Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood environmental factors correlated with walking near home: Using SPACES.

PURPOSE The physical environment plays an important role in influencing participation in physical activity, although the specific factors that are correlated with different patterns of walking remain to be determined. We examined correlations between physical environmental factors and self-reported walking for recreation and transport near home. METHODS The local neighborhood environments (defined as a 400-m radius from the respondent's home) of 1678 adults were assessed for their suitability for walking. The environmental data were collected during 2000 using the Systematic Pedestrian and Cycling Environmental Scan (SPACES) instrument together with information from other sources. We used logistic regression modeling to examine the relationship between the attributes of the physical environment and the self-reported walking behavior undertaken near home. RESULTS Functional features were correlated with both walking for recreation (odds ratio (OR) 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-2.19) and for transport (OR 1.30; 95% CI: 0.97-1.73). A well-maintained walking surface was the main functional factor associated with walking for recreation (OR 2.04; 95% CI: 1.43-2.91) and for transport (OR 2.13; 95% CI: 1.53-2.96). Destination factors, such as shops and public transport, were significantly correlated with walking for transport (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.33-2.44), but not recreation. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that neighborhoods with pedestrian facilities that are attractive and comfortable and where there are local destinations (such as shops and public transport) are associated with walking near home.
Republished review: Cataract and cognitive impairment: a review of the literature

Acquired cataract and cognitive impairment are both common age-related problems, and ophthalmologists are increasingly likely to encounter patients who have both. Patients with dementia types who display early visuoperceptual impairment may present first to ophthalmology services. When these patients have coexisting cataract, it may be difficult to distinguish visual complaints due to cataract from those due to dementia. The interaction between visual impairment due to cataract and neurodegenerative disorders affecting the central visual pathways, is not fully understood. Visual impairment due to cataract may stress impaired attentional mechanisms and cataract extraction may improve cognitive performance in some patients with early cognitive impairment; however, the benefits of cataract surgery in established dementia are less clear. In this study, the literature on this subject was reviewed and the implications for practice were considered.
Effect of weaning age on feed intake and ruminal fermentation patterns of calves fed a dry total mixed ration with ad libitum access to grass hay

To study the effect of weaning age on average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and ruminal fermentation, 10 rumen-cannulated male Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (i) early weaned at 8 weeks of age (235 l milk); (ii) conventionally weaned at 12 weeks of age (347 l milk). Twice daily grass hay (9.0 MJ ME · kg−1 DM) and a dry total mixed ration (TMR) (11.6 MJ ME · kg−1 DM) containing 15% alfalfa hay and 85% concentrates were offered separately. Water was available ad libitum. Ruminal fluid was collected via cannulas at weeks 9, 11, 13 and 15, twice weekly just prior to as well as 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after morning feeding. Calves of both treatments achieved adequate ADG (947 vs. 959 g; p > 0.05). Just-weaned calves rapidly increased DMI (1.1–2.5 kg TMR and 2.4–3.6 kg TMR for early- and conventionally-weaned calves, respectively). From weeks 10–12 early-weaned calves consumed significantly more dry feed than conventionally-weaned calves (week 10: 2.5 vs. 1.6 kg/d; week 12: 3.4 vs. 2.4 kg/d). Early weaning stimulates DMI supporting ruminal fermentation intensity, indicated by lower ruminal pH. After weaning, only early-weaned calves achieved critical average ruminal pH (week 9: 5.7 vs. 6.0, p = 0.017; week 11: 5.9 vs. 6.2, p = 0.007). Experimental treatment did not affect the concentration of ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). For all calves, the effects of the concentrate-rich TMR were shown by a high SCFA level (daily average: 137–152 mmol · l−1) and an acetate to propionate to butyrate ratio between 51:36:9 and 54:33:10.
In Vivo Antigen Stability Affects DNA Vaccine Immunogenicity

The factors that determine the immunogenicity of Ags encoded by viral vaccines or DNA vaccines in vivo are largely unknown. Depending on whether T cell induction occurs via direct presentation of vaccine-encoded epitopes or via one of the different proposed pathways for Ag cross-presentation, the effect of intracellular Ag stability on immunogenicity may possibly vary. However, the influence of Ag stability on CD8+ T cell induction has not been addressed in clinically relevant vaccine models, nor has the accumulation of vaccine-encoded Ags been monitored in vivo. In this study, we describe the relationship between in vivo Ag stability and immunogenicity of DNA vaccine-encoded Ags. We show that in vivo accumulation of DNA vaccine-encoded Ags is required for the efficient induction of CD8+ T cell responses. These data suggest that many of the currently used transgene designs in DNA vaccination trials may be suboptimal, and that one should either use pathogen-derived or tumor-associated Ags that are intrinsically stable, or should increase the stability of vaccine-encoded Ags by genetic engineering.
A survey of the informational needs of decision makers for the design and evaluation of trauma systems in Canada

Background. Across Canada there are substantial differences in the organization and evaluation of regional trauma systems. The design, evaluation and improvement of trauma care is frustrated by variable definitions of trauma systems, their primary objectives, and preferred performance measures. Tools that support decision makers in design and policy development are needed 2, 3 . Objective. This research aimed to 1) describe decision makers‟ perceptions of the scope and objectives of ideally organized regional systems of trauma care and injury control in Canada, and 2) identify decision makers‟ informational needs, specifically with regard to performance measures meaningful as actionable guidance for the design and policy development of regional systems of trauma care and injury control. Methods. Based on a literature review of commonly used trauma system performance measures, a 35-question structured electronic survey was constructed, vetted by a reference group of experts, tested, and circulated over a 3-week period. The framing sample was 342 health administrators and trauma directors self-reported to be involved in decision making for organized injury management and control from all health regions of Canada. Survey responses were collated and descriptive statistics generated. Results. There were 82 complete responses for a response rate of 24.0%. There was strong support for a broadly inclusive definition of a trauma system and for government oversight using standard performance indicators. Among responders there was near equal support, 41.2% and 31.7% respectively, for ensuring delivery of rapid and appropriate care (processes of care) and minimizing individual and societal burden of injury (outcomes of care) as the overarching drivers of system design. Of 24 listed performance indicators, measures of timeliness of care, preventable deaths, severity-adjusted hospital mortality, safety, satisfaction and access to care were preferred. Conclusion. This study showed that decision makers responsible for regional trauma systems in Canada believe that the ideal trauma system should coordinate multiple agencies influential in injury management around clear system objectives that address both major and minor trauma, and that government endorsed national standards are needed to ensure efficient and effective processes that reduce the individual and societal burden of injury.
A compact tri-band MIMO/diversity antenna for mobile handsets

This article presents an antenna with a compact planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) structure and its multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) applications for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and other wireless frequency band like Personal Communication Service (PCS1900) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). The PIFA antenna designed to cover the frequency band based on 6-dB return loss for LTE700 is 765-787 MHz, PCS1900 is 1850-1920 MHz and WiMAX is 3.05-3.65 GHz. The proposed antenna provides the isolation between its ports is below -10dB for all three operating bands of communication and also have excellent Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC).
Disparity between range map- and survey-based analyses of species richness: patterns, processes and implications

Species richness patterns are characterized either by overlaying species range maps or by compiling geographically extensive survey data for multiple local communities. Although, these two approaches are clearly related, they need not produce identical richness patterns because species do not occur everywhere in their geographical range. Using North American breeding birds, we present the first continent-wide comparison of survey and range map data. On average, bird species were detected on 40.5% of the surveys within their range. As a result of this range porosity, the geographical richness patterns differed markedly, with the greatest disparity in arid regions and at higher elevations. Environmental productivity was a stronger predictor of survey richness, while elevational heterogeneity was more important in determining range map richness. In addition, range map richness exhibited greater spatial autocorrelation and lower estimates of spatial turnover in species composition. Our results highlight the fact that range map richness represents species coexistence at a much coarser scale than survey data, and demonstrate that the conclusions drawn from species richness studies may depend on the data type used for analyses.
Pharmacological treatment for keloids

Introduction: Keloids are fibroproliferative disorders that are characterized by histological accumulation of collagens and fibroblasts, refractory clinical symptoms such as itching, topical invasiveness, and frequent postsurgical recurrence. At present, to treat or prevent keloids, new drugs are currently being designed and the pharmaceutical indications of known drugs are being expanded. Areas covered: The current pharmacological interventions for keloids are mainly described on the basis of the various hypotheses on keloid etiology and the keloid ingredients that are targeted. These interventions include angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium-channel blockers (based on hypertension hypothesis), selective estrogen receptor modulator (based on endocrinological hypothesis), vitamins and essential fatty acids (based on immunonutritional hypothesis), and transglutaminase inhibitor (based on metabolic hypothesis). Drugs that directly target the reduction or destruction of the major extracellular matrix or cellular constituents of keloids are also included. Besides, drugs that indirectly modulate the biochemical microenvironment are described. These include growth factors, immunomodulators, and anti-inflammation and anti-allergy drugs. Expert opinion: Due to the unclear etiology of keloids and the lack of animal models, efficient, reliable, and specific pharmaceutical interventions for keloids continue to be lacking. The reliability of current data and clinical observations must be strengthened by large-scale, randomized, controlled clinical trials.
Multiport measurement and deembedding techniques for crosstalk study in via arrays

In this paper the authors present techniques for crosstalk measurements in via arrays using broadband microprobes and a multiport vector network analyzer. The desegmentation method is used for probe deembedding in the bandwidth from 10 MHz up to 50 GHz. In contrast to the common approach which relies on T-matrices the desegmentation procedure ensures flexible fixture extraction using directly the S-parameter or Z-parameter matrices of the multiport network that has to be deembedded. The main advantage of the deembedding by desegmentation technique is that it does not require any S- to T-parameters conversion and if desired allows stepwise extraction of the embedded error networks. A typical application of the desegmentation method is presented by the authors where in the case of microprobe based measurement the error boxes of the microprobes are obtained at first by the use of a two-tier calibration technique and in the next step the desegmentation is applied to remove their detrimental effect on the measurement data.
Let the Good Times Roll: The Economic Expectations of U.S. Voters

Increasingly the concept of expectation is utilized to explain political choices, with voters being depicted as prospective rather than retrospective in their orientations. This paper tests competing theories of economic expectations (forecasts) with data from consumer surveys (1960-91). Forecasts of inflation confirm the hypothesis of adaptive expectations, but forecasts of general economic conditions do not; nor do those forecasts conform to rational expectations. Instead, voter forecasts of economic conditions are prone to a significant asymmetry. While good economic times tend to foster optimism in an adaptive fashion, bad times do not similarly feed pessimism. Instead, they trigger a reverse forecast. We explore this remarkable behavior in the light of "psychological economics. "
β-Sheet core of human prion protein amyloid fibrils as determined by hydrogen/deuterium exchange

Propagation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is associated with the conversion of normal prion protein, PrPC, into a misfolded, oligomeric form, PrPSc. Although the high-resolution structure of the PrPC is well characterized, the structural properties of PrPSc remain elusive. Here we used MS analysis of H/D backbone amide exchange to examine the structure of amyloid fibrils formed by the recombinant human PrP corresponding to residues 90–231 (PrP90–231), a misfolded form recently reported to be infectious in transgenic mice overexpressing PrPC. Analysis of H/D exchange data allowed us to map the systematically H-bonded β-sheet core of PrP amyloid to the C-terminal region (staring at residue ≈169) that in the native structure of PrP monomer corresponds to α-helix 2, a major part of α-helix 3, and the loop between these two helices. No extensive hydrogen bonding (as indicated by the lack of significant protection of amide hydrogens) was detected in the N-terminal part of PrP90–231 fibrils, arguing against the involvement of residues within this region in stable β-structure. These data provide long-sought experimentally derived constraints for high-resolution structural models of PrP amyloid fibrils.
Increased collagen deposition in the heart of chronically hypoxic ovine fetuses

This study determined the effect of chronic intrauterine hypoxia on collagen deposition in the fetal sheep heart. Moderate or severe hypoxia was induced by placental embolization in chronically catheterized fetal sheep for 15 days starting at gestational day 116 ± 2 (term ∼147 days). The fetal right and left ventricle were evaluated for collagen content using a Sirius red dye and for changes in signaling components of pathways involved in collagen synthesis and remodeling using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. In severely hypoxic fetuses (n = 6), there was a two-fold increase (P < 0.05) in the percentage staining for collagen in the right ventricle, compared with control (n = 6), whereas collagen content was not altered in the moderate group (n = 4). Procollagen I and III mRNA levels were increased in the right ventricle, two-fold (P < 0.05) and three-fold (P < 0.05), respectively, in the severe group relative to control. These changes were paralleled by a two-fold increase (P < 0.05) in mRNA levels of the pro-fibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1), in the right ventricle. In the right ventricle, the mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and its activator, membrane-type MMP (MTI-MMP) were increased five-fold (P = 0.06) and three-fold (P < 0.05), respectively, relative to control. Protein levels of TGF-β were increased in the left ventricle (P < 0.05). Thus, up-regulated collagen synthesis leading to increased collagen content occurs in the chronically hypoxic fetal heart and may contribute to the right ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction reported in human intrauterine growth restriction fetuses.
Group Structural Realism 3 2 What Is ( Group ) Structural Realism ? 2 . 1 The Basic Picture

We present a precise form of structural realism, called group structural realism , which identifies ‘structure’ in quantum theory with symmetry groups. H owever, working out the details of this view actually illuminates a major problem for struct ral realism; namely, a structure can itself have structure. This paper argues that, once a pre cise characterization of structure is given, the ‘metaphysical hierarchy’ on which group structu ral realism rests is overly extravagant and ultimately unmotivated.
Properties of Occlusional Devices in Extended Time–Frequency Analysis of Post-Interrupter Respiratory Signals

The usefulness of popular occlusional heads to extended, time-frequency analysis of post-interrupter respiratory data was tested in this study. A portable mobile interrupter module, designed to acquire (also in telemedical system) raw signals of mouth pressure (Qao) and airflow (Pao), enabled flexible valve operation during normal breathing and flow induced by the airflow generator. The potential for algorithmic development of data processing procedures and hardware limitations of the shutter-type valve by Jaeger and Micro Medical is depicted here. The power spectrum density of Pao and input interrupter impedance (Zint), calculated by the Micro Medical interrupter, were sensitive indices of respiratory mechanics measurement, but problematic natural oscillations and leakage during valve closing reduced the clinical relevance of the assessments. These hardware specifications represent prerequisites for prospective research in a sensing technology domain on an optimal valve-transducer unit design.
GASTRIC EMPTYING IN INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

ABSTRACT. Cavell, B. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). Gastric emptying in infants with congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 517,. –Gastric emptying of infant formula using a marker dilution technique was studied in 8 infants with congenital heart disease aged 1 week to 5 months. Six infants were in heart failure and 4 failed to grow. Gastric emptying followed a linear pattern in 5 and a biphasic pattern with an initial slow phase in 2 infants. The amounts of meal emptied after 1 and 2 hours, 14.7 and 31.0 ml per 0.1 m2 of body surface area, respectively, were significantly smaller than the corresponding amounts found in a group of healthy infants.
ir overtone spectrum of the vibrational soliton in crystalline acetanilide.

The self-trapping (soliton) theory which was recently developed to account for the anomalous amide-I band at 1650 cm/sup -1/ in crystalline acetanilide (a model system for protein) has been extended to predict the anharmonicity constant of the overtone spectrum. These infrared-active overtones which have been detected at 3250, 4803, and 6304 cm/sup -1/ yield an anharmonicity constant that is in good agreement with the theory.
Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measured to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion

The relationship between physiochemical surface parameters and adhesion of bacterial cells to negatively charged polystyrene was studied. Cell surface hydrophobicity and electrokinetic potential were determined by contact angle measurement and electrophoresis, respectively. Both parameters influence cell adhesion. The effect of the electrokinetic potential increases with decreasing hydrophobicity. Cell surface characteristics determining adhesion are influenced by growth conditions. At high growth rates, bacterial cells tend to become more hydrophobic. This fact can be of ecological significance for controlling the spread of bacteria throughout the environment.
A 360,000 pixel color image sensor for imaging photographic negatives

We describe a740(H) \times 242(V) × 2 charge-coupled color image sensor for imaging photographic negatives. The sensor achieves charge capacity of1 \times 10^{6}electrons per pixel, random noise of 300 rms electrons per pixel, and dynamic range of 70 dB. Sensor design, spectral sensitivity, charge capacity, and noise are discussed.
The decline and fall of the American programmer

LI SA H A N EY Did it happen? Well, no, not yet anyway. The late 1990s were characterized not by massive unemployment among programmers worldwide but by considerable shortages of such skilled personnel. This was caused in part by the demands of addressing myriad Y2K problems, particularly those relating to longterm legacy software. As these problems passed, the so-called “skills shortage” showed no sign of abating. Indeed, the demand for programmers, systems analysts, and software engineers is regularly reported by some companies to be in the thousands, and in large multinationals in the tens of thousands. So, for now it seems reports of the decline of the programmer are premature. But what of the future? It is possible the term “skills shortage” is a misnomer, for there are probably many skills shortages. Discounting the so-called “IT skills” shortages in large sections of the work force in most developed countries, there are currently undoubted shortage areas such as networking technology (a technology that has increased in strategic importance throughout the 1990s), and platform-independent programming languages such as Java (which might be regarded as ■ In his 1991 book, The Decline and Fall of
Navigating the grounded theory terrain. Part 2.

AIM In this paper, the choice of classic grounded theory will be discussed and justified in the context of the first author's PhD research. BACKGROUND The methodological discussion takes place within the context of PhD research entitled: Development of a stakeholder-led framework for a structured education programme that will prepare nurses and healthcare assistants to deliver a psychosocial intervention for people with dementia. There is a lack of research and limited understanding of the effect of psychosocial interventions on people with dementia. The first author thought classic grounded theory a suitable research methodology to investigate as it is held to be ideal for areas of research where there is little understanding of the social processes at work. DATA SOURCES The literature relating to the practical application of classic grounded theory is illustrated using examples relating to four key grounded theory components: Theory development: using constant comparison and memoing, Methodological rigour, Emergence of a core category, Inclusion of self and engagement with participants. DISCUSSION Following discussion of the choice and application of classic grounded theory, this paper explores the need for researchers to visit and understand the various grounded theory options. CONCLUSION This paper argues that researchers new to grounded theory must be familiar with and understand the various options. The researchers will then be able to apply the methodologies they choose consistently and critically. Doing so will allow them to develop theory rigorously and they will ultimately be able to better defend their final methodological destinations.