Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Help-Seeking Pathways Among Malay Psychiatric Patients

The aim of this study is to explore the help-seeking behaviour of Malay psychiatric patients. A semi-structured interview based on a standard proforma was conducted to assess help seeking process and delays for Malay psychiatric patients attending the psychiatric clinic for the first time. Help-seeking process and delays were defined. Among 134 patients evaluated in the study, 69% had visited traditional healers (bomoh) for the present illness before consulting psychiatrists. The second popular choice of treatment was medical practitioner and only a small percentage of them had consulted homeopathic practitioners and herbalists. Patients who had consulted bomohs were significantly delayed in getting psychiatric treatment compared with those who had not consulted them. Consultation of bomohs was significantly higher among married patients, those with major psychiatric illnesses and in family who believed in supernatural causes of mental illness. However, there was no significant difference in age, gender, educational status and occupation between patients who had consulted and not consulted bomoh. We concluded that majority of the Malay psychiatric patients had sought the traditional treatment prior to psychiatric consultation. The strength of social support and the belief of the patients, friends, and/or relatives in supernatural causes of mental illness were strongly associated with the rate of traditional treatment. Deep-seated cultural beliefs were major barrier to psychiatric treatment.
Breast self-examination and breast awareness: a literature review.

AIM To explore the literature on breast self-examination and breast awareness. OBJECTIVES To clarify the confusion surrounding breast awareness and breast self-examination. To critique the evidence for breast awareness as a health promotion tool. BACKGROUND Over 41,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year in the United Kingdom. Compared with other European countries, women in England have poor survival prospects, for breast cancer, due in part to advanced disease at first presentation. In the United Kingdom, women are encouraged to be breast aware from the age of 18. However, the evidence suggests that women do not engage in breast awareness and are frightened and confused about their role in breast health promotion. METHODOLOGY Four databases were used: Medline, Ebsco including CINAHL and Sociological Abstracts and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The search terms 'breast awareness' and 'breast self-examination' were used and combined with 'breast cancer', 'breast screening' and 'health promotion'. CONCLUSION The evidence on breast self-examination is clear, there is no benefit to breast cancer mortality and results suggest that breast self-examination may do more harm than good. Breast awareness provides women with some acknowledgement of the part they can play in being empowered to fight breast disease, not in terms of statistics used for mortality but on the qualitative effects of reductions in morbidity. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The Royal College of Nursing of The United Kingdom is actively encouraging all nurses to promote breast awareness along with clear guidelines for doing so. The United Kingdom National Health Service Cancer Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform, encourages preventive care, information giving, good communication as well as evidence-based practice. In breast care this can reduce confusion for women and encourage empowerment in breast health promotion.
Seleção e caracterização de mutantes de Aspergillus niger eficientes em solubilizar fosfato na presença de fluoreto

xi INTRODUÇÃO . 1 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA . 3 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS . 12 ARTICLE: SCREENING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Aspergillus niger MUTANTS EFFICIENT AT PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION IN THE PRESENCE OF FLUORIDE. 18 ABSTRACT . 19. 19 INTRODUCTION. 20 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 22 Microorganism and cultivation conditions . 22 Mutagenesis of A. niger . 22 Screening of mutants for P solubilization in the presence of fluoride. 23 Characterization of A. niger mutants . 23 Effect of fluoride on RP solubilization by A. niger mutants . 24 P-solubilizing performance of A. niger mutants with different P sources . 24 Analytical methods . 24 Statistical analyses . 25
An Implementation of Interprocedural Bounded Regular Section Analysis

Regular section analysis, which summarizes interprocedural side effects on subarrays in a form useful to dependence analysis, while avoiding the complexity of prior solutions, is shown to be a practical addition to a production compiler. Optimizing compilers should produce efficient code even in the presence of high-level language constructs. However, current programming support systems are significantly lacking in their ability to analyze procedure calls. This deficiency complicates parallel programming, because loops with calls can be a significant source of parallelism. The performance of regular section analysis is compared to two benchmarks: the LINPACK library of linear algebra subroutines and the Rice Compiler Evaluation Program Suite (RiCEPS), a set of complete application codes from a variety of scientific disciplines. The experimental results demonstrate that regular section analysis is an effective means of discovering parallelism, given programs written in an appropriately modular programming style. >
Discussion of “The Evolution of Boosting Algorithms” and “Extending Statistical Boosting”

Summary This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine about the papers “The Evolution of Boosting Algorithms – From Machine Learning to Statistical Modelling” [1] and “Extending Statistical Boosting – An Overview of Recent Methodological Developments” [2], written by Andreas Mayr and co-authors. It is introduced by an editorial. This article contains the combined commentaries invited to independently comment on the Mayr et al. papers. In sub-sequent issues the discussion can continue through letters to the editor.
New antiepileptic drugs that are second generation to existing antiepileptic drugs

In the last decade, 10 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been introduced that offer appreciable advantages in terms of their favourable pharmacokinetics, improved tolerability and lower potential for drug interactions. However, despite the large therapeutic range of old and new AEDs, ∼ 30% of the patients with epilepsy are still not seizure free and, consequently, there is a substantial need to develop new AEDs. The new AEDs currently in development can be divided into two categories: drugs with completely new chemical structures such as lacosamide (formally harkoseride), retigabine, rufinamide and talampanel; and drugs that are derivatives or analogues of existing AEDs that can be regarded as second-generation or follow-up compounds of established AEDs. This article focuses on the second category and thus critically reviews the following second-generation compounds: eslicarbazepine acetate or BIA-2-093 and 10-hydroxy carbazepine (carbamazepine derivatives); valrocemide and NPS 1776 (isovaleramide; valproic acid derivatives); pregabalin and XP13512 (gabapentin derivatives); brivaracetam (ucb 34714) and seletracetam (ucb 44212; levetiracetam derivatives); and fluorofelbamate (a felbamate derivative). In addition, a series of valproic acid derivatives that are currently in preclinical stage has also been evaluated because some lead compounds of this series have a promising potential to become new antiepileptics and CNS drugs. For any of these follow-up compounds to become a successful second generation to an existing AED, it has to be more potent, safer and possess favourable pharmacokinetics, including low potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions.
Optimal cultivation of simultaneous ammonium and phosphorus removal aerobic granular sludge in A/O/A sequencing batch reactor and the assessment of functional organisms

In this study, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with an anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic operating mode was used to culture granular sludge. Optimal adjustment of cycle duration was achieved by the direction of pH, oxidation reduction potential and dissolved oxygen parameters. The results showed that the treating efficiency was significantly improved as the cycle was shortened from 450 to 360 min and further to 200 min. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal were nearly quantitative after 50 days operation and maintained stable to the end of the study period. The typical cycle tests revealed that simultaneous denitrification and phosphorus removal occurred when aerobic granules were gradually formed. The nitrite effect tests showed that less than 4.8 mg N/L of the nitrite could enhance superficial specific aerobic phosphate uptake rate (SAPUR) under aerobic condition, indicating that the traditional method to evaluate the capability of total phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) was inaccurate. Additionally, a high level of nitrite was detrimental to PAOs. A novel method was developed to determine the activity of each kind of PAOs and other denitrifying organisms. The results showed that (1) nitrate, besides nitrite, could also enhance SAPUR and (2) aerobic granular sludge could perform denitrification even when phosphate was not supplied under anoxic condition, suggesting that other denitrifying organisms besides denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms also contributed to denitrification.
The problem and promise of scale dependency in community phylogenetics.

The problem of scale dependency is widespread in investigations of ecological communities. Null model investigations of community assembly exemplify the challenges involved because they typically include subjectively defined "regional species pools. " The burgeoning field of community phylogenetics appears poised to face similar challenges. Our objective is to quantify the scope of the problem of scale dependency by comparing the phylogenetic structure of assemblages across contrasting geographic and taxonomic scales. We conduct phylogenetic analyses on communities within three tropical forests, and perform a sensitivity analysis with respect to two scaleable inputs: taxonomy and species pool size. We show that (1) estimates of phylogenetic overdispersion within local assemblages depend strongly on the taxonomic makeup of the local assemblage and (2) comparing the phylogenetic structure of a local assemblage to a species pool drawn from increasingly larger geographic scales results in an increased signal of phylogenetic clustering. We argue that, rather than posing a problem, "scale sensitivities" are likely to reveal general patterns of diversity that could help identify critical scales at which local or regional influences gain primacy for the structuring of communities. In this way, community phylogenetics promises to fill an important gap in community ecology and biogeography research.
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Sacubitril/Valsartan vs Enalapril in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.

IMPORTANCE The angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril/valsartan was associated with a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and hospitalizations compared with enalapril. Sacubitril/valsartan has been approved for use in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction in the United States and cost has been suggested as 1 factor that will influence the use of this agent. OBJECTIVE To estimate the cost-effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan vs enalapril in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data from US adults (mean [SD] age, 63.8 [11.5] years) with HF with reduced ejection fraction and characteristics similar to those in the PARADIGM-HF trial were used as inputs for a 2-state Markov model simulated HF. Risks of all-cause mortality and hospitalization from HF or other reasons were estimated with a 30-year time horizon. Quality of life was based on trial EQ-5D scores. Hospital costs combined Medicare and private insurance reimbursement rates; medication costs included the wholesale acquisition cost for sacubitril/valsartan and enalapril. A discount rate of 3% was used. Sensitivity analyses were performed on key inputs including: hospital costs, mortality benefit, hazard ratio for hospitalization reduction, drug costs, and quality-of-life estimates. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hospitalizations, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and incremental costs per QALY gained. RESULTS The 2-state Markov model of US adult patients (mean age, 63.8 years) calculated that there would be 220 fewer hospital admissions per 1000 patients with HF treated with sacubitril/valsartan vs enalapril over 30 years. The incremental costs and QALYs gained with sacubitril/valsartan treatment were estimated at $35 512 and 0.78, respectively, compared with enalapril, equating to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $45 017 per QALY for the base-case. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated ICERs ranging from $35 357 to $75 301 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE For eligible patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, the Markov model calculated that sacubitril/valsartan would increase life expectancy at an ICER consistent with other high-value accepted cardiovascular interventions. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated sacubitril/valsartan would remain cost-effective vs enalapril.
An SET propagation EDA tool based on analytical glitch propagation model

We present a complete EDA tool that quantifies the susceptibility of each node within a combinational circuit to SET propagation. The tool includes a fully analytical SET propagation model developed previously and considers both electrical and logic masking. After an initial path pruning phase based on logical analysis to determine true paths, the tool computes the minimum width and minimum height SET pulse propagating from each circuit node towards the circuit outputs. Internal nodes are ranked depending on its SET propagation susceptibility providing valuable information to the circuit designer about the weakest circuit nodes against ionizing radiation. Tool results are compared to exhaustive electrical-level simulations for a commercial 65nm CMOS technology and a 45nm open-cell technology showing excellent results.
Herpes simplex virus type 1-induced interferon production and activation of natural killer cells in mice.

Cultures of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of non-immune C57BL/6 mice reacted to infectious herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), but not to non-infectious virions by producing interferon. Similarly, when the virus preparations were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and interferon was determined in the wash-out fluid, interferon could only be detected after injection of infectious HSV. All interferons were mixtures of interferon-alpha and -beta. The cell that produced interferon was not sensitive to anti-theta serum or anti-asialo-GM1 serum, it was retained on nylon wool columns and removed by plastic adherence. Silica treatment of PEC abolished HSV-induced interferon production whereas irradiation by 2000 R was without effect. Pure cultures of mouse T cells did not produce interferon when treated with infectious HSV whereas pure cultures of mouse bone marrow macrophages did produce interferon. Thus, we suggest that in PEC the cells which produced interferon were of the macrophage lineage. In further experiments we have analysed in vivo activation of natural killer (NK) cells in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Non-infectious virions were as effective as infectious HSV and doses of HSV too low to induce measurable titres of interferon caused a marked activation of NK cells.
The characteristics and effects of motivational music in exercise settings: the possible influence of gender, age, frequency of attendance, and time of attendance.

AIM The purpose of the present study was to investigate the characteristics and effects of motivational music in British gymnasia. The secondary purpose was to determine whether the characteristics and effects of motivational music were invariant in relation to gender, age, frequency of gymnasium attendance, and the time of day at which exercise participants attended gymnasia. METHODS Participants (n=532) from 29 David Lloyd Leisure exercise facilities across Britain responded to a questionnaire that was designed to assess music preferences during exercise via 2 open-ended questions and 1 scaled-response item. RESULTS A content analysis of the questionnaire data yielded 45 analytic properties that were grouped into the following categories: specific music factors, general music factors, music programme factors, delivery factors, televisual factors, personal factors, contextual factors, and psychophysical response factors. The relative incidence of these analytic properties across gender groups (male/female), age groups (16-26 y, 27-34 y, 35-45 y, 46+ y), frequency of attendance groups (low, medium, high), and time of attendance groups (morning, afternoon, evening) was tested by use of chi(2) analyses. Of the personal variables tested, age exerted the greatest influence on musical preference during exercise; older participants expressed a preference for quieter, slower, and generally less overtly stimulative music. CONCLUSION Music programmes that are prescribed to accompany exercise should be varied in terms of musical idiom and date of release. Such programmes will account for the preferences of different groups of exercise participants that attend gymnasia at different times of the day. Further, the music chosen should be characterised by a strong rhythmical component.
Appropriateness of prescribing practices for serotonergic antidepressants.

OBJECTIVE Data from prescribing physicians were used to assess whether serotonergic antidepressants were used for appropriate indications and at appropriate initial dosages. METHODS Data were derived from the confidential logs of psychiatrists and primary care physicians who provided prescription information from January 1, 1997, through June 30, 1999, as part of the National Disease and Therapeutic Index physician survey. The survey is not affiliated with a reimbursement system and therefore minimizes bias related to reimbursement. Data on the primary reason for use and the dosage at the time of first use were obtained for prescriptions of citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and extended-release venlafaxine. RESULTS Depressive disorders accounted for the majority of the 3,206 prescriptions for the six antidepressants (74 percent to 86.2 percent). The next most common indications for use were anxiety (4.1 percent to 12.6 percent) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (1.3 percent to 3.3 percent). For patients with depressive disorders, psychiatrists prescribed slightly higher antidepressant dosages than primary care physicians. CONCLUSIONS Serotonergic antidepressants are used primarily for the treatment of depression and depression-related disorders and are prescribed at the recommended starting dosages.
Single-electron pass-transistor logic and its application to a binary adder

A new type of logic for constructing single-electron transistor (SET) circuits is proposed. The logic uses multigate SETs as pass transistors. The pass signals are routed with a small voltage so that the SETs can utilize Coulomb blockade effects. They are boosted at the output node when transferred to the input gates of other circuits. Since the multigate configuration enables us to implement XOR function using just one device, the logic can express sum- and carry-bits of an adder in a compact way. We have fabricated an elemental circuit of the logic and tested the basic operation of the SETs in the circuit. We also describe a multibit binary adder based on the logic, and discuss the circuit size and speed.
Locatability of Faults in Combinational Networks

A formal model for the study of reliable combinational networks is introduced and used to determine network properties conducive to the location of faults. The usual concept of fault location is generalized to be an interval on the partially ordered set of subsets of network nodes that classifies nodes into three disjoint sets: a faulty set, a fault-free set, and an indeterminate set. After developing basic properties of locatable faults, necessary and sufficient conditions for a fault to be locatable in an arbitrary network are stated and proven.
Update on Immune Mechanisms in Systemic Lupus and Lupus Nephritis

Lupus nephritis is a frequent complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Multiple pathological mechanisms attribute to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. These mechanisms can be grossly divided into two groups, extrarenal or intrarenal pathways. A variety of genetic variants break immune tolerance to nuclear autoantigens, as evident from the existence of antinuclear antibodies. Furthermore, molecular mimicry of endogenous nucleic acids activating Toll-like receptors trigger antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss the molecular pathomechanisms of lupus nephritis.
Invasive Cervical Cancer Risk Among HIV-Infected Women: A North American Multicohort Collaboration Prospective Study

Objective:HIV infection and low CD4+ T-cell count are associated with an increased risk of persistent oncogenic human papillomavirus infection—the major risk factor for cervical cancer. Few reported prospective cohort studies have characterized the incidence of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in HIV-infected women. Methods:Data were obtained from HIV-infected and -uninfected female participants in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design with no history of ICC at enrollment. Participants were followed from study entry or January 1996 through ICC, loss to follow-up, or December 2010. The relationship of HIV infection and CD4+ T-cell count with risk of ICC was assessed using age-adjusted Poisson regression models and standardized incidence ratios. All cases were confirmed by cancer registry records and/or pathology reports. Cervical cytology screening history was assessed through medical record abstraction. Results:A total of 13,690 HIV-infected and 12,021 HIV-uninfected women contributed 66,249 and 70,815 person-years of observation, respectively. Incident ICC was diagnosed in 17 HIV-infected and 4 HIV-uninfected women (incidence rate of 26 and 6 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). HIV-infected women with baseline CD4+ T-cells of ≥350, 200–349, and <200 cells per microliter had a 2.3, 3.0, and 7.7 times increase in ICC incidence, respectively, compared with HIV-uninfected women (Ptrend = 0.001). Of the 17 HIV-infected women, medical records for the 5 years before diagnosis showed that 6 had no documented screening, 5 had screening with low-grade or normal results, and 6 had high-grade results. Conclusions:This study found elevated incidence of ICC in HIV-infected compared with -uninfected women, and these rates increased with immunosuppression.