Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reevaluation of global emissions from rice paddies of methyl iodide and other species

We present new modeled estimates of global methyl halide emissions from rice cultivation. We extrapolate existing data on rice behavior, including temperature, seasonality and soil moisture effects, to the global scale and on a monthly basis. Our best estimates are 2.4 to 4.9 Gg yr−1 for methyl chloride, 0.5 to 0.9 Gg yr−1 for methyl bromide, and 16 to 29 Gg yr−1 for methyl iodide, with additional uncertainty ranges of ±73%, ±87% and ±75%, respectively. Our central range of estimates reflects the greatest remaining model uncertainty, emission response to soil halide concentrations. We find that peak emissions of methyl halides, especially methyl iodide, are sharply defined in regional and temporal extent. Ambient temperature strongly influences rice emissions of methyl bromide and methyl iodide, which rise by ∼10% for an increase of 1°C.
Characterization and sources of regional‐scale transported carbonaceous and dust aerosols from different pathways in coastal and sandy land areas of China

[1] Concentrations of 12-hour averaged organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and other trace elements were determined from bulk aerosol samples at a coastal city of Lian Yun Gang (LYG) in east China from June to December 2003 and a sandy land site of Tong Liao in northeast China from June to August 2003. Regional transports from four main source areas accounted for ∼35–49% of the Asian dust and 16–18% of the carbonaceous particles for both sites. The regional mean concentrations of various species, especially EC, were comparable to or lower than those in urban areas of inland China, Korea, and Japan but tended to be higher than those in Hong Kong or rural sites in east Asia. At LYG, OC showed a clear seasonal pattern with a peak loading in winter (24 μg m−3) and a low in summer (10 μg m−3). Seasonality of EC was more pronounced than that of OC with a difference of approximately threefold (3.8 to 11 μg m−3). Three types of air masses with high particulate loadings were found to be responsible for the peak EC and low OC/EC ratios in winter. Clean air masses with more than 50% secondary organic carbon contents were largely of marine origins. Elemental concentrations (Ca, Fe, K, Mn, and Ti) were mainly associated with Asian dust aerosols with a certain fraction of K from biomass burning in mainland China characterized with a ratio of 1.3 for OC/K.
Percepción campesina, uso e institucionalidad del recurso hídrico: caso de estudio en la vereda Aguapamba (Nariño-Colombia)

La perdida de la oferta y calidad del recurso hidrico debido a malas practicas demanejo y sobreexplotacion, se ha convertido en una amenaza directa para la biodiversidad,la funcionalidad ecosistemica y el bienestar del ser humano. Esta investigacionpresenta los resultados de una serie de entrevistas, talleres y caracterizacionesde sistemas productivos rurales, realizados a productores campesinos en la veredaAguapamba, localizada en el municipio de Pasto en el departamento de Narino (Colombia),con el fin de evidenciar como las percepciones campesinas sobre el estadoy la importancia del recurso hidrico influyen en su uso y manejo; asi mismo, explorala efectividad de instituciones emergentes para el manejo del recurso. Se concluyeque la percepcion definitivamente fundamenta el uso que se haga del recurso; noobstante, los beneficios economicos a corto plazo determinan la toma de decisionessobre el uso y manejo del agua. Asi mismo, la investigacion evidencia institucionesrurales campesinas emergentes que buscan regular y manejar el uso del recurso, apartir de las cuales se desarrolla un analisis institucional.
Degradation and restoration of high resolution TDICCD imagery due to satellite vibrations

A new method is proposed to solve the problem of image restoration of high resolution TDICCD camera due to satellite vibrations, which considers image blur and irregular sampling geometric quality degradation simultaneously. Firstly, the image quality degradation process is analyzed according to imaging characteristics of TDICCD camera, owing to image motions during TDICCD integration time induced by satellite vibrations. In addition, the vibration simulation model is established, and the irregular sampling degradation process of geometric quality is mathematically modeled using bicubic Hermite interpolation. Subsequently, a full image degradation model is developed combined with blurred and noisy degradation process. On this basis, a new method of image restoration is presented, which can implement not only deblurring but also irregular to regular sampling. Finally, the method is verified using real remote sensing images, and compared with the recent restoration methods. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method performs well, and the Structural Similarity between the restored and ideal images are greater than 0.9 in the case of seriously blurred, irregularly sampled and noisy images. The proposed method can be applied to restore high resolution on-orbit satellite images effectively.
Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Manure: Design and Process Considerations

The increase in production and concentration of intensive livestock operations along with increased urbanization of rural regions have resulted in greater awareness and concern for the proper storage, treatment, and utilization of livestock manure. In particular, the management, treatment and disposal of liquid and solid manure at dairy operations are receiving increased attention. In today’s society, the “odorshed” is just as important as the watershed. Nonetheless, livestock manure has significant resource potential. All animal manures are valuable sources of crop nutrients and manure represents a substantial bioenergy resource if processed by anaerobic digestion.
- Hunter Morris McDonnell The Scope-Severity Paradox : Why Doing More Harm Is Judged to Be Less Harmful

Punishment should be sensitive to the severity of the crime. Yet in three studies the authors found that increasing the number of people victimized by a crime actually decreases the perceived severity of that crime and leads people to recommend less punishment for crimes that victimize more people. The authors further demonstrate the process behind the scope-severity paradox—the victim identifiability effect—and test a strategy for overcoming this bias. Although Studies 1 and 2 document this phenomenon in the lab, in Study 3 the authors used archival data to demonstrate that the scope-severity paradox is a robust, real-world effect. They collected archival data of actual jury verdicts spanning a 10-year period and found that juries required defendants to pay higher punitive damages when their negligent behavior harmed fewer people.
The Northern Goshawk: A Technical Assessment of Its Status, Ecology, and Management

Research II :–. Oedekoven, C. S. , D. G. Ainley, and L. B. Spear. . Variable responses of seabirds to change in marine climate: California Current, –. Marine Ecology Progress Series :–. Veit, R. R. , J. A. McGowan, D. G. Ainley, T. R. Wahl, and P. Pyle. . Apex marine predator declines ninety percent in association with changing oceanic climate. Global Change Biology :–.
Assessment Methodology for Road Network Travel Time Reliability under Ice and Snowfall Conditions

Travel time reliability is considered as an important index on the reliability of a road network. The objective of this article is to study the impact of ice and snowfall on the travel time reliability. For this purpose, the link travel time ISB-BPR (Ice and Snowfall Based- Bureau of Public Roads) model is proposed, which is based on the conventional BPR (Bureau of Public Roads) model and scale functions are added to the corresponding parameters of BPR. To follow the characteristics of route choice, SUE (stochastic user equilibrium) is adopted in this study. We develop an assessment methodology, which integrates sensitivity analysis of SUE and Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the travel time reliability. The ISB-BPR model and the algorithm are applied to a hypothetical small road network and results are presented. The results show that travel time level of service and intensity of ice and snowfall have the most significant impact on the travel time reliability.
Encarrilamiento y masking en el nocturnalismo de un roedor diurno (Octodon degus). Role of Entrainment and Masking on the Nocturnalism of a Diurnal Rodent (Octodon degus)

El Octodon degus es un roedor endemico de Chile que ha sido caracterizado como diurno tanto en su medio natural como en condiciones de laboratorio. Sin embargo, se ha descrito que algunos individuos invierten su actividad a nocturna cuando se les permite hacer ejercicio en una rueda giratoria instalada en su jaula. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivos: entender este proceso de nocturnalismo, caracterizar los mecanismos circadianos implicados y definir el papel que juega el marcapasos central circadiano. Los resultados apuntan a que el nocturnalismo en los degus se basa en una respuesta termorreguladora de evitacion temporal frente a altas temperaturas diurnas. Esta actividad nocturna la consiguen mediante encarrilamiento estable del reloj circadiano pero tambien mediante la inhibicion de la actividad locomotora ante la presencia de luz (masking). Ademas, la secrecion endogena de melatonina, o su administracion exogena, como el propio marcapasos circadiano no parecen estar implicados en esta respuesta.
Sea‐ice change and its connection with climate change in the Arctic in CMIP2 simulations

[1] In this work, we analyze the two-dimensional distribution of mean and intermodel spread of Arctic sea ice and climate change at the time of CO2 doubling and their connection using the simulations from the second phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP2). Arctic surface warming at the time of CO2 doubling is found to be not evenly distributed and ranges from 1 to 5C. The intermodel spread is pronounced in the Arctic Ocean, particularly in the Barents Sea. Reduction of sea-ice thickness (SIT) is in the range 0.3–1.8 m and mainly appears in the Greenland-Barents Seas. Meanwhile, sea-ice concentrations (SIC) decrease more than 10% in most regions of the Arctic Ocean. The sensitivity of Arctic surface air temperature change with respect to sea-ice area change is model-dependent. For some models, the sensitivity is different even in different periods of the transient integration. Values of the sensitivity vary from 2.0 to 0.5C/10 6 km 2 for most CMIP2 models. A colder (warmer) Arctic climate may favor a higher (lower) sensitivity. The simulated mean and intermodel spread patterns of surface air temperature (SAT) change are similar to those of SIT and sea level pressure (SLP) changes. This implies that the mean and intermodel spread of projected Arctic climate change are influenced by the interaction between sea ice and the atmosphere. Both SIT and SIC are sensitive to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations, and are connected with SAT and SLP changes in the Arctic. The average of all model simulations indicates that the north-south SLP gradient and the mean westerly winds are enhanced by CO2 doubling. Finally, both the mean and intermodel spread patterns show considerable differences between models with and without flux adjustment in some regions. INDEX TERMS: 1620 Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309); 1854 Hydrology: Precipitation (3354); 3349 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Polar meteorology; 3309 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); KEYWORDS: Arctic sea ice, global warming, CMIP2 simulations
Working Papers Department of Economics University of Vienna Evolutionary Stability and Nash Equilibrium in Finite Populations, with an Application to Price Competition

Schaffer (1988) proposed a concept of evolutionary stability for finite-population models that has interesting implications in economic models of evolutionary learning, since it is related to perfectly competitive equilibrium. The present paper explores the relation of this concept to Nash equilibrium in particular classes of games, including constant-sum games, games with weak payoff externalities, and games where imitative decision rules are individually improving. An illustration of the latter is provided in the context of Bertrand oligopoly with homogeneous product which allows for a characterization of the set of evolutionarily stable prices. University; the author thanks the department for its hospitality and support. A previous version of this work was circulated at the ESEM 2002 in Venice under the title " N-player games where imitation always hits a better reply. " Financial support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under Project J2334-G04 as well as helpful comments from Carlos Alós-Ferrer, Manfred Nermuth, and Jörgen Weibull are gratefully acknowledged. Evolutionary stability and Nash equilibrium in finite populations, with an application to price competition
Reflectance characteristics of uniform Earth and cloud surfaces derived from NIMBUS‐7 ERB

Data from the scanning channels of the NIMBUS 7 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment are combined with other data on earth surface conditions and cloudiness. Patterns of bi-directional reflectance are constructed from this data for uniform earth and cloud surfaces. Examples are shown that illustrate the bi-directional properties of surfaces and how these properties vary with solar zenith angle (SZA). Dependence of albedo on SZA is also shown. Conclusions may be summarized as follows: (1) Water surfaces exhibit limb brightening at all SZAs; (2) cloud and land surfaces change from limb darkening to brightening as SZA increases; (3) the land surface exhibits higher backward reflection for SZAs less than about 50°; (4) all of the surfaces in this study become more specular as SZA increases; (5) snow is the most nearly isotropic of these surfaces; (6) snow albedo shows very little variation with SZA and even shows a slight decrease over a limited range; (7) albedo generally increases with increasing SZA for other than snow surfaces; (8) angular patterns for high water and ice clouds are quite similar, but ice clouds are more nearly isotropic; (9) the angular patterns developed in this study are in qualitative agreement with those from other investigations.
LiDAR and Image Point Cloud Comparison

Abstract : This paper analyzes new techniques used to extract 3D point clouds from airborne and satellite electro-optical data. The objective of this research was to compare the three types of point clouds to determine whether image point clouds could compete with the accuracy of LiDAR point clouds. The two main types of image point clouds are those created photogrammetrically, with two side-by-side images, or through feature matching between multiple images using multiview stereo techniques. Two software packages known for handling aerial imagery, IMAGINE Photogrammetry and Agisoft Photoscan Pro, were used to create such models. They were also tested with sub-meter resolution satellite imagery to determine whether much larger, but still truthful, models could be produced. It was found that neither software package is equipped to vertically analyze satellite imagery but both were successful when applied to aerial imagery. The photogrammetry model contained fewer points than the multiview model but maintained building shape better. While the photogrammetry model was determined to be the more accurate of the two it still did not compare to the accuracy of the LiDAR data.
An Indian Ocean precursor for Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) depicts large interannual variability strongly linked with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, many of the El Niño years were not accompanied by deficient ISMR. The results from the study reveal the significant role of coupled air‐sea interaction over the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) in modifying the ENSO‐ISMR association. The IO warm water volume (WWV), a measure of heat content variations in the equatorial IO has strong influence on ISMR. A deepening (shoaling) of thermocline in the eastern equatorial IO (EEIO) during late boreal spring (April–May) accompanied by increase (decrease) in WWV anomalies weaken (enhance) the ISMR by enhancing (suppressing) the convection over EEIO resulting in the below (above) normal ISMR. Thus, the changes in the WWV anomalies in the EEIO along with ENSO conditions during boreal spring can be considered as a precursor for the performance of subsequent ISMR.
Glauconites from New Jersey–Maryland Coastal Plain: Their K-Ar Ages and Application in Stratigraphic Studies

Glauconite samples from various stratigraphic levels in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain were dated by the K-Ar method. Twenty-eight samples were collected from glauconite-bearing sands in four traverses across the outcrop belt of Upper Cretaceous–lower Tertiary formations from northern New Jersey to eastern Maryland, thus providing a framework on which to test the reliability of glauconite for dating in vertical sequences and within some formations along strike. Sample ages were determined paleontologically and radiogenically. The results show that most radiogenic determinations of glauconite followed a systematic pattern; the resultant ages were generally younger upward through the Stratigraphic section. In addition, consistent ages were obtained from many of the stratigraphic units along strike. A combination of paleontologically derived ages and the numerical radiogenic ages suggests that the stages of the Late Cretaceous are unequal rather than equal as some have proposed. For example, Campanian and Paleocene times are of significantly greater duration than the Maestrichtian. Several samples obtained across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary indicate that the age of the boundary is between 63.2 and 59.1 m.y. , probably very near 61.1 m.y. Dates considered to be reliable were obtained from 25 of 28 samples. Two of the three discordant ages are ascribed to incomplete glauconitization of the pre-existing mineral phase and hence to mineral impurity. No adequate explanation for the third significantly younger age has been determined.
Recent changes in riparian vegetation: possible consequences on dead wood processing along rivers

Little is known about changes in the composition of dead wood jams along rivers and the possible consequences of any such changes on the river ecosystem. Although tree zonation along the upstream‐to‐downstream continuum is weak and highly variable from a system to another, a clear transition appears in the piedmont zone, which is reflected by transitions in dead wood sources as well as for dead wood transport, storage and decomposition processes. In this paper, we focus on large lowland rivers of southwestern France, where riparian vegetation is increasingly fragmented, reduced in area and/or is entirely replaced by planted forests (poplar plantations). The amount and the potential role of dead wood is practically unknown in these rivers. One reason is that French legislation obliges landowners and public service managers to remove all material from the stream in order to maintain unobstructed river flows. The other reason is that unlike pristine streams in northern regions, these rivers have been regulated for several decades (Adour River) or even for several centuries (Garonne River). The vegetation component of the managed riparian landscape has changed in particular as a result of i) a decrease in stream dynamics, ii) the replacement of natural forests by planted ones, and iii) the invasion of natural communities by introduced woody species.
Ten Years of Change in Sierran Stringer Meadows: An Evaluation of Range Condition Models

Grazed Sierra Nevada stringer meadow sys- tems were sampled on Blodgett Forest Research Sta- tion in northern California between 1977 and 1987 to determine cattle use, and to examine changes in pro- duction and species composition over time. Utilization of meadow species averaged 61 percent over the 10 years, but use increased to more than 80 percent utilization af- ter 1985. Production averaged 2733 kg/ha but has sig- nificantly declined in recent years. Relative species com- position has not changed, nor has total vegetative cover between 1979 and 1986. Range condition models based on changes in species composition were not useful for as- sessing these stringer meadow systems. Managers should instead base livestock management on stream bank con- ditions and meadow productivity.
Absolute plate motion of Africa around Hawaii-Emperor bend time

as a global tectonic at chron a truly a contemporaneous in absolute plate (APM) by physical evidence distributed on the Africa Plate. This postulated to take the form of the R´eunion-Mascarene bend which exhibits many HEB-like features, such as a large angular change close to ∼ chron 21. However, the R´eunion hotspot been interpreted as a sequence of continental fragments with incidental hotspot volcanism. Here we show that the alternative R´eunion-Mascarene Plateau trail can also satisfy the age progressions and geometry of other hotspot trails on the Africa Plate. The implied motion, suggesting a pivoting of Africa from 67 to 50 Ma, could explain the apparent bifurcation of the Tristan hotspot chain, the age reversals seen along the Walvis Ridge, the sharp curve of the Canary trail, and the diffuse nature of the St. Helena chain. To test this hypothesis further we made a new Africa APM model that extends back to ∼ 80 Ma using a modiﬁed version of the Hybrid Polygonal Finite Rotation Method. This method uses seamount chains and their associated hotspots as geometric constraints for the model, and seamount age dates to determine APM through time. While this model successfully explains many of the volcanic features, it implies an unrealistically fast global lithospheric net rotation, as well as improbable APM trajectories for many other plates, including the Americas, Eurasia and Australia. We contrast this speculative model with a more conventional model in which the Mascarene Plateau is excluded in favour of the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge rotated into the Africa reference frame. This second model implies more realistic net lithospheric rotation and far-ﬁeld APMs, but fails to explain key details of the Atlantic Ocean volcanic chains. Both models predict a Canary plume inﬂuence beneath the Madeiras. Neither model, when projected via the global plate circuit into the Paciﬁc, predicts any signiﬁcant change in plate motion around chron 21. Consequently, Africa APM models do not appear to provide independent support for a chron 21 global reorganization.
The relationship between the biomass of Cameroonian tropical forests and radiation reflected in middle infrared wavelengths (3.0-5.0 mu m)

The use of middle infrared (MIR) radiation (3.0-5.0 mu m) at the regional scale may be unreliable for biophysical estimation, should be corrected for thermal emission and MIR reflectance used in its place. This study considered the potential use of MIR reflectance for studying tropical forests, with the relationship between MIR reflectance and estimated total biomass of the tropical forests of Cameroon derived. Comparisons were drawn with relationships between estimated total biomass and visible reflectance, near infrared reflectance, MIR radiation and surface temperature. Relationships between two vegetation indices, the NDVI and VI3, and estimated total biomass were also explored. It was found that correcting MIR radiation for thermal emission increased the strength of the relationship between radiation acquired in MIR wavelengths and estimated total biomass. The use of MIR reflectance, either alone or within the vegetation index VI3, provided the strongest relationship with estimated total biomass. Thi.