Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parsing and reflective printing, bidirectionally

Language designers usually need to implement parsers and printers. Despite being two intimately related programs, in practice they are often designed separately, and then need to be revised and kept consistent as the language evolves. It will be more convenient if the parser and printer can be unified and developed in one single program, with their consistency guaranteed automatically. Furthermore, in certain scenarios (like showing compiler optimisation results to the programmer), it is desirable to have a more powerful reflective printer that, when an abstract syntax tree corresponding to a piece of program text is modified, can reflect the modification to the program text while preserving layouts, comments, and syntactic sugar. To address these needs, we propose a domain-specific language BiYacc, whose programs denote both a parser and a reflective printer for an unambiguous context-free grammar. BiYacc is based on the theory of bidirectional transformations, which helps to guarantee by construction that the pairs of parsers and reflective printers generated by BiYacc are consistent. We show that BiYacc is capable of facilitating many tasks such as Pombrio and Krishnamurthi's "resugaring", simple refactoring, and language evolution.
The Diagnostic Value of Pretreatment Serum LDH in Patients with Limited Disease Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma

Background In patients with limited disease SCLC, the overall survival is still poor. Therefore, a retrospective study was performed involving 48 patients with limited disease SCLC to select a parameter which can identify prognostic subgroups at the time of diagnosis. Materials and methods Follow-up ranged from 3 to 96 months, during which period 38 patients died. Based on clinical outcome, patients were classified into 3 groups: complete remission (CR) (n=16), local recurrence (LOC) (n=7) and distant recurrence (DIS) (n=25). Age, gender and pretreatment biochemical parameters were correlated with clinical outcome and survival. For survival 70 patients staged as having extensive disease (ED) served as a control group. Results No differences in survival were found in patients with LOC (14% 2-year survival) and DIS (16% 2-year survival) (p=0.67). Patients achieving a complete remission had a significantly better survival (75% two-year survival). LDH was found to be the only significant correlate of both tumor progression and survival. All patients with pretreatment LDH levels >240 U/L (n=13) had tumor recurrence. The survival rate of patients with LDH levels <240 U/L (41% 2-year survival) was much better than that of patients with LDH levels <240 U/L (8% 2-year survival) (p=0.0001). No significant difference in survival (p=0.33) was found between patients with LD and LDH <240 U/L and patients with ED and LDH >400 U/L. Patients with ED and LDH values <400 U/L showed the poorest outcome. Conclusion LDH may be used for the identification of prognostic subgroups in SCLC. Patients showing pretreatment LDH levels >240 U/L have an extremely high risk of tumor recurrence, while their survival is poor and comparable to that of patients staged as having extensive disease and LDH values <400 U/L.
Elucidating unconscious processing with instrumental hypnosis

Most researchers leverage bottom-up suppression to unlock the underlying mechanisms of unconscious processing. However, a top-down approach – for example via hypnotic suggestion – paves the road to experimental innovation and complementary data that afford new scientific insights concerning attention and the unconscious. Drawing from a reliable taxonomy that differentiates subliminal and preconscious processing, we outline how an experimental trajectory that champions top-down suppression techniques, such as those practiced in hypnosis, is uniquely poised to further contextualize and refine our scientific understanding of unconscious processing. Examining subliminal and preconscious methods, we demonstrate how instrumental hypnosis provides a reliable adjunct that supplements contemporary approaches. Specifically, we provide an integrative synthesis of the advantages and shortcomings that accompany a top-down approach to probe the unconscious mind. Our account provides a larger framework for complementing the results from core studies involving prevailing subliminal and preconscious techniques.
Theoretical limitations of Encoder-Decoder GAN architectures

Encoder-decoder GANs architectures (e.g., BiGAN and ALI) seek to add an inference mechanism to the GANs setup, consisting of a small encoder deep net that maps data-points to their succinct encodings. The intuition is that being forced to train an encoder alongside the usual generator forces the system to learn meaningful mappings from the code to the data-point and vice-versa, which should improve the learning of the target distribution and ameliorate mode-collapse. It should also yield meaningful codes that are useful as features for downstream tasks. The current paper shows rigorously that even on real-life distributions of images, the encode-decoder GAN training objectives (a) cannot prevent mode collapse; i.e. the objective can be near-optimal even when the generated distribution has low and finite support (b) cannot prevent learning meaningless codes for data -- essentially white noise. Thus if encoder-decoder GANs do indeed work then it must be due to reasons as yet not understood, since the training objective can be low even for meaningless solutions.
Image compression using wavelets and JPEG 2000 : A Tutorial

The demand for higher and higher quality images transmitted quickly over the Internet has led to a strong need to develop better algorithms for the filtering and coding of such images. The introduction of JPEG2000 has meant for the first time that the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is to be used for the decomposition and reconstruction of images together with an efficient coding scheme. The use of wavelets implies also the use of subband coding in which the image is iteratively decomposed into high and low frequency bands. Thus there is a need for filter pairs at both the analysis and synthesis stages. This paper aims in tutorial form to introduce the DWT and illustrate its link with filters and filterbanks and to illustrate how it may be used as part of an image coding algorithm. Our discussion will conclude with a look at the qualitative differences between images coded using JPEG200 and those coded using the existing JPEG standard.
Boundedly rational backward induction

This paper proposes simple axioms that characterize a generalization of backward induction. At any node of a decision tree, the decision maker looks forward a fixed number of stages perfectly. Beyond that, the decision maker aggregates continuation values according to a function that captures reasoning under unpredictability. The model is uniquely identified from the decision maker's preference over decision trees. Confronting a decision tree, the decision maker iteratively revises her plan for the future as she moves forward in the decision tree. A comparative measure of unpredictability aversion and several examples are discussed.
Semi-Automatic In Silico Gap Closure Enabled De Novo Assembly of Two Dehalobacter Genomes from Metagenomic Data

Typically, the assembly and closure of a complete bacterial genome requires substantial additional effort spent in a wet lab for gap resolution and genome polishing. Assembly is further confounded by subspecies polymorphism when starting from metagenome sequence data. In this paper, we describe an in silico gap-resolution strategy that can substantially improve assembly. This strategy resolves assembly gaps in scaffolds using pre-assembled contigs, followed by verification with read mapping. It is capable of resolving assembly gaps caused by repetitive elements and subspecies polymorphisms. Using this strategy, we realized the de novo assembly of the first two Dehalobacter genomes from the metagenomes of two anaerobic mixed microbial cultures capable of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethanes and chloroform. Only four additional PCR reactions were required even though the initial assembly with Newbler v. 2.5 produced 101 contigs within 9 scaffolds belonging to two Dehalobacter strains. By applying this strategy to the re-assembly of a recently published genome of Bacteroides, we demonstrate its potential utility for other sequencing projects, both metagenomic and genomic.
Economic consequences of control programs for paratuberculosis in midsize dairy farms in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the epidemiologic efficacy and economic efficiency of current and potential future control programs for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) on midsize dairy herds in the United States. DESIGN Stochastic dynamic computer simulation model. SAMPLE POPULATION Data on prices and other input variables collected from various sources were used to represent a population of midsize US dairy herds infected with paratuberculosis. PROCEDURE The simulation model was modified to reflect management and production characteristics of midsize dairy herds in the United States. The model was validated by use of field data and expert opinion. Various control strategies then were simulated and compared on an epidemiologic basis and on the basis of economic efficiency. RESULTS Test-and-cull strategies and vaccination against paratuberculosis were not able to decrease the mean prevalence of disease in the United States. Typically, only vaccination was economically attractive. Improved management strategies decreased the prevalence of paratuberculosis considerably and had high economic benefits. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of results of this study suggests that test-and-cull strategies alone do not reduce the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle and are costly for producers to pursue. Vaccination did not reduce the prevalence but was economically attractive. Finally, improved calf-hygiene strategies were found to be critically important in every paratuberculosis control program and most were economically attractive programs for midsize US dairy farms with the disease.
PRINCIPLE OF LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT OF REVIEW SEMESTER TEST IN INTERLANGUAGE: ENGLISH FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS X

Bagaimana mengidentifikasi tes yang efektif? Test sangat memberi pengaruh yang besar dalam proses belajar mengajar. Sangatlah penting bagi guru menggunakan tes sebagai tolak ukur apakah tujuan dalam proses belajar mengajar tercapai atau tidak. Brown, (2004:4) mengatakan bahwa sebuah tes yang baik adalah sebuah alat yang memberikan ketepatan pengukuran kemampuan siswa dalam hal tertentu. Membuat sebuah test yang baik adalah tugas yang sangat kompleks karena menggabungkan ilmu pengetahuan dan seni. Ini juga membutuhkan perencanaan: guru harus menentukan tujuan yang ingin dicapai dengan diadakannya tes tersebut dan dengan hati-hati membuat soal-soal tes yang sesuai dengan tujuan tes. Aduan yang paling umum dari siswa adalah isi dari tes tidak merefleksikan materi yang sudah diajarkan dikelas. Kesalahan yang sering terjadi adalah apa yang dijadikan tujuan pembuatan tes tidaklah tercapai, dannilai tidak mengukur kemampuan siswa yang diinginkan oleh guru. Ada lima kriteria utama dalam membuat sebuah tes yang baik. Kriteria itu adalah practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity dan washback. Keywords :principle of language assessment, review semester test in Interlanguage
Binding of Faropenem and Other β-Lactam Agents to Penicillin-Binding Proteins of Pneumococci with Various β-Lactam Susceptibilities

ABSTRACT Faropenem demonstrated low MICs (≤1 μg/ml) for all penicillin-susceptible and nonsusceptible pneumococci and exhibited very strong abilities to bind to Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), except for PBP2X. The lower faropenem affinity for PBP2X did not affect MICs for any strains tested, and only imipenem had lower MICs, with much lower binding affinities for all PBPs tested, than faropenem.
Perceptual Narrowing as a Function of Peripheral Cue Relevance

Hypothesis was tested that under aroused states individuals will attend to relevant visual cues regardless of their location. 100 male Ss were tested in groups of 20 under several combinations of low and high arousal, on both central and peripheral stimuli, which were either relevant or irrelevant to the arousal state. High arousal was generated by shock prior to testing. The results indicated that reaction times are significantly shorter for central stimuli (p < .01) and that shock-specific arousal conditions yield the shortest reaction times (p < .05). Most importantly, there was a significant interaction (p < .01) between signal location and specificity of arousal stimulus. It was concluded that rather than narrowing the perceptual field, location-specific arousing stimuli may increase responsiveness whether the stimulus is central or peripheral.
Roman Matoušek TRANSPARENCY AND CREDIBILITY OF MONETARY POLICY IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES : THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC WP No . 37 Praha 2001

This is a study of what asset price can tell us about the evolving credibility of the monetary policy of the Czech National Bank (CNB). From the beginning of the 1990s, several market economies adopted direct inflation targeting (DIT). The focus of our analysis is to examine the effect of changes in the two-week repo rate (the official interest rate) on short and long–maturity market interest rates. Argument relies on information asymmetry and the existence of a stationary stochastic equilibrium with full knowledge of authorities reaction function. Only then will reaction be insignificant. Our research found at short maturities, the coefficients for changes in the official repo rate are lower in the DIT period than in pre-crisis period. The results are significant at the 5%-level. This implies that the hypothesis of no increase in the transparency of monetary policy with the introduction of DIT can be rejected. We found that bond yields and interest rate swap rates of maturities of 5 years and more did not react significantly (at the 5%-level) to official interest rate decisions in the DIT period. This is consistent with the hypothesis that monetary policy was credible both before and after introduction of DIT.
Customers' Satisfaction and the Replacement Cycle

This study examined the relationship between product satisfaction and replacement rate. It was hypothesized that an inverse relationship existed between the two constructs. Analysis of responses from 44 individuals who responded to an advertisement for a miniature precision lamp suggested the hypothesis was confirmed, i.e., higher satisfaction tends to be associated with lower rates of replacement and vice versa.
Design and control of an experimental active elbow support for adult Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients

Currently, a considerable group of adult Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients lives with severe physical impairments and strong dependency on care. Active arm supports can improve their quality of life by augmenting their arm's residual motor capabilities. This paper presents the design and control of an experimental active elbow support specially made to investigate different control interfaces with adult DMD patients. The system can be controlled either with EMG or force signals which are used as inputs for an admittance-based controller. A preliminary test with a 22-year-old DMD patient with no arm function left, shows that the system is capable of successfully supporting the elbow flexion-extension movements using the low-amplitude EMG and force signals that still remained measurable.
Acetylation of Conserved Lysines in Bovine Papillomavirus E2 by p300

ABSTRACT The p300, CBP, and pCAF lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) proteins have been reported to physically interact with bovine (BPV) and human (HPV) papillomavirus E2 proteins. While overexpression of these KAT proteins enhances E2-dependent transcription, the mechanism has not been determined. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to deplete these factors, we demonstrated that E2 transcriptional activity requires physiological levels of p300, CBP, and pCAF. Each protein appears to have a unique function in E2-dependent transcription, since overexpression of one KAT failed to compensate for RNAi knockdown of another KAT. Using an in vitro acetylation assay, we identified highly conserved lysines that are targeted by p300 for acetylation. The conservative changes of lysines at positions 111 and 112 to arginine were of particular interest. The K111R and the K111R/K112R mutants showed reduced transcriptional activity that was not responsive to p300 overexpression, while the K112R mutant retained activity. p300 and CBP were detected at the viral promoter; however, pCAF was not. We propose a model by which E2 transcriptional activity is controlled by p300-mediated acetylation of lysine 111. This model represents a novel mechanism regulating papillomavirus gene expression.
Compositional, Dynamic Cache Management for Embedded Chip Multiprocessors

This paper proposes a dynamic cache repartitioning technique that enhances compositionality on platforms executing media applications with multiple utilization scenarios. Because the repartitioning between scenarios requires a cache flush, two undesired effects may occur: (1) in particular, the execution of critical tasks may be disturbed and (2) in general, a performance penalty is involved. To cope with these effects we propose a method which: (1) determines, at design time, the cache footprint of each tasks, such that it creates the premises for critical tasks safety, and minimum flush in general, and (2) enforces, at run-time, the design time determined cache footprints and further decreases the flush penalty. We implement our dynamic cache management strategy on a CAKE multiprocessor with 4 Trimedia cores. The experimental workload consists of 6 multimedia applications, each of which formed by multiple tasks belonging to an extended MediaBench suite. We found on average that: (1) the relative variations of critical tasks execution time are less than 0.1%, regardless of the scenario switching frequency, (2) for realistic scenario switching frequencies the inter-task cache interference is at most 4% for the repartitioned cache, whereas for the shared cache it reaches 68%, and (3) the off-chip memory traffic reduces with 60%, and the performance (in cycles per instruction) enhances with 10%, when compared with the shared cache.
JAIST: A two-phase machine learning approach for identifying discourse relations in newswire texts

In this paper, we present a machine learning approach for identifying shallow discourse relations in news wire text. Our approach has 2 phases. The arguments detection phase will identify arguments and explicit connectives by using the Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) learning algorithm with a set of features such as words, parts of speech (POS) and features extracted from the parsing tree of sentences. The second phase, the sense classification phase, will classify arguments and explicit connectives into one of fifteen types of senses by using the SMO classifier with a simple feature set. The performance of system was evaluated three different data sets given by the CoNLL 2015 Shared Task. The parser of our system was ranked 4 of 16 participating systems on F-measure when evaluating on the blind data set (strict matching).
Differences in the Cognitive Skills of Bonobos and Chimpanzees

While bonobos and chimpanzees are both genetically and behaviorally very similar, they also differ in significant ways. Bonobos are more cautious and socially tolerant while chimpanzees are more dependent on extractive foraging, which requires tools. The similarities suggest the two species should be cognitively similar while the behavioral differences predict where the two species should differ cognitively. We compared both species on a wide range of cognitive problems testing their understanding of the physical and social world. Bonobos were more skilled at solving tasks related to theory of mind or an understanding of social causality, while chimpanzees were more skilled at tasks requiring the use of tools and an understanding of physical causality. These species differences support the role of ecological and socio-ecological pressures in shaping cognitive skills over relatively short periods of evolutionary time.
Effect of endotoxin on antibody production by chicken spleen cells transferred to chick chorioallantois.

The effect of endotoxin on the antibody response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by adult chicken spleen cells transferred to chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been studied under various conditions. Spleen cells from donor chickens given endotoxin either 24 hr prior to or in conjunction with antigen produced significant amounts of antibody on chick membranes 4 to 7 days after transfer. This process was demonstrable even when cells were taken as early as 1 hr after antigen injection of endotoxin treated donors. The antibody response by cells of donors given antigen and endotoxin simultaneously 48 hr prior to transfer appeared to be depressed. Spleen cells from normal chickens consistently produced antibodies on the chick membranes when removed 48 hr after antigenic stimulation of donors. Possible explanations for these observations have been discussed.
Medication error reporting systems: a survey of canadian intensive care units.

BACKGROUND Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have complex problems and experience many medical errors. Currently, little is known about the measurement of medication errors and adverse drug events in Canadian ICUs. OBJECTIVE To investigate methods of measuring medication errors and adverse drug events in ICUs in Canada. METHODS A questionnaire was constructed and uploaded to an online survey tool, SurveyMonkey. Through the mailing list software of the Critical Care Pharmacy Specialty Network of the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists, the survey was sent by e-mail to 146 pharmacists working in 79 ICUs across Canada; 2 reminder e-mails followed. The survey was open from July 18 to September 18, 2007. RESULTS A total of 34 individual responses were received from 31 (39%) of the 79 ICUs. Responses were from academic hospitals (11/31 [35%]), community teaching hospitals (9/31 [29%]), and community nonteaching hospitals (11/31 [35%]). Twenty-six (84%) of the 31 responding ICUs had a process for tracking medication errors and adverse drug events: non-anonymous voluntary reporting (19 or 73%), direct observation (14 or 54%), anonymous voluntary reporting (12 or 46%), chart review (6 or 23%), computerized system (3 or 12%), trigger tools (2 or 8%), pharmacist intervention (2 or 8%), and weekly ICU "safety huddles" (1 or 4%). Fourteen (54%) of the 26 ICUs that had a method of measuring medication errors and adverse drug events had implemented changes to address identified problems. CONCLUSIONS Most respondents were measuring the frequency of medication errors and adverse drug events, but a wide variety of methods were in use. Only about half of the ICUs had implemented changes as a result of these measurements. There is an opportunity to improve standardization of the measurement of medication errors and adverse drug events in Canadian ICUs.