Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A model of salmon louse production in Norway: effects of increasing salmon production and public management measures.

Salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer have caused disease problems in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. since the mid-1970s in Norway. High infection intensities and premature return of wild sea trout Salmo trutta L. were first reported in 1992. Later emaciated wild Atlantic salmon smolts carrying large amounts of lice have been observed both in fjords and offshore. The Norwegian Animal Health Authority regulations to control the problem, which came into operation in 1998, included compulsory louse level monitoring in farms and maximum legal numbers of lice per fish. Here, we present a model of salmon louse egg production in Norway and show that the effect of the current public management strategy is critically dependent on the yearly increase in salmon production. This is because the infection pressure is the product of the number of fish in the system, and the number of lice per fish. Due to the much larger number of farmed than wild salmonids, it is highly likely that lice originating from farmed salmon infect wild stock. Estimated tolerance limits for wild salmonids vary widely, and the level of louse egg production in farms which would be needed to decimate wild populations is not known. Two possible thresholds for total lice egg production are investigated: (1) 1986 to 1987 level (i.e. before adverse effects on sea trout were recorded), and (2) a level corresponding to a doubling of the estimated natural infection pressure. The farm lice per fish limits that would have to be observed to keep louse production within the 2 thresholds are calculated for the period 1986 to 2005. A steady decrease in the permitted number of lice per fish may keep the total louse production stable, but the number of salmon required for verification of lice numbers will increase as the prevalence to be verified is decreased. At threshold (2), the model estimated that lice limits should have been 0.05 louse per fish in 1999. This would require 60 fish from each pen to be collected, anaesthetised and examined for a good estimate at a confidence level of 95%. Such sample numbers are likely to be opposed by farmers. The use of national delousing programs to solve the problem is discussed.
Unstable' personality disorders: prognostic implications for major depression

Sixty-nine depressed inpatients assessed for DSM-III personality disorders (PDs) were followed up after 4 years. Patients with unstable PDs (USPD; borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial PDs) were compared with all other depressives. Considering patients of all ages, USPD was unrelated to course and weakly related to suicidal behavior. In post hoc analyses, patients were divided into “younger” (aged 18—25) and “older” (over 25). USPD but not other PDs predicted more episodes of depression, more manipulative suicidal behavior, and more medically serious suicide attempts among older depressives. USPD was unrelated to prognosis among younger depressives. This may be because many young USPDs will reach higher levels of adaptive functioning over several years, whereas USPDs still requiring hospitalization beyond their mid-20s tend to have more intractable character pathology with poorer long-term prognosis.
List and Unique Coding for Interactive Communication in the Presence of Adversarial Noise

In this paper we extend the notion of list-decoding to the setting of interactive communication and study its limits. In particular, we show that any protocol can be encoded, with a constant rate, into a list-decodable protocol which is resilient to a noise rate of up to 1/2-ε and that this is tight. Using our list-decodable construction, we study a more nuanced model of noise where the adversary can corrupt up to a fraction α Alice's communication and up to a fraction β of Bob's communication. We use list-decoding in order to fully characterize the region Ru of pairs (α, β) for which unique decoding with a constant rate is possible. The region Ru turns out to be quite unusual in its shape. In particular, it is bounded by a piecewise-differentiable curve with infinitely many pieces. We show that outside this region, the rate must be exponential. This suggests that in some error regimes, list-decoding is necessary for optimal unique decoding. We also consider the setting where only one party of the communication must output the correct answer. We precisely characterize the region of all pairs (α, β) for which one-sided unique decoding is possible in a way that Alice will output the correct answer.
Learning to Partner, Disabling Conflict: Early indications of an improving relationship between parents and professionals with regard to service provision for children with learning disabilities

A questionnaire was constructed to analyse whether the high degree of parental dissatisfaction with disability professionals found in previous studies is indicative of the modern parent-professional relationship with regards to service provision for learning disabled children. The subsequent data suggests that professionals are beginning to address the need for clear and appropriate information and intervention, an acknowledgement of parental needs and expertise, and the effective role of parental involvement, whilst parents function within the role of service 'consumers'. Consequently, previous levels of dissatisfaction are slowly being undermined, although professional service remains reactive, particularly in terms of counselling and advice, despite the need and desire for more pro-active provision.
Fields of Thought and Action in Psychoanalysis: Commentary on Paper by Donnel B. Stern

In this discussion of Donnel B. Stern's (this issue) paper “Field Theory in Psychoanalysis, Part 2: Bionian Field Theory and Contemporary Interpersonal/Relational Psychoanalysis,” I detail Nietzsche's influence on shaping contemporary accounts of the field. The discussion then takes up the differences between how the two schools of thought conceptualize the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis. Finally I offer a story from when Ferro and I met and exchanged clinical vignettes. These vignettes give another view of the overlap and difference between the two approaches.
The impact of a dedicated trauma program on outcome in severely injured patients.

BACKGROUND In recent years, many trauma centers have been closing or scaling down their operations because of financial losses and lack of commitment by the relevant authorities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of commitment to trauma and the establishment of a dedicated trauma program on injury outcome. DESIGN In 1992, a well-funded dedicated trauma program was implemented at the Los Angeles County--University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles. We analyzed the outcome in severely injured patients (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > 15) before and after implementation of the program (1991 and 1993). SETTING Large, urban, level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS Patients with trauma and an ISS higher than 15. RESULTS There were 737 patients with an ISS higher than 15 in 1991 and 812 patients with an ISS higher than 15 in 1993. The overall mortality rate was 30% in 1991 and 24.5% in 1993 (P = .018), which is a reduction by 18.3%. In patients with blunt trauma and an ISS higher than 15, mortality was reduced by 33% (mortality rate of 31.1% in 1991 vs 20.8% in 1993) (P < .002). Mortality in patients with penetrating trauma and an ISS higher than 30 was reduced by 42.7% (mortality rate of 59.3% in 1991 vs 34% in 1993) (P = .019). There was also a trend toward lower permanent disabilities among survivors with an ISS higher than 15 (14.7% in 1991 vs 11.3% in 1993). CONCLUSION Commitment of financial and human resources for the establishment of a dedicated trauma program is a sound investment in terms of improved survival and fewer permanent disabilities in critically injured patients.
Ein ambulantes verhaltensmedizinisches Behandlungs modell für chronisch kranke Kinder und Jugendliche

Konzept und Erfahrungen mit der Inanspruchnahme und den Behandlungseffekten der Kieler Verhaltensmedizinischen Ambulanz für Kinder und Jugendliche (KIVA), einem Modellprojekt zur ambulanten Behandlung chronisch kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher, werden vorgestellt.
Constructions of culture and identity in contemporary social theorising1

This article seeks to address the problematic nature of the cultural concept in social theory, and public formulations such as multiculturalism and national identity. By examining two dominant, contrasting and complementary viewpoints of culture – the ideational drawn from anthropological theory, and the structural from a more sociological perspective – it suggests that identity is the outcome of a complex interaction of Socio-behavioural factors.
Marketing executive development in a changing world: the needed executive skills

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges and marketing executive development needs of the future as revealed in surveys of senior marketing executives, chief marketing officers and CEOs of major corporations in the USA and globally. Design/methodology/approach – A historical analysis of the marketing function, its importance and emerging needs was conducted. Findings – Within this paper, the two questions of key importance that will be explored to manage marketing in tomorrow's world are as follows: what emerging trends present challenges to the marketing executive of the future? And what skills and knowledge trends and changes demand that the effective marketing executive acquire? The conclusion of this study indicate that the marketing executive of the future must have the needed skills in managing innovation and change, educating and developing leaders, understand technology, formulate and implement strategy, apply new leadership concepts, collaborate with government, anticipat.
Caregivers of Older Clients with Severe Mental Illness: Perceptions of Burdens and Rewards

Approximately 1 million older persons have a severe mental illness (SMI) and this number is expected to double in the coming decades. While research studies have examined the experiences of family members of younger persons with SMI, very little is known about caregivers of older SMI clients. This study examined the characteristics, burdens, and rewards of 60 caregivers of older SMI clients using a modified version of family caregiver scales of Tessler, Fisher, & Gamache (1992). Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that increased client symptoms, higher levels of help provided, increased caregiver income, and knowledge about the care recipient's diagnosis were predicative of caregiver burden. Decreased number of client symptoms, care recipient being female, and greater experience of the presence of God predicted caregiver rewards. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Pulse wave velocity measurement in healthy and diseased carotid arteries in vivo

Pulse wave velocity (PWV), a measurement of arterial stiffness, is predictive of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. By determining the time-delay of pulse waveforms for a known distance measured in the ultrasound image, local PWV can be calculated. The aim of this study was to evaluate PWV estimation in both healthy and diseased common carotid arteries (CCAs) in vivo. Arterial wall displacements were estimated using speckle tracking on ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) data acquired from 26 young subjects (26 ± 4 yo) and 51 aged subjects (57 ± 7 yo). PWVs were estimated separately using diameter distension waveforms (distension PWV), displacement waveforms of anterior (near) wall (anterior PWV) and posterior (far) wall (posterior PWV) at both systolic foot (PWVsf) and dicrotic notch (PWVdn). According to the results, higher precision of PWV estimation was achieved using distension waveforms than using displacement waveforms of anterior or posterior wall. Both distension PWVsf and PWVdn were significantly higher in the aged subjects compared with the young subjects (p <; 0.0001), and correlated significantly with relative distension of the CCAs (r = -0.27, p = 0.002 and r = -0.62, p <; 0.00001, respectively), indicating the feasibility of the PWV estimation using arterial distension waveforms. In contrast, no significant difference of anterior or posterior PWVs was found between the two groups (all p > 0.01). The aged arteries were further divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries, and distension PWVdn was found to be significantly higher in arteries with visible plaques (8.94 ± 2.25 m/s) than that in plaque-free arteries (7.35 ± 1.99 m/s, p = 0.003). The preliminary results indicate that carotid PWV estimation using distension waveforms may be a valuable index for assessment of cardiovascular diseases.
Gestural Text Input Using a Smartwatch

One challenge with modern smartwatches is text input. In this paper we explore the use of gestural interaction with a smartwatch to support text input. The inertial measurement unit of a smartwatch is used to capture gestural interaction by a user, and an external display is used to provide feedback. We examine two specific variants of gesture keyboards: the swype keyboard common on modern smartphones and the cirrin keyboard, a gestural keyboard that supports character input via directional gestures. We show, first, that freearm gestural input as sensed by a smartwatch exhibits similar efficiency as freearm gestural input sensed by motion capture systems. As well, we show that the smartwatch inertial measurement unit can support text input on ubiquitous computing displays.
Qualitative research. Part 1: Philosophies

Background: Qualitative research has made great strides in recent years and it now makes an important contribution to our understanding of health and illness. But there are still many practitioners, academics and researchers who are totally bemused by its principles and practices. Content: In the first of a series of three articles exploring qualitative research philosophies, methodologies and methods, I attempt to unravel some of its complexities and peculiarities, in the hope that those readers new to qualitative research will study it further and consider using it in the future. This article deals with broad questions of philosophy—specifically, the fundamental difference between a quantitative and qualitative world view. Conclusions: This article explores the difference between a belief in a single objective reality and multiple realities, and relates these to quantitative and qualitative research methods. It also considers the role of theory, focusing on the difference between inductive and deductive.
The integrated school in a conflict society: a comparative analysis of two integrated primary schools in Northern Ireland

The purpose of this paper is to compare the approach to promoting positive relationships between Catholics and Protestants in two types of integrated primary school in Northern Ireland. Drawing on qualitative interviews with teachers, governors and parents in one transforming school and one grant maintained integrated school, i.e. one representative of each of the two types, the paper shows that whilst there are distinctions in the ways that the schools promote their image and ethos, the ‘lived reality’ of the schools, as reported by the research participants, is almost indistinguishable. The paper suggests that both schools tend not to refer to or explore cultural difference and that this tendency to ‘minimise difference’ seems to have the potential to silence school members who do wish to explore their own and other cultures. It is argued that such practices are likely to impede rather than facilitate the progress of good inter‐community relations.
Technological, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic advances: new formulations of application on the skin and oral mucosa

Currently a growing interest to improve the pharmacological therapy exists, not only by the production and the appearance of new drugs, but guaranteeing that the uses of those which already exist, become more effective. In fact, the conventional pharmaceutical formulations of different drugs present a few secondary effects due to oral administration. In order to avoid these undesired side effects, the purpose of current therapeutic is the development and research of formulations as an alternative to others routes of administration. Therefore, in spite of the undoubtedly complete parenteral absorption, the transdermal and transbuccal routes appear to be a rather attractive alternative to provide an efficient absorption. In this chapter a new technological, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic approach of strategies for application on skin and buccal mucosa are reported. Correspondence/Reprint request: Dr. Ana C. Calpena Campmany, Section of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetic, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Barcelona University, Avenue Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: anacalpena@ub.edu Ana C. Calpena et al. 176 In the future new transdermal drug delivery systems will emerge to be more effective, equipped with an improved aesthetic appearance, better adherence and greater diffusion. But to reach these aims, it is necessary previous knowledge of histology and physiology of skin, and factors involved in the penetration of drugs through it.
Impact of Facilitated Asynchronous Distance Education on Clinical Skills Development of International Pharmacy Graduates

The use of distance education for clinical skills development in the health professions has not been extensively described, due in part to the intensive nature of the relationship between the patient and practitioner. In the context of pharmacy practice, there are specific needs to develop new vehicles for clinical skills education due to growing shortages, particularly in rural areas. This article describes the experience of one model of facilitated, asynchronous clinical skills distance education for pharmacists educated outside North America who were seeking licensure in Canada. Findings suggest that this model may be an effective way of delivering clinical skills education, provided participants meet baseline English language fluency requirements.
Construction and Development of the Academic Motivations Inventory (AMI

This paper reports the early development of the Academic Motivations Inventory (AMI), a self-report measure of the academic motivations of college students. Content validation procedures and the reliability of items and scales suggest that AMI is at present a promising instrument for group measurement (e.g., to describe the predominant motivations of students in a course) and that it may become, through refinement of the scales, a useful tool for individual assessment.
Beauty captures the attention of the beholder

Humans are exquisitely sensitive to beauty: it plays a primary role in impression formation and influences subsequent judgements, favouring the beautiful. Why? This paper examines the factors underlying beauty's effect on the mind of the beholder. First we review the evolutionary importance of beauty, including its role as reward, before focusing on the impact of beauty on attention and the influence of motivational state. The research reviewed demonstrates the evolutionary importance of beauty as an implicit cue indexing genotypic and phenotypic quality: as a preference for beauty is highly adaptive, the brain has evolved to activate neural networks associated with reward in response to beautiful faces (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum). Not surprisingly then, beauty holds privileged attentional status: even when attention is consciously engaged elsewhere, beauty alters attentional deployment rapidly, effortlessly and unconsciously, capturing attention even when beauty falls outside the focus of conscious attention or a region of high visual acuity. Motivational context also influences attentional adhesion to beauty, with perceiver gender, relationship status and sociosexual orientation all influencing attentional capture. Overall, the research confirms that beauty holds privileged attentional status, in keeping with its evolutionary importance; beauty truly does capture the mind of the beholder.
The Silent Language in the Multicultural Classroom

Aaron Wolfgang Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Department of Applied Psychology University of Toronto It is now possible that within a few short hours you can be in a totally different part of the world, in a different culture, with different languages, customs, food and climate. You may even experience culture shock when you discover that the ways you are accustomed to structuring your world in terms of how you deal with time, space, and interpersonal relationships doesn't seem to be working out very well. Your behavior in the new culture may appear to be odd or even bizarre to those you come in contact with. For instance, people may think that you are odd when you complain that they don't come for appointments as scheduled, or move too slowly, stand too close or touch you when conversing, and won't call you by your first name when requested. You may also find the food smells different, is too spicy, the language strange, people are not using deodorants and are dressing differently. Things you took for granted in your own culture can no longer be counted on to be true or valid in the new culture. This state of affairs may make you apprehensive, uncomfortable, puzzled, anxious or even hostile. However, when you realize that this nightmare is only temporary because you will be returning home soon and that you can withdraw to your hotel anytime and speak to people in your own language or your own country, you then become more relaxed, more patient, and perhaps more adventuresome. You may even experience a sense of satisfaction when you begin to discover how you can successfully communicate with others by trying to work within their cultural frame of refer-
Place recognition using batlike sonar

Echolocating bats have excellent spatial memory and are able to navigate to salient locations using bio-sonar. Navigating and route-following require animals to recognize places. Currently, it is mostly unknown how bats recognize places using echolocation. In this paper, we propose template based place recognition might underlie sonar-based navigation in bats. Under this hypothesis, bats recognize places by remembering their echo signature - rather than their 3D layout. Using a large body of ensonification data collected in three different habitats, we test the viability of this hypothesis assessing two critical properties of the proposed echo signatures: (1) they can be uniquely classified and (2) they vary continuously across space. Based on the results presented, we conclude that the proposed echo signatures satisfy both criteria. We discuss how these two properties of the echo signatures can support navigation and building a cognitive map. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14188. 001