Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MEETING THE NEEDS OF ENGLISH LEARNER STUDENTS IN THE MAINSTREAM CLASSROOM: A DISCOVERY OF PRACTICES OF EFFECTIVE TEACHERS

Current population trends have revealed a huge influx of non-native English speaking students in the mainstream classroom across the United States. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore what mainstream teachers are doing to meet the academic needs of English Learners (ELs) in their classrooms on a daily basis. The researcher used semi-structured open-ended interview questions in order to gather data to answer five research questions; 1) How do teachers use data to plan for differentiated instruction? 2) How do teachers describe their experiences with differentiated instruction methods in planning reading lessons? 3) What processes do teachers go through when differentiating process, content and product during differentiated instruction? 4) What training do teachers receive to help them become effective at teaching EL students? 5) What challenges do teachers have when using differentiated instruction? Participants of the study were purposefully selected from a title one school in the Southeastern, United States with a high population of ELs. In order to be eligible to participate within the study teachers were required to teach either the third, fourth or fifth grade and have had at least 80% of their EL students meet expectations on the state mandated test in reading. The data analysis revealed six themes; 1) Collaboration 2) A huge inventory of research bases instructional strategies 3) Data-driven instruction 4) Well trained 5) Rigor 6) Learning community (7) Courage and Resilience Findings also suggested that differentiation of choice as well as interest is essential for creating an environment to meet the academic needs of ELs. Further perceptions included; using differentiation in the mainstream classroom was timeconsuming, difficult to plan for, and often was met with a lack of resources. Even though, participants identified these challenges they felt that differentiated instruction was the only way to meet the academic needs of ELs. Recommendations for further study included broadening the research study to include classroom observations as well as teachers who are new to teaching ELs in the mainstream classroom setting. Further recommendations for qualitative studies included EL student perceptions of their successes and failures when participating differentiated instruction in the mainstream classroom.
South Korea: A Success Story in Mathematics Education

introduction South Korea has experienced enormous economic growth over the last 50 years and now has the 13th largest economy in the world (World Bank, 2012). During the period 1961–2011, per capita gross domestic product increased from $155 to $22,424. Much of South Korea’s economic development has been attributed to improvements in its public education system. South Korean students consistently perform in the top rankings among countries according to international studies such as Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA, 2010). This article summarizes some of the highlights of the author’s learning experiences during her recent trip to South Korea. The author attended The 12th International Congress of Mathematical Education (ICME12) held July 8-15, 2012, in Seoul, South Korea. She visited the Department of Education at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, a highly rated female educational institute in South Korea. There, she met with Noh Sun-Sook, Dean of the College of Education, and discussed the teacherpreparation programs for elementary, secondary, and special education teaching. The author’s experiences led her to the conclusion that the principal factors responsible for Korea’s success in education included equity in educational opportunity for all students regardless of their socioeconomic background and extremely active parental involvement. There is high academic rigor in Korean teacher-training programs followed by continuous teacher support and professional development and a research-based pedagogy that utilizes the best teaching practices. However, the intensity of the education including after-school programs referred to as “hagwons” has pitfalls as it leaves little time for personal life outside of school for students or teachers. This article is based on readings, classroom visits, and interviews with Korean public school teachers, and the national presentation on Korean education system during ICME12. In this article, the author shares her experiences and presents the mathematics content of the primary and secondary schools of the most recent curriculum revision that will be implemented in 2013. Korea’s primary and secondary education system
Long-term changes of the trophic status in transitional ecosystems of the northern Adriatic Sea, key parameters and future expectations: The lagoon of Venice as a study case

The determination of the trophic status of transitional ecosystems from the physico-chemical and biological point of view is one of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC). In Italy, its determination is implemented by the Regional Agencies for Environmental Protection (ARPAs) that have activated multi-annual monitoring programs. However, as the availability of funds is increasingly scarce, the number of environmental parameters to detect environmental changes should be conveniently managed. The high number of environmental parameters, nutrient and macrophyte datasets available for the LTER-Italia site “Venice lagoon” can be an useful tool to analyze the trophic changes over recent years and to foresee environmental evolutions. Nutrient data on a spatial basis have been available since 1948, whereas macroalgal maps date back to 1980. The aim of this paper is to highlight the changes of the trophic status of the lagoon since the middle of the 20th century by considering the concentrations of nutrients in the surface sediments and in the water column, the variation of some physico-chemical parameters and the biomass of macroalgae and also to foresee the way it will possibly evolve. In fact, after many anthropogenic impacts that in the second half of the 20th century affected the lagoon, starting from the year 2010, the ecological status is progressively improving. Nutrients show a significant reduction both in the water column and in surface sediments, and the macrophytes are represented by species of higher ecological value while the opportunistic species such as the Ulvaceae are in strong regression.
EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF NORTH AMERICAN OPOSSUMS (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA) WITH MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS

Eight North American opossums (Didelphis virginiana) were inoculated with 1 × 105 colony forming units of Mycobacterium bovis to investigate their potential as reservoir hosts for bovine tuberculosis in Michigan. Four animals received this dose orally and four were inoculated intramuscularly (IM). In each group, two animals were euthanized 1 mo postinoculation (PI) and two at 2 mo PI. Four control animals were housed separately and sacrificed in the same manner as those inoculated. One of four orally inoculated opossums and three of four IM-inoculated opossums were positive for M. bovis by culture of tissues obtained at necropsy. The oral recipient had positive cultures from intestine and pooled lymphoid samples. Pooled lymphoid samples were positive in three IM-inoculated animals and two of these also had positive liver and lung cultures. One animal with gross and histologic lesions compatible with tuberculosis had negative tissue cultures. The findings suggest that opossums are susceptible to M. bovis infection by multiple routes, although their relative susceptibility compared to true reservoir hosts appears to be low.
Monitoring markers of muscle damage during a 3 week periodized drop-jump exercise programme

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine changes in indirect markers of muscle damage during 3 weeks of stretch–shortening exercise with a progressively increasing load and continued modulation of various key training variables. Eight healthy untrained men performed a drop-jump programme involving a progressive increase in load impact with respect to the number of jumps performed, drop (platform) height, squat depth amplitude, and addition of weights. Maximal concentric and isometric knee extensor strength were assessed immediately before and 10 min after each training session. Voluntary and 100 Hz-stimulation-evoked torque decreased acutely after each training session relative to pre-exercise values (P < 0.05) but recovered before the subsequent training session. Post-exercise plasma creatine kinase activity increased from 162.2 ± 56.2 IU · l−1 to 284.3 ± 116.3 IU · l−1 at 48 h after the first training session (P < 0.05) and remained marginally elevated throughout the training period. The present results indicate that detrimental muscle damage can be avoided with drop-jump training even with the gradual introduction of more demanding exercise induced by increasing the volume, intensity, and muscle stretch amplitude. These findings suggest that the human neuromuscular system is highly adaptable to progressively varied loading demands during stretch–shortening exercise training.
NMR and protein folding: Equilibrium and stopped‐flow studies

NMR studies are now unraveling the structure of intermediates of protein folding using hydrogen—deuterium exchange methodologies. These studies provide information about the time dependence of formation of secondary structure. They require the ability to assign specific resonances in the NMR spectra to specific amide protons of a protein followed by experiments involving competition between folding and exchange reactions. Another approach is to use 19F‐substituted amino acids to follow changes in side‐chain environment upon folding. Current techniques of molecular biology allow assignments of 19F resonances to specific amino acids by site‐directed mutagenesis. It is possible to follow changes and to analyze results from 19F spectra in real time using a stopped‐flow device incorporated into the NMR spectrometer.
High Cytomegalovirus Load and Prolonged Virus Excretion in Breast Milk Increase Risk for Viral Acquisition by Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Background: Breast milk is the main source of postnatal human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between HCMV load in breast milk and viral transmission to very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: Breast-fed VLBW infants who were born to HCMV-seropositive mothers and who were managed in a neonatal intensive care unit were enrolled in the study. Blood from mothers and infants was tested for HCMV antibodies after birth. Breast milk was collected for viral culture and HCMV load measurement. Urine from the babies was obtained for HCMV-DNA detection. Symptoms of HCMV infection were recorded and evaluated by neonatologists. Results: Of the 23 evaluated mothers during a 1-year period, 19 were HCMV seropositive; 17 of the women had detectable HCMV-DNA in their breast milk whey. Of the 23 infants born to the 19 seropositive mothers, 8 infants of 8 mothers had HCMV-DNA detected in the urine, indicating that they were infected, even though the breast milk was always frozen prior to feeding. Three infected infants had symptoms. At 4 weeks after delivery, the median viral load in breast milk from mothers of the 8 infected infants was significantly higher than that from mothers of the 15 noninfected infants (P = 0.04). HCMV was detectable in breast milk for a significantly longer period in mothers of infected infants (7.5 vs. 2.6 weeks P = 0.03). Conclusions: High HCMV load and prolonged virus excretion in breast milk are maternal risk factors for viral transmission to VLBW infants.
Influenza Virus Infection Increases p53 Activity: Role of p53 in Cell Death and Viral Replication

ABSTRACT The induction of apoptotic cell death is a hallmark of influenza virus infection. Although a variety of cellular and viral proteins have been implicated in this process, to date no conserved cellular pathway has been identified. In this study, we report that the tumor suppressor protein p53 is essential for the induction of cell death in influenza virus-infected cells. In primary human lung cells, influenza virus increased p53 protein levels. This was also noted in the human lung cell line A549, along with the up-regulation of p53-dependent gene transcription. Reduction of p53 activity in A549 cells inhibited influenza virus-induced cell death as measured by trypan blue exclusion and caspase activity. These findings were not cell type specific. Influenza virus-induced cell death was absent in mouse embryo fibroblasts isolated from p53 knockout mice, which was not the case in wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts, suggesting that p53 is a common cellular pathway leading to influenza virus-induced cell death. Surprisingly, inhibiting p53 activity led to elevated virus replication. Mechanistically, this may be due to the decrease in interferon signaling in p53-deficient cells, suggesting that functional p53 is involved in the interferon response to influenza infection. To our knowledge, these are the first studies demonstrating that p53 is involved in influenza virus-induced cell death and that inhibiting p53 leads to increased viral titers, potentially through modulation of the interferon response.
Immune-Enhancing Role of Vitamin C and Zinc and Effect on Clinical Conditions

Vitamin C concentrations in the plasma and leukocytes rapidly decline during infections and stress. Supplementation of vitamin C was found to improve components of the human immune system such as antimicrobial and natural killer cell activities, lymphocyte proliferation, chemotaxis, and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Vitamin C contributes to maintaining the redox integrity of cells and thereby protects them against reactive oxygen species generated during the respiratory burst and in the inflammatory response. Likewise, zinc undernutrition or deficiency was shown to impair cellular mediators of innate immunity such as phagocytosis, natural killer cell activity, and the generation of oxidative burst. Therefore, both nutrients play important roles in immune function and the modulation of host resistance to infectious agents, reducing the risk, severity, and duration of infectious diseases. This is of special importance in populations in which insufficient intake of these nutrients is prevalent. In the developing world, this is the case in low- and middle-income countries, but also in subpopulations in industrialized countries, e.g. in the elderly. A large number of randomized controlled intervention trials with intakes of up to 1 g of vitamin C and up to 30 mg of zinc are available. These trials document that adequate intakes of vitamin C and zinc ameliorate symptoms and shorten the duration of respiratory tract infections including the common cold. Furthermore, vitamin C and zinc reduce the incidence and improve the outcome of pneumonia, malaria, and diarrhea infections, especially in children in developing countries.
Fin-Array-FET on bulk silicon for sub-100 nm trench capacitor DRAM

Fin gate array transistor (Fin-Array-FET) fabricated on bulk silicon substrate is applied to the DRAM cell with the deep trench (DT) capacitor. Fin-Array-FET is designed for the 130 nm technology node and beyond by using the 3-D device simulator (HyDeLEOS) and process simulator (HySyProS). It is demonstrated that the on-current of Fin-Array-FET is 62 /spl mu/A/cell that is about 1.7 times as much as conventional planer array FET, keeping the off-current 0.1 fA/cell. It is also demonstrated that Fin-Array-FET on bulk silicon substrate can relieve of the retention degradation because the channel boron doping can be reduced to more than one order compared to the conventional planar array FET.
Bank Credit and the “Creation” of Deposits

Abstract It is much more realistic to say that the banks “create credit,” that is, that they create deposits in their act of lending, than to say that they lend the deposits that have been entrusted to them. And the reason for insisting on this is that depositors should not be invested with the insignia of a role which they do not play. The theory to which economists clung so tenaciously makes them out to be savers when they neither save nor intend to do so; it attributes to them an influence on the “supply of credit” which they do not have. The theory of “credit creation” not only recognizes patent facts without obscuring them by artificial constructions; it also brings out the peculiar mechanism of saving and investment that is characteristic of full-fledged capitalist society and the true role of banks in capitalist evolution. With less qualification than has to be added in most cases, this theory therefore constitutes definite advance in analysis.
Characterization of human ovarian epithelial tumors (ex vivo) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) offers an alternative investigational modality that will assist current pathologic techniques in the diagnosis of human ovarian epithelial tumors. Histologically normal human ovarian tissue (n = 12) was compared with ovarian benign fibromas (n = 3) and surface epithelial-stromal tumors (benign, n = 18; proliferating, n = 9; frankly malignant, n = 30) ex vivo by 1H MRS. The distinction between carcinomatous and benign or normal tissue (P<0.0001; Student's t-test) was made on one-dimensional (1-D) 1H MR spectra utilizing differences in resonance intensities of cellular lipid, creatine/phosphocreatine and lysine. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 87% and 91%, respectively. Two-dimensional (2-D) MRS of carcinomatous biopsies showed multiple crosspeaks attributable to cell-surface fucosylation that correlated with tumor grade and loss of cellular differentiation. The multiple fucose crosspeaks were absent in spectra from normal ovary and benign tumors. The distinction between carcinomatous and normal or benign tissue based on MR-visible fucosylation gave a sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 97%, respectively. Proliferating tumors exhibited a range of cell-surface fucosylation patterns indicative of malignant potential.
Training practices and organisational performance: A comparative analysis of domestic and international market oriented organisations in Central & Eastern Europe

The paper explores organisational level training practices in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) region and tests their impact on overall organisational performance. We draw upon data from the CRANET international survey of HR practices in order to provide a comparative overview of training and development in selected CEE Countries. Distinguishing between organisations focusing on the international and on the domestic market, and drawing upon data from 1147 companies in eight countries (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Serbia), we examine training practices and approaches and test their impact on organisational performance. Our findings demonstrate that the use of more developed training practices contributes to better organizational performance assessed by reference to service quality, productivity, profitability and rate of innovation. The market focus of the organisation in terms of serving a domestic or an international one also appears consequential with those operating internationally recording more extensive training practices.
New high density micro structured thermogenerators for stand alone sensor systems

Thermoelectric thin film micro-devices with high packing densities of thermoelectric legs are of high demand in micro-systems for self-standing and so called waste energy self-powered sensor systems for wireless data transfer. One technical solution for such micro-devices is offered by the Micropelt technology. The recent development status of the Micropelt micro thermogenerators will be presented. The Micropelt platform technology now allows devices with up to ~8000 p-n-couples per cm2. Open circuit voltages achieved so far were about 2.3 V at 10 K temperature difference. Maximum power output was measured to be 2.8 mW. Thus they are suited as power supplies for harvesting energy in stand alone sensor systems for wireless data transmission. An evaluation setup to perform first level tests for the efficiency of harvesting waste energy using the microstructured thermogenerators will be presented.
Purification and properties of glutamate synthase from Bacillus licheniformis

Glutamate synthase [L-glutamate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (transaminating); EC 1.4. 1.13](GltS) was purified to homogeneity from Bacillus licheniformis A5. The native enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 220,000 and was composed of two nonidentical subunits (molecular weights, approximately 158,000 and approximately 54,000). The enzyme was found to contain 8.1 +/- 1 iron atoms and 8.1 +/- 1 acid-labile sulfur atoms per 220,000-dalton dimer. Two flavin moieties were found per 220,000-dalton dimer, with a ratio of flavin adenine dinucleotide to flavin mononucleotide of 1.2. The UV-visible spectrum of the enzyme exhibited maxima at 263,380 and 450 nm. The GltS from B. licheniformis had a requirement for NADPH, alpha-ketoglutarate, and glutamine. Classical hyperbolic kinetics were seen for NADPH affinity, which resulted in an apparent Km value of 13 microM. Nonhyperbolic kinetics were obtained for alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamine affinities, and the reciprocal plots obtained for these substrates were biphasic. The apparent Km values obtained for glutamine were 8 and 100 microM, and the apparent Km values obtained for alpha-ketoglutarate were 6 and 50 microM. GltS activity was found to be relatively insensitive to inhibition by amino acids, keto acids, or various nucleotides. L-Methionine-DL-sulfoximine, L-methionine sulfone, and DL-methionine sulfoxide were found to be potent inhibitors of GltS activity, yielding I0.5 values of 150, 11, and 250 microM, respectively. GltSs were purified from cells grown in the presence of ammonia and nitrate as sole nitrogen sources and were compared. Both yielded identical final specific activities and identical physical (UV-visible spectra, flavin, and iron-sulfur composition) and kinetic characteristics.
Cryptosporidiosis in children during a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic findings

During the spring of 1993 an estimated 403000 residents of the greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin area experienced gastrointestinal illness due to infection with the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum following contamination of the city's water supply. To define the clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic features of outbreak-associated cryptosporidiosis in children, medical and laboratory records for all children submitting stool samples to the microbiology laboratory of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between 7 April and 13 May 1993 were reviewed retrospectively. Interviews with parents were also conducted to obtain additional clinical history. Cryptosporidium, as the sole pathogen, was identified in stools from 49 (23%) of the 209 children enrolled in the study. Children with laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis were more likely to live in areas of Milwaukee supplied with contaminated water (RR=1·92, CI=1·19–3·09), to be tested later in their illness (P<0·05), to have submitted more than one stool specimen (P=0·01), to have an underlying disease that altered their immune status (RR=2·78, CI=1·60–4·84), and to be older than 1 year of age (RR=2·02, CI=1·13–3·60). Clinical illness in these patients was more prolonged and associated with weight loss and abdominal cramps compared with Cryptosporidium-negative children. In the context of this massive waterborne outbreak relatively few children had documented infection with Cryptosporidium. If many children who tested negative for the parasite were truly infected, as the epidemiologic data suggest, existing laboratory tests for Cryptosporidium were insensitive, particularly early in the course of illness.