Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A reliable Context Model for context-aware applications

In smart living spaces, a reliable context-aware application must adapt to the variable environment and should function to complete the user's requirements. Therefore, if a context-aware application is to achieve the user's requirements smoothly, it must understand the environment status according to trustworthy context information. However, the context information influenced by the environment status may be imperfect. If a context-aware application responds to the user's requirements using the incorrect context information, this will lead to undesirable result. To resolve these problems, this paper proposes a context model (CM) to evaluate the reliability of context information and predicted the context information that context-aware application needs. When CM approves of the context information, it considers both the key features of context information, and also the different requirements of the context-aware application. Finally, an experiment is proposed to verify the reliability of CM. The experiment verifies that the reliability of context information recommended by CM can represent the real status. In addition, the experiment verifies whether CM can provide appropriate context information according to the particular requirements of a context-aware application.
Normalizing Metamorphic Malware Using Term Rewriting

Metamorphic malware - including certain viruses and worms - rewrite their code during propagation. This paper presents a method for normalizing multiple variants of metamorphic programs that perform their transformations using finite sets of instruction-sequence substitutions. The paper shows that the problem of constructing a normalizer can, in specific contexts, be formalized as a term rewriting problem. A general method is proposed for constructing normalizers. It involves modeling the metamorphic program's transformations as rewrite rules, and then modifying these rules to create a normalizing rule set. Casting the problem in terms of term rewriting exposes key challenges for constructing effective normalizers. In cases where the challenges cannot be met, approximations are proposed. The normalizer construction method is applied in a case study involving the virus called"W32.Evolt". The results demonstrate that both the overall approach and the approximation schemes may have practical use on realistic malware, and may thus have the potential to improve signature-based malware scanners.
Seasonal Variation of Suicide in Brazil

Most of what is known about the seasonal variation in suicide rate originates from studies conducted in the northern hemisphere; very few studies have been done in the southern hemisphere. The purpose of the present study was to explore the possibility that in Brazil, the seasonal variation of suicides is a function of photoperiod. This was accomplished by analyzing monthly suicide data for a 12 yr period (1979 to 1990), within latitudes ranging from 2°N to 33°S. Single cosinor analyses with periods of 12 or 6 months were applied to time series of monthly total and suicidal deaths, separated by gender and state. Significant spring or early summer peaks of suicide were found only in the south of Brazil for both men and women, except for the latter in one state. These peaks did not coincide with those found for total deaths, which occurred in the autumn or winter in all areas. No significant six‐month period was found. In the present study, the chance of a suicide was typically 10–17% higher during the peak period than during the other months of the year. Although this moderate seasonal effect might not be sufficient to justify planning large scale prophylactic interventions, those dealing with patients who have suicide ideation should be aware of this high risk time.
A Multistrategy Learning Approach to Flexible Knowledge Organization and Discovery

Properly organizing knowledge so that it can be managed often requires the acquisition of patterns and relations from large, distributed, heterogeneous databases. The employment of an intelligent and automated KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) process plays a major role in solving this problem. An integration of diverse learning strategies that cooperatively performs a variety of techniques and develops high quality knowledge can be a productive methodology for addressing this process. AqBC is a multistrategy knowledge discovery approach that combines supervised inductive learning and unsupervised Bayesian classification. This study investigates reorganizing the knowledge with the aid of an unsupervised Bayesian classification system, AutoClass. AutoClass discovers interesting taxonomies from databases. These taxonomies can also be represented as new attributes via constructive induction. The robust inductive learning system, AQ15c, can then learn useful concept relationships between knowledge objects. AqBC applied to two different sample problems yields not only simple but also meaningful knowledge due to the systems that implement its parent approaches.
Interactive Image Annotation with Visual Feedback

A semi-automatic process, which support users in the task of annotating large image data sets, has been proposed recently. Images are clustered automatically according to similarity and are presented to the user as a sorted set. During the annotation process, partial annotations are used for further improvement of the clustering. This interactive annotation process has three important properties: First, the user is actively supported in the annotation process. Second, the basis for the clustering is visualized, thereby allowing users to understand what the underlying image features are capable of representing and distinguishing. Third, as the clustering is interactively improved certain categories may turn out to be ineffectual. We will discuss how an interactive annotation system may help to bridge the semantic gap by enhancing the users’ understanding of the underlying functionality and how the user and the learning system interact. 1 Interactive Image Annotation A semi-supervised learning approach for interactive image annotation has recently been presented by the authors in [1]. The semi-automatic user interface for the efficient annotation of image data sets clusters images according to similarity using different image features. Image annotation cannot be automated for the task of creating ground truth data for computer vision systems since correctness is crucial. Therefore the interaction between user and system is of tremendous importance. The interactive annotation process is displayed in Figure 1. Image data is initially clustered according to similarity using different image features in a Bagof-Features (BoF) approach. The clustered data is then presented to the user in an optimized user interface (UI) which facilitates the annotation of these images with custom categories. As the user annotates the images, partial annotations are used to learn a better clustering in a semi-supervised process. Identical and different annotations are interpreted as must-link and cannot-link constraints respectively. This allows the calculation of a weight vector wc for the BoF-feature vectors of category c ∈ C. The category specific vector wc is calculated to reduce the distances between images of the same category and to increase distances between images of category c and those of category g with g ∈ C ∧ g 6= c. Images which have not yet been annotated are assigned the weight vector of the 2 Moehrmann and Heidemann
A self-transcribing speech corpus: collecting continuous speech with an online educational game

We describe a novel approach to collecting orthographically transcribed continuous speech data through the use of an online educational game called Voice Scatter, in which players study flashcards by using speech to match terms with their definitions. We analyze a corpus of 30,938 utterances, totaling 27.63 hours of speech, collected during the first 22 days that Voice Scatter was publicly available. Though each individual game covers only a small vocabulary, in aggregate speech recognition hypotheses in the corpus contain 21,758 distinct words. We show that Amazon Mechanical Turk can be used to orthographically transcribe utterances in the corpus quickly and cheaply, with near-expert accuracy. Moreover, we present a filtering technique that automatically identifies a sub-corpus of 39% of the data for which recognition hypotheses can be considered human-quality transcripts. We demonstrate the usefulness of such self-transcribed data for acoustic model adaptation.
Simulated regulator to synthesize ZMP manipulation and foot location for autonomous control of biped robots

An autonomous biped controller synthesizing the ZMP manipulation and the foot location is proposed; each of them has a strongly nonlinear property, so that they had been hard to be synthesized without referential trajectories given as functions of time. The former is equivalent to the partial indirect manipulation of the reaction force through the contact points with the environment to control the center of mass (COM) under the current supporting state. The latter means discontinuous relocation of grounding feet in order to deform the supporting region to include the desired but unachievable ZMP in the future. They run on an identical control system without any confliction, since they originate from the same simulated regulator in the sense that the feasible region of ZMP is not bounded. It is also shown that a cyclic walk is automatically generated without giving a walking period explicitly by coupling the support-state transition and the goal-state transition in a simulation.
Concomitant use of a high-energy pulsed CO2 laser and a long-pulsed (810 nm) diode laser for squamous cell carcinoma in situ.

Patient 1 is a 70-year-old woman that presented with a biopsy-proven lesion of Bowen’s disease [squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ] on the left arm. She was 17 years status postrenal transplantation for which she was taking imuran and prednisone. She recently had a lentigo maligna excised from her cheek. Physical examination revealed a 3 cm 3 cm mildly hyperkeratotic pink/red plaque on the left dorsal arm. Multiple fine black hairs were noted on her arm, including those within the lesion. Patient 2 is a 78-year-old man that presented with a biopsy-proven lesion of Bowen’s disease on the left arm. His past medical history was significant for multiple facial basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Physical examination revealed a 3.5 cm 4 cm red plaque on the volar surface of the left forearm against a background of dark brown hairs. Patient 3 is a 71-year-old man that presented with a biopsy-proven lesion of Bowen’s disease on the midchest. His past medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a 2.5 cm 2.5 cm inflamed red plaque on the midchest with multiple, predominantly black hairs emanating from it and the surrounding skin (Figure 1). Each patient was considered for Mohs micrographic surgery versus wide local excision of the Bowen’s disease. Due to a lesion size and a lesion location at risk for hosting a hypertrophic scar (patient 3), a less invasive modality—CO 2 laser resurfacing—was discussed. Each lesion occurred in a hair-bearing region, however, which raised concerns regarding treatment efficacy because of the possibility of follicular epithelial extension of Bowen’s disease too deep for the CO 2 laser to destroy. Therapeutic Challenge
Synthetic peptide GRGDS induces dissociation of alpha-actinin and vinculin from the sites of focal contacts

The synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) mimics the cellular binding site of many adhesive proteins in the extracellular matrix and causes rounding and detachment of spread cells. We have studied whether its binding affects the associations of two major components, alpha- actinin and vinculin, at the adhesion plaque. Living 3T3 cells were microinjected with fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin and/or vinculin and observed using video microscopy before and after the addition of 50 micrograms/ml GRGDS. As soon as 5 min after treatment, fluorescent alpha-actinin and vinculin became dissociated simultaneously from the sites of many focal contacts. The proteins either moved away as discrete structures or dispersed from adhesion plaques. As a result, the enrichment of alpha-actinin and vinculin at these focal contacts was no longer detected. The focal contacts then faded away slowly without showing detectable movement. These data suggest that the binding state of integrin has a transmembrane effect on the distribution of cytoskeletal components. The dissociation of alpha- actinin and vinculin from adhesion plaques may in turn weaken the contacts and result in rounding and detachment of cells.
3 Block diagrams and operators : Two new representations

The preceding chapters explained the verbal-description and difference-equation representations. This chapter continues the theme of multiple representations by introducing two new representations: block diagrams and operators. New representations are valuable because they suggest new thoughts and often provide new insight; an expert engineer values her representations the way an expert carpenter values her tools. This chapter first introduces block diagrams, discusses the whole-signal abstraction and the general value of abstraction, then introduces the operator representation.
The association between insulin levels and cortical bone: Findings from a cross-sectional analysis of pQCT parameters in adolescents

Recent studies suggest that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of fracture, possibly because hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for low bone mineral density, which may in turn be a consequence of a lipotoxic effect of visceral and/or intramuscular fat on bone. In the current study, we investigated whether insulin plays a role in cortical bone development by performing a cross‐sectional study based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), where we examined associations between fasting insulin levels and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) parameters as assessed at the mid‐tibia in 2784 boys and girls with a mean age 15.5 years. In particular, we wished to examine whether associations that we observed were independent of body composition, including intramuscular fat. We found that insulin was inversely related to cortical bone mineral density (BMDC) after adjustment for age and after further adjustment for height, muscle cross‐sectional area (MCSA), subcutaneous fat (SAT), and muscle density (MD), which is inversely related to intramuscular fat (−0.018, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.030, −0.006, p < 0.0001). Insulin was positively related to periosteal circumference (PC) after adjusting for age (0.015, 95% CI 0.003, 0.027, p = 0.015; beta = change per 50% increase in insulin), but this changed to an inverse association after additional adjustment for height and body composition (−0.013, 95% CI −0.022, −0.003, p = 0.008). Path analyses revealed inverse associations between insulin and PC via a direct pathway (−0.012, 95% CI −0.022, −0.003, p = 0.01) and via MD (−0.002, 95% CI −0.004, −0.001, p = 0.0004), and positive associations between insulin and PC via SAT (0.013, 95% CI 0.009, 0.016, p < 0.0001) and MCSA (0.015, 95% CI 0.010, 0.020, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, we found an inverse relationship between insulin and PC via intramuscular fat, suggesting a lipotoxic effect on bone. However, an inverse association between insulin and both PC and BMDC persisted after adjusting for all body composition variables, suggesting insulin also acts to inhibit bone development via additional pathways yet to be elucidated. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
A prolog space benchmark suite: a new tool to compare prolog implementations

s u i t e s compare o n l y t h e t i m e b e h a v i o r of t h e systems. The main reason f o r t h i s phenomenon c o n s i s t s i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t i m e spent d u r i n g a r u n o f a program can be e x t e r n a l l y measured w h i l e t h e space t h e program e) : e c u t i o n t o o k i n t e r n a l l y cannot be observed from o u t s i d e. In o t h e r words: space benchmark s u i t e s a r e h a r d e r t o c o n s t r u c t t h a n t i m e benchmark s u i t e s. normal u s e r s cannot i n t e r p r e t t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d by t h e r e s p e c t i v e o p t i o n. The l a c k o f space benchmark programs i s a d i s a d v a n t a g e s i n c e f o r P r o l o g a p p l i c a t i o n s space i s o f t e n a more c r i t i c a l s i z e t h a n t i m e such t h a t t h e assessment of t h e space q u a l i t y o f a P r o l o g system i s a v i r t u a l i n t e r e s t o f u s e r s. I n t h i s p a p e r , we f o …
Crystal Structure of a Mammalian Voltage-Dependent Shaker Family K+ Channel

Voltage-dependent potassium ion (K+) channels (Kv channels) conduct K+ ions across the cell membrane in response to changes in the membrane voltage, thereby regulating neuronal excitability by modulating the shape and frequency of action potentials. Here we report the crystal structure, at a resolution of 2.9 angstroms, of a mammalian Kv channel, Kv1.2, which is a member of the Shaker K+ channel family. This structure is in complex with an oxido-reductase β subunit of the kind that can regulate mammalian Kv channels in their native cell environment. The activation gate of the pore is open. Large side portals communicate between the pore and the cytoplasm. Electrostatic properties of the side portals and positions of the T1 domain and β subunit are consistent with electrophysiological studies of inactivation gating and with the possibility of K+ channel regulation by the β subunit.
The Littlewood-Offord Problem for Markov Chains

The celebrated Littlewood-Offord problem asks for an upper bound on the probability that the random variable $\epsilon_1 v_1 + \cdots + \epsilon_n v_n$ lies in the Euclidean unit ball, where $\epsilon_1, \ldots, \epsilon_n \in \{-1, 1\}$ are independent Rademacher random variables and $v_1, \ldots, v_n \in \mathbb{R}^d$ are fixed vectors of at least unit length.We extend many known results to the case that the $\epsilon_i$ are obtained from a Markov chain, including the general bounds first shown by Erdős in the scalar case and Kleitman in the vector case, and also under the restriction that the $v_i$ are distinct integers due to Sarkozy and Szemeredi. In all extensions, the upper bound includes an extra factor depending on the spectral gap. We also construct a pseudorandom generator for the Littlewood-Offord problem using similar techniques.
C. elegans ZAG-1, a Zn-finger-homeodomain protein, regulates axonal development and neuronal differentiation

Neurons acquire distinct cell identities and implement differential gene programs to generate their appropriate neuronal attributes. On the basis of position, axonal structure and synaptic connectivity, the 302 neurons of the nematode Ceanorhabditis elegans are divided into 118 classes. The development and differentiation of many neurons require the gene zag-1, which encodes a δEF1/ZFH-1 Zn-finger-homeodomain protein. zag-1 mutations cause misexpression of neuron-specific genes, block formation of stereotypic axon branches, perturb neuronal migrations, and induce various axon-guidance, fasciculation and branching errors. A zag-1-GFP translational reporter is expressed transiently in most or all neurons during embryogenesis and in select neurons during the first larval stage. Analysis of the zag-1 promoter reveals that zag-1 is expressed in neurons and specific muscles, and that ZAG-1 directly represses its own expression. zag-1 activity also downregulates expression of genes involved in either the synthesis or reuptake of serotonin, dopamine and GABA. We propose that ZAG-1 acts as a transcriptional repressor to regulate multiple, discrete, neuron-specific aspects of terminal differentiation, including cell migration, axonal development and gene expression.
The Relationship between Timing of Development and Bus Rapid Transit

The city of Curitiba in southern Brazil is considered to be the cradle of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. Curitiba has a population of around 1.9 million people and has a higher development index than Brazil in general. A master plan approved in the middle of the 1960's has guided the development of the city in a Transit Oriented Development (TOD) direction by zoning for high development densities close to the five BRT trunk lines in so-called structural development in Curitiba. The objective was to examine if the BRT system could have been a motivator for property development, and if so, to what extend. This paper presents a perspective to examine property development: Timing of Development, as the relationship between the number of years after construction of BRT lines buildings were constructed, and the distances of these buildings from the BRT lines. Results from the entire BRT system showed that a greater "time lag" of property development following BRT development also meant that the property in question was located further away from a BRT line, suggesting that areas close to the BRT were popular.
Dietary patterns and frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT Assessing the relationship between single nutrients and frailty fails to take into consideration the interactions between nutrients. An increasing number of investigations in recent years have evaluated the association between dietary patterns and frailty. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the association between dietary patterns and frailty. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for epidemiological studies published up to April 2018 that assessed the association between dietary patterns and frailty. STUDY SELECTION Cohort or cross-sectional studies that examined dietary patterns via an a priori or an a posteriori method in relation to risk of frailty without considering any specific age range were included. Studies were excluded if they examined single nutrients, single foods, or single food groups. DATA EXTRACTION Pooled effect sizes of eligible studies and their corresponding 95%CIs were estimated using random-effects models. When publication bias was present, trim and fill analysis was conducted to adjust the pooled effect. RESULTS A total of 13 studies with 15 effect sizes were identified. Results from 9 cohort and cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analysis. Higher adherence to a healthy dietary pattern was associated with lower odds of frailty (odds ratio = 0.69; 95%CI, 0.57-0.84; P < 0.0001; I2 =92.1%; P for heterogeneity < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that a diet high in fruit, vegetables, and whole grains may be associated with reduced risk of frailty. Nevertheless, additional longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the association of dietary patterns with frailty.