Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WikiWarsDE : A German Corpus of Narratives Annotated with Temporal Expressions

Temporal information plays an important role in many natural language processing and understanding tasks. Therefore, the extraction and normalization of temporal expressions from documents are crucial preprocessing steps in these research areas, and several temporal taggers have been developed in the past. The quality of such temporal taggers is usually evaluated using annotated corpora as gold standards. However, existing annotated corpora only contain documents of the news domain, i.e., short documents with only few temporal expressions. A remarkable exception is the recently published corpus WikiWars, which is the first temporal annotated English corpus containing long narratives that are rich in temporal expressions. Following this example, in this paper, we describe the development and the characteristics of WikiWarsDE, a new temporal annotated corpus for German. Additionally, we present evaluation results of our temporal tagger HeidelTime on WikiWarsDE and compare them with results achieved on other corpora. Both, WikiWarsDE as well as our temporal tagger HeidelTime are publicly available.
Directed Security Policies: A Stateful Network Implementation

Large systems are commonly internetworked. A security policy describes the communication relationship between the networked entities. The security policy defines rules, for example that A can connect to B, which results in a directed graph. However, this policy is often implemented in the network, for example by firewalls, such that A can establish a connection to B and all packets belonging to established connections are allowed. This stateful implementation is usually required for the network's functionality, but it introduces the backflow from B to A, which might contradict the security policy. We derive compliance criteria for a policy and its stateful implementation. In particular, we provide a criterion to verify the lack of side effects in linear time. Algorithms to automatically construct a stateful implementation of security policy rules are presented, which narrows the gap between formalization and real-world implementation. The solution scales to large networks, which is confirmed by a large real-world case study. Its correctness is guaranteed by the Isabelle/HOL theorem prover.
Overview and outlook on Energy-Aware Adaptive Routing Solutions in IP-over-WDM networks

Today’s core networks are permanently powered on and consume non-negligible amounts of energy. Traffic varies over time giving opportunities to switch off or put into standby mode a subset of network devices in order to save energy in low-demand hours. We take a broad view on energy saving in Internet Protocol (IP)-over-Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks looking at (1) potential savings, (2) savings considering limited computation time of network configuration as well as reconfiguration costs, and (3) implementability issues (including verification of the proposed solutions on an IP-overGigabit Ethernet (GbE) testbed). Particular care is taken for choosing input parameters for our studies. Eventually, we outline the open issues that are currently under investigation.
Similarity clustering for data fusion in Wireless Sensor Networks using k-means

Wireless Sensor Networks consist of a powerful technology for monitoring the physical world. Particularly, in-network data fusion techniques are very important to applications such as target classification and tracking to reduce the communication burden in these constrained networks. However, the efficiency of the solution can be affected by the data correlation among several sensor nodes. Thus, the application of value fusion (for clusters of nodes with correlated measurements) and decision fusion (combining the local decisions of the clusters) is a common strategy. In this work, we propose an algorithm for properly selecting the groups of nodes with correlated measurements. Experiments show that our algorithm is 30% better than a solution that considers only the spatial coherence regions.
How accurately does wrist actigraphy identify the states of sleep and wakefulness?

STUDY OBJECTIVES Because sleep and wakefulness differ from each other by the amount of body movement, it has been claimed that the two states can be accurately distinguished by wrist actigraphy. Our objective was to test this claim in lengthy polysomnographic (psg) and actigraphic (acf) samples that included night and day components. DESIGN Fourteen healthy young (21-35 years) and old (70-72 years) men and women lived in a laboratory without temporal cues for 7 days. Each subject continuously wore sleep-recording electrodes as well as 2 wrist-movement recorders. Act measurements were converted to predictions of sleep and wakefulness by simple-threshold and multiple-regression methods. Psg served as the gold standard for calculation of predictive values (PV, the probability that an act prediction is correct by psg criteria). SETTING N/A. PARTICIPANTS N/A. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The 7-day act recordings showed clear circadian cycles of high and low activity that respectively corresponded to subjective days, when subjects were wakeful, and subjective nights when they slept. Lower act levels corresponded to deeper states of psg sleep. Logistic regression on a 20-minute moving average of act gave the highest overall PV's. Nevertheless, the mean PV for sleep (PVS) was only 62.2% in complete, day + night samples. PVS was 86.6% in night samples. Act successfully predicted wakefulness during subjective nights (PVW = 89.6) and accurately measured circadian period length and the extent of sleep-wake consolidation, but it overestimated sleep rate and sleep efficiency. Act systematically decreased before sleep onset and increased before awakening, but reliable transitions among joint psg/act states (the Markov-1 property) were not demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Low PV's and overestimation of sleep currently disqualify actigraphy as an accurate sleep-wake indicator. Actigraphy may, however, by useful for measuring circadian period and sleep-wake consolidation and has face validity as a measure of rest/activity.
Inter-Swarm Content Distribution Among Private BitTorrent Networks

Private BitTorrent (PT) is a new trend in Peer-to-Peer file sharing system, which provides high incentives for its users to seed after download by maintaining an upload-to-download ratio in the tracker for each registered community member. From the data we collected from six active PT sites, we discover that the population of both users and contents in any single PT site is much less than the public BitTorrent, and the intersection of content sets in different PTs is quite small. Based on this observation, we propose a content sharing/distribution framework among PTs (named CrossPT), as well as its sharing mechanism. In addition, we investigate the sharing strategy of the PT participants in CrossPT using game theory and the fetch strategy by modeling the scenario to a Neighbor Selection Problem (NSP). We prove NSP to be NP-complete and propose a heuristic algorithm to solve it. The evaluations with the input of crawled data from six PT sites demonstrate the efficiency of our mechanism. The content sizes of the six PT sites can be increased by 113.95%-438.46% with CrossPT. Also, the content distribution process can be done in less than one second, excluding the delivery time of the content itself.
Speaking in harmony : an exploration of the potential for rhythm and song to support speech production in four young adults with Down Syndrome

Engagement in music and singing may be a valuable tool to support or develop speech skills in people with DS, as it is for TD populations. However, to the author's knowledge, no study has yet examined in detail the musical abilities of people with DS, or whether the conditions that support the transfer of learning from the musical domain to the speech domain (Patel, 2011; 2014) may be met. This study explores the potential value of musical learning to support speech perception and production in the population. A set of case studies with multiple measures were used to assess the cognitive, speech, vocal and musical abilities of four young adults with DS and SLD, who participated in four sessions of a sixweek programme of song-based musical activities. Their progress in learning new songs was tracked during this time. Participants had physiological, cognitive and perceptual difficulties that were common to speech and musical domains. These included a low digit span and attentional difficulties, dysfluency, and evidence of dysphonia and diplophonia in speech and song. However, their voice quality, in particular, varied according to task demands. Individuals made progress in mastering new songs and in imitating pitch and interval-matching tasks. They were able to transfer learning from songs to the spoken domain. Differences in the performance of individuals in both domains could be primarily attributed to previous learning, hearing status, and to task effects. Aspects of music-based learning appeared to support the perception and production of speech in the four participants. The study concluded that music activities might be an appropriate means of supporting aspects of speech development in people with DS. A programme of musical activities is recommended that could support the perceptual and productive speech difficulties that are common to the wider DS population.
The effect of the site of laser zona opening on the complete hatching of mouse blastocysts and their cell numbers

Objective We studied the effect of the site of laser zona opening on the complete hatching of mouse blastocysts and the cell numbers of the completely hatched blastocysts. Methods Mouse blastocysts were randomly allocated to the inner cell mass (ICM) group (zona opening performed at the site of the ICM, n=125), the trophectoderm (TE) group (zona opening performed opposite to the ICM, n=125) and the control group (no zona opening, n=125). Results The rate of complete hatching of the blastocysts was not significantly different in the ICM and the TE group (84.8% vs 80.8%, respectively; p=0.402), but was significantly lower in the control group (51.2%, p<0.001). The cell numbers in the completely hatched blastocysts were comparable in the control group, the ICM group, and the TE group (69±19.3, 74±15.7, and 71±16.8, respectively; p=0.680). Conclusion These findings indicate that the site of laser zona opening did not influence the rate of complete hatching of mouse blastocysts or their cell numbers.
Working Paper No . 355 Lessons from the Evaluation of Labor Market Policies

In this paper, I discuss results from the evaluation of labour market programmes in Sweden and Colombia. The former is used as an illustration of a comprehensive approach to providing services for the unemployed including job search assistance, training and subsidized job placement that has inspired the use of such interventions worldwide. Training seems to have no positive effect on employment or wages and job placement has only modest positive effects over and above the simple job search assistance. However, the Colombian programmes seem to hold some promise that well targeted training programmes combined with job placement can improve outcomes for a population that is considered trainable in the context of a middle income country with a large skill deficit. This leaves the question open of what can be done for those too unskilled even to be trained effectively as adults. We have no direct answer to this. However, we show that workfare holds some promise both in terms of being able to target the poorest and in terms of improving their standard of living with effects that are possibly sustainable beyond the participation in the programme.
Reducing Complexity of FIR Filters using Narrowband Filters

Reducing complexity of FIR filters using narrowband filters presents a practically efficient Narrowband FIR Filter designed by using Frequency Response Masking Technique & the Interpolated FIR technique. The Proposed method cascades the interpolated filter with masking filter. By giving the filter design coefficients (filter characteristics) we can determine the filters interpolated magnitude coefficients. & then this is given to Narrowband Filter will get the impulse response with less number of taps. At the last step we can remove the unwanted part by using the masking filter. LabVIEW software is used to implement the reduced complexity FIR filter using narrowband filter. It was shown that the resulting filter is practically efficient and also the errors in human Audiogram are minimized. General Terms Sampling Frequency, Ripple Factor, Attenuation, Pass-band, Stop-band.
A Wiener Filter Approach to Microphone Leakage Reduction in Close-Microphone Applications

Microphone leakage is one of the most prevalent problems in audio applications involving multiple instruments and multiple microphones. Currently, sound engineers have limited solutions available to them. In this paper, the applicability of two widely used signal enhancement methods to this problem is discussed, namely blind source separation and noise suppression. By extending previous work, it is shown that the noise suppression framework is a valid choice and can effectively address the problem of microphone leakage. Here, an extended form of the single channel Wiener filter is used which takes into account the individual audio sources to derive a multichannel noise term. A novel power spectral density (PSD) estimation method is also proposed based on the identification of dominant frequency bins by examining the microphone and output signal PSDs. The performance of the method is examined for simulated environments with various source-microphone setups and it is shown that the proposed approach efficiently suppresses leakage.
Computing, Cognition and Information Compression

This article develops the idea that the storage and processing of information in computers and in brains may often be understood as information compression.The article first reviews what is meant by information and, in particular, what is meant by redundancy, a concept which is fundamental in all methods for information compression.Principles of information compression are described.The major part of the article describes how these principles may be seen in a range of observations and ideas in computing and cognition: the phenomena of adaptation and inhibition in nervous systems; 'neural' computing; the creation and recognition of 'objects' and 'classes' in perception and cognition; stereoscopic vision and random-dot stereograms; the organisation of natural languages; the organisation of grammars; the organisation of functional, structured, logic and object-oriented computer programs; the application and de-referencing of identifiers in computing; retrieval of information from databases; access and retrieval of information from computer memory; logical deduction and resolution theorem proving; inductive reasoning and probabilistic inference; parsing; normalisation of databases.
Volitional Control of Autonomic Arousal: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Study

Electrodermal activity reflects autonomic sympathetic innervation of dermal sweat glands providing an index of emotion-related bodily states of arousal. Relaxation techniques, which are facilitated by external (bio)feedback of electrodermal activity, can be used by trained subjects to actively control bodily and emotional arousal. Biofeedback relaxation provides an experimental model to explore neural mechanisms contributing to emotional representations and intentional autonomic control. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore neural mechanisms contributing to integration of volitional intent, self-representation, and autonomic states of arousal, embodied within performance of a biofeedback relaxation exercise. Data were obtained from 17 subjects to assess brain activity during relaxation in which a visual index of electrodermal arousal was modulated by accuracy (addition of random "noise") or sensitivity (by scalar adjustments of feedback). A central matrix of cortical, subcortical and brainstem autonomic centres was activated during biofeedback relaxation, as well as regions that mediate visual and somatesthetic representations and executive control. Anterior cingulate, amygdala, and insula activity was modulated by task manipulations that increased demand on processing interoceptive representations, while variation in anterior insula activity reflected an interaction between accuracy and sensitivity of feedback. These findings identify neural substrates that support integration of perceptual processing, interoception, and intentional modulation of bodily states of arousal.
Numerical solution of buoyancy-driven flow problems

Numerical solution of buoyancy-driven flow problems in two spatial dimensions is presented. A high-order spectral method is applied for the spatial discretization, while the temporal discretization is done by operator splitting methods. By solving the convection-diffusion equation, which governs the temperature distribution, a thorough description of both the spatial and the temporal discretization methods is given. A fast direct solver for the arising system of algebraic equations is presented, and the expected convergence rates of both the spatial and the temporal discretizations are verified. As a step towards the Navier--Stokes equations, a solution of the Stokes problem is given, where a splitting scheme technique is introduced. An extension of this framework is used to solve the incompressible Navier--Stokes equations, which govern the fluid flow. By solving the Navier-Stokes equations and the convection-diffusion equation as a coupled system, two different buoyancy-driven flow problems in two-dimensional enclosures are studied numerically. In the first problem, emphasis is put on the arising fluid flow and the corresponding thermal distribution, while the second problem mainly consists of determining critical parameters for the onset of convection rolls.
News-Based Group Modeling and Forecasting

In this paper, we study news group modeling and forecasting methods using quantitative data generated by our large-scale natural language processing (NLP) text analysis system. A news group is a set of news entities, like top U.S. cities, governors, senators, golfers, or movie actors. Our fame distribution analysis of news groups shows that log-normal and power-law distributions generally could describe news groups in many aspects. We use several real news groups including cities, politicians, and CS professors, to evaluate our news group models in terms of time series data distribution analysis, group-fame probability analysis, and fame-changing analysis over long time. We also build a practical news generation model using a HMM (Hidden Markov Model) based approach. Most importantly, our analysis shows the future entity fame distribution has a power-law tail. That is, only a small number of news entities in a group could become famous in the future. Based on these analysis we are able to answer some interesting forecasting problems - for example, what is the future average fame (or maximum fame) of a specific news group? And what is the probability that some news entity become very famous within a certain future time range? We also give concrete examples to illustrate our forecasting approaches.
Alignment of Configuration and Documentation for Highly Engineered Complex Product Configuration Systems: A Demonstration from a Case Study

Adequate documentation is critical for successful implementation, maintenance and further developments of product configuration system (PCS) specially in companies making complex and highly engineered products. This article is based on experience of modelling and utilizing a PCS from an Engineer-To-Order (ETO), where the main focus is on the challenges concerned with the documentation of the PCS, both in the development and production phase. Aligning the development of the PCS with an automatic documentation system creates value. Using the suggested method for documentation facilitates the following activities: (1) iterative testing of the system during the development, (2) communication with domain experts, (3) documentation and maintenance, and finally (4) updates without spending a lot of time and resources. This article is supplemented with a case study from an ETO company where the method for the automatic documentation was developed and tested.
Bipartite ,-Colorable and-Colored Graphs

A labeled graph  is bipartite if its vertex set  can be partitioned into two disjoint subsets  and ,  = ∪, such that every edge of  is of the form ( ), where  ∈  and  ∈ . Let  be a positive integer and  = {1 2     }. A labeled graph  is colorable if there exists a function  →  with the property that adjacent vertices must be colored differently. Clearly  is bipartite if and only if  is 2-colorable. Define  to be the number of -colorable graphs with  vertices. We have 1 = 1 for  ≥ 1 since a 1-colorable graph  cannot possess any edges. We also have 1 = 1 for  ≥ 1, 2 = 2 for  ≥ 2, 32 = 7 by Figure 1, 33 = 8, 42 = 41 by Figure 2, and 43 = 63. More generally, −1 = 2(−1)2− 1 since the total number of labeled graphs with  vertices is 2(−1)2 and, of these, only the complete graph cannot be (− 1)-colored. Does there exist a formula for ? The answer is yes if  = 2, but evidently no for  ≥ 3. We’ll examine this issue momentarily, but first define a related notion. A -colored graph is a labeled -colorable graph together with its coloring function. Let  be the number of -colored graphs with  vertices. The point is that a -colorable graph counts several times as a -colored graph. Clearly 1 = 1, 1 = , 22 = 6 by Figure 3, 23 = 15 by Figure 4, and 32 = 26 by Figure 5. When  = 2, the following formulas can be proved [1, 2, 3]:
Research in Anti-Spam Method Based on Bayesian Filtering

The study on content-based spam filtering is one of the important topics in the Internet security research area. And Bayesian classification method has expressed better performance on anti-spam. An improved new method that classifies spam filtering based on Bayesian filtering is proposed in this paper. The experiment results show that the new method has improved spam recall and spam precision.
Communicating One Bit over a Delay Constrained Gaussian MIMO Channel with Feedback

The energy-optimal scheme is found for communicating one bit over a memoryless Gaussian channel with an ideal feedback channel. It is assumed that the channel is allowed to be used at most N times before decoding. The optimal coding/decoding strategy is derived by dynamic programming. It is found that feedback gives a significant performance gain and that the optimal strategies are discontinuous. It is also shown that most of the performance increase can be obtained even with a one-bit feedback channel. The optimal scheme is compared with the strategy by Kailath-Schalkwijk and is found to be significantly more effective. For the case of a diagonal MIMO channel where measurement noise variances are equal along the sub channels we also show that the problem can be reduced to the previous case of transmitting one bit over a scalar feedback channel.