Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Response of Tank Containing Two Liquids

A study on the dynamic response of upright circular cylindrical liquid-storage tanks containing two different liquids under a horizontal base motion with an arbitrary temporal variation is presented. Only rigid tanks were studied. The response functions examined include the base shear, base moments, and hydrodynamic pressure on the tank wall and base. Unlike the cases of tanks containing one liquid, in which the response is controlled by one parameter, height-to-radius ratio, the responses of tanks that contain two different liquids are controlled by three parameters: height-to-radius ratio, mass density ratio, and height ratio of the two liquids. The response functions are evaluated for a wide range of values for each parameter; the results are presented in graphic forms. The study shows that the dynamic response of a tank filled with two liquids is quite different from that of an identical tank filled with only one liquid; the maximum sloshing wave height may increase significantly, and the fundamental period of the sloshing motion is longer in a tank containing two liquids.
Localization of small obstacles in Stokes flow

We want to detect small obstacles immersed in a fluid flowing in a larger bounded domain Ω in the three-dimensional case. We assume that the fluid motion is governed by the steady-state Stokes equations. We make a measurement on a part of the exterior boundary ∂Ω and then take a Kohn–Vogelius approach to locate these obstacles. We use here the notion of the topological derivative in order to determine the number of objects and their rough locations. Thus we first establish an asymptotic expansion of the solution of the Stokes equations in Ω when we add small obstacles inside. Then, we use it to find a topological asymptotic expansion of the considered Kohn–Vogelius functional which gives us the formula of its topological gradient. Finally, we make some numerical simulations exploring the efficiency and the limits of this method.
Prediction of Pilot-in-the-Loop Oscillations Due to Rate Saturation

Rate saturation in modern e ight control systems has been shown as a main contributor to triggering of pilot-in-the-loop oscillations (PIOs). Oscillations with signie cant rate saturation effects are classie ed as category II PIO. A new method was developed to predict stability problems of rate-saturated closed-loop systems based on the rate-limiting element describing function. Jump phenomena are observed in the closed-loop system describing function after rate-limiting onset, which have been shown as highly correlated with location of the open-loop onset point (OLOP) of the rate limiter in the Nichols chart. The OLOP criterion and its background, physical signie cance, and determination are presented. Its relation to the negative inverse describing function technique is discussed. Application of the OLOP criterion to closed-loop aircraft-pilot systems in the roll axis was investigated by using aircraft models from in-e ight simulations e own on the NT-33 and the YF-16 e rst e ight cone guration. A high correlation was found between the OLOP criterion and the PIO susceptibility based on numerical investigations in the time domain with simple pilot models. Rate limiters in theforward path and feedback loop of the e ight control system were investigated.
Magnetic clouds along the solar cycle: expansion and magnetic helicity

Abstract Magnetic clouds (MCs) are objects of extreme importance in the heliosphere. They have a major role on releasing magnetic helicity from the Sun (with crucial consequences on the solar dynamo), they are the hugest transient object in the interplanetary medium, and the main actors for the Sun-Earth coupling. The comparison between models and observations is beginning to clarify several open questions on MCs, such as their internal magnetic configuration and their interaction with the ambient solar wind. Due to the decay of the solar wind pressure with the distance to the Sun, MCs are typically in expansion. However, their detailed and local expansion properties depend on their environment plasma properties. On the other hand, while it is well known that the solar cycle determines several properties of the heliosphere, the effects of the cycle on MC properties are not so well understood. In this work we review two major properties of MCs: (i) their expansion, and (ii) the magnetic flux and helicity that they transport through the interplanetary medium. We find that the amount of magnetic flux and helicity released via MCs during the last solar minimum (years 2007-2009) was significantly lower than in the previous one (years 1995-1997). Moreover, both MC size and mean velocity are in phase with the solar cycle while the expansion rate is weakly variable and has no relationship with the cycle.
The actively controlled jet in crossflow

This study quantifies the dynamics of actuation for the temporally forced, round gas jet injected transversely into a crossflow, and incorporates these dynamics in developing a methodology for open loop jet control. A linear model for the dynamics of the forced jet actuation is used to develop a dynamic compensator for the actuator. When the compensator is applied, it allows the jet to be forced in a manner which results in a more precisely prescribed, temporally varying exit velocity, the RMS amplitude of perturbation of which can be made independent of the forcing frequency. Use of the compensator allows straightforward comparisons among different conditions for jet excitation. Clear identification can be made of specific excitation frequencies and characteristic temporal pulse widths which optimize transverse jet penetration and spread through the formation of distinct, deeply penetrating vortex structures.
What are the Mass-Loss Rates of O Stars?

Empirical mass-loss rates of 28 luminous galactic OB stars are derived from thermal radio emission and from Hα recombination radiation. The velocity fields of all stars had previously been analyzed in the IUE ultraviolet spectral region. The results of these ultraviolet line-profile analyses (shape of the velocity law and terminal velocity) are combined with the radio and Hα data for a precise and consistent determination of the stellar mass-loss rates. It is found that radio and Hα rates agree within the observational errors. This suggests that significant clumping in the wind is unlikely due to the very different radius of origin of radio and Hα radiation within the wind
A simple method for image restoration and image pre-processing using two-wave mixing in Bi12TiO20

Optical information processing is one possible application of photorefractive crystals. In contrast to other methods where photorefractive crystals with high electro-optic coefficients (e.g. BaTiO3) or an applied electric field for increasing the beam coupling efficiency were applied, we used a simple two-wave mixing (TWM) set-up with a Bi12TiO20 (BTO) crystal without applied electric field to restore the intensity profile of a distorted image and for edge amplification and detection.
Filled rubber materials system: Application to echo absorption in waterfilled tanks

This paper describes a materials system for forming rubber composites with selectable acoustic properties. It is particularly suitable for laboratory use in molding small articles with longitudinal sound speeds and impedances less than (or not much greater than) those of water, and with sound absorption coefficients which may be varied over a wide range. The composites are formed using a common silicone rubber resin (RTV‐602) to which various fillers may be added in controlled amounts. In this study, we measured the sound speed, density, and attenuation coefficient for more than 100 samples containing various concentrations and types of these fillers. These data were then reduced to determine the best‐fit coefficients in a set of descriptive equations. Thereafter these equations could be used to calculate the filler concentrations needed to form composites with specific required properties. To demonstrate the usefulness and predictability of these materials in an application of general interest, these com.
Nonparametric Tests of Conditional Treatment Effects with an Application to Single�?Sex Schooling on Academic Achievements

We develop a general class of nonparametric tests for treatment effects conditional on covariates. We consider a wide spectrum of null hypotheses regarding conditional treatment effects, including the following: (a) the null hypothesis of the conditional stochastic dominance between treatment and control groups; (b) the null hypothesis that the conditional average treatment effect is nonpositive for each value of covariates; (c) the null hypothesis of no distributional (or average) treatment effect conditional on covariates. The test statistics are based on L 1 ‐type functionals of uniformly consistent nonparametric kernel estimators of conditional expectations that characterize the null hypotheses. We show that our tests using the standard normal critical values have asymptotically correct size. We also show that the proposed nonparametric tests are consistent against general fixed alternatives and have non‐negligible powers against some n − 1 / 2 local alternatives to the null hypothesis with inequality constraints and n − 1 / 2 h − d / 4 local alternatives to the null hypothesis with equality constraints, where h is a bandwidth, n is the sample size and d is the dimension of continuous covariates. We illustrate the usefulness of our tests by applying them to the effect of single‐sex schooling on academic achievements using Korean data.
Space radiation effects modeling and analysis of quantum dot based photovoltaic cells

For applications in space systems, devices based on novel nanomaterials offer significant advantages over traditional technologies in terms of light-weight and efficiency. Examples of such novel devices include quantum dot (QD) based solar cells and photodetectors. However, the response of these devices to radiation effects is not well understood, and radiation effects modeling tools are not yet available. In this paper we review our numerical models and experimental investigation of radiation effects in quantum dot based solar cells. In the natural, high-radiation environment of space all solar cells suffer from degradation. Although some studies have been conducted, and test data collected, on the performance of solar cells in a radiation environment, the mechanisms of radiation-induced degradation of quantum dot superlattices (QDS) has yet to be established. We have conducted proton irradiation experiments to provide a direct comparison of radiation hardness of quantum dot based cells and regular solar cells. An approach to the development of Nano-scale Technology Computer Aided Design (NanoTCAD) simulation software for simulation of radiation effects in QDS-based photovoltaic (PV) devices is presented. The NanoTCAD tools are based on classical drift-diffusion and quantum-mechanical models for the simulation of QD PV cells.
A comparison of wavelet analysis techniques in digital holograms

This study explores the effectiveness of wavelet analysis techniques on digital holograms of real-world 3D objects. Stationary and discrete wavelet transform techniques have been applied for noise reduction and compared. Noise is a common problem in image analysis and successful reduction of noise without degradation of content is difficult to achieve. These wavelet transform denoising techniques are contrasted with traditional noise reduction techniques; mean filtering, median filtering, Fourier filtering. The different approaches are compared in terms of speckle reduction, edge preservation and resolution preservation.
Rectangular type-II superconducting wires carrying axial current

Previous calculations for the distribution of J and B in a type-II superconducting wire with a square cross section carrying an axial current are here extended to obtain corresponding results for a rectangular cross section. We do this (a) for wires and thick films, (b) for whiskers, and (c) for thin films. The superconducting self-inductance in the first case varies as lambda; in the cases of thin films and whiskers the variation is as lambda/sup 2/. This agrees with reported results. We know of no definitive experimental results for the J and B distributions for comparison with our theoretical results.
SIW Antenna With Polarizer at ku-Band

This communication presents the design and manufacturing of a small size SIW array antenna at ku-band with circular polarization. The antenna consists of eight standing-wave slotted array plus a polarizer to obtain the circular polarization. There is some tapering among slots to reduce the SLL. The distribution network is done in a different layer than the radiating elements to reduce the antenna size. To couple the power between layers, a coupling H-slot is used. The design and measured results of each element are presented in this communication. Possible manufacturing problems are also explained.
Sibship Reconstruction without Parental Information

In this article, the feasibility of reconstructing sibship relationships from genetic data without genotypes of possible parents is explored. A Bayesian approach is taken in the sibship estimation, and the sensitivity of the problem to the population allele frequencies and the feasibility of estimation with unknown population allele frequencies is examined. The approach is illustrated on forensic data from falcons, consisting of unlinked minisatellite markers; but the approach is also applicable to other types of genetic markers. The results indicate that situations in which the problem is relatively insensitive to the population allele frequencies can occur, and that if an appropriate prior distribution over the population allele frequencies can be selected, then analysis can be carried out. The effect of mutations is also examined and indicates that with the relatively high mutation rates possible in mini-satellite markers, the presence of mutations can alter the results significantly.
Application of Fuzzy Support Vector Machine in Chalky Rice Identification

In order to improve the identification accuracy of fuzzy support vector machine for chalky rice, this paper puts forward a fuzzy support vector machine method based on fuzzy K nearest-neighbor. This method firstly gets a sample center by calculating sample mean aimed at every class sample; and then it calculates the initial membership of sample by calculating the distance between sample and center; finally, it calculates K neighbor points of each sample, calculates the membership of sample according to the fuzzy K neighbor method, and integrates the initial membership with fuzzy K neighbor membership at a certain proportion, to get the ultimate membership values of samples. Combined with image detection problems of rice, verify the validity of this method. Experiments show that this method not only can improve the accuracy of identification but also can improve its speed, with a better result than common fuzzy support vector machine.
Signed‐Rank Tests in the Presence of Ties (with extended tables)

We begin with a review of the areas of application of the signed-rank tests (SRTs) and we conclude that the results are exact only if no ties of non-null differences exist. In order to apply the SRTs according to WILCOXON and according to PRATT also in the presence of ties, by assigning midranks, we derive their null distributions. As special cases the null distributions for the problem without ties are obtained. In order to save the practising statistician the time-consuming calculations of the distribution functions, we compute tables of critical values (for reasons of volume they will be published as part of the reprints only). For N0 = 0 (1) 5 null differences and M = = 1(1) 10 non-null differences the critical values of all distributions with all possible tie vectors are calculated. Instructions are provided and an example serves to illustrate the use of the table. The extension of the tables are obtained by means of counting formulas given in the text. Approximations are provided in order to make the application of tests possible for larger samples as well. It is shown that the approximation of the null distribution in the presence of ties by the null distributions under the assumption of no ties in some cases overstates and sometimes understates the exact rejection probability. For N0 = 0 (1) 10 and M = 1 (1) 10 all distributions with all possible tie vectors for the SRTs with WILCOXON and PRATT ranking are examined with respect to the lattice type of the test statistic. The result is given in table 6. It is evident that the portion of PRATT-distributions with lattice character decreases as the number of null differences increases. Continuity corrections are obtained for the asymptotic normal distribution which take into account the lattice character of the distribution of the test statistic.
CW 7-W 900-nm-wide supercontinuum source by phosphosilicate fiber Raman laser and high-nonlinear fiber

High-power, continuous-wave (CW) supercontinuum spanning from 1200 to 2100 nm has been generated in an all-fiber configuration. The output of a CW 8-W phosphosilicate fiber Raman laser at 1556 nm was efficiently converted to the supercontinuum in the successive high-nonlinear dispersion-shift fiber with the zero-dispersion wavelength of 1539 nm. The fiber-length and input-power dependences were investigated, and both the spectral broadening and continuum power are found to be strongly affected by the 2220-nm absorption band in silica. An average power of 6.8 W and a 20-dB bandwidth of 900 nm were obtained from the optimal 150-m fiber length. Very flat spectral intensity of 10±1 mW/nm from 1640 to 2015 nm is also a noteworthy feature. Raman-assisted four-wave mixing driven by modulation instability is the most possible mechanism of the presented CW supercontinuum generation and well explains the spectral cutoffs.
Analyzing Cross‐classified Data with Inherent Spatial Dependence

Despite considerable recent progress in the methods available for the log-linear analysis of categorical data arising from complex sampling schemes, only a few papers have been published that deal with the parallel phenomenon of dependence induced by spatial sampling. This paper aims to add to the general awareness of this topic and suggests some new ideas for tackling the problems raised. In the paper it is shown that the method that has been proposed for the valid selection of log-linear models given spatially dependent data and some derivative methods are somewhat conservative when compared to an approach based on a model of spatial dependence outlined in section 4. The method also serves as a data exploratory technique to enhance the use of the more robust conservative approach.
Metal-enhanced galactic winds. II. Radiative cooling and pressure effects

The generation of galactic winds from star-forming galaxies is investigated. It is shown that the large supernova rates believed to have occurred during the early evolution of elliptical galaxies result in a chemically inhomogeneous two-phase interstellar medium consisting of cool clouds embedded in a hot low-density matrix that occupies most of space. The energy and heavy-element production of supernovae exploding directly in the hot matrix can generate a metal-enhanced galactic wind. Supernova-driven mass loss is found to depend critically on the supernova rate in dwarf galaxies and, in the case of giant ellipticals, on the depth of the potential well. The latter fact suggests the possibility that the transition from giant to dwarf ellipticals is due to the transition from partial to total winds. 46 references.
The gas-grain interaction in the interstellar medium - Thermal accommodation and trapping

A numerical model is developed for calculating thermal accommodation coefficients . cap alpha. /sub T/ and trapping fractions f/sub t/ for gases incident upon solid surfaces. The numerical method is especially designed for astrophysical applications in that it treats economically and with moderate accuracy ( +- 20%) the dependences of . cap alpha. /sub T/ and f/sub t/ on finite and different surface and gas temperatures for a large number of gas-surface combinations. Graphs are presented of the dependence of . cap alpha. /sub T/ and f/sub t/ on interstellar gas temperatures in the range of 10 K< or =T/sub g/< or =10/sup 4/ K and grain temperatures in the range of 10 K< or =T/sub s/< or =10/sup 3/ K, assuming the current estimates of the gas-surface physical parameters such as the composition and the Debye temperature of the grain material, the repulsive range of the surface potential, and the gas-grain adsorption energy. The dependences of . cap alpha. /sub T/ and f/sub t/ on the physical parameters are presented graphically, so that . cap alpha. /sub T/ and f/sub t/ can readily be calculated as knowledge of these parameters improves.
A Two-State Markov Model for Behavioral Change

THIS paper is concerned with analyzing a particular aspect of behavior in a situation of the following type. A subject (usually a person) is observed and his behavior classified as falling into one or another of two mutually exclusive classes, or states. A sequence of such observations is made on the same subject at equal intervals of time, resulting in a sequence of classifications in the given states. We consider a probability model for a special case of this general situation, and our aim is to study the tendency of the subject to move from one state to another under generally stable environmental conditions. The observed subject may be an individual, or a group of individuals taken as a unit. Our basic assumption is that the sequence of observations is a Markov chain with stationary transition probabilities pij(i, j= 1, 2). A more general Markov model involving k states (k > 1) and with k2 parameters pij(i, j = 1, * , k) has been studied at length by Anderson [1] and Anderson and Goodman [2], who suggest inference procedures based on several sequences of independent observations. Bartlett [3] and Hoel [4], using a single sequence, give inference procedures on transition probabilities in higher order probability chains. The more restrictive model proposed in this paper, primarily designed for a single sequence, defines the unknown constants pij(i, j = 1, 2) as functions of a special parameter, q, which in a certain sense describes the tendency of the observed subject to move from state to state.
3-D CFD analysis on effect of hub-to-tip ratio on performance of impulse turbine for wave energy conversion

This paper deals with the computational fluid dynamics analysis on effect of hub-to-tip ratio on performance of 0.6 m impulse turbine for wave energy conversion. Experiments have been conducted on the 0.6 m impulse turbine with 0.6 hub-to-tip ratio to validate the present computational fluid dynamics method and to analyze the aerodynamics in rotor and guide vanes, which demonstrates the necessity to improve the blade and guide vanes shape. Computational fluid dynamics analysis has been made on impulse turbine with different hub-to-tip ratio for various flow coefficients. The present computational fluid dynamics model can predict the experimental values with reasonable degree of accuracy. It also showed that the downstream guide vanes make considerable total pressure drop thus reducing the performance of the turbine. The computational fluid dynamics results showed that at the designed flow coefficient of 1.0 the turbine with 0.5 hub-to-tip ratio has better performance compared to 0.55 and 0.6 hub-to-tip ratio turbine.