Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Les Cahiers de la Chaire Economie du Climat Readiness and Avoided deforestation policies: on the use of the REDD fund

The first phase of the REDD+ mechanism consists of helping countries to improve their capacity to carry out national forest inventories, notably to assess land-use changes and forest carbon stocks and fluxes. However, there might be some links between the funding of this first phase and the quantity of avoided deforestation that will happen during the following phases of REDD+. This paper precisely investigates those links, using a simple two-step, two-players, subsidiary-based REDD+ mechanism.
The rate of pressure dissipation from abnormally pressured compartments

An improved analytic solution is presented that describes the dissipation of abnormal pressures via Darcy flow out of a compartment formed of high-permeability rock capped top and bottom by lower permeability rock. The solution tends to the solutions presented by previous workers in the limit of (1) a thick compartment and thin barrier and (2) a thick barrier and a thin compartment. The importance of including fluid compressibility when analyzing hydrocarbon reservoirs is demonstrated. Previous workers in this field have only included the effect of bulk rock compressibility and have neglected fluid compressibility.The solution is applied to pressure compartments on the scale of a typical hydrocarbon reservoir and overpressured regions on the basin scale. It is shown that the pressure gradient in a typical hydrocarbon reservoir compartment will return to the hydrostatic gradient over timescales of the order of hours or days, but that abnormal pressures are likely to dissipate over periods of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Thus, any reservoir compartment with a different pressure from its neighbors at discovery can be considered as an independent unit during production. However, abnormal pressures on the basin scale may take tens or hundreds of millions of years to dissipate. There is thus no need to invoke zero-permeability seals or capillary-pressure seals in order to explain the existence of abnormal pressures over geological time.
Using Online Chord Databases to Enhance Chord Recognition

Abstract Advances in chord recognition research using machine learning are hampered by two factors: the scarcity of annotated training data, and the limited complexity of the features and models used. Both problems are intertwined, as with few training examples, increasing the complexity of the model would inevitably lead to overfitting. In this paper we develop a way to address the first problem by exploiting chord annotations from online chord databases. We show how such chord annotations, despite being noisy and lacking exact chord onset times, can be put to use both during the recognition and training stage. We note that the ability to exploit this large untapped resource may enable researchers to also address the second problem: with more training data, one may be able to use more complex models without running the same high risk of overfitting.
Study of a Hall effect thruster working with ambient atmospheric gas as propellant for low earth orbit m issions

We present calculation results of Hall effect thruster performance with a twodimensional hybrid model when ambient atmospheric gas (composed of essentially atomic oxygen and nitrogen molecules at an altitude of 250 km) is used as propellant. Simple analytical laws are also used to analyze the effect of propellant mass on thruster performance. In comparisons with conventional xenon propellant, the ionization layer (layer where the gas is ionized) is largely increased due to less favorable ionization cross sections of the atmospheric gases. The consequence is that the channel geometry and magnetic field strength adopted for xenon are no longer suitable for low mass propellants. Analytical works and calculations show that a reduced magnetic field and a longer channel length lead to a benefit in the ionization of atmospheric gases. Calculations also show that a propellant mass flow of 3 mg.s of atomic oxygen (or nitrogen molecules) is necessary to counteract the drag force of 20 mN at an altitude of 250 km.
The 1994 Sefidabeh earthquakes in eastern Iran: blind thrusting and bedding‐plane slip on a growing anticline, and active tectonics of the Sistan suture zone

Summary In 1994 a sequence of five earthquakes with Mw 5.5–6.2 occurred in the Sistan belt of eastern Iran, all of them involving motion on blind thrusts with centroid depths of 5–10 km. Coseismic ruptures at the surface involved bedding-plane slip on a growing hanging-wall anticline displaying geomorphological evidence of uplift and lateral propagation. The 1994 earthquakes were associated with a NW-trending thrust system that splays off the northern termination of a major N–S right-lateral strike-slip fault. Elevation changes along the anticline ridge suggest that displacement on the underlying thrust dies out to the NW, away from its intersection with the strike-slip fault. This is a common fault configuration in eastern Iran and accommodates oblique NE–SW shortening across the N–S deforming zone, probably by anticlockwise rotations about a vertical axis. This style of fault kinematics may be transitional to a more evolved state that involves partitioning of the strike-slip and convergent motion onto separate subparallel faults.
RetinotopicOrganizationandFunctionalSubdivisionsofthe HumanLateralGeniculateNucleus:AHigh-Resolution FunctionalMagneticResonanceImagingStudy

high-resolutionfMRI(1.51.52mm 3 )at3teslatoinvestigatetheretinotopicorganizationofthehumanlateralgeniculatenucleus (LGN). The central 15° of the visual field were mapped using periodic flickering checkerboard stimuli that evoked a traveling wave of activity.Thecontralateralvisualhemifieldwasrepresentedwiththelowerfieldinthemedial-superiorportionandtheupperfieldinthe lateral-inferior portion of each LGN. The horizontal meridian was significantly overrepresented relative to the vertical meridian. The foveawasrepresentedinposteriorandsuperiorportions,withincreasingeccentricitiesrepresentedmoreanteriorly.Themagnification ofthefovearelativetotheperipherywassimilartothatdescribedforhumanprimaryvisualcortex.ThemagnocellularregionsoftheLGN were distinguished based on their sensitivity to low stimulus contrast and tended to be located in its inferior and medial portions. Our results demonstrate striking similarities in the topographic organization of the macaque and human LGN and support accounts of a constantmagnificationfromtheretinathroughthecortexinbothspecies.
A case study for evaluating bidirectional transformations in QVT relations

In model-driven software engineering, high-level models of a software system are eventually transformed into executable code. Model transformations constitute a key technology for model-driven software engineering. QVT Relations (QVT-R) is a language for the declarative specification of model transformations which was defined in an OMG (Object Management Group) standard. In addition to unidirectional transformations, QVT-R supports bidirectional transformations: Rather than writing two unidirectional transformations separately, the user may provide a single relational specification which may be executed in both directions. In this way, the specification of a bidirectional transformation may be simplified considerably - which is crucial e.g. for round-trip engineering. This paper investigates a case study for evaluating QVT-R's capabilities for specifying bidirectional transformations. Even in this rather simple case study, development of a bidirectional transformation turns out to be more complex than expected. Motivated by the case study, we propose extensions to QVT-R which facilitate the specification of bidirectional transformations considerably.
Evaluation of Mass Transfer Performance for Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction of Cesium in a Conventional 5-cm Centrifugal Contactor

Tests have been conducted to determine if satisfactory mass transfer performance is achieved using a fully pumping 5-cm centrifugal contactor under conditions present in the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) process. Tests utilized a commercially available contactor that had been modified by installation of a rotor housing bottom that had straight radial vanes on the process side. As received from the vendor, the housing bottom was equipped with curved (impeller-type) vanes that were intended to promote phase separation by minimizing mixing of influent solutions. Stage efficiencies exceeding 85% were obtained under conditions, present in the extraction section of the CSSX flowsheet. Under CSSX stripping conditions the stage efficiency exceeded 90%. In both cases, the efficiencies obtained exceed the minimum requirement for acceptable transfer of cesium in the CSSX process.
Video-Based Rendering Techniques

The goal of video based rendering is to render images or videos of a scene from novel viewpoints, based on video footage from one or more real cameras. This has a high potential especially for outdoor sports events, where usually several cameras are available, but adding other technology into the scene is expensive or not allowed. However, in such uncontrolled setups, the input suffers from several drawbacks. The cameras are usually sparsely placed, causing wide baselines between them. Positioned far from the scene, the cameras are also difficult to calibrate, i.e., to compute their positions, viewing directions and internal parameters based on the images. Therefore, the set of usable cameras is reduced to those with wide-angle shots, causing the coverage of subjects in the scene to be at low resolution. In this thesis we present two different approaches to render novel views in such difficult outdoor setups. The first approach is based on a body pose estimation used to construct articulated billboards, a novel representation of the human body. First, a coarse pose guess is established according to comparisons of silhouettes with a database. From the k best 2D pose estimations of the individual cameras, the optimal combination is chosen according to errors in the 3D triangulation, which results in a 3D pose estimation. After a consistency test to remove left/right flips of arms or legs between frames, the body poses are optimized in a spatio-temporal energy minimization. This includes terms for smoothness, silhouette fitting as well as data-driven terms to favor plausible poses. The articulated billboards are placed according to the results of this pose estimation and consist of a billboard fan per body part. In a novel view-dependent blending and rendering technique they can be shown from arbitrary viewpoints. The second approach introduces an adaptive reconstruction method and a viewdependent geometry morph. A separate 2.5D representation is obtained in every camera image by a coarse-to-fine reconstruction. It uses sparse feature match correspondences as well as back-projection errors to find optimal depth values for the vertices of a 2.5D triangulation and to adaptively subdivide triangles only where it is required. A refinement step according to back-projections and neighbor look-ups improves the found vertex depths. It results in a 2.5D reconstruction per camera, which are merged into a final 3D representation. Novel viewpoints
Las empresas pequeñas de base tecnológica en España: delimitación, evolución y características

espanolEste estudio trata de mejorar el conocimiento sobre Las empresas pequenas de base tecnologica (EBT), utilizando el Panel de Innovacion Tecnologica (PITEC). La primera cuestion analizada se refiere al numero de EBT existentes en Espana. Las cifras que proporciona este estudio apuntan a que las EBT forman un colectivo muy reducido dentro de la poblacion total de empresas. En segundo lugar, se confirma el mayor dinamismo de las EBT. crecimiento de sus ventas y empleo mayores que el resto de empresas de sus mismos sectores de actividad. Finalmente, la tercera cuestion analizada es el caracter de las actividades de innovacion que emprenden las EBT.Estas realizan innovacion tecnologica en un porcentaje mayor que el resto de empresas y obtienen resultados tecnologicos que superan la media del resto de empresas. EnglishThe objective of this paper is to examine the characteristics, the number and the specialization of small Spanish technology-based firms (EBT). The analysis is based on the Panel de Innovacion Tecnologica (PITEC), which is a panel of firms based on the Innovation Survey conducted every year by the INE. The first question examined refers to the number of EBT. The figures reported suggest that small EBTs are a very small number among the population of Spanish firms. Second, small EBTs are more dynamic in terms of both sales and employment growth compared to other firms within the same industry. Third, small EBTs perform more intensively innovation activities than non-EBT within the same industry. The paper explores these regularities and offers some basic statistics on the differences between EBT and non-EBT firms.
Endogenous Ranking in a Two-Sector Urn-Ball Matching Process

This paper contributes to the debate concerning the micro-foundation of matching functions in frictional labor markets. The focus is on a particular matching regime, i.e., the so-called urnball process. It is shown that in a two-sector economy, even in the presence of heterogeneous workers, the assumption of applicants-ranking may be misleading. Instead, the choice concerning the adoption of either ranking or no-ranking behavior is endogenous and it is affected by both the tightness of the two sectors and the composition of the labor force in terms of skills. Moreover it is proved that exogenous shocks may change the form of the matching function. This result casts additional doubts on the assumption of exogenous matching functions often made in empirical works aimed at assessing the effectiveness of policy measures. JEL J63 J64
Railroads and Growth in Prussia

We study the effect of railroad access on urban population growth. Using GIS techniques, we match triennial population data for roughly 1,000 cities in nineteenth-century Prussia to georeferenced maps of the German railroad network. We find positive short- and long-term effects of having a station on urban growth for different periods during 1840--1871. Causal effects of (potentially endogenous) railroad access on city growth are identified using propensity score matching, instrumental variables, and fixed-effects estimation techniques. Our instrument identifies exogenous variation in railroad access by constructing straight-line corridors between nodes. Counterfactual models using pre-railroad growth yield no evidence to support the hypothesis that railroads appeared as a consequence of a previous growth spurt.
COMPARISON AMONG EDDY DIFFUSIVITY LENGTH SCALE PARAMETERIZATIONS FOR SIMULATING MARINE STRATOCUMULUS-TOPPED BOUNDARY-LAYERS

Many first-order numerical models commonly used to simulate atmospheric circulations make use of the so-called K-theory to simulate the turbulent transport in boundary-layer. In such theory, according to which turbulent transport occurs downgradient, a length scale needs to be determined for closure. In this work, we evaluate the performance of three eddy diffusivity length scale parameterizations used in the numerical simulation of stratocumulus-topped boundary-layers with a single column model (SCM). Two of them are commonly used to simulate the turbulent transport in atmospheric models (Blackadar, 1962 and Bougeault and Lacarrere, 1989). The third one is a spectral model derived from experimental data. Results show that the spectral model is far superior in representing the turbulent structure and the various physical characteristics observed in the marine stratocumulus-topped boundary-layer.
The Price of Fairness in Location Based Advertising

Firms use massive amounts of personal data to decide which advertisements to show to an individual, raising concerns of fairness and algorithmic bias. Previous work has proposed techniques to make machine learning more fair through awareness of the protected attributes of user data. However, these studies have either focused on specific tasks, been primarily theoretical, or have ignored the highly important domain of location-based advertising. In this work, we present an empirical analysis of the impact of fairness on advertising revenue using a real world example: location based ad personalization for users of Instagram. We empirically analyze the potential for inadvertent discrimination among gender and race in location-based systems, additionally showing the impact of location representation on fairness. Furthermore, we apply fairness techniques to analyze how revenue is affected when both individual and group fairness guarantees must hold. Though this work is a grounding for research into fairness in location-based ads, our methodology applies to more general advertising tasks. ACM Reference format: Chris Riederer and Augustin Chaintreau. 2017. The Price of Fairness in Location Based Advertising. In Proceedings of ACM RecSys conference, Como, Italy, August 2017 (FATREC’17), 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.18122/B2MD8C
The Web Site and Brand Trust as Antecedents of Online Loyalty: Results from Four Countries

As online business thrives, a company’s Web presence holds enormous importance as a source of information, entertainment, and customer service for Internet users. Besides being user-friendly, a Web site should offer interesting and enjoyable content to attract online visitors in an ever-changing multimedia environment. Companies that operate globally must know how cultural differences influence the way potential customers perceive their sites. This paper presents a model that highlights the importance of ease of use, enjoyment, content, and brand trust for Web site loyalty. The model is subsequently tested in four countries: Australia, Japan, Mongolia, and the USA. The results show that perceptual differences exist: while ease of use is crucial for Web site loyalty in all four countries, the importance of content, perceived enjoyment, and brand trust varies across different cultures.
Ergonomic Assessments of Laboratory Working with Seating and Standing Postures

Ergonomics is important to ensure that the worker can work in the safe condition whether they work in standing, sitting, walking and so on. The use of ergonomics study is to improve the workers safety and health, increase job satisfaction and enhances performance. Lack of ergonomics criteria in workspace and workstation design can cause physical and biological hazards to the workers. Ergonomics evaluations in industrial setting have recently received increased attention due to the cost incurred as a result of repetitive motion injuries. When we are working, the most common position involved is whether standing or seating. Working in seating position is widely available in the office and assembly line at the manufacturing floor. Because of some particular reason, working in standing position also widely used in manufacturing floor. Many industrial companies today have changed their plant layout to fit with standing operator. This paper reports on the impact of the types of handling the work station design, have specific ergonomic risk factors identified in these tasks. The field of study is focused on ergonomic problems encountered for every machine and workstation at the engineering school associated with the laboratory practicals in these labs. A welldesigned workspace must be safe, efficient, satisfying to use, pleasant, durable, and users to interact safely. The results of this study create an ergonomics awareness with all staff and student of laboratory working with seating and standing postures.
Two-level space-time domain decomposition methods for unsteady inverse problems

As the number of processor cores on supercomputers becomes larger and larger, algorithms with high degree of parallelism attract more attention. In this work, we propose a novel space-time coupled algorithm for solving an inverse problem associated with the time-dependent convection-diffusion equation in three dimensions. We introduce a mixed finite element/finite difference method and a one-level and a two-level space-time parallel domain decomposition preconditioner for the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) system induced from reformulating the inverse problem as an output least-squares optimization problem in the space-time domain. The new full space approach eliminates the sequential steps of the optimization outer loop and the inner forward and backward time marching processes, thus achieves high degree of parallelism. Numerical experiments validate that this approach is effective and robust for recovering unsteady moving sources. We report strong scalability results obtained on a supercomputer with more than 1,000 processors.
Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.
Status, Challenge and Prospect of Wild Giant Pandas

Based on the third nationwide survey of the giant panda, the total of wild giant pandas is 1 596, and is confined in 45 counties of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. The total area of habitats summed up to 2 304 991 ha. Compared to the second nationwide survey, the subsistence of wild giant pandas has been improved in recent years, which was represented by its wideness of distribution, improvement of the habitat quality and increase of total population size. The author pointed out that future conservation would be confronted great challenges, including from its own biological characteristics, habitat fragmentation and future fate of small isolated populations and conflicts between giant panda protection and development of local community economics. The author also proposed the prospects for the future giant panda conservation as follows: the total of nature reserve related to the giant panda will be increased and its habitat will be improved; the population of wild giant pandas will graduate increase, but extinction rate of some local small populations will be accumulated; the captive giant panda population will become self-sustaining and the reintroduction of captive pandas will be implicated in the near future.
Managing Open Bug Repositories through Bug Report Prioritization Using SVMs

Managing the incoming deluge of new bug reports received in bug repository of a large open source project is a challenging task. Handling these reports manually by developers, consume time and resources which results in delaying the resolution of crucial (important) bugs which need to be identified and resolved earlier to prevent major losses in a software project. In this paper, we present a machine learning approach to develop a bug priority recommender which automatically assigns an appropriate priority level to newly arrived bugs, so that they are resolved in order of importance and an important bug is not left untreated for a long time. Our approach is based on the classification technique, for which we use Support Vector Machines. Experimental evaluation of our recommender using precision and recall measures reveals the feasibility of our approach for automatic bug priority assignment.