Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Software-Hardware Power Management for Main Memory

Energy is becoming a critical resource to not only small battery-powered devices but also large server systems, where high energy consumption translates to excessive heat dissipation, which, in turn, increases cooling costs and causes servers to become more prone to failure. Main memory is one of the most energy-consuming components in many systems. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel power management technique, in which the system software provides the memory controller with a small amount of information about the current state of the system, which is used by the memory controller to significantly reduce power. Our technique enables the memory controller to more intelligently react to the changing state in the system, and therefore, be able to make more accurate and more aggressive power management decisions. The proposed technique is evaluated against previously-implemented power management techniques running synthetic, SPECjbb2000 [35] and various SPECcpu2000 [36] benchmarks. Using SPEC benchmarks, we are able to show that the cooperative technique consumes 14.2–17.3% less energy than the previously-proposed hardware-only technique, 16.0–25.8% less than the software-only technique, and 71.6– 75.8% less than no power management.
Trained innate immunity as underlying mechanism for the long‐term, nonspecific effects of vaccines

An increasing body of evidence shows that the innate immune system has adaptive characteristics that involve a heterologous memory of past insults. Both experimental models and proof‐of‐principle clinical trials show that innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells, can provide protection against certain infections in vaccination models independently of lymphocytes. This process is regulated through epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells and has been termed “trained immunity. ” It has been hypothesized that induction of trained immunity is responsible for the protective, nonspecific effects induced by vaccines, such as BCG, measles vaccination, and other whole‐microorganism vaccines. In this review, we will present the mechanisms of trained immunity responsible for the long‐lasting effects of vaccines on the innate immune system.
Environmental Predictors of Human West Nile Virus Infections, Colorado

To determine whether environmental surveillance of West Nile virus–positive dead birds, mosquito pools, equines, and sentinel chickens helped predict human cases in metropolitan Denver, Colorado, during 2003, we analyzed human surveillance data and environmental data. Birds successfully predicted the highest proportion of human cases, followed by mosquito pools, and equines.
Unraveling the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes with Proteomics: Present And Future Directions*

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the result of selective destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. T1D is due to a complex interplay between the β-cell, the immune system, and the environment in genetically susceptible individuals. The initiating mechanism(s) behind the development of T1D are largely unknown, and no genes or proteins are specific for most T1D cases. Different pro-apoptotic cytokines, IL-1 β in particular, are present in the islets during β-cell destruction and are able to modulate β-cell function and induce β-cell death. In β-cells exposed to IL-1 β, a race between destructive and protective events are initiated and in susceptible individuals the deleterious events prevail. Proteins are involved in most cellular processes, and it is thus expected that their cumulative expression profile reflects the specific activity of cells. Proteomics may be useful in describing the protein expression profile and thus the diabetic phenotype. Relatively few studies using proteomics technologies to investigate the T1D pathogenesis have been published to date despite the defined target organ, the β-cell. Proteomics has been applied in studies of differentiating β-cells, cytokine exposed islets, dietary manipulated islets, and in transplanted islets. Although that the studies have revealed a complex and detailed picture of the protein expression profiles many functional implications remain to be answered. In conclusion, a rather detailed picture of protein expression in β-cell lines, islets, and transplanted islets both in vitro and in vivo have been described. The data indicate that the β-cell is an active participant in its own destruction during diabetes development. No single protein alone seems to be responsible for the development of diabetes. Rather the cumulative pattern of changes seems to be what favors a transition from dynamic stability in the unperturbed β-cell to dynamic instability and eventually to β-cell destruction.
The Effects of Peripheral Impedance and Inotropic State on the Power Output of the Left Ventricle in Dogs

The power output of the left ventricle as measured by the product of the Fourier components of aortic pressure and aortic flow is linked by definition to the arterial impedance facing the heart as measured by the quotient of these components. Consequently, the use of power measurements to assess ventricular performance can be ambiguous when accompanied by afterload changes. The heart is considered to function normally between two extremes, a constant flow pump, and a constant pressure pump, and two power limits are defined from these. The power limits describe the extent to which impedance changes can affect the power delivered by the left ventricle. Measured power changes that are found to lie outside the two limits can be unambiguously ascribed to changes in inotropic state. The results from preliminary dog experiments designed to test this method are reported. Cardiac sympathetic stimulation and isoprenaline infusion were used to provide a pure inotropic stimulus and a mixture of inotropic and afterload changes, respectively. The technique was able to detect inotropic changes in the heart even in the presence of simultaneous changes in afterload. Eight conventional indices of cardiac performance were monitored for comparison. The extent of their afterload dependence may not be as easily quantified.
Landscape Variation in Tree Species Richness in Northern Iran Forests

Mapping landscape variation in tree species richness (SR) is essential to the long term management and conservation of forest ecosystems. The current study examines the prospect of mapping field assessments of SR in a high-elevation, deciduous forest in northern Iran as a function of 16 biophysical variables representative of the area’s unique physiography, including topography and coastal placement, biophysical environment, and forests. Basic to this study is the development of moderate-resolution biophysical surfaces and associated plot-estimates for 202 permanent sampling plots. The biophysical variables include: (i) three topographic variables generated directly from the area’s digital terrain model; (ii) four ecophysiologically-relevant variables derived from process models or from first principles; and (iii) seven variables of Landsat-8-acquired surface reflectance and two, of surface radiance. With symbolic regression, it was shown that only four of the 16 variables were needed to explain 85% of observed plot-level variation in SR (i.e., wind velocity, surface reflectance of blue light, and topographic wetness indices representative of soil water content), yielding mean-absolute and root-mean-squared error of 0.50 and 0.78, respectively. Overall, localised calculations of wind velocity and surface reflectance of blue light explained about 63% of observed variation in SR, with wind velocity accounting for 51% of that variation. The remaining 22% was explained by linear combinations of soil-water-related topographic indices and associated thresholds. In general, SR and diversity tended to be greatest for plots dominated by Carpinus betulus (involving ≥ 33% of all trees in a plot), than by Fagus orientalis (median difference of one species). This study provides a significant step towards describing landscape variation in SR as a function of modelled and satellite-based information and symbolic regression. Methods in this study are sufficiently general to be applicable to the characterisation of SR in other forested regions of the world, providing plot-scale data are available for model generation.
NeuroAnimator: fast neural network emulation and control of physics-based models

Animation through the numerical simulation of physicsbased graphics models offers unsurpassed realism, but it can be computationally demanding. Likewise, the search for controllers that enable physics-based models to produce desired animations usually entails formidable computational cost. This paper demonstrates the possibility of replacing the numerical simulation and control of dynamic models with a dramatically more efficient alternative. In particular, we propose the NeuroAnimator, a novel approach to creating physically realistic animation that exploits neural networks. NeuroAnimators are automatically trained off-line to emulate physical dynamics through the observation of physicsbased models in action. Depending on the model, its neural network emulator can yield physically realistic animation one or two orders of magnitude faster than conventional numerical simulation. Furthermore, by exploiting the network structure of the NeuroAnimator, we introduce a fast algorithm for learning controllers that enables either physics-based models or their neural network emulators to synthesize motions satisfying prescribed animation goals. We demonstrate NeuroAnimators for a variety of physics-based models. CR Categories: I.3. 7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism—Animation; I.6. 8 [Simulation and Modeling]: Types of Simulation—Animation
Quantitative Electromyography of the Frontalis Muscle

Purpose: Identification of abnormal motor unit potentials (MUP), in particular those caused by myopathic processes, is generally difficult in facial muscles because the MUPs are already low in amplitude and short in duration. Therefore, quantitative measures for the limits of abnormality are needed more frequently for these muscles, especially for the pathological processes predominantly affecting the craniofacial area. In this study, we aimed to determine some quantitative values that may help us to differentiate “myogenic” and “neurogenic” processes in periocular muscles. Methods: The frontalis muscle was examined unilaterally with multi-MUP and interference pattern analyses in 32 normal subjects, 31 patients with different types of myopathy, and 13 patients with facial palsy. Abnormality limits were calculated by using five previously suggested methods, two of which were based on group means and the other three on determining the outlier values. The sensitivity and specificity of multi-MUP and interference pattern parameters in discriminating abnormal findings by using these different methods were analyzed. Results: Statistically significant differences for all MUP parameters, except for the frequency, was found between the groups (P < 0.001). Motor unit potential duration, size index, and amplitude were the most valuable parameters for distinguishing the individual abnormalities. However, their discriminating power was higher for neuropathies than for myopathies. Interference pattern analysis was found not to have any superior sensitivity to MUP analysis. In this study, the outlier analysis that depends on the 5th to 95th percentile limits of the pooled data provided the best power for the discrimination of both neuropathies and myopathies from normal subjects. Conclusion: Multi-MUP analysis seems to be helpful in differentiating the patients with neurogenic and—to a lesser extent—myogenic facial muscle involvement.
Centrality Indices Computation in Dynamic Networks

The article introduces the notion of dynamic indices as centrality measures to analyse how the importance of nodes changes in future time in dynamic networks. In particular, the dynamic closeness, dynamic graph, dynamic stress and dynamic between ness measures are investigated. We develop some algorithms for computing these indices in the dynamic case when the costs are supposed to be integers. Finally, we present some experimental results exploring the algorithms' efficiency and illustrating the variation of the dynamic between ness index for some sample dynamic networks.
The Model of Principal Leadership in Hong Kong Protestant Christian Secondary Schools following the Change of Sovereignty.

Focus of discussion and comments: Using a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology, 9 principals and 16 senior teachers were interviewed to gather their perceptions about the principal’s leadership role, and collect relevant documents. Subsequent analysis and interpretation of data indicated the complexity of the leadership role. Based on research findings and comparison with the literature, the emergent model comprises four broad leadership roles (in italics) which were correspondingly informed by leadership conceptions: (1) Christian leadership⎯administering Christian education; (2) Instructional leadership⎯teaching and learning; (3) Transformational leadership⎯transforming the school community; and (4) Leadership for School-based Management⎯SBM and development. Conclusion: As the principal leadership role was enacted on Christian principles, the discussion of the model and implications drawn may advance school leadership and inform practitioners locally and internationally.
A combined tactical and strategic hierarchical learning framework in multi-agent games

This paper presents a novel approach to modeling a generic cognitive framework in game agents to provide tactical behavior generation as well as strategic decision making in modern multi-agent computer games. The core of our framework consists of two characterization concepts we term as the tactical and strategic personalities, embedded in each game agent. Tactical actions and strategic plans are generated according to the weights defined in their respective personalities. The personalities are constantly improved as the game proceeds by a learning process based on reinforcement learning. Also, the strategies selected at each level of the agents' command hierarchy affect the personalities and hence the decisions of other agents. The learning system improves performance of the game agents in combat and is decoupled from the action selection mechanism to ensure speed. The variability in tactical behavior and decentralized strategic decision making improves realism and increases entertainment value. Our framework is implemented in a real game scenario as an experiment and shown to outperform various scripted opponent team tactics and strategies, as well as one with a randomly varying strategy.
The criminological foundations of penal policy : essays in honour of Roger Hood

PART 1 THE THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESEARCH AND POLICY PART 2 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY AS A BASIS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY PART 3 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND POLICY CHANGE: THREE CASE STUDIES PART 4 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Towards image realism with interactive update rates in complex virtual building environments

Two strategies, pre-computation before display and adaptive refinement during display, are used to combine interactivity with high image quality in a virtual building simulation. Pre-computation is used in two ways. The hidden-surface problem is partially solved by automatically pre-computing potentially visible sets of the model for sets of related viewpoints. Rendering only the potentially visible subset associated with the current viewpoint, rather than the entire model, produces significant speedups on real building models. Solutions for the radiosity lighting model are pre-computed for up to twenty different sets of lights. Linear combinations of these solutions can be manipulated in real time. We use adaptive refinement to trade image realism for interactivity as the situation requires. When the user is stationary we replace a coarse model using few polygons with a more detailed model. Image-level linear interpolation smooths the transition between differing levels of image realism.
The nature of explanation in linguistic theory

Elegant analyses by linguists have been a point of pride since the time of the Neogrammarians. But ever since Chomsky's pioneering work on the goals of linguistic theory, this descriptive emphasis has shifted to focus on explanation. What, the contributors to this volume ask, renders a linguistic account explanatorily adequate? What are the empirical and theoretical trade-offs that come into play when linguists aim for explanation? Renowned scholars weigh in here, offering insightful answers to these questions.
Gic2p May Link Activated Cdc42p to Components Involved in Actin Polarization, Including Bni1p and Bud6p (Aip3p)

ABSTRACT Gic2p is a Cdc42p effector which functions during cytoskeletal organization at bud emergence and in response to pheromones, but it is not understood how Gic2p interacts with the actin cytoskeleton. Here we show that Gic2p displayed multiple genetic interactions with Bni1p, Bud6p (Aip3p), and Spa2p, suggesting that Gic2p may regulate their function in vivo. In support of this idea, Gic2p cofractionated with Bud6p and Spa2p and interacted with Bud6p by coimmunoprecipitation and two-hybrid analysis. Importantly, localization of Bni1p and Bud6p to the incipient bud site was dependent on active Cdc42p and the Gic proteins but did not require an intact actin cytoskeleton. We identified a conserved domain in Gic2p which was necessary for its polarization function but dispensable for binding to Cdc42p-GTP and its localization to the site of polarization. Expression of a mutant Gic2p harboring a single-amino-acid substitution in this domain (Gic2pW23A) interfered with polarized growth in a dominant-negative manner and prevented recruitment of Bni1p and Bud6p to the incipient bud site. We propose that at bud emergence, Gic2p functions as an adaptor which may link activated Cdc42p to components involved in actin organization and polarized growth, including Bni1p, Spa2p, and Bud6p.
Drawing perseveration in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia

The behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) represents a distinct clinical FTD subtype, dominated by progressive deterioration in cognition, personality, and social conduct. Perseverative behavior is a core clinical feature in the proposed diagnostic criteria.1 Two patients with bvFTD exhibited a peculiar form of perseveration, which we named drawing perseveration. During neuropsychometric testing, especially after copying pentagons, they both spontaneously drew animals: a pigeon or a dog (figure). They both used to draw these animals during childhood, but not during adulthood, in contrast to the emergence of artistic talent that can occur in FTD.2
Perceptual foundations of bilingual acquisition in infancy

Infants are prepared by biology to acquire language, but it is the native language(s) they must learn. Over the first weeks and months of life, infants learn about the sounds and sights of their native language, and use that perceptual knowledge to pull out words and bootstrap grammar. In this paper, I review research showing that infants growing up bilingual learn the properties of each of the their two languages simultaneously, while nonetheless keeping them apart. Thus, they use perceptual learning to break into the properties of each of the two native languages. While the fundamental process of language acquisition is the same whether one or two languages are being acquired, cognitive advantages accrue from the task of language separation, and processing costs accrue from the more minimal input received in each of the two languages. I conclude by suggesting that when there are sufficient cues to which language is being used, the cognitive advantages that accrue from language separation enable the bilingual infant to move forward in language acquisition even in the face of processing costs.
ICTNET at Microblog Track TREC 2012

Abstract : There are two search tasksin TREC2012 Microblog Track, namely: Real-time Adhoc and Real-time Filtering. The Tweets2011 corpus is used again and last year s results can be used as first officially labeled data for any participants to train their models. In this year s track, the former task has60 new queries given and the latter is first proposed. In the Real-time Adhoc task, we use indri retrieval toolkit to construct our retrieval system and propose a strategy of pseudo relevance feedback to expand original query, then we retrieved original tweets and their indri s scores as an important feature. Besides, we calculate lots of other features of these tweets, such abouturl, hash_tag, entropy, tfidf, bm25, language model and proximity. At last, we use two learning-to-rank methods, specifically RankSVM and ListNet, to combine all those featuresto sort them, returning the final ranked tweets to a specified query. In the Real-time Filtering task, we assuming this task is similar with the topic tracking in Twitter Stream, we build up two filtering models based on language model and Vector Space Model respectively. Each model is initialized by the start query and its relevant tweets. For each new coming tweet, the model will decide whether it is under the topic. If it is, we update the model to keep up with the development of the topic. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss the preprocessing of Tweets2011 corpus. In Section 3, the main method to rank the search results in Real-time Adhoc task is discussed. In Real-time Filtering task, we describe two filtering models in Section 4. Experiment resultresults areted in Section 5. And in the last section, we draw conclusions about our work.