Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Have the Key Priority Forestry Programs Really Impacted on China's Rural Household Income

We use a large unique household panel data set spanning 16 years to estimate the impacts of three major Chinese forest conservation and reforestation programs on household incomes. The programs are the most significant of China’s Key Priority Forestry Programs, namely the Sloping Land Conversion Program (the SLCP), the Natural Forest Protection Program (the NFPP), and the Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (the DCBT). Cluster effects with county and environment factors have been estimated by using year dummy variables. Fixed model with cluster effects has been used. In addition to estimating the total impacts of the programs, individually and in combination, we disaggregate the effects by income source, stage of policy implementation, and duration of participation. We find minimal effects on total incomes from the programs overall, which are quiet different with other research empirical results, but the more detailed results show that the initial stages of the programs, and the early years of participation had negative or neutral effects on land-based incomes, while in more recent years, impacts have improved, and in some cases become positive.
Transient soil‐moisture dynamics and climate change in Mediterranean ecosystems

Plants in Mediterranean ecosystems have developed different strategies to cope with transient soil‐moisture dynamics induced by the markedly out of phase seasonal behavior of rainfall and temperature. Deep‐rooted plants use the soil moisture stored in the wet winter (extensive users), while shallower rooted plants exploit both the wet season storage and the more sporadic growing season rainfall (intensive users). Using stochastic models of soil‐moisture dynamics, we present an analytical and numerical description of the probabilistic structure of the soil‐moisture storage at the beginning of the growing season in relation to the dynamics of the wet season and then study its evolution during the subsequent growing season. Special attention is devoted to plant water stress as a function of the rooting depth and the soil‐moisture storage at the beginning of the growing season. The existence of an optimal rooting depth for Mediterranean climates and its dependence on future hydroclimatic scenarios are discussed with reference to a test case in Sicily, Italy. Our analyses suggest that the forecasted decrease in rainfall for the Mediterranean regions might lead to a considerable increase in plant water stress and favor vegetation with shallower root systems.
Factors Influencing Ammonia Losses From Urea Applied to Northwestern Forest Soils

Laboratory studies indicated that volatilization losses of NH₃ increased with increasing air movement, temperature, and pH of mineral soils and forest floors. At an air flow rate of 3 liters/min (equivalent to calculated air velocity of approximately 0.01 km/hour) and temperature of 19°C, losses were high—ranging from 6 to 30% of the urea N applied to bare mineral soils and 27 to 46% for mineral soils covered by forest floors. Ammonia losses were less for mixtures of NH₄Cl and urea crystals than for urea crystals or pellets alone. Losses were not related to urea pellet size.
Impact of carbon farming practices on soil carbon in northern New South Wales

This study sought to quantify the influence of ‘carbon farming’ practices on soil carbon stocks, in comparison with conventional grazing and cropping, in northern New South Wales. The study had two components: assessment of impacts of organic amendments on soil carbon and biological indicators in croplands on Vertosols of the Liverpool Plains; and assessment of the impact of grazing management on soil carbon in Chromosols of the Northern Tablelands. The organic amendment sites identified for the survey had been treated with manures, composts, or microbial treatments, while the conventional management sites had received only chemical fertilisers. The rotational grazing sites had been managed so that grazing was restricted to short periods of several days, followed by long rest periods (generally several months) governed by pasture growth. These were compared with sites that were grazed continuously. No differences in total soil carbon stock, or soil carbon fractions, were observed between sites treated with organic amendments and those treated with chemical fertiliser. There was some evidence of increased soil carbon stock under rotational compared with continuous grazing, but the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stocks were not significantly different in either of the management contrasts, but tended to show higher values in organic treatments and rotational grazing. The enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase and leucine-aminopeptidase were significantly higher in rotational than continuous grazing but statistically similar for the cropping site treatments. Relative abundance and community structure, measured on a subset of the cropping sites, showed a higher bacteria : fungi ratio and provided evidence that microbial process rates were significantly higher in chemically fertilised sites than organic amendment sites, suggesting enhanced mineralisation of organic matter under conventional management. The higher enzyme activity and indication of greater efficiency of microbial populations on carbon farming sites suggests a greater potential to build soil carbon under these practices. Further research is required to investigate whether the indicative trends observed reflect real effects of management.
Enhancement of IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function with exponential increase exponential decrease backoff algorithm

A new backoff algorithm is proposed to enhance the performance of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), which employs binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm. The proposed algorithm, called the exponential increase exponential decrease (EIED) backoff algorithm, is quite simple to implement while significantly improving the network performance over BEB. Another backoff algorithm called multiple increase linear decrease (MILD) backoff algorithm is considered for performance comparison. The simulation results show that EIED outperforms BEB and MILD in terms of both throughput and delay. The performance gain of EIED comes from successfully balancing the two extreme backoff policies of BEB and MILD.
A virtual bridge to compute the resistive leakage current waveform in ZnO surge arresters

The measurement and the harmonic analysis of the resistive leakage current present is an efficient parameter for determining the degradation level of metal oxide surge arresters. In this paper, the methodology and results of a novel circuit for measuring the resistive leakage current in metal oxide surge arresters is described. The technique requires the digital acquisition of the voltage applied to the surge arrester and the total current of the arrester. A virtual bridge has been implemented in software Matlab/sup /spl reg// to eliminate the capacitive component. In this implementation the resistive leakage current waveform is computed without the need for an expensive high voltage capacitor. The implementation suggested in this paper agrees well with measurements obtained with a coupling capacitor.
LandScan: A Global Population Database for Estimating Populations at Risk

The LandScan Global Population Project produced a world-wide 1998 population database at a 30-by 30-second resolution for estimating ambient populations at risk. Best available census counts were distributed to cells based on probability coefficients which, in turn, were based on road proximity, slope, land cover, and nighttime lights, LandScan 1998 has been completed for the entire world. Verification and validation (V&V) studies were conducted routinely for all regions and more extensively for Israel, Germany, and the southwestern United States. Geographic information systems (GIS) were essential for conflation of diverse input variables, computation of probability coefficients, allocation of population to cells, and reconciliation of cell totals with aggregate (usually province) control totals. Remote sensing was an essential source of two input variables-land cover and nighttime lights-and one ancillary database-high-resolution panchromatic imagery-used in V&V of the population model and resulting LandScan database.
Enriching network security analysis with time travel

In many situations it can be enormously helpful to archive the raw contents of a network traffic stream to disk, to enable later inspection of activity that becomes interesting only in retrospect. We present a Time Machine (TM) for network traffic that provides such a capability. The TM leverages the heavy-tailed nature of network flows to capture nearly all of the likely-interesting traffic while storing only a small fraction of the total volume. An initial proof-of-principle prototype established the forensic value of such an approach, contributing to the investigation of numerous attacks at a site with thousands of users. Based on these experiences, a rearchitected implementation of the system provides flexible, highperformance traffic stream capture, indexing and retrieval, including an interface between the TM and a real-time network intrusion detection system (NIDS). The NIDS controls the TM by dynamically adjusting recording parameters, instructing it to permanently store suspicious activity for offline forensics, and fetching traffic from the past for retrospective analysis. We present a detailed performance evaluation of both stand-alone and joint setups, and report on experiences with running the system live in high-volume environments.
Model Predictive Control of Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality in livestock stable

In this paper, the implementation of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for livestock ventilation systems and the associated indoor climate through variable valve opening and exhaust fan, is presented. The design is based on Thermal Comfort (TC) and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) parameters for poultry in barns. The dynamic models describing the nonlinear behavior of ventilation and associated indoor climate, by applying a so-called conceptual multi-zone method are used for prediction of indoor horizontal variation of temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. The simulation results illustrate the significant potential of MPC in dealing with nonlinearities, handling constraints and performing offset free tracking for multiple control objectives. The entire control systems are able to determine the demand ventilation rate and airflow pattern, optimize the Thermal Comfort, Indoor Air Quality and energy use.
Synthesis of point data and path data in estimating Sofar speed

Although an extensive body of data on the speed of sound in the ocean is available from hydrographic casts, considerably more precise measurements can be made of explosion travel times over long paths through the deep-ocean sound (Sofar) channel. A method is presented for analytically combining the two types of data to produce a functional description of the spatial variation of Sofar speed. This method is based on the fact that the integral, over a path, of a series representation of the reciprocal of speed yields a series representation of the travel time over that path, with the same set of coefficients entering linearly into both series. Both types of observations may then be combined in the same matrix equation for estimating the coefficients. An example is computed for the Pacific Ocean in the form of a spherical harmonic function of degree six. Hydrographic data consisted of values averaged for 4013 one-degree squares. Approximately 400 temporally independent travel-time measurements, over paths ranging in length from 17° to 110°, were used. The paths were concentrated in the northeast Pacific. The estimated variance of a single point observation of Sofar speed was 1.56 (m/sec)2, whereas the variance of a single observation of harmonic-mean Sofar speed was 0.016 (m/sec)2. These values were used, where appropriate, for weighting the data during least-squares estimation of the coefficients of the spherical harmonic function.
Two studies in hydrodynamic stability : interfacial instabilities and applications of bounding theory

Interfacial phenomena, viz. roll waves and elastic tremor, are considered in the first part, whereas in the second bounding theory is applied to double-diffusive convection and shear flows. Roll waves are investigated using shallow-water equations with bottom drag and diffusivity. We explore the effect of bottom topography on linear stability of turbulent flow, followed by an investigation of the nonlinear dynamics. Low-amplitude topography and hydraulic jumps are found to destabilize turbulent roll waves, while higher amplitude topography stabilizes them. The nonlinear dynamics of these waves is explored with numerical and asymptotic solutions of the shallow-water equations. We find that trains of roll waves undergo coarsening dynamics, however coarsening does not continue indefinitely but becomes interrupted at intermediate scales, creating patterns with preferred wavelengths. We quantify the coarsening dynamics in terms of linear stability of steady roll-wave trains. For elastic tremor, e.g. observed in musical reed instruments and vocal cords, a first principles explanation is given for the onset of these oscillations using linear stability theory. An analytical solution is built on the assumptions of thin-film flow and stiff elastic material and the criterion for the destabilization of natural elastic oscillations is derived. Acoustic excitation (e.g. organ pipes) is treated as an analogue, with compressibility playing the role of elasticity, with similar mechanism possibly at work. In double diffusive convection, the flux of the unstably stratified species is bounded using the background method in the presence of opposite stratification of the other species. In order to incorporate a dependence of the bound on the stably stratified component, Joseph’s (Stability of fluid motion, 1976, Springer-Verlag) energy stability analysis is extended. At large Rayleigh number, the bound is found to behave like R 1/2 T for fixed ratio RS/RT , where RT and RS are the Rayleigh numbers of the unstably and
Impacts of hurricane Hugo on a coastal forest: Assessment using Landsat TM data

Abstract Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were used to characterize the extent and intensity of coastal forest damage resulting from Hurricane Hugo (September 22, 1989) at Hobcaw Barony, South Carolina, USA. Low altitude vertical color infrared aerial photography and field observations provided the ground truth data necessary for validation. Bands 4 (0.76 ‐ 0.90 μm) and 7 (2.08 ‐ 2.35 μm) and three unsupervised classification techniques were used for forest damage classification of an image immediately following Hurricane Hugo. Similarly, a ratio of bands 7/4 was used as an index for mapping wind and storm surge damage and for change detection. The three unsupervised classification methods and the change detection analysis were effective at identifying the extent of forest damage. Healthy and heavily damaged stands were identified most accurately. Classification of damage intensity, especially for intermediate levels of damage, was more difficult and was affected by soil characteristics and understory ve.
Nucleotide sequence of the aceB gene encoding malate synthase A in Escherichia coli.

The DHA sequence of Escherichia coll aceB encoding malate synthase A has been determined(1). Shown is the coding region of aceB flanked by the Cterminal region of an upstream open reading frame and the N-terminal coding region of the adjacent aceA gene (2). The transcription start site is shown by an asterisk and the -10 and -35 site of the promoter are marked and underlined (3). Sequences similar to ribosome binding sites for aceB and aceA (2) are underlined. Regions of dyad symmetry in or. near the promoter are marked by arrows and numbered. 1 is probably the terminator for the upstream gene, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are possible regulatory sites. DHA from the aceB gene hybridizes to a 10 kb RNA transcript.
Palaeoeskimo site burial by solifluction: Periglacial geoarchaeology of the tayara site (KbFk‐7), Qikirtaq Island, Nunavik (Canada)

The geoarchaeological study of the Palaeoeskimo Tayara site on Qikirtaq Island (Nunavik) has led to a better understanding of archaeological site formation in the arctic periglacial environment. The surrounding geomorphology (extra‐site) is characterized by fine‐grained, low plastic and leached postglacial glaciomarine sediments that have been reworked by sheet‐like solifluction. This process buried the northern part of the Tayara site with mean annual rates between 1.68 and 2.86 cm/yr over approximately 350 years (1330–980 yr B.P.). The physicochemical and mineralogical properties of the frost‐susceptible glaciomarine sediments may explain their susceptibility to solifluction. This process was probably enhanced by longer thawing periods or warmer/moister summer months that induced active layer thickening or rapid soil thawing. The dates we obtained in the downstream valley show that solifluction occurred during short warm periods in the Late Holocene between ca. 1500 and 1000 yr B.P., after 1000 yr B.P. (or after 500 yr B.P.) and recently (90–60 yr B.P.). Our data provide insights on the site factors and climate factors that govern site burial by solifluction. Solifluction promoted the preservation of the three superposed archaeological levels in the Tayara site; however, the waterlogging of the site related to solifluction also likely caused the subsequent abandonment of the site by the Palaeoeskimo people. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global protocol for community scale greenhouse gas emissions: a trial application in the West Highlands of Scotland

The measurement of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and removals is essential to effective action on climate change. Assessments of GHG are now carried out at a number of different levels, including both the national and corporate level. Greater public participation may also help to reach climate change mitigation targets and one way to support this is to develop emissions accounts for local areas that are identifiable to those who live there. A new standard, the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) was issued in 2012 and provides rules to facilitate an account for a whole community. This standard has been trialled through an application of the proposed accounting rules to an area of the West Highlands of Scotland. The accounting rules were clear to follow and the main practical difficulties were not with the standard itself but with the availability of sufficiently disaggregated data. The main weakness identified with the GPC is that it is predominantly focussed on providing a production-based inventory, whereas we suggest that community level inventories will be most relevant to community level action if the scope of the inventory focusses on the emission sources that can be influenced by the community.
Baseflow separation in a small watershed in New Brunswick, Canada, using a recursive digital filter calibrated with the conductivity mass balance method

Baseflow separation is important for obtaining critical parameters for hydrological models. As measuring the baseflow component directly is difficult, various analytical and empirical baseflow separation methods have been developed and tested. The recursive digital filter (RDF) method is commonly used for baseflow separation due to its simplicity and low data requirement. However, parameters used in the RDF method are often determined arbitrarily, resulting in high uncertainty of the estimated baseflow rate. A more accurate method is the conductivity mass balance (CMB) method, which is established based on the differences in physical processes between baseflow and surface runoff. In this research, the output of the CMB method was used to calibrate the parameters of an RDF model, and the calibrated RDF model was used to estimate monthly, seasonal and annual baseflow rate and baseflow index for the past 19 years using streamflow discharge records. The characteristics of the baseflow hydrographs were found to be consistent with the hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of the research area. Research results indicated that the accuracy of the RDF model has been greatly enhanced after being calibrated with the CMB method so that the RDF model can provide more reliable baseflow separation results for a long‐term study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION STUDIES IN JAVA (INDONESIA) USING GPS

Along the Java trench the Australian–Oceanic plate is moving and pushing onto and subducting beneath the Java continental crust at a relative motion of about 70 mm/yr in NNE direction. This subduction-zone process imposed tectonic stresses on the fore-arc region offshore and on the land of Java, thus causing the formation of earthquake fault zones to accommodate the plate movement. Historically, several large earthquakes happened in Java, including West Java. This research use GPS surveys method to study the inter-seismic deformation of three active faults in West Java region (i.e. Cimandiri, Lembang and Baribis faults), and the co-seismic and post-seismic deformation related to the May 2006 Yogyakarta and the July 2006 South Java earthquakes. Based on GPS surveys results it was found that the area around Cimandiri, Lembang and Baribis fault zones have the horizontal displacements of about 1 to 2 cm/yr or less. Further research is however still needed to extract the real inter-seismic deformation of the faults from those GPS-derived displacements. GPS surveys have also estimated that the May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake was caused by the sinistral movement of the (Opak) fault with horizontal co-seismic deformation that generally was less than 10 cm. The post-seismic horizontal deformation of the July 2006 South Java tsunami earthquake has also been estimated using GPS surveys data. In the first year after the earthquake (2006 to 2007), the post-seismic deformation is generally less than 5 cm; and it becomes generally less than 3 cm in the second year (2007 to 2008).
Parsimonious modeling of vegetation dynamics for ecohydrologic studies of water‐limited ecosystems

The structure and function of vegetation regulate fluxes across the biosphere‐atmosphere interface with large effects in water‐limited ecosystems. Vegetation dynamics are often neglected in hydrological modeling except for simple prescriptions of seasonal phenology. However, changes in vegetation densities, influencing the partitioning of incoming solar energy into sensible and latent heat fluxes, can result in long‐term changes in both local and global climates with resulting feedbacks on vegetation growth. This paper seeks a simple vegetation dynamics model (VDM) for simulation of the leaf area index (LAI) dynamics in hydrologic models. Five variants of a VDM are employed, with a range of model complexities. The VDMs are coupled to a land surface model (LSM), with the VDM providing the LAI evolution through time and the LSM using this to compute the land surface fluxes and update the soil water contents. We explore the models through case studies of water‐limited grass fields in California (United States) and North Carolina (United States). Results show that a simple VDM, simulating only the living aboveground green biomass (i.e., with low parameterization), is able to accurately simulate the LAI. Results also highlight the importance of including the VDM in the LSM when studying the climate‐soil‐vegetation interactions over moderate to long timescales. The inclusion of the VDM in the LSM is demonstrated to be essential for assessing the impact of interannual rainfall variability on the water budget of a water limited region.