Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Underdetermined Blind Separation using modified subspace-based algorithm in the time-frequency domain

To solve the underdetermined blind separation (UBSS) problem, Aissa-El-Bey et al. have proposed the significant subspace-based algorithms in the time-frequency (TF) domain, where a fixed (maximum) value of K, i.e., the number of active sources overlapping at any TF point, is considered for simplicity. In this paper, based on the principle component analysis (PCA) technology, we propose a modified algorithm by estimating the number K for selected frequency bins where most energy is concentrated. Improved performances are obtained without increasing complexity. Streszczenie. Do rozwiązania problem nieokreślonej ślepej separacji (UBSS) Aissa-El_Bey zaproponowal algorytm czasowo-czestotliwościowy gdzie ustalono liczbe aktywnych źrodel pokrywających kazdy punkt TF. W artykule zaproponowano zmodyfikowany algorytm bazujący na analizie skladowej glownej PCA. Otrzymano poprawe parametrow bez powiekszania skomplikowania metody. (Nieokreślona ślepa separacja przy wykorzystaniu algorytmu w dziedzinie czasu i czestotliwości)
Long Term Control of Exhaustible Resources

Part 1 Major theoretical results: hotelling rule and the views of Ricardo the individual mine economic reserves and exhaustion aggregation exploration sectoral extraction and the behaviour of price multiple deposits, capital and other complications welfare, competition, and stability other imperfections growth and survival monopoly duopoly and oligopoly. Part 2 Empirical tests and price studies: reminder evidence on scarcity rents evidence on the behaviour of rents and prices over time. Part 3 Joint products and the environment: introduction joint production from composite reserves optimum pollution stocks and clean up transnational pollution in general equilibrium. Part 4 Trade and macroeconomic issues: resource models with trade - survival revisited trade models with natural resources - the basic trade theorems the Dutch disease and the macroeconomy other issues.
Ferulic Acid Administered at Various Time Points Protects against Cerebral Infarction by Activating p38 MAPK/p90RSK/CREB/Bcl-2 Anti-Apoptotic Signaling in the Subacute Phase of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ferulic acid (FA) administered at various time points before or after 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 7 d of reperfusion and to examine the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in the cortical penumbra. Methods FA was intravenously administered to rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg 24 h before ischemia (B-FA), 2 h before ischemia (P-FA), immediately after ischemic insult (I-FA), 2 h after reperfusion (R-FA), or 24 h after reperfusion (D-FA). Results Our study results indicated that P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA effectively reduced cerebral infarct areas and neurological deficits. P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA significantly downregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mitochondrial Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and effectively restored the phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK)/p38 MAPK ratio, phospho-90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p-p90RSK) expression, phospho-Bad (p-Bad) expression, the phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB)/CREB ratio, the cytosolic and mitochondrial Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and the cytosolic Bcl-xL/Bax ratio in the cortical penumbra 7 d after reperfusion. SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, administered 30 min prior to ischemia abrogated the downregulating effects of I-FA on cerebral infarction, and mitochondrial Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and the upregulating effects of I-FA on the p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio, p-p90RSK expression, p-Bad expression, and the p-CREB/CREB, and cytosolic and mitochondrial Bcl-2/Bax ratios. Conclusions Our study results thus indicate that P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA effectively suppress reactive astrocytosis and exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral infarction by activating p38 MAPK signaling. The regulating effects of P-FA, I-FA, and R-FA on Bax-induced apoptosis result from activation of the p38 MAPK/p90RSK/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling pathway, and eventually contribute to inhibition of the cytochrome c-mediated caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway in the cortical penumbra 7 d after reperfusion.
Getting Behind the East-West [German] Wage Differential: Theory and Evidence

Labor markets are the most important mediator of German unification and wages are a central indicator of its progress. Starting from the observation that a wage differential between two workers can arise either because workers have different endowments of human capital characteristics or remuneration to these characteristics differ, we apply an Oaxaca-style decomposition to the post-unification waves of the GSOEP to analyze the extent and causes of the East-West German wage differential. We derive an empirical specification allowing us to assess directly whether (i) the initial wage disadvantage of East German workers is increasing in "age at unification" and (ii) subsequent wage growth is increasing in the time remaining in the labor force. Furthermore, we derive and estimate a measure of East-West wage convergence that accounts for both differences in human capital endowments and interference generated by the aging process.
Job Loss in the Great Recession and its Aftermath: U.S. Evidence from the Displaced Workers Survey

The Great Recession from December 2007 to June 2009 is associated with a dramatic weakening of the labor market from which, by some measures, it has not completely recovered. I use data from the Displaced Workers Survey (DWS) from 1984-2014 to investigate the incidence and consequences of job loss from 1981-2013. In particular, the 2010, 2012, and 2014 DWSs provide a window through which to examine the experience of job losers in the Great Recession and its aftermath and to compare their experience to that of earlier job losers. These data show a record high rate of job loss in the Great Recession, with almost one in six workers reporting having lost a job in the 2007-2009 period, that has not yet returned to pre-recession levels. The employment consequences of job loss are also very serious during this period with very low rates of reemployment and difficulty finding full-time employment. The reduction in weekly earnings for those job losers during the 2007-2013 period who were able to find new employment are not unusually large by historical standards.
An algorithm to compute CVTs for finitely generated Cantor distributions

Centroidal Voronoi tessellations (CVTs) are Voronoi tessellations of a region such that the generating points of the tessellations are also the centroids of the corresponding Voronoi regions with respect to a given probability measure. CVT is a fundamental notion that has a wide spectrum of applications in computational science and engineering. In this paper, an algorithm is given to obtain the CVTs with $n$-generators to level $m$, for any positive integers $m$ and $n$, of any Cantor set generated by a pair of self-similar mappings given by $S_1(x)=r_1x$ and $S_2(x)=r_2x+(1-r_2)$ for $x\in \mathbb R$, where $r_1, r_2>0$ and $r_1+r_2 0$ and $p_1+p_2=1$.
A Core Paired-Type and POU Homeodomain-Containing Transcription Factor Program Drives Retinal Bipolar Cell Gene Expression

The diversity of cell types found within the vertebrate CNS arises in part from action of complex transcriptional programs. In the retina, the programs driving diversification of various cell types have not been completely elucidated. To investigate gene regulatory networks that underlie formation and function of one retinal circuit component, the bipolar cell, transcriptional regulation of three bipolar cell-enriched genes was analyzed. Using in vivo retinal DNA transfection and reporter gene constructs, a 200 bp Grm6 enhancer sequence, a 445 bp Cabp5 promoter sequence, and a 164 bp Chx10 enhancer sequence, were defined, each driving reporter expression specifically in distinct but overlapping bipolar cell subtypes. Bioinformatic analysis of sequences revealed the presence of potential paired-type and POU homeodomain-containing transcription factor binding sites, which were shown to be critical for reporter expression through deletion studies. The paired-type homeodomain transcription factors (TFs) Crx and Otx2 and the POU homeodomain factor Brn2 are expressed in bipolar cells and interacted with the predicted binding sequences as assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Grm6, Cabp5, and Chx10 reporter activity was reduced in Otx2 loss-of-function retinas. Endogenous gene expression of bipolar cell molecular markers was also dependent on paired-type homeodomain-containing TFs, as assessed by RNA in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR in mutant retinas. Cabp5 and Chx10 reporter expression was reduced in dominant-negative Brn2-transfected retinas. The paired-type and POU homeodomain-containing TFs Otx2 and Brn2 together appear to play a common role in regulating gene expression in retinal bipolar cells.
Building a Learning Community: A Tale of Two Schools.

ducation research has found that collegial work is connected to teachers’ professional growth and positive student outcomes, but for various social and psychological as well as organizational reasons, teachers often face challenges to working together. As a result, efforts to bring teachers together have had uneven success. There is a good deal of research about what effective professional learning communities (PLCs) look like, but as McLaughlin and Talbert (2006) write: “We know much less about the process—how teacher learning communities get started, how they develop, and how requirements for their development and markers of maturity change” (129). This study combines survey data of 33 New Jersey public schools involved in a statesponsored PLC training program with case studies of two of those schools in order to trace the factors associated with the implementation of PLCs. Interviews and observations at the two case-study schools showed that a set of predicted variables—vision, community, resources (including time to meet and teacher expertise), and processes—seemed to be connected to the development of collegial professional practice, and that all of these factors were influenced by principal leadership and the wider distributed leadership structures at the schools. These findings were corroborated by the survey data from the two case-study schools and the larger pool of schools in the program. Other factors, such as the state and local contexts of the two case study schools, and the leaders’ judicious use of their means of control while also supporting teacher autonomy, proved to be important for these schools as well. Although the staffs at both schools were already close socially and professionally, in both schools even reluctant teachers noticed greater depth to their collegial work. Challenges remained in terms of scheduling among teachers and the use of data to support high-quality teaching, but the move from congeniality to collegiality could be documented. E
QoS Improvement in AOMDV through Backup and Stable Path Routing

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that can communicate with each other using multi-hop wireless links without utilizing any fixed base-station infrastructure and centralized management. Each mobile node in the network acts as both a host generating ows or being the destination of flows and a router forwarding flows directed to other nodes. Selecting a long route that satisfy the quality of service criteria in MANET is very critical task. In this paper we propose a new Backup and Stable path Adhoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector (BSAOMDV) routing which is an enhancement of adhoc on demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) protocol. It design in such a way so that it selects the long lasting, and delay sensitive path for data communication. In BSAOMDV we also modified the protocol in such a way so that it generates the destination of the source node when the number of alternate path becomes zero. This protocol is compared with the Adhoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol. We use ns2 simulator for simulation. From the simulation we obtained that our new protocol BSAOMDV outperform than AOMDV in packet delivery ratio and throughput. And also similar or better for lower mobility i.e. Mobility speed less than 15 m/s.
Innovation studies - an emerging discipline (or what)? A study of the global network of innovation scholars

Although innovation is not a new topic for scholarly research, the academic literature on innovation was, for a long time, not very voluminous. However, more recently innovation has become a major focus among scholars of different backgrounds, and this change is also reflected in an increasing number of academic publications in this area. In parallel with this we have seen the emergence of a number of new journals and professional associations devoted to the subject. The research reported in this paper is motivated by these trends. We wish to find an answer to the question to what extent it now exists a unified community of innovation scholars that identify themselves with innovation studies as a field rather than particular sub-fields within other, more traditional disciplines. Moreover, we want to explore the factors (sources of inspiration, academic leadership, professional societies, publishing outlets etc.) that bind scholars together or - alternatively - continue to keep them divided. The research reported in this paper is based on a web-survey carried out in during 2004 and 2005. The results suggest that a global innovation studies community exists as a collection of a large number of relatively small groups (characterized dense internal relationships) defined along geographical and disciplinary lines. Although the field has spread over many countries and disciplines, it is particularly developed in Europe and among scholars with a background in economics. These smaller groups, however, are embedded in larger transnational groups or clusters that are kept together by what is commonly referred to as "weak ties". Leading scholars, professional associations and journals all play an important role in keeping these larger groups together (as well as distinguishing them from each other).
RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTIPATH ROUTING FOR INTRUSION TOLERANCE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment. WSNs are deployed in an unattended environment in which energy replenishment is very difficult. Due to limited resources, a WSN must not only satisfy the application specific Quality of service (QOS) requirements such as reliability, timeliness and security, but also minimize energy consumption to prolong the system useful lifetime. The tradeoff issue between energy consumption vs. QOS gain becomes much more complicated when inside attackers or intruders are present in the network, as a path may be broken when a malicious node is on the path. The main goal of this paper is to exploit the tradeoff between energy consumption vs. the gain in reliability and security to maximize the system useful lifetime in the presence of attackers. The clustering of nodes is performed to increase the performance and decrease the energy consumption at each node. The energy efficiency is achieved by restricting the communication between inter cluster sensors which are far apart from each other and also by introducing a distributed intrusion detection system to detect and evict the malicious nodes causing certain types of energy consuming attacks. To satisfy the reliability requirement of a WSN, a modified multipath routing scheme is proposed. The optimal amount of redundancy that has to be applied to achieve reliable yet energy efficient data transfer will be estimated. Thus the proposed methodology satisfies both the energy efficiency and reliability requirements of a WSN in the presence of malicious nodes.
Building community in schools

"Sergiovanni documents cases of schools that have successfully reinvented themselves in order to establish a sense of 'community' as the foundation for all curriculum and instruction decisions. Teachers, administrators, teacher educators, and communities seeking advice and motivation for restructuring schools for the 21st century would be well advised to consult this work. "--Choice "Provides the practitioner with both a theoretical blueprint with which to build learning communities and a rich supply of benchmark illustrations to use as prototypes. thought-provoking and challenging. "--NASSP Bulletin Both in and out of schools, people are experiencing a loss of community. In this book, Thomas J. Sergiovanni explains why a sense of community is so vital to the success of any school and shows teachers, parents, and administrators what they can do to rebuild it. Filled with case studies and other school examples, Building Community in Schools provides the necessary intellectual framework for understanding the need to create communities that are inclusive, meaningful, and democratic.
OH(1720 MHz) Masers at the Galactic Centre

OH(1720 MHz) masers permit direct measurements of the magnetic field strength at the Galactic Centre, and their angular broadening constrains models for the medium that scatters radio waves in the central 100 pc of the Galaxy. As the 1720 MHz masers are unaccompanied by the main-line masers at 1665 and 1667 MHz, they must be pumped by collisions in molecular gas that is cooling after being overrun by a non-dissociative (i.e. C-type) shock wave. In particular, this confirms that the ``SNR'' Sgr A East is driving a shock into the M-0.02-0.07 molecular cloud. The intensity of the v=1--0 S(1) line of H_2 is consistent with the shock strength expected to be driven into the molecular gas by the pressure within Sgr A East.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induces Long-Term Potentiation in Intact Adult Hippocampus: Requirement for ERK Activation Coupled to CREB and Upregulation of Arc Synthesis

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in long-term synaptic plasticity in the adult hippocampus, but the cellular mechanisms are little understood. Here we used intrahippocampal microinfusion of BDNF to trigger long-term potentiation (BDNF-LTP) at medial perforant path–granule cell synapses in vivo. BDNF infusion led to rapid phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) and p38 but not JNK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase). These effects were restricted to the infused dentate gyrus; no changes were observed in microdissected CA3 and CA1 regions. Local infusion of MEK (MAP kinase kinase) inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126) during BDNF delivery abolished BDNF-LTP and the associated ERK activation. Application of MEK inhibitor during established BDNF-LTP had no effect. Activation of MEK-ERK is therefore required for the induction, but not the maintenance, of BDNF-LTP. BDNF-LTP was further coupled to ERK-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein. Finally, we investigated the expression of two immediate early genes, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) and Zif268, both of which are required for generation of late, mRNA synthesis-dependent LTP. BDNF infusion resulted in selective upregulation of mRNA and protein for Arc. In situ hybridization showed that Arc transcripts are rapidly and extensively delivered to granule cell dendrites. U0126 blocked Arcupregulation in parallel with BDNF-LTP. The results support a model in which BDNF triggers long-lasting synaptic strengthening through MEK-ERK and selective induction of the dendritic mRNA speciesArc.
How Microsoft builds software

• 20,500 employees • 250 products – Windows 95 • 11 million lines of code • 200 designers, programmers and testers • What development process do they use? Main Philosophy • Does not use adopt too many of the structured software-engineering practices • " scaled-up " a loosely structured small-team style (hacker philosophy? ) – Small parallel teams of 3 to 8 developers each or – Individual programmers – Working together as a large team Philosophy • Each team has the freedom to evolve their design – Evolve features and whole products incrementally – Occasionally introduce new concepts and technologies • However – Since teams have so much freedom – There is a danger that products may become incompatible – They synchronize their changes frequently Synch-and-stabilize • Terms describing the process – " daily-build " – " nightly build " – " zero defect " – " milestone " • Build – Putting together partially completed or finished pieces of the software – Goal • To determine what works and what doesn't – Done by completely recompiling the source code and executing automated tests
A case study : IEEE 802 . 21 enabled mobile terminals for optimized WLAN / 3 G handovers

Wireless LAN hotspots are becoming widely spread. This, com bined with the availability of new multi-mode terminals integrating heterogeneous tec hnologies, opens new business opportunities for Mobile Operators. Scenarios in which 3G c overage is complemented by Wireless LAN deployments are becoming available. Theref or all IP based networks are ready to offer a new variety of services across heterogen eous access. However, to achieve this, some aspects still need to be analyzed. In part icul r, how and when to execute handovers in order to minimize service interruptions and ma xi ize the use of the most appropriate technologies according to user’s preferences (for example, a user may prefer to use a lower cost technology if available). This paper pres ent a simulation study of handover performance between 3G and Wireless LAN access net works. The mobile devices are based on the IEEE 802.21 cross layer architecture and use Wir less LAN signal level thresholds as handover criteria.
Distribution of Cortical Endoplasmic Reticulum Determines Positioning of Endocytic Events in Yeast Plasma Membrane

In many eukaryotes, a significant part of the plasma membrane is closely associated with the dynamic meshwork of cortical endoplasmic reticulum (cortical ER). We mapped temporal variations in the local coverage of the yeast plasma membrane with cortical ER pattern and identified micron-sized plasma membrane domains clearly different in cortical ER persistence. We show that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is initiated outside the cortical ER-covered plasma membrane zones. These cortical ER-covered zones are highly dynamic but do not overlap with the immobile and also endocytosis-inactive membrane compartment of Can1 (MCC) and the subjacent eisosomes. The eisosomal component Pil1 is shown to regulate the distribution of cortical ER and thus the accessibility of the plasma membrane for endocytosis.