Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Locally recurrent globally feedforward networks: a critical review of architectures

In this paper, we will consider a number of local-recurrent-global-feedforward (LRGF) networks that have been introduced by a number of research groups in the past few years. We first analyze the various architectures, with a view to highlighting their differences. Then we introduce a general LRGF network structure that includes most of the network architectures that have been proposed to date. Finally we will indicate some open issues concerning these types of networks.
Movement of Dengue Vectors Between the Human Modified Environment and an Urban Forest in Rio de Janeiro

Abstract The movement of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) females between sylvatic and urban environments was investigated by marking, releasing, and recapturing adults and by identifying rubidium (Rb)-marked eggs of females that were released after taking a bloodmeal containing RbCl. When released in the forest, Ae. albopictus females flew as far as 1,000 m and reached houses within 1 wk. When Ae. albopictus were released close to houses, most females were recaptured near the release point, and Rb-marked eggs were found 1,000 m away in the forest only once, 35 d after the release. These differing patterns of movement may suggest a preference of Ae. albopictus for the human-modified environment. Ae. aegypti, however, showed low tendency to disperse into the forest. The capacity of Ae. albopictus females to disperse from a sylvatic into a human-modified environment suggests that this species may play a role in the dissemination of forest-restricted pathogens, such as yellow fever virus.
Range of Motion and Leg Rotation Affect Electromyography Activation Levels of the Superficial Quadriceps Muscles During Leg Extension

Abstract Signorile, JF, Lew, KM, Stoutenberg, M, Pluchino, A, Lewis, JE, and Gao, J. Range of motion and leg rotation affect electromyography activation levels of the superficial quadriceps muscles during leg extension. J Strength Cond Res 28(9): 2536–2545, 2014—Leg extension (LE) is commonly used to strengthen the quadriceps muscles during training and rehabilitation. This study examined the effects of limb position (POS) and range of motion (ROM) on quadriceps electromyography (EMG) during 8 repetitions (REP) of LE. Twenty-four participants performed 8 LE REP at their 8 repetition maximum with lower limbs medially rotated (TI), laterally rotated (TO), and neutral (NEU). Each REP EMG was averaged over the first, middle, and final 0.524 rad ROM. For vastus medialis oblique (VMO), a REP × ROM interaction was detected (p < 0.02). The middle 0.524 rad produced significantly higher EMG than the initial 0.524 rad for REP 6–8 and the final 0.524 rad produced higher EMG than the initial 0.524 rad for REP 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 (p ⩽ 0.05). For rectus femoris (RF), EMG activity increased across REP with TO generating the greatest activity (p < 0.001). For vastus lateralis (VL), EMG increased across REP (p < 0.001) with NEU and TO EMG increasing linearly throughout ROM and TI activity greatest during the middle 0.524 rad. We conclude that to target the VMO, the optimal ROM is the final 1.047 rad regardless of POS, while maximum EMG for the RF is generated using TO regardless of ROM. In contrast, the VL is maximally activated using TI over the first 1.047 rad ROM or in NEU over the final 0.524 rad ROM.
Instructional Management in Historical Perspective: Evidence on Differentiation in School Districts

An analysis of job titles in a sample of California school districts was made to trace patterns of instructional management in school districts during the period 1930-1970. The analysis of the data revealed that (1) the form of instruction and curriculum management in districts changed during the period of study and that (2) increases in instructional management positions have been less than in positions that either keep track of money, materials, and people or positions that manage auxiliary services for students.
Toward a Person × Situation Model of Selective Exposure

The present study attempted to predict selective exposure to media messages as a function of personality and situation, which has rarely been examined in prior relevant research. Employing a quasi-experimental method, the interplay between prevailing perceived threat from the economic crisis that started in 2008 and each of the two personality types when dealing with threat – repression and sensitization – was examined to predict online news selection behavior, as unobtrusively recorded. A significant interaction between perceived threat and sensitization tendency was obtained for both the selection of financial crisis-related news and avoidance of financial crisis-unrelated news. The implications of this exclusive pattern of online news selection behavior are discussed.
Factor Structure of the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale for Norwegian School-age Children Explored with Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The validity of the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) was examined in a national sample of 863 Norwegian schoolchildren in grades 1–7 (aged 6–13). The original factor structure of the STRS was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA results did not support the original three-factor structure of the STRS. Subsequent CFA of the short form of the STRS (STRS-SF) supported the shortened version, which contained 15 items and two factors (closeness and conflict). The concurrent validity of the STRS-SF was also found to be good. This study provides initial support for the factor validity of the STRS-SF for Norwegian children in grades 1–7. This measurement should be useful for both researchers and practitioners who want to assess and evaluate the quality of student–teacher relationships.
Neuropathologies of the Self: A General Theory

The neuropathologies of the self are a continuum of disorders of the self and identity that occur in the presence of identifiable brain pathology. They include perturbations of the bodily, relational, and narrative self. From the standpoint of neuropsychoanalysis, the most interesting are those that display delusional and confabulatory aspects, especially the delusional misidentification syndromes. Damage to the right, especially medial-frontal and orbitofrontal, sectors is particularly associated with these conditions. According to the ego-disequilibrium theory, in patients with neuropathologies of the self, right frontal damage creates a disturbance in ego boundaries and a breakdown of the observing ego that also facilitates the emergence of developmentally immature styles of thought and ego functioning and the return of “psychologically primitive defenses” such as denial, projection, splitting, and fantasy characteristic of both the adult neurological patients and the child. It is hypothesized that in the course of normal brain development between approximately the ages of 3–8 years there is a movement away from immature defensive functions and fantasies to mature defenses and the inhibition of fantasy that critically depends on maturational processes within the right hemisphere. Once these brain structures are established, the immature defenses and the use of fantasy typical of the child are inhibited and mature adult defenses emerge. In the presence of right frontal damage, however, there is a reemergence of these primitive immature defenses. The hypothesis posits that the preservation and activation of the verbal defenses in these cases, such as verbal denial, projection, splitting, and fantasy, must be the result of the remaining, and presumably relatively intact, left verbal hemisphere and that it even may be possible that the mature defenses are lateralized to the nondominant hemisphere. A four-tiered model of these syndromes is proposed that can broadly account for the origin of all of these conditions. This model emphasizes a multifactorial approach that includes both negative and positive, bottom up and top down, and neuropsychological and psychological factors and explains why any given patient with one of these syndromes may lack a certain feature. Indeed, the model predicts that given that so many interacting factors may play a role in the development of these disorders, we would expect that group studies that examine multiple factors will vary in the presence, importance, and pattern of association and dissociation of any single one.
Two distinct attachment sites for vimentin along the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope in avian erythrocytes: a basis for a vectorial assembly of intermediate filaments

In vitro binding studies with isolated bovine lens vimentin and avian erythrocyte membranes reveal the existence of two functionally distinct sets of intermediate filament attachment sites. One population of such receptors is located along the nuclear envelope and comprises polypeptides recognizing the carboxy-terminal tail domain of vimentin. Vimentin associates with these nuclear surface receptors in a cooperative manner and forms extensive 10-nm filaments in a concentration-dependent fashion. Conversely, the plasma membrane contains binding sites that interact in a noncooperative, saturable fashion with vimentin, recognizing its amino-terminal head domain. The functional dichotomy of the vimentin-binding sites under in vitro conditions may reflect a vectorial assembly process whereby 10-nm filaments, although structurally apolar, acquire polar features brought about by the differential attachment to specific receptors arranged along the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.
Dandy Walker Variant and Bipolar I Disorder with Graphomania

Cerebellum is known to play an important role in coordination and motor functions. In some resent studies it is also considered to be involved in modulation of mood, cognition and psychiatric disorders. Dandy Walker Malformation is a congenital malformation that is characterized by hypoplasia or aplasia of the cerebellar vermis, cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle and enlargement of the posterior fossa. When the volume of posterior fossa is normal, the malformation is called Dandy Walker Variant. Case is a 32 year old male with a 12 year history of Bipolar I Disorder presented with manic and depresive symptoms, including dysphoric and depressive affect, anhedonia, suicidal thoughts and behaviours, thoughts of fear about future, overtalkativeness and graphomania, increased energy, irregular sleep, loss of appetite, increased immersion in projects, irritability, agressive behavior, impulsivity. Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging was compatible to the morphological features of Dandy Walker Variant.
A unified approach to building hybrid recommender systems

Content-based recommendation systems can provide recommendations for "cold-start" items for which little or no training data is available, but typically have lower accuracy than collaborative filtering systems. Conversely, collaborative filtering techniques often provide accurate recommendations, but fail on cold start items. Hybrid schemes attempt to combine these different kinds of information to yield better recommendations across the board. We describe unified Boltzmann machines, which are probabilistic models that combine collaborative and content information in a coherent manner. They encode collaborative and content information as features, and then learn weights that reflect how well each feature predicts user actions. In doing so, information of different types is automatically weighted, without the need for careful engineering of features or for post-hoc hybridization of distinct recommender systems. We present empirical results in the movie and shopping domains showing that unified Boltzmann machines can be used to combine content and collaborative information to yield results that are competitive with collaborative techniques in recommending items that have been seen before, and also effective at recommending cold-start items.
Novel PI 3-kinase-dependent mechanisms of trypanosome invasion and vacuole maturation

Mammalian cell invasion by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is facilitated by the activation of host cell phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3)-kinases. We demonstrate that the well-characterized Ca2+-regulated lysosome-mediated parasite entry pathway is abolished by wortmannin pretreatment. In addition, we have characterized a novel route of T. cruzi invasion unexpectedly revealed in the course of this study. For over a decade, targeted exocytosis of lysosomes at the host cell plasma membrane was considered as the primary mechanism for T. cruzi entry into non-professional phagocytic cells. We now provide evidence that a significant fraction (50% or greater) of invading T. cruzi trypomastigotes exploit an alternate actin-independent entry pathway that involves formation of a tightly associated host cell plasma membrane-derived vacuole enriched in the lipid products of class I PI 3-kinases, PtdInsP3/PtdIns(3,4)P2. Initially devoid of lysosomal markers, the resultant parasite-containing vacuoles gradually acquire lysosome associated membrane protein 1 (lamp-1) and fluid phase endocytic tracer from the lysosomal compartment. In striking contrast to latex bead phagosomes, few T. cruzi vacuoles associate with the early endosomal marker, EEA1 and the 'maturation' process becomes refractory to PI 3-kinase inhibition immediately following parasite internalization. Jointly, these data provide a new paradigm for T. cruzi invasion of non-professional phagocytic cells and reveal a novel vacuole maturation process that appears to bypass the requirement for EEA1.
Polypeptide and phospholipid composition of the membrane of rat liver peroxisomes: comparison with endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes

Membranes were isolated from highly purified peroxisomes, mitochondria, and rough and smooth microsomes of rat liver by the one-step Na2CO3 procedure described in the accompanying paper (1982, J. Cell Biol. 93:97-102). The polypeptide compositions of these membranes were determined by SDS PAGE and found to be greatly dissimilar. The peroxisomal membrane contains 12% of the peroxisomal protein and consists of three major polypeptides (21,700, 67,700 and 69,700 daltons) as well as some minor polypeptides. The major peroxisomal membrane proteins as well as most of the minor ones are absent from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Conversely, most ER proteins are absent from peroxisomes. By electron microscopy, purified peroxisomal membranes are approximately 6.8 nm thick and have a typical trilaminar appearance. The phospholipid/protein ratio of peroxisomal membranes is approximately 200 nmol/mg; the principal phospholipids are phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine as in ER and mitochondrial membranes. In contrast to the mitochondria, peroxisomal membranes contain no cardiolipin. All the membranes investigated contain a polypeptide band with a molecular mass of approximately 15,000 daltons. Whether this represents an exceptional common membrane protein or a coincidence is unknown. The implications of these results for the biogenesis of peroxisomes are discussed.
Learning Multiscale Features Directly from Waveforms

Deep learning has dramatically improved the performance of speech recognition systems through learning hierarchies of features optimized for the task at hand. However, true end-to-end learning, where features are learned directly from waveforms, has only recently reached the performance of hand-tailored representations based on the Fourier transform. In this paper, we detail an approach to use convolutional filters to push past the inherent tradeoff of temporal and frequency resolution that exists for spectral representations. At increased computational cost, we show that increasing temporal resolution via reduced stride and increasing frequency resolution via additional filters delivers significant performance improvements. Further, we find more efficient representations by simultaneously learning at multiple scales, leading to an overall decrease in word error rate on a difficult internal speech test set by 20.7% relative to networks with the same number of parameters trained on spectrograms.
Sonographic patterns of benign thyroid nodules: verification at our institution.

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to apply the sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules described by Bonavita et al. to our patient referral population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of the sonographic features of 811 thyroid nodules that had undergone fine-needle aspiration biopsy in our radiology department from July 2005 to July 2009 and that had conclusive cytologic results. We determined the percentage of nodules that exhibited strictly the four benign sonographic patterns described by Bonavita et al. and the accuracy of those patterns in the prediction of benign cytologic findings. RESULTS Sixty-six nodules (8.1%) showed a spongiform pattern and all were benign; 28 nodules (3.5%) showed the pattern described as "cyst with colloid clot" and all were benign; 14 nodules (1.7%) showed a "giraffe" pattern and all were proven to be Hashimoto thyroiditis; and eight nodules (1%) showed the "white knight" pattern and all were Hashimoto thyroiditis. Of the 121 nodules in our series with malignant cytologic features, none exhibited any of these four benign patterns. CONCLUSION The four sonographic patterns described by Bonavita et al., when applied strictly, were 100% specific for benignity. However in our referral population, the application of these patterns would have eliminated the need for only 14% of biopsies, in contrast with 61% of biopsies in the population studied by Bonavita et al.
Temporal changes in home advantage in English football since the Second World War: What explains improved away performance?

This study examined temporal trends in home advantage in the top two English football divisions and used change point analysis to test the hypothesis that home advantage has not remained constant over time. Regression analysis was used to model the impact of substitutions (a proxy for “information transfer”) and the points system on home advantage. The results suggest that changing from two points for a win to three points for a win has led to a 0.39 reduction (95% confidence interval = 0.21 to 0.56) in the ratio of home wins to away wins. Increasing the number of substitutions is associated with a small increase in the ratio of home wins to away wins, although this is not statistically significant. The evidence indicates that, in this particular context, the extent of home advantage has diminished. This contradicts most other published work, which suggests that home advantage is stable over time. I argue that this reduction is more likely to be the result of the introduction of three points for a win, which has lessened the incentives for away teams to settle for a draw, than an increase in “information transfer”. Research into temporal trends in home advantage is interesting in its own right but might, in addition, shed light on determinants of the home advantage phenomenon.
BHD mutations, clinical and molecular genetic investigations of Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome: a new series of 50 families and a review of published reports

Background: Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHDS) (MIM 135150) is an autosomal dominant predisposition to the development of follicular hamartomas (fibrofolliculomas), lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and kidney neoplasms. Germline mutations in BHD are associated with the susceptibility for BHDS. We previously described 51 BHDS families with BHD germline mutations. Objective: To characterise the BHD mutation spectrum, novel mutations and new clinical features of one previously reported and 50 new families with BHDS. Methods: Direct bidirectional DNA sequencing was used to screen for mutations in the BHD gene, and insertion and deletion mutations were confirmed by subcloning. We analysed evolutionary conservation of folliculin by comparing human against the orthologous sequences. Results: The BHD mutation detection rate was 88% (51/58). Of the 23 different germline mutations identified, 13 were novel consisting of: four splice site, three deletions, two insertions, two nonsense, one deletion/insertion, and one missense mutation. We report the first germline missense mutation in BHD c.1978A>G (K508R) in a patient who presented with bilateral multifocal renal oncocytomas. This mutation occurs in a highly conserved amino acid in folliculin. 10% (5/51) of the families had individuals without histologically confirmed fibrofolliculomas. Of 44 families ascertained on the basis of skin lesions, 18 (41%) had kidney tumours. Patients with a germline BHD mutation and family history of kidney cancer had a statistically significantly increased probability of developing renal tumours compared to patients without a positive family history (p = 0.0032). Similarly, patients with a BHD germline mutation and family history of spontaneous pneumothorax had a significantly increased greater probability of having spontaneous pneumothorax than BHDS patients without a family history of spontaneous pneumothorax (p = 0.011). A comprehensive review of published reports of cases with BHD germline mutation is discussed. Conclusion: BHDS is characterised by a spectrum of mutations, and clinical heterogeneity both among and within families.
Deceptive behaviour and instrumental violence among psychopathic and non-psychopathic violent forensic psychiatric patients

Deceptive behaviour and instrumental violence are well-known psychopathic features and as such play important roles in the assessment of psychopathy. This study examined first, the nature of the violence committed by offenders that have been admitted to forensic psychiatric care and whether scores on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), Part 1, were associated with the instrumentality of violence. Second, we examined the proneness of offenders to re-frame the instrumentality in their past violent crimes, and whether this was associated with scores on the PCL:SV. The results show that the PCL:SV, Part 1 (interpersonal/affective features), was positively related to the officially coded instrumentality of the violent crimes. As expected, this association disappeared when the instrumentality was self-reported. However, the majority of the patients tended to exaggerate the reactivity of their violent crimes when it was self-reported, indicating that most offenders, independently of level of psychopathy, used deception when questioned about the characteristics of their past violent crimes. The reasons for, and implications of, the use of deception are discussed.
Organization Development: What's Actually Happening?

A great deal of commentary and controversy about the state of organization development (OD) has to do with a lack of clarity regarding what it is about organizations that can be affected by an OD effort. Recent initiatives suggest that a new set of OD practices are emerging, based on a social constructionist orientation. With this in mind, this article aims to contribute to a theoretical understanding of what it is about organizations that can change, based on Berger and Luckmann's (1966) social constructionist framework. It describes three distinct change processes that take place as a consequence of OD interventions. The article ends with a discussion of some of the implications for OD practice, specifically with regard to ‘programming’ dialogue as the main vehicle for change.