Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power Optimized Memory Organization Using Multi-Bit-Flip-Flop Approach and Enhanced Ring Counter

Power reduction has become a vital design goal for sophisticated design applications, whether mobile or not. dropping power consumption in design enables better, cheaper products to be designed and power-related chip failures to be minimized. Researchers have shown that multi-bit flip-flop is an effective method for clock power consumption reduction. The underlying idea behind multi-bit flip-flop method is to eliminate total inverter number by sharing the inverters in the flip-flops. In this paper, we will review multi-bit flip-flop concepts, and introduce the benefits of using multibit flip-flops in our design. Then, we will show how to implement multi-bit flip-flop methodology by XILINX Design Compiler. Experimental results indicate that multi-bit flip-flop is very effective and efficient method in lower-power designs.
Linear Precoders for the Detection of a Gaussian Process in Wireless Sensors Networks

We investigate the performance of Neyman-Pearson detection of a stationary Gaussian process in noise, using a large wireless sensor network (WSN). In our model, each sensor compresses its observation sequence using a linear precoder and a final decision is taken by a fusion center (FC) based on the compressed information. Two families of precoders are studied: random i.i. d. precoders and orthogonal precoders. We analyse their performance under a regime where both the number of sensors k and the number of samples n per sensor tend to infinity at the same rate, that is, k/n→ c ∈ [0,1]. Contributions are as follows. 1) Using results from random matrix theory and large Toeplitz matrices, we prove that, when the above families of precoders are used, the miss probability of the Neyman-Pearson detector converges exponentially to zero. Closed form expressions of the corresponding error exponents are derived. 2) In particular, we propose a practical orthogonal precoding strategy, the Principal Frequencies Strategy (PFS), which achieves the best error exponent among all orthogonal strategies, and which requires very little signaling overhead between the central processor and the nodes of the network. 3) When the PFS is used, a simplified low-complexity testing procedure can be implemented at the FC. We show that the proposed suboptimal test enjoys the same error exponent as the Neyman-Pearson test, which indicates a similar asymptotic behavior of the performance. We illustrate our findings by numerical experiments on several examples.
Household Wealth in China

Abstract: With new nationwide longitudinal survey data now available from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we study the level, distribution, and composition of household wealth in contemporary China. We found that the wealth Gini coefficient of China was 0.73 in 2012. The richest 1 percent owned more than one-third of the total national household wealth, while the poorest 25 percent owned less than 2 percent. Housing assets, which accounted for over 70 percent, were the largest component of household wealth. Finally, the urban-rural divide and regional disparities played important roles in household wealth distribution, and institutional factors significantly affected household wealth holdings, wealth growth rate, and wealth mobility.
Energy Conservation in 802.11 WLAN for Mobile Video Calls

Battery powered mobile devices suffer from significant power consumption of the WiFi network interface during video calls. By utilizing the dynamic Power Save Mode (PSM), our study proposes an adaptive RTP packet transmission scheme for multimedia traffic. By merging the outbound packet delivery timing with inbound packet reception and estimating each delay component along the packet processing and transmission path, each client manages to meet the stringent end-to-end latency for packets while creating longer sleep intervals. As a benefit it involves no cross-layer communication overhead as the interface state transitions are completely transparent to the application. The experimental results show that 28.53% energy savings on the WiFi interface can be achieved while maintaining satisfactory application performance.
H2 Line Emission Associated with the Formation of the First Stars

Molecular hydrogen (H2) line radiation emitted in the formation events of first-generation stars is evaluated in a discussion of its detectability by future observational facilities. H2 luminosity evolution from the onset of prestellar collapse until the formation of a ∼ 100 Mprotostar is followed. Calculations are extended not only to the early phase of the runaway collapse, but also to the later phase of accretion, whose observational features have not been studied before. Contrary to the runaway collapse phase, where the pure-rotational lines are always dominant, in the accretion phase rovibrational line emission becomes prominent. The maximum luminosity is also attained in the accretion phase for strong emission lines. The peak intensity of the strongest rovibrational line reaches ∼ 10 −29 Wm −2 , corresponding to the flux density of 10 −5 µJy, for a source at the typical redshift of first-generation star formation, 1 + z = 20. Although the redshifted rovibrational H2 emission from such an epoch falls in the wavelength range of the next-generation infrared satellite, Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics, for exceeding the detection threshold, 10 7 such protostars are required to reach the maximum
Judges and Their Audiences: A Perspective on Judicial Behavior

List of Tables ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Thinking about Judicial Behavior 1 Models of Judicial Behavior 5 Shared Assumptions: The Judge as Mr. Spock 9 Limitations of the Dominant Models 19 Audience as a Perspective 21 Chapter 2: Judging as Self-Presentation 25 People and Their Audiences 25 Judicial Self-Presentation: A First Look 32 Audiences and Judicial Behavior 43 Chapter 3: Court Colleagues, the Public, and the Other Branches of Government 50 Court Colleagues 50 The General Public 60 The Other Branches 72 Conclusions 85 Chapter 4: Social and Professional Groups 88 Social Groups 88 Professional Groups: Lawyers and Judges 97 Conclusions 116 Chapter 5: Policy Groups, the News Media, and the Greenhouse Effect 118 Policy Groups 118 The News Media 135 A Greenhouse Effect? 139 Conclusions 155 Appendix: Procedures for Analysis of Voting Change by Supreme Court Justices 155 Chapter 6: Implications for the Study of Judicial Behavior 158 Motivational Bases for the Dominant Models 158 Departures from the Dominant Models 162 Probing the Impact of Judicial Audiences 171 Some Final Thoughts 174 References 177 Name Index 221 Subject and Case Index 229
Treating Similarity with Respect: How to Evaluate Models of Meaning?

Similarity is a core notion that is used in psychology, theoretical and computational linguistics. The similarity datasets that come from the two fields differ in design: psychological datasets are focused around a certain topic such as fruit names; linguistic datasets contain words from various categories. The later makes humans assign low similarity scores to the words that have nothing in common and to the words that have contrast in meaning, making similarity scores ambiguous. In this work we discuss the similarity collection procedure for a multi-category dataset that avoids score ambiguity and suggest changes to the evaluation procedure to reflect the insights of psychological literature for word, phrase and sentence similarity. We suggest to ask humans to provide a list of commonalities and differences instead of numerical similarity scores and employ the structure of human judgements beyond pairwise similarity. We believe that the proposed approach will give rise to datasets that test meaning representation models more thoroughly with respect to the human treatment of similarity.
Ischemic preconditioning protects against coronary endothelial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion.

BACKGROUND Repetitive, brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion ("preconditioning") increase the resistance of myocardial tissue to subsequent prolonged ischemic episodes and limit infarct size. We investigated whether preconditioning also protects against coronary endothelial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were performed in four groups of rats (n = 8 in each group): group 1 rats underwent sham surgery, group 2 rats were subjected to 20 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion without reperfusion, group 3 rats underwent 20 minutes of occlusion followed by 1 hour of reperfusion, and group 4 rats (preconditioning group) underwent the same protocol as group 3 rats, preceded by three cycles of 5 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion. At the end of the experiments, coronary segments (internal diameter, 250 to 300 microns) were removed distal to the occlusion site and mounted in wire myographs for isometric tension recording. Relaxations induced by increasing concentrations of acetylcholine, the calcium ionophore A23187, or the nitric oxide (NO) donor SIN-1 were determined in arteries precontracted by serotonin. Basal NO release was estimated by measuring contractions to NG-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). In addition, we determined the effect of preconditioning on infarct size in two additional groups that were subjected to the same protocols as those of groups 3 and 4. In those animals, area at risk (India ink injection) and infarct size (triphenyltetrazolium stain) were determined by computerized analysis of enlarged sections after video acquisition. Preconditioning markedly limited infarct size (percent of area at risk: controls, 57 +/- 2; preconditioning, 2.2 +/- 0.6; P < .01). Ischemia (without or with reperfusion) or preconditioning did not affect the coronary responses to L-NAME, serotonin, A23187, or SIN-1. Ischemia without reperfusion did not modify the relaxations to acetylcholine (maximal relaxation: sham, 58 +/- 4%; ischemia, 56 +/- 7%; P = NS). In contrast, ischemia followed by reperfusion markedly impaired the response to acetylcholine (26 +/- 6%; P < .01 versus sham). This impaired response was restored by preconditioning (maximal relaxation: 59 +/- 9%; P = NS versus sham; P < .01 versus ischemia/reperfusion). CONCLUSIONS In addition to protecting myocardial cells, preconditioning also protects coronary endothelial cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Export Incentives, Exchange Rate Policy and Export Growth in Turkey.

The driving forces behind the Turkish export miracle, and in fact its very existence, have remained a matter of debate. The authors show there was a boom. As to contributing factor s, import growth in the Middle East in excess of import growth elsewher e made a negative contribution. On exports to non-oil countries, the authors show that earlier claims that their growth was an accounting artifact are incorrect. Moreover, the authors find that export subsidies were mostly shifted backwards into higher producer profits. The export boom was triggered by macroeconomic policies and trade reform that allowed a steady real depreciation of the Turkish lira. Copyright 1993 by MIT Press.
ON STABILITY OF QUEUEING NETWORKS WITH JOB DEADLINES

In this paper, we consider a single-server queue with stationary input, where each job joining the queue has an associated deadline. The deadline is a time constraint on job sojourn timeand may befiniteor infinite . If thejob doe s not comple tese rvicebe fore its deadline expires, it abandons the queue and the partial service it may have received up to that point is wasted. When the queue operates under a first-come-first served discipline, we establish conditions under which the actual workload process—that is, the work the server eventually processes—is unstable, weakly stable, and strongly stable. An interesting phenomenon observed is that in a nontrivial portion of the parameter space, the queue is weakly stable, but not strongly stable. We also indicate how our results apply to other nonidling service disciplines. We finally extend the results for a single node to acyclic (feed-forward) networks of queues with either per-queue or network-wide deadlines.
Endogenous opioids in dopaminergic cell body regions modulate amphetamine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine levels in the terminal regions.

Opioid antagonists attenuate behavioral effects of amphetamine and amphetamine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens and striatum of rats but do not alter those effects of cocaine. This study was performed to determine 1) if the effect of opioid antagonists on the dopamine response to amphetamine is mediated in either the terminal or cell body region of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways, and 2) if the enkephalinase inhibitor thiorphan, which slows degradation of endogenous opioid peptides, increases the dopamine response to amphetamine but not to cocaine. Microdialysis probes were placed either into a dopaminergic terminal region or into both a terminal and cell body region of rats. Naloxone methiodide (1.0 microM), a lipophobic opioid antagonist, was administered into either the terminal or cell body region by reverse dialysis, whereas extracellular dopamine was collected in the terminal region. Increases in extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens and striatum caused by amphetamine (0.1-6.4 mg/kg, s.c.) were reduced significantly (28-39%) by naloxone methiodide administered into either substantia nigra or ventral tegmentum but not into terminal regions. Thiorphan (10 microM) administered into substantia nigra increased significantly the dopamine response to amphetamine in the ipsilateral striatum by as much as 42% but did not affect the dopamine response to cocaine (3.0-56 mg/kg, i.p.). These results suggest that amphetamine promotes release of endogenous opioids, which, through actions in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra, contribute to amphetamine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum.
Gene Sequence Based Clustering Assists in Dereplication of Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea Strains with Identical Inhibitory Activity and Antibiotic Production

Some microbial species are chemically homogenous, and the same secondary metabolites are found in all strains. In contrast, we previously found that five strains of P. luteoviolacea were closely related by 16S rRNA gene sequence but produced two different antibiotic profiles. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether such bioactivity differences could be linked to genotypes allowing methods from phylogenetic analysis to aid in selection of strains for biodiscovery. Thirteen P. luteoviolacea strains divided into three chemotypes based on production of known antibiotics and four antibacterial profiles based on inhibition assays against Vibrio anguillarum and Staphylococcus aureus. To determine whether chemotype and inhibition profile are reflected by phylogenetic clustering we sequenced 16S rRNA, gyrB and recA genes. Clustering based on 16S rRNA gene sequences alone showed little correlation to chemotypes and inhibition profiles, while clustering based on concatenated 16S rRNA, gyrB, and recA gene sequences resulted in three clusters, two of which uniformly consisted of strains of identical chemotype and inhibition profile. A major time sink in natural products discovery is the effort spent rediscovering known compounds, and this study indicates that phylogeny clustering of bioactive species has the potential to be a useful dereplication tool in biodiscovery efforts.
A Gene Selection Software Package for Cancer Classification

Selecting a small number of relevant genes for accurate classification of samples is essential for the development of diagnostic tests, which have been the subject of considerable research in the past few years. However, many researches have still been trying to improve the algorithms to obtain better results. Here we present a novel implementation of Recursive Feature Elimination method (nRFE) for gene selection and classification of microarray data. Our algorithm was evaluated over the NCI60 benchmark datasets, with an accuracy of 96.6% in 10-fold cross-validation, respectively. Furthermore, the nRFE outperformed recently published algorithms when applied to another two multi-cancer data sets. Computational evidence indicated that nRFE can avoid overfitting effectively. The combination of high accuracy and small numbers of genes should make nRFE a powerful tool for gene selection from gene expression data.
The Relationship between Attention and Consciousness

The relationship between attention and consciousness is a matter of importance and of intense debate among scholars. Many psychologists and brain scientists try to link these two brain processes to each other. This article summarizes the general views concerning the issue. Many psychologists and brain scientists say that top-down selective attention and consciousness can be manipulated independently. The controversies over these two brain processes are as follows: a. One can become conscious of objects or events without attending to them. b. One can attend to objects or events without becoming conscious of them. c. Top-down attention and consciousness are completely different from each other and have the opposite effects. The paper focuses on five main issues. First, it discusses the functions of consciousness. Second, it reviews the functions of attention. Third, ways of processing visual events and behaviors are reviewed. Fourth, independent manipulation of attention and consciousness are discussed. Fifth, opposite effects of attention and consciousness will be discussed. Findings based on the review of the literature indicate that although the two psychological processes- attention and consciousness- may be linked with each other, they have distinct functions.
The Evolution Model of Enterprise Marketing Networks Based on Complex Network Theory

Considering enterprise marketing complex network with local and world-wide competition, incomplete information and asymmetric characteristics, enterprise marketing complex network withl the bidirectional fitness evolution model is constructed on the basis of the BA model. Using continuum theory and the mean field theory node degree distribution, and calculated its rigorous solution, and derived the degree distribution we the model and the power-law index expression. The research results show that the model has universal application.
Fastest Distributed Consensus on Path Network

Providing an analytical solution for the problem of finding Fastest Distributed Consensus (FDC) is one of the challenging problems in the field of sensor networks. Most of the methods proposed so far deal with the FDC averaging algorithm problem by numerical convex optimization methods and in general no closed-form solution for finding FDC has been offered up to now except in [3] where the conjectured answer for path has been proved. Here in this work we present an analytical solution for the problem of Fastest Distributed Consensus for the Path network using semidefinite programming particularly solving the slackness conditions, where the optimal weights are obtained by inductive comparing of the characteristic polynomials initiated by slackness conditions.
Construction of Capacity-Achieving Lattice Codes: Polar Lattices

In this paper, we propose a new class of lattices constructed from polar codes, namely polar lattices, to achieve the capacity <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$({1}/{2})\log (1+ \mathop {\mathrm {\mathsf {SNR}}}\nolimits)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the additive white Gaussian-noise (AWGN) channel. Our construction follows the multilevel approach of Forney <italic>et al.</italic>, where we construct a capacity-achieving polar code on each level. The component polar codes are shown to be naturally nested, thereby, fulfilling the requirement of the multilevel lattice construction. We prove that the polar lattices are <italic>AWGN-good</italic>. Furthermore, using the technique of source polarization, we propose discrete Gaussian shaping over the polar lattice to satisfy the power constraint. Both the construction and shaping are explicit, and the overall complexity of encoding and decoding is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(N\log N)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for any fixed target error probability.
Representational EclecticismA Foundation Stone for the New AI ?

In this paper I support the view that neural networks and connec-tionism constitute a `new AI' but argue that the new eld incorporates both the reactive systems movement and work on genetic algorithms. The common theme in these approaches is, I propose, the idea that cognitive agents may use representations in an eclectic and opportunistic fashion rather than in the neatly structured manner proposed by classical AI. The way in which this idea is being developed (in connectionism) is considered and the outstanding problems are illustrated using a simulation. 1 New versus Old: What is the diierence? Does the eld of neural networks (connectionism) constitute a `new AI' or just a new set of methods for dealing with diicult problems? There is no clear answer. There are obviously methodological diierences between connection-ism and classical AI. Connectionism concerns itself with network architectures and training algorithms whereas classical AI concerns itself with algorithmic methods and knowledge representation. But are these diierences deep-set or merely superrcial? Some researchers (eg. 1]) have suggested that there is a strong continuity from classical AI to connectionism noting that even though the latter paradigm is concerned with a new type of computational architecture it remains concerned with the problems that were central to classical AI (e.g. representation).
Do Social Studies Teachers' Variables Influence Students' Performance in Senior High School Social Studies in Ghana? Evidence from Students' Performance Test in Social Studies

The study concerned itself with the role of Social Studies teachers’ variables on the performance of S enior High School students’ in social studies in Ghana. The pu rpose of the study was to find out if social studie s teachers’ variables had any influence on the performance of S enior High School (SHS) students’ performance in social studies. A descriptive survey design was used for the study which involved 635 social studies teachers and 74,2 49 Senior High School 2 students across the 36 Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDA’S) Ghana. A total of 2,253 SHS 2 students and 75 social studies teachers (30 female and 45 male) from 25 SHS were sampled through multi-stage sampling procedures. Two researcher-designed instruments tagged: Teacher Demographic Variables Questionnaire (TDVQ) and Students’ Performance Test in Social Studies (SPTISS) were used in data collection. Data was analysed with the aid of frequ encies and percentage counts. The results showed th at, teacher variables exerted some influence on students’ perfo rmance in social studies. It was therefore conclude d that social studies teachers’ variables exerted signific ant influence on the performance of Senior High School students in social studies. Based on the results and conclusion, it is suggeste d for consideration of relevant stakeholders in edu cation, that social studies teacher variables should be consider ed in the recruitment of teachers for the teaching of social studies at the SHS level.