Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies

The topics of leadership and organizational culture have attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Much of the interest in the two areas is based on explicit and implicit claims that both leadership and culture are linked to organizational performance. However, while the links between leadership and performance and between culture and performance have been examined independently, few studies have investigated the association between the three concepts. This paper examines the nature of this relationship and presents empirical evidence which suggests that the relationship between leadership style and performance is mediated by the form of organizational culture that is present. The paper concludes with a number of implications for theory and practice.
Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units.

BACKGROUND Although sleep deprivation has been shown to impair neurobehavioral performance, few studies have measured its effects on medical errors. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized study comparing the rates of serious medical errors made by interns while they were working according to a traditional schedule with extended (24 hours or more) work shifts every other shift (an "every third night" call schedule) and while they were working according to an intervention schedule that eliminated extended work shifts and reduced the number of hours worked per week. Incidents were identified by means of a multidisciplinary, four-pronged approach that included direct, continuous observation. Two physicians who were unaware of the interns' schedule assignments independently rated each incident. RESULTS During a total of 2203 patient-days involving 634 admissions, interns made 35.9 percent more serious medical errors during the traditional schedule than during the intervention schedule (136.0 vs. 100.1 per 1000 patient-days, P<0.001), including 56.6 percent more nonintercepted serious errors (P<0.001). The total rate of serious errors on the critical care units was 22.0 percent higher during the traditional schedule than during the intervention schedule (193.2 vs. 158.4 per 1000 patient-days, P<0.001). Interns made 20.8 percent more serious medication errors during the traditional schedule than during the intervention schedule (99.7 vs. 82.5 per 1000 patient-days, P=0.03). Interns also made 5.6 times as many serious diagnostic errors during the traditional schedule as during the intervention schedule (18.6 vs. 3.3 per 1000 patient-days, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Interns made substantially more serious medical errors when they worked frequent shifts of 24 hours or more than when they worked shorter shifts. Eliminating extended work shifts and reducing the number of hours interns work per week can reduce serious medical errors in the intensive care unit.
Detecting Framing Effects in Financial Statements

In this study, we address the question of what kinds of cognitive representations auditors use in a situation of potential financial statement fraud. We divide the problem of detecting fraud into two parts: detecting the frame management has constructed to mask the fraud, and detecting the fraud. We examine two ways proposed by Kahneman and Tversky (1986) for detecting a frame: (1) use of multiple representations that provide alternative interpretations of data in the financial statements; and (2) use of a procedure that transforms financial statement data into a standard representation. Twenty-four audit partners served as participants in the study. Each partner conducted a simulation of a concurring partner review. All auditors reviewed four cases in which management had created a misleading description of the company (a frame) and a financial statement fraud The results support Kahneman and Tversky's proposal that frames can be detected by transforming a problem into a standard representation. Auditors who used a standard representation successfully detected management's frame, aggregated the items, and detected fraud on all four cases. Auditors who used a standard representation followed a procedure specified by generally accepted auditing standards (HB: 5130, SAS 47) for aggregating items. Auditors who used multiple representations detected management's frame on all four cases. However, these auditors did not use the aggregation procedure specified by auditing standards and failed to detect the fraud on all four cases.
Inflation Illusion and Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift

This paper examines the cross-sectional implications of the inflation illusion hypothesis for the post-earnings-announcement drift. The inflation illusion hypothesis suggests that stock market investors fail to incorporate inflation in forecasting future earnings growth rates, and this causes firms whose earnings growths are positively (negatively) related to inflation to be undervalued (overvalued). We argue and show that the sensitivity of earnings growth to inflation varies monotonically across stocks sorted on standardized unexpected earnings (SUE) and, consistent with the inflation illusion hypothesis, show that lagged inflation predicts future earnings growth, abnormal returns, and earnings announcement returns of SUE-sorted stocks. Interestingly, controlling for the return predictive ability of inflation weakens the ability of lagged SUE to predict future returns of SUE-sorted stocks.
Family Size, Sex Composition and Children's Education: Ethnic Differentials Over Development in Peninsular Malaysia

This study examines the relationship between family size and educational enrollment in Malaysia during a period of change in socioeconomic conditions and education policies. The study compares two generations of children comprising three ethnic groups and compares between-family and within-family differences. Data were obtained from the 1976 and 1988 Malaysian Family Life Surveys. The 1976 sample differentiates between women who never entered school and who had at least 1 year of schooling. The 1988 sample included those who received under 6 years or over 6 years of schooling. Logistic models were run for each separate generation each ethnic group and each sex. Findings indicate that the older generation had an average of 4.5 years of schooling. The Chinese were the best educated followed by Indians and Malays. Family size in the older generation was slightly positively related to education. There was a significant negative association in the younger generation for Chinese and Indians. Educational attainment was significantly affected by ethnicity parental socioeconomic status place of residence sex and birth cohort. The logistic models of the likelihood of primary and secondary school completion indicate that Malay family size had no effect on any level of education. There was a significant negative relationship of family size among Indians and Chinese on the chances of completing primary school but not secondary school. Sex was a significant predictor of the odds of educational attainment in the younger and older generation particularly among the Chinese where increased numbers of older sisters increased the odds of boys completing primary school. Girls were negatively affected by more younger sisters. Findings suggest that governments play a role in mitigating family-level processes affecting child well-being.
Production of chimaeric bovine embryos and calves by aggregation of inner cell masses with morulae

Bovine inner cell masses (ICMs) were isolated by immunosurgery at day 8 or 10, or by dissection at day 14, and combined with day‐5.5 morulae. Aggregation was obtained between 89%, 62%, and 0% of the day‐5:day‐8, day‐5:day‐10, day‐5:day‐14 composites, respectively. Chromosome analysis of composites potentially carrying the 1/29 translocation as a chromosome marker and temporarily transferred to the bovine uterus for 8 days showed that chimaeric day‐14 embryos can be obtained from day‐5:day‐8 aggregation. The definitive transfer of eight day‐5:day‐8 and 11 day‐5:day‐10 composites resulted in the birth of six and four calves, respectively; five of the six, but none of the four, were chimaeric. The five chimaeras showed mostly the ICM phenotype. The morphological differences between ICMs at different stages of development were examined by electron microscopy and related to the success of the aggregation technique. It is concluded that bovine embryonic cells can regulate for at least 3 days difference in development but not 5 days even though aggregation is still possible.
Lamellar keratoplasty in rabbits using human and rabbit amniotic membrane grafts: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE To compare the behavior of human and rabbit amniotic membrane (AM) grafts in surgically induced corneal thinning in rabbits. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty two NZWR were randomly assigned to two groups of 16 animals each according to AM type (Human AM: group HAM and Rabbit AM: group RAM). PROCEDURE All animals were submitted to right keratectomy at a depth of 0.1 mm using a 5 mm trephine. Animals from HAM group had a button of 5 mm of human AM sutured into the corneal bed with a continuous pattern and 10.0 nylon monofilament suture, while animals from the RAM group had a button of 6 mm diameter of rabbit AM. Four animals in each group were euthanized 2, 7, 15, and 30 days postoperatively. Their corneas were harvested, fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde solution, and stained with haematoxylin-eosin, picrosirius red, and alcian blue for evaluation under light optical microscopy. Microscope images were digitalized and inflammatory cells and stromal blood vessels were counted. RESULTS There were no clinically significant differences between groups, and complete corneal epithelialization was observed in all animals in 30 days. Light optical microscopy revealed AM incorporation and resorption in both groups. However, the number of inflammatory cells and blood vessels was significantly higher in group HAM than in group RAM (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). Clinical responses to human or rabbit AM were similar; however, human AM induced greater inflammatory reaction and stromal neovascularization in the rabbit cornea than in rabbit AM. CONCLUSION These differences may reflect a potential reaction to the xenograft. More studies are needed to further characterize these findings.
The Persistent Impact of Language on Global Operations

In studies of firms' internationalisation, language has tended to be bundled into 'cultural and psychic distance boxes'. In this article, an attempt is made to unbundle the impact of language through (a) an examination of the way in which language influences the pattern of foreign market expansion; and (b) an analysis of how a firm may try to cope with language diversity by adopting a common corporate language. We conclude that attempts to impose a common corporate language may hinder or alter information flows, knowledge transfer, and communication.
Complete Genome Sequence and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Hepatitis B Virus Isolates in Papua, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Each hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and subgenotype is associated with a particular geographic distribution, ethnicity, and anthropological history. Our previous study showed the novel HBV subgenotypes C6 (HBV/C6) and D6 (HBV/D6), based on the S gene sequences of isolates in Papua, Indonesia. The present study investigated the complete genome sequence of 22 strains from Papua and subjected them to molecular evolutionary analysis. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that 9 out of 22 strains were classified as HBV/C6, 3 strains as HBV/D6, and 9 strains as HBV/B3. A particular strain positioned between HBV/B3 and HBV/B5 remained unclassifiable into any known subgenotypes. This strain showed high homology with HBV/C5 from the Philippines in the core region and was thought to have undergone genetic recombination with HBV/C5. Further studies are needed to determine whether this strain belongs to a new subgenotype of HBV/B. Based on the amino acid alignment, HBV/C6 has subgenotype specific variations (G18V and V47M) in the S region. HBV/C6 strains were more closely related in terms of evolutionary distance to strains from the east Asia and Pacific regions than those found in southeast Asia. HBV/D6 strains were most closely related to strains from the Western countries (HBV/D3) rather than those from Asia and Papua New Guinea. In conclusion, we have confirmed by complete sequence analysis that two novel HBV subgenotypes, HBV/C6 and HBV/D6, are prevalent in Papua, Indonesia.
Exploring the back of the steering wheel: text input with hands on the wheel and eyes on the road

Safe interaction with interactive systems in the car requires both hands to be placed on the steering wheel and eyes to be kept on the road. To allow safe text input in the vehicle, we propose the back of the steering wheel as space for interactive text input elements. In the effort to explore this space, we present two design alternatives for text input elements; one has two sliding sensors and the other has three buttons on each side of the wheel. In combination with a head up display and an adapted keyboard layout, these elements allow text input while driving with the eyes on the road an the hands on the wheel. In a first study with end users, we show the potential of the proposed text input approach for future vehicles.
Modelling the Demand for Malaysia's Inbound Tourism

This study estimates the tourism demand model for Malaysia using the Pedroni cointegration approach. Unlike the earlier studies, we incorporate new control variables – pollution, crime rates and educational quality into the tourism demand model for Malaysia. We find that tourist arrivals are sensitive to income, price of tourism, pollution, crime rate and educational quality in Malaysia. Income and educational quality have a positive effect on tourism demand, while increase in the price of tourism, pollution and crime rates will reduce international tourist arrivals to Malaysia. In order to attract international tourists to Malaysia, appropriate tourism marketing policies should be formulated based upon the findings of the present study.
The underlying energy demand trend and seasonality: an application of the structural time series model to energy demand in the UK and Japan

Energy demand is essentially a derived demand dependent upon, not only economic variables (such as income and price), but also on the technical efficiency of the energy using appliances and capital stock. This has been accepted by energy economists for some time. In this thesis, it is argued that in addition energy demand is also affected by the way the appliances are used, changes in consumer tastes and economic structure. Moreover, these effects may be aggregated and defined as the Underlying Energy Demand Trend (UEDT). However, since they are normally unobservable or difficult to measure at the aggregated level, these effects have been implicitly ignored in past energy demand studies. At best, the technical progress aspect has been approximated by a deterministic linear time trend. Similarly, when quarterly data is used, deterministic seasonal dummy variables are commonly employed to capture seasonal variations. Very little attention has been paid to the highly probable situation of evolving seasonal patterns in energy demand. Given this background, this thesis explores the conceptual basis of the VEDT and maintains that it is feasible for it to be positive, negative or zero and likely to change over time. Hence, a flexible and general technique is required to capture these characteristics if they are present. Moreover, if the UEDT is not modelled adequately then the estimated income and price elasticties can be seriously biased. It is also argued that a flexible and general approach is also required for seasonality given the prospect of a changing pattern overtime. The structural time series model which incorporates a stochastic trend and stochastic seasonals is regarded as the optimal methodology in these circumstances. It is shown that this model is very general and encompasses a deterministic trend and/or deterministic seasonals as restricted versions. The structural time series model is therefore applied to energy demand in various sectors and fuels in the UK and Japan using unadjusted quarterl y data 1972q I-I 998q4 or annual data 1965-1999. For all but one of the quarterly and the annual data sets, some form of the stochastic trend is preferred on a whole range of criteria. Moreover, it is found that the VEDTs are highly non-linear and can have phases where they are both negative and positive. Similarly, for all the quarterly data sets, stochastic seasonality is preferred on a whole range of criteria. These results clearly illustrate the importance of using the approach adopted in the thesis when attempting to model energy demand. CONTENTS Page number Abstract List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements Chapter
Dysphagia Associated with Unilateral Vocal Cord Immobility After Cardiovascular Surgery

Objective: Dysphagia associated with unilateral vocal cord immobility (UVCI) has received much less attention than did voice and phonation. The aim of this descriptive study was to evaluate the outcome of dysphagia associated with UVCI. Design: Between June 2006 and September 2009, 69 hospitalized patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery were referred for dysphagia. Video endoscopic evaluation of swallowing was used for the detection of swallowing difficulties. Severity of dysphagia was assessed using the Dysphagia Severity Scale. Results: Among the 69 patients, 31 UVCI patients who underwent video endoscopic evaluation of swallowing at least twice were used for analysis. All patients had severe to mild dysphagia at the first evaluation. Nineteen patients recovered from the UVCI at a mean follow-up of 125 days, whereas 12 had persistent UVCI at a mean follow-up of 216 days. Dysphagia Severity Scale at the first evaluation was not significantly different in both groups. At the last follow-up, the Dysphagia Severity Scale improved considerably without a significant difference in the magnitude of improvement in both groups. In the recovered and persistent UVCI groups, 16 and 7 patients, respectively, resumed their regular diets. Conclusions: Dysphagia associated with UVCI after surgery recovers, irrespective of the functional results of the UVCI.
Retrograde analysis of the cerebellar projections to the posteroventral part of the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus in the macaque monkey

The organization of cerebellothalamic projections was investigated in macaque monkeys using injections of retrograde tracers (cholera toxin B and fluorescent dextrans) in the posteroventral part of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLpv), the main source of thalamic inputs to the primary motor cortex. Injections that filled all of VLpv labeled abundant neurons that were inhomogeneously distributed among many unlabeled cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCbN). Single large pressure injections made in face‐, forelimb‐, or hindlimb‐related portions of VLpv using physiological guidance labeled numerous neurons that were broadly dispersed within a coarse somatotopographic anteroposterior (foot to face) gradient in the dentate and interposed nuclei. Small iontophoretic injections labeled fewer neurons with the same somatotopographic gradient, but strikingly, the labeled neurons in these cases were as broadly dispersed as in cases with large injections. Simultaneous injections of multiple tracers in VLpv (one tracer per somatic region with no overlap between injections) confirmed the general somatotopography but also demonstrated clearly the overlapping distributions and the close intermingling of neurons labeled with different tracers. Significantly, very few neurons (<2%) were double‐labeled. This organizational pattern contrasts with the concept of a segregated “point‐to‐point” somatotopy and instead resembles the complex patterns that have been observed throughout the motor pathway. These data support the idea that muscle synergies are represented anatomically in the DCbN by a general somatotopography in which intermingled neurons and dispersed but selective connections provide the basis for plastic, adaptable movement coordination of different parts of the body. Indexing terms: J. Comp. Neurol. 508:286–314, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tariff Bindings, Unused Protection and Agricultural Trade Liberalisation

Prior quantitative assessments of the effects of agricultural trade liberalisation have assumed that negotiated reductions in bound tariffs translate into corresponding cuts in applied tariff rates. This approach, however, overestimates the actual reduction in applied tariffs and, hence, the benefits of trade liberalisation, since applied rates are often much lower than the tariffs bound in Uruguay Round schedules. This paper uses data on applied and bound tariffs and the GTAP-CGE model to quantify the magnitude of the resulting bias. The findings suggest that the distortion of estimates is particularly pronounced for modest tariff cuts, as well as for countries where the differences between bound and applied rates are substantial. Hence, quantitative policy analysts who aim to inform decision makers on the likely impacts of negotiated tariff cuts should consider the relationship between bound and applied tariff rates in their assessments in order to avoid mistaken advice.
Benefits of Multi-Gas Mitigation: An Application of the Global Trade and Environment Model (GTEM)

To address the problem of human induced climate change effectively, climate policy must embody the principles of economic efficiency, environmental effectiveness and equity. In this paper it is shown that such a climate change policy should include a broad coverage of major greenhouse gases and sources. ABARE’s Global Trade and Environment Model (GTEM) is used to analyse the economic impact of meeting a radiative forcing target using policies that focus on carbon dioxide emissions only and policies that focus on all major greenhouse gases and sources, including land use change and forestry emissions. It is projected that incorporating non-carbon dioxide gases into climate change policy reduces the economic adjustment cost significantly. Broadening the sources of carbon dioxide to include land use change and forestry emissions further reduces the economic adjustment costs.
Democratizing for peace? The effect of democratization on civil conflicts

This paper provides an empirical investigation of the effect of democratization on the risk of civil conflicts. Results for the countries democratizing during the Third Wave suggest that democratization has a negative overall effect on conflicts. Democratization does not affect conflicts for territories, but significantly reduces internal civil conflict over the control of the government. The effect sets in after democratization and appears to be persistent. The democratization scenario in terms of violence during the transition has an effect on subsequent conflict for government. Countries with a violent transition to democracy experience shorter spells of peace than countries with a peaceful transition to democracy. Similar findings emerge for the occurrence of coups.