Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deposition of TiN and HfO2 in a commercial 200mm remote plasma atomic layer deposition reactor

The authors describe a remote plasma atomic layer deposition reactor (Oxford Instruments FlexAL™) that includes an inductively coupled plasma source and a load lock capable of handling substrates up to 200mm in diameter. The deposition of titanium nitride (TiN) and hafnium oxide (HfO2) is described for the combination of the metal-halide precursor TiCl4 and H2–N2 plasma and the combination of the metallorganic precursor Hf[N(CH3)(C2H5)]4 and O2 plasma, respectively. The influence of the plasma exposure time and substrate temperature has been studied and compositional, structural, and electrical properties are reported. TiN films with a low Cl impurity content were obtained at 350°C at a growth rate of 0.35A∕cycle with an electrical resistivity as low as 150μΩcm. Carbon-free (detection limit <2at.%) HfO2 films were obtained at a growth rate of 1.0A∕cycle at 290°C. The thickness and resisitivity nonuniformity was <5% for the TiN and the thickness uniformality was <2% for the HfO2 films as determined over 200mm wafers.The authors describe a remote plasma atomic layer deposition reactor (Oxford Instruments FlexAL™) that includes an inductively coupled plasma source and a load lock capable of handling substrates up to 200mm in diameter. The deposition of titanium nitride (TiN) and hafnium oxide (HfO2) is described for the combination of the metal-halide precursor TiCl4 and H2–N2 plasma and the combination of the metallorganic precursor Hf[N(CH3)(C2H5)]4 and O2 plasma, respectively. The influence of the plasma exposure time and substrate temperature has been studied and compositional, structural, and electrical properties are reported. TiN films with a low Cl impurity content were obtained at 350°C at a growth rate of 0.35A∕cycle with an electrical resistivity as low as 150μΩcm. Carbon-free (detection limit <2at.%) HfO2 films were obtained at a growth rate of 1.0A∕cycle at 290°C. The thickness and resisitivity nonuniformity was <5% for the TiN and the thickness uniformality was <2% for the HfO2 films as determined over 20.
A comparison of South Pacific Antarctic sea ice and atmospheric circulation reconstructions since 1900

Abstract. The recent changes and record lows in Antarctic sea ice extent illustrate the need for longer estimates beyond the short satellite observation period commencing around 1979. However, Antarctic sea ice extent reconstructions since 1900 based on paleo-records and those generated based on instrumental observations from the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes are markedly different, especially prior to 1979. Here, these reconstructions are examined with the goal of understanding the relative strengths and limitations of each reconstruction better so that researchers using the various datasets can interpret them appropriately. Overall, it is found that the different spatial and temporal resolutions of each dataset play a secondary role to the inherent connections each reconstruction has with its implied atmospheric circulation. Five Southern Hemisphere pressure reconstructions spanning the 20th century are thus examined further. There are different variabilities and trends poleward of 60∘ S between proxy-based and station-based 20th century pressure reconstructions, which are connected to the disagreement between the Antarctic sea ice extent reconstructions examined here. Importantly, reconstructions based on only coral records provide the best agreement between the early pressure reconstructions, suggesting that a contributing role of tropical variability is present in the station-based pressure (and therefore sea ice) reconstructions. In contrast, ice-core-only reconstructions provide a local, high-latitude constraint that creates differences between the proxy-based and station-based reconstructions near Antarctica. Our results reveal the greatest consistencies and inconsistencies in available datasets and highlight the need to better understand the relative roles of the tropics versus high latitudes in historical sea ice variability around Antarctica.
Distributions of dissolved iron and aluminum in the eastern equatorial Pacific : results from the 2004 biocomplexity cruise

The aim of this thesis was to assess the relative roles of atmospheric deposition and upwelling in supplying iron (Fe) to surface waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) and the resulting potential Fe-limitation of phytoplankton. It was found that the atmospheric contribution is -0.2% of the upwelling contribution of dissolved Fe. Based upon potential new production supported by upwelled Fe in comparison to that of upwelled N, and also N:Fe ratios in the surface waters of the EEP, it is likely that the persistence of the HNLC state in this region is due to Fe-limitation of phytoplankton growth. Additionally, the sources of Fe to the upwelled water in the EEP and the possible variability of these sources was assessed.
Carry-over and interaction effects of different hand-milking techniques and milkers on milk

The main idea of this thesis is studying the importance of the carry-over effects and interaction effects in statistical models. To investigate it, a hand-milking experiment in Burkina Faso was studied. In many no electricity access countries, such as Burkina Faso, the amount of milk and milk compositions are still highly relying on hand-milking techniques and milkers. Moreover, the time effects also plays a important role in stockbreeding system. Therefore, falling all effects, carry-over effects and interaction effects into a linear mixed effects model, it is concluded that the carry-over effects of milker and hand-milking techniques cannot be neglected, and the interaction effects among hand-milking techniques, different milkers, days and periods can be substantial.
Nucleotide sequence of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine Ti plasmid-encoded tmr

The nucleotide sequence of the tmr gene, encoded by the octopine Ti plasmid f rom Agrobacterium tumef aciens (pTiAch5), was determined. The T-DNA, which encompasses this gene, is involved in tumor f ormation and maintenance, and probably mediates the cytokinin-independent growth of transformed plant cells. The nucleotide sequence of the tmr gene displays a continuous open reading f rame specif ying a polypeptide chain of 240 amino acids. The 5'- terminus of the polyadenylated tmr mRNA isolated from octopine tobacco tumor cell lines was determined by nuclease S1 mapping. The nucleotide sequence 5'-TATAAAA-3', which sequence is identical to the canonical "TATA" box, was found 29 nucleotides upstream from the major initiation site for RNA synthesis. Two potential poly-adenylation signals 5'-AATAAA-3' were found at 207 and 275 nucleotides downstream from the TAG stopcodon of the tmr gene. A comparison was made of nucleotide stretches, involved in transcription control of T-DNA genes.
Continental scale hydrostratigraphy: basin-scale testing of alternative data-driven approaches.

Integrated hydrological modeling is an effective method for understanding interactions between parts of the hydrologic cycle, quantifying water resources, and furthering knowledge of hydrologic processes. However, these models are dependent on robust and accurate datasets that physically represent spatial characteristics as model inputs. This study evaluates multiple data-driven approaches for estimating hydraulic conductivity and subsurface properties at the continental-scale, constructed from existing subsurface dataset components. Each subsurface configuration represents upper (unconfined) hydrogeology, lower (confined) hydrogeology, and the presence of a vertical flow barrier. Configurations are tested in two large-scale US watersheds using an integrated model. Model results are compared to observed streamflow and steady state water table depth (WTD). We provide model results for a range of configurations and show that both WTD and surface water partitioning are important indicators of performance. We also show that geology data source, total subsurface depth, anisotropy, and inclusion of a vertical flow barrier are the most important considerations for subsurface configurations. While a range of configurations proved viable, we provide a recommended Selected National Configuration 1 km resolution subsurface dataset for use in distributed large-and continental-scale hydrologic modeling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Environmental Screening of Solar Photovoltaic Utilities in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Large-scale solar photovoltaic (LSSPV) farming activities have increased the global popularity of solar energy installations as one of the highest absolute generation growth rates of all renewable technologies. With higher gas and coal prices and rising carbon prices, have resulted in higher electricity prices, making distributed PV as an increasingly appealing alternative for consumers driving investment. However, due to a lack of suitable sites and environmental conditions, building large-scale installations is becoming increasingly challenging. There is a debate among many stakeholders and experts about the actual environmental benefits and consequences altered by this farming, which could have negative effects on both natural and anthropogenic settings. Hence, this paper focuses on the Environmental Impact Screening (EIS) by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as part of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) in examining the environmental impact arising from a LSSPV project in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. The methodology for this study was conducted by evaluating results from in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, including expert input from academicians, solar consultants, relevant local authorities, etc. This investigation proposed a multicriteria approach to conveying the main environmental aspects of the LSSPV project and assessing the magnitude of impact and significance generated by it. Large projects necessitate an evaluation to ensure that potential problems are identified and addressed early in the planning and design phases. This study had considered the environmental and chemical (EC) impacts, as well as occupational safety (OSH) and economic impact (EI). The data is then analyzed with AHP to determine the final component rankings. The final model provides a structured approach that incorporates detailed criteria that reflect the direct and indirect impacts arising from this LSSPV project, and it is intended to provide assessment magnitude and estimate scenarios based on different stakeholder perspectives in directing for a better decision. According to the study’s findings, sufficient environmental mitigation steps have been implemented prior to project completion to mitigate and gauge all potential environmental degradation.
A Quantitative Comparison Analysis of Flux Modulation Permanent Magnet Machines with Four Topologies

This paper presents flux modulation permanent magnet machines with four topologies, which have incorporated the magnetic gear structure and a stator within one machine. Four types of flux modulation permanent magnet machines are compared quantitatively. According to the location of the four structures, the four proposed machines are referred as motor I, motor II, motor III, and motor IV. This paper focuses on the performance comparative analysis of the four proposed machines by using finite element method (FEM). The output electromagnetic torque, induced voltage, cogging torque and efficiency of the four proposed machines have been investigated.
Processing Receiver Function Data in Mentawai Region, Sumatra

The Mentawai Islands are located in the western part of Sumatra, in the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plate subduction zone. Because of these tectonic settings, the Mentawai Region has a high level of seismicity, making it particularly appealing for subsurface structure study. We used the receiver function method in this study to see response receiver function on plate subduction zone and compare the two deconvolution. This method uses the conversion of P-to-S waves, which have a larger amplitude in the radial component than vertical waves. The deconvolution technique is used to extract the two components of the receiver function signal. Water level deconvolution and iterative deconvolution were employed in this study. In practice, any deconvolution method cannot produce a suitable receiver function due to various methodologies that cannot be used in all conditions. Therefore, an evaluation is needed of each deconvolution method used to obtain the best results. This study utilizes two teleseismic stations located in the north and south of Mentawai, which were obtained through the IRIS website, and applied the Butterworth filter to obtain organized and noise-free data. The first results show that the water level is stronger than the iterative, which is more sensitive to the Gaussian filter width parameter. However, they produced almost identical results at both stations, precisely the arrival time of Ps, which was in 3-4 seconds and was followed by a low velocity.
CORRELATION INVESTIGATION: THE COGNITIVE REFLECTION TEST AND THE MATH NATIONAL EVALUATION SCORES

Purpose - the aim of the paper is to assess the relationship between the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) scores and the Math National Evaluation scores.Design/methodology/approach - statistical analyze and econometric methods, using SPSS, the Pearson correlation; critical assessment of literature review; quantitative methods.Findings - there is a significant, strong and positive correlation between the Math National Evaluation scores and the Cognitive Reflection Test scores, in both versions, the original CRT and the 10 items LCRT (Long Cognitive Reflection Test). Practical implications ? optional courses focused on logical reasoning could have a positive impact on Math National Evaluation scores.Originality/value ? to the author? s knowledge, this is the first analysis of the relationship between CRT scores and Math scores at secondary school level.Limitations - the participants were only from the Eastern part of Romania.
Ammonite shell morphotype distributions in the Western Interior Greenhorn Sea and some paleoecologic

An examination of the distributions of ammonite shell morphotypes in the Western Interior Cretaceous Greenhorn Cyclothem suggests that the varied morphologies represented by this diverse group of organisms reflect mode of life and to some extent environmental conditions. Although most ammonites apparently ranged from shallow nearshore to deeper mid-basinal habitats in the Western Interior Seaway (maximum depth about 300 m), the distributions of certain morphotypes suggest depth-restriction. For example, compressed, disc-shaped, and heavily nodose forms generally indicate bottoms shallower than about 50 m. Also, structural and morphological shell features appear in some cases to facilitate relative depth interpretations. While pelagic ammonites were sensitive to salinity, temperature, and oxygenation within the water column, nektobenthic and benthic ones may be useful indicators of oxygenation closer to the substrate. Some morphotypes are represented solely by taxa restricted to specific thermal regimes, and their changing distributions may reflect migrations of major watermasses. The distribution patterns of most morphotypes suggest that post-mortem drift was generally not a major factor affecting ammonites of relatively shallow epicontinental seas.
Entropy transfers in the Linux Random Number Generator

One of the services provided by the operating system to the applications is random number generation. For security reasons, the Linux Random Number Generator is built upon the combination of a deterministic algorithm known as the cryptographic post-processing and an unpredictable physical phenomenon called an Entropy Source. While the various cryptographic post-processing algorithms and their properties are well described in the literature, the entropy collection process itself is little studied. This report first presents the different approaches to random number generation, and then details the architecture of the Linux Random Number Generator. Then, we present the experiments we performed to monitor entropy transfers. Our results show that the main source of randomness in the system is the behavior of the hard drive, and that most random numbers produced by the generator are actually consumed by the kernel itself.
Online Learning against Expert Automata

We consider a general framework of online learning with expert advice where the regret is defined with respect to a competitor class defined by a weighted automaton over sequences of experts. Our framework covers several problems previously studied, in particular that of competing against k-shifting experts. We give a series of algorithms for this problem, including an automata-based algorithm extending weightedmajority and more efficient algorithms based on the notion of failure transitions. We further present efficient algorithms based on a compact approximation of the competitor automaton, in particular efficient n-gram models obtained by minimizing the Rényi divergence, and present an extensive study of the approximation properties of such models. We also extend our algorithms and results to the framework of sleeping experts. Finally, we describe the extension of our approximation methods to online convex optimization and a general mirror descent setting.
Interactions between color and gloss in iridescent camouflage

Abstract Iridescence is a taxonomically widespread form of structural coloration that produces often intense hues that change with the angle of viewing. Its role as a signal has been investigated in multiple species, but recently, and counter-intuitively, it has been shown that it can function as camouflage. However, the property of iridescence that reduces detectability is, as yet, unclear. As viewing angle changes, iridescent objects change not only in hue but also in intensity, and many iridescent animals are also shiny or glossy; these “specular reflections,” both from the target and background, have been implicated in crypsis. Here, we present a field experiment with natural avian predators that separate the relative contributions of color and gloss to the “survival” of iridescent and non-iridescent beetle-like targets. Consistent with previous research, we found that iridescent coloration, and high gloss of the leaves on which targets were placed, enhance survival. However, glossy targets survived less well than matt. We interpret the results in terms of signal-to-noise ratio: specular reflections from the background reduce detectability by increasing visual noise. While a specular reflection from the target attracts attention, a changeable color reduces the signal because, we suggest, normally, the color of an object is a stable feature for detection and identification.
Whole-genome Comparisons Identify Repeated Regulatory Changes Underlying Convergent Appendage Evolution in Diverse Fish Lineages

Abstract Fins are major functional appendages of fish that have been repeatedly modified in different lineages. To search for genomic changes underlying natural fin diversity, we compared the genomes of 36 percomorph fish species that span over 100 million years of evolution and either have complete or reduced pelvic and caudal fins. We identify 1,614 genomic regions that are well-conserved in fin-complete species but missing from multiple fin-reduced lineages. Recurrent deletions of conserved sequences in wild fin-reduced species are enriched for functions related to appendage development, suggesting that convergent fin reduction at the organismal level is associated with repeated genomic deletions near fin-appendage development genes. We used sequencing and functional enhancer assays to confirm that PelA, a Pitx1 enhancer previously linked to recurrent pelvic loss in sticklebacks, has also been independently deleted and may have contributed to the fin morphology in distantly related pelvic-reduced species. We also identify a novel enhancer that is conserved in the majority of percomorphs, drives caudal fin expression in transgenic stickleback, is missing in tetraodontiform, syngnathid, and synbranchid species with caudal fin reduction, and alters caudal fin development when targeted by genome editing. Our study illustrates a broadly applicable strategy for mapping phenotypes to genotypes across a tree of vertebrate species and highlights notable new examples of regulatory genomic hotspots that have been used to evolve recurrent phenotypes across 100 million years of fish evolution.
The effects of different biochars on Caenorhabditis elegans and the underlying transcriptomic mechanisms

Different biochars have diverse properties, with ambiguous effects on soil nematodes. This study investigated how aspen sawdust (ABC), bamboo powder (BBC), maize straw (MBC) and peanut-shell biochars (PBC) affected Caenorhabditis elegans via culture assays and RNA-seq analysis. The results showed that biochars derived from different agricultural materials varied significantly in physicochemical properties, and PBC produced more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to attract C. elegans than ABC, BBC and MBC. Moreover, worms in ABC experienced the worst outcomes, while worms in PBC experienced milder impacts. Nematode body length decreased to 724.6 μm, 784.0 μm and 799.7 μm on average in ABC, BBC and MBC, respectively, compared to the control (1052 μm) and PBC treatments (960 μm). The brood size in ABC, MBC, BBC and PBC decreased 41.1%, 39.4%, 39.2% and 19.1% compared to the control, respectively. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of biochar-induced developmental effects on C. elegans were explored. Although several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were different among the four biochars, worm phenotypic changes were mainly related to col genes (col-129; col-140; col-40; col-184), bli-6, sqt-3, perm-2/4, cdk-8, daf-16 and sod-1/2/5, which are associated with cuticle collagen synthesis, eggshell formation in postembryonic growth and rhythmic processes. Our study suggests that different properties of biochars could be crucial to soil nematodes, as well as the worms’ biochemical changes are important for the health in agriculture soil.
The complete mitochondrial genome of a marine polychaete, Prionospio cf. japonica (Annelida: Spionidae)

Abstract Prionospio Malmgren 1867 is one of the abundant genera of the family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Despite its rich diversity, information on their complete mitochondrial genome has remained unknown. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of a spionid polychaete, Prionospio cf. japonica Okuda 1935. The specimen was collected from the fine sand in the intertidal zone of South Korea. The mitogenome consists of 15,267 base pairs, harboring 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the 11 PCGs showed that Prionospio cf. japonica grouped with other spionid polychaetes and formed a monophyletic group. Also, the mtDNA of P. cf. japonica was more closely related to that of non-polydorin spionid, Marenzelleria neglecta, than polydorin spionids. The molecular data will be valuable for studying evolutionary relationships among annelids.