Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bildgebung und Genetik bipolarer Erkrankungen Neuroimaging and genetics of bipolar disorders

Zusammenfassung Trotz der hohen Prävelanz und Morbidität der bipolaren Störung ist die zugrunde liegende Neurobiologie wenig verstanden. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel bietet einen Einblick in neue bildgebende und genetische Untersuchungen der Störung. Dazu referieren wir Befunde aus strukturellen und funktionellen Magnetresonanztomografiestudien, Positronen-Emissionstomografiestudien, genomweiten Assoziationsstudien und Imaging-Genetics-Studien. In der Zusammenschau legen die Befunde nahe, dass bei der bipolaren Störung eine Dysfunktion des Emotionen verarbeitenden neuralen Netzwerks besteht. Ein hyperaktives ventrales Emotionssystem wird mit affektiven Symptomen, wie gehobener oder gedrückter Stimmung, in Zusammenhang gebracht. Ein hypoaktives dorsales Emotionssystem könnte Störungen der exekutiven Funktionen und der Emotionsregulation erklären. Die Studien dienen einem besseren Verständnis der Pathophysiologie der bipolaren Störung. Perspektivisch könnten sie zudem einen Beitrag leisten zu Früherkennung, Sicherung der Diagnose, Klassifizierung von Subtypen, Individualisierung der Behandlung, Prädiktion von Therapieverläufen sowie Entwicklung neuer Therapieformen. Summary Despite of the high prevalence and morbidity of bipolar disorders, little is known about the underlying neurobiology. Here we review recent neuroimaging and genetics studies of bipolar disorders. The review includes structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, positron emission tomography studies, genome-wide association studies, and imaging genetics studies. Overall, the results of these studies suggest a dysfunction of the emotion network of the brain in patients with bipolar disorders. Hyperactivity of the ventral emotion system has been associated with affective symptoms like euphoric or depressed mood states. Hypoactivity of the dorsal emotion system may account for impairments of executive functions and emotion regulation. The studies reported improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorders. Future clinical applications may include detection of individuals at risk, improvement of diagnostic accuracy, identification of subtypes, individualized treatment, outcome prediction and development of novel therapies.
A Cross-Comparative Study of Aspects of Conjugal Behavior among Women of 3 West African Countries

This study seeks to determine whether modernization particularly the adoption of non-traditional marriage customs results in either the continued erosion of womens status or in an increase in freedom and improved social status and self-image. Data for the study were obtained from surveys conducted between 1965 and 71 in Ghana Upper Volta and Niger. Information concerning marriages was derived from detailed conjugal histories from questionnaires. "Marriage" was loosely defined as any relationship allowing some degree of regularity and frequency of sexual intercourse. Findings show that traditional marriage customs are still being widely practiced in all 3 countries. There is mounting evidence however that exposure to modern concepts of marriage in urban areas education and changing needs of societies are contributing to the emergence of new patterns of marital behavior. Of these education is the most important factor as the educated women are the ones exhibiting changing attitudes and behavior. Although these women comprise a minority group it is suggested by Caldwell that the new urban elites in Africa ("harbingers of social change") set the new patterns of behavior which the rest of society follow. It is further postulated that women in the future will be confronted with a choice between the benefits of a Christian marriage or the freedom and vulnerability of a mutual consensual union. The concept of family planning appears to contradict the basic beliefs of most women whose culture bestows social status and prestige on them based on the number of children they bear. A carefully implemented family planning program that is considered a part of real development strategy could prove beneficial to the women.
Self Confidence: Intrapersonal Strategies

This paper explains why people value self-confidence, and how this concern shapes their informational strategies and intertemporal decisions. The theory has applications in areas as diverse as labour supply, savings and investment, or education and career decisions. People generally have imperfect knowledge about their abilities, which in most tasks are complementary to effort. Self-confidence thus enhances motivation, and this gives a time--inconsistent individual a strong incentive to build up the self-esteem of his future selves, so as to limit their procrastination. The benefits of confidence-maintenance must, however, be traded off against the risks of overconfidence. Moreover, rational inference implies that the individual cannot systematically fool himself. The model explains why people often choose to remain ignorant about their true abilities, or 'blind' to important signals from their work, personal or market environment; and why they sometimes deliberately impair their own performance or choose overambitious tasks in which they are sure to fail (self-handicapping). It also provides a formal account of (endogenously) selective memory or awareness, such as the tendency to remember one's successes more than one's failures. This result, in turn, helps explain why most people have overoptimistic assessments of their own abilities and accomplishments (self-serving beliefs). Another important result is that this 'psychological immune system' can lead to multiple intrapersonal equilibria in cognitive strategies, self confidence, and behaviour. Moreover, while 'positive thinking' and similar forms of self--deception can improve ex-ante welfare, they can also be self-defeating.
The timing of TCRα expression critically influences T cell development and selection

Sequential rearrangement of the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) β and α chains is a hallmark of thymocyte development. This temporal control is lost in TCR transgenics because the α chain is expressed prematurely at the CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) stage. To test the importance of this, we expressed the HYα chain at the physiological CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) stage. The reduced DP and increased DN cellularity typically seen in TCR transgenics was not observed when the α chain was expressed at the appropriate stage. Surprisingly, antigen-driven selection events were also altered. In male mice, thymocyte deletion now occurred at the single positive or medullary stage. In addition, no expansion of CD8αα intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) was observed, despite the fact that HY transgenics have been used to model IEL development. Collectively, these data establish the importance of proper timing of TCR expression in thymic development and selection and emphasize the need to use models that most accurately reflect the physiologic process.
Preparing teachers for inclusive education: some reflections from the Netherlands

Teachers in the Netherlands hesitate to accept responsibility for students with special needs in regular education. They generally do not have positive attitudes towards inclusive education, citing a lack of personal knowledge and skill for teaching students with special needs, an area that was not sufficiently covered in their basic teacher training. Changing teacher training is an option, but it takes many years for the effects to be noticeable. This essay argues that there are other ways to prepare teachers and argues that by discussing problems in education with colleagues and working together as a team, they can resolve many of the issues for themselves.
Aspects of probabilistic modelling for data analysis

Computer technologies have revolutionised the processing of information and the search for knowledge. With the ever increasing computational power, it is becoming possible to tackle new data analysis applications as diverse as mining the Internet resources, analysing drugs effects on the organism or assisting wardens with autonomous video detection techniques. Fundamentally, the principle of any data analysis task is to fit a model which encodes well the dependencies (or patterns) present in the data. However, the difficulty is precisely to define such proper model when data are noisy, dependencies are highly stochastic and there is no simple physical rule to represent them. The aim of this work is to discuss the principles, the advantages and weaknesses of the probabilistic modelling framework for data analysis. The main idea of the framework is to model dispersion of data as well as uncertainty about the model itself by probability distributions. Three data analysis tasks are presented and for each of them the discussion is based on experimental results from real datasets. The first task considers the problem of linear subspaces identification. We show how one can replace a Gaussian noise model by a Student-t noise to make the identification more robust to atypical samples and still keep the learning procedure simple. The second task is about regression applied more specifically to near-infrared spectroscopy datasets. We show how spectra should be pre-processed before entering the regression model. We then analyse the validity of the Bayesian model selection principle for this application (and in particular within the Gaussian Process formulation) and compare this principle to the resampling selection scheme. The final task considered is Collaborative Filtering which is related to applications such as recommendation for e-commerce and text mining. This task is illustrative of the way how intuitive considerations can guide the design of the model and the choice of the probability distributions appearing in it. We compare the intuitive approach with a simpler matrix factorisation approach.
Efficacies of selected disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The activities of 10 formulations as mycobactericidal agents in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-contaminated suspensions (suspension test) and stainless steel surfaces (carrier test) were investigated with sputum as the organic load. The quaternary ammonium compound, chlorhexidine gluconate, and an iodophor were ineffective in all tests. Ethanol (70%) was effective against M. tuberculosis only in suspension in the absence of sputum. Povidone-iodine was not as efficacious when the test organism was dried on a surface as it was in suspension, and its activity was further reduced in the presence of sputum. Sodium hypochlorite required a higher concentration of available chlorine to achieve an effective level of disinfection than did sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Phenol (5%) was effective under all test conditions, producing at least a 4-log10 reduction in CFU. The undiluted glutaraldehyde-phenate solution was effective against M. tuberculosis and a second test organism, Mycobacterium smegmatis, even in the presence of dried sputum, whereas the diluted solution (1:16) was only effective against M. smegmatis in the suspension test. A solution of 2% glutaraldehyde was effective against M. tuberculosis. This investigation presents tuberculocidal efficacy data generated by methods simulating actual practices of routine disinfection.
Knowledge-Enhanced Multi-semantic Fusion for Concept Similarity Measurement in Continuous Vector Space

Semantic similarity measurement is one of the significant components in the fields of information retrieval, artificial intelligence, etc. Also, it has been used in Internet of Things (IoT) to resolve the problems of inter-operability and integration of the heterogeneous resources such as ubiquitous services and distributed data, while increasing the accuracy of semantic similarity measurement is still a challenge. In this work, we propose a novel Multiple Semantic Fusion (MSF) model where various semantic properties and relationship information from knowledge base are encoded into the continuous distributed vectors derived from corpus. To capture and understand latent semantics of words, this model retrofits the semantic features in distributed representations and carries out a sense vector per word. On basis of the MSF model, we evaluate the semantic similarity between concepts by calculating the cosine similarity of the corresponding sense vectors. Our evaluation has been validated against different similarity methods in terms of Pearson correlation coefficient between computational results with human judgments. Finally, empirical evaluation results and discussions on various benchmark datasets are provided. Our finding provides a new perspective to understand and evaluated the word semantics.
Proceedings of the first workshop on Peripheral Machine Interfaces: going beyond traditional surface electromyography

One of the hottest topics in rehabilitation robotics is that of proper control of prosthetic devices. Despite decades of research, the state of the art is dramatically behind the expectations. To shed light on this issue, in June, 2013 the first international workshop on Present and future of non-invasive peripheral nervous system (PNS)–Machine Interfaces (MI; PMI) was convened, hosted by the International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics. The keyword PMI has been selected to denote human–machine interfaces targeted at the limb-deficient, mainly upper-limb amputees, dealing with signals gathered from the PNS in a non-invasive way, that is, from the surface of the residuum. The workshop was intended to provide an overview of the state of the art and future perspectives of such interfaces; this paper represents is a collection of opinions expressed by each and every researcher/group involved in it.
Von der Kommerzialisierung bis zum Deep Web: Problemfelder der Internetsuche

Die Suchdienste des Internet entwickeln sich nicht nur im privaten sondern z.T. auch im professionellen Bereich zu den zentralen Hilfsmitteln zur Befriedigung von Informationsbedurfnissen. Dabei stellt sich die Frage inwieweit Google und andere populare Suchdienste tatsachlich die Fahigkeit besitzen, Qualitat und Umfang an Informationen zu referenzieren, die zu einem gegebenen Informationsbedurfnis im Internet momentan abrufbar sind. Ausgehend von einer Analyse der aktuellen Suchdienstetypen werden die unterschiedlichen Verfahren der Dokumentbeschaffung und Sortierung von Ergebnislisten dargestellt. Damit wird gezeigt, auf welche Inhalte aus den Wissensbestanden des Internets uberhaupt zugegriffen werden kann und welche Eigenschaften fur die Sichtbarkeit in vorderen Positionen der Suchergebnisse masgeblich sind. Abschliesend wird die reale Auspragung des Suchdienstemarktes skizziert und die primaren Defizite der popularen Suchdienste zusammengefasst sowie aktuelle Entwicklungstendenzen angefuhrt.
Relationships between performance and satisfaction under contingent and noncontingent reward systems.

Relationships between performance and satisfaction with specific job facets were examined for two samples of female telephone company workers. In the contingent system, pay was based on piece rates and promotions were tied to performance; in the noncontingent system, these rewards were based on seniority. Performance levels were similar under the two systems. However, in the performance-contingent sample, performance was related to satisfaction with the work itself, pay, and promotions. In the seniority sample, performance was related to satisfaction with interpersonal factors, pay, and work. A major concern of organizationa l psychologists has been to determine the relationship between job behavior and job attitudes. Comprehensive reviews of early studies relating job satisfaction and job performance (Vroom, 1964) indicated that if satisfaction is related to performance, the degree of association is rather weak. Recent studies have considered conditions under which these two variables should be related (Schwab & Cummings, 1970). The hypothesis that performance causes satisfaction suggests that reward contingencies mediate relationships between these two variables. In a laboratory experiment, Cherrington, Reitz, and Scott (1971) found that when rewards were contingent on performance, performance and satisfaction were positively related. When rewards were delivered randomly to high performers and low performers, performance and satisfaction were unrelated. Negative correlations were obtained when low performers were rewarded and high performers were not. Other experiments have shown higher levels of performance by subjects who were told that their earnings were contingent on the effectiveness of their performance (Atkinson, 19S8). In the present field study two hypotheses were tested: (a) Performance is greater under a reward system that explicitly rewards performance 1This article is based on a portion of a thesis by the first author submitted to the Ohio State University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master's degree. Requests for reprints should be addressed to
Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

With the ultimate goal of better understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD), the present work is a review and critique of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria at the end of their 18 years of use. Problems of specificity (polythetic criteria and failure to employ a hallmark feature) make OCPD an indistinct diagnostic category that consequently contains a plurality of types. Problems of sensitivity (missing elements and concrete expression of signs) make it more difficult to cull OCPD persons from the population at large. Collectively, these problems of specificity and sensitivity have undermined the efficiency of the DSM-IV criteria set; but more importantly, these problems continue to distort the clinical understanding of OCPD generally.
A Meta-Analysis of Peer Rating Sociometric Studies of Pupils with Learning Disabilities

This meta-analysis examined the peer rating sociometric research on students with learning disabilities. Seventeen studies yielded 37 effect sizes calculated in three ways: Glass's (1977) effect size' (g) standardized by using the standard deviation of the control group, Hunter and Schmidt's (1990) effect size (d) standardized by using the pooled within-groups standard deviation, and Hedges and Olkin's (1985) unbiased effect size (d). The mean g was -. 69; the mean d was -. 66, and the mean d was-64, all of which indicate that pupils with learning disabilities have lower sociometric status when compared with their nonhandicapped counterparts. The moderator variables of ratee gender, grade level, research design, and sociometric scale type did not have an influence on effect size. The variable of rater gender, however, did moderate effect size. Future within-group sociometric research identifying behavioral profiles of students with learning disabilities classified into different status groups is recommended.
The Role of the DNA Damage Response throughout the Papillomavirus Life Cycle

The DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genomic integrity through an elaborate network of signaling pathways that sense DNA damage and recruit effector factors to repair damaged DNA. DDR signaling pathways are usurped and manipulated by the replication programs of many viruses. Here, we review the papillomavirus (PV) life cycle, highlighting current knowledge of how PVs recruit and engage the DDR to facilitate productive infection.
On independent distributed source coding problems with exact repair

In conventional distributed storage exact repair problems, all sources are reconstructed when the decoder has access to a certain number of encoders (disks). So, the underlying reconstruction network is equivalent to a single-source problem. This paper considers a variant of the exact repair problem, where the underlying reconstruction network is the independent distributed source coding problem, a type of multi-source problem. As the first non-trivial case with two sources and three encoders, the storage-repair tradeoff regions are proved for all the 33 instances, and it is shown that binary codes are optimal.
Low-complexity rate-distortion optimized video streaming

This paper proposes two techniques for low-complexity rate-distortion (R-D) optimized streaming of packetized video. These techniques enable computing packet transmission schedules which satisfy a constraint on the average transmission rate while at the same time minimizing the average end-to-end distortion. Optimized packet schedules are computed with considerably lower complexity as compared to conventional algorithms for R-D optimized streaming, which makes these techniques suitable for on-line optimized streaming. Simulation experiments examine the performance of the proposed techniques using JVT/H.264 encoded video sequences and previous frame error concealment. The two techniques demonstrate substantial performance gains of 2-8 dB over a conventional streaming system that is not R-D optimized, which corresponds to a significant fraction of the gain achieved by current (high-complexity) R-D optimized schemes. Furthermore, this performance improvement is achieved with a complexity comparable to that of the conventional, non-R-D optimized, system.
Selective memory loss in aphasics : An insight from pseudo-recurrent connectionist networks

McClelland, McNaughton, O’Reilly [15] suggest that the brain’s way of overcoming catastrophic interference is by means of the hippocampusneocortex separation. French [8] has developed a memory model incorporating this separation into distinct areas, using pseudopatterns [23] to transfer information from one area to the other of the memory. This network gradually produces highly compact representations which, while they ensure efficient processing, are also highly susceptible to damage. Internal representations of categories must reflect the variance within the categories. Because the variance within biological categories is, in general, smaller than that in artificial categories and because memory compaction gradually makes all representations proportionately less distributed, representations of lowvariance biological categories are likely to be the most adversely affected by random damage to the network. This may help explain the selective memory loss in aphasics of natural categories compared to artificial categories.