Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of higher-order resonant cantilevers for density determination in different flowing liquids

This study investigates the sensing characteristics of micromachined electromagnetic cantilevers vibrating at different resonance orders and under static or flowing liquid immersions. The cantilever is designed with a wide-plate structure, which contributes to the modal optimization for basic and higher-order torsions. The fluid-structure interaction is used to analyze the parameterized expressions of the density and its changing sensitivity based on the cantilever’s flexural and torsional vibrations. They have successfully clarified the comprehensive factors that influence the density measurement performance. The study shows that the analytical predictions for the density changing sensitivity agree well with the experimental results. The experiments prove that the cantilever under flowing immersion appears significantly degraded in its density measurement accuracy. Higher mode and shorter length enable the cantilever to respond better density sensing behaviors under flowing immersion. These results here can be further generalized to guide the optimal design of cantilever-based resonators in flowing liquid monitoring.
Al2O3/GeOx/Ge gate stacks with low interface trap density fabricated by electron cyclotron resonance plasma postoxidation

An electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma postoxidation method has been employed for forming Al2O3/GeOx/Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope characterizations have revealed that a GeOx layer is formed beneath the Al2O3 capping layer by exposing the Al2O3/Ge structures to ECR oxygen plasma. The interface trap density (Dit) of Au/Al2O3/GeOx/Ge MOS capacitors is found to be significantly suppressed down to lower than 1011 cm−2 eV−1. Especially, a plasma postoxidation time of as short as 10 s is sufficient to reduce Dit with maintaining the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). As a result, the minimum Dit values and EOT of 5×1010 cm−2 eV−1 and 1.67 nm, and 6×1010 cm−2 eV−1 and 1.83 nm have been realized for Al2O3/GeOx/Ge MOS structures with p- and n-type substrates, respectively.
Adaptive output feedback control of nonlinear systems represented by input-output models

We consider a single-input-single-output nonlinear system which can be represented globally by an explicit input-output model. The system is input-output linearizable by feedback and is required to satisfy a minimum phase condition. The nonlinearities are not required to satisfy any global growth condition. The model depends linearly on unknown parameters which belong to a known compact, convex set. We design a semiglobal adaptive output feedback controller which ensures that the output of the system tracks any given reference signal which is bounded and has bounded derivatives up to the (n+l)th order, where n is the order of the system. The reference signal and its derivatives are assumed to belong to a known compact set. It is also assumed to be sufficiently rich to satisfy a persistence of excitation condition. The design process is simple. First we assume that the output and its derivatives are available for feedback and design the adaptive controller as a state feedback controller in appropriate coordinates. Then we saturate the controller outside a domain of interest and use a high-gain observer to estimate the derivatives of the output. We prove, via asymptotic analysis, that when the speed of the high-gain observer is sufficiently high, the adaptive output feedback controller recovers the performance achieved under the state feedback one. <<ETX>>
A new formulation for surface roughness limited mobility in bulk and ultra-thin-body metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors

This paper presents a new model for the surface roughness (SR) limited mobility in MOS transistors. The model is suitable for bulk and thin body devices and explicitly takes into account the non linear relation between the displacement Δ of the interface position and the SR scattering matrix elements, which is found to significantly influence the r.m. s value (Δrms) of the interface roughness that is necessary to reproduce SR-limited mobility measurements. In particular, comparison with experimental mobility for bulk Si MOSFETs shows that with the new SR scattering model a good agreement with measured mobility can be obtained with Δrms values of about 0.2 nm, which is in good agreement with several AFM and TEM measurements. For thin body III–V MOSFETs, the proposed model predicts a weaker mobility degradation at small well thicknesses (Tw), compared to the Tw6 behavior observed in Si extremely thin body devices.
Cosmological breaking of supersymmetry

It is conjectured that M-theory in asymptotically flat spacetime must be supersymmetric, and that the observed SUSY breaking in the low energy world must be attributed to the existence of a nonzero cosmological constant. This would be consistent with experiment, if the {\it critical exponent} $\alpha$ in the relation $M_{SUSY} \sim M_P (\Lambda /M_P^4)^{\alpha}$ took on the value 1/8, rather than its classical value 1/4. We attribute this large renormalization to the effect of large virtual black holes via the UV/IR correspondence.
Comparison of Relaxometry Between Ulnar Nerve and Posterior Tibial Nerve After Cisatracurium Administration Using Electromyography

Background Electromyography can be used for quantitative neuromuscular monitoring during general anesthesia, mostly using the stimulation train-of-four (TOF) pattern. Relaxometry measures the muscular response of the adductor pollicis muscle to electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve, which is routinely used in clinical practices for monitoring the neuromuscular block. However, when it is not always possible to be used for all patients, the posterior tibial nerve is a suitable alternative. Objectives Using electromyography, we compared the neuromuscular block between the ulnar and the posterior tibial nerves. Methods In this study, the participants were 110 patients who met inclusion criteria and submitted their written consent. Following the administration of cisatracurium intravenously, the patients had relaxometry performed simultaneously on the ulnar and the posterior tibial nerves using electromyography. Results Eighty-seven patients were included in the final analysis. The onset time was 296 ± 99 s at the ulnar nerve and 346 ± 146 s at the tibial nerve, with a mean difference of -50 s and a standard deviation of 164 s. The 95% limits of agreement ranged from -372 s to 272 s. The relaxation time was 105 ± 26 min at the ulnar nerve and 87 ± 25 min at the tibial nerve, with a mean difference of 18 min and a standard deviation of 20 min. Conclusions Using electromyography, no statistically significant difference was noticed between the ulnar and the posterior tibial nerve during the neuromuscular block. The onset time and the relaxation time assessed with an electromyogram to compare the stimulation of the ulnar and posterior tibial nerves showed large limits of agreement.
A simple clipping procedure for the dynamic mixed model based on Taylor series approximation

A simple clipping procedure based on Taylor series approximation was suggested to improve the stability of LES computations using the dynamic mixed model (DMM). The clipping procedure derived from a rigorous mathematical analysis uses terms which are anyway determined in the DMM model and thus, does not require additional calculations. The effect of the clipping was tested by calculations of turbulent mixing in a coaxial jet mixer. The suggested procedure has potential to be extended to LES of complex-geometry turbulent flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient structural optimization for multiple load cases using adjoint sensitivities

Adjoint sensitivity calculation of stress, buckling, and displacement constraints may be much less expensive than direct sensitivity calculation when the number of load cases is large. In general, it is more difficult to implement the adjoint method than the direct method, but it is shown that the use of the continuum adjoint method, along with homogeneity conditions, can alleviate the problem. Expressions for von Mises stress and local buckling sensitivities for isotropic plate elements are derived. Computational efficiency of the adjoint method is sensitive to the number of constraints, and, therefore, the adjoint method benefits from constraint lumping. A continuum version of the Kreisselmeier-Steinhauser functional is chosen to lump constraints. The adjoint and direct methods are compared for three examples: a truss structure, a small high-speed civil transport (HSCT) model, and a large HSCT model. These sensitivity derivatives are then used in optimization.
Adaptive neural control for a class of stochastic nonlinear time‐delay systems with unknown dead zone using dynamic surface technique

This paper investigates the problem of adaptive control for a class of stochastic nonlinear time‐delay systems with unknown dead zone. A neural network‐based adaptive control scheme is developed by using the dynamic surface control (DSC) technique and the minimal learning parameters algorithm. The dynamic surface control technique, which can avoid the problem of ‘explosion of complexity’ inherent in the conventional backstepping design procedure, is first extended to the stochastic nonlinear time‐delay system with unknown dead zone. The unknown nonlinearities are approximated by the function approximation technique using the radial basis function neural network. For the purpose of reducing the numbers of parameters, which are updated online for each subsystem in the process of approximating the unknown functions, the minimal learning parameters algorithm is then introduced. Also, the adverse effects of unknown time‐delay are removed by using the appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals. In addition, the proposed control scheme is systematically derived without requiring any information on the boundedness of the dead zone parameters and avoids the possible controller singularity problem in the approximation‐based adaptive control schemes with feedback linearization technique. It is shown that the proposed control approach can guarantee that all the signals of the closed‐loop system are bounded in probability, and the tracking errors can be made arbitrary small by choosing the suitable design parameters. Finally, a simulation example is provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed control scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of turbulent pressure in mixing length convection

The mathematical behavior of the equations of mixing length convection including turbulent pressure is discussed using a simplified physical picture, As expected, the modification of the static stellar structure is small except in the case of appreciable convective velocities. These correction terms can cause severe numerical difficulties, however, greatly complicating a straight-forward analysis. The nature of this problem is discussed and a remedy is proposed. (AIP)
DETERMINING THE BANDWIDTH OF A KERNEL SPECTRUM ESTIMATE

A cross-validated form of Whittle's frequency domain approximation to the likelihood function of a stationary Gaussian process is described, and proposed as a criterion for choosing the bandwidth in a kernel spectrum estimate. The criterion is shown to be equivalent, in large samples, to the mean integrated squared error. The statistical properties of the spectrum estimate whose bandwidth maximizes the criterion have been explored in a limited simulation.
Approximating the Hausdorff distance by a -dense curves

We propose two algorithms to approximate the Hausdorff distance between two sets of the Euclidean space R m , whenever such sets can be described as the image of continuous functions deﬁned in suitable domains. Such algorithms are derived from the main results of the paper, which are based on the so called a -dense curves. These curves allow us to consider a single variable problem to obtain the desired approximations with a lower computational time than other methods. Likewise, upper bounds are provided for the approximation error of our results.
Alloying behavior of Ni/Au‐Ge films on GaAs

Alloying behavior of thin Ni/Au‐Ge films deposited on a GaAs substrate is investigated by using a microprobe Auger spectrometer and an x‐ray diffractometer. The deposited films react with the substrate above 300 °C to form alloys with complex multilayer structure in the 300–400 °C temperature range and alloys with microscopic grain structure above 450 °C. Uniform alloying, accompanied with a smooth interface, is observed and is ascribed to the high reactivity of Ni with GaAs under a solid‐solid phase. However, when the sample is annealed in the solid‐solid phase, Ni penetrates irregularly into the GaAs substrate, if the annealing duration is too long, causing poor Ohmicity. Rapid Ge moving to the substrate interface is observed at 400 °C and is closely related to the formation of a Ge‐doped degenerate layer beneath the contact. The high reliability of the contract, which is obtained when annealed at 500 °C, is explained by the metallurgical stability of the grain structure. Based on the results of this st.
Exact calculation of the coverage interval for the convolution of two Student's t distributions

Fotowicz (2006 Metrologia 43 42–5) presented an approximation for computing the coverage interval of the convolution of two Student's t distributions. This approximation appeared to perform well for a limited range of values of the degrees of freedom. In this letter, we provide an eight-line program for exact computation of the coverage interval with no limitations. Several advantages of our approach are noted.
On Some Applications of a Special Integrodifferential Operators

Let 𝐶(𝑛)(𝔻×𝔻) be a Banach space of complex-valued functions 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) that are continuous on 𝔻×𝔻, where 𝔻={𝑧∈ℂ∶|𝑧|<1} is the unit disc in the complex plane ℂ, and have 𝑛th partial derivatives in 𝔻×𝔻 which can be extended to functions continuous on 𝔻×𝔻, and let 𝐶𝐴(𝑛)=𝐶𝐴(𝑛)(𝔻×𝔻) denote the subspace of functions in 𝐶(𝑛)(𝔻×𝔻) which are analytic in 𝔻×𝔻 (i.e., 𝐶𝐴(𝑛)=𝐶(𝑛)(𝔻×𝔻)∩ℋ𝑜𝑙(𝔻×𝔻)). The double integration operator is defined in 𝐶𝐴(𝑛) by the formula ∫𝑊𝑓(𝑧,𝑤)=𝑧0∫𝑤0𝑓(𝑢,𝑣)𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑢. By using the method of Duhamel product for the functions in two variables, we describe the commutant of the restricted operator 𝑊∣𝐸𝑧𝑤, where 𝐸𝑧𝑤={𝑓∈𝐶𝐴(𝑛)∶𝑓(𝑧,𝑤)=𝑓(𝑧𝑤)} is an invariant subspace of 𝑊, and study its properties. We also study invertibility of the elements in 𝐶𝐴(𝑛) with respect to the Duhamel product.
Identification of CO 2 and O 2 emissions dynamics in a natural gas furnace through flame images, ARMAX models, and Kalman filtering

Efficient diagnosis of emissions from combustion processes plays a key role in their control, an essential part of the overall effort to mitigate the increasing greenhouse effect. In industrial furnaces, a set of sensors (CO x , SO x , NO x ) at the exhaust is used to monitor pollutant rates, thus providing the necessary information for control purposes. In the case of natural gas furnaces, measurements of O 2 and CO 2 contents are used to check the condition of the combustion process. In this work, we propose a method to estimate the O 2 and CO 2 contents at the exhaust of a natural gas prototype furnace from images of flames grabbed by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Feature vectors obtained from computer processing of the grabbed images are used as input data to identify auto-regressive moving average (ARMAX) “black box” models having CO 2 content as output. Estimates of O 2 content by a Kalman filter running a preliminary ARMAX model help the overall performance of the method. Results show that the flame dynamics identified model is capable of yielding statistically sig-nificant estimates of both O 2 and CO 2 composition in the flue gas up to 10 s before the arrival of actual O 2 measurements. This outcome suggests that the inclusion of the proposed method in the closed-loop control strategy of similar combustion processes might be advantageous.
H ∞ and µ synthesis control of virtual structure satellites formation ﬂying

Recent developments in the space industry and the great tendency to deﬁne efﬁcient, precise and low cost missions are the main reasons for the growing interest in satellites formation ﬂight. Regarding the aforementioned, the study of multiple satellites control methods is the subject of the present paper. In this paper, two linear robust control strategies are applied to position control system of certain satellites in the virtual structure formation ﬂight. The proposed controllers are designed considering different parametric uncertainties such as semimajor axis and eccentricity changes as well as some disturbances like second term of gravitational acceleration function ( j 2 ) and drag acceleration which are resulted in asymmetrical shape of the Earth and low density atmosphere in high altitude. In the presence of all parametricandun-modeleddynamicuncertainties,therobust stability and performance of the nonlinear system are guaranteed and good tracking, disturbance and noise rejection characteristics are achieved. Computer simulations show that these approaches have very promising performance when position controllers are applied with PWPF modulators while they are working in their pseudo linear range.
Integral sliding mode H ∞ control of fractional system in presence of unmatched disturbance

In this paper, H ∞ control for fractional order linear system in presence of unmatched disturbance is considered. Fractional order disturbance observer is designed to evaluate the unmatched disturbance. With choosing proper observer gain, the bounded convergence of the evaluated error is obtained. Afterwards an integral sliding mode surface is given on the basis of the disturbance estimation. Using linear matrix inequality technology, the state feedback controller is provided, which ensure the closed-loop system satisfy H ∞ performance. Finally, numerical example is given to illustrate the robustness of the designed control strategy
Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of three conditionally dependent diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard

This article presents a model to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Data from three tests for the detection of EF-positive Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains in sows were analyzed. The data were collected in a field study in the absence of a gold standard, that is, the true disease status (noninfected or infected) of the tested animals was unknown. Two tests were based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR); one test was applied to a tonsil swab (taken from the live animal), and the other test was applied to the whole tonsil (collected at slaughter). The third test was based on a bacterial examination (BE) of the whole tonsil. To reduce experimental cost BE was performed only for a subset of the animals in the sample. The model allows for dependence between tests, conditional upon the unknown true disease status of the animals. Accuracy was expressed in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the tests. A Bayesian analysis was performed that incorporated prior information about the accuracy of the tests. The model parameters have a simple interpretation and specification of priors is straightforward. Posterior inference was carried out with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, employing the Gibbs sampler, as implemented in the WinBUGS program. Different parameterizations to allow for selection and missing values, use of different priors, practical problems in the analysis, and some interesting issues in a joint analysis of the binary (positive or negative) results of PCR and BE and two additional continuous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are discussed.
Online Time Calibration method of Monocular Visual-Inertial Odometry based on Adaptive Kalman Filter

Visual-Inertial Odometry (VIO) is a new technology to determine position and attitude of the object which it is mounted on. Because of its small size and powerful performance, VIO system is widely used in virtual and augmented reality, autonomous driving and robot navigation. Usually, we assume the timestamps of the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and the camera is synchronized, and there is no temporal misalignment (time offset) in VIO system. However, in practice, the different triggering time and propagation delays cause the sensors to be temporal misaligned. If we calibrate the temporal misalignment, the performance of VIO system can be greatly improved. To this end, we propose a novel method to calibrate the time delay between visual and inertial devices. This method accurately estimates the IMU state, time offset and camera pose in the VIO system by using Adaptive Kalman Filter. Simulation experiments show that our method can quickly and accurately estimate the time delay. The results compared against other methods proves that the proposed approach can significantly boost the performance of VIO system.
Estimation of the linear-plateau segmented regression model in the presence of measurement error

It is well known that when the true values of the independent variable are unobservable due to measurement error, the least squares estimator for a regression model is biased and inconsistent. When repeated observations on each xi are taken, consistent estimators for the linear-plateau model can be formed. The repeated observations are required to classify each observation to the appropriate line segment. Two cases of repeated observations are treated in detail. First, when a single value of yi is observed with the repeated observations of xi the least squares estimator using the mean of the repeated xi observations is consistent and asymptotically normal. Second, when repeated observations on the pair (xi, yi ) are taken the least squares estimator is inconsistent, but two consistent estimators are proposed: one that consistently estimates the bias of the least squares estimator and adjusts accordingly; the second is the least squares estimator using the mean of the repeated observations on each pair.
Chapter 8: Edge and Divertor Physics in ASDEX Upgrade

Abstract An overview of edge and divertor physics research on ASDEX Upgrade of relevance for next-step fusion devices like ITER is presented. The results described were primarily obtained in lower single-null divertor configurations with three consecutive bottom divertor designs, starting from an initial open divertor (Div I) over the closed LYRA configuration (Div II), optimized for low-triangularity single-null equilibria, to the presently operational variant Div IIb, fitting a large variety of plasma shapes. The upper, geometrically open divertor structure remained essentially unchanged. A dedicated diagnostics system in combination with advanced plasma control scenarios and extensive numerical modeling allowed for a detailed analysis of edge and divertor physics mechanisms. Main chamber edge profiles exhibit a double structure, especially pronounced in high-performance H-mode plasmas. While radial transport inside and across the separatrix is governed by critical gradients, the cold scrape-off layer wing shows rapid diffusion or even outward drift, probably related to intermittent crossfield transport. The divertor behavior has been studied for the different divertor geometries and for all operational regimes of interest. Closed divertor operation enhances divertor recycling and pumping, reduces the power load on target plates by increased upstream losses, and facilitates onset of plasma detachment. The transient power load during type I ELMs, however, remains high and problematic, while the small type III ELMs, appearing, for example, in radiative discharge scenarios, and especially the type II ELMs are nearly invisible on the target heat flux. Despite this strong effect of divertor geometry on the divertor behavior, its direct effect on core confinement remains small.