Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of stratified turbulence forced with columnar dipoles

We present a novel experimental setup aimed at producing a forced strongly stratified turbulent flow. The flow is forced by an arena of 12 vortex pair generators in a large tank. The continuous interactions of the randomly produced vortex pairs give rise to a statistically stationary disordered flow in contrast to previous experiments where the stratified turbulence is decaying. The buoyancy frequency N is set to its highest value N = 1.7 rad/s using salt as stratifying agent so that the horizontal Froude number F h = Ω/N is low, while the buoyancy Reynolds number R=ReFh2 , where Re = Ωa 2/ν is the classical Reynolds number, is as high as possible given the experimental constraints (Ω is the maximum angular velocity of the vortices, a their radius and ν the viscosity). PIV measurements show that the flow is not homogeneous in the horizontal plane and is organised into horizontal layers along the vertical. When R is increased, we observe a progressive evolution from the viscosity dominated regime with smooth layers to a regime with small scales superimposed on the layers and for which the vertical Froude number is of order one. The latter regime resembles the strongly stratified turbulent regime with a downscale cascade that has been predicted for large R . However, horizontal second order structure functions do not exhibit a clear inertial range for the largest R achieved R=310 . In addition, the corresponding turbulent buoyancy Reynolds number Rt=P/(νN2) based on an estimation of the injection rate of energy P is only of order unity Rt≃0.4 indicating that only the edge of the strongly stratified turbulent regime has been reached. However, these results suggest that sufficiently large turbulent buoyancy Reynolds numbers, Rt≃10 , could be achieved experimentally by scaling up five times this novel set-up.
Robust H ∞ control for 2-D discrete state delayed systems with polytopic uncertainties

This paper is concerned with the problem of robust H ∞ control for two-dimensional (2-D) discrete state delay systems described by the Roesser model, the uncertain parameters are supposed to belong to a given convex bounded polyhedral domain. Both H ∞ performance analysis and H ∞ controller design are considered. Firstly, a sufﬁcient condition for H ∞ disturbance attenuation performance of the uncertain 2-D discrete systems with state delay is developed. Next, a stabilizing state feedback controller is designed such that the resulting closed-loop system is robustly asymptotically stable and has a prescribed level γ of H ∞ performance. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Quantification of temporal resolution and its reliability in the context of TRI-PICCS and dual source CT

Temporal resolution is an important issue especially in cardiac CT. To quantify it, often merely the time that is needed to acquire rawdata that contribute to a reconstructed image is used. In combination with more complex reconstruction algorithms, which aim to improve the temporal resolution, (e.g. TRI-PICCS) this procedure has proven to be inadequate. This study proposes and evaluates a more accurate simulation-based technique to assess the temporal resolution of a CT system (including its reconstruction algorithm). To calculate the temporal resolution of the system on a single point within the field of measurement, a vessel which performs a cardiac motion pattern is simulated at this position. The motion pattern is adapted such that the accuracy loss caused by motion exactly meets a defined threshold and then the temporal resolution can be taken from that motion pattern. Additionally the dependency of the temporal resolution on the direction of the motion is evaluated to obtain a measure of the reliability. The method is applied to single source and dual source full scan and short scan reconstructions as well as on TRI-PICCS reconstructions. The results give an accurate impression on the system response to motion. In conclusion, the proposed method allows quantifying the temporal resolution of a CT system as a function of many parameters (motion direction, source position, object position, reconstruction algorithm).
Steady longitudinal vortices in supersonic turbulent separated flows

Large-scale longitudinal vortices in high-speed turbulent separated flows caused by relatively small irregularities at the model leading edges or at the model surfaces are investigated in this paper. Oil-flow visualization and infrared thermography techniques were applied in the wind tunnel tests at Mach numbers 3 and 5 to investigate the nominally 2-D ramp flow at deflection angles of 20°, 25° and 30°. The surface contour anomalies have been artificially simulated by very thin strips (vortex generators) of different shapes and thicknesses attached to the model surface. It is shown that the introduced streamwise vortical disturbances survive over very large downstream distances of the order of 104 vortex-generator heights in turbulent supersonic flows without pressure gradients. It is demonstrated that each vortex pair induced in the reattachment region of the ramp is definitely a child of a vortex pair, which was generated originally, for instance, by the small roughness element near the leading edge. The dependence of the spacing and intensity of the observed longitudinal vortices on the introduced disturbances (thickness and spanwise size of vortex generators) and on the flow parameters (Reynolds numbers, boundary-layer thickness, compression corner angles, etc.) has been shown experimentally.
Near-infrared and optical observations of IRAS sources in and near dense cores

This paper reports observations of 34 IRAS sources associated with dense cores in dark clouds at wavelengths 0.4-20 microns. The stars near cores tend to be visible T Tauri stars, while stars in cores tend to have circumstellar extinction 30-90 mag and luminosity about one solar, similar to that of T Tauri stars. The typical highly obscured star is probably accompanied by a luminous structure of substellar temperature, such as a circumstellar disk. In Taurus-Auriga, stars in cores probably become visible T Tauri stars less than 100,000 yr after they become detectable by IRAS; i.e., after they attain luminosity greater than about 0.1 solar. This implies that they are extremely young and may still be accreting. 54 references.
Identification of a Driver Steering Model, and Model Uncertainty, From Driving Simulator Data

Driver steering models have been extensively studied. However, driver model uncertainty has received relatively little attention. For active safety systems that function while the driver is still in the control loop, such uncertainty can affect overall system performance significantly. In this paper, an approach to obtain both the driver model and its uncertainty from driving simulator data is presented. The structured uncertainty is used to represent the driver’s time-varying behavior, and the unstructured uncertainty is used to account for unmodeled dynamics. The uncertainty models can be used to represent both the uncertainty within one driver and the uncertainty across multiple drivers. The results show that the unstructured uncertainty is significant, probably due to randomness in driver behavior. The structured uncertainty suggests that an estimation and adaptation scheme might be applicable for the design of controllers for active safety systems.
Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports Manuscript 1344 Did the Best Team Win ? Analysis of the 2010 Major League Baseball Postseason Using Monte Carlo Simulation

The San Francisco Giants were crowned champions of Major League Baseball in 2010 after defeating the Texas Rangers in the World Series. The World Series matchup may have come as a surprise to many baseball fanatics; the Rangers ended the regular season with the worst record of any of the eight playoff teams, and the Giants ended with the fourth worst. Did these two teams simply catch fire at the right time? Or were they better than their regular season records showed? To answer these questions, the regular season statistics of individual players on each team were used to simulate the postseason. These simulations determined the probability with which each playoff team could have been expected to win the 2010 World Series.
Regional analytical model of ionospheric total electron content: Monthly mean and standard deviation

Simple analytical expansion of monthly mean vertical ionospheric electron content (TEC) and its standard deviation (SD) is made over the American continent. TEC Faraday rotation observations at four receiving sites are used around the 75°W meridian. Hourly values for each day of 1981 (high solar activity) and 1986 (low solar activity) linearly interpolated for any given sunspot number Rz allow us to use simple trigonometric functions F(t,s,g) for analytical modeling of TEC and SD. Contributions due to local time t, season‐month s, geomagnetic latitude g are separated based on four nodes for t, s, g defined as 90°× n (n = 0, 1, 2, 3). Comparison of the present regional analytical model with International Reference Ionosphere global TEC predictions is presented. Application of the model for estimates of the monthly probability of occurrence of TEC disturbances is illustrated. The same approach can be adapted to other geographic area and/or data sources by relevant replacement of the input database, for example, using Global Positioning System ‐ Global Navigation Satellite System observations of TEC including contributions of the ionosphere and plasmasphere.
Online social networks of individuals with adverse childhood experiences

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which include abuse and neglect and various household challenges like exposure to intimate partner violence and substance use in the home can have negative impacts on lifelong health of affected individuals. Among various strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of ACEs is to enhance connectedness and social support for those who have experienced ACEs. However, how social networks of those who experienced ACEs differ from those who did not is poorly understood. In the present study, we use Reddit and Twitter data to investigate and compare social networks among individuals with and without ACEs exposure. We first use a neural network classifier to identify the presence or absence of public ACEs disclosures in social media posts. We then analyze egocentric social networks comparing individuals with self-reported ACEs to those with no reported history. We found that, although individuals reporting ACEs had fewer total followers in online social networks, they had higher reciprocity in following behavior (i.e., mutual following with other users), a higher tendency to follow and be followed by other individuals with ACEs, and a higher tendency to follow back individuals with ACEs rather than individuals without ACEs. These results imply that individuals with ACEs may try to actively connect to others having similar prior traumatic experiences as a positive connection and coping strategy. Supportive interpersonal connections online for individuals with ACEs appear to be a prevalent behavior and may be a way to enhance social connectedness and resilience in those who have experienced ACEs.
Using Twitter Data Analysis to Understand the Perceptions, Awareness, and Barriers to the Wide Use of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in the United States

User-generated social media posts such as tweets can provide insights about the public’s perception, cognitive, and behavioral responses to health-related issues. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of HIV infection. However, its utilization is low in the US, especially among populations disproportionately affected by HIV such as the age group of under 24 years old. It is therefore important to understand the barriers to the wider use of PrEP in the US using social media posts. In this study, we collected tweets from Twitter about PrEP in the past 4 years to identify such barriers by first identifying tweets about personal discussions, and then performing textual analysis using word analysis, UMLS semantic type analysis, and topic modeling. We found that the public often discussed advocacy, risks/benefits, access, pricing, insurance coverage, legislation, stigma, health education, and prevention of HIV. This result is consistent with the literature and can help identify strategies for promoting the use of PrEP, especially among young adults.
Prediction of vasospasms as complication in ischemic stroke patietns receiving anterior circulation endovascular stroke treatment

Background and Purpose: Vasospasms are a common and dreaded complication of endovascular stroke treatment (EST). There is a lack of understanding of risk factors for periprocedural vasospasms. Here, we aimed to identify prognostic factors for vasospasms in patients with acute ischemic stroke and EST. Methods: Retrospective single-center analysis of patients receiving EST for anterior circulation vessel occlusion between January 2015 and December 2021. Exclusion criteria were intracranial stenting and intraarterial (i.a.) thrombolysis. Study groups were defined as patients developing vasospasms during EST (V+) and patients, who did not (V-). The study groups were compared in univariate analysis. Further, multivariable regression models were developed to predict the patients' risk for developing vasospasms based on pre-identified potential prognostic factors. Secondary endpoint was clinical outcome as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) difference between pre-stroke mRS and discharge mRS (delta mRS). Results: In total, 132 of 1768 patients (7.5 %) developed vasospasms during EST in this study cohort. Patients with vasospasms were younger and had a lower pre-stroke disability (as per mRS). Vasospasms were more likely to occur in ESTs with multiple thrombectomy attempts in total and after several stent retriever maneuvers. Factors with predictive value for developing vasospasms were younger (OR = 0.967, 95%-CI = 0.96 - 0.98) and had a lower pre-stroke mRS (OR = 0.759, 95%-CI = 0.63 - 0.91). The prediction model incorporating patient age, pre-stroke mRS, stent retriever thrombectomy attempts, and total attempts as prognostic factors was found to predict vasospasms with decent accuracy (AUC = 0.714, 95%-CI = 0.709-0.720). V+ patients showed higher delta mRS (median (Q1 - Q3); V-: 2 (1-3) vs. V+: 2(1-4); p = 0.014). Conclusion: This study shows that vasospasms are a common complication in EST affecting younger and previously healthier patients and are more likely after multiple stent retriever thrombectomy attempts. As independent predictors patient age, pre-stroke mRS, thrombectomy maneuvers and stent-retriever attempts predict the occurrence of vasospasms during EST with decent accuracy.
Strength of nano-twinned gradient nano-grained copper: Molecular dynamic simulation

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to reveal the underlying deformation mechanisms of gradient nano-grained materials with different-sized twins. The results indicate that the critical twin boundary spacing where the strength begins to soften decreases and the maximum strength of the material increases with the declining of the gradient. Below the critical value, the plastic deformation mechanism is dominated by the partial dislocations paralleling to the twin boundary, but when the twin boundary spacing exceed the critical value, the dislocation moved by the way of intersecting to the twin boundary.
A Nonlinear Analysis of Thermal Instabilities in Homeotropic Nematics

This paper employs a nonlinear analysis of the continuum equations to investigate the onset of thermal instability in a layer of nematic liquid crystal confined between two infinite, horizontal flat plates in the presence of a vertical temperature gradient. We consider the case in which the anisotropic axis is initially uniformly aligned perpendicular to the plates. A perturbation method is used on the nonlinear equations to investigate the possible existence of finite amplitude disturbances close to the linear threshold. The nature of the bifurcation is established using a numerical method based on Chebyshev collocation. The investigation includes a study of the effect on the bifurcation produced by a uniform magnetic field applied vertically across the plates. Introduction In recent years a number of authors have used linear stability analyses to examine the onset of thermal instabilities in homeotropic nematic liquid crystals. This is the problem in which a thin sample of nematic material is contained between a pair of infinite, horizontal flat plates in the presence of a vertical temperature gradient, with the anisotropic axis of this transversely isotropic material initially uniformly aligned everywhere perpendicular to the plates. Dubois-Violette [l], Currie [2], Barratt and Sloan [3], and Velarde and Zuniga [4] employ a variety of methods in analysing the linear stability problem when heating is from above, and it is shown that stationary convection is possible as the temperature gradient attains some critical threshold. Predictions for samples of 1 or 0.5 mm are in good agreement with the observations of Guy on and Pieranski [5], DuboisViolette, Guyon and Pieranski [6], and Pieranski, Dubois-Violette and Guyon [7]. The occurrence of stationary convection when heating is from below is found to necessitate such large thermal gradients as to be physically unobservable in thin samples. However, using linear analyses, Lekkerkerker [8, 9], Velarde and Zuniga [4], and Barratt and Sloan [10], predict the occurrence of 38 DA. Hodson et al. oscillatory convection in comparatively thick samples (5 mm) when the lower plate is heated. In the event that a magnetic field is applied in the vertical direction it is found that oscillatory convection still occurs, albeit at a larger critical threshold gradient, provided that the field strength H is less than some critical value HI. If H exceeds Hl9 oscillatory convection gives way to stationary convection. These results are confirmed by the experimental observations of Guyon, Pieranski and Salan [11], who also report the observation of an inverse bifurcation. 1.
Effect of a magnetic field on vortex instability of natural convection flow over a horizontal plate with blowing and suction

Abstract The vortex instability characteristics of laminar magneto‐hydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow over a horizontal plate with a prescribed surface temperature and mass flux are studied. In the base flow, similarity solutions are obtained for a specific magnetic field strength and surface mass flux. The stability analysis is based on the linear stability theory incorporated with the non‐parallel flow model. The skin‐friction factor, Nusselt number and instability parameters are obtained by conducting a parametric study of all relevant parameters, such as magnetic parameter M and blowing/suction parameter f w. It is found that the magnetic effect decreases the heat transfer rate and destabilizes the flow. Furthermore, the influence of magnetic effect on vortex instability is more pronounced for a blowing surface and fluid with Pr = 0.7. The present results can be utilized as the basis for potential engineering applications such as chemical vapor deposition and cooling of electronic packages.
Dichotic digit listening in Mandarin and English by Mandarin-speaking adults.

This study examines Mandarin speakers’ performance on Mandarin and English dichotic digit recognition tests (DDTs). The 60 right‐handed subjects, whose primary language was Taiwan Mandarin, had started English as their second language no later than in seventh grade and continued with English through their freshman year in Taiwan. All the subjects were tested on their ability to pronounce and use English digits before participating in the experiments. Subjects took Mandarin one‐ and two‐pair DDTs, and English one‐ and two‐pair DDTs, in free‐recall paradigms. In each DDT, subjects were asked to report the digits orally in any order no matter in what order they had heard the numbers in each ear. The scores were calculated from the number of digits the participants responded correctly to in each ear on one‐ or two‐pair tests; they were then statistically analyzed. The English one‐ and two‐pair recognition tests showed a significant right‐ear advantage (REA) but not the Mandarin ones. The scores on the Mandari.
Transient heat conduction in the composite slab-analytical method

In this paper, a novel analytical approach to heat conduction in a composite slab subject to periodic temperature changes has been developed. Taking advantage of the periodic properties of boundary changes, the corresponding analytical solution is obtained and expressed explicitly. Unlike most of the traditional methods, it involves no residue evaluation and no iterative computation such as a numerical search for eigenvalues. The adopted method is simple and elegant. The physical parameters are clearly shown in the mathematical formula of the solution. Furthermore, comparison of the method with numerical calculations demonstrates the applicability and accuracy of the method.
No stimulant? No Problem: Analyzing Black Market Sales of Atomoxetine on StreetRx

Objective The purpose of this report was to analyze black market diversions of atomoxetine, a non-stimulant medication for ADHD, submitted to StreetRx. Method Data related to black market atomoxetine purchases entered on StreetRx between 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. Data included generic drug name, dosage, purchase price, and date and location in the United States. The mean price per milligram was determined and a heatmap generated. Results The average price per milligram cost of 113 diverted atomoxetine submissions was $1.35 ({+/-} $2.76 SD) (Median = $0.05, Min = $0.01, Max = $20.00). The states with the most submissions included Michigan (11), Pennsylvania (9), Indiana (8), and Ohio (8). Conclusion Furture qualitative studies should investigate reasons why individuals are motivated to purchase atomoxetine, a non-stimulant medication, on the black market (recreational vs. nootropic vs. other clinical uses).