Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are you sure?: using the error-related negativity to examine adult L2 learning

Previous investigations of second language (L2) learners’ proficiency have focused on explicit measures of overt responses. Recent data have shown discrepancies between L2 learners’ overtly measured behaviors and covertly measured implicit processes (McLaughlin, Inoue, & Loveless, 2000). Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used as a covert measure of implicit sensitivity. Prior studies have focused on the P600 component as a measure of sensitivity to syntactic violations in L2 (Tokowicz & MacWhinney, 2005; Tolentino & Tokowicz, 2012). Tokowicz and MacWhinney (2005) used the P600 to index cross-language similarity effects, and found that GJT accuracy scores were lowest in conditions with features unique to L2, however, the ERP responses were the strongest to unique features. This suggests that L2 learners possess implicit sensitivity to L2 violations that is not always indicated by their overt behaviors. The present study looks at another ERP component, the error-related negativity (ERN), which is elicited in response to error processing (Sebastian-Galles, Rodriguez-Fornells, Diego-Balaguer, & Diaz, 2006). We reprocessed previously collected ERP data from Tolentino and Tokowicz (2012; unpublished data) to see if an ERN is present, which would indicate that L2 learners are sensitive to L2 violations. The ERN will be investigated as a function of stimulus grammaticality, response accuracy, electrode site and laterality. We found a significant four way interaction between these variables, as well as significant contrasts in mean amplitudes at certain electrodes. Additionally, we found a positive component elicited in response to errors made in the judgment on ungrammatical stimuli, suggesting the context and the type of error influences how errors are processed. Overall, our data indicate that L2 learners are sensitive to L2 violations, and are at some level aware, not only of what is grammatical, but also what is ungrammatical.
The Four Faces of Corporate Citizenship

Some observers call it corporate social responsibility (CSR). Others refer to it as corporate ethics. More recently, businesses’ social performance has been framed as “corporate citizenship. ” But, what does corporate citizenship really mean? What is business expected to be or to do to be considered a good corporate citizen? Is corporate citizenship compatible with or hostile to corporate growth and profits? A significant boost to corporate citizenship initiatives was given in 1996 when President Clinton called to Washington a group of leading business people to discuss the notion of corporate citizenship and social responsibility. At this conference, President Clinton exhorted the business leaders to “do well” by their employees as they make money for their shareholders. He and then–Labor Secretary Robert Reich announced the newly created Ron Brown Corporate Citizenship Award, named for the late commerce secretary who died in 1996 along with a group of business executives on a trade mission to Bosnia. The award was to honor American companies each year deemed to best exemplify efforts to support its workers. President Clinton’s five criteria for the Ron Brown Award for “good corporate citizenship” boiled down to companies exhibiting the following practices: “family-friendly” policies, such as allowing family leave; good health and pension benefits; a safe workplace; training and advancement opportunities; and policies that avoid layoffs. In 1998, the 1997 winners were announced: IBM Corporation, for its diversity programs, and Levi Strauss & Co., for its antiracism initiative “Project Change. ” One could not argue with these criteria nor these winners; however, one cannot help but note that the criteria all involve the relationship between companies and their employees, with no mention being made of shareholders, consumers, the community in which the business is located, or other important stakeholders. Surely corporate citizenship extends beyond relationships between companies and their employees and includes the business responding to and interacting with these other vital stakeholders. Decades of studying businesses’ corporate social performance, their activities that extend beyond profit-making, and their contributions to the community lead one to conclude that corporate citizenship is real—it is expected of business by the public, and it is manifested by many excellent companies. Further, corporate citizenship addresses the relationship between companies and all their important stakeholders, not just employees. The full gamut of corporate citizenship includes its four faces. Each “face,” aspect, or responsibility reveals an important facet that contributes to the whole. Just as private citizens are expected to fulfill these responsibilities, companies are as well. Corporate citizenship has an economic face, a legal face, an ethical face, and a philanthropic face. Stated differently, good corporate citizens are expected to:
[Clinical effect of electroacupuncture combined with psychologic interference on patient with Internet addiction disorder].

OBJECTIVE To observe, adopting randomized controlled method, the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with psychologic interference in patients with internet addiction disorder (IAD). METHODS Forty-seven patients with IAD were assigned to two groups treated respectively with psychotherapy alone (A, 23 cases) and EA plus psychotherapy (B, 24 cases). The psychotherapy was conducted by cognition and behavior method, once every 4 days, for 10 times totally. EA was applied at acupoints Baihui, Sishencong, Hegu, Taichong, Neiguan, Sanyinjiao, etc. once every other day, for 20 times. Changes of scoring by IAD self-rating scale (ISS), anxiety self-rating scale (SAS), self-rating depressive scale (SDS), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and self-rating sub-health scale (SRSHS) before and after treatment were observed. RESULTS The total effective rate was 91.3% (21/23) in Group B, better than that (59.1%, 13/22) in Group A. By the end of this study, all scores in Group B, except HAMD, were significantly lower than those in Group A respectively, i.e., for IAD, 33.20 +/- 4.53 vs. 44.00 +/- 5.81; for SAS, 30.90 +/- 6.30 vs. 39.60 +/- 5.80; for SDS, 35.38 +/- 4.59 vs. 39.60 +/- 6.33; for HAMA, 7.50 +/- 2.54 vs. 12.70 +/- 3.68; for SRSHS, 39.60 +/- 5.66 vs. 48.40 +/- 6.91, showing statistical significances (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Using psychologic interference alone or combined with EA can significantly reduce the ISS score and significantly reduce anxiety and improve self-conscious health status in patients with IAD, but the effect obtained by the combined therapy is better.
An introduction to long-memory time series models and fractional differencing

The idea of fractional differencing is introduced in terms of the infinite filter that corresponds to the expansion of (1 - B)d. When the filter is applied to white noise, a class of time series is generated with distinctive properties, particularly in the very low frequencies and provides potentially useful long-memory forecasting properties. Such models are shown possibly to arise from aggregation of independent components. Generation and estimation of these models are considered and applications on generated and real data presented.
Infrastructure endowment and investment as determinants of regional growth in the European Union

This paper analyses the role of infrastructure endowment and investment in the genesis of regional growth in the European Union. It assesses the economic effects of the existence and improvement of transport networks in light of their interactions with innovation and local socio-economic conditions. The analysis accounts for spatial interactions between different regions in the form of spillovers and network externalities. The regression results highlight the impact of infrastructural endowment on regional economic performance, but also the weak contribution of additional investment. Regions having good transport infrastructure endowment and being well connected to regions with similar good endowments tend to grow faster. However, investment in infrastructure within a region or in neighbouring regions seems to leave especially peripheral regions more vulnerable to competition. Furthermore, the positive impact of infrastructure endowment on growth tends to wane quickly and is weaker than that of, for example, the level of human capital.
One size does not fit all: the different experiences of those with chronic heart failure, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

INTRODUCTION The Australian federal government is developing a policy response to chronic disease in Australia. The Serious and Continuing Illness Policy and Practice Study examined the experience of individuals with chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes) in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Western Sydney. This paper describes the disease-specific experiences of people interviewed. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with 40 individuals aged 45-85 years with CHF, COPD or diabetes in 2008. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was performed, assisted by QSR Nvivo 8 qualitative data software. RESULTS Participants with CHF (n=9) came to terms with the prospect of unpredictable sudden death. Participants with COPD (n=15) were angry about limitations it imposed on their lives. Participants with diabetes (n=16) experienced a steep learning curve in self-management of their condition surrounded by high levels of uncertainty. CONCLUSION Although people with chronic illness share many experiences, a person's overall experience of living with chronic illness is significantly shaped by the nature of their specific dominant disease. Policies for patient-centred care must take account of both generic and disease-specific elements.
Closing the Gender Gap in Retirement Income: What Difference Will Recent UK Pension Reforms Make?

Abstract The second report of the Pensions Commission sought to establish a framework for a sustainable pension system for future generations of pensioners in the UK. The framework has been largely accepted by government in their recent White Paper, Security in Retirement: Towards a New Pension System (2006). Legislation will follow. The Commission and the government have made a number of claims about how their proposals will benefit women. Reforms have been welcomed by women's lobby groups. This article presents a gendered analysis of the Pensions Commission proposals using unpublished data generated by Pensim2, a pensions' simulator developed by the Department for Work and Pensions. Substantial improvements for women will be in the long term only, and will depend heavily on the extent to which gendered patterns of work and family life change in future. For women who follow traditional paths of combining part-time work with looking after children and kin, outcomes will depend on partnering arrangements. If they are married or cohabiting, they will be better off; but if they live alone in later life, the principal advantage of the proposals will be a reduction in means testing rather than an improvement in levels of income.
Identification of genes preferentially expressed by microglia and upregulated during cuprizone‐induced inflammation

Microglia, monocytes, and peripheral macrophages share a common origin and many characteristics, but what distinguishes them from each other at the level of gene expression remains largely unknown. In this study, we compared the transcriptional profiles of freshly purified microglia, monocytes, and spleen macrophages using Affymetrix Mouse Genome arrays to identify genes predominantly expressed by microglia. Among tens of thousands of genes assayed, 127 potential candidates were found, including nine newly discovered genes encoding plasma membrane and extracellular proteins. In the brain, the latter were selectively expressed by microglia, as revealed by in situ hybridization. Three of them were confirmed to be exclusively (MSR2) or predominantly (GPR12, GPR34) expressed in the brain compared to the other tissues examined. Furthermore, all of these genes were upregulated in activated microglia after treatment with the demyelinating toxin cuprizone, suggesting that they play roles in neuroinflammation. In conclusion, this study reports the identification of new selective markers for microglia, which should prove useful not only to identify and isolate these cells, but also to better understand their distinctive properties. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypnotic relaxation in the treatment of premature labor.

&NA; Hypnotic relaxation was used as an adjunct to pharmacologic treatment with 39 women hospitalized for premature contractions in pregnancy. The control group received medication alone and consisted of 70 women. Treatment was started at the time of hospitalization and lasted for 3 hr on the average. Patients were also given cassettes with a hypnotic‐relaxation exercise for daily practice. The rate of pregnancy prolongation was significantly higher for the hypnotic‐relaxation than for the medication‐alone group. Infant weight also showed the advantage of the hypnotic‐relaxation treatment. Background variables of the two groups were compared and it was shown that they could not have explained the treatment effect obtained.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis after Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of a Supracondylar Humerus Fracture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Infectious complications of closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of supracondylar humerus fractures are exceedingly rare. Although postoperative Pseudomonas infection is a feared complication associated with noncompliance and a wet cast, there are no reports in the literature of this occurring. We present the devastating complication of a pediatric patient who developed Pseudomonas aeruginosa subperiosteal abscess, osteomyelitis, and elbow septic arthritis after presenting to the clinic multiple times with a wet cast after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a supracondylar humerus fracture. We describe the treatment course for this patient, followed by the sequelae of posterolateral rotary instability. This case not only confirms that patients can get Pseudomonas infections if they get their cast wet but also stresses the importance of patient communication and compliance in preventing unfortunate complications.
Assessing the financial viability of academic programmes

This paper reviews and examines approaches to determining the financial viability of academic programmes as a critical component of assessing a programme's overall sustainability. Key to assessing the financial viability of a programme is understanding the teaching activities required to deliver the programme and the cost of those activities. A review of the literature has revealed a range of approaches that can be taken in these respects and the issues which need to be addressed. Building on a literature review and applying a chosen approach to a case study, the paper draws conclusions on the suitability of the overall approach both to the specific case study and in general. The analysis was unable to produce a single, accurate number that captured the financial viability of a programme. This was in part because of the lack of available detailed information on some elements of the costing; but more importantly it reflected uncertainty in how an academic's time spent in research should be treated. Recommendations are made for further work highlighting possible criteria for prioritising data collection.
Debate: A Grand Design, or the Best We Can Expect?

© 2008 THE AUTHORS JOURNAL COMPILATION © 2008 CIPFA this article is the most complete of the set. Its theoretical contribution is estimable, not least because its case studies of transportation consider public values in each of several stages of policy processes, and usefully note the different emphases and even the transformations occurring at the respective stages. Van Gestel et al. are also especially careful in their conceptual grounding, as exemplified by their dwelling on different perspectives on public values (for example society as a whole, regional economies, or employees). Taken as a set, these articles tell us much about context-specific public values and, especially, about the trade-offs among public values, and the means by which decision-makers balance public values. Despite the progress represented in these studies, much remains on the public value research agenda. Perhaps most important is application of a diverse set of methods. Most studies of public values, including this set, are appropriately based on qualitative methods, especially interviews and case studies. Let us consider research on public values compared to values in general. We have learned much about values from laboratory studies, experimental studies and surveys; values researchers have provided especially useful theory when they have combined these approaches (for an overview, see Hechter et al., 1993). More troublesome than possible common methods bias (Doty and Glick, 1998) is the difficulty of fully articulating the ‘public’ in public values. None of the articles here sufficiently grapples the meaning of ‘public’ for ‘public values’.
Testing Export-Led Growth in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka Using a Multivariate Framework

Most time-series studies in the area of export-led growth adopt a bivariate framework and neglect the role of terms of trade. Because the terms of trade have an important bearing on export earnings and income, the underlying models of these studies may have been misspecified. This study is the first to adopt a multivariate framework for South Asia as a region; and by including the terms of trade as an additional variable it tries to correct the misspecification bias of earlier studies. The evidence suggests bidirectional causality between real exports and real income in India, export-led growth in Pakistan and a no-causality result for Sri Lanka.
How the learning organization manages change

Whether they realize it or not, most organizations today are in an old-fashioned footrace. If they look to either side of them, their closest competitors are typically implementing the same strategies and operational initiatives. The organization that will win the race will be able to do three things better than its competitors: (1) quickly recognize changes in the demands that the market imposes on it; (2) be flexible enough to respond and even shape those marketplace changes; and (3) understand its own capabilities relative to marketplace demands. To accomplish those goals, it must become a learning organization. This article explains how.
Text entry of physical and virtual keyboards on tablets and the user perception

We examined the text entry speed on a tablet for users using physical and software keyboards; a Bluetooth keyboard, a default software keyboard and a gesture based keyboard. We compared these to a laptop and measured adjusted words per minute and error rate. User perceptions were gathered to see if there was a noticeable difference between text entry speeds and how users viewed each keyboard's accuracy, frustration and ease of use. We found was that while there was a difference in entry speed between virtual and physical keyboards, there was no difference in speed between physical keyboards or between software keyboards. There was limited error difference between all keyboards. However despite the Bluetooth keyboard being closest to the laptop in results, user preference was greater for the gesture keyboard.
Waveguide slot antennas with different aperture sizes developed for the MMW short range wireless access gate system

In this paper, the suitable antenna aperture size will be investigated first to enlarge the reception in a wireless access gate system. After that, the circularly-polarized waveguide slot arrays with different numbers of slots are designed for demonstration. The 2×2, 4×4, 8×8 and 64×64-element arrays are fabricated and evaluated especially from the conventional viewpoint of far-field radiation.
Theoretical perspectives on accounting for labor on slave plantations of the USA and British West Indies

The paper focuses on accounting for slave workers during one of the most morally culpable periods in Western civilization and is concerned with issues central to labor – modes of production, labor control, and labor productivity. It incorporates secondary sources and examination of records from over 150 different US and BWI plantations to identify contextual factors that motivated planters to organize their workforce in a particular way. The paper specifically describes the ganging and tasking methods of extracting surplus value and indicates how these methods fit within three common paradigmatic interpretations of accounting history – labor process, power/knowledge/discipline, and economic rationalism. In summary, ganging exemplified a pre‐modern approach to organizing labor in which planters relied primarily on physical power to compel work effort and increase output. Tasking incorporated individual work rates and included more sophisticated practices of surveillance, measurement, normalization, and socialization. Tasking became economically rational by responding to changing market conditions and by incorporating procedures and incentives to spur greater productivity. Therefore, tasking may be perceived as a thematic precursor to accounting‐based disciplinary controls like standard costing and a transitionary element from pre‐modern to modern control systems.
On the Stability of Nigeria’s Import Demand: Do Endogenous Structural Breaks Matter?

In this paper, we reassess the traditional import demand function and an augmented version that includes volatility of external reserves and oil revenue inflows as explanatory variables. In each version, we examine the role of regime shifts on the stability of Nigeria’s import demand function which has been ignored in previous studies. Our findings suggest the existence of a long-run relationship between import demand and its determinants. We also present evidence of one-way causality running from changes in relative prices, oil revenue inflows and volatility of international reserves to import demand in Nigeria. However, when structural breaks were introduced, bi-directional causality is observed; indicating the critical role of regime shifts in determining the stability of Nigeria’s import demand. The results make a case for diversifying Nigeria’s revenue inflows in a bid to dampen the effect of contemporaneous shocks that affect external reserve accumulation thereby weakening its import financing capacity.
The Parallel Claims of Gated Communities and Land Invasions in a Southern City: Polarised State Responses

We identify and explore the parallels and differences between gated communities and land invasions as forms of residential territory in cities of the South. Using the case of Cape Town, South Africa, the parallel narratives regarding the reasons for invading or gating land are analysed and placed in contrast with an inconsistent state response. For while both ‘gaters' and ‘invaders' are driven by similar desires for a secure home and private autonomy, the state responds very differently, regulating the former as rational residents, and disparaging the latter as unreasonable criminals. Thus, we explore the legitimacy of the two territories, challenging traditional responses to gated communities and land invasions, and arguing for an understanding of both as reflective of citizens' desires for secure homes. Although gated communities and land invasions represent diverse housing types, we suggest that it is useful to analyse them in direct empirical relation. In doing so, we do not narrowly conceptualise Southern cities as slum nuclei or divided postcolonial citadels (Robinson, 2003), but as complex and contradictory sites in which diverse residents and urban processes function in the context of state (dis)engagement.