Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
climate change and the economy policies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases need not hobble the economy A

climate change and the economy policies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases need not hobble the economy A DDRESSING climate change and the economic damage it will likely bring presents policymakers with a dilemma. the benefits of policy action are uncertain and would accrue largely to future generations , whereas the costs of policies run the risk of being more immediate and extensive. At the same time, the costs of inaction are irreversible, potentially catastrophic, and likely to hit poorer countries harder than developed ones. Moreover, even if the greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions that accumulate in the atmosphere and warm the climate stopped immediately, temperatures would rise for some decades because of the emissions already accumulated. For these reasons, economic policymakers increasingly recognize that policies will have to be adopted both to mitigate BLOCKINglobal warming, by slowing and ultimately reversing the growth of GhG emissions, and to adapt to the effects of the emissions that have already occurred and will occur in the coming decades. And they agree that mitigation policies in particular can have rapid and wide-ranging consequences. to shed light on how mitigation policies would affect countries' economies, the IMF recently undertook a study comparing alternative policy designs—taxes on GhG emissions , emissions permit trading, and hybrid schemes combining elements of both policies. the encouraging news is that the analysis shows that climate change can be addressed without either hurting macroeconomic stability and growth or putting an undue burden on the countries least able to bear the costs of policies. In other words, if policies are well designed, their economic costs should be manageable.
Association of PPARα Intron 7 Polymorphism with Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

The allelic variants of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) can influence the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) by virtue of its effect on lipid metabolism. However, the role of PPARα intronic polymorphism with CAD has received little attention. The association of allelic variants G/C at intron 7 of the PPAR-alpha gene with CAD was examined in a hospital-based Indian population. PPAR genotyping was performed in 110 male patients with CAD and 120 age and ethnically matched healthy males by PCR amplification of the gene followed by restriction digestion. Presence of C allele showed a positive association with CAD (OR = 2.9; 95% CI [1.65–4.145]; P = .009) and also with dyslipidaemia (OR = 2.95, 95% CI (1.5–4.39); P < . 05). Impaired lipid metabolism in carriers of the PPARα Intron 7C allele is possibly responsible for the predilection to CAD.
Optimization of error detecting codes for the detection of crosstalk originated errors

This work applies weight based codes to the detection of crosstalk originated errors. This type of fault, whose importance grows with device scaling may originate errors that are undetectable by the commonly used error detecting codes in VLSI ICs. Conversely, such errors can be easily detected by weight based codes that, however, have smaller encoding capabilities. In order to reduce the cost of these codes, a graph theoretic optimization is used. Moreover new applications of these codes are explored regarding the synthesis of self-checking FSMs, and the detection of errors related to the clock distribution network.
The New Zealand-Born Chinese Community of Auckland: Aspects of Language Maintenance and Shift.

Roberts (et. al. 1991) carried out research within the New Zealand-born Chinese community of Wellington in 1988-1989 in the attempt to describe patterns of language maintenance and shift within the community. She found that “the pattern for this community is one of steady language shift from Cantonese to English marked by fairly consistent community efforts to maintain some capability in the language. ” Roberts also reported on the community‟s attitudes to language maintenance education. Using Roberts‟ questionnaires (with slight modification), the present study focuses on Auckland, which has in recent years emerged as the biggest centre of Chinese in New Zealand. It attempts to find out whether Roberts‟ findings also hold true to the Auckland New Zealand-born Chinese community. It was found that Roberts‟ findings mostly hold true for the Auckland respondents, especially regarding the patterns of childhood language use, the attendance of language maintenance schools and its correlation with their proficiency levels today. However, there do not seem to be consistent community efforts to maintain the language in Auckland. On issues such as Chinese language being taught at the school system, Chinese culture and identify, etc., the Auckland respondents have overall less favourable attitudes than the Wellington respondents.
Human milk and the small baby.

After several decades of relative neglect, human milk is now back in favor, and the general impression is that it is preferable to formulas, even for infants prematurely born. Older pediatric texts recommended it for prematurely born infants as they did for those born at term. But in those days most of the former group did not live long enough for nutritional deficiencies to develop, and artificial formulas were often unsatisfactory. The science of infant metabolism was literally in its "infancy," and gastroenteritis was the principal concern. It was early realized that human milk contained less protein and ash than cow's milk. 1 Later Jeans 2 and Benjamin et al 3 showed that human milk provided too little calcium and phosphorus to support normal growth in prematurely born infants. Even that champion of human milk feeding, Alfred Hess, who continued to use it in his premature infant nursery long after
Campylobacter jejuni Mediated Disruption of Polarized Epithelial Monolayers is Cell-Type Specific, Time Dependent, and Correlates With Bacterial Invasion

The precise mechanism by which the most common cause of bacterial enterocolitis in humans, Campylobacter jejuni, perturbs the intestinal mucosa remains elusive. To define effects of C. jejuni infection on mucosal permeability, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-I and T84 cell monolayers were infected with C. jejuni for up to 48 h. All three tested C. jejuni strains caused a 73–78% reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in intestinal (T84) cell monolayers, whereas only one strain slightly reduced TER of MDCK-I cells by 25% after 48 h infection. Infection with C. jejuni strains also caused a 2.3–4.5-fold increase in dextran permeability, but only in T84 cells. C. jejuni infection of monolayers also caused morphologic changes in desmosomes, observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cell-type specificity, demonstrated by increased T84 monolayer permeability, correlated with higher bacterial invasion into these cells, relative to MDCK-I cells. In T84 cells, invasion and bacterial translocation preceded barrier disruption and inhibition of C. jejuni invasion using a pharmacological inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, reduced the drop in TER. These findings suggest that C. jejuni disruption of monolayers is mediated by invasion, provide new insights into C. jejuni-host epithelial barrier interactions, and offer potential mechanisms of intestinal injury and chronic immune stimulation.
Role of carbamazepine in reducing polypharmacy in epilepsy

Carbamazepine was given to 152 patients who were receiving multiple drug therapy for uncontrolled seizures. The age range was 3 to 57 years. The mean average duration of epilepsy and carbamazepine therapy was 7.6 years and 19 months respectively. The conclusions are: (i) Carbamazepine is effective in reducing the multiple drug therapy while still maintaining better control of intractable epilepsy, (ii) Carbamazepine by reducing polypharmacy in epilepsy and probably by the relative lack of sedative action is effective in improving school or work performances, (iii) Carbamazepine is a safe antiepileptic drug.
Case of Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome with depressed‐type early duodenal carcinoma

A 45-year-old man with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) underwent endoscopy. A slightly elevated lesion with a depression (IIa+IIc) associated with converging folds was found at the distal duodenum (Fig. 1 and Fig. S1). Partial duodenectomy was carried out and histopathological examination confirmed submucosally invasive moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma without vessel permeation (Fig. 2 and Fig. S2). He was diagnosed as having PJS at 7 years of age and had undergone endoscopy and polypectomy two to three times a year. His physical examination, as well as family history, was non-contributory. After the duodenectomy, the patient has been followed up for 2 years and remains asymptomatic and recurrence free. Hamartomatous polyps surrounding and hiding the depressed-type duodenal cancer had been removed by polypectomy, which led to early detection of the cancer. In PJS, the most challenging clinical aspect is identification of cancer. Two possible modes of cancer development have been proposed in PJS: de novo carcinogenesis and a hamartoma-carcinoma sequence. In our case, no dysplasia foci were pathologically found in polyps that had endoscopically been resected. The duodenal cancer was a depressed type, which looked totally different from surrounding hamartomas. These findings suggest that the duodenal cancer might have developed de novo. Hemminki et al. described a mutation in the LKB-1 gene. A target of LKB in growth control is the tumor suppressor p53. The expression of COX-2 is induced by p53 activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway. COX-2 inhibits DNA damageor p53-induced apoptosis. Gankyrin, a critical oncoprotein overexpressed in human cancers, binds to Mdm2, facilitating p53-Mdm2 binding, and increases degradation of p53. On immunostaining, the cancer was positive for p53, COX2 and Gankyrin, whereas none of these proteins was expressed in the surrounding normal epithelium and hamartoma (Fig. S3 and data not shown), suggesting that these proteins might be involved in carcinogenesis in PJS.
AmyR Is a Novel Negative Regulator of Amylovoran Production in Erwinia amylovora

In this study, we attempted to understand the role of an orphan gene amyR in Erwinia amylovora, a functionally conserved ortholog of ybjN in Escherichia coli, which has recently been characterized. Amylovoran, a high molecular weight acidic heteropolymer exopolysaccharide, is a virulent factor of E. amylovora. As reported earlier, amylovoran production in an amyR knockout mutant was about eight-fold higher than that in the wild type (WT) strain of E. amylovora. When a multicopy plasmid containing the amyR gene was introduced into the amyR mutant or WT strains, amylovoran production was strongly inhibited. Furthermore, amylovoran production was also suppressed in various amylovoran-over-producing mutants, such as grrSA containing multicopies of the amyR gene. Consistent with amylovoran production, an inverse correlation was observed between in vitro expression of amyR and that of amylovoran biosynthetic genes. However, both the amyR knockout mutant and over-expression strains showed reduced levan production, another exopolysaccharide produced by E. amylovora. Virulence assays demonstrated that while the amyR mutant was capable of inducing slightly greater disease severity than that of the WT strain, strains over-expressing the amyR gene did not incite disease on apple shoots or leaves, and only caused reduced disease on immature pear fruits. Microarray studies revealed that amylovoran biosynthesis and related membrane protein-encoding genes were highly expressed in the amyR mutant, but down-regulated in the amyR over-expression strains in vitro. Down-regulation of amylovoran biosynthesis genes in the amyR over-expression strain partially explained why over-expression of amyR led to non-pathogenic or reduced virulence in vivo. These results suggest that AmyR plays an important role in regulating exopolysaccharide production, and thus virulence in E. amylovora.
Recognizing the Effects Caused by an Action in a Declarative Sentence

An important requirement for any artificial intelligence program is its capability to understand what has been communicated to it. How does the program recognize all the potential effects when it is given a declarative sentence involving an action? There are three major bodies of knowledge that need to be learned. The first body of knowledge is the English grammar. The second body of knowledge involves each individual action. The last body of knowledge acts as a bridge between the English grammar and actions. This knowledge teaches the program how to use the learned grammar to express a thought about an action. In this paper, our program uses this knowledge to understand the intention of a given declarative sentence that uses an action verb. We will discuss what is involved in the learning for each of these bodies of knowledge and illustrate how to use them to understand a given sentence. Specifically, we discuss in detail on how the effects caused by an action referenced in a declarative sentence are recognized. Understanding the intention of a sentence, especially a sentence involving cause and effects, is an important first step for a program to perform logical reasoning. Object-Oriented paradigm is used to analyze the problem and design the solution attacking the problem.
Agent-encapsulated Bayesian networks and the rumor problem

We present a multiagent organization for data interpretation and fusion in which each agent uses an encapsulated Bayesian network for knowledge representation, and agents communicate by exchanging beliefs (marginal posterior probabilities) on shared variables. We call this organization an Agent-Encapsulated Bayesian Network (AEBN) system. Communication of probabilities among agents leads to rumors, i.e. potential double counting of information. We propose a new and correct method to compensate for rumors in AEBN systems by passing extended messages that contain joint probabilities.
NAMPT (visfatin), a direct target of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α, is an essential catabolic regulator of osteoarthritis

Objective Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), encoded by Epas1, causes osteoarthritic cartilage destruction by regulating the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. We undertook this study to explore the role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT or visfatin) in HIF-2α-mediated osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. Methods The expression of HIF-2α, NAMPT and matrix-degrading enzymes was determined at the mRNA and protein levels in human osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage, mouse experimental OA cartilage and primary cultured mouse chondrocytes. Experimental OA in mice was induced by destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery or intra-articular injection of Ad-Epas1 or Ad-Nampt in wild-type, Epas1+/−, Epas1fl/fl;Col2a1-Cre and Col2a1-Nampt transgenic (TG) mice. Primary cultured mouse chondrocytes were treated with recombinant NAMPT protein or were infected with adenoviruses. Results We found that the Nampt gene is a direct target of HIF-2α in articular chondrocytes and OA cartilage. NAMPT protein, in turn, increased mRNA levels and activities of MMP3, MMP12 and MMP13 in chondrocytes, an action that was necessary for HIF-2α-induced expression of catabolic enzymes. Gain-of-function studies (intra-articular injection of Ad-Nampt; Col2a1-Nampt TG mice) and loss-of-function studies (intra-articular injection of the NAMPT inhibitor FK866) demonstrated that NAMPT is an essential catabolic regulator of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction caused by HIF-2α or DMM surgery. Conclusions Our findings indicate that NAMPT, whose corresponding gene is a direct target of HIF-2α, plays an essential catabolic role in OA pathogenesis and acts as a crucial mediator of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction caused by HIF-2α or DMM surgery.
Robust incentives via multi‐level Tit‐for‐Tat

Much work has been done to address the need for incentive models in real deployed peer‐to‐peer networks. In this paper, we discuss problems found with the incentive model in a large, deployed peer‐to‐peer network, Maze. We evaluate several alternatives, and propose an incentive system that generates preferences for well‐behaved nodes while correctly punishing colluders. We discuss our proposal as a hybrid between Tit‐for‐Tat and EigenTrust, and show its effectiveness through simulation of real traces of the Maze system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Coming Teacher Shortage.

11 is not easy to get relevant facts, but we believe, on the basis of admittedly fragmentary information collected this spring, that the so-called teacher surplus of today is only the prelude to a genuine shortage, and it will come about by the mid-eighties. Our study focused first on declining enrollments in teacher education pro grams. We obtained information from some 60 colleges and universities, public and private, varied in size and location. Overall, there has been a precipitate decline in the number of people pre paring to become teachers in the U.S. The nature of our study does not permit us to say just how great the decline has been. But here are noteworthy items: One large state university reports that its college of education enrollment, which exceeded 2,100 in 1967, dropped to slightly rfiore than 1,000 in 1977. During this same period a major private university's teacher education enroll ment dropped from 1,000 to 307. De clines elsewhere were generally smaller than these, however. In the few institu tions that reported no decline, local conditions were unusual. For example, their areas experienced population growth, or the demand for certain types of teachers e.g., people trained in particular fields, such as special educa tion and early childhood education had more than offset losses in areas of oversupply. The Research Division of the Na tional Education Association reported last year that the downward trend in teacher education enrollment began in 1972. By 1976 enrollment had declined, the NEA reported, by 26% from the 1972 level.1 Why is teacher education enrollment declining? Our respondents cited par ticularly recurring emphasis by the mass media on the oversupply of teachers. Also, the media keep calling attention to "blackboard jungle" situations in many public schools. Low salaries were also cited. Other causes noted were declining overall enrollments in many universities and the increased cost of
Investigation of upper gastrointestinal bleeding after implantation of drug-eluting stents; prospective cohort study

Abstract Objective. After implantation of drug-eluting stents (DES), two or more anti-thrombotic agents are required. The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in cases of DES implantation is thought to be significant. However, the incidence of UGIB has not yet been investigated in DES-implanted patients. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of UGIB after DES implantation and the awareness among cardiologists about this complication. Material and methods. Subjects were 397 consecutive patients implanted with DES from August 2004 to September 2007 at two institutions. Endoscopic examinations were performed on DES-implanted patients who presented with hematemesis and/or tarry stools. The concomitant use of acid-suppressing agents was left to the cardiologists. In addition, 37 cardiologists were administered a questionnaire regarding UGIB after DES implantation. Results. Low-dose aspirin and ticlopidine were prescribed in all patients. Forty-six patients had a past history of peptic ulcer. Acid-suppressing agents were concomitantly prescribed to 224 patients (56%) including 32 patients (70%) with a past history of peptic ulcer. UGIB due to gastric ulcers developed in 5 cases (1.3%). One case had received a half dose of H2-RA. No bleeding occurred in patients who received proton pump inhibitors (PPI). The incidence of UGIB was 4.0 per 1000 patient-years. The cardiologists who were surveyed recognized the risk of UGIB after DES implantation and the necessity for its prevention. However, they indicated that adequate management for preventing this complication has not been established. Conclusions. This study reassuringly demonstrated a low incidence of UGIB after DES implantation. Further study regarding the prophylaxis for UGIB after DES implantation is necessary.
American Ideas in the German Public Libraries: Three Periods

The first period of American influence on public library development in Germany was the result of the travels of Friedrich von Raumer in America in 1845. On his return to Berlin, von Raumer was instrumental in establishing popular libraries in Berlin and used as models the libraries he had observed in the United States. Because of the different social and cultural setting that prevailed in Germany at the time, the German libraries never received the support nor achieved the strength that the American public libraries did. After von Raumer's activities, the next important development in German public libraries was an indigenous movement in Saxony that began in 1876. Renewed interest in American public library development found expression in an article by Eduard Reyer in the "Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen" in 1886. Interest was heightened by the report of Constantin Nörrenberg, librarian of the University of Kiel, who attended the meeting of librarians at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Nörrenberg and his colleagues in the Bücherhallenbewegung agitated for the adoption of American methods and ideas in the establishment of libraries. Nörrenberg proposed a nine-point program to reform popular libraries on the model of American and English public libraries. He influenced the development of German popular libraries greatly; but when Paul Ladewig, a Nörrenberg supporter, wrote "Politik der Bücherei" in 1912, the book drew a sharp rebuttal from Walter Hofmann, who attacked the leveling influence of Anglo-American libraries and advocated an elitist institution better fitting German cultural traditions. This led to the Richtungsstreit, a long controversy over the direction German popular libraries should take. The third period of American influence came after 1945 during the American occupation of Germany and the American attempts at the restructuring of German educational institutions on American lines. Major factors have been the American information libraries and the Amerika-Gedenkbibliothek in Berlin, which have demonstrated the feasibility of American methods as well as American ideas. Many of the goals expressed by German public librarians today seem to be influenced by the American model, including proposals for the education of public librarians, the passage of special tax legislation for libraries, the formation of regional library systems, and the adoption of standards for public libraries.
A Review: Influences of Pre-slaughter Stress on Poultry Meat Quality

Pre-slaughter conditions affect poultry meat quality. Therefore, stresses before slaughter like heat stress, struggle and shackling on the shackle line, crating and transport and feed withdrawal are very important for the poultry industry in respect of quality as well as welfare of the birds. However, exposure to heat in oxidative stress can in turn lead to cytotoxicity in meat type birds. Chickens exposed to heat stress before slaughter showed the lowest ultimate pH and birds shackled for a longer time the highest. The abdominal fat content was higher in heat stressed birds. Struggling on the shackle line hastened the initial rate of the pH drop and increased the redness of breast meat. Again, with increasing struggling activity, lactate concentration in breast muscle of chicken increased. Paler meat was found in birds that were transported for a longer time than in those after a small journey or not transported. The pre-slaughter and eviscerated weights were decreased as the length of feed withdrawal period increased.