Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An anatomical study of the transversus nuchae muscle: Application to better understanding occipital neuralgia

The transversus nuchae muscle appears inconsistently in the occipital region. It has gained attention as one of the muscles composing the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS). The purpose of this study was to clarify its detailed anatomical features. We examined 124 sides of 62 cadavers. The transversus nuchae muscle was identified when present and examined after it had been completely exposed. We also examined its relationship to the occipital cutaneous nerves.The transversus nuchae muscle was detected in 40 sides (40/124, 32.2%) of 26 cadavers; it was present bilaterally in 14 and unilaterally in 12. It originated from the external occipital protuberance; 43% of the observed muscles inserted around the mastoid process, and 58% curved upward around the mastoid process and became the uppermost bundle of the platysma. In one case, an additional bundle originated from the lower posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and coursed obliquely upward along with platysma. Ninety percent of the muscles ran below the sling through which the greater occipital nerve passed; 65% of the lesser occipital nerves ran deep to the muscle, and 55% of the great auricular nerves ran superficial to it. Our observations clarify the unique anatomical features of the transversus nuchae muscle. We found that it occurs at a rate similar to that described in previous reports, but its arrangement is variable. Further investigations will be performed to clarify its innervation and other anatomical features. Clin. Anat. 30:32–38, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A VASCOG Statement

Background:Several sets of diagnostic criteria have been published for vascular dementia since the 1960s. The continuing ambiguity in vascular dementia definition warrants a critical reexamination. Methods:Participants at a special symposium of the International Society for Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders (VASCOG) in 2009 critiqued the current criteria. They drafted a proposal for a new set of criteria, later reviewed through multiple drafts by the group, including additional experts and the members of the Neurocognitive Disorders Work Group of the fifth revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) Task Force. Results:Cognitive disorders of vascular etiology are a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse pathologies and clinical manifestations, discussed broadly under the rubric of vascular cognitive disorders (VCD). The continuum of vascular cognitive impairment is recognized by the categories of Mild Vascular Cognitive Disorder, and Vascular Dementia or Major Vascular Cognitive Disorder. Diagnostic thresholds are defined. Clinical and neuroimaging criteria are proposed for establishing vascular etiology. Subtypes of VCD are described, and the frequent cooccurrence of Alzheimer disease pathology emphasized. Conclusions:The proposed criteria for VCD provide a coherent approach to the diagnosis of this diverse group of disorders, with a view to stimulating clinical and pathologic validation studies. These criteria can be harmonized with the DSM-5 criteria such that an international consensus on the criteria for VCD may be achieved.
Anthropogenic climate change drives shift and shuffle in North Atlantic phytoplankton communities

Significance Phytoplankton play essential roles in marine food webs and global biogeochemical cycles, yet the responses of individual species and entire phytoplankton communities to anthropogenic climate change in the coming century remain uncertain. Here we map the biogeographies of commonly observed North Atlantic phytoplankton and compare their historical (1951–2000) and projected future ranges (2051–2100). We find that individual species and entire communities move in space, or shift, and that communities internally reassemble, or shuffle. Over the coming century, most but not all studied species shift northeastward in the basin, moving at a rate faster than previously estimated. These pronounced ecological changes are driven by dynamic changes in ocean circulation and surface conditions, rather than just warming temperatures alone. Anthropogenic climate change has shifted the biogeography and phenology of many terrestrial and marine species. Marine phytoplankton communities appear sensitive to climate change, yet understanding of how individual species may respond to anthropogenic climate change remains limited. Here, using historical environmental and phytoplankton observations, we characterize the realized ecological niches for 87 North Atlantic diatom and dinoflagellate taxa and project changes in species biogeography between mean historical (1951–2000) and future (2051–2100) ocean conditions. We find that the central positions of the core range of 74% of taxa shift poleward at a median rate of 12.9 km per decade (km⋅dec−1), and 90% of taxa shift eastward at a median rate of 42.7 km⋅dec−1. The poleward shift is faster than previously reported for marine taxa, and the predominance of longitudinal shifts is driven by dynamic changes in multiple environmental drivers, rather than a strictly poleward, temperature-driven redistribution of ocean habitats. A century of climate change significantly shuffles community composition by a basin-wide median value of 16%, compared with seasonal variations of 46%. The North Atlantic phytoplankton community appears poised for marked shift and shuffle, which may have broad effects on food webs and biogeochemical cycles.
Preventing unintended proteolysis in plant protein biofactories

Summary Numerous reports have been published over the last decade assessing the potential of plants as useful hosts for the heterologous expression of clinically useful proteins. Significant progress has been made, in particular, in optimizing transgene transcription and translation in plants, and in elucidating the complex post‐translational modifications of proteins typical of the plant cell machinery. In this article, we address the important issue of recombinant protein degradation in plant expression platforms, which directly impacts on the final yield, homogeneity and overall quality of the resulting protein product. Unlike several more stable and structurally less complex pharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins present a natural tendency to structural heterogeneity, resulting in part from the inherent instability of polypeptide chains expressed in heterologous environments. Proteolytic processing, notably, may dramatically alter the structural integrity and overall accumulation of recombinant proteins in plant expression systems, both in planta during expression and ex planta after extraction. In this article, we describe the current strategies proposed to minimize protein hydrolysis in plant protein factories, including organ‐specific transgene expression, organelle‐specific protein targeting, the grafting of stabilizing protein domains to labile proteins, protein secretion in natural fluids and the co‐expression of companion protease inhibitors.
21 NEUROPROTECTION IN HEAD INJURY

The concept of ‘neuroprotection’ can be traced to the use of cold by ancient Greek physicians to treat injuries and stroke – which they believed were related to excess body heat (Hoff, 1986). Modern application was allied to the development of major cardiac and vascular surgery in the 1950s (Cooley, Mahaffey and De Bakey, 1955) and in the 1960s neurosurgeons cooled patients during intracranial vascular surgery (Drake et al., 1964). Profound hypothermia for head injury was described by Lazorthes and Campan in 1958; systemic complications limited its benefit and it lost favor, but interest in moderate hypothermia has returned recently. In the last decade, the impressive reductions in the extent of brain damage that can be obtained experimentally from a variety of methods of neuroprotective treatment have raised high expectations of clinical benefit in stroke and head injury. Nevertheless, at the time of writing these hopes remain unfulfilled and a succession of trials have failed to show consistent significant improvement in outcomes. Although this has led to some skepticism, the results so far may reflect only the inadequacies of the agents concerned – at least in the dosages and regimens employed and in the patient populations treated. The prospects of benefit from neuroprotection remain under intensive investigation. The original concept of neuroprotection depended upon the initiation of treatment before the onset of the event leading to brain damage and the methods employed aimed to minimize the intensity of insult or its immediate effects upon the brain. This reflected the experience of investigators, who found that the methods then available often failed to work, and could even be harmful, when started after the insult. More recently, the concept of neuroprotection has been extended to include treatment started after the onset of an insult (Figure 21.1). This change reflects new understanding of the mechanisms of brain damage and the development of an immense range of specifically targeted, powerful, neuropharmacological treatments (Table 21.1). Much research has been focused on the treatment of cerebral ischemia but the findings, and interventions employed, are likely also to be relevant in the management of head injury. This reflects three factors:
The impact of atherosclerotic vascular disease in predicting a stroke, thromboembolism and mortality in atrial fibrillation patients: a systematic review

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is commonly associated with vascular disease. Although atherosclerotic vascular disease (for example, defined as a myocardial infarction (MI), complex aortic plaque and peripheral arterial disease) has been proposed as a risk factor for a stroke, the co‐existence of the two diseases increases the risk of future cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to assess the impact of atherosclerotic vascular disease on the primary end‐point of a stroke, thromboembolism or mortality, in patients with AF.
Malaria-associated secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Report of two cases & a review of literature

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a systemic disorder caused by immune dysregulation, occurs in primary (genetic) and secondary (acquired) forms. Secondary HLH refers to cases triggered by infections, malignancy (predominantly haematologic) and autoimmune diseases1. Primary HLH is mostly recognized in childhood whereas the secondary form can occur at any age2. HLH secondary to infections can occur with viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections; viral infections, [especially Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)], being the most common1,3. While the treatment of familial or primary HLH has been systematically studied and reported, the optimum treatment of secondary HLH remains speculative4. Literature on malaria-associated HLH is sparse. We describe here two cases of malaria-associated secondary HLH successfully managed with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). The literature on secondary HLH associated with malaria, has also been reviewed.
Surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O infections in the United States

BACKGROUND: Reports that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐ 1) group O variants are not reliably detected by some commercial diagnostic tests have raised concerns about the sensitivity of existing screening tests, especially with regard to blood safety. Although it is unlikely that these divergent strains are prevalent in North America, systematic, continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the potential spread of HIV variants into that region.
Inhabitation of the Pond frog Rana porosa porosa in a ditch on the rural landscape of spreading paddy fields characterized by dispersed settlement

We discussed about habitation of the pond frog Rana porosa porosa, and correspondence of the structure of a ditch in the side of a paddy field in the Isawa alluvial fan. As the result of count census on a levee, the density of this frog was high in ditches of a ground material, and remarkably low in ditches of the concrete material. And density of this frog was the highest in the ditch, which had the moderate biomass of grass on a levee. It was guessed that two points had operated to plus on an abundance of this frog. The points were that there are a great many ditch of ground material, and the |and consolidation paddy field of old time is maintained in this area.
Relevance of Sunscreen Application Method, Visible Light and Sunlight Intensity to Free-radical Protection: A Study of ex vivo Human Skin

Abstract With the continued rise in skin cancers worldwide there is a need for effective skin protection against sunlight damage. It was shown previously that sunscreens, which claimed UVA protection (SPF 20+), provided limited protection against UV-induced ascorbate radicals in human skin. Here the results of an electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation to irradiate ex vivo human skin with solar-simulated light are reported. The ascorbate radical signal in the majority of skin samples was directly proportional to the irradiance over relevant sunlight intensities (0.9–2.9 mW cm−2). Radical production (substratum-corneum) by UV (wavelengths <400 nm) and visible components (>400 nm) was ∼67% and 33% respectively. Ascorbate radicals were in steady state concentration at low irradiance (∼1 mW cm−2 equivalent to UK sunlight), but at higher irradiance (∼3 mW cm−2) decreased with time, suggesting ascorbate depletion. Radical protection by a four star–rated sunscreen (with UVA protection) was optimal when applied as a thin film (40–60% at 2 mg cm−2) but less so when rubbed into the skin (37% at 4 mg cm−2 and no significant protection at 2 mg cm−2), possibly due to cream filling crevices, which reduced film thickness. This study validates ESR determinations of the ascorbate radical for quantitative protection measurements. Visible light contribution to radical production, and loss of protection when sunscreen is rubbed into skin, has implications for sunscreen design and use for the prevention of free-radical damage.
An exploratory study of the long-term impact of difficulty kneeling after total knee replacement

Abstract Purpose: To explore the long-term impact of difficulty with kneeling and how healthcare services could be improved to help patients kneel after total knee replacement. Patients and methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with 56 patients who had extreme difficulty kneeling at 7–10 years after knee replacement. Patients were asked about reasons for difficulty kneeling, how it impacted upon their lives, and experiences of healthcare services. Responses were recorded on a standardized proforma and a descriptive content analysis performed. Results: Most people had difficulty kneeling because of pain or discomfort in the replaced knee. Many patients described how this limitation affected their daily lives, including housework, gardening, religious practices, leisure activities and getting up after a fall. Patients often adapted to these limitations by finding alternatives to kneeling, assistance from others or home adaptations. Many patients had accepted that they could not kneel, however some still expressed frustrated. Few patients had consulted with healthcare professionals about kneeling difficulties, and unmet needs included the provision of information about kneeling and post-operative physiotherapy. Interpretation: This study provides an initial insight into how difficulty kneeling after knee replacement impacts upon patientsand the need for better healthcare provision. Implications for rehabilitation Rehabilitation professionals should be aware that many patients experience difficulty with kneeling after total knee replacement and that this has a long-term impact upon patients. There is a need for rehabilitation after knee replacement to address kneeling difficulties. It is suggested that this rehabilitation should be delivered early in the postoperative recovery phase and designed to address the multifactorial reasons that patients find kneeling problematic.
Measuring Overlap-rate in a Hierarchical Approach for Color Image Segmentation

In this paper, we present a new theory regarding cluster overlap, which allows for the computation of a cluster overlap rate that turns out being a very good measure of similarity between clusters. Using this measure, we also develop a new hierarchical algorithm for image segmentation that partially solves the problem of determining the best number of clusters. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the overlap rate measuring method and the new hierarchical clustering algorithm.
Sympathetic skin response.

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Enhanced Physical Layer Security in D2D Spectrum Sharing Networks

In this letter, the issue of security for device-to-device (D2D) underlaying cellular networks is considered. The cellular communication is overheard by randomly distributed eavesdroppers. By sharing the spectrum between D2D users and cellular users, the interference generated by D2D users is used as a source of jamming to confuse the eavesdroppers. We first derive the connection probability of the D2D links and the secrecy outage probability of the cellular link based on stochastic geometry tools. We then propose a joint guard zone and threshold-based access control scheme for the D2D users to maximize the achievable secrecy throughput. Moreover, when only the selection threshold is considered, a closed-form expression of the optimal selection threshold is derived. Simulation results show that improved secrecy throughput can be achieved by allowing the transmission of the D2D users.
Body balance in elderly patients, 12 months after treatment for BPPV

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is highly prevalent in the elderly population, triggering major changes in body balance. Objective To compare the results obtained from static posturography in the elderly before and after otoliths repositioning maneuvers and 12 months after treatment onset. Design: longitudinal, descriptive and analytical study. Method Elderly patients with clinical diagnosis of BPPV submitted to Balance Rehabilitation Unit static posturography in 10 sensory conditions at three time intervals: before and after the repositioning maneuver and12 months after the treatment. Results We studied 23 subjects with a mean age of 68.74 years. Posturography revealed that the stability limit was not significantly different when the three time intervals were compared (p = 0.405). The center of pressure (CoP) showed a significant change in condition 2 (stable surface and closed eyes), because after the repositioning maneuver, the CoP significantly differed vis-à-vis the results before and 12 months after the treatment (p = 0.003). The values of body velocity sway (BVS) were significantly different in six sensory conditions in these three time intervals. Conclusion 12 months after the treatment for BPPV, the static posturography showed balance abnormalities similar to those found before treatment.
Differences in health-related quality of life in rural and urban veterans.

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether disparities in health-related quality of life exist between veterans who live in rural settings and their suburban or urban counterparts. METHODS We determined health-related quality-of-life scores (physical and mental health component summaries) for 767109 veterans who had used Veterans Health Administration services within the past 3 years. We used rural/urban commuting area codes to categorize veterans into rural, suburban, or urban residence. RESULTS Health-related quality-of-life scores were significantly lower for veterans who lived in rural settings than for those who lived in suburban or urban settings. Rural veterans had significantly more physical health comorbidities, but fewer mental health comorbidities, than their suburban and urban counterparts. Rural-urban disparities persisted in all survey subscales, across regional delivery networks, and after we controlled for sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSIONS When compared with their urban and suburban counterparts, veterans who live in a rural setting have worse health-related quality-of-life scores. Policymakers, within and outside the Veterans Health Administration, should anticipate greater health care demands from rural populations.
Un Réexamen De La Relation Inflation Croissance Economique Dans Les Pays Africains (A Re-Examination of the Inflation Growth Relationship in the African Countries)

French Abstract: Ce papier revient sur la non-linearite de la relation inflation –croissance. Il evalue le role de la qualite institutionnelle sur la non-linearite de la relation inflation-croissance et la determination du taux d’inflation optimal dans les pays africains. A cet egard, un panel des 53 pays africains sur la periode 1980-2013 est utilise pour effectuer une analyse de regression de panel avec seuil progressif (Panel SmoothThresholdRegression : PSTR, developpe par Gonzalez et al. 2005). Un test de robustesse est effectue avec la methode des moments generalises en systeme (GMM). Nos resultats confirment la non-linearite de la relation inflation-croissance. Cette non-linearite de la relation inflation croissance est conditionnee par la qualite des institutions. Les pays avec une qualite des institutions plus elevee eprouvent des effets moins severes d’inflation que les pays ayant une qualite des institutions inferieure. Le taux d’inflation optimal pour les pays africains depend du regime de change. Ce taux diverge avec ceux trouves pour les pays developpes ainsi que pour ceux de beaucoup de pays en developpement.English Abstract: This paper returns on the non-linearity of the inflation - growth relationship. He estimates the role of the institutional quality on the non-linearity of the inflation-growth relationship and identifies the optimal inflation rate in the African countries. In this respect, a panel of 53 African countries over the period 1980-2013 is used to make an analysis of regression of panel with progressive threshold (Panel Smooth Threshold Regression: PSTR, developed by Gonzalez and al. 2005). A test of robustness is made with the method of moments generalized in system (GMM). Our results confirm the non-linearity of the relation inflation-growth. This non-linearity of the inflation growth relationship is conditioned by the quality of institutions. Countries with a higher quality of institutions experience less severe effects of inflation than countries having a lower quality of institutions. The optimal inflation rate for the African countries depends on the exchange regime. This rate diverges with those found for developed countries as well as for those of many developing countries.