Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radical surgery for advanced gallbladder carcinoma

Forty‐four patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma (18 with stage pT3 and 26 with stage pT4 of the Union Internacional Contra la Cancrum classification) were aggressively managed by extended heptatic resection in 33 patients, bile duct resection in 28, pancreaticoduodenectomy in seven, gastrointestinal resection in eleven and portal vein resection and reconstruction in seven. Adjacent organ involvement was classified as follows: type I, hepatic involvement with or without gastrointestinal invasion (Ia, Ib); type II, bile duct involvement with or without gastrointestinal invasion (IIa, IIb); type III, hepatic and bile duct involvement with or without gastrointestinal invasion (IIIa, IIIb); type IV, gastrointestinal involvement without hepatic or bile duct invasion. Fourteen of 15 patients with type I tumours had a curative resection compared with seven of 26 with type III lesions (P< 0·0001). The surgical mortality rate was two of 15 patients with type I tumours, seven of 26 with type III tumours and nine of 44 for the whole group. The long‐term survival rate after curative resection was four and two of 23 at 3 and 5 years respectively, significantly better than two and none of 21 at 1 and 2 years after non‐curative resection (P < 0·01). The survival rate after curative resection for patients with type I tumours was four and two of 14 at 3 and 5 years respectively, significantly better than for other types (P < 0·05). This classification of advanced gallbladder carcinoma according to involvement of adjacent organs might be helpful in planning surgery for this condition; in particular, type I tumours should be treated by a radical surgical procedure to achieve a favourable outcome.
Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections

Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) quintana is the etiological agent of trench fever, a disease extensively reported during the World Wars. Recent molecular biology approaches have allowed dramatic extension of the spectrum of Bartonella infections. B. quintana is now also recognized as an etiological agent of fever and bacteremia, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, and chronic lymphadenopathy. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and/or homeless people are the most vulnerable to infection. Poverty and louse infestation were the main epidemiological factors associated with B. quintana infections during wartime. Although poverty and chronic alcoholism have been associated with modern cases of trench fever and bacteremia due to B. quintana in Europe and the United States, vectors for B. quintana have not been clearly identified and B. quintana has not been isolated from modern-day lice. Microscopic bacillary angiomatosis lesions are characterized by tumor-like capillary lobules, with proliferating endothelial cells. In vitro experiments have shown that B. quintana survives within endothelial cells and stimulates cell proliferation. These observations, together with the finding that lesions may regress when antibiotic therapy is administered, strongly suggest that B. quintana itself stimulates angiogenesis. Bartonella infections are characterized by a high frequency of relapses after brief courses of antibiotic therapy. It is to be noted that in vitro, although Bartonella species are highly susceptible to antibiotics, only the aminoglycosides have proved to be bactericidal. However, the most effective antibiotic regimen for Bartonella infections remains to be established.
Elastic image mapping for 4-D dose estimation in thoracic radiotherapy.

PURPOSE Demonstrate the path integration of a four-dimensional (4-D) dose distribution onto the 3-D anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A computer-generated 4-D thoracic phantom with a lung tumour was constructed. Eight respiratory phases were generated. A radiotherapy treatment plan was applied to all the phases resulting in a 4-D dose distribution. An elastic image registration algorithm was used to find the vector displacement between all the image elements and the end expiration phase. The path-integrated tissue dose distribution and each component dose distribution were compared with the planned dose distribution. RESULTS Numerical path integration was performed to calculate the tissue dose distribution. Loss of tumour coverage was the predominant effect observed with tumour motion in this study. The loss was asymmetric and dependent on the tumour trajectory. CONCLUSION The elastic image registration allowed an accurate path integration through a 4-D data set to produce an accurate 3-D tissue dose estimate.
Organizing unionism comes to the UK

The concept of an “organizing model” of trade unionism has shaped union strategies for revitalization in a number of countries in recent years. This article examines the transfer of “organizing unionism” to the UK in two ways. It presents findings from a survey of unions to identify the extent to which the organizing model is influencing national recruitment policy and presents case studies of three union campaigns which have drawn upon the organizing model, in an attempt to assess its strengths and weaknesses in a UK context. The survey results indicate only limited take‐up of the organizing model, though there is a group of vanguard unions which have embraced it with enthusiasm. The case studies demonstrate some success in applying the model, though identify employer resistance and internal opposition as significant constraints.
N-nitroso compounds: their chemical and in vivo formation and possible importance as environmental carcinogens.

Brief reviews are presented on the occurrence of N-nitroso (NNO) compounds, the chemistry and kinetics of NNO compound formation from nitrite and amines or amides, the in vivo formation of these compounds (as detected by tumor induction) on feeding nitrite with amines or amides to rodents, and the carcinogenicity for rats of some new nitrosamides. The possible human hazard caused by exposure to specific readily nitrosated compounds is reviewed. Whether NNO compounds might be causing human cancer of various organs (e.g., pancreatic, nasopharyngeal, and esophageal cancer) is discussed. Some of our results in [3H]thymidine incorporation in the rat esophageal epithelium are presented. Nitrosamines that cause esophageal cancer in rats were found to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation, both in vivo and in vitro, when esophagi were incubated with nitrosamines. With reference to the hypothesis that human gastric cancer is caused by nitrosamides (e.g., nitrosoureas), certain correlations were examined between gastric cancer and environmental exposure to nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosatable amides. In studies from our laboratory, dried, salted fish, which was treated with excess nitrite at pH 1 and then "denitrosated" at pH O, yielded 16 mg methylurae/kh fish, possibly derived from methylguanidine.
Marine Ecosystem Appropriation in the Indo-Pacific: A Case Study of the Live Reef Fish Food Trade

Abstract Our ecological footprint analyses of coral reef fish fisheries and, in particular, the live reef fish food trade (FT), indicate many countries’ current consumption exceeds estimated sustainable per capita global, regional and local coral reef production levels. Hong Kong appropriates 25% of SE Asia’s annual reef fish production of 135 260–286 560 tonnes (t) through its FT demand, exceeding regional biocapacity by 8.3 times; reef fish fisheries demand outpaces sustainable production in the Indo-Pacific and SE Asia by 2.5 and 6 times. In contrast, most Pacific islands live within their own reef fisheries means with local demand at < 20% of total capacity in Oceania. The FT annually requisitions up to 40% of SE Asia’s estimated reef fish and virtually all of its estimated grouper yields. Our results underscore the unsustainable nature of the FT and the urgent need for regional management and conservation of coral reef fisheries in the Indo-Pacific.
Comparison of Russian (FSB and Old KGB) and Turkish Secret Services (MIT) as an Intelligence Dimension

In this study Russian Federation’s current president Vladimir Putin period has been investigated from all aspects. Russian-Turkish relations have a high impact factor from all dimensions for these two countries. Also the secret services of Turkey as Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT) and Russia’s old Committee for State Security (KGB) and today’s Federal Security Service (FSB) are really famous intelligence services as well. KGB was a famous and super power Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence service until 1991. After 1991 USSR was collapsed and then new Russian secret service by the name of FSB has been created. Today’s Russia’s president Vladimir Putin was a technological intelligence agent in the Democratic Germany in the USSR period with the colonel degree. In this article we have investigated and researched until the USSR’s collapsing date and since that date until today those two countries: Turkey and Russia’s secret service’s comparison. Also we should take away that the USSR was an empire and Turkey was just a third country as a gendarmerie of USA’s in the Middle East as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member. This strategic collaboration has been clarified from all aspects.
The importance of managing the costs and benefits of bird activity for agricultural sustainability

The behaviour of wild animal species in agricultural landscapes may confer benefits to growers through the provision of ecosystem services (e.g. control of agricultural pests) or inflict costs through direct or indirect damage to crops or livestock. The literature on the costs that species inflict or the benefits they provide has evolved largely independently with few attempts to synthesize information across studies. However, managing cost–benefit trade-offs to maximize agricultural productivity while ensuring native species conservation is vital to the future of ecologically sustainable agriculture. Using birds as a case study, we review the two bodies of literature on the costs and benefits attributed to bird activity in agricultural landscapes. In each case, we examine the major types of costs (e.g. consumption of crops) and benefits (e.g. pollination of crops) and assess approaches to quantifying these in terms of changes in crop yield or monetary value. We then synthesize this information to examine options for balancing cost–benefit trade-offs through coordinated and integrated management strategies that consider all aspects of species activity in agricultural landscapes. Employing strategies that successfully balance costs and benefits is fundamental to future food security and agricultural sustainability.
Interdisciplinary treatment of post‐concussion and post‐traumatic headaches

Chronic headaches following concussion are debilitating and difficult to treat. Commonly employed initial therapeutic modalities include pharmacologic, physical, and psychological interventions. Despite these efforts, a subset of patients with chronic pain remains. Peripheral nerve surgery has never before been reported as an effective treatment for the management of post‐concussion headaches. In this study, we report on our early outcomes following peripheral nerve surgery for this novel indication.
Maximizing the Policy Impacts of Public Engagement

There is a lack of published evidence which demonstrates the impacts of public engagement (PE) in science and technology policy. This might represent the failure of PE to achieve policy impacts or indicate a lack of effective procedures for discerning the uptake by policy makers of PE-derived outputs. While efforts have been made to identify and categorize different types of policy impact, research has rarely attempted to link policy impact with PE procedures, political procedures, or the connections between them. In this article, we propose a simple conceptual model to capture this information, based on semistructured interviews with both policy makers and PE practitioners. A range of criteria are identified to increase the policy impact of PE. The role of PE practitioners in realizing impacts through their interactions with policy makers in the informal “in-between” spaces of public engagement is emphasized. However, the potential contradictions between the pursuit of policy impacts and the more traditional conceptualizations of PE effectiveness are discussed. The main barrier to the identification of policy impacts from PE may lie within policy processes themselves. Political institutions have responsibility to establish formalized procedures for monitoring the uptake and use of evidence from PE in their decision-making processes.
Risk management models in software engineering

With the tremendous growth in the complexity of software development in the last 10â€“15 years, the management of risks in software engineering activities is becoming an important and non-trivial issue from three perspectives: project, process and product. Therefore, researchers and practitioners are continually trying to find effective risk management approaches. In this paper, we briefly discuss the principles of risk management in software engineering, review some of the process models popular in the software engineering community, and finally discuss some of the important works conducted recently in this area in the last five years. While writing the paper, we have focused mostly on project, and process-based risks and not on product risks.
Social networking, social harassment and social policy

This paper reports on the misuse of social networking sites (SNS). It was based on a study of 226 students in UK, Sweden, Turkey and France and a panel survey of 1068 Australian adults. Although only a minority of people experienced social harassment and abuse, the distressing nature of the bad experiences suggested that social marketing was needed on several fronts -self-regulation, regulation, education and personal responsibility - in order to minimise these behaviours.
Does speculation Granger cause return in Chinese commodity markets?

ABSTRACT We test the Granger causal relations between speculation and returns in Chinese commodity markets using quantile regression method. We find that speculation Granger causes returns in rebar, bean pulp and rapeseed oil markets. At lower quantiles, estimates are negative; but estimates are positive at upper quantiles. This indicates that larger speculation results in larger return volatility.
Competitive advantage and growth: the challenge for small firms

Strategic success is often attributed to a firm that can achieve a long term competitive advantage. In recent years, there has been an increasing body of literature which purports that sources of competitive advantage are derived from the complex interaction between management decision, the development of organisational routines and the acquisition and allocation of knowledge and resources. Despite these advancements in theoretical thinking, there have been limited attempts to apply these concepts to small ventures. This paper discusses the implications of achieving competitive advantage for growth-oriented firms and the difficulties associated with management development in entrepreneurial organisations. Moreover, the paper posits that further research is required in order to comprehend how the preferences of owner-managers ultimately shape the strategic direction, scope and competitive advantage of a small firm.
Presidential Nomination Campaigns: Toward 2004

1990s, front-loading became so common that most delegates are now chosen in the first few weeks after the New Hampshire primary. Although the rules (spending limits, sequence of contests, etc.) are set well in advance of the first primary, they nonetheless affect the unfolding of the campaign. One can imagine substantial differences in the conduct and perhaps the outcome of some recent campaigns had California or Illinois been scheduled as the initial contest. Even before the first contests, such changes in the order of primaries might have altered the decisions of some potential candidates to enter or not enter the race. Candidates pursue different strategies to win the nomination. Those few candidates who are well-known and well-financed (e.g., Bob Dole in 1996, Al Gore in 2000) tend to allocate resources to the most populous states, those with the most delegates. Most candidates (e.g., John McCain, Lamar Alexander, Paul Tsongas) are neither well-known nor well-financed. Since these “long-shots” lack the resources to compete effectively in the big, delegate-rich states, they tend to allocate their limited resources to the small early contests (Gurian 1986; Gurian and Haynes 1993). Candidates who succeed early receive extensive media coverage which translates into increased interest in and support for their campaigns (Haynes and Murray 1998). Conversely, unsuccessful candidates lose support and are thus more easily defeated.
Power Markets Shaped by Antitrust

Abstract: In November 2011 Sweden abolished the uniform national electricity price and introduced separate price zones. This was the result of an antitrust settlement between the Commission and the Swedish network operator, which was accused of discriminating between domestic and export electricity transmission services and segmenting the internal market. Based on this case, we show how the Commission uses competition law enforcement to foster market integration in the energy sector. We find that, even though the Commission’s action under competition rules was contrived and lacked economic depth, the commitment package provides an economically sound, longterm solution to network access and congestion management in Sweden. Such a quick and far-reaching change of Swedish congestion management could not have been achieved by Swedish policymakers or enforcement of the EU sector-specific regulation.
The role of trust and security in Smartphone banking continuance

Prior studies had notably figured out that security, satisfaction, and trust are very critical elements in mobile-based banking usage. This study is to propose an explanatory and exploratory research framework based on the Expectation Confirmation Model. The results showed that perceived security and satisfaction were strong determinant factors for the formation of consumers' reuses decisions and relational behaviors building towards Smartphone banking services in South Korea, whereas perceived usefulness and trust were not statistically significant on usage continuance intention. This study will briefly draw some related concluding remarks.
Governing Despite its Instruments? Instrumentation in EU Environmental Policy

Demonstrating how the political sociology approach to policy instruments generates new insights even in densely studied areas, this article investigates the evolution of policy instruments and the link between policy instruments and policy change in EU environmental policy over the past three decades. Examination of the politics of choice and combination of policy instruments reveals, first, that EU environmental policy is primarily structured by its instruments. Second, the article argues that, contrary to those in the literature who have claimed a pioneering role for the Union in this field, EU environmental policy is populated not by new or innovative policy instruments, but by instruments mainly derived from the member states or other international organisations. Third, it argues that the EU's tendency to import measures from elsewhere explains the apparent contradiction between the EU's policy activism, on the one hand, and the modest domestic impact of EU legislation, on the other.
TMD in children and adolescents: prevalence of pain, gender differences, and perceived treatment need.

AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pain that is related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD), gender differences, and perceived treatment need in children and adolescents at a public dental clinic in Linköping, Sweden. METHODS A total of 862 children and adolescents aged 12 to 18 years received a questionnaire and their jaw opening was measured. Those who reported pain once a week or more in the masticatory system received a more comprehensive examination, including the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD and a neurologic examination (group 1). Group 2 reported pain less than once a week. RESULTS Seven percent of subjects (63/862) were diagnosed with TMD pain. Both genders exhibited similar distributions of TMD diagnoses, except that myofascial pain was significantly more common in girls than in boys. Prevalence of pain once a week or more was reported as: 21% in the head; 12% in the temples; and 3% in the face, temporomandibular joint, or jaws. The prevalence of TMD-related pain was significantly higher in girls than in boys. Self-reported TMD symptoms were significantly more common (P < 0.001) in group 1. No significant gender differences were found in group 1 for pain intensity, behavioral rating scale scores, medicine consumption, reported days of school absence, or perceived need for treatment. CONCLUSION Overall, TMD-related pain was more common in girls than in boys. A majority of children and adolescents who experienced pain once a week or more perceived a need for treatment. Seven percent of the examined subjects were diagnosed with TMD pain.
Corporate Governance, Strategy and Structure in British Business History, 1950-2000

This article examines why British firms adopted diversification strategies and multi-divisional structures in the middle of the twentieth century and why this strategy and structure was reversed towards the end. Corporate governance mechanisms and the impact on information costs of such monitoring arrangements are considered in conjunction with strategy and structure to explain these changes. Diversification and multi-divisional adoption were associated with ineffective governance, poor monitoring and poor performance, whilst refocusing and divestment after 1980 were associated with more effective monitoring and improved performance. The evidence suggests important relationships between governance, strategy and business performance that help explain the development of British business institutions in the second half of the twentieth century.
Job quality in call centres in Germany

Since 1995, low-wage employment has increased in Germany, and employers have tended to seek “exit options” from regulatory frameworks, in order to save on labour costs. This article reports on studies of six call centres (four from utilities, two from financial services), exploring the respective impact of institutional frameworks (notably collective wage agreements and works councils) on work organization, and pay and working conditions in in-house call centres and external service providers. The wide variations in pay in German call centres are explained, and the repercussions of outsourcing on wages are discussed.
Sheep in Wolves' Clothing: Undeclared Voters in New Hampshire's Open Primary

O of the notable features of the current presidential nominating process is its volatility. Frontrunners stumble unexpectedly, relative unknowns enjoy sudden success, and seemingly strong contenders fail to gain traction during the campaign. Such twists and turns in candidate fortunes are inevitable given voters’ lack of information at the start of the primary season (Bartels 1988; Geer 1989; Popkin 1991), and they consequently offer scholars an excellent opportunity to study campaign effects. Recently, we have begun to use the New Hampshire primary as a laboratory to study the impact campaigns have on voters (Vavreck et al. 2002; Fowler et al. forthcoming). Our current work focuses on changes in voter attitudes over the course of a campaign using a four-wave panel survey of voters in the 2000 primary election. For this paper, we examine the impact of New Hampshire’s open primary rules to compare the behavior of registered partisans and undeclared voters. Despite conventional wisdom that undeclared voters make primaries more volatile, we find few differences in the way the two groups of voters responded to campaign stimuli. In New Hampshire, at least, undeclared voters were merely sheep in wolves’ clothing.