Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Norges Teknisk-naturvitenskapelige Universitet Think Continuous: Markovian Gaussian Models in Spatial Statistics Think Continuous: Markovian Gaussian Models in Spatial Statistics

Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRFs) are frequently used as computationally efficient models in spatial statistics. Unfortunately, it has traditionally been difficult to link GMRFs with the more traditional Gaussian random field models as the Markov property is difficult to deploy in continuous space. Following the pioneering work of Lindgren et al. (2011), we expound on the link between Markovian Gaussian random fields and GMRFs. In particular, we discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of fast computation with continuously specified Markovian Gaussian random fields, as well as the clear advantages they offer in terms of clear, parsimonious and interpretable models of anisotropy and non-stationarity.
Sinusoidal Order Estimation using the Subspace Orthogonality and Shift-Invariance Properties

In this paper, we study and compare a number of subspace-based methods for determining the the number of sinusoids in noise. These are based on the subspace orthogonality and and shift-invariance properties that are known from the MUSIC (multiple signal classification) and ESPRIT frequency estimators. The method based on the orthogonality property has not previously appeared in the literature. We compare, in simulations, the various sub-space methods. These show that the subspace methods can estimate the correct order with a high probability for sufficiently high SNRs and number of observations with MUSIC performing the best. Also, unlike the commonly used statistical methods, the subspace methods do not depend on the probability density function of the noise being known.
Average Distance in a General Class of Scale-Free Networks with Underlying Geometry

In Chung-Lu random graphs, a classic model for real-world networks, each vertex is equipped with a weight drawn from a power-law distribution, and two vertices form an edge independently with probability proportional to the product of their weights. Chung-Lu graphs have average distance O(log log n) and thus reproduce the small-world phenomenon, a key property of real-world networks. Modern, more realistic variants of this model also equip each vertex with a random position in a specific underlying geometry. The edge probability of two vertices then depends, say, inversely polynomial on their distance. In this paper we study a generic augmented version of Chung-Lu random graphs. We analyze a model where the edge probability of two vertices can depend arbitrarily on their positions, as long as the marginal probability of forming an edge (for two vertices with fixed weights, one fixed position, and one random position) is as in Chung-Lu random graphs. The resulting class contains Chung-Lu random graphs, hyperbolic random graphs, and geometric inhomogeneous random graphs as special cases. Our main result is that every random graph model in this general class has the same average distance as Chung-Lu random graphs, up to a factor 1+o(1). This shows in particular that specific choices, such as the underlying geometry being Euclidean or the dependence on the distance being inversely polynomial, do not significantly influence the average distance. The proof also yields that our model has a giant component and polylogarithmic diameter with high probability.
Shapley Ratings in Brain Networks

Recent applications of network theory to brain networks as well as the expanding empirical databases of brain architecture spawn an interest in novel techniques for analyzing connectivity patterns in the brain. Treating individual brain structures as nodes in a directed graph model permits the application of graph theoretical concepts to the analysis of these structures within their large-scale connectivity networks. In this paper, we explore the application of concepts from graph and game theory toward this end. Specifically, we utilize the Shapley value principle, which assigns a rank to players in a coalition based upon their individual contributions to the collective profit of that coalition, to assess the contributions of individual brain structures to the graph derived from the global connectivity network. We report Shapley values for variations of a prefrontal network, as well as for a visual cortical network, which had both been extensively investigated previously. This analysis highlights particular nodes as strong or weak contributors to global connectivity. To understand the nature of their contribution, we compare the Shapley values obtained from these networks and appropriate controls to other previously described nodal measures of structural connectivity. We find a strong correlation between Shapley values and both betweenness centrality and connection density. Moreover, a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicates that approximately 79% of the variance in Shapley values obtained from random networks can be explained by betweenness centrality alone. Finally, we investigate the effects of local lesions on the Shapley ratings, showing that the present networks have an immense structural resistance to degradation. We discuss our results highlighting the use of such measures for characterizing the organization and functional role of brain networks.
A Dialogue Manager for Natural Language Interfaces

Users of natural language interfaces should conveniently be able to express the commands and queries that the background system can deal with, and the system should react quickly and accurately to all input. Among other things this means that the interface must be able to cope with connected dialogue. Furthermore, the design of natural language interfaces must take into consideration the characteristics of human-computer interaction instead of trying to mimic human interaction. This paper presents a dialogue manager for such natural language interfaces. To control the interaction it uses a dialogue grammar with information on the functional role of an utterance as conveyed in the linguistic structure. Focus structure is handled using dialogue objects recorded in a dialogue tree which can be accessed by the various modules for interpretation, generation and background system access. The Dialogue Manager is designed to facilitate cus-tomization to the sublanguage utilized in various applications. The paper also discusses the possibilities of generalizing the Dialogue Manager to other modalities.
An improved English to Chinese translation of technical text

The English to Chinese automatic translators cannot always satisfy the requirement of users especially in technical fields. Through research, the main reason is wrong translation of technical terminologies. The researchers summarized common mistakes of technical translation. Then developed an IE (Industrial Electronics) dictionary that is a professional technical dictionary correcting the wrong translations by Google translator. With the Python platform, researchers can automatically replaces incorrect translation by Google translator to get improved translations. Finally, we develop Web pages to show translation results that can help Chinese engineers read industrial electronic papers and this approach can be also used in other technical areas.
A hop towards running humanoid biped

Aiming for a humanoid robot of the next generation, we have been developing a biped which can jump and run. This paper introduces biped robot HRP-2LR and its hopping with both legs as our first attempt towards running. Using a dynamic model of HRP-2LR, hopping patterns are pre-calculated so that it follows the desired profiles of the total linear and angular momentum. For this purpose we used resolved momentum control. Adding small modifications to negotiate the difference between the model and the real hardware, we successfully realized a steady hopping motion of 0.06 [s] flight phase and 0.5 [s] support phase. A hopping with forward velocity of 15 [mm/s] was also realized. Finally, a running pattern of 0.06 [s] flight and 03 [s] support phase was tested. HRP-2LR could successfully run with average speed of 0.16 [m/s].
Intentiō: power distribution through a potentialized human body

We present Intentiō, which allows a potentialized human body to activate low-power electronic devices by touching them. A potentialized human body, i.e., one carrying our device, acts as a common power source and distributes power to electronic devices through their body. An electronic device generally requires its own power source that needs to be managed individually. The diversity of battery sources, which must also be frequently charged or exchanged, has introduced complications for users who manage them. Providing a common power source may help users more easily manage electric devices because the devices are passive, with no power source of their own. This paper presents Intentiō's design and implementation, followed by several proof-of-concept applications based on a potentialized human body. We also discuss the safety concerns of our method. Intentiō is a concept and framework for augmenting humans so that they may interact with and handle electronic devices with power distribution, where the electric devices can passively exist without complex wiring or power sources.
Molecular characterization of the amplified carboxylesterase gene associated with organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Widespread resistance to organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) in Nilaparvata lugens is associated with elevation of carboxylesterase activity. A cDNA encoding a carboxylesterase, Nl‐EST1, has been isolated from an OP‐resistant Sri Lankan strain of N. lugens. The full‐length cDNA codes for a 547‐amino acid protein with high homology to other esterases/lipases. Nl‐EST1 has an N‐terminal hydrophobic signal peptide sequence of 24 amino acids which suggests that the mature protein is secreted from cells expressing it. The nucleotide sequence of the homologue of Nl‐EST1 in an OP‐susceptible, low esterase Sri Lankan strain of N. lugens is identical to Nl‐EST1. Southern analysis of genomic DNA from the Sri Lankan OP‐resistant and susceptible strains suggests that Nl‐EST1 is amplified in the resistant strain. Therefore, resistance to OPs in the Sri Lankan strain is through amplification of a gene identical to that found in the susceptible strain.
Biomimetic Representation in Genetic Programming

Biological representations underly biological evolution. Moreover, they are also a product of evolution and consequently well adapted for their purpose. The argument presented in this paper is that the representations of biology are also suitable for representing artificial executable systems in genetic programming and, furthermore, that biomimetic representations could improve both the adaptability and evolvability of GP. To this end a biomimetic approach to GP, enzyme genetic programming, is introduced and its behaviour is analysed when applied to the domain of combinational circuit design.
Recent Progress in Treating Protein–Ligand Interactions with Quantum-Mechanical Methods

We review the first successes and failures of a “new wave” of quantum chemistry-based approaches to the treatment of protein/ligand interactions. These approaches share the use of “enhanced”, dispersion (D), and/or hydrogen-bond (H) corrected density functional theory (DFT) or semi-empirical quantum mechanical (SQM) methods, in combination with ensemble weighting techniques of some form to capture entropic effects. Benchmark and model system calculations in comparison to high-level theoretical as well as experimental references have shown that both DFT-D (dispersion-corrected density functional theory) and SQM-DH (dispersion and hydrogen bond-corrected semi-empirical quantum mechanical) perform much more accurately than older DFT and SQM approaches and also standard docking methods. In addition, DFT-D might soon become and SQM-DH already is fast enough to compute a large number of binding modes of comparably large protein/ligand complexes, thus allowing for a more accurate assessment of entropic effects.
Robot-assisted rehabilitation of the upper limb in persons with Multiple Sclerosis : a pilot study

REVAL Rehabilitation and Health Care Research Centre, PHL University College, Guffenslaan 39, B-3500 Hasselt, Belgium. 2 Expertise Centre for Digital Media, Hasselt University and transnationale University Limburg, Wetenschapspark 2, B3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, NL-6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands. 4 Rehabilitation and Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Boemerangstraat 2, B-3900 Overpelt, Belgium.
Flexural stiffness in insect wings II. Spatial distribution and dynamic wing bending

SUMMARY The dynamic, three-dimensional shape of flapping insect wings may influence many aspects of flight performance. Insect wing deformations during flight are largely passive, and are controlled primarily by the architecture and material properties of the wing. Although many details of wing structure are well understood, the distribution of flexural stiffness in insect wings and its effects on wing bending are unknown. In this study, we developed a method of estimating spatial variation in flexural stiffness in both the spanwise and chordwise direction of insect wings. We measured displacement along the wing in response to a point force, and modeled flexural stiffness variation as a simple mathematical function capable of approximating this measured displacement. We used this method to estimate flexural stiffness variation in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, and the dragonfly Aeshna multicolor. In both species, flexural stiffness declines sharply from the wing base to the tip, and from the leading edge to the trailing edge; this variation can be approximated by an exponential decline. The wings of M. sexta also display dorsal/ventral asymmetry in flexural stiffness and significant differences between males and females. Finite element models based on M. sexta forewings demonstrate that the measured spatial variation in flexural stiffness preserves rigidity in proximal regions of the wing, while transferring bending to the edges, where aerodynamic force production is most sensitive to subtle changes in shape.
USING AN ADAPTIVE HEURISTIC

The rapid development of mobile communications has caused a higher demand of radio channel or carrier frequency due to additional mobile subscribers. With a limited frequency bandwidth allocated to mobile operators, good network planning is important to avoid congestion in the network. Some of the methods used to improve congestion in mobile networks is cell splitting and frequency reuse, but without good planning, such as assignment of frequencies to base station and coverage area, it will result in extra costs to mobile operators due to additional base stations being required. Two base stations, operating in the same carrier frequency, will interfere with each other subject to distance, transmission power and position of the antenna. The task of assignment carrier frequency to a base station with limited frequency resources is called the channel assignment problem (CAP) or the frequency assignment problem (FAP). The channel assignment problem can be defined as the assignment of radio channels to a base station in order to meet traffic demand without violating any interference constraints. In this paper, we will introduce a hyperheuristic approach to tackle this problem.
The evolution of human communication and language

territorial songs, and by vervet monkey alarm calls. We are not yet sure exactly what is conveyed by whale songs, but a reasonable default hypothesis would seem to be that they convey messages of the same expressive power as complex birdsongs. We may be wrong about this, but the current belief is thus that any human language is capable of communicating the sum total of all that any animal species can communicate, and more. More, because we alone, as far as we know, can tell each other about ctional or abstract objects, and about events far distant in time and space. In the bulk of this chapter, I will list and discuss some of the most important differences and similarities between human languages and nonhuman communication systems, with an evolutionary perspective, in particular drawing on results from comparative psychology pertaining to our closest relatives, the non-human primates (see related discussion on language in Chapter 13).
American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Relation between Clinical Depression Risk and Physical Activity and Time Spent Watching Television in Older Women: a 10-year Prospective Follow-up Study

Although physical activity (PA) has been inversely associated with depressive symptoms, it is not clear whether regular PA and television watching are associated with clinical depression risk. The authors conducted a prospective analysis involving 49,821 US women from the Nurses' Health Study who were free from depressive symptoms analyses were conducted using the cumulative average of PA (minutes/day) with a 2-year latency period applied. Participants were asked about television-watching habits in 1992. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for multiple risk factors were used to estimate relative risks of clinical depression (self-reported physician-diagnosed depression or use of antidepressants). During 10 years of follow-up (1996–2006), 6,505 incident cases of depression were documented. Higher levels of PA were associated with lower depression risk. The multivariate relative risk comparing the highest level of PA (90 minutes/day) with the lowest (<10 minutes/day) was 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.70, 0.92; P trend < 0.001). In contrast, the risk of depression increased with increasing television-watching time. The multivariate relative risk comparing women who spent 21 hours/week or more watching television with those who spent 0–1 hour/week was 1.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.27; P trend ¼ 0.01). Analyses simultaneously considering PA and television watching suggested that both contributed independently to depression risk. Major depressive disorder is a chronic and recurrent illness that affects 2 times more women than men (1); in the United States, about 20% of the women will be affected during their lifetimes (2). The economic consequences of major depres-sive disorder are considerable (3) because of not only the increased use of health-care services and the worse health outcomes associated with this disease but also the loss of productivity due to absenteeism and inefficiency at work (4). Thus, depression prevention is a major health priority and new strategies for dealing with it are needed. Since Hippocrates' time, physical activity (PA) has been recommended by physicians to prevent depression (5). Despite dissimilarities in the designs of the 21 longitudinal studies that analyzed the relation between PA and depression symptoms, 17 found significant inverse associations (6–22), whereas only 4 did not (23–26). Most of these studies, however, had several limitations, including a relatively small study population, a short follow-up time, a lack of repeated measurements of the exposure and outcome, and no exclusion of depressed participants at base-line. A recent Cochrane review of randomized trials concluded
The Settlement of Madagascar: What Dialects and Languages Can Tell Us

The dialects of Madagascar belong to the Greater Barito East group of the Austronesian family and it is widely accepted that the Island was colonized by Indonesian sailors after a maritime trek that probably took place around 650 CE. The language most closely related to Malagasy dialects is Maanyan, but Malay is also strongly related especially for navigation terms. Since the Maanyan Dayaks live along the Barito river in Kalimantan (Borneo) and they do not possess the necessary skill for long maritime navigation, they were probably brought as subordinates by Malay sailors. In a recent paper we compared 23 different Malagasy dialects in order to determine the time and the landing area of the first colonization. In this research we use new data and new methods to confirm that the landing took place on the south-east coast of the Island. Furthermore, we are able to state here that colonization probably consisted of a single founding event rather than multiple settlements.To reach our goal we find out the internal kinship relations among all the 23 Malagasy dialects and we also find out the relations of the 23 dialects to Malay and Maanyan. The method used is an automated version of the lexicostatistic approach. The data from Madagascar were collected by the author at the beginning of 2010 and consist of Swadesh lists of 200 items for 23 dialects covering all areas of the Island. The lists for Maanyan and Malay were obtained from a published dataset integrated with the author's interviews.
Finite horizon ruin probabilities for Markov-modulated risk processes with heavy tails

Let i (u) be the ruin time for a risk process which has initial reserve u and evolves in a nite Markovian environment E with initial state i and let i (u; T) = IP(i (u) T) be the corresponding probability of ruin before time T. Then the arrival intensity is j and the claim size distribution is B j when the environment is in state j 2 E. Assuming that there is a subset of E for which the tail B j of the B j satisfy as x ! 1 that B j (x) b j H(x); i.e. B j (x)=H(x) ! b j , for some probability distribution H whose tail H is a subexponential density, and that B j (x) = o(H(x)) for the remaining B j , it is shown that under mild regularity condition, there exist constants a(u) such that the limiting distribution of i (u)=a(u) given i (u) < 1 is either Pareto or exponential. This extends a recent result of Asmussen & Kl uppelberg for the classical compound Poisson risk process and yields as corollary a set of approximations for the i (u; T).
Glial and neuronal isoforms of Neurofascin have distinct roles in the assembly of nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system

Rapid nerve impulse conduction in myelinated axons requires the concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier. Myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) induce the clustering of sodium channels into nodal complexes flanked by paranodal axoglial junctions. However, the molecular mechanisms for nodal complex assembly in the CNS are unknown. Two isoforms of Neurofascin, neuronal Nfasc186 and glial Nfasc155, are components of the nodal and paranodal complexes, respectively. Neurofascin-null mice have disrupted nodal and paranodal complexes. We show that transgenic Nfasc186 can rescue the nodal complex when expressed in Nfasc−/− mice in the absence of the Nfasc155–Caspr–Contactin adhesion complex. Reconstitution of the axoglial adhesion complex by expressing transgenic Nfasc155 in oligodendrocytes also rescues the nodal complex independently of Nfasc186. Furthermore, the Nfasc155 adhesion complex has an additional function in promoting the migration of myelinating processes along CNS axons. We propose that glial and neuronal Neurofascins have distinct functions in the assembly of the CNS node of Ranvier.