Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The coordination of closed-loop supply chain with third party

A closed-loop supply chain with a third party who is in charge of collecting the used products was considered in this paper. By using the game theory and fuzzy theory, the optimal decisions of the manufacturer, the retailer and the third party were established under centralized and decentralized decision cases. The analytical solutions and a revenue-cost coordination contract were given.
Prenatal Development of the Alveolar Bone of Human Deciduous Incisors and Canines

The formation of the human alveolar process around the incisors and canines is a hitherto unreported aspect of fetal oral development. The question is how, where, and when the alveolar process is formed. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the questions where and when and hence to analyze the pattern of formation of the alveolar bone around developing human deciduous canine and incisor teeth. The study was conducted with material selected from a sample of 61 normal human fetuses, legally or spontaneously aborted. Fertilization ages ranged from 9 to 22 weeks, crown-rump Length from 25 to 205 mm, and foot length from 4 to 34 mm. From this material, 7 maxillae and 10 mandibles were selected for the study according to developmental stages of the canines and incisors and according to the orientation of the histological sections. The skeletal investigation consisted of macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the mandibles and maxillae. The investigations revealed the absence of bone between the central and lateral incisors in the mandibles and maxillae of fetuses below the ages of 21 and 22 weeks, respectively. In three specimens, alveolar bone between the central and lateral incisors was recorded (21, 21, and 22 weeks of fertilization). Absence of bone labial to the canine was recorded in all fetuses investigated. In all other regions, alveolar bone occurred as a regular finding. The present study has shown that alveolar bone formation is strictly coordinated with tooth formation. Alveolar bone occurs later in the area labial to the canine and in the region between the central and lateral incisors than it does in other areas associated with the incisor/canine regions. Knowledge of this pattern in the formation of the alveolar process seems to be of importance for a future elucidation of how the alveolar process is initially formed.
Visual search, anticipation, and reactive comparisons between highly-skilled and beginning tennis players

Abstract Simulated tennis playing situations were created for the laboratory testing of visual search patterns, anticipation, reactions, and movements to compare male and female high-level and beginning players. Of particular interest was the degree to which each measure would differentiate the groups. Participants were highly-rated university players (N-30) and students enrolled in a beginning tennis class (N = 30). Under one testing condition, visual search patterns were recorded as they viewed filmed opponents serve (60 trials) and hit ground strokes (60 trials). Also recorded was anticipation accuracy and speed of the intended type and location of serves and the intended placement of ground strokes. In other testing, execution of a split step was followed by moving rapidly to the comet location for a simulated stroke in response to a series of light cues. Reaction and movement times were recorded. Discrimination analysis revealed that experts and beginners were most differentiated due to fixations on .
Cultural transmission and evolution: a quantitative approach.

A number of scholars have found that concepts such as mutation, selection, and random drift, which emerged from the theory of biological evolution, may also explain evolutionary phenomena in other disciplines as well. Drawing on these concepts, Professors Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman classify and systematize the various modes of transmitting "culture" and explore their consequences for cultural evolution. In the process, they develop a mathematical theory of the non-genetic transmission of cultural traits that provides a framework for future investigations in quantitative social and anthropological science. The authors use quantitative models that incorporate the various modes of transmission (for example, parent-child, peer-peer, and teacher-student), and evaluate data from sociology, archaeology, and epidemiology in terms of the models. They show that the various modes of transmission in conjunction with cultural and natural selection produce various rates of cultural evolution and various degrees of diversity within and between groups. The same framework can be used for explaining phenomena as apparently unrelated as linguistics, epidemics, social values and customs, and diffusion of innovations. The authors conclude that cultural transmission is an essential factor in the study of cultural change.
Facilitating problem‐solving groups: facilitator competences

Group and team meetings are important organisational processes. These teams, therefore, should be managed and supported appropriately in order to produce effective outcomes. One method of undertaking this is to use skilled and competent facilitators. Facilitators not only support the meeting process but they should also be actively involved before and after the meeting has taken place in order to help develop objectives, timescales, agendas and so on. It is important, therefore, that organisations either train their own facilitators or employ external facilitators with the necessary and appropriate competences. This paper describes what competences may be required by a facilitator and how these can be used effectively.
Intrauterine Hypoxia-Ischemia Increases N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-Induced cGMP Formation and Glutamate Accumulation in Cultured Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells

ABSTRACT: Effects of intrauterine hypoxia-ischemia (HI) on brain functional development in the term rat were examined in cerebellar granule cell cultures obtained from an in utero HI model. On gestation d 17, HI conditions were achieved by complete clamping of the uterine vasculature for designated durations followed by removal of the clamps to permit reperfusion. Sham operation (surgery without vasculature clamping) was performed as the control. After surgery, the uterine horms were returned to dam's abdomen to let the pups deliver naturally. Severe HI insult from the surgical manipulation was evident in that the lactate levels of fetal brain increased, and fetal blood pH decreased with the duration of vasculature clamping up to 1 h. The experimental HI insult up to 1 h did not affect fetal survival rate, but retarded growth of fetuses or newborns was observed in the 1 h HI group. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and kainate (KA)-stimulated cGMP formation and glutamate accumulation were measured in cerebellar granule cell cultures from 8-d-old pups suffering from various durations of antenatal HI insult. NMDA (100 μM)-induced elevation of cGMP was further augmented by a 10–35-min HI insult as compared with the control cells (62.4–78.2 versus 49 pmol/mg protein). In the presence of L-NG-monomethyl-arginine (t-NMMA, 150 μM), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NMDA-induced cGMP formation was blocked, and the blockade of cGMP formation by L-NMMA (10 μM) could be reversed by simultaneous application of 1 mM arginine in both control and HI cells. Antenatal HI insult (20–35 min) also augmented NMDA-, but not KA-, stimulated accumulation of extracellular glutamate. The hypersensitive response in NMDA-induced glutamate accumulation could be suppressed by 150 μM L-NMMA. The overall results suggest that antenatal HI occurring in the last half of gestation may result chronically in adverse effects on NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission and that nitric oxide is possibly involved in these effects.
On some applications of the distribution of ordered eigenvalues of wishart matrices

The marginal distributions of arbitrarily ranked eigenvalues of the Wishart matrix are derived in (R. Kwan et al, 2007). In this paper, the result is used to obtain a simple, exact analytical expression for the average symbol error rate (ASER) in a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) system with multiple beamforming (MB) in a Rayleigh fading environment. A good approximation to the outage probability (OP) of the system is also provided. The results show that both ASER and OP are important performance measures in the analysis of MB-MIMO systems. The result in (R. Kwan et al, 2007) is also used to study the ergodic capacity of MIMO systems which use antenna subset selection.
Book Reviews : Andrew Pettigrew, Ewan Ferlie and Lorna McKee: Shaping Strategic Change

A key theoretical discourse in the book is centred on the conceptions of competition and on the need for an analysis of competition and strategic change as ’compound processes’. The book argues for the need of genuinely dynamic and institutional perspectives on sectoral analysis lacking in the microeconomic and Industrial Organization traditions. The authors identify allies for this approach among institutional economists and among the ’new competition writers’. They find further intellectual company in those writers who recognize that the skills of managing change are essential intangible assets in determining a firm’s competitive
A Modular , Polynomial Time Method for Eliminating Weight Constraints

Weight constraints represent an extension of logic programs under the answer set semantics that is essential for many applications to knowledge representation. The relation of this extension to the original semantics is an important topic. It has been proved that there exists a modular algorithm for eliminating weight constraints that is guaranteed to terminate in polynomial time under the assumption of a constant upper bound on the weights occurring in the program. In this paper we show that the statement of the theorem is true even without this assumption.
Nearest Neighbour based Transformation Functions for Text Classification: A Case Study with StackOverflow

significant increase in the number of questions in question answering forums has led to the interest in text categorization methods for classifying a newly posted question as good (suitable) or bad (otherwise) for the forum. Standard text categorization approaches, e.g. multinomial Naive Bayes, are likely to be unsuitable for this classification task because of: i) the lack of sufficient informative content in the questions due to their relatively short length; and ii) considerable vocabulary overlap between the classes. To increase the robustness of this classification task, we propose to use the neighbourhood of existing questions which are similar to the newly asked question. Instead of learning the classification boundary from the questions alone, we transform each question vector into a different one in the feature space. We explore two different neighbourhood functions using: the discrete term space, the continuous vector space of real numbers obtained from vector embeddings of documents. Experiments conducted on StackOverflow data show that our approach of using the neighborhood transformation can improve classification accuracy by up to about 8%.
Mid-infrared optical absorption in undoped lamellar copper oxides.

Common optical absorption features are observed near 0.5 eV in four undoped single-crystal copper oxides: La 2 CuO 4 , Nd 2 CuO 4 , Pr 2 CuO 4 , and Sr 2 CuO 2 Cl 2 . These absorption bands are shown to be weakly electric dipole allowed excitations of the CuO 2 layers. The features are ascribed to an exciton near 0.4 eV, probably of crystal-field origin, with strong multimagnon sidebands. Our observations provide an important basis for understanding the doped materials
Supporting African American Students’ Learning of Mathematics

This article reports on a review of the mathematics education research literature 1989-May 2011 specific to K-12 African American students’ opportunities to learn mathematics. Although we identify important developments in the literature, we conclude that the existing research base generally remains at the level of broad principles or orientations to teaching and is therefore inadequate for specifying forms of instructional practice that support African American students’ participation in rigorous mathematical activity. We suggest a research agenda focused on specifying forms of practice that are empirically shown to support African American students’ learning of mathematics and development of productive mathematical identities.
A Clean-Slate Architecture for Reliable Data Delivery in Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we introduce a clean-slate architecture for improving the delivery of data packets in IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks. Opposed to the rigid TCP/IP layer architecture which exhibits serious deficiencies in such networks, we propose a unitary layer approach that combines both routing and transport functionalities in a single layer. The new Mesh Transmission Layer (MTL) incorporates cross-interacting routing and transport modules for a reliable data delivery based on the loss probabilities of wireless links. Due to the significant drawbacks of standard TCP over IEEE 802.11, we particularly focus on the transport module, proposing a pure rate-based approach for transmitting data packets according to the current contention in the network. By considering the IEEE 802.11 spatial reuse constraint and employing a novel acknowledgment scheme, the new transport module improves both goodput and fairness in wireless mesh networks. In a comparative performance study, we show that MTL achieves up to 48% more goodput and up to 100% less packet drops than TCP/IP, while maintaining excellent fairness results.
Advantages of Projection Data Practical Issues

p rojections already contain all re l evant conditioning information for predicting inflation. Therefore, the output coefficients seem to suggest that these central banks are reacting to output. But what do we conclude from this? I am excited about the idea of looking at central bank projections and expect that we will see many papers in the future that use these data to estimate p o l i cy rules or to look at other issues. In what fo llows, I will discuss two reasons to be excited that are not mentioned in the paper (section 2). The first re ason is practical and has to do with the usual problems of measuring inflation and the output gap. The second reason is that projections may help us in modeling learning by central banks. I will also mention other issues that could be explored with the data (section 3). At the end of my discussion, I will bring up some disadva n tages associated with central bank projections (section 4). These include potential i n c e n t i ves of central banks to manipulate their own projection numbers. So far, the main drawback is that the data sample is short. But the good thing about samples is that they are like tre e s — t h ey grow.
Environmental heterogeneity generates opposite gene‐by‐environment interactions for two fitness‐related traits within a population

Theory predicts that environmental heterogeneity offers a potential solution to the maintenance of genetic variation within populations, but empirical evidence remains sparse. The live‐bearing fish Xiphophorus variatus exhibits polymorphism at a single locus, with different alleles resulting in up to five distinct melanistic “tailspot” patterns within populations. We investigated the effects of heterogeneity in two ubiquitous environmental variables (temperature and food availability) on two fitness‐related traits (upper thermal limits and body condition) in two different tailspot types (wild‐type and upper cut crescent). We found gene‐by‐environment (G × E) interactions between tailspot type and food level affecting upper thermal limits (UTL), as well as between tailspot type and thermal environment affecting body condition. Exploring mechanistic bases underlying these G × E patterns, we found no differences between tailspot types in hsp70 gene expression despite significant overall increases in expression under both thermal and food stress. Similarly, there was no difference in routine metabolic rates between the tailspot types. The reversal of relative performance of the two tailspot types under different environmental conditions revealed a mechanism by which environmental heterogeneity can balance polymorphism within populations through selection on different fitness‐related traits.
Sociology of Health Care Reform: Building on Research and Analysis to Improve Health Care

Health reform efforts in the United States have focused on resolving some of the fundamental irrationalities of the system whereby costs and services utilization are often not linked to improved patient outcomes. Sociologists have contributed to these efforts by documenting the extent of problems and by confronting central questions around issues of accountability, reimbursement, and rationing that must be addressed in order to achieve meaningful reform that controls costs, expands access, and improves quality. Major reform rarely occurs without “paying off ” powerful interests, a particularly difficult challenge in the context of a large and growing deficit. Central to achieving increased coverage and access, high quality, and cost control is change in reimbursement arrangements, increased accountability for both costs and outcomes, and criteria for rationing based on the evidence and accepted as legitimate by all stakeholders. Consensus about health reform requires trust. The traditional trust patients have in physicians provides an important base on which to build.
A non-asymptotic throughput for massive MIMO cellular uplink with pilot reuse

This paper considers an uplink massive MIMO scheme that employs a pilot reuse scheme. For the massive MIMO scheme, a non-asymptotic cell throughput lower bound that is valid for any M is derived and the bound is shown to be tight by simulations. The lower bound is dependent upon three interference terms: intra-cell interference, inter-cell interference, and interference due to pilot contamination. A set of conditions on which each interference term dominates is examined by analysis and simulations, where the conditions are defined in terms of network topology, pilot reuse number and M. For example, for a dense network with M = 100, the largest cell throughput is achieved with pilot reuse number 2, in which case the traditional inter-cell interference dominates rather than the pilot contamination.
How are assistant heads affecting primary school management and how do their opinions, attitudes and beliefs affect their work?

concluded, ’leadership largely remains the province of the headteacher. ’ He also reported that headship was characterised by ’more paperwork, longer hours, more external relations, more meetings and more information to deal with (Southworth 1995). In response to this, new ways of working were called for, partly due to the high number of early retirements but mainly because of stress amongst heads leading to ’work overload and, ultimately, job burnout’ (Jones, 1999). Leading a school seemed to have become
Brave New Workplace: How individual contracts are changing our jobs

The push for individual contracts for employees overturns a century of collective efforts to create basic rights and a 'fair go' in Australian workplaces. David Peetz delves underneath the layers of corporate and government doublespeak that surround this most heated issue to uncover what is really happening in relations between employers and employees. He explains who benefits from individual contracts and who doesn't, and how this will change the way we work. He locates individual workplace contracts in a wider debate about whether we are moving away from collective ideals towards individualistic values. From offices to shops, schools, hospitals and mines, individual contracting affects every single employee in Australia. Brave New Workplace is compelling reading for anyone who wants to understand the brave new world of work.
The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score is a highly discriminatory measure of disease activity and efficacy following tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapies in ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies in China.

OBJECTIVE To validate the clinical value of the new Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Scores (ASDASs) in assessing the disease activity and efficacy of TNF-α inhibitor in AS and uSpA patients in China. METHODS Two hundred and thirty patients were included in our study. They consisted of patients with active AS (n = 87) and uSpA (n = 30) participating in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of etanercept and patients with active AS (n = 58) and uSpA (n = 55) treated with infliximab. The disease activity and treatment effects were assessed by ASDAS, BASDAI, patient global and the acute inflammation score of lumbar and SI joints by MRI. Discriminatory ability of all the measures was analysed by standardized mean difference and t-score. RESULTS In both the AS and uSpA groups, ASDAS correlated well with patient global score (AS group: r = 0.65-0.72; uSpA group: r = 0.52-0.62), ESR (AS group: r = 0.57-0.81; uSpA group: r = 0.63-0.85) and CRP (AS group: r = 0.51-0.70; uSpA group: r = 0.61-0.76) both at baseline and in changes from baseline to 6 weeks after TNF-α inhibitor treatment. The ASDAS scores outperformed BASDAI, patient global score, ESR, CRP and the acute inflammation score by MRI in differentiating patients with different levels of disease activity and patients with different levels of change in both AS and uSpA groups. There was little difference in performance between the two versions of the ASDAS. CONCLUSION The new ASDAS is a highly effective measure in assessing disease activity and a great discriminatory measurement to assess the efficacy of TNF-α inhibitor in Chinese AS patients and uSpA patients.
An essential gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae shares an upstream regulatory element with PRP4

ORF2 is an essential gene immediately upstream of PRP4 (formeryl RNA4), a gene involved in nuclear mRNA processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The two genes are arranged head‐to‐head. An 8 base‐pair conserved sequences element is found upstream of both genes, as well as upstream of certain other genes that are known to be involved in pre‐mRNA processing. Through deletion analysis we have found that both of the conserved sequence elements are important for transcription of both genes. We have cloned ORF2 and have isolated temperature‐sensitive orf2 mutants. The phenotype of these mutants does not suggest a role for ORF2 in mRNA processing. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF2 indicates significant similarity to DPR1, a gene encoding a protein that is involved in the carboxy‐terminal processing of G‐protein.