Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Magellan seamounts: Early Cretaceous record of the South Pacific isotopic and thermal anomaly

We present geophysical, geochemical, and geochronological data from two Early Cretaceous seamounts in the westem Pacific Ocean which formed at melt sources in what is now French Polynesia. One seamount has an 40Ar/39Ar mineral age of 119.6 (+ 0.6, 1 ) Ma, is flexurally compensated with an elastic plate thickness Te of 10 (+ 2) km, and is isotopically similar to the island of Mangaia, or toward the HIMU manfie end-member. The second has an age of 100.1 (+ 0.5, 1 ) Ma, is compensated with a Te of 15 (+ 3) km, and is isotopically similar to Samoa, toward the EM-II "Dupal" mantle endmember. Geologic evidence suggests that the summits of these seamounts formed in shallow water, indicating that the underlying Jurassic seafloor was unusually shallow during the Cretaceous. Te values from these Cretaceous seamounts and localities in French Polynesia depart systematically from the simple square root of age law which otherwise applies throughout the ocean basins. A thermal rejuvenation of the lithosphere beneath these seamounts during or prior to their emplacement may explain their unusually low Te values and subsidence history. These two Early Cretaceous seamounts exhibit the isotope, Te, and depth anomalies which have been previously described at young volcanoes in French Polynesia, and we infer that a South Pacific Isotopic and Thermal Anomaly has existed for at least 120 m.y.
Atmospheric measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate and other organic nitrates at high latitudes: Possible sources and sinks

Aircraft measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other important reactive nitrogen species (NO, NO2, HNO3, peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN), CH3ONO2, NOy) were performed at high latitudes over North America and Greenland during July–August 1988, at all altitudes between 0 and 6 km as part of an Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE 3A). Complementing these were measurements of C1 to C5 hydrocarbons, O3, chemical tracers (C2Cl4, CO), and important meteorological parameters. PAN was found to be an important reactive nitrogen species in the free troposphere, with 95% of the mixing ratios falling in the range of 5 to 450 ppt. PAN increased systematically with height with mixing ratios of 100–700 ppt at 6 km and 0–50 ppt in the boundary layer. The free tropospheric PAN reservoir was present over the entire high-latitude region sampled (50° to 82°N latitude and 60° to 160°W longitude). In the boundary layer, PAN mixing ratios were higher over land than over the North Pacific Ocean. Significant levels of PAN were measured within stratospheric intrusions, forest fire plumes, and episodes of remote pollution. Other organic nitrates such as PPN and CH3ONO2 were found to be a small fraction of PAN (0–10%). PAN and O3 were strongly correlated both in their fine and gross structures, and the latitudinal distribution of PAN in the free troposphere followed that of O3. A two dimensional global photochemical model is used to compare measurements and model results. Model simulations, correlations between reactive nitrogen species (e.g. PAN and NOy) and anthropogenic tracers (C2H2, CO, C2Cl4), and the composition of NOy itself support the view that the reactive nitrogen measured during ABLE 3 A is predominantly of anthropogenic origin with a minor stratospheric component. Transported industrial pollution, biomass burning, and the unique seasonal dynamics of the Arctic/sub-Arctic region play a dominant role in defining this reactive nitrogen abundance. This PAN (and NOy) reservoir may contribute to the summertime maximum in deposited nitrate observed over Greenland.
1D–2D Coupled Numerical Model for Shallow-Water Flows

This paper presents a new method, the water stage prediction-correction (WSPC) method, based on the theory of characteristics to couple numerical models in the boundary-connected way for shallow-water flows. From the WSPC method, a one-dimensional (1D)–two-dimensional (2D) coupled numerical model is established, which incorporates the artificial porosity method and is thus capable of treating wetting and drying. Details of the 1D submodel and the 2D submodel are given, with special emphasis put on the coupling between the submodels. With the help of the WSPC method, the physically coupled submodels are executed separately and then coupled by means of prediction-correction of the water stages at the coupling units (i.e., where the submodels are linked) so that it is possible to make use of existing submodels with minimum modifications. The convergence of the WSPC method is proved, and the parameter identification is discussed, taking a flat-bottom channel with rectangular cross section as an example. The o.
Analysis of the seismic coda of local earthquakes as scattered waves

A method was devised to extract useful information about the earthquake source from the coda of local small earthquakes. The method is based on the assumption that the power spectrum of coda waves of a local earthquake is only a function of time measured from the earthquake origin time and independent of distance and details of wave path to the station. Evidence supporting this assumption is presented, using the data on aftershocks of the Parkfield earthquakes of June 28, 1966. A simple statistical model of the wave medium that accounts for the observations on the coda is proposed. By applying the method to many Parkfield aftershocks, the relation between the seismic moment M0 and local magnitude ML is determined as log M0 (dyne cm) = 15.8 + 1.5ML. The size of a microearthquake with magnitude zero is estimated as 10×10 meters.
Settlement analysis of the Gloucester test fill

This paper reports the observation and analysis of the rate and magnitude of settlement under the test embankment at Canadian Forces Station Gloucester. The embankment has been in existence for 7 years and, because of extensive instrumentation, a sufficiently complete record has emerged. An advanced finite element method has been used for the computation of the induced stresses in the foundation soil.Both block samples and 5 in. (12.7 cm) diameter Osterberg samples were recovered at various depths from the site. An experimental program, including the use of the 6 in. (15.2 cm) Rowe cell, has been carried out and an analysis of the test results based on the Gibson and Lo theory. The test results have also been used in the estimation of the field performance.From the present study it is found that: the coefficient of consolidation and the primary and secondary compressibility can be adequately determined from samples of size 4.5 in. (11.3 cm) diameter by 2 in. (5.1 cm) high or larger; the secondary compress.
Uncertainty of Simulated Paddy Rice Yield using LARS-WG Derived Climate Data in the Geumho River Basin, Korea

This study investigates the trends and uncertainty of the impacts of climate change on paddy rice production in the Geumho river basin. The Long Ashton Research Station stochastic Weather Generator (LARS-WG) was used to derive future climate data for the Geumho river basin from 15 General Circulation models (GCMs) for 3 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (A2, A1B and B1) included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th assessment report. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) AquaCrop, a water-driven crop model, was statistically calibrated for the 1982 to 2010 climate. The index of agreement (IoA), prediction efficiency (), percent bias (PBIAS), root mean square error (RMSE) and a visual technique were used to evaluate the adjusted AquaCrop simulated yield values. The adjusted simulated yields showed RMSE, NSE, IoA and PBIAS of 0.40, 0.26, 0.76 and 0.59 respectively. The 5, 9 and 15 year central moving averages showed of 0.78, 0.90 and 0.96 respectively after adjustment. AquaCrop was run for the 2020s (2011-2030), 2050s (2046-2065) and 2090s (2080-2099). Climate change projections for Geumho river basin generally indicate a hotter and wetter future climate with maximum increase in the annual temperature of in the 2090s A1B, as well as maximum increase in the rainfall of 45 % in the 2090s A2. The means (and ranges) of paddy rice yields are projected to increase by 21 % (17-25 %), 34 % (27-42 %) and 43 % (31-54 %) for the 2020s, 2050s and 2090s, respectively. The A1B shows the largest rice yield uncertainty in all time slices with standard deviation of 0.148, 0.189 and for the 2020s, 2050s and 2090s, respectively.
Automated weighting joint inversion of geoelectric data over a two dimensional geologic structure

A new L2 norm joint inversion technique is presented and combined with the series expansion inversion method applied for different simulated erroneous Vertical Electric Sounding (VES) data sets over a complicated two dimensional structure. The applied joint inversion technique takes into consideration the complete form of the likelihood function. As a result there is no need to apply input weights to the individual objective functions. The model consists of three layers with homogeneous resistivities. The first layer boundary is a horizontal plane, the other is a two dimensional laterally varying surface. For the VES inversion the exact data sets were calculated by finite difference method, one in strike direction and the other in dip direction. These data sets were contaminated with normally distributed random errors. During inversion the second layer boundary function was determined. For comparison individual and joint inversion examples were calculated for the two data sets. The best model parameter estimate result was produced by the method of automated weighting.
Erosional effects on runout of fast landslides, debris flows

The mechanism of mass changes in debris transportation process is an important topic in the study of fast landslides, debris flows and avalanches. Basal erosion is recognised as a dynamic interaction between the original moving material and the entrained basal topsoil shearing along their non-slip contact surface. In this paper we propose a new concept of yield rate and establish the erosional relationship to bridge these two systems. A pertinent mathematical model and numerical implementation are formulated. Parametric numerical experiments are conducted to compare the erosional effects. The simulated results are consistent with available experimental and field observations. The influence of the involvement of the erosive material on runout behaviour and the global mobility of the moving material are elucidated. The proposed method is then employed to analyse a recent debris flow event in northern Italy. The excellent match to the field data gives it a plausible potential application to the analysis of this type of gravity-driven flow with significant erosion. Defined in a dimensionless form, the proposed yield rate can be estimated conveniently in general geotechnical practices.
Evidence for short geomagnetic polarity intervals in the Early Cenozoic

To test the validity of the theory that geomagnetic reversals are produced by a stochastic process in the earth's core, a search was made for heretofore undetected short polarity intervals in marine magnetic anomalies over segments of ocean floor with ages between 55 and 63 m.y. The original Heirtzler time scale shows almost no short events during this time, and it is thus indicated that reversals are not a Poisson-distributed stochastic process. In our analysis we reduced profiles to the pole to eliminate asymmetry, stretched them to bring them to a common spreading rate, and stacked them to attenuate incoherent noise. Six new short events were determined by modeling the profiles with a single crustal layer. To simulate the process by which new oceanic crust is created by dike injection and extrusion of lava flows, the magnetization of the layer was determined by convolving model time scales with a Gaussian function. A standard deviation of 3 km gave the best fit to the anomalies. All the new events were found to be <60,000 years. When the geomagnetic time scale is modified by the addition of these six short polarity intervals, it has a frequency distribution close to that predicted by the stochastic model.
The geochemistry of alkali metal ions in the Wairakei hydrothermal system

Summary Chemical analyses show that in the Wairakei hydrothermal field hot chloride water is fed to the levels tapped by the drillholes by at least two separate entries — one near the group of holes in the East, and another West of, or about, the main Western production group. This is in agreement with the results of physical measurements of temperature and pressure in the area. The changes in concentrations of the various alkali metal ions in the waters can be correlated with their reaction with country rock to form the various zones of hydrothermal alteration found by petrological examination of drill cores. The chemical results ar,e sufficient to show that all the Wairakei waters are of a common primary origin. The high concentration in the waters of the rare element caesium is evidence that the source of the dissolved chemicals is a high temperature and pressure magmatic steam phase. The constancy of the chemical characteristics over a period of seven years indicates that the hold-up volume in the Wai.
Subsolidus crystallization behaviour in the system KAlSi3O8–NaAlSi3O8–H2O

Summary When gels and glasses of alkali feldspar composition are crystallized hydrothermally below their solidus the crystals present when crystallization is incomplete do not have the same Na:K ratio as the starting material but bear a relation to the starting material analogous to that between crystals and liquids coexisting at the liquidus. This effect has been investigated in the temperature range 700–850 °C at water-vapour pressures between 5000 lb/in.2 and 30000 lb/in.2 Fractionation and normal zoning of crystals may, in principle, occur within fixed bulk compositions held under isothermal, isobaric conditions.
Copula‐based spatio‐temporal patterns of precipitation extremes in China

Daily precipitation data from 590 stations in China covering a period of 1960–2005 are analysed using copulas, the modified Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test and linear regression. Changing characteristics of eight precipitation indices are investigated in both time and space. Results indicate that (1) the regions west of 100°E, particularly northwest China, exhibit a wetting tendency as reflected by increasing/decreasing number of consecutive rain/non‐rain days; (2) the drying tendency is observed mainly in the regions covered by the Yellow River basin, the Huaihe River basin, and the Haihe River basin, and relatively moderate changes in precipitation indices are found in northeast China; (3) precipitation extremes are intensifying in the regions east of 100°E, particularly in case of south China, specifically the lower Yangtze River basin, the southeast rivers and the Pearl River basin. The intensification of precipitation extremes in south China is mirrored mainly by the decreasing number of rain days and increasing number of consecutive non‐rain days. Besides an increasing percentage of P90 to the annual total precipitation, (4) the intensification of precipitation extremes has the potential to increase the probability of occurrence of natural hazards, particularly floods and droughts. The spatial distribution of flood‐ and drought‐affected crop areas is in agreement with that of precipitation extremes, showing considerable impacts of precipitation extremes on meteor‐hydrological hazards. An increasing number of consecutive non‐rain days in south China will cause a higher risk of droughts. The regions east of 100°E are heavily populated and are economically developed. Food security, water security, and sustainable socioeconomy in China urgently call for effective water resource management policy. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Concept study of multispectral imager for next generation

The concept study of new multi spectral imager has been showed. Multi spectral imager is the basic sensor for Earth remote sensing. The result of Global Imager (GLI) of Advanced Earth Observation Satellite -2 (ADEOS-2) showed us the various change of climate system. However, according to the progress of climate system change study, the reconsideration of observation channels is necessary. First, we studied the requirements of the next generation imager on the basis of GLI design considering the less observed parameters of the climate change. Then we found the necessity of the parameters related the human activities. Several parameters of each area, i.e., atmosphere, ocean, land, cryosphere, are selected. For the atmosphere, aerosol over land is emphasized. For the ocean, coastal change observation is proposed. For the land, advanced vegetation index is proposed. For the cryosphere, impurity of snow is emphasized. For the observation purposes, the proposed imager requirements are including the multi-angle polarization observation. And the resolution requirements of most channels are changed from 1 km to 250m. As the result of preliminary engineering study, the imager consists of a push broom imager for Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) region, and a whisk broom imager for Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) and Thermal Infrared (TIR) region. Among the all channels, two channels, center wavelength 678 nm and 865 nm, are defined as multi-angle polarization observation channels. Each channel has fore, nadir, aft angles, also three polarization angles. The satellite orbit is about 800 km height sun-synchronous polar orbit to cover global area. The new sensor was named Second generation of Global Imager (SGLI). We are proposing to launch SGLI around 2010 on a satellite of Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM).
Solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices for four different interplanetary shock/ICME structures

[1] Interplanetary shocks associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have very profound effects on geomagnetic storms. In order to investigate the role of the interplanetary shock properties and pre-conditions, we present a statistical study of 280 interplanetary shocks and their associated geomagnetic activities during 1998–2007. The results show that perpendicular shocks can cause more intense geomagnetic activities compared with parallel ones under the same IMF pre-condition. Through a southward IMF pre-condition, interplanetary shocks and driven ICMEs can intensify geomagnetic storms significantly. It is revealed that interplanetary shocks would intensify negative IMF Bz pre-condition by a factor of 3 to 6. This effect would enhance geomagnetic storms greatly. The result shows that there are 74% of intense (Dst ≤ −100 nT) and 69% of super (Dst ≤ −200 nT) geomagnetic storms related to a negative IMF Bz pre-condition.
Mechanical properties of prestrained single-layer black phosphorus: effect of thermal environment

Molecular dynamics simulation with the Stillinger–Weber potential is employed to study the mechanical behaviors of single-layer black phosphorus (SLBP) at different temperatures. The SLBP is initially loaded by a uniaxial tensile/compressive prestrain in either armchair or zigzag direction then stretched or compressed in the direction that is orthogonal to the direction of the prestrain. It is found that mechanical properties such as tensile/compressive Young’s modulus, tensile/compressive strength and yield strength are enhanced by a compressive prestrain but are reduced by a tensile prestrain, and that an armchair-oriented prestrain can improve mechanical properties more significantly than a zigzag-oriented prestrain. The enhancement in mechanical properties by a compressive prestrain becomes less significant as the temperature increases. In addition, both yield and compressive strengths of SLBP are found to be highly sensitive to its size while this effect on the modulus and tensile strengths is quite limited. The mechanisms of prestrain underlying the mechanical behaviors of SLBP are also clarified in detail. Numerical results indicate that the application of a compressive prestrain is an effective way to achieve improved modulus and strength for two-dimensional materials.
Advancing Climate and Carbon Simulation

We use a recently developed integrated climate/carbon model to perform breakthrough studies of the climate. Two major studies are carried out--namely the effects of CO{sub 2}-fertilized vegetation on global climate and carbon dynamics, and the effect of climate sensitivity on carbon cycle feedback. We have also begun development of a next-generation climate/carbon modeling capability.
Centrifugal acceleration of ions near Mercury

We investigate the parallel acceleration of ions inside Mercury's magnetosphere. We focus on centrifugal effects associated with the large scale plasma convection. We demonstrate that, because curvature radii of the E × B drift paths are much smaller at Mercury than at Earth, centrifugal effects are enhanced and lead to prominent parallel energization during transport from high to low latitudes. For moderate convection rates, model trajectory calculations reveal that these E × B related centrifugal effects yield energization of heavy ions sputtered from Mercury's surface (e.g., Na+) of several tens or a few hundreds of eV within minutes. This suggests that, at Mercury, material of planetary origin is rapidly raised up to plasma sheet energies. Such a situation contrasts with that prevailing at Earth where these centrifugal effects are relatively weak, yielding energization of ionosphere originating ions of at most a few tens of eV on the time scale of hours.
Land‐cover change and environmental impact analysis in the Greater Mankato area of Minnesota using remote sensing and GIS modelling

Land use and land‐cover (LULC) data provide essential information for environmental management and planning. This research evaluates the land‐cover change dynamics and their effects for the Greater Mankato Area of Minnesota using image classification and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modelling in high‐resolution aerial photography and QuickBird imagery. Results show that from 1971 to 2003, urban impervious surfaces increased from 18.3% to 32.6%, while cropland and grassland decreased from 54.2% to 39.1%. The dramatic urbanization caused evident environmental impacts in terms of runoff and water quality, whereas the annual air pollution removal rate and carbon storage/sequestration remained consistent since urban forests were steady over the 32‐year span. The results also indicate that highly accurate land‐cover features can be extracted effectively from high‐resolution imagery by incorporating both spectral and spatial information, applying an image‐fusion technique, and utilizing the hierarchical machine‐learning Feature Analyst classifier. This research fills the high‐resolution LULC data gap for the Greater Mankato Area. The findings of the study also provide valuable inputs for local decision‐makers and urban planners.
A Database for Long-Term Atmosphere-Surface Transfer Monitoring in Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy)

The micrometeorological base of ISAC-CNR in Lecce, southeast of Italy, has been active since 2002, in collecting experimental data about surface-atmosphere transfer of momentum heat and water vapour. It operates in a suburban site inside the Salento University campus and has been improved along the past years in terms of active sensors to give a quite complete description of the soil-atmosphere vertical transfer. It is composed by a 16 m mast with fast response (eddy correlation) instrumentation and an ancillary automatic meteorological station collecting also soil data at 2 levels of depth. Fast response data are preprocessed in half-hour averaged satistics and stored in a web database. At present, the Lecce database is also a pilot reference structure for the Climate Change Section of the CNR-DTA GIIDA project (Integrated and Interoperative Management of Environmental Data project, Earth and Environment Department, National Research Council), aimed to build a spatial data infrastructure between different CNR-DTA structures collecting environmental data. It is also a data provider for the Hymex project database (Hydrological Mediterranean Experiment).