Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electricity, Magnetism and the Body: Some Uses and Abuses

The human body can be regarded as an extraordinarily complex electrical machine. It will respond to externally applied electromagnetic stimuli and aspects of its functionality can be interrogated electromagnetically to aid in diagnosis. The paper describes examples of interactions between electromagnetism and the body. The hazards ofelectric shock are considered along with the use of the defibrillator for restarting the heart. Electromagnetic therapies are discussed in the light of the disappointing lack of objective evidence to support claims for their effectiveness. Finally, two examples of new diagnostic techniques using electromagnetic energy are described. Electrical impedance tomography produces cross-sectional images of the distribution of electrical impedance in the body and magnetic nerve stimulation uses currents induced by large magnetic field pulses to stimulate nerves and the human brain without causing pain.
Assessment of an ethanolic seed extract of Picralima nitida ([Stapf] Th. and H. Durand) on reproductive hormones and its safety for use

Background: Picralima nitida seed extract (PNE) has aphrodisiac and contraceptive effect. Aim: To investigate the effect of PNE on reproductive hormones. Materials and Methods: The size and length of the combs of white leghorn day-old chicks treated with testosterone (0.5-1.5 mg/kg), cyproterone (3-30 mg/kg), or PNE (50-500 mg/kg) for 7 days, as well as cyproterone (10, and 30 mg/kg) on PNE-induced, and PNE (50-500 mg/kg) on testosterone-induced comb growth, were measured in the chick comb test. The effect of PNE the percentage change in an oviduct-chick weight ratio of Rhode Island Red layer day-old chicks treated with 17-β-estradiol (0.1-0.9 µg), PNE (30-300 mg/kg) or vehicle, for 6 days, was determined in the chick uterotrophic assay. Liver and kidney function was well lipid, and hematological profile tests were conducted to assess safety. Results: 7-day treatment with PNE and testosterone increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01-0.001) while cyproterone significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.001) comb growth dose-dependently. Qualitatively, testosterone and PNE treatment resulted in relatively brighter red combs. Cyproterone caused significant inhibition (P ≤ 0.001) of both testosterone and PNE-induced comb growth. Co-administration of testosterone and PNE suppressed comb growth significantly (P ≤ 0.001). Administration of 17-β estradiol and PNE increased (P ≤ 0.001) oviduct-chick weight ratio dose-dependently. No significant changes were observed in assessing liver and kidney function, lipid profile, and hematological parameters. Conclusion: PNE exhibits both androgenic (partial testosterone agonist) and estrogenic activity. It has no detrimental effects on the blood, liver, and kidney tissue with prolonged use.
Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology.

BACKGROUND The study was designed to verify the concept of plaques "at risk" and whether inflammation could play a role in plaque rupture and thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In 20 patients who had died of acute myocardial infarction, the thrombosed coronary artery was identified and the site of plaque rupture was traced in serial sections. The cellular characteristics of the fibrous cap at the immediate site of rupture were analyzed and compared with the adjacent cap tissue by use of monoclonal antibodies reactive with macrophages, T lymphocytes, and smooth muscle cells. A deep intimal rupture, extending into the lipid core, was encountered in 12 plaques, whereas 8 had superficial erosions only. Ten atherosclerotic plaques had a distinctly attenuated fibrous cap covering a large atheroma, 7 showed a thick fibrocellular cap overlying a lipid pool, and 3 showed a fibrocellular lesion without a clear lipid core. Macrophages, and to a lesser extent T lymphocytes, were the dominant cells at the immediate site of either rupture or superficial erosion in each instance. These sites, moreover, were always characterized by abundant expression of HLA-DR antigens on both inflammatory cells and adjacent smooth muscle cells, suggesting an active inflammatory reaction. In terms of overall cellular composition of the ruptured plaques, the dominant cell types were macrophages and T cells in 11, smooth muscle cells in 3, and mixtures of both in 6. CONCLUSIONS The underlying atherosclerotic plaque morphology in complicated coronary artery lesions causing acute myocardial infarction is heterogeneous with respect to both plaque architecture and cellular composition. However, the immediate site of plaque rupture or erosion is always marked by an inflammatory process. This suggests that inflammation plays a role in destabilizing the fibrous cap tissue and, thus, in enhancing the risk of coronary thrombosis.
Information processing by the brain : views and hypotheses from a physiological-cognitive perspective

The main focus of this volume is on various aspects of how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in higher organisms, including humans. Chapters dealing with "physiological" perspectives focus on changes in neuronal tissues and transmitters, while those with a more "cognitive" approach address the higher, more complex and integrative actions of information transmission.
[Relationship between DLC-1 expressions and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVES To study the relationship between the expression level of DLC-1 mRNA (located in 8p) and the invasion/metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Fifty-one surgical specimens of human HCC were divided into high-invasive and low invasive groups according to their clinicopathological features. DLC-1 mRNA expression was studied in the 51 HCC specimens as well as 5 different metastasis potential cell lines using real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). RESULTS The expression level of DLC-1 mRNA in HCC specimens with high invasiveness was significantly lower than that with low invasiveness (P < 0.05). The expression levels of DLC-1 mRNA were significantly different between non-metastatic (Hep3B and HepG2) and metastatic (MHCC97-H, MHCC97-L and HCCLM3) cell lines (P < 0.05). From MHCC97-L to HCCLM3, with an increase of invasiveness and metastatic potentials, the expression level of DLC-1 decreased correspondingly, and its expression level in HCCLM3 was significantly lower than that in MHCC97-L (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The expression of DLC-1 mRNA may play an important role in inhibiting the invasiveness and metastasis of HCC.
Counting pseudo-holomorphic discs in Calabi-Yau 3 fold

n this paper we define an invariant of a pair of 6 dimensional symplectic %optional manifold with vanishing 1st Chern class and its Lagrangian submanifold with vanishing Maslov index. This invariant is a function on the set of the path connected components of the bounding cochains (solution of A infinity version of Maurer-Cartan equation of the filtered A infinity algebra associated to the Lagrangian submanifold). In the case when the Lagrangian submanifold is a rational homology sphere, it becomes a numerical invariant. This invariant depends on the choice of almost complex structure. The way how it depends on the almost complex structure is described by a wall crossing formula which involves moduli space of pseudo-holomorphic spheres.
An investigation of the characteristics of muscle dysmorphia in a non-clinical population of adult male weight lifters in Australia

Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is observed as a strong drive to increase muscularity and decrease body fat, and appears to be based on beliefs regarding one’s muscularity, regardless of actual muscle size and definition. The current scientific literature on MD is inconclusive on several vital questions regarding the characteristics, categorisation, and prevalence of MD. The overall purpose of the research was to investigate whether MD should be included as a new disorder in a classification system for mental disorders, and to improve the understanding and awareness of the rates and symptoms of MD, BDD, and eating disorders. Two studies were designed in this project to address five of these questions. The first study aimed to: (a) examine inter-rater reliability of the proposed MD criteria, (b) investigate if MD represented a syndrome of co-occurring symptoms, and (c) investigate the correlation between the proposed MD criteria and the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) in a non-clinical population of adult male weight lifters in Australia. Adult males (N = 48) who were currently participating in weight lifting were assessed using the MASS and a one-on-one interview. Results of the assessments by two registered psychologists indicated low inter-rater reliability (κ = .39; p ≤ .05). A Binomial test revealed that MD represented a syndrome of frequently co-occurring symptoms: there was a significant probability (> .70) of a participant with one diagnostic symptom of MD (criteria B1 or C) to exhibit another symptom (criterion A) of the disorder. Point-biserial correlation indicated that the proposed MD criteria, excluding criterion B2, were significantly correlated with the total score of the MASS and its subscales, excluding Muscle Satisfaction. The second study aimed to: (a) determine the prevalence of, and factors contributing to, MD symptoms, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) symptoms, and eating disorders symptoms; and (b) provide a comprehensive comparison of symptoms of MD, BDD, and eating disorders in a non-clinical population of adult male weight lifters in Australia. Adult males (N = 648, Mage = 29.5, SD = 10.1) who were currently participating in weight lifting completed an online survey consisting of the background questionnaire, the MASS, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, and the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test. Results indicated that 17.0% of participants were at risk of having MD, 10.6% of participants were at risk of having BDD, and 33.8% of participants were at risk of having an eating disorder. Furthermore, 5.6% of participants were found to be at risk of having both
Viewpoint in Language: A Multimodal Perspective

Introduction: viewpoint and perspective in language and gesture, from the ground up Eve Sweetser Part I. Intersubjectivity and Subjectification: 1. Irony as a viewpoint phenomenon Vera Tobin and Michael Israel 2. Subjectivity and upwards projection in mental space structure Lilian Ferrari and Eve Sweetser 3. Negation, stance verbs, and intersubjectivity Barbara Dancygier Part II. Gesture and Processing of Visual Information: 4. Interactions between discourse status and viewpoint in co-speech gesture Fey Parrill 5. Maybe what it means is he actually got the spot: physical and cognitive viewpoint in a gesture study Shweta Narayan Part III. Multiple Viewpoints in American Sign Language: 6. Reported speech as an evidentiality strategy in American sign language Barbara Shaffer 7. Two ways of conceptualizing space: motivating the use of static and rotated vantage point space in ASL discourse Terry Janzen Part IV. Constructions and Discourse: 8. The constructional underpinnings of viewpoint blends: the Past+now in language and literature Kiki Nikiforidou 9. Evoking discourse spaces in speech and thought representation Lieven Vandelanotte Conclusion: multiple viewpoints, multiple spaces Barbara Dancygier.
Update on monitoring and adverse effects of first generation disease modifying therapies and their recently approved versions in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW As of April 2015, 13 disease modifying therapies (DMTs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The older agents continue to be utilized across the globe, especially in developing countries where many newer DMTs are still not available. Even though first generation DMTs have modest efficacy they have long term safety profile, and are considered safer than the second generation DMTs. RECENT FINDINGS A PEGylated interferon beta-1a preparation that is administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks was also recently approved. Less frequent administration potentially reduced administration associated side effects and may improve adherence and compliance. The polyethylene glycol is also thought to make the drug less immunogenic. Glatopa (a glatiramer acetate bioequivalent), now represents the first available generic alternative of a DMT for multiple sclerosis. Its dosing, route of administration, and side effects are the same as for Copaxone. SUMMARY In this article, we review the potential adverse effects and recommended laboratory studies as part of the monitoring strategy following initiation of various first generation DMTs and their recently approved versions.
Massive paracetamol overdose: an observational study of the effect of activated charcoal and increased acetylcysteine dose (ATOM-2)

Abstract Context: Paracetamol is commonly taken in overdose, with increasing concerns that those taking “massive” overdoses have higher rates of hepatotoxicity and may require higher doses of acetylcysteine. The objective was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of “massive” (≥ 40 g) paracetamol overdoses. Methods: Patients were identified through the Australian Paracetamol Project, a prospective observational study through Poisons Information Centres in NSW and Queensland, over 3 and 1.5 years, respectively, and retrospectively from three clinical toxicology unit databases (over 2.5 to 20 years). Included were immediate-release paracetamol overdoses ≥ 40 g ingested over ≤ 8 h. Outcomes measured included paracetamol ratio[defined as the ratio of the first paracetamol concentration taken 4–16 h post-ingestion to the standard (150 mg/L at 4 h) nomogram line at that time] and hepatotoxicity (ALT >1000 U/L). Results: Two hundred paracetamol overdoses were analysed, reported median dose ingested was 50 g (interquartile range (IQR): 45–60 g) and median paracetamol ratio 1.9 (IQR: 1.4–2.9, n = 173). One hundred and ninety-three received acetylcysteine at median time of 6.3 h (IQR: 4–9.3 h) post-ingestion. Twenty-eight (14%) developed hepatotoxicity, including six treated within 8 h of ingestion. Activated charcoal was administered to 49(25%), at median of 2 h post-ingestion (IQR:1.5-5 h). Those receiving activated charcoal (within 4 h of ingestion), had significantly lower paracetamol ratio versus those who did not: 1.4 (n = 33, IQR: 1.1–1.6) versus 2.2 (n = 140, IQR: 1.5–3.0) (p < .0001) (paracetamol concentration measured ≥ 1 h after charcoal). Furthermore, they had lower rates of hepatotoxicity [unadjusted OR: 0.12 (95% CI: <0.001–0.91); adjusted for time to acetylcysteine OR: 0.20 (95%CI: 0.002–1.74)]. Seventy-nine had a paracetamol ratio ≥2, 43 received an increased dose of acetylcysteine in the first 21 h; most commonly a double dose in the last bag (100 to 200 mg/kg/16 h). Those receiving increased acetylcysteine had a significant decrease risk of hepatotoxicity [OR:0.27 (95% CI: 0.08–0.94)]. The OR remained similar after adjustment for time to acetylcysteine and paracetamol ratio. Conclusion: Massive paracetamol overdose can result in hepatotoxicity despite early treatment. Paracetamol concentrations were markedly reduced in those receiving activated charcoal within 4 h. In those with high paracetamol concentrations, treatment with increased acetylcysteine dose within 21 h was associated with a significant reduction in hepatotoxicity.
Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Function in 21 Patients Suffering from Autoimmune Pancreatitis before and after Steroid Treatment

Background/Aim: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) responds rapidly and dramatically to steroid therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function in patients suffering from AIP both before and after steroid therapy. Patients andMethods: Fecal elastase 1 and diabetes were evaluated before steroid therapy and within 1 month of its suspension in 21 patients (13 males and 8 females, mean age 43 ± 16.5 years) diagnosed as having AIP between 2006 and 2008. Results: At clinical onset, fecal elastase 1 was 107 ± 126 µg/g stool. Thirteen patients (62%) showed severe pancreatic insufficiency (<100 µg/g stool), 4 (19%) had mild insufficiency (100–200 µg/g stool), while 4 (19%) had normal pancreatic function (>200 µg/g stool). Before steroids, diabetes was diagnosed in 5 patients (24%), all of whom had very low levels of fecal elastase 1 (<19 µg/g stool). Following steroids, fecal elastase 1 increased in all patients (237 ± 193 µg/g stool) and observed levels were significantly higher than those seen before steroids (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Patients suffering from AIP display exocrine and/or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency at clinical onset. These insufficiencies improve after steroid therapy.
Science of Computer Programming Specifying the Caltech asynchronous microprocessor

The action systems framework for modelling parallel programs is used to formally specify a microprocessor. First the microprocessor is specified as a sequential program. The sequential specification is then decomposed and rejned into a concurrent program using correctnesspreserving program transformations. Previously this microprocessor has been specified at Caltech, where an asynchronous circuit for the microprocessor was derived from the specification. We propose a specification strategy that is based on the idea of spatial decomposition of the program variable space.
Fuzzy Methodology for Enhancement of Context Semantic Understanding

One of the many issues that confront traditional statistical approaches of natural language understanding (NLU) is on how to overcome the insufficient co-occurrence information caused by the limited boundary of statistical approaches. Researches have long used the imparting of human knowledge into statistical approaches, including definition of rules and collections of hierarchy of concepts. However, these are difficult to define even for a domain expert. They are also very much people and domain dependent. This study proposes a fuzzy approach to tackle these issues in a way as to provide a methodology for logical reorganizing context in order to tackle the issue of boundary limitation, to create the more reasonable and understandable word association which will be referenced as membership degree in latter stage, and to make the processes of imparting of human knowledge easier and less domain dependent. The accomplishment of these tasks could be achieved through the concept of precisiated natural language (PNL)
The glutamatergic nerve terminal.

The human brain has about 1010 neurones, each of which, on average, makes about 1000 synaptic contacts with other neurones. Of these 1013 synapses perhaps up to 90% utilize amino acids as their neurotransmitter. Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid (acting predominantly on depolarizing post-synaptic receptors) while 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) and glycine are the major inhibitory transmitters (acting on hyper-polarizing receptors). As well as playing the dominant role in fast information transfer, glutamate is of particular interest in view of its involvement in current models of memory and learning (Bliss and Dolphin, 1982; Cotman et al., 1988; Collingridge and Singer, 1990) and because a pathological release of glutamate in brain ischaemia is neurotoxic and a major contributor to the damage caused under these conditions (Rothman and Olney, 1986; Choi, 1988; Meldrum and Garthwaite, 1990).
Stress Granule Formation Induced by Measles Virus Is Protein Kinase PKR Dependent and Impaired by RNA Adenosine Deaminase ADAR1

ABSTRACT ADAR1, an interferon (IFN)-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-specific adenosine deaminase, downregulates host innate responses, including activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and induction of IFN-β mRNA. Conversely, PKR amplifies IFN-β induction by measles virus (MV) and inhibits virus protein synthesis. Formation of stress granules (SGs), cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translation complexes and RNA-binding proteins, is a host response to virus infection mediated by translation initiation factor eIF2α phosphorylation. We examined the roles of PKR and ADAR1 in SG formation using HeLa cells stably deficient in either PKR (PKRkd) or ADAR1 (ADAR1kd) compared to control (CONkd) cells. Infection with either wild-type (WT) MV or an isogenic mutant lacking C protein expression (Cko) comparably induced formation of SG in ADAR1kd cells, whereas only the Cko mutant was an efficient inducer in control cells. Both ADAR1 and PKR colocalized with SG following infection. MV-induced; SG formation was PKR dependent but impaired by ADAR1. Complementation of ADAR1kd cells by expression of either p150 WT isoform or the p150 Zα (Y177A) Z-DNA-binding mutant of ADAR1 restored suppression of host responses, including SG formation and PKR activation. In contrast, neither the p110 WT isoform nor the p150 catalytic (H910A, E912A) mutant of ADAR1 complemented the ADAR1kd phenotype. These results further establish ADAR1 as a suppressor of host innate responses, including activation of PKR and the subsequent SG response.
Changes in natural killer cell subsets in pediatric liver transplant recipients

Pham B, Piard‐Ruster K, Silva R, Gallo A, Esquivel CO, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Changes in natural killer cell subsets in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: 176–182. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage : a risk and resiliency perspective

Contents: Introduction and Overview. Part I: Why Marriages Succeed or Fail. S. Carrere, J.M. Gottman, Predicting the Future of Marriages. T.L. Orbuch, J. Veroff, A.G. Hunter, Black Couples, White Couples: The Early Years of Marriage. Part II: Child Adjustment in Different Family Forms. K. Deater-Deckard, J. Dunn, Multiple Risks and Adjustments in Young Children Growing Up in Different Family Settings: A British Community Study of Stepparent, Single Mother, and Nondivorced Families. S. Avenevoli, F.M. Sessa, L. Steinberg, Family Structure, Parenting Practices, and Adolescent Adjustment: An Ecological Examination. Part III: Family Functioning and Child Adjustment in Divorced and Single-Parent Families. E.M. Hetherington, Should We Stay Together for the Sake of the Children? S.S. McLanahan, Father Absence and the Welfare of Children. P.R. Amato, Children of Divorced Parents as Young Adults. P.L. Chase-Lansdale, R.A. Gordon, R.L. Coley, L.S. Wakschlag, J. Brooks-Gunn, Young African-American Multigenerational Families in Poverty: The Contexts, Exchanges, and Processes of Their Lives. M.J. Zaslow, M.R. Dion, D.R. Morrison, N. Weinfield, J. Ogawa, P. Tabors, Protective Factors in the Development of Preschool-Age Children of Young Mothers Receiving Welfare. Part IV: Family Functioning and Child Adjustment in Repartnered Relationships and in Stepfamilies. D.S. DeGarmo, M.S. Forgatch, Contexts as Predictors of Changing Maternal Parenting Practices in Diverse Family Structures: A Social Interactional Perspective of Risk and Resilience. J.H. Bray, From Marriage to Remarriage and Beyond: Findings From the Developmental Issues in StepFamilies Research Project. M.A. Fine, M. Coleman, L.H. Ganong, A Social Constructionist Multi-Method Approach to Understanding the Stepparent Role. E.R. Anderson, S.M. Greene, E.M. Hetherington, W.G. Clingempeel, The Dynamics of Parental Remarriage: Adolescent, Parent, and Sibling Influences. Part V: Intervention. R.E. Emery, K.M. Kitzmann, M. Waldron, Psychological Interventions for Separated and Divorced Families.