Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Women and Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) are constituents of the membranes of all cells in the body and are precursors of locally produced hormones, eicosanoids, which are important in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, especially in women. Omega-3 FA are of interest in some of the most common conditions affecting women. One mechanism underlying dysmenorrhea is a disturbed balance between antiinflammatory, vasodilator eicosanoids derived from omega-3 FA and proinflammatory, vasoconstrictor eicosanoids derived from omega-6 FA. Increased intake of omega-3 FA can reverse the symptoms in this condition by decreasing the amount of omega-6 FA in cell membranes. An increased prostacyclin/thromboxane ratio induced by omega-3 FA can facilitate pregnancy in women with infertility problems by increasing uterine blood flow. Supplementation with omega-3 FA during pregnancy lowers the risk of premature birth and can increase the length of pregnancy and birth weight by altering the balance of eicosanoids involved in labor and promote fetal growth by improving placental blood flow. Intake of omega-3 FA during pregnancy and breast feeding may facilitate the child’s brain development. There is also some evidence that supplementation with omega-3 FA might help to prevent preeclampsia, postpartum depression, menopausal problems, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and breast cancer. Furthermore, because elevated triglyceride levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, especially in women; and because omega-3 FA have powerful effects on triglycerides, women in particular gain from an increased intake of these fatty acids. This is especially important in women receiving hormone therapy, which can increase triglyceride levels. The quality of the omega-3 FA preparation is important. It should have an appropriate antioxidant content not to induce lipid peroxidation, and its content of dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) should be well below the established safe limit. Target Audience: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Learning Objectives: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to describe the function and actions of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, to outline the potential advantages of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, and to list the potential sources of omega-3 fatty acids.
To Purgatory and Beyond: When and How Should the Accession Countries from Central and Eastern Europe Become Full Members of Emu?

The Paper discusses how the EU accession countries should pursue full membership in the EMU: adopt the euro. The key messages are the following: 1) Even the largest of the accession countries is too small, too open and too vulnerable to speculative attacks to be a viable optimal currency area. 2) Achieving fiscal sustainability is a necessary condition for full EMU membership. It should also be sufficient. 3) Convergence, prior to the adoption of the euro, of an EMU candidate’s inflation rate to its euro area equilibrium inflation rate is helpful but not essential. 4) Real convergence is irrelevant for EMU membership. 5) Participation in ERMII is at best unhelpful. At worst it creates unnecessary risks of financial and macroeconomic instability. 6) The Maastricht criteria for EMU membership include the simultaneous achievement of three nominal objectives: (a) a nominal exchange rate target (to stay, for at least two years, within a ± 15% nominal exchange rate band centered on a fixed parity with the euro); (b) a short-term inflation target (inflation, for at least one year, to be no more than 1.5% above the average inflation rate of the three EU Members States with the lowest inflation rates); and (c) a target for a long-term (ten year) nominal interest rate (that rate not to be more than 2% above the average of the three EU Members States with the lowest inflation rates, for at least one year). This is two nominal targets too many. It overburdens the monetary authority and confuses the markets. 7) The two-year ERMII participation requirement should be dropped. Instead, upon achieving fiscal sustainability (and preferably also inflation convergence), the EMU candidate should be given a firm date and (exchange) rate for full EMU membership. This will provide a necessary focal point for the markets and will permit the smooth approach of the market exchange rate to the irrevocable conversion rate with the euro. It should be possible to move into full EMU membership directly from an unrestricted float. 8) Unilateral euroization, in the sense of the adoption of the euro as a parallel currency and joint legal tender alongside the domestic currency, is not inconsistent with the Treaty, if it does not involve the abolition of the national currency and the unilateral determination of the ultimate conversion rate of the domestic currency and the euro. In addition, it should be possible for the new EU members to negotiate consensual euroization (this could include the immediate disappearance of the domestic currency).
Race, class, and the changing division of labour under apartheid

1. Race, Class and the Division of Labour 2. The Extent and Pattern of African Advancement 3.Capitalist Interests, White Labour and Apartheid Labour Policy 4. Racial Differentiation, Class Formation and the Labour Process in the Construction, Manufacturing and Mining Sectors 5. Segregation and De-Racialisation in the Tertiary Sector 6. Economic Growth and Trends in the Racial Wage and Income Gap 7. Conclusion: The Increasing Significance of Class
DISCRETE ANISOTROPIC CURVATURE FLOW OF GRAPHS

The evolution of n{dimensional graphs under a weighted curvature flow is approximated by linear nite elements. We obtain optimal error bounds for the normals and the normal velocities of the surfaces in natural norms. Furthermore we prove a global existence result for the continuous problem and present some examples of computed surfaces. R esum e. L' evolution de graphes n-dimensionnels selon le probl eme de flot a courbure pond er ee est approch ee par des el ements nis lin eaires. On obtient des bornes d'erreurs optimales pour les normales et pour les vitesses normales des surfaces, dans des normes naturelles. De plus, nous etablissons un th eor eme d'existence globale pour le probl eme continu et nous pr esentons quelques exemples num eriques d' evolution de surfaces.
L'analyse libérale des crises financières : un hommage à Jacques Rueff

Jacques Leon Rueff (1896-1978) is one of the great French economists of the twentieth century, yet today it is largely unknown. The recurrence of financial crises around the world is an opportunity to rediscover the originality of thought of that great liberal writer who was an advisor to Raymond Poincare in 1926 during the crisis of the franc, and actor of recovery of the French economy in 1958. Fascinated by the system of the gold standard, Rueff denounces U.S. monetary hegemony and international monetary disorder for years 1960/1970.
Managing organizational culture in a Japanese organization in Hong Kong

The issue of how MNCs manage the organizational culture in their overseas subsidiaries is one of the central questions for managing overseas employees. The study explores how a Japanese MNC in Hong Kong manages its organizational culture across cultures. The results imply that a company will not be effective if it uses artifacts only, such as ceremonies to convey the desired culture to the local employees. The more important mechanism is the human resource management system which is considered as the statement of the company's values, beliefs and assumptions. Since the case company uses a dual human resource management system and a dual control practice for the Japanese and local employees, these practices send out mixed messages and signals to the local employees who cannot project the desired state culture. Furthermore, because local employees bring along with them their values derived from national culture, they tend to adhere to these values rather than those of the company.
On the Equivalence of General and Specific Control in Organizations

Most principal-agent relationships in firms are multidimensional. In the presence of multiple tasks and multiple performance signals, the contract between principal and agent not only has to motivate the agent, but also has to direct the agent to allocate effort among different tasks. The value of efforts for a specific task accrues not only through the principal's expected returns, but also through its contribution to overall risk, and therefore to the risk diversification of the task portfolio. Hence, if the agent is risk-averse, multitask relationships can be considered as a portfolio problem coupled with incentive constraints. We examine the relationship between specific control (SC) and general control (GC) for multitask principal-agent problems. Under SC, the principal observes the outcome of each individual task and uses this set of information for compensation. Under GC, contracts are based only on the aggregate signal, such as cumulative profits of all tasks. We describe two sets of multitask problems for which GC and SC are equivalent. That is, contracts based only on aggregate performance signals impose the same incentives for the agent as a contract that is based on the outcome of each task. The first multitask problem is characterized by homogeneous tasks. In the second multitask problem, all activities are perfect substitutes in the cost function of the agent. The equivalence of SC and GC arises since GC provides insurance to the agent and yields the same overall risk premium as specific control. Moreover, GC allows the principal to set the same incentives as SC, since the marginal returns from GC are equal to the sum of the marginal returns for each task under SC. The results described in this paper can serve as benchmarks where GC and SC are equivalent. We show how the equivalence can be relevant for a variety of business situations, such as the compensation of sales persons or managers at all hierarchy levels. We also discuss the reasons when GC and SC differ. Suppose, for instance, that tasks are technologically separable and the precision of the performance of one task is low. Then, the principal is forced under GC to adopt an incentive scheme that implements only a low effort across all tasks since the average precision matters. Under SC, however, the principal can tailor the optimal efforts to each task.
Hybrid simplification: combining multi-resolution polygon and point rendering

Multi-resolution hierarchies of polygons and more recently of points are familiar and useful tools for achieving interactive rendering rates. We present an algorithm for tightly integrating the two into a single hierarchical data structure. The trade-off between rendering portions of a model with points or with polygons is made automatically. Our approach to this problem is to apply a bottom-up simplification process involving not only polygon simplification operations, but point replacement and point simplification operations as well. Given one or more surface meshes, our algorithm produces a hybrid hierarchy comprising both polygon and point primitives. This hierarchy may be optimized according to the relative performance characteristics of these primitive types on the intended rendering platform. We also provide a range of aggressiveness for performing point replacement operations. The most conservative approach produces a hierarchy that is better than a purely polygonal hierarchy in some places, and roughly equal in others. A less conservative approach can trade reduced complexity at the far viewing ranges for some increased complexity at the near viewing ranges. We demonstrate our approach on a number of input models, achieving primitive counts that are 1.3 to 4.7 times smaller than those of triangle-only simplification.
Possibilities and Problems of Integration in the Automobile Industry

T SHE automobile industry has in recent years reached a certain stage of stabilization, or at least a stage in which its growth shows a somewhat different trend than heretofore. In the preceding period of rapid expansion the problem of the automobile industry has been to a dominating degree the problem of creating sufficient production facilities for supplying a fast growing and apparently insatiable market. Therefore the earnings naturally flowed back into the enterprises in the form of new plants and equipment. In fact the whole large-production apparatus of the automobile industry has been built up in that way. Now, although of course a considerable amount of earnings will still flow back into production for various kinds of improvements, an adequate production apparatus has been built up, and the earnings will no longer be totally absorbed by its needs. Consequently there arises the question into which directions these earnings will henceforth flow. There are generally speaking two ways of disposing of earnings: they may be paid out in the form of dividends or the like, or they may be reinvested, either in the industry itself or in some kindred industry. Dividends will never absorb the total amount of the earnings. Some 40 to 50, perhaps even up to 6o, per cent may be distributed, but a very considerable remainder of earnings will always be left for investments of various kinds if production proper is not absorbing this remainder. ' These surpluses are being used in three main ways. First, a concern can acquire, or dominate, enterprises of its own kind in order to enlarge its production and to supply the market with
High resolution ultrasound assessment of the carotid artery: its relevance in postmenopausal women and the effects of tibolone on carotid artery ultrastructure.

OBJECTIVES Hormone replacement therapy protects from cardiovascular disease at the menopause in part by reduction of menopausal pro-atherogenic serum lipid changes. Tibolone has beneficial effects on lipids, although serum high density lipoprotein levels decrease. This study aimed primarily to establish the effects of long-term administration of tibolone on a new surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease risk, the measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) using high-resolution ultrasound. METHODS Measurement of CIMT and assessment of carotid atherosclerotic plaques were undertaken in 31 women on tibolone and 30 voluntary controls from an ongoing open-label study of tibolone. RESULTS The two groups were comparable, except for mean age and prevalence of current smokers. Repeatability of CIMT measurements was acceptable (CV, 10.0%). CIMT was significantly thicker in those with atherosclerotic plaques and increased systolic blood pressure. Prevalence of plaques was raised in those who had ever smoked, and those with elevated systolic blood pressure. There was no influence of tibolone on CIMT, whether plaques were present or not. CONCLUSIONS This reliable technique demonstrates associations between CIMT and established risk factors. CIMT was significantly thicker in those with existing plaques. We did not demonstrate an effect of long-term tibolone use on either CIMT or prevalence of plaques.
Evaluating Portfolio Performance with Stochastic Discount Factors

We first discuss performance evaluation using stochastic discount factors and relate it to traditional mean-variance analysis. We then use Monte Carlo experiments to examine the properties of various general method of moment (GMM) estimators. The test statistics are fairly well behaved although serious size distortions are found in some cases. The simulations also show that significant excess return, or a long sample, is needed to reject neutral performance. Finally, we offer an evaluation of Swedish-based mutual funds. The conditional evaluation indicates that funds have had nonneutral performance as revealed by the predictability of the unconditional performance measure.
What We Regret Most... and Why

Which domains in life produce the greatest potential for regret, and what features of those life domains explain why? Using archival and laboratory evidence, the authors show that greater perceived opportunity within life domains evokes more intense regret. This pattern is consistent with previous publications demonstrating greater regret stemming from high rather than low opportunity or choice. A meta-analysis of 11 regret ranking studies revealed that the top six biggest regrets in life center on (in descending order) education, career, romance, parenting, the self, and leisure. Study Set 2 provided new laboratory evidence that directly linked the regret ranking to perceived opportunity. Study Set 3 ruled out an alternative interpretation involving framing effects. Overall, these findings show that people’s biggest regrets are a reflection of where in life they see their largest opportunities; that is, where they see tangible prospects for change, growth, and renewal.
A Multivariate Spectral Analysis of the Supply of Money and Credit

MOVEMENTS IN MONEY AND INCOME are closely correlated. There is general agreement that this correlation is the result of a fundamental economic relation between tlle monetary sector and the real sector, but there is not agreement on the nature of this relation. It may be that income is the major determinant of the supply of money and that the observed correlation is a result of the real sector's inRuence on money. Alternately, the arguments of the money-supply function may be independent of the real sector, and the money supply may be an essentially exogenous variable which influences the real sector. Economists have advanced a number of hypotheses about the nature of this relation between the monetary sector and the real sector. Monetary economists studying the institutional arrangements and behavior of the Federal Reserve Board have concluded that as a result of board policy the money supply is most accurately characterized as an endogenously determined variable dependent on the real sector. They note, that early board policy was dominated by the "real bills doctrine," subject to a gold constraint, and by the desire to accommodate the real sector by providing an elastic currency.1 Subsequent board policy has emphasized controlling the real sector fluctuation, or "leaning against the wind," via control of the credit markets with free reserves and interest rates as
Are union productivity effects overestimated?: evidence from coal mining

The empirical literature of the influence of unions on productivity is extended by considering the effect in an industry with heterogeneous firms. Recent theoretical papers suggest that, in such an industry, unions will tend to organize the exogenously 'more productive' firms. Thus, a spurious correlation between unions and productivity may emerge. We test this hypothesis by estimating production functions for coal with data from Eastern Kentucky underground coal mines. The aspect of mine heterogeneity that we focus on is the width of the mine's seam of coal. Wider seams increase productivity. Empirically, we find that unions disproportionately organize mines with wider seams and this accounts for the positive relationship between unions and productivity observed in our data. In fact, once seam thickness is accounted for, the estimated effect of unions on productivity is negative.
Network intrusion detection and classification with Decision Tree and rule based approaches

Together with the extensive deployment of computer networks, the number of network attacks is greatly increasing. These attacks affect to availability and quality of services of the networks as well as confidentiality of private or important information data. In this paper, we present two network intrusion detection (IDS) techniques which are C4.5 Decision Tree and Ripper rules to assess and test an online dataset (RLD09 dataset). The dataset was collected from actual environment and then preprocessed to have only 13 features which are much simpler than existing traditional dataset such as KDD99 with 41 features. Thus, the RLD09 dataset features can provide real-time detection speed with low memory and CPU consumption. Our IDSs can classify the network data into classes which are normal data, Denial of Service (DoS) attack, and Probe (Port Scanning) attack. Our IDS techniques give the detection rates higher than 98%. Furthermore, they can detect unknown or new attacks, where the C4.5 Decision Tree detection rate is about the double of the Ripper rule detection rate. These tests can prove that our techniques are effective in detecting and classifying the new unknown attacks in the real environment.
Worker Heterogeneity, New Monopsony, and Training

A worker's output depends not only on his/her own ability but also on that of colleagues, who can facilitate the performance of tasks that each individual cannot accomplish on his/her own. We show that this common-sense observation generates monopsony power and is sufficient to explain why employers might expend resources on training employees even when the training is of use to other firms. We show that training will take place in better-than-average or good firms enjoying greater monopsony power, whereas bad firms will have low-ability workers unlikely to receive much training.
A review of exemestane in the management of breast cancer

Breast cancer is a major health problem in developed countries. Endocrine therapy is a key component in the management of hormone receptor-positive disease. Although tamoxifen has historically been the gold standard in the first-line management of early and advanced breast cancer, the rise of third-generation aromatase inhibitors in the past decade has resulted in a major shift in endocrine therapy. Clinical trials of aromatase inhibitors including exemestane, an orally active steroidal aromatase inactivator, have demonstrated significant improvements in outcome measures compared with tamoxifen. In early breast cancer, key questions remain regarding the optimal sequence, duration and type of aromatase inhibitors, as well as their long-term safety.
What Can Active Labour Market Policies Do

Ireland faces a crisis of mass unemployment. More than 14 per cent of the labour force is unemployed, and long-term unemployment is growing rapidly. Active labour market policies (ALMPs) - consisting of a range of assistance, training and employment programmes to support the unemployed back to work - have been held out as an essential part of the policy response to unemployment. This paper examines a wide range of national and international research on the effectiveness of ALMPs to ask: i) what do ALMPs do for the unemployed? , ii) are some programmes more effective than others? iii) what can we expect ALMPs to achieve in a recession? The paper shows that while research on the impact of active labour market programmes is far from conclusive and faces a number of difficult methodological challenges, it does provide a basis on which to identify the types of programmes that have been found to enhance the employment prospects of their unemployed clients.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: Research needs for the next decade

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) include numerous classes of chemicals with unique physiochemical properties and biological activities. Over the past decade research on the occurrence, fate, effects, risk assessment, and management of PPCPs in the environment has peaked. It is important to appreciate the utility of traditional approaches for examining contaminant hazard and risk while understanding relevant limitations and important research needs to advance environmental risk assessment (ERA) and management efforts for PPCPs. Spurred initially by the critical reviews of Halling-Sorensen et al. [1] (755 citations as of 6 July 2009) and Daughton and Ternes [2] (778 citations as of 6 July 2009), this special issue of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry includes a timely collection of manuscripts examining the environmental chemistry, toxicology, risk assessment, and management of PPCPs.