Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mining specifications using nested words

Parameter mining of traces identifies formal properties that describe a program's dynamic behaviour. These properties are useful for developers to understand programs, to identify defects, and, in general, to reason about them. The dynamic behavior of programs typically follows a distinct pattern of calls and returns. Prior work uses general logic to identify properties from a given set of templates. Consequently, either the properties are inadequate since the logic is not expressive enough, or the approach fails to scale due to the generality of the logic. This paper uses nested words and nested word automata that are especially well suited for describing the dynamic behaviour of a program. Specifically, these nested words can describe pre/post conditions and inter-procedural data-flow and have constant memory requirements. We propose a framework for mining properties that are in the form of nested words from system traces. As a part of the framework, we propose a novel scalable algorithm optimized for mining nested words. The framework is evaluated on traces from real world applications.
The Death Effector Domain of PEA-15 Is Involved in Its Regulation of Integrin Activation*

Increased integrin ligand binding affinity (activation) is triggered by intracellular signaling events. A Ras-initiated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway suppresses integrin activation in fibroblasts. We used expression cloning to isolate cDNAs that prevent Ras suppression of integrin activation. Here, we report that PEA-15, a small death effector domain (DED)-containing protein, blocks Ras suppression. PEA-15 does not block the capacity of Ras to activate the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Instead, it inhibits suppression via a pathway blocked by a dominant-negative form of the distinct small GTPase, R-Ras. Heretofore, all known DEDs functioned in the regulation of apoptosis. In contrast, the DED of PEA-15 is essential for its capacity to reverse suppression of integrin activation. Thus, certain DED-containing proteins can regulate integrin activation as opposed to apoptotic protease cascades.
Para-teachers in India: A Review

This paper provides an overview of ‘para’ teachers in India. It traces the origins of para-teacher schemes in the country and analysis the changing policy context where-in poorly paid and trained para-teachers on contract are increasingly being recruited in place of regular teachers in government schools. Drawing upon available research studies, the authors draw attention to the detrimental implications that para-teacher programmes have for professionalisation of teachers, the quality of schooling and equity concerns in education.
Clinical significance of oncogenic KIT and PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite clinicopathological differences, GISTs share oncogenic KIT or platelet‐derived growth factor‐alpha (PDGFRA) mutations. Imatinib, KIT and PDGFRA inhibitor, has been successfully used in the treatment of metastatic GISTs. There are primary KIT or PDGFRA mutations diagnosed before imatinib treatment, linked to GIST pathogenesis, and secondary mutations detected during treatment, causing drug resistance. KIT exon 11 mutations are the most common. Gastric GISTs with exon 11 deletions are more aggressive than those with substitutions. KIT exon 11 mutants respond well to imatinib. Less common KIT exon 9 Ala502_Tyr503dup mutants occur predominantly in intestinal GISTs and are less sensitive to imatinib. An Asp842Val substitution in exon 18 is the most common PDGFRA mutation. GISTs with such mutation are resistant to imatinib. PDGFRA mutations are associated with gastric GISTs, epithelioid morphology and a less malignant course of disease. GISTs in neurofibromatosis 1, Carney triad and paediatric tumours generally lack KIT and PDGFRA mutations. Secondary KIT mutations affect exons 13–17. GISTs with secondary mutations in exon 13 and 14 are sensitive to sunitinib, another tyrosine kinase inhibitor. KIT and PDGFRA genotyping is important for GIST diagnosis and assessment of sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
The Meaning of the Long-Run Ratio of Saving to Social Income

The ratio of saving to social income is generally conceived as the result of stable patterns of individual and institutional decisions to save. In a theoretical context in which aggregate demand is recognized as playing a part in the growth process positing a general assumption on consumption, it is possible to argue, instead, that the ratio of saving to income is also strongly affected by the incentive to invest. It is further argued, however, that without the assumption of steady-state conditions, the ratio of saving to income cannot be conceived as a magnitude in a precise relationship to the rate of accumulation or to any other single specific phenomenon.
First Human Exposure of Org 25969, a Novel Agent to Reverse the Action of Rocuronium Bromide

Background: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely used for the reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents. However, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have several side effects and are not effective during profound block. Org 25969 is a modified &ggr;-cyclodextrin that encapsulates the neuromuscular blocking agent, rocuronium bromide (Esmeron®/Zemuron®, NV Organon, Oss, The Netherlands), forming a tightly bound complex with an association constant of approximately 107 m−1. Chemical encapsulation of rocuronium promotes dissociation of rocuronium from the acetylcholine receptor, thereby reversing the neuromuscular block without the side effects associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy male volunteers were enrolled to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of Org 25969. In part 1, Org 25969 or placebo was administered to 19 subjects during one to three treatment periods each. In part 2, a further 10 subjects received general anesthesia on two separate occasions, using an intubating dose of 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium. Three minutes after rocuronium administration, Org 25969 or placebo was given in random order. Six doses of 0.1–8.0 mg/kg Org 25969 were evaluated. Neuromuscular block was measured using an acceleromyograph, the TOF-Watch-SX® (NV Organon, Oss, The Netherlands). Results: All adverse events related to Org 25969 treatment were of limited duration and mild intensity, except for a period of paresthesia, seen in one patient receiving 8 mg/kg Org 25969, which was of moderate intensity. No adverse events required any treatment, and all subjects recovered from them. When 8 mg/kg Org 25969 was given, the train-of-four ratio returned to 0.9 within 2 min after its administration. No signs of recurarization were observed. Conclusions: Org 25969 was both well tolerated and effective in reversing neuromuscular block induced by rocuronium in 29 human volunteers.
Current and Under Development Treatment Modalities of Psoriasis: A Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Psoriasis is a chronic and complex autoimmune inflammatory skin disease that affects over 125 million people worldwide. It can exhibit at any age, in spite of the fact that children are less normally influenced than adults. It is characterized by distinct erythematous plaques shielded with conspicuous silvery scales that shows up in different areas of the skin. Knowledge of pathophysiology, especially the pathogenesis of psoriasis, has significantly progressed in the recent decade. Advancement in molecular knowledge leads to better understanding of the disease, thus influencing the development of efficient treatment modalities. However, even with the availability of various options of treatment most of the efficient treatment modalities are costly. Expenses of health care bring about major financial weight to the patients as well as to health care systems. Thus, it was important to review the available current treatment options and those which are under development, in terms of efficacy, safety and cost to assist in selecting the most appropriate treatment for psoriasis patients. METHODS Literatures were searched by using key words psoriasis, topical treatment, systemic treatment, biologics and phototherapies, on Embase, Medline, Jstor, Cochrane and Merck Index databases. RESULTS Life-style choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and stress are recognised as risk factors and triggers associated with psoriasis. Psoriasis poses psycho-social and economic burden on affected patients that sometimes leads to depression, reduced social interaction and suicidal tendencies in patients. Depending on the type, severity and extent of the disease, comorbidities, patient preference, efficacy and safety profile, numerous treatment modalities and therapeutic agents are available such as topical, systemic, biologic and phototherapeutic treatments. However, it was found that among all the current available treatments for psoriasis, biologic agents and phototherapeutic modalities are the most commonly employed treatment modalities for moderate to severe psoriasis. CONCLUSION Evaluation of present-day available treatment alternatives will surely help physician to select a suitable module for each patient while keeping in mind the financial status of the patient. Future research should aim to develop therapies which are efficient, safe and cost-effective.
Owner Objectives and Competitive Balance

A growing literature on leagues composed of owners maximizing winning percentage shows that particular league rules have different impacts compared with leagues composed of profit-maximizing owners. But the underlying question of how to distinguish between the two types of leagues has received no treatment. In this article, we show that the two types of leagues can be distinguished in the talent market. A league of winning-percentage-maximizing owners will have higher talent costs and greater demand for talent. But, and perhaps more important, the level of competitive balance between the two types of leagues is indeterminate. In addition, a new policy instrument is suggested, namely, nudging owners toward one or the other objective, depending upon the particular locations of the demand for talent if owners pursue profits or winning percentage.
Novel FOXF1 Mutations in Sporadic and Familial Cases of Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia with Misaligned Pulmonary Veins Imply a Role for its DNA Binding Domain

Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a rare and lethal developmental disorder of the lung defined by a constellation of characteristic histopathological features. Nonpulmonary anomalies involving organs of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary systems have been identified in approximately 80% of patients with ACD/MPV. We have collected DNA and pathological samples from more than 90 infants with ACD/MPV and their family members. Since the publication of our initial report of four point mutations and 10 deletions, we have identified an additional 38 novel nonsynonymous mutations of FOXF1 (nine nonsense, seven frameshift, one inframe deletion, 20 missense, and one no stop). This report represents an up to date list of all known FOXF1 mutations to the best of our knowledge. Majority of the cases are sporadic. We report four familial cases of which three show maternal inheritance, consistent with paternal imprinting of the gene. Twenty five mutations (60%) are located within the putative DNA‐binding domain, indicating its plausible role in FOXF1 function. Five mutations map to the second exon. We identified two additional genic and eight genomic deletions upstream to FOXF1. These results corroborate and extend our previous observations and further establish involvement of FOXF1 in ACD/MPV and lung organogenesis.
Essays on optimal hedging and investment strategies and on derivative pricing

This dissertation encompasses four essays on various topics within the field of finance. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the contributions of each essay. Chapter 2, titled Risk Aversion, Price Uncertainty, and Irreversible Investments, extends the theory of irreversible investment under uncertainty by allowing for risk averse instead of risk neutral investors in an incomplete markets setting. Chapter 3, titled Economic Hedging Portfolios, studies portfolios that investors hold to hedge economic risks. Using a model of state-dependent utility, it provides a generalization of the traditional mean-variance model. In Chapter 4, titled Multivariate Option Pricing Using Dynamic Copula Models, the price behavior of derivatives written on multiple underlying assets is examined. The association between the underlying assets is modeled using parametric families of copulas which offer various alternatives to the commonly assumed normal dependence structure. Chapter 5, titled An Anatomy of Futures Returns: Risk Premiums and Trading Strategies, provides an empirical analysis of trading strategies which capture the various risk premiums that have been distinguished in futures markets. Sorting strategies designed to exploit the information in the term structure of futures yields and past hedging pressure are found to yield expected returns that cannot be explained by equity, bond, and currency benchmarks.
Chapter 1: The Knower and the Known: The Nature of Knowledge in Research on Teaching

This chapter is a review of conceptions of knowledge as they appear in selected bodies of research on teaching. Writing as a philosopher of education, my interest is in how notions of knowledge are used and analyzed in a number of research programs that study teachers and their teaching. Of particular interest is the growing research literature on the knowledge that teachers generate as a result of their experience as teachers, in contrast to the knowledge of teaching that is generated by those who specialize in research on teaching. This distinction, as will become apparent, is one that divides more conventional scientific approaches to the study of teaching from what might be thought of as alternative approaches.
Activity, passivity, self-denigration, and self-promotion: toward an interactionist model of interpersonal dependency.

Although dependency in adults is inextricably linked with passivity and submissiveness in the minds of many theoreticians, clinicians, and researchers, evidence has accumulated which suggests that in certain situations, dependency is actually associated with high levels of activity and assertiveness. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that when a dependent person is concerned primarily with getting along with a peer, he or she will "self-denigrate" (i.e., will utilize strategies that ensure that a peer will be evaluated more positively than he or she is on a laboratory task), but when a dependent person is concerned primarily with pleasing an authority figure, he or she will "self-promote" (i.e., will adopt strategies that increase the likelihood that he or she will be evaluated more positively than a peer on a laboratory task). This hypothesis was supported in all three experiments. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, and an interactionist model of interpersonal dependency is briefly described.
Political Activity and Firm Performance within Nonmarket Research: A Review and International Comparative Assessment

There is a widely held view that the performance of firms depends not only on the ability of managers to exploit economic markets but also on their ability to succeed in political markets. To test the value of political activism, recent scholarship has probed the impact of corporate political activity (CPA) on firm performance. However, mixed findings and the fragmented nature of the field raise more questions than answers as to the nature of this relationship. This systematic review examines scholarly articles for evidence of the impact of CPA on firm value. The findings suggest that CPA is more valuable in emerging countries and that relational CPA strategies are more common in emerging (versus developed) countries where social capital underlies political and economic exchange. We also document the paucity of research on informational CPA strategies and policy outcomes in the emerging country context. We consider the implications of these findings and others for local and multinational enterprises, and offer suggestions for further research.
Household Income and Child Schooling in Vietnam

The stronger are the associations between household income and child schooling, the lower is intergenerational social mobility and the less equal is opportunity. This study estimates the associations between household income and children's school success in Vietnam. The estimates indicate that these associations are considerable. This article also investigates some ways in which policies relate to household incomes. School fees are progressive, but school fees are only about one-third of what households pay directly to schools and are a much smaller proportion of a household's total school-related expenditures. Total household expenditures paid directly to schools increase with household income less proportionately than do school fees alone, so the overall structure of such payments is less progressive than is the structure of school fees. Because school enrollment is positively related to household income, moreover, the structure of school fees is less progressive for the entire population than for the selected subset that has children enrolled in school. Further, the two school quality measures that have the strongest positive association with children's school success are much more available to higher-income households, meaning that higher-income households have greater school expenditures in part because they are obtaining higher-quality schooling and not because charges for the same quality schooling are progressive across income classes.
Willingness to Pay to Reduce Community Health Risks from Municipal Drinking Water: A Stated Preference Study

This paper examines the value of health risk reductions to Canadians in the context of clean and safe drinking water. We examine risks of microbial illnesses and/or deaths and bladder cancer illnesses and/or deaths. The cancer risks arise because chlorine, a common disinfectant used to remove microbial contaminants, has been implicated in the production of Trihalomethanes that are linked to increases in bladder cancer cases. We evaluate results from a panel-based Internet survey of 1,600 Canadians conducted in the summer of 2004. The survey included text and graphical information regarding risk changes and employed contingent valuation and attributebased stated choice benefit valuation techniques. Our analysis of the stated preferences of consumers reveals the value of mortality risk reduction and the value of morbidity risk reductions for both microbial contaminants and cancer. In addition, the value of reducing cancer risks versus microbial risks in a public context is revealed. Our results suggest that reducing mortality risks from microbial illness has greater value than reducing mortality risks from cancer. Similarly, overall microbial risk reductions programs have higher value than cancer risk reduction programs in this context. The results also include a host of comparisons between contingent valuation and attribute-based methods.
Changing Planning by Changing Practice: How Water Managers Innovate Through Action

ABSTRACT In this study, we show how water managers who were not in strategic decision-making positions strategized in order to innovate water management practice. They undertook actions in order to infuse water management with a pragmatic logic that in their view would be better able to handle complexity. They addressed the requirements of an organizational context dominated by rational comprehensive planning as the model for acceptable action and associated forms of organizing that honor formally regulated responsibilities. Existing organizational practices and the logics grounding these were the counterpoint of their strategy, as well as the source on which they drew. Conventional forms of planning and organization were changed from within, through insider action woven into existing organizational process and form. Although acting from a logic that competed with established practices, these managers avoided confrontation and battle on the level of logic. They rather strategized by harnessing existing pr.
Exploring social marketing landscapes: A review of healthy food campaigns

Social marketing is a growing research field. It has been proved that social marketing has some effectiveness in health programs and can help in shaping people’s behaviour. This paper examines the role of social marketing in public communication campaigns and, more specifically, it explores the issue of healthy food habits promotion. An overview of theoretical issues surrounding definitions of basic principles and contents of social marketing is presented. Consequently social marketing is analysed within the context of healthy food promotion. The paper also provides a review of past food campaigns with relative pros and cons and, finally, some recommendations are drawn and some “best practices” recalled. Key words: Social marketing, food education, behavioural change.
Tourism in Maasai communities: a chance to improve livelihoods?

This paper examines community-based tourism among Maasai communities in Tanzania in the context of national policies that have increasingly devolved control over natural resources to local communities. It focuses on economic revenues generated from tourism growth, their distribution to village communities and the constraints and conflicts resulting from attempts to control or access resources. Specific cases illustrate the political and economic complexity of devolved resource management and increased income generation at the community level. Ecotourism and community-based tourism are frequently claimed to be possible remedies for wildlife and natural resources conservation, but research indicates that implementation and revenue-sharing are far from straightforward. The paper uses case studies from communities in northern Tanzania, in Ngorongoro District (Loliondo and Lake Natron), Simanjiro District and Longido District (West Kilimanjaro) to explore issues between pastoralism, cultivation, hunting tourism, photographic tourism, conservation and governance systems. It discusses the implementation of the 1998 National Forestry and Wildlife Policies, the creation of Wildlife Management Areas and the 1999 Land Act and Village Land Act. Data and experiences were gathered over a three-year period working with the Sand County Foundation – Tanzania from 2006 to 2008. The paper contributes to the assessment and discussion of pro-poor tourism and poverty alleviation concepts.
Are Your Satisfied Customers Loyal?

The firmly held doctrine that guest satisfaction means repeat business is called into question by the results of this study of 364 guests of two similar big-city hotels. Analysis showed only a weak connection between satisfaction and loyalty (which is a precursor to repeat purchases). Examining such factors as purpose of travel and demographics, the study revealed another finding that may give hoteliers pause—especially considering the industry’s huge expenditures on frequent-guest programs. Business travelers were among the least loyal of the guests responding to this survey. The chief factors that engaged guests’ loyalty were hotel design and amenities. Moreover, the factor that caused guests to be most involved in the purchase decision (and therefore more interested in the hotel) was its employees. The implication is that hoteliers might consider redirecting some of their frequent-guest expenditures toward strengthening human resources and toward improving the guests’ experience through design and amenities.