Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Perspectives on Computational Complexity: Exploring the P vs. NP Problem

The resolution of the P vs. NP problem, a cornerstone in computational theory, remains elusive despite extensive exploration through mathematical logic and algorithmic theory. This paper takes a novel approach by integrating information theory, thermodynamics, and computational complexity, offering a comprehensive landscape of interdisciplinary study. We focus on entropy, a concept traditionally linked with uncertainty and disorder, and reinterpret it to assess the complexity of computational problems. Our research presents a structured framework for establishing entropy profiles within computational tasks, enabling a clear distinction between P and NP-classified problems. This framework quantifies the 'information cost' associated with these problem categories, highlighting their intrinsic computational complexity. We introduce Entropy-Driven Annealing (EDA) as a new method to decipher the energy landscapes of computational problems, focusing on the unique characteristics of NP problems. This method proposes a differential thermodynamic profile for NP problems in contrast to P problems and explores potential thermodynamic routes for finding polynomial-time solutions to NP challenges. Our introduction of EDA and its application to complex computational problems like the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) and protein-DNA complexes suggests a potential pathway toward unraveling the intricacies of the P vs. NP problem.
A North–South Dipole Response of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone During the Mid‐Holocene

The South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) profoundly modulates precipitation from central to southeastern Brazil in the present‐day climate. However, the understanding of its long‐term behavior responding to various climate forcings remains limited. Here, we use an isotope‐enabled atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM4.6) to examine the precipitation response of the SACZ during the mid‐Holocene about six thousand years ago. The model simulates a northward intensification of the SACZ in the mid‐Holocene, resulting in a dipole anomaly pattern relative to today's climate. The mid‐Holocene precipitation increased along the northern margin of the SACZ due to the strengthening of easterly winds across the tropical Atlantic, while an eastward deflection of the South American low‐level jet reduced moisture transport to southern Brazil, resulting in reduced precipitation along the southern margins of the SACZ. The north–south dipole response in precipitation is consistent with the mid‐Holocene hydroclimate change observed in proxy records from the region.
A zircon perspective on magma dynamics leading to porphyry copper deposit formation

equilibration during the prolonged cooling of the Bushveld Complex, controlled by diffusion rates and local partitioning between adjacent minerals. By analogy, texturally mature cumulates in any layered intrusion are likely to be chemically re-equilibrated as well. This has important implications for which elements to use in the exploration of magmatic ore deposits as subsolidus equilibration obscures primary igneous processes.
Examining the Relationship and Prognostic Significance of Cell-Free DNA Levels and the PSMA-Positive Tumor Volume in Men with Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective–Prospective [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT Study

Visual Abstract Functional imaging with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands has emerged as the standard imaging method for prostate cancer (PCA). In parallel, the analysis of blood-derived, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been shown to be a promising quantitative biomarker of PCA aggressiveness and patient outcome. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship and prognostic value of cfDNA concentrations and the PSMA-positive tumor volume (PSMA-TV) in men with PCA undergoing [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT imaging. Methods: We recruited 148 men with histologically proven PCA (mean age, 70.7 ± 7.7 y) who underwent [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (184.9 ± 18.9 MBq) and blood sampling between March 2019 and August 2021. Among these, 74 (50.0%) had hormone-sensitive PCA and 74 (50.0%) had castration-resistant PCA (CRPC). All patients provided written informed consent before blood sample collection and imaging. The cfDNA was extracted and quantified, and PSMA-expressing tumor lesions were delineated to extract the PSMA-TVs. The Spearman coefficient assessed correlations between PSMA-TV and cfDNA concentrations and cfDNA’s relation with clinical parameters. The Kruskal–Wallis test examined the mean cfDNA concentration differences based on PSMA-TV quartiles for significantly correlated patient groups. Log-rank and multivariate Cox regression analyses evaluated the prognostic significance of high and low cfDNA and PSMA-TV levels for overall survival. Results: Weak positive correlations were found between cfDNA concentration and PSMA-TV in the overall group (r = 0.16, P = 0.049) and the CRPC group (r = 0.31, P = 0.007) but not in hormone-sensitive PCA patients (r = −0.024, P = 0.837). In the CRPC cohort, cfDNA concentrations significantly differed between PSMA-TV quartiles 4 and 1 (P = 0.002) and between quartiles 4 and 2 (P = 0.016). Survival outcomes were associated with PSMA-TV (P < 0.0001, P = 0.004) but not cfDNA (P = 0.174, P = 0.12), as per the log-rank and Cox regression analysis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cfDNA might serve as a biomarker of advanced, aggressive CRPC but does not reliably reflect total tumor burden or prognosis. In comparison, [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT provides a highly granular and prognostic assessment of tumor burden across the spectrum of PCA disease progression.
Thermoneutral Housing Enables Studies of Vertical Transmission of Obesogenic Diet-Driven Metabolic Diseases

Vertical transmission of obesity is a critical contributor to the unabated obesity pandemic and the associated surge in metabolic diseases. Existing experimental models insufficiently recapitulate “human-like” obesity phenotypes, limiting the discovery of how severe obesity in pregnancy instructs vertical transmission of obesity. Here, via utility of thermoneutral housing and obesogenic diet feeding coupled to syngeneic mating of WT obese female and lean male mice on a C57BL/6 background, we present a tractable, more “human-like” approach to specifically investigate how maternal obesity contributes to offspring health. Using this model, we found that maternal obesity decreased neonatal survival, increased offspring adiposity, and accelerated offspring predisposition to obesity and metabolic disease. We also show that severe maternal obesity was sufficient to skew offspring microbiome and create a proinflammatory gestational environment that correlated with inflammatory changes in the offspring in utero and adulthood. Analysis of a human birth cohort study of mothers with and without obesity and their infants was consistent with mouse study findings of maternal inflammation and offspring weight gain propensity. Together, our results show that dietary induction of obesity in female mice coupled to thermoneutral housing can be used for future mechanistic interrogations of obesity and metabolic disease in pregnancy and vertical transmission of pathogenic traits.
Assessing the Efficacy of Improved Learning in Hourly Global Irradiance Prediction

Increasing global energy consumption has become an urgent problem as natural energy sources such as oil, gas, and uranium are rapidly running out. Research into renewable energy sources such as solar energy is being pursued to counter this. Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, as it has the potential to meet the world’s energy needs indefinitely. This study aims to develop and evaluate artificial intelligence (AI) models for predicting hourly global irradiation. The hyperparameters were optimized using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton training algorithm and STATISTICA software. Data from two stations in Algeria with different climatic zones were used to develop the model. Various error measurements were used to determine the accuracy of the prediction models, including the correlation coefficient, the mean absolute error, and the root mean square error (RMSE). The optimal support vector machine (SVM) model showed exceptional
Vitamin Supplementation and Urinary Tract Infection in Children: A Narrative Review

: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent infections among pediatric patients, making them a very common type of infection. Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of vitamin supplements as supplementary therapies. However, the existing research in this field appears to be fragmented and lacking coherence. Thus, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of vitamin supplements' role in UTI treatment. We reviewed articles in PubMed and Google Scholar from 1950 to 2022. Vitamins C, E, and A have shown promising results as adjuvant therapies in UTI.
Factors Affecting The Measurement of Intermediation Margin in Islamic Banks in Indonesia

Main Purpose - The purpose of this study is to empirically assess the main factors that affect the bank margin of Islamic operations in Indonesia.Method - Hypothesis testing and data analysis used the Structural Equation Model - Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS. The research sample was conducted on 10 Islamic banks that have a dual banking system in Indonesia.Main Findings - The results of the study proved that the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) had a positive and significant effect on the Net Intermediation Margin (NIM) and the size of the bank had a positive and significant effect on the Net Intermediation Margin (NIM). Meanwhile, Non-Performing Financing (NPF) and Operating Expenses of Operating Income (BOPO) had no effect on the net intermediation margin (NIM) in Islamic Banks.Theory and Practical Implications - The significant impact of the CAR and the size of the bank showed that there was an analysis of capital policy and product diversification on the bank. The high level of margin in Islamic banks can be an obstacle for Islamic banks to pursue the development process, therefore, there is a need for improvement in terms of liability, asset side, and operational side of the Bank in order to reduce NIM in Sharia Banks. Novelty - This research used BI rate and inflation as control variables in contrast to other studies that included BI Rate and inflation as independent variables.
Genomic regions involved in the control of 1,000-kernel weight in wild relative-derived populations of durum wheat

Terminal drought is one of the most common and devastating climatic stress factors affecting durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) production worldwide. The wild relatives of this crop are deemed a vast potential source of useful alleles to adapt to this stress. A nested association mapping (NAM) panel was generated using as a recurrent parent the Moroccan variety ‘Nachit’ derived from Triticum dicoccoides and known for its large grain size. This was recombined to three top-performing lines derived from T. dicoccoides, T. araraticum, and Aegilops speltoides, for a total of 426 inbred progenies. This NAM was evaluated across eight environments (Syria, Lebanon, and Morocco) experiencing different degrees of terminal moisture stress over two crop seasons. Our results showed that drought stress caused on average 41% loss in yield and that 1,000-kernel weight (TKW) was the most important trait for adaptation to it. Genotyping with the 25K TraitGenetics array resulted in a consensus map of 1,678 polymorphic SNPs, spanning 1,723 cM aligned to the reference ‘Svevo’ genome assembly. Kinship distinguished the progenies in three clades matching the parent of origin. A total of 18 stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified as controlling various traits but independent from flowering time. The most significant genomic regions were named Q.ICD. NAM-04, Q.ICD. NAM-14, and Q.ICD. NAM-16. Allelic investigation in a second germplasm panel confirmed that carrying the positive allele at all three loci produced an average TKW advantage of 25.6% when field-tested under drought conditions. The underlying SNPs were converted to Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers and successfully validated in a third germplasm set, where they explained up to 19% of phenotypic variation for TKW under moisture stress. These findings confirm the identification of critical loci for drought adaptation derived from wild relatives that can now be readily exploited via molecular breeding.
Application of Slepian theory for improving the accuracy of SH‐based global ionosphere models in the Arctic region

Due to significant energy resources in polar regions, they have emerged as strategic parts of the world. Consequently, various researches have been funded in order to study these areas in further details. This research intends to improve the accuracy of spherical harmonic (SH)‐based Global Ionospheric Models (GIMs) by reconstructing a new map of ionosphere in the Arctic region. For this purpose, the spatiospectral concentration is applied to optimize the base functions. It is carried out using the Slepian theory which was developed by Simons. Here the new base functions and the corresponding coefficients are derived from the SH models for the polar regions. Then, VTEC (vertical total electron content) is reconstructed using Slepian functions and the new coefficients. Reconstructed VTECs and the VTECs derived from SH models are compared to the estimates of this parameter, which are directly derived from dual‐frequency GPS measurements. Three International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service stations located in the northern polar region have been used for this purpose. The starting and ending day of year of adopted GPS data are 69 and 83, respectively, (totally 15 successive days) of the year 2013. According to the obtained results, on average, application of Slepian theory can improve accuracy of the GIM by 1 to 2 total electron content unit (TECU) (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) in the Arctic region.
A Statistical Interpolation of Satellite Data with Rain Gauge Data over Papua New Guinea

Satellites provide a useful way of estimating rainfall where the availability of in situ data is low but their indirect nature of estimation means there can be substantial biases. Consequently, the assimilation of in situ data is an important step in improving the accuracy of the satellite rainfall analysis. The effectiveness of this step varies with gauge density, and this study investigated the effectiveness of statistical interpolation (SI), also known as optimal interpolation (OI), on a monthly time scale when gauge density is extremely low using Papua New Guinea (PNG) as a study region. The topography of the region presented an additional challenge to the algorithm. An open-source implementation of SI was developed on Python 3 and confirmed to be consistent with an existing implementation, addressing a lack of open-source implementation for this classical algorithm. The effectiveness of the analysis produced by this algorithm was then compared to the pure satellite analysis over PNG from 2001 to 2014. When performance over the entire study domain was considered, the improvement from using SI was close to imperceptible because of the small number of stations available for assimilation and the small radius of influence of each station (imposed by the topography present in the domain). However, there was still value in using OI as performance around each of the stations was noticeably improved, with the error consistently being reduced along with a general increase in the correlation metric. Furthermore, in an operational context, the use of OI provides an important function of ensuring consistency between in situ data and the gridded analysis. The blending of satellite and gauge rainfall data through a process known as statistical interpolation (SI) is known to be capable of producing a more accurate dataset that facilitates better estimation of rainfall. However, the performance of this algorithm over a domain such as Papua New Guinea, where gauge density is extremely low, is not often explored. This study reveals that, although an improvement over the entire Papua New Guinea domain was slight, the algorithm is still valuable as there was a consistent improvement around the stations. Additionally, an adaptable and open-source version of the algorithm is provided, allowing users to blend their own satellite and gauge data and create better geospatial datasets for their own purposes.
Numerical analysis of residual pore water pressure development and evaluation of liquefaction potential of seabed under wave loading

In order to clarify the mechanism of wave induced liquefaction of seabed,numerical analysis based on elastic theory is carried out to evaluate dynamic response of seabed under wave loading.The empirical pattern of pore pressure generation of sand under undrained cyclic shearing is incorporated with Biot's coupling equations which governing vibration and consolidation coupling effects of seabed.A numerical procedure based on FEM is developed to assess the residual pore pressure.The criterion for assessment of liquefaction triggering proposed by Zen and Yamazaki is revised and then the revised criterion is employed to predict the liquefaction potential of the seabed on the basis of computed pore pressure.
Tachaea spongillicola (Cymothoida: Corallanidae) from West Bengal, India

The isopod Tachaea spongillicola (Corallanidae) was described by Stebbing (1907) from the freshwater sponge Eunapius carteri (formerly Spongilla carteri) at the Indian Museum Tank, Kolkata, India. Since then, this species did not appear in literature for nearly hundred years. In 2003, Mariappan et al. reported this isopod from three locations along the course of the Cauvery River near Tiruchirapalli, India. They found this species to occur on three species of prawns. However, during a recent survey at Burdwan (on 18 December 2012), the first author collected six specimens of this species (Registration Number ZSI C 6007/2) on the prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei from Damodar River at Kathgolaghat near Polempur (~2 km SE of Burdwan Town). The size of the isopod specimens varied between 7.6–8.0mm and 2.6–3.5mm. The specimens were found to fully match with the description of Stebbing (1907). Thus this endemic species is here recorded after 106 years from West Bengal.
Rare A360T Mutation Alters GSK3β(Ser9) Binding in the Cytosolic Loop of Presenilin 1, Influencing β-Catenin Nuclear Localization and Pro-Death Gene Expression in Alzheimer’s Disease Case

Presenilin 1 (PS1) forms, via its large cytosolic loop, a trimeric complex with N-cadherin and β-catenin, which is a key component of Wnt signaling. PS1 undergoes phosphorylation at 353 and 357 serines upon enhanced activity and elevated levels of the GSK3β isoform. PS1 mutations surrounding these serines may alter the stability of the β-catenin complex. Such mutations are found in some cases of familial early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (fEOAD), but their functional impact remains obscure. One of such variants of PS1, the A360T substitution, is located close to GSK3β-targeted serine residues. This variant was recently demonstrated in the French population, but more detail is needed to understand its biological effects. To assess the significance of this variant, we employed functional studies using a fibroblast cell line from an Alzheimer’s disease case (a female proband) carrying the A360T mutation. Based on functional transcriptomic, cellular, and biochemical assays, we demonstrated atypically impaired β-catenin/GSK3β signaling in the A360T patient’s fibroblasts. In detail, this was characterized by a decreased level of active cytosolic β-catenin and bound by PS1, an increased level of nuclear β-catenin, an increased level of inhibited GSK3β phosphorylated on Ser9, and enhanced interaction of GSK3β(Ser9) with PS1. Based on the transcriptomic profile of the A360T fibroblasts, we proposed a dysregulated transcriptional activity of β-catenin, exemplified by increased expression of various cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins, such as cyclin D1, potentially inducing neurons’ cell cycle re-entry followed by apoptosis. The A360T cells did not exhibit significant amyloid pathology. Therefore, cell death in this PS1 cytosolic loop mutation may be attributed to impaired β-catenin/GSK3β signaling rather than amyloid deposition per se. We further estimated the biological and clinical relevance of the A360T variant by whole exome sequencing (WES). WES was performed on DNA from the blood of an A360T female proband, as well as an unrelated male patient carrying the A360T mutation and his mutation-free daughter (both unavailable for the derivation of the fibroblast cell lines). WES confirmed the highest-priority AD causality of the A360T variant in PS1 and also profiled the pathways and processes involved in the A360T case, highlighting the greatest importance of altered Wnt signaling.
Lipopolysaccharide Impedes Bone Repair in FcγRIIB-Deficient Mice

Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of skeletal disorders in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Activation of the host immune response stimulates osteoclast activity, which in turn leads to bone loss. Regenerating bone in the inflammatory microenvironments of SLE patients with critical bone defects remains a great challenge. In this study, we utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to imitate locally and systemically pathogenic bacterial infection and examined the bone regeneration performance of LPS-associated mandibular and tibial bone regeneration impairment in FcγRIIB−/− mice. Our results indicated that a loss of FcγRIIB alleviates bone regeneration in both mandibles and tibiae. After LPS induction, FcγRIIB−/− mice were susceptible to impaired fracture healing in tibial and mandibular bones. LPS decreased the mineralization to collagen ratio in FcγRIIB−/− mice, indicating a mineralization defect during bone repair. An osteoblast-associated gene (Col1a1) was attenuated in FcγRIIB-deficient mice, whereas Bglap, Hhip, and Creb5 were further downregulated with LPS treatment in FcγRIIB−/− mice compared to FcγRIIB−/− mice. Alpl and Bglap expression was dcreased in osteoblasts derived from bone chips. An osteoclast-associated gene, Tnfsf11/Tnfrsf11 ratio, ewas increased in LPS-induced FcγRIIB−/− mice and in vitro. Furthermore, systemic LPS was relatively potent in stimulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in FcγRIIB−/− mice compared to FcγRIIB−/− mice. The levels of TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-1α, and IL-17A were increased, whereas IL-10 and IL-23 were decreased in FcγRIIB−/− mice treated locally with LPS. These findings suggest that both local and systemic LPS burden can exacerbate bone regeneration impairment, delay mineralization and skeletal repair, and induce inflammation in SLE patients.