Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WOUND HEALING AND COLLAGEN FORMATION V. Quantitative Electron Microscope Radioautographic Obserwtions Proline-H 3 Utilization by Fibroblasts

The uptake, intracellular transport, and secretion of protein by guinea pig wound fibroblasts was studied by electron microscope radioautography using L-proline-S,4-H a as a tracer. Experiments were performed to determine the curve of concentration of free amino acid in the blood after intraperitoneal administration of the labeled proline. Radioautographs were quantitatively analyzed and the concentration of isotope, in grains per unit area, was determined for the following cellular and extracellular compartments: ergastoplasm, Golgi complex, peripheral cytoplasmic structures, and collagen. The concentration of label, expressed as number of grains per unit area of each subcellular system, reveals the period during which each cellular compartment is maximally labeled, and presents a clearer picture of the passage of the label through each of these compartments. The data demonstrate appearance of the label at maximum concentration in the ergastoplasm 15 minutes after injection, and this compartment remains maximally labeled for 2 hours. In the Golgi complex, concentration is not maximal until 60 minutes after injection of isotope, and appears to decrease before or at about the same rate as that of the ergastoplasm. The present experiment is consistent with previous light microscope radioautographic studies, and no storage phase was found in the fibroblasts. The findings are not simply consistent with a direct precursor-product relationship between the contents of the ergastoplasm and those of the Golgi complex. Morphologic observations of regions in the fibroblast interpretable as possible sites of communication between the ergastoplasm and the extracellular space, together with the kinetic studies, permit the suggestion of an alternate pathway of passage of at least some of the synthesized protein directly from the ergastoplasmic cisternae to the cell exterior. I N T R O D U C T I O N High resolution radioautography, using the electron microscope, has becn employed in several systems in attempts to cxamine the utilization of labeled amino acids for synthcsis, passage or storage, and secretion of proteins (1-7). A general pattern seems to be emerging that is similar for the cells of the pancreas (1-3), the thyroid (4)~ and connective tissues (5-8). In all of these different cell types the bound, labeled amino acid first appears in the ergastoplasm and later in the Golgi apparatus. Label then appears in the zymogen granules of the pancreas, prior to secretion, or is
Evidence that the Ceratobasidium-like white-thread blight and black rot fungal pathogens from persimmon and tea crops in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest agroecosystem are two distinct phylospecies

The white-thread blight and black rot (WTBR) caused by basidiomycetous fungi of the genus Ceratobasidium is emerging as an important plant disease in Brazil, particularly for crop species in the Ericales such as persimmon (Diospyros kaki) and tea (Camellia sinensis). However, the species identity of the fungal pathogen associated with either of these hosts is still unclear. In this work, we used sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer regions, including the 5.8S coding region of rDNA (ITS-5.8S rDNA), to determine the phylogenetic placement of the local white-thread-blight-associated populations of Ceratobasidium sp. from persimmon and tea, in relation to Ceratobasidium species already described world-wide. The two sister populations of Ceratobasidium sp. from persimmon and tea in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest agroecosystem most likely represent distinct species within Ceratobasidium and are also distinct from C. noxium, the etiological agent of the first description of white-thread blight disease that was reported on coffee in India. The intraspecific variation for the two Ceratobasidium sp. populations was also analyzed using three mitochondrial genes (ATP6, nad1 and nad2). As reported for other fungi, variation in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was incongruent. Despite distinct variability in the ITS-rDNA region these two populations shared similar mitochondrial DNA haplotypes.
Current Understanding of Food Allergens

Abstract: Food allergies are IgE‐mediated immunological reactions; this distinguishes them from other adverse reactions to foods. Most (>90%) of the recognized food allergies are generally thought to be caused by eight foods or food groups. A number of factors can affect food allergy development, including diet and culture, route of exposure, processing, cooking, and digestion. In addition, it is thought that the properties of certain food proteins render them more likely to be allergenic than other proteins. Most food allergens are major proteins, polyvalent molecules with at least two or more IgE‐binding sites, and are recognized as foreign molecules (hence immunogenic). A number of major food allergens have been recently characterized, and amino acid sequences determined. Tropomyosin is the only major allergen of shrimp. A number of IgE‐binding epitopes have been identified in this molecule, though they may vary from one shrimp‐allergic individual to another. Single amino acid substitutions within epitopes based on that of homologous, nonreactive tropomyosins can substantially enhance or abolish IgE antibody binding. Using the accumulated knowledge of food allergen protein structure, the allergenicity of novel proteins to which there has been no prior human exposure has been assessed. This has been based primarily on the lability or resistance of a protein to enzymatic degradation. Clearly, further criteria must be developed to refine this process. In this regard, the development of animal models that have been sufficiently validated as surrogates of human IgE antibody responses is needed for more precise assessment of the allergenic potential of proteins.
Alternative Approaches to Understanding the Determinants of Typicality

Data were collected for eight sets of product- and brand-level categories to better understand the determinants of typicality and the relationship between typicality and attitude of reach category level. Measures of both feature similarity (family resemblance) and goal achievement (ideals, attribute structure) predicted typicality. However, the latter measures were more likely to moderate the typicality-attitude relationship. Frequency of instantiation was superior to a general familiarity measure in predicting typicality. Attitudes and attribute structure better predicted typicality for subordinate (e.g., fast-food restaurants) than superordinate (e.g., restaurants) categories. Implications for the nature and structure of product and brand categories are discussed. Copyright 1990 by the University of Chicago.
Accuracy of displayed values of tidal volume in the pediatric intensive care unit*

Objectives To assess the accuracy of the expired tidal volumes (VTE) displayed by one of the most frequently used ventilators that measures exhaled volume at the expiratory valve. Design Prospective study. Setting The intensive care units of a pediatric tertiary referral center in London, UK. Patients A total of 56 intubated children aged between 3 wks and 16.6 yrs who were clinically stable and ventilated with a Servo 300 ventilator. Interventions The CO2SMO Plus respiratory monitor, which measures flow at the airway opening, was validated using calibrated syringes and appropriate tracheal tubes and connections. Simultaneous in vivo recordings of VTE from the Servo 300 and CO2SMO Plus were compared before (displayed Servo VTE) and after (effective Servo VTE) compensating for ventilator circuit compliance. Measurements and Main Results The in vitro accuracy of the CO2SMO Plus was within ±5% over a wide range of volumes and measurement conditions. The displayed Servo 300 VTE overestimated the true VTE by between 2% and 91%. The magnitude of error varied within and between children, according to pressure change (peak inspiratory pressure minus positive end-expiratory pressure), VTE, and circuit size. Mean (sd) error was 32% (20%) in 40 children with displayed Servo VTE of <160 mL and 18% (6%) in 16 subjects with displayed Servo VTE of ≥160 mL. After correcting for gas compression, effective VTE from the Servo 300 underestimated the true VTE by up to 64% in the smallest infants but continued to overestimate by as much as 29% in older children. Conclusions The accuracy of tidal volume values is crucially dependent on the site of measurement. Unless measured at the airway opening, displayed values are an inconsistent and misleading indicator of the true volumes delivered.
Arabidopsis Paired Amphipathic Helix Proteins SNL1 and SNL2 Redundantly Regulate Primary Seed Dormancy via Abscisic Acid–Ethylene Antagonism Mediated by Histone Deacetylation[W]

This work identifies two seed dormancy regulators SIN3-LIKE1 (SNL1) and SNL2 that can interact with histone deacetylase to modify histone acetylation abundance of transcribed genes. SNL1 and SNL2 are redundantly involved in the regulation of seed dormancy via antagonism of abscisic acid and ethylene mediated by histone deacetylation. Histone (de)acetylation is a highly conserved chromatin modification that is vital for development and growth. In this study, we identified a role in seed dormancy for two members of the histone deacetylation complex in Arabidopsis thaliana, SIN3-LIKE1 (SNL1) and SNL2. The double mutant snl1 snl2 shows reduced dormancy and hypersensitivity to the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A and diallyl disulfide compared with the wild type. SNL1 interacts with HISTONE DEACETYLASE19 in vitro and in planta, and loss-of-function mutants of SNL1 and SNL2 show increased acetylation levels of histone 3 lysine 9/18 (H3K9/18) and H3K14. Moreover, SNL1 and SNL2 regulate key genes involved in the ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways by decreasing their histone acetylation levels. Taken together, we showed that SNL1 and SNL2 regulate seed dormancy by mediating the ABA-ethylene antagonism in Arabidopsis. SNL1 and SNL2 could represent a cross-link point of the ABA and ethylene pathways in the regulation of seed dormancy.
Thinking together: exploring aspects of shared thinking between young children during a computer-based literacy task

Abstract This study considers in what ways sustained shared thinking between young children aged 5–6 years can be facilitated by working in dyads on a computer-based literacy task. The study considers 107 observational records of 44 children from 6 different schools, in Oxfordshire in the UK, collected over the course of a school year. The study raises questions about how we evaluate children's thinking and suggests that recorded discourse is not the only indicator of shared thinking. Non-verbal signifiers of mutual attention are valuable indices of thinking.
Divided Attention Skills in College Students with ADHD: Is it Advantageous to have ADHD?

Authors such as Hartmann (1993) and Jensen et al., (1997) have propounded the notion that ADHD is not a disorder, but instead a set of behaviors that can be adaptive. According to this perspective, ADHD symptoms were particularly useful in the distant past for activities such as hunting, gathering, and scanning the environment for signs of threat or danger. They hypothesize that, in certain situations, ADHD-type behaviors may even offer an advantage in today’s society, especially for brainstorming, creativity, cognitive flexibility, and independent thinking. For example, Hartmann (1993) contends that adults with ADHD have short, but focused attention spans that can be a benefit in some circumstances. He also suggests that adults with ADHD can outperform nondisabled adults during these short periods of time during tasks that have multiple tasks demands (i.e., divided attention). Barkley (2000) and Goldstein and Barkley (1998) have criticized these ideas, arguing that “in not a single instance of peer-reviewed, published literature have symptoms or consequences of ADHD have been found to hold an advantage. ” Divided attention as it pertains to Hartmann’s theory has not, however, been investigated empirically in adults. Divided attention refers to the ability to attend simultaneously to multiple tasks (van Der Meere & Sergeant, 1987). It is required when an individual is driving and listening to the radio, answering telephones and completing paperwork, or balancing on a ladder while painting (Biggs, 1995; Hartmann, 1993). Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) define divided attention as the ability to process high levels of cognitive load simultaneously. In this model, limitations in attention are believed to be the result of restrictions in the rate, or speed, of cognitive processing. Thus, as cognitive load increases, a divided attention deficit will result in slower cognitive processing (van Der Meere & Sergeant, 1987). To assess attention in individuals with ADHD, clinicians and researchers have relied primarily on behavior rating scales and, more recently, norm-based computerized clinic-based measures of attention, such as the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Numerous versions of the CPT have been developed, each with similar methodology. CPTs, however, vary with regard to task parameters, that is, the type of stimuli presented, duration of stimulus, latency given to respond, and overall length in terms of trials to be completed.
From clustering to granular clustering: A granular representation of data in pattern recognition and system modeling

Fuzzy clustering has been one of the commonly used vehicles to construct information granules (whose description is provided in terms of prototypes and partition matrices). The quality of resulting information granules can be assessed by quantifying how well the original numeric data from which information granules have been constructed can be represented (granulated) by information granules and subsequently reconstructed (degranulated). We recall the concept of the reconstruction process and show how the inevitable reconstruction errors can be handled (and reduced) by granular generalizations of the representatives of fuzzy clusters, namely granular propototypes (hyperboxes) and granular (interval-valued) partition matrices. Their construction is presented in detail, several ways of reconstruction are discussed and an optimization problem of the level of information granularity involved is raised.
Correct Assembly of Iron-Sulfur Cluster FS0 into Escherichia coli Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductase (DmsABC) Is a Prerequisite for Molybdenum Cofactor Insertion*

The FS0 [4Fe-4S] cluster of the catalytic subunit (DmsA) of Escherichia coli dimethyl sulfoxide reductase (DmsABC) plays a key role in the electron transfer relay. We have now established an additional role for the cluster in directing molybdenum cofactor assembly during enzyme maturation. EPR spectroscopy indicates that FS0 has a high spin ground state (S = 32) in its reduced form, resulting in an EPR spectrum with a peak at g ∼ 5.0. The cluster is predicted to be in close proximity to the molybdo-bis(pyranopterin guanine dinucleotide) (Mo-bisPGD) cofactor, which provides the site of dimethyl sulfoxide reduction. Comparison with nitrate reductase A (NarGHI) indicates that a sequence of residues (18CTVNC22) plays a role in both FS0 and Mo-bisPGD coordination. A DmsAΔN21 mutant prevented Mo-bisPGD binding and resulted in a degenerate [3Fe-4S] cluster form of FS0 being assembled. DmsA belongs to the Type II subclass of Mo-bisPGD-containing catalytic subunits that is distinguished from the Type I subclass by having three rather than two residues between the first two Cys residues coordinating FS0 and a conserved Arg residue rather than a Lys residue following the fourth cluster coordinating Cys. We introduced a Type I Cys group into DmsA in two stages. We changed its sequence from 18CATVNCBGSRCCP27 to 18CATYCBGVGCCG26 (similar to that of formate dehydrogenase (FdnG)) and demonstrated that this eliminated both Mo-bisPGD binding and EPR-detectable FS0. We then combined this change with a DmsAR61K mutation and demonstrated that this additional change partially rescued Mo-bisPGD insertion.
The Account of Persia and Cyrus's Persian Education in Xenophon's Cyropaedia

Abstract The Cyropaedia is a biographical account of what Cyrus, the founder of the Persian Empire, knew in order to rule human beings. This essay focuses on Cyrus's twofold Persian education, which consisted of his conventional and heterodox educations. The former emphasized the rule of law, while the latter stressed the need for absolute rule by a single leader. In order to evaluate Cyrus's revolution, one must grasp the relative strengths and weaknesses of the Persian regime that educated him, especially in light of the impressive but short-lived empire he founded. In the end, the Cyropaedia unfolds as a deeply ironic work. Despite Cyrus's prodigious wisdom, the empire he founded was for Xenophon neither unequivocally lasting nor good. In this sense, Xenophon's own knowledge rivals and supercedes that of Cyrus, insofar as Xenophon realized that wisdom is no match for the chaotic world of politics, a sobering and realistic outlook still applicable today.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Pathophysiological mechanisms of arrhythmogenic right ventricular disorders

Background The Brugada sign has been associated with mutations in SCN5A and with right ventricular structural abnormalities. Their role in the Brugada sign and the associated ventricular arrhythmias is unknown. Objective The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of structural abnormalities and sodium channel dysfunction in the Brugada sign. Methods Activation and repolarization characteristics of the explanted heart of a patient with a loss-of-function mutation in SCN5A (G752R) and dilated cardiomyopathy were determined after induction of right-sided ST-segment elevation by ajmaline. In addition, right ventricular structural discontinuities and sodium channel dysfunction were simulated in a computer model encompassing the heart and thorax. Results In the explanted heart, disappearance of local activation in unipolar electrograms at the basal right ventricular epicardium was followed by monophasic STsegment elevation. The local origin of this phenomenon was confirmed by coaxial electrograms. Neither early repolarization nor late activation correlated with STsegment elevation. At sites of local ST-segment elevation, the subepicardium was interspersed with adipose tissue and contained more fibrous tissue than either the left ventricle or control hearts. In computer simulations entailing right ventricular structural discontinuities, reduction of sodium channel conductance or size of the gaps between introduced barriers resulted in subepicardial excitation failure or delayed activation by current-to-load mismatch and in the Brugada sign on the ECG. Conclusion Right ventricular excitation failure and activation delay by current-toload mismatch in the subepicardium can cause the Brugada sign. Therefore, currentto-load mismatch may underlie the ventricular arrhythmias in patients with the Brugada sign. 29 ST-segment elevation after INa reduction
Impact of roflumilast on exacerbations of COPD, health care utilization, and costs in a predominantly elderly Medicare Advantage population

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are associated with declining lung function and health-related quality of life, and increased hospitalization and mortality. Clinical trials often poorly represent the elderly and thus have only partial applicability to their clinical care. Objective To compare exacerbations, COPD-related health care utilization (HCU), and costs in a predominantly elderly Medicare COPD population initiated on roflumilast versus those not initiated on roflumilast. Methods Deidentified administrative claims data from a large, national payer were utilized. Medicare patients aged 40–89 years with at least one COPD diagnosis from May 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012 were included. Members with at least one roflumilast pharmacy claim (index) were assigned to the roflumilast group and those without were assigned to the non-roflumilast group. Proxy index dates for the non-roflumilast group were randomly assigned for similar distribution of all patients’ time at risk. Subjects with at least one pre-index COPD exacerbation had to be continuously enrolled for ≥365 days pre-index and post-index. Unadjusted and adjusted difference-in-difference (DID) analyses contrasted pre-index with post-index changes in exacerbations, HCU, and costs of roflumilast treatment compared with non-roflumilast treatment. Results A total of 500 roflumilast and 60,145 non-roflumilast patients were included (mean age 69.7 and 72.3 years, respectively; P<0.0001). Unadjusted DID favored roflumilast for all exacerbations, with greater pre-index to post-index reductions in mean per 30-day COPD-related hospitalizations (−0.0182 versus −0.0013, P=0.009), outpatient visits (−0.2500 versus −0.0606, P<0.0001), and COPD-related inpatient costs (−US$141 versus −US$11, P=0.0346) and outpatient costs (−US$31 versus −US$4, P<0.0001). Multivariate analyses identified significantly improved pre-index to post-index COPD-related total costs (P=0.0005) and total exacerbations (P<0.0001) for the roflumilast group versus non-roflumilast group. Conclusion In a predominantly elderly Medicare COPD population, newly initiated roflumilast patients displayed similar or significantly better unadjusted reductions in all exacerbation-related, COPD-related HCU-related, and COPD-related costs outcomes compared with non-roflumilast patients. These analyses also suggest better adjusted COPD-related costs and total exacerbations for roflumilast-initiated patients.
An hermeneutic approach to studying the nature of wilderness experiences

The most prevalent approach to understanding recreation experiences in resource management has been a motivational research program that views satisfaction as an appropriate indicator of experience quality. This research explores a different approach to studying the quality of recreation experiences. Rather than viewing recreation experiences as a linear sequence of events beginning with expectations and ending with outcomes that are then cognitively compared to determine experience quality, this alternative approach views recreation as an emergent experience motivated by the not very well-defined goal of acquiring stories that ultimately enrich one's life. Further, it assumes that the nature of human experience is best characterized by situated freedom in which the environment sets boundaries that constrain the nature of the experience, but that within those boundaries recreationists are free to experience the world in unique and variable ways. Therefore this alternative approach seeks a more context specific description of the setting/experience relationship that is intended to complement more general management frameworks (e.g., the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum) developed in conjunction with the motivational research program.