Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS AND THE COMPETITION FOR FIRMS ?

A two-region economy consists of a given but di®erent number of immobile workers in each region, and a given number of mobile ̄rms. Firms create jobs where they locate, but there is frictional unemployment. Two sorts of agglomeration e®ects arise: those from economies of scale in matching, and those from production economies external to the ̄rm. Regions may either be part of a unitary state in which case all regional policies are decided by the central government, or they may be part of a federal state in which case some policies are determined by the regional governments. We characterize the resource allocations in both a unitary and a federal state, and identify the set of instruments that are required to replicate the social optimum in each state.
EDG‐1 links the PDGF receptor to Src and focal adhesion kinase activation leading to lamellipodia formation and cell migration

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (SPP), formed by sphingosine kinase, is the ligand for EDG‐1, a GPCR important for cell migration and vascular maturation. Here we show that cytoskeletal rearrangements, lamel‐lipodia extensions, and cell motility induced by platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) are abrogated in EDG‐1 null fibroblasts. However, EDG‐1 appears to be dis‐pensable for mitogenicity and survival effects, even those induced by its ligand SPP and by PDGF. Furthermore, PDGF induced focal adhesion formation and activation of FAK, Src, and stress‐activated protein kinase 2, p38, were dysregulated in the absence of EDG‐1. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGFR and activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), important for growth and survival, were unaltered. Our results suggest that EDG‐1 functions as an integrator linking the PDGFR to lamellipo‐dia extension and cell migration. PDGF, which stimulates sphingosine kinase, leading to increased SPP levels in many cell types, also induces translocation of sphingosine kinase to membrane ruffles. Hence, recruitment of sphingosine kinase to the cell's leading edge and localized formation of SPP may spatially and temporally stimulate EDG‐1, resulting in activation and integration of downstream signals important for directional movement toward chemoattractants, such as PDGF. These results may also shed light on the vital role of EDG‐1 in vascular maturation. —Rosenfeldt, H. M. , Hobson, J. P., Maceyka, M. , Olivera, A. , Nava, V. E. , Milstien, S. , Spiegel, S. EDG‐1 links the PDGF receptor to SRC and focal adhesion kinase activation leading to lamellipodia formation and cell migration. FASEB J. 15, 2649–2659 (2001)
Macrophages contribute to the initiation of ischaemic acute renal failure in rats.

BACKGROUND Although neutrophils and T cells are important in mediating renal injury following ischaemia/reperfusion, the role of macrophages is still unknown. Using liposomal clodronate (LC), we investigated the effect of systemic monocyte-macrophage depletion on renal damage in ischaemic acute renal failure in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected by LC or liposomal vehicle and underwent bilateral renal pedicle clamping (40 min) or sham ischaemia. Biochemical and histological renal damage was assessed and gene expression kinetics of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were conducted at 4, 24 and 72 h after reperfusion. RESULTS The percentage of peripheral blood monocytes and ectodysplasin-1-positive cells in liver decreased significantly in LC-treated animals at 24 h. Systemic monocyte-macrophage depletion resulted in (a) less severe tubular necrosis, (b) reduced inflammation and (c) reduced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Gene expression kinetics showed that IL-6 gene expression peaked early at 4 h after reperfusion, followed by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and MCP-1 expressions, which peaked at 24 h. Systemic monocyte-macrophage depletion significantly reduced these cytokine and chemokine gene expressions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that macrophages are an important mediator in the initiation period of ischaemia/reperfusion injury and strategies that limit initial macrophage infiltration or activation can be useful in the treatment of acute renal failure.
Ohmic Quality Factor and Efficiency Estimation for a Gyrotron Cavity

Operating a device at high power and high frequency is a major problem because wall losses greatly reduce the efficiency of the device. In the present communication, authors analytically analyzed the dependence of ohmic/RF efficiency, the fraction of output power with respect to the total power generated, of gyrotron cavity structure on the conductivity of copper for the second harmonic TE0,6 mode. This study shows a rapid fall in the RF efficiency as the quality (conductivity) of copper degrades. Starting with an RF efficiency near 40% at the conductivity of ideal copper (5.8 x 10 S/m), the RF efficiency decreases (upto 8%) as the copper quality degrades. Assuming conductivity half that of ideal copper the RF efficiency as a function of diffractive quality factor, Qdiff, has been studied. Here the RF efficiency decreases rapidly with increasing diffractive Q. Ohmic wall losses as a function of frequency for 460 GHz gyrotron cavity excited in TE0,6 mode has also been analyzed. For 460 GHz cavity, the extracted power is reduced to 32% of the generated power due to ohmic losses in the walls of the cavity. Keywords—Diffractive quality factor, Gyrotron, Ohmic wall losses, Open cavity resonator, RF Efficiency.
Self-organizing Conceptual Map and Taxonomy of Adjectives

This paper presents a comprehensive, corpus-based study of adjectival concepts. An adjectival concept is a semantic class of adjectives, for example, “adjectives which express feeling”. We represent adjectival concepts by abstract nouns (such as “feeling”), and extract instances where abstract nouns are modified by adjectives (such as “happy feeling”) from a large corpus of Japanese newspaper articles. Then we automatically construct a two-dimensional map of adjectival concepts by using the Kohonen Self-organizing Map (SOM). Not only does this SOM map effectively visualize the concept space of adjectives, it also readily allows us to extract a taxonomy of adjectival concepts. Using the SOM map and the taxonomy extracted, we are able to investigate the breadth of various adjectival concepts and the inter-relations between them.
H1N1 influenza virus induces narcolepsy-like sleep disruption and targets sleep–wake regulatory neurons in mice

Significance Influenza A virus infections are risk factors for narcolepsy, a disease in which autoimmunity has been implicated. We tested experimentally whether influenza virus infections could be causally related to narcolepsy. We found that mice infected with a H1N1 influenza A virus strain developed over time sleep–wake changes described in murine models of narcolepsy and narcolepsy patients. In the brain, the virus infected orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons, which are destroyed in human narcolepsy, and other cells in the distributed sleep–wake-regulating neuronal network. The findings, obtained in mice lacking an adaptive autoimmune response, thus provide new avenues for research on infection-related mechanisms in narcolepsy. An increased incidence in the sleep-disorder narcolepsy has been associated with the 2009–2010 pandemic of H1N1 influenza virus in China and with mass vaccination campaigns against influenza during the pandemic in Finland and Sweden. Pathogenetic mechanisms of narcolepsy have so far mainly focused on autoimmunity. We here tested an alternative working hypothesis involving a direct role of influenza virus infection in the pathogenesis of narcolepsy in susceptible subjects. We show that infection with H1N1 influenza virus in mice that lack B and T cells (Recombinant activating gene 1-deficient mice) can lead to narcoleptic-like sleep–wake fragmentation and sleep structure alterations. Interestingly, the infection targeted brainstem and hypothalamic neurons, including orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons that regulate sleep–wake stability and are affected in narcolepsy. Because changes occurred in the absence of adaptive autoimmune responses, the findings show that brain infections with H1N1 virus have the potential to cause per se narcoleptic-like sleep disruption.
AN ENERGY EFFICIENT EVENT DETECTION CLASSIFIER IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises of nodes that are spatially distributed to monitor the environments and detect the events accordingly. Correlated Data Gathering (CDG) in wireless sensor network used Adaptive and Distributed Routing (ADR) algorithm for correlated data gathering in order to minimize the total energy consumption. Though energy consumption was reduced in the network, energy delay tradeoff occurred while securing data in sensor network was high. Energy-efficient and High-accuracy (EEHA) scheme provided a secured data aggregation technique using an aggregation tree which provided privacy but the energy consumption was high during event detection. Recoverable Concealed Data Aggregation (RCDA) for Data Integrity recovered all sensing data events even when the data were aggregated, by reducing the transmission overhead but with higher energy ratio. To develop an energy efficient Event Detection Classifier in wireless sensor network, a predetermined event weight based on Support Vector Machine (EDC-SVM) is proposed in this paper. The EDC-SVM initially identifies the weight of the events for effective classification using SVM with minimal energy consumption. EDC-SVM uses Doppler Effecting method for recovering all sensing data events with minimal energy. The task of Doppler Effecting method in EDC-SVM is to detect the periodic events of moving objects (i.e.,) sensor nodes to reduce the classification time of sensor events. With the minimal time on classification, the energy delay tradeoff is overcome in EDC-SVM. Furthermore, with the application of an event section key generation in EDC-SVM, reduces the energy consumption during the generating of section key and broadcast the notification to the sensor nodes within the section. EDC-SVM with event section key generation improves the security level on object collection. Experimental work is carried out on the factors such as classifier rate, security level, and energy consumption rate.
Low-Grade Albuminuria Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Population

Background Micro-albuminuria has been well established as one of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the association of MetS and its components with low-grade albuminuria among those with normal urinary albumin excretion has not been clearly elucidated in Chinese population. Methodology and Findings A cross-sectional study was conducted among 9,579 participants with normal urinary albumin excretion, who were recruited from Jia Ding District, Shanghai, China. The single-void first morning urine sample was collected for urinary albumin and creatinine measurements, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) was calculated as urinary albumin divided by creatinine. Low-grade albuminuria was classified as sex-specific upper UACR quartile in this population. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The prevalence of MetS and its components increased across the UACR quartiles (all P trend <0.01). A multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that the prevalence of MetS was gradually elevated according to the UACR quartiles (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] were 1.14, 1.24 and 1.59 for UACR quartiles 2, 3 and 4, compared with the lowest quartile; P trend<0.0001). In the further stratified logistic regression analyses, the associations between low-grade albuminuria and MetS were significant in both sex strata (male and female), both age strata (<60 and ≥60 years), both body mass index strata (<24 and ≥24 kg/m2), and both diabetes strata (yes and no). Compared to the lowest UACR quartile, the participants in the highest quartile of UACR had the highest prevalence of central obesity (OR = 1.43; 95%CI = 1.25–1.63), high blood pressure (OR = 1.64; 95%CI = 1.43–1.87), hyperglycemia (OR = 1.52; 95%CI = 1.30–1.78) and high triglycerides (OR = 1.19; 95%CI = 1.04–1.37). Conclusions and Significance Low-grade albuminuria was significantly associated with the increasing prevalence of MetS and its components in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population with normal urinary albumin excretion.
TO BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY IN PREPARING SCRIPTS GENERALIZATION OF REINFORCEMENT LEARNING WITH CMAC

To implement a generalization of value functions in Adaptive Search Element (ASE)-reinforcement learning, CMAC is integrated into ASE controller. ASEreinforcement learning scheme is briefly studied to discuss how CMAC is integrated into ASE controller. Neighbourhood Sequential Training concept is utilized to establish the look-up table of CMAC and to produce discrete control outputs. In computer simulation, an ASE controller and a couple of ASE-CMAC neural network are trained to balance the inverted pendulum on a cart. The number of trials until the controllers are established and the learning performance of the controllers are evaluated to find that generalization ability of the CMAC improves the speed of the ASE-reinforcement learning enough to realize the cartpole control system. Copyright© 2005 IFAC
A Three-Way Comparison of Tuberculin Skin Testing, QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB in Children

Background There are limited data comparing the performance of the two commercially available interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children. We compared QuantiFERON-TB gold In Tube (QFT-IT), T-SPOT.TB and the tuberculin skin test (TST) in children at risk for latent TB infection or TB disease. Methods and Findings The results of both IGRAs were compared with diagnosis assigned by TST-based criteria and assessed in relation to TB contact history. Results from the TST and at least one assay were available for 96 of 100 children. Agreement between QFT-IT and T-SPOT.TB was high (93% agreement, κ = 0.83). QFT-IT and T-SPOT.TB tests were positive in 8 (89%) and 9 (100%) children with suspected active TB disease. There was moderate agreement between TST and either QFT-IT (75%, κ = 0.50) or T-SPOT.TB (75%, κ = 0.51). Among 38 children with TST-defined latent TB infection, QFT-IT gold and T-SPOT.TB assays were positive in 47% and 39% respectively. Three TST-negative children were positive by at least one IGRA. Children with a TB contact were more likely than children without a TB contact to have a positive IGRA (QFT-IT LR 3.9; T-SPOT.TB LR 3.9) and a positive TST (LR 1.4). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the magnitude of both TST induration and IGRA IFN-γ responses was significantly influenced by TB contact history, but only the TST was influenced by age. Conclusions Although a high level of agreement between the IGRAs was observed, they are commonly discordant with the TST. The correct interpretation of a negative assay in a child with a positive skin test in clinical practice remains challenging and highlights the need for longitudinal studies to determine the negative predictive value of IGRAs.
Workspace tracking trajectory for 7-DOF ANAT robot using a hierarchical control strategy

This paper presents a new hierarchical control strategy for a hyper redundant articulate nimble adaptable trunk (ANAT) robot. The objective is to track a desired trajectory in the robot's workspace. The pseudo-inverse of the Jacobian is used to transform the desired trajectory from the workspace to the joint space. The control strategy consists in controlling the last joint by assuming that the remaining joints are stable and follow their desired trajectories. Then going backward to the (n-1)-th joint, the same strategy is applied and so on until the first joint. In each step, the sliding mode technique is used to develop the control law. This control algorithm was experimented on a 7 DOF ANAT manipulator and gave effective results and good trajectory tracking in the workspace.
How Children Are Involved in Adult Domestic Violence

There is limited research available on children’s involvement in incidents of adult domestic violence. This study collected direct reports on real-life events and went beyond earlier research by eliciting information on a larger array of family and contextual factors that may account for variation in children’s responses. Anonymous telephone interviews with 114 battered mothers in four metropolitan areas elicited detailed information from women on their children’s responses to the violence being committed against the mothers. One quarter of the mothers reported that their children were physically involved in the events. In addition, mothers with less stable financial, social, and living situations at the time of the interview reported their children to have intervened more during the past violent incidents. The article concludes with recommendations for a greater emphasis on careful assessment of children’s involvement in domestic violence incidents and on assisting mothers to achieve economic stability as well as safety.
Rate of gastric emptying influences dietary cholesterol absorption efficiency in selected inbred strains of mice Published, JLR Papers in Press, October 16, 2003. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300148-JLR200

This study compared the physiological process of cholesterol absorption in different strains of inbred mice with the goal of identifying novel mechanism(s) by which cholesterol absorption can be controlled. The rate and amount of cholesterol absorption were evaluated based on [14C]cholesterol appearance in plasma after feeding a meal containing [14C]cholesterol and by the percentage of [14C]-cholesterol absorbed over a 24 h period. Results showed that the rate of [14C]cholesterol appearance in plasma was slower in 129P3/J mice than in SJL/J mice. However, more dietary cholesterol was absorbed over a 24 h period by 129P3/J mice than by SJL/J mice. In both strains of mice, cholesterol delivered with medium-chain triglyceride was absorbed less efficiently than cholesterol delivered with olive oil. The strain- and vehicle-dependent differences in cholesterol absorption efficiency correlated negatively with stomach-emptying rates. Furthermore, inhibition of gastric emptying with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor increased cholesterol absorption efficiency in SJL/J mice. These results document that stomach-emptying rate contributes directly to the rate of dietary cholesterol absorption, which is inversely correlated with the total amount of cholesterol absorbed from a single meal. Additionally, genetic factor(s) that influence gastric emptying may be an important determinant of cholesterol absorption efficiency.
High frequency DC:DC power conversion: the influence of package parasitics

Operating power MOSFET devices at frequencies over 1 MHz will pose significant challenges to established power electronic packages such as the D2-Pak and wirebonded SO-8 devices. In this paper the high frequency parasitic impedances of a range of power electronic packages are presented. Results show that a source mounted power package technology based upon a copper clip type assembly has considerably lower parasitic impedance compared to conventional power packaging at frequencies in the range of 500 kHz to over 1 MHz. The resistance of conventional packages recorded over this range of frequencies increases significantly as the frequency approaches 1MHz. This is expected to be a result of skin effect related phenomena occurring in wire bonds and package leads. Package impedance data up to frequencies of 5 MHz is presented for a range of packages along with efficiency data recorded from devices operating in multiphase buck converter circuits.
SeLeCT: a lexical cohesion based news story segmentation system

In this paper we compare the performance of three distinct approaches to lexical cohesion based text segmentation. Most work in this area has focused on the discovery of textual units that discuss subtopic structure within documents. In contrast our segmentation task requires the discovery of topical units of text i.e., distinct news stories from broadcast news programmes. Our approach to news story segmentation (the SeLeCT system) is based on an analysis of lexical cohesive strength between textual units using a linguistic technique called lexical chaining. We evaluate the relative performance of SeLeCT with respect to two other cohesion based segmenters: TextTiling and C99. Using a recently introduced evaluation metric WindowDiff, we contrast the segmentation accuracy of each system on both "spoken" (CNN news transcripts) and "written" (Reuters newswire) news story test sets extracted from the TDT1 corpus.
Interactions between uptake of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen in wheat plants

Abstract. Soil-borne amino acids may constitute a source of nitrogen (N) for plants in various terrestrial ecosystems but their importance for total N nutrition is unclear, particularly in nutrient-rich arable soils. One reason for this uncertainty is lack of information on how the absorption of amino acids by plant roots is affected by the simultaneous presence of inorganic N forms. The objective of the present study was to study absorption of glycine (Gly) and glutamine (Gln) by wheat roots and their interactions with nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) during uptake. The underlying hypothesis was that amino acids, when present in nutrient solution together with inorganic N, may lead to down-regulation of the inorganic N uptake, thereby resulting in similar total N uptake rates. Amino acids were enriched with double-labelled 15N and 13C, while NO3− and NH4+ acquisition was determined by their rate of removal from the nutrient solution surrounding the roots. The uptake rates of NO3− and NH4+ did not differ from each other and were generally about twice as high as the uptake rate of organic N when the different N forms were supplied separately in concentrations of 2 mM. Nevertheless, replacement of 50% of the inorganic N with organic N was able to restore the N uptake to the same level as that in the presence of only inorganic N. Co-provision of NO3− did not affect glycine uptake, while the presence of glycine down-regulated NO3− uptake. The ratio between 13C and 15N were lower in shoots than in roots and also lower than the theoretical values, reflecting higher C losses via respiratory processes compared to N losses. It is concluded that organic N can constitute a significant N-source for wheat plants and that there is an interaction between the uptake of inorganic and organic N.
A Novel Active Spectrum Sensing Scheme for Cognitive MB-OFDM UWB Radio

Spectrum awareness is the key technique for Cognitive Radio (CR). A special spectrum sensing scheme is necessary for Cognitive UWB radio (CUWB) because of its lower radio power and ultra wide bandwidth. Although CUWB transmitter and receiver could respectively detect the spectrum holes, they couldn't communicate with each other probably if they are out of the communication range or there isn't common usable spectrum segment for them. No sensing technique deals with these problems properly. In this paper a novel active spectrum sensing scheme for cognitive MB-OFDM UWB radio is presented to settle the above problems. The scheme takes full advantage of UWB and finds usable channels directly for CUWB transmitter and receiver through sending beacon signals and acknowledgement signals. This active spectrum sensing scheme is totally different from existing sensing methods and has its own advantages.