Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antagonist muscle coactivation during isokinetic knee extension

The aim of the present study was to quantify the amount of antagonist coactivation and the resultant moment of force generated by the hamstring muscles during maximal quadriceps contraction in slow isokinetic knee extension. The net joint moment at the knee joint and electromyographic (EMG) signals of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris muscles (quadriceps) and the biceps femoris caput longum and semitendinosus muscles (hamstrings) were obtained in 16 male subjects during maximal isokinetic knee joint extension (KinCom, ROM 90–10°, 30° · s−1). Two types of extension were performed: [1] maximal concentric quadriceps contractions and [2] maximal eccentric hamstring contractions. Hamstring antagonist EMG in [1] were converted into antagonist moment based on the EMG‐moment relationships determined in [2] and vice versa. Since antagonist muscle coactivation was present in both [1] and [2] a set of related equations was constructed to yield the moment/EMG relationships for the hamstring and quadriceps muscles, respectively. The equations were solved separately for every 0.05° knee joint angle in the 90–10° range of excursion (0°=full extension) ensuring that the specificity of muscle length and internal muscle lever arms were incorporated into the moment/EMG relationships established. Substantial hamstring coactivation was observed during quadriceps agonist contraction. This resulted in a constant level of antagonist hamstring moment of about 30 Nm throughout the range of motion. In the range of 30–10° from full knee extension this antagonist hamstring moment corresponded to 30–75% of the measured knee extensor moment. The level of antagonist coactivation was 3‐fold higher for the lateral (Bfcl) compared to medial (ST) hamstring muscles. The amount of EMG crosstalk between agonist–antagonist muscle pairs was negligible (RXY2<0.02–0.06). The present data show that substantial antagonist coactivation of the hamstring muscles may be present during slow isokinetic knee extension. In consequence substantial antagonist flexor moments are generated. The antagonist hamstring moments potentially counteract the anterior tibial shear and excessive internal tibial rotation induced by the contractile forces of the quadriceps near full knee extension. In doing so the hamstring coactivation is suggested to assist the mechanical and neurosensory functions of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
Neuroinvasive flavivirus infections

Flaviviruses, including Dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and Tick‐borne encephalitis virus, are major emerging human pathogens, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Many clinically important flaviviruses elicit CNS diseases in infected hosts, including traditional “hemorrhagic” viruses, such as Dengue. This review focuses on the epidemiology, symptomatology, neuropathology, and, specifically, neuropathogenesis of flavivirus‐induced human CNS disease. A detailed insight into specific factors priming towards neuroinvasive disease is of clear clinical significance, as well as importance to the development of antiviral therapies and identification of key mechanisms involved in the (re)emergence of specific flaviviruses, including potentially novel or previously unrecognized ones, as neuroinvasive pathogens. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards Photoplethysmography-Based Estimation of Instantaneous Heart Rate During Physical Activity

Objective: Recently numerous methods have been proposed for estimating average heart rate using photoplethysmography (PPG) during physical activity, overcoming the significant interference that motion causes in PPG traces. We propose a new algorithm framework for extracting instantaneous heart rate from wearable PPG and Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals to provide an estimate of heart rate variability during exercise. Methods: For ECG signals, we propose a new spectral masking approach which modifies a particle filter tracking algorithm, and for PPG signals constrains the instantaneous frequency obtained from the Hilbert transform to a region of interest around a candidate heart rate measure. Performance is verified using accelerometry and wearable ECG and PPG data from subjects while biking and running on a treadmill. Results: Instantaneous heart rate provides more information than average heart rate alone. The instantaneous heart rate can be extracted during motion to an accuracy of 1.75 beats per min (bpm) from PPG signals and 0.27 bpm from ECG signals. Conclusion: Estimates of instantaneous heart rate can now be generated from PPG signals during motion. These estimates can provide more information on the human body during exercise. Significance: Instantaneous heart rate provides a direct measure of vagal nerve and sympathetic nervous system activity and is of substantial use in a number of analyzes and applications. Previously it has not been possible to estimate instantaneous heart rate from wrist wearable PPG signals.
Endogenous activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors contributes to burst frequency regulation in the lamprey locomotor network

The effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists and antagonists on the spinal cord network underlying locomotion in the lamprey has been analysed. The specific group I mGluR agonist (R,S)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) and the broad‐spectrum mGluR agonist (1S,3R)‐1‐aminocyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R‐ACPD) both increased the burst frequency of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid (NMDA)‐induced fictive locomotion and depolarized grey matter neurons. The burst frequency increase induced by the mGluR agonists was counteracted by the mGluR antagonists (+)‐alpha‐methyl‐4‐carboxyphenylglycine
Autonomous quadruped robot locomotion control using inverse kinematics and sine pattern methods

In this paper, it will be explained how to solve robot locomotion using inverse kinematics and sine pattern methods on autonomous quadruped robot with 3 DOF for each leg using geometrical approach. It also includes python code examples inside. By using inverse kinematic method, it could be found the angle for every actuator from end effector position by calculation within the method of sine pattern which can generates values group of end effector position in a pattern of sine wave. So that it could solve multi value problem on inverse kinematics.
Surface Wave Dispersion for Anisotropic Metasurfaces Constituted by Elliptical Patches

This paper presents an effective approach for the derivation of the two-dimensional (2-D) frequency-wavenumber dispersion surface of anisotropic metasurfaces (MTSs) consisting of elliptical patches printed over a grounded slab. These MTSs are important in the design of leaky-wave antennas and transformation optics (TO) surface-wave based devices. The formulation resorts to an analytical expression of the currents excited on the element of the periodic texture to define a reduced spectral method of moments (MoM) procedure with only three basis functions. An exact compact formula, which links the MoM matrix to the homogenized equivalent anisotropic impedance of the MTS, is derived. The formulation presented here has been found accurate and useful for designing MTS antennas and TO devices.
Colic associated with a malformation of the ascending colon in a horse

PRATELLI, A. , MARTELLA, V. , CIRONE, F. , BUONAVOGLIA, D. , ELIA, G. , TEMPESTA, M. & BUONAVOGLIA, C. (2001) Genomic characterization of pestiviruses isolated from lambs and kids in southern Italy. Journal of Virological Methods 94,81-85 RIDPATH, J., BOLIN, S. R. & DUBOVI, E.J. (1994) Segregation of bovine viral diarrhea virus into genotypes. Virology 205, 66-74 VILCEK, S. , DREW, T. W. , MCGOLDRICK, A. & PATON, D. J. (1999) Genetic typing of bovine pestiviruses from England and Wales. Veterinary Microbiology 69, 227-237 VILCEK, S. , HERRING, A. J., HERRING, J. A. , NETTLETON, P. F. , LOWINGS, J. P. & PATON, D. J. (1994) Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. Archives of Virology 136, 309-323 VILCEK, S. , NETTLETON, P. F. , PATON, D. J. & BELAK, S. (1997) Molecular characterisation of ovine pestiviruses. Journal of General Virology 78, 725-
Assessment of Immunotoxicity Parameters in Individuals Occupationally Exposed to Lead

Although adverse health effects produced by lead (Pb) have long been recognized, studies regarding the immunotoxic effects of occupational exposure report conflicting results. In a previous study, alterations in some immunological parameters were noted in 70 Pb-exposed workers. In view of these results, it was of interest to extend this study comprising a larger population and increasing the number of immunological endpoints assessed. Accordingly, in this study the immunotoxic effects of occupational exposure to Pb were assessed by analyzing (1) percentages of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD56+/16+); (2) concentration of plasma cytokines, namely, interleukin (IL) 2, IL4, IL6, IL10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and interferon (IFN) γ; and (3) plasma concentrations of neopterin, tryptophan (Trp), and kynurenine (Kyn). In addition, the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) genes on immunotoxicity parameters was studied. Exposed workers showed significant decreases in %CD3+, %CD4+/%CD8+ ratio, IL4, TNFα, IFNγ, and Kyn to Trp ratio (Kyn/Trp), and significant increases in %CD8+, IL10, and Trp levels. All these parameters, except Trp, were significantly correlated with exposure biomarkers. No significant influence of genetic polymorphisms was observed. Significant correlation between Kyn/Trp and neopterin concentrations suggests an involvement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the Trp metabolic alterations, which may contribute to some of the immune alterations observed. Results obtained suggest that occupational exposure to PB may influence the immune system by impairing several mechanisms, which might ultimately produce deregulation of the immune response and diminish immunosurveillance in exposed individuals.
Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: Carving addiction at a new joint?

For more than half a century, since the beginning of formal diagnostics, our psychiatric nosology has compartmentalized the compulsive pursuit of substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine) from nonsubstance (e.g., gambling, food, sex) rewards. Emerging brain, behavioral, and genetic findings challenge this diagnostic boundary, pointing to shared vulnerabilities underlying the pathological pursuit of substance and nonsubstance rewards. Working groups for the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐V), are thus considering whether the nosologic boundaries of addiction should be redrawn to include nonsubstance disorders, such as gambling. This review discusses how neurobiological data from problem gambling, obesity, and “normal” states of attachment (romantic infatuation, sexual attraction, maternal bonds) may help us in the task of carving addictions “at a new joint. ” Diagnostic recarving may have a positive effect on addiction research, stimulating discovery of “crossover” pharmacotherapies with benefit for both substance and nonsubstance addictions.
The Novel Use of Objective Laboratory School Tasks to Measure Stress Responses in Children with ADHD

Abstract Objective: To pilot the novel use of 2 existing laboratory school measures—the Permanent Product Measure of Performance (PERMP) and the Grammar Task—as provoking stimuli of stress, and to observe the effects of medication and stress on children with attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Children received individually determined optimal doses of an oral methylphenidate stimulant medication on 1 of 2 consecutive modified laboratory school days, which is a setting that is known for being a reliable measure of the exact timing of treatment effects. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements collected after administration of the PERMP, an ability–adjusted math test, were presumed to be stress related when compared with baseline data. In addition, children ranked their stress levels on a stress rating scale and completed the Grammar Task as a measure of academic performance. Results: Seven subjects enrolled in and completed the study. The results suggest that children with ADHD demonstrate a decreased stress response when medicated, as measured by blood pressure, heart rate, and academic performance. Conclusion: Completion of a more difficult PERMP was associated with an increased stress response. This study supports an expanded use of both the PERMP and Grammar Task. Future controlled studies should include larger samples and other indicants of stress responses, particularly peripherally circulating catecholamine levels.
An IAP-IAP Complex Inhibits Apoptosis*

Regulators of apoptosis are thought to work in concert, but the molecular interactions of this process are not understood. Here, we show that in response to cell death stimulation, survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, associates with another IAP protein, XIAP, via conserved baculovirus IAP repeats. Formation of a survivin-XIAP complex promotes increased XIAP stability against ubiquitination/proteasomal destruction and synergistic inhibition of apoptosis, which is abolished in XIAP–/– cells. Therefore, orchestration of an IAP-IAP complex regulates apoptosis.
Reversal of CD8+ T Cell Ignorance and Induction of Anti-Tumor Immunity by Peptide-Pulsed APC1

In the present report, we have studied the potential of naive and activated effector CD8+ T cells to function as anti-tumor T cells to a solid tumor using OVA-specific T cells from TCR-transgenic OT-I mice. Adoptive transfer of naive OT-I T cells into tumor-bearing syngeneic mice did not inhibit tumor cell growth. The adoptively transferred OT-I T cells did not proliferate in lymphoid tissue of tumor-bearing mice and were not anergized by the tumor. In contrast, adoptive transfer of preactivated OT-I CTL inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that E.G7 was susceptible to immune effector cells. Importantly, naive OT-I T cells proliferated and elicited an anti-tumor response if they were adoptively transferred into normal or CD4-deficient mice that were then vaccinated with GM-CSF-induced bone marrow-derived OVA-pulsed APC. Collectively, these data indicate that even though naive tumor-specific T cells are present at a relatively high fraction they remain ignorant of the tumor and demonstrate that a CD8-mediated anti-tumor response can be induced by Ag-pulsed APC without CD4 T cell help.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE BASED ON ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY

The present invention provides novel complexes consisting of certain GLP-1 molecules associated with a divalent metal cation that is capable of co-precipitating with a GLP-1 molecule. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using such complexes for enhancing the expression of insulin in B-type islet cells is claimed, as is a method for treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus in mammals, particularly humans.
Endocannabinoids contribute to short‐term but not long‐term mGluR‐induced depression in the hippocampus

Activation of postsynaptic group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) by the agonist DHPG causes a long‐term depression (DHPG‐LTD) of excitatory transmission in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, as well as causing the release of endocannabinoids from pyramidal cells. As cannabinoid agonists cause a presynaptic inhibition at these synapses and DHPG‐LTD is thought to be expressed, at least in part, by a presynaptic mechanism, we examined the possibility that endocannabinoids mediated DHPG‐LTD. We find that antagonists of cannabinoid receptors reduce the acute depression induced by DHPG, but have no effect on the lasting depression. Furthermore, both the acute and the lasting effects of DHPG were unaffected in the CB1 knockout mouse. These findings suggest that endocannabinoids, acting on a non‐CB1 cannabinoid receptor, contribute to the acute depression but not to DHPG‐LTD. Presumably some other retrograde signalling mechanism is responsible for DHPG‐LTD.
Tricyclic Wash-out and Growth Hormone Response to Clonidine

We have observed a significantly higher growth hormone (GH) response to clonidine administration (150 μg i.v.) in 14 patients with a major depressive disorder who had never received antidepressant therapy than in 14 matched depressive patients who had not received tricyclic drugs for at least 15 days. Compared with a control group of eight subjects, untreated depressed patients, as a group, had a normal response, while matched patients had markedly blunted response. Results for the group of untreated depressed patients showed that some patients had a blunted response while others had a response in the normal range. The results suggest that studies on the GH response to clonidine in psychiatric patients need to take into account the confounding and long-lasting effects of tricyclics.
Partnership of science and business in socially innovative project management / Partnerstwo nauki i biznesu w zarządzaniu projektem innowacyjnym społecznie

Due to the modern developmental challenges, more and more often in the discussion of the transfer of knowledge, new technologies and modernization of the intelligent economy there appear social innovations. An effective way of promoting the implementation of social innovations seems to be indirect actions, involving the creation of a good climate for innovativeness, entrepreneurship and creativity. The examples of such activities dedicated to improving the quality of local space are intensively developed networks of cooperation between the sectors of science and economic activity. The aim of the study is characterization of the role of science and business partnerships in the effective management of projects, in particular socially innovative projects. The paper offers mainly descriptive method on the example of an application project entitled “NEMO Creativity Station – Social Innovation for Communes. ” The object of the research is a socially innovative service offered to users of the local public space in Polish communes, promoting mentally and physically healthy lifestyle.
Bacterial translocation in acute liver failure induced by 90 per cent hepatectomy in the rat

Bacterial infection and bacteraemia have been observed in patients with acute liver failure. The exact source of bacteria and nature of pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the development of infection remain unclear. In the present study, acute liver failure was induced by 90 per cent hepatectomy in the rat. The mesenteric lymph nodes and organs were harvested aseptically for bacteriological culture after sham operation or 90 per cent hepatectomy. Function of the liver and reticuloendothelial system (RES) was assayed; gut oxygen extraction was also measured. Translocation of enteric bacteria occurred 2 h after operation and increased with time following hepatectomy. Overgrowth of Escherichia coli in the distal small intestine started 2 h after operation. RES function decreased immediately after 90 per cent hepatectomy; uptake rates per gram tissue in other organs increased signicantly. These results indicate that bacterial translocation occurred early after 90 per cent hepatectomy, associated with a decrease in RES function and gut oxygen extraction, and overgrowth of intestinal bacteria.
Quantitatively Modified Two-level Game Theory and Its Application to Reality: Modified Two-Level Game Theory and the Possibility of Its Application to the North East Asian International Affairs

Recently, the world begins to comprehend the importance of Northeast Asia, particularly in such inconstant international situations, considering its geopolitical factors, surrounded by world powers such as the United States, China, Russia, and Japan. It is then evident that there will be frequent conflicts between involved countries. This calls for the detailed analysis of present circumstances. Therefore, this study presents a method of investigating complex international relations, based on the modified Two-Level Game Theory, which is quantified by adding our analytic tool to the existing hypothesis. In order to prove the utility of this devised tool, our study offers cases of application of the theory to recent instances, including the war threats of North Korea.
Political Science 230: Public Opinion and American Democracy

This course examines public opinion in the American political system. We will discuss how to measure public opinion, how citizens formulate opinions, and the role of public opinion in campaigns, elections, and policymaking. The course will also investigate public opinion on a wide variety of topics, from immigration to abortion, as well as consider normative questions, including the role opinion should play in American democracy. The course is designed to satisfy Penn’s Quantitative Data Analysis (QDA) requirement for those who need it. Toward that end, students will be required to do a series of assignments involving the analysis of quantitative data on public opinion. Four homework exercises will instruct students on how to analyze survey data in order to answer substantive questions about American public opinion. Students will also write a term paper which requires them to analyze public opinion data to make their argument. For the purposes of the homework assignments and paper, the class will use the The American National Election Studies (ANES) public opinion survey from the 2012 presidential election. In addition to analyzing quantitative data on public opinion, students will also learn the basics of research design, hypothesis testing and causal inference, and use these skills to critique interpretations of public opinion.
Drug abuse profile – patient delay, diagnosis delay and drug resistance pattern – among addict patients with tuberculosis

Socioeconomic problems limit the access of drug users to health-care services. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out by making use of the medical records of new case tuberculosis (TB) patients hospitalized at Masih Daneshvari Hospital, the national referral centre in Iran, from 2003 to 2006. Demographic and personal characteristics of the patients and type of disease were collected and categorized. Of the 944 patients with confirmed TB, 143 (15.1%) were drug users, among whom 140 (97.9%) were men with just three women drug users. The mean age of the drug users group was 43.04 ± 13.81 years. The type of drug used was opium in 100 cases (69.9%), heroin in 29 (20.3%), opium and heroin together in four (2.8%) and all three, opium, heroin and crack, in two (1.4%). For 238 high-risk patients, an HIV test was performed and HIV infection was confirmed in 33 cases. Patient delay was longer in drug users (P = 0.000) against other patients, whereas diagnosis delay was shorter (P = 0.007). Drug susceptibility tests were performed for 515 patients with positive cultures. One hundred and thirty-three (14.1%) were found to have ‘any resistance’ to anti-TB drugs, and 10 (1.1%) individuals had multidrug-resistant TB. Twenty-six (19.5%) of the individuals who showed resistance to first-line agents were drug users. There was no significant relation between drug resistance and drug use (P = 0.4). In conclusion, it seems that active case finding for TB and HIV in addict cases must be contained in harm reduction packages. Moreover, the manifestations of the disease should be considered seriously regardless of attributing them to drug use.