Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Info-Chain: Reputation-Based Blockchain for Secure Information Sharing in 6G Intelligent Transportation Systems

The widespread deployment of 5G networks has accelerated the development of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), laying the foundation for the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) in future 6G networks. The unprecedented intelligence of 6G ITS is expected to enable the automation of vehicles, seamless collaboration, and intelligent management. High-volume information sharing plays a crucial role in this case, and its security and reliability becoming important cornerstones for 6G ITS. Without adequate security protection and trusted environments may result in unreliable and inefficient network services. In this article, we propose a reputation management-based blockchain, Info-Chain, for secure, trustworthy, and privacy-preserving information sharing in 6G ITS. Furthermore, to accommodate the distributed traffic environment in 6G ITS, we construct a novel consensus mechanism for Info-Chain, denoted as Proof of Reputation and sum (PoRs), which combines reputation with traffic environmental factors as competitive conditions. Finally, we propose a dynamic incentives and punishments mechanism that utilizes evolutionary game theory to guide vehicles to actively and honestly participate in information sharing. The security analysis shows that the proposed mechanism is capable of resisting common attacks, and the simulation result demonstrates that the proposed scheme not only enables efficient and secure information sharing in 6G ITS but also encourages vehicles to actively participate in information sharing.
World ocean circulation diagnostically derived from hydrographic and wind stress fields: 2. The water movement

The water movement in the world ocean is examined using a velocity field diagnostically derived from hydrographic and wind stress data. The movement of water is calculated numerically by tracking its constituent particles, and the attention is focused on where the water originates. The particle tracking indicates that deep water is formed not only in the North Atlantic and the Weddell Sea but also in the Ross Sea. The North Atlantic Deep Water contributes considerable volume to all the deep basins of the world ocean, while the Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) tends to be confined to the southern region of the southern ocean. Similarly, the Ross Sea Deep Water (RSDW) does not flow northward in the present model because the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC) penetrates sufficiently deep to carry the RSDW away to the South Atlantic. It is also found that the WSDW does not mix directly with the circumpolar Water because of the South Scotia Ridge, but rather mixes with the water recirculating in the Weddell Gyre, which is supplied by the middepth water of the ACC in the Atlantic-Indian Basin. Water composition in 16 basins is summarized in the form of box diagrams of deep water exchange.
Effect of vegetation on an ice-age climate model simulation

A growing number of studies suggest that vegetation changes can significantly influence regional climate variations. Herein we utilize a climate model (GENESIS) with a land surface vegetation package to evaluate the potential role of the very large vegetation changes that occurred during the last glacial maximum (LGM). In particular, we focus on the potential response to a significant reduction in the area of tropical rainforest. Simulations employed a global vegetation reconstruction for the LGM and Climate/Long-Range Investigation, Mapping and Prediction (CLIMAP) sea surface temperature (SST) estimates. Results indicate that expansion of dryland vegetation causes a 15–30% additional LGM cooling for Australia (0.4°C) and Africa (0.9°C), respectively. Turnover from conifer to tundra also causes cooling of 2°–4°C or more in western Europe and Siberia. However, for the largest rainforest area (Amazon Basin), inclusion of realistic vegetation increased modeled temperatures 2°–4°C and decreased precipitation by 10–35%. These latter results are similar to those obtained with sensitivity experiments of the effects of future Amazon deforestation. Initial assessment of the potential effect of decreased stomatal resistance due to lower ice age CO2 levels indicates little significant response to this effect. Comparison of model-predicted low-elevation LGM temperature changes with estimates from proxy data indicate that inclusion of realistic vegetation estimates for the LGM results in slightly more than 50% agreement between models and data for low-elevation sites in low-mid latitudes. Data at variance with model predictions would appear to be explainable by considering additional changes in vegetation, ice age dust, or a 1°–2°C cooling below CLIMAP values. This conclusion is at variance with a 3°–4°C tropical cooling suggested by some studies for explaining estimated land temperature changes during the LGM. In some western European sites model temperatures are colder than proxy data by 2°–8°C. This model-data discrepancy may be explained by less sea ice in the subpolar North Atlantic than stipulated by CLIMAP, a conclusion consistent with new marine data from that region.
COMPLETION OF THE 1990S NATIONAL LAND COVER DATA SET FOR THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES FROM LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER DATA AND ANCILLARY DATA SOURCES

In late 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center completed the circa 1992 National Land Cover Data set (NLCD). The NLCD, derived from early 1990s Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery and other sources of digital data, represents an intermediate-scale national land cover data set. The resolution of this data set lends itself to many regional to national scale investigations, including analyses of water quality, ecosystem health, wildlife habitat, land cover assessment, land use planning, urban studies, urban sprawl, and other land management issues. The article provides information about the materials and methods used to collect and process the data, the accuracy of the data, and uses for the NLCD.
Neuropathology consultation rates in medico-legal autopsies show substantial within-country variation—a nationwide Finnish study

Abstract Neuropathology consultations are an essential part of medico-legal cause-of-death investigations. However, there are little data on the rates of neuropathological examinations in medico-legal autopsies. The present nationwide, retrospective, register-based study aimed to report and compare neuropathology consultation rates (i.e. the percentages of medico-legal autopsies with a neuropathology consultation) in five Finnish regions from 2016 to 2021. The dataset comprised 50 457 medico-legal autopsies with 1 274 neuropathology consultations. Overall, ~1 in 40 autopsies (2.5%) involved a neuropathology consultation. Consultation rates were lowest in the Southern Finland region (1.4%) and highest in the Southwestern Finland and Åland region (6.5%). Throughout the study period, the consultation rates of Southwestern Finland and Åland were 1.5 to 9.4 times those of other regions (P < 0.001). In conclusion, this nationwide Finnish study identified substantial differences in neuropathology consultation rates between regions, which may indicate regional differences in conventions and policies. However, the “optimal” consultation rate remains unknown. Future studies are required to further understand the differences in autopsy practices within the Finnish context as well as in medico-legal institutions elsewhere. Key points There are little data on the rates of neuropathology consultations in medico-legal autopsies. This Finnish study characterized regional differences in neuropathology consultation rates between 2016 and 2021. Overall, 1 in 40 autopsies (2.5%) involved a neuropathology consultation. The consultation rates of Southwestern Finland and Åland were 1.5 to 9.4 times those of other regions. Our findings may reflect regional differences in conventions and policies.
Monitoring of irrigated wheat in a semi‐arid climate using crop modelling and remote sensing data: Impact of satellite revisit time frequency

The rationale of this research is to investigate approaches based on modelling and remote sensing data for estimating the spatial distribution of yield and irrigation of wheat in semi‐arid areas. The specific objective is to compare the performances of two approaches to test the STICS crop model using remotely sensed estimates of leaf area index (LAI). An experimental study of phenology, yield and water balance of irrigated wheat was made in the Marrakech‐Haouz plain during year 2003. Experimental data was allowed to run STICS using two approaches: (1) Calibration of the parameters that control the time course of LAI; (2) driving from LAI time series interpolated with a simple model. The results show the accuracy of STICS to simulate actual evapotranspiration and yield for both approaches. Finally, the two approaches were compared using remotely sensed estimates of LAI upon four scenarios of satellite time revisit frequency. The simulations we obtained always show acceptable results. However, differences appear between the variables, between the approaches and between the frequencies.
Various Doses of Tanezumab in the Management of Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP): A Pooled Analysis of 4,514 Patients

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a persistent and debilitating condition characterized by pain and discomfort in the lower back region that lasts more than 12 weeks. This review aims to determine the efficacy and safety of various doses of tanezumab for managing CLBP. The present meta-analysis was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention standards. We searched multiple databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify randomized controlled trials comparing tanezumab to placebo or different dosage regimens for CLBP in adult patients. The primary outcome was the mean change in low back pain intensity (LBPI) score baseline to the end of treatment. Secondary outcomes included adverse events and the degree of disability or impairment. A total of six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Analysis of the data showed that tanezumab 5 mg significantly reduced LBPI compared to placebo at all time points (mean deviation (MD) ranging from -0.31 to -0.5). Similarly, tanezumab 10 mg showed a significant reduction in LBPI compared to placebo at all time points (MD ranging from -0.48 to -0.84). However, tanezumab 5 mg showed significantly less reduction of LBPI compared to 10 mg at two, four, eight, and 12 weeks (MD ranging from 0.19 to 0.32). These findings suggest that tanezumab is an effective treatment for CLBP, with 5 mg and 10 mg doses providing clinically meaningful reductions in LBPI.
A distributed thermodynamic model for energy and mass balance computation: FEST–EWB

This article presents the development of distributed thermodynamic model for energy and mass balance computation between soil surface and shallow atmospheric layers and its inclusion into the hydrological model FEST–EWB (Flash–flood Event–based Spatially distributed rainfall–runoff Transformation–Energy Water Balance). This model is also thought for a synergic use of hydrological model with remote sensing data. In particular, the energy budget is solved looking for the representative thermodynamic equilibrium temperature (RET) defined as the land surface temperature (LST) that closes the energy balance equation for any pixel of basin surface. So using this approach, through the system between the mass and energy equations, soil moisture (SM) is linked to the latent heat flux (LE) and then to LST. The RET thermodynamic approach solves most of the problems of the actual evapotranspiration (ET) and SM computation. In fact, it permits to avoid computing the effective ET as an empirical fraction of the potential one. This approach, based on the RET, has been tested at field scale (10 ha) with energy fluxes and LST measured with an eddy covariance station in Landriano (Italy). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Basic Study on Connectivity of Urban Parks for the Urban Ecological Network Establishment

ABSTRACTUrban Green Area has ecologically deteriorated along with quantitative loss, being developed as a dot itself rather than connected to forests and green networks around the park. The present study aims to propose a connected plan on Urban Ecological Network establishment through ‘assessment of the connectivity of the entire urban parks' in accordance with distance of forest and river and ‘assessment of trends in connection fragmentation of urban parks' in accordance with the past change of forest and river. According to the result of this study, criteria based on previous research was “directly linked type is less than 300m, conceptually linked type is between 300m to 1km, the isolated type is greater than 1km”. And the result of ‘assessment of the connectivity of the entire urban parks' is analyzed as the rate of park and green network, 41.7% in Suwon, 80.0% in Seongnam, 88.9% in Namyangju on the basis of office and field investigation. Also, according to the result of ‘assessment of trends in connection fragmentation of urban parks', consideration for connection to the original forest is insufficient.
Evidence that coupling to magma chambers controls the volume history and velocity of laterally propagating intrusions

[1] In this paper, I present a simple analytical solution for the unsolved problem of a propagating dike coupled to a magma chamber. As recognized by Segall et al. (2001), the flow of the magma from a chamber to a dike is described by an ordinary differential equation for the unknown pressures of chamber and dike. The most intuitive assumption on magma exchange is that the volume gained by the intrusion equals the volume lost by the chamber. This constraint, however, implies a chamber so large that its pressure does not drop during the feeding process and an incompressible magma that does not expand or vesiculate as it intrudes. Models assuming constant driving pressure fail to explain observations. Here, mass conservation constrains pressure as magma flows from the chamber to the dike and the compressibilities of magma and sources control volume changes. These assumptions allow me to decouple the equations and solve the system analytically. The model predicts that chamber and dike volume change exponentially with time as V(t) = V∞[1 − exp(−t/τ)]. The asymptotic volume V∞ and the timescale τ are found to be functions of rock, magma, chamber and dike parameters and of the initial pressure conditions. Assuming that the intrusion is shaped as an elongating cuboid, its velocity is found to change as v = v0exp(−t/τ), where v0 is the initial dike velocity. The model is successfully tested against the best observations available for lateral dike propagation events: the volume history of chamber and dike during the 2000 Miyakejima intrusion (Japan) and dike velocity during the 1978 Krafla event (Iceland) and during some intrusions following the 2005 event in Afar (Ethiopia). This paper confirms and extends the results of a previous study by Rivalta and Segall (2008), who found the final ratio between dike volume and the volume withdrawn from the chamber to be rV = 1 + 4μβm/3 > 1, where μ is the host rock rigidity and βm is the magma compressibility. Here, I demonstrate that the formula for rV holds at any time during the intrusion, not just at the end. This model confirms that some magma chambers behave as stiff magma-tanks, able to inflate large dikes as balloons, and demonstrates that high volume ratios are unlikely if the chamber has a pure sill shape. Fitting observations with the model allows us to estimate several dike, chamber, magma and rock parameters.
Petrography of the rhyolite lavas of Tarawera Volcanic Complex

Abstract The rhyolite domes and associated lava flows of the Tarawera Volcanic Complex, North Island, New Zealand, can be divided into four rock types: hypersthene-hornblende rhyolite; hornblende-biotite-rhyolite; hypersthene rhyolite, and biotite rhyolite. Two types of biotite are found within the lavas; “normal” biotite with a γ refractive index of 1.65–1.67 and “ferrian” biotite with a γ refractive index of 1.72–1.74. Four types of hornblende occur: a pale one (similar to cummingtonite), and green, brown, and basaltic ones. The concentration of K2O in the lava was probably the controlling factor which determined whether biotite or hornblende (or both) crystallised. Plagioclase occurs in all lavas, and quartz in most. Where they both occur initial crystallisation appears almost synchronous and subsequent resorption was probably due to variations in water pressure within the magma reservoir.
Taphonomic grades as a classification for fossiliferous assemblages and implications for paleoecology

Different degrees of transport and reworking impart different physical characteristics to fossiliferous assemblages (= different taphonomic grades) and reflect different time scales of deposition and accumulation. Well-preserved fossil assemblages (= high taphonomic grade) generally reflect accumulation over short time spans; as taphonomic grade decreases, the time represented by the accumulation of the fossiliferous assemblage increases. The taphonomic grade of a fossil assemblage changes in one direction (high to low) with time, and provides a measure against which paleoecologists can evaluate other aspects of the fauna that may fluctuate through time. Beds of the same taphonomic grade reflect similar depositional histories. Characterizing faunas in terms of their taphonomic grade provides a means by which temporally and spatially disparate faunas may be compared.
Tethered UAV Deployment Strategies: The Coverage and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off

An unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted base station (UAV-BS), also known as an aerial base station (ABS), is a viable technology for the next 6G wireless networks due to its adaptability and affordability. Furthermore, the concept of tethered UAVs (TUAVs), can be used to circumvent the limited network operating time of UAV-BS networks. TUAVs are UAVs powered by a ground energy source via a tether that restrain their mobility while providing unlimited power. In this work, we propose a system where ABSs are deployed in user hotspots to offload the traffic and assist terrestrial base stations (TBSs). We will analyze three different scenarios and compare them in terms of coverage performance and energy efficiency. For a more realistic system, we offer a system model that considers the dynamic spatial distribution of users. First of all, we start by determining the optimal locations of TUAVs that minimize the average pathloss for each scenario. Next, using tools from stochastic geometry and an approach of dividing the space into concentric rings and slices to quantify the locations and orientations of ground stations (GSs), we analyze both coverage and energy performance for each scenario. We verify our findings using Monte-Carlo simulations and draw multiple useful insights. For instance, we show that deploying a TUAV with attachment and detachment capability for each pair of clusters outperforms deploying a normal TUAV for each cluster in terms of energy efficiency but not in terms of coverage performance.
Simulation and Imaging of GPR Data Scattered by Reinforcing Bars in a Concrete Bridge Deck

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non‐destructive method that can be used to locate reinforcing bars in concrete structures such as bridge decks. Provided that the frequency used is sufficiently high, and the antenna radiation pattern adequately illuminates the features of interest, reliable images can be obtained. Both 2‐D and 3‐D GPR data were collected over a bridge deck before and after resurfacing with a layer of reinforced concrete. Numerical simulation of the 2‐D data shows the best results that can be expected. Migration of both the 2‐D and 3‐D data enhances and focuses image details by collapsing diffractions, and moving reflectors to their correct spatial positions.Migrated images provide a realistic picture for interpretation. Comparing the images with photographs and blueprints shows good correspondence; some minor deviations (e.g., in spacing of reinforcing bars) of the actual configuration as produced by the contractors, from the specifications, are detected.
Encapsulation of Amyloglucosidase in Chitosan-SDS Coacervates as a Means to Control Starch Hydrolysis in Plant-Based Beverages

Starch enzymatic hydrolysis is a key technology for preparing plant-based dairy alternative beverages, preferred for its low energy consumption, high product yield, and quality. However, the high-temperature requirement to terminate reactions and challenges in continuous operations hinder enzyme applicability. Therefore, encapsulation techniques have been explored to address these limitations, enhancing the enzyme’s stability and facilitating process control. This study developed a novel amyloglucosidase encapsulation system based on chitosan-SDS hydrogel capsules produced by simple coacervation. The enzymatic activity of free and immobilised amyloglucosidase was assessed using corn starch and maltose as substrates. The encapsulation process successfully yielded self-supporting structured and spherical capsules, achieving an immobilisation yield of 71% and an enzyme efficiency of 83%. The residual enzymatic activity after 28 days of storage remained at 76%. A feedback inhibition investigation was performed by varying the concentration of corn starch, and favourable applicability of encapsulated amyloglucosidase for continuous processes was found. The encapsulation process offered several advantages, such as a straightforward separation step to halt enzymatic reactions and no need for high temperatures that may affect food product attributes. Lastly, the amyloglucosidase-chitosan-SDS coacervates show promise in improving enzyme stability, facilitating hydrolysis control, and expanding enzyme utilisation in dairy alternative plant beverage manufacture.
Near‐surface ground‐ice distribution, Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary, western Arctic coast, Canada

The variation in near‐surface ground‐ice content of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost was examined by drilling at 71 sites within the Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary of the outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Permafrost has aggraded in coastal low‐lying alluvial wetlands during the last 1500 to 500 years, and high near‐surface ground‐ice contents have developed in this saturated environment. In contrast, the ground ice in upland terrain has accumulated since the early Holocene. Permafrost in these uplands has a mean excess‐ice content of 24%, lower than in the alluvial wetlands (34%), and ground‐ice distribution is inherently more variable in upland terrain than in lowlands. Gravimetric moisture content is statistically related to soil organic‐matter content, but the organic‐matter content confounds the relation between gravimetric moisture and excess‐ice content due to its low bulk density. Topographically controlled moisture availability and soil organic‐matter content are important to ground‐ice distribution in uplands, given the order of magnitude increase in gravimetric moisture contents downslope, and the occurrence of massive ice lenses over 50 cm thick at the base of slopes. The potential mean subsidence of alluvial wetlands due to thawing of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost is 34 cm. Such subsidence would substantially increase the frequency of flooding for portions of this area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada.