Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motor Stator With Thick Rectangular Wire Lap Winding for HEVs

A stator structure with a rectangular wire distributed winding that exhibited high levels of productivity and extremely flexible design was designed for hybrid electric vehicle motors. We devised a method of forming thick rectangular wire diamond coils and determined the best conditions for forming high-density coils. A structure for terminal connections was also devised to achieve a short coil end. The slot-fill rate of a prototype stator was 80.5%, and its total coil end was 42 mm, which is roughly the same motor performance of a stator with segmented coil wave winding. The key advantage here is that the proposed stator had fewer coils and welding points than a stator with segmented coil wave winding and that the possible number of conductors per slot was higher than four, which is the limit for the stator with segmented coil wave winding.
Loss Minimizing Control of PMSM with the Use of Polynomial Approximations

Normally, look-up table based methods are being utilized for loss minimizing control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). But, numerous repetitive experiments are required to make a look-up table, and the program size becomes bulky. In this work, analytic methods of finding the loss minimizing solution are studied. Since the solution lies either in the interior, or on the voltage limit boundary, two different cases are dealt separately. In both cases, fourth order polynomials are derived. To obtain approximate solutions, methods of order reduction and linear approximation are utilized. The accuracies are good enough for practical use. These approximate solutions are fused into a proposed loss minimizing algorithm (LMA), and implemented in an inverter DSP. Experiments were done with the real PMSM developed for a sport-utility fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). The analytically derived minima were justified by experimental evidences, and the dynamic performances over wide speed range were shown to be satisfactory.
Prodigality and Myopia - Two Rationales for Social Security

Among the rationales for social security, there is the fact that some people have to be forced to save. To explain undersaving, rational prodigality and hyperbolic preferences are often cited but treated separably. In this paper we study those two particular behaviors that lead to forced saving within an optimal income tax second-best setting.
Growth / Productivity / Unemployment

Robert Solow received the Nobel Prize in economics in 1987, and his contributions to growth theory, productivity, and short run macroeconomics have influenced an entire generation of scholars. The essays in this book extend and elaborate on many of the important ideas Solow has either originated or developed in the past three decades. Frank Hahn and Avinash Dixit offer useful surveys of the growth literature. Hahn reflects on specific problems in standard growth models, while Dixit presents a chronological review of research developments. Robert Hall and Lawrence Summers present challenging empirical findings. Hall shows that the Solow productivity residual is in fact correlated with variables which, according to Solow's assumptions, it should not be correlated with. Summers uses multi-country data to investigate the apparent divergence between private and social rates of return to capital. He argues that this phenomenon stems from the dependence of the rate of technical progress on the rate of capital formation and discusses the policy implications of this idea. Olivier Jean Blanchard and Peter Diamond describe a search-matching model that is a welcome addition to understanding the Beveridge curve. Also included are comments by Eytan Shoshinski, Joseph Stiglitz, Martin Baily, William Nordhaus, George Aherlot, and Robert Gorden. Robert Solow has provided a response to both the essays and these comments. The book concludes with a bibliography of Solow's work.
CS 264 : Beyond Worst-Case Analysis Lecture # 18 : Pricing with an Unknown Distribution ∗

Consider the following extremely simple (but still interesting) problem. A seller has a single item or service that it wants to sell. There is a single potential buyer with an unknown willingness to pay — called a valuation v — for the item being sold. The seller chooses a price p and makes a take-it-or-leave offer of p to the buyer. If p ≤ v, then the buyer accepts the offer and the seller makes revenue p. If p > v, then the buyer walks away and the seller earns nothing. If the seller knew v, it would of course just set p = v to maximize its revenue. With v unknown, what’s a sensible choice of p? Intuitively, there is a trade-off as the seller increases the selling price p: the revenue of a sale goes up, but it is “less likely” that there will be a sale. With an unknown valuation and no further assumptions, it’s not clear how to reason about this trade-off. But suppose the seller knows that the buyer’s valuation is drawn from a distribution F — without knowing the actual realization v, of course — where F (x) denotes Pr[v ≤ x]. Now, the expected ∗ c ©2014, Tim Roughgarden. †Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 474 Gates Building, 353 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305. Email: tim@cs.stanford. edu. For simplicity, we’ll be sloppy about the difference between the quantities Pr[v ≤ x] and Pr[v < x]. They are the same if F has no point masses. We leave it to the reader to generalize this lecture’s results to distributions with point masses.
THE MASTER SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT WITH THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY AND CIGARETTE ADVERTISING IN MAGAZINES

A BSTRACT Background In 1998, the attorneys general of 46 states signed a Master Settlement Agreement with the four largest tobacco companies in the United States. The agreement prohibits tobacco advertising that targets people younger than 18 years of age. Methods We analyzed the trends in expenditures for advertising for 15 specific brands of cigarettes and the exposure of young people to cigarette advertising in 38 magazines between 1995 and 2000. We defined cigarette brands as “youth” brands if they were smoked by more than 5 percent of the smokers in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in 1998; all others were considered to be “adult” brands. We classified magazines as youth-oriented magazines if at least 15 percent of their readers or at least 2 million of their readers were 12 to 17 years old. “Reach,” a standard measure of exposure to advertising, was defined as the number of young persons who read at least one issue of a magazine containing an advertisement for a particular brand of cigarette during a given year. Results In 2000 dollars, the overall advertising expenditures for the 15 brands of cigarettes in the 38 magazines were $238.2 million in 1995, $219.3 million in 1998, $291.1 million in 1999, and $216.9 million in 2000. Expenditures for youth brands in youth-oriented magazines were $56.4 million in 1995, $58.5 million in 1998, $67.4 million in 1999, and $59.6 million in 2000. Expenditures for adult brands in youth-oriented magazines were $72.2 million, $82.3 million, $108.6 million, and $67.6 million, respectively. In 2000, magazine advertisements for youth brands of cigarettes reached more than 80 percent of young people in the United States an average of 17 times each. Conclusions The Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry appears to have had little effect on cigarette advertising in magazines and on the exposure of young people to these advertisements. (N Engl J Med 2001;345:504-11.)
Impact of Pretransplant Donor and Recipient Cytomegalovirus Serostatus on Outcome for Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Reduced Intensity Conditioning Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Scope of the study was to investigate the impact of pre-transplant CMV serostatus of the donor and/or recipient on the outcome of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT) for Multiple Myeloma (MM). To our knowledge no data are available in the literature about this issue. We retrospectively followed 99 consecutive patients who underwent reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) Allo-SCT for MM in our cancer center at Marseille between January 2000 and January 2012. Based upon CMV serostatus, patients were classified as low risk (donor [D]−/recipient [R] −) 17 patients (17.1%), intermediate risk (D+/R) 14 patients (14.1%), or high risk – either (D−/R+) 31 patients (31.3%) or (D+/R+), 37 patients (37.3%). Cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation was 39% with a median time of 61 days (26–318). Three patients (3%) developed CMV disease. Two factors were associated with CMV reactivation: CMV serostatus group (low: 0% vs. intermediate: 29% vs. high: 50%; p=0.001) and the presence of grade II–IV acute GvHD (Hazard Ratio: HR=2.1 [1.1–3.9]). Thirty-six of the 39 patients (92%) with CMV reactivation did not present positive detection of CMV after a 21-day median duration preemptive treatment with ganciclovir. Cumulative incidence of day 100 grade II–IV acute GvHD, 1-year chronic GvHD and day 100 transplantation related mortality (TRM) were 37%, 36% and 9%, respectively. CMV reactivation and serostatus were not associated with increased GvHD and TRM or short survival. Only the presence of acute GvHD as a time dependent variable was significantly associated with increased TRM (p=0.005). Two-year overall and progression free survival were 56% and 34%, respectively. Donor and recipient CMV serostatus and acute GvHD are independent factors for increased CMV reactivation in high-risk MM patients undergoing RIC Allo-SCT. However, we did not find any influence of CMV reactivation on post transplantation outcome. CMV monitoring and pre-emptive treatment strategy could in part explain these results. Novel prophylactic measures such as immunotherapy and drug prophylaxis need to be considered in this group of patients, warranting further prospective studies.
The Relationship between Client Advocacy and Audit Experience: An Exploratory Analysis

This paper reports the results of an exploratory study designed to investigate whether auditors assume the role of client advocate. Results indicate that auditors did not automatically assume an advocacy position. However, when client interests were made salient, experienced auditors exhibited behavior consistent with advocacy. These results are discussed in light of the conflicting incentives faced by auditors and recent criticisms that auditors may lack the impartiality necessary to provide reliable audits. Given the exploratory nature of this study, further research appears to be warranted so that a more complete understanding of the auditor's willingness to act as a client advocate may be gained.
Elevated Sleep Spindle Density after Learning or after Retrieval in Rats

Non-rapid eye movement sleep has been strongly implicated in consolidation of both declarative and procedural memory in humans. Elevated sleep-spindle density in slow-wave sleep after learning has been shown recently in humans. It has been proposed that sleep spindles, 12–15 Hz oscillations superimposed on slow waves (<1 Hz), in concert with high-frequency hippocampal sharp waves/ripples, promote neural plasticity underlying remote memory formation. The present study reports the first indication of learning-associated increase in spindle density in the rat, providing an animal model to study the role of brain oscillations in memory consolidation during sleep. An odor–reward association task, analogous in many respects to human paired-associate learning, is rapidly learned and leads to robust memory in rats. Rats learned the task over 10 massed trials within a single session, and EEG was monitored for 3 h after learning. Learning-induced increase in spindle density is reliably reproduced in rats in two different learning situations, differing primarily in the behavioral component of the task. This increase in spindle density is also present after reactivation of remote memory and in situations when memory update is required; it is not observed after noncontingent exposure to reward and training context. The latter results substantially extend findings in humans. The magnitude of increase (∼25%) and the time window of maximal effect (∼1 h after sleep onset) were remarkably similar to human data, making this a valid rodent model to study network interactions through the use of simultaneous unit recordings and local field potentials during postlearning sleep.
Experimental evaluation of a USBL underwater positioning system

This paper presents and experimentally validates two closed-form underwater acoustic positioning methods with experimental data from an Ultra-Short Base Line (USBL) system developed from scratch. The prototype underwater positioning device that is being developed is planned to be extensively used within the framework of the European TRIDENT project. Both positioning methods compute the localization of a transponder relatively to the USBL using the time of flight of underwater acoustic waves. Based on spread-spectrum signal processing techniques, specially designed Direct Spread Spectrum Signals (DSSS) are employed to improve the performance of the system and tackle multi-path detection problems and detectability in the presence of noise. A validation of the positioning schemes was conducted with experimental data using the USBL inside a harbor yielding satisfactory preliminary results and good performance.
Range image recognition using invariant local features

Range image recognition gains importance in the recent years due to the developments in acquiring, displaying, and storing such data. In this paper, we present a novel method for matching range surfaces. Our method utilizes local surface properties and represents the geometry of local regions efficiently. Integrating the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) with the shape index (SI) representation of the range images allows matching of surfaces with different scales and orientations. We apply the method for scaled, rotated, and occluded range images and demonstrate the effectiveness it by comparing the previous studies.
State monitoring of systems augmented by model reference adaptive control using analytic time-series forecasting

Certification of adaptive control algorithms for use on aerospace applications has not yet been accomplished in the aerospace industry. According to an emerging consensus between various authors, online monitoring and health assessment will play an integral role in closing this gap. In this paper we propose a monitoring system for Model Reference Adaptive Controllers, which enables online detection of future state requirement violations. We achieve this by employing Gaussian Process regression, which leads to a belief on the uncertainty in the system dynamics. Using analytic time-series forecasting, the system dynamics can be projected into the future, thus allowing for a statistical assertion whether a state requirement will be violated during the prediction horizon. We show the concept in numerical simulation.
Effects of Protein S and Factor Xa on Peptide Bond Cleavages during Inactivation of Factor Va and Factor VaR506Q by Activated Protein C (*)

Inactivation of membrane-bound factor Va by activated protein C (APC) proceeds via a biphasic reaction that consists of a rapid and a slow phase, which are associated with cleavages at Arg506 and Arg306 of the heavy chain of factor Va, respectively. We have investigated the effects of protein S and factor Xa on APC-catalyzed factor Va inactivation. Protein S accelerates factor Va inactivation by selectively promoting the slow cleavage at Arg306 (20-fold). Factor Xa protects factor Va from inactivation by APC by selectively blocking cleavage at Arg506. Inactivation of factor VaR506Q, which was isolated from the plasma of a homozygous APC-resistant patient and which lacks the Arg506 cleavage site, was also stimulated by protein S but was not affected by factor Xa. This confirms that the target sites of protein S and factor Xa involve Arg306 and Arg506, respectively. Factor Xa completely blocked APC-catalyzed cleavage at Arg506 in normal factor Va (1 nM) with a half-maximal effect (K1/2Xa) at 1.9 nM factor Xa. Expression of cofactor activity of factor Va in prothrombin activation required much lower factor Xa concentrations (K1/2Xa = 0.08 nM). When the ability of factor Xa to protect factor Va from inactivation by APC was determined at low factor Va concentrations during prothrombin activation much lower amounts of factor Xa were required (K1/2Xa = 0.03 nM). This indicates 1) that factor Va is optimally protected from inactivation by APC by incorporation into the prothrombinase complex during ongoing prothrombin activation, and 2) that the formation of a catalytically active prothrombinase complex and protection of factor Va from inactivation by APC likely involves the same interaction of factor Xa with factor Va. In accordance with the proposed mechanisms of action of protein S and factor Xa, we observed that the large differences between the rates of APC-catalyzed inactivation of normal factor Va and factor VaR506Q were almost annihilated in the presence of factor Xa and protein S. This observation may explain why, in the absence of other risk factors, APC resistance only results in a weak prothrombotic condition.
High-resolution Time-independent Grid-based Forecast for M ≥ 5 Earthquakes in California

We have developed time-independent forecasts for California assuming that small earthquakes can be used to map the distribution of large damaging earthquakes, as suggested by Kafka and Levin (2000). Indeed, large earthquakes often nucleate in areas that have a large density of small events. We have first declustered the catalog to remove large fluctuations of seismic activity that do not represent the long-term average. We have then estimated the spatial density of seismicity using a kernel method to smooth the location of magnitude M ≥ 2 earthquakes. Note that our model only predicts hypo-centers, not rupture areas. Clearly, large earthquakes some-times propagate in areas with little seismicity, as observed for the 1857 earthquake that ruptured the southern section of the San Andreas fault, which is now mostly devoid of small earthquakes. Our model should thus be coupled with a fault model to forecast rupture areas for large earthquakes. Our model is very similar to the time-independent forecasts of Helmstetter et al. (2006), which is in its turn an adaptation to local modern catalogs of the program by Kagan and Jackson (1994). Compared with Helmstetter et al. (2006), we have extended our forecasts to all of California and made small changes in the process. We have slightly modified the declustering method. We have modified the estimation of the smoothing distance di used to estimate the spatial density of seismicity. Our new method is simpler and computationally more efficient, but gives very similar results. We have also estimated the completeness magnitude M in each cell and corrected our model to account for spatial variations of M . We have developed two time-independent models for the Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) earthquake forecast testing (Kagan et al. 2003, Schorlemmer et al. 2005). The first one evaluates the expected rate …
Cystic fibrosis and survival to 40 years: a study of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function

Significant survival heterogeneity exists in cystic fibrosis. Our aim was to determine whether residual function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is present in long-term survivors with severe mutations. Nasal potential difference (PD) and sweat chloride were measured in 34 long-term survivors (aged ≥40 yrs) and compared with young patients (18–23 yrs) with severe (n = 30) and mild (n = 31) lung disease. Baseline PD was not significantly different across the three groups (long-term survivors, -42.8 (range -71.0– -20.5) mV; young/mild, -40.5 (-58.8– -19.5) mV; young/severe,-46.3 (-74.0– -20.0) mV). Response to amiloride (&Dgr;Amil) was significantly different across the three groups (p = 0.01); long-term survivors had values (27.8 (range 8.5–46) mV) which were not different to either young group, but the young/severe group had significantly higher values (29.5 (11–47) mV) than those in the young/mild group (22.0 (7–39) mV; p<0.01). Baseline PD and &Dgr;Amil were associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (co-efficient (95% CI) -0.13 (-0.23– -0.03); p = 0.009 and -0.12 (-0.20– -0.04); p = 0.003, respectively). Sweat chloride was lowest (p <0.05) in the young/severe group (93.5 (74–111) mmol·L−1 versus 98.8 (76.5–116.0) mmol·L−1; long-term survivors; and 99.5 (80.0–113.5) mmol·L−1; young/mild). &Dgr; Amil is associated with FEV1 but our findings indicate that long-term survival cannot be explained by residual CFTR function when measurements are taken in later life.
Structure and motion problems with occlusions for 1D retina vision

In this paper we investigate the structure and motion problem for calibrated one-dimensional projections of a twodimensional environment. In a previous paper the structure and motion problem for all cases with non-missing data was classified and solved. Our aim is here to classify all structure and motion problems, even those with missing data, and to solve them.
Estimation of completeness of stratigraphical sections using empirical data and theoretical models

The completeness of a stratigraphical section is the fraction of time intervals of some specified length (t) that have left a record. A record is left when some sediment is deposited during the interval and is not subsequently eroded. A complete section contains no hiatuses longer than t. The completeness of a section varies with t and its accumulation rate varies with the length of the time span over which it is measured. Plots of measured accumulation rate against time span are an empirical means of estimating completeness. Simple theoretical models help extrapolate meagre data and identify bias. Completeness at time scale t can depend upon three general properties of the accumulation history: the age of the section, the long term net accumulation rate (drift) and the unsteadiness of the sedimentation rate. The way unsteadiness is measured depends upon the kinds of fluctuations that can be recognized in the accumulation rate. To describe random fluctuations a standard deviation of rates is sufficient. One dimensional Brownian motion is a model of random fluctuations that explains many aspects of stratigraphical completeness. Regular periodic fluctuations in accumulation rate may be described in terms of wavelength and amplitude. Completeness is an increasing function of t, drift and, in the periodic case, the wavelength of fluctuations; it decreases with increasing standard deviation of accumulation rate and the amplitude of periodic fluctuations. The completeness and thickness of stratigraphical sections are weakly positively associated.
A Schwarz Preconditioner for the Cubed-Sphere

A spectral element formulation of the atmospheric two-dimensional shallow water equations on the cubed-sphere is described. The equations are written in tensor form using the contravariant and covariant velocity components. A semi-implicit time discretization results in a reduced Schur complement system for the pressure. The Laplacian operator is approximated by the L2 pseudo-Laplacian arising in the PN/PN-2 spectral element formulation of the incompressible Stokes problem. The overlapping Schwarz preconditioner of Fischer, Miller, and Tufo [An overlapping Schwarz method for spectral element simulation of three-dimensional incompressible flows, in Parallel Solution of Partial Differential Equations, IMA Vol. Math. Appl. 120, Springer, New York, 2000, pp. 159--180] based on the fast diagonalization method, is extended to generalized curvilinear coordinates. To obtain a separable operator for the linear finite element tensor-product approximation within each spectral element, extrema of the inverse metric tensor and its determinant are employed. Convergence rates and parallel CPU timings are compared against a block-Jacobi preconditioner.