Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International Tourism and Cultural Change in Southeast Asia

International tourism is one of the most rapidly expanding links between the advanced capitalist nations and the underdeveloped world. During the 1960s, international tourism emerged as the largest single item in world trade,i although increases in oil prices in the 1970s have pushed it back to second place. Annual growth rates are rapid: tourist arrivals in Southeast Asia increased by 13.1% between 1974 and 1975.2 Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand all now receive over 1 million tourists annually. Tables 1 and 2 document the general expansion of tourism over a 25-year period and the increasing importance of Asian and Pacific destinations. Table 2 shows a fourfold increase in the numbers of international tourists visiting Asia and Australasia between 1965 and 1975 and a doubling of the region's share of the world market. During this decade the region's tourist receipts increased from $484 million to $4.5 billion. Table 3 presents data on the rapid growth of tourism for specific Southeast Asian nonsocialist destinations.3
Implementing the EFQM excellence model in a local authority

Many organisations, including a number of those in the public sector, have adopted the EFQM excellence model as a means of improving performance. Supported, and in some cases driven, by central government’s “best value” agenda, some local authorities have adopted the model as a means of improving services and demonstrating continuous improvement. For many organisations there can be problems getting employees to “buy in” to the model’s approach and this can adversely affect the benefits that could be gained from implementation. This paper reports on a unique approach to implementation that managed to get all employees involved in the process and thus allowed the organisation to reap the necessary benefits and advance to the next stage in the improvement process.
Fate of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid After Uptake by Competent Bacillus subtilis: Phenotypic Characterization of Radiation-Sensitive Recombination-Deficient Mutants

A collection of 16 isogenic recombination-deficient strains of Bacillus subtilis isolated on the basis of sensitivity to methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) or mitomycin C (MC) were characterized phenotypically. All were found to be somewhat sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation, MC, and MMS. The mutants were all blocked in “late” steps in the transformation process and were provisionally grouped into four categories on the basis of the various properties examined. Class I mutants were deficient in transformation and heterologous transduction with phage PBS1 but were transducible with homologous donors at nearly the wild-type frequency. They were blocked in donor-recipient complex (DRC) formation but formed essentially normal amounts of double-strand fragments (DSF) and single-strand fragments (SSF). The class IIa strain was deficient in transformation and PBS1 transduction, and formed DRC which was normal by all available physical and biological criteria. Class IIb mutants were deficient in transformation and PBS1 transduction, and failed to form DRC. They did produce DSF and SSF. Class III mutants were deficient in transformation, were normal in PBS1 transduction, and formed DRC which was physically indistinguishable from that of the Rec+ parent although with slightly lowered donor-type transforming activity. Class IV strains were deficient in PBS1 transduction but were transformed at nearly the wild-type efficiency. None of the mutant strains was deficient in the adenosine triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease.
A Capital Asset Pricing Model with Investors Taxes and Three Categories of Investment Income

The classical Capital Asset Pricing Model of Sharpe [5] and Lintner [4] has been generalized by Brennan [2, 3] to include the effect of investors' taxes. In Brennan's formulation, investors' portfolio incomes are divided into capital gains and ordinary income components whose marginal tax rates differ both from one another and across investors. In this paper, Brennan's model is further generalized to admit tax–exempt portfolio income as well. The results, which may accord with empirical data better than have those of the less general models, include a three–fund separation theorem, a three–term Capital Asset Pricing Formula which relates the excess rate of return of any risky portfolio to those of three fundamental risky portfolios whose rates of return are pairwise uncorrelated, and a representation suitable for empirical testing.
Welcome to the House of Fun: Work Space and Social Identity

Following the diffusion of HRM as the dominant legitimating managerial ideology, some employers have started to see the built working environment as a component in managing organizational culture and employee commitment. A good example is where the work space is designed to support a range of officially encouraged ‘fun’ activities at work. Drawing on recent research literature and from media reports of contemporary developments, this article explores the consequences of such developments for employees’ social identity formation and maintenance, with a particular focus on the office and customer service centre. The analysis suggests that management’s attempts to determine what is deemed fun may not only be resented by workers because it intrudes on their existing private identities but also because it seeks to reshape their values and expression.
Équilibre extérieur et taux de change réel : apport du modèle de croissance contrainte par la balance des paiements

L’article met l’accent sur les taux de croissance du taux de change reel et de ses determinants fondamentaux, c’est-a-dire sur leur vitesse d’evolution, alors qu’une large part de ces travaux sur les taux de change porte sur son niveau. Les bases theoriques sont postkeynesiennes. Plus precisement, le modele de croissance contrainte par la balance des paiements qui a ete developpe en 1979 par Thirlwall est etendu afin d’incorporer plus particulierement les flux nets de capitaux de long terme. Le modele ainsi amende permet de montrer qu’une economie, qu’elle soit creditrice ou debitrice nette, qui souhaite atteindre une valeur donnee du taux de croissance de son taux de change reel doit prendre en compte une double contrainte sur sa balance des paiements. La premiere constitue la contrainte d’equilibre de long terme sur le solde des transactions courantes que tous les pays subissent. La deuxieme decrit le desequilibre courant temporaire qui peut exister a moyen terme en raison des flux compensateurs de capitaux. La combinaison des elasticites du commerce exterieur conditionne l’articulation entre ces deux contraintes et les modalites d’ajustement d’une nation a la suite d’un choc sur les flux nets de capitaux dependent alors etroitement de cette combinaison entre ces deux expressions des comptes exterieurs. Le modele montre qu’une politique d’appreciation ou de depreciation du taux change reel doit tenir compte des valeurs prises par les elasticites du commerce exterieur.
Flexible Firms and Labor Market Segmentation

Employers in all industrial societies have sought greater flexibility in their employment systems. This article discusses some key ways in which employers have sought to restructure their workforces to become more flexible and the consequences of such restructuring for workers and jobs. The author argues that U.S. employers' use of numerical and functional flexibility strategies has led to a division between organizational insiders (standard employment relations) and outsiders (who have nonstandard work arrangements). The consequences of working in nonstandard employment relations differ depending on workers' individual and collective control over skills and other valued resources.
Merging Professional Service Firms

Accountants, lawyers, consultants and advertising agents have all been merging as their clients demand global and diversified services from their professional advisors. This article reports on a three-year study of three such mergers. Notwithstanding the widespread belief that business now moves at the speed of thought, the author concludes that, in most cases, managers should allow the process of integration to evolve gradually. However, this does not mean doing nothing: she identifies eight ways in which managers can facilitate the process.
ARIMA-GARCH MODELS IN ESTIMATING MARKET RISK USING VALUE AT RISK FOR THE WIG20 INDEX

This paper determines whether the VaR estimation is influenced by conditional distribution of return rates (normal, t-student, GED) and attempts to choose the model which best estimates VaR on a selected example. We considered logarithmic return rates for the WIG-20 index from 1999-2011. Then, on their basis we estimates various types of ARIMA-GARCH (1,1) models. Applying relevant models we calculated VaR for the long and short position. The differences between the models were settled on the basis of the Kupiec test.
Preliminary Evidence of Significant Gaps in Continuity of HIV Care among Excarcerated Populations in Puerto Rico

Objective: Puerto Rico has high HIV prevalence and incidence rates, including a large prison population living with HIV. While HIV treatment is available within the prisons, there are no linkages to care or treatment preparedness interventions following release. Methods: In an effort to assess the risk of treatment discontinuity in this group, we examined data from an ongoing epidemiological study in the largest, publicly funded HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) treatment center in the San Juan area. Results: Among the newly enrolled, HIV-positive patients with a history of incarceration, there was an average 4-year gap in reengagement in treatment. Drug and sexual risk behaviors were prevalent, as was evidence of significant immune impairment (including high viral load and low CD4 count). Conclusions: Treatment discontinuity may contribute to poor health outcomes in this group and also fuel new infections. There is an urgent need for interventions to retain HIV-positive inmates in community HIV care following release.
Pricing of Off‐Balance Sheet Debt: How Do Bond Market Participants Use the Footnote Disclosures on Operating Leases and Postretirement Benefit Plans?

In this study, we examine whether the public debt market prices information on off‐balance sheet debt arising from operating leases and postretirement plans. We find that bond‐rating agencies price off‐balance sheet debt arising from operating leases and the coefficient on off‐balance sheet debt measure of operating leases is similar to that of capital leases on the balance sheet. Regarding postretirement benefit plans, we find that bond‐rating agencies do price postretirement benefit obligations that are reported in balance sheet but do not price such obligations disclosed in footnotes. We find similar results when we examine corporate bond yields on new debt issues.
The ability of analytical procedures to signal transaction errors

To provide further evidence on the effectiveness of analytical procedures (APs) used in auditing. Computer simulation experiments are used to examine the error detection ability of a set of APs. Two different types of errors are examined and compared on the basis of the Type I and Type II errors they produce. The results of the experiments support earlier performance assessments of APs based upon simulated data. Higher noise levels reduce performance but a more detailed modeling of the process generating the data appears to produce a compensatory increase in performance. Contrary to earlier findings, some annual APs performed better than their related monthly counterparts. Case study and experimental results are better reconciled than in previous studies. The findings are based upon simulated data and deal with two types of error only. The experiments model the data generating process underlying accounting numbers but are simplifications of the real situation. Future research based upon the same approach but using more sophisticated experimental models and dealing with a wider class of errors would be useful. The findings echo earlier recommendations that APs should not be relied upon as lone, substantive testing devices for error and fraud. The simulation experiments use Statistical Activity Cost Theory to generate accounting numbers from specified, underlying stochastic processes. This allows errors to be related to transactions, i.e. the level at which they typically occur, whereas in prior experimental work errors have only been related to accounts.
Clinical relevance of cardiac structure and function abnormalities in patients with Cushing’s syndrome before and after cure

Objectives Sustained hypercortisolism impacts cardiac function, and, indeed, cardiac disease is one of the major determinants of mortality in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical relevance of cardiac structure and function alterations by echocardiography in patients with active Cushing’s syndrome and after disease remission.
A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients with lesions greater than or equal to 3.65 mm in thickness. The importance of revealing alternative Cox models.

Fourteen prognostic factors were examined in 79 patients with clinical Stage I melanoma greater than or equal to 3.65 mm in thickness. All nine patients with melanoma of the hands or feet died of melanoma. A Cox proportional hazards (multivariate) analysis of the remaining 70 patients showed that a combination of the following four variables best predicted bony or visceral metastases: 1) a nearly absent or minimal lymphocyte response at the base of the tumor, 2) histologic type other than superficial spreading melanoma, 3) location on the trunk, and 4) positive nodes or no initial node dissection. Ulceration and/or ulceration width were not useful in predicting outcome either singly or in combination with other variables. Patients with negative lymph nodes and primary tumors of the trunk, hands, and feet did not do better than patients with positive nodes at those sites. Conversely, non of 16 patients with negative lymph nodes and extremity melanomas (excluding the hands and feet) or head and neck melanomas developed visceral or bony metastases (i.e., five-year disease-free survival rate 100%).
An Alternative Model of the Impact of the Proximate Determinants on Fertility Change: Evidence From Latin America

A model is proposed for decomposition of changes in total fertility by several of its proximate determinants. The new method has been derived from previous work in modelling marital fertility within the framework of generalized linear models. The discussion is illustrated by data from countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in which there has been at least one survey from the World Fertility Survey and from the Demographic and Health Surveys projects. The results of the new approach are then compared with those obtained from the application of Bongaarts's model of proximate determinants to the same data. The most important lesson is that, because of the intricacies of human reproduction, the models proposed to assess the importance of the most relevant inhibitory factors on the potential fertility of populations generate results which are subject to considerable variability, and can only be regarded as crude approximations of the real effects.
Spot and Forward Exchange Rates: A Causality Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to establish empirically the causality relationships between forward and spot exchange rates using the notion of Granger (1969) causality. Intuitively, spot rates cause forward rates in the sense of Granger if past spot rate information is useful in predicting future forward rates. Similarly, forward rates cause spot rates if past forward rates have predictive content with respect to future spot rates. The rationale for estimating the causality relationships between spot and forward exchange rates is twofold. First, there is an extensive literature in international finance which is concerned with predicting future exchange rates for exchange rates management purposes. ' In the context of this literature, we want to see if causality analysis yields superior exchange rate predictions at least in comparison to standard univariate time-series analysis. Indeed, from the theory of exchange rate determination (see, for example, Grauer, Litzenberger and Stehle, 1976) we know that forward rates — or at least the current forward rate — contain information about future spot rates. ^ Therefore, we should expect to find that forward rates cause spot rates. ^ That is, forward rates are useful in predicting future spot rates. Second, there exists a related literature which is concerned with the efficiency of foreign exchange markets. * According to this literature, in an efficient market, the information conveyed by past spot rates should be fully impounded in future spot and forward rates. In particular then, spot rates should not prove useful in predicting forward rates, or alternatively, spot rates should not cause forward rates. The remainder of this paper is devoted to using causality analysis to examine these two issues empirically, namely, do forward rates cause spot rates and do spot rates not cause forward rates. The following section defines Granger causality more rigorously, and the third section introduces the models and procedures for determining causality relationships. The fourth section describes the data and empirical results. The final section concludes the paper.
Increased Dispersion of Ventricular Repolarization During Head‐Up Tilt Test Late After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation in Humans

LEE, T. ‐M. , et al.: Increased Dispersion of Ventricular Repolarization During Head‐Up Tilt Test Late After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation in Humans. Sympathetic reinnervation after heart transplantation may be regionally heterogeneous. It remains undetermined if such heterogeneous reinnervation will result in increased ventricular repolarization dispersion. To determine the changes of ventricular repolarization after transplantation, a 15‐minute, 80‐degree head‐up tilt test was prospectively performed with isoproterenol provocation in 30 patients who were studied within 5 months after transplantation (early group) and 30 patients who were studied ≥12 months (late group). Holter monitor was initiated to evaluate heart rate variability, which was a surrogate of cardiac reinnervation. JT dispersion was defined as the difference between maximal and minimal JT interval measurements occurring among any of the 12 leads on a standard electrocardiogram. No subject had fewer than nine measurable leads. Compared with patients in the early group, the patients in the late group had higher low frequency activity, indicating partial sympathetic reinnervation. Analysis of the electrocardiogram showed that there were significant differences in the corrected JT dispersion in the late group compared with the early group and controls (74 ± 18 vs 56 ± 15 and 55 ± 14 ms, both P <0.05) during isoproterenol infusion. Head‐up tilt test is a useful tool to unmask the increased dispersion of ventricular repolarization, particularly during states of isoproterenol infusion. Early after cardiac transplantation, neither postural changes nor isoproterenol infusion caused a significant increase of corrected JT dispersion. Late after transplantation, heterogeneous sympathetic reinnervation may result in increased corrected JT dispersion. However, whether increased dispersion of ventricular repolarization is related to cardiac death late after operation warrants further investigation in a large and long‐term trial.
Relationships Between Chairpersons and CEOs in Nonprofit Organizations

Abstract Relationships between chairpersons and chief executive officers (CEOs) are extensively addressed in the prescriptive literature on nonprofit organizations, but insufficiently studied. The purposes of the present study are threefold: First, to examine who of the two key figures is more dominant in nonprofit organizations; the chairperson of the board or the CEO; second, to investigate the extent to which dominance in the organizations is correlated with organizational as well as board characteristics, chairperson characteristics, and his/her degree of involvement in the management of the organization, and existence and clarity of role definitions; and finally, to identify those factors that best explain CEO's dominance in the organization. The findings pinpointed several patterns of dominance, specially that CEO's dominance was correlated with organizational and board characteristics, chairperson's characteristics, and degree of involvement in the management of the organization, and the extent to which there were formal and clear role definitions. Number of hours spent by the chairperson working for the organization was the best predictor for CEO dominance.
Investment strategies in retirement: in the presence of a means-tested government pension*

Abstract A simulation approach is used to investigate how various investment strategies affect the ability of retirees to spend at a desired level up until death. Retirees are assumed to maintain all investment and longevity risk, and also have access to a government-sponsored and means-tested Age Pension to provide part of their desired expenditure. It is found that a 100% allocation to growth assets is optimal for large expenditure desires relative to initial balance levels, with allocations outside of this being sensitive to movements in initial balance and desired expenditure level, as well as interactions with the Age Pension.
Stage-Specific Gender Differences in Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Vascular Dementia

Studies on gender differences in the clinical manifestations of vascular dementia (VaD) are still lacking. In the present study, gender comparisons of cognitive and neuropsychiatric profiles were conducted separately for mild and moderate-to-severe VaD in a total of 467 patients with VaD. There were no significant gender differences in cognitive manifestations, except that females performed better on immediate verbal recall than males in mild stage. Women were more likely to exhibit delusions (15.5% vs 7.4%), hallucinations (9.5% vs 3.4%), and depression (43.1% vs 27.3%) in mild stage. The predominance of male patients was observed in apathy at moderate-to-severe stage (50.5% vs 34.8%). To conclude, gender differences existed in neuropsychiatric symptoms of VaD and were especially pronounced in mild stage. Delusions, hallucinations, and depression were more prevalent in females in mild VaD, with the male predominance only in apathy in the later stage.
Relación entre equipamiento de servicios y modelo turístico

El objetivo de este trabajo es descubrir la implicacion de dos subsectores del equipamiento de servicios (distribucion y ludico) con el modelo turistico imperante en los municipios de San Javier y San Pedro del Pinatar en el Mar Menor. Para ello, se analizan diversos factores cualitativos de dicho equipamiento, a traves de la percepcion que de ellos tienen los responsables de nuestras unidades de analisis (establecimientos de venta de bienes y servicios).