Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observation and interpretation of tectonic strain release mechanisms

In four chapters various aspects of earthquake source are studied. Chapter I Surface displacements that followed the Parkfield, 1966, earthquakes were measured for two years with six small-scale geodetic networks straddling the fault trace. The logarithmic rate and the periodic nature of the creep displacement recorded on a strain meter made it possible to predict creep episodes on the San Andreas fault. Some individual earthquakes were related directly to surface displacement, while in general, slow creep and aftershock activity were found to occur independently. The Parkfield earthquake is interpreted as a buried dislocation. Chapter II The source parameters of earthquakes between magnitude 1 and 6 were studied using field observations, fault plane solutions, and surface wave and S-wave spectral analysis. The seismic moment, MO, was found to be related to local magnitude, ML, by log MO = 1.7 ML + 15.1. The source length vs magnitude relation for the San Andreas system found to be: ML = 1.9 log L - 6.7. The surface wave envelope parameter AR gives the moment according to log MO = log AR300 + 30.1, and the stress drop, τ, was found to be related to the magnitude by τ = 0.54 M - 2.58. The relation between surface wave magnitude MS and ML is proposed to be MS = 1.7 ML - 4.1. It is proposed to estimate the relative stress level (and possibly the strength) of a source-region by the amplitude ratio of high-frequency to low-frequency waves. An apparent stress map for Southern California is presented. Chapter III Seismic triggering and seismic shaking are proposed as two closely related mechanisms of strain release which explain observations of the character of the P wave generated by the Alaskan earthquake of 1964, and distant fault slippage observed after the Borrego Mountain, California earthquake of 1968. The Alaska, 1964, earthquake is shown to be adequately described as a series of individual rupture events. The first of these events had a body wave magnitude of 6.6 and is considered to have initiated or triggered the whole sequence. The propagation velocity of the disturbance is estimated to be 3.5 km/sec. On the basis of circumstantial evidence it is proposed that the Borrego Mountain, 1968, earthquake caused release of tectonic strain along three active faults at distances of 45 to 75 km from the epicenter. It is suggested that this mechanism of strain release is best described as "seismic shaking. " Chapter IV The changes of apparent stress with depth are studied in the South American deep seismic zone. For shallow earthquakes the apparent stress is 20 bars on the average, the same as for earthquakes in the Aleutians and on Oceanic Ridges. At depths between 50 and 150 km the apparent stresses are relatively high, approximately 380 bars, and around 600 km depth they are again near 20 bars. The seismic efficiency is estimated to be 0.1. This suggests that the true stress is obtained by multiplying the apparent stress by ten. The variation of apparent stress with depth is explained in terms of the hypothesis of ocean floor consumption.
Reptilian Coprolites In the Eocene of Central Patagonia, Argentina

Abstract Biogenic structures, herein interpreted as coprolites, were recorded in the ? upper Paleocene–Eocene Las Flores Formation, southeast Argentina. The coprolite origin is supported by several features, such as recurrent extrusive external morphology, longitudinal wrinkles, flattening of the ventral side, concentric and radial cracks, cryptocrystalline groundmass, and a phosphatic composition. A detailed comparative study with modern fecal masses, based on morphology, surface texture, micromorphology, mineralogical and chemical composition, suggest a crocodylian as the most probable producer, an interpretation also supported by the Patagonian paleontological record. This discovery, the first record on coprolites from Central Patagonia, provides new paleoenvironmental and paleoecological information for the studied successions.
(2018). Relative efficiency of joint-model and full-conditional-specification multiple imputation when conditional models are compatible: The general location model. Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Estimating the parameters of a regression model of interest is complicated by missing data on the variables in that model. Multiple imputation (MI) is commonly used to handle these missing data. Joint model MI and full-conditional speciﬁcation (FCS) MI are known to yield imputed data with the same asymptotic distribution when the conditional models of FCS are compatible with that joint model. We show that this asymptotic equivalence of imputation distributions does not imply that joint model MI and FCS MI will also yield asymptotically equally eﬃcient inference about the parameters of the model of interest, nor that they will be equally robust to misspeciﬁcation of the joint model. When the conditional models used by FCS MI are linear, logistic and multinomial regressions, these are compatible with a restricted general location (RGL) joint model. We show that MI using the RGL joint model (RGL MI) can be substantially more asymptotically eﬃcient than FCS MI, but this typically requires very strong associations between variables. When associations are weaker, the eﬃciency gain is small. Moreover, FCS MI is shown to be potentially much more robust than RGL MI to misspeciﬁcation of the RGL model when there is substantial missingness in the outcome variable.
Journal of Applied Microbiological Research Journal of Pediatrics and Infants

Introduction: The aim of our present study was to investigate the effect of epilepsy, antiepileptic drug treatment and sociodemographic factors on the nutritional status of children and adolescents with epilepsy. Purpose: This was a clinical, case-control study. Patients with epilepsy (139) were compared with children from the general population (GP) (232). Results: Three BMI classi�ications were used: Hungarian, WHO and IOTF. More very thin children were found in both epilepsy and general population groups. The most children with epilepsy had normal body weight. The age, sex and duration of epilepsy did not in�luence special features of epilepsy. The proportion of overweight children was higher on polytherapy, while children on monotherapy were rather normal or thin. The epilepsy syndromes had mainly normal physique, idiopathic localization related epilepsy had more overweight patients. Medium education and inactive status in the labour market occur at a much higher rate of underweight. Higher quality schools or catching up class tend to cause weight loss or obesity. The only child with epilepsy in a family was mostly obese. Most, of the differences considering HRQoL domains occurred both in children with epilepsy and GP in those who had normal body shape. Conclusion: It is clear from our data that the body composition of children with epilepsy was at least as dependent on environmental factors as the forms of epilepsy, and it was not clear whether medication had changed it. The nutritional status of children with epilepsy can be considered multifactorial.
THE DENTARY

A well preserved left dentary of the thylacoleonid Wakaleo vanderleueri Clemens and Plane was recovered from the mid Miocene Camfield Beds (Bullock Creek local fauna) of the Northern Territory, Australia. W. vanderleueri is distinguished from the slightly older W. oldfieldi Clemens and Plane by the size of the dentary and morphology of M^ (= M| in Clemens and Plane (1974)), though these differ¬ ences are not extreme. These features, by analogy with the well represented Pleis¬ tocene thylacoleonid Thylacoleo carnifex Owen, may be too variable for distin¬ guishing species. The enlargement of Pj relative to suggested as a possibly diagnostic character of W. vanderleueri by Clemens and Plane (1974) is con¬ firmed. Additional diagnostic features in the posterior region of the dentary are present in the new specimen and are believed to reflect a refinement in the jaw musculature for a shearing function in the cheek teeth and a modification for an increased gape in the Jaws.
Participants’ perspectives and preferences on clinical trial result dissemination: The TRUST Thyroid Trial experience [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Background : While there is an increasing consensus that clinical trial results should be shared with trial participants, there is a lack of evidence on the most appropriate methods. The aim of this Study Within A Trial (SWAT) is to use a patient and public involvement (PPI) approach to identify, develop and evaluate a patient-based approach to receiving trial results for participants in the Thyroid Hormone Replacement for Subclinical Hypo-Thyroidism Trial (TRUST), a trial of thyroxine versus placebo in people aged 65 years and older. Methods : Mixed methods study with three consecutive phases. Phase 1 iteratively developed a patient-based approach using semi-structured focus groups and a consensus-orientated-decision model, a PPI group to refine the method and adult literacy review for plain English assessment. Phase 2 was a single-blind parallel group trial. Irish TRUST participants were randomised to the intervention (patient-based approach) and control group (standard approach developed by lead study site). Phase 3 used a patient understanding questionnaire to compare patient understanding of results between the two groups. Results : Participants want to receive results of clinical trials,
Gaia: Complex systems prediction for time to adapt to climate shocks

Earth’s climate has undergone significant fluctuations in the geologic past. We focus on the glacial episodes that followed the major waves of invasion of land plants. Twice in Earth’s history the impacts of land plant innovations on the atmosphere through increased CO 2 drawdown have precipitated sufficient cooling to produce ice ages. Each time, however, 15 adaptation of soil ecosystems eventually helped re-establish apparent steady-state conditions, i.e., new equilibrium temperature and atmospheric CO 2 content, ending each of the glacial episodes. In each case, the time interval between the initial innovation and the emergence from the glacial episode was approximately 60 Myr. The consistency of the time scale of the response invites an explanation in terms of a universal rate of dispersal of genetic information that encapsulates the biogeochemical cycle of cellulose production and decay. In this paper, we postulate that the long time for adaptation is a consequence of the 20 time required for the spread of an entire clade though the soil to continental scale. Although 60 Myr appears to be a long time, it is very short compared to the time required for diffusion to transport even molecules like HCO 3-or sugar through the soil over a continental distance of 5,000 km
Asset Pricing of Financial Institutions : The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns in the Property / Liability Insurance Industry

Insurance companies are important financial institutions exposed to natural and man-made disasters. We conduct a comprehensive examination of existing asset pricing models in the US insurance universe (1988-2013) and propose an insurance-specific asset pricing model. We find that extant asset pricing models fail to explain the cross-section of insurance stock returns. Instead, we provide evidence that the factors of the insurance-specific model (book-tomarket ratio, short-term reversal, illiquidity, and cashflow volatility) are priced in the cross-section of property/liability insurance stocks. Our model takes into account both insurance-specific anomalies primarily related to the insurance business cycle and externalities imposed by catastrophe risk. JEL classification: G12; G22
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS FOR THE PREDICTION OF FEED EFFICIENCY BASED ON CAECAL MICROBIOTA

This study aimed at predicting feed conversion ratio (FCR) of young rabbits from abundances of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) to improve this trait by selecting animals with the most favorable microbiota and identifying the most relevant microorganisms involved in feed efficiency. Data come from two rabbit populations coming from paternal INRA 1001 line (the G10, selected for 10 generations for decreased residual feed intake and the G0 control produced from frozen embryos of the common ancestor line). There were 296 and 292 FCR data from G10 and G0 individuals, respectively. Phenotypic data were pre-corrected for the systematic effects of group, batch, litter size and sex and the random litter effect. Sequence quality control and chimera removal were performed with the DADA2 pipeline. Samples with less than 5,000 final sequence counts and doubleton ASV were removed. The ASV counts of the final table (including 918 ASVs) were centered log-ratio transformed and corrected for batch effects with a surrogate variable analysis. Nested resampling for hyper-parameter tuning and prediction validation was implemented leading to 25 pairs of training/test sets. Bayesian regression models (Bayesian Lasso, Bayesian Ridge Regression and Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces) and machine learning algorithms (Support vector machine and Elastic net) were fitted to all ASVs leading to an almost null prediction accuracy in all cases. Then, ASVs were ranked for their prediction importance using the permutation accuracy importance score in a Random Forest algorithm based on conditional inference and, different subsets of increasing size (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, All) of the most important ASVs and surrogate variables were used as predictors in the machine learning algorithms. The best performance and the most stable results were obtained with machine learning using the 100 most important ASVs being most of them assigned to order Clostridiales . The medians of the Spearman correlation (interquartile range) were 0.33 (0.09) and 0.32 (0.06) for SVM and ENET, respectively.
Regulating the electrocatalytic performance for nitrogen reduction reaction by tuning the N contents in Fe3@NxC20-x (x = 0~4): a DFT exploration

The Haber-Bosch (H-B) process, which is widely used in industry to synthesize ammonia, leads to serious energy and environment-related issues. The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) is the most promising candidate to replace H-B processes because it is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Atomic-level catalysts, such as single-atom and double-atom catalysts (SACs and DACs), are of great interest due to their high atomic utilization and activity. The synergy between the metal atoms and two-dimensional (2D) support not only modulates the local electronic structure of the catalyst but also controls the catalytic performance. In this article, we explored the eNRR performance of 2D Fe3@Nx C20-x (x = 0~4), whose structure was based on the experimentally synthesized Ag3@C20 sheet, by means of density functional theory calculations. Through calculations, we found that the 2D Fe3@N4C16 with Fe2 site coordinated with four N is a promising eNRR catalyst: the limiting potential is as low as -0.45 V, and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction can be effectively suppressed. Our work not only confirms that the coordination environment of the metal site is crucial for the electrocatalytic activity but also provides a new guideline for designing low-cost eNRR catalysts with high efficiency.
VERIFICATION OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS MODEL: A CASE STUDY ON CPO INDUSTRY COMPANY IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE

This study aims to verify the accuracy of the three previous research models, namely the Altman, Springate, and Grover models, as well as the proposed financial distress model for the palm oil sub-industrial manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. This study uses data from all manufacturing companies of the palm oil sub-industry listed on the BEI that have issued financial reports for at least four years before 2019. The analytical method used is to test the level of accuracy using the Bemman Contingency table. The results showed that the Altman, Springate, and Grover models were able to predict financial distress in CPO companies by 86.67%, 90%, and 90%, respectively, while the proposed model that consist of selection from some of the most popular financial ratios was less worthy to predict financial distress on CPO companies because it can only predict 6.67%. The most accurate models are the Springate and Grover models. The high prediction results can be used as a guidance for financial managers to predict financial distress in their companies, especially palm oil sub-industry manufacturing companies.
Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook Technological and Theoretical Advances

Adaptive BCIs have shown promising results by reaching higher performances and robustness. However, existing methods lack guidelines in their manner of addressing the problem. Most of the current adaptive techniques simply handle challenges at hand by dynamically adjusting the machine to signal variability, often not entirely taking into account the human factors. To our knowledge, there has not been any work done in creating a taxonomy for adaptive BCIs, one that acknowledges and arranges known BCI components in a comprehensive and structured way. We propose a conceptual framework that encompasses adaptation approaches for both the user and the machine
Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook Technological and Theoretical Advances

As a noninvasive neuroimaging technique, electroencephalogram (EEG) has been most popularly applied to brain–computer interface (BCI) development. Informative feature extraction and accurate classification of EEG patterns are considerably challenging because of the poor signal-to-noise ratio caused by volume conduction effects, interferences from various noises, and intrinsic signal nonstationarity. In this chapter, we provide a tutorial of applying Bayesian learning-based algorithms to EEG feature optimization and classification in BCI applications. The algorithm principles of Bayesian learning are detailedly explained in the aspects of prior designing, posterior inference
Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook Technological and Theoretical Advances

Brain–computer music interfacing (BCMI) is a growing field with a history of experimental applications derived from the cutting edge of BCI research as adapted to music making and performance. BCMI offers some unique possibilities over traditional music making, including applications for emotional music selection and emotionally driven music creation for individuals as communicative aids (either in cases where users might have physical or mental disabilities that otherwise preclude them from taking part in music making or in music therapy cases where emotional communication between a therapist and a patient by means of traditional music making might otherwise be impossible). This chapter presents an overview of BCMI and its uses in such contexts, including existing techniques as they are adapted to musical control, from P300 and SSVEP (steady-state visually evoked potential) in EEG (electroencephalogram) to asymmetry, hybrid systems, and joint fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) studies correlating affective induction (by means of music) with neurophysiological cues. Some suggestions for further work are also volunteered, including the development of collaborative platforms for music performance by means of BCMI.
Quadruped Robots Mechanism, Structural Design, Energy, Gait, Stability, and Actuators: A Review Study

—Recently developed quadruped robots have more efficient dynamic performance and adaptation to environments than before. They have already been used in the building of infrastructure, Military tracking, and emergency disposal. To predict future work on quadruped robots, it is first necessary to examine the frequently used mechanism and structure of the quadruped robot. The optimization of energy usage is then covered as well. The stability and gait techniques of the quadruped robot are then reviewed, and the benefits and drawbacks in terms of gait movement, environment adaptation
Learning in games via reinforcement learning and regularization

We investigate a class of reinforcement learning dynamics in which each player plays a “regularized best response” to a score vector consisting of his actions’ cumulative payoﬀs. Regularized best responses are single-valued regularizations of ordinary best responses obtained by maximizing the diﬀer-ence between a player’s expected cumulative payoﬀ and a (strongly) convex penalty term. In contrast to the class of smooth best response maps used in models of stochastic ﬁctitious play, these penalty functions are not required to be inﬁnitely steep at the boundary of the simplex; in fact, dropping this requirement gives rise to an important dichotomy between steep and nonsteep cases. In this general setting, our main results extend several properties of the replicator dynamics such as the elimination of dominated strategies, the asymptotic stability of strict Nash equilibria and the convergence of time-averaged trajectories to interior Nash equilibria in zero-sum games.
World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief,
Humans vs. AI: The Role of Trust, Political Attitudes, and Individual Characteristics on Perceptions about Automated Decision Making Across Europe

Automated decision making (ADM) is increasingly prominent in our experiences with communication technologies and more broadly in our society. Understanding what drives individual perceptions of AI is crucial. This study presents the results of a survey across 10 European countries ( N = 6,643), confirming trust and political attitudes as general drivers of perceptions of AI, especially in the media sector. Individuals who score higher on institutional trust are more positive about AI for news recommendations and user and content moderation. Conversely, individuals with higher media trust are more negative about AI for news (creation or recommendation). Those leaning toward the right-wing political orientation are more positive about AI for news, whereas those more distant from the political center are more negative about AI—for media-specific tasks and for society more broadly. Sociodemographics, the need for cognition, privacy concerns, and online self-efficacy are also relevant in these evaluations.