Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Current State of the Golgi Proteomes

The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the eukaryotic secretory pathway shuttling products between a variety of destinations throughout the cell. It is a major site for the post translational modification and processing of proteins as well as having a significant role in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. The Golgi apparatus exists as a contiguous component of the endomembrane system which encompasses the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plasma membrane, vacuoles, endosomes and lysozymes (Morre & Mollenhauer, 2009). The Golgi apparatus is tightly linked to numerous signaling processes through membrane and vesicular trafficking throughout the endomembrane. This interconnection provides communication and recycling networks between the Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, vacuoles and lysosomes. Thus, the Golgi apparatus represents significant structure within the eukaryotic cell by regulating an array of complex biosynthetic processes. The Golgi apparatus was first described at the end of the 19th century by Camillo Golgi using light microscopy on nerve tissue samples (Golgi, 1898; Droscher, 1998). A half century passed and with the development of the electron microscope a more detailed picture emerged highlighting the extreme complexity and heterogeneity of the organelle in the eukaryotic cell (Dalton & Felix, 1953). The classic structure of the Golgi apparatus is that of a distinct membranous stack disassociated within the cytosol (Fig.1). This familiar image conceals the underlying complexity and interconnected nature of this organelle within the cell. With the development in the last decade of routine mass spectrometry-based proteomics, applying these methods to functionally characterize biological systems has been a major focus. The complexity and integrated structure of the Golgi apparatus and associated membrane systems makes analysis of this organelle one of the most complicated subcellular compartments to address with modern proteomics techniques. This chapter will highlight recent advances in our knowledge about the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic systems that have been largely driven by the development of isolation procedures and subsequent proteomic analysis.
A Comparison of the Effects of Endotoxin Upon Fibroblast Proliferation and Macromolecular Syntheses

The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin upon mouse L929 cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and proline incorporation were determined. It was found that a level of endotoxin which inhibited cell proliferation prompted a similar inhibition of DNA synthesis and overall cell protein synthesis. In contrast, endotoxin was shown to inhibit incorporation of proline into cell protein to a significantly greater extent.
THE ANGIOGENIC SPROUTING OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN THREE- DIMENSIONAL COLLAGEN GEL MATRIX

It is well known that angiogenesis is an essential biological event. To understand fully how the blood vessel grows and functions in the angiogenic process, we should consider the construction of in vivo-like environment, such as threedimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM). However, most of in vitro studies of the angiogenesis have been relied on two-dimensional (2D) culture or 3D Matrigel culture platforms, which do not account for the in vivo situations. To overcome these limitations in the studies of the angiogenesis, we used a simple microfluidic method incorporating the 3D ECM into the surrounding endothelial cells (ECs) channel.
Mitigating seasonal hunger with microfinance in Bangladesh: how does a flexible programme compare with the regular ones?

Microfinance institutions, often criticised for inadequately addressing seasonality and hard-core poverty, have begun to introduce innovative programmes designed to tackle both the concerns. One such programme in Bangladesh is the Programmed Initiatives for Monga Eradication (PRIME). PRIME exclusively targets the ultra-poor, especially in the country’s northwest region, and offers both production and consumption loans with a flexible loan repayment schedule, and other services. This article assesses the effectiveness of PRIME and regular microfinance programmes in reducing seasonal hardship. Findings of this article suggest that PRIME is better targeted than regular microfinance programmes and also performs better in mitigating seasonal starvation.
The search for SNPs, CNVs, and epigenetic variants associated with the complex disease of male infertility

Understanding the genetic basis of idiopathic male infertility has long been the focus of many researchers. Numerous recent studies have attempted to identify relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through medical re-sequencing studies in which candidate genes are sequenced in large numbers of cases and controls in the search for risk or causative polymorphisms. Two major characteristics have limited the utility of the re-sequencing studies. First, reported SNPs have only accounted for a small percentage of idiopathic male infertility. Second, SNPs reported to have an association with male infertility based on gene re-sequencing studies often fail validation in follow-up studies. Recent advances in the tools available for genetic studies have enabled interrogation of the entire genome in search of common, and more recently, rare variants. In this review, we discuss the progress of studies on genetic and epigenetic variants of male infertility as well as future directions that we predict will be the most productive in identifying the genetic basis for male factor infertility based on our current state of knowledge in this field as well as lessons learned about the genetic basis for complex diseases from other disease models.
Toxic effects of dietary methylmercury on immune function and hematology in American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Fifty‐nine adult male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were assigned to one of three diet formulations including 0 (control), 0.6, and 3.9 µg/g (dry wt) methylmercury (MeHg). Kestrels received their diets daily for 13 weeks to assess the effects of dietary MeHg on immunocompetence. Immunotoxic endpoints included assessment of cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) using the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin‐swelling assay and primary and secondary antibody‐mediated immune responses (IR) via the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemagglutination assay. Select hematology and histology parameters were evaluated to corroborate the results of functional assays and to assess immunosuppression of T and B cell‐dependent components in spleen tissue. Kestrels in the 0.6 and 3.9 µg/g MeHg groups exhibited suppression of CMI, including lower PHA stimulation indexes (p = 0.019) and a 42 to 45% depletion of T cell‐dependent splenic lymphoid tissue (p = 0.006). Kestrels in the 0.6 µg/g group exhibited suppression of the primary IR to SRBCs (p = 0.014). MeHg did not have a noticeable effect on the secondary IR (p = 0.166). Elevation of absolute heterophil counts (p < 0.001), the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.001), and total white blood cell counts (p = 0.003) was apparent in the 3.9 µg/g group at week 12. Heterophilia, or the excess of heterophils in peripheral blood above normal ranges, was apparent in seven of 17 (41%) kestrels in the 3.9 µg/g group and was indicative of an acute inflammatory response or physiological stress. This study revealed that adult kestrels were more sensitive to immunotoxic effects of MeHg at environmentally relevant dietary concentrations than they were to reproductive effects as previously reported. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1320–1327. © 2011 SETAC
Metabolomic analysis indicates a pivotal role of the hepatotoxin microcystin in high light adaptation of Microcystis.

Microcystis is a freshwater cyanobacterium frequently forming nuisance blooms in the summer months. The genus belongs to the predominant producers of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin. The success of Microcystis and its remarkable resistance to high light conditions are not well understood. Here, we have compared the metabolic response of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806, its microcystin-deficient ΔmcyB mutant (Mut) and the cyanobacterial model organism Synechocystis PCC6803 to high light exposure of 250 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) using GC/MS-based metabolomics. Microcystis wild type and Mut show pronounced differences in their metabolic reprogramming upon high light. Seventeen per cent of the detected metabolites showed significant differences between the two genotypes after high light exposure. Whereas the microcystin-producing wild type shows a faster accumulation of glycolate upon high light illumination, loss of microcystin leads to an accumulation of general stress markers such as trehalose and sucrose. The study further uncovers differences in the high light adaptation of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Most notably, Microcystis invests more into carbon reserves such as glycogen after high light exposure. Our data shed new light on the lifestyle of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, the role of the widespread toxin microcystin and the metabolic diversity of cyanobacteria.
KENTUCKY WINERIES NETWORKING ACTIVITIES FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO GROWTH AND PROFITABILITY

OF THESIS KENTUCKY WINERIES’ NETWORKING ACTIVITIES FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO GROWTH AND PROFITABILITY Tourism plays a vital role in the success and sustainability of the wine industry in Kentucky. In order for the wine tourism industry to be successful in Kentucky, it is essential to continue to find ways to attract visitors to Kentucky wineries. Networking with competitors and other tourism industry stakeholders can be a successful way for winery owners to attract visitors to wineries; however, literature demonstrates that winery owners often need incentive to do so. This research explores the economic impacts of tourism on Kentucky’s wineries that network with competitors and tourism industry stakeholders and those that do not. It is determined that those wineries that network, experience increased profitability and growth in sales and consequently, a growth in tourism activities to their winery. Implications related to government and winery owners for the sustained growth of wine tourism in Kentucky are included.
Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization The Demand for Seafood Eco-Labels in France

The French fishing industry has a long history and its seafood market a wide variety of products. Despite the worldwide growth in ecolabelling schemes over the past decade, the French industry has only very recently shown an interest in such schemes. Growing consumer and retailer awareness of environmental issues in France has changed the situation and it is now of interest to look at the demand for seafood ecolabelling in relation to the public perception of commercial
Förderung der Markt- und Systemintegration erneuerbarer Energien: Perspektiven einer instrumentellen Weiterentwicklung

In order to ensure the long-term efficiency and security of electricity supply, improving the market and system integration of renewable energy sources (RES) is of increasing importance. First, the question is how to integrate RES into the regular allocation and remuneration mechanism of the electricity market (market integration in a narrow sense). Second, RES must take on responsibility for grid stabilisation, e. g. through the provision of balancing power and demand-oriented production (system integration). However, it remains unsettled how to design the institutional and intertemporal transition from a market introduction regime with administered prices and priority transmission rules to an integrated market price regime. Given the complexity of the debate, this article gives an overview of central arguments and instrumental options of market and system integration. It turns out that both challenges are closely interlinked and that an isolated examination of individual system components falls short of what is required. Mit wachsenden Anteilen erneuerbarer Energien (EE) an der Stromerzeugung gewinnt das Problem ihrer Markt- und Systemintegration an Bedeutung. Fur eine langfristig effiziente Stromversorgung stellt sich zunachst die Frage, wie EE in den regularen Steuerungs- und Vergutungsprozess des Strommarktes integriert werden konnen (Marktintegration im engeren Sinne). Um Versorgungssicherheit zu gewahrleisten, sind EE daruber hinaus starker in die Netzstabilisierung einzubinden, etwa durch die Erbringung von Systemdienstleistungen und bedarfsgerechte Einspeisung (Systemintegration). Die Ausgestaltung eines institutionellen und zeitlichen Ubergangs vom ausermarktlichen Festpreissystem der EEG-Einspeisevergutung mit Netzvorrang zu einem systemintegrierten Marktpreisregime stellt eine weitere Herausforderung dar. Angesichts der Vielschichtigkeit der Debatte nimmt der vorliegende Artikel eine Einordnung der Argumentationsstrange vor und gibt einen Uberblick uber zentrale instrumentelle Optionen der Markt- und Systemintegration. Dabei wird deutlich, dass beide Herausforderungen eng miteinander verzahnt sind und eine isolierte Diskussion von Einzelelementen zu kurz greift.
Unleashing the Relationship Power of Family Firms: Identity Confirmation as a Catalyst for Performance

This paper adopts a broad perspective on identity and identity relations and argues that family businesses can develop identity confirmation as a unique, hard to imitate competitive resource that unleashes and leverages the relational capabilities that differentiate them from nonfamily businesses. A person's identities are “confirmed” in a business, to the extent they are supported therein. Identity and identity confirmation research is marshaled to consider the impact of identity confirmation on succession. Implications for other relational challenges family businesses face are explored. The potential for family business research to contribute to a general theory of the firm is illustrated.
Replication-Deficient Human Adenovirus Type 35 Vectors for Gene Transfer and Vaccination: Efficient Human Cell Infection and Bypass of Preexisting Adenovirus Immunity

ABSTRACT Replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) can be produced to high titers in complementing cell lines, such as PER.C6, and is widely used as a vaccine and gene therapy vector. However, preexisting immunity against Ad5 hampers consistency of gene transfer, immunological responses, and vector-mediated toxicities. We report the identification of human Ad35 as a virus with low global prevalence and the generation of an Ad35 vector plasmid system for easy insertion of heterologous genes. In addition, we have identified the minimal sequence of the Ad35-E1B region (molecular weight, 55,000 [55K]), pivotal for complementation of fully E1-lacking Ad35 vector on PER.C6 cells. After stable insertion of the 55K sequence into PER.C6 cells a cell line was obtained (PER.C6/55K) that efficiently transcomplements both Ad5 and Ad35 vectors. We further demonstrate that transduction with Ad35 is not hampered by preexisting Ad5 immunity and that Ad35 efficiently infects dendritic cells, smooth muscle cells, and synoviocytes, in contrast to Ad5.
Does Temporary Government Spending Aect Growth and Development

The introduction of new endogenous growth models introduced a number of channels through which scal policy can permanently affect the rate of growth or the level of income. This paper contributes to the literature by analytically examining the conditions for temporary government spending to induce positive temporary growth and long run level eects on output in an endogenous growth model with depreciation and sticky prices. It
Mycophenolate Mofetil for Solid Organ Transplantation: Does the Evidence Support the Need for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring?

The need for clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring (CPM) of the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been debated. Using a previously developed algorithm, the authors reviewed the evidence to support or refute the utility of CPM of MMF. First, MMF has proven efficacy for prevention of organ rejection in renal and cardiac transplant populations. In addition, the pharmacologically active form of MMF, mycophenolic acid (MPA), can be measured readily in plasma, and relationships between the incidence of rejection and MPA predose concentrations and MPA area under the curve (AUC) have been reported. A lower limit of the therapeutic range (MPA predose concentrations >1.55 &mgr;g/mL, as measured by enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique [EMIT], or MPA AUC >30 or 40 &mgr;g · h/mL, as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]) has been suggested to prevent rejection in renal allograft patients. Similarly, in cardiac transplant patients, decreased incidences of organ rejection have been reported in patients with MPA concentrations >2 or 3 &mgr;g/mL (using EMIT) and total AUC values >42.8 &mgr;g · h/mL (using HPLC). However, the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and adverse events in renal and cardiac transplant patients remains unclear. Due to the nature of antirejection therapy, the pharmacologic response of MMF is not readily assessable, and therapy is life-long. MPA pharmacokinetics exhibit large inter- and intrapatient variability and may be altered in specific patient populations due to changes in protein binding, concomitant disease states, or interactions with concurrent immunosuppressants. Therefore, on the basis of current evidence, CPM can provide more information regarding efficacy of MMF than clinical judgment alone in select patient populations. However, further randomized, prospective trials are required to clarify unresolved issues. Specifically, an upper limit of the therapeutic range, above which the risk of side effects is increased, needs to be elucidated for MMF therapy. Other future directions for research include determining a practical limited sampling strategy for MPA AUC; clarifying the relationship between free MPA concentrations, efficacy, and toxicity; and defining the pharmacodynamic relationship between activity of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (the enzyme inhibited by MPA) and risk of rejection or adverse effects.
Voluntary financial disclosure in an entry game with continua of types

A key characteristic of the reporting of private management information is that managers do not always report their information, and they reveal or withhold both “good” and “bad” news. Several recent papers provide models of managers' voluntary disclosure decisions. These models are typically constructed so that managers do not always disclose or withhold their information, despite rational behavior by both the privately informed managers and interested uninformed parties external to the firm. Our paper seeks to contribute further to this literature by developing a richer model of the forces that might influence a manager's decision to disclose private information. Our model is a direct extension of the model in Darrough and Stoughton (1990). In our model, there is a continuum of possible private incumbent signals and the entrant may be privately informed about the cost of entry. Partial disclosure of private information results from the tension that exists between an informed manager's desire to communicate good news to (and hide bad news from) the capital market and his desire to communicate bad news to (and hide good news from) competitors in the firm's product market. Resume. La communication par la direction de l'information privilegiee qu'elle detient presente une caracteristique determinante: les gestionnaires ne font pas toujours etat de cette information, et ils revelent ou retiennent l'information aussi bien «positive» que «negative ≫. Dans plusieurs etudes recentes sont proposes des modeles decisionnels en matiere de presentation volontaire d'information par les gestionnaires. Ces modeles sont habituellement construits de telle sorte que les gestionnaires ne communiquent ou ne retiennent pas toujours l'information, malgre le comportement rationnel affiche tant par les gestionnaires depositaires de l'information privilegiee que par les parties interessees exterieures a l'entreprise qui ne disposent pas de cette information. Les auteurs ont voulu ici enrichir ces etudes en elaborant un modele plus etoffe des forces susceptibles d'influer sur la decision du gestionnaire de communiquer l'information privilegiee dont il dispose.
Fer Kinase Limits Neutrophil Chemotaxis toward End Target Chemoattractants

Neutrophil recruitment and directional movement toward chemotactic stimuli are important processes in innate immune responses. This study examines the role of Fer kinase in neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis to various chemoattractants in vitro and in vivo. Mice targeted with a kinase-inactivating mutation (FerDR/DR) or wild type (WT) were studied using time-lapse intravital microscopy to examine leukocyte recruitment and chemotaxis in vivo. In response to keratinocyte-derived cytokine, no difference in leukocyte chemotaxis was observed between WT and FerDR/DR mice. However, in response to the chemotactic peptide WKYMVm, a selective agonist of the formyl peptide receptor, a 2-fold increase in leukocyte emigration was noted in FerDR/DR mice (p < 0.05). To determine whether these defects were due to Fer signaling in the endothelium or other nonhematopoietic cells, bone marrow chimeras were generated. WKYMVm-induced leukocyte recruitment in chimeric mice (WT bone marrow to FerDR/DR recipients or vice versa) was similar to WT mice, suggesting that Fer kinase signaling in both leukocytes and endothelial cells serves to limit chemotaxis. Purified FerDR/DR neutrophils demonstrated enhanced chemotaxis toward end target chemoattractants (WKYMVm and C5a) compared with WT using an under-agarose gel chemotaxis assay. These defects were not observed in response to intermediate chemoattractants (keratinocyte-derived cytokine, MIP-2, or LTB4). Increased WKYMVm-induced chemotaxis of FerDR/DR neutrophils correlated with sustained PI3K activity and reduced reliance on the p38 MAPK pathway compared with WT neutrophils. Together, these data identify Fer as a novel inhibitory kinase for neutrophil chemotaxis toward end target chemoattractants through modulation of PI3K activity.
Ultra-low power frequency synthesizer based on a dual-locking ring oscillator

An ultra-low power frequency synthesizer based on a 28-nm CMOS dual-voltage controlled ring oscillator is presented. The technological dispersion and temperature effects are tackled thanks to a Delay locked loop (DLL) which sets a coarse tuning voltage. A back-gate fine tuning voltage is used to lock the oscillating signal on a pure reference with a Phase locked loop (PLL). The close-in intrinsically-poor phase noise of the ring oscillator is cleaned up by the PLL. The overall system consumes less than 100µW to generate a 2.5GHz signal.
Wnt11 in 2011 – the regulation and function of a non‐canonical Wnt

Genetic studies of Wnt11 have revealed many insights into the roles and regulation of Wnt11, particularly during development. New tools to study Wnt11 have recently become available, making it timely to review the literature regarding this unique Wnt family member. In this study, we focus on mammalian Wnt11, describing its main sites of expression during development, and how the Wnt11 gene is regulated. We highlight an emerging theme in which canonical Wnt signals regulate Wnt11 expression through transcription factors in addition to, or other than, Tcf/LEF family members. We also discuss the frizzled family and other receptors that bind to Wnt11, the intracellular kinases and small GTPases that act downstream of Wnt11, and the effects of Wnt11 on Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. Finally, we elaborate on the relevance of Wnt11 to human cancer, where it appears to be important both for proliferation and/or survival during normal differentiation and for migration/invasion.