Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Chinese Yuan: Internationalization and Financial Products in China

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. PART ONE The Chinese Economy and Financial Markets. CHAPTER1 The Chinese Economy. CHAPTER2 China s Banking System. CHAPTER 3 China s Capital Market. CHAPTER 4 China s Foreign Exchange System and International Investment Positions. PART TWO Major Onshore CNY Products and Their Markets. CHAPTER 5 CNY Foreign Exchange Forwards. CHAPTER 6 The Foreign Exchange Swap Market. CHAPTER 7 CNY Bond Forwards. CHAPTER 8 CNY Interest Rate Swaps. CHAPTER 9 Forward Rate Agreements. CHAPTER 10 Wealth Management Products in China. CHAPTER 11 Other CNY Products. PART THREE Offshore CNY Derivatives Products. CHAPTER 12 CNY Non-deliverable Forwards. CHAPTER 13 CNY Non-deliverable Options. CHAPTER 14 CNY Non-deliverable Swaps. CHAPTER 15 Non-deliverable CNY Interest Rate Swaps. CHAPTER 16 Stock Index Futures and Options. PART FOUR The Internationalization of the CNY and Development of CNY Markets. CHAPTER 17 Major International Currencies and Their Foreign Exchange Market Liquidities. CHAPTER 18 Lessons from the Internationalization of the Yen. CHAPTER 19 The Current Status of the CNY Internationalization Process. CHAPTER 20 Market and Product Trends Under the Internationalization of the CNY. Bibliography. Index.
Semantic image segmentation using oriented pattern analysis

Semantic image segmentation is often served as an instrumental front-end preprocessing of many image processing and computer vision applications. Different from the existing semantic segmentation methods which mostly rely on database training, a simple and effective approach is proposed in this paper by employing the oriented pattern as a class-discriminative feature, besides the use of color and texture. The developed algorithm is to discriminate three specific semantic classes — sky, foliage, and building, which are commonly encountered in typical color images containing outdoor scene. In our approach, two maps will be generated from the input image: 1) the over-segmented map by using JSEG, and 2) the oriented pattern map by measuring the orientation coherence at each pixel position. Based on these maps, the region coherence of each over-segmented patch can be obtained by taking the average of all the orientation coherence values within the patch. The semantic class labeling for the patch can be simply conducted by checking the computed region coherence value against two empirically determined thresholds. Extensive simulation experiments have been conducted by testing various color images acquired from various sources, including the Microsoft Research Cambridge (MSRC) Object Recognition Image Database that contains manually-segmented regions as the ground truth. All experimental results clearly show that the proposed method is able to consistently deliver highly attractive performance.
SCUBA observations of galaxies with metallicity measurements: a new method for determining the relation between submillimetre luminosity and dust mass

Using a new technique, we have determined a value for the constant of proportionality between submillimetre emission and dust mass, the dust mass‐absorption coefficient (κd) at 850 µm. Our method has an advantage over previous methods in that we avoid assumptions about the properties of dust in the interstellar medium. Our only assumption is that the fraction of metals incorporated in the dust (e) in galaxies is a universal constant. To implement our method, we require objects that have submillimetre and far-infrared flux measurements as well as gas mass and metallicity estimates. We present data for all the galaxies with suitable measurements, including new submillimetre maps for five galaxies. We find κ850 = 0.07 ± 0.02 m 2 kg −1 . We have also been able to use our sample to investigate our assumption that e is a universal constant. We find no evidence that e is different for dwarf and giant galaxies, and show that the scatter in e from galaxy to galaxy is apparently quite small.
Iterative learning explicit hybrid force/velocity control for contour tracking

In this paper we propose an Iterative Learning Control (ILC) algorithm for the contour tracking of unknown planar objects performed by an industrial SCARA robot manipulator with an explicit hybrid force/velocity controller. Conversely to the typical applications of ILC, the employed control law does not include a time-based reference position signal (and a position control loop) and therefore a different approach has been developed in order to exploit the repetitive nature of the task. Design choices are described in this context and experimental results show the effectiveness of the technique.
Plasma nevirapine concentrations predict virological and adherence failure in Kenyan HIV-1 infected patients with extensive antiretroviral treatment exposure

Treatment failure is a key challenge in the management of HIV-1 infection. We conducted a mixed-model survey of plasma nevirapine (NVP) concentrations (cNVP) and viral load in order to examine associations with treatment and adherence outcomes among Kenyan patients on prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART). Blood plasma was collected at 1, 4 and 24 hours post-ART dosing from 58 subjects receiving NVP-containing ART and used to determine cNVP and viral load (VL). Median duration of treatment was 42 (range, 12–156) months, and 25 (43.1%) of the patients had virologic failure (VF). cNVP was significantly lower for VF than non- VF at 1hr (mean, 2,111ng/ml vs. 3,432ng/ml, p = 0.003) and at 4hr (mean 1,625ng/ml vs. 3,999ng/ml, p = 0.001) but not at 24hr post-ART dosing. Up to 53.4%, 24.1% and 22.4% of the subjects had good, fair and poor adherence respectively. cNVP levels peaked and were > = 3μg. ml at 4 hours in a majority of patients with good adherence and those without VF. Using a threshold of 3μg/ml for optimal therapeutic nevirapine level, 74% (43/58), 65.5% (38/58) and 86% (50/58) of all patients had sub-therapeutic cNVP at 1, 4 and 24 hours respectively. cNVP at 4 hours was associated with adherence (p = 0.05) and virologic VF (p = 0.002) in a chi-square test. These mean cNVP levels differed significantly in non-parametric tests between adherence categories at 1hr (p = 0.005) and 4hrs (p = 0.01) and between ART regimen categories at 1hr (p = 0.004) and 4hrs (p<0.0001). Moreover, cNVP levels correlated inversely with VL (p< = 0.006) and positively with adherence behavior. In multivariate tests, increased early peak NVP (cNVP4) was independently predictive of lower VL (p = 0.002), while delayed high NVP peak (cNVP24) was consistent with increased VL (p = 0.033). These data strongly assert the need to integrate plasma concentrations of NVP and that of other ART drugs into routine ART management of HIV-1 patients.
Novel immunomodulatory function of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives with leishmanicidal activity.

OBJECTIVES Previously, some nitroheteroaryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were identified to have potent activity against Leishmania sp. The present aim was to complete the in vitro analysis, thereby investigating the in vivo efficiency of the analogues 15a, 21a and 21b against infected BALB/c mice. METHODS Following parasite inoculation and intraperitoneal drug administration (5 and 20 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, the course and size of cutaneous lesions, histopathology of the liver, parasite loads in the spleen through limiting dilution assay as well as spleen cell activation assays through cytokine secretion profiles were studied in BALB/c mice, over a period of 23 and 30 days post-drug injections. RESULTS The analogues significantly decreased lesion size and progression of infection in the liver and spleen, and were associated with granuloma formation, which correlates with disease regression in the liver of murine hosts. Moreover, the analogues had immunomodulatory effects, stimulating interferon-γ expression and suppressing interleukin-10 and interleukin-5 production, favouring type-1 immune responses and resolution of the parasitic infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight marked differences between the responses of key anatomical organs to the thiadiazole derivatives in comparison with the current antileishmanial drug, meglumine antimoniate. The in vivo observations provide further evidence on the efficiency of the compounds for Leishmania treatment. The immunomodulatory function plays an essential role in enhancing cell-mediated immunity for complete clearance of the pathogen.
Epigenetic vs . Genetic , a Story of the Evolution of the Germline

Differentiation of multicellular organisms is controlled by epigenetic markers transmitted through cell division. Many of the systems that encode these markers exist also in unicellulars, but in unicellulars these systems do not control differentiation. Thus during the evolution of multicellularity, epigenetic inheritance systems were exapted for their current use in differentiation. During this transition there must have been stages at which
AMICA telemedicine platform: a design for management of elderly people with COPD

The aim of this work is to establish some basic methodological aspects that should not be ignored in the arduous task of the development of telemedical platforms for the efficient control and management of chronic elderly patients. Among the main methodological proposed concepts should be: an integrated market-oriented approach, a user-centered design, an evaluation-driven development and a work plan organization. This work presents the methodology applied to Autonomy, Motivation,& Individual Self Management for COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Patients (AMICA), project funded by the European Union (EU).
Metabolic and Genetic Analyses of Apoptosis in Potassium/Serum-Deprived Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells

Cerebellar granule cells maintained in medium containing serum and 25 mm potassium undergo an apoptotic death within 96 hr when switched to serum-free medium with 5 mm potassium. Because large numbers of apparently homogeneous neurons can be obtained, this represents a potentially useful model of neuronal programmed cell death (PCD). Analysis of the time course and extent of death after removal of either serum or K+ alone demonstrated that a fast-dying (T1/2 = 4 hr) population (20%) responded to serum deprivation, whereas a slow-dying (T1/2 = 25 hr) population (80%) died in response to K+ deprivation. Taking advantage of the complete death after removing both K+ and serum, changes in metabolic events and mRNA levels were analyzed in this model. Glucose uptake, protein synthesis, and RNA synthesis fell to <35% of control by 9 hr after potassium/serum deprivation, a time when 85% of the cells were still viable. The pattern of the fall in these metabolic parameters was similar to that reported for trophic factor-deprived sympathetic neurons. Most mRNAs decreased markedly after K+/serum deprivation. Levels of c-jun mRNA increased fivefold in potassium/serum-deprived granule cells;c-jun is required for cell death of sympathetic neurons. mRNA levels of cyclin D1, c-myb,collagenase, and transin remained relatively constant in potassium/serum-deprived granule cells. These data demonstrate the existence of two populations of granule cells with respect to cell death and define common metabolic and genetic events involved in neuronal PCD.
Economic consequences of globalization : evidence from East Asia

1. Introduction Shujiro Urata, Chin Hee Hahn and Dionisius Narjoko 2. Learning-by-Exporting in Korean Manufacturing: A Plant-Level Analysis Chin Hee Hahn and Chang-Gyun Park 3. Trade, Productivity and Innovation: The Case of Malaysia Cassey Lee Hong Kim 4. Does Trade Protection Improve Firm Productivity? Evidence from Philippine Micro Data Rafaelita Aldaba 5. Impact of Trade and Investment Liberalization on Productivity in Organized Manufacturing in India Ram Upendra Das 6. Policy Reforms, Firm Entry, and Labor Productivity Change: Learning from Vietnamese Manufacturing Dionisius Narjoko 7. The Source of Production, Employment and Productivity in Indonesia Haryo Aswicahyono and Teguh Yudo Wicaksono 8. Vertical and Horizontal FDI Technology Spillovers: Evidence from Thai Manufacturing Archanun Kohpaiboon 9. The Role of Market Potential in Location Choice: Evidence from Japanese Investment Toshiyuki Matsuura and Kazunobu Hayakawa 10. Import-as-Market Discipline Hypothesis: Evidence of Thai Manufacturing Sector Archanun Kohpaiboon
Scan-Based Testing of Post-Bond Silicon Interposer Interconnects in 2.5-D ICs

2.5-D integration is emerging as the precursor to stacked 3-D ICs. Since the silicon interposer and micro-bumps in 2.5-D integration can suffer from fabrication and assembly defects, post-bond testing is necessary for product qualification. This paper proposes and evaluates an interposer test architecture based on extensions to the IEEE 1149.1 standard. The proposed method enables access to interconnects inside the interposer by probing on the C4 bumps. It provides an effective test method for opens, shorts, and interconnect delay defects in the interposer. Moreover, micro-bumps can be tested through test paths that include dies on the interposer. The proposed test technique is fully compatible with the IEEE 1149.1 architecture and can be controlled by the test-access port controller. We present HSPICE and ModelSim simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of fault detection. Simulation results show that a large range of defects can be detected, diagnosed, and characterized using the proposed approach. We also present synthesis results to evaluate the hardware cost per die relative to the IEEE 1149.1 standard. Synthesis results show that the cost of implementation of the architecture is negligible.
Breath, skin and clothing: Using wearable technologies as an interface into ourselves

Abstract There is a common ground that exists between the first person methodologies of performance practice and the technology research of Human—Computer Interaction (HCI). Exploring this common ground, this essay describes movement research based in performance and somatics and then applied to the design of digital networked interfaces for wearable technologies. The research is based on a body of knowledge practices from performance/somatics that operate ‘from the inside out’, using the experience of the moving body to construct knowledge. Within both performance practice and HCI, there is a need to construct models of the user's experience. One of the key questions this paper asks is: How can we bridge specific domain knowledge within performance practice to transform design strategies for our new technologies? The first section provides a theoretical context for bridging embodied practices from performance to HCI, and looks at (1) how performance methodologies can be used as a model for experience, (2) applying existing design concepts for creating gestural movement vocabularies in interaction, and (3) developing methods that bridge from experience to experience modeling. The second section provides a design context through the description of the development of the interactive wearable technology art piece entitled exhale, an installation that illustrates how first person methodologies of performance can be used to inform the design of digital interfaces/interactive clothing within an experiential environment.
Occurrence of cancer in rats treated with oestrone.

Rats of relatively low susceptibility to spontaneous carcinoma were studied. The estrone used was crystalline folliculin. Experiment 1 inv olved 12 rats, of which half were ovariectomized at the age of 58 days. All animals received daily vaginal application of a solution of estrone in corn oil from the age of 62 days until death. Hysterectomy was done on some to remove pyometra. Some were painted on the interscapular region 3 times a week with tar. In 2 cases, 3 mg of dry kieselguhr were inserted into 1 mammary gland. In this series, 1 rat killed on the 964th day of life had squamous carcinoma of the vagina, a precancerous lesion of the cervix, and a mammary adenofibroma. Another rat, at the age of 751 days, had a large abscess adherent to the descending colon. In the wall of the abscess a squamous cell carcinoma was found. In other rats of this group, a cervical papilloma and an ileo-caecal lymphosarcoma were found. In the 2nd series, 10 rats were ovariectomized at 106 days of age and silk threads placed in 1 or both uterine horns. All of these rats received daily sc injections of 30 gamma of estrone in corn oil. Some also had silk threads or kieselguhr placed in 1 mammary gland. A rat in this group, killed on Day 293 of life, had a precancerous lesion of the cervix and an abdominal lymphosarcoma. Another rat at the age of 624 days had an adenocarcinoma of the breast and 49 days later an abscess in the lower abdomen. In the wall of the abscess squamous pearls of doubtful malignancy were found. In the same rat there was an area of squamous metaplasia in a breast where kieselguhr had been injected. In a control series of 12 rats injected with corn oil alone or not treated, squamous lesions were found in abscesses of uterine horns of 2 at 753 days. A 3rd series consisted of 12 female rats of which 6 were ovariectomized at the age of 116 days. All received daily injections of 30 gamma estrone. Kieselguhr, 15 mg, was placed in the uterine horns of each animal and 35 mg in the peritoneal cavity of some. A malignant breast tumor developed in 1 rat at the age of 553 days. When estrone injections were stopped, the tumor ceased to grow. Another rat in this group died of abdominal lymphosarcoma. Of 12 rats in the 3 series which survived 500 days or longer and were treated with estrone, 4 developed cancer while of 18 control rats from Series 2 and 3 living 500 days or more only 1 had cancer. Fistulas between the uterus or vagina were found only in estrone-treated rats. In this colony of 121 rats kept without treatment, 55 female and 27 males survived 500 or more days. A submaxillary gland cancer was found in 1 but no other malignant tumors occurred among them. It is concluded that rats treated for long periods with estrone, often toghether with various forms of local irritation, developed malignant tumors more frequently than others of the same colony subjected to other procedures or untreated.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan and laminin immunoreactivity on cultured astrocytes: relationship to differentiation and neurite growth

Extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by Schwann cells is known to promote growth of several types of neurites (Ard et al., 1987). Whether a similar material produced by astrocytes may be available to promote neurite growth during CNS development is now open to question. The present study was undertaken to define conditions under which cultured astrocytes deposit the ECM components laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), and to relate this deposition to the ability of astrocytes to support neurite growth. The use of 2 different culture media permitted the growth of astrocytes either with or without these ECM components. Neonatal rat cortical astrocytes were cultured by the method of McCarthy and de Vellis (1980) and studied by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Astrocytes grown in serum- containing medium for 5 or 9 d after subculturing were shown to have fibrillar patches of ECM containing both HSPG and laminin immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity for the 2 molecules was usually colocalized. In contrast, astrocytes subcultured for 5 d in defined medium showed no immunocytochemical staining for either laminin or HSPG and had no ECM visible in EM. Formation of stellate processes was increased when cells were grown in defined medium compared with that seen in serum-containing medium, and growth of the population was slower. In 3 other conditions, attainment of stellate morphological differentiation by the astrocytes was correlated with diminution in immunostaining for ECM components. (1) In older cultures (30–42 d after subculturing), stellate, mitotically quiescent cells showed relatively little HSPG or laminin immunoreactivity. (2) Cultures initially maintained in serum-containing medium and then converted to defined medium lost much of their immunoreactivity for ECM components and developed longer processes. (3) When neurites from fetal rat dorsal root ganglion explants grew across monolayers of astrocytes in serum- containing medium, diminution of ECM immunostaining and development of stellate processes were seen in areas directly contacted by the neurites. ECM-containing laminin and HSPG did not appear to be necessary for neurites to interact with astrocytes. In defined medium, in which no ECM was detected, dorsal root ganglion neurites were found in contact with astrocyte surfaces rather than on the rat tail collagen substratum on the culture dish. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Does product market integration lead to decentralised wage bargaining institutions

This paper studies the effects of product market integration on wage-bargaining institutions. It first shows evidence of a negative correlation between the level of wage bargaining and proxy measures of integration, such as the degree of openness and import penetration, for a macro-panel of 17 OECD countries over the 1975-2000 period. It then develops a theoretical model of an import-competing unionised Cournot-Nash oligopoly. The model shows that a reduction in trade barriers, by lowering the sharable surplus between home firms and labour when the final goods are substitutes, gives unions incentives to choose more decentralised wage-bargaining institutions. This industry-level mechanism, however, works in the opposite direction with either complements or two-way trade and homogeneous goods. In these cases, cutting trade barriers raises the sharable surplus and encourages domestic wage-setters to choose more centralised institutions.