Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A specification of Java loading and bytecode verification

This paper gives a mathematical specification the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) bytecode verifier. The specification is an axiomatic description of the verifier that makes precise subtle aspects of the JVM semantics and the verifier. We focus on the use of data flow analysis to verify type-correctness and the use of typing contexts to insure global type consistency in the context of an arbitrary strategy for dynamic class loading. The specification types interfaces with sufficient accuracy to eliminate run-time type checks. Our approach is to specify a generic dataflow architecture and formalize the JVM verifier as an instance of this architecture. The emphasis in this paper is on readability of the specification and mathematical clarity. The specification given is consistent with the descriptions in the Lindholm’s and Yellin’s The JavaTM Virtual Machine Specification. It less committed to certain implementation choices than Sun’s version 1.1 implementation. In particular, the specification does not commit an implementation to any loading strategy, and detects all type errors as early as possible.
Regression‐based prediction of net energy expenditure in children performing activities at high altitude

We developed a simple, non‐invasive, and affordable method for estimating net energy expenditure (EE) in children performing activities at high altitude. A regression‐based method predicts net oxygen consumption (VO2) from net heart rate (HR) along with several covariates. The method is atypical in that, the “net” measures are taken as the difference between exercise and resting VO2 (ΔVO2) and the difference between exercise and resting HR (ΔHR); ΔVO2 partially corrects for resting metabolic rate and for posture, and ΔHR controls for inter‐individual variation in physiology and for posture. Twenty children between 8 and 13 years of age, born and raised in La Paz, Bolivia (altitude 3,600m), made up the reference sample. Anthropometric measures were taken, and VO2 was assessed while the children performed graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. A repeated‐measures prediction equation was developed, and maximum likelihood estimates of parameters were found from 75 observations on 20 children. The final model included the variables ΔHR, ΔHR2, weight, and sex. The effectiveness of the method was established using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, yielding a prediction error rate of 0.126 for a mean ΔVO2 of 0.693 (SD 0.315). The correlation between the predicted and measured ΔVO2 was r = 0.917, suggesting that a useful prediction equation can be produced using paired VO2 and HR measurements on a relatively small reference sample. The resulting prediction equation can be used for estimating EE from HR in free‐living children performing habitual activities in the Bolivian Andes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:554–565, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
V-DESYNC: Desynchronization for Beacon Broadcasting on Vehicular Networks

Several prospective applications on vehicular networks have been defined. Most applications rely on beaconing mechanisms to broadcast the presence and updated information of a vehicle to surrounding neighbors. However, due to the broadcasting nature, no acknowledgement mechanism is provided. Therefore, vehicles do not perceive beacon collision if two or more vehicles simultaneously broadcast the beacons. Consequently, vehicles miss updated information from their neighbors. In this paper, we propose V-DESYNC, an algorithm that distributively desynchronizes vehicles to broadcast beacons at different times based on only timing information. V-DESYNC is designed to avoid the beacon collision and tolerate the highly dynamic behavior of vehicular networks. Our evaluation results indicate that V-DESYNC can significantly reduce the number of beacon collisions without decreasing the beaconing rate on vehicular networks.
Effectiveness of mHealth interventions for patients with diabetes: An overview of systematic reviews

Background Diabetes is a common chronic disease that places an unprecedented strain on health care systems worldwide. Mobile health technologies such as smartphones, mobile applications, and wearable devices, known as mHealth, offer significant and innovative opportunities for improving patient to provider communication and self-management of diabetes. Objective The purpose of this overview is to critically appraise and consolidate evidence from multiple systematic reviews on the effectiveness of mHealth interventions for patients with diabetes to inform policy makers, practitioners, and researchers. Methods A comprehensive search on multiple databases was performed to identify relevant systematic reviews published between January 1996 and December 2015. Two authors independently selected reviews, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of included reviews using AMSTAR. Results Fifteen systematic reviews published between 2008 and 2014 were eligible for inclusion. The quality of the reviews varied considerably and most of them had important methodological limitations. Focusing on systematic reviews that offered the most direct evidence, this overview demonstrates that on average, mHealth interventions improve glycemic control (HbA1c) compared to standard care or other non-mHealth approaches by as much as 0.8% for patients with type 2 diabetes and 0.3% for patients with type 1 diabetes, at least in the short-term (≤12 months). However, limitations in the overall quality of evidence suggest that further research will likely have an important impact in these estimates of effect. Conclusions Findings are consistent with clinically relevant improvements, particularly with respect to patients with type 2 diabetes. Similar to home telemonitoring, mHealth interventions represent a promising approach for self-management of diabetes.
Autoreactive HLA‐DR‐Specific Autoreactive T‐Cell Clones: Possible Regulatory Function for B Lymphocytes and Hematopoietic Precursors

The physiological significance of autoreactive T cells derived from normal individuals and activated in the absence of any identifiable foreign antigen by class II MHC-syngeneic molecules remains unexplained. Here we report that autoreactive T-cell clones (Tilkin et al. 1987) proliferate and are able to kill autologous or syngeneic EBV-cell lines but not autologous or syngeneic HLA-Class II-positive PHA-activated T-cell blasts. Furthermore, they are able to efficiently inhibit in vitro the differentiation of CFU-GM and BFU-E colonies, in agreement with the well-known observation that hematopoietic precursors express HLA-DR molecules (Cannistra et al. 1986). The reasons why the autoreactive clones do not recognize T-cell blasts, as well as their possible implications in regulatory mechanisms involving HLA-class II molecules are discussed.
Iterative Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Spectral–Spatial Relational Features

This paper describes the principles and implementation of an algorithm for the classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images. The proposed approach is novel and can be included within the category of the spectral-spatial classification algorithms. The elements of novelty of the algorithm are as follows: (1) the implementation of two classifiers that work iteratively, each one exploiting the decision of the other to improve the training phase, and (2) the use of relational features based on the current labeling and on the spatial structure of the image. The two classifiers are fed with the spectral features and with the spatial features, respectively. The spatial features are built using the relative abundance of each class in a neighborhood of the pixel (homogeneity index), where the neighborhood is properly defined. An important contribution to the success of the method is the adoption of a multiclass classifier, the multinomial logistic regression, and a proper use of the posterior probabilities to infer the class labeling and build the relational data. The results of the two classifiers are eventually combined by means of an ensemble decision. The algorithm has been successfully tested on three standard hyperspectral images taken from the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer and ROSIS airborne sensors and compared with classification algorithms recently proposed in the literature.
Talking heads: introducing the tool of 3D motion fields in the study of action

We demonstrate a method to complete three-dimensional (3D) motion fields on a face to serve as an intermediate representation for the study of actions. Twelve synchronized and calibrated cameras are positioned all around a talking person and observe its head in motion. We represent the head as a deformable mesh, which is fitted in a global optimization step to silhouette-contour and multi-camera stereo data derived from all images. The non-rigid displacement of the mesh from frame to frame, the 3D motion field, is determined from the normal flow information in all the images. We integrate these cues over time, thus producing a spatio-temporal representation of the talking head. Our ability to estimate 3D motion fields points to a new framework for the study of action. Using multicamera configurations we can estimate a sequence of evolving 3D motion fields representing specific actions. Then, by performing a geometric and statistical analysis on these structures, we can achieve dimensionality reduction and thus come up with powerful representations of generic human action.
Students' Perceptions of Differential Treatment in the Classroom.

Students' achievement in school is undoubtedly multifaceted. No cause can possibly be designated as the single underlying reason for high or low academic performance. Research has suggested that one important variable in student achievement is the interaction between the teacher and the student. Such interactions may serve tb enhance or diminish the achievement of an individual student or group of students. Negative teacher-student interactions may set up a negative self-fulfilling prophecy it which students expected to perform poorly and in fact do so. Cooper (1979) has proposed a model for the operation of such a self-fulfilling prophecy in which he designates clasroom climate and teacher feedback as major mediators of this effect. Rosenthal (BA) also suggests that classroom climate and teacher feedback are important as well as teacher input and the opportunity for student output. The present study attempts to assess these factfirs through a series of ,open-ended questions directed at intermediate grade students. Other questions,' also based on' work by Cooper (1979) which -cites the importance of the student's perceptihn of the covariation of his or her effort and school outcomes, asked about the students perceptions of their efforts and the importance of school success. Results of anonymous questionnaires given to 80 fifth grade and sixth graders are reported along with data obtained from, teacher ratings of each student's abilities (used as a teacher expectancy measure). On the basis of the teacher ratings, high and low expectancy gro,:ps were created. Responses to items asking for student perceptions of classroom interactions in general showed no significant differences between the two expectancy groups. These data suggest that the investigation of student perceptions of . differential treatment by teachers of those expectePto do well and poorly is not a informative as previous research suggests it should be. Other findings are also discussed along with the implications of the research for future work, in this area.
Es la percepción de control un factor protector contra el distrés emocional con personas VIH

Is the control perception a protection factor against emotional distress in HIV+ people? The Perceived Control in the HIV infection has been investigated in different contexts. Most of the studies pointed out that the perceived control could be adaptive facilitating people to adjust to illness and moderating distress. The relationship between perceived control and-emotional distress was investigated in a sample of 100 HIV+ consecutive patients, from the HIV Unit of the University Hospital "La Paz". Results indicate that the level of emotional distress changes according to illness stage, and that perceived control is inversely associated to the level of emotional distress, being the first variable predictor of the second.
The serum response element and an AP‐1/ATF sequence immediately downstream co‐operate in the regulation of c‐fos transcription

Abstract. Transcription of the c‐fos gene is activated in response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli and several cis‐acting transcriptional control elements have been characterized. One of these elements is called the serum response element (SRE) and here we investigate an interaction between this element and an AP‐1/ATF‐like sequence immediately downstream from the SRE. In growing cells these sequences activate transcription in an additive fashion whereas in quiescent cells they co‐operate to repress transcription. This co‐operation is disrupted upon separation of the elements which also alters the response of the elements to serum or 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) stimulation of quiescent cells. This separation also results in an increase of transcription in growing cells. A consensus AP‐1 DNA‐binding site can substitute for the AP‐1/ATF‐like sequence present in the c‐fos promoter to acti transcription in an additive fashion with the SRE in growing cells, and co‐operate in repression in quiescent cells. These observations show that any interaction that may be occurring between proteins binding to these elements results in a different pattern of transcriptional control in growing and quiescent cells. Alternatively, different proteins (or modified proteins) may complex with these sequences in the two different states of cell growth.
Indoor scene recognition via probabilistic semantic map

A domestic robot must recognize its current place accurately and interact with human beings effectively, thus we desire efficient and semantically meaningful scene representation. In this article, we introduce weighted component pooling to analyze indoor scenes, and probabilistic semantic mapping to represent them based on interactive robot learning. We test this algorithm with 10 scene types from an indoor scene recognition image set and 5 scene types with a humanoid robot in domestic settings. Our result shows that the robot can learn and find desired place according to our verbal commands accurately.
Steps Toward Formalizing Context

The importance of contextual reasoning is emphasized by various researchers in AI. (A partial list includes John McCarthy and his group, R. V. Guha, Yoav Shoham, Giuseppe Attardi and Maria Simi, and Fausto Giunchiglia and his group.) Here, we survey the problem of formalizing context and explore what is needed for an acceptable account of this abstract notion.
p38 Mitogen‐activated protein kinase modulates expression of tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand induced by interferon‐γ in fetal brain astrocytes

This study describes the involvement of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) during interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) signaling in fetal brain astrocytes. In some pathological conditions of brain, p38 MAPK transduces stress‐related signals, increases expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and induces cellular damage or apoptosis. In astrocytes, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression level was increased by IFN‐γ. AG490, a JAK inhibitor, blocked TRAIL expression induced by IFN‐γ. SB203580, a specific p38α and p38β2 MAPK inhibitor, decreased the TRAIL expression induced by IFN‐γ. The phosphorylation of the Ser727 site of STAT1, but not the Tyr701 site, was inhibited by SB203580. These results suggest that p38 MAPK modulates STAT1 phosphorylation in IFN‐γ signaling in fetal brain astrocytes. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epileptogenesis and Enhanced Prepulse Inhibition in GABAB1-Deficient Mice

The recent cloning of two GABA(B) receptor subunits, GABA(B1) and GABA(B2), has raised the possibility that differences in GABA(B) receptor subunit composition may give rise to pharmacologically or functionally distinct receptors. If present, such molecular diversity could permit the selective targeting of GABA(B) receptor subtypes specifically involved in pathologies such as drug addiction, spasticity, pain, and epilepsy. To address these issues we have developed a GABA(B1) subunit knockout mouse using gene targeting techniques. In the brains of GABA(B1) null mice, all pre- and postsynaptic GABA(B) receptor function was absent demonstrating that the GABA(B1) subunit is essential for all GABA(B) receptor-mediated mechanisms. Despite this, GABA(B1) null mice appeared normal at birth, although by postnatal week four their growth was retarded and they developed a generalized epilepsy that resulted in premature death. In addition, GABA(B1) heterozygote animals showed enhanced prepulse inhibition responses compared to littermate controls, suggesting that GABA(B1) deficient mice exhibit increased sensorimotor gating mechanisms. These data suggest that GABA(B) receptor antagonists may be of benefit in the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders in which attentional processing is impaired.
Escherichia coli sepsis and pyomyositis following allogeneic stem cell transplant

Introduction: Manifestation of infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients tend to be subtle, with subsequent delay in diagnosis and effective therapy. Traditionally, in both normal and immunocompromised hosts, pyomyositis is often attributable to gram positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Pyomyositis due to Escherichia coli is quite rare in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant host, often with uncharacteristic or atypical presentations. Case Report: A 53-year-old male with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia received allogeneic stem cell transplant. After eight days post-transplantation, he developed fever and other nonspecific symptoms, followed by progressive left calf swelling and pain. The first two ultrasound studies of the affected leg showed no drainable collections despite obvious signs of local infection. The third ultrasound study, done after seven days of onset of symptoms, however, revealed a developing abscess with extensive surrounding cellulitis. Lower extremity computed tomography scan confirmed a 3.4x2. 5 cm lesion with a central necrotic portion measuring approximately 1.8x1 cm within the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Blood cultures and drained pus from the affected calf muscle grew quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli which was sensitive to beta-lactamase antibiotics. Successful treatment was accomplished with three weeks of intravenous meropenem and abscess drainage. Conclusion: This case illustrates the unique peculiarities of infection manifestations in the immunocompromised host, especially recipients of stem cell transplant. The causative pathogen could be atypical, and the clinical and expected imaging findings may be delayed or even absent. (This page in not part of the published article.) International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 8 No. 1, January 2017. ISSN – [0976-3198] Int J Case Rep Images 2017;8(1):57–61. www.ijcasereportsandimages. com Ayoade et al. 57 CASE REPORT PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS Escherichia coli sepsis and pyomyositis following allogeneic stem cell transplant Folusakin Ayoade, Mohammed Alam, Amy Bozeman, Breanne Peyton-Thomas, Richard Mansour, Nebu Koshy
Responsive Robot Gaze to Interaction Partner

—Eyes play a central role in human-human communication, for example, in directing attention and regulating turn-taking. For this reason, the eyes have been a central topic in several ﬁelds of interaction study. Although many psychological ﬁndings have encouraged previous work in both human-computer and human-robot interaction studies, there have been few explorations from the viewpoint of the timing of gaze behavior. In this study, the impression a person forms from an interaction is regarded to be strongly inﬂuenced by the feeling of being looked at which is assumed to be based on the responsiveness of the other’s gaze to the person’s one and be the basis of impression conveyance as a communicative being. In this paper, we built a robot that could move its gaze responsively to its interaction partner’s one to explore the effect of responsive gaze. In this paper, we evaluated two primitive ways of controlling a robot’s gaze responsively to its partner and conﬁrmed that robots with such responsive gaze could give stronger feeling of being looked at than ones with non-responsive gaze.
Fostering Pro-Environmental Behavior with Green Consumer is: the effects of is-induced Construal and General is Usage Motivations

In the context of the environmental challenges we are facing, technology is often seen as both a cause of and a potential remedy for humanity’s environmental impact. Green consumer infor-mation systems (IS) have shown to be powerful in promoting individuals’ pro-environmental be-havior. Yet, there is little knowledge about the mechanisms of how information systems lead to a sustainable change in behavior for the good. To fill this gap, we propose an experiment on the basis of a research model that sheds light on two critical aspects of how green consumer IS af-fects pro-environmental behavior: First, green consumer IS may be used to induce higher-level construals that foster superordinate determinants of pro-environmental behavior by displaying rather abstract than concrete information. Second, we analyze the direct and indirect role of technology adoption as a means to motivate pro-environmental behavior. To test our hypothe-ses, we propose an online experiment on eco-driving feedback and present first drafts of stimuli. Implications for consumer IS theory as well as for practice regarding feedback design are dis-cussed.
Neurotransmitters and memory: role of cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathological changes are found in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS), serotonergic raphe (RA), and noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) systems. The present study was designed to determine the extent to which selective damage in each of these systems individually could produce an impairment of memory, one of the clinical symptoms of AD. Rats were given selective lesions by injecting ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and medial septal area (i.e., BFCS); 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the medial and dorsal RA; and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the LC or by ip injections of (2-chloroethyl)N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine HCl (DSP4). Levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), norepinephrine, and serotonin verified lesion effectiveness and selectivity. Chronic changes in serotonergic-2 and beta-adrenergic receptors were also determined. Rats were tested in a delayed spatial alternation in a T-maze. BFCS lesions impaired choice accuracy with intertrial delays of 5, 30, and 60 s. RA lesions or DSP4 injections impaired choice accuracy only when the intertrial delay was 60 s. LC lesions (by 6-OHDA) did not impair choice accuracy at any delay. The results suggest that the pathological changes in the BFCS and RA are sufficient to produce the types of memory impairments associated with dementia, but the quantitative effects of pathology in these two systems are different.