TRANSVERSALS, INDIVISIBLE PLEXES AND PARTITIONS OF LATIN SQUARES

A k-plex in a latin square of order n is a selection of kn entries in which each row, column and symbol occurs exactly k times. A 1-plex is also called a transversal. A k-plex is indivisible if it contains no c-plex for 0 1. For n ∈ {2, 6}, the existence of a latin square of order n with a partition into 1- plexes was shown by Bose, Shrikhande and Parker [1]. A natural extension of the result to k-plexes is the following. We prove that if k is a proper divisor of n, then there exists a latin square of order n composed of parallel indivisible k-plexes. Deﬁne κ(n) to be the largest integer k such that some latin square of order n contains an indivisible k-plex. A conjecture by Rodney [3, p143] says that every latin square contains a 2-plex, which implies that κ(n) 2. We show that for all n > 2, there exists a latin square of order n with two parallel indivisible ⌊ n 2 ⌋-plexes. A corollary is that κ(n) ≥ ⌊ n 2 ⌋ for all n > 2. We report on extensive computations of the indivisible partitions of the latin squares of order n ≤ 9. Up to order 8 we count the number of indivisible partitions of every type. Due to Bose, Shrikhande and Parker [1], and Finney [10] for n = 6, we know that there exists a latin square for each order n > 2 which possesses a k-plex for all 0 ≤ k ≤ n. Wanless [12] showed that there are latin squares of every even order which contain no odd plexes, where an odd plex is a k-plex such that k is odd. It has been conjectured by Rodney [4], and by Wanless [12], that every latin square has a set of ⌊ n 2 ⌋ parallel 2-plexes which implies that every latin square of odd order has a k-plex for each 0 ≤ k ≤ n. We show that among the latin squares of even order there are many other possibilities concerning the existence of odd k-plexes. 1 We prove that for all even n > 2, there exists a latin square of order n which has no k-plex for any odd k 3, there exists a latin square of order n with at least one entry not in any transversal. Such a latin square is called a conﬁrmed bachelor and illustrates a restriction on the transversals in a latin square. In our study of transversals we consider bachelor latin squares in greater detail and other types of restrictions that might occur. We give a concise alternative proof of the result by Wanless and Webb. A main result is that for all even n ≥ 10, except perhaps if n is a power of 2, there exists a latin square of order n that possesses a transversal, but every transversal coincides on a single entry. A theorem by Wanless, which was prompted by our data, shows that there exist arbitrarily large latin squares of odd order in which the proportion of entries not in a transversal is asymptotic to one ninth. We report on computations of parallel transversals in the latin squares of order 9. Thus we prove that the above mentioned conjectures by Rodney and Wanless are true for order 9, and that every latin square of order 9 has at least 3 parallel transversals. Our computations suggest that the constructions which prove our theorems illustrate rare behaviour in large latin squares. The computations also give further evidence in support of a conjecture by Ryser [11] (see [3, p143]) that every latin square of odd order has a transversal. Many of the theorems in this thesis rely on a simple but powerful lemma [6, 9]. The lemma gives a necessary condition for the existence of k-plexes. To show the existence of k-plexes we use constructive techniques. It remains open to establish a suﬃcient condition for the existence of k-plexes in latin squares. The main results of this thesis can be found in [2, 5–8]. Keywords : latin square, transversal, plex, duplex, triplex, quadruplex, indivisible plex, indivisible partition, orthogonal partition, bachelor square, mutually orthogo- nal latin squares, partial latin square, protoplex, homogeneous partial latin square, latin trade, homogeneous latin trade, rainbow factor, graph factorisation, quasi- group, complete mapping, orthomorphism.