Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The petrography of weathering processes: facts and outlooks

Abstract Rock weathering has been investigated from atomic to global scales through the different but complementary approaches of mineralogy, petrography, geomorphology and geochemistry. The sequences of mineral reactions involved in the alteration process are now well known. They explain the global trend of weathering phenomena but do not account for the actual rock transformation dynamics. In particular, they ignore the intimate relation of the mineral reaction progress with the increase in connected porosity. At the hand specimen scale, heterogeneity is the rule: mineral reactions are controlled by local physicochemical conditions. Alteration processes depend largely on the rock microstructure properties. They proceed through nearly-closed, semi- and completely open microsystems which are interconnected by fractures or pores. Before being leached out by the solutions which flow in the large fractures (flux), the soluble elements migrate inside the connected porosity through chemical diffusion. The dissolution of the primary minerals is mediated through local gradients of chemical potential. With increasing alteration, the rock porosity increases, as does the length of the fluid passageways and their constrictivity and tortuosity. Consequently, the apparent diffusion coefficient for the most soluble elements decreases. The amplitude of the chemical potential gradients for the most soluble elements is reduced by the progressive coating of the reactive surfaces by clays and Fe oxyhydroxides. The residence time of these elements inside the weathered rock increases as alteration progresses; an effect enhanced by their temporary adsorption on the exchangeable sites of clays and Fe oxyhydroxides. Consequently, the weathering rate decreases with time. A possible new way to calculate weathering rates could be to measure the residence time of soluble elements inside the different microsystems during their migration towards the diluted solution which occurs in the large fractures.
The Use of Flexible Parametric Duration Functions in Modelling the Tempo of Fertility: Applications to the Analysis of Birth Intervals in Rural China

The birth-interval approach to the study of fertility reflects two aspects of the process of reproduction: (1) the quantum of fertility as indicated by the proportion of women who move to the next higher parity; and (2) the tempo of fertility, as measured by the time it takes to make the transition for those women who continue reproduction. In most previous empirical analyses, the focus has been on the quantum of fertility using proportional hazard models for the intensity of birth. That is, the rates at which children are born to a defined set of women within a specified unit of time is modelled as a function of covariates such that the effect of covariates is to increase or decrease such intensity relative to that of a reference category. This paper focuses on the tempo of fertility where covariates act multiplicatively on the duration itself so that their effect is to accelerate or decelerate the transition time between successive births relative to that of a reference category. We utilize the flexibility of a family of parametric duration models to select a statistically appropriate model for a given birth interval using data from rural China. The results show that the distributional shape of birth intervals depends on the birth order of the index child and that inferences concerning covariate effects on birth intervals are sensitive to model choice. The flexible parametric approach suggested in this paper provides a statistically well grounded, theoretically appropriate, and empirically evident alternative to the usually untenable quantum-based proportional hazards modelling of birth interval data.
A modified sink-float procedure to measure the density of tiny individual mineral particles

A COMMON procedure for determining the density of a small mineral particle is the heavy-liquid sink-float method. The procedure has been described in the literature, which has been adequately summarized by Muller 0977)The sinkfloat method is quite straightforward for particles above o.ooi mm 3 (average dimension o. I mm), but problems arise when the particles are appreciably smaller than that. These problems include the difficulty of observing the mineral particle, difficulty in recovering the particle, and anomalous particle movement due to convection currents in the heavy liquid. The procedure described here overcomes these difficulties to a large extent. The density determination is carried out using a small cell filled with heavy liquid and mounted in a temperature-controlled air bath, in the weighing chamber of an analytical balance. Sink-float behaviour of the small particles is observed using a stereomicroscope. Density calibration is achieved by use of a sealed mercury-in-glass plummet. Because the particles involved are not visible to the unaided eye, a stereomicroscope is mounted horizontally to enable the movement of the particle to be observed. The magnification used should initially be as low as possible so that a large field of view is obtained. To avoid having to shift the microscope up and down in searching for the particle, it is desirable to use as small a container as possible; a standard glass Io mm spectrophotometric cell, with a volume of about 3 ml, was found to be suitable. An added advantage of a small container is that it reduces thermal convection currents in the contained liquid. To control temperature, the cell is mounted in a perspex air bath with a thermocouple well next to the cell. The air bath is mounted on an adjustableheight bridge in the weighing chamber of an analytical balance. A mercury-in-glass plummet on a stainless steel hook is used for the determination of the liquid density, when equilibrium has been achieved. The spectrophotometer cell is charged
Photocontrol of Anthocyanin Synthesis

The spectral sensitivity and the irradiance dependence of anthocyanin synthesis, a "high irradiance response," in cabbage (Brassica oleracea, cv. Red Acre) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. Beefsteak) seedlings exposed to continuous irradiation depend upon the length of the exposure. In cabbage, blue and red are more effective than far red when the irradiations are shorter than 12 hours and less effective than far red when the irradiations are longer than 12 hours. The irradiance dependence is negigble under red and becomes evident under blue and far red red only for exposures longer than 12 hours. Anthocyanin synthesis under intermittent Ught treatments, of effidency comparable to that of continuous treatments, obeys the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law and is a function of the dose (irradiance x time), rather than of the irradiance alone. The validity of the reciprocity relationships suggests that only one photoreceptor is responsible for the photocontrol of the response in the blue, red, and far red spectral regions. The characteristics of the response suggest that the photoreceptor is phytochrome, at least in cabbage.
EPA supplementation improves teacher rated behaviour and oppositional symptoms in children with ADHD Short title : RCT of EPA in ADHD

Aim: Measure efficacy of EPA in children with ADHD. Methods: RCT of 0.5g EPA or placebo (15 weeks) in 92 children (7-12 years) with ADHD. Efficacy measure was Conners’ Parent/Teacher Rating Scales (CPRS/CTRS). Fatty acids were analyzed in serum phospholipids and red blood cell membranes (RBC) at baseline and endpoint with gas chromatography. Results: EPA improved CTRS inattention/cognitive subscale (p=0.04), but not Conners’ total score. In oppositional children (n=48) CTRS total score improved 25 % in 48% of the children receiving EPA vs. 9 % for placebo (ES 0.63, p=0.01). In less hyperactive/impulsive children (n=44), 25 % improvement was seen in 36 % vs. 18 % (ES 0.41, n.s.), and with both these types of symptoms 8/13 with EPA vs. 1/9 for placebo improved 25 % (p=0.03). Children responding to treatment had lower EPA concentrations (p=0.02), higher AA/EPA (p=0.005) and higher AA/DHA ratios (p=0.03) in serum at baseline. Similarly, AA/EPA (p=0.01), AA/DHA (p=0.038) and total omega-6/omega-3 ratios (p=0.028) were higher in RBC, probably due to higher AA (p=0.011). Conclusion: Two ADHD subgroups (oppositional and less hyperactive/impulsive children) improved after 15 weeks EPA treatment. Increasing EPA and decreasing omega-6 fatty acid concentrations in phospholipids were related to clinical improvement.
Evolucion del complejo agroalimentario de Navarra. Analisis a partir de las tablas input-output de 1980-1995

This paper analyses the agrofood system in Navarra (Spain) using the Input-Output data for 1980-1995. The aim is to analyse the evolution and changes taking place between the economic activities in the region. Streit, Chenery-Waanabe and Rasmussen's indicators are constructed. As is usual, we have also calculated the inconme and employment multipliers. This indicators show the very important role of the agriculture and the vegetables canning industry in the regional economy.
Creative City Index

The CCI Creative City Index (CCI-CCI) is a new approach to the measurement and ranking of creative global cities. It is constructed over eight principal dimensions, each with multiple distinct elements. Some of these dimensions are familiar from other global city indexes, such as the MORI or GaWC indexes, which account for the size of creative industries, the scale of cultural amenities, or the flows of creative people and global connectedness. In addition to these indicators, the CCI-CCI contributes several new dimensions. These measure the demand side of creative participation, the attention economy, user-created content, and the productivity of socially networked consumers.
Sharp hemisphere boundaries in a translating inner core

Geodynamic models of a convectively translating inner core have recently been proposed that would account for the seismically observed differences in isotropic velocity between the eastern and western hemispheres of the inner core. These models, however, have previously been thought to be incompatible with seismic observations of a 1.5% P wave velocity change occurring over an 800 km wide region at the boundary between hemispheres of the inner core. Here we show that if rigid translation occurs, the age of material in the 100 km below the inner core boundary changes quickly as it crosses the boundary between the western and eastern hemispheres. We then forward model seismic traveltimes to show that the sharp transition in VP between hemispheres may be explained by a random distribution of highly oriented crystalline domains that grow during translation and are composed of material with relatively high elastic anisotropy (up to 12%).
Peter L. Forey

This book began with the desire by the editors to create a publication to honour Dr Peter Forey (Fig. 1) in recognition of his great contribution to fish systematics and palaeobiogeography. This preface gives a brief review of some of his accomplishments and a list of his publications to date. Peter Forey started his palaeontological career as a research student of Brian Gardiner at Queen Elizabeth College, University of London from 1968–1971. His thesis on elopiform fishes was published in 1973 in the Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology supplement 10). That same year he produced what turned out to be a signal paper entitled ‘Relationships of elopomorphs’, which was published in ‘Interrelationships of Fishes’ (Greenwood, Miles & Patterson 1973). This was subsequently updated in 1996 by the paper Forey, Littlewood, Ritchie & Meyer, ‘Interrelationships of elopomorph fishes’, published in a new edition of ‘Interrelationships of Fishes’. These publications are still the standard works on fossil elopomorph comparative anatomy. In 1972, sometime after graduation (during which period he had several jobs, including working for a security firm) he applied for, and secured, the position of Assistant professor in Zoology at the University of Alberta. He remained in this post until 1975 when he joined the fossil fish section in the Department of Palaeontology at the Natural History Museum, London. Here, working with Colin Patterson, he became one of the prime movers in getting phylogenetic systematics (or cladistics as it became called) accepted by the palaeontology community. This new method for analysing phylogenies was being developed in the 1970s following the publication of a paper on phylogenetic systematics in English (Hennig 1966). The fossil fish section and other researchers from the Natural History Museum (including Peter, Colin, Chris Humphries (Botanist), Dick Vane-Wright (Entomologist) and, on occasion, Brian Gardiner and Gareth Nelson) had many fruitful discussions in a public house local to the museum, which became known as ‘the Cladists Arms’. The cladistic methodology was viewed antagonistically by many palaeontologists at the time and finally a special session was set aside at the ‘26th Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy’ held in 1978 at Reading University, England, to discuss the issue. The promotion of cladistics by the Natural History Museum speakers at this symposium led to some sharp exchanges in the pages of Nature journal (Halstead 1978; Halstead & White 1978; Gardiner et al. 1979). These discussions and disputes eventually led to the 1981 publication by Rosen, Forey, Patterson & Gardiner entitled ‘Lungfishes, tetrapods, palaeontology and plesiomorphy’. On the face of it, this was a publication describing the anatomical details of the snouts of tetrapods, lobe-finned fishes and lungfishes, and their conclusion was that tetrapods were more closely related to the lungfish rather than other lobe-finned fishes (in particular the osteolepiforms), which was the accepted idea at that time. This caused quite a stir but mainly because Fig. 1. Peter Forey.
Transcriptional Regulation in Constraints-based Metabolic Models of Escherichia coli * 210

Full genome sequences enable the construction of genome-scale in silico models of complex cellular functions. Genome-scale constraints-based models of Escherichia coli metabolism have been constructed and used to successfully interpret and predict cellular behavior under a range of conditions. These previous models do not account for regulation of gene transcription and thus cannot accurately predict some organism functions. Here we present an in silico model of the central E. coli metabolism that accounts for regulation of gene expression. This model accounts for 149 genes, the products of which include 16 regulatory proteins and 73 enzymes. These enzymes catalyze 113 reactions, 45 of which are controlled by transcriptional regulation. The combined metabolic/regulatory model can predict the ability of mutant E. coli strains to grow on defined media as well as time courses of cell growth, substrate uptake, metabolic by-product secretion, and qualitative gene expression under various conditions, as indicated by comparison with experimental data under a variety of environmental conditions. The in silico model may also be used to interpret dynamic behaviors observed in cell cultures. This combined metabolic/regulatory model is thus an important step toward the goal of synthesizing genome-scale models that accurately represent E. coli behavior.
Spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon ultrastructure of Robphildollfusium fractum (Digenea: Gyliauchenidae), an intestinal parasite of Sarpa salpa (Pisces: Teleostei) Ultrastructure de la spermiogenèse et du spermatozoïde de Robphildollfusium fractum (Digenea : Gyliauchenidae), parasite intestinal d

Spermiogenesis in Robphildollfusium fractum begins with the formation of a differentiation zone containing: two centrioles each bearing striated rootlets, nucleus, several mitochondria and intercentriolar body constituted by seven electron-dense layers. The two *Manuscript / Manuscrit
PRODUCTIVITY AND LAND ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: HEALTH, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, AND SEQUENTIAL ADOPTION Lire Ersado, Gregory Amacher, and Jeffrey Alwang

EPTD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised. PRODUCTIVITY AND LAND ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: HEALTH, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, AND SEQUENTIAL ADOPTION
Environmental impacts of future flood risk

Many drivers of flood risk are affected by the environment. For example; agricultural land management affects catchment runoff (Chapter 5); river vegetation affects conveyance (Chapter 6), and relative sea level affects the frequency with which land adjacent to coasts and estuaries is flooded (Chapter 10). In this chapter we consider the other side of the coin – the environmental impacts of floodplain and the environment as a receptor. In particular we: 1. analyse the environment impacts of floodplain and flood risk management in fluvial and coastal zones 2. consider the environment implications of current trends in flood risk management policies 3. examine how the environmental impacts of floodplain might differ under the four Foresight Socio-Economic Futures; and 4. provide an environmental economic assessment of the impacts of flooding. In so doing our aim is to provide the environmental context for the assessment other impacts of future flood risk. This is because coastal and fluvial flooding affects the physical characteristics of the environment, the coastal riverine and floodplain ecosystems, and the species these ecosystems contain. Moreover, regular flooding is essential for the health and survival of many of these ecosystems. The size of natural alluvial river channels for example generally depends on the magnitude of the flood that occurs every one or two years. Biodiversity in river channels depends on the frequency of flooding and associated movement of sediment. Floodplain wetlands are often maintained by inundation and coastal saltmarshes require regular tidal flooding. Infrequent ‘large’ floods can disturb landforms and ecosystems which may take significant periods to recover. While these floods can be seen as ‘natural’ parts of the environmental system, a changing frequency of flooding can disturb the equilibrium of a landform or ecosystem,. The result may be seen as adverse environmental consequences: the area of saltmarsh may decline, or a river channel may be destabilised.
Analytical methods in sphingolipidomics : Quantitative and profiling approaches in food 1 analysis 2 3

14 In recent years, sphingolipidomics has emerged as an interesting omic science that encompasses 15 the study of the full sphingolipidome characterization, content, structure and activity in cells, 16 tissues or organisms. Like other omics, it has the potential to impact biomarker discovery, drug 17 development and systems biology knowledge. Concretely, dietary food sphingolipids have gained 18 considerable importance due to their extensively reported bioactivity. Because of the complexity 19 of this lipid family and their diversity among foods, powerful analytical methodologies are needed 20 for their study. The analytical tools developed in the past have been improved with the enormous 21 advances made in recent years in mass spectrometry (MS) and chromatography, which allow the 22 convenient and sensitive identification and quantitation of sphingolipid classes and form the basis 23 of current sphingolipidomics methodologies. In addition, novel hyphenated nuclear magnetic 24 resonance (NMR) strategies, new ionization strategies, and MS imaging are outlined as promising 25 technologies to shape the future of sphingolipid analyses. 26 This review traces the analytical methods of sphingolipidomics in food analysis concerning sample 27 extraction, chromatographic separation, the identification and quantification of sphingolipids by 28 MS and their structural elucidation by NMR. 29 30
Absolute infrared absorption cross sections for ClONO2 at 296 and 223 K

The infrared absorption spectrum of chlorine nitrate has been measured at 296 K and at 223 K, a temperature typical of the stratosphere. Absorption cross sections are reported for all the strong features of the absorption spectrum between 450 and 2000 cm−1. These cross sections may be used in determining stratospheric ClONO2 concentrations. The ν4, ν3, and ν2 transitions near 780, 809, and 1292 have been studied in detail, and some significant temperature dependencies in the cross sections have been found. The most dramatic of these is the 34% increase in the Q branch at 780.2 cm−1 between 296 K and 223 K.
Modeling the water isotopes in Greenland precipitation 1959–2001 with the meso‐scale model REMO‐iso

[1] Ice core studies have proved the δ18O in Greenland precipitation to be correlated to the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This subject has also been investigated in modeling studies. However, these studies have either had severe biases in the δ18O levels, or have not been designed to be compared directly with observations. In this study we nudge a meso-scale climate model fitted with stable water isotope diagnostics (REMO-iso) to follow the actual weather patterns for the period 1959–2001. We evaluate this simulation using meteorological observations from stations along the Greenland coast, and δ18O from several Greenland ice core stacks and Global Network In Precipitation (GNIP) data from Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard. The REMO-iso output explains up to 40% of the interannual δ18O variability observed in ice cores, which is comparable to the model performance for precipitation. In terms of reproducing the observed variability the global model, ECHAM4-iso performs on the same level as REMO-iso. However, REMO-iso has smaller biases in δ18O and improved representation of the observed spatial δ18O-temperature slope compared to ECHAM4-iso. Analysis of the main modes of winter variability of δ18O shows a coherent signal in Central and Western Greenland similar to results from ice cores. The NAO explains 20% of the leading δ18O pattern. Based on the model output we suggest that methods to reconstruct the NAO from Greenland ice cores employ both δ18O and accumulation records.
Proteome-wide antigenic profiling in Ugandan cohorts identifies associations between age, exposure intensity, and responses to repeat-containing antigens in Plasmodium falciparum

Protection against Plasmodium falciparum, which is primarily antibody-mediated, requires recurrent exposure to develop. The study of both naturally acquired limited immunity and vaccine induced protection against malaria remains critical for ongoing eradication efforts. Towards this goal, we deployed a customized P. falciparum PhIP-seq T7 phage display library containing 238,068 tiled 62-amino acid peptides, covering all known coding regions, including antigenic variants, to systematically profile antibody targets in 198 Ugandan children and adults from high and moderate transmission settings. Repeat elements – short amino acid sequences repeated within a protein – were significantly enriched in antibody targets. While breadth of responses to repeat-containing peptides was twofold higher in children living in the high versus moderate exposure setting, no such differences were observed for peptides without repeats, suggesting that antibody responses to repeat-containing regions may be more exposure dependent and/or less durable in children than responses to regions without repeats. Additionally, short motifs associated with seroreactivity were extensively shared among hundreds of antigens, potentially representing cross- reactive epitopes. PfEMP1 shared motifs with the greatest number of other antigens, partly driven by the diversity of PfEMP1 sequences. These data suggest that the large number of repeat elements and potential cross-reactive epitopes found within antigenic regions of P. falciparum could contribute to the inefficient nature of malaria immunity.