Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Neuronal Cell Death in the Immature Brain: Effects of Carbamazepine, Topiramate, and Levetiracetam as Monotherapy versus Polytherapy

The aim of this study was to test the potential neurotoxicity of three antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), carbamazepine (5H-dibenzepine-5-carboxamide), topiramate [2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-d-fructopyranose sulfamate], and levetiracetam [2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide], in the developing rat brain, when given alone or in combinations. The extent of cell death induced by AEDs was measured in several brain regions of rat pups (postnatal day 8) by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay 24 h after drug treatment. Carbamazepine alone did not increase neurodegeneration when given in doses up to 50 mg/kg, but it induced significant cell death at 100 mg/kg. When combined with phenytoin, carbamazepine, 50 but not 25 mg/kg, significantly exacerbated phenytoin-induced cell death. Although topiramate (20–80 mg/kg) alone caused no neurodegeneration, all doses exacerbated phenytoin-induced neurodegeneration. Levetiracetam (250–1000 mg/kg) alone did not induce cell death, nor did it exacerbate phenytoin-induced neurodegeneration. Of the combinations examined, only that of levetiracetam (250 mg/kg) with carbamazepine (50 mg/kg) did not induce neurodegeneration. Our data underscore the importance of evaluating the safety of combinations of AEDs given during development and not merely extrapolating from the effects of exposure to single drugs. Although carbamazepine and topiramate alone did not induce neuronal death, both drugs exacerbated phenytoin-induced cell death. In contrast, because cotreatment with levetiracetam and carbamazepine did not enhance cell death in the developing brain, it may be possible to avoid proapoptotic effects, even in polytherapy, by choosing appropriate drugs. The latter drugs, as monotherapy or in combination, may be promising candidates for the treatment of women during pregnancy and for preterm and neonatal infants.
Collision Detection and Reaction for a Multi-Elastic-Link Robot Arm

Abstract In contrast to the common understanding of robot link elasticity as a detrimental effect the paper presents a novel approach to beneficially exploit the intrinsic link compliance for the detection and reaction to unpredicted collisions between the robot and its environment. The paper employs an inner loop controller to rapidly attenuate structural oscillations. Next, a linear relationship between the actuator joint torques as well as the damped link surface strains is derived to accurately model the residual dynamics. The model is identified for an experimental multi-elastic link robot arm under the influence of gravity. Experimental results are provided using a generalized momentum based technique for the detection and reaction to collisions with fragile objects placed on a force sensor as well as interactions with a human.
Simultaneous mapping of membrane voltage and calcium in zebrafish heart in vivo reveals chamber-specific developmental transitions in ionic currents

The cardiac action potential (AP) and the consequent cytosolic Ca2+ transient are key indicators of cardiac function. Natural developmental processes, as well as many drugs and pathologies change the waveform, propagation, or variability (between cells or over time) of these parameters. Here we apply a genetically encoded dual-function calcium and voltage reporter (CaViar) to study the development of the zebrafish heart in vivo between 1.5 and 4 days post fertilization (dpf). We developed a high-sensitivity spinning disk confocal microscope and associated software for simultaneous three-dimensional optical mapping of voltage and calcium. We produced a transgenic zebrafish line expressing CaViar under control of the heart-specific cmlc2 promoter, and applied ion channel blockers at a series of developmental stages to map the maturation of the action potential in vivo. Early in development, the AP initiated via a calcium current through L-type calcium channels. Between 90 and 102 h post fertilization (hpf), the ventricular AP switched to a sodium-driven upswing, while the atrial AP remained calcium driven. In the adult zebrafish heart, a sodium current drives the AP in both the atrium and ventricle. Simultaneous voltage and calcium imaging with genetically encoded reporters provides a new approach for monitoring cardiac development, and the effects of drugs on cardiac function.
Title A hand shape recognizer from simple sketches

Fig. 1. Illustration of our method. The hand shape model is firstly learned from the dataset, and the images are sampled from this model to train a hand shape classifier. During testing, a shape image is first preprocessed through HBM and then used as the input for the shape classifier. Abstract-Hand shape recognition is one of the most important techniques used in human-computer interaction. However, it often takes developers great efforts to customize their hand shape recognizers. In this paper, we present a novel method that enables a hand shape recognizer to be built automatically from simple sketches, such as a "stick-figure" of a hand shape. We introduce the Hand Boltzmann Machine (HBM), a generative model built upon unsupervised learning, to represent the hand shape space of a binary image, and formulate the user provided sketches as an initial guidance for sampling to generate realistic hand shape samples. Such samples are then used to train a hand shape recognizer. We evaluate our method and compare it with other state-of-the-art models in three aspects, namely i) its capability of handling different sketch input, ii) its classification accuracy, and iii) its ability to handle occlusions. Experimental results demonstrate the great potential of our method in real world applications.
The research of scheduling algorithms in real-time system

Scheduling algorithm is a hot research topic of real-time system. The quality of real-time scheduling algorithm has a direct impact on real-time system's throughput capacity, response time, even on tasks' scheduling result in required deadline. This paper discusses the features and performance of real-time system. According to system environment, real-time system can be divided into uniprocessor scheduling, centralized multiprocessor scheduling and distributed scheduling. Classic real-time scheduling algorithms RMS, EDF and LLF are discussed in uniprocessor systems. The scheduling thought and strategies are investigated in multiprocessor systems. Distributed real-time scheduling algorithms such as GRMS and DSr are analyzed briefly. Finally, it points out the future direction of real-time scheduling research.
Automatic Detection of Calcaneal-Fifth Metatarsal Angle Using Radiograph: A Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Flat Foot for Military New Recruits in Taiwan

Flatfoot (pes planus) is one of the most important physical examination items for military new recruits in Taiwan. Currently, the diagnosis of flatfoot is mainly based on radiographic examination of the calcaneal-fifth metatarsal (CA–MT5) angle, also known as the arch angle. However, manual measurement of the arch angle is time-consuming and often inconsistent between different examiners. In this study, seventy male military new recruits were studied. Lateral radiographic images of their right and left feet were obtained, and mutual information (MI) registration was used to automatically calculate the arch angle. Images of two critical bones, the calcaneus and the fifth metatarsal bone, were isolated from the lateral radiographs to form reference images, and were then compared with template images to calculate the arch angle. The result of this computer-calculated arch angle was compared with manual measurement results from two radiologists, which showed that our automatic arch angle measurement method had a high consistency. In addition, this method had a high accuracy of 97% and 96% as compared with the measurements of radiologists A and B, respectively. The findings indicated that our MI registration measurement method cannot only accurately measure the CA–MT5 angle, but also saves time and reduces human error. This method can increase the consistency of arch angle measurement and has potential clinical application for the diagnosis of flatfoot.
Bloom Filters for Filesystem Forensics

Digital forensics investigations become more time consuming as the amount of data to be investigated grows. Secular growth trends between hard drive and memory capacity just exacerbate the problem. Bloom filters are space-efficient, probabilistic data structures that can represent data sets with quantifiable false positive rates that have the potential to alleviate the problem by reducing space requirements. We provide a framework using Bloom filters to allow fine-grained content identification to detect similarity, instead of equality. We also provide a method to compare filters directly and a statistical means of interpreting the results. We developed a tool – md5bloom – that uses Bloom filters for standard queries and direct comparisons. We provide a performance comparison with a commonly used tool, md5deep, and achieved a 50% performance gain that only increases with larger hash sets. We compared filters generated from different versions of KNOPPIX and detected similarities and relationships between the versions.
Matching the power density and potentials of biological systems: A 3.1-nW, 130-mV, 0.023-mm3 pulsed 33-GHz radio transmitter in 32-nm SOI CMOS

A 3.1 nJ/bit pulsed millimeter-wave transmitter, 300μm by 300μm by 250μm in size, designed in 32-nm SOI CMOS, operates on an electric potential of 130mV and 3.1nW of dc power. These achieved power levels and potentials are comparable to those present across cellular and intracellular membranes. Far-field data transmission at 33 GHz is achieved by supply-switching an LC-oscillator with a duty cycle of 10-6. The time interval between pulses carries information on the amount of power harvested by the radio, supporting a data rate of ~1bps. The inductor of the oscillator also acts as an electrically small (~λ/30) on-chip antenna, enabling the extremely small form factor.
Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial

Objective To investigate whether dietary supplementation with B vitamins or omega 3 fatty acids, or both, could prevent major cardiovascular events in patients with a history of ischaemic heart disease or stroke. Design Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial; factorial design. Setting Recruitment throughout France via a network of 417 cardiologists, neurologists, and other physicians. Participants 2501 patients with a history of myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or ischaemic stroke. Intervention Daily dietary supplement containing 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (560 μg), vitamin B-6 (3 mg), and vitamin B-12 (20 μg) or placebo; and containing omega 3 fatty acids (600 mg of eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid at a ratio of 2:1) or placebo. Median duration of supplementation was 4.7 years. Main outcome measures Major cardiovascular events, defined as a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular disease. Results Allocation to B vitamins lowered plasma homocysteine concentrations by 19% compared with placebo, but had no significant effects on major vascular events (75 v 82 patients, hazard ratio, 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.23, P=0.50)). Allocation to omega 3 fatty acids increased plasma concentrations of omega 3 fatty acids by 37% compared with placebo, but also had no significant effect on major vascular events (81 v 76 patients, hazard ratio 1.08 (0.79 to 1.47, P=0.64)). Conclusion This study does not support the routine use of dietary supplements containing B vitamins or omega 3 fatty acids for prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with a history of ischaemic heart disease or ischaemic stroke, at least when supplementation is introduced after the acute phase of the initial event. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41926726.
A Performance Model of Disk Array Storage Systems

The distribution of data across multiple, parallel disks, known as data striping, is a popular method of data storage as it allows for faster access. In this paper, we develop an analytical model that estimates the mean response time, throughput, and mean queue length of data requests when data striping storage techniques are used. Our model is shown via simulations to provide a good approximation of the actual access time under a variety of system and workload parameters designed to emulate real-world conditions. Since analytical results can be readily computed (as opposed to empirical and simulation models), our model should prove useful to le and storage managers in their decisions with regard to the optimal placement of data on storage devices.
Development and Characterization of a Bioinspired Bone Matrix with Aligned Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite on Collagen Nanofibers

Various kinds of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds have been designed to mimic the biological spontaneous bone formation characteristics by providing a suitable microenvironment for osteogenesis. In view of this, a natural bone-liked composite scaffold, which was combined with inorganic (hydroxyapatite, Hap) and organic (type I collagen, Col) phases, has been developed through a self-assembly process. This 3D porous scaffold consisting of a c-axis of Hap nanocrystals (nHap) aligning along Col fibrils arrangement is similar to natural bone architecture. A significant increase in mechanical strength and elastic modulus of nHap/Col scaffold is achieved through biomimetic mineralization process when compared with simple mixture of collagen and hydroxyapatite method. It is suggested that the self-organization of Hap and Col produced in vivo could also be achieved in vitro. The oriented nHap/Col composite not only possesses bone-like microstructure and adequate mechanical properties but also enhances the regeneration and reorganization abilities of bone tissue. These results demonstrated that biomimetic nHap/Col can be successfully reconstructed as a bone graft substitute in bone tissue engineering.
YTrace: End-to-end Performance Diagnosis in Large Cloud and Content Providers

Content providers build serving stacks to deliver content to users. An important goal of a content provider is to ensure good user experience, since user experience has an impact on revenue. In this paper, we describe a system at Yahoo called YTrace that diagnoses bad user experience in near real time. We present the different components of YTrace for end-to-end multi-layer diagnosis (instrumentation, methods and backend system), and the system architecture for delivering diagnosis in near real time across all user sessions at Yahoo. YTrace diagnoses problems across service and network layers in the end-to-end path spanning user host, Internet, CDN and the datacenters, and has three diagnosis goals: detection, localization and root cause analysis (including cascading problems) of performance problems in user sessions with the cloud. The key component of the methods in YTrace is capturing and discovering causality, which we design based on a mix of instrumentation API, domain knowledge and blackbox methods. We show three case studies from production that span a large-scale distributed storage system, a datacenter-wide network, and an end-to-end video serving stack at Yahoo. We end by listing a number of open directions for performance diagnosis in cloud and content providers.
Atomistic Mechanism of MicroRNA Translation Upregulation via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

MicroRNAs are endogenous 23–25 nt RNAs that play important gene-regulatory roles in animals and plants. Recently, miR369-3 was found to upregulate translation of TNFα mRNA in quiescent (G0) mammalian cell lines. Knock down and immunofluorescence experiments suggest that microRNA-protein complexes (with FXR1 and AGO2) are necessary for the translation upregulation. However the molecular mechanism of microRNA translation activation is poorly understood. In this study we constructed the microRNA-mRNA-AGO2-FXR1 quadruple complex by bioinformatics and molecular modeling, followed with all atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent to investigate the interaction mechanisms for the complex. A combined analysis of experimental and computational data suggests that AGO2-FXR1 complex relocalize microRNA:mRNA duplex to polysomes in G0. The two strands of dsRNA are then separated upon binding of AGO2 and FXR1. Finally, polysomes may improve the translation efficiency of mRNA. The mutation research confirms the stability of microRNA-mRNA-FXR1 and illustrates importance of key residue of Ile304. This possible mechanism can shed more light on the microRNA-dependent upregulation of translation.
Demic and cultural diffusion propagated the Neolithic transition across different regions of Europe

The Neolithic transition is the shift from hunting–gathering into farming. About 9000 years ago, the Neolithic transition began to spread from the Near East into Europe, until it reached Northern Europe about 5500 years ago. There are two main models of this spread. The demic model assumes that it was mainly due to the reproduction and dispersal of farmers. The cultural model assumes that European hunter–gatherers become farmers by acquiring domestic plants and animals, as well as knowledge, from neighbouring farmers. Here we use the dates of about 900 archaeological sites to compute a speed map of the spread of the Neolithic transition in Europe. We compare the speed map to the speed ranges predicted by purely demic, demic–cultural and purely cultural models. The comparison indicates that the transition was cultural in Northern Europe, the Alpine region and west of the Black Sea. But demic diffusion was at work in other regions such as the Balkans and Central Europe. Our models can be applied to many other cultural traits. We also propose that genetic data could be gathered and used to measure the demic kernels of Early Neolithic populations. This would lead to an enormous advance in Neolithic spread modelling.
Microsharding: a declarative approach to support elastic OLTP workloads

The paper proposes microsharding, a relational alternative for the recent procedural approaches with large-scale data stores to support OLTP workloads elastically. It employs a declarative specification, called transaction classes, of constraints applied on the transactions in a workload. The declarative specification enables a principled approach to design and analyze OLTP workloads. We discuss the current framework as well as identify research directions.
Brain And Culture Neurobiology Ideology And Social Change

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A New Model for Global Multiple Alignment of Whole Genome Sequences

Disclosed is a nuclear power plant comprising a high-temperature pebble bed reactor contained in a cylindrical steel pressure vessel in which an upper part of the cylindrical steel pressure vessel, which contains a heat utilization system, is retracted and equipped with a cover upon which circulating blowers are placed. The heat utilization system comprises, in a known manner, a single steam generator. The steam generator comprises at least two sub-systems independent of one another, with their own distributors and collectors, and with their own inlet and outlet lines. A first shut-down arrangement comprises a plurality of absorber rods insertable into bores of the side reflector from above and comprises rod drives arranged outside the steel pressure vessel in the area of its retracted upper part. A second shut-down arrangement comprises small absorber spheres for introducing into the core of the reactor, and several storage containers and annular conduits for said spheres. The storage containers are also arranged outside the steel pressure vessel in the area of its retracted upper part. Annular conduits for the introduction of the small absorber sphere are, however, disposed inside the steel pressure vessel and connected with channels provided in projections of the side reflector protruding into the core.
γ-rays from cascades in close massive binaries containing energetic pulsars

Some massive binaries should contain energetic pulsars which inject relativistic leptons from their inner magnetospheres and/or pulsar wind regions. If the binary system is compact enough, then these leptons can initiate inverse Compton (IC) e ± pair cascades in the anisotropic radiation field of a massive star. γ-rays can be produced in the IC cascade during its development in a pulsar wind region and above a shock in a massive star wind region where the propagation of leptons is determined by the structure of a magnetic field around the massive star. For a binary system with specific parameters, we calculate phase-dependent spectra and fluxes of γ-rays escaping as a function of the inclination angle of the system and for different assumptions on injection conditions of the primary leptons (their initial spectra and location of the shock inside the binary). We conclude that the features of γ-ray emission from such massive binaries containing energetic pulsars should allow us to obtain important information on the acceleration of particles by the pulsars, and on interactions of a compact object with the massive star wind. Predicted γ-ray light curves and spectra in the GeV and TeV energy ranges from such binary systems within our Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds should be observed by future AGILE and GLAST satellites and low-threshold Cherenkov telescopes, such as MAGIC, HESS, VERITAS or CANGAROO III.
Modeling Prefix and Particle Verbs in GermaNet

Verbal word formation processes involving prefixes and particles are highly productive in Germanic languages. The compositional semantics of such prefix and particle verbs requires an in-depth analysis of the interdependence of their constituent parts for adequately representing these types of complex verbs in lexical-semantic networks. The present paper introduces modeling principles that account for such language-specific phenomena in the German wordnet GermaNet (Hamp and Feldweg, 1997; Henrich and Hinrichs, 2010), considering the continuum between full semantic transparency and highly lexicalized meanings as well as the semantic contribution of the prefix or particle to the meaning of the complex verb as a whole.
Automated selection of parameters using Tabu Search in image segmentation

Segmentation is a process to obtain the desirable features in image processing. However, the existing techniques that use the multilevel thresholding method in image segmentation are computationally demanding due to the lack of an automatic parameter selection process. This paper proposes an automatic parameter selection technique called an automatic multilevel thresholding algorithm using stratified sampling and Tabu Search (AMTSSTS) to remedy the limitations. It automatically determines the appropriate threshold number and values by (1) dividing an image into even strata (blocks) to extract samples; (2) applying a Tabu Search-based optimization technique on these samples to maximize the ratios of their means and variances; (3)preliminarily determining the threshold number and values based on the optimized samples; and (4) further optimizing these samples using a novel local criterion function that combines with the property of local continuity of an image. Experiments on Berkeley datasets show that AMTSSTS is an efficient and effective technique which can provide smoother results than several developed methods in recent years.