Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple Regression Analysis : Estimation I

In Chapter 2, we learned how to use simple regression analysis to explain a dependent variable, y, as a function of a single independent variable, x. The primary drawback in using simple regression analysis for empirical work is that it is very difficult to draw ceteris paribus conclusions about how x affects y: the key assumption, SLR.4—that all other factors affecting y are uncorrelated with x—is often unrealistic. Multiple regression analysis is more amenable to ceteris paribus analysis because it allows us to explicitly control for many other factors that simultaneously affect the dependent variable. This is important both for testing economic theories and for evaluating policy effects when we must rely on nonexperimental data. Because multiple regression models can accommodate many explanatory variables that may be correlated, we can hope to infer causality in cases where simple regression analysis would be misleading. Naturally, if we add more factors to our model that are useful for explaining y, then more of the variation in y can be explained. Thus, multiple regression analysis can be used to build better models for predicting the dependent variable. An additional advantage of multiple regression analysis is that it can incorporate fairly general functional form relationships. In the simple regression model, only one function of a single explanatory variable can appear in the equation. As we will see, the multiple regression model allows for much more flexibility. Section 3.1 formally introduces the multiple regression model and further discusses the advantages of multiple regression over simple regression. In Section 3.2, we demonstrate how to estimate the parameters in the multiple regression model using the method of ordinary least squares. In Sections 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5, we describe various statistical properties of the OLS estimators, including unbiasedness and efficiency. The multiple regression model is still the most widely used vehicle for empirical analysis in economics and other social sciences. Likewise, the method of ordinary least squares is popularly used for estimating the parameters of the multiple regression model.
Homeless over 50: The Graying of Chicago's Homeless Population

This is a report of a 2-year collaborative study of homeless people aged 50 to 64 in Chicago between Loyola University Center for Urban Research and Learning and the Chicago Alliance to End Homelessness. This study had three goals: To obtain a demographic profile of people who are homeless in Chicago and are between the ages of 50 and 64; to understand how the various systems designed to serve this population do and do not meet their needs; and to begin to suggest a range of policy and programmatic responses to meet the needs of this population. Information for this research was gathered from a variety of sources: archival survey data from the 2001 Illinois Regional Roundtable study, homeless agencies administrative data; focus groups with individuals who were homeless; life histories of homeless individuals; and interviews with providers. The broad range of data, both quantitative and qualitative, and from differing perspectives allowed the researchers to explore the complexity of experiences facing older homeless individuals. One of the most surprising findings from the study is that a majority of people aged 50-64 in the Roundtable study became homeless for the first time in middle age. The median age for first homelessness was 47. A second key finding is that the number of people who are homeless in Chicago between the ages of 50 and 65 increased between 2001 and 2006. A broad range of homeless service agencies saw, in total, a 26% increase in the older individuals they were serving. The study found that a sizable portion (possibly 40%) of this population have the will, ability, and work history to become employed, but are hampered from obtaining employment. There are three likely reasons for this: 1) a mismatch of their skills to the job market; 2) the decrease of jobs paying a living wage and 3) ageism in the employment market. Conversely, the employment prospects for the remaining 60% of individuals are very limited. We found that many have one or more factors, such as chronic illness, that limit their ability to hold employment. Finally, safety net social welfare programs fail this population. The meager safety net programs in place for single adults such as Earnfare target individuals younger than 48, and most programs for seniors cannot be accessed until 62 (housing) and 65 (SSI).
Unexploded ordnance discrimination using magnetic and electromagnetic sensors: Case study from a former military site

In a study at a military range with the objective to discriminate potentially hazardous 4.2-inch mortars from nonhazardous shrapnel, range, and cultural debris, six different discrimination techniques were tested using data from an array of magnetometers, a time-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) cart, an array of time-domain sensors, and a time-domain EMI cart with a wider measurement bandwidth. Discrimination was achieved using rule-based or statistical classification of feature vectors extracted from dipole or polarization tensor models fit to detected anomalies. For magnetics, the ranking by moment yielded better discrimination results than that of apparent remanence from relatively large remanent magnetizations of several of the seeded items. The magnetometer results produced very accurate depths and fewer failed fits attributable to noisy data or model insuffi-ciency. The EMI-based methods were more effective than the magnetometer for intrinsic discrimination ability. The higher signal-to-noise .
A remarkable recurrent nova in M31 - The optical observations

Context: In late November 2013 a fifth eruption in five years of the M31 recurrent nova M31N 2008-12a was announced. Aims: In this Letter we address the optical lightcurve and progenitor system of M31N 2008-12a. Methods: Optical imaging data of the 2013 eruption from the Liverpool Telescope, La Palma, and Danish 1.54m Telescope, La Silla, and archival Hubble Space Telescope near-IR, optical and near-UV data are astrometrically and photometrically analysed. Results: Photometry of the 2013 eruption, combined with three previous eruptions, enabled construction of a template light curve of a very fast nova, t2(V)~4 days. The archival data allowed recovery of the progenitor system in optical and near-UV data, indicating a red-giant secondary with bright accretion disk, or alternatively a system with a sub-giant secondary but dominated by a disk. Conclusions: The eruptions of M31N 2008-12a, and a number of historic X-ray detections, indicate a unique system with a recurrence timescale of ~1 year. This implies the presence of a very high mass white dwarf and a high accretion rate. The recovered progenitor system is consistent with such an elevated rate of accretion.We encourage additional observations, especially towards the end of 2014.
Secure and Scalable routing protocol for Internet of Things

In this paper, we propose a secure and scalable routing protocol for IoT networks. Our proposed protocol effectively uses a lightweight remote attestation technique to ensure software integrity of network devices. To avoid additional overhead caused by attestation messages, our protocol piggybacks the attestation process using existing control messages. Thus, it causes low energy consumption and provides scalability features to the traditional routing protocol, which are essential in resource-constrained large scale networks such as IoT. CCS CONCEPTS • Internet of Things → Security; Reliability; Routing; • Networks→ Network reliability.
Description of Gemella sanguinis sp. nov., Isolated from Human Clinical Specimens

ABSTRACT Six strains of a hitherto undescribed gram-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccus isolated from human sources were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that the unknown strains were genealogically identical and constitute a new subline within the genus Gemella. The unknown bacterium was readily distinguished from Gemella haemolysans,Gemella bergeriae, and Gemella morbillorum by biochemical tests and electrophoretic analysis of whole-cell proteins. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified as Gemella sanguinis sp. nov. The type strain is CCUG 37820T.
Maize defensin ZmDEF 1 is involved in plant response to fungal phytopathogens

A seed-specific cDNA Zea mays defensin 1 (ZmDEF1), which encodes a novel plant defensin, was isolated from maize (Zea mays L. cv. NongDa108). ZmDEF1 contains a predicted signal peptide of 31 amino acids at the N-terminus domain and a mature peptide of 49 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 5.4 kDa. Expression data demonstrated that this gene is expressed specially in immature and mature seeds. In contrast to defensins from other plant species, the expression of ZmDEF1 cannot be detected in seedlings, even under induction of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The recombinant ZmDEF1 displays an inhibitive activity against the fungal pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Ectopic expression of the ZmDEF1 gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter conferred enhanced tolerance against P. parasitica in transgenic tobacco plants.
Characterization and evaluation of processes governing the groundwater quality in parts of the Sabarmati basin, Gujarat using hydrochemistry integrated with GIS

Intense agricultural and industrial activities in any area are likely to make groundwater vulnerable with respect to its quality. In one such area which is a part of Sabarmati river basin of Gujarat, factors influencing the groundwater hydrochemistry in pre‐ and post‐monsoon season were evaluated. Groundwater samples were collected from 5 km × 5 km grids on the basis of spectral signature of vegetation and soil, observed on satellite image. Integration of Conventional graphical plots, Piper plot, saturation index values (estimated using PHREEQC) and GIS was helpful not only to create the database for analysis of spatial variation in respective water quality parameters but also to decipher the hydrogeochemical process occurring in such a large area. USSL diagram and % sodium were used to characterise the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. It was observed that leaching of wastes disposed from anthropogenic activities and agrichemicals is the major factor influencing the groundwater quality, in addition to the natural processes such as weathering, dissolution and ion exchange. Sea water relics are also impacting the groundwater quality. Control of indiscriminate and unplanned exploitation of groundwater, application of fertilizers and disposal of industrial wastes in the affected areas can possibly ensure groundwater protection from further pollution and depletion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of the Heavy Rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during Summer 2003 Using the WRF Model

Abstract In this study, a 47-day regional climate simulation of the heavy rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during the summer of 2003 was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. The simulation reproduces reasonably well the evolution of the rainfall during the study period's three successive rainy phases, especially the frequent heavy rainfall events occurring in the Huai River Basin. The model captures the major rainfall peak observed by the monitoring stations in the morning. Another peak appears later than that shown by the observations. In addition, the simulation realistically captures not only the evolution of the low-level winds but also the characteristics of their diurnal variation. The strong southwesterly (low-level jet, LLJ) wind speed increases beginning in the early evening and reaches a peak in the morning; it then gradually decreases until the afternoon. The intense LLJ forms a strong convergent circulation pattern in the early morning along the Yangtze-Huai River Basin. This pattern partly explains the rainfall peak observed at this time. This study furnishes a basis for the further analysis of the mechanisms of evolution of the LLJ and for the further study of the interactions between the LLJ and rainfall.
The age of the Marble Hall diorite, its relationship to the Uitkomst Complex, and evidence for a new magma type associated with the Bushveld igneous event

Mesocratic to leucocratic diorite intruded as sills in the deformed Marble Hall Fragment in the vicinity of Marble Hall, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A mesocratic variety gives a 207Pb/206Pb SHRIMP age on zircon of 2055.6 ±3.1 Ma. This age similar to that of the Bushveld Complex and the conduit-like Uitkomst Complex. Because the more primitive variety of Marble Hall diorite is chemically comparable with the chill-zone rocks of the Basal Gabbro of the Uitkomst Complex, a new magma type (Bu-type magma), associated with the Bushveld igneous event, at c. 2056 Ma, is postulated. The emplacement of this magma preceded the emplacement of the Bushveld B 1-type magma, and may also be parental or genetically related to the Lindequesdrift intrusion (in Malmani dolomite), the Roodekraal Complex, and the Rietfontein Complex in the Potchefstroom area. These findings reinstate the economic potential of all these sub-Rusteriburg Layered Suite intrusives.
Limited-Area Model Sensitivity to the Complexity of Representation of the Land Surface Energy Balance

Abstract By coupling a multimode land surface scheme with a regional climate model, three scientific issues are addressed in this paper: (i) the regional model's sensitivity to the different levels of complexity presented by the land surface parameterization, (ii) relative model sensitivity to the land surface parameterization as compared with that to other model physical representations, and, (iii) following offline calibration, whether different complexity in the land surface representation leads to different model performance in the coupled experiments. In this study, a version of a regional model [Division of Atmospheric Research Limited Area Model (DARLAM)] is coupled with the Chameleon Surface Model (CHASM). Three sets of experiments are analyzed in this paper, employing six different complexity modes of CHASM. Model results from these coupled experiments show that the regional model is sensitive overall to different complexities represented in the CHASM modes. Moreover, these model sensitivities ar.
The Effects of Measurement Uncertainties in Seismic-Wave Gradiometry

Abstract In seismic-wave gradiometry, the spatial gradient and the time derivative of the measured wavefield are used to estimate the slowness vector and changes in the radiation pattern. When using a seismic array to estimate the seismic spatial derivatives, the array aperture cannot be greater than approximately 10% of the target wavelength to avoid spatial aliasing effects. However, there has been little research into the minimum practical array aperture. In this article, we investigate the effects of measurement uncertainties on the accuracy of gradiometrically estimated wave parameters, as well as provide recommendations on design criteria for gradiometric arrays. The design parameters are based on wavefield slowness, frequency, and measurement uncertainty.
Occupancy estimation and modeling in monitoring tigers with implications for conservation and management.

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is highly endangered through out its range and one of the impediments to effective tiger conservation is the lack of simple and cost effective methods for monitoring of wild tiger populations. With an aim to find a rapid, cost effective, and statistically robust methodology to take quick management decisions, observations of tiger and co-predator sign in administrative subunits (beats) of the Similipal Tiger Reserve, located between 20 0 28’ and 22 0 08’ North latitude, and 86 0 04’ and 86 0 37’ East longitude in India, were subjected to an occupancy estimation and modeling analysis. Several environmental factors were identified as covariates with explanatory power for the pattern of observations of tiger sign. Most important of these were the proportion of the area of the beat that is classified as disturbed habitat, the distance between the beat and the nearest inhabited place, and the total number of prey observed in the beat in a separate set of surveys for ungulates and other tiger prey species. The results of this analysis have clear management implications for the reserve, with beats classifiable into four categories, each with its own target strategy for increasing tiger abundance. These categories are: highest concern, reduce disturbance, increase prey protection, and maintain current protection. This study suggests that occupancy estimation and modeling from surveys of large mammalian predator sign is a simple cost-effective statistically robust methodology that can be performed by the management staff of a reserve and can be used to engage members of the local population in conservation.
Modelling the spatial variations of stream temperature and its impacts on habitat suitability in small lowland streams

Water temperature strongly impacts stream ecosystem and function. On Sjaelland, the main island of Denmark, low summer stream discharge rates are very sensitive to groundwater abstraction, which is therefore also partly responsible for the poor ecological conditions of most streams. However, the combined impacts of water depth, velocity and water temperature on habitat suitability during low-flow conditions are not known. The aim of this study is to measure and model spatio-temporal stream temperature variations as a function of stream surface shade from near stream land cover and to quantify such impacts on stream habitat suitability during low flows. Brown trout is chosen as a bio-indicator of stream ecological conditions because of its well-known preferences for physical habitat conditions such as temperature. A spatially distributed physically-based stream temperature model (Heat Source model) is set up for a 2.4 km reach of Helligrenden stream for a 10-day period in August 2008 at which time low flows are prevailing. Hourly water temperature measurements are obtained from five stream segments representative of meadows and forest stream reaches, and a temperature suitability index representing the fulfilment of temperature requirement of brown trout is calculated for the sites. Water temperatures are found to increase downstream by up to 2°C per km in open meadow reaches, thereby leading to temperature levels which are unsuitable for brown trout. In contrast, cooling rates of as much as ―2.4°C per km are simulated for the forest reach. This suggests that planting of trees in riparian zones of downstream stream reaches can significantly improve stream habitat conditions during low flow conditions at Sjaelland.
Identification of Financial Factors in Economic Fluctuations

We estimate demand, supply, monetary, investment and financial shocks in a VAR identified with a minimum set of sign restrictions on US data. We find that financial shocks are major drivers of fluctuations in output, stock prices and investment but have a limited effect on inflation. In a second step we disentangle shocks originating in the housing sector, shocks originating in credit markets and uncertainty shocks. In the extended set-up financial shocks are even more important and a leading role is played by housing shocks that have large and persistent effects on output.
Justiciability of the Right to Health – Access to Medicines. The South African and Indian Experience

in low-income countries. 3 The reasons why patients lack access to essential medicines are manifold and complex and will not be set out in this article. Often mentioned are prohibitively high medicines prices, which have been ascribed to the practice of the pharmaceutical industry of protecting their pharmaceutical products and processes from competition through patents. Whatever the exact reason for patients’ lack of access to essential medicines, the consequences can be disastrous both for the individual concerned and for society at large when taking into account the scale of the problem worldwide. Although many academics and (non-governmental) organisations have addressed this particular problem from various perspectives, the aim of this article is to illustrate the different approaches taken by two legal systems with regard to the justiciability of the right to health. Moreover, the article intends to demonstrate how allowing for the justiciability of the right to health can play a role in enhancing access to medicines for patients in developing countries. For this purpose, and since access to medicines is closely related to the right to health, the article will fi rst examine the international right to health, as enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), focusing specifi cally on access to medicines. Secondly, this article will briefl y address the alleged non-justiciability of the right to health as a socio-economic right. 4 The term ‘justiciability’ is used to refer to the degree to which an alleged violation of, in this case, a socioeconomic right can be reviewed before a judicial or quasi-judicial body. 5 The traditional notion is that civil and political rights as negative rights, on the one hand, and social, economic and cultural rights as positive rights, on the other, are fundamentally different. Consequently, a number of arguments have been raised against the justiciability of socio-economic rights. A brief mention of these objections and the counter-arguments
Research Online Research

: This work presents a new holistic measure for face recognition. Face recognition involves three steps: Face Detection, Feature Extraction and Matching. In the face detection process to identify the face area in face images, Viola-Jones algorithm has been used. Feature extraction is based on performing double-transformation, where discrete Tchebychev transform is performed on the geodesic distance transform of the grayscale image. Structural Similarity (SSIM) is applied to the resulting image double-transform to find matching factor with other image faces in the FEI (Brazilian) database. Performance is measured using a confidence criterion based on the similarity distance between the recognized person (best match) and the next possible ambiguity (second-best match). Simulation results showed that the proposed approach handles the face recognition efficiently as compared with SSIM.
The Music of Kings and Bio Queens

Since its beginnings, conventional Western philosophy has placed crude limitations on the way we think about ourselves suggesting that who we are can be reduced to simple dichotomies based on differentiating bodies. Gender identity has suffered from bodily inscription allowing us to think of ourselves only as man or woman, and thus, behave accordingly. The social and political significance of being either man or woman becomes even more repressive when the two states of being become a binary dualism positioning the woman as a negative but necessary precondition for man. Binary dualisms are unrealistic ways of conceiving and naming human behaviour, yet they continue to pervade modern discussions of identity.