Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The University of Birmingham ( Live System ) Mechanisms of physiological and epileptic HFO generation

High frequency oscillations (HFO) have a variety of characteristics: band-limited or broad-band, transient burst-like phenomenon or steady-state. HFOs may be encountered under physiological or under pathological conditions (pHFO). Here we review the underlying mechanisms of oscillations, at the level of cells and networks, investigated in a variety of experimental in vitro and in vivo models. Diverse mechanisms are described, from intrinsic membrane oscillations to network processes involving different types of synaptic interactions, gap junctions and ephaptic coupling. HFOs with similar frequency ranges can differ considerably in their physiological mechanisms. The fact that in most cases the combination of intrinsic neuronal membrane oscillations and synaptic circuits are necessary to sustain network oscillations is emphasized. Evidence for pathological HFOs, particularly fast ripples, in experimental models of epilepsy and in human epileptic patients is scrutinized. The underlying mechanisms of fast ripples are examined both in the light of animal observations, in vivo and in vitro, and in epileptic patients, with emphasis on single cell dynamics. Experimental observations and computational modeling have led to hypotheses for these mechanisms, several of which are considered here, namely the role of out-of-phase firing in neuronal clusters, the importance of strong excitatory AMPA-synaptic currents and recurrent inhibitory connectivity in combination with the fast time scales of IPSPs, ephaptic coupling and the contribution of interneuronal coupling through gap junctions. The statistical behaviour of fast ripple events can provide useful information on the underlying mechanism and can help to further improve classification of the diverse forms of HFOs. 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Abbreviations: a, alpha (rhythm or oscillation); AMPA, 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors; AP, action potential; b, beta (oscillation); CA, cellular automata; ECoG, electrocorticogram; EEG, electroencephalogram; GABA, gamma amino butyric acid; GABAA, ionotropic gamma amino butyric acid receptor; g, gamma (oscillation); HFO, High Frequency Oscillation; Hz, Hertz (cycles per second); Ih, the h-current, a depolarizing, cationic current activated by hyperpolarization; IPSC, inhibitory postsynaptic current; IPSP, inhibitory postsynaptic potential; KA, kainic acid; LFP, local field potential; MEG, magnetoencephalogram; mGluR, metabotropic glutamate receptor; m, mu (oscillation); NMDA, N-methyl D-aspartate, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor; pHFO, pathological high frequency oscillation; SPWR, sharp-wave ripples; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy. * Corresponding author. Tel. : +44 121 414 7525; fax: +44 121 414 7625. E-mail address: j.g. r.jefferys@bham.ac. uk (John G.R. Jefferys).
Enhanced activation of NMDA receptor responses at the immature retinogeniculate synapse

The maturation of retinogeniculate excitatory transmission and intrathalamic inhibition was studied in slices of the dorsal LGN obtained from ferrets during the first 2 postnatal months. Response to optic tract stimulation at neonatal ages consisted of slow EPSPs lasting several hundred milliseconds. Application of the NMDA receptor antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) during the first 2 postnatal weeks resulted in EPSPs that were reduced in peak amplitude and dramatically curtailed in duration, indicating that NMDA receptors participate strongly in retinogeniculate transmission at the immature synapse. Gradually, EPSPs became shorter in duration such that after the second postnatal week, the retinogeniculate EPSPs were only a few milliseconds in duration. At this late stage of development responses were remarkably less affected by application of D-APV. These changes in contribution of NMDA receptors to retinogeniculate transmission were found to be due to the development of strong IPSPs, the result of gradual maturation of activation of GABAergic inhibition. Indeed, application of bicuculline methiodide to block GABAA receptor- mediated IPSPs strongly enhanced the NMDA component of the EPSPs in more mature cells. The voltage dependence and kinetics of NMDA-induced excitatory postsynaptic currents (NMDA EPSCs) were characterized by voltage-clamp recordings after blocking AMPA/kainate receptors with 6- cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and GABAA receptors wit' bicuculline methiodide. The voltage dependence of the NMDA EPSCs remained unaltered with age. During the first postnatal month the kinetic properties of the NMDA EPSCs also remained unaltered, but a reduction in EPSC duration was observed within the following weeks, well after the critical period of anatomical reorganization. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diversity in Betasatellites Associated with Cotton Leaf Curl Disease During Source-To-Sink Movement Through a Resistant Host

Cotton leaf curl is devastating disease of cotton characterized by leaf curling, vein darkening and enations. The disease symptoms are induced by DNA satellite known as Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB), dominant betasatellite in cotton but another betasatellite known as Chili leaf curl betasatellite (ChLCB) is also found associated with the disease. Grafting experiment was performed to determine if host plant resistance is determinant of dominant population of betasatellite in cotton (several distinct strains of CLCuMuB are associated with the disease). Infected scion of Gossypium hirsutum collected from field (the source) was grafted on G. arboreum, a diploid cotton species, resistant to the disease. A healthy scion of G. hirsutum (sink) was grafted at the top of G. arboreum to determine the movement of virus/betasatellite to upper susceptible scion of G. hirsutum. Symptoms of disease appeared in the upper scion and presence of virus/betasatellite in the upper scion was confirmed via molecular techniques, showing that virus/betasatellite was able to move to upper scion through resistant G. arboreum. However, no symptoms appeared on G. arboreum. Betasatelites were cloned and sequenced from lower scion, upper scion and G. arboreum which show that the lower scion contained both CLCuMuB and ChLCB, however only ChLCB was found in G. arboreum. The upper scion contained CLCuMuB with a deletion of 78 nucleotides (nt) in the non-coding region between A-rich sequence and βC1 gene and insertion of 27 nt in the middle of βC1 ORF. This study may help in investigating molecular basis of resistance in G. arboreum.
Chemical Properties of Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies

Recent studies of the near-infrared (NIR) properties of dwarf irregular galaxies (dIs) and blue compact dwarfs (BCDs) have provided improved estimates for the NIR luminosity of old stellar populations in these galaxies. These can be used to derive gas fractions, and thereby to evaluate how BCDs have evolved with respect to dIs. Oxygen abundances have been derived for four BCDs in the Virgo Cluster from a run at Gemini-North in 2003. Combining these new abundances with published values, we study the correlations among the metallicity, Ks luminosity, gas mass, baryonic mass, and gas fraction. Within errors, the two types of dwarfs appear to share a common relation between the oxygen abundance and the luminosity in Ks. The correlation between metallicity and the gas fraction is the same for BCDs as for dIs, indicating that BCD evolution has been similar to that of dIs. Since dIs appear to have evolved as isolated systems, the BCD bursts are unlikely to be a consequence of gas infall or merging.
A critical band filter in touch

Separate mechanoreceptor systems in humans were isolated by varying the spectra of vibrotactile stimuli. First, the function relating threshold to frequency of a sinusoid was obtained on the fingertip for each of four subjects, and it was found to comprise two limbs: a Pacinian and a non-Pacinian limb. The peak sensitivity within the Pacinian limb (mediated by Pacinian corpuscles) was around 250 Hz and spanned the region from 65 to 400 Hz. The non-Pacinian limb showed no detectable change in sensitivity in the region between 10 and 65 Hz. These two limbs were then treated as psychophysical channels in experiments in which narrow band noise and individual sinusoids were used to excite one or both channels. In the second and third experiments, the noise stimuli varied in bandwidth from 8 to 70 Hz and varied in center frequency from 25 to 218 Hz. Masking functions were obtained for ON- frequency conditions (the sinusoidal test and noise masker occupied the same frequency region) and for OFF-frequency conditions (the test and masker occupied different frequency regions). The ON-frequency experiments were used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the Pacinian channel at threshold. The OFF-frequency masking experiments were used to infer the shape of the Pacinian channel at frequencies below 65 Hz, where thresholds for Pacinian activation were above detection threshold. The results of these three experiments predicted the findings of a fourth masking experiment with a parameter free model that treated the Pacinian channel as a filter that integrates stimulus power. The results show that the Pacinian channel is analogous to a critical band in the auditory system.
A COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THEATER DESIGN

This paper presents the results of an ongoing research on computational methods for the design of theatrical spaces. We demonstrate a systemic approach to design supported by a set of digital tools implemented for assisting the process. The primary purpose of the framework is to establish a formal basis for expressing and exploring explicit design criteria. At this stage the framework enables us to metrically access a range of design metrics that traditionally have been addressed through primarily architectural narrative. Moreover, our method strives in establishing a background where knowledge can be explicitly encoded and the results of analytical methods can be additively employed. In the future, the framework will assist as the platform for experimenting with generative or query-based design processes empowered by computation. We structured this paper / framework around three conceptual units: (a) a design intent toolkit assisting the processes of rapidly generating theater configurations; (b) an analytical system that evaluates a range of design metrics centered about aspects of visual comfort; and (c) a post-processing and visualization unit that binds the design metrics with existing data / studies and provide a range of representation methods. Overall, the methodology adopts existing knowledge in theatrical design, challenges traditional ideas of understanding the theater and proposes methods for evaluating its architectural performance. The conclusions focus on highlighting both the limitations and the potential of our system in the process of theater design. We also extend outside the boundaries of the current research into a brief discussion on the methodological impact of digital technology in architectural research. Finally we propose areas of future research and development.
MIMO capacity for deterministic channel models: sublinear growth

This is the second paper by the authors in a series concerned with the development of a deterministic model for the transfer matrix of a MIMO system. In our previous paper, we started from the Maxwell equations and described the generic structure of such a deterministic transfer matrix. In the current paper, we apply those results in order to study the (Shannon‐Foschini) capacity behavior of a MIMO system as a function of the deterministic spread function of the environment and the number of transmitting and receiving antennas. The antennas are assumed to fill in a given fixed volume. Under some generic assumptions, we prove that the capacity grows much more slowly than linearly with the number of antennas. These results reinforce previous heuristic results obtained from statistical models of the transfer matrix, which also predict a sublinear behavior. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time-of-flight depth image denoising using prior noise information

In this paper, we propose a novel way of using time-of-flight camera depth and amplitude images to reduce the noise in depth images with prior knowledge of spatial noise distribution, which is correlated with the incident light falling on each pixel. The denoising is done in wavelet space and the influence and implications of the extended noise model to wavelet space and common denoising methods are shown.
A Type System for Safe Region-Based Memory Management in Real-Time Java

The Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) allows a program to create real-time threads with hard real-time constraints. Real-time threads use immortal memory and region-based memory management to avoid unbounded pauses caused by interference from the garbage collector. The RTSJ uses runtime checks to ensure that deleting a region does not create dangling references and that real-time threads do not access references to objects allocated in the garbage-collected heap. This paper presents a static type system that guarantees that these runtime checks will never fail for well-typed programs. Our type system therefore 1) provides an important safety guarantee for real-time programs and 2) makes it possible to eliminate the runtime checks and their associated overhead. Our system also makes several contributions over previous work on region types. For object-oriented programs, it combines region types and ownership types in a unified type system framework. For multithreaded programs, it allows long-lived threads to share objects without using the heap and without having memory leaks. For real-time programs, it ensures that real-time threads do not interfere with the garbage collector. We have implemented several programs in our system. Our experience indicates that our type system is sufficiently expressive and requires little programming overhead. We also ran these programs on our RTSJ platform. Our experiments show that eliminating the RTSJ runtime checks using a static type system can significantly decrease the execution time of a real-time program.
Ja n 20 09 Blowup algebras of square-free monomial ideals and some links to combinatorial optimization problems

Let I = (x1 , . . . , xq ) be a square-free monomial ideal of a polynomial ring K[x1, . , xn] over an arbitrary field K and let A be the incidence matrix with column vectors v1, . , vq. We will establish some connections between algebraic properties of certain graded algebras associated to I and combinatorial optimization properties of certain polyhedra and clutters associated to A and I respectively. Some applications to Rees algebras and combinatorial optimization are presented. We study a conjecture of Conforti and Cornuéjols using an algebraic approach.
Concurrent Cisplatin-Based Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer

Introduction The treatment of women with locally advanced cervical cancer is evolving. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy form the standard of care in the United States; however, the optimal type of chemotherapy is controversial. Traditionally, hydroxyurea has been the agent used concurrently with radiation; compared to radiotherapy alone, it significantly increases the likelihood of obtaining a complete response and prolongs overall survival. However, Phase I and II trials have indicated that cisplatin, with or without fluorouracil, may be more effective than hydroxyurea. To evaluate the optimal chemotherapy regimen for locally advanced cervical cancer, the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) instituted a trial randomizing patients to one of three chemotherapy regimens given concurrently with radiotherapy. The three study arms were 1) weekly cisplatin 2) cisplatin, hydroxyurea and fluorouracil, 3) hydroxyurea. The results of this trial were reported in the April 15, 1999 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
Adaptive Reconstruction of Multi-periodic Harmonic Time Series with Only Negative Errors: Simulation Study

In satellite remote sensing, irregular temporal sampling is a common feature of geophysical and biological process on the earth's surface. Lee (2008) proposed a feed-back system using a harmonic model of single period to adaptively reconstruct observation image series contaminated by noises resulted from mechanical problems or environmental conditions. However, the simple sinusoidal model of single period may not be appropriate for temporal physical processes of land surface. A complex model of multiple periods would be more proper to represent inter-annual and inner-annual variations of surface parameters. This study extended to use a multi-periodic harmonic model, which is expressed as the sum of a series of sine waves, for the adaptive system. For the system assessment, simulation data were generated from a model of negative errors, based on the fact that the observation is mainly suppressed by bad weather. The experimental results of this simulation study show the potentiality of the proposed system for real-time monitoring on the image series observed by imperfect sensing technology from the environment which are frequently influenced by bad weather.
ICDSST 2016 on Decision Support Systems Addressing Sustainability & Societal Challenges A Recommender System based on MultiCriteria Aggregation

Recommender systems aim to support decision-makers by providing decision advice. We offer multi-criteria decision recommendations based on a performance matrix and a partial order on criteria submitted by the user. Our method is to aggregate performance measures over all criteria based on inferences about preferences from the decision-maker(cid:146)s input. After reviewing some multicriteria aggregation operators, we present a recommender system that uses the Choquet integral of a fuzzy measure to determine a total ordering of the alternatives
Comparing data of two airborne L-band radiometers with different spatial resolution over a heterogeneous land surface

This paper describes a first attempt of comparing data of the two airborne L-band radiometers EMIRAD and HUT-2D over land surface. While HUT-2D is an imaging system with a high spatial resolution, EMIRAD delivers data averaged over a relatively large footprint but can be considered to be more stable. The Upper Danube catchment, located mostly in Southern Germany, is one of two major test sites in Europe for the calibration and validation activities for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). For the study presented in this paper, the radiometric measurements collected during the SMOS Validation Rehearsal Campaign 2008 in the Upper Danube catchment are used. The results suggest that differences between the measurements are mainly controlled by temperature effects and can be limited by implementing a temperature correction in the processing of HUT-2D data.
Introduction Perception , Causation , and Objectivity

Perceptual experience, that paradigm of subjectivity, constitutes our most immediate and fundamental access to the objective world. At least, this would seem to be so if commonsense realism is correct—if perceptual experience is (in general) an immediate awareness of mind-independent objects, and a source of direct knowledge of what such objects are like. Commonsense realism raises many questions. First, can we be more precise about its commitments? Does it entail any particular conception of the nature of perceptual experience and its relation to perceived objects, or any particular view of the way perception yields knowledge? Second, what explains the apparent intuitive appeal of commonsense realism? Should we think of it as a kind of folk theory held by most human adults or is there a sense in which we are pre-theoretically committed to it—in virtue of the experience we enjoy or in virtue of the concepts we use or in virtue of the explanations we give? Third, is commonsense realism defensible, in the face of formidable challenges from epistemology, metaphysics, and cognitive science? The project of the present volume is to advance our understanding of these issues and thus to shed light on the commitments and credentials of common-sense realism. As you may have guessed from the title, the volume also aims to highlight the pivotal role the concept of causation plays in these debates. Central issues to be addressed include the status and nature of causal requirements on perception, the causal role of perceptual experience, and the relation between objective perception and causal thinking—issues that, as many chapters in the volume bring out, are inseparable from concerns with the very nature of causation. The chapters in this volume explore commonsense realism from a range of perspectives. The psychological essays are concerned with the development, phylogenetic and ontogenetic, of the human adult conception of perception. Some of the philosophical essays are mainly concerned with the explanatory role of perceptual experience—its role in explaining our possession of knowledge, and concepts, of mind-independent objects, and our grasp of the very idea of objectivity. Others focus on issues concerning
Development of a flexible video analysis system for motion detection and alarm generation

This paper aims at developing a flexible video analysis system that can be used in wide range of video surveillance applications as well as to detect the human being. The developed system is called here as Smart Video Analysis System. This SVAS is able to detect and track interested objects. It can also detect people and recognize their activities in an application environment, such as in a room, supermarket, car, or security checkpoint. Designing a real-time video analysis system is a complex task, as many factors including processing speed, system cost, accuracy, and robustness, need to be carefully balanced. This research has focused these factors at two levels, algorithm level and software level. Background elimination algorithm is proposed in this paper to enhance the performance of Smart Camera systems in changing background and varying lighting condition environment. Finally, the software implementation of the Smart Camera Analysis Systems is applied to detect motion and then to trigger alarm for the security purposes. The system will trigger alarm once the motion is detected and when it exceeds the desire threshold value
Non-visual feedback for pen-based interaction with digital graphs

Access to simple visualisations such as bar charts, line graphs and pie charts is currently very limited for the visually impaired and blind community. Tangible representations such as heatraised paper, and inserting pins in a cork-board are common methods of allowing visually impaired pupils to browse and construct visualisations at school, but these representations can become impractical for access to complex, dynamic data, and often require a sighted person’s assistance to format the representation, leading to a lack of privacy and independence. A system is described that employs tactile feedback using an actuated pin-array, which provides continuous tactile feedback to allow a visually impaired person to explore bar charts using a graphics tablet and stylus. A study was conducted to investigate the relative contribution of multimodal feedback (tactile, speech, non-speech audio) during typical graph browsing tasks. Qualitative feedback showed that the participants found it difficult to attend to multiple sources of information and often neglected the tactile feedback, while the speech feedback was the most popular, and could be employed as a continuous feedback mechanism to support graph browsing.