Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gross National Happiness in Bhutan: A Living Example of an Alternative Approach to Progress

As a society we care about what we measure, we use what we measure, and what we measure drives policies and society in a particular direction. We therefore need to measure progress correctly. If societies blindly accept GDP as their measure of progress, they might be trying to maximize the wrong indicator for society. In this paper I present Bhutan as a living example of a society that has opened a national dialogue about what progress means, and they have created the Gross National Happiness (GNH) index to reflect their understanding of progress. Furthermore, the political and economic architecture of Bhutan is structured around maximizing GNH rather than GDP. Institutions in Bhutan use the GNH index and a series of instruments of policy to construct policies that promote GNH. We can draw a number of lessons from the Bhutanese experiment, namely that each individual society should strive to answer the following three questions: • What does progress mean? • How do we develop indicators that measure progress? • How de we use indicators to shape policies and institutions? All societies seek to create wellbeing for individuals. The question is not whether societies desire welfare or not. The fundamental questions are: what does wellbeing mean? How do we measure it? And how do we use indicators to organize society and its institutions so as to maximize wellbeing? Answering these complex questions is a challenging endeavor, especially given the diversity of values and worldviews around the globe. However, at the center of the essential questions of development and progress lie the indicators we use as a society to measure wellbeing and develop policies. As Hazel Henderson said, “Statistical indicators are the structural DNA codes of nations. They reflect a society’s values and goals and become the key drivers of economic and technological choices. ”
Viscoacoustic Frequency-Domain Full-Waveform Inversion – Application to Numerical VSP Data

C029 Viscoacoustic Frequency-Domain Full-Waveform Inversion – Application to Numerical VSP Data A. Ribodetti* (Geosciences Azur) R.E. Plessix (Shell) S. Operto (Geosciences Azur - CNRS) & J.M. Virieux (Geosciences Azur) SUMMARY This work presents numerical tests to show that viscoacoustic frequency-domain full waveform tomographic inversion can be a useful tool for velocity and attenuation Q factor estimates from Vertical Seismic Profiles data. EAGE 69 th Conference & Exhibition — London UK 11 - 14 June 2007 EAGE 69 th Conference & Exhibition — London UK 11 - 14 June 2007 EAGE 69 th Conference & Exhibition — London UK 11 -
A 10 b 15 MHz recycling two-step A/D converter

A fully differential CMOS videorate converter whose linearity relies on a binary-weighted capacitor array known to exhibit a 10-b linearity is described. The recycling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) does not have the sampling error found in other two-step or multistep pipelined architectures because it requires only one input sampling per conversion. A single-ended schematic of a digitally corrected ADC is shown. One feature of this architecture is the multiple role of a capacitor-array multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC). One MDAC replaces three functional blocks in a standard two-step architecture: a sample-and-hold amplifier, a residue amplifier, and a DAC. As a result, the proposed ADC does not require precision components other than an MDAC. One conversion is finished in three clock phases. <<ETX>>
The relationship between somatic sense perception levels and comorbid psychiatric diseases in chronic pain patients Kronik ağrı hastalarında bedensel duyumları algılama düzeyi ve psikiyatrik komorbidite arasındaki ilişki

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate any comorbid psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic pain and to examine the effects of sociodemographic details and the level of somatic sense perception on the severity of these diseases. Methods: In this study, 51 chronic pain patients were evaluated in a consultation with a psychiatrist. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, such as age, gender, education level, and marital status were recorded, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV results were assessed. The patients’ chronic pains were classified as idiopathic or secondary to organic etiology. In addition, the Symptom Checklist-90, Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) were used. Results: The incidence of psychiatric disorders in chronic pain patients was found to be 74.5%. Somatoform disorders were the most frequently diagnosed, at 37.3%. The rate of depressive and anxiety disorders was, respectively, 29.4% and 23.5%. Comorbid anxiety scores (p=0.019) and SSAS scores (p=0.046) were significantly higher in chronic pain patients with a somatoform disorder. HAM-A scores were found to be significantly higher in patients with depression (p=0.004). A positive and linear relationship was determined between the SSAS score and depression, anxiety, and the severity of mental symptoms. Conclusion: Structured or semi-structured interviews can be performed in pain polyclinics or psychiatric outpatient clinics to determine the level of perception of somatic sensations. This could be beneficial in the treatment of chronic pain and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Analysis of seasonal characteristics of Sambhar salt lake, India, from digitized space shuttle photography

Abstract Sambhar Salt Lake is the largest salt lake (230 sq km) in India, situated in the northwest near Jaipur. Analysis of Space Shuttle photographs of this ephemeral lake reveals that water levels and lake basin land‐use information can be extracted by both the digital and manual analysis techniques. Seasonal characteristics captured by the two Shuttle photos used in this study show that additional land use/cover categories can be mapped from the dry season photos’ This additional information is essential for precise cartographic updates, andprovides seasonal hydrologic profiles and inputs for potential mesoscale climate modeling. This paper extends the digitization and mensuration techniques originally developed for space photography and applied to other regions (e.g., Lake Chad, Africa, and Great Salt Lake, USA).
Anxiety Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease Determinants in a Population Sample

Objective: Epidemiological research can assist with clinical practice and service planning, and can also help to generate hypotheses about disease etiology. The objective of this epidemiological study was to facilitate these goals by determining the distribution of anxiety disorders in sub-regions within a larger health region and a set of disease risk factors. Methods: Sampling and data collection occurred by telephone in a Canadian health region in Alberta of approximately one million people. The telephone survey included 6,578 participants and covered 3 anxiety disorders: panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Results: Regional prevalence differences were not identified. However, associations between anxiety disorders and excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol were found. Conclusions: Integration of mental health services with other health promotion and prevention activities may be an efficient strategy for clinical practice and public health. A better understanding of the connections between anxiety disorders and chronic disease risk factors should be a goal of future research.
Modeling mass transfer processes using random walk particle tracking

The complexity of mass transfer processes often complicates solute transport simulations. We present a new approach for the implementation of the multirate mass transfer model into random walk particle tracking. This novel method allows for a spatially heterogeneous distribution of mass transfer coefficients as well as hydrodynamic parameters in three dimensions, and it is well suited for avoiding numerical dispersion and solving computationally demanding transport simulations. For this purpose the normalized zeroth spatial moments of the multirate transport equations are derived and used as phase transition probabilities. Performing a simple Bernoulli trial on the appropriate phase transition probabilities the particle distribution between the mobile domain and any immobile domain can be determined. The approach is compared satisfactorily to analytical and semianalytical solutions for one‐dimensional, advective‐dispersive transport with different types of mass transfer. Aspects of the numerical implementation of this approach are presented, and it is demonstrated that two restrictive criteria for the time step size have to be considered. By adjusting the time step size for each grid cell on the basis of the cell specific velocity field and mass transfer rate a correct simulation of solute transport is assured, while at the same time computational efficiency is preserved. Finally, an example is presented evaluating the effect of a heterogeneous intraparticle pore diffusion in a synthetic aquifer. The results demonstrate that for this specific case the heterogeneous distribution of mass transfer rates does not have a significant influence on mean solute transport behavior but that at low concentration ranges, differences between the different mass transfer models become visible.
Title: Inequality of childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh: A decomposition approach

Background: Undernutrition is one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. This study examined the trends and patterns of childhood undernutrition, inequality and its socio-economic contributors in Bangladesh. Methods: Data were extracted from the last four rounds of the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS). A regression-based decomposition method was applied to assess the socio-economic contributors of inequality. Results: Although the prevalence of childhood undernutrition has declined during the period 2004 to 2014, the rate of undernutrition is higher among the children of mothers who had lower education, live in rural areas and are from the poorest wealth quintile. Socioeconomic status accounted for almost half of the total inequality in the prevalence of both stunting and underweight among children, whereas maternal education was ranked second among the contributors. Conclusions: Findings of the study indicate that undernutrition inequalities in terms of socioeconomic aspects appear to have widened over time. Improving economic activity and maternal education will improve the nutritional status of children and as a consequence reduce inequality. Therefore, investments in education, creation of working opportunities, empowerment of vulnerable and disadvantaged people along with nutrition-specific interventions will be important measures to eliminate this inequality at the population level.
in the effectiveness of web-based health interventions for the self-care of people with chronic health conditions: a systematic review.

Background: Web-based self-care interventions have the potential to reduce health inequalities by removing barriers to access to health care. However, there is a lack of evidence about the equalizing effects of these interventions on chronic conditions. Objective: This study investigated the differences in the effectiveness of web-based behavioral change interventions for the self-care of high burden chronic health conditions (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], diabetes, and osteoarthritis) across socioeconomic and cultural groups. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, following Cochrane review guidelines. We conducted searches in Ovid Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. Studies with any quantitative design were included (published between January 1, 2006, and February 20, 2019) if they investigated web-based self-care interventions targeting asthma, COPD, diabetes, and osteoarthritis; were conducted in any high-income country; and reported variations in health, behavior, or psychosocial outcomes across social groups. Study outcomes were investigated for heterogeneity, and the possibility of a meta-analysis was explored. A narrative synthesis was provided together with a novel figure that was developed for this review, displaying heterogeneous outcomes. Results: Overall, 7346 records were screened and 18 studies were included, most of which had a high or critical risk of bias. Important study features and essential data were often We conclude that there appear to be interaction effects, which warrant exploration in future research, and recommend a priori consideration of the predicted interaction effects.
Blockade of Ethanol-Induced Potentiation of Glycine Receptors by a Peptide that Interferes with G βγ Binding

The large intracellular loop (IL) of the glycine receptor (GlyR) interacts with various signalling proteins and plays a fundamental role in trafficking and regulation of several receptor properties including a direct interaction with G βγ . In the present study, we found that mutation of basic residues in the N terminal region of the IL reduced the binding of G βγ to 21±10% of control. Two basic residues in the C terminal region, on the other hand, contributed to a smaller extent to G βγ binding. Using docking analysis, we found that both basic regions of the IL bind in nearby regions to the G βγ dimer, within an area of high density of amino acids having an electronegative character. Thereafter, we generated a seventeen amino acid peptide with the N-terminal sequence of the wild type IL (RQH) that was able to inhibit the in vitro binding of G βγ to GlyRs to 57±5% of control in GST pull down assays using purified proteins. More interestingly, when the peptide was intracellularly applied to HEK 293 cells, it inhibited the G βγ -mediated modulations of GIRK by baclofen (24±14% of control) and attenuated the GlyR potentiation by ethanol (51±10% vs 10±3%). (pH 7.4), 4 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and 0.5 mM GTP (guanosine triphosphate), with or without 200 μ M RQH peptide. The external solution contained: 125 mM NaCl, 30.0 mM KCl, 3.0 mM CaCl 2 , 1.0 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), and 10 mM glucose. The amplitude of the potassium current was measured using a short pulse (4–5 s) of 10 μ M baclofen every 2 minutes during 16 minutes. A non related peptide (n.r.p.: EVHHQKL) was used as a control at the same concentration. We used this small peptide to bolster the capacity to access the intracellular milieu and to interact with G βγ . For the recording of ethanol-mediated potentiation on GlyRs, a previously described methodology was used (Yevenes et al., 2003; Yevenes et al., 2006).
Drumlin formation time: evidence from northern and central sweden

Abstract Large‐scale drumlins occur abundantly throughout central and northern Sweden. Whereas many drumlins in the north are an integral part of a relict glacial landscape >100,000 years old, those to the south are generally interpreted as of last deglaciation age. Typically, the latter ones have not been overprinted by younger glacial landforms. Despite this apparent difference in formation history, drumlins in both regions have similar directional and morphological characteristics. A systematic analysis of >3000 drumlins in (i) areas within relict landscapes, (ii) areas with an ambiguous deglaciation age assignment, and (iii) areas within deglacial landscapes, indicates that these latter deglaciation drumlins differ clearly in both shape and size from drumlins in the other two types of landscapes. In addition, numerical modelling indicates that basal melting conditions, a prerequisite for drumlin formation, prevailed only for a very limited time over much of northern Sweden during the last deglaciation, but lasted for longer periods of time during earlier stages of the Weichselian. A reconnaissance radionuclide bedrock exposure date from the crag of a large drumlin in the relict landscape indicates that glacial erosion, and presumably drumlin formation, at this location predated Marine Isotope Stage 7. We conclude, therefore, that the large‐scale drumlins of central and northern Sweden did not form during the last deglaciation, or during any other specific ice flow event. Instead, we suggest that they were formed by successive phases of erosion and deposition by ice sheets of similar magnitude and configuration.
Bacterial glycocalyx integrity drives multicellular swarm biofilm dynamism

Exopolysaccharide (EPS) layers on the bacterial cell surface are key determinants of biofilm establishment and maintenance, leading to the formation of higher‐order 3D structures that confer numerous survival benefits to a cell community. In addition to a specific cell‐associated EPS glycocalyx, we recently revealed that the social δ‐proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus secretes a novel biosurfactant polysaccharide (BPS) to the extracellular milieu. Together, secretion of the two polymers (EPS and BPS) is required for type IV pilus (T4P)‐dependent swarm expansion via spatio‐specific biofilm expression profiles. Thus the synergy between EPS and BPS secretion somehow modulates the multicellular lifecycle of M. xanthus. Herein, we demonstrate that BPS secretion functionally alters the EPS glycocalyx via destabilization of the latter, fundamentally changing the characteristics of the cell surface. This impacts motility behaviors at the single‐cell level and the aggregative capacity of cells in groups via cell‐surface EPS fibril formation as well as T4P production, stability, and positioning. These changes modulate the structure of swarm biofilms via cell layering, likely contributing to the formation of internal swarm polysaccharide architecture. Together, these data reveal the manner by which the combined secretion of two distinct polymers induces single‐cell changes that modulate swarm biofilm communities.
Collision tectonics of the Ladakh-Zanskar Himalaya

The collision of the Indian Plate with the Karakoram-Lhasa Blocks and the closing of Neo-Tethys along the Indus Suture Zone (ISZ) is well constrained by sedimentologic, structural and palaeomagnetic data at ca. 50 Ma. Pre-collision high P— low T blueschist facies metamorphism in the ISZ is related to subduction of Tethyan oceanic crust northwards beneath the Jurassic-early Cretaceous Dras island arc. The Spontang ophiolite was obducted south westwards onto the Zanskar shelf before the Eocene closure (Dl). The youngest marine sediments on the Zanskar shelf and along the ISZ are Lower Eocene, after which continental molasse deposition occurred. After ocean closure, thrusting followed a SW-directed piggy-back sequence (D2). This has been modified by late-stage breakback thrusts, overturned thrusts and extensional normal faulting associated with culmination collapse and underplating. The ISZ and northern Zanskar shelf sequence are affected by late Tertiary redirected backthrusting (D3), which also affects the Indus molasse. A 50 km wide ‘pop-up’ zone with divergent thrust vergence was developed across the Zanskar Range. Balanced and restored cross sections indicate a minimum of 150 km of shortening across the Zanskar shelf and ISZ. Post-collision crustal thickening by thrust stacking resulted in widespread Barrovian metamorphism in the High Himalaya that reached a thermal climax during Oligocene-Miocene times. Garnet-biotite-muscovite + tourmaline granites were generated by intracrustal partial melting during the Miocene within the Central Crystalline Complex. Their emplacement on the hangingwall of localized ductile shear zones was associated with SW-directed thrusting along the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone and concomitant culmination collapse normal faulting along the Zanskar Shear Zone (ZSZ) at the top of the slab. Metamorphic isograds have become inverted by post-metamorphic SW-verging recumbent folding and thrusting along the base of the High Himalayan slab. Along the top of the slab, isograds are the right way up but are structurally and thermally telescoped by normal faulting along the ZSZ. 1
Selected letters will be published on ANZJSurg . com before they appear in the print journal

We read with great interest the article by Huang et al., which was published in your esteemed journal. We have a few observations regarding this article. First, the authors state that the majority of patients are asymptomatic, but some may present with non-specific abdominal symptoms (abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea and bleeding). We would like to state that lipohyperplasia is usually asymptomatic but not lipomatosis. Lipomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract is almost always symptomatic and may present with a variety of symptoms such as abdominal pain, obstruction or intussusception, weight loss and gastrointestinal bleeding. Lipohyperplasia is a simple increase in fatty tissue within the valve, while lipoma and lipomatosis are true neoplastic proliferations of adipose tissue. Though the title of the article and case description indicate lipomatosis, the authors have used the term ‘lipohyperplasia’ at one place in the discussion. We would like to point out that the terms ‘lipohyperplasia’ and ‘lipomatosis’ are mutually distinct. Second, the authors have rightly pointed out that unlike true lipoma, lipomatosis lacks encapsulation. We would like to clarify the difference between lipoma, lipomatosis and lipohyperplasia. Lipohyperplasia implies an excess of normal adipose tissue in the submucosa. In contrast to lipoma which is a focal accumulation of fat, in lipomatosis fat accumulation is poorly circumscribed and non-capsulated. Third, the article also mentions that for this rare entity, there are currently no clinical guidelines as most patients are asymptomatic. We would like to add that surgical resection of the affected areas appears to be the only practical option and is curative in all reported cases. References
Merozoite surface protein-1 from P. falciparum is a major target of opsonizing antibodies in individuals with acquired immunity against malaria

4 Anja Jäschke , Boubacar Coulibaly , Edmond J. Remarque , Hermann Bujard d , Christian Epp a* 5 6 a Center for Infectious Diseases – Parasitology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; b 7 Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso, Africa; c Biomedical 8 Primate Research Center (BPRC), Department of Virology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; d Center for 9 Molecular Biology of University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany 10