Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural explanation of the rheology of a colloidal suspension under high dc electric fields.

In this work we describe the electrorheology of suspensions consisting of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) particles dispersed in silicone oil in the presence of large dc electric fields. If an electric field pulse is applied to the systems, it is possible to estimate the time that the electrorheological (ER) fluid takes to reach its final microstructure in the presence of the field. Our results indicate that response times of several seconds are typical, and that this time decreases with the field strength. Conventional shear-rate sweeps indicate the existence of a well-defined dynamic yield stress and a shear-thinning behavior. Interestingly, both the yield stress and the shear-thinning slope alpha [relating the viscosity, eta, and the shear rate, . gamma, as eta=alphagamma(.-b) + eta (infinity)] show a linear dependence on the field strength, E, in disagreement with the E2 dependence often reported. This deviation is associated with changes in the conductivity of the dispersion medium with the field strength. A simple calculation of the interactions present in our ER fluid demonstrates that the ER behavior is entirely controlled by hydrodynamic (proportional to .gamma) and electrical forces (proportional to E). This is confirmed by the collapse of all experimental results in a single master curve when the relative viscosity is plotted against the ratio . gamma/E. Careful attention has been paid in this work to the microstructure of the suspensions in the presence of both shear and electric fields simultaneously: the particles gather themselves on the walls of the electrorheological measurement cell, forming aggregates with cylindrical symmetry, shaped as rings or lamellas of solids. The electric field induced increase in viscosity is the consequence of the balance between two actions: that of the electric field, tending to keep particles together, and that of the shear field, forcing the flow of the liquid phase in the regions between rings or between rings and walls.
A non‐linear sensitivity analysis of cross‐country growth regressions

We extend the sensitivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions of Levine and Renelt (1992) by introducing a semi-parametric formulation of their regression function. Our results differ from theirs in how certain policy variables affect growth rates. We find that distortion variables, such as the standard deviation of gross domestic credit and inflation and real exchange rate distortions, have a robust negative effect on growth.
Additional results on the power of unit root and cointegration tests under threshold processes

Recently researchers have begun to develop methods to detect stationarity or cointegration when the underlying error correction process follows a threshold model. In the context of one type of threshold model, Pippenger and Goering found that the power of unit root or cointegration tests decay substantially under many economically relevant parameterization. However, in a recent article Balke and Fomby conclude that linear tests work 'reasonably well when threshold cointegration is present' and based on these findings propose a modelling methodology under threshold cointegration. This study examines the threshold processes they analysed under a wide range of parameterizations and finds that linear unit root and cointegration tests display relatively low power even under large sample sizes. Hence, contrary to Balke and Fomby linear cointegration tests appear to be an inappropriate test under threshold cointegration.
Estimating the Number of Droplets and Drug Particles Emitted from MDIs

The objective of this paper is to assess the number of drug particles or droplets contained in metered dose inhaler (MDI) aerosols. Equations were developed to estimate this. The number of drug particles was estimated to be as high as about 300 million for QVAR® solution MDIs and as low as 670,000 for Beclovent™ MDIs. The number of particles in MDI aerosols was shown to be highly dependent on the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation, and to a lesser extent the total mass of the aerosol. It was demonstrated that when the number of particles are calculated assuming that the aerosol is monodisperse and using the MMAD as the particle size, the number of particles are significantly underestimated. The number of droplets atomized from HFA-134a MDIs was estimated to range from about 220 million to about 1.1 billion droplets per actuation. For solution MDIs, each of the atomized droplets contains drug and thus the number of drug particles is the same as the number of atomized droplets. However, for suspension MDI formulations many of the droplets do not contain any micronized drug particles and the number of drug particles is much lower than the number of atomized droplets.
Economic Change, Disasters, and Migration: The Historical Case of Manchuria

The migration to Manchuria (Northeast China) from the North China provinces of Hebei and Shandong between 1890 and 1942 was one of the world's largest population movements in the early twentieth century. With an average annual flow of 500,000 people and a total net population transfer of over 8 million, the migration was comparable in size to the westward movement in the United States between 1880 and 1950. ' It was roughly twice as large as the great nineteenth-century emigration from Ireland, and its peak years in the late 1920s and early 1940s rivaled the heaviest flow of European immigration to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century.2 The migration was the labor component of far-reaching changes in economic structure that were set in motion by the introduction of modern transportation forms in China. Railway networks were established in China around the turn of the century, creating for many inland regions the first rapid, inexpensive means of transporting goods to other inland areas and to seaports, which were experiencing a rapid growth in steamship traffic at the same time. Most migrants were drawn by higher-paying jobs in areas where the value of the marginal product of labor in both premodern and modern occupations was increased by the lower cost of modern transportation. The movement was not, however, simply a mass transfer of people from a premodern sector to a modern one. In fact, most migrants found work in Manchuria in premodern occupations, mainly in agriculture. Furthermore, at least 70% of the migrants were unaccompanied men in their 20s and 30s, who left their families only temporarily,3 in effect behaving as long-term commuters, a practice that has been described in other contexts as "circular migration. "4 The majority worked in Manchuria for several years, remitting as much of their earnings as possible to their families, then eventually returned to their
Human resource strategies in post‐WTO China

China's rapid economic growth has presented numerous opportunities and challenges for foreign firms there. As firms have increased their presence in China, their concerns are increasingly focused on implementing successful human resource management (HRM) practices. To shed light on effective HRM for foreign firms in China, we conducted interviews with senior managers, private equity specialists, and management consultants there. Using a framework of human resources deliverables, we propose several keys to successful HRM in China. HRM is crucial for firms' success in post-WTO China, and managing human resources there poses distinctive challenges to commonly held “Western” assumptions about effective HRM. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seatbelt Use Among Drunk Drivers in Different Legislative Settings

type="main" xml:id="ecin12155-abs-0001"> We present evidence from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System that shows increased seatbelt use following the concurrent presence of stricter blood alcohol content thresholds and primarily enforced seatbelt laws. This suggests that inebriated drivers may use their seat belts more judiciously to avoid being identified as a drunk driver by law enforcement. The interactive effect of stricter drunk driving laws and primary seatbelt laws are also shown to be more effective than either law passed in isolation in terms of reducing traffic fatalities . ( JEL K4 , I18)
Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)

MODY is a sub‐type of NIDDM. It is characterized by an early age of onset and autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. These features, and the availability of large multigenerational pedigrees, make MODY useful for genetic studies of diabetes. In the large 5‐generational RW pedigree, MODY is tightly linked to genetic markers on chromosome 20q. Affected subjects in this family show abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism, varying from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to severe diabetes. Approximately 30 % of diabetic subjects become insulin‐requiring, and vascular complications occur. MODY is also linked to the glucokinase gene on chromosome 7p and many different mutations associated with MODY have been identified in this gene. MODY, due to mutations in the glucokinase gene, is a relatively mild form of diabetes with mild fasting hyperglycaemia and IGT in the majority. Clinical investigative studies indicate that the genetic or primary defect in MODY is characterized by deranged and deficient insulin secretion and not by insulin resistance. There are quantitative and qualitative differences in insulin secretory defects which differentiate subjects with MODY due to mutation in the gene on chromosome 20q from those with glucokinase mutations. These differences correlate with the severity of diabetes between these two genetic forms of MODY.
Audit Fees after Remediation of Internal Control Weaknesses

SYNOPSIS: In this study, we examine audit fees for SEC registrants that remediate previously disclosed material weaknesses in internal control. We find that remediating firms have lower audit fees when compared to firms that continue to report material weaknesses in internal control. However, the remediating firms continue to pay, in the year of remediation as well as one and two years subsequent to remediation, a significant audit fee premium compared to firms that have clean Section 404 reports in each of the first four years. Firms that had an adverse Section 404 report only in the first year, but remediated the problems in year two and had clean Section 404 reports in years three and four, pay an audit fee premium of 32 (21) percent in the third (fourth) year when compared to firms that had clean Section 404 reports in each of the first four years. The results, thus, suggest that audit fees are “sticky” for firms that have material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting, and suggest .
Implications of the changing medical profile of a dental school patient population.

Representative adult patient populations seeking treatment at a dental school in 1976 and 1986 were analyzed for the prevalence and the characteristics of medical conditions. Patients' records (N = 3,000) were randomly selected from the examination clinics and reviewed for the presence and types of compromising medical conditions. The results indicated a significant increase in the percentage of dental patients who had medical conditions in 1986 as compared with 1976 (P less than .001), as well as significant changes in the types of medical conditions present. These data indicate an increase in the number of patients with medical problems in the general dental school patient population.
Student and Faculty Perceptions of Behaviors that Constitute Cheating

This research assesses whether faculty members and students consider specific behaviors cheating, and why or why not. This study differs from previous research in that it allows students and faculty to indicate conditions that may influence their opinions regarding the integrity of academic practices. It is imperative that faculty members, advisors, counselors, and staff involved in new student orientation address academic honesty issues with students.
Dynamic spectrum allocation algorithm based on fairness for smart grid communication networks

Communication network is the information channel to ensure the normal operation of system, the fast response of the fault, the efficient use of resources in smart grid. However, the wireless communication environments of the smart grid face much more new challenges in terms of the shortage of spectrum, the efficiency of resource utilization and so on. In this paper, cognitive radio (CR) technology is applied to the communication infrastructure of smart grid. Cognitive smart grid network (CSGN) is proposed to ensure fairness and effectiveness of business transmission. Take serving priority and the total spectrums used of each user into consideration, spectrum allocation algorithm based on fairness are established making some real-time users get the spectrum promptly. Furthermore, binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) is adopted to solve spectrum optimization in CSGN system. Simulation results show that the scheme considering the fairness improve the stability of the communication of smart grid network. The communication system of smart grid can also obtain the high resource utilization within conflict between different users.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the early vein graft.

BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated in the blood vessel wall response to hemodynamic forces. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha activity drives neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) during vein graft arterialization and that anti-TNF-alpha therapy would inhibit NIH. METHODS Rabbits underwent bilateral vein grafting using jugular vein. All distal branches except the occipital artery were unilaterally ligated to create distinct flow environments between the bilateral grafts. Vein grafts were harvested sequentially up to 28 days for TNF-alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) quantitation. In separate experiments, animals received short-term or long-term dosing with pegylated soluble TNF-alpha type I receptor (PEG sTNF-RI) or vehicle. After 14 to 28 days, grafts were analyzed for morphometry, proliferation, apoptosis, and PEG sTNF-RI distribution. RESULTS Quantitative mRNA assay (TaqMan) revealed shear-dependent (P < .001) and time-dependent (P < .001) TNF-alpha expression. TNF-alpha induction was maximal at day 1 and gradually decreased over time, but was persistently elevated even 4 weeks later (P < .001). Low shear (associated with increased NIH) resulted in significantly higher TNF-alpha mRNA expression (P = .03). PEG sTNF-RI was found in high concentrations in the serum and localized to NIH. The high-flow and low-flow vein grafts from treated animals demonstrated similar volumes of NIH compared with controls. PEG-sTNF-RI had only modest impact on vascular wall cell turnover, as reflected by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxy uridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (P = .064) and anti-Ki-67 (P = .12) assays. CONCLUSIONS Placement of a vein into the arterial circulation acutely upregulates TNF-alpha; this expression level correlates with the degree of subsequent NIH. Pharmacologic interruption of this signaling pathway has no significant impact on NIH or wall cellular proliferation/apoptosis, suggesting that early vein graft adaptations can proceed via TNF-alpha-independent mechanisms.
Pre-computed Liquid Spaces with Generative Neural Networks and Optical Flow

Liquids exhibit highly complex, non-linear behavior under changing simulation conditions such as user interactions. We propose a method to map this complex behavior over a parameter range onto a reduced representation based on space-time deformations. In order to represent the complexity of the full space of inputs, we use aligned deformations from optical flow solves, and we leverage the power of generative neural networks to synthesize additional deformations for refinement. We introduce a novel deformation-aware loss function, which enables optimization in the highly non-linear space of multiple deformations. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we showcase the method with several complex examples in two and four dimensions. Our representation makes it possible to generate implicit surfaces of liquids very efficiently, which allows us to very efficiently display the scene from any angle, and to add secondary effects such as particle systems. We have implemented a mobile application with our full pipeline to demonstrate that real-time interaction is possible with our approach.
Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies

Abstract Political corruption poses a serious threat to the stability of developing democracies by eroding the links between citizens and governments. Using data on national levels of corruption (Transparency International 1997 CPI index) and individual opinion (1995-97 World Values Survey), this study finds that Latin Americans are quite aware of the seriousness of corruption in their countries. The ensuing question is whether citizens can connect their views about corruption to appraisals of their authorities and institutions and of democracy more generally. Collectively, the findings suggest that they can, and that the necessary ingredients for accountability are present in Latin America. The possible dark side of mass opinion on corruption is that pervasive misconduct may poison public sentiment toward democratic politics. On this score, the analysis found that this attitude affected only support for specific administrations and institutions.
Genotype-phenotype Correlations of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy When Diagnosed in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.

BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heritable cardiovascular disease and a leading cause of identifiable sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the young. Herein, we sought to determine the genotype-phenotype correlations in a cohort of unrelated, genotyped patients diagnosed with HCM at a young age, as well as to characterize the differences between HCM diagnosed in adulthood and HCM diagnosed at a young age. METHODS AND RESULTS From 1999 to 2011, 1053 unrelated patients diagnosed with HCM were enrolled in research-based genetic testing. The electronic medical record was reviewed to identify those with HCM diagnosed at ≤21 years (N = 137, mean age at diagnosis 13.2 ± 6 years, 64% male). From this cohort of patients recruited from a tertiary care referral center, the genetic test was positive in 71 (52%), which was significantly higher than patients diagnosed >21 years (31%; P < .001). Genotype-positive patients had increased maximum left ventricular wall thickness (24.9 ± 8.0 vs. 21.6 ± 7.4 mm, P = .01) and higher incidence of reverse-curve ventricular septal morphology (71% vs. 40%, P < .001). Unrelated to genotype status, 26/137 patients (19%) experienced significant HCM-related morbidity/mortality including progressive heart failure symptoms in 12, transplantation in 4, and death in 10. CONCLUSIONS Among patients diagnosed with HCM during the first two decades of life, the yield of genetic testing is significantly higher than when diagnosed at later age. While the phenotype of young HCM patients is worse than patients whose HCM is diagnosed at later age, the phenotypes of genotype-positive and genotype-negative young patients were similar. Independent of genotype, nearly 30% of the patients with follow-up in this study had symptom progression, transplant, or death.
Image Restoration By Kriging Interpolation Technique

Image restoration is the art of predicting damaged regions of an image. The manual way of image restoration is a time consuming. Therefore, there must be an automatic digital method for image restoration that recovers the image from the damaged regions. A novel statistical image restoration algorithm based on Kriging interpolation technique was proposed. Kriging technique automatically fills the damaged region in an image using the information available from its surrounding regions in such away that it uses the spatial correlation structure of points inside the kxk block. Kriging has the ability to face the challenge of keeping the structure and texture information as the size of damaged region heighten. Keyword: Restoration, Kriging interpolation, PSNR
Malignant Ectomesenchymoma in the Wrist of a Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Malignant ectomesenchymomas, rare and potentially aggressive tumors, occur in children and exhibit mesenchymal and neuroectodermal components. This report describes the first patient diagnosed with a malignant ectomesenchymoma of the hand. The patient was a 17-month-old male who developed a hypothenar mass on his left hand that was surgically excised. Microscopic evaluation revealed ganglioneuroblastic, rhabdomyosarcomatous, and chondrosarcomatous elements. Following excisional biopsy he was treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, ifosfamide, and etoposide. After 3 courses of chemotherapy the patient had a wide reexcision with no residual tumor. The patient is 4 years from diagnosis, without evidence of disease.
Taiwan multi-factor model construction: equity market neutral strategies application

Purpose - With the development of the modern portfolio theory and the advancement of information technology, the employment of quantitative approaches to practically measure asset risks and returns, and the construction of portfolios (even dynamic portfolios) has become possible and popular. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to construct a multi-factor model for Taiwan stock universe using fundamental technical descriptors and then to apply the equity market neutral investing using multiple-factor models as a tool. Design/methodology/approach - This study constructs a Taiwan equity multi-factor model using cross-sectional fundamental technical approach. Findings - The model involves 28 explanatory factors (including 20 industry factors), and the results of the estimations are satisfactory. The model's explanatory power is 58.6 per cent on average. Furthermore, this multi-factor model is feasible, modulized, dynamic (i.e. modified over time) and updating. Originality/value - The multi-factor model, constructed and utilized in this study, is a useful and feasible tool. It generates important inputs into the applications of building market neutral portfolio.
Formal Feature Interpretation of Hybrid Systems

In current practice a formal analysis of hybrid system models is assertion-based. The work presented here is based on features that look beyond functional correctness toward a quantitative evaluation of behavioral attributes. A feature defines a real-valued evaluation function over a specific set of traces. This paper describes an improved method for the interpretation of features over hybrid automata models. It further demonstrates how satisfiability modulo theory solvers can be used for extracting behavioral traces corresponding to corner cases of a feature. Results are demonstrated on examples from the control and circuit domains.
The Impact of Industry Concentration and Firm Location on Export Propensity and Intensity: An Empirical Analysis of Chinese Manufacturing Firms

Recent export studies have focused on the internal/controllable determinants of export performance. The external/uncontrollable determinants of export performance have received scant research attention. In this study, the authors examine two key external/uncontrollable factors, namely, industry concentration and firm location, in the context of Chinese manufacturing firms. In addition, the authors include several frequently studied factors such as firm size, capital intensity, technology innovation, and industry in the analysis as covariates. On the basis of logistical regression and multiple regression analysis, the authors find that both domestic market concentration and firm location are potent predictors of Chinese firms’ export propensity and export intensity. The authors discuss implications of the findings to expose the reason behind the success of Chinese exporters in international markets.