Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards the development of a robust model hierarchy: investigation of dynamical limitations at low resolution and possible solutions

In order to investigate questions concerning changes in the atmosphere and other components of the Earth system, it is desirable to have a seamless modelling system that operates across a wide range of time‐scales and horizontal resolutions. The development of a low‐resolution configuration of the model would greatly assist in addressing these scientific questions whose long time‐scales or complexity are computationally demanding—a cost that cannot be sustained by higher resolutions. However, in order to be confident that results remain robust to changes in resolution, it is essential that such models include the same underlying fundamental processes as those at higher resolution.
Experimental evidence of hyperbolic heat conduction in processed meat

The objective of this paper is to present experimental evidence of the wave nature of heat propagation in processed meat and to demonstrate that the hyperbolic heat conduction model is an accurate representation, on a macroscopic level, of the heat conduction process in such biological material. The value of the characteristic thermal time of a specific material, processed bologna meat, is determined experimentally. As a part of the work different thermophysical properties are also measured. The measured temperature distributions in the samples are compared with the Fourier results and significant deviation between the two is observed, especially during the initial stages of the transient conduction process. The measured values are found to match the theoretical non-Fourier hyperbolic predictions very well. The superposition of waves occurring inside the meat sample due to the hyperbolic nature of heat conduction is also proved experimentally. 14 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Ab initio simulation of defects in energetic materials: Hydrostatic compression of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine

An isotropic compression of both the perfect solid cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (C3H6N6O6), also known as RDX, and of the solid containing vacancies is simulated using the ab initio Hartree–Fock method combined with two different crystal models: a periodic (band structure) and a molecular cluster. We show that an external pressure causes a significant decrease of the optical gap for both the perfect material and the crystal with vacancies. The solid RDX is found to be highly compressible; a pure crystal could be compressed to 57% of its equilibrium volume, whereas crystals containing vacancies are even more compressible. The critical pressure necessary for the insulator–metal transition is also predicted. It is shown that the voids present in a real RDX solid lower the metallization pressure by about 30%. Theoretical results are in close agreement with the experimental data on solid and porous RDX. The influence of defects present in the crystal and the relation to control of the sensitivity to detonati.
Vortex shedding from bluff bodies in a shear flow

Experiments are described in which the vortex shedding from a bluff body and the base pressure coefficient have been measured in a shear flow. It is shown that the shedding breaks down into a number of spanwise cells in each of which the frequency is constant. The division between the cells is thought to be marked by a longitudinal vortex in the stream direction and this is supported by evidence from experiments where a longitudinal vortex was generated in an otherwise uniform flow.
NEW CALCULATION FOR SOME GROUND STATE FEATURES OF 40Ca, 48Ca32S AND 39K NUCLEI

Some ground states features of 32S, 39K, 40Ca and 48Ca nuclei are investigated using the Hartree–Fock method with the Skyrme SKM* and SLy4 forces calculated in two different code implementations. The calculated total binding energies per particle and root mean square (rms) nuclear charge radii using the Skyrme–Hartree–Fock (SHF) + BCS method are compared with relativistic mean-field (RMF) theory and experimental values. The obtained charge density distributions from these code implementations are compared with the experimental data. Pairing effects are also included in calculations for the same nuclei. Variations of the total binding energies per particle and rms nuclear charge radii were investigated as the last shell nucleons were carried to the upper shell.
Analysis of losses in 2D photonic crystal waveguides using the 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method

The 3D FDTD method is used to obtain loss versus hole depth in a 2D photonic crystal waveguide by simulating two different length guides. The transmission results are validated against published measured data. Good agreement between measured and simulated data is obtained for a mini-stop band of the PC WG. Intrinsic loss has been extracted from different length guides and an estimate of the lower bound of waveguide loss has been made.
Field emission from carbon nanotubes in air

The properties of the field emission (FE) from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in air used to generate the microplasma at near-atmospheric pressure were investigated in a removable gas cell built into a scanning electron microscope. The gaps between the electrodes were adjusted from 5 to 100 μm and the pressure was changed from 0 to 100 kPa. The obtained results have shown that the FE properties of the CNTs at 10 kPa and lower pressures were the same as those in vacuum. At a pressure more than 10 kPa, the FE threshold voltage in air was higher than those in vacuum, and increased with increasing atmospheric pressure. When the FE threshold voltage became higher than that of the gas breakdown, the microplasma was ignited before the FE initiation. Thus, the FE properties of the CNTs in air were stable when the FE potential was lower than the voltage of conventional gas discharge with CNT cathode.
Existence of solutions to the Efros self–consistency equation in all dimensions

In this paper we develop in all dimensions an existence theory for the Efros energy–domain self–consistent equation governing the density of single–electron states. When the energy domain extends to infinity, we prove that solutions exist except in dimension one. When the energy domain is finite, we prove that solutions exist in all dimensions. The boundary condition near the Fermi level makes the integral diverge. Such a difficulty can be overcome by using a perturbed equation as an approximation and then passing to the zero perturbation limit.
Current‐carrying capacities of superconducting multifilamentary V3Ga cables

Current‐carrying capacities at 4.2 K of superconducting multifilamentary V3Ga cables have been measured in transverse magnetic fields up to 20.8 T. The performance of the cables does not appear to be affected by bending as long as bending diameters are greater than 20 mm.
Optical orientation in quantum wells

In this paper, we review the optical selection rules in semiconductor quantum wells and discuss the degree of electron spin polarization in dependence of the excitation energy and the optical excitation direction. We describe the very fast initial spin relaxation at large excess energies in very thin quantum wells and quantify the dependence on excitation density. As examples for optical studies and the rich spin dynamics in quantum wells, we present the electron spin dynamics in (110)-oriented GaAs quantum wells unveiling the intersubband spin relaxation mechanism and experiments on the complex spin dynamics of coupled electron–hole spins.
A Nonparametric Analysis of the Cosmic Microwave Background Power Spectrum

We examine cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature power spectra from the BOOMERANG, MAXIMA, and DASI experiments. We nonparametrically estimate the true power spectrum with no model assumptions. This is a significant departure from previous research that used either cosmological models or some other parameterized form (e.g., parabolic fits). Our nonparametric estimate is practically indistinguishable from the best-fit cosmological model, thus lending independent support to the underlying physics that governs these models. We also generate a confidence set for the nonparametric fit and extract confidence intervals for the numbers, locations, and heights of peaks and the successive peak-to-peak height ratios. At the 95%, 68%, and 40% confidence levels, we find functions that fit the data with one, two, and three peaks, respectively (0 ≤ l ≤ 1100). Therefore, the current data prefer two peaks at the 1 σ level. However, we also rule out a constant temperature function at the greater than 8 σ level. If we assume that there are three peaks in the data, we find their locations to be within l1 = (118, 300), l2 = (377, 650), and l3 = (597, 900). We find the ratio of the first peak height to the second (ΔT1/ΔT2)2 = (1.06, 4.27) and the second to the third (ΔT2/ΔT3)2 = (0.41, 2.5). All measurements are for 95% confidence. If the standard errors on the temperature measurements were reduced to a third of what they are currently, as we expect to be achieved by the Microwave Anisotropy Probe and Planck CMB experiments, we could eliminate two-peak models at the 95% confidence limit. The nonparametric methodology discussed in this Letter has many astrophysical applications.
Characterization of physiochemical and nutrient profiles in canola feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing: impacted by source origin

Objective The objective of this study was to characterize physiochemical and nutrient profiles of feedstock and co-products from canola bio-oil processing that were impacted by source origin. The feedstocks and co-products (mash, pellet) were randomly collected from five different bio-oil processing plants with five different batches of samples in each bio-processing plant in Canada (CA) and China (CH). Methods The detailed chemical composition, energy profile, total digestible nutrient (TDN), protein and carbohydrate subfractions, and their degradation and digestion (CNCPS6.5) were determined. Results The results showed that TDN1x was similar in meals between CA and CH. CH meals and feedstock had higher, truly digestible crude protein (tdCP) and neutral detergent fiber (tdNDF) than CA while CA had higher truly digestible non-fiber carbohydrate (tdNFC). The metabolizable energy (ME3x), net energy (NELp3x, NEm3x, and NEg3x) were similar in meals between CA and CH. No differences were observed in energy profile of seeds between CA and CH. The protein and carbohydrate subfractions of seeds within CH were similar. The results also showed that pelleting of meals affected protein sub-fractionation of CA meals, except rapidly degradable fractions (PB1), rumen degradable (RDPB1) and undegrdable PB1 (RUPB1), and intestinal digestible PB1 (DIGPB1). Canola meals were different in the soluble (PA2) and slowly degradable fractions (PB2) between CA and CH. The carbohydrate fractions of intermediately degradable fraction (CB2), slowly degradable fraction (CB3), and undegradable fraction (CC) were different among CH meals. CH presented higher soluble carbohydrate (CA4) and lower CB2, and CC than CA meals. Conclusion The results indicated that although the seeds were similar within and between CA and CH, either oil-extraction process or meal pelleting seemed to have generated significantly different aspects in physiochemical and nutrient profiles in the meals. Nutritionists and producers need to regularly check nutritional value of meal mash and pellets for precision feeding.
A random walk model of dispersion in turbulent flows and its application to dispersion in a valley

A random walk model of the dispersion of a passive tracer in a general three-dimensional turbulent flow is developed. The model is used to simulate dispersion in the Sirhowy valley, South Wales. The results show encouraging agreement with the experimentally measured concentrations, which are generally much lower than those typical of dispersion over flat ground. The simulations show that, for releases from the summit on the upwind side of the valley, the low ground-level concentrations in the valley are primarily a result of the mean flow and not the high turbulence levels in the valley. The simulations have been unable to explain the differences observed between experiments which were carried out in similar conditions; it is possible that the differences are simply a result of the inherent variability in the dispersion. The simulations have enabled estimates of a. , and oz to be made; these quantities are difficult to obtain from the experimental data because of the lack of sufficient elevated samplers and the large horizontal area covered by the cloud.
Analysis of a dual circularly polarized microstrip antenna fed by crossed slots

A dual circularly polarized, wideband microstrip antenna fed by two perpendicular crossed slots is analyzed in this work. The cross shaped aperture in the ground plane provides coupling between the microstrip patch and a single microstrip line underneath the ground plane, traversing the four arms of the cross in a serial manner, thereby generating four coupling points in phase quadratures for both senses of circular polarization. The analysis of this antenna incorporates two stages: In the first one, the individual load impedances are computed via an integral equation based on reciprocity, assuming no interactions between the ports. The second stage employs a transmission line model where the four coupling points are considered as lumped loads along the feed line. An iterative scheme employs the transmission line model for the determination of the actual impedances of each coupling point, including the mutual interactions with the other coupling points. This procedure provides control over the overall level of radiated energy; hence it can be used in the design procedure of this antenna as a serial or parallel fed array element. The computed results agree very well with measurements. The antenna attains a -3 dB gain bandwidth of 13% to 15%, a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 48%, and -15 dB return loss bandwidth of 60%. >
The problem of protein folding and dynamics: time-resolved dynamic nonradiative excitation energy transfer measurements

The proteins are molecular "machines" that are self-assembled infinitely diverse, give rise to complex structures of any size, and have well-controlled vectorial modes of conformational changes, driven by thermal motions. Numerous experiments show that the pathway of folding of globular proteins, from the un-ordered state to the native conformations, and their modes of intramolecular motions, are determined by the sequence of the amino acyl residues (the monomers) in the polypeptide chain (the genetic information) of each protein. Attempts to decipher the mechanism by which the multiple transitions, on a wide range of time and distance scales are directed, depend on development of new methods for determination of distributions of intermolecular distances in flexible molecules and their time dependence. Methods based on time resolved measurements of intramolecular dynamic nonradiative excitation energy transfer, combined with protein engineering and site directed labeling were developed. Global analysis of data sets obtained by these measurements yield distributions of probabilities of segments end-to-end distances (EEDP) (in the range of 8 to 80 W chain). Methods for AMP determination of rates of conformational fluctuations and of the folding transitions, down to picosecond time scale, by means of this approach were also developed. Application of this experimental approach in the study of the denatured state of single-domain globular proteins, show that even in the denatured states, these proteins have compact structures. The bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) showed in the denatured state at least two conformational subpopulations, one was native-like and the other was characterized by EEDP distributions corresponding to an unfolded polypeptide chain.
Threshold currents of 1.3-/spl mu/m bulk, 1.55-/spl mu/m bulk, and 1.55-/spl mu/m MQW DFB P-substrate partially inverted buried heterostructure laser diodes

We investigate the threshold currents of 1.3-/spl mu/m bulk, 1.55-/spl mu/m bulk, and 1.55-/spl mu/m multi-quantum-well (MQW) distributed feedback (DFB) P-substrate partially inverted buried heterostructure (BH) laser diodes experimentally and theoretically. In spite of the larger internal loss of the 1.55-/spl mu/m bulk laser diodes, the threshold current of the 1.55-/spl mu/m bulk DFB P-substrate partially inverted BH laser diode is almost the same as that of the 1.3-/spl mu/m bulk DFB P-substrate partially inverted BH laser diode. The experimentally obtained average threshold current of the 1.3-/spl mu/m bulk DFB P-substrate partially inverted BH laser diodes is 17 mA and that of the 1.55 /spl mu/m bulk DFB P-substrate partially inverted BH laser diodes is 16 mA. The calculated threshold current of the 1.3-/spl mu/m bulk DFB laser diode is 15.3 mA and that of the 1.55-/spl mu/m bulk DFB laser diode is 18.3 mA, which nearly agree with the calculated values, respectively. We have fabricated two types of five-well 1.55-/spl mu/m InGaAs-InGaAsP MQW DFB P-substrate partially inverted BH laser diodes. One has barriers whose bandgap energy corresponds to 1.3 /spl mu/m, and the other has barriers of which bandgap energy corresponds to 1.15 /spl mu/m. The calculated threshold current of the MQW DFB laser diode with the barriers (/spl lambda//sub g/=1.3 /spl mu/m) is 8.5 mA, which nearly agrees with the experimentally obtained value of 10 mA. However, the calculated threshold current of the MQW DFB laser diode with the barriers (/spl lambda//sub g/=1.15 /spl mu/m) is 7.9 mA which greatly disagrees with the experimentally obtained value of 19 mA, which suggests that the valence band discontinuity between the well and the barrier severely prevents the uniform distribution of the injected holes among five wells.
Resolution in seismic trace inversion by parameter estimation

An alternative to the conventional time series approach to single‐trace modeling and inversion by convolution and inverse filtering is a parametric approach. To obtain insight into the potential of the parametric approach, the solution of the single‐trace forward problem is formulated in matrix terms. For the nonlinear reflector lag time parameters this is achieved by linearization, which is shown to be a valid approximation over a sufficiently large region. The matrix forward operators are analyzed by means of the singular value decomposition (SVD). The SVD can be considered a generalization of the Fourier transform of convolution operators. On the basis of the SVD analysis, inverse operators are designed which combine stability with high resolving power. A method to determine the resolving power of the parametric inverse operators is presented. Several examples show how wavelet bandwidth, data noise level, and model complexity influence the resolving power of the data for the reflection coefficient and .
Self-efficacy and alcohol consumption: Are efficacy measures confounded with motivation?

Abstract Recent research has suggested self-efficacy measures (i.e., I can) are confounded with motivation (i.e., I will). The study tested whether two measurement conditions can disentangle motivation from self-efficacy in relation to alcohol consumption. Specifically, the study compared a standard self-efficacy measurement condition with a motivation held constant (i.e., including “If I really wanted to” in self-efficacy measures) and a vignette condition (i.e., clarifying the definition of “can” before self-efficacy measurements). A randomized posttest-only design was used. A sample of 259 university students were allocated to one of three conditions (standard; motivation held constant; vignette) and completed measures of self-efficacy and alcohol consumption. Greater self-efficacy towards both consuming and refraining from alcohol was found in the vignette (d = 0.58 & 0.74) and motivation held constant (d = 0.34 & 0.58) conditions. Heavy drinkers in the vignette (d = 1.48) and motivation held constant (d = 0.93) conditions reported greater self-efficacy for refraining from alcohol than the standard condition. Self-efficacy towards refraining from alcohol in the standard condition (r = −.55) was more highly correlated with alcohol behaviour than self-efficacy in the vignette condition (r = −.06). The study adds to the evidence that standard measures of self-efficacy are confounded with motivation. Providing a vignette clarifying the meaning of self-efficacy and including “If I really wanted to” in self-efficacy measures can overcome self-efficacy confounding.
Mitigation of time-spatial influence in free-space optical networks utilizing route diversity

New communication systems are emerging with growing demand on the data traffic. Fiber optics allow us to transfer data of rates higher than hundreds gigabits per second. These systems are usually used for backbone networks, although using of these systems is appearing in last mile connections. Wireless communication systems are still more and more popular owing to fast and cheaper deployment contrary to wire or fiber communication systems. On the other hand, wireless communication systems including free-space optics (FSO) are affected by weather conditions. In order to mitigate these effects, several mitigation techniques were investigated. For instance spatial diversity using more than one transmitter or receiver, auto-tracking of an optical beam, wavelength diversity utilizing radio band links as a backup etc. FSO links may be used in FSO networks to connect several building of a corporation, hospital or university campus. In case of proper network topology, route diversity can contribute to availability enhancement. In this paper, mitigation technique based on the route diversity is presented. Results are compared with hybrid FSO link.
Camera calibration by vanishing point and cross ratio

The authors present a unified camera calibration method in which radial distortions can be considered or ignored. The usually tangled process of calibrating intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters in the zero-distortion case is separated by using vanishing points as calibration points. By ignoring distortions, rough estimates for intrinsic camera parameters are solved linearly. Refinements are made on the basis of the invariance properties of the cross ratio and the collinearity of perspectivity, so that radial distortion can be considered. With the corrected image plane, the usual linear methods can be used to solve extrinsic camera parameters with low computational cost. <<ETX>>
Flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates toward sampling approaches for on-site sensing and diagnosis applications

Abstract Over the past 45 years, the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which enhances the Raman scattering of molecules absorbed on or near nanostructured metal surfaces, has brought significant potential as a powerful spectroscopic and analytical technique for various fields of ultrasensitive sensing applications. In preference to rigid substrates, recent advances in the development of flexible SERS sensors have enabled the fulfillment of practical on-site sensing and diagnostic applications with rapid and efficient sampling approaches. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most recent developments in flexible SERS substrates for on-site sensing and diagnosis over the past 4 years. We highlight the three main categories of flexible SERS sensors based on their sampling methods, including drop-and-dry, collection/swabbing, and wearable/attachable approaches. The use of substrate materials and the design of sensing platforms for sampling regarding various targets are reviewed. Finally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives of flexible SERS sensors for future developments.