Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two acute-care management strategies on the frequency of jugular venous desaturation and refractory intracranial hypertension and on long-term neurologic outcome in patients with severe head injury. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. SETTING Level I trauma hospital. PATIENTS One hundred eighty-nine adults admitted in coma because of severe head injury. INTERVENTIONS Patients were assigned to either cerebral blood flow (CBF)-targeted or intracranial pressure (ICP)-targeted management protocols during randomly assigned time blocks. In the CBF-targeted protocol, cerebral perfusion pressure was kept at >70 mm Hg and PaCO2 was kept at approximately 35 torr (4.67 kPa). In the ICP-targeted protocol, cerebral perfusion pressure was kept at >50 mm Hg and hyperventilation to a PaCO2 of 25-30 torr (3.33-4.00 kPa) was used to treat intracranial hypertension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The CBF-targeted protocol reduced the frequency of jugular desaturation from 50.6% to 30% (p = .006). Even when the frequency of jugular desaturation was adjusted for all confounding factors that were significant, the risk of cerebral ischemia was 2.4-fold greater with the ICP-targeted protocol. Despite the reduction in secondary ischemic insults, there was no difference in neurologic outcome. Failure to alter long-term neurologic outcome was probably attributable to two major factors. A low jugular venous oxygen saturation was treated in both groups, minimizing the injury that occurred in the ICP-targeted group. The beneficial effects of the CBF-targeted protocol may have been offset by a five-fold increase in the frequency of adult respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Secondary ischemic insults caused by systemic factors after severe head injury can be prevented with a targeted management protocol. However, potential adverse effects of this management strategy may offset these beneficial effects.
Stereotypes of social groups in Germany in terms of warmth and competence.

The stereotype content model says that warmth and competence are fundamental dimensions of social judgment. This brief report analyzes the cultural stereotypes of relevant social groups in a German student sample (N = 82). In support of the model, stereotypes of 29 societal groups led to five stable clusters of differing warmth and competence evaluations. As expected, clusters cover all four possible combinations of warmth and competence. The study also reports unique findings for the German context, for example, similarities between the perceptions of Turks and other foreigners. Moreover, it points to different stereotypes of lesbians and gay men.
Journalism in a state of flux

The move to a networked media environment presents a range of challenges for journalistic roles, norms and daily practices. This article employs actor network theory to investigate how different actors negotiate and ultimately shape the manner in which the internet and related digital technologies are embedded in the newsroom. Findings suggest that professional culture – articulated in skills, ideas and practices – acts as a network that weakens the potential impact of technology towards innovation and audience-oriented models of journalism. The results point to the conclusion that the internet and related tools are seen as empowering journalists to do their (traditional) jobs better instead of moving on to the next stage built around a stronger commitment to capitalize on the growing sociotechnical potential.
Antares: A Scalable, Real-Time, Fault Tolerant Data Store for Spatial Analysis

The growth of mobile devices has significantly increased the velocity and volume of location-based data. Whilst there is enormous potential for applications that exploit this data in real-time, storing and querying it in real-time creates significant challenges. Traditional RDBMS systems are not sufficiently scalable, while typical cloud-based solutions such as map-reduce do not possess the capabilities required for real-time, spatial-data processing. Therefore, new approaches are needed. In this paper we explore the use of NoSQL technologies. These offer scalability, availability and fault tolerance, but -- as we show -- do not perform well with spatial data. Therefore, in this paper we address this challenge by enhancing existing spatial indexing structures with novel algorithms for inserting and searching spatial data. We have implemented this in a NoSQL solution (Antares), and evaluated it against two other NoSQL solutions, and a range of indexing structures: Kd-Tree, Quad Tree and Geohashing. The results show that Antares significantly outperforms the other approaches.
Acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities in febrile patients with bacteraemia.

OBJECTIVES Very commonly febrile patients with bacteraemia develop a variety of acid-base and electrolyte disturbances which play a significant role in the morbidity and mortality of these patients. This study was undertaken to describe the pathogenetic mechanisms of these abnormalities in febrile patients with bacteraemia. METHODS Fifteen febrile patients with bacteraemia, aged 24-62 years, were studied. In all patients blood cultures revealed Gram-negative rods. None of them had septic shock, diabetes mellitus, renal or liver failure and none was receiving drugs influencing acid-base balance and electrolyte levels or was a heavy alcohol consumer. RESULTS Nine patients had respiratory alkalosis, which was possibly due to bacterial toxins, while the remaining 6 had a wide-gap metabolic (lactic) acidosis coexisting with respiratory alkalosis. Hypokalaemia was found in four patients and was mainly due to respiratory alkalosis. However, kaliuria due to hypomagnesaemia contributed to hypokalaemia in 2 patients. Hypomagnesaemia was detected in 3 patients and was attributed to respiratory alkalosis as well as to magnesiuria induced by metabolic acidosis or phosphate depletion. Hypophosphataemia was found in 5 patients who also had respiratory alkalosis and/or phosphaturia due to metabolic acidosis or hypomagnesaemia. Finally, one patient had multifactorial origin hypocalcaemia. CONCLUSION Febrile patients with bacteraemia develop a number of acid-base and electrolyte disturbances attributed to various pathogenetic mechanisms.
ForenVisor: A Tool for Acquiring and Preserving Reliable Data in Cloud Live Forensics

Live forensics is an important technique in cloud security but is facing the challenge of reliability. Most of the live forensic tools in cloud computing run either in the target Operating System (OS), or as an extra hypervisor. The tools in the target OS are not reliable, since they might be deceived by the compromised OS. Furthermore, traditional general purpose hypervisors are vulnerable due to their huge code size. However, some modules of a general purpose hypervisor, such as device drivers, are indeed unnecessary for forensics. In this paper, we propose a special purpose hypervisor, called ForenVisor, which is dedicated to reliable live forensics. The reliability is improved in three ways: reducing Trusted Computing Base (TCB) size by leveraging a lightweight architecture, collecting evidence directly from the hardware, and protecting the evidence and other sensitive files with Filesafe module. We have implemented a proof-of-concept prototype on the Windows platform, which can acquire the process data, raw memory, and I/O data, such as keystrokes and network traffic. Furthermore, we evaluate ForenVisor in terms of code size, functionality, and performance. The experiment results show that ForenVisor has a relatively small TCB size of about 13 KLOC, and only causes less than 10 percent performance reduction to the target system. In particular, our experiments verify that ForenVisor can guarantee that the protected files remain untampered, even when the guest OS is compromised by viruses, such as ‘ILOVEYOU’ and Worm.WhBoy. Also, our system can be loaded as a hypervisor without needing to pause the target OS. This allows it to not only avoid destructing but also to gather the live evidence of the target OS. We also posted the source code of ForenVisor on Github.
The effects of prompting and social reinforcement on establishing social interactions with peers during the inclusion of four children with autism in preschool

Inclusion in “regular” schools has become a considerable option for children with autism only in recent years, but we are still far from having a global appreciation of the needs that arise upon the inclusion of children with such a severe disability. The main purpose of the present study was to identify empirically supported procedures that may improve the social interactions of children with autism upon their inclusion in the “regular” preschool. The identification of the needs of preschoolers with autism in Greek schools, as well as the specific skills that would be taught, were based on normative data collected and analysed in a series of prior studies. A long‐lasting controversy has been going on between professionals who either advocate for “schools for all children,” or stress the importance of making individualized decisions based on each child's needs during the inclusion process. The present study demonstrated that social reinforcement in combination with prompting procedures, provided by a shad.
The effects of aphasia severity on the ability to assess language disorders via telerehabilitation

Background: Telerehabilitation is the remote delivery of rehabilitation services via information technology and telecommunication systems. There have been a number of recent studies that have used video conferencing to assess language skills in people with aphasia. These studies have highlighted the possibility that severity of impairment and aetiology may have an effect on the administration of telerehabilitation language assessment protocols. Furthermore, anecdotal accounts of difficulties in administering language assessment via telerehabilitation also demonstrate the need for research into the effects of severity of aphasia. It is important that the effects of severity of aphasia are determined as part of the overall evidence base for telerehabilitation language assessment protocols. Aims: To investigate the influence of severity of aphasia on the ability to assess acquired aphasia via telerehabilitation methods. Methods & Procedures: A total of 32 participants with an acquired aphasia were assessed simultaneously via telerehabilitation and face‐to‐face methods on the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination 3rd Edition Short Form (BDAE‐3) and the Boston Naming Test (BNT) (2nd Edition Short Form). A custom‐built telerehabilitation system developed at the University of Queensland enabled real‐time telerehabilitation assessment over a 128 kbit/s Internet connection. Participants were grouped according to their severity level. Data analysis was conducted on the differences in scores from the two assessors. Outcomes & Results: Results revealed that severity of aphasia did not greatly influence the accuracy of the telerehabilitation assessment for the majority of the BDAE‐3 clusters. However, severity of aphasia appeared to affect the ability to assess naming and paraphasia via telerehabilitation methods. Post‐hoc analysis revealed that the scores given in the face‐to‐face and telerehabilitation environments were comparable within each severity level. Conclusions: Results suggest that severity of aphasia may influence the ability to assess some language parameters via telerehabilitation. Further research should use larger sample sizes to confirm these results and to refine the telerehabilitation technology to enable these parameters to be adequately assessed. Additionally, clinician satisfaction with telerehabilitation assessment should be qualitatively researched so as to widen clinician acceptance of this method.
Depression and Diabetes Treatment Nonadherence: A Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE—Depression is common in patients with diabetes and is associated with worse treatment outcomes. Its relationship to treatment adherence, however, has not been systematically reviewed. We used meta-analysis to examine the relationship between depression and treatment nonadherence in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases for all studies published by June 2007 and reviewed references of published articles. Meta-analytic procedures were used to estimate the effect size r in a random effects model. Significance values, weighted effect sizes, 95% CIs, and tests of homogeneity of variance were calculated. RESULTS—Results from 47 independent samples showed that depression was significantly associated with nonadherence to the diabetes treatment regimen (z = 9.97, P < 0.0001). The weighted effect size was near the medium range (r = 0.21, 95% CI 0.17–0.25). Moderator analyses showed that the effect was significantly larger in studies that measured self-care as a continuous versus categorical variable (P = 0.001). Effect sizes were largest for missed medical appointments and composite measures of self-care (r values = 0.31, 0.29). Moderation analyses suggest that effects for most other types of self-care are also near the medium range, especially in studies with stronger methodologies. CONCLUSIONS—These findings demonstrate a significant association between depression and treatment nonadherence in patients with diabetes. Studies that used stronger methodologies had larger effects. Treatment nonadherence may represent an important pathway between depression and worse diabetes clinical outcomes.
Induced gravity inflation in the SU(5) GUT.

We investigate the cosmological consequences of a theory of induced gravity in which the scalar field is identified with the Higgs field of the first symmetry breaking of a minimal SU(5) GUT. The mass of the X boson determines a great value for the coupling constant of of gravity-particle physics. Because of this fact, a ``slow'' rollover dynamics for the Higgs field is not possible in a ``new'' inflation scenario and, moreover, a contraction era for the scale factor in the early Universe exists, after which inflation follows automatically; ``chaotic'' inflation is performed without problems. Inflation is successfully achieved due to the relationship among the masses of particle physics at that scale: the Higgs-boson, X-boson, and Planck masses. As a result the particle physics parameter \ensuremath{\lambda} is not fine-tuned as usual in order to predict acceptable values of reheating temperature and density and gravitational wave perturbations. Moreover, if the coherent Higgs oscillations did not decay they could explain the missing mass problem of cosmology.
The Interpretation of Spectral Entropy Based Upon Rate Distortion Functions

In 1960 Campbell derived a quantity that he called coefficient rate which is expressible in terms of the entropy of the process power spectral density. Later, Yang, et al showed that the spectral entropy is proportional to the logarithm of the equivalent bandwidth of the smallest frequency band containing most of the energy. Gibson, et al also showed that for discrete time AR(1) sequences, Campbell's coefficient rate and Shannon's entropy rate power are equal but that the equality does not hold for higher order AR processes. In this paper, we derive a new expression for Campbell's coefficient rate in terms of the parametrized version of the rate distortion function of a Gaussian random process with a given power spectral density subject to the MSE fidelity criterion. We also derive expressions for the entropy rate power and coefficient rate in terms of the slope of the rate distortion function for the given source and for a source with flat power spectral density
"No More Cakes and Ale?" Discovering Ethical Gray Areas in a Design Anthropology Class

This article examines how ethics were learned in a design anthropology class. Training in ethics is an essential part of any graduate program in anthropology, and we show how it was built into this course. At the same time, the fieldwork that students conducted as part of a client project for Motorola confronted some of them with unexpected and ethically ambiguous circumstances, which generated experiential learning as well. Regardless of how clearly ethical codes are written, researchers will always encounter gray areas in the field. The article presents a case study of one study participant who may have been intoxicated, analyzing this as an “extreme case” that brought ethical dilemmas into sharp focus. We conclude with suggestions for navigating ethical gray areas, based on class discussions about this and other ethical challenges.
Structure and Receptor Complexes of the Hemagglutinin from a Highly Pathogenic H7N7 Influenza Virus

ABSTRACT Recurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H7 in poultry continues to be a public health concern. In 2003, an HPAI H7N7 outbreak in the Netherlands infected 89 people in close contact with affected poultry and resulted in one fatal case. In previous studies, the virus isolated from this fatal case, A/Netherlands/219/2003 (NL219) caused a lethal infection in mouse models and had increased replication efficiency and a broader tissue distribution than nonlethal isolates from the same outbreak. A mutation which introduces a potential glycosylation site at Asn123 in the NL219 hemagglutinin was postulated to contribute to the pathogenic properties of this virus. To study this further, we have expressed the NL219 hemagglutinin in a baculovirus expression system and performed a structural analysis of the hemagglutinin in complex with avian and human receptor analogs. Glycan microarray and kinetic analysis were performed to compare the receptor binding profile of the wild-type recombinant NL219 HA to a variant with a threonine-to-alanine mutation at position 125, resulting in loss of the glycosylation site at Asn123. The results suggest that the additional glycosylation sequon increases binding affinity to avian-type α2-3-linked sialosides rather than switching to a human-like receptor specificity and highlight the mechanistic diversity of these pathogens, which calls attention to the need for further studies to fully understand the unique properties of these viruses.
Evaluative conditioning with foods as CSs and body shapes as USs: No evidence for sex differences, extinction, or overshadowing

Two experiments were conducted using a picture–picture procedure to investigate the functional characteristics of evaluative conditioning. Images of foods were used as cue stimuli while images of body shapes were used as reinforcing stimuli. Foods paired with obese body shapes were rated more negatively than foods that had been paired with normal body shapes and the size of this evaluative conditioning effect did not differ between men and women. In Experiment 1 repeated presentation of the foods alone after training and before test did not reduce the size of the evaluative conditioning effect. In Experiment 2 there was no difference in the size of the evaluative conditioning effect between cues that were trained alone or in compound with another cue. The absence of extinction and overshadowing accords with the idea that in some cases evaluative conditioning is based on a learning mechanism sensitive only to the co-occurrence of stimuli and not to the contingency between them.
A Foxp2 Mutation Implicated in Human Speech Deficits Alters Sequencing of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Adult Male Mice

Development of proficient spoken language skills is disrupted by mutations of the FOXP2 transcription factor. A heterozygous missense mutation in the KE family causes speech apraxia, involving difficulty producing words with complex learned sequences of syllables. Manipulations in songbirds have helped to elucidate the role of this gene in vocal learning, but findings in non-human mammals have been limited or inconclusive. Here, we performed a systematic study of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of adult male mice carrying the KE family mutation. Using novel statistical tools, we found that Foxp2 heterozygous mice did not have detectable changes in USV syllable acoustic structure, but produced shorter sequences and did not shift to more complex syntax in social contexts where wildtype animals did. Heterozygous mice also displayed a shift in the position of their rudimentary laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) layer-5 neurons. Our findings indicate that although mouse USVs are mostly innate, the underlying contributions of FoxP2 to sequencing of vocalizations are conserved with humans.
Adjunctive Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder

Whereas pharmacotherapy often forms the foundation of a treatment plan for bipolar disorder, increasing evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions as adjuncts to pharmacological treatment may improve medication adherence as well as bolster cognitive and interpersonal coping skills, ultimately lengthening intervals between episodes and improving overall quality of life. This article will advocate the use of adjunctive psychosocial interventions for adults and youth with bipolar disorder by first providing a general overview of options for psychotherapy and reviewing the evidence base for psychoeducation, cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and family-focused therapy. Specific applications for youth and issues concerning the effectiveness and availability of specialized psychotherapies for bipolar disorder will be discussed. Finally, recommendations for clinicians will be provided.
Characterizing speaker variability using spectral envelopes of vowel sounds

In this paper, we present a study to understand the relation among spectra of speakers enunciating the same sound and investigate the issue of uniform versus non-uniform scaling. There is a lot of interest in understanding this relation as speaker variability is a major source of concern in many applications including Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). Using dynamic programming, we ﬁnd mapping relations between smoothed spectral envelopes of speakers enunciating the same sound and show that these relations are not linear but have a consistent non-uniform behavior. This non-uniform behavior is also shown to vary across vowels. Through a series of experiments, we show that using the observed non-uniform relation provides better vowel normalization than just a simple linear scaling relation. All results in this paper are based on vowel data from TIMIT, Hillenbrand et al. and North Texas databases.
When does power listen to truth? A constructivist approach to the policy process

While speaking truth to power has long been a major theme in political science and policy studies, commentators are increasingly skeptical about whether modelers and scientists are capable of developing truth, and whether power ever listens to them anyhow. This paper asks when does power listen to truth, and what lessons may be drawn from the last thirty years of multilateral environmental governance for improving the prospects for scientific advice for sustainable development? It focuses on the limited notion of truth called 'usable knowledge' and elaborates the political and institutional channels by which usable knowledge may be developed and better circulated and applied by policy-makers.