Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of soil carbon dioxide emission between controlled and random traffic under conservation tillage

Conservation tillage is proven to be a useful agricultural practice for reducing the concentration of CO2 released to the atmosphere, but there is currently only limited information regarding the influences of controlled traffic on soil CO2 fluxes. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of controlled traffic on soil CO2 flux and on fuel consumption in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) croplands of northern China. CO2 samples were collected from various compacted areas in the fields, including the crop zone, the inter-row zone and the traffic zone. CO2 flux from the soil surface was measured with a GXH-3010E1 CO2 infrared analyzer during the crop grain filling stage. CO2 fluxes were considerably larger for controlled traffic field (95.04±6.79) g/(m2·d) than that for random traffic field (50.91±7.57) g/(m2·d) in the crop zone, but there were no significant differences between random and controlled traffic fields in the inter-row zone. In contrast, in the traffic zone, all fluxes were lower than those in the other areas. Total CO2 fluxes were not significantly different between controlled traffic and random traffic fields. Controlled traffic can reduce fuel consumption by 9.7 L/hm2 compared to random traffic, which implies that it can also reduce the total annual amount of CO2 released from agricultural activities. Keywords: conservation tillage, controlled traffic, random traffic, CO2 flux, fuel consumption DOI: 10.3965/j.issn. 1934-6344.2009. 02.008-013 Citation: Hu Lifeng, Li Hongwen, Zhang Xuemin, He Jin. Comparison of soil carbon dioxide emission between controlled traffic and random traffic under conservation tillage. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2009; 2(2): 8
Modeling volatilization of PCDD/F from soil and uptake into vegetation

Soil contamination is one of the long-term environmental problems generated by anthropogenic activities of the last decades. Standards for some organic compounds are being discussed. We investigated the question of whether volatilization of organic chemicalshere PCDD/Ffrom soil and subsequent sorption to leaves may be a significant pathway for contamination. This transfer pathway is investigated with a mathematical model. The model is based on an analytical solution of the diffusion/dispersion equation for two media and equilibrium assumptions. A calculation is made for 2,3,7,8-TCDD uptake into herbage. It can be shown that this transfer pathway may only be important for highly contaminated soils. The aim of reducing the daily intake of PCDD/F by contaminated food is best reached by an effective emissions control. Volatilization of persistent lipophilic chemicals from the soil is a long-term process and can lead to a secondary pollution of the atmosphere.
Bounded anisotropy fluid model for ion temperatures

A bounded anisotropy fluid model is developed which describes the temperature evolution of a collisionless plasma including the effect of pitch angle scattering due to ion cyclotron waves. The model equations accurately describe the proton temperature evolution in the plasma depletion layer, a magnetosheath regime of decreasing plasma density near the magnetopause. As in double adiabatic theory, changes in T⊥ are driven by changes in flux tube area A (∝ 1/B), while changes in T∥ are driven by changes in field line scale length L. In the bounded anisotropy model, if the proton temperature ratio T⊥/T∥ rises above the value 1 + 0.85 β∥p−0.48 (Anderson et al., 1994), where β∥p is the proton parallel beta, energy is transferred from the perpendicular to parallel temperature until this equation is satisfied. This energy exchange represents the effect of ion cyclotron wave pitch angle scattering, which keeps the plasma state near to marginal stability. Equations of the same form, employing bounded anisotropy expressions appropriate to different species, are also applied to He2+ and to electrons. These equations well describe the evolution of the He2+ but do not describe the evolution of the electron temperature, apparently due to the high electron thermal conduction which the model does not include. These results indicate that an energy exchange term may be incorporated into anisotropic fluid equations to simulate the effect of ion cyclotron wave pitch angle scattering in global fluid equations.
Global calibration of Gephyrocapsa coccolith abundance in Holocene sediments for paleotemperature assessment

[1] A global sea surface temperature calibration based on the relative abundance of different morphotypes within the coccolithophore genus Gephyrocapsa in Holocene deep-sea sediments is presented. There is evidence suggesting that absolute sea surface temperature for a given location can be calculated from the relative abundance of Gephyrocapsa morphotypes in sediment samples, with a standard error comparable to temperature estimates derived from other temperature proxies such as planktic foraminifera transfer functions. A total of 110 Holocene sediment samples were selected from the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans covering a mean sea surface temperature gradient from 13.6° to 29.3°C. Standard multiple linear regression analyses were applied to this data set, linking the relative abundance of Gephyrocapsa morphotypes to sea surface temperature. The best model revealed an r2 of 0.83 with a standard residual error of 1.78°C for the estimation of mean sea surface temperature. This new proxy provides a unique opportunity for the reconstruction of paleotemperatures with a very small amount of sample material due to the minute size of coccoliths, permitting examination of thinly laminated sediments (e.g., a pinhead of material from laminated sediments for the reconstruction of annual sea surface temperature variations). Such fine-scale resolution is currently not possible with any other proxy. Application of this new paleotemperature proxy may allow new paleoenvironmental interpretations in the late Quaternary period and discrepancies between the different currently used paleotemperature proxies might be resolved.
complexity: Better lower bounds for geodesically convex optimization

We study the query complexity of geodesically convex (g-convex) optimization on a manifold. To isolate the effect of that manifold’s curvature, we primarily focus on hyperbolic spaces. In a variety of settings (smooth or not; strongly g-convex or not; high-or low-dimensional), known upper bounds worsen with curvature. It is natural to ask whether this is warranted, or an artifact. For many such settings, we propose a ﬁrst set of lower bounds which indeed conﬁrm that (negative) curvature is detrimental to complexity. To do so, we build on recent lower bounds (Hamilton and Moitra, 2021; Criscitiello and Boumal, 2022a) for the particular case of smooth, strongly g-convex optimization. Using a number of techniques, we also secure lower bounds which capture dependence on condition number and optimality gap, which was not previously the case. We suspect these bounds are not optimal. We conjecture optimal ones, and support them with a matching lower bound for a class of algorithms which includes subgradient descent, and a lower bound for a related game. Lastly, to pinpoint the difﬁculty of proving lower bounds, we study how negative curvature inﬂuences (and sometimes obstructs) interpolation with g-convex functions.
Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor via a BET-dependent enhancer drives antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer

In prostate cancer, resistance to the antiandrogen enzalutamide (Enz) can occur through bypass of androgen receptor (AR) blockade by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In contrast to fixed genomic alterations, here we show that GR-mediated antiandrogen resistance is adaptive and reversible due to regulation of GR expression by a tissue-specific enhancer. GR expression is silenced in prostate cancer by a combination of AR binding and EZH2-mediated repression at the GR locus, but is restored in advanced prostate cancers upon reversion of both repressive signals. Remarkably, BET bromodomain inhibition resensitizes drug-resistant tumors to Enz by selectively impairing the GR signaling axis via this enhancer. In addition to revealing an underlying molecular mechanism of GR-driven drug resistance, these data suggest that inhibitors of broadly active chromatin-readers could have utility in nuanced clinical contexts of acquired drug resistance with a more favorable therapeutic index.
Climate model genealogy: Generation CMIP5 and how we got there

A new ensemble of climate models is becoming available and provides the basis for climate change projections. Here, we show a first analysis indicating that the models in the new ensemble agree better with observations than those in older ones and that the poorest models have been eliminated. Most models are strongly tied to their predecessors, and some also exchange ideas and code with other models, thus supporting an earlier hypothesis that the models in the new ensemble are neither independent of each other nor independent of the earlier generation. On the basis of one atmosphere model, we show how statistical methods can identify similarities between model versions and complement process understanding in characterizing how and why a model has changed. We argue that the interdependence of models complicates the interpretation of multimodel ensembles but largely goes unnoticed.
Final Report: The Santa Barbara Channel - Santa Maria Basin Circulation Study

In 1989, the National Research Council (NRC) was requested by President Bush, and by the Minerals Management Service (MMS), to review the adequacy of information available to assess the impact of oil and gas development on the Outer Continental Shelf. The MMS developed a Cooperative Agreement (CA) with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). The study, named The Santa Barbara Channel - Santa Maria Basin Circulation study, was originally funded in 1989 and extended until 2005. It principally consisted of two components, one observational and the other a numerical modeling study that are described in the following. This report presents all of the scientific papers published to date in the peer reviewed scientific literature, that comprehensively describe the work performed by SIO UCSD and its partners at Princeton University, SUNY-Stony Brook and the Desert Research Institute as part of the CA.
Color reduction using local features and a SOFM neural network

This paper proposes a new method for reduction of the number of colors in an image. The proposed approach uses both the image color components and local image characteristics to feed a Kohonen Self-Organized Feature Map (SOFM) neural network. After training, the neurons of the output competition layer define the proper color classes. The final image has not only the dominant image colors, but also its texture approaches the image local characteristics used. To speedup the entire algorithm and reduce memory requirements, a fractal scanning sub-sampling technique can be used. The method is applicable to any type of color images and can be easily extended to accommodate any type of spatial characteristics. Several experimental and comparative results, exhibiting the performance of the proposed technique, are presented.
Working and Living in Northern vs Southern Ontario Is Associated with the Duration of Compensated Time off Work: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: Northern Ontario, Canada has a larger elder population, more resource-based employment, and limited access to physicians and specialists compared to southern Ontario. Given these important differences, it is possible that work disability rates will vary between the two Ontario jurisdictions. Objective: To determine the association between time lost due to workplace injuries and illnesses occurring in northern vs southern Ontario and work disability duration from 2006– 2011. Methods: The study base included all lost-time claims approved by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board in Ontario, Canada for workplace injury or illness compensation occurring between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2011. All eligible participants had to be 18 years of age or older at the time of making the claim and participants were excluded if one of the three variables used to determine location (claimant home postal code, workplace geographical code, and WSIB firm location) were missing. Multivariable proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for sex, age, occupation, part of body, and nature of injury relating Ontario geographical location to compensated time off work. Results: A total of 156 453 lost-time claims were approved over the study period. Injured and ill workers from northern Ontario were 16% less likely to return to work than those from southern Ontario. Adjustment for potential confounding factors had no effect. Conclusion: The disability duration in northern Ontario is longer than that in southern Ontario. Future research should focus on assessing the relevant factors associated with this observation to identify opportunities for intervention.
Fluctuating uplift acting on rock blocks at the bottom of river bed and estimation of the limiting scour depth

The hydrodynamic pressures and its propagation within rock cracks must be taken into account to study the development of scour pool due to jet impact downstream of high dams. In this paper, the transmission mechanism of fluctuating pressure in cracks of bedrocks is investigated by using the model of transient flow. A formula for calculating the maximum fluctuating uplift is deduced. The result is verified by the model test. Based on the analysis of forces acting on a rock block, a formula for estimating the limiting scour depth is established. And the formula is applied to the scour depth prediction at the well-known Three-Gorges Dam
Causes of Decadal Changes of the Freshwater Content in the Arctic Ocean

AbstractDecadal changes of the liquid freshwater content in the Arctic Ocean are studied with a suite of forward and adjoint model simulations. Adjoint sensitivities show that freshwater volume changes in the Norwegian Atlantic Current north of the Lofoten basin and a salinity maximum in the Fram Strait and in the Canadian Archipelago lead to an enhanced northward transport of freshwater. The dynamical sensitivities indicate that stronger freshwater export from the Arctic is related to an enhanced cyclonic circulation around Greenland, with an enhanced export through the Canadian Archipelago and a stronger circulation within the Fram Strait. Associated with this circulation around Greenland is a large-scale cyclonic circulation in the Arctic. Cyclonic wind stress anomalies in the Arctic Ocean as well as over the Nordic seas and parts of the subpolar Atlantic are optimal to force the freshwater transport changes.Results from a simulation over the period 1948–2010 corroborate the result that Arctic freshwat.
Effi cient , distributed and interactive neuroimaging data analysis using the LONI Pipeline

INTRODUCTION Modern tools for image processing employ large amounts of heterogeneous data, diverse computational resources and distributed web-services (Toga and Thompson, 2007). Effi cient analysis protocols combine diverse data, software tools and network infrastructure to obtain, analyze and disseminate results. Construction of such analysis protocols are signifi cantly enhanced by a graphical workfl ow interface that provides high-level manipulation of the analysis sequence while hiding many of its technical details. In this manuscript, we discuss the challenges of development, maintenance and dissemination of integrated resources including data, software tools and web-services, as platform-independent, agile and scalable frameworks. We demonstrate the development and utilization of the LONI Pipeline environment for combining of user computational and biological expertise with disparate resources and Grid infrastructures. Version 4 of the LONI Pipeline, extends the previous implementation of this environment (Rex et al., 2003). To provide an extensible framework for interoperability of diverse computational resources the LONI Pipeline employs a decentralized infrastructure, where tools, services and data are linked through an external resource-mediating-layer. This approach requires no modifi cations of existing tools to enable their interoperability with other computational counterparts. A new XML schema forms the backbone for the inter-resource-mediating-layer. Each XML resource (module) description includes important information about the resource location, the proper invocation protocol (i.e., I/O types, parameter specifi cations, etc.), run-time controls and data-types. Also included are auxiliary meta-data about the resource state, specifi cations, history, authorship and bibliography. This infrastructure facilitates the integration of disparate resources and provides a natural and comprehensive data provenance (MacKenzie-Graham et al., 2008a). The LONI Pipeline also enables the broad dissemination of resource meta-data descriptions via web-services and the constructive utilization of multidisciplinary expertise by experts, novice users and trainees. There are a number of efforts to develop environments for tool integration, interoperability and meta-analysis (Rex et al., 2004). Effi cient, distributed and interactive neuroimaging data analysis using the LONI Pipeline
Stable isotopic record of hydrological changes in subtropical Laguna Mar Chiquita (Argentina) over the last 230 years

Laguna Mar Chiquita, a highly variable closed saline lake located in the Pampean plains of cetral Argentina, is presently the largest saline lake in South America ("-6000km2). The availability of hitorical, instrumental lake-level and salinity data for the past 100 years allows for the calibration of the isotopic archive recorded in the lake sediments. Prolonged intervals with either negative or positive hydrlogical balances have severely modified lakewater levels, salinity and primary productivity, and have also controlled the isotopic composition of both the authigenic carbonate (&8Ooarb and f133Ccarb) and sedimetary organic matter (6"C0,,). Extensive evaporation during lowstand stages results in an enrichment of 180 and 13C in the lake waters, and is recorded in the sediments as the most positive &8O8arb and 613C carb compositions (0.0%o and-1.9Yoo, respectively). Conversely, more negative 6f'8Ocarb and 813Ccarb values (-1.8%o and-3.8Yoo, respectively) are the result of increasing freshwater input into the lake system. The fi3Com values are related to the isotopic composition of the dissolved inorganic carbon pool and the cabonate equilibrium of the lake water. Relatively low 613COm values correspond with high lake levels, low salinity, low alkalinity and high lake productivity. High salinity during lowstands diminishes the amount of primary production and the 613Com value is correspondingly high. The calibrated isotopic model was extrapolated to reconstruct precipitation-evaporation variability from the end of the‘Little Ice Age’ (c. AD 1770) to the present. Low water levels predominated until the last quarter of the twentieth century, when a positive hydrological balance without equivalent in the previous history of Laguna Mar Chiquita became dominant.
Predicting Return to Work after Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Is Challenging Due to Factors That Affect Work Ability

Simple Summary This prospective study examined the impact of various factors on return to work (RTW) for head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors at 3 and 12 months after treatment. The study included 227 participants aged 65 years or younger. Within 3 months, 92 participants RTW and 30 retired. At 12 months, 80 participants were still working and another 51 participants had RTW. Hindrances to RTW at 3 months were advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV), whereas hindrances at 12 months were oral and larynx cancer. Facilitators of RTW included having a white-collar job, living in a relationship and early tumour stages. The study underscored that disease stage significantly hindered RTW, and work type and having a spouse or partner were nonclinical factors influencing RTW. These findings offer valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policymakers, which can aid in the development of strategies and support systems to enhance the RTW experience for HNC survivors. Abstract Striving to return to work is of great importance to many cancer survivors. The purpose of the study is to prospectively investigate the factors that hinder and facilitate return to work (RTW) at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and whether these factors influence the ability to continue working after treatment. Participants (n = 227) aged ≤ 65 years at diagnosis with HNC were included. Data were collected before the start of treatment and at 3 and 12 months after the end of treatment. The Rubin causal model was used for statistical analysis. Within the 3-month follow-up period, 92 participants had RTW and 30 had retired. At the 12-month follow-up, 80 of these participants were still working, another 51 participants had RTW, and five participants working still suffered from cancer. The hindrance to RTW within 3 months was advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV) (p = 0.0038). Hindrances to RTW at the 12-month follow-up were oral cancer (p = 0.0210) and larynx cancer (p = 0.0041), and facilitators were living in a relationship (p = 0.0445) and a white-collar job (p = 0.00267). Participants with early tumour stage (stage I and II) (p = 0.0019) and a white-collar job (p = 0.0185) had earlier RTW. The conclusion is that disease factors were the most important hindrances to RTW, and type of work and living with a spouse or partner were nonclinical factors influencing RTW.
Improving the CALIOP aerosol optical depth using combined MODIS‐CALIOP observations and CALIOP integrated attenuated total color ratio

[1] This paper aims to evaluate CALIOP aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval using MODIS AOD with the goal of improving the CALIOP selection of the lidar ratio leveraging the vertical resolved CALIOP and multispectral MODIS observations. Comparing the MODIS fine mode ratio to CALIOP, we find that the CALIOP integrated attenuated total color ratio provides sensitivity to the aerosol size and type. This finding can be used to better constrain the lidar ratio and improve the CALIOP AOD independent from MODIS.To retrieve the aerosol optical depth from CALIOP requires knowledge of the aerosol lidar ratio that varies significantly as a function of aerosol type. For most CALIOP retrievals the lidar ratio is estimated by correlating CALIOP observables (depolarization and backscatter) with precomputed lidar ratio climatologies. Applying a lidar ratio not representative of the observed aerosols can result in significant AOD biases and is one of the primary sources of uncertainty in the current CALIOP AOD. We demonstrate that over ocean the MODIS sensitivity to the fine- and coarse-mode aerosol mixing ratios provides additional constraints to the aerosol lidar ratio. When MODIS fine-mode retrievals are collocated with CALIOP, the improved lidar ratio significantly reduces the CALIOP AOD mean biases from ∣0.064∣ to ∣0.020∣ when compared to MODIS. In addition, we demonstrate that the CALIOP integrated attenuated total color ratio is correlated with the MODIS fine and coarse mixing ratios in marine environments. This finding suggests that for a CALIOP-only AOD retrieval the integrated attenuated total color ratio can be used to better constrain the lidar ratio. Using the CALIOP integrated attenuated total color ratio, the CALIOP-only AOD retrieval improves the AOD mean biases (∣0.064∣ to ∣0.007∣) when compared to the MODIS AOD.