de diffusion, egalement employe pour le CH4, ont donne acces a l'evolution continue du signal isotopique du N2O dans l'atmosphere depuis le debut de l'ere industrielle. En couplant les resultats obtenus pour les deux sites, l'evolution du δ15N2O, 1δ15N2O, 2δ15N2O et δ18(O)N2O a pu etre deduite : elle est de l'ordre de -2.7‰, -2.4‰, -3.0‰ et -2.0‰ depuis 1700 AD respectivement. Une tendance sur le signal depuis 1970 AD a egalement pu etre obtenue. L'alourdissement du signal isotopique observe dans le cas du methane et l'allegement obtenu dans le cas du protoxyde d'azote confirment une responsabilite primordiale des sources d'origine anthropique dans l'augmentation exponentielle de la teneur de ces gaz depuis la revolution industrielle et permettent de proposer des scenarii plus restrictifs sur les sources et puits impliques. Finalement, bien que la mise au point d'un systeme experimental dedie a l'analyse de la composition isotopique du monoxyde de carbone par spectrometrie de masse en flux continu n'ait pas ete suffisante pour aboutir a un systeme stable, de nombreuses ameliorations ont ete apportees afin de pouvoir mesurer les rapports isotopiques de ce gaz dans un futur proche.
Apollo 14 mission report.

The formal training for the crew was conducted over a time span of 20 months. The levels of vibration and oscillation, reported by earlier crews, were essentially unchanged during the launch of Apollo 14. A total of five attempts were required before docking was successfully achieved. Navigation was the most difficult problem encountered during lunar surface activities. A loose gray mantle of material covered the entire surface to an undetermined depth. Solar wind and magnetic field measurements were conducted during the time on the lunar surface.
Earthworm Vermicompost: A Sustainable Alternative to Chemical Fertilizers for Organic Farming

Earthworm's vermicompost is a nutritive organic fertiliser rich in NKP, micronutrients, and beneficial soil microbes. They are scientifically proven to be excellent growth promoters and protectors for crop plants. In experiments with corn and wheat crops it displayed excellent growth performances in terms of height of plants, colour and texture of leaves, as well as the appearance of fruiting structures. There is also less incidences of pest and disease attack and reduced demand of water for irrigation. This book discusses and presents data which suggest that the vermicompost of earthworms contributes to an increase in the yield of crops when used as a fertiliser.
Revealing signaling pathway deregulation by using gene expression signatures and regulatory motif analysis

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Gene expression signatures consisting of tens to hundreds of genes have been found to be informative for different biological states. Recently, many computational methods have been proposed for biological interpretation of such signatures. However, there is a lack of methods for identifying cell signaling pathways whose deregulation results in an observed expression signature. We present a strategy for identifying such signaling pathways and evaluate the strategy using six human and mouse gene expression signatures.
A Model of Text for Experimentation in the Social Sciences

ABSTRACT Statistical models of text have become increasingly popular in statistics and computer science as a method of exploring large document collections. Social scientists often want to move beyond exploration, to measurement and experimentation, and make inference about social and political processes that drive discourse and content. In this article, we develop a model of text data that supports this type of substantive research. Our approach is to posit a hierarchical mixed membership model for analyzing topical content of documents, in which mixing weights are parameterized by observed covariates. In this model, topical prevalence and topical content are specified as a simple generalized linear model on an arbitrary number of document-level covariates, such as news source and time of release, enabling researchers to introduce elements of the experimental design that informed document collection into the model, within a generally applicable framework. We demonstrate the proposed methodology by analyzing a collection of news reports about China, where we allow the prevalence of topics to evolve over time and vary across newswire services. Our methods quantify the effect of news wire source on both the frequency and nature of topic coverage. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Eldan's Stochastic Localization and the KLS Conjecture: Isoperimetry, Concentration and Mixing

We show that the Cheeger constant for $n$-dimensional isotropic logconcave measures is $O(n^{1/4})$, improving on the previous best bound of $O(n^{1/3}\sqrt{\log n}). $ As corollaries we obtain the same improved bound on the thin-shell estimate, Poincare constant and Lipschitz concentration constant and an alternative proof of this bound for the isotropic (slicing) constant; it also follows that the ball walk for sampling from an isotropic logconcave density in ${\bf R}^{n}$ converges in $O^{*}(n^{2.5})$ steps from a warm start. The proof is based on gradually transforming any logconcave density to one that has a significant Gaussian factor via a Martingale process. Extending this proof technique, we prove that the log-Sobolev constant of any isotropic logconcave density in ${\bf R}^{n}$ with support of diameter $D$ is $\Omega(1/D)$, resolving a question posed by Frieze and Kannan in 1997. This is asymptotically the best possible estimate and improves on the previous bound of $\Omega(1/D^{2})$ by Kannan-Lovasz-Montenegro. It follows that for any isotropic logconcave density, the ball walk with step size $\delta=\Theta(1/\sqrt{n})$ mixes in $O\left(n^{2}D\right)$ proper steps from \emph{any }starting point. This improves on the previous best bound of $O(n^{2}D^{2})$ and is also asymptotically tight. The new bound leads to the following large deviation inequality for an $L$-Lipschitz function $g$ over an isotropic logconcave density $p$: for any $t>0$, \[ Pr_{x\sim p}\left(\left|g(x)-\bar{g}\right|\geq L\cdot t\right)\leq\exp(-\frac{c\cdot t^{2}}{t+\sqrt{n}}) \] where $\bar{g}$ is the median or mean of $g$ for $x\sim p$; this generalizes and improves on previous bounds by Paouris and by Guedon-Milman. The technique also bounds the ``small ball'' probability in terms of the Cheeger constant, and recovers the current best bound.
Assessment of Individual Direct Radiative Effects of Major Aerosol Species in East Asia

Abstract To assess individual direct radiative effects of diverse aerosol species on a regional scale, the air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Community Multiscale Air Quality) coupled with an aerosol optical properties/radiative transfer module was used to simulate the temporal and spatial distributions of their optical and radiative properties over East Asia throughout 2005. Annual and seasonal averaged aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) of all important aerosols and individual components, such as sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and dust at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) in clear sky are analyzed. Analysis of the model results shows that the annual average ADRF of all important aerosols was in the range of 0 to -18 W mñ2, with the maximum values mainly distributed over the Sichuan Basin. The direct radiative effects of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium make up most of the total ADRF in East Asia, being concentrated mainly over North and Southeast China. The model domain is also divided into seven regions based on different administrative regions or countries to investigate detailed information about regional ADRF variations over East Asia. The model results show that the ADRFs of sulfate, ammonium, BC, and OC were stronger in summer and weaker in winter over most regions of East Asia, except over Southeast Asia. The seasonal variation in the ADRF of nitrate exhibited the opposite trend. A strong ADRF of dust mainly appeared in spring over Northwest China and Mongolia.
LES of turbulent non-isothermal two-phase flows within a multifield approach

Safety issues in nuclear power plant involve complex turbulent bubbly flows. To predict the behavior of these flows, the two-fluid approach is often used. Nevertheless, this model has been developed for the simulation of small spherical bubbles, considered as a dispersed field. To deal with bubbles with a large range of sizes, a multifield approach based on this two-fluid model has been proposed. A special treatment, called the Large Bubble Model (LBMo), has been implemented and coupled to the dispersed model. However, only laminar and isothermal flows were considered in previous papers. Thus, here, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are investigated to model turbulence effects. For this purpose, the two-fluid model equations are filtered to highlight the specific subgrid terms. Then, an a priori LES study using filtered Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) results is detailed. This analysis allows classifying these terms according to their relative weight and then concentrating the modelling efforts on the predominant ones. Five different turbulence models are compared. These results are finally used to perform true LES on a turbulent two-phase flow. Moreover, in order to tackle non-isothermal flows occurring in industrial studies, a new heat transfer model is implemented and validated to deal with phase change at large interfaces using the Large Bubble Model.
Behavioral Differences in Violence: The Case of Intra-Group Differences of Paramilitaries and Guerrillas in Colombia

In most empirical studies on civil wars, causes and determinants of conflict have been hitherto explored assuming that actors involved were either unitary or stable. However, if this intra-group homogeneity assumption does not hold, empirical econometric estimates may be biased and policy prescriptions are less reliable. We use Fixed Effects Finite Mixture Model (FE-FMM) approach to address this issue. This methodology provides a natural representation of heterogeneity when data originate from different latent classes and the affiliation is unknown. It allows to identify sub-populations within a population as well as the determinants of their behaviors. By combining various data sources for the period 2000-2005, we apply this new technique to the Colombian conflict. Our results confirm a behavioral heterogeneity in guerrilla’s armed groups and their distinct economic correlates so showing that different patterns of behavior exist. By contrast paramilitaries behave as a rather homogenous group.
A novel event‐triggered extended state observer for networked control systems subjected to external disturbances

In this paper, the event‐triggered‐based state estimation problem is investigated for a class of nonlinear networked control systems subjected to external disturbances. A novel event‐triggered extended state observer (ESO) is utilized to estimate the so‐called total disturbance, and an output predictor is adopted for the proposed ESO between two consecutive transmission instants. It is also worth pointing out that, in the newly proposed ESO, an event‐triggered mechanism is adopted to update the measurement signal so as to save the communication resource. The sufficient conditions are provided such that the estimation error dynamics is exponentially ultimately bounded. Furthermore, it is proven that the Zeno behavior does not exist for the event‐triggering rules. A number of numerical simulations are conducted to verify the validity of the theoretical results.
Empiric Experiments with Text Representing Centroids

Centroid terms are comfortable instruments to represent texts and (hierarchically) cluster sets of documents. Their determination depends on their context, i.e. the (temporary) knowledge of a user represented by the co-occurrence graph. The obtained properties of centroids shall be discussed and their use justified by a set of experiments.
A multiwavelength study of filamentary cloud G341.244-00.265

We present a multiwavelength study toward the filamentary molecular cloud G341.244-00.265, to investigate the physical and chemical properties, as well as star formation activities taking place therein. Our radio continuum and molecular line data were obtained from the Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS), Atacama Pathfinder Experiment Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL), Structure, excitation, and dynamics of the inner Galactic interstellar medium (SEDIGISM) and Millimeter Astronomy Legacy Team Survey at 90 GHz (MALT90). The infrared archival data come from Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE), Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and Herschel InfraRed Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL). G341.244-00.265 displays an elongated filamentary structure both in far-infrared and molecular line emissions; the “head” and “tail” of this molecular cloud are associated with known infrared bubbles S21, S22, and S24. We made H2 column density and dust temperature maps of this region by the spectral energy distribution (SED) method. G341.244-00.265 has a linear mass density of about 1654 M⊙ pc−1 and has a projected length of 11.1 pc. The cloud is prone to collapse based on the virial analysis. Even though the interactions between this filamentary cloud and its surrounding bubbles are evident, we found these bubbles are too young to trigger the next generation of star formation in G341.244-00.265. From the ATLASGAL catalog, we found eight dense massive clumps associated with this filamentary cloud. All of these clumps have sufficient mass to form massive stars. Using data from the GLIMPSE and WISE survey, we search the young stellar objects (YSOs) in G341.244-00.265. We found an age gradient of star formation in this filamentary cloud: most of the YSOs distributed in the center are Class I sources, while most Class II candidates are located in the head and tail of G341.244-00.265, indicating star formation at the two ends of this filament is prior to the center. The abundance ratio of N(N2H+)/N(C18O) is higher in the center than that in the two ends, also indicating that the gas in the center is less evolved. Taking into account the distributions of YSOs and the N(N2H+)/N(C18O) ratio map, our study is in agreement with the prediction of the so-called “end-dominated collapse” star formation scenario.