Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Has the Problem of a Permanent El Niño been Resolved for the Mid-Pliocene?

Abstract The mid-Pliocene, the most recent warm geo-logical period, is thought to be indicative of the fate of the Earth's climate under global warming. Earlier evidence has suggested that permanent El Niño-like conditions existed in the mid-Pliocene, though the concept of a permanent El Niño remains controversial. Here, the authors analyzed Niño3. 4 SST in pre-industrial and mid-Pliocene simulations with the low-resolution version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-L). The simulated mid-Pliocene Niño3. 4 SST, with a smaller standard deviation, indicated that a weaker ENSO existed in the mid-Pliocene relative to the pre-industrial experiment. Compared with earlier modeling studies, our simulations show that the problem of ENSO's standard deviations in the mid-Pliocene remains unresolved, although the mean and the period of ENSO in the mid-Pliocene have been re-solved by earlier geological and modeling studies.
Campers' perspectives about boating in the Saranac Lakes Wild Forest, New York

This study examines the beliefs and attitudes of campers in the Saranac Lakes Wild Forest in New York's Adirondack Park with respect to participation in nonmotorized boating, motorized boating, and personal watercraft use. Initially, qualitative interviews with land managers provided insight into campers' beliefs and attitudes about boating; these insights were used to develop a questionnaire for campers. In 2007, a mail survey of �,000 registered campers was conducted with the assistance of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Descriptive statistics were calculated to quantify camper demographics, trip characteristics, recreational experience, and beliefs and attitudes towards the three types of boating. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the belief and attitude factors. Correlations between factors were calculated to analyze relationships between recreational experience and participation in each type of boating. Results indicate positive attitudes towards nonmotorized boating, neutral attitudes towards motorized boating, and negative attitudes towards personal watercraft use.
Climate variability and glacial processes in eastern Iceland during the past 700 years based on varved lake sediments

Striberger, J., Björck, S. , Ingólfsson, Ó. , Kjær, K. H. , Snowball, I. & Uvo, C. B. 2010: Climate variability and glacial processes in eastern Iceland during the past 700 years based on varved lake sediments. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010. 00153.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.
The perception of road safety communication campaigns: the gender influence

Traffic accidents are a global phenomenon with devastating social and economic consequences. In Portugal, according to data provided by the National Road Safety Authority (ANSR, 2014) there were in 2014, 30,604 accidents with victims and 482 deaths. The communication campaigns of road safety are a tool available to fight this reality.There are studies that point the fact that men are much more involved in road accidents than women. The aim of this study was to investigate how gender differences influence the behavior and attitude of the Portuguese drivers regarding driving as well as the attitude toward the road safety campaigns. There are no studies that make this kind of differentiation in the country. To implement this purpose, firstly it was described the profile of drivers by gender regarding a set of behavioral variables. Then, keeping the gender differentiation for principle, the attitude of drivers toward the road safety communication campaigns was analyzed. It was applied a survey to 310 Portuguese drivers from both genders. It was found that female drivers have less risky behaviors, namely speeding and driving after drink. Besides, women remember better the road safety campaigns and intend to apply them in the daily journey as a safety measure.
Assessment of the Practicality and Effectiveness of Self-Guided Digital Resources for Families at the Museum of London

The goal of our project was to help the Museum of London capitalize on the growing use of technology in museums by assessing whether self-guided digital resources for families are a practical and effective means to complement visitors’ experiences. We interviewed staff and examined digital resources at several museums in London and used their advice to guide our development of an iPad application for the Victorian Walk gallery at the museum. After receiving feedback from 63 families and ten museum staff, we recommended that the museum should 1) implement more digital resources for families in its galleries, 2) further explore digital activities to promote family learning, and 3) consider implementing resources for visitors’ personal devices.
Recognition of shear heating on a long‐lived major fault using Raman carbonaceous material thermometry: implications for strength and displacement history of the MTL, SW Japan

The extent to which movement on major faults causes long term shear heating is a contentious issue and an important aspect in the debate about the strength of major faults in the crust. Comparing the results of experimental work on the kinetics of crystallization of carbonaceous material with results of thermal modeling show that the Raman carbonaceous material (CM) geothermometer is well suited to studying shear heating on geological time scales in suitable lithologies exposed around exhumed major fault zones. The Median Tectonic Line (MTL), SW Japan, is the largest on‐land fault in Japan with a length of > 800 km. Application of Raman CM thermometry to pelitic schist adjacent to the fault reveals the presence of a rise in peak temperature of around 60 °C over a distance of around 150 m perpendicular to the MTL fault plane. The spatial association of this thermal anomaly with the fault implies it is due to shear heating. Thermal modeling shows the recorded thermal anomaly and steep temperature gradient is compatible with very high rates of displacement over time scales of a few thousand years. However, the implied displacement rates lie outside those generally observed. An alternative explanation is that an originally broader thermal anomaly that developed during strike slip faulting was shortened due to the effects of normal faulting. Constraints on displacement rate, width of the original anomaly, duration of heating and peak temperature imply a coefficient of friction, μ, greater than 0.4.
Influence of Phase-Change Materials on Thermo-Physiological Comfort in Warm Environment

The purpose of this research work is to investigate the influence of phase-change materials (PCMs) on thermo-physiological comfort of different male business clothing systems evaluated in warm environment. The impact of particular business clothing on the thermo-physiological comfort of the wearer during different physical activity and environmental conditions (between 25°C and 10°C with step of 5°C), artificially created in a climate chamber, was determined experimentally, as a change of three physiological parameters of a human being: mean skin temperature, heart rate, and the amount of evaporated and condensed sweat. A questionnaire and an assessment scale were also used before, during, and after each experiment in order to evaluate the wearer’s subjective feeling of comfort. The results of the performed research work show that male business clothing systems in combination with PCMs do not affect the thermal-physiological comfort of the wearer in warm environment significantly, except at an ambient temperature of 15°C, where clothing systems in combination with PCMs produce a small heating effect. Furthermore, it was concluded that clothing systems in combination with PCMs indicate a small temporary thermal effect that is reflected in a slight rising or lowering of mean skin temperature during activity changes.
Reducing the size of test suite using a variant of Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II

For software development life cycle (SDLC) software testing is one of the essential part. The basic objective for software testing is to find the error that is not discovered yet. It also increases the software reliability. In the last few years, there is tremendous growth in the field of software. The software is getting large and complex day by day. It will take a life long time if one has to check the source code of a program or a huge man force. It is a kind of complex, labor-intensive, and time consuming work; it accounts for approximately 50% of the cost of a software system development. But, both of the above mentioned solutions do not seem feasible in view of todays world. Software testing takes a considerable amount of time and resources spent on producing software. Therefore, it would be useful to have ways to reduce the cost of software testing. One way to reduce amount of the time is automation of the whole testing process. Automation of software testing has various advantages in the software industry. The automation process for software testing reduces the time as well as the man force required in manual testing of the software. The one of the automation process of software testing is a selection of the test case form the large set of the test cases. As for large software there are a large number of test cases. Now, if we modified or upgrade the software then we have to test all the possible test cases for the software that is very time consuming for the large software. By using the automation of selection of the test case, our task is to make testing more efficient and test cases are one of the key factors for determining the quality of any software. Today, many selection techniques are available, but emerging trends in programming and the rising complexity in the source code and involvement of the object oriented program has increased the research work for this area particularly for researchers, practitioners and students. For selecting the test cases, we are using genetic algorithm. The NSGA II is one of the algorithms for optimization problems. For selecting the test case we proposed an approach. In the proposed approach, we randomly initialize the chromosome and calculate the fitness of each chromosome. By using NSGA-M we find the test cases that have minimum methods. When the number of iteration completed then we have got the test cases that have minimum fitness. Additionally the thesis also introduces the brief description of the software testing, NSGA II. At the last the experimental results of the proposed approach shown and then reduce the test suite, and also gives an idea about the future work related to this area for researchers and students.
A Homogeneous Earthquake Catalog for Western Turkey and Magnitude of Completeness Determination

Abstract A catalog for earthquakes that occurred in western Turkey during the period 1964–2010 is compiled for achieving homogeneity for magnitudes. Data are obtained from the International Seismological Center (ISC), where earthquake magnitudes are reported in different scales and come from a variety of sources. For establishing a common magnitude expression, namely an equivalent moment magnitude , new relations correlating the different magnitude scales with each other are derived from converting as many as possible of the magnitudes reported in the ISC bulletins. After magnitude conversions, the completeness magnitude M c is sought by modifying the goodness‐of‐fit method of Wiemer and Wyss (2000) to become more appropriate for datasets with smaller sample size and higher M c thresholds. The study region is divided into four smaller regions on the basis of spatial data homogeneity, while different periods of similar seismic network performance are recognized and tested to seek spatiotemporal variation of M c . The results derived in each case are compared with those yielded by the application of both the original goodness‐of‐fit and maximum curvature methods and are found to be quite similar, although there are still cases with a difference exceeding 0.3 magnitude units. The goodness‐of‐fit method is very sensitive in the selection of the desirable percentage of fitting a power law (90% or 95%), whereas the proposed modification makes it independent of this level selection, and performing better especially for datasets that include events before 1990, when higher completeness magnitudes are evident. Online Material: Earthquake catalog with equivalent moment magnitude for western Turkey.
A multilevel study of dengue Epidemiology in Sri Lanka: modeling survival of dengue patients

This paper focuses on exploring methods and analyzing the survival pattern of clustered dengue data reported from high risk areas in Sri Lanka during the period 2006 to 2009. Due to dengue cases being clustered within districts resulting in cluster correlation, the response of survival was modeled in a multilevel framework. As the data consists of several missing values this paper further investigates multilevel multiple imputation as a method to handle the partially observed dengue dataset appropriately. A Discrete Time Hazard Model via standard logistic model has been suggested to model the survival of dengue patients. Results indicate that there is an impact from the clustering variable, district and from different types of dengue infections, place treated initially, Packed Cell Volume and White Blood Cell count on the response of interest.
Improved e-learning experience with embedded LED system

During the last years, e-learning has become more and more important. There are several approaches like teleteaching or MOOCs to delivers knowledge information to the students on different topics. But, a major problem most learning platforms have is, students often get demotivated fast. This is caused e.g. by solving similar tasks again and again, and learning alone on the personal computer. To avoid this situation in coding-based courses one possible way could be the use of embedded devices. This approach increases the practical programming part and should push motivation to the students. This paper presents a possibility to the use of embedded systems with an LED panel to motivate students to use programming languages and solve the course successfully. To analyze the successfulness of this approach, it was tested within a MOOC called "Java for beginners" with 11,712 participants. The result was evaluated by personal feedback of the students and user data was analyzed to measure the acceptance and motivation of students by solving the embedded system tasks. The result shows that the approach is well accepted by the students and they are more motivated by tasks with real hardware support.
Genetic Diversity And Connectivity Of Eastern Pacific Humpback Whales (Megaptera Novaeangliae, Borowski, 1781) Off The Coast Of Esmeraldas, Ecuador.

The genetic diversity and connectivity of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off the coast of Esmeraldas, Ecuador is analyzed. A total of 35 samples of skin tissue were collected using a biopsy darting method during the 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons. DNA was extracted following a modified CTAB protocol. A variable section of the mitochondrial DNA control region was amplified by means of the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The PCR products were sequenced and a total of sixteen different haplotypes were determined. One of the identified haplotypes corresponded to a new unreported sequence and another one has not been reported in the Southeast Pacific but in Western Australia, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The remaining 14 sequences were matched to previously reported haplotypes in the Southern Hemisphere and some showed a high identity level with sequences from Alaska, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Haplotype diversity (h±SD) was estimated to be 1.0000 ± 0.0068 and the nucleotide diversity (π±SD) 0.020931 ± 0.010994, which reflected high genetic diversity in the Ecuadorian population of humpback whales. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed no significant differences with the populations of humpback whales of Santa Elena-Ecuador, Colombia, and the Antarctic Peninsula but significant differentiation was found between whales of Esmeraldas in the two years of the surveys and between whales of Esmeraldas and the Magellan Strait in terms of haplotype frequencies and nucleotide composition. The phylogenetic reconstruction grouped the 35 haplotypes in three of the four clades present in the Southern Hemisphere. The results of this study will make possible the understanding of connectivity of humpback whales that visit the coastal area of Ecuador with those from Galapagos and other ocean basins.
Estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis, Cetacea, Delphinidae) play at Porto de Ilhéus harbor, Bahia, Brazil

The play consists, apparently, of actions performed for no other purpose than amusement of the animal. This study aimed to describe the play performed by estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) at Porto de Ilheus. A total of 548.3 hours of direct observation were carried out from September 2007 through August 2008, by means of incident sampling method. A total of 2794 play events were recorded, expressed by individuals belonging to 719 groups. We identified 16 behavioral patterns related to play that were divided into six categories: play with object, play with prey, aerial play, surfing play, social play and impulsion play. New play behaviors - fish throwing, inverted jump and contact play - were observed. Social and aerial play were the most often observed plays. More than two thirds of the groups (69%) in which play was observed were composed mostly by immature animals. The study of play behavior contributed to the understanding of the population's social structure, besides of confirming that Porto de Ilheus is a favorable area for the estuarine dolphin's socialization. Resumo. Comportamento de brincadeira em boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis, Cetacea, Delphinidae) no Porto de Ilheus, Bahia, Brasil. A brincadeira consiste em acoes realizadas, aparentemente, para nenhum outro proposito que nao seja o proprio divertimento do animal. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as brincadeiras dos botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) no Porto de Ilheus. Realizou-se 548,3 horas de observacao direta de setembro de 2007 a agosto de 2008, utilizando o metodo de amostragem "todas as ocorrencias". Um total de 2794 brincadeiras foi registrado por individuos pertencentes a 719 grupos. Foram identificados 16 padroes comportamentais de brincadeira distribuidos em seis categorias: brincadeira com objeto, com presa, aerea, surfe, social e de impulsao. Comportamentos de brincadeira ineditos de arremesso de peixe, salto invertido e contato foram observados. As categorias de brincadeira observadas com maior frequencia foram as brincadeiras sociais e as aereas. Mais de dois tercos dos grupos (69%) nos quais se registrou brincadeiras eram compostos em sua maioria por animais imaturos. O estudo dos comportamentos de brincadeira contribuiu na compreensao da estrutura social da populacao, alem de confirmar que o Porto de Ilheus corresponde a uma area favoravel para a socializacao dos botos-cinza.
A new set of multiplexes PCR suitable for genomic studies in Saudi sheep breeds

A total of 36 microsatellite markers (Bl42, BM1861, BM2504, BM864, BMC1222, BMS1620, BMS1948, BMS522, BMS975, BRN, CSRD2111, CSRD263, CSSM008, CSSM015, CSSM25, CSSM41, CSSM43, CSSM66, FAS, HMH1R, ILSTS011, LSCV29, MAF33, MCM1, MCM136, MCM42, MCMA26, OARCP23, OARCP49, OARCP134, OARKP6, OCAM, RBP3, TGLA53, TGLA322, URB48) were used to investigate the possibility of being amplified set of multiplexes PCR. The markers are located in 20 different autosomic ovine chromosomes. The results showed that the 36 markers used in this study could be amplified together in nine different multiplexes. Each three multiplexes labeled by different fluorescent color (FAM, VIC and NED) gathered to be loaded in the same lane. The three multi-loads contained 11, 13 and 12 markers, respectively. 91.67% of the 36 markers have more than 4 alleles. These results are good indicator of the high variability of the selected markers in our population. Key words: Microsatellite, Multiplex PCR, Sheep markers
Modeling Tidal Current Profiles and Vertical Mixing beneath Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Abstract One of the warmest water masses beneath Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) is dense, high salinity shelf water (HSSW) that flows into the sub-ice-shelf cavity from the ice front and occupies the lower portion of the water column. A one-dimensional turbulence closure ocean model has been applied to this high latitude sub-ice-shelf environment to demonstrate that tidal currents mix HSSW vertically through the water column and cause melting at the bottom of the ice shelf. Significantly FRIS lies near the critical latitude for the semidiurnal tide, where the Coriolis frequency equals the tidal frequency, resulting in a strongly depth-dependent tidal current and thick boundary layers. Using the model, the effect of the critical latitude, stratification, and the polarization of the tidal current ellipse on boundary layer structure and subsequent vertical mixing are examined. The model shows that stratification significantly affects how the shape of the tidal current ellipse varies with depth and that both.
A Heuristic for the Automatic Parametrization of the Spectral Clustering Algorithm

Finding the optimal number of groups in the context of a clustering algorithm is identified as a difficult problem. In this article, we automate this choice for the spectral clustering algorithm with a novel heuristic. Our method is deterministic, and remarkable by its low computational burden. We show its effectiveness with respect to the state of the art, and further investigate assumptions underlying previous work through an empirical study, with the support of synthetic and real data sets.
The Limit and Possibilities of Unification Education as Peace Education beyond Division in South Korea

In this article, the limits and possibilities of Korean unification education is critically examined and compared with the peace process on the Korean Peninsula for overcoming division from the perspective of peace education. For the purpose of becoming a single unified Korea, the direction of unification education has been presented within a hostile frame to cultivate attitudes and values for its own sake. Peace education in a divided society refers to a collective effort to transform the situation of hostile division into peaceful coexistence and rapprochement. In this context, unification education for overcoming the division of the Korean Peninsula should be established as the subject of critical peace education according to the global standards of Sustainable Development Goal 4.7.