Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Ingenious Structure of Central Rotor Apparatus in VoV1; Key for Both Complex Disassembly and Energy Coupling between V1 and Vo

Vacuolar type rotary H+-ATPases (VoV1) couple ATP synthesis/hydrolysis by V1 with proton translocation by Vo via rotation of a central rotor apparatus composed of the V1-DF rotor shaft, a socket-like Vo-C (eukaryotic Vo-d) and the hydrophobic rotor ring. Reconstitution experiments using subcomplexes revealed a weak binding affinity of V1-DF to Vo-C despite the fact that torque needs to be transmitted between V1-DF and Vo-C for the tight energy coupling between V1 and Vo. Mutation of a short helix at the tip of V1-DF caused intramolecular uncoupling of VoV1, suggesting that proper fitting of the short helix of V1-D into the socket of Vo-C is required for tight energy coupling between V1 and Vo. To account for the apparently contradictory properties of the interaction between V1-DF and Vo-C (weak binding affinity but strict requirement for torque transmission), we propose a model in which the relationship between V1-DF and Vo-C corresponds to that between a slotted screwdriver and a head of slotted screw. This model is consistent with our previous result in which the central rotor apparatus is not the major factor for the association of V1 with Vo (Kishikawa and Yokoyama, J Biol Chem. 2012 24597-24603).
Minimizing the semantic gap in biomedical content-based image retrieval

A major challenge in biomedical Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is to achieve meaningful mappings that minimize the semantic gap between the high-level biomedical semantic concepts and the low-level visual features in images. This paper presents a comprehensive learning-based scheme toward meeting this challenge and improving retrieval quality. The article presents two algorithms: a learning-based feature selection and fusion algorithm and the Ranking Support Vector Machine (Ranking SVM) algorithm. The feature selection algorithm aims to select 'good' features and fuse them using different similarity measurements to provide a better representation of the high-level concepts with the low-level image features. Ranking SVM is applied to learn the retrieval rank function and associate the selected low-level features with query concepts, given the ground-truth ranking of the training samples. The proposed scheme addresses four major issues in CBIR to improve the retrieval accuracy: image feature extraction, selection and fusion, similarity measurements, the association of the low-level features with high-level concepts, and the generation of the rank function to support high-level semantic image retrieval. It models the relationship between semantic concepts and image features, and enables retrieval at the semantic level. We apply it to the problem of vertebra shape retrieval from a digitized spine x-ray image set collected by the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). The experimental results show an improvement of up to 41.92% in the mean average precision (MAP) over conventional image similarity computation methods.
Education Research Employing Operational Definitions Can Enhance the Teaching Art

The operational definition of terms such as inquiry, discovery, and direct instruction is required if research findings are to be meaningfully conveyed to the education community and the general public. For example, Klahr & Nigam (2004) demonstrated the superiority of what they defined as direct instruction over what they defined as discovery learning. But their research was widely misinterpreted as showing that direct instruction in all its various forms was superior to discovery learning in all its various forms. Then Kirschner, Sweller, & Clark (2006) added to the confusion by incorrectly: (a) identifying constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry- based teaching methods as all "minimally guided"; and (b) proclaiming them all to be failures.
Monitoring Large-Scale Cloud Systems with Layered Gossip Protocols

Monitoring is an essential aspect of maintaining and developing computer systems that increases in difficulty proportional to the size of the system. The need for robust monitoring tools has become more evident with the advent of cloud computing. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds allow end users to deploy vast numbers of virtual machines as part of dynamic and transient architectures. Current monitoring solutions, including many of those in the open-source domain rely on outdated concepts including manual deployment and configuration, centralised data collection and adapt poorly to membership churn. In this paper we propose the development of a cloud monitoring suite to provide scalable and robust lookup, data collection and analysis services for large-scale cloud systems. In lieu of centrally managed monitoring we propose a multi-tier architecture using a layered gossip protocol to aggregate monitoring information and facilitate lookup, information collection and the identification of redundant capacity. This allows for a resource aware data collection and storage architecture that operates over the system being monitored. This in turn enables monitoring to be done in-situ without the need for significant additional infrastructure to facilitate monitoring services. We evaluate this approach against alternative monitoring paradigms and demonstrate how our solution is well adapted to usage in a cloud-computing context.
THE CARRIAGE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY BY SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT

Lymphocytes were obtained from the thoracic duct of rats 1½ to 15 months after primary immunization with a single dose of bacteriophage φX 174. An intravenous injection of these lymphocytes conferred on heavily X-irradiated rats the ability to form antibody in a secondary-type manner after a first injection of φX. Negligible responses were obtained after cell transfer if the recipients were not challenged with antigen. Thoracic duct cells from some immunized donors were incubated in vitro for 24 hr before transfer in order to destroy selectively the large, dividing lymphocytes. The responsiveness conferred on X-irradiated recipients by such "incubated" inocula was then compared with that given by equal numbers of "fresh" thoracic duct cells. In all such comparisons the recipients of the "incubated" cells gave higher and more rapid antibody responses. It was concluded that the cells in thoracic duct lymph which carried immunological memory were small lymphocytes.
Structuring Knowledge In Vague Domains

We propose a model for structuring knowledge in vague and continuous domains where similarity plays a role in coming up with plausible inferences. The model consists of two levels, one of which is an inference network with nodes representing concepts and links representing roles connecting concepts, and the other is a microfeature-based replica of the first level. Based on the interaction between the concept nodes and microfeature nodes in the model, inferences are facilitated and knowledge not explicitly encoded in a system can be deduced via mixed similarity matching and rule application. The model is able to take account of many important desiderata of plausible reasoning and produces sensible conclusions accordingly. Examples are presented to illustrate the utility of the model in structuring knowledge to enable useful inferences to be carried out in several domains. >
Maslow and Relatedness: Creating an Interpersonal Model of Self-Actualization

Abraham Maslow proposed what has become an almost definitive model of self-actualization with his theory of a hierarchy of needs. It is based heavily on Western and individualistic ideals of personal growth that de-emphasize the importance of relatedness in selfactualization. Critiques of this Western notion of relatedness have come from feminist thinkers, existential philosophers, environmentalists, and more. In light of these critiques it seems prudent to rethink Maslow’s hierarchy and his implicit assumptions about the health of autonomous living. Maslow is not dismissive of relatedness. His emphasis on relationships as vehicles for personal growth, however, is limited mostly to his discussion of peak experiences and those already highly self-actualized. The authors suggest here a modification to Maslow’s hierarchy that more fully considers positive views of relatedness. This new interpersonal model of self-actualization emphasizes the importance of relatedness as the substance of individual growth at all levels of psychological development. Implications of this theory for parenting, family life, community living, and creative expression are also discussed.
Using microRNA as an Alternative Treatment for Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease: Cardio-miRs in the Pipeline

Abstract: It is now appreciated that over 90% of the human genome is comprised of noncoding RNAs that have the ability to affect other components of the genome and regulate gene expression. This has galvanized the development of RNA-based therapeutics for a myriad of diseases, including cancer, inflammatory conditions, and cardiovascular disease. Several classes of RNA therapeutics are currently under clinical development, including antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, and microRNA mimetics and inhibitors. The field of antisense technology saw a huge leap forward with the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of the first antisense therapy, directed against apolipoprotein B, for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. In addition, recent progress in the development of approaches to inhibit microRNAs has helped to illuminate their roles in repressing gene networks and also revealed their potential as therapeutic targets. In this review, these exciting opportunities in the field of drug discovery, with a focus on emerging therapeutics in the field of cardiovascular disease, are summarized.
A Novel Method to Synthesize Versatile Multiple‐Branched DNA (MB‐DNA) by Reversible Photochemical Ligation

DNA has potential use both as a generic and a genetic material. Branched DNA molecules have various uses in a signal-amplification technology and in several types of nanotechnology, such as DNA computing, DNA nanostructures from selfassembled branched units, DNA sensors, and nanoelectronic devices. The past 10 years have produced remarkable success in the construction of DNA nanoarchitectures. For example, oneand two-dimensional DNA lattices and dendrimerlike DNA have been constructed from a rich set of branched DNA. Various autonomous DNA walker devices, based on DNA cleavage and ligation of branched DNA by using various enzymes, have also been explored theoretically and experimentally. However, most branched DNA has been chemically constructed by standard phosphoramidite chemistry on solid supports by using phosphoroamidites containing a branched structural unit or self-assembled addressed DNA. Such branched DNA has several practical disadvantages, such as the limited symmetry of the branched sequences and the low thermal stability of the DNA architecture due to noncovalent bonds. However, these methods cannot be use to create multiple-branched, single-stranded DNA, although the starburstDNA oligomer has been readily synthesized. There is a need to find a new method to synthesize thermally stable and asymmetrically sequenced branched DNA that can be widely used as a platform for building nanodevices and machines. Herein we report a novel method to construct a multiply branched DNA in which the multiple branches are connected with a longer single strand (base DNA) via 5-carboxyvinyldeoxyuridine (U; Scheme 1). A highly efficient and reversible template-directed DNA photoligation with U contained at the 5’terminal has been reported previously. In this previous method, an oligonucleotide (ODN) containing U at the 5’-end and an ODN containing a pyrimidine ring were irradiated at 366 nm in the presence of a template to produce a linear combination (L-DNA) between the two ODNs with >95% yield.
Overland flow transport of pathogens from agricultural land receiving faecal wastes

Considerable investment has been made in recent years in improvements to the microbiological quality of urban wastewater discharges to surface waters, particularly in coastal towns, with the aim of reducing the exposure of bathers and surfers to gastrointestinal pathogens. As this source of pollution has come under greater control, attention has started to focus on diffuse catchment sources of faecal contamination which have been shown to be dominant during high river flows associated with storm events. This association with storm events suggests that rapidly responding hydrological pathways such as overland flow are likely to be important. The aim of this paper is to establish the current state of knowledge of pathogen transport processes in overland flow. In addition, the paper will attempt to convey the way that soil erosion science may aid our understanding of this environmental problem. The scale and nature of faecal waste applications to land in the UK is briefly reviewed, with data presented on both livestock slurry and manure, and human sewage sludge. Particular emphasis is placed on factors influencing the likelihood of pathogens making their way from infected livestock and humans to the soil surface, and therefore the chances of them being available for transport by overland flow. The literature relating to pathogen transport in overland flow is reviewed. Existing pathogen transport models treat pathogens as particles and link pathogen transport models to pathogen die-off kinetics. Such models do not attempt to describe the interactions that may occur between pathogens and soil and waste particles. Although conceptual models describing the possible states in which pathogen transport may occur have been proposed, an understanding of the factors controlling the partitioning of the microorganisms between the different states is only just beginning to emerge. The apparent poor performance of overland flow mitigation measures such as grass buffer strips in controlling the movement of faecal indicators highlights the need for a better understanding the dynamics of microbial transport so that better management approaches may be developed. Examples of on-going research into overland flow transport processes are briefly described and gaps in knowledge identified.
Design of High Speed Multiplier Using Reversible Logic

In current scenario, the reversible logic design attracting more interest due to its low power consumption. Reversible logic is very important in low-power circuit design. The important reversible gates used for reversible logic synthesis are Feynman Gate, Fredkin gate, toffoli gate etc. This paper present a basic reversible gate to build more complicated circuits which can be implemented in ALU, some sequential circuits as well as in some combinational circuits. It also gives brief idea to build adder circuits using the basic reversible gate like peres gate This paper proposes a novel 4x4 bit reversible fault tolerant multiplier circuit which can multiply two 4-bit numbers. This based on two concepts. The partial products can be generated in parallel using PG gates and thereafter the addition is done by using reversible parallel adder designed from PFAG gates. Thus, this paper provides idea for building of more complex system which can execute more complicated operations using reversible logic.
40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar chronology of Pleistocene glaciations in Patagonia

During the Pleistocene, east of Lago Buenos Aires, Argentina, at 46.5 °S, at least 19 terminal moraines were deposited as piedmont glaciers from the Patagonian ice cap advanced onto the semi-arid high plains adjacent to the southern Andes. Exceptional preservation of these deposits offers a rare opportunity to document ice-cap fluctuations during the last 1.2 m.y. 4 0 Ar/ 3 9 Ar incremental-heating and unspiked K-Ar experiments on four basaltic lava flows interbedded with the moraines provide a chronologic framework for the entire glacial sequence. The 4 0 Ar/ 3 9 Ar isochron ages of three lavas that overlie till 90 km east of the Cordillera at Lago Buenos Aires, and another 120 km from the Andes along Rio Gallegos at 51.8 °S that underlies till, strongly suggest that the ice cap reached its greatest eastward extent ca. 1100 ka. At least six moraines were deposited within the 256 k.y. period bracketed by basaltic eruptions at 1016 ′ 10 ka and 760 ′ 14 ka. Similarly, six younger, more proximal moraines were deposited during an ∼651 k.y. period bracketed by an underlying 760 ′ 14 ka basalt and the 109 ′ 3 ka Cerro Volcan basalt flow that buried all six moraines. Coupled with in situ cosmogenic surface exposure ages of moraine boulders, the 109 ka age of Cerro Volcan implies that moraines deposited during the penultimate local glaciation correspond to marine oxygen isotope stage 6. Further westward toward Lago Buenos Aires, six additional moraines younger than the Cerro Volcan basalt flow occur. Surface exposure dating of boulders on these moraines, combined with the 1 4 C age of overlying varved lacustrine sediment, indicates deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 23-16 ka). Although Antarctic dust records signal an important Patagonian glaciation at 60-40 ka, moraines corresponding to marine oxygen isotope stage 4 are not preserved at Lago Buenos Aires; apparently, these were overrun and obliterated by the younger ice advance at 23 ka. Notwithstanding, the overall pattern of glaciation in Patagonia is one of diminishing eastward extent of ice during successive glacial advances over the past 1 m.y. We hypothesize that tectonically driven uplift of the Patagonian Andes, which began in the Pliocene, yet continued into the Quaternary, in part due to subduction of the Chile rise spreading center during the past 2 m.y. , maximized the ice accumulation area and ice extent by 1.1 Ma. Subsequent deep glacial erosion has reduced the accumulation area, resulting in less extensive glaciers over time.
Dietary fat and colon cancer: modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by types and amount of dietary fat during the postinitiation stage of colon carcinogenesis.

Several epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated a strong relationship between different types of dietary fats and risk of colon cancer. However, the modulating effects of these nutritional factors at the molecular level are not fully elucidated. It has been documented that the modulation of tumorigenesis is associated with changes in the levels of prostaglandins production. To provide an understanding of the mechanism(s) of dietary fat-induced modulation of colon tumor development, we have analyzed the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a critical step in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Male F344 rats were fed the semipurified AIN-76A diet containing low-fat corn oil and were s.c. injected azoxymethane (AOM) dissolved in normal saline at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg of body weight, once weekly, for 2 weeks. Vehicle controls received s.c. equal volumes of normal saline. One day after the second AOM or saline injection, rats intended to receive experimental diets were provided high-fat corn oil (HFCO) or high-fat fish oil (HFFO) mixed in semipurified AIN-76A diet, and the remaining rats continued to receive the low-fat corn oil diet. Animals were sacrificed 1, 12, or 36 weeks after the last AOM or saline injection, and their colonic mucosa, as well as the grossly visible colon tumors from rats sacrificed 36 weeks after the last AOM injection, were analyzed for the expression levels of COX-1 and COX-2. The results indicate that AOM induced increasingly high levels of COX-2 expression with advancing stages of colon tumorigenesis. HFCO further enhanced the AOM-induced COX-2 expression. In contrast, HFFO ingestion resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 expression both in the colonic mucosa and in tumors. These results correlate with increased incidence and multiplicity of grossly visible colon tumors in AOM-treated animals that were fed the HFCO diet versus decreased tumor incidence and lower tumor multiplicity in animals that were fed the HFFO diet. No significant differences were observed in expression levels of COX-1. The data suggest that HFCO may promote colon tumorigenesis by up-regulating the COX-2 expression, whereas HFFO may exert its antitumor effect by inhibiting the COX-2 expression.
A 90-GHz double-drift IMPATT diode made with Si MBE

For the first time silicon double-drift IMPATT structures have been grown completely by Si molecular-beam epitaxy. The n-type layers are grown at 750 °C on low-resistivity n+-type substrates followed by p-type layers at 650 °C. The highly doped p+-layers are grown by solid-phase epitaxy in the MBE system. Device design is made for CW operation in W-band. The material is investigated by inspection of beveled samples, defect etching, TEM, SIMS, and spreading resistance measurements. Double-drift flat-profile diodes are housed and mounted employing a technological procedure approved for single-drift diodes. For initial device characterization, dc measurements are performed. Information about doping profile, series, and thermal resistances is obtained. Preliminary RF measurements delivered a maximum output power of 600 mW at 94 GHz with 6.7-percent efficiency from an unoptimized structure.
Secure MPC for Analytics as a Web Application

Companies, government agencies, and other organizations have been analyzing data pertaining to their internal operations with great effect, such as in evaluating performance or improving efficiency. While each organization’s own data is valuable internally, aggregate data from multiple organizations can have value to the organizations themselves, policymakers, and society. Unfortunately, an organization’s data is often proprietary and confidential, and its release may be potentially deleterious to the organization’s interests. Secure multi-party computation (MPC) resolves this tension: aggregate data may be computed while protecting each contributor’s confidentiality. Theoretical constructs have been known for decades [1]–[3] and recent efforts aim to deliver them to end-users [4]–[6].
Interstitial Lung Disease in Children Younger Than 2 Years

Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) represents a highly heterogeneous group of rare disorders associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Although our understanding of chILD remains limited, important advances have recently been made, the most important being probably the appreciation that disorders that present in early life are distinct from those occurring in older children and adults, albeit with some overlap. chILD manifests with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and nonspecific respiratory signs and symptoms, making exclusion of common conditions presenting in a similar fashion an essential preliminary step. Subsequently, a systematic approach to diagnosis includes a careful history and physical examination, computed tomography of the chest, and some or all of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, genetic testing, and if diagnostic uncertainty persists, lung biopsy. This review focuses on chILD presenting in infants younger than 2 years of age and discusses recent advances in the classification, diagnostic approach, and management of chILD in this age range. We describe novel genetic entities, along with initiatives that aim at collecting clinical data and biologic samples from carefully characterized patients in a prospective and standardized fashion. Early referral to expert centers and timely diagnosis may have important implications for patient management and prognosis, but effective therapies are often lacking. Following massive efforts, international collaborations among the key stakeholders are finally starting to be in place. These have allowed the setting up and conducting of the first randomized controlled trial of therapeutic interventions in patients with chILD.