Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
He, Ne, and Ar from the solar wind and solar energetic particles in lunar ilmenites and pyroxenes

He, Ne, and Ar in ilmenite and pyroxene separates from two lunar regolith samples exposed to the solar corpuscular radiation at widely different epochs were analyzed by the closed system stepped etching technique. This method avoids element or isotope fractionation due to diffusion during the experiment and thus depth profiles of element and isotopic composition of implanted solar noble gases can be determined. Ilmenites from a relatively recently irradiated soil release in the first steps He and Ne with isotopic compositions identical to modern solar wind values. We conclude that ilmenite retains isotopically unfractionated He, Ne, and Ar from the solar wind (SW) in the outermost grain layers. The isotopic composition of SW noble gases has remained constant over the last 100 Ma but there is some evidence for a slight change over a Ga timescale. The ratio 36Ar/38Ar in the solar wind is 2–3% larger than that in the terrestrial atmosphere. We give further evidence for the identification of a solar energetic particle component (SEP), which was implanted with energies exceeding those in the solar wind. All ilmenites and pyroxenes contain SEP-Ne with 20Ne/22Ne = 11.2±0.2, in agreement with SEP-Ne found earlier in lunar plagioclase. (21Ne/22Ne)SEP is consistent with SEP-Ne being derived from SW-Ne by mass dependent fractionation. In addition, the new data reveal SEP-He and SEP-Ar, both isotopically heavier than the SW components. The isotopic fractionation factors required to relate SW and SEP gases are approximately equal to the square of the mass ratios. Element ratios in the SEP dominated steps are similar (He: Ar) or identical (Ne: Ar) to present-day solar wind values, indicating little or no element fractionation in the SEP reservoir.
Ancient lead weight found with Loisels Pumice near Hook Point, Fraser Island, Queensland

A lead weight was recovered between 2.2 and 2.4 m depth in stranded beach sands at the souther end of Fraser Island. Its isotope values indicate a close affinity with lead from mines in France. Pumice found with the lead occurs elsewhere at sites dated 480+/-100 y BP and 520+/-75 y BP, and one fragment appears to be Loisels Pumice, for which a similar radiocarbon age has been reported from New Zealand. The data are difficult to assess but suggest that the lead weight could have reached this ancient beach between 1410 and 1630 AD.
The acquisition of syntactic knowledge

This landmark work in computational linguistics is of great importance both theoretically and practically because it shows that much of English grammar can be learned by a simple program.The Acquisition of Syntactic Knowledge investigates the central questions of human and machine cognition: How do people learn language? How can we get a machine to learn language? It first presents an explicit computational model of language acquisition which can actually learn rules of English syntax given a sequence of grammatical, but otherwise unprepared, sentences.It shows that natural languages are designed to be easily learned and easily processed-an exciting breakthrough from the point of view of artificial intelligence and the design of expert systems because it shows how extensive knowledge might be acquired automatically, without outside intervention. Computationally, the book demonstrates how constraints that may be reasonably assumed to aid sentence processing also aid language acquisition.Chapters in the book's second part apply computational methods to the general problem of developmental growth, particularly the thorny problem of the interaction between innate genetic endowment and environmental input, with the intent of uncovering the constraints on the acquisition of syntactic knowledge. A number of "mini-theories" of learning are incorporated in this study of syntax with results that should appeal to a wide range of scholarly interests. These include how lexical categories, phonological rule systems, and phrase structure rules are learned; the role of semantic-syntactic interaction in language acquisition; how a "parameter setting" model may be formalized as a learning procedure; how multiple constraints (from syntax, thematic knowledge, or phrase structure) interact to aid acquisition; how transformational-type rules may be learned; and, the role of lexical ambiguity in language acquisition.Robert Berwick is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT. The Acquisition of Syntactic Knowledge is sixteenth in the Artificial Intelligence Series, edited by Patrick Winston and Michael Brady.
Ductile strain partitioning in micritic limestones, Calabria, Italy: the roles and mechanisms of intracrystalline and intercrystalline deformation

The Apennine Pollino–Ciagola limestone unit in northern Calabria is characterized by subgreenschist, heterogeneous ductile strain localized along narrow deformation zones at several stratigraphic levels. Paleogene conglomerates and Jurassic calcareous breccias and ooidal packstones have been analyzed with the aim of characterizing the deformation of limestone as a function of the strain recorded by sedimentary markers. Reference sections parallel to principal finite strain planes were prepared at each locality for the study of specific parameters. Image analysis of polished sections by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to obtain the finite strain of calcite grains by Rf/ϕ, harmonic mean and normalized Fry methods. For the range of grain sizes analyzed (1–10 µm), the ellipticity of calcite grains varies as a function of grain size according to a power-law relationship, from which the size of isometric grains is empirically predicted. The finite strain (ellipticity) determined from single calcite .
El Niño Southern Oscillation influences in the Australasian region

During 1982-83, global weather patterns were influenced by one of the strongest Indo-Pacific ocean-atmosphere fluctuations yet observed (Kerr, 1983; Philander, 1983; Gill and Rasmusson, 1983; Rasmusson and Hall, 1983; Rasmusson, 1984). The impact of this El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event can be gauged by the number of popular articles in international magazines and journals dealing with the agricultural, social and economic implications of the phenomenon (e.g. Hoyle and Byrnes, 1983; Ralph, 1983; Canby, 1984; Caviedes, 1984; Glantz, 1984; Glantz et al., 1987). Claims of ENSO associations with major Australian environmental extremes also received wide coverage in the popular media. In early 1986, reports of another ENSO developing (Cane et al., 1986; Kerr, 1986a, 1986b; Philander, 1986) stimulated further interest in the phenomenon and its implications (Bell, 1986). Although an ENSO event dominated Indo-Pacific weather patterns during 1987, manifestations in the Australian region have not been consistent during this event.
Amplitude Change Detection with ENVISAT ASAR to Image the Cultural Landscape of the Nasca Region, Peru

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) amplitude information from ENVISAT C‐band advanced SAR (ASAR) data was used to analyse the cultural landscape of the Nasca region, southern Peru. A multispatial environmental analysis was performed over the whole drainage basin of the Rio Grande, by extracting the radar backscattering coefficient (σ0) of both natural and anthropogenic features between 2003 and 2005. Co‐registration of the ASAR scenes to a single master resulted in precisions of less than 0.1 pixels along both the range and azimuth directions. Four different products were generated based on the co‐registered ASAR stack: (i) temporally averaged radar signatures of the targets between 2003 and 2005; (ii) time series of spatially averaged radar signatures within selected areas of interest; (iii) amplitude change detection products based on (iii) image ratios and (iv) RGB colour composites between different scenes. Comparisons of annual and seasonal records through amplitude change detection maps highlighted σ0 changes over the floodplains of the Rio Ingenio and Rio Nazca, which correlate well with evidence from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data acquired in 2003, 2004 and 2007. Inferences about land use and soil conditions were retrieved from the σ0 change patterns, thereby proving the capability of this approach to support landscape evolution studies, even with SAR imagery of medium resolution (~30 m). Our results also demonstrated actual potential for monitoring mass movements and land surface processes, to assess the susceptibility of archaeological heritage and cultural landscape to natural hazards. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining drivers of land use change among pastoralists in Eastern Ethiopia

This paper explores the major land use changes occurred in Kebribeyah district of the Somali Region in Ethiopia. It examines the driving factors of these changes over the past five decades. The study used qualitative in-depth case analysis. Results show that expansion of settlement areas, crop and vegetable land, shrinkage of grazing land and reduction of livestock holding are the major land use changes. Population pressure, price incentives, intervention by development agencies, change in land tenure and improvement in infrastructure, attitudinal change of pastoralists, climate change, land degradation, and deforestation are the drivers of land use changes. Climate change and population pressure were perceived to be the major drivers. Hence, sedentary land use could not be taken as one of the available alternatives for herders but it became the only choice as they lost their livestock due to adverse climate change.
A Study in Rock-Weathering

Four districts furnished samples for a study in rock-weathering. Mineralogical data and fourteen new chemical analyses are presented in tables and diagrams. The granite gneiss of Morton, Minnesota, shows a marked loss of soda and lime in early stages of weathering but a more gradual loss of potash and baria. The progress of the decomposition is interpreted from a series of six samples of residual clay. Kaolinite is an end product. New chemical analyses of material from the Medford, Massachusetts, diabase are presented as a check on the older data. Ferrous and ferric iron determinations on samples of diabase and of glacial till suggest that the till is less oxidized than the underlying diabase, indicating preglacial weathering of the diabase. A diabase on the north shore of Lake Superior, Minnesota, is weathered locally to a depth of 40 feet but shows little chemical change except oxidation. An amphibolite from the Black Hills, South Dakota, yielded beidellite or related clay minerals by decomposition of its hornblende. Calcite has been leached, and other minerals attacked. On the basis of the present and earlier studies, a mineral-stability series in weathering is proposed. The arrangement of the common rock-forming minerals in this series is found to coincide with the reaction series. Experimental work on the attack of silicate minerals by water is in accord with the suggested mineral-stability series.
Cloud Street Patterns of Winter Precipitation in Yamaguchi

In this study we examined winter precipitation patterns in Yamaguchi, a relatively warm region of Japan, using Japan Meteorological Agency weather radar data from 1989 to 1998. During cold air outbreaks, radar echoes commonly revealed the formation of cloud streets. We classified band-shaped patterns of cloud streets into four different groups on the basis of band-transverse directions. The WNW and NW band-transverse directions were dominant, accounting for 70% of all occurrences. The band-transverse directions corresponded with the 850 hPa wind direction, as was similarly observed in northern Japan. Local winter precipitation was strongly related to the band-transverse direction of radar echoes. High concentrations of radar echoes were characterized by their directions in relation to the orientation of the coastline.
The 3 May 2006 (Mw 8.0) and 19 March 2009 (Mw 7.6) Tonga earthquakes: Intraslab compressional faulting below the megathrust

The Tonga subduction zone is among the most seismically active regions and has the highest plate convergence rate in the world. However, recorded thrust events confidently located on the plate boundary have not exceeded Mw 8.0, and the historic record suggests low seismic coupling along the arc. We analyze two major thrust fault earthquakes that occurred in central Tonga in 2006 and 2009. The 3 May 2006 Mw 8.0 event has a focal mechanism consistent with interplate thrusting, was located west of the trench, and caused a moderate regional tsunami. However, long‐period seismic wave inversions and finite‐fault modeling by joint inversion of teleseismic body waves and local GPS static offsets indicate a slip distribution centered ~65 km deep, about 30 km deeper than the plate boundary revealed by locations of aftershocks, demonstrating that this was an intraslab event. The aftershock locations were obtained using data from seven temporary seismic stations deployed shortly after the main shock, and most lie on the plate boundary, not on either nodal plane of the deeper main shock. The fault plane is ambiguous, and investigation of compound rupture involving coseismic slip along the megathrust does not provide a better fit, although activation of megathrust faulting is responsible for the aftershocks. The 19 March 2009 Mw 7.6 compressional faulting event occurred below the trench; finite‐fault and W‐phase inversions indicate an intraslab, ~50 km deep centroid, with ambiguous fault plane. This event also triggered small megathrust faulting. There continues to be a paucity of large megathrust earthquakes in Tonga.
INVENTORY OF IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM USING POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA

An attempt has been made in the current study to assess the potential of polarimetric SAR data for inventory of kharif rice and the major competing crop like cotton. In the process, physical process of the scattering mechanisms occurring in rice and cotton crops at different phonological stages was studied through the use of temporal Radarsat 2 Fine quadpol SAR data. The temporal dynamics of the volume, double and odd bounce, entropy, anisotropy, alpha parameters and polarimertic signatures, classification through isodata clustering and Wishart techniques were assessed. The Wishart (H -a ) classification showed higher overall as well as rice and cotton crop accuracies compared to the isodata clustering from Freeman 3-component decomposition. The classification of temporal SAR data sets independently showed that the rice crop forecasting can be advanced with the use of appropriate single date polarimetric SAR data rather than using temporal SAR amplitude data sets with the single polarization in irrigated rice ecosystems
Oceanic mesoscale eddies as revealed by Lagrangian coherent structures

We demonstrate the feasibility of using dynamical systems tools to unambiguously identify mesoscale oceanic eddies from surface ocean currents derived using climatological hydrography and altimetry. Specifically, our analysis is based on extracting Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) from finite‐time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields. The FTLE fields reveal with unprecedented detail an intricate tangle of LCSs, which are hidden in ocean surface topography maps but sometimes are apparent in ocean color images. These LCSs delineate fluid domains with very different advective properties, and thus their detection provides an objective (i.e., frame‐independent) means of identifying eddy boundaries. The importance of considering LCSs in quantifying transport by eddies is highlighted. Such a quantification does not rely on the common assumption—which is shown to be generally not valid—that transport is largely effected by the trapping and subsequent translation of water slugs inside eddies defined as the regions enclosed by sea height (streamfunction) contours within which rotation dominates over strain. LCSs are calculated for the whole globe and compared with satellite‐tracked drogue drifter trajectories within a selected region of the South Atlantic.
Please Consider Our Paper, " a Framework for Multiple Snakes " for Publication as a Regular Paper in the Pami Special Issue on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. a Framework for Multiple Snakes

DRAFT 2 ABSTRACT A framework for multiple object segmentation using deformable contours is proposed. This framework aims to extract objects whose shapes are similar, but whose image qualities are different. Objects with good image qualities are called " strong objects, " and objects with bad image qualities are called " weak objects ". The proposed framework is based on the deformable contours method which is an energy minimization approach. A new kind of energy is introduced to handle sharing of properties across multiple objects, and also to allow contours of strong objects to guide contours of weak objects. In some applications, a model can be given as prior knowledge to aid object shape estimation, whereas in other applications, a model cannot be provided. The proposed framework has been designed to support both cases. Moreover, the framework is robust under affine transformations: translation, rotation, and scaling. In our framework, weighting parameters are automatically generated and used as control parameters in the contour guiding scheme. This framework is implemented using an approach for multiple snake optimization based on dynamic programming. Comprehensive testing has been performed with diverse set of images such as gene expression images from microarray experiments , natural images, and synthetic images. Experimental results show that our framework is robust and effective.
Mercury concentrations of two toothfish and three of its prey species from the Pacific sector of the Antarctic

Abstract Muscle tissue samples were collected from Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni Norman) and Patagonian toothfish (D. eleginoides Smitt) in 1998 and from D. mawsoni and three of its prey species - Whitson's grenadier (Macrourus whitsoni (Regan)), ice fish (Chionobathyscus dewitti Andriashev & Neyelov), and blue antimora (Antimora rostrata (Günther)) - in 2006 to determine their mercury. Mercury levels were highly variable both within and between the five species studied but were positively correlated with fish length in four of the species. Once the factors length and year had been accounted for, the mercury levels in D. eleginoides were more than four times greater than in D. mawsoni. The low levels of mercury in D. mawsoni relative to its prey species and the four-fold difference in mercury concentrations between it and D. eleginoides were unexpected. Reasons for these different levels of bioaccumulation were explored including differences in diet, growth and longevity, and location. Differences in bioaccumulation between the two toothfish species could be explained partly through differences in their geographic distribution and differences in trophic position. However, the low levels of mercury in D. mawsoni relative to its prey species can only be explained by a lower rate of mercury assimilation and/or a higher rate of mercury elimination by D. mawsoni.
Initiation of deformation of the Eastern California Shear Zone: Constraints from Garlock fault geometry and GPS observations

We suggest a 2‐stage deformation model for the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) to explain the geometry of the Garlock fault trace. We assume the Garlock fault was originally straight and then was gradually curved by right‐lateral shear deformation across the ECSZ. In our 2‐stage deformation model, the first stage involves uniform shear deformation across the eastern part of the shear zone, and the second stage involves uniform shear deformation across the entire shear zone. In addition to the current shape of the Garlock fault, our model incorporates constraints on contemporary deformation rates provided by GPS observations. We find that the best fitting age for initiation of shear in eastern part of the ECSZ is about 5.0 ± 0.4 Ma, and that deformation of the western part started about 1.6 Myr later.
Upper-mantle structure of the Baltic Shield below the Swedish National Seismological Network (SNSN) resolved by teleseismic tomography

SUMMARY Upper-mantle structure under the Baltic Shield is studied using non-linear high resolution teleseismic P-phase tomography. Observed relative arrival-time residuals from 52 teleseismic earthquakes recorded by the Swedish National Seismological Network (SNSN) are inverted to delineate the structure of the upper mantle. The network consists of 47 (currently working) three-component broad-band stations located in an area about 450 km wide and 1450 km long. In order to reduce complications due to possible significant three-dimensionality of Earth structure, events chosen for this study lay close to in-line with the long-axis of the array (±30 ◦ ). Results indicate P-wave velocity perturbations of ±3 per cent down to at least 470 km below the network. The size of the array allows inversion for structures even at greater depths, and lateral variations of velocity at depths of up to 680 km appear to be resolved. Below the central part of the array (60 ◦ ‐64 ◦ N), where ray coverage is best, the data reveals a large region of relatively low velocity at depths of over about 300 km. At depths less than about 250‐ 300 km, the models include a number of features, including an apparent slab-like structure dipping gently towards the north.
NAVEGACIÓN DE ROBOTS MÓVILES MEDIANTE COMPORTAMIENTOS UTILIZANDO LÓGICA DIFUSA

This article describes the implementation of basic behaviors of navigation of mobile robots using fuzzy logic. The behavior TO FOLLOW WALL and the behavior TO FOLLOW CORRIDOR are described. For the implementation of these behaviors was used toolbox of fuzzy logic of Matlab and the cinematic model of platform P-METIN of GIROPS. One of the main characteristics of this implementation is the information of distance obtained from the sensors of this platform.
Disalicylidene-l,2-Phenylenediamine with Chloranilic Acid, p-Chloranil, TCNQ and DDQ

Structural, spectral and thermal stability of charge-transfer (CT) complexes formed between the Schiff base; N,N ́-disalicylidene-l,2-phenylenediamine (H2dsp) as a donor with chloranilic acid (CLA), p-chloranil (CHL), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) or dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) as acceptors were reported. Elemental analysis (CHN), electronic absorption spectra, photometric titration, molar conductance and IR spectrum were used to characterize the new products. The stoichiometry of these complexes was found to be 1:1 ratio and having the formula [(H2dsp)(acceptor)]. The molar conductance measurements proved that all these complexes are non-electrolytes. The thermal stability of the synthesized CT complexes was investigated using thermogravimetric (TG and DTG) analysis. TG analysis indicates that the formation of CT complexes was stable, exothermic and spontaneous.