Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) and Bioaccessibility of Arsenic and Lead from Various Mine Waste Materials

In vivo models show that the bioavailability of soil contaminants varies between site and type of matrix. Studies demonstrated that assuming 100% bioavailability of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) from soils and mine waste materials overestimates the risk associated with human exposure. In in vitro systems, the simulated bioavailability of a contaminant is referred to as the “bioaccessibility” and is used as an alternative quantitative indicator for in vivo derived bioavailability estimates. The general concept of the in vitro extraction test is to predict the bioavailability of inorganic substances from solid matrices by simulating the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) environment. The aims of this study were to: (1) investigate the bioaccessibility of As and Pb from various mine wastes, including tailings, heap leach, and waste rock, using a physiologically based extraction test (PBET); (2) validate the bioaccessibility values from PBET with in vivo bioavailability values measured using animal models; and (3) correlate PBET results with the bioavailability values measured from alternative in vivo models (rats and cattle, from Bruce, 2004). Significant correlation was observed between bioaccessibility values from PBET, and bioavailability values generated for both rats and cattle, demonstrating the potential to utilize PBET as a relatively inexpensive alternative to in vivo models for bioavailability assessment.
THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

For several years the study of social behavior has been undergoing a revolution with far-reaching consequences for the social and biological sciences. Partly responsible are three recent changes in the attitudes of evolutionary biologists. First was grow­ ing acceptance of the evidence that the potency of natural selection is overwhelm­ ingly concentrated at levels no higher than that of the individual. Second was revival of the comparative method, especially as applied to behavior and life histories. Third was spread of the realization that not only are all aspects of structure and function of organisms to be understood solely as products of selection, but because of their peculiarly direct relationship to the forces of selection, behavior and life history phenomena, long neglected by the evolutionists, may be among the most predictable of all phenotypic attributes. These ideas have been appreciated by a few biologists for a long time, but they have only recently begun to characterize the science as a whole. Darwin's discussion of sterility between species as an incidental effect of evolutionary adaptation (41 , p . 260) and his refusal to deal with sex ratio selection (42, p . 399) suggest an awareness of the difficult problem of determining the levels at which selection is most powerful. Yet significant clarification of this basic issue did not really com­ mence until publication of Wynne-Edwards' massive volume (179) championing group selection and inadvertently exposing its unlikelihood. As late as 1958, Fisher felt constrained to add to the revised edition of his 1929 classic, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, the admonishment (53, p. 49) that his fundamental theorem and its associated considerations, already misused then by decades of population geneticists dealing (as they saw it) with the fitness of populations, refer strictly to "the progressive modification of structure or function only in so far as variations in these are of advantage to the individual . [and afford] no correspond­ ing explanation for any properties of animals and plants . supposed to be of service to the species to which they belong. " Williams' critique (171) provided a significant turning point. Nevertheless, one has only to pick up any biological journal or attend any biological meeting to realize that this question has not yet been settled for all
Practical pharmacotherapy for acute schizophrenia patients

Well‐organized clinical guidelines of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia are not necessarily applicable to emergency and acute‐phase situations. Thus, practical pharmacotherapy for acute schizophrenia patients should be based on data from real clinical practice and be independent of pharmaceutical companies. This study investigated the current guidelines being used to determine the initially preferred antipsychotics, durations required before an antipsychotic is viewed as being ineffective, and the strategies utilized for early non‐responders that include switching, high dose, and augmentation. In patients who develop side‐effects to the preferred antipsychotic drug, continued use may depend on the specific characteristics of the side‐effects. For acute‐phase patients, antipsychotics with high efficacy and effectiveness may be chosen based on meta‐analysis findings for not only double‐blinded but also rater‐blinded randomized controlled trials. Many previous studies have reported being able to make an early prediction at 2 weeks regarding the later response. These predictions were supported by the findings of a recent meta‐analysis of 34 studies that examined 9975 participants. In early non‐responders to the initial antipsychotic, the effectiveness of the switching strategy appears to depend on the initial antipsychotic administered and the antipsychotic the patient is subsequently switched to. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the strategy between switching and augmentation might also depend on the initial antipsychotic administered. The current findings might serve as the basis for the use of dosing above the licensed range versus continuing the use of conventional dosing in non‐responders, provided there is close monitoring of the side‐effects. Further research is required before any modifications of routine practices are undertaken regarding the direction of new potential treatments.
The Galactic Black Hole Transient H1743–322 during Outburst Decay: Connections between Timing Noise, State Transitions, and Radio Emission

Multiwavelength observations of Galactic black hole transients during outburst decay are instrumental for our understanding of the accretion geometry and the formation of outflows around black hole systems. H1743-322, a black hole transient observed intensely in X-rays and also covered in the radio band during its 2003 decay, provides clues about the changes in accretion geometry during state transitions and also the general properties of X-ray emission during the intermediate and low-hard states. In this work, we report on the evolution of spectral and temporal properties in X-rays and the flux in the radio band, with the goal of understanding the nature of state transitions observed in this source. We concentrate on the transition from the thermal dominant state to the intermediate state that occurs on a timescale of 1 day. We show that the state transition is associated with a sudden increase in power-law flux. We determine that the ratio of the power-law flux to the overall flux in the 3-25 keV band must exceed 0.6 for us to observe strong timing noise. Even after the state transition, once this ratio was below 0.6, the system transited back to the thermal dominant state for 1 day. We show that the emission from the compact radio core does not turn on during the transition from the thermal dominant state to the intermediate state but does turn on when the source reaches the low-hard state, as seen in 4U 1543-47 and GX 339-4. We find that the photon index correlates strongly with the QPO frequency and anticorrelates with the rms amplitude of variability. We also show that the variability is more likely to be associated with the power-law emission than the disk emission.
First practice: family physicians initially locating in rural areas.

INTRODUCTION This paper quantifies the proportion of family physicians in rural practice and, in particular, initial rural practice. It examines differences between graduates of Canadian and international medical schools. METHODS The Canadian Medical Association postal code master file was used to determine the distribution in rural practice of Canadian and international medical school graduates for every other year from 2000 to 2011. The master file maps practice postal codes into a census metropolitan area or census agglomeration; physicians practising outside these areas are considered rural. Initial practices were estimated based on year of undergraduate medical degree. RESULTS Two-thirds of family physicians practising rural medicine in 2011 were graduates of Canadian medical SCHOOLS. However, between 2000 and 2011, a greater proportion of international medical graduates were practising in rural areas than graduates of Canadian medical schools. International graduates were more likely to initially locate in a rural area, but the drop-off rate was greater among them than with graduates of Canadian medical schools. The proportion of international medical graduates setting up rural practices was decreased among more recent graduation cohorts. The proportion of Canadian medical school graduates initially practising in rural areas was steady. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that graduates of international and Canadian medical schools treat rural practice differently. International graduates may decide on a rural location as a means to set up practice in Canada or fulfill a return-of-service obligation, whereas graduates of Canadian medical schools may make a conscious choice to practise in rural locations. Decreasing proportions of international medical graduates in rural practice may be a result of increased opportunities for Canadian postgraduate training and full licensure.
Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud

Distributed file system is an important part of the cloud platform, a number of uncertain factors may lead the file system unbalanced, which directly affects the performance of the cloud platform. So this paper proposed a dynamic load-balance algorithm of distributed file system in the cloud platform. The algorithm obtained the local node-information by the gossip protocol, allocated file workload by the node capacity and physical position information, and gradually realized load-balancing. Compared to Distributed, Centralized load-balancing algorithms, this algorithm has better performance in moving cost, message overhead and load transform cost.
Security ties or electoral connections? The US Congress and the Korea–US Free Trade Agreement, 2007–2011

Conventional wisdom is that trade policy is often guided by geopolitical security considerations. A growing body of research addresses the security–trade linkage as a plausible cause for executive negotiations over the Korea–US Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) in 2007. Yet, the approval of a trade deal with the Asian ally by America’s legislature in 2011 features not only ‘security ties’ but also ‘electoral connections’. This paper seeks to examine the question of whether alliance relationships would inevitably translate into domestic commitments. Bringing domestic politics into consideration, this article also fills the gap in the literature on Congress-focused research of the KORUS FTA and sheds light on how lawmakers strike a balance between the principle of US foreign policy and the reality of conflicting domestic interests.
THE PENDULUM PROBLEM: PATTERNS OF PERFORMANCE DEFINING DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

Summary. Performance on Inhelder and Piaget's pendulum problem was obtained as a validating measure in a study of the transition from concrete to formal thinking. The sample consisted of 236 children aged from 10 to 14 years. A detailed scoring procedure was devised, which distinguished method from content aspects of performance on the problem and which allows categorisation of each child into one of nine developmental stages. Quantitative performance scores were also derived. Overall level of performance on the pendulum problem is strongly related to age, but not to sex or to school attended. In general, the results support Inhelder and Piaget's account of the transition from concrete to formal thinking. However, a specific problem, for their theory, arises from the relationship between method and content aspects of performance in the early formal operational stage (IIIA). This problem is discussed in detail and attention is drawn to the effects of a child's expectations on his performance.
The Role of Macrophages in Wallerian Degeneration

The present review focuses on macrophage properties in Wallerian degeneration. The identification of hematogenous phagocytes, the involvement of cell surface receptors and soluble factors, the state of activation during myelin removal and the signals and factors leading to macrophage recruitment into degenerating peripheral nerves after nerve transection are reviewed. The main effector cells in Wallerian degeneration are hematogenous phagocytes. Resident macrophages and Schwann cells play a minor role in myelin removal. The macrophage complement receptor type 3 is the main surface receptor involved in myelin recognition and uptake. The signals leading to macrophage recruitment are heterogenous and not yet defined in detail. Degenerating myelin and axons are suggested to participate. The relevance of these findings for immune‐mediated demyelination are discussed since the definition of the role of macrophages might lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of demyelination.
EAACI/GA2LEN guideline: aspirin provocation tests for diagnosis of aspirin hypersensitivity

Abstract: Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most common causes of adverse drug reactions. Majority of them are of the hypersensitivity type. The two frequent clinical presentations of aspirin hypersensitivity are: aspirin‐induced bronchial asthma/rhinosinusitis (AIA/R) and aspirin‐induced urticaria/angioedema (AIU). The decisive diagnosis is based on provocation tests with aspirin, as the in vitro test does not hold diagnostic value as yet. Detailed protocols of oral, bronchial and nasal aspirin provocation tests are presented. Indications, contraindications for the tests, the rules of drug withdrawal and equipment are reviewed. Patient supervision and interpretations of the tests are proposed.
ResAna: a resource analysis toolset for (real‐time) JAVA

For real‐time and embedded systems, limiting the consumption of time and memory resources is often an important part of the requirements. Being able to predict bounds on the consumption of such resources during the development process of the code can be of great value. In this paper, we focus mainly on memory‐related bounds. Recent research results have advanced the state of the art of resource consumption analysis. In this paper, we present a toolset that makes it possible to apply these research results in practice for (real‐time) systems enabling JAVA developers to analyse symbolic loop bounds, symbolic bounds on heap size and both symbolic and numeric bounds on stack size. We describe which theoretical additions were needed in order to achieve this. We give an overview of the capabilities of the RESANA (Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands) toolset that is the result of this effort. The toolset can not only perform generally applicable analyses, but it also contains a part of the analysis that is dedicated to the developers' (real‐time) virtual machine, such that the results apply directly to the actual development environment that is used in practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability: Mechanisms of heterotypic comorbidity between externalizing disorders and unipolar depression

Abstract Trait impulsivity, which is often defined as a strong preference for immediate over delayed rewards and results in behaviors that are socially inappropriate, maladaptive, and short-sighted, is a predisposing vulnerability to all externalizing spectrum disorders. In contrast, anhedonia is characterized by chronically low motivation and reduced capacity to experience pleasure, and is common to depressive disorders. Although externalizing and depressive disorders have virtually nonoverlapping diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, heterotypic comorbidity between them is common. Here, we review common neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability, which include both low tonic mesolimbic dopamine activity and low phasic mesolimbic dopamine responding to incentives during reward anticipation and associative learning. We also consider how other neural networks, including bottom-up emotion generation systems and top-down emotion regulation systems, interact with mesolimbic dysfunction to result in alternative manifestations of psychiatric illness. Finally, we present a model that emphasizes a translational, transdiagnostic approach to understanding externalizing/depression comorbidity. This model should refine ways in which internalizing and externalizing disorders are studied, classified, and treated.
B‐tropic oncornavirus production by BALB/c methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcoma cells

Six oncogenic cell lines were established from primary sarcomas that had been induced in thymec‐tomized, aged, BALB/cSt mice by the injection of 3‐methylcholanthrene. Of these lines, three produced B‐tropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV), i.e. MuLV that would patently infect fibroblasts of BALB/c origin but not those from NIH Swiss mice. One of these lines, M‐138, produced large quantities of virus, permitting the isolation of milligram quantities of B‐tropic MuLV. Neonatal BALB/c mice injected with the M‐138 MuLV developed high plasma levels of the species‐specific virion antigen p30, but during 9 months of observation failed to manifest clinical signs of leukemia. Plasma p30 levels of NIH Swiss mice (non‐permissive host) that were inoculated also as neonates with the same virus preparation, remained undetectable by radioimmunoassay. Xenotropic MuLV, i.e. that which infects cells of species other than the species of origin, was released by one of the three remaining cell lines. Two of the six original lines have remained free of detectable oncornavirus production. Our results suggest that cell lines that are stable sources of large quantities of B‐tropic MuLV may be easily obtainable by the described manipulations. Equally important, however, is the fact that these data re‐emphasize the danger that is inherent in assuming that a cell line is virus‐free simply because it was isolated from a chemical carcinogen‐induced neoplasm.
Zinc chloride activated coir pith carbon as low cost adsorbent for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol: Equilibrium and kinetic studies

Activated carbon prepared from coir pith (ZnCPC) using ZnCl 2 was investigated to find the feasibility of its application for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution through adsorption process. Batch mode kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. Lagergren, Second order, and Banghams were used to fit the experimental data. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models have been employed to analyse the adsorption equilibrium data. The Langmuir adsorption capacity, Q o , was found to be 131.6 mg/g of the adsorbent. The pH effect and desorption studies showed that ion exchange mechanism was involved in the adsorption process. Adsorption of 2,4-DCP by ZnCPC was spontaneous. The results indicated that ZnCPC was an effective adsorbent for removing 2,4-DCP from water.
A proposal to construct biomedical triple collections for the dementia research

This paper describes a fundamental research for constructing biomedical triple collections from the biomedical literatures in order to find candidate biomedical interactions such as Protein-Protein or Gene-Gene or Cell-Cell interactions which might give a positive contribution in the dementia research. Due to the large amounts of biomedical publications such as PubMed, hundreds of thousands of valuable information is generated in human written language. Extracting a core biomedical interaction is quite difficult from the huge amount of textual data by human hands. Therefore, this paper introduces a simple and fundamental method to extract biomedical triple collections automatically from the human written literatures.
1 Statistical Sequence Modelling

Speech recognition and speech synthesis can be viewed as examples of machine learning classification and regression respectively. One of the reasons for speech processing being a distinct research area is the need to handle the sequential nature of both the observation sequence, Y1:T , and the word sequence w1:L. This report discusses speech processing within a machine learning framework, and approaches that allow the sequential nature of the data to be handled.
Increasing Diversity in the Marine Sciences Through the Minorities in Marine Science Undergraduate Program

The Minorities in Marine Science Undergraduate Program (MIMSUP) is an academic program at Western Washington University's Shannon Point Marine Center (SPMC) that seeks to increase the representation of minority individuals in the marine sciences. For the past 13 years, groups of students have spent two 10-week quarters at SPMC studying marine science, doing independent research, and developing the skills needed for success as marine scientists/educators. Program elements include formal coursework in marine science, supervised independent research, training in up-to-date field and laboratory investigative techniques, experience developing scientific and personal job-related skills, and introduction to the career options open to marine scientists. Results indicate that the program is impacting the career paths of student participants; program alumni seek advanced education and pursue careers in the marine and environmental sciences. MIMSUP introduces underrepresented students to the marine sciences, helps them develop greater confidence in their potential, and prepares them for successful careers in this field.
Leptospirosis in farmed deer in New Zealand: A review

Abstract Current knowledge of leptospirosis in farmed deer in New Zealand is reviewed. Over the past 25 years, leptospirosis has been reported to occur in individual cases as well as in herd outbreaks in farmed deer and in human cases linked to farmed deer. Serological studies and evidence from bacterial culture suggest infection is widespread. Mixing of young stock from several sources appears to be a significant risk factor for outbreaks. The culture of Leptospira interrogans Hardjobovis, Pomona and Copenhageni has been reported. Infection with serovar Hardjobovis had the highest prevalence, either individually or mixed with serovar Pomona. Infection with serovar Copenhageni appears uncommon and its pathogenicity in deer is unproven. Titres to serovars Australis, Ballum, Balcanica and Tarassovi have been reported. Deer appear to be maintenance hosts for serovar Hardjobovis, incidental or accidental hosts and probably a maintenance population for serovar Pomona, since some infections persist for several months, and accidental hosts for serovar Copenhageni. Serovar Pomona appears to produce clinical and probably subclinical disease, whereas serovar Hardjobovis appears to cause only subclinical disease, although the relative risk of disease causation has not been determined. Clinical disease is usually manifested by haemolysis, jaundice, renal lesions, haemoglobinuria and often by sudden death. Renal lesions are commonly observed at slaughter and many are associated with leptospiral infections. Occupationally, slaughterhouse workers appear to beat greatest risk of contracting the disease from deer. Vaccination produces serological responses, but its effectiveness in protecting against disease, and prevention or reduction of shedding in urine, has not yet been confirmed in deer. More robust knowledge of the epidemiology of leptospiral infections in deer, and the effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination regimes, is needed to assist the deer industry to develop a strategy to manage this disease.