Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentator: a computer model of verbal production

The Commentator is a small-scale computer implementation of a model of text production. The system simulates human behavior from the perception of events on a screen to the utterances. It is designed to allow anyone having some knowledge of Basic and access to a microcomputer to study the semantics of words (e.g. localization and movement predicates such as approach, left/right, near, in front of, turn, overtake), pronouns, and sentence connectives such as however, also. The system also allows experimentation with different text strategies and systems of speech production. The system has practical applications in automatic commentators, talking robots, and similar systems often referred to in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The Commentator system has been developed to test a number of hypotheses concerning verbal production, but the system also has practical applications in automatic systems (robots) used to comment on situations or processes, e.g. automatic radar operators. The present version of the system is implemented in Basic on a microcomputer (ABC 80, produced by Luxor and Scandiametric, Sweden). The system first generates a scene on the screen, which is used as the stimulus for the automatic comments. The comments are intended to simulate comments human subjects could utter when observing the same scene. The scene is very simple, as it is designed to elicit simple comments on the movements and states of a few actors. The scene studied in this work depicts a situation where two persons, called Adam and Eve in the comments and represented by A and E on the screen, move around in front of a gate (see Figure 1). Human commentators tend to attribute to the actors an intention to pass through the gate. Some spectators identify the gate with the gate of Paradise. Other scenes include several persons, a tree, or a different situation, e.g. boats outside a harbor. Linguistics 20 (1982), 611-632 0024-3949/82/0020-0611 $2.00 © Mouton Publishers
Variations in Substance Use Prevalence Estimates and Need for Interventions among Adult Emergency Department Patients Based on Different Screening Strategies Using the ASSIST

Introduction Among adult emergency department (ED) patients, we sought to examine how estimates of substance use prevalence and the need for interventions can differ, based on the type of screening and assessment strategies employed. Methods We estimated the prevalence of substance use and the need for interventions using the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in a secondary analysis of data from two cross-sectional studies using random samples of English- or Spanish-speaking 18–64-year-old ED patients. In addition, the test performance characteristics of three simplified screening strategies consisting of selected questions from the ASSIST (lifetime use, past three-month use, and past three-month frequency of use) to identify patients in need of a possible intervention were compared against using the full ASSIST. Results Of 6,432 adult ED patients, the median age was 37 years-old, 56.6% were female, and 61.6% were white. Estimated substance use prevalence among this population differed by how it was measured (lifetime use, past three-month use, past three-month frequency of use, or need for interventions). As compared to using the full ASSIST, the predictive value and accuracy to identify patients in need of any intervention was best for a simplified strategy asking about past three-month substance use. A strategy asking about daily/near-daily use was better in identifying patients needing intensive interventions. However, some patients needing interventions were missed when using these simplified strategies. Conclusion Substance use prevalence estimates and identification of ED patients needing interventions differ by screening strategies used. EDs should carefully select strategies to identify patients in need of substance use interventions.
The Effects of Completing a Capstone Course on Student Identity.

Students do not come to identify with a particular version of the college student role overnight. Instead, they must go through a multistage process, involving the learning of and identification with that role. This process occurs over time and can vary in terms of the different dimensions of meaning associated with the same version of college student. This article examines the effect of participating in a senior capstone course on undergraduates' identification with a particular university-promoted version of college student and discusses the implications of the findings for assessment and curricular development
Pronominal semantic confusion in a hearing-impaired child: a case study

The present paper reports a case study of a hearing-impaired girl who made persistent first and second person pronoun errors for about eight months. Comprehension and production of first and second person pronouns were systematically examined from 28 months to 39 months of age to evaluate two hypotheses concerning pronominal errors: (a) that they are due to semantic confusion, or (b) that they result from temporary adoption of addressee's perspective. It was expected that her reduced ability to benefit from overhead conversations due to hearing loss as well as her spoken language learning environment would promote semantic confusion such that a pronoun is a type of name. Consistent with our expectation, the results revealed that pronominal errors she made were due to semantic confusion: me/my referred to her mother and you referred to herself.
Monocular and binocular size-matching as a function of distance at various age-levels.

It has been reported recently that neither temporary nor permanent monocularity influences size-matching in a cue-rich environment. ' A comparison of these results with those of previous studies, in which both temporary2 and permanent monocularity3 resulted in a reduction in sizeconstancy, suggests that experienced Os are able to utilize monocular cues to compensate for the lack of binocular vision when many monocular cues are available, but are not able to do so when the number of such cues is diminished. As a test of this hypothesis, the present study was designed to investigate monocular and binocular size-matching in a cue-rich environment for children of various ages as well as for adults. Since young children demonstrate incomplete size-constancy for distant objects,4 it might be expected that loss of binocular cues would be particularly critical under those conditions for which size-constancy is incomplete or marginal.
Green wedges:origins and development in Britain

The paper analyzes the history of green wedges in Britain from their origins in the first decade of the twentieth century up until the outbreak of the Second World War. Often neglected by the literature in favour of the ‘greenbelt’, the ‘green wedge’ was equally at the forefront of the minds of planners debating urban growth and the provision of open spaces for modern cities. Firstly, the paper looks into the origins of the idea, with particular focus on discussions about the integration of park and traffic systems in the period. Secondly, it focuses on the fundamental role that the 1910 RIBA Town Planning Conference played in the emergence of the green wedges idea and in its immediate reception and diffusion. Subsequently, the paper discusses the idea's development after the Conference, predominantly in plans for Greater London and in texts by its main supporters, which included H. V. Lanchester, G. L. Pepler, T. H. Mawson, and P. Abercrombie.
Inter-professional education of prospective speech-language therapists and primary school teachers through shared professional practice placements.

BACKGROUND Preliminary studies of inter-professional education (IPE) among student speech-language therapists (SLTs) and student teachers suggest that workshop-based applications are beneficial in preparing participants for elements of collaborative practice. Situating IPE within the students' professional practice placements may provide another useful avenue to develop attitudes, knowledge and skills for inter-professional collaboration. Research examining the impact of different approaches to IPE is required to advance our understanding of effective design and evaluation of such initiatives. AIMS To understand how student SLTs and student teachers develop competency for collaborative practice when co-working during professional practice placements to support children's speech and literacy development. METHODS & PROCEDURES A case study design was used to monitor the impact of the IPE. Student SLTs (n = 4) were paired with student teachers (n = 4) to participate in shared professional practice placements in junior school classrooms. An inductive thematic analysis of interviews conducted with participants after the IPE was employed to explore the development of competencies in collaborative practice. Change in inter-disciplinary knowledge and perceptions over the IPE was evaluated via survey to further explore the development of collaborative competencies. OUTCOMES & RESULTS Integration of qualitative and quantitative findings suggested that participants began to develop four broad areas of collaborative competency: understanding of professional roles and expertise, communication skills to support shared decision-making, inter-dependency in supporting children's learning, and flexibility to implement alternative instructional practices. Interview analysis also revealed factors related to the facilitators and learning contexts that supported and/or limited the collaboration between participants. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Shared placement experiences between student SLTs and student teachers may be an effective method for building participants' competencies in multiple aspects of collaborative practice. Active facilitation by both SLT and classroom teacher supervisors alongside careful consideration of learning contexts (e.g., classroom structure) will help to ensure that learning is maximized for prospective professionals.
Long-term Clinical Course of Decompensated Alcoholic Cirrhosis: A Prospective Study of 165 Patients

Background: Prognosis of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis is based mainly on studies that included patients with different severities of liver disease and did not recognize either hepatitis C virus epidemic or changes in clinical management of cirrhosis. Aim: To define the long-term course after the first hepatic decompensation in alcoholic cirrhosis. Methods: Prospective inclusion at the start point of decompensated cirrhosis of 165 consecutive patients with alcoholic cirrhosis without known hepatocellular carcinoma hospitalized from January 1998 to December 2001 was made. Follow-up was maintained until death or the end of the observation period (April 1, 2010). Results: The patients were followed for 835.75 patient years. Median age was 56 years (95% confidence interval: 54-58). Baseline Child-Pugh score was 9 (95% CI: 8-9), and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was 13.8 (95% CI: 12.5-14.7). Ascites was the most frequent first decompensation (51%). During follow-up, 99 (60%) patients were abstinent, hepatocellular carcinoma developed in 18 (11%) patients, and 116 patients died (70%). Median overall survival was 61 months (95% CI: 48-74). Median survival probability after onset of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) was only 14 months (95% CI: 5-23). Age, baseline MELD, albumin, development of HE, and persistence of alcohol use were independently correlated with mortality. Conclusions: Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis show a high frequency of complications. The low mortality rate in our cohort of patients probably reflects the improvement in the management of patients with cirrhosis; it is mainly influenced by baseline MELD, age, HE development, and continued abstinence. Patients who develop HE should be considered for hepatic transplantation.
Of Mice and Men

Automatic responses play a central role in many areas of psychology. Counter to views that such responses are relatively rigid and inflexible, a large body of research has shown that they are highly context-sensitive. Research on animal learning and animal behavior has a strong potential to provide a deeper understanding of such context effects by revealing remarkable parallels between the functional properties of automatic responses in human and nonhuman animals. These parallels involve the contextual modulation of attitude formation and change (automatic evaluation), and the role of contextual contingencies in shaping the particular action tendencies in response to a stimulus (automatic behavior). Theoretical concepts of animal research not only provide novel insights into the processes and representations underlying context effects on automatic responses in humans; they also offer new perspectives on the interface between affect, cognition, and motivation.
The professionalization of Australian magistrates

Over the past 20 years or so, magistrates courts in Australia have undergone significant change, in particular, separation from the public service and credentialization, indicating greater professionalization. One important reason for separating the magistracy from the public service was to establish magistrates' independence as judicial officers, a distinctive form of professional autonomy. Drawing on a national study of magistrates and their courts, this article investigates the impact of separation from the public service and credentialization on magistrates' occupational location, and considers other dimensions of professionalization, specifically occupational status and prestige. While the professionalization of magistrates has increased, it can also be seen as incomplete. Some magistrates are dissatisfied with their autonomy, especially in relation to workload, and there is some dissatisfaction with their perceptions of the prestige and standing of their judicial office, especially in comparison with judges in the higher courts.
Some modifications of low-dimensional simplex evolution and their convergence

Low-dimensional simplex evolution (LDSE) is a real-coded evolutionary algorithm for global optimization. In this paper, we introduce three techniques to improve its performance: low-dimensional reproduction (LDR), normal struggle (NS) and variable dimension (VD). LDR tries to preserve the elite by keeping some of its (randomly chosen) components. LDR can also help the offspring individuals to escape from the hyperplane determined by their parents. NS tries to enhance its local search capability by allowing unlucky individual search around the best vertex of m-simplex. VD tries to draw lessons from recent failure by making further exploitation on its most promising sub-facet. Numerical results show that these techniques can improve the efficiency and reliability of LDSE considerably. The convergence properties are then analysed by finite Markov chains. It shows that the original LDSE might fail to converge, but modified LDSE with the above three techniques will converge for any initial population. To evaluate the convergence speed of modified LDSE, an estimation of its first passage time (of reaching the global minimum) is provided.
Fabrication of Capacitive Acoustic Resonators Combining 3D Printing and 2D Inkjet Printing Techniques

A capacitive acoustic resonator developed by combining three-dimensional (3D) printing and two-dimensional (2D) printed electronics technique is described. During this work, a patterned bottom structure with rigid backplate and cavity is fabricated directly by a 3D printing method, and then a direct write inkjet printing technique has been employed to print a silver conductive layer. A novel approach has been used to fabricate a diaphragm for the acoustic sensor as well, where the conductive layer is inkjet-printed on a pre-stressed thin organic film. After assembly, the resulting structure contains an electrically conductive diaphragm positioned at a distance from a fixed bottom electrode separated by a spacer. Measurements confirm that the transducer acts as capacitor. The deflection of the diaphragm in response to the incident acoustic single was observed by a laser Doppler vibrometer and the corresponding change of capacitance has been calculated, which is then compared with the numerical result. Observation confirms that the device performs as a resonator and provides adequate sensitivity and selectivity at its resonance frequency.
Reading therapy strengthens top–down connectivity in patients with pure alexia

This study tested the efficacy of audio-visual reading training in nine patients with pure alexia, an acquired reading disorder caused by damage to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex. As well as testing the therapy’s impact on reading speed, we investigated the functional reorganization underlying therapy-induced behavioural changes using magnetoencephalography. Reading ability was tested twice before training (t1 and t2) and twice after completion of the 6-week training period (t3 and t4). At t3 there was a significant improvement in word reading speed and reduction of the word length effect for trained words only. Magnetoencephalography at t3 demonstrated significant differences in reading network connectivity for trained and untrained words. The training effects were supported by increased bidirectional connectivity between the left occipital and ventral occipitotemporal perilesional cortex, and increased feedback connectivity from the left inferior frontal gyrus. Conversely, connection strengths between right hemisphere regions became weaker after training.
Overcoming tumor multidrug resistance using drugs able to evade P‐glycoprotein or to exploit its expression

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of cancer. Cellular overproduction of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), which acts as an efflux pump for various anticancer drugs (e.g. anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, taxanes, epipodophyllotoxins, and some of the newer antitumor drugs) is one of the more relevant mechanisms underlying MDR. P‐gp belongs to the superfamily of ATP‐binding cassette transporters and is encoded by the ABCB1 gene. Its overexpression in cancer cells has become a therapeutic target for circumventing MDR. As an alternative to the classical pharmacological strategy of the coadministration of pump inhibitors and cytotoxic substrates of P‐gp and to other approaches applied in experimental tumor models (e.g. P‐gp‐targeting antibodies, ABCB1 gene silencing strategies, and transcriptional modulators) and in the clinical setting (e.g. incapsulation of P‐gp substrate anticancer drugs into liposomes or nanoparticles), a more intriguing strategy for circumventing MDR is represented by the development of new anticancer drugs which are not substrates of P‐gp (e.g. epothilones, second‐ and third‐generation taxanes and other microtubule modulators, topoisomerase inhibitors). Some of these drugs have already been tested in clinical trials and, in most of cases, show relevant activity in patients previously treated with anticancer agents which are substrates of P‐gp. Of these drugs, ixabepilone, an epothilone, was approved in the United States for the treatment of breast cancer patients pretreated with an anthracycline and a taxane. Another innovative approach is the use of molecules whose activity takes advantage of the overexpression of P‐gp. The possibility of overcoming MDR using the latter two approaches is reviewed herein. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev
Formation of the Tooth-Bone Interface

Not only are teeth essential for mastication, but also missing teeth are considered a social handicap due to speech and aesthetic problems, with a resulting high impact on emotional well-being. Several treatment procedures are currently available for tooth replacement with mostly inert prosthetic materials and implants. Natural tooth substitution based on copying the developmental process of tooth formation is particularly challenging and creates a rapidly developing area of molecular dentistry. In any approach, functional interactions among the tooth, the surrounding bone, and the periodontium must be established. Therefore, recent research in craniofacial genetics searches for mechanisms responsible for correct cell and tissue interactions, not only within a specific structure, but also in the context of supporting structures. A tooth crown that is not functionally anchored to roots and bone is useless. This review aims to summarize the developmental and tissue homeostatic aspects of the tooth-bone interface, from the initial patterning toward tooth eruption and lifelong interactions between the tooth and its surrounding alveolar bone.
Examples of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry Developments: From Ion Physics to Remote Access Biochemical Mass Spectrometry

The application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) for high-resolution biomolecular analysis has increased greatly after 30 years of innovation since its conception in 1974. FT-ICR-MS can now be used routinely for the analysis of complex organic mixtures such as biological or petrochemical samples. Many of these new possibilities have been the results of many different instrumental developments. This paper provides a mini review of selected instrumental developments that now allow these measurements. The development of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization was crucial for the analysis of biological macromolecules. Improved ion transport optics led to an increase in sensitivity. New ICR cell designs complement the capabilities of FT-ICR-MS by allowing a more thorough study of the mechanism and kinetics of ion reactions in the gas-phase. A selected example of electron capture dissociation (ECD) employs these developments to investigate the role of peptide conformation in ECD. Improved electronics and software allow faster and more flexible experiments. All these improvements led to an increase in speed and sensitivity that are necessary to couple FT-MS to fast separation techniques such as nano-high performance liquid chromatography. The modern FT-ICR-MS instruments can be incorporated in virtual organizations allowing remote access to unique infrastructure. This concept of remote experimentation opens new possibilities for scientific collaborations between expert scientists at different locations and allows the efficient use of this expensive instrumentation
Nature's “Crisis Disciplines”: Does Environmental Communication Have an Ethical Duty?

This essay proposes a heuristic conservation between the emerging field of environmental communication and the “crisis discipline” of conservation biology in order to generate a set of ethical postulates for research, teaching, and professional consultation. To the extent that social/symbolic representations of “environment” embody interested orientations, such discourses potentially constrain and/or enable societal responses to environmental signals, including signs of ecological crises. The essay argues that, implicit in this and other functional premises, lies a principal ethical duty of environmental communication: the obligation to enhance the ability of society to respond appropriately to environmental signals relevant to the well-being of both human communities and natural biological systems.