Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-Component Integrable Systems and Invariant Curve Flows in Certain Geometries ?

In this paper, multi-component generalizations to the Camassa{Holm equation, the modified Camassa{Holm equation with cubic nonlinearity are introduced. Geomet- ric formulations to the dual version of the Schrodinger equation, the complex Camassa{ Holm equation and the multi-component modified Camassa{Holm equation are provided. It is shown that these equations arise from non-streching invariant curve flows respectively in the three-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the two-dimensional Mobius sphere and n- dimensional sphere S n (1). Integrability to these systems is also studied.
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization and Least Squares Support Vector Machine

Diabetes Mellitus is a major health problem all over the world. Many classification algorithms have been applied for its diagnoses and treatment. In this paper, a hybrid algorithm of Modified-Particle Swarm Optimization and Least Squares- Support Vector Machine is proposed for the classification of type II DM patients. LS-SVM algorithm is used for classification by finding optimal hyper-plane which separates various classes. Since LS-SVM is so sensitive to the changes of its parameter values, Modified-PSO algorithm is used as an optimization technique for LS-SVM parameters. This will Guarantee the robustness of the hybrid algorithm by searching for the optimal values for LS-SVM parameters. The pro-posed Algorithm is implemented and evaluated using Pima Indians Diabetes Data set from UCI repository of machine learning databases. It is also compared with different classifier algorithms which were applied on the same database. The experimental results showed the superiority of the proposed algorithm which could achieve an average classification accuracy of 97.833%.
Role of Soil, Crop Debris, and a Plant Pathogen in Salmonella enterica Contamination of Tomato Plants

Background In the U.S., tomatoes have become the most implicated vehicle for produce-associated Salmonellosis with 12 outbreaks since 1998. Although unconfirmed, trace backs suggest pre-harvest contamination with Salmonella enterica. Routes of tomato crop contamination by S. enterica in the absence of direct artificial inoculation have not been investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings This work examined the role of contaminated soil, the potential for crop debris to act as inoculum from one crop to the next, and any interaction between the seedbourne plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and S. enterica on tomato plants. Our results show S. enterica can survive for up to six weeks in fallow soil with the ability to contaminate tomato plants. We found S. enterica can contaminate a subsequent crop via crop debris; however a fallow period between crop incorporation and subsequent seeding can affect contamination patterns. Throughout these studies, populations of S. enterica declined over time and there was no bacterial growth in either the phyllosphere or rhizoplane. The presence of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria on co-colonized tomato plants had no effect on the incidence of S. enterica tomato phyllosphere contamination. However, growth of S. enterica in the tomato phyllosphere occurred on co-colonized plants in the absence of plant disease. Conclusions/Significance S. enterica contaminated soil can lead to contamination of the tomato phyllosphere. A six week lag period between soil contamination and tomato seeding did not deter subsequent crop contamination. In the absence of plant disease, presence of the bacterial plant pathogen, X. campestris pv. vesicatoria was beneficial to S. enterica allowing multiplication of the human pathogen population. Any event leading to soil contamination with S. enterica could pose a public health risk with subsequent tomato production, especially in areas prone to bacterial spot disease.
Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Bosnians and Slovenians

Mitochondrial DNA variability in two Slavonic‐speaking populations of the northwestern Balkan peninsula, Bosnians (N = 144) and Slovenians (N = 104), was studied by hypervariable segments I and II (HVS I and II) sequencing and restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the mtDNA coding region. The majority of the mtDNA detected in Southern Slavonic populations falls into the common West Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroups (e.g., H, pre‐V, J, T, U, K, I, W, and X). About 2% of the Bosnian mtDNAs encompass East Eurasian and African lineages (e.g., M and L1b, respectively). The distribution of mtDNA subclusters in Bosnians, Slovenians and the neighbouring European populations reveals that the common genetic substratum characteristic for Central and Eastern European populations (such as Germans, Poles, Russians and Finns) penetrates also South European territories as far as the Western Balkans. However, the observed differentiation between Bosnian and Slovenian mtDNAs suggests that at least two different migration waves of the Slavs may have reached the Balkans in the early Middle Ages.
Design of multi-redundancy electro-mechanical actuator controller with DSP and FPGA

A novel multi-redundancy Electro-Mechanical Actuator (EMA) controller is designed in this paper, which can achieve multi-redundancy EMA control through a single controller and then result in greatly simple structure, reduced weight and compact size. This has tremendous significance on light airplane and unmanned aerial vehicle. The hardware platform of the controller is based on the floating-point DSP and FPGA, whereas the software is based on the Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) ¿C/OS-II which is ported to the DSP. The computation of position loop and velocity loop is calculated through DSP, the management and schedulers of the various control computation are carried out through the ¿C/OS-II to meet real-time requirements. FPGA is used to complete the calculation of current loop and generate PWM for the multi-redundancy EMA. The validity of this controller for the multi-redundancy EMA is proved by the experimental results which are obtained from a dual-redundancy EMA.
Hard to swallow: dysphagia in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND swallowing changes occur from the earliest stages of Parkinson's disease (PD), even in cases asymptomatic for dysphagia. Little empirical evidence exists concerning the individual's own perception of changes, the impact these have on their life and coping strategies to deal with them. OBJECTIVE to establish if and how changes in swallowing impact on the lives of people with PD. DESIGN in-depth interviews with qualitative analysis of content. SETTING community. SUBJECTS a total of 23 men and 14 women and their carers. METHODS participants were purposively sampled to give a mix of men, women, family circumstances, stage and duration of PD and severity of swallowing symptoms. Individuals were interviewed at home. Interviews were transcribed. Emergent themes were identified and fed back to participants for confirmation and clarification. RESULTS two broad themes emerged: (i) effects on swallowing of underlying physical changes, with subthemes of oral-pharyngeal-laryngeal changes, manual changes, effects of fatigue and (ii) psychosocial impact, with subthemes of alterations to eating habits, feelings of stigma, need for social adjustment and carers' issues. Coping strategies could aid swallowing problems but often to the detriment of others in the family through altered demands on preparation and organisation. Presence of significant impact was not necessarily associated with abnormal range scores on objective swallowing assessments. CONCLUSIONS the psychosocial consequences of the physical changes concerned people most. The importance of the early detection of changes for health and quality of life is underlined.
Verification of Confidentiality of Multi-threaded Programs

The goal of SlaLoM (Security by Logic for Multi-threaded Applications) project is the development of a verification framework for the protection of data. Typical security properties relevant to the protection of data are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Confidentiality means that no private information can be derived from public data. Program’s integrity is defined as the independence of the value of trusted data on untrusted sources. Availability means that an output of a program will be produced eventually. The key idea on which this project is based is the notion of self-composition. Selfcomposition means that we compose an application (program) with itself, i.e. we execute a program and its copy in parallel, in such a way that the original two programs still can be distinguished. We rephrase the security requirements as temporal logic properties over a single execution of this self-composed program. This allows the use of standard program verification techniques, which have the advantage that the verification is both automatic and precise.
Time for Troponin T ? Implications from Newly Elucidated Structure

(4, 5). If RNA-based assays for the detection of minimal residual disease in blood or bone marrow are to be introduced into routine laboratory procedures with the potential to complement and/or substitute for immunocytochemical assays, the time between sample collection and processing in the laboratory must be taken into account. Techniques requiring less time, such as direct mRNA isolation and subsequent RTPCR, might offer advantages to timeconsuming enrichment strategies.
RNA molecules containing exons originating from different members of the cytochrome P450 2C gene subfamily (CYP2C) in human epidermis and liver

Reverse transcription-PCR analysis in human epidermis, using primers from CYP2C18 and CYP2C19, revealed products containing combinations between canonically defined exons of these two genes. The major RNA species identified contained 2C18 exon 8 spliced with 2C19 exon 2. However, the terminal exons 1 and 9 were never detected in any of these composite molecules. When similar experiments were performed with liver RNA, exons 1 and 9 of both 2C18 and 2C19 were readily identified in composite 2C18/2C19 RNAs. Moreover, molecules containing 2C9 sequences spliced with 2C18 exons were also detected. These findings suggest that during the process of RNA splicing of the 2C transcripts, various exon juxtaposition events may occur, including combinations between exons of distinct genes. However, the frequency of these events is quite low and the levels of the composite RNA molecules are generally estimated at less than one molecule per cell. Since the order of these genes on chromosome 10q24 is CYP2C18 - CYP2C19 - CYP2C9, it is conceivable that the composite RNAs may result from multiple canonical and inverse splicing events of a long pre-mRNA that encompasses the three genes. However, these molecules could also be rationalized as being the products of trans splicing phenomena between distinct pre-mRNAs.
Hemizygosity Enhances Purifying Selection: Lack of Fast-Z Evolution in Two Satyrine Butterflies

The fixation probability of a recessive beneficial mutation is increased on the X or Z chromosome, relative to autosomes, because recessive alleles carried by X or Z are exposed to selection in the heterogametic sex. This leads to an increased dN/dS ratio on sex chromosomes relative to autosomes, a pattern called the “fast-X” or “fast-Z” effect. Besides positive selection, the strength of genetic drift and the efficacy of purifying selection, which affect the rate of molecular evolution, might differ between sex chromosomes and autosomes. Disentangling the complex effects of these distinct forces requires the genome-wide analysis of polymorphism, divergence and gene expression data in a variety of taxa. Here we study the influence of hemizygosity of the Z chromosome in Maniola jurtina and Pyronia tithonus, two species of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Using transcriptome data, we compare the strength of positive and negative selection between Z and autosomes accounting for sex-specific gene expression. We show that M. jurtina and P. tithonus do not experience a faster, but rather a slightly slower evolutionary rate on the Z than on autosomes. Our analysis failed to detect a significant difference in adaptive evolutionary rate between Z and autosomes, but comparison of male-biased, unbiased and female-biased Z-linked genes revealed an increased efficacy of purifying selection against recessive deleterious mutations in female-biased Z-linked genes. This probably contributes to the lack of fast-Z evolution of satyrines. We suggest that the effect of hemizygosity on the fate of recessive deleterious mutations should be taken into account when interpreting patterns of molecular evolution in sex chromosomes vs. autosomes.
Embedded Dynamic Improvement

We discuss the useful role that can be played by a subtype of improvement programming, which we term `Embedded Dynamic Improvement'. In this approach, developer-specified variation points define the scope of improvement. A search framework is embedded at these variation points, facilitating the creation of adaptive software that can respond online to changes in its execution environment.
Dual-inheritance theory: The evolution of human cultural capacities and cultural evolution

In the early 1930's Wintrop and Luella Kellogg (1933) began co-rearing their 10.5-month-old son, Donald, with a 7.5-month-old female chimpanzee named Gua. The Kelloggs expected that Gua, with the chimpanzee's popular reputa­ tion for aping, would acquire numerous behaviors and practices via imitation from both Donald and themselves. Unexpectedly, however, while Gua did finally acquire a few human patterns (e.g. combing his hair), Donald was the one who began to imitate the chimpanzee in some dramatic ways. Following Gua, Donald acquired the habits of knuckle walking (which he contin­ ued well after achieving full bipedality), chewing on shoes, scraping his teeth against interior walls, and hard biting. Donald even adopted some stereotypical chimpanzee food grunts, barks and hoots, using a particular bark as the word for orange. Thus, it was the human who did most of the aping. People in many small-scale societies believe that a human fetus is formed by many repeated ejaculations of sperm into the womb. This belief means that a child can have multiple fathers, who share paternity according to the number of times they had sex with the mother prior to birth (in anthropological parlance, 'partible paternity'). In response to this cultural belief, women in many of these societies actively seek out extra­ marital copulations, often to provide their child with extra fathers. And, while male jealously from the husband is sometimes a problem, it is regarded as socially inappropriate and thus suppressed. Detailed statistical analyses from two such societies, the Bad of Venezuela (Beckerman et aI., 2002) and Ache of Paraguay (Hill and Hurtado. 1996), show that the optimal number of fathers for a child's survival is more than one. These 'other fathers' (non-husbands of mom) provide resources, in the form of fish and meat, to their offspring and the mothers, both during pregnancy and while the child is growing up. Interestingly, since much of the sex associated with 'extra fathers' occurs after conception, many of these social fathers cannot be the genetic fathers. Culturally transmitted beliefs in partible paternity have been recorded in various linguistically unrelated societies across lowland
Determining 3-D Motion of Planar Objects from Image Brightness Patterns

The brightness patterns in two successive image frames are used to recover the motion of a planar object without computing the optical flow as an intermediate step. Based on a least-squares formulation, a set of nine nonlinear equations are derived. A simple iterative scheme for solving these equations is presented. Using a selected example, it is shown that in general, the scheme may converge to cither of two possible solutions depending on the initial condition. Only in the special case where the translational motion vector is perpendicular to the surface does our algorithm converge to a unique solution.
Relation of Prenatal Methylmercury Exposure from Environmental Sources to Childhood IQ

Background Although prenatal methylmercury exposure has been linked to poorer intellectual function in several studies, data from two major prospective, longitudinal studies yielded contradictory results. Associations with cognitive deficits were reported in a Faroe Islands cohort, but few were found in a study in the Seychelles Islands. It has been suggested that co-exposure to another contaminant, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may be responsible for the positive findings in the former study and that co-exposure to nutrients in methylmercury-contaminated fish may have obscured and/or protected against adverse effects in the latter. Objectives We aimed to determine the degree to which co-exposure to PCBs may account for the adverse effects of methylmercury and the degree to which co-exposure to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may obscure these effects in a sample of Inuit children in Arctic Québec. Methods IQ was estimated in 282 school-age children from whom umbilical cord blood samples had been obtained and analyzed for mercury and other environmental exposures. Results Prenatal mercury exposure was related to poorer estimated IQ after adjustment for potential confounding variables. The entry of DHA into the model significantly strengthened the association with mercury, supporting the hypothesis that beneficial effects from DHA intake can obscure adverse effects of mercury exposure. Children with cord mercury ≥ 7.5 μg/L were four times as likely to have an IQ score < 80, the clinical cut-off for borderline intellectual disability. Co-exposure to PCBs did not alter the association of mercury with IQ. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to document an association of prenatal mercury exposure with poorer performance on a school-age assessment of IQ, a measure whose relevance for occupational success in adulthood is well established. This association was seen at levels in the range within which many U.S. children of Asian-American background are exposed. Citation Jacobson JL, Muckle G, Ayotte P, Dewailly É, Jacobson SW. 2015. Relation of prenatal methylmercury exposure from environmental sources to childhood IQ. Environ Health Perspect 123:827–833; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1408554
Thrombolysis in Stroke within 30 Minutes: Results of the Acute Brain Care Intervention Study

Background and Purpose Time is brain: benefits of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in ischemic stroke last for 4.5 hours but rapidly decrease as time progresses following symptom onset. The goal of the Acute Brain Care (ABC) intervention study was to reduce the door-to-needle time (DNT) to ≤30 minutes by optimizing in-hospital stroke treatment. Methods We performed a single-centre before (pre-intervention period: 2000–2005) versus after (post-intervention period: 2006–2012) comparison in a cohort of consecutive patients treated with IVT. The intervention consisted of the implementation of a multidisciplinary stroke protocol combining simple strategies to reduce the DNT. Primary endpoint was the DNT, presented as proportion ≤30 minutes and median time. Secondary clinical endpoints were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH), and favourable outcome defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRs) score of 0–2 at 3 months. Endpoints were additionally adjusted for baseline imbalances between the groups. Results In the pre-intervention period, none (0.0%) of the 100 patients (mean age 63.8 years, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score 14) treated with IVT had a DNT ≤30 minutes compared to 234 (62.7%) of the 373 patients (mean age 66.7 years, median NIHSS score 10) in the post-intervention period (p<0.001). The median DNT decreased from 75 (IQR 60–105) to 28 minutes (IQR 20–37, p<0.001). SICH rate remained stable (3.0% versus 4.4%, OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.43─5.25; adjusted OR 5.47, 95% CI 0.69–42.12). The proportion of patients with a favourable outcome increased (38.9% versus 52.3%, OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.09–2.73) but lost statistical significance after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.82–2.61). Conclusions Important and sustained reduction of the DNT to 30 minutes or less can be safely achieved by optimizing in-hospital stroke treatment. With its simple strategies, the ABC-protocol is a pragmatic framework for increasing the therapeutic yield in time-dependent stroke treatment.
Game Theoretic Approach to Threat Prediction and Situation Awareness

The strategy of data fusion has been applied in threat prediction and situation awareness and the terminology has been standardized by the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) in the form of a so-called JDL data fusion model, which currently called DFIG model. Higher levels of the DFIG model call for prediction of future development and awareness of the development of a situation. It is known that Bayesian network is an insightful approach to determine optimal strategies against asymmetric adversarial opponent. However, it lacks the essential adversarial decision processes perspective. In this paper, a highly innovative data-fusion framework for asymmetric-threat detection and prediction based on advanced knowledge infrastructure and stochastic (Markov) game theory is proposed. In particular, asymmetric and adaptive threats are detected and grouped by intelligent agent and hierarchical entity aggregation in level 2 and their intents are predicted by a decentralized Markov (stochastic) game model with deception in level 3. We have verified that our proposed algorithms are scalable, stable, and perform satisfactorily according to the situation awareness performance metric
Evidence for reproductive philopatry in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas.

Reproductive philopatry in bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas was investigated by comparing mitochondrial (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, 797 base pairs and control region genes 837 base pairs) and nuclear (three microsatellite loci) DNA of juveniles sampled from 13 river systems across northern Australia. High mitochondrial and low microsatellite genetic diversity among juveniles sampled from different rivers (mitochondrial φ(ST) = 0·0767, P < 0·05; microsatellite F(ST) = -0·0022, P > 0·05) supported female reproductive philopatry. Genetic structure was not further influenced by geographic distance (P > 0·05) or long-shore barriers to movement (P > 0·05). Additionally, results suggest that C. leucas in northern Australia has a long-term effective population size of 11 000-13 000 females and has undergone population bottlenecks and expansions that coincide with the timing of the last ice-ages.
Silicon single-electron devices and their applications

Single-electron devices (SEDs) are attracting a lot of attention as devices for future large-scale integration because of their inherent low power and small size. It is well known that SEDs have to have small islands together with tunnel barriers at both ends, which makes it difficult to make them. We have developed a novel method of fabricating small Si single-electron transistors (SETs) called pattern-dependent oxidation (PADOX) and used it to make many kinds of SEDs. The low power consumption of SEDs is useful for logic circuits. In addition, SETs have two unique features that conventional transistors do not have: multi-gate capability and conductance that oscillates as a function of gate voltage. We exploit these features to achieve complicated functions for logic circuits, such as multiple-valued logic.