Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fibre fibrillation and its impact on sheet properties

The objective of this study was to clarify how internal and external fibrillation of kraft pulp fibres develop in refining and how they affect dry sheet properties. Different devices, including a Lampen mill, a PFI mill, a Voith laboratory refiner and a Masuko Super Masscolloider, were used to fibrillate fibres. Internal fibrillation was determined by solute exclusion to measure the fibre saturation point (FSP). External fibrillation was calculated from the area of pixels occupied by fibrils in light microscopic images. For fines-free pulps, the SR value correlates with the surface area ratio of external fibrils to fibres, thus giving a practical and reasonable estimation of external fibrillation. Of the refiners evaluated, the most effective in internally fibrillating fibres is the Lampen mill, followed by the PFI mill, the Voith laboratory refiner, and the Masuko Super Masscolloider. When ranked in terms of their ability to externally fibrillate fibres, this order is reversed. This is probably because the Lampen mill and PFI mill generate more compressive action, whereas the Masuko Super Masscolloider and Voith refiner generate more abrasive action. The Lampen mill causes internal fibrillation at low pulp consistencies, but not at high consistencies. It is suggested this is because fibres need to be turned over in refining and compressed from different directions in order to disrupt their internal structure and break crosslinks between microfibrils. At equal internal fibrillation, the fibres from the Lampen mill are more straightened, followed by the fibres from PFI mill, Voith refiner, and Masuko Super Masscolloider. Compression appears to facilitate fibre straightening. External fibrillation was found to be important for increasing Scott bond strength and the light scattering coefficient.
Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Approach for Management of Patients with Potential Difficult Mask Ventilation and Tracheal Intubation: A Multi-center Randomized Trial

Background: Patients with potential difficult mask ventilation (DV) and difficult intubation (DI) are often managed with awake intubation, which can be stressful for patients and anesthesiologists. This prospective randomized study evaluated a new approach, fast difficult airway evaluation (FDAE). We hypothesized that the FDAE approach would reduce the need for awake intubation. Methods: After obtaining informed consent, 302 patients with potential DV/DI undergoing elective surgeries were randomly assigned to the FDAE group (Group E) and the control group (Group C). In Group E, patients were gradually sedated, and adequacy of manual mask ventilation during spontaneous breathing was assessed at various sedation levels. Awake intubation was applied in those with inadequate mask ventilation. In Group C, DI was evaluated under local anesthesia. However, the care team could intubate under general anesthesia if the vocal cords were visible. The primary outcome was the rate of awake intubations in both groups and the induction efficiency assessed by the induction time. The secondary outcome was the incidence of serious complications. Results: The rate of awake intubation was significantly lower in Group E than that in Group C (5.81% vs. 36.05%, &khgr;2 = 42.3, P < 0.001). The induction time was much shorter in Group E than in Group C (11.85 ± 4.82 min vs. 18.71 ± 7.85 min, t = 5.39, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of intubation related complications between the two groups. Patients in Group E had a much lower incidence of recall (9.68% vs. 44.90%, &khgr;2 = 47.68, P < 0.001) of the induction process and higher satisfaction levels than patients in Group C (t = 15.36, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The FDAE significantly reduces the need for awake intubation and improves the efficiency of the intubation process without comprising safety in patients with potential difficult mask ventilation and DI. Trial Registration: No. ChiCTR-TRC-11001418; http://www.gctr. org/cn/proj/show.aspx? proj=1562.
The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide.

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relation between moderate consumption of red wine and cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that red wine and its component flavonoids inhibit in vivo platelet activation, but the underlying mechanism has not yet been identified. OBJECTIVE Because we showed previously that collagen-induced platelet aggregation is associated with a burst of hydrogen peroxide, which in turn contributes to stimulating the phospholipase C pathway, the aim of this study was to investigate whether flavonoids synergize in inhibiting platelet function and interfere with platelet function by virtue of their antioxidant effect. DESIGN We tested the effect of 2 flavonoids, quercetin and catechin, on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and hydrogen peroxide and on platelet adhesion to collagen. RESULTS Catechin (50-100 micromol/L) and quercetin (10-20 micromol/L) inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion to collagen. The combination of 25 micromol catechin/L and 5 micromol quercetin/L, neither of which had any effect on platelet function when used alone, significantly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion to collagen. Such a combination strongly inhibited collagen-induced hydrogen peroxide production, calcium mobilization, and 1,3,4-inositol triphosphate formation. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that flavonoids inhibit platelet function by blunting hydrogen peroxide production and, in turn, phospholipase C activation and suggest that the synergism among flavonoids could contribute to an understanding of the relation between the moderate consumption of red wine and the decreased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Alzheimer’s Disease Classification Based on Individual Hierarchical Networks Constructed With 3-D Texture Features

Brain network plays an important role in representing abnormalities in Alzheimers disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which includes MCIc (MCI converted to AD) and MCInc (MCI not converted to AD). In our previous study, we proposed an AD classification approach based on individual hierarchical networks constructed with 3D texture features of brain images. However, we only used edge features of the networks without node features of the networks. In this paper, we propose a framework of the combination of multiple kernels to combine edge features and node features for AD classification. An evaluation of the proposed approach has been conducted with MRI images of 710 subjects (230 health controls (HC), 280 MCI (including 120 MCIc and 160 MCInc), and 200 AD) from the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative database by using ten-fold cross validation. Experimental results show that the proposed method is not only superior to the existing AD classification methods, but also efficient and promising for clinical applications for the diagnosis of AD via MRI images. Furthermore, the results also indicate that 3D texture could detect the subtle texture differences between tissues in AD, MCI, and HC, and texture features of MRI images might be related to the severity of AD cognitive impairment. These results suggest that 3D texture is a useful aid in AD diagnosis.
Energy expenditure of nonexercise activity.

BACKGROUND We found recently that changes in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) mediate resistance to weight gain with overfeeding in sedentary adults. A potentially important, yet seldom investigated, component of NEAT is the energy expenditure of fidgeting-like activities. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to measure changes in energy expenditure with fidgeting-like activities. DESIGN Energy expenditure was measured in 24 subjects (17 women and 7 men x+/- SD body weight: 76 +/- 21 kg) while recumbent at rest, sitting motionless, standing motionless, partaking of self-selected fidgeting-like movements while seated and while standing, and walking on a treadmill at 1.6, 3.2, and 4.8 km/h (1, 2, and 3 mph). Measurements were performed by using a high-precision, indirect calorimeter connected to the subject via a transparent, lightweight facemask that enabled almost unrestricted movement. RESULTS Compared with metabolic rate in the supine position (5.4 +/- 1.5 kJ/min), energy expenditure increased while sitting motionless by 4 +/- 6%, while fidgeting while seated by 54 +/- 29% (P: < 0.0001), while standing motionless by 13 +/- 8% (P: < 0.0001), while fidgeting while standing by 94 +/- 38% (P: < 0.0001), while walking at 1.6 km/h by 154 +/- 38% (P: < 0.0001), while walking at 3.2 km/h by 202 +/- 45% (P: < 0.0001), and while walking at 4.8 km/h by 292 +/- 81% (P: < 0.0001). There was a significant, positive correlation between changes in energy expenditure and body weight for fidgeting-like activities while standing (r = 0.43, P: = 0.02) but not while seated. CONCLUSIONS There is marked variance between subjects in the energy expenditure associated with self-selected fidgeting-like activities. The thermogenic potential of fidgeting-like and low-grade activities is sufficiently great to substantively contribute to energy balance.
Self-selection and regulation of protein: carbohydrate ratio in foods adult rats eat.

When adult rats were offered isocaloric diet pairs, which differed in carbohydrate contents and which contained the same or differing protein contents, the animals chose between the two foods nonrandomly. The overall ratio of protein to carbohydrate consumed was maintained between 0.20 and 0.43, while the range of possible protein:carbohydrate ratios that the animals could have eaten was much broader, i.e., 0.07-3.60. If diet choice was restricted to pairs containing very large proportions of carbohydrate (average wt/wt % of pair greater than 57%), the regulation of the dietary carbohydrate intake was disturbed: much more carbohydrate was eaten, and the protein:carbohydrate ratio was decreased. These observations suggest that there may be an intrinsic requirement for dietary carbohydrate, and that this requirement may be related to the amount of protein concurrently being consumed. The protein:carbohydrate ratio that the animals choose, when allowed the choice, is also the proportion previously shown to produce neither a decrease nor an increase in brain serotonin levels. It is thus possible that the mechanism by which the brain controls nutrient choice involves alterations in serotonin synthesis, causing foods to be selected that will maintain the release of this transmitter at "optimal" levels.
Holo-transcobalamin is an indicator of vitamin B-12 absorption in healthy adults with adequate vitamin B-12 status.

BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that the response of holo-transcobalamin (holo-TC) to oral vitamin B-12 may be used to assess absorption. To develop a reliable clinical absorption test that uses holo-TC, it is necessary to determine the optimal timeline for vitamin B-12 administration and postdose assessment. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude and patterns of change in the postabsorption response of holo-TC to oral vitamin B-12. DESIGN Adult (18-49 y) male and female participants (n = 21) with normal vitamin B-12 status were given three 9-mug doses of vitamin B-12 at 6-h intervals beginning early morning (baseline) on day 1. Blood was drawn at 17 timed intervals over the course of 3 d for the analysis of holo-TC and other indicators of vitamin B-12 status. RESULTS Mean holo-TC increased significantly (P < 0.001) from baseline at 6 h (11%) and 24 h (50%). TC saturation increased significantly (P < 0.001) from baseline at 12.5 h (33%) and 24 h (50%). The mean cobalamin concentration changed significantly (P < 0.001) from baseline at 24 h (15%) and 48 h (14%). The ratio of holo-TC to cobalamin increased significantly (P < 0.001) at 24 h (32%). CONCLUSIONS The greatest increase in holo-TC was observed 24 h after ingestion of three 9-mug doses of vitamin B-12. Our results indicate that a vitamin B-12 absorption test based on measurement of holo-TC after administration of three 9-mug doses of vitamin B-12 should run for 24 h.
On the locality of arb-invariant first-order formulas with modulo counting quantifiers

We study Gaifman locality and Hanf locality of an extension of first-order logic with modulo p counting quantifiers (FO+MOD_p, for short) with arbitrary numerical predicates. We require that the validity of formulas is independent of the particular interpretation of the numerical predicates and refer to such formulas as arb-invariant formulas. This paper gives a detailed picture of locality and non-locality properties of arb-invariant FO+MOD_p. For example, on the class of all finite structures, for any p >= 2, arb-invariant FO+MOD_p is neither Hanf nor Gaifman local with respect to a sublinear locality radius. However, in case that p is an odd prime power, it is weakly Gaifman local with a polylogarithmic locality radius. And when restricting attention to the class of string structures, for odd prime powers p, arb-invariant FO+MOD_p is both Hanf and Gaifman local with a polylogarithmic locality radius. Our negative results build on examples of order-invariant FO+MOD_p formulas presented in Niemist\"o's PhD thesis. Our positive results make use of the close connection between FO+MOD_p and Boolean circuits built from NOT-gates and AND-, OR-, and MOD_p- gates of arbitrary fan-in.
Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside and black tea phenols are extensively metabolized in humans.

Dietary phenols are antioxidants, and their consumption might contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Coffee and tea are major dietary sources of phenols. Dietary phenols are metabolized extensively in the body. Lack of quantitative data on their metabolites hinders a proper evaluation of the potential biological effects of dietary phenols in vivo. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the phenolic acid metabolites of chlorogenic acid (major phenol in coffee), quercetin-3-rutinoside (major flavonol in tea) and black tea phenols in humans, and determine the site of metabolism. Healthy humans (n = 20) with an intact colon participated in a dietary controlled crossover study, and we identified and quantified approximately 60 potential phenolic acid metabolites in urine. Half of the ingested chlorogenic acid and 43% of the tea phenols were metabolized to hippuric acid. Quercetin-3-rutinoside was metabolized mainly to phenylacetic acids, i.e., 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (36%), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (8%) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (5%). In contrast, in seven humans without a colon, we found only traces of phenolic acid metabolites in urine after they had ingested chlorogenic acid and quercetin-3-rutinoside. This implies that the colonic microflora convert most of these dietary phenols into metabolites that then reach the circulation. Metabolites of dietary phenols have lower antioxidant activity than their parent compounds; therefore, the contribution of dietary phenols to antioxidant activity in vivo might be lower than expected from in vitro tests.
The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: a quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evidence.

BACKGROUND Evidence from observational studies has suggested that breastfeeding may reduce the prevalence of obesity in later life. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine whether initial breastfeeding is related to lower mean body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) throughout life. DESIGN The study was a systematic review of published studies investigating the association between infant feeding and a measure of obesity or adiposity in later life, which was supplemented with data from unpublished sources. Analyses were based on the mean differences in BMI between those subjects who were initially breastfed and those who were formula-fed (expressed as breastfed minus bottle-fed), which were pooled by using fixed-effects models throughout. RESULTS From 70 eligible studies, 36 mean differences in BMI (from 355 301 subjects) between those breastfed and those formula-fed (reported as exclusive feeding in 20 studies) were obtained. Breastfeeding was associated with a slightly lower mean BMI than was formula feeding (-0.04; 95% CI: -0.05, -0.02). The mean difference in BMIs appeared larger in 15 small studies of <1000 subjects (-0.19; 95% CI: -0.31, -0.08) and smaller in larger studies of >or=1000 subjects (-0.03; 95% CI: -0.05, -0.02). An Egger test was statistically significant (P = 0.002). Adjustment for socioeconomic status, maternal smoking in pregnancy, and maternal BMI in 11 studies abolished the effect (-0.10; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.06 before adjustment; -0.01; 95% CI: -0.05, 0.03 after adjustment). CONCLUSIONS Mean BMI is lower among breastfed subjects. However, the difference is small and is likely to be strongly influenced by publication bias and confounding factors. Promotion of breastfeeding, although important for other reasons, is not likely to reduce mean BMI.
Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women.

BACKGROUND The results of previous studies indicated that energy density, independent of fat content, influences energy intake. In most studies, however, both fat content and energy density were lower than in typical American diets. OBJECTIVE We examined the influence of energy density on intake when fat content was above, below, or similar to the amount of fat typically consumed and when energy density was closer to that of American diets. DESIGN Lean (n = 19) and obese (n = 17) women consumed all meals daily in our laboratory during 6 experimental sessions. The main entrées, consumed ad libitum, were formulated to vary in fat content (25%, 35%, and 45% of energy) and energy density (5.23 kJ/g, or low energy density, and 7.32 kJ/g, or high energy density) but to have similar palatability. RESULTS Energy density influenced energy intake across all fat contents in both lean and obese women (P < 0.0001). Women consumed less energy in the low (7531 kJ) than in the high (9414 kJ) energy density condition. Despite this 20% lower energy intake, there were only small differences in hunger (7%) and fullness (5%). Women consumed a similar volume, but not weight, of food daily across conditions. Differences in intake by weight, but not volume, occurred because for some versions of manipulated foods, weight and volume were not directly proportional. CONCLUSIONS Energy density affected energy intake across different fat contents and at levels of energy density comparable with those in typical diets. Furthermore, our findings suggest that cues related to the amount of food consumed have a greater influence on short-term intake than does the amount of energy consumed.
Valine kinetics at graded valine intakes in young men.

Twelve young men, six subjects in each group studied in two phases, participated in an experiment to explore the relationships between valine intake, plasma valine concentrations, and valine kinetics, using 1-[13C]valine as a tracer. Below a valine intake of about 20 mg.kg-1.day-1 plasma valine concentrations reached a low and relatively constant level. The rate of valine oxidation fell with the decline in the intake of amino acid. Below valine intakes of 16 mg.kg-1.day-1, the mean daily rate of oxidation was estimated to be generally higher than the intake level, implying a negative valine balance during the 24 h day. These findings indicate that an intake of 10 mg valine kg-1.day-1 would not be adequate to maintain protein nutritional status. Our results are discussed in relation to the currently accepted 1973 FAO/WHO value of 10 mg.kg-1.day-1 as being the upper range of the valine requirement in healthy adult humans.
Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on in vivo lipid peroxidation: results of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Lipid peroxidation may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, particularly in its earliest stages. Evidence predominantly from in vitro studies suggests that antioxidant vitamins can prevent lipid peroxidation and that vitamin C and vitamin E have synergistic effects. However, in vivo evidence in support of these hypotheses is sparse. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the effects of vitamin C and vitamin E, alone or in combination, on in vivo lipid peroxidation. DESIGN We conducted a placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial of vitamin C (500 mg ascorbate/d) and vitamin E (400 IU RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/d) supplementation in 184 nonsmokers. The mean duration of supplementation was 2 mo. The outcome measures were changes from baseline in urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha), urinary malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals, and serum oxygen-radical absorbance capacity. RESULTS The within-group mean changes (and 95% CIs) in urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (pg/mg creatinine) were 9.0 (-125.1, 143.1), -150.0 (-275.4, -24.6), -141.3 (-230.5, -52.1), and -112.5 (-234.8, 9.8) in the placebo, vitamin C alone, vitamin E alone, and vitamins C + E groups, respectively. No synergistic effect of these 2 vitamins on urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) was observed (P = 0.12). Neither vitamin had an effect on urinary malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals. Vitamin C, but not vitamin E, increased serum oxygen-radical absorbance capacity (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin C or vitamin E alone reduced lipid peroxidation to a similar extent. Supplementation with a combination of vitamins C and E conferred no benefit beyond that of either vitamin alone.
Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent Populations with the Collaborative Cross as an Example

Multiparent populations (MPP) have become popular resources for complex trait mapping because of their wider allelic diversity and larger population size compared with traditional two-way recombinant inbred (RI) strains. In mice, the collaborative cross (CC) is one of the most popular MPP and is derived from eight genetically diverse inbred founder strains. The strategy of generating RI intercrosses (RIX) from MPP in general and from the CC in particular can produce a large number of completely reproducible heterozygote genomes that better represent the (outbred) human population. Since both maternal and paternal haplotypes of each RIX are readily available, RIX is a powerful resource for studying both standing genetic and epigenetic variations of complex traits, in particular, the parent-of-origin (PoO) effects, which are important contributors to many complex traits. Furthermore, most complex traits are affected by >1 genes, where multiple quantitative trait locus mapping could be more advantageous. In this paper, for MPP-RIX data but taking CC-RIX as a working example, we propose a general Bayesian variable selection procedure to simultaneously search for multiple genes with founder allelic effects and PoO effects. The proposed model respects the complex relationship among RIX samples, and the performance of the proposed method is examined by extensive simulations.