Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inferring X-ray coronal structures from Zeeman–Doppler images

We have modelled the X-ray emission from the young rapid rotator AB Doradus (Prot = 0.514 d) using as a basis Zeeman‐Doppler maps of the surface magnetic field. This allows us to reconcile the apparently conflicting observations of a high X-ray emission measure and coronal density with a low rotational modulation in the X-ray band. The technique is to extrapolate the coronal field from the surface maps by assuming the field to be potential. We then determine the coronal density for an isothermal corona by solving hydrostatic equilibrium along each field line and scaling the surface plasma pressure with the surface magnetic pressure. We set the density to zero along those field lines that are open and those where at any point along their length the plasma pressure exceeds the magnetic pressure. We then calculate the optically thin X-ray emission measure and rotational modulation for models with a range of coronal densities. Although the corona can be very extended, much of the emission comes from high-latitude regions close to the stellar surface. Since these are always in view as the star rotates, there is little rotational modulation. We find that emission measures in the observed range 10 52.8 ‐ 10 53.3 cm −3 can be reproduced with densities in the range 10 9 ‐10 10.7 cm −3 for coronae at temperatures of 10 6 ‐10 7 K.
Parent stress in the neonatal intensive care unit and the influence of parent and infant characteristics.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the stress experienced by parents in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the infant and parent characteristics that resulted in different stress responses, and the characteristics that were predictive of stress. METHOD The Parental Stress Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was used to measure the stress of 162 parents. A Parent/Infant Demographic sheet provided information for determining which characteristics resulted in different responses and which variables were stress predictors. RESULTS The highest levels of stress experienced were in the relationship with baby-parental role area, and regarding how the baby looked and behaved. The infant characteristic of gestational age resulted in significantly different scores concerning the baby's appearance and behavior. Consistent predictors of stress were length of stay, extreme prematurity, and a cardiovascular diagnosis. CONCLUSION Identifying the stressors parents experience can assist NICU therapists in intervention planning. Family-centered care that addresses stressors concerning their roles and their understanding of their infant should be emphasized.
Inference by Believers in the Law of Small Numbers

Many people believe in the Law of Small Numbers, exaggerating the degree to which a small sample resembles the population from which it is drawn. To model this, I assume that a person exaggerates the likelihood that a short sequence of i.i. d. signals resembles the long-run rate at which those signals are generated. Such a person believes in the gambler's fallacy , thinking early draws of one signal increase the odds of next drawing other signals. When uncertain about the rate, the person over-infers from short sequences of signals, and is prone to think the rate is more extreme than it is. When the person makes inferences about the frequency at which rates are generated by different sources -- such as the distribution of talent among financial analysts -- based on few observations from each source, he tends to exaggerate how much variance there is in the rates. Hence, the model predicts that people may pay for financial advice from experts whose expertise is entirely illusory. Other economic applications are discussed.
Usefulness of exercise-stress echocardiography for risk stratification of true asymptomatic patients with aortic valve stenosis

Aims Abnormal exercise test defined as the occurrence of exercise limiting symptoms, fall in blood pressure below baseline, or complex ventricular arrhythmias is useful to predict clinical events in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis (AS). The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise-stress echocardiography (ESE) adds any incremental prognostic value to resting echocardiography in patients with AS having a normal exercise response. Methods and results One hundred and eighty-six asymptomatic patients with at least moderate AS and preserved LV ejection fraction (≥50%) were assessed by Doppler-echocardiography at rest and during a maximum ramp semi-supine bicycle exercise test. Fifty-one (27%) patients had an abnormal exercise test and were excluded from the present analysis. Among the 135 patients with normal exercise test, 67 had an event (aortic valve replacement motivated by symptoms or cardiovascular death) at a mean follow-up of 20 ± 14 months. The variables independently associated with events were: age ≥65 years [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–3.47; P = 0.01], diabetes, (HR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.33–6.87; P = 0.01), LV hypertrophy (HR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.17–3.27; P = 0.01), resting mean gradient >35 mmHg (HR = 3.60; 95% CI: 2.11–6.37; P < 0.0001), and exercise-induced increase in mean gradient >20 mmHg (HR = 3.83; 95% CI: 2.16–6.67; P < 0.0001). Conclusion The exercise-induced increase in transvalvular gradient may be helpful to improve risk stratification in asymptomatic AS patients with normal exercise response. These results thus suggest that ESE may provide additional prognostic information over that obtained from standard exercise testing and resting echocardiography.
Behavioral biases when viewing multiplexed scenes: scene structure and frames of reference for inspection

Where people look when viewing a scene has been a much explored avenue of vision research (e.g., see Tatler, 2009). Current understanding of eye guidance suggests that a combination of high and low-level factors influence fixation selection (e.g., Torralba et al., 2006), but that there are also strong biases toward the center of an image (Tatler, 2007). However, situations where we view multiplexed scenes are becoming increasingly common, and it is unclear how visual inspection might be arranged when content lacks normal semantic or spatial structure. Here we use the central bias to examine how gaze behavior is organized in scenes that are presented in their normal format, or disrupted by scrambling the quadrants and separating them by space. In Experiment 1, scrambling scenes had the strongest influence on gaze allocation. Observers were highly biased by the quadrant center, although physical space did not enhance this bias. However, the center of the display still contributed to fixation selection above chance, and was most influential early in scene viewing. When the top left quadrant was held constant across all conditions in Experiment 2, fixation behavior was significantly influenced by the overall arrangement of the display, with fixations being biased toward the quadrant center when the other three quadrants were scrambled (despite the visual information in this quadrant being identical in all conditions). When scenes are scrambled into four quadrants and semantic contiguity is disrupted, observers no longer appear to view the content as a single scene (despite it consisting of the same visual information overall), but rather anchor visual inspection around the four separate “sub-scenes. ” Moreover, the frame of reference that observers use when viewing the multiplex seems to change across viewing time: from an early bias toward the display center to a later bias toward quadrant centers.
Visualization of Measured and Estimated Network Characteristics of the Internet

Information provided by research on the measurement and estimation of network characteristics of the Internet is vast; therefore, it is difficult to understand and analyze it. We developed a system that includes tools to analyze and visualize both measured and estimated network characteristics of the Internet in order to obtain useful information from these characteristics. Our tools can process large amount of data on network characteristics that were preliminarily measured and estimated. The tools use geographic information for analysis and visualization; users can add codes and extend the functions of analysis and visualization. Moreover, users can easily analyze and visualize the network characteristics of the Internet for various purposes. This paper describes the visualization of network characteristics of the Internet by the tools.
Extension Breakdown: Security Analysis of Browsers Extension Resources Control Policies

All major web browsers support browser extensions to add new features and extend their functionalities. Nevertheless, browser extensions have been the target of several attacks due to their tight relation with the browser environment. As a consequence, extensions have been abused in the past for malicious tasks such as private information gathering, browsing history retrieval, or passwords theft — leading to a number of severe targeted attacks. Even though no protection techniques existed in the past to secure extensions, all browsers now implement defensive countermeasures that, in theory, protect extensions and their resources from third party access. In this paper, we present two attacks that bypass these control techniques in every major browser family, enabling enumeration attacks against the list of installed extensions. In particular, we present a timing side-channel attack against the access control settings and an attack that takes advantage of poor programming practice, affecting a large number of Safari extensions. Due to the harmful nature of our findings, we also discuss possible countermeasures against our own attacks and reported our findings and countermeasures to the different actors involved. We believe that our study can help secure current implementations and help developers to avoid similar attacks in the future.
IsoFinder: computational prediction of isochores in genome sequences

Isochores are long genome segments homogeneous in G+C. Here, we describe an algorithm (IsoFinder) running on the web (http://bioinfo2.ugr.es/IsoF/isofinder.html) able to predict isochores at the sequence level. We move a sliding pointer from left to right along the DNA sequence. At each position of the pointer, we compute the mean G+C values to the left and to the right of the pointer. We then determine the position of the pointer for which the difference between left and right mean values (as measured by the t-statistic) reaches its maximum. Next, we determine the statistical significance of this potential cutting point, after filtering out short-scale heterogeneities below 3 kb by applying a coarse-graining technique. Finally, the program checks whether this significance exceeds a probability threshold. If so, the sequence is cut at this point into two subsequences; otherwise, the sequence remains undivided. The procedure continues recursively for each of the two resulting subsequences created by each cut. This leads to the decomposition of a chromosome sequence into long homogeneous genome regions (LHGRs) with well-defined mean G+C contents, each significantly different from the G+C contents of the adjacent LHGRs. Most LHGRs can be identified with Bernardi's isochores, given their correlation with biological features such as gene density, SINE and LINE (short, long interspersed repetitive elements) densities, recombination rate or single nucleotide polymorphism variability. The resulting isochore maps are available at our web site (http://bioinfo2.ugr.es/isochores/), and also at the UCSC Genome Browser (http://genome.cse.ucsc.edu/).
Theories of Intelligence, Goal Orientation and Attribution in Malawi's MESA Schools

This article suggests that, as the Malawian Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology continues to advocate for educational access, equity and quality, aspects of educational psychology may be particularly important to consider in context. It presents and discusses research conducted in June and July 2004. The key research concepts (theories of intelligence, goal orientation, attribution to setback, and confidence) are briefly introduced, and then, the study's objectives, methods and findings are each discussed in turn. The research objectives included: (i) examination of the relation between particular Malawian students' theories of intelligence and their goals and attributions in response to academic setback; (ii) examination of gender differences in students' theories of intelligence, goals, setback attributions, and confidence levels; and (iii) exploration of the variables mentioned as possible predictors of students' 2004 examination scores (controlling for student demographics and prior academic performance). In order to reach these aims, a survey was administered to 284 Malawian students attending Malawi Education Support Activity (MESA) schools. Test scores were collected from ‘progress books,’ and quantitative data were supplemented by semi-structured interviews with key informants. Students' theories of intelligence were found to be associated with their goals and setback attributions, but not with their confidence levels. Females were significantly more likely than males to hold entity theories of intelligence, to have dominant performance goals, and to attribute academic setback to lack of intelligence. Male students reported moderately higher confidence than females. Regression analysis revealed ‘learning goal’ to significantly predict test scores. The findings suggest that student theories, goals, and attributions warrant further research and school community attention. In addition, the findings encourage questions concerning the cross-cultural applicability of certain educational psychology theories. In conclusion, this article recognises the need to understand cross-cultural differences in educational psychology, yet raises questions by identifying potential similarities between previous findings from the United States, United Kingdom, and Hong Kong and the study at hand.
The distinction between reactive and proactive aggression: Utility for theory, diagnosis and treatment?

For theoretical, practical, and research purposes, aggression is often subdivided into subtypes. A frequently used distinction is that between reactive and proactive aggression. Reactively aggressive children behave aggressively in reaction to perceived provocation or threat. Proactively aggressive children behave aggressively to achieve particular goals. In this paper, the utility of distinguishing between reactive and proactive aggression is explored. Eight specific criteria are formulated for this purpose. Based on a review of the research to date, it is concluded that the distinction appears to be useful. Despite considerable overlap between the two subtypes of aggression, reactive and proactive aggression appear to constitute two separate forms of aggression with different precursors, correlates, outcomes, and indicated interventions. Suggestions for future research and further application of the distinction are discussed in the conclusion.
Pour une réhabilitation de l'analyse des partis en Afrique

Il y a huit ans, politique africaine consacrait son numero 69 aux elections en afrique. La principale question soulevee alors etait d'ordre epistemologique, puisqu'il s'agissait de savoir si l'on pouvait etudier les elections africaines « comme les autres ». L'epoque etait aux tentatives de democratisation partout sur le continent, et l'etude des elections aurait du etre indissociable de celle des partis politiques, ces derniers etant les principaux acteurs de la nouvelle scene politique. Pourtant, si, a la faveur du pluralisme retrouve, il y a bien eu de nouveaux travaux sur les partis politiques en afrique 1 , les deficits signales par buijtenhuis et thiriot des 1995 n'ont toujours pas ete combles 2 .
Media synchronization control with prediction in a remote haptic calligraphy system

This paper presents a remote haptic calligraphy systemwhich can control a remote haptic interface device with another haptic interface device. In the system, a teacher can instruct a student at a remote location how to use a calligraphy brush while conveying the sense of force through a network. We also present media synchronization control with prediction in order to maintain a high quality of haptic transmission. Under the control, network delay jitter is absorbed by buffering, and the positional information is output by prediction if the information is lost or arrives significantly late. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the control by subjective assessment.
Knowledge Management Enablers, Processes, and Organizational Performance: An Integration and Empirical Examination

Because of the increasing interests on knowledge management (KM), various researches have been accomplished. Many conceptual research frameworks have been proposed and thus empirical researches are required to provide practical benefits. However, most current empirical researches have dealt with the relationship of knowledge management enablers, processes or performance in isolation. Accordingly, an integrated view of knowledge management is missing and thus how to perform knowledge management to improve organizational performance is not clear. In order to alleviate these limitations of the previous researches, this study analyzes the current research frameworks and finds their relationships. An integrated research model is built by incorporating knowledge management processes into organizational performance. The model is tested empirically to investigate the relationship between knowledge management processes and enablers such as organizational structure, culture, and information technologies. The correlation between knowledge management processes and organizational creativity is also identified. Both non-financial and financial performance measures are adopted to measure the impact of knowledge management. The findings of this study imply that knowledge management processes are significant predictors for organizational creativity, i.e., business organizations can achieve strategic and economic benefits of knowledge management by utilizing organizational creativity in an effective fashion. Organizational structure and culture are found to be significant in predicting the knowledge management processes. In addition, it is noted that technology-related variables are not significantly related to the knowledge management. This unexpected finding may result from the early stage of knowledge management in Korea. From a theoretical perspective, this study provides not only a research model for knowledge management but also relationships among knowledge management components. It establishes a generic research model by providing an integrated view of knowledge management. Empirical evidences are likely to help business organizations sharpen their knowledge management strategies.
Making the Difference, Then and Now

In the mid-1970s there was political interest in questions of educational justice and an intellectual situation that allowed a 'productionist' approach to class. The intensive research method used was relatively open to new insights about class and gender, and a highly collaborative process of analysis connected the work with practical needs in school systems. The empirical side of the research stands up well. The policy context, however, has changed greatly, with the rise of neoliberalism and the destruction of the policy machinery for consultation and equity work. Suggestions are made for elements of a new equality agenda in education, which moves beyond compensatory programs.
Filter and Nested Lattice Code Design for MIMO Fading Channels with Side-Information

Linear-assignment Gel'fand-Pinsker coding (LA-GPC) is a coding technique for channels with interference known only at the transmitter, where the known interference is treated as side-information (SI). As a special case of the LA-GPC, dirty paper coding has been shown to be able to achieve the optimal interference-free rate for SI channels with perfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). In the cases where only the channel distribution information at the transmitter (CDIT) is available, LA-GPC also has good (sometimes optimal) performance in a variety of fast and slow fading SI channels. In this letter, we design filters in the nested lattice based coding to make it achieve the same rate performance as the LA-GPC in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. Compared with the random Gaussian codebooks used in previous works, our resultant coding schemes have algebraic structures and can be implemented in practical systems. Simulations in slow-fading channels are provided, and near interference-free error performance is obtained. The proposed coding schemes can serve as the fundamental building blocks to achieve the promised rate performance of MIMO Gaussian broadcast channels with CDIT or perfect CSIT.
Functional reconstruction of mobile tongue and suprahyoid muscles after resection of cancer of the tongue.

The mobile tongue and the suprahyoid muscles were reconstructed in a man who had had a total resection of the mobile tongue with the oral floor and bilateral radical neck dissection (extensive resection of the bilateral suprahyoid muscles) for cancer of the tongue. A rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap with the tenth intercostal nerve anastomosed to the remaining hypoglossal nerve was used for the reconstruction. The rectus abdominis muscle was inserted between the mandible and the hyoid bone, taking account of the anatomical positions of the tongue and suprahyoid muscles; the rectus sheath was then firmly sutured to the mandible and hyoid bone. This procedure created firm tendinous insertions between the mandible and hyoid bone. After the operation, the reconstructed tongue showed no sign of atrophy, and the reconstructed supra-hyoid muscles (rectus abdominis muscle) could be moved, and the hyoid bone could be raised.
Photodynamic therapy and high-dose intravitreal triamcinolone to treat exudative age-related macular degeneration: 1-year outcome.

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (PDT) and high-dose intravitreous triamcinolone acetonide to treat choroidal new vessels (CNVs) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS In this prospective, consecutive, comparative, nonrandomized, interventional case series, 30 consecutive eyes of 30 patients with subfoveal CNVs associated with AMD were treated with PDT followed by the intravitreal injection of 19.4 +/- 2.1 mg /0.1 mL triamcinolone 5 days later. Fifteen eyes had received no previous treatment (group 1), and 15 had been treated previously with PDT alone (group 2). A group of 15 eyes of 15 patients treated with PDT alone, matched for age and CNV composition and size, served as controls. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; logMAR), the number of Snellen lines improved or lost, and the number of PDT sessions were considered as primary outcome indicators. RESULTS Group 1 improved an average of 0.7 +/- 3.7 Snellen lines (range, -5 to 10) (P = 0.62), group 2 lost an average of -0.7 +/- 1.5 Snellen lines (range, -5 to 1) (P = 0.08), and the control group lost an average of -2.2 +/- 0.4 Snellen lines (range, -9 to 4) (P = 0.06; Wilcoxon signed rank test). The average number of PDT treatments during the 12-month follow-up was 1.6, 1.2, and 2.8 for group 1, group 2, and the control group, respectively. Intraocular pressure rose in 8 (57%) of 14 eyes in group 1 and in 7 (50%) of 14 eyes in group 2. Cataracts developed in 4 eyes (31%) in group 1 and in 4 eyes (33%) in group 2. CONCLUSION Combined PDT/intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as treatment for AMD-associated CNVs was associated with improved final BCVA and reduced the need for retreatment compared with historical controls.