Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the shocks in BHR71: new observational constraints and H2O predictions for Herschel

Context. During the formation of a star, material is ejected along powerful jets that impact the ambient material. This outflow phenomenon plays an important role in the regulation of star formation. Understanding the associated shocks and their energetic effects is therefore essential to the study of star formation. Aims. We present comparisons of shock models with observations of H2 and SiO emission in the bipolar outflow BHR71. Such comparisons constitute a good way to constrain the type, velocity and age of the shock waves operating in this environment, as well as the physical conditions in the pre-shock region, e.g. density and magnetic field. They also provide a method for studying silicon in shocked regions. We make use of all the preliminary physical constraints obtained through such comparisons to predict water emission, under the basic assumption that the emission regions of the considered species coincide, at the resolution of currently available observations. Methods. New SiO observations from APEX are presented, and combined with Spitzer and ground-based observations of H2 to constrain shock models. The shock regions associated with targeted positions in the molecular outflow are studied by means of a code that generates one-dimensional models of the propagation of stationary shock waves, and approximations to non-stationary ones. The emission of H2 is dealt with in the code, whereas the emission of SiO and H2O are calculated by means of an external module, based on the LVG approximation. This external code provides local and integrated intensities for the lines of these species. A grid of models is used, covering shock velocities in the range 10 ≤ s ≤ 35 km s −1 , and pre-shock gas densities 10 4 ≤ nH ≤ 10 6 cm −3 . The magnetic field strength varies from about 45 μG to 600 μG. Results. The SiO emission in the inner part of the outflow is concentrated near the apex of the corresponding bow-shock that is also seen in the pure rotational transitions of H2. Simultaneous modelling is possible for H2 and SiO and leads to constraints on the silicon pre-shock distribution on the grain mantles and/or cores. The best-fitting models are found to be of the non-stationary type, but the degeneracy of the solutions is still large. Pre-shock densities of 10 4 and 10 5 cm −3 are investigated, and the associated best-model candidates have rather low velocity (respectively, 20−30 and 10−15 km s −1 ) and are not older than 1000 years. We provide emission predictions for water, focusing on the brightest transitions, to be observed with the PACS and HIFI instruments of the Herschel Telescope.
Erratum: Measurements of Transit Timing Variations for WASP-5b

Akihiko FUKUI,1, Norio NARITA,2 Paul J. TRISTRAM,3,* Takahiro SUMI,1,* Fumio ABE,1,* Yoshitaka ITOW,1,* Denis J. SULLIVAN,9,* Ian A. BOND,4,* Teruyuki HIRANO,5,6 and Motohide TAMURA,2 and David P. BENNETT,7 Kei FURUSAWA,1 Fumiya HAYASHI,1 John B. HEARNSHAW,8 Shun HOSAKA,1 Koki KAMIYA,1 Shuhei KOBARA,1 Aarno KORPELA,9 Pam M. KILMARTIN,3 Wei LIN,4 Cho Hong LING,4 Shota MAKITA,1 Kimiaki MASUDA,1 Yutaka MATSUBARA,1 Noriyuki MIYAKE,1 Yasushi MURAKI,10 Maiko NAGAYA,1 Kenta NISHIMOTO,1 Kouji OHNISHI,11 Kengo OMORI,1 Yvette PERROTT,12 Nicholas RATTENBURY,12 Toshiharu SAITO,13 Ljiljana SKULJAN,4 Daisuke SUZUKI,1 Winston L. SWEATMAN,4 and Kohei WADA10 (The MOA Collaboration) 1Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 afukui@stelab.nagoya-u.ac. jp 2National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 3 Mt. John Observatory, PO Box 56, Lake Tekapo 8770, New Zealand 4Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand 5Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 6 Department of Physics, and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 7Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA 8University of Canterbury, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand 9School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, 6001, New Zealand 10Department of Physics, Konan University, 6-1-1 Nishiokamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0073 11Nagano National College of Technology, 716 Tokuma, Nagano, Nagano 381-8550 12Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 13Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, 8-17-1 Minami-Senjyu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-0003
THE TDE ASASSN-14li AND ITS HOST RESOLVED AT PARSEC SCALES WITH THE EVN

We report European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network (EVN) radio continuum observations of ASASSN-14li, one of the best studied tidal disruption events (TDEs) to date. At 1.7 GHz with ≃12 × 6 mas resolution, the emission is unresolved. At 5.0 GHz with ≃3 × 2 mas resolution, the radio emission shows an extended structure that can be modeled with two components: a core-like component and a fainter, possibly elongated source 4.3 mas (∼2 pc) away. Our observations are not conclusive as to the nature of the components, but three scenarios are discussed. One possibility is a core-jet/outflow morphology, thus making of ASASSN-14li the first TDE jet/outflow directly imaged. For this case, the projected separation between the two components can only be explained by superluminal motion, rather than the lower velocities inferred from low-resolution radio observations. However, typical fast moving jets have brightness temperatures ∼5 orders of magnitude higher than we find, thus making this scenario less likely. The second possibility is that we are imaging a non-relativistic jet from past AGN/TDE activity. In this case a past TDE is preferred given that the spatial extension and radio luminosity of the elongated component are consistent with the theoretical predictions for a TDE outflow. Alternatively, the two sources could indicate the presence of a binary black hole, which would then naturally explain the enhanced TDE rates of post-starburst galaxies. Future EVN observations will help us to distinguish between these scenarios.
Phylogeography of a riparian earthworm shows environmental factors influence genetic structure

The study of cosmopolitan earthworms could be even more interesting than that of endemic species in revealing evolutionary processes. Previous research on the cosmopolitan worm Eiseniella tetraedra has indicated some phylogeographic structure among populations, but the factors responsible remain unresolved. We hypothesized that environmental factors and dispersal have shaped the distribution of the species' lineages.
Kink instability of force-free jets: a parameter space study

In the paradigm of magnetic acceleration of relativistic jets, one of the key points is identifying a viable mechanism to convert the Poynting flux into the kinetic energy of the plasma beyond equipartition. A promising candidate is the kink instability, which deforms the body of the jet through helical perturbations. Since the detailed structure of real jets is unknown, we explore a large family of cylindrical, force-free equilibria to get robust conclusions. We find that the growth rate of the instability depends primarily on two parameters: (i) the gradient of the poloidal magnetic field; (ii) the Lorentz factor of the perturbation, which is closely related to the velocity of the plasma. We provide a simple fitting formula for the growth rate of the instability. As a tentative application, we use our results to interpret the dynamics of the jet in the nearby active galaxy M87. We show that the kink instability becomes non-linear at a distance from the central black hole comparable to where the jet stops accelerating. Hence (at least for this object), the kink instability of the jet is a good candidate to drive the transition from a Poynting-dominated to a kinetic-energy-dominated flow.
A High-Resolution Ultrasonic Ranging System Using Laser Sensing and a Cross-Correlation Method

Ultrasound has been proven to be a valid tool for ranging, especially in water. In this paper, we design a high-resolution ultrasonic ranging system that uses a thin laser beam as an ultrasonic sensor. The laser sensing provides a noncontact method for ultrasound detection based on acousto-optic diffraction. Unlike conventional methods, the ultrasound transmitted from the transducer is recorded as the reference signal when it first passes through the laser. It can be used to improve the accuracy and resolution of the time-of-flight (TOF) by a cross-correlation method. Transducers with a central frequency of 1 MHz and diameters of 20 mm and 28 mm are used in the experiment. Five targets and a test piece are used to evaluate the ranging performance. The sound velocity is measured by the sound velocity profiler (SVP). The repeatability error of TOF is less than 4 ns, and the theoretical resolution of TOF is 0.4 ns. The results show a measurement resolution within one-tenth of the wavelength of ultrasound and an accuracy better than 0.3 mm for targets at a distance up to 0.8 m. The proposed system has potential applications in underwater ranging and thickness detection.
Activation of Microwave Fields in a Spin-Torque Nano-Oscillator by Neuronal Action Potentials

Action potentials are the basic unit of information in the nervous system and their reliable detection and decoding holds the key to understanding how the brain generates complex thought and behavior. Transducing these signals into microwave field oscillations can enable wireless sensors that report on brain activity through magnetic induction. In the present work we demonstrate that action potentials from crayfish lateral giant neuron can trigger microwave oscillations in spin-torque nano-oscillators. These nanoscale devices take as input small currents and convert them to microwave current oscillations that can wirelessly broadcast neuronal activity, opening up the possibility for compact neuro-sensors. We show that action potentials activate microwave oscillations in spin-torque nano-oscillators with an amplitude that follows the action potential signal, demonstrating that the device has both the sensitivity and temporal resolution to respond to action potentials from a single neuron. The activation of magnetic oscillations by action potentials, together with the small footprint and the high frequency tunability, makes these devices promising candidates for high resolution sensing of bioelectric signals from neural tissues. These device attributes may be useful for design of high-throughput bi-directional brain-machine interfaces.
THE SOFT X-RAY AND NARROW-LINE EMISSION OF Mrk 573 ON KILOPARSEC SCALES

We present a study of the circumnuclear region of the nearby Seyfert galaxy Mrk 573 using Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data. We have studied the morphology of the soft (<2 keV) X-rays comparing it with the [O iii] and Hα HST images. The soft X-ray emission is resolved into a complex extended region. The X-ray morphology shows a biconical region extending up to 12 arcsec (4 kpc) in projection from the nucleus. A strong correlation between the X-rays and the highly ionized gas seen in the [O iii]λ5007 Å image is reported. Moreover, we have studied the line intensities detected with the XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) and used them to fit the low-resolution EPIC/XMM-Newton and ACIS/Chandra spectra. The RGS/XMM-Newton spectrum is dominated by emission lines of C vi, O vii, O viii, Fe xvii, and Ne ix, among other highly ionized species. A good fit is obtained using these emission lines found in the RGS/XMM-Newton spectrum as a template for Chandra spectra of the nucleus and extended emission, coincident with the cone-like structures seen in the [O iii]/Hα map. The photoionization model Cloudy provides a reasonable fit for both the nuclear region and the cone-like structures showing that the dominant excitation mechanism is photoionization. For the nucleus the emission is modeled using two phases: a high ionization [log (U) = 1.23] and a low ionization [log (U) = 0.13]. For the high-ionization phase the transmitted and reflected components are in a 1:2 ratio, whereas for the low ionization the reflected component dominates. For the extended emission, we successfully reproduced the emission with two phases. The first phase shows a higher ionization parameter for the northwest (log (U) = 0.9) than for the southeast cone (log (U) = 0.3). Moreover, this phase is transmission dominated for the southeast cone and reflection dominated for the northwest cone. The second phase shows a low-ionization parameter (log (U) = −3) and is rather uniform for northwest and southeast cones and equally distributed in reflection and transmission components. In addition, we have also derived the optical/infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) of the nucleus from high spatial resolution images of Mrk 573. The nuclear optical/infrared SED of the nucleus has been modeled by a clumpy torus model. The torus bolometric luminosity agrees very well with the active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity inferred from the observed hard X-ray spectrum. The optical depth along the line of sight expected from the torus modeling indicates a high neutral hydrogen column density in agreement with the classification of the nucleus of Mrk 573 as a Compton-thick AGN.
Stratified Simulations of Collisionless Accretion Disks

This paper presents a series of stratified-shearing-box simulations of collisionless accretion disks in the recently developed framework of kinetic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), which can handle finite non-gyrotropy of a pressure tensor. Although a fully kinetic simulation predicted a more efficient angular-momentum transport in collisionless disks than in the standard MHD regime, the enhanced transport has not been observed in past kinetic-MHD approaches to gyrotropic pressure anisotropy. For the purpose of investigating this missing link between the fully kinetic and MHD treatments, this paper explores the role of non-gyrotropic pressure and makes the first attempt to incorporate certain collisionless effects into disk-scale, stratified disk simulations. When the timescale of gyrotropization was longer than, or comparable to, the disk-rotation frequency of the orbit, we found that the finite non-gyrotropy selectively remaining in the vicinity of current sheets contributes to suppressing magnetic reconnection in the shearing-box system. This leads to increases both in the saturated amplitude of the MHD turbulence driven by magnetorotational instabilities and in the resultant efficiency of angular-momentum transport. Our results seem to favor the fast advection of magnetic fields toward the rotation axis of a central object, which is required to launch an ultra-relativistic jet from a black hole accretion system in, for example, a magnetically arrested disk state.
RELATIVISTIC COLLAPSE AND EXPLOSION OF ROTATING SUPERMASSIVE STARS WITH THERMONUCLEAR EFFECTS

We present results of general relativistic simulations of collapsing supermassive stars with and without rotation using the two-dimensional general relativistic numerical code Nada, which solves the Einstein equations written in the BSSN formalism and the general relativistic hydrodynamic equations with high-resolution shock-capturing schemes. These numerical simulations use an equation of state that includes the effects of gas pressure and, in a tabulated form, those associated with radiation and the electron–positron pairs. We also take into account the effect of thermonuclear energy released by hydrogen and helium burning. We find that objects with a mass of ≈5 × 105 M☉ and an initial metallicity greater than ZCNO ≈ 0.007 do explode if non-rotating, while the threshold metallicity for an explosion is reduced to ZCNO ≈ 0.001 for objects uniformly rotating. The critical initial metallicity for a thermonuclear explosion increases for stars with a mass ≈106 M☉. For those stars that do not explode, we follow the evolution beyond the phase of black hole (BH) formation. We compute the neutrino energy loss rates due to several processes that may be relevant during the gravitational collapse of these objects. The peak luminosities of neutrinos and antineutrinos of all flavors for models collapsing to a BH are Lν ∼ 1055 erg s−1. The total radiated energy in neutrinos varies between Eν ∼ 1056 erg for models collapsing to a BH and Eν ∼ 1045–1046 erg for models exploding.
Emergence of a dark force in corpuscular gravity

We investigate the emergent laws of gravity when dark energy and the de Sitter space-time are modeled as a critical Bose-Einstein condensate of a large number of soft gravitons NG. We argue that this scenario requires the presence of various regimes of gravity in which NG scales in different ways. Moreover, the local gravitational interaction affecting baryonic matter can be naturally described in terms of gravitons pulled out from this dark energy condensate (DEC). We then explain the additional component of the acceleration at galactic scales, commonly attributed to dark matter, as the reaction of the DEC to the presence of baryonic matter. This additional dark force is also associated to gravitons pulled out from the DEC and correctly reproduces the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) acceleration. It also allows for an effective description in terms of general relativity sourced by an anisotropic fluid. We finally calculate the mass ratio between the contribution of the apparent dark matter and the baryonic matter in a region of size r at galactic scales and show that it is consistent with the.CDM predictions.
Spin Anisotropy and Quantum Hall Effect in the Kagomé Lattice : Chiral Spin State based on a Ferromagnet

A ferromagnet with spin anisotropies on the 2D Kagome lattice is theoretically studied. This is a typical example of the flat-band ferromagnet. The Berry phase induced by the tilting of the spins opens the band gap and quantized Hall conductance \sigma_{xy}=\pm e^2/h is realized without external magnetic field. This is the most realistic chiral spin state based on the ferromagnetism. We also discuss the implication of our results to anomalous Hall effect observed in the metallic pyrochlore ferromagnets R_2Mo_2O_7(R=Nd, Sm, Gd).
Dust scattering from the taurus molecular cloud

We present an analysis of the diffuse ultraviolet (UV) emission near the Taurus Molecular Cloud based on observations made by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). We used a Monte Carlo dust scattering model to show that about half of the scattered flux originates in the molecular cloud with 25% arising in the foreground and 25% behind the cloud. The best-fit albedo of the dust grains is 0.3 but the geometry is such that we could not constrain the phase function asymmetry factor (g).
Increasing Cultural Intelligence for Military Troops and Civilian Officers serving in The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is still experiencing internal political turmoil between the Tutsi and Hutu tribes. Therefore, the United Nations through the Security Council established The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) to monitor the peace process after the Second Congo War. Several approaches must be applied so that the mission carried out is able to reconcile the conflicting actors. The purpose of this research is to find out the obstacles faced in the MONUSCO mission and their solutions. The method used in this research is to use a literature study to test the credibility of the data found. The peace mission carried out by MONUSCO can be said to be quite successful despite facing several strategic and operational challenges. The use of cultural intelligence and prospect theory in pre-mission training should be done in order to increase the success of the mission.
Quantum critical point with infinite projected entangled paired states

A classification of SU(2)-invariant Projected Entangled Paired States (PEPS) on the square lattice, based on a unique site tensor, has been recently introduced by Mambrini et al. \cite{Mambrini2016}. It is not clear whether such SU(2)-invariant PEPS can either i) exhibit long-range magnetic order (like in the Neel phase) or ii) describe a genuine Quantum Critical Point (QCP) separating two ordered phases. Here, we identify a specific family of SU(2)-invariant PEPS of the classification which provides excellent variational energies for the $J_1-J_2$ frustrated Heisenberg model, especially at $J_2=0.5$, corresponding to the approximate location of the QCP separating the Neel phase from a Quantum Disordered phase. The PEPS are build from virtual states belonging to the $\frac{1}{2}^{\otimes N} \oplus 0$ SU(2)-representation, i.e. with $N$ "colors" of virtual \hbox{spin-$\frac{1}{2}$}. Using a full update infinite-PEPS approach directly in the thermodynamic limit, based on the Corner Transfer Matrix Renormalization Group (CTMRG) algorithm supplemented by a Conjugate Gradient optimization scheme, we provide evidence of i) the absence of magnetic order and of ii) diverging correlation lengths (i.e. showing no sign of saturation with increasing environment dimension) in both the singlet and triplet channels, when the number of colors $N\ge 3$. We argue that such a PEPS gives a qualitative description of the critical point of the $J_1-J_2$ model.
Beyond Safety: Toward a Value-Sensitive Approach to the Design of AI Systems

As modern, pre-trained ML models have proliferated in recent years , many researchers and practitioners have made signiﬁcant efforts to prevent AI systems from causing harm. This focus on safety is critical, but a singular focus on safety can come at the exclusion of considering other important stakeholder values and the interactions between those values in the AI systems we build. In this position paper, we propose that the AI community should incorporate ideas from the Value-Sensitive Design framework [9, 11] from the Human-Computer Interaction community to ensure the needs and values of all stakeholders are reﬂected in the systems we build. We share observations and reﬂections from our experiences working on AI-supported accessibility technologies and with members of various disability communities to illustrate the tensions that sometimes arise between safety and other values.
Experimental generalized quantum suppression law in Sylvester interferometers

Photonic interference is a key quantum resource for optical quantum computation, and in particular for so-called boson sampling devices. In interferometers with certain symmetries, genuine multiphoton quantum interference effectively suppresses certain sets of events, as in the original Hong–Ou–Mandel effect. Recently, it was shown that some classical and semi-classical models could be ruled out by identifying such suppressions in Fourier interferometers. Here we propose a suppression law suitable for random-input experiments in multimode Sylvester interferometers, and verify it experimentally using 4- and 8-mode integrated interferometers. The observed suppression occurs for a much larger fraction of input–output combinations than what is observed in Fourier interferometers of the same size, and could be relevant to certification of boson sampling machines and other experiments relying on bosonic interference, such as quantum simulation and quantum metrology.