Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual-Frequency Defect-Mode Lasing in Aperiodic Distributed Feedback Cavities

In this letter, we aim to provide the first in-depth study of a multiband hologram filter response under the influence of gain. We find that these aperiodic distributed feedback (ADFB) gratings, which are essentially computer optimized digital holograms, can be inverse designed to possess multiple defectlike modes analogous to those present in quarter-wave phase shifted gratings. We attribute this phenomenon to the interaction between multiple photonic band gaps in ADFB cavities. Further examination of the ADFB gratings reveal that the defect-mode lasing solutions are insensitive to the variations of the grating feedback strength (κ). This result in particular, which has important significance to minimize error in fabrication, is confirmed against published experimental data for an ADFB laser.
Gender and Career Progression in Academia: Assessing Equity and Diversity Policy Directions in Australian Universities

The university sector has been a leader in the development of equity and diversity policies in Australia, with most organisations providing strong protections against gender (and other forms of) discrimination as well as programs to support women's career advancement and comparatively generous parental leave policies. Within this context (although not necessarily causally driven by it) women's representation in higher levels of academia has increased significantly over the past 10-15 years. However the current picture varies considerably by discipline and organisational type, and overall women remain substantially under-represented in the top ranks of the academic workforce. The research reported in this paper examines ongoing influences on the careers of women and men in academia, addressing in particular some of the commonly assumed barriers to women's progression such as the gendered effects of parenthood and the distribution of teaching and administrative loads. We draw on a comprehensive national survey of academic staff conducted in 2011 (N=9,032) to investigate these issues. Our analysis indicates that women in the professoriate are significantly less likely than their male counterparts of similar age to have dependent children, thus raising questions over the capacity of the relatively generous policy context in universities to counter the career costs of parenting for women. The research also assesses the relevance of a range of other factors thought to impact on women's career progression in academia, including gendered workload patterns. Overall it provides some basis for a reconsideration of the most appropriate gender equity policies for contemporary universities.
Practical Electromagnetic Disturbance Analysis on Commercial Contactless Smartcards

Contactless smart cards are being widely employed in electronic passports, monetary payments, access control systems, and so forth, because of their advantages such as convenience and ease of maintenance. In this paper, we present a new side-channel attack method for contactless smart cards. This method exploits the information leakage stemming from electromagnetic disturbances (EMD). We also made a convenient and low-cost EMD reader board that performs side-channel attacks on contactless smart cards. In order to demonstrate that EMDs can become another information-leakage side channel, we have carried out side-channel analysis on a commercial contactless smart card that performs 128-bit ARIA encryptions, and we have been able to successfully find all 16 bytes of the ARIA key from the target device. From our experimental results, we conclude that the proposed EMD analysis yields better results than the conventional power analysis.
A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumer's Behaviour: An Addendum

IN the February issue of this journal I suggested that the theory of consumer's behaviour could be founded on three postulates: (I) that the amount demanded of each commodity be a single valued function of all prices and income; (2) that this function be homogeneous of order zero in the variables prices and income, i.e., the simultaneous doubling of all prices and income must leave all quantities demanded invariant; (3) that the individual always behaves consistently in the sense that he should never "prefer" a first batch of goods to a second at the same time that he "prefers" the second to the first. " Preference" was defined in a special sense so that the mathematical statement of the third postulate was
EL EMBARAZO ADOLESCENTE EN LA DESERCIÓN ESCOLAR DE UNA COMUNIDAD INDÍGENA DEL NORESTE DEL ESTADO DE GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO

Adolescence is a stage of physical and emotional changes, in which pregnancies occur, which are a public health problem and have a greater incidence in populations with low economic resources, with little access to health and education services, as are the indigenous communities. A pregnancy at a young age is a responsibility for the woman who presents it because she has to face a society full of prejudices, the main consequence at this age is to temporarily or permanently leave school to take responsibility for this new situation. Objective: Knowing the factors that influence the dropout of adolescent mothers in an indigenous community. Methodology: A quantitative, transversal and descriptive study was carried out, we studied a sample of 16 adolescent mothers between 15 and 20 years old, an information sheet was used to identify the main causes of school dropout, respecting autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence at all times. Results: The main cause was the lack of economic resources followed by the loss of interest in the studies and caring for their child. Conclusion: The lack of economic resources and the responsibility of a new being are the main cause to leave school, due to the new responsibilities that have just acquired, not achieving the adaptation to the new change.
Does Industrial Waste Reuse Bring Dual Benefits of Economic Growth and Carbon Emission Reduction?: Evidence of Incorporating the Indirect Effect of Economic Growth in China

This article employs panel data from 28 Chinese provinces over the period 1999–2011 to analyze the effects of industrial waste reuse (IWR) on carbon emissions. The extant studies mainly consider the direct effects that individual firms garner from IWR while ignoring other possible indirect effects in a more macroscopic context. Considering this research void, this article examines the potential indirect effects of IWR on carbon emissions through economic growth as the mediator. The results show that the direct effect of IWR on carbon emissions is negative and significant, but the positive indirect effect, through economic growth, is present. From the perspective of total effect, IWR is beneficial for both economic growth and carbon emission reduction (CER). However, the benefits for CER are mitigated when the economy is less developed, because the emission reduction could be compromised through the indirect effect of economic growth. Nevertheless, the indirect effect on compensating carbon emission is decreased with an increase in the economic growth. When the growth reaches a higher level, the indirect effect of IWR will alter to contribute to CER. The turning point in China is around 7,000 to 9,000 renminbi gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 1999 constant price.
Risk and Return Characteristics of Property Indices in Emerging Markets

We examine the investment performance and diversification benefits of real estate investments in emerging capital markets using property indices, and we contrast the risk and return characteristics of those property indices with the broader equity markets in those countries and with real estate and broader equity investments in developed markets. Real estate indices experienced relatively high total risk and low returns, but only a few of these indices underperformed on a risk-adjusted basis. Despite lackluster performance, real estate investments in emerging markets offered diversification opportunities to equity market investors in emerging markets as well as to real estate and equity market investors in developed markets. Policy makers in some countries support restrictions that limit investments abroad. These legislators should recognize that there is a tradeoff between potential benefits from keeping capital in their domestic markets versus reductions in diversification benefits available to their constituents.
Protein Expression Signatures for Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-mediated Signaling*

Analysis of cellular signaling networks typically involves targeted measurements of phosphorylated protein intermediates. However, phosphoproteomic analyses usually require affinity enrichment of phosphopeptides and can be complicated by artifactual changes in phosphorylation caused by uncontrolled preanalytical variables, particularly in the analysis of tissue specimens. We asked whether changes in protein expression, which are more stable and easily analyzed, could reflect network stimulation and inhibition. We employed this approach to analyze stimulation and inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by EGF and selective EGFR inhibitors. Shotgun analysis of proteomes from proliferating A431 cells, EGF-stimulated cells, and cells co-treated with the EGFR inhibitors cetuximab or gefitinib identified groups of differentially expressed proteins. Comparisons of these protein groups identified 13 proteins whose EGF-induced expression changes were reversed by both EGFR inhibitors. Targeted multiple reaction monitoring analysis verified differential expression of 12 of these proteins, which comprise a candidate EGFR inhibition signature. We then tested these 12 proteins by multiple reaction monitoring analysis in three other models: 1) a comparison of DiFi (EGFR inhibitor-sensitive) and HCT116 (EGFR-insensitive) cell lines, 2) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mouse xenograft DiFi and HCT116 tumors, and 3) in tissue biopsies from a patient with the gastric hyperproliferative disorder Ménétrier's disease who was treated with cetuximab. Of the proteins in the candidate signature, a core group, including c-Jun, Jagged-1, and Claudin 4, were decreased by EGFR inhibitors in all three models. Although the goal of these studies was not to validate a clinically useful EGFR inhibition signature, the results confirm the hypothesis that clinically used EGFR inhibitors generate characteristic protein expression changes. This work further outlines a prototypical approach to derive and test protein expression signatures for drug action on signaling networks.
HIGH-FREQUENCY IN VITRO DIRECT SHOOTS REGENERATION FROM AXILLARY NODAL AND SHOOT TIP EXPLANTS OF CLARY SAGE ( SALVIA SCLAREA L . )

GHANBAR, T. , B. HOSSEINI, Z. JABBARZADEH, A. FAROKHZAD and A. SHARAFI, 2016. High-frequency in vitro direct shoots regeneration from axillary nodal and shoot tip explants of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 22: 73–78 In vitro bud induction and shoot regeneration of Salvia sclarea L. was investigated. In vitro regeneration was achieved on MS media supplemented with various combinations of BAP, TDZ and IAA. In the first phase of the experiment, the interaction between explant type (shoot tip and axillary node) and plant growth regulators (TDZ and BAP) (0, 2.2, 4.4 and 8.8 μM) on bud induction and plant regeneration was investigated. According to the results, the interaction of explants and growth regulators on bud induction and regeneration of shoots on the 5% level was not significant. Maximum average of bud induction and shoot regeneration was achieved in axillary nodal explants. Compare data obtained from the effect of TDZ and BAP on the induction of buds and regenerated shoots showed that in culture media supplemented with different concentrations of the TDZ in compared with the same concentration of BAP, bud induction and shoot regeneration was better. In the second experiment, the effect of axillary bud explants in culture media containing different concentrations of TDZ (0, 2.2, 4.4 and 8.8 μM) in combined with 1.1 μM IAA were studied. Results showed that the maximum average of bud induction and shoot regeneration were in media containing 2.2 μM TDZ in combined with IAA. Root induction also was evaluated on 1⁄2 MS and MS media with two concentrations (0.5 and 1 mgl-1) of IAA or IBA. MS media supplemented with IAA (0.5 mgl-1) was the best medium for rooting.
Currency Markets and International Interest Rate Parity

In this chapter the authors seek to provide a general overview of the international markets for foreign exchange (FX) and FX derivatives as well as the theoretical relationships that tie these markets together with interest rates and central bank policies. The first section provides a brief summary of the FX markets, leading up to an illustration of their current size and uses. The second section details and distinguishes the various markets and FX products. This section also takes a close look at the FX derivative markets and presents the Garman and Kohlhagen pricing model. The third section presents the theoretical relationships between returns, exchange rates and interest rates specifically examining equilibrium conditions and the Taylor rule. Finally, the fourth section reviews several recent developments in the global currency markets.
Local content in emerging growth poles: Local effects of multinational corporations’ use of contract strategies

ABSTRACT The article analyses ‘local content’ in the strategies of multinational corporations (MNCs). Local content is explored as a link between MNCs and growth poles emerging through contract systems that encourage regional firms to connect with global networks entering a region. With a theoretical starting point in literature on local content and growth pole development, the analysis contributes to developing theories of growth poles by adding novel elements such as MNCs’ procurement strategies and their influence on growth poles through local content in contracts. Three aspects of MNCs’ contracts able to secure local content and thus increase contributions from extraction projects to regional development processes are analysed: (1) whether and how MNC projects are divided into subcontract modules, (2) the position and use of framework contracts, and (3) how transportation costs to sites are included in the biddings. It is concluded that further research on MNCs and local content would need to be aware of the following: factors that facilitate or maintain discrimination between bidders included and not included in global networks; reasons why advantages of geographical proximity are underexposed; and how public authorities (states) establish rules that give equality to local enterprises in their competition with firms entering from outside.
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: our experience in diagnosis, treatment, and outcome.

OBJECTIVES To describe our experience concerning sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in a large single-institution series of SSNHL patients and to discuss the results. METHOD This was a retrospective study, and the charts of 156 consecutive inpatients (65 males, mean age 44 years, range 10-74 years; 91 females, mean age 46 years, range 15-75 years) with the diagnosis of SSNHL from 1987 to 2000 were reviewed. One hundred forty-three of 156 patients received multidrug therapy (plasma expanders, antiaggregants, steroids), whereas only 13 SSNHL patients received hyperbaric oxygen therapy. RESULTS Old age, vascular and metabolic risk factors, and cigarette smoking do not a have a high prevalence in the SSNHL population. An etiologic factor was detected in 23 of 156 (15%) cases (16 cases of acute infection, 4 cases of neurovascular conflicts, 2 cases of cerebellar angiomas, 1 case of cochleovestibular schwannoma). The outcome was not related to the laterality, age, or hearing loss type. On the contrary, a statistically significant association between poor recovery and male sex, both tinnitus and vertigo, and the initial severity of the hearing loss was observed. CONCLUSIONS Mostly, SSNHL results in idiopathic disease. At present, diagnostic and therapeutic efforts appear to be inadequate to improve the prognosis of SSNHL. Further studies are needed to obtain better knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of SSNHL so that new therapeutic strategies can be considered in the treatment of this challenging ear disease.
Heterogeneous 3D integration — Technology enabler toward future super-chip

To overcome various concerns caused by scaling-down the device size, it is indispensable to introduce a new concept of heterogeneous 3D integration called a super-chip in which various kinds of device chips with different size, different devices and different materials are stacked. A key technology of self-assembly and electrostatic (SAE) temporary bonding has been developed to achieve a super-chip. Several kinds of super-chips are fabricated by stacking compound semiconductor device chip, photonic device chip and spintronic device chip on CMOS device chips.
OUTCROSSING INCREASES INFECTION SUCCESS AND COMPETITIVE ABILITY: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM A HERMAPHRODITE PARASITE

Abstract The maintenance of two genetically distinct reproductive modes such as outcrossing and selfing within a population of animals or plants is still a matter of considerable debate. Hermaphroditic parasites often reproduce either alone by selfing or in pairs by outcrossing. They can be used as a model to study potential benefits of outcrossing. Any advantage from outcrossing may be important, especially in host-parasite coevolution, but has not, to our knowledge, been studied yet in any parasite species. We studied the potential effect of outcrossing in a tapeworm, Schistocephalus solidus, on both infection success and growth in its first intermediate host, the copepod Macrocyclops albidus. Tapeworms that had been obtained from natural populations of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were allowed to reproduce either alone or in pairs, in an in vitro system that replaced the final host's gut. This resulted in either selfed or outcrossed offspring, respectively. In one part of the experiment, copepods were exposed to either selfed or outcrossed parasites, in a second part to both types simultaneously, in order to study the effect of competition between them. To discriminate parasites of either origin within the same host, a novel method for fluorescent vital labeling was used. We show here for the first time that outcrossed parasites had a higher infection success and faster development in the host. This advantage of outcrossing became apparent only in the competitive situation, in which superior abilities of parasites to extract limiting resources from the host become crucial.
Hydro Power and Supply Function Equilibrium

Much of the interest in the Supply Function Equilibria (SFE) model is focused on electricity spot markets for which it seems to be ideally suited. Most of the work has dealt with thermal power supply and very little with mixed hydro and thermal supply. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of using the SFE model in markets with hydro power where power producers have water reservoirs that they use strategically. This concerns a wider type of markets where firms have inventories of goods that they can use strategically.
The dangers of safety in outdoor education

A key document for planning for safety in education outside the classroom (EOTC) reinforces the concept of 'safe' individuals who take responsibility for monitoring their safe behaviour and that of others. Analysis of the document 'Safety and EOTC: A good practice guide for New Zealand Schools' (Ministry of Education, 2003b) reveals an imposed pervasive safety culture, which fosters anxiety and detracts from the pleasure and enjoyment of an EOTC experience. An understanding of how this situation has developed is reached through consideration of 'safety literature' which contends that 'safety' is a feature of a society obsessed with 'risk'. The author concludes that it is time to critique this focus on safety and challenge some of the detailed safety requirements.
Federal Debt and Macroeconomic Activity

The primary motivation for a wide variety of studies over the past decade on the macroeconomic effects of government debt is the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis, popularized by Barro [2]. The Ricardian view holds that government debt is not net wealth. As a consequence, a shift from a lump-sum tax to bond finance of government purchases has no effect on macro variables such as output, prices or interest rates. In contrast, the conventional argument holds that government debt is wealth and hence that shifting from lump-sum taxation to bond finance of government purchases will have first-order macroeconomic effects. Controversy over the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis has occurred at both theoretical and empirical levels. For example, the theoretical underpinnings of the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis have been disputed by Tobin and Buiter [38] and Brunner [6]. Recent empirical work has not resolved the controversy. For instance, Yawitz and Meyer [40], Feldstein [18], Makin [28], Eisner and Pieper [17], deLeeuw and Holloway [13], and Hoelscher [21] find evidence that debt affects output, consumption or interest rates. However, other studies find the opposite; see, e.g., Kochin [24], Tanner [37], Plosser [32], Dwyer [14], Kormendi [25], Hoelscher [22], Evans [15; 16], Seater and Mariano [33], Aschauer [1] and McMillin [29]. ' The objective of this study is to analyze empirically the effects of federal government debt on the macroeconomy for the period 1963:2-1984:4. An important distinction between this and most earlier analyses is that the effects of debt on key macro variables (output, prices and a longterm interest rate) are analyzed here within the context of a small empirical macro model.2 A
ON THE UTILITY OF SORNETTE’S CRASH PREDICTION MODEL WITHIN THE ROMANIAN STOCK MARKET

Stock market crashes have been a constant subject of interest among capital market researchers. Crashes’ behavior has been largely studied, but the problem that remained unsolved until recently, was that of a prediction algorithm. Stock market crashes are complex and global events, rarely taking place on a singular national capital market. They usually occur simultaneously on several if not most capital markets, implying important losses among the investors. Investments made within various stock markets have an extremely important role within the global economy, influencing people’s lives in many ways. Presently, stock market crashes are being studied with great interest, not only because of the necessity of a deep understanding of the phenomenon, but also because of the fact that these crashes belong to the so-called category of “extreme phenomena”. Those are the main reasons that determined scientists to try building mathematical models for crashes prediction. Such a model was built by Professor Didier Sornette, inspired and adapted from an earthquake detection model. Still, the model keeps many characteristics of its predecessor, not being fully adapted to the economic realities and demands, or to the stock market’s characteristics. This paper attempts to test the utility of the model in predicting Bucharest Stock Exchange’s price falls, as well as the possibility of it being successfully used by investors.