Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Memory-Efficient Probabilistic 2-D Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter

High memory/storage complexity poses severe challenges to achieving high throughput and high energy efficiency in discrete 2-D FIR filtering. This performance bottleneck is especially acute for embedded image or video applications, that use 2-D FIR processing extensively, because real-time processing and low power consumption are their paramount design objectives. Fortunately, most of such perception-based embedded applications possess so-called “inherent fault tolerance”, meaning slight computing accuracy degradation has a little negative effect on their quality of results, but has significant implication to their throughput, hardware implementation cost, and energy efficiency. This paper develops a novel stochastic-based 2-D FIR filtering architecture that exploits the well-known probabilistic convolution theorem to achieve both low hardware cost and high energy efficiency while achieving very high throughput and computing robustness. Our ASIC synthesis results show that stochastic-based architecture achieves <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="alawad-ieq1-2695588.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> outputs per cycle with 97 and 81 percent less area-delay-product (ADP), and 77 and 67 percent less power consumption compared with the conventional structure and recently published state-of-the-art architecture, respectively, when the 2-D FIR filter size is <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \times 4$ </tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="alawad-ieq2-2695588.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, the input block size is <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L=4$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="alawad-ieq3-2695588.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, and the image size is <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$512 \times 512$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="alawad-ieq4-2695588.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>.
Instructions for use Title Induced

Plants defend themselves against herbivores, pests and abiotic stresses. Although some defense traits in plants are constitutive, some are switched on, or increased, only when the plants have suffered from stresses (i.e. induced defense). Growth (i.e. lignin) and the synthesis of most defensive compounds in broad-leaved trees derive from phenylalanine. If, therefore, plants allocate photosynthates mainly to defense, these resources would not be available for growth (lignin synthesis). In this study, we examined the defense induced against grazing by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in seedlings of the white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) grown under two nitrogen levels. We exposed white birch leaves to be grazed by gypsy moths, and we cut the leaves with scissors in early spring. The defenses of white birch seedlings, especially the amount of total phenolics and condensed tannin, were found to be induced by cutting, to extents that were influenced by the soil nitrogen condition. Induced defense of white birch seedlings may depend on the heterophyllous type of shoot development.
Fetal origins of insulin resistance and obesity

A number of epidemiological studies worldwide have demonstrated a relationship between poor early growth and an increased susceptibility to insulin resistance, visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes and other features of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. However, the mechanistic basis of this relationship and the relative roles of genes and the environment remain a subject of debate. The ‘thrifty phenotype’ hypothesis proposes that poor fetal nutrition leads to programming of metabolism and an adult phenotype that is adapted to poor but not plentiful nutrition. The maternal reduced-protein rat model has been used to examine the importance of the maternal environment in determining susceptibility to adult disease. Pregnant and lactating rat dams are fed a diet containing 80 g protein/kg as compared with 200 g protein/kg, which leads to growth restriction in utero. Offspring of low-protein dams have increased susceptibility to diabetes, insulin resistance and hypertension when fed a palatable high-fat diet that promotes obesity. Administration of leptin during pregnancy and lactation to these protein-restricted dams produces offspring that have increased metabolic rate and do not become obese or insulin resistant when fed on a high-fat diet. Increased glucocorticoid exposure, particularly during late gestation, has been linked with insulin resistance in adulthood. High levels of fetal glucocorticoids may result from a decreased activity of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) type 2, which normally protects the fetus from high maternal glucocorticoid levels. Leptin administration to protein-restricted dams inhibits the suppression of 11β-HSD-2 and may be one mechanism by which the metabolic syndrome is prevented.
LMDet: A “Naturalness” Statistical Method for Hardware Trojan Detection

Hardware Trojans (HTs) are emerging threats for integrated circuits. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, named LMDet, to detect HTs through distinguishing the “unnaturalness” of HTs from the “naturalness” of normal circuits using the natural language processing technology. The key insight of LMDet is that we find clean circuits tend to be “natural” (i.e., to be highly repetitive in structure) and HTs appear to be “unnatural” (i.e., to be rare in structure) in some sense. LMDet models circuit gates sequentially, using the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-gram language model. Gate sequences from the circuit under detection (CUD) are assessed according to their probability in the model, and low-probability sequences are marked as suspected Trojan-related gates. Evaluation with benchmarks and industrial circuits shows that LMDet is capable of detecting Trojan logic without the HT-free reference of CUD. LMDet has short execution time on large commercial circuits with acceptable space overhead. It is a promising method in real industry since plenty of HT-free designs are available as training corpus to ensure good statistical effects.
Long-term efficacy and safety after corneal collagen crosslinking in pediatric patients: Three-year follow-up

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of standard corneal collagen crosslinking for children with progressive keratoconus. Methods: Prospective study including 26 eyes of 26 patients younger than 18 years old with progressive keratoconus at Oftalmosalud Instituto de Ojos, Lima, Peru. Standard epi-off corneal crosslinking was performed in all eyes between January 2012 and January 2013. Pre- and postoperative evaluation (at 3 years) included uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity and Scheimpflug analysis. Crosslinking failure was defined as an increase in maximum keratometry (Kmax) of more than 1 diopter after 1 year or more. Results: Mean uncorrected visual acuity improvement was 0.24 LogMAR (p = 0.07) and mean best-corrected visual acuity improvement was 0.18 LogMAR (p = 0.01). None of the eyes lost more than one line in the best-corrected visual acuity. Four eyes (15.38%) lost two lines in the uncorrected visual acuity at 3 years postoperative. Mean steeper keratometry improvement was 1.14 diopters (p = 0.60). Progression rate was 23.07%. Conclusion: Standard epi-off corneal collagen crosslinking is safe and effective to halt the progression of the keratoconus with significant improvement in the best-corrected visual acuity at 3-year follow-up.
Diffraction of Cathode Rays by Mica

A DIFFRACTION pattern was obtained by passing a cathode ray beam through a thin sheet of mica, with an apparatus similar to that used by G. P. Thomson in his interesting experiment on the diffraction of cathode rays by thin films of celluloid and some metals (Proc. Roy. Soc., Ser. A, vol. 117, p. 600; 1928).
Head and Neck Cancer: Epidemiology and Role of MicroRNAs

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is referred to the cancers of aerodigestive tract covering number of structures viz , oral and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, lips, salivary glands, oropharynx, hypopharynx, pharynx, larynx, and local lymph nodes. It is the sixth most common cancer in the world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single‐stranded noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) of about 19–25 nucleotides. These miRNAs have been reported to influence number of biological activities, i.e., gene regulation, differentiation, organ formation, cell death, cell proliferation, and stress responses. The first ever study involving miRNAs in HNC was published in 2005. Since then, association between dysregulation of miRNAs and head and neck tumorigenesis has been documented by a number of researchers. This chapter has covered a comprehensive state of the art literature review of the recent studies about the role of miRNAs in HNC includ‐ ing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Despite significant improvement in multimodal treatment, the prognosis of advanced HNC is quite poor. Recent studies are promising regarding the potential role of miRNAs as prognostic indi‐ cators. Recently, some miRNAs have been discovered as important diagnostic biomarkers. In fact, miRNAs are found circulated stably in different body fluids, i.e., urine, blood, saliva, as well as in breath. Hence, these miRNAs can be assessed easily with noninvasive methods. miRNAs are the key therapeutic targets in addition to their prognostic and diagnostic value. Use of synthetically designed “miRNAs sponges,” miR mimics (agomiRs), miR antagonists (“antagomiRs”), and miR inhibitors (antimiRNAs oligonucleotides) is an innovative strategy to modulate oncogenic and tumor‐suppressive pathways. Our understanding of miRNAs involvement in HNC is in its infancy. The discovery of miRNAs heralds a complete new para‐ digm in the understanding of exact molecular pathways involved in HNC development. More detailed studies are required for better understanding and therapeutic targets to treat HNC.
Investigation of Spatial Harmonic Magnetic Field Coupling Effect on Torque Ripple for Multiphase Induction Motor Under Open Fault Condition

This paper investigates spatial harmonic magnetic field coupling effect on torque ripple for multiphase induction motor under open fault condition. The coupling results in severe torque ripple generated by ellipse asynchronous magnetomotive force, and the current space vectors are utilized for coupling phenomenon analysis in the multiple planes. The optimal current space vector is proposed to achieve the minimum torque ripple, and the traditional method is used for comparison. Both fundamental and harmonic current space vectors are derived, when single-phase and two-phase open fault conditions are analyzed, respectively. Furthermore, the proportional integral resonant controller is used to realize zero-error tracking, and proper values of parameters in the transfer function are derived. Finally, a five-phase variable speed drive system is constructed and the proposed method is validated by experiments.
Choosing an Optimal Architecture for Segmentation and POS-Tagging of Modern Hebrew

A major architectural decision in designing a disambiguation model for segmentation and Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging in Semitic languages concerns the choice of the input-output terminal symbols over which the probability distributions are defined. In this paper we develop a segmenter and a tagger for Hebrew based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). We start out from a morphological analyzer and a very small morphologically annotated corpus. We show that a model whose terminal symbols are word segments (=morphemes), is advantageous over a word-level model for the task of POS tagging. However, for segmentation alone, the morpheme-level model has no significant advantage over the word-level model. Error analysis shows that both models are not adequate for resolving a common type of segmentation ambiguity in Hebrew -- whether or not a word in a written text is prefixed by a definiteness marker. Hence, we propose a morpheme-level model where the definiteness morpheme is treated as a possible feature of morpheme terminals. This model exhibits the best overall performance, both in POS tagging and in segmentation. Despite the small size of the annotated corpus available for Hebrew, the results achieved using our best model are on par with recent results on Modern Standard Arabic.
Regulation of microRNA biogenesis and function

Summary MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as key regulators of literally all cellular pathways. Therefore, miRNA biosynthesis and their individual cellular functions must be tightly regulated as well. MiRNAs are transcribed as primary transcripts, which are processed to mature miRNAs in two consecutive maturation steps. Finally, the mature miRNA is incorporated into a miRNA-protein complex, where it directly interacts with a member of the Argonaute (Ago) protein family. The miRNA guides such protein complexes to partial complementary target sites, which are typically located in the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs leading to inhibition of gene expression. MiRNA activity and abundance is regulated on various levels ranging from transcription and processing to target site binding and miRNA stability. Recent advances in our understanding of how miRNA activity is regulated in mammalian cells are summarised and discussed in this review article.
Including deeper semantic information in the Lexical Markup Framework : a proposal

The exploitation of various lexical resources is crucial for many complex Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. These systems improve their results remarkably if a more intensive exploitation of the lexical and semantic resources is carried out. Therefore, optimizing the production, maintenance and extension of lexical resources is a crucial aspect impacting Natural Language Processing tasks, in particular those related to language understanding. The lexical resources have been built with extensive human effort over years of work, so it would be beneficial to enable the merging of these resources to form extensive global resources and also to define an standard way to interact with this kind of semantic repositories. Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) is a model, sponsored by the International Organization for Standardization, ISO, that provides a common standardized framework for the construction of NLP lexicons. This paper proposes an extension of the semantic part of the LMF metamodel. We hope this extension to improve the metamodel by the inclusion of semantic information considered useful in semantic interpretation of texts, as proved by research in Semantic Role Labeling processes. Vključevanje globljih pomenskih informacij v LMF (Lexical Markup Framework/Okvir za leksikalno označevanje): predlog Izkoriščanje različnih leksikalnih virov je ključno za mnogo celovitih aplikacij procesiranja naravnega jezika. Pri teh sistemih se rezultati občutno izboljšajo, če so leksikalni in pomenski viri učinkoviteje izrabljeni. Zatorej je optimiziranje priprave, vzdrževanja in širjenja leksikalnih virov ključno pri nalogah procesiranja naravnih jezikov, posebej tistih, povezanih z razumevanjem jezika. Leksikalni viri so bili zgrajeni z veliko človeškega truda v več letih, zato bi bilo koristno omogočiti njihovo združevanje in tako oblikovati obsežne globalne vire, prav tako pa določiti standardne pristope za delo s tovrstnimi pomenskimi zbirkami. LMF je model, ki ga podpira Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (ISO) in v okviru katerega se pripravlja skupni standardizirani okvir za gradnjo leksikonov za procesiranje naravnega jezika. V članku predlagamo razširitev pomenskega dela metamodela LMF. Upamo, da bo ta razširitev izboljšala metamodel glede vključevanja pomenskih informacij, uporabnih pri pomenski interpretaciji besedila, kot se je to potrdilo pri raziskavi procesiranja oznak pomenskih vlog.
Mucosal immunization: A realistic alternative

Most infections occur at or through mucosal surfaces. Despite this knowledge, current vaccination practices rely predominantly on parenteral administration with only a few vaccines being registered for administion by the mucosal route. Whilst mucosal immunization brings many advantages, the lack of reliable delivery systems has been a major drawback to date. With the recent advances in delivery system technology and the improved understanding of site specific mucosal immune mechanisms, mucosal immunization offers an exciting alternative vaccination strategy.
A Digital Timing Mismatch Calibration Technique in Time-Interleaved ADCs

A digital calibration scheme is proposed to minimize the timing mismatch in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADCs). First, the scheme is to subtract the outputs from adjacent channel ADCs and to utilize the expectations of the absolute value of the subtracted results to represent the actual sampling time interval. The timing mismatch is recognized by comparing these expectations. The obtained information is fed back to adjust variable delay buffers, thus reducing the timing mismatch. The application of this scheme to a 12-bit 1.6 GS/s four-channel TIADC is demonstrated. Simulation results show that with an input signal whose bandwidth is limited to the Nyquist frequency, the proposed timing mismatch calibration scheme is effective and capable of reducing the mismatch to the minimum. Compared with traditional calibration schemes, the proposed scheme is more feasible to implement and consumes less power and chip area.
Linking influenza epidemic onsets to covariates at different scales using a dynamical model

Background Evaluating the factors favoring the onset of influenza epidemics is a critical public health issue for surveillance, prevention and control. While past outbreaks provide important insights for understanding epidemic onsets, their statistical analysis is challenging since the impact of a factor can be viewed at different scales. Indeed, the same factor can explain why epidemics are more likely to begin (i) during particular weeks of the year (global scale); (ii) earlier in particular regions (spatial scale) or years (annual scale) than others and (iii) earlier in some years than others within a region (spatiotemporal scale). Methods Here, we present a statistical approach based on dynamical modeling of infectious diseases to study epidemic onsets. We propose a method to disentangle the role of covariates at different scales and use a permutation procedure to assess their significance. Epidemic data gathered from 18 French regions over six epidemic years were provided by the Regional Influenza Surveillance Group (GROG) sentinel network. Results Our results failed to highlight a significant impact of mobility flows on epidemic onset dates. Absolute humidity had a significant impact, but only at the spatial scale. No link between demographic covariates and influenza epidemic onset dates could be established. Discussion Dynamical modeling presents an interesting basis to analyze spatiotemporal variations in the outcome of epidemic onsets and how they are related to various types of covariates. The use of these models is quite complex however, due to their mathematical complexity. Furthermore, because they attempt to integrate migration processes of the virus, such models have to be much more explicit than pure statistical approaches. We discuss the relation of this approach to survival analysis, which present significant differences but may constitute an interesting alternative for non-methodologists.
Patterned Immobilization of Antibodies within Roll-to-Roll Hot Embossed Polymeric Microfluidic Channels

This paper describes a method for the patterned immobilization of capture antibodies into a microfluidic platform fabricated by roll-to-roll (R2R) hot embossing on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Covalent attachment of antibodies was achieved by two sequential inkjet printing steps. First, a polyethyleneimine (PEI) layer was deposited onto oxygen plasma activated PMMA foil and further cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to provide an amine-reactive aldehyde surface (PEI-GA). This step was followed by a second deposition of antibody by overprinting on the PEI-GA patterned PMMA foil. The PEI polymer ink was first formulated to ensure stable drop formation in inkjet printing and the printed films were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Anti-CRP antibody was patterned on PMMA foil by the developed method and bonded permanently with R2R hot embossed PMMA microchannels by solvent bonding lamination. The functionality of the immobilized antibody inside the microfluidic channel was evaluated by fluorescence-based sandwich immunoassay for detection of C-reactive protein (CRP). The antibody-antigen assay exhibited a good level of linearity over the range of 10 ng/ml to 500 ng/ml (R2 = 0.991) with a calculated detection limit of 5.2 ng/ml. The developed patterning method is straightforward, rapid and provides a versatile approach for creating multiple protein patterns in a single microfluidic channel for multiplexed immunoassays.
Current induced light emission from nanocrystalline silicon structures

The photoluminescence and electroluminescence of light emitting porous silicon (LEPOS) are described. The porous silicon is made by anodic dissolution of silicon in HF with an applied electrical current and illumination with visible light. Photoluminescence is observed using ultraviolet light, and visible electroluminescence is achieved by applying a voltage to a solid-state contact on top of the porous layer. The luminescence, the structure, and the composition of LEPOS are studied. <<ETX>>
Thermal Management on IGBT Power Electronic Devices and Modules

As an increasing attention towards sustainable development of energy and environment, the power electronics (PEs) are gaining more and more attraction on various energy systems. The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), as one of the PEs with numerous advantages and potentials for development of higher voltage and current ratings, has been used in a board range of applications. However, the continuing miniaturization and rapid increasing power ratings of IGBTs have remarkable high heat flux, which requires complex thermal management. In this paper, studies of the thermal management on IGBTs are generally reviewed including analyzing, comparing, and classifying the results originating from these researches. The thermal models to accurately calculate the dynamic heat dissipation are divided into analytical models, numerical models, and thermal network models, respectively. The thermal resistances of current IGBT modules are also studied. According to the current products on a number of IGBTs, we observe that the junction-to-case thermal resistance generally decreases inversely in terms of the total thermal power. In addition, the cooling solutions of IGBTs are reviewed and the performance of the various solutions are studied and compared. At last, we have proposed a quick and efficient evaluation judgment for the thermal management of the IGBTs depended on the requirements on the junction-to-case thermal resistance and equivalent heat transfer coefficient of the test samples.
Experimental design to determine the parameters of induction machine

Over the years, various theoretical analyses of induction machine have been done, but not all of these analyses have been fully investigated. Most often when data sheet from the supplier of an induction machine is not available from the manufacturer and the information in the unavailable data sheet is required for further research based investigations, it becomes difficult. This paper looks into designing an experiment to determine the parameter of induction machine so that further research based investigation can be carried out on the machine. Apparently, the results from the experiment correlate with essential parameters on the data sheet supplied by the manufacturer of the machine.