Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Analysis Zone Structures on Modeled Statewide Traffic

Because a statewide transportation planning model covers a much larger area than an urban transportation planning model, land-use inventories and a household survey, which are often used to collect socioeconomic and traffic data for a UTP model, are prohibitively expensive for a STP model. The literature suggests alternatives of using the geography of census such as census tracts or block groups as Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) and using decennial Census for the socioeconomic data needed for statewide traffic demand modeling. The use of these alternatives raises new research questions for transportation planners. Which level of the census geography is better for statewide planning? Where should the centroids of TAZs be located given that the TAZs are heterogeneous in land-use activities? How much difference will the change of TAZ size and centroid location make in the results? Would the difference justify the extra effort in using more detailed TAZs and network? The primary purpose of this study is to det.
The Families and Genera of Marine Gammaridean Amphipoda

Keys, diagnoses and lists of species are presented for the marine families and genera of Gammaridea except those marinegammaroids treated by Barrtard& Barnard (1983). This work is a handbook for the identification of gammaridean amphipods to generic level through the use of artificial (non-phylogenetic) keys at the family-group level which lead to subsidiary keys to the genera of families or family groups. Genera in polytypic families are diagnosed and described sufficiently to fit the taxonomic complications within each group. Diagnoses of families are limited to those characters departing from a·gammaridean model which is diagnosed in words and illustrations; hence some families may have identical diagnoses. Therefore, cross-comparisons to similar families are made an organic part of each diagnosis. Family descriptions amplify the generalities of family characters. Relationships are identified not at phylogenetic level but in terms.of possible confusion in making identifications. The reader must cross-compare relationships among the several families that might be mentioned as part of the diagnoses because, to save space, all possible combinations are not replicated at every possible node. The same comparative method is generally but not exclusively used for the genera of each family. Multiple keys are provided for some of the more difficult families; taxa are often cited more tha, once in a key. A pictorial key to families operates with the same proviso that only the deviations from the model gammaridean are depicted. The pictorial key is arranged in reverse order so that the most anomalous taxa appear first and those closest to the model diagnosis are placed· at the end. This progression follows the idea that the most deviant taxa are the easiest to identify to family. level. The master key to families has the endpoints necessary to identify marine gammaroids by reference to Barnard & Barnard (1983); the two works are constructed . inparallel·fashion~·Families,andgenefawithin~families,areOfganisedalphabetically~ ·An index provides the principal reference for each genus and species. Where necessary, each taxon is supplied with notes on removals or major changes since 1965 which have not become common 2 Records of the Australian Museum (1991) Supplement 13 (Part 1) knowledge, or which are implemented herein. Each genus is supplied with a list of species and selected references. A geographic code, applied to each species, can be identified in the lists and maps of Bamard & Bamard (1983). A bibliography includes many publications not cited in the text but omits the marine gammaroids except for items published since 1980 which were not included in Bamard & Bamard (1983). Effective use of this handbook requires memorisation of a gammaridean model, skill in dissection following directions supplied herein, familiarity with the glossary, and acceptance of the idea that keys and diagnoses are only aids, not absolute endpoints.
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

0031-9201/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. A doi:10.1016/j.pepi. 2011.05. 013 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel. : +1 310 825 4577; fax E-mail addresses: schubert@ucla.edu (G. Schubert Soderlund). The state of knowledge and understanding of planetary magnetic fields is reviewed. All of the planets, with the possible exception of Venus, have had active dynamos at some time in their evolution. The properties and characteristics of the dynamos are as diverse as the planets themselves. Even within the subclasses of terrestrial and giant planets, the contrasting compositions, sizes, and internal pressures and temperatures of the planets result in strikingly different dynamos. As an example, the dynamos in Mercury and Ganymede are likely driven by compositional buoyancy distributions different from that in the Earth’s core. Dynamo models operate far from the parameter regimes appropriate to the real planets, yet provide insight into the dynamics of their interiors. While Boussinesq models are generally adequate for simulating terrestrial planet dynamos, anelastic models that also account for large density and electrical conductivity variations are needed to simulate the dynamos in giant planets. Future spacecraft missions to planets with active dynamos are needed to learn about the character and temporal variability of the planetary magnetic fields. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sediment routing hypothesis for pool‐riffle maintenance

This paper provides comprehensive evidence that sediment routing around pools is a key mechanism for pool‐riffle maintenance in sinuous upland gravel‐bed streams. The findings suggest that pools do not require a reversal in energy for them to scour out any accumulated sediments, if little or no sediments are fed into them. A combination of clast tracing using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging and bedload traps (positioned along the thalweg on the upstream riffle, pool entrance, pool exit and downstream riffle) are used to provide information on clast pathways and sediment sorting through a single pool‐riffle unit. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is also used to explore hydraulic variability and flow pathways. Clast tracing results provide a strong indication that clasts are not fed through pools, rather they are transported across point bar surfaces, or around bar edges (depending upon previous clast position, clast size, and event magnitude). Spatial variations in bedload transport were found throughout the pool‐riffle unit. The pool entrance bedload trap was often found to be empty, when the others had filled, further supporting the notion that little or no sediment was fed into the pool. The pool exit slope trap would occasionally fill with sediment, thought to be sourced from the eroding outer bank. CFD results demonstrate higher pool shear stresses (τ ≈ 140 N m–2) in a localized zone adjacent to an eroding outer bank, compared to the upstream and downstream riffles (τ ≈ 60 N m–2) at flows of 6 · 2 m3 s–1 (≈ 60% of the bankfull discharge) and above. There was marginal evidence for near‐bed velocity reversal. Near‐bed streamlines, produced from velocity vectors indicate that flow paths are diverted over the bar top rather than being fed through the thalweg. Some streamlines appear to brush the outer edge of the pool for the 4 · 9 m3 s–1 to 7 · 8 m3 s–1 (between 50 and 80% of the bankfull discharge) simulations, however complete avoidance was found for discharges greater than this. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rupture geometry from high-precision relative hypocentre locations of microearthquake clusters

SUMMARY In 1987, two microearthquake sequences, with a duration of about a week each and consisting of 37 and 46 events respectively, occurred in the upper crust below the Jura Mountains of northern Switzerland. The seismograms within each sequence exhibit a high degree of similarity, indicating tight clustering of hypocentres and similar focal mechanisms. Using a cross-correlation technique applied to the seismograms in the time domain, together with a new least-squares adjustment procedure, it was possible to determine relative hypocentre locations of the earthquakes in each cluster with a precision of a few tens of metres. The results show that hypocentres of events with the same focal mechanism lie on a plane which coincides exactly with one of the nodal planes of the fault-plane solution, and that consequently swarm-like sequences of similar earthquakes are due to repeated slip on the same fault. In one case, slip occurred as right-lateral motion on a steeply dipping plane striking in WNW-ESE direction, whereas the other case corresponds to left-lateral slip on two almost vertical planes striking roughly N-S. In 1988, an additional earthquake triplet occurred on a WNW-ESE oriented normal fault nearby. All three mechanisms are consistent with a general NNW-SSE oriented direction of maximum crustal shortening and a corresponding WSW-ENE oriented extension. Repeated slip on the same fault is indicative of a large degree of heterogeneity and of short-term temporal variability of both frictional resistance and stress distribution on the fault. An explanation for the occurrence of such swarm-like seismic activity in terms of barriers or asperities would require that shear stress on the unbroken patches increase from one event to the next. Since, however, the overall shear stress would be expected to decrease as a consequence of the stress released in each event, a more plausible mechanism involves pore-pressure fluctuations, caused by fluids under suprahydrostatic pressures migrating upward through pre-existing zones of weakness in the crust.
Orbital infrared observations of lunar craters and possible implications for impact ejecta emplacement

The Apollo 17 Scanning Infrared Radiometer experiment showed that the ejecta deposits of large lunar craters (D greater than 3 km) typically exhibit uniform nighttime temperatures comparable to or less than those of the surrounding mare plains. This thermal signature implies that the surface of ejecta deposits displays block sizes typically smaller than 30 cm and that the nonblocky surface extends out to three crater radii from the crater rim. Four mechanisms are proposed to account for the observed thermal signatures.
The multinomial mixture model - the analysis of students' attitude to the Silesia region

Many statistical models involve mixture distributions in some way or other. In mixture distributions a population made up of u subgroups, mixed at random in proportion to the relative group sizes is considered. The interest lies in some random variable X which is heterogeneous across and homogeneous within the subgroups. Due to heterogeneity, X has a different probability distribution in each group, usually assumed to arise from the same parametric family, however, with the vector of parameter s Θ differing across the groups (s). An overview of mixture models is given in Titterington et al. [1985] or McLachlan and Peel [2000, p. 81-116]. The most popular are multivariate normal mixture models (Gaussian mixture models). They are used in a lot of different areas such as astronomy, biology, economic, marketing or medicine [see i.e. Fraley and Raftery 2002, p. 611-631; Wedel and DeSarbo 1995, p. 21-55; Witek 2010a, p. 615-624; 2010b, p. 63-72]. Since the mixture of multinomial distributions is applied in the empirical part of this article we present the definition of this kind of mixture below.
Lunar Limb Observatory: An Incremental Plan for the Utilization, Exploration, and Settlement of the Moon

This paper proposes a comprehensive incremental program, Lunar Limb Observatory (LLO), for a return to the Moon, beginning with robotic missions and ending with a permanent lunar settlement. Several recent technological developments make such a program both affordable and scientifically valuable: robotic telescopes, the Internet, light-weight telescopes, shared- autonomy/predictive graphics telerobotic devices, and optical interferometry systems. Reasons for focussing new NASA programs on the Moon include public interest, Moon-based astronomy, renewed lunar exploration, lunar resources (especially helium-3), technological stimulus, accessibility of the Moon (compared to any planet), and dispersal of the human species to counter predictable natural catastrophes, asteroidal or cometary impacts in particular. The proposed Lunar Limb Observatory would be located in the crater Riccioli, with auxiliary robotic telescopes in M. Smythii and at the North and South Poles. The first phase of the program, after site certification, would be a series of 5 Delta-launched telerobotic missions to Riccioli (or Grimaldi if Riccioli proves unsuitable), emplacing robotic telescopes and carrying out surface exploration. The next phase would be 7 Delta-launched telerobotic missions to M. Smythii (2 missions), the South Pole (3 missions), and the North Pole (2 missions), emplacing robotic telescopes to provide continuous all-sky coverage. Lunar base establishment would begin with two unmanned Shuttle/Fitan-Centaur missions to Riccioli, for shelter emplacement, followed by the first manned return, also using the Shuttle/Fitan-Centaur mode. The main LLO at Riccioli would then be permanently or periodically inhabited, for surface exploration, telerobotic rover and telescope operation and maintenance, and support of Earth-based student projects. The LLO would evolve into a permanent human settlement, serving, among other functions, as a test area and staging base for the exploration, settlement, and terraforming of Mars.
PENGENALAN RUMPUT LAUT MENGGUNAKAN EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE BERBASIS EKSTRAKSI FITUR

Rumput laut merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan di Indonesia. Diantaranya mempunyai keunggulan komparatif karena tersedia dalam jumlah yang besar dan beraneka ragam. Semakin banyaknya jenis rumput laut,maka dibutuhkan suatu sistem yang digunakan untuk pengenalan rumput laut dengan proses pelatihan citra rumput laut, penggunaan pixel dari citra secara langsung dapat mengakibatkan banyaknya fitur-fitur citra rumput laut yang tidak dapat terekstraksi dengan baik. Sehingga diperlukan suatu pemrosesan awal yang dapat mengekstraksi fitur-fitur citra dengan baik. Dimana pada penelitian ini digunakan PCA (Pincipal Component Analysis) dan Euclidean Distance. Dari ujicoba kelas A (Sargassum), B (Gracilaria) dan C (Eucheuma Cottoni) diperoleh akurasi sebesar 96.6%, pada dataset 40 data testing 10 masing-masing kelas dan menggunakan dimensi 120.
Caenagnathidae from the Upper Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas, and a Revision of the Caenagnathinae

ABSTRACT Caenagnathid theropods are a relatively common part of the theropod fauna in the Late Cretaceous of Asia and North America, but have not previously been described from the southernmost United States. Here, we describe caenagnathid fossils from the late Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas, and revise the systematics of caenagnathids from the Campanian of North America. Caenagnathids from the late Campanian of Canada represent three species in three genera: Caenagnathus collinsi, Chirostenotes pergracilis and Leptorhynchos elegans gen. nov. Leptorhynchos is diagnosed by its small size, its short, deep mandible, and the upturned tip of the beak. A single caenagnathid is known from the late Campanian of Utah, Hagryphus giganteus. Two caenagnathid species occur in the Aguja Formation, ? Chirostenotes sp. and Leptorhynchos gaddisi sp. nov. L. gaddisi differs from L. elegans in that the tip of the beak is narrower and less upturned. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Caenagnathidae and Oviraptoridae as monophyletic sister taxa. Within Caenagnathidae, the North American species seem to form a monophyletic assemblage, the Caenagnathinae, within which Chirostenotes and Caenagnathus form a clade to the exclusion of Leptorhynchos. The discovery of Chirostenotes gaddisi provides more evidence for the existence of a distinct dinosaurian fauna in southern North America during the Campanian. Furthermore, the Aguja fossils show that caenagnathids were widespread and highly diverse in the Late Cretaceous of North America. This diversity was maintained in two ways. First, variation in body size and beak shape suggests that diversity within formations is maintained by niche partitioning, in a way analogous to Darwin's finches. Second, diversity is maintained by high degree of endemism, with different species of caenagnathids occurring in different habitats.
A new independent component analysis (ICA) method and its application to SAR images

A novel independent component analysis (ICA) method is proposed that makes use of higher order statistics. We name it joint cumulant ICA (JC-ICA) algorithm. It can be implemented efficiently by a neural network. Its application in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is discussed. The results show its potential usage in image processing problems.
Propositions as sessions

Continuing a line of work by Abramsky (1994), by Bellin and Scott (1994), and by Caires and Pfenning (2010), among others, this paper presents CP, a calculus in which propositions of classical linear logic correspond to session types. Continuing a line of work by Honda (1993), by Honda, Kubo, and Vasconcelos (1998), and by Gay and Vasconcelos (2010), among others, this paper presents GV, a linear functional language with session types, and presents a translation from GV into CP. The translation formalises for the first time a connection between a standard presentation of session types and linear logic, and shows how a modification to the standard presentation yield a language free from deadlock, where deadlock freedom follows from the correspondence to linear logic.
EXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) version 1

26 This specification defines an XML schema for an extensible access-control policy 27 language. 28 29 Status: 30 This version of the specification is an OASIS standard. 31 If you are on the xacml@lists.oasis-open.org list for committee members, send comments 32 there. If you are not on that list, subscribe to the xacml-comment@lists.oasis-open.org list 33 oasis-####-xacml-1.0. pdf 2 and send comments there. To subscribe, send an email message to xacml-comment-34 request@lists.oasis-open.org with the word "subscribe" as the body of the message. 35 36
Assessing the interaction between landscape characteristics and biodiversity

Severe declines in biodiversity have been attributed to anthropogenic changes in the composition and structure of our landscapes. Predicting the impact of landscape change on biodiversity is essential to halt further declines. In this thesis butterflies were used as indicators of biodiversity, and spatial assessments of butterflies were summarised at 1 km scale across Warwickshire to assess whether landscape characteristics can be used as surrogate measures of butterfly distribution and community measurements. When determining the optimal scale (grain size) for capturing landscape patterns, a grain size of 25 m was found most appropriate for maximising landscape discrimination and detecting landscape patterns which occur within the perceptual range of butterfly species. Utilising a grain size of 25 m landscape metrics measuring the composition, connectivity and structure of the 1 km landscapes, were extracted from the Land Cover Map 2000 (LCM) and the Warwickshire Phase 1 Habitat map (PH1). Logistic regression analysis based on landscape metrics created predictive models of butterfly distribution for all species and species grouped by their ecological attributes (EAGs). Model performance was improved when the landscape metrics were considered in a combined landscape model, and different combinations of landscape parameters were important for the EAGs. Models derived from the PH1 were most accurate in predicting observed presence-absence and were successfully transferred when tested using temporally independent data. The models were also successfully transferred to collected butterfly data which was spatially and temporally independent. This data was also collected alongside information on the local habitat such as vegetation composition. Probability of butterfly occurrence derived from the presence-absence models was successfully related to butterfly community characteristics and measures of local habitat quality. To conclude developed models provide indications of habitat suitability, which together with successful transfer demonstrates their potential for identifying biodiversity hotspots and facilitating targeted conservation efforts.
A framework for comparing geomechanical models of InSAR-measured surface deformation

High-quality Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) surface deformation data for field sites around the world has become widely available over the past decade. Geomechanical models based on InSAR data occur frequently in the literature but few methods of systematically optimizing or comparing them are presented. This work discusses parameterization errors for simplified models of strike-slip, normal, thrust and reservoir-style faulting with the aim of identifying tests or characteristics that can differentiate between error types uniquely. Fault dip errors, slip errors and depth errors are modelled using a simple homogeneous elastic half-space earth model. Simple difference maps prove to be a powerful tool for identifying error types and parameter sensitivity, with gradient maps and gradient difference maps useful for distinguishing between similar cases. The fault dip proves to be more indicative of error resolving capability than the faulting regime; errors on intermediately dipping faults are very difficult to differentiate. More detailed modelling of compound errors, complex geomechanical properties and noisy data is proposed. The use of the tests as the starting point for an artificially intelligent modelling package is briefly discussed.
Listric normal faulting during postorogenic extension revealed by 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology near th

The Robertson Lake shear zone is a major plastic to brittle extensional shear zone in the Grenville orogen that bounds the Mazinaw and Sharbot Lake domains and provides information on the style of late extension and the unroofing history of the orogen. Argon isotope data were collected from hornblende and micas to determine 40Ar/39Ar ages, constrain the temperature-time histories of these two domains, and infer the unroofing history of the region. Hornblende cooling ages across the Mazinaw domain (footwall) show little variation, indicating uniform unroofing of the footwall since 950 Ma. Phlogopite, muscovite, and biotite cooling ages of the footwall are 924 to 890 Ma. The cooling history of the Mazinaw domain is characterized by slow cooling after peak metamorphism (circa 1000 Ma), accelerated cooling (4°–5°C/m.y.) from 950 Ma to 890 Ma, and an average cooling rate of ∼1°C/m.y. to circa 590 Ma, when these rocks were at or near the surface. The cooling history of Sharbot Lake (hanging wall) domain is drastically different than that of the Mazinaw domain. Hornblende and biotite cooling ages in the central portion of the domain are 1009 and 969 Ma, respectively, indicating a cooling rate of 5°C/m.y. after slow cooling from metamorphic temperatures. Biotite and phlogopite cooling ages determined from samples located at different distances from the shear zone do not lie along the same cooling curve, indicating that the cooling history varied across the domain. Cooling rates in the hanging wall adjacent to the shear zone are low (2°C/m.y.). A biotite cooling age (1029 Ma) and preservation of an amphibole growth age (1205 Ma) in the hanging wall adjacent to the shear zone reflect shallow crustal levels for this sample since 1205 Ma. These data indicate that the hanging wall away from the shear zone was unroofed from deeper crustal levels faster and much later than the hanging wall adjacent to the shear zone. The varied cooling histories across the region are resolved by listric normal faulting that lead to uniform unroofing of the footwall and differential unroofing across the hanging wall due to rotation during fault displacement.