Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From student associations to CEUNE: the development of student representation in Spain

Abstract The forms of students' political participation in the administration of higher education in Spain have evolved throughout history. Spain has developed from a period characterised by the corporatist model of Sindicato Espanõl Universitario – as a single syndicate of students controlled by the Franco Regime – towards the emergence of a student movement which channelled rejection and political opposition by means of clandestine associations and assemblies. The arrival of democracy and the constitutional recognition of the right of the autonomous university brought with it the institutionalization of student representation in the administrative bodies. The article discusses the development of student representation and participation in universities and in state–student relationship. It categorizes and qualifies representative associations at different levels of HE governance. Finally, it proposes that the pluralist model of state–student interactions that has proliferated in the democratic Spain may be evolving towards a more neocorporatist model.
Cosmology with weak lensing surveys

Weak gravitational lensing is responsible for the shearing and magnification of the images of high-redshift sources due to the presence of intervening mass. Since the lensing effects arise from deflections of the light rays due to fluctuations of the gravitational potential, they can be directly related to the underlying density field of the large-scale structures. Weak gravitational surveys are complementary to both galaxy surveys and cosmic microwave background observations as they probe unbiased nonlinear matter power spectra at medium redshift. Ongoing CMBR experiments such as WMAP and a future Planck satellite mission will measure the standard cosmological parameters with unprecedented accuracy. The focus of attention will then shift to understanding the nature of dark matter and vacuum energy: several recent studies suggest that lensing is the best method for constraining the dark energy equation of state. During the next 5 year period, ongoing and future weak lensing surveys such as the Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM; e.g. SNAP) or the Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope will play a major role in advancing our understanding of the universe in this direction. In this review article, we describe various aspects of probing the matter power spectrum and the bispectrum and other related statistics with weak lensing surveys. This can be used to probe the background dynamics of the universe as well as the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Reading Ability and Semantic Processing: Isolating Speed of Access

Although much attention has focused on the efficiency of access to semantic information as adeterminant of reading ability, previous research has confounded information access and decisionprocesses. The authors used a matching task to study the time course of semantic access amongcollege students. They studied the time course of processing by varying the stimulus onsetbetween the two members of a stimulus pair. Semantic encoding functions obtained from thisparadigm were used to isolate semantic access from the decision component of the matchingtask. Regression analyses indicated that the often-obtained correlation between speed of semanticprocessing and measures of reading ability is based on unique contributions from both semanticaccess and decision processes. The results undermine the hypothesis that the efficiency of accessto semantic codes is a relatively age-invariant contributor to individual differences in reading.
Physical activity in US youth: effect of race/ethnicity, age, gender, and weight status.

PURPOSE To describe physical activity (PA) levels by race/ethnicity, age, gender, and weight status in a representative sample of US youth. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were combined and analyzed. Youth aged 6-19 yr with at least four 10-h days of PA measured by accelerometry were included (n = 3106). Outcomes included mean counts per minute and minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). RESULTS Among the groups, the 6- to 11-yr-olds spent more time (88 min·d) in MVPA than the 12- to 15-yr-olds (33 min·d) and 16- to 19-yr-olds (26 min·d; P < 0.001 for both). Females spent fewer minutes per day in MVPA than males (P < 0.001). Overall, obese youth spent 16 fewer minutes per day in MVPA than normal-weight youth. However, non-Hispanic white males spent three to four fewer minutes per day in vigorous PA than Mexican American (MA; P = 0.004) and non-Hispanic black (P < 0.001) males but had lower obesity rates and obese 12- to 15-yr-old MA recorded similar minutes in MVPA per day as normal-weight MA (P > 0.050). There was a significant three-way age-body mass index-race/ethnicity interaction for mean minutes per day in MVPA (P < 0.001). Adjustment for total energy intake did not qualitatively alter these results. CONCLUSIONS Females and older youth were the least active groups. Obese youth were generally less active, but this did not hold uniformly across race/ethnic groups. Cultural or biological factors could moderate the association between PA and obesity in youth.
Classification margin for improved class-based speech recognition performance

This paper investigates class-based speech recognition, and more precisely the impact of the selection of the training samples for each class on the final speech recognition performance. Increasing the number of recognition classes should lead to more specific models, and thus to better recognition performance, providing the trained model parameters are reliable. However, when the number of classes increases, the amount of training data for each class gets smaller, and may lead to unreliable parameters. The experiments described in the paper show that taking into account a classification margin tolerance helps associating more training data to each class, and improves the overall speech recognition performance.
An LC/MS method for d8-β-carotene and d4-retinyl esters: β-carotene absorption and its conversion to vitamin A in humans

The intestinal absorption and metabolism of β-carotene is of vital importance in humans, especially in populations that obtain the majority of their vitamin A from provitamin A carotenoids. MS has provided a better understanding of the absorption of β-carotene, the most potent provitamin A carotenoid, through the use of stable isotopes of β-carotene. We report here an HPLC-MS method that eliminates the need for complicated sample preparation and allows us to detect and quantify newly absorbed d8-β-carotene as well as its d4-retinyl ester metabolites in human plasma and chylomicron fractions. Both retinoids and β-carotene were recovered in a single simple extraction that did not involve saponification, thus allowing subsequent quantitation of individual fatty acyl esters of retinol. Separation of d8-β-carotene and its d4-retinyl ester metabolites was achieved using the same C30 reversed-phase liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring and negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization modes, respectively. Total time for the two successive runs was 30 min. This HPLC-MS method allowed us to quantify the absorption of intact d8-β-carotene as well as its extent of conversion to d4-retinyl esters in humans after consumption of a single 5 mg dose of d8-β-carotene.
Visual Navigation for Planetary Exploration Rovers

SPARTAN (SPAring Robotics Technologies for Autonomous Navigation) and its extension SEXTANT (Spartan EXTension Activity Not Tendered) are two robotic exploration technology development activities funded by ESA. They target the development of computer vision algorithms for visual navigation that will be suitable for use by Martian rovers. This paper summarizes our on-going efforts in the context of SEXTANT for developing dependable and efficient solutions for two key ingredients of visual navigation, namely terrain mapping and localization.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) produced via NF‐κB signaling pathway mediates migration of amoeboid microglia in the periventricular white matter in hypoxic neonatal rats

Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), a member of β‐chemokine subfamily, regulates the migration of microglia, monocytes, and lymphocytes to the inflammatory site in the central nervous system. We sought to determine if amoeboid microglial cells (AMC) produce MCP‐1 that may be linked to migration of AMC in the corpus callosum periventricular white matter in hypoxic neonatal rats. A striking feature in 1‐day‐old rats subjected to hypoxia was a marked increase in cell numbers of AMC and immunoexpression of MCP‐1 and its receptor (CCR2). By BrdU immunostaining, there was no significant change in the proliferation rate of AMC after hypoxic exposure when compared with the corresponding control rats. When injected intracerebrally into the corpus callosum of 7‐day‐old postnatal rats, MCP‐1 induced the chemotactic migration of AMC to the injection site. In primary microglial cell culture subjected to hypoxia, there was a significant increase in MCP‐1 release involving NF‐κB signaling pathway. In in vitro chemotaxis assay, the medium derived from hypoxia‐treated microglial cultures attracted more migratory microglial cells than that from the control microglial culture. The present results suggest that following a hypoxic insult, AMC in the neonatal rats increase MCP‐1 production via NF‐κB signaling pathway. This induces the migration and accumulation of AMC from the neighboring areas to the periventricular white matter (PWM). It is concluded that the preponderance and active migration of AMC, as well as them being the main cellular source of MCP‐1, may offer an explanation for the PWM being susceptible to hypoxic damage in neonatal brain. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long-Term Presence of Virus-Specific Plasma Cells in Sensory Ganglia and Spinal Cord following Intravaginal Inoculation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

ABSTRACT The tissue sites of long-term herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-specific antibody production in mice and guinea pigs were identified. In addition to secondary lymphoid tissue and bone marrow, HSV-specific plasma cells were detected in spinal cords of mice up to 10 months after intravaginal inoculation with a thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-2 strain and in lumbosacral ganglia and spinal cords of guinea pigs inoculated with HSV-2 strain MS. The long-term retention of virus-specific plasma cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems following HSV infection may be important for resistance to reinfection of neuronal tissues or may play a role in modulation of reactivation from latency.
[18F]-fluoro-ethyl-L-tyrosine PET: a valuable diagnostic tool in neuro-oncology, but not all that glitters is glioma.

BACKGROUND To assess the sensitivity and specificity of [(18)F]-fluoro-ethyl-l-tyrosine ((18)F-FET) PET in brain tumors and various non-neoplastic neurologic diseases. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated (18)F-FET PET scans from 393 patients grouped into 6 disease categories according to histology (n = 299) or distinct MRI findings (n = 94) (low-grade/high-grade glial/nonglial brain tumors, inflammatory lesions, and other lesions). (18)F-FET PET was visually assessed as positive or negative. Maximum lesion-to-brain ratios (LBRs) were calculated and compared with MRI contrast enhancement (CE), which was graded visually on a 3-point scale (no/moderate/intense). RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of brain tumor were 87% and 68%, respectively. Significant differences in LBRs were detected between high-grade brain tumors (LBR, 2.04 ± 0.72) and low-grade brain tumors (LBR, 1.52 ± 0.70; P < .001), as well as among inflammatory (LBR, 1.66 ± 0.33; P = .056) and other brain lesions (LBR, 1.10 ± 0.37; P < .001). Gliomas (n = 236) showed (18)F-FET uptake in 80% of World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 79% of grade II, 92% of grade III, and 100% of grade IV tumors. Low-grade oligodendrogliomas, WHO grade II, had significantly higher (18)F-FET uptakes than astrocytomas grades II and III (P = .018 and P = .015, respectively). (18)F-FET uptake showed a strong association with CE on MRI (P < .001) and was also positive in 52% of 157 nonglial brain tumors and nonneoplastic brain lesions. CONCLUSIONS (18)F-FET PET has a high sensitivity for the detection of high-grade brain tumors. Its specificity, however, is limited by passive tracer influx through a disrupted blood-brain barrier and (18)F-FET uptake in nonneoplastic brain lesions. Gliomas show specific tracer uptake in the absence of CE on MRI, which most likely reflects biologically active tumor.
Determinants of protein modification versus heme alkylation: inactivation of cytochrome P450 1A1 by 1-ethynylpyrene and phenylacetylene.

Reaction of cytochrome P450 enzymes with arylacetylenes results in heme N-alkylation [e.g., Komives, E. A. , and Ortiz de Montellano, P. R. , (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3330-3336] and/or protein modification [e.g., Gan, L. -S. L. , Acebo, A. L. and Alworth, W. L. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 3827-3836]. To clarify the factors that determine whether heme or protein alkylation occurs, we have investigated the cytochrome P450 1A1-catalyzed oxidation of 1-ethynylpyrene (1-EP) and phenylacetylene (PA). Cytochrome P450 1A1 in microsomes from beta-naphthoflavone-induced rats is inactivated in a time- and NADPH-dependent manner by 1-EP and PA. Parallel loss of the heme chromophore is observed with PA but not with 1-EP, although partial heme chromophore loss is observed when the purified, reconstituted enzyme is inactivated by either agent. Product analysis shows that 1-EP and PA are oxidized to, respectively, (1'-pyrenyl)-acetic and phenylacetic acids. In contrast to the inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B1 by PA, no isotope effect is observed on enzyme inactivation or metabolite formation when the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by deuterium in either 1-EP or PA. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 1A1 by 1-EP results in covalent binding of 0.8-0.9 equiv (relative to total cytochrome P450 content) of the inhibitor to the microsomal protein. The results demonstrate that a single isozyme can be inactivated, depending on the structure of the arylacetylene, by heme or protein alkylation. Spectroscopic binding constants (Ks) show that 1-EP binds to the enzyme with > 2000 times greater affinity that PA. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On Perfect Packings in Dense Graphs

We say that a graph $G$ has a perfect $H$-packing if there exists a set of vertex-disjoint copies of $H$ which cover all the vertices in $G$. We consider various problems concerning perfect $H$-packings: Given $n, r , D \in \mathbb N$, we characterise the edge density threshold that ensures a perfect $K_r$-packing in any graph $G$ on $n$ vertices and with minimum degree $\delta (G) \geq D$. We also give two conjectures concerning degree sequence conditions which force a graph to contain a perfect $H$-packing. Other related embedding problems are also considered. Indeed, we give a structural result concerning $K_r$-free graphs that satisfy a certain degree sequence condition.
Perceptual discrimination of prosodic types and their preliminary acoustic analysis

A perceptual discrimination test was conducted to investigate whether humans can discriminate prosodic types solely based on suprasegmental acoustic cues. Excerpts from Chinese, English, Spanish, and Japanese, differing in lexical accent types and rhythm types, were used. From these excerpts, “source” signals of the source-filter model, differing in F0, intensity, and HNR, were created and used in a perceptual experiment. In general, the results indicated that humans can discriminate these prosodic types and that the discrimination is easier if more acoustic information is available. Further, the results showed that languages with similar rhythm types are difficult to discriminate (i.e., Chinese-English, EnglishSpanish, and Spanish-Japanese). As to accent types, tonal/nontonal contrast was easy to detect. We also conducted a preliminary acoustic analysis of the experimental stimuli and found that quick F0 fluctuations in Chinese contribute to the perceptual discrimination of tonal/non-tonal accents.
Effects of screening questionnaires on response in a two-phase postal survey

For surveys targeting specific population groups, the two-phase postal approach (screener followed by a topical survey sent to eligible households) has been demonstrated to be more effective at identifying population domains of interest than random digit dial telephone methods considering cost, coverage, and response. An important question is how best to motivate screener response from eligible households. In 2011, we conducted a large-scale field test to empirically test a number of methods for motivating response. We fielded screening surveys that varied content-influencing relevance, and also switched screener questionnaires for following up nonrespondents to the initial postal survey – an approach we have labeled responsive tailoring. In another experiment, we tested the effect of asking for first names in the screener questionnaire. In this article, we describe the effects of these experimental treatments on response to both the screener and the topical survey.
Metal-electrode-dependent negative photoconductance response of the nanoscale conducting filament in the SiO2-metal stack

Nanoscale resistance reset of the SiO2/M stack (where M=Cu, Ni, Ti, Al, p-type Si) was investigated via a conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM). Visible-light illumination triggers a resistance reset for Ti, Al and p-type Si electrodes, however such a behavior is not always observed for the Cu and Ni electrodes. Conversely, electrical reset is possible for Cu and Ni, but not for the others. The observed variations in optical and electrical induced resistive switching behaviors may be caused by a metal-electrode-dependent conducting filament.
The Effect of Regular Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of regular exercise training on insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the pooled data available from randomised controlled trials. In addition, we sought to determine whether short-term periods of physical inactivity diminish the exercise-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity. Eligible trials included exercise interventions that involved ≥3 exercise sessions, and reported a dynamic measurement of insulin sensitivity. There was a significant pooled effect size (ES) for the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity (ES, –0.588; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.816 to –0.359; P<0.001). Of the 14 studies included for meta-analyses, nine studies reported the time of data collection from the last exercise bout. There was a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in favour of exercise versus control between 48 and 72 hours after exercise (ES, –0.702; 95% CI, –1.392 to –0.012; P=0.046); and this persisted when insulin sensitivity was measured more than 72 hours after the last exercise session (ES, –0.890; 95% CI, –1.675 to –0.105; P=0.026). Regular exercise has a significant benefit on insulin sensitivity in adults with T2DM and this may persist beyond 72 hours after the last exercise session.
A Comprehensive Study on Mechanism Knowledge Techniques for Intrusion Detection in Network Security

This technical abstract provides a comprehensive observation of the system studying strategies for intrusion detection in network protection. Various tactics are discussed, along with supervised getting-to-know, unsupervised studying, and deep Knowledge. Facts units, KDD Cup '99 and NSL-KDD, are used to research the overall performance of Mechanism Knowledge algorithms. Experiments were carried out on the datasets to validate the performance of the algorithms in terms of accuracy, precision, consideration, and F-degree. The outcomes show that Mechanism-getting-to-know algorithms can efficaciously achieve better overall performance compared to standard techniques. Primarily based on the effects, this paper offers contributions in phrases of (1) discovering newer algorithms, (2) knowledge of the overall performance of present algorithms on distinctive intrusion detection duties, and (three) locating relationships among the features.
Constructing Connected-Dominating-Set with Maximum Lifetime in Cognitive Radio Networks

Connected-dominating-set (CDS) is a representative technique for constructing virtual backbones of wireless networks and thus facilitates implementation of many tasks including broadcasting, routing, etc. Most of existing works on CDS aim at constructing the minimum CDS (MCDS), so as to reduce the communication overhead over the CDS. However, MCDS may not work well in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) where communication links are prone to failure due to stochastic activities of primary users (PUs). A MCDS without consideration of the stochastic activities of PUs easily becomes invalid when the PUs become active. This study addresses a new CDS construction problem by considering the PUs’ activities. Our problem is to maximize the lifetime of the CDS while minimizing the size of the CDS, where the lifetime of a CDS is defined as the expected duration that the CDS is maintained valid. We show that the problem is NP-hard and propose a three-phase centralized algorithm. Given a CRN, the centralized algorithm can compute a CDS such that the lifetime of the CDS is maximized (optimal), and the size of the CDS is upper-bounded. We further present a two-phase localized algorithm which requires 2-hop information. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithms.
The candidate gene approach: have murine models informed the study of human SLE?

Genome wide linkage studies in human SLE have identified seven highly significant loci linked to SLE, and more than 20 other loci showing suggestive linkage to disease. However, pin‐pointing the susceptibility alleles in candidate genes within these linkage regions is challenging, due the genetic heterogeneity, racial differences and environmental influences on disease aetiology. Utilization of murine models of spontaneous lupus nephritis provide a complementary approach, which may then identify candidate genes for analysis in human cases. This review highlights the utility of cross‐species approach to identify and characterize the effect of given candidate genes in lupus. The examples described in this review demonstrate the importance of bringing together both genetic and functional information in human and mouse studies.
The Deputy Principalship: Retrospect and Prospect

The deputy principalship is one of the least understood roles in the schools of the restructured education systems of Australia. Little attention has been given by educational policy makers, academics and researchers as to how the deputy principal should contribute to the essential functions of the self‐managing school. Uses the research literature to identify the traditional role of the deputy principal and the factors which have constrained the evolution of the role. Assesses the effects of current policy initiatives for the deputy principalship in Australian education. An emergent facet of the role is proposed which gives greater emphasis to educational leadership in an administrative team. The failure of practitioners to make use of opportunities to reconceptualize the deputy principalship will marginalize the role to the central functions of the self‐managing school.