Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond Moore-Penrose Part I: Generalized Inverses that Minimize Matrix Norms

This is the first paper of a two-long series in which we study linear generalized inverses that minimize matrix norms. Such generalized inverses are famously represented by the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse (MPP) which happens to minimize the Frobenius norm. Freeing up the degrees of freedom associated with Frobenius optimality enables us to promote other interesting properties. In this Part I, we look at the basic properties of norm-minimizing generalized inverses, especially in terms of uniqueness and relation to the MPP. We first show that the MPP minimizes many norms beyond those unitarily invariant, thus further bolstering its role as a robust choice in many situations. We then concentrate on some norms which are generally not minimized by the MPP, but whose minimization is relevant for linear inverse problems and sparse representations. In particular, we look at mixed norms and the induced $\ell^p \rightarrow \ell^q$ norms. An interesting representative is the sparse pseudoinverse which we study in much more detail in Part II. Next, we shift attention from norms to matrices with interesting behaviors. We exhibit a class whose generalized inverse is always the MPP—even for norms that normally result in different inverses—and a class for which many generalized inverses coincide, but not with the MPP. Finally, we discuss efficient computation of norm-minimizing generalized inverses.
Chain reaction or time bomb: A neuropsychiatric-developmental/neurodevelopmental formulation of tourettisms, pervasive developmental disorder, and schizophreniform symptomatology associated with PANDAS

We present the case of a boy who over time sequentially exhibited symptoms consistent with a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophreniform symptomatology, multiple motor and vocal tics, and myoclonus. During this period he experienced multiple episodes of group A β-haemolytic streptococcal (strep) infection confirmed by culture and serological studies. We speculate that paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with strep (PANDAS) may have served as an element in a complex chain of causation influencing the expression of his symptoms. Our main emphasis is to utilize our case study as an example of the application in case formulation of the neuropsychiatric developmental model and of the neurodevelopmental model on symptom ontogenesis and clinical outcome.
Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Breast Cancer Risk Among Turkish Women

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, with more than 1 million cases occurring worldwide annually. Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in Turkey; deaths due to breast cancer constitute 24.1% of all carcinoma cases reported among women. We conducted a case-control study of Turkish women with and without breast cancer to investigate the relationships of selected lifestyle and nutritional risk factors with breast cancer risk. Factors were chosen based upon published associations with breast cancer. Subjects were women in Izmir, Turkey. Cases were 123 women with breast cancer registered with the Department of Oncology, Ege University Hospital, in February through July 2004. The control group included 120 randomly selected women without a breast cancer diagnosis, registered with the Evka-4 Health Care Center and having similar sociodemographic characteristics. Inclusion criteria for participation consisted of 40 yr of age and over and willingness to participate. ϰ2 tests and t-tests were used to determine statistical differences between cases and controls based on selected variables. Logistic regression was used to find the association between selected risk factors and breast cancer occurrence. Cases had smoked for more years, their age of first pregnancy was higher, and breast cancer occurrence was more common in first-degree relatives such as mothers and sisters of cases compared with controls. Cases were found to have consumed higher amounts of vegetable oil in contrast to controls. These findings are consistent with similar studies conducted in both developed and developing countries.
.1 Discrete-time Fictitious Play

In this lecture we define several variants of the fictitious playdynamic, and study some of the properties of fictitious play. Throughout the section we consider a finite N -player game, where each player i has a finite pure action set Ai. We letai denote a pure action for player i, and letsi ∈ ∆(Ai) denote a mixed action for playeri. We will typically view si as a vector inRi , with si(ai) equal to the probability that playeri places onai. We letΠi(a) denote the payoff to player i when the composite pure action vector isa, and by an abuse of notation also let Πi(s) denote the expected payoff to player i when the composite mixed action vector is s. We letBRi(s−i) denote the best response mapping of playeri; heres−i is the composite mixed action vector of players other than i. We will typically restrict attention to the case where N = 2.
Evidence-Based Audit, Technical Appendix

Authorization logics provide a principled and flexible approach to specifying access control policies. One of their compelling benefits is that a proof in the logic is evidence that an access-control decision has been made in accordance with policy. Using such proofs for auditing reduces the trusted computing base and enables the ability to detect flaws in complex authorization policies. Moreover, the proof structure is itself useful, because proof normalization can yield information about the relevance of policy statements. Untrusted, but well-typed, applications that access resources through an appropriate interface must obey the access control policy and create proofs useful for audit. This paper presents AURA0, an authorization logic based on a dependently-typed variant of DCC and proves the metatheoretic properties of subject-reduction and normalization. It shows the utility of proof-based auditing in a number of examples and discusses several pragmatic issues that must be addressed in this context.
Freeze-form extrusion fabrication of ceramic parts

A novel, environmentally friendly solid freeform fabrication method called freeze-form extrusion fabrication (FEF) has been developed for the fabrication of ceramic-based components. The method is based on deposition of ceramic pastes using water as the media. The ceramic solids loading can be 50 vol.% or higher and initial studies have focused on the use of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The FEF system components and their interaction are examined, and the main process parameters affecting part geometry defined. Three-dimensional shaped components have been fabricated by extrusion deposition of the ceramic paste in a layer-by-layer fashion. The feasibility of this process has been demonstrated by building components having a simple geometry, such as cylinders and solid or hollow cones. Hollow cones have also been fabricated to demonstrate the ability to build structures with sloped walls.
Distribution coefficients of atenolol and sotalol

The distribution coefficient (D) of atenolol is lower than that of sotalol, despite the latter's lower partition coefficient (P). Since D is the relevant quantity under physiological conditions, it is re‐established that atenolol is in practice the more hydrophilic. Because of the common confusion between P and D which this case exemplifies, the relation between them is set out.
Cooperative Alert-Filers for Network Surveillance

Intrusion aggregation techniques fundamentally focus on how to reduce redundant alerts to lessen the workload of human analysts. Consequently, the clarity and inherent meanings of the entire alerts are completely suppressed. These mostly occur whenever attackers overload intrusion detectors with closely related digression packets that subsequently flood human analysts with lots of redundant alerts. Thus, the distributions of the alerts from heterogeneous sources suddenly overlap. Essentially, realistic evidence to differentiate false alerts from true positives becomes so complex to understand. Accordingly, network administrators erroneously concentrate on false attacks instead of realistic attacks and ultimately, several attacks easily elude detections. For these reasons, we implemented clustering method to investigate these problems using six evaluative data. Equivalent and unique rules were designed to filter intrusive alerts and to subsequently establish their distributions. Furthermore, the results obtained unmasked all the attacks and further revealed distributions of their alerts in realistic and synthetic networks.
The business of computer graphics

The development of computer graphics products and the growth of the market for those products during the 1980s are reviewed. It is asserted that the market can sustain at least 10%-per-year dollar volume growth over the next five years, and it is estimated that US supplier shipments will exceed $40 billion by 1995, with the highest growth coming from software and systems, closely followed by workstations and PCs. Particulars are given to support these forecasts. <<ETX>>
Accelerating Reinforcement Learning by Composing Solutions of Automatically Identified Subtasks

This paper discusses a system that accelerates reinforcement learning by using transfer from related tasks. Without such transfer, even if two tasks are very similar at some abstract level, an extensive re-learning effort is required. The system achieves much of its power by transferring parts of previously learned solutions rather than a single complete solution. The system exploits strong features in the multi-dimensional function produced by reinforcement learning in solving a particular task. These features are stable and easy to recognize early in the learning process. They generate a partitioning of the state space and thus the function. The partition is represented as a graph. This is used to index and compose functions stored in a case base to form a close approximation to the solution of the new task. Experiments demonstrate that function composition often produces more than an order of magnitude increase in learning rate compared to a basic reinforcement learning algorithm.
Frontal Cortex Supports the Early Structuring of Multiple Solution Steps in Symbolic Problem-solving

problem-solving relies on a sequence of cognitive steps involving phases of task encoding, the structuring of solution steps, and their execution. On the neural level, metabolic neuroimaging studies have associated a frontal-parietal network with various aspects of executive control during numerical and nonnumerical problem-solving. We used EEG–MEG to assess whether frontal cortex contributes specifically to the early structuring of multiple solution steps. Basic multiplication (“3 × 4” vs. “3 × 24”) was compared with an arithmetic sequence rule (“first add the two digits, then multiply the sum with the smaller digit”) on two complexity levels. This allowed dissociating demands of early solution step structuring from early task encoding demands. Structuring demands were high for conditions that required multiple steps, that is, complex multiplication and the two arithmetic sequence conditions, but low for easy multiplication that mostly relied on direct memory retrieval. Increased right frontal activation in time windows between 300 and 450 msec was observed only for conditions that required multiple solution steps. General task encoding demands, operationalized by problem size (one-digit vs. two-digit numbers), did not predict these early frontal effects. In contrast, parietal effects occurred as a function of problem size irrespectively of structuring demands in early phases of task encoding between 100 and 300 msec. We here propose that frontal cortex subserves domain-general processes of problem-solving, such as the structuring of multiple solution steps, whereas parietal cortex supports number-specific early encoding processes that vary as a function of problem size.
A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa.

BACKGROUND There is debate about whether the initial treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease should be levodopa or a dopamine agonist. METHODS In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we compared the safety and efficacy of the dopamine D2-receptor agonist ropinirole with that of levodopa over a period of five years in 268 patients with early Parkinson's disease. If symptoms were not adequately controlled by the assigned study medication, patients could receive supplementary levodopa, administered in an open-label fashion. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of dyskinesia. RESULTS Eighty-five of the 179 patients in the ropinirole group (47 percent) and 45 of the 89 patients in the levodopa group (51 percent) completed all five years of the study. In the ropinirole group 29 of the 85 patients (34 percent) received no levodopa supplementation. The analysis of the time to dyskinesia showed a significant difference in favor of ropinirole (hazard ratio for remaining free of dyskinesia, 2.82; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.78 to 4.44; P<0.001). At five years, the cumulative incidence of dyskinesia (excluding the three patients who had dyskinesia at base line), regardless of levodopa supplementation, was 20 percent (36 of 177 patients) in the ropinirole group and 45 percent (40 of 88 patients) in the levodopa group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean change in scores for activities of daily living among those who completed the study. Adverse events led to the early withdrawal from the study of 48 of 179 patients in the ropinirole group (27 percent) and 29 of 89 patients in the levodopa group (33 percent). The mean (+/-SD) daily doses given by the end of the study were 16.5+/-6.6 mg of ropinirole (plus 427+/-221 mg of levodopa in patients who received supplementation) and 753+/-398 mg of levodopa (including supplements). CONCLUSIONS Early Parkinson's disease can be managed successfully for up to five years with a reduced risk of dyskinesia by initiating treatment with ropinirole alone and supplementing it with levodopa if necessary.
D1 Dopamine Receptor Mediates Dopamine-induced Cytotoxicity via the ERK Signal Cascade*

Postsynaptic striatal neurodegeneration occurs through unknown mechanisms, but it is linked to high extracellular levels of synaptic dopamine. Dopamine-mediated cytotoxicity of striatal neurons occurs through two distinct pathways: autoxidation and the D1 dopamine receptor-linked signaling pathway. Here we investigated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways activated upon the acute stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors. In SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells, endogenously expressing D1 dopamine receptors, dopamine caused activation of phosphorylated (p-)ERK1/2 and of the stress-signaling kinases, p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Selective stimulation of D1 receptors with the agonist SKF R-38393 caused p-ERK1/2, but not p-JNK or p-p38 MAPK activation, in a manner sensitive to the receptor-selective antagonist SCH 23390, protein kinase A inhibition (KT5720), and MEK1/2 inhibition (U0126 or PD98059). Activation of ERK by D1 dopamine receptors resulted in oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. In cells transfected with a catalytically defective mutant of MEK1, the upstream ERK-specific kinase, both dopamine- and SKF R-38393-mediated cytotoxicity was markedly attenuated, confirming the participation of the ERK signaling pathway. Cell fractionation studies showed that only a small amount of p-ERK1/2 was translocated to the nucleus, with the majority retained in the cytoplasm. From coimmunoprecipitation studies, p-ERK was found to form stable heterotrimeric complexes with the D1 dopamine receptor and β-arrestin2. In cells transfected with the dominant negative mutant of β-arrestin2, the formation of such complexes was substantially inhibited. These data provide novel mechanistic insights into the role of ERK in the cytotoxicity mediated upon activation of the D1 dopamine receptor.
Resveratrol Increases Nephrin and Podocin Expression and Alleviates Renal Damage in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Resveratrol is well known for its anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant properties, and has been shown to be effective in alleviating the development of obesity. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the effect of resveratrol on renal damage in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and its possible mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, HFD, and HFD plus resveratrol (treated with 100 mg/kg/day resveratrol). Body weight, serum and urine metabolic parameters, and kidney histology were measured. Meanwhile, the activities of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), nephrin and podocin in kidney were detected. Our work showed that resveratrol alleviated dyslipidemia and renal damage induced by HFD, decreased MDA level and increased SOD activity. Furthermore, the elevated NF-κB activity, increased TNF-α and MCP-1 levels, and reduced expressions of nephrin and podocin induced by HFD were significantly reversed by resveratrol. These results suggest resveratrol could ameliorate renal injury in rats fed a HFD, and the mechanisms are associated with suppressing oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling pathway that in turn up-regulate nephrin and podocin protein expression.
Multilevel dodecagonal space vector generation using stacked inverter cells for IM drives

This paper proposes a new induction motor drive scheme to generate a dense multilevel dodecagonal space vector structure, by stacking two 3-level flying capacitors and cascading two H-bridges. The proposed scheme combines the benefits of both multilevel as well as dodecagonal voltage space vector structure. All the capacitors in the stacked inverters are balanced using switching state redundancies within a sampling period. The H-bridges act as a harmonics filter and provide only reactive power, irrespective of load power factor and the capacitors are naturally balanced. The stacked inverter operates in quasi square wave mode throughout the modulation range and results in less switching losses. Both the simulation and experimental results are included in the paper to support the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Temporal visual field defects are associated with monocular inattention in chiasmal pathology

Purpose: Chiasmal lesions have been shown to give rise occasionally to uni‐ocular temporal inattention, which cannot be compensated for by volitional eye movement. This article describes the assessments of 46 such patients with chiasmal pathology. It aims to determine the clinical spectrum of this disorder, including interference with reading.
Tissue polarity genes of Drosophila regulate the subcellular location for prehair initiation in pupal wing cells

The Drosophila wing is decorated with a regular array of distally pointing hairs. In the pupal wing, the hairs are formed from micro- villus like prehairs that contain large bundles of actin filaments. The distal orientation of the actin bundles reveals the proximal-distal polarity within the pupal wing epithelium. We have used F-actin staining to examine early stages of prehair development in both wild- type and mutant pupal wings. We have found a striking correlation between hair polarity and the subcellular location for assembly of the prehair. In a wild-type wing, all of the distally pointing hairs are derived from prehairs that are formed at the distal vertex of the hexagonally shaped pupal wing cells. Mutations in six tissue polarity genes result in abnormal hair polarity on the adult wing, and all also alter the subcellular location for prehair initiation. Based on their cellular phenotypes, we can place these six genes into three phenotypic groups. Double mutant analysis indicates that these phenotypic groups correspond to epistasis groups. This suggests that the tissue polarity genes function in or on a pathway that controls hair polarity by regulating the subcellular location for prehair formation.
Genetic Transformation of Wheat Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

A rapid Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system for wheat was developed using freshly isolated immature embryos, precultured immature embryos, and embryogenic calli as explants. The explants were inoculated with a disarmed A. tumefaciens strain C58 (ABI) harboring the binary vector pMON18365 containing the [beta]-glucuronidase gene with an intron, and a selectable marker, the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene. Various factors were found to influence the transfer-DNA delivery efficiency, such as explant tissue and surfactants present in the inoculation medium. The inoculated immature embryos or embryogenic calli were selected on G418-containing media. Transgenic plants were regenerated from all three types of explants. The total time required from inoculation to the establishment of plants in soil was 2.5 to 3 months. So far, more than 100 transgenic events have been produced. Almost all transformants were morphologically normal. Stable integration, expression, and inheritance of the transgenes were confirmed by molecular and genetic analysis. One to five copies of the transgene were integrated into the wheat genome without rearrangement. Approximately 35% of the transgenic plants received a single copy of the transgenes based on Southern analysis of 26 events. Transgenes in T1 progeny segregated in a Mendelian fashion in most of the transgenic plants.
Numerical and experimental investigations on the modification of as-welded residual stress after local material removal

The detailed procedures of experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the modification of as-welded stress after milling a local region from the welded plate are presented. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was employed to simulate the residual stress induced by multi-pass welding. Taking the as-welded residual stress as the initial stress state, the stress modification of as-welded stress by local material removal with a mill process was also numerically investigated. A welding experiment, milling process, and stress measurements were carried out to validate the numerical analysis. The local material removal with a milling process was considered as a simple stress relief process during the finite element simulation, which was validated by the experimental results. With the proposed numerical model, the modification of as-welded through-thickness stress owing to local material removal was discussed. Investigated results showed that less local material removal does not seem significantly to influence the stress distribution and magnitude at the weld centreline; by increasing the thickness of the material removal, the through-thickness transverse stress within the weld zone changed more noticeably than the through-thickness longitudinal stress, while within the region far from the weld seam, the through-thickness longitudinal stress largely increased, as opposed to the through-thickness transverse stress, which changed little.