Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assimilated inversion of NOx emissions over east Asia using OMI NO2 column measurements

Assimilated inversion on a daily basis using OMI tropospheric NO2 columns is developed and applied in a regional chemical transport model (REAM) to constrain fossil fuel (FF) NOx emissions over east Asia in 2007. The iterative nature of the assimilated inversion improves upon the widely used monthly‐mean inversion by accounting for the chemical feedbacks of changed NOx emissions and reducing the dependence of the a priori emissions. The assimilated a posteriori emissions from FF combustion over east Asia are 9.5 Tg N/yr comparable to 10.9 Tg N/yr of the a priori. Significant changes in the spatial distribution of FF NOx emissions are found in the assimilated inversion from the a priori or monthly‐mean inversion. The assimilated inversion shows that the a priori FF NOx emission inventory tends to overestimate the emissions over the economically developed areas and underestimate over the underdeveloped areas in East China, which may reflect in part FF NOx emission reductions resulting from the urban‐centric air quality controls in China.
A disulfide-stabilized conformer of methionine synthase reveals an unexpected role for the histidine ligand of the cobalamin cofactor

B12-dependent methionine synthase (MetH) from Escherichia coli is a large modular protein that is alternately methylated by methyltetrahydrofolate to form methylcobalamin and demethylated by homocysteine to form cob(I)alamin. Major domain rearrangements are required to allow cobalamin to react with three different substrates: homocysteine, methyltetrahydrofolate, and S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet). These same rearrangements appear to preclude crystallization of the wild-type enzyme. Disulfide cross-linking was used to lock a C-terminal fragment of the enzyme into a unique conformation. Cysteine point mutations were introduced at Ile-690 and Gly-743. These cysteine residues span the cap and the cobalamin-binding module and form a cross-link that reduces the conformational space accessed by the enzyme, facilitating protein crystallization. Here, we describe an x-ray structure of the mutant fragment in the reactivation conformation; this conformation enables the transfer of a methyl group from AdoMet to the cobalamin cofactor. In the structure, the axial ligand to the cobalamin, His-759, dissociates from the cobalamin and forms intermodular contacts with residues in the AdoMet-binding module. This unanticipated intermodular interaction is expected to play a major role in controlling the distribution of conformers required for the catalytic and the reactivation cycles of the enzyme.
Axially Modulated Cylindrical Metasurface Leaky-Wave Antennas

This letter addresses the design and analysis of cylindrical one-dimensional leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) in which the surface impedance is modulated along the axis of the cylinder. The surface impedance modulation function for these LWAs is obtained using the holographic principle. The effect of the curvature for the radiation characteristics of the antenna are explained by projecting the curved aperture of the antenna onto a planar aperture. An analytical model is developed to predict the radiation characteristics of the antenna. The utilization of these antennas for automotive radar applications is examined in some detail. The effect of painting the antenna surface, and used as a cover, is predicted using a transmission line model.
Returns to Education in Estonia: An Empirical Study

This paper examines the effect of education on individual earnings in Estonia. Choosing Estonian data is motivated by the fact that little work has been done in this field when it comes to former Soviet block countries. Three methods are used to estimate the returns to education in Estonia: OLS, IV and Matching Methods. When taking the compulsory education as the base, it was found that the average return to the secondary education level is 20% and to the higher education 60%, if OLS is implemented. These figures are 16% and 62% respectively when matching is used. It can be seen, that the return to the higher education in Estonia seems high, compared to the UK for example. Further, males gain on average 25% more than females. Finally, it appeared that there is a strong language effect present: individuals whose first language is Estonian gain on average 18% more compared to those whose first language is not Estonian.
Recent developments in configuration design and optimization of mineral separation circuits; A Review

The present research reviews two basic approaches for the separation circuit configuration analysis. The first approach is to optimize the circuit configuration. In this method, after a circuit modeling, a variety of search algorithms and mathematical optimization methods are used. Previous works show that this approach has more application in the flotation process. The second approach called the circuit analysis, evaluates the circuit configuration by considering a transfer function for each separation unit. This method provides great freedom for conducting a variety of investigations on the separation circuits.
Recombination and mutation during long-term gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori: Estimates of clock rates, recombination size, and minimal age

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of half of the human population, resulting in chronic gastritis, ulcers, and cancer. We sequenced ten gene fragments from pairs of strains isolated sequentially at a mean interval of 1.8 years from 26 individuals. Several isolates had acquired small mosaic segments from other H. pylori or point mutations. The maximal mutation rate, the import size, and the frequency of recombination were calculated by using a Bayesian model. The calculations indicate that the last common ancestor of H. pylori existed at least 2,500–11,000 years ago. Imported mosaics have a median size of 417 bp, much smaller than for other bacteria, and recombination occurs frequently (60 imports spanning 25,000 bp per genome per year). Thus, the panmictic population structure of H. pylori results from very frequent recombination during mixed colonization by unrelated strains.
Designing a Multiway Synchronisation Protocol

A multiwaysynchronization protocol makes it possible for several processes to synchronize in an environment where communication is asynchronous. We present the design of such a protocol. The design methodology is based on formulating the behaviour of the entities as transition systems. This admits a correctness proof: we show that the protocol is correct relatively an \ideal" non-distributed algorithm, in the sense that the protocol and the ideal algorithm cannot be separated by any amount of testing. The proof method is based on cs-equivalence.
Prognostic significance of quantitative analysis of WT1 gene transcripts by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in acute leukaemia

Summary. We have developed a sensitive, competitive, nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) titration assay that quantifies the number of Wilm's tumour (WT1) gene transcripts in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB), coupled with a competitive RT‐PCR protocol for the ABL gene as control. We studied BM/PB samples from 107 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients and 22 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients at presentation and detected the WT1 gene in > 90% of patients by a qualitative assay. Quantitative analysis of WT1 transcript at presentation in 66 patients (52 AML, 14 ALL) correlated significantly with remission rate, disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0·003). WT1 levels were normalized to 105ABL transcripts. Within good and standard cytogenetic risk groups, high WT1 levels correlated with poorer outcome. Serial quantification was performed in 35 patients (28 AML, seven ALL); those with less than 103 copies of WT1 after induction and second consolidation chemotherapy had significantly better DFS and OS. Fourteen patients have relapsed with a median complete remission duration of 12 (range 4–49) months. We detected a rise in WT1 levels in nine out of 14 patients, 2–4 months before the onset of haematological relapse, whereas in the remaining five patients, WT1 levels remained persistently high during the disease course. WT1 levels were lower in PB than in BM, but mirrored changes in the BM samples and were equally informative. We suggest that WT1 is a useful molecular target to monitor minimal residual disease in acute leukaemia, especially in cases without a specific fusion gene.
Towards Tactile Sensing System on Chip for Robotic Applications

This paper presents the research on tactile sensing system on chip. The tactile sensing chips comprise of 5 × 5 array of Piezoelectric Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (POSFET) devices and temperature sensors. The POSFET devices are obtained by spin coating piezoelectric polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)), films directly on to the gate area of Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) transistors. The tactile sensing chips are able to measure dynamic contact forces and temperatures. The readout and the data acquisition system to acquire the tactile signals are also presented. The chips have been extensively tested over wide range of dynamic contact forces and temperatures and the experimental results are presented. The paper also reports the research on tactile sensing chips with POSFET array and the integrated electronics.
Contrasting patterns of selection on the size and coloration of a female plumage ornament in common yellowthroats

Females often possess ornaments that appear smaller and duller than homologous traits in males. These ornaments may arise as nonfunctional by‐products of sexual selection in males and cause negative viability or fecundity selection in females in proportion to the cost of their production and maintenance. Alternatively, female ornaments may function as signals of quality that are maintained by sexual or social selection. In a 4‐year study of 83 female common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) and their 222 young, we found strong viability and fecundity selection on the yellow bib, a carotenoid‐based plumage ornament that is a target of sexual selection in males. Females with larger bibs were older, larger and more fecund than females with smaller bibs. However, bib size positively covaried with bib total brightness and carotenoid chroma, aspects of bib coloration that were under negative viability and fecundity selection. Females with more colourful bibs laid fewer eggs in their first clutch, were more likely to suffer total brood loss due to predation and were less likely to return to the study area. Selection against bib coloration limits the value of bib size as a quality indicator in females and may constrain the elaboration of bib attributes in males.
Multi-sample inference network

This study explores whether neural networks can classify multiple samples simultaneously in a forward process. Therefore, a multi-input multi-prediction network architecture has been proposed. The authors call this method a multi-sample inference network (MSIN). In addition to maximising the use of network shared parameters, the network can also use multiple samples for training. MSIN allows multiple samples to be randomly combined to act as data augmentation, and the random combination of corresponding labels can regularise the network as a loss regularisation, which makes MSIN have better generalisation performance. In contrast, category expansion is a problem that is difficult to solve because neural networks can only predict a fixed number of categories. The network proposed in this study can solve the category expansion problem by expanding the initial layers and the final layers. It is trained by using samples of multiple domains at the same time to ensure that the network has no significant decline in the predictive performance of the existing categories. The MSIN method can also be applied to the generative adversarial network to enable it to simultaneously generate samples of multiple sample domains.
Automatic F-Structure Annotation from the AP Treebank

We present a method for automatically annotating treebank resources with functional structures. The method defines systematic patterns of correspondence between partial PS configurations and functional structures. These are applied to PS rules extracted from treebanks. The set of techniques which we have developed constitute a methodology for corpus-guided grammar development. Despite the widespread belief that treebank representations are not very useful in grammar development, we show that systematic patterns of c-structure to f-structure correspondence can be simply and successfully stated over such rules. The method is partial in that it requires manual correction of the annotated grammar rules.
Investigation and analysis of research gate user's activities using neural networks

Online Social Networks (OSNs) have been proliferating in the past decade as general-purpose public networks. Billions of user 's are currently subscribing by uploading, downloading, sharing opinions and blogging. Private OSNs emerged to tackle this issue. Research Gate (RG) is considered as one of the most popular private academic social networks for developers and researches in the internet. The current study consists of two parts. The first part is a measurement study of user 's activities in RG and second part deals with the relationship between user 's profile data and their links. To this end, a sample of one million RG user 's records was. To facilitate this analysis, three layers back-propagation neural network models were generated. The purpose of this network is to show the correlation between user profiles data and the number of their followers. The results show that there is a high positive relationship between user 's followers and research activities 'publication, impact factor, total number of publication views and citation'. In addition, the results indicated that the number of questions and answers (activity) of a user have low correlation with the corresponding followers. The present results demonstrate that the question/answer contributions of researchers are limited, which therefore, needs more collaboration from the RG researchers.
Fast and accurate power annotated simulation: Application to a many-core architecture

Power consumption is crucial in embedded systems, mainly because of the limited battery capacity and the problem of heat dissipation. The energy efficiency of System-on-Chips (SoCs) is optimized at both hardware and software level using simulation platforms. The challenge of these platforms lies in the tradeoff between accuracy and simulation speed for early architecture exploration and HW/SW validation. In the context of many-core systems in which heavy software stacks are executed, fast simulation platforms are required. In this paper, we present our power modeling approach of a complex many-core system to estimate the power consumption of software applications executed on it. We propose in particular a light and accurate power model for VLIW processors, as this kind of processor is commonly used in such systems. The power estimator we set up is part of a practical power characterization framework fully automated that includes low level simulations which are then used to back-annotate fast simulation models. Our case study is the STHORM accelerator, a clustered many-core architecture comprising dual-instruction issue processors, a complex memory hierarchy and DMA engines. Experimental results show that we can perform fast power estimations with an estimation error lower than 4% for the VLIW cores, which are the main source of power consumption, and less than 10% for the overall SoC platform, and for a simulation time overhead lower than 1%.
Distributed real-time processing for humanoid robots

A humanoid robot is a real-time system controlled by a complex computer system that requires huge computing power for perception and planning, high energy efficiency for self-contained control, reduction of physical dimensions, and high reliability. This paper proposes a distributed architecture for the humanoid robot control substituting conventional centralized control architectures. In addition to the parallelism that provides scalable computing power at low clock namely at low energy, the distributed architecture contributes to reliable operations by replacing many fragile analog signal wires with a digital network with redundant routes. In order to accomplish a real-time control over the network, RMTP (responsive multi-threaded processor) for parallel and real-time computation has been newly designed. RMTP can synchronize more than thirty nodes distributed over a robot body in less than 5 micro second with a real time network called the responsive link (RL). Architectures of RMTP, RL and Linux-based real-time system software are presented.
1 Whole Fat and Free Fatty Acid Contribution to the Taste of Fat

The increasing obesity rates in human society have prompted research in the taste of fat. This review addresses how dietary fat, in particular, free fatty acids, interacts with the gustatory system. Evidence drawn from whole fat and free fatty acid studies indicates a definite gustatory component for fat. Whole fat studies reveal that rats increase the intake of oil based on its attractiveness to the sense of taste. Removal of both pre-ingestive and post-ingestive effects supports the presence of a component in the gustatory system. Post-ingestive cues such as satiety have displayed significant effects upon the consumption of fat. However, orosensory cues such, as olfaction and texture are not contributors to the intake of fat. Early exposure to a high-fat diet results in a future preference for whole fats and a recovery period fails to alter their attraction to these foods. Whole fats are broken down into free fatty acids in the oral cavity. Saliva enzymes such as lingual lipase contribute to this reduction. Molecular and behavioral evidence reinforces gustatory activation of free fatty acids in rats. The identification of a fatty acid transporter (FAT) indicates molecular evidence that free fatty acids stimulate this sensory system. The inhibition of delayed-rectifying potassium (DRK) channels in taste receptor cells by free fatty acids indicates a transduction mechanism for fat in the gustatory system. Human studies show that the ability to taste PROP correlates with the capacity to detect free fatty acids in high-fat foods. These tasters have a higher density of fungiform papillae, which increases their susceptibility to free fatty acids. All of this evidence verifies the possibility of a gustatory component for fat in the taste system. This review will examine proof from whole fat studies using corn oil and vegetable oil and 3 will then look at the effects of free fatty acids, specifically molecular, behavioral, and then human cases.
Comparative study of two movement identification strategies on Brain-Computer Interface motor task

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a state-of-art machine learning algorithm broadly used classification and learning tasks. It has been recently used on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems to discrimination between motor tasks of electroencephalography (EEG) signals. However, there are different possible strategies to implement the SVM classifier. In this paper 1 it is compared two SVM strategies to classify a motor movement task: 3-class and binary, hierarchical SVM. One healthy subject was submitted to an offline BCI experiment and the results show that the binary classifier reports in average higher classification accuracies than the 3-class SVM (68:47% against 53:07%). The difference between both strategies is statistically significant (p-value< 0.001; for 0:05 significance level).
Crucial Differences between Commercial and Military Communications Technology Needs: Why the Military Still Needs Its Own Research

Military establishments constitute a relatively much smaller part of the wireless communications market than they once did, and the commercial sector is now a primary driver of communications technology development. However, there are crucial differences between military and commercial communications needs, especially at the tactical edge. First, commercial wireless services depend on a well-maintained and reliable infrastructure, whereas military operations may require communications between mobile platforms and command posts in areas without such an infrastructure. Second, military communications tend to involve multihop networks, and the theoretical foundations of such networks are not as well established as those involving single pairwise links. Third, military communications can involve multiple heterogeneous networks operating in the same area. While commercial networks can also be heterogeneous, commercial systems do not need to deal with the same extent of temporal and spatial variability. Connecting across heterogeneous networks in a dynamic environment remains a significant challenge. Fourth, military systems must also deal with highly complex and contested electromagnetic environments. They must confront adversarial action such as jamming and electronic warfare, as well as the benign complexity arising from the proliferation of computers, sensors, and radios. They must deal with low and intermittent bandwidth. They must also contend with the continuing loss of spectrum previously dedicated to military use. If we combine all these factors with the more commonly observed ones such as the need for ruggedness, security, and stealth, we see that much research and development, unlikely to be undertaken by the commercial sector, is still needed in the area of military communications. While military establishments can and do make use of commercial technology, they will continue to require purpose-driven research and development.
Are low income patients receiving the benefits of electronic health records? A statewide survey

There are concerns that physicians serving low-income, Medicaid patients, in the United States are less likely to adopt electronic health records and, if so, that Medicaid patients will be denied the benefits from electronic health record use. This study seeks to determine whether physicians treating Medicaid patients were less likely to have adopted electronic health records. Physician surveys completed during physicians’ license renewal process in Arizona were merged with the physician licensing data and Medicaid administrative claims data. Survey responses were received from 50.7 percent (6,780 out of 13,380) of all physicians practicing in Arizona. Physician survey responses were used to identify whether the physician used electronic health records and the degree to which the physician exchanged electronic health records with other health-care providers. Medicaid claims data were used to identify which physicians provided health care to Medicaid beneficiaries. The primary outcome of interest was whether Medicaid providers were more or less likely to have adopted electronic health records. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate average marginal effects. In multivariate analysis, physicians with 20 or more Medicaid patients during the survey cycle were 4.1 percent more likely to use an electronic health record and 5.2 percent more likely to be able to transmit electronic health records to at least one health-care provider outside of their practice. These effects increase in magnitude when the analysis is restricted to solo practice physicians This is the first study to find a pro-Medicaid gap in electronic health record adoption suggesting that the low income patients served by Arizona’s Health Care Cost Containment System are not at a disadvantage with regard to electronic health record access and that Arizona’s model of promoting electronic health record adoption merits further study.