Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Practical use of the repeating patterns in mask writing

In May 2006, the Mask Design, Drawing, and Inspection Technology Research Department (Mask D2I) at the Association of Super-Advanced Electronics Technologies (ASET) launched a 4-year program for reducing mask manufacturing cost and TAT by concurrent optimization of MDP, mask writing, and mask inspection. As one of the tasks being pursued at the Mask Design Data Technology Research Laboratory, we have evaluated the effect of reducing the drawing shot counts by utilizing the repeating patterns, and showed positive impact on mask making by using CP drawing. During the past four years, we have developed a software to extract repeating patterns from fractured OPCed mask data which can be used to minimize the shot counts. In this evaluation, we have used an actual device production data obtained from the member companies of MaskD2I. To the extraction software we added new functions for extracting common repeating patterns from a set of multiple masks, and studied how this step can reduce the counts in comparison to the shot counts required during the conventional mask writing techniques. We have also developed software that uses the extraction result of repeating patterns and prepares drawing-data for the MCC/CP drawing system, which has been developed at the Mask Writing Equipment Technology Research Laboratory. With this software, we have simulated EB proximity effect on CP writing and examined how it affect the shot count reduction where CP shots with large CD errors are to be divided into VSB shots. In this paper, we will report the evaluation result of the practical application of repeating patterns in mask writing with this software.
Application of CCD uvby photometry to the globular cluster NGC 6397

The CTIO 4-m prime-focus CCD has been used with Stromgren uvby filters to study the turnoff of the globular cluster NGC 6397. A well-defined CM diagram to V about 18 has been achieved. A previously noted correlation between delta m1 and delta c1 for turnoff stars appears to be confirmed by the observations. This correlation is not predicted by model atmosphere synthesis of Stromgren colors, and has not been confirmed by recent observations of metal-poor dwarfs bluer than b-y = 0.40 by Schuster and Nissen (1987). An age of 16.6 + or - 0.7 x 10 to the 9th yr is indicated for a color excess of E(b-y) = 0.13 and (Fe/H) = -2.2. 43 references.
Notes on Domain Theory

I wrote these notes between about 1984 and 1989. Not too long before I had been lucky enough to attend Joe Stoy's lectures on domain theory and denotational semantics in 1977/8 (my final undergraduate year) and to be a graduate student in Oxford as Dana Scott developed the notion of an information system through two later iterations of the first half of the same course. I vividly remember how the second version, on which the present notes are fairly closely based, were a blessed relief to one who had taught people the first version! I'd like to express my thanks to both Joe and Dana for the education they gave me. In my turn I gave the domain theory course in Oxford for many years and I wrote these notes to accompany that course, and they were used until quite recently by subsequent lecturers. The version of information systems in these notes was simplified from Dana's version by the removal of a null token and the change from inferences of the form X Y to ones of the form X a, where a is a single token and Y is a set of them. What appealed to me about information systems was the way they turned an abstract axiomatisation of how propositions might describe an object into a fairly concrete representation of domain theory. There is not much category theory in these notes, and what there is is largely camouflaged. This was because category theory did not seem to me to be necessary to achieve what I wanted, and I did not want to add a further level of abstraction to what could be taught in an 8-week course at two lectures a week. (Oxford final-year undergraduates came to the course without any background in categories .) In that sense at least these notes now seem quite out of date, and it would be wrong to try to give the impression that they give a reasonable introduction to the subject of domain theory as it is now generally understood. My course would consist of these notes with the exceptions of Section 2.4 (advanced topics in partial orders), Chapter 6 (powerdomains) and sometimes Section 5.2. I have wanted to put these notes on line for a number of years, but was 1 held back until now by the way my 1980's LaTeX had grown incompatible with modern versions and font selections. …
Sentiment Analysis of Opinions in Amazon Customer Reviews

: online retailers routinely ask for feedback of the products and related services from their customers. Whilst e-commerce gets increasingly popular, the strength of customer evaluations for a product swiftly increases. A popular product may have several hundred reviews. As a result, it can be hard for a prospective consumer to read them and make a buying decision. The goal of this project is to aggregate every customer review of a certain product. This summary work is differ from typical text summarization in that we are only focused on certain qualities that consumers are enthusiastic about— and whether those opinions are either favourable or negative. We do not paraphrase the reviews by choosing or rephrasing a part of original statements from the reviews to emphasise their important points, as text summarization done in a traditional way. In this article, we solely mine opinions and product attributes that have received comments from reviewers. Numerous methods are offered to mine such features. Results from our trial indicate how highly successful these methods are.
Electron scattering from laser excited states of potassium at 3-100 eV

The superelastic electron scattering technique has been employed to investigate the alignment and orientation parameters' dependence on electron energy for the 4 2S-4 2P resonance transition in potassium, with the aim of comparing experiment with theory as the electron energy is increased above different core ionization thresholds. Subsequent measurements of the angular dependence of the alignment and orientation parameters are presented over a wide range of scattering angles at superelastic electron energies of 4 and 80 eV. The differential cross section has also been extracted at an electron energy of 4 eV. The experimental data are compared with the convergent close-coupling calculation.
Cholesky Decompositions and Estimation of A Covariance Matrix: Orthogonality of Variance--Correlation Parameters

Chen & Dunson ([3]) have proposed a modified Cholesky decomposition of the form σ e D L L′D for a covariance matrix where D is a diagonal matrix with entries proportional to the square roots of the diagonal entries of Σ and L is a unit lower-triangular matrix solely determining its correlation matrix. This total separation of variance and correlation is definitely a major advantage over the more traditional modified Cholesky decomposition of the form LD-super-2L′, (Pourahmadi, [13]). We show that, though the variance and correlation parameters of the former decomposition are separate, they are not asymptotically orthogonal and that the estimation of the new parameters could be more demanding computationally. We also provide statistical interpretation for the entries of L and D as certain moving average parameters and innovation variances and indicate how the existing likelihood procedures can be employed to estimate the new parameters. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
The Influence of Dynamical Screening on the Transport Properties of Dense Plasmas

We investigate the effects of dynamical screening on the static transport properties. We review the low density expansion for the electron‐electron and electron‐ion correlation functions and give results for a 6‐moment approach within linear response theory. The expansion coefficients are given. The convergence of thermoelectric transport coefficients is examined in dependence of the rank of the collision term determinant. The results are compared with previous calculations and experiments. Effective Debye screening radii derived from the Gould‐DeWitt scheme for the inclusion of strong collisions as well as dynamical effects are discussed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Accuracy of Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling With Pseudobalanced Groups and Small Samples

Hierarchical structured data cause problems in analysis, because the usual assumptions of independently and identically distributed variables are violated. Muthén (1989) described an estimation method for multilevel factor and path analysis with hierarchical data. This article assesses the robustness of the method with unequal groups, small sample sizes at both the individual and the group level, in the presence of a low or a high intraclass correlation (ICC). The within-groups part of the model poses no problems. The most important problem in the between-groups part of the model is the occurrence of inadmissible estimates, especially when group level sample size is small (50) while the intracluster correlation is low. This is partly compensated by using large group sizes. When an admissible solution is reached, the factor loadings are generally accurate. However, the residual variances are underestimated, and the standard errors are generally too small. Having more or larger groups or a higher ICC does not effectively compensate for this. Therefore, although the nominal alpha level is 5%, the operating alpha level is about 8% in all simulated conditions with unbalanced groups. The strongest factor is an inadequate sample size at the group level. Imbalance is only a problem for the overall fit test. For balanced data, the chi-square fit test is accurate. The size of the biases is comparable to the effect of moderate nonnormality in ordinary modeling, and in our view, the approximate solution remains a useful analysis tool, provided the group level sample size is at least 100.
A Sequential Method Seeking the Global Maximum of a Function

In this paper a sequential search method for finding the global maximum of an objective function is proposed. The method is applicable to an objective function of a single variable defined on a closed interval and such that some bound on its rate of change is available. The method is shown to be minimax. Computational aspects of the method are also discussed.
Spatial Panels: Random Components Versus Fixed Effects

This article investigates spatial panel data models with a space–time filter in disturbances. We consider their estimation by both fixed effects and random effects specifications. With a between equation properly defined, the difference of the random versus fixed effects models can be highlighted. We show that the random effects estimate is a pooling of the within and between estimates. A Hausman‐type specification test and an Lagrangian multiplier test are proposed for the testing of the random components specification versus the fixed effects specification.
Enhanced field emission of plasma treated multilayer graphene

Electron emission properties of multilayer graphene (MLG) prepared by a facile exfoliation technique have been studied. Effect of CO2 Ar, N2, plasma treatment was studied using Raman spectroscopy and investigated for field emission based application. The CO2 plasma treated multilayer graphene shows an enhanced field emission behavior with a low turn on field of 0.18 V/μm and high emission current density of 1.89 mA/cm2 at an applied field of 0.35 V/μm. Further the plasma treated MLG exhibits excellent current stability at a lower and higher emission current value.
First principles studies of silicon as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries

An investigation of Li–Si alloys using density functional theory is presented. Various calculation methods and pseudopotentials are analyzed to best reproduce the potential versus composition curve of a Li/LixSi electrochemical cell at high temperature using the experimentally observed Li–Si phases. Total energy calculations, structural optimizations, and bulk modulus estimations were completed for the Si, Li12Si7, Li7Si3, Li13Si4, Li15Si4, Li22Si5, and Li phases. The potential plateaus of the co-existing phase regions, obtained using the projector augmented wave (PAW) method, have an average absolute error of 31 mV with respect to experiment. The Li7Si3 and Li15Si4 compositions are discussed and the Li15Si4 phase is found to have a lower bulk modulus relative to the other phases.
THE PHYSICS OF GASEOUS NEBULAE

This paper is one of the invited reviews celebrating the centenary of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. The paper by I. S. Bowen (004.068) of 60 years ago is reviewed and used as the starting point for a review of nebular astrophysics. Two important aspects in the growth of our understanding of nebulae are stressed: improved observational data covering a wide wavelength region, from the ultraviolet through the optical and infrared to the radio spectral region, and improved computational power based on ever-larger computers.
Parallel Iterative Methods for Nonlinear Programming Problems

In this paper, we present two parallel multiplicative algorithms for convex programming. If the objective function is differentiable and convex on the positive orthant of , and it has compact level sets and has a locally Lipschitz continuous gradient, we prove these algorithms converge to a solution of minimization problem. For the proofs there are essentially used the results of sequential methods shown by Eggermont[1].
Electron thermalization and quantum decoherence in metal nanostructures

The long-time dynamics of the electron gas in a thin metal film is studied using a microscopic phase-space model based on the quantum Wigner distribution. The model encompasses all relevant time scales from the femtosecond plasmon oscillations to the phonon-mediated coupling to the ionic lattice, which occurs on a picosecond time scale. The results are in good agreement with phenomenological estimates based on the two-temperature model, and correctly reproduce the main features observed in experiments on small sodium clusters. In particular, a classical relaxation time and a quantum decoherence time emerge naturally from the simulations.
A pattern recognition approach to complex networks

Complex networks exist in many areas of science such as biology, neuroscience, engineering, and sociology. The growing development of this area has led to the introduction of several topological and dynamical measurements, which describe and quantify the structure of networks. Such characterization is essential not only for the modeling of real systems but also for the study of dynamic processes that may take place in them. However, it is not easy to use several measurements for the analysis of complex networks, due to the correlation between them and the difficulty of their visualization. To overcome these limitations, we propose an effective and comprehensive approach for the analysis of complex networks, which allows the visualization of several measurements in a few projections that contain the largest data variance and the classification of networks into three levels of detail, vertices, communities, and the global topology. We also demonstrate the efficiency and the universality of the proposed methods in a series of real-world networks in the three levels.
Teaching, learning and assessment in large classes

There is an increasing expansion of courses in statistics with a large number of students (100 or more) as a result of modularization and semesterization. A different approach is required in teaching and assessment on such large courses which have students of varying entry qualifications. It is argued that the best method for teaching is a traditional lecture for 2 hours followed by a seminar/tutorial. For assessment in large classes a combination of end‐of‐semester/year examination and a group project using computer packages with ‘peer assessment’ is most preferred. For successful use of this method of teaching and assessment, it is necessary to have proper controls and mechanisms for its implementation, otherwise the students are deprived of essential learning benefits.
Does Normative Behaviourism Offer an Alternative Methodology in Political Theory?

A central distinction for Jonathan Floyd is that between the traditional method of pursuing political theory conducted by mainstream theorists, which he calls ‘mentalism’, and his suggested method, so-called ‘normative behaviourism’. While the former relies on patterns of thought (e.g. intuitions, value commitments, principles or considered judgements) to justify normative theories, the latter instead relies on patterns of behaviour. Floyd argues that normative behaviourism offers an alternative methodology to mainstream mentalism, a new – and better – way of doing political philosophy. Our aim in this article is to reject this claim: normative behaviourism does not offer an alternative methodology in political theory. First, we show that normative behaviourism, contrary to Floyd’s claim, is as dependent on value premises as mainstream, ‘mentalist’ political theory. Second, we illustrate the structural similarities between normative behaviourism and mainstream political theory from a methodological standpoint by comparing the former with an influential normative theory, namely, utilitarianism.
Stability of a superconductive atom chip with persistent current

The lifetime of $^{87}\text{R}\text{b}$ atoms trapped in a $\mathbsf{z}$ wire trap generated by a closed-circuit superconductive current on a ${\text{MgB}}_{2}$ strip is measured as a function of the distance between the atom and the strip. The lifetime is found to be longer than 10 s at a distance of $40\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$. This value is an order of magnitude longer than the lifetime of a trap generated by a normal current at the same distance. However, it is many orders of magnitude shorter than the theoretical decay rate induced by the spin-flip transition caused by the fluctuation of the current. This shows that for a type-II superconductor the dominant trap loss mechanism is not the spin-flip transition caused by noise as with a normal current atom trap. An analysis of our measurement suggests that magnetic field distortion resulting from flux penetration into the superconductor leads to much faster decay.
Properties of Polarized Radio Sources in the Wide Chandra Deep Field South from 2 to 4 GHz

In this paper we discuss our results regarding the linear polarization properties of radio sources in the Wide- Chandra Deep Field South observed from 2 to 4 GHz. The main properties we looked at were the source counts, polarization angles and fractional polarization. The biggest contributor of Faraday Rotation the sources experience came from the Milky Way’s magnetic field. For sources with a total intensity above 10 mJy the mean fractional polarization value was 5% with some correlation between fractional polarization and redshift. We also provided an estimate for the limit on the fractional polarization level for sources with a total intensity below 1 mJy
Monocular pose estimation algorithm based on the bundle adjustment method

To determine the relative pose between an object and a single camera using correspondences between 3D feature points of the object and their corresponding 2D projections in the image, this paper proposes a target’s pose measurement algorithm based on the bundle adjustment method. This iterative algorithm can be divided into two steps: first, a reliable initial pose is computed by using only three non-collinear points; second, the optimal rotation and translation matrix of the target is estimated based on the bundle adjustment method. Experiments on simulated data and real data show that this method can get high precision with its rotation angles error within 20 arc-second and the translation error within 20 micron in ideal occasions.
Electrically induced charge separation and resistance change in Xe-doped and F-doped amorphous SiOx double layer thin films

An electronic material, a rare gas- and halogen-doped amorphous thin film, has been designed and developed applying the excitation and charge separation mechanisms of excimers in condensed phases. Xe-doped and F-doped amorphous SiOx double layer thin films were fabricated using a conventional sputtering method, aiming at the creation of a functioning material that utilizes electrically induced charge separation in the films. The films showed a constant resistance of 20 Ω upon applying AC voltages of 0–12 V, and the current increased linearly with increasing applied voltage. However, when the threshold voltage of 13 V was applied, the resistance of the films suddenly and dramatically increased to more than 40 MΩ, the upper measurable limit of the tester, resulting in no current through the film. The order of magnitude in resistance increment is much greater than those of conventional substances, such as positive temperature coefficient materials. A model, in which electrically induced charge transfer from .
Influence of large-scale interplanetary structures on energetic particle propagation: September 2004 event at Ulysses and ACE

[1] An intense solar energetic particle (SEP) event was detected in September 2004 by near-Earth spacecraft and by Ulysses at 5.4 AU. Characteristics of the intensity and anisotropy time profiles at both heliospheric locations were determined by the presence of a corotating low-density, low-speed, and low-proton-beta βp solar wind stream. This low-βp stream was followed by a faster and denser solar wind that formed a strong compression region. The bulk of energetic particles at 1 AU were observed downstream of this compression region. Only those particles either able to leak from behind the compression region, accelerated by the shock driven by the coronal mass ejection that generated the SEP event as it penetrated into the low-βp region, or both were observed prior to the main component of the SEP event at 1 AU. Anisotropic ion intensity enhancements observed upstream of this shock resulted from both particle acceleration in a corrugated shock surface and particle propagation within the low-βp region. The particle event at Ulysses had exceptionally large and long-lasting (>4 days) field-aligned anisotropies. These large anisotropies resulted from both leakage of energetic particles from behind the compression region and their propagation within the low-βp region. We propose a scenario that explains the characteristics of the particle event at both 1 AU and Ulysses. The effects that large-scale interplanetary structures have on the energetic particle transport determine the properties of the event at both spacecraft. These effects must be carefully considered by models of energetic particle transport in the heliosphere.
Photon emission induced by the scanning tunneling microscope

The tunneling of electrons between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and a sample is accompanied by the emission of photons. This luminescence phenomenon can be used to study local radiative processes at surfaces by combining the high spatial resolution of the STM and optical techniques. In this way, spatial maps of photon intensity modulations can be measured with lateral resolutions of less than 1 nm. Here we review the basic concepts of STM induced light emission and discuss recent results from adsorbed molecules. © (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.