Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Levene’s Test Under Design Imbalance

By means of three analyses, the operating characteristics of Levene‘s test of homoscedasticity in a 1 -way layout are shown to be systematically affected by design imbalance when the error terms are normal. We consider a formal general linear hypothesis analysis, an empirical analysis, and an analysis of expected mean squares, employing the heuristic justification for an ordinary ANOVA. We propose a simple correction involving leverage and analyze its effect, as well as that of another adjustment, on power and level.
On induced permutation matrices and the symmetric group

The n! operations A; of permutations upon n different ordered symbols correspond to n\ matrices A{ of the n tU order, which have in each row and in each column only one non-zero element, namely a unit. Such matrices At are called permutation matrices, since their effect in premultiplying an arbitrary column vector x = {x1 x2• • •%»} is to impress the permutation Â upon the elements xt. For example the six matrices of the third order
Reduced Density Matrices: Coulson's Challenge

1 Basic properties. - 1.1 Reduced Density Matrices. - 1.2 N-representability. - 1.3 Norbs, Nags and Least Squares. - 1.4 Fock Space. - 1.5 Reduced Density Matrices on Fock Space. - 1.6 Unitary Invariance. - 1.7 Notes. - 1.8 Exercises. - 2 N-Representability. - 2.1 The p-rank of a State. - 2.2 Convexity. - 2.3 Ensemble N-representability. - 2.4 A Family of Convex Surfaces. - 2.5 Parameterizing. - 2.6 The Total Energy. - 2.7 The One-matrix. - 2.8 Notes. - 2.9 Exercises. - 2.10 Appendix - Figures for Chapter 2. - 3 Correlation. - 3.1 Sasaki's Formula. - 3.2 Bounds on for fermions. - 3.3 Necessary Conditions. - 3.4 A Universal Fermion Model. - 3.5 Strong Orthogonality. - 3.6 Unitary Decomposition. - 3.7 Reduced Hamiltonian Orbitals. - 3.7.1 For LiH. - 3.7.2 For H2O. - 3.8 Intracules, extracules and Statistics. - 3.9 Notes for Chapter 3. - 3.10 Exercises for Chapter 3. - 3.11 Appendix - The Pfaffian. - 4 Generalized AGP. - 4.1 Canonical form for g(12). - 4.2 Properties of GAGP. - 4.3 Extreme AGP. - 4.4 Scope of GAGP. - 4.5 Error Control. - 4.6 The GAGP Energy. - 4.7 Critical values of E. - 4.8 Hartree-Fock-Bogolubov Equations. - 4.9 Notes. - 4.10 Exercises. - 5 Boson Systems. - 5.1 Yang's Paper. - 5.2 Order Indices. - 5.3 Green's Functions and Propagators. - 5.4 Bose Condensation. - 5.5 Mesoscopic Condensation. - 5.6 Bose Liquid. - 5.7 Collective Excitations. - 5.8 Notes. - 6 Fermion Systems. - 6.1 The Superconducting Transition. - 6.2 Heterophase Superconductor. - 6.3 Notes. - 6.4 Figures. - 7 Coulson's Challenge. - 7.1 The Reduced Hamiltonian. - 7.2 Pairon Distribution function. - 7.3 Facing the Challenge! - 7.4 Notes.
Image Segmentation Arithmetic Based on Narrow Band C-V

The characters of C-V model are analyzed in this paper. Using the C-V technique to segment objects from an image, every pixel of whole image needed to be updated in each iterative calculation. The amount of iterative calculation is very large. So a computational method combine C-V model with the narrow band of level set is proposed. The segmentation iterative computation is defined on a narrow band, so the computation complexity is gotten lower. This segmentation algorithm is simulated in MATLAB. The simulation results shows that this segment arithmetic is efficiency, constringency fast and can get object integrally.
Electron-impact studies of atomic oxygen: II. Emission cross section measurements of the O I 3So→ 3P transition (130.4 nm)

The optical excitation function of the O I 3So→ 3P transition (130.4 nm), produced by electron-impact excitation of atomic oxygen, has been measured over an extended energy range from threshold to 1.0 keV. Measurements were obtained in a crossed-beam experiment using both magnetically confined and electrostatically focused electrons in collision with atomic oxygen produced by a microwave discharge source. A 0.2 m vacuum ultraviolet monochromator system was used to measure the emitted O I radiation at 130.4 nm. The relative O I (130.4 nm) emission intensity corresponding to the 3So→ 3P transition was then put on the absolute scale by normalization to the O I (130.4 nm) cross section produced by dissociative excitation of O2 at 30 eV (Kanik et al 2000).
Resolution characteritazion of 3D cameras

Resolution analysis represents a 2D imaging topic for the use of particular targets for equipment characterization. These concepts can be extended in 3D imaging through the use of specific tridimensional target object. The core of this paper is focused on experimental characterization of seven different 3D laser scanner through the extraction of resolution, accuracy and uncertainly parameters from 3D target object. The process of every single range map defined by the same resolution leads to different results as z-resolution, optical resolution, linear and angular accuracy. The aim of this research is to suggest a characterization process mainly based on resolution and accuracy parameters that allow a reliable comparison between 3D scanner performances.
Variable Thresholding Applied To Angiography

This paper describes a method for automatically determining the outline of the left ventricle(LV) from its angiograms. It is shown that when the histograms of the pictures are relatively narrow, some of the existing techniques are unsuitable for boundary detection. It is further shown that by appropriate partitioning of the pictures, an existing automatic thresholding technique can be applied to these pictures. The discontinuities that occur in the thresholded pictures are eliminated by the use of suitable 2-D filters. The techniques thus developed are applied to two particular LV angiograms at end-systole and at end -diastole.
Flatness-based control by quasi-static feedback illustrated on a cascade of two chemical reactors

Flat non-linear systems are linearizable by quasi-static feedback of generalized states. As a consequence, stable tracking of reference trajectories can be achieved with controllers which do not introduce extra dynamics into the loop. If, moreover, the system has a series structure, this may be exploited for simplifying the flatness-based analysis and design. The resulting method is illustrated on a series connection of two chemical reactors. Flatness-based analysis of the stationary solution and using these results the design of reference trajectories which account for constraints are discussed in detail. Quasi-static feedback controllers are designed and some simulations are reported.
Diagnosis of the ion density in two discharge modes generated in atmospheric pressure argon with pin-to-plate dielectric barrier geometry

In this study, the ion densities of an ac dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) (that is, a pin-to-plate DBD) as a function of the applied frequency in argon have been studied by means of the plasma radiation. The pin-to-plate DBD shows the characteristic of radiation oscillations with a low-frequency wave hidden in a high-frequency wave to form a mosaic structure, which reveals the coexistence of two discharge modes in the ac barrier discharge, i.e., the streamer mode and the corona mode. According to the oscillation frequencies, the ion densities are calculated. The results show that the ion density in streamer discharge is higher than that in corona discharge for about 1–2 magnitude orders.
Remote-Raman spectroscopy of optically trapped particles by utilizing a hollow optical fiber

A fiber-optic probe based on a hollow optical fiber was developed for highly-sensitive remote-Raman measurements of particles in solution. A lens mounted at the distal end of the fiber was optimally designed to suppress the spherical aberration and maximize the numerical aperture by the ray-optics method, and fabricated by polishing a SrTiO3 ball of 1 mm diameter. Polystyrene particles of 60 μm diameter dispersed in NaCl aqueous solution were three-dimensionally trapped by the prototype probe. The Raman spectrum of the polystyrene particle was clearly observed when the particle was optically trapped at the beam focus.
High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of RX J0806.3+1527 with Chandra

RX J0806.3+1527 is a candidate double-degenerate binary with possibly the shortest known orbital period. The source shows an ≈100% X-ray intensity modulation at the putative orbital period of 321.5 s, but there still is no direct detection of orbital motion at this period. Here we report the results of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopic observations of the source, obtained with the Chandra Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) spectrometer. We obtained a total of ≈80 ks of exposure in two pointings separated by about 5 months. We detect the source in both the zeroth-order image and the dispersed spectrum. Detection of the 321.5 s pulsations in the zeroth-order image allows us to extract dispersed spectra as a function of the pulse phase of the X-ray modulation. The bulk of the source flux appears in the 20-60 Å band. We find evidence for emission features in the 25-50 Å range. The strongest feature (detected at better than 3 σ confidence) is an ≈0.6 Å-wide (FWHM) emission line centered at 27 Å. Weaker features at 31.6 and 46.4 Å are also suggested, but they require confirmation with deeper exposures. The continuum is adequately described by an absorbed blackbody model with a temperature of 65 ± 5 eV and column depth of (2 ± 0.5) × 1020 cm−2. Interestingly, the spectrum does not show strong emission lines of typically abundant elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and neon. We briefly discuss possible identifications for the emission features.
Alternating oscillatory and stochastic states in a network of spiking neurons

We focus on a phenomenon observed in cat visual cortex, namely the alternation of oscillatory and irregular neuronal activity. This aspect of the dynamics has been neglected in brain modelling, but it may be essential for the dynamic binding of different neuronal assemblies. The authors present a simple, but physiologically plausible model network which exhibits such a behaviour in spite of its simplicity—e.g. dendritic dynamics is neglected—as an emergent network property. It comprises a number of spiking neurons which are interconnected in a mutually excitatory way. Each neuron is stimulated by several stochastic spike trains. The resulting large input variance is shown to be important for the response properties of the network, which they characterize in terms of two parameters of the autocorrelation function: the frequency and the modulation amplitude. They calculate these parameters as functions of the internal coupling strength, the external input strength and several input connectivity schemes and .
The Ultraviolet Extinction Curve for Circumstellar Dust Formed in the Hydrogen-Poor Environment of V348 Sagittarii

New International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra with high signal-to-noise ratios have been obtained during the recovery of the hot R Coronae Borealis star, V348 Sgr, from its 1992 minimum. These spectra have been combined with spectra from the IUE archives to obtain a definitive extinction curve for dust recently ejected from this star, and make available for the first time an extinction curve of high accuracy in the far-UV for circumstellar dust formed in a hydrogen-poor environment. We find that a Drude profile with a central wavelength of 2425 Å and a full width at half-maximum of 1.342 μm-1 is able to satisfactorily represent the circumstellar dust ejected from V348 Sgr, not just during one ejection episode, but in general. We calculated theoretical extinction curves for comparison with the observed data using 400 Å graphite grains and 300 Å amorphous carbon grains. It is clear that scattering is very important at short wavelengths. Neither type of grain works very well when scattering is not included. The amorphous carbon fits are somewhat better than the graphite fits. The data seem to be more consistent with a cloud covering the entire star, and not just lying in our line of sight. This contradicts other empirical evidence that points toward the formation of patchy clouds around R Coronae Borealis stars.
Compressed sensing of autoregressive processes

Suppose the signal x ∈ Rn is realized by driving a d-sparse signal z ∈ Rn through an arbitrary unknown stable discrete-linear time invariant system H, namely, x(t) = (h * z)(t), where h(·) is the impulse response of the operator H. Is x(·) compressible in the conventional sense of compressed sensing? Namely, can x(t) be reconstructed from sparse set of measurements. For the case when the unknown system H is auto-regressive (i.e. all pole) of a known order it turns out that x can indeed be reconstructed from O(k log(n)) measurements. The main idea is to pass x through a linear time invariant system G and collect O(k log(n)) sequential measurements. The filter G is chosen suitably, namely, its associated Toeplitz matrix satisfies the RIP property. We develop a novel LP optimization algorithm and show that both the unknown filter H and the sparse input z can be reliably estimated. These types of processes arise naturally in Reflection Seismology.
A parallel block iterative scheme applied to computations in structural analysis

In this paper it is shown how a block cyclic successive overrelaxation direct-iterative method can be applied to the parallel solution of certain large-scale linear equality-constrained quadratic programming problems. The scheme is similar in nature to those studied recently by de Pillis, Niethammer and Varga and by Markham, Neumann and Plemmons for solving large sparse least squares problems. It is based upon a partitioning strategy of the fundamental matrix into a block consistently ordered 2-cyclic form where the nonzero eigenvalues of the Jacobi matrix are all pure imaginary. The method is shown to be globally convergent and convergence rates are established.Applications of the algorithm are discussed for large-scale structural analysis computations where it is shown how the algorithm can be adapted to the simultaneous computation of the system forces and the nodal displacements. Here, advantage can be taken of the special forms of the matrices involved. In particular, it is shown that much of the alg.
Thermoelectric-induced spin currents in single-molecule magnet tunnel junctions

A molecular spin-current generator is proposed, which consists of a single-molecule magnet (SMM) coupled to two normal metal electrodes with temperature gradient. It is shown that this tunneling junction can generate a highly spin-polarized current by thermoelectric effects, whose flowing direction and spin polarization can be changed by adjusting the gate voltage applied to the SMM. This device can be realized with current technologies and may have practical use in spintronics and quantum information.
Energetics of polymerized fullerites

A comparative calorimetry study has been made on three types of single phase ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ polymers, i.e., dimers, one-, and two-dimensional polymers. These polymers revert to monomers with an endothermic reaction upon heating to $300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C},$ indicating that the monomer form is the least stable phase. By estimating the endothermic heat, it was found that the polymeric forms become energetically unstable as the number of intermolecular bonds increases, in contradiction to the currently available calculation. The present results suggest that molecular deformation plays a crucial role in the energetics of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ polymers.
Interframe registration of IVUS images due to catheter rotation with feature-based optical flow

The quantitative assessment of and compensation for catheter rotation in Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) images presents a fundamental problem for noninvasive characterization of the mechanical properties of the coronary arteries. A method based on the scale-space optical flow algorithm with a feature-based weighting scheme is proposed to account for the aforementioned artifact. The computed vector field, describing the transformation between two consecutive frames, allows the quantitative assessment of the amount of vessel wall tissue motion, which is directly related to the catheter rotation. Algorithm accuracy and robustness were demonstrated on a tissue-mimicking phantom, subjected to controlled amount of angular deviation. The proposed method shows a great reliability in prediction of catheter rotational motion up to 4°.
Multiway Dependence in Exponential Family Conditional Distributions

Conditionally specified statistical models are frequently constructed from one-parameter exponential family conditional distributions. One way to formulate such a model is to specify the dependence structure among random variables through the use of a Markov random field (MRF). A common assumption on the Gibbsian form of the MRF model is that dependence is expressed only through pairs of random variables, which we refer to as the “pairwise-only dependence” assumption. Based on this assumption, J. Besag (1974, J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B36, 192? 225) formulated exponential family “auto-models” and showed the form that one-parameter exponential family conditional densities must take in such models. We extend these results by relaxing the pairwise-only dependence assumption, and we give a necessary form that one-parameter exponential family conditional densities must take under more general conditions of multiway dependence. Data on the spatial distribution of the European corn borer larvae are fitted using a model with Bernoulli conditional distributions and several dependence structures, including pairwise-only, three-way, and four-way dependencies.
Protein printing with an atomic force sensing nanofountainpen

We demonstrate the direct printing of proteins on a surface using a cantilevered nanopipette as the probe of a scanned probe microscope. Protein features as small as ∼200 nm were directly delivered through the ∼100 nm aperture of the nanopipette by simply contacting the probe with any surface. This allows for the direct connection of this methodology to standard separation techniques so that multiple proteins can be printed through one nanopipette at different locations in ambient conditions.
The pulsating extreme helium star BD+ 13°3224 II. Ultraviolet fluxes and effective temperature variations

Etude des variations de flux UV de l'etoile a helium extreme pulsante BD+13°3224. On determine les variations de temperature effective et de rayon angulaire sur un cycle en utilisant des modeles d'atmospheres ETL plan paralleles statiques. Le comportement de cette etoile est semblable a celui de HD 144941 et les deux etoiles pourraient constituer une nouvelle sous-classe d'etoiles deficientes en hydrogene
Symmetric Ciphers Based on Two-Dimensional Chaotic Maps

In this paper, methods are shown how to adapt invertible two-dimensional chaotic maps on a torus or on a square to create new symmetric block encryption schemes. A chaotic map is first generalized by introducing parameters and then discretized to a finite square lattice of points which represent pixels or some other data items. Although the discretized map is a permutation and thus cannot be chaotic, it shares certain properties with its continuous counterpart as long as the number of iterations remains small. The discretized map is further extended to three dimensions and composed with a simple diffusion mechanism. As a result, a symmetric block product encryption scheme is obtained. To encrypt an N×N image, the ciphering map is iteratively applied to the image. The construction of the cipher and its security is explained with the two-dimensional Baker map. It is shown that the permutations induced by the Baker map behave as typical random permutations. Computer simulations indicate that the cipher has g.
Stochastic interpretation of Feynman path integral

A class of functions HnF was chosen, which are boundary values of holomorphic functions. It was shown that if the potential V∈HnF and the initial wave function ψ∈HnF then the solution of the Schrodinger equation is ψt∈HnF. The unitary evolution ψ → ψt can be expressed by an integral with respect to the Wiener measure. To each ψt∈HnF is associated a complex Markov process qt fulfilling stochastic Hamilton equations. The time evolution of ψ as well as multitime correlation functions of arbitrary observables in quantum mechanics take the form of expectation values with respect to qt. Some statistical and ergodic aspects of quantum mechanics resulting from the stochastic interpretation of Feynman’s sum over trajectories are discussed.
Real‐time noise canceling based on spectral minimum detection and diffusive gain factors

In this paper, we propose a very simple but highly effective psychoacoustically motivated real‐time approach on the basis of spectral minimum detection and diffusive gain factors without a speech activity detector. The first processing step is the calculation of the short‐time power spectrum of the noisy speech signal. Estimating the background noise, the system calculates diffusive gain values in real time being obtained in a two‐layer structure: Each node of a layer is responsible for a single mode of the power spectrum. The first layer, called the ‘‘minimum detection layer,’’ holds the present noise level derived from the minimum of the input power spectrum which is detected within frames smaller than the FFT window. The minimum is transformed into a gain factor function using a signal‐to‐noise ratio control parameter. The diffusive gain factor interaction of neighboring modes is performed in the second layer, called the ‘‘diffusion layer,’’ in order to avoid ‘‘musical tones. ’’ In the frequency domain,.
Control system of a dispersed fringe type sensing system of active optics

Active optics plays an important part in segmented mirrors of astronomy telescopes. A dispersed fringe sensor(DFS) using a broadband point source is an efficient method for cophasing and is also highly automated and robust. DFS can estimate the piston between segments only through the spectrum formed by the transmissive grating's dispersion and therefore can replace the edge sensors. So we build an system in our lab to experiment the DFS method. The whole control system of DFS is put forward, including control of displacement actuators and control of shifting the optical fiber. Control of displacement actuators consists in industry computer, HY-6120 I/O card, six stepper motor and other parts. Some theoretical analysis and experiment tests reveal that the actuator could be controlled to 5nm and without backlash by this control strategy. The optical fiber could be shifted out of optical path or shifted in part or whole of optical path so that the spectrum formed by the transmissive grating's dispersion could alter. When six actuators are moving, the piston is changing, and the spectrum is also moving and altering. And the whole control of DFS system is constructed now and seems well. Further test and experiment will be carry out.
The " -pseudospectra and the essential " -pseudospectra of linear relations

In the present paper, we introduce the new notions of the ε -pseudospectra and the essential ε -pseudospectra of linear relations and investigate their characterizations. Beside that, we establish the relationship between the pseudospectra (resp. essential ε -pseudospectra) of a sequence of closed linear relations and its limit in a Banach space. We ﬁnish by applying some obtained results of the essential ε -pseudospectra of transport equation.