Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent History and Geography of Virtual Water Trade

The global trade of goods is associated with a virtual transfer of the water required for their production. The way changes in trade affect the virtual redistribution of freshwater resources has been recently documented through the analysis of the virtual water network. It is, however, unclear how these changes are contributed by different types of products and regions of the world. Here we show how the global patterns of virtual water transport are contributed by the trade of different commodity types, including plant, animal, luxury (e.g., coffee, tea, and alcohol), and other products. Major contributors to the virtual water network exhibit different trade patterns with regard to these commodity types. The net importers rely on the supply of virtual water from a small percentage of the global population. However, discrepancies exist among the different commodity networks. While the total virtual water flux through the network has increased between 1986 and 2010, the proportions associated with the four commodity groups have remained relatively stable. However, some of the major players have shown significant changes in the virtual water imports and exports associated with those commodity groups. For instance, China has switched from being a net exporter of virtual water associated with other products (non-edible plant and animal products typically used for manufacturing) to being the largest importer, accounting for 31% of the total water virtually transported with these products. Conversely, in the case of The United states of America, the commodity proportions have remained overall unchanged throughout the study period: the virtual water exports from The United States of America are dominated by plant products, whereas the imports are comprised mainly of animal and luxury products.
Sport without referees? The power of the International Olympic Committee and the social politics of accountability

As governor of the world’s pre-eminent sporting event, the International Olympic Committee exercises considerable power on the world stage. It has also been widely accused of corruption, corporate greed, and hypocrisy. However, for all of the media attention that the International Olympic Committee receives, it has seldom been examined theoretically and in the context of global governance. Why have so few stakeholders, including the states that host the events and field the teams, engaged in serious efforts to hold it accountable for its actions? In addition, what can the experience of the International Olympic Committee tell us about accountability in global governance more generally? Drawing from conceptual treatments of accountability, we argue that the challenges of the International Olympic Committee are rooted in the organization’s social position and social power. The IOCs position in international society dilutes the base of potential accountability holders and exacerbates collective action problems, while its social power allows it to maintain a reputational shield to guard against meaningful accountability efforts. The article concludes by considering whether these dynamics ripple beyond the experience of the International Olympic Committee into other areas of global governance.
Optimal Power Allocation and Power Constraint in OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio Systems

Cognitive Radio (CR), which aims to improve spectrum utilization by accessing the spectrum originally licensed to a primary system, is a promising concept. In cognitive radio system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the optimized algorithms for sub-carrier power allocation share the problems of complex iterative calculation and difficult realization. In this case, a sub-optimal power allocation algorithm based on power function distribution is proposed, to allocate power of in-band subcarrier of cognitive user according to the numerical characteristics of the power function by using a convex optimization numerical method under linear constraint. This algorithm has the advantages of fast calculation speed and easy realization, and reduces the interference for the authorized user brought by the power leakage of the in-band subcarrier of cognitive user appears in the out-of-band. MALAB simulation results show that the proposed scheme maximizes the in-band channel capacity of the cognitive user under the interference threshold of the authorized user and the comparison model the optimal relationship between the limited and unlimited transmit power capacity. Meanwhile, the maximum transmission rate of the existing power allocation scheme is increased within the same condition.
A unified model of aspect-instantiation policies

One important concept in aspect-oriented execution environments is implicit invocation, typically supported through the pointcut-advice approach [13]. In this approach, functionality is given by an advice which is implicitly executed at execution points determined by pointcuts. In general, advices preserve state across multiple invocations and even multiple advices may share state. Aspect-oriented languages prevalently are extensions to class-based object-oriented languages, in which aspects extend the class concept and can be instantiated to objects at runtime. Aspect instances are used to store the state required by advice jointly defined in the same aspect, and advices are executed—similarly to usual methods—in the context of an aspect instance. Because advices are called implicitly, such aspect-oriented languages support the specification of so-called instantiation policies to define how to retrieve the aspect instance for the implicit invocation of advice. Dufour et al. [3] have found that aspect-instance look-up took more than 26% of the total execution time in selected use cases. Thus, it is important to research such policies and optimization opportunities. To this end, we suggest a unified model that conceptualizes instantiation policies to simplify and optimize the implementation of current and future instantiation policies in aspectoriented execution environments.
A practical comparison of edit distance approximation algorithms

The edit distance is a basic string similarity measure for many applications such as string searching, text mining, signal processing, bioinformatics and so on. However, its high computational cost often prevents it from being used for a large set of strings like similar string searching. A promising solution for the problem is to approximate the edit distance with low computational cost. However, although there are many methods for approximating the edit distance, most of them are analyzed only theoretically. In fact, most of the methods can evaluate the edit distance only in terms of order notations, and do not conduct any experiment. This is a large obstacle for applying them to real applications. In this study we will first list up existing edit distance approxi-mation methods. Then we compare them by: (i) approximation performances shown by the original authors, (ii) approximation performances re-analyzed by us (concrete values instead of the order notations) and (iii) experimental performances by our implementations.
Real-time 3-D face tracking and modeling from awebcam

We first infer a 3-D face model from a single frontal image using automatically extracted 2-D landmarks and deforming a generic 3-D model. Then, for any input image, we extract feature points and track them in 2-D. Given these correspondences, sometimes noisy and incorrect, we robustly estimate the 3-D head pose using PnP and a RANSAC process. As the head moves, we dynamically add new feature points to handle a large range of poses. When the tracker gets lost, due to motion blur or occlusions, the system re-initializes by matching feature points to the reference frontal image feature points. Our system runs in real-time (>;15Hz) on a standard CPU with a GPU card. We present results on stored video and will present a live demo, showing excellent tracking under large motion, fast movement, occlusion and facial expression variations. We also show comparative results with the ground truth BU head tracking dataset.
The Mutations Associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy is an important cause of heart failure and a major indication for heart transplantation in children and adults. This paper describes the state of the genetic knowledge of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The identification of the causing mutation is important since presymptomatic interventions of DCM have proven value in preventing morbidity and mortality. Additionally, as in general in genetic studies, the identification of the mutated genes has a direct clinical impact for the families and population involved. Identifying causative mutations immediately amplifies the possibilities for disease prevention through carrier screening and prenatal testing. This often lifts a burden of social isolation from affected families, since healthy family members can be assured of having healthy children. Identification of the mutated genes holds the potential to lead to the understanding of disease etiology, pathophysiology, and therefore potential therapy. This paper presents the genetic variations, or disease-causing mutations, contributing to the pathogenesis of hereditary DCM, and tries to relate these to the functions of the mutated genes.
Title : Common and specific amygdala-function perturbations in 1 depressed versus anxious adolescents 2 3

41 Context: Few studies directly compare amygdala function in depressive and anxiety disorders. 42 Data from longitudinal research emphasize the need for such studies in adolescents. 43 Objective: To compare amygdala response to varying attention and emotion conditions among 44 adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or anxiety disorders, relative to adolescents 45 with no psychopathology. 46 Design: Case-Control-Study. 47 Setting: Government Clinical Research Institute. 48 Participants: Eighty-seven adolescents matched on age, gender, intelligence, and social class: 26 49 with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD; 14 with and 12 without anxiety disorders), 16 with 50 anxiety disorders but no depression, and 45 with no psychopathology. 51 Main Outcome Measures: Blood oxygenated level dependent signal in the amygdala, measured 52 using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. During imaging, participants viewed 53 facial expressions (neutral, fearful, angry, happy) while attention was constrained (afraid, 54 hostility, nose width ratings) or unconstrained (passive-viewing). 55 Results: Left and right amygdala activation differed as a function of diagnosis, facial expression, 56 and attention-condition both when comorbid MDD/anxiety patients were included and excluded 57 (group-by-emotion-by-attention interactions: p-values≤.03). Focusing on fearful-face-viewing 58 events, anxiety and MDD patients both differed in amygdala responses from healthy participants 59 and from each other during passive-viewing. However, both MDD and anxiety patients, relative 60 to healthy participants, exhibited similar signs of amygdala hyper-activation to fearful faces when 61 rating subjectively experienced fear. 62 Conclusions: Adolescent MDD and anxiety disorders exhibit common and distinct functional 63 neural correlates during face processing. Attention modulates the degree to which common or 64 distinct amygdala perturbations manifest in these patient groups, relative to healthy peers. 65 66
Child Mortality after Discharge from a Health Facility following Suspected Pneumonia, Meningitis or Septicaemia in Rural Gambia: A Cohort Study

Objective To measure mortality and its risk factors among children discharged from a health centre in rural Gambia. Methods We conducted a cohort study between 12 May 2008 and 11 May 2012. Children aged 2–59 months, admitted with suspected pneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis after presenting to primary and secondary care facilities, were followed for 180 days after discharge. We developed models associating post-discharge mortality with clinical syndrome on admission and clinical risk factors. Findings One hundred and five of 3755 (2.8%) children died, 80% within 3 months of discharge. Among children aged 2–11 and 12–59 months, there were 30 and 29 deaths per 1000 children per 180 days respectively, compared to 11 and 5 respectively in the resident population. Children with suspected pneumonia unaccompanied by clinically severe malnutrition (CSM) had the lowest risk of post-discharge mortality. Mortality increased in children with suspected meningitis or septicaemia without CSM (hazard ratio [HR] 2.6 and 2.2 respectively). The risk of mortality greatly increased with CSM on admission: CSM with suspected pneumonia (HR 8.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4 to 15), suspected sepsis (HR 18.4; 95% CI 11.3 to 30), or suspected meningitis (HR 13.7; 95% CI 4.2 to 45). Independent associations with mortality were: mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of 11.5–13.0 cm compared to >13.0 cm (HR 7.2; 95% CI 3.0 to 17.0), MUAC 10.5–11.4 cm (HR 24; 95% CI 9.4 to 62), and MUAC <10.5 cm (HR 44; 95% CI 18 to 108), neck stiffness (HR 10.4; 95% CI 3.1 to 34.8), non-medical discharge (HR 4.7; 95% CI 2.0 to 10.9), dry season discharge (HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.3), while greater haemoglobin (HR 0.82; 0.73 to 0.91), axillary temperature (HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.87), and oxygen saturation (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99) were associated with reduced mortality. Conclusion Gambian children experience increased mortality after discharge from primary and secondary care. Interventions should target both moderately and severely malnourished children.
Numerical Simulation of Resistance Spot Welding Process Using Fea Technique

2-D axisymmetric finite element models incorporating electrical-thermal and thermal-mechanical coupling procedures were developed for resistance spot welding (RSW) process simulation. A commercial finite element code, namely SYSWELD  , was utilized for these simulation purposes. The coupling procedures can provide a more realistic and efficient computational approach accounting for the variation of contact size; particularly for the application of curved-face electrodes producing a spot weld. The temperature dependency characteristics and properties of both sheets and electrodes were also taken into account throughout the study. The welding schedules based on practical aspects of similar two-as well as three-sheet assemblies were considered for the entire of process. Not only the utilization of pulsed direct current but also that of pulsed alternating current was utilized in order to efficiently achieve the industrial protocol. The experimental study was centered on nugget formation. The validation for the nugget development was determined in the case of pulsed direct current welding. The impact of pulsed alternating current welding combining supplementary post-heating pulses on the nugget size as well as on the thermal history was investigated. It was concluded that both heating and cooling rates depend strongly on the position of weld. The results of electrical-thermal analysis were discussed in view of the thermal history during welding, with particular regard for different types of welding current used.
Effects of Angelica gigas Nakai as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent in In Vitro and In Vivo Atopic Dermatitis Models

We investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of Angelica gigas Nakai extract (AGNE) through the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/NF-κB pathway using in vitro and in vivo atopic dermatitis (AD) models. We examined the effects of AGNE on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1) cells. Compound 48/80-induced pruritus and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD-like skin lesion mouse models were also used to investigate the antiallergic effects of AGNE. AGNE reduced histamine secretion, production of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, and expression of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 in HMC-1 cells. Scratching behavior and DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions were also attenuated by AGNE administration through the reduction of serum IgE, histamine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 levels, and COX-2 expression in skin tissue from mouse models. Furthermore, these inhibitory effects were mediated by the blockade of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathway. The findings of this study proved that AGNE improves the scratching behavior and atopy symptoms and reduces the activity of various atopy-related mediators in HMC-1 cells and mice model. These results suggest the AGNE has a therapeutic potential in anti-AD.
Syntax and semantics for sentence processing in English and Māori

This paper provides an account of the syntactic and semantic representations used in Te Kaitito, a bilingual English/Māori natural language processing system. With the exception of some very simple systems (e.g. Leslie, 1998), the grammar given in Te Kaitito is the first implemented computational grammar for Māori, indeed (we believe) for any Polynesian language. It is therefore of interest to linguists studying these languages. For linguists not specifically working with Māori or Polynesian languages, it might also be interesting as an indication of the extensibility of HPSG to Polynesian languages. Section 2 outlines the criteria we are using to evaluate the role of syntactic and semantic representations in our system. Sections 3 and 4 describe the syntactic and semantic frameworks we are using, and Section 6 details some of the grammatical structures currently covered by the system.
How to implement doubly-stochastic matrices for consensus-based distributed algorithms

Doubly-stochastic matrices are usually required by consensus-based distributed algorithms. We propose a simple and efficient protocol and present some guidelines for implementing doubly-stochastic combination matrices even in noisy, asynchronous and changing topology scenarios. The proposed ideas are validated with the deployment of a wireless sensor network, in which nodes run a distributed algorithm for robust estimation in the presence of nodes with faulty sensors.
H.264 Video Encoder Implementation on a Low-power DSP with Low and Stable Computational Complexity

This paper describes the implementation of an H.264 video encoder designed for use on a low-power DSP core (NEC Electronics Corporation's SPXK6) for mobile equipment, which offers not only low computational complexity but small load fluctuation between average and peak load. In order to reduce the high degree of complexity that H.264 ordinarily requires, the encoder employs fast coding methods, including diamond motion searches, and fast decisions based on current-image smoothness as to which type of coding to employ. Further, to suppress increases in peak loads which would degrade real-time encoding performance, feedback-based control of computational complexity is used in motion estimation and intra/inter coding type decisions. On an SPXK6 DSP, the encoder performs H.264 baseline profile video coding at a QVGA (320times240 pixels) resolution of 15 fps, for an average load of 104 M cycle/sec, excluding memory access cycles, with the suppressed peak load increasing by only 20% over that of the average load
Object recognition in the ovary: Quantification of oocytes from microscopic images

The ovary is a female organ that houses a fixed supply of germ cells (oocytes). The absolute number of oocytes at any given stage can be a useful indicator of fertility. Obtaining accurate assessments of the oocyte reserve in humans and experimental models can be time consuming and error prone. In this paper a new approach to facilitate oocyte counting in microscope images of mouse ovaries is presented. The mouse vasa homolog (MVH), an oocyte-specific protein, was labeled in microscope sections and used to develop an algorithm that can identify, count and estimate the size and coordinates of the oocytes. We use this automated approach to generate comparable data with conventional methods of oocyte counting.
Phospholipase C Is Required for Changes in Postsynaptic Structure and Function Associated with NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Depression

NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory coordinately regulates dendritic spine structure and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) postsynaptic strength through poorly understood mechanisms. Induction of long-term depression (LTD) activates protein phosphatase 2B/calcineurin (CaN), leading to dendritic spine shrinkage through actin depolymerization and AMPAR depression through receptor dephosphorylation and internalization. The scaffold proteins A-kinase-anchoring protein 79/150 (AKAP79/150) and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) form a complex that controls the opposing actions of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and CaN in regulation of AMPAR phosphorylation. The AKAP79/150–PSD95 complex is disrupted in hippocampal neurons during LTD coincident with internalization of AMPARs, decreases in PSD95 levels, and loss of AKAP79/150 and PKA from spines. AKAP79/150 is targeted to spines through binding F-actin and the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2). Previous electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC)-catalyzed hydrolysis of PIP2 inhibits NMDAR-dependent LTD; however, the signaling mechanisms that link PLC activation to alterations in dendritic spine structure and AMPAR function in LTD are unknown. We show here that NMDAR stimulation of PLC in cultured hippocampal neurons is necessary for AKAP79/150 loss from spines and depolymerization of spine actin. Importantly, we demonstrate that NMDAR activation of PLC is also necessary for decreases in spine PSD95 levels and AMPAR internalization. Thus, PLC signaling is required for structural and functional changes in spine actin, PSD scaffolding, and AMPAR trafficking underlying postsynaptic expression of LTD.
Enhancement of embryo developmental potential by a single administration of GnRH agonist at the time of implantation.

BACKGROUND Several reports have shown that inadvertent administration of a GnRH agonist in the luteal phase does not compromise pregnancy. Moreover, some studies suggested that, unexpectedly, the embryo developmental potential is improved in these conditions. This prospective controlled study was designed to test this hypothesis. METHODS In an oocyte donation programme, oocytes from each donor (n = 138) were shared by two recipients, one of whom was given a single dose of a GnRH agonist (0.1 mg triptorelin) 6 days after ICSI, and the other received placebo at the same time. RESULTS Oocyte recipients treated with GnRH agonist 6 days after ICSI had higher implantation (36.9 versus 25.1%), twin pregnancy (16.7 versus 3.6%), twin delivery (13.8 versus 2.2%) and birth (31.1 versus 21.5%) rates and similar miscarriage and abortion rates as compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS GnRH agonist administration at the time of implantation enhances embryo developmental potential, probably by a direct effect on the embryo.