Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Kind of Kind I What Kind of Kind I What Kind of Kind I What Kind of Kind Is Intelligence? s Intelligence? s Intelligence? s Intelligence?

AbstractAbstractAbstract: The model of human intelligence that is most widely adopted derives from psychometrics and behavioral genetics. This standard approach conceives intelligence as a general cognitive ability that is genetically highly heritable and describable using quantitative traits analysis. The paper analyzes intelligence within the debate on natural kinds and contends that the general intelligence conceptualization does not carve psychological nature at its joints. Moreover, I argue that this model assumes an essentialist perspective. As an alternative, I consider an HPC theory of intelligence and evaluate how it deals with essentialism and with intuitions coming from cognitive science. Finally, I highlight some concerns about the HPC model as well, and conclude by suggesting that it is unnecessary to treat intelligence as a kind in any sense.
Optimization-Based Control for a Large-Scale Electrical Vertical Take-Off and Landing during an Aircraft’s Vertical Take-Off and Landing Phase with Variable-Pitch Propellers

The UAV industry has witnessed an unprecedented boom in recent years. Among various kinds of UAV platforms, the vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft with fixed-wing configurations has received more and more attention due to its flexibility and long-distance flying abilities. However, due to the fact that the advance ratio of regular propeller systems during the cruise phase is significantly higher than that during the VTOL phase, a variable-pitch propeller system is proposed and designed which can be applied without additional propulsion mechanisms during both flying stages. Thus, a VTOL aircraft platform is proposed based on the propulsion system constructed of variable-pitch propellers, and appropriate control manners are precisely analyzed, especially during its VTOL phase. As a basic propulsion system, a nonlinear model for variable-pitch propellers is constructed, and an optimization-based control allocation module is developed because of its multi-solution and high-order characteristics. Finally, the objective function is designed according to the stability and energy consumption requirements. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed controller is able to lower energy consumption and maintain the stability of the aircraft while tracking aggressive trajectories for large-scale VTOLs with noises at the same time.
Construction of a Chinese Opinion Treebank

In this paper, we base on the syntactic structural Chinese Treebank corpus, construct the Chinese Opinon Treebank for the research of opinion analysis. We introduce the tagging scheme and develop a tagging tool for constructing this corpus. Annotated samples are described. Information including opinions (yes or no), their polarities (positive, neutral or negative), types (expression, status, or action), is defined and annotated. In addition, five structure trios are introduced according to the linguistic relations between two Chinese words. Four of them that are possibly related to opinions are also annotated in the constructed corpus to provide the linguistic cues. The number of opinion sentences together with the number of their polarities, opinion types, and trio types are calculated. These statistics are compared and discussed. To know the quality of the annotations in this corpus, the kappa values of the annotations are calculated. The substantial agreement between annotations ensures the applicability and reliability of the constructed corpus.
Optic Nerve Head Drusen Mimicking Optic Nerve Tumor

Dear Editor, Optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) are laminated hyaline bodies within the optic nerve head. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a noninvasive optical imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. This technique thus offers several advantages in the diagnosis of ONHD through the direct visualization of ONHD and the analyses of retinal nerve fiber layer profiles [1,2,3]. Visual impairment due to ONHD is rare, thus its differential diagnosis from other serious diseases is very important. We found ONHD in a patient referred with diagnosis of optic nerve tumor. A 45-year-old woman was referred for the evaluation of an optic nerve tumor found during routine visual acuity testing. Fundus examination showed yellowish amorphous material around the right optic disc (Fig. 1A). Fluorescein angiography showed hyperfluorescent staining around the optic disc (Fig. 1B). SD-OCT showed hyper-reflective retinal masses with irregular internal reflectance and posterior shadowing (Fig. 1C), compatible with ONHD. Fig. 1 (A) Fundus photograph shows yellowish amorphous material around the optic disc. (B) Fluorescein angiography shows hyperfluorescent staining around the optic disc. (C) Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic scan (Spectralis OCT; Heidelberg engineering, . Differential diagnosis of yellowish amorphous material around the optic disc may include Leber's miliary aneurysm, Coats' disease, retinal cavernous hemangioma or ONHD [4]. Patients with Leber's miliary aneurysm and Coats' disease are typically young men [4]. Leber's miliary aneurysm, Coats' disease or retinal cavernous hemangioma show dilated capillaries and telangiectasia, most commonly located in the mid-periphery of superotemporal quadrants of the retina [4]. These findings are contrary to those in our patient, a middle-aged woman who presented with nasally-located peripapillary masses. In addition, fluorescein angiography tends to reveal leakage in patients with Leber's miliary aneurysm, Coats' disease or retinal cavernous hemangioma [4], in contrast to the staining findings of our patient. Ultrasonography is considered the gold standard method for the diagnosis of ONHD; however, it definitely has worse resolution than SD-OCT. SD-OCT began a new era in the diagnosis of ONHD [1,2]. An association between older age and visible ONHD has been determined [3]. In agreement with this finding, the present patient was 45 years of age. ONHD can be complicated by hemorrhage [5] but does not usually require treatment. In conclusion, ONHD should be considered in the presence of peripapillary masses, and SD-OCT can be helpful for such a diagnosis. Recognition of peripapillary masses as a symptom of ONHD will reduce the occurrence of unnecessary treatment.
Making our health and care systems fit for an ageing population: David Oliver, Catherine Foot, Richard Humphries. King's Fund March 2014.

This paper defines what good services for older people are, judging quality on effectiveness, safety, experience, access, equity (particularly age discrimination), efficiency but also continuity and coordination (http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/ publications/making-our-health-and-care-systems-fit-ageingpopulation). It is designed as a high level resource for local service leaders, which will include clinicians, policy-makers and commissioners. The paper looks at services under nine headings—the aim is to ‘walk’ the journey for older people from healthy ageing to end of life. The final chapter describing the challenges of integration, to provide person centred coordinated care is arguably the most important. Each chapter sets out the goal from the older persons viewpoint, discusses the current situation, what we know can work, based on the literature and clinical experience, lists the key reviews and guidance, then gives examples of case studies where services are working well. The broad scope of the paper is refreshing, covering wider dimensions of well-being in older people, not just health and social care, but housing, social interactions and participation. It has a person centred approach, is easy to read and is very well referenced. This useful resource will enable more evidence-based decisions to be made in local planning of services so they are indeed fit for an ageing population.
Characterization of Phage PA26 Infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In this study we isolated a novel bacteriophage PA26 infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a water reservoir. PA26 belongs to the Myoviridae family. The genome is a double stranded DNA of 72,321 basepair. Eighty eight predicted open reading frames were found, of which fourteen showed functional homology to known proteins. 99% of the phages were adsorbed to the host within 10 minutes after infection. The eclipse period was 10 minutes, and the latent period was 15 minutes, with aburst size of 252. Infectivity was highest at pH 7 and remained stable at temperatures between 4 to 37 o C. The phage inhibited biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa and also removed preformed biofilm.
The arrival and spread of the European firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus in Australia as documented by citizen scientists

We present evidence of the recent introduction and quick spread of the European firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus in Australia, as documented on the citizen science platform iNaturalist. The first public record of the species was reported in December 2018 in the City of Brimbank (Melbourne, Victoria). Since then, the species distribution has quickly expanded into 15 local government areas surrounding this first observation, including areas in both Metropolitan Melbourne and regional Victoria. The number of records of the European firebug in Victoria has also seen a substantial increase, with a current tally of almost 100 observations in iNaturalist as of July 31st, 2021. The case of the European firebug in Australia adds to the list of examples of citizen scientists playing a key role in not only early detection of newly introduced species but in documenting their expansion across their non-native range. Citizen science presents an exciting opportunity to complement biosecurity efforts carried out by government agencies, which often lack resources to sufficiently fund detection and monitoring programs given the overwhelming number of current and potential invasive species. Recognising and supporting the invaluable contribution of citizen scientists to science and society can help reduce this gap by: (1) increasing the number of introduced species that are quickly detected; (2) gathering evidence of the species’ early expansion stage; and (3) prompting adequate monitoring and rapid management plans for potentially harmful species.Given the range expansion patterns of the European firebug worldwide, their adaptation ability, and future climate scenarios, we suspect this species will continue expanding beyond Victoria, including other parts of Australia, New Zealand, and the South Pacific. We firmly believe that most of the knowledge about how this expansion process continues to happen will be provided by citizen scientists.
Endothelial Cilia Are Fluid Shear Sensors That Regulate Calcium Signaling and Nitric Oxide Production Through Polycystin-1

Background— When challenged with extracellular fluid shear stress, vascular endothelial cells are known to release nitric oxide, an important vasodilator. Here, we show that the ability of cultured endothelial cells to sense a low range of fluid shear depends on apical membrane organelles, called cilia, and that cilia are compartments required for proper localization and function of the mechanosensitive polycystin-1 molecule. Methods and Results— Cells with the Pkd1null/null or Tg737orpk/orpk mutation encoded for polycystin-1 or polaris, respectively, are unable to transmit extracellular shear stress into intracellular calcium signaling and biochemical nitric oxide synthesis. Cytosolic calcium and nitric oxide recordings further show that fluid shear sensing is a cilia-specific mechanism because other mechanical or pharmacological stimulation does not abolish calcium and nitric oxide signaling in polycystin-1 and polaris mutant endothelial cells. Polycystin-1 localized in the basal body of Tg737orpk/orpk endothelial cells is insufficient for a fluid shear stress response. Furthermore, the optimal shear stress to which the cells respond best does not alter the apical cilia structure but modifies the responsiveness of cells to higher shear stresses through proteolytic modification of polycystin-1. Conclusions— We demonstrate for the first time that polycystin-1 (required for cilia function) and polaris (required for cilia structure) are crucial mechanosensitive molecules in endothelial cells. We propose that a distinctive communication with the extracellular microenvironment depends on the proper localization and function of polycystin-1 in cilia.
Cost-Effective Semantic Annotation of XML Schemas and Web Service Interfaces

Research in the field of semantic Web services aims at automating the discovery, selection, composition and management of Web services based on semantic descriptions. However, the applicability of many solutions developed in this field is hampered by the costs associated with semantically annotating large repositories of Web services. To overcome this gap we propose a practical method for semantically annotating collections of XML Schemas and Web service interfaces. We have evaluated this method on a large repository of governmental Web services. The evaluation shows that relatively simple techniques are surprisingly cost-effective, saving hundreds of man-hours of semantic annotation effort. Moreover, the proposed method does not assume the availability of a preexisting ontology or controlled vocabulary. Instead, the space of annotations is dynamically built during the annotation process.
On Computing Bounds on Average Backlogs and Delays with Network Calculus

The stochastic network calculus is an analytical tool which was mainly developed to compute tail bounds on backlogs and delays. From these, bounds on average backlogs and delays are derived in the literature by integration. This paper improves such bounds on average backlogs by using Jensen's inequality; improved bounds on average delays follow immediately from Little's Law. The gain factor can be substantial especially at high utilizations, e.g., of order ${\Omega}\left(\frac{1}{1-\rho}\right)$ when $\rho\rightarrow 1$. This gain is further numerically illustrated for Markov-modulated On-Off arrival processes. Moreover, the paper shows how to improve standard stochastic network calculus performance bounds by suitably using FIFO service curves.
Low Memory Cost Block-Based Belief Propagation for Stereo Correspondence

The typical belief propagation has good accuracy for stereo correspondence but suffers from large run-time memory cost. In this paper, we propose a block-based belief propagation algorithm for stereo correspondence that partitions an image into regular blocks for optimization. With independently partitioned blocks, the required memory size could be reduced significantly by 99% with slightly degraded performance with a 32times32 block size when compared to original one. Besides, such blocks are also suitable for parallel hardware implementation. Experimental results using Middlebury stereo test bed demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Assessing groundwater vulnerability to sea water intrusion in the coastline of the inner Puck Bay using GALDIT method

In this research, GALDIT method was used to assess seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of the inner Puck Bay (Southern Baltic Sea). The impact of potential sea-level rise on groundwater vulnerability for years 2081-2100 was also considered. The study area was categorized into three classes of vulnerability: low, moderate and high. The most vulnerable area is the Hel Peninsula with northern part of the Kashubian Coastland. Increased class of aquifer vulnerability is also adopted to glacial valleys. The results of this research revealed that about 18.9% of the analyzed area is highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, 25.3% is moderately vulnerable and 55.8% is potentially at low risk. The simulated scenario of predicted sea level rise shows enlargement of high vulnerability areas.
IL-12 Is Required for Antibody-Mediated Protective Immunity Against Blood-Stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS Malaria Infection in Mice1

In this study, we investigated the role of endogenous IL-12 in protective immunity against blood-stage P. chabaudi AS malaria using IL-12 p40 gene knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. Following infection, KO mice developed significantly higher levels of primary parasitemia than WT mice and were unable to rapidly resolve primary infection and control challenge infection. Infected KO mice had severely impaired IFN-γ production in vivo and in vitro by NK cells and splenocytes compared with WT mice. Production of TNF-α and IL-4 was not compromised in infected KO mice. KO mice produced significantly lower levels of Th1-dependent IgG2a and IgG3 but a higher level of Th2-dependent IgG1 than WT mice during primary and challenge infections. Treatment of KO mice with murine rIL-12 during the early stage of primary infection corrected the altered IgG2a, IgG3, and IgG1 responses and restored the ability to rapidly resolve primary and control challenge infections. Transfer of immune serum from WT mice to P. chabaudi AS-infected susceptible A/J mice completely protected the recipients, whereas immune serum from KO mice did not, as evidenced by high levels of parasitemia and 100% mortality in recipient mice. Furthermore, depletion of IgG2a from WT immune serum significantly reduced the protective effect of the serum while IgG1 depletion had no significant effect. Taken together, these results demonstrate the protective role of a Th1-immune response during both acute and chronic phases of blood-stage malaria and extend the immunoregulatory role of IL-12 to Ab-mediated immunity against Plasmodium parasites.
Prevention of Sexually Transmitted HIV Infection

three arm trial of oral daily (FTC/TDF) PrEP for the prevention of HIV acquisition by HIV seronegative partner in HIV serodiscordant partnerships. The independent DSMB recommended that the results of the study be publically reported, nearly 2 years earlier than expected, and the placebo arm discontinued, because clear demonstration of HIV protection due to PrEP. The TDF2A was a double-blind, randomized, trial of daily oral FTC/TDF or placebo for prevention of HIV acquisition in young (18-39) women and men in Bostwana. A total of 1219 individuals were randomized, about 30% of the study population did not complete follow up. Adherence to PrEP overall was estimated to be approximately 84%. Overall 9 HIV infections occurred among those assigned to FTC/TDF compared to 24 among those assigned to placebo, translating to an efficacy for HIV protection of 63%. All these studies shown that PrEP is a viable biomedical intervention that can be use for the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection in both heterosexual and male who have sex with men populations but is highly dependent of the adherence to the medications. There are few promising agents that could be use over extended periods of time decreasing the need for daily medication. in HIV acquisition over 3 years (CI: 6%-60%). The study also analyzed the results according to self-reported adherence and reveal the importance of adhere to the prescribed drug. The incidence of new HIV cases was reduced to 68% when adherence was high (more than 90% of pills taken), to 50% if adherence was between 50% and 90%, and to 32% if adherence was low (less than 50%). In order to clarify if detectable drug levels were associated with protection against HIV infection a case control design was used to compare rates of infection in individuals with detectable blood levels with those without detectable levels. A relative risk reduction of 92% (CI: 40%-99%) in individuals with detectable study drug levels was found. This finding provided evidence that protection was directly related with drug levels, an indirect measure‐ ment of adherence. In addition, this study showed that FTC/TDF had a good safety profile with minimal gastrointestinal side effects. A minimal decrease in bone density in individuals taking the drug was also observed. Among the individuals that seroconvert, most of them were in the process of HIV seroconversion at enrollment and some developed a virus with resistant mutations. This finding reinforced the importance of excluding HIV infection when using FTC/
Organochlorine Pesticides Exposure and Bladder Cancer: Evaluation from a Gene-Environment Perspective in a Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in the Canary Islands (Spain)

ABSTRACT The incidence of bladder cancer has increased significantly since the 1950s. Pesticide exposure has been linked with increasing bladder cancer incidence, although the evidence is inconclusive. However, most epidemiological studies did not evaluate the potential role played by the organochlorine pesticides, the most widely used pesticides in Western countries from the 1940s to the 1970s. Organochlorine pesticides were banned in the late 1970s because of their persistence in the environment and their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Organochlorine pesticides were employed in huge amounts in the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands; the authors, therefore, evaluated the role played by organochlorine pesticides exposure on bladder cancer. Serum levels of the most prevalent organochlorine pesticides used in the agriculture of these Islands (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [p,p’-DDT], and its metabolites dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p’-DDE] and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [p,p’-DDD], hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, α- and β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor, and mirex) were measured in 140 bladder cancer cases and 206 controls. GST-M1 and GST-T1 gene polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. These results showed that serum levels of organochlorine pesticides did not increase bladder cancer risk. On the contrary, total burden of hexachlorocyclohexanes was found to be negatively associated to bladder cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.929, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.865–0.997; P = .041). This effect disappeared when the distribution of the gluthathione S-transferase polymorphisms was introduced in the statistical model. These results indicate that organochlorine pesticides are not a risk factor for bladder cancer. However, these findings provide additional evidence of gene-environment interactions for organochlorine pesticides and bladder cancer and reinforce the relevance of genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in bladder cancer.