Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proton motive force and the physiological basis of delta pH maintenance in thiobacillus acidophilus

At optimal growth pH (3.0) Thiobacillus acidophilus maintained an internal pH of 5.6 (delta pH of 2.6 units) and a membrane potential (delta psi) of some +73 mV, corresponding to a proton motive force (delta p) of -83 mV. The internal pH remained poised at this value through external pH values of 1 to 5, so that the delta pH increased with decreasing external pH. The positive delta psi increased linearly with delta pH: above a delta pH of 0.6 units, some 60% of the increase in delta pH was compensated for by an opposing increase in delta psi. The highest magnitude of delta pH occurred at an external pH of 1.0, where the cells could not respire. Inhibiting respiration by CN- or azide in cells at optimal pH decreased delta pH by only 0.4 to 0.5 units and caused a corresponding opposite increase in delta psi. Thus, a sizable delta pH could be maintained in the complete absence of respiration. Treatment of cells with thiocyanate to abolish the delta psi resulted in a time-dependent collapse of delta pH, which was augmented by protonophores. We postulate that T. acidophilus possesses unusual resistance to ionic movements. In the presence of a large delta pH (greater than 0.6 pH units), limited diffusion of H+ into the cell is permitted, which generates a positive delta psi because of resistance to compensatory ionic movements. This delta psi, by undergoing fluctuations, regulates the further entry of H+ into the cell in accordance with the metabolic state of the organism. The effect of protonophores was anomalous: the delta p was only partially collapsed, and respiration was strongly inhibited. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Molecular Probe Dynamics Reveals Suppression of Ice-Like Regions in Strongly Confined Supercooled Water

The structure of the hydrogen bond network is a key element for understanding water's thermodynamic and kinetic anomalies. While ambient water is strongly believed to be a uniform, continuous hydrogen-bonded liquid, there is growing consensus that supercooled water is better described in terms of distinct domains with either a low-density ice-like structure or a high-density disordered one. We evidenced two distinct rotational mobilities of probe molecules in interstitial supercooled water of polycrystalline ice [Banerjee D, et al. (2009) ESR evidence for 2 coexisting liquid phases in deeply supercooled bulk water. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 11448–11453]. Here we show that, by increasing the confinement of interstitial water, the mobility of probe molecules, surprisingly, increases. We argue that loose confinement allows the presence of ice-like regions in supercooled water, whereas a tighter confinement yields the suppression of this ordered fraction and leads to higher fluidity. Compelling evidence of the presence of ice-like regions is provided by the probe orientational entropy barrier which is set, through hydrogen bonding, by the configuration of the surrounding water molecules and yields a direct measure of the configurational entropy of the same. We find that, under loose confinement of supercooled water, the entropy barrier surmounted by the slower probe fraction exceeds that of equilibrium water by the melting entropy of ice, whereas no increase of the barrier is observed under stronger confinement. The lower limit of metastability of supercooled water is discussed.
Fill the Gap! Analyzing Implicit Premises between Claims from Online Debates

Identifying the main claims occurring across texts is important for large-scale argumentation mining from social media. However, the claims that users make are often unclear and build on implicit knowledge, effectively introducing a gap between the claims. In this work, we study the problem of matching user claims to predeﬁned main claims, using implicit premises to ﬁll the gap. We build a dataset with implicit premises and analyze how human annotators ﬁll the gaps. We then experiment with computational claim matching models that utilize these premises. We show that us-ing manually-compiled premises improves similarity-based claim matching and that premises generalize to unseen user claims.
Automatic Detection and Analysis of Impressive Japanese Sentences Using Supervised Machine Learning

It is important to write sentences that impress the listener or reader (“impressive sentences”) in many cases, such as when drafting political speeches. The study reported here provides useful information for writing such sentences in Japanese. Impressive sentences in Japanese are collected and examined for characteristic words. A number of such words are identified that often appear in impressive sentences, including jinsei (human life), hitobito (people), koufuku (happiness), yujou (friendliness), seishun (youth), and ren’ai (love). Sentences using these words are likely to impress the listener or reader. Machine learning (SVM) is also used to automatically extract impressive sentences. It is found that the use of machine learning enables impressive sentences to be extracted from a large amount of Web documents with higher precision than that obtained with a baseline method, which extracts all sentences as impressive sentences.
Análise comparativa da coordenação motora de crianças de 07 a 10 anos de idade entre escolas com diferentes realidades no município de Sairé Pernambuco

Motor coordination is the ability of the brain to balance body movements, more specifically muscles and joints. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of gross motor coordination of children from 7 to 10 years old. We evaluated 43 children of both sexes, aged between 7 and 10 years, randomly chosen for convenience, from two schools in the municipality of Saire-PE, with different realities. For anthropometry it was collected and compared to mass, height and BMI. Motor performance was assessed by the Korperkoordinationtest fur Kinder test battery, 1974 (KTK), which consists of 4 tasks: balance beams, single-leg jumps, side jumps and transfers on platforms. The normality of the data was inferred by the Shapiro-wilk test. The mean and standard deviation were used to describe the variables, then the groups that are involved with physical education classes were compared using the t test, adopting a significance level of 5%. All analyzes used SPSS 20.0 software. The Marechal Artur da Costa e Silva School, which has a better structure in relation to the Marcos de Barros Freire School and had regular Physical Education classes, presented a percentage of 70% of the boys with normal motor coordination, 30% with disturbance in motor coordination and no one with insufficient coordination, while boys with a more precarious structure had 88.88% normal motor coordination, 11.11% with motor coordination disorder, and no one had insufficient coordination. Girls from the first school were classified with 30.76% normal motor coordination, 53.84% with motor coordination disorder and 15.38% with coordination insufficiency. The girls in the second school had 35.71% with normal motor coordination, 50% with motor coordination disorder and 14.28% with insufficient motor coordination.
Experimental study on reducing cogging torque and core power loss in axial-flux permanent-magnet machines with slotted winding

The axial flux permanent magnet machine (AFPM) topology is suited for direct-drive applications, and due to their enhanced flux weakening capability AFPMs having slotted winding are the most promising candidate for use in wheel-motor drives. In consideration of that, this paper deals with an experimental study devoted to investigate a number of technical solutions to be used in AFPMs having a slotted winding in order to achieve substantial reduction of cogging torque and power loss in the stator core. To conduct such an experimental study, a laboratory machine was purposely built incorporating facilities that allow easy-to-achieve off-line modifications of the overall magnetic arrangement at the machine air gaps, such as magnet skewing, angular shifting between rotor discs and accommodation of either PVC or Somaloy wedges for closing the slot openings. The paper discusses experimental results and gives guidelines for the design of AFPMs with improved performance.
Semi-product-form solution for models with state dependent rates

In this paper we consider the problem of finding a decomposed solution to a Markov model where the action rates may depend on the global state space. To do this we consider regular cycles in the underlying state space and show that a semi-product form solution exists when the functions describing the action rates have specific forms. The approach is illustrated with a simple queueing example although it clearly extends to more general cases. The results for semi-product form solutions are not entirely new, however the method by which they are derived is both novel and intuitive.
Toward an Evolutionary Regime for Spectrum Governance: Licensing or Unrestricted Entry?

The federal government's approach to regulating the spectrum remains largely administrative, causing major inefficiency and waste. Ironically, just as the FCC has begun to use market mechanisms, some people are pushing to treat spectrum as a common resource open to all entrants. Commons proponents maintain that with new, interference-avoiding technology, licensing is becoming unnecessary and impractical. In this brief study, noted economist William J. Baumol evaluates two options for spectrum governance ua tradable license (market) approach and a commons approach. He compares the practicality of each in terms of six key issues: interference, adequacy of investment in innovation, monopoly power, preservation of diversity, service to rural areas, and the tension between vested interests and the need for adaptable arrangements. Baumol demonstrates that, while neither approach is ideal, a commons regime has severe shortcomings. Above all, he emphasizes the importance of impermanence in the granting of licenses to preserve the flexibility to adapt to unforeseen technological and other developments.
Disambiguation by Association as a Practical Method: Experiments and Findings

Abstract Word sense disambiguation is vital to any form of text analysis which involves word meanings. However it is a very difficult task to solve accurately. We have replicated two well known methods due to Lesk (1986) and Ide and Veronis (1990), and have conducted trials using both methods on a corpus of 100 sentences. We also carried out experiments to determine whether the use of syntactic tagging would improve results. There are three principal findings of this work. Firstly, syntactic tagging improves the performance of all the disambiguation algorithms. Secondly, the Ide and Veronis method of depth 2 performs slightly better than the Lesk method. Thirdly, the performance of a particular algorithm is heavily dependent on the way in which it is measured.
Undergraduate Students' Development of Critical Thinking Skills: An Institutional and Disciplinary Analysis and Comparison with Academic Library Use and Other Measures. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper.

AUTHOR Whitmire, Ethelene TITLE Undergraduate Students' Development of Critical Thinking Skills: An Institutional and Disciplinary Analysis and Comparison with Academic Library Use and Other Measures. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. INSTITUTION Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education. PUB DATE Nov 96 NOTE 29p. ; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education (21st, Memphis, TN, October 31 November 3, 1996). PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) Speeches /Conference Papers (150)
Measuring Classifier Intelligence

Abstract : Classifiers are seen here as systems in which input feature values are used with fitted or learned functions that produce output values which are interpreted as probabilities or fuzzy degrees of class membership, or in which output values are used with cut-off decision rules to choose bivalent class membership. Two complementary measurements for evaluating training, validation, testing, and deployment phase performances in human, mechanical, and computerized classifiers are proposed here. These measurements are derived from samples of classifier output values paired with their corresponding known probabilistic, fuzzy, or bivalent classification values. The first measurement is the area under the ROC plot. The second is the separation index newly introduced here. Both of these measurements are easy to understand and to compute. It is proposed that they be considered standard metrics for evaluating and comparing classifier intelligence.
A case study in designing an autonomic wireless mesh network

Out-of-the-box meshing is the lead scenario for wireless mesh networks: End users should be able to join a mesh without any configuration hassle, they shouldbe able to extend the mesh by simply adding more mesh routers without further configuration, and they should be able to instantly use network community services tonetwork themselves in a spontaneous way. We have integrated MANET style routing with a dynamic naming scheme and complete self-configuration, resulting in the BaselMesh system that runs on Linksys wireless routers. In this paper we report on the properties of the BaselMesh system, the offered functionality, and the obstacles that had to be overcome to make it an "autonomic" mesh. ﻿
Organ burden and pulmonary toxicity of nano-sized copper (II) oxide particles after short-term inhalation exposure

Abstract Introduction: Increased use of nanomaterials has raised concerns about the potential for undesirable human health and environmental effects. Releases into the air may occur and, therefore, the inhalation route is of specific interest. Here we tested copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) after repeated inhalation as hazard data for this material and exposure route is currently lacking for risk assessment. Methods: Rats were exposed nose-only to a single exposure concentration and by varying the exposure time, different dose levels were obtained (C × T protocol). The dose is expressed as 6 h-concentration equivalents of 0, 0.6, 2.4, 3.3, 6.3, and 13.2 mg/m3 CuO NPs, with a primary particle size of 10 9.2–14 nm and an MMAD of 1.5 μm. Results: Twenty-four hours after a 5-d exposure, dose-dependent lung inflammation and cytotoxicity were observed. Histopathological examinations indicated alveolitis, bronchiolitis, vacuolation of the respiratory epithelium, and emphysema in the lung starting at 2.4 mg/m3. After a recovery period of 22 d, limited inflammation was still observed, but only at the highest dose of 13.2 mg/m3. The olfactory epithelium in the nose degenerated 24 h after exposure to 6.3 and 13.2 mg/m3, but this was restored after 22 d. No histopathological changes were detected in the brain, olfactory bulb, spleen, kidney and liver. Conclusion: A 5-d, 6-h/day exposure equivalent to an aerosol of agglomerated CuO NPs resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity in rats, which almost completely resolved during a 3-week post-exposure period.
Racial Differences in Electrocardiographic Characteristics and Prognostic Significance in Whites Versus Asians

Background Racial differences in electrocardiographic (ECG) characteristics and prognostic significance among Whites and Asians are not well described. Methods and Results We studied 2677 White Framingham Heart Study participants (57% women) and 2972 Asian (64% women) Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study participants (mean age 66 years in both) free of myocardial infarction or heart failure. Racial differences in ECG characteristics and effect on mortality were assessed. In linear regression models, PR interval was longer in Asians compared with Whites (multivariable‐adjusted β±SE 5.0±1.4 ms in men and 6.6±0.9 ms in women, both P<0.0006). QT interval was shorter in Asian men (β±SE −6.2±1.2 ms, P<0.0001) and longer in Asian women (β±SE 3.6±0.9 ms, P=0.02) compared to White men and women, respectively. Asians had greater odds of having ECG left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) compared with Whites (odds ratio [OR] 3.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36–9.35 for men, OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.35–2.76 for women, both P<0.02). Over a mean follow‐up of 11±3 years in Framingham and 8±3 years in Singapore, mortality rates were 24.5 and 13.4 per 1000 person‐years among Whites and Asians, respectively. In Cox models, the presence of LVH had a greater effect on all‐cause mortality in Asians compared with Whites (hazard ratio [HR] 2.66, 95% CI 1.83–3.88 vs HR 1.30, 95% CI 0.90–1.89, P for interaction=0.02). Conclusion Our findings from two large community‐based cohorts show prominent race differences in ECG characteristics between Whites and Asians, and also suggest a differential association with mortality. These differences may carry implications for race‐specific ECG reference ranges and cardiovascular risk.
Bimodal regulation of p21waf1 protein as function of DNA damage levels

Human p21Waf1 protein is well known for being transcriptionally induced by p53 and activating the cell cycle checkpoint arrest in response to DNA breaks. Here we report that p21Waf1 protein undergoes a bimodal regulation, being upregulated in response to low doses of DNA damage but rapidly and transiently degraded in response to high doses of DNA lesions. Responsible for this degradation is the checkpoint kinase Chk1, which phosphorylates p21Waf1 on T145 and S146 residues and induces its proteasome-dependent proteolysis. The initial p21Waf1 degradation is then counteracted by the ATM-Chk2 pathway, which promotes the p53-dependent accumulation of p21Waf1 at any dose of damage. We also found that p21Waf1 ablation favors the activation of an apoptotic program to eliminate otherwise irreparable cells. These findings support a model in which in human cells a balance between ATM-Chk2-p53 and the ATR-Chk1 pathways modulates p21Waf1 protein levels in relation to cytostatic and cytotoxic doses of DNA damage.
Detection of 3 D objects with a multiple-view keypoint model from item images

We present a keypoint based multiple-view model approach towards 3D object detection. Our model addresses the shortcomings of other keypoint based detection methods, since they do not take into account the 3D nature of everyday objects and thus rely on frontal object occurrences. For each 3D object, a model is learned from multiple view images of the object. The learned model is used to perform object detection from an arbitrary viewpoint of the object. The proposed model is a keypoint based detector with added filtering mechanisms to ensure a robust object detection. We evaluate our proposed method on a real world dataset containing everyday grocery items with changes in illumination, object viewpoint and position, cluttered scenes and multiple object instances.
A Digital Baron for a Digital Age: Chris Hughes and Neoliberalism’s Ascendancy in Journalism

Abstract This article examines news media coverage surrounding Facebook co-founder Chris Hughes’s purchase of the magazine The New Republic in March 2012 in order to reveal the ways in which media narratives situated him as a new kind of media owner for a new kind of media age. This textual analysis is embedded within the framework of metajournalistic discourse, aiming to interrogate the extent to which characterizations of Hughes are aligned with emerging digital practices and neoliberal ideals. This article pays particular attention to coverage in the immediate aftermath of his purchase as well as to the new owner’s letter to readers and subscribers, ultimately arguing that Hughes is constructed as a self-enterprising and digitally savvy media owner, uniquely situated to preserve journalism by bringing tech industry philosophies and practices into the field. An abiding conflict between market logics and journalistic norms underscores the broader danger in knitting together neoliberal ideals of entrepreneurialism and startup culture with notions of how journalists can and should respond to financial and cultural threats of digital innovation to their industry.
Accounting for conformational entropy in predicting binding free energies of protein‐protein interactions

Protein‐protein interactions are governed by the change in free energy upon binding, ΔG = ΔH − TΔS. These interactions are often marginally stable, so one must examine the balance between the change in enthalpy, ΔH, and the change in entropy, ΔS, when investigating known complexes, characterizing the effects of mutations, or designing optimized variants. To perform a large‐scale study into the contribution of conformational entropy to binding free energy, we developed a technique called GOBLIN (Graphical mOdel for BiomoLecular INteractions) that performs physics‐based free energy calculations for protein‐protein complexes under both side‐chain and backbone flexibility. GOBLIN uses a probabilistic graphical model that exploits conditional independencies in the Boltzmann distribution and employs variational inference techniques that approximate the free energy of binding in only a few minutes. We examined the role of conformational entropy on a benchmark set of more than 700 mutants in eight large, well‐studied complexes. Our findings suggest that conformational entropy is important in protein‐protein interactions—the root mean square error (RMSE) between calculated and experimentally measured ΔΔGs decreases by 12% when explicit entropic contributions were incorporated. GOBLIN models all atoms of the protein complex and detects changes to the binding entropy along the interface as well as positions distal to the binding interface. Our results also suggest that a variational approach to entropy calculations may be quantitatively more accurate than the knowledge‐based approaches used by the well‐known programs FOLDX and ROSETTA—GOBLIN's RMSEs are 10 and 36% lower than these programs, respectively. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encoding Words Into Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets Using an Interval Approach

This paper presents a very practical type-2-fuzzistics methodology for obtaining interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2 FS) models for words, one that is called an interval approach (IA). The basic idea of the IA is to collect interval endpoint data for a word from a group of subjects, map each subject's data interval into a prespecified type-1 (T1) person membership function, interpret the latter as an embedded T1 FS of an IT2 FS, and obtain a mathematical model for the footprint of uncertainty (FOU) for the word from these T1 FSs. The IA consists of two parts: the data part and the FS part. In the data part, the interval endpoint data are preprocessed, after which data statistics are computed for the surviving data intervals. In the FS part, the data are used to decide whether the word should be modeled as an interior, left-shoulder, or right-shoulder FOU. Then, the parameters of the respective embedded T1 MFs are determined using the data statistics and uncertainty measures for the T1 FS models. The derived T1 MFs are aggregated using union leading to an FOU for a word, and finally, a mathematical model is obtained for the FOU. In order that all researchers can either duplicate our results or use them in their research, the raw data used for our codebook examples, as well as a MATLAB M-file for the IA, have been put on the Internet at: http://sipi.usc. edu/ ~ mendel.
Relaxation Oscillations In A Class Of Predator-prey Systems

whole system exhibits self-sustained relaxation oscillations with a period that heteroclinic cycles, laser dynamics, predator-prey, rate equations, relaxation well-known inherent feature of the photon-carrier dynamics in class-B lasers. 1340--1356 Stuart S. Antman and Herbert Koch SelfSustained Oscillations of Searching Predator and Prey Dominance in Discrete Predator-Prey Systems C. Mackey Relaxation Oscillations in a Class of Delay Differential Equations.