Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low frequency earthquakes below southern Vancouver Island

The nature and distribution of low frequency earthquakes (LFEs) in subduction zones provide insight into plate boundary deformation downdip of the locked seismogenic zone. We employ network autocorrelation detection to identify LFE families beneath southern Vancouver Island and environs. An initial suite of 5775 LFEs detected in 2004 and 2005 at a select set of 7 stations is grouped into 140 families using waveform cluster analysis. These families are used as templates within an iterative network cross correlation scheme to detect LFEs across different tremor episodes, incorporate new stations, and improve LFE template signal‐to‐noise ratio. As in southwest Japan, representative LFE locations define a relatively tight, dipping surface several km above the locus of intraslab seismicity, within a prominent, dipping low‐velocity zone (LVZ). LFE polarizations for near‐vertical source‐receiver geometries possess a remarkably uniform dipolar signature indicative of point‐source, double‐couple excitation. Focal mechanisms determined fromP‐wave first motions are characterized by a combination of strike‐slip and thrust faulting. We suggest that LFEs and regular intraslab seismicity occur in distinct structural and stress regimes. The LVZ, inferred to represent weak, overpressured, porous and mylonitized metabasalts of oceanic crustal Layer 2, separates LFEs manifesting deformation within a plate boundary shear zone from intraslab earthquakes generated by tensional stresses and dehydration embrittlement within a more competent lower oceanic crustal Layer 3 and underlying mantle.
The East Pacific Rise in cross section: A seismic model

In 1982 we undertook a seismic refraction experiment, known as the MAGMA expedition, to examine the detailed structure of the East Pacific Rise near 12°50′N. This segment of the rise, where the full spreading rate is about 110 mm/yr, is near the projected trace of the O'Gorman fracture zone and is the site of an overlapping spreading center as well as “black smoker” hydrothermal activity. In this paper we describe the analysis of a subset of the travel time data collected during the MAGMA expedition, namely the data from profiles which were oriented normal to the rise axis. These profiles provide a data set roughly equivalent to those collected on other experiments and sample the cross-sectional structure of the rise. We have modeled these data using a two-dimensional ray-tracing program. We have found that the seismic velocities in the young oceanic crust are rather high, with velocity gradients of 4.0–5.5 s−1 in the uppermost crust. The highest velocities at the seafloor occur beneath the rise axis itself and seem to decrease as the crust ages to 0.1 Ma. This decrease in velocity must result from an increase in porosity in the upper crust and may coincide with the development of abundant surface fissures as the crust spreads. The decrease in velocity does not appear to penetrate deeper than about 0.5 km and may reverse itself as hydrothermal alteration fills the pores and cracks. The fact that the highest velocities occur under the rise axis suggests that the hydrothermal circulation responsible for the black smokers is confined to seismically unresolved conduits, a result consistent with the high temperatures and discrete nature of the vents. Our best model includes a magma chamber some 4 km wide and extending from the Moho to within about 1.1 km of the seafloor. This magma chamber is far smaller than many models for the rise axis have predicted but larger than those inferred from seismic refraction experiments at other sites on the East Pacific Rise. These discrepancies probably arise because the magma chamber under the East Pacific Rise is not a steady state feature but changes with time because of hydrothermal cooling and perhaps because of an episodic supply of magma from the mantle or along the rise axis.
Companion Planting: the role of networks in sustaining organised garden projects and achieving positive social outcomes

From the late nineteenth century community gardens, or organised garden projects (OGPs), have been used by governments as mechanisms for providing economic and social relief during times of economic downturn. Since the 1960s increasing concern for the environment and social justice has seen networks of residents establish these gardens at grassroots levels. Following on from Stocker and Barnett (1998), the notion that these gardens can simultaneously create positive economic, ecological and social outcomes for garden participants and the wider community positions them as “agents of change” for sustainability. This study focuses on garden participation and the potential outcomes for individuals and neighbourhoods through a specific analysis of the social networks that exist between gardeners and the connections that organised garden projects have with other gardens and organisations. Building on the work of Bourdieu (1986), Coleman (1990), Putnam (1995) and others, this study seeks to identify the features of social capital, using social networks as a proxy, that facilitate action, outcomes and gains for those involved in OGPs. Using gardens in greater Hobart, Tasmania as the case study, this study built on White’s (2002) analysis of the key features of social networks, and determined the presence of and outcomes from social capital in garden networks. Particular attention was paid to how involvement in OGPs can ameliorate social and economic disadvantage. This study highlights the potential of organised garden projects in tackling disadvantage although it acknowledges this potential is yet to be fully realised. The findings suggest that while both internal and external social networks play a key role in the production of social capital in OGPs, several barriers were identified which impacted on garden participation and sociability; including education, the location of the garden and garden accessibility.
Numeracy, Financial Literacy, and Financial Decision-Making

Financial decisions, be they related to asset building or debt management, require the capacity to do calculations, including some complex ones. But how numerate are individuals, in particular when it comes to calculations related to financial decisions? Studies and surveys implemented in both the United States and in other countries that are described in this paper show the level of numeracy among the population to be very low. Moreover, lack of numeracy is not only widespread but is particularly severe among some demographic groups, such as women, the elderly, and those with low educational attainment. This has potential consequences for individuals and for society as a whole because numeracy is found to be linked to many financial decisions. Now more than ever, numeracy and financial literacy are lifetime skills necessary to succeed in today's complex economic environment.
Binding characteristics of pyrrole-scaffold hepatitis B virus capsid inhibitors and identification of novel potent compounds

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) are currently being evaluated in clinical trials as potential curative therapies for HBV. This study used in silico computational modeling to provide insights into the binding characteristics between the HBV core protein and two pyrrole-scaffold inhibitors, JNJ-6379 and GLP-26, both in the CAM-Normal (CAM-N) series. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the pyrrole inhibitors displayed similar general binding-interaction patterns to NVR 3-778, another CAM-N, with hydrophobic interactions serving as the major driving force. However, consistent with their higher potency, the pyrrole inhibitors exhibited stronger nonpolar interactions with key residues in a solvent-accessible region as compared to NVR 3-778. This feature was facilitated by distinct hydrogen bond interactions of the pyrrole scaffold inhibitors with the residue 140 in chain B of the HBV core protein (L140B). Based on these findings, novel CAM-N compounds were designed to mimic the interaction with L140B residue while maximizing nonpolar interactions in the solvent-accessible region. Several 1H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl substituted pyrrolidine-based compounds with various hydrophobic side chains were synthesized and evaluated. Through analyses of the structure–activity and structure–druggability relations of a series of compounds, CU15 emerged as the most promising lead CAM-N compound, exhibiting sub-nanomolar potency and good pharmacokinetic profiles. Overall, the study demonstrated a practical approach to leverage computational methods for understanding key target binding features for rationale-based design, and for guiding the identification of novel compounds.
Estimation of erosion and deposition volumes in a large, gravel‐bed, braided river using synoptic remote sensing

System‐scale detection of erosion and deposition is crucial in order to assess the transferability of findings from scaled laboratory and small field studies to larger spatial scales. Increasingly, synoptic remote sensing has the potential to provide the necessary data. In this paper, we develop a methodology for channel change detection, coupled to the use of synoptic remote sensing, for erosion and deposition estimation, and apply it to a wide, braided, gravel‐bed river. This is based upon construction of digital elevation models (DEMs) using digital photogrammetry, laser altimetry and image processing. DEMs of difference were constructed by subtracting DEM pairs, and a method for propagating error into the DEMs of difference was used under the assumption that each elevation in each surface contains error that is random, independent and Gaussian. Data were acquired for the braided Waimakariri River, South Island, New Zealand. The DEMs had a 1·0 m pixel resolution and covered an area of riverbed that is more than 1 km wide and 3·3 km long. Application of the method showed the need to use survey‐specific estimates of point precision, as project design and manufacturer estimates of precision overestimate a priori point quality. This finding aside, the analysis showed that even after propagation of error it was possible to obtain high quality DEMs of difference for process estimation, over a spatial scale that has not previously been achieved. In particular, there was no difference in the ability to detect erosion and deposition. The estimates of volumes of change, despite being downgraded as compared with traditional cross‐section survey in terms of point precision, produced more reliable erosion and deposition estimates as a result of the large improvement in spatial density that synoptic methods provide. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repeat expansions in NOP56 are a cause of spinocerebellar ataxia Type 36 in the British population

Abstract Spinocerebellar ataxias form a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. Their prevalence varies among populations and ethnicities. Spinocerebellar ataxia 36 is caused by a GGCCTG repeat expansion in the first intron of the NOP56 gene and is characterized by late-onset ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss and upper and lower motor neuron signs, including tongue fasciculations. Spinocerebellar ataxia 36 has been described mainly in East Asian and Western European patients and was thought to be absent in the British population. Leveraging novel bioinformatic tools to detect repeat expansions from whole-genome sequencing, we analyse the NOP56 repeat in 1257 British patients with hereditary ataxia and in 7506 unrelated controls. We identify pathogenic repeat expansions in five families (seven patients), representing the first cohort of White British descent patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 36. Employing in silico approaches using whole-genome sequencing data, we found an 87 kb shared haplotype in among the affected individuals from five families around the NOP56 repeat region, although this block was also shared between several controls, suggesting that the repeat arises on a permissive haplotype. Clinically, the patients presented with slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia with a low rate of hearing loss and variable rates of motor neuron impairment. Our findings show that the NOP56 expansion causes ataxia in the British population and that spinocerebellar ataxia 36 can be suspected in patients with a late-onset, slowly progressive ataxia, even without the findings of hearing loss and tongue fasciculation.
HUNGARIAN PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DATABASE (COENODATRE F): SAMPLING METHODOLOGY, NOMENCLATURE AND ITS ACTUAL STAGE

The article contains the methodological guide of the national phytocoenological database, called CoenoDat Reference Database, which was prepared to build up the first Hungarian reference databank of the natural and semi-natural vegetation types in 2003. Nomenclature of plants follows Dobolyi (2002). Syntaxonomical nomenclature follows Borhidi & Santa (1999) and Borhidi (2003). For databasing the authors used TurboVeg for Windows. Up to now, CoenoDatRef contains some 9,000 releves of app. 400 natural and/or semi-natural associations. The number of entered releves of different vegetation classes is included.
Rainfall‐runoff modelling using artificial neural networks: comparison of network types

Growing interest in the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in rainfall‐runoff modelling has suggested certain issues that are still not addressed properly. One such concern is the use of network type, as theoretical studies on a multi‐layer perceptron (MLP) with a sigmoid transfer function enlightens certain limitations for its use. Alternatively, there is a strong belief in the general ANN user community that a radial basis function (RBF) network performs better than an MLP, as the former bases its nonlinearities on the training data set. This argument is not yet substantiated by applications in hydrology. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of MLP‐ and RBF‐type neural network models developed for rainfall‐runoff modelling of two Indian river basins. The performance of both the MLP and RBF network models were comprehensively evaluated in terms of their generalization properties, predicted hydrograph characteristics, and predictive uncertainty. The results of the study indicate that the choice of the network type certainly has an impact on the model prediction accuracy. The study suggests that both the networks have merits and limitations. For instance, the MLP requires a long trial‐and‐error procedure to fix the optimal number of hidden nodes, whereas for an RBF the structure of the network can be fixed using an appropriate training algorithm. However, a judgment on which is superior is not clearly possible from this study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Virtual Reality Courtroom for Survivors of Sexual Violence: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study on Application Possibilities

This mixed-method pilot study examined the application possibilities of a virtual courtroom to support survivors of sexual violence who may experience courtroom-associated distress. Female sexual violence survivors (n = 13) who had testified in court following victimization entered an interactive virtual courtroom replica. Their reactions were measured quantitatively and qualitatively. The virtual courtroom evoked both subjective and physiological stress. Participants perceived the virtual reality environment as similar to the real-life courtroom. Most reported negative experiences from interacting with the criminal justice system. The virtual courtroom is a possible future strategy to support survivors when reporting violence to the justice system.
Response of an Equatorial Ocean to a Periodic Monsoon

Abstract An infinitely deep stratified ocean on a equatorial beta plane is forced with a periodic wind system. The resulting linearized motion is shown to result in a deep cellular flow structure in rough agreement with recent observations. Because of the infinite depth, the vertical structure is dependent only on the horizontal structure and frequency of the wind-forced layer. The motion is a mechanism for carrying momentum downward from the surface. A western boundary is easily accommodated.
The Importance of Reflexivity in Program Development: A Case Study Involving Teaching Self-Defense to Middle School Girls in PE Class

This research used a self-defense program to explore how middle school girls could change their perspectives on the gendered roles of victim and protector within an empowered self-defense approach. Taking the dual role of researcher and self-defense instructor, I developed a program to influence changing information strips directed toward gender norms, behavior, and discourse. Reflexive thematic analysis was utilized due to its intersection of the researcher's experience, literature, and theory. The research consisted of 40 girls journaling and 23 girls completing a post-program survey. Findings suggested that reflexive body techniques through self-defense could potentially impact internalized gendered information strips.
The Effect of Affective Temperament, Pain Catastrophizing, and Anxiety Sensitivity on Pain Severity in Patients With Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Pilot Study

Objective: The goals of this study were to investigate whether there was a dominant temperament type, and to assess the effect of temperament, pain catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity on pain severity, in female patients diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) compared with healthy controls. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 51 patients 18 to 65 years of age who were diagnosed with CPP without a history of psychiatric treatment and 97 healthy volunteer women with sociodemographic characteristics similar to those of the study group. A sociodemographic form prepared by the researchers, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, a temperament scale (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego–Autoquestionnaire), and a visual analog pain scale (VAS) were completed. The results were compared between the patient and control groups. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the predictive effects of temperament characteristics, pain catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity on pain severity. Results: Scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the VAS were statistically significantly higher in the CPP group (P<0.001). The frequency of depressive, cyclothymic, and irritable temperaments was found to be significantly higher in the CPP group (CPP: 7.78±3.32 vs. controls: 6.54±3.19; P=0.027; CPP:10.61±4.41 vs. controls: 8.82±4.21; P=0.017; CPP: 5.22±4.29 vs. controls: 3.75±3.41; P=0.025). According to the model established by temperament traits, anxiety sensitivity, and pain catastrophizing level, pain catastrophizing level explained 11.6% of the variance in pain severity. A 1-unit change in the score for pain catastrophizing level caused a 0.278-point change in the VAS total score (P<0.01). Conclusions: Cyclothymic, depressive, and irritable temperament types that increase the risk of affective disease are more common in patients with CPP. The level of pain catastrophizing in patients with CPP affects their perception of the severity of the pain.
Single-Grating Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: An Investigation on the Effects of Detector Selection

Spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers (SHRSs) are modified forms of Michelson interferometers, except the mirrors in a Michelson interferometer are replaced with stationary diffraction gratings. This design removes the need for an entrance slit, as is the case in a dispersive spectrometer, and removes the need to scan the spectrum by using a moving mirror in a modern Michelson interferometer. In previous studies, various SHRS variants, such as free-standing two-grating SHRS, single-grating SHRS (1g-SHRS), monolithic SHRS (mSHRS), and single-grating mSHRS (1g-mSHRS), have been evaluated. However, the present study exclusively focuses on the 1g-mSHRS configuration. The 1g-mSHRS and 1g-SHRS increase the spectral range at fixed grating line density while trading off spectral resolution and resolving power. The mSHRS benefits from increased rigidity, lack of moving parts, and reduced footprint. In this study, we investigate how the choice of detector impacts the performance of the 1g-mSHRS system, with a specific focus on evaluating the performance of three types of cameras: charged-coupled device (CCD), intensified CCD (ICCD), and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) cameras. These systems were evaluated using geological, organic, and inorganic samples using a 532 nm continuous wave laser for the CMOS and CCD cameras, and a 532 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet pulsed laser for the ICCD camera. The footprint of the 1g-mSHRS was 3.5 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm3 with a mass of 272 g or 80 g, depending on whether the monolith housing is included or not. We found that increasing the number of pixels utilized along the x-axis of the camera increases fringe visibility (FV) and optimizes the resolution (by capturing the entirety of the grating and magnifying the fringes). The number of pixels utilized in the y-axis, chip size, and dimensions, affect the signal-to-noise ratio of the systems. Additionally, we discuss the effect of pixel pitch on the recovery of Fizeau fringes, including the relationship between the Nyquist frequency, aliasing, and FV. Graphical abstract This is a visual representation of the abstract.
Representing coastal land use in the island of Gran Canaria

This map displays a geographic information system-based spatial analysis representing coastal land use in the island of Gran Canaria. It presents a method of summarizing coastal patterns of land use/cover into arc/sectors of a graph, setting up spatial units of analysis based on compass directions suitable to organize, analyse and depict spatial data. The method allows the easy detection of patterns and visualization of similarities between two or more sets of coastal land use/cover data. This paper outlines the methods used in designing the map.
Discretize Relaxed Solution of Spectral Clustering via a Non-Heuristic Algorithm

Spectral clustering and its extensions usually consist of two steps: 1) constructing a graph and computing the relaxed solution and 2) discretizing relaxed solutions. Although the former has been extensively investigated, the discretization techniques are mainly heuristic methods, e.g., k -means (KM), spectral rotation (SR). Unfortunately, the goal of the existing methods is not to find a discrete solution that minimizes the original objective. In other words, the primary drawback is the neglect of the original objective when computing the discrete solution. Inspired by the first-order optimization algorithms, we propose to develop a first-order term to bridge the original problem and discretization algorithm, which is the first nonheuristic to the best of our knowledge. Since the nonheuristic method is aware of the original graph cut problem, the final discrete solution is more reliable and achieves the preferable loss value. We also theoretically show that the continuous optimum is beneficial to discretization algorithms though simply finding its closest discrete solution is an existing heuristic algorithm which is also unreliable. Sufficient experiments significantly show the superiority of our method.