Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide synthases: which, where, how, and why?

ture that clearly identifies the specific enzyme isoform. A widely accepted nomenclature (3), which will be used in these Perspective articles, identifies the three mammalian enzyme isoforms as nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS, reflecting the tissues of origin for the original protein and cDNA isolates. As denoted by its prefix, nNOS was originally purified and cloned from neuronal tissues. However, nNOS is now known to be much more widely distributed, with an important level of expression in skeletal muscle. iNOS, originally purified and cloned from an immunoactivated macrophage cell line, has since been identified in myriad mammalian tissues, and iNOS expression has been studied in cells as diverse as cardiac myocytes, glial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells (to name only a few). eNOS, the last of the three mammalian NOS isoforms to be isolated, was originally purified and cloned from vascular endothelium, but has since been discovered in cardiac myocytes, blood platelets, brain (hippocampus), and elsewhere. To add to the confusion, the human genes for the NOS isoforms are officially categorized in the order of their isolation and characterization; thus, the human genes encoding nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS are termed NOS1 , NOS2 , and NOS3 , respectively.
Performance enhancements of MBMS and VoIP services in WCDMA/HSPA networks

Aho, Kari Performance enhancements of MBMS and VoIP services in WCDMA/HSPA networks Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2009, 96 p.(+included articles) (Jyväskylä Licentiate Theses in Computing ISSN 1795-9713; 13) ISBN 978-951-39-3687-7 Finnish summary The purpose of this thesis is to address the performance of Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) and Voice over IP (VoIP) services in Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)/High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) networks. MBMS and VoIP services have already gained vast popularity in the fixed networks and thus it is very likely that they will also be key concepts in wireless cellular networks in the near future. However, from practical perspective, wireless network sets very strict environment for this kind of services. Thus, it is crucial to be able to evaluate the need of radio resources, possible enhancements and vast number of practical network parameters so that cellular network and these services operate in optimal manner in different situations. This kind of information can be then used by cellular operators in addition to network and product vendors in dimensioning and fine-tuning cellular networks. Special attention in this thesis will be paid on the mobility aspect of both of those services. Studies include the performance evaluation of MBMS with macro diversity combining with and without receive diversity. From the perspective of macro diversity soft and selective combining are evaluated. In addition, concept called Rx-switching is evaluated in order to provide some battery saving opportunities for MBMS terminals employing multiple receive antennas. On the area of VoIP this thesis addresses the performance both in uplink and downlink in terms of user velocity, handover parameters and delays. This kind of performance evaluation is critical as VoIP is very sensitive to any additional delays and/or packet losses that handover performance could potentially cause. This thesis evaluates the performance with help of fully dynamic system simulator where user mobility, fading, propagation and radio resource management functionalities are explicitly taken into account.
Independent Range Sampling, Revisited

In the independent range sampling (IRS) problem, given an input set P of n points in R, the task is to build a data structure, such that given a range R and an integer t ≥ 1, it returns t points that are uniformly and independently drawn from P ∩ R. The samples must satisfy inter-query independence, that is, the samples returned by every query must be independent of the samples returned by all the previous queries. This problem was first tackled by Hu et al. [15], who proposed optimal structures for one-dimensional dynamic IRS problem in internal memory and one-dimensional static IRS problem in external memory. In this paper, we study two natural extensions of the independent range sampling problem. In the first extension, we consider the static IRS problem in two and three dimensions in internal memory. We obtain data structures with optimal space-query tradeoffs for 3D halfspace, 3D dominance, and 2D three-sided queries. The second extension considers weighted IRS problem. Each point is associated with a real-valued weight, and given a query range R, a sample is drawn independently such that each point in P ∩R is selected with probability proportional to its weight. Walker’s alias method is a classic solution to this problem when no query range is specified. We obtain optimal data structure for one dimensional weighted range sampling problem, thereby extending the alias method to allow range queries. Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.
Common reed Phragmites australis occurrence and adjacent land use along estuarine shoreline in Chesapeake Bay

We completed a shoreline survey of Phragmites occurrence and adjacent land use along more than 8,400 km of shoreline in the Maryland and Virginia portions of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries. Phragmites occurred along 14.6% of Maryland estuarine shoreline in the mid-to-upper portion of Chesapeake Bay, but along only 2.0% of the surveyed Virginia shoreline in the mid-to-lower portion. The dramatic difference in occurrence was not related exclusively to high salinity restrictions on plant distribution in the lower portion of the bay since most of the survey was completed in mesohaline to oligohaline sections of the estuary. Phragmites occurrence was highest—up to 30% of all shoreline—in the upper northeastern section of the bay and was over-represented adjacent to cleared but undeveloped land. Although Phragmites was found growing adjacent to all types of land uses including undisturbed forest in the mid-to-upper estuary, its occurrence was positively correlated with the percentage of agricultural shoreline. The extensive Phragmites occurrence throughout the upper estuary suggests that both local and regional environmental factors of management concern may contribute to the suspected spread of Phragmites along both Maryland and Virginia shoreline.
Study on Ontology-Based Apriori Algorithm Applying to Emergency Decision System

The paper proposes an optimized Apriori mining algorithm based on ontology by contrast with traditional data-mining ones, which could mine data on the high-level. The algorithm is based on the domain and background knowledge in what the ontology describes. And we use the algorithm in the fire protection emergency decision system. The experiment result shows that applying the algorithm can expose more exact certainty rules and provide more meaningful decision suggestions for decision-maker.
Arginase I Production in the Tumor Microenvironment by Mature Myeloid Cells Inhibits T-Cell Receptor Expression and Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses

T cells infiltrating tumors have a decreased expression of signal transduction proteins, a diminished ability to proliferate, and a decreased production of cytokines. The mechanisms causing these changes have remained unclear. We demonstrated recently that peritoneal macrophages stimulated with interleukin 4 + interleukin 13 produce arginase I, which decreases the expression of the T-cell receptor CD3ζ chain and impairs T-cell responses. Using a 3LL murine lung carcinoma model we tested whether arginase I was produced in the tumor microenvironment and could decrease CD3ζ expression and impair T-cell function. The results show that a subpopulation of mature tumor-associated myeloid cells express high levels of arginase I, whereas tumor cells and infiltrating lymphocytes do not. Arginase I expression in the tumor was seen on day 7 after tumor injection. Tumor-associated myeloid cells also expressed high levels of cationic amino acid transporter 2B, which allowed them to rapidly incorporate l-Arginine (l-Arg) and deplete extracellular l-Arg in vitro. l-Arg depletion by tumor-associated myeloid cells blocked the re-expression of CD3ζ in stimulated T cells and inhibited antigen-specific proliferation of OT-1 and OT-2 cells. The injection of the arginase inhibitor N-hydroxy-nor-l-Arg blocked growth of s.c. 3LL lung carcinoma in mice. High levels of arginase I were also found in tumor samples of patients with non-small cell carcinoma. Therefore, arginase I production by mature myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment may be a central mechanism for tumor evasion and may represent a target for new therapies.
ARE HUMAN RIGHTS THE ‟LAST UTOPIAˮ?

Samuel Moyn'un 'Tarihte Son Utopya: Insan Haklari 2010 ' isimli kitabi son donemlerde insan haklari uzerine yapilmis olan tartismalara katki saglamis en degerli ve munakasaci eserlerden bir tanesini olusturmaktadir. Columbia Universitesi tarih bolumunde profesor olan Samuel Moyn'un bu genis kapsamli ve kritik kitabinda ozgun bir yaklasim ortaya atarak insan haklarinin yeni bir bulus oldugu gorusu dile getirilmektedir. Samuel Moyn modern insan haklari ile tarihin tozlu sayfalarinda yer edinmis insan haklari arasinda keskin bir ayrim yapmaktadir. Yazar, cagdas insan haklari anlayisini ve ozellike Insan Haklari Evrensel Bildirisi'ni, Komunizm gibi misyonunu tamamlamis utopyalarin ardindan gelen son utopya olarak tanimlamaktadir. Bu calismanin temel amaci basta Samuel Moyn'un ortaya attigi ve akademik dunyada gundem olusturan tartismali calismasini elestirel bir sekilde analiz etmek ve insan haklarinin son utopya olup olmadigi sorusunu ayrintili bir sekilde incelemektir. Modern insan haklarinin bir utopya olup olmadigi sorusu, tarihsel surec icerisinde yasanmis onemli olaylar ele alinarak ve guncel dunyadan alintilar yapilarak irdelenmeye calisilacaktir
Evaluation and Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Neuropsychology

Awareness of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and persisting post-concussive syndrome (PCS) has increased substantially in the past few decades, with a corresponding increase in research on diagnosis, management, and treatment of patients with mTBI. The purpose of this article is to provide a narrative review of the current literature on behavioral assessment and management of patients presenting with mTBI/PCS, and to detail the potential role of neuropsychologists and rehabilitation psychologists in interdisciplinary care for this population during the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of recovery.
Body mass index and oxidative DNA damage: A longitudinal study

Leanness has been shown to be related to an increased risk of some cancer forms, including lung cancer. However, biological evidence supporting a causal link between leanness and carcinogenesis is limited. The authors investigated longitudinally the association between body mass index (BMI) and levels of urinary 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage, using data from 174 healthy employees who participated in a lifestyle intervention study. 8‐OHdG levels were measured using automated high‐performance liquid chromatography and adjusted for urinary creatinine levels. Analysis of repeated measurements using a random effects model detected a statistically significant inverse association between BMI and 8‐OHdG levels (P = 0.003); one unit decrease in BMI was associated with a 2.7% (95% confidence interval 0.9–4.4) increase in 8‐OHdG levels. The association was pronounced among men consuming less than 20 cigarettes per day (8.8% increase per unit decrease in BMI) and among non‐smoking men (3.7% increase). The results based on a longitudinal observation suggest that weight loss is associated with increased oxidative DNA damage, a state presumably related to an increased risk of cancer. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1254–1258)
The developmental origins of adult disease

Purpose of review Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with an increased propensity to develop adult-onset disease and is described by the developmental origins of adult disease hypothesis. Sequelae of fetal growth restriction include metabolic disease as well as nonmetabolic disorders. Although it has become clear that the morbidities associated with IUGR are complex and result from disruptions to multiple pathways and multiple organs, the mechanisms driving the long-term effects are only just beginning to be understood. Recent findings IUGR affects most organ systems by either interrupting developmental processes such as apoptosis or producing lasting changes to levels of key regulatory factors. Both of these are associated with an often persistent change in gene expression. Epigenetic modulation of transcription is a mechanism that is at least partially responsible for this. IUGR is accompanied by changes in the quantity and activity of enzymes responsible for making modifications to chromatin as well as global and gene-specific modifications of chromatin. Summary The subtle adjustments needed to ensure developmental plasticity in IUGR are provided by epigenetic modulation of critical genes. Translating the messages of the epigenetic profile and identifying the players that mediate the effects remains one of the major challenges in the field. An understanding of the mechanisms driving the epigenetic changes will facilitate identification of dietary and pharmaceutical approaches that can be applied in the postnatal period.
Genome Sequence of “Anthococcus,” a Novel Genus of the Family Streptococcaceae Isolated from Flowers

ABSTRACT Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of “Anthococcus,” a novel genus of the family Streptococcaceae isolated from fresh flowers of a durian (Durio zibethinus) tree. The draft genome of Anthococcus sp. strain DF1 contains 2,157,756 bp, with a G+C content of 33.0%.
The Impact of Human Papillomavirus Information on Perceived Risk of Cervical Cancer

There is a need to develop public education about the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. Explaining that a sexually transmitted virus causes cervical cancer may affect perceived risk of cervical cancer. We hypothesized that presenting HPV information would have differential effects depending on age and screening attendance. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews with a sample of British women age 16 to 75 years who had not heard of HPV before (n = 965). A repeated measures design was used, assessing perceived risk of cervical cancer before and after providing information about HPV. Perceived risk was assessed using a comparative risk measure with a five-point response scale. Preinformation, the mean perceived risk score was 2.64 (SE, 0.03). Overall, presentation of HPV information did not have an effect on perceived risk of cervical cancer [χ2(1) = . 72; P = 0.396], but as expected, there was a significant time by age interaction for the change in perceived risk [χ2(5) = 33.56; P < 0.001], which increased in the youngest age group (16-25 years) and decreased in the oldest age group (65-75 years). In a separate analysis with women in the screening age range (25-64 years; n = 709), there was a significant time by screening attendance interaction [χ2(1) = 5.25; P = 0.022], with an increase in perceived risk among women who did not regularly attend screening. This is the first study to examine the effect of HPV information on perceived risk across different population groups. Interventions to increase awareness of HPV could benefit from tailoring information to prescreening age, screening age, and postscreening age women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):373–6)
Proteome in Perspective

Abstract This review describes briefly proteome science. It explains why proteome science or proteomics emerged only recently and why a shift from genomics to proteomics is occurring. This review further illustrates that proteomics can unravel new domains in nature's complexity. Finally, it demonstrates that proteomics is offering new tools for the study of complex biological or medical problems.
Dll1 is a downstream target of Tbx6 in the paraxial mesoderm

Tbx6 is a member of the T‐box family of transcription factors. In the mouse, Tbx6 is expressed in the primitive streak, tail bud, and presomitic mesoderm and is essential for the specification of posterior paraxial mesoderm; in its absence, posterior somites are replaced by ectopic neural tubes. Analysis of embryos expressing reduced levels of Tbx6 also revealed that it is required for the correct patterning of the somites as well as their initial specification. As a first step toward identifying downstream targets of Tbx6, we examined the DNA binding properties of Tbx6 and identified a Tbx6 consensus binding site. Previously, we have shown that expression of Dll1, which encodes a Notch ligand, is lost in the Tbx6 mutant and that Tbx6 and Dll1 genetically interact, indicating that Dll1 may be a direct target of Tbx6 in the paraxial mesoderm. We uncovered four putative Tbx6 binding sites within a Dll1 paraxial mesoderm enhancer and show that Tbx6 can bind two of these sites in vitro. Altogether, these results lend further support for Dll1 being a direct target of Tbx6 in the presomitic mesoderm. genesis 42:193–202, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Big Learning with Little RAM

In large-scale machine learning, available memory (RAM) is often a key constraint, both during model training and when making new predictions. In this paper, we reduce memory cost by projecting our weight vector β ∈ R onto a coarse discrete set using randomized rounding. Because the values of the discrete set can be stored more compactly than standard 32-bit float encodings, this reduces RAM usage by 50% during training and by up 90% at prediction time. Theoretical analysis provides safety guarantees that bound the regret added by this projection. Empirical evaluation confirms excellent results in practice, adding only an additional 0.01% to logistic loss in testing.
USE OF ASSESSEMENT FOR IMPROVING READING INSTRUCTION TO EARLY GRADE PUPILS

Reading is the most important skill that every child needs to develop at school. Children who do not have good reading skills at elementary level are more likely to have limited educational progress, limited economic opportunities, and poor development in the future. Traditional tests and assessments are lacking in this respect, because they grade pupils, based on overall score, rather than identifying the areas for improvement in order to assist teachers in more efficient planning of teaching curriculum. There is a need for a simple tool to provide pupils with various components of reading at their level. In this, the first steps are recognition of the letters of alphabet, reading of simple words, and understanding the structure of sentences and paragraphs. This present work uses the Research in Action method to analyze the subject of using assessment for improving reading instructions for early grade pupils. The EGRA instrument, which does not provide a total result, assesses various skills and treats each skill separately. There are no overall results for EGRA, as it tests individuals. Testing of a child takes approximately 10-12 minutes. The teacher can administer various combinations of subtests, depending on their judgement on pupils’ needs. Results of every task are characterized, based on the findings related to the pupil’s needs. This depends on whether the pupil is a “good reader”, progressing well, or is “at risk” of failing in reading. Research was conducted in the city of Prizren, Republic of Kosova, at the Primary and Lower Secondary School (PLSS) of “Emin Duraku”, class II-3. Five pupils were involved, led by the author, as teacher of this class. The research was conducted in cooperation with school management, teachers, and parents of the pupils involved. The collection of data was implemented within three weeks. It is expected that this research will have positive effects on improving the results of children that find reading difficult, as well as the professional development of teachers. This research was carried out for use in professional and scientific literature, and from the field of assessment and reading, and applying adequate scientific methods.
A Comparative Study for Texture Classification Techniques on Wood Species Recognition Problem

Wood species recognition is a texture classification problem that has yet to be well studied. The textures observed on the cross section surface of the wood samples can be used to identify the species of the wood. In this paper, we tested various texture classification techniques, i.e. grey level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM), Gabor filters, combined GLCM and Gabor filters as well as covariance matrix. The experiments are conducted on 512 × 512 images of the six wood species from the CAIRO wood dataset. The experimental results show that the covariance matrix produced using the feature images generated by the Gabor filters is 85% compared to 78.33% for the raw GLCM, 73.33% for the Gabor filters and 76.67% for the combined GLCM and Gabor filters. The experimental results show that the covariance matrix has the best recognition rate.
Blocking NRG1 and Other Ligand-Mediated Her4 Signaling Enhances the Magnitude and Duration of the Chemotherapeutic Response of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Inhibition of Her4 signaling enhances the response to chemotherapy and delays tumor regrowth after cessation of treatment. Regaining the Yellow Jersey Professional sports—from cycling to football and even baseball—are now cracking down on doping. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is thought to give an unfair advantage, and regulatory agencies are trying to return everyone to even ground. But whereas athletes who dope become pariahs, in some fights it’s better not to play fair. Now, Hegde et al. suggest a way to enhance chemotherapy in the fight against non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Chemotherapy is a first-line treatment for NSCLC but, in some cases, cannot either adequately remove the tumor or prevent recurrence. The authors use multiple models of NSCLC and find that residual tumor cells after chemotherapy express high levels of neuregulin 1 (NRG1), which is a ligand for human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 and 4 (HER3/4). Inhibited NRG1 signaling had only variable effects on primary tumor growth, but significantly enhanced the magnitude and duration of tumor response to chemotherapy. NRG1 inhibition in combination with chemotherapy greatly impeded relapse. Although this combination remains to be tested in the clinic, this study suggests that when it comes to a competition between NSCLC and chemotherapy, all’s fair. Although standard chemotherapies are commonly used to treat most types of solid tumors, such treatment often results in inadequate response to, or relapse after, therapy. This is particularly relevant for lung cancer because most patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease and are treated with frontline chemotherapy. By studying the residual tumor cells that remain after chemotherapy in several in vivo non–small cell lung cancer models, we found that these cells have increased levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) signaling due, in part, to the enrichment of a preexisting NRG1HI subpopulation. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) signaling in these models can be mediated by either the HER3 or HER4 receptor, resulting in the differential activation of downstream effectors. Inhibition of NRG1 signaling inhibits primary tumor growth and enhances the magnitude and duration of the response to chemotherapy. Moreover, we show that inhibition of ligand-mediated Her4 signaling impedes disease relapse in cases where NRG1 inhibition is insufficient. These findings demonstrate that ligand-dependent Her4 signaling plays an important role in disease relapse.