Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of a Questionnaire for Dietary Habit Survey of Korean Adults

Objectives: The purposes of the study were to develop a questionnaire for dietary habit survey for Korean adults, and unify the terms related to dietary habits. Methods: The Delphi method by 43 professionals on dietary habit research was applied to unify the terms. Results: With regard to results on terms related to dietary habit, the respondents recorded the highest percentage (90.7%) of selecting the term “dietary habits” and also the highest percentage (76.7%) of choosing “dietary habits” for English. The biggest percentage of the respondents chose “individual dietary behaviors repeatedly formed and habitualized under the social, cultural, and psychological influence in the group” as the concept of dietary habits. The Delphi survey for the development of a questionnaire resulted in the first questionnaire of 31 items, the second one of 27 items, and the third one of 25 items. The validity of questionnaire items was tested with content validity ratios (CVR). The items whose CVR value was 0.29 or lower were eliminated or revised, because the minimum CVR value needed to test validity was 0.29. To test the reliability of questionnaire items, test-retest method was performed in 163 adults. According to the Kappa coefficient in the range of 0.314-0.716, all of the 25 items were in the reliability scope. A survey was taken with 702 adults to finally revise and supplement the third questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested. Conclusions: Through those processes, a questionnaire for adults' dietary habit survey was finally completed. The significance of the study lies in the development of the first questionnaire on dietary habits equipped with both validity and reliability in South Korea. Korean J Community Nutr 19(3): 258~273, 2014
PENALIZED LIKELIHOOD DENSITY ESTIMATION: DIRECT CROSS-VALIDATION AND SCALABLE APPROXIMATION

For smoothing parameter selection in penalized likelihood density esti- mation, a direct cross-validation strategy is illustrated. The strategy is as effective as the indirect cross-validation developed earlier but is much easier to implement in multivariate settings. Also studied is the practical implementation of certain low-dimensional approximations of the estimate, with the dimension of the model space selected to achieve both asymptotic efficiency and numerical scalability. The greatly reduced computational burden allows the routine use of the technique for the analysis of large data sets. Related practical issues concerning multivariate numerical integration are also briefly addressed.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting P21-Activated Kinase 1 Signaling in Cancer—Opportunities, Challenges, and Limitations

The evolution of cancer cells involves deregulation of highly regulated fundamental pathways that are central to normal cellular architecture and functions. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) was initially identified as a downstream effector of the GTPases Rac and Cdc42. Subsequent studies uncovered a variety of new functions for this kinase in growth factor and steroid receptor signaling, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell survival, oncogenic transformation, and gene transcription, largely through systematic discovery of its direct, physiologically relevant substrates. PAK1 is widely upregulated in several human cancers, such as hormone-dependent cancer, and is intimately linked to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. These exciting developments combined with the kinase-independent role of PAK1-centered phenotypic signaling in cancer cells elevated PAK1 as an attractive drug target. Structural and biochemical studies revealed the precise mechanism of PAK1 activation, offering the possibility to develop PAK1-targeted cancer therapeutic approaches. In addition, emerging reports suggest the potential of PAK1 and its specific phosphorylated substrates as cancer prognostic markers. Here, we summarize recent findings about the PAK1 molecular pathways in human cancer and discuss the current status of PAK1-targeted anticancer therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 18(14); 3743–9. ©2012 AACR.
A turning point in religious evolution in europe1>

The 1981 and 1990 European Values surveys largely supported the thesis of increasing secularisation in Western Europe. Almost all the variables showed a religious decline, which was even deeper among young people, except for beliefs in an afterlife. Peter Berger and Grace Davie have underlined the ‘European exception’ in contrast to the rest of the world. However, the last survey in 1999 revealed significant changes. The downward trend is now counterbalanced by two new tendencies: a Christian renewal and the development of religiosity without belonging, especially among young people. In particular, beliefs in an afterlife are spreading. These tendencies vary according to country. Post-socialist Europe shows an even more developed religious renewal, in particular among the young.
Common-Mode Injection PWM for Parallel Converters

The ac-side terminal voltages of parallel-connected converters are different if the line reactive drops of the individual converters are different. This could result either from differences in per-phase inductances or from differences in the line currents of the converters. In such cases, the modulating signals are different for the converters. Hence, the common-mode (CM) voltages for the converters, injected by conventional space vector pulsewidth modulation (CSVPWM) to increase dc-bus utilization, are different. Consequently, significant low-frequency zero-sequence circulating currents result. This paper proposes a new modulation method for parallel-connected converters with unequal terminal voltages. This method does not cause low-frequency zero-sequence circulating currents and is comparable with CSVPWM in terms of dc-bus utilization and device power loss. Experimental results are presented at a power level of 150 kVA from a circulating-power test setup, where the differences in converter terminal voltages are quite significant.
The changing spectrum of primary glomerular diseases within 15 years: a survey of 3331 patients in a single Chinese centre.

BACKGROUND Primary glomerular disease (PGD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in China. With the development of socioeconomic status of Chinese people in the last two decades, PGD in ESRD is intent to decrease. However, whether this affects the spectrum of PGD is not clear. The aim of the current study is to investigate the changing spectrum of PGD in China. METHODS The records of 5398 consecutive native renal biopsies performed in adults (>or=14 years of age) in our centre between 1993 and 2007 were retrospectively analysed. The criteria for renal biopsy and pathologic diagnosis were kept unchanged. The patients were grouped according to a 5-year interval, 1993-97 (period 1), 1998-2002 (period 2) and 2003-07 (period 3). Then they were divided into four groups according to age for stratified analysis: 14-24 years, 25-44 years, 45-59 years and the elderly (>or=60 years). RESULTS Three thousand, three hundred and thirty-one patients were diagnosed with PGD. PGD remained the most common renal disease, accounting for 65.9%, 57.7% and 63.2% in period 1, 2 and 3, respectively, without any significant difference. The proportion of elder patients increased significantly from 0% in 1993 to 9.1% in 2007 (P < 0.001). Within 1993-97, the leading PGD was IgA nephropathy (50.7%), followed by non-IgA MsPGN (19.9%), membranous nephropathy (MN) (13.3%) and minimal change disease (MCD) (6.3%), while within 2003-07, the most common PGD was still IgAN (58.2%), but followed by MN (14.3%), MCD (13.4%) and non-IgA MsPGN (7.0%). The age-adjusted frequency of IgAN and MCD increased significantly from period 1 to period 3 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), while that of non-IgA MsPGN, EnPGN and MPGN decreased significantly (P < 0.001, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). There was no significant change in the age-adjusted frequency of FSGS, MN and CreGN during the study period. However, when patients were stratified by age, a sixfold increase in frequency of FSGS was identified in the 14- to 24-year group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of primary glomerulonephritis has changed within the last 15 years. The relative frequency of non-IgA MsPGN, EnPGN and MPGN decreased significantly, while that of MCD and IgA nephropathy increased significantly. The relative frequency of FSGS increased significantly in younger patients.
BRAF mutations in metastatic melanoma: a possible association with clinical outcome.

PURPOSE The RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediate the cellular response to growth signals. In melanocytes, BRAF is involved in cAMP-dependent growth signals. Recently, activating mutations in the BRAF gene, were reported in a large proportion of melanomas. We have studied mutations in the BRAF gene and their association with clinical parameters. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed exons 1, 11, and 15 of the BRAF gene and exons 1 and 2 of the N-ras gene for mutations in 38 metastatic melanomas by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing. Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate analyses were used to correlate mutations with various clinical parameters. RESULTS Mutations in exon 15 of the BRAF gene were detected in 26 (68%) melanomas. In 25 cases, mutation involved the "hot spot" codon 600(2)of the BRAF gene. Three melanomas without a BRAF mutation carried amino acid substituting base changes at codon 61 of the N-ras gene. In a multivariate proportional hazard (Cox) model, BRAF mutation, along with the stage of metastatic melanomas, showed a statistically significant hazard ratio of 2.16 (95% confidence interval 1.02-4.59; chi(2) for the model 6.94, degrees of freedom 2, P = 0.03) for diminished duration of response to the treatment. In a Kaplan-Meier survival model, cases with BRAF mutation showed longer disease-free survival (median of 12 months) than cases without mutation (median of 5 months), although this association was not statistically significant (Log-rank test P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Our results, besides confirming the high frequency of BRAF mutations in metastatic melanomas, also underline the potential importance of these mutations in disease outcome.
An inter-battery factor analysis of the comrey personality scales and the 16 personality factor questionnaire

The scores of 700 Afrikaans-speaking university students on the Comrey Personality Scales and the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire were subjected to an inter-battery factor analysis. This technique uses only the correlations between two sets of variables and reveals only the factors that they have in common. Three of the Big Five personality factors were revealed, namely Extroversion, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. However, the Conscientiousness factor contained a relatively strong unsocialised component and in this regard it is similar to Eysencks Psychoticism factor. The results support the construct validity of the Comrey Personality Scales and the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. Implications for personality questionnaire design and validation are discussed. Opsomming Die tellings van 700 Afrikaanssprekende universiteitstudente vir die Comrey Persoonlikheidskale en die 16 Per- soonlikheidsfaktorvraelys is aan 'n interbattery-faktorontleding onderwerp. Hierdie tegniek gebruik slegs die korrelasies tussen twee stelle veranderlikes en ontbloot slegs faktore wat die twee stelle veranderlikes gemeen het. Drie van die faktore van die vyfFaktormodel is blootgele, naamlik Ekstroversie, Neurotisisme en Konsensieusheid. Die Konsensieusheidsfaktor het ook n relatief sterk ongesosialiseerdheidskomponent ingesluit en in hierdie sin is dit soortgelyk aan Eysenck se Psigotisisme faktor. Die resultate ondersteun die konstrukgeldigheid van die Comrey Persoonlikheidskale en die 16 Persoonlikheidsfaktorvraelys. Implikasies vir die ontwerp en validering van persoonlikheidstoetse word bespreek.
Second Language Acquisition by Adult Immigrants: Exemplified Methodology

The description of second language acquisition by adult immigrants in a natural setting raises specific methodological questions. This paper attempts to clarify some of these problems using the European Project data (Perdue, 1982) in three different areas: (1) the acquisition and use of the over-generalized marker (c'est in target French); (2) the acquisition of reference to time; and (3) the acquisition of reference to space by adult Spanish speakers in France.
Development and Evaluation of a Korean Treebank and its Application to NLP

Abstract : This paper discusses issues involved in building a 54-thousand-word Korean Treebank using a phrase structure annotation and the development of annotation guidelines based on the morpho-syntactic phenomena represented in the corpus. The various methods that were employed for quality control are described. An evaluation of the quality of the Treebank and some of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications under development using the Treebank also are described.
Impact of substrate contamination with mycotoxins, heavy metals and pesticides on the growth performance and composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for use in the feed and food value chain

ABSTRACT Edible insects have emerged as an alternative and sustainable source of high-quality, animal-derived protein and fat for livestock production or direct human nutrition. During the production of insects, substrate quality is a key parameter to assure optimal insect biomass gain as well as the safety of feed and food derived from commercially reared insects. Therefore, the influence of a realistic substrate contamination scenario on growth performance and accumulation behaviour of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.) was investigated. Newly hatched larvae were fed on a corn-based substrate spiked with heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb), mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1/B2/G2, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, zearalenone) and pesticides (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl) under defined breeding conditions (10 days, 28°C, 67% relative humidity). The extent of contaminants’ bioaccumulation in the larval tissue as well as the effect on growing determinants were examined. The applied heavy metal substrate contamination was shown to impair larval growing indicated by significantly lower post-trial larval mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Cd and Pb accumulation factors of 9 and 2, respectively, were determined, while the concentrations of other heavy metals in the larvae remained below the initial substrate concentration. In contrast, mycotoxins and pesticides have neither been accumulated in the larval tissue nor significantly affected the growing determinants in comparison with the control. The use of BSFL as livestock feed requires contaminant monitoring – especially for Cd and Pb – in the substrates as well as in feedstuff containing BSFL to ensure feed and food safety along the value chain.
WHAT ARE THE BEST STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING ORGANIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE ? : THE KEY ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES . QUALITATIVE RESEARCH EVIDENCE BASED ON KNOWLEDGE-WORK CONTEXTS

The key importance of cultural and human aspects as potential levers or inhibitors of the processes of knowledge creation and transfer is widely acknowledged today. However, the fit between, on the one hand, KM initiatives and, on the other, people-related issues, has so far been largely neglected in business practice. Besides, theory building efforts linking knowledge management (KM) and human resource management (HRM) are mostly rather generic, disconnected from each other, or specialized in a particular KM or HRM area. As a result, this investigation aims at contributing to theory building by inquiring into the key KM and HRM processes and practices determinant of eventual KM effectiveness. Consistent with the emergence of this interdisciplinary field and the type of phenomena researched (i.e., processes, causal relationships and critical details), the methodological approach is based on qualitative data analysis and developed through a case study research strategy. Accordingly, two basic categories are presented in a preliminary framework as impacting upon KM effectiveness: critical KM characteristics and KM-related human resource (HR) practices. Three knowledge-intensive firms —all of them Spanish subsidiaries of multinational companies— were selected as the case-study settings. Each them belongs to a different industry (consultancy, railway maintenance services, electric equipment manufacturing), so theoretical replication was conducted as the basis of the process of collecting and analyzing empirical materials. By means of analytic induction, systematic patterns were found as to the impact of critical KM characteristics and KM-related HR practices on KM effectiveness. As a result, the preliminary framework is extended into a more detailed induced framework, which encompasses a number of specific variables and propositions. Further research is needed in order to refine and/or test the theory development presented. Specifically, future quantitativesurvey testing of the propositions would lead to answers about the generalizability of the results.
Sustainable Development, Shock and Awe? London 2012 and Civil Society

There is a disconnection between the top-down, elite, nature of sports mega-events and the ostensible redistributive and participatory sustainable development agendas staked out by BINGOs (Business-based International Non-Governmental Organizations) such as the contemporary International Olympic Committee (IOC). Focusing specifically on the London 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games, we argue that, for all the environmental technology advances offered by sports mega-events, their dominant model remains one of a hollowed-out form of sustainable development. Despite significant technical and methodological innovations in environmental stewardship, the development model of the London Olympics remains predicated on the satisfaction of transnational investment flows. We discuss what this means for claims about the staging of a ‘green’ Olympic Games.
Child Protection in Sport: Implications of an Athlete-Centered Philosophy

As sport is a highly child-populated domain, the establishment of child-protection measures to reduce the potential for child maltreatment in sport is critical. Concern for the protection of children in sport has a history that is as old as modern sport itself; however, it is only recently that concern has been established about children's experiences of relational forms of abuse and neglect in this domain. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to review current developments in sport with respect to child-protection policy, education, and research. It is the authors' supposition that an athlete-centered philosophy of sport is perhaps the best way to address the protection of children in sport. The philosophy of an athlete-centered sport model is described, and through the integration of an athlete-centered approach to sport, recommendations are made for future implementation of child-protection measures.
The Role of the Ah Receptor and p38 in Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol and Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide-induced Apoptosis*

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a prototypical member of this class of chemicals, affects cellular signal transduction pathways and induces apoptosis. In this study, the proximate carcinogen of B[a]P metabolism, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol) and the ultimate carcinogen, B[a]P-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide(±) (BPDE-2) were found to induce apoptosis in human HepG2 cells. Apoptosis initiated by B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol was linked to activation of the Ah receptor and induction of CYP1A1, an event that can lead to the formation of BPDE-2. With both B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol and BPDE-2 treatment, changes in anti- and pro-apoptotic events in the Bcl-2 family of proteins correlated with the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspase activation. The onset of apoptosis as monitored by caspase activation was linked to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Utilizing mouse hepa1c1c7 cells and the Arnt-deficient BPRc1 cells, activation of MAP kinase p38 by B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol was shown to be Ah receptor-dependent, indicating that metabolic activation by CYP1A1 was required. This was in contrast to p38 activation by BPDE-2, an event that was independent of Ah receptor function. Confirmation that MAP kinases play a critical role in BPDE-2-induced apoptosis was shown by inhibiting caspase activation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) by chemical inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, mouse embryo p38-/- fibroblasts were shown to be resistant to the actions of BPDE-2-induced apoptosis as determined by annexin V analysis, cytochrome c release, and cleavage of PARP-1. These results confirm that the Ah receptor plays a critical role in B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-induced apoptosis while p38 MAP kinase links the actions of an electrophilic metabolite like BPDE-2 to the regulation of programmed cell death.
Space in Language and Cognition: Language index

Preface 1. The intellectual background: two millenia of Western ideas about spatial thinking 2. Frames of reference 3. Linguistic diversity 4. Absolute minds: glimpses into two cultures 5. Diversity in mind: methods and results from a cross-linguistic sample 6. Beyond language: frames of reference in wayfinding and pointing 7. Language and thought.
The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class

Foreword by Lucy Lippard The Tourist in 2013 Introduction to the 1989 Edition Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Modernity and the Production of Touristic Experiences 2. Sightseeing and Social Structure 3. The Paris Case: Origins of Alienated Leisure 4. The Other Attractions 5. Staged Authenticity 6. A Semiotic of Attraction 7. The Ethnomethodology of Sightseers 8. Structure, Genuine and Spurious 9. On Theory, Methods, and Application Epilogue Notes Index
SLA-Based Resource Provisioning for Hosted Software-as-a-Service Applications in Cloud Computing Environments

Cloud computing is a solution for addressing challenges such as licensing, distribution, configuration, and operation of enterprise applications associated with the traditional IT infrastructure, software sales and deployment models. Migrating from a traditional model to the Cloud model reduces the maintenance complexity and cost for enterprise customers, and provides on-going revenue for Software as a Service (SaaS) providers. Clients and SaaS providers need to establish a Service Level Agreement (SLA) to define the Quality of Service (QoS). The main objectives of SaaS providers are to minimize cost and to improve Customer Satisfaction Level (CSL). In this paper, we propose customer driven SLA-based resource provisioning algorithms to minimize cost by minimizing resource and penalty cost and improve CSL by minimizing SLA violations. The proposed provisioning algorithms consider customer profiles and providers' quality parameters (e.g., response time) to handle dynamic customer requests and infrastructure level heterogeneity for enterprise systems. We also take into account customer-side parameters (such as the proportion of upgrade requests), and infrastructure-level parameters (such as the service initiation time) to compare algorithms. Simulation results show that our algorithms reduce the total cost up to 54 percent and the number of SLA violations up to 45 percent, compared with the previously proposed best algorithm.