Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Dispersed Minorities and Non-Territorial Autonomy

Abstract The concept of non-territorial autonomy gives rise to at least two important questions: the range of functional areas over which autonomy extends, and the extent to which this autonomy is indeed non-territorial. A widely used early description significantly labelled this ‘national cultural autonomy’, implying that its focus is mainly on cultural matters, such as language, religion, education and family law. In many of the cases that are commonly cited, ‘autonomy’ may not even extend this far: its most visible expression is the existence of separate electoral registers or quotas for the various groups. Part of the dilemma lies in the difficulty of devolving substantial power on a non-territorial basis: to the extent that devolved institutions are state-like, they ideally require a defined territory. Ethnic groups, however, vary in the extent to which they are territorially concentrated, and therefore in the degree to which any autonomous arrangements for them are territorial or non-territorial. This article explores the dilemma generated by this tension between ethnic geography (pattern of ethnic settlement) and political autonomy (degree of self-rule), and introduces a set of case studies where the relationship between these two features is discussed further: the Ottoman empire and its successor states, the Habsburg monarchy, the Jewish minorities of Europe, interwar Estonia, contemporary Belgium, and two indigenous peoples, the Sámi in Norway and the Maori in New Zealand.
Guidelines for Management of the Difficult airway An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway

251 February 2013 P RACTICE Guidelines are systematically developed recommendations that assist the practitioner and patient in making decisions about health care. These recommendations may be adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs and constraints and are not intended to replace local institutional policies. In addition, Practice Guidelines developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards or absolute requirements, and their use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. Practice Guidelines are subject to revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice. They provide basic recommendations that are supported by a synthesis and analysis of the current literature, expert and practitioner opinion, open-forum commentary, and clinical feasibility data. This document updates the “Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway: An Updated Report by
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE PROFILE OF SOME POTENTIAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS

This study aims to investigate why high school students might wish to choose teaching as a career. Who chooses teaching and why is important for policy makers the teacher is an important variable in determining the quality of education. Countries, especially developing ones, are aware that they need to train better teachers who would educate citizens of the 21 st century. Teacher recruitment policies also play a role in the selection and maintenance of practicing teachers. This study aims to (1) investigate the motives of high school students who wish to major in English, and most of whom may become English language teachers as a result of alternative recruitment policies; (2) to find out some information about the student’s language learning beliefs and habits. The opinions of their parents and their language teachers have also been looked into to uncover any persuasion or dissuasion from people around the entrants. Three questionnaires were developed by the researchers to gather information from 86 students, 30 parents and 29 teachers. The data of the study were analyzed via frequency distributions and percentages to demonstrate the motives and profiles of students and the opinions and influence of parents and teachers. The findings suggest that students may choose teaching English as a career because they like it and they are interested in the language and its culture. Teaching is also regarded as an advantageous job by students and their parents. Language teachers persuade students who have some perceived ability to teach and who like languages. The findings show that because of the entrance exam used for selection, students may lack proficiency in skills that are not assessed.
The Social Organization of Mexican Migration to the United States

Migration between Mexico and the United States is supported by social networks that link sending communities with specific work sites in the United States. This article uses a combination of ethnographic and survey methods to study how these networks develop and how they facilitate the migrant enterprise. Migrant networks are based on the bonds of kinship, friendship, and paisanaje, which are reinforced through frequent contact in voluntary organizations. Over time, as networks develop and mature, migration becomes self-sustaining. The maturation of migrant networks in western Mexico after 1965 helps to explain the sharp rise in Mexican migration to the United States during the 1970s.
A nutrição na lactação humana

A nutricao na lactacao e de extrema importância e relaciona-se nao so com o lactente mas tambem com a mae, no caso do aleitamento materno. Com o presente trabalho procurou-se abordar a amamentacao como a forma mais adequada para alimentar os lactentes durante os primeiros meses da sua vida e tambem as formulacoes comerciais aplicaveis quando esta forma de alimentacao nao e possivel. Foram ainda abordadas as necessidades nutricionais do lactente e da mae que amamenta, bem como a gradual introducao de alimentos solidos como complemento da alimentacao com leite. Da pesquisa elaborada foi possivel verificar que a principal conclusao se centra em torno da amamentacao materna, tida como a alimentacao ideal para o lactente durante os seus primeiros 6 meses de vida, ja que fornece todos os nutrientes de que este necessita, posicao esta defendida pela OMS, a UNICEF e o Ministerio da Saude. Verificou-se que os beneficios da amamentacao sao tao importantes para o bebe como para a mae, sob o ponto de vista da saude de ambos. Porem, os beneficios da amamentacao nao se esgotam ai, ja que esta constitui sem duvida um meio de fortalecer o vinculo entre mae e filho.
Epac, in Synergy with cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase (PKA), Is Required for cAMP-mediated Mitogenesis*

cAMP stimulates proliferation in many cell types. For many years, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) represented the only known cAMP effector. PKA, however, does not fully mimic the action of cAMP, indicating the existence of a PKA-independent component. Since cAMP-mediated activation of the G-protein Rap1 and its phosphorylation by PKA are strictly required for the effects of cAMP on mitogenesis, we hypothesized that the Rap1 activator Epac might represent the PKA-independent factor. Here we report that Epac acts synergistically with PKA in cAMP-mediated mitogenesis. We have generated a new dominant negative Epac mutant that revealed that activation of Epac is required for thyroid-stimulating hormone or cAMP stimulation of DNA synthesis. We demonstrate that Epac's action on cAMP-mediated activation of Rap1 and cAMP-mediated mitogenesis depends on the subcellular localization of Epac via its DEP domain. Disruption of the DEP-dependent subcellular targeting of Epac abolished cAMP-Epac-mediated Rap1 activation and thyroid-stimulating hormone-mediated cell proliferation, indicating that an Epac-Rap-PKA signaling unit is critical for the mitogenic action of cAMP.
Application of Lighter-Than-Air Platforms for Power Beaming, Generation and Communications

Retail power beaming using millimeter waves offers a rapid way to bring electric power to areas such as rural India where the terrestrial wired grid lags the demand for communications, connectivity and other services. Synergy between infrastructure development for communications and for power allows local, regional and global power exchange. This helps to bring renewable power generation devices of all scales into a seamless grid including space-based, stratospheric, low-altitude, and surface infrastructure. This paper presents a conceptual study of how lighter-than-air platforms (LTA) including uninhabited, remoted controlled or autonomous aerostats and airships, may be used for the above purpose. The paper highlights the synergistic application of LTA systems to the delivery of power, generation of a small amount of power, and provision of low-cost communications systems in remote areas. Significant experience has already been accumulated in using LTA systems in India for various purposes. Wind patterns drive the optimum altitude for a self-propelled LTA above 21,000 m, suitable for large stratospheric platforms. Altitudes above 4000 m would enable a tethered LTA to convey millimeter wave power through a wave guide integrated into the tether, tunneling through the high-loss regions of the atmosphere. The millimeter wave power beaming application requires demonstration of the projected antenna mass and other parameters. Tethered aerostats, autonomous powered airships and very high altitude platforms all offer excellent opportunities. Initial sizing explorations show feasible solution spaces.
Unbiased Estimation of Human Vestibular Ganglion Neurons

Human vestibular ganglion neurons have been quantified in prior studies by counting neuronal profiles or by using Abercrombie correcting factor to correct the profile counts.1,2 There has been no prior quantitative study on the human vestibular ganglion neurons using the novel unbiased stereological method. Therefore, the purpose of this report is twofold: (1) to describe stereological sampling and counting strategies for estimating the number of human vestibular ganglion neurons, based on the optical fractionator principle, and (2) to investigate the age-related change of the neuronal number in human vestibular ganglions.
Inferring Continuous Dynamic Social Influence and Personal Preference for Temporal Behavior Prediction

It is always attractive and challenging to explore the intricate behavior data and uncover people's motivations, preference and habits, which can greatly benefit many tasks including link prediction, item recommendation, etc. Traditional work usually studies people's behaviors without time information in a static or discrete manner, assuming the underlying factors stay invariant in a long period. However, we believe people's behaviors are dynamic, and the contributing factors including the social influence and personal preference for behaviors are varying continuously over time. Such continuous dynamics convey important knowledge about people's behavior patterns; ignoring them would lead to inaccurate models. In this work, we address the continuous dynamic modeling of temporal behaviors. To model the fully continuous temporal dynamics of behaviors and the underlying factors, we propose the DP-Space, a dynamic preference probability space, which can capture their smooth variation in various shapes over time with flexible basis functions. Upon that we propose a generative dynamic behavior model, ConTyor, which considers the temporal item-adoption behaviors as joint effect of dynamic social influence and varying personal preference over continuous time. We also develop effective inference methods for ConTyor and present its applications. We conduct a comprehensive experimental study using real-world datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of our model and the temporal modeling. Results verify that ConTyor outperforms existing state-of-the-art static and temporal models in behavior predictions. Moreover, in our detailed study on temporal modeling, we show that temporal modeling is superior to static approaches and modeling over continuous time is further better than that over discrete time. We also demonstrate that the ancient behavior data can still become important and beneficial if modeled well.
Correlation between mass and unitary potentials evoked in the rat cerebral cortex by peripheral stimulation

Rats were anaesthetized with urethane or trilene. Electrical stimuli were applied to the forepaw and responses recorded from the primary somatosensory cortex. The cortical response and its variability were studied firstly in an attempt to identify and control variability in subsequent experiments. Depth and type of anaesthesia were relatively unimportant, but recording position v/as critical when results from different experiments were compared. The main variability was that due to interaction of evoked responses with ongoing spontaneous activity. It was found useful to divide all responses into two groups according to the presence or absence of ECoG activity at the time of stimulation. The variability of cortical evoked potentials in these experiments apparently reflected a cortical, stabilizing mechanism. The suppression by ongoing cortical activity of a widespread surface positive/ depth negative component in the response was associated with the suppression of unitary responses in the deep layers of the cortex. A simple postsynaptic modulation of evoked IPSPs may be largely responsible for the suppression of these action potential responses. Postsynaptic modulation of PSPs is also considered in the context of another cortical
Distributed Satisficing MPC With Guarantee of Stability

This technical note develops conditions for the closed-loop stability of a new class of cooperative distributed model predictive control, called satisficing, whereby the relative importance of each controller changes dynamically depending on the prevailing conditions instead of being adjusted a priori. In the satisficing approach, the less satisfied controller will gain more importance. The main properties of the proposed approach are illustrated with an unstable dynamic system composed of three subsystems.
Signature Currents: A Patch-Clamp Method for Determining the Selectivity of Ion-Channel Blockers in Isolated Cardiac Myocytes

Background: We describe a simple method using membrane potential ramps for rapidly determining the ion-channel selectivity of drugs that affect action-potential duration in iso lated cardiac myocytes. The method allows the simultaneous assay of compounds on a number of ionic currents in a single cardiac cell. Methods: Trains of membrane potential ramps were applied from -90 to +70 mV at 0.33 Hz to obtain a consistent "signature current," in which the major individual currents involved in the cardiac action potential could be easily identified. Confirmatory experiments were per formed using known inhibitors of these currents. Results: The identities of the currents in the signature were established by varying the concentrations of extracellular cations and by adding known ion channel blockers to super- fusion solutions. Inhibition of each current had a characteristic and reproducible effect on the overall signature current. Conclusions: The consistent current signature in the presence and absence of blockers sug gests that this method could be used for tertiary electrophysiological evaluation of com pounds, eg, in a drug discovery program focusing on antiarrhythmic agents. The ability to assay for secondary effects of novel compounds against multiple currents in the target cell type is convenient and avoids the artefacts associated with using artificial expression systems.
Hyperbaric oxygen and muscle performance in maximal sustained muscle contraction.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO2) on sustained maximal muscle contraction. METHODS Fifty-two healthy volunteers participated in the study. Thirty-four experimental subjects breathing 100% oxygen at 253kPa (2.5ATA) in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber performed a maximal grip contraction for one minute (initial grip) followed by a 30-second rest period and another one-minute maximal contraction (recovery grip). The protocol was repeated one week later inside the chamber while subjects were breathing normobaric air. A control group of 18 subjects completed the same two-week protocol but breathing normobaric air during both sessions to assess any changes due to learning effect. RESULTS Exposure to HBO2 significantly increased force production for initial maximal grip, recovery maximal grip and total one-minute effort. Time to decrease to 50% of initial contraction was shorter with HBO2 for both initial grip and recovery grip, but force production remained higher throughout the effort with HBO2. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that when performing sustained maximal contractions during acute exposure to HBO2, overall contractile force may be significantly increased compared with breathing normobaric air. Initial rate of fatigue is higher with HBO2, perhaps due to increased extravascular compression with the initial greater force production.
In Vivo Quantitative Reconstruction Studies of Bioluminescence Tomography: Effects of Peak-Wavelength Shift and Model Deviation

Bioluminescence tomography is a novel optical molecular imaging technology. The corresponding system, theory, and algorithmic frames have been set up. In the present study, we concentrated on the analysis of quantitative reconstruction deviation from peak-wavelength shift of luminescent source and the deviation of heterogeneous mouse model. The findings suggest that the reconstruction results are significantly affected by the peak-wavelength shift and deviation of anatomical structure animal models. Furthermore, the model deviations exhibit much more influence than the wavelength shift on the reconstruction results.
Corticospinal Excitability Following Short-Term Motor Imagery Training of a Strength Task

Abstract Motor imagery and actual movement engage similar neural structures, however, whether they produce similar training-related corticospinal adaptations has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to compare changes in strength and corticospinal excitability following short-term motor imagery strength training and short-term strength training. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the contralateral motor cortex (M1) to elicit motor-evoked potentials in the dominant biceps brachii muscle prior to and following 3-week strength training using actual bicep curls or motor imagery of bicep curls. The strength training (n = 6) and motor imagery (n = 6) groups underwent three supervised training sessions per week for 3 weeks. Participants completed four sets of six to eight repetitions (actual or imagined) at a training load of 80% of their one-repetition maximum. The control group (n = 6) were required to maintain their current level of physical activity. Both training groups exhibited large performance gains in strength (p < 0.001; strength training 39% improvement, imagery 16% improvement), which were significantly different between groups (p = 0.027). TMS revealed that the performance improvements observed in both imagery and strength training were accompanied by increases in corticospinal excitability (p < 0.001), however, these differences were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.920). Our findings suggest that both strength training and motor imagery training utilised similar neural substrates within the primary M1, however, strength training resulted in greater gains in strength than motor imagery strength training. This difference in strength increases may be attributed to adaptations during strength training that are not confined to the primary M1. These findings have theoretical implications for functional equivalent views of motor imagery as well as important therapeutic implications.
Activity‐Related Postlesional Vestibular Reorganization

The synaptic convergence patterns of semicircular canal and macular afferent nerve inputs onto second‐order vestibular neurons reorganize in adult frogs after a change in the activity of vestibular nerve afferent fibers. Axotomized afferent nerve fibers become silent after a vestibular nerve lesion, and second‐order vestibular target neurons become disfacilitated. These changes initiate an activity‐related process that was studied in detail in vitro two months after a section of the ramus anterior (RA) of N. VIII. The postlesional reaction results in an expansion of signals, preferentially from intact, remaining afferent nerve fibers, but also from excitatory commissural and spinal ascending fibers. This process of expansion takes weeks, is graded in its extent, and reversible in case of a nerve regeneration, but is not competitive, i.e., the synaptic contacts from axotomized afferent nerve fibers are maintained without a change in their efficacy.
Maximum Entropy Binary Encoding for Face Template Protection

In this paper we present a framework for secure identification using deep neural networks, and apply it to the task of template protection for face authentication. We use deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to learn a mapping from face images to maximum entropy binary (MEB) codes. The mapping is robust enough to tackle the problem of exact matching, yielding the same code for new samples of a user as the code assigned during training. These codes are then hashed using any hash function that follows the random oracle model (like SHA-512) to generate protected face templates (similar to text based password protection). The algorithm makes no unrealistic assumptions and offers high template security, cancelability, and state-of-the-art matching performance. The efficacy of the approach is shown on CMU-PIE, Extended Yale B, and Multi-PIE face databases. We achieve high (~95%) genuine accept rates (GAR) at zero false accept rate (FAR) with up to 1024 bits of template security.
Bias and efficiency in logistic analyses of stratified case-control studies.

Two approaches to the estimation of the parameters in the logistic model applied to the analysis of stratum matched case-control studies are compared. It is shown that the "unconditional likelihood method' gives estimates of odds ratios which may be severely exaggerated if the stratum sizes are not large; however, if stratum sizes are not small the "conditional likelihood method' is computationally prohibitive. The use of small stratum sizes (e.g., 1-to-1 matching) leads to some loss of efficiency if the matching is irrelevant but it is shown that the loss is small for odds ratios up to at least 3. There would seem to be strong arguments for the routine use of matched designs as the reduction in confounding bias produced by such matching may be considerable whereas there is only a small loss in efficiency compared with unmatched designs.
Dynamic Pointer Allocation for Scalable Cache Coherence Directories

The efficient implementation of cache consistency is one of the primary challenges in building shared memory multiprocessors with hundreds or thousands of processors. While directory-based coherency schemes are promising because they rely on point-to-point messages rather than a network broadcast mechanism, traditional directory organizations would use a prohibitive amount of memory in a large-scale machine. In this paper we introduce a dynamic pointer allocationdirectory that exploits reference behavior characteristics of large-scale parallel programs to reduce directory storage requirements to manageable levels while maintaining performance comparable to traditional directory organizations. Rather than building a fixed number of pointers per entry into the hardware, this scheme allocates pointers as they are needed from a pool of available pointers. We highlight the differences in the resulting protocol relative to standard limited pointers directory organizations, including the steps taken in exceptional circumstances, such as running short of available pointers. We also focus on implementation issues by detailing one possible approach and examining some possible performance optimizations. Several extensions to the basic dynamic pointer allocation technique are examined and evaluated as well.