Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of mothers of one child by choice with mothers wanting a second birth.

This paper compares 38 mothers with 1 child by choice with 37 mothers wanting a 2nd child on selected background characteristics and attitudes about the 1st birth and a 2nd child. While deliberate 1-child wives had lower levels of religiosity and were less femininely sex-typed mothers were highly similar on other characteristics. Only child mothers agreed less about benefits to the marriage or marital relationship in having the 1st child as well as feelings of status or personal fulfillment. Also deliberate 1 child mothers were more likely to agree on being bored by caring for their 1st child to have received little help from their husbands or parents and to have felt incompetent. While mothers in both groups had similar attitudes about the advantages and disadvantages of work outside the home mothers of 1 child by choice agreed more often that outside work was more important than motherhood. Mothers of 1 child by choice had very similar background characteristics to a matched sample of women who had decided to have a 2nd child; but even with controls of age education and duration of marriage differences in perceptions about children still emerged. Further research needs to compare deliberate 1 child mothers with a representative sample.
Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics

Another social science looks at itself Experimental economists have joined the reproducibility discussion by replicating selected published experiments from two top-tier journals in economics. Camerer et al. found that two-thirds of the 18 studies examined yielded replicable estimates of effect size and direction. This proportion is somewhat lower than unaffiliated experts were willing to bet in an associated prediction market, but roughly in line with expectations from sample sizes and P values. Science, this issue p. 1433 By several metrics, economics experiments do replicate, although not as often as predicted. The replicability of some scientific findings has recently been called into question. To contribute data about replicability in economics, we replicated 18 studies published in the American Economic Review and the Quarterly Journal of Economics between 2011 and 2014. All of these replications followed predefined analysis plans that were made publicly available beforehand, and they all have a statistical power of at least 90% to detect the original effect size at the 5% significance level. We found a significant effect in the same direction as in the original study for 11 replications (61%); on average, the replicated effect size is 66% of the original. The replicability rate varies between 67% and 78% for four additional replicability indicators, including a prediction market measure of peer beliefs.
A Coherent Model of Forest Propagation— Application to Detection and Localization of Targets Using the DORT Method

We study the propagation of electromagnetic fields in forest media in a frequency band between 100 and 300 MHz. We develop an exact coherent model in order to compute the electromagnetic field of a received wave after multiple scattering from the elements of the medium, in and outside the forest. We propose simplifications for the model of the forest and approximations for the electromagnetic method to reduce the computing time. We use and simulate a DORT based method to detect and locate a hidden target in the medium. We develop this method to adapt it to a real configuration and we apply it to measurements in anechoic chamber.
The role and impact of the business school curriculum in shaping environmental education at Middlesex University

Greening universities in terms of their curriculum and operations is a logical extension of the process of environmental education initiated in our schools and the process of corporate environmental management occurring in our industrial and service society, from the latter part of the twentieth century onwards. Examines the values, actions and attitudes of a group of students in a UK business school as they enter and leave the culture of the university and the role the university has potentially played changing these values, actions and knowledge. Begins by discussing generally the role of higher education in moving society towards sustainability. Then presents the case study of Middlesex University in the UK, examining the practice of environmental education in the Business School. Then presents an empirical investigation of students’ environmental attitude action and knowledge that occurred from 1998‐2001. Finally reviews how successful the Business School has been at changing or reinforcing students’ environmental values, knowledge and action, as evidenced by the longitudinal work.
The Enemy Within the Insider: Detecting the Insider Threat Through Addiction Theory

“Insiders” remain a significant threat to organizations—evidenced by recent cases involving Robert Hansen, Bradley Manning, and Edward Snowden—even in light of significant movement toward neutralizing the threat through detection and prevention. Insiders pose detection challenges for security professionals because they often have legitimate access and intimate organizational knowledge. Nonetheless, past insider threat detection research has predominantly focused on signature-based detection of digital indicators of insider activity and behavioral profiling. This article develops a novel relationship between addiction theory and the insider threat from an information systems perspective. This discussion introduces seven propositions concerning this relationship, addiction antecedents, and the factors moderating the relationship between addiction and the insider threat. This model has significant implications for the insider threat detection challenge, as it provides new signals that may be useful for detection, supporting practitioners, and future research.
A Direct Examination of the Effect of Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin on Approach-Avoidance Motor Responses to Emotional Stimuli

Oxytocin has been shown to promote a host of social behaviors in humans but the exact mechanisms by which it exerts its effects are unspecified. One prominent theory suggests that oxytocin increases approach and decreases avoidance to social stimuli. Another dominant theory posits that oxytocin increases the salience of social stimuli. Herein, we report a direct test of these hypotheses. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study we examined approach-avoidance motor responses to social and non-social emotional stimuli. One hundred and twenty participants self-administered either 24 IU oxytocin or placebo and moved a lever toward or away from pictures of faces depicting emotional expressions or from natural scenes appearing before them on a computer screen. Lever movements toward stimuli decreased and movements away increased stimuli size producing the illusion that stimuli moved away from or approached participants. Reaction time data were recorded. The task produced the effects that were anticipated on the basis of the approach-avoidance literature in relation to emotional stimuli, yet the anticipated speeded approach and slowed avoidance responses to emotional faces by the oxytocin group were not observed. Interestingly, the oxytocin treatment group was faster to approach and avoid faces depicting disgust relative to the placebo group, suggesting a salience of disgust for the former group. Results also showed that within the oxytocin group women's reaction times to all emotional faces were faster than those of men, suggesting sex specific effects of oxytocin. The present findings provide the first direct evidence that intranasal oxytocin administration does not enhance approach/avoidance to social stimuli and does not exert a stronger effect on social vs. non-social stimuli in the context of processing of emotional expressions and scenes. Instead, our data suggest that oxytocin administration increases the salience of certain social stimuli and point to a possible role for oxytocin in behavioral prophylaxis.
Comparison of the bronchodilator and cardiac effects of hydroxyphenylorciprenaline and orciprenaline.

The bronchodilator and cardiac effects of hydroxyphenyl-orciprenaline (H-P-orciprenaline) and orciprenaline given by inhalation were compared in 20 patients with asthma in a double-blind study. Ten patients were given 0.4 mg of H-P-orciprenaline and 1.5 mg of orciprenaline by inhalation, while the remaining ten were given doable the dose of each drag. Both drags resulted a marked improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity, maximum flow at 50 percent of the vital capacity and airway conductance. The bronchodilator activity of H-P-orciprenaline was greater and more prolonged than that of orciprenaline. Its action showed no evidence of waning after three hours. No real advantage was shown in doubling the dosage of either drug. Inhalation of 0.8 mg of H-P-orciprenaline caused tachycardia in two patients, one of whom had associated heart disease. Both drugs appeared to act on the smooth muscle of the large and the small airways as airway conductance and maximum expiratory flow rate both improved to a considerable extent.
Agricultural Land Reform in a Mixed System

* Cheng Yuk-shing is Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Economics of Hong Kong Baptist University and a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Adelaide. Tsang Shu-ki is Associate Professor in the Department of Economics of Hong Kong Baptist University. Versions of this article have benefitted from the suggestions of Chung Kim-sau, Thomas M. H. Chan, Catherine Halbrendt, Woo Tun-oy, Chan Hin-lin, and Tang Shu-hung. Anonymous referees also provided helpful and constructive comments. Some of the data used in this article were collected through a survey funded by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Government for a project entitled "Behavioral Changes of Chinese Farming Units under the Economic Reform" (HKBC/92-93/24).
Expert commentary on work–life balance and crossover of emotions and experiences: Theoretical and practice advancements†

Professor Mina Westman, the head of Organisational Behaviour Program at the Tel Aviv is a leading international expert on the crossover of emotions and experiences in the family and the workplace. In this interview with Paula Brough and Thomas Kalliath (guest editors), Professor Westman clarifies the nature of two related constructs: Work–life balance and crossover. Work–life balance is the perception that work and non-work activities are compatible and promote growth in accordance with an individual's current life priorities. Crossover focuses on how stress experienced by the individual influences strain experienced by the individual's spouse or team member. In this expert commentary, Professor Westman discusses the philosophical underpinnings of work–life balance, the significance of crossover of emotions and experiences for organizations and individuals, current advances in the field and sets out the new directions for this research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripapillary Retinal Thickness Maps in the Evaluation of Glaucoma Patients: A Novel Concept

Purpose. To show how peripapillary spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) retinal thickness (RT) maps can complement retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness maps in the evaluation of glaucoma patients. Methods. After a complete eye exam with standard fundus photography and visual field testing, normal and glaucomatous eyes were imaged with an experimental SDOCT system. From SDOCT images, RNFL thickness and RT maps were constructed and then correlated with disc photography and visual field testing. Results. Two normal eyes of 2 patients and 5 eyes of 4 glaucoma patients were imaged. Although both RNFL and RT maps correlated well with visual field defects, glaucomatous arcuate defects were sometimes more easily identified in the RT maps. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to show that peripapillary SDOCT RT maps may provide important supplemental information to RNFL thickness maps in the evaluation of glaucoma patients.
Effect of photosynthetic inhibitors and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on nitrate and nitrite reduction in barley leaves.

The effects of several photosynthetic inhibitors and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on NO(3) (-) and NO(2) (-) assimilation were studied using detached barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Numar) leaves in which only endogenous NO(3) (-) or NO(2) (-) were available for reduction. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation greatly increased NO(3) (-) reduction in both light and darkness, while photosynthetic inhibitors did not.The NO(2) (-) concentration in the control leaves was very low in both light and darkness; 98% or more of the NO(2) (-) formed from NO(3) (-) was further assimilated in control leaves. More NO(2) (-) accumulated in the leaves in light and darkness in the presence of photosynthetic inhibitors. Of this NO(2) (-), 94% or more was further assimilated. It appears that metabolites, either external or internal to the chloroplast, capable of reducing NADP (which, in turn, could reduce ferredoxin via NADP reductase) might support NO(2) (-) reduction in darkness and light when photosynthetic electron flow is inhibited by photosynthetic inhibitors.NITRITE ASSIMILATION WAS MUCH MORE SENSITIVE TO UNCOUPLERS IN DARKNESS THAN IN LIGHT: in darkness, 74% or more of NO(2) (-) formed from NO(3) (-) was further assimilated, whereas in light, 95% or more of the NO(2) (-) was further assimilated.
Acute Effects of Morphine on Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation and Plasma IL‐6 Levels

Abstract: Administration of morphine (10 mg/kg) to rats was found to decrease the proliferative potential of blood lymphocytes by 60‐80% and concurrently elevate circulating levels of the cytokine, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), 2‐ to 4‐fold. Both parameters were similarly altered upon the central administration of morphine and were blocked upon pretreatment of animals with the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone. These results suggest that the activation of central opioid receptors is involved in morphine‐induced inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation as well as increases in circulating levels of IL‐6. Studies addressing the potential peripheral mechanisms demonstrated that intact ganglionic transmission was required for both effects of morphine. Although the suppression by morphine of lymphocyte proliferation appeared to be largely independent of stimulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, the elevation of IL‐6 was completely abolished in adrenalectomized animals. collectively, these results suggest that central opioid receptor activation results in changes in different immune parameters that can be mediated through distinct peripheral mechanisms.
Testing for long memory volatility of Chinese stock markets with FIGARCH model

In this study, the long memory property in the volatility of Chinese stock markets is examined. For this purpose, we applied two semi-parametric tests (GPH and LW) and the FIGARCH model, to four Chinese market indices: Shanghai A, Shanghai B, Shenzhen A and Shenzhen B. The estimates from the GPH test and the LW estimator support the Taylor effect in absolute and squared returns, implying that the long memory property exists in the volatility of four Chinese stock markets. Also, the FIGARCH model is better equipped to capture the long memory volatility process than the GARCH and IGARCH models. In particular, the FIGARCH (1, d, 0) model is found to provide a good representation of four Chinese stock returns. Finally, the Student-t distribution outperforms the normal one in capturing leptokurtosis in residuals.
A Multi-Sink Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network Over a Square Region: Connectivity and Energy Consumption Issues

In this paper we present a novel mathematical approach to evaluate the degree of connectivity of a multi- sink wireless sensor network, where sink and sensor nodes are uniformly distributed over a given region. We consider both unbounded and bounded domains, specifically squares, and the impact of border effects is also shown. Random fluctuations as well as a distance-dependent deterministic path-loss are accounted for in our radio channel model. In particular, we deal with randomly shaped wireless footprints, rather than with the less realistic (yet widely adopted) disk model, which is a special case of our channel model. Nodes are organized in a tree-based topology with trees rooted at the sinks (multi-hop communications). The approach allows the computation of the probability that a randomly chosen sensor is not isolated, from which the probability that a certain amount of nodes are connected can be easily derived. The mean energy spent by the network is also accounted for. The model provides guidelines to optimally design the tree-based topology, taking into account connectivity and energy consumption issues.
Sequence conserved for subcellular localization

The more proteins diverged in sequence, the more difficult it becomes for bioinformatics to infer similarities of protein function and structure from sequence. The precise thresholds used in automated genome annotations depend on the particular aspect of protein function transferred by homology. Here, we presented the first large‐scale analysis of the relation between sequence similarity and identity in subcellular localization. Three results stood out: (1) The subcellular compartment is generally more conserved than what might have been expected given that short sequence motifs like nuclear localization signals can alter the native compartment; (2) the sequence conservation of localization is similar between different compartments; and (3) it is similar to the conservation of structure and enzymatic activity. In particular, we found the transition between the regions of conserved and nonconserved localization to be very sharp, although the thresholds for conservation were less well defined than for structure and enzymatic activity. We found that a simple measure for sequence similarity accounting for pairwise sequence identity and alignment length, the HSSP distance, distinguished accurately between protein pairs of identical and different localizations. In fact, BLAST expectation values outperformed the HSSP distance only for alignments in the subtwilight zone. We succeeded in slightly improving the accuracy of inferring localization through homology by fine tuning the thresholds. Finally, we applied our results to the entire SWISS‐PROT database and five entirely sequenced eukaryotes.
WNT signaling determines tumorigenicity and function of ESC-derived retinal progenitors.

Tumor formation constitutes a major obstacle to the clinical application of embryonic stem cell–derived (ESC-derived) cells. In an attempt to find major extracellular signaling and intrinsic factors controlling tumorigenicity and therapeutic functionality of transplanted ESCderived retinal progenitor cells (ESC-RPCs), we evaluated multiple kinds of ESC-RPCs in a mouse retinal degeneration model and conducted genome-wide gene expression profiling. We identified canonical WNT signaling as a critical determinant for the tumorigenicity and therapeutic function of ESC-RPCs. The function of WNT signaling is primarily mediated by TCF7, which directly induces expression of Sox2 and Nestin. Inhibition of WNT signaling, overexpression of dominant-negative Tcf7, and silencing Tcf7, Sox2, or Nestin all resulted in drastically reduced tumor formation and substantially improved retinal integration and visual preservation in mice. These results demonstrate that the WNT signaling cascade plays a critical role in modulating the tumorigenicity and functionality of ESC-derived progenitors. Research Article
University Autonomy, Agenda Setting and the Construction of Agency: The Case of the European University Association in the European Higher Education Area

This article analyses the ways in which a policy actor constructs its agency through the production of knowledge. Taking the example of the concept of ‘autonomy’ as constructed in the discourse of the European University Association (EUA), the article draws on the theory of discursive framing and agenda setting, as well as on Meyer and Jepperson's heuristic of agentic actors, to show how the practice of knowledge production can shape the European higher education policy. The article offers a contribution to the debate aiming to develop a more critical perspective on the development of the European Higher Education Area, which sees the process as constituted through the activities of, and the negotiations between, different political actors.
Taking People at Face Value: Evidence for the Kernel of Truth Hypothesis

Two studies examined the validity of impressions based on static facial appearance. In Study 1, the content of previously unacquainted classmates' impressions of one another was assessed during the 1st, 5th, and 9th weeks of the semester. These impressions were compared with ratings of facial photographs of the participants that were provided by a separate group of unacquainted judges. Impressions based on facial appearance alone predicted impressions provided by classmates after up to 9 weeks of acquaintance. Study 2 revealed correspondences between self ratings provided by stimulus persons, and ratings of their faces provided by unacquainted judges. Mechanisms by which these links may develop are discussed. Now fully revealed by the fire and candlelight, I was amazed more than ever to behold the transformation of Heathcliff. His countenance was much older in expression and decision of feature than Mr. Linton's; it looked intelligent and retained no marks of former degradation. A half civilized ferocity .
Interrogative suggestibility, self‐esteem, and the influence of negative life‐events

Purpose. Past research has frequently demonstrated the impact of life adversity on the behaviour and mindset of individuals. In terms of the formal police interview, the experience of negative life-events may have an effect upon interviewee performance. This study, therefore, aims to investigate how negative life-events may influence interviewee performance on the Gudjonsson suggestibility scale (GSS). Moreover, self-esteem will also be investigated in relation to both the experience of negative life-events and interrogative suggestibility. Method. Sixty participants were administered the GSS1. In between the immediate and delayed recall phases, interviewees were asked to complete the culture-free self-esteem inventory, the life-events questionnaire and the Eysenck personality questionnaire. Results. Negative life-events (NLEs) were significantly correlated with all of the GSS suggestibility scores (yield 1, yield 2, shift and total Suggestibility). Contrary to past research, however, self-esteem scores were not significantly related to any of the GSS components or to NLE scores. Conclusion. This paper is the first to show a link between the experience of NLEs and GSS scores. The findings suggest that interviewees reporting a high number of NLEs are significantly more susceptible to the leading questions, as well as to negative feedback, administered during the GSS interview. Erroneous reports and false confessions may thus be more likely with such interviewees, potentially classifying them as vulnerable witnesses.