Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Cognitive Linguistics to Social Science: Thirty Years after Metaphors We Live By

Abstract In the thirty years since the appearance of Metaphors We Live By, cognitive linguistics has developed into a flourishing autonomous branch of inquiry. Interdisciplinary contacts, however, have largely been restricted to literary studies and the cognitive sciences and hardly extended towards the social sciences. This is the more surprising as, in 1970s anthropology, metaphor was seen as a key notion for the study of symbolism more generally. This contribution explores the cognitive linguistic view of social and cultural factors. Lakoff and Johnson appear ambivalent regarding the relation between culture and cognition; but they share the belief, elaborated in detail by Gibbs and Turner (2002), that cultural factors can be accounted for in terms of cognitive processes. This view runs into both methodological and philosophical difficulties. Methodologically, it assumes that cultural factors can be reduced to cognitive processes; philosophically, it boils down to a Cartesian emphasis on inner experience explaining outer phenomena. There are substantial anti-Cartesian strains both in contemporary philosophy and in a major current of Eighteenth- Century philosophy. The latter, in particular, emphasized the importance of embodiment and metaphor in cognition. As an alternative, I will sketch a more consistently semiotic- and practice-oriented approach that proceeds from linguistic practices to cognitive processes rather than the other way around. It takes practices as irreducibly public and normative; on this approach, so-called linguistic ideologies (Silverstein 1979) play a constitutive role in both linguistic practice and language structure. This alternative builds on recent developments in linguistic anthropology and the work of Peirce and Bakhtin. It suggests a different look at the relation between cognition, language, and social practice from that suggested in cognitive linguistics.
Five Classes of Extended Hysterectomy for Women With Cervical Cancer

Five classes of extended hysterectomies used in treating women with cervical cancer are described. The term “radical hysterectomy” is not adequate to record and communicate the different amounts of therapy attempted and the subsequent risk of complications. Describing the technical features of five operations enables us to more accurately evaluate our results and provides a better understanding of the need to tailor each patient's treatment by using an operation that is adequate but not excessive.
Physical Performance Characteristics of American Collegiate Football Players

Nineteen American collegiate football programs (NCAA Division I, n = 6; II, n = 7; III, n = 6) were surveyed for athlete (n = 981) performance on 1 RM bench press, 1 RM back squat, 1 RM power clean, vertical jump, and 36.6-meter (40-yard) sprint. Performances were evaluated with regard to NCAA division, position and plying ability (starter or non-starter). Performances (X ± SD) for the entire sample included: bench press = 136.9 ± 25.8 kilograms; back squat = 185.2 ± 35.7 kilograms; power clean = 118.1 ± 17.7 kilograms; vertical jump = 70.2 ± 9.1 centimeters; 36.6-meter sprint = 4.92 ± 0.27 seconds. Significant correlations were observed for most performance tests when compared to division of play (I, II and III) or playing ability. In general, bench press, power clean, 36.6-meter sprint, and vertical jump effectively differentiated between division of play as well as playing abilities, but the back squat was a relatively poor differentiator. The data provides helpful norms for strength and conditioning professionals.
Contribution of intraoperative electrical stimulations in surgery of low grade gliomas: a comparative study between two series without (1985–96) and with (1996–2003) functional mapping in the same institution

Objectives: Despite the growing use of intraoperative functional mapping in supratentorial low grade glioma (LGG) surgery, few studies have compared series of patients operated on without and with direct electrical stimulation (DES) by the same team. The present study compared the rate of LGG surgery performed in eloquent areas, the rate of postoperative sequelae, and the quality of resection during two consecutive periods in the same department—the first without and the second with the use of intraoperative electrophysiology. Methods: Between 1985 and 1996, 100 patients harbouring a supratentorial LGG underwent surgery with no functional mapping (S1). Between 1996 and 2003, 122 patients were operated on in the same department for a supratentorial LGG using intraoperative cortico-subcortical DES (S2). Results: Comparison between the two series showed that 35% of LGGs were operated on in eloquent areas in S1 versus 62% in S2 (p<0.0001), with 17% severe permanent deficits in S1 versus 6.5% in S2 (p<0.019). On postoperative MRI, 37% of resections were subtotal and 6% total in S1 versus 50.8% and 25.4%, respectively, in S2 (p<0.001). In both groups, survival was significantly related to the quality of resection. Conclusions: The results of the present study allow, for the first time, quantification of the contribution of intraoperative DES in LGG resection. Indeed, the use of this method leads to the extension of indications of LGG surgery within eloquent areas; to a decrease in the risk of sequelae; and to improvement of the quality of tumour resection, with an impact on survival.
Retelling and the Reading Comprehension of Proficient and Less-Proficient Readers

Abstract This study investigated the effects of practice in retelling on the prose comprehension of fourth-grade proficient and less-proficient readers across four practice sessions. The subjects in this study were 48 fourth-grade students (24 proficient readers and 24 less-proficient readers). Subjects were assigned, by proficiency level, to one of four story-order conditions. At each of the four sessions, the subjects silently read a story and rendered a free recall. Subjects were provided with opportunities to read and retell; however, no explicit teacher instruction was provided. At the conclusion of the first and fourth sessions, subjects responded to an eight-item cued-recall assessment. Analysis of the free-recall protocols and the responses to cued-recall questions revealed that practice in retelling across only four sessions resulted in significant increases in the number of propositions recalled, the proportion of story structure elements recalled, and the number of cued-recall questions answere.
An Introduction to Evolutionary Computation

Researchers in many fields are faced with computational problems in which a great number of solutions are possible and finding an optimal or even a sufficiently good one is difficult. A variety of search techniques have been developed for exploring such problem spaces, and a promising approach has been the use of algorithms based upon the principles of natural evolution. This tutorial will introduce the basic principles underlying most evolutionary algorithms, as well as some of the key details of the four most popular methods: genetic algorithms, genetic programming, evolutionary strategies, and evolutionary programming. The aim of the tutorial is to introduce the participants to the jargon and principles of the field of evolutionary computation, and to encourage the participants to consider the potential of applying evolutionary optimization techniques in their own research.
Genetic Polymorphism of C-262T Catalase and Susceptibility to Schizophrenia

Abstract Background: Catalase (CAT, OMIM: 115500) plays an integral role in the primary defence against oxidative stress. The T allele of the C-262T CAT polymorphism (rs1001179) is associated with lower activity of CAT. Here we investigated whether polymorphism of C-266T CAT was associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Methods: The present study was performed on 363 (267 males, 96 females) in-patients with schizophrenia diagnosis, and a total of 363 (266 males, 97 females) healthy controls. The C-262T CAT genotypes were determined using RFLP-PCR method. Results: Although the association between genotypes and susceptibility was not significant in both genders, there was significant interaction between gender and the TT genotype (P=0.035). The Log-rank test and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to evaluate the influence of C-262T genotypes on age at diagnosis (AAD) of schizophrenia. Mean AAD of the CC and CT+TT genotypes in males was 22.8 and 24.9 years, respectively. The difference was significant (χ2=4.26, P=0.039). Difference of mean AAD of the CC (26.7 years) and CT+TT (27.3 years) genotypes among females was not significant (χ2=0.02, P=0.896). Conclusion: Different associations between gender groups might be at least in part interpreted by the effect of gender on the association between C-262T polymorphism and CAT gene expression.
All-Purpose Texture Sprites

We propose a representation for efficiently and conveniently storing texture patches on surfaces without parameterization. The main purpose is to texture surfaces at very high resolution while using very little memory: patterns are stored once while instance () attributes (pattern number, size, orientation) are stored in an octree-like structure (requiring no surface parameterization). Our representation correctly handles filtering while most other methods suffer from filtering artifacts at patch boundaries. Implemented as texture sprites, the texture patches of a composite texture can be updated dynamically. This provides natural support for interactive editing, and also enables various kinds of animated textures, from wavy stationary features to crawling spots. We extend this basic scheme with two examples which would be uneasy to achieve with other methods: complex blending modes between the texture patches, and rigid scales on a deforming surface. Since our representation is particularly well suited for interactive applications and texture authoring applications, we focus in the paper on its GPU implementation, while preserving high-quality rendering.
Quantifying the Time-Variation in FRF Measurements Using Random Phase Multisines With Nonuniformly Spaced Harmonics

Recently methods have been developed to detect and quantify the influence of time-variation in frequency response function measurements using random excitations. These methods can also be applied to random phase multisine excitations, provided uniformly spaced excited harmonics. However, in quite a few applications, a nonuniform harmonic spacing is required, for example, a quasi-logarithmic spacing to cover a large frequency range, and a random spacing to detect and quantify nonlinear distortions. Therefore, in this paper, the results are extended to random phase multisines with nonuniformly spaced harmonics. An in-depth study of the noise sensitivity (bias and variance) of the proposed procedure is made.
rob@work: Robot assistant in industrial environments

In this contribution we present a robot assistant consisting of a mobile platform and a manipulator to support manual workplaces in production environments. We propose a general definition of robot assistants. Two applications for the robot assistant rob@work are described - the assembly of hydraulic pumps and the assistance of manual gas metal arc welding (GMAW). A description of the hardware and software architecture, the man-machine-interface, the task-planner and the path-planning of the robot assistant is given.
Fragments from alpha-actinin insert into reconstituted lipid bilayers.

Recent experiments have indicated that alpha-actinin interacts with phospholipid membranes. Using computer analysis methods we determined two possible lipid binding sites capable of membrane attachment/insertion, residues 281-300 and 720-739 of the primary amino acid sequence on smooth muscle alpha-actinin. Having expressed these regions as fusion proteins with schistosomal GST (glutathione S-transferase), we used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate their interaction with mixtures of zwitterionic (dimyristoyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, DMPC) and anionic (dimyristoyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylglycerol, DMPG) phospholipids in reconstituted lipid bilayers. Calorimetric measurements showed that as fusion protein concentration increased, the main chain transition enthalpy decreased and chain melting temperatures shifted, which is indicative of partial protein insertion into the hydrophobic region of the lipid membranes. Centrifugation assay and subsequent SDS/Page chromatography confirmed this finding.
On the interconnection of causal memory systems

A large amount of work has been invested in devising algorithms to implement distributed shared memory (DSM) systems under different consistency models. However, to our knowledge, the possibility of interconnecting DSM systems with simple protocols and the consistency of the resulting system has never been studied. With this paper, we start a series of works on the properties of the interconnection of DSM systems, which tries to fill this void. In this paper, we look at the interconnection of propagation-based causal DSM systems. We present extremely simple algorithms to interconnect two such systems (possibly implemented with different algorithms), that only require the existence of a bidirectional reliable FIFO channel connecting one process from each system. We show that the resulting DSM system is also causal. This result can be generalized to interconnect any number of DSM propagation-based causal systems.
The Interrelationship of Science Experiences, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy: A Case Study of a Pre-Service Teacher with Positive Science Attitude and High Science Teaching Self-Efficacy

This qualitative case study aimed to focus on the experiences and subsequent science and science teaching beliefs, attitudes, and self-efficacy of an elementary pre-service teacher, Heather, with extremely positive attitude and high self-efficacy. For this particular population of pre-service teachers, possessing a high science teaching self-efficacy alone is not sufficient to assume reform-based beliefs and teaching practices. This study was unique in that it concurrently explored the relationship between attitude, beliefs, and self-efficacy before and after the course. Initially, Heatherâ€™s attitude and self-efficacy with respect to science and science teaching were closely interrelated and a product of her own intrinsic interest in science and her unique K-12 experiences. Her beliefs appeared to have been shaped by both her actual science experiences and what she had witnessed in the classrooms. Heatherâ€™s course experiences shaped her post beliefs about science and science teaching, which consequently altered her attitude and confidence.
A Fuzzy Kalman Filter Approach to the SLAM Problem of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots

This paper presents an alternative solution to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem by applying a fuzzy Kalman filter using a pseudolinear measurement model of nonholonomic mobile robots. Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model based on an observation for a nonlinear system is adopted to represent the process and measurement models of the vehicle-landmark system. The complete system of the vehicle-landmark model is decomposed into several linear models. Using the Kalman filter theory, each local model is filtered to find the local estimates. The linear combination of these local estimates gives the global estimate for the complete system. The simulation results shows that the new approach performs better, though nonlinearity is directly involved in the Kalman filter equations, compared to the conventional approach.
Cognitive modeling and its application for the development of socially adept technologies

In this paper we would like to propose that the methodology of cognitive modeling can provide an approach to the implementation of socially adept technologies and the evaluation of its usability. We base this approach on the assumption that representations play an essential role in mediating social relations. Cognitive representations and their causal link to the social and physical environments have been recognized as an essential element for understanding social relations. The challenge is to port cognitive modeling methodology into the realm of socially adept technologies. The first section briefly presents the state of development of a modeling environment aimed at supporting usability testing of sociotechnical systems. The second section will give an overview of an application intended to support social and personal awareness in a web-based learning environment. This application maps usersÕ identity, usersÕ behavior, and shared information content into a model of human memory.
What do novice programmers know about recursion

Recent research into differences between novice and expert computer programmers has provided evidence that experts know more than novices, and what they know is better organized. The conclusion is only as interesting as it is intuitive. This paper reports an experiment which was designed to determine precisely what novice programmers understand about the behaviour of recursive procedures, and exactly how their understanding differs from an expert's understanding of the process. The results show that different novices understand, or misunderstand, different things. Implications of the findings are discussed with respect to other research into novice and expert programming performance.
Predicting Ball Flight in Cricket from an Umpire's Perspective

This study examined accuracy of ball flight predictions and error source for judging leg-before-wicket (LBW) in cricket using a video-based decision making task. Twenty-six club-elite umpires, 33 club-intermediate umpires, and 12 control participants viewed videos which depicted the typical view of an Umpire's perspective. Participants were asked to predict the final ball position at the stumps after the video was temporally occluded, using a computer cursor. Videos were occluded at two points, ball bounce and two frames post-bounce. Performance was measured using the horizontal and vertical error in pixels. The club-elite and club-intermediate umpires were more accurate than the control group. All groups made less horizontal error compared to vertical error, particularly in the post-bounce condition. Umpires were more certain of their decisions than control participants. The results indicate that umpires possess a domain-specific skill which enables them to more accurately predict ball path, a critical component of LBW judgements. The results also indicate that vertical judgements were poorer overall. This finding implies a specific potential training area for umpires.
A voice unheard: grandparents' grief over children who died of cancer

Abstract Traditionally, bereavement care for families of children who have died is provided for parents and siblings. Literature review revealed that grandparents' bereavement has barely been studied or reported. The aim of this study is to examine the special characteristics, needs, and grief coping strategies of this population. A qualitative case study of a group of grandparents of children who had died from oncological diseases was conducted. The group met for 9 months. The method of data collection was observation and recording. The group discussions raised a variety of themes, some common to other grief groups and some unique to grandparents. The themes unique to grandparents dealt with issues such as the legitimacy of their grief, their pained relationship with their children, and the specific meaning of this loss at old age. Based on our findings, a model of three concentric circles is suggested. (1) The personal level deals with effects on grief of advanced age, closeness to one's own death, and other losses in life. (2) The family circle focuses on the dynamics of the three-generation-family and the role of the grandparents. (3) The culture circle relates to the questions of the “place” of grandparents' bereavement: where, how, when, and with whom do grandparents experience and express their grief.
For Personal Use. Only Reproduce with Permission from the Lancet Publishing Group

Even in an era in which access to personal " cleanliness " and a public health infrastructure are readily available in developed countries, illnesses associated with day care centres and homes continue to be a problem. The inhabitants of less developed countries, on the other hand, must contend with an inadequate public health infrastructure, lack of education programmes, and economic limitations in obtaining hygiene products. Therefore, less developed countries carry a greater burden of morbidity and mortality from infectious illnesses. The objective of this review is to examine and assess the epidemiological evidence for a causal relation between hygiene practices and infections. The Medline database was searched from January 1980 to June 2001 and studies were included if the outcome(s) was infection or symptoms of infection, and if the independent variable(s) was one or more hygiene measures. The strength of the association as measured by the relative reduction in risk of illness was appreciable and generally greater than 20%. Despite methodological strengths and limitations of the studies assessed, the weight of evidence collectively suggests that personal and environmental hygiene reduces the spread of infection. The results from this review demonstrate that there is a continued, measurable, positive effect of personal and community hygiene on infections.
Activation of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Activated Gene-1 via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Revealed a Isochaihulactone-Triggered Apoptotic Pathway in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells

The novel lignan isochaihulactone inhibits cell proliferation and is an effective inducer of apoptosis in a variety of carcinoma cell lines. To determine the mechanisms underlying these effects, we examined isochaihulactone-induced changes in gene expression using oligodeoxynucleotide-based microarray screening of a human lung carcinoma cell line, A549. Isochaihulactone-inducible genes included the early growth response gene-1 (EGR-1) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1). Isochaihulactone increased EGR-1 and then NAG-1 mRNA and protein expression. Pure isochaihulactone induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Isochaihulactone-induced increases in EGR-1 and NAG-1 expression were reduced by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor 2′-amino-3′-methoxyflavone (PD98059), and this effect was not blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway inhibitor 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride (LY294002). Inhibition of isochaihulactone-induced NAG-1 expression by EGR-1 small interfering RNA blocked isochaihulactone-induced apoptosis in A549 cells, suggesting that induction of EGR-1 expression decreases survival of A549 cells. RNA interference using double-stranded RNA specific for NAG-1 also inhibited isochaihulactone-induced apoptosis, and cells transfected to increased NAG-1 expression had a greater apoptotic response to isochaihulactone and reduced colony formation efficiency. In addition, treatment of nude mice with isochaihulactone increased the in vivo NAG-1 expression as examined by immunohistochemistry from tumor biopsy. Isochaihulactone treatment increased the luciferase activity of NAG-1 in A549 cells transfected with the NAG-1 promoter construct. This induction increased expression of NAG-1 that was p53-independent and Sp1-dependent. Our findings suggest that NAG-1 expression is up-regulated by isochaihulactone through an ERK-dependent pathway involving the activation of EGR-1.