Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatially Adaptive Filtering as Regularization in Inverse Imaging: Compressive Sensing, Super-Resolution, and Upsampling

1.1 Introduction : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4 1.2 Iterative ltering as regularization : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5 1.2.1 Spectral decomposition of the operator : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6 1.2. 2 Non-local transform domain ltering : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6 1.3 Compressed sensing : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 8 1.3.1 Observation model and notation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 9 1.3.2 Iterative algorithm with stochastic approximation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10 1.3.2.1 Comments to the algorithm : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 11 1.3.3 Experiments : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 13 1.3.3.1 Radon inversion from sparse projections : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 13 1.3.3.2 Limited-angle tomography : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 14 1.3.3. 3 Reconstruction from low-frequency data : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 15 1.4 Super-resolution : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 16 1.4. 1 Spectral decomposition for the super-resolution problem : : : : : : : : 18 1.4. 2 Observation model : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 20 1.4. 3 Scaling family of transforms : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 20 1.4. 4 Multistage iterative reconstruction : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 21 1.4. 5 Experiments : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 23 1.4. 5.1 Implementation details : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 23 1.4. 5.2 Super-resolution : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 24 1.4. 5.3 Image upsampling : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25 1.5 Conclusions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25
Frio Formation of Texas Gulf Coastal Plain: Depositional Systems, Structural Framework, and Hydrocarbon Distribution

The Frio Formation (Oligocene-Miocene) is one of the major Tertiary progradational wedges of the Texas Gulf coastal plain and has yielded nearly 6 billion bbl of oil and 60 tcf of gas. The Frio, and its updip equivalent, the Catahoula Formation, consists of deposits of two large fluvial and associated deltaic systems, centered in the Houston and Rio Grande embayments. Structural history in the Houston embayment is dominated by syndepositional deformation of underlying Jurassic salt; mobilization of thick, undercompacted prodelta and slope muds characterized the tectonic evolution of the deltaic sequence in the Rio Grande embayment. These two major deltaic depocenters are separated by a vertically stacked, strike-parallel coastal barrier and strand-plain system. Underlying interbedded, and transgressive shelf, prodelta, and continental slope mudstone sequences provide principal source and sealing facies. Sparse organic geochemical data, regional thermal gradients, and distribution patterns of hydrocarbons show that large volumes of oil and gas have likely been generated within and effectively expulsed upward and landward from thermally mature, normally to moderately undercompacted sequences of bounding mudstone facies. All Frio depositional systems contain major, geologically defined, hydrocarbon-producing plays. Oil and gas field productivity data show a log normal frequency distribution for all but the largest fields. Per volume productivity, production styles, and types of hydrocarbons within each of the ten recognized plays reflect available source rock types, differing thermal and compaction histories, and variable reservoir and trap configurations that characterize each depositional system. Systematic distribution patterns of both physical and chemical properties of produced hydrocarbons can be related to source facies, regional thermal regime, and post generation modification by (1) continued maturation, thermal cracking, and deasphalting, (2) migration and attendant chromatographic separatio , and (3) bacterial alteration.
GTP‐dependent RNA 3′‐terminal phosphate cyclase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

We discovered that the PF1549 gene in Pyrococcus furiosus encodes a very heat‐stable RNA 3′‐terminal phosphate cyclase (Pf‐Rtc). Although all previously reported Rtc proteins are ATP‐dependent enzymes, we found that Pf‐Rtc requires GTP for its cyclase activity at 95 °C. Low‐level activation of the enzyme was also observed in the presence of dGTP but not other dNTPs, indicating that the guanine base is very important for Pf‐Rtc activity. We analyzed a series of GTP analogues and found that the conversion from GTP to GMP is important for Pf‐Rtc activity and that an excess of GMP inhibits this activity. Gel‐shift analysis clearly showed that the RNA‐binding activity of Pf‐Rtc is totally dependent on the linear form of the 3′‐terminal phosphate, with an apparent Kd value of 20 nm at 95 °C. Furthermore, we found that Pf‐Rtc may contribute to GTP‐dependent RNA ligation activity through the PF0027 protein (a 2′‐5′ RNA ligase‐like protein in P. furiosus). The possible roles of Pf‐Rtc and the importance of terminal phosphate structures in RNA are discussed.
Metabolic syndrome-mediated inflammation following elective percutaneous coronary intervention

There are few data concerning the relationship between diabetes mellitus, the metabolic syndrome and inflammation following elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The purpose of this study was to assess basal and peak levels of candidate cytokines in 40 patients undergoing elective PCI. Patients were categorised as having diabetes mellitus, the metabolic syndrome, or neither. Patients with the metabolic syndrome exhibited significantly greater levels of tumour necrosis factor-a over the study period, although this was unrelated to PCI. There was a trend for increased levels of interleukin-6 following PCI, primarily among patients with metabolic syndrome. Basal levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were not different among study groups; however, the metabolic syndrome cohort had a trend towards increased circulating levels of MCP-1 after PCI. In this patient population, the metabolic syndrome correlates with a heightened inflammatory response following elective PCI.
Integrated stratigraphy (magneto-, bio- and chronostratigraphy) and geochronology of the Palaeogene pelagic succession of the Umbria–Marche Basin (central Italy)

Abstract Extensive outcrops in the Umbria–Marche Basin of central Italy include some of the most complete successions of Palaeogene sediments known from the Tethyan Realm. Owing to the continuous deposition in a pelagic setting, a rather modest tectonic overprint, the availability of excellent age control through magneto-, bio-, chemo- and tephrostratigraphy, and direct radioisotopic dates from interbedded volcaniclastic layers, these sediments have played a prominent role in the establishment of standard Palaeogene time scales. We present here a complete and well-preserved Palaeogene pelagic composite succession of the Umbria–Marche Basin, which provides the means for an accurate and precise calibration of the Palaeogene time scale. As a necessary step towards the compilation of a more robust database on a wide scale so as to improve the magneto-, bio- and chronostratigraphic framework of the classical southern Tethyan zonations, enabling regional and supraregional correlations, we have constructed a record of reliable Palaeogene planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossil and dinocyst biohorizons commonly used in tropical to subtropical Cenozoic zonations. In addition, an age model is provided for the Palaeogene pelagic composite succession based on magnetostratigraphy, planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils, which contributes to an integrated chronology for the Palaeogene Tethyan sediments from c. 65.5 to 23 Ma. Supplementary material: Tables 1 to 13 which provide further details of the Palaeogene pelagic succession of the Umbria–Marche Basin (central Italy) are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18539
The effect of carbonate chemistry on calcification and photosynthesis in the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma

The rise in atmospheric CO2 has caused significant decrease in sea surface pH and carbonate ion (CO3‐2) concentration. This decrease has a negative effect on calcification in hermatypic corals and other calcifying organisms. We report the results of three laboratory experiments designed specifically to separate the effects of the different carbonate chemistry parameters (pH, CO3‐2, CO2 [aq], total alkalinity [AT], and total inorganic carbon [CT]) on the calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration of the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma. The carbonate system was varied to change pH (7.9‐8.5), without changing CT; CT was changed keeping the pH constant, and CT was changed keeping the pCO2 constant. In all of these experiments, calcification (both light and dark) was positively correlated with CO3‐2 concentration, suggesting that the corals are not sensitive to pH or CT but to the CO3‐2 concentration. A decrease of ~30% in the CO3‐2 concentration (which is equivalent to a decrease of about 0.2 pH units in seawater) caused a calcification decrease of about 50%. These results suggest that calcification in today's ocean (pCO2 = 370 ppm) is lower by ~20% compared with preindustrial time (pCO2 = 280 ppm). An additional decrease of ~35% is expected if atmospheric CO2 concentration doubles (pCO2 = 560 ppm). In all of these experiments, photosynthesis and respiration did not show any significant response to changes in the carbonate chemistry of seawater. Based on this observation, we propose a mechanism by which the photosynthesis of symbionts is enhanced by coral calcification at high pH when CO2(aq) is low. Overall it seems that photosynthesis and calcification support each other mainly through internal pH regulation, which provides CO3‐2 ions for calcification and CO2(aq) for photosynthesis.
An audit of characteristics and outcomes in adult intensive care patients following tracheostomy

Background: Tracheostomies are commonly performed on critically ill patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with surgical and percutaneous tracheostomies and identify factors affecting outcome. Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent tracheostomy between January 1999 and June 2008 were identified on the basis of Diagnostic Related Group coding and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification procedural code. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Contingency tables were generated for clinical variables and a chi-squared test was used to determine significance. Results: One hundred and sixty-eight patients underwent tracheostomy between January 1999 and 30 June 2008. In-hospital mortality was 22.6%. The probability of death was found to be independent of timing of tracheostomy, technique used (percutaneous vs. surgical), number of failed extubations and obesity. On univariate analysis, the null hypothesis of independence was rejected for age on admission (P = 0.014), diagnosis of sepsis (P = 0.0008) or cardiac arrest (P = 0.0016), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = 0.0319) and the Australasian Outcomes Research Tool for Intensive Care calculated risk of death (P = 0.0432). Conclusion: Although a number of patient factors are associated with worse outcome, tracheostomy appears to be a relatively safe technique in the Intensive Care Unit population.
Speech Enhancement Using Gaussian Scale Mixture Models

This paper presents a novel probabilistic approach to speech enhancement. Instead of a deterministic logarithmic relationship, we assume a probabilistic relationship between the frequency coefficients and the log-spectra. The speech model in the log-spectral domain is a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The frequency coefficients obey a zero-mean Gaussian whose covariance equals to the exponential of the log-spectra. This results in a Gaussian scale mixture model (GSMM) for the speech signal in the frequency domain, since the log-spectra can be regarded as scaling factors. The probabilistic relation between frequency coefficients and log-spectra allows these to be treated as two random variables, both to be estimated from the noisy signals. Expectation-maximization (EM) was used to train the GSMM and Bayesian inference was used to compute the posterior signal distribution. Because exact inference of this full probabilistic model is computationally intractable, we developed two approaches to enhance the efficiency: the Laplace method and a variational approximation. The proposed methods were applied to enhance speech corrupted by Gaussian noise and speech-shaped noise (SSN). For both approximations, signals reconstructed from the estimated frequency coefficients provided higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and those reconstructed from the estimated log-spectra produced lower word recognition error rate because the log-spectra fit the inputs to the recognizer better. Our algorithms effectively reduced the SSN, which algorithms based on spectral analysis were not able to suppress.
Theory and experiment for passive microwave remote sensing of snowpacks

Both the theory and experiment for the passive remote sensing of snow with microwave radiometers have been studied. We account for volume scattering effects of snow by incorporating Mie scattering theory into a radiative transfer model. The theory is applied to the interpretation of experimental data obtained from various snow measurements. The spectral and angular dependences of the brightness temperatures are illustrated and show good agreements between the theory and experiment. The brightness temperatures as a function of snow depths are also interpreted and discussed. It is observed that as the snow depth increases, the brightness temperature increases when the subsurface is an aluminum plate due to the fact that the plate is cold and snow absorption induces brightening effect and the brightness temperature decreases when the subsurface is soil due to the fact that snow scattering induces darkening effects.
Preference Learning for Category-Ranking based Interactive Text Categorization

Category Ranking is a variant of the multi-label classification problem, in which, rather than performing a (hard) assignment to an object of categories from a predefined set, we rank all categories according to their estimated "degree of suitability" to the object. Category ranking has many applications, all pertaining to "interactive" classification contexts in which the system, rather than taking a final categorization decision, is simply required to support a human expert who is in charge of taking this decision. Despite its high applicative potential in information retrieval applications, and in text categorization in particular, category ranking has mainly been tackled by standard text categorization methods. In this paper, we take a radically different stand to category ranking, i.e. one in which supervision is provided to the learner not in the standard form of labels attached to training documents, but in the form of preferences of type "category c\ is to be preferred to category c2 for document d". We apply to this problem a recently proposed, very general model for preferential learning, and show, through experiments performed on the standard Reuters-21578 benchmark, that this largely outperforms support vector machines, the learning method which has up to now proved the best-performing one in text categorization comparative experiments.
Tracking of time-varying mobile radio channels. II. A case study

For pt.I see ibid., vol.49, p.2207-17 (2001). Low-complexity Wiener LMS (WLMS) adaptation algorithms, of use for channel estimation, have been derived in Lindbom et al. (2001). They are here evaluated on the fast fading radio channels encountered in IS-136 TDMA systems, with the aim of clarifying several issues: How much can channel estimation performance be improved with these tools, as compared to LMS adaptation? When can an improved tracking MSE be expected to result in a meaningful reduction of the bit error rate? Will optimal prediction of future channel estimates significantly improve the equalization? Can one single tracker with fixed gain be used for all encountered Doppler frequencies and SNRs, or must a more elaborate scheme be adopted? These questions are here investigated both analytically and by simulation. An exact analytical expression for the tracking MSE on two-tap FIR channels is presented and utilized. With this tool, the MSE performance and robustness of WLMS algorithms based on different statistical models can be investigated. A simulation study then compares the uncoded bit error rate of detectors, where channel trackers are used in decision directed mode in conjunction with Viterbi algorithms. A Viterbi detector combined with WLMS, based on second order autoregressive fading models possibly combined with integration, provides good performance and robustness at a reasonable complexity.
The p300/CBP acetyltransferases function as transcriptional coactivators of β‐catenin in vertebrates

Wnt growth factors regulate a variety of developmental processes by altering specific gene expression patterns. In vertebrates β‐catenin acts as transcriptional activator, which is needed to overcome target gene repression by Groucho/TLE proteins, and to permit promoter activation as the final consequence of Wnt signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional activation by β‐catenin are only poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the closely related acetyltransferases p300 and CBP potentiate β‐catenin‐mediated activation of the siamois promoter, a known Wnt target. β‐catenin and p300 also synergize to stimulate a synthetic reporter gene construct, whereas activation of the cyclin D1 promoter by β‐catenin is refractory to p300 stimulation. Axis formation and activation of the β‐catenin target genes siamois and Xnr‐3 in Xenopus embryos are sensitive to the E1A oncoprotein, a known inhibitor of p300/CBP. The C‐terminus of β‐catenin interacts directly with a region overlapping the CH‐3 domain of p300. p300 could participate in alleviating promoter repression imposed by chromatin structure and in recruiting the basal transcription machinery to promoters of particular Wnt target genes.
A Classifier of Malicious Android Applications

Malware for smart phones is rapidly spreading out. This paper proposes a method for detecting malware based on three metrics, which evaluate: the occurrences of a specific subset of system calls, a weighted sum of a subset of permissions that the application required, and a set of combinations of permissions. The experimentation carried out suggests that these metrics are promising in detecting malware, but further improvements are needed to increase the quality of detection.
Comment on “In Monkeys Making Value-Based Decisions, LIP Neurons Encode Cue Salience and Not Action Value”

Leathers and Olson (Reports, 5 October 2012, p. 132) draw the strong conclusion that neurons in the monkey lateral intraparietal (LIP) cortical area encode only cue salience, and not action value, during value-based decision-making. Although their findings regarding cue salience are interesting, their broader conclusions are problematic because (i) their primary conclusion is based on responses observed during a brief interval at the beginning of behavioral trials but is extended to all subsequent temporal epochs and (ii) the authors failed to replicate basic hallmarks of LIP physiology observed in those subsequent temporal epochs by many laboratories.
Cytotoxic Effects of Dillapiole on Embryonic Development of Mouse Blastocysts in Vitro and in Vivo

We examined the cytotoxic effects of dillapiole, a phenylpropanoid with antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and acaricidal activities, on the blastocyst stage of mouse embryos, subsequent embryonic attachment and outgrowth in vitro, and in vivo implantation via embryo transfer. Blastocysts treated with 2.5–10 μM dillapiole exhibited a significant increase in apoptosis and corresponding decrease in total cell number. Notably, the implantation success rates of blastocysts pretreated with dillapiole were lower than those of their control counterparts. Moreover, in vitro treatment with 2.5–10 μM dillapiole was associated with increased resorption of post-implantation embryos and decreased fetal weight. Our results collectively indicate that dillapiole induces apoptosis and retards early post-implantation development, both in vitro and in vivo. However, the extent to which this organic compound exerts teratogenic effects on early human development is not known at present. Further studies are required to establish effective protection strategies against the cytotoxic effects of dillapiole.
The effects of acidic deposition on streams in the Appalachian Mountain and Piedmont Region of the Mid‐Atlantic United States

Streams in the Appalachian Mountain area of the mid-Atlantic receive some of the largest acidic deposition loadings of any region of the United States. A synthesis of the survey data from the mid-Appalachians yields a consistent picture of the acid base status of streams. Acidic streams, and streams with very low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), are almost all located in small (<20 km2), upland, forested catchments in areas of base-poor bedrock. In the subpopulation of upland forested systems, which comprises about half the total stream population in the mid-Appalachian area, data from various local surveys show that 6–27% of the streams are acidic, and about 25–50% have ANC less than 50 μeq L−1. After excluding streams with acid mine drainage, National Stream Survey estimates for the whole region show that there are 2330 km of acidic streams and 7500 km of streams with ANC less than 50 μeq L−1. Many of the streams with base flow ANC less than 50 μeq L−1 become acidic during storm or snowmelt episodes. Sulfate from atmospheric deposition is the dominant source of strong acid anions in acidic mid-Appalachian streams. Their low pH (median, 4.9) and high levels of inorganic monomeric aluminum (median, 129 μg L−1) leached through soils by acidic deposition are causing damage to aquatic biota. Quantification of the extent of biological effects, however, is not possible with available data. Localized studies have shown that stream water ANC is closely related to bedrock mineralogy. Attempts to quantify this relationship across the mid-Appalachians, however, were frustrated by the lack of adequate scale geologic mapping throughout the region. Sulfate mass balance analyses indicate that soils and surface waters of the region have not yet realized the full effects of elevated sulfur deposition due to watershed sulfate retention. Sulfur retention is likely to decrease in the future, resulting in further losses of stream ANC.