Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attribute Dependencies for Data with Grades

This paper examines attribute dependencies in data that involve grades, such as a grade to which an object is red or a grade to which two objects are similar. We thus extend the classical agenda by allowing graded, or fuzzy, attributes instead of Boolean attributes in case of attribute implications, and allowing approximate match based on degrees of similarity instead of exact match in case of functional dependencies. In a sense, we move from bivalence, inherently present in the now-available theories of dependencies, to a more flexible setting that involves grades. Such a shift has far-reaching consequences. We argue that a reasonable theory of dependencies may be developed by making use of mathematical fuzzy logic. Namely, the theory of dependencies is then based on a solid logic calculus the same way the classical dependencies are based on classical logic. For instance, rather than handling degrees of similarity in an ad hoc manner, we consistently treat them as truth values, the same way as true (match) and false (mismatch) are treated in classical theories. In addition, several notions intuitively embraced in the presence of grades, such as a degree of validity of a particular dependence or a degree of entailment, naturally emerge and receive a conceptually clean treatment in the presented approach. In the paper, we discuss motivations, provide basic notions of syntax and semantics, and develop basic results which include entailment of dependencies, associated closure structures, a logic of dependencies with two versions of completeness theorem, results and algorithms regarding complete non-redundant sets of dependencies, relationship to and a possible reductionist interface to classical dependencies, and relationship to functional dependencies over domains with similarity.
GeMMA: functional subfamily classification within superfamilies of predicted protein structural domains

GeMMA (Genome Modelling and Model Annotation) is a new approach to automatic functional subfamily classification within families and superfamilies of protein sequences. A major advantage of GeMMA is its ability to subclassify very large and diverse superfamilies with tens of thousands of members, without the need for an initial multiple sequence alignment. Its performance is shown to be comparable to the established high-performance method SCI-PHY. GeMMA follows an agglomerative clustering protocol that uses existing software for sensitive and accurate multiple sequence alignment and profile–profile comparison. The produced subfamilies are shown to be equivalent in quality whether whole protein sequences are used or just the sequences of component predicted structural domains. A faster, heuristic version of GeMMA that also uses distributed computing is shown to maintain the performance levels of the original implementation. The use of GeMMA to increase the functional annotation coverage of functionally diverse Pfam families is demonstrated. It is further shown how GeMMA clusters can help to predict the impact of experimentally determining a protein domain structure on comparative protein modelling coverage, in the context of structural genomics.
Time to change – an exploratory study of motivation among untreated and treated substance abusers

This exploratory study examines whether the attitudes towards change and treatment of untreated non-abstinent substance abusers differ from those of patients undergoing treatment in residential care. The sample (n = 97) consists of untreated, voluntarily and compulsorily treated substance abusers who completed a questionnaire in 2003. Attitudes were measured with scales on e.g. problem recognition, desire for help, treatment readiness and aspects of time perspectives, e.g. past, present and future orientation. The attitudes of the three groups – untreated, voluntarily and compulsorily treated subjects – differed with respect to lifestyle change. Factor analysis of the measures revealed one component of primary interest, general willingness to change. Results show that willingness to change was correlated with other attitudinal characteristics in the three groups. The stability of substance abusers’ motivation is discussed with the focus on different social contexts’ influence on change-compliant attitudes and behaviour.
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Spectroscopic analysis

The Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey is a multiwavelength photometric and spectroscopic survey, using the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope to obtain spectra for up to ∼300 000 galaxies over 280 deg2, to a limiting magnitude of rpet < 19.8 mag. The target galaxies are distributed over 0 < z ≲ 0.5 with a median redshift of z ≈ 0.2, although the redshift distribution includes a small number of systems, primarily quasars, at higher redshifts, up to and beyond z = 1. The redshift accuracy ranges from σv ≈ 50 km s−1 to σv ≈ 100 km s−1 depending on the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. Here we describe the GAMA spectroscopic reduction and analysis pipeline. We present the steps involved in taking the raw two-dimensional spectroscopic images through to flux-calibrated one-dimensional spectra. The resulting GAMA spectra cover an observed wavelength range of 3750 ≲ λ ≲ 8850 A at a resolution of R ≈ 1300. The final flux calibration is typically accurate to 10–20 per cent, although the reliability is worse at the extreme wavelength ends, and poorer in the blue than the red. We present details of the measurement of emission and absorption features in the GAMA spectra. These measurements are characterized through a variety of quality control analyses detailing the robustness and reliability of the measurements. We illustrate the quality of the measurements with a brief exploration of elementary emission line properties of the galaxies in the GAMA sample. We demonstrate the luminosity dependence of the Balmer decrement, consistent with previously published results, and explore further how Balmer decrement varies with galaxy mass and redshift. We also investigate the mass and redshift dependencies of the [N II]/Hα versus [O III]/Hβ spectral diagnostic diagram, commonly used to discriminate between star forming and nuclear activity in galaxies.
When Effort Exceeds Expectations: A Theory of Search Task Difficulty (keynote)

In a recent review of over one hundred interactive information retrieval studies, Wildemuth et al. [1] observed that despite widespread usage of the concepts of task complexity and task difficulty, “clear and consistent definitions of these attributes are lacking and there is no consensus on how to distinguish levels of complexity or difficulty within a set of search tasks” (p. 1119). Importantly, the authors called for the creation of richer conceptual models and more precise and valid measurement practices. In this talk, I will present a theory of search task difficulty that arose from results of a recent empirical study that evaluated a set of search tasks that were constructed using a cognitive complexity framework from educational theory. While results of this study showed participants engaged in significantly more search activity when completing more cognitively complex tasks, they did not evaluate more cognitively complex tasks as more difficult and were equally satisfied with their performances across tasks. These findings have led to a new theory of search task difficulty that is rooted in expectancy and appraisal theories, and posits that when searchers first encounter a search task description, they first appraise the task and its requirements in the context of their abilities, desires and other aspects of the search situation (e.g., system familiarity, time limits) and then make an estimate of how much effort will be needed to complete the task to achieve their ideal level of performance. A search task, consequently, becomes “difficult” when expended effort exceeds expected effort. This theory differs from many current notions of search task difficulty that assume a linear relationship between search task difficulty and search behavior. It also has implications for how search task difficulty is measured.
Biological Role of Trichoderma harzianum-Derived Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) on Stress Response and Antagonism

We investigated the properties of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum. The enzyme, comprised of 572 amino acids, shares high homology with PAF-AH proteins from T. koningii and other microbial species. The optimum enzymatic activity of PAF-AH occurred at pH 6 in the absence of Ca2+ and it localized in the cytoplasm, and we observed the upregulation of PAF-AH expression in response to carbon starvation and strong heat shock. Furthermore, PAF-AH knockout transformant growth occurred more slowly than wild type cells and over-expression strains grown in SM medium at 37°C and 42°C. In addition, PAF-AH expression significantly increased under a series of maize root induction assay. Eicosanoic acid and ergosterol levels decreased in the PAF-AH knockouts compared to wild type cells, as revealed by GC/MS analysis. We also determined stress responses mediated by PAF-AH were related to proteins HEX1, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome c. Finally, PAF-AH exhibited antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani in plate confrontation assays. Our results indicate PAF-AH may play an important role in T. harzianum stress response and antagonism under diverse environmental conditions.
Coexpression of Several Types of Metabotropic Nucleotide Receptors in Single Cerebellar Astrocytes

Abstract: We have examined the expression of mRNA for several P2Y nucleotide receptors by northern blot analysis in purified type 1 cerebellar astrocyte cultures. These results suggest that different P2Y subtypes could be responsible for ATP metabotropic calcium responses in single type 1 astrocytes. To identify these subtypes we have studied the pharmacological profile of ATP calcium responses using fura‐2 microfluorimetry. All tested astrocytes responded to ATP and UTP stimulations evoking similar calcium transients. Most astrocytes also responded to 2‐methylthioATP and ADP challenges. The agonist potency order was 2‐methylthioATP > ADP > ATP = UTP. Cross‐desensitization experiments carried out with ATP, UTP, and 2‐methylthioATP showed that 2‐methylthioATP and UTP interact with different receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y2 or P2Y4. In a subpopulation of type 1 astrocytes, ATP prestimulation did not block UTP responses, and UDP elicited clear intracellular Ca2+ concentration responses at very low concentrations. 2‐MethylthioATP and UTP calcium responses exhibited different sensitivity to pertussis toxin and different inhibition patterns in response to P2 antagonists. The P2Y1‐specific antagonist N6‐methyl‐2′‐deoxyadenosine 3′,5′‐bisphosphate (MRS 2179) specifically blocked the 2‐methylthio‐ATP responses. We can conclude that all single astrocytes coexpressed at least two types of P2Y metabotropic receptors: P2Y1 and either P2Y2 or P2Y4 receptors. Moreover, 30‐40% of astrocytes also coexpressed specific pyrimidine receptors of the P2Y6 subtype, highly selective for UDP coupled to pertussis‐toxin insensitive G protein.
First Hitting Time of the Boundary of the Weyl Chamber by Radial Dunkl Processes

We provide two equivalent approaches for computing the tail distribution of the first hitting time of the boundary of the Weyl chamber by a radial Dunkl process. The first approach is based on a spectral problem with initial value. The second one expresses the tail distribution by means of the $W$-invariant Dunkl-Hermite polynomials. Illustrative examples are given by the irreducible root systems of types $A$, $B$, $D$. The paper ends with an interest in the case of Brownian motions for which our formulae take determinantal forms.
Maternal Sensitivity: A Review of Attachment Literature Definitions

A tenet of attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters and Wall, 1978) is that attachments develop within the context of, and are thus influenced by, early interactions. “Sensitivity” has been asserted by many researchers to be the key feature of interactions promoting “secure” attachment relationships. Attachment theorists assume that attachment quality is based on the nature of a caregiver's responses to an infant's signals for proximity and contact. Although there appears to be broad agreement in the literature on the importance of maternal sensitivity in affecting attachment relationships, writers differ in their definition of “sensitivity” and the relative emphasis placed on particular aspects of parental behaviour in explaining its effect on attachment. This paper reviews the literature addressing the construct of “sensitivity”. The problem of defining this construct will be highlighted by summarising relevant literature and identifying the range of behaviours typically used as indica.
Anthracycline-Associated T1 Mapping Characteristics Are Elevated Independent of the Presence of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Cancer Survivors

Background—Cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping characteristics are elevated in adult cancer survivors; however, it remains unknown whether these elevations are related to age or presence of coincident cardiovascular comorbidities. Methods and Results—We performed blinded cardiovascular magnetic resonance analyses of left ventricular T1 and extracellular volume (ECV) fraction in 327 individuals (65% women, aged 64±12 years). Thirty-seven individuals had breast cancer or a hematologic malignancy but had not yet initiated their treatment, and 54 cancer survivors who received either anthracycline-based (n=37) or nonanthracycline-based (n=17) chemotherapy 2.8±1.3 years earlier were compared with 236 cancer-free participants. Multivariable analyses were performed to determine the association between T1/ECV measures and variables associated with myocardial fibrosis. Age-adjusted native T1 was elevated pre- (1058±7 ms) and post- (1040±7 ms) receipt of anthracycline chemotherapy versus comparators (965±3 ms; P<0.0001 for both). Age-adjusted ECV, a marker of myocardial fibrosis, was elevated in anthracycline-treated cancer participants (30.4±0.7%) compared with either pretreatment cancer (27.8±0.7%; P<0.01) or cancer-free comparators (26.9±0.2%; P<0.0001). T1 and ECV of nonanthracycline survivors were no different than pretreatment survivors (P=0.17 and P=0.16, respectively). Native T1 and ECV remained elevated in cancer survivors after accounting for demographics (including age), myocardial fibrosis risk factors, and left ventricular ejection fraction or myocardial mass index (P<0.0001 for all). Conclusions—Three years after anthracycline-based chemotherapy, elevations in myocardial T1 and ECV occur independent of underlying cancer or cardiovascular comorbidities, suggesting that imaging biomarkers of interstitial fibrosis in cancer survivors are related to prior receipt of a potentially cardiotoxic cancer treatment regimen.
Police Use of Deadly Force

This article examines police officers' perceptions of their colleagues, the police organization, other criminal justice agencies, the media, the politicians, and the public toward the use of deadly force against criminals in situations known as encounters , portrayed as spontaneous shootouts between the police and hardened criminals. Interviews with 38 police officers of various ranks in Mumbai, India, reveal that they perceive an overall sense of approval or complicity for shootouts, sometimes of dubious legality, which made accountability mechanisms more a paper exercise than in actually ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards. Though the abuse of deadly force is not unique or limited to the police force reported in this study, the perception of police officers that there is general support for, or even apathy toward, shortcut methods to deal with alleged criminals is noteworthy and has implications for policing elsewhere.
Adventure as a Cultural Foundation: Sport and Tourism in New Zealand

This article examines the cultural foundations of sport, tourism and sport tourism within the New Zealand context. Guided by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's concepts, the theoretical perspective is that all practice is infused with and reflects culture. The article examines three iconic representatives who traverse the sport, tourism and sport tourism fields. The ‘distinction’ of their narratives highlights how cultural foundations have been (re)negotiated over the last hundred years. The All Blacks rugby team, mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary and A.J. Hackett Bungy Jumping are analysed in relation to prominent theoretical notions of each field and the pioneer mythology of New Zealand's post-colonial culture. Discussion focuses on the diverse, changing and renewed practices and narratives of these three cultural representatives. It is argued that in New Zealand, and potentially in other Western societies, the central cultural foundation of sport, tourism and sport tourism is the serendipity of practice and uncertainty of outcome – fundamentally, adventure. Sport tourism destinations and operators cannot rely on the replication of past events and practices for success. Although promotional narratives should link to past cultural myths or iconic representatives, sport tourism practice must provide the space and potential for uncertainty. The sustainability of sport tourism requires the packaging and framing of serendipity through the continual (re)invention of experience that facilitates adventure.
Hydroxyurea induces de novo copy number variants in human cells

Copy number variants (CNVs) are widely distributed throughout the human genome, where they contribute to genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Spontaneous CNVs are also a major cause of genetic and developmental disorders and arise frequently in cancer cells. As with all mutation classes, genetic and environmental factors almost certainly increase the risk for new and deleterious CNVs. However, despite the importance of CNVs, there is limited understanding of these precipitating risk factors and the mechanisms responsible for a large percentage of CNVs. Here we report that low doses of hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase and an important drug in the treatment of sickle cell disease and other diseases induces a high frequency of de novo CNVs in cultured human cells that resemble pathogenic and aphidicolin-induced CNVs in size and breakpoint structure. These CNVs are distributed throughout the genome, with some hotspots of de novo CNV formation. Sequencing revealed that CNV breakpoint junctions are characterized by short microhomologies, blunt ends, and short insertions. These data provide direct experimental support for models of replication-error origins of CNVs and suggest that any agent or condition that leads to replication stress has the potential to induce deleterious CNVs. In addition, they point to a need for further study of the genomic consequences of the therapeutic use of hydroxyurea.
A Framework For Analyzing Ethical Issues in Marketing

The need for understanding the diverse nature of ethical dilemmas con fronting the field of marketing is attested to by the growing number of articles on the subject (e.g., Bartels 1967; Baumhart 1961; Brenner and Molander 1977; Cavanaugh 1981; Dubinsky et. al 1981; Ferrell and Gre sham 1985). What is needed, but has not been forthcoming from these analyses, is a useful comprehensive, decision-oriented framework to aid marketers in thinking about the different ethical dilemmas. The devel opment of an appropriate structure would allow for a more systematic investigation of the different ethical issues and facilitate the integration of existing knowledge. The related processes of classification, analysis and generalization ultimately can provide the basis for developing a more systematic approach to the study of marketing ethics. Other writers in the area of marketing ethics (e.g., Ferrell and Gresham 1985; Hunt and Vitell 1986) have attempted to develop frameworks but, while useful, their systems have generally failed to help integrate knowledge about the subject in a way that can aid in solving ethical problems. It is the intention of the authors to briefly discuss two dominant ethical perspectives so that they may act as guides in the presentation of a frame work for classifying different marketing decisions that have ethical conse quences. The article continues by demonstrating how such a framework can be useful to both academics and practitioners in analyzing ethical dilemmas. The early introduction of ethical perspectives in this article should make the examples used in the classification framework more meaningful. Fur ther, the questions raised by each perspective becomes the focus of the analysis when illustrating how the framework is used in the last section of the article. Applying the framework to marketing decision making is, of
Nonnegative Matrix Factorization by optimization on the Stiefel manifold with SVD initialization

We consider the problem of Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) which is a non-convex optimization problem with many applications in machine learning, computer vision, and topic modeling. General existing methods for finding a solution to the problem include additive or multiplicative update rules for doing alternate minimizations and ADMM, which find a locally optimal point for NMF. We propose a new method for finding a solution of NMF which considers transformations of initial factors derived from the singular value decomposition (SVD). This problem is shown to be equivalent to the NMF problem in a sense, and is then restricted to optimize over the set of orthonormal matrices known as the Stiefel manifold. We then utilize a method developed for optimization over this manifold to find solutions to the NMF problem. Application to synthetic data shows that the method exhibits promising characteristics, as it outperforms some traditional methods both in terms of reconstruction error and running time. Using the solution of this restriction as a starting point for the broader problem shows a further rapid decline in the error.
Baroreflex: A New Therapeutic Target in Human Stroke?

Background and Purpose— Autonomic dysfunction, including increased sympathetic drive and blunted baroreflex, has repeatedly been observed in acute stroke. Of clinical importance is that the stroke-related autonomic imbalance seems to be linked to worse outcome after stroke. Here, we discuss the role of baroreflex impairment in acute stroke and its possible pathophysiological and therapeutic relevance. Summary of Review— Possible mechanisms linking baroreflex impairment with unfavorable outcome in stroke may include increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, promotion of secondary brain injury due to local inflammation, hyperglycemia, or altered cerebral perfusion. Conclusions— We suggest therefore that the modifying of autonomic functions may have important therapeutic implications in acute ischemic as well as in hemorrhagic stroke.