Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anytime Induction of Cost-sensitive Trees

Machine learning techniques are increasingly being used to produce a wide-range of classifiers for complex real-world applications that involve nonuniform testing costs and misclassification costs. As the complexity of these applications grows, the management of resources during the learning and classification processes becomes a challenging task. In this work we introduce ACT (Anytime Cost-sensitive Trees), a novel framework for operating in such environments. ACT is an anytime algorithm that allows trading computation time for lower classification costs. It builds a tree top-down and exploits additional time resources to obtain better estimations for the utility of the different candidate splits. Using sampling techniques ACT approximates for each candidate split the cost of the subtree under it and favors the one with a minimal cost. Due to its stochastic nature ACT is expected to be able to escape local minima, into which greedy methods may be trapped. Experiments with a variety of datasets were conducted to compare the performance of ACT to that of the state of the art cost-sensitive tree learners. The results show that for most domains ACT produces trees of significantly lower costs. ACT is also shown to exhibit good anytime behavior with diminishing returns.
AIAA 2002-4875 Simulation and Flight Control of an Aeroelastic Fixed Wing Micro Aerial Vehicle

AbstractMicro aerial vehicles have been the subject of continued interest anddevelopment over the last several years. The majority of current vehicleconcepts rely on rigid fixed wings or rotors. An alternate design based on anaeroelastic membrane wing has also been developed that exhibits desiredcharacteristics in flight test demonstrations, competition, and in prioraerodynamics studies. This paper presents a simulation model and anassessment of flight control characteristics of the vehicle. Linear state spacemodels of the vehicle associated with typical trimmed level flight conditionsand which are suitable for control system design are presented as well. Thesimulation is used as the basis for the design of a measurement based nonlineardynamic inversion control system and outer loop guidance system. Thevehicle/controller system is the subject of ongoing investigations ofautonomous and collaborative control schemes. The results indicate that thedesign represents a good basis for further development of the micro aerialvehicle for autonomous and collaborative controls research.IntroductionMicro aerial vehicles, or “MAVs”, are typicallydesignated as a class of aircraft with a maximumdimension of 6 inches that are capable of operating atspeeds of 25 mph or less.
Performance of the Sum-Product Decoding Algorithm on Factor Graphs With Short Cycles

density parity-check (LDPC) codes have reemerged as competition to the celebrated, Shannon-limit-approaching, Turbo codes. The sum-product (SP) decoding algorithm (a version of which was proposed by Gallager) is a key technique for decoding LDPCs. The SP algorithm operates on the factor graph representation of the parity check matrix of an error correcting code, allowing approximate conditional probabilities of the codeword bits to be calculated iteratively. Although the decoding accuracy of the SP algorithm is slightly poorer than the optimum maximum likelihood (ML) decoder, its computational complexity (which grows linearly with code length) for large codes is much lower than that for ML (which grows exponentially with code length). It has been postulated that different factor graph representations of the same parity check code result in different algorithm performance. This report shows, via computer simulation on short codes, that this is indeed true, offers some explanation, and reviews a few researchers' work on factor graph analysis.
Planar Zeolite Film-Based Potentiometric Gas Sensors Manufactured by a Combined Thick-Film and Electroplating Technique

Zeolites are promising materials in the field of gas sensors. In this technology-oriented paper, a planar setup for potentiometric hydrocarbon and hydrogen gas sensors using zeolites as ionic sodium conductors is presented, in which the Pt-loaded Na-ZSM-5 zeolite is applied using a thick-film technique between two interdigitated gold electrodes and one of them is selectively covered for the first time by an electroplated chromium oxide film. The influence of the sensor temperature, the type of hydrocarbons, the zeolite film thickness, and the chromium oxide film thickness is investigated. The influence of the zeolite on the sensor response is briefly discussed in the light of studies dealing with zeolites as selectivity-enhancing cover layers.
Analysis of the inflammatory response in HY-TCR transgenic mice highlights the pathogenic potential of CD4− CD8− T cells

Transgenic mice expressing a rearranged T cell receptor (TCR)-αβ prematurely at the double-negative stage develop an abnormal population of peripheral T cells that lack CD4 and CD8 expression and are hyper-reactive to anti-TCR antibody stimulation. One such example is the HY-TCR transgenic mice. These mice express a TCR transgenic specific for the HY antigen that is expressed in male but not in female mice. As a result, male mice have an abnormal population of HY+/CD4− 8− or HY+/CD4− CD8low T cells that are much lower in female mice. In this study, we investigated the potential patho/physiological function of these cells in vivo using a model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction: the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema. Interestingly, while both male and female HY-TCR mice develop a classical biphasic inflammatory response to λ-carrageenan, the degree of inflammation in the former was much higher than that in the latter. This was accompanied by a selective expansion of HY+/CD4− 8− and HY+/CD4− CD8low T cells in male mice and by a markedly increased production of typical DTH cytokines compared with cells from female mice. These results were specific since analysis of the inflammatory response of HY-TCR transgenic mice subjected to zymosan-induced peritonitis showed no differences between male and female mice. Together, these findings provide novel evidence for the pathological role of self-reactive CD4− CD8− T cells, previously described in several autoimmune strains and recently identified in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Using Regional Routing to Improve the Scalability and Security of Inter-Domain Multipath Routing

Multipath routing has been extended to Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), the current de facto inter-domain routing protocol, to address the reliability and performance issues of the current Internet. However, inter-domain multipath routing introduces a significant challenge for scalability due to the large scale of the inter-domain routing system. At the same time it also introduces new challenges in terms of security and security related overhead. In this paper, we propose a regional multipath approach, Regional Multipath Inter-domain Routing (RMI), where multiple paths are only allowed to be propagated within a well-defined range. With multipath routing in a region, we enable inter-domain routing with rich path diversity and improved security, and no longer have to sacrifice scalability. We show how to propagate multiple paths based on the region by theoretical analysis and by extensive simulations. Our simulations show that the number of messages generated using this approach and the convergence delay are much less than those of BGP and BGP with full multipath advertisement. key words: BGP, inter-domain multipath routing, network performance, prefix hijacking
Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome protein: Emerging mechanisms in immunity

The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) participates in innate and adaptive immunity through regulation of actin cytoskeleton‐dependent cellular processes, including immune synapse formation, cell signaling, migration and cytokine release. There is also emerging evidence for a direct role in nuclear transcription programmes uncoupled from actin polymerization. A deeper understanding of some of the more complex features of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome (WAS) itself, such as the associated autoimmunity and inflammation, has come from identification of defects in the number and function of anti‐inflammatory myeloid cells and regulatory T and B cells, as well as defects in positive and negative B‐cell selection. In this review we outline the cellular defects that have been characterized in both human WAS patients and murine models of the disease. We will emphasize in particular recent discoveries that provide a mechanistic insight into disease pathology, including lymphoid and myeloid cell homeostasis, immune synapse assembly and immune cell signaling.
Reconsidering the Split Margin Approach : Sonority sequencing principles in Choapan Zapotec

This paper will describe typologically unusual onset clusters in Choapan Zapotec, an Oto-Manguean language spoken in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico. Onset clusters in Choapan Zapotec (CHO) violate sonority sequencing principles (SSP) in theoretically problematic ways; prohibitions in CHO against almost all types of coda consonants combine with these facts to create even more problems for current linguistic theory.
A NOVEL SCHEME FOR PREDICTING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN WOMEN: USING KMEANS WITH PCA AS DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION

: Disease diagnosis is one of the applications where machine learning algorithms are giving successful results. Different classifiers can be used to explore patients’ data and extract a predictive model. Machine learning algorithms can provide reliable performance in determining diabetes mellitus. PIMA Indian Dataset consists of women’s records. The risk of developing diabetes in Women is quite high. Hence, the idea is to Detect and Predict this Disorder with the help of Machine Learning techniques. In this study firstly PCA is used as dimensionality reduction and then KMeans is used to cluster the data set. The prime objective of this research work is to provide a better classification of diabetes. The experimental results show the performance of this work on PIDD.
A Novel Inhibitor of Dengue Virus Replication That Targets the Capsid Protein

ABSTRACT Dengue viruses (DENV) infect 50 to 100 million people worldwide per year, of which 500,000 develop severe life-threatening disease. This mosquito-borne illness is endemic in most tropical and subtropical countries and has spread significantly over the last decade. While there are several promising vaccine candidates in clinical trials, there are currently no approved vaccines or therapeutics available for treatment of dengue infection. Here, we describe a novel small-molecule compound, ST-148, that is a potent inhibitor of all four serotypes of DENV in vitro. ST-148 significantly reduced viremia and viral load in vital organs and tended to lower cytokine levels in the plasma in a nonlethal model of DENV infection in AG129 mice. Compound resistance mapped to the DENV capsid (C) gene, and a direct interaction of ST-148 with C protein is suggested by alterations of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein in the presence of compound. Thus, ST-148 appears to interact with the DENV C protein and inhibits a distinct step(s) of the viral replication cycle.
B-wave of the electroretinogram. A reflection of ON bipolar cell activity

Light-evoked intraretinal field potentials (electroretinogram, ERG) have been measured simultaneously with extracellular potassium fluxes in the amphibian retina. The application of highly selective pharmacologic agents permitted us to functionally isolate various classes of retinal neurons. It was found that: (a) application of APB (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate), which has previously been shown to selectively abolish the light responsiveness of ON bipolar cells, causes a concomitant loss of the ERG b-wave and ON potassium flux. (b) Conversely, PDA (cis 2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid) or KYN (kynurenic acid), which have been reported to suppress the light responses of OFF bipolar, horizontal, and third-order retinal neurons, causes a loss of the ERG d-wave as well as OFF potassium fluxes. The b- wave and ON potassium fluxes, however, remain undiminished. (c) NMA (N- methyl-DL-aspartate) or GLY (glycine), which have been reported to suppress the responses of third-order neurons, do not diminish the b- or d-waves, nor the potassium fluxes at ON or OFF. This leads to the conclusion that the b-wave of the ERG is a result of the light-evoked depolarization of the ON bipolar neurons. This experimental approach has resulted in two further conclusions: (a) that the d-wave is an expression of OFF bipolar and/or horizontal cell depolarization at the termination of illumination and (b) that light-induced increases in extracellular potassium concentration in both the inner (proximal) and outer (distal) retina are the result of ON bipolar cell depolarization.
Convex Collective Matrix Factorization

In many applications, multiple interlinked sources of data are available and they cannot be represented by a single adjacency matrix, to which large scale factorization method could be applied. Collective matrix factorization is a simple yet powerful approach to jointly factorize multiple matrices, each of which represents a relation between two entity types. Existing algorithms to estimate parameters of collective matrix factorization models are based on non-convex formulations of the problem; in this paper, a convex formulation of this approach is proposed. This enables the derivation of large scale algorithms to estimate the parameters, including an iterative eigenvalue thresholding algorithm. Numerical experiments illustrate the benefits of this new approach.
Self-reported Hostile Aggression in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non- athletes

To investigate the relationship between athletic participation and off-field hostile aggression, Buss and Perry's (1992) Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) was completed by two groups of 86 university athletes in either contact or no contact sports and two control groups of 86 non-athletes who were matched to the athletes in physical size. In general, bigger participants scored higher on hostile aggression and reported more fighting than smaller participants, but athletes and nonathletes did not differ. These results contradict the learning and catharsis theories of aggression in sport, and undermine the media image of the belligerent off-field athlete.
Longitudinal Voxel-based morphometry with unified segmentation: evaluation on simulated Alzheimer’s disease

The goal of this work is to evaluate Voxel-Based Morphometry and three longitudinally-tailored methods of VBM.We use a cohort of simulated images produced by deforming original scans using a Finite Element Method, guided to emulate Alzheimer-like changes. The simulated images provide quite realistic data with a known pattern of spatial atrophy, with which VBM’s findings can be meaningfully compared. We believe this is the first evaluation of VBM for which anatomically-plausible ‘gold-standard’ results are available. The three longitudinal VBM methods have been implemented within the unified segmentation framework of SPM5; one of the techniques is a newly developed procedure, which shows promising potential.
An Improvement to TF: Term Distribution Based Term Weight Algorithm

In the process of document formalization, term weight algorithm plays an important role. It greatly interferes the precision and recall results of the natural language processing(NLP) systems. Currently, TF-IDF term weight algorithm is widely applied into language models to build NLP Systems. Since term frequency is not the only discriminator which is necessary to be considered when calculating the term weight and make it suitable to indicate term importance, we are motivated to investigate other statistical characteristics of terms and found an important discriminator: term distribution. Furthermore, we found that a term with higher frequency and close to hypo-dispersion distribution should be given higher weight than one with lower frequency and close to intensive distribution. Based on this hypothesis, by leveraging the Pearson Chi-square Test Statistic, a Term Distribution based Term Weight Algorithm is put forward in this paper. Also, the experiment results at the end of this paper approve the reliability and efficiency of the algorithm.
Arithmetic progress in a sample of mentally deficient children using the TEMA-2 test

The study was designed to assess progress in basic arithmetic competence in a sample of mentally retarded children (moderate and mild). 79 students were given the TEMA-2 test (Test of Early Mathematics Ability; Ginsburg & Baroody, 1990) twice, with a three year time interval. The data were analysed using a 2x2x2 repeated measures ANOVAs on the seven components of TEMA-2. The results showed a significant progress on nearly all test components, independent of the students’ cognitive level and chronological age. Each student’s pattern of change was also analysed (e.g., no marks, poor, maintains or improves in relation to its age equivalent in mathematics). Characteristics shared by tasks with the least and most progress are discussed together with the need for detailed knowledge of the academic competence of students with special educational needs.
A Genetic Algorithm with Disruptive Selection

Genetic algorithms are a class of adaptive search techniques based on the principles of population genetics. The metaphor underlying genetic algorithms is that of natural evolution. Applying the "survival-of-the-fittest" principle, traditional genetic algorithms allocate more trials to above-average schemata. However, increasing the sampling rate of schemata that are above average does not guarantee convergence to a global optimum; the global optimum could be a relatively isolated peak or located in schemata that have large variance in performance. In this paper we propose a novel selection method, disruptive selection. This method adopts a nonmonotonic fitness function that is quite different from traditional monotonic fitness functions. Unlike traditional genetic algorithms, this method favors both superior and inferior individuals. Experimental results show that GAs using the proposed method easily find the optimal solution of a function that is hard for traditional GAs to optimize. We also present convergence analysis to estimate the occurrence ratio of the optima of a deceptive function after a certain number of generations of a genetic algorithm. Experimental results show that GAs using disruptive selection in some occasions find the optima more quickly and reliably than GAs using directional selection. These results suggest that disruptive selection can be useful in solving problems that have large variance within schemata and problems that are GA-deceptive.
Regulatory network construction in Arabidopsis by using genome-wide gene expression quantitative trait loci

Accessions of a plant species can show considerable genetic differences that are analyzed effectively by using recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. Here we describe the results of genome-wide expression variation analysis in an RIL population of Arabidopsis thaliana. For many genes, variation in expression could be explained by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). The nature and consequences of this variation are discussed based on additional genetic parameters, such as heritability and transgression and by examining the genomic position of eQTLs versus gene position, polymorphism frequency, and gene ontology. Furthermore, we developed an approach for genetic regulatory network construction by combining eQTL mapping and regulator candidate gene selection. The power of our method was shown in a case study of genes associated with flowering time, a well studied regulatory network in Arabidopsis. Results that revealed clusters of coregulated genes and their most likely regulators were in agreement with published data, and unknown relationships could be predicted.
Eye evolution: common use and independent recruitment of genetic components

Animal eyes can vary in complexity ranging from a single photoreceptor cell shaded by a pigment cell to elaborate arrays of these basic units, which allow image formation in compound eyes of insects or camera-type eyes of vertebrates. The evolution of the eye requires involvement of several distinct components—photoreceptors, screening pigment and genes orchestrating their proper temporal and spatial organization. Analysis of particular genetic and biochemical components shows that many evolutionary processes have participated in eye evolution. Multiple examples of co-option of crystallins, Gα protein subunits and screening pigments contrast with the conserved role of opsins and a set of transcription factors governing eye development in distantly related animal phyla. The direct regulation of essential photoreceptor genes by these factors suggests that this regulatory relationship might have been already established in the ancestral photoreceptor cell.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients with hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction

Patients with hypopituitarism develop a phenotype similar to metabolic syndrome with central obesity and diabetes. Similarly, patients with hypothalamic damage may develop central obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperphagia. We sought to examine the clinical associations between hypopituitarism, hypothalamic dysfunction, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A case series of patients seen at our institution with diagnoses of hypopituitarism, hypothalamic obesity, or craniopharyngioma and NAFLD was undertaken. Clinical, laboratory, and liver biopsy features were reviewed. Twenty‐one patients were identified. NAFLD was diagnosed 6.4 ± 7.5 years (median 3 years) after the diagnosis of hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction. Mean gain in body mass index (BMI) between diagnoses of hypothalamic/pituitary disease and NAFLD was 11.3 ± 8.9 kg/m2 at an average yearly rate of 2.2 ± 2.2 kg/m2. The majority of patients developed elevated glucose levels and dyslipidemia by time of diagnosis of NAFLD. Of the 10 patients biopsied, six were cirrhotic, two had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with fibrosis, and two had simple steatosis. Long‐term follow‐up of 66 ± 33 months (range 12–120) was available for 18 patients. Two required liver transplantation. Six patients died, two from liver related causes. In conclusion, patients with hypothalamic and/or pituitary disease are at risk of excessive weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and dyslipidemia with subsequent development of NAFLD. This group has a high prevalence of cirrhosis placing them at risk for liver‐related death. The novel evidence that hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction may be accompanied by progressive NAFLD has important implications for the work‐up and management of patients with hypothalamic/pituitary disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;39:909–914.)
Compositionality in the Science of System Design

Is there a science of system design? Just like any other design activity, system design is partly an art. However, mathematical theories and computer automation can help, and are even essential for designing complex systems reliably and economically. Until today, the plethora of different types of systems has resulted in a fragmented space of theories and tools. The advent of cyber-physical systems, which are by definition multidisciplinary, has urged researchers to rethink systems and system design, with model-based methods gaining acceptance. This paper describes some of the challenges in the domain, expanding on the key principle of compositionality.