Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Charge Against Society: The Child's Right to Protection

PART I. PROTECTING WHOM? Protecting Children or Reinforcing Dependency, Mary John. PART II. INTRAPSYCHIC OR STRUCTURAL APPROACHES? 1. The International Resilience Project, Edith Grotberg, Civitan International Research Centre, University of Alabama, USA. 2. Systems Abuse, Judy Cashmore. PART III. CHILDHOOD PUT AT RISK. 3. Child Soldiers, Rachel Brett, Quaker United Nations Office, Geneva. 4. Children's Labour in Mexico: Rights Protection and Violation, Aracelli Brizzio de la Hoz, University of Veracruz, Mexico. 5. A Safe Haven - Do International Standards and National Legislation Protect Unaccompanied Refugee Children in Britain? Louise Williamson, The Refugee Council, London. 6. Marginality and Extermination in Brazil From Uneasiness to Well-being, Janina Gonalves, Fundaao Centro Brasileiro para a Infncia e Adolescncia. 7. Children and Sexuality Worldwide, David Treharne, University of Exeter, and Wendy Thomas, Population Concern. 8. School Exclusion in the UK: An Entitlement at Risk, Vanessa Parffrey, University of Exeter. PART IV. FAMILY - A SAFE HAVEN? 9. Working with Families of Abused Children, Sheila Townsend, social worker in Devon. 10. Child Abuse: Respecting the Child's Right to Protection, Ann Catchpole, Joint Agencies Child Abuse Team, Devon. 11. Child Contact and Domestic Violence - A Child's Right to Safety? , Marianne Hester, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol. PART V. YOUNG PEOPLE RESPONDING TO A CHANGING CULTURE. 12. Violence and Young Minds, Steven Flood, Young Minds. 13. Drugs: Protection through the Prevention of Exploitation: The North Devon Project on Drugs, Will Palin, Youth Trust Drug Programme, Devon. 14. Understanding School Failure and School Drop Out in Mozambique, Mikael Palme, Institute of Education, Stockholm, Sweden. 15. Truancy: The Greenstead Detached Truancy Project, Tuaneri Akoto, Newham Youth Service Detached Worker. PART VI. STRENGTHENING THE HUMAN SPIRIT. 16. The Truth of Single Parent Families, children from single parent families. 17. The Rights of the Child in a Paediatric Oncology Unit, Penelope Cousens, Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Australia, and Michael Stevens, The New Children's Hospital, Australia. 18. Learning Rights: A Fundamental Prerequisite for Protecting Oneself and Others, Gael Parfitt, University of Exeter.
An End-User Programming Paradigm for Pervasive Computing Applications

In this paper we present a variant of end-user programming called PiP (pervasive interactive programming) which offers non-technical end-users the possibility to configure and customize sets of coordinating pervasive devises without the need to employ conventional programming methods. In this approach end-users "show" the system their required behaviour via natural physical interaction with the environment. The paper also describes the architectural components and presents a user evaluation
A framework for energy-efficient design of 5G technologies

This paper considers the problem of energy efficiency maximization in the uplink of a cluster of multiple-antenna coordinated access points. A framework for energy efficiency optimization is developed in which the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio takes a more general expression than existing alternatives so as to encompass most 5G candidate technologies. Two energy efficiency optimization problems are formulated, also considering quality-of-service (QoS) constraints: 1) network global energy efficiency maximization; 2) worst-case energy-efficient design. These fractional, non-convex problems are tackled by means of fractional programming coupled with sequential convex optimization, and two low-complexity resource allocation algorithms are designed, which are guaranteed to converge to local optima of the non-convex problems. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently balance between the goals of maximizing the energy efficiency and meeting the QoS constraints. Moreover, it is shown that a small sum-rate reduction allows large energy savings.
Maximizing Concave Functions in Fixed Dimension

In the authors introduced a technique which enabled them to solve the parametric minimum cycle problem with a xed number of parameters in strongly polynomial time In the current paper we present this technique as a general tool In order to allow for an independent reading of this paper we repeat some of the de nitions and propositions given in Some proofs are not repeated however and instead we supply the interested reader with appropriate pointers Suppose Q R is a convex set given as an intersection of k halfspaces and let g Q R be a concave function that is computable by a piecewise a ne algo rithm i e roughly an algorithm that performs only multiplications by scalars additions and comparisons of intermediate values which depend on the input Assume that such an algorithm A is given and the maximal number of op erations required by A on any input i e point in Q is T We show that under these assumptions for any xed d the function g can be maximized in a number of operations polynomial in k and T We also present a general frame work for parametric extensions of problems where this technique can be used to obtain strongly polynomial algorithms Norton Plotkin and Tardos applied a similar scheme and presented additional applications
Not all parents make the grade in today’s schools

Expectations for parent involvement in their children's education have risen dramatically over the last 20 years. The demands now placed on parents to evaluate and select educational options for their children, to act as advocates for their children, and to support increasingly demanding academic standards have never been greater. Strong partnerships between home and school can increase opportunities for students. Understanding the nature of these significant changes and how parents may be affected by them is a critical first step.
A Survey of mRNA Sequences with a Non-AUG Start Codon in RefSeq Database

Abstract Alternative initiation in translation is one of the important mechanisms in which multiple proteins are synthesized from a single mRNA. In many cases, translation initiation occurring at a non-AUG codon has been reported by several experimental studies. We have analyzed all mRNA sequences in the RefSeq database and found that coding regions of about 0.1% of the total mRNA sequences begin with a non-AUG codon (nonAUG mRNAs). Major fraction of non-AUG mRNAs is predicted from genomic sequences. More than 100 non-AUG sequences are highly curated and 52 of them are explicitly annotated that they use alternate start codons for translation initiation. Analysis of these sequences reveals that majority of the protein products contain domains that are DNA/RNA-binding, kinases, growth factors, or involved in immune response or cell proliferation. Thus, the proteins translated from non-canonical codons seem to be implicated in regulatory role and/or signaling mechanism. The sequence context of the non-AUG start codons shows that purine at −3 position and/or G at +4 position are strongly conserved and the corresponding genes give rise to alternate transcripts and/or multiple isoforms. We have also developed a database “nonAUG” (http://bioinfo.iitk.ac.in) that contains a collection of all mRNA sequences whose coding regions start with a non-AUG codon. nonAUG database will be continuously updated and is freely available to the scientific community.
A Subset Selection Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the main challenges facing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the limited power resources available at small sensor nodes. It is therefore desired to reduce the power consumption of sensors while keeping the distortion between the source information and its estimate at the fusion centre (FC) below a specific threshold. In this paper, given the channel state information at the FC, we propose a subset selection algorithm of sensor nodes to reduce the average transmission power of the WSN. We assume the channels between the source and the sensors to be correlated fading channels, modeled by the Gilbert-Elliott model. We show that when these channels are known at the FC, a subset of sensors can be selected by the FC such that the received observations from this subset is sufficient to estimate the source information at the FC while maintaining the distortion between source information and its estimate below a specific threshold. Through analyses, we find the probability distribution of the size of this subset and provide results to evaluate the power efficiency of our proposed algorithm.
[Treatment of myofascial pain syndrome].

OBJECTIVE To study different methods of treatment of patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MFPS). MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated the efficacy of complex treatment in 152 patients with chronic tension-type headache (СЕЕР) and 96 patients with facial MFPS. The treatment included standard methods (reflex therapy of СЕЕР and local injections of a combination of local anesthetics with small doses of steroids in trigger points in patients with facial MFPS. To assess the efficacy of tizanidine, patients were randomized into two comparable groups. The duration of the study was 12 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The combined therapy, including reflex action and tizanidine, speeds recovery from pain and ensures the stability of results.
Gender Differences in Informal Support and Coping Among Elders

Maintenance of close ties with family and friends can ease adjustments to old age, facilitate the autonomy of the older person, and increase well-being. Provision and receipt of informal support within the context of family and friendship networks can enhance the capacity of elders to cope. Findings from Canada's 1990 General Social Survey on family and friends are analyzed to examine relationships between ties with family and friends and health status of elders. Some limited comparisons are made between the 1985 General Social Survey on Health and Social Support and the 1990 Survey. It is found that ties with family and friends are maintained and that, on average, Canadian elders are healthy well into old age. Health status is related to informal supports in that those men and women who are in best health have most contact. Men in poor health have least contact and women in poor health have the most frequent contacts. Men emotionally rely largely on spouses, without whom they have no one. Women diversify.
Urinary Calcium as a Biomarker of Renal Dysfunction in a General Population Exposed to Cadmium

Urinary &bgr;2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-&bgr;-d-glucosaminidase have been recommended as sensitive indicators of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium. However, an increase in urinary calcium in early renal damage induced by cadmium has been reported both in humans and in animal experiments. To investigate the feasibility of using urinary calcium as a biomarker of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium, two areas were selected in this study, namely, a polluted area with a 3.71 mg/kg cadmium concentration in rice and a control area with a 0.07 mg/kg cadmium concentration. The total number of participants was 499, made up of 252 in the control group and 247 from the cadmium-polluted area. Urinary cadmium, urinary calcium, and zinc concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, and &bgr;2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-&bgr;-d-glucosaminidase in urine were analyzed. The levels of urinary cadmium and urinary calcium in persons from the exposed area were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the control area for both men and women, but there was no significant difference regarding urinary zinc between the two areas. A significant dose-response relationship between the prevalence of hypercalciuria and the excretion of urinary cadmium was observed, and a significantly increased prevalence of calciuria was found when excretion of urinary cadmium exceeded 2 &mgr;g/g creatinine. The findings were similar to those for excess urinary secretion of &bgr;2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-&bgr;-d-glucosaminidase. Because cadmium can affect Ca2+ uptake by tubular cells, with decreased renal Ca2+ reabsorption, calciuria may reflect tubular cell damage caused by cadmium. It was concluded that cadmium exposure can result in increased excretion of urinary calcium in a general population and that there is a significant dose-response relationship. Urinary calcium can therefore be used as a biomarker of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium.
The Association of 25(OH)D with Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure and Carotid-Radial Pulse Wave Velocity in African Women

High susceptibility of the African population to develop cardiovascular disease obliges us to investigate possible contributing risk factors. Our aim was to determine whether low 25(OH)D status is associated with increased blood pressure and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity in black South African women. We studied 291 urban women (mean age: 57.56±9.00 yrs.). 25(OH)D status was determined by serum 25(OH)D levels. Women were stratified into sufficient (>30 ng/ml), and insufficient/deficient (<30 ng/ml) groups. Cardiovascular variables were compared between groups. Women with low 25(OH)D levels had significantly higher SBP (150.8±27.1 vs. 137.6±21.0), DBP (94.7±14.5 vs. 89.3±12.3) and PP (53.15(50.7;55.7) vs. 46.3(29.4;84.6)) compared to women with sufficient levels. No significant difference was observed with regards to c-rPWV. ANCOVA analyses still revealed significant differences between the two groups with regards to SBP, DBP as well as PP. Partial correlations revealed significant inverse association between SBP and 25(OH)D (p = .04;r = −.12). Women with low 25(OH)D levels were ∼2 times more likely to have high SBP (95% CI: 3.23;1.05). To conclude, women with deficient/insufficient 25(OH)D had significantly higher SBP compared to women with a sufficient 25(OH) status.
Statistics of M theory vacua

We study the vacuum statistics of ensembles of M theory compactifications on G2 holonomy manifolds with fluxes, and of ensembles of Freund-Rubin vacua. We discuss similarities and differences between these and type-IIB flux landscapes. For the G2 ensembles, we find that large volumes are strongly suppressed, and for both, unlike the IIB case, the distribution of cosmological constants is non-uniform. We also argue that these ensembles typically have exponentially more non-supersymmetric than supersymmetric vacua, and show that supersymmetry is virtually always broken at a high scale.
SIXTH GADDUM MEMORIAL LECTURE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH, MILL HILL, JANUARY 1977

It is with deep gratitude that I receive the honour of having been selected by the Trustees of the Gaddum Memorial Fund to deliver the Sixth Gaddum Memorial Lecture. Among many other topics, Sir John Gaddum was interested in neurotransmission and he made important contributions in the field of cholinergic (Chang & Gaddum, 1933; Feldberg & Gaddum, 1934) and noradrenergic transmission (Gaddum & Kwiatowski, 1939; Gaddum, Peart & Vogt, 1949; Gaddum, 1950). The work of Sir John Gaddum is also linked to the discovery of other putative neurotransmitters like Substance P and 5hydroxytryptamine (von Euler & Gaddum, 1931; Gaddum, 1953; Amin, Crawford & Gaddum, 1954). Although I never had a chance to meet Sir John Gaddum personally, as a pharmacologist I always admired his work and his important contributions. In addition, I had the privilege of working for two years with one of Gaddum's collaborators, Dr Marthe Vogt. The time spent with Dr Marthe Vogt in Babraham (1967 and 1968) was a stimulating and rewarding experience. It was during these two years that my interest in noradrenaline release during nerve stimulation started and this has developed further during the last eight years. The topic of the lecture will be the presence of presynaptic receptors in noradrenergic nerve endings and their role in the regulation of the release of the neurotransmitter upon arrival of nerve impulses.
Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading - an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies

SUMMARY 1. This synthesis examines 35 long-term (5–35 years, mean: 16 years) lake re-oligotrophication studies. It covers lakes ranging from shallow (mean depth <5 m and/or polymictic) to deep (mean depth up to 177 m), oligotrophic to hypertrophic (summer mean total phosphorus concentration from 7.5 to 3500 l gL )1 before loading reduction), subtropical to temperate (latitude: 28–65� ), and lowland to upland (altitude: 0–481 m). Shallow northtemperate lakes were most abundant. 2. Reduction of external total phosphorus (TP) loading resulted in lower in-lake TP concentration, lower chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration and higher Secchi depth in most lakes. Internal loading delayed the recovery, but in most lakes a new equilibrium for TP
Is church attendance associated with Latinas' health practices and self-reported health?

OBJECTIVES To evaluate (a) the relation between frequency of church attendance, self-rated health, and health behaviors controlling for potential confounders and (b) the influence of acculturation on church attendance and health behaviors. METHODS Physical activity and dietary patterns, demographics, and acculturation levels were compared among Latinas who attended church frequently, infrequently, and not at all. RESULTS Church attendance was independently and positively associated with healthier dietary and physical activity behaviors, but not with self-rated health. Acculturation attenuated the relation between physical activity and church attendance. CONCLUSION Latinas' health behaviors and self-rated health may be related to other variables that explain the salutary effects of church attendance.
Use of Penetrating Peptides Interacting with PP1/PP2A Proteins As a General Approach for a Drug Phosphatase Technology

Protein phosphatase types 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) represent two major families of serine/threonine protein phosphatases that have been implicated in the regulation of many cellular processes, including cell growth and apoptosis in mammalian cells. PP1 and PP2A proteins are composed of oligomeric complexes comprising a catalytic structure (PP1c or PP2AC) containing the enzymatic activity and at least one more interacting subunit. The binding of different subunits to a catalytic structure generates a broad variety of holoenzymes. We showed here that casein kinase 2α (Ck2α) and simian virus 40 small t antigen share a putative common β-strand structure required for PP2A1 trimeric holoenzyme binding. We have also characterized DPT-sh1, a short basic peptide from Ck2α that interacted only in vitro with the PP2A-A subunit and behaves as a nontoxic penetrating shuttle in several cultivated human cell lines and chick embryos. In addition, DPT-sh1 specifically accumulated in human red cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. We therefore designed bipartite peptides containing DPT-sh1 and PP1- or PP2A-interacting sequences. We found that DPT-5, a DPT-sh1-derived peptide containing a short sequence identified in CD28 antigen, interacts with PP2A-Bα, and DPT-7, another DPT-sh1-derived peptide containing a short sequence identified in Bad as a PP1 catalytic consensus docking motif, induce apoptosis in cultivated cell lines. These results clearly indicate that the rational design of PP1/PP2A interacting peptides is a pertinent strategy to deregulate intracellular survival pathways.
Calcium Channel Types with Distinct Presynaptic Localization Couple Differentially to Transmitter Release in Single Calyx-Type Synapses

We studied how Ca2+ influx through different subtypes of Ca2+ channels couples to release at a calyx-type terminal in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body by simultaneously measuring the presynaptic Ca2+ influx evoked by a single action potential and the EPSC. Application of subtype-specific toxins showed that Ca2+ channels of the P/Q-, N-, and R-type controlled glutamate release at a single terminal. The Ca2+influx through the P/Q-type channels triggered release more effectively than Ca2+ influx through N- or R-type channels. We investigated mechanisms that contributed to these differences in effectiveness. Electrophysiological experiments suggested that individual release sites were controlled by all three subtypes of Ca2+ channels. Immunocytochemical staining indicated, however, that a substantial fraction of N- and R-type channels was located distant from release sites. Although these distant channels contributed to the Ca2+ influx into the terminal, they may not contribute to release. Taken together, the results suggest that the Ca2+ influx into the calyx via N- and R-type channels triggers release less effectively than that via P/Q-type because a substantial fraction of the N- and R-type channels in the calyx is localized distant from release sites.
The mechanistic bases of the power–time relationship: muscle metabolic responses and relationships to muscle fibre type

The power‐asymptote (critical power; CP) of the hyperbolic power–time relationship for high‐intensity exercise defines a threshold between steady‐state and non‐steady‐state exercise intensities and the curvature constant (W′) indicates a fixed capacity for work >CP that is related to a loss of muscular efficiency. The present study reports novel evidence on the muscle metabolic underpinnings of CP and W′ during whole‐body exercise and their relationships to muscle fibre type. We show that the W′ is not correlated with muscle fibre type distribution and that it represents an elevated energy contribution from both oxidative and glycolytic/glycogenolytic metabolism. We show that there is a positive correlation between CP and highly oxidative type I muscle fibres and that muscle metabolic steady‐state is attainable CP. Our findings indicate a mechanistic link between the bioenergetic characteristics of muscle fibre types and the power–time relationship for high‐intensity exercise.
Localizing Expression of Ambiguity

In this paper we describe an implemented program for localizing the expression of many types of syntactic ambiguity, in the logical forms of sentences, in a manner convenient for subsequent inferential processing. Among the types of ambiguities handled are prepositional phrases, very compound nominals, adverbials, relative clauses, and preposed prepositional phrases. The algorithm we use is presented, and several possible shortcomings and extensions of our method are discussed.
High-Level Programming Abstractions for Distributed Graph Processing

Efficient processing of large-scale graphs in distributed environments has been an increasingly popular topic of research in recent years. Inter-connected data that can be modeled as graphs appear in application domains such as machine learning, recommendation, web search, and social network analysis. Writing distributed graph applications is inherently hard and requires programming models that can cover a diverse set of problems, including iterative refinement algorithms, graph transformations, graph aggregations, pattern matching, ego-network analysis, and graph traversals. Several high-level programming abstractions have been proposed and adopted by distributed graph processing systems and big data platforms. Even though significant work has been done to experimentally compare distributed graph processing frameworks, no qualitative study and comparison of graph programming abstractions has been conducted yet. In this survey, we review and analyze the most prevalent high-level programming models for distributed graph processing, in terms of their semantics and applicability. We review 34 distributed graph processing systems with respect to the graph processing models they implement and we survey applications that appear in recent distributed graph systems papers. Finally, we discuss trends and open research questions in the area of distributed graph processing.