Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The quotient-difference algorithm and the Padé table: an alternative form and a general continued fraction

The quotient-difference algorithm is applied to a given power series in a modified way, and various continued fractions provided by the algorithm are described in terms of their relationships with the Pade table for the power series. In particular a general continued fraction whose convergents form any chosen combination of horizontal or vertical connected sequences of Pade approximants is introduced. 1. Introduction. In (4) Gragg gives a substantial review of some of the properties of the Pade table for a given power series Ek= o k and the relations between Pade approximants and other areas of numerical analysis. The earliest and, as Gragg suggests, perhaps the most significant of these related areas is the theory of continued fractions. In particular it is the so-called corresponding fractions for the power series that then provide the link between the Pade table and the quotient-dif- ference algorithm of Rutishauser. One of the many applications of the quotient- difference algorithm is to obtain the coefficients of the corresponding fractions from those of the power series, and the convergents of these continued fractions form staircases in the Pade table for the series. In this paper the quotient-difference algorithm is taken in a form that is slightly different from the usual and is then used to provide, very simply, the coefficients of six types of continued fractions whose convergents form ordered sequences of Pade approximants, including those mentioned above. It is then shown that the table of coefficients generated by the revised quotient-difference algorithm also provide the partial numerators and denominators of a 'general' continued fraction whose convergents are a sequence of Pade approximants that is made up of any chosen horizontal or vertical connected subsequences. This freedom in choosing the path in the Pade table means that some of the existing algorithms based on particular paths can be regarded as special cases of the revised quotient-difference algorithm. Two such instances are described. The revised quotient-difference algorithm used in this paper is essentially the algorithm that has already been used to construct the continued fractions whose convergents form the so called two-point Pade table for two given power series, the only difference being the necessity for an additional rule for defining certain coefficients in the absence of a second series. However, by looking at the case where
The Reliability and Precision of Total Scores and IRT Estimates as a Function of Polytomous IRT Parameters and Latent Trait Distribution

A classic topic in the fields of psychometrics and measurement has been the impact of the number of scale categories on test score reliability. This study builds on previous research by further articulating the relationship between item response theory (IRT) and classical test theory (CTT). Equations are presented for comparing the reliability and precision of scores within the CTT and IRT frameworks. This study presented new results pertaining to the relative precision (i.e., the test score conditional standard error of measurement for a given trait value) of CTT and IRT, and the new results shed light on the conditions where total scores and IRT estimates are more or less precisely measured. The relative reliability of CTT and IRT scores is examined as a function of item characteristics (e.g., locations, category thresholds, and discriminations) and subject characteristics (e.g., the skewness and kurtosis of the latent distribution). CTT total scores were more reliable when the latent distribution was mismatched with category thresholds, but the discrepancy between CTT and IRT declined as the number of scale categories increased. This article also considered the appropriateness of linear approximations of polytomous items and presented circumstances where linear approximations are viable. A linear approximation may be appropriate for items with two response options depending on the item discrimination and the match between the item location and latent distribution. However, linear approximations are biased whenever items are located in the tails of the latent distribution and the bias is larger for more discriminating items.
Split: A Hash-Based Memory Optimization Method for Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARK)

Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARK) is a practical zero-knowledge proof system for Rank-1 Constraint Satisfaction (R1CS), enabling privacy preservation and addressing the previous scalability concerns on zero-knowledge proofs. Existing constructions of zk-SNARKs require huge memory overhead to generate proofs in that the size of the zk-SNARK circuit can be large even for a very simple use case, which limits the applications for regular resource-constrained users. To reduce the memory utilization of zk-SNARKs, this paper presents a hash-based method “Split”. Concretely, Split intends to partition the zk-SNARK circuits so that components can be processed sequentially while ensuring strong security properties leveraging hash circuits. As a zk-SNARK circuit is partitioned, obsolete variables are no longer preserved in the memory. We further propose an enhanced Split as <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="xu-ieq1-3235975.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-Split, which leads to better optimization by properly choosing multiple splits. Our experimental results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of Split in conserving memory usage for resource-constrained provers as long as the circuit can be partitioned to a Good Split, indicating that via Split zk-SNARKs can be brought one step closer to practical applications.
Cascade sliding mode maximum power point tracking controller for photovoltaic systems

Introduction. Constant increases in power consumption by both industrial and individual users may cause depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution, and hence there is a growing interest in clean and renewable energy resources. Photovoltaic power generation systems are playing an important role as a clean power electricity source in meeting future electricity demands. Problem. All photovoltaic systems have two problems; the first one being the very low electric-power generation efficiency, especially under low-irradiation states; the second resides in the interdependence of the amount of the electric power generated by solar arrays and the ever changing weather conditions. Load mismatch can occur under these weather varying conditions such that maximum power is not extracted and delivered to the load. This issue constitutes the so-called maximum power point tracking problem. Aim. Many methods have been developed to determine the maximum power point under all conditions. There are various methods, in most of them based on the well-known principle of perturb and observe. In this method, the operating point oscillates at a certain amplitude, no matter whether the maximum power point is reached or not. That is, this oscillation remains even in the steady state after reaching the maximum power point, which leads to power loss. This is an essential drawback of the previous method. In this paper, a cascade sliding mode maximum power point tracking control for a photovoltaic system is proposed to overcome above mentioned problems. Methodology. The photovoltaic system is mainly composed of a solar array, DC/DC boost converter, cascade sliding mode controller, and an output load. Two sliding mode control design strategies are joined to construct the proposed controller. The primary sliding mode algorithm is designed for maximum power point searching, i.e., to track the output reference voltage of the solar array. This voltage is used to manipulate the setpoint of the secondary sliding mode controller, which is used via the DC-DC boost converter to achieve maximum power output. Results. This novel approach provides a good transient response, a low tracking error and a very fast reaction against the solar radiation and photovoltaic cell temperature variations. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in the presence of environmental disturbances.
Modified Genetic Algorithm for Constrained Trajectory Optimization

Although direct methods using sequential quadratic programming, such as direct collocation, have been widely applied to trajectory optimization problems, optimization results for these methods are sensitive to initial solutions in some cases. For the purpose of finding an appropriate initial solution to gradient-based direct trajectory optimization, a numerical trajectory optimization method using a real-coded genetic algorithm (GA) is considered. Because a typical GA solves unconstrained optimization problems, the penalty function has usually been used as the selection criterion of surviving individuals. However, the convergence properties of this conventional method are sensitive to the penalty parameter. Therefore, a new method that robustly achieves global optimization of the objective function and the feasibility search even with a large penalty parameter is proposed. The proposed method is applied to the constrained brachistochrone problem and a space plane reentry problem. Results indicate promising performance of the proposed method in providing appropriate initial solutions for gradient-based trajectory optimization.
Real-World Use of Albutrepenonacog Alfa, A Recombinant Coagulation Factor IX Albumin Fusion Protein, for Personalized Prophylaxis in Japanese Individuals With Hemophilia B: A Case Series

Currently, the mainstay of disease management for hemophilia B, a hemorrhagic disease caused by a congenital deficiency or molecular abnormalities of blood coagulation factor IX (FIX), is prophylaxis using FIX concentrate. On-demand injections of FIX concentrate may also be required, even during prophylaxis, when a patient with hemophilia B is bleeding. Albutrepenonacog alfa (rFIX-FP) is a human albumin fusion gene recombinant FIX, which is administered once every seven, 14, or 21 days, depending on patient preferences and symptoms. Studies have demonstrated its efficacy and safety in a range of patients; however, to date, reports of real-world experiences of the use of rFIX-FP in Japan are limited. We present a case series of three Japanese individuals with moderately severe (FIX activity 1 to <2%) or severe (FIX activity <1%) hemophilia B who benefited from prophylaxis using rFIX-FP in our clinical practice setting. We highlighted the good effectiveness of rFIX-FP in a patient with moderately severe hemophilia B who required prophylaxis due to joint bleeding, which was causing deterioration of his left ankle joint, as well as in a patient with severe hemophilia B and atherothrombotic cerebral infarction, whose trough level had to be ≥5% for concomitant use of an antiplatelet drug, and in a patient with severe hemophilia B who was working in nursing care, which involved heavy labor and night shifts, and who had previously been treated with on-demand FIX concentrate. In all three cases, rFIX-FP improved disease symptoms, and the patients were able to maintain steady states of therapy due to the treatment characteristics of rFIX-FP, which stabilizes FIX at high trough levels.
Research of Indonesian license plates recognition on moving vehicles

The recognition of the characters in the license plate has been widely studied, but research to recognize the character of the license plate on a moving car is still rarely studied. License plate recognition on a moving car has several difficulties, for example capturing still images on moving images with non-blurred results. In addition, there are also several problems such as environmental disturbances (low lighting levels and heavy rain). In this study, a novel framework for recognizing license plate numbers is proposed that can overcome these problems. The proposed method in this study: detects moving vehicles, judges the existence of moving vehicles, captures moving vehicle images, deblurring images, locates license plates, extracts vertical edges, removes unnecessary edge lines, segments license plate locations, Indonesian license plate cutting character segmenting, character recognition. Experiments were carried out under several conditions: suitable conditions, poor lighting conditions (dawn, evening, and night), and unfavourable weather conditions (heavy rain, moderate rain, and light rain). In the experiment to test the success of the license plate number recognition, it was seen that the proposed method succeeded in recognizing 98.1 % of the total images tested. In unfavorable conditions such as poor lighting or when there are many disturbances such as rain, there is a decrease in the success rate of license plate recognition. Still, the proposed method's experimental results were higher than the method without deblurring by 1.7 %. There is still unsuccessful in recognizing license plates from the whole experiment due to a lot of noise. The noise can occur due to unfavourable environmental conditions such as heavy rain.
Optical Classification of Southern Warm Infrared Galaxies

In this paper, we present high-resolution optical spectra and optical classifications from our large sample of 285 warm infrared galaxies 108 < LIR < 1012.5 L☉. We have classified these galaxies using new theoretical lines on the standard optical diagnostic diagrams. We use a theoretical extreme mixing line between the starburst and AGN regions to classify LINER galaxies and we define a theoretical boundary separating AGNs from starbursts. We find that many galaxies previously classified as LINERs appear to lie on a mixing sequence between starburst and AGN type galaxies. These are likely to be of a composite nature with their excitation being a combination of photoionization due to hot stars plus either ionization by a power-law radiation field associated with an AGN or shock excitation where the shock may result from such processes as cooling flows, superwind activity, or an accretion disk around an AGN. We compare our theory-based classification scheme with the previous semiempirical scheme of Veilleux & Osterbrock . We find that our classification method results in 6% ambiguity in classifications between the different diagnostic diagrams compared with 16% ambiguity using the traditional Veilleux & Osterbrock method. We find that 70% of the galaxies in our sample are classified optically as starburst, 17% are Seyfert 2, 4% are Seyfert 1, and 0.4% are LINERs. A further 2% of our sample are certainly composite galaxies. A fraction (20%) of the Seyfert galaxies, 3% of the starburst galaxies, and 71% of the ambiguous galaxies are possibly composite in nature (11% of the total sample).
Magnetic field sensing based on magneto-volume variation of magnetic fluids investigated by air-gap Fabry-Pérot fiber interferometers

A compact air-gap Fabry-Perot fiber interferometer using magnetic fluids as the constituent material is constructed. The proposed structure possesses high sensitivity to magnetic field and is eligible for probing the tiny magnetic-field-induced volume variation of magnetic fluids. The underlying physical mechanisms for the magneto-volume variation are clarified in detail. The shift of the interference spectrum with magnetic field is employed for the magnetic field sensing applications. The highest sensitivity of magnetic field sensing for our experimental structure can reach 117.3 pm/mT when the sensing head is set at 45° azimuthal angle (with respect to the magnetic field direction).
Single–Molecule Study of DNAzyme Reveals Its Intrinsic Conformational Dynamics

DNAzyme is a class of DNA molecules that can perform catalytic functions with high selectivity towards specific metal ions. Due to its potential applications for biosensors and medical therapeutics, DNAzyme has been extensively studied to characterize the relationships between its biochemical properties and functions. Similar to protein enzymes and ribozymes, DNAzymes have been found to undergo conformational changes in a metal–ion–dependent manner for catalysis. Despite the important role the conformation plays in the catalysis process, such structural and dynamic information might not be revealed by conventional approaches. Here, by using the single–molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) technique, we were able to investigate the detailed conformational dynamics of a uranyl–specific DNAzyme 39E. We observed conformation switches of 39E to a folded state with the addition of Mg2+ and to an extended state with the addition of UO22+. Furthermore, 39E can switch to a more compact configuration with or without divalent metal ions. Our findings reveal that 39E can undergo conformational changes spontaneously between different configurations.
Implementation of a Convolutional Neural Network Into an Embedded Device for Polyps Detection

The increasing rates of colorectal cancer and associated mortality have attracted interest in the use of computer-aided diagnosis tools based on artificial intelligence (AI) for the detection of polyps at an early stage. Most AI models are implemented on software platforms; however, due to the demands of embedded devices, hardware implementations have to fulfill the demands of real-time applications with better accuracy and low-power consumption. In this letter, we propose an optimized four-layer network that can be implanted into an embedded device and determine the feasibility of implanting our convolutional neural network (CNN) into a microprocessor. The essential functions of the CNN (i.e., padding, convolution, ReLU, max-pooling, fully connected, and softmax layers) are implemented in the microprocessor. The proposed method achieves efficient classification with high performance and takes only 2.5488 mW at a working frequency of 8 MHz. We conclude this letter with a discussion of the results and future direction of research.
Propagation of intense ultrashort laser pulses in a plasma filled capillary tube: Simulations and experiments

Recent experiments [F. Dorchies et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4655 (1999)] have demonstrated monomode guiding over 100 Rayleigh lengths (10 cm) of high intensity, ultrashort laser pulses in a dielectric capillary tube filled with low pressure He gas. A model for the propagation of femtosecond laser pulses in a capillary tube, coupled with the tunnel ionization of the gas filling the capillary tube, is derived and solved numerically using the parameters of these experiments. The simulations accurately reproduce experimentally measured damping lengths, transmitted pulse energy and spectrum at the output of the capillary tube. They show that a few cm long, homogeneous, plasma column with an electron density of the order of 1017 cm−3 is created for an incident intensity of 4×1015 W/cm2.
Stressors, Stress Response and Coping Among Rural School Teachers With and Without Hypertension

The aim was to study the difference in stressors experienced, level of stress and coping used between individuals with and without hypertension among rural government school teachers. The sample consisted of both men and women working in rural government schools, married (with at least one child), and aged between 30 to 35 years, with work experience of at least 5 years. A matched group design in terms of age, number of years of experience, gender, socioeconomic status, salary, number of working members working in the family was considered for the study. Over all 30 each of teachers with and without hypertension consuming medication for at least 3 years and below cut off point on General health questionnaire and gave consent to be part of the study were selected for the study. All these individuals were administered Personal Stress Source Inventory, Stress Response Checklist and Coping styles inventory. The results were analysed using t test to study significance of difference in the means of the stressors, stress response and coping used by individual with and without hypertension. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in stressors experienced between the groups, where as there was significant difference in level of stress and coping used. The group with hypertension had significantly higher level of stress response and significantly less use of coping methods indicating that it is the response to stressors and coping methods used that could be related to hypertension than the number of stressors faced by the individual, indirectly indicating that personality and the responses are integral part of disease experienced.
Hydralazine Revives Cellular and Ocular Lens Health-Span by Ameliorating the Aging and Oxidative-Dependent Loss of the Nrf2-Activated Cellular Stress Response

A major hallmark of aging-associated diseases is the inability to evoke cellular defense responses. Transcriptional protein Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor) plays a pivotal role in the oxidative stress response, cellular homeostasis, and health span. Nrf2’s activation has been identified as a therapeutic target to restore antioxidant defense in aging. Here, we demonstrated that FDA-approved drug, hydralazine (Hyd), was a reactivator of the Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant response element) pathway in various ages and types of mouse (m) or human (h) lens epithelial cells (LECs) and mice lenses in-vitro/in-vivo. This led to Hyd-driven abatement of carbonyls, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced 4-HNE/MDA-adducts with cytoprotection, and extended lens healthspan by delaying/preventing lens opacity against aging/oxidative stress. We elucidated that Hyd activated the protective signaling by inducing Nrf2 to traverse from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and potentiated the ARE response by direct interaction of Nrf2 and ARE sequences of the promoter. Loss-of-function study and cotreatment of Hyd and antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or Peroxiredoxin (Prdx)6, specified that Nrf2/ARE-driven increase in the promoter activity was Hyd-dependent. Our study provides proof-of concept evidence and, thereby, paves the way to repurposing Hyd as a therapeutic agent to delay/prevent aging and oxidative-related disorders.
A Decomposition for the Likelihood Ratio Statistic and the Bartlett Correction--A Bayesian Argument

Let l(θ) = n -1 log p(x, θ) be the log likelihood of an n-dimensional X under a p-dimensional θ. Let θˆ j be the mle under H j : θ 1 = θ 1 0 , . , θ j = θ j 0 and θˆ 0 be the unrestricted mle. Define T j as [2n{l(θˆ j-1 )}] 1/2 sgn(θˆj j-1 -θ j 0 ). Let T = (T 1 , ., T p ). Then under regularity conditions, the following theorem is proved: Under θ = θ 0 , T is asymptotically N(n -1/2 a 0 + n -1 a, J + n -1 ∑) + O(n -3/2 ) where J is the identity matrix. The result is proved by first establishing an analogous result when θ is random and then making the prior converge to a degenerate distribution. The existence of the Bartlett correction to order n -3/2 follows from the theorem. We show that an Edgeworth expansion with error O(n -2 ) for T involves only polynomials of degree less than or equal to 3 and hence verify rigorously Lawley's (1956) result giving the order of the error in the Bartlett correction as O(n -2 ).