Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison among inpatients, outpatients, and normals on three self-report depression inventories.

Used the Beck Depression Inventory, Form E of the Depression Adjective Check Lists and also the Generalized Contentment Scale to measure depression in 219 Ss, who included inpatients, outpatients, and normals. Data were analyzed using t-test comparisons of means using Bonferroni procedures. Results indicated that depression was significantly greater (for all three depression measures, patient-normal differences were significant at p less than .000) in a general psychiatric patient sample than in a normal group. Inpatients were not found to be more depressed than outpatients, and females did not indicate greater depression than males. The expectation that patients diagnosed depressed would score higher on self-report depression scales than patients not diagnosed depressed received partial support. Kuder-Richardson reliabilities computed for the depression inventories were judged to be acceptably reliable. Concurrent validity was appraised by computing Pearson product-moment correlations for the scales on each of the samples. All correlations were positive and significant at p less than . 002.
Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, and Regulatory Policy

is the articulation of the economic, political, and social consequences of an expanding government influence on the economy. Modern economics students are most likely to be introduced to Mises’ work from the interwar debate on the efficiency of resource allocation under socialism. Mises’ contribution to this theoretical debate, focused on the characteristics of capitalist systems which are necessary for efficient economic calculation. His criticism of socialism was based on his claim that these characteristics could not be
Tracking system with VLC for underground mine using multi-agent systems

In this paper we present a system description and a classification of agents for locating people inside underground mines, using Visible Light Communication. We propose a model of agents that can be used in real applications and simulations of smart environments, considering the environment, sensors, actuators, people and machine. This proposition is discussed, using as an example a previous work that locates people with VLC in underground mines. A prototype with JADEX is built to work with a Raspberry Pi as a feasible platform to work with VLC devices.
Putting a Name to a Face: The Role of Name Labels in the Formation of Face Memories

Although previous research in ERPs has focused on the conditions under which faces are recognized, less research has focused on the process by which face representations are acquired and maintained. In Experiment 1, participants were required to monitor for a target “Joe” face that was shown among a series of nontarget “Other” faces. At the halfway point, participants were instructed to switch targets from the Joe face to a previous nontarget face that is now labeled “Bob. ” The ERP analysis focused on the posterior N250 component known to index face familiarity and the P300 component associated with context updating and response decision. Results showed that, in the first half of the experiment, there was increase in N250 negativity to the target Joe face compared with the nontarget Bob and designated Other face. In the second half of the experiment, an enhanced N250 negativity was produced to the now-target Bob face compared with the Other face. Critically, the enhanced N250 negativity to the Joe face was maintained, although Joe was no longer the target. The P300 component followed a similar pattern of brain response, where the Joe face elicited a significantly larger P300 amplitude than the Other face and the Bob face. In the Bob half of the experiment, the Bob face elicited a reliably larger P300 than the Other faces, and the heightened P300 to the Joe face was sustained. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the increased N250 and P300 to Joe was because of simple naming effects. Participants were introduced to both Joe and Bob faces and names at the beginning of the experiment. In the first half of the experiment, participants monitored for the target Joe face and at the halfway point, they were instructed to switch targets to the Bob face. Findings show that N250 negativity significantly increased to the Joe face relative to the Bob and Other faces in the first half of the experiment and an enhanced N250 negativity was found for the target Bob face and the nontarget Joe face in the second half. An increased P300 amplitude was demonstrated to the target Joe and Bob faces in the first and second halves of the experiment, respectively. Importantly, the P300 amplitude elicited by the Joe face equaled the P300 amplitude to the Bob face, although it was no longer the target face. The findings from Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that the N250 component is not solely determined by name labeling, exposure, or task relevancy, but it is the combination of these factors that contribute to the acquisition of enduring face representations.
Where have all the blue flowers gone: pollinator responses and selection on flower colour in New Zealand Wahlenbergia albomarginata

Although pollinators are thought to select on flower colour, few studies have experimentally decoupled effects of colour from correlated traits on pollinator visitation and pollen transfer. We combined selection analysis and phenotypic manipulations to measure the effect of petal colour on visitation and pollen export at two spatial scales in Wahlenbergia albomarginata. This species is representative of many New Zealand alpine herbs that have secondarily evolved white or pale flowers. The major pollinators, solitary bees, exerted phenotypic selection on flower size but not colour, quantified by bee vision. When presented with manipulated flowers, bees visited flowers painted blue to resemble a congener over white flowers in large, but not small, experimental arrays. Pollen export was higher for blue flowers in large arrays. Pollinator preference does not explain the pale colouration of W. albomarginata, as commonly hypothesized. Absence of bright blue could be driven instead by indirect selection of correlated characters.
Significant differences in the cell‐wall mannans from three Candida glabrata strains correlate with antifungal drug sensitivity

Candida glabrata is often the second or third most common cause of candidiasis after Candida albicans. C. glabrata infections are difficult to treat, often resistant to many azole antifungal agents and are associated with a high mortality rate in compromised patients. We determined the antigenic structure of the cell‐wall mannoproteins from three C. glabrata strains, NBRC 0005, NBRC 0622 and NBRC 103857. 1H NMR and methylation analyses of the acetolysis products of these mannoproteins showed a significant difference in the amount of the β‐1,2‐linked mannose residue and side‐chain structure. The C. glabrata NBRC 103857 strain contained up to the triose side chains and the nonreducing terminal of the triose was predominantly the β‐1,2‐linked mannose residue. By contrast, the mannans of the two former strains possessed up to the tetraose side chains and the amount of the β‐1,2‐linked mannose residue was very low. Larger oligosaccharides than tetraose in the acetolysis products of these mannans were identified as incomplete cleavage fragments by analyzing methylation, 1H NMR spectra and the α1‐2,3 mannosidase degradation reaction. Resistance to the antifungal drugs itraconazole and micafungin was significantly different in these strains. Interestingly, the NBRC 103857 strain, which involved a large amount of the β‐1,2‐linked mannose residues, exhibited significant sensitivity to these antifungal drugs.
Going onto invalidity benefit: a study for women (1977/78–1983/84)

The main form of state insurance for long-term sickness in Britain is invalidity benefit. There has been a dramatic growth in the stock of claimants on this benefit since its introduction in 1971. A logit model is fitted to explain, at the individual level, the probability of entering invalidity benefit among over 50,000 women in 1977/8 and over 65,000 in 1983/4. Demographic characteristics played a powerful role in this model. Pay and benefit rates were also significant. Married women's entry probabilities were highly sensitive to local labour market conditions, and much more so than other population groups.
Pharmaceutical Knowledge-Capital Accumulation and Longevity

People value leisure time as well as goods, so longevity increase is an important part of economic growth, broadly defined. R&D is the principal source of economic growth, and the pharmaceutical industry is the most R&D-intensive sector of the economy. In this paper we assess the contribution of pharmaceutical R&D to longevity increase (hence to economic growth), by analyzing the relationship between FDA approvals of new molecular entities and changes in the age distribution of deaths, using longitudinal disease-level data. We compute the stock of drugs available (i.e., previously approved by the FDA) to treat a given condition in a given year by combining FDA data with data from First DataBank’s National Drug Data File. We use the CDC’s Compressed Mortality File to measure changes in the age distribution of deaths, by cause of death. The estimates indicate that approval of standard-review drugs—drugs whose therapeutic qualities the FDA considers to be similar to those of already marketed drugs—has no effect on longevity, but that approval of priority-review drugs—those considered by the FDA to offer significant improvements in the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of a disease—has a significant positive impact on longevity. Increases in the stock of (labeled and unlabeled) drugs to treat a condition increase the mean age at which people die from that condition, and reduce the probability of dying before the age of 65. The increase in the stock of priority-review drugs is estimated to have increased mean age at death by 0.39 years (4.7 months) during the period 1979-1998. Ten percent of the total increase in mean age at death was due to the increase in the stock of priorityreview drugs. The rate of return on investment in pharmaceutical R&D is 18%. This rate of return reflects only the value of increased longevity among Americans ; foreigners also benefit, and evidence suggests that there may be additional benefits of new drugs to Americans, including reduced hospital expenditure and reduced limitations on work and other activities. Frank R. Lichtenberg Columbia University Graduate School of Business 726 Uris Hall 3022 Broadway New York, NY 10027 frank.lichtenberg@columbia.edu phone: (212) 854 4408 fax: (212) 316 9355
Chemotherapeutic inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer

Introduction: Prostate cancer being the second leading cause of death in men in Western countries remains a major challenge in healthcare. Several novel agents targeting signaling pathways in prostate cancer have recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but there is still an unmet need for new treatment strategies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Areas covered: This review provides a broad overview of prostate cancer therapeutics and highlights key players in the biology of prostate cancer as well as first- and second-line treatments for CRPC. Keywords ‘chemotherapeutic agents', ‘prostate cancer', ‘Phase III clinical trials' and ‘US FDA approval' were used for search in PubMed and clinicalTrials.gov databases and the obtained literature was reviewed and summarized. Expert opinion: Owing to the advances in screening and diagnostic techniques, the majority of prostate cancer cases are diagnosed at an early stage resulting in an almost 100% 5-year survival rate. Recently FDA-approved novel agents (e.g., abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide) have provided new hope in the fight against prostate cancer. However, CRPC remains an incurable disease. Identification of mechanisms of resistance, new biomarkers, appropriate clinical trial end points and novel treatments holds the key for the future of prostate cancer therapy.
Formulation and implementation of educational policies in Nigeria

Nigeria has expressed a commitment to education, with the belief that overcoming illiteracy and ignorance will form a basis for accelerated national development. However, regardless of the incontrovertible evidence that education is crucial to the development of the community and the nation, there remain inequalities in access to education. Despite its potential for leveling opportunities, education is pathetically used to perpetrate inequalities. Millions of poor people are still being excluded from the processes and outcomes of education. For thirty years the nation has been unable to successfully implement the National Policy on Education (NPE). The policy which came into existence in 1997 after over four years of deliberations at various levels appeared to have solutions to virtually all core educational problems. However, there are apparent serious problems in the area of implementation. Some of them are highlighted in this presentation.
Is German Direct Investment a Substitute for Domestic Investment?

This article seeks to explore the validity of arguments developed by 'institutionalists', such as Hall and Soskice, by examining investments made by German companies both at home and abroad in quantitative as well as qualitative ways. The evidence - drawn from the car and electrical equipment industries - suggests that Hall and Soskice might be correct in advancing a theory of 'comparative institutional advantage'.
What Is Financialization?

The paper seeks to distinguish between two broad perspectives on financialization. The first takes the view that financialization relates to the growth of the financial sector in its operations, power, etc. On that basis, financialization has been proceeding with ups and downs for possibly thousands of years. The specific forms financialization may have taken in the past few decades are outlined. The findings from mainstream economics literature on one aspect of financialization (growth of bank deposits, growth of stock markets) and economic growth are reviewed. The second perspective views financialization (financialized capitalism) as a stage or epoch of capitalism dating from circa 1980.
Inhibition of the oxygen sensor PHD2 in the liver improves survival in lactic acidosis by activating the Cori cycle

Significance When oxygen availability becomes limited, organs and cells activate the hypoxic response to generate energy. This response releases a large amount of lactate into the circulation as a result of anaerobic glycolysis. However, we found that activating the hypoxic response in the liver by inhibiting the oxygen sensor prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) enhances the uptake of lactate for gluconeogenesis, also known as the Cori cycle, and ameliorates lactic acidosis. Our findings suggest that PHD2 serves as a viable drug target for the treatment of life-threatening lactic acidosis, which is frequent complication of severe infectious and ischemic diseases, as well as of biguanide treatment in patients with diabetes with renal failure. Loss of prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) activates the hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent hypoxic response, including anaerobic glycolysis, which causes large amounts of lactate to be released from cells into the circulation. We found that Phd2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) produced more lactate than wild-type MEFs, as expected, whereas systemic inactivation of PHD2 in mice did not cause hyperlacticacidemia. This unexpected observation led us to hypothesize that the hypoxic response activated in the liver enhances the Cori cycle, a lactate–glucose carbon recycling system between muscle and liver, and thereby decreases circulating lactate. Consistent with this hypothesis, blood lactate levels measured after a treadmill or lactate tolerance test were significantly lower in Phd2-liver-specific knockout (Phd2-LKO) mice than in control mice. An in vivo 13C-labeled lactate incorporation assay revealed that the livers of Phd2-LKO mice produce significantly more glucose derived from 13C-labeled lactate than control mice, suggesting that blockade of PHD2 in the liver ameliorates lactic acidosis by activating gluconeogenesis from lactate. Phd2-LKO mice were resistant to lactic acidosis induced by injection of a lethal dose of lactate, displaying a significant elongation of survival. Moreover, oral administration of a PHD inhibitor improved survival in an endotoxin shock mice model. These data suggest that PHD2 is a potentially novel drug target for the treatment of lactic acidosis, which is a serious and often fatal complication observed in some critically ill patients.
Axiomatic Foundations of Acceptability Semantics

An argument is a reason or justification of a claim. It has an intrinsic strength and may be attacked by other arguments. Hence, the evaluation of its overall strength becomes mandatory, especially for judging the reliability of its claim. Such an evaluation is done by acceptability semantics. The aim of this paper is to set up the foundations of acceptability semantics. Foundations are important not only for a better understanding of the evaluation process in general, but also for clarifying the basic assumptions underlying semantics, for comparing different (families of) semantics and identifying families of semantics that have not been explored yet. The paper defines the building blocks of a semantics. It introduces key concepts and principles on which an evaluation is based. Each concept (principle) is described by an axiom. We investigate properties of semantics that satisfy the axioms, show the foundations of the two crucial notions of reinstatement and defence, and analyse some existing semantics against the axioms.
Excess Sensitivity of Consumption to Current Income: Liquidity Constraints or Myopia?

Almost all of the recent empirical tests of the rational expectations - permanent income hypothesis (RE-PIH) have rejected the hypothesis. The null hypothesis in this empirical literature typically consists of the joint hypothesis that 1) agents' expectations are formed rationally, 2) desired consumption is determined by permanent income, and 3) capital markets are"perfect" in the sense that agents can lend or borrow against expected future income at the same interest rate. This paper attempts to determine whether the excess sensitivity of consumption to current income can be attributed to a failure of the third component of the joint hypothesis -- the assumption of "perfect" capital markets -- as opposed to a failure of one or both of the first two assumptions. The paper examines, as a specific alternative to the PIH, a simple "Keynesian" consumption function in which the behavioral MPC out of transitory income is different from zero. Interpreting the unemployment rate as a proxy for the proportion of the population subject to liquidity constraints, the paper uses a generalized version of the econometric model in my earlier paper(1981) to conduct a specification test of the "Keynesian" consumption function. The finding that the estimate of the MPC out of transitory income is dramatically affected, in both magnitude and statistical significance, by the inclusion of the proxy for liquidity constraints suggests that liquidity constraints are an important part of the explanation of the observed excess sensitivity of consumption to current income.
BMAC: Beamformed MAC protocol with channel tracker in MANET using smart antennas

In this paper we investigate the use of smart antennas in MANET (mobile adhoc networks) and we propose a novel MAC protocol called BMAC (beamformed MAC) to support their benefits in obtaining higher efficiency, especially interference suppression and alleviating different problems that can appear when using directivity. Although the use of smart antenna may lead to deafness and different instances of hidden problems, increased network capacity can be obtained if a sophisticated MAC protocol is designed. The BMAC is designed to increase the throughput and to provide better quality of service
Nucleotides in the polyomavirus enhancer that control viral transcription and DNA replication

The polyomavirus enhancer is required in cis for high-level expression of the viral early region and for replication of the viral genome. We introduced multiple mutations in the enhancer which reduced transcription and DNA replication. Polyomaviruses with these mutant enhancers formed very small plaques in whole mouse embryo cells. Revertants of the viral mutants were isolated and characterized. Reversion occurred by any of the following events: restoration of guanosines at nucleotide (nt) 5134 and nt 5140 within the adenovirus 5 E1A enhancer core AGGAAGTGACT; acquisition of an A----G mutation at nt 5258, which is the same mutation that enables polyomavirus to grow in embryonal carcinoma F9 cells; duplication of mutated sequences between nt 5146 and 5292 (including sequences homologous with immunoglobulin G, simian virus 40, and bovine papillomavirus enhancer elements). Reversion restored both the replicative and transcriptional functions of the viruses. Revertants that acquired the F9 mutation at nt 5258 grew at least 20-fold better than the original mutant in whole mouse embryo cells, but replicated only marginally better than the original mutant in 3T6 cells. Viruses with a reversion of the mutation at nt 5140 replicated equally well in both types of cells. Since individual nucleotides in the polyomavirus enhancer simultaneously altered DNA replication and transcription in specific cell types, it is likely that these processes rely upon a common element, such as an enhancer-binding protein.
Forecasting Stochastic Volatility Using the Kalman Filter: An Application to Canadian Interest Rates and Price-Earnings ratio

In this paper, we aim at forecasting the stochastic volatility of key financial market variables with the Kalman filter using stochastic models developed by Taylor (1986,1994) and Nelson (1990). First, we compare a stochastic volatility model relying on the Kalman filter to the conditional volatility estimated with the GARCH model. We apply our models to Canadian short-term interest rates. When comparing the profile of the interest rate stochastic volatility to the conditional one, we find that the omission of a constant term in the stochastic volatility model might have a perverse effect leading to a scaling problem, a problem often overlooked in the literature. Stochastic volatility seems to be a better forecasting tool than GARCH(1,1) since it is less conditioned by autoregressive past information. Second, we filter the S&P500 price-earnings(P/E) ratio in order to forecast its value. To make this forecast, we postulate a rational expectations process but our method may accommodate other data generating processes. We find that our forecast is close to a GARCH(1,1) profile.