Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Atrioventricular Conduction

Potentials recorded at various sites in the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system indicate that conduction is continuously electrical in nature and involves no synapse-like (i.e., chemical) conduction. The region between atrium and atrioventricular node has the slowest conduction velocity (.05 M./sec.) and lowest safety factor. Conduction through the A-V node is at about . 12 M. /sec. Results demonstrate shapes of potentials recorded extracellularly at various sites within the A-V node, first degree and complete block during rapid atrial stimulation, and echo-like phenomena.
Two Novel EHEC/EAEC Hybrid Strains Isolated from Human Infections

The so far highest number of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome was associated with a food-borne outbreak in 2011 in Germany which was caused by an enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of the rare serotype O104:H4. Most importantly, the outbreak strain harbored genes characteristic of both EHEC and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Such strains have been described seldom but due to the combination of virulence genes show a high pathogenicity potential. To evaluate the importance of EHEC/EAEC hybrid strains in human disease, we analyzed the EHEC strain collection of the German National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens (NRC). After exclusion of O104:H4 EHEC/EAEC strains, out of about 2400 EHEC strains sent to NRC between 2008 and 2012, two strains exhibited both EHEC and EAEC marker genes, specifically were stx2 and aatA positive. Like the 2011 outbreak strain, one of the novel EHEC/EAEC harbored the Shiga toxin gene type stx2a. The strain was isolated from a patient with bloody diarrhea in 2010, was serotyped as O59:H−, belonged to MLST ST1136, and exhibited genes for type IV aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF). The second strain was isolated from a patient with diarrhea in 2012, harbored stx2b, was typed as Orough:H−, and belonged to MLST ST26. Although the strain conferred the aggregative adherence phenotype, no known AAF genes corresponding to fimbrial types I to V were detected. In summary, EHEC/EAEC hybrid strains are currently rarely isolated from human disease cases in Germany and two novel EHEC/EAEC of rare serovars/MLST sequence types were characterized.
Properties of Euler Diagrams

Euler diagrams have numerous application areas, with a large variety of languages based on them. In relation to software engineering, such areas encompass modelling and specification including from a formal perspective. In all of these application areas, it is desirable to provide tools to layout Euler diagrams, ideally in a nice way. Various notions of `niceness' can be correlated with certain properties that an Euler diagram may or may not possess. Indeed, the relevant layout algorithms developed to date produce Euler diagrams that have certain sets of properties, sometimes called well-formedness conditions. However, there is not a commonly agreed definition of an Euler diagram and the properties imposed on them are rarely stated precisely. In this paper, we provide a very general definition of an Euler diagram, which can be constrained in varying ways in order to match the variety of definitions that exist in the literature. Indeed, the constraints imposed correspond to properties that the diagrams may possess. A contribution of this paper is to provide formal definitions of these properties and we discuss when these properties may be desirable. Our definition of an Euler diagram and the formalization of these properties provides a general language for the Euler diagram community to utilize. A consequence of using a common language will be better integration of, and more accessible, research results.
Collective creation and sense-making of mobile media

Traditionally, mobile media sharing and messaging has been studied from the perspective of an individual author making media available to other users. With the aim of supporting spectator groups at large-scale events, we developed a messaging application for camera phones with the idea of collectively created albums called Media Stories. The field trial at a rally competition pointed out the collective and participative practices involved in the creation and sense-making of media, challenging the view of individual authorship. Members contributed actively to producing chains of messages in Media Stories, with more than half of the members as authors on average in each story. Observations indicate the centrality of collocated viewing and creation in the use of media. Design implications include providing a ""common space"" and possibilities of creating collective objects, adding features that enrich collocated collective use, and supporting the active construction of awareness and social presence through the created media.
Distribution of OV-TL 3 and MOv18 in normal and malignant ovarian tissue.

AIMS--To analyse the distribution of OV-TL 3 and MOv18 in normal ovarian tissue to determine which antibody is most suitable for (radio)immunotherapy of ovarian carcinoma. METHODS--The distribution of OV-TL 3 and MOv18 was determined using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS--Epithelial and other cells in many tissues, and leucocytes in peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen stained positively with OV-TL 3. The staining pattern of MOv18 in normal tissues was more restricted and was confined to epithelial cells in the lung, kidney, pancreas, salivary gland, ovary, Fallopian tubes, and cervix. Reactivity was also observed with pneumocytes in the lung, tubuli in the kidney, acinar cells in the salivary gland and pancreas, in the placenta, and with Kupffer cells in the liver. The staining pattern of chimeric MOv18 was identical with the murine form. OV-TL 3 and MOv18 reacted with 100% and 98% (45/46) of the 46 tested epithelial ovarian cancers, respectively. In ovarian carcinoma tissue homogeneous staining of epithelial cells was observed with OV-TL 3 and more heterogeneous staining with MOv18. In 12 and nine patients, respectively, a difference in staining intensity for OV-TL 3 and MOv18 was observed between various tumour samples from the same patient. CONCLUSION--MOv18 has greater therapeutic potential because of its restricted reactivity with normal tissues and especially, in contrast to OV-TL 3, its lack of reactivity with haematopoietic cells.
Cerebral Blastomycosis: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Solitary CNS Blastomycosis Mass-Like Infection

Blastomycosis is a fungal infection rarely seen in clinical practice. Endemic to the Midwestern United States as well as the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario, Blastomyces dermatitidis characteristically involves the skin and lungs. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, although a rare complication of this disease, can be fatal. The current literature on CNS blastomycosis primarily centers on the spectrum of traditional imaging features of T1- and T2-weighted imaging with which this entity can present. However, here we present the direct histopathologic correlation of the imaging findings of solitary mass like CNS blastomycosis, with an emphasis on the association of diffusion restriction within the lesion with a granulomatous immune response.
An in vitro comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper universal and GT series x files

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments from ProTaper and GT series X files. Study Design: Cyclic fatigue test was realized with instruments from ProTaper: F1 and F3 (Denstply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and GT-X: 20.06 and 30.08 (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America). A total of 320 instruments were rotated in 4 curved artificial canals with different angles and radius of curvature. The time and cycles to failure were calculated. The data was compared using a Mann-Whitney, Kruskall-Wallis, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: GT-X files rotated for a significantly longer period of time before separation occurred, thus GT-X files where more resistant to the cyclic fatigue compared with ProTaper. Conclusion: GT-X files have a greater resistance to cyclic fatigue, this fact can be caused by the use of the Ni-Ti alloy “M-Wire”. Key words:Endodontics, GT-X files, ProTaper files, cyclic fatigue.
DRIFT EXPLORATION AND SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE CL USKO RIVER AND TOIL MOUNTAIN MAP SHEETS ( 93 C / 9 , 16 )

This report dcscrihcs the details of field inucstigxions carried out during I :%I OOO-scale mapping of surficial gsology on NTS map shet%s Y3ClY and I h t,Figurr 4. I I I ), The area has good tninct,al potential but cnpluratiun is hindcrcd in ! nany areas hy a lhick cover of sorficial sediment (Tipper. 1971). Surficial geology maps at 3 xale of I:SO 000 are available for the anx directly north and east of thcsc map sheets but none exert folthe current study ww The aim 01 this project is to pr~:widc I :SO 000--sc;dc maps and surficial gculogy interpretat on that will assist lnlineral exploration. Map products will be of two type>: a terrain map. and a surficial exploration potential map. ‘Thar maps and an accompany~nf report will he published scparat~ly. The project is fun&xi by the Canada British Columbia Mineral Devrlopment A&w:ment I YY I 1’9% The only prior wrficial gcolupy map puhlishcd f<x the urea was based on fieldwork during the IYSOs and lU60\ conducted mainly f’ex the purp~wz 01 mapping bedrock (Tipper, I97 I). The lmap was published at a scidc of I :2X) 000 and described mainly surficial geology features. hut snot materials. Tipper’s study wns conducted prim to lugging in the wei, and so could ,no, take advantage of the ,many road exposures of surficial material now a\ailahlc. Tipper intcrprctcd an early. generally nwthward, glacial Ilow through the :,tudy area. which he equated with the Fraser glaciation of the Cordilleran ice sheet. Later eastward and northeastward ice lltw in the wertern part of the arca was interpI-eted iis readvancns hy Fruscr ice. A% ice thinned during deglacintion. topography had an incvxsing cffcct on ice-flow direction. causing dcflcctrons ar<lund tupogruphically high arei~? Tipper descrihcd abundant sand und gravel dcpusils prrxnr in eskers and ~mclt~at~r channels. that he sugfcstcd developed from a stagwu~t ice amass during deglaciation He ;dso mapped the qqmrnimate limit US rcadvancing ice based on the position of “pitted terrain”. and the different directixx of ice-flow indicators on cithcr side of this terrain. This feeaturc trimsrc~s the western? part of the ,map area.
Can the privacy of primary networks in shared spectrum be protected?

In an effort to meet growing demands on the radio frequency spectrum, regulators are exploring methods to enable band sharing among a diverse set of user devices. Proposed spectrum access systems would dynamically assign spectrum resources to users, maintaining databases of spectrum use information. While these systems are anticipated to increase the efficiency of spectrum sharing, incumbent users have raised concerns about exposing details of their operations and have questioned whether their privacy can be protected. In this paper, we explore whether primary users can retain a critical level of privacy when a system uses their information to enable dynamic access to the spectrum by other users. Under a variety of operational scenarios and user models, we examine adversary techniques to exploit the spectrum access system and obfuscation strategies to protect user privacy. We also develop analytical methods to quantify the performance of both the adversary and obfuscation strategies. To our knowledge, this is the first work that considers the privacy of a primary user in the setting of a highly dynamic spectrum access system. Privacy analysis of this kind will help to enable adoption of shared spectrum access systems by allowing incumbent users to quantify and mitigate risks to their privacy.
Conflict associated with decisions to limit life-sustaining treatment in intensive care units

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and nature of interpersonal conflicts that arise when patients in the intensive care unit are considered for limitation of life-sustaining treatment.DESIGN: Qualitative analysis of prospectively gathered interviews.SETTING: Six intensive care units at a university medical center.PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred six physicians and nurses who were involved in the care of 102 patients for whom withdrawal or withholding of treatment was considered.MEASUREMENTS: Semistructured interviews addressed disagreements during life-sustaining treatment decision making. Two raters coded transcripts of the audiotaped interviews.MAIN RESULTS: At least 1 health care provider in 78% of the cases described a situation coded as conflict. Conflict occurred between the staff and family members in 48% of the cases, among staff members in 48%, and among family members in 24%. In 63% of the cases, conflict arose over the decision about life-sustaining treatment itself. In 45% of the cases, conflict occurred over other tasks such as communication and pain control. Social issues caused conflict in 19% of the cases.CONCLUSIONS: Conflict is more prevalent in the setting of intensive care decision making than has previously been demonstrated. While conflict over the treatment decision itself is most common, conflict over other issues, including social issues, is also significant. By identifying conflict and by recognizing that the treatment decision may not be the only conflict present, or even the main one, clinicians may address conflict more constructively.
Expression patterns of maspin and mutant p53 are associated with the development of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of conditions that originate from the abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells. GTDs encompass hydatidiform moles (HMs) and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTNs are a group of malignant diseases that require chemotherapy, or more aggressive treatment. There is a requirement for more tumor markers to predict the development of GTN from HMs. The current study evaluated the expression of maspin and tumor protein p53 (p53) in GTD, and their role in predicting the development of GTN. Expression of maspin and mutant p53 (m-p53) was detected by immunohistochemistry in 48 normal first trimester placentas, matched for gestational age to 49 HMs that regressed, 39 malignant HMs and 11 invasive moles or choriocarcinomas. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and logistic regression were performed on the expression patterns of maspin and m-p53, and on the clinical prognostic factors in GTD. Compared with normal placenta levels, the expression levels of maspin were decreased, whereas the expression levels of m-p53 were increased in GTDs (P<0.05). The expression levels of maspin and m-p53 in complete and partial HMs were not significantly different (P>0.05). In HMs, maspin expression was inversely correlated with serum β human chorionic gonadotropin, uterine size and diameter of theca-lutein cysts; however, m-p53 expression demonstrated a positive correlation with these factors (all P<0.05). Compared with the high-risk metastatic group (FIGO score ≥7), the low-risk group (FIGO score <7) exhibited a higher rate of positive maspin expression (P=0.041), and the frequency of positive m-p53 expression was significantly higher in patients with an advanced FIGO stages (FIGO stage ≥III) compared with patients in early stages (FIGO stage ≤II; 87.9 vs. 58.8%; P=0.019). The combination of maspin negative expression with m-p53 positive expression had an 84% specificity value, 76% positive predictive value and 70% negative predictive value for the development of GTN. In conclusion, maspin-negative and m-p53-positive expression is associated with the development of GTN in HMs.
Variation in Immune Parameters and Disease Prevalence among Lesser Black-Backed Gulls (Larus fuscus sp.) with Different Migratory Strategies

The ability to control infections is a key trait for migrants that must be balanced against other costly features of the migratory life. In this study we explored the links between migration and disease ecology by examining natural variation in parasite exposure and immunity in several populations of Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) with different migratory strategies. We found higher activity of natural antibodies in long distance migrants from the nominate subspecies L.f. fuscus. Circulating levels of IgY showed large variation at the population level, while immune parameters associated with antimicrobial activity showed extensive variation at the individual level irrespective of population or migratory strategy. Pathogen prevalence showed large geographical variation. However, the seroprevalence of one of the gull-specific subtypes of avian influenza (H16) was associated to the migratory strategy, with lower prevalence among the long-distance migrants, suggesting that migration may play a role in disease dynamics of certain pathogens at the population level.
Furrow microtubules and localized exocytosis in cleaving Xenopus laevis embryos

In dividing Xenopus eggs, furrowing is accompanied by expansion of a new domain of plasma membrane in the cleavage plane. The source of the new membrane is known to include a store of oogenetically produced exocytotic vesicles, but the site where their exocytosis occurs has not been described. Previous work revealed a V-shaped array of microtubule bundles at the base of advancing furrows. Cold shock or exposure to nocodazole halted expansion of the new membrane domain, which suggests that these microtubules are involved in the localized exocytosis. In the present report, scanning electron microscopy revealed collections of pits or craters, up to ∼1.5 μm in diameter. These pits are evidently fusion pores at sites of recent exocytosis, clustered in the immediate vicinity of the deepening furrow base and therefore near the furrow microtubules. Confocal microscopy near the furrow base of live embryos labeled with the membrane dye FM1-43 captured time-lapse sequences of individual exocytotic events in which irregular patches of ∼20 μ m2 of unlabeled membrane abruptly displaced pre-existing FM1-43-labeled surface. In some cases, stable fusion pores, approximately 2 μ m in diameter, were seen at the surface for up to several minutes before suddenly delivering patches of unlabeled membrane. To test whether the presence of furrow microtubule bundles near the surface plays a role in directing or concentrating this localized exocytosis, membrane expansion was examined in embryos exposed to D2O to induce formation of microtubule monasters randomly under the surface. D2O treatment resulted in a rapid, uniform expansion of the egg surface via random, ectopic exocytosis of vesicles. This D2O-induced membrane expansion was completely blocked with nocodazole, indicating that the ectopic exocytosis was microtubule-dependent. Results indicate that exocytotic vesicles are present throughout the egg subcortex, and that the presence of microtubules near the surface is sufficient to mobilize them for exocytosis at the end of the cell cycle.
How many cents on the dollar? Women and men in product markets

Women sellers receive about 80 cents for every dollar a man receives when selling identical new products on eBay. Gender inequality in contemporary U.S. society is a well-documented, widespread phenomenon. However, little is known about gender disparities in product markets. This study is the first to use actual market data to study the behavior of women and men as sellers and buyers and differences in market outcomes. We analyze a unique and large data set containing all eBay auction transactions of most popular products by private sellers between the years 2009 and 2012. Women sellers received a smaller number of bids and lower final prices than did equally qualified men sellers of the exact same product. On average, women sellers received about 80 cents for every dollar a man received when selling the identical new product and 97 cents when selling the same used product. These findings held even after controlling for the sentiments that appear in the text of the sellers’ listings. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that this gap varied by the type of the product being sold. As a policy, eBay does not reveal the gender of users. We attribute the price differences to the ability of buyers to discern the gender of the seller. We present results from an experiment that shows that people accurately identify the gender of sellers on the basis of typical information provided in postings. We supplement the analysis with an additional off-eBay experiment showing that, in a controlled setting, people are willing to pay less for money-value gift cards when they are sold by women rather than men.
Visualizing the protein synthesis machinery: New focus on the translational GTPase elongation factor Tu

Three-dimensional cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) is one of the few techniques capable of visualizing large, dynamic molecules. The ribosome, a molecular machine that synthesizes proteins in the cell, provides many examples of such dynamic assemblages, and the complex between the bacterial ribosome and translation elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), stabilized by the antibiotic kirromycin, was the first to be visualized by cryo-EM (1). Since that time, the technique has progressed enormously. In this issue of PNAS, Joachim Frank and colleagues report the structure of the ribosome·EF-Tu·tRNA complex at a resolution of 6.7 A (2), which presents a substantial advancement over previously reported cryo-EM reconstructions of that complex and provides new insights into its molecular architecture.
Natural language meaning representations of queries about operating systems

An essential component of an y atural language consultant program is a mechanism that constructs good meaning representations of user queries. When people ask queries about computer operating systems the y often refer to interrelated actions and objects. These temporal interrelations should be recognized and captured within semantic structures. Actions or commands, and relations between them, can be described by embedded action representations. Embedded action representations are constructed from deep case structures. A theory of embedding enables efficient parsing of queries about operating systems. Thetheory is applied in an operating system consultant called OSCON. ∗ The Computing Research Laboratory is partially funded by the Ne w Mexico State Legislature administered by its Science and T echnology Commission as part of the Rio Grande Research Corridor.