Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When warning succeeds: The effect of warning on success in ignoring invalid information.

People often have difficulties ignoring (or discounting) a piece of information once they have learned it, even when they discover later that it is completely invalid. This study explores whether people who are warned, prior to receiving the information, that some of the information they are about to receive is invalid, can prepare for discounting, and consequently can discount more successfully. The results suggests that (1) early warning improves success of discounting only if people are reminded about the warning at the time they process the information, and (2) once reminded about the warning, people take more time to process the information. Thus, people do not prepare to receive invalid information by reducing the extent of elaborative encoding. Rather, they behave as if they generate counter-scenarios or alternative accounts of the information. Several alternative processes that may facilitate successful discounting are discussed.
Conversion of Chlorophyll b to Chlorophyll a and the Assembly of Chlorophyll with Apoproteins by Isolated Chloroplasts

The photosynthetic apparatus is reorganized during acclimation to various light environments. During adaptation of plants grown under a low-light to high-light environment, the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes decompose concomitantly with an increase in the core complex of photosystem II. To study the mechanisms for reorganization of photosystems, the assembly of chlorophyll with apoproteins was investigated using isolated chloroplasts. When [14C]chlorophyllide b was incubated with chloroplasts in the presence of phytyl pyrophosphate, it was esterified and some of the [14C]chlorophyll b was converted to [14C]chlorophyll a via 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll. [14C]Chlorophyll a and b were incorporated into chlorophyll-protein complexes. Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes of PSII had a lower [14C]chlorophyll a to [14C]chlorophyll b ratio than P700-chlorophyll a-protein complexes, indicating the specific binding of chlorophyll to apoproteins in our systems. 7-Hydroxymethyl chlorophyll, an intermediate molecule from chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a, did not become assembled with any apoproteins. These results indicate that chlorophyll b is released from light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes of photosystem II and converted to chlorophyll a via 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll in the lipid bilayer and is then used for the formation of core complexes of photosystems. These mechanisms provide the fast, fine regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus during construction of photosystems.
Report on the Literature Study of Iris Biometric Recognition

This report discusses the use of the iris-based biometric recognition. Biometric recognition is the automated recognition of individuals based on the physiological and behavioral characteristics. The recognition can be positive or negative. It highlights the key areas where the iris biometric method has been used successfully, and what are its shortfalls. It presents an overview of the algorithm used in Iris biometric recognition. It also compares the performance of the Iris biometric method with the other biometric methods in terms of cost-effectiveness, usability, speed and other factors. The iris is very unique in that it has many features such as crypts, furrows and collarettes, which are used by the algorithms for comparison between a template and an image acquired for recognition. Most of the algorithms used for iris recognition have a very low false acceptance rate compared to the other biometric methods, and these algorithms can do millions of comparisons on easily available hardware.
Parameter Estimation in Canonical Biological Systems Models

Dynamical models are the cornerstone of computational systems biology. While many methods are available for testing and simulating dynamical models, the estimation of their parameter values continues to be a difficult challenge. In recent years, this challenge has been addressed extensively for canonical models within Biochemical Systems Theory (BST), and while still no generally satisfactory solutions are available for the estimation of BST models, much has been learned. We use this recent expertise here to estimate parameter values in other canonical models, paying particular attention to Lotka-Volterra and linear-logarithmic models. The estimation itself is very simple in these cases, but the results are not always easy to interpret for systems of metabolic pathways.
Do Intervention Strategies of Women Healthy Heart Project (WHHP) Impact on Differently on Working and Housewives?

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possible difference of the impact of Women Healthy Heart Project on lifestyle, as well as physical/biochemical parameters of working women and housewives. METHODS This was a community-based intervention study conducted over 5 years (2002-2007) in the counties of Isfahan and Najafabad (intervention areas) and Arak (control). Pre-study situation analysis of women was followed by 5 years of wide-ranging interventions (educational/environmental) conducted by various organizations using different methodologies. The interventions were aimed at modifying/improving lifestyle by increasing physical activity, encouraging healthy eating, and tobacco use cessation. The organizations involved in performing the interventions included the local radio and television authority, health/treatment centers, the Red Crescent Society, Municipalities, the Relief Committee, the Center for Retirees’ Welfare, and the Literacy Campaign Organization. After 5 years, final phase same as first phase was planed. The subjects studied in all phases‘ the pre- and post-intervention phases consisted of 10586 women aged above 18 years. Demographic data, obesity index, smoking, physical activity and eating habit were assessed before and after the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 using Student's t-test, chi-square test, the general linear model of ANOVA, and logistic regression. RESULTS We studied 10586 women (6105 and 4481 women, pre- and post-intervention, respectively). Mean age of working women was 34.14±10.09 and 34.08±9.35 years before and after the study, respectively. Mean age of housewives before and after the study was 40.05±14.61 and 40.36±15.32 years, respectively. Interventions conducted during 5 years improved eating habits and decreased tobacco use in working women and housewives. In every phase of the study, there was a significant age difference between housewives and working women (P<0.001). Hence data were adjusted according to age in each phase. Overall physical activity of housewives and working women increased, but the percentage of passive smokers among housewives remained unchanged. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio changed significantly in housewives following interventions (P<0.001). The parameter which improved significantly in working women was waist circumference (P<0.05). However, after adjusting for age, no significant difference was seen between working women and housewives following interventions. CONCLUSION Community-based interventions, especially those directed at housewives, can lead to significant improvements in lifestyle and cardiovascular risk reduction. It seems that working women require tailored interventions to suit their conditions. Although short-term outcomes may seem insignificant, persistence and continuity of lifestyle changes may lead to reduced prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Then longer-term studies are warranted.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a rat sensory nerve Ca 2-sensing receptor

Wang, Yanlin, Emmanuel K. Awumey, Pradeep K. Chatterjee, Chandra Somasundaram, Ka Bian, Kimberly V. Rogers, Christine Dunn, and Richard D. Bukoski. Molecular cloning and characterization of a rat sensory nerve Ca2 -sensing receptor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285: C64–C75, 2003. First published March 12, 2003; 10.1152/ajpcell.00543. 2002. —A full-length cDNA encoding a Ca2 -sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was identified using rapid amplification of 5 -cDNA ends and primer extension and then cloned into the plasmid vector pCR3.1. The DNA sequence of the DRG CaSR was 99.9% homologous with published rat kidney CaSR in the coding region and 247 bp upstream of the start site but showed little homology 5 to this site, which maps to exonic junction I/II, supporting the hypothesis that CaSR message arises as a splice variant and showing tissue-to-tissue heterogeneity. Western blot revealed a doublet of 140 and 160 kDa in a thyroparathyroid preparation and a single 140-kDa band in DRG. Deglycosylation using N-glycanase increased the mobility of CaSR protein from both DRG and thyroparathyroid, whereas endo-H was without effect, indicating that the DGR CaSR is a mature form of the receptor. A DRG CaSRpEGFP fusion product was constructed, and when transfected into HEK-293 cells, it was distributed at the cell membrane and resulted in extracellular Ca2 (0.5–3 mM)evoked increases in intracellular Ca2 , which in some instances exhibited oscillatory behavior. We conclude that DRG CaSR cDNA arises from tissue-specific alternative splicing of a single gene, that the amino acid sequence of DRG CaSR is homologous to other known CaSRs, and that the DRG CaSR undergoes differential posttranslational processing relative to the thyroparathyroid CaSR and is functionally active when transfected into a human-derived cell line.
The Measurement of Spatial Segregation

The index of dissimilarity has come to be the principal statistic for measuring segregation, particularly urban residential segregation by race. Recently, though, a literature has arisen which criticizes the dissimilarity index and proposes revisions or alternative statistics. Here a statistic is derived that explicitly incorporates the spatial relationships among the geographic parcels into the tabulation, a feature absent from the dissimilarity index and its competitors. This proximity statistic is compared with other indices and is found to be somewhat successful in distinguishing between single-cluster and multiple-cluster residential settlement patterns.
Youth, sin and sex in Nigeria: Christianity and HIV/AIDS‐related beliefs and behaviour among rural‐urban migrants

In Nigeria, popular understandings of HIV/AIDS and individual risk assessment and behaviour unfold within an interpretative grid that draws on a religious moral framework. This paper reports results from a two‐year study of HIV/AIDS‐related beliefs and behaviour among adolescent and young adult rural‐urban migrants in two Nigerian cities. The young people in the study originate from south‐eastern Nigeria; they almost uniformly identify themselves as Christian; and they commonly situate their understandings and explain their behaviours in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in terms of religion, especially in relation to the increasingly popular and dominant religious discourses of evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity. Findings suggest that popular religious interpretations of HIV risk pose real dangers, leading many young migrants to imagine themselves as at little or no risk, and contributing to inconsistent protective practices. The study highlights the limitations of intervention strategies that ignore the extent to which religion, health, sexuality and morality intersect in people's everyday lives.
Twig Patterns: From XML Trees to Graphs

Existing approaches for querying XML (e.g., XPath and twig patterns) assume that the data form a tree. Often, however, XML documents have a graph structure, due to ID references. The common way of adapting known techniques to XML graphs is straightforward, but may result in a huge number of results, where only a small portion of them has valuable information. We propose two mechanisms. Filtering is used for eliminating semantically weak answers. Ranking is used for presenting the remaining answers in the order of decreasing semantic significance. We show how to integrate these features in a language for querying XML graphs. Query evaluation is tractable in the following sense. For a wide range of ranking functions, it is possible to generate answers in ranked order with polynomial delay, under query-and-data complexity. This result holds even if projection is used. Furthermore, it holds for any tractable ranking function for which the top-ranked answer can be found efficiently (assuming that equalities and inequalities involving IDs of XML nodes are permitted in queries).
Proteomic Profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identifies Nutrient-starvation-responsive Toxin–antitoxin Systems

In order to successfully enter the latent stage, Mycobacterium tuberculosis must adapt to conditions such as nutrient limitation and hypoxia. In vitro models that mimic latent infection are valuable tools for describing the changes in metabolism that occur when the bacterium exists in a non-growing form. We used two complementary proteomic approaches, label-free LC-MS/MS analysis and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, to determine the proteome profile of extracellular proteins from M. tuberculosis cultured under nutrient starvation. Through the label-free LC-MS/MS analysis of fractionated samples, 1176 proteins were identified from culture filtrates of log phase and nutrient-starved cultures, and the protein levels of 230 proteins were increased in nutrient-starved culture filtrates, whereas those of 208 proteins were decreased. By means of Gene Ontology clustering analysis, significant differences in the overall metabolism during nutrient starvation were detected. Notably, members of the toxin–antitoxin systems were present in larger quantities in nutrient-starved cultures, supporting a role for these global modules as M. tuberculosis switches its metabolism into dormancy. Decreased abundance of proteins involved in amino acid and protein synthesis was apparent, as well as changes in the lipid metabolism. Further analysis of the dataset identified increased abundance of lipoproteins and decreased abundance of ESAT-6 family proteins. Results from the two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis proteomics demonstrated overall agreement with the LC-MS/MS data and added complementary insights about protein degradation and modification.
Lithium treatment reduces suicide risk in recurrent major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE Evidence that clinical treatment reduces suicide risk in major depressive disorder (MDD) is limited and inconsistent. Since lithium shows major antisuicidal effects in bipolar disorders and in heterogeneous mood disorder samples, we evaluated evidence of antisuicidal effects of lithium in patients with recurrent MDD. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE (January 1966 to April 2006; search terms: lithium, suicide, affective disorder, depression, major depression, and mood disorder) for studies reporting suicides or suicide attempts during treatment with and without lithium in recurrent MDD patients, and we added data for 78 new subjects, provided from the Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Research Center in Sardinia, Italy. Suicide rates were pooled and analyzed by use of incidence-rate ratios (IRRs) and meta-analytic methods. DATA SYNTHESIS Eight studies involved 329 MDD patients and exposure for 4.56 years (1149 person-years) with, and 6.27 years (1285 person-years) without, lithium. Overall risk of suicides and suicide attempts was 88.5% lower with vs. without lithium: 0.17%/y versus 1.48%/y (IRR = 8.71; 95% CI: 2.10 to 77.2, p = .0005); for completed suicides (85% risk reduction), IRR = 6.77 (95% CI: 1.29 to 66.8, p = .01). Meta-analysis by risk difference and risk ratio supported these findings, and sensitivity analysis yielded similar results with studies omitted serially. CONCLUSIONS This is the first meta-analysis suggesting antisuicidal effects of lithium in recurrent MDD, similar in magnitude to that found in bipolar disorders.
On the Role of Galanin, Substance P and Other Neuropeptides in Primary Sensory Neurons of the Rat: Studies on Spinal Reflex Excitability and Peripheral Axotomy

The interaction of intrathecally (i.t.) applied galanin (GAL) with substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) and C‐fibre conditioning stimulation (CS) with regard to their effects on the spinal nociceptive flexor reflex was studied in decerebrate, spinalized, unanaesthetized rats with intact or sectioned sciatic nerves. SP, CGRP, VIP and SOM applied onto the surface of lumbar spinal cord or a brief CS train (1 Hz, 20 s) to the sural nerve facilitated the flexor reflex for several minutes in animals with intact or sectioned nerves. Pretreatment with GAL, which by itself had a biphasic effect on the flexor reflex in a dose‐dependent manner, antagonized the reflex facilitation induced by sural CS before and after sciatic nerve section. SP‐induced facilitation of the flexor reflex was antagonized by GAL in rats with intact sciatic nerves, but not after nerve section. In contrast, VIP‐induced reflex facilitation was antagonized by GAL only after sectioning of the sciatic nerve. GAL was effective in antagonizing the facilitatory effect of CGRP under both situations, but had no effect on SOM‐induced facilitation. A parallel immunohistochemical study revealed that after sciatic nerve section GAL‐like immunoreactivity (LI) and VIP‐LI are increased in the dorsal root ganglia and that these two peptides coexist in many cells. The present results indicate that GAL antagonizes the excitatory effect of some neuropeptides which exist in the spinal cord. This antagonism could explain the inhibitory effect of GAL on C‐fibre CS‐induced facilitation of the flexor reflex, which is presumably due to the release of some of these neuropeptides from the terminals of primary afferents. Furthermore, the interaction between GAL and other neuropeptides is altered by sciatic nerve section, paralleling changes in the levels of these neuropeptides in primary afferents and their pattern of coexistence after nerve section. It is proposed that SP and CGRP are important mediators of the spinal flexor reflex in intact rats. However, after axotomy VIP may replace SP in this capacity, paralleling the decrease in SP and marked increase in VIP levels. In general the study provides further support for involvement of peptides in sensory function.
A case study on rapid prototyping of hardware systems: the effect of CAD tool capabilities, design flows, and design styles

CAD tools are necessary for even the most rudimentary hardware designs when the target technology is FPGA or VLSI. This paper presents an experiment in the use of vendor-supplied vs. third-party tools, of high-level design (behavioral) vs. cell-based design, of technology tradeoffs among different vendors, and of design styles among designers. The experiment is a n-version hardware design project, in which many designs were made from common specifications, using different CAD tools and design styles. Some interesting conclusions can be drawn regarding the process, and these conclusions show new trends in terms of tool capabilities and desirable design flows.
A VA Perspective: The Expanding Role of the Clinical Health Psychologist in the New Era of Hepatitis C and Advanced Liver Disease Clinical Care

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VHA) is the largest provider of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) care and has made considerable effort in facilitating multidisciplinary medical and mental health care for Veterans with HCV. Those with HCV are at high risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders that often negatively impact selection for and completion of traditional antiviral treatments. Interferon-based treatments, which were difficult to tolerate due to toxicity and the high occurrence of side effects, were the previous standard for HCV treatment. New interferon-free agents with minimal side effect profiles and improved treatment responses have been developed, which results in more patients being treated for HCV. The VHA’s emphasis on multidisciplinary integration and person-centered care highlights the importance of integrating mental health care within HCV clinical care and provides a rich environment for expanding the role of the clinical health psychologist in hepatology settings. This paper will describe the role of the clinical health psychologist in the past and new era of HCV clinical care, with special consideration placed on the expanding role of the clinical health psychologist given the latest advancements in antiviral treatment for HCV. A review of the clinical health psychologist’s role in the following areas will be provided: assessment of treatment candidacy, treatment of mental health and substance use disorders, promotion of adherence, and work with specialty hepatology populations.
Supporting robust system analysis with the test matrix tool framework

We present the Test Matrix Tool (TMT) framework, a simulation-agnostic framework providing end-to-end support for robust analysis of complex systems. The need to execute a large number of simulations is common to many problem environments, even those already reduced by Design of Experiments or similar methodologies. TMT addresses key end-user needs in easing the specification, execution and analysis of simulation workloads in ways that are consistent between specific applications of the framework. The TMT design contributes modular specifications for key data communicated between and within the specification, execution and analysis components. Our TMT implementation is an instantiation of those formats freely available for general use. TMT's data analysis component provides a variety of features data filtering, comparison, transformation and visualization for analytic tasks on any TMT-embedded model. We provide a brief case study as an example of its use in a real-world application.
The Chromatic Number of a Signed Graph

In 1982, Zaslavsky introduced the concept of a proper vertex colouring of a signed graph $G$ as a mapping $\phi\colon V(G)\to \mathbb{Z}$ such that for any two adjacent vertices $u$ and $v$ the colour $\phi(u)$ is different from the colour $\sigma(uv)\phi(v)$, where is $\sigma(uv)$ is the sign of the edge $uv$. The substantial part of Zaslavsky's research concentrated on polynomial invariants related to signed graph colourings rather than on the behaviour of colourings of individual signed graphs. We continue the study of signed graph colourings by proposing the definition of a chromatic number for signed graphs which provides a natural extension of the chromatic number of an unsigned graph. We establish the basic properties of this invariant, provide bounds in terms of the chromatic number of the underlying unsigned graph, investigate the chromatic number of signed planar graphs, and prove an extension of the celebrated Brooks theorem to signed graphs.
Individual Difference Variables, Ethical Judgments, and Ethical Behavioral Intentions

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between the individual difference variables of personal moral philosophy, locus of control, Machiavellianism, and just world beliefs and ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. A sample of 602 marketing practitioners participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships. The results either fully or partially supported hypothesized direct effects for idealism, relativism, and Machiavellianism. Findings also suggested that Machiavellianism mediated the relationship between individual difference variables and ethical judgments/behavioral intentions.