Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating Information Requirements for Evaluating Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas—Indonesian Case Studies

Identifying the information needs of managers and other stakeholders is an important first step in designing an evaluation of management effectiveness for marine protected areas (MPAs) that will be relevant to local circumstances and useful for improving management practices. Information requirements for evaluating effectiveness were investigated at two MPAs in Indonesia. Results show that, despite similar management objectives, information needs for evaluation differ between sites and those differences reflect the unique context within which management operates in each case. The scope of information needs at each site covers a broad range of issues including context, planning, resources, processes, outputs, and outcomes. Relevant components of a variety of different evaluation tools will need to be used to satisfy information needs at these sites. Evaluation tools that are based primarily on stated management objectives or the expressed views of a few key stakeholders are unlikely to be very useful for improving management in these cases.
The time course of transmitter release in mouse motor nerve terminals is differentially affected by activation of muscarinic M1 or M2 receptors

At endplates of mouse diaphragms the effects of activation of presynaptic muscarinic M1 and M2 autoreceptors on the time courses of monoquantal releases have been investigated at 20 °C. Quantal excitatory postsynaptic currents (qEPSCs) were elicited and recorded with a perfused macropatch electrode, through which control‐ and drug‐containing solutions were applied to 10 µm φ regions of a neuromuscular junction. M2 receptors were activated with muscarine, while the M1 receptors were blocked by pirenzepine. M2 activation presented a slight, but highly significant augmentation of early releases. Analogously, M1 receptors were activated with muscarine, while M2 receptors were blocked by methoctramine. M1 activation elicited a highly significant small shift of the time course of release towards longer delays. In controls, the number of late releases decayed with a time constant of 0.3 ms. This time constant did not change appreciably when methoctramine or methoctramine + muscarine were applied. However, methoctramine + muscarine reduced the amplitude of qEPSCs and shortened their decay by a partial block of postsynaptic channels. Double blocks with pirenzepine + methoctramine allowed no presynaptic effect of muscarine, showing that the blocker concentrations were sufficient. Neither the addition of methoctramine to pirenzepine, nor the further addition of muscarine changed the time constant of decay of the number of late releases. The results are very similar to that of autoreceptor activations in the glutamatergic crayfish synapse: activation of inhibitory receptors augmented early releases, and that of facilitatory receptors depressed early releases [ J. Dudel (2006a ) Eur. J. Neurosci. , 23, 2695–2700], which may suggest a general presynaptic mechanism.
The Economics of Conserved-Energy "Supply" Curves*

This paper develops the theoretical underpinnings of conservation "supply " curves (CSCs), and in doing so uncovers several problems with current procedures for their construction. The CSC is shown to be derivable from a production isoquant, and not to be a true supply curve. The traditional algorithm for constructing a CSC from discrete measures is shown to be suboptimal, contrary to prior claims. Omitting conservation measuresfrom consideration can lead to systematic, excessive conservation. The CSC concept is extended from constant-service to constant-utility measures, and an improved approximation is suggested for the cost of conserved energy (CCE) of measures that cause rebound. The appendix provides a formula for CCE that is simple yet more general than the one currently in use, but shows that even with this generalization, CSCs cannot be constructed for a world with fluctuating energy prices.
Pricing Derivatives on Financial Securities Subject to Credit Risk

This article provides a new methodology for pricing and hedging derivative securities involving credit risk. Two types of credit risks are considered. The first is where the asset underlying the derivative security may default. The second is where the writer of the derivative security may default. We apply the foreign currency analogy of Jarrow and Turnbull (1991) to decompose the dollar payoff from a risky security into a certain payoff and a "spot exchange rate. " Arbitrage-free valuation techniques are then employed. This methodology can be applied to corporate debt and over the counter derivatives, such as swaps and caps. THE PURPOSE OF THIS article is to provide a new theory for pricing and hedging derivative securities involving credit risk. Two sources of credit risk are identified and analyzed. The first is where the asset underlying the derivative security may default, paying off less than promised. This is the case, for example, with imbedded options on corporate debt. The second is the credit risk introduced by the writer of the derivative security, who may also default. Examples include over-the-counter writers of options on Eurodollar futures, swaps, and swaptions. For pricing derivative securities involving credit risk, there are currently two approaches. The first views these derivatives as contingent claims not on the financial securities themselves, but as "compound options" on the assets underlying the financial securities. This is the case, for example, with the pricing of imbedded options on corporate debt (see Merton (1974, 1977), Black and Cox (1976), Ho and Singer (1982), Chance (1990), and Kim, Ramaswamy, and Sundaresan (1993)) or the pricing of vulnerable options (see Johnson and Stulz (1987)). In practice, however, this valuation methodology is difficult to use. First, the assets underlying the financial security are often not tradeable and therefore their values are not observable. This makes application of the theory and estimation of the relevant parameters problematic. Second, as in the case of corporate debt, all of the other liabilities of the firm senior to the corporate debt must first (and simultaneously) be valued. This generates significant computational difficulties. As a result, this approach has not
The Irrational Behaviour of Individual Investors on Vietnam Stock Market: Prospect Theory-Based Approach

The study aims to test whether the impact of the investors’ psychological factors on their investment decisions conforms to the prospect theory or not. The used methodologyin is to interview by setting up assumption with different probability but the same expectation mean result. The survey of 422 investors on Vietnam Stock Market shows that the inconsistent psychology (irrational) exists commonly in the market. The investors show the risk-seeking tendency in risky situation and risk-aversion psychology in safe circumstances. The study reconfirms that the investors in Vietnam Stock Market are irrational investors.
Tinzaparin and enoxaparin given at prophylactic dose for eight days in medical elderly patients with impaired renal function

Summary Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) accumulate in patients with impaired renal function. As this accumulation depends on heparin chain length and subsequent reticulo-endothelial/renal elimination, LMWHs might have different pharmacodynamic profiles. The primary objective was to examine if any accumulation effect of two LMWHs, enoxaparin and tinzaparin, occurred after repeated administration of a prophylactic dose over eight days in elderly patients (age >75 years) with creatinine clearance between 20 and 50 ml/min and body weight <65Kg. Patients were openly randomized to two groups (enoxaparin 4,000 IU or tinzaparin 4,500 IU once daily). Anti-Xa was measured on day 1 and day 8. Blood samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 24 hours. The primary end point was the accumulation factor calculated as a ratio between the maximal anti-Xa activity on day 1and day 8. Fifty-five patients were included (mean age 87.9 ± 5.5 ). The creatinine clearance was 34.7 ± 11.4 ml/min; the body weight was 52.3 ± 8.6 kg. The accumulation factor defined was not significant for tinzaparin (1.05, p=0.29) while it was significantly enhanced for enoxaparin (1.22, p <0.0001). In this pharmacodynamic study performed in elderly patients with impaired renal function, a statistically significant accumulation effect was observed after eight days of prophylactic treatment with enoxaparin but not with tinzaparin, which are two LMWHs with different chain lengths. Trials based on clinical end points should be conducted to evaluate the clinical relevance of these observations.
Social Capital and Housing Tenure in an Adelaide Neighbourhood

In this article we compare and contrast elements of social capital across different housing tenures in an Adelaide neighbourhood. Using the results of 530 self-completion questionnaires and in-depth qualitative interviews with 16 people we assess perceptions of conflict across housing tenures and between socio-economic groups, feelings of acceptance and belonging in the local neighbourhood, and levels of involvement in local formal and informal networks. While only a small number of questionnaire respondents reported negative views of socio-economic diversity in the area a theme emerging in the qualitative data indicated that housing tenure was relevant to some of these negative perceptions. Respondents from across different tenure types also reported differences in feelings of acceptance in the neighbourhood, and involvement in formal and informal networks. The study findings suggest that housing tenure is relevant to the development of neighbourhood-based social capital, and that this factor needs to be considered by social planners, housing policy makers and others involved in implementing social mix policies. In addition, the findings indicate the need to consider the community housing and public housing tenures in their own right, given the different models of housing provision, rather than collectively under the common banner of social housing as most research studies do. It is recommended that the full diversity of housing tenure is considered in any future analysis.
Output feedback control of PMSM

The problem of controlling a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor is approached in this paper eliminating the necessity of including a speed sensor and without knowledge of the (constant) load torque. The proposed controller is obtained by equipping a well-known state-feedback scheme with an observer for estimating the speed and an adaptation law for the unknown perturbation. The closed-loop is shown to be practically asymptoticaly stabile. The usefulness of the contribution is evaluated through numerical simulations.
CD38 through the life of a murine B lymphocyte

CD38 is a 45 kDa transmembrane receptor expressed in B lymphocytes and other cells from the immune system. It is involved in apoptosis, cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation. CD38 has been used extensively to classify various subpopulations of lymphocytes in both humans and mice. It has also been used as a marker of poor prognosis in some lymphoid pathologies. However, CD38 is not a marker but rather an ectoenzyme and a receptor, where it performs several functions. The CD38 signaling pathway has only been partially studied in various cells of the immune system, where apparently the signaling is different depending on the lineage and differentiation state of the cell, leading to distinct outcomes. In this review, we provide an overview of well‐established roles of CD38 signaling B lymphocytes from mice. We also discuss areas that need further clarification to get a broader image of how CD38 performs different functions in B cells and to understand its role in B lymphocyte biology under normal versus pathological conditions. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2011
RETHINKING THE EFFECT OF IMMIGRATION ON WAGES

This paper asks the following question: what was the effect of surging immigration on average and individual wages of U.S.-born workers during the period 1990-2004? We emphasize the need for a general equilibrium approach to analyze this problem. The impact of immigrants on wages of U.S.-born workers can be evaluated only by accounting carefully for labor market and capital market interactions in production. Using such a general equilibrium approach we estimate that immigrants are imperfect substitutes for U.S.- born workers within the same education-experience-gender group (because they choose different occupations and have different skills). Moreover, accounting for a reasonable speed of adjustment of physical capital we show that most of the wage effects of immigration accrue to native workers within a decade. These two facts imply a positive and significant effect of the 1990-2004 immigration on the average wage of U.S.-born workers overall, both in the short run and in the long run. This positive effect results from averaging a positive effect on wages of U.S.-born workers with at least a high school degree and a small negative effect on wages of U.S.-born workers with no high school degree.
[Study on 3'-methoxy puerarin to dynamic changes of amino acids in rat brain ischemia-reperfusion].

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of 3'-methoxy puerarin on cerebral ischemic glutamic acid, aspartic acid, taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibitory of rats and investigate the protective mechanisms of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. METHOD Using middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model, to collect extracellular fluid in rat striatal amino acid neurotransmitters by brain microdialysis and HPLC techniques with fluorescence detection before and after 3'-methoxy puerarin treatment four kinds of amino acids changes. RESULT 3'-methoxy puerarin reduced concentrations of excitatory amino acid (EAA) Asp and Glu, while Tau and GABA inhibitory amino acids were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION 3'-methoxy puerarin reduce ischemia-induced brain EAA toxicity against EAA neurotoxicity, regulate the brain neurotransmitter amino acid content, improve the excitatory and inhibitory amino acid balance is one of the mechanisms that to improve and protect the important acute cerebral infarction in rat brain nuclei.
Movie-induced tourism: The challenge of measurement and other issues

Within the literature on tourism marketing and place promotion, there is very little research related to movie sites, including television programme locations, in Britain. This study discusses the concept of movie-induced tourism in relation to the wider phenomenon of cultural and literary tourism. The challenge of measurement is considered via a small-scale survey of visitors to Notting Hill in London, the setting for the successful movie starring Hugh Grant and Julia Roberts. The results showed a visitor profile which is fairly consistent with the findings from the literature; frequency results indicated that many visitors to Notting Hill had a fairly clear destination image prior to their visit, a large number of respondents knew of other television and film locations and a majority of respondents would consider travelling to television or film locations in the future. About two-thirds of respondents agreed with the fact that television programmes and films encourage tourism to a certain area, which shows an overall awareness and acceptance of the phenomenon of movie-induced tourism within the survey population.
Perceptions of world politics and support for terrorism among Muslims: Evidence from Muslim countries and Western Europe

Focusing on Muslim populations in five Muslim-majority countries and four Western European countries, we examine the correlates of popular support for terrorist violence. In both samples, support for terrorism is stronger among those who see democracy as a Western political system which is not suitable for Muslim societies. Perceived Western economic dominance is related to more support for terrorism among Muslims in Western Europe. In the Muslim countries, blaming the West for negative international relations is associated with greater support for terrorism. The associations found are remarkably similar across the Western European countries but vary considerably across the Muslim countries, preventing generalized interpretations. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that perceptions about world politics represent an important factor of pro-terrorist views among Muslims. Therefore, we suggest that improvement of the relationships between the West and the Muslim world can reduce support for terrorism.
State-Funded Tourism Marketing

Abstract Each state produces and distributes travel packets to various market segments in hopes of encouraging travel to facilities and attractions within the state. This study advocated measuring the communication effectiveness of these materials and discovered that some packets significantly impacted perceptions as a vacation destination and likelihood of traveling to that state. States with the least popular reputations benefited the most from this specific marketing communications tactic. While college students were the focus of the study, the results correlated with the findings from an older adult panel.
Corporate social responsibility: profile and diagnosis of 797 programs developed in Brazil

© 2007 Center for Business Ethics at Bentley College. Published by Blackwell Publishing, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA, and 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK. Blackwell Publishing Inc M lden, USA ASR usiness and Society Review 0045-3609 © 2007 Ce ter f r Busin ss Ethics at Bentley College XXX Original Articles BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW DAMIANO-TEIXEIRA AND POMPERMAYER Corporate Social Responsibility: Profile and Diagnosis of 797 Programs Developed in Brazil
Can Investor-Paid Credit Rating Agencies Improve the Information Quality of Issuer-Paid Rating Agencies?

This paper examines how the information quality of ratings from an issuer-paid rating agency (Standard and Poor's) responds to the entry of an investor-paid rating agency, the Egan-Jones Rating Company (EJR). By comparing S&P's ratings quality before and after EJR initiates coverage of each firm, I find a significant improvement in S&P's ratings quality following EJR's coverage initiation. S&P's ratings become more responsive to credit risk and its rating changes incorporate higher information content. These results differ from the existing literature documenting a deterioration in the incumbents' ratings quality following the entry of a third issuer-paid agency. I further show that the issuer-paid agency seems to improve the ratings quality because EJR's coverage has elevated its reputational concerns.
Incorporating message embedding into co-factor matrix factorization for retweeting prediction

With the rapid growth of Web 2.0, social media has become a prevalent information sharing and spreading platform, where users can retweet interesting messages. To better understand the propagation mechanism for information diffusion, it is necessary to model the user retweeting behavior and predict future retweets. Some existing work in retweeting prediction based on matrix factorization focuses on using user-message interaction information, user information and social influence information, etc. The challenge of improving prediction performance is how to jointly perform deep representation of these information to solve the sparsity problem and then learn a more comprehensive retweeting behavior model. Inspired by word2vec and co-factor matrix factorization model, this paper proposes a hybrid model, called HCFMF, for learning users' retweeting behavior, it first computes the message content similarity by considering the message co-occurrence, the author information and word2vec based low-dimensional representation of content, then, jointly decomposes the user-message matrix and message-message similarity matrix based on a co-factorization model. We empirically evaluate the performance of the proposed model on real world weibo datasets. Experimental results show that taking the dense representation of author and content information into consideration could allow us make more accurate analysis of users' retweeting patterns. The mined patterns could serve as a feedback channel for both consumers and management departments.
Estimation of treatment effect for the sequential parallel design

The sequential parallel clinical trial is a novel clinical trial design being used in psychiatric diseases that are known to have potentially high placebo response rates. The design consists of an initial parallel trial of placebo versus drug augmented by a second parallel trial of placebo versus drug in the placebo non‐responders from the initial trial. Statistical research on the design has focused on hypothesis tests. However, an equally important output from any clinical trial is the estimate of treatment effect and variability around that estimate. In the sequential parallel trial, the most important treatment effect is the effect in the overall population. This effect can be estimated by considering only the first phase of the trial, but this ignores useful information from the second phase of the trial. We develop estimates of treatment effect that incorporate data from both phases of the trial. Our simulations and a real data example suggest that there can be substantial gains in precision by incorporating data from both phases. The potential gains appear to be greatest in moderate‐sized trials, which would typically be the case in phase II trials. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the possibilities of limited angle reconstruction for the use of digital Radiography system as a tomograph

The trend to introduce digital equipment in Conventional Radiology systems, together with a higher flexibility of movements of its components, suggests the possibility of obtaining 3D images with an adapted scan instead of using a conventional CT system. With the appropriate mechanical calibration and specific reconstruction algorithms, it could be possible to obtain 3D images from these systems with a limited-view angle scan. In this work, we present a preliminary study of the possibilities when using a reconstruction method based on the Split Bregman algorithm considering different span angle and number of projections. The reconstruction approach includes a total variation (TV) term and it is solved in a very computational efficient way because it avoids the need of estimating the regularization parameters and the derivatives of the TV term. The algorithm presents several advantages like low memory requirements, low computational time, high versatility for including additional regularization terms and it does not require the selection of the regularization parameters. The evaluation was done using simulated limited angle data extracted from three real acquisitions in a cone beam small-animal scanner. Preliminary results with the TV-Split Bregman algorithm show a high reduction of the streak artifacts and recovering of the edges in the reconstructed images, compared to the FDK algorithm, when the span angle is reduced to 60 or 90 degrees depending on the the region of interest. For large enough span angles, reducing the number of projections to 0.3 projections per degree does not result in a noticeable impact on the quality.