Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modified dispersion relations, inflation and scale invariance

For a certain type of modified dispersion relations, the vacuum quantum state for very short wavelength cosmological perturbations is scale-invariant and it has been suggested that this may be the source of the scale-invariance observed in the temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. We point out that for this scenario to be possible, it is necessary to redshift these short wavelength modes to cosmological scales in such a way that the scale-invariance is not lost. This requires non-trivial background dynamics before the onset of standard radiation-dominated cosmology; we demonstrate that one possible solution is inflation with a sufficiently large Hubble rate, for this slow roll is not necessary. In addition, we also show that if the slow-roll condition is added to inflation with a large Hubble rate, then for any power law modified dispersion relation quantum vacuum fluctuations become nearly scale-invariant when they exit the Hubble radius.
Magic wavelengths for terahertz clock transitions

Magic wavelengths for laser trapping of boson isotopes of alkaline-earth metal atoms Sr, Ca, and Mg are investigated while considering terahertz clock transitions between the {sup 3}P{sub 0}, {sup 3}P{sub 1}, and {sup 3}P{sub 2} metastable triplet states. Our calculation shows that magic wavelengths for laser trapping do exist. This result is important because those metastable states have already been used to make accurate clocks in the terahertz frequency domain. Detailed discussions for magic wavelengths for terahertz clock transitions are given in this article.
On the Role of Quasiparticles and thermal Masses in Nonequilibrium Processes in a Plasma

Boltzmann equations and their matrix valued generalisations are commonly used to describe nonequilibrium phenomena in cosmology. On the other hand, it is known that in gauge theories at high temperature processes involving many quanta, which naively are of higher order in the coupling, contribute to the relaxation rate at leading order. How does this accord with the use of single particle distribution functions in the kinetic equations? When can these effects be parametrised in an effective description in terms of quasiparticles? And what is the kinematic role of their thermal masses? We address these questions in the framework of nonequilibrium quantum field theory and develop an intuitive picture in which contributions from higher order processes are parametrised by the widths of resonances in the plasma. In the narrow width limit we recover the quasiparticle picture, with the additional processes giving rise to off-shell parts of quasiparticle propagators that appear to violate energy conservation. In this regime we give analytic expressions for the scalar and fermion nonequilibrium propagators in a medium. We compare the efficiency of decays and scatterings involving real quasiparticles, computed from analytic expressions for the relaxation rates via trilinear scalar and Yukawa interactions for all modes, to off-shell contributions and find that the latter can be significant even for moderate widths. Our results apply to various processes including thermal production of particles from a plasma, dissipation of fields in a medium and particle propagation in dense matter. We discuss cosmological implications, in particular for the maximal temperature achieved during reheating by perturbative inflaton decay.
Review and evaluation of imputation methods for multivariate longitudinal data with mixed‐type incomplete variables

Estimating relationships between multiple incomplete patient measurements requires methods to cope with missing values. Multiple imputation is one approach to address missing data by filling in plausible values for those that are missing. Multiple imputation procedures can be classified into two broad types: joint modeling (JM) and fully conditional specification (FCS). JM fits a multivariate distribution for the entire set of variables, but it may be complex to define and implement. FCS imputes missing data variable‐by‐variable from a set of conditional distributions. In many studies, FCS is easier to define and implement than JM, but it may be based on incompatible conditional models. Imputation methods based on multilevel modeling show improved operating characteristics when imputing longitudinal data, but they can be computationally intensive, especially when imputing multiple variables simultaneously. We review current MI methods for incomplete longitudinal data and their implementation on widely accessible software. Using simulated data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study, we compare their performance for monotone and intermittent missing data patterns. Our simulations demonstrate that in a longitudinal study with a limited number of repeated observations and time‐varying variables, FCS‐Standard is a computationally efficient imputation method that is accurate and precise for univariate single‐level and multilevel regression models. When the analyses comprise multivariate multilevel models, FCS‐LMM‐latent is a statistically valid procedure with overall more accurate estimates, but it requires more intensive computations. Imputation methods based on generalized linear multilevel models can lead to biased subject‐level variance estimates when the statistical analyses involve hierarchical models.
Succession of the microbial communities and metabolic functions in composting or deep burial processing of dead chickens

ABSTRACT 1. This study examined the effects of composting and deep burial techniques on degradation efficiency of dead chickens. Different raw materials (crushed branches or rape straws) and disinfectants (quicklime or bleaching powder) were applied in composting and deep burial process, respectively. The whole process lasted for 90 d in both summer and winter.2. High throughput sequencing displayed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus were the most dominant bacterial phyla during the experiment. The relative abundance of Firmicutes dwindled gradually with prolonged composting duration, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Deinococcus-Thermous increased gradually over time.3. The bacterial functions identified from the KEGG pathway showed that amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were the major microbial metabolic pathways that determined final degradation efficiency. At the end of the trial, the decomposition status of chicken carcases and faecal coliforms were measured.4. The results demonstrated that the optimum decomposition effect was obtained in composting compared with other treatment groups. Low ambient temperature reduced degradation efficiency, due to restricted microbial activity. In addition, faecal coliforms were not completely removed by the deep burial process of dead chickens in winter.5. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the feasibility of composting chicken carcases instead of deep burial.
SERINC5 restricts influenza virus infectivity

SERINC5 is a multi-span transmembrane protein that is incorporated into HIV-1 particles in producing cells and inhibits HIV-1 entry. Multiple retroviruses like HIV-1, equine infectious anemia virus and murine leukemia virus are subject to SERINC5 inhibition, while HIV-1 pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and Ebola virus are resistant to SERINC5. The antiviral spectrum and the underlying mechanisms of SERINC5 restriction are not completely understood. Here we show that SERINC5 inhibits influenza A virus infection by targeting virus-cell membrane fusion at an early step of infection. Further results show that different influenza hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes exhibit diverse sensitivities to SERINC5 restriction. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of influenza HA1 strains indicates that HA glycosylation sites correlate with the sensitivity of influenza HA to SERINC5, and the inhibitory effect of SERINC5 was lost when certain HA glycosylation sites were mutated. Our study not only expands the antiviral spectrum of SERINC5, but also reveals the role of viral envelope glycosylation in resisting SERINC5 restriction.
Selected areas in cryptography : 10th Annual International Workshop, SAC 2003, Ottawa, Canada, August 14-15, 2003 : revised papers

Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curves. - Low Cost Security: Explicit Formulae for Genus-4 Hyperelliptic Curves. - On the Selection of Pairing-Friendly Groups. - Counting Points for Hyperelliptic Curves of Type y 2=x 5+ax over Finite Prime Fields. - Side Channel Attacks. - Longer Keys May Facilitate Side Channel Attacks. - On Randomizing Private Keys to Counteract DPA Attacks. - Security Protocols and Applications. - Zero Common-Knowledge Authentication for Pervasive Networks. - Multiple-Time Signature Schemes against Adaptive Chosen Message Attacks. - Broadcast Enforced Threshold Schemes with Disenrollment. - Cryptanalysis I. - A New Meet-in-the-Middle Attack on the IDEA Block Cipher. - Cryptanalysis of the Alleged SecurID Hash Function. - Authenticated On-Line Encryption. - Five Practical Attacks for "Optimistic Mixing for Exit-Polls". - Cryptanalysis II. - Security Analysis of SHA-256 and Sisters. - A Chosen IV Attack Against Turing. - Related-Key Differential Cryptanalysis of 192-bit Key AES Variants. - A Distinguishing Attack of SNOW 2.0 with Linear Masking Method. - Cryptographic Primitives. - On the Use of GF-Inversion as a Cryptographic Primitive. - Cryptographic Applications of T-Functions. - Stream Ciphers. - On the Success of the Embedding Attack on the Alternating Step Generator. - Additive Autocorrelation of Resilient Boolean Functions. - On a New Notion of Nonlinearity Relevant to Multi-output Pseudo-random Generators. - Efficient Implementation. - Alternative Digit Sets for Nonadjacent Representations. - Generic Efficient Arithmetic Algorithms for PAFFs (Processor Adequate Finite Fields) and Related Algebraic Structures. - More Generalized Mersenne Numbers. - Lower Bound on Linear Authenticated Encryption.
Influence of HIV on in-hospital outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background The development of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has markedly prolonged the life expectancy of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The prevalence of age-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) and arrhythmias is therefore expected to increase among the HIV-positive population. Objectives We aimed to assess the trends in prevalence, and inpatient outcomes among patients with HIV and atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Using ICD-9-CM coding, we identified 38,252,858 HIV-negative and 31,224 HIV-positive encounters with AF from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from January 2005 to September 2015. Trends in prevalence of HIV in AF patients, length and cost of hospital stay, and inpatient mortality, were determined. t-Test was used for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. Final multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine predictors of outcomes. Results Among the 31,224 HIV-positive encounters, 78.6% were males. The median age was 56 years for HIV-positive patients and 78 years for HIV-negative patients. Black patients were markedly overrepresented among HIV-positive as compared to HIV-negative hospitalisations (48.6 vs. 7.6%). The prevalence of alcohol and drug use, smoking, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, and cancer was higher among HIV-positive as compared to HIV-negative patients. The prevalence of HIV among the AF hospitalisations increased from 2005 to 2015. As compared to HIV-negative patients, individuals with HIV demonstrated increased inpatient mortality (9.2 vs. 5.1%), longer length of stay (6 [3–11] vs. 4 [2–7] days), and increased cost of treatment ($12,464 vs. $8606). Conclusion The prevalence of HIV among patients with AF increased between 2005 and 2015. As compared to HIV-negative individuals with AF, a diagnosis of HIV was associated with increased inpatient mortality, length of stay, and cost of care. Future research on the underlying mechanisms of these findings is warranted to inform the treatment of AF in patients with HIV.
Dust Destruction by the Reverse Shock in the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant

Core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are important sources of interstellar dust, potentially capable of producing one solar mass of dust in their explosively expelled ejecta. However, unlike other dust sources, the dust has to survive the passage of the reverse shock, generated by the interaction of the supernova blast wave with its surrounding medium. Knowledge of the net amount of dust produced by CCSNe is crucial for understanding the origin and evolution of dust in the local and high-redshift universe. Our aim is to identify the dust destruction mechanisms in the ejecta, and derive the net amount of dust that survives the passage of the reverse shock. We use analytical models for the evolution of a supernova blast wave and of the reverse shock, with special application to the clumpy ejecta of the remnant of Cassiopeia A. We assume that the dust resides in cool oxygen-rich clumps that are uniformly distributed within the remnant and surrounded by a hot X-ray emitting plasma, and that the dust consists of silicates (MgSiO3) and amorphous carbon grains. The passage of the reverse shock through the clumps gives rise to a relative gas-grain motion and also destroys the clumps. Inside the ejecta clouds, dust is processed via kinetic sputtering, which is terminated either when the grains escape the clumps, or when the clumps are destroyed by the reverse shock. In either case, grain destruction proceeds thereafter by thermal sputtering in the hot ambient gas. We find that 11.8% and 15.9% of, respectively, the silicate and carbon dust survives the passage of the reverse shock by the time the shock has reached the center of the remnant. These fractions depend on the morphology of the ejecta and the medium into which the remnant is expanding, as well as the composition and size distribution of the grains that formed in the ejecta. Results will therefore differ for different types of supernovae.
Response Preparation Affects Cognitive Motor Control

OBJECTIVE We investigated how the ability to control whether or not to inhibit an action is affected by the response preparation. BACKGROUND The ability to control actions is a central skill to properly behave in complex environments. Increased levels of response preparation are associated with reduced response times, but how they directly affect the ability to control actions is not well explored. We investigated how the response preparation affects the ability to control the generation of actions in the context of a stop selective task. METHOD Participants performed a visuo-motor stop selective task. RESULTS We found that an increased level of response preparation reduced the ability to control actions. In the condition with high preparation, we observed shorter response times and increased probability of wrong responses to a request to stop, compared to a condition with a lower level of preparation. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that high response preparation hinders action control. APPLICATION Understanding the cognitive factors that affect the ability to properly control actions is crucial to develop devices that can be exploited in different contexts such as the aviation, industrial, and military. We demonstrated that subjects' response preparation is a key factor influencing their ability to flexibly control their reaction to different stimuli. This study offers a suitable paradigm that can be used to investigate which system features in a controlled task promote an optimal balance between response speed and error rate.
High energy emission processes in OJ 287 during 2009 flare

The broad-band spectrum of a BL Lac object, OJ 287, from radio to γ-rays obtained during a major γ-ray flare detected by Fermi in 2009 is studied to understand the high energy emission mechanism during this episode. Using a simple one-zone leptonic model, incorporating synchrotron and inverse Compton emission processes, we show that the explanation of high energy emission from X-rays to γ-rays, by considering a single emission mechanism, namely, synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) or external Compton (EC), requires unlikely physical conditions. However, a combination of both SSC and EC mechanisms can reproduce the observed high energy spectrum satisfactorily. Using these emission mechanisms we extract the physical parameters governing the source and its environment. Our study suggests that the emission region of OJ 287 is surrounded by a warm infrared emitting region of ∼250 K. Assuming this region as a spherical cloud illuminated by an accretion disc, we obtain the location of the emission region to be ∼9 pc. This supports the claim that the γ-ray emission from OJ 287 during the 2009 flare arises from a location far away from the central engine as deduced from millimetre–γ-ray correlation study and very long baseline array images.
Multi-cancer risk stratification based on national health data: A retrospective modelling and validation study

Background Health care is experiencing a drive towards digitisation and many countries are implementing national health data resources. Digital medicine promises to identify individuals at elevated risk of disease who may benefit from screening or interventions. This is particularly needed for cancer where early detection improves outcomes. While a range of cancer risk models exists, the utility of population-wide electronic health databases for risk stratification across cancer types has not been fully explored. Methods We use time-dependent Bayesian Cox Hazard models built on modern machine learning frameworks to scale the statistical approach to 6.7 million Danish individuals covering 193 million life-years over a period from 1978-2015. A set of 1,392 covariates from available clinical disease trajectories, text-mined basic health factors and family histories are used to train predictive models of 20 major cancer types. The models are validated on cancer incidence between 2015-2018 across Denmark and on 0.35 million individuals in the UK Biobank. Findings The predictive performance of models was found to exceed age-sex-based predictions in all but one cancer type. Models trained on Danish data perform similarly on the UK Biobank in a direct transfer without any additional retraining. Cancer risks are associated, in addition to heritable components, with a broad range of preceding diagnoses and health factors. The best overall performance was seen for cancers of the digestive system but also Thyroid, Kidney and Uterine Cancers. Risk-adapted cohorts may on average include 25% individuals younger than age-sex-based cohorts with similar incidence. Interpretation Data available in national electronic health databases can be used to approximate cancer risk factors and enable risk predictions in most cancer types. Model predictions generalise between the Danish and UK health care systems and may help to enable cancer screening in younger age groups. Funding Novo Nordisk Foundation.
Electronic structure and magnetism of transition metal dihalides: Bulk to monolayer

Based on first-principles calculations, the evolution of the electronic and magnetic properties of transition metal dihalides MX$_2$ (M= V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni; X = Cl, Br, I) is analyzed from the bulk to the monolayer limit. A variety of magnetic ground states is obtained as a result of the competition between direct exchange and superexchange. The results predict that FeX$_2$, NiX$_2$, CoCl$_2$ and CoBr$_2$ monolayers are ferromagnetic insulators with sizable magnetocrystalline anisotropies. This makes them ideal candidates for robust ferromagnetism at the single layer level. Our results also highlight the importance of spin-orbit coupling to obtain the correct ground state.
Collage: Seamless Integration of Deep Learning Backends with Automatic Placement

The strong demand for efficient and performant deployment of Deep Learning (DL) applications prompts the rapid development of a rich DL ecosystem. To keep up with this fast advancement, it is crucial for modern DL frameworks to efficiently integrate a variety of optimized tensor algebra libraries and runtimes as their backends and generate the fastest possible executable using these backends. However, current DL frameworks require significant manual effort and expertise to integrate every new backend while failing to unleash its full potential. Given the fast-evolving nature of the DL ecosystem, this manual approach often slows down continuous innovations across different layers; it prevents hardware vendors from the fast deployment of their cutting-edge libraries, DL framework developers must repeatedly adjust their hand-coded rules to accommodate new versions of libraries, and machine learning practitioners need to wait for the integration of new technologies and often encounter unsatisfactory performance. In this paper, we propose Collage, a DL framework that offers seamless integration of DL backends. Collage provides an expressive backend registration interface that allows users to precisely specify the capability of various backends. By leveraging the specifications of available backends, Collage automatically searches for an optimized backend placement strategy for a given workload and execution environment. Our evaluation shows that Collage outperforms the best existing framework for each hardware by 1.26×, 1.43×, 1.40× on average on NVIDIA's RTX 2070 GPU, V100 GPU, and Intel's Xeon 8259CL CPU, respectively. Collage has been open-sourced 1 and deployed in Apache TVM.
Gravitational waves and mass ejecta from binary neutron star mergers: Effect of the mass-ratio

We present new ($3+1$)-dimensional numerical relativity simulations of the binary neutron star (BNS) mergers that take into account the NS spins. We consider different spin configurations, aligned or antialigned to the orbital angular momentum, for equal- and unequal-mass BNSs and for two equations of state. All the simulations employ quasiequilibrium circular initial data in the constant rotational velocity approach, i.e. they are consistent with the Einstein equations and in hydrodynamical equilibrium. We study the NS rotation effect on the energetics, the gravitational waves (GWs) and on the possible electromagnetic (EM) emission associated to dynamical mass ejecta. For dimensionless spin magnitudes of $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$ we find that both spin-orbit interactions and spin-induced quadrupole deformations affect the late-inspiral merger dynamics. The latter is, however, dominated by finite-size effects. Spin (tidal) effects contribute to GW phase differences up to $\ensuremath{\sim}5$ (20) radians accumulated during the last eight orbits to merger. Similarly, after merger the collapse time of the remnant and the GW spectrogram are affected by the NSs rotation. Spin effects in dynamical ejecta are clearly observed in unequal-mass systems in which mass ejection originates from the tidal tail of the companion. Consequently kilonovae and other EM counterparts are affected by spins. We find that spin aligned to the orbital angular momentum leads to brighter EM counterparts than antialigned spin with luminosities up to a factor of 2 higher.