Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cycles of Collective Action: Between Moments of Madness and the Repertoire of Contention

Moments of madness—when “all is possible”—recur persistently in the history of social movements. In such turbulent points of history, writes Aristide Zolberg, “the wall between the instrumental and the expressive collapses. ” “Politics bursts its bounds to invade all of life” and “political animals somehow transcend their fate” (1972: 183). Such moments are unsettling and often leave even participants disillusioned—not to mention elites and political authorities. But they may be “necessary for the political transformation of societies,” writes Zolberg, for they are the source of the new actors, the audiences and the force to break through the crust of convention (1972: 206). In Kafka’s parable: “Leopards break into the temple and drink to the dregs what is in the sacrificial pitchers; this is repeated over and over again; finally it can be calculated in advance, and it becomes a part of the ceremony. ”
Lifestyle Preferences and Strategies of Spanish Working Mothers: A Matter of Choice?

Abstract There is a rich debate surrounding the causes of women’s heterogeneous work–life orientations and strategies. This article focuses on the debate between postmodern individualistic approaches and gender approaches that emphasise the pervasiveness of socio-structural factors. After offering a profile of Spanish women in the twenty-first century, we present the results of qualitative research based on 30 semi-structured interviews with working mothers from different social backgrounds. We discuss Hakim’s ‘preference theory’ by exposing how social class shapes Spanish working mothers’ work–life attitudes and behaviour and how these further change over the life cycle or as a result of changing contexts.
Differential tumor necrosis factor alpha expression by astrocytes from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis-susceptible and -resistant rat strains

There is evidence that the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- alpha) contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). TNF-alpha exerts damaging effects on oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cell of the central nervous system (CNS), and myelin itself. We have recently demonstrated TNF- alpha expression from astrocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta). Astrocytes secrete TNF-alpha in response to LPS alone, and can be primed by IFN-gamma to enhance LPS-induced TNF-alpha production. IFN- gamma and IL-1 beta, cytokines known to be present in the CNS during neurological disease states, do not induce TNF-alpha production alone, but act synergistically to stimulate astrocyte TNF-alpha expression. Inbred Lewis and Brown-Norway (BN) rats differ in genetic susceptibility to EAE, which is controlled in part by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. We examined TNF-alpha gene expression by astrocytes derived from BN rats (resistant to EAE) and Lewis rats (highly susceptible). Astrocytes from BN rats express TNF- alpha mRNA and protein in response to LPS alone, yet IFN-gamma does not significantly enhance LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression, nor do they express appreciable TNF-alpha in response to the combined stimuli of IFN-gamma/IL-1 beta. In contrast, astrocytes from Lewis rats express low levels of TNF-alpha mRNA and protein in response to LPS, and are extremely responsive to the priming effect of IFN-gamma for subsequent TNF-alpha gene expression. Also, Lewis astrocytes produce TNF-alpha in response to IFN-gamma/IL-1 beta. The differential TNF-alpha production by astrocytes from BN and Lewis strains is not due to the suppressive effect of prostaglandins, because the addition of indomethacin does not alter the differential pattern of TNF-alpha expression. Furthermore, Lewis and BN astrocytes produce another cytokine, IL-6, in response to LPS, IFN-gamma, and IL-1 beta in a comparable fashion. Peritoneal macrophages and neonatal microglia from Lewis and BN rats are responsive to both LPS and IFN-gamma priming signals for subsequent TNF- alpha production, suggesting that differential TNF-alpha expression by the astrocyte is cell type specific. Taken together, these results suggest that differential TNF-alpha gene expression in response to LPS and IFN-gamma is strain and cell specific, and reflects both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Misunderstandings in International Relations

INCE I agree with those who insist that social science is not only a science but L also an art, I shall start my paper not with facts and concepts but with two metaphorical stories. These stories will point, symbolically, in the direction of those facts and issues which I shall later discuss conceptually. The first story: A friend is visiting your city for the first time and he wants to gain a general view of the city. You take him first to the north end where there is a tall tower with a view commanding the whole area. Then you take him to a similar spot at the south end. At that point your friend exclaims with great amazement, "How very strange! The city looks quite differently from here! " Now, what is your reaction? Something of shock, for you rightly assume that every normal adult understands that things in physical space look differently from differing points of view. You probably conclude that your friend is, to say the least, a bit unbalanced and in need of psychiatric attention. Now, the really strange thing is that what every normal person understands by himself as far as things in physical space are concerned, most people do not understand, and even do not want to understand, so far as phenomena in social space are concerned. And any attempt to explain the relativity of social perspectives, and its full implications, usually meets with strong psychological resistance. The second story: Here we approach the core of our problem. Assume that, pointing to a desk, I should say, "This is a chair," and in spite of all attempts on your part to correct me, I still insist it is a chair. You
Value chain simulation in aircraft production

Simulation has proven to be a successful method for analyzing and improving value chains and cost price analysis in complex environments, such as aircraft production. This case-study concerns the value chain simulator (VCS), developed by INCONTROL for Fokker Aerostructures. This VCS enables the users to deal with all relevant parameters for manufacturing, logistics and financing in early project phases. The Fokker VCS is integrated in the current ERP system, so all relevant design parameters including Bill of Material, Bill of Processes and Bill of Resources are imported in the VCS and the simulation model is built up automatically. Since all financial parameters are included in the model, eventually the cost-price development of the manufactured parts over the full delivery period is calculated using simulation. The simulation application has already achieved benefits, but the final goal of this ongoing development is to accomplish an application which supports aircraft manufacturers in determining the Total Cost of Ownership for their products.
Receive antenna selection for MIMO systems in correlated channels

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can provide great capacity improvement but suffer from multiple expensive RF chains. Antenna selection offers a good tradeoff between complexity and performance. This paper addresses the problem of optimal receive antenna selection in correlated channels. We consider the transmission of M independent signals to a base station with N correlated antennas and present two criteria for selecting the optimal L out of N receive antennas in terms of capacity maximization or BER minimization, assuming that only the long-term channel statistics, instead of the instantaneous channel state information, are known. Simulations will validate our theoretical analysis and demonstrate that within a rather wide angular spread range, the number of required RF chains can be significantly decreased using our proposed selection strategy while achieving very close performance to the instantaneous antenna selection system and the conventional MIMO system without antenna selection.
TOWARD THE APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING TO INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT FOR ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION

Functional neuroimaging has led to significant gains in understanding the biological bases of anxiety and depressive disorders. However, the ability of functional neuroimaging to directly impact clinical practice is unclear. One important method by which neuroimaging could impact clinical care is to generate single patient level predictions that can guide clinical decision‐making. The present review summarizes published functional neuroimaging studies of predictors of medication or psychotherapy outcome in major depressive disorder, obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. In major depressive disorder and OCD, there is converging evidence of specific brain circuitry that has both been implicated in the disordered state itself, and where pretreatment activation levels have been predictive of treatment response. Specifically, in major depressive disorder, greater pretreatment ventral and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation may predict better antidepressant medication outcome but poorer psychotherapy outcome. In OCD, activation in the ACC and orbitofrontal cortex has been inversely associated with pharmacological treatment response. In other anxiety disorders, research in this area is just beginning, with the ACC potentially implicated. However, the question of whether these results can directly translate to clinical practice remains open. In order to achieve the goal of single patient level prediction and individualized treatment, future research should strive to establish replicable models with good predictive performance and clear incremental validity.
Linear Precoders for Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation on AWGN Channels: Analysis and Design Criteria

This paper investigates linear precoding for bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. Concatenating a linear precoder as an inner encoder with an outer (convolutional) encoder produces a powerful code with a limited decoding complexity. Linear precoders are examined and optimized for two scenarios: using (i) a noniterative decoding strategy and (ii) an iterative decoding strategy under a perfect feedback assumption. The precoder design is based on an information-theoretical approach, on the one hand, and a pair-wise error probability (PEP) analysis, on the other hand. Both approaches render convenient precoder design rules. For a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signal set, the optimal precoders that result from these rules are also derived. Numerical results confirm the analytical findings and simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
The Role of Global and Local Landmarks in Virtual Environment Navigation

In visual navigation, landmarks can be used in a number of different ways. In this paper, we investigate the role of global and local landmarks in virtual environment navigation. We performed an experiment in a virtual environment called Hexatown, consisting of a regular hexagonal grid of streets and junctions. Each junction was identified by the presence of distinct local landmarks (buildings, phone box, and so on). Additionally, compass information or a global frame of reference was provided by global landmarks (hilltop, television tower, and city skyline). According to participants' movement decisions, egomotion was simulated, and displayed on a 180 deg. projection screen. Participants learned the route back and forth between two local landmarks. In the test phase, individual junctions were approached and the participant's movement decision was recorded. We performed two experiments involving landmark changes after learning. In the first, we used conflicting cues by transposing landmarks. In the second experiment, we reduced either local or global landmark information. Results show that both local and global landmarks are used in wayfinding decisions. However, different participants rely on different strategies. In the first experiment (cue conflict) for example, some of the participants used only local landmarks while others relied exclusively on global landmarks. Other participants used local landmarks at one location and global landmarks at the other. When removing one landmark type in the second experiment, the other type could be used by almost all participants, indicating that information about the neglected landmark type was present in memory.
Progressive Resistance Muscle Strength Training of Hospitalized Frail Elderly

Sullivan DH, Wall PT, Bariola JR, Bopp MM, Frost YM: Progressive resistance muscle strength training of hospitalized frail elderly. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:503–509. ObjectiveTo determine whether frail elderly patients recuperating from acute illnesses could safely participate in and gain appreciable improvement in muscle strength from progressive resistance muscle strength training. DesignMuscle strength (one repetition maximum), functional abilities (sit-to-stand maneuver and 20-sec maximal safe gait speed), and body composition were measured before and at the conclusion of a 10-wk program of lower limb progressive resistance muscle strength training. The nonrandomized study was conducted in a 30-bed geriatric rehabilitation unit of a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs hospital and a 28-bed transitional care unit of a community nursing home. Participants included 19 recuperating elderly subjects (14 male, 5 female; 13 ambulatory, 6 nonambulatory) >64 yr (mean age, 82.8 ± 7.9 yr). ResultsThe one repetition maximum increased an average of 74% ± 49% (median, 70%; interquartile range, 38%–95%, and an average of 20 ± 13 kg (P = 0.0001). Sit-to-stand maneuver times improved in 15 of 19 cases (79%). Maximum safe gait speeds improved in 10 of 19 cases (53%). Four of the six nonambulatory subjects progressed to ambulatory status. No subject experienced a complication. ConclusionsA carefully monitored program of progressive resistance muscle strength training to regain muscle strength is a safe and possibly effective method for frail elderly recuperating from acute illnesses. A randomized control study is needed to examine the degree to which progressive resistance muscle strength training offers advantages, if any, over routine posthospital care that includes traditional low-intensity physical therapy.
Influence of systematically varied nanoscale topography on the morphology of epithelial cells

With the knowledge that cells can react to lithographically manufactured nanometer-sized surface objects, our interest concerned whether cells would respond to surface structures of systematically increasing size. Our approach to answer this question was to fabricate surfaces with the same surface chemistry and similar surface roughness but increasing size of structural features. To fabricate large areas of patterned surfaces, required for cell culture studies, we used colloidal lithography utilizing colloidal particles as a template for surface nanostructuring. The fabricated surfaces contained hemispherical nanopillars with diameters ranging from 60 to 170 nm. Changes in cell morphology of a pancreatic epithelial cell line (AR4-2J) were studied by evaluating cell area and cell shape. The latter was studied by applying the cell shape classification method using three shape descriptors. The pancreatic cells responded in a systematic way to the surface nanostructures. The cells spread more and became more nonround when cultured on surfaces with increasing size of the topographic features.
The theory of decision making.

This literature review of decision making (how people make choices among desirable alternatives), culled from the disciplines of psychology, economics, and mathematics, covers the theory of riskless choices, the application of the theory of riskless choices to welfare economics, the theory of risky choices, transitivity of choices, and the theory of games and statistical decision functions. The theories surveyed assume rational behavior: individuals have transitive preferences (“… if A is preferred to B, and B is preferred to C, then A is preferred to C.”), choosing from among alternatives in order to “… maximize utility or expected utility. ” 209-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Supporting flexibile construction of agents through an explicit agent model

Programming agents is a hard task, mainly because of the diverse aspects of an agent that need to be considered. A developer has to decide how the functionality of the agent is implemented, in what form the agent will store its information and how it will handle the sometimes complex interactions with other agents. Additionally, there are the many security requirements to take into account. Access to agent services needs to be controlled, network communication should be protected, accounting must be performed, agent data need to be protected, etc. The current agent platforms do not really support these aspects very well. As a result, the agent programs become very tangled and thus are hard to maintain, evolve and reuse. In this paper, we present an open agent platform, targeted at experimentation, both in application structure and security. The platform starts from a more explicit model of an agent and its platform. We argue that this model allows more reuse and flexibility in the construction of agent applications.
A CAD compatible SOI/CMOS gate array having body-fixed partially-depleted transistors

This 0.35/spl mu/m 220kG SOI/CMOS gate array uses partially-depleted devices and allows use of cell libraries and design methods compatible with bulk/CMOS gate arrays by optimizing the basic-cell layout and power-line wiring. The SOI/CMOS gate array operates at 2.0V consuming 65% less power than typical 0.35/spl mu/m 3.3V bulk/CMOS gate arrays.
Analysis on the weighted knowledge network in industrial cluster

There has been a hot stream of research on competitive advantage of enterprises in industrial cluster where members connect with each other by the social behavior of knowledge transfer. The investigation of the relationship among these members can explain the formation of competitive advantage of industrial cluster effectively. The operation of cluster knowledge network is good to form interactive learning mechanism, promote knowledge innovation, and create new advantages. How to promote the formation of innovation networks of industrial clusters becomes an urgent problem of decision-makers to explore and solve gradually. Based on the three-tier model of the enterprise knowledge networks, this study constructs a three-tier network model of the cluster knowledge network to investigate the industry clusters from the network perspective. After reviewing the development of weighted network models, a weighted knowledge network was built using the characteristic variables, such as frequency of communication and clustering of communication. A dynamical model measuring knowledge flow was set up to characterize the knowledge intensity of the cluster members, which in term, will also provide a reference for future study on weighted knowledge network.
Examining The Impacts of Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behavior: Methodologies and Empirical Findings

Numerous studies have found that suburban residents drive more and walk less than residents in traditional neighborhoods. What is less well understood is the extent to which the observed patterns of travel behavior can be attributed to the residential built environment itself, as opposed to the prior self-selection of residents into a built environment that is consistent with their predispositions toward certain travel modes and land use configurations. To date, most studies addressing this attitudinal self-selection issue fall into nine categories: direct questioning, statistical control, instrumental variables models, sample selection models, propensity score, joint discrete choice models, structural equations models, mutually-dependent discrete choice models, and longitudinal designs. This report reviews and evaluates these alternative approaches. Virtually all of the 38 empirical studies reviewed found a statistically significant influence of the built environment remaining after self-selection was accounted for. However, the practical importance of that influence was seldom assessed. Although time and resource limitations are recognized, we recommend usage of longitudinal structural equations modeling with control groups, a design which is strong with respect to all causality requisites.
Sudoku, Gerechte Designs, Resolutions, Affine Space, Spreads, Reguli, and Hamming Codes

Solving a Sudoku puzzle involves putting the symbols 1, . , 9 into the cells of a 9 × 9 grid partitioned into 3 × 3 subsquares, in such a way that each symbol occurs just once in each row, column, or subsquare. Such a solution is a special case of a gerechte design, in which an n×n grid is partitioned into n regions with n squares in each, and each of the symbols 1, . , n occurs once in each row, column, or region. Gerechte designs originated in statistical design of agricultural experiments, where they ensure that treatments are fairly exposed to localised variations in the field containing the experimental plots. In this paper we consider several related topics. In the first section, we define gerechte designs and some generalizations, and explain a computational technique for finding and classifying them. The second section looks at the statistical background, explaining how such designs are used for designing agricultural experiments, and what additional properties statisticians would like them to have. In the third section, we focus on a special class of Sudoku solutions which we call “symmetric”. They turn out to be related to some important topics in finite geometry over the 3-element field, and to ∗This research partially supported by NSF Grant Number DMS-0510625.
Digital Fabrication and Making' in Education: The Democratization of Invention

A quote often attributed to Seymour Papert states that if a teacher from the 16th century would timetravel to the present, he or she would have no problem entering a school and teaching a class. Historical documents from that time show that he could not be more accurate. The Treviso Arithmetic, from 1478, teaches students how to do multiplication and division using ‘exactly’ the same paper-based algorithms we use today. Several descriptions of 16th century schools and their curricula look strikingly similar to today’s mathematics classes, such as a well-known school in Florence run by Master Francesco Ghaligai in 1519 which had a “. heavy emphasis on memorization and procedures” and a curriculum comprised of units on “multiplication, practice in the use of algorithms, division, fractions, and the rule of three” (Swetz & Smith, 1987).
Low-cost circularly polarized spiral antenna array for 60 GHz applications

A 4 × 4 circularly polarized antenna array with a substrate integrated waveguide feed network is proposed in this paper. The array is fabricated using low-cost printed-circuit-board and plated-through-hole technologies. The wideband single element is a modified spiral antenna with unequal arm lengths. The measured −10-dB reflection coefficient and 3.2-dB axial ratio bandwidths are 15.7% and 15%, respectively, while the measured gain at 60 GHz is 18.7 dBic.