Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the HCN/CO Intensity Ratio in the Galactic Center

We study the dense molecular gas in the Galactic center using maps of HCN and CO J = 1 → 0 emission from the central 630 pc of the Milky Way, and images of HCN J = 3 → 2 emission, which requires high densities for excitation (nH2 ≳ 106 cm-3), from Sgr A and Sgr B. The ratio of integrated HCN and CO J = 1 → 0 intensities is a sensitive measure of molecular gas pressure, and the ratio of integrated HCN J = 3 → 2 and J = 1 → 0 intensities uncovers density enhancements in the maps. However, the HCN/CO ratio is difficult to model without knowing the relative HCN and CO abundances. Furthermore, because of the different filling factors of HCN and CO emission, models that use homogeneous clouds may not be accurate for analyzing the HCN/CO ratio. Most of the mass traced by HCN and CO in the Galactic center is at high densities (nH2 ~ 104 cm-3), roughly an order of magnitude higher than cloud densities in the Galactic disk. Most of the dense gas traced by HCN J = 3 → 2 emission is coincident with star-forming regions and cloud interaction zones, and not necessarily with emission peaks. We smoothed the HCN and CO maps to the typical spatial resolution of extragalactic observations, and repeated the analysis. The single large-scale measurement was sensitive to the mass-weighted average properties of the map. Therefore, if we can extrapolate this result to other spirals, studies such as this are sensitive to the average gas properties in galactic nuclei, despite poor spatial resolution.
Establishing Design Parameters for Large Stereoscopic 3D Dashboards

The amount of available information and functionality in cars is increasing rapidly. Academia and industry are working tirelessly on technologies to integrate both in automotive user experience while providing high usability and safety. A large stereoscopic 3D dashboard could offer binocular disparity as a depth cue and by this, support these efforts by allowing novel techniques for adaptive and situation-aware in-car user interfaces. However, humans capability to perceive stereoscopic 3D depends on several factors, among them is the zone of comfort. In this paper, we present preliminary results of our design space exploration in form of the zone of comfort. In a user study we established a depth budget ranging from 23.8 ± 2.9cm in front of the dashboard to 22.7 ± 5.5cm behind it.
Particle Deposition in a Child Respiratory Tract Model: In Vivo Regional Deposition of Fine and Ultrafine Aerosols in Baboons

To relate exposure to adverse health effects, it is necessary to know where particles in the submicron range deposit in the respiratory tract. The possibly higher vulnerability of children requires specific inhalation studies. However, radio-aerosol deposition experiments involving children are rare because of ethical restrictions related to radiation exposure. Thus, an in vivo study was conducted using three baboons as a child respiratory tract model to assess regional deposition patterns (thoracic region vs. extrathoracic region) of radioactive polydisperse aerosols ([d16–d84], equal to [0.15 µm–0.5 µm], [0.25 µm–1 µm], or [1 µm–9 µm]). Results clearly demonstrated that aerosol deposition within the thoracic region and the extrathoraic region varied substantially according to particle size. High deposition in the extrathoracic region was observed for the [1 µm–9 µm] aerosol (72%±17%). The [0.15 µm–0.5 µm] aerosol was associated almost exclusively with thoracic region deposition (84%±4%). Airborne particles in the range of [0.25 µm–1 µm] showed an intermediate deposition pattern, with 49%±8% in the extrathoracic region and 51%±8% in the thoracic region. Finally, comparison of baboon and human inhalation experiments for the [1 µm–9 µm] aerosol showed similar regional deposition, leading to the conclusion that regional deposition is species-independent for this airborne particle sizes.
A Possible Methodological Flaw in Comparing Dominant and Nondominant Sided Lumbar Spine Muscle Responses Without Simultaneously Considering Hand Dominance

Study Design. Different factorial designs analyzing the same data were compared for consistent interpretation. Objective. To assess hand dominance as an explanatory factor when comparing dominant and nondominant side back muscle response time delay and fatigability. Summary of Background Data. A number of studies have evaluated lumbar spinal muscle responses to sudden load and fatigue. Although the dominant side of the back is usually determined by considering hand dominance, few studies explicitly consider hand dominance as part of the explanatory model and assume that right- and left-handed patients are not unique cohorts. Methods. The erector spinae and multifidi lumbar muscle groups in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) were investigated. For the response time to a sudden load, the biceps brachii muscle was compared with erector spinae and multifidi muscles to understand any compensatory upper extremity movement patterns. For fatigue, the erector spinae and multifidi muscle median frequency (MF) and its slope (MFS) were measured during a 1-minute isometric back extension maneuver. Results. Altogether, 46 patients with CLBP were studied. Right- and left-handed subjects did not differ in reported disability based on the Oswestry Disability Index, (F1, 44 = 2.11, P < 0.153). The dominant and nondominant side response times were significantly different for left-handed patients but not for right-handed patients. The nondominant side back muscles, located on the contralateral side of the dominant hand, were faster for the right-hand dominant patients and slower for the left-hand dominant patients. In the muscles on the nondominant side of the back, the left-hand dominant patients demonstrated significantly more fatigue than right-hand dominant patients. However, in the muscles on the dominant side of the back, neither set of patients demonstrated fatigability. Conclusions. When examining differential lumbar muscle responses, failing to consider hand dominance explicitly in conjunction with the side assessed resulted in confounding effects. The results of the study indicated a delayed back muscle response time on the nondominant side. This delayed response time raises the possibility that unbalanced muscle activity could prompt a decreased, uncoordinated, asymmetric bracing effect, thereby increasing the risk of lumbar segment buckling. Further studies are needed to investigate the characteristics of the back muscles on the same side of the dominant hand and the factors mediating neuromuscular differences in patients with CLBP. Understanding the effects of hand dominance on fatigue in certain back muscles should lead to better treatments thereby improving neuromuscular control in patients with CLBP.
Developing fundamental capabilities for successful e-government implementation

Several researchers address the failure of e-government (EG) in developing countries. Researchers studying the failure of information and communication technology (ICT) and EG systems reveal that the initiative, strategy, and adoption criteria of ICT in developing countries do not follow the same track as in developed countries. The failure to manage ICT and adopt EG systems arises from two points – the government itself and the citizens. The objective of this study is to identify the determinants and critical factors that contribute to government development of fundamental capabilities to adopt and manage ICT and successfully implement EG systems. This research study, applying qualitative methodology in a developing country, identifies the fundamental capabilities required to implement EG in developing countries, and the critical factors required to develop the capabilities necessary to adopt ICT and implement EG.
THE NATURE OF HYPOTHALAMO-NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL NEUROSECRETION IN THE RAT

The nature of hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal neurosecretion was examined in the rat by means of intraventricular injections of tritiated amino acids. Quantitation of autoradiographs was used at the light microscope level to study the sites of synthesis of proteins and their time of arrival in the neural lobe. Electron microscope autoradiographs were used to study the labeling of neural lobe tissue. It was concluded that the great majority of the labeled material was translocated inside dense-cored granules and was probably composed mostly of neurophysins. The effect of ether anesthesia was also examined. It was found to remove the dense cores from about 20% of the granules in the neural lobe tissue, a process accompanied by the loss of most of their labeled material. The mechanism of the ether effect is discussed and compared to the normal secretion process.
Multirate feedforward control with state trajectory generation based on time axis reversal for plant with continuous time unstable zeros

Plant with unstable zeros is known as difficult to be controlled because of initial undershoot of step response and unstable poles of its inversion system. There are two reasons why plant has unstable zeros in discrete time domain: 1) non-collocation of actuators and sensors, 2) discretization by zero-order-hold. Problem 2) has been solved by multirate feedforward control proposed by our research group. This paper extends this method to solve problem 1) by the state trajectory generation based on time axis reversal. The validity of the proposed methods is demonstrated by simulations.
Detecting similarities in antipattern ontologies using semantic social networks: implications for software project management

Abstract Ontology has been recently proposed as an appropriate formalism to model software project management antipatterns, in order to encode antipatterns in a computer understandable form and introduce antipatterns to the Semantic Web. However, given two antipattern ontologies, the same entity can be described using different terminology. Therefore, the detection of similar antipattern ontologies is a difficult task. In this paper, we introduce a three-layered antipattern semantic social network, which involves the social network, the antipattern ontology network and the concept network. Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques can be used to assist software project managers in finding similar antipattern ontologies. For this purpose, SNA measures are extracted from one layer of the semantic social network to another and this knowledge is used to infer new links between antipattern ontologies. The level of uncertainty associated with each new link is represented using Bayesian Networks (BNs). Furthermore, BNs address the issue of quantifying the uncertainty of the data collected regarding antipattern ontologies for the purposes of the conducted analysis. Finally, BNs are used to augment SNA by taking into account meta-information in their calculations. Hence, other knowledge not included in the social network can be used in order to search the social network for further inference. The benefits of using an antipattern semantic social network are illustrated using an example community of software project management antipattern ontologies.
An Investigation of the Effect of Firm's Life Cycle Stages on Earning Quality: Evidence from Iran

Based on life cycle theory, firms have various characteristics in various stages of their life cycle and Since earnings quality and the quality of financial reporting in general are subjects that have attracted much attention and are the center of debate for investors, regulators as well as scholars in the recent years, this heightened attention to the subject of earnings quality is, in part, due to the wave of accounting scandals of the early 2000s so this present essay is mainly aimed at analyzing the effects of company's life cycle on earning quality of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To do this study, financial information of 105 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2006 - 2012 (735 firm-years) examined. Given a lack of consensus about the best way to measure earning quality, it measured by two models (the Modified Jones(1995)model and Leuz et al., (2003) model). To test the hypotheses we used panel data analysis and Generalized Least Square (GLS) method. The results of the study indicated that earning quality is not influenced by firm's life cycle stages. In other words, the earning quality at each stages of the life cycle is not significantly different from each other.
Direct Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation

Aerosol Formation Most atmospheric aerosol particles result from a growth process that begins with atmospheric molecules and clusters, progressing to larger and larger sizes as they acquire other molecules, clusters, and particles. The initial steps of this process involve very small entities—with diameters of less than 2 nanometers—which have been difficult to observe. Kulmala et al. (p. 943; see the Perspective by Andreae) developed a sensitive observational protocol that allows these tiny seeds to be detected and counted, and they mapped out the process of aerosol formation in detail. Detailed aerosol measurements provide a consistent framework for the formation of particles from atmospheric gases. [Also see Perspective by Andreae] Atmospheric nucleation is the dominant source of aerosol particles in the global atmosphere and an important player in aerosol climatic effects. The key steps of this process occur in the sub–2-nanometer (nm) size range, in which direct size-segregated observations have not been possible until very recently. Here, we present detailed observations of atmospheric nanoparticles and clusters down to 1-nm mobility diameter. We identified three separate size regimes below 2-nm diameter that build up a physically, chemically, and dynamically consistent framework on atmospheric nucleation—more specifically, aerosol formation via neutral pathways. Our findings emphasize the important role of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol formation, subsequent aerosol growth, radiative forcing and associated feedbacks between biogenic emissions, clouds, and climate.
Generation of Dendritic Cells Using Cell Culture Bags--Description of a Method and Review of Literature

Abstract Anticancer immunotherapy using dendritic cell-based vaccines is a strategy aimed at the induction and maintenance of immune responses against cancer cells. Clinical applications of dendritic cells (DCs) require stringent adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) methods and rigorous standardization of DC-based vaccine preparation. Recently, closed systems for DC culture have been developed with a goal to minimize the risk of contamination. Here, we compare the yield, immunophenotype, and functional properties of DCs generated in Lifecell X-Fold culture bags and in plastic wells, both from adherence-selected monocytes, and review the current literature on closed systems for DC generation. We found that both the overall yield and the yield of CD83+ cells in cell culture bags was lower than in the standard culture method. No statistically significant differences were observed in the expression of DC immunophenotypic markers. The capability of DCs cultured in bags and in wells to induce the proliferation of allogeneic mononuclear cells were equivalent. The performance of DCs in mixed lymphocyte reaction correlated significantly (p=0.005) with the CD83 expression but not with the CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, CD1a, and CD1c expression. We conclude that the immunophenotype and stimulatory properties of DCs cultured in closed cell culture bags are similar to those generated by conventional method using cell culture wells.
The effect of retrosplenial cortex lesions in rats on incidental and active spatial learning

The study examined the importance of the retrosplenial cortex for the incidental learning of the spatial arrangement of distinctive features within a scene. In a modified Morris water-maze, rats spontaneously learnt the location of an escape platform prior to swimming to that location. For this, rats were repeatedly placed on a submerged platform in one corner of either a rectangular (Experiment 1) or square (Experiments 2, 3) pool with walls of different appearance. The rats were then released in the center of the pool for their first test trial. In Experiment 1, the correct corner and its diagonally opposite partner (also correct) were specified by the geometric properties of the pool. Rats with retrosplenial lesions took longer to first reach a correct corner, subsequently showing an attenuated preference for the correct corners. A reduced preference for the correct corner was also found in Experiment 2, when platform location was determined by the juxtaposition of highly salient visual cues (black vs. white walls). In Experiment 3, less salient visual cues (striped vs. white walls) led to a robust lesion impairment, as the retrosplenial lesioned rats showed no preference for the correct corner. When subsequently trained actively to swim to the correct corner over successive trials, retrosplenial lesions spared performance on all three discriminations. The findings not only reveal the importance of the retrosplenial cortex for processing various classes of visuospatial information but also highlight a broader role in the incidental learning of the features of a spatial array, consistent with the translation of scene information.
The role of emotional intelligence in service encounters: A model for predicting the effects of employee-customer interactions on consumer attitudes, intentions, and behaviours

Understanding how employees influence customer behaviour in a service encounter has important implications for the selection and training of employees. To date, however, the issue of how employees influence consumer behaviour has been largely overlooked. This paper aims to address the current theoretical gap by incorporating the literature on emotional intelligence into the context of employee-customer interactions. Specifically, a model is developed in which employees' exhibition of emotional intelligence behaviours, termed emotional competence, is presented as a critical variable moderating the link between service encounters and consumer attitudes, intentions, and behaviours.
Coding for the discretely phase ambiguous additive white Gaussian channel

Communication over the additive white Gaussian channel, subject to a discrete phase ambiguity at the receiver, is considered. When this phase ambiguity is considered as a discretely distributed random variable, the channel is termed the acoherent additive white Gaussian (AAWG) channel. It is shown that the optimum decoder for the AAWG channel is not practically implementable and a suboptimum decoder that is asymptotically optimum at high signal-to-noise ratio is developed. The low signal-to-noise ratio performance of the suboptimum decoder is also examined. By considering the structural possibilities for this decoder, it is shown that one implementation leads to rotationally invariant codes. Other implementations, based on a rotationally disjoint property, lead to a variety of solutions that offer a general framework for communication over this channel. Some of these solutions use a parallel receiver configuration. Various solutions are compared in terms of implementation and performance. >
A Conserved Regulatory Module at the C Terminus of the Papillomavirus E1 Helicase Domain Controls E1 Helicase Assembly

ABSTRACT Viruses frequently combine multiple activities into one polypeptide to conserve coding capacity. This strategy creates regulatory challenges to ascertain that the combined activities are compatible and do not interfere with each other. The papillomavirus E1 protein, as many other helicases, has the intrinsic ability to form hexamers and double hexamers (DH) that serve as the replicative DNA helicase. However, E1 also has the more unusual ability to generate local melting by forming a double trimer (DT) complex that can untwist the double-stranded origin of DNA replication (ori) DNA in preparation for DH formation. Here we describe a switching mechanism that allows the papillomavirus E1 protein to form these two different kinds of oligomers and to transition between them. We show that a conserved regulatory module attached to the E1 helicase domain blocks hexamer and DH formation and promotes DT formation. In the presence of the appropriate trigger, the inhibitory effect of the regulatory module is relieved and the transition to DH formation can occur. IMPORTANCE This study provides a mechanistic understanding into how a multifunctional viral polypeptide can provide different, seemingly incompatible activities. A conserved regulatory sequence module attached to the AAA+ helicase domain in the papillomavirus E1 protein allows the formation of different oligomers with different biochemical activities.
(RE-)DISCOVERING THE AUDIENCE

Current technological, organizational and institutional changes fundamentally alter the relationship between journalism and its audience – with consequences not only for journalistic practice, but also for theoretical and methodological issues of media research. After briefly recounting three perspectives on the audience, the paper outlines key aspects of the sociological theory of inclusion and explicates them in a novel and comprehensive heuristic model of audience inclusion in journalism. It introduces two constructs which apply both to journalism and the audience: (1) inclusion performance subsumes inclusion practices and their manifest results, and (2) inclusion expectations subsume attitudes, norms and perceptions with respect to audience inclusion in journalism. The degree of congruence between performances of journalists and audience members is interpreted as inclusion level; the degree of congruence between the expectations is interpreted as inclusion distance. This model can serve as a heuristic for empirical operationalization, helps to systematize existing and future research on digital networked media and journalism into a coherent sociological framework and is also open for comparative research on participation in other social systems.
Using ITS to Improve the Capacity of Freeway Merging Sections by Transferring Freight Vehicles

This paper investigates the effect of heavy commercial vehicles on traffic characteristics and operation of freeway merging sections. Freeways are designed to facilitate the flow of traffic, including passenger cars and trucks. The impact of these different vehicle types is not uniform, creating problems in freeway operations and safety, particularly in the vicinity of merging sections. There have been very few studies that are concerned with the traffic behavior and characteristics of heavy vehicles in these situations. Therefore, a three-year study was undertaken to investigate traffic behavior and operating characteristics during the merging process under congested traffic conditions. First extensive traffic data collection captured a wide range of traffic and geometric information using detectors, videotaping, and surveys at several interchanges. The macroscopic detector data were used to identify and quantify the impact of heavy commercial vehicles on the capacity of merging sections. Subsequently, the microscopic data were utilized to establish a model for the behavior of drivers at merging sections. Based on this behavioral model, a microsimulation program was developed to simulate the actual traffic conditions. This model was used to evaluate the capacity of a merging section for a given geometric design and traffic flow condition. In addition, this model was employed to develop a variety of intelligent transport system control strategies that are associated with heavy commercial vehicles with the goal of designing safer and less-congested freeway merging points. The implementation of the proposed control strategies showed significant improvement over the capacity of merging sections.