Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bootstrapping for Penalized Spline Regression

We describe and contrast several different bootstrap procedures for penalized spline smoothers. The bootstrap methods considered are variations on existing methods, developed under two different probabilistic frameworks. Under the first framework, penalized spline regression is considered as an estimation technique to find an unknown smooth function. The smooth function is represented in a high-dimensional spline basis, with spline coefficients estimated in a penalized form. Under the second framework, the unknown function is treated as a realization of a set of random spline coefficients, which are then predicted in a linear mixed model. We describe how bootstrap methods can be implemented under both frameworks, and we show theoretically and through simulations and examples that bootstrapping provides valid inference in both cases. We compare the inference obtained under both frameworks, and conclude that the latter generally produces better results than the former. The bootstrap ideas are extended to hypothesis testing, where parametric components in a model are tested against nonparametric alternatives. Datasets and computer code are available in the online supplements.
Time-Dependent Solution of Three-Dimensional Compressible Turbulent Integral Boundary-Layer Equations

An integral method is presented for computing three-dimensional, time-dependen t, compressible, turbulent boundary layers in nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Derivation of the momentum and mean-flow kinetic energy integral equations is given along with the auxiliary relations required for solution. Although the equations derived are valid for unsteady flow, only steady-state results are presented. The integral form of the equations is used in the interest of computational speed and because the three-dimensional method is an extension of an existing two-dimensional method. A time-dependent approach is used to provide a method that can use the same surface grid as an inviscid solver for use in viscous/invis cid interaction calculations. The equations are solved using a Runge-Kutta scheme with local time stepping to accelerate convergence. Stability and convergence of the numerical scheme are examined for various space difference approximations. Computed steady-state results are shown to compare favorably with measurements and with computations of previous investigators.
Development of a Versatile Method to Construct Direct Electron Transfer-Type Enzyme Complexes Employing SpyCatcher/SpyTag System

The electrochemical enzyme sensors based on direct electron transfer (DET)-type oxidoreductase-based enzymes are ideal for continuous and in vivo monitoring. However, the number and types of DET-type oxidoreductases are limited. The aim of this research is the development of a versatile method to create a DET-type oxidoreductase complex based on the SpyCatcher/SpyTag technique by preparing SpyCatcher-fused heme c and SpyTag-fused non-DET-type oxidoreductases, and by the in vitro formation of DET-type oxidoreductase complexes. A heme c containing an electron transfer protein derived from Rhizobium radiobacter (CYTc) was selected to prepare SpyCatcher-fused heme c. Three non-DET-type oxidoreductases were selected as candidates for the SpyTag-fused enzyme: fungi-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), an engineered FAD-dependent d-amino acid oxidase (DAAOx), and an engineered FMN-dependent l-lactate oxidase (LOx). CYTc-SpyCatcher (CYTc-SC) and SpyTag-Enzymes (ST-GDH, ST-DAAOx, ST-LOx) were prepared as soluble molecules while maintaining their redox properties and catalytic activities, respectively. CYTc-SC/ST-Enzyme complexes were formed by mixing CYTc-SpyCatcher and SpyTag-Enzymes, and the complexes retained their original enzymatic activity. Remarkably, the heme domain served as an electron acceptor from complexed enzymes by intramolecular electron transfer; consequently, all constructed CYTc-SC/ST-Enzyme complexes showed DET ability to the electrode, demonstrating the versatility of this method.
The Production of Elastic Waves by Explosion Pressures. I. Theory and Empirical Field Observations

A solution to the problem of the wave motion produced when a pressure of arbitrary form is applied to the interior surface of a spherical cavity in an ideally elastic medium is derived. This solution is shown to be in qualitative agreement with a number of field observations of the effect of shot‐point conditions on the characteristics of reflection seismograph recordings.
Photonic quasi-crystals in Fourier and Fourier-Bessel space

Photonic crystals that are aperiodic or quasi-crystalline in nature have been the focus of research due to their complex spatial distributions, resulting in high order rotational symmetries. Recently we proposed aperiodic patterns that were rotationally symmetric while being random in the radial direction. The structures are designed by segmenting the circular design space, randomly populating one segment, and repeating that segment about a center of rotation. Studying the symmetries and geometrical attributes of aperiodic structures is typically performed in reciprocal Fourier space by examining the distribution of the Fourier coefficients. This allows the translational symmetry to be directly extracted and the rotational nature to be interpreted. Instead we propose comparing the typical Fourier analysis with the use of a Fourier-Bessel space. The Fourier-Bessel approach expands the dielectric layout in cylindrical coordinates using exponential and Bessel functions as the angular and radial basis functions. The coefficients obtained in this fashion directly provide the rotational symmetries that are present. This work will examine both the Fourier and Fourier-Bessel distributions of the proposed structures as well as other quasi-crystals in order to explore the strengths and weaknesses of both techniques.
Gliflozins Have an Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells in a Diabetic and Inflammatory Microenvironment In Vitro

Inflammation is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Inhibition of SGLT-2 by a specific class of drugs, gliflozins, has been shown to reduce inflammation and attenuate the progression of diabetic nephropathy, in addition to its main effect of inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption. We used highly purified human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTCs) as an in vitro model to study the cellular response to a diabetic (high glucose) and inflammatory (cytokines) microenvironment and the effect of gliflozins. In this context, we investigated the influence of SGLT-2 inhibition by empa- and dapagliflozin (500 nM) on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and ICAM-1). The results clearly indicate an anti-inflammatory effect of both gliflozins. Although induced expression of the four cytokines was only slightly attenuated, there was a clear effect on the expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, a master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation and injury resolution. The induced expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was significantly reduced by approximately 13.5% by empagliflozin and also showed an inhibitory trend with dapagliflozin. However, induced ICAM-1 protein expression was significantly inhibited from 24.71 ± 1.0 ng/mL to 18.81 ± 3.9 (empagliflozin) and 19.62 ± 2.1 ng/mL (dapagliflozin). In conclusion, an additional anti-inflammatory effect of empa- and dapagliflozin in therapeutically observed concentrations was demonstrated in primary human PTCs in vitro.
The Linear Stability Analysis of the Lamb–Oseen Vortex in a Finite-Length Pipe

This article extends the perturbation method introduced by Wang (2008, "A Novel Method for Analyzing the Global Stability of Inviscid Columnar Swirling Flow in a Finite Pipe, " Phys. Fluids, 20(7), p. 074101) to determine the global stability of a swirling flow in a straight circular pipe with specified inlet and outlet boundary conditions. To accurately compute the flow stability characteristics, a general procedure to treat the complexity arising from high-order terms is developed. It extends the previous fourth-order method to an eighth-order method. The technique is first applied to the benchmark case of a solid-body rotation flow with a uniform axial speed. It is demonstrated that the eighth-order method is sufficient to construct the growth rate curve between the first and second critical swirls of this flow Note that this range of swirl is crucial for the study of the vortex breakdown phenomenon since the base flow is unstable and starts the initial stage of transition to a breakdown state. The method is then applied to the Lamb―Oseen vortex to construct the growth rate curve between the first and second critical swirls of this flow. Calculated results are compared with the growth rate curve computed from direct numerical simulations and an overall agreement between the two computations is found. This demonstrates that the Wang and Rusak (1996, "On the Stability of an Axisymmetric Rotating Flow in a Pipe, " Phys. Fluids, 8(4), pp. 1007―1076) instability mechanism captures quantitatively the initial growth of disturbance, which eventually evolves into a breakdown state.
The ECMWF implementation of three‐dimensional variational assimilation (3D‐Var). II: Structure functions

Structure functions for the 3D‐Var assimilation scheme of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts are evaluated from statistics of the differences between two forecasts valid at the same time. Results compare satisfactorily with those reported in the existing literature. Non‐separability of the correlation functions is a pervasive feature. Accounting for non‐separability in 3D‐Var is necessary to reproduce geostrophic characteristics of the statistics, such as the increase of length‐scale with height for the horizontal correlation of the mass variable, sharper vertical correlations for wind than for mass and shorter horizontal length‐scales for temperature than for mass. In our non‐separable 3D‐Var, the vertical correlations vary with total wave‐number and the horizontal correlation functions vary with vertical level.
Time-Varying Cumulative Damage Recursive Method for Power Semiconductor Devices

Accurate simulation of power semiconductor devices failure process is one of the most important means to clarify the failure mechanism and evaluate the device reliability, which is induced by the associated internal temperature gradient acting on the mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion between adjacent layers and internal temperature gradients. This article investigates the microstructure change of the new and replaced modules using the CT scanner, which represents that the void distribution of the die-attach solder layer is an important factor to indicate the reliability status of the power semiconductor devices. A multiple physical field model combining time-varying cumulative damage recursive method is proposed to simulate the damage accumulation and the physical failure process based on mesh automatic updated method and material failure formula. The number of cycles to failure, thermal resistance, and junction temperature extracted from power cycling test results are used to validate the accuracy of the parameter variation. The physical outline of the voids is extracted to prove the consistency of the microstructure change. This method is intended for operational management and also provided the foundation for the design and development of power electronic devices with high power and high reliability.
An Experimental Study of Byzantine-Robust Aggregation Schemes in Federated Learning

Byzantine-robust federated learning aims at mitigating Byzantine failures during the federated training process, where malicious participants may upload arbitrary local updates to the central server to degrade the performance of the global model. In recent years, several robust aggregation schemes have been proposed to defend against malicious updates from Byzantine clients and improve the robustness of federated learning. These solutions were claimed to be Byzantine-robust, under certain assumptions. Other than that, new attack strategies are emerging, striving to circumvent the defense schemes. However, there is a lack of systematic comparison and empirical study thereof. In this paper, we conduct an experimental study of Byzantine-robust aggregation schemes under different attacks using two popular algorithms in federated learning, FedSGD and FedAvg . We first survey existing Byzantine attack strategies and Byzantine-robust aggregation schemes that aim to defend against Byzantine attacks. We also propose a new scheme, ClippedClustering , to enhance the robustness of a clustering-based scheme by automatically clipping the updates. Then we provide an experimental evaluation of eight aggregation schemes in the scenario of five different Byzantine attacks. Our results show that these aggregation schemes sustain relatively high accuracy in some cases but are ineffective in others. In particular, our proposed ClippedClustering successfully defends against most attacks under independent and IID local datasets. However, when the local datasets are Non-IID, the performance of all the aggregation schemes significantly decreases. With Non-IID data, some of these aggregation schemes fail even in the complete absence of Byzantine clients. We conclude that the robustness of all the aggregation schemes is limited, highlighting the need for new defense strategies, in particular for Non-IID datasets.
A hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for linear elasticity

This paper describes the application of the so‐called hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method to linear elasticity problems. The method has three significant features. The first is that the only globally coupled degrees of freedom are those of an approximation of the displacement defined solely on the faces of the elements. The corresponding stiffness matrix is symmetric, positive definite, and possesses a block‐wise sparse structure that allows for a very efficient implementation of the method. The second feature is that, when polynomials of degree k are used to approximate the displacement and the stress, both variables converge with the optimal order of k+1 for any k⩾0. The third feature is that, by using an element‐by‐element post‐processing, a new approximate displacement can be obtained that converges at the order of k+2, whenever k⩾2. Numerical experiments are provided to compare the performance of the HDG method with that of the continuous Galerkin (CG) method for problems with smooth solutions, and to assess its performance in situations where the CG method is not adequate, that is, when the material is nearly incompressible and when there is a crack. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image Singularities of Green's Functions for an Isotropic Elastic Half-Plane Subjected to Forces and Dislocations

Although the Green's function for an isotropic elastic half-space subjected to a line force or a line dislocation is well-known, the physical meaning of the solution is not clear. Green's functions for twodimensional plane-strain and plane-stress problems of an isotropic elastic half-space with a free or rigidly fixed surface subjected to line forces and line dislocations are reexamined in this study. The results are more explicit when compared with existing solutions in the literature. The Green's function for a half-space consists of four or five Green's functions for an infinite space, the number depending on the boundary condition at the half-space surface and the applied loading. One of the Green's functions in the infinite space has its singularity located in the half-space where the load is applied, and the other image singularities are located outside the half-space with the same distance from the surface as that of the applied load. The nature and magnitude of image singularities have been derived from the principle of superposition and classified according to different loads. The image singularities are found to possess some interesting properties. It is found that the fundamental solutions required to construct all the image singularities of applied forces and dislocations for the half-space are only forces and dislocations and their differentiations in the infinite space. Furthermore, the limiting case of the applied force or dislocation approaching the surface is also discussed in this study.
Vertical Structure of Ocean Pressure Variations with Application to Satellite-Gravimetric Observations

AbstractThe nature of ocean bottom pressure () variability is considered on large spatial scales and long temporal scales. Monthly gridded estimates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Release-05 and the new version 4 bidecadal ocean state estimate of the Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) are used. Estimates of from GRACE and ECCO are generally in good agreement, providing an independent measure of the quality of both products. Diagnostic fields from the state estimate are used to compute barotropic (depth independent) and baroclinic (depth dependent) components. The relative roles of baroclinic and barotropic processes are found to vary with latitude and time scale: variations in at higher latitudes and shorter periods are affected by barotropic processes, whereas fluctuations at lower latitudes and longer periods can be influenced by baroclinic effects, broadly consistent with theoretical scaling arguments. Wind-driven Rossby waves and couplin.
Optimal control of sampled‐data systems based on an optimized stochastic sampling

This article addresses the optimal control problem of continuous‐time sampled systems closed by a stochastically sampled controller. A model based on the Poisson Counter processes is proposed to describe the stochastic sampling, while another sampling frequency cost function is developed. As a results, more than one cost function will be considered and more difficult. In order to deal with the optimal control problem, the stability problem is first analyzed, while both the control gain and sampling sequence are given in advance and without optimized. Then, based on the optimized sampling sequence, both finite‐ and infinite‐time nominally optimal controllers are designed respectively. Particularly, sufficient conditions for testing such optimal controllers existing or not are established by applying the above given results. Finally, some numerical examples are offered to verify the effectiveness and superiorities of the methods proposed in this study.
Time Synchronization and Space Registration of Roadside LiDAR and Camera

The sensing system consisting of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and a camera provides complementary information about the surrounding environment. To take full advantage of multi-source data provided by different sensors, an accurate fusion of multi-source sensor information is needed. Time synchronization and space registration are the key technologies that affect the fusion accuracy of multi-source sensors. Due to the difference in data acquisition frequency and deviation in startup time between LiDAR and the camera, asynchronous data acquisition between LiDAR and camera is easy to occur, which has a significant influence on subsequent data fusion. Therefore, a time synchronization method of multi-source sensors based on frequency self-matching is developed in this paper. Without changing the sensor frequency, the sensor data are processed to obtain the same number of data frames and set the same ID number, so that the LiDAR and camera data correspond one by one. Finally, data frames are merged into new data packets to realize time synchronization between LiDAR and camera. Based on time synchronization, to achieve spatial synchronization, a nonlinear optimization algorithm of joint calibration parameters is used, which can effectively reduce the reprojection error in the process of sensor spatial registration. The accuracy of the proposed time synchronization method is 99.86% and the space registration accuracy is 99.79%, which is better than the calibration method of the Matlab calibration toolbox.
Measurement of Stark broadening and shift parameters of several Ar I lines

This work reports Stark shifts and widths of 15 Ar I lines measured in a pulsed arc. Plasma parameters, electron density and temperature, range in this experiment from 0.25 to and from 13 500 to 26 500 K, respectively. The former has been measured interferometrically at a single wavelength and spectroscopically from the -Stark broadening. The latter has been measured from the Boltzmann plot of Ar II lines and from the ratio of Ar II and Ar I line intensities. Comparisons with most of the data published to date about this topic in Ar I are also included.
Automated Damage Detection Using Lamb Wave-Based Phase-Sensitive OTDR and Support Vector Machines

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a damage detection technique based on the automatic classification of the Lamb wave signals acquired on a metallic plate. In the reported experiments, Lamb waves are excited in an aluminum plate through a piezoelectric transducer glued onto the monitored structure. The response of the monitored structure is detected through a high-resolution phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (ϕ-OTDR). The presence and location of a small perturbation, induced by placing a lumped mass of 5 g on the plate, are determined by processing the optical fiber sensor data through support vector machine (SVM) classifiers trained with experimental data. The results show that the proposed method takes full advantage of the multipoint sensing nature of the ϕ-OTDR technology, resulting in accurate damage detection and localization.
L183 (L134n) revisited. II. The dust content

We present here a complete dust map of L183 (=L134N) with opacities ranging from A V = 3 to 150 mag. Five peaks are identified as being related to known molecular peaks and among these dust peaks two are liable to form stars. The main peak is a prestellar core with a density profile proportional to r -1 up to a radius of ~4500 AU and the northern peak could possibly be on its way to form a prestellar core. If true, this is the first example of the intermediate steps between cloud cores and prestellar cores during the quasi-static contraction. Additionally, the low dust temperature of the core reported in Pagani et al. ([CITE]) is confirmed, and the ISOPHOT data are shown to be inappropriate for finding such cores. In the inner core, $T_\mathrm{dust} \approx 7.5$ K and could be as low as 6.7 K.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIATE-VALUES AND RANKS IN SAMPLES FROM A CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION

Methods involving rankings have been used by psychologists for half a century; and, although in their early development they were subjected to severe criticism, recent years have brought their rehabilitation and extension in new directions. Current interest in ranking methods has been displayed in several papers published in this Journal and very recently in the correspondence by Burt and Morris (1953). The present paper investigates theoretically the magnitude of the correlation between observations and the rank values by which they are sometimes replaced. It is found that in samples from the two most commonly considered types of statistical distribution, the normal and the uniform, this correlation is very high. With a sample as small as 25, it is . 94 for the normal distribution and . 96 for the uniform distribution; and these values increase, with sample size, towards limits of . 98 and 1 respectively. In these circumstances there is justification for replacing the original observations by their ranks, since the consequent saving in computation entails very little loss of efficiency. The results of the investigation also turn out to have bearing on other matters of theoretical interest.