Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation analysis of inter-annual variability of IWR, precipitation and NDVI

Synopsis The SiBUC (Simple Biosphere including Urban Canopy) land surface scheme which has irrigation scheme is one of participants of the GSWP2 (the 2nd Global Soil Wetness Project). Accordingly, global 10-year simulation considering irrigation was implemented, and global distribution of IWR (Irrigation Water Requirement) was estimated. From the analysis of two correlation coefficients (cc1: between precipitation and IWR, cc2: between precipitation and NDVI), it was found that not only regions where cc1 is negative and cc2 is neutral but also regions where both cc1 and cc2 are positive exist. It can be implied that this difference of correlation expresses whether the irrigation facilities are adequate or not.
Reactive Systems: Figures and tables

A reactive system comprises networks of computing components, achieving their goals through interaction among themselves and their environment. Thus even relatively small systems may exhibit unexpectedly complex behaviours. As, moreover, reactive systems are often used in safety critical systems, the need for mathematically based formal methodology is increasingly important. There are many books that look at particular methodologies for such systems. This book offers a more balanced introduction for graduate students and describes the various approaches, their strengths and weaknesses and when they are best used. Milner’s CCS and its operational semantics are introduced, together with the notions of behavioural equivalences based on bisimulation techniques and with recursive extensions of Hennessy-Milner logic. In the second part of the book the presented theories are extended to take timing issues into account. The book has arisen from various courses taught in Denmark and Iceland and is designed to give students a broad introduction to the area, with exercises throughout.
Can Adoption of Improved Maize Varieties Help Smallholder Farmers Adapt to Drought? Evidence from Malawi

This study used a three-year panel dataset for 350 Malawian farm households to examine the potential for widespread adoption of drought tolerant (DT) maize varieties, a technology that holds considerable promise for helping smallholder farmers in SSA adapt to drought risk. Regression results revealed that DT maize cultivation increased substantially from 2006 to 2012, with the main driver being the Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Program. Some other key factors related to adoption were having recently experienced drought and farmer risk aversion. As far as yield performance, improved maize varieties performed significantly better than local maize during the 2011/12 drought year. However, DT maize did not perform significantly better than other improved maize varieties used in Malawi, which is in contradiction to results from on-station and on-farm trials (e.g., Magorokosho et al. 2010; Setimela et al., 2012). A plausible explanation is that farmers had inadequate training or experience to move towards the yield potentials of the DT maize varieties. Expansion of agricultural extension activities may be required to help farmers achieve the DT maize yield potentials and, subsequently, improve farmer resilience to drought.
Measuring the economic and social impacts of cultural organizations

Evaluation of the impacts on quality of life and the social structure of communities is more difficult, and three approaches that have been used can potentially measure these impacts. Changes in the value of residential property, changes in survey responses concerning subjective wellbeing, and analysis of local social networks all show promise in this regard. As community development practitioners continue in their efforts to understand the impacts of these organizations, it is essential to choose some approaches that can be applied repeatedly over time. Establishing a baseline of these measures that characterize a community, and then tracking the changes as new organizations open or expand will provide the best approach for measuring the full range of benefits that cultural organizations can bring to our neighborhoods and cities.
Radiative signature of absorbing aerosol over the eastern Mediterranean basin

Abstract. The effects of absorbing aerosols on the atmospheric radiation budget and dynamics over the eastern Mediterranean region are studied using satellites and ground-based observations, and radiative transfer model calculations, under summer conditions. Climatology of aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo (SSA) and size parameters were analyzed using multi-year (1999–2012) observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET). Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)-derived aerosol vertical distributions and their classifications are used to calculate the AOD of four dominant aerosol types: dust, polluted dust, polluted continental, and marine aerosol over the region. The seasonal mean (June–August 2010) AODs are 0.22 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.04, 0.10 ± 0.04 and 0.06 ± 0.01 for polluted dust, polluted continental, dust and marine aerosol, respectively. Changes in the atmospheric temperature profile as a function of absorbing aerosol loading were derived for the same period using observations from the AIRS satellite. We inferred heating rates in the aerosol layer of ~1.7 ± 0.8 K day−1 between 925 and 850 hPa, which is attributed to aerosol absorption of incoming solar radiation. Radiative transfer model (RTM) calculations show significant atmospheric warming for dominant absorbing aerosol over the region. A maximum atmospheric forcing of +16.7 ± 7.9 Wm−2 is calculated in the case of polluted dust, followed by dust (+9.4 ± 4.9 Wm−2) and polluted continental (+6.4 ± 4.5 Wm−2). RTM-derived heating rate profiles for dominant absorbing aerosol show warming of 0.1–0.9 K day−1 in the aerosol layer (
The coordination dynamics of social neuromarkers

Social behavior is a complex integrative function that entails many aspects of the brain’s sensory, cognitive, emotional and movement capacities. Its neural processes are seldom simultaneous but occur according to precise spatiotemporal choreographies, manifested by the coordination of their oscillations within and between brains. Methods with good temporal resolution can help to identify so-called “neuromarkers” of social function and aid in disentangling the dynamical architecture of social brains. In our ongoing research, we have used dual-electroencephalography (EEG) to study neuromarker dynamics during synchronic interactions in which pairs of subjects coordinate behavior spontaneously and intentionally (social coordination) and during diachronic transactions that require subjects to perceive or behave in turn (action observation, delayed imitation). In this paper, after outlining our dynamical approach to the neurophysiological basis of social behavior, we examine commonalities and differences in the neuromarkers that are recruited for both kinds of tasks. We find the neuromarker landscape to be task-specific: synchronic paradigms of social coordination reveal medial mu, alpha and the phi complex as contributing neuromarkers. Diachronic tasks recruit alpha as well, in addition to lateral mu rhythms and the newly discovered nu and kappa rhythms whose functional significance is still unclear. Social coordination, observation, and delayed imitation share commonality of context: in each of our experiments, subjects exchanged information through visual perception and moved in similar ways. Nonetheless, there was little overlap between their neuromarkers, a result that hints strongly of task-specific neural mechanisms for social behavior. The only neuromarker that transcended both synchronic and diachronic social behaviors was the ubiquitous alpha rhythm, which appears to be a key signature of visually-mediated social behaviors. The present paper is both an entry point and a challenge: much work remains to determine the nature and scope of recruitment of other neuromarkers, and to create theoretical models of their within- and between-brain dynamics during social interaction.
A Deep Chandra Survey of the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae: Catalog of Point Sources

We have detected 300 X-ray sources within the half-mass radius (2.′79) of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae in a deep (281 ks) Chandra exposure. We perform photometry and simple spectral fitting for our detected sources and construct luminosity functions, X-ray color-magnitude, and color-color diagrams. Eighty-seven X-ray sources show variability on timescales from hours to years. Thirty-one of the new X-ray sources are identified with chromospherically active binaries from the catalogs of Albrow and coworkers. The radial distributions of detected sources imply that roughly 70 are background sources of some kind. The radial distribution of the known millisecond pulsar (MSP) systems is consistent with that expected from mass segregation, if the average neutron star mass is 1.39 ± 0.19 M☉. Most source spectra are well fitted by thermal plasma models, except for quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries (qLMXBs; containing accreting neutron stars) and MSPs. We identify three new candidate qLMXBs with relatively low X-ray luminosities. One of the brightest cataclysmic variables (CVs; X10) shows evidence (a 4.7 hr period pulsation and strong soft X-ray emission) for a magnetically dominated accretion flow as in AM Her systems. Most of the bright CVs require intrinsic NH columns of order 1021 cm-2, suggesting a possible DQ Her nature. A group of X-ray sources associated with bright (sub)giant stars also requires intrinsic absorption. By comparing the X-ray colors, luminosities, variability, and quality of spectral fits of the detected MSPs to those of unidentified sources, we estimate that a total of ~25 MSPs exist in 47 Tuc (<60 at 95% confidence), regardless of their radio beaming fraction. We estimate that the total number of neutron stars in 47 Tuc is of order 300, reducing the discrepancy between theoretical neutron star retention rates and observed neutron star populations in globular clusters. Comprehensive tables of source properties and simple spectral fits are provided electronically.
Open Source / Free Software: Towards Maturity

Debian is the largest Free Software distribution, with well over 2,800 source packages in the latest stable release (Debian 2.2) and more than 4,000 source packages in the release currently in preparation. But, how large is “the largest”? In this paper, we use David Wheeler’s sloccount system to determine the number of physical source lines of code (SLOC) of Debian 2.2 (aka Potato). We show that Debian 2.2 includes over 56,000,000 physical SLOC (almost twice than Red Hat 7.1, released about 8 months later), showing that the Debian development model (based on the work of a large group of voluntary developers spread around the world) is at least as capable as other development methods (like the more centralized one, based on the work of employees, used by Red Hat or Microsoft) to manage distributions of this size.
On the Dynamics of Wind-Driven Circumpolar Currents

The factors controlling the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) have recently been a topic of heated debate. At the latitudes of Drake Passage, potential vorticity contours are uninterrupted by coastlines, and large amplitude flows are possible even with weak forcing and dissipation. The relationship between the dynamics of circumpolar currents and inertial recirculations in closed basins is discussed. In previous studies, Sverdrup balance and baroclinic adjustment theories have both been proposed as theories of the ACC transport. These theories predict the circumpolar transport as various simple functions of the surface wind stress. A series of experiments is performed with a simple channel model, with different wind strengths and different idealized basin geometries, to investigate the relationship between wind strength and circumpolar transport. The results show that baroclinic adjustment theories do predict transport in the special case of a periodic channel with no topographic variations, or when the wind forcing is very weak. More generally, the transport is determined by a complex interplay between wind forcing, eddy fluxes, and topographic effects. There is no support for the idea that Sverdrup balance determines the transport through Drake Passage.
trans-Tetraaquabis(pyridazine-4-carboxylato-κO)magnesium(II) dihydrate

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Mg(C5H3N2O2)2(H2O)4]·2H2O, is composed of centrosymmetric monomers in which an MgII ion is coordinated by two carboxylate O atoms from the two pyridazine-4-carboxylate ligands. The monomers linked by O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into layers which are held together by hydrogen bonds in which solvent water O atoms act as donors and acceptors, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
Chang Development of Web-Based Remote Desktop to Provide Adaptive User Interfaces in Cloud Platform

Cloud virtualization technologies are becoming more and more prevalent, cloud users usually encounter the problem of how to access to the virtualized remote desktops easily over the web without requiring the installation of special clients. To resolve this issue, we took advantage of the HTML5 technology and developed web-based remote desktop. It permits users to access the terminal which running in our cloud platform from anywhere. We implemented a sketch of web interface following the cloud computing concept that seeks to enable collaboration and communication among users for high performance computing. Given the development of remote desktop virtualization, it allows to shift the user’s desktop from the traditional PC environment to the cloud platform, which is stored on a remote virtual machine rather than locally. This proposed effort has the potential to positively provide an efficient, resilience and elastic environment for online cloud service. This is also made possible by the low administrative costs as well as relatively inexpensive end-user terminals and reduced energy expenses. Keywords—Virtualization, Remote Desktop, HTML5, Cloud Computing.
Impact Of ATIS On Drivers' Decisions And Route Choice: A Literature Review

This report reviews the recent studies adopted in order to understand drivers' behavior, and in particular, behavior when influenced by an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS). Different approaches were used in these studies: field experiments, route choice surveys, interactive computer simulation games, route choice simulation and/or modeling, and stated preference. These studies are classified according to the main approach used, and the main objective, method, and findings are presented. Results indicate the need to understand how drivers choose or change routes in the absence of information systems in order to gain an understanding of route choice behavior in the presence of information.
The Level of the Financial Inclusion in the African Countries and in the World Group Regions

One key component of inclusive development is financial inclusion, an area in which Africa has been lagging behind unlike other continents. At most, one adult out of four in Africa has access to an account in a formal financial institution. The objective of this study is to find out the level of the financial inclusion among 41 African countries on one hand and the level of the financial inclusion among the world six group regions on the other hand. To find out which country or which group region has a higher level or a lower level in the financial inclusion, according to some indicators, such as account at a formal financial institution, access to formal accounts, use of formal accounts, mobile payments, savings, credits patterns, and insurance decision as underlined in the literature review that the latter constituted the principal indicators for inclusive financing, an appropriate and reliable statistical method has been used, such as cluster analysis. The data set was the secondary data taken from the World Bank website; the first data published by the World Bank in 2012 on the global financial inclusion concerning 148 countries in the world. The empirical results from this study reveal that most of African countries with lower levels are low-income countries and those with higher levels remain largely of middle-income countries. Among the world group regions, only Sub-Saharan African region has the low level in five of the seven indicators used in this research, when compared with the other group regions. This study will awaken most African countries including the Sub-Saharan African region to develop strategies to enhance their level in the future in order to reduce poverty and to strengthen their financial system which leads to economic growth.
Acquisition, mobility and food insecurity: integrated food systems opportunities across urbanicity levels highlighted by COVID-19

Abstract Objective: To investigate acquisition and mobility experiences of food-insecure individuals across urbanicity levels (i.e., urban, suburban, rural) in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Cross-sectional study using a nationally representative online panel to measure where food-insecure individuals acquired food, food acquisition barriers and mobility to food sources, which were evaluated across urbanicity levels using chi-squared tests and 95 % CI. Setting: USA. Participants: 2011 adults (18 years or older). Results: Food insecurity impacted 62·3 % of adults in urban areas, 40·5 % in rural areas and 36·7 % in suburban areas (P < 0·001). Food acquisition barriers that were significantly more prevalent among food-insecure adults in urban areas were a change in employment status (34·2 %; 95 % CI 27·2 %, 41·1 %; P < 0·0001) and limited availability of food in retailers (38·8 %; 95 % CI 31·7 %, 45·9 %; P < 0·001). In rural areas, food-insecure adults primarily acquired food for the household from supercentres (61·5 %; 95 % CI 50·4 %, 72·5 %; P < 0·05), while locally sourced foods were less common among food-insecure adults in rural areas (6·9 %; 95 % CI 0·01 %, 13·0 %) compared to urban areas (19·8 %; 95 % CI 14·3 %, 25·4 %; P < 0·01). Transportation as a barrier did not vary significantly by urbanicity, but food-insecure adults across urbanicity levels reported utilising a range of transportation modes to acquire food. Conclusions: A planning approach that links urban and rural areas could address food insecurity by enhancing the integration of food production, transportation and food distribution, building towards a more resilient and equitable food system for all Americans.
Applied research on the potential evaluation of land arrangement——a case study for Zhangtian,Pingyin country in Shandong province

Potential evaluation of land arrangements is a basis of making the land arrangement special plan.By taking Zhang Tian in Ping Yin country of ji nan city as a research object and using a multivariate weighted method to analyze the local cultivated land consolidation potential,this study gets the difference between the land's theoretical yield and the practical unit yield,the increased effective cultivated land and the influence of other factors on production.The results show that the local effective cultivated area may increase by 129.26 hectares through land arrangement,and the supply-demand contradiction between people and land is partially relieved.This study will provide theoretical and practical guidance for effective usage of land.
OPPORTUNITY STUDY ON THE ADOPTION OF AN EXTENDED WARRANTY BASED ON USE AND ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS

This paper addresses the problem related to the ado ption of an extended warranty period for randomly failing products sold under warranty. The possibili ty of buying an extended warranty for a given addit ional cost is often offered to the buyer by the manufacturer. The buyer has then to decide to take the extended warranty o r not when purchasing the product. We develop in this paper a mathematical model to study the opportunity provide d by the extended warranty for the buyer as well as for the manufacturer. The total expected cost incurred by e ach side during the product’s life cycle is expressed in order to d etermine the maximum extra cost the consumer should pay and the minimum price at which the manufacturer should sell the extended warranty. This is done under differen t options in terms of maintenance strategies adopted during the product’s lifecycle. We also take into account the eff cts of usage and environment conditions on the failure rate of t he product. Numerical results are presented and dis cus ed for the case of a water pump. Key-words: Extended warranty, Preventive maintenance, Use cond iti s, Environment conditions
Safebook: A privacy-preserving online social network leveraging on real-life trust

Online social network applications severely suffer from various security and privacy exposures. This article suggests a new approach to tackle these security and privacy problems with a special emphasis on the privacy of users with respect to the application provider in addition to defense against intruders or malicious users. In order to ensure users' privacy in the face of potential privacy violations by the provider, the suggested approach adopts a decentralized architecture relying on cooperation among a number of independent parties that are also the users of the online social network application. The second strong point of the suggested approach is to capitalize on the trust relationships that are part of social networks in real life in order to cope with the problem of building trusted and privacy- preserving mechanisms as part of the online application. The combination of these design principles is Safebook, a decentralized and privacy- preserving online social network application. Based on the two design principles, decentralization and exploiting real-life trust, various mechanisms for privacy and security are integrated into Safebook in order to provide data storage and data management functions that preserve users' privacy, data integrity, and availability. Preliminary evaluations of Safebook show that a realistic compromise between privacy and performance is feasible.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica(L.) Urban) TERHADAP KONSENTRASI TESTOSTERON PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus)

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun pegagan terhadap konsentrasi testosteron pada tikus putih jantan. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola one way analysis of varian (ANOVA). Tikus yang digunakan adalah tikus jantan berumur 3-3,5 bulan dengan berat badan 150-250 g sebanyak 12 ekor. Tikus-tikus tersebut dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan dengan masing-masing tiga ulangan. Kelompok pertama yang merupakan kelompok kontrol (K0) diberikan pakan komersil (T794P, Pokphand), kelompok K1, K2, dan K3 diberi pakan dan ekstrak daun pegagan dengan dosis bertingkat yaitu 125, 250, dan 500 mg/kg bobot badan selama 30 hari. Pada akhir perlakuan, diambil darah tikus sebanyak 1-2 ml pada vena orbitalis lalu disentrifus sehingga diperoleh plasma darah. Konsentrasi testosteron dalam plasma darah diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode enzim-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data dianalisis dengan ANOVA. Rataan konsentrasi testosteron pada K0; K1; K2; dan K3 masing-masing 4,66±1,93; 4,28±3,70; 4,01±4,93; dan 3,71±0,83.Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun pegagan tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsentrasi testosteron (P>0,05).