Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Verifying Invariants of Lock-Free Data Structures with Rely-Guarantee and Refinement Types

Verifying invariants of fine-grained concurrent data structures is challenging, because interference from other threads may occur at any time. We propose a new way of proving invariants of fine-grained concurrent data structures: applying rely-guarantee reasoning to references in the concurrent setting. Rely-guarantee applied to references can verify bounds on thread interference without requiring a whole program to be verified. This article provides three new results. First, it provides a new approach to preserving invariants and restricting usage of concurrent data structures. Our approach targets a space between simple type systems and modern concurrent program logics, offering an intermediate point between unverified code and full verification. Furthermore, it avoids sealing concurrent data structure implementations and can interact safely with unverified imperative code. Second, we demonstrate the approach’s broad applicability through a series of case studies, using two implementations: an axiomatic Coq domain-specific language and a library for Liquid Haskell. Third, these two implementations allow us to compare and contrast verifications by interactive proof (Coq) and a weaker form that can be expressed using automatically-discharged dependent refinement types (Liquid Haskell).
Consistent estimation of exchangeable graph models by Sorting-And-Smoothing ( SAS )

The classical results of Aldous, Hoover and Kallenberg showed that exchangeable random arrays can be represented by some measurable functions called graphons. However, consistent estimation of the graphons remains an open issue. In this paper, we first briefly discuss the identifiability issue of the graphon estimation problem. We observe, in particular, that a graphon can be uniquely estimated only when the degree distribution is a strictly increasing function. Then, we propose the Sort And Smooth (SAS) algorithm, a graphon estimation algorithm based on sorting the empirical degree and total variation smoothing. The consistency of the SAS algorithm is experimentally verified and rigorously proven by leveraging the total variation concepts from compressed sensing.
Anaphora Resolution in Multi-Person Dialogues

Anaphora resolution for dialogues is a difficult problem because of the several kinds of complex anaphoric references generally present in dialogic discourses. It is nevertheless a critical first step in the processing of any such discourse. In this paper, we describe a system for anaphora resolution in multi-person dialogues. This system aims to bring together a wide array syntactic, semantic and world knowledge based techniques used for anaphora resolution. In this system, the performance of the heuristics is optimized for specific dialogues using genetic algorithms, which relieves the programmer of hand-crafting the weights of these heuristics. In our system, we propose a new technique based on the use of anaphora chains to enable resolution of a large variety of anaphors, including plural anaphora and cataphora.
Initial Experimental Study on Dynamic Interaction Between an Amputee and a Powered Ankle-Foot Prostheses

Today, commercially available ankle-foot prostheses are completely passive, and consequently, their mechanical properties remain fixed with walking speed and terrain. Conversely, normal human ankle stiffness varies within each gait cycle and also with walking speed [1][2][3]. Furthermore, some studies have indicated that one of the main functions of the human ankle is to provide adequate energy for forward progression of the body [1][4]. Thus, an ideal ankle-foot prosthesis should be able to actively control joint impedance, motive power, and joint position. Understanding the dynamic interaction between an amputee and an active prosthesis is critical to developing truly functional leg prostheses. For this reason, we have developed a novel robotic ankle-foot emulator (Figure 1) [5]. The emulator is capable of changing mechanical impedance and providing sufficient mechanical energy for forward propulsion. In this paper, we present pilot data on the actual interaction between an amputee and the ankle emulator during walking. These data support the hypothesis that actively controlling ankle joint impedance may provide a more natural gait than a conventional passive prosthesis. Furthermore, adding additional mechanical energy beyond that a passive spring ankle can provide during powered plantar flexion can dramatically increase the self-selected walking speed of an amputee. METHODS
Concretely Annotated Corpora

In either setting, it is common for a research group to generate bulk annotations over a preferred corpus internally, using their own tools, programming languages and formats, but then reporting on this as merely an engineering pre-processing step not worth describing in significant detail. Worse, these annotated collections are often not available to the rest of the community, making it difficult to perform apples-to-apples comparison of the “real research”.
Isolation and Characterization of Novel Psychrophilic, Neutrophilic, Fe-Oxidizing, Chemolithoautotrophic α- and γ-Proteobacteria from the Deep Sea

ABSTRACT We report the isolation and physiological characterization of novel, psychrophilic, iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) from low-temperature weathering habitats in the vicinity of the Juan de Fuca deep-sea hydrothermal area. The FeOB were cultured from the surfaces of weathered rock and metalliferous sediments. They are capable of growth on a variety of natural and synthetic solid rock and mineral substrates, such as pyrite (FeS2), basalt glass (∼10 wt% FeO), and siderite (FeCO3), as their sole energy source, as well as numerous aqueous Fe substrates. Growth temperature characteristics correspond to the in situ environmental conditions of sample origin; the FeOB grow optimally at 3 to 10°C and at generation times ranging from 57 to 74 h. They are obligate chemolithoautotrophs and grow optimally under microaerobic conditions in the presence of an oxygen gradient or anaerobically in the presence of nitrate. None of the strains are capable of using any organic or alternate inorganic substrates tested. The bacteria are phylogenetically diverse and have no close Fe-oxidizing or autotrophic relatives represented in pure culture. One group of isolates are γ-Proteobacteria most closely related to the heterotrophic bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei (87 to 94% sequence similarity). A second group of isolates are α-Proteobacteria most closely related to the deep-sea heterotrophic bacterium Hyphomonas jannaschiana (81 to 89% sequence similarity). This study provides further evidence for the evolutionarily widespread capacity for Fe oxidation among bacteria and suggests that FeOB may play an unrecognized geomicrobiological role in rock weathering in the deep sea.
Implementation of Software Cybernetics for Efficient Resource Usage in Software Maintenance Project

It is critical to deploy human resources at the right time in software maintenance projects to deliver varying workloads under the committed Service Level Agreements (SLA). This is quite challenging considering the fact that human resources come with different skill-set, learning curve and productivity. Again, keeping resources longer than necessary makes the project expensive and uncompetitive. We have recently developed a theoretical framework based on cybernetic principles that recommends ramp-up/ramp-down of resources, considering the practical constraints, ensuring the fulfillment of the SLA with the customer with minimal resource cost. In the current paper, we would like to present the software that we have developed based on the framework. It will aid project managers responsible for software maintenance projects in taking decisions regarding allocating/de-allocating resources to the project and minimizing resource cost while complying with the SLA.
Partially linear hazard regression with varying coefficients for multivariate survival data

Summary. The paper studies estimation of partially linear hazard regression models with varying coefficients for multivariate survival data. A profile pseudo‐partial‐likelihood estimation method is proposed. The estimation of the parameters of the linear part is accomplished via maximization of the profile pseudo‐partial‐likelihood, whereas the varying‐coefficient functions are considered as nuisance parameters that are profiled out of the likelihood. It is shown that the estimators of the parameters are root n consistent and the estimators of the non‐parametric coefficient functions achieve optimal convergence rates. Asymptotic normality is obtained for the estimators of the finite parameters and varying‐coefficient functions. Consistent estimators of the asymptotic variances are derived and empirically tested, which facilitate inference for the model. We prove that the varying‐coefficient functions can be estimated as well as if the parametric components were known and the failure times within each subject were independent. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the estimators proposed. A real data set is analysed to illustrate the methodology proposed.
The Specificities of Finnish Industrial Policy - Challenges and Initiatives at the Turn of the Century

The Finnish experience in the 1990s represents one of the few examples of how knowledge can become the driving force in economic growth and transformation. The countrys industrial structure that was previously raw material-, energy-, and capital-intensive changed in less than a decade to primarily a knowledge-intensive on. During the first year of the 21st century Finland has topped the list in various competitiveness rankings and is also number one in OECDs PISA studies of youths learning skills and educational attainment. The aim of this paper is to discuss the nature and role that industry policy has played in these developments, with an explicit focus on the specificities and recent shifts in policy thinking and implementation in Finland. We discuss the emergence of new industrial policies in Finland in the early 1990s, the main policy initiatives and measures, present the organisational landscape of these new policies, and conclude with a partial assessment of the success of policies and future challenges.
Galactose-induced retinal microangiopathy in rats.

PURPOSE The suitability of the galactose-fed rat as a model of diabetic retinopathy was examined in nondiabetic rats fed diets enriched with either 30% or 50% galactose for up to 2 years. METHODS Retinal capillaries were examined by light and electron microscopy, and the prevalence or severity of diabetic-like lesions was quantitated. RESULTS Histologic evaluation of trypsin digests of retina revealed significantly greater than normal frequencies of pericyte ghosts and acellular capillaries at both 15 and 23 months receiving a 50% galactose diet. Similar lesions were observed in rats receiving a 30% galactose diet for 23 months. Capillary basement membrane thickening, dilated hypercellular capillaries (or intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities), and foci of vascular cells appeared in rats fed 50% galactose, but saccular microaneurysms characteristic of retinopathy in diabetic patients, diabetic dogs, and experimentally galactosemic dogs were not observed. Administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor, Sorbinil, to rats fed 50% galactose resulted in a significant inhibition of cataract and of galactitol accumulation in nerve and blood (by more that 90%) and retina (by 62%), but did not inhibit development of the retinal microvascular lesions. CONCLUSIONS Two years of galactosemia in rats seems to reproduce only a portion of the lesions characteristic of diabetic retinopathy in patients or dogs. Nevertheless, lesions characteristic of at least the early stages of retinopathy clearly do develop in this galactosemic rat model, and are not restrained by inhibition of retinal polyol accumulation by 62%.
The Simon and Simon–Mars tensors for stationary Einstein–Maxwell fields

Modulo conventional scale factors, the Simon and Simon? Mars tensors are defined for stationary vacuum spacetimes so that their equality follows from the Bianchi identities of the second kind. In the nonvacuum case one can absorb additional source terms into a redefinition of the Simon tensor so that this equality is maintained. Among the electrovacuum class of solutions of the Einstein? Maxwell equations, the expression for the Simon tensor in the Kerr? Newman? Taub? NUT spacetime in terms of the Ernst potential is formally the same as in the vacuum case (modulo a scale factor), and its vanishing guarantees the simultaneous alignment of the principal null directions of the Weyl tensor, the Papapetrou field associated with the timelike Killing vector field, the electromagnetic field of the spacetime and even the Killing? Yano tensor.
Dry Eye and Corneal Langerhans Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Purpose. Investigation of dry eye and corneal Langerhans cells (LCs) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. Prospective consecutive case series of 27 SLE patients and 27 control subjects. Dry eye was evaluated by lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF), Schirmer test, tear break-up time (TBUT), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. In vivo investigation of corneal LCs density and morphology (LCM) was performed with confocal corneal microscopy (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph with Rostock Cornea Module). Results. Tear production and stability were pathological in SLE subjects compared to control (Schirmer: 8.45 ± 9.82 mm/5 min versus 11.67 ± 3.21 mm/5 min; TBUT: 6.86 ± 3.53 s versus 11.09 ± 3.37 s). OSDI was significantly greater in SLE patients (25.95 ± 17.92) than in controls (11.06 ± 7.18). Central LC density was greater in SLE patients (43.08 ± 48.67 cell/mm2) than in controls (20.57 ± 21.04 cell/mm2). There was no difference in the peripheral LC density (124.78 ± 165.39 versus 78.00 ± 39.51 cell/mm2). LCM was higher in SLE patients in the centre (1.43 ± 0.79) and in the periphery (2.89 ± 0.42) compared to controls (centre: 1.00 ± 0.69, periphery: 2.35 ± 0.54). Conclusions. Significant changes in dry eye parameters and marked increase of central LCs could be demonstrated in SLE patients. SLE alters not only the LC density but also the morphology, modifies corneal homeostasis, and might contribute to the development of dry eye.
A drowsiness detection method using distance and gradient vectors

This paper presents a drowsiness detection for drivers. The drowsiness is detected by monitoring the eye state (open or close). Firstly, human face detection is performed using the Haar cascade method. Within the facial region, we can approximately determine the eye regions, further restricting the region of interest (ROI). We then locate a dark circular object using two vectors: one is distance vectors and the other gradient vectors. The cross-correlation between these two vectors should be maximized at the center of a dark circle. Experimental results show that the proposed method works well in both bright and dark conditions. The computation speed of the proposed method is fast enough to perform at a video rate.
Variability and uncertainty of wind power in the California electric power system

The California generation fleet manages the existing variability and uncertainty in the demand for electric power (load). When wind power is added, the dispatchable generators manage the variability and uncertainty of the net load (load minus wind power). The variability and uncertainty of the load and the net load are compared when 8790 MW of wind power are added to the California power system, a level expected when California achieves its 33% renewable portfolio standard, using a data set of 26,296 h of synchronous historic load and modeled historic wind power output. Variability was calculated as the rate of change in power generated by wind farms or consumed by the load from 1 h to the next (MW/h). Uncertainty was calculated as the 1 h ahead forecast error [MW] of the wind power or of the load. The data show that wind power adds no additional variability than is already present in the load variability. However, wind power adds additional uncertainty through increased forecast errors in the net load compared with the load. Forecast errors in the net load increase 18.7% for negative forecast errors (actual less than forecast) and 5.4% for positive forecast errors (actual greater than forecast). The increase in negative forecast errors occurs only during the afternoon hours when negative load forecasts and positive wind forecasts are strongly correlated. Managing the integration of wind power in the California power system should focus on reducing wind power forecast uncertainty for wind ramp ups during the afternoon hours.
Models of BRICs' Economic Development and Challenges for EU Competitiveness

The term BRICs puts under a common label the four largest fast growing emerging countries Brazil, Russia, India and China. The BRICs show many common features, such as big land size, large population, fast economic growth etc., but important differences as well, due to their different models of economic development and resources endowments. In this report, we discuss the different models of economic development of the individual BRIC countries, with a special focus on their external relations (trade, FDI) and on likely future developments. Brazil is a domestically oriented service economy; Russia's economic development is heavily dependent on energy and raw material resources; the Indian economy is essentially service-led, supported by exports; and China's economic development is driven by manufacturing exports and investment. Finally, we explore the resulting future challenges and opportunities for EU competitiveness.
Deposit Insurance: An Outmoded Lifeboat for Today's Sea of Liquidity?

Recent changes in financial markets have altered the structure of liquidity provision and thus undercut the relative importance of the banking sector. Our analysis suggests a significant contraction of banks' role as liquidity transformers and hence a reduction in their susceptibility to the specific risks of liquidity transformation, including systemic runs due to contagious spillovers. This contraction is confirmed by an analysis of liquidity at the individual bank level using a liquidity measure that we develop. We use this measure to quantify the marginal contribution of deposit insurance to liquidity enhancement. We conclude that neither insurance against liquidity risk, nor other rationales relating to equity, legitimacy and stability withstands closer scrutiny as a valid explanation for the provision of deposit insurance by the government.
Health, Family Structure, and Labor Supply

I consider the health, family structure, and labor supply inter-relationships at both a theoretical and empirical level. The paper is organized in the following way. SectionI introduces the material. In Section II, a theoretical model of family time allocation among market, home, and health activities is developed. The concept of a family health maintenance function is formalized to generate qualitative predictions of the effect of wages, health status, health care efficiency, and property income on the labor supply of husband and wife. In Section III, data from the older male portion of the National Longitudinal Surveys are used to estimate labor supply functions for married and single men with special attention to differences in poor health responses. A simultaneous model of male labor supply and other family income (chiefly transfer income and the earnings of the wife) is then estimated to determine whether variations in the work hours of males, largely due to health differences, induce any substantial changes in income producing activities by other family members. Finally, in Section IV the detailed time budget data on both males and females from the Productive Americans Survey are used to estimate more precisely the effect of health on total family time allocations. These data provide estimates of the impact of poor health on home production time as well as market time for both husband and wife.
A MINIMAL RK-DEGREE

We construct a minimal rK-degree, continuum many, in fact. We also show that every minimal sequence, that is, a sequence with minimal rK-degree, must have very low descriptional complexity, that every minimal sequence is rK-reducible to a random sequence, and that there is a random sequence with no minimal sequence rK-reducible to it.
Scent of a Woman

Adaptationist models of human mating provide a useful framework for identifying subtle, biologically based mechanisms influencing cross-gender social interaction. In line with this framework, the current studies examined the extent to which olfactory cues to female ovulation—scents of women at the peak of their reproductive fertility—influence endocrinological responses in men. Men in the current studies smelled T-shirts worn by women near ovulation or far from ovulation (Studies 1 and 2) or control T-shirts not worn by anyone (Study 2). Men exposed to the scent of an ovulating woman subsequently displayed higher levels of testosterone than did men exposed to the scent of a nonovulating woman or a control scent. Hence, olfactory cues signaling women’s levels of reproductive fertility were associated with specific endocrinological responses in men—responses that have been linked to sexual behavior and the initiation of romantic courtship.
A lane departure warning system developed under a virtual environment

In recent years, many advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) are developed to address great concerns on vehicle safety. However, the testing and verification of ADAS can be very time consuming, costly and even dangerous. This paper presents a vision-based lane departure warning system (LDW) that is developed under a virtual environment. The lane departure warning system consists of an image processing module and a pre-warning module. The LDW system in this paper is not novel or creative, it's just a object to show how a LDW system can be developed ender a virtual environment. The LDW system is largely developed under a real-time virtual environment that includes two dSpace1401-based MicroAutoboxes (MABX), a desktop PC, a dSpace1006-based real-time simulator, and the required communication buses. Some preliminary simulation has been conducted to verify the proposed camera model and virtual driving environmental model, and the results show that the proposed verification environment is valid and effective.