Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approaches in anomaly-based intrusion detection systems

Anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems can take into consideration packet headers, the payload, or a combination of both. We argue that payload-based approaches are becoming the most effective methods to detect attacks. Nowadays, attacks aim mainly to exploit vulnerabilities at application level: thus, the payload contains the most important information to differentiate normal traffic from anomalous activity. To support our thesis, we present a comparison between different anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems, focusing in particular on the data analyzed by the detection engine to discover possible malicious activities. Furthermore, we present a comparison of two payload-based anomaly-based NIDSes: PAYL and POSEIDON.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF PARACETAMOL AND LORNOXICAM IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

A simple, rapid, accurate and precise isocratic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Lornoxicam in tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Zorbax C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 µm particle size) with a mixture of 20 mM ammonium acetate pH 3.2 buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 v/v as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. UV detection was performed at 265 nm. The retention times were 2.74 minutes and 5.36 minutes for Paracetamol and Lornoxicam respectively. Calibration plots were linear (r2=0.999 for both Paracetamol and Lornoxicam respectively) over the concentration range of 6.25-250 µg/mL for Paracetamol and 0.1-4 µg/mL for Lornoxicam. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness. The proposed method was successfully used for simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Lornoxicam in tablet dosage form. Validation studies revealed that the proposed method is specific, rapid, reliable and reproducible. The high % recovery and low % RSD confirms the suitability of the proposed method for routine quality control analysis of Paracetamol and Lornoxicam in bulk and tablet dosage form.
Real-time implementation of phasor measurement unit using NI CompactRIO

Phasor measurement unit (PMU) is certainly a massive boon in the wide-area measurement system which facilitates synchronized real-time measurements of remote areas present in the grid. In this paper, Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is implemented in LabVIEW for real-time monitoring of various power system quantities. PMU is designed and simulated in LabVIEW and implemented in real-time using NI CompactRIO with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Non-recursive and Recursive Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithms have been used to estimate voltage and current phasors time tagged with Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). Frequency and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) have also been estimated in real time.
Molecular sabotage of plant defense by aphid saliva

Aphids, which constitute one of the most important groups of agricultural pests, ingest nutrients from sieve tubes, the photoassimilate transport conduits in plants. Aphids are able to successfully puncture sieve tubes with their piercing mouthparts (stylets) and ingest phloem sap without eliciting the sieve tubes' normal occlusion response to injury. Occlusion mechanisms are calcium-triggered and may be prevented by chemical constituents in aphid saliva injected into sieve tubes before and during feeding. We recorded aphid feeding behavior with the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique and then experimentally induced sieve tube plugging. Initiation of sieve tube occlusion caused a change in aphid behavior from phloem sap ingestion to secretion of watery saliva. Direct proof of “unplugging” properties of aphid saliva was provided by the effect of aphid saliva on forisomes. Forisomes are proteinaceous inclusions in sieve tubes of legumes that show calcium-regulated changes in conformation between a contracted state (below calcium threshold) that does not occlude the sieve tubes and a dispersed state (above calcium threshold) that occludes the sieve tubes. We demonstrated in vitro that aphid saliva induces dispersed forisomes to revert back to the nonplugging contracted state. Labeling Western-blotted saliva proteins with 45Ca2+ or ruthenium red inferred the presence of calcium-binding domains. These results demonstrate that aphid saliva has the ability to prevent sieve tube plugging by molecular interactions between salivary proteins and calcium. This provides aphids with access to a continuous flow of phloem sap and is a critical adaptation instrumental in the evolutionary success of aphids.
1 Aging : Implications for the Oral Cavity

The US aging population is increasing. The US older population, that is individuals aged 65 and older, reached 40.3 million in 2010. This is an increase of 5.3 million compared to the 2000 census. The percentage of the US population aged 65 and older also increased from 2000 to 2010. In 2010, the older population represented 13.0% of the total population, an increase from 12.4% in 2000 (Vincent & Velkoff, 2010). In the USA, by 2030 it is projected that there will be about 72.1 million older people, more than twice their number in 2000. Individuals aged 65 and older are expected to grow to become 19% of the US population by 2030 (Administration on Aging, 2012). By 2050, it is projected that there will be about 88.5 million older adults, 20.2% of the US population (US Census Bureau, 2008a).
THE CO-INFORMATION LATTICE

In 1955, McGill published a multivariate generalisation of Shannon’s mutual information. Algorithms such as Independent Component Analysis use a different generalisation, the redundancy, or multi-information [13]. McGill’s concept expresses the information shared by all of K random variables, while the multi-information expresses the information shared by any two or more of them. Partly to avoid confusion with the multiinformation, I call his concept here the co-information. Co-informations, oddly, can be negative. They form a partially ordered set, or lattice, as do the entropies. Entropies and co-informations are simply and symmetrically related by Mobius inversion [12]. The co-information lattice sheds light on the problem of approximating a joint density with a set of marginal densities, though as usual we run into the partition function. Since the marginals correspond to higher-order edges in Bayesian hypergraphs, this approach motivates new algorithms such as Dependent Component Analysis, which we describe, and (loopy) Generalised Belief Propagation on hypergraphs, which we do not. Simulations of subspace-ICA (a tractable DCA) on natural images are presented on the web. In neural computation theory, we identify the coinformation of a group of neurons (possibly in space/ time staggered patterns) with the ‘degree of existence’ of a corresponding cell assembly.
Bayesian Optimization for Probabilistic Programs

We present the first general purpose framework for marginal maximum a posteriori estimation of probabilistic program variables. By using a series of code transformations, the evidence of any probabilistic program, and therefore of any graphical model, can be optimized with respect to an arbitrary subset of its sampled variables. To carry out this optimization, we develop the first Bayesian optimization package to directly exploit the source code of its target, leading to innovations in problem-independent hyperpriors, unbounded optimization, and implicit constraint satisfaction; delivering significant performance improvements over prominent existing packages. We present applications of our method to a number of tasks including engineering design and parameter optimization.
BGP Support for Four-Octet Autonomous System (AS) Number Space

The Autonomous System number is encoded as a two-octet entity in the base BGP specification. This document describes extensions to BGP to carry the Autonomous System numbers as four-octet entities. This document obsoletes RFC 4893 and updates RFC 4271. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
An RCT with the combination of varenicline and bupropion for smoking cessation: clinical implications for front line use

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the availability of several efficacious smoking cessation treatments, fewer than 25% of smokers who quit remain abstinent 1 year post-treatment. This study aimed to determine if varenicline and bupropion combination treatment would result in higher abstinence rates than varenicline alone. DESIGN A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group smoking cessation clinical trial in which participants were exposed to 12 weeks of treatment and followed for 12 months. SETTING Hospital-based out-patient clinic in Texas, USA specializing in cancer prevention. PARTICIPANTS A total of 385 community smokers (58.44% male) who smoked 1 pack of cigarettes/day [mean = 19.66 cigarettes/day, standard deviation (SD) = 9.45]; had average carbon monoxide (CO) of 26.43 parts per million (SD = 13.74); and were moderately dependent (Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence = 4.79; SD = 2.07). INTERVENTIONS AND COMPARATOR Smokers were randomized in a 3 : 1 (active: Placebo) ratio to 12 weeks of treatment as follows: placebo (n = 56), varenicline (Var; n = 166), and varenicline + bupropion (Combo; n = 163). MEASUREMENTS A priori primary outcome: prolonged abstinence at 12 months. SECONDARY OUTCOMES 7-day point prevalence abstinence and continuous abstinence; all abstinence measures at end of treatment and 6-month follow-ups. FINDINGS Intention-to-treat analysis: the Combo group (n = 163) failed to demonstrate superiority to the Var group (n = 166) for prolonged abstinence at 12 months [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.50-1.64], supported by Bayes factor = 0.06. Both the Var (OR = 6.66, 95% CI = 1.61-59.27) and Combo groups (OR = 6.06, 95% CI = 1.45-54.09) demonstrated superiority to the Placebo group (n = 56; score = 8.38, P < 0.016). CONCLUSIONS The addition of bupropion to varenicline treatment does not appear to increase smoking abstinence rates above that of varenicline alone. The findings support previous research showing a consistently favorable effect of both varenicline and the combination of varenicline and bupropion on smoking cessation compared with placebo.
pH regulation in anoxic plants.

BACKGROUND pH regulation is the result of a complex interaction of ion transport, H+ buffering, H+-consuming and H+-producing reactions. Cells under anoxia experience an energy crisis; an early response thereof (in most tissues) is a rapid cytoplasmic acidification of roughly half a pH unit. Depending on the degree of anoxia tolerance, this pH remains relatively stable for some time, but then drops further due to an energy shortage, which, in concert with a general breakdown of transmembrane gradients, finally leads to cell death unless the plant finds access to an energy source. SCOPE In this review the much-debated origin of the initial pH change and its regulation under anoxia is discussed, as well as the problem of how tissues deal with the energy crisis and to what extent pH regulation and membrane transport from and into the vacuole and the apoplast is a part thereof. CONCLUSIONS It is postulated that, because a foremost goal of cells under anoxia must be energy production (having an anaerobic machinery that produces insufficient amounts of ATP), a new pH is set to ensure a proper functioning of the involved enzymes. Thus, the anoxic pH is not experienced as an error signal and is therefore not reversed to the aerobic level. Although acclimated and anoxia-tolerant tissues may display higher cytoplasmic pH than non-acclimated or anoxia-intolerant tissues, evidence for an impeded pH-regulation is missing even in the anoxia-intolerant tissues. For sufficient energy production, residual H+ pumping is vital to cope with anoxia by importing energy-rich compounds; however it is not vital for pH-regulation. Whereas the initial acidification is not due to energy shortage, subsequent uncontrolled acidosis occurring in concert with a general gradient breakdown damages the cell but may not be the primary event.
The Physiological Basis of the Genetic Progress in Yield Potential of CIMMYT Spring Wheat Cultivars from 1966 to 2009

our objective was to investigate the physiological basis of genetic progress in grain yield in CIMMYT spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars developed from 1966 to 2009 in irrigated, high-potential conditions. Field experiments were conducted during three growing seasons in northwest Mexico (2008–2009, 2009–2010, and 2010–2011) examining 12 historic CIMMYT semidwarf spring wheat cultivars released from 1966 to 2009. The linear rate of genetic gain in grain yield was 30 kg ha −1 yr −1 (0.59% yr −1 ; R 2 = 0.58, P = 0.01). Grain yield progress was associated with increased aboveground dry matter (AGDM) at harvest ( R 2 = 0.80, P < 0.001) and heavier grain weight ( R 2 = 0.46, P < 0.05). There was a positive linear association between AGDM and plant height ( R 2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) and between grain weight and the date of complete canopy senescence (CCS) among the 12 cultivars ( R 2 = 0.36, P < 0.05). There was no change in grains per square meter or harvest index (HI) with year of release (Yor). Grain weight was positively associated with potential grain weight (pGW), and pGW, in turn, was positively associated with rachis length per spikelet among the cultivars. overall spike dry matter (DM) per square meter at anthesis (GS61) +7 d did not change with Yor. There was a trend for a linear increase in AGDM of fertile shoots (expressed as g m −2 ) at GS61 +7 d with Yor, but this was counteracted by spike partitioning decreasing overall during the 43-yr period from 0.25 to 0.23. There was a linear increase in preanthesis flag-leaf stomatal conductance with Yor ( P < 0.05). There was no change in grain growth response to a degraining treatment imposed at GS61 +14 d (mean grain weight response +5.5%) indicating that the degree of source limitation to grain growth appeared to be small and unchanged in the older and modern cultivars. Generally, these results indicated that the rate of genetic progress in CIMMYT spring wheat has slowed but has not plateaued in recent decades, while genetic gains were associated with increase in both potential and final grain weight. degrees of freedom, when the ANOVA indicated significant differences. For ANOVAs across years, Bartlett’s test ( P = 0.05) was used to test for the homoge-neity of variances, and years were regarded as random effects. The mean square for the year effect was tested against an error A mean square representing the variation between blocks. The mean square of the cultivar and year effects was tested against an error B mean square representing residual variation. Treatment means were compared using the LSD.
Development of contact pressure and shear stresses sensor for touch panel

Touch panels are widely used to detect contact conditions between fingers and screens, as human interface devices. The touch sensor used in smartphones has been significantly developed in recent years, and the sensor can recognize not only contact position, but also changes in contact pressure. However, previously proposed touch panels have not been able to measure shear stress. Measurements of the shear stress can facilitate the realization of more sensuous and functional operations through the touch panels. Thus, a sensor for the contact pressure and shear stress measurements was fabricated in this study, in which a conductive polymer was used as a pressure-sensitive material. Sensing units were constructed from transparent materials and integrated to be a 4 × 4 array structure. The calibration tests were performed under combined stresses with the contact pressure and the shear stress in multi-axis loading. The sensor system can detect the distributions of three-axis stress components on surfaces. The stress components were simultaneously measured under several types of finger slide motions. The possibility of quantitative measurements of the stresses acting on touch panels was confirmed by considering transparency of the sensor.
Electrocardiographic predictors of atrial fibrillation in nonhypertensive and hypertensive individuals

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the predictive value of ECG abnormalities for atrial fibrillation in nonhypertensive versus hypertensive individuals. Methods: We recorded ECG and measured conventional cardiovascular risk factors in a nationwide population-based sample of 5813 Finns. We divided the participants into nonhypertensive (n = 3148) and hypertensive (n = 2665) individuals and followed the participants for incident atrial fibrillation events. We evaluated the predictive ability of 12 ECG abnormalities for atrial fibrillation using multivariable-adjusted Fine–Gray models. Results: During a follow-up of 11.9 ± 2.9 years, 111 nonhypertensive and 301 hypertensive participants developed atrial fibrillation. Negative T wave in lateral leads predicted atrial fibrillation in both nonhypertensive [hazard ratio (HR), 4.59; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.84–11.44] and hypertensive participants (HR, 1.81; 95% CI 1.16–2.84). In nonhypertensive participants, 1-SD increments in corrected QT interval (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.18–1.71) and T-wave amplitude in lead augmented vector R (aVR) (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10–1.80) were related to atrial fibrillation. In hypertensive participants, prolonged PR interval (HR, 1.59; 95% CI 1.05–2.41), prolonged P-wave duration (HR, 1.43; 95% CI 1.07–1.91), left ventricular hypertrophy by Sokolow–Lyon criteria (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.12–2.14) and poor R-wave progression (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.02–2.48) predicted atrial fibrillation. Corrected QT interval and T-wave amplitude in lead aVR were stronger predictors of atrial fibrillation in nonhypertensive than in hypertensive participants. ECG abnormalities improved risk prediction only marginally (delta area under receiver-operating-characteristic curve = 0.000–0.005). Conclusion: Several ECG abnormalities associate with incident atrial fibrillation in hypertensive and nonhypertensive individuals but provide only marginal incremental predictive value. Corrected QT interval and T-wave amplitude in lead aVR may relate stronger to incident atrial fibrillation in nonhypertensive than in hypertensive individuals.
Effect of the microbial lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity in yoghurt on the intestinal absorption of lactose: An in vivo study in lactase-deficient humans

Breath hydrogen excretion was measured in eight lactase (EC 3.2.1. 108)-deficient volunteers ingesting 18 g lactose in the form of milk, yoghurt and heated yoghurt. Total excess hydrogen excretion (area under curve) was significantly lower after yoghurt and heated yoghurt, than after milk: 103 (SE 29), 191 (SE 32), and 439 (SE 69) respectively (P < 0.001). The oro-caecal transit time of fermentable components from yoghurt and heated yoghurt (mainly lactose) was longer than that from milk: 165 (SE 17), 206 (SE 19), v. 103 (SE 19) min (P < 0.01). An intestinal perfusion technique was used in the same subjects after ingestion on two consecutive days of 18 g lactose in yoghurt and heated yoghurt. Significantly less lactose was recovered from the terminal ileum after yoghurt than after heated yoghurt meals: 1740 (SE 260) v. 2825 (SE 461) mg (P < 0.05), and approximately one-fifth of the lactase activity contained in yoghurt reached the terminal ileum. These findings indicate that more than 90% of the lactose in yoghurt is digested in the small intestine of lactase-deficient subjects and suggest that both the lactase activity contained in the viable starter culture and a slow oro–caecal transit time are responsible for this excellent absorption.
Oxygen Consumption and Acoustic Activity of Adult Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) during Hermetic Storage

Acoustic monitoring was applied to consider hermetic exposure durations and oxygen levels required to stop adult Callosobruchus maculatus activity and economic damage on cowpea. A 15-d study was conducted with six treatments of 25, 50, and 100 C. maculatus adults in 500 and 1000 mL jars using acoustic probes inserted through stoppers sealing the jars. Acoustic activity as a result of locomotion, mating, and egg-laying was measured by identifying sound impulses with frequency spectra representative of known insect sounds, and counting trains (bursts) of impulses separated by intervals of <200 ms, that typically are produced only by insects. By the end of the first week of storage in all treatments, oxygen levels declined to levels below 4%, which has been demonstrated to cause mortality in previous studies. Concomitantly, insect sound burst rates dropped below an acoustic detection threshold of 0.02 bursts s−1, indicating that the insects had ceased feeding. Statistically significant relationships were obtained between two different measures of the acoustic activity and the residual oxygen level. Based on the experimental results, a simple equation can be used to estimate the time needed for oxygen to decline to levels that limit insect feeding damage and thus grain losses in hermetic storage containers of different insect population levels and various volumes.
A Novel Slicing-Based Regularization Method for Raw Point Clouds in Visible IoT

Three-dimensional scanning technology is becoming increasingly popular in the Internet of Things and cyber-physical social systems. Existing reconstruction algorithms and shape extraction algorithms usually require regularized points and clear topological relationships between them. In this paper, a novel slicing-based method is proposed to regularize raw point clouds, in which we first slice the raw point to get cross section points, and then generate regular point clouds under the topology control of cross section shapes, and finally produce regular point clouds at multiple levels of detail. The proposed method is effective specifically for huge raw point clouds and the experiment results show that the proposed method can produce regularized point clouds for surface meshing, shapes analysis, shapes extraction, and so on.
High Dynamic Range SLAM with Map-Aware Exposure Time Control

The research in dense online 3D mapping is mostly focused on the geometrical accuracy and spatial extent of the reconstructions. Their color appearance is often neglected, leading to inconsistent colors and noticeable artifacts. We rectify this by extending a state-of-the-art SLAM system to accumulate colors in HDR space. We replace the simplistic pixel intensity averaging scheme with HDR color fusion rules tailored to the incremental nature of SLAM and a noise model suitable for off-the-shelf RGB-D cameras. Our main contribution is a map-aware exposure time controller. It makes decisions based on the global state of the map and predicted camera motion, attempting to maximize the information gain of each observation. We report a set of experiments demonstrating the improved texture quality and advantages of using the custom controller that is tightly integrated in the mapping loop.
Amphiregulin enhances intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and promotes tumor metastasis in human osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is a common, high malignant, and metastatic bone cancer. Amphiregulin (AREG) has been associated with cancer cellular activities. However, the effect of AREG on metastasis activity in human osteosarcoma cells has yet to be determined. We determined that AREG increases the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via its interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor, thus resulting in the enhanced cell migration of osteosarcoma. Furthermore, AREG stimulation increased the association of NF-κB to ICAM-1 promoter which then up-regulated ICAM-1 expression. Finally, we observed that shRNA silencing of AREG decreased osteosarcoma metastasis in vivo. Our findings revealed a relationship between osteosarcoma metastatic potential and AREG expression and the modulating effect of AREG on ICAM-1 expression.