Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Authorship Verification based on the Likelihood Ratio of Grammar Models

Authorship Verification (AV) is the process of analyzing a set of documents to determine whether they were written by a specific author. This problem often arises in forensic scenarios, e.g., in cases where the documents in question constitute evidence for a crime. Existing state-of-the-art AV methods use computational solutions that are not supported by a plausible scientific explanation for their functioning and that are often difficult for analysts to interpret. To address this, we propose a method relying on calculating a quantity we call $\lambda_G$ (LambdaG): the ratio between the likelihood of a document given a model of the Grammar for the candidate author and the likelihood of the same document given a model of the Grammar for a reference population. These Grammar Models are estimated using $n$-gram language models that are trained solely on grammatical features. Despite not needing large amounts of data for training, LambdaG still outperforms other established AV methods with higher computational complexity, including a fine-tuned Siamese Transformer network. Our empirical evaluation based on four baseline methods applied to twelve datasets shows that LambdaG leads to better results in terms of both accuracy and AUC in eleven cases and in all twelve cases if considering only topic-agnostic methods. The algorithm is also highly robust to important variations in the genre of the reference population in many cross-genre comparisons. In addition to these properties, we demonstrate how LambdaG is easier to interpret than the current state-of-the-art. We argue that the advantage of LambdaG over other methods is due to fact that it is compatible with Cognitive Linguistic theories of language processing.
Thermal Hall effect incorporating magnon damping in localized spin systems

We propose a theory for thermal Hall transport mediated by magnons to address the impact of their damping resulting from magnon-magnon interactions in insulating magnets. This phenomenon is anticipated to be particularly significant in systems characterized by strong quantum fluctuations, exemplified by spin-1/2 systems. Employing a nonlinear flavor-wave theory, we analyze a general model for localized electron systems and develop a formulation for thermal conductivity based on a perturbation theory, utilizing bosonic Green's functions with a nonzero self-energy. We derive the expression of the thermal Hall conductivity incorporating magnon damping. To demonstrate the applicability of the obtained representation, we adopt it to two $S=1/2$ quantum spin models on a honeycomb lattice. In calculations for these systems, we make use of the self-consistent imaginary Dyson equation approach at finite temperatures for evaluating the magnon damping rate. In both systems, the thermal Hall conductivity is diminished due to the introduction of magnon damping over a wide temperature range. This effect arises due to the smearing of magnon spectra with nonzero Berry curvatures. We also discuss the relation to the damping of chiral edge modes of magnons. Our formulation can be applied to various localized electron systems as we begin with a general Hamiltonian for these systems. Our findings shed light on a new aspect of topological magnonics emergent from many-body effects and will stimulate further investigations on the impact of magnon damping on topological phenomena.
Motifs, Phrases, and Beyond: The Modelling of Structure in Symbolic Music Generation

Modelling musical structure is vital yet challenging for artificial intelligence systems that generate symbolic music compositions. This literature review dissects the evolution of techniques for incorporating coherent structure, from symbolic approaches to foundational and transformative deep learning methods that harness the power of computation and data across a wide variety of training paradigms. In the later stages, we review an emerging technique which we refer to as"sub-task decomposition"that involves decomposing music generation into separate high-level structural planning and content creation stages. Such systems incorporate some form of musical knowledge or neuro-symbolic methods by extracting melodic skeletons or structural templates to guide the generation. Progress is evident in capturing motifs and repetitions across all three eras reviewed, yet modelling the nuanced development of themes across extended compositions in the style of human composers remains difficult. We outline several key future directions to realize the synergistic benefits of combining approaches from all eras examined.
An Analytic Description of Electron Thermalization in Kilonovae Ejecta

A simple analytic description is provided of the rate of energy deposition by $\beta$-decay electrons in the homologously expanding radioactive plasma ejected in neutron star mergers, valid for a wide range of ejecta parameters -- initial entropy, electron fraction $\{s_0,Y_e\}$ and density $\rho t^3$. The formulae are derived using detailed numerical calculations following the time-dependent composition and $\beta$-decay emission spectra (including the effect of delayed deposition). The deposition efficiency depends mainly on $\rho t^3$ and only weakly on $\{s_0,Y_e\}$. The time $t_e$ at which the ratio between the rates of electron energy deposition and energy production drops to $1-e^{-1}$, is given by $t_e=t_{0e}\Big(\frac{\rho t^3}{0.5(\rho t^3)_0}\Big)^a$, where $(\rho t^3)_0=\frac{0. 05M_{\odot}}{4\pi(0.2c)^3}$, $t_{0e}(s_0,Y_e)\approx17$ days and $0.4\le a(s_0,Y_e)\le0.5$. The fractional uncertainty in $t_e$ due to nuclear physics uncertainties is $\approx10\%$. The result $a\le0.5$ reflects the fact that the characteristic $\beta$-decay electron energies do not decrease with time (largely due to"inverted decay chains"in which a slowly-decaying isotope decays to a rapidly-decaying isotope with higher end-point energy). We provide an analytic approximation for the time-dependent electron energy deposition rate, reproducing the numerical results to better than $50\%$ (typically $<30\%$, well within the energy production rate uncertainty due to nuclear physics uncertainties) over a 3-4 orders-of-magnitude deposition rate decrease with time. Our results may be easily incorporated in calculations of kilonovae light curves (with general density and composition structures), eliminating the need to numerically follow the time-dependent electron spectra. Identifying $t_e$, e.g. in the bolometric light curve, will constrain the (properly averaged) ejecta $\rho t^3$.
Long-Term Scintillation Studies of Pulsars. II. Refractive Effects and the Spectrum of Plasma Density Fluctuations

Refractive scintillation effects in pulsars are powerful techniques for discriminating between different models proposed for the electron density fluctuation spectrum in the interstellar medium. Data from our long-term scintillation study of 18 pulsars in the dispersion measure range 3-35 pc cm-3 (Paper I) are used to investigate two important observable effects of refractive scintillation, viz., (1) modulations of diffractive scintillation observables and flux density, and (2) drifting bands in dynamic scintillation spectra. Our data provide simultaneous measurements of decorrelation bandwidth, scintillation timescale, flux density, and drift rate of patterns. The observed modulations of the first three are compared with the available theoretical predictions, and constraints are placed on the power spectrum of plasma density fluctuations. The measured modulation indices are found to be larger than predicted by a Kolmogorov form of density spectrum. The properties of the drift rate of patterns along with the diffractive scintillation parameters have been used to estimate independently the slope of the density power spectrum, which is found to be consistent with a Kolmogorov form for several pulsars. The contradictory results from these two independent methods of constraining the electron density spectrum are not reconcilable with the simple theoretical models based on power-law forms of density spectrum. Our observations show anomalous scintillation behavior such as persistent drifting bands for some pulsars. This can be interpreted as an excess power in the low wavenumber range (~10-12 to 10-13 m-1) compared to the Kolmogorov expectations, or the existence of localized density structures. The results from our observations are discussed in combination with those from earlier studies in an attempt to understand the overall nature of the density spectrum. The emerging picture is a Kolmogorov-like spectrum (α≈11/3) in the wavenumber range ~10-6 m-1 to ~10-11 m-1, which either steepens or has a bump near ~10-12 to 10-13 m-1. The accumulated data also suggest the existence of discrete density structures along some lines of sight. We also discuss the possible implications of our results for the theoretical models.
Towards a multimodal neuroimaging-based risk score for mild cognitive impairment by combining clinical studies with a large (N>37000) population-based study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia, leading to a decline in memory, reasoning, and social skills. While numerous studies have investigated the genetic risk factors associated with AD, less attention has been given to identifying a brain imaging-based measure of AD risk. This study introduces a novel approach to assess mild cognitive impairment MCI, as a stage before AD, risk using neuroimaging data, referred to as a brain-wide risk score (BRS), which incorporates multimodal brain imaging. To begin, we first categorized participants from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS)-3 cohort into two groups: controls (CN) and individuals with MCI. Next, we computed structure and functional imaging features from all the OASIS data as well as all the UK Biobank data. For resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we computed functional network connectivity (FNC) matrices using fully automated spatially constrained independent component analysis. For structural MRI data we computed gray matter (GM) segmentation maps. We then evaluated the similarity between each participant's neuroimaging features from the UK Biobank and the difference in the average of those features between CN individuals and those with MCI, which we refer to as the brain-wide risk score (BRS). Both GM and FNC features were utilized in determining the BRS. We first evaluated the differences in the distribution of the BRS for CN vs MCI within the OASIS-3 (using OASIS-3 as the reference group). Next, we evaluated the BRS in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort (using OASIS-3 as the reference group), showing that the BRS can differentiate MCI from CN in an independent data set. Subsequently, using the sMRI BRS, we identified 10 distinct subgroups and similarly, we identified another set of 10 subgroups using the FNC BRS. For sMRI and FNC we observed results that mutually validate each other, with certain aspects being complementary. For the unimodal analysis, sMRI provides greater differentiation between MCI and CN individuals than the fMRI data, consistent with prior work. Additionally, by utilizing a multimodal BRS approach, which combines both GM and FNC assessments, we identified two groups of subjects using the multimodal BRS scores. One group exhibits high MCI risk with both negative GM and FNC BRS, while the other shows low MCI risk with both positive GM and FNC BRS. Moreover, in the UKBB we have 46 participants diagnosed with AD showed FNC and GM patterns similar to those in high-risk groups, defined in both unimodal and multimodal BRS. Finally, to ensure the reproducibility of our findings, we conducted a validation analysis using the ADNI as an additional reference dataset and repeated the above analysis. The results were consistently replicated across different reference groups, highlighting the potential of FNC and sMRI-based BRS in early Alzheimer's detection.
The β-catenin C terminus links Wnt and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathways to promote vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis

Canonical Wnt and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathways are highly conserved systems that contribute to normal vertebrate development, with key consequences for immune, nervous, and cardiovascular system function; despite these functional overlaps, little is known about Wnt/β-catenin–S1P cross-talk. In the vascular system, both Wnt/β-catenin and S1P signals affect vessel maturation, stability, and barrier function, but information regarding their potential coordination is scant. We report an instance of functional interaction between the two pathways, including evidence that S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) is a transcriptional target of β-catenin. By studying vascular smooth muscle cells and arterial injury response, we find a specific requirement for the β-catenin carboxyl terminus, which acts to induce S1PR1, and show that this interaction is essential for vascular remodeling. We also report that pharmacological inhibition of the β-catenin carboxyl terminus reduces S1PR1 expression, neointima formation, and atherosclerosis. These findings provide mechanistic understanding of how Wnt/β-catenin and S1P systems collaborate during vascular remodeling and inform strategies for therapeutic manipulation.
A dynamic ubiquitination balance of cell proliferation and endoreduplication regulators determines plant organ size

Ubiquitination plays a crucial role throughout plant growth and development. The E3 ligase DA2 has been reported to activate the peptidase DA1 by ubiquitination, hereby limiting cell proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate DA2 remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that DA2 has a very high turnover and auto-ubiquitinates with K48-linkage polyubiquitin chains, which is counteracted by two deubiquitinating enzymes, UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 12 (UBP12) and UBP13. Unexpectedly, we found that auto-ubiquitination of DA2 does not influence its stability but determines its E3 ligase activity. We also demonstrate that impairing the protease activity of DA1 abolishes the growth-reducing effect of DA2. Last, we show that synthetic, constitutively activated DA1-ubiquitin fusion proteins overrule this complex balance of ubiquitination and deubiquitination and strongly restrict growth and promote endoreduplication. Our findings highlight a nonproteolytic function of K48-linked polyubiquitination and reveal a mechanism by which DA2 auto-ubiquitination levels, in concert with UBP12 and UBP13, precisely monitor the activity of DA1 and fine-tune plant organ size.
Mechanosensing regulates tissue repair program in macrophages

Tissue-resident macrophages play important roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. However, how macrophages monitor and maintain tissue integrity is not well understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key structural and organizational component of all tissues. Here, we find that macrophages sense the mechanical properties of the ECM to regulate a specific tissue repair program. We show that macrophage mechanosensing is mediated by cytoskeletal remodeling and can be performed in three-dimensional environments through a noncanonical, integrin-independent mechanism analogous to amoeboid migration. We find that these cytoskeletal dynamics also integrate biochemical signaling by colony-stimulating factor 1 and ultimately regulate chromatin accessibility to control the mechanosensitive gene expression program. This study identifies an “amoeboid” mode of ECM mechanosensing through which macrophages may regulate tissue repair and fibrosis.
Utilization of Primary Health Care Under National Health Insurance in Samarinda Municipality, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Aim In Indonesia, basic community health services are provided to all citizens through Primary Health Care (PHC) settings under the National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme. The insurance is compulsory and provides basic community health needs. Based on a gatekeeper concept, the PHC is deemed to be the first contact point for all basic healthcare needs. Despite the commencement of services through PHC settings in 2014 under this concept, utilization in PHC settings remains lower than in hospital settings. This study aimed to assess factors associated with utilization of PHC under National Health Insurance in Samarinda Municipality, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods The research examined the utilization of services over six months. It employed a cross-sectional method and included 382 NHI participants in 10 districts of Samarinda Municipality. Each district was divided into urban and semi-urban areas based upon local government indicators representing the whole research area. A two-stage random sampling and purposive sampling approach was implemented to select the sample. The participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Chi-square and multiple logistic regressions were conducted to determine the impact of factors on the utilization of PHC. Results Only 17.3% of participants used PHC services regularly. Three constitutive factors, type of NHI participants (Adj. OR: 2.62; p<0.005), accommodation (Adj. OR: 2.18; p<0.005) and awareness (Adj. OR: 3.27; p<0.005) most profoundly influenced the under-utilization of PHC by NHI participants. Conclusion The study found that the type of NHI participant and the utilization factors of accommodation and awareness significantly influenced the degree of utilization of PHC facilities by NHI participants and that the differences arose from variations in knowledge and experience. Strengthening these factors will rely upon an expanded role of government and community collaboration, emphasizing the needs of NHI participants.
Design and optimization of a high-performance multi-barrier IPMS motor for an electric scooter and bicycle

Acknowledging the growing importance of electric vehicles (EVs) in the face of environmental concerns and increasing mobility needs, this study focuses on enhancing the performance of the electric motor, a critical component in EVs. The electric motor of these battery-powered vehicles is expected to have optimal characteristics and efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the design and optimization of a multi-barrier interior permanent magnet synchronous motor tailored for e-scooters and electric bicycles. A multi-barrier rotor structure is proposed and analysed through finite element method simulations to optimize key design parameters. The parametric analysis examines the influence of geometric variables on key motor performance criteria, including efficiency, cogging torque and weight. A correlation analysis of the variables was conducted. A very high positive correlation (0.999) was revealed, especially between the ‘magnet duct dimension parameter’ and efficiency. A very high negative correlation (−1) was found between ‘distance from duct bottom to shaft surface’ and efficiency. The optimized motor design achieves a theoretical improvement of around 7% in efficiency, reaching an overall efficiency of 89.86%. This study highlights the consideration of multiple factors such as efficiency, cogging torque and weight in the design process for the development of sustainable and high-performance EV motor designs.
Case-matched Comparison of Implant-based Breast Reconstruction with and without Acellular Dermal Matrix

Background: Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is commonly used in implant-based breast reconstruction due to improved soft-tissue support and control of the implant pocket and decreased capsular contracture. However, concerns about complications have prompted the FDA to request more clinical data. This large-scale study aims to examine perioperative outcomes of ADM use in breast reconstruction. Methods: This study utilized a national insurance-based database to identify patients who underwent mastectomy between 2011 and 2019, with and without ADM. The groups were matched for age, region, and comorbidities. Complications within 90 days were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 49,366 patients were identified with 26,266 patients in the ADM group and 23,100 in the non-ADM group. Infection rates (4.7% ADM versus 4.4% no ADM) and seroma rates (3.9% ADM versus 4% no ADM) were similar. However, the ADM group had a 1% higher rate of implant removal (4.9% ADM versus 3.9% no ADM, P < 0.001). In direct-to-implant procedures, ADM use was associated with higher explantation rates (8.2% versus 6.3%, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis identified tobacco use, hypertension, depression, obesity, ADM usage, and direct-to-implant surgery as risk factors for implant removal. Conclusions: This study found comparable infection and seroma rates in implant-based breast reconstruction with and without ADM. ADM use was associated with a 1% higher risk of implant removal, with risk factors including tobacco use, obesity, hypertension, depression, and direct-to-implant procedures. Multicenter studies and registry data on prepectoral breast reconstruction are warranted to help interpret these findings.
Proximity to the water surface markedly enhances the force production on underwater flapping wings

The potential application of flapping wings in micro-aerial vehicles is gaining interest due to their ability to generate high lift even in confined spaces. Most studies in the past have investigated hovering wings as well as those flapping near solid surfaces. However, the presence of surface tension at the water-air interface and the ability of the water surface to move might differentiate its response to the proximity of wings, compared to that of solid surfaces. Motivated by underwater, amphibian robots and several underwater experimental studies on flapping wings, our study investigated the effects of the proximity of flapping wings to the water surface at low Reynolds numbers (Re = 3400). Experiments were performed on a rectangular wing in a water tank with prescribed flapping kinematics and the aerodynamic forces were measured. The effects of surface proximity on the wing in its both upright and inverted orientations were studied. Broadly, the mean lift and drag coefficients in both orientations decreased significantly (by up to 60%) as the distance from the water surface was increased. In the case of the upright orientation, the mean lift coefficient was slightly decreased very close to the water surface with its peak being observed at the normalized clearance of h/c¯=0.07. Overall, the study revealed an enhancement in the aerodynamic forces closer to the water surface.