Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Childhood Obesity and Medical Neglect

The incidence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically, including severe childhood obesity and obesity-related comorbid conditions. Cases of severe childhood obesity have prompted the following question: does childhood obesity ever constitute medical neglect? In our opinion, removal of a child from the home is justified when all 3 of the following conditions are present: (1) a high likelihood that serious imminent harm will occur; (2) a reasonable likelihood that coercive state intervention will result in effective treatment; and (3) the absence of alternative options for addressing the problem. It is not the mere presence or degree of obesity but rather the presence of comorbid conditions that is critical for the determination of serious imminent harm. All 3 criteria are met in very limited cases, that is, the subset of obese children who have serious comorbid conditions and for whom all alternative options have been exhausted. In these limited cases, a trial of enforced treatment outside the home may be indicated, to protect the child from irreversible harm.
NREGA and labour migration in India: Is village life what the 'rural' poor want?

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) is the flagship welfare programme of the UPA government, and the largest of its kind in India. One of its main objectives is a significant reduction in labour migration through the provision of locally available work in rural areas, but in spite of some successes, the programme has not had the wished-for impact. Drawing on government data, recent independent studies and the Indian media, the present article argues that NREGA’s limited impact partly stems from a misconception of labour migration – as a poverty ‘problem’ and as merely a product of ‘push-and-pull’ economic factors. It contends that this view wrongfully casts ‘rural’ livelihoods and ‘urban’ society as somehow separate, and assumes that farming is what ‘the poor’ really want, thus establishing poverty as chiefly a rural problem to be tackled by rural development. Accepted explanations for NREGA’s relative failure do not account for the possibility that migration for work may be perceived as a more attractive activity. The view of labour mobility as essentially ‘involuntary’ and driven solely by economic considerations overshadows two sets of reasons why people may still prefer to migrate; namely social factors and evolving perceptions of ‘modernity’. The poor too have aspirations, which are not restricted to survival matters. NREGA has benefitted those with little or no access to positive migration opportunities, especially Scheduled Castes and Tribes, but is unlikely to succeed in curbing labour mobility significantly – which is not desirable anyway. Here, the crucial development challenges are not to reduce migration but to improve its conditions, both economic and social – and to account for the poor’s aspirational horizons.
Parents’ Child Preference for Education in Imenti North County, Kenya

This paper explores the parents' child preference for education of pre-school age going children in Miriga Mieru West Division of Imenti North County, Kenya. To establish this parent's demographic information on marital status, religion, age, education level and child preference was collected. The findings are discussed in this paper.
The Balance of Payments Crisis in the Euro Area Periphery

Countries in the euro area periphery borrowed heavily from abroad in the years leading up to the sovereign debt crisis, largely to finance increased consumption and housing investment. When the crisis hit in 2010, capital flight by private investors forced these countries to bring domestic spending back into line with domestic incomes—the same adjustment required of countries facing a typical balance of payments crisis. Nevertheless, adjustment to the pullback of private capital was not as harsh as might have been expected, owing to the workings of the euro area’s system for managing cross-border payment imbalances between regional commercial banks. This system, known as Target2, offset much of the capital flight with credits extended collectively by euro area central banks to central banks in the periphery.
Sports injuries and illnesses in the Lillehammer 2016 Youth Olympic Winter Games

Background Injury and illness surveillance during high-level youth sports events is an important first step in health prevention and caretaking of the young elite athletes. Aim To analyse injuries and illnesses that occurred during the 10 days 2nd Youth Olympic Winter Games (YOG), held in Lillehammer 2016. Methods We recorded the daily occurrence (or non-occurrence) of injuries and illnesses through the reporting of (1) all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) the polyclinic and medical venues by the Lillehammer Organising Committee (LYOCOG) medical staff. Results In total, 1083 athletes (48 double-starters), 46% (n=502) of them females, from 70 NOCs were registered in the study. NOCs and LYOCOG reported 108 injuries and 81 illnesses, equalling to 9.5 injuries and 7.2 illnesses per 100 athletes. The percentage of injured athletes was highest in the snowboard and ski slopestyle and cross disciplines, alpine skiing and skeleton, and lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines. Approximately, two-thirds of the injuries (n=71, 65.7%) prevented the athlete from training or competition, while 10 injuries (9.3%) were registered with an estimated absence from sport for >7 days. The rate of illness was highest in curling and the Nordic skiing disciplines with most of them being respiratory tract infections (81.5%). Conclusions Overall, 9% of the athletes incurred at least one injury during the games, and 7% an illness, which is similar to the first YOG in Innsbruck 2012 and slightly lower compared with previous Winter Olympic Games. The incidence of injuries and illnesses varied substantially between sports.
ENERGY PRICE‐ and INCOME‐ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND: SOME ESTIMATES FOR THE UK USING THE COINTEGRATION PROCEDURE

The aim of this paper is to reexamine aggregate energy demand in the United Kingdom using the relatively recent procedure of cointegration. It shows energy consumption, the real price of energy, and real GDP cointegrate, which implies the existence of a long-run equilibrium. The associated long-run price-elasticity estimate is about -0.3 and the long-run income-elasticity estimate is about 0.5. The associated dynamic error-correction model yields short-run price- and income-elasticities of -0.1 and 0.6, respectively. Copyright 1989 by Scottish Economic Society.
Mobile and gamified blended learning for language teaching: studying requirements and acceptance by students, parents and teachers in the wild

While mobile gamified apps for language learning such as Duolingo are highly successful, knowledge about the use and suitability of such concepts for blended learning in schools is scarce. Pursuing a holistic approach, this work investigates the general requirements and acceptance of a modern gamified learning companion for traditional class-based teaching. We conducted several surveys with students, teachers and parents and studied the usage of a custom research prototype by 13/14-year-olds in three classes in English (as a foreign) language under real-world conditions. According to our results, all considered involved parties are positive about such a mobile learning companion when specific requirements are met. We did not observe any community-related negative impact such as teasing for bad results, for example, and conclude that the considered gamification features such as challenges with classmates and rankings are suitable for the investigated school context. Based on the results, we derive a set of guidelines for the design and development of a mobile learning companion, its introduction in class and its practical usage.
A Biophysical Model of Corn Yield: Integrating Climatic and Social Determinants

We estimate a model that accounts for both climatic and social determinants of corn yield in the United States. Climate variables are specified for periods that correspond to phenological stages of development. Social determinants include market conditions, technical factors, scale of production, and the policy environment. The model accounts for the historical and cross-sectional variation in yield, and the interpretation of coefficients is consistent with independent analyses of the climatic and social determinants. The hybrid model provides a framework for assessing the effect of, and adaptation to, climate change. Copyright 1997, Oxford University Press.
Establishment of cell surface engineering and its development

Cell surface display of proteins/peptides has been established based on mechanisms of localizing proteins to the cell surface. In contrast to conventional intracellular and extracellular (secretion) expression systems, this method, generally called an arming technology, is particularly effective when using yeasts as a host, because the control of protein folding that is often required for the preparation of proteins can be natural. This technology can be employed for basic and applied research purposes. In this review, I describe various strategies for the construction of engineered yeasts and provide an outline of the diverse applications of this technology to industrial processes such as the production of biofuels and chemicals, as well as bioremediation and health-related processes. Furthermore, this technology is suitable for novel protein engineering and directed evolution through high-throughput screening, because proteins/peptides displayed on the cell surface can be directly analyzed using intact cells without concentration and purification. Functional proteins/peptides with improved or novel functions can be created using this beneficial, powerful, and promising technique. Graphical abstract Cell surface engineering can be employed for basic and applied research purposes, the construction of engineered yeasts and industrial processes, etc.
An exploration of outcome criteria in nocturnal enuresis treatmentThe way forward

This paper is a review of outcome definitions and criteria for nocturnal enuresis treatment. A search of the literature published between 1991 and 2001 highlighted 97 papers. Although the International Children's Continence Society and the World Health Organization have published outcome criteria, different, often idiosyncratic, outcome criteria and/or definitions have been adopted in published research on treatment for nocturnal enuresis in recent years. There remains a debate as to what constitutes successful treatment and how to document improvement. Lack of an agreed definition of outcome reduces confidence in comparing studies, with serious clinical and research implications. This paper reviews aspects of importance in determining outcome, including a suggestion to focus on the establishment of dry nights rather than the reduction of wet nights. A new set of criteria is suggested, consisting of a banding system referred to as a “dryness scale”, which focuses on the percentage of dry nights accomplished at a point in time, thus eliminating the need to compare current levels of dryness with a baseline.
Machinery Selection Modeling: Incorporation of Weather Variability

An alternative analytical approach to the important and complex machinery selection problem is proposed. A mathematical programming model is developed which embodies (a) the integer nature of machinery decisions, (b) the stochastic nature of weather, (c) the joint selection of machinery and crop plans, and (d) selection among machinery sets rather than among individual machines. Optimal machinery and crop plans are determined for selected weather probability levels. The robustness of machinery sets over a range of weather conditions is evaluated by subjecting the distributions of outcomes for alternative machinery sets to stochastic dominance criteria. Bias of good-field-day distributions is also discussed.
Managerial Control and Economic Performance in Western Germany

Do managers who are neither the owners nor controlled by persons or groups with a strong holding in the stock of a company slacken in the quest of profit and turn to the pursuit of other goals? Is their compensation tailored to motivate them to seek maximum profits. Will competition in the markets for output or the discipline exerted by the capital market allow them to behave differently from profit-maximizing firms? These questions have been investigated repeatedly under the heading of managerialism since the seminal work of Taussig and Barker [2I] and of Berle and Means [4]. The results are somewhat inconclusive. ' While a number of results-some contradictory-are available from studies of US and British firms, none to our knowledge are available for other countries. This contribution examines the data for Germany. To anticipate our conclusion, further doubt is cast upon the usefulness of the distinction between manager-controlled firms and owner-controlled ones in predicting goals pursued and results obtained by those who run the firms. In a more affirmative vein, the empirical phenomenon of non-ownercontrolled firms in itself does not force one to abandon the classical profitmaximizing model of the firm in favour the tenets of managerialism. A final and very tentative section deals with a category of organizations neglected so far in the literature, i.e. subsidiaries of other companies.
Adenosine receptors and nucleoside transport sites in cardiac cells

1 Potential mechanisms responsible for the prominent depression of atrioventricular conduction by adenosine have been investigated in guinea‐pig heart. 2 Adenosine A1 receptors and nucleoside transport (NT) sites were identified and enumerated in cardiac myocytes, atrioventricular conduction cells and coronary endothelial cells in 10 μm sections by autoradiographical analysis of the binding of the A1 selective antagonist 8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐[3H]‐dipropylxanthine ([3H]‐DPCPX) and the NT ligand [3H]‐nitrobenzylthioinosine ([3H]‐NBMPR), respectively. 3 Atrioventricular conduction cells were identified by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and endothelial cells by von Willebrand factor immunohistochemistry. 4 Site‐specific binding of [3H]‐DPCPX, when expressed as grains per cell nucleus was significantly higher (30 fold) in conduction cells than in surrounding myocytes. [3H]‐DPCPX site density on endothelial cells in adjacent coronary vessels was not significantly different from myocytes. 5 In contrast, autoradiography of [3H]‐NBMPR sites in these areas indicated that, relative to myocytes, conduction cells and endothelial cells were significantly enriched (2 fold and 4.5 fold, respectively) in NT sites. 6 The pronounced dromotropic effect of adenosine in guinea‐pig heart is correlated with a higher density of adenosine A1 receptors in atrioventricular conduction cells than in myocytes. The NT capacity of these cells, as estimated by [3H]‐NBMPR binding site density, is not increased in proportion to A1 receptors.
Utilization of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only approved therapy for acute ischemic stroke, although only 2% of patients with stroke receive intravenous tPA nationally. OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of tPA use for stroke in the Cleveland, Ohio, community and the reasons why patients were excluded from thrombolysis treatment. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Community. Subjects Patients admitted because of stroke to the 9 Cleveland Clinic Health System hospitals from June 15, 1999, to June 15, 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Utilization of intravenous tPA and reasons for ineligibility. RESULTS There were 1923 admissions for ischemic stroke in the 1-year period. Of these, 288 (15.0%) arrived within the 3-hour time window, and approximately 6.9% were considered eligible for tPA. The most common reasons for exclusion among patients arriving within 3 hours were mild neurologic impairment and rapidly improving symptoms. The overall rate of tPA use among patients presenting within 3 hours was 19.4%, and the rate of use among eligible patients was 43.4% (n = 56). The use of tPA did not differ significantly according to race or sex. CONCLUSIONS Only 15% of patients arrived within the 3-hour time window for intravenous tPA, making delay in presentation the most common reason patients were ineligible for i.v. thrombolysis. Neurologic criteria were the second most common group of exclusions. Overall tPA use was low, but it was used in nearly half of all patients with no documented contraindications. Intravenous tPA use in a community setting can compare favorably with the rate of use seen in academic medical settings.
C-terminal half of Salmonella enterica WbaP (RfbP) is the galactosyl-1-phosphate transferase domain catalyzing the first step of O-antigen synthesis

We previously showed that the product of the wbaP gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has two functions: it is involved in the first step of O-antigen synthesis (the galactosyltransferase [GT] function) and in a later step (the T function), first thought to be the flipping of the O-antigen subunit on undecaprenyl pyrophosphate from the cytoplasmic face to the periplasmic face of the cytoplasmic membrane. We now locate two wbaP(T) mutations within the first half of the wbaP gene by sequencing. Both mutants retain GT activity, although one was a frameshift mutation resulting in a stop codon 10 codons after the frameshift to give an open reading frame containing only 138 of the 476 codons in WbaP. We also show that there is a secondary translation starting within the wbaP gene resulting in the synthesis of a polypeptide with GT activity. These results indicate that the N- and C-terminal halves of WbaP are the T and GT functional domains, respectively. We now propose that the T block operates prior to the flippase function, probably at the release of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate-linked galactose from WbaP.
The Original Meaning of Civility: Democratic Deliberation at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention

For the past twenty years, legal scholars have pored over the records of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention for insights into how to best interpret the Constitution’s various provisions. In this Essay, I pore over these same materials for insights into how the delegates to the Convention themselves maintained a level of civility through four months of grueling deliberations. At a time when our legislative assemblies, still today populated mostly by lawyers, are too often prone to incivility, ad hominem argumentation, polarization, and resistance to compromise, the ups and downs of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention may yet prove a fruitful model for constructive dialogue. In particular, I argue that the Convention was marked by a surprising degree of civic friendship borne out of frequent interaction, daily dinner parties that cut across party and sectional lines, and a variety of parliamentary procedures designed to encourage open-mindedness and rational deliberation. Upon this foundation of civic friendship, the delegates reasoned together, utilizing a form of public reason when deliberating about more abstract, structural matters, and compromising when deliberation broke down over issues that cut deep into economic or political interests. This rich, but often overlooked, story of our nation’s founding deserves a telling for lawyers and politicians alike, particularly given the quality and tenor of deliberations in legislative assemblies today.
A Dense 3D Reconstruction Approach from Uncalibrated Video Sequences

Current approaches for 3D reconstruction from feature points of images are classed as sparse and dense techniques. However, the sparse approaches are insufficient for surface reconstruction since only sparsely distributed feature points are presented. Further, existing dense reconstruction approaches require pre-calibrated camera orientation, which limits the applicability and flexibility. This paper proposes a one-stop 3D reconstruction solution that reconstructs a highly dense surface from an uncalibrated video sequence, the camera orientations and surface reconstruction are simultaneously computed from new dense point features using an approach motivated by Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques. Further, this paper presents a flexible automatic method with the simple interface of 'videos to 3D model'. These improvements are essential to practical applications in 3D modeling and visualization. The reliability of the proposed algorithm has been tested on various data sets and the accuracy and performance are compared with both sparse and dense reconstruction benchmark algorithms.
On Constructing Radiation Hybrid Maps

Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping is a somatic cell method for obtaining ordering information of markers on a chromosome, using relatively few experiments. Given the results of a typical RH experiment, finding the true order of the markers is a challenging algorithmic problem. In this work we present several simple algorithms for ordering and mapping the markers, where the input is the genomic data obtained from RH experiments. We provide a rigorous analysis of these algorithms. In particular, we show that under the standard statistical model for RH, our algorithms are "statistically consistent. " That is, given enough hybrids, the algorithms do reconstruct the true markers' order (with high probability). We also prove a simple lower bound for the number of hybrids required (by any algorithm) to correctly reconstruct the order. We have implemented these algorithms, and tested them on synthetic and real data. These simulations show that for practical input sizes (number of markers and hybrids) our algorithms produce outputs that are very close to the true ordering. The simulations also indicate that the true ordering of the markers is usually not the one which minimizes the number of obligate chromosome breaks.
No Child Left Behind?: The Politics and Practice of School Accountability

The 2002 No Child Left Behind Act is the most important legislation in American education since the 1960s. The law requires states to put into place a set of standards together with a comprehensive testing plan designed to ensure these standards are met. Students at schools that fail to meet those standards may leave for other schools, and schools not progressing adequately become subject to reorganization. The significance of the law lies less with federal dollar contributions than with the direction it gives to federal, state, and local school spending. It helps codify the movement toward common standards and school accountability. Yet NCLB will not transform American schools overnight. The first scholarly assessment of the new legislation, No Child Left Behind? breaks new ground in the ongoing debate over accountability. Contributors examine the law's origins, the political and social forces that gave it shape, the potential issues that will surface with its implementation, and finally, the law's likely consequences for American education.