Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Parallel Computing in Computational Aeroacoustics

This paper discusses parallel computing applied to computational aeroacoustics problems. Computer hardware, software and algorithms are also described. A short history of parallel computers is given, along with some discussion of future prospects. We have reviewed much of the literature, but this review is not exhaustive. Finite difference, finite volume, and finite element methods are briefly discussed. There is also a discussion of how aeroacoustic problems scale, and how that relates to computational requirements.
Improved organic thin-film transistor performance using novel self-assembled monolayers

Pentacene-based organic thin-film transistors have been fabricated using a phosphonate-linked anthracene self-assembled monolayer as a buffer between the silicon dioxide gate dielectric and the active pentacene channel region. Vast improvements in the subthreshold slope and threshold voltage are observed compared to control devices fabricated without the buffer. Both observations are consistent with a greatly reduced density of charge trapping states at the semiconductor-dielectric interface effected by introduction of the self-assembled monolayer.
Solution to the Cauchy problem for quasi-hyperbolic systems by vector-valued convolution

We solve the initial value problem for quasi-hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations with distributional initial data by vector-valued convolution. We show that every initial value problem of a quasi-hyperbolic system of partial differential equations with temperate initial data has a distributional solution in the sense of L. Hörmander which can be represented as a convolution of the fundamental matrix with the initial data. Moreover, we show that for systems that are correct in the sense of Petrovsky, the solution of the initial value problem is a differentiable distribution-valued function and the solution converges to the given initial data if converges to zero. The special case of the distributional Cauchy problem for the heat equation is considered by R. Dautray and J. L. Lions and by Z. Szmydt and, more recently, by M. A. Chaudhry and M. H. Kazi and by W. Kierat and K. Skornik. The use of the theory of vector-valued distributions allows for a generalization to systems of partial differential equations which are correct in the sense of Petrovsky or, yet more general, quasi-hyperbolic systems.
Farmland Soil Block Identification and Distribution Statistics Based on Deep Learning

Soil block distribution is one of the important indexes to evaluate the tillage performance of agricultural machinery. The traditional manual screening methods have the problems of low efficiency and damaging the original surface of the soil. This study proposes a statistical method of farmland soil block distribution based on deep learning. This method combines the adaptive learning rate and squeeze-and-excitation networks channel attention mechanism based on the original Mask-RCNN and uses the improved model to identify, segment and distribute statistics of the farmland soil blocks. Firstly, the influence of different learning rates and an improved Mask-RCNN algorithm model on training results were analyzed. Secondly, the effectiveness of the model in soil block identification and size measurement was analyzed. Finally, the identified soil blocks were classified accordingly, and the scale problem of soil block distribution after removing edge soil blocks was analyzed. The results show that with the decrease of learning rate, the loss value of model training decreases and the prediction accuracy of model is improved. The average precision value of the improved model increased by 25.29 %, and the recall value increased by 8.92%. The correlation coefficient of the maximum diameter measured by manual measurement and the maximum diameter measured by model algorithm was 0.99, which verifies the feasibility of the algorithm model. The prediction error of the model is the smallest when the camera height is 40 cm. Large-scale detection of soil block size in an experimental field in Hefei, Anhui, with an average confidence of over 97%. At the same time, the soil block is effectively classified according to the set classification standard. This study can provide an effective method for the accurate classification of soil block size and can provide a quantitative basis for the control of farmland cultivation intensity.
The Bowen fluorescence lines: overview and re-analysis of the observations

The present situation with respect to observations and interpretations of the 0 III Bowen fluorescence lines is examined. Available sets of observations are assembled, and a general analysis and comparison are carried out using intermediate-coupling radiative rates obtained by Froese Fischer (FF) and by Bhatia & Kastner. Some new identifications of the weaker Bowen lines are made, and lines of a third 'Bowen' cascade are discussed. The results show, however, that while the FF rates are supported by some of the observations, the latter are not sufficiently complete to yield definitive interpretations of the longer wavelength Bowen lines, or to verify predicted charge-exchange processes. Consistency of predicted charge-exchange rates has also not yet been achieved, so that improved observations are especially important to obtain. The analysis presented may be useful to observers who plan to obtain a complete Bowen set of observations as defined here.
Contact and Chord Length Distribution Functions of the Poisson-Voronoi Tessellation in High Dimensions

In this paper we present formulae for contact distributions of a Voronoi tessellation generated by a homogeneous Poisson point process in the d-dimensional Euclidean space. Expressions are given for the probability density functions and moments of the linear and spherical contact distributions. They are double and simple integral formulae, which are tractable for numerical evaluation and for large d. The special cases d = 2 and d = 3 are investigated in detail, while, for d = 3, the moments of the spherical contact distribution function are expressed by standard functions. Also, the closely related chord length distribution functions are considered.
Multivariate analysis of pixelated diffraction data

A novel pixelated ASIC detector using Cadmium Telluride is applied to a combined energy dispersive- and angular dispersive- X-ray diffraction system. This system is designed to obtain multiple diffraction signatures of powdered materials simultaneously. The diffraction data is analyzed using multivariate partial least squares regression utilizing the diffraction spectra at multiple scatter angles, and material concentration in a three-way regression analysis. The calibration models are used to predict unknown samples, and show that utilizing the angular information can help improve concentration prediction in samples of mixtures and has potential in material identification systems.
On the 'flip-flop' instability of Bondi-Hoyle accretion flows

A simple physical interpretation is advanced by means of an analysis of the shock cone in the accretion flows past a compact object and with an examination of the accretion-line stability analyses. The stability of the conical shock is examined against small angular deflections with attention given to several simplifying assumptions. A line instability is identified in the Bondi-Hoyle accretion flows that leads to the formation of a large opening-angle shock. When the opening angle becomes large the instability becomes irregular oscillation. The analytical methodology is compared to previous numerical configurations that demonstrate different shock morphologies. The Bondi-Hoyle accretion onto a compact object is concluded to generate a range of nonlinear instabilities in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases with a quasiperiodic oscillation in the linear regime.
TGFT condensate cosmology as an example of spacetime emergence in quantum gravity

We summarize the main ideas behind TGFT condensate cosmology and sketch the technical steps that bring from the fundamental theory to the eﬀective cosmological dynamics. This framework is presented as an explicit illustration of (and possibly a general template for) the emergence of spacetime from non-spatiotemporal quantum entities in quantum gravity, and the many aspects involved in it.
NSDF-Catalog: Lightweight Indexing Service for Democratizing Data Delivery

Across domains massive amounts of scientific data are generated. Because of the large volume of information, data discoverability is a challenge, especially for scientists who have not generated the data or are from other domains. As part of the NSF-funded National Science Data Fabric (NSDF) initiative, we developed a testbed to demonstrate that these boundaries to data discoverability can be overcome. In support of this effort, we identify the need for indexing large-amounts of scientific data across scientific domains. We propose NSDF-Catalog, a lightweight indexing service with minimal metadata that complements existing domain-specific and rich-metadata col-lections. NSDF-Catalog is designed to facilitate multiple related objectives within a flexible microservice to: (i) coordinate data movements and replication of data from origin repositories within the NSDF federation; (ii) build an inventory of existing scientific data to inform the design of next-generation cyberinfrastructure; and (iii) provide a suite of tools for discovery of datasets for cross-disciplinary research. Our service indexes scientific data at a fine-granularity at the file or object level to inform data distribution strategies and to improve the experience for users from the consumer perspective, with the goal of allowing end-to-end dataflow optimizations.
Location In Vivo of the Innervation Zone in the Human Medial Gastrocnemius Using Imposed Contractions: A Comparison of the Usefulness of the M-Wave and H-Reflex

The anatomical territory where the neuromuscular junctions are grouped corresponds to the innervation zone (IZ). This can be located in-vivo using high-density electromyography and voluntary muscle contractions. However, in patients with motor impairment, the use of contractions imposed by electrical stimulation (ES) could be an alternative. The present study has two aims: Firstly, to describe the location of the IZ in-vivo of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) using imposed contractions by ES. Secondly, to compare the usefulness of M-waves and H-reflexes to localize the IZs. Twenty-four volunteers participated (age: 21.2 ± 1.5 years). ES was elicited in the tibial nerve to obtain M-waves and H-reflexes in the MG. The evaluators used these responses to localize the IZs relative to anatomical landmarks. M-wave and H-reflex IZ frequency identification were compared. The IZs of the MG were mostly located in the cephalocaudal direction, at 39.7% of the leg length and 34% of the knee’s condylar width. The IZs were most frequently identified in the M-wave (83.33%, 22/24) compared to the H-reflex (8.33%, 2/24) (p > 0.001). Imposed contractions revealed that the IZ of the MG is located at 39.7% of the leg length. To locate the IZs of the MG muscle, the M-wave is more useful than the H-reflex.
Improving the Accuracy of Estimating Forest Carbon Density Using the Tree Species Classification Method

The accurate and effective estimation of forest carbon density is an essential basis for effectively responding to climate change and achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Aiming at the problem of the significant differences in the forest carbon model parameters of different tree species, this study used the tree forest in Yueyang City, Hunan Province, China, as the study object and used the random forest classification algorithm through the Google Earth Engine platform to classify the dominant tree species within the forested range of the study area based on the image elements. The overall accuracy in the forest/non-forest classification (primary classification) was 93.79% with a Kappa of 0.9145. The overall accuracy in the dominant species classification (secondary classification) was 87.30% with a Kappa of 0.7747. Based on the classification, a multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) were constructed for different dominant tree species by combining some Forest Resource Inventory data and remote sensing data. The results showed that the RF model had a significantly higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.4054–0.7602) than the MLR (R2 = 0.0900–0.4070) and SVM (R2 = 0.1650–0.4450) as well as a substantially lower RMSE and MAE; its spatial distribution of forest carbon density ranged from 3.06 to 62.80 t·hm−2. Compared with the spatial distribution of the forest carbon density (4.64 to 31.96 t·hm−2) without the classification of dominant species, the method eliminated the problems of severe overfitting and significant underestimation of peak values when estimating under unclassified conditions. The method provides a reference for the remote sensing inversion of forest carbon density on a large scale.
Microsatellite Markers Reveal Genetic Differentiation of an Invasive Mulberry, Morus australis Poir. (Moraceae), among the Island Groups in Japan and its Introduction to the Ogasawara Islands

Invasive alien species are serious threats to the biota of the Ogasawara Islands, and Morus australis is one of them. To clarify the invasion routes and the genetic composition of the founding populations, plant samples were collected from 32 populations of M. australis from Japan, including 12 from the Ogasawara Islands, for population genetic analyses using 14 microsatellite markers. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance, Principal Coordinate Analysis based on pairwise F ST values, and Bayesian Clustering using STRUCTURE software indicated that the populations of M. australis in the Ogasawara Islands are genetically similar to those in the Ryukyu Islands, but clearly differentiated from those in the Izu Islands and mainland of Japan. The level of genetic diversity in the Ogasawara Islands ( A R = 4.24; H E = 0.60) was similar to that in the Ryukyu Islands ( A R = 4.70; H E = 0.66). The findings from this study strongly suggested that M. australis plants now in the Ogasawara Islands are descendants of those introduced from the Ryukyu Islands; the numbers of transplanted individuals from the Ryukyu Islands were large. Such high genetic diversity may have enhanced the invasiveness of M. australis in the Ogasawara Islands.
SoK: SGX.Fail: How Stuff Gets eXposed

—Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX) promises an isolated execution environment, protected from all software running on the machine. As such, numerous works have sought to leverage SGX to provide conﬁdentiality and integrity guarantees for code running in adversarial environments. In the past few years however, SGX has come under heavy ﬁre, threatened by numerous hardware attacks. With Intel repeatedly patching SGX to regain security while consistently launching new (micro)architectures, it is increasingly difﬁcult to track the applicability of various attacks techniques across the SGX design landscape. Thus, in this paper we set out to survey and categorize various SGX attacks, their applicability to different SGX architectures, as well as the information leaked by them. We then set out to explore the effectiveness of SGX’s update mechanisms in preventing attacks on real-world deployments. Here, we study two commercial SGX applications. First, we investigate the SECRET network, an SGX-backed blockchain aiming to provide privacy preserving smart contracts. Next, we also consider PowerDVD, a UHD Blu-Ray Digital Rights Management (DRM) software licensed to play discs on PCs. We show that in both cases vendors are unable to meet security goals originally envisioned for their products, presumably due to SGX’s long update timelines and the complexities of a manual update process. This in turn forces vendors into making difﬁcult security/usability trade offs, resulting in security compromises.
The unsteady drag force on a cylinder immersed in a dilute granular flow

This paper presents results from hard-particle discrete element simulations of a two-dimensional dilute stream of particles accelerating past an immersed fixed cylinder. Simulation measurements of the drag force Fd are expressed in terms of a dimensionless drag coefficient, Cd=Fd∕[12ρνU2(D+d)], where ρ is the particle density, ν is the upstream solid fraction, U is the upstream instantaneous velocity, and D and d are the cylinder and particle diameters, respectively. Measurements indicate that the cylinder’s unsteady drag coefficient does not vary significantly from its steady (nonaccelerating) drag coefficient for both frictionless and frictional particles implying that the added mass for the flow is negligible. However, the drag coefficient is larger than its nominal value during an initial transient stage, during which a shock wave develops in front of the cylinder. Once the shock has developed, the drag coefficient remains constant despite the stream’s acceleration. The duration of the shock developme.
Reducing the losses of optical metamterials

The field of metamaterials is driven by fascinating and far-reaching theoretical visions, such as perfect lenses, invisibility cloaking, and enhanced optical nonlinearities. However, losses have become the major obstacle towards real world applications in the optical regime. Reducing the losses of optical metamaterials becomes necessary and extremely important. In this thesis, two approaches are taken to reduce the losses. One is to construct an indefinite medium. Indefinite media are materials where not all the principal components of the permittivity and permeability tensors have the same sign. They do not need the resonances to achieve negative permittivity, e. So, the losses can be comparatively small. To obtain indefinite media, three-dimensional (3D) optical metallic nanowire media with different structures are designed. They are numerically demonstrated that they are homogeneous effective indefinite anisotropic media by showing that their dispersion relations are hyperbolic. Negative group refraction and pseudo focusing are observed. Another approach is to incorporate gain into metamaterial nanostructures. The nonlinearity of gain is included by a generic four-level atomic model. A computational scheme is presented, which allows for a self-consistent treatment of a dispersive metallic photonic metamaterial coupled to a gain material incorporated into the nanostructure using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.more » The loss compensations with gain are done for various structures, from 2D simplified models to 3D realistic structures. Results show the losses of optical metamaterials can be effectively compensated by gain. The effective gain coefficient of the combined system can be much larger than the bulk gain counterpart, due to the strong local-field enhancement. « less
Microresonator-based mid-IR devices

High optical quality (high-Q) whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microresonators are key enablers for numerous highperformance photonic devices, including ultrasensitive molecular detectors and advanced light sources such as narrowlinewidth lasers and comb generators. For sensing applications, the unique characteristics of such WGM devices appear to be particularly relevant in the mid-IR (MIR) spectral region because of the stronger molecular absorption bands in this spectral region. However, most current WGM-based passive and active devices function in the near-IR (NIR) spectral region. We propose the development of reproducible high-Q WGM microresonators for the MIR by using low phonon energy glasses (such as fluorides, chalcogenides, and tellurides) along with an elegant and reproducible microsphere fabrication technique based on the use of novel state-of-the-art microheaters. In this paper, we first review the current state-of-the-art of WGM MIR microresonators and related optoelectronic devices, and then present recent results of our work on fabrication and characterization of high-Q WGM optical microresonators with several fluoride (ZBLAN, InF3 and AlF3) glasses. Intrinsic quality factors in excess of ten million have been measured in the NIR regime in the fluoridebased microspheres fabricated in our lab with the proposed -- highly reliable and reproducible – microheater fabrication method, and similar or better performances are expected from similar microspheres at MIR wavelengths between 2 to 5 microns. We next discuss potential applications of these microresonators, notably for low-threshold and narrowlinewidth MIR lasers and MIR comb applications.
Proper Scores for Probability Forecasters

A probability forecaster is asked to give a density $p$ of a random variable $\omega$. In return he gets a reward (or score) depending on $p$ and on a subsequently observed value of $\omega$. A scoring rule is called proper if the expected score is maximized when the true density is chosen. The present paper uses convex analysis to generalize McCarthy's characterization of proper scoring rules.
Heterogeneous Drop Freezing in the Immersion Mode: Model Calculations Considering Soluble and Insoluble Particles in the Drops

Abstract A method is presented to consider the influence of both soluble and insoluble aerosol particles on drop freezing in the immersion mode in cloud models. Most atmospheric aerosol particles contain soluble and insoluble materials. Thus, a more realistic description of drop freezing should account for both factors. In general, salt particles depress the freezing point according to the salt concentration, while insoluble particles raise the freezing temperature. Based on laboratory experiments, a semiempirical equation was derived to calculate the median freezing temperature as a function of the drop size and for different insoluble particles. The freezing point depression was determined using the activity coefficients of the salt solutions. The results obtained with the freezing model for drops containing soluble and insoluble particles are consistent with experimental results. An equation for the freezing rate was derived and incorporated into an adiabatic air parcel model with detailed sectional mi.
Dynamics and stability of thin liquid films

The dynamics and stability of thin liquid films have fascinated scientists over many decades: the observations of regular wave patterns in film flows down a windowpane or along guttering, the patterning of dewetting droplets, and the fingering of viscous flows down a slope are all examples that are familiar in daily life. Thin film flows occur over a wide range of length scales and are central to numerous areas of engineering, geophysics, and biophysics; these include nanofluidics and microfluidics, coating flows, intensive processing, lava flows, dynamics of continental ice sheets, tear-film rupture, and surfactant replacement therapy. These flows have attracted considerable attention in the literature, which have resulted in many significant developments in experimental, analytical, and numerical research in this area. These include advances in understanding dewetting, thermocapillary- and surfactant-driven films, falling films and films flowing over structured, compliant, and rapidly rotating substrates, and evaporating films as well as those manipulated via use of electric fields to produce nanoscale patterns. These developments are reviewed in this paper and open problems and exciting research avenues in this thriving area of fluid mechanics are also highlighted.