Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bullous mycosis fungoides associated with an extensive ulcer and a severe leukemoid reaction

This report presents a case of bullous mycosis fungoides associated with an extensive ulcer and a severe leukemoid reaction. The rash began as indurated erythema which was always followed by ulceration. The rashes initially responded to radiation therapy, but multiple recurrences appeared. Several bullae appeared on the trunk during the course of the illness, without any evidence of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Finally, the ulcer covered a large part of the trunk, and the patient died of sepsis with an extreme leukocyte count of 118,000/µL. A bone marrow analysis revealed a leukemoid reaction and an autopsy revealed pseudomembranous colitis.
Dynamic Process Tracing Methods in the Study of Political Decision Making

Understanding how individuals make political decisions in a complex and ever-changing world requires recognition of the dynamic nature of the environment, as well as theoretical and methodological strategies to address these complications. As the scholarly understanding of the limits of human cognition expands, researchers can no longer rely on decision-making models that assume unlimited time, resources, and/or abilities of voters. Fortunately, dynamic process tracing models demonstrate the information processing component of decision-making, turning the focus away (slightly) from the decision outcome and toward the ways that people come to these decisions. These models derive from weaker, but more accurate, assumptions about the cognitive abilities of humans and provide critical insight into both the factors that voters consider when making decisions and the ways voters incorporate those factors into their decisions. In addition, thanks to the work of Lau and Redlawsk, these processes are directly observable with their Dynamic Process Tracing Environment (DPTE). Researchers relying on dynamic process tracing models are now able to assess the influence of political and demographic factors on the pattern, content, and amount of information voters access and rely on when making political decisions. These models offer a more realistic view of voter abilities than rational choice models, as well as providing greater insight into the process of decision-making (rather than the outcome of the process) than much of the work deriving from the Michigan model of public opinion. Additionally, the DPTE offers advantages over earlier static information board studies. Rather than seeing one’s self in conflict with decades of public opinion research, however, scholars in the dynamic process tracing tradition would be wise to consider their work as complementary. A focus on political variables as outcomes misses a crucial cognitive step: the evaluation of environmental stimuli through the lenses of short- and long-term predispositions. As scholars seek to understand why voters possess certain attitudes, they should ask how those attitudes were formed in the first place. Dynamic process tracing models allow for theorizing about and empirically testing components of the decision-making process previously left uninvestigated.
Massive MIMO Systems : Signal Processing Challenges and Future Trends

This article presents a tutorial on multiuser multiple-antenna wireless systems with a very large number of antennas, known as massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. Signal processing challenges and future trends in the area of massive MIMO systems are presented and key application scenarios are detailed. A linear algebra approach is considered for the description of the system and data models of massive MIMO architectures. The operational requirements of massive MIMO systems are discussed along with their operation in timedivision duplexing mode, resource allocation and calibration requirements. In particular, transmit and receiver processing algorithms are examined in light of the specific needs of massive MIMO systems. Simulation results illustrate the performance of transmit and receive processing algorithms under scenarios of interest. Key problems are discussed and future trends in the area of massive MIMO systems are pointed out.
Regulatory Divergence between Parental Alleles Determines Gene Expression Patterns in Hybrids

Both hybridization and allopolyploidization generate novel phenotypes by conciliating divergent genomes and regulatory networks in the same cellular context. To understand the rewiring of gene expression in hybrids, the total expression of 21,025 genes and the allele-specific expression of over 11,000 genes were quantified in interspecific hybrids and their parental species, Coffea canephora and Coffea eugenioides using RNA-seq technology. Between parental species, cis- and trans-regulatory divergences affected around 32% and 35% of analyzed genes, respectively, with nearly 17% of them showing both. The relative importance of trans-regulatory divergences between both species could be related to their low genetic divergence and perennial habit. In hybrids, among divergently expressed genes between parental species and hybrids, 77% was expressed like one parent (expression level dominance), including 65% like C. eugenioides. Gene expression was shown to result from the expression of both alleles affected by intertwined parental trans-regulatory factors. A strong impact of C. eugenioides trans-regulatory factors on the upregulation of C. canephora alleles was revealed. The gene expression patterns appeared determined by complex combinations of cis- and trans-regulatory divergences. In particular, the observed biased expression level dominance seemed to be derived from the asymmetric effects of trans-regulatory parental factors on regulation of alleles. More generally, this study illustrates the effects of divergent trans-regulatory parental factors on the gene expression pattern in hybrids. The characteristics of the transcriptional response to hybridization appear to be determined by the compatibility of gene regulatory networks and therefore depend on genetic divergences between the parental species and their evolutionary history.
Repeated accounting write-o s and the infor-mation content of earnings

4 alpha -(-Carboxyethyl)-5-oxo-(1 alpha -hydrogen- or 1 alpha -hydroxyl)-7 alpha beta -methyl-3 alpha mu -hexahydroindane-carboxylic acids or lower alkanoic acids, which can be prepared by one-step fermentative degradation of the bile acids or their homologues, are useful as cholesterol lowering agents.
Environmental influences on healthcare expenditures: an exploratory analysis from Ontario, Canada

Study objective: This paper explores the relation between healthcare expenditures (HCEs) and environmental variables in Ontario, Canada. Design: The authors used a sequential two stage regression model to control for variables that may influence HCEs and for the possibility of endogenous relations. The analysis relies on cross sectional ecological data from the 49 counties of Ontario. Main results: The results show that, after control for other variables that may influence health expenditures, both total toxic pollution output and per capita municipal environmental expenditures have significant associations with health expenditures. Counties with higher pollution output tend to have higher per capita HCEs, while those that spend more on defending environmental quality have lower expenditures on health care. Conclusions: The implications of our findings are twofold. Firstly, sound investments in public health and environmental protection have external benefits in the form of reduced HCEs. Combined with the other benefits such as recreational values, investments in environmental protection probably yield net social benefits. Secondly, health policy that excludes consideration of environmental quality may eventually result in increased expenditures. These results suggest a need to broaden the cost containment debate to ensure environmental determinants of health receive attention as potential complements to conventional cost control policies.
Measurement of Corticosterone Metabolites in Birds' Droppings: An Analytical Approach

Abstract: Fecal steroid analyses are becoming increasingly popular among both field and laboratory scientists. The benefits associated with sampling procedures that do not require restraint, anesthesia, and blood collection include less risk to subject and investigator, as well as the potential to obtain endocrine profiles that are not influenced by the sampling procedure itself. In the feces, a species‐specific pattern of metabolites is present, because glucocorticoids are extensively metabolized. Therefore, selection of adequate extraction procedures and immunoassays for measuring the relevant metabolites is a serious issue. In this review, emphasis is placed on the establishment and analytical validation of methods to measure glucocorticoid metabolites for a noninvasive evaluation of adrenocortical activity in droppings of birds.
The Role of Hedonic Methods in Measuring Real GDP in the United States

Accurate price indexes are crucial for preparing accurate estimates of real gross domestic product and corresponding productivity measures. The price index must capture price change for a ‘relevant’ market basket goods, while at the same time controlling for changes in characteristics and/or quality of these goods. Traditional price indexes (i.e. ‘matched model’) are well suited to capturing price change for goods that exhibit little or no quality change over time, however, for products whose characteristics and/or quality are changing rapidly (e.g. ICT goods), hedonic methods may be more suitable. This paper provides a brief history of hedonic methods employed by U.S. statistical agencies and specifically examines the role of hedonic price indexes in the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts. It also attempts to dispel some popular misconceptions about hedonic methods.
Systems Competition and Network Effects

This paper discusses firm behavior, market performance, and the public and private institutions that arise in systems markets, i.e., markets where consumers use compatible components together to generate benefits. In such markets, which include communications networks and 'hardware/software' networks, popular products are inherently more valuable. These 'network effects' can drive corporate strategies and are critical in understanding innovation in many high-technology markets. The discussion here emphasizes the dynamics of consumer adoption decisions in the presence of network effects, competition between incompatible systems, and how suppliers choose which components are compatible and which are not.
A new approach for near-lossless and lossless image compression with Bayer color filter arrays

This paper presents a new approach for near-lossless and lossless image compression in digital colorful image sensors with Bayer color filter arrays (CFAs). In this approach, the captured CFA raw data is firstly transformed from quincunx shape to rectangular shape and then smoothed by a low-pass filter. Lastly, the filtered data are compressed directly before full color than conventional interpolation-first image compression methods and other existing similar compression-first methods. Furthermore, through altering the quality control factor, the image quality, PSNR, can be changed from 44.15 dB to infinite with the compression ratio from averagely 3.3 bits/pixel to 6.9 bits/pixel.
Antibodies to MHC Class I Induce Autoimmunity: Role in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Rejection1

Alloimmunity to mismatched donor HLA-Ags and autoimmunity to self-Ags have been hypothesized to play an important role in immunopathogenesis of chronic rejection of transplanted organs. However, it is not known what role, if any, alloimmune response plays in inducing autoimmunity. To test whether Ab-developed posttransplantation to mismatched donor MHC induces autoimmunity and chronic rejection, we developed a murine model wherein anti-MHC class I Abs or control (C1.18.4/anti-keratin) were administered intrabronchially into native lungs. Animals receiving anti-MHC class I, but not control Abs, developed marked cellular infiltration around vessels and bronchiole of lung by day 15, followed by epithelial hyperplasia, fibrosis, and occlusion of the distal airways similar to chronic rejection following human lung transplantation. Lungs of mice receiving anti-MHC class I showed increased expression of chemokines, their receptors, and growth factors, and induced IL-17 as well as de novo Abs to self-Ags, K-α1 tubulin, and collagen V. IL-17 neutralization by anti-IL-17 resulted in reduction of autoantibody and lesions induced by anti-MHC class I Abs. Thus, our results indicate that Abs to donor MHC can induce autoimmunity, mediated by IL-17, which plays a pivotal role in chronic rejection postlung transplantation. Therefore, approaches to prevent autoimmunity should be considered for the treatment of chronic rejection postlung transplantation.
Vision-Based Fingertip Tracking Utilizing Curvature Points Clustering and Hash Model Representation

Fingertip tracking plays an increasingly important role in augmented reality and virtual-reality applications. However, existing approaches (either continuous-detection-based or separated-detection-tracking-based methods) cannot effectively learn temporal-spatial information or even separate fingertip tracking into unrelated stages, which causes poor real-time performance and incomplete tracking continuity. Moreover, due to the need for high-cost devices, the high degrees of freedom of the hand, and subtle differences among fingers, fingertip tracking remains a challenging task. To address these problems, we propose a novel tracking-combined-with-detection approach for vision-based fingertip tracking. By adopting clustering and geometric constraint analysis, we develop a curvature points clustering method for fingertip detection. Then, by exploiting the identified fingertip points for motion estimation with bidirectional optical flows and temporal-spatial probability calculation, the tracking stage is effectively integrated with the detection stage. To accurately locate the fingertip, we represent the fingertip model with a perceptual hash sequence and locate the fingertip by searching for the best-matching region. Extensive experimental results show the superiority of the proposed algorithm to commonly used and state-of-the-art methods and demonstrate its effectiveness and practicability.
On the Origin of Species by Natural and Sexual Selection

, 1701 (2009); 326 Science et al. Aljaz Ule, Strangers Indirect Punishment and Generosity Toward www.sciencemag. org (this information is current as of December 29, 2009 ): The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/326/5960/1701 version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/326/5960/1701/DC1 can be found at: Supporting Online Material http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/326/5960/1701#otherarticles , 9 of which can be accessed for free: cites 26 articles This article http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection/psychology Psychology http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection/economics Economics : subject collections This article appears in the following
Dendrimer for Templating the Growth of Porous Catechol-Coordinated Titanium Dioxide Frameworks: Toward Hemocompatible Nanomaterials

Phosphorus dendrimers and nanosized metal oxide clusters are two dissimilar nanomaterials with promising applications in nanomedicine. Although outstanding holistic properties can be reached by the combination of organic and inorganic phases, few investigations were strikingly undertaken to associate these building blocks in a single nanostructured, open-framework hybrid material. With this aim, we designed herein five novel different generations of catechol-terminated phosphorus dendrimers (DGn: n = 1–5) and used them as structure-directing agents for titanium alkoxide mineralization. The covalent bonding occurring between peripheral catechols and soluble titanium oxo species and their further sol–gel cocondensation afford bimodal micromesoporous catechol-coordinated titanium dioxide nanomaterials. Their interplay with cells was assessed with a special emphasis on their hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity. Interestingly, enhanced biocompatibility was observed for these materials compared to their hybrid .
In vivo Experimental Models to Investigate EMF Effects on Bone

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have long been investigated as both a source of health concern and a possible therapeutic tool for several disease conditions, including bone loss and bone regenerative needs. A broad literature is available on the effects of EMFs on bone, both with clinical and pre-clinical models, but the great heterogeneity of settings, delivery modalities and results are a potent reminder of the lack of consensus that is still surrounding this technology and marring its clinical applications. The present review therefore assessed the available animal studies that investigated the effects of sinusoidal and pulsed EMFs to treat bone conditions or to improve bone healing under different experimental conditions, to identify possible areas where future research should focus to fill the knowledge gaps that still impair the clinical use of EMFs.
Surface Modification of Photoresist SU-8 for Low Autofluorescence and Bioanalytical Applications

This paper reports a surface modification of epoxy-based negative photoresist SU-8 for reducing its autofluorescence while enhancing its biofunctionality. By covalently depositing a thin layer of 20 nm Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the SU-8 surface, we found that the AuNPs-coated SU-8 surface is much less fluorescent than the untreated SU-8. Moreover, DNA probes can easily be immobilized on the Au surface and are thermally stable over a wide range of temperature. These improvements will benefit bioanalytical applications such as DNA hybridization and solid-phase PCR (SP-PCR).
Output Tracking Problem of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with High-Order Nonlinearities

This study addresses the problem of global practical output tracking by state feedback for a class of high-order non-linear systems with more general uncertainties, to which the existing control methods are inapplicable. By introducing sign function and necessarily modifying the method of adding a power integrator, a continuous state feedback controller is successfully constructed to guarantee the tracking error achieve arbitrarily small.
Does exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the clinical features of ADHD? Results from a controlled study

Objectives. Exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy may be a significant risk factor for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) independently of family history of ADHD. The main aim of this study was to examine whether the clinical profile of ADHD differs between children with and without exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Methods. This was a case–control study of boys and girls with and without ADHD ascertained from psychiatric and paediatric sources. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was defined by interviews with subjects’ mothers. Main outcome measures were ADHD symptoms and associated clinical features in children with and without exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Results. No significant differences were found between ADHD children with and without exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy on clinical characteristics. When these analyses were repeated in the subgroup of subjects without parental history of ADHD, there were also no statistically significant differences found. Conclusions. Despite adequate statistical power, no significant differences were found between ADHD children with and without exposure in the clinical features of ADHD and associated disorders. Results provide support for the notion that ADHD cases resulting from exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy have similar clinical profiles as other ADHD cases.
Effects of an Exercise Test on Inflammation and 
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with 
Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by an increase in oxidative stress and chroniclow-grade inflammation. The effects of an exercise test at 60–70% of the maximum capacity wasevaluated on inflammatory and antioxidant response in elderly people suffering from metabolicsyndrome. Exercise induced significant increases in plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines andmalondialdehyde. The expression of these cytokines and antioxidant enzymes were also increasedin peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor alphawere unchanged. In conclusion, the exercise test induces a situation of oxidative stress thatpromotes the activation of a proinflammatory cytokine cascade.
VARIATIONS IN THE STAR FORMATION EFFICIENCY OF THE DENSE MOLECULAR GAS ACROSS THE DISKS OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES

We present a new survey of HCN(1–0) emission, a tracer of dense molecular gas, focused on the little-explored regime of normal star-forming galaxy disks. Combining HCN, CO, and infrared (IR) emission, we investigate the role of dense gas in star formation, finding systematic variations in both the apparent dense gas fraction (traced by the HCN-to-CO ratio) and the apparent star formation efficiency of dense gas (traced by the IR-to-HCN ratio). The latter may be unexpected, given the recent popularity of gas density threshold models to explain star formation scaling relations. Our survey used the IRAM 30 m telescope to observe HCN(1–0), CO(1–0), and several other emission lines across 29 nearby disk galaxies whose CO(2–1) emission has previously been mapped by the HERACLES survey. We detected HCN in 48 out of 62 observed positions. Because our observations achieve a typical resolution of ∼1.5 kpc and span a range of galaxies and galactocentric radii (56% lie at r gal > 1 ? > kpc), we are able to investigate the properties of the dense gas as a function of local conditions in a galaxy disk. We focus on how the ratios IR-to-CO, HCN-to-CO, and IR-to-HCN (observational cognates of the star formation efficiency, dense gas fraction, and dense gas star formation efficiency) depend on the stellar surface density, &Sgr; star ? > , and the molecular-to-atomic gas ratio, &Sgr; mol / &Sgr; atom ? > . The HCN-to-CO ratio is low, often ∼1/30, and correlates tightly with both the molecular-to-atomic ratio and the stellar mass surface density across a range of 2.1 dex (factor of ≈125) in both parameters. Thus for the assumption of fixed CO-to-H2 and HCN-to-dense gas conversion factors, the dense gas fraction depends strongly on location in the disk, being higher in the high surface density, highly molecular parts of galaxies. At the same time, the IR-to-HCN ratio (closely related to the star formation efficiency of dense molecular gas) decreases systematically with these same parameters and is ∼6–8 times lower near galaxy centers than in the outer regions of the galaxy disks. For fixed conversion factors, these results are incompatible with a simple model in which star formation depends only on the amount of gas mass above some density threshold. Moreover, only a very specific set of environment-dependent conversion factors can render our observations compatible with such a model. Whole cloud models, such as the theory of turbulence regulated star formation, do a better job of matching our observations. We explore one such model in which variations in the Mach number drive many of the trends within galaxy disks, while density contrasts drive the differences between disk and merging galaxies.