Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effective Control Rights in Vertical R&D Collaboration

Because of increasing technological complexity of new products, the manufacturers of final products more often seek access to external sources of knowledge at the early, market-distant stages of innovation processes. However, they are confronted with a specifically high danger of moral hazard. Traditional management instruments fail to control that danger mainly for two reasons. First, the supplier activities are not transparent. Second, market-distant R&D results are credence goods whose quality cannot be evaluated, not even ex post. It is the theory of incomplete contracts that solves the problem by allocating the so-called control rights to the supplier. These rights primarily regulate the assignment of the intellectual property rights, the control of the R&D process, and the marketing of the final products that are based on the delivered R&D results. To date, we do not have any empirical evidence about the relative effectiveness of these control rights. Moreover, studies on incomplete contracts in R&D alliances only focused on the collaboration between biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms. Our study fills these gaps. On the basis of a sample of French and German R&D suppliers, we find that only enforceable intellectual property rights assigned to the supplier effectively control moral hazard. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roles of Cohesin and Condensin in Chromosome Dynamics During Mammalian Meiosis

Meiosis is a key step for sexual reproduction in which chromosome number is halved by two successive meiotic divisions after a single round of DNA replication. In the first meiotic division (meiosis I), homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine with their partners in prophase I. As a result, homologous chromosomes are physically connected until metaphase I and then segregated from each other at the onset of anaphase I. In the subsequent second meiotic division (meiosis II), sister chromatids are segregated. Chromosomal abnormality arising during meiosis is one of the major causes of birth defects and congenital disorders in mammals including human and domestic animals. Hence understanding of the mechanism underlying these unique chromosome behavior in meiosis is of great importance. This review focuses on the roles of cohesin and condensin, and their regulation in chromosome dynamics during mammalian meiosis.
Convolution Brother's Instrument Design

The subject of instrument design is quite broad. Much work has been done at Ircam, MIT, CNMAT, Stanford and elsewhere in the area. In this paper we will present our own developed approach to designing and using instruments in composition and performance for the authors' "Convolution Brothers" pieces. The presentation of this paper is accompanied by a live Convolution Brothers demonstration.
Randomized Clinical Trial of a Self-Adhering Flowable Composite for Class I Restorations: 2-Year Results

Objectives. To compare the clinical performances of a self-adhering resin composite and a conventional flowable composite with a self-etch bonding system on permanent molars. The influence of using rubber dam versus cotton roll isolation was also investigated. Materials and Methods. Patients aged between 6 and 12 years and presenting at least two permanent molars in need of small class I restorations were selected. Thirty-four pairs of restorations were randomly placed by the same operator. Fifteen patients were treated under rubber dam and nineteen using cotton rolls isolation and saliva ejector. They were evaluated according to the modified USPHS criteria at baseline, 6 months, and 1 and 2 years by two independent evaluators. Results. All patients attended the two-year recall. For all measured variables, there was no significant difference between rubber dam and cotton after 2 years of restoration with Premise Flowable or Vertise Flow (p value > 0.05). The percentage of restorations scored alpha decreased significantly over time with Premise Flowable and Vertise Flow for marginal adaptation and surface texture as well as marginal discoloration while it did not vary significantly for color matching. After 2 years, Vertise Flow showed a similar behaviour to the Premise Flowable used with a self-adhesive resin system.
Application-Driven Voltage-Island Partitioning for Low-Power System-on-Chip Design

Among the different methods of reducing power for core-based system-on-chip (SoC) designs, the voltage-island technique has gained in popularity. Assigning cores to the different supply voltages and floorplanning to create contiguous voltage islands are two important steps in the design process. We propose a new application-driven approach to voltage partitioning and island creation with the objective of reducing overall SoC power, area, and floorplanner runtime. Given an application power-state machine (PSM), we first identify the suitable range of supply voltages for each core. Then, we generate the discrete voltage assignment table using a heuristic technique. Next, we describe a methodology of reducing the large number of available choices from the voltage assignment table down to a useful set using the application PSM. We partition the cores into islands, using a cost function that gradually shifts from a power-based assignment to a connectivity-based one. Compared with previously reported techniques, a 9.4% reduction in power and 8.7% reduction in area are achieved using our approach, with an average runtime improvement of 2.4 times.
Entity-relationship approach to the conceptual schema design

The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic approach to the conceptual schema design. The entity-relationship model is used as the conceptual schema model. The entity-relationship schema, a formal description of the model, is defined to explicitly state the dependency structures such as the functional dependencies, the transitive dependencies, and the hierarchical decompositions. Based upon the analysis of these structural properties, the schema is iteratively transformed into the refined form. The notion of the access weight matrix is also introduced as a measure to evaluate the schemas.
Reading and estimating gaze on smart phones

While lots of reading happens on mobile devices, little research has been performed on how the reading-interaction actually takes place. Therefore we describe our findings on a study conducted with 18 users which were asked to read a number of texts while their touch and gaze data was being recorded. We found three reader types and identified their preferred alignment of text on the screen. Based on our findings we are able to computationally estimate the reading area with an approximate . 81 precision and . 89 recall. Our computed reading speed estimate has an average 10.9% wpm error in contrast to the measured speed, and combining both techniques we can pinpoint the reading location at a given time with an overall word error of 9.26 words, or about three lines of text on our device.
Towards Optimising the Production of and Expression from Polycistronic Vectors in Embryonic Stem Cells

Polycistronic vectors linked by self-processing 2A peptides have been successfully used in cellular reprogramming. The expression of these vectors has yet to be well documented in embryonic stem cells. In the present study, we generated expression cassettes containing combinatorial arrangements of 3 pancreatic transcriptions factors (Pdx1, Nkx2.2 and Ngn3) together with an eGFP reporter, all linked by self-processing 2A peptides. The study tested the utility of constructing complex expression cassettes by ligating multiple components, each flanked by unique restriction sites. This approach allowed flexible and efficient design and construction of a combinatorial array of polycistronic constructs, which were expressed after transient transfection into embryonic stem cells. The inclusion of EGFP provided for a convenient proxy measure of expression and showed that expression was similar regardless of EGFP’s position within a 2A polycistronic construct. Expression of terminal EGFP was 51% and 24% more efficient when linked by T2A compared to F2A or E2A peptides, respectively. The highest level of expression was achieved when all genes in a construct were linked exclusively by T2A peptides. This effect of T2A was independent of the type of promoter used, as a similar increase in terminal EGFP expression was observed when the polycistronic constructs were under the control of a CAG promoter compared to the CMV promoter, even though the GAG promoter was more efficient in this model than the CMV promoter. The study provides guidance on design strategies and methods for the efficient generation and expression of 2A polycistronic constructs in embryonic stem cells.
A Wide Tuning Range Gm - C Continuous-Time Analog Filter

A CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for low-power and wide tuning range filter application is proposed in this paper. The OTA can work from the weak inversion region to the strong inversion region to maximize the transconductance tuning range. The transconductance can be tuned by changing its bias current. A fifth-order Elliptic low-pass filter implemented with the OTAs was integrated by TSMC 0.18-mum CMOS process. The filter can operate with the cutoff frequency of 250 Hz to 1 MHz. The wide tuning range filter would be suitable for multi-mode applications, especially under the consideration of saving chip areas. The third-order inter-modulation (IM3) of -40 dB was measured over the tuning range with two tone input signals. The power consumption is 0.8 mW at 1-MHz cutoff frequency and 1.8-V supply voltage with the active area less than 0.3 mm2
Consistency checking and test generation for UML statechart diagram via extended context-free grammar

UML statechart diagram is an important, visual, graphic tool to describe the dynamic behavior of the software system. This paper proposes an approach to checking the consistency and generating test cases from UML statechart specification through extended context-free grammar (ECFG). Our system input the UML statechart and ECFG, which is considered as external events, to perform an automated consistency simulation for UML specification. Firstly, we design algorithm to transform statechart diagram into a labeled transition system. Then, we introduced the concept of PLAY-Tree. The consistency checking of UML statechart specification is defined as whether there exists a corresponding PLAY-Tree with all successful branches. Finally, the parsing of ECFG conforming to PLAY-Tree contains all possible test cases for UML statechart.
Deforming Developable Surfaces

One of the techniques in digital geometry processing that has been studied for many years is mesh deformation. Recently, researchers have proposed deformation methods that preserve certain aspects of the mesh, such as geometric features and material properties. In this project we look at preserving developability of a surface. Specifically, if it is known that a surface is developable before deformation, it would be desirable to maintain developability during and after the deformation. To this end, a new technique for deforming surfaces is developed by manipulating the Gauss map of the surface. This technique can be considered a variation of gradient deformation, with additional constraints that account for Gaussian curvature. Finally, a simple method for deformation transfer using this framework is described, which does not rely on any parameterization between the models.
Distribution Network Expansion Planning Based on Multi-objective PSO Algorithm

This paper presents a novel approach for electrical distribution network expansion planning using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO). The optimization objectives are: investment and operation cost, energy losses cost, and power congestion cost. A two-phase multi-objective PSO algorithm is employed to solve this optimization problem, which can accelerate the convergence and guarantee the diversity of Pareto-optimal front set as well. The feasibility and effectiveness of both the proposed multi-objective planning approach and the improved multi-objective PSO have been verified by the 18-node typical system.
M ar 2 00 2 UPR-979 T Vector Bundle Moduli and Small Instanton Transitions

We give the general presciption for calculating the moduli of irreducible, stable SU(n) holomorphic vector bundles with positive spectral covers over elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau threefolds. Explicit results are presented for Hirzebruch base surfaces B = Fr. The transition moduli that are produced by chirality changing small instanton phase transitions are defined and specifically enumerated. The origin of these moduli, as the deformations of the spectral cover restricted to the “lift” of the horizontal curve of the M5-brane, is discussed. We present an alternative description of the transition moduli as the sections of rank n holomorphic vector bundles over the M5-brane curve and give explicit examples. Vector bundle moduli appear as gauge singlet scalar fields in the effective low-energy actions of heterotic superstrings and heterotic M -theory.
How do research institutes learn

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the theory of organisational learning (OL) by developing a middle range theory of how research institutes learn. Because of a research institute’s specific division of labour in the organisation-environment interactions, the means of mediation between individual and organisational learning are of particular interest. To study these means, a secondary analysis of interviews with scientists of four newly founded East German research institutes was carried out. The early development of these institutes was determined by the necessity to learn as fast as possible in order to achieve quick integration into the German research landscape. The results of the empirical analysis show (1) the importance of ‘unconventional’ OL by hiring West German scientists who are experienced in the relevant contexts in which the institute has to operate; (2) the close connection between the modes of ‘loose coupling’, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the mediation between individual learning and OL; and (3) the need to enrich analyses of research institutes by introducing a variable describing the fragmentation of an institute’s technical core, thus going beyond the classical variables for describing organisations’ technologies (task uncertainty and complexity).
Understanding Financial Vulnerability in Partially Dollarized Economies

The reduction of macroeconomic vulnerability in emerging markets is now at the core of the research agenda. Liability dollarization plays a vital role in the understanding of vulnerability and its implications (from a general equilibrium perspective) have been addressed in the literature via the inclusion of a â€œfinancial acceleratorâ€ mechanism. In particular, its formalization is based on Bernankeâ€™s, et al. (1998) optimal contract, which predicts a negative relation between an external finance premium and firmâ€™s net worth. We can identify two channels by which the financial accelerator can be triggered. The first, emphasized in Bernanke, et al. (1998) and Gertler, et al. (2001), operates via shocks on asset prices which, in turn, affect the realized return on capital and net worth. The second channel, privileged in CA©spedes, et al. (2000a y 2000b), depends on unanticipated movements in firmâ€™s debt burden which directly affect their net worth. Not surprisingly, liability dollarization plays an important role in the activation of this second channel since the unexpected component of a real depreciation can greatly magnify the debt burden of firms if their debt is denominated in dollars. Based on this, CA©spedes, et al. (2000a y 2000b) present a first approximation to a definition of vulnerability. In particular, an economy is classified as vulnerable if a real exchange rate depreciation implies an increase in the risk premium faced by firms. This result is neatly summarized in the log linear version of the risk premium equation and depends, crucially, on firms indebtness level. Their model, however, assumes complete depreciation and, thus, lacks the asset price channel explained above. Gertler, et al. (2001) recognize this issue and present some simulations using dollar denominated debt and an active asset price mechanism. Despite these significant contributions to the understanding of the consequences of liability dollarization for output fluctuations, we believe some important extensions are now in order: (i) if we want to address the implications of the degree of dollarization, we need a general equilibrium model that admits firmâ€™s debt to be denominated in both local and foreign currency (the two models just described assume full liability dollarization); (ii) central bankâ€™s response to exchange rate innovations (given a degree of dollarization) must be assessed from a welfare point of view; and (iii) given a dollarization level and central bankâ€™s response to shocks, a new, encompassing, definition of vulnerability must be provided in order to adequately address the way in which it can be mitigated
An Approach to Predict User's Interests in Web-based Educational Systems using a Collaborative Filtering Weighted Method

This paper presents an approach to predict userpsilas interests in Web-based educational systems, using the collaborative filtering methods weighted by implicit information about userpsilas navigation. To test and evaluate the proposed approach, we used a particular case study. The values were obtained by a domain specialist and we compared the approach results using a cross-validation method. The obtained results show that only the traditional prediction in collaborative filtering does not assert that the userpsilas classification is the real userpsilas relationship with the system.
Intergenerational Transmission of Inflation Aversion: Theory and Evidence

This paper studies the transmission of preferences in an overlapping-generations model with heterogeneous mature agents characterized by different degrees of inflation aversion. We show how the dynamics of a society's degree of inflation aversion and the implied degree of central bank independence depend on the direction and speed of changes in the structure of the population's preferences, themselves a function of parent socialization efforts in response to observed inflation. We then construct a survey-based measure of inflation aversion and provide empirical support for our analytical and simulation results. Available cross-section evidence confirms that a nation's demographic structure, in particular variation in the share of retirees as a proxy for the more inflation-averse type, is a key determinant of inflation aversion, together with experience with past inflation and the resulting collective memory embodied in monetary institutions.
Multi-class Animacy Classification with Semantic Features

Animacy is the semantic property of nouns denoting whether an entity can act, or is perceived as acting, of its own will. This property is marked grammatically in various languages, albeit rarely in English. It has recently been highlighted as a relevant property for NLP applications such as parsing and anaphora resolution. In order for animacy to be used in conjunction with other semantic features for such applications, appropriate data is necessary. However, the few corpora which do contain animacy annotation, rarely contain much other semantic information. The addition of such an annotation layer to a corpus already containing deep semantic annotation should therefore be of particular interest. The work presented in this paper contains three main contributions. Firstly, we improve upon the state of the art in multiclass animacy classification. Secondly, we use this classifier to contribute to the annotation of an openly available corpus containing deep semantic annotation. Finally, we provide source code, as well as trained models and scripts needed to reproduce the results presented in this paper, or aid in annotation of other texts. 1
Ictal but Not Interictal Epileptic Discharges Activate Astrocyte Endfeet and Elicit Cerebral Arteriole Responses

Activation of astrocytes by neuronal signals plays a central role in the control of neuronal activity-dependent blood flow changes in the normal brain. The cellular pathways that mediate neurovascular coupling in the epileptic brain remain, however, poorly defined. In a cortical slice model of epilepsy, we found that the ictal, seizure-like discharge, and only to a minor extent the interictal discharge, evokes both a Ca2+ increase in astrocyte endfeet and a vasomotor response. We also observed that rapid ictal discharge-induced arteriole responses were regularly preceded by Ca2+ elevations in endfeet and were abolished by pharmacological inhibition of Ca2+ signals in these astrocyte processes. Under these latter conditions, arterioles exhibited after the ictal discharge only slowly developing vasodilations. The poor efficacy of interictal discharges, compared with ictal discharges, to activate endfeet was confirmed also in the intact in vitro isolated guinea pig brain. Although the possibility of a direct contribution of neurons, in particular in the late response of cerebral blood vessels to epileptic discharges, should be taken into account, our study supports the view that astrocytes are central for neurovascular coupling also in the epileptic brain. The massive endfeet Ca2+ elevations evoked by ictal discharges and the poor response to interictal events represent new information potentially relevant to interpret data from diagnostic brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance, utilized in the clinic to localize neural activity and to optimize neurosurgery of untreatable epilepsies.
Distributing Health Care: Economic and Ethical Issues

This is a new health economics textbook with a difference. It is based firmly in the discipline of economics and, as such, it fills a gap in the health economics market. But, unlike other texts in the area, it is very explicit about the distributive implications of economic models and it provides clear rationale for public involvement in the market for health care. It separates the efficiency reasons for public involvement (based on notions of 'market failure') from the equity reasons (based on the views of society that health care should be distributed according to the notion of health needs rather than according to ability to pay). The book illustrates the distributional aspects of money flows in the financing and provision of health care, and discusses who are the gainers and who are the losers under different financing arrangements. A central part of the book contains a discussion of those techniques that are increasingly being used to aid decisions about how to distribute health care. Beyond the parameters included in economic evaluation techniques such as cost- benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis, the book discusses some key ethical issues that are relevant for decision-makers when setting health care priorities.