Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional simulations of plasma flow and charge spreading across barrier pixels in AC plasma displays

Two-dimensional multispecies simulations of adjacent pixels separated by a barrier height 80% the gap height in a plasma display pixel cell are performed. The fill gas pressure is 400 torr with 2% xenon in helium. The simulations using a minimum number of excited states of helium and xenon are performed for different cell widths representing different display resolutions. The simulations show plasma transport through the gap to the adjacent pixel which is in the sustained off state. In a sustained off state, there is no discharge in the pixel at the sustained voltage. The simulations show that for low-resolution displays, the plasma overflow does not cause a discharge in the adjacent pixel that is in the sustained off mode, while for a high-resolution display a 20% gap in the barrier height could result in a breakdown in the adjacent off pixel. A higher pixel resolution, or equivalently smaller pixel pitch. requires higher firing and sustained voltages due primarily to increased particle losses as a result of the reduced particle transit times. Finally, using a larger number of excited xenon atomic states including the xenon [6s, j=1] and [6s', j=1] radiative states and the molecular xenon dimer, an isolated single pixel is simulated to model the transport of excited states including the radiative states. The model shows that the density profiles peak in the cathode fall region spreading out to the side walls with decreasing intensity.
Secondary electron imaging of nanostructures using Extreme Ultra‐Violet attosecond pulse trains and Infra‐Red femtosecond pulses

Surface electron dynamics unfold at time and length scales down to attoseconds and nanometres, making direct imaging with extreme spatiotemporal resolution highly desirable. However, this has turned out to be a major challenge even with the advent of reliable attosecond light sources. In this paper, photoelectrons from Ag nanowires and nanoparticles excited by extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse trains and infrared femtosecond pulses using a PhotoEmission Electron Microscope (PEEM) are imaged. In addition, the samples were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron based X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To achieve contrast between the nanostructures and the substrate in the XUV images, three different substrate materials were investigated: Cr, ITO and Au. While plasmonic field enhancement can be observed on all three substrates, only on Au substrates do the Ag nanowires appear significantly brighter than the substrate in XUV‐PEEM imaging. 3‐photon photoemission imaging of plasmonic hot‐spots was performed where the autocorrelation trace is observed in the interference signal between two femtosecond Infra‐Red (IR) beams with sub‐cycle precision. Finally, using Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown how the secondary electrons imaged in the XUV PEEM can potentially reveal information on the attosecond time scale from the near surface region of the nanostructures.
Simple Orbit and Attitude Control Using Vacuum Arc Thrusters for Picosatellites

The possibility of maintaining a group of picosatellites in a bounded formation using very low-power electric propulsion (less than 2 W) is presented. A model predictive controller is used to develop a simple control scheme that avoids the need for an online orbit determination system. The control law, verified using a high-fidelity propagator, is capable of maintaining pairs of picosatellites within a range less than 1500 km with an average ΔV of 2.5 m/s per month. To reduce power demands, a combined thruster-based orbit and attitude control system is used. Attitude accuracy is shown to be better than 0.5 deg. A suitable vacuum arc thruster propulsion system is presented, designed specifically for a one-unit CubeSat. The combined attitude-orbit control, the simplicity of the control law, and the proposed propulsion system provide an important advantage for implementation in a picosatellite with extremely limited resources.
Cox Proportional Hazards Models for Infant Mortality at the Kigali University Teaching Hospital

Statistical analysis supports two major findings: 1) parents under 20 years of age indicate a relatively higher risk of infant death, and 2) abnormality in the newborn's head and weight indicates a relatively higher risk of infant mortality. Recommendations include avoidance of pregnancy until after age 20 and clinically recommended nutrition for the mother during pregnancy to decrease the risk of infant mortality.
THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL MOTIVATION AND EXTERNAL MOTIVATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HONORARY TEACHERS AT STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN TAROWANG DISTRICT, JENEPONTO REGENCY

This research aims to know and explain the effects of internal motivation (X1) and external motivation (X2) on teacher Performance (Y). To figure out the internal motivation influence (X1) partially towards the teacher's performance (Y) and external motivation influence (X2) partially towards the teacher's performance (Y). This research was conducted at SMP Negeri di Tarowang Kabuaten Jeneponto Sub-district. The population and samples in this study are all honorary teachers at SMP Negeri in Tarowang Sub-district of Jeneponto district amounting to 34 people. The data collection techniques are done by providing questionnaires and observations. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression through the SPSS 21 application. External motivation to the performance of the honorary teachers had a very strong relationship. The results of multiple linear regression analyses showed that the contribution given by internal motivation and external motivation to the performance of the honorary teacher of the state Junior high School in Tarowang sub-district of Jeneponto was 63%.
Consistency study of a reconstructed genotype probability distribution via clustered bootstrapping in NORB pooling blocks

For applications with biallelic genetic markers, group testing techniques, synonymous to pooling techniques, are usually applied for decreasing the cost of large-scale testing as e.g. when detecting carriers of rare genetic variants. In some configurations, the results of the grouped tests cannot be decoded and the pooled items are missing. Inference of these missing items can be performed with specific statistical methods that are for example related to the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. Pooling has also been applied for determining the genotype of markers in large populations. The particularity of full genotype data for diploid organisms in the context of group testing are the ternary outcomes (two homozygous genotypes and one heterozygous), as well as the distribution of these three outcomes in a population, which is often ruled by the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and depends on the allele frequency in such situation. When using a nonoverlapping repeated block pooling design, the missing items are only observed in particular arrangements. Overall, a data set of pooled genotypes can be described as an inference problem in Missing Not At Random data with nonmonotone missingness patterns. This study presents a preliminary investigation of the consistency of various iterative methods estimating the most likely genotype probabilities of the missing items in pooled data. We use the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the L2 distance between the genotype distribution computed from our estimates and a simulated empirical distribution as a measure of the distributional consistency.
Relativistically expanding axisymmetric self-similar force-free fields

If at each point there is a frame of reference in which the current is along the magnetic field and the electric field is zero, then the field is a force-free field. This paper finds exact self-similar force-free fields within a uniformly expanding sphere whose surface recedes at the velocity of light. Ke yw ords: magnetic fields ‐ MHD ‐ relativity.
Further reduced form of Karhunen-Loeve transform for text independent speaker recognition

A text independent speaker recognition system based on the Karhunen-Loeve transform, derived from the split-and-merge algorithm, is proposed. The split-and-merge algorithm is applied to speaker data compression in the time domain. A set of experiments is conducted which gives a 91% recognition rate for 100 Mandarin speakers.
Application of Pseudospectral Methods for Receding Horizon Control

A pseudospectral method for solving nonlinear receding-horizon control problems is presented. The method depends on solutions of simultaneous linear equations. The algorithm is demonstrated to be practical for online implementation in a tether system. The closed-loop performance is found to be excellent in the face of unmodeled disturbances due to tether mass and flexibility.
The generation, propagation, and detection of Lamb waves in plates using air‐coupled ultrasonic transducers

Air‐coupled nondestructive testing has become feasible following recent improvements in air‐coupled transducer design. However, the large acoustic impedance mismatch between air and solid materials does not allow normal incidence pulse‐echo inspection. Nevertheless, air‐coupled transducers can be used for the generation and detection of Lamb waves, the receiver being outside the field of the specular reflection. A finite element study of the generation of Lamb waves in plates from a finite air‐coupled transducer, the interaction of these waves with defects, and their detection using an air‐coupled receiver is described. These predictions are compared with experimental results obtained on a variety of specimens using a pair of 1‐3 composite, air‐coupled transducers. The use of an ideal collimated beam in the model, instead of using the real pressure field generated by the transducers, is demonstrated to have a negligible effect on the predicted Lamb waves. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally .
Dissipative quantum systems in strong laser fields: Stochastic wave-function method and Floquet theory

A generalization of the stochastic wave-function method to open quantum systems under the influence of strong laser fields is derived. To this end, quantum-statistical ensembles of reduced state vectors are represented in terms of probability distributions on the projective Hilbert space of the open system. By employing the Floquet expansion of the quantum time evolution, this representation is shown to lead in the Markov approximation to a piecewise deterministic stochastic process for the reduced wave function. The realizations of the stochastic process consist of smooth deterministic parts that are interrupted by sudden jumps. The jump operators are the eigenoperators of the Floquet Hamiltonian and describe instantaneous transitions between Floquet states. Two examples are given that serve to illustrate the method and the stochastic simulation technique of the process.
Khasminskii-Type Theorems for Stochastic Differential Delay Equations

Abstract The classical Khasminskii theorem (see [6]) on the nonexplosion solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) is very important since it gives a powerful test for SDEs to have nonexplosion solutions without the linear growth condition. Recently, Mao [13] established a Khasminskii-type test for stochastic differential delay equations (SDDEs). However, the Mao test can not still be applied to many important SDDEs, e.g., the stochastic delay power logistic model in population dynamics. The main aim of this paper is to establish an even more general Khasminskii-type test for SDDEs that covers a wide class of highly nonlinear SDDEs. As an application, we discuss a stochastic delay Lotka-Volterra model of the food chain to which none of the existing results but our new Khasminskii-type test can be applied.
Design of vector quantization codebooks using a genetic algorithm

Data compression techniques recode data into more compact forms. One such technique is vector quantization, which maps groups of input symbols, called vectors, onto a small set of vectors, called the codebook. Each vector in the codebook is a codeword. The indexes of the codewords represent the original vectors, and writing the codewords that the indexes indicate restores a facsimile of the original data. The similarity of the restored data to the original under vector quantization depends on the codebook, and several algorithms have been proposed for designing it from a training set of typical vectors. This paper describes a genetic algorithm for the problem of codebook design. The genetic algorithm's chromosomes represent partitions of the training set; each vector maps to the codeword that is the centroid of its set in the partition. To speed up its operation, the genetic algorithm uses fitness inheritance to assign fitness values to most new chromosomes, rather than evaluating them. Tests using five standard digitized images compare the genetic algorithm to a popular non-genetic algorithm for codebook design. The genetic algorithm is found to be effective, but slow.
Amplification of the CUP 1 gene is associated with evolution of copper tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In living organisms, copper (Cu) contributes to essential functions but at high concentrations it may elicit toxic effects. Cu-tolerant yeast strains are of relevance for both biotechnological applications and studying physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in stress resistance. One way to obtain tolerant strains is to exploit experimental methods that rely on the principles of natural evolution (evolutionary engineering) and allow for the development of complex phenotypic traits. However, in most cases, the molecular and physiological basis of the phenotypic changes produced have not yet been unravelled. We investigated the determinants of Cu resistance in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that was evolved to tolerate up to 2.5 g CuSO4 l ”1 in the culture medium. We found that the content of intracellular Cu and the expression levels of several genes encoding proteins involved in Cu metabolism and oxidative stress response were similar in the Cu-tolerant (evolved ) and the Cu-sensitive (non-evolved ) strain. The major difference detected in the two strains was the copy number of the gene CUP1, which encodes a metallothionein. In evolved cells, a sevenfold amplification of CUP1 was observed, accounting for its strongly and steadily increased expression. Our results implicate CUP1 in protection of the evolved S. cerevisiae cells against Cu toxicity. In these cells, robustness towards Cu is stably inheritable and can be reproducibly selected by controlling environmental conditions. This finding corroborates the effectiveness of laboratory evolution of whole cells as a tool to develop microbial strains for biotechnological applications.
Modeling the effect of fs light delocalization in Si bulk

Stimulated by the recently observed strong delocalization of fs radiation in c:Si bulk, the numerical study of fs laser beam propagation and photoexcitation of silicon material has been performed. Two fundamental aspects—dissipation of laser energy due to two-photon absorption (TPA) and nonlinear beam transformation—have been elaborated to clarify the nature of this effect. It has been found that for incident pulse energy 100 μJ and tight beam focusing onto a spot of 6.5 μm diameter, due to TPA only a small part of the laser pulse energy (<1%) could reach the focal plane inside the Si bulk. As a result, the laser-produced e–h plasma density did not exceed ∼1019 cm−3 and the bulk material damage (permanent modification) threshold was never reached. Additionally, the e–h plasma defocusing has been shown to give a contribution to the light delocalization, significantly widening the pulse propagation path. The data obtained are quite consistent with the experimental results.
Ultraviolet and visible photoresponse properties of n‐ZnO∕p‐Si heterojunction

A n‐ZnO∕p‐Si thin film heterojunction has been fabricated by a low cost sol-gel technique. The wavelength dependent photoresponse properties of the heterojunction is investigated in detail by studying the effect of light illumination on current-voltage (I‐V) characteristics, photocurrent, and photocapacitance spectra at room temperature. It shows good diode characteristics with IF∕IR=3.4×103 at 4V and reverse leakage current density of 7.6×10−5Acm−2 at −5V. From the photocurrent spectra, it is observed that the visible photons are absorbed in the depleted p‐Si under reverse bias conditions, while ultraviolet (UV) photons are absorbed in the depleted n‐ZnO under positive bias conditions. This indicates that such a sol-gel n‐ZnO∕p‐Si thin film heterojunction can be used to sense both UV and visible photons though the photoresponse for UV is much slower than that of visible. The photocapacitance measurements suggest the presence of a shallow defect level in the sol-gel derived ZnO film which acts as an elect.
THE TIME COURSE OF MEANING ACTIVATION IN JOKES: BILINGUALS VS. MONOLINGUALS

Mizahin evrenselligi, insan zihnindeki bilissel surecleri aciklamaya calisan fazlaca calismanin cikis noktasi olmustur. Ikidilliler ve tekdillilerde dil edinim sureci, dolayisiyla da mizah tumcelerinin kavranmasi farklilik gostermektedir. Bu farklilik, dilbilimcilerin ve psikologlarin calisma konusu olmustur. Mevcut calisma, ikidillilerde ve tekdillilerde tek tumcelik fikralarin islenmesindeki farkliliklari ele almaktadir. Mizah islemenin, metindeki dil ogelerini ansiklopedik bilgi ile birlestirmeyi sart kostugu goz onunde bulundurulursa, iki dillilerin zihinlerinde kavramsal orgutlenmenin nasil sekillendigine dair bir fikri mizah tumcelerinden edinebiliriz. Bu dogrultuda, iki grubun tek cumlelik fikralari ve mizah icermeyen benzerlerini okurken goz hareketlerinden alinan veri; hedef noktaya yapilan sabitleme sayisi ve toplam sabitleme suresi dikkate alinarak cozumlenmistir. Sonuc olarak, ikidillilerin hedef noktaya daha uzun ve fazla sayida sabitleme yaptigi tespit edilmistir. Bu bulgular isiginda, ikidillilerin sozcuk ve kavram bellegi arasindaki baglantinin, tekdillilerinkinden farkli olabilecegi yorumuna ulasilmistir
An image database. II. Catalogue between $\delta=-30^{\circ}$ and $\delta=70^{\circ}$

A preliminary list of 68.040 galaxies was built from extraction of 35.841 digitized images of the Palomar Sky Survey (Paper I). For each galaxy, the basic parameters are obtained: coordinates, diameter, axis ratio, total magnitude, position angle. On this preliminary list, we apply severe selection rules to get a catalog of 28.000 galaxies, well identified and well documented. For each parameter, a comparison is made with standard measurements. The accuracy of the raw photometric parameters is quite good despite of the simplicity of the method. Without any local correction, the standard error on the total magnitude is about 0.5 magnitude up to a total magnitude of BT =17. Significant secondary effects are detected concerning the magnitudes: distance to plate center effect and air-mass effect.
Finite-amplitude equilibrium states in plane Couette flow

A numerical bifurcation study in plane Couette flow is performed by computing successive finite-amplitude equilibrium states, solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. Plane Couette flow being linearly stable for all Reynolds numbers, first two-dimensional equilibrium states are computed by extending nonlinear travelling waves in plane Poiseuille flow through the Poiseuille–Couette flow family to the plane Couette flow limit. The resulting nonlinear states are stationary with a spatially localized structure; they are subject to two-dimensional and three-dimensional secondary disturbances. Three-dimensional disturbances dominate the dynamics and three-dimensional stationary equilibrium states bifurcating at criticality on the two-dimensional equilibrium surface are computed. These nonlinear states, periodic in the spanwise direction and spatially localized in the streamwise direction, are computed for Reynolds numbers (based on half the velocity difference between the walls and channel half-width) close to 1000. While a possible relationship between the computed solutions and experimentally observed coherent structures in turbulent plane Couette flow has to be assessed, the present findings reinforce the idea that subcritical transition may be related to the existence of finite-amplitude states which are (unstable) fixed points in a dynamical systems formulation of the Navier–Stokes system.
Mean-Flow and Acoustic Characteristics of Cold Jets from a Rectangular Hypersonic Nozzle

Mean-flow and acoustic characteristics of cold-air jets issuing from a rectangular hypersonic nozzle were investigated experimentally. The final goal of this study is (even though qualitative to some extent) to establish a method capable of predicting the acoustic characteristics of the high-temperature and high-velocity jets issuing from a hypersonic engine. As the first step, a high-enthalpy wind-tunnel plant without anechoic treatment was used for the cold-air jet experiments, and the acoustic data obtained were compared with those obtained in a small anechoic chamber. It is shown that, while it is necessary to pay attention to some noted exceptions, the directivity patterns and spectral shapes agree well at a wide range of radiation angles by taking into account the correction of −2.5 dB. The mean-flow measurements revealed that, due to the complicated geometry of the nozzle, the jet has a highly asymmetric velocity profile at the ramp end and that the development of the jet plume is also inclined an.
A detailed study of kinetic effects of energetic particles on resistive MHD linear stability

The effects of energetic particles on MHD instabilities is a key issue in the basic physics that will be important in burning plasma experiments such as ITER. Recently, experiments (JET, JT-60U and DIII-D) have shown that the kinetic effects of energetic particles can play a crucial role in the stability of the m/n = 2/1 tearing mode, where the fraction of energetic particle βfrac ≡ βh/β is high (β = 2μ0P/B2, P is pressure, B is magnetic field and βh is the energetic particle β). For the study of the kinetic effects of energetic particles on resistive MHD stability, using model equilibria based on DIII-D experimental reconstructions, the non-ideal MHD linear stability of cases unstable to the 2/1 mode is investigated including a δf PIC model for the energetic particles coupled to the nonlinear 3D resistive MHD code NIMROD (Kim et al 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 072507). The growth of unstable modes is calculated at a series of β, βfrac and S = τR/τA (the ratio of the resistive time to Alfvén time), spanning from the resistive to the ideal unstable regime of the mode, up to and above βfrac = 0.25, and well into the asymptotic regime of the resistivity. It is observed that energetic particles have significant damping and stabilizing effects at experimentally relevant β, βfrac and S, and less damping and stabilizing effects at the ideal unstable regime. It is also observed that energetic particles excite a real frequency of the 2/1 mode. The growth rates significantly reduce at experimentally relevant β, βfrac and S due to the mode interacting with the trapped particles and ‘barely passing’ particles. Furthermore, extrapolation of the results is discussed for implications for JET and ITER, where the effects are projected to be significant.