Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline.

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to develop clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women. PARTICIPANTS The Task Force was composed of a chair, selected by the Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee (CGS) of The Endocrine Society, six additional experts, two methodologists, and a medical writer. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. EVIDENCE Systematic reviews of available evidence were used to formulate the key treatment and prevention recommendations. We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) group criteria to describe both the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. We used "recommend" for strong recommendations, and "suggest" for weak recommendations. CONSENSUS PROCESS Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during one group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications. The drafts prepared by the Task Force with the help of a medical writer were reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's CGS, Clinical Affairs Core Committee (CACC), and Council. The version approved by the CGS and CACC was placed on The Endocrine Society's Web site for comments by members. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes. CONCLUSIONS We suggest testing for elevated androgen levels in women with moderate or severe hirsutism or hirsutism of any degree when it is sudden in onset, rapidly progressive, or associated with other abnormalities such as menstrual dysfunction, obesity, or clitoromegaly. For women with patient-important hirsutism despite cosmetic measures, we suggest either pharmacological therapy or direct hair removal methods. For pharmacological therapy, we suggest oral contraceptives for the majority of women, adding an antiandrogen after 6 months if the response is suboptimal. We recommend against antiandrogen monotherapy unless adequate contraception is used. We suggest against using insulin-lowering drugs. For women who choose hair removal therapy, we suggest laser/photoepilation.
Combination of gastric atrophy, reflux symptoms and histological subtype indicates two distinct aetiologies of gastric cardia cancer

Introduction: Atrophic gastritis is a risk factor for non-cardia gastric cancer, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The role of atrophic gastritis and GORD in the aetiology of adenocarcinoma of the cardia remains unclear. We have investigated the association between adenocarcinoma of the different regions of the upper gastrointestinal tract and atrophic gastritis and GORD symptoms. Methods: 138 patients with upper GI adenocarcinoma and age- and sex-matched controls were studied. Serum pepsinogen I/II was used as a marker of atrophic gastritis and categorised to five quintiles. History of GORD symptoms, smoking and H pylori infection were incorporated in logistic regression analysis. Lauren classification of gastric cancer was used to subtype gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Results: Non-cardia cancer was associated with atrophic gastritis but not with GORD symptoms; 55% of these cancers were intestinal subtype. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma was associated with GORD symptoms, but not with atrophic gastritis; 84% were intestinal subtype. Cardia cancer was positively associated with both severe gastric atrophy [OR, 95% CI: 3.92 (1.77 to 8.67)] and with frequent GORD symptoms [OR, 95% CI: 10.08 (2.29 to 44.36)] although the latter was only apparent in the non-atrophic subgroup and in the intestinal subtype. The association of cardia cancer with atrophy was stronger for the diffuse versus intestinal subtype and this was the converse of the association observed with non-cardia cancer. Conclusion: These findings indicate two distinct aetiologies of cardia cancer, one arising from severe atrophic gastritis and being of intestinal or diffuse subtype similar to non-cardia cancer, and one related to GORD and intestinal in subtype, similar to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastric atrophy, GORD symptoms and histological subtype may distinguish between gastric versus oesophageal origin of cardia cancer.
Bond graph dynamic modeling and stabilization of a quad-rotor helicopter

Four-rotor/quad-rotor helicopters are emerging as a popular unmanned aerial vehicle configuration because of their simple construction, easy maintenance and high payload capacity. A quadrotor is an under-actuated mechanical system with six degrees of freedom and four lift-generating propellers arranged in cross configuration. Maneuvers are executed by varying the speed of the propellers, which causes moments that affect attitude control; and by varying thrust, which affects altitude control. This makes stabilization challenging. This work presents a dynamic model of such a vehicle using bond graphs. Both an open loop unstable model and a closed loop stable model using different controllers are demonstrated in this paper. The Newton-Euler formalism with body fixed coordinates is used to model the dynamics of the platform. Rotor drag torque is assumed proportional to thrust of the rotor. The graphical nature and explicit power flow paths inherent in the bond graph formalism facilitated model construction and troubleshooting. Existing commercial bond graph software allowed simultaneous modeling and control implementation. The model results for different maneuvers and combinations of propeller thrust agree with existing theoretical results. Open loop simulation shows an uncontrolled revolving effect with increasing linear speed which results in instability of the system. The closed loop PID-controlled result nicely demonstrates the stabilization of the system from an initial roll, pitch, yaw and altitude to the desired steady state configuration.
Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Non-Sinusoidal Flux Density Distribution

This thesis discusses various aspects of controlling a permanent magnet synchronous machine with a non-sinusoidal rotor flux density distribution. The transient model of the machine in the rotor oriented dq-frame is derived, including the non-sinusoidal effects. The design of current and speed controllers is also discussed. The current controller is implemented in a permanent magnet machine, intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications, yielding good results. An algoritm to estimate the rotor position, based on high frequency signal injection and a non linear observer, is also implemented with good results. The flux linkage harmonics are measured and the predicted torque and current ripple are verified by measurements.
Prognostic Value of Non-Invasive Fibrosis and Steatosis Tools, Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient (HVPG) and Histology in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Background & Aims Non-invasive diagnostic methods for liver fibrosis predict clinical outcomes in viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We specifically evaluated prognostic value of non-invasive fibrosis methods in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) against hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and liver histology. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 148 consecutive patients who met the following criteria: transjugular liver biopsy with HVPG measurement; biopsy-proven NASH; absence of decompensation; AST-to-Platelets Ratio Index (APRI), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), NAFLD fibrosis score, ultrasound, hepatic steatosis index and Xenon-133 scan available within 6 months from biopsy; a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Outcomes were defined by death, liver transplantation, cirrhosis complications. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were employed to estimate incidence and predictors of outcomes, respectively. Prognostic value was expressed as area under the curve (AUC). Results During a median follow-up of 5 years (interquartile range 3-8), 16.2% developed outcomes, including 7.4% who died or underwent liver transplantation. After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, the following fibrosis tools predicted outcomes: HVPG >10mmHg (HR=9.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.07-30.12), histologic fibrosis F3-F4 (HR=3.14; 1.41-6.95), APRI >1.5 (HR=5.02; 1.6-15.7), FIB-4 >3.25 (HR=6.33; 1.98-20.2), NAFLD fibrosis score >0.676 (HR=11.9; 3.79-37.4). Prognostic value was as follows: histologic fibrosis stage, AUC=0.85 (95% CI 0.76-0.93); HVPG, AUC=0.81 (0.70-0.91); APRI, AUC=0.89 (0.82-0.96); FIB-4, AUC=0.89 (0.83-0.95); NAFLD fibrosis score, AUC=0.79 (0.69-0.91). Neither histologic steatosis nor non-invasive steatosis methods predicted outcomes (AUC<0.50). Conclusions Non-invasive methods for liver fibrosis predict outcomes of patients with NASH. They could be used for serial monitoring, risk stratification and targeted interventions.
Decentralized collision avoidance, deadlock detection, and deadlock resolution for multiple mobile robots

This paper describes a method for coordinating the independently planned trajectories of multiple mobile robots to avoid collisions and deadlocks among them. Whenever the distance between two robots drops below a certain value, they exchange information about their planned trajectories and determine whether they are in danger of a collision. If a possible collision is detected, they monitor their movements and, if necessary, insert idle times between certain segments of their trajectories in order to avoid the collision. Deadlocks among two or more robots occur if a number of robots block each other in a way such that none of them is able to continue along its trajectory without causing a collision. These deadlocks are reliably detected. After a deadlock is detected, the trajectory planners of each of the involved robots are successively asked to plan an alternative trajectory until the deadlock is resolved We use a combination of three fully distributed algorithms to reliably solve the task They do not use any global synchronization and do not interfere with each other.
Forward genetics in Candida albicans that reveals the Arp2/3 complex is required for hyphal formation, but not endocytosis

Candida albicans is a diploid fungal pathogen lacking a defined complete sexual cycle, and thus has been refractory to standard forward genetic analysis. Instead, transcription profiling and reverse genetic strategies based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae have typically been used to link genes to functions. To overcome restrictions inherent in such indirect approaches, we have investigated a forward genetic mutagenesis strategy based on the UAU1 technology. We screened 4700 random insertion mutants for defects in hyphal development and linked two new genes (ARP2 and VPS52) to hyphal growth. Deleting ARP2 abolished hyphal formation, generated round and swollen yeast phase cells, disrupted cortical actin patches and blocked virulence in mice. The mutants also showed a global lack of induction of hyphae‐specific genes upon the yeast‐to‐hyphae switch. Surprisingly, both arp2Δ/Δ and arp2Δ/Δarp3Δ/Δ mutants were still able to endocytose FM4‐64 and Lucifer Yellow, although as shown by time‐lapse movies internalization of FM4‐64 was somewhat delayed in mutant cells. Thus the non‐essential role of the Arp2/3 complex discovered by forward genetic screening in C. albicans showed that uptake of membrane components from the plasma membrane to vacuolar structures is not dependent on this actin nucleating machinery.
A System for Real Time Gesture Recognition

One of the most intuitive and common communication forms for human beings are gestures of different kind. We use them all the time often without even noticing. In this thesis classification of gestures and recognition of hands using a camera are discussed. To find and track the hand the Viola-Jones detector is used. The time series of the trajectories are transformed to angular space which results in scale and translation invariance. These series are then used to classify the gesture to a set of templates using dynamic time warping. A new method using Viola-Jones detector combined with RAMOSAC which is a feature tracker working with SIFT/SURF features is also tried and evaluated in an attempt to lower the detection error rate and to achieve more robustness to pose variations. The tests show that the system works well but is limited to the lighting and environment for which the algorithms are trained. The performance is real time on a normal PC and has the potential to be optimized to run on a mobile platform. Acknowledgements We would like to thank our supervisor, Fredrik Kahl at Lund University Faculty of Engineering, for his comments, ideas and his time. At TAT, The Astonishing Tribe, we would like to thank Fredrik Ademar, James Haliburton and all other inspirational personnel who have helped us.
Operator Support System Based on Primitive Static States in Intelligent Operated Work Machines

Intelligent functions that can autonomously identify the current work states and also provide informational or operational support to their operators are inevitably required for double-front construction machinery (DFCM), which has been developed for complicated tasks. In this study, which focuses on DFCM, we address the need for a new conceptual design of an operator support system. In particular, a state identification method strongly requires high reliability and robustness to address the complexity of the construction work environment and the variety of the operator's skill level. We, therefore, define primitive static states (PSS) that are determined using on–off information for the lever inputs and manipulator loads for each part of the grapple and front. We develop an intelligent system that provides a reduction of operational gain to make precise work easier and an indication of an enlarged image of the end-effector from a different viewpoint to assist depth perception based on PSS identification, and evaluate it using our newly developed simulator. Our experimental results show that the operator support system improves the work performance, including decreasing the operational time for completing a task, reducing the mental workload on the operators and the number of error operations.
A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene affects genomic DNA methylation through an interaction with folate status

DNA methylation, an essential epigenetic feature of DNA that modulates gene expression and genomic integrity, is catalyzed by methyltransferases that use the universal methyl donor S-adenosyl-l-methionine. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) catalyzes the synthesis of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF), the methyl donor for synthesis of methionine from homocysteine and precursor of S-adenosyl-l-methionine. In the present study we sought to determine the effect of folate status on genomic DNA methylation with an emphasis on the interaction with the common C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene. A liquid chromatography/MS method for the analysis of nucleotide bases was used to assess genomic DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA from 105 subjects homozygous for this mutation (T/T) and 187 homozygous for the wild-type (C/C) MTHFR genotype. The results show that genomic DNA methylation directly correlates with folate status and inversely with plasma homocysteine (tHcy) levels (P < 0.01). T/T genotypes had a diminished level of DNA methylation compared with those with the C/C wild-type (32.23 vs.62.24 ng 5-methylcytosine/μg DNA, P < 0.0001). When analyzed according to folate status, however, only the T/T subjects with low levels of folate accounted for the diminished DNA methylation (P < 0.0001). Moreover, in T/T subjects DNA methylation status correlated with the methylated proportion of red blood cell folate and was inversely related to the formylated proportion of red blood cell folates (P < 0.03) that is known to be solely represented in those individuals. These results indicate that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism influences DNA methylation status through an interaction with folate status.
Interleaved Zero-Current-Transition Buck Converter

This paper introduces interleaved zero-current-transition (ZCT) converters where two sets of switches are operating out-of-phase and share the load power equally. Turn-on transitions at zero current and a significant reduction of the losses associated with diode reverse recovery are accomplished through addition of two small inductors. This paper describes a 30-kW (300 V/100 A) interleaved ZCT buck converter operating at 32-kHz effective switching frequency. Losses and efficiency of the experimental prototype compare favorably against the standard and interleaved hard-switched buck converters. Constant frequency operation with low switching losses and low output current ripple is very well suited for the realization of dc power supplies in plasma processes.
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Recent research on Frequency Reuse (FR) schemes for OFDM/OFDMA based cellular networks (OCN) suggest that a single fixed FR cannot be optimal to cope with spatiotemporal dynamics of traffic and cellular environments in a spectral and energy efficient way. To address this issue this paper introduces a novel Self Organizing framework for adaptive Frequency Reuse and Deployment (SO-FRD) for future OCN including both cellular (e.g. LTE) and relay enhanced cellular networks (e.g. LTE Advance). In this paper, an optimization problem is first formulated to find optimal frequency reuse factor, no of sectors per site and number of relays per site. The objective is designed as an adaptive utility function which incorporates three major system objectives 1) spectral efficiency 2) fairness, and 3) energy efficiency. An appropriate metric for each of the three constituent objectives of utility function is then derived. Solution is provided by evaluating these metrics through a combination of analysis and extensive system level simulations for all feasible FRD's. Proposed SO-FRD framework uses this flexible utility function to switch to particular FRD strategy, which is suitable for system's currant state according to predefined or self learned performance criterion. The proposed metrics capture the effect of all major optimization parameters like frequency reuse factor, number of sectors and relay per site, and adaptive coding and modulation. Based on the results obtained, interesting insights into the tradeoff among these factors is also provided.
IEEE 802.11p: Towards an International Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments

Vehicular environments impose a set of new requirements on today's wireless communication systems. Vehicular safety communications applications cannot tolerate long connection establishment delays before being enabled to communicate with other vehicles encountered on the road. Similarly, non-safety applications also demand efficient connection setup with roadside stations providing services (e.g. digital map update) because of the limited time it takes for a car to drive through the coverage area. Additionally, the rapidly moving vehicles and complex roadway environment present challenges at the PHY level. The IEEE 802.11 standard body is currently working on a new amendment, IEEE 802.1 lp, to address these concerns. This document is named wireless access in vehicular environment, also known as WAVE. As of writing, the draft document for IEEE 802.11p is making progress and moving closer towards acceptance by the general IEEE 802.11 working group. It is projected to pass letter ballot in the first half of 2008. This paper provides an overview of the latest draft proposed for IEEE 802.11p. It is intended to provide an insight into the reasoning and approaches behind the document.
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION AND FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF COLORECTAL TUMOURS SUGGESTS TWO ROUTES OF TUMOURIGENESIS CHARACTERIZED BY GAIN OF CHROMOSOME 7 OR LOSS OF CHROMOSOMES 17 AND 18

Chromosomal aberrations in colonic tumourigenesis were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromere‐specific DNA probes and correlated to flow cytometry (FCM) results in a series of tissues including normal colonic epithelium, adenomas, and carcinomas, as well as adenomas adjacent to carcinomas. No numerical chromosome aberrations were detected in normal colonic epithelium, except for an extra chromosome X in one case. In the adenomas, the most frequently occurring chromosome aberration was a trisomy for chromosome 7, occurring in 37 per cent of the cases. In the carcinomas, two distinct routes of genetic aberration could be established on the basis of correlation with FCM: one with and one without endoreduplication. In the carcinomas without endoreduplication, trisomy or tetrasomy for chromosome 7 was detected in 12 out of 15 cases (80 per cent). In three of these cases, trisomy 7 was found in combination with loss of chromosome 17 and/or chromosome 18. In 87 per cent of the carcinomas with endoreduplication, loss of chromosome 17 and/or 18 was found, while in only one case was gain of chromosome 7 detected. In the adenomas adjacent to carcinomas, trisomy 7 was found in 36 per cent of the cases. In these cases, the concomitant adenocarcinomas showed the same numerical chromosome 7 aberration, plus extra aberrations for other chromosomes. In only two cases the carcinoma demonstrated trisomy 7 with a normal adjacent adenoma. These results suggest that gain of chromosome 7 is a significant aberration in the tumourigenesis of colonic carcinomas in which no endoreduplication has occurred. No marked clinico‐pathological differences were observed between tumours of either route of tumourigenesis in this series.
Source Coding in Networks With Covariance Distortion Constraints

We consider a source coding problem with a network scenario in mind, and formulate it as a remote vector Gaussian Wyner-Ziv problem under covariance matrix distortions. We define a notion of minimum for two positive-definite matrices based on which we derive an explicit formula for the rate-distortion function. We then study the special cases and applications of this result. We show that two well-studied source coding problems, i.e., remote vector Gaussian Wyner-Ziv problems with mean-squared error and mutual information constraints are in fact special cases of our results. Finally, we apply our results to a joint source coding and denoising problem. We consider a network with a centralized topology and a given weighted sum-rate constraint, where the received signals at the center are to be fused to maximize the output SNR while enforcing no linear distortion. We show that one can design the distortion matrices at the nodes in order to maximize the output SNR at the fusion center. We thereby bridge between denoising and source coding within this setup.
Gradient Descent Efficiently Finds the Cubic-Regularized Non-Convex Newton Step

We consider the minimization of non-convex quadratic forms regularized by a cubic term, which exhibit multiple saddle points and poor local minima. Nonetheless, we prove that, under mild assumptions, gradient descent approximates the $\textit{global minimum}$ to within $\varepsilon$ accuracy in $O(\varepsilon^{-1}\log(1/\varepsilon))$ steps for large $\varepsilon$ and $O(\log(1/\varepsilon))$ steps for small $\varepsilon$ (compared to a condition number we define), with at most logarithmic dependence on the problem dimension. When we use gradient descent to approximate the Nesterov-Polyak cubic-regularized Newton step, our result implies a rate of convergence to second-order stationary points of general smooth non-convex functions.