Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyzing modal and enunciative discursive heterogeneity: how to combine semantic resources and a syntactic parser analysis

This paper introduces our methodology for annotating variations in enunciative and modal commitment in a text. We first present the theoretical background of the study which puts the emphasis on the close interaction between time, aspect, modality and evidentiality (TAME) categories (and also markers). We then present our semantic resources which encompass not only lexical items, but also morphological inflections and syntactic constructions. We finally describe the first step of our global natural language processing (NLP) workflow which uses a syntactic analysis parser.
Everyday social work practice: listening to the voices of practitioners

11 Lay Summary 13 Introduction 15 Critical review: Purpose and structure 19 Aims and research questions 21 The research in context 23 Constructing social work 19 Research methodology, methods and analysis 37 Thinking ethically 47 Research findings 55 Discussion 65 Contribution to research, learning and professional development 79 Looking back and looking forwards 85 References 89 Appendix 1: Summary of published work 97 Appendices 2 – 6: Publications 105
trkA Is Expressed in Nociceptive Neurons and Influences Electrophysiological Properties via Nav1.8 Expression in Rapidly Conducting Nociceptors

To test the hypothesis that trkA (the high-affinity NGF receptor) is selectively expressed in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, we examined the intensity of trkA immunoreactivity in single dye-injected rat DRG neurons, the sensory receptor properties of which were identified in vivo with mechanical and thermal stimuli. We provide the first evidence in single identified neurons that strong trkA expression in DRGs is restricted to nociceptive neurons, probably accounting for the profound influence of NGF on these neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that trkA expression is as high in rapidly conducting (Aα/β) as in more slowly conducting (Aδ and C) nociceptors. All Aα/β low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMs) are trkA negative, although weak but detectable trkA is present in some C and Aδ LTMs. NGF can influence electrophysiological properties of DRG neurons, probably by binding to trkA. We found positive correlations for single identified Aα/β (but not C or Aδ) nociceptors between trkA immunocytochemical intensity and electrophysiological properties typical of nociceptors, namely long action potential and afterhyperpolarization durations and large action potential amplitudes. Furthermore, for Aα/β (notCorAδ) nociceptors, trkA intensity is inversely correlated with conduction velocity. Similar relationships, again only in Aα/β nociceptors, between electrophysiological properties and trkA expression exist for sodium channel Nav1.8 but not Nav1.9 immunoreactivities. These findings suggest that in Aα/β nociceptors, influences of NGF on expression levels of Nav1.8 are related to, and perhaps limited by, expression levels of trkA. This view is supported by a positive correlation between immuno-intensities of trkA and Nav1.8 in A-fiber, but not C-fiber, nociceptors.
Glutamate Receptor Expression Regulates Quantal Size and Quantal Content at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

At the Drosophila glutamatergic neuromuscular junction, the postsynaptic cell can regulate synaptic strength by both changing its sensitivity to neurotransmitter and generating a retrograde signal that regulates presynaptic transmitter release. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these forms of plasticity, we have undertaken a genetic analysis of two postsynaptic glutamate receptors that are expressed at this synapse. Deletion of both genes results in embryonic lethality that can be rescued by transgenic expression of either receptor. Although these receptors are redundant for viability, they have important differences. By transgenically rescuing the double mutant, we have investigated the relationship of receptor gene dosage and composition to synaptic function. We find that the receptor subunit composition regulates quantal size, Argiotoxin sensitivity, and receptor desensitization kinetics. Finally, we show that the activity of the receptor can regulate the retrograde signal functioning at this synapse. Thus, the diversity of receptors expressed at this synapse provides the cell with mechanisms for generating synaptic plasticity.
Behaviour of leatherback sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, during the migratory cycle

Leatherback sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, undertake broad oceanic movements. While satellite telemetry has been used to investigate the post-nesting behaviour of female turtles tagged on tropical nesting beaches, long-term behavioural patterns of turtles of different sexes and sizes have not been described. Here we investigate behaviour for 25 subadult and adult male and female turtles satellite-tagged in temperate waters off Nova Scotia, Canada. Although sex and reproductive condition contributed to variation in migratory patterns, the migratory cycle of all turtles included movement between temperate and tropical waters. Marked changes in rates of travel, and diving and surfacing behaviour, accompanied southward movement away from northern foraging areas. As turtles approached higher latitudes the following spring and summer, they assumed behaviours consistent with regular foraging activity and eventually settled in coastal areas off Canada and the northeastern USA. Behavioural patterns corresponding to various phases of the migratory cycle were consistent across multiple animals and were repeated within individuals that completed return movements to northern waters. We consider the potential biological significance of these patterns, including how turtle behaviour relates to predator avoidance, thermoregulation and prey distribution.
Women and Family in Transitional China: Family Structure and Elderly Support

Since China started market reform and opened to the outside world in 1978, Chinese society has gone through quick industrialization, urbanization and economic development. In less than 40 years, China has nished the transition from one of the poorest countries to the second largest economic entity in the world (Barboza 2010). e dramatic and tremendous social changes, together with the state’s family planning policy, pushed the Chinese family into transition as well. In this article we will give a brief review on changes that Chinese families have experienced during the reform period. Since the traditional Chinese family places value on a large family with multi-generations living together (usually three generations stem-family), son’s full responsibility in eldercare and intergenerational mutual support (Huang 2011), our review will mainly focus on the transitions, which occurred in family structure, elderly support and women’s (daughters) role inside family.
Fatigue Shifts and Scatters Heart Rate Variability in Elite Endurance Athletes

Purpose This longitudinal study aimed at comparing heart rate variability (HRV) in elite athletes identified either in ‘fatigue’ or in ‘no-fatigue’ state in ‘real life’ conditions. Methods 57 elite Nordic-skiers were surveyed over 4 years. R-R intervals were recorded supine (SU) and standing (ST). A fatigue state was quoted with a validated questionnaire. A multilevel linear regression model was used to analyze relationships between heart rate (HR) and HRV descriptors [total spectral power (TP), power in low (LF) and high frequency (HF) ranges expressed in ms2 and normalized units (nu)] and the status without and with fatigue. The variables not distributed normally were transformed by taking their common logarithm (log10). Results 172 trials were identified as in a ‘fatigue’ and 891 as in ‘no-fatigue’ state. All supine HR and HRV parameters (Beta±SE) were significantly different (P<0.0001) between ‘fatigue’ and ‘no-fatigue’: HRSU (+6.27±0.61 bpm), logTPSU (−0.36±0.04), logLFSU (−0.27±0.04), logHFSU (−0.46±0.05), logLF/HFSU (+0.19±0.03), HFSU(nu) (−9.55±1.33). Differences were also significant (P<0.0001) in standing: HRST (+8.83±0.89), logTPST (−0.28±0.03), logLFST (−0.29±0.03), logHFST (−0.32±0.04). Also, intra-individual variance of HRV parameters was larger (P<0.05) in the ‘fatigue’ state (logTPSU: 0.26 vs. 0.07, logLFSU: 0.28 vs. 0.11, logHFSU: 0.32 vs. 0.08, logTPST: 0.13 vs. 0.07, logLFST: 0.16 vs. 0.07, logHFST: 0.25 vs. 0.14). Conclusion HRV was significantly lower in 'fatigue' vs. 'no-fatigue' but accompanied with larger intra-individual variance of HRV parameters in 'fatigue'. The broader intra-individual variance of HRV parameters might encompass different changes from no-fatigue state, possibly reflecting different fatigue-induced alterations of HRV pattern.
Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis

Background: A systematic review was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of tiotropium, a long acting anticholinergic drug, on clinical events, symptom scales, pulmonary function, and adverse events in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: A systematic search was made of the Cochrane trials database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and a hand search of 20 respiratory journals. Missing data were obtained from authors and the manufacturer. Randomised controlled trials of ⩾12 weeks’ duration comparing tiotropium with placebo, ipratropium bromide, or long acting β2 agonists (LABA) were reviewed. Studies were pooled to yield odds ratios (OR) or weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Nine trials (8002 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Tiotropium reduced the odds of a COPD exacerbation (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.81) and related hospitalisation (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.84) but not pulmonary (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.19 to 1.29) or all-cause (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.47) mortality compared with placebo and ipratropium. Reductions in exacerbations and hospitalisations compared with LABA were not statistically significant. Similar patterns were evident for quality of life and symptom scales. Tiotropium yielded greater increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) from baseline to 6–12 months than did placebo, ipratropium, and LABA. Decline in FEV1 over 1 year was 30 ml (95% CI 7 to 53) slower with tiotropium than with placebo and ipratropium (data were not available for LABA). Reports of dry mouth and urinary tract infections were increased with tiotropium. Conclusions: Tiotropium reduced COPD exacerbations and related hospitalisations, improved quality of life and symptoms, and may have slowed the decline in FEV1. Long term trials are warranted to evaluate the effects of tiotropium on decline in FEV1 and to clarify its role compared with LABA.
Introduction of a reliability measure in missing data approach for robust speech recognition

This paper addresses the problem of robust speech recognition in noisy conditions in the framework of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and missing feature imputation techniques. It presents a new statistical approach to the detection and estimation of unreliable features based on a probabilistic measure and Gaussian mixture model (GMM) representing clean speech distribution. In the estimation process, the GMM is compensated using parameters of the statistical model of additive background noise. The GMM means are used to estimate the clean speech features. The GMM imputed values and the noisy signal are combined proportionally to a probabilistic reliability measure to estimate the clean speech. The reliability measure allows us to avoid to use a hard decision threshold to decompose the data into reliable and unreliable features and consequently reduces the risk of missclassification. GMM based technique is less complex than the corresponding HMM based estimation and gives similar improvement in the recognition performance. Once unreliable features are replaced by the estimated clean speech features, the entire set of spectral features is transformed to the MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient) feature domain. The MFCCs which are characterized by a higher baseline recognition rate are used for final recognition using continuous density hidden Markov models (CDHMMs) with diagonal covariance matrices.
Development, testing, and application of quantitative oxygenation imaging from magnetic susceptibility by MRI

The healthy brain consumes 20% of total oxygen used by the body under normal conditions. Continuous oxygen delivery to neural tissue is needed to maintain normal brain function and viability. Reliable measurements of brain oxygenation can provide critical information to diagnose and manage diseases in which this oxygen supply is disturbed, including stroke and tumor. In acute stroke, for instance, metabolic biomarkers such as local oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) have been shown to identify tissue at risk of infarction by positron emission tomography. This knowledge can then be used to identify patients who are candidates for reperfusion therapies or to avoid thrombolytic therapy in futile situations. Unfortunately, there is currently no clinically feasible method for radiologists to assess brain oxygenation in patients. My thesis aims to address this need through development of a clinically viable tool to examine regional OEF in the brain with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have designed a novel imaging and analysis method to quantify oxygenation in cerebral veins. MRI phase images are sensitive to local, oxygenation-dependent magnetic field variations in brain vessels, due to the presence of paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin molecules in venous blood. Our method was developed on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner and tested in 10 healthy volunteers during hypercapnia, i.e. breathing of low levels of C02. This respiratory challenge changes the baseline oxygenation state of the brain, enabling us to test whether our MRI method can detect different levels of OEF in vivo. We also show that OEF is reduced in 23 patients with multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous disease, and relates to their performance on cognitive tasks. Thesis Supervisor: Elfar Adalsteinsson Title: Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science
Acute Cardiovascular and Sympathetic Effects of Nicotine Replacement Therapy

Sympathetic overactivity is implicated in the increased cardiovascular risk of cigarette smokers. Excitatory nicotinic receptors are present on peripheral chemoreceptor cells. Chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies increase ventilation (Ve), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and sympathetic nerve activity to muscle circulation (MSNA) in response to hypoxia. We tested the hypothesis that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) increases MSNA and chemoreceptor sensitivity to hypoxia. Sixteen young healthy smokers were included in the study (8 women). After a randomized and blinded sublingual administration of a 4-mg tablet of nicotine or placebo, we measured minute Ve, HR, mean BP, and MSNA during normoxia and 5 minutes of isocapnic hypoxia. Maximal voluntary end-expiratory apneas were performed at baseline and at the end of the fifth minute of hypoxia. Nicotine increased HR by 7±3 bpm, mean BP by 5±2 mm Hg, and MSNA by 4±1 bursts/min, whereas subjects breathed room air (all P<0.05). During hypoxia, nicotine also raised HR by 8±2 bpm, mean BP by 2±1 mm Hg, and MSNA by 7±2 bursts/min (all P<0.05). Nicotine increased MSNA during the apneas performed in normoxia and hypoxia (P<0.05). Nicotine also raised the product of systolic BP and HR, a marker of cardiac oxygen consumption, during normoxia, hypoxia, and the apneas (P<0.05). Ve, apnea duration, and O2 saturation during hypoxia and the apneas remained unaffected. In conclusion, sympathoexcitatory effects of NRT are not because of an increased chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia. NRT increases myocardial oxygen consumption in periods of reduced oxygen availability.
Reconstruction of a High Dynamic Range and High Resolution Image from a Multisampled Image Sequence

This research proposes a framework for reconstructing an image of high dynamic range and high spatial resolution from a sequence of multi sampled images. In the framework, there are two key issues: robust motion estimation and appropriate measurement discarding for reconstruction. An approach to increase the robustness of motion estimation for a multi sampled image sequence is presented. By extracting the luminance component from each captured image in the sequence, and then enhancing the low intensity regions, conventional motion estimation methods can be applied with good results. The research also presents a novel discarding method of invalid measurements. The proposed spatio-temporal discarding method prevents over- discarding in the case of extreme exposure differences. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
RFID implementation and supply chain alignment:the case of jewellery in the retail industry

Firms cannot be competitive if their information sy stems' strategies are not aligned. The Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) developed by Henderson and Ve nkatraman (1993) considered the strategic alignment as a standalone challenge between a company and its info rmation system. This concern of alignment has not b een empirically extended to the inter-organizational le vel. In this chapter, we raise the question of inter-organizational alignment and follow how companies, embedded in sam e supply chains, adapt their information systems an d organizations to reach their strategic goals toward s their suppliers and customers. We conduct a single case study on a jewellery suppl y chain between a middle-sized retailer and its sup plier, a logistics service provider. The longitudinal description of t he project from 2006 until nowadays highlights who are the main actors and what are their expectations. We also des cribe the transformation of physical processes and information flows as well as the IT infrastructure that support s RFiD.
The Nature of GRB-selected Submillimeter Galaxies: Hot and Young

We present detailed fits of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of four submillimeter galaxies selected by the presence of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) event (GRBs 980703, 000210, 000418, and 010222). These faint ~3 mJy submillimeter emitters at redshift ~1 are characterized by an unusual combination of long- and short-wavelength properties, namely enhanced submillimeter and/or radio emission combined with optical faintness and blue colors. We exclude an active galactic nucleus as the source of long-wavelength emission. From the SED fits, we conclude that the four galaxies are young (ages <2 Gyr), highly star forming (star formation rates ~150 M☉ yr−1), low mass (stellar masses ~1010 M☉), and dusty (dust masses ~3 × 108 M☉). Their high dust temperatures (Td≳ 45 K) indicate that GRB host galaxies are hotter, younger, and less massive counterparts to the submillimeter-selected galaxies detected so far. Future facilities like Herschel, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope SCUBA-2, and ALMA will test this hypothesis, enabling measurement of dust temperatures of fainter GRB-selected galaxies.
Nonadditive Gene Expression in Diploid and Triploid Hybrids of Maize

The molecular basis of hybrid vigor (heterosis) has remained unknown despite the importance of this phenomenon in evolution and in practical breeding programs. To formulate a molecular basis of heterosis, an understanding of gene expression in inbred and hybrid states is needed. In this study, we examined the amount of various transcripts in hybrid and inbred individuals (B73 and Mo17) to determine whether the quantities of specific messenger RNAs were additive or nonadditive in the hybrids. Further, we examined the levels of the same transcripts in hybrid triploid individuals that had received unequal genomic contributions, one haploid genome from one parent and two from the other. If allelic expression were merely the additive value in hybrids from the two parents, the midparent values would be observed. Our study revealed that a substantial number of genes do not exhibit the midparent value of expression in hybrids. Instead, transcript levels in the diploid hybrids correlate negatively with the levels in diploid inbreds. Although transcript levels were clearly nonadditive, transcript levels in triploid hybrids were affected by genomic dosage.
Direct Torque Control and Field Oriented Control of VSIs Fed Three Phase Induction Motor Providing Variable Switching Frequencies

In this control schemes, two control methods along variable switching frequencies are proposed and examined for the paralleled voltage source inverters (VSIs) fed three phase induction motor drive. This control schemes can be applied to high power drive systems where the high frequency modulation index is high. Firstly, DTC is broadly used control method for three phase induction motor providing variable switching frequencies where torque and flux are controlled by using SVPWM method. Hence, along with fast dynamic response of torque control also speed of motor is controlled. Secondly, FOC with pulse width modulation using hysteresis controller under stationary frame are proposed for parallel fed induction motor. While designing these two schemes, the withdrawal of inherent circulating current is also considered. Apart from the advantages of DTC, the output currents of paralleled inverters
Standardizing Slide-Based Assays in Breast Cancer: Hormone Receptors, HER2, and Sentinel Lymph Nodes

Despite the rapid expansion of novel diagnostics designed to personalize breast cancer care, there remain several significant unmet needs for improving the accuracy and reliability of tests that are already in common daily clinical practice. For example, although immunohistochemistry has been the predominant method for measuring estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status for over 15 years, this assay remains unstandardized and there is a widespread concern that inaccuracy in immunohistochemistry technique and interpretation is leading to an unacceptably high error rate in determining the true hormone receptor status. Similarly, there is considerable concern that both false-negative and false-positive result rates for testing for HER2 status are unacceptably high in current clinical practice. This commentary considers a variety of factors, including preanalytic conditions and slide-scoring procedures, and other variables that may be contributing to current testing error rates and why there is a great need for the standardization of these biomarker assay procedures to further enable the highest possible quality of care for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.
An efficient block model for clustering sparse graphs

Models for large, sparse graphs are found in many applications and are an active topic in machine learning research. We develop a new generative model that combines rich block structure and simple, efficient estimation by collapsed Gibbs sampling. Novel in our method is that we may learn the strength of assortative and disassortative mixing schemes of communities. Most earlier approaches, both based on low-dimensional projections and Latent Dirichlet Allocation implicitely rely on one of the two assumptions: some algorithms define similarity based solely on connectedness while others solely on the similarity of the neighborhood, leading to undesired results for example in near-bipartite subgraphs. In our experiments we cluster both small and large graphs, involving real and generated graphs that are known to be hard to partition. Our method outperforms earlier Latent Dirichlet Allocation based models as well as spectral heuristics.