Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical screening of plant extracts and GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extracts of stems and roots of Catharanthus roseus growing in Bangladesh

Phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were used to determine the phytochemical components of various extracts of stems and roots of Catharanthus roseus . Preliminary phytochemical screening of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of stems and roots of Catharanthus roseus were carried out to identify the class of compounds present in each extract. The results exhibited that steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds were found in every extract of stems and roots. Alkaloids were also found in all extracts except n-hexane. But carbohydrates were absent in all extracts of stems and roots except methanol. The GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extract of the stems and roots of Catharanthus roseus was done, which allowed the identification and quantification of 30 and 22 n-hexane soluble compounds present in the stems and roots, respectively. In this experiments, D:B-Friedo-B':A'-neogammacer-5-en-3β-ol (10.23%) and Ethyl palmitate (13.63%) identified with the highest concentration in the n-hexane extract of stems and roots, respectively.
A Descriptive Study of Some of the Dento-Gingival Components of Esthetics of Patients at a Tertiary Care-center in the Eastern Part of Nepal

Background The purpose of this study was to observe and describe some of the dento-gingival components of esthetics like the mean gingival zenith position (GZP) with respect to the vertical bisected midline axis (VBM), relative gingival zenith level (GZL) of lateral incisors (LIs), heights and widths of central incisors (CIs), LIs, and their ratios. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional, hospital-based, descriptive study was conducted from Feb 2019 to Aug 2019. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Convenience sampling was done. Variables (above mentioned) were marked and measured on the casts with a calibrated digital vernier caliper and entered in the data sheet, and descriptive analysis was done with SPSS version 20. Results A total of 210 subjects of the age group 18–25 years were included in the study. Mean GZP of the right CI was 0.49 ± 0.54 mm, of the left CI was 0.42 ± 0.43 mm, of the right LI was 0.20 ± 0.34 mm, of the left LI was 0.04 ± 0.35 mm, of the right C (Canine) was 0.023 ± 0.38 mm, and of left C was 0.07 ± 0.38 mm. Mean relative GZL of LI was about 0.40–0.41 mm below the reference line. Mean height of the right CI was 9.34 ± 0.93 mm, and that of the left CI was 9.31 ± 0.87 mm; that of the right LI was 7.91 ± 0.98 mm, and that of the left LI was 7.92 ± 0.91 mm. Mean width of the right CI was 8.34 ± 0.57 mm, and that of the left CI was 8.38 ± 0.48 mm; that of the right LI was 6.62 ± 0.58 mm, and that of the left LI was 6.66 ± 0.53 mm. Conclusions Mean GZP of each upper anterior tooth was distally located with respect to VBM; that of CI was more distally placed than LI and C. Relative GZL of LI was below the reference line. The central incisor width/height ratio obtained was >80% that means a squarer tooth.
Emission-Line Properties of z > 4 Quasars

High-redshift QSOs provide important opportunities for advancing our understanding of the astrophysics of galaxy formation and evolution. Although a growing number of these sources are now known to exist at redshifts beyond 4, systematic studies of the emission-line properties of these objects are quite limited. We present results of a program of high signal-to-noise spectroscopy for 44 QSOs using the Multiple Mirror Telescope Observatory and the W. M. Keck Observatory. The quasar spectra cover 1100-1700 Å in the rest frame for sources spanning a luminosity range of ~2 orders of magnitude. Comparisons between these data and spectra of lower redshift quasars reveal a high degree of similarity, although differences are present in the profiles and the strengths of some emission features. An examination of the luminosity dependence of the emission lines reveals evidence for a weak or absent Baldwin effect among z ≳ 4 QSOs. We compare measurements for objects in our sample with results from other high-redshift surveys characterized by different selection techniques. Distributions of equivalent widths for these different ensembles are consistent with a common parent population, suggesting that our sample is not strongly biased, or in any case, subject to selection effects that are not significantly different from other surveys, including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Based on this comparison, we tentatively conclude that the trends identified here are representative of high z QSOs. In particular, the data bolster indications of supersolar metallicities in these luminous, high-z sources, which support scenarios that assume substantial star formation at epochs preceding or concurrent with the QSO phenomena.
A Simulation Study Using a Mixed Model Framework to Analyze the Impact of Sample Size and Variability on Type I Error

Aims: This simulation study was conducted to check the validity of a MIXED model’s statistical inference when violating the underlying assumptions – normality of random errors when there are unbalanced group sizes and inequality of variance of errors [Scheffe, 1959]. Study Design: Monte Carlo Simulation Study. Place and Duration of Study: North Dakota State University 2020-2021. Methodology: Repeated measures designs (or longitudinal studies) are commonly seen in many research fields, especially in pharmaceutical clinical trials, agricultural research, and psychology. PROC MIXED (SAS Inc.) is a well-known standard tool for analyzing repeated measures data nowadays. The MIXED procedure is based on the standard linear MIXED model, which estimates parameters by maximizing the restricted likelihood. The usual assumption for a standard linear MIXED model is normality. However, the character of data in the real world may be non- smoothed, or non-symmetric, or having heavy tails. We estimate the Type I error rates in different combinations of settings and compare them with the stated Type I error. Conclusion: The main results in this study show us that the MIXED model is reasonably robust to modest violations of the normal distribution. However, when a small sample size associated with a treatment was combined with the effects of that treatment having a large variance, a severe inflation problem on Type I error rates could occur when using the MIXED model procedure. When the Type I errors were found to be inflated, the Group= option was found to often help with this problem. A Sub-Sampling procedure was also found to help with this problem.
Problems in generic combinatorial rigidity: sparsity, sliders, and emergence of components

Rigidity theory deals in problems of the following form: given a structure defined by geometric constraints on a set of objects, what information about its geometric behavior is implied by the underlying combinatorial structure. The most well-studied class of structures is the bar-joint framework, which is made of fixed-length bars connected by universal joints with full rotational degrees of freedom; the allowed motions preserve the lengths and connectivity of the bars, and a framework is rigid if the only allowed motions are trivial motions of Euclidean space. A remarkable theorem of Maxwell-Laman says that rigidity of generic bar-joint frameworks depends only on the graph that has as its edges the bars and as its vertices the joints. We generalize the "degree of freedom counts" that appear in the Maxwell-Laman theorem to the very general setting of (k, e)-sparse and (k, e)-graded sparse hypergraphs. We characterize these in terms of their graph-graph theoretic and matroidal properties. For the fundamental algorithmic problems Decision, Extraction, Components, and Decomposition, we give efficient, implementable pebble game algorithms for all the (k, e)-sparse and (k, e)-graded-sparse families of hypergraphs we study. We then prove that all the matroids arising from (k , e)-sparse are linearly representable by matrices with a certain "natural" structure that captures the incidence structure of the hypergraph and the sparsity parameters k and e. Building on the combinatorial and linear theory discussed above, we introduce a new rigidity model: slider-pinning rigidity. This is an elaboration of the planar bar-joint model to include sliders, which constrain a vertex to move on a specific line. We prove the analogue of the Maxwell-Laman Theorem for slider pinning, using, as a lemma, a new proof of Whiteley's Parallel Redrawing Theorem. We conclude by studying the emergence of non-trivial rigid substructures in generic planar frameworks given by Erdos-Renyi random graphs. We prove that there is a sharp threshold for such substructures to emerge, and that, when they do, they are all linear size. This is consistent with experimental and simulation-based work done in the physics community on the formation of certain glasses.
Cross-stream migration characteristics of a deformable droplet in a non-isothermal Poiseuille Flow through Microfluidic Channel

The migration characteristics of a suspended deformable droplet in a parallel plate microchannel is studied, both analytically and numerically, under the combined influence of a constant temperature gradient in the transverse direction and an imposed pressure driven flow. Any predefined transverse position in the micro channel can be attained by the droplet depending on the applied temperature gradient in the cross-stream direction or how small the droplet is with respect to the channel width. For the analytical solution, an asymptotic approach is used, where we neglect any effect of inertia or thermal convection of the fluid in either of the phases. To obtain a numerical solution, we use the conservative level set method. Variation of temperature in the flow field causes a jump in the tangential component of stress at the droplet interface. This jump in stress component, which is the thermal Marangoni stress, is an important factor that controls the trajectory of the droplet. The direction of cross-stream migration of the droplet is decided by the magnitude of the critical Marangoni stress, corresponding to which the droplet remains stationary. In order to analyze practical microfluidic setup, we do numerical simulations where we consider wall effects as well as the effect of thermal convection and finite shape deformation on the cross-stream migration of the droplet.
Towards a relativistically covariant many-body perturbation theory - With numerical implementation to helium-like ions

The experimental results for simple atomic systems have become more and more accurate and in order to keep up with the experimental achievements the theoretical procedures have to be refined. Recent accurate experimental results obtained for helium-like ions in the lowand moderate-Z regions proclaim the importance of theoretical calculations that combines relativistic, QED and electron correlation effects. On the basis of these premises the relativistically covariant many-body perturbation procedure is developed and it is this development that is introduced in this thesis. The new theoretical procedure treats relativistic, QED and electron correlation effects on the same footing. The numerical implementation leads to a systematic procedure similar to the atomic coupled-cluster approach, where the energy contribution of QED effects are evaluated with correlated relativistic wave functions. The effects of QED are also included in the resulting numerical wave functions of the procedure, which can be reintroduced with an approach of iteration for calculations of new higher-order effects. The first numerical implementation of the procedure to the groundstate for a number of helium-like ions in the range Z = 6 − 50 of the nuclear charge, indicates the importance of combined effects of QED and correlation in the lowand moderate-Z regions. The results show also that the effect of electron correlation on first-order QED-effects for He-like ions in the low and moderate-Z regions dominates over second-order QED-effects.
New Evidence for Black Hole Event Horizons from Chandra

Previously we claimed that black hole X-ray novae (BHXNs) in quiescence are much less luminous than equivalent neutron star X-ray novae (NSXNs). This claim was based on the quiescent detection of a single short-period BHXN (A0620-00, Porb = 7.8 hr) and two longer period BHXNs (GRO J1655-40, Porb = 62.9 hr; V404 Cygni, Porb = 155.3 hr), along with sensitive upper limits. Here we announce the detection of two more short-period BHXNs (GRO J0422+32, Porb = 5.1 hr; GS 2000+25, Porb = 8.3 hr), an upper limit for a third that is improved by 2 orders of magnitude (4U 1543-47, Porb = 27.0 hr), and a new, much lower quiescent measurement of GRO J1655-40. Taken together, these new Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer measurements confirm that the quiescent X-ray luminosities of BHXNs are significantly lower than those of NSXNs. We argue that this provides strong evidence for the existence of event horizons in BHXNs.
Spherical collapse model and cluster number counts in power-law f(T) gravity

We study the spherical collapse model (SCM) in the framework of spatially flat power law $f(T) \propto (-T)^{b}$ gravity model. We find that the linear and non-linear growth of spherical overdensities of this particular $f(T)$ model are affected by the power-law parameter $b$. Finally, we compute the predicted number counts of virialized haloes in order to distinguish the current $f(T)$ model from the expectations of the concordance $\Lambda$ cosmology. Specifically, the present analysis suggests that the $f(T)$ gravity model with positive (negative) $b$ predicts more (less) virialized objects with respect to those of $\Lambda$CDM.
Stokes tomography of radio pulsar magnetospheres. I. Linear polarization

Polarimetric studies of pulsar radio emission traditionally concentrate on how the Stokes vector (I, Q, U, V) varies with pulse longitude, with special emphasis on the polarization angle (PA) swing of the linearly polarized component. The interpretation of the PA swing in terms of the rotating vector model is limited by the assumption of an axisymmetric magnetic field and the degeneracy of the output with respect to the orientation and magnetic geometry of the pulsar; different combinations of the latter two properties can produce similar PA swings. This paper introduces Stokes phase portraits as a supplementary diagnostic tool with which the orientation and magnetic geometry can be inferred more accurately. The Stokes phase portraits feature unique patterns in the 1 ― Q, I — U and Q ― U planes, whose shapes depend sensitively on the magnetic geometry, inclination angle, beam and polarization patterns, and emission altitude. We construct look-up tables of Stokes phase portraits and PA swings for pure and current-modified dipole fields, filled core and hollow cone beams, and two empirical linear polarization models, L/I = cos θ 0 and L/I = sin θ 0 , where θ 0 is the colatitude of the emission point. We compare our look-up tables to the measured phase portraits of 24 pulsars in the European Pulsar Network online data base. We find evidence in 60 per cent of the objects that the radio emission region may depart significantly from low altitudes, even when the PA swing is S-shaped and/or the pulse-width-period relation is well satisfied. On the other hand, the data are explained adequately if the emission altitude exceeds ∼10 per cent of the light cylinder radius. We conclude that Stokes phase portraits should be analysed concurrently with the PA swing and pulse profiles in future when interpreting radio pulsar polarization data.
A differential item functioning (DIF) analysis of the mobile phone problem use scale in Indonesian schools with and without smartphone banned policy

Abstract This study aimed to validate an Indonesian version of the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS) in a sample of high school students from South Tangerang City, Banten Province,, Indonesia. Throughout this process, we evaluated the scale’s psychometric properties and examined the differential item functioning (DIF) across schools with and without a smartphone ban policy. The study used a cross-sectional survey design with a sample of 622 high school students (Mage = 16.10; SDage = 1.41). There were 312 respondents from schools with a smartphone ban and 310 from schools with no smartphone ban. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model, and Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) to analyze the data. The CFA and MIMIC model results indicated a good fit for the overall model using the pooled sample. Based on MIMIC model, one item was flagged as DIF. Furthermore, RSM analysis demonstrated that the Indonesian MPPUS has adequate psychometric properties. RSM-based DIF analysis identified four DIF items. Therefore, 23 of 27 items on the scale have the same meaning across schools with two different policies. Our findings provide empirical evidence that MPPUS performed well across students from schools with and without smartphone restrictions, despite the fact that the MPPUS was originally designed for the general population. The findings of this study can be used to develop an evidence-based policy for implementing smartphone policies in Indonesian schools.
Integrating digital literacies through blended learning in a first-year undergraduate course

The use of digital learning in New Zealand’s tertiary and higher education opens up new opportunities but simultaneously raises concerns about students’ digital literacies. In collaboration with two teachers, the researcher responded to digital information literacy demands in relation to the students’ capabilities. The paper considers how integrated online resources were used to develop students’ digital information literacy (DIL) in a first-year undergraduate course in Education and to enhance the blended learning in the course. Educational Design Research with three research phases as methodological approach supported the collaboration. Research instruments with students included questionnaires and focus groups; staff shared their experiences through interviews, meetings, emails and reflections.
Parametric Study of a Pitching Flat Plate at Low Reynolds Numbers

In this paper we simulate the unsteady, incompressible, and laminar flow behavior over a flat plate with round leading and trailing edges. A pressure-Poisson method is used to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Both convection and diffusion terms are discretized using a second-order accurate central difference method. A second-order accurate split-step scheme with an Adam’s predictor corrector time-stepping method is adopted for the time integration. An overlapping moving grid approach is employed to dynamically update the grid due to the plate motion. The effects of the pitch rate, Reynolds number, location of pitch axis, and computational domain size are investigated. Comparisons are made with experimental results.
Flux Relaxation after Two Outbursts of the Magnetar SGR 1627–41 and Possible Hard X-Ray Emission

We report on the long-term flux relaxation of the magnetar SGR 1627−41 after its 2008 outburst, and evidence for hard X-ray excess measured with NuSTAR. We use new observations made with Chandra and XMM-Newton, and an archival NuSTAR observation, which add flux measurements at ∼2000 days into quiescence after the 2008 outburst. We find that the source flux has further declined since the last measurement made in 2011, ∼1000 days after the outburst in 2008. This trend is similar to the relaxation after the source’s 1998 outburst. We use crustal cooling models to reproduce the flux relaxation; if the whole surface of the star is heated in the outbursts, the modeling suggests that the 2008 outburst of SGR 1627−41 deposited energy into the inner crust and that the core temperature of SGR 1627−41 is low (Tc ≲ 108 K), as previously suggested. On the other hand, if only a small fraction of the surface is heated or the temperature in the crust reached the melting temperature, relaxation at early times requires another emission mechanism. Finally, we report on evidence for hard X-ray emission in SGR 1627−41 that follows the observational correlation suggested by Kaspi & Boydstun in magnetars.
Effect of the exposure period to different water salt levels on the morphological behavior of olive plants

The increasing salinity of water and soil is one of the environmental factors that most threatens the sustainability of olive cultivation systems in the Mediterranean basin. The identification of plant material with high tolerance to this stress would be one of the ways to solve this challenge, but it is generally a slow and expensive process. The selection of the most reliably parameters involved in the response of the plant to salinity and that are easy to evaluate, could help to speed up the identification of the most tolerant genotypes. The objective of this study is to determine the most interesting morphological characters which could be used in future as early criteria in the selection process of olive tolerant genotypes. For that, young plants, three-month-old, were exposed to salinity (0, 4 and 8 g/L NaCl) during different periods of time (30, 50 and 70 days), and several morphological parameters were assessed. The obtained results showed that most of the parameters were affected by the concentration 8 g/L of NaCl after a treatment period of 50 days. The most affected parameters by this level of salinity were the plant height, the leaf number and the number of lateral shoots. The PCA analysis showed that the number of lateral shoots was poorly correlated with the other parameters, but the height and the leaf number were highly correlated with each other.
Improved interprocedural slicing algorithm

Horwitz, Reps, and Binkley (TOPLAS, 90) present an algorithm for interprocedural program slicing using a system dependence graph (SDG) representation of programs. In order to identify the set of statements in a slice their algorithm makes two traversals over the SDG; effectively traversing some edges twice. This paper presents a one pass algorithm which traverses each edge in the slice at most once. In scenarios requiring on-line union of interprocedural slices, the algorithm provides significant improvement by permitting the construction of union incrementally. for computing slices that cross boundaries formed by procedure calls. They introduced system dependence graph (SDG), a graph with typed edges and nodes encoding the data, control, and call dependencies in a program. In order to slice a program it is first converted into its SDG representation. The slice at a particular vertex (corresponding to a program point) using their algorithm is obtained in two passes. Both passes perform the transitive closure of vertices that can reach a given set of vertices in the SDG; the passes differ in the type of dependences they use to perform the closure. This paper presents an algorithm (henceforth referred to as AL algorithm) equivalent to HRB algorithm. The AL algorithm uses the SDG representation for slicing and may be implemented to perform only one traversal of each edge in the slice. This improves upon the HRB algorithm which in the worst case traverses an edge twice. The AL traversal algorithm therefore is optimal. The SDG representation of a program may be used to perform interprocedural analyses other than slicing. Most of the analyses algorithms would require forward or backward traversal of dependences represented in the SDG. The traversal algorithm used for interprocedural forward and backward slicing could be used as the backbone of these algorithms. One such application reported in (3) is the problem of constructing call multigraph of a program with procedure valued variables. The algorithm reported in (3) * This definition is slightly different from the original definition of program slice introduced by Weiser (10).