Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Projected expansion of the subtropical biome and contraction of the temperate and equatorial upwelling biomes in the North Pacific under global warming

Polovina, J. J., Dunne, J. P., Woodworth, P. A. , and Howell, E. A. 2011. Projected expansion of the subtropical biome and contraction of the temperate and equatorial upwelling biomes in the North Pacific under global warming. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 986–995.A climate model that includes a coupled ocean biogeochemistry model is used to define large oceanic biomes in the North Pacific Ocean and describe their changes over the 21st century in response to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario A2 future atmospheric CO 2 emissions scenario. Driven by enhanced stratification and a northward shift in the mid-latitude westerlies under climate change, model projections demonstrated that between 2000 and 2100, the area of the subtropical biome expands by ∼30% by 2100, whereas the area of temperate and equatorial upwelling (EU) biomes decreases by ∼34 and 28%, respectively, by 2100. Over the century, the total biome primary production and fish catch is projected to increase by 26% in the subtropical biome and decrease by 38 and 15% in the temperate and the equatorial biomes, respectively. Although the primary production per unit area declines slightly in the subtropical and the temperate biomes, it increases 17% in the EU biome. Two areas where the subtropical biome boundary exhibits the greatest movement is in the northeast Pacific, where it moves northwards by as much as 1000 km per 100 years and at the equator in the central Pacific, where it moves eastwards by 2000 km per 100 years. Lastly, by the end of the century, there are projected to be more than 25 million km 2 of water with a mean sea surface temperature of 31°C in the subtropical and EU biomes, representing a new thermal habitat. The projected trends in biome carrying capacity and fish catch suggest resource managers might have to address long-term trends in fishing capacity and quota levels.
Dynamic Algorithms for Recoverable Robustness Problems

Recently, the recoverable robustness model has been introduced in the optimization area. This model allows to consider disruptions (input data changes) in a unified way, that is, during both the strategic planning phase and the operational phase. Although the model represents a significant improvement, it has the following drawback: we are typically not facing only one disruption, but many of them might appear one after another. In this case, the solutions provided in the context of the recoverable robustness are not satisfying. In this paper we extend the concept of recoverable robustness to deal not only with one single recovery step, but with arbitrarily many recovery steps. To this aim, we introduce the notion of dynamic recoverable robustness problems. We apply the new model in the context of timetabling and delay management problems. We are interested in finding efficient dynamic robust algorithms for solving the timetabling problem and in evaluating the price of robustness of the proposed solutions.
Factors Affecting e-Tailing Website Effectiveness: An Indian Perspective

The Indian Retail Market is witnessing a revolution. The growth of internet has enabled the new retail format of the virtual retailer to emerge and forced the existing retailers to consider e-tailing model of retailing as well. A large number of consumers frequently use the Internet for shopping purposes but its' not clear what drives them to shop online. This study captures the important factors affecting the success and effectiveness of e-tailing sites to propose a unifying framework that could eventually guide research in this area and prove beneficial for e-tailers and e-marketers as well.
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome: current pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic advances

Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, mainly the salivary and lachrymal glands entailing the classical sicca syndrome of xerostomia (Sjogren, 1933) and xeropthalmia. Lymphocytic infiltration of other organs results in systemic manifestations. SS is classified as either primary (pSS), when occurring alone, or secondary (sSS), when occurring in addition to other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or myositis. As one of the most frequent autoimmune disease, affecting approximately 0.5% of the world population, SS is often associated with other diseases such as Hashimoto thyroiditis, coeliac disease, Biermer’s disease or systemic sclerosis. SS evolves as a slow, insidious disease affecting predominantly middle-aged women (female to male ratio of 9:1), SS lies at the cross roads of autoimmune diseases characterized by both cellular and humoral abnormalities. The disease typically affects middle-aged women around their fourth and fifth decades with extremes ranging from to 2 to 83 years. The morbidity of patients suffering from SS is incapacitating ranging from severe fatigue to evolving arthralgia. Even if the patients suffering from SS have a mortality rate comparable to the general population, they present an increased risk of developing lymphoma. The diagnosis of SS is based upon defined criteria according to the American-European consensus encompassing subjective and objective clinical signs and symptoms as well as immunological alterations. The pathogenesis of SS is complex and involves many components taking part in the autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands: proinflammatory cytokines secretion, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteases upregulation, autoantibody formation, as well as T and B cell proliferation. In SS, the classical histological findings in exocrine glands comprise focal inflammatory infiltrates, cell destruction and fibrosis in later stages of the disease. So far, SS treatment has been mainly symptomatic, consisting in relieving the clinical signs. However, recent pathophysiological findings have led to the development of new treatments.
Book Reviews : Rolf Schwan: Organisationskonfigurationen und interne Arbeitsmärkte. Eine theoretisch-empirische Untersuchung von Arbeitsorganisationen im Zeichen interner Arbeitsmärkte

Germany The present book deals with internal labour markets and their dependence upon organizational structures. In his empricial investigation, which comprises the main part of the study, Schwan confines his view to two types of organizations out of a typology of organizational configurations developed by Mintzberg (1979) the machine bureaucracy and the professional bureaucracy. Accordingly, the central issue of his study is the question of differences between machine bureaucracies and professional bureaucracies with respect to the presence of the characteristics of internal labour markets. He comes to the conclusion that internal labour markets
Context and Hierarchy in a Probabilistic Image Model

It is widely conjectured that the excellent ROC performance of biological vision systems is due in large part to the exploitation of context at each of many levels in a part/whole hierarchy. We propose a mathematical framework (a "composition machine") for constructing probabilistic hierarchical image models, designed to accommodate arbitrary contextual relationships, and we build a demonstration system for reading Massachusetts license plates in an image set collected at Logan Airport. The demonstration system detects and correctly reads more than 98% of the plates, with a negligible rate of false detection. Unlike a formal grammar, the architecture of a composition machine does not exclude the sharing of sub-parts among multiple entities, and does not limit interpretations to single trees (e.g. a scene can have multiple license plates, or no plates at all). In this sense, the architecture is more like a general Bayesian network than a formal grammar. On the other hand, unlike a Bayesian network, the distribution is non-Markovian, and therefore more like a probabilistic context-sensitive grammar. The conceptualization and construction of a composition machine is facilitated by its formulation as the result of a series of non-Markovian perturbations of a "Markov backbone. "
A role for estrogen receptor β in the regulation of growth of the ventral prostate

In normal rats and mice, immunostaining with specific antibodies revealed that nuclei of most prostatic epithelial cells harbor estrogen receptor β (ERβ). In rat ventral prostate, 530- and 549-aa isoforms of the receptor were identified. These sediment in the 4S region of low-salt sucrose gradients, indicating that prostatic ERβ does not contain the same protein chaperones that are associated with ERα. Estradiol (E2) binding and ERβ immunoreactivity coincide on the gradient, with no indication of ERα. In prostates from mice in which the ERβ gene has been inactivated (BERKO), androgen receptor (AR) levels are elevated, and the tissue contains multiple hyperplastic foci. Most epithelial cells express the proliferation antigen Ki-67. In contrast, prostatic epithelium from wild-type littermates is single layered with no hyperplasia, and very few cells express Ki-67. Rat ventral prostate contains an estrogenic component, which comigrates on HPLC with the testosterone metabolite 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3βAdiol). This compound, which competes with E2 for binding to ERβ and elicits an estrogenic response in the aorta but not in the pituitary, decreases the AR content in prostates of wild-type mice but does not affect the elevated levels seen in ERβ knockout (BERKO) mice. Thus ERβ, probably as a complex with 3βAdiol, is involved in regulating the AR content of the rodent prostate and in restraining epithelial growth. These findings suggest that ligands specific for ERβ may be useful in the prevention and/or clinical management of prostatic hyperplasia and neoplasia.
The Nature of Discourse Templates

The so-called cartographic approach to discourse-related word-order variation is based on the idea that particular interpretations – say contrastive focus – are licensed in the specifier of particular functional projections – say a focus phrase. In this paper we present arguments against this view based on scrambling in Dutch. We discuss a range of implementations of the cartographic approach and show that they are either too weak, in that they cannot generate all the word orders found in Dutch, or too strong, in that they fail to capture restrictions on scrambling. The alternative we present dispenses with discourse-related functional projections and instead relies on mapping rules that associate syntactic representations with representations in information structure. On this view, scrambling operations derive a syntactic configuration that matches the structural description of a mapping rule that could otherwise not apply. We suggest that it is this interface effect that licenses the marked structures created by scrambling.
Circadian Rhythms in Fear Conditioning: An Overview of Behavioral, Brain System, and Molecular Interactions

The formation of fear memories is a powerful and highly evolutionary conserved mechanism that serves the behavioral adaptation to environmental threats. Accordingly, classical fear conditioning paradigms have been employed to investigate fundamental molecular processes of memory formation. Evidence suggests that a circadian regulation mechanism allows for a timestamping of such fear memories and controlling memory salience during both their acquisition and their modification after retrieval. These mechanisms include an expression of molecular clocks in neurons of the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex and their tight interaction with the intracellular signaling pathways that mediate neural plasticity and information storage. The cellular activities are coordinated across different brain regions and neural circuits through the release of glucocorticoids and neuromodulators such as acetylcholine, which integrate circadian and memory-related activation. Disturbance of this interplay by circadian phase shifts or traumatic experience appears to be an important factor in the development of stress-related psychopathology, considering these circadian components are of critical importance for optimizing therapeutic approaches to these disorders.
Religiousness and Religious Coping as Determinants of Stress-related Growth

As research focusing on stress-related growth proliferates, links between religion and growth are increasingly reported. However, little research has focused on the role that religious coping plays in subsequent growth from major stressful life events. Findings from three longitudinal studies that examined aspects of religiousness as determinants of stress-related growth, as well as the potential mediation by religious coping, are presented. Results suggest that the influences of religiousness on growth vary by sample and by type of stressor. Further, religious coping was found to mediate influences of religious orientations on growth for students and for older adults dealing with a variety of problems, but was unrelated to growth following bereavement in a second sample of students. Together, these studies provide support for the notion that religiousness influences growth in complex ways, only some of which are mediated through religious coping. Future research considerations are discussed.
The Obesity-Associated FTO Gene Encodes a 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Nucleic Acid Demethylase

Variants in the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene are associated with increased body mass index in humans. Here, we show by bioinformatics analysis that FTO shares sequence motifs with Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate–dependent oxygenases. We find that recombinant murine Fto catalyzes the Fe(II)- and 2OG-dependent demethylation of 3-methylthymine in single-stranded DNA, with concomitant production of succinate, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. Consistent with a potential role in nucleic acid demethylation, Fto localizes to the nucleus in transfected cells. Studies of wild-type mice indicate that Fto messenger RNA (mRNA) is most abundant in the brain, particularly in hypothalamic nuclei governing energy balance, and that Fto mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus are regulated by feeding and fasting. Studies can now be directed toward determining the physiologically relevant FTO substrate and how nucleic acid methylation status is linked to increased fat mass.
Bringing ideology in: the conservative white male effect on worry about environmental problems in the USA

Extending existing scholarship on the white male effect in risk perception, we examine whether conservative white males (CWMs) are less worried about the risks of environmental problems than are other adults in the US general public. We draw theoretical and analytical guidance from the identity-protective cognition thesis explaining the white male effect and from recent political psychology scholarship documenting the heightened system-justification tendencies of political conservatives. We utilize public opinion data from nine Gallup surveys between 2001 and 2010, focusing on both a single-item indicator and a composite measure of worry about environmental problems. We find that CWMs indeed have significantly lower worry about environmental problems than do other Americans. Furthermore, the results of our multivariate regression models reveal that this CWMs effect remains significant when controlling for the direct effects of political ideology, race, and gender and the effects of nine social, demographic, and temporal control variables – as well as the effect of individuals generalized (nonenvironmental) risk perceptions. We conclude that the white male effect is due largely to CWMs, and that the latters low level of concern with environmental risks is likely driven by their social commitment to prevent new environmental regulations and repeal existing ones.
Leadership in online creative collaboration

Leadership plays a central role in the success of many forms of online creative collaboration, yet little is known about the challenges leaders must manage. In this paper, we report on a qualitative study of leadership in three online communities whose members collaborate over the Internet to create computer-animated movies called "collabs. " Our results indicate that most collabs fail. Collab leaders face two major challenges. First, leaders must design collabora-tive projects. Second, leaders must manage artists during the collab production process. We contrast these challenges with the available empirical research on leadership in open-source software and Wikipedia, identifying four themes: originality, completion, subjectivity, and ownership. We conclude with broader implications for online creative col-laboration in its many forms.
Reasons for studying: Motivational orientations and study strategies.

This study explored the relationship among (a) individual differences in three motivational or goal orientations and (b) valuing and use of study strategies by eighth graders reading expository passages. Task orientation (the goal of learning or understanding for its own sake) was positively correlated with both perceived value and use of strategies requiring deep processing of information. To a lesser degree, task orientation correlated with valuing and use of strategies requiring only surface-level processing. Ego orientation (the goal of demonstrating high ability relative to others) was positively related to use and perceived value of surface-level strategies only. Work avoidance (academic alienation) was negatively related to use and valuing of both kinds of strategies. A path analysis indicated that task orientation, more than perceived ability or knowledge of the value of deep-processing strategies, predicts the spontaneous use of these strategies. That the prediction held over an interval of 4 to .
Grievances and Opportunities: Religious Violence across Political Regimes

Abstract Studies of religious violence have established that when states restrict religious freedom, the probability of religious violence increases. Conventional wisdom holds that religious violence is primarily a result of religious grievances. When religious groups are denied religious freedom, they seek to revise the status quo in their favor though the use of violence. This study challenges this narrative. It finds, rather than being caused only by grievances, religious violence is also fueled by moments of opportunity. Utilizing cross-national data for the years 2008 and 2001–2005, it is found that religious violence occurs most frequently in anocratic regimes marked by weak and decaying state institutions. Hence, the current narrative is incomplete. Studies analyzing religious violence need to consider how various regimes provide or stifle the opportunity for religious actors to engage in violence as well as how those regimes fuel religious violence through restricting religious freedom and increasing religious grievances.
State-of-the-art of virtual reality technologies for children on the autism spectrum

In the past decade there has been a rapid advance in the use of virtual reality (VR) technologies for leisure, training and education. VR is argued to offer particular benefits for children on the autism spectrum, chiefly because it can offer simulations of authentic real-world situations in a carefully controlled and safe environment. Given the real world social difficulties experienced by children on the spectrum, this technology has therefore been argued to offer distinct advantages and benefits for social and life skills training compared to other approaches. Whilst there has been some progress in testing the relevance and applicability of VR for children on the autism spectrum in educational contexts, there remains a significant challenge in developing robust and usable technologies that can really make a difference in real world classrooms. This article considers the evidence that has been published over the past 10 years to assess how the potential of VR has been explored in practice and reflect on the current state-of-the-art in this field.
hASC and DFAT, Multipotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine: A Comparison of Their Potential Differentiation In Vitro

Adipose tissue comprises both adipose and non-adipose cells such as mesenchymal stem cells. These cells show a surface antigenic profile similar to that of bone-marrow-derived MSC. The cells derived from the dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes (DFAT) are another cell population with characteristics of stemness. The aim of this study is to provide evidence of the stemness, proliferation, and differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASC) and DFAT obtained from human subcutaneous AT and evaluate their potential use in regenerative medicine. Cell populations were studied by histochemical and molecular biology techniques. Both hASC and DFAT were positive for MSC markers. Their proliferative capacity was similar and both populations were able to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. DFAT were able to accumulate lipids and their lipoprotein lipase and adiponectin gene expression were high. Alkaline phosphatase and RUNX2 gene expression were greater in hASC than in DFAT at 14 days but became similar after three weeks. Both cell populations were able to differentiate into chondrocytes, showing positive staining with Alcian Blue and gene expression of SOX9 and ACAN. In conclusion, both hASC and DFAT populations derived from AT have a high differentiation capacity and thus may have applications in regenerative medicine.
Chapter 2 High-performance nanowire field-effect transistors 2

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) 1, 2 have attracted significant interest because of their potential for a variety of different applications, including logic and memory circuitry, photonics devices, and chemical and biomolecular sensors. 3–6 Although many different types of semiconductor NW have been investigated, silicon NWs have become prototypical nanowires because they can be readily prepared, the Si/SiO 2 interface is chemically stable, and Si NWs are utilized in a number of device demonstrations that have well-known silicon-technology-based counterparts.
Les recherches démographiques sur Madagascar au début de l'époque coloniale et les documents de « l'AMI »

Y. -G. Paillard — Demographie Research on Madagascar at the Beginning of the Colonial Period and AMI Documents. ; According to the estimates made at the end of the igth century, the population of Madagascar was then varying between two and eight million. When the island became part of the French territory in 1896, the colonial authorities proved most anxious to know the number of native taxpayers and the supply of labour force they could reasonably reckon on. Difficulties of ail kind, however, did not permit for a long time to collect reliable statistical data, and only that questionable information is available to historians. It is yet certain that the island was really sparsely populated, which considerably hampered its 'exploitation'. Hence a series of steps with a view to increasing the population as soon as Gallieni (1896-1905) came into power; the main initiative was the creation in 1899 of the AMI (Native Medical Assistance), a pioneering undertaking which was then repeated in other places, and the results of which proved quite significant. Thanks to these efforts, a large quantity of reports and publications is now available, the systematic exploitation of which, together with that of other sources of various kinds, should permit to have a better idea of the actual population of the island at the beginning of the 2oth century (between two and a half and three million? ), to study its distribution, the changes in birth and death rates, the effects of epidemie diseases such as malaria, etc. The particularly large amount of documents on the capital, Tananarive, permits an in-depth analysis.