Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF SEIZURE DISORDERS IN THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT —

129 A n accurate diagnosis built on history, physical examination, and testing is the critical first step in successful management of epilepsy and isolated seizures in children. Determining the risk for recurrence is, of course, the paramount concern to both clinician and parents. In the United States, the estimates of recurrence risk range from 23% to 71%, with most of the variation in estimates attributable to study design and distribution of prognostic factors. In a recent large study, only one third (33%) of children with single unprovoked seizures had recurrences within 5 years. Thus, the early full evaluation of the seizure disorder often provides the evidence base to reassure parents. And for those children in whom recurrent events are deemed likely, classifying the epileptic complex by clinical, etiologic, and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings provides the necessary framework for ongoing evaluation and long-term treatment. Because an initial seizure can present in such varied settings, and because the majority of new-onset cases in children will actually yield no identifiable cause, no single diagnostic strategy will apply to evaluation of all children. This review will summarize a flexible and evolving diagnostic approach that is appropriate for the pediatric patient with presumptive epilepsy. An evaluation built on a basic history and a simple testing algorithm as described here should help neurologists avoid unnecessary tests while still constructing a full diagnosis of the syndrome that allows for accurate prognosis and successful therapeutic choices.
w-function of the KDV hierarchy

In the present paper we construct a family of differential commuting multidimensional operators of order 3, which is closely related to the KdV hierarchy. We find a common eigenfunction of this family and an algebraic relation between these operators. Using these operators we associate a hyperelliptic curve to any solution of stationary KdV equation. A basic generating function of the solution of stationary KdV equation is introduced as special polarization of the hyperelliptic curve equation. The w-function is defined as a unique function with the following property: the second logarithmic derivatives of w are given by the basic generating function of the stationary g-KdV equation solution, in particular, the second logarithmic derivative of w with respect to x gives this solution.
A New Loop-Free Proactive Source Routing Scheme for Opportunistic Data Forwarding in Wireless Networks

Opportunistic data forwarding (ODF) has drawn much attention in wireless networking research in recent years. The effectiveness of ODF in wireless networks is heavily depended on the choice of proper routing protocols which can provide effective source routing services. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol named PSR for ODF in mobile ad-hoc networks. PSR is featured by proactive source routing, loop-free, and extremely small routing overhead. Compared to existing routing protocols, there is no need to timestamp routing updates in PSR and the update messages are harmoniously integrated into the tree structure, so that the overhead can be significantly reduced.
The Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments initiated the first large-scale use of the tradable permit approach to pollution control. The theoretical case for this approach rests on the assumption of an efficient market for emission rights. The authors' empirical analysis shows that the emission rights market created by the 1990 Amendments had become reasonably efficient by mid-1994. They also show that the auctions specified in the Amendments to jump-start trading had become a small part of the overall market. Finally, the authors demonstrate that the strategic bidding behavior discussed in the literature has had no effect on market prices. Copyright 1998 by American Economic Association.
Independent Component Analysis for coastal water mapping using hyperspectral datasets

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is considered to be one of the most recent and successful ways to produce independent components out of the hyperspectral cube. The tool tries to resolve the Blind Source Separation (BSS) statistical problem and has been applied to various case studies of hyperspectral datasets, for dimensionality reduction and separation of independent signal sources, i.e. endmembers. Many ICA algorithms have been proposed in the literature. In this study, the FastICA, JADE, BSS SVD, SONS, NG-OL, and SIMBEC algorithms were applied on airborne hyperspectral data for coastal water mapping. Emphasis was given on water turbidity. In order to enforce the capacities of FastICA, a methodology including the eigen-thresholding Harsanyi-Farrand-Chang noise suppression technique, as well as, three-level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) was developed. Results were compared and evaluated with in situ measurements related to turbidity. ICA algorithms produced quite interesting results. The BSS SVD algorithm was proven the most efficient tool for coastal water mapping.
Critical Essay: Building new management theories on sound data? The case of neuroscience

In this critical essay, I contend that accelerating demands for novel theories in management studies imply that new methodologies and data are sometimes accepted prematurely as supply of these novel theories. This point is illustrated with reference to how neuroscience can inform management research. I propose two demand forces that foster the increased focus on neuroscience in management studies, these being (i) the direction of public research funding, and (ii) publication bias as a boost for journal impact factor. Looking at the supply side, I note that (i) the statistical power of studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (or fMRI, the ‘gold’ standard) is unacceptably low, (ii) the use of imprecise ‘motherhood’ statements, and (iii) the dismissal of ethical concerns in the formulation of management theories and practice informed by neuroscience. I then briefly outline the bad consequences of this for management theory and practice, emphasize why it is important to prevent these consequences, and offer some methodological suggestions for future research.
The Declining Value Relevance of Accounting Information and Non-Information-Based Trading: An Empirical Analysis

Recently, a growing body of literature has suggested that financial statements have lost their value relevance because of a shift from a traditional capital-intensive economy to a high-technology, service-oriented economy. These conclusions are based on studies that find a temporal decline in the association between stock prices and accounting information (earnings and book values). This paper empirically tests a theoretical prediction arising from the Noisy Rational Expectations Equilibrium model that suggests that the decline could be driven by non-information-based (NIB) trading activity, because such trading reduces the ability of stock prices to reflect accounting information. Specifically, Dontoh et al. (2004) show that when NIB trading increases, the R-squares of a regression of stock price on accounting information declines. Our empirical tests confirm this prediction; i.e., the decline in the association between stock prices and accounting information as measured by R-squares is driven by an increase in NIB trading.
Revealing travel patterns and city structure with taxi trip data

Revealing travel patterns and city structure with taxi trip data Xi Liu, Li Gong , Yongxi Gong , Yu Liu a,b* a Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China b Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration and Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China c Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Urban Planning and Decision Making, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China Abstract: Delineating travel patterns and city structure has long been a core research topic in transport geography. Different from the physical structure, the city structure beneath the complex travel-flow system shows the inherent connection patterns within the city. On the basis of massive taxi trip data of Shanghai, we built spatially-embedded networks to model the intra-city spatial interactions and introduced network science methods into the issue. The community detection method is applied to reveal sub-regional structures, and several network measures are used to examine the properties of sub-regions. Considering the differences between longand short-distance trips, we reveal a two-level hierarchical polycentric city structure of Shanghai. Further explorations on sub-network structures demonstrate that urban sub-regions have broader internal spatial interactions, while suburban centers are more influential in local traffic. By incorporating the land use of centers from the travel pattern perspective, we investigate sub-region formation and center–local places interaction patterns. This study provides insights into using emerging data sources to reveal travel patterns and city structures, which could potentially aid in applying urban and transportation policies. The sub-regional structures revealed in this study are more easily interpreted for transportation-related issues than other structures, such as administrative divisions.
Economic choices can be made using only stimulus values

Decision-making often involves choices between different stimuli, each of which is associated with a different physical action. A growing consensus suggests that the brain makes such decisions by assigning a value to each available option and then comparing them to make a choice. An open question in decision neuroscience is whether the brain computes these choices by comparing the values of stimuli directly in goods space or instead by first assigning values to the associated actions and then making a choice over actions. We used a functional MRI paradigm in which human subjects made choices between different stimuli with and without knowledge of the actions required to obtain the different stimuli. We found neural correlates of the value of the chosen stimulus (a postdecision signal) in ventromedial prefrontal cortex before the actual stimulus–action pairing was revealed. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the brain is capable of making choices in the space of goods without first transferring values into action space.
p250GAP Is a Novel Player in the Cdh1-APC/Smurf1 Pathway of Axon Growth Regulation

Axon growth is an essential process during brain development. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdh1-APC has emerged as a critical regulator of intrinsic axon growth control. Here, we identified the RhoGAP p250GAP as a novel interactor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdh1-APC and found that p250GAP promotes axon growth downstream of Cdh1-APC. We also report that p250GAP undergoes non-proteolytic ubiquitination and associates with the Cdh1 substrate Smurf1 to synergistically regulate axon growth. Finally, we found that in vivo knockdown of p250GAP in the developing cerebellar cortex results in impaired migration and axonal growth. Taken together, our data indicate that Cdh1-APC together with the RhoA regulators p250GAP and Smurf1 controls axon growth in the mammalian brain.
A fault detecting algorithm based on spatio-temporal correlation in wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks are often deployed in harsh natural environment, in which sensor nodes are vulnerable and therefore produce wrong data. In order to solve this problem, the paper proposes a distributed fault detecting algorithm based on spatio-temporal correlation among data of adjacent nodes. By comparing the sample values of two nodes in short interval, the validity of the data is verified. This algorithm is applicable to the scenarios in which the distribution of environment variable is related to space, and at the same time in which the sample values of adjacent nodes are different according to the distance among them. The simulation experiment shows that the algorithm can efficiently detect errors in the network and very few errors are introduced.
Distributed leadership in practice

Distributed leadership has become an important term for educational policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the United States and around the world, but there is much diversity in how the term is understood. Some use it as a synonym for democratic or participative leadership. This book examines what it means to take a distributed perspective based on extensive research and a rich theoretical perspective developed by experts in the field.Including numerous case studies of individual schools and providing empirically based accounts of school settings using a distributed perspective, this thorough volume: explores how a distributed perspective is different from other frameworks for thinking about leadership; provides clear examples of how taking a distributed perspective can help researchers understand and connect more directly to leadership practice; and illustrates that the day-to-day practice of leadership is an important line of inquiry for scholars and those interested in improving school leadership.
Herbs Affecting the Central Nervous System

LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING HERBAL MEDICINES IN THE US As a result of the existing laws and regulations, most herbal remedies (botanicals, phytomedicines) are currently marketed in the United States as dietary supplements, a food category, not as the drugs they are. This situation stems directly from the passage, in 1962, of the Kefauver–Harris Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. These amendments required drugs to be proven effective prior to marketing, in addition to the purity and safety requirements already in effect. Although the law specifically exempted from this requirement all drugs marketed prior to 1938, which included almost all of the herbal remedies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), by a clever application of administrative law, i.e., regulations, circumvented the will of Congress. The agency declared that although sale could continue, any unproven claim of efficacy would cause the herb to be considered as misbranded which could result in confiscation. To determine efficacy of over-the-counter products, in 1972 the FDA established 17 panels to evaluate, on the basis of submitted information only, the data supporting such claims. The panels were not permitted to utilize anecdotal information, product popularity, nor did they conduct detailed literature surveys. Because proof of efficacy studies are extremely expensive—current estimates for new chemical entities range up to one-half billion dollars—a limited amount of data was submitted to the panels for the old botanical remedies for which patent protection and market exclusivity with consequent profitability were doubtful. In consequence, very few herbal remedies were approved as drugs. The few that were found acceptable included capsicum (Capsicum spp.) as a topical analgesic, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhl.) as a demulcent, psyllium seed and husk (Plantago spp.) as a laxative, and distilled extract of witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.) as an astringent (due to the 14% alcohol added to the final preparation). On the basis of inadequate data submission, the FDA declared peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) to be an unsafe and ineffective digestive aid and placed other useful remedies such as the antitussive eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and the laxative prune (Prunus domestica L.) concentrate in the same category. Sales of such herbal products declined for a time but began to increase once again in the 1980s as consumers became more health conscious and displayed a significant interest in natural products. Finally in 1993, Commissioner David Kessler of the FDA threatened additional …
Safety and Immunogenicity of Full-Dose Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) Compared With Half-Dose TIV Administered to Children 6 Through 35 Months of Age.

BACKGROUND Children 6 through 35 months of age are recommended to receive half the dose of influenza vaccine compared with older children and adults. METHODS This was a 6-site, randomized 2:1, double-blind study comparing full-dose (0.5 mL) trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) with half-dose (0.25 mL) TIV in children 6 through 35 months of age. Children previously immunized with influenza vaccine (primed cohort) received 1 dose, and those with no previous influenza immunizations (naive cohort) received 2 doses of TIV. Local and systemic adverse events were recorded. Sera were collected before immunization and 1 month after last dose of TIV. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody testing was performed. RESULTS Of the 243 subjects enrolled (32 primed, 211 naive), data for 232 were available for complete analysis. No significant differences in local or systemic reactions were observed. Few significant differences in immunogenicity to the 3 vaccine antigens were noted. The immune response to H1N1 was significantly higher in the full-dose group among primed subjects. In the naive cohort, the geometric mean titer for all 3 antigens after 2 doses of TIV were significantly higher in the 12 through 35 months compared with the 6 through 11 months age group. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the safety of full-dose TIV given to children 6 through 35 months of age. An increase in antibody responses after full- versus half-dose TIV was not observed, except for H1N1 in the primed group. Larger studies are needed to clarify the potential for improved immunogenicity with higher vaccine doses. Recommending the same dose could simplify the production, storage, and administration of influenza vaccines.
Easy-to-Use Firewall Management for Home Users

In this paper, we identify usability challenges presented by internetworking multiple homes, with a special focus on home network firewall management. The homes nowadays have an internet connection and multiple computers more and more often. The security of the home network is key to safe and trusting usage of this network. Firewalls have a major role in providing this security, acting as safety guard against network attacks. However, in order to truly provide security for the home network, the management of the firewall needs to be easy to use and to understand. The work at hand presents a graphical user interface (GUI) aimed for home network users for enabling easy-to-use, understandable firewall management.
Online Algorithms for Automotive Idling Reduction With Effective Statistics

Idling, or running the engine when the vehicle is not moving, accounts for 13%-23% of vehicle driving time and costs billions of gallons of fuel each year. In this paper, we consider the problem of idling reduction under the uncertainty of vehicle stop time. We abstract it as a classic ski rental problem, and propose a constrained version with two statistics μB- and qB+, the expected length of short stops and the probability of long stops. We develop two online algorithms, a suboptimal closed-form algorithm and an optimal numerical solution, that combine the best of the well-known deterministic and randomized schemes to minimize the worst case competitive ratio. We demonstrate the algorithms perform better than existing solutions in terms of both worst case guarantee and average case performance using simulation and real-world driving data.
A personalized middleware for ubiquitous mHealth services

This paper presents a personalized middleware for mobile eHealth (mHealth) services for use in the Ubiquitous Consumer Wireless World (UCWW). The middleware was developed based on the ISO/IEEE 11073 personal health data (PHD) standards. It works as a multi-agent system (MAS) to provide intelligent collection of physiological data from medical sensors attached to human body, and subsequent sending of gathered data to a log data node by utilizing the Always Best Connected and best Served (ABC&S) communication paradigm. A number of design issues associated with the middleware implementation are outlined.
Vision System for Wing Beat Analysis of Bats in the Wild

Bats are among a variety of animals that researchers are analyzing with computer-vision methods. The focus of our work is on using shape analysis to estimate the wing beat of individual bats. Our proposed system works with thermal infrared video of bats flying in their natural environment where field conditions make it challenging to record high-quality data. We present wing beat estimates for 20 different bats during their emergence from a cave.
Ben Bernanke versus Milton Friedman The Federal Reserve’s Emergence as the U.S. Economy’s Central Planner

B oth Ben S. Bernanke and Milton Friedman are economists who studied the Great Depression closely. Indeed, Bernanke admits that his intense interest in that event was inspired by reading Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz’sMonetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963). Bernanke agrees with Friedman that what made the Great Depression truly great rather than just a garden-variety depression was the series of banking panics that began nearly a year after the stock-market crash of October 1929. And both agree that the Federal Reserve (the Fed) was the primary culprit by failing to offset, if not by initiating, that economic cataclysm within the United States (Ip 2005). As Bernanke, while still only a member of the Fed’s board of governors, said in an address at a ninetieth-birthday celebration for Friedman: “I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression. You’re right, we did it. We’re very sorry. But thanks to you, we won’t do it again” (2002b). This seeming similarity, however, disguises significant differences in Friedman’s and Bernanke’s approaches to financial crises, differences that have played an enormous
Genetic analysis of multiple synchronous lesions of the colon adenoma–carcinoma sequence

The colorectal adenoma–carcinoma sequence represents a well-known paradigm for the sequential development of cancer driven by the accumulation of genomic defects. Although the colorectal adenoma–carcinoma sequence is well investigated, studies about tumours of different dignity co-existent in the same patient are seldom. In order to address the distribution of genetic alterations in different lesions of the same patient, we coincidently investigated carcinomas, adenomas and aberrant crypt foci in patients with sporadic colon cancer. By utilizing polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformation polymorphism, heteroduplex-analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, protein truncation test and sequencing techniques we looked for mutations and microsatellite instability of APC, H- ras, K- ras, p53, DCC and the DNA repair genes hMLH1/hMSH2. In accordance with the suggested adenoma–carcinoma sequence of the colon, four patients reflected the progressive accumulation of genetic defects in synchronously appearing tumours during carcinogenesis. However, two patients with non-hereditary malignomas presented different genetic instabilities in different but synchronously appearing tumours suggesting non-clonal growth under almost identical conditions of the environment. Thus, sporadically manifesting multiple lesions of the colon were not necessarily driven by similar genetic mechanisms. Premalignant lesions may transform into malignant tumours starting from different types of genetic instability, which indicates independent and simultaneous tumorigenesis within the same organ. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign