Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variations of cloud droplet concentrations and the optical properties of clouds due to changing hygroscopicity: A model study

The effects of the availability of gaseous nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia on cloud droplet formation have been studied using an adiabatic air parcel model including detailed multicomponent condensation. The used preexisting lognormal particle distribution is bimodal in size and in hygroscopicity: four lognormal distributions were used. In each mode particles were assumed to be internally mixed; that is, they were composed partly of salt and partly of an insoluble substance. According to the simulations made, a clear positive correlation between condensable species concentrations and the number of activated cloud droplets exists. Thus trace gases can also influence the optical thickness and reflectance of clouds. The simulations show that ammonia enhances the condensation rate of acids and thus also their effect on the cloud droplet activation significantly. The change in optical thickness varies as a function of the number concentration of preexisting particles, having a maximum (Δτ/τ = 1.6) near a concentration of 1000-2000 cm -3 .
The impact of tipping‐bucket raingauge measurement errors on design rainfall for urban‐scale applications

The tipping‐bucket rain gauge is known to underestimate rainfall at high intensities because of the rain water amount that is lost during the tipping movement of the bucket. The related biases are known as systematic mechanical errors and, since their effect increases with rain intensity, have a significant influence on the derived statistics of rainfall extremes. A correction procedure for rain intensity data sets is proposed in this paper based on the dynamic calibration of the gauge at both fine and coarse resolution, either in direct form or after proper downscaling of the available figures. The effect of systematic mechanical errors on the assessment of design rainfall for urban‐scale applications is quantified based on two rain‐rate data sets recorded at very different resolutions in time. A random cascade downscaling algorithm is used for the processing of coarse‐resolution data so that correction can be applied at suitable time scales. The resulting depth–duration–frequency curves obtained from the original and corrected data sets are used to quantify the impact of uncorrected rain‐intensity measurements on design rainfall and the related statistical parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the spatial and temporal patterns of climate changes in China's western interior during the last 15 ka from lacustrine oxygen isotope records

China's western interior is a climatologically complex region, where climatic conditions are primarily controlled by the westerly jet stream and the Asian monsoon system. Observations reveal that the δ18O signatures of these atmospheric elements as expressed in their meteoric waters are different, and these differences are reflected in the lacustrine systems that are ultimately fed by the meteoric waters. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition of 17 lacustrine δ18O records from this area clearly reveals the spatial and temporal structures of climate changes during the last 15 ka. The first EOF mode, dominated by sites in the NW sector, captures the temperature effect on the variability of the δ18O dataset. We interpret the variations through time in the amplitude of this mode to be indicative of changes in summer air temperature. The second EOF mode, heavily weighted by sites in the SE sector, reveals the ‘amount effect’ on δ18O, and thus its amplitude time series indicates changes in the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon. Our EOF‐based reconstructions of regional climate are generally consistent with the δ18O records of ice cores, cave speleothems and marine carbonates. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Net2Vis -- A Visual Grammar for Automatically Generating Publication-Ready CNN Architecture Visualizations

To convey neural network architectures in publications, appropriate visualizations are of great importance. While most current deep learning papers contain such visualizations, these are usually handcrafted just before publication, which results in a lack of a common visual grammar, significant time investment, errors, and ambiguities. Current automatic network visualization tools focus on debugging the network itself, and are not ideal for generating publication-ready visualizations. Therefore, we present an approach to automate this process by translating network architectures specified in Keras into visualizations that can directly be embedded into any publication. To do so, we propose a visual grammar for convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which has been derived from an analysis of such figures extracted from all ICCV and CVPR papers published between 2013 and 2019. The proposed grammar incorporates visual encoding, network layout, layer aggregation, and legend generation. We have further realized our approach in an online system available to the community, which we have evaluated through expert feedback, and a quantitative study. It not only reduces the time needed to generate publication-ready network visualizations, but also enables a unified and unambiguous visualization design.
Long Term Field Test on Structure Forces of Sheet-Pile Wharf with Barrier Piles

ABSTRACT Tan, H. ; Jiao, Z. , and Cai, Z. , 2015. Long term field test on structure forces of sheet-pile wharf with barrier piles. Based on the first engineering application of new-type sheet-pile wharf with barrier piles, the field test has been conducted for 7 years. According to the long term field testing results, the structure forces of the wharf front wall and barrier piles have been obtained in different periods. The results have showed that the new wharf structure was effective for a large harbor basin, the maximum positive bending moments for both front wall and barrier piles appeared in dredging period, and the maximum negative bending moment appeared in operation period. The rebar stress of front wall was about twice larger than that of barrier piles. In order to make full use of the potential bearing capacity of front wall and barrier piles, the optimal design was to make them in the same stress level. The modified bending moment calculation method has been proposed based on the field testing data.
On the atmospheric photochemistry of nitric acid

Measurements of the temporal and spatial variations in HNO3, particularly those from the Nimbus 7 limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) satellite experiment, are compared to both a two-dimensional chemical/dynamical model and to chemistry/parcel trajectory analyses. Significant discrepancies are found between the observed and modeled variations in the winter season, especially in the polar night region. The study of the evolution of HNO3 suggests that an important source exists for this species in the high-latitude winter stratosphere that is not included in presently accepted photochemical schemes. Possible reactions to account for this discrepancy are explored.
On Rough Grids - Convergence and Reproduction of Uniform Flow

In reservoir simulation the flow driven by pressure differences and gravity is usually approximated by means of the empirically derived Darcy's law. The elliptic pressure equation that results is preferably solved with a mass conservative method, for which several candidates are available. We distinguish between full field methods and raw field methods. On the one hand we have continuous full field methods which approximate the velocity with a field that is defined inside the element itself. On the other hand we have discrete methods that approximate the flux, and for which no velocity field is defined inside the elements. We denote this raw field. We will examine some mass-conservative methods on the basis of two different characteristics: uniform flow reproduction and convergence on rough grids. Analysis apart, we propose an interpolation on polygons that can reproduce uniform flow by using edge basis functions constructed by means of barycentric functions. This permits us to obtain an H(div) field starting from discrete fluxes evaluated at the interfaces of the elements. We also show that a similar interpolation can be constructed to obtain an H(curl) field on polygons in 2D.
Eyes-Free Tongue Gesture and Tongue Joystick Control of a Five DOF Upper-Limb Exoskeleton for Severely Disabled Individuals

Spinal cord injury can leave the affected individual severely disabled with a low level of independence and quality of life. Assistive upper-limb exoskeletons are one of the solutions that can enable an individual with tetraplegia (paralysis in both arms and legs) to perform simple activities of daily living by mobilizing the arm. Providing an efficient user interface that can provide full continuous control of such a device—safely and intuitively—with multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs) still remains a challenge. In this study, a control interface for an assistive upper-limb exoskeleton with five DOFs based on an intraoral tongue-computer interface (ITCI) for individuals with tetraplegia was proposed. Furthermore, we evaluated eyes-free use of the ITCI for the first time and compared two tongue-operated control methods, one based on tongue gestures and the other based on dynamic virtual buttons and a joystick-like control. Ten able-bodied participants tongue controlled the exoskeleton for a drinking task with and without visual feedback on a screen in three experimental sessions. As a baseline, the participants performed the drinking task with a standard gamepad. The results showed that it was possible to control the exoskeleton with the tongue even without visual feedback and to perform the drinking task at 65.1% of the speed of the gamepad. In a clinical case study, an individual with tetraplegia further succeeded to fully control the exoskeleton and perform the drinking task only 5.6% slower than the able-bodied group. This study demonstrated the first single-modal control interface that can enable individuals with complete tetraplegia to fully and continuously control a five-DOF upper limb exoskeleton and perform a drinking task after only 2 h of training. The interface was used both with and without visual feedback.
The Presence of Fungal and Parasitic Infections in Substances of Human Origin and Their Transmission via Transfusions and Transplantations: Protocol for Two Systematic Reviews

Background: The European Union Directives stipulate mandatory tests for the presence of any infections in donors and donations of substances of human origin (SoHO). In some circumstances, other pathogens, including fungi and parasites, may also pose a threat to the microbial safety of SoHO. Objective: The aim of the two systematic reviews is to identify, collect, and evaluate scientific evidence for the presence of fungal and parasitic infections in donors and donations of SoHO, and their transmission via transfusion and transplantation. Methods: An algorithmic search, one each for fungal and parasitic disease, was applied to 6 scientific databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library [trials], and CINAHL). Additionally, manual and algorithmic searches were employed in 15 gray literature databases and 22 scientific organization websites. The criteria for eligibility included peer-reviewed publications and peer-reviewed abstract publications from conference proceedings examining the prevalence, incidence, odds ratios, risk ratios, and risk differences for the presence of fungi and parasites in donors and SoHO donations, and their transmission to recipients. Only studies that scrutinized the donors and donations of human blood, blood components, tissues, cells, and organs were considered eligible. Data extraction from eligible publications will be performed independently by two reviewers. Data synthesis will include a qualitative description of the studies lacking evidence suitable for a meta-analysis and a random or fixed-effect meta-analysis model for quantitative data synthesis. Results: This is an ongoing study. The systematic reviews are funded by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and the results are expected to be presented by the end of 2021. Conclusions: The systematic reviews will provide the basis for developing a risk assessment for fungal and parasitic disease transmission via SoHO. Trial Registration: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020160090; https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/prospero/display_record. php? ID=CRD42020160090 ; PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020160110; https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/prospero/display_record. php? ID=CRD42020160110 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/25674 JMIR Res Protoc 2021 | vol. 10 | iss. 6 | e25674 | p. 1 https://www.researchprotocols. org/2021/6/e25674 (page number not for citation purposes) Dinas et al JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS
Transport of anthropogenic aerosols from Asia and subsequent chemical transformation

[1] Aerosol chemical composition and gaseous species were measured at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan (CHO), during the ABC/EAREX project period in March 2005, using high-time-resolution instruments including an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS), a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM), and gas monitors in order to investigate the transport and subsequent chemical transformation of aerosol in the east Asian region. Sulfate was the dominant species in fine aerosol mode and the average concentration of ammonium, sulfate and organics was 1.25, 6.37 and 2.16 μg m−3, respectively. The sulfate concentration observed at CHO in 2005 was about 1.5–2 times higher than that in 1994. For the majority of high-sulfate observations, the air mass was transported from the central east Chinese region (between Shanghai and the Shandong Peninsula). Sulfate transport was intermittent and strongly correlated with the passage of synoptic-scale high-/low-pressure systems. Chemical components and their concentration showed significant change on 17–18 March, which is accounted for by the change in air mass origin and the synoptic-scale weather system. In addition, it is suggested that the difference of air quality at the air mass origin reflects the chemical composition at CHO. The high sulfate concentration required heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to sulfate at a rate of 2.0% h−1. A pronounced signal at m/z = 44 confirmed that organic compounds were oxidized.
Data Mining to Improve Traffic Safety

The ever increasing size of datasets used for data mining and machine learning applications has placed a renewed emphasis on algorithm performance and processing strategies. This research addresses algorithms for ranking variables in a dataset, as well as for ranking values of a specific variable. The authors propose two new techniques, called Max Gain (MG) and Sum Max Gain Ratio (SMGR), which are well-correlated with existing techniques, yet are much more intuitive. MG and SMGR were developed for the public safety domain using categorical traffic accident data. Unlike the typical abstract statistical techniques for ranking variables and values, the proposed techniques can be motivated as useful intuitive metrics for non-statistician practitioners in a particular domain. Additionally, the developed techniques are generally more efficient than the more traditional statistical approaches.
UNDERSTANDING THE GROWTH IN NON-WORK VMT

This report presents preliminary work to understand the apparent increase in non-work vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) at household level. The first step was to review available data on travel trends to confirm that non-work VMT is in fact increasing. While available data sources provide convincing evidence of this trend, they are far from conclusive. The next step was to explore factors associated with households (demand side) and with the choices available to households (supply side). This exploration included an assessment of the trend in each factor and the development of hypotheses about its effect on non-work travel. The last step in this report was to summarize findings from existing models of non-work travel behavior on what variables significantly impact non-work travel and in what direction. The report concludes with a discussion of what questions remain and what research approaches may prove fruitful in answering them.
Hospital Stays Related to Mental Health, 2006

Mental illness touches most Americans during their lifetimes, either directly or indirectly. Approximately 5.8 percent of American adults suffer from serious mental illness each year, translating to more than one in twenty individuals over the age of 18 with a serious mental disorder. An additional 9.8 percent has moderate mental illness and 10.5 percent has mild mental illness. Furthermore, 5−9 percent of children suffer from a serious mental disorder.
European grosswetter during the warm and cold extremes of the El Niñco/Southern Oscillation

El Niňo/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm and cold events affect the synoptic climatology of the north-eastern Atlantic-European sector. The classification of cyclonic and anticyclonic European Grosswetter (1881–1987) is analysed for its response on 26 warm and 21 cold ENSO episodes. Bi-monthly ranked composites computed over idealized 2–year ENSO warm (cold) episodes show more days of cyclonic (anticyclonic) steering over Europe. This signal is largest in the winter months of January and February following the year of a warm or cold event. The distributions of the occurrence of cyclonic and anticyclonic Grosswetter days are significantly different for warm and cold event winters: (i) there is more variability between individual warm event winter months, whereas the response to cold episodes is relatively uniform; (ii) on average, cyclonic Grosswetter days are experienced on 60 per cent (46 per cent) of the 58 warm (cold) event winter. days-about 70 per cent (90 per cent) of the warm (cold) event winters realize more than 30 (< 36) days of cyclonic steering. Qualitatively corresponding results are obtained at a representative central European location for sunshine duration and the sum of daily negative temperatures, which characterize the winter strength.
Neuronal LRP1 knockout in adult mice leads to impaired brain lipid metabolism and progressive, age-dependent synapse loss and neurodegeneration (The Journal of Neuroscience (2010), (17068-17078))

The vast majority of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases are late onset with progressive synapse loss and neurodegeneration. Although the amyloid hypothesis has generated great insights into the disease mechanism, several lines of evidence indicate that other risk factors mightpreconditionthebraintoamyloidtoxicity.Here,weshowthatthedeletionofamajorlipoproteinreceptor,low-densitylipoproteinreceptor-relatedprotein1(LRP1),inforebrainneuronsinmiceleadstoaglobaldefectinbrainlipidmetabolismcharacterizedbydecreasedbrainlevelsofcholesterol,sulfatide,galactosylceramide,andtriglyceride.Theselipiddeficitscorrelatewithprogressive,age-dependentdendriticspinedegeneration,synapseloss,neuroinflammation,memoryloss,andeventualneurodegeneration.WefurthershowthatthelevelsofglutamatereceptorsubunitsNMDAreceptor1andGlureceptor1areselectivelyreducedinLRP1forebrainknock-outmiceandinLRP1knockdownneurons,whichispartiallyrescuedbyrestoringneuronalcholesterol.Together,thesestudiessupportacriticalroleforLRP1inmaintainingbrainlipidhomeostasisandassociatedsynapticandneuronalintegrity,andprovideimportantinsightsintothepathophysiologicalmechanismsinAD.
Postnatal Disruption of the Disintegrin/Metalloproteinase ADAM10 in Brain Causes Epileptic Seizures, Learning Deficits, Altered Spine Morphology, and Defective Synaptic Functions

The metalloproteinase ADAM10 is of importance for Notch-dependent cortical brain development. The protease is tightly linked with α-secretase activity toward the amyloid precursor protein (APP) substrate. Increasing ADAM10 activity is suggested as a therapy to prevent the production of the neurotoxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer′s disease. To investigate the function of ADAM10 in postnatal brain, we generated Adam10 conditional knock-out (A10cKO) mice using a CaMKIIα-Cre deleter strain. The lack of ADAM10 protein expression was evident in the brain cortex leading to a reduced generation of sAPPα and increased levels of sAPPβ and endogenous Aβ peptides. The A10cKO mice are characterized by weight loss and increased mortality after weaning associated with seizures. Behavioral comparison of adult mice revealed that the loss of ADAM10 in the A10cKO mice resulted in decreased neuromotor abilities and reduced learning performance, which were associated with altered in vivo network activities in the hippocampal CA1 region and impaired synaptic function. Histological and ultrastructural analysis of ADAM10-depleted brain revealed astrogliosis, microglia activation, and impaired number and altered morphology of postsynaptic spine structures. A defect in spine morphology was further supported by a reduction of the expression of NMDA receptors subunit 2A and 2B. The reduced shedding of essential postsynaptic cell adhesion proteins such as N-Cadherin, Nectin-1, and APP may explain the postsynaptic defects and the impaired learning, altered network activity, and synaptic plasticity of the A10cKO mice. Our study reveals that ADAM10 is instrumental for synaptic and neuronal network function in the adult murine brain.
Role of diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR imaging for brain tumour characterisation Impiego delle tecniche di diffusione e di perfusione con RM nella caratterizzazione dei tumori cerebrali

Purpose. This study was undertaken to correlate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative regional cerebral blood volume (rrCBV) to histological findings in a large series of patients with primary or secondary brain tumours to evaluate diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusionweighted (PWI) imaging in the characterisation of cerebral tumors. Materials and methods. Ninety-eight patients with cerebral tumours, 46 of which were primary (seven grade 0-I, nine low-grade gliomas, two gliomatosis cerebri, nine lymphomas and 19 high-grade gliomas) and 52 secondary, underwent conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging completed with DWI and dynamic contrast susceptibility PWI. Both ADC and rrCBV were calculated on a workstation by using Functool 2 software. Student’s t test was used to determine any statistically significant differences in the ADC and rrCBV values. Results. Seventeen of 98 tumours were cystic or necrotic (12/17 hypointense and 5/17 hyperintense on DWI); the ADC value of hyperintense cystic areas was 0.97±0.23×10 -3 mm 2 /s. The ADC value of solid tumours varied between 0.64 and 3.5×10 -3 mm 2 /s. The rrCBV value was 1.4 (σ 0.66) in low-grade gliomas; 1.22 (σ 0.25) in lymphomas; 4.5 (σ 0.85) in grade III gliomas; 3.18 (σ 1.26) in grade IV gliomas and 2.53 (σ 1.6) in metastases.