Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation Framework for Intrusion Prevention Systems on Serial Data Bus Networks

Serial data bus networks are a crucial and vulnerable part of modern vehicles and weapons systems. Increasing concern over these networks is resulting in increased demand for intrusion prevention systems (IPSes) to stop attacks, not just detect them with an intrusion detection system (IDS). Considerations must be made to avoid the IPS becoming a de facto attacker. A defender needs to understand what attacks their IPS can safely prevent and how an attacker might circumvent their system. To enable this understanding, we propose a protocol-agnostic evaluation framework which: determines the viability of an IPS for different attack vectors, scores the suitability of an IDS to powering an IPS for certain attacks, and scores the efficacy of the IDS itself against those same attacks. With our framework we analyze IDS and IPS technologies for the CAN and MIL-STD-1553 serial data bus networks. These case studies demonstrate how a defender can use our framework to identify limitations in their IDS, while gearing the aspects of the IDS that work best towards safely powering an IPS. Our framework allows a defender to approach any potential security system fully aware of its limitations and how well it serves their own threat model.
On families of weakly dependent random variables

Let G n be a family of random independent k-element subsets of [n] = {1, 2, . , n} and let H(G n , `) = H n (`) denote a family of `-element subsets of [n] such that the event that S belongs to H n (`) depends only on the edges of G n contained in S. Then, the edges of H n (`) are ‘weakly dependent’, say, the events that two given subsets S and T are in H n (`) are independent for vast majority of pairs S and T . In the paper we present some results on the structure of weakly dependent families of subsets obtained in this way. We also list some questions which, despite the progress which has been made for the last few years, remain to puzzle researchers who work in the area of probabilistic combinatorics.
13 a Multiple-Source Shortest Paths , Revisited

In a recent breakthrough, Das, Kipouridis, Probst Gutenberg, and Wulff-Nilsen described an alternative algorithm that solves the planar multiple-source shortest path problem using a relatively simple divide-and-conquer strategy. Their algorithm theoretically runs in O(n log h) time, where h is the number of vertices on the outer face, which improves the O(n log n) time of Klein’s algorithm when h is small. Moreover, this running time is worst-case optimal as a function of both n and h.
T HE LATENCY - AWARE RESOURCE PROVISIONING FOR MICROSERVICE CLUSTER

As an important part of the new generation of information technology, user-oriented cloud computing-related services offer many conveniences to a wide range of users. The User-oriented microservices are typically supported by distributed clusters of servers. The service users are highly sensitive to server latency when using these services because server processing latency is directly related to the QoS(quality of services) of server cluster. The time delay within a microservice cluster is usually caused by the competition for resources generated by the microservices within the server cluster. To alleviate this problem, we propose a reinforcement learning based algorithm that makes different decisions (including horizontal scaling, vertical scaling, and brownout methods) to reallocate resources within the machine under different server load scenarios. The aim of the research project is to use this cluster load scheduling algorithm to address the impact of chain latency of microservices present in cloud servers. In general, we need to face the problem of how to ﬁnd the maximum critical chains and nodes of microservices and what scaling methods are needed to solve the time delay of microservice nodes.
X-ray and plasma dynamics of an intermediate size capillary discharge

A small pulsed power generator, 150 kA and 120 ns, is used to form a plasma in a 5-mm diameter alumina ceramic tube. A hollow cathode geometry is used and a preionized plasma is formed in an initial vacuum background by focussing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser onto a metallic target in the hollow cathode volume. The evolution of the preionizing plasma and its expansion into the main discharge volume may be assisted by applying a current of order Amps for a variable time before the main discharge current is applied. Strong electron beams are observed both during the preionizing stage and during the start of the main current. The plasma species and temporal evolution during the main discharge is observed using X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray pinhole imaging. On varying the rate of rise of the current in the pinching phase, the transient hollow cathode effect was found to be significant at early times in the discharge in the case of the lower value of dI/dt. Both the pinch temperature and diameter depend on varying the dI/dt from 1.5 to 3 /spl times/ 10/sup 12/ A/s. The implications of plasma injection for metal vapor capillary discharges are discussed.
Phonon and Electronic Raman Spectra of Cubic Rare-Earth Oxides and Isomorphous Yttrium Oxide*

Laser-excited Raman spectra have been observed in single crystals of Y2O3, Y2O3(Eu3+), Er2O3, and YB2O3 at 10, 80, and 300 K. In Y2O3(Eu3+) the symmetries of the excited levels have been determined. The optically active phonons can be separated into two groups; in one group (above 300 cm−1) the internal vibrations of (R.E.-O6) octahedrons are preponderant, whereas in the other group (below 200 cm−1) the translational motions of these octahedrons and the R.E. ions are dominant. In Y2O3(Eu3+) electronic transitions (2F0 → 2F2) of the Eu ions in C3i-site symmetry have been observed and the symmetries of the crystal-field-split levels have been determined. Other effects, which may also be attributed to electronic Raman transitions, have been observed in Er2O3 and Yb2O3.
Structural optimization by density distribution for maximization of natural frequency

This paper proposes a basic method for designing light and rigid structures that have a maximum natural frequency for a designated mode. A design variable “density,” related to the material properties of a three-dimensional solid element, is introduced into the finite element method (FEM). Thus, a structure is expressed as a density distribution inside its design domain, and the optimal structure is obtained by searching for the most suitable such distribution.
Direct numerical simulations of bubbly flows. Part 1. Low Reynolds number arrays

Direct numerical simulations of the motion of two- and three-dimensional buoyant bubbles in periodic domains are presented. The full Navier–Stokes equations are solved by a finite difference/front tracking method that allows a fully deformable interface between the bubbles and the ambient fluid and the inclusion of surface tension. The governing parameters are selected such that the average rise Reynolds number is O(1) and deformations of the bubbles are small. The rise velocity of a regular array of three-dimensional bubbles at different volume fractions agrees relatively well with the prediction of Sangani (1988) for Stokes flow. A regular array of two- and three-dimensional bubbles, however, is an unstable configuration and the breakup, and the subsequent bubble–bubble interactions take place by ‘drafting, kissing, and tumbling’. A comparison between a finite Reynolds number two-dimensional simulation with sixteen bubbles and a Stokes flow simulation shows that the finite Reynolds number array breaks up much faster. It is found that a freely evolving array of two-dimensional bubbles rises faster than a regular array and simulations with different numbers of two-dimensional bubbles (1–49) show that the rise velocity increases slowly with the size of the system. Computations of four and eight three-dimensional bubbles per period also show a slight increase in the average rise velocity compared to a regular array. The difference between two- and three-dimensional bubbles is discussed.
Gradient convergence in gradient methods

For the classical gradient method Xt+l = xt - -ytVf(xt) and several deterministic and stochastic variants, we discuss the issue of convergence of the gradient sequence Vf(xt) and the attendant issue of stationarity of limit points of xt. W;"e assume that Vf is Lipschitz continuous, and that the stepsize at diminishes to 0 and satisfies standard stochastic approximation conditions. We show that either f(xt) - -oo or else f(xt) converges to a finite value and Vf(.t) -- 0 (with probability 1 in the stochastic case). Existing results assume various boundedness conditions such as boundedness from below of f, or boundedness of Vf(xt), or boundedness of Xt.
RLAN: range-free localisation based on anisotropy of nodes for WSNs

Node localisation for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is applied in various fields, and is an indispensable core to promote the development of WSNs. Since the previous localisation algorithms did not fully utilise the anisotropy of nodes, according to the actual radiation model of the node's communication, a novel range-free localisation algorithm called range-free localisation based on the anisotropy of nodes (RLAN) is proposed. RLAN not only uses the information of multi-hop neighbours, but also considers fully the anisotropy of nodes in real networks, which influences the hop relationship and average hop distance, so as to improve the accuracy of node localisation. The simulation results demonstrate that RLAN has better localisation accuracy than other range-free node localisation algorithms. When the nodes are relatively uniformly deployed in the localisation area, the normalised localisation average error using RLAN can be <17%.
Fluid–membrane interaction based on the material point method

The material point method (MPM) uses unconnected, Lagrangian, material points to discretize solids, fluids or membranes. All variables in the solution of the continuum equations are associated with these points; so, for example, they carry mass, velocity, stress and strain. A background Eulerian mesh is used to solve the momentum equation. Data mapped from the material points are used to initialize variables on the background mesh. In the case of multiple materials, the stress from each material contributes to forces at nearby mesh points, so the solution of the momentum equation includes all materials. The mesh solution then updates the material point values. This simple algorithm treats all materials in a uniform way, avoids complicated mesh construction and automatically applies a noslip contact algorithm at no additional cost. Several examples are used to demonstrate the method, including simulation of a pressurized membrane and the impact of a probe with a pre-inflated airbag. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image NMI Feature Extraction and Retrieval Method Based on Pulse Coupled Neural Networks

In order to simply and effectively extract the information of important features in the image so as to improve the accuracy of the image retrieval, a novel algorithm of image normalized moment of inertia (NMI) feature extraction and retrieval based on pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN) is put forward. Firstly, the image is segmented into a series of binary correlation images using synchronous spatial-temporal characteristics of similar neurons and exponential attenuation mechanism of improved and simplified PCNN, and then a one-dimensional NMI feature vector signal of the binary series images, which can reflect the target shape and structure of the original image, is extracted, and applied to the image retrieval. Meanwhile, considering the correlation between binary series images and NMI sequence values differences between different images, the method of compounded similarity measurement of the combination of Mahalanobis distance and Pearson product-moment correlation is introduced. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance of anti-geometric distortions and the uniqueness for different images expression to the vector sequence of image features, and has better image retrieval results.
Spallation generated by femtosecond laser driven shocks in thin metallic targets

Spallation induced by a laser driven shock has been studied for two decades on time scales of nanosecond order. The evolution of laser technologies now opens access to sources whose pulse duration is under the picosecond, corresponding to characteristic times of numerous microscopic phenomena. In this ultra-short irradiation regime, spallation experiments have been performed with time-resolved measurements of the free surface. These measurements, complemented with post-test observations, have been compared with numerical simulations to check the consistency of modelling of the laser–matter interaction, shock propagation and to the study of dynamic damage at this ultra-short time scale, inducing strong tensile stress states at very high strain rates.
Analysis of a contact adhesive problem with normal compliance and nonlocal friction

The paper deals with the problem of a quasistatic frictional contact between a nonlinear elastic body and a deformable foundation. The contact is modelled by a normal compliance condition in such a way that the penetration is restricted with a unilateral constraint and associated to the nonlocal friction law with adhesion. The evolution of the bonding ﬁeld is described by a ﬁrst-order diﬀerential equation. We establish a variational formulation of the mechanical problem and prove an existence and uniqueness result under a smallness assumption on the friction coeﬃcient by using arguments of time-dependent variational inequalities, diﬀerential equations and the Banach ﬁxed-point theorem. 49J40, 35J87.
Global sliding-mode control for companion nonlinear system with bounded control

Based on feedback linearization, quasi-time-optimal control and sliding-mode control theory, a kind of quasi-time-optimal, continuously time-varying sliding-mode for robust control of nonlinear uncertain systems subject to input constraint is presented. The proposed sliding surface can adapt it to the initial conditions of the system and the controller can be composed of two parts: one part is used to turn the nonlinear system into linear system by feedback linearization, and the other part is used to realize the quasi-time-optimal control for feedback linearized system. By this means, insensitivity of the system to external disturbance and parameter uncertainties is guaranteed from the very beginning of the proposed control action, and the system error convergence rate can be greatly increased. The advantages of the proposed scheme are indicated by comparison with the Bartoszewicz's scheme (1996), and the Lyapunov theory is used to prove the existence of a sliding mode on the surface.
EFFECTS OF GROUP LEARNING ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

This paper addresses two teaching approaches that many faculty members in Albania pursue nowadays when they teach large classes: the lecture approach and the group or cooperative learning approach. It describes the effects of both approaches on the academic performance of adult students. An empirical study is conducted with 243 students from the Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Tirana, who are enrolled in the course of Communication Skills. The analysis presented, attempts to show that group learning provides opportunities for negotiation (of form, content and classroom rules of behavior), which create an environment favorable to learning. In contrast, the large class lecture-centered approach is shown to provide rare opportunities for student engagement, transfer of knowledge to new situations, long term knowledge retention and motivation for further learning. Placing the analysis within the role of group communication in the enhancement of one’s academic, social and personal knowledge, this study demonstrates that when teachers move from primary reliance on the lecture to group learning, they lead their students to academic and cognitive benefits. The purpose of this study is to give empirical support to the use of group approaches in large class settings. Key words: education, group learning, lecture, students.
Paralyzing Drones via EMI Signal Injection on Sensory Communication Channels

—An inertial measurement unit (IMU) takes the key responsibility for the attitude control of drones. It comprises various sensors and transfers sensor data to the drone’s control unit. If it reports incorrect data, the drones cannot maintain their attitude and will consequently crash down to the ground. Therefore, several anti-drone studies have focused on causing the significant fluctuations in the IMU sensor data by resonating the mechanical structure of the internal sensors using a crafted acoustic wave. However, this approach is limited in terms of efficacy for several reasons. As the structural details of each sensor in an IMU significantly differ by type, model, and manufacturer, the attack needs to be conducted independently for each sensor. Furthermore, it can be easily mitigated by using other supplementary sensors that are not corrupted by the attack or inexpensive plastic shielding. In this paper, we propose a novel anti-drone technique that effectively corrupts any IMU sensor data regardless of the sensor’s type, model, and manufacturer. Our key idea is to distort the communication channel between the IMU and control unit of the drone by using an electromagnetic interference (EMI) signal injection. Experimentally, for a given control unit board, regardless of the sensor used, we discovered a distinct susceptible frequency at which an EMI signal greatly distorted the sensor data. Compared to a general EM pulse (EMP) attack, our work requires considerably less power since it targets the specific susceptible frequency. It can also reduce collateral damage from the EMP attack ( e . g ., permanent damage to the electric circuits of any nearby devices). For practical evaluations, we demonstrated the feasibility of the attack using real drones, wherein it instantly paralyzed the drones. Lastly, we conclude by presenting practical challenges for its mitigation.
Free and forced in-plane vibration of rectangular plates

A mathematical model is developed for the prediction of the forced response of finite plates to in-plane point force excitations. The model illustrates the nature of the coupling between in-plane longitudinal and in-plane shear waves and the resonant characteristics of the in-plane vibrational behavior of finite flat plates. The predicted resonance frequencies and mode shapes are compared against the finite element results and good agreement is found. The mode shapes of the in-plane vibration are depicted for frequencies below and above the first resonance frequency. It is illustrated by example that the input power due to in-plane force excitation at the in-plane resonance frequencies is at the same level as that due to out-of-plane force excitations at the flexural resonances in the same frequency band. The participation of the longitudinal and in-plane shear waves in transmitting the vibrational power and the resulting circulatory pattern of structural intensity is also presented.
Chuma Ulete as a Popularized Witchcraft Discourse in Small Businesses

This article investigates a particular discourse of witchcraft in Tanzania famously known as Chuma Ulete. Perceived as apractice that involves leaking or stealing wealth mysteriously, it has increasingly become popularized in both mainstream andsocial media within the context of a post-socialist neo-liberal economy. In this article it is conceptualized as the witchcraft ofthe poor as, purportedly, it is generally used to magically steal money from small businesses. Although the concept has receivedlittle attention in the sociological and anthropological literature, it could provide an explanation for some instances of marginal gains in the market economy, and how people make sense of it. The article argues that they do so through invoking, simultaneously or sequentially, religious, traditional, business, and poverty discourses. The concept has also been extended to express exploitation in the market economy, where issues of services and romantic relationships are concerned. As such, thearticle brings to light its definition, characteristics, and how people deal with it.
Evolution of Particle Velocity Dispersion in a Circumplanetary Disk Due to Inelastic Collisions and Gravitational Interactions

Abstract We study the evolution and equilibrium values of velocity dispersions of particles in a circumplanetary disk, taking into account both inelastic collisions and gravitational interactions between particles. For a disk of particles with a Rayleigh distribution of orbital eccentricities and inclinations, we derive an evolution equation for mean square eccentricities and inclinations on the basis of the Hill's approximations in the three-body problem. We find that the evolution is governed by the terms of viscous stirring and energy equipartition, the latter tending to equalize the product of mass and mean square eccentricities and inclinations of particles with different sizes. Stirring rates of mean square eccentricities and inclinations of nongravitating particles due to direct collisions are obtained analytically. In the case where both direct collisions and gravitational interactions are taken into account, stirring rates are numerically evaluated by three-body orbit integrations, and their Rayleigh distribution averages are calculated. Using these stirring rates, the evolution of the root mean square eccentricities and inclinations of particles are simulated. We confirm that effects of both finite size and gravity of particles play an important role in maintaining nonzero velocity dispersions. For a system with two particle size components, the relative importance of different terms in the evolution equation is investigated and found to vary depending on the relative abundance of particles of each size component. The evolution of root mean square eccentricities and inclinations of particles calculated on tha basis of the present formalism is also compared with numerical results ofN-body simulations for a disk of particles with low optical depth, and excellent agreement is found between the results of the two methods.
Arch dam response to nonuniform seismic input

A frequency‐domain investigation into the effects of nonuniform earthquake excitation on the response of a three‐dimensional arch dam‐water‐foundation system is performed. The analysis consists of two parts. First, the free‐field motions of the canyon walls are obtained by the boundary element method after making some simplifying assumptions about the canyon geometry and the earthquake mechanism. In the second part of the analysis, the frequency‐domain response of the dam‐water‐foundation system is computed by the finite element method using the previously determined free‐field excitations. To more concisely quantify the effect of nonuniform seismic input, the frequency‐domain responses are converted into the time domain in the form of standard deviations of the response to a random input with an earthquake‐like frequency content. As shown by an analysis of Pacoima Dam, inclusion of nonuniformity in the stream component of the excitation reduces the dam response, and the effect of nonuniformity in the cro.