Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface-consistent phase decomposition in the log/Fourier domain

In the log/Fourier domain, decomposing the amplitude spectra of seismic data into surface‐consistent terms is a linear problem that can be solved, very efficiently, one frequency at a time. However, the nonunique definition of the complex logarithm makes it much more difficult to decompose the phase spectra. The instability of phase unwrapping has previously prevented any attempt to decompose phase spectra in the log/Fourier domain. We develop a fast and robust partial unwrapping algorithm, which makes it possible to efficiently decompose the phase spectra of normal moveout‐corrected (NMO‐) data into surface‐consistent terms, in the log/Fourier domain. The dual recovery of amplitude and phase spectra yields a surface‐consistent deconvolution technique where only the average reflectivity is assumed to be white, and only the average wavelet is required to be minimum‐phase. Each individual deconvolution operator may be mixed‐phase, depending on its estimated phase spectra. For example, surface‐consistent tim.
Camshift Object Tracking Algorithm Based on Inter-frame Difference and Motion Prediction

To enhance Camshift algorithm on the adaptability of high-speed object,complex background and covering,an improved algorithm combining inter-frame difference and motion prediction is proposed. First,before calculating back-projection image,the color information is associated with the motion information gained from inter-frame difference to eliminate color noise and automatically initialize tracking. Second,in order to make the algorithm applicable with high-speed object,position of target is predicted and searching window is updated according to tracking state. Experimental results prove that the improved algorithm is robust to high-speed target,covering and color noises.
Estimation of Liquid Level in a Harsh Environment Using Chaotic Observer

The increased demand for liquid level measurement has been a key factor in designing accurate and reliable control systems. Here, a study was carried out to calculate the liquid level in a tank using a pressure sensor for changes in inlet liquid parameters like temperature, density and velocity. Prediction of their variables for the long term is essential due to the randomness present in the input and measurement. Hence, observer design for state estimation of a non-linear dynamic system with uncertainties in the measurement and process becomes important. This work provides a feedback observer solution for a system with multiple inputs and single measurable output. A full state observer model is developed to estimate a system’s states with a sensor placed at a definite position from the pipe’s input point through which the liquid flows at different densities and temperatures. Using the observability properties, Luenberger full state observer is designed by various methods, verified using MATLAB and SIMULINK for the system state estimation. To incorporate process noise and measurement noise, the Kalman estimator is integrated with the system. Chaotic systems are susceptible to initial conditions, variations in parameters and are complex dynamic systems. However, providing consistently precise measurements through particular meters necessitates time-consuming computations that can be reduced by employing machine learning approaches that make use of optimizers. The results obtained are compared with the prediction models obtained using Artificial Neural Networks and are validated through the readings obtained from the experimental setup.
Economic and Political Risk Aversions to Illicit Financial Flows: A Rethink of the Portfolio Choice Factors

The study examines the long-term causal relationship between public debt, governance quality, and illicit financial flows in sub-Saharan Africa. Annual time series data were gathered from the World Bank Governance Indicators, International Monetary Fund Economic Outlook, and Global Financial Integrity from 2005 to 2014. The approach adopted in the study is in the tradition of the portfolio choice framework of tax evasion, rooted in the investment theory of capital flight. The study finds that there is a negative and statistically significant long-run relationship between governance quality and illicit financial flows. The results also show a negative and statistically insignificant relationship between public debt and illicit financial flows. The findings suggest that weak institutional oversight, poor regulatory quality, corruption, and political crises are important determinants of illicit financial outflows in the region. It concludes that governments need to improve the transparency of financial transactions, including the beneficial ownership of corporate structures and tax information. The results also indicate the need to strengthen institutions such as customs, anti-corruption, and other law enforcement agencies to detect intentional trade misinvoicing as tax evaders exploit loopholes in tax administration peculiar to developing countries. The study is timely as resources are critically needed to rebuild economies in view of the global COVID-19 outbreak and its deleterious effects on low-income countries. The study is also relevant for policymakers as it presents pointers to the factors that proliferate illicit capital outflows from the region.
The Relationship Between African Easterly Waves and Tropical Cyclones in Historical and Future Climates in the HighResMIP‐PRIMAVERA Simulations

The deadly and destructive nature of tropical cyclones (TCs) makes understanding their response to future climate change of the utmost importance. TC genesis hinges on multiple factors, including an initial disturbance. African easterly waves (AEWs) have been shown to serve as such disturbances for TCs developing in the North Atlantic. It is therefore crucial to understand the relationship between AEWs and TCs and how this relationship may be affected by climate change. In this study, we examine the AEW‐TC relationship in historical and future climates using three models from the HighResMIP PRIMAVERA simulations. The AEWs and TCs were tracked in the model data using objective tracking algorithms, and AEW and TC tracks were then matched together if they were close to each other in space and time. The strength of the AEWs was measured using the eddy kinetic energy and the curvature vorticity of the waves. TC strength and intensity were measured using potential intensity and lifetime maximum 10 m windspeed. We found that future changes in the frequency of AEWs are not a good indicator of future TC activity. However, AEW strength, as well as environmental conditions conducive to strong TCs, are good indicators of AEWs that develop into TCs in both historical and future climates.
THE SPECTURM OF He$sup 3$ I

Helium isotope shift measurements previously reported have been extended and the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ hyperfine structure partially resolved. The hfs of the $^{3}S$ levels is inverted, indicating a negative nuclear magnetic moment as expected. The splitting of the $2^{3}S$ level is 0.221\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, while higher $^{3}S$ levels have a splitting of about 0.216 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, agreeing exactly with the expected values. The observed hfs agrees very well with that calculated by taking into account the perturbations of neighboring fine structure levels. The stronger hfs components of transitions to the $^{3}P$ and $^{3}D$ levels are not resolved, but the structure must be considered in evaluating the isotope shifts. By including contributions from reduced mass and coupling effects, it is found that the predicted and observed shifts differ by \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the sense that the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ $^{3}S$ and $^{3}D$ terms are higher and the $^{1}S$ and $^{1}D$ terms lower than expected, with respect to the $^{3}P$ and $^{1}P$ levels. The differences for $S$ levels show an approximately linear decrease with term value $T$ of $\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}T$. In addition, the trend of the differences for successive $D$ series members indicates an increase in the repulsion of the $^{3}D$ and $^{1}D$ terms near the crossing at $n=8$ owing to the fact that the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ $^{3}D$ his is larger than the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ $^{3}D$ fine structure. The results suggest that the Hughes-Eckart coupling terms for the $2^{3}P$ and $2^{1}P$ levels are too low, by about 12 and 20 percent, respectively, when calculated with one-electron wave functions.
Bit Position based Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of DCT an d Spatial Domain Stegnography

This paper statistically analyze the effect of each bit position on Steg o Image and its contribution towards signal to noise ratio (SNR) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) in Image Stegnography using Discrete Cosine Transform. To statistically analyze SNR and PSNR the information is hidden in each least significant bit position of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients one by one and SNR and PSNR are calculated for each bit position of DCT coefficients. A comparison with the effect of each bit position on Stego Image and its contribution towards signal to noise ratio (SNR) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of Spatial domain Image Stegnography is also made and presented.
Evolution of Solar Eruptive Events: Investigating the Relationships among Magnetic Reconnection, Flare Energy Release, and Coronal Mass Ejections

We study the evolution of solar eruptive events by investigating the temporal relationships among magnetic reconnection, flare energy release, and the acceleration of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Leveraging the optimal viewing geometry of the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) relative to the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) during 2010–2013, we identify 12 events with sufficient spatial and temporal coverage for a detailed examination. STEREO and SDO data are used to measure the CME kinematics and the reconnection rate, respectively, and hard X-ray (HXR) measurements from RHESSI provide a signature of the flare energy release. This analysis expands upon previous solar eruptive event timing studies by examining the fast-varying features, or “bursts,” in the HXR and reconnection rate profiles, which represent episodes of energy release. Through a time lag correlation analysis, we find that HXR bursts occur throughout the main CME acceleration phase for most events, with the HXR bursts lagging the acceleration by 2 ± 9 minutes for fast CMEs. Additionally, we identify a nearly one-to-one correspondence between bursts in the HXR and reconnection rate profiles, with HXRs lagging the reconnection rate by 1.4 ± 2.8 minutes. The studied events fall into two categories: events with a single dominant HXR burst and events with a train of multiple HXR bursts. Events with multiple HXR bursts, indicative of intermittent reconnection and/or particle acceleration, are found to correspond with faster CMEs.
Mutation Research/Genetic

In this study, we aimed to make a comparison between chromosomal effects caused by conventional phototherapy and intensive phototherapy in jaundiced newborns. The study group included 83 newborns with gestation age of ≥ 35 weeks, and on days 3–10 after birth. Newborns were divided into four groups on the basis of total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels upon admission and need for phototherapy. The intensive group ( n =19) consisted of newborns who received light-emitting diode (LED) photother- apy, the conventional group ( n =23) consisted of newborns who received conventional phototherapy, the jaundicedcontrolgroup( n =21)consistedofnewbornswhoseTSBlevelswerehigherthan10mg/dL(aver- age=13.7 ± 1.5mg/dL)onadmissionandwhodidnotreceivephototherapy,andthenon-jaundicedcontrol
The effect of the solar wind on CME triggering by magnetic foot point shearing

Context. Photospheric motions and a sheared configuration of the magnetic field are often considered as precursors of violent solar phenomena such as flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). Therefore, in many numerical CME initiation studies shearing of the magnetic foot points is used as a mechanism to make the magnetic field unstable and to trigger the CME event. Aims. From that point of view we decided to do a parameter study that investigates the effect of the different initiation parameters, in particular the effect of the shear flow velocity. Moreover, the simulations were performed on three different background solar wind models. In this way, both effects of the background wind and the initiation parameters on the CME evolution are quantified. Methods. The results are obtained by means of a finite volume, explicit solver to advance the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. All simulations involve the same numerical grid, the same numerical technique and similar boundary conditions, so that the results can be compared in an unequivocal way. Results. The foot points of the magnetic field lines are sheared by introducing an extra longitudinal flow profile on the solar surface with a maximum velocity ranging from 3 km s -1 to 9 km s -1 . The temporal evolution of the magnetic energy, the velocity of the flux rope, and the magnetic helicity show a dependence on the maximum shear velocity as well as on the background wind model.
InSCIt: Information-Seeking Conversations with Mixed-Initiative Interactions

In an information-seeking conversation, a user may ask questions that are under-specified or unanswerable. An ideal agent would interact by initiating different response types according to the available knowledge sources. However, most current studies either fail to or artificially incorporate such agent-side initiative. This work presents InSCIt, a dataset for Information-Seeking Conversations with mixed-initiative Interactions. It contains 4.7K user-agent turns from 805 human-human conversations where the agent searches over Wikipedia and either directly answers, asks for clarification, or provides relevant information to address user queries. The data supports two subtasks, evidence passage identification and response generation, as well as a human evaluation protocol to assess model performance. We report results of two systems based on state-of-the-art models of conversational knowledge identification and open-domain question answering. Both systems significantly underperform humans, suggesting ample room for improvement in future studies.1
New modulator for far‐infrared light: Integrated mirror optical switch

We report on the first prototype IMOS (integrated mirror optical switch), FIR (far‐infrared: 8–12 μm) light modulator. The operation of this type of modulator is based on the reflection properties of a high density, thin electron sheet in semiconductors. The present prototype was built to give experimental backing for earlier theoretical predictions. Low electric power (4 W) and low voltage (12 V) operation have been achieved. A modulation depth of about 30% and a 3 dB frequency of 400 kHz were obtained.
Surface displacement based shape analysis of central brain structures in preterm-born children

Many studies using T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data have found associations between changes in global metrics (e.g. volume) of brain structures and preterm birth. In this work, we use the surface displacement feature extracted from the deformations of the surface models of the third ventricle, fourth ventricle and brainstem to capture the variation in shape in these structures at 8 years of age that may be due to differences in the trajectory of brain development as a result of very preterm birth (24-32 weeks gestation). Understanding the spatial patterns of shape alterations in these structures in children who were born very preterm as compared to those who were born at full term may lead to better insights into mechanisms of differing brain development between these two groups. The T1 MRI data for the brain was acquired from children born full term (FT, n=14, 8 males) and preterm (PT, n=51, 22 males) at age 8-years. Accurate segmentation labels for these structures were obtained via a multi-template fusion based segmentation method. A high dimensional non-rigid registration algorithm was utilized to register the target segmentation labels to a set of segmentation labels defined on an average-template. The surface displacement data for the brainstem and the third ventricle were found to be significantly different (p < 0.05) between the PT and FT groups. Further, spatially localized clusters with inward and outward deformation were found to be associated with lower gestational age. The results from this study present a shape analysis method for pediatric MRI data and reveal shape changes that may be due to preterm birth.
Tailored Fresnel optics: I. Global shape

The key idea of Fresnel optics is to decouple the global slope from the local slope by breaking up the optical surface into small facets. The size of the facets is irrelevant as long as they are larger than the wavelength of light, so that the system behaves according to geometrical optics, and at the same time small compared the overall size of the optical surface. From the point of view of phase-space conservation, Fresnel optics suffer from a basic shortcoming. The phase-spaces of incoming and outgoing radiation beams need not automatically be equal. This results in either a dilution of radiation or losses or both. On the other hand, decoupling local from global slope allows to tailor the overall shape of the Fresnel lens independently from designing the individual facets. We show that it is possible to closely match incoming and outgoing radiation beams with a particular choice of the global shape of the Fresnel surface. This shape imultaneously minimizes dilution and blocking.
A residual bootstrap for regression parameters in proportional hazards models

A resampling plan is introduced for bootstrapping regression parameter estimators for the Cox (1972) proportional hazards regression model when explanatory variables are nonrandom constants fixed by the design of the experiment. The plan is an analog to the residual-resampling method for regression introduced by Efron (1979) and is related to the resampling method proposed by Hjort (1985) for the Coxmodel. The resampled quantities are a form of generalized residuals which have a distribution that is independent of the explanatory variables. Hence, unlike some methods, this approach does not require resampling of explanatory variables, which would be contrary to the assumption that they are nonrandom. An invariance property of the Cox likelihood allows these residuals to be transformed into a convenientscale for generating a likelihood. Also, the method can incorporate many forms of censoring. A simuation study of the proposed procedure shows that it can be used to improve upon the usual estimation procedu.
Intelligent PID Fault Tolerant Tracker for Unknown Nonlinear ΜΙΜΟ Systems

The fault tolerant tracking control problem for unknown nonlinear multi-input multi-output (ΜΙΜΟ) systems is investigated in this paper. A novel intelligent fault tolerant control (FTC) framework is proposed to solve the tracking control problem. To eliminate the effect of faults, a neural network adapted with the extended Kaiman filter (EKF) algorithm is created to online identify the unknown ΜΙΜΟ nonlinear systems, and then the steepest descent method and evolutionary programming (EP) algorithm is utilized to find a self-tuning PID controller for the adapted neural network. The resulted intelligent PID FTC tracker can not only achieve the tracking objective but also can maintain the stability and the expected performance when faults occur in system. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Images of Pluto Generated by Matrix Lightcurve Inversion

Abstract We use a new indirect imaging method, matrix lightcurve inversion (MLI), to generate surface albedo maps of Pluto from the rotational photometric lightcurves. The mathematical basis of MLI is established and a constrained iterative regularization method used to invert the underdetermined system of equations. If the secular dimming of Pluto observed in all phases of the rotational lightcurves from 1954 to 1982, followed by an overall brightening of the planet in later years, could be ascribed to a static surface albedo distribution, then an albedo map can be generated using all the available lightcurves. However, Stern et al . (1988, Icarus 75, 485-498) have suggested that an extensive covering of methane frost sublimates as Pluto approaches perihelion, exposing dark layers of photolyzed methane in a spatially nonuniform pattern, and then freezes out again as Pluto passes perihelion. Assuming that Stern et al . (1988, Icarus 75, 485-498) are correct in their interpretation that Pluto undergoes atmospheric sublimation and freezeout cycles, we present an image that represents a snapshot of Pluto as it might have appeared during the interval 1980 to 1986 by using lightcurves measured in these years. Another image using the lightcurves between 1954 and 1986 shows very extensive and bright polar caps though this image appears to be highly unrealistic. We propose that the inability to fit these lightcurves (to even remotely within the noise level in the data) furnishes evidence to the hypothesis of large-scale and dynamic atmospheric volatile transport over Pluto's surface between the mid 1950s and the mid 1980s.
Digital analysis of high resolution transmission electron microscopy lattice images

The method DALI (digital analysis of HRTEM lattice images) is introduced. Applications of DALI have been shown in previous papers. In this paper. we give a more detailed treatment of the procedure. DALI allows the calculation of local and averaged displacements and lattice distances directly from HRTEM lattice images. It contains a noise reduction procedure, a procedure for lattice site detection with an error estimation and evaluation procedures for displacements and lattice distances. As an example, DALI is applied to the investigation of a Cd x Zn 1-x Se/ZnSe quantum well structure.
40 Gbit/s all-optical 3R regeneration based on F-P filter and SOA

40Gbit/s all-optical 3R regeneration was demonstrated. The wavelength of the data signal was converted with an SOA by cross-gain modulation (XGM). The clock recovery was based on Fabry-Perot (F-P) filter of high finesse (F=1000). The actual bit rate of the data signal was 40.04796Gbit/s, matching the free spectral range (FSR) of the F-P filter. Two SOAs were used in series as the decision gate to make full use of the nonlinearity. Taking advantage of the chirp, one narrowband OBF was used to reshape the waveforms in the clock recovery, so as to reduce the pattern effect. Another narrowband OBF was used after the decision gate to diminish the tails of the pulses. The clock signal had a root mean square (RMS) timing jitter of around 843fs. The output data signal of the regenerator had an optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of more than 40dB/0.1nm. The maximum timing jitter was 1.439ps.