Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vector Calculus in Three Dimensions

In these notes we review the fundamentals of three-dimensional vector calculus. We will be surveying calculus on curves, surfaces and solid bodies in three-dimensional space. The three methods of integration — line, surface and volume (triple) integrals — and the fundamental vector differential operators — gradient, curl and divergence — are intimately related. The differential operators and integrals underlie the multivariate versions of the fundamental theorem of calculus, known as Stokes’ Theorem and the Divergence Theorem. A more detailed development can be found in any reasonable multi-variable calculus text, including [1,6, 9].
Improved LAS detector in the iterative large MIMO systems with LDPC codes

In this paper, low complexity iterative detection and decoding algorithms applied in large MIMO systems are considered. We propose an iterative scheme consists of likelihood ascent search (LAS) detection and low density parity check (LDPC) decoder in the uplink of large MIMO systems. During the iterative process, the check candidate set of LAS detector is decided by the feedback extrinsic information of the LDPC decoder. The feedback extrinsic information can be enlarged when the output codeword satisfies the parity-check equations, which can further improve the performance. Through simulation results we can see the proposed scheme achieves approximately 0.6dB gain compared with direct iterative scheme. When compared with MMSE-LDPC iterative scheme, the BER performance is only 0.2dB worse with the complexity much lower.
Evolution of Antennapedia-class homeobox genes.

Antennapedia (Antp)-class homeobox genes are involved in the determination of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal embryo. A phylogenetic analysis of Antp-class homeodomains of the nematode, Drosophila, amphioxus, mouse, and human indicates that the 13 cognate group genes of this gene family can be divided into two major groups, i.e., groups I and II. Group I genes can further be divided into subgroups A (cognate groups 1-2), B (cognate group 3), and C (cognate groups 4-8), and group II genes can be divided into subgroups D (cognate groups 9-10) and E (cognate groups 11-13), though this classification is somewhat ambiguous. Evolutionary distances among different amino acid sequences suggest that the divergence between group I and group II genes occurred approximately 1000 million years (MY) ago, and the five different subgroups were formed by approximately 600 MY ago, probably before the divergence of Pseudocoelomates (e.g., nematodes) and Coelomates (e.g., insects and chordates). Our results show that the genes that are phylogenetically close are also closely located in the chromosome, suggesting that the colinearity between the gene expression and gene arrangement was generated by successive tandem gene duplications and that the gene arrangement has been maintained by some sort of selection.
Analysis and design of resonant inverter for ozone generation

This article analyzes a resonant inverter to feed an ozone cell. The resonant inverter consists of a full bridge and a resonant tank to generate a high frequency sine wave. The article proposes the study of three resonant tanks in order to determine which has the greatest gain in current and voltage. The resonant tanks to be analyzed are the resonant tank RSE series, parallel resonant tank transformer PRT and the series resonant tank transformer SERT. It was determined that the tank SERT has better characteristics for use in cells ozone, the design have shown that the load has little effect on the resonance frequency allowing various types of cells ozone.
Data Mining in Macroeconomic Data Sets

National Economic Input-Output (EIO) data describes the monetary transactions among economic sectors. The monetary transactions among these sectors form a weighted bi-directional network from a supply sector to a demand sector and the weight is equivalent to the transaction value between them. In this research, we study the properties of this network and identify patterns of inter-sector dependence evolution by investigating the historical EIO data over the years 1947-1982. Here we make the following contributions: The first is the discovery that economic transactions (the distribution of the weight) are highly skewed, but follow the double Pareto-lognormal distribution (dPlN). The second contribution is the design of a new method, " Multiple Steps of Pattern REcognition in skewed DAta " (M-SPREAD) which identifies patterns and clusters despite the skewness of the data set. We applied our methods on the EIO data and we found interesting and explainable patterns, such as correlations among sectors, various evolution patterns within different transaction scales, outlier sectors and outlier time-stamps. The US Economic Input-Output (EIO) accounts [11] show how industries provide input to, and use output from, other industries to produce Gross Domestic Product (GDP). These accounts provide detailed information on the flows of the goods and services of industries in US dollars, such as the purchase of coal from the coal mining sector by the power generation sector. Graphically, these sectors form a weighted bi-directional network through the economic transactions between them. Individual sectors become the vertices of the network; the edges are generated by the economic transaction relationships from the supply sector to the demand sector. The weight of the edges is measured by the dollar amount of monetary transactions between them. Figure 1 shows an example of part of the economy network composed by three economic sectors and the amount of transactions between each pair of them. Learning the web properties of the economy network, including the web structure, the distribution of the size of transactions as well as the evolution of the network can benefit the understanding of the formation and movement of the interconnections among these sectors and is therefore helpful for the prediction of the change of the economic system in the future. Monetary connections and commodity supply demand transactions determine the interdependence among economic sectors. The existence of supply-demand connections makes the dysfunction of one economic sector jeopardize for the normal operation of the other sector. The disruption of any …
Smooth Approximation of L_infinity-Norm for Multi-view Geometry

Recently the $L_\infty$-norm optimization has been introduced to multi-view geometry to achieve global optimality. It is solved through solving a sequence of SOCP (second order cone programming) feasibility problems which needs sophisticated solvers and time consuming. This paper presents an efficient smooth approximation of $L_\infty$-norm optimization in multi-view geometry using log-sum-exp functions. We have proven that the proposed approximation is pseudo-convex with the property of uniform convergence. This allows us to solve the problem using gradient based algorithms such as gradient descent to overcome the non-differentiable property of $L_\infty$ norm. Experiments on both synthetic and real image sequence have shown that the proposed algorithm achieves high precision and also significantly speeds up the implementation.
Analysis of the role of the planetary boundary layer schemes during a severe convective storm

Abstract. The role played by planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the development and evolution of a severe convective storm is studied by means of meso-scale modeling and surface and upper air observations. The severe convective precipitation event that occurred on 14 September 1999 in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula was simulated by means of the mesoscale model MM5 (version 3) using three different PBL schemes. The numerical results show a large impact of the PBL schemes on the precipitation fields associated to the convective storm. The schemes are based on different physical assumptions: the nonlocal first order Medium-Range Forecast (MRF) and Blackadar (BLA) scheme and the local, one-and-a-half order ETA scheme. Surface and radar observations are used to validate the model results. The comparison focuses on three aspects: the evolution, the spatial distribution and the 24-h accumulated precipitation. The comparison with rain gauge observations shows that the MRF, BLA and ETA schemes predicted most of the precipitation during the morning, whereas the rain gauge stations recorded rainfall during the evening. The evaluation performed with the radar data shows that all three numerical simulations produced a realistic spatial accumulated precipitation distribution. According to the quantity distribution, all three numerical simulations were able to predict precipitation quantities comparable to the rain gauge measurements. The MRF scheme predicted the largest average accumulated precipitation and the largest average precipitation rate, whereas the ETA scheme predicted the smallest accumulated precipitation and average precipitation rate. However, the ETA scheme yielded the highest extreme precipitation rates. The performance of the three schemes is analyzed in terms of the vertical distribution of potential temperature, specific humidity and conserved variables, like equivalent potential temperature and total water content. The MRF scheme showed more evidence of enhanced mixing than did the other schemes. Due to this process, more moisture was more efficiently transported to the free atmosphere. Consequently, the MRF scheme predicts more widespread precipitation. Furthermore, the enhanced mixing led to a less sharp capping inversion. However, the stronger inversion resulting from suppressed mixing processes in the case of the ETA scheme yielded higher values of convective available potential energy (CAPE) than did the other two schemes. Consequently, the more extreme precipitation rates are simulated by MM5 when the ETA scheme is used.
A framework for the integration of user centered design and agile software development processes

Agile and user centered design integration (AUCDI) is of significant interest to researchers who want to achieve synergy and eliminate limitations of each. Currently, there are no clear principles or guidelines for practitioners to achieve successful integration. In addition, substantial differences exist between agile and UCD approaches which pose challenges to integration attempts. As a result, practitioners developed individual integration strategies. However, success evaluation of current AUCDI attempts has been anecdotal. Moreover, AUCDI attempts cannot be generalized to provide guidance and assistance to other projects or organizations with different needs. My thesis aims to provide a Software Process Improvement (SPI) framework for AUCDI by providing generic guidelines and practices for organizations aspiring to achieve AUCDI in order to address AUCDI challenges including: introducing systematicity and structure into AUCDI, assessing AUCDI processes, and accommodating project and organizational characteristics.
Model of Integrated Chance Constraints and Application on Risk Measure

Compared with chance constraints model, integrated chance constraints model has better property about feasible solution set and measures risk more accurately in economy control. In this paper, we introduce four definitions of ICC models, and discuss the properties including convexity, continuum and differentiability. Then we present a hybrid intelligent algorithm, which is test efficiently by numerical experiments. At last, as a new methord to measure risk, conditional valu-at risk is studied as the application of ICC. Mean-CVaR problem can be computed efficiently using our model and algorithm, which dramatically improves the portfolios of investment.
Grasping actions remap peripersonal space

The portion of space that closely surrounds our body parts is termed peripersonal space, and it has been shown to be represented in the brain through multisensory processing systems. Here, we tested whether voluntary actions, such as grasping an object, may remap such multisensory spatial representation. Participants discriminated touches on the hand they used to grasp an object containing task-irrelevant visual distractors. Compared with a static condition, reach-to-grasp movements increased the interference exerted by visual distractors over tactile targets. This remapping of multisensory space was triggered by action onset and further enhanced in real time during the early action execution phase. Additional experiments showed that this phenomenon is hand-centred. These results provide the first evidence of a functional link between voluntary object-oriented actions and multisensory coding of the space around us.
Haploinsufficiency of Activation-Induced Deaminase for Antibody Diversification and Chromosome Translocations both In Vitro and In Vivo

The humoral immune response critically relies on the secondary diversification of antibodies. This diversification takes places through somatic remodelling of the antibody genes by two molecular mechanisms, Class Switch Recombination (CSR) and Somatic Hypermutation (SHM). The enzyme Activation Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) initiates both SHM and CSR by deaminating cytosine residues on the DNA of immunoglobulin genes. While crucial for immunity, AID-catalysed deamination is also the triggering event for the generation of lymphomagenic chromosome translocations. To address whether restricting the levels of AID expression in vivo contributes to the regulation of its function, we analysed mice harbouring a single copy of the AID gene (AID+/−). AID+/− mice express roughly 50% of normal AID levels, and display a mild hyperplasia, reminiscent of AID deficient mice and humans. Moreover, we found that AID+/− cells have an impaired competence for CSR and SHM, which indicates that AID gene dose is limiting for its physiologic function. We next evaluated the impact of AID reduction in AID+/− mice on the generation of chromosome translocations. Our results show that the frequency of AID-promoted c-myc/IgH translocations is reduced in AID+/− mice, both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, AID is haploinsufficient for antibody diversification and chromosome translocations. These findings suggest that limiting the physiologic levels of AID expression can be a regulatory mechanism that ensures an optimal balance between immune proficiency and genome integrity.
Direct and indirect social robot interactions in a hotel public space

This paper presents a study using multiple robots with different socially interactive functionalities in a hotel public space. We analyzed the human attitude toward different styles of interactions with robots, and assessed the use of those robots. We conducted comparative experiments in different settings: (i) Two single robots, Palro and Nao, were used separately to detect the presence of guests and greet them, compared with the same function performed by a hotel-staff. (ii) Twin robots Gemini, as well as dual Naos, engaged in an informative conversation about the hotel, compared with a recorded video of the conversation being displayed on a TV set. In each case, the guest-behavior was studied by using three categories that define the level of a guest's attention. Several statistical significances were found from the results of experiments, which helped to understand the differences between using robot agents and common approaches in the hotel public space.
Bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy subjects and chronic lung disease: a bronchoscopic study.

In contrast to the healthy population, distal airway bacterial colonization may occur in patients with chronic lung diseases, who often have altered pulmonary defences. However, the information dealing with this issue is insufficient and is based mainly on nonspecific samples, such as sputum cultures. Using quantitative cultures of bronchoscopic protected specimen brush (PSB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, we studied the bacterial colonization of distal airways in 16 healthy subjects, 33 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, 18 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 17 with bronchiectasis, and 32 with a long-term tracheostomy due to laryngeal carcinoma. All patients were without exacerbation, and free from antibiotic treatment at least 1 month before the study protocol. Thresholds for quantitative cultures to define colonization were > or = 10(2) colony-forming units (cfu) x mL(-1) for PSB and > or = 10(3) cfu x mL(-1) for BAL. Only one healthy subject was colonized by a potential pathogenic microorganism (PPM) (Staphylococcus aureus 4x10(2) cfu x mL(-1) in a PSB culture). Colonization was observed in 14 (42%) bronchogenic carcinoma patients (19 non-PPMs, and 10 PPMs); in 15 (83%) COPD patients (22 non-PPMs and 7 PPMs); in 15 (88%) bronchiectasis patients (20 non-PPMs and 13 PPMs); and in 15 (47%) long-term tracheostomy patients (5 non-PPMs and 13 PPMs). The two most frequent non-PPMs isolated in all groups studied were Streptococcus viridans and Neisseria spp. Haemophilus spp. , Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were the most frequent PPMs isolated in bronchogenic carcinoma, COPD, bronchiectasis and long-term tracheostomized patients, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization was infrequent in all the groups. Our results show that distal airway bacterial colonization is a frequent feature in stable patients with chronic lung diseases and also in patients with long-term tracheostomy. However, the pattern of colonization differs among groups studied. The knowledge of different colonization patterns may be important for future antibiotic prophylactic strategies and for the empirical antibiotic regimens when exacerbations occur in these patients.
Under Consideration for Publication in J. Functional Programming Regular Expression Filters for Xml

XML data are described by types involving regular expressions. This raises the question of what language feature is convenient for manipulating such data. Previously, we have given an answer to this question by proposing regular expression pattern matching. However, since this construct is derived from ML pattern matching, it does not have an iteration functionality in itself, which makes it cumbersome to process data typed by Kleene stars. In this paper, we propose a novel programming feature regular expression filters. This construct extends the previous proposal by permitting pattern clauses to be closed under arbitrary regular expression operators. This yields many convenient programming idioms such as non-uniform processing of sequences and almost-copying of trees. We further develop a type inference mechanism that obtains (1) types for pattern variables that are locally precise with respect to the type of input values and (2) a type for the result of the whole filter expression that is also locally precise with respect to the types of the body expressions. We discuss how our construct is useful in the practice of XML processing and, in particular, how our type inference is crucial for avoiding changes of programs when types of data to be processed evolve frequently.
A Study of Vehicle Detection and Counting System Based on Video

About the video image processing's vehicle detection and counting system research, which has video vehicle detection, vehicle targets' image processing, and vehicle counting function. Vehicle detection is the use of inter-frame difference method and vehicle shadow segmentation techniques for vehicle testing. Image processing functions is the use of color image gray processing, image segmentation, mathematical morphology analysis and image fills, etc. on target detection to be processed, and then the target vehicle extraction. Counting function is to count the detected vehicle. The system is the use of inter-frame video difference method to detect vehicle and the use of the method of adding frame to vehicle and boundary comparison method to complete the counting function, with high recognition rate, fast, and easy operation. The purpose of this paper is to enhance traffic management modernization and automation levels. According to this study, it can provide a reference for the future development of related applications. Copyright © 2014 IFSA Publishing, S. L.
Protein contact prediction by integrating joint evolutionary coupling analysis and supervised learning

MOTIVATION Protein contact prediction is important for protein structure and functional study. Both evolutionary coupling (EC) analysis and supervised machine learning methods have been developed, making use of different information sources. However, contact prediction is still challenging especially for proteins without a large number of sequence homologs. RESULTS This article presents a group graphical lasso (GGL) method for contact prediction that integrates joint multi-family EC analysis and supervised learning to improve accuracy on proteins without many sequence homologs. Different from existing single-family EC analysis that uses residue coevolution information in only the target protein family, our joint EC analysis uses residue coevolution in both the target family and its related families, which may have divergent sequences but similar folds. To implement this, we model a set of related protein families using Gaussian graphical models and then coestimate their parameters by maximum-likelihood, subject to the constraint that these parameters shall be similar to some degree. Our GGL method can also integrate supervised learning methods to further improve accuracy. Experiments show that our method outperforms existing methods on proteins without thousands of sequence homologs, and that our method performs better on both conserved and family-specific contacts. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION See http://raptorx.uchicago. edu/ContactMap/ for a web server implementing the method. CONTACT j3xu@ttic.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Directional tuning of arm muscle activation in isometric force generation and its prediction by flexible and synergistic models

Because of the redundancy in the musculoskeletal system, to generate a force at the hand in a given direction and with a given magnitude the central nervous system (CNS) has to select one of infinitely many possible muscle activation patterns. What strategies and constraints underlie such selection is an open and debated issue. The CNS might select muscle activations that optimize some performance criterion, such as accuracy or effort, or it might simplify the solution by constraining it to be a combination of a few muscle synergies. Flexible optimization of individual muscle recruitment or muscle synergies should give rise to distinct directional tuning of muscle activations. In this study we compared the activation of arm muscles observed during the generation of isometric force at the hand in 16 different directions with the activation predicted by flexible recruitment of individual muscles selected, for each direction, minimizing the sum of squared muscle activations and by flexible recruitment of a set of muscle synergies, by minimization of the sum of squared synergy activations. Muscle synergies were identified from the recorded muscle pattern using non-negative matrix factorization. To perform both optimizations we approximated the mapping between muscle activations and end-point force with a matrix that we estimated using multiple linear regression. We found that, in most cases, the synergistic model predicted the observed directional tuning with smaller error than the flexible model. While this result might be due to some of the assumptions and approximations used in the models, it supports the hypothesis that the CNS employs a small number of muscle synergies to simplify the control of the many degrees-of-freedom of the musculoskeletal apparatus.