Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Research on Practicing: Summary and Synthesis of the Extant Research with Implications for a New Theoretical Orientation

This paper provides a summary and synthesis of the extant research related to music practicing as well as a preliminary presentation of an original instructional theory of practicing. The 119 studies reviewed in this paper are organized according to four central questions about practicing that research has begun to inform: (a) What do individuals do when they practice music? (b) How have researchers intervened with individuals' practice? (c) What individual difference variables interact with why and how musicians practice? and (d) How is self-regulated learning relevant to practicing? Figures summarizing the essential methodological components of selected studies from each category are included. An instructional theory is presented as opposed to a descriptive theory in an attempt to more closely align research and teaching efforts. The instructional theory that is proposed makes considerations for theoretical frameworks employed in previous research. The following components of the practice process in regards to both student's and teacher's influence are included in the new theory: choice, intentionality, action, achievement outcome, and rest and recovery.
Quercitrin, an Inhibitor of Sortase A, Interferes with the Adhesion of Staphylococcal aureus

Sortase A (SrtA) is a cysteine transpeptidase of most Gram-positive bacteria that is responsible for the anchorage of many surface protein virulence factors to the cell wall layer. SrtA mutants are unable to display surface proteins and are defective in the establishment of infections without affecting microbial viability. In this study, we report that quercitrin (QEN), a natural compound that does not affect Staphylococcus aureus growth, can inhibit the catalytic activity of SrtA in fibrinogen (Fg) cell-clumping and immobilized fibronectin (Fn) adhesion assays. Molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis assays suggest that QEN binds to the binding sites of the SrtA G167A and V193A mutants. These findings indicate that QEN is a potential lead compound for the development of new anti-virulence agents against S. aureus infections.
The rights of the corpse

Abstract The notion of the rights of the corpse can provoke incredulous reaction, seeming as it does to denigrate the concept of rights and to assign an ontological status to the corpse that defies reason. On the contrary, however, it can be demonstrated that the social corpse is constructed as a repository of meaning and value: that it remains human and, in a social sense, animate. Rights, deriving from obligations, are shown to inhere in the corpse as a result of the duties that we continue to acknowledge to it.
Generalized quantifiers and discontinuous type constructors

ion property for the main clause is greater than or equal to the cardinality of the than clause property. The latter is obtained by taking the boolean meet of the property corresponding to the common noun argument of the hypothetical determiner in the than clause and the noun-phrase abstraction property of the than clause. So our example would be paraphraseable as: ‘the number of books bought by John is greater than the number of records sold by Mary’. ‖more-than‖(CN) = {〈X,Y 〉 ∈ E | |X ∩ ‖CN‖| ≥ |Y |} (39) Now let us see how we can capture the syntactic fine-tuning in terms of a type assignment to the head of the construction — the determiner more in the main clause — so that it can reach out discontinuously to the than clause. The essential point is that the result of np binding in the main clause s domain is not a complete sentence, bu a sentence still looking for a than complement. (Compare the type assignment to an ordinary s level determiner: q(np, s, s)/n. ) The than clause is headed by the complementizer than which combines with a clause missing a determiner: s↑(q(np, s, s)/n). more ∈ q(np, s, s/sthan)/n than ∈ sthan/(s↑(q(np, s, s)/n)) To make the semantics explicit, we can assign the complementizer than a lexical lambda term which takes the boolean meet of the property corresponding to the common noun argument of the hypothetical determiner and the noun-phrase abstraction property of the than clause. than = λQ((et)(et)t)tλxe. Q(λPetλQet.P (x) ∧Q(x)) (40) Below the reader can find the semantic recipes computed for the main clause and for the than clause. John bought more books 7→ λQet. more(books)(λxe.bought(x)(john))(Q) (41) than Mary sold records 7→ than(λD(et)(et)t.D(records)(λye.sold(y)(mary))) (42) Working out the lexical recipe for than, they combine to the term given below. more(books)(λxe.bought(x)(john))(λy.(records(y) ∧ sold(y)(mary))) (43) 4.2 Focus, gapping Work by Oehrle (1991) and Van der Linden (1991) on the semantic impact of prosodic organisation shows that one can analyse focus assignment in terms of a focus binder
Hybrid social movements in Africa

Abstract This essay identifies patterns in the organisation and character of social movements in Africa, drawing upon examples from sub-Saharan Africa and finding connections with the 2011 ‘Arab Spring’ uprisings. It pays attention to historicising social movements, global linkages and the problem of sustaining change. Rather than defining social movements in an a priori manner, or generalising from definitions derived from the western societies, it explores their concrete meanings in Africa. Thus it aims to avoid both the ‘false negative’ of overlooking genuine African social movements and the ‘false positive’ of labelling movements in a misleading manner. It identifies constraints upon collective action in Africa, exploring the political dynamics which undermine the formation of durable and organised movements and limit their capacity to represent popular concerns.
A DIAMETER based security framework for mobile networks

After several decades of circuit switched technology, mobile telephony is moving towards all-IP network architecture. The convergence to IP, on a one hand, brings many advantages, but makes mobile networks easier to be attacked. In this paper, a security framework is discussed addressing two security challenges: DIAMETER-related threats and subscriber malicious activities. The former is taken into account as the fast growing of DIAMETER in the evolving 4G mobile networks. The latter can be mitigated by analyzing DIAMETER signaling traffic and applying appropriate techniques to them. The framework being investigated is flexible and some of the developed components are already open source and being used by the DIAMETER community.
Modifiers: Increasing Richness and Nuance of Design Pattern Languages

One of the challenges when establishing and maintaining a pattern language is to balance richness with simplicity. On the one hand, designers need a variety of useful design patterns to increase the speed of their design efforts and to reduce design risk. On the other hand, the greater the variety of design patterns in a language, the higher will be the cognitive load to remember and select among them. A solution to this is the modifier. The modifier concept emerged in a relatively new design pattern language called, ThinkLets. When analyzing the thinkLet pattern language we found that many of the patterns we knew were variations on other patterns. However, we also found patterns in these variation; we found variations that could be applied to different patterns, with similar effects. We document these variations as modifiers. In this paper we will explain the modifier concept, and show how they are not design patterns by themselves, they offer no solution by itself, and yet they produce predictable variations to a set of design patterns.
Definition of Optimal Substrate Recognition Motifs of Ca2+-Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinases IV and II Reveals Shared and Distinctive Features*

The substrate recognition determinants of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) IV and CaMKIIα were investigated using peptide substrates modeled on the amino acid sequence encompassing Ser-9 of synapsin I. For both kinases, hydrophobic residues (Leu or Phe) at the −5 position, are well tolerated, whereas non-hydrophobic residues (Arg, Ala, or Asp) decreaseV max/K m by 55- to >4000-fold. At the −3 position, substitution of Ala for Arg leads to decreases of 99- and 343- fold inV max/K m for CaMKIV and CaMKIIα, respectively. For both kinases, the nature of the residues occupying the −4, −1, and + 4 positions exerts relatively little influence on phosphorylation kinetics. CaMKIV and CaMKIIα respond differently to substitutions at the −2 and +1 positions. Substitution of Arg at the −2 position with non-basic residues (Gln or Ala) leads to 6-fold decreases inV max/K m for CaMKIV, but 17–28-fold increases for CaMKIIα. Additionally, peptides containing Leu, Asp, or Ala at the +1 position are phosphorylated with similar efficiencies by CaMKIV, whereas the Leu-substituted peptide is preferred by CaMKIIα (by a factor of 5.8–9.7-fold). Thus, CaMKIV and CaMKIIα preferentially phosphorylate substrates with the motifs: Hyd-X-Arg-X-X-Ser*/Thr*, and Hyd-X-Arg-NB-X-Ser*/Thr*-Hyd, respectively, where Hyd represents a hydrophobic, X any, and NB a non-basic amino acid residue. The different specificities of the two kinases may contribute to their targeting to distinct physiological substrates during Ca2+-dependent cellular events.
The State versus the Alien: Immigration Control and Strategies of Irregular Immigrants

In the past decade the Dutch state and the European Union have initiated a number of measures to make the strategies of irregular immigrants more visible in order to exclude, apprehend and expel them more effectively. These measures have limited the scope of irregular immigrants to manoeuvre in the legitimate institutions of society. As a consequence irregular migrants are pushed towards the fringes of legality and beyond. This article discusses three shifts in the residence strategies of irregular immigrants: (1) from formal to informal work, (2) from legitimate to criminal behaviour, and (3) from being identifiable to being unidentifiable. In reaction to these strategies, the state is countering again with new measures, especially with instruments to identify immigrants who do not reveal their true identity. There is a constant struggle in the field of migration, in which individual and collective actors involved respond to each other with different strategies.
Lipoxin A4 Analogs Attenuate Induction of Intestinal Epithelial Proinflammatory Gene Expression and Reduce the Severity of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis1

The anti-inflammatory eicosanoid lipoxin A4 (LXA4), aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA4, and their stable analogs down-regulate IL-8 secretion and subsequent recruitment of neutrophils by intestinal epithelia. In an effort to elucidate the mechanism by which these lipid mediators modulate cellular proinflammatory programs, we surveyed global epithelial gene expression using cDNA microarrays. LXA4 analog alone did not significantly affect expression of any of the >7000 genes analyzed. However, LXA4 analog pretreatment attenuated induction of ∼50% of the 125 genes up-regulated in response to the gastroenteritis-causing pathogen Salmonella typhimurium. A major subset of genes whose induction was reduced by LXA4 analog pretreatment is regulated by NF-κB, suggesting that LXA4 analog was influencing the activity of this transcription factor. Nanomolar concentrations of LXA4 analog reduced NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation in a LXA4 receptor-dependent manner and inhibited induced degradation of IκBα. LXA4 analog did not affect earlier stimulus-induced signaling events that lead to IκBα degradation, such as S. typhimurium-induced epithelial Ca2+ mobilization or TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of IκBα. To establish the in vivo relevance of these findings, we examined whether LXA4 analogs could affect intestinal inflammation in vivo using the mouse model of DSS-induced inflammatory colitis. Oral administration of LXA4 analog (15-epi-16-para-fluoro-phenoxy-LXA4, 10 μg/day) significantly reduced the weight loss, hematochezia, and mortality that characterize DSS colitis. Thus, LXA4 analog-mediated down-regulation of proinflammatory gene expression via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway can be therapeutic for diseases characterized by mucosal inflammation.
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Escherichia coli Influence Biofilm Formation through YjgK (TabA) and Fimbriae

ABSTRACT The roles of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems in bacteria have been debated. Here, the role of five TA systems in regard to biofilm development was investigated (listed as toxin/antitoxin: MazF/MazE, RelE/RelB, ChpB, YoeB/YefM, and YafQ/DinJ). Although these multiple TA systems were reported previously to not impact bacterial fitness, we found that deletion of the five TA systems decreased biofilm formation initially (8 h) on three different surfaces and then increased biofilm formation (24 h) by decreasing biofilm dispersal. Whole-transcriptome profiling revealed that the deletion of the five TA systems induced expression of a single gene, yjgK, which encodes an uncharacterized protein; quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed consistent induction of this gene (at 8, 15, and 24 h). Corroborating the complex phenotype seen upon deleting the TA systems, overexpression of YjgK decreased biofilm formation at 8 h and increased biofilm formation at 24 h; deletion of yjgK also affected biofilm formation in the expected manner by increasing biofilm formation after 8 h and decreasing biofilm formation after 24 h. In addition, YjgK significantly reduced biofilm dispersal. Whole-transcriptome profiling revealed YjgK represses fimbria genes at 8 h (corroborated by qRT-PCR and a yeast agglutination assay), which agrees with the decrease in biofilm formation upon deleting the five TA systems at 8 h, as well as that seen upon overexpressing YjgK. Sand column assays confirmed that deleting the five TA systems reduced cell attachment. Furthermore, deletion of each of the five toxins increased biofilm formation at 8 h, and overexpression of the five toxins repressed biofilm formation at 8 h, a result that is opposite that of deleting all five TA systems; this suggests that complex regulation occurs involving the antitoxins. Also, the ability of the global regulator Hha to reduce biofilm formation was dependent on the presence of these TA systems. Hence, we suggest that one role of TA systems is to influence biofilm formation.
Power that Builds Others and Power that Breaks: Effects of Power and Humility on Altruism and Incivility in Female Employees

ABSTRACT Building on the approach/inhibition theory of power and the situated focus theory of power, we examine the roles of positional and personal power on altruism and incivility in workplace dyads. Results from a field study in daycare centers showed that legitimate power (a dimension of positional power) was positively associated with incivility. In contrast, personal power—referent power and expert power—was positively associated altruism and was negatively associated with incivility. Referent power was a stronger predictor of both altruism and incivility for individuals with low humility than those with high humility. Coercive power was a stronger predictor of incivility for individuals with high humility than those with low humility.
Hardware/software partitioning of multirate system using static scheduling theory

We present a way to perform hardware/software partitioning of multirate systems based on static priority scheduling theory. The problem is described by a set of interacting concurrent tasks with execution deadlines and dependency constraints. The partitioning tries to reduce the hardware costs and communication overheads for tasks allocated to distinct computing resources. The target architecture includes one or two processors communicating through a bus or a double access RAM or one processor and an ASIC. In the latter case, the ASIC could be used as a coprocessor or as an independent component communicating with the processor through a double access RAM.
Evaluation and construction of diagnostic criteria for inclusion body myositis

Objective: To use patient data to evaluate and construct diagnostic criteria for inclusion body myositis (IBM), a progressive disease of skeletal muscle. Methods: The literature was reviewed to identify all previously proposed IBM diagnostic criteria. These criteria were applied through medical records review to 200 patients diagnosed as having IBM and 171 patients diagnosed as having a muscle disease other than IBM by neuromuscular specialists at 2 institutions, and to a validating set of 66 additional patients with IBM from 2 other institutions. Machine learning techniques were used for unbiased construction of diagnostic criteria. Results: Twenty-four previously proposed IBM diagnostic categories were identified. Twelve categories all performed with high (≥97%) specificity but varied substantially in their sensitivities (11%–84%). The best performing category was European Neuromuscular Centre 2013 probable (sensitivity of 84%). Specialized pathologic features and newly introduced strength criteria (comparative knee extension/hip flexion strength) performed poorly. Unbiased data-directed analysis of 20 features in 371 patients resulted in construction of higher-performing data-derived diagnostic criteria (90% sensitivity and 96% specificity). Conclusions: Published expert consensus–derived IBM diagnostic categories have uniformly high specificity but wide-ranging sensitivities. High-performing IBM diagnostic category criteria can be developed directly from principled unbiased analysis of patient data. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that published expert consensus–derived IBM diagnostic categories accurately distinguish IBM from other muscle disease with high specificity but wide-ranging sensitivities.
Recursive Observer Design, Homogeneous Approximation, and Nonsmooth Output Feedback Stabilization of Nonlinear Systems

We present a nonsmooth output feedback framework for local and/or global stabilization of a class of nonlinear systems that are not smoothly stabilizable nor uniformly observable. A systematic design method is presented for the construction of stabilizing, dynamic output compensators that are nonsmooth but Houmllder continuous. A new ingredient of the proposed output feedback control scheme is the introduction of a recursive observer design algorithm, making it possible to construct a reduced-order observer step-by-step, in a naturally augmented manner. Such a nonsmooth design leads to a number of new results on output feedback stabilization of nonlinear systems. One of them is the global stabilizability of a chain of odd power integrators by Holder continuous output feedback. The other one is the local stabilization using nonsmooth output feedback for a wide class of nonlinear systems in the Hessenberg form studied in a previous paper, where global stabilizability by nonsmooth state feedback was already proved to be possible
Fast Discovery of VM-Sensitive Divergence Points with Basic Block Comparison

To evade VM-based malware analysis systems, VM-aware malware equipped with the ability to detect the presence of virtual machine has appeared. To cope with the problem, detecting VM-aware malware and locating VM-sensitive divergence points of VM-aware malware is in urgent need. In this paper, we propose a novel block-based divergence locator. In contrast to the conventional instruction-based schemes, the block-based divergence locator divides malware program into basic blocks, instead of binary instructions, and uses them as the analysis unit. The block-based divergence locator significantly decrease the cost of behavior logging and trace comparison, as well as the size of behavior traces. As the evaluation showed, behavior logging is 23.87-39.49 times faster than the conventional schemes. The total number of analysis unit, which is highly related to the cost of trace comparisons, is 11.95%-16.00% of the conventional schemes. Consequently, VM-sensitive divergence points can be discovered more efficiently. The correctness of our divergence point discovery algorithm is also proved formally in this paper.
BLNK mediates Syk-dependent Btk activation

Btk is a critical molecule in B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-coupled signaling, and its activity is regulated by Lyn and Syk. Although the molecular mechanism of Lyn-dependent Btk activation has been investigated, that of Syk-dependent Btk activation has remained unidentified. We have demonstrated that BLNK mediates Syk-dependent Btk activation. In a reconstitution cell system, coexpression of BLNK allows Syk to phosphorylate Btk on its tyrosine 551, leading to the enhancement of Btk activity. This phosphorylation depends on the interaction of Btk and BLNK by means of the Btk-Src homology 2 domain. The existence of such an activation mechanism is supported by the observation that the BCR-induced Btk phosphorylation and activation are significantly reduced in BLNK-deficient B cells as well as in Syk-deficient B cells. Although previous observations have identified the function of BLNK as the linker that integrates the action of Btk and Syk into downstream effectors such as phospholipase Cγ2, our present study indicates another function of BLNK that connects the activity of Syk to that of Btk.
In (visual) search for a new distraction: the efficiency of a novel attentional deployment versus semantic meaning regulation strategies

Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are considered the king’s highway to control affective reactions. Two broad categories of cognitive regulation are attentional deployment and semantic meaning. The basic distinctive feature between these categories is the type of conflict between regulatory and emotional processes for dominance, with an early attentional selection conflict in attentional deployment and a late appraisal selection conflict in semantic meaning. However, prior studies that tested the relative efficacy of these two regulatory categories varied the type and the degree of conflict. Our major goal was to test the relative efficacy of a novel attentional deployment strategy (visual search distraction) and a classic semantic meaning strategy (reappraisal) that have a different type of conflict but a matched degree of conflict. Specifically, visual search distraction involves a strong degree of attentional selection conflict manifested in attending subtle non-emotional features that are camouflaged within potent negative emotional stimuli. Reappraisal involves a strong degree of appraisal selection conflict manifested in construing neutral reappraisals that rely on potent negative emotional appraisals. Based on our theoretical model we hypothesized and found that visual search distraction was as effective as cognitive reappraisal in down-regulating the experience of low intensity of negative emotion (Study 1), but more effective, less effortful, and more strongly blocking emotional information processing than cognitive reappraisal when regulating high intensity (Study 2). A final study ruled out a demand characteristics explanation by showing that participants’ expectations about how they should feel diverged from how they actually reported feeling following regulation (Study 3). Our findings suggest that the basic difference in the type rather than degree of conflict between attentional deployment and semantic meaning determines strategies’ outcome.