Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Field Study on Fostering Structural Navigation with Prodet

Past studies show that developers who navigate code in a structural manner complete tasks faster and more correctly than those whose behavior is more opportunistic. The goal of this work is to move professional developers towards more effective program comprehension and maintenance habits by providing an approach that fosters structural code navigation. To this end, we created a Visual Studio plugin called Prodet that integrates an always-on navigable visualization of the most contextually relevant portions of the call graph. We evaluated the effectiveness of our approach by deploying it in a six week field study with professional software developers. The study results show a statistically significant increase in developers' use of structural navigation after installing Prodet. The results also show that developers continuously used the filtered and navigable call graph over the three week period in which it was deployed in production. These results indicate the maturity and value of our approach to increase developers' effectiveness in a practical and professional environment.
Emergent Properties and Toxicological Considerations for Nanohybrid Materials in Aquatic Systems

Conjugation of multiple nanomaterials has become the focus of recent materials development. This new material class is commonly known as nanohybrids or “horizon nanomaterials”. Conjugation of metal/metal oxides with carbonaceous nanomaterials and overcoating or doping of one metal with another have been pursued to enhance material performance and/or incorporate multifunctionality into nano-enabled devices and processes. Nanohybrids are already at use in commercialized energy, electronics and medical products, which warrant immediate attention for their safety evaluation. These conjugated ensembles likely present a new set of physicochemical properties that are unique to their individual component attributes, hence increasing uncertainty in their risk evaluation. Established toxicological testing strategies and enumerated underlying mechanisms will thus need to be re-evaluated for the assessment of these horizon materials. This review will present a critical discussion on the altered physicochemical properties of nanohybrids and analyze the validity of existing nanotoxicology data against these unique properties. The article will also propose strategies to evaluate the conjugate materials’ safety to help undertake future toxicological research on the nanohybrid material class.
Joint Subcarrier Pairing and Power Allocation for OFDM Two-Hop Systems

In this paper, we aim to maximize the weighted sum rate of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) relaying systems. In the considered system we jointly optimize subcarrier pairing in two consecutive time slots and power allocation on each subcarrier in each time slot. In addition, the destination combines the signals from the source and the relay pertaining to the same message in each two time slots. This is motivated by the lack of discussion in the literature on joint optimization with destination combining. It is assumed that the channel state information is known to the source. Decode-and-forward and half-duplex strategies are considered when the relay is used. Both total and individual power constraints for the source and the relay are investigated. Based on the optimization results, algorithms to achieve feasible solutions are also proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms almost achieve the optimal weighted sum rate, and outperform the existing methods in various channel conditions.
Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study

The association of breast cancer with dietary patterns such as a western diet has not been studied in Asian women. We examined this among Shanghai Breast Cancer Study participants. Cases were of ages 25 to 64 years, diagnosed 08/1996-03/1998, and identified through a rapid case ascertainment system supplemented by the Shanghai Cancer Registry. Controls, selected from the general population of urban Shanghai, were frequency matched to cases by 5-year age group. Participants provided information on diet, lifestyle, and reproductive factors. In principal component analysis among 1,556 controls, two patterns emerged: a “vegetable-soy” pattern (tofu, cauliflower, beans, bean sprouts, green leafy vegetables) and a “meat-sweet” pattern (shrimp, chicken, beef, pork, candy, desserts). In adjusted unconditional logistic regression analyses including 1,446 cases and 1,549 controls with complete covariate data, risk was not associated with the vegetable-soy pattern. It was associated with the meat-sweet pattern (4th versus 1st quartile: odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.7; Ptrend = 0.03), but only in postmenopausal women, specifically among those with estrogen receptor–positive tumors (4th versus 1st quartile: odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.3; Ptrend = 0.03). Our findings indicate that a western diet increases breast cancer risk in postmenopausal Chinese women. They also suggest the value of quantifying aggregate risk for common combinations of foods. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1443–8)
Fault-tolerant control synthesis and verification of distributed embedded systems

We deal with synthesis of distributed embedded control systems closed over a faulty or severely constrained communication network. Such overloaded communication networks are common in cost-sensitive domains such as automotive. Design of such systems aims to meet all deadlines following the traditional notion of schedulability. In this work, we aim to exploit robustness of the controller and propose a novel implementation approach to achieve a tighter design. Toward this, we answer two research questions: (i) given a distributed architecture, how to characterize and formally verify the bound on deadline misses, (ii) given such a bound, how to design a controller such that desired stability and Quality of Control (QoC) requirements are met. We address question (i) by modeling a distributed embedded architecture as a network of Event Count Automata (ECA), and subsequently introducing and formally verifying a property formulation with reduced complexity. We address question (ii) by introducing a novel fault-tolerant control strategy which adjusts the control input at runtime based on the occurrence of fault or drop. We show that QoC under faulty communication improves significantly using the proposed fault-tolerant strategy.
Learning from Schools with Restructured Schedules

D uring the past three years we have been consulting at a number of high schools in the Pacific Northwest that are revising their daily schedules. Most of the schools have moved to four ninety-minute "blocks" of classes per day; some schools, especially in British Columbia, have adopted two-period-day schedules (Carroll 1990). Almost unnoticed in professional literature to date, the restructured school day is widespread throughout the region; in the state of Washington alone, over 10 percent of public high schools have already made such a change, and more are planning to do so. To use a term from the field of technology transfer, restructuring the school day is clearly an innovation "with legs. " Schools are choosing a variety of ways to assess the effectiveness of the new programs, and they often cite gains in student achievement on several measures, as well as significant improvements in staff morale and in student and parent satisfaction. Teachers, especially, note that block schedules make so much sense they would never want to go back to a traditional mode of operation. None of that should be especially surprising, because the move to block schedules builds on much of what we already know about meaningful educational reform. Making the change begins with a serious conversation about the purposes and practices of public education among the people in schools who eventually will have to enact the reform within classrooms. Block schedules attack the overwhelming student load that Sizer (1984) identified as the root cause of Horace's Compromise. ' And the schedule change is usually of such a scope that it requires that school staff members talk with students and parents, a dialogue that occurs too infrequently in our schools. Thus, some of what we have learned from working with schools in this process is confirmation of "received wis-
Pricing Risk Transfer Transactions1

Should the pricing of reinsurance catastrophes be related to the price of the default risk embedded in corporate bonds? If not, why not? A risk is a risk is a risk, in whatever market it appears. Shouldn't the risk-prices in these different markets be comparable? More basically perhaps, how should reinsurance prices and bond prices be set? How does the market currently set them? These questions are central to the inquiry contained in this paper. Avoiding unnecessary suspense, our answers are: Yes, cat prices should be related to credit prices because both risks contain a characteristic trade-off between the frequency of and severity of adverse events. We leave the question of how prices should be set to others and focus on the empirical question of how they have been set by the markets. In the process, we develop a fairly robust pricing mechanism and explore its potential uses in many different contexts. The 1999 Insurance-Linked Securities (ILS) market (a.k.a., Cat Bond market) provides the empirical springboard to the discussion. The ILS market is only 4 years old. As such, it represents a new and unique intersection of reinsurance and financial markets. It provides a wonderful laboratory for exploring risk-pricing. The ILS market, still in its experimental phase, appears to require more generous (cheap) pricing of insurance risk than does the bond market of default risk. So much so that academics have begun to weigh in on the question of why. Previously, insurance pricing discussions had been confined to practicing insurance professionals, particularly actuaries. For finance professionals, insurance pricing, much less reinsurance pricing, seldom made the index of their financial texts – though even that is beginning to change.
Effekten av internetbaserad interaktion som komplement vid social samvaro bland äldre

Social interaktion och kanslan av att tillhora en gemenskap ar viktiga faktorer for manniskans valmaende. For en aldre person kan interaktionen med omgivningen forsvaras genom till exempel rorelsehinder eller sjukdom. I denna studie undersoktes webbforum som ett komplement for seniorer, dar intentionen var att underhalla kontakter i det sociala natverket. Under en manad fick en grupp om fyra seniorer, bekanta med varandra sedan tidigare, interagera regelbundet genom webbforumet Seniorsidan. Syftet var att ta reda pa om webbforumet var ett fungerande komplement till personliga traffar och om det kunde generera en positiv kansla av gemenskap. Resultatet tydde pa att digital interaktion mycket val kan vara ett lampligt komplement till den vanliga interaktionen, genom sin lattillganglighet och anpassningsbarhet.
Understanding the Attitudes of Older People to Road Pricing

Worldwide the human population shows an ageing demographic structure. Older people often face the danger of social exclusion; arguably more often than other age groups. Nonetheless, at least in the western world, older people are more interested in local democracy and are more likely to vote than younger people, so their decisions can be important for social policy in general, and potentially in the acceptability of road pricing. Therefore, practitioners proposing road pricing schemes need to understand particularly well the implications for older people and their attitudes towards the policy if they are to deliver effective schemes successfully. From the literature reviewed it was hypothesised that older people might ascribe more importance to collective consequences and tend to support what could be beneficial for society, a process described as ‘pro-social value orientation’. Hence in a transport context, older people may be more likely to express positive or negative attitudes to the acceptability of road pricing depending on whether they believe it would be good or bad for others, or society in general. Family, friends or more generally their significant others may also have a particular influence on older people’s evaluations about their intentions and choices – thus the importance of studying the influence of ‘social norms’ on older people’s attitudes towards road pricing. The Thesis develops a theoretical and empirical understanding of these issues, based on a secondary analysis and predominately on a two-stage primary research scheme consisting of a quantitative survey and a series of focus groups conducted in Bristol, a city that has been near the forefront of UK cities planning road pricing schemes. Robust evidence is provided for the view that the attitudes, social norms and pro-social value orientations of older people towards road pricing are different from those of younger people with those of people aged 60 to 74 being the most negative and those of people aged 75 and over the most positive ones. Finally it is justified that older people’s particular pro-social value orientations and social norms do affect their attitudes to road pricing. – mostly negatively for the people aged 60 to 74 and positively for the people aged 75 and over.
The Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Scale: Construction, Validation, and Cross-Cultural Applicability

The paper describes the construction of a 25-item Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale (ARVS) designed to assess favorable and unfavorable attitudes with particular emphasis on victim blame, credibility, deservingness, denigration, and trivialization. Normative data are presented as well as the results of various psychometric analyses based on four independent studies and a variety of samples including university students, doctors, lawyers, social workers, psychologists, and police in Singapore, and university students in the United States. These analyses confirm the ARVS's reliability, validity and cross-cultural suitability. As attitudes toward rape victims have been implicated in the quality of victim care in legal, medical, and social spheres, it is proposed that the ARVS provides a valuable tool for applied research in victimology.
For patients with chronic asthma not controlled with inhaled corticosteroids alone, long-acting β-agonists are associated with fewer exacerbations than leukotriene receptor agonists

Commentary on: Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;1:CD003137. Outside of a clinical trial setting, most patients with asthma have poorly controlled asthma.1 ,2 Inadequate control of asthma in the community may reflect poor adherence to controller medications; however, the GOAL trial demonstrated that low-to-medium dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) were unsuccessful in achieving asthma control in a large proportion of patients with asthma, even with close supervision of care.3 Asthma management guidelines recommend an additional controller medication when asthma control is not achieved with ICS.4 Although the preferred second-choice controller medication is a long-acting inhaled β2-agonist (LABA), safety concerns regarding LABA use lead many clinicians to add a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) in its place. This review aimed to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of combinations …
Reinforcement Learning with Decision Trees

We present a decision tree based approach to function approximation in reinforcement learning. We compare our approach with table lookup and a neural network function approximator on three problems: the well known mountain car and pole balance problems as well as a simulated auto-mobile race car. We ﬁnd that the decision tree can provide better learning performance than the neural network function approximation and can solve large problems that are infeasible using table lookup.
Pharmacotherapy of insomnia

Introduction: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders in developed countries, being surpassed only by chronic sleep deprivation. Patients with insomnia tend to have an altered quality of life, impaired daytime functioning and an increased risk of work accidents and motor vehicle crashes. Insomnia is commonly associated with chronic medical conditions, metabolic illnesses and mental disorders (such as depression and anxiety), with which there is a dual, reciprocal relationship. Areas covered: This paper focuses on current pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of insomnia, particularly benzodiazepine receptor agonists, which nowadays represent the mainstay of hypnotic therapy. The melatonin receptor antagonist, ramelteon, is reviewed (an alternative for some patients with only sleep-onset difficulty), as are sedating antidepressants, which are commonly used ‘off-label’ to treat insomnia, despite limited efficacy data and potential significant safety concerns. Orexin (OX) antagonists are also discussed, especially those that block OX2 or both OX1 and OX2 receptors, as these are the most promising new agents for the treatment of insomnia, with encouraging results in preliminary clinical trials. Expert opinion: Research to evaluate and formulate treatments for insomnia is often complicated by the fact that insomnia is usually of multifactorial etiology. Understanding the molecular and receptor mechanisms involved in promoting sleep in varied disorders could provide future approaches in new drug development. In the long term, more randomized controlled trials are needed to assess both short-term and long-term effects of these medications and their efficacy in comorbid diseases that affect sleep quality or quantity.
SALT TOLERANCE HOMOLOG2, a B-Box Protein in Arabidopsis That Activates Transcription and Positively Regulates Light-Mediated Development[W]

CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) are two major regulators of light signaling in plants. Here, we identify SALT TOLERANCE HOMOLOG2 (STH2) as a gene that interacts genetically with both of these key regulators. STH2 encodes a B-box–containing protein that interacts physically with HY5 in yeast and in plant cells. Whereas STH2 is uniformly nuclear by itself, it shows a COP1-dependent localization to speckles when coexpressed with COP1. We identified two independent T-DNA insertion lines in STH2. Both alleles are hyposensitive to blue, red, and far-red light. The sth2 mutant, like hy5, shows an enhanced number of lateral roots and accumulates less anthocyanin. Analysis of double mutants between sth2 and hy5 indicates that STH2 has both HY5-dependent and -independent functions. Furthermore, besides partially suppressing the hypocotyl phenotype of dark-grown cop1 alleles, sth2 also suppresses the reduced number of lateral roots and high anthocyanin levels in light-grown cop1 alleles. Interestingly, we found that STH2 can activate transcription. Transient transfection assays in protoplasts using a LUC reporter driven by the chalcone isomerase promoter show that the B-boxes in STH2 and a functional G-box element in the promoter are required for this activity. In conclusion, we have identified STH2, a B-box protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, as a positive regulator of photomorphogenesis and report that the B-box domain plays a direct role in activating transcription in plants.
Information Sharing, Cognitive Centrality, and Influence Among Business Executives During Collective Choice

Laboratory studies have shown that decision-making groups tend to focus on common information at the expense of unique information. In the current study, high level business executives completed a personnel selection task. Access to information about the candidates was not controlled as in a typical study of information sharing, but common, partially shared, and unique information arose naturally from the individual members’ information searches. During subsequent discussions, groups mentioned more common than partially shared than unique information. However, the underlying processes seemed to be different from what has been observed in laboratory studies. The popularity of information in the population from which groups were composed predicted both the number of a group’s members who accessed an item in their information searches and whether the group discussed the item. However, the number of group members who accessed an item did predict whether information was repeated during discussion, and repetition predicted which items were included on a final written summary. Finally, cognitively central group members were more influential than cognitively peripheral members.
A fuzzy logic approach to neuronal modeling

Fuzzy methods are commonly used to produce a desired output of a complex system which can be steered by known expert rules. But fuzzy methods can also be applied to the reversed problem: if the input-output behavior of a system is given one wishes to nd the rules by which this behavior is evoked. We introduce this reversed method to neuronal modeling and, as an example, apply it to a biological neuron of the HodgkinHuxley type. Going out from measured data of the membran potential, the sodiumand potassium-current, we rebuild the membran behavior by fuzzy rules and show how these rules can lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The appeal of the approach is that once the system variables are identi ed, the analysis runs comletely automatically. De ning in advance the width of the membership functions the number and speci ty of the outcoming rules can be tuned.
Optimization control for biped motion trajectory

Character animation is important in many applications, such as video games, movie production, and somatosensory interaction. However, it is difficult to control the locomotion of a virtual character in a dynamic environment, because bipeds are under-actuated and unstable. In this paper, we present a novel optimization strategy to improve the realism and stability of virtual character animation. Our trajectory optimization method produces lifelike motions by using the motion capture data. The method describes systematic computation of controllers that can optimize locomotion. We use center of mass (COM) control and foot control to enhance the sense of reality in physical movement, and use tracking control to maintain similarity with the reference motion. Experiment results demonstrate our approach is applicable by simulating walking motion and the optimized motion is both natural and recognizable.