Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using tensorial electrical resistivity survey to locate fault systems

This paper deals with the use of the tensorial resistivity method for fault orientation and macroanisotropy characterization. The rotational properties of the apparent resistivity tensor are presented using 3D synthetic models representing structures with a dominant direction of low resistivity and vertical discontinuities. It is demonstrated that polar diagrams of the elements of the tensor are effective in delineating those structures. As the apparent resistivity tensor shows great inefficacy in investigating the depth of the structures, it is advised to accomplish tensorial surveys with the application of other geophysical methods. An experimental example, including tensorial, dipole–dipole and time domain surveys, is presented to illustrate the potentiality of the method. The dipole–dipole model shows high-resistivity contrasts which were interpreted as corresponding to faults crossing the area. The results from the time domain electromagnetic (TEM) sounding show high-resistivity values till depths of 40–60 m at the north part of the area. In the southern part of the survey area the soundings show an upper layer with low-resistivity values (around 30 Ω m) followed by a more resistive bedrock (resistivity >100 Ω m) at a depth ranging from 15 to 30 m. The soundings in the central part of the survey area show more variability. A thin conductive overburden is followed by a more resistive layer with resistivity in the range of 80–1800 Ω m. The north and south limits of the central part of the area as revealed by TEM survey are roughly E–W oriented and coincident with the north fault scarp and the southernmost fault detected by the dipole–dipole survey. The pattern of the polar diagrams calculated from tensorial resistivity data clearly indicates the presence of a contact between two blocks at south of the survey area with the low-resistivity block located southwards. The presence of other two faults is not so clear from the polar diagram patterns, but their location can be afforded combining tensorial, dipole–dipole and TEM results.
Different Roles of Functional and Structural Renal Markers Measured at Discontinuation of Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury

Introduction: Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) has been associated with an unacceptably high mortality of 50% or more. Successful discontinuation of RRT is thought to be linked to better outcomes. Although functional and structural renal markers have been evaluated in AKI, little is known about their roles in predicting outcomes at the time of RRT discontinuation. Methods: In this prospective single-center cohort study, we analyzed patients who received continuous RRT (CRRT) for AKI between August 2016 and March 2018 in the intensive care unit of the University of Tokyo Hospital (Tokyo, Japan). Clinical parameters and urine samples were obtained at CRRT discontinuation. Successful CRRT discontinuation was defined as neither resuming CRRT for 48 h nor receiving intermittent hemodialysis for 7 days from the CRRT termination. Major adverse kidney events (MAKEs) were defined as death, requirement for dialysis, or a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 25% from the baseline at day 90. Results: Of 73 patients, who received CRRT for AKI, 59 successfully discontinued CRRT and 14 could not. Kinetic eGFR, urine volume, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and urinary L-type fatty acid binding protein were predictive for CRRT discontinuation. Of these factors, urine volume had the highest area under the curve (AUC) 0.91 with 95% confidence interval [0.80–0.96] for successful CRRT discontinuation. For predicting MAKEs at day 90, the urinary NGAL showed the highest AUC 0.76 [0.62–0.86], whereas kinetic eGFR and urine volume failed to show statistical significance (AUC 0.49 [0.35–0.63] and AUC 0.59 [0.44–0.73], respectively). Conclusions: Our prospective study confirmed that urine volume, a functional renal marker, predicted successful discontinuation of RRT and that urinary NGAL, a structural renal marker, predicted long-term renal outcomes. These observations suggest that the functional and structural renal makers play different roles in predicting the outcomes of severe AKI requiring RRT.
Analyse microtectonique des déformations cassantes dans le Bassin de Mons. Reconstruction des paléo-champs de contrainte au Crétacé-Tertiaire.

L'etude microtectonique des structures cassantes des craies et calcarenites de la partie centrale du Bassin de Mons, a permis de mettre en evidence la succession des etats de paleo-contrainte au cours du Cretace superieur et du Tertiaire. Ainsi, ont ete reconnus avec une excellente coherence:- au Wealdien, une extension N-S (failles normales E-W), peut-etre liee a une dynamique karstique,- au Campanien superieur, une extension NW-SE (failles normales NE-SW),- au Maastrichtien inferieur, des decrochements dextres E-W (extension NE-SW et compression NW-SE) ainsi qu'un systeme de failles normales N130°-N140° et N160°-N170° (extension NE-SW),- au Cretace terminal et au Tertiaire post-Danien, une extension NE-SW(failles normales N120°-N140°). Le mouvement dextre de la Zone de Cisaillement Nord-Artois au Maastrichtien inferieur est clairement etabli dans le Bassin de Mons.
Error and attack tolerance of complex networks

consequence of nonlinear gravitational processes if the initial conditions are gaussian, and is a potentially powerful signature to exploit in statistical tests of this class of models; see Fig. 1. The information needed to fully specify a non-gaussian field (or, in a wider context, the information needed to define an image 8) resides in the complete set of Fourier phases. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about the behaviour of Fourier phases in the nonlinear regime of gravitational clustering 9–14 , but it is essential to understand phase correlations in order to design efficient statistical tools for the analysis of clustering data. A first step on the road to a useful quantitative description of phase information is to represent it visually. We do this using colour, as shown in Fig. 2. To view the phase coupling in an N-body simulation, we Fourier-transform the density field; this produces a complex array containing the real (R) and imaginary (I) parts of the transformed 'image', with the pixels in this array labelled by wavenumber k rather than position x. The phase for each wavenumber, given by f ¼ arctanðI=RÞ, is then represented as a hue for that pixel. The rich pattern of phase information revealed by this method (see Fig. 3) can be quantified, and related to the gravitational dynamics of its origin. For example, in our analysis of phase coupling 5 we introduced a quantity D k : D k ϵ f kþ1 Ϫ f k ð4Þ This quantity measures the difference in phase of modes with neighbouring wavenumbers in one dimension. We refer to D k as the phase gradient. To apply this idea to a two-dimensional simulation, we simply calculate gradients in the x and y directions independently. Because the difference between two circular random variables is itself a circular random variable, the distribution of D k should initially be uniform. As the fluctuations evolve waves begin to collapse, spawning higher-frequency modes in phase with the original 15. These then interact with other waves to produce the non-uniform distribution of D k seen in Fig. 3. It is necessary to develop quantitative measures of phase information that can describe the structure displayed in the colour representations. In the beginning, the phases f k are random and so are the D k obtained from them. This corresponds to a state of minimal information, or in other words, maximum entropy. As information flows …
A Geophysical Study of the Mount Etna Volcanic Area

A geophysical model of the Mt. Etna volcanic area (Sicily, Italy) is outlined by an integrated analysis of gravity, geoelectrical, magnetotelluric and seismic data. New 3D tomography and visualization systems are applied in order to extract the maximum information and to define, connect and assemble structures and related physical properties. All geophysical methods concur to single out a dense, rigid and resistive structure in the central part of the study area, about 10 km long in E-W direction, about 4 km wide in N-S direction and extending from near surface down to about 30 km of depth. The resistivity pattern shows also two conductive zones on both sides of the E-W barrier, in the depth range 15-30 km. Resistivities of a few Qm and a few tens Qm are estimated in the southern and northern conductive zone, respectively. A non-uniform feeding system is thus assumed to exist, instead of the ellipsoid-like uniform magma reservoir previously deduced from regional seismological data in the depth range 15-25 km. Moreover, the comparison with seismic tomographies from local earthquakes allows a central high velocity nucleus to be distinguished inside the upper portion of the resistive barrier, which is thus ascribed to a system of compact dikes tending to become highly fractured along the western and eastern edges. Finally, the impedivity analysis gives no support to the existence of any permanent shallower magma chambers, contributing, instead, to argue the presence of a plumbing system hydrothermally altered at medium-to-low temperatures.
Use of historical data in flood-frequency analysis

A flood-frequency study for the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pa. , involved the use of both historical and recent flood data. The historical data started in 1786 and covered all flood peaks above a stage of 18.0 ft or approximately 340,000 cfs. The continuous record began in 1874. The use of hitherto available techniques for combining the historical with recent data was found to give inconsistent results. Analysis showed that in plotting points for the purpose of drawing a frequency curve, consistent results could be obtained only if all points were based on the same period of record. It was known that all the missing years of record since 1786 had annual peak floods of less than 340,000 cfs. It was assumed that the same distribution of peak floods below 340,000 cfs occurred during these years as is known to have occurred during those years in the recent period. The method of computation involved an adjusting of order numbers for all items below 340,000 cfs. The result is a consistent set of points and a well-defined frequency curve.
The Long-Term Hydrographic Record at Bermuda

Abstract A long, by oceanographic standards, time series of hydrographic observations at Bermuda was begun in 1954 and continues to the present. Analysis of this dataset has shown the temperature and salinity variations on interannual timescales to be largely independent in the surface layer (0–200 dbar), where integral timescales for salinity are 50% longer than for temperature and surface salinity changes are correlated with decadal changes in the 18°C Water production. Temperature/salinity anomalies are highly correlated in the thermocline where the interannual variability at that level is accountable to either vertical oscillations of the thermocline with amplitudes of ±50 m or meridional oscillations of the horizontal gradient set up at the southern edge of the recirculation gyre of ±300 kim. Salinity changes in the deepest layer observed at Bermuda station “S” (1500–2500 dbar) are uncorrelated with temperature, masked by measurement errors in the early years of the time series. Inclusion of earlier .
Variation with Depth in Shallow and Deep Water Marine Sediments of Porosity, Density and the Velocities of Compressional and Shear Waves

In a study of the dependence of the velocity of compressional waves in marine sediments upon the thickness of overburden, the velocity‐depth relationship in shelf sediments is shown to be distinctly different from that in deep basin sediments. The difference between the two cases may be illustrated by comparing the straight lines that best represent the data. These are V=1.70Z+1.70, shallow water, V=0.43Z+1.83, deep water where V is in km/sec and Z is in kilometers. Shallow and deep water are defined arbitrarily to be under 100 fathoms and over 1,500 fathoms respectively. The observed variation of average compressional velocity in the shallow and deep water sediments, taken together with the known limited range of variation of velocity for a given porosity, yields limits in turn upon the porosity‐depth dependence in the two environments. It is shown that at the same depth of overburden porosity is much greater in deep water sediments than in shallow. A physical argument is presented to show that there is .
Shallow crustal structure from short-period Rayleigh-wave dispersion data in southwestern Taiwan

Strong ground motions in the period range of 1 to 5 sec observed in Taiwan in a dense network during the Tapu earthquake (ML = 5.8) of 15 December 1993 were dominated by fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves. The shallow crustal structure beneath this network was determined from the group velocity dispersion data using standard inversion techniques. Results show that an alluvial layer with a thickness of only about 160 m exists over the sedimentary structure in the western coastal plain. A clear lateral variation in the shear-wave velocity along a cross section perpendicular to the western structural grain (Ho, 1982) was resolved. For the purpose of retrieving the ground motions to confirm the proposed model, forward modeling with a two-dimensional finite-element method was used and agreed well with the observed seismograms when slightly lower velocities than those of the inversions were used. It is concluded that the velocity model estimated using group velocity data cannot definitively correspond to the real one at such short distances and in such a complex structure. On the basis of quantitative simulations, a very soft surface layer must be crucial in the interpretation of the slow wave trains with long duration and the rare prograde particle motions. The results suggest that these surface waves may be generated by the conversion of body waves at the boundary of the western coastal plain and foothills.
Stresses in the Vanuatu subducting slab: A test of two hypotheses

Stress inversions of intermediate‐depth focal mechanisms in Vanuatu were used to test two hypotheses: that the slab acts as a stress guide and whether intermediate‐focus earthquakes occur on preexisting faults. Although the strike of the Vanuatu slab varies by over 70°, the maximum compression σ1 is everywhere slab normal and the least compression σ3 is everywhere within the plane of the slab. This provides strong confirmation of the stress guide hypothesis. In the depth range 61–120 km, the solution space for σ3 forms a girdle pattern in the plane of the slab, indicating bi‐axial tension. This gradually changes to down‐dip tension at greater depth. We find that preexisting faults may become reactivated by intermediate depth earthquakes but only when the slab stresses favor it: Otherwise new faults are formed. This contradicts the idea that the mechanism of intermediate focus earthquakes requires serpentinite dehydration on preexisting faults.
Acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory activity of Iranian plants: Combined HPLC/bioassay-guided fractionation, molecular networking and docking strategies for the dereplication of active compounds

Publication Details Citation Abbas-Mohammadi, M. , Moridi Farimani, M. , Salehi, P., Nejad, S. , Sonboli, A. , Kelso, C. , & Skropeta, D. (2018). Acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory activity of Iranian plants: Combined HPLC/bioassay-guided fractionation, molecular networking and docking strategies for the dereplication of active compounds. Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health Papers: Part B. Retrieved from https://ro.uow. edu.au/ smhpapers1/89
Testing a Method-of-Characteristics Model of Three-Dimensional Solute Transport in Ground Water

A new three-dimensional model of solute transport in ground water that is based on a widely-used two-dimensional method-of-characteristics model, and that is coupled to a modular finite-difference flow model is under development. The model's accuracy for ideal aquifers having homogeneous properties, uniform boundary conditions, and steady flow along a grid direction is demonstrated by comparison with conventional analytical solutions. The effect of spatially and temporally variable flow velocities is investigated by comparison with special analytical solutions. To test the performance of the model for typical hydrogeologic conditions, we compare results with those from other models as well as to results from the same model using smaller grid spacings and time steps. This model generally provides accurate results for realistic simulations, and is particularly efficient for advection-dominated transport.
Supraglacial Stream Dynamics on the Juneau Icefield

ABSTRACT Measurements of discharge, reach morphology, and cross-section morphology in supraglacial streams on the Juneau Icefield reveal controlling variables that have analogous counterparts in alluvial streams. Downward sky radiation imparts a strong diurnal pattern to supraglacial runoff generated by saturated slush flows, precipitation and melting, channel erossion, and spillover from water-filled moulins, crevasses, and supraglacial lakes. Supraglacial streams are generated when runoff is concentrated on glacier slopes and rates of incision exceed rates of glacier surface ablation. Streams leave the surface via moulins and crevasses where the water becomes part of the englacial and subglacial drainage systems. Meander systems develop and migrate downstream, driven by thermal erosion with heat supplied by climatic and hydrologic sources. Sinuosity attains a maximum value, in the absence of other roughness factors, when high stream power is imposed from an adjacent upstream reach. Form-process relation.
On the Mechanical Work Absorbed on Faults During Earthquake Ruptures

In this paper we attempt to reconcile a theoretical understanding of the earthquake energy balance with current geologic understanding of fault zones, with seismological estimates of fracture energy on faults, and with geological measurements of surface energy in fault gouges. In particular, we discuss the mechanical work absorbed on the fault plane during the propagation of a dynamic earthquake rupture. We show that, for realistic fault zone models, all the mechanical work is converted in frictional work defined as the irreversible work against frictional stresses. We note that the γ eff of Kostrov and Das (1988) is zero for cracks lacking stress singularities, and thus does not contribute to the work done on real faults. Fault shear tractions and slip velocities inferred seismologically are phenomenological variables at the macroscopic scale. We define the macroscopic frictional work and we discuss how it is partitioned into surface energy and heat (the latter includes real heat as well as plastic deformation and the radiation damping of Kostrov and Das). Tinti et al. (2005) defined and measured breakdown work for recent earthquakes, which is the excess of work over some minimum stress level associated with the dynamic fault weakening. The comparison between geologic measurements of surface energy and breakdown work revealed that 1-10% of breakdown work went into the creation of fresh fracture surfaces (surface energy) in large earthquakes, and the remainder went into heat. We also point out that in a realistic fault zone model the transition between heat and surface energy can lie anywhere below the slip weakening curve.
Land cover change as an additional forcing to explain the rainfall decline in the south west of Australia

A fully coupled climate model forced with natural and anthropogenic atmospheric forcings is used to investigate the rainfall decline in the south west of Australia. Results are compared between experiments with two different land covers. We found that vegetation cover affects modelled rainfall in the region and enhances the model response to anthropogenic atmospheric forcings, which were found in a previous study to explain part of the observed rainfall decline. This result is observed directly in model rainfall and using a statistical downscaling technique which relates local rainfall to mean sea level pressure and large‐scale rainfall. While the rainfall response to anthropogenic forcings is driven mostly by the changes in pressure, the land cover influences directly the modelled rainfall (large‐scale and total) and thus indirectly the downscaled rainfall.
Calculating the Ocean’s Mean Dynamic Topography from a Mean Sea Surface and a Geoid

In principle the global mean geostrophic surface circulation of the ocean can be diagnosed by subtracting a geoid from a mean sea surface (MSS). However, because the resulting mean dynamic topography (MDT) is approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than either of the constituent surfaces, and because the geoid is most naturally expressed as a spectral model while the MSS is a gridded product, in practice complications arise. Two algorithms for combining MSS and satellite-derived geoid data to determine the ocean’s mean dynamic topography (MDT) are considered in this paper: a pointwise approach, whereby the gridded geoid height field is subtracted from the gridded MSS; and a spectral approach, whereby the spherical harmonic coefficients of the geoid are subtracted from an equivalent set of coefficients representing the MSS, from which the gridded MDT is then obtained. The essential difference is that with the latter approach the MSS is truncated, a form of filtering, just as with the geoid. This ensures that errors of omission resulting from the truncation of the geoid, which are small in comparison to the geoid but large in comparison to the MDT, are matched, and therefore negated, by similar errors of omission in the MSS. The MDTs produced by both methods require additional filtering. However, the spectral MDT requires less filtering to remove noise, and therefore it retains more oceanographic information than its pointwise equivalent. The spectral method also results in a more realistic MDT at coastlines.
Two-facies interpretation of the basal layer of the Greenland ice sheet contributes to a unified model of basal ice formation

Two exposures of basal ice in Alaska and Greenland, which have previously provided the basis for contrasting models of basal-ice development, are in fact directly comparable. Reinterpretation of previous field descriptions, combined with new structural and sedimentological data from West Greenland, facilitates a simple unification of previous models of basal-ice development and a common terminology for the field description of basal-ice sequences. The stratigraphy of the basal-ice sequence at any site indicates the subglacial conditions and processes operating up-glacier of that site. Presented here are interpretations of the major sequence types.
Agricultural Ecology

Cultural adaptation ! How weather and climate probably exert the greatest influence on different forms of agriculture ! Cultivation of frost-sensitive crops is very expensive outside tropical areas ! Plantation agriculture thrives because it produces cash crops wanted by people in the middle latitudes where the crops cannot grow ! Market gardening in the southern and southwestern United States provides citrus fruits, winter vegetables, and other crops to the urban markets of the Northeast