Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Notch signaling can regulate endoderm formation in zebrafish

Early in vertebrate development, the processes of gastrulation lead to the formation of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The mechanisms leading to the segregation of the endoderm and mesoderm are not well understood. In mid‐blastula stage zebrafish embryos, single marginal cells can give rise to both endoderm and mesoderm (reviewed by Warga and Stainier [2002] The guts of endoderm formation. In: Solnica‐Krezel L, editor. Pattern formation in zebrafish. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag. p 28–47). By the late blastula stage, however, single marginal cells generally give rise to either endoderm or mesoderm. To investigate this segregation of the blastoderm into cells with either endodermal or mesodermal fates, we analyzed the role of Notch signaling in this process. We show that deltaC, deltaD, and notch1 are expressed in the marginal domain of blastula stage embryos and that this expression is dependent on Nodal signaling. Activation of Notch signaling from an early stage leads to a reduction of endodermal cells, as assessed by sox17 and foxA2 expression. We further find that this reduction in endoderm formation by the activation of Notch signaling is preceded by a reduction in the expression of bonnie and clyde (bon) and faust/gata5, two genes necessary for endoderm formation (Reiter et al. [ 1999 ] Genes Dev 13:2983–2995; Reiter et al. [ 2001 ] Development 128:125–135; Kikuchi et al. [ 2001 ] Genes Dev 14:1279–1289). However, activation of Notch signaling in bon mutant embryos leads to a further reduction in endodermal cells, also arguing for a bon‐independent role for Notch signaling in endoderm formation. Altogether, these results suggest that Notch signaling plays a role in the formation of the endoderm, possibly in its segregation from the mesoderm. Developmental Dynamics 229:756–762, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ERGODIC THEORY, GROUP THEORY AND DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY.

6Hall, B. D. , and S. Spiegelman, these PROCEEDINGS, 47,137(1961). 7Nygaard, A. P., and B. D. Hall, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 12, 98 (1963). 8 Adams, M. H. , Bacteriophages (New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc., 1959), p. 446. 9 Kellenberger. G. , M. L. Zichichi, and J. J. Weigle, these PROCEEDINGS, 47, 869 (1961). 10 Weigle, J., M. Meselson, and K. Paigen, J. Mot. Biol., 1, 379 (1960). 11 Grossman, L. , S. S. Levine, and W. S. Allison, J. Mol. Biol., 3, 47 (1961). 12 Sagik, B. P., M. H. Green, M. Hayashi. and S. Spiegelman, Biophys. J., 2, 409 (1962). I3 Marmur, J., J. Mol. Biol., 3,208 (1961). 14 Chamberlin, M. , and P. Berg, these PROCEEDINGS, 48, 81 (1962). 16 Weigle, J., personal communication. 16 Yankofsky, S. A. , and S. Spiegelman, these PROCEEDINGS, 48, 1069 (1962). 17 Burton, K. , Biochem. J., 62, 315 (1956). 18 Schildkraut, C. L. , J. Marmur, and P. Doty, J. Mol. Biol., 4, 430 (1962). 19 McCarthy, B. J., and E. T. Bolton, these PROCEEDINGS, 50, 156 (1963).
How children learn to deal with space: developmental studies on spatial memory (POWERPOINT PRESENTATION)

Spatial cognition is an important building block of general cognition and arguably could have been essential for how we evolved into the human beings we are today. Knowledge of how this fundamental skill develops during childhood is therefore central to our theoretical understanding of cognition in general. In this thesis, we studied the development of an important aspect of spatial cognition, i.e. spatial memory. We investigated children’s ability to learn and remember what objects look like (recognition memory) as well as their ability to remember where objects are located in the environment (object location memory). Since we already know that some major changes in spatial memory occur in the first years of life, we were specifically interested in the more subtle developmental changes during primary school age leading towards adulthood. The results of our experimental studies are in line with the adaptive combination model proposed by Newcombe and Huttenlocher (2006). This model suggests that the weighting of different spatial information sources changes with age. The weights will depend on the certainty with which spatial information is encoded, the salience of the information, and children’s learning history. In line with the adaptive combination model we observed that the weighting of spatial information changes over childhood. We found that 1) children younger than 10 years weight categorical (abstract) and coordinate (metric) spatial information differently than adults 2) egocentric and allocentric navigation strategies are applied in parallel already early in life, but older children prefer the use of allocentric information sources (distal landmarks and/or the geometry of the environment), whereas younger children prefer the use of egocentric (body-related) information and 3) (distal) landmark and boundary information are weighted differently in different age groups. Apparently, nature has equipped us with multiple ways to remember space, and this already early in life. However, the fluency and efficiency with which we can use these various learning and memory processes matures over time.
Information shared by many objects

If Kolmogorov complexity [25] measures information in one object and Information Distance measures information shared by two objects, how do we measure information shared by many objects? This paper provides an initial pragmatic study of this fundamental data mining question. Firstly, Em(x1,x2,.,xn) is defined to be the minimum amount of thermodynamic energy needed to convert from any xi to any xj. With this definition several theoretical problems have been solved. Second, our newly proposed theory is applied to select a comprehensive review and a specialized review from many reviews: (1) Core feature words, expanded words and dependent words are extracted respectively. (2) Comprehensive and specialized reviews are selected according to the information among them. This method of selecting a single review can be extended to select multiple reviews as well. Finally, experiments show that this comprehensive and specialized review mining method based on our new theory can do the job efficiently.
Contemporary Management of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. In the United States, approximately 1 of every 6 deaths in 2007 was caused by coronary heart disease. Clinical presentation in the acute setting is mostly due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to flow limitation in the affected vessel, and myocardial ischemia and infarction. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is usually associated with complete occlusion of the coronary artery and carries the worst prognosis in terms of in-hospital mortality. Despite various advances in treatment options, including percutaneous coronary intervention, ischemic heart disease still carries a significant morbidity and mortality. In this article, we aim to provide a summary of a few key advances in the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Risk of Mortality (Including Sudden Cardiac Death) and Major Cardiovascular Events in Atypical and Typical Antipsychotic Users: A Study with the General Practice Research Database

Objective. Antipsychotics have been associated with increased cardiac events including mortality. This study assessed cardiac events including mortality among antipsychotic users relative to nonusers. Methods. The General Practice Research Database (GPRD) was used to identify antipsychotic users, matched general population controls, and psychiatric diseased nonusers. Outcomes included cardiac mortality, sudden cardiac death (SCD), all-cause mortality (excluding suicide), coronary heart disease (CHD), and ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Sensitivity analyses were conducted for age, dose, duration, antipsychotic type, and psychiatric disease. Results. 183,392 antipsychotic users (115,491 typical and 67,901 atypical), 544,726 general population controls, and 193,920 psychiatric nonusers were identified. Nonusers with schizophrenia, dementia, or bipolar disorder had increased risks of all-cause mortality compared to general population controls, while nonusers with major depression had comparable risks. Relative to psychiatric nonusers, the adjusted relative ratios (aRR) of all-cause mortality in antipsychotic users was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.64–1.87); cardiac mortality 1.72 (95% CI: 1.42–2.07); SCD primary definition 5.76 (95% CI: 2.90–11.45); SCD secondary definition 2.15 (95% CI: 1.64–2.81); CHD 1.16 (95% CI: 0.94–1.44); and VA 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02–1.31). aRRs of the various outcomes were lower for atypical versus typical antipsychotics (all-cause mortality 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80–0.85); cardiac mortality 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82–0.97); and SCD secondary definition 0.76 (95% CI: 0.55–1.04). Conclusions. Antipsychotic users had an increased risk of cardiac mortality, all-cause mortality, and SCD compared to a psychiatric nonuser cohort.
Endometrial Anomalies in Women with Endometriosis

Endometriotic lesions are defined by extrauterine growth of endometrial glands and stroma. Retrograde menstruation with subsequent attachment, invasion, and neovascularization are believed to give rise to the endometriotic lesions. As most women exhibit some degree of retrograde menstruation, some other unidentified factor(s) must render certain women susceptible to attachment and growth of ectopic endometrial tissue. A variety of theories have been proposed to account for this susceptibility, including genetic predisposition, aberrant immunological response, and an altered peritoneal environment. Ectopic endometriotic lesions are histologically similar to their putative eutopic precursors, yet significant biochemical differences exist between these two tissues. Less information is available regarding differences between eutopic endometrium from women with or without endometriosis. This report describes anomalies in structure, proliferation, immune components, adhesion molecules, proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors, steroid and cytokine production and responsiveness, and gene expression and protein production that have been identified in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis.
An evaluation of self-regulated learning strategies in science

First year university students often have difficulty managing the amount of time and quality of cognitive effort devoted to learning (Pintrich, 1995). These students may fail to meet the academic demands of university through a lack of effective ‘self-regulation’ strategies, those methods utilised by students to acquire new knowledge or skills (Zimmerman, 2002). Students’ abilities to effectively self-regulate are positively associated with academic success, understanding, problem-solving and task persistence (Nota, Soresi & Zimmerman, 2004). This study aimed to identify major self-regulation strategies amongst a first year cohort, and to identify differences between the types of strategies used by high achievers and poor achievers. First year Human Movement Studies students undertaking physiology (n=266) partook in a meta-learning task that required them to identify hindrances to their learning, and suggest strategies to combat these hindrances. The most common strategies identified were reviewing notes, ensuring lecture attendance and better time management. High achieving students identified a greater number and more advanced strategies, such as seeking lecturer assistance and information, than poor achieving students, suggesting higher levels of self-motivation, and more active knowledge seeking behaviour. These findings will assist us to design effective interventions to aid student self-regulation behaviours. References Nota, L. , Soresi, S. & Zimmerman, B.J. (2004). Self-regulation and academic achievement and resilience: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Education Research, 41,198–215. Pintrich, P.R. (1995). Understanding self-regulated learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 63, 3–12. Zimmerman, B.J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41, 64–70. ntions to aid student self-regulation behaviours.
Data Hiding Scheme Based on Edge Detection and Triangular Mirroring

Interpolation is a commonly used method of hiding data. In this approach, an image is expanded to a larger matrix as a prediction image and then hidden information is placed in the prediction image with high embedding capacity. Jung and Yoo (2009) presented an interpolation approach using neighbor mean interpolation for the prediction value. Lee and Huang (2012) improved Jung and Yoo's method, and the modified method provides high hidden capacity. In our research, we improve Lee and Huang's approach to reduce the jagged phenomena based on median edge detector and the triangular mirroring technique. In our experimental results, the proposed method provides efficiency, high quality, and hidden capacity.
Monetary and Non-Monetary Evaluation Methods in Sustainable Development Planning

La gestion de l’environnement est essentiellement une analyse de conflits caractérisés par des jugements de valeurs techniques, socio-économiques, environnementaux et politiques. Ainsi, dans tout processus de gestion environnementale, il est fort difficile d’arriver à une solution cohérente et non ambigu. Ceci implique qu’un tel processus multidimensionnel de gestion devra se caractériser par la recherche de solutions de compromis acceptables. Cette activité nécéssite une méthodologie d’évaluation adéquate. Les techniques d’évaluation multicritères ont pour objectif de fournir de tels outils. Cet article compare les caractéristiques clés de l’analyse coût-bénéfice et de l’évaluation multi-critère à partir d’un ensemble de critères de comparaison. L’accent est mis en particulier sur le rôle de la soutenabilité.
Are Changes in Maximal Squat Strength During Preseason Training Reflected in Changes in Sprint Performance in Rugby League Players?

Comfort, P, Haigh, A, and Matthews, MJ. Are changes in maximal squat strength during preseason training reflected in changes in sprint performance in rugby league players? J Strength Cond Res 26(3): 772–776, 2012—Because previous research has shown a relationship between maximal squat strength and sprint performance, this study aimed to determine if changes in maximal squat strength were reflected in sprint performance. Nineteen professional rugby league players (height = 1.84 ± 0.06 m, body mass [BM] = 96.2 ± 11.11 kg, 1 repetition maximum [1RM] = 170.6 ± 21.4 kg, 1RM/BM = 1.78 ± 0.27) conducted 1RM squat and sprint tests (5, 10, and 20 m) before and immediately after 8 weeks of preseason strength (4-week Mesocycle) and power (4-week Mesocycle) training. Both absolute and relative squat strength values showed significant increases after the training period (pre: 170.6 ± 21.4 kg, post: 200.8 ± 19.0 kg, p < 0.001; 1RM/BM pre: 1.78 ± 0.27 kg·kg−1, post: 2.05 ± 0.21 kg·kg−1, p < 0.001; respectively), which was reflected in the significantly faster sprint performances over 5 m (pre: 1.05 ± 0.06 seconds, post: 0.97 ± 0.05 seconds, p < 0.001), 10 m (pre: 1.78 ± 0.07 seconds, post: 1.65 ± 0.08 seconds, p < 0.001), and 20 m (pre: 3.03 ± 0.09 seconds, post: 2.85 ± 0.11 seconds, p < 0.001) posttraining. Whether the improvements in sprint performance came as a direct consequence of increased strength or whether both are a function of the strength and power mesocycles incorporated into the players' preseason training is unclear. It is likely that the increased force production, noted via the increased squat performance, contributed to the improved sprint performances. To increase short sprint performance, athletes should, therefore, consider increasing maximal strength via the back squat.
Vitamin B6- and Protein Concentrations in Breast Milk from Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants*

The vitamin B6 and protein composition of milk obtained during the first 75 days postpartum from 16 mothers delivering preterm and 24 mothers delivering at term was determined. Both groups of mothers had supplemental intake of 5 mg vitamin B6 beginning with the 2nd trimester of gestation but not during lactation. Milk from mothers delivering preterm contained significantly higher concentrations of vitamin B6 and protein than milk from mothers delivering at term. Vitamin B6-protein relationship, however, was significantly lower in milk from mothers delivering preterm than in milk from mothers delivering term. Both, concentrations of vitamin B6 and protein, and vitamin B6-protein ratio decreased with increasing time of lactation. Supplemental vitamin B6 intake during pregnancy is made responsible for this phenomenon. Milk of mothers with preterm infants is adequate to meet the maintainance requirements for vitamin B6 and protein for a premature infant.
Benefits of combination of electroencephalography, short latency somatosensory evoked potentials, and transcranial Doppler techniques for confirming brain death

ObjectiveOptimization of combining electroencephalography (EEG), short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SLSEP) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) techniques to diagnose brain death.MethodsOne hundred and eleven patients (69 males, 42 females) from the major hospitals of Zhejiang Province were examined with portable EEG, SLSEP and TCD devices. Re-examinations occurred ≤12 h later.ResultsThe first examination revealed that the combination of SLSEP and EEG led to more sensitive diagnoses than the combination of SLSEP and TCD. Re-examination confirmed this and also revealed that the combination of TCD and EEG was the most sensitive.ConclusionThe results show that using multiple techniques to diagnose brain death is superior to using single method, and that the combination of SLSEP and EEG is better than other combinations.
Diagnostic value of clonality of surface immunoglobulin light and heavy chains in malignant lymphoproliferative disorders

Cell suspensions from the peripheral blood of B‐chronic lymphoid leukemias (B‐CLL, n = 274) and reactive lymphocytosis (RLC, n = 132) and from solid tissue samples of B‐non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B‐NHL, n = 466) and reactive lymphadenopathy (RLA, n = 324) were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic value of clonality of L‐ and H‐ chains in B‐CLL and B‐NHL. Cutoff levels for monoclonal L‐chain (mono‐L) and monoclonal H‐chain (mono‐H) were defined. In B‐CLL, the association patterns of L‐ and H‐ chains were as follows: mono‐L/mono‐H, 245 cases (89.42%); mono‐L/polyclonal H chain (poly‐H), 4 (1.46%); polyclonal L chain (poly‐L)/mono‐H, 2 (0.73%); poly‐L/poly‐H, 2 (0.73%); undetected (und) ‐L/mono‐H, 6 (2.19%); and und‐L/und‐H, 15 (5.47%). In B‐NHL, the association patterns were mono‐L/mono‐H, 433 cases (92.92%); mono‐L/poly‐H, 4 (0.86%); poly‐L/ mono‐H, 8 (1.72%); poly‐L/poly‐H, 2 (0.43%); und‐L/mono‐H, 4 (0.86%); and und‐Lund‐H, 15 (3.22%). Monoclonality of H chains are complementary to L‐chain restriction, especially in the cases with poly‐L or und‐L, and should be considered as a positive criterion in determining surface immunoglobulin (Slg) clonality. Monoclonality of Slg assessed by both L and H chains is both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of B‐CLL and B‐NHL, and their differentiation from RLC and RLA, since none of the cases of RLC and RLA showed monoclonal Slg.
Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation

The vestibular system sends projections to brainstem autonomic nuclei that modulate heart rate and blood pressure in response to changes in head and body position with regard to gravity. Consistent with this, binaural sinusoidally modulated galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) in humans causes vasoconstriction in the legs, while low frequency (0.02–0.04 Hz) sGVS causes a rapid drop in heart rate and blood pressure in anesthetized rats. We have hypothesized that these responses occur through activation of vestibulo-sympathetic pathways. In the present study, c-Fos protein expression was examined in neurons of the vestibular nuclei and rostral ventrolateral medullary region (RVLM) that were activated by low frequency sGVS. We found c-Fos-labeled neurons in the spinal, medial, and superior vestibular nuclei (SpVN, MVN, and SVN, respectively) and the parasolitary nucleus. The highest density of c-Fos-positive vestibular nuclear neurons was observed in MVN, where immunolabeled cells were present throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the nucleus. c-Fos expression was concentrated in the parvocellular region and largely absent from magnocellular MVN. c-Fos-labeled cells were scattered throughout caudal SpVN, and the immunostained neurons in SVN were restricted to a discrete wedge-shaped area immediately lateral to the IVth ventricle. Immunofluorescence localization of c-Fos and glutamate revealed that approximately one third of the c-Fos-labeled vestibular neurons showed intense glutamate-like immunofluorescence, far in excess of the stain reflecting the metabolic pool of cytoplasmic glutamate. In the RVLM, which receives a direct projection from the vestibular nuclei and sends efferents to preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord, we observed an approximately threefold increase in c-Fos labeling in the sGVS-activated rats. We conclude that localization of c-Fos protein following sGVS is a reliable marker for sGVS-activated neurons of the vestibulo-sympathetic pathway.
A behavioural and electrophysiological exploration into facial and vocal emotion processing in children with behaviour problems.

The present thesis consists of two parts: a behavioural and an electrophysiological exploration of children’s facial and vocal emotion processing. Former research has suggested that social dysfunctioning in school-aged children with behaviour problems may stem from difficulties in understanding others’ emotions from facial expressions. Study 1 examined emotion processing difficulties, from facial and vocal expressions, in preschool children with externalising and internalising behaviour problems from the community. Study 1 provided evidence for vocal emotion processing difficulties in preschoolers with externalising but not internalising symptoms. Studies 2 and 3 examined the development of facial and vocal emotion processing and investigated emotion processing difficulties in school-aged children with externalising and internalising symptoms. Study 4 addressed the cognitive processes (ERPs) underlying vocal anger processing in children and isolated a neural marker of vocal anger processing. This emotion modulation of children’s brain potential was not observed during facial anger processing (Study 5). Study 4 provided initial evidence for links between a neural marker of vocal anger processing and emotion dysregulation and conduct problems. In contrast, non emotion-specific difficulties in face processing were associated with internalising symptoms (anxiety and depression) in children. The present research highlights the potentially salient role of vocal anger processing in child externalising psychopathology.
New features for CORBA 3.0

Since its first publication in 1991, the CORBA Specification has provided abstractions for distributed programming that have served as the basis for a variety of distributed systems. Despite its original flexibility and applicability to various environments, however, CORBA has had to evolve to remain viable as a standard for distributed object-oriented applications. This article explains several new features that are being added to CORBA as part of its continuing evolution towards version 3.0. They are the Portable Object Adapter (POA), support for Asynchronous Method Invocation (AMI), and support for passing Objects By Value (OBV). These new features further extend the suitability of CORBA for the development of diverse distributed systems.