Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound Fourier Beamformation Using Virtual Sources

An efficient Fourier beamformation algorithm is presented for multistatic synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging using virtual sources. The concept is based on the frequency domain wavenumber algorithm from radar and sonar and is extended to a multielement transmit/receive configuration using virtual sources. Window functions are used to extract the azimuth processing bandwidths and weight the data to reduce side lobes in the final image. Field II simulated data and SARUS (Synthetic Aperture Real-time Ultrasound System) measured data are used to evaluate the results in terms of point spread function, resolution, contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, and processing time. Lateral resolutions of 0.53 and 0.66 mm are obtained for Fourier Beamformation Using Virtual Sources (FBV) and delay and sum (DAS) on point target simulated data. Corresponding axial resolutions are 0.21 mm for FBV and 0.20 mm for DAS. The results are also consistent over different depths evaluated using a simulated phantom containing several point targets at different depths. FBV shows a better lateral resolution at all depths, and the axial and cystic resolutions of -6, -12, and -20 dB are almost the same for FBV and DAS. To evaluate the cyst phantom metrics, three different criteria of power ratio, contrast ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio have been used. Results show that the algorithms have a different performance in the cyst center and near the boundary. FBV has a better performance near the boundary; however, DAS is better in the more central area of the cyst. Measured data from phantoms are also used for evaluation. The results confirm applicability of FBV in ultrasound, and 20 times less processing time is attained in comparison with DAS. Evaluating the results over a wide variety of parameters and having almost the same results for simulated and measured data demonstrates the ability of FBV in preserving the quality of image as DAS, while providing a more efficient algorithm with 20 times less computations.
Radial growth rate through successive cambia in Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae) from the Gurbantünggüt Desert, Northwestern China, determined by a series of radiocarbon dating

Copyright © 2015 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. marina (A. marina, a grey mangrove species) show a succession of dark colored xylem tissue bands and pale colored phloem tissue bands (Robert et al., 2011). It is difficult to clearly distinguish RISC layers from annual rings, because the RISC layers possess similar morphological features as compared to annual rings through megascopic cross sectional observations (Fig. 1). RISC layer cannot form a complete closed ring but several fragments in a growing season (Robert et al., 2011, 2014; Nazim et al., 2013). Previous studies have demonstrated that the dendrochronological methods cannot be applied to some successive cambia species (Schmitz et al., 2007; Nazim et al., 2013). Santini et al. (2013) used radiocarbon techniques combining with X-ray densitometry to develop a wood density chronology for A. marina in the Exmouth Gulf (from Western Australia), and confirmed that the actual growth rates (range from 4.08 ± 2.36 to 5.30 ± 3.33 mm/yr) were higher than the RISC layer width (range from 0.58 ± 0.08 to 0.97 ± 0.29 mm/layer) (Santini Radial growth rate through successive cambia in Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae) from the Gurbantünggüt Desert, Northwestern China, determined by a series of radiocarbon dating
The 1975-76 Drought - a contemporary and retrospective review

The 1975-76 drought is the most severe experienced in the UK during the period for which instrumented records are available. This report comprises a contemporary and comprehensive review of the drought and its wide range of impacts together with a retrospective analysis, undertaken in 2010. The latter, benefitting in particular from an additional 35 years of river flow data, confirms the outstanding nature of the 1975-76 drought.
Resolving the scale-dependence of mineral weathering rates.

Comparison between mineral weathering rates determined in the laboratory and in the field commonly reveals large discrepancies, with order(s)-of-magnitude lower rates in the field. Such unresolved scale-dependence seriously limits our ability to extrapolate laboratory results to other scales and conditions. This extrapolation is necessary for quantifying environmental impacts, for instance from acid mine drainage, acid deposition, soil acidification, geological disposal of hazardous waste, and weathering feedback to climate change. We use the well-characterized deposits of mining waste rock at the Aitik site in northern Sweden, for which weathering rates have been previously published, as a model system for investigating this apparent scale-dependence of these rates. We show that the scale-dependence exhibited by the Aitik data is to a large degree predictable by quantification of the effects of a few critical and readily available, bulk-averaged physico chemical characteristics. The fact that this scale-.
Boost the resilience of protected areas to shocks by reducing their dependency on tourism

Ecotourism is widely considered a strong mechanism for the sustainable funding of protected areas (PAs). Implemented during the 1990s in Madagascar, nature-based tourism experienced positive growth over the last 30 years with increasing numbers of visits to the parks and reserves. Revenue earned from entrance fees to the network of PAs managed by Madagascar National Parks has never been sufficient to finance their management. Political crises and the COVID-19 pandemic in particular, have highlighted for park managers, the risk of relying on such earnings when they covered just 1% of the required funding in 2021. Alternative mechanisms of funding are analysed for all of Madagascar’s PAs with a view to facilitating sustainable conservation of the localities and protection of the island’s biodiversity.
The impact of ENSO and the Arctic Oscillation on winter temperature extremes in the southeast United States

Interannual variations of the winter mean temperature and the number of days of warm and cold extremes were investigated for the southeast United States to identify the relative influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Generalized extreme value theory was used to estimate the probability distribution function (PDF) of warm and cold extremes and their return values for different phases of ENSO and the AO. An analysis of the temperature observations for the past 58 years (1951–2008) reveals that both the winter mean temperature anomalies and the number of days of extreme cold are most closely linked to variations in the AO especially in the recent past (1981–2008). In contrast, the number of days of extreme warmth are linked to both ENSO and the AO.
Niels Borregaard, M.D. (1951–2017)

Niels Borregaard, M.D. (1951–2017) Jack B. Cowland,* Charlotte Horn,* and William M. Nauseef ‡,1 *The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Haematology-Oncology, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D During Pregnancy & Small-for- Gestational Age in Black and White Infants

Purpose—In a prospective prenatal cohort study, we examined associations of second trimester and cord plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) with small-for-gestational age (SGA), and the extent to which vitamin D might explain black/white differences in SGA. Methods—We studied 1067 white and 236 black mother-infant pairs recruited from 8 obstetrical offices early in pregnancy in Massachusetts. We analyzed 25(OH)D levels using an immunoassay and performed multivariable logistic models to estimate the odds of SGA by category of 25(OH)D level. Results—Mean (standard deviation [SD]) second trimester 25(OH)D level was 60 nmol/L (21) and was lower for black (46 nmol/L [22]) than white (62 nmol/L [20]) women. 59 infants were SGA (4.5%) and more black than white infants were SGA (8.5% vs. 3.7%). The odds of SGA were higher with maternal 25(OH)D levels <25 vs. ≥25 nmol/L (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.17; © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Corresponding author: Dr. Heather H. Burris, MD MPH, 330 Brookline Avenue RO 318, BIDMC-Neonatology, Boston, MA 02215, USA heburris@bidmc.harvard.edu; phone (617)667-3276; fax (617)667-7040. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Ann Epidemiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 August 01. Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2012 August ; 22(8): 581–586. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem. 2012.04. 015. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.16, 8.63). The increased odds of SGA among black vs. white participants decreased from an OR of 2.04(1.04, 4.04) to 1.68(0.82, 3.46) after adjusting for 25(OH)D. Conclusions—Second trimester 25(OH)D levels <25 nmol/L were associated with higher odds of SGA. Our data raise the possibility that Vitamin D status may contribute to racial disparities in SGA. MeSH Vitamin D; Infant; Small for Gestational Age; African Continental Ancestry Group; Health Status Disparities; Pregnancy
Calcineurin A (cid:2) Regulates NADPH Oxidase (Nox) Expression and Activity via Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) in Response to High Glucose *

Background: Similartoitsroleinotherorgans,calcineurinisinvolvedinkidneyhypertrophy.However,downstreamtargets are not known. Results: The (cid:2) isoformofcalcineurin(CnA (cid:2) )isrequiredforhypertrophyandregulatesNox2andNox4expressionandfunction through NFAT. Conclusion: CnA (cid:2) and not CnA (cid:3) mediates hypertrophy in renal cells and is required for chronic ROS generation. Significance: Interaction of calcineurin and Nox signaling is essential for renal hypertrophy.
The Montreal Neurological Institute: training of the first African-American neurosurgeons.

BACKGROUND Since its inception in 1934 by the legendary Dr. Wilder Penfield, the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) has provided world-renowned instruction in neurosurgery and related neurosciences, training many of the most prominent figures in the history of neurosurgery. Less well known is the role of the MNI in training the first African-American board-certified neurosurgeons. METHODS A comprehensive review of pertinent modern and historical records spanning the past century was performed. RESULTS From 1947-1965, the MNI trained the first African-American board-certified neurosurgeon, and three of the first four. The first, Dr. Clarence Greene, Sr., trained at MNI from 1947-1949. The next, Dr. Jesse Barber, Jr., trained at MNI from 1958-1961. Like Greene, Barber received his MD from the Howard University College of Medicine, was on the general surgery faculty at Howard before training at MNI under Penfield and returned to Howard following his training. The third, Dr. Lloyd Dayes, matriculated at MNI in 1960 after receiving his MD from the Loma Linda University School of Medicine and trained from 1961-1965 under Dr. Theodore Rasmussen, after which he returned to Loma Linda. Greene, Barber and Dayes were certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery in 1953, 1963 and 1967, respectively, as the first, third and fourth African-American neurosurgeons. CONCLUSION The willingness of the world-renowned MNI to train the first African-American neurosurgeons during a time of intense racial segregation in the United States played a major role in enabling subsequent African Americans to enter and enhance the field of neurosurgery.
Uniform Region of Self‐Aerated Flow

The measurement of air concentration and velocity obtained in the laboratory are compared with the recent prototype measurement obtained on Aviemore spillway. This comparison suggests that if a characteristic depth such as the depth at which the air concentration is 0.9 chosen then the averaged air concentration over this depth is only a function of the slope. Similarly the air concentration distribution is also determined by the slope. The velocity distribution determined in the laboratory and in the field are also compared and it is suggested that water velocity measurements are consistent with a universal velocity distribution. These with the Darcy friction factor computed from laboratory results lead to a simple method for predicting the design parameters in the uniform aerated flow at the end of a long spillway.
The terrestrial reference frame and the dynamic Earth

As early as the 15th century Swedes noticed that rocks in their harbors were slowly rising out of the sea [Ekman, 1991]. These local observations were not sufficient to distinguish whether the rocks were rising or the sea level falling. Later, it was realized that Fennoscandia was still rebounding from the last Ice Age. This historical observation is still relevant today. How can you know whether a point on the Earth's surface is slowly moving up, down, or horizontally? One must relate local measurements to a stable and accurate reference frame, one whose scale is much larger than the problem at hand. We remain concerned with sea-level variations, but present-day studies recognize that change must be measured from a global point of view and with respect to a globally well-defined reference frame. Thus, the regional and national geodetic datums developed over the past 200 years are inappropriate for studying global-level problems.
Overview of the INitiative for the evaluation of XML retrieval (INEX) 2003

1. INTRODUCTION The widespread use of the extensible Markup Language (XML) in scientific data repositories, digital libraries and on the web, brought about an explosion in the development of XML retrieval systems. These systems exploit the logical structure of documents, which is explicitly represented by the XML markup, to retrieve document components, the so-called XML elements, instead of whole documents , in response to a user query. This means that an XML retrieval system needs not only to find relevant information in the XML documents, but also determine the appropriate level of gran-ularity to return to the user, and this with respect to both content and structural conditions. Evaluating the effectiveness of XML retrieval systems requires a test collection (XML documents, tasks/queries, and relevance judgements) where the relevance assessments are provided according to a relevance criterion that takes into account the imposed structural aspects. A test collection as such has been built as a result of two rounds of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval (INEX 2002 and INEX 2003). The aim of this initiative is to provide means, in the form of a large testbed and appropriate scoring methods, for the evaluation of content-oriented retrieval of XML documents. This paper presents an overview of INEX 2003. In section 2, we give a brief summary of the INEX participants and their systems. Section 3 outlines the retrieval tasks. Section 4 provides an overview of the INEX test collection along with the description of how the collection was constructed. Section 5 briefly reports on the submission runs for the retrieval tasks. Section 6 describes the relevance assessment phase. Section 7 discusses the different met-rics used. Section 8 summarises the evaluation results. The paper finishes with some conclusions and outlook for INEX 2004. In response to the call for participation issued in March 2003, around 40 organisations registered from 18 different countries within six weeks. Throughout the year, the number of participants decreased due to insufficient contribution while a number of new groups joined later at the assessment phase. The active participants are listed in Table 1. The participating groups used a broad variety of approaches for performing XML retrieval. We tried to categorise them into two approaches [Fuhr & Lalmas 04]: Model-oriented approaches (MO) were based on established information retrieval (IR) models; e.g. vector space model, language model, logistic regression or Bayesian inference model. System-oriented approaches (SO) focused more …
Mantle viscosity from the simultaneous inversion of multiple data sets pertaining to postglacial rebound

We employ the formalism of Bayesian inference to invert three distinct data sets related to the phenomenon of glacial isostatic adjustment. These data consist, respectively, of the wavenumber spectrum of relaxation times for Fennoscandian rebound inferred by McConnell (1968), the characteristic relaxation times for a large collection of distinct 14C dated relative sea level curves from both Canada and Fennoscandia, and two data related to the rotational response of the Earth to the glaciation-deglaciation cycle of the late Pleistocene ice age. Our analyses show that the spherically symmetric viscosity structure objectively inferred on the basis of these data from the once glaciated regions of the Northern Hemisphere allows a fully satisfactory reconciliation of both US East Coast relative sea level observations as well as providing a close fit to the requirements of aspherical geoid anomalies.
The Association Between Preconception Care Receipt and the Timeliness and Adequacy of Prenatal Care: An Examination of Multistate Data from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) 2009–2011

Prenatal and preconception care are critical components of maternal healthcare to reduce risk for adverse outcomes and optimize health of both the mother and the infant. However, some women do not receive timely or adequate prenatal care, and many women do not report receiving preconception care. This study found a statistically significant association between receipt of preconception care and timely prenatal care. This finding warrants increased focus on preconception care, especially in specific populations, such as first-time mothers planning a pregnancy, in order to increase appropriate utilization of prenatal care and to improve maternal and infant outcomes.
Reliable Trust Computation model in Vehicular ad-hoc Network

This paper concerns about the various implemented work has been studied and analyzed to form a new survey on trust model to VANET. In this paper it is observed that there are lot of new techniques are possible to form a new trust model in VANET to provide better security with trust concern over the entire environment of trust management in VANET. This work concerns of entire trust calculation work which has been done yet over it. Here summarizing the various trust models, various security requirements, issues over it.
Assessment of diversity-based approaches used by American Universities to increase recruitment and retention of biomedical sciences research faculty members: A scoping review protocol

Diversity enriches the educational experience by improving intellectual engagement, self-motivation, citizenship, cultural engagement, and academic skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and writing for students of all races. Faculty role models from similar backgrounds are essential for students from traditionally underrepresented groups as it sends a powerful message of support, belonging, and the confidence to pursue higher education. However, in the biomedical sciences, the percentage of historically underrepresented tenure-track faculty is far lower than that of their white colleagues. For this to change, a strong strategic plan and commitment from the university are imperative. This scoping review will assess the size and scope of available peer-reviewed research literature on diversity programs that aim to increase the recruitment and retention of biomedical sciences research faculty and are implemented and evaluated at American Universities. The information provided in this scoping review will help universities identify novel, successful diversity-based approaches for recruiting and retaining biomedical science faculty that might suit their own unique academic and geographic needs and be incorporated into their diversity initiatives and policies. The review follows the Population-Concept-Context methodology for Joanna Briggs Institution Scoping Reviews. Relevant peer-reviewed studies published in English between June 1, 2012, to June 1, 2022, will be identified from the following electronic databases; MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus (Elsevier), EMBASE (Elsevier), CINAHL (EBSCO), and ERIC (EBSCO). The search strings using the key variables “biomedical research faculty,” “recruitment/retention,” “diversity/ minority/ underrepresented, and “mentoring” will be conducted using Boolean logic. Two independent reviewers will conduct all title and abstract screening, followed by a full article screening and data extraction. Due to the possible heterogeneity of the studies, we hope to use either a narrative analysis and/or descriptive figures/tables to depict the results.
Dynamic routing of flow resistance and alluvial bed form changes from the lower to the upper regime.

On the basis of a Strouhal number and the definition of the control factor, m, a new routing to calculate the energy slope in the lower and upper alluvial regimes is proposed. The control factor, m, representing the interactions in alluvial rivers, is reckoned as a bed-form index: while the flow evolves through transition, the control factor, m, decreases from m=2, associated with two-dimensional fully developed dunes, to m=1, associated primarily with in-phase waves. The way to predict the value of the control factor, m, is drawn from a previously published criterion for delineating the upper regime and is calibrated with experimental data. On several data from flumes and rivers, the routing is tested and compared with other methods from the literature. It appears that the new routing is the most robust because it allows researchers to obtain low averages of the discrepancy ratio for a wide range of ratios between the water depth and the median sediment diameter. On a selection of contrasted freshet events, the new routing allows for the capture of the primary dynamic of the flow resistance decrease.