Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of micro- and nano-structured materials using mask-less processes

Micro- and nano-scale devices are used in electronics, micro-electro- mechanical, bio-analytical and medical components. An essential step for the fabrication of such small scale devices is photolithography. Photolithography requires a master mask to transfer micrometre or sub-micrometre scale patterns onto a substrate. The requirement of a physical, rigid mask can impede progress in applications which require rapid prototyping, flexible substrates, multiple alignment and 3D fabrication. Alternative technologies, which do not require the use of a physical mask, are suitable for these applications. In this paper mask-less methods of micro- and nano-scale fabrication have been discussed. The most common technique, which is the laser direct imaging (LDI), technique has been applied to fabricate micrometre scale structures on printed circuit boards, glass and epoxy. LDI can be combined with chemical methods to deposit metals, inorganic materials as well as some organic entities at the micrometre scale. Inkjet technology can be used to fabricate micrometre patterns of etch resists, organic transistors as well as arrays for bioanalysis. Electrohydrodynamic atomisation is used to fabricate micrometre scale ceramic features. Electrochemical methodologies offer a variety of technical solutions for micro- and nano-fabrication owing to the fact that electron charge transfer can be constrained to a solid–liquid interface. Electrochemical printing is an adaptation of inkjet printing which can be used for rapid prototyping of metallic circuits. Micro-machining using nano-second voltage pulses have been used to fabricate high precision features on metals and semiconductors. Optimisation of reactor, electrochemistry and fluid flow (EnFACE) has also been employed to transfer micrometre scale patterns on a copper substrate. Nano-scale features have been fabricated by using specialised tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, atomic force microscopy and focused ion beam. The methodologies adopted for nano-fabrication have analogies with the micrometre scale patterning methods. Currently, the resolution of mask-less techniques is lower than that of lithographic methods using a physical mask. However, in future, hybridisation or combination of the mask-less methods could lead to high resolution and higher precision micro- and nano-scale patterning methods.
Texas echelon cross echelle spectrograph

A new mid-IR spectrograph, the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) is under construction. The primary motivation for TEXES is to observe interstellar molecules at very high resolution. TEXES will operate at 7-25 micrometers wavelength with three spectrographic modes: a high resolution cross-dispersed mode, with R approximately equals 100,000, a mid-resolution long-slit mode, with R approximately equals 14,000, and a low resolution long-slit mode, with R approximately equals 2000. In hi-res mode, the primary disperser is a 36 inch long, R10 grating with a 7 mm groove spacing. The echelon is cross-dispersed with a 7 in long R2 echelle. In mid-res mode, the echelon is by-passed with an Offner relay, and the echelle is used by itself. In lo-res mode, a first-order grating is inserted over the echelle. For initial test, TEXES will use a Hughes Aircraft 20 X 64 pixel Si:As impurity-band array, which covers only two echelon orders. It will later be replaced with a 256 X 256 pixel array, which will Nyquist sample approximately 10 orders. The spectrograph has been assembled and tested with a partially complete echelon, demonstrating the soundness of the design. When we began this project, we were unable to find a vendor capable of machining or ruling a diffraction grating with the very coarse ruling required. Consequently, we attempted to hand-fabricate the echelon. We have not succeeded in assembling the echelon with the required precision, missing by about a factor of two. Fortunately, Hyperfine, Inc. is now capable of diamond machining the echelon. We are purchasing a machined echelon, and hope to complete the spectrograph by the end of summer 1998.
Ultrasonic Diffraction from a Transducer with Arbitrary Geometry and Strength Distribution.

The exact solution to the Helmholtz equation with a Dirichlet boundary condition is obtained to study three‐dimensional ultrasonic diffraction phenomena and derive the numerical data of amplitude loss and the phase shift for correcting induced errors. Calculation is made for near‐field diffraction, for the rectangular transducers, and for the transducers with strength distribution on the radiating area. In the near field, where the wavelength and the propagation distance are comparable with each other, the longitudinal and shear waves undergo different diffraction. For transducers having a noncircular shape and a strength distribution on the area, both the amplitude loss and the phase shift experience different tendencies from the classical work on the circular piston source. Use of diffraction data specific to each measurement condition is then necessary to correct the errors. The calculated results are verified for pulse‐echo measurements using a shear‐wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer.
MULTICHANNEL VISION SYSTEM FOR ESTIMATING SURFACE AND ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS

This paper describes a set of experimental measurements and theoretical calculations designed to recover both the surface-spectral reflectance function and the illuminant spectral-power distribution from the image data. A multichannel vision system comprising six color channels was created with the use of a monochrome CCD camera and color filters. The spectral sensitivity of each color channel is calibrated, and the dynamic range of the camera is extended for sensing a wide range of intensity levels. Three algorithms and the corresponding results are introduced. First, a method of choosing the appropriate dimension of the linear model dimensions is introduced. Second, the illuminant parameters are estimated from the sensor measurements made at multiple points within separate objects. Third, the sensor responses are corrected for highlight and shading variations. The body reflectance parameters, unique to each surface, are recovered from these corrected values. Experimental results with a small number of test surfaces and a simple illumination geometry demonstrate that the illuminant spectrum and the surface-spectral reflectance functions can be recovered to within typical deviations of 1% and 4%, respectively.
The cosmic‐ray flare effect: 2. The flare effects of May 4, November 12, and November 15, 1960

The observations of the flare effects of May 4 and November 12 and 15, 1960, are analyzed, particular attention being given to obtaining an understanding of the anisotropies that existed in the cosmic-ray fluxes during the events. For each event it is found that the flux was greatest from a direction to the west of the sun. During the May 4 event the flux was greatest from, and symmetrical about, a direction 55° to the west of the sun, and 10° north of the ecliptic, for more than 9 hours after the commencement of the flare effect. The differential rigidity spectrum is investigated, the power-law exponent being calculated to be −5.0 at 1045 UT, and shown to be decreasing (that is, the spectrum steepening) with time. For the November 12 event, it is shown that an anisotropy persisted until about 1900 UT, when the radiation rapidly became isotropic. At this same time, the counting rates of all neutron detectors increased very suddenly and a Forbush decrease was observed by meson detectors. It is shown that at about 1600 UT an additional anisotropic flux of radiation arrived at the earth from within the hemisphere centered upon the sun, and between 1700 and 1800 UT an additional anisotropic flux arrived from the opposite direction. For the November 15 event, it is shown that the radiation became isotropic within about 90 minutes of the commencement of the flare effect. The anisotropies at early times are studied, the most important observation being that particles were arriving from some directions in space for approximately 30 minutes before any arriving from the opposite direction.
Heating of galactic discs with realistic vertical potentials

The heating of galactic discs through scattering by molecular clouds and spiral waves is investigated by solving the orbit-averaged Fokker-Planck equation by Monte Carlo simulation. The vertical potential in the disc is handled in two ways: (i) by using a fixed and realistic anharmonic potential, or (ii) by generating the potential self-consistently, assuming that the disc can be approximated as a one-dimensional self-gravitating layer. The shape of the velocity ellipsoid is found to be little changed from earlier work in which a fixed harmonic potential was used. Self-consistent simulations have been run of coeval and star-forming discs with and without accretion
Testing linearity against smooth transition autoregressive models

SUMMARY We study a general univariate smooth transition autoregressive, STAR, model. It contains as a special case the self-exciting threshold autoregressive, SETAR, model. We present three tests for testing linearity against STAR models and discuss their properties. The power of the tests in small samples is investigated by simulation when the alternative is the logistic STAR model. One of the tests is identical to Tsay's (1986) test statistic and is recommended only in a special case. Of the two remaining tests with wider applicability, one seems superior to the other in small samples. It is also more powerful than the CUSUM test recently proposed for testing linearity against SETAR models.
The charge effect on the hindrance factors for diffusion and convection of a solute in pores: II

The diffusion and convection of a solute suspended in a fluid across porous membranes are known to be reduced compared to those in a bulk solution, owing to the fluid mechanical interaction between the solute and the pore wall as well as steric restriction. If the solute and the pore wall are electrically charged, the electrostatic interaction between them could affect the hindrance to diffusion and convection. In this study, the transport of charged spherical solutes through charged circular cylindrical pores filled with an electrolyte solution containing small ions was studied numerically by using a fluid mechanical and electrostatic model. Based on a mean field theory, the electrostatic interaction energy between the solute and the pore wall was estimated from the Poisson–Boltzmann equation, and the charge effect on the solute transport was examined for the solute and pore wall of like charge. The results were compared with those obtained from the linearized form of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation, i.e. the Debye–Hückel equation.
A PRECISION X‐RAY SPECTROMETER AND THE WAVE LENGTH OF Mo Kα1

An x‐ray spectrometer was designed with the first crystal mounted on an arm supported by the frame of the spectrometer, and with the second crystal mounted on the central table of the instrument, whose position is read from a precision circle. The ionization chamber (of 28 cc capacity, filled with krypton) is on an arm whose position is read by a second precision circle. The instrument was built by the Societe Genevoise de Physique.The first crystal was adjusted to throw the Kα1 line of molybdenum over the main axis of the spectrometer, and measurements were made with the second crystal in the (1, −1), (1, +1), (1, −4) and (1, +4) positions (Allison's notation). The reflection maxima from calcite (corrected to 18° C) occur at θ1=6°42′35. ″5 and θ4=27°51′33. ″0 with a probable error of 0. ″25 due chiefly to errors in reading the circle. Using an apparent grating space for the first order of 3.02904A at 18° C, we get λ=707.830±. 002 mA. Larsson obtained 707.831±. 003 mA using Siegbahn's photographic method. Comp.
The Identification of Point Process Systems

and say that the point process N is the output of the system &`operating on the input process M. We write M(A) to denote the measure of the time interval A for a realization of the input process and N(A) the corresponding measure for N. In practice M(A) refers to the number of occurrences in A of some phenomenon of interest and N(A) to the corresponding number of occurrences of some second phenomenon. We illustrate with two examples, one specific, the other more vague.
Efficient Algorithm for Computing Maximum Likelihood Estimates in Linear Transformation Models

Linear transformation models, which have been extensively studied in survival analysis, include the two special cases: the proportional hazards model and the proportional odds model. Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation is usually used to derive the efficient estimators. However, due to the large number of nuisance parameters, calculation of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator is difficult in practice, except for the proportional hazards model. We propose an efficient algorithm for computing the maximum likelihood estimates, where the dimensionality of the parameter space is dramatically reduced so that only a finite number of equations need to be solved. Moreover, the asymptotic variance is automatically estimated in the computing procedure. Extensive simulation studies indicate that the proposed algorithm works very well for linear transformation models. A real example is presented for an illustration of the new methodology.
Dissolution and Absorption of Inhaled Drug Particles in the Lungs

Dry powder inhalation therapy has been effective in treating localized lung diseases such asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), cystic fibrosis and lung infections. In vitro characterization of dry powder formulations includes the determination of physicochemical nature and aerosol performance of powder particles. The relationship between particle properties (size, shape, surface morphology, porosity, solid state nature, and surface hydrophobicity) and aerosol performance of an inhalable dry powder formulation has been well established. However, unlike oral formulations, there is no standard dissolution method for evaluating the dissolution behavior of the inhalable dry powder particles in the lungs. This review focuses on various dissolution systems and absorption models, which have been developed to evaluate dry powder formulations. It covers a summary of airway epithelium, hurdles to developing an in vitro dissolution method for the inhaled dry powder particles, fine particle dose collection methods, various in vitro dissolution testing methods developed for dry powder particles, and models commonly used to study absorption of inhaled drug.
Peer-Peer Communication Using Novel Slice Handover Algorithm for 5G Wireless Networks

The goal of 5G wireless networks is to address the growing need for network services among users. User equipment has progressed to the point where users now expect diverse services from the network. The latency, reliability, and bandwidth requirements of users can all be classified. To fulfil the different needs of users in an economical manner, while guaranteeing network resources are resourcefully assigned to consumers, 5G systems plan to leverage technologies like Software Defined Networks, Network Function Virtualization, and Network Slicing. For the purpose of ensuring continuous handover among network slices, while catering to the advent of varied 5G application scenarios, new mobility management techniques must be adopted in Sliced 5G networks. Users want to travel from one region of coverage to another region without any fading in their network connection. Different network slices can coexist in 5G networks, with every slice offering services customized to various QoS demands. As a result, when customers travel from one region of coverage to another, the call can be transferred to a slice that caters to similar or slightly different requirements. The goal of this study was to develop an intra- and inter-slice algorithm for determining handover decisions in sliced 5G networks and to assess performance by comparing intra- and inter-slice handovers. The proposed work shows that an inter-slice handover algorithm offers superior quality of service when compared to an intra-slice algorithm.
Young stars between the Magellanic clouds. I. An association at 2 hrs 27 min, - 73 deg 59 min

A CMD, based on deep CCD photometry of a poorly populated stellar association of about 85 pc in diameter and located nearly 7 deg to the east of the SMC and 14 deg from the LMC. An apparent distance modulus of 19.05 is determined from ZAMS fitting assuming that this is a system having Fe/H abundance = -0.65. The age of the association is estimated to be less than 100 million years. 38 refs.
Fractal analysis of surface roughness by using spatial data

We develop fractal methodology for data taking the form of surfaces. An advantage of fractal analysis is that it partitions roughness characteristics of a surface into a scale‐free component (fractal dimension) and properties that depend purely on scale. Particular emphasis is given to anisotropy where we show that, for many surfaces, the fractal dimension of line transects across a surface must either be constant in every direction or be constant in each direction except one. This virtual direction invariance of fractal dimension provides another canonical feature of fractal analysis, complementing its scale invariance properties and enhancing its attractiveness as a method for summarizing properties of roughness. The dependence of roughness on direction may be explained in terms of scale rather than dimension and can vary with orientation. Scale may be described by a smooth periodic function and may be estimated nonparametrically. Our results and techniques are applied to analyse data on the surfaces of soil and plastic food wrapping. For the soil data, interest centres on the effect of surface roughness on retention of rain‐water, and data are recorded as a series of digital images over time. Our analysis captures the way in which both the fractal dimension and the scale change with rainfall, or equivalently with time. The food wrapping data are on a much finer scale than the soil data and are particularly anisotropic. The analysis allows us to determine the manufacturing process which produces the smoothest wrapping, with least tendency for micro‐organisms to adhere.
Late-Phase Second-Order Training

Towards the end of training, stochastic first-order methods such as SGD and A DAM go into diffusion and no longer make significant progress. In contrast, Newton-type methods are highly efficient “close” to the optimum, in the deterministic case. Therefore, these methods might turn out to be a particularly efficient tool for the final phase of training in the stochastic deep learning context as well. In our work, we study this idea by conducting an empirical comparison of a second-order Hessian-free optimizer and different first-order strategies with learning rate decays for late-phase training. We show that performing a few costly but precise second-order steps can outperform first-order alternatives in wall-clock runtime.
Solution Properties of a New Dynamic Model for MEMS with Parallel Plates in the Presence of Fringing Field

In this paper, starting from a well-known nonlinear hyperbolic integro-differential model of the fourth order describing the dynamic behavior of an electrostatic MEMS with a parallel plate, the authors propose an upgrade of it by formulating an additive term due to the effects produced by the fringing field and satisfying the Pelesko–Driscoll theory, which, as is well known, has strong experimental confirmation. Exploiting the theory of hyperbolic equations in Hilbert spaces, and also utilizing Campanato’s Near Operator Theory (and subsequent applications), results of existence and regularity of the solution are proved and discussed particularly usefully in anticipation of the development of numerical approaches for recovering the profile of the deformable plate for a wide range of applications.
Fast Convergence of Greedy 2-Coordinate Updates for Optimizing with an Equality Constraint

We consider minimizing a smooth function subject to an equality constraint. We analyze a greedy 2-coordinate update algorithm, and prove that greedy coordinate selection leads to faster convergence than random selection (under a Polyak-Łojasiewicz assumption). Our simple analysis exploits an equivalence between the greedy 2-coordinate update and equality-constrained steepest descent in the 1-norm. Unlike previous 2-coordinate analyses, our convergence rate is dimension independent
Detection of Rank, Sybil and Wormhole Attacks on RPL Based Network Using Trust Mechanism

The amount of constrained devices which exhibit the ability of getting connected to internet are increasing day by day, which makes the routing process challenging and vulnerable to different security threats. The resource constrained nature of low power and lossy network (LLNs) does not make it suitable for traditional security measures. Due to which there is high possibility of different routing and topology attacks. This paper consists of the attack detection of some topological & identity attacks like rank attack, wormhole attack and Sybil attack and also its effect on network parameters like throughput, overhead, delay etc. The attack scenarios are in static as well as in dynamic mode.
Meta-learning from relevant demonstrations improves compositional generalization

We study the problem of compositional generalization of language-instructed agents in gSCAN. gSCAN is a popular benchmark which requires an agent to generalize to instructions containing novel combinations of words, which are not seen in the training data. We propose to improve the agent’s generalization capabilities with an architecture inspired by the Meta-Sequence-to-Sequence learning approach [29]. The agent receives as a context a few examples of pairs of instructions and action trajectories in a given instance of the environment (a support set) and it is tasked to predict an action sequence for a query instruction for the same environment instance. The context is generated by an oracle and the instructions come from the same distribution as seen in the training data. In each training episode, we also shuffle the indices of the attributes of the observed environment states and the words of the instructions to make the agent figure out the relations between the attributes and the words from the context. Our predictive model has the standard transformer architecture. We show that the proposed architecture can significantly improve the generalization capabilities of the agent on one of the most difficult gSCAN splits: the “adverb-to-verb” Split H.
Complementarity between parents for earliness and grain yield in soybean

– The objective of this work was to determine the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA, respectively) of six soybean ( Glycine max ) parents, in order to identify the promising ones and their best combinations for the development of superior lines for earliness and grain yield, as well as the best evaluation season. Six parents and their 15 hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, during the 2014 winter and 2015/2016 summer, in a greenhouse. The data obtained for number of days to flowering, cycle, and grain yield were analyzed by Griffing’s method 2, model 1. Contrasting results were obtained for the two seasons, with a shorter cycle and a higher yield in the summer. The highest GCA for cycle is observed for the 'MSOY6101' and 'MSOY9144RR' parents, with negative and positive signs, respectively. 'TMG123RR' shows the highest GCA for grain yield. The highest SCA for days to flowering and cycle is associated with the 'SYN9078RR' × 'MSOY9144RR' and 'TMG123RR' × 'MSOY9144RR' crosses, respectively. However, the highest SCA for grain yield is observed for 'MSOY6101' × 'MSOY9144RR', with a positive value, and for 'TMG801' × 'MSOY9144RR', with a negative value, during the summer.