Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Auditory Evoked Potentials: Basic Principles and Clinical Application

WHAT ARE AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS? Overview Imaging TECHNICAL BASICS OF EVOKING AND RECORDING AEPs Stimuli Instrumentation Time Domain Frequency Domain RESEARCH AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS I: AEPs FROM COCHLEA AND VIII NERVE Periph Anatomy OAE EcochG RESEARCH AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS II: AEPs FROM AUDITORY BRAINSTEM Brainstem Anatomy ABR ABR: Threshold Neuropathy Site of Lesion FFR RESEARCH AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS III: AGING AND INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING Generators Intraoperative Monitoring Development Aging RESEARCH AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IV: AEPs FROM AUDITORY CORTICAL AREAS Thalamo-cortical Anatomy ASSR Middle Latency Responses SVP SVP-Endogen Magnetoencephalography Sound Localization RESEARCH AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS V: MYOGENIC AND NONAUDITORY EPs Myogenic VEP SEP VsEP Multimodal PRACTICAL MATTERS: LABORATORY EXERCISES AND CASE STUDIES Laboratory Exercises Case Studies
The basilar pontine gray of the opossum: A correlated light and electron microscopic analysis

Neurons within the basilar pontine gray (BPG) of the American opossum can be subdivided into four major nuclei which are named medial, lateral, ventral and peripeduncular in accordance with previous studies. In addition, several smaller subnuclei, such as the median and dorsolateral cell groups, are present, as well as two longitudinal columns of neurons within the ventral nucleus. Neurons in the BPG range in size from 9 to 35 μ and appear randomly distributed so that none of the subdivisions contains exclusively nerve cells of the same perikaryal dimension. Projection neurons as shown in Golgi impregnations have a variable dendritic pattern; those in peripeduncular zones exhibit dendrites closely applied to the surface of the cerebral peduncle, whereas those in other regions generally have a radial type of arrangement. Certain projection neurons can be distinguished on the basis of their dendritic surface, which bears either claw‐like protrusions or stalked appendages. Smaller nerve cells measuring less than 18 μ may be intrinsic neurons, since axon‐like processes arise from their dendrites and course for some distance near the parent cell before becoming thin and beaded. Ultrastructural observations show profiles of neurons comparable in size to those seen in Golgi impregnations and suggest at least four classes of presynaptic profiles. One category ranges in size from 2 to 8 μ, contains round vesicles (average diameter 450 Å) and characteristically forms multiple asymmetric syaptic contacts with several small postsyaptic profiles, some of which appear to be the dendritic claws mentioned above. The other three types of axon terminals measure less that 2 μ in their greatest dimension and are distinguished by their synaptic vesicles; one group containing round vesicles with an average diameter of 380 Å, a second group exhibiting larger round vesicles with an average diameter of 500 Å and a third group containing flattened or eliptical vesicles. Transection of the superior cerebellar peduncle produces early filamentous and later electron dense degenerative chages in some, but not all, of the larger types of presynaptic profiles. Subsequent to large motor‐sensory cortex ablations both filamentous and dark degenerating profiles are simultaneously observed at all survival times. In one case with a cortical lesion restricted to the motor‐sensory cortex, mainly dark degenerating terminals are apparent in the ipsilateral pontine gray, whereas in a lesion confined to the visual cortex only filamentous degeneration was observed. It is suggested, therefore, that some of the dark degenerating profiles represent the terminals of collaterals of corticospinal axons and the filamentous boutons are terminal expansions of direct corticopontine fibers.
Spectral Analysis of Dynamic PET Studies: A Review of 20 Years of Method Developments and Applications

In Positron Emission Tomography (PET), spectral analysis (SA) allows the quantification of dynamic data by relating the radioactivity measured by the scanner in time to the underlying physiological processes of the system under investigation. Among the different approaches for the quantification of PET data, SA is based on the linear solution of the Laplace transform inversion whereas the measured arterial and tissue time-activity curves of a radiotracer are used to calculate the input response function of the tissue. In the recent years SA has been used with a large number of PET tracers in brain and nonbrain applications, demonstrating that it is a very flexible and robust method for PET data analysis. Differently from the most common PET quantification approaches that adopt standard nonlinear estimation of compartmental models or some linear simplifications, SA can be applied without defining any specific model configuration and has demonstrated very good sensitivity to the underlying kinetics. This characteristic makes it useful as an investigative tool especially for the analysis of novel PET tracers. The purpose of this work is to offer an overview of SA, to discuss advantages and limitations of the methodology, and to inform about its applications in the PET field.
Attachment and attachment disorder

Attachment disorder is a broad term intended to describe disorders of mood, behavior, and social relationships arising from a failure to form normal attachments to primary care giving figures in early childhood. Such a failure would result from unusual early experiences of neglect, abuse, abrupt separation from caregivers after about age 6 months but before about age 3 years, frequent change of caregivers or excessive numbers of caregivers, or lack of caregiver responsiveness to child communicative efforts. A problematic history of social relationships occurring after about age 3 may be distressing to a child, but does not result in attachment disorder. The term attachment disorder is most often used to describe emotional and behavioral problems of young children, but is sometimes applied to school-age children or even to adults. The specific difficulties implied depend on the age of the individual being assessed. Thus, no general list of symptoms of attachment disorder can legitimately be presented. The term is not found as such in any standard diagnostic manual such as the DSM-IV-TR, ICD-10, or the Diagnostic Classification: 0-3 [1]. There are currently two main areas of theory and practice relating to the definition and diagnosis of attachment disorder, and considerable discussion about a broader definition altogether. The first main area is based on scientific inquiry, is found in academic journals and books and pays close attention to attachment theory. It is described in ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR as Reactive attachment disorder, a psychiatric diagnosis of a mental disorder. The second area is controversial has little or no evidence base and makes controversial claims relating to a basis in attachment theory. [2] Thirdly, some authors have suggested that attachment, as an aspect of emotional development, is better assessed along a spectrum than considered to fall into two non-overlapping categories. This spectrum would have at one end the characteristics called secure attachment; midway along the range of disturbance would be insecure or other undesirable attachment styles; at the other extreme would be non-attachment. (O'Connor & Zeanah, 2003[3]) Diagnostic criteria have not yet been agreed. (Chaffin et al, 2006[4])
U‐232 and the proliferation‐resistance of U‐233 in spent fuel

The factors influencing the level of U‐232 contamination in U‐233 are examined for heavy‐water‐moderated, light‐water‐moderated and liquid‐metal cooled fast breeder reactors fueled with natural or low‐enriched uranium and containing thorium mixed with the uranium or in separate target channels. U‐232 decays with a 69‐year half‐life through 1.9‐year half‐life Th‐228 to T1–208, which emits a 2.6 MeV gamma ray upon decay. We find that pressurized light‐water‐reactors fueled with LEU‐thorium fuel at high burnup (70 MWd/kg) produce U‐233 with U‐232 contamination levels of about 0.4 percent. At this contamination level, a 5 kg sphere of U‐233 would produce a gamma‐ray dose rate of 13 and 38 rem/hr at 1 meter one and ten years after chemical purification respectively. The associated plutonium contains 7.5 percent of the undesirable heat‐generating 88‐year half‐life isotope Pu‐238. However, just as it is possible to produce weapon‐grade plutonium in low‐burnup fuel, it is also practical to use heavy‐water reactors to produce U‐233 containing only a few ppm of U‐232 if the thorium is segregated in “target” channels and discharged a few times more frequently than the natural‐uranium “driver” fuel. The dose rate from a 5‐kg solid sphere of U‐233 containing 5 ppm U‐232 could be reduced by a further factor of 30, to about 2 mrem/hr, with a close‐fitting lead sphere weighing about 100 kg. Thus the proliferation resistance of thorium fuel cycles depends very much upon how they are implemented.
An efficient serial distributed arithmetic algorithm for FPGA implementation of digital up conversion: Research Articles

This article deals with a computationally efficient serial distributed arithmetic algorithm producing a device efficient field programmable gate array implementation. The proposed algorithm takes half the computations time as compared to the conventional symmetric algorithms. The algorithm is analyzed for a direct conversion transmitter of ionospheric radar. Matching and buffering criterion are used to reduce the arithmetic process. The algorithm can be extended to applications with similar characteristics, particularly for System On Chip (SOC) techniques. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 24–29, 2005
Morbidities in the ultra-athlete and marathoner

Abstract The cardiovascular benefits of habitual exercise are well documented. In the current era, more of the population is exceeding the recommendations for physical activity as the popularity of endurance events increases. Recent data have proposed a U-shaped relationship between exercise intensity and cardiovascular outcomes. Regular participation in endurance activities has been shown to result in structural and functional changes in the heart. This re-modelling may be the substrate for cardiac dysfunction or arrhythmias. The risk of sudden cardiac death may also be elevated; however, in most cases of sudden cardiac death, the cause can be linked to an underlying cardiac pathology where exercise acted as the trigger for a lethal arrhythmia. This article serves to review whether excessive exercise may result in harm in some athletes.
An Integrative Framework of Model Evaluation

An important aspect of empirical research is the construction of a model that represents the data. In psychological and educational measurement, models are typically evaluated regarding their ability to fit well to the observed data. Philosophers of science have long recognized that goodness-of-fit to the realized data is an insufficient metric of a model’s usefulness; models should also be appraised regarding their generalizability to unseen data. Frequentist statistics, Bayesian inference, and information theory seem to offer philosophically and methodologically dissimilar perspectives on model evaluation. However, this dissertation develops a simple theoretical framework that integrates these three perspectives. Within this framework, the information-theoretic principle of minimum description length is explored in the context of item response theory modeling. The findings reveal that complexity in item response theory is defined not by the number of freely estimated parameters in a model, but by its functional form. The frequentist, Bayesian, and information-theoretic approaches are then utilized in evaluating the usefulness of a unidimensional 3-parameter logistic model of item response data from the Program for International Student Assessment. Philosophical ramifications, future research directions, and implications for educational and psychological measurement are discussed.
Using oracles for the design of efficient approximation algorithms

We are interested here in oracle techniques for the design of approximation algo- rithms. Following the classical definition, an oracle is a black box capable of answering correctly and instantaneously any question. Several classical approximation scheme de- sign techniques (typically PTAS) can be revisited using oracle. Our objective in this work is to show that, conversely, oracle techniques are not limited to the design of PTAS. In particular, interactivity (using queries to oracle) may also lead to parameterized algorithm (whose complexity is exponential in a parameter, supposed to be "small"), that can be more practical than classical P T AS. Moreover, we aim at showing how it is possible to "degenerate" questions asked to the oracle to derive fast implementations of these interactive algorithms. These ideas will be illustrated on the classical makespan minimization on uniform machines problem (QCmax ).
Journal of Health Economics the Effect of Medicaid Premiums on Enrollment: a Regression Discontinuity Approach

This paper estimates the effect that premiums in Medicaid have on the length of enrollment of program beneficiaries. Whether and how low income-families will participate in the exchanges and in states' Medicaid programs depends crucially on the structure and amounts of the premiums they will face. I take advantage of discontinuities in the structure of Wisconsin's Medicaid program to identify the effects of premiums on enrollment for low-income families. I use a 3-year administrative panel of enrollment data to estimate these effects. I find an increase in the premium from 0 to 10 dollars per month results in 1.4 fewer months enrolled and reduces the probability of remaining enrolled for a full year by 12 percentage points, but other discrete changes in premium amounts do not affect enrollment or have a much smaller effect. I find no evidence of program enrollees intentionally decreasing labor supply in order to avoid the premiums.
Emergence of the First Levofloxacin-Resistant Strains of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated in Italy

ABSTRACT Of 901 group B streptococcus strains analyzed, 13 (1.4%) were resistant to levofloxacin (MICs of >32 μg/ml for seven isolates, 2 μg/ml for four isolates, and 1.5 μg/ml for four isolates). Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrase and topoisomerase IV were identified. A double mutation involving the Ser-81 change to Leu for gyrA and the Ser-79 change to Phe or to Tyr for parC was linked to a high level of fluoroquinolone resistance. In addition, two other mutational positions in parC were observed, resulting in an Asp-83-to-Tyr substitution and an Asp-83-to-Asn substitution. Different mutations were also observed in gyrB, with unknown significance. Most levofloxacin-resistant GBS strains were of serotype Ib and belonged to sequence type 19 (ST19) and clonal complex 19 (CC-19). Most of them exhibited the epsilon gene.
Optical fiber sensor systems for monitoring a variety of engineering structures

This paper presents an overview of recent work by the authors and their colleagues on the use of optical fiber gratings in several different situations where better monitoring of industrial structures is required. The paper then reviews several of these different types of application where these gratings, in different configurations and used in different ways, offer new solutions to important and topical measurement problems for industry. The work goes on to review the results obtained in these situations and at the critical advantages for monitoring seen as a consequence in the use of such gratings.
Caste development and reproduction: a genome-wide analysis of hallmarks of insect eusociality

The honey bee queen and worker castes are a model system for developmental plasticity. We used established expressed sequence tag information for a Gene Ontology based annotation of genes that are differentially expressed during caste development. Metabolic regulation emerged as a major theme, with a caste‐specific difference in the expression of oxidoreductases vs. hydrolases. Motif searches in upstream regions revealed group‐specific motifs, providing an entry point to cis‐regulatory network studies on caste genes. For genes putatively involved in reproduction, meiosis‐associated factors came out as highly conserved, whereas some determinants of embryonic axes either do not have clear orthologs (bag of marbles, gurken, torso), or appear to be lacking (trunk) in the bee genome. Our results are the outcome of a first genome‐based initiative to provide an annotated framework for trends in gene regulation during female caste differentiation (representing developmental plasticity) and reproduction.
Nudging the Envelope of Direct Transfer Methods for Multilingual Named Entity Recognition

In this paper, we study direct transfer methods for multilingual named entity recognition. Specifically, we extend the method recently proposed by Tackstrom et al. (2012), which is based on cross-lingual word cluster features. First, we show that by using multiple source languages, combined with self-training for target language adaptation, we can achieve significant improvements compared to using only single source direct transfer. Second, we investigate how the direct transfer system fares against a supervised target language system and conclude that between 8,000 and 16,000 word tokens need to be annotated in each target language to match the best direct transfer system. Finally, we show that we can significantly improve target language performance, even after annotating up to 64,000 tokens in the target language, by simply concatenating source and target language annotations.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Native, Oligomeric Form of Recombinant Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein

ABSTRACT We have expressed and characterized the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein in cDNA-transfected mammalian cells. The full-length spike protein (S) was newly synthesized as an endoglycosidase H (endo H)-sensitive glycoprotein (gp170) that is further modified into an endo H-resistant glycoprotein (gp180) in the Golgi apparatus. No substantial proteolytic cleavage of S was observed, suggesting that S is not processed into head (S1) and stalk (S2) domains as observed for certain other coronaviruses. While the expressed full-length S glycoprotein was exclusively cell associated, a truncation of S by excluding the C-terminal transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains resulted in the expression of an endoplasmic reticulum-localized glycoprotein (gp160) as well as a Golgi-specific form (gp170) which was ultimately secreted into the cell culture medium. Chemical cross-linking, thermal denaturation, and size fractionation analyses suggested that the full-length S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV forms a higher order structure of ∼500 kDa, which is consistent with it being an S homotrimer. The latter was also observed in purified virions. The intracellular form of the C-terminally truncated S protein (but not the secreted form) also forms trimers, but with much less efficiency than full-length S. Deglycosylation of the full-length homotrimer with peptide N-glycosidase-F under native conditions abolished recognition of the protein by virus-neutralizing antisera raised against purified virions, suggesting the importance of the carbohydrate in the correct folding of the S protein. These data should aid in the design of recombinant vaccine antigens to prevent the spread of this emerging pathogen.
Comparison of pramipexole and modafinil on arousal, autonomic, and endocrine functions in healthy volunteers

The noradrenergic locus coeruleus is a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus of the brain, which is also involved in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions. The activity of the locus coeruleus is believed to be tonically enhanced by a mesocoerulear dopaminergic pathway arising from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain. Both modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting drug, and pramipexole, a D2/D3receptor agonist with sedative properties, may act on this pathway, with modafinil increasing and pramipexole decreasing locus coeruleus activity. The aim of this study was to compare the two drugs on alertness, autonomic and endocrine functions in healthy volunteers. Pramipexole (0.5mg), modafinil (200mg), and their combination were administered to 16 healthy males in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Methods included tests of alertness (pupillographic sleepiness test, critical flicker fusion frequency, visual analogue scales), autonomic functions (resting pupil diameter, light and darkness reflex responses, heart rate, blood pressure, salivation, core temperature), and endocrine functions (blood concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone). Data were analysed by ANOVA. Pramipexole reduced alertness, caused pupil dilatation, increased heart rate, reduced prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone, and increased growth hormone level. Modafinil caused small increases in blood pressure and core temperature, and reduced prolactin levels. The sedative effect of pramipexole and the autonomic effects of modafinil are consistent with altered activity in the mesocoerulear pathway; the pupil dilatation following pramipexole suggests reduced dopaminergic excitation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
THE TREATMENT OF SCIATICA BY GALVANIC ACUPUNCTURE

between 70 and 80, and then the drug must be left off for a few days. When the heart's beats occur in couples, as is sometimes the case, the drug should be immediately omitted for a few days, Other signs of sufficiency are severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Any of these call for suspension of the drug. After a physiological reaction of this description has been obtained, an attemnpt should be made to find the daily quantity of digit is which will keep the heart about the normal rate. Patients can take small tonic doses for months without bad effect if they are instructed to omit the medicine for a few days occasionally. The patient's sensations are a good guide as to whether more or less of the drug is required, and some feel best when the heart's rate is kept as low as 50. In heart failqre from purely degenerative changes, in which the pulse frequently remains quite regular, the effects of digitalis are not so good. In these conditions digitalis should be given in the same doses with the same precautions as I have already advised. Mackenzie states" that he has many times attempted to reduce the increased rate of the heart when the rhythm was normal, and invariably failed. This observation certainly applies to all febrile and toxic states. Here the heart muscle is poisoned by the bacillary or other toxin, and digitalis can have no good effect wh&ile this condition remains. It may be useful for the resulting heart weakness after elimination of the toxin. Sutherland t obtained reduction of the pulse rate after the temperature had subsided in rheumatic fever. Speakiing generally, more good may be anticipated when digitalis slows the heart's action; a longer period of repose is followed by a stronger beat. Cases have been reported in wlhich good resulted although no reduction in rate was obtained. For pulse irregularities due to prematpre beats, which commonly cause intermission of the pulse, digitalis should not be given. Thle drug itself will occasion premature beats, and would certainly aggravate the condition where the tendencyalready exists. It is not a safe conclusion that because a hleart intermiits occasionally it is necessarily a weak heart. Digitalis is often wrongly given for supposed "1weak lheart. " Our ideas are certainly clearer than they were ten years ago as to the cases digitalis is likely to relieve and those which it is not.