Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurite growth acceleration of adult Dorsal Root Ganglion neurons illuminated by low‐level Light Emitting Diode light at 645 nm

The effect of a 645 nm Light Emitting Diode (LED) light irradiation on the neurite growth velocity of adult Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons with peripheral axon injury 4–10 days before plating and without previous injury was investigated. The real amount of light reaching the neurons was calculated by taking into account the optical characteristics of the light source and of media in the light path. The knowledge of these parameters is essential to be able to compare results of the literature and a way to reduce inconsistencies. We found that 4 min irradiation of a mean irradiance of 11.3 mW/cm2 (corresponding to an actual irradiance reaching the neurons of 83 mW/cm2) induced a 1.6‐fold neurite growth acceleration on non‐injured neurons and on axotomized neurons. Although the axotomized neurons were naturally already in a rapid regeneration process, an enhancement was found to occur while irradiating with the LED light, which may be promising for therapy applications. Dorsal Root Ganglion neurons (A) without previous injury and (B) subjected to a conditioning injury.
Expansion of activated T-lymphocytes in patients treated with recombinant interleukin 2.

Recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2, Cetus) was administered in escalating doses to 30 patients with advanced malignancy, including 14 patients with the epidemic form of Kaposi's sarcoma, in 2 week treatment cycles as a 6 h i.v. infusion for 10 doses. The maximum tolerated dose was 2 X 10(6) U/m2, with dose-limiting toxicity consisting of fever, diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia. At a well-tolerated dose of 1 X 10(6) U/m2, serum levels of rIL 2 of 30 U/ml were maintained for the duration of the infusion. Such concentrations sustain IL 2-dependent T cell growth in vitro. We observed a significant lymphocytosis in patients receiving 1 X 10(6) U/m2 of rIL 2 following 2 weeks of treatment (p = 0.0035). The expanded T cell pool was polyclonal, as demonstrated by increases in both T4+ and T8+ T cell subsets, and activated, with statistically significant increases in IL 2 receptor (p = 0.043), in the absence of transferrin receptor induction. Proliferating cells were not detected in peripheral blood using flow cytometry. Except for alpha-interferon, no other lymphokines (beta- and gamma-interferon, tumor necrosis factor) were present in serum during treatment. Reversible rises in anti-rIL 2 IgG antibodies occurred, as measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No changes were observed in the T cell mitogenic response to OKT3 and phytohemagglutinin, and no enhancement of cytotoxicity against natural killer-sensitive and resistant targets developed as a consequence of treatment. Except for a partial response in a patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome, no antitumor activity was observed. The in vivo expansion of T cells with the capacity to respond to rIL 2 with enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor targets provides impetus to ongoing trials exploring different routes and schedules of administration of rIL 2.
Adrenocorticosteroid receptor blockade and excitotoxic challenge regulate adrenocorticosteroid receptor mRNA levels in hippocampus

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are glucocorticoid‐activated transcription factors essential for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Differential activation of these adrenocorticosteroid receptors (ACR) is thought to influence neuronal viability, particularly under challenging cellular conditions. The present study is designed to determine the effects of receptor blockade and excitotoxic insult on MR and GR mRNA expression and neuronal viability in hippocampus. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were pretreated for 48 hr with vehicle, MR antagonist spironolactone (SPIRO) (50 mg/kg, twice daily, s.c.), or GR antagonist RU486 (25 mg/kg, twice daily, s.c.) and subsequently injected with saline or the glutamate analog kainic acid (KA) (12 mg/kg i.p.). Twenty‐four hr post‐insult, MR and GR mRNA levels were assessed by in situ hybridization analysis, and hippocampal neurons were counted to assess KA‐induced cell loss. MR blockade with SPIRO increased basal MR mRNA levels in hippocampal subregions CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) and increased basal GR mRNA levels in CA3. GR blockade with RU486 increased basal GR mRNA levels in CA3. The excitotoxin KA decreased MR mRNA levels in CA1 and CA3, decreased GR mRNA levels in DG, and negated all antagonist‐induced increases of ACR mRNAs. Cell counts quantifying KA damage indicated increased CA3 vulnerability to KA insult after treatment with MR antagonist spironolactone but demonstrated no significant cell loss in any other group or region. These results demonstrate dynamic regulation of hippocampal MR and GR mRNAs after ACR antagonist treatment and kainate toxicity, underscoring the potential importance of MR and GR availability to neuronal viability after insult. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:277–283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of drop reliability in OSP/Cu pad finished packages

This study investigated the improvement of drop reliability of OSP (organic solderability preservatives) pad finished packages having half etched solder ball pads. Besides the effect of the Cu pad etching depth, effects of other factors such as solder composition or reflow peak temperature on drop reliability were examined by the bending impact test and drop test. The bending impact test results showed that the increase of etching depth at the solder ball pad increased the drop reliability because of the fracture mode transition from solder/pad interface failure to solder bulk failure, but that the increase of reflow peak temperature decreased the drop reliability. The drop test results showed that the increase of the etching depth at the solder ball pad increased the drop reliability without the fracture mode transition, and that the change of the solder composition from Sn3.0Ag0. 5Cu to Sn1.2Ag0. 5Cu0.05Ni increased the drop reliability and shifted the fracture mode from interface failure to the bulk failure. The optimal conditions for the drop reliability improvement are presented in terms of the etching depth at the solder ball pad, the reflow peak temperature, and the solder composition.
Risk Assessment for Yellow Fever in Western and North-Western Provinces of Zambia

Background: North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia were reclassified as low-risk areas for yellow fever (YF). However, the current potential for YF transmission in these areas is unclear. Aims: To determine the current potential risk of YF infection. Setting and Design: A cross sectional study was conducted in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia. Materials and Methods: Samples were tested for both YF virus-specific IgG and IgM antibodies by the ELISA and YF virus confirmation was done using Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test. The samples were also tested for IgG and IgM antibodies against other flaviviruses. Results: Out of the 3625 respondents who participated in the survey, 46.7% were males and 9.4% were aged less than 5 years. Overall, 58.1% of the participants slept under an impregnated insecticide-treated net and 20.6% reported indoor residual spraying of insecticides. A total of 616 (17.0%) samples were presumptive YF positive. The prevalence for YF was 0.3% for long-term infection and 0.2% for recent YF infection. None of the YF confirmed cases had received YF vaccine. Prevalence rates for other flaviviruses were 149 (4.1%) for Dengue, 370 (10.2%) for West Nile and 217 (6.0%) for Zika. Conclusion: There is evidence of past and recent infection of YF in both provinces. Hence, they are at a low risk for YF infection. Yellow fever vaccination should be included in the EPI program in the two provinces and strengthen surveillance with laboratory confirmation.
Public health nutrition workforce development in seven European countries: constraining and enabling factors

Abstract Objectives Little is known about current public health nutrition workforce development in Europe. The present study aimed to understand constraining and enabling factors to workforce development in seven European countries. Design A qualitative study comprised of semi-structured face-to-face interviews was conducted and content analysis was used to analyse the transcribed interview data. Setting The study was carried out in Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK. Subjects Sixty key informants participated in the study. Results There are constraining and enabling factors for public health nutrition workforce development. The main constraining factors relate to the lack of a supportive policy environment, fragmented organizational structures and a workforce that is not cohesive enough to implement public health nutrition strategic initiatives. Enabling factors were identified as the presence of skilled and dedicated individuals who assume roles as leaders and change agents. Conclusions There is a need to strengthen coordination between policy and implementation of programmes which may operate across the national to local spectrum. Public health organizations are advised to further define aims and objectives relevant to public health nutrition. Leaders and agents of change will play important roles in fostering intersectorial partnerships, advocating for policy change, establishing professional competencies and developing education and training programmes.
Incorporating global information into named entity recognition systems using relational context

The state-of-the-art in Named Entity Recognition relies on a combination of local features of the text and global knowledge to determine the types of the recognized entities. This is problematic in some cases, resulting in entities being classified as belonging to the wrong type. We show that using global information about the corpus improves the accuracy of type identification. We explore the notion of a global domain frequency that relates relation identifying terms with pairs of entity types which are used in that relation. We use this to identify entities whose types are not compatible with the terms they co-occur in the text. Our results on a large corpus of social media content allows the identification of mistyped entities with 70% accuracy.
Automatic object detection based on adaptive background subtraction using symmetric alpha stable distribution

Automatic detection of objects is critical to video tracking systems. One of the simplest techniques for detection is background subtraction (BS). BS refers to the process of segmenting moving regions from image sequences. The BS process involves building a model of the background and extracting regions of the foreground (moving objects). In this paper, we propose an extended cluster BS (CBS) technique based on symmetric alpha stable (SAS) distributions. The developed method functions at cluster-level as against the traditional pixel-level BS methods. An iterative self-adaptive mechanism is presented that allows automated learning of the distribution of the model parameters. The results for the CBS S®S algorithm on real video sequences show improvement compared with a CBS using a Gaussian mixture model.
DNA polymerases in nonhomologous end joining: Are there any benefits to standing out from the crowd?

Chromosome breaks, often with damaged or missing DNA flanking the break site, are an important threat to genome stability. They are repaired in vertebrates primarily by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). NHEJ is unique among the major DNA repair pathways in that a continuous template cannot be used by DNA polymerases to instruct replacement of damaged or lost DNA. Nevertheless, at least 3 out of the 17 mammalian DNA polymerases are specifically employed by NHEJ. Biochemical and structural studies are further revealing how each of the polymerases employed by NHEJ possesses distinct and sophisticated means to overcome the barriers this pathway presents to polymerase activity. Still unclear, though, is how the resulting network of overlapping and nonoverlapping polymerase activities contributes to repair in cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pitfalls in the Use of Voxel-Based Morphometry as a Biomarker: Examples from Huntington Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: VBM is increasingly used in the study of neurodegeneration, and recently there has been interest in its potential as a biomarker. However, although it is largely “automated,” VBM is rarely implemented consistently across studies, and changing user-specified options can alter the results in a way similar to the very biologic differences under investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This work uses data from patients with HD to demonstrate the effects of several user-specified VBM parameters and analyses: type and level of statistical correction, modulation, smoothing kernel size, adjustment for brain size, subgroup analysis, and software version. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that changing these options can alter results in a way similar to the biologic differences under investigation. CONCLUSIONS: If VBM is to be useful clinically or considered for use as a biomarker, there is a need for greater recognition of these issues and more uniformity in its application for the method to be both reproducible and valid.
Linking Form of Hypothesis to Type of Statistic: An Application of Goodman's Z

This paper suggests that types of statistics used in analyzing data should be linked to logical forms of hypotheses. It presents a proposal to include the weak conditional associations of (p -* q) and (q -> p), along with the straight biconditional monotonic form, in a basic paradigm of logical hypothesis forms. Finally, it suggests that Goodman's flexible Z be applied in testing the validity of basic logical hypothesis forms and examines the plausibility of so doing.
POWER7 multi-core processor design

Summary form only given. In this talk, we will describe many key architectural, micro-architectural, RAS and power-management features of the POWER7 core for the first time. POWER7 is IBM's first 8-core processor chip, with each core capable of 4-way SMT, fabricated in IBM's 45 nm SOI technology with 11 levels of metal. Details of the processor core will be discussed, along with insights, technical issues and challenges related to designing high performance, power-efficient multi-core chips for building balanced servers.
Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes

Objectives To evaluate the existing evidence for associations between coffee consumption and multiple health outcomes. Design Umbrella review of the evidence across meta-analyses of observational and interventional studies of coffee consumption and any health outcome. Data sources PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and screening of references. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Meta-analyses of both observational and interventional studies that examined the associations between coffee consumption and any health outcome in any adult population in all countries and all settings. Studies of genetic polymorphisms for coffee metabolism were excluded. Results The umbrella review identified 201 meta-analyses of observational research with 67 unique health outcomes and 17 meta-analyses of interventional research with nine unique outcomes. Coffee consumption was more often associated with benefit than harm for a range of health outcomes across exposures including high versus low, any versus none, and one extra cup a day. There was evidence of a non-linear association between consumption and some outcomes, with summary estimates indicating largest relative risk reduction at intakes of three to four cups a day versus none, including all cause mortality (relative risk 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 0.88), cardiovascular mortality (0.81, 0.72 to 0.90), and cardiovascular disease (0.85, 0.80 to 0.90). High versus low consumption was associated with an 18% lower risk of incident cancer (0.82, 0.74 to 0.89). Consumption was also associated with a lower risk of several specific cancers and neurological, metabolic, and liver conditions. Harmful associations were largely nullified by adequate adjustment for smoking, except in pregnancy, where high versus low/no consumption was associated with low birth weight (odds ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.67), preterm birth in the first (1.22, 1.00 to 1.49) and second (1.12, 1.02 to 1.22) trimester, and pregnancy loss (1.46, 1.06 to 1.99). There was also an association between coffee drinking and risk of fracture in women but not in men. Conclusion Coffee consumption seems generally safe within usual levels of intake, with summary estimates indicating largest risk reduction for various health outcomes at three to four cups a day, and more likely to benefit health than harm. Robust randomised controlled trials are needed to understand whether the observed associations are causal. Importantly, outside of pregnancy, existing evidence suggests that coffee could be tested as an intervention without significant risk of causing harm. Women at increased risk of fracture should possibly be excluded.
Chemistry of Peptide Materials : Synthetic Aspects and 3 DStructural Studies

Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid or Cα-methylalanine (αMe)Phe Cα-methylphenylalanine (αMe)Val Cα-methylvaline BOP (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium CIP 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolidium phosphate Db z g Cα,α-dibenzylglycine Deg Cα,α-diethylglycine Dφg Cα,α-diphenylglycine Dp n g Cα,α-di-n-propylglycine EDC 1-(3-Dimethylamino)propyl-3-ethylcarbodiimide HATU 2-(1H-7-aza-1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate HBTU 2-(1H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HOAt 7-Aza-1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole HOBt 1-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole HOSu 1-Hydroxysuccinimide Iva Isovaline or Cα-methyl-α-aminobutyric acid Chemistry of Peptide Materials: Synthetic Aspects and 3DStructural Studies
The Brain Mechanism of Aggression: Review on ERP and fMRI Study *

Human aggression is defined to any behavior directed toward another individual that is carried out with the proximate intent to cause harm (Anderson & Bushman, 2002). 1) Researches on recent decades show that the majority of event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with aggression contained P50 induced by auditory gating, Error Related Negativity (ERN) produced by the progress of error information and later period of P300; 2) By functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the neural mechanism of ag- gression contained prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, hypothalamus and so on. The progresses of ERP response and neural mechanism of aggression were bottom-up and top to bottom. In the future direction, we should make a comparison on animal and human aggression neural mechanism, and we should make ERP and fMRI integrate to research human aggression. Then the neural mechanism of instrumental-controlled aggression should be explored by these methods.
USEFULNESS OF PREOPERATIVE THREE‐DIMENSIONAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY WITH TWO‐DIMENSIONAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING FOR RUPTURE POINT DETECTION OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS

OBJECTIVE We report the technique of three-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) angiography with a two-dimensional CT image aiding in the early operation of ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms. This combined image allows the prediction of the rupture point in the aneurysm and may reduce the risk of rupture during early clipping surgery. METHODS The findings for 14 patients with 14 middle cerebral artery ruptured aneurysms who underwent subsequent early clipping were analyzed. The average aneurysm size was 8.5 mm, and there were two large and one giant aneurysms. CT examinations were performed by means of a multidetector CT scanner (Aquilion M16; Toshiba Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) and reconstructed with a workstation (ZIO M900 QUADRA; Amin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). We constructed an operating view through three-dimensional CT angiography for a lateral transsylvian approach with a two-dimensional CT image (nonshaded volume-rendering image), which was perpendicular to the direction of the surgical approach. Using this combined image, we predicted the rupture point of the aneurysm and successfully performed clipping surgery through a lateral transsylvian approach. Rupture points were confirmed at the time of surgery. Rupture points of 13 out of 14 aneurysms appeared as we expected, but one differed; all aneurysms were successfully clipped. Thirteen of the 14 patients could be clipped without rupture at surgery, but the remaining patient experienced rupture just after craniotomy. CONCLUSION The combination of three-dimensional CT angiography and two-dimensional CT images may help improve the surgical outcome by indicating aneurysmal rupture points, leading to the prevention of rupture.
Omega-3 fatty acids protect from diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and adipose tissue inflammation through PPARγ-dependent and PPARγ-independent actions.

SCOPE We tested herein the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a major mediator of omega-3 (n-3) protective actions against high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and adipose tissue inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL6 wild-type and fat-1 transgenic (fat-1) mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD, treated or not with PPARγ antagonist, and evaluated for energy balance, adiposity, glucose tolerance, and adipose tissue inflammation. Fat-1 mice were protected from obesity, fasting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and adipose tissue inflammation. PPARγ inhibition completely abolished fat-1 protection against HFD-induced glucose intolerance, but not obesity or adipose tissue inflammation. To investigate the role of myeloid cell as mediator of n-3 beneficial metabolic actions, mice with deletion (LyzM-PPARγ(KO)) or nondeletion (LyzM-PPARγ(WT)) of PPARγ in myeloid cells were fed either LFD or HFD (lard) or an HFD rich in n-3 (fish oil). Our findings indicate that myeloid cell associated PPARγ is not involved in the attenuation of HFD-induced glucose intolerance and adipose tissue inflammation induced by n-3. CONCLUSION High endogenous n-3 fatty acid levels protect from HFD obesity, glucose intolerance, and adipose tissue inflammation. Among these, only protection against glucose intolerance is mediated by non-myeloid cell PPARγ.
Design and validation of a novel reconfigurable and defect tolerant JTAG scan chain

In this paper, a novel technique to get a defect tolerant JTAG compliant scan chain in very large area integrated circuits (VLAIC) is presented. It was ruled that wafer-scale VLAICs require structural regularity and defect-tolerance to be cost effective. Using only one scan chain, as typically used in PCBs, would make the whole VLAIC unusable if a single defect is present in the chain. The proposed technique regularly distributes JTAG Test Access Port (TAP) controllers with test data ports linked to two or more neighbor test data ports. One TAP controller is wired as the entry point and another as the exit point of the scan chain that must be configured according to defect locations. An externally controlled wormhole like routing algorithm can be used for functional link discovery. This paper also proposes a mechanism to make defect tolerant access to test data registers, controlled from neighbor TAP controllers. Our technique has been successfully implemented and validated in a wafer-scale like integrated circuit used in a platform for electronic system prototyping. The logic area of this defect-tolerant configurable JTAG scan chain technique occupies 5% of the test logic and 0.3 % of the cell logic when links to four nearest neighbors are included.