Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
k-LSAT is NP-Complete for k≥3: k-LSAT is NP-Complete for k≥3

A CNF formula F is linear if any distinct clauses in F contain at most one common variable. A CNF formula F is exact linear if any distinct clauses in F contain exactly one common variable. All exact linear formulas are satisfiable, and for the class LCNF of linear formulas, the decision problem LSAT remains NP-complete. For the subclasses LCNF≥k of LCNF, in which formulas have only clauses of length at least k, the decision problem LSAT≥k remains NP-complete if there exists an unsatisfiable formula in LCNF≥k. Therefore, the NP-completness of SAT for LCNF≥k (k≥3) is the question whether there exists an unsatisfiable formula in LCNF≥k. In Ref. [2,3], it is shown that both LCNF≥3 and LCNF≥4 contain unsatisfiable formulas by the constructions of hypergraphs and latin squares. It leaves the open question whether for each k≥5 there is an unsatisfiable formula in LCNF≥k. This paper presents a simple and general method to construct unsatisfiable formulas in k-LCNF for each k≥3 by the application of minimal unsatisfiable formulas to red-uctions for formulas. It is shown that for each k≥3 there exists a minimal unsatisfiable formula in k-LCNF. Therefore, the stronger result is shown that k-LSAT is NP-complete for k≥3.
Cardiac Sympathetic Neuroimaging in DLB

Researchers in neuroimaging and practitioners who manage patients with dementia may be surprised to learn that imaging of the heart can help distinguish Lewy body disorders from other causes of neurodegeneration. Over the past dozen years, a remarkably consistent neuroimaging literature has emerged indicating that cardiac noradrenergic denervation characterizes Parkinson disease (PD), pure autonomic failure, and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), in contrast with usually normal findings in multiple system atrophy, which can resemble PD clinically, and Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Post-mortem neuropathologic studies have generally confirmed these distinctions [1].
Generalization bound for kernel similarity learning

Similarity learning has received a large amount of interest and is an important tool for many scientific and industrial applications. In this framework, we wish to infer the distance (similarity) between points with respect to an arbitrary distance function $d$. Here, we formulate the problem as a regression from a feature space $\mathcal{X}$ to an arbitrary vector space $\mathcal{Y}$, where the Euclidean distance is proportional to $d$. We then give Rademacher complexity bounds on the generalization error. We find that with high probability, the complexity is bounded by the maximum of the radius of $\mathcal{X}$ and the radius of $\mathcal{Y}$.
Antidepressant effects of ketamine: mechanisms underlying fast-acting novel antidepressants

Newer antidepressants are needed for the many individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) that do not respond adequately to treatment and because of a delay of weeks before the emergence of therapeutic effects. Recent evidence from clinical trials shows that the NMDA antagonist ketamine is a revolutionary novel antidepressant because it acts rapidly and is effective for treatment-resistant patients. A single infusion of ketamine alleviates depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depressed patients within hours and these effects may be sustained for up to 2 weeks. Although the discovery of ketamine's effects has reshaped drug discovery for antidepressants, the psychotomimetic properties of this compound limit the use of this therapy to the most severely ill patients. In order to develop additional antidepressants like ketamine, adequate preclinical behavioral screening paradigms for fast-acting antidepressants need to be established and used to identify the underlying neural mechanisms. This review examines the preclinical literature attempting to model the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. Acute administration of ketamine has produced effects in behavioral screens for antidepressants like the forced swim test, novelty suppression of feeding and in rodent models for depression. Protracted behavioral effects of ketamine have been reported to appear after a single treatment that last for days. This temporal pattern is similar to its clinical effects and may serve as a new animal paradigm for rapid antidepressant effects in humans. In addition, protracted changes in molecules mediating synaptic plasticity have been implicated in mediating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of ketamine. Current preclinical studies are examining compounds with more specific pharmacological effects at glutamate receptors and synapses in order to develop additional rapidly acting antidepressants without the hallucinogenic side effects or abuse potential of ketamine.
Cleaner gobies evolve advertising stripes of higher contrast

SUMMARY Elacatinus gobies of the Caribbean have undergone rapid speciation along ecological axes, and particular species from this genus act as `cleaners' that remove ectoparasites from larger coral reef fish, termed `clients'. Evolutionary shifts in habitat use, behavior and lateral body stripe colors differentiate cleaners from ancestral sponge-dwelling lineages. High-contrast stripe colors associated with cleaning behavior on coral reefs may have evolved as a signal of cleaning status. We asked whether cleaner gobies with blue stripes are more conspicuous than ancestral yellow- and green-stripe phenotypes to a diverse set of potential client visual systems in the tropical reef environment where cleaning stations are commonly observed. Using spectrophotometric measurements of cleaners with blue and yellow stripes and their F1 hybrid, we tested the contrast of each color stripe to both potential dichromatic and trichromatic reef fish visual systems, against typical coral and sponge microhabitat background colors. Blue stripes provide the highest average chromatic contrast across a range of possible microhabitat colors to the majority of fish visual systems tested. The contrast provided by yellow and hybrid green stripes are comparable across habitats to dichromatic visual systems. The green stripe is less contrasting than both blue and yellow to many potential trichromatic visual systems. We suggest that the evolution of blue stripes in Elacatinus gobies could be a result of natural selection for signals of high color contrast, driven by the sensory biases and visual systems of diverse reef fish clients.
Energy-efficient Distributed Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider energy-efficient Distributed Detection in wireless sensor networks. It is assumed that a group of sensors observe the same quantity in independent additive observation noises with possibly different variances. Each node computes a local statistic and communicates it to a fusion center over Rayleigh fading wireless channels.At the fusion,the linear minimum mean square error(LMMSE) is used. In this paper Two types of constraints are considered: 1) transmission power constraints at the nodes, and 2) the communication channel between the nodes and the decision center. we propose a optimal distributed estimation algorithm in energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our results through numerical examples.
Magnetic, Electrical Properties and Spin-Glass Effect of Substitution of Ca for Pr in Ca2-xPrxMnO4 Compounds

Ca2-xPrxMnO4 (x = 0.000 to 0.200) manganites were synthesized by a sol-gel method and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at room temperature. Rietveld refinement technique shows that all samples can be indexed in orthorhombic system except for Ca2MnO4 (x = 0.000) which can be indexed in the tetragonal system. Magnetic and electrical measurements show that magnetization and resistivity have a large dependence of the fractional composition x and temperature. The applied magnetic field has also a large influence on magnetization level. Spin-glass behavior was detected at low temperature for the samples with x� 0.175. For all x-values, all compounds exhibit semiconductor behavior and the ferromagnetic (FM) transition temperature TC (Curie temperature) is around 105 K, whatever the applied field.
Experiment of Tamper Detection and Recovery Watermarking in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems

Problem statement: Medical images such as x-rays, ultrasounds and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in helping th e physicians to diagnose a disease or body conditions. These images can be tampered with exist ing image processing tools that is easily available . The usage of security measures such as watermarking can protect the integrity of the images. Numerous watermarking schemes with basic security functions and even tampered image recovery are available. But there is no research on the experime ntation of watermarking in the operational environment that involves Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS). Approach: This study focused on the experiment of selected waterma rking scheme running in a simulated Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) compliant PACS environment. A tamper detection and recovery watermarking was applied to an ultrasound image. Image will then be transferred to another computer within the PACS. Tr ansferred and non-transferred image were tampered in the exact manner. The effectiveness of the watermarking scheme is known by comparing its recovery rates between these two tampered image s. Results: The result showed that both transferred and non-transferred image had the recov ery rates of 100% and recovered areas were identical. Conclusion: The result of the experiment showed that the selec ted watermarking scheme remains effective in a PACS environment. Further development is needed for a program that embeds watermark into images before it is sent to the PACS archive server for storage. The watermarking scheme tested needs to be further improved to be re versible for better implementation in PACS.
PLSA enhanced with a long-distance bigram language model for speech recognition

We propose a language modeling (LM) approach using background n-grams and interpolated distanced n-grams for speech recognition using an enhanced probabilistic latent semantic analysis (EPLSA) derivation. PLSA is a bag-of-words model that exploits the topic information at the document level, which is inconsistent for the language modeling in speech recognition. In this paper, we consider the word sequence in modeling the EPLSA model. Here, the predicted word of an n-gram event is drawn from a topic that is chosen from the topic distribution of the (n-1) history words. The EPLSA model cannot capture the long-range topic information from outside of the n-gram event. The distanced n-grams are incorporated into interpolated form (IEPLSA) to cover the long-range information. A cache-based LM that models the re-occurring words is also incorporated through unigram scaling to the EPLSA and IEPLSA models, which models the topical words. We have seen that our proposed approaches yield significant reductions in perplexity and word error rate (WER) over a PLSA based LM approach using the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) corpus.
Molecular Architecture and Biological Reactions

A n s w e r s to m a n y b a s i c p r o b l e m s of b i o l o g y — n a t u r e o f g r o w t h , m e c h a n i s m of d u p l i c a t i o n o f v iruses a n d g e n e s , a c t i o n o f e n z y m e s , m e c h a n i s m , of p h y s i o l o g i c a l ac t iv i ty of drugs , h o r m o n e s , a n d v i t a ­ m i n s , s t r u c t u r e a n d a c t i o n o f nerve a n d braini t i s s u e — m a y l i e i n k n o w l e d g e o f jmolecular s t r u c t u r e a n d i n t e r m o l e c u l a r r e a c t i o n s
Exactly Solvable 'Discrete' Quantum Mechanics; Shape Invariance, Heisenberg Solutions, Annihilation-Creation Operators and Coherent States

Various examples of exactly solvable ‘discrete’ quantum mechanics are explored explicitly with emphasis on shape invariance, Heisenberg operator solutions, annihilation-creation operators, the dynamical symmetry algebras and coherent states. The eigenfunctions are the (q-)Askey-scheme of hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials satisfying difference equa
The Role of Healthy Lifestyle in the Implementation of Regressing Suboptimal Health Status among College Students in China: A Nested Case-Control Study

Background: Suboptimal health status (SHS) is the intermediate health state between health and disease, it is medically undiagnosed and is also termed functional somatic syndrome. Although its clinical manifestations are complicated and various, SHS has not reached the disease status. Unhealthy lifestyle is associated with many chronic diseases and mortality. In accordance with the impact of lifestyle on health, it is intriguing to determine the association between unhealthy lifestyle and SHS risk. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study among healthy Chinese college students from March 2012 to September 2013, which was nested in a prospective cohort of 5676 students. We performed 1:1 incidence density sampling with matched controls for birth year, sex, grade, specialty and individual character. SHS was evaluated using the medical examination report and Sub-health Measurement Scale V1.0 (SHMS V1.0). Exposure was defined as an unhealthy lifestyle per the frequency of six behavioral dimensions from the Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II). Results: We matched 543 cases of SHS (42.66%) in a cohort of 1273 students during the 1.5 years mean follow-up time with controls. A significant difference (t = 9.79, p < 0.001) and a reduction in HPLP-II total score was present at 1.5 years follow-up (135.93 ± 17.65) compared to baseline (144.48 ± 18.66). A level-response effect was recorded with an increase of the total HPLP-II (every dimension was correlated with a decreased SHS risk). Compared to respondents with the least exposure (excellent level), those reporting a general HPLP-II level were approximately 2.3 times more likely to develop SHS (odd ratio = 2.333, 95% CI = 1.471 to 3.700); and those with less HPLP-II level (good level) were approximately 1.6 times more likely (1.644, 1.119–2.414) to develop SHS (p < 0.05). Our data indicated that unhealthy lifestyle behavior with respect to behavioral dimensions significantly affected SHS likelihood. Further analyses revealed a marked increase (average increased 14.73 points) in lifestyle level among those SHS regression to health after 1.5 years, with respect to the HPLP-II behavioral dimensions, in addition to the total score (t = −15.34, p < 0.001). Conclusions: SHS is highly attributable to unhealthy lifestyles, and the mitigation of modifiable lifestyle risk factors may lead to SHS regression. Increased efforts to modify unhealthy lifestyles are necessary to prevent SHS.
Software component diagnosis service: architecture description

Component-based software development paradigm enables the construction of complex applications by assembling existing self-contained components. The cost of the software development process can then be sharply reduced. Current software systems are becoming more distributed and operate in highly dynamic environments. Therefore, dependability of component-based applications is an important research issue. In this paper, we propose a diagnosis service architecture that enhances dependability of component-based applications, especially embedded ones. This diagnosis service provides the ability of detection and location of faulty components during runtime system execution. As far as we know it is the first work that applies system-level diagnosis in embedded software component based applications for increasing the reliability of the whole system.
Teaming Up: Georgia Tech's Multi-Robot Competition Teams

Georgia Tech expects to compete in Find Life on Mars with at least two (and potentiall y four) robots operating as a cooperating group. Research at Georgia Tech and elsewhere has demonstrated the speed and robustness afforded by multiple robot cooperation (Balch et al. 1995a, Balch and Arkin 1995b). The robots, Nomad 150s from Nomadics Technologies, are pictured in Figure 1. The Nomad 150 is a holonomic three-wheeled mobile robot about half a meter in diameter. The steerable upper turret supports sensors and a control computer. Standard sensors include 16 ultrasonic range sensors and bump sensors. Color vision is provided by a separate hardware system capable of tracking multiple color objects at realtime rates. Additionally, each robot is equipped with a passive gripper for collecting Martian “ life. ” The control software runs on laptop computers under the Linux operating system. The laptops direct robot movement by issuing commands through a serial connection to the robot hardware The computers are networked using wireless modems supporting full TCP/IP services. The motor schema paradigm is the central method of robot control in use at the Georgia Tech Mobile Robot Laboratory, and is utili zed for these robots. Motor schemas are the reactive component of Arkin’s AuRA, or Autonomous Robot Architecture (Arkin and Balch 1997). AuRA’s design integrates deliberative planning at a top level with behavior-based motor control at the bottom. The lower levels, concerned with executing the reactive
Large–scale structure from quantum fluctuations in the early universe

A better understanding of the formation of large–scale structure in the universe is arguably the most pressing question in cosmology. The most compelling and promising theoretical paradigm, inflation + cold dark matter, holds that the density inhomogeneities that seeded the formation of structure in the Universe originated from quantum fluctuations arising during inflation and that the bulk of the dark matter is slowing moving elementary particles (‘cold dark matter’) left over from the earliest fiery moments. Large redshift surveys (such as the SDSS and 2dF) and high–resolution measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropy (to be made by the MAP and Planck Surveyor satellites) have the potential to decisively test Inflation + cold dark matter and to open a window to the very early universe and fundamental physics.
Integrin VLA-3: ultrastructural localization at cell-cell contact sites of human cell cultures

The integrin VLA-3 is a cell surface receptor, which binds to fibronectin, laminin, collagen type I and VI (Takada, Y., E. A. Wayner, W. G. Carter, and M. E. Hemler. 1988. J. Cell. Biochem. 37:385-393) and is highly expressed in substrate adherent cultures of almost all human cell types. The ligand specificity of VLA-3 and the inhibition of cell adhesion by anti-VLA-3 monoclonal antibodies suggest its involvement in cell-substrate interaction. In normal tissues, VLA-3 is restricted to few cell types, notably the kidney glomeruli and basal cells of the epidermis. In the epidermis, VLA-3 is generally strongly expressed on the entire plasma membrane of basal cells and is not polarized towards the basement membrane (Klein, C. E., C. Cardon-Cardo, R. Soehnchen, R. J. Cote, H. F. Oettgen, M. Eisinger, and L. J. Old. 1987. J. Invest. Dermatol. 89:500-507). Based on this finding we speculated that, in addition to a role of VLA-3 for adhesion of cells to substrate, it could also be relevant for cell-cell interaction. To investigate this, we ultrastructurally localized VLA-3 on the surface of cultured cells by immunoelectron microscopy. In accordance with our concept, we found VLA-3 strongly associated with intercellular contact sites. Interestingly, very little immunoreactivity was detected at the under- surface of cells which had been cultured for 18-32 h. This observation was unexpected but is consistent with previous findings (Kantor, R. R. S., M. J. Mattes, K. D. Lloyd, L. J. Old, and A. P. Albino. 1987. J. Biol. Chem. 262:15158-15165) which suggest that the association of VLA- 3 with the basal surface of substrate adherent tumor cells is a late event occurring after days of culture under confluent conditions. However, we cannot formally rule out VLA-3 expression at the undersurface of cells under our experimental conditions, since VLA-3 molecules at this location could be inaccessible for in situ labeling of unfixed cells because of spatial interferences. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the expression of VLA-3 at intercellular contact sites of cultured cells supporting the concept that it may be relevant for intercellular interactions also.
Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Prostate Cancer Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes by Serial Updated

Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in American males. To better understand the genetic bases of this disease, we have generated a comprehensive molecular profile of human prostate. The gene expression pattern in normal and prostate cancer tissues was analyzed by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). A total of 133,217 transcripts were analyzed, and 35,185 distinct SAGE tags were identified representing 19,287 genes. Comparison of the transcripts in normal and tumor tissue revealed 156 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05), of which 88 genes were up-regulated and 68 genes were down-regulated in the tumor tissue. Based on SAGE data, we estimate that the transcriptome for human prostate is approximately 37,000. Several differentially expressed genes identified by SAGE were selected for confirmation using immunohistochemistry. Some genes (e.g., E2F4) were overexpressed in tumor epithelial cells and some (e.g.,Daxx) were increased in tumor stroma. Further characterization of the role of E2F4 and Daxx as well as other differentially expressed genes may provide useful insights into the mechanism of prostate cancer development.
Phylogenetics of the Phlebotomine Sand Fly Group Verrucarum (Diptera: Psychodidae: Lutzomyia)

Within the sand fly genus Lutzomyia, the Verrucarum species group contains several of the principal vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and human bartonellosis in the Andean region of South America. The group encompasses 40 species for which the taxonomic status, phylogenetic relationships, and role of each species in disease transmission remain unresolved. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) phylogenetic analysis of a 667-bp fragment supported the morphological classification of the Verrucarum group into series. Genetic sequences from seven species were grouped in well-supported monophyletic lineages. Four species, however, clustered in two paraphyletic lineages that indicate conspecificity—the Lutzomyia longiflocosa–Lutzomyia sauroida pair and the Lutzomyia quasitownsendi–Lutzomyia torvida pair. COI sequences were also evaluated as a taxonomic tool based on interspecific genetic variability within the Verrucarum group and the intraspecific variability of one of its members, Lutzomyia verrucarum, across its known distribution.