Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Writing Hygienic Macros in Scheme with Syntax-Case

This article describes a pattern-based hygienic macro system for Scheme and provides numerous examples of its use. Macros dened using this system are automatically hygienic and referentially transparent. Unlike earlier hygienic macro systems, this system does not require \low level" macros to be written in a dierent style from \high level" macros. In particular, automatic hygiene, referential transparency, and the ability to use patterns extend to all macro denitions, and there is never any need to explicitly manipulate syntactic environments of any kind. The macro system also supplies a hygiene-preserving mechanism for controlled variable capture, allowing macros to introduce implicit identier bindings or references.
Modeling of a class of UAV helicopters using component buildup method

In the paper, a nonlinear modeling approach for a class of unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) helicopters is presented. The applied approach adopts a component buildup method to calculate the component forces and moments. In order to improve the modeling accuracy and applicability, the rotor dynamics are detailedly analyzed by taking into account the influences of airspeed in hub center and the coupling between the lateral and longitudinal directions. The simulation results show the rationality of the proposed modeling method. The established model is of low complexity and can be conveniently applied in flight control in a variety of flight modes, such as the traditional flight modes and the aerobatic performance modes.
A multi-commodity flow approach for globally aware routing in multi-hop wireless networks

Routing in multi-hop wireless networks is typically greedy, with every connection attempting to establish a path that minimizes its number of hops. However, interference plays a major role in limiting the capacity of such networks; this effect is ignored by most existing protocols. It is likely that approaches that coordinate routing to account for mutual interference would be able to achieve better performance than traditional approaches. Modeling routing with interference constraints is a complex non-linear optimization problem. We approach the problem using a multi commodity flow (MCF) formulation. We analyze the interaction of multiple routes and propose effective objective functions which attempt to maximize interference separation while limiting path inflation. Initial experimental results show significant improvement in performance over a traditional routing protocol. We evaluate the formulation against routes obtained using DSR under several scenarios and show that better performance is achieved in terms of throughput, goodput, and end-to-end delay
A Comprehensive Review of Potential Warfarin-Fruit Interactions

Purpose: The aim of this review is to discuss possible interactions that may occur between warfarin and fruit products. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the search terms: “warfarin (Coumadin®) and fruit interactions, warfarin and fruit, warfarin and fruit juice, case reports and clinical trials”. Results: A total of 23 citations (15 case reports and 7 controlled clinical trials) were reviewed. The majority of cases involved cranberry products, while pomegranate juice, avocado, grapefruit juice, mango, and papain were also implicated in reports of suspected warfarin-fruit interactions. Cranberry juice was also the most frequently studied fruit product. Other fruit products evaluated with warfarin in controlled clinical trials were cranberry concentrate and grapefruit juice. Conclusion: Although a number of case reports have been published that suggest warfarin has the potential to interact with several fruit products, it is difficult to determine their relevance, as scientific evidence is scarce. Until further information is available, clinicians may want to encourage patients to consume cranberry products and grapefruit juice in small to moderate quantities and to inquire about the recent consumption of mangos, pomegranate juice, and avocados when taking a dietary history or when assessing possible causes for international normalized ratio (INR) instability.
Scalable reader-writer synchronization for shared-memory multiprocessors

Reader-writer synchronization relaxes the constraints of mutual exclusion to permit more than one process to inspect a shared object concurrently, as long as none of them changes its value. On uniprocessors, mutual exclusion and readerwriter locks are typically designed to de-schedule blocked processes; however, on shared-memory multiprocessors it is often advantageous to have processes busy wait. Unfortunately, implementations of busy-wait locks on sharedmemory multiprocessors typically cause memory and network contention that degrades performance. Several researchers have shown how to implement scalable mutual exclusion locks that exploit locality in the memory hierarchies of shared-memory multiprocessors to eliminate contention for memory and for the processor-memory interconnect. In this paper we present reader-writer locks that similarly exploit locality to achieve scalability, with variants for reader preference, writer preference, and reader-writer fairness. Performance results on a BBN TC2000 multiprocessor demonstrate that our algorithms provide low latency and excellent scalability.
Crowdsourcing the identification of organisms: A case-study of iSpot

Abstract Accurate species identification is fundamental to biodiversity science, but the natural history skills required for this are neglected in formal education at all levels. In this paper we describe how the web application ispotnature.org and its sister site ispot.org. za (collectively, “iSpot”) are helping to solve this problem by combining learning technology with crowdsourcing to connect beginners with experts. Over 94% of observations submitted to iSpot receive a determination. External checking of a sample of 3,287 iSpot records verified > 92% of them. To mid 2014, iSpot crowdsourced the identification of 30,000 taxa (>80% at species level) in > 390,000 observations with a global community numbering > 42,000 registered participants. More than half the observations on ispotnature.org were named within an hour of submission. iSpot uses a unique, 9-dimensional reputation system to motivate and reward participants and to verify determinations. Taxon-specific reputation points are earned when a participant proposes an identification that achieves agreement from other participants, weighted by the agreers’ own reputation scores for the taxon. This system is able to discriminate effectively between competing determinations when two or more are proposed for the same observation. In 57% of such cases the reputation system improved the accuracy of the determination, while in the remainder it either improved precision (e.g. by adding a species name to a genus) or revealed false precision, for example where a determination to species level was not supported by the available evidence. We propose that the success of iSpot arises from the structure of its social network that efficiently connects beginners and experts, overcoming the social as well as geographic barriers that normally separate the two.
The global stability of cool protostellar disks with Hall effect

The influence of the Hall e ffect on the global stability of cool Kepler disks under the infl uence of an axial magnetic field is considered. For su fficiently large magnetic Reynolds numbers Rm the magnetorota ional instability (MRI) exists in a finite interval of magnetic field amplitudes, Bmin < B < Bmax. For Kepler disks the pure MRI needs both rather high Rm (representing the needed electrical conductivity) as well asBmin of order 0.1 G. The magnetic field pattern resulting from our global and linear calculations is of quadrupolar parity. Fo r magnetic fieldsantiparallel to the rotation axis the Hall e ffect reduces the minimum magnetic Reynolds number by about one order of ma gnitude. TheBmin, however, is even (sightly) increased (see Fig. 6). For magnetic fieldsparallel to the rotation axis the Hall e ffect drives its own instability without the action of the Lore ntz force. The corresponding critical magnetic Reynolds number prove s to be larger with Hall e ffect (Rm∼ 10) than without Hall e ffect (Rm∼ 7) so that the Hall e ffect for parallel fields even disturbs the formation of MHD-in stability in cool protoplanetary disks. If the disk is supercritical then the main result of the Hall e ffect for positive fields is the strong reduction of the minimum magnetic field amplitude which is necessary to start the inst ability. Observations must show whether in star-forming re gions the rotation axis and the magnetic field orientation are correla ted or are anticorrelated. If the magnetic fields are high eno ugh then our model predicts the dominance of fields antiparallel to th e rotation axis.
The Correlation between GPR30 and Clinicopathologic Variables in Breast Carcinomas

The G-protein-coupled-receptor 30 (GPR30) is a new membrane estrogen receptor. The aim of the present study was to determine the correlations among GPR30, ERα, PR, C-erbB-2, p53, TNM stage, and pathologic grade in breast carcinomas. Two hundred forty-one biopsy specimens were evaluated with immunohistochemical assays, and then correlations were analyzed. Low negative correlations of GPR30 with ERα (r = −0.144, P<0.05) and PR (r = −0.214, P<0.01) were observed. Associations of GPR30 with C-erbB-2, p53, TNM stage, and pathologic grade were not confirmed. These findings indicated that GPR30 might be an independent prognostic factor in breast carcinomas.
Autonomous Image-Guided Robot-Assisted Active Catheter Insertion

Interventional cardiologists are at great risk from radiation exposure due to lengthy procedures performed under X-ray radiations. Angioplasty is one such procedure wherein the clinician guides a catheter into the femoral artery under X-rays and the procedure often extends to over 50 min. A clinician performs several hundred such procedures over his/her lifetime, leading to an accumulation of the total radiation he/she is exposed to. In this paper, we investigate autonomous robot-assisted insertion of an active catheter instrumented with shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators using image guidance. The tip of the active catheter is tracked in real time to provide information on the location of the catheter that determines the optimal stroke length of insertion for the robot and the necessary bending angle for the active catheter. The catheter is autonomously guided from the point of entry to the site of plaque buildup, thereby shielding the clinician from harmful radiation due to the X-rays used for imaging and providing a more ergonomic approach for catheter insertion. Experimental results are given to illustrate the robot-assisted catheter insertion procedure using image guidance.
The geometry of binary search trees

We present a novel connection between binary search trees (BSTs) and points in the plane satisfying a simple property. Using this correspondence, we achieve the following results: 1. A surprisingly clean restatement in geometric terms of many results and conjectures relating to BSTs and dynamic optimality. 2. A new lower bound for searching in the BST model, which subsumes the previous two known bounds of Wilber [FOCS'86]. 3. The first proposal for dynamic optimality not based on splay trees. A natural greedy but offline algorithm was presented by Lucas [1988], and independently by Munro [2000], and was conjectured to be an (additive) approximation of the best binary search tree. We show that there exists an equal-cost online algorithm, transforming the conjecture of Lucas and Munro into the conjecture that the greedy algorithm is dynamically optimal.
PErcEPtI on of dynamI c facIal Emot Ional ExPrE ssI ons In adolE scE nts w Ith autI sm s PEctrum dI sordErs ( asd)

Previous studies have shown deficits in the perception of static emotional facial expressions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but results are inconclusive. Possibly, using dynamic facial stimuli expressing emotions at different levels of intensities may produce more robust results, since these resemble the expression of emotions in daily life to a greater extent. 30 Young adolescents with high-functioning ASD (IQ>85) and 30 age- and intelligence-matched controls (ages between 12 and 15) performed the Emotion Recognition Task, in which morphs were presented on a computer screen, depicting facial expressions of the six basic emotions (happiness, disgust, fear, anger, surprise and sadness) at nine levels of emotional intensity (20-100%). The results showed no overall group difference on the ERT, apart from a slightly worse performance on the perception of the emotions fear (p<0.03) and disgust (p<0.05). No interaction was found between intensity level of the emotions and group. High- functioning individuals with ASD perform similar to matched controls on the perception of dynamic facial emotional expressions, even at low intensities of emotional expression. These findings are in agreement with other recent studies showing that emotion perception deficits in high-functioning ASD may be less pronounced than previously thought.
On the Systems Engineering and Management of Systems of Systems and Federations of Systems

This paper is concerned with the engineering of systems that are themselves comprised of other component systems, and where each of the component systems serves organizational and human purposes. i¾ i¾ These component purposes may be locally managed and optimized independently, or nearly so, of the objectives to be met by the composite system. i¾ i¾ There are a number of inherent characteristics of these systems, and such related terms as systems of systems (SOS) or federations of systems (FOS) or federated systems of systems (F-SOS) are often used to characterize them. i¾ i¾ It is asserted that the resultant systems generally possess the characteristics of complex adaptive systems. i¾ i¾ We provide an overview of the literature describing these engineering efforts and provide plausible strategies for systems engineering and management of SOS and FOS that are based on the principles of a 'new federalism'. i¾ i¾ Finally, the implications of these plausible SOS and FOS systems engineering and management concepts are discussed with emphasis on evolutionary acquisition in the style of DoD and Intelligence Community related programs.
Testosterone patches for female sexual dysfunction

There is some suggestion of a link between sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women and low circulating concentrations of testosterone.1 This underlies the development of a new transdermal testosterone patch (▼ Intrinsa – Procter & Gamble) that has recently been licensed in the UK for the treatment of women who have hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) following a menopause induced by surgery (i.e. bilateral salpingooophorectomy and hysterectomy) and who are receiving concomitant oestrogen replacement therapy.2 Here we discuss the diagnosis of HSDD, as well as the evidence for using transdermal testosterone patches in women in whom this diagnosis is made.
Surgical Reduction of Hypertrophied Inferior Turbinates: A Comparison of Electrofulguration and Partial Resection

Two adjunctive or primary surgical procedures, partial resection and electrofulguration, are popular today for reducing offending inferior turbinates. Both are relatively successful. However, there seems to be a growing consensus that judicious partial resection of the inferior turbinates is associated with a higher long-term success rate (86 versus 69 percent) as well as a lower postoperative morbidity rate. This paper outlines the specific symptom complex that brought 200 patients to corrective intranasal surgery. These are as follows: nasal obstruction (99 percent), sinus pressure headaches (61 percent), dry, raw pharynx (61 percent), abnormal migration of the nasal mucous blanket or “postnasal drip” (35 percent), and recurrent bacterial rhinosinusitis (57 percent). Based on this symptom complex, this paper attempts to give the expected long-term results when a single operator performed 100 consecutive operations using each technique.
Human Morality and Sociality: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives

Human Mind Human Kind An introduction H.Hogh-Olesen . - Born Bad? Evaluating the Case Against the Evolution of Morality D.L. Krebs. - Morality and its Relation to Primate Social Instincts F.B. M.de Waal. - Why We Believe: Religion as a Human Universal A.Norenzayan. - Evolutionary Psychology and Criminal Justice: A recalibrational Theory of Punishment and . -Reconciliation M.B. Petersen, A.Sell, J.Tooby& L.Cosmides. - Patterns of Chimpanzee's Intergroup Violence C.Boesch. - The Causes of War in Natural and Historical Evolution A. Gat . - Groups in mind: The Coalitionary Roots of War and Morality J.Tooby& L.Cosmides. - Homo sapiens Homo socious: A Comparative Analysis of Human Mind and Kind H.Hogh-Olesen.
A Preliminary Study of the School and Family Environment of Japanese Junior High School and High School Students

The present study was conducted as a preliminary analysis of a 3-year longitudinal Global COE student survey. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 397 junior high school students and 484 high school students. From the result of bivariate correlational analysis, it was indicated that some differences between junior high school students and high school students exist between the relational elements of the environment (parental involvement, family relationship, student-teacher relationship, classroom disorderliness) and outcome variables such as academic achievement and quality of life. Our study also discusses the implications for future analysis using longitudinal data.
Error-correcting WOM-codes

A problem raised by R.L. Rivest and A. Shamir (1982), namely, constructing write-once-memory (WOM) codes capable of error correction, is considered. The authors call a (n,m,t)-WOM code a scheme that allows t successive writings of m arbitrary bits (i.e., one message among 2/sup m/) on a WOM of size n. WOM codes have been studied from an information-theoretic viewpoint by J.K. Wolf et al. (1984) and constructed using classical coding theory by G.D. Cohen et al. (1986, 1987) (for example, with parameters, (23,11,3), (2/sup m-1/,m,2/sup m-2/+2/sup m-4/+1)). The authors adapt those methods in order to solve the problem raised by Rivest. Large classes of easily decodable single-error-correcting WOM codes are obtained. >
Feature vs. classifier fusion for predictive data mining a case study in pesticide classification

Two strategies for fusing information from multiple sources when generating predictive models in the domain of pesticide classification are investigated: i) fusing different sets of features (molecular descriptors) before building a model and ii) fusing the classifiers built from the individual descriptor sets. An empirical investigation demonstrates that the choice of strategy can have a significant impact on the predictive performance. Furthermore, the experiment shows that the best strategy is dependent on the type of predictive model considered. When generating a decision tree for pesticide classification, a statistically significant difference in accuracy is observed in favor of combining predictions from the individual models compared to generating a single model from the fused set of molecular descriptors. On the other hand, when the model consists of an ensemble of decision trees, a statistically significant difference in accuracy is observed in favor of building the model from the fused set of descriptors compared to fusing ensemble models built from the individual sources.
A Record Of 1320 Suspect, Deferasirox-Related, Patient Deaths Reported In 2009: Insufficient Toxicity Testing, Low Efficacy And Lack Of Transparency May Endanger The Lives Of Iron Loaded Patients

The eagerness of Nick to support his company’s product for wider application in iron loading conditions is understandable, since this is the main aim of all commercial companies (1). However, in the case of pharmaceuticals including the iron chelating drug deferasirox (DFRA), which is in phase III clinical trials, there are major concerns on safety and efficacy (2–6). These concerns are justified because we are dealing with a new drug and the lives of thousands of patients. Within this context any new drug should be under continuous scrutiny until it can be shown that it achieves a decrease in mortality and morbidity in specific clinical conditions, and also that is safer and more effective to use than existing therapies. The lack of transparency on the toxicity, low efficacy and the excessive price of DFRA has been discussed previously (2,7). In his letter, Nick has made a number of claims in relation to the effects of DFRA on iron overloading conditions, and in particular, to metabolic pathways involving the oral administration of iron in animals and on iron removal in hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and β-thalassemia
Against the grain: the United States and the global climate change regime

The uncompromising stance currently taken by the US in the international climate change regime is well known. While remaining a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and still taking the issue of climate change ‘very seriously’, the administration of George W. Bush has decided not to ratify the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Since announcing its repudiation of the Protocol in March 2001, the US has repeatedly reconfirmed and reinforced this position through policy actions on the international stage. In doing so, the US has isolated itself from almost all of the rest of the world; 129 countries have ratified the Kyoto Protocol and, with the recent ratification by the Russian Federation, the treaty will enter into force on 16 February 2005. The stance of the Bush administration goes against the grain of most of its allies in the international community in two important ways: first, in denying that climate change is sufficiently serious to warrant meaningful action beyond longterm research and development; and, second, in challenging the view that multilateralism is the tool of choice for managing cross-border problems, a challenge also raised on many other issues. Although much more pronounced in the Bush administration than under previous presidents, going against the grain in this way on international climate change cooperation also reflects broader structural themes in US politics, associated both with deep-seated political, economic and cultural traits and with the hegemonic position of the US in the international arena. Such structural features, which predispose the US to adopt a rather recalcitrant position, help explain why, even under the much more engaged Clinton administration (1993– 2000), the US was unable either to ratify the Kyoto Protocol or to take meaningful domestic action to address the problem. The aim of this paper is to critically describe and analyse US participation in the global climate change regime. It begins with a reminder of the national circumstances of the US with respect to the climate change issue, including structural features of US political culture that help explain the country’s underlying reluctance to take strong mitigation action and engage in multilateral efforts to address the problem. It then explores US (dis)engagement with the global climate change regime, and how this has changed over