Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The State of the Art in Semantic Representation

Semantic representation is receiving growing attention in NLP in the past few years, and many proposals for semantic schemes (e.g., AMR, UCCA, GMB, UDS) have been put forth. Yet, little has been done to assess the achievements and the shortcomings of these new contenders, compare them with syntactic schemes, and clarify the general goals of research on semantic representation. We address these gaps by critically surveying the state of the art in the field.
Hardware flooding (preliminary version)

Traditional broadcast protocols for the high-speed networks of are inappropriate the future. Such protocols are limited by the speed of software processing, which becomes a bottleneck as network speeds increase. This paper presents a broadcast protocol that is appropriate for high-speed networks, and is tolerant of failures involving the loss of messages. The protocol is based primarily on the simple hardware functions present in a high-speed network node. This leads to message delivery at hardware speeds. In the unlikely event of a failure, some software intervention may be required to guarantee the timely termination of the protocol. However this software processing does not interfere with message delivery. We show that in the likely cases, the protocol guarantees message delivery within D~ time, where D is the diameter of the network, and ~ is the maximum link delay. *This research was partially conducted when this author was visiting the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Additional support was provided by an IBM Graduate Student Fellowship. Permission to oopy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that tha copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and ita data appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of tha Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. Q 1991 ACM 0-89791-444-9/91 1000810259. $1.50
Power of k Choices and Rainbow Spanning Trees in Random Graphs

We consider the Erd ő s-R e nyi random graph process, which is a stochastic process that starts with $n$ vertices and no edges, and at each step adds one new edge chosen uniformly at random from the set of missing edges. Let $\mathcal{G}(n,m)$ be a graph with $m$ edges obtained after $m$ steps of this process. Each edge $e_i$ ($i=1,2,\ldots, m$) of $\mathcal{G}(n,m)$ independently chooses precisely $k \in\mathbb{N}$ colours, uniformly at random, from a given set of $n-1$ colours (one may view $e_i$ as a multi-edge). We stop the process prematurely at time $M$ when the following two events hold: $\mathcal{G}(n,M)$ is connected and every colour occurs at least once ($M={n \choose 2}$ if some colour does not occur before all edges are present; however, this does not happen asymptotically almost surely). The question addressed in this paper is whether $\mathcal{G}(n,M)$ has a rainbow spanning tree (that is, multicoloured tree on $n$ vertices). Clearly, both properties are necessary for the desired tree to exist. In 1994, Frieze and McKay investigated the case $k=1$ and the answer to this question is "yes" (asymptotically almost surely). However, since the sharp threshold for connectivity is $\frac {n}{2} \log n$ and the sharp threshold for seeing all the colours is $\frac{n}{k} \log n$, the case $k=2$ is of special importance as in this case the two processes keep up with one another. In this paper, we show that asymptotically almost surely the answer is "yes" also for $k \ge 2$.
SAR Image Quality Assessment and Indicators for Vessel and Oil Spill Detection

Satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is progressively becoming an operational asset for maritime monitoring applications. The services based on this technology rely on a level of image quality that, if not entirely fulfilled, may result in compromising the performance and accuracy of the intended application. Nonetheless, it is not always clear how to quantitatively measure the SAR image quality level from the delivered products. This paper discusses today's most relevant quality issues of satellite SAR images related to maritime applications. It introduces a set of quantitative measures that can be estimated from satellite images used in operational applications, not only to verify the conformity of the delivered image with respect to product specifications but also to assess how well the image can serve the application. To that end, the concept of “application suitability” is introduced, defined in relation to the specific application of interest. The focus is on oil spill detection and ship detection.
[Structure and function of the skin].

The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.
Bridging Lexical Gaps between Queries and Questions on Large Online Q&A Collections with Compact Translation Models

Lexical gaps between queries and questions (documents) have been a major issue in question retrieval on large online question and answer (Q&A) collections. Previous studies address the issue by implicitly expanding queries with the help of translation models pre-constructed using statistical techniques. However, since it is possible for unimportant words (e.g., non-topical words, common words) to be included in the translation models, a lack of noise control on the models can cause degradation of retrieval performance. This paper investigates a number of empirical methods for eliminating unimportant words in order to construct compact translation models for retrieval purposes. Experiments conducted on a real world Q&A collection show that substantial improvements in retrieval performance can be achieved by using compact translation models.
Altered Ion Transport in Aortic Smooth Muscle during Deoxycorticosterone Acetate Hypertension in the Rat

Changes in aortic water and electrolyte distribution and in ion turnover were studied during the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension in the rat. Treatment with DOCA plus saline during the prehypertensive phase was associated with increases in “K turnover (0.0142 =t 0.0005 vs. 0.0102 ± 0.0003 min1”), cell water (0.89 ± 0.03 vs. 0.76 ± 0.02 kg/kg dry weight), and the ratio of weight to length. These parameters were further increased during the development of hypertension. Significant increases were also observed in total K, Ca, and Mg contents and in Na and C1 contents corrected for the extracellular space. The turnover of 36C1 was increased (0.230 ± 0.006 vs. 0.136 ± 0.004 min−1) in DOCA hypertensive rats as was the content of slowly exchanging C1. Removal of extracellular Ca greatly increased the steady-state turnover of “K. For control rats, a Ca concentration of 0.1 DIM reduced the rate of 42K turnover to less than 50% of the Ca-free value (0.063 ± 0.004 min”1), whereas DOCA hypertensive rats exhibited only a 10% reduction. At the highest Ca concentration, 5 IDM, the “K turnover was greater in DOCA-treated rats with the hypertensives operating at 67% of maximum efflux or about twice the efflux in controls. It is concluded that significant alterations in ion transport by vascular smooth muscle occur before and during the development of hypertension induced by treatment with DOCA plus saline. Such changes may result from a reduced ability of Ca to stabilize the membrane. It is proposed that such alterations contribute to the changes in vascular reactivity and the hypertrophy associated with hypertension.
Grand minima and maxima of solar activity: new observational constraints

Aims. Using a reconstruction of sunspot numbers stretching over multiple millennia, we analyze the statistics of the occurrence of grand minima and maxima and set new observational constraints on long-term solar and stellar dynamo models. Methods. We present an updated reconstruction of sunspot number over multiple millennia, from 14 C data by means of a physicsbased model, using an updated model of the evolution of the solar open magnetic flux. A list of grand minima and maxima of solar activity is presented for the Holocene (since 9500 BC) and the statistics of both the length of individual events as well as the waiting time between them are analyzed. Results. The occurrence of grand minima/maxima is driven not by long-term cyclic variability, but by a stochastic/chaotic process. The waiting time distribution of the occurrence of grand minima/maxima deviates from an exponential distribution, implying that these events tend to cluster together with long event-free periods between the clusters. Two different types of grand minima are observed: short (30–90 years) minima of Maunder type and long (>110 years) minima of Sporer type, implying that a deterministic behaviour of the dynamo during a grand minimum defines its length. The duration of grand maxima follows an exponential distribution, suggesting that the duration of a grand maximum is determined by a random process. Conclusions. These results set new observational constraints upon the long-term behaviour of the solar dynamo.
Semantic-Enabled Clone Detection

We introduce semantic-enabled clone detection, as an approach that emphasizes on importance of the token semantics during the pattern matching for clone detection. This approach can be realized using Semantic Web and its support for knowledge modeling. While the Semantic Web has found wide acceptance in various application and research domains, it still lacks the same acceptance in the source code analysis domain. In this paper we focus on how the Semantic Web and its support for semantic modeling and knowledge retrieval can be applied towards source code clone detection and search. We discuss both, open challenges in the source code clone detection domain, as well as both theoretical and practical aspects on how the Semantic Web can address some of these challenges.
FEMALE CHOOSINESS LEADS TO THE EVOLUTION OF INDIVIDUALLY DISTINCTIVE MALES

Individual recognition is a taxonomically widespread ability that underlies a diverse suite of behaviors including the identification of individual nest‐mates, agonistic opponents, and mating partners. However, as yet relatively little is known about the circumstances under which the requisite signal diversity can evolve. Here, we develop a model describing a novel mechanism of individual identity evolution via sexual selection. Females choose among a subset of males, but can select the most attractive male only when he bears a unique identity signal. This mimics a species in which mate assessment and choice are temporally separate, such as when females observe males in direct conflict and must subsequently locate the winner. When females in our model are choosy at least 10% of the time, diversity at individuality signaling loci evolves as a by‐product of selection on male attractiveness more rapidly than does diversity at equivalent loci evolving only under neutral processes. Even at lower discrimination rates, drifting signal diversity gives the female choice mechanism sufficient traction to drive up average male attractiveness. The mechanism we describe here can significantly increase signal diversity at even low rates of discrimination by females.
Transduction of the N-Terminal Fragments of MYPT1 Enhances Myofilament Ca2+ Sensitivity in an Intact Coronary Artery

Objective—The region of the 110 kDa regulatory subunit (MYPT1) of smooth muscle myosin phosphatase involved in the regulation of contraction was determined under physiological conditions. Methods and Results—Using HIV Tat protein-mediated protein transduction, the N-terminal fragments of MYPT1 were introduced to the intact porcine coronary arterial strips. Pre-incubation with 3 &mgr;mol/L TAT-MYPT11–374, a construct containing the Tat peptide and the residues 1 to 374 of MYPT1, for 15 minutes augmented (2.4-fold) the subsequent contraction induced by adding 1.25 mmol/L of extracellular Ca2+ under 118 mmol/L K+ depolarization, with no augmentation of the [Ca2+]i elevation. The deletion of the Tat peptide, MYPT11–374, abolished the augmenting effect. TAT-MYPT11–296 demonstrated a weaker but significant augmentation (1.7-fold). However, TAT-MYPT11–171, TAT-MYPT139–374, TAT-MYPT139–296, and TAT-MYPT1297–374 had no augmenting activity. The myosin light chain phosphorylation level as a function of extracellular Ca2+ concentrations was shifted to the left in the strips pretreated with TAT-MYPT11–374 compared with the control. Conclusions—Region 1 to 296 was the minimal region involved in the enhancement of contraction, and region 297 to 374 played a supplemental role. These results suggested that the interaction mainly between catalytic subunit and MYPT1 play a critical role in the regulation of the endogenous myosin phosphatase in intact smooth muscle.
Temporal Dynamics of Ocular Indicators of Sleepiness across Sleep Restriction

The current study characterized the temporal dynamics of ocular indicators of sleepiness during extended sleep restriction. Ten male participants (mean age ± SD = 23.3 ± 1.6 years) underwent 40 h of continuous wakefulness under constant routine (CR) conditions; they completed the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and a 10-min auditory psychomotor vigilance task (aPVT) hourly. Waking electroencephalography (EEG) and ocular measures were recorded continuously throughout the CR. Infrared-reflectance oculography was used to collect the ocular measures positive and negative amplitude-velocity ratio, mean blink duration, the percentage of eye closure, and a composite score of sleepiness levels (Johns Drowsiness Scale). All ocular measures, except blink duration, displayed homeostatic and circadian properties. Only circadian effects were detected in blink duration. Significant, phase-locked cross-correlations (p < 0.05) were detected between ocular measures and aPVT reaction time (RT), aPVT lapses, KSS, and EEG delta-theta (0.5-5.5 Hz), theta-alpha (5.0-9.0 Hz), and beta (13.0-20.0 Hz) activity. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated reasonable sensitivity and specificity of ocular measures in correctly classifying aPVT lapses above individual baseline thresholds (initial 16 h of wakefulness). Under conditions of sleep restriction, ocular indicators of sleepiness paralleled performance impairment and self-rated sleepiness levels, and demonstrated their potential to detect sleepiness-related attentional lapses. These findings, if reproduced in a larger sample, will have implications for the use of ocular-based sleepiness-warning systems in operational settings.
REGULATION OF RENAL MEDULLARY CIRCULATION BY THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN GENETICALLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

1 Renal medullary blood flow (MBF) is believed today to have a potent role in blood pressure control through its influence on sodium and water excretion. The present article reviews: (i) the study of MBF in two experimental models of heritable hypertension, namely spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Lyon genetically hypertensive (LH) rats selected, respectively, from Wistar and Sprague‐Dawley rats; and (ii) the regulation of MBF by the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in these animals and the interaction between angiotensin (Ang) II and nitric oxide, prostaglandins and reactive oxygen species in the renal medulla. 2 Although numerous renal disorders are observed during or after the development of hypertension, the reduced pressure–natriuresis function is an early apparent and common abnormality found in SHR and LH rats. This abnormality is associated with a blunted increase in MBF in response to elevations in renal perfusion pressure. Moreover, both SHR and LH rats exhibit an exaggerated medullary vasoconstriction and/or a reduced medullary vasodilatation under stimulation with AngII. 3 Chronic RAS blockade prevents the development of hypertension in both SHR and LH rats. This effect involves an improved response of MBF to increasing renal perfusion pressure and to AngII. 4 Medullary blood flow is inappropriately regulated in genetically hypertensive rats; a decreased MBF caused by the disequilibrium of local vasodilator/vasoconstrictor systems may favour the prohypertensive role of the RAS in genetic hypertension.
Toward improving path following motion: Hybrid continuum robot design

Continuum manipulators possess the ability to travel on nonlinear paths and avoid obstacles in confined environments. A variety of designs were proposed for several applications, such as minimally invasive surgery or inspections and maintenance in hazardous spaces. While hyperredundant robots can follow a path on the large scale, path following behavior on small the scale is still a challenge. Only a limited number of paths can be followed by small continuum robots due to design constraints such as fixed curvatures or fixed segment lengths. For most applications, continuum robot parameters have to be optimized and selected according to specific task and design constraints. This is time consuming and limits the utilization of the manipulator to specific application scenarios. In this work, we propose a hybrid continuum robot design to overcome these disadvantages and offer a universal tool which is able to follow any constant curvature path. The design is comprised of a telescopic composition of several tendon driven patterned elastic tubes. Each one can be translated and bent independently. With this design we achieve improved path deviation errors (max 0.6 mm) in comparison to previously proposed continuum robots in simulation. We prove the path following behavior on random paths with a two segment prototype robot with overall outer diameter of 6 mm in an experimental setup with average path deviation errors lower than 5 mm.
Engineering of the Life-Critical Systems

A collaborative software engineering approach for the life-critical systems is proposed in this paper. Lifecritical systems are systems, where any fault can produce a danger for humans or can be extremely expensive. The lifecritical systems’ development is well known as expensive and slow one. Mostly it is because of its nature – fault-free development. The approach to be proposed includes two main elements: an effective feedback between neighbour steps of the development work cycle and a collaborative work team either global for the entire project or within neighbour steps. In the result, a development team can increase their productivity keeping products on the same quality level by eliminating certain extra-time spent on local verification by using next phases to support such evaluation. Key-Words: Collaborative software engineering, and life-critical systems
Pathways and Fate of Migratory Cells During Late Tooth Organogenesis

Tissue recombination experiments and cell lineage analyses of the developing neural crest have documented the role and central pathways of migratory cells during early craniofacial development. In the present study, regional pathways of cells during late peripheral morphogenesis were investigated using the crown stage tooth organ as a model. Homing targets during tooth integument formation were analyzed to understand the fate of migratory cells involved in late tooth organogenesis and the developmental origin of periodontal tissues. After surgical removal of the oral mucosa, the oral aspect of the dental follicle of lower first mouse molar teeth was labeled using a fluorescent contact dye. Following sacrifice after 0, 2, 4, and 6 days, labeled cells were detected in the dental follicle, in the alveolar bone, and in the periodontal ligament adjacent to the molar root. The distribution of labeled tissues was reconstructed three-dimensionally via confocal microscopy. Using a tooth molar organ culture system, labeled cells within the dental follicle were documented traveling in the apical direction. Our results indicated that cell migration during tooth organogenesis was following specific pathways and that cells within the circumference of the dental follicle were migrating in the apical direction. We speculate that migratory cells passing through the dental follicle connective tissue may contribute to the formation of the periodontium. The present documentation visualizes pathways, role, and dynamics of extensive cell movements during late tooth organogenesis.
CHANGES OF ELECTRICALLY ELICITED REFLEXES IN HAND AND FOREARM MUSCLES IN MAN

Cutaneo-muscular reflexes with short and long latency excitatory phases following digital nerve stimulation were observed in the first dorsal interosseus muscle of the hand in healthy subjects. The short latency reflex was obtained also with the H-reflex method in the flexor carpi radialis muscle, stimulating the median nerve, with a mean latency (+/- SE) of 15.4 +/- 0.5 ms. The height of the subject correlated with the H-reflex latency. The amplitudes of maximal M-response and maximal H-reflex were higher in athletes than in normals. During weak voluntary contraction of the muscle studied the 50% H-reflex amplitude increased and during passive stretching of wrist flexors the resting amplitude of the 50% H-reflex decreased.
(2S)-3-Carbamoyl-2-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonamido)propanoic acid

In the title compound, C11H14N2O6S, an amino acid-derived sulfonamide, the acetamido group and the carboxylic group are oriented at dihedral angles of 45.84 (5)° and 47.97 (5)° respectively, with respect to the aromatic ring. In the crystal, the molecules are connected by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯O interactions, forming a three-dimensional network.
Learning from labeled and unlabeled data using a minimal number of queries

The considerable time and expense required for labeling data has prompted the development of algorithms which maximize the classification accuracy for a given amount of labeling effort. On the one hand, the effort has been to develop the so-called "active learning" algorithms which sequentially choose the patterns to be explicitly labeled so as to realize the maximum information gain from each labeling. On the other hand, the effort has been to develop algorithms that can learn from labeled as well as the more abundant unlabeled data. Proposed in this paper is an algorithm that integrates the benefits of active learning with the benefits of learning from labeled and unlabeled data. Our approach is based on reversing the roles of the labeled and unlabeled data. Specifically, we use a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to iteratively refine the class membership of the unlabeled patterns so that the maximum a posteriori (MAP) based predicted labels of the patterns in the labeled dataset are in agreement with the known labels. This reversal of the role of labeled and unlabeled patterns leads to an implicit class assignment of the unlabeled patterns. For active learning, we use a subset of the GA population to construct multiple MAP classifiers. Points in the input space where there is maximal disagreement amongst these classifiers are then selected for explicit labeling. The learning from labeled and unlabeled data and active learning phases are interlaced and together provide accurate classification while minimizing the labeling effort.