Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using deep Residual Networks to search for galaxy-Ly α emitter lens candidates based on spectroscopic selection

More than one hundred galaxy-scale strong gravitational lens systems have been found by searching for the emission lines coming from galaxies with redshifts higher than the lens galaxies. Based on this spectroscopic-selection method, we introduce the deep Residual Networks (ResNet, a kind of deep Convolutional Neural Networks) to search for the galaxy-Ly$\alpha$ emitter (LAE) lens candidates by recognizing the Ly$\alpha$ emission lines coming from high redshift galaxies ($2 < z < 3$) in the spectra of early-type galaxies (ETGs) at middle redshift ($z\sim 0.5$). The spectra of the ETGs come from the Data Release 12 (DR12) of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral3} (SDSS-\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral3}). In this paper, we first build a 28 layers ResNet model, and then artificially synthesize 150,000 training spectra, including 140,000 spectra without Ly$\alpha$ lines and 10,000 ones with Ly$\alpha$ lines, to train the networks. After 20 training epochs, we obtain a near-perfect test accuracy at 0.9954. The corresponding loss is 0.0028 and the completeness is 93.6\%. We finally apply our ResNet model to our predictive data with 174 known lens candidates. We obtain 1232 hits including 161 of the 174 known candidates (92.5\% discovery rate). Apart from the hits found in other works, our ResNet model also find 536 new hits. We then perform several subsequent selections on these 536 hits and present 5 most believable lens candidates.
Comparison of Microemulsion and Solvent Evaporation Technique for Solubility Enhancement of Amlodipine Besylate

Introduction: Amlodipine besylate is a calcium channel blocker indicated for hypertension and angina. It is described as slightly soluble in water and due to its limited solubility, it may result in poor bioavailability. The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of amlodipine besylate using solvent evaporation method and microemulsion technique and to compare the two methods. Method: Solid dispersions (SD) of amlodipine besylate were developed by employing solvent evaporation method. PEG6000 was the polymer of choice and different drug:polymer ratios were used. Evaluation of the prepared SDs include solubility studies, dissolution studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As for the microemulsion technique, microemulsions were prepared by phase titration method and the optimized microemulsion formulation was then characterized for solubility studies and dissolution studies. Results: SD3 with drug:polymer ratio of 1:4 achieved the highest solubility which was 96.97 mg/ml ± 0.92 whereas the solubility of the optimized microemulsion was found to be 112.54 mg/ml ± 0.92. In solvent evaporation method, as the drug:polymer ratio increases, the solubility and dissolution rate of SDs increases. Conclusion: The two methods had significantly enhance the solubility of amlodipine besylate however the microemulsion technique showed better solubility profile.
Overview of Electricity Transmission Conductors: Challenges and Remedies

Electricity transmission is an essential intermediary linking power generation and distribution. Voltage drops or total blackouts have always characterized the transmission and distribution of electricity in the sub-Saharan Africa and some Asian dwellers. This has been attributed partly to faulty, defective or dilapidated transmission conductors/networks. The aim of this study is to identify the causes of those defects in the transmission conductors and proffer possible remedies to them. Studies have shown that the current production techniques of transmission conductors (TCs) generate defective products, and that the materials used have their own challenges too. This work, therefore, reviewed all the production techniques and materials used in the development of TCs. It was observed that pultrusion, extrusion, hot-rolling, and stir-casting were the techniques used in the production of transmission conductors. Defects such as shrinkage, pores, impurities, and warps were identified in those techniques and some recommendations to ameliorate the defects of those techniques were presented. Spark plasma sintering is recommended as the most promising solid- state production techniques that should be adopted in fabricating transmission conductors, though it is yet to be developed for producing long-span products. In addition, advanced TCs materials such as Al-CNTs, Al-Nb, Al-Ti, and Al-B2 were presented as better alternatives to the existing TCs materials. By producing TCs with the recommended techniques and materials, the electricity availability will be enhanced; and this will lead to sustainable industrial growth and economic stability in the third world countries and the entire world.
Testing Angular Momentum Transport and Wind Loss in Intermediate-mass Core-helium Burning Stars

Stars between 2 and 3 M☉ rotate rapidly on the main sequence, and their rotation rates in the core-helium burning (secondary-clump) phase can therefore be used to test models of angular momentum loss used for gyrochronology in a new regime. Because both their core and surface rotation rates can be measured, these stars can also be used to set strong constraints on angular momentum transport inside stars. We find that they are rotating slower than angular momentum conservation and rigid rotation would predict. Our results are insensitive to the degree of core–envelope coupling because of the small moment of inertia of the radiative core. We discuss two possible mechanisms for slowing down the surfaces of these stars: (1) substantial angular momentum loss and (2) radial differential rotation in the surface convection zone. Modern angular momentum loss prescriptions used for solar-type stars predict secondary-clump surface rotation rates in much better agreement with the data than prior variants used in the literature, and we argue that such enhanced loss is required to understand the combination of core and surface rotation rates. However, we find that the assumed radial differential rotation profile in convective regions has a strong impact on the predicted surface rotation rates, and that a combination of enhanced loss and radial differential rotation in the surface convection zone is also consistent with the data. We discuss future tests that can quantify the impact of both phenomena. Current data tentatively suggest that some combination of the two processes fits the data better than either one alone.
Incident and Recurrent Depression among Adults Aged 50 Years and Older during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

The COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying public health measures have exacerbated many risk factors for depression in older adulthood. The objectives of the current study are: (1) to determine the risk of incident and recurrent depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among those with, or without, a history of depression; and (2) to identify factors that were predictive of depression in these two groups. The study population included 22,622 participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging who provided data at baseline (2011–2015), follow-up (2015–2018), and twice during the pandemic (April–May 2020, September–December 2020). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) was used to classify individuals with depression. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of depression during COVID across a series of risk factors. Individuals with a history of depression had four times the risk of depression during the pandemic when compared to those without a history of depression, even after controlling for relevant covariates. Other factors associated with depression during the pandemic include being female, having fewer savings, and experiencing COVID-19 related stressors, such as health stressors, difficulties accessing resources, and family conflict. Clinicians working with older adults should consider interventions to support high-risk groups, such as those with recurrent depression.
Using a convolutional neural network model to derive imaging landmarks for lumbar spine numbering on axial magnetic resonance images

Understanding the axial lumbar spine anatomy, including knowledge of the relationship between the lumbar spine level and other paraspinal structures, is important for diagnosing and treating diseases. The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model in lumbar spine level numbering on axial magnetic resonance (MR) images and to find the appropriate anatomic landmarks for numbering using a class activation map (CAM). A total of 6055 axial MR images of the lumbar spine from the L1‐2 to L5‐S1 disc levels were obtained to train and validate the CNN model. MR images were acquired using three 3‐Tesla machines. The algorithm was developed with three models, and the best‐performing model was selected. The external validation set (n = 493) was obtained from other institutions using various machines. The accuracy of the numbering was analyzed using a confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic curves. The CAMs were reviewed, and the identified anatomic structures were investigated. A reader study was performed by three radiologists, and their accuracy was compared with that of the model. The overall accuracy of the best‐performing model for lumbar spine numbering was 0.98 on internal validation and 0.95 on external validation. For the CAM review, mappings concentrated on both paraspinal areas, including the kidney, back muscles, and ilium according to the level. Top‐1 and top‐2 accuracies of the reviewers ranged between 0.56–0.75, and 0.84–0.93, respectively. After reviewing the CAMs, the accuracy increased to 0.75–0.78 and 0.93–0.98, respectively. A CNN model can accurately determine the level of the lumbar spine on axial MR images, and the configuration of muscles can be used to determine the lumbar level.
Untapped Insight: A Longitudinal Qualitative Analysis of Older Adults’ Advice During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background and Objectives Due to a lifetime of experience, older adults are uniquely positioned to contribute advice and insight to others during a historical, societal crisis such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This qualitative study explores the solicited advice older adults offered their peers, family members, and communities throughout the first year of the pandemic. Research Design and Methods A sample of 72 older adults aged 70–97 from Minnesota and North Dakota were asked what advice they would provide to others in June 2020 and again in April/May 2021. Participants were asked to provide advice on individual coping and how community members should support older adults during the pandemic, as well as how others should adjust after the pandemic. Responses were coded and developed into overarching themes. Results Older adults advised others during the pandemic to foster mental and physical well-being, develop positive life perspectives, and connect to others as strategies to cope through the pandemic. Participants advised that after the pandemic people should remain vigilant, return to normal, and emerge as better people. Advice targeted to meeting the needs of older adults during the pandemic included: adopt selfless attitudes, take intentional actions, and maintain balance. A longitudinal approach revealed that advice remained consistent over time, despite the circumstances caused by COVID-19 changing. Discussion and Implications Findings suggest that older adults utilize their life experiences and coping strategies as sources for drawing advice. These findings also suggest that older adults are sources of insight during crises. Future research should investigate additional advice older adults can offer and how willingly communities listen. Applied work should give older adults opportunities to provide far-reaching advice as well as develop interventions aimed at decreasing ageist perceptions of older adults in times of crisis.
The conical resistor conundrum: A potential solution

A truncated cone, made of material of uniform resistivity, is given in many introductory physics texts as a nontrivial problem in the computation of resistance. The intended method and answer are incorrect and the problem cannot be solved by elementary means. In this paper, we (i) discuss the physics of current flow in a nonconstant cross‐section conductor, (ii) examine the flaws in the ‘‘standard’’ solution for the truncated cone, (iii) present a computed resistance found from a numerically generated solution for the electrical potential in the truncated cone, and (iv) consider whether any problem exists to which the standard solution applies.
Pregnancy After Breast Cancer – Prognostic Safety and Pregnancy Outcomes According to Oestrogen Receptor Status: A Systematic Review

Purpose Breast cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related death in women. Women diagnosed with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer have prolonged treatment durations. Owing to the paucity of research and lack of consensus regarding conception planning and pregnancy for patients with ER-positive breast cancer, we aimed to assess pregnancy and survival outcomes in women with ER-positive breast cancer during and after treatment. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the available studies on pregnancy after ER-positive breast cancer. The assessed outcomes included overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), hormonal therapy duration, and pregnancy outcomes. Results Ultimately, 2,669 patients from five studies were included in this study. When all breast cancer receptor subtypes were included in the analysis, pregnancy after breast cancer was associated with a time-dependent protective effect on both DFS and OS. This protective effect was not evident when examining ER-positive patients with subsequent pregnancies, and no significant differences in DFS were observed. ER-positive patients who became pregnant received significantly lower rates of hormonal therapy. Hormonal treatment at the time of pregnancy was correlated with increased rates of termination owing to concerns about teratogenic effects. Conclusions Pregnancy after breast cancer did not significantly affect DFS in ER-positive patients over a follow-up period of 5–10 years from diagnosis, although did significantly affect hormonal treatment duration in the reviewed studies. Further analysis and in-depth studies are required to assess the effects of altered hormonal treatment times, as well as patient management related to pregnancy planning after breast cancer.
Geometry from Brackets Consistency

We argue for Brackets Consistency to be a `Pillar of Geometry', i.e. a foundational approach, other Pillars being 1) Euclid's constructive approach, 2) the algebraic approach, 3) the projective approach, and 4) the geometrical automorphism groups `Erlangen' approach. We proceed via a distinct Pillar 5) - Killing's computational route to Erlangen's groups - firstly by picking out the ensuing geometrically significant brackets subalgebras as consistent possibilities. Secondly, by considering which generators, arising piecemeal from different generalized Killing equations, combine brackets-consistently, recovering the affine-conformal and projective-conformal alternatives. Thirdly, we cease to rest on Killing's Pillar altogether, replacing it by mere polynomial ansataze as source of generators. Even in this case - demanding (Lie) Brackets Consistency - suffices to recover notions of geometry, as indicated by the below alternative just dropping out of the ensuing brackets algebra, and is thus declared to be Pillar 6. The current article is further motivated, firstly, by the gradually accumulating successes in reformulating Theoretical Physics to run on the Dirac Algorithm for classical constraint algebraic structure consistency. Secondly, this is sufficiently driven by Brackets Consistency alone to transcend to whichever context possesses such brackets. Thirdly, we derive the conformal-or-projective alternative in top-automorphism-group $d \geq 3$ Flat Geometry. In a manner by now familiar in Dirac Algorithm applications, a) these two top geometries moreover arise side by side as roots of a merely algebraic quadratic equation. b) This equation arises from requiring that the self-bracket of a general ansatz for generators be strongly zero. c) For, if not, an infinite cascade of generators would follow, by which the ansatz would not support a finite Shape Theory.
Frequency adaptive wavelet pyramid for noisy machinery fault diagnosis with multiple sensors

The fusion of multiple monitoring sensors is crucial to improve the accuracy and robustness of machinery fault diagnosis. However, existing fault diagnosis methods may underestimate the interference of noise in the multi-sensor fusion process, leading to unsatisﬁed performance. To handle this problem, this paper proposes a deep model based on the frequency adaptive wavelet pyramid. First, an adaptive frequency selection strategy is designed to prune the seriously polluted frequencies and only retain some key frequencies. Then, the self-attention mechanism is used to perform information fusion on the selected frequency bands of diﬀerent sensors. Finally, a wavelet fusion pyramid is adopted by repeating the fusion process at multiple wavelet decomposition levels. In this way, diﬀerent sensors can be fused in a more ﬁne-grained manner. The experimental results on two multi-sensor-based fault diagnosis datasets demonstrate the anti-noise capability of our proposed method.
Witnesses of non-classicality for simulated hybrid quantum systems

The task of testing whether quantum theory applies to all physical systems and all scales requires considering situations where a quantum probe interacts with another system that need not obey quantum theory in full. Important examples include the cases where a quantum mass probes the gravitational field, for which a unique quantum theory of gravity does not yet exist, or a quantum field, such as light, interacts with a macroscopic system, such as a biological molecule, which may or may not obey unitary quantum theory. In this context a class of experiments has recently been proposed, where the non-classicality of a physical system that need not obey quantum theory (the gravitational field) can be tested indirectly by detecting whether or not the system is capable of entangling two quantum probes. Here we illustrate some of the subtleties of the argument, to do with the role of locality of interactions and of non-classicality, and perform proof-of-principle experiments illustrating the logic of the proposals, using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance quantum computational platform with four qubits.
Results of a systematic search for outburst events in 1.4 million galaxies

We present an analysis of nine years of Catalina Surveys optical photometry for 1.4 million spectroscopically confirmed SDSS galaxies. We find 717 outburst events that were not reported by ongoing transient surveys. These events have timescales ranging from weeks to years. More than two thirds of these new events are found in starforming galaxies, while such galaxies only constitute ~20% of our sample. Based on the properties of the hosts and events, we find that almost all of the new events are likely to be associated with regular supernovae. However, a small number of long-timescale events are found among the galaxies containing AGN. These events have similar properties to those recently found in the analyses of light curves of large samples of AGN. Given the lack of such events among the more than a million passive galaxies in the sample, we suggest that the long outbursts are associated with super-massive black holes or their environments.
Radio Properties of Rotating Radio Transients: Single-pulse Spectral and Wait-time Analyses

Rotating radio transients (RRATs) are a sub-class of pulsars characterized by sporadic emission and thus can generally only be studied by analysis of their single pulses. Here we present a single-pulse analysis using 11 years of timing data at 1400 MHz of three RRATs, PSRs J1819−1458, J1317−5759, and J1913+1330. We perform a spectral analysis on the single pulses of these RRATs for the first time, finding their mean spectral indices to be −1.1 ± 0.1, −0.6 ± 0.1, and −1.2 ± 0.2 respectively, within the known range of pulsar spectral indices. We find no evidence for narrowband features as seen for FRB 121102. However, we find the spread of single-pulse spectral indices for these RRATs (ranging from −7 to +4) to be larger than has been seen in other pulsars, with the exception of the Crab pulsar. We also analyze the time between detected pulses, or wait time, and find that the pulses are not random and cluster around wait times of a few pulse periods as well as ∼25 pulse periods for PSRs J1819−1458 and J1317−5759. Additionally we find that there is no correlation between the wait time and pulse flux density. Finally we find that the distribution of the pulse energy for PSRs J1317−5759 and J1913+1330 are log-normal, while that of PSR J1819−1458 is log-normal with possible evidence of an additional power-law component.
Autonomous dynamical system approach for f(R) gravity

In this work we shall investigate the cosmological dynamical system of $f(R)$ gravity, by constructing it in such a way so that it is rendered autonomous. We shall study the vacuum $f(R)$ gravity case, but also the case that matter and radiation perfect fluids are present along with the $f(R)$ gravity. The dynamical system is constructed in such a way so that the time-dependence of the system is contained in a single parameter which depends on the Hubble rate and it's second derivative. The autonomous structure of the dynamical system is achieved when this parameter is constant, therefore we focus on these cases. For the vacuum $f(R)$ case, we investigate two cases with the first leading to a stable de Sitter attractor fixed point but also to an unstable de Sitter fixed point, and the second is related to a matter dominated era. The stable de Sitter attractor is also found for the $f(R)$ gravity in the presence of matter and radiation perfect fluids. In all the cases we performed a detailed numerical analysis of the dynamical system and we also investigate in detail the stability of the resulting fixed points. Also, we present an exceptional feature of the $R^2$ gravity model, in the absence of perfect fluids. Finally, we investigate what is the approximate form of the $f(R)$ gravities near the stable and the unstable de Sitter fixed points.