Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth of multiwall carbon nanotubes in an inductively coupled plasma reactor

A high density plasma from a methane–hydrogen mixture is generated in an inductively coupled plasma reactor, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are grown on silicon substrates with multilayered Al/Fe catalysts. The nanotubes are vertically aligned, and the alignment is better than the orientation commonly seen in thermally grown samples. A detailed parametric study varying inductive power, pressure, temperature, gas composition, catalyst thickness, and power to the substrate is undertaken. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the nanotubes. Emission spectroscopy and a global model are used to characterize the plasma. The power in the lower electrode holding the substrate influences the morphology and results in a transition from MWNTs to nanofibers as the power is increased.
Quantum signature scheme for known quantum messages

When we want to sign a quantum message that we create, we can use arbitrated quantum signature schemes which are possible to sign for not only known quantum messages but also unknown quantum messages. However, since the arbitrated quantum signature schemes need the help of a trusted arbitrator in each verification of the signature, it is known that the schemes are not convenient in practical use. If we consider only known quantum messages such as the above situation, there can exist a quantum signature scheme with more efficient structure. In this paper, we present a new quantum signature scheme for known quantum messages without the help of an arbitrator. Differing from arbitrated quantum signature schemes based on the quantum one-time pad with the symmetric key, since our scheme is based on quantum public-key cryptosystems, the validity of the signature can be verified by a receiver without the help of an arbitrator. Moreover, we show that our scheme provides the functions of quantum message integrity, user authentication and non-repudiation of the origin as in digital signature schemes.
Three-dimensional polymer microdevices with gold nanorods

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) polyacrylamide microstructure containing gold nanorods (AuNRs) was fabricated successfully by utilizing femtosecond laser-based two-photon polymerization (TPP) with a Rose Bengal (RB) photoinitiator, and can provide a great diversity of optical properties. To maintain AuNRs in the 3D polymer microstructures, the fabrication laser power can be significantly reduced to 1.0 mW by tuning the laser wavelength for the two-photon absorption of RB to improve TPP efficiency, but not for the longitudinal plasmon resonance of AuNRs to photothermally damage AuNRs. After the TPP processing, a higher laser power, greater than the threshold of the AuNR damage at the wavelength for the longitudinal plasmon resonance, is adopted to reshape the AuNRs into gold nanospheres. Then, the existence of the AuNRs in designated positions of the fabricated 3D microstructures can be achieved. The doped AuNRs with two-photon luminescence also act as contrast agent for internal diagnosis of 3D polymer microstructures.
In vitro imaging of ophthalmic tissue by digital interference holography

We used digital interference holography (DIH) for in vitro imaging of human optic nerve head and retina. Samples of peripheral retina, macula, and optic nerve head from two formaldehyde-preserved human eyes were dissected and mounted onto slides. Holograms were captured by a monochrome CCD camera (Sony XC-ST50, with 780 × 640 pixels and pixel size of ∼9 µm). Light source was a solid-state pumped dye laser with tunable wavelength range of 560–605 nm. Using about 50 wavelengths in this band, holograms were obtained and numerically reconstructed using custom software based on NI LabView. Tomographic images were produced by superposition of holograms. Holograms of all tissue samples were obtained with a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 50 dB. Optic nerve head characteristics (shape, diameter, cup depth, and cup width) were quantified with a few micron resolution (4.06–4.8 µm). Multiple layers were distinguishable in cross-sectional images of the macula. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DIH use to image human macular and optic nerve tissue. DIH has the potential to become a useful tool for researchers and clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of many ocular diseases, including glaucoma and a variety of macular diseases.
Magnetic moment measurement of magnetic nanoparticles using atomic force microscopy

Magnetic moment per unit mass of magnetic nanoparticles was found by using the atomic force microscope (AFM). The mass of the nanoparticles was acquired from the resonance frequency shift of the particle-attached AFM probe and magnetic force measurement was also carried out with the AFM. Combining with magnetic field strength, the magnetic moment per unit mass of the nanoparticles was determined as a function of magnetic field strength.
New Cepheid distances to nearby galaxies based on BVRI CCD photometry. III: NGC 300

A true distance modulus of (m - M) sub 0 = 26.66 +/- 0.10 mag (corresponding to 2.1 +/- 0.1 Mpc) has been determined for the Sculptor Group spiral galaxy NGC 300. New CCD data have been obtained for a sample of known Cepheids in this galaxy from which apparent distance moduli at B, V, R, and I wavelengths are determined. Combining the data available at different wavelenghts, and assuming a true distance modulus to the LMC of 18.5 mag, a true distance modulus is obtained for NGC 300, corrected for the effects of interstellar reddening. The availability of a new distance to NGC 300 brings to five the total number of galaxies with new CCD photometry of Cepheids, useful for calibration of the Hubble constant.
Acceleration of the Impedance Matrix Filling for Marching-on-in-Degree Method by Equivalent Dipole Moment

Abstract In this article, the equivalent dipole moment method is employed to accelerate the marching-on-in-degree method for the time-domain combined field integral equation. Each element can be viewed as a dipole model when the distance between the source and the testing basis functions is beyond a threshold distance. In this way, the impedance matrix elements of each order can be easily computed by a simple procedure, and the computational time is reduced significantly for transient electromagnetic scattering. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method for electromagnetic scattering from perfect electric conductor objects.
FAULT DETECTION OF DESCRIPTOR SYSTEMS

Abstract This paper is concerned with the fault detection problem of descriptor systems. First, an approach is proposed to design a normal observer based residual generator for descriptor systems by exploring the relationship between parity space based and observer based residual generators. It is then shown that the full decoupling problem can be easily solved with this approach. Finally, a model-free approach is given to directly identify parity space based or observer based residual generators from input and output data of descriptor systems and the order reduction of the identified residual generators is discussed.
Symmetrical Functions and Macdonald′s Result for Top Connexion Coefficients in the Symmetrical Group

Abstract In unpublished work, Macdonald gave an indirect proof that the connexion coefficients for certain symmetric functions coincide with the connexion coefficients of the class algebra of the symmetric group. We give a direct proof of this result and demonstrate the use of these functions in a number of combinatorial questions associated with ordered factorisations of permutations into factors of specified cycle-type, including factorisations considered up to commutation in the symmetric group. Several related properties of the symmetric functions are given.
Multi-valued monotone nonlinear mappings and duality mappings in Banach spaces

It is our object in the present paper to generalize to the multi-valued case the results obtained in a number of recent papers by the author and G. J. Minty for single-valued mappings T (cf. [2]-[14]). The first results for multi-valued mappings for X a Hubert space have been obtained in an unpublished paper of Minty [15]. The methods of [15] are not directly extendable to more general spaces, but our discussion of the finite-dimensional case (Lemma 2.1) has been very much influenced by the manuscript of [15] which Minty has recently transmitted to the author. (The basic result of [15] is stated at the end of §2 below.) Our results for general multi-valued monotone mappings have an interesting specific application given in §3 below to the generalization of a theorem of Beurling and Livingston [1] on duality mappings in Banach spaces. In a previous paper [12], we showed that for strictly convex reflexive spaces, this theorem could be obtained from results on single-valued monotone mappings. In §3 below we give a generalization of this theorem to general reflexive Banach spaces which runs as follows: Let X be a reflexive Banach space, ej)(r) a non-negative nondecreasing function on P1 with ej)(0) =0. The duality map Tof X with respect to c¡> is defined by
Polynomials determining Dedekind domains

If A is a Dedekind domain and f generates a prime ideal of A[X] which is not maximal, then the domain A[X]/(f) is Dedekind if and only if f is not contained in the square of any maximal ideal of A[X]. This criterion is used find the ring of integers of a cyclotomic field, and to determine when a plane curve is normal.
Calibrating M-Dwarf Metallicities Using Molecular Indices: Extension to Low-metallicity Stars

We have calculated Fe and Ti abundances in 12 low-metallicity main sequence M stars using high-resolution spectra. These subdwarf and extreme-subdwarf stars allow us to extend our calibration of a method to determine cool-dwarf-star metallicities using molecular band strength indices from low-resolution spectra. Our calibration can now be used to determine metallicity to within ± 0.3 dex for stars with [Fe/H] between -1.5 and +0.05 and temperatures between 3500 and 4000 K. We also report a method to estimate temperatures for M dwarfs using equivalent width measurements of the infrared Ca II triplet and the K I line at 7699 Å. Our metallicity measurements show that the recently proposed classification system for low-mass stars (dwarfs, subdwarfs, extreme subdwarfs, and ultrasubdwarfs) does represent a metallicity sequence, with the ultrasubdwarfs the most metal-poor stars.
Crossing Number is NP-Complete

In this paper we consider a problem related to questions of optimal circuit layout: Given a graph or network, how can we embed it in a planar surface so as to minimize the number of edge-crossings? We show that this problem is NP-complete, and hence there is not likely to be any efficient way to design an optimal embedding.
SKEWNESS FOR PARAMETERS IN GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS

In this paper we give an asymptotic formula of order n −1/2, where n is the sample size, for the skewness of the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimates of the linear parameters in generalized linear models. The formula is given in matrix notation and is very suitable for computer implementation. Several special cases are discussed. We also give asymptotic formulae for the skewness of the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimates of the dispersion and precision parameters.
Graphs, Causality, and Structural Equation Models

Structural equation models (SEMs) have dominated causal analysis in the social and behavioral sciences since the 1960s. Currently, many SEM practitioners are having difficulty articulating the causal content of SEM and are seeking foundational answers. Recent developments in the areas of graphical models and the logic of causality show potential for alleviating such difficulties and, thus, revitalizing structural equations as the primary language of causal modeling. This article summarizes several of these developments, including the prediction of vanishing partial correlations, model testing, model equivalence, parametric and nonparametric identifiability, control of confounding, and covariate selection. These developments clarify the causal and statistical components of SEMs and the role of SEM in the empirical sciences.
A compact high-sensitivity heterodyne interferometer for industrial metrology

For translation and tilt metrology, we developed a compact fiber-coupled polarizing heterodyne interferometer which is based on a highly symmetric design where both, measurement and reference beam have similar optical pathlengths and the same frequency and polarization. The method of differential wavefront sensing is implemented for tilt measurement. With this setup we reached noise levels below 5 pm/square root of Hz; Hz in translation and below 10 nrad/square root of Hz; in tilt measurement, both for frequencies above 10-2 Hz. While this setup is developed with respect to the requirements of the LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) space mission, we here present the current status of its adoption to industrial applications. We currently design a very compact and quasi-monolithic setup of the interferometer sensor head based on ultra-low expansion glass material. The resulting compact and robust sensor head can be used for nano-positioning control. We also plan to implement a scan of the measurement beam over the surface under investigation enabling high resolution 3D profilometry and surface property measurements (i. e. roughness, evenness and roundness). The dedicated low-noise (≤1nm/square root of Hz) piezo-electric actuator in the measurement beam of the interferometer will be realized using integrated micro-system technology and can either be implemented in one or two dimensions.
Noniterative Factor Analysis Estimators, With Algorithms for Subset and Instrumental Variable Selection

Noniterative estimators of the unrestricted factor analysis model have been developed by, among others,Hägglund (1982) and Ihara and Kano (1986) that are consistent and very efficient computationally. Whereas each of these methods has several desirable properties, both require a subjective decision regarding the selection of subsets of variables that are needed to compute estimates of the parameters. An algorithm called PACE, based on an application of the sweep operator, is presented that automatically selects subsets of variables used for the Ihara-Kano estimator. A second algorithm initially presented by Du Toit (1986) is also described that automatically selects reference variables used in Hägglund’s Fabin estimators. A Monte Carlo experiment is reviewed that compares the relative performance of these estimators in addition to several others. Both new methods performed well in this experiment. Their relative merits on other criteria are discussed.
Study of Gait Cycle Using a Five-Link Inverted Pendulum Model: First Developments*

Gait cycle has been the target of many studies in the last decades in order to identify the normal and pathological gait patterns of humans. The usefulness of these studies is of utmost importance in the robotics field to construct mathematical models in order to simulate the inclusion of assistive robotic devices during the human walking movement. In this work, a five-link inverted pendulum model based on Euler-Lagrange equations with 5 degrees of freedom (DOFs) in the sagittal plane was developed with the main purpose to concern stability during gait cycle. This study also involved the gait data acquisition from healthy gait patterns using a motion tracking system and force plates, allowing, in a future work, the validation of the model constructed. The results showed correlations above 0.90 between the collected joint angles and moments and the data presented in literature, validating the performed data acquisition. Future challenges include the model validation and the application of strategies of control. An analysis of the stiffness variation with the power and speed during the human walking motion is also proposed.
A Compliant Contact Model Including Interference Geometry for Polyhedral Objects

Modeling of contact with the environment is an essential capability for the simulation of space robotics system, which includes tasks such as berthing and docking. The effect of interbody contact on the robotic system has to be determined to predict potential problems in the design cycle. A compliant contact dynamics model is proposed here that considers most possible contact situations for a wide diversity of possible object shapes and using interference geometry information. A uniform formula is provided to determine the contact force as a function of geometric parameters and material properties. A corresponding geometric algorithm is provided in order to obtain the necessary geometric parameters. Some simulation results are presented based on the implementation of the geometric algorithm.
Spectral-Prism Element for Multi-Scale Layered Package-Chip Co-Simulations Using the Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Method

Abstract A new kind of prism element with a triangular base is presented for discretization of multi-scale layered structures within the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain framework. Mixed-order curl-conforming vector basis functions are used in the triangular bases of the prismatic element. The height of the prism adopts spectral basis functions based on Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre polynomials, with an arbitrary order of interpolation. This method combines the flexibility of triangles with the accuracy of spectral elements for layered structures. Eigenvalues obtained show better results than traditional finite elements using tetrahedrons and hexahedrons. For transient analysis, the implicit Crank–Nicholson method is implemented for sequential sub-domains. This kind of arrangement of sub-domains produces a block tridiagonal linear system, thus allowing a block Thomas algorithm to solve the system efficiently. A package-to-chip example shows the efficacy of this method.
Exploring the practical integration of 4IR technologies in industrial design education in South Africa

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is changing the world around us, altering the way we live, work, and engage with one another. Driven by the Internet of Things (IoT), the 4IR and its associated technologies are driving great shifts in manufacturing and production and as such, within the Industrial Design (ID) discipline itself, not only in the products we design but more notably, in the tools and processes we use to do so. The unprecedented speed at which these innovative technologies are progressing and reshaping the industry calls for the urgent restructuring of higher education curricula. To prepare students for the rapidly changing industry, ID programmes must develop appropriate content and integrate these technologies into their teaching and learning to deliver the skills and knowledge needed in this new era. This paper reports on the first cycle of an Action Research study in which ID lecturers and 1st-year students explored the utilization of 4IR technologies in undergraduate teaching. This project aimed to identify the opportunities and challenges of such technologies to determine the most effective and appropriate way to incorporate new technologies into the curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the implementation of these technologies through the assessment of the efficacy of the project outcomes through examples provide, and the students’ individual experiences and reflections, and finally, to present key findings and recommendations for further study.
Soft, Multi-DoF, Variable Stiffness Mechanism Using Layer Jamming for Wearable Robots

Recently, vacuum-based layer jamming mechanisms have been actively researched for safe human–robot interaction. However, most conventional layer jamming mechanisms provide restricted motion in one direction such that their application in wearable robots is significantly limited. To address this problem, we propose a novel, soft, multi-degree of freedom (multi-DoF) layer jamming mechanism that employs a sliding linkage-based layer jamming mechanism (SLLJ). The proposed SLLJ allows movement not only in the linear direction, but also in the pitch and yaw directions. Furthermore, the SLLJ can control its stiffness in multi-directions and generate a large resisting force with small thickness and light weight. Experimental results show that the maximum linear resisting force of SLLJ is 264.8 N, which is comparable to the conventional layer jamming mechanism, and the maximum yaw resisting torque is 1.363 Nm before buckling. In addition, the stiffness of the SLLJ can be increased by 96.6 folds in the linear direction and 60.02 folds in the yaw direction when the SLLJ transforms from soft state to rigid state. Being fabricated in various shapes, the SLLJ can be adapted to a wide range of wearable robots, which require multi-DoF motions with variable stiffness and substantial resisting force.
The theory of equilibrium critical phenomena

The theory of critical phenomena in systems at equilibrium is reviewed at an introductory level with special emphasis on the values of the critical point exponents α, β, γ,. , and their interrelations. The experimental observations are surveyed and the analogies between different physical systems - fluids, magnets, superfluids, binary alloys, etc. - are developed phenomenologically. An exact theoretical basis for the analogies follows from the equivalence between classical and quantal `lattice gases' and the Ising and Heisenberg-Ising magnetic models. General rigorous inequalities for critical exponents at and below Tc are derived. The nature and validity of the `classical' (phenomenological and mean field) theories are discussed, their predictions being contrasted with the exact results for plane Ising models, which are summarized concisely. Pade approximant and ratio techniques applied to appropriate series expansions lead to precise critical-point estimates for the three-dimensional Heisenberg and Ising models (tables of data are presented). With this background a critique is presented of recent theoretical ideas: namely, the `droplet' picture of the critical point and the `homogeneity' and `scaling' hypotheses. These lead to a `law of corresponding states' near a critical point and to relations between the various exponents which suggest that perhaps only two or three exponents might be algebraically independent for any system.
Random number generation and Quasi-Monte Carlo methods

Preface 1. Monte Carlo methods and Quasi-Monte Carlo methods 2. Quasi-Monte Carlo methods for numerical integration 3. Low-discrepancy point sets and sequences 4. Nets and (t,s)-sequences 5. Lattice rules for numerical integration 6. Quasi- Monte Carlo methods for optimization 7. Random numbers and pseudorandom numbers 8. Nonlinear congruential pseudorandom numbers 9. Shift-Register pseudorandom numbers 10. Pseudorandom vector generation Appendix A. Finite fields and linear recurring sequences Appendix B. Continued fractions Bibliography Index.
The Hubble Space Telescope Northern-Hemisphere Grid of Stellar Polarimetric Standards

Results are presented from a comprehensive program of optical polarimetry of strongly polarized and null-polarization standard stars. Potential sources of systematic error either instrumental in origin or due to absolute calibration are critically discussed. Although the project emphasized the requirements of a spaceborne optical-UV observatory (HST), the resulting grid of standards represents a distinct improvement over previous such tabulations and offers an opportunity to reference future multiwavelength polarimetry to a common system