Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interstellar CO towards X Persei (HD 24534) – II. Two‐component model

The observations made by the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) of molecular CO in absorbing gas towards X Persei are reported. The two-component statistical equilibrium model incorporating radiative excitation of CO by line emission at the same velocity that originates in nearby molecular clouds has been used to reproduce high-resolution GHRS spectra. Earlier analysis indicates that the cloud has a complex structure and at least a two-component model should be used to obtain accurate results. The spectra obtained from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) were used to complement GHRS data and constrain the space of possible solutions. The new oscillator strengths recommended by Eidelsberg et al. for A–X bands have been used. The results show that one of the components may be attributed to the Perseus OB2 molecular cloud, and the other component to an extension of the Taurus dark cloud. The total CO column density N(CO)=(1.0±0.2)×1016 cm−2 has been determined. According to the results about 85 per cent of the observed CO belongs to an extension of the Taurus dark cloud. The CO radiation that originates in nearby molecular clouds may be the dominant excitation mechanism of the observed CO. The early results of 13CO line analysis indicate a 13CO/12CO ratio of about 40.
Tunneling Conductance of Asymmetrical Barriers

The voltage‐dependent tunneling conductance of trapezoidal potential barriers has been calculated using two extreme models of (1) the WKB approximation and (2) perfectly sharp boundaries between the metal electrode and the insulator. We show that for both models the conductance‐voltage plot is roughly parabolic at low voltages (≲0.4 V). The minimum conductance is not at zero bias unless the barrier is symmetrical and identical Fermi energies are chosen for the two metal electrodes. The inclusion of image forces does not radically alter the shape of the conductance‐voltage dependence. Using reasonable barrier shapes, the asymmetry of the calculated conductance about V=0 is not as large as we frequently observe experimentally. We point out that this extreme asymmetry appears to be associated with the presence of organic impurities in the oxide layer of the junction.
In Silico Design and Investigation of Novel Thiazetidine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of PrpR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is one of the most life‐threatening acute infectious diseases diagnosed in humans. In the present investigation, a series of 16 new disubstituted 1,3‐thiazetidines derivatives is designed, and investigated via various in silico methods for their potential as anti‐tubercular agent by evaluating their ability to block the active site of PrpR transcription factor protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The efficacy of the molecules was initially assessed with the help of AutoDock Vina algorithm. Further Glide module is used to redock the previously docked complexes. The binding energies and other physiochemical properties of the designed molecules were evaluated using the Prime‐MM/GBSA and the QikProp module, respectively. The results of docking revealed the nature, site of interaction and the binding affinity between the proposed candidates and the active site of PrpR. Further the inhibitory effect of the scaffolds was predicted and evaluated employing a machine learning‐based algorithm and was used accordingly. Further, the molecular dynamics simulation studies ascertained the binding characteristics of the unique 13, when analysed across a time frame of 100 ns with GROMACS software. The results show that the proposed 1,3‐thiazetidine derivatives such as 10, 11, 13 and 14 could be potent and selective anti‐tubercular agents as compared to the standard drug Pyrazinamide. Finally, this study concludes that designed thiazetidines can be employed as anti‐tubercular agents. Undeniably, the results may guide the experimental biologists to develop safe and non‐toxic drugs against tuberculosis by demanding further in vivo and in vitro analyses.
Structure of the Praesepe Star Cluster

We have used the Two Micron All Sky Survey and Palomar Observatory Sky Survey photographic plates, digitized by the US Naval Observatory's Precision Measuring Machine program, to derive proper motions over a 100 square degree, spatially complete region centered on the Praesepe open cluster. Proper-motion measurements spanned the magnitude range R ∼ 12–19, which covers most of the lower main sequence in Praesepe. The incidence of Hα emission from moderate-resolution (∼2600), red spectroscopy of 434 faint candidate members and 126 field control stars demonstrates that ∼60%–80% of candidates within 2° of the cluster center are genuine Praesepe members. Spectral index ratios from TiO and CaH absorption features show a well-defined sequence with J magnitude for high-probability candidates, relative to that of field stars. The inferred membership data have allowed us to estimate Praesepe's mass function and general projected structure for stars with mass 0.1–1.0 M⊙. The mass function, when fitted with a power law of the form dN/dm ∝ m-α, rises (α ≈ 1.6) from 1.0 to 0.4 M⊙, where it distinctly becomes flat (α ≈ 0) down to 0.1 M⊙. The mass function also exhibits a marginal (∼1 σ) radial dependence, which, when compared with recent N-body simulations, suggests that the core is depleted of low-mass stars. The outer halo of Praesepe is diffuse and shows a slightly elliptical shape among the highest probability members. We place an upper limit on the surface density of escaped members at 2.2 stars deg-2 outside the limiting radius.
Recursive correction algorithm for detector decay characteristics in CT

Many studies have been conducted on the utilization of solid state detectors for computed tomography (CT). One of the important performance parameters for the solid state detector has been shown to be the primary speed and afterglow. In this paper, we present a detailed investigation on the signal decay characteristics of the HiLightTM scintillating detector. We first develop an analytical model to fully characterize the detector impulse response. The model sensitivity to x-ray photon energy, detector aging, and radiation exposure is then established and analyzed. The impact of various decay time constants on CT image quality is subsequently illustrated with computer simulations and phantom experiments. Finally, a recursive correction approach is derived and evaluated.
Inferential Procedures in Nonlinear Models: An Application in a UK Industrial Cross Section Study of Factor Substitution and Returns to Scale

In considering the problems of inference in nonlinear regression models the statistical and computational aspects of parameter estimation are discussed, and model selection procedures for both nested and nonnested hypotheses are analyzed including an optimal sequential testing procedure for ordered nested hypotheses. A distinction is made between tests of specification and tests of misspecification, and is discussed in relationship to the Wald, likelihood ratio, and Lagrange multiplier hypothesis testing principles. Degrees of freedom or small sample adjustments to the asymptotically valid test statistics are also discussed. The choice of production function from a class of CES functions, with either additive or multiplicative error specifications, for a cross section of UK industries, provides an application of the theory. 1. INTRODUCrION THIS PAPER IS CONCERNED WITH a number of methodological points of importance in applied econometrics, and though the particular application chosen is that of production function estimation, the points have a much wider relevance. The general area of concern is nonlinear inference, within which three problems are considered. (i) Nonlinear estimation is discussed and the feasibility and importance of estimating production functions directly for chosen structural specifications, rather than adopting one of the many indirect and approximate methods such as those of Arrow, et al. [4] (hereafter referred to as SMAC) and Kmenta [29], are emphasized. Nonlinear least squares estimates for a range of complex three- and two-factor production functions using United Kingdom industrial cross section data have been obtained. (ii) Problems of hypothesis testing, especially in nonlinear models, are considered and emphasis is placed on the importance of conducting this testing, for the many hypotheses which interest economists (e.g., the degrees of returns to scale and factor substitution) within a rigorous and systematic framework rather than the ad hoc way hypotheses are selected and tested in some studies. (iii) The closely ^lated problem of model selection is also analyzed, and the production function example illustrates the value of classical statistical procedures for ordered and nested hypotheses, while highlighting the problems that arise when there is a lack of unique ordering or nesting. There is, however, no claim to provide a complete solution to the model selection problem; rather an analysis of the problem is presented and a particular solution for the
Revisiting Low and List (1982): Evaluation of Raindrop Collision Parameterizations Using Laboratory Observations and Modeling

Abstract Raindrop collision and breakup is a stochastic process that affects the evolution of drop size distributions (DSDs) in precipitating clouds. Low and List have remained the obligatory reference on this matter for almost three decades. Based on a limited number of drop sizes (10), Low and List proposed generalized parameterizations of collisional breakup across the raindrop spectra that are standard building blocks for numerical models of rainfall microphysics. Here, recent laboratory experiments of drop collision at NASA’s Wallops Island Facility (NWIF) using updated high-speed imaging technology with the objective of assessing the generality of Low and List are reported. The experimental fragment size distributions (FSDs) for the collision of selected drop pairs were evaluated against explicit simulations using a dynamical microphysics model (Prat and Barros, with parameterizations based on Low and List updated by McFarquhar). One-to-one comparison of the FSDs shows similar distributions; however.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONS AND MASS DETERMINATION OF THE 2008 JUNE 2 LASCO CORONAL MASS EJECTION USING STELab INTERPLANETARY SCINTILLATION OBSERVATIONS

We examine and reconstruct the interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) first seen in space-based coronagraph white-light difference images on 2008 June 1 and 2. We use observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) taken with the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory (STELab), Japan, in our three-dimensional (3D) tomographic reconstruction of density and velocity. The coronal mass ejection (CME) was first observed by the LASCO C3 instrument at around 04:17 UT on 2008 June 2. Its motion subsequently moved across the C3 field of view with a plane-of-the-sky velocity of 192 km s−1. The 3D reconstructed ICME is consistent with the trajectory and extent of the CME measurements taken from the CDAW CME catalog. However, excess mass estimates vary by an order of magnitude from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory coronagraphs to our 3D IPS reconstructions of the inner heliosphere. We discuss the discrepancies and give possible explanations for these differences as well as give an outline for future studies.
A Reduced Order Modelling Approach for Full-Maxwell Lightning Strike Analyses in Layered Backgrounds

Full-Maxwell lightning strike analyses are generally computationally expensive since they require time domain simulations of complex structures in a semi-infinite vertically layered background. In this paper it is shown how Model Order Reduction can be applied to Integral Equation methods to effectively speed up such analyses. Moreover, the layered Green's function theory is applied to consider the presence of the semi-infinite layered ground region without introducing approximations or facing prohibitive modeling issues.
3D radiative transfer in stellar atmospheres

Three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer in stellar atmospheres is reviewed with special emphasis on the atmospheres of cool stars and applications. A short review of methods in 3D radiative transfer shows that mature methods exist, both for taking into account radiation as an energy transport mechanism in 3D (magneto-) hydrodynamical simulations of stellar atmospheres and for the diagnostic problem of calculating the emergent spectrum in more detail from such models, both assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and in non-LTE. Such methods have been implemented in several codes, and examples of applications are given.
Compact MIMO System Performances in Metallic Enclosures

In this work, we present a 2 × 2 near-field multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) prototype for bit-error-rate (BER) and error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements in a metal enclosure. The near-field MIMO prototype was developed using software-defined-radios (SDRs) for over-the-air transmission of QPSK modulated baseband waveforms. We checked the near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements in three different scenarios in a highly reflecting metal enclosure environment. In the first scenario, the line-of-sight (LOS) communication link was investigated when the mode stirrer was stationary. In the stationary channel conditions, near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements are performed. In the second scenario, BER and EVM measurements were performed in dynamic channel conditions when the mode stirrer was set to move continuously. In the third scenario, LOS communication near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements were performed in stationary channel conditions but now in the presence of MIMO interference. In three different scenarios, near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements were investigated at different Tx USRP gain values and in the presence of varying levels of MIMO interference.
Nano-particle magnetism with a dispersion of particle sizes

In this paper, different definitions of the distribution functions that can be used to account for the magnetization of dispersed nano-particle systems are discussed. The volume and number weighted distributions are both found to be equally valid for the representation of distribution functions in nanoparticle magnetic systems. This study also shows that the room temperature magnetization curve M(H) of a superparamagnetic system is sensitive to the particle size distribution parameters and, that for a non-interacting system, these parameters can be unambiguously determined. Furthermore, the temperature variation of the initial susceptibility χ(T) for a dispersion of particle sizes is also examined using both the exact and the critical approaches. The critical approach is found to be a reasonable and valid approximation, since the discrepancy in the calculated χ(T) curves between the exact and the approximated form of the function exp(−tm/τ) was found to be very small. For a dispersion of anisotropy energi.
THE FDH ESTIMATOR FOR PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCY SCORES

In productivity analysis, the free disposal hull (FDH) is a nonparametric estimator for the production set, the set of inputs and outputs that are technically feasible. It is defined as the smallest free disposal set containing all observations in a sample of production units. One can then derive the production frontier and efficiency scores from the FDH. In the literature the method is used as if the FDH estimator were the true feasible set. However, assuming that individuals are drawn independently from a distribution where the support is the true production set, FDH efficiency scores are random variables. This paper investigates its stochastic properties.
Effectiveness of antiemetic in reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adult patients; An oncology center experience

Introduction Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are two serious adverse effect of cancer chemotherapy. The objectives of this study are to assess patient satisfaction with antiemetics prescribed, incidence of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients, and the effectiveness of antiemetic regimens in reducing CINV. Methods This is a prospective observational cross-sectional patient survey study, conducted between January and July 2021 in the oncology center at King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A suitable, data entry form was designed to collect data including patient demographics, cancer type, antiemetics prescribed, chemotherapy regimen, and incidence of CINV. Results The sample comprised 283 cancer patients with a mean age of 47.7 (±14.6) years. Colorectal and breast cancer (n = 67; 23.6%, for each) were the two most common diagnoses. Among the patients who received chemotherapy, most patients (n = 144; 50.8%) received chemotherapy that was classified as highly emetogenic, and 139 (49%) received moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Antiemetics were given to control CINV before chemotherapy administration (as prophylaxis) were either combination therapy (170 patients (60.0%) received four classes of antiemetics, 72 (25.4%) received three classes; and 31 (10.9%) received two classes) or monotherapy (six patients (2.1%) received one drug). Four patients (1.4%) did not receive any antiemetic medication. Antiemetics given to control CINV after chemotherapy administration (for delayed CINV) were also either in combination (151 patients (53.3%) received three classes of antiemetics and 94 (33.2%) received two classes) or as monotherapy, where 27 patients (9.5%) received one medication. Eleven patients (3.8%) did not receive any antiemetic. The incidence rates for acute and delayed nausea after chemotherapy treatment were 32.1% and 30.7%, respectively; and those for acute and delayed vomiting were 13.4% and 10.2%, respectively. Acute nausea was much more frequent than vomiting. Conclusion The incidence of CINV was relatively high, and patients who received chemotherapy continued to experience nausea and vomiting despite receiving antiemetic treatment. This demonstrates that antiemetic regimens used are not effective in preventing CINV.
Identification of Three Dimension Vibration System Based on L-M Algorithm with Learning Rate

The vibration control platform is designed involving periodical micro- vibration in Three Dimension (3D) scanning system. The system is identified utilizing neural network based on Levenberg - Marquardt (L-M) algorithm. The L-M algorithm is the combination of the steepest decent algorithm with the Gauss - Newton algorithm so that it has the faster speed of convergence and higher approach accuracy. Compared with the rational BP, the simulation result showed the LM algorithm with learning rate speed up learning process, reduce training time with improve identification accuracy greatly. The identification effect is good.
PREVALENCE OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE AND MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM IN BULGARIAN POPULATION FROM SOFIA MUNICIPALITY OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, 2018-2019

Background: N. gonorrhoeae and M. genitalium infections remain public health concern due to emerging antimicrobial resistance which compromise effective treatment and infection prevention and control. Objective: To estimate the prevalence for N. gonorrhoeae and M. genitalium infections and identify demographic and sexual behavioral risk factors in Bulgarian population of reproductive age from Sofia municipality. Material and methods: Participants were sexually active 443 men and 198 women aged 18-49 years. They answered questionnaires on sexual behavior and provided samples for N. gonorrhoeae and M. genitalium testing. Results: The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae infection was 3.28% (21/641) and with M. genitalium infection it was 2.49% (16/641). For both infections the presence of urogenital symptoms was associated with greater risk of being infected. Among gonococcal infections an increased number of lifetime partners and partners during the last 6 months, previously diagnosed STIs and use of contraception other than condoms were associated risk factors. Conclusions: The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae and M. genitalium infections in Bulgarian population of reproductive age from Sofia municipality was relatively low but due to significant disease burden data on prevalence and identified risk factors should help the development of future control strategies.
Multidimensional scaling-based passive emitter localisation from range-difference measurements

The problem of passive emitter localisation from range difference measurements has received considerable attentions. Unlike most of ordinary hyperbolic location methods focusing on minimising a loss function with respect to the range-difference vector, a simple estimator is proposed by exploiting a new multidimensional scaling analysis. On the basis of the optimisation of a loss function related to a scalar product matrix, it is robust for large measurement noise. The bias and variance of the proposed estimator is also derived. It is shown that the new method attains the Crameacuter-Rao lower bound for Gaussian range-difference noise at moderate noise level. Moreover, the threshold effect occurs latter than the conventional methods as the measurement noise increases. Additionally, they have comparable computational complexity.
Fixation for Two-Dimensional U -Ising and U -Voter Dynamics

Given a ﬁnite family U of ﬁnite subsets of Z d \ { 0 } , the U -voter dynamics in the space of conﬁgurations {+ , −} Z d is deﬁned as follows: every v ∈ Z d has an independent exponential random clock, and when the clock at v rings, the vertex v chooses X ∈ U uniformly at random. If the set v + X is entirely in state + (resp. − ), then the state of v updates to + (resp. − ), otherwise nothing happens. The critical probability p vot c ( Z d , U ) for this model is the inﬁmum over p such that this system almost surely ﬁxates at + when the initial states for the vertices are chosen independently to be + with probability p and to be − with probability 1 − p . We prove that p vot c ( Z 2 , U ) < 1 for a wide class of families U . We moreover consider the U -Ising dynamics and show that its corresponding critical probability p Is c ( Z 2 , U ) is also less than 1, for many families U , so that this model exhibits the same phase transition.
mental representations of design problems: Differences between experts and novices

Defining and structuring wicked design problems has a major influence on subsequent problem solving, and demands a considerable level of skill. Previous research on mental representations in design is scarce, and has been largely based on students or individual experts. This study explored the differences in the initial mental representations of real-life product development problems between advanced product development engineering students and recommended, professional experts. Expert mental representations were found to demonstrate superior extent, depth and level of detail, accommodating more interconnections and being more geared towards action. The results indicate that targeting relevancy perceptions to locate interconnections and promote proactivity can be a key factor in developing product development education to better match the requirements faced by professionals.