Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-resolution magnetic and palynological records of the last deglaciation and Holocene from Lake Xiarinur in the Hunshandake Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia

High-resolution mineral magnetic and pollen records from overlapping piston cores from Lake Xiarinur (42°37′N, 115°28′E) document detailed changes in environment and vegetation since the last deglaciation in the Hunshandake Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia. The formation of Lake Xiarinur commenced during the Bølling–Allerød warming, as reflected by an abrupt shift in sedimentary facies from eolian sands to lacustrine sediments at a core depth of 3.5 m (~14.1 cal. kyr BP). The pollen records demonstrate that desert vegetation with sparse herbs occurred before 14.1 cal. kyr BP, which was succeeded by meadow grassland vegetation from ~14.1 –13.3 cal. kyr BP (the Bølling -Allerød). A dramatic decrease in pollen concentration occurred between ~13.3 and 11.7 cal. kyr BP corresponding to the Younger Dryas. The remarkable increases in pollen and Pediastrum concentrations at ~11.7 cal. kyr BP suggest that the environment began to ameliorate, and the most humid conditions prevailed until ~8.5 cal. kyr BP. The maxima of magnetic concentration–dependent and magnetic-grain-size-dependent parameters, together with high pollen concentrations, between ~10 and 9 cal. kyr BP are interpreted as a brief interval of high annual precipitation. Our results indicate a stepwise decrease in effective moisture in the mid-Holocene and an accelerated drying trend in the late Holocene, characteristics typical of an East Asian summer monsoon–influenced region. The broad similarities between our data and other lake records from central-eastern Inner Mongolia, well-dated speleothem δ18O records from southern and central China, and summer insolation at 45°N, support the idea that vegetation and climate changes in the Hunshandake Sandy Land were controlled mainly by fluctuations in the response of the East Asian monsoon to Northern Hemisphere summer insolation.
DIVERSIDADE E ESTRUTURA GENÉTICA DE Senna reticulata

Senna reticulata (Willd.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby e uma planta arborea pioneira em areas abertas de planicies aluviais da Amazonia e frequentemente usada como planta medicinal. Devido a escassez de informacoes sobre a diversidade da especie, caracterizou-se a diversidade genetica de populacoes naturais de S. reticulata por meio de marcadores AFLP. Foram coletadas amostras em quatro populacoes ao longo do trecho do gasoduto Coari-Manaus: Santa Luzia do Baixio, Nossa Senhora de Nazare, Matrincha e Esperanca II. Foram utilizados quatro primers de AFLP, resultando num total de 330 locos polimorficos variando de 76,97% a 92,42% entre as populacoes. O dendrograma e a analise bayesiana de agrupamento permitiram a visualizacao de um grupo formado pelas populacoes de Nossa Senhora de Nazare e Esperanca II e outro agrupamento formado por Santa Luzia do Baixio. A populacao de Matrincha foi caracterizada como a composicao de genes dos dois grupos. O fluxo genico medio estimado entre as populacoes foi de 4,04 e o teste de Mantel indicou baixa correlacao (r = 0,268) entre as matrizes de distância geografica e distância genetica. De acordo com a analise molecular de variância, a maior diferenciacao genetica esta dentro das populacoes (82,29%), enquanto a variacao interpopulacional foi de 17,71%. Abstract Genetic diversity and structure of Senna reticulata. S. reticulata (Willd.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby is a pioneer tree that grows in open areas of the Amazon floodplains and is often used as a medicinal plant species. Due to the lack of information on diversity for this species, this research aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of natural populations of S. reticulata by AFLP markers. The samples were collected in four populations along the natural gas pipeline pathway of Coari-Manaus: Santa Luzia do Baixio, Nossa Senhora de Nazare, Matrincha and Esperanca II. Four AFLP primers were used, resulting in a total of 330 polymorphic loci ranged from 76.97% to 92.42% among populations. The clustering and Bayesian cluster analysis allowed to discriminate a group composed by the Nossa Senhora de Nazare and Esperanca II populations and another group composed by Santa Luzia do Baixio. Matrincha population was characterized as a gene composition from both groups. Average gene flow among populations was 4.04 and Mantel test showed low correlation (r = 0.268) between the pairwise of geographic and genetic distance matrices. According to molecular variance analysis, the most genetic differentiation is within populations (82.29%), while the inter population variation was around 17.71%. Keywords : Population differentiation; AFLP marker; genetic variability.
Experimental Approaches to the Study of People-Plant Relationships

People have cultivated plants and other natural elements in urban environments virtually since the advent of the earliest human cities. Recent research in the social sciences suggests that passive interactions with large scale natural environments may have health benefits. These early fmdings with large scale natural environments are consistent with enduring beliefs about the beneficial effects of natural environments, which in turn echo beliefs about the positive effects of horticultural pursuits. This paper describes two general classes of research methods that have been used to investigate the mtential health effects of oassive exmures to natural envikmmen6, methods that have direci applicabfiity to the investigation of similar issues in horticultural environments. The fmt set of methods have been used in the field of environmental aesthetics to measure perceived environmental quality. Several of these specific methods are described and their ap licabiity to horticultural research is highlighted. The s.
Recent advances and current problems in modelling surface processes and their interaction with crustal deformation

Abstract I present a brief summary of recent advances in the field of computational geomorphology and various attempts to couple numerical models of landscape evolution to models of crustal/lithospheric deformation. The most commonly used formulations for the various physical processes at play during surface erosion, transport and deposition are presented, as well as an outline of how they have been incorporated in a variety of numerical schemes. I also explain how the coupling between erosion and tectonics has been performed under various simplifying assumptions. Determining the rate constants for each of the proposed landforming mechanisms remains a difficult challenge that has recently been helped by the advent of new low temperature thermochronometers and exposure dating by cosmogenic radionuclides. I demonstrate how the information contained in the relationship between age and elevation can be used to provide constraints on the ‘age’ of a landscape, as well as how important rate information can be extracted from various datasets by using simple modelling techniques. This paper demonstrates why the field of computational geomorphology needs to harmonize the various parameterizations (often the legacy of empirical relationships derived from observations at the human scale), quantitative estimates of the value of the numerous rate parameters and improvement of the numerical techniques.
LDS-FL: Loss Differential Strategy Based Federated Learning for Privacy Preserving

Federated Learning (FL) has attracted extraordinary attention from the industry and academia due to its advantages in privacy protection and collaboratively training on isolated datasets. Since machine learning algorithms usually try to find an optimal hypothesis to fit the training data, attackers also can exploit the shared models and reversely analyze users’ private information. However, there is still no good solution to solve the privacy-accuracy trade-off, by making information leakage more difficult and meanwhile can guarantee the convergence of learning. In this work, we propose a Loss Differential Strategy (LDS) for parameter replacement in FL. The key idea of our strategy is to maintain the performance of the Private Model to be preserved through parameter replacement with multi-user participation, while the efficiency of privacy attacks on the model can be significantly reduced. To evaluate the proposed method, we have conducted comprehensive experiments on four typical machine learning datasets to defend against membership inference attack. For example, the accuracy on MNIST is near 99%, while it can reduce the accuracy of attack by 10.1% compared with FedAvg. Compared with other traditional privacy protection mechanisms, our method also outperforms them in terms of accuracy and privacy preserving.
Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ15N and δ18O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA

The natural abundance of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in nitrate can be a powerful tool for identifying the source of nitrate in streamwater in forested watersheds, because the two main sources of nitrate, atmospheric deposition and microbial nitrification, have distinct δ18O values. Using a simple mixing model, we estimated the relative fractions in streamwater derived from these sources for two forested watersheds with markedly different streamwater nitrate outputs. In this study, we monitored δ15N and δ18O of nitrate biweekly in atmospheric deposition and in streamwater for 20 months at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA (moderate nitrogen export), and monthly in streamwater at the Bowl Research Natural Area, New Hampshire, USA (high nitrogen export). For rain, δ18O values ranged from +47 to +77‰ (mean: +58‰) and δ15N from −5 to +1‰ (mean: −3‰); for snow, δ18O values ranged from +52 to +75‰ (mean: +67‰) and δ15N from −3 to +2‰ (mean: −1‰). Streamwater nitrate, in contrast to deposition, had δ18O values between +12 and +33‰ (mean: +18‰) and δ15N between −3 and +6‰ (mean: 0‰). Since nitrate produced by nitrification typically has δ18O values ranging from −5 to +15‰, our field data suggest that most of the nitrate lost from the watersheds in streamflow was nitrified within the catchment. Our results confirm the importance of microbial nitrogen transformations in regulating nitrogen losses from forested ecosystems and suggest that hydrologic storage may be a factor in controlling catchment nitrate losses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of impervious surface on urban heat island in Wuhan, China

Impervious surfaces (IS), as one of the most important land cover types and characteristic of urban/suburban1 environments, are known to effect urban surface temperatures by altering the sensible and latent heat fluxes. This study examined the effect IS spatial patterns have on land surface temperature (LST) in Wuhan, China. LST were retrieved from the corrected TIR band (10.4~12.5μm) of Landsat images using Single-Channel method. IS distribution, together with vegetation and soil distribution, was estimated through a fully constrained linear spectral mixture model. Four endmembers, vegetation, soil, low albedo, and high albedo were selected to model heterogeneous urban land cover. Impervious surface fraction was estimated by analyzing low and high albedo endmembers. Correlation analyses were conducted to investigate the changing relationship of LST with impervious surface. The result indicated there was a strongly positive relationship (r2>0.85) between LST and percent impervious surface for all seasons, which suggested the variations in LST could be accounted for very well by percent impervious surface.
Spatial Analysis of Terrain-Impacted Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) Using MODIS Data

This paper presents the spatial distribution of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) using an atmospheric radiative transfer model under terrain impacts. The potential of the model for improved understanding of PAR impacts on ecosystem dynamics is demonstrated with the aid of MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data, using the Haihe Plain of China as a case study. Various types of MODIS data were aggregated in support of the modeling work at the regional scale. Findings clearly indicate that terrain factors do affect the estimation of instantaneous PAR significantly. Different relationships between PAR and elevation may be classified based on positive correlation, negative correlation, and no correlation. In addition, while there are different relations between PAR and slope, there is no significant correlation between PAR and aspect.
Crustal structure of the Altiplano from broadband regional waveform modeling: Implications for the composition of thick continental crust

We have modeled the full waveforms from six intermediate-depth and two shallow earthquakes recorded at regional distances by the BANJO Broadband Andean Joint Experiment (BANJO) and Seismic Exploration of the Deep Altiplano (SEDA) portable seismic networks in the central Andes. In this study we utilize data from those BANJO and SEDA stations located within the Altiplano and Eastern Cordillera. We used reflectivity synthetic seismograms and a grid search to constrain four parameters of the Altiplano-Eastern Cordillera lithosphere: crustal thickness, average crustal velocity (Vp), and crustal and upper mantle Poisson's ratios (σcrust and σmantle). Using our grid search, we investigated the crustal and upper mantle structure along 36 individual event station paths and applied forward modeling to 56 event station paths. Robust models for the Altiplano that provide the best overall fit between the data and synthetic seismograms are characterized by an average Vp of 5.75–6.25 km/s, crustal thicknesses of 60–65 km, σcrust = 0.25, and σmantle = 0.27–0.29. We find a north-south variation in the structure of the Altiplano, with the crust south of the BANJO transect characterized by either lower than average crustal P wave velocities or a slightly higher σcrust relative to crust north of the BANJO transect. These results are consistent with a model of crustal thickening caused predominantly by tectonic shortening of felsic crust, rather than by underplating or magmatic intrusion from the mantle.
A new Miocene Bryozoa from the Sarmatian of the Danube basin

New species of Sarmatian Bryozoa Celleporina dubovaensis sp. n. has been found in the section Dubova (Slovakia) and described in details. The new species differs from all other known species of Celleporina having combination of thick radial ribs in the perforated area of the ovicells, only one suboral avicularium per zooecium and rare, very large vicarious avicularia.
Dynamics of southwest Asian dust particle size characteristics with implications for global dust research

[1] As part of the United Arab Emirates Unified Aerosol Experiment (UAE2), the size distribution and chemistry of dust particles were measured for the months of August and September 2004 at an Arabian Gulf coastal site impacted by dust from several sources within southwest Asia. The characteristics of common mode dust (0.8 < dp < 10 μm) were examined using an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), a DRUM cascade impactor, and AERONET Sun/sky retrievals. While size properties from these distinct methods do correlate, accurate dust measurement is still an outstanding challenge. But when instruments are applied consistently in the correct context, the dynamics of dust particle size can be accurately studied. Here, observations are used to study the stability of dust size and chemistry characteristics. We found that dust particle size, chemistry, and morphology appear to be fairly static from individual sources, confirming preliminary hypotheses based on large-scale observations of Saharan dust. Thus, our data provide experimental evidence that on regional scales, common mode dust is not functionally impacted by production wind speed, but rather influenced by soil properties such as geomorphology or roughness length. Similarly, we found transport processes from the mesoscale to near synoptic scale do not significantly impact common mode dust size either. When combined with other APS observations around the world, the dust coarse mode is found to be fairly robust with a volume median diameter on the order of ∼3.5 μm ± 30%. Finally, evidence for a strong submicron dust mode, suggested in previous studies, was inconclusive.
DIRECTIONAL-CURRENT STRUCTURES FROM THE PREALPINE FLYSCH, SWITZERLAND

Gurnigel sandstone beds in the Paleocene-Eocene Flysch of the External Prealps, Switzerland, contain primary structures which display common orientation through many feet of strata. The linearity of some of these directional-current structures is easily measured in the field. The bottom of beds display groove-cast and load-cast primary-current lineations; within a layer are found clast lineations subdivided into grain and charcoal-fragment lineations, and parting lineations consisting of streaks on bedding-planes. Flute casts, torose load casts, current stratification, convolute bedding, and ripple marks also occur. These, and other factors, suggest that the sediments were laid down in a relatively sheltered basin by turbidity currents. In three sections of the Gurnigel Flysch 401 field measurements of the orientation of current structures show that during the Paleocene and Eocene a source for sediment lay not far to the northwest. This information, with published data from clast types and the distribution and facies of other Paleocene and Eocene units, implies that a land mass or island probably lay within the northwestern part of the Ultrahelvetic sedimentation region within which the Gurnigel Flysch accumulated, and near the border of the Helvetic region. The Oligocene and Pliocene culminations of the Alpine orogeny carried the Gurnigel Flysch far to the northwest within Ultrahelvetic nappes.
Sulfur isotopic ratios of the magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitoids of the Sierra Nevada batholith--A reconnaissance study

Whole-rock sulfur isotopic ratios were determined for four magnetite-series and two ilmenite-series granitoids from the central Sierra Nevada batholith. The magnetite-series rocks yielded {delta}{sup 34}S{sub (CDT)} of 1.6 to 4.0, and the ilmenite-series rocks revealed lower values of {minus}3.7 and {minus}5.3. These correlations are the same as those observed in the Japanese Islands arc. A majority of the Sierra Nevada granitoids are considered to have positive {sup 34}S values as a result of island-arc magmatism. The same magma was reduced by the introduction of organic carbon from the sedimentary wall rocks along the western zone where the depth of granitoid emplacement was as deep as 4-5 kbar, thus forming the ilmenite-series granitoids.
Effect of twin boundary spacing on the mechanical properties of nano-columnar crystalline Cu-Ni alloy

ABSTRACT Nanotwinned exist in crystals as coherent interfaces with low interfacial energy, which can not only improve the strength of metal materials, but also increase the ductility. In this manuscript, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of the mechanical properties of a nano-columnar crystalline Cu-Ni alloy with different twin boundary spacing. It is found that the model without twin has a stacking fault tetrahedron composed of stair-rod dislocations, which results in a small change in dislocation density at the later stage of deformation, and the average stress after yielding is lower than that of the model with twin. During the deformation process, with the increase of Other atoms, the dislocation slip barrier is enhanced, the tensile strength is increased, and the yield phenomenon is delayed, which is more obvious with the decrease of twin boundary spacing. The dislocation density decreases with the decrease of the spacing of the twin boundary, and the dislocation segments become shorter. When the twin boundary spacing is 0.625 nm, the tensile strength is increased by about 71% compared with the model without twin structure.
Urban growth trend analysis using GIS techniques—a case study of the Bombay metropolitan region

Abstract Towns and cities in India are facing complex problems regarding the provision and maintenance of services and infrastructure in the face of the rapid growth of pupulation, caused both by natural increase and migration. In order to meet such challenges a planner needs to have fairly accurate and up-to-date information, especially about physical structures and related land parameters. A study of their trends generally helps in the understanding of the emerging growth pattern and in formulating policies to guide or redirect it. Recent advances in the field of remote sensing technology and computer based Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide very useful tools in undertaking such analysis. The results from a study about growth trends of the urban areas in the Bombay Metropolitan Region using multi-date remote sensing data and ARC/INFO GIS package are described here. The period under consideration is from 1968 to 1989. It should be noted that the major growth in the region is confined to Great.
Quantifying Anderson's fault types

Anderson [1905] explained three basic types of faulting (normal, strike-slip, and reverse) in terms of the shape of the causative stress tensor and its orientation relative to the Earth's surface. Quantitative parameters can be defined which contain information about both shape and orientation [Celerier, 1995], thereby offering a way to distinguish fault-type domains on plots of regional stress fields and to quantify, for example, the degree of normal-faulting tendencies within strike-slip domains. This paper offers a geometrically motivated generalization of Angelier's [1979, 1984, 1990] shape parameters ϕ and ψ to new quantities named Aϕ and Aψ. In their simple forms, Aϕ varies from 0 to 1 for normal, 1 to 2 for strike-slip, and 2 to 3 for reverse faulting, and Aψ/ranges from 0° to 60°, 60° to 120°, and 120° to 180°, respectively. After scaling, Aϕ and Aψ agree to within 2% (or 1°), a difference of little practical significance, although Aψ has smoother analytical properties. A formulation distinguishing horizontal axes as well as the vertical axis is also possible, yielding an Aϕ ranging from −3 to +3 and Aψ from −180° to +180°. The geometrically motivated derivation in three-dimensional stress space presented here may aid intuition and offers a natural link with traditional ways of plotting yield and failure criteria. Examples are given, based on models of Bird [1996] and Bird and Kong [1994], of the use of Anderson fault parameters Aϕ and Aψ for visualizing tectonic regimes defined by regional stress fields.