Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proof theory of Martin-Löf type theory: An overview

We give an overview over the historic development of proof theory and the main techniques used in ordinal theoretic proof theory. We argue, that in a revised Hilbert’s program, ordinal theoretic proof theory has to be supplemented by a second step, namely the development of strong equiconsistent constructive theories. Then we show, how, as part of such a programe, the proof theoretic analysis of Martin-Lof type theory with W-type and one microscopic universe containing only two finite sets is carried out. Then we look at the analysis Martin-Lof type theory with W-type and a universe closed under the W-type, and consider the extension of type theory by one Mahlo universe and its proof-theoretic analysis. Finally, we repeat the concept of inductive-recursive definitions, which extends the notion of inductive definitions substantially. We introduce a closed formalization, which can be used in generic programming, and explain, what is known about its strength.
Identification of a Membrane Protein, LAT-2, That Co-expresses with 4F2 Heavy Chain, an L-type Amino Acid Transport Activity with Broad Specificity for Small and Large Zwitterionic Amino Acids*

We have identified a new human cDNA, L-amino acid transporter-2 (LAT-2), that induces a system L transport activity with 4F2hc (the heavy chain of the surface antigen 4F2, also named CD98) in oocytes. Human LAT-2 is the fourth member of the family of amino acid transporters that are subunits of 4F2hc. The amino acid transport activity induced by the co-expression of 4F2hc and LAT-2 was sodium-independent and showed broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids, as well as bulky analogs (e.g. BCH (2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid)). This transport activity was highlytrans-stimulated, suggesting an exchanger mechanism of transport. Expression of tagged N-myc-LAT-2 alone in oocytes did not induce amino acid transport, and the protein had an intracellular location. Co-expression of N-myc-LAT-2 and 4F2hc gave amino acid transport induction and expression of N-myc-LAT-2 at the plasma membrane of the oocytes. These data suggest that LAT-2 is an additional member of the family of 4F2 light chain subunits, which associates with 4F2hc to express a system L transport activity with broad specificity for zwitterionic amino acids. Human LAT-2 mRNA is expressed in kidney >>> placenta ≫ brain, liver > spleen, skeletal muscle, heart, small intestine, and lung. Human LAT-2 gene localizes at chromosome 14q11.2–13 (13 cR or ∼286 kb from marker D14S1349). The high expression of LAT-2 mRNA in epithelial cells of proximal tubules, the basolateral location of 4F2hc in these cells, and the amino acid transport activity of LAT-2 suggest that this transporter contributes to the renal reabsorption of neutral amino acids in the basolateral domain of epithelial proximal tubule cells.
TCR Bias and Affinity Define Two Compartments of the CD1b–Glycolipid-Specific T Cell Repertoire

Current views emphasize TCR diversity as a key feature that differentiates the group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c) and group 2 (CD1d) CD1 systems. Whereas TCR sequence motifs define CD1d-reactive NKT cells, the available data do not allow a TCR-based organization of the group 1 CD1 repertoire. The observed TCR diversity might result from donor-to-donor differences in TCR repertoire, as seen for MHC-restricted T cells. Alternatively, diversity might result from differing CD1 isoforms, Ags, and methods used to identify TCRs. Using CD1b tetramers to isolate clones recognizing the same glycolipid, we identified a previously unknown pattern of V gene usage (TRAV17, TRBV4-1) among unrelated human subjects. These TCRs are distinct from those present on NKT cells and germline-encoded mycolyl lipid–reactive T cells. Instead, they resemble the TCR of LDN5, one of the first known CD1b-reactive clones that was previously thought to illustrate the diversity of the TCR repertoire. Interdonor TCR conservation was observed in vitro and ex vivo, identifying LDN5-like T cells as a distinct T cell type. These data support TCR-based organization of the CD1b repertoire, which consists of at least two compartments that differ in TCR sequence motifs, affinity, and coreceptor expression.
PERCEPTUAL DISTANCE IN TIMBRE SPACE

This paper describes a perceptual space for timbre, denes an objective metric that takes into account perceptual orthogonality, and measures the quality of timbre interpolation applicable to perceptually valid timbral sonication. We discuss two timbre representations and measure perceptual judgment. We determined that a timbre space based on Mel-frequency cepstral coefcients (MFCC) is a good model for perceptual timbre space.
XClean: Providing valid spelling suggestions for XML keyword queries

An important facility to aid keyword search on XML data is suggesting alternative queries when user queries contain typographical errors. Query suggestion thus can improve users' search experience by avoiding returning empty result or results of poor qualities. In this paper, we study the problem of effectively and efficiently providing quality query suggestions for keyword queries on an XML document. We illustrate certain biases in previous work and propose a principled and general framework, XClean, based on the state-of-the-art language model. Compared with previous methods, XClean can accommodate different error models and XML keyword query semantics without losing rigor. Algorithms have been developed that compute the top-k suggestions efficiently. We performed an extensive experiment study using two large-scale real datasets. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods.
Hypochlorous Acid, a Macrophage Product, Induces Endothelial Apoptosis and Tissue Factor Expression: Involvement of Myeloperoxidase-Mediated Oxidant in Plaque Erosion and Thrombogenesis

Objective—Superficial erosion of coronary plaques due to endothelial loss causes acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Macrophages at erosive sites of human coronary atheroma present myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme that produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Methods and Results—Activated MPO-positive macrophages or exogenous HOCl promoted detachment of endothelial cells (EC) from “Matrigel” substrata in vitro. Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of HOCl caused EC death in a concentration-dependent manner: HOCl (20 to 50 μmol/L) induced rapid shrinkage of EC with nuclear condensation and disruption of EC monolayers, whereas concentrations >100 μmol/L immediately induced blebbing of the EC plasma membrane without shrinkage. HOCl (30 to 50 μmol/L) also induced caspase-3 activation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation, and DNA laddering in EC. HOCl rapidly decreased endothelial Bcl-2 and induced cytochrome-C release, indicating that HOCl activates apoptotic EC death, partially via mitochondrial damage. Increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels after treatment with GSH monoethyl ester (GSH-MEE) attenuated HOCl-induced EC apoptosis. Sublethal concentrations of HOCl (1.0 to 15 μmol/L) increased tissue factor in EC and GSH-MEE treatment limited this effect of HOCl. Conclusions—HOCl can provoke EC death and desquamation by either apoptotic or oncotic cell-death pathways, and sublethal concentrations of HOCl can increase endothelial tissue factor. These results show that MPO-positive macrophage-derived HOCl in the subendothelium of atheromata may participate in ACS by promoting superficial erosion and increasing thrombogenicity.
EGFRvIII does not affect radiosensitivity with or without gefitinib treatment in glioblastoma cells

Background Glioblastomas (GBM) are often characterized by an elevated expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII). We used GBM cell lines with native EGFRvIII expression to determine whether this EGFR variant affects radiosensitivity with or without EGFR targeting. Methods Experiments were performed with GBM cell lines lacking (LN229, U87MG, U251, CAS-1) or endogenously expressing EGFRvIII (BS153, DKMG). The two latter cell lines were also used to establish sublines with a low (−) or a high proportion (+) of cells expressing EGFRvIII. EGFR signaling and the cell cycle were analyzed using Western blot and flow cytometry; cell survival was assessed by colony forming assay and double-strand break repair capacity by immunofluorescence. Results DKMG and BS153 parental cells with heterogeneous EGFRvIII expression were clearly more radiosensitive compared to other GBM cell lines without EGFRvIII expression. However, no significant difference was observed in cell proliferation, clonogenicity or radiosensitivity between the EGFRvIII− and + sublines derived from DKMG and BS153 parental cells. Expression of EGFRvIII was associated with decreased DSB repair capacity for BS153 but not for DKMG cells. The effects of EGFR targeting by gefitinib alone or in combination with irradiation were also found not to depend on EGFRvIII expression. Gefitinib was only observed to influence the proliferation of EGFRvIII− BS153 cells. Conclusion The data indicate that EGFRvIII does not alter radiosensitivity with or without anti-EGFR treatment.
Economic Geography and Regional Production Structure: An Empirical Investigation

There are two principal theories of why countries or regions trade: comparative advantage and increasing returns to scale. Yet there is virtually no empirical work that assesses the relative importance of these two theories in accounting for production structure and trade. We use a framework that nests an increasing returns model of economic geography featuring "home market effects" with that of Heckscher-Ohlin. We employ these trade models to account for the structure of regional production in Japan. We find support for the existence of economic geography effects in eight of nineteen manufacturing sectors, including such important ones as transportation equipment, iron and steel, electrical machinery, and chemicals. Moreover, we find that these effects are economically very significant. The latter contrasts with the results of Davis and Weinstein (1996), which found scant economic significance of economic geography for the structure of OECD production. We conclude that while economic geography may explain little about the international structure of production, it is very important for understanding the regional structure of production.
On-Bound Selection Cache Replacement Policy for Wireless Data Access

Cache can be used for mobile devices to reduce the usage of limited bandwidth in wireless networks. Ideally, frequently accessed and infrequently updated data items should be cached and infrequently accessed and frequently updated data items should be evicted or not cached at all. Most of the existing cache replacement policies adopt only access information so that frequently updated data items are also cached. As a remedy, we propose a cache replacement policy, called On-Bound Selection (OBS), that uses both data access and update information. The proposed OBS is inspired by an analytical analysis for a server-based Poll-Each-Read (SB-PER) and a revised Call-Back (R-CB). The OBS provides an upper bound for effective hit ratio and a lower bound for communication cost. The proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with a least frequently used (LFU) replacement policy through extensive simulations. Simulation results show that the OBS outperforms LFU in terms of both effective hit ratio and communication cost.
Risk Management Model of Information Security in IC Manufacturing Industry

I nformation system has become the indispensable support platform required by daily operations in modern enterprises. IC manufacturing industry is the most important base of advanced information products . Its rich knowledge innovation, complex production process , and high degree of cooperation require particular risk management on i nformation security. On the basis of referencing to latest information security management standards, PDCA risk management and best practices, this paper propose d an dynamic risk management model for the information security management in IC manufacturing industry. A fter an in-depth analysis of the actual current situation of IC manufacturing in China , that model has been successfully applied to guide the information security management practices in IC manufacturing compan ies, and offers a comprehensive and practical solution .
A review of the status of spatial data infrastructure implementation in Africa

Spatial data is a key resource for the development of a nation. There is a lot of economic potential that is locked away in spatial data collections and this potential is realised by making the data widely available. Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) provide a platform for spatial data users, producers and those that manage it, to distribute the data more efficiently. Governments all over the world are realising the value of National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDI), and therefore making major investments to establish them. However, in Africa, implementation of formal NSDI is being done at a seemingly slow pace. This paper presents an assessment of the status of NSDI activity in Africa. 29 countries were used in the survey and an assessment was made per region (South, West, East, North and Central Africa). The results show that generally, formal NSDI activity in most African countries is still in its infancy. The paper also gives recommendations of possible measures that can be taken to foster SDI implementation on the continent. In addition, it highlights potential areas for further SDI research.
Children on the move: The social and educational effects of family mobility

Compared with other Western countries Australia stands out as having one of the most highly mobile populations. Despite this, there is very little recognition of this phenomenon and its social and educational effects. School personnel are particularly culpable in this regard, maintaining an image of schooling as a system focussed on relatively stable class groups. The available data, however, paint a very different picture, and one which compels the attention of not only educators but also a variety of individuals from the helping professions and welfare agencies. This article explores the nature of student mobility, its effects on children, and their adjustment to school.
On the Concept and Definition of Terrorism Risk

In this article, we provide some reflections on how to define and understand the concept of terrorism risk in a professional risk assessment context. As a basis for this discussion we introduce a set of criteria that we believe should apply to any conceptualization of terrorism risk. These criteria are based on both criteria used in other areas of risk analysis and our experience with terrorism risk analysis. That is, these criteria offer our perspective. We show that several of the suggested perspectives and definitions have weaknesses in relation to these criteria. A main problem identified is the idea that terrorism risk can be conceptualized as a function of probability and consequence, not as a function of the interactions between adaptive individuals and organizations. We argue that perspectives based solely on probability and consequence should be used cautiously or not at all because they fail to reflect the essential features of the concept of terrorism risk, the threats and attacks, their consequences, and the uncertainties, all in the context of adaptation by the adversaries. These three elements should in our view constitute the main pillars of the terrorism risk concept. From this concept we can develop methods for assessing the risk by identifying a set of threats, attacks, and consequence measures associated with the possible outcome scenarios together with a description of the uncertainties and interactions between the adversaries.
Wild type huntingtin toxicity in yeast: Implications for the role of amyloid cross-seeding in polyQ diseases

ABSTRACT Proteins with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) regions are prone to form amyloids, which can cause diseases in humans and toxicity in yeast. Recently, we showed that in yeast non-toxic amyloids of Q-rich proteins can induce aggregation and toxicity of wild type huntingtin (Htt) with a short non-pathogenic polyglutamine tract. Similarly to mutant Htt with an elongated N-terminal polyQ sequence, toxicity of its wild type counterpart was mediated by induced aggregation of the essential Sup35 protein, which contains a Q-rich region. Notably, polymerization of Sup35 was not caused by the initial benign amyloids and, therefore, aggregates of wild type Htt acted as intermediaries in seeding Sup35 polymerization. This exemplifies a protein polymerization cascade which can generate a network of interdependent polymers. Here we discuss cross-seeded protein polymerization as a possible mechanism underlying known interrelations between different polyQ diseases. We hypothesize that similar mechanisms may enable proteins, which possess expanded Q-rich tracts but are not associated with diseases, to promote the development of polyQ diseases.
Script training and its application to everyday life observed in an aphasia center

Script training focuses on improved production of personally relevant monologues and dialogues through intensive practice. Commonly reported components of script training include use of personally relevant or functional scripts, a structured cueing hierarchy, and intensive rehearsal of scripted lines to promote automaticity (Youmans, Holland, Munoz, & Bourgeois, 2005; Lee, Kaye, & Cherney, 2009; Youmans, Youmans, & Hancock, 2011; Goldberg, Haley, & Jacks, 2012; Fridriksson et al., 2012). Fridriksson et al. (2012) also trained a series of common scripts to study neurophysiological changes that result from such training. This proposal presents results from four persons with aphasia (PWA) who received script training in an aphasia center, where there is opportunity to observe the effect of that training on everyday life. A secondary goal is to examine what, if any, individual, intervention, or environmental factors might affect a PWA’s ability to benefit from such training.
Adverse Events of Massage Therapy in Pain-Related Conditions: A Systematic Review

Pain-related massage, important in traditional Eastern medicine, is increasingly used in the Western world. So the widening acceptance demands continual safety assessment. This review is an evaluation of the frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) reported mainly for pain-related massage between 2003 and 2013. Relevant all-languages reports in 6 databases were identified and assessed by two coauthors. During the 11-year period, 40 reports of 138 AEs were associated with massage. Author, year of publication, country of occurrence, participant related (age, sex) or number of patients affected, the details of manual therapy, and clinician type were extracted. Disc herniation, soft tissue trauma, neurologic compromise, spinal cord injury, dissection of the vertebral arteries, and others were the main complications of massage. Spinal manipulation in massage has repeatedly been associated with serious AEs especially. Clearly, massage therapies are not totally devoid of risks. But the incidence of such events is low.
Aspiration Criteria Based Graph Clustering with Greedy Initialization

Clustering has an extensive and long history in a variety of scientific fields. Several recent studies of complex networks have suggested that the clustering analysis on networks has been an emerging research issue in data mining due to its variety of applications. Many graph clustering algorithms have been proposed in recent past, however, this clustering approach remains a challenging problem to solve real-world situation. In this work, we propose an aspiration criteria based graph clustering algorithm using stochastic local search for generating lower cost clustering results in terms of robustness and optimality for real-world complex network problems. In our proposed algorithm, all moves are meaningful and effective during the whole clustering process which indicates that moves are only accepted if the target node has neighbouring nodes in the destination cluster (moves to an empty cluster are the only exception to this instruction). An adaptive approach in our method is in incorporating the aspiration criteria for the best move (lower-cost changes) selection when the best non-tabu move involvements much higher cost compared to a tabued move then the tabued move is permitted otherwise the best non-tabu move is acceptable. Extensive experimentation with synthetic and real power-law distribution benchmark datasets show that our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art graph clustering techniques on the basis of cost of clustering, cluster size, normalized mutual information (NMI) and modularity index of clustering results.
Dose-volume-related dysphagia after constrictor muscles definition in head and neck cancer intensity-modulated radiation treatment.

OBJECTIVE Dysphagia remains a side effect influencing the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) after radiotherapy. We evaluated the relationship between planned dose involvement and acute and late dysphagia in patients with HNC treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), after a recontouring of constrictor muscles (PCs) and the cricopharyngeal muscle (CM). METHODS Between December 2011 and December 2013, 56 patients with histologically proven HNC were treated with IMRT or volumetric-modulated arc therapy. The PCs and CM were recontoured. Correlations between acute and late toxicity and dosimetric parameters were evaluated. End points were analysed using univariate logistic regression. RESULTS An increasing risk to develop acute dysphagia was observed when constraints to the middle PCs were not respected [mean dose (Dmean) ≥50 Gy, maximum dose (Dmax) >60 Gy, V50 >70% with a p = 0.05]. The superior PC was not correlated with acute toxicity but only with late dysphagia. The inferior PC was not correlated with dysphagia; for the CM only, Dmax >60 Gy was correlated with acute dysphagia ≥ grade 2. CONCLUSION According to our analysis, the superior PC has a major role, being correlated with dysphagia at 3 and 6 months after treatments; the middle PC maintains this correlation only at 3 months from the beginning of radiotherapy, but it does not have influence on late dysphagia. The inferior PC and CM have a minimum impact on swallowing symptoms. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE We used recent guidelines to define dose constraints of the PCs and CM. Two results emerge in the present analysis: the superior PC influences late dysphagia, while the middle PC influences acute dysphagia.
Distributed flow sensing using Bayesian estimation for a flexible fish robot

Flexibility plays an important role in fish behaviors by enabling high maneuverability for predator avoidance and swimming in turbulence. In this paper, we present a novel, flexible fish robot equipped with distributed pressure sensors for flow sensing. The body of the robot is made of a soft, hyperelastic material that provides flexibility. The fish robot features a Joukowski-foil shape conducive to modeling the fluid analytically. A quasisteady potential-flow model is adopted for real-time flow estimation, whereas a discrete-time vortex-shedding flow model is used for higher-fidelity simulation. The dynamics for the flexible fish robot are presented, and a reduced model for one-dimensional swimming is derived. A recursive Bayesian filter assimilates pressure measurements for estimating the flow speed, angle of attack, and foil camber. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the flow estimation algorithm.Copyright © 2015 by ASME