Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Terminological Consistency in Abstract and Concrete disciplines

This study tested the hypothesis that the vocabulary of a discipline whose major emphasis is on concrete phenomena will, on the average, have fewer synonyms per concept than will the vocabulary of a discipline whose major emphasis is on abstract phenomena. Subject terms from each of two concrete disciplines and two abstract disciplines were analysed. Results showed that there was a significant difference at the ·05 level between concrete and abstract disciplines but that the significant difference was attributable to only one of the abstract disciplines. The other abstract discipline was not significantly different from the two concrete disciplines. It was concluded that although there is some support for the hypothesis, at least one other factor has a stronger influence on terminological consistency than the phonomena with which a subject deals.
Organochlorine pesticide residues in waters from the coastal area of Dar es Salaam and their effect on aquatic biota

Water samples were collected from Msimbazi and Kizinga rivers in Dar es Salaam and from the coastal marine environment receiving waters from these rivers during both the wet season and the dry season and analysed for various organochlorine pesticide residues using GC-ECD. The pesticides p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDT, dieldrin and γ-HCH were the only organochlorines detected at significantly greater concentrations above detection limits. There was a marked difference on the frequency of pesticide residue detection during the two seasons. All the wet season samples and 37.5% of the dry season samples contained p,p’-DDE at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0. 45μg/l and 0.08 to 0.20μg/l respectively. p,p’-DDT was detected in 25% of the dry season samples at a concentration range of 0.1–0. 4μg/l and in 81% of the wet season samples at concentrations ranging from 0.1– 0. 3μg/l. Dieldrin and γ-HCH were only detected during the wet season. Dieldrin amounts ranging between 0.2 and 2. 5μg/l were detected in all wet season samples whereas γ-HCH (0.2μg/l) was found in only one wet season sample. Recoveries of all pesticides ranged from 65 to 108%. This study showed that the current levels of pesticides residues in the studied waters have no acute effects to aquatic biota. However, the levels of total DDT and dieldrin during the wet season might result in chronic effects to aquatic biota.
Timing of protectionism

Recent history gives us evidence of the different timing and results of the opening up of several economies. We present a model to explain this divergence. Accordingly with this evidence, we show that, provided the government prefers more competition than less competition irrespective of the . rms. nationality, essentially three concepts explain everything: The agent' degree of impatience, the gap between the domestic and the foreign technologies and the costs due to the political environment. In sharp contrast to the existing literature, we show that a temporal protectionism can be time consistent, and domestic firms adopt new technologies under it.
Exploring Self-Defining Memories in Old Age and their Digital Cues

Self-defining memories represent significant emotional events capturing the most important concerns in our lives. While much HCI work on memory technologies has focused on autobiographic memories and lifelogging technologies for capturing them, there has been little exploration of self-defining memories and how they may be supported by appropriate cues. This is important as such memories are key in the development and maintenance of the sense of self, particularly in old age. We report on interviews with 8 older adults in their homes. Findings advance the understanding of self-defining memories and their possible cues with new insights into their relationship with self-identities and cues' specific qualities supporting richer emotional recall. Our findings led to several design implications such as novel technologies for curating self-defining memories and their cues, for embedding layered meaning in such cues across the lifespan, for crafting them, and sensitive design for their physical handling.
The Capon-MVDR Algorithm Threshold Region Performance Prediction and Its Probability of Resolution

The Capon-MVDR algorithm exhibits a threshold effect in mean- squared error (MSE) performance (1). Below a specific threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the MSE of signal parameter estimates derived from the Capon algorithm rises rapidly. Prediction of this threshold SNR point is clearly of practical significance for system design and performance. Via an adaptation of an interval error-based method, referred to herein as the method of interval errors (MIE) (2),(3), the Capon threshold region MSE performance is accurately predicted. The exact pairwise error probabilities for the Capon (and Bartlett) algorithm, derived herein, are given by simple finite sums involving no numerical integration and include finite sample effects for an arbitrary colored data covariance. Combining these probabilities with the large sample MSE predictions of Vaidyanathan and Buckley (4), MIE provides accurate prediction of the threshold SNRs for an arbitrary number of well-separated sources, circumventing the need for numerous Monte Carlo simulations. A new two-point measure of the Capon probability of resolution is a serendipitous by-product of this analysis that predicts the SNRs required for closely spaced sources to be mutually resolvable by the Capon algorithm. These results represent very valuable design and analysis tools for any system employing the Capon-MVDR algorithm. Potential to characterize performance in the presence of mismatch is briefly considered.
Hyaluronic Acid and Derivatives for Tissue Engineering.

Among the protein-based hydrogel-forming polymers, various salts of hyaluronic acid (HA), aka hyaluronan or sodium hyaluronate, are used to prepare tissue-engineering. HA is a natural occurring glycosaminoglycan, a polysaccharide of high molecular weight which displays interesting viscoelastic properties. Among other organisms, HA is omnipresent in the human body, occurring in almost all biological fluids and tissues, although the highest amounts of HA are found in the extracellular matrix of soft connective tissues. HA is synthesized in a unique manner by a family of hyaluronan synthases and degraded by hyaluronidases and, exerts pleiotropic biological functions such as tissue repair and tissue regeneration. The excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability of HAderived hydrogels make them ideal materials for tissue engineering. Nevertheless, because of their hydrophilic nature, further modification with adhesion-mediating peptides is required to allow sufficient cell attachment. Hence, several methods of chemical cross-linking using different linkers have been investigated to improve the mechanical properties of those materials for long-term applications in the biomedical field. This manuscript provide an overview of HA and derivatives used as biomaterial scaffold for theranostic medicine.
Generation and characterization of an analog-sensitive PERK allele

Restriction of nutrients and oxygen in the tumor microenvironment disrupts ER homeostasis and adaptation to such stress is mediated by the key UPR effector PERK. Given its pro-tumorigenic activity, significant efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie PERK function. Chemical-genetic approaches have recently proven instrumental in pathway mapping and interrogating kinase function. To enable a detailed study of PERK signaling we have generated an analog-sensitive PERK allele that accepts N6-alkylated ATP analogs. We find that this allele can be regulated by bulky ATP-competitive inhibitors, confirming the identity of the PERK gatekeeper residue as methionine 886. Furthermore, this analog-sensitive allele can be used to specifically label substrates with thiophosphate both in vitro and in cells. These data highlight the potential for using chemical-genetic techniques to identify novel PERK substrates, thereby providing an expanded view of PERK function and further definition of its signaling networks.
On Ensuring the Acceptability of a New Fiat Money

Currency reforms of the type now being contemplated by some former Soviet republics, aimed at establishing new fiat monies linked to established currencies through fixed exchange rates, carry an inherent danger. Such reforms may, by neglecting certain requirements crucial for ensuring the acceptability of a new currency, cause it to be treated by the public as so many 'bits of paper. ' Analyzing this problem serves to highlight some shortcomings of Patinkin-style Walrasian monetary ananlysis, which ignores money's character as a social institution and downplays the role of expectations in determining a would-be money's acceptability, thereby giving support to misguided reform efforts. In this respect, at least, some early non-Walrasian monetary theories are more enlightening. Copyright 1994 by Ohio State University Press.
Anti‐angiogenesis and metastasis: a tumour and stromal cell alliance

Tumour progression requires the activation of a tumour and stromal cell‐driven angiogenic programme, and the targeting of this process demonstrates an impact on tumour growth and progression. The results of preclinical studies have demonstrated a proinvasive/metastatic effect of antiangiogenic treatments with recent evidence supporting a contribution of the stroma to tumour aggressiveness and the short‐term effects of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Furthermore, hypoxia‐dependent and ‐independent factors are considered as driving forces for tumour cell escape by altering both the tumour cells themselves and the stroma. This tumour–stromal cell alliance should be taken into consideration for the development of innovative therapeutic options targeting both tumour components to improve clinical benefits for cancer patients.
Amino Acid Sequence Requirements in the Hinge of Human Immunoglobulin A 1 ( IgA 1 ) for Cleavage by Streptococcal IgA 1 Proteases

The amino acid sequence requirements in the hinge of human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) for cleavage by IgA1 proteases of different species of Streptococcus were investigated. Recombinant IgA1 antibodies were generated with point mutations at proline 227 and threonine 228, the residues lying on either side of the peptide bond at which all streptococcal IgA1 proteases cleave wild-type human IgA1. The amino acid substitutions produced no major effect upon the structure of the mutant IgA1 antibodies or their functional ability to bind to Fc receptors. However, the substitutions had a substantial effect upon sensitivity to cleavage with some streptococcal IgA1 proteases, with, in some cases, a single point mutation rendering the antibody resistant to a particular IgA1 protease. This effect was least marked with the IgA1 protease from Streptococcus pneumoniae, which showed no absolute requirement for either proline or threonine at residues 227 to 228. By contrast, the IgA1 proteases of Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus mitis had an absolute requirement for proline at 227 but not for threonine at 228, which could be replaced by valine. There was evidence in S. mitis that proteases from different strains may have different amino acid requirements for cleavage. Remarkably, some streptococcal proteases appeared able to cleave the hinge at a distant alternative site if substitution prevented efficient cleavage of the original site. Hence, this study has identified key residues required for the recognition of the IgA1 hinge as a substrate by streptococcal IgA1 proteases, and it marks a preliminary step towards development of specific enzyme inhibitors.
Evaluation of Magnetic Pad Sizes and Topologies for Electric Vehicle Charging

Inductive power transfer is becoming increasingly popular in stationary electric vehicle charging systems due to improved designs. However, such optimizations are normally performed for matched topologies which are similarly sized, over constant air gaps and without significant misalignment. In a real situation where the primary and secondary pads may not be matched and may be misaligned, pad designs must take into consideration coupling factors, leakage fluxes, pad quality factors, reflected impedance, and size. This paper analyzes the effects which variations in pad sizes, topologies, and displacements in three dimensions has on these parameters. It was found that solenoid pads should not be used as a primary pad due to high leakage fluxes, low native quality factors, and the fact that they are not fully interoperable over the whole desired range of use. Bipolar pad primaries are able to couple to any secondary pad over the entire range of use required and tend to have high native quality factors. Nonpolarized pads tend to have the lowest leakage fluxes but also low coupling. Suggestions on techniques to optimize these pads have also been included.
The dependence of the endothelial function on comorbid states in patients with asthma.

OBJECTIVE Introduction: the purpose of the research consisted in the study of the functional state of the endothelium in patients having persistent asthma (A) with an uncontrolled course in combination with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2T) and obesity (O) The aim: on the basis of a complex study of nitric oxide metabolites (nitrosothiols, S-NO), von Willebrand factor (VWF) and endothelin-1 (EТ-1). PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The study involved 90 A patients with comorbid states, who were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 included patients with A, group 2 consisted of A with DM2T (A+DM2T), group 3 was composed of A and obesity (A+O); the control group had 21 persons. RESULTS Results: Lower S-NO levels in patients from groups 2 and 3 and an increase of ET-1 in these groups versus the control one demonstrate an imbalance of the indices, which produce an effect on the vascular tone. Statistically, the activity of VWF as the marker of an endothelial damage was significantly higher: it was 169.0 (147.0;178.50) in cases from group 2 and 156.0 (142.75;165.0) in those from the group of A+O. Thus, indices of a disrupted endothelial function were more expressed in patients from group 2. Positive relations of ET-1 with VWF and negative ones with S-NO. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The conducted study has proved that the endothelial function in patients with A+DM2T and A+O is characterized by a disturbed relationship between relaxing and constricting endothelial factors. The obtained data make it possible to receive an opportunity to correct the above impairments in future.
Information, Prices and Efficiency in a Fixed-Odds Betting Market

This paper examines the efficiency of the Association Football betting market in the United Kingdom. The notable features of this market are that the odds are fixed some time before matches occur and differ between bookmaking firms. While there is some evidence of ex post inefficiency, there does not appear to be profitable betting strategies that could have been implemented ex ante during the sample period. Copyright 1989 by The London School of Economics and Political Science.
Genetic diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis and the prevalence of trachoma

Background. Considerable variation in the outer membrane protein (ompA) of Chlamydia trachomatis has been uncovered by immunotyping and, more recently, by genotyping. This diversity may assist Chlamydia in evading the human immune system; organisms may have a competitive advantage if they infect a host who has previously been infected only by other strains. If so, a diverse set of strains may attain a higher prevalence in a community than a single strain. We determined the predominant strains of ocular C. trachomatis in trachoma-endemic villages of Nepal and tested the hypothesis that strain diversity is associated with the prevalence of infection. Methods. Major outer membrane protein gene sequences of chlamydial isolates were determined from ligase chain reaction-positive eye swab samples collected from 10 villages. The diversity of genovars was determined for each village, using Simpson’s index. Results. Two genovar families (Ba and C) and nine genovars were detected, with a single genovar (C1) comprising more than one-half of the samples. The prevalence of clinically active trachoma was significantly associated with the genetic diversity in a village, controlling for village size and number of samples taken in a village. Conclusion. Genetic diversity of C. trachomatis is associated with the prevalence of infection in a community, consistent with the hypothesis that diversity may be necessary to attain a high prevalence in a community.
New Structuralism and Institutional Change: Federalism Between Centralization and Decentralization

This article aims to contribute to the debate on institutional change by introducing social structure as the basis for theorizing about the direction of such change. The empirical context is the long-term trends of federal institutional change in the federations of the industrialized West (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States). It is the authors’ contention that institutions change in order to reach a better fit with the underlying linguistic structure. The direction for institutional change in federal systems with territorially based linguistic heterogeneity is decentralizing, for homogeneous ones the direction is centralizing. The argument is based on the growing importance of language as the provider of democratic space. It is through the less formalized interest group politics that the underlying linguistic base finds its way into influencing the direction of institutional change.
The Comparative Law and Economics of Energy Markets

This chapter surveys research on the regulation of the energy sector that applies the methodology of Comparative Law and Economics or provides insights on how to improve it. It begins with a discussion of the notion of economic efficiency in the context of energy markets liberalization and restructuring. Then the chapter goes on with a critical discussion of the pitfalls surrounding the design of indicators of institutional quality and the selection of regulatory best practices. Examples include indicators proposed by World Bank researchers and the monitoring of physical and financial energy markets in the US and the EU. The next methodological issue is the description, explanation and planning of the process leading to legal transplants. Two examples are discussed: emissions trading systems and feed-in tariffs. The last section of the chapter deals with behavioural approaches to energy regulation and the possibility to connect the comparative dimension to such analyses. The overall conclusion is that in the energy sector comparative law and economic theory have not achieved a satisfactory level of integration. A large share of the benefits stemming from this interdisciplinary collaboration still lies before us.
Innovation Communities: The Role of Networks of Promotors in Open Innovation

Research on Open Innovation has increasingly emphasised the role of communities in creating, shaping and disseminating innovations. However, the comparability of many studies has been hampered by the lack of a precise definition of the community construct, and the research on Open Innovation has to date not been well connected to insights from research on the role of transformational leaders and the networking of champions and promotors across organisational boundaries. For this reason, this paper introduces a new construct of ‘innovation communities’ based on promotor theory, which it defines as ‘networks of promotors’. It proposes a comprehensive concept of the quality of interaction in innovation communities, and presents findings of three case studies, which explore the role of promotors and networks of promotors in Open Innovation. The case studies reveal that such transformational leaders as promotors, and especially their close and informal co-operation across functional and organisational boundaries, play a key role in Open Innovation.
Visual Recognition in Very Low-Quality Settings: Delving Into the Power of Pre-Training

Visual recognition from very low-quality images is an extremely challenging task with great practical values. While deep networks have been extensively applied to low-quality image restoration and high-quality image recognition tasks respectively, few works have been done on the important problem of recognition from very low-quality images.This paper presents a degradation-robust pre-training approach on improving deep learning models towards this direction. Extensive experiments on different datasets validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Some requirements for pyruvate oxidation by plant mitochondrial preparations.

coenzyme A becomes progressively less under these conditions. As previous authors have pointed out (e.g. Laties, 1953b; Lindberg & Ernster, 1954) such a result might be expected if a single dehydrogenase well supplied with substrate was sufficiently active to saturate an electron-transfer system normally shared by subsequent dehydrogenation steps. In conclusion it may be mentioned that responses to coenzyme A and cocarboxylase may be expected when other preparations are investigated, although the high rates of oxygen uptake which have been recorded without benefit of such additions may indicate a degree of self sufficiency which would make these preparations less desirable for such demonstrations. However, we have already been able to show responses to these cofactors in the oxidation of oxaloacetate by preparations from cauliflower and potato.
Does Attending a Catholic School Make a Difference? Evidence from Italy

This paper analyses whether attending a Catholic high school in Italy yields higher benefits in student achievement compared with enrolment at a public school. Because a measure of the success of a given high school might be how its students perform after leaving high school, our attention is focused on university participation and the risk of university dropout. We find that attending a Catholic school increases the likelihood of enrolling at university but has no effect on dropout behaviour. Additionally, our findings show that the source of the effectiveness of Catholic schools in boosting university participation does not lie in better resource availability, peer group influences or positive selection.
A Two-Stage MaxSAT Reasoning Approach for the Maximum Weight Clique Problem

MaxSAT reasoning is an effective technology used in modern branch-and-bound (BnB) algorithms for the Maximum Weight Clique problem (MWC) to reduce the search space. However, the current MaxSAT reasoning approach for MWC is carried out in a blind manner and is not guided by any relevant strategy. In this paper, we describe a new BnB algorithm for MWC that incorporates a novel two-stage MaxSAT reasoning approach. In each stage, the MaxSAT reasoning is specialised and guided for different tasks. Experiments on an extensive set of graphs show that the new algorithm implementing this approach significantly outperforms relevant exact and heuristic MWC algorithms in both small/medium and massive real-world graphs.
Differential expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in human head and neck cancers

Over‐expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with a variety of human malignancies, including head and neck cancer. It has also been studied for its effect on cancer cell responses to chemotherapy. To accurately measure changes in EGFR expression that might be of diagnostic or prognostic importance in head and neck cancers, a quantitative assay for the direct detection of EGFR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was developed.