Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE MECHANISM OF THE INFLUENCE OF ACIDS AND ALKALIES ON THE DIGESTION OF PROTEINS BY PEPSIN OR TRYPSIN

1. The effect of the addition of acid on the amount of ionized protein has been compared with the effect on the rate of digestion of gelatin, casein, and hemoglobin by pepsin. 2. A similar comparison has been made of the addition of alkali in the case of trypsin with gelatin, casein, hemoglobin, globin, and edestin. 3. In general, the rate of digestion may be predicted from the amount of ionized protein as determined by the titration curve or conductivity. The rate of digestion is a minimum at the isoelectric point of the protein and a maximum at that pH at which the protein is completely combined with acid or alkali to form a salt. 4. The physical properties of the protein solution have little or no effect on the rate of digestion.
Intra- and Interspecies Signaling betweenStreptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes Mediated by SalA and SalA1 Lantibiotic Peptides

ABSTRACT Streptococcus salivarius 20P3 produces a 22-amino-acid residue lantibiotic, designated salivaricin A (SalA), that inhibits the growth of a range of streptococci, including all strains ofStreptococcus pyogenes. Lantibiotic production is associated with the sal genetic locus comprisingsalA, the lantibiotic structural gene; salBCTXgenes encoding peptide modification and export machinery proteins; andsalYKR genes encoding a putative immunity protein and two-component sensor-regulator system. Insertional inactivation ofsalB in S. salivarius 20P3 resulted in abrogation of SalA peptide production, of immunity to SalA, and ofsalA transcription. Addition of exogenous SalA peptide tosalB mutant cultures induced dose-dependent expression ofsalA mRNA (0.2 kb), demonstrating that SalA production was normally autoregulated. Inactivation of salR encoding the response regulator of the SalKR two-component system led to reduced production of, and immunity to, SalA. The sal genetic locus was also present in S. pyogenes SF370 (M type 1), but because of a deletion across the salBCT genes, the corresponding lantibiotic peptide, designated SalA1, was not produced. However, in S. pyogenes T11 (M type 4) the sallocus gene complement was apparently complete, and active SalA1 peptide was synthesized. Exogenously added SalA1 peptide from S. pyogenes T11 induced salA1 transcription in S. pyogenes SF370 and in an isogenic S. pyogenes T11salB mutant and salA transcription in S. salivarius 20P3 salB. Thus, SalA and SalA1 are examples of streptococcal lantibiotics whose production is autoregulated. These peptides act as intra- and interspecies signaling molecules, modulating lantibiotic production and possibly influencing streptococcal population ecology in the oral cavity.
Temporal Sensing Capacity

A large class of applications require sensor networks to monitor environments evolving through time. Examples of such applications include pollution, traffic, and agricultural monitoring. We characterize the limits of such systems by defining and bounding the ‘temporal sensing capacity. ’ The temporal sensing capacity bounds the number of sensor measurements required to detect a dependent sequence of discrete target vectors to within a desired accuracy. Rather than querying a fixed number of sensors allocated uniformly in time and space, our model assumes a sensor network that queries a subset of sensors at randomly selected locations and at random times. Our approach points to a novel manner of jointly encoding a sequence of target vectors which is useful due to the variable resources that characterize sensor networks. I n order to demonstrate the gain provided by temporal correlation, we compare the temporal sensing capacity result to a sensing capacity result for detecting a single target vector. I. I NTRODUCTION Many sensing applications require a sensor network to monitor an environment evolving through time. Examples include pollution, traffic, and agricultural monitoring, a nd surveillance. One approach to such applications is to ignore the temporal correlation and detect the state of the environment for each time period ([1],[2],[3],[4]). In thi s paper we analyze an alternative approach that jointly encod es a sequence of environments in order to take advantage of the temporal dependence inherent in the applications mentioned above. Rather than using a fixed number of sensor measurements per time period spread out uniformly in space, we consider a sensor network that queries sensors at random times and spatial locations. This random sampling model is interesting due the real world constraints of sensor networ k deployments [5]. For example, in a sensor network resources such as bandwidth are variable and therefore the number of measurements collected per time instant is also variable. I n addition, sensor deployment is rarely precise and therefor e obtaining spatially uniform sensor measurements is difficu lt. In earlier work, we introduced the concept of a sensing capacity [6]. The sensing capacity provides a limit on the number of measurements required to detect the state of an environment to within a desired accuracy in large-scale detection applications. Large-scale detection problems a re distinguished from standard detection problems by an exponentially large number of hypotheses, and describe a large number of sensor network applications. Our previous work on the sensing capacity focused on the large-scale detectio n problems of detecting a single discrete vector or field to within a desired accuracy. In this paper we extend the notion .
The Therapeutic Alliance Rupture as a Transtheoretical Phenomenon: Definitional and Conceptual Issues

This article explores a number of definitional and conceptual issues relevant to our understanding of problems or ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. In it, I argue that ruptures or strains in the therapeutic alliance are important transtheoretical phenomena, and that the conceptual and empirical elucidation of processes leading to both the development and resolution of these problems can play an important role in the development of an integrative body of knowledge about psychotherapy. Three common patterns leading to the development of problems in the therapeutic alliance are described. In addition, the question of whether patient expressions of anger or hostility toward the therapist which facilitate the therapeutic process should be considered ruptures in the alliance, is raised. As a way of resolving this question, a distinction is made between momentary fluctuations in the quality of the alliance and the meta-alliance, i.e., the underlying relationship context in which these fluctuations take place.
Automatic Unsupervised Segmentation Methods for MRI Based on Modified Fuzzy C-Means

In medical image analysis, segmentation is an indispensable step in the processing of images. MR has become a particularly useful medical diagnostic tool for cases involving soft tissues, such as in brain imaging [1, 2, 3, 4]. Image segmentation is the process of assigning pixels to regions sharing common properties. Despite the numerous segmentation techniques, image segmentation is still a subject requiring intensive exploration due to the diversity within each application [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Approaches to image segmentation have two sorts of objectives, either to extract the contours of body structures (edge-based) or to find out regions containing certain body structures (region-based). For edgebased objective, segmentation is conducted by using differential operator such as Sobel and Laplacian operators to detect intensity discontinuity in the image. The problem is to find a set of points, which
Spectrum sharing through beacons

Recently there has been considerable interest in the sharing of spectrum between different services in order to maximize its utilization. This paper presents a novel concept for the sharing of spectrum based on arranging for the receivers to transmit beacons that establish a soft exclusion zone for other transmitters to avoid interference. It is shown that tight near-optimal sharing of spectrum can be achieved with guaranteed reliability of communications by diverting a modest amount of spectrum toward beacon transmission and requiring limited power transmission
ChlaDub1 of Chlamydia trachomatis suppresses NF‐κB activation and inhibits IκBα ubiquitination and degradation

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes various human diseases, including blindness caused by ocular infection and sexually transmitted diseases resulting from urogenital infection. After infecting host cells, Chlamydiae avoid alarming the host's immune system. Among the immune evasion mechanisms, Chlamydiae can inhibit NF‐κB activation, a crucial pathway for host inflammatory responses. In this study, we show that ChlaDub1, a deubiquitinating and deNeddylating protease from C. trachomatis, is expressed in infected cells. In transfection experiments, ChlaDub1 suppresses NF‐κB activation induced by several pro‐inflammatory stimuli and binds the NF‐κB inhibitory subunit IκBα, impairing its ubiquitination and degradation. Thus, we provide further insight into the mechanism by which C. trachomatis may evade the host inflammatory response by demonstrating that ChlaDub1, a protease produced by this microorganism, is capable of inhibiting IκBα degradation and blocking NF‐κB activation.
Newsletter of the FRIENDS OF THE FARLOW

Fungi pursuing the truffle strategy by producing underground fruiting bodies have long been recognized as an artificial group with representatives in Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Those producing asci (a saclike structure where the spores are produced) were at one time all placed in the order Tuberales (Ascomycota) (e.g. from Tulasne & Tulasne 1851 to Korf 1973). Similarities between tuberalean truffles and above ground fruiting bodies of cup-fungi (Pezizales) have been recognized for over a century and various hypotheses about the evolution from above ground fruiting bodies (apothecia) to below ground truffles were discussed. It was suggested that several distinct lineages of the Pezizales had given rise to members of Tuberales independently, but a formal fusion was not made until Trappe (1979) emended several families of Pezizales to include truffles and transferred selected families from the Tuberales to the Pezizales. Since then, the close relationship between truffles and cupfungi have gradually been confirmed and expanded upon or in some cases corrected, using cytological and ultra-structural features of asci and spores, and most recently analyses of DNA sequences.
LPAM (α4β7 integrin) is an important homing integrin on alloreactive T cells in the development of intestinal graft-versus-host disease

Lymphocyte Peyer patch adhesion molecule (LPAM) or alpha(4)beta(7) integrin is expressed on lymphocytes and is responsible for T-cell homing into gut-associated lymphoid tissues through its binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM), which is present on high endothelial venules of mucosal lymphoid organs. We found in murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models that recipients of alpha(4)beta(7)(-) donor T cells had significantly less graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) morbidity and mortality compared with recipients of alpha(4)beta(7)(+) donor T cells. A kinetic posttransplantation analysis of lymphocytes in the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes demonstrated a delayed invasion of lower numbers of alpha(4)beta(7)(+) T cells in recipients of alpha(4)beta(7)(-) T cells compared with recipients of alpha(4)beta(7)(+) T cells. Histopathologic analysis of GVHD target organs revealed that recipients of alpha(4)beta(7)(-) T cells developed less GVHD of the intestines and liver, whereas there was no difference in cutaneous and thymic GVHD between recipients of alpha(4)beta(7)(-) or alpha(4)beta(7)(+) T cells. Finally, we found that in vivo GVT activity of alpha(4)beta(7)(-) donor T cells was preserved. We conclude that the alpha(4)beta(7) integrin is important for the invasion of alloreactive donor T cells into the gut and the subsequent development of intestinal GVHD and overall GVHD morbidity and mortality.
Masculinity goes to class : gender performances and anti-oppressive perspectives in a secondary classroom

This research explores the complicated terrain of secondary school males' masculinity and the ways they make sense and meaning of these identities in the socio-political context of a feminist, anti-oppressive teacher‘s classroom. Within this thesis, I argue that schools are complex sites of negotiation for males and their masculine gender performances. Instead of supporting a ―crisis narrative‖ approach to masculinity and gender in classrooms, this Critical Ethnography looks at the ways in which Secondary males respond to the social forces in their classroom environment. The findings of this research show that masculine gender performances in school are impacted by situational forces such as location, friend/peer groups as well as family relationships and support. Male students use a ―mash-up‖ of masculine performances, using different tactics to survive the heterosexist and hierarchical classroom environment. Finally, this research also analyzes the way in which a feminist, anti-oppressive (female) educator responds to and interacts with male students and their masculine performances within a shared classroom environment.
Intergenerational transmission of fertility intentions and behaviour in Germany: the role of contagion

This study investigates whether the fertility behaviour of significant others, in particular of one’s parents and siblings, affects individuals’ own fertility intentions and behaviour. Using the data of three cohorts of young Germans, we test the hypothesis that ‘contagion’ by siblings with young children explains the transmission of fertility patterns across generations. In theory, transmission might be explained by contagion, or transmission and contagion might operate independently of each other. The results show strong evidence for the transmission of fertility intentions and behaviour from parents to their offspring. Evidence for contagion by siblings is weak and contagious effects therefore do not explain transmission.
Strategies for early recognition of cutaneous melanoma—present and future

Cutaneous melanoma is a highly aggressive malignant tumor of skin melanocytes with an increasing incidence in most countries of the world, especially in the fair-skinned populations. Despite all preventive and therapeutic efforts, malignant melanoma is still the most lethal skin cancer. A delayed diagnosis results in an advanced stage and worsened prognosis. Once distant metastases are present, the five-year survival rate is less than 10 percent. At the same time, patients may be cured by an early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma followed by a wide excision. Therefore, the early detection of melanoma at curable stages is crucial for the patients’ survival. Besides the investigation of pigmented lesions with the unaided eye, a wide range of examination techniques for improved diagnostic accuracy have been developed and validated in clinical trials. However, none of these techniques are able to provide a definite and final diagnosis or to replace an excisional biopsy of suspicious lesions followed by histological analysis. This review provides a concise overview of general principles as well as current and future strategies for an improved early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma
Topology from a Single Primitive Relation: Deening Topological Properties and Relations in Terms of Connection 1

Topological formalisms adaptable to a wide range of applications in spatial information systems (SIS) are a highly desirable research goal. The paper discusses a candidate formalism, the region-based `logic of connection' of Randell, Cohn and Cui. This is based on the single primitive `C' (where `C(x; y)' indicates that spatial regions x and y are `connected'). The originators of this approach (`RCC theory') de ned a set of eight `base relations', exactly one of which holds between any pair of regions. It is shown how ner distinctions between topological relations than those provided by these base relations, and taxonomies of topological properties of regions, can be de ned using RCC theory. Both the surprising expressiveness of RCC, and some of its drawbacks, are illustrated using an example problem: how to determine whether a region has the topology of a `doughnut' (solid torus) by asking questions using only terms derived from C. It is shown how the task could be performed given certain assumptions about the target region and about regions in general. These are then progressively relaxed; as this is done, the task requires the de nition of further terminology, all derived ultimately from `C', providing a basis for successively broader and ner taxonomies of topological properties and relationships, but also revealing features of spatial relations which are di cult to capture within RCC.
Overconfidence and team-performance: An analysis of NBA-players' self-perception

We analyse the effect of overconfidence in a model of team-production with effort complementarities. We show that overconfidence may not only enhance an overconfident agent's effort but also that of a rational one. Focusing the agents' payoffs we see that this increase in effort can be to the agents' benefit, regardless whether they are rational or overconfident. We take this notion to NBA-data which we have gained from the season 2009/10 and see that players who have been identified as overconfident have a significantly positive effect on their team's success.
Activity Recommendation with Partners

Recommending social activities, such as watching movies or having dinner, is a common function found in social networks or e-commerce sites. Besides certain websites which manage activity-related locations (e.g., foursquare.com), many items on product sale platforms (e.g., groupon.com) can naturally be mapped to social activities. For example, movie tickets can be thought of as activity items, which can be mapped as a social activity of “watch a movie. ” Traditional recommender systems estimate the degree of interest for a target user on candidate items (or activities), and accordingly, recommend the top-k activity items to the user. However, these systems ignore an important social characteristic of recommended activities: people usually tend to participate in those activities with friends. This article considers this fact for improving the effectiveness of recommendation in two directions. First, we study the problem of activity-partner recommendation; i.e., for each recommended activity item, find a suitable partner for the user. This (i) saves the user’s time for finding activity partners, (ii) increases the likelihood that the activity item will be selected by the user, and (iii) improves the effectiveness of recommender systems to users overall and enkindles their social enthusiasm. Our partner recommender is built upon the users’ historical attendance preferences, their social context, and geographic information. Moreover, we explore how to leverage the partner recommendation to help improve the effectiveness of recommending activities to users. Assuming that users tend to select the activities for which they can find suitable partners, we propose a partner-aware activity recommendation model, which integrates this hypothesis into conventional recommendation approaches. Finally, the recommended items not only match users’ interests, but also have high chances to be selected by the users, because the users can find suitable partners to attend the corresponding activities together. We conduct experiments on real data to evaluate the effectiveness of activity-partner recommendation and partner-aware activity recommendation. The results verify that (i) suggesting partners greatly improves the likelihood that a recommended activity item is to be selected by the target user and (ii) considering the existence of suitable partners in the ranking of recommended items improves the accuracy of recommendation significantly.
An active liver transplant programme for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: is it justified?

Even at an early stage, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis is often deemed unresectable because of limited liver reserve. In these circumstances, liver transplantation (LTx) offers some hope for palliation or cure. The results of LTx for selected cirrhotic patients with HCC were analysed. The outcomes were compared with those of patients who underwent LTx for other forms of hepatic malignancy and those who underwent LTx for non‐malignant conditions. Four hundred and eighty LTx were performed in 441 patients between January 1986 and December 1998. Twenty‐eight LTx recipients (25 males, 3 females) of mean age 51 (14–63) yr had cirrhosis and HCC. Twenty‐seven patients had underlying predisposing conditions (11 had hepatitis B, 10 had hepatitis C, 2 had hepatitis B and C, 1 had haemochromatosis, 1 had autoimmune hepatitis, 1 had alcoholic cirrhosis and 1 had α‐1 antitrypsin deficiency). In 22 patients, HCC was diagnosed pre‐LTx, and in 6 patients, the cancers were discovered incidentally. The average tumour size and number were 2.8 (0.4–11.5) cm and 1.3 (1–4), respectively. Two patients with known HCC died during and shortly after the LTx operation. Of the other patients, 3 died; 1 died of HCC recurrence 18 months post‐LTx, 1 died of graft failure from recurrent hepatitis C and 1 died of fungal sepsis. Twenty‐three (82%) patients survived to 22.5 (0.5–96) months post‐LTx without HCC recurrence and with 1‐ and 3‐yr actuarial patient survival rates of 87 and 76%, respectively. Equivalent survival rates of patients who underwent LTx for other malignancies (n=11) were 82 and 46% (p=NS), and for those who underwent LTx for benign causes (n=402), they were 77 and 73% (p=NS). All 15 patients with known HCC, who met the selection criteria now in use, survived. LTx can result in prolonged, cancer‐free survival in a good proportion of patients with cirrhosis and HCC, particularly when the cancers are incidental, or when diagnosed pre‐LTx, conforming to established selection criteria. An active LTx programme for this group of patients is justified.
Re-inventing Past Educational Practices for Future Pedagogical Success

aBSTRaCT In this paper I argue that the future of psychological research on educational processes would benefit from an interdisciplinary approach that enables psychologists to locate their objects of study within the cultural, social, and historical contexts of their research. An examination of anthropological accounts of the characteristics of education in small, face-to-face, pre-industrial societies raises the question of why major challenges have confronted contemporary psycho-educational research that seeks to implement major, qualitative changes in modern educational practices by transforming them to have the properties of education in those same face-to-face societies. The paper concludes with a description of a multi-institutional, multidisciplinary system of education that responds to these challenges while offering a model for educating psychology students in a multi-generational system of activities with potential widespread benefits.