Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The proactive control of stereotype activation: Implicit goals to not stereotype

Stereotypes are typically conceived of as controlled through conscious willing. We propose that goals can lead to stereotype control even when the goals are not consciously noted. This is called proactive control since goal pursuit occurs not as a reaction to a stereotype having been activated and having exerted influence, but as an act of goal shielding that inhibits stereotypes instead of activating them. In two experiments proactive control over stereotypes toward African Americans was illustrated using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, participants with egalitarian goals showed slower responses to stereotypic words when following an African American male face (relative to following a White face). Experiment 2 illustrated African American faces facilitated responses to stimuli relevant to egalitarian goals; White faces did not. Together, these studies indicate that, without consciously trying, participants with egalitarian goals’ implicit reaction to African Americans included triggering fairne.
Cyclodiene insecticides-induced changes in the central depressive effect of chlorpromazine in rats.

Spontaneous motor activity (SMA), conditioned avoidance response (CAR), muscle coordination (MC) and pentobarbital sleep were tested in rats treated orally for 90 days with tolerated doses of the cyclodiene insecticides, aldrin (1 mg/kg) and endosulfan (2 mg/kg). The same tests were repeated in similarly treated animals after injecting chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg, i.p.). Both the insecticides shortened pentobarbital sleeping time indicating their microsomal enzyme inducing property. Aldrin suppressed SMA, CAR and MC, whereas endosulfan stimulated SMA, inhibited CAR and unaltered MC. However, their concurrent action with CPZ did not result in change in the central depressive effects of the latter, but its potency during the course of its action was altered. Its potency 15 min after injection was greater and 60-180 min later was lesser in these animals than that observed in control animals. This finding was interpreted to suggest that aldrin and endosulfan has quickened the biotransformation of CPZ and thereby shortened its duration of action. A temporary promotion of its potency was accounted to its active metabolites, since prior to inactivation, CPZ is known to be metabolized by the microsomal enzymes to active compounds.
Consequence of dysphagia in the hospitalized patient: impact on prognosis and hospital resources.

OBJECTIVE To determine if comorbid dysphagia in all hospitalized patients has the potential to prolong hospital stay and increase morbidity. Dysphagia is increasingly prevalent with age and comorbid medical conditions. Our research group has previously shown that dysphagia is a bad prognostic indicator in patients with stroke. DESIGN Analysis of national database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), 2005-2006, was evaluated for presence of dysphagia and the most common comorbid medical conditions. Patient demographics, associated disease, length of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality were also evaluated. RESULTS There were over 77 million estimated hospital admissions in the period evaluated, of which 271,983 were associated with dysphagia. Dysphagia was most commonly associated with fluid or electrolyte disorder, esophageal disease, stroke, aspiration pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and congestive heart failure. The median number of hospitalization days for all patients with dysphagia was 4.04 compared with 2.40 days for those patients without dysphagia. Mortality increased substantially in patients with dysphagia associated with rehabilitation, intervertebral disk disorders, and heart diseases. CONCLUSIONS Dysphagia has a significant impact on hospital length of stay and is a bad prognostic indicator. Early recognition of dysphagia and intervention in the hospitalized patient is advised to reduce morbidity and length of hospital stay.
Comment faire des choses qui tiennent : histoire sociale et statistique

Alain Desrosieres Comment faire des choses qui tiennent : histoire sociale et statistique. Parmi les traits qui ont contribue a specifier l'image de l'histoire sociale parmi les autres branches historiques, la reference aux objectivations statistiques a. ete essentielle. Heritiere en cela de la double tradition de l'ecole durkheimienne et de celle des Annales, elle a cherche dans cette technique des moyens pour depasser les contingences individuelles et conjoncturelles, et pour construire des choses plus generales, caracterisant le groupe social ou la longue duree. Mais la tradition durkheimienne comporte un second volet, portant sur le caractere social et construit des classifications apparemment naturelles (« comment les faits sociaux deviennent-ils des choses ? »). Cette interrogation a de plus en plus souvent, depuis les annees 6O, oriente les recherches de ceux qui ont a construire et utiliser les statistiques des societes developpees. Il s'agissait cette fois ďutiliser l'histoire, pour reconstituer la genese d'outils cognitifs precedemment consideres comme « naturels » : des categories socioprofessionnelles, des mesures de chomage, des calculs de moyenne ou de correlations, des tirages d'echantillons representatifs (1).
p95vav associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated SLP-76 in antigen- stimulated T cells

p95vav, the product of the vav protooncogene, has been implicated in the T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling cascade p95vav is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after TCR stimulation by anti- TCR/CD3 antibodies and possesses a number of landmark features of signaling molecules such as a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor domain, a pleckstrin homology domain, and an Sre homology (SH) 2 and two SH3 domains, which provide the capacity to form multimeric signaling complexes. However, the precise role of p95vav in TCR signaling remains unclear. In this work we show that physiological stimulation of T cell hybridomas with antigen presented by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules leads to a strong tyrosine phosphorylation of p95vav and its association with tyrosine- phosphorylated SLP-76. SLP-76 is a newly described SH2-containing protein that has been previously found to bind to the adapter molecule Grb2. Moreover, we provide evidence that p95vav-SI P-76 association is SH2-mediated by demonstrating that this interaction can be inhibited by a phosphopeptide containing a putative p95vav-SH2-binding motif (pYESP) present in SLP-76. Furthermore, in vitro experiments show that after antigen stimulation, phosphorylated p95vav-SLP-76 can bind to Grb2 in a complex that contains pp36/38 and pp116 proteins. Our data provide a clue to explain recent independent observations that overexpression of p95vav or SLP-76 enhances TCR-mediated gene activation.
Consequences of Regret Aversion: Effects of Expected Feedback on Risky Decision Making

Previous research has considered the question of how anticipated regret affects risky decision making. Several studies have shown that anticipated regret forces participants towards the safe option, showing risk-aversion. We argue that these results are due to the previous confounding of the riskiness of the options with the feedback received. Our design unconfounds these factors, and we predict that participants will always tend to makeregret-minimizingchoices (rather than risk-minimizing choices). We present three experiments using a “choices between equally valued alternatives” paradigm. In these experiments we manipulate whether the risky or safe gamble is the regret-minimizing choice by manipulating which gamble(s) will be resolved. As predicted, participants tend to choose the regret-minimizing gamble in both gains and losses and in both relatively high risk and relatively low risk pairs of gambles. We consider the implications of these results for the role of regret in choice behavior.
A genome-wide search for quantitative trait Loci that influence antisocial drug dependence in adolescence.

BACKGROUND Among adolescents, externalizing problem behavior and substance use disorders are often comorbid. Familial influences, including shared genetic risk factors, may account for part of this comorbidity. Previously we reported 2 chromosomal regions (3q24-3q25 and 9q34) likely to contain genes that influence substance dependence vulnerability (DV) in adolescence. OBJECTIVES To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence externalizing problem behavior in adolescence and to determine whether any identified QTL overlap chromosomal regions that influence DV. DESIGN Regression-based QTL mapping procedures designed for selected sibling pair samples. SETTING Patient probands were drawn from consecutive admissions to residential and outpatient (milieu-type) treatment facilities for substance abuse and delinquency operated by the University of Colorado; most of these patients were referred for treatment by juvenile justice or social service agencies. PATIENTS A total of 249 proband-sibling pairs from 191 families were selected for the study. Patient probands were 13 to 19 years of age; siblings of the probands ranged in age from 12 to 25 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A community-based sample of 4493 adolescents and young adults was used to define clinically significant, heritable, age- and sex-normed indexes of DV, conduct disorder symptoms (CDS), and a composite index of antisocial substance dependence (DV + CDS). Siblings and parents were genotyped for 374 microsatellite markers distributed across the 22 autosomes (mean intermarker distance, 9.2 centimorgans). RESULTS For both DV and CDS, there was evidence of linkage to the same region on chromosome 9q34, as well as to 3q24-3q25 for DV, and a novel region on chromosome 17q12 for CDS. Our composite index (DV + CDS) yielded the strongest evidence for linkage (logarithm of odds = 2.65) to the chromosome 9q34 region. CONCLUSION These results provide the first evidence of a potential molecular genetic basis for the comorbidity between DV and antisocial behavior.
International students in English-speaking universities

English International students in institutions of higher education in English-speaking countries make valuable educational and economic contributions. For these benefits to continue, universities must become more knowledgeable about the adjustment issues these students face and implement appropriate support services. This review identifies factors that influence the adjustment and academic achievement of international students. Adjustment challenges are primarily attributable to English language proficiency and culture. Achievement is affected by English proficiency, academic skills and educational background. Understanding international student adjustment issues has global implications for intercultural education. Successful support interventions are reviewed and implications for practice discussed. French Les élèves internationaux étudiant au sein d'institutions d'enseignement supérieur dans des pays anglophones apportent une contribution précieuse tant sur le plan éducationnel que sur le plan économique. Pour continuer à bénéficier de ces atouts, les universités doivent s'informer davantage sur les questions d'adaptation auxquelles ces élèves sont confrontés et mettre en oeuvre des services de soutien appropriés. Cette étude identifie les facteurs qui influencent l'adaptation et les résultats scolaires des élèves internationaux. Les problèmes d'adaptation sont attribués en premier lieu à la maîtrise de la langue anglaise et à la culture. Les résultats scolaires quant à eux sont affectés par la maîtrise de l'anglais, l'aptitude aux études et les acquis scolaires. Comprendre les questions d'adaptation propres aux élèves internationaux a des implications au niveau mondial en termes d'éducation internationale. L'article analyse les interventions de soutien qui portent leurs fruits et discute des implications sur un plan pratique. Spanish Los alumnos internacionales de instituciones de enseñanza superior de países angloparlantes realizan valiosas contribuciones educativas y económicas. Para continuar beneficiándose de estas aportaciones, es necesario que las universidades conozcan mejor los problemas de adaptación que afrontan dichos alumnos y pongan en práctica los servicios de apoyo adecuados. En este trabajo se señalan los factores que influyen en la adaptación y el desempeño académico de los alumnos procedentes de otros países. Sus problemas de adaptación se pueden atribuir principalmente a sus conocimientos de la cultura y la lengua inglesa. Su desempeño depende de la competencia lingüística en inglés, las habilidades académicas y la formación educativa. Entender los problemas de adaptación de estos alumnos repercute en la educación intercultural a escala mundial. Asimismo, se examinan iniciativas de apoyo positivas y se analizan sus implicaciones a efectos prácticos.
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry of the Forearm in Preterm and Term Infants: Evaluation of the Methodology

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in forearm measurements of preterm and newborn term infants. The accuracy and linearity of DXA in measuring low mineral content levels (ranging from 30 to 300 mg) was assessed using bone-simulating K2HPO4 phantoms. For in vivo precision, DXA was performed twice on left forearms of four new-born term babies, 21 preterm infants at corrected age 3 mo, and 20 at corrected age 6 mo. Bone mineral content (BMC in mg) and areal bone mineral density (BMD in mg/cm2) at distal forearm and forearm shaft were measured. A special software program allowing a free adjustment of the bone detection threshold was used in the analysis of the scan data. The threshold level affected the overall ability of analysis to detect bone tissue and altered significantly the BMC and BMD values too. Given absolute success in detecting low amounts of bone mineral (BMC > 100 mg), the lowest bone detection threshold evaluated (0.040 g/cm2) became the preferable choice. The relationships between the actual and measured data were highly linear (r was 0.94 for BMC and 0.97 for BMD) but showed underestimation (corresponding slopes were 0.66 and 0.64). In vivo precision expressed as 95% limits of agreement was approximately ±45 mg for BMC and ±16 mg/cm2 for BMD. We conclude that DXA provides adequate reliability for in vivo determinations of BMC and areal BMD in the distal and shaft sites of forearm in term and preterm infants and thus strongly supports the clinical utility of DXA in the diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic disease of prematurity. Movements during scanning are typical of pediatric measurements and may decrease the precision considerably. Therefore, every effort must be made to prevent movement artefacts. In addition, special attention must be paid to keeping the analysis procedures consistent.
The effect of time volunteering and charitable donations in later life on psychological wellbeing

ABSTRACT Although accumulated research findings point to both short- and long-term salutary effects of time volunteering on older adults' physical and mental health, little research has been done on the effect of older adults' making charitable donations on their wellbeing. Guided by activity theory and the theory of volunteering and using data from the first and second waves of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS, 1995–1996 and MIDUS II, 2004–2006), this study examined the question of whether time volunteering and charitable donations nine years earlier had a positive direct effect on psychological wellbeing among individuals age 55 and above. Controlling for time 1 (T1) psychological wellbeing and T1 human, cultural, and social capital resources, a moderate amount (up to ten hours monthly) of T1 time volunteering and any amount of T1 charitable donations had a direct positive effect on time 2 (T2; nine years later) psychological wellbeing. The findings also show a greater effect on psychological wellbeing of any amount of charitable donations than of any amount of time volunteering, although the extent of the effect of both time volunteering and charitable donations was small. With regard to human, cultural, and social capital resources, T1 self-rated health and generative quality were significant predictors of T2 psychological wellbeing, but T1 social capital had no significant effect on T2 psychological wellbeing.
Gender stereotyping in infancy: Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-stereotyped toys in the second year

Infants’ visual preferences for gender-stereotyped toys and their knowledge of stereotyped toys were examined in two experiments using an adaptation of the preferential looking paradigm. Girls and boys aged 12, 18, and 24 months were tested for their preference for photos of vehicles or dolls, and for whether they associated (“matched”) these two stereotyped sets of toys with the faces and voices of male and female children. Results of Experiment 1 (N = 77) demonstrated significant preferences for gender stereotyped toys appearing by 18 months of age. In Experiment 2 (N = 58), girls were able to associate the gender-stereotyped toys with girls’ and boys’ faces by 18 months of age, but boys were not. Implications for theories of early gender development are discussed.
Automated Identification of Artist Given Unknown Paintings & Quantification of Artistic Style

Our dataset consisted of 752 paintings from 6 different artists, with each painting labelled with its artist. Table 1 gives an overview of our dataset, including the number of paintings per artist. Paintings were scraped from online sources (Wikipedia, Google, etc) under Fair Use. Any images that included elements not chosen by the artist (i.e., picture frame, monochromatic borders, captions) were discarded. Data were divided into training (64%), dev (16%), and test (20%) sets.
High-level synthesis with SIMD units

This paper presents novel techniques to integrate the use of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) functional units in a high-level synthesis (HLS) design methodology. SIMD functional units can be configured to operate in one or more SIMD modes, in which they process multiple sets of smaller bitwidth operands in parallel. Conceptually, the use of SIMD functional units enables HLS to (i) exploit parallelism to a higher degree without using additional resources, (ii) improve resource utilization by enabling hardware re-use at a fine-grained level, and (iii) improve energy efficiency for a given area and/or performance constraint. We illustrate the issues involved in performing high-level synthesis with SIMD functional units, and discuss how algorithms involved in a typical high-level synthesis flow can be enhanced to result in maximal performance and energy improvements. These techniques are not restricted to specific high-level synthesis tools/algorithms, and can be plugged into any generic high-level synthesis system.
Assessing the sensitivity of STD surveillance in the Netherlands: an application of the capture–recapture method

The capture–recapture method was used to estimate the sensitivity of case finding in two national STD surveillance systems: (1) STD registration at municipal health services (STD-MHS); (2) statutory notification by clinicians (NNS). To identify those cases common to both surveillance systems, cases from 1995 were compared using individual identifiers. Estimated sensitivities for syphilis were: STD-MHS 31% (95% CI: 27–35%), NNS 64% (56–71%); and for gonorrhoea: STD-MHS 15% (14–18%), NNS 22% (19–25%). The combined sensitivity of both systems was 76% for syphilis and 34% for gonorrhoea. Differences in the sensitivity of the systems were significant. The NNS was more sensitive than the STD-MHS, and the identification of cases was significantly more sensitive for syphilis than for gonorrhoea. A stratified analysis showed comparable results for the two sexes. Knowledge on the sensitivity of surveillance systems is useful for public health decisions and essential for international comparisons.
German Consumer Decision‐Making Styles

The lack of previous relevant consumer research in Germany, together with the need to test the generalizability of consumer decision-making styles in different countries and with non-student samples, prompted an investigation of German shoppers. The original U.S. eight-factor model could not be confirmed completely, but support was found for six factors: Brand Consciousness, Perfectionism, Recreational/Hedonism, Confused by Overchoice, Impulsiveness, and Novelty-Fashion Consciousness. Variety Seeking was novel to Germany and replaced brand loyalty and price-value consciousness factors found in previous countries. Explanations for the differences are discussed as well as the marketing implications.
Longitudinal growth and growth-plate activity in the lower extremity.

Teleroentgenograms of the lower extremity in 244 children (123 boys and 121 girls) were made at six-month intervals from age seven until skeletal maturity. Lengths were measured to determine the growth remaining in the femur and tibia. The subjects were healthy, well-nourished, middle class Americans, mostly of Northwest European descent. The percentage of growth occurring at each lower extremity growth plate was determined by roentgenstereophotogrametric analysis. The growth occurring at the distal femoral and proximal tibial growth plates was determined by multiplying the proportion of growth occurring at each age by the longitudinal growth remaining. The proportion of growth occurring at each growth plate is not equal. Also, growth-plate activity is not constant or average throughout growth. Overall, approximately 70% of growth in the femur occurs at the distal growth plate. The proportion of growth occurring in the distal femoral growth plate in girls varies from 60% at seven years of age to 90% at age 14. Similarly, the contribution of the distal femoral growth plate in boys varies from 55% at seven years of age to 90% at age 16. Overall, the contribution of the proximal tibial growth plate is approximately 57%. In girls, this varies from 50% at seven years of age to 80% at age 14. In boys it varies from 50% at seven years of age to 80% at age 16. From the age of seven to skeletal maturity, the distal femur contributes approximately 1.3 cm per year to femoral growth, except in the last two years, when it contributes half that amount. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Development of a second clonally discrete Burkitt's lymphoma in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive homosexual patient.

We have studied, at a molecular level, two small non-cleaved cell malignant lymphomas (Burkitt's type) that were separated by a disease-free interval of 3 years in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The late occurrence of the apparent relapse suggested that the second lymphoma might be caused by a separate malignant transformation in a discrete clone of B cells. Although both tumors expressed the same immunologic surface markers (mu k) and carried the same t(8;14) translocation, Southern blot analysis of DNA from each tumor, using specific restriction endonucleases and probes to the c-myc and the immunoglobulin heavy chain loci, demonstrated that the chromosomal breakpoints relevant to the translocations differed between the tumors. This was corroborated by analysis of the immunoglobulin light-chain rearrangements in the two tumors. These observations indicate that the second tumor was not a recurrence of the first but represented the malignant transformation of a different clone of B cells. Thus late relapses of certain malignancies in individuals at high risk may be caused by the malignant transformation of discrete cell clones (i.e., induction of a new tumor).