Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design of Digital Modulators: BASK, BPSK and BFSK using VHDL

Digital modulation is less complex, more secure and more efficient in long distance transmission. The noise detection and correction in digital is more efficient than analog counterpart. So it has more importance in modern communication. Digital modulation represents the transfer of the digital bit stream from the transmitter to the receiver via the analog channels. During the modulation process the information signal modifies one or more carrier parameters, leading to shift keying techniques. A very widespread solution is the Software Defined Radio (SDR), whose modulation/demodulation methodology consists in programming either software in a dedicated processor (DSP), or logic in a programmable logic device (FPGA). These digital modulation techniques can be realized using FPGA (Field- programmable gate-array). In literature survey found that design employs the minimum number of blocks necessary for achieving BASK, BPSK and BFSK modulation. The modulating and carrier signals can be user controlled and the modulators are developed and compiled to a Verilog Hardware Description Language (VHDL) netlist. The functionality of these digital modulators will be demonstrated through simulations using the Quartus II software and experimental measurements of the real-time modulated signal via an oscilloscope.
A Novel Approach to Automatic Gazetteer Generation using Wikipedia

Gazetteers or entity dictionaries are important knowledge resources for solving a wide range of NLP problems, such as entity extraction. We introduce a novel method to automatically generate gazetteers from seed lists using an external knowledge resource, the Wikipedia. Unlike previous methods, our method exploits the rich content and various structural elements of Wikipedia, and does not rely on language- or domain-specific knowledge. Furthermore, applying the extended gazetteers to an entity extraction task in a scientific domain, we empirically observed a significant improvement in system accuracy when compared with those using seed gazetteers.
Fine Grain Cache Partitioning Using Per-Instruction Working Blocks

A traditional least-recently used (LRU) cache replacement policy fails to achieve the performance of the optimal replacement policy when cache blocks with diverse reuse characteristics interfere with each other. When multiple applications share a cache, it is often partitioned among the applications because cache blocks show similar reuse characteristics within each application. In this paper, we extend the idea to a single application by viewing a cache as a shared resource between individual memory instructions. To that end, we propose Instruction-based LRU (ILRU), a fine grain cache partitioning that way-partitions individual cache sets based on per-instruction working blocks, which are cache blocks required by an instruction to satisfy all the reuses within a set. In ILRU, a memory instruction steals a block from another only when it requires more blocks than it currently has. Otherwise, a memory instruction victimizes among the cache blocks inserted by itself. Experiments show that ILRU can improve the cache performance in all levels of cache, reducing the number of misses by an average of 7.0% for L1, 9.1% for L2, and 8.7% for L3, which results in a geometric mean performance improvement of 5.3%. ILRU for a three-level cache hierarchy imposes a modest 1.3% storage overhead over the total cache size.
Formal ontology for biomedical knowledge systems integration

The central hypothesis of the collaboration between Language and Computing (L&C) and the Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (IFOMIS) is that the methodology and conceptual rigor of a philosophically inspired formal ontology will greatly benefit software application ontologies. To this end LinKBase®, L&C’s ontology, which is designed to integrate and reason across various external databases simultaneously,has been submitted to the conceptual demands of IFOMIS’s Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). With this, we aim to move beyond the level of controlled vocabularies to yield an ontology with the ability to support reasoning applications. Our general procedure has been the implementation of a meta-ontological definition space in which the definitions of all the concepts and relations in LinKBase® are standardized in a framework of first-order logic. In this paper we describe how this standardization has already led to an improvement in the LinKBase® structure that allows for mapping external databases with a greater degree of coherence than hither. We then show how this offers a genuine advance over other application ontologies that have not submitted themselves to the demands of philosophical scrutiny.
The association between women's masturbation, sexual subjectivity and sexual assertiveness

Many women struggle to achieve sexual subjectivity and sexual assertiveness, which are both key features in women's sexual health. The purpose of this study was to examine whether women’s levels of sexual subjectivity and sexual assertiveness were associated with masturbation frequency, and frequency of orgasm through masturbation. Additionally, this study explored how the elements of sexual subjectivity related to women’s sexual assertiveness, and how sexual assertiveness was associated with women's frequency of orgasm in partnered sex. The participant pool consisted of 1,312 Icelandic women, with a mean age of 30.23 years (Mdn = 28.00, SD = 9.00), who completed an online questionnaire. The results revealed that masturbation was associated with greater sexual subjectivity when masturbation consistently resulted in orgasm. However, women were more sexually assertive with increasing frequency of masturbation and orgasm. The results showed that four out of five elements of sexual subjectivity were associated with sexual assertiveness, where sexual self-efficacy was of greatest importance. Results further showed that women’s frequency of orgasm in partnered sex differed depending on their level of sexual assertiveness, indicating that more assertive women reached orgasm more frequently.
Two Distinct Pathways for Inhibiting Pds1 Ubiquitination in Response to DNA Damage*

The presence of DNA damage activates a conserved cellular response known as the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. This pathway induces a cell cycle arrest that persists until the damage is repaired. Consequently, the failure to arrest in response to DNA damage is associated with genomic instability. In budding yeast, activation of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway leads to a mitotic cell cycle arrest. Following the detection of DNA damage, the checkpoint signal is transduced via the Mec1 kinase, which in turn activates two kinases, Rad53 and Chk1 that act in parallel pathways to bring about the cell cycle arrest. The downstream target of Rad53 is unknown. The target of Chk1 is Pds1, an inhibitor of anaphase initiation whose degradation is a prerequisite for mitotic progression. Pds1 degradation is dependent on its ubiquitination by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome ubiquitin ligase, acting in conjunction with the Cdc20 protein (APC/CCdc20). Previous studies showed that the Rad53 and Chk1 pathways independently lead to Pds1 stabilization but the mechanism for this was unknown. In the present study we show that both the Chk1 and the Rad53 pathways inhibit the APC/CCdc20-dependent ubiquitination of Pds1 but they affect different steps of the process: the Rad53 pathway inhibits the Pds1-Cdc20 interaction whereas Chk1-dependent phosphorylation of Pds1 inhibits the ubiquitination reaction itself. Finally, we show that once the DNA damage is repaired, Pds1 dephosphorylation is involved in the recovery from the checkpoint induced cell cycle arrest.
Adjacent Channel Operation of Portable Unlicensed Devices inside DTV Service Contours

The operation of unlicensed devices (UDs) on underutilized licensed frequency bands can significantly enhance spectrum utilization. The FCC regulations on UD operation on vacant TV channels focus on controlling the interference to the primary system, which is a critical operational requirement for UDs. Personal/portable UDs are allowed adjacent channel operation inside the TV service contour. However, the FCC analysis of this operation is based on interference effects of a single UD, while the accumulative interference from multiple UDs is not considered. In this paper we extend the FCC analysis and develop a realistic model for interference from multiple UDs operating in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) clusters. We develop analytical expressions for the probability of outage of a primary user (PU) interfered by single and multiple clusters. The effect of channel variability due to shadowing is included. Results present the increase in PU outage probability with increased PU-TV station distance. For a single cluster operating in close vicinity of a PU, we analyse the effects of UD transmit power control and radiation pattern on PU performance.
The Right to Privacy

hat the individual shall have full protection in person and in property is a principle as old as the common law; but it has been found necessary from time to time to define anew the exact nature and extent of such protection. Political, social, and economic changes entail the recognition of new rights, and the common law, in its eternal youth, grows to meet the new demands of society. Thus, in very early times, the law gave a remedy only for physical interference with life and property, for trespasses vi et armis. Then the "right to life" served only to protect the subject from battery in its various forms; liberty meant freedom from actual restraint; and the right to property secured to the individual his lands and his cattle. Later, there came a recognition of man's spiritual nature, of his feelings and his intellect. Gradually the scope of these legal rights broadened; and now the right to life has come to mean the right to enjoy life, -the right to be let alone; the right to liberty secures the exercise of extensive civil privileges; and the term "property" has grown to comprise every form of possession -intangible, as well as tangible.
Redistribution and Education Subsidies are Siamese Twins

We develop models of optimal linear and non-linear income taxation with endogenous human capital formation to explore optimal education subsidies. Optimal subsidies on education ensure efficiency in human capital accumulation and thus play an important role in alleviating the tax distortions on learning induced by redistributive policies. If the government cannot verify all investments in human capital, education policy offsets some but not all tax-induced distortions on learning. Non-pecuniary educational costs (benefits) may increase (decrease) subsidies on education, especially if they are complementary to work effort. See publication in Journal of Public Economics , 2005, 89(11-12), 2005-35.
A parsimonious threshold-independent protein feature selection method through the area under receiver operating characteristic curve

MOTIVATION Protein expression profiling for differences indicative of early cancer holds promise for improving diagnostics. Due to their high dimensionality, statistical analysis of proteomic data from mass spectrometers is challenging in many aspects such as dimension reduction, feature subset selection as well as construction of classification rules. Search of an optimal feature subset, commonly known as the feature subset selection (FSS) problem, is an important step towards disease classification/diagnostics with biomarkers. METHODS We develop a parsimonious threshold-independent feature selection (PTIFS) method based on the concept of area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). To reduce computational complexity to a manageable level, we use a sigmoid approximation to the empirical AUC as the criterion function. Starting from an anchor feature, the PTIFS method selects a feature subset through an iterative updating algorithm. Highly correlated features that have similar discriminating power are precluded from being selected simultaneously. The classification rule is then determined from the resulting feature subset. RESULTS The performance of the proposed approach is investigated by extensive simulation studies, and by applying the method to two mass spectrometry data sets of prostate cancer and of liver cancer. We compare the new approach with the threshold gradient descent regularization (TGDR) method. The results show that our method can achieve comparable performance to that of the TGDR method in terms of disease classification, but with fewer features selected. AVAILABILITY Supplementary Material and the PTIFS implementations are available at http://staff.ustc. edu.cn/~ynyang/PTIFS. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Leimu: Gloveless Music Interaction Using a Wrist Mounted Leap Motion

Camera-based motion tracking has become a popular enabling technology for gestural human-computer interaction. However, the approach suffers from several limitations, which have been shown to be particularly problematic when employed within musical contexts. This paper presents Leimu, a wrist mount that couples a Leap Motion optical sensor with an inertial measurement unit to combine the benefits of wearable and camera-based motion tracking. Leimu is designed, developed and then evaluated using discourse and statistical analysis methods. Qualitative results indicate that users consider Leimu to be an effective interface for gestural music interaction and the quantitative results demonstrate that the interface offers improved tracking precision over a Leap Motion positioned on a table top.
Measuring the Galaxy Power Spectrum with Multiresolution Decomposition. III. Velocity Field Analysis

In this paper we develop the method of analyzing the velocity field of cosmic matter with a multiresolution decomposition. This is necessary in calculating the redshift distortion of the power spectrum in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) representation. We show that, in the DWT analysis, the velocity field can be described by discrete variables, which are given by assignment of the number density and velocity into the DWT modes. These DWT variables are complete and not redundant. In this scheme, the peculiar velocity and pairwise velocity of galaxies or particles are given by field variables. As a consequence, the velocity dispersion (VD) and pairwise velocity dispersion (PVD) are no longer measured by number-counting or pair-counting statistic, but with the ensemble of the field variables, and therefore they are free from the bias due to the number counting and pair counting. We analyzed the VD and PVD of the velocity fields given by the N-body simulation for models of the standard cold dark matter (SCDM), τCDM, and ΛCDM. The spectrum (scale dependence) of the VD and PVD shows that the length scale of the two-point correlation of the velocity field is as large as a few tens h-1 Mpc. Although the VD and PVD show similar behavior in some aspects, they are substantially different from each other. The VD-to-PVD ratio shows the difference between the scale dependencies of the VD and PVD. More prominent difference between the VD and PVD is shown by the probability distribution function. The one-point distribution of peculiar velocity is approximately exponential, while that of the pairwise velocity is lognormal, i.e., of long tail. This difference indicates that the cosmic velocity field is typically intermittent.
Analyzing Payment Based Question and Answering Service

Community based question answering (CQA) services receive a large volume of questions today. It is increasingly challenging to motivate domain experts to give timely answers. Recently, payment-based CQA services explore new incentive models to engage real-world experts and celebrities by allowing them to set a price on their answers. In this paper, we perform a data-driven analysis on Fenda, a payment-based CQA service that has gained initial success with this incentive model. Using a large dataset of 220K paid questions (worth 1 million USD) over two months, we examine how monetary incentives affect different players in the system and their over-time engagement. Our study reveals several key findings: while monetary incentive enables quick answers from experts, it also drives certain users to aggressively game the systems for profits. In addition, this incentive model turns CQA service into a supplier-driven marketplace where users need to proactively adjust their price as needed. We find famous people are unwilling to lower their price, which in turn hurts their income and engagement-level over time. Based on our results, we discuss the implications to future payment-based CQA design.
Phase-Locking in a Pair of Electrically Coupled Fast-Spiking Interneurons with Dendritic Structure

Synchronization of oscillatory activity in neuronal networks arises in many areas of neuroscience and 4 has been linked to various behavioral functions. There is little doubt that the oscillatory behavior of 5 these networks plays a major role in generating motor patterns of repetitive activity such as locomotion, 6 feeding, and breathing [35, 39, 47]. In the mammalian cortex, oscillatory behavior arises as a result of 7 the synchronized electrical activity of large populations of cortical neurons. This oscillatory behavior is 8 apparent in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and can occur in different frequency bands and in 9 different areas of the cortex [4]. Oscillations within these different frequency bands have been hypoth10 esized to correspond with different behavioral functions. For example, synchronized gamma-frequency 11 (30-80Hz) oscillations in the mammalian sensory cortex have been hypothesized to be important in 12 sensory information processing, e.g. in the olfactory system [19] and the visual system [15], in motor 13 programming [26], and associative learning [25]. However, directly linking these cortical oscillations to 14 precise functional roles is a difficult task and more work has to be done before this can occur. Therefore, 15 rather than directly addressing the issue of the functional role of these oscillations, one can first address 16 the question of what are the biophysical mechanisms that underly the observed synchronous electrical 17 activity? A deep understanding of these mechanisms can allow one to extract the functional role of the 18
Comparative genomics reveals genes significantly associated with woody hosts in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae

Summary The diversification of lineages within Pseudomonas syringae has involved a number of adaptive shifts from herbaceous hosts onto various species of tree, resulting in the emergence of highly destructive diseases such as bacterial canker of kiwi and bleeding canker of horse chestnut. This diversification has involved a high level of gene gain and loss, and these processes are likely to play major roles in the adaptation of individual lineages onto their host plants. In order to better understand the evolution of P. syringae onto woody plants, we have generated de novo genome sequences for 26 strains from the P. syringae species complex that are pathogenic on a range of woody species, and have looked for statistically significant associations between gene presence and host type (i.e. woody or herbaceous) across a phylogeny of 64 strains. We have found evidence for a common set of genes associated with strains that are able to colonize woody plants, suggesting that divergent lineages have acquired similarities in genome composition that may form the genetic basis of their adaptation to woody hosts. We also describe in detail the gain, loss and rearrangement of specific loci that may be functionally important in facilitating this adaptive shift. Overall, our analyses allow for a greater understanding of how gene gain and loss may contribute to adaptation in P. syringae.
How well prepared are Australian preservice teachers to teach early reading skills

Preservice early childhood and primary teachers from teacher preparation institutions across five Australian states were surveyed regarding their perceptions of preparedness and ability to teach early reading and spelling skills, as well as their knowledge of components of early reading, such as phonemic awareness, alphabet knowledge and early spelling patterns. Surveys were conducted in the final year of the teacher training courses and targeted students attending teacher education institutions providing teacher training in the area of early literacy. Although preservice teachers generally rated themselves as prepared to teach early reading, most demonstrated minimal to very poor knowledge of the components of early reading, indicating a substantial discrepancy between the general confidence of preservice teachers to teach, and their limited content knowledge of beginning reading skills. The return rates from institutions (16) and students (160) were low; however the results of this study support previous research findings, suggesting that there may be a need for reform in teacher preparation programs, especially in the area of early reading instruction.
A Case Study on Knowledge Management Adoption in Mexico

Organizations attempting to embark on the Knowledge Management (KM) journey need information, inputs, examples and role models from existing adopters or practitioners to help them adopt it. Hence, it is strongly believed that the growing research and literature in the KM domain should be more focused on its practical perspective. This paper represents a practical oriented work that reports on how a Mexican company has embraced KM. Specifically, key aspects such as knowledge activities, strategies, leadership, tools, systems, training, culture etc will be analyzed and described.
Notions of reputation in multi-agents systems: a review

Reputation has recently received considerable attention within a number of disciplines such as distributed artificial intelligence, economics, evolutionary biology, among others. Most papers about reputation provide an intuitive approach to reputation which appeals to common experiences without clarifying whether their use of reputation is similar or different from those used by others. This paper argues that reputation is not a single notion but one with multiple parts. After a survey of existing works on reputation, an intuitive typology is proposed summarizing existing works on reputation across diverse disciplines. This paper then describes a simple simulation framework based on evolutionary game theory for understanding the relative strength of the different notions of reputation. Whereas these notions of reputation could only be compared qualitatively before, our simulation framework has enabled us to compare them quantitatively.
Eye feature extraction using K-means clustering for low illumination and iris color variety

This paper presents an approach for locating eye features in color images based on the unsupervised Ä"-means clustering. Given the assumption that the input is an eye window containing a single eye, the proposed method detects the iris by unsupervised K-means clustering on the feature spaces of compensated red and green color channels. The iris circle is then refined using the gradient information and circular Hough transform. For the sciera detection, the r-g and r-b are utilized as they show the discriminant feature of sciera regardless of light condition and iris color. The sciera is then extended to fit the eyelids by a region growing scheme. Experiments on a collection of eye images extracted from FERET facial database and our self-collected images show a promising performance toward the low illumination and iris color variety.