Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Result Equivalence in Caching Dynamic Web Content

Caching is currently the primary mechanism for reducing the latency as well as bandwidth requirements for delivering Web content. Numerous techniques and tools have been proposed, evaluated and successfully used for caching static content. Recent studies show that requests for dynamic web content also contain substantial locality for identical requests. In this paper, we classify locality in dynamic web content into three kinds: identical requests, equivalent requests, and partially equivalent requests. Equivalent requests are not identical to previous requests but result in generation of identical dynamic content. The documents generated for partially equivalent requests are not identical but can be used as temporary place holders for each other while the real document is being generated. We present a new protocol, which we refer to as Dynamic Content Caching Protocol (DCCP), to allow individual content generating applications to exploit query semantics and specify how their results should be cached and/or delivered. We illustrate the usefulness of DCCP for several applications and evaluate its effectiveness using traces from the Alexandria Digital Library and NASA Kennedy Center as case studies.
Integrating aquatic and terrestrial components to construct a complete carbon budget for a north temperate lake district

The development of complete regional carbon (C) budgets for different biomes is an integral step in the effort to predict global response and potential feedbacks to a changing climate regime. Wetland and lake contributions to regional C cycling remain relatively uncertain despite recent research highlighting their importance. Using a combination of field surveys and tower‐based carbon dioxide (CO2) flux measurements, modeling, and published literature, we constructed a complete C budget for the Northern Highlands Lake District in northern Wisconsin/Michigan, a ∼6400 km2 region rich in lakes and wetlands. This is one of the first regional C budgets to incorporate aquatic and terrestrial C cycling under the same framework. We divided the landscape into three major compartments (forests, wetlands, and surface waters) and quantified all major C fluxes into and out of those compartments, with a particular focus on atmospheric exchange but also including sedimentation in lakes and hydrologic fluxes. Landscape C storage was dominated by peat‐containing wetlands and lake sediments, which make up only 20% and 13% of the landscape area, respectively, but contain >80% of the total fixed C pool (ca. 400 Tg). We estimated a current regional C accumulation of 1.1±0.1 Tg yr−1, and the largest regional flux was forest net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into aggrading forests for a total of 1.0±0.1 Tg yr−1. Mean wetland NEE (0.12±0.06 Tg yr−1 into wetlands), lake CO2 emissions and riverine efflux (each ca. 0.03±0.01 Tg yr−1) were smaller but of consequence to the overall budget. Hydrologic transport from uplands/wetlands to surface waters within the region was an important vector of terrestrial C. Regional C fluxes and pools would be misrepresented without inclusion of surface waters and wetlands, and C budgets in heterogeneous landscapes open opportunities to examine the sensitivities of important fluxes to changes in climate and land use/land cover.
Cavity control of a single-electron quantum cyclotron: Measuring the electron magnetic moment

Measurements with a one-electron quantum cyclotron determine the electron magnetic moment, given by $g/2 = 1.001\,159\,652\,180\,73\,(28)\,[0.28~\textrm{ppt}]$, and the fine structure constant, $\alpha^{-1}=137.035\,999\,084\,(51)\,[0.37~\textrm{ppb}]$. Brief announcements of these measurements are supplemented here with a more complete description of the one-electron quantum cyclotron and the new measurement methods, a discussion of the cavity control of the radiation field, a summary of the analysis of the measurements, and a fuller discussion of the uncertainties.
Who ’ s Really on First ?

This paper presents a domain-level user, task and context analysis for response technology, based on sociological studies of disaster and disaster response. The analysis examines three dimensions of disasterscale, kind and anticipabilitythat have been linked to differences in response characteristics, including differences in individual and organizational responders and behaviors. It yields a number of implications for design, and reveals five domainspecific design requirements. It also offers systematic characterizations of users, tasks and contexts of response technology, that begin to structure the user interface design space, laying a foundation for a theory of design. This work provides a conceptual basis to help researchers and designers recognize and address possible limitations of design decisions, leading, ultimately, to more usable and effective response technologies.
The cost-effectiveness of initiating ranibizumab therapy in eyes with neovascular AMD with good vision: an economic model using real-world outcomes

Objectives To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of immediate treatment with ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) with good (better than 6/12) starting visual acuity compared with current UK clinical guidance of waiting until vision falls below 6/12 to begin treatment, using real-world outcomes data. Design A patient-level health economic state transition model based on levels of visual acuity in the better seeing eye was constructed to simulate the costs and consequences of treating patients with nAMD with ranibizumab. Setting The model took the perspective of the UK National Health Service (NHS). Participants The model was populated with real-world outcomes and resource use from a prospective multicentre national nAMD database study containing 92 976 ranibizumab treatment episodes. Interventions Two treatment approaches were compared: immediate intervention with 0.5 mg ranibizumab pro re nata, PRN (on detection of nAMD) or delayed intervention (waiting until vision fell to 6/12 before beginning treatment). Main outcome measures Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for health states and healthcare costs were accrued for each strategy, and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were employed to test the uncertainty of the model. Results Over a 2-year time horizon, based on 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations, the early treatment arm accumulated 1.59 QALYs and £8469.79 cost. The delayed treatment arm accumulated 1.35 QALYs and £7460.21 cost. The central ICER estimate was £4251.60. Conclusions A model based on real-world data is likely to be a realistic reflection of the health gains and resource use of ranibizumab for nAMD in the UK NHS. Initiating treatment immediately with ranibizumab PRN regimen is a cost-effective strategy compared with current guidance of initiating treatment at a level of 6/12 or worse vision.
Relevance of clinical trial results in myocardial infarction to medical practice: comparison of four year outcome in participants of a thrombolytic trial, patients receiving routine thrombolysis, and those deemed ineligible for thrombolysis

OBJECTIVE To assess the medium to long term outcome of patients ineligible for thrombolysis compared to those enrolled in a clinical trial of thrombolysis and patients receiving non-trial thrombolysis. DESIGN Cohort study based on the Nottingham heart attack register. SETTING Two district general hospitals serving a defined urban/rural population. SUBJECTS All patients admitted with a confirmed acute myocardial infarction during 1992 categorised as either participants of a thrombolytic trial (group A, n = 140), receiving non-trial thrombolysis (group B, n = 329), or deemed ineligible for lytic treatment (group C, n = 431). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Background characteristics, inhospital treatment, patterns of follow up, referrals to cardiologists, revascularisation rates, and short and long term survival. RESULTS Clinical trial recruits were younger by almost 10 years, were less likely to have a previous history of myocardial infarction, and more likely to be in Killip class 1 on admission than those ineligible for thrombolysis. Cardiology follow up was mandatory for all surviving trial participants but 22% of patients in group B and 31% of patients in group C received no follow up, and during four years less than 50% ever saw a cardiologist. Revascularisation was performed in 17.2% of patients in group A, 13.6% of patients in group B, and 7.5% of patients in group C. Cumulative mortality at a median of four years was 24.3% in group A, 36.8% in B, and 59.6% in group C. Adjusting for age, sex, previous myocardial infarction, type of infarction, and Killip class in a logistic regression model the odds ratios (OR) of death at four years for groups B and C were 1.60 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.97 to 2.63, p = 0.065) and 2.64 (95% CI 1.61 to 4.32, p < 0.001), respectively, when compared to group A (OR 1). CONCLUSIONS Patients enrolled into thrombolytic trials are at low risk. Patients deemed ineligible for thrombolysis are high risk, receive less surveillance, are less likely to be revascularised or receive trial proven treatments, have a poor long term outcome not entirely explained by increased age or severity of infarction, and deserve further evaluation.
The tyrosine phosphorylated carboxyterminus of the EGF receptor is a binding site for GAP and PLC‐gamma.

Phospholipase C‐gamma (PLC‐gamma) and GTPase activating protein (GAP) are substrates of EGF, PDGF and other growth factor receptors. Since either PLC‐gamma or GAP also bind to the activated receptors it was suggested that their SH2 domains are mediating this association. We attempted to delineate the specific region of the EGF receptor that is responsible for the binding, utilizing EGF receptor mutants, PLC‐gamma, and a bacterially expressed TRP E fusion protein containing the SH2 domains of GAP. As previously shown, tyrosine autophosphorylation of the wild‐type receptor wsa crucial in mediating the association and in agreement, a kinase negative EGF receptor could bind PLC‐gamma or TRP E GAP SH2, but only when cross tyrosine phosphorylated by an active EGF receptor kinase. The importance of autophosphorylation for association was confirmed by demonstrating that a carboxy‐terminal deletion of the EGFR missing four autophosphorylation sites bound these proteins poorly. To study the role of EGF receptor autophosphorylation further, a 203 amino acid EGF receptor fragment was generated with cyanogen bromide that contained all known tyrosine autophosphorylation sites. This fragment bound both TRP E GAP SH2 and PLC‐gamma but only when tyrosine phosphorylated. This data localizes a major binding site for SH2 domain containing proteins to the carboxy‐terminus of the EGF receptor and points to the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in mediating this association.
Progress on Antiangiogenic Therapy for Patients with Malignant Glioma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor occurring in America. Despite recent advances in therapeutics, the prognosis for patients with newly diagnosed GBM remains dismal. As these tumors characteristically show evidence of angiogenesis (neovascularization) there has been great interest in developing anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with this disease and some anti-angiogenic agents have now been used for the treatment of patients with malignant glioma tumors. Although the results of these clinical trials are promising in that they indicate an initial therapeutic response, the anti-angiogenic therapies tested to date have not changed the overall survival of patients with malignant glioma tumors. This is due, in large part, to the development of resistance to these therapies. Ongoing research into key features of the neovasculature in malignant glioma tumors, as well as the general angiogenesis process, is suggesting additional molecules that may be targeted and an improved response when both the neovasculature and the tumor cells are targeted. Prevention of the development of resistance may require the development of anti-angiogenic strategies that induce apoptosis or cell death of the neovasculature, as well as an improved understanding of the potential roles of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and vascular co-option by tumor cells, in the development of resistance.
Cortical electrical stimulation combined with rehabilitative training: Enhanced functional recovery and dendritic plasticity following focal cortical ischemia in rats

Abstract This study assessed the behavioral and dendritic structural effects of combining subdural motor cortical electrical stimulation with motor skills training following unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions in adult male rats. Rats were pre-operatively trained on a skilled forelimb reaching task, the Montoya staircase test, and then received endothelin-1 induced ischemic lesions of the sensorimotor cortex. Ten to 14 days later, electrodes were implanted over the peri-lesion cortical surface. Rats subsequently began 10 days of rehabilitative training on the reaching task in 1 of 3 conditions: 1. 50 Hz stimulation during training, 2. 250 Hz stimulation during training or 3. no stimulation. No significant difference in performance was found between the 250 Hz and no stimulation groups. The 50 Hz stimulation group had significantly greater rates of improvement with the impaired forelimb in comparison to 250 Hz and no stimulation groups combined. Fifty Hz stimulated animals also had a significant increase in the surface density of dendritic processes immunoreactive for the cytoskeletal protein, microtubule-associated protein 2, in the peri-lesion cortex compared to the other groups. These results support the efficacy of combining rehabilitative training with cortical electrical stimulation to improve functional outcome and cortical neuronal structural plasticity following sensorimotor cortical damage.
Performance Analysis of CO 2 /NH 3 Cascade Refrigeration System Using ANNs

In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used for performance analysis of a CO2/NH3 cascade refrigeration system using a data set, obtained from a thermodynamic model implemented in EES. Thermodynamic parameters of the system are estimated in terms of condensing temperature of ammonia, evaporating temperature of carbon dioxide, condensing temperature of carbon dioxide and temperature difference in cascade condenser. The computer program has been performed under MATLAB environment using neural network toolbox. New formulation obtained from ANN for this couple of refrigerants is presented for the calculation of target values. The total R value obtained when unknown data were used to the networks was 0.999992 which is very satisfactory. It can be used where a very accurate and fast estimation, simulation or optimization of the system performance is of interest to engineers.
Community, Towards Dialogue: A Self-Study of Online Teacher Preparation for Special Education

ABSTRACT Online teacher education is experiencing significant growth worldwide. One of the major challenges accompanying this growth is that many teacher educators find themselves underprepared and under pressure to design online teacher education courses that reflect their beliefs about what constitutes high-quality teacher preparation practice. Further, teacher educators in disciplines such as special education face additional challenges in developing understandings about the legalities of writing and implementing disability service plans and performing additional testing. In this self-study of online special education teacher education practice, two collaborators worked to identify strategies and practices for professional community building in a class about teaching reading to students with disabilities. The findings highlight issues of teacher educator authority and presence online against other needs to model collegiality and promote scholarly thinking. Researchers in online teaching may find insight into both the cognitive and contextual concerns as they work to enhance online teacher education while they plan their own investigations.
Perspective change: a system for switching between on-screen views by closing one eye

This project explores the change of on-screen views through single-sided eye closure. A prototype was developed, three different applications are presented: Activating a sniper scope in a 3D shooter game, zooming out into a overview perspective over a web page, and filtering out icons on a cluttered desktop. Initial user testing results are presented.
Early Literacy Practices and Beliefs About Education Among Hispanic Families in Jacksonville, Florida

Hispanic children in the United States are more likely to fall behind in several literacy measures even before they enroll in prekindergarten programs. There are some structural and non-structural factors that have a direct impact on Hispanic children’s early literacy skills. Among the non-structural factors this mixed-method study explored Hispanic caregivers’ beliefs about education as well as their literacy practices at home. The study compared two groups: diverse Hispanic caregivers with 4-year-old children enrolled in the Voluntary Prekindergarten Program (VPK) and diverse Hispanic caregivers whose 4-year-old children were not enrolled in VPK. A total of 125 diverse Hispanic caregivers responded to two surveys: the Parental Reading Belief Inventory and the Adaptation of the Stony Brooks Reading Survey. Twenty Hispanic parents were later interviewed to better understand their beliefs about education as well as their literacy practices at home. The surveys and interviews revealed playing games, drawing pictures and looking at books with their children were the most common literacy practices in which Hispanic caregivers engaged. All participants in the study stated how much they value their children’s education. Some, particularly caregivers whose children were participating in VPK programs, were more likely to engage in their children’s education and experience fewer barriers to reading at home. Country of origin played an important role in differentiating Hispanic parents in their beliefs about education as well as in their literacy practices at home. From the diverse group of participants in the study, Mexican caregivers were less likely to perceive themselves as playing a key role in their children’s education and they also shared experiencing more barriers in their literacy activities when compared with parents from Cuba and Puerto Rico. Overall, enrollment
Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis by Anti-Retrovirals Raltegravir and Maraviroc Protects against HIV-1 Vaginal Transmission in a Humanized Mouse Model

Sexual HIV-1 transmission by vaginal route is the most predominant mode of viral transmission, resulting in millions of new infections every year. In the absence of an effective vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop other alternative methods of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Many novel drugs that are currently approved for clinical use also show great potential to prevent viral sexual transmission when administered systemically. A small animal model that permits rapid preclinical evaluation of potential candidates for their systemic PrEP efficacy will greatly enhance progress in this area of investigation. We have previously shown that RAG-hu humanized mouse model permits HIV-1 mucosal transmission via both vaginal and rectal routes and displays CD4 T cell loss typical to that seen in the human. Thus far systemic PrEP studies have been primarily limited to RT inhibitors exemplified by tenofovir and emtricitabine. In these proof-of-concept studies we evaluated two new classes of clinically approved drugs with different modes of action namely, an integrase inhibitor raltegravir and a CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc as potential systemically administered chemo-prophylactics. Our results showed that oral administration of either of these drugs fully protects against vaginal HIV-1 challenge in the RAG-hu mouse model. Based on these results both these drugs show great promise for further development as orally administered PrEPs.
The Model Integrated Computing Approach to Software Architecture

Model-based design is an approach to software architecture that supports the rapid evaluation of many different design alternatives evolving from a high-level specification. Model integrated computing[1] (MIC) is one manifestation of model-based design, which relies on semantic units[2] and model transformations[3][4] to rapidly construct and evaluate various refinement paths. Abstract state machines are used at the core of MIC technologies to facilitate this goal. In this paper, we begin from the basic premises exemplified by abstract state machines, and show through examples, why the model-based approaches evolved and how they can be applied to today’s architectural challenges.
Review on automatic early skin cancer detection

Skin cancer is increasing in different countries especially in Australia. Early detection of skin cancer can treat melanoma successfully, therefore, curability and survival depends directly on removing melanoma in its early stages. Since clinical observations face to different fault for melanoma detection, the automatic diagnosis can help to increase the accuracy of detection. Reviewing the researches have done in skin cancer detection and providing the overview on automatic detection of skin cancer are the ultimate aims of this paper. It presents the literature on automatic skin cancer detection and describes the different steps of such process.
A ug 2 00 1 Space of Kähler metrics 1 The Space of Kähler metrics ( II )

This paper, the second of a series, deals with the function space of all smooth Kähler metrics in any given closed complex manifold M in a fixed cohomology class. This function space is equipped with a pre-Hilbert manifold structure introduced by T. Mabuchi [10], where he also showed formally it has non-positive curvature. The previous result of the second author [4] showed that the space is a path length space and it is geodesically convex in the sense that any two points are joined by a unique path, which is always length minimizing and of class C. This already confirms one of Donaldson’s conjecture completely and verifies another one partially (cf. [8]). In the present paper, we show first of all, that the space is, as expected, a path length space of non-positive curvature in the sense of A. D. Alexanderov. A second result is related to the theory of extremal Kähler metrics, namely that the gradient flow of the K energy is strictly length decreasing on all paths except those induced by a path of holomorphic automorphisms of M. This result, in particular, implies that extremal Kähler metric is unique up to holomorphic transformations, provided that Donaldson’s conjecture on the regularity of geodesic is true.