Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term social bonds promote cooperation in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma

Reciprocal altruism, one of the most probable explanations for cooperation among non-kin, has been modelled as a Prisoner's Dilemma. According to this game, cooperation could evolve when individuals, who expect to play again, use conditional strategies like tit-for-tat or Pavlov. There is evidence that humans use such strategies to achieve mutual cooperation, but most controlled experiments with non-human animals have failed to find cooperation. One reason for this could be that subjects fail to cooperate because they behave as if they were to play only once. To assess this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with monogamous zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that were tested in a two-choice apparatus, with either their social partner or an experimental opponent of the opposite sex. We found that zebra finches maintained high levels of cooperation in an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game only when interacting with their social partner. Although other mechanisms may have contributed to the observed difference between the two treatments, our results support the hypothesis that animals do not systematically give in to the short-term temptation of cheating when long-term benefits exist. Thus, our findings contradict the commonly accepted idea that reciprocal altruism will be rare in non-human animals.
From traditional to online dating: its application on the couples therapy

The study examined how participants transitioned from being in a traditional dating setting to an online dating setup when the pandemic struck. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed to explore and provide meaning to the experiences of eight Filipinos who used online dating through social media to pursue romantic relationships. The study highlighted that the participants experienced both happiness and connection, which led them to become better people because of the online relationship. The participants adapted themselves to the use of technology to express their interest, feelings, and care for the other person by exerting efforts to know the other person, spending quality time with each other, and making sure that communication is always there to make sure the other person will feel assured, cared for, and loved. They have overcome challenges, but there were issues concerning a lack of trust and poor-quality relationships like those of traditional daters in the pre-pandemic period, for which specific approaches to couples therapy have been recommended.
Design of the crescent-shape planar ultra-wideband antenna with a band-notch structure

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) first adopted ultra-wideband (UWB) for short-range peer-to peer ultra-fast communication [1]. The design and implementation of UWB system has become a popular topic in both academy and industry communities of telecommunications. In particular, as an important component of the UWB system, a broad band antenna will be launched in the frequency range from 3.1 GHz – 10.6 GHz, which has attracted immense research power in the recent years [2]. In the UWB system, there are some other existing narrowband services that already occupy frequencies in the UWB band, such as wireless local-area network (WLAN) IEEE 802.11a and HIPERLAN/2 WLAN operating in the 5 GHz – 6 GHz band [3]. It is desired to design the UWB antenna with notched frequency bands 5 GHz – 6 GHz to minimize the interferences between the UWB system and narrowband systems. This paper proposes a microstrip fed planar UWB antenna with band-notched characteristics in 5.5 GHz (5 GHz – 6 GHz).
Optimization and Characterization of Primaquine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) for Liver Schinonticide Targeting by Freeze Drying

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: SLN: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles; PQ-SLNs: PQLoaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles; o/w: Oil-in-Water; SA: Stearic Acid; PVA: Polyvinyl Alcohol; EtOAc: Ethyl Acetate; w/o: Waterin-Oil; PDI: Poly Dispersity Index; DLS: Dynamic Light Scattering; FD: Freeze Drying; HEPES: N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2Ethanesulfonic Acid; NP: Nanoformulated Primaquine; CTMDR: Drug Research, KEMRI: Kenya Medical Research Institute; SD: Spray Dried
Network Recovery, Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS [Book Review]

Who should control the Internet? A dozen years after the Internet became a mass medium, this issue has continued to grow in urgency, becoming white hot in fall 2005. At the September 2005 preparatory meeting for the UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), a coalition of countries criticized the United States' unilateral control of the Internet's domain name system (DNS) and proposed the establishment of a multinational Council to supervise it. This proposal emerged from the Final Report of the UN Working Group on Internet Governance. Researchers from the Internet Governance Project, a university-based consortium for policy analysis, have concluded that the United States should internationalize governance of the Internet, but in a way that avoids intrusive, centralized control.
Motifs recognition in DNA sequences comparing the motif finding automaton algorithm against a traditional approach

This paper presents the comparison between algorithms used to find inexact motifs (transformed into a set of exact sub-sequences) in a DNA sequence. The MFA algorithm builds an automaton that searches for the set of exact sub-sequences by building a finite automaton in a similar way to the KMP algorithm. This algorithm is compared against the traditional automaton using the basic idea of the subset construction. This traditional algorithm is implemented using some characteristics to increase its performance which will end in an algorithm that can be proven to have the optimal number of states.
Joint Unitary Triangularization for MIMO Networks

This paper considers communication networks where individual links can be described as those based on multiple-input multiple-output channels. Unlike orthogonal modulation methods (such as the singular-value decomposition), we allow interference between subchannels, which can be removed by the receivers via successive cancellation. The degrees of freedom earned by this relaxation are used for obtaining a basis, and corresponding decomposition, which are simultaneously good for more than one link. Specifically, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for shaping the ratio vector of subchannel gains of two broadcast-channel receivers. We then apply this decomposition to two scenarios: First, in digital multicasting we present a practical capacity-achieving scheme which uses only scalar codes and linear processing. Then, we consider the joint source-channel problem of transmitting a Gaussian source over a two-user multiple-input multiple-output channel, where we show the existence of nontrivial cases, where the optimal distortion pair (which for high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) equals the optimal point-to-point distortions of the individual users) may be achieved by employing a hybrid digital-analog scheme over the induced equivalent channel. These scenarios demonstrate the advantage of choosing a modulation basis based upon multiple links in the network. Thus, we coin the approach “network modulation”.
Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND Adequate lymph node evaluation is required for proper staging of colorectal cancer, and the number of lymph nodes examined is associated with survival. According to current guidelines, the recommended minimum number of lymph nodes examined to ensure adequate sampling is 12. We used data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program to determine the proportion of colorectal cancer patients in the United States who receive adequate lymph node evaluation. METHODS For 116,995 adults with colorectal adenocarcinoma, diagnosed from 1988 through 2001, who underwent radical surgery and did not receive neoadjuvant radiation, we evaluated the number of lymph nodes, the likelihood of receiving adequate lymph node evaluation (i.e., at least 12 lymph nodes examined), and the influence of tumor and patient factors on lymph node evaluation. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Among all patients, the median number of lymph nodes examined was nine. Only 37% of all patients received adequate lymph node evaluation. The proportion of patients receiving adequate lymph node evaluation increased from 32% in 1988 to 44% in 2001 (P(trend)<. 001, Cochran-Armitage test). Advanced tumor stage was statistically significantly associated with adequate lymph node evaluation (odds ratio [OR] of receiving adequate lymph node evaluation=2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.18 to 2.35). Older patients (> or =71 years, OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.47) were less likely to receive adequate lymph node evaluation than younger patients, and those with left-sided (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.47) or rectal (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.50 to 0.54) cancers were less likely to receive adequate lymph node evaluation than patients with right-sided cancers. In all analyses, geographic location was an important predictor of adequate lymph node evaluation, which ranged from 33% to 53%, depending on geographic location. CONCLUSIONS In 2001, the majority of patients with colorectal cancer still received inadequate lymph node evaluation. The association of demographic variables, particularly patient age and geographic location, with adequate lymph node evaluation indicates that local surgical and pathology practice patterns may affect adequacy of lymph node evaluation.
Sonic Hedgehog Promotes Rod Photoreceptor Differentiation in Mammalian Retinal Cells In Vitro

The hedgehog gene family encodes secreted proteins important in many developmental patterning events in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the Drosophila eye disk, hedgehog controls the progression of photoreceptor differentiation in the morphogenetic furrow. To investigate whether hedgehog proteins are also involved in the development of the vertebrate retina at stages of photoreceptor differentiation, we analyzed expression of the three known vertebrate hedgehog genes. We found that Sonic hedgehog and Desert hedgehog are expressed in the developing retina, albeit at very low levels, whereas Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is expressed in the developing and mature retinal pigmented epithelium, beginning at embryonic day 13. To determine whether hedgehog proteins have activities on developing retinal cells, we used an in vitro system in which much of retinal histogenesis is recapitulated. N-terminal recombinant Sonic Hedgehog protein (SHH-N) was added to rat retinal cultures for 3–12 d, and the numbers of retinal cells of various phenotypes were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We found that SHH-N caused a transient increase in the number of retinal progenitor cells, and a 2- to 10-fold increase in the number of photoreceptors differentiating in the cultures when analyzed with three different photoreceptor-specific antigens. In contrast, the numbers of retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells were similar to those in control cultures. These results show that Hedgehog proteins can regulate mitogenesis and photoreceptor differentiation in the vertebrate retina, and Ihh is a candidate factor from the pigmented epithelium to promote retinal progenitor proliferation and photoreceptor differentiation.
Transdermal Optical Communications

This work presents a modelling approach suitable for transdermal optical channel characterization. Transdermal optical channels concern the communication links between body implantable medical devices (IMDs) and external optical communication devices, which imposes several challenging design considerations concerning signal degradation. The achieved results show that, signal degradation effects due to skin depth can be adequately modelled following the proposed approach. Keywords—Optical Wireless Communications, Transdermal Channels, Implantable Medical Devices.
Tiling Imperfectly-nested Loop Nests

Tiling is one of the more important transformations for enhancing locality of reference in programs. Intuitively, tiling a set of loops achieves the effect of interleaving iterations of these loops. Tiling of perfectly-nested loop nests (which are loop nests in which all assignment statements are contained in the innermost loop) is well understood. In practice, many loop nests are imperfectly-nested, so existing compilers use heuristics to try to find a sequence of transformations that convert such loop nests into perfectly-nested ones, but these heuristics do not always succeed. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to tiling imperfectly-nested loop nests. The key idea is to embed the iteration space of every statement in the imperfectly-nested loop nest into a special space called the product space which is tiled to produce the final code. We evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for dense numerical linear algebra benchmarks, relaxation codes, and the tomcatv code from the SPEC benchmarks. No other single approach in the literature can tile all these codes automatically.
A Cluster Randomized Trial to Promote Healthy Menu Items for Children: The Kids’ Choice Restaurant Program

Evidence indicates that restaurant-based interventions have the potential to promote healthier purchasing and improve the nutrients consumed. This study adds to this body of research by reporting the results of a trial focused on promoting the sale of healthy child menu items in independently owned restaurants. Eight pair-matched restaurants that met the eligibility criteria were randomized to a menu-only versus a menu-plus intervention condition. Both of the conditions implemented new healthy child menu items and received support for implementation for eight weeks. The menu-plus condition also conducted a marketing campaign involving employee trainings and promotional materials. Process evaluation data captured intervention implementation. Sales of new and existing child menu items were tracked for 16 weeks. Results indicated that the interventions were implemented with moderate to high fidelity depending on the component. Sales of new healthy child menu items occurred immediately, but decreased during the post-intervention period in both conditions. Sales of existing child menu items demonstrated a time by condition effect with restaurants in the menu-plus condition observing significant decreases and menu-only restaurants observing significant increases in sales of existing child menu items. Additional efforts are needed to inform sustainable methods for improving access to healthy foods and beverages in restaurants.
Pharmacological and Physiological Functions of the Polyspecific Organic Cation Transporters: OCT1, 2, and 3 (SLC22A1-3)

For the elimination of environmental toxins and metabolic waste products, the body is equipped with a range of broad-specificity transporters that are generally present in the liver, kidney, and intestine. The polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1, 2, and 3 (SLC22A1-3) mediate the facilitated transport of a variety of structurally diverse organic cations, including many drugs, toxins, and endogenous compounds. OCT1 and OCT2 are found in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, enterocytes, and renal proximal tubular cells. OCT3 has a more widespread tissue distribution and is considered to be the major component of the extraneuronal monoamine transport system (or uptake-2), which is responsible for the peripheral elimination of monoamine neurotransmitters. Studies with knockout mouse models have directly demonstrated that these transporters can have a major impact on the pharmacological behavior of various substrate organic cations. The recent identification of polymorphic genetic variants of human OCT1 and OCT2 that severely affect transport activity thus suggests that some of the interpatient differences in response and sensitivity to cationic drugs may be caused by variable activity of these transporters.
Circulating Platelet Products in Unstable Angina Pectoris

In 19 patients with unstable angina pectoris at rest, plasma levels of the platelet-derived proteins β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were significantly elevated in blood samples obtained during or within 4 hours after episodes of angina, but were usually normal during quiescent intervals. Plasma levels of the arachidonic acid metabolite thromboxane B2 were less clearly related to angina, and there was no association of angina with levels of the coagulation product fibrinopeptide A. This demonstration of an association of platelet activation and secretion with unstable angina pectoris by radioimmunoassay of circulating platelet constituents offers a new approach to assessment of therapy in ischemic heart disease and suggests that agents that alter platelet function should be evaluated in patients with unstable angina.
Bivalent Inhibitor of the N-end Rule Pathway*

The N-end rule relates the in vivohalf-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. Ubr1p, the recognition (E3) component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae N-end rule pathway, contains at least two substrate-binding sites. The type 1 site is specific for N-terminal basic residues Arg, Lys, and His. The type 2 site is specific for N-terminal bulky hydrophobic residues Phe, Leu, Trp, Tyr, and Ile. Previous work has shown that dipeptides bearing either type 1 or type 2 N-terminal residues act as weak but specific inhibitors of the N-end rule pathway. We took advantage of the two-site architecture of Ubr1p to explore the feasibility of bivalent N-end rule inhibitors, whose expected higher efficacy would result from higher affinity of the cooperative (bivalent) binding to Ubr1p. The inhibitor comprised mixed tetramers of β-galactosidase that bore both N-terminal Arg (type 1 residue) and N-terminal Leu (type 2 residue) but that were resistant to proteolysis in vivo. Expression of these constructs in S. cerevisiae inhibited the N-end rule pathway much more strongly than the expression of otherwise identical β-galactosidase tetramers whose N-terminal residues were exclusively Arg or exclusively Leu. In addition to demonstrating spatial proximity between the type 1 and type 2 substrate-binding sites of Ubr1p, these results provide a route to high affinity inhibitors of the N-end rule pathway.
Application Value of Serum Cardiac Troponin T, Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Electrocardiogram Changes in the Treatment and Prognosis Evaluation of Severe Pneumonia in Children

Objective To explore the application of serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, and electrocardiogram changes in the treatment and prognosis evaluation of severe pneumonia in children. Methods 120 children with severe pneumonia (severe group) admitted to our hospital from June 2020 to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects with prospective study. They were divided into survival group (n=78) and death group (n=42) based on their survival status; 120 children with mild pneumonia were selected as the control group. Compare the levels of serum cTnT and BNP, as well as the changes in electrocardiogram, to analyze their predictive value for the prognosis of pediatric patients and the influencing factors of prognosis. Results The proportion of children with cTnT, BNP, and abnormal electrocardiogram after treatment was lower than before treatment (P<0.05). The proportion of children with cTnT, BNP, and abnormal electrocardiogram in the severe group was higher than that in the mild group (P<0.05). The proportion of children with serum cTnT, BNP levels, and abnormal electrocardiogram in the death group after treatment was higher than that in the survival group (P<0.05). Bundle branch block, low or inverted T waves, cTnT, and BNP are prognostic factors for children with severe pneumonia (P<0.05). The combined prediction of serum cTnT and BNP for the prognosis of severe pneumonia in children is better than that of single prediction (Z combined detection - cTnT=2.474, Z combined detection - BNP=2.494, P=0.013, 0.013). Conclusion The proportion of abnormal cTnT, BNP, and electrocardiogram is increased in patients with severe pneumonia, and those with high expression and abnormalities have poor prognosis. cTnT and BNP have high predictive value for the prognosis of children with severe pneumonia.
Early HIV-1 Envelope-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses in Vertically Infected Infants

High frequencies of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) recognizing HIV-1 laboratory strain gene products have been detected in adults within weeks of primary infection. In contrast, HIV-1–specific CTLp are uncommonly detected in infants younger than 6 mo. To address the hypothesis that the use of target cells expressing laboratory strain env gene products might limit the detection of HIV-1 env-specific CTLp in early infancy, recombinant vaccinia vectors (vv) expressing HIV-1 env genes from early isolates of four vertically infected infants were generated. The frequencies of CTLp recognizing target cells infected with vv-expressing env gene products from early isolates and HIV-1 IIIB were serially measured using limiting dilution followed by in vitro stimulation with mAb to CD3. In one infant, the detection of early isolate env-specific CTLp preceded the detection of IIIB-specific CTLp. CTLp recognizing HIV-1 IIIB and infant isolate env were detected by 6 mo of age in two infants. In a fourth infant, HIV-1 IIIB env and early isolate env-specific CTLp were simultaneously detected at 12 mo of age. These results provide evidence that young infants can generate HIV-1–specific CTL responses and provide support for the concept of neonatal vaccination to prevent HIV-1 transmission. However, the early predominance of type-specific CTL detected in some young infants suggests that the use of vaccines based on laboratory strains of HIV-1 may not protect against vertical infection.
Linking Gene Expression and Functional Network Data in Human Heart Failure

Background Gene expression profiling and the analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks may support the identification of disease bio-markers and potential drug targets. Thus, a step forward in the development of systems approaches to medicine is the integrative analysis of these data sources in specific pathological conditions. We report such an integrative bioinformatics analysis in human heart failure (HF). A global PPI network in HF was assembled, which by itself represents a useful compendium of the current status of human HF-relevant interactions. This provided the basis for the analysis of interaction connectivity patterns in relation to a HF gene expression data set. Results Relationships between the significance of the differentiation of gene expression and connectivity degrees in the PPI network were established. In addition, relationships between gene co-expression and PPI network connectivity were analysed. Highly-connected proteins are not necessarily encoded by genes significantly differentially expressed. Genes that are not significantly differentially expressed may encode proteins that exhibit diverse network connectivity patterns. Furthermore, genes that were not defined as significantly differentially expressed may encode proteins with many interacting partners. Genes encoding network hubs may exhibit weak co-expression with the genes encoding their interacting protein partners. We also found that hubs and superhubs display a significant diversity of co-expression patterns in comparison to peripheral nodes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis established that highly-connected proteins are likely to be engaged in higher level GO biological process terms, while low-connectivity proteins tend to be engaged in more specific disease-related processes. Conclusion This investigation supports the hypothesis that the integrative analysis of differential gene expression and PPI network analysis may facilitate a better understanding of functional roles and the identification of potential drug targets in human heart failure.