Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Continental Deep Subduction Versus Subduction Cessation: The Fate of Collisional Orogens

The contrasting fates of collisional orogens, that is, continental deep subduction or subduction cessation, are widely recognized by petrological, paleomagnetic and geophysical observations. However, the mechanisms of such different collisional modes, especially the dynamics of continental deep subduction, are controversial. In this study, we integrate the phase transition‐induced density evolutions into a thermo‐mechanical numerical model. Combing the systematic petrological‐thermo‐mechanical models with force balance analysis, we find that the high metamorphic transformation degree, mildly depleted mantle composition of the subcontinental lithosphere, and a long preceding oceanic slab, increase the driving force for continental deep subduction. Additionally, the rheologically weak continental crust and asthenospheric mantle decrease the resistance force and promote deep subduction. Otherwise, the continental subduction cessation mode is favored. The calculations of slab negative buoyancy indicate that the phase transition‐induced metamorphic densification of the subducted continental crust and the mildly to moderately depleted lithospheric mantle can provide a great slab pull force to sustain the continued continental deep subduction; however, the positive buoyancy of highly depleted Archean lithospheric mantle impedes deep subduction and causes subduction cessation. Based on systematic numerical models, we also evaluate the crustal mass balance or deficit in continental collisional system, which indicates that ∼12%–47% of pre‐collisional felsic crust could be subducted deeply with the sinking slab in the regime of continental deep subduction. In contrast, the recycled felsic crust is negligible in the regime of subduction cessation. Thus, the different modes of continental collision play a crucial role in the global crustal recycling and related mantle heterogeneities.
The positive feedback loop between academic self-efficacy, academic initiative, and Grade Point Average: a parallel process latent growth curve model

Abstract This study investigates the associations between students’ developmental changes in academic self-efficacy, academic initiative, and grade point average (GPA) during a three-year upper secondary education. The sample consisted of 1453 students aged 16–19 (60.6% girls; baseline mean age = 17.00, SD = .91; 56.1% high perceived family wealth; and 74.9% Norwegian-born). To explore how changes in academic self-efficacy, academic initiative, and GPA were related, we investigated a theoretical parallel process latent growth curve model. The results implied that, during upper secondary school, academic self-efficacy declined, while academic initiative and GPA remained stable. We found possible ceiling effects within and between several of the study’s constructs. The main finding was support for a positive feedback loop between the developmental trajectories of academic self-efficacy, academic initiative, and GPA. The present study adds new insight that should be taken into consideration when promoting positive educational development during late secondary school. Highlights Academic self-efficacy declines during upper secondary school, while academic initiative and grade point average remains stable. Parallel process latent growth curve model analysis. Possible ceiling effects within and between several of the study's factors. Positive associations between the trajectories of academic self-efficacy, academic initiative, and grade point average.
Trophic Position of the Species and Site Trophic State Affect Diet Niche and Individual Specialization: From Apex Predator to Herbivore

Simple Summary Niche widths and individual specialization were studied based on the isotopic signals, but using the innovative and non-lethal approach. We analyzed four different body tissues with different isotopic half-lives, and revealed crucial results on trophic interactions of fish. We assume that the observed trends will occur in other food webs with similar trophic positions. For example, the apex predator status of ectotherms is linked to the individual size, not to the species. In addition, thanks to the consideration of the site trophic state (total phosphorus content), which has been little studied in relation to niche width, we observed a significant impact on the individual specialization of species in higher trophic positions. Thus, eutrophication can significantly change the foraging behavior. Abstract Intra-species variability in isotopic niches, specifically isotopic total niche width (ITNW), isotopic individual niche width (IINW), and isotopic individual specialization (IIS), was studied using an innovative approach without sacrificing the vertebrates. Stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) in four body tissues differing in isotopic half-life were analyzed from four freshwater fish species representing different trophic positions. ITNW was widest for the apex predator (European catfish) and narrowest for the obligate predator (Northern pike). IINW exhibited a polynomial trend for the European catfish, Northern pike, and Eurasian perch (mesopredator), decreasing with body mass and increasing again after exceeding a certain species-dependent body mass threshold. Thus, for ectotherms, apex predator status is linked rather to its size than to the species. In herbivores (rudd), IINW increased with body mass. The IIS of predators negatively correlated with site trophic state. Therefore, eutrophication can significantly change the foraging behavior of certain species. We assume that the observed trends will occur in other species at similar trophic positions in either aquatic or terrestrial systems. For confirmation, we recommend conducting a similar study on other species in different habitats.
A systematic review of volcanology learning and teaching in higher education

We present a systematic map of the volcanology higher education literature (1983–2020) consisting of 47 peer-reviewed full texts. The literature describes curricula in varied formats and settings, namely: simulated, in-person, and field-based learning. The phenomena that students are learning about commonly include volcanic processes and landforms, applicable to learning within various geoscience subdisciplines. Frequently published research includes volcano misconceptions and simulated eruptions. However, most texts focus on practitioner wisdom and lack research information, empirical evidence, and/or a research-oriented methodology. A lack of research orientation is a documented phenomenon within the broader field of geoscience education, which is young compared to other discipline-based education research fields. Based on our findings, we recommend future research in conceptual learning of volcanology, instructional strategies, volcanology and society interactions, volcanology education equity and inclusion, volcanology cognition, quantitative learning, affective learning, and institutional change in volcanology.
Deciphering the crosstalk of immune dysregulation between COVID-19 and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious threat to public health worldwide. Growing evidence reveals that there are certain links between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases; in particular, COVID-19 and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) have been observed to be clinically comorbid. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 and IIM from a genomic perspective. Methods We obtained transcriptome data of patients with COVID-19 and IIM separately from the GEO database and identified common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by intersection. We then performed functional enrichment, PPI, machine learning, gene expression regulatory network, and immune infiltration analyses of co-expressed genes. Results A total of 91 common genes were identified between COVID-19 and IIM. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were mainly involved in immune dysregulation, response to external stimuli, and MAPK signaling pathways. The MCODE algorithm recognized two densely linked clusters in the common genes, which were related to inflammatory factors and interferon signaling. Subsequently, three key genes (CDKN1A, IFI27, and STAB1) were screened using machine learning to predict the occurrence of COVID-19 related IIM. These key genes exhibited excellent diagnostic performance in both training and validation cohorts. Moreover, we created TF-gene and miRNA-gene networks to reveal the regulation of key genes. Finally, we estimated the relationship between key genes and immune cell infiltration, of which IFI27 was positively associated with M1 macrophages. Conclusion Our work revealed common molecular mechanisms, core genes, potential targets, and therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 and IIM from a genomic perspective. This provides new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 related IIM in the future.
Real-Time Hybrid Tracking for Outdoor Augmented Reality

Human Interface Technology Laboratory New Zealand Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Master of Science in Computer Science Real-Time Hybrid Tracking for Outdoor Augmented Reality by Samuel Williams Outdoor tracking and registration are important enabling technologies for mobile augmented reality. Sensor fusion and image processing can be used to improve global tracking and registration for low-cost mobile devices with limited computational power and sensor accuracy. Prior research has confirmed the benefits of this approach with high-end hardware, however the methods previously used are not ideal for current consumer mobile devices. We discuss the development of a hybrid tracking and registration algorithm that combines multiple sensors and image processing to improve on existing work in both performance and accuracy. As part of this, we developed the Transform Flow toolkit, which is one of the first open source systems for developing and quantifiably evaluating mobile AR tracking algorithms. We used this system to compare our proposed hybrid tracking algorithm with a purely sensor based approach, and to perform a user study to analyse the effects of improved precision on real world tracking tasks. Our results show that our implementation is an improvement over a purely sensor fusion based approach; accuracy is improved up to 25× in some cases with only 2-4ms additional processing per frame, in comparison with other algorithms which can take over 300ms.
Population Pressure, the Environment and Agricultural Intensification: Variations on the Boserup Hypothesis

The interaction between population growth, the environment, and agricultural intensification raises the most compelling and most controversial issues currently facing developing countries. Given the low initial population densities, the benefits of increasing population on agricultural development have been widely documented by Boserup in 1961 and Ruthenberg in 1982. These authors argued that slowly increasing population densities have desirable effects on technical change, land and labor productivity, and rural per capita incomes through changes in relative factor prices. Others have pointed out that while high population densities may be desirable in stimulating rural markets and technological adaptation, rapid population growth is very costly to countries at early stages of development. This report shows that the environmental damage from the reduction of bush fallow, the more intensive use of land without supplementary biological and chemical inputs, and the depletion of forestry resources complicates the transition from low to more densely populated areas as originally envisaged in the Boserup hypothesis. The paper also demonstrates that the most pragmatic means of achieving rapid growth in agriculture production, employment and incomes in rapid population growth and declining extensive margin is to focus resources and policy attention on areas responsive to chemical fertilizers and improved seed.
Mesh Layer Jamming to Cover and Secure Curved Surfaces without Wrinkles

Layer jamming technologies, which can alter the stiffness of layered sheets enveloped in an elastic bag via internal vacuum pressure, have typically been used for wearable robots. However, wrinkles on the layer jamming element covering the body impair the feeling of wear and are undesirable. Aligning curved surfaces using sheets without wrinkling requires the sheets to be sufficiently elastic, which reduces the stiffness when used for layer jamming. Mesh sheets (i.e., woven fabrics) cannot elongate along the fibers; however, they can elongate and contract in the diagonal direction by changing their shape. This study proposes using mesh sheets for layer jamming and analytically and experimentally demonstrates their ability to fit curved surfaces without wrinkling. The layer jamming element using mesh sheets changes the bending stiffness in proportion to the internal vacuum pressure and the number of sheets, as in conventional layer jamming. The simple structure and flexibility of the mesh layer jamming are not only suitable for fixing a body or fragile objects but also extend the range of applications using layer jamming technologies. This study also provides a foundation for investigating the wrinkle formation associated with curved surface deformation unique to flexible robots.
SNP-S3: Shared Network Pre-training and Significant Semantic Strengthening for Various Video-Text Tasks

We present a framework for learning cross-modal video representations by directly pre-training on raw data to facilitate various downstream video-text tasks. Our main contributions lie in the pre-training framework and proxy tasks. First, based on the shortcomings of two mainstream pixel-level pre-training architectures (limited applications or less efficient), we propose Shared Network Pre-training (SNP). By employing one shared BERT-type network to refine textual and cross-modal features simultaneously, SNP is lightweight and could support various downstream applications. Second, based on the intuition that people always pay attention to several"significant words"when understanding a sentence, we propose the Significant Semantic Strengthening (S3) strategy, which includes a novel masking and matching proxy task to promote the pre-training performance. Experiments conducted on three downstream video-text tasks and six datasets demonstrate that, we establish a new state-of-the-art in pixel-level video-text pre-training; we also achieve a satisfactory balance between the pre-training efficiency and the fine-tuning performance. The codebase are available at https://github.com/alipay/Ant-Multi-Modal-Framework/tree/main/prj/snps3_vtp.
Conceptions of longitudinal households: fertile or futile?

The authors discuss difficulties inherent in defining a longitudinal household due to changes in composition through such occurrences as births deaths divorces marriages children leaving home and institutionalizations. An alternative approach to longitudinal analysis of the population is suggested namely the use of the individual rather than the household as the unit of analysis. Data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to illustrate this approach. (ANNOTATION)
Development of an anti-claudin-3 and -4 bispecific monoclonal antibody for cancer diagnosis and therapy

Most malignant tumors are derived from epithelium, and claudin (CLDN)-3 and -4 are frequently overexpressed in such tumors. Although antibodies have potential in cancer diagnostics and therapy, development of antibodies against CLDNs has been difficult because the extracellular domains of CLDNs are too small and there is high homology among human, rat, and mouse sequences. Here, we created a monoclonal antibody that recognizes human CLDN-3 and -4 by immunizing rats with a plasmid vector encoding human CLDN-4. A hybridoma clone that produced a rat monoclonal antibody recognizing both CLDN-3 and -4 (clone 5A5) was obtained from a hybridoma screen by using CLDN-3-and -4-expressing cells; 5A5 did not bind to CLDN-1, -2, -5, -6, -7 or -9-expressing cells. Fluorescence-conjugated 5A5 injected into xenograft mice bearing human cancer MKN74 or LoVo cells could visualize the tumor cells. The human-rat chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody (xi5A5) activated Fc γ RIIIa in the presence of CLDN-3-or -4-expressing cells, indicating that xi5A5 may exert antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Administration of xi5A5 attenuated tumor growth in xenograft mice bearing MKN74 or LoVo cells. These results suggest that 5A5 shows promise in the development of a diagnostic and therapeutic antibody for cancers.
Indicative Factors for SACCOs Failure in Tanzania

SACCOs are viewed as a feasible opportunity toward financial inclusion in an economy where most of the citizens are poor, as they are very essential for the socio-economic development of members, the community, and the world at large. However, SACCOs sometimes do not realize the expected socio-economic potential, especially when they fail. This study aimed to comprehensively assess financial and non-financial factors, at institutional and personal levels, that contribute to the failure of SACCOS in Tanzania. The data were collected using a questionnaire on 5,000 members of SACCOs, obtained using stratified random sampling. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The findings showed that both financial and non-financial factors, at personal and institutional levels, had a statistically significant and positive relationship with the failure of SACCOs. Therefore, the performance of SACCOs and other Microfinance Financial Institutions (MFIs) should be addressed from a comprehensive view of both financial and non-financial factors, at personal or institutional levels. In other words, the failure of MFIs should be addressed from a holistic point of view.
How can Collection of Wild Edible Fungi Contribute to Livelihoods in Rural Areas of Nepal

Collection of wild edible fungi is important for livelihoods in rural areas of Nepal and neighbouring countries. Only very few species of fungi are being exported from Nepal, and compared to neighbouring countries there is still a potential to be exploited. However, a system of quality control and training of local people must be considered to use this potential. Also, a better understanding of the ecology and management of the wild edible fungi is necessary for the development of a sustainable use of the resource. In Nepal, the most important species of wild edible fungi collected for export at present are morels (mainly Morchella conica). The estimated export is 1.7 to 6.5 tons per year with a total value of 105,000 to 400,000 US$ (Olsen 2004), and in several areas morels have become the main source of cash income for the poorest households (Subedi 2001). However, morels are not the only edible fungi found in the forest of Nepal. Several species are of great importance as a local food source especially in the mountain region. In the neighbouring countries of Bhutan, India, China, and Pakistan collection of wild fungi plays an important role for the economy in rural areas. In parts of Tibet and the Yunnan province of China, it is estimated that more than half of the cash income in some rural areas comes from collection of fungi exported to Japan and Europe (Chen 2004; Winkler 2004). Wild edible fungi in Nepal are a potential source of income in terms of both increased local trade and export of other species than morels. However, the use of fungi is not without problems. About 50 of the fungi species in Nepal are toxic and digestion of at least 10 of them can be fatal. Every year several accidents of poisoning are reported from Nepal and the annual mortality caused by poisonous fungi may be as high as 15-30 persons (Adhikari 2000). Additionally, concerns of over exploitation of wild edible fungi are being raised in several of the neighbouring countries (Chen 2004; Wang and Hall 2004). This paper reviews current information on the use of wild edible fungi in Nepal and neighbouring countries. Based on this information and the experience of the authors the potential for further exploitation of the resource is discussed. CURRENT USE OF WILD FUNGI IN NEPAL AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES In Nepal morels are the only wild edible fungi, which are exported, in larger quantities. They are mainly found in pine forest between 2000 and 3500m and are most abundant in the western part of Nepal. In Jumla, Humla, Mugu, and Dolpa Districts commercial picking has been carried out for decades. Most of the morels are exported to Europe, especially France and Switzerland, but also Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Many species of fungi are used for local consumption and
A SUR-EC-AR System Gravity Model of Trade

This paper proposes a system of equations for modelling the volume of bilateral trade in multiple goods for a given set of countries. We postulate a gravity equation for each traded good rather than for the aggregate volume of bilateral trade. Special features of the system are the possibility of correlated explanatory variables, presence of panel data effects and autocorrelated disturbances. The correlated explanatory variables could be either correlated with the specific effects only or correlated with both the specific effects and the residual errors. Proper ways of specifying and estimating a model incorporating all the above characteristics are discussed and tests are suggested to verify some of the assumptions.
Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Dissolved Methane Across a Large Lake

Lakes process large volumes of organic carbon (OC), are important sources of methane (CH4), and contribute to climatic warming. However, there is a lack of data from large lakes >500 km2, which creates uncertainty in global budgets. In this data article, we present dissolved CH4, OC bioreactivity measurements, water chemistry, and algal biovolumes at 11 stations across Lake Mälaren, the third largest (1,074 km2) Swedish lake. Total phosphorus concentrations show that during the study period the lake was classed as mesotrophic/eutrophic. Overall mean CH4 concentration from all stations, sampled five times to cover seasonal variation, was 2.51 μg l−1 (0.98–5.39 μg l−1). There was no significant seasonal variation although ranges were greatest during summer. Concentrations of CH4 were greatest in shallow waters close to anthropogenic nutrient sources, whilst deeper, central basins had lower concentrations. Methane correlated positively with measures of lake productivity (chlorophyll a, total phosphorus), and negatively to water depth and oxygen concentration, with oxygen emerging as the sole significant driver in a linear mixed effects model. We collated data from other lakes >500 km2 (n = 21) and found a significant negative relationship between surface area and average CH4 concentration. Large lakes remain an understudied contributor to the global CH4 cycle and future research efforts should aim to quantify the spatial and temporal variation in their diffusive and ebullitive emissions, and associated drivers.