Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning: The Modality Principle in Multimedia Learning

This chapter presents a theory that is positioned at the third level, namely, the four-component instructional design model (4C/ ID) model, and discusses how this theory can be used to design multimedia learning environments for complex learning. It presents a general description of how people learn complex skills in environments that are built from the four components, how instructional control can be organized in these environments, and how different media can be used to implement each component and instructional control. The relationship between the four components and the assumed cognitive architecture is explained. Educational media and 22 multimedia principles are related to each of the four components and instructional control. The chapter reviews the contributions of the 4C/ID model to cognitive theory and instructional design, indicating the limitations of the model, and sketching directions for future research.
A New Visual Field Test in Empty Sella Syndrome: Rarebit Perimetry

Purpose Several visual field defects can be seen in empty sella syndrome (ESS). In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the visual field defects in patients with ESS by rarebit perimetry and to compare the results with Humphrey perimetry. Methods Left eyes of 13 patients with ESS and left eyes of 15 age-matched normal subjects were included in the study. Visual field testing was performed by Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer II (Fast-pack 30–2 strategy) and rarebit perimetry (regular test). Statistical analysis was performed by independent-samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and Pearson correlation test. Results Humphrey perimetry mean deviation was −3.67 dB in control group and −6.06 dB in patients with ESS (p=0.12). Mean hit rate calculated by rarebit test was 91.8% in control group and 75.9% in cases with ESS (p=0.005). Area under ROC curve was 0.756 for Humphrey visual field test and 0.827 for rarebit hit rate (p=0.59). There was a significant correlation between rarebit hit rate and Humphrey visual field test mean deviation (r=0.755, p±0.001). Conclusions Rarebit perimetry correlates significantly with Humphrey perimeter in detecting visual field defects related with ESS and has a higher sensitivity and specificity.
Improving the academic outcomes of undergraduate ESL students: the case for discipline‐based academic skills programs

This article examines the impact of an adjunct English language tutorial program on the academic performance of first‐year Architecture students. With increasing numbers of international students enrolling in Australian universities, language and academic skills programs have shifted from generic to more discipline‐specific models; however, there has been little research on the effects of these programs on ESL students' academic performance. This study uses a mixed‐method approach to evaluate the effectiveness of an English as a second language (ESL) intervention program. Findings indicate that students value a highly discipline‐specific approach to language and academic skills support and that regular participation in a content‐based ESL program can lead to positive learning outcomes for students. Preliminary findings also suggest that there are positive longer‐term benefits on students' academic outcomes. The authors suggest the need for longitudinal studies on the impact of discipline‐based programs for ESL students.
ISOLATION OF A FRAGMENT (C3a) OF THE THIRD COMPONENT OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT CONTAINING ANAPHYLATOXIN AND CHEMOTACTIC ACTIVITY AND DESCRIPTION OF AN ANAPHYLATOXIN INACTIVATOR OF HUMAN SERUM

A small fragment of C3, called C3a, which has smooth muscle contracting activity, was isolated by three different methods. At pH 8.6, C3a behaved as cation, and using the Archibald method, its mol wt was determined to be 7000. A specific antiserum to C3a showed the fragment to be antigenically distinct from the rest of the C3 molecule, i.e., the C3b portion. The same antiserum and an anti-whole C3 were able to inhibit the biologic activity of C3a. In addition to anaphylatoxin activity, leukocyte chemotactic activity was shown to reside in C3a. Treatment with trypsin caused the cationic fragment to become anionic and abolished the anaphylatoxin but not the chemotactic activity. C3a fragments with identical biologic activity and comparable cationic properties, as determined by acid disc electrophoresis, were obtained by treatment of C3 with C3 convertase, C3 inactivator complex, trypsin, and plasmin. Thrombin produced a similar C3 fragment which was inactive. It was concluded that C3a corresponds to an unusually basic portion of C3 which may be liberated by attack of a variety of enzymes on a highly susceptible region of the native C3 molecule. C3b was cleaved by trypsin and less efficiently by thrombin or plasmin into two antigenically distinct pieces: the larger C3c fragment corresponding to β1A and the smaller C3d fragment to α2D of aged serum. The c- and the d-fragments were separated and characterized. Isolated C3a rapidly lost its anaphylatoxin activity when treated with small amounts of a partially purified, thermolabile 10S α-pseudoglobulin of human serum. The conditions of inactivation suggested an enzymatic reaction. The anaphylatoxin inactivator also destroyed the activity of C5-derived anaphylatoxin and of lysyl bradykinin.
Effect of BCG vaccination, lepromin testing and natural causes in inducing reactivity to lepromin and to tuberculin.

The development of reactivity to lepromin following vaccination with BCG was first reported by Fernandez (5) in 1939. A number of workers have made similar observations with BCG administered intradermally, by scarification, or by the oral route. The finding is of practical importance because reactivity has been interpreted by many leprologists to be indicative of some degree of immunity to leprosy-sufficient at least to protect against the development of the lepromatous type. The observation is also of scientific interest; it is additional evidence that various species of Mycobacterium, in this instance the attenuated bovine strain known as BCG, possess antigens of a group nature that are capable of stimulating the animal body to produce antibodies against other members of the genus, in this case M. lepme. For a detailed discussion of this interesting subject reference may be made to a recent review by Souza Campos (16). A second consideration is that reactivity to lepromin observed on repetition of the test may be due to the stimulus of the first tes.t dose and, not to any other possibly antigenic substance that may have been given. In 1940 Lara (11) stated that young children had become Mitsuda positive following injections of lepromin. In 1943 Fernandez (6) reported that, in a high proportion of persons, reactivity to lepromin had followed intradermal injection of a suspension of M. leprae or of M. tuberculosis killed by heat. In the use of M. leprae he was actually performing the lepromin test. Rodriguez (13) found that dogs may react to lepromin. Wade (personal communication) stated that all dogs tested by him at Culion have shown reactivity to lepromin in the multiple doses used-2 to 12 or 14. The intensity of the reaction, however, was increased by repetition of the test. Feldman et al. (3 ,. 4) reportedthat lepromin-negative dogs became reactIve after repeated injections of lepromin. The animals also became reactive to a similar suspension of the rat-leprosy bacillus, and to cultures of a so-called leprosy bacillus and ' of a mycobacterium from soil, but not to Old Tuberculin (1/100). A thirq pertinent and well-established fact is that healthy persons ap-
Constitutionalising immigration law

Purpose – The object of this research is the reconstruction of the existing legal response by European Union states to the phenomenon of immigration. It seeks to analyse the process of conferral of protection.Design/methodology/approach – One main dimension is selected and discussed: the case law of the national courts. The study focuses on the legal status of immigrants resulting from the intervention of these national courts.Findings – The research shows that although the courts have conferred an increasing protection on immigrants, this has not challenged the fundamental principle of the sovereignty of the states to decide, according to their discretionary prerogatives, which immigrants are allowed to enter and stay in their territories. Notwithstanding the differences in the general constitutional and legal structures, the research also shows that the courts of the three countries considered – France, Germany and Spain – have progressively moved towards converging solutions in protecting immigrants.Or.
Community involvement in a dengue prevention project in Marilia Sao Paulo state Brazil.

A community development approach to dengue seeks to overcome the low priority accorded dengue prevention by improving basic services such as refuse collection and water supply. Reported in this article is a successful community mobilization campaign in the city of Marflia in Sao Paulo State Brazil. Since this city has a high level of basic services and severe forms of dengue have not occurred initial statements that dengue is a significant public health problem had little credibility. Community meetings and educational campaigns focused on dumping of refuse and its uptake by informal collectors. The initial assumption was that patterns of refuse disposal were a matter of individual choice influenced by relatively static cultural definitions. This view was soon replaced by a more dynamic contextual view allowing for the influence of the various stakeholders. Through consultation with residents of the project area municipal refuse collectors and informal refuse collectors a plan emerged to clean up vacant lots incorporate informal collectors into a recycling scheme and initiate a dialogue between municipal authorities and refuse collectors to improve services.
An Expanded Palette of Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators

Directed protein evolution provides a series of fluorescent protein-based indicators for multicolor Ca2+ imaging. Engineered fluorescent protein (FP) chimeras that modulate their fluorescence in response to changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration are powerful tools for visualizing intracellular signaling activity. However, despite a decade of availability, the palette of single FP-based Ca2+ indicators has remained limited to a single green hue. We have expanded this palette by developing blue, improved green, and red intensiometric indicators, as well as an emission ratiometric indicator with an 11,000% ratio change. This series enables improved single-color Ca2+ imaging in neurons and transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. In HeLa cells, Ca2+ was imaged in three subcellular compartments, and, in conjunction with a cyan FP–yellow FP–based indicator, Ca2+ and adenosine 5′-triphosphate were simultaneously imaged. This palette of indicators paints the way to a colorful new era of Ca2+ imaging.
A new bitstream random access scheme using multipicture motion-compensated prediction

Multipicture motion-compensated prediction is exploited to improve compression performance in the up-to-date video coding standards. However, in order to support random access into video bitstream, a restriction on multipicture motion-compensated prediction is introduced: the number of reference pictures has to be limited so that the pictures prior to random access point (RAP) are not allowed to be referenced by those predictive pictures following the RAP. This restriction leads to a decrease of coding efficiency. In this paper, a new kind of picture for reference, the recovery picture, is proposed to compensate the decrease of coding efficiency by taking full use of multipicture motion-compensated prediction. Furthermore, the proposed scheme supports random access without the assistance of the transmitting end. Some factors affecting the proposed schemeiquests performance are discussed. The experimental results show that the proposed random access scheme achieves better compression performance compared with the existing random access scheme.
The anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E 1048.1-5937: Phase resolved spectroscopy with the XMM-Newton satellite

We report on an observation of the anomalous X–ray pulsar 1E 1048.1–5937 performed with the XMM-Newton satellite. The phase averaged spectrum of 1E 1048.1–5937 is well described by the sum of a power law with photon index ~2.9 and a blackbody with temperature ~0.6 keV, without evidence for significant absorption or emission lines. The above spectral parameters do not vary during the phases corresponding to the broad pulse, while the off pulse emission shows a different spectrum characterized by a soft excess at energies below ~1.5 keV. The XMM-Newton observation and a re-analysis of archival BeppoSAX data show that the spectral parameters and flux of 1E 1048.1–5937 did not change significantly during observations spanning the last four years. All the data are consistent with a 2–10 keV luminosity varying in the range ~(5–7)$\times$10 33 erg s -1 (for a distance of 3 kpc).
Correlations II: categorizing continuous data

Correlations are usually calculated between two measures (or variables) that are both continuous. Consider patients admitted to hospital and whose functioning was assessed both before and after the admission. Ideally, we would have a continuous score for both occasions, Sometimes, however, one of the scores is categorical, with the subject rated on a scale with only a few points, perhaps as few as two categories, but typically no more than four to six categories. Categorical variables with two values are called binary’, those with three or more polytomous’. There is nothing statistically wrong with calculating a correlation between a continuous variable and a polytomous or even binary variable. Correlations involving binary variables occur frequently (e.g. in multiple regression) – we just need to understand when they are appropriate, what information we are obtaining and what its limitations might be. How do these categorized variables arise? There are many instances of categorization where researchers have continuous measures but choose to categorize at the point of statistical analysis, perhaps because the data are thought not to meet some statistical assumptions or believing it makes the analysis more easily understood. Another form of categorization occurs when raters are only asked to provide a categorical score, such as low’ versus high’, but where we can imagine that in their minds the raters have a continuous score which they then dichotomize. As an example we will consider a group of n 1⁄4 125 patients with ratings on the life Fig. 1. Histograms of LSP scores on two occasions: pre-admission and follow-up.
Similarity attraction and actually selecting similar others: How cross‐societal differences in relational mobility affect interpersonal similarity in Japan and the USA

Several studies have demonstrated that similarity between friendship partners is higher in the West than in East Asian countries. We hypothesized that these differences could be explained by relational mobility, or the number of opportunities to form new relationships in a given society. Through two studies, we confirmed that whereas the preference for similarity did not differ, similarity between friendship partners was higher in the USA than in Japan. Furthermore, a measure of relational mobility mediated the cultural difference in similarity, supporting our hypothesis. The effectiveness of considering socio-ecological factors when interpreting cultural differences in behaviour is discussed.
The rise of governance and the risks of failure: the case of economic development

This article explores the growing interest in â��governanceâ�� in relation to the changing roles of markets, states, and partnerships in economic coordination. It also comments on the respective tendencies to failure of markets, states, and governance. The article first addresses the interest in governance and explains this in terms of recent theoretical developments as well as of fundamental shifts in economic, political, and social life. These latter changes suggests that issues of governance will remain a key issue for a long time and therefore merit careful consideration. The logic of â��heterarchic governanceâ�� is then contrasted with the respective logics of anarchic, ex post coordination through market exchange and of imperative ex ante coordination through hierarchical forms of organization. Some preliminary reflections are offered on the nature, forms, and logic of â��governance failureâ�� with special reference to the constraints imposed by global capitalism, the insertion of governance arrangements into the wider political system, and specific dilemmas of governance arrangements themselves. These tendencies to failure are then related to the stateâ��s increasing role in â��meta-governanceâ��, i.e., in managing the respective roles of these different modes of coordination. The article concludes with a call for a repertoire of modes of coordination.
Progress in Automating Higher-Order Ontology Reasoning

We report on the application of higher-order automated theorem proving in ontology reasoning. Concretely, we have integrated the Sigma knowledge engineering environment and the Suggested Upper-Level Ontology (SUMO) with the higher-order theorem prover LEO-II. The basis for this integration is a translation from SUMO’s SUO-KIF representations into the new typed higher-order form representation language TPTP THF. We illustrate the benefits of our integration with examples, report on experiments and analyze open challenges.
Video Hashing Algorithm With Weighted Matching Based on Visual Saliency

In this letter, a novel video hashing algorithm is proposed, in which the weighted hash matching is defined in video hashing for the first time. In the proposed algorithm, the video hash is generated based on the ordinal feature derived from the temporally informative representation image (TIRI). At the same time the representative saliency map (RSM) is constructed by the visual saliency maps in video segments, and it generates the hash weights for hash matching. During hash matching, the traditional bit error rate (BER) is weighted with hash weights to form the weighted error rate (WER). WER is used to measure the similarity between different hashes. Experiments on different kinds of videos with different kinds of attacks verify the robustness and discrimination of the proposed algorithm.
Probabilistic Belief Embedding for Knowledge Base Completion

This paper contributes a novel embedding model which measures the probability of each belief $\langle h,r,t,m\rangle$ in a large-scale knowledge repository via simultaneously learning distributed representations for entities ($h$ and $t$), relations ($r$), and the words in relation mentions ($m$). It facilitates knowledge completion by means of simple vector operations to discover new beliefs. Given an imperfect belief, we can not only infer the missing entities, predict the unknown relations, but also tell the plausibility of the belief, just leveraging the learnt embeddings of remaining evidences. To demonstrate the scalability and the effectiveness of our model, we conduct experiments on several large-scale repositories which contain millions of beliefs from WordNet, Freebase and NELL, and compare it with other cutting-edge approaches via competing the performances assessed by the tasks of entity inference, relation prediction and triplet classification with respective metrics. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-arts with significant improvements.
It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don't Run for Office

It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don't Run for Office. By Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005. 203 pp. $65.00 cloth, $22.99 paper. Why do so few women occupy elected offices in the United States? One reason, perhaps the most important one, is that fewer women than men are politically ambitious. That is the major conclusion to emerge from the innovative research conducted by Jennifer Lawless and Richard Fox. This finding alone is bound to make It Takes a Candidate a must-read, must-cite book for all scholars studying gender and politics.
Impact of Gentamicin Concentration and Exposure Time on Intracellular Yersinia pestis

The study of intracellular bacterial pathogens in cell culture hinges on inhibiting extracellular growth of the bacteria in cell culture media. Aminoglycosides, like gentamicin, were originally thought to poorly penetrate eukaryotic cells, and thus, while inhibiting extracellular bacteria, these antibiotics had limited effect on inhibiting the growth of intracellular bacteria. This property led to the development of the antibiotic protection assay to study intracellular pathogens in vitro. More recent studies have demonstrated that aminoglycosides slowly penetrate eukaryotic cells and can even reach intracellular concentrations that inhibit intracellular bacteria. Therefore, important considerations, such as antibiotic concentration, incubation time, and cell type need to be made when designing the antibiotic protection assay to avoid potential false positive/negative observations. Yersinia pestis, which causes the human disease known as the plague, is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can infect and replicate in macrophages. Y. pestis is sensitive to gentamicin and this antibiotic is often employed in the antibiotic protection assay to study the Y. pestis intracellular life cycle. However, a large variety of gentamicin concentrations and incubation periods have been reported in the Y. pestis literature without a clear characterization of the potential influences that variations in the gentamicin protection assay could have on intracellular growth of this pathogen. This raised concerns that variations in the gentamicin protection assay could influence phenotypes and reproducibility of data. To provide a better understanding of the potential consequences that variations in the gentamicin protection assay could have on Y. pestis, we systematically examined the impact of multiple variables of the gentamicin protection assay on Y. pestis intracellular survival in macrophages. We found that prolonged incubation periods with low concentrations of gentamicin, or short incubation periods with higher concentrations of the antibiotic, have a dramatic impact on intracellular growth. Furthermore, the degree of sensitivity of intracellular Y. pestis to gentamicin was also cell type dependent. These data highlight the importance to empirically establish cell type specific gentamicin protection assays to avoid potential artificial data in Y. pestis intracellular studies.