Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rotationally Reconfigurable Single-Element Prism for Enhancing Scanning Flexibility of Risley Prism Antenna System

In this letter, we propose a rotationally reconfigurable single-element prism that is compatible with the typical Risley prism antenna system. It consists of a pair of rotating decentered phase plates operating at 30 GHz. The equivalent prism angle can be continuously changed between 0° and 14° by simply rotating these two phase plates. An all-dielectric low-cost prototype has been designed, fabricated, and measured, which demonstrates the peak realized gain of 21 dBi can be achieved with a gain variation less than 0.9 dB within the reconfigurable angle range of 0°–14°. Besides, the combination of phase distribution of two rotating phase plates can be used as a new mechanism avoiding using first-order paraxial approximation to realize two-dimensional beam scanning.
Biphoton transmission through non-unitary objects

Losses should be accounted for in a complete description of quantum imaging systems, and yet they are often treated as undesirable and largely neglected. In conventional quantum imaging, images are built up by coincidence detection of spatially entangled photon pairs (biphotons) transmitted through an object. However, as real objects are non-unitary (absorptive), part of the transmitted state contains only a single photon, which is overlooked in traditional coincidence measurements. The single-photon part has a drastically different spatial distribution than the two-photon part. It contains information about both the object, and, remarkably, the spatial entanglement properties of the incident biphotons. Here, we image the one- and two-photon parts of the transmitted state using an electron multiplying CCD array, treating it both as a traditional camera and as a massively parallel coincidence counting apparatus, and demonstrate agreement with theoretical predictions of non-unitary quantum optics. This work may prove useful for photon-number imaging and may lead to techniques for entanglement characterization that do not require coincidence measurements.
Millimeter observations of HCM 6A, a gravitationally lensed Lyα emitting galaxy at z = 6.56

The gravitationally lensed Ly α emitting galaxy, HCM 6A, detected by Hu et al. (2002) at $z = 6.56$ behind the Abell 370 cluster was observed with the MAMBO-2 array of bolometers at 1.2 mm wavelength. The galaxy was not detected down to 1.08 mJy ($3 \sigma$), but the depth of the observations and the lens amplification allow us to improve by approximately one order of magnitude previously published upper limits on far infrared emission of Ly α emitting galaxies at this redshift. The following upper limits are derived from our observations, assuming typical dust parameters: dust mass 7 $M_{\odot}$, IR luminosity 11 $L_{\odot}$, and star formation rate -1 . The observed restframe UV-optical-IR spectral energy distribution (SED) of this galaxy is compatible with that of normal spiral galaxies or blue compact dwarf galaxies. SEDs of prototypical ULIRGs, such as Arp 220, are clearly excluded. Finally, we obtain an upper limit of ${\la} $2.1$\times$10 -2 $M_{\odot}$ yr -1 Mpc -3 for the dust-obscured SFR density of Ly α selected galaxies at z ~ 6.6.
Massive and low-mass protostars in massive “starless” cores

The infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) G11.11−0.12 and G28.34+0.06 are two of the best-studied IRDCs in our Galaxy. These two clouds host clumps at different stages of evolution, including a massive dense clump in both clouds that is dark even at 70 and 100 μm. Such seemingly quiescent massive dense clumps have been speculated to harbor cores that are precursors of high-mass stars and clusters. We observed these two “prestellar” regions at 1 mm with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) with the aim of characterizing the nature of such cores. We show that the clumps fragment into several low- to high-mass cores within the filamentary structure of the enveloping cloud. However, while the overall physical properties of the clump may indicate a starless phase, we find that both regions host multiple outflows. The most massive core though 70 μm dark in both clumps is clearly associated with compact outflows. Such low-luminosity, massive cores are potentially the earliest stage in the evolution of a massive protostar. We also identify several outflow features distributed in the large environment around the most massive core. We infer that these outflows are being powered by young, low-mass protostars whose core mass is below our detection limit. These findings suggest that low-mass protostars have already formed or are coevally formed at the earliest phase of high-mass star formation.
The study of Seyfert 2 galaxies with and without infrared broad lines

From the literature, we construct a sample of 25 Seyfert 2 galaxies (S2s) with a broad line region (BLR) detected in near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and 29 with NIR BLRs which were not detected. We find no significant difference between the nuclei luminosity (extinction-corrected [OIII] 5007) and infrared color f60/f25 between the two populations, suggesting that the non-detections of NIR BLRs could not be due to low AGN luminosity or contamination from the host galaxy. As expected, we find significantly lower X-ray obscurations in Seyfert 2s with NIR BLR detection, supporting the unification scheme. However, such a scheme was challenged by the detection of NIR BLRs in heavily X-ray obscured sources, especially in six of them with Compton-thick X-ray obscuration. The discrepancy could be solved by the clumpy torus model and we propose a toy model demonstrating that IR-thin X-ray-thick S2s could be viewed at intermediate inclinations and compared with those IR-thick X-ray-thick S2s. We note that two of the IR-thin X-ray-thick S2s (NGC 1386 and NGC 7674) experienced X-ray transitions, i.e. from Compton-thin to Compton-thick appearance or vice versa based on previous X-ray observations, suggesting that X-ray transitions could be common in this special class of objects.
Correlations and pair emission in the escape dynamics of ions from one-dimensional traps

We explore the non-equilibrium escape dynamics of long-range interacting ions in one-dimensional traps. The phase space of the few ion setup and its impact on the escape properties are studied. As the main result, we show that an instantaneous reduction of the trap's potential depth leads to the synchronized emission of a sequence of ion pairs if the initial configurations are close to the crystalline ionic configuration. The corresponding time intervals of the consecutive pair emission as well as the number of emitted pairs can be tuned by changing the final trap depth. Correlations between the escape times and kinetic energies of the ions are observed and analyzed.
Two uneven sisters

Since the Virgo cluster is the closest galaxy cluster in the northern hemisphere, galaxy interactions can be observed in it at kiloparsec resolution. The spiral galaxy NGC 4388 underwent a ram-pressure stripping event ∼200 Myr ago caused by its highly eccentric orbit within the Virgo cluster. This galaxy fulfills all diagnostic criteria for having undergone active ram-pressure stripping in the recent past: it has a strongly truncated HI and Hα disk, an asymmetric ridge of polarized radio continuum emission, extended extraplanar gas toward the opposite side of the ridge of polarized radio continuum emission, and has undergone a recent (a few hundred million years ago) quenching of its star formation activity in the outer, gas-free galactic disk. We made dynamical simulations of the ram-pressure stripping event to investigate the influence of galactic structure on the observed properties of NGC 4388. The combination of a deep optical spectrum of the outer gas-free region of the galactic disk together with deep HI, Hα, far-ultraviolet, and polarized radio continuum data allows us to constrain numerical simulations to derive the temporal ram-pressure profile, the three-dimensional velocity vector of the galaxy, and the time since peak ram pressure with a high level of confidence. From the simulations, an angle between the ram-pressure wind and the galactic disk of 30° is derived. The galaxy underwent peak ram pressure ∼240 Myr ago. The observed asymmetries in the disk of NGC 4388 are not caused by the present action of ram pressure, but by the resettling of gas that has been pushed out of the galactic disk during the ram-pressure stripping event. For the detailed reproduction of multi-wavelength observations of a spiral galaxy that undergoes or underwent a ram-pressure stripping event, galactic structure, such as spiral arms for example, must be taken into account.
The Immediate Early Response of Lens Epithelial Cells to Lens Injury

Cataracts are treated by lens fiber cell removal followed by intraocular lens (IOL) implantation into the lens capsule. While effective, this procedure leaves behind numerous lens epithelial cells (LECs) which undergo a wound healing response that frequently leads to posterior capsular opacification (PCO). In order to elucidate the acute response of LECs to lens fiber cell removal which models cataract surgery (post cataract surgery, PCS), RNA-seq was conducted on LECs derived from wild type mice at 0 and 6 h PCS. This analysis found that LECs upregulate the expression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and profibrotic regulators by 6 h PCS suggesting rapid priming of pathways leading to inflammation and fibrosis PCS. LECs also highly upregulate the expression of numerous immediate early transcription factors (IETFs) by 6 h PCS and immunolocalization found elevated levels of these proteins by 3 h PCS, and this was preceded by the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in injured LECs. Egr1 and FosB were among the highest expressed of these factors and qRT-PCR revealed that they also upregulate in explanted mouse lens epithelia suggesting potential roles in the LEC injury response. Analysis of lenses lacking either Egr1 or FosB revealed that both genes may regulate a portion of the acute LEC injury response, although neither gene was essential for expression of either proinflammatory or fibrotic markers at later times PCS suggesting that IETFs may work in concert to mediate the LEC injury response following cataract surgery.
Minimally symmetric Higgs boson

Models addressing the naturalness of a light Higgs boson typically employ symmetries, either bosonic or fermionic, to stabilize the Higgs mass. We consider a setup with the minimal amount of symmetries: four shift symmetries acting on the four components of the Higgs doublet, subject to the constraints of linearly realized SU(2)xU(1) electroweak symmetry. Up to terms that explicitly violate the shift symmetries, the effective lagrangian can be derived, irrespective of the spontaneously broken group G in the ultraviolet, and is universal in all models where the Higgs arises as a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (PNGB). Very high energy scatterings of vector bosons could provide smoking gun signals of a minimally symmetric Higgs boson.
Performance-Complexity Analysis of Adaptive Loop Filter with a CNN-based Classification

Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based in-loop filters have been introduced for video coding and they show huge coding gains. However, one of the main issues of this approach is the high computational complexity of these filters. In this paper, we present various settings for CNN-based in-loop filters targeting on the reduction of their decoder complexity and describe the corresponding gain-complexity trade-offs. For this, we introduce an effective complexity measure and show that it is possible to notably reduce this value for some CNN-based in-loop filters while keeping the compression gain over Versatile Video Coding (VVC).
On the origin of sub-TeV gamma-ray pulsed emission from rotating neutron stars

Intriguing sub-TeV tails in the pulsed γ -ray emission from the Crab pulsar have recently been discovered by the Major Atmospheric Gamma-Ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescope and Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) collaborations. These were not clearly predicted by any pulsar model. At present, it is argued that this emission is produced by electrons in the inverse Compton process that occur either in the outer gap of the pulsar magnetosphere or in the pulsar wind region at some distance from the light cylinder. We analyse another scenario, which is consistent with the basic features of this enigmatic emission. It is proposed that this emission is caused by electrons accelerated very close to the light cylinder where the e ± plasma cannot saturate the induced huge electric fields. Electrons reach energies sufficient for the production of hard γ -ray spectra in the curvature radiation process. Because of different curvature radii of the leading and trailing magnetic field lines, the γ -ray spectra from separate pulses should extend to different maximum energies. The scenario can also explain the lower-level γ -ray emission from the interpulse region (between P1 and P2) observed in the light curve of the Crab pulsar. Moreover, we argue that pulsars with parameters close to the Vela pulsar should also show pulsed emission, with the cut-off clearly at lower energies (∼50 GeV) than that observed for the Crab pulsar. However, such tail emission is not expected in pulsars with parameters close to the Geminga pulsar. The model also predicts the tail γ -ray emission extending up to ∼50 GeV from some millisecond pulsars with extreme parameters, such as PSR J0218+4243 and PSR J1823–3021A.
Childhood maltreatment and provision of support and strain to family relationships in adulthood: The role of social anxious and depressive symptoms

Childhood maltreatment (CM) often occurs within the family system and can complicate familial relationships across the lifespan. Mental health problems may be one possible pathway linking CM to willingness to provide support and provisions of strain to family members. We advance this line of research by examining the degree to which CM shapes adults' understanding of how individual’s willingness to provide support to their family as well as enacted strain towards family members. Data were from the study of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS). Among the participants (n = 568), the majority were White (91.2%), female (56.9%), and had a mean age of 51.5. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationship between CM, depressive and social anxiety symptoms, and support and strain. Results indicate two key findings: (1) Maltreatment is directly related to higher provisions of strain and lower perceived availability to support family members; (2) Symptoms of depression and social anxiety mediated the effect from maltreatment to enactments of strain towards family members, whereas the same finding did not hold for availability of support. Only depressive symptoms were identified as a pathway. Because families frequently are a source of CM, yet may remain connected in adulthood, these findings offer nuanced implications for addressing mental health and family wellbeing among who have experienced CM.
The causal relationship between social support and psychological well-being among undergraduate students in North China

BACKGROUND: Psychological well-being is an important part that undergraduate students and universities cannot neglect as it helps students lead a better study life at the university. Various studies revealed that social support can affect students’ psychological well-being. However, the causal relationship between social support and psychological well-being has received little attention in North China. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyze the causal relationship between social support and psychological well-being among undergraduate students in North China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey approach was adopted and conducted with a total of 689 undergraduate students in North China. Data were collected using a reliable questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and structural equation modeling at P < 0.01 significance level using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Linear Structural Relations (LISREL). RESULTS: The overall levels of social support and psychological well-being among undergraduate students in North China were high. All observed variables in this study were significantly correlated. The findings also confirmed that the causal relationship between social support and undergraduate students’ psychological well-being in North China fitted to the empirical data well (χ2 [22, N = 689] = 27.69, χ2/degree of freedom [df] = 1.26, P = 0.19, goodness of fit index [GFI] = 0.99, adjusted goodness of fit index [AGFI] = 0.98, comparative fit index [CFI] = 1.00, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.02, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Undergraduate students’ psychological well-being had been significantly affected by social support in North China. The findings from the current study will be useful for university administrators to develop strategies for the enhancement of undergraduate students’ psychological well-being.
A Fiber-Optic Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Hydrophone Based on Archimedes Spiral-Type Sensitive Diaphragm

A fiber-optic hydrophone based on extrinsic Fabry–Perot (F-P) interferometer is proposed. The sensitive element of the hydrophone is an Archimedes spiral metal diaphragm, and the inner surface of the diaphragm and the end face of the optical fiber form the F-P cavity. Due to the grooved surface of the sensitive diaphragm, the hydrophone is minimally affected by hydrostatic pressure. The geometry structure of sensor and finite element method (FEM) modeling is presented. Experiments of underwater acoustic response and sensitivity calibration of the hydrophone are carried out and the experimental phase results are demodulated by the orthogonal phase demodulation method based on birefringent crystals and polarization technology. The experiment results show that the hydrophone has a relatively flat signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity within 1–20 kHz, and the average sensitivity is −172.52 dB (re. 1 rad/ $\mu $ Pa) @ 1–20 kHz. We believe that this type of hydrophone has the potential to be applied in the field of underwater acoustic communication.
Detection of a weak surface magnetic field on Sirius A: are all tepid stars magnetic?

Aims. We aim at a highly sensitive search for weak magnetic fields in main sequence stars of intermediate mass, by scanning classes of stars with no previously reported magnetic members. After detecting a weak magnetic field on the normal, rapidly rotating A-type star Vega, we concentrate here on the bright star Sirius A, taken as a prototypical, chemically peculiar, moderately rotating Am star. Methods. We employed the NARVAL and ESPaDOnS high-resolution spectropolarimeters to collect 442 circularly polarized spectra, complemented by 60 linearly polarized spectra. Using a list of about 1100 photospheric spectral lines, we computed a cross correlation line profile from every spectrum, leading to a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 30 000 in the polarized profile. Results. We report the repeated detection of circularly polarized, highly asymmetric signatures in the line profiles, interpreted as Zeeman signatures of a large-scale photospheric magnetic field, with a line-of-sight component equal to 0.2 ± 0.1 G. Conclusions. This is the first polarimetric detection of a surface magnetic field on an Am star. Using rough estimates of the physical properties of the upper layers of Sirius A, we suggest that a dynamo operating in the shallow convective envelope cannot account for the field strength reported here. Together with the magnetic field of Vega, this result confirms that a new class of magnetic objects exists among non Ap/Bp intermediate-mass stars, and it may indicate that a significant fraction of tepid stars are magnetic.
Validation of a New Diagnostic Index to Determine Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes in Normal-Weight Women in Early Pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION It would be useful to have diagnostic indices for obesity phenotypes in pregnant women based on morpho-logical traits and the speciﬁ c distribution of abdominal adipose tissue. This type of practical resource would allow for the classiﬁ cation of obesity phenotypes in normal-weight women in early pregnancy and would contribute to primary healthcare followup of pregnant women. OBJECTIVE Validate a new diagnostic index for the metabolically unhealthy obese, normal-weight phenotype, as a deter-minant for cardiometabolic risk in normal-weight pregnant Cuban women in the ﬁ rst trimester of pregnancy. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 526 pregnant women at a gestational age of 12 to 14 weeks seen at the ultrasound service of the Chiqui Gómez Lubián Teaching Polyclinic, Santa Clara municipality, Villa Clara province, Cuba, was conducted from January 2016 through July 2020. Subcutaneous, preperitoneal and visceral abdominal fats, as well as anthropometric and blood chemistry variables, were measured. The women were divided into three groups based on metabolic phenotypes, taking into account body mass index in the normal weight range, visceral adiposity index values and the lipid accumulation product starting at the 75th percentile. The new index, called the abdominal adipose deposit index, was obtained by multiplying the subcutaneous fat thickness by visceral fat thickness, both measured by ultrasound. A cutoﬀ point was established that facilitated discernment of an unhealthy phenotype: normal weight but metabolically obese, a cardiometabolic risk factor. of the abdominal adipose deposit index to distinguish the metabolically unhealthy obese, normal-weight phenotype in nor-mal-weight pregnant women showed an area under the curve of 0.707 (95% CI: 0.62‒0.79, p <0.001), greater than that of the body fat index (0.630; 95% CI: 0.54‒0.72), the fat accumulation index (0.637; 95% CI: 0.55‒0.73) and other established ultrasound indices of abdominal adiposity, with a prevalence of 6.3%. CONCLUSIONS The abdominal adipose deposit index is better than other traditional indicators at detecting the risk of metabolic obesity in early pregnancy in normal-weight women, facilitating early intervention in clinical practice to prevent or delay progression of cardiometabolic disease in these women.
A Modern Point of View on Anomalies

We review the concept of anomaly field theory, namely the fact that the anomalies of a d‐dimensional field theory can be encoded in a d+1 ‐dimensional field theory functor. We give numerous examples of anomaly field theories, explain how classical facts about anomalies are recovered from the anomaly field theory, and review recent work on global anomaly cancellation in 6d supergravity where this concept was instrumental. We also sketch the status of global anomaly cancellation checks in string theory. This paper is based on a talk given at the Durham Symposium ‘Higher Structures in M‐theory’ in August 2018.