Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delayed (“Secondary”) Cerebral Energy Failure after Acute Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Newborn Piglet: Continuous 48-Hour Studies by Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT: Phosphorus (31P) spectra from the brains of severely birth-asphyxiated human infants are commonly normal on the first day of life. Later, cerebral energy failure develops, which carries a serious prognosis. The main purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that this delayed (“secondary”) energy failure could be reproduced in the newborn piglet after a severe acute reversed cerebral hypoxicischemic insult. Twelve piglets were subjected to temporary occlusion of the common carotid arteries and hypoxemia [mean arterial Po2 3.1 (SD 0.6) kPa]. Mean cerebral phosphocreatine concentration [PCr]/inorganic orthophosphate concentration [Pi] decreased from 1.40 (SD 0.29) to 0.01 (SD 0.02), and nucleotide triphosphate concentration [NTP]/exchangeable phosphate pool concentration [EPP] decreased from 0.19 (SD 0.02) to 0.06 (SD 0.04) (p<0.001 for each decrease). On reperfusion and reoxygenation of the brain, mean [PCr]/[Pi] and [NTP]/[EPP] returned to baseline. Observations continuing for the next 48 h showed that [PCr]/[Pi] again decreased, in spite of normal arterial Po2, mean arterial blood pressure, and blood glucose, to 0.62 (SD 0.61) at 24 h (p<0.01) and 0.49 (SD 0.37) at 48 h (p<0.001). [NTP]/[EPP] also decreased, but to a lesser degree. Intracellular pH remained unchanged. These findings appeared identical with those seen in birth-asphyxiated human infants. No changes in cerebral metabolite concentrations took place in six control piglets. The severity of secondary energy failure, as judged by the lowest [PCr]/[Pi] recorded at 24-48 h, was directly related to the extent of acute energy depletion, obtained as the time integral of reduction in [NTP]/[EPP] (p<0.0001). This animal model of secondary energy failure may prove useful for testing cerebroprotective strategies.
The Effect of Adolescent Neighborhood Poverty on Adult Employment

ABSTRACT: Neighborhood environments affect the long-term labor market success of America’s urban youth. Urban poverty grew more spatially concentrated during the 1970s and 1980s as industrial economies dramatically restructured. Some policies attempted to address the problems of impoverished neighborhoods by stimulating in-situ economic development, while others sought to geographically disperse the poor. Poverty grew less concentrated during the 1990s because of robust national economic growth and dispersal-oriented federal policies. Before celebrating, however, the long term effects of growing up in poor neighborhoods need to be considered. We used National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, geocoded to census tracts, to examine the effects of neighborhood poverty rates encountered during adolescence on adult employment. Living in poor neighborhoods during adolescence carries a long-term labor market disadvantage, caused at least in part by the limited ability to accumulate early work experience. Males appear to be more sensitive to these neighborhood effects than females.
The Erosion of American National Interests

The years since the end of the Cold War have seen intense, wide ranging, and confused debates about American national interests. Much of this confusion stems from the complexity of the post-Cold War world. The new environment has been variously interpreted as involving the end of history, bipolar conflict between rich and poor countries, movement back to a future of traditional power politics, the proliferation of ethnic conflict verging on anarchy, the clash of civilizations, and conflicting trends toward integration and fragmen tation. The new world is all these things, and hence there is good reason for uncertainty about American interests in it. Yet that is not the only source of confusion. Efforts to define national interest presuppose agreement on the nature of the country whose interests are to be defined. National interest derives from national identity. We have to know who we are before we can know what our interests are.
The Scandinavian Sarcoma Group skeletal metastasis registerSurvival after surgery for bone metastases in the pelvis and extremities

INTRODUCTION The assessment of the prognosis for the individual patient is important for the choice of surgical treatment of skeletal metastases. In 1999 the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group (SSG) initiated the Skeletal Metastasis Register as a multicentric, prospective study to provide a scientific basis for treatment recommendations. To improve prognostication we analyzed the survival of patients with skeletal metastases surgically treated at 9 SSG centres. PATIENTS AND METHODS 460 patients with an average age of 64 years underwent 501 operations for non-spinal skeletal metastases. 7% were operated for more than one metastasis. Carcinoma of the breast, prostate, kidney and lung were the dominating primary tumors. RESULTS The survival rate was 0.4 at 1 year, 0.3 at 2 years and 0.2 at 3 years. Univariate analysis showed that survival was related to bone localization, skeletal metastatic load, presence of visceral metastases, Karnofsky performance score, primary tumor type, presence of a complete pathological fracture and preoperative hemoglobin content. Multivariate regression analysis showed that pathological fracture, visceral metastases, haemoglobin content < 7 mmol/L and lung cancer were negative prognostic factors for survival. Myeloma was the sole positive prognostic factor for survival.
Inkjet-Printed Multilayer Bandpass Filter Using Liquid Crystal Polymer System-on-Package Technology

This paper presents the fabrication of an inkjet-printed multilayer bandpass filter using the liquid crystal polymer (LCP) system-on-package (SOP) technology. The LCP-SOP technology adopted by lamination bonding process reduces the occupied area of a device and is suitable for radio frequency (RF) package applications. The surface morphologies and RF performance of the inkjet-printed silver film on an LCP substrate after the lamination bonding process, which entails applying high temperatures and pressures, were observed and analyzed. Acceptable performance of the inkjet-printed silver film of an optimal lamination bonding condition was 0.69 MPa at 270 °C. Using the inkjet-printing and LCP-SOP technologies, a miniature bandpass filter was created with a minimal S21 value and a maximal S11 value of -1.5 and -17.4 dB at 10.6-14.5-GHz passband, respectively. A strain effect of silver line and bandpass filter was also analyzed. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology and the fabrication technique.
Regional Limitations on the Hedging Effectiveness of Natural Gas Futures

This paper examines the extent to which limitations in the transportation system for the natural gas market in the United States narrows the effectiveness of the NYMEX natural gas future contract as a hedging instrument and why a second contract with a different delivery point was approved during 1995. We find that the NYMEX contract is an effective hedging instrument for gas sold into pipelines for consumption in southern, eastern and midwestern states, but does not provide an effective hedge for gas sold for Rocky Mountain and West Coast states.
Molecular mechanisms possibly affecting WT1 function in human ovarian tumors

The frequent allelic deletions observed on the short arm of chromosome 11 in ovarian tumors suggest that the WTI gene, a proposed tumor‐suppressor gene located on chromosome 11 p 13 and expressed in the human fetal genitourinary system, may contribute to the development of ovarian neoplasms. Structural and sequence analysis of the entire coding portions of the WTI gene did not reveal any abnormalities in the 20 ovarian tumor specimens (13 of which showed 11p13 allelic deletions) and 5 cell lines which we analyzed. These findings invalidate the hypothesis that the WTI gene functions as a classical tumor‐suppressor gene in ovarian tumorigenesis and suggest that a different recessive oncogene may be “exposed” by the observed 11 p 13 allelic deletions. Expression analysis showed that the WTI gene was transcriptionally active in all the tumors tested, but considerable variations in the mRNA levels were found. This apparent variability, which should be confirmed at the cellular level in the tumor specimens, was also observed in the ovarian tumor‐cell lines. Finally, WTI expression data were evaluated in conjunction with immunohistochemical data on p53. The possible functional effects of altered WTI mRNA expression in ovarian tumors are discussed, taking into account the potential WTI/p53 protein interaction. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in Household Saving: A Tale of Two Countries

In this paper we argue that only when one uses data and arguments relating to the life-time experiences of individuals or households within an economy can one understand recent trends and patterns in saving rates. Only within this framework is it sensible to design and analyse policies to encourage saving either in the population as a whole or in particular groups of households. These issues are becoming increasingly important as income inequality increases, populations age and as proposals relating to tax harmonisation, cross-border capital flows and tax competition begin to take shape EU member states continue to show very diverse saving behaviour and governments continue to introduce tax incentive schemes designed to help particular groups. To understand the issues relating to the design of policies for household saving one must first understand how life-time profiles of consumption, income and demographic profiles have evolved and are likely to evolve in the future. We present these profiles and show how they can be used as an input into techniques designed to look at the effects of recent demographic and labour market changed on life-cycle savings profiles.
Tourism policy implementation in mainland China: an enterprise perspective

Examines tourism policy implementation in Chinese tourism enterprises. In general, all tourism enterprises indicated that economic‐oriented tourism policies implemented promoted the development of tourism in China since the adoption of economic reform and open‐door policy in 1978. Chinese tourism policies have established a legal framework for the administration, management and operation of tourism enterprises. This framework has covered almost all aspects of tourism industry. However, Chinese tourism enterprises also found difficulties in implementing some policies and regulations. Some regulations are too strict and do not allow the tourism enterprises to implement in accordance with their real circumstance. The study also suggests that tourism policy implementation in China has two different patterns in two different kinds of tourism enterprises. Further argues that tourism policy implementation in China is a “top‐down” and “trial and error‐correcting” model. These findings provide the important implications in studying the political dimensions of tourism, including tourism politics and tourism policy‐making process, particularly in the context of socialist countries.
Knowledge Spillovers: Cooperation between Universities and KIBS

Knowledge is increasingly perceived as a fulcral factor to company competitiveness. As the transfer of knowledge is one of the key functions of knowledge intensive business services (KIBS), this research seeks to analyse how the transfer of knowledge takes place between the higher education sector and KIBS type firms. The empirical results show that cooperation between KIBS and universities occurs irrespective of the typology (whether professional or technological in focus). We also empirically establish how geographic proximity is the factor bearing greatest influence over cooperation while such cooperation proves to have a positive impact on the company capacity to innovate. We furthermore find that this innovation capacity also drives a positive company financial performance.
Responses to changes in university funding :a case study of two universities

This thesis examines the effects on university teaching and research of recent changes to the method of funding universities. The effects of funding change are investigated through case studies of two universities, one an elite institution rated highly in all of the research assessment exercises and the other a non-elite institution rated low in the research assessment exercises. Within the universities a sample of staff was selected to fill in a questionnaire about their perceptions of change to teaching and research. In addition a small number of senior staff in each of the universities was interviewed. The analysis of the two sets of questionnaires revealed a remarkable degree of similarity between the two universities. For research, it appears that the time spent on research had fallen for most staff, that there had been a significant shift away from basic and toward more applied research and that the quality of research was perceived by most staff to have risen or remained the same. For teaching, there had been a large increase in all levels of teaching and a reduction in the level of support for students. There had also been a massive increase in the amount of administration required of staff. The interviews with senior staff supported these findings, but revealed subtler changes taking place too. For example, the nonelite university was having to adopt different student recruitment policies, different staffing policies and different teaching arrangements to those found in the elite institution. It was also claimed that the funding exercise was changing the nature of the research process in the Humanities. The conclusion of the thesis is that funding changes are affecting the quality and type of research and teaching provided in universities, but universities with different backgrounds may be affected differently.
How occupied France financed its own exploitation during WW2

The occupation payments made by France to Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1944 represent one of the largest recorded international transfers and contributed significantly to financing the overall German war effort. Using a neoclassical growth model that incorporates essential features of the occupied economy and the postwar stabilization, we assess the welfare costs of French policies that funded payments to Germany. Occupation payments required a 16 percent reduction of consumption for twenty years, with the draft of labor to Germany and wage and price controls adding substantially to this burden. Vichy’s postwar debt overhang would have demanded large budget surpluses; but inflation, which erupted after Liberation, reduced the debt well below its steady state level and redistributed the adjustment costs. The Marshall Plan played only a minor direct role, and international credits helped to substantially lower the nation’s burden.
Infants differ from teenagers: use of non-invasive tests for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children

All diagnostic tests for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults are generally feasible for children, but they need to be validated properly in all age groups. Most non-invasive tests have a lower accuracy in infants, toddlers and pre-school children than in school-aged children and adolescents. The sensitivity of the 13C-urea breath test is excellent in all age groups, but false positive results may occur in young children. This can be corrected for by normalizing results for individual CO2 production rates. Tests for detection of H. pylori-specific antibodies in serum, whole blood, saliva or urine tend to have a low sensitivity in young children and are not reliable in this age group. Tests for detection of H. pylori antigen in stool using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies show a good performance independent of the child’s age. Tests validated in children in industrialised countries may not have the same accuracy in developing countries where children suffer from malnutrition and/or frequent intestinal infections. Reliable non-invasive tests that are feasible in early childhood are essential to the study of transmission of Helicobacter pylori, since most individuals get infected during the first years of life. New tests are validated by comparison with a ‘gold standard’, but no single test for detection of H. pylori infection can be used as a fully reliable reference method. Therefore, concordant results of at least two biopsy-based tests (histology, culture, rapid urease test) are considered as the ‘gold standard’. Most of the validation studies in children included only a few infants and toddlers, with low numbers particularly for H. pylori-infected individuals. Only when increasing numbers of patients were tested and separated into subgroups by age it became apparent that the accuracy of most tests is lower in young children if the same cut-off values are used as established for older children or adults. Therefore, statements such as ‘a test has been validated with good results in children’ must be interpreted with caution, unless different age groups are considered with sufficient numbers of infected and non-infected children in each age group.
Impaired β‐adrenergic responsiveness accentuates dysfunctional excitation–contraction coupling in an ovine model of tachypacing‐induced heart failure

Non‐technical summary Heart failure is where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood in order to meet the requirements of the body. Symptoms of heart failure often first present during exercise. During exercise the blood levels of a hormone, noradrenaline, increase and activate receptors on the muscle cells of the heart known as β‐receptors causing the heart to contract more forcefully. We show that in heart failure the response to β‐receptor stimulation is reduced and this appears to be due to a failure of the β‐receptor to signal correctly to downstream targets inside the cell. However, by‐passing the β‐receptor and directly activating one of the downstream targets, an enzyme known as adenylyl cyclase, inside the cell restores the function of the muscle cells in failing hearts. These observations provide a number of potential targets for therapies to improve the function of the heart in patients with heart failure.
Valuation of Fixed Price Offers: An IPO Perspective

This paper investigates the pricing of 72 fixed price IPOs issued in India during 2002-2008. The results indicate that industry composite P/E ratio significantly and positively influences both the offer price and list price. The paper lends support to the view that fixed price IPOs issued during high activity period command higher prices than the IPOs issued during low activity period. IPO characteristics, like book value, return on net worth, and insider retention also have significant and positive contribution in evaluating IPO price. However, the age of the IPO firm is found to be inversely associated with price. Subscription rate is also found to be positively associated with list price.
Evaluation of a GCM subgrid cloud‐radiation interaction parameterization using cloud‐resolving model simulations

The mosaic approach of Liang and Wang (1997) for the general circulation model (GCM) parameterization of subgrid cloud‐radiation interactions is evaluated against the validated cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulation of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) intensive observation period (IOP, June 22–July 17, 1997) at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The CRM‐generated cloud statistics determines the required characteristic structure differences between three primary cloud genera (convective, anvil and stratiform). It is demonstrated that the mosaic approach with the CRM cloud statistics well simulates the CRM domain‐averaged radiative quantities. The result indicates that the mosaic approach of the cloud overlap based on the cloud genera differing in formation mechanisms and of the optical inhomogeneity by cloud water path scaling can capture, respectively, the dominant effects of the cloud geometric association and optical property variability within a GCM grid.
S/W upgrade for on-vehicle information devices

As the size of the software for on-vehicle information devices becomes larger, there is an increasing need to fix bugs after their shipment. It is difficult to release software with no bugs. In many cases, software upgrades take place repeatedly; this involves managing a considerable number of versions, which is difficult. In this paper, we propose a new model for software upgrade and a method to merge the deltas between different versions of on-vehicle information devices through telematics services.
Dealing with Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection Simultaneously

Although Insurers Face Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard When They Set Insurance Contracts, These Two Types of Asymmetrical Information Have Been Given Separate Treatments Sofar in the Economic Literature. This Paper Is a First Attempt to Integrate Both Problems Into a Single Model. We Show How It Is Possible to Use Time in Order to Achieve a First-Best Allocation of Risks When Both Problems Are Present Simultaneously.
Étude prospective sur la seconde génération de biocarburants : une analyse de leur efficacité économique et environnementale

[eng] We use 2009 technical data to assess the economic efficiency of three second-generation biodiesel production technologies in the fight against greenhouse effects. To do so, we estimate the cost of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. The environmental impact is definitely positive , but production costs remain high. The cost per metric tonne of CO2 avoided exceeds €100 for all the technologies studied. However , there is a strong uncertainty concerning many parameters. We have not assessed the potential cost-reduction gains from technical progress, which may be substantial. [fre] Cet article cherche a evaluer, sur la base des donnees techniques de 2009, l‘efficacite economique de trois technologies de production de biodiesel de seconde generation dans le cadre de la lutte contre l’effet de serre, en estimant les couts de reduction des emissions de gaz a effet de serre associes. Les resultats montrent des bilans environnementaux particulierement interessants, mais des couts de production encore eleves. Il en resulte des couts a la tonne de CO2 evitee eleves, superieurs a 100 € pour l’ensemble des technologies etudiees. Il existe toutefois une incertitude forte sur de nombreux parametres. En outre, les gains potentiels de reduction des couts lies au progres technique, qui peuvent etre importants, n’ont pas ete evalues.
The Economic Psychology of Stock Market Bubbles in China

The Chinese stock markets were extremely volatile during the period 2005-08. The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) Composite Index increased more than sixfold from 1,012 in 2005 to 6,124 by the end of 2007. It then declined continuously to reach a low of 1,929 on 17 September 2008, or a drop of 70 per cent from its peak in less than 10 months. Although the market downturn may have been affected by the financial crisis in the United States and the rest of the world, the extreme fluctuations of stock prices signify a big market bubble, and the burst of that bubble must be explained by intrinsic characteristics or the economic psychology of Chinese investors. Based on a detailed market data analysis, this paper attributes the development of the stock market bubble to three key psychological factors: 'greed', 'envy' and 'speculation', and the burst of the bubble to three contrasting factors: 'fear', 'lack of confidence' and 'disappointment'. It concludes that only after Chinese companies become really commercialised and profitable and investors become rational can the stock markets become stable without extreme volatility as seen in the past. Government policies can play a role in soothing market volatility detrimental to shareholders and the wider economy, but investors should not depend on government for making their own investment decisions. Copyright 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.