Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
6.7 GHz methanol maser survey toward GLIMPSE point sources and BGPS 1.1 mm dust clumps

We present the results of a 6.7 GHz methanol maser survey from the Effelsberg 100 m radio telescope. A sample of 404 sources from the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) 1.1 mm dust clump survey that met specific Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraodinaire (GLIMPSE) point-source color criteria was selected and 318 of these were observed. The new observations resulted in the detection of 29 methanol masers, including 12 new ones. Together with the additional 74 detections from the literature, this means that a total of 103 methanol masers are coincident with 1.1 mm dust clumps, yielding an overall detection rate of 26%. A comparison of the properties of a 1.1 mm dust clump and a 6.7 GHz methanol maser indicates that methanol masers with a higher flux density and/or luminosity are generally associated with more massive but less dense 1.1 mm dust clumps. The overall detection rate of 26% appears to vary as a function of the derived H-2 column density of the associated 1.1 mm dust clump. The methanol masers were primarily detected toward the brighter and more massive 1.1 mm dust clumps. A subsample of 194 sources that overlapped sources with observations of the 95 GHz methanol line was investigated in more detail for the properties of 1.1 mm dust clumps. The statistical analysis reveals that 1.1 mm dust clumps with both class I and II counterparts have much higher mean and median values of mass, column density, and flux density than those with only class I or II counterparts. Based on our much larger sample, we slightly revise the boundary defined previously for selecting BGPS sources associated with a class II methanol maser, wherein similar to 80% of expected class II methanol masers will be detected with a detection rate in the range of 40-50%.
Assessment of radial image distortion and spherical aberration on 3D synthetic aperture PIV measurements

This paper presents a study of the effects of radial image distortion and spherical aberration on reconstruction quality of synthetic aperture particle image velocimetry (SAPIV). A simulated SAPIV system is used to image a synthetic particle volume. An idealized pinhole camera model is used for image formation with distortion and spherical aberration being added on with a polynomial model and a Fourier waveform model, respectively. Images from a simulated 5 × 5 camera array are taken, distorted or aberrated, realigned and averaged to form synthetic aperture images at a set of depths within the seeded volume. These images are thresholded to recover three-dimensional (3D) particle locations and a reconstructed 3D intensity field is formed. This reconstructed field is then evaluated according to intensity data and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as standard and rank correlation metrics. Results show that even small amounts of image distortion and spherical aberration can lead to lower correlation values, degradation of the SNR and information loss. Use of rank correlation increases the ability to match elements between the synthetic and reconstructed volumes relative to standard correlation.
Linear inequalities and quadratic forms

and ask whether it is positive in the first orthant, i.e., whether it is positive for non-negative values of the xt. If Z(x) > 0 for x ^ 0, we call it conditionally definite and if Z(x)>: for x ^ 0, we call it conditionally semi-definite. (Since we will only be concerned with positive definiteness, we will omit the word " positive " throughout the paper.) Finally, if Z(x) ^ 0 when x ^ 0 and Z(x) > 0 when x > 0, we call Z(x) conditionally almost-definite. As a matter of notation, we recall that Ax > 0 or x > 0 means that at least one component of the vector in question is positive. In discussing Z{x) we shall have occasion to refer to the form obtained by setting xkl, xki, , xk equal to zero, that is, the form
Initial Development and Genesis of Hurricane Dolly (2008)

Abstract Based on a successful cloud-resolving simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, this study examines key processes that led to the early development of Hurricane Dolly (2008). The initial development of Dolly consisted of three stages: (i) an initial burst of convection; (ii) stratiform development, dry intrusion, and thermodynamic recovery; and (iii) reinvigoration of moist convection and rapid intensification. Advanced diagnosis of the simulation—including the use of vorticity budget analysis, contour frequency analysis diagrams, and two-dimensional spectral decomposition and filtering—suggests that the genesis of Dolly is essentially a “bottom-up” process. The enhancement of the low-level vorticity is mainly ascribed to the stretching effect, which converges the ambient vorticity through stretching enhanced by moist convection. In the rapid intensification stage, smaller-scale positive vorticity anomalies resulting from moist convection are wrapped into the storm center area u.
Simultaneous fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime imaging

We present a lifetime imaging technique that simultaneously records fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime images in laser scanning systems. It is based on modulating a high-frequency pulsed laser by a signal synchronous with the pixel clock of the scanner, and recording the fluorescence and phosphorescence signals by multi-dimensional TCSPC. Fluorescence is recorded during the on-phase of the laser, phosphorescence during the off-phase. The technique does not require a reduction of the laser pulse repetition rate by a pulse picker, and eliminates the need of using excessively high pulse power for phosphorescence excitation. Laser modulation is achieved either by electrically modulating picosecond diode lasers, or be controlling the lasers via the AOM of a standard confocal or multiphoton laser scanning microscope.
ErAs:GaAs photomixer with two-decade tunability and 12μW peak output power

This letter reports the fabrication and demonstration of an ErAs:GaAs interdigitated photomixer as a tunable THz source ranging from ∼20GHzto∼2THz, with 12μW maximum power typically around ∼90GHz. Each photomixer is coupled to a composite dipole-spiral planar antenna that emits a Gaussian-type beam into free space. The beam switches from dipole to spiral antenna behavior as the frequency increases. A distributed Bragg reflector is embedded in the device beneath the photomixer to increase its external quantum efficiency. The photomixer has a 900A thick silicon nitride coating which serves as an antireflection and passivation layer, and also improves the reliability and heat tolerance of the device.
The independence ratio of regular graphs

A set I of vertices of a graph G = (V, E) is said to be independent if no two vertices of I are joined by an edge of G. The maximal number of vertices in an independent set is the (vertex) independence number 1o(G) and /30(G)/IGI is the independence ratio of G. (Here I GI denotes the order of G, that is, the number of vertices of G. For the notation and general background, see [3].) The independence ratio is of great interest, not least because of its close relationship to the chromatic number. An immediate corollary of a classical theorem of Brooks [6] is that if a graph has maximal degree A = /\(G) and does not contain a KA+1, a complete graph of order A\ + 1, then its independence ratio is at least 1/A. The condition that G does not contain a KA+1 is clearly necessary; it is about the weakest condition expressing the fact that G is "not too dense". Lately several authors have given lower bounds for the independence ratio under other "sparseness" conditions (see [1], [2], [8]-[11]). The sparseness of a graph is usually measured by its girth, the minimal length of a cycle. Let i(/, g) be the infimum of the independence ratio of graphs with maximum degree A and girth at least g. In this notation Staton [9] proved that i(A, 4) > 5/(5A 1), and so in view of an example of Fajtlowicz [8] we have i(3, 4) = i(3, 5) = 5/14. Furthermore, concerning cubic graphs of large girth, Hopkins and Staton [10] showed that limgO, i(3, g) > 7/18. Our aim is to give upper bounds for i(A, g). In particular, we shall show that i(3, g) is bounded away from 2 which seemed the natural value for limg,. i(3, g) and, in fact, i(3, g) < 6/13 for every g. In order to do this one has to show that there are cubic graphs of large girth without many independent vertices. We shall not construct such graphs but show their existence by probabilistic methods. Probabilistic methods have been more and more in use since Erdos [7] tackled a similar problem over twenty years ago. However, the proof of our main result has become possible because of a very recent probabilistic model of regular graphs [5]. We state the theorem in its sharpest, though rather unattractive, form; later we deduce from it some more appealing and slightly weaker results.
A resonant spin lifetime transistor

We present a device concept for a spintronic transistor based on the spin relaxation properties a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The device design is very similar to that of the Datta and Das spin transistor. However, our proposed device works in the diffusive regime rather than in the ballistic regime. This eases lithographical and processing requirements. The switching action is achieved through the biasing of a gate contact, which controls the lifetime of spins injected into the 2DEG from a ferromagnetic emitter, thus allowing the traveling spins to be either aligned with a ferromagnetic collector or randomizing them before collection. The device configuration can easily be turned into a memory and a readout head for magnetically stored information.
A neural network graph partitioning procedure for grid-based domain decomposition

This paper describes a neural network graph partitioning algorithm which partitions unstructured finite element/volume meshes as a precursor to a parallel domain decomposition solution method. The algorithm works by first constructing a coarse graph approximation using an automatic graph coarsening method. The coarse graph is partitioned and the results are interpolated onto the original graph to initialize an optimization of the graph partition problem. In practice, a hierarchy of (usually more than two) graphs are used to help obtain the final graph partition. A mean field theorem neural network is used to perform all partition optimization. The partitioning method is applied to graphs derived from unstructured finite element meshes and in this context it can be viewed as a multi-grid partitioning method. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel edge suppression technique for planar avalanche photodiodes

We present an advanced drift diffusion simulation of the joint opening effect (JOE) avalanche photodiode (APD). The joint opening effect APD is a new design for achieving edge breakdown suppression in planar avalanche photodiodes. It is a single growth process that achieves center breakdown dominance without the use of guard rings, partial charge sheets, or surface etches. The JOE APD only requires the diffusion of the primary well. Edge breakdown suppression is achieved by partially insulating the electric field growth in the active region from the geometry of the primary well.
INJECTION OF PLASMA INTO THE NASCENT SOLAR WIND VIA RECONNECTION DRIVEN BY SUPERGRANULAR ADVECTION

To understand the origin of the solar wind is one of the key research topics in modern solar and heliospheric physics. Previous solar wind models assumed that plasma flows outward along a steady magnetic flux tube that reaches continuously from the photosphere through the chromosphere into the corona. Inspired by more recent comprehensive observations, Tu et al. suggested a new scenario for the origin of the solar wind, in which it flows out in a magnetically open coronal funnel and mass is provided to the funnel by small-scale side loops. Thus mass is supplied by means of magnetic reconnection that is driven by supergranular convection. To validate this scenario and simulate the processes involved, a 2.5 dimensional (2.5D) numerical MHD model is established in the present paper. In our simulation a closed loop moves toward an open funnel, which has opposite polarity and is located at the edge of a supergranulation cell, and magnetic reconnection is triggered and continues while gradually opening up one half of the closed loop. Its other half connects with the root of the open funnel and forms a new closed loop which is submerged by a reconnection plasma stream flowing downward. Thus we find that the outflowing plasma in the newly reconnected funnel originates not only from the upward reconnection flow but also from the high-pressure leg of the originally closed loop. This implies an efficient supply of mass from the dense loop to the dilute funnel. The mass flux of the outflow released from the funnel considered in our study is calculated to be appropriate for providing the mass flux at the coronal base of the solar wind, though additional heating and acceleration mechanisms are necessary to keep the velocity at the higher location. Our numerical model demonstrates that in the funnel the mass for the solar wind may be supplied from adjacent closed loops via magnetic reconnection as well as directly from the footpoints of open funnels.
Strained InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs-quantum cascade lasers

We report on the realization of a quantum cascade laser based on strained In0.04Ga0. 96As/Al0.33Ga0. 67As/GaAs grown on GaAs substrate using molecular beam epitaxy. Lasing at 10.40 μm and at 9.45 μm was achieved with a good temperature performance showing a T0,2=112 K between 125 and 200 K and a maximum working temperature exceeding T=200 K. Between 78 and 130 K a considerably higher T0,1 of 291 K is found. The decreasing T0 with higher temperatures is due to misalignment of the injector with the upper laser level at elevated temperatures, thermal activation of tunneling of carriers above 130 K, and increasing carrier leakage from the injector into the continuum.
New geometry of photonic crystal fiber for improved dispersion compensation

A new design is proposed for a dispersion compensation photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF). Large negative dispersion has been achieved by using a combination of square and circular ‘holes’ arranged in a hexagonal lattice, with background index equal to 1.45 (silica). Square-shaped holes have been utilized for the second ring only, whereas the remaining structure has circular holes. High index difference and geometrical parameters, such as radius, square width, pitch of PCF, and air hole configuration, allow a PCF to act as an efficient dispersion-compensating device. Large negative dispersion up to –1000 ps/(nm km) has been achieved without any doping. Moreover, the relative refractive index difference ( %) obtained in this work is much higher than conventional methods at an optical frequency of 193 THz.
Rayleigh-Taylor shock waves

Beginning from a state of hydrostatic equilibrium, in which a heavy gas rests atop a light gas in a constant gravitational field, Rayleigh–Taylor instability at the interface will launch a shock wave into the upper fluid. We have performed a series of large-eddy simulations which suggest that the rising bubbles of light fluid act like pistons, compressing the heavy fluid ahead of the fronts and generating shocklets. These shocklets coalesce in multidimensional fashion into a strong normal shock, which increases in strength as it propagates upwards. The simulations demonstrate that the shock Mach number increases faster in three dimensions than it does in two dimensions. The generation of shocks via Rayleigh–Taylor instability could play an important role in type Ia supernovae.
Detection of abrupt changes: theory and application

This book is downloadable from http://www.irisa. fr/sisthem/kniga/. Many monitoring problems can be stated as the problem of detecting a change in the parameters of a static or dynamic stochastic system. The main goal of this book is to describe a unified framework for the design and the performance analysis of the algorithms for solving these change detection problems. Also the book contains the key mathematical background necessary for this purpose. Finally links with the analytical redundancy approach to fault detection in linear systems are established. We call abrupt change any change in the parameters of the system that occurs either instantaneously or at least very fast with respect to the sampling period of the measurements. Abrupt changes by no means refer to changes with large magnitude; on the contrary, in most applications the main problem is to detect small changes. Moreover, in some applications, the early warning of small - and not necessarily fast - changes is of crucial interest in order to avoid the economic or even catastrophic consequences that can result from an accumulation of such small changes. For example, small faults arising in the sensors of a navigation system can result, through the underlying integration, in serious errors in the estimated position of the plane. Another example is the early warning of small deviations from the normal operating conditions of an industrial process. The early detection of slight changes in the state of the process allows to plan in a more adequate manner the periods during which the process should be inspected and possibly repaired, and thus to reduce the exploitation costs.
Experiments in Balance with a 3D One-Legged Hopping Machine

In order to explore the balance in legged locomotion, we are studying systems that hop and run on one springy leg. Pre vious work has shown that relatively simple algorithms can achieve balance on one leg for the special case of a system that is constrained mechanically to operate in a plane (Rai bert, in press; Raibert and Brown, in press). Here we general ize the approach to a three-dimensional (3D) one-legged machine that runs and balances on an open floor without physical support. We decompose control of the machine into three separate parts: one part that controls forward running velocity, one part that controls attitude of the body, and a third part that controls hopping height. Experiments with a physical 3D one-legged hopping machine showed that this control scheme, while simple to implement, is powerful enough to permit hopping in place, running at a desired rate, and travel along a simple path. These algorithms that control locomotion in 3D are direct generalizations of those in 2D, with surprisingly little additional complication.
PDMS microdevice with built-in optical biosensor array for on-site monitoring of the microenvironment within microchannels

Nowadays as cell culture in microchannels becomes increasingly popular, new and convenient ways to closely monitor the cultured cells in the microchannels are essential. With that objective, we managed to merge different technologies, mainly fluorescence based optical sensing, layer-by-layer encapsulation and Poly Dimethyl Siloxane (PDMS) based microfluidics to build a hybrid system which can provide on-site monitoring of the cellular microenvironment within the microchannels. The system is mainly built from two parts: one is the fluorescence quenching based sensing material which changes its fluorescence intensity proportional to the analyte concentration, for example glucose level in the media; the other part of the system is the microfluidic PDMS chip, featuring some nanoliter wells fabricated beneath the microchannels where the cells could be cultured. These nanowells are intended sites for the immobilization of the sensing material followed by the layer-by-layer encapsulation. Some preliminary results show that the system is sensitive in low analyte concentration, while being highly miniaturized, low cost, easy to be customized and with great potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.
High-pressure lattice dynamics and thermoelasticity of MgO

We present an ab initio study of the thermoelastic properties of MgO over a wide range of pressure and temperature. Phonon dispersions for equilibrium and strained configurations are obtained from densityfunctional perturbation theory. They are used to calculate thermodynamical potentials within the quasiharmonic approximation and several derived quantities of physical interest without further approximations. These include the temperature dependence of individual elastic constants at high pressures. Extensive and successful comparisons with experimental data demonstrate that the quasiharmonic approximation combined with ab initio phonon calculations provides an important theoretical approach for exploring thermodynamical properties of materials over a considerable pressure-temperature regime.
The halo radio source Coma C and the origin of halo sources

We present in this paper the first high-resolution spectral index map of the halo source Coma C, which was obtained combining WSRT data at 326 MHz and DRA0+VLA data at 1.4 GHz. The spectral index distribution shows a central region, of ∼8' radius, where the spectral index is almost constant (∼0.8), surrounded by a region where the spectrum steepens to α∼1.8. In addition, we present new observations of Coma C obtained with the WSRT at 608.5 MHz. The spectral index information and high-resolution maps are used to derive the physical conditions in Coma C and understand the processes which lead to the formation of halo sources in clusters
Hecke relations for traces of singular moduli

Special values of the modular j function at imaginary quadratic points in the upper half‐plane are known as singular moduli; these are algebraic integers that play many roles in number theory. Zagier proved that the traces (and more generally, the Hecke traces) of singular moduli are described by a multiply infinite family of weight 3/2 weakly holomorphic modular forms of level 4 (or, through what is sometimes called ‘duality’, by a multiply infinite family of weight 1/2 weakly holomorphic modular forms of level 4). Several authors have used this description to obtain relations and congruences for these traces modulo prime powers pn in various situations. We prove that the modular forms in question satisfy a simple relationship involving the Hecke operators T(p2n) for n⩾1. As a corollary we obtain uniform relations for the traces (some of which were known in particular cases).
Variational Bayesian framework for estimating parameters of integrated E/MEG and fMRI model

The integrated analysis of the Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are instrumental for functional neuroimaging of the brain. A bottom-up integrated E/MEG and fMRI model based on physiology as well as a method for estimating its parameters are keys to the integrated analysis. We propose the variational Bayesian expectation maximization (VBEM) method to estimate parameters of our proposed integrated model. VBEM method iteratively optimizes a lower bound on the marginal likelihood. An iteration of the VBEM consists of two steps: a variational Bayesian expectation step implemented using the extended Kalman smoother (EKS) and the posterior probability of the parameters in the previous step, and a variational Bayesian maximization step to estimate the posterior distributions of the parameters. For a given external stimulus, a variety of multi-area models can be considered in which the number of areas and the configuration and strength of connections between the areas are different. The proposed VBEM method can be used to select an optimal model as well as estimate its parameters. The efficiency of the proposed VBEM method is illustrated using simulation and real datasets. The proposed VBEM method can be used to estimate parameters of other non-linear dynamical systems. This study proposes an effective method to integrate E/MEG and fMRI and plans to use these techniques in functional neuroimaging.