Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When does a knee “need” a “joint” assessment?

Katy was a 6-year-old girl who first presented to the local paediatric minor injuries centre with a history of a swollen, painful right knee. This was of “a couple of days” duration, and the family could not recall any traumatic events in the preceding days. She had a mild upper respiratory tract infection. There was no family history of arthritis, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease. The examining practitioner observed Katy walking into the consultation room slowly and with an antalgic gait. She was noted to be rather quiet but did not look toxic. She denied any joint pain when asked specifically. She was rather flushed, but had no rash, and her temperature was 37.5°C. She had a swollen right knee with an effusion. There was no bruising, but the joint was warm to touch and had a reduced range of movement. Remaining detailed systemic examination, including urinalysis, blood pressure and assessment of height and weight that were plotted on appropriate centile charts, was normal. Katy was referred that day to the orthopaedic team at the nearby district general hospital, with possible septic arthritis as the working diagnosis. The examining practitioner was aware that acute septic arthritis is a medical emergency with the potential to cause rapid and irreversible joint damage, so must always be considered in any child with a new presentation of arthritis. Bacterial seeding to the joint via haematogenous transmission is the most frequent pathophysiological process, so he looked specifically for signs of systemic toxicity suggestive of bacterial sepsis. The commonest cause of acute arthritis is reactive arthritis, and there was evidence of an upper respiratory tract infection. Inflammatory joint disease can be associated with other systemic illnesses such as connective tissue disorders and inflammatory bowel disease, signs of which were looked for on detailed multisystem examination, which …
Borders and Business Cycles

We document that business cycles of U.S. Census regions are substantially more synchronized than those of European Union countries, both over the past four decades and the past two decades. Data from regions within the four largest European countries confirm the presence of a European border effect --within-country correlations are substantially larger than cross-country correlations. These results continue to hold after controlling for exogenous factors such as distance and size. We consider the role of four factors that have received a lot of attention in the debate about EMU: sectoral specialization, the level of trade, monetary policy and fiscal policy. We find that the lower level of trade between European countries, and to a lesser extent the higher degree of sectoral specialization, can explain most of the observed border effect.
Studying Ourselves: The Academic Labor Market

This paper addresses three academic labor market issues; the declining salaries of faculty employed at public colleges and universities relative to their private institution counterparts, the growing dispersion of average faculty salaries across academic institutions within both the public and private sectors, and the impacts of the growing importance and costs of science on the academic labor market and universities. The decline in the salaries of faculty in public institutions relative to their private sector counterparts is attributed primarily to private institutions' tuition levels rising by more in real terms than public institutions' tuition levels. The growing dispersion in average faculty salaries across institutions within each sector is attributed primarily to the growing disperion of endowmentper student levels across private institutions and the growing dispersion of state appropriations per student across public institutions. Finally, controlling for other factors, those universities whose real research expenditures per faculty from institutional funds are growing the most experience the greatest increase in their student/faculty ratio, other variables held constant.
Load, stress, and recovery in adolescent rugby union players during a competitive season

Abstract Despite increased professionalization of adolescent sport and improved articulation to elite adult participation, the impact of sports such as rugby union among adolescents is under-explored. This study describes psychological stress–recovery responses relative to training loads in 106 male adolescent rugby union players. The results showed that players with the highest training and physical activity volumes during the season demonstrated more favourable recovery–stress states than moderate- and low-volume groups. Stress and under-recovery did not increase with increases in weekly volume when assessed across a season. When assessed more acutely during intensive competition phases, stress and under-recovery increased with increases in participation demands. Despite better psychological stress and recovery profiles of more elite, higher-load players, not all participants demonstrated favourable capacities to deal with stress and recovery processes. Seven participants were in at least two of three categories of highest volume, highest stress, and poorest recovery. Even in the absence of a full understanding of the impact of high-volume, high-stress, poor-recovery participation among adolescent athletes, these markers may be precursors for more deleterious outcomes such as injury, performance decrements, and overtraining. Findings support the efficacy of serially monitoring young athletes.
Are real exchange rates of Papua New Guinea mean-reverting? Evidence from panel unit root tests

This article examines mean-reversion of real exchange rates of Papua New Guinea (PNG), which is the crucial condition for purchasing power parity (PPP) to hold. Taking a departure from the most previous studies, we used six panel unit root tests to investigate the empirical validity of the PPP hypothesis to PNG. Both the preliminary analysis performed by examining time series plots of real exchange rates and the results of the panel unit root tests indicate that the PPP does not hold for PNG. These results may be attributed to frictions, such as transportations costs, prevailing in international trade that lead PPP to follow a nonlinear stochastic process. This issue will be investigated in future research.
A Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Arabidopsis and Some of Its Properties1[C][W]

We describe the construction and analysis of a genome-scale metabolic model of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) primarily derived from the annotations in the Aracyc database. We used techniques based on linear programming to demonstrate the following: (1) that the model is capable of producing biomass components (amino acids, nucleotides, lipid, starch, and cellulose) in the proportions observed experimentally in a heterotrophic suspension culture; (2) that approximately only 15% of the available reactions are needed for this purpose and that the size of this network is comparable to estimates of minimal network size for other organisms; (3) that reactions may be grouped according to the changes in flux resulting from a hypothetical stimulus (in this case demand for ATP) and that this allows the identification of potential metabolic modules; and (4) that total ATP demand for growth and maintenance can be inferred and that this is consistent with previous estimates in prokaryotes and yeast.
An Immunoglobulin M Monoclonal Antibody, Recognizing a Subset of Acetylcholinesterase Molecules from Electric Organs of Electrophorus and Torpedo, Belongs to the HNK‐1 Anti‐Carbohydrate Family

An immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal antibody (mAb Elec‐39), obtained against asymmetric acetyl‐cholinesterase (AChE) from Electrophorus electric organs, also reacts with a fraction of globular AChE (amphiphilic G2 form) from Torpedo electric organs. This antibody does not react with asymmetric AChE from Torpedo electric organs or with the enzyme from other tissues of Electrophorus or Torpedo. The corresponding epitope is removed by endoglycosidase F, showing that it is a carbohydrate. The subsets of Torpedo G2 that react or do not react with Elec‐39 (Elec‐39+ and Elec‐39‐) differ in their electrophoretic mobility under nondenaturing conditions; the Elec‐39+ component also binds the lectins from Pisum sativum and Lens culinaris. Whereas the Elec‐39‐ component is present at the earliest developmental stages examined, an Elec‐39+ component becomes distinguishable only around the 70‐mm stage. Its proportion increases progressively, but later than the rapid accumulation of the total G2form. In immunoblots, mAt Elec‐39 recognizes a number of proteins other than AChE from various tissues of several species. The specificity of Elec‐39 resembles that of a family of anti‐carbohydrate antibodies that includes HNK‐1, L2, NC‐1, NSP‐4, as well as IgMs that occur in human neuropathies. Although some human neuropathy IgMs that recognize the myelin‐associated glycoprotein did not react with, Elec‐39+ AChE, mAbs HNK‐1, NC‐1, and NSP‐4 showed the same selectivity as Elec‐39 for Torpedo G2 AChE, but differed in the formation of immune complexes.
Mitochondrial Function / Dysfunction in Health and Disease Mre 11 is expressed in mammalian mitochondria where it binds to mitochondrial DNA

Dmitrieva NI, Malide D, Burg MB. Mre11 is expressed in mammalian mitochondria where it binds to mitochondrial DNA. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R632–R640, 2011. First published June 15, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00853. 2010. —Mre11 is a critical participant in upkeep of nuclear DNA, its repair, replication, meiosis, and maintenance of telomeres. The upkeep of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is less well characterized, and whether Mre11 participates has been unknown. We previously found that high NaCl causes some of the Mre11 to leave the nucleus, but we did not then attempt to localize it within the cytoplasm. In the present studies, we find Mre11 in mitochondria isolated from primary renal cells and show that the amount of Mre11 in mitochondria increases with elevation of extracellular NaCl. We confirm the presence of Mre11 in the mitochondria of cells by confocal microscopy and show that some of the Mre11 colocalizes with mtDNA. Furthermore, crosslinking of Mre11 to DNA followed by Mre11 immunoprecipitation directly demonstrates that some Mre11 binds to mtDNA. Abundant Mre11 is also present in tissue sections from normal mouse kidneys, colocalized with mitochondria of proximal tubule and thick ascending limb cells. To explore whether distribution of Mre11 changes with cell differentiation, we used an experimental model of tubule formation by culturing primary kidney cells in Matrigel matrix. In nondifferentiated cells, Mre11 is mostly in the nucleus, but it becomes mostly cytoplasmic upon cell differentiation. We conclude that Mre11 is present in mitochondria where it binds to mtDNA and that the amount in mitochondria varies depending on cellular stress and differentiation. Our results suggest a role for Mre11 in the maintenance of genome integrity in mitochondria in addition to its previously known role in maintenance of nuclear DNA.
Takayasu Arteritis: Diagnosis With MR Imaging and MR Angiography in Acute and Chronic Active Stages

Early diagnosis and treatment of Takayasu arteritis is important in prevention of serious complications. Spin‐echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can depict early wall thickening of the aorta and cine MRI can evaluate aortic valve function. Significant enhancement in and around the aorta and carotid arteries is observed on postcontrast MR images in acute phase Takayasu arteritis. In the chronic phase, contrast enhancement in the aortic wall stronger than in the myocardium suggests activity of the disease. Breath‐hold contrast‐enhanced three‐dimensional MR angiography is very effective in noninvasive evaluation of luminal change of aortitis. Contrast‐enhanced MRI and MR angiography have an important role in early diagnosis, activity determination, and follow‐up of Takayasu arteritis. MRI and MR angiography can be utilized for initial diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis and replace catheterization angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:751–757. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Planning and Learning for Decentralized MDPs With Event Driven Rewards

Decentralized (PO)MDPs provide a rigorous framework for sequential multiagent decision making under uncertainty. However, their high computational complexity limits the practical impact. To address scalability and real-world impact, we focus on settings where a large number of agents primarily interact through complex joint-rewards that depend on their entire histories of states and actions. Such history-based rewards encapsulate the notion of events or tasks such that the team reward is given only when the joint-task is completed. Algorithmically, we contribute---1) A nonlinear programming (NLP) formulation for such event-based planning model; 2) A probabilistic inference based approach that scales much better than NLP solvers for a large number of agents; 3) A policy gradient based multiagent reinforcement learning approach that scales well even for exponential state-spaces. Our inference and RL-based advances enable us to solve a large real-world multiagent coverage problem modeling schedule coordination of agents in a real urban subway network where other approaches fail to scale.
Towards practice-based studies of HRM: an actor-network and communities of practice informed approach

HRM may have become co-terminus with the new managerialism in the rhetorical orthodoxies of the HRM textbooks and other platforms for its professional claims. However, we have detailed case-study data showing that HR practices can be much more complicated, nuanced and indeed resistive toward management within organizational settings. Our study is based on ethnographic research, informed by actor-network theory and community of practice theory conducted by one of the authors over an 18-month period. Using actor-network theory in a descriptive and critical way, we analyse practices of managerial resistance, enrolment and counter-enrolment through which an unofficial network of managers used a formal HRM practice to successfully counteract the official strategy of the firm, which was to close parts of a production site. As a consequence, this network of middle managers effectively changed top management strategy and did so through official HRM practices, coupled with other actor-network building processes, arguably for the ultimate benefit of the organization, though against the initial views of the top management. The research reported here, may be characterized as a situated study of HRM-in-practice and we draw conclusions which problematize the concept of HRM in contemporary management literature.
A dynamic searchable encryption scheme for secure cloud server operation reserving multi-keyword ranked search

Cloud computing is becoming more and more popular day by day due to its maintenance, multitenancy and performance. Data owners are motivated to outsource their data to the cloud servers for resource pooling and productivity where multiple users can work on the same data concurrently. These servers offer great convenience and reduced cost for the computation, storage and management of data. But concerns can persist for loss of control over certain sensitive information. The complexity of security is largely intensified when data is distributed over a greater number of devices and data is shared among unrelated users. So these sensitive data should be encrypted for solving these security issues that many consumers cannot afford to tackle. In this paper, we present a dynamic searchable encryption scheme whose update operation can be completed by cloud server while reserving the ability to support multi-keyword ranked search. We have designed a scheme where dynamic operations on data like insert, update and delete are performed by cloud server without decrypting the data. Thus this scheme not only ensures dynamic operations on data but also provides a secure technique by performing those tasks without decryption. The state-of-the-art methods let the data users retrieve the data, re-encrypt it under the new policy and then send it again to the cloud. But our proposed method saves this high computational overhead by reducing the burden of performing dynamic operation by the data owners. The secure and widely used TF × IDF model is used along with kNN algorithm for construction of the index and generation of the query. We have used a tree-based index structure, so our proposed scheme can achieve a sub-linear search time. We have conducted experiments on Amazon EC2 cloud server with three datasets by updating a file, appending a file and deleting a file from the document collection and compared our result with the state-of-the-art method. Results show that our scheme has an average running time of 42ms which is 75% less than the existing method.
Review of Relief Demand Forecasting Problem in Emergency Logistic System

Demand forecasting on relief is the premise and basis of material allocation scheme in emergency logistic system. Reasonable demand forecasting method can facilitate relief distribution, thus avoiding the phenomenon that supply-demand imbalance and relief distribution delay. In this paper, relief will be categorized from point view of government and academia, to explain the relationship between relief categorization and demand forecasting. Then introduce the characteristics of relief-demand from several aspects, such as sudden, uncertainty, timeliness, and stage. Finally, this paper gives an overall conclusion on current development of relief demand forecasting method. And elaborate the application of case-based reasoning, information entropy theory, considering safety stock in the field of relief-demand forecasting in detail, to provide reference for relief distribution.
Optimum Area Yield Crop Insurance

This article considers the problem of the optimal design of crop insurance when the indemnity is based upon the aggregate yield of a surrounding area. The optimal area yield crop insurance contract depends on the individual beta coefficient which measures the sensitivity of farm yield to area yield. Indemnity payments are made whenever the realized area yield is lower (higher) than a critical yield if the beta coefficient is positive (negative). The optimal contract contains a “disappearing deductible” if the beta coefficient is higher than unity. Copyright 1999, Oxford University Press.
Human factors in the design of a personalizable EPG: Preference-indication strategies, habit watching and trust

The article describes a user study to support the design of a personalizable EPG (Electronic TV Programme Guide), and of its user interface for editing user preference profiles regarding TV channels and categories. This study focuses on issues related to users' behaviour and perceptions regarding a personalizable EPG, and especially regarding the personalization process. Users were presented with a paper-and-pencil procedure to indicate their TV viewing preferences, as well as with an electronic version. Their strategies were observed and their opinions asked, especially on trusting a system that uses this data. Moreover, their viewing behaviour was monitored over a period of two weeks, and recommendations for the second week were based on the viewing behaviour of the first week. The results indicate that users are reasonably comfortable and consistent in describing their viewing habits in terms of preferences, both for the paper-and-pencil and electronic preference-indication procedures, but that fine tuning this profile on the basis of habit watching would considerably improve the efficacy of the recommendations. It was found that subjects trust the system with the task of preselecting their TV programmes on the basis of their preference indications, although they are not sure whether a habit-watching system would be capable of following their changing habits over time.
Contribution Body Size in Early Life and Adult Levels of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3

Body size in early life has been associated with breast cancer risk. This may be partly mediated through the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway. The authors assessed whether birth weight, body fatness at ages 5 and 10 years, and body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)) at age 18 years were associated with plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in 6,520 women aged 32–70 years at blood draw from the Nurses’ Health Study (1990–2006) and Nurses’ Health Study II (1997–2005). Birth weight, body fatness in childhood, and BMI at age 18 years were inversely associated with adult IGF-1 levels. For example, IGF-1 levels were 11.9% lower in women who reported being heaviest at age 10 years than in those who were leanest at age 10 (P-trend < 0.0001). Further, women who reported their birth weight as 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg) (vs. <5.5 pounds (<2.5 kg)) had 7.9% lower IGF-1 levels (P-trend 1⁄4 0.002). Women whose BMI at age 18 years was 30 (vs. <20) had 14.1% lower IGF-1 levels (P-trend < 0.0001). Similar inverse associations were observed for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. These observations did not vary by adult BMI or menopausal status at blood draw. These findings suggest that altered IGF-1 levels in adulthood may be a mechanism through which early-life body size influences subsequent breast cancer risk.
Ethical Management Practice in Australia

This article replicates an earlier study on Australian ethical management practice by Batten et al. (1997) using an identical set of variables and methodology. While differences in the samples of the two studies limit the generalizability of the new findings this study confirms the presence of significant cross-sectional variation in ethical management practice. Overall, much still needs to be done in order for firms to comply with recent industry best practice recommendations.
High performance virtual channel based fully adaptive thermal-aware routing for 3D NoC

The thermal problem is a challenge in recent Network on Chip (NoC) designs due to its great impact on the network performance and reliability, especially for 3D NoC. In this work, we design a virtual channel based fully adaptive routing algorithm for the runtime 3D NoC thermal-aware management. For throttling information collection, instead of transmitting the topology information of the whole network, we use a 12 bits register to reserve the router state for one hop away instead of transmitting the topology information of the whole network. It saves the hardware cost largely and decreases the network latency. To ensure deadlock and livelock free and minimize the hardware overhead, we only use two virtual channels for each horizontal channel to achieve full adaptivity and high routability. For path selection, we design a strategy that takes priority to the distance, but also consider path diversity and traffic state. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm shows better network latency and throughput with low power compared with traditional algorithms.