Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Practical incorporation of local and regional topography in three-dimensional inversion of deep ocean magnetotelluric data

We propose a three-dimensional (3-D) inversion scheme for deep ocean magnetotelluric (MT) data that enables us to incorporate both the local small-scale topography effect and regional large-scale topography effect, whose length scale is comparable with that of the mantle structure to be resolved by the inversion. We assume that the MT impedance tensor Z is approximately equal to the MT response of the total structure Z ts , expressed by the product of the local topographic distortion term D lt and the response to the regional structure Z rs that consists of the regional topography over the mantle electrical conductivity structure Z ≈ Z ts = D lt Z rs . We also assume that D lt may be treated as a site correction term, which is not dependent on the conductivity structure to be solved in the inversion. D lt is calculated before the inversion iteration is carried out through the forward modelling of Z ts and Z rs using a good initial guess for the mantle structure. However, the initial Z ts is separately modelled by another forward modelling program, which is more efﬁcient in terms of computation cost. The model space of the inversion includes only the regional structure so that the modelled response is Z rs . Thus, in the inversion, Z ts is calculated from Z rs and D lt ; Z rs is modelled at every iteration but D lt is ﬁxed throughout the inversion. The sensitivity of Z ts to the conductivity is calculated considering D lt as a constant. This scheme requires modelling only of the regional scale structure in the inversion process, saving computational resources and time, which is critical in the 3-D case. Tests using a synthetic model and data demonstrate that incorporating the local topography effect in this scheme was successful and produced an accurate reconstruction of the given mantle structure.
Archean gold: Relation to granulite formation or felsic intrusions?

Two current models for Archean Au deposits appeal to granulitization or magmatic processes, but new data reveal that neither of these schemes is viable. Most tonalitic Archean granulites are characterized by primary large ion lithophile element (LILE) depletion, and so there is no complementary relation to LILE enrichment in Au deposits; nor are K/Rb, K/Ba, K/Li, K/Cs, and Th/U systematics of granulites and gold deposits complementary. Published C-isotope systematics and C/He flux calculations do not support the model of granulitization by influx of mantle C0 2 , nor is the total population of δ 13 C values of Au deposits comparable to mantle CO 2 or the granulite C reservoir. Archean tonalite, trondhjemite, granodiorite (TTG) magmas are characterized by uniform 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, whereas the deposits range between 0.701 and 0.720, and average δ 13 C ranges between -9‰ and -0.4‰ with provinciality of Sr, O, and C isotopic signatures. Moreover, fractionated granites trend to normal K/Rb, but higher Rb/Sr and K/Ba ratios, whereas the gold deposits are characterized by main trend or higher K/Rb and K/Ba ratios, coupled with little Cs, Li, or Tl enrichment and scattered Rb/Sr ratios. Many of the deposits postdate the stocks with which they are associated by 20 to 30 m.y. The variable Sr, Pb, C, and O isotope systematics, but uniform LILE trends, reflect equilibration of internally or externally derived fluids, with compositionally variable crust, at low water:rock ratios, in transpressive accretionary regimes.
Complexity Leadership: On time, on budget. Complexity Leadership: On time, on budget.

— In complex organizations, such as large international firms, practicing managers may possess administrative, enabling and adaptive leadership styles. Each of these leadership styles must be balanced, but Key Performance Indicators (KPI) can drive imbalance in engineering management projects. We provide practicing managers with some insights to these leadership styles and their interaction to understand their benefits and challenges that may be overcome. Further, we present a “balance check” that outlines symptoms of leadership imbalance to keep things from going awry.
Transport and variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Africa

Data from five CTD and 18 XBT sections are used to estimate the baroclinic transport ( referenced to 2500 dbar) of the ACC south of Africa. Surface dynamic height is derived from XBT data by establishing an empirical relationship between vertically integrated temperature and surface dynamic height calculated from CTD data. This temperature-derived dynamic height data compare closely with dynamic heights calculated from CTD data ( average RMS difference = 0.05 dyn m). A second empirical relationship between surface dynamic height and cumulative baroclinic transport is defined, allowing us to study a more extensive time series of baroclinic transport derived from upper ocean temperature sections. From 18 XBT transects of the ACC, the average baroclinic transport, relative to 2500 dbar, is estimated at 90 +/- 2.4 Sv. This estimate is comparable to baroclinic transport values calculated from CTD data. We then extend the baroclinic transport time-series by applying an empirical relationship between dynamic height and cumulative baroclinic transport to weekly maps of absolute dynamic topography derived from satellite altimetry, between 14 October 1992 and 23 May 2007. The estimated mean baroclinic transport of the ACC, obtained this way, is 84.7 +/- 3.0 Sv. These transports agree well with simultaneous in-situ estimates ( RMS difference in net transport = 5.2 Sv). This suggests that sea level anomalies largely reflect baroclinic transport changes above 2500 dbar.
Ultrahigh resolution topographic mapping of Mars with MRO HiRISE stereo images: Meter‐scale slopes of candidate Phoenix landing sites

[1] The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to report our estimates of the meter-to-decameter-scale topography and slopes of candidate landing sites for the Phoenix mission, based on analysis of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images with a typical pixel scale of 3 m and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images at 0.3 m pixel−1 and, second, to document in detail the geometric calibration, software, and procedures on which the photogrammetric analysis of HiRISE data is based. A combination of optical design modeling, laboratory observations, star images, and Mars images form the basis for software in the U.S. Geological Survey Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) 3 system that corrects the images for a variety of distortions with single-pixel or subpixel accuracy. Corrected images are analyzed in the commercial photogrammetric software SOCET SET (® BAE Systems), yielding digital topographic models (DTMs) with a grid spacing of 1 m (3–4 pixels) that require minimal interactive editing. Photoclinometry yields DTMs with single-pixel grid spacing. Slopes from MOC and HiRISE are comparable throughout the latitude zone of interest and compare favorably with those where past missions have landed successfully; only the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) B site in Meridiani Planum is smoother. MOC results at multiple locations have root-mean-square (RMS) bidirectional slopes of 0.8–4.5° at baselines of 3–10 m. HiRISE stereopairs (one per final candidate site and one in the former site) yield 1.8–2.8° slopes at 1-m baseline. Slopes at 1 m from photoclinometry are also in the range 2–3° after correction for image blur. Slopes exceeding the 16° Phoenix safety limit are extremely rare.
GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS IN BIOLOGICALLY AVAILABLE STRONTIUM, CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE SIGNATURES IN PREHISTORIC SW GERMANY*

In order to interpret strontium and oxygen isotope values in Neolithic human skeletons analysed previously, we begin to map the biologically available strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of prehistoric southern Germany by analysing tooth enamel of pigs from archaeological sites distributed around the region. The mapping shows a marked upland–lowland difference in biologically available87Sr/86Sr values, ranging between 0.7086 and 0.7103 in the sedimentary lowlands, and from 0.710 to as high as 0.722 in the crystalline uplands of the Odenwald, the Black Forest and the Bavarian Forest. In addition, carbon isotopes in the carbonate fraction of pig enamel were generally about 1–2 more enriched in13C in the uplands. Despite the expected depletion of18O with altitude, oxygen isotopes in pig enamel showed little correlation with site altitude, although for pig samples not older than the Iron Age there was some geographical correlation withδ18O patterns in modern precipitation.
Optimal experimental designs for functional magnetic resonance imaging

Blocked designs in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are useful to localize functional brain areas. A blocked design consists of different blocks of trials of the same stimulus type and is characterized by three factors: the length of blocks, i.e., number of trials per blocks, the ordering of task and rest blocks and the time between trials within one block. Optimal design theory was applied to find the optimal combination of these three design factors. Furthermore, different error structures were used within a general linear model for the analysis of fMRI data, and the maximin criterion was applied to find designs which are robust against misspecification of model parameters.
Chemical weathering and long‐term CO2 consumption in the Ayeyarwady and Mekong river basins in the Himalayas

The role of terrestrial river systems in the global carbon cycle on a long timescale has been a subject of interest, especially in the context of past climate changes such as the global cooling in the Cenozoic. The discharges of water and carbon into the ocean from the Himalayan watersheds are among the highest in the world. However, there are few reliable geochemical data from the Ayeyarwady River. This study focused on reevaluating chemical weathering in the Himalayan watersheds based on samples taken from the Ayeyarwady, Mekong, and Chao Phraya Rivers and on chemical analysis of the composition of dissolved substances in these rivers. Comparisons of water quality showed that, unlike in previous studies, the total alkalinity budgets of the Ayeyarwady are dominated by carbonate rather than silicate weathering. Long‐term CO2 consumption by silicate weathering in the Ayeyarwady is estimated to be only 63–145 × 109 mol yr−1, which is only 10% of the previous estimate. Our results also suggest that the total Himalayan watersheds account for only about 10% of the total global CO2 consumption by silicate weathering. Although we need further studies, chemical weathering and associated CO2 uptake in the Himalayas likely played a lesser role in long‐term global cooling in the past than previously appreciated.
Breast cancer quality of life evaluation in Mexican Women at La Raza Hospital, Mexico City: A preliminary approach

: Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of death among Mexican women over 40 years of age. This study aimed to identify and examine the effects of cancer stage and surgical treatment on the quality of life (QOL) of Mexican women with early stage breast cancer (ESBC) treated with either modiﬁ ed radical mastectomy (MRM) or breast conservative surgery (BCS), plus adjuvant chemotherapy. The QLQ-C30 and QLQ BR-23 questionnaires were used to assess QOL. Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors of 102 women with early BC were also evaluated; analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and a statistical signiﬁ cance of p (cid:1) 0.05 was assumed. Most women were of reproductive age. Meaningful differences in QOL as a result of surgical treatment, in women receiving BCS compared with those receiving MRM, were limited to body image. We conclude that MRM and BCS are essentially equivalent choices in terms of QOL, with the exception of the impact on body image. In general, women who received BCS had a better perceived QOL.
Validation of ice‐wedge isotopes at Yituli'he, northeastern China as climate proxy

Inactive ice wedges are still present today at Yituli'he in the middle Da Xing'anling (Greater Hinggan) Mountains in northeastern China, which is the southernmost known site (50°37′N) with ice wedges in the Northern Hemisphere. However, it is uncertain whether the ice‐wedge isotope composition, characterized by low δ18O, δD and low deuterium excess values, is representative of the isotope signature of a broader region. In this paper, the ice‐wedge isotope compositions were examined in the context of the stable isotopes of precipitation from the nearby Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) stations. In addition, the pollen spectra from the host sediments were analysed to provide additional information on local vegetation in order to better understand the climate conditions favouring ice‐wedge formation. The pollen spectra suggest that the Yituli'he ice wedges developed during the colder and wetter period after 6000 cal. a BP. The isotopes in the Yituli'he ice wedges are consistent with the isotope background recorded in atmospheric precipitation collected at the nearby GNIP stations. When the snow‐melt froze into ice veinlets, the isotope signals did not change substantially because of the strong, cold, continental anticyclones in winter as well as a strong temperature inversion that prevail in the Da Xing'anling Mountains. As the climate pattern did not change substantially, the neoglacial cold period is unlikely to have allowed for strong secondary fractionation of isotope records during ice‐wedge formation. Thus, the annual isotope signature can be interpreted as a valid archive of climate data.
Reconstructing the Glacial History of Green Lakes Valley, North Boulder Creek, Colorado Front Range

Abstract We document the post–Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) deglaciation history of a small catchment in Colorado's Front Range and model the glacial history responsible. We combine cosmogenic exposure dating of moraine boulders and glacial polish from 10 sites down the valley axis with a set of 1-D and 2-D numerical glacier models in which climate is represented by prescribed winter and summer mass balance profiles. Moraine ages of 24–18 ka constrain the LGM maximum glacial extent at 15 km downvalley from the range crest. Glacial polish sites decline in age along the center portion of the valley, dropping to roughly 12 ka by 5 km from the crest. This supports a monotonic but non-steady decline in glacier length. Modeling of the deglaciation history reveals that the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) rise from ∼18 ka to ∼14 ka was between 250 and 350 m, and that from ∼14 ka to ∼12 ka was between 100 and 150 m. Complete deglaciation requires at least another 250–300 m of ELA rise. A transient model run employing this ELA history can both reproduce the spatio-temporal pattern of glacial polish ages, and honor the constraints on maximum glacial extent. The full deglaciation between 18 ka and 10 ka can be modeled successfully with a 4.5–6 °C temperature rise and little to no change in precipitation.
War Metaphors during the COVID-19 Pandemic Persuasion and Manipulation

The year 2020 can be considered an annus horribilis rather than mirabilis. After the coronavirus pandemic started in the Chinese city of Wuhan and spread to Europe, in some countries politicians and mass media began to use metaphors based on war imagery to represent the sanitary emergency, which forced a great number of governments to impose restrictions on the whole of society. While politicians used war metaphors in their persuasive argumentations, mass media mostly worked as amplifiers to make this argumentation more cogent. However, several authors have argued over the last few months that the pervasive use of war metaphors to talk about the threat represented by the COVID-19 pandemic was not a successful linguistic strategy (Semino 2021; Piredda 2020; Di Paola 2020). Therefore, two questions should be asked: why, among all metaphors, were those based on war used? Were they appropriate to the circumstances? The metaphor “we are at war” was immediately understandable and easily adaptable to the emergency. It determined, on the one hand, an emotional predisposition to abide by the restrictions, while, on the other hand, it gave birth to a negative general feeling of fear that in turn had psychological and social consequences, such as fear of the other, spying on neighbours, a lack of solidarity and conditions such as anxiety, depression and phobias. If looked at closely, the real focus of the matter appears to rest in emotions. In the case of COVID-19, the war-related metaphors were aimed at triggering the primary emotion that we feel when we think about an armed conflict, which is fear. In this chapter, I analyse the use of war metaphors that appeared in newspapers and broadcast companies in Italy, France, Germany, Spain, the UK and the United States between March and April 2020.1 My methodology consists in carrying out theoretical observations about the effects of the so-called primary metaphors. I will start by investigating some theoretical aspects—rhetorical and cognitive—of primary metaphor, namely its form and ability to manipulate emotions, by referring to the Aristotelian theory of metaphor and recent practical cognitive experiments that have War Metaphors during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Response to “ Comment on the Paper “ Characteristic Time Scales of Decadal to Centennial Changes in Global Surface Temperatures Over the Past 150 years ” by Y .

(1a) “the lack of compelling results from the Fourier spectra and SSA estimates which are provided without confidence intervals” “First of all, the standard Fourier spectra of sunspots (ISSN) and HadCrut temperature (simply temperature hereafter) time series provided in Figures 1 and 11 by the authors look very different and do not seem at first sight to share any common significant peak. Moreover, the authors did not provide any confidence interval to allow meaningful conclusions. ”
Spectral induced-polarization parameters as determined through time-domain measurements

A method for the extraction of Cole? Cole spectral parameters from time-domain induced polarization data is demonstrated. The instrumentation required to effect the measurement and analysis is described. The Cole? Cole impedance model is shown to work equally well in the time domain as in the frequency domain. Field trials show the time-domain method to generate spectral parameters consistent with those generated by frequency-domain surveys. This is shown to be possible without significant alteration to field procedures. Cole? Cole time constants of up to 100 s are shown to be resolvable given a transmitted current of a 2 s pulse time. The process proves to have added usefulness as the Cole-Cole forward solution proves an excellent basis for quantifying noise in the measured decay.
Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events

Background. Community surveys have assessed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relation to traumatic events designated by respondents as the worst they have ever experienced. An assessment of PTSD in relation to all reported traumas would impose too great a burden on respondents, a considerable proportion of whom report multiple traumas. The ‘worst event’ method is efficient for identifying persons with PTSD, but may overestimate the conditional probability of PTSD associated with the entire range of PTSD-level traumas. In this report, we evaluate this potential bias. Method. The Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (n=2181) estimated the PTSD risk from two samples of traumas: (1) a representative sample of traumas formed by selecting a random trauma from each respondent's list of traumas; and (2) traumas designated by respondents as the worst (the standard method). Results. Both estimation methods converged on key findings, including identifying trauma types with the highest probability of PTSD and sex differences in the risk of PTSD. Compared to the random events, the ‘worst event’ method yielded a moderately higher conditional probability for PTSD (0·136 v. 0·092). The bias was due almost entirely to the deviation of the distribution of the worst events from expected values, if all event types had equal prior selection probabilities. Direct adjustment, setting the distribution equal to expected values and applying the observed probabilities of PTSD associated with individual event types brought the estimate close to the unbiased estimate, based on the randomly selected traumas. Conclusions. Only the ‘worst event’ method can be used as a short-cut to assessing all traumas. The bias in the estimated risk of PTSD is modest and is attenuated by direct adjustment.
Market Design : Theory and Pragmatics

Online ad auctions: An experiment* A human subject laboratory experiment compares the real-time market performance of the two most popular auction formats for online ad space, VickreyClarke-Groves (VCG) and Generalized Second Price (GSP). Theoretical predictions made in papers by Varian (2007) and Edelman et al. (2007) seem to organize the data well overall. Efficiency under VCG exceeds that under GSP in nearly all treatments. The difference is economically significant in the more competitive parameter configurations and is statistically significant in most treatments. Revenue capture tends to be similar across auction formats in most treatments.
Effects of Carbon and Nitrate on Denitrification in Bottom Sediments of an Effluent‐Dominated River

Nitrogen and carbon limitation of denitrification in the bed sediments of an effluent-dominated stream were investigated by quantifying the effects of nitrate and glucose additions on the rate of sediment N2O production. Bed sediment samples were collected from a 30-km stretch of the South Platte River where up to 95% of the base flow discharge consists of effluent from a water treatment plant in Denver, Colorado. The rate of denitrification in upstream sediment samples incubated under in situ nitrate and carbon conditions was primarily limited by nitrate supply. The stimulatory effect of nitrate additions on the rate of bed sediment denitrification decreased with increasing distance downstream of the treatment plant. Approximately 35 km downstream of the treatment plant, denitrification in the bed sediment samples was carbon limited. The observed decreases in the concentration of total inorganic nitrogen (as NH4 + NO3) dissolved in the river and the organic carbon content of the bed sediments with increasing distance downstream of the treatment plant suggest that bed sediment denitrification is a significant sink for nitrogen in this stretch of the river.
Spiders in Upper Cretaceous Amber from New Jersey (Arthropoda: Araneae)

The oldest described fossils of the extant spider families Segestriidae, Oonopidae, Oecobiidae, Dictynidae and Linyphiidae, previously known from the Tertiary, are presented from Upper Cretaceous amber of New Jersey. The third and oldest known specimen of the fossil spider family Lagonomegopidae is also described and provides further palaeontological evidence of a common Laurasian fauna. The extant genera Segestria and Oecobius are taken back a further 52 and 69–74 myr respectively in the fossil record. These fossils predict the presence of the Caponiidae, Tetrablemmidae, Orsolobidae, Dysderidae, Hersiliidae, Eresidae, Pimoidae, Scytodoidea s.l. , cyatholipoids, theridioids and symphytognathoids in the Cretaceous. They also extend the known geological range of extant spider families through and beyond the end–Cretaceous extinction. This event, which affected numerous marine and some terrestrial organisms, probably had little effect on the Araneae.