Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
QCD at finite density with Dyson-Schwinger equations

In this work we investigate QCD at finite density with Dyson-Schwinger equations. In the first part we consider color-superconducting phases, which occur at high densities through the formation of quark-quark pairs. We describe 2SC and CFL phases with massive strange quarks. We calculate the phase diagram in a hard-thermal-loop / hard-dense-loop approximation which describes the back-coupling of massless quarks to the gluons. We fixed the vertex parameters to a chiral critical temperature of Tc=150 MeV. This approximation results in low critical temperatures for the color-superconducting phases around 20-30 MeV and a too large pion decay constant. To improve the truncation we couple the full color-superconducting quark propagator back to the gluons. In addition to more realistic vacuum observables also the critical temperatures increase to 40-60 MeV. We find a dominant CFL phase at high densities, while at intermediate chemical potential, the ground state is a 2SC phase which also extents to a small band between CFL and normal conducting phase. We also calculate Debye and Meissner masses of the gluons, which can reproduce the results of weak-coupling calculations. In the second part of this work we consider chiral condensates with the possibility of spatial modulations. We investigate 1-dimensional modulations with plane-wave shape, which oscillate between a scalar and a pseudoscalar condensate, in the Dyson-Schwinger formalism. We find an inhomogeneous phase that covers the original first-order chiral phase transition, which is in agreement with similar model calculations.
Chaos: From Theory to Applications

Introduction. Mathematical Notes. Physics Notes. On Fractals. Attractors. Bifurcations and Routes to Chaos. Chaos Elsewhere. Reconstruction of Dynamics from Observables. Evidence of Chaos in Controlled and Uncontrolled Experiments. Nonlinear Time Series Forecasting. Other Developments and Trends in the Application of Chaos. Index.
Homoepitaxial growth of CVD diamond after ICP pretreatment

The surface morphology of vicinal (100) single‐crystal diamond surfaces homoepitaxially grown in a microwave plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPACVD) reactor is studied. High‐pressure and high‐temperature (HPHT) single‐crystal diamond substrates produced by different vendors are used as substrates. Prior to the CVD growth, substrates were mechanically polished and etched in a separate inductively coupled plasma/reactive ion etching (ICP/RIE) tool using an Ar/Cl2 gas mixture. The impact of (a) ICP etching regime of the HPHT substrate, (b) substrate polishing, and (c) the HPHT substrate misorientation (off‐axis) vicinal angle on the surface morphology is examined. It was found that the ICP etching removes polishing‐induced defects in the bulk and also removes diamond particles which are left on the surface of single‐crystalline diamond after polishing. The morphology of the surface of the homoepitaxial CVD diamond grown on a substrate, which is free of polishing defects, depends not only on the parameters of the growth process (substrate temperature, composition of the gas mixture, pressure, etc.), but also on the value and direction of the off‐axis angle.
Fundamental structure of steady plastic shock waves in metals

The propagation of steady plane shock waves in metallic materials is considered. Following the constitutive framework adopted by R. J. Clifton [Shock Waves and the Mechanical Properties of Solids, edited by J. J. Burke and V. Weiss (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, N.Y., 1971), p. 73] for analyzing elastic–plastic transient waves, an analytical solution of the steady state propagation of plastic shocks is proposed. The problem is formulated in a Lagrangian setting appropriate for large deformations. The material response is characterized by a quasistatic tensile (compression) test (providing the isothermal strain hardening law). In addition the elastic response is determined up to second order elastic constants by ultrasonic measurements. Based on this simple information, it is shown that the shock kinetics can be quite well described for moderate shocks in aluminum with stress amplitude up to 10 GPa. Under the later assumption, the elastic response is assumed to be isentropic, and thermomechanical coupling is neglected. The model material considered here is aluminum, but the analysis is general and can be applied to any viscoplastic material subjected to moderate amplitude shocks. Comparisons with experimental data are made for the shock velocity, the particle velocity and the shock structure. The shock structure is obtained by quadrature of a first order differential equation, which provides analytical results under certain simplifying assumptions. The effects of material parameters and loading conditions on the shock kinetics and shock structure are discussed. The shock width is characterized by assuming an overstress formulation for the viscoplastic response. The effects on the shock structure of strain rate sensitivity are analyzed and the rationale for the J. W. Swegle and D. E. Grady [J. Appl. Phys. 58, 692 (1985)] universal scaling law for homogeneous materials is explored. Finally, the ability to deduce information on the viscoplastic response of materials subjected to very high strain rates from shock wave experiments is discussed.
Handwritten Chemical Structure Image to Structure-Specific Markup Using Random Conditional Guided Decoder

Satisfactory recognition performance has been achieved for simple and controllable printed molecular images. However, recognizing handwritten chemical structure images remains unresolved due to the inherent ambiguities in handwritten atoms and bonds, as well as the signifcant challenge of converting projected 2D molecular layouts into markup strings. Target to address these problems, this paper proposes an end-to-end framework for handwritten chemical structure images recognition, with novel structure-specific markup language (SSML) and random conditional guided decoder (RCGD). SSML alleviates ambiguity and complexity in Chemfig syntax by designing an innovative markup language to accurately depict molecular structures. Besides, we propose RCGD to address the issue of multiple path decoding of molecular structures, which is composed of conditional attention guidance, memory classification and path selection mechanisms. In order to fully confirm the effectiveness of the end-to-end method, a new database containing 50,000 handwritten chemical structure images (EDU-CHEMC) has been established. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to traditional SMILES sequences, our SSML can significantly reduces the semantic gap between chemical images and markup strings. It is worth noting that our method can also recognize invalid or non-existent organic molecular structures, making it highly applicable for tasks related to teaching evaluations in the fields of chemistry and biology education. The EDU-CHEMC will be released soon in https://github.com/iFLYTEK-CV/EDU-CHEMC.
Electron and proton beams produced by ultra short laser pulses in the relativistic regime

It is known that relativistic laser plasma interactions can already today induce accelerating fields beyond some TV/m, which are indeed capable to efficiently accelerate plasma background electrons as well as protons. An introduction to the current state of the art will be given and possible applications of these optically induced charged particle sources will be discussed.
On the nature of the λIII brightness asymmetry in the Io torus

The optical brightening of the Io torus around λIII∼200° has been known for 20 years, but observations have only recently revealed the nature of the asymmetry. We show that the optical asymmetry is due to changes in ion temperature, with little or no change in flux tube content. These results have significant ramifications for magnetospheric transport and torus energy flows. We examine causes of ion temperature variations and demonstrate that existing zero-dimensional energy balance models are inadequate. We develop a more complete model of energy flow in the torus and find that small changes in energy sources result in large changes in ion and electron temperatures and densities. We extend the theory to predict brightness asymmetries at other wavelengths and show that a search for EUV asymmetries at the 30% level can help resolve the torus “energy crisis. ” “Neutral Cloud Theory” predicts an EUV brightness asymmetry of exactly opposite phase to the optical asymmetry, while an unknown electron energy source around λIII∼200° could cancel or reverse this EUV asymmetry.
ON BOOTSTRAP HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Summary We describe methods for constructing bootstrap hypothesis tests, illustrating our approach using analysis of variance. The importance of pivotalness is discussed. Pivotal statistics usually result in improved accuracy of level. We note that hypothesis tests and confidence intervals call for different methods of resampling, so as to ensure that accurate critical point estimates are obtained in the former case even when data fail to comply with the null hypothesis. Our main points are illustrated by a simulation study and application to three real data sets.
Tracking Control of Hydraulic Actuators Using a LuGre Friction Model Compensation

This paper addresses the tracking control of hydraulic actuators commonly used in many hydraulically actuated robotic systems. Dynamic model of the entire actuator incorporating highly non-linear hydraulic functions and the LuGre dynamic friction model is used to arrive at a suitable controller. The controller is augmented with adaptation laws to compensate for parametric uncertainties in the actuator dynamics, hydraulic functions as well as friction with nonuniform force variations. Furthermore, an adaptive observer is used in the controller to avoid the use of acceleration measurement. Therefore, only measurements of displacement, velocity and hydraulic line pressures are required for the implementation of the proposed controller. Stability and convergence of the control system are theoretically studied. Experimental results are presented verifying the effectiveness of the developed controller.
Design of superperiodic photonic-crystal light-emitting plates with highly directive luminance characteristics

A “superperiodic” photonic-crystal (PhC) light-emitting diode (LED) design exhibiting high-luminance patterns is proposed for applications that require highly directive vertical light extraction. The superperiodic design employs a periodic arrangement of defective missing holes on an otherwise perfect periodic pattern of holes for the basic two-dimensional PhC structure. Avoiding the fragile semiconductor membrane structure that is popular in current PhC laser designs, the design utilizes a thick epitaxy structure with electromagnetic density-of-mode singularity. This singularity is created by the defect mode in a three-dimensional frequency versus wave vector relation within the band matched with the gain spectrum of the LED that is placed on top of the base reflector plate material. The superperiodic structure of this design is shown to provide an effective means for sharpening the vertical beam in the far field, based on discrete-Fourier transformation theory. Subsequent simulations based on the finite-difference time-domain analysis verify the effectiveness of the design principle on GaN epitaxy structures with various bottom layers.
Currents, charges, and admittances of linear antennas in dissipative media

Two representations for the current on an isolated antenna in an arbitrary, homogeneous, isotropic medium have been obtained. These are the polynomial and the trigonometric forms, each with an exponential multiplier. The representations are used for solving coupled integral equations for two antennas in a dissipative medium. Measurements made over a wide range of the parameters of the medium, antenna lengths, and separations (in the case of coupled antennas) indicate a close agreement between the computed and observed values for the admittance and the current and charge distributions for isolated as well as coupled antennas.
Masses and M/L Ratios of Bright Globular Clusters in NGC 5128

Abstract We present an analysis of the radial velocities and velocity dispersions for 27 bright globular clusters in the nearby elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A). For 22 clusters we combine our new velocity dispersion measurements with the information on the structural parameters, either from the literature when available or from our own data, in order to derive the cluster masses and mass-to-light (M/L) ratios. The masses range from 1.2 × 105M⊙, typical of Galactic globular clusters, to 1.4 × 107M⊙, similar to more massive dwarf globular transition objects (DGTOs) or ultra compact dwarfs (UCDs) and to nuclei of nucleated dE galaxies. The average M/LV is 3±1, larger than the average M/LV of globular clusters in the Local Group galaxies. The correlations of structural parameters, velocity dispersion, masses and M/LV for the bright globular clusters extend the properties established for the most massive Local Group clusters towards those characteristic of dwarf elliptical galaxy nuclei and DGTOs/UCDs. The detection of the mass-radius and the mass-M/LV relations for the globular clusters with masses greater than ~ 2 × 106M⊙ provides the link between “normal” old globular clusters, young massive clusters, and evolved massive objects.
Influence of crest and group length on the occurrence of freak waves

A large number of simulations have been performed to reveal how the occurrence of freak waves on deep water depends on the group and crest lengths for fixed steepness. It is found that there is a sharp qualitative transition between short- and long-crested sea, for a crest length of approximately ten wavelengths. For short crest lengths the statistics of freak waves deviates little from Gaussian and their occurrence is independent of group length (or Benjamin–Feir index, BFI). For long crest lengths the statistics of freak waves is strongly non-Gaussian and the group length (or BFI) is a good indicator of increased freak wave activity.
On finite groups of exponent five

1. The object of this note is to prove the restricted Burnside conjecture for exponent 5, that is, to prove, for n = 5, the proposition: Rn: For each positive integer k there is an integer rn, k such that every finite group of exponent n that can be generated by k elements has order at most rn, k.
Approximations for the values of american options

The solution of the American option valuation problem is the solution of a parabolic partial differential equation satisfying free boundary conditions. The free boundary represents the critical price, at which the option should be exercised. In this paper the free boundary is determined by an algebraic relation and an approximate solution derived. A suitable modification of the approximate solution gives the exact solution. The uniqueness of the free boundary implies the expression determined by the algebraic relation is the true critical price
Nonstandard exchange economies

Abstract : An exchange economy consists of a set of traders each of whom is characterized by an initial endowment and a preference relation. In addition, one usually assumes that the set of traders is finite. But in order to state theorems precisely concerning the asymptotic or limiting properties of the core--such theorems will be called limit theorems--economies have been studied which have an infinite number of traders. The concepts of interest, here the core and competitive equilibrium, can be defined even in infinite economies. (Author)
A nonlinear model of the dynamics of a large elastic plate with heavy fluid loading

In this paper, we derive weakly nonlinear equations for the dynamics of a thin elastic plate of large extent under conditions of heavy fluid loading. Two situations are then considered. First, we consider the case in which transverse motion of the plate generates a weaker in-plane motion, which is in turn coupled back to the evolution of the transverse motion. This results in the familiar nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the amplitude of a transverse plane wave, and we show that solitary-wave solutions are possible over the range of (non-dimensional) frequencies ω>ωc, which depends on the material properties. Dimensional values of ωc are physically realizable for a typical composite material underwater. Second, we consider the case in which the amplitudes of the transverse and in-plane motion are of the same order of magnitude, possible at a single resonant frequency, which leads to an evolution equation of rather novel type. We find a range of travelling-wave solutions, including cases in which incident in-plane waves can generate localized regions of transverse displacement.
Polynomial Meshes and Discrete Extremal Sets

Polynomial Meshes and Discrete Extremal Sets (computed by basic numerical linear algebra) give new tools for multivariate polynomial least squares and interpolation on multidimensional compact sets. Fekete Points K ⊂ R (or C) compact set or manifold p = {pj}1≤j≤N , N = dim(Pdn(K)) polynomial basis ξ = {ξ1, . , ξN} ⊂ K interpolation points V (ξ,p) = [pj(ξi)] Vandermonde matrix, det(V ) 6= 0 Πnf(x) = ∑N j=1 f(ξj) lj(x) determinantal Lagrange formula lj(x) = det(V (ξ1, . . . , ξj−1, x, ξj+1, . . . , ξN)) det(V (ξ1, . . . , ξj−1, ξj, ξj+1, . . . , ξN)) , lj(ξi) = δij Fekete points: |det(V (ξ1, . . . , ξN))| is max in K =⇒ Lebesgue constant = Λn = max x∈K N
A method for rapid nanobody screening with no bias of the library diversity

Nanobody refers to the variable domain of heavy-chain-only antibodies. The distinctive advantages of nanobodies including small size, feasible expression in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and superior stability make them promising tools for applications in scientific research and therapies. So far, the screening and expression of nanobodies are mainly following similar methods used for conventional antibodies, suffering from amplification-caused losses of the diversity of libraries and requirements of subcloning of interests into the expression vector. Here, based on the unique properties of nanobodies, we developed an integrated method to screen and express nanobodies simultaneously with no bias of the library diversity. The library of nanobodies was cloned and secretively expressed into the culture medium. Target specifical binding nanobodies were isolated through 1-3 rounds of dilution and regrown steps in a way following the Poisson distribution to ensure no positive clones were dismissed, while the population of positive clones increased by more than 10 folds upon each round of dilution. Ultimately, 5 nanobodies against the death domain receptor 5 (DR5) and 5 nanobodies against the Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) DNA polymerase were produced directly out of their immunized libraries, respectively. Additionally, our approach allowed nanobody screening even without any specialized instruments/devices, demonstrating general applicability in the routine production of monoclonal nanobodies for diverse biomedical applications.
SorCS2 modulates neurovascular coupling via glutamatergic and calcium signaling in astrocytes

SorCS2 is involved in trafficking of membrane receptors and transporters. SorCS2 is implicated in brain disorders, but the mechanism remains uncertain. We hypothesized that SorCS2 expression is important for neurovascular coupling. Brains from P8 and 2-month-old wild type mice were stained for SorCS2 and compared to SorCS2 knockouts (Sorcs2-/-). Changes in cerebral perfusion in response to sensory stimulation, i.e., neurovascular coupling, were compared in vivo. Neurovascular coupling was also assessed ex vivo in brain slices loaded with calcium-sensitive dye. Proteomics of astrocytes was analyzed for ingenuity pathways. SorCS2 was strongly expressed in astrocytic endfeet of P8 mice but only in few astrocytes from 2-month-old brains. Sorcs2-/- mice demonstrated reduced neurovascular coupling. This was associated with reduced astrocytic calcium response to neuronal excitation in Sorcs2-/- mice. No difference in cerebral artery caliber nor in endothelial function was seen between wild type and Sorcs2-/- mice. Proteomics indicated reduced glutamatergic signaling and suppressed calcium signaling in Sorcs2-/- astrocytes. We suggest that SorCS2 expression is important for neurovascular coupling due to modulation of glutamatergic and calcium signaling in astrocytes.
Observation of orbital modulation of the VHE emission from the binary system LS 5039 with H.E.S.S.

The binary system LS 5039 was serendipitously with the High Energy Stereoscopic system (H.E.S.S.) during the scan of the inner galactic plane in 2004. Deeper observations were carried out in 2005, and brought clear evidence for TeV emission perodicity. This is the highest energy periodic source known so far. The observed flux modulation is attributed to a modulated absorption of the VHE gamma- ray emission of the compact object through pair creation on the stellar photosphere. Spectral modulation is also observed in this system; this might have several origins such as modulation of particle acceleration or reprocessing of high energy photons towards lower energy through cascading. We will present detailed studies of the source variability (flux and spectral shape), the timescales com- pared to other wavelengths, and briefly review the implications for existing emission models.
3-D radar imaging using range migration techniques

An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system.
Optimal design of piezolaminated structures using B-spline strip finite element models

A package of B-spline finite strip models is developed for the linear analysis of piezolaminated plates and shells. This package is associated to a global optimization technique in order to enhance the performance of these types of structures, subjected to various types of objective functions and/or constraints, with discrete and continuous design variables. The models considered are based on a higher-order displacement field and one can apply them to the static, free vibration and buckling analyses of laminated adaptive structures with arbitrary lay-ups, loading and boundary conditions. Genetic algorithms, with either binary or floating point encoding of design variables, were considered to find optimal locations of piezoelectric actuators as well as to determine the best voltages applied to them in order to obtain a desired structure shape. These models provide an overall economy of computing effort for static and vibration problems.