Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is noise always harmful? Visual learning from weakly-related data

Noise exists universally in multimedia data, especially in Internet era. For example, tags from web users are often incomplete, arbitrary, and low relevant with the visual information. Intuitively, noise in the dataset is harmful to learning tasks, which implies that huge volumes of image tags from social media can't be utilized directly. To collect the reliable training dataset, labor-intensive manual labeling and various learning based outlier detection techniques are widely used. This paper intends to discuss whether such kind of preprocessing is always needed. We focus on a very normal case in image classification that the available dataset includes a large amount of images weakly related to any target classes. We use deep models as the platform and design a series of experiments to compare the semi-supervised learning performance with/without weakly related unlabeled data. Fortunately, we validate that weakly related data is not always harmful, which is an encouraging finding for research on web image learning.
The Person-Environment-Occupation Model: A Transactive Approach to Occupational Performance

Occupational therapy theory, practice and research has increasingly emphasized the transactional relationship between person, environment and occupation. Occupational performance results from the dynamic relationship between people, their occupations and roles, and the environments in which they live, work and play. There have, however, been few models of practice in the occupational therapy literature which discuss the theoretical and clinical applications of person-environment interaction. This paper proposes a Person-Environment-Occupation Model of occupational performance which builds on concepts from the Occupational Therapy Guidelines for Client Centered Practice and from environment-behaviour theories. The model describes interactions between person, occupation and environment, outlines major concepts and assumptions, and is applied to a practice situation.
Psychological Ownership, Job Satisfaction and Gender as Predictors of Organizational Based Self-esteem among Bank Employees in Nigeria

Background: Bank employees in Nigeria need to show more self value as members of a specific bank in Nigeria in order to adjust very well to the organizational change in banking industry. The study examined psychological ownership and job satisfaction as predictors of organizational based self-esteem (OBSE) among some bank employees in Lagos State, Nigeria Method: One hundred and eighty (86 males and 94 females) employees were conveniently sampled for the study. The questionnaire comprises of psychological ownership, job satisfaction and organizational based self-esteem scales. The study tested four hypotheses with multiple regressions analysis and t-test for independent samples. Results: Psychological ownership did not independently predict OBSE (β = .08; t = 0.95; p>.05). Job satisfaction independently predicted OBSE (β = .48; t = 5.94; p .05). Conclusion: It was concluded that psychological ownership and job satisfaction were both important in determining OBSE among bank employees in Nigeria. Findings have implications for management to consider the employees’ wants to facilitate good image for the organization.
The policies, politics and progress of access to basic education

This special issue arises from the work of the Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity www.create-rpc.org. Access to basic education is a central plank of the global Education for All (EFA) initiative and is the key to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that relate to education. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the regions of the world which have the lowest indicators of educational access. Over 55 million children of school age are not enroled at the primary level and as many as 250 million fail to attend secondary schooling in these two regions. Those effectively excluded from basic education are a much larger number. Many of those who are nominally enroled do not attend regularly. Many are two or more years overage and almost certainly will not complete a full cycle of basic education before reaching their late teens. Many more have unacceptably low levels of achievement (Lewin 2007; Little 2008a; Waage et al. 2010). Though access to basic education has improved since the Jomtien World Conference on Education for All, and especially since the World Education Forum at Dakar in 2000, progress has been uneven, rapid expansion has degraded quality, and it is becoming clear that the restricted definitions of access used to monitor progress mask much silent exclusion (children enroled but learning little) and conceal very unequal patterns of participation below the national level by rural/urban location, income group, gender, caste and ethnicity. Yet, access to education lies at the heart of development. Lack of education is both a part of the definition of poverty, and a means for its diminution. Sustained access is critical to long-term improvements in productivity, the reduction of inter-generational cycles of poverty, demographic transition, preventive health care, the empowerment of women and reductions in inequality. Educational policies and politics are central to progress on access to education; so too are underlying conditions of demography, economy, society, culture and educational histories. In most countries the concept of basic education extends beyond primary education, sometimes including several years of secondary education and sometimes including non-formal education provision. Indicators of progress, however, generally focus on the gross and net enrolment ratio (GER and NER), on survival rates to grade 5 or 6 in primary and on gender parity indices (GPIs). Globally and regionally, the news on progress is positive. In developing countries as a whole the NER increased from 80% in 1991 to 86% in 2007; in subSaharan Africa from 53% to 73% and in South Asia from 72% to 86%, over the same period. The ratio of girls’ enrolment in primary school relative to boys in all developing countries increased from 87% in 1990 to 97% in 2007. These aggregate figures, however, mask wide variations by country with Niger, DemoJournal of Education PolicyAquatic Insects Vol. 26, No. 4, July 2011, 477–482
Effects of WDRC Release Time and Number of Channels on Output SNR and Speech Recognition

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the joint effects that wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) release time (RT) and number of channels have on recognition of sentences in the presence of steady and modulated maskers at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). How the different combinations of WDRC parameters affect output SNR and the role this plays in the observed findings were also investigated. Design: Twenty-four listeners with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss identified sentences mixed with steady or modulated maskers at three SNRs (−5, 0, and +5 dB) that had been processed using a hearing aid simulator with six combinations of RT (40 and 640 msec) and number of channels (4, 8, and 16). Compression parameters were set using the Desired Sensation Level v5.0a prescriptive fitting method. For each condition, amplified speech and masker levels and the resultant long-term output SNR were measured. Results: Speech recognition with WDRC depended on the combination of RT and number of channels, with the greatest effects observed at 0 dB input SNR, in which mean speech recognition scores varied by 10 to 12% across WDRC manipulations. Overall, effect sizes were generally small. Across both masker types and the three SNRs tested, the best speech recognition was obtained with eight channels, regardless of RT. Increased speech levels, which favor audibility, were associated with the short RT and with an increase in the number of channels. These same conditions also increased masker levels by an even greater amount, for a net decrease in the long-term output SNR. Changes in long-term SNR across WDRC conditions were found to be strongly associated with changes in the temporal envelope shape as quantified by the Envelope Difference Index; however, neither of these factors fully explained the observed differences in speech recognition. Conclusions: A primary finding of this study was that the number of channels had a modest effect when analyzed at each level of RT, with results suggesting that selecting eight channels for a given RT might be the safest choice. Effects were smaller for RT, with results suggesting that short RT was slightly better when only 4 channels were used and that long RT was better when 16 channels were used. Individual differences in how listeners were influenced by audibility, output SNR, temporal distortion, and spectral distortion may have contributed to the size of the effects found in this study. Because only general suppositions could made for how each of these factors may have influenced the overall results of this study, future research would benefit from exploring the predictive value of these and other factors in selecting the processing parameters that maximize speech recognition for individuals.
Registered Reports A Method to Increase the Credibility of Published Results

Ignoring replications and negative results is bad for science. This special issue presents a novel publishing format – Registered Reports – as a partial solution. Peer review occurs prior to data collection, design and analysis plans are preregistered, and results are reported regardless of outcome. Fourteen Registered Reports of replications of important published results in social psychology are reported with strong confirmatory tests. Further, the articles demonstrate open science practices such as open data, open materials, and disclosure of research process, conflicts of interest, and contributions. The credibility of published science will increase with cultural shifts that accept replications and negative results as viable research outcomes, and when transparency and reproducibility are part of standard research practice.
Suggestions for a New Set of Fiscal Indicators

There are four sets of questions that fiscal indicators can help answer: (1) Of the changes in the fiscal position, what part is due to changes in the economic environment and what part is due to policy? (2) Can the current course of fiscal policy be sustained, or will the government have to adjust taxes or spending? (3) What is the effect of fiscal policy on activity, through its effects on relative prices, be it the price of labour or the price of capital? (4) What is the macroeconomic impact of fiscal policy, through deficit and debt finance? This paper is one of three in this Working Paper Series, along with those by Chouraqui et al. and Gramlich, in which the assessment of fiscal policy is reconsidered. It argues that no single indicator can give even rough answers to all those questions. It then develops four (sets of) indicators, aimed at answering each of the questions . Les indicateurs de politique budgetaire sont susceptibles d'apporter des elements de reponse a quatre series de questions : (1) Quelle part doit-on attribuer respectivement a l'environnement economique et aux mesures dites "discretionnaires" dans les variations observees du solde budgetaire ? (2) La politique budgetaire dans sa forme actuelle peut-elle etre poursuivie, ou bien les autorites devront-elles proceder a un reajustement des recettes fiscales ou des depenses publiques ? (3) Quel impact la politique budgetaire exerce-t-elle sur l'activite, par le biais de ses effets sur les prix relatifs, tant du travail que du capital ? (4) Dans quelle mesure le deficit et le financement de la dette publique affectent-ils l'impact de la politique budgetaire ? L'etude qui suit fait partie integrante de trois contributions sur les methodes d'evaluation des politiques budgetaires, publiees dans cette serie des Documents de Travail de l'OCDE; les deux autres contributions, de Chouraqui et .
The stationary distribution of a continuously varying strategy in a class‐structured population under mutation–selection–drift balance

Many traits and/or strategies expressed by organisms are quantitative phenotypes. Because populations are of finite size and genomes are subject to mutations, these continuously varying phenotypes are under the joint pressure of mutation, natural selection and random genetic drift. This article derives the stationary distribution for such a phenotype under a mutation–selection–drift balance in a class‐structured population allowing for demographically varying class sizes and/or changing environmental conditions. The salient feature of the stationary distribution is that it can be entirely characterized in terms of the average size of the gene pool and Hamilton's inclusive fitness effect. The exploration of the phenotypic space varies exponentially with the cumulative inclusive fitness effect over state space, which determines an adaptive landscape. The peaks of the landscapes are those phenotypes that are candidate evolutionary stable strategies and can be determined by standard phenotypic selection gradient methods (e.g. evolutionary game theory, kin selection theory, adaptive dynamics). The curvature of the stationary distribution provides a measure of the stability by convergence of candidate evolutionary stable strategies, and it is evaluated explicitly for two biological scenarios: first, a coordination game, which illustrates that, for a multipeaked adaptive landscape, stochastically stable strategies can be singled out by letting the size of the gene pool grow large; second, a sex‐allocation game for diploids and haplo‐diploids, which suggests that the equilibrium sex ratio follows a Beta distribution with parameters depending on the features of the genetic system.
Test Coverage With Hapao

Testing is an essential activity when developing software. It is widely acknowledged that a test coverage above 70% is associated with a decrease in reported failures. Coverage tools output after running the unit tests the list of classes and methods that are not executed. Simply tagging a software element as covered may convey an incorrect sense of necessity: executing a long and complex method just once is potentially enough to be 100% test-covered. As a result, a developer may have an incorrect judgement on where to focus testing effort. We present test blueprint, a visual tool to help practitioners assess and increase test coverage by graphically relating execution and complexity metrics.
From Domain Models to Architectures

• functional and performance attributes: how well does the system, during execution, satisfy its behavioral, functional, and performance requirements? Does it provide the required results? Does it provide them in a timely enough manner? Are the results correct, or within specified accuracy and stability tolerances? • non-functional attributes: how easy is the system to integrate, test, and modify? How expensive was it to develop?
Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in abstinence control: long drug detection windows in serum and implications for practitioners.

Controlled studies on the elimination kinetics and the long-term detection of synthetic cannabinoids in humans are lackingand will most probably not become available in the near futurebecause of the unfavorable risk proﬁles of these substances. Forthis reason, we aim to share our observations on this topic afterhaving analyzed more than 4200 serum samples for syntheticcannabinoids until late 2012. The samples were received frompatients of forensic psychiatric clinics, rehabilitation clinics orwithdrawal treatment centers located in two different regionsof Germany (federal states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Bavariaas well as Lower Saxony). Due to a high prevalence of syntheticcannabinoid use, most of the institutions sent follow-up samplesfrom patients who tested positive by LC-MS/MS analysis.A particularly striking observation was made in a number ofcases in which the widely used synthetic cannabinoids JWH-081,JWH-122 or JWH-210 were detectable for up to 102 days followingself-reported cessation of drug use, leading to estimated terminalelimination half-lives of up to 41 days. Consistent with the claimofabstinenceduringthisperiod,acontinuousdecreaseofserumconcentration levels was noted. This observation raised thepossibility that synthetic cannabinoids may be extensively dis-tributed into deeper compartments (e.g. fat tissue), hence lead-ing to an extended window of detection due to redistributionof these substances into the bloodstream, especially followingheavy consumption. Moreover, our preliminary data suggestthat this effect is even more pronounced than in the case ofΔ
Process dissociation procedure: Handle with caution!

Abstract The process dissociation procedure (PDP) was introduced as a general-purpose tool for quantifying the extent to which performance on various cognitive tasks is mediated by consciously controlled versus automatic processes. In this paper, we consider several aspects that limit the procedure's domain of application. We suggest that the PDP is inappropriate for studying performance of implicit versus explicit memory tests because its focus on conscious versus automatic processes is different from the distinction between intentional versus non-intentional remembering that is targeted by implicit and explicit memory tests. We point out that the complexity of the instructions that are required for the procedure makes it unsuitable for use with special populations, such as amnesic patients. An examination of two core assumptions of the procedure (invariance of recollection and invariance of familiarity) revealed evidence suggesting that these assumptions are violated in many circumstances. In a final se.
Activation Work: Policy Programme Administration or Professional Service Provision?

Abstract This article focuses on the design of frontline work in public agencies involved in the delivery of activation programmes and services. More specifically, it raises the following questions: should we think of activation work as an administrative function or as a form of professional service provision? And does the design of activation work matter in terms of the effectiveness of activation services? In answering these questions, the article provides a meta-analysis of two strands of literature. First, we analyse the available literature reporting on studies of activation frontline work and its organisation and management in public agencies responsible for delivering activation programmes. Secondly, we look at those studies of the effectiveness of activation that focus on the impact of characteristics of frontline work and its organisation and management on activation policy outcomes. We conclude that although the desirability of a professional design of activation work meets relatively wide support among scholars, the feasibility of this professionalisation project is highly contested. In addition, the debate on the nature of the activation profession has only just started. Finally, evaluation studies show that activation work characteristics do affect the outcomes of activation programmes. Against this background, we conclude that a more prominent place of activation work on the research agenda of social policy scholars is recommendable.
Holding the line online: exploring wired relationships for people with disabilities

Clearly, the Internet represents a huge new step in interpersonal communications. It offers people with disabilities the possibility of confronting the issues of time, space, communication and the body, but what happens when people with disabilities engage with the computer? Do they use the Internet to develop friendships and intimate relationships? Does online communication enhance self‐identity and social being? Do people use the Internet to transcend the vagaries of their frail and vulnerable bodies? Or are they simply ‘holding the line’ online, using the Internet as they would use a letter or a telephone? Is the Internet a chimera, a failed promise, for people with disabilities?
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 3: Dental Arch Relationships

Objective To compare dental arch relationships up to age 17 in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at five European centers. Design Longitudinal cohort study, where results were previously reported at 9 years and follow-up measurements were obtained for 12 and 17 years. Setting Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. Subjects 127 consecutively treated individuals with repaired UCLP. Main outcome measure Panel rating of dental arch relationship. Results The results revealed that at 17 years of age three of the centers had better ratings in dental arch relationship (means scores: 1.7, 1.9, and 2.2, respectively) than the other two centers (3.3, 3.4) at statistically significant levels (p < .01 to p < .001). Conclusion The results confirm that systematic differences in dental arch relationships may occur between different cleft centers, but do not allow specific causal factors to be identified.
A Retrospective look at our Evolving Understanding of Project Success

Our views on project success have changed over the years from definitions that were limited to the implementation phase of the project life cycle to definitions that reflect an appreciation of success over the entire project and product life cycle. This paper assesses our evolving understanding of project success over the past 40 years and discusses conditions for success, critical success factors and success frameworks. The paper concludes with a holistic view of project success and its implications for practice. This is an important topic because projects are an increasingly common way of work, and the lines between project and process work are harder to discern. Increasingly, more project managers work in companies using program and portfolio management as a means to organize project-related work. The success of individual projects, therefore, impacts the wider organization in several dimensions and makes the concept of project and project management success that much more relevant. The topic is also important because it has a bearing on the future directions of project management in the strategic context.
Self‐Acceptance and Its Role in Women's Recovery from Addiction

&NA; This article seeks to explore a new concept, passionate self‐acceptance, as a factor in women's recovery from addiction. This author contends that what may appear to be defiance and noncompliance may in fact be evidence of a passionate devotion to one's own truth that should be nurtured rather than neutralized. Passionate self‐acceptance is the term the author chose to call this devotion and it is defined as an intrinsic quality characterized by the devoted courage to transcend negative messages while focusing on positive relationships, to enable knowing and embracing all‐of‐self. Story Theory (Liehr & Smith, 2008) provided the framework for the 10‐step process of concept development. The process utilized in developing this concept is described. A practice story is provided to demonstrate the concept. Implications for nursing practice are discussed.