Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New model for analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI data distinguishes metastatic from nonmetastatic transplanted rodent prostate tumors

Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCEMRI) data were acquired from metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors in rodents to follow the uptake and washout of a low‐molecular‐weight contrast agent (Gd‐DTPA) and a contrast agent with higher molecular weight (P792). The concentration vs. time curves calculated for the tumor rims and centers were analyzed using the two‐compartment model (TCM) and a newly developed empirical mathematical model (EMM). The EMM provided improved fits to the experimental data compared to the TCM. Parameters derived from the empirical model showed that the contrast agent washout rate was significantly slower in metastatic tumors than in nonmetastatic tumors for both Gd‐DTPA (P < 0.03) and P792 (P < 0.04). The effects of the tumor on blood flow in “normal” tissue immediately adjacent to the tumors were evident: Gd‐DTPA uptake and washout rates were much lower in muscle near the tumor (P < 0.05) than normal muscle farther from the tumor. The results suggest that accurate fits of DCEMRI data provide kinetic parameters that distinguish between metastatic and relatively benign cancers. In addition, a comparison of the dynamics of Gd‐DTPA and P792 provides information regarding the microenvironment of tumors. Magn Reson Med 51:487–494, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atrophy of the thymic cortex in mice with granulomatous schistosomiasis mansoni

Thymic histopathology and granulomatous hypersensitivity were examined in CBA/J mice infected with varying numbers of Schistosoma mansoni worms. At the acute phase (8 weeks) of infection, the thymi of infected mice showed depletion of cortical lymphocytes that resulted in loss of distinction in the corticomedullary region. The degree of cortical depletion correlated directly with the intensity of infection, as assessed by total egg burden of the liver. Adrenalectomy of heavily infected mice 5 to 6 weeks after infection did not alter the course of cortical lymphocyte depletion. Thymus mass was diminished by as much as 80% in heavily infected mice. However, the thymi of lightly infected mice which survived 20 weeks of infection did not differ in histology or total tissue mass from age-matched uninfected controls. Adult thymectomy at 3 weeks of infection did not abrogate the spontaneous modulation (diminution) of granuloma formation in 20-week infected mice, although spleen cells from these mice failed to adoptively transfer suppression. Heavily infected mice which did not survive beyond the acute phase (8 to 9 weeks) of infection displayed a diminished granulomatous response that was partially restored by thymectomy carried out at 5 to 6 weeks of infection. Spleen cells from heavily infected mice (8 weeks) adoptively suppressed the granulomatous response in lightly infected recipients. It is concluded that histological changes observed in the thymus concurrent with egg dissemination and granulomatous hypersensitivity correlated with T cell-mediated regulatory events.
rTMS of supplementary motor area modulates therapy-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson disease

The neural mechanisms and circuitry involved in levodopa-induced dyskinesia are unclear. Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the supplementary motor area (SMA) in a group of patients with advanced Parkinson disease, the authors investigated whether modulation of SMA excitability may result in a modification of a dyskinetic state induced by continuous apomorphine infusion. rTMS at 1 Hz was observed to markedly reduce drug-induced dyskinesias, whereas 5-Hz rTMS induced a slight but not significant increase.
Malware detection by token counting

Malicious software (or malware) is defined as software that fulfills the harmful intent of an attacker and it is one of the most pressing and major security threats facing the Internet today. Antivirus companies typically have to deal with thousands of new malware every day. If antivirus software has large database then there is more chance of false positive and false negative, so to store the huge database in the virus definition, is very complex task. In this research paper the new concept is that, in spite of storing complete signatures of the virus, we can store the various tokens and their frequency in the program. In this process we will use only tokens of executable statements, so there is no problem if dead code in malware is also present. In the tokens we use two definitions one is operator and another is operand. So we can form new type of signature of a malware that take less size in the database and also give less negative false and positive false. The benefits of using the token concept includes; fewer databases storage memory is required; estimate size of the malicious software can be calculated; easy estimation of the complexity of the malicious program; If the malicious program has dead code or repetition of statements then also we can find accurate signature of the program by using executable statements only. So, by this process we can detect malicious code easily with less database storage memory with more precise way.
Policy Complementarities: The Case for Fundamental Labor Market Reform

The paper analyses complementarities among a variety of labour market policies. It shows: (a) that a wide range of labour market institutions (e.g. unemployment benefits, job security legislation and payroll taxes) have complementary effects on unemployment; and thus (b) that policies aimed at reforming these institutions are also complementary. These policy complementarities imply that partial labour market reform (directed at one institution, while leaving the other institutions in place) is unlikely to achieve significant reductions in unemployment. Rather, labour market reform becomes particularly effective only once a broad range of institutional rigidities are dismantled simultaneously and the distributional objectives of the previous policies are pursued through more efficient means.
Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart Disease? The Framingham heart study.

BACKGROUND Current definitions of hypertension are based on levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), but not on pulse pressure (PP). We examined whether PP adds useful information for predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) in the population-based Framingham Heart Study. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 1924 men and women between 50 and 79 years of age at baseline with no clinical evidence of CHD and not taking antihypertensive drug therapy. Cox regression, adjusted for age, sex, and other risk factors, was used to assess the relations between blood pressure components and CHD risk over a 20-year follow-up. The association with CHD risk was positive for SBP, DBP, and PP, considering each pressure individually; of the 3, PP yielded the largest chi(2) statistic. When SBP and DBP were jointly entered into the multivariable model, the association with CHD risk was positive for SBP (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.30) and negative for DBP (HR, 0. 86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.98). Four subgroups were defined according to SBP levels (<120, 120 to 139, 140 to 159, and >/=160 mm Hg). Within each subgroup, the association with CHD risk was negative for DBP and positive for PP. A cross-classification of SBP-DBP levels confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS In the middle-aged and elderly, CHD risk increased with lower DBP at any level of SBP>/=120 mm Hg, suggesting that higher PP was an important component of risk. Neither SBP nor DBP was superior to PP in predicting CHD risk.
Automatic construction of domain theory for attack planning

Terrorism organizations are devising increasingly sophisticated plans to conduct attacks. The ability of emulating or constructing attack plans by potential terrorists can help us understand the intents and motivation behind terrorism activities. A feasible computational method to construct plans is planning technique in AI. Traditionally, AI planning methods rely on a predefined domain theory which is compiled by domain experts manually. To facilitate domain theory construction and plan generation, we propose a method to construct domain theory automatically from free text data. The effectiveness of our proposed approach is evaluated empirically through experimental studies using real world terrorist plans .
Membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase in pericellular proteolysis and cell migration

9 Introduction. 10 Extracellular matrix. 10 Interstitial matrix. 10 Basement membrane. 12 Role of extracellular matrix on cellular communication. 14 Extracellular matrix remodeling. 15 Matrix metalloproteinases. 15 Collagenases. 16 Gelatinases. 17 Stromelysins and other MMPs. 19 Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases. 19 Structural features. 20 Activity and substrate specificity. 21 Regulation of MT-MMP activity. 23 Gene expression. 23 Zymogen activation. 25 Metalloproteinase inhibitors. 27 MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in proMMP-2 activation.29 Cell migration. 31 Pericellular proteolysis. 32 Interplay between proteolysis, adhesion, and signaling. 32 Proteolytic cascades.33 Role of MT1-MMP in cell migration. 34 Biological roles of MT1-MMP . 34 Angiogenesis. 35 Bone development. 36 Cancer.38 Aims of the present study.41 Materials and methods. 42 Growth factors, chemicals, and enzymes. 42 Cell culture and treatments. 42 Antibodies. 43 Northern hybridization and RNAse protection.43 Expression constructs . 43 Transfection of cells . 44 SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting . 44 Gelatin zymography and reverse zymography. 44 Pulse-chase analysis and immunoprecipitation. 45 Purification and N-terminal sequencing of MT1-MMP. 45 Cell surface biotinylation . 46 Cell surface cross-linking . 46 In vitro analyses of MT1-MMP cleavage. 46 GST-fusion protein purification. 46 Immunofluorescence and internalization assays. 47 In vitro invasion assay. 47 Results. 48 Differential regulation of MT1-MMP gene expression and proMMP-2 activation (I) . 48 Calcium ionophores inhibit proMT1-MMP activation, binding of TIMP-2 and proMMP-2, and proMMP-2 activation (I, II) . 49 Inactivating autocatalytic MT1-MMP cleavage produces 43kDa cell surface and 20-kDa soluble fragments (I, II, IV) . 49 Oligomerization through hemopexin and cytoplasmic domains regulates the activity and turnover of MT1MMP (III) . 50 MT1-MMP targeting through its cytoplasmic domain is critical for cell invasion through Matrigel (IV) . 50 Endocytosis in clathrin-coated pits regulates cell surface expression of MT1-MMP (V) . 51 Discussion. 52 Correlation between MT1-MMP expression and proMMP-2 activation (I) . 52 Role of proMT1-MMP processing/activation in proMMP-2 activation (II) . 53 Autocatalytic MT1-MMP inactivation (I, II, IV) . 54 Identification of oligomeric MTI-MMP complexes (III) . 55 ProMMP-2 activation and autocatalytic MT1-MMP inactivation in the oligomeric complexes (II, III, IV). 57 MT1-MMP targeting and trafficking during cell migration (IV, V). 60 Perspective.63 Acknowledgements. 64 References.65
Zebrafish as a model for developmental neurotoxicity testing.

BACKGROUND To establish zebrafish as a developmental toxicity model, we used 7 well-characterized compounds to examine several parameters of neurotoxicity during development. METHODS Embryos were exposed by semistatic immersion from 6 hrs postfertilization (hpf). Teratogenicity was assessed using a modified method previously developed by Phylonix. Dying cells in the brain were assessed by acridine orange staining (these cells are likely to be apoptotic). Motor neurons were assessed by antiacetylated tubulin staining and catecholaminergic neurons were visualized by antityrosine hydroxylase staining. RESULTS Atrazine, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were primarily teratogenic and not specifically neurotoxic. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dieldrin, and nonylphenol showed specific neurotoxicity; dieldrin and nonylphenol were specifically toxic to catecholaminergic neurons. Malathion, although not teratogenic, showed some nonspecific toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Teratogenicity measured in 96-hpf zebrafish is predictive of mammalian teratogenicity and is useful in determining whether a compound causes specific neurotoxicity or general developmental toxicity. Induction of apoptosis or necrosis is an indicator of neurotoxicity. An effect on motor neurons in the caudal third of the embryo correlates with expected defects in motility. Overall, our results showed a strong correlation with mammalian data and suggest that zebrafish is a predictive animal model for neurotoxicity screening.
Postdoctoral patterns, career advancement, and problems.

Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.
Spatialities of Globalisation

The focus of this paper is on the theorisation of the spatialities of globalisation. I seek to shift the emphasis away from the currently dominant discourse of scalar and territorial relativisation, towards relational processes and network forms of organisation that defy a linear distinction between place and space. I stress the importance of actor networks of varying length and duration as well as the world of practices as the central components of a topographical understanding of globalisation. What this might mean in terms of a theorisation of place is illustrated through a discussion of the geography of the urban economy and a discussion of the politics of place.
Complete high‐density lipoproteins in nanoparticle corona

In a biological environment, nanoparticles immediately become covered by an evolving corona of biomolecules, which gives a biological identity to the nanoparticle and determines its biological impact and fate. Previous efforts at describing the corona have concerned only its protein content. Here, for the first time, we show, using size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and pull‐down experiments, that copolymer nanoparticles bind cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids from human plasma, and that the binding reaches saturation. The lipid and protein binding patterns correspond closely with the composition of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL). By using fractionated lipoproteins, we show that HDL binds to copolymer nanoparticles with much higher specificity than other lipoproteins, probably mediated by apolipoprotein A‐I. Together with the previously identified protein binding patterns in the corona, our results imply that copolymer nanoparticles bind complete HDL complexes, and may be recognized by living systems as HDL complexes, opening up these transport pathways to nanoparticles. Apolipoproteins have been identified as binding to many other nanoparticles, suggesting that lipid and lipoprotein binding is a general feature of nanoparticles under physiological conditions.
Die Erfassung von Wahn und Halluzinationen in der Normalbevölkerung Deutsche Adaptationen des Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI) und der Launay Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS-R).

Zusammenfassung. Die hohe Pravalenz wahnahnlicher Uberzeugungen und halluzinatorischen Erlebens in der Bevolkerung erfordert spezifische Selbstbeurteilungsskalen, die diese subklinischen Phanomene abbilden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden Reliabilitat und Validitat deutschsprachiger Adaptationen des Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (Peters, Joseph & Garety, 1999b) sowie der Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale (Launay & Slade, 1981) an einer in Bezug auf Alter, Geschlecht und Bildungsstand annahernd reprasentativen Stichprobe aus der Normalbevolkerung (n = 359) und einer Stichprobe von Personen mit Schizophrenie (n = 54) untersucht. Beide Skalen weisen eine gute interne Konsistenz sowie hinreichende Kriteriums- und Konstruktvaliditat auf. Trotz der Eignung der Skalen zur Differenzierung zwischen Personen mit und Personen ohne Schizophrenie zeigte sich, dass die Items zu wahnahnlichen Uberzeugungen und halluzinatorischem Erleben auch in der Bevolkerungsstichprobe in relevanten Ausmasen bejaht wurden.
Bringing concepts to life: introducing a rapid interactive sketch modelling toolkit for industrial designers

This paper presents the results of work in progress aimed at answering the challenges faced by industrial designers creating information appliance prototypes at a very early stage in the design process. A new system centred on a hardware unit called an IE5 is described in detail. The authors argue that the new method offers a potential solution that will allow prototyping in the critical 1--2 hour timeframe which would allow genuinely iterative hardware prototyping integration in the design process' early stages. The system utilises passive RFiD embedded controls that can be attached to a sketch model without the need for any wiring or soldering. It solves the problems encountered by previous RFiD based toolkits in flexibility, footprint size, and range / connection reliability. While the system is still in development, the concept has been proved by a basic prototype. The paper identifies the system's strengths and weaknesses before discussing areas for further development.
Adenosine triphosphate levels in human spermatozoa.

ATP levels in human spermatozoa have been positively correlated with good motility. This has given rise to the impression that good ATP levels per se are related to good motility, i.e., the higher the ATP level, the better the motility and fertilizing potential. There was no direct correlation between motility percentage, forward progression, viability percentage, and ATP levels (when expressed per 1 million spermatozoa) in the general population. This finding was not unexpected since other factors, such as defects of the microtubules and viscosity of the semen, could affect the motility in some patients. However, when semen from individual patients was assessed, the motility percent, viability, and ATP concentration decreased by comparable levels over a 4-h period postejaculation. Semen samples with normal counts of spermatozoa (greater than 20 X 10(6)/ml) had higher levels of ATP than samples from patients with oligozoospermia. Spermatozoa from patients whose semen contained less than 0.60 X 10(-2) nmol ATP/1 million spermatozoa showed a rapid drop in motility over a 4-h period compared with semen samples where the motility remained above 10% motile over this period, the latter samples having ATP levels averaging 3.30 X 10(-2) nmol/1 million spermatozoa.
Arabidopsis DAYU/ABERRANT PEROXISOME MORPHOLOGY9 Is a Key Regulator of Peroxisome Biogenesis and Plays Critical Roles during Pollen Maturation and Germination in Planta[W]

Peroxisomes are dynamic single-membrane organelles in eukaryotes. Peroxins are essential proteins required for peroxisome biogenesis and play multiple roles in development and growth. DAU/APEM9, a recently identified peroxin, plays a critical role in peroxisome biogenesis, morphology, and function during pollen maturation and germination in planta. Pollen undergo a maturation process to sustain pollen viability and prepare them for germination. Molecular mechanisms controlling these processes remain largely unknown. Here, we report an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, dayu (dau), which impairs pollen maturation and in vivo germination. Molecular analysis indicated that DAU encodes the peroxisomal membrane protein ABERRANT PEROXISOME MORPHOLOGY9 (APEM9). DAU is transiently expressed from bicellular pollen to mature pollen during male gametogenesis. DAU interacts with peroxisomal membrane proteins PEROXIN13 (PEX13) and PEX16 in planta. Consistently, both peroxisome biogenesis and peroxisome protein import are impaired in dau pollen. In addition, the jasmonic acid (JA) level is significantly decreased in dau pollen, and the dau mutant phenotype is partially rescued by exogenous application of JA, indicating that the male sterility is mainly due to JA deficiency. In addition, the phenotypic survey of peroxin mutants indicates that the PEXs most likely play different roles in pollen germination. Taken together, these data indicate that DAU/APEM9 plays critical roles in peroxisome biogenesis and function, which is essential for JA production and pollen maturation and germination.
Fractal dimension of chromatin: potential molecular diagnostic applications for cancer prognosis

Fractal characteristics of chromatin, revealed by light or electron microscopy, have been reported during the last 20 years. Fractal features can easily be estimated in digitalized microscopic images and are helpful for diagnosis and prognosis of neoplasias. During carcinogenesis and tumor progression, an increase of the fractal dimension (FD) of stained nuclei has been shown in intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix and the anus, oral squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Furthermore, an increased FD of chromatin is an unfavorable prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and the larynx, melanomas and multiple myelomas. High goodness-of-fit of the regression line of the FD is a favorable prognostic factor in acute leukemias and multiple myelomas. The nucleus has fractal and power-law organization in several different levels, which might in part be interrelated. Some possible relations between modifications of the chromatin organization during carcinogenesis and tumor progression and an increase of the FD of stained chromatin are suggested. Furthermore, increased complexity of the chromatin structure, loss of heterochromatin and a less-perfect self-organization of the nucleus in aggressive neoplasias are discussed.
A novel rate adaptation algorithm in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs

In recent years, IEEE 802.11 wireless networks have become the most popular wireless technology. IEEE 802.11 supports multiple transmission rates. How to determine the appropriate transmission rate is challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel rate adaptation algorithm to tackle this problem. We utilize the maximum likelihood estimator to robustly predict the transmission statistics for each transmission rate. Then we exploit the cross-layer correlation between PHY and MAC to determine the transmission cost for each transmission rate. The goal of our design is to achieve the maximum spectral efficiency. Based on extensive simulation experiments, the proposed algorithm outperforms existing well-known algorithms.