Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complete mantle section of a slow‐spreading ridge‐derived ophiolite: An example from the Isabela ophiolite in the Philippines

Abstract The Isabela ophiolite shows a complete ophiolite sequence exposed along the eastern coast of northern Luzon, the Philippines. It forms the Cretaceous basement complex for the northeastern Luzon block. This ophiolite is located at the northern end of a trail of ophiolites and ophiolitic bodies along the eastern margin of the Philippine Mobile Belt. This paper presents new findings regarding the nature and characteristics of the Isabela ophiolite. Peridotites from the Isabela ophiolite are relatively fresh and are composed of spinel lherzolites, clinopyroxene‐rich harzburgites, depleted harzburgites and dunites. The modal composition, especially the pyroxene content, defines a northward depletion trend from fertile lherzolite to clinopyroxene‐rich harzburgites and more refractory harzburgites. Variation in modal composition is accompanied by petrographic textural variations. The chromium number of spinel, an indicator of the degree of partial melting, concurs with petrographic observations. Furthermore, the Isabela ophiolite peridotites are similar in spinel and olivine major‐element geochemistry and clinopyroxene rare earth‐element composition to abyssal peridotites from modern mid‐oceanic ridges. Petrological and mineral compositions suggest that the Isabela ophiolite is a transitional ophiolite subtype, with the fertile lherzolites representing lower sections of the mantle column that are usually absent in most ophiolitic massifs. The occurrence of the fertile peridotite presents a rare opportunity to document the lower sections of the ophiolitic mantle. The variability in composition of the peridotites in one continuous mantle section may also represent a good analogy of the melting column in the present‐day mid‐oceanic ridges.
Drought and societal collapse 3200 years ago in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review

One of the goals of climate scientists is to understand how climate shifts may have changed the course of history and influenced culture at millennial timescales. Repeatedly, environmental degradation has upset the balance between people, their habitat, and the socioeconomic frameworks in which they live. Among these imbalances, drought, firmly rooted in people's minds as a catalyst of harvest failures and famines, remains a permanent threat because it may trigger or amplify social crises, leading to massive exoduses, conflicts, and political turmoil. The spiral of decline in which the flourishing Eastern Mediterranean civilizations were plunged 3200 years ago, and the ensuing chaos, remains a persistent riddle in Near Eastern history. Scholars tend to believe that this socioeconomic collapse was violent and culturally disruptive. Most of the coastal cities between Pylos and Gaza were destroyed, burned, and often left unoccupied, thereafter, putting an end to the elaborate network of international trade that ensured prosperity in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean. The rural settlements that emerged have mainly persisted through adapted agropastoral activities and limited long‐distance trade. At the dusk of this event, regional cultures began to be poorly documented, leading historians to allude to a dark age that lasted for 300 years. Among the roots, tectonic instability and earthquakes, demographic imbalance between social groups, internal collapses, and technological innovations are commonly evoked. However, recent studies have mainly hypothesized about an impact of a centuries‐long drought behind the decline. Drought may have hastened the fall of the Old World by sparking famine, invasions, and conflicts, leading to the political, economic, and cultural chaos termed ‘Late Bronze Age collapse’. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:369–382. doi: 10.1002/wcc.345
Chapter 07

identity on the self-esteem and parenting attitudes of middle-class African American men. This research utilized a quasi-experimental questionnaire methodology with a self-selected sample of 115 African American men’s self-respect of their ethnic socialization and ethnic identity, exposure, and the impact on their self-esteem and parenting attitudes. The measures included: (a) The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE); (b) Phinney’s Multigroup Identity Measure (MEIM); (c) the Browne Three-Factor Ethnic Socialization and Perceived Discrimination Scale; and (d) Bavolek’s Adolescent and Adult Parenting Inventory (AAPI-2). Although ethnic socialization and ethnic identity were not predictive of self-esteem, there was a significant relationship between these factors and parenting attitudes that fosters autonomy and independence in children. The results have implications for socialization practices in successful African American families.
Earthquake-induced bending moment in fixed-head piles in soft clay

This paper examines seismic effects on fixed-head, end-bearing piles installed through soft clay, using centrifuge and numerical modelling. The numerical analyses were conducted using a non-linear hysteretic, stiffness-degrading model for the clay and were validated using centrifuge data. Numerical analyses were used to extend the range of soil, pile and ground motion parameters which could not be studied in the centrifuge. Based on the centrifuge and numerical results, a framework for estimating earthquake-induced bending moments in fixed-head piles was established, which takes into account superstructural mass, ground motion and, in an approximate way, non-linear stress–strain behaviour. In this framework, pile response is sub-divided into two kinds, namely, ‘stiff' and ‘flexible', based on the notion of an active length over which significant bending moment is developed. A relationship for the active length is developed based on regression of the centrifuge and numerical data. If the pile length is sho.
Research on flood frequency analysis: 1983–1986

What follows is a selective review of research on flood frequency analysis published in U.S. journals or by U.S. investigators in other journals during the period 1983 through 1986. It is selective in two ways. First, it excludes research on the use of historical and paleoflood data, which is reviewed in an accompanying paper. Second, it highlights what I believe to be the most critical areas.
Height ridges of oriented medialness

Shape analysis of objects is an important aspect of medical image processing. Information gained from shape analysis can be used for object segmentation, object-based registration and object visualization. One shape analysis tool is the core, defined to be a height ridge of a medial strength measure made on an image. In this dissertation I present 3D cores, defined here to be optimal scale-orientation height ridges of oriented medial strength measurements. This dissertation covers (1) a medial strength measurement, Blum-like medialness, that is robust, efficient, and insensitive to intrafigural interference, (2) a new definition for a ridge, the optimal parameter height ridge, and its properties, and (3) an algorithm, Marching Ridges, for extracting cores. The medial strength measurement uses Gaussian derivatives, so is insensitive to noise, and responds to object boundaries at points rather than on entire spheres, so is faster to calculate and less sensitive to boundaries of other image figures. The Marching Ridges algorithm uses the grid structure of the image domain to identify ridge points as zero-crossings of first derivatives and to track ridges through the image domain. I include results of this algorithm on medical images of cerebral vasculature, a skull, kidneys, and brain ventricles.
DISTRIBUTION OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE PROFILES OF SOILS AMENDED WITH COAL COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS

The flue gas desulfurization process employing forced oxidation technology generates an almost pure gypsum (FGD), which may substitute for mined gypsum used as a soil amendment in the southeastern United States. Under specific conditions, a mixture of FGD and fly ash (FA) may be produced by an electric power plant. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of FGD applied both singly and as a 1:1 mixture with fly ash (AFGD) on the distribution of the exchangeable cations Ca, Mg, K, and Al and the trace elements B, As, and Pb in the profiles of soils having various textures. Lime was not applied in this study. The experiment was conducted at three different locations near Tifton, Athens, and Calhoun, Georgia. The total amount of rainfall plus irrigation at these locations during the experimental period was 1385, 1418, and 1406 mm, respectively. Soil cores were collected to a depth of 70 or 80 cm about 13 months after by-product application. FGD application increased exchangeable Ca levels in the subsoil. Exchangeable K levels were significantly decreased by FGD application only in a sandy soil. FGD promoted release of Mg from the soil sorptive complex and increased leaching of this element. Cations were transported most effectively in the profiles of a sandy soil. FA application increased plant available As in the surface layer of a sandy soil and plant available B in the zone of incorporation in the soils containing more clay, but it only partially alleviated deficiencies of this element. FA did not sufficiently supplement K and Mg losses induced by FGD application. The results of this study demonstrate that the FGD material had greater agronomic value than the mixed AFGD by-product.
Assessing vegetation changes for parts of the Sudan and Chad during 2000-2010 using time series analysis of MODIS-NDVI

Phenological vegetation characteristics are valuable inputs to several ecosystem-related models: including carbon exchange and climate change. Phenological characteristics are effective measures of changes in vegetation in an area and are subject to the seasonal and inter-annual climatic variations. In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, precipitation is the main driving factor for changes in vegetation and phenological parameters. In this regard, remotely sensed vegetation indices are widely used. In the current study, time series of 16-day composite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were analyzed to assess vegetation changes for parts of the Sudan and Chad (between 10o-20o Northern latitude and 23o-35o Eastern longitude) during 2000-2010. Spatial and temporal variation in NDVI and phenological (seasonality) parameters were assessed for the land cover classes shrubland, grassland, cropland and savanna. Mathematical models from TIMESAT, a program package developed for extracting seasonality parameters from a series of data captured using remote sensing techniques over time, were implemented to suppress the noisy patterns in NDVI and to extract phenological parameters. The observed changes were then explained by looking at the amount of rainfall. Even though the results cannot be generalized, majority of the cases depict an increase in the fitted NDVI, delay on the start and end of the growing seasons, shortening of growing season length, decrease in amplitude and integrals. However, statistical test outputs were not significant for most of the cases. This could be due to the effect of small sample sizes, which increase the likelihood of obtaining erroneous results and further inspection is recommended. In general, high temporal and spatial variations were evident. The temporal variation could mainly be attributed to the erratic nature of the rainfall. The spatial variation is also a factor of the strong north-south rainfall diversity. Even so, the results depict that rainfall amount only cannot explain the observed changes.
Hf-Zr interdiffusion in single crystal zircon

Interdiffusivity of Hf and Zr in the zircon (ZrSi04)-hafnon (HfSi04) solid solution system was measured by (1) coupled annealing of synthetic hafnon and natural zircon and (2) heating of zircon crystal with a layer of hafnon epitaxially grown over the surface of zircon crystal. Because of the unexpectedly low diffusivity of Hf-Zr pair, practically usable value of diffusion coefficient was not obtained by the conventional coupled annealing technique. By use of the sample prepared by an epitaxial over-growth technique the upper limit of diffusion coefficient for Hf-Zr ,inter diffusion in the zircon-hafnon system was found to be 51 x 10-15 cm2. sec-' at 1600°C. The observed low diffusivity of Hf-Zr pair in the zircon-hafnon system implies that diffusion of U, Th and radiogenic daughters does not affect Io age of zircon significantly during its residence in the parental magma, assum ing that the diffusivities of those elements do not differ significantly from that observed for Hf-Zr.
Biomass estimates of Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, in California from the 1987-88 spawning-ground surveys

The 1987-88 spawning biomass estimate of Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, in San Francisco Bay is nearly 69,000 tons. This is the fourth consecutive year that the San Francisco Bay population has increased, after reaching a low point of 40,000 tons in 1984. In Tomales Bay the 1987-88 herring spawning biomass was estimated at 2,061 tons. During the past five seasons, the Tomales Bay spawning biomass has been low in even years and high in odd years, indicating that spawning herring are not returning to Tomales Bay consistently. In San Francisco Bay, over 42,000 tons of herring spawned in January. Similarly, 90% of Tomales Bay herring spawned in January. No spawns were found during March in either bay. For the first time, in San Francisco Bay, no herring spawned in the Belvedere, Tiburon, or Angel Island areas. In addition, herring spawning was found in the Oakland-Alameda area for the first time and over 95% of all spawning occurred in the southern part of San Francisco Bay. During the past six seasons in San Francisco Bay, over 70% of all spawning escapement has been in the southern part of the bay. For the nine seasons prior to that, 94% of all spawning escapement was in the northern part of the bay. (31pp.)
Salt: Combining ACID and BASE in a Distributed Database

This paper presents Salt, a distributed database that allows developers to improve the performance and scalability of their ACID applications through the incremental adoption of the BASE approach. Salt's motivation is rooted in the Pareto principle: for many applications, the transactions that actually test the performance limits of ACID are few. To leverage this insight, Salt introduces BASE transactions, a new abstraction that encapsulates the workflow of performance-critical transactions. BASE transactions retain desirable properties like atomicity and durability, but, through the new mechanism of Salt Isolation, control which granularity of isolation they offer to other transactions, depending on whether they are BASE or ACID. This flexibility allows BASE transactions to reap the performance benefits of the BASE paradigm without compromising the guarantees enjoyed by the remaining ACID transactions. For example, in our MySQL Cluster-based implementation of Salt, BASE-ifying just one out of 11 transactions in the open source ticketing application Fusion Ticket yields a 6.5x increase over the throughput obtained with an ACID implementation.
Watershed Simulation by Stream Path Analogy

The surface runoff hydrograph at the outlet of a watershed is the result of distributed inputs being modified by flowing through the watershed surface drainage networks. In this study a model is proposed by which an outflow hydrograph is synthesized by routing input through a simulated drainage system. The simulated flow system is developed from a flow net. Overland flow is routed through stream tubes formed by pairs of stream lines constructed normal to the contour lines (equipotentials) of the watershed to an intersection with an appropriate surface channel. Channel flood routing is then performed down to the outlet, with the calculated overland flow from each stream tube as lateral input. Optimization of the system parameters is studied with respect to factors calculated from hydrograph moments. By comparison with visual judgments the hydrograph lag and shape factor were found to be possible criteria for optimization.
Calibration of methods for soil and diagnostic plant analysis in the Hungarian National Fertilization Long-term Trials. I. Comparison of soil P tests for agronomic purposes in the soils of long-term experiments

A szabadfoldi tragyazasi (tartam)kiserletek eredmenyeit talaj-, illetve diagnosztikai celu novenyvizsgalatok segitsegevel tudjuk kiterjeszteni, altalanositani – figyelembe veve termeszetesen a kiterjesztes korlatait is. Celszerűnek lattuk ezen tul a talaj konnyen oldhato tapelem-, kozottuk P-tartalmat is meghatarozni a hazankban hivatalosan elfogadott AL- (ammonium-laktatos) modszer mellett az Europai Unioban es Eszak-Amerikaban alkalmazott P-tesztekkel is (CaCl2-, H2O-, Olsen-, Bray1-, LE-, Mehlich3- stb.) a hazai OMTK kiserletek talajmintaiban. A kiserleti helyek talajtulajdonsagaiban megnyilvanulo jelentős kulonbsegek lehetőseget adnak ra, hogy a talaj P-teszteket – es a novenyi P-felvetelt – jellegzetes hazai talajokon, sokszor szelsőseges talajparameterek mellett vizsgaljuk. Az egyes P-szintek kozott a 28 ev atlagaban mintegy evi 50 kg P2O5·ha-1 volt a kulonbseg. A P0-szinten mert P-tartalmak jol jeleztek az egyes kiserleti helyek talajanak elterő P-ellatottsagat, illetve, kozvetve, fizikai felesegeb.
Methane Hydrates: Major Energy Source for the Future or Wishful Thinking?

Methane hydrates are methane bearing, ice-like materials that occur in abundance in permafrost areas such as on the North Slope of Alaska and Canada and as well as in offshore continental margin environments throughout the world including the Gulf of Mexico and the East and West Coasts of the United States. Methane hydrate accumulations in the United States are currently estimated to be about 200,000 Tcf, which is enormous when compared to the conventional recoverable resource estimate of 2300 Tcf. On a worldwide basis, the estimate is 700,000 Tcf or about two times the total carbon in coal, oil and conventional gas in the world. The enormous size of this resource, if producible to any degree, has significant implications for U.S. and worldwide clean energy supplies and global environmental issues. Historically the petroleum industry's interests in methane hydrates have primarily been related to safety issues such as wellbore stability while drilling, seafloor stability, platform subsidence, and pipeline plugging. Many questions remain to be answered to determine if any of this potential energy resource is technically and economically viable to produce. Major technical hurdles include: 1) methods to find, characterize, and evaluate the resource; 2) technology to safely and economically producemore » natural gas from methane hydrate deposits; and 3) safety and seafloor stability issues related to drilling through gas hydrate accumulations to produce conventional oil and gas. The petroleum engineering profession currently deals with gas hydrates in drilling and production operations and will be key to solving the technical and economic problems that must be overcome for methane hydrates to be part of the future energy mix in the world. « less
Allowing for solar forcing in the detection of human influence on tropospheric temperatures

Previous workers have used the radiosonde record of atmospheric vertical temperature structure to detect anthropogenic influence on climate [e.g. Santer et al., 1996a]. However, none of these studies explicitly considered the influence of natural forcing factors. Whilst decadal changes of radiative solar activity are small, they could be amplified by various mechanisms (e.g. Haigh, 1996), potentially accounting for a significant fraction of the observed signal. Gillett et al. [2000] show that the diagnostics used to detect anthropogenic influence on atmospheric temperature structure are strongly influenced by solar forcing. Here we repeat the analysis of Allen and Tett, [1999] (AT99) including a model‐simulated solar signal, to assess whether the observed tropospheric warming might be explained by solar forcing and the observed stratospheric cooling by the effects of ozone depletion. It transpires that previously reported results are robust to the inclusion of solar forcing since the greenhouse gas response is detectable even in the presence of solar forcing and stratospheric ozone depletion, allowing for an arbitrary amplitude of both solar and ozone signals.
Towards a local split window method over land surfaces

Abstract The split window method is successfully being used to retrieve the temperature over sea surfaces from satellite radiances in clear sky and has the great advantage of simplicity. However, such a method does not work over land surfaces, mainly because the emissivity is not equal to 1 and depends on the channel. An extension of this method to apply to land surfaces requires one to take account of emissivity—such an extension is presented in this paper. First, using Lowtran 6, the accuracies of the various linearizations of the radiative transfer equation leading to the split window are checked. This implies that the retrieved surface temperature depends linearly on emissivities and brightness temperatures. Such behaviour has been checked on actual examples. Theoretical equations are then derived which show that the actual surface temperature can again be expressed as a linear combination of the brightness temperatures measured in two adjacent channels with coefficients depending on spectral emissivi.
A Method for DEM Construction Considering the Features in Intertidal Zones

Accurate Digital Elevation Model in intertidal zones (IZDEM) is crucial to coastal applications (e.g., coastal zone management and anti-flood directing systems). Considering the features of multisource data and the evident anisotropy in intertidal zones, we propose a method for IZDEM construction. The basic idea of the method is that the terrain of any area can be divided into two portions: the trend portion reflecting the overall trend of the changes of topography and the residual portion reflecting the local changes. Based on the idea, the proposed method includes three steps: (1) Considering the influence of both the distance and the data accuracy of different data sources on the interpolation, the optimal equivalent weight is adopted to create the trend surface, which fits better for the intertidal terrain. (2) Considering the anisotropy of the terrain changes, the residual surface is created by the Kriging interpolation method. (3) IZDEM is constructed by combining the trend surface and the residual surface. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the fitting accuracy of the trend surface by considering the accuracy differences of multi-source data, and also improve the accuracy of the residual surface by considering the anisotropy of the intertidal terrain changes, thus it makes the constructed IZDEM more accurate in the area where multi-source data exist and the anisotropy of the terrain changes is evident.
Childhood Obesity Prevention Programs: Comparative Effectiveness Review and Meta-Analysis Executive Summary

The epidemic of childhood obesity is threatening America’s children.1-3 Overweight children and adolescents are at greater risk for health problems compared with their normal-weight counterparts and are more likely to become obese adults.4 Obese children and adolescents are more likely to have serious health conditions, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychosocial illnesses; type 2 diabetes; hypertension; high cholesterol; stroke; heart disease; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; certain cancers; and arthritis. Other reported health consequences of childhood obesity include eating disorders and mental health issues, such as depression and low self-esteem.