Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On simple but hard random instances of propositional theories and logic programs

In the last decade, Answer Set Programming (ASP) and Satisfiability (SAT) have been used to solve combinatorial search problems and practical applications in which they arise. In each of these formalisms, a tool called a solver is used to solve problems. A solver takes as input a specification of the problem – a logic program in the case of ASP, and a CNF theory for SAT – and produces as output a solution to the problem. Designing fast solvers is important for the success of this general-purpose approach to solving search problems. Classes of instances that pose challenges to solvers can help in this task. In this dissertation we create challenging yet simple benchmarks for existing solvers in ASP and SAT. We do so by providing models of simple logic programs as well as models of simple CNF theories. We then randomly generate logic programs as well as CNF theories from these models. Our experimental results show that computing answer sets of random logic programs as well as models of random CNF theories with carefully chosen parameters is hard for existing solvers. We generate random logic programs with 2-literals, and our experiments show that it is hard for ASP solvers to obtain answer sets of purely negative and constraint-free programs, indicating the importance of these programs in the development of ASP solvers. An easy-hard-easy pattern emerges as we compute the average number of choice points generated by ASP solvers on randomly generated 2-literal programs with an increasing number of rules. We provide an explanation for the emergence of this pattern in these programs. We also theoretically study the probability of existence of an answer set for sparse and dense 2-literal programs. We consider simple classes of mixed Horn formulas with purely positive 2- literal clauses and purely negated Horn clauses. First we consider a class of mixed Horn formulas wherein each formula has m 2-literal clauses and k-literal negated Horn clauses. We show that formulas that are generated from the phase transition region of this class are hard for complete SAT solvers. The second class of Mixed Horn Formulas we consider are obtained from completion of a certain class of random logic programs. We show the appearance of an easy-hard-easy pattern as we generate formulas from this class with increasing numbers of clauses, and that the formulas generated in the hard region can be used as benchmarks for testing incomplete SAT solvers.
The active and passive populations of Extremely Red Objects

The properties of galaxies with the reddest observed R - K colours [extremely red objects (EROs)], including their apparent division into passive and obscured active objects with roughly similar number densities, are a known challenge for models of galaxy formation. In this paper, we produce mock catalogues generated by interfacing the predictions of the semi-analytical MORGANA model for the evolution of galaxies in a A cold dark matter cosmology with the spectrophotometric + radiative transfer code GRASIL and infrared (IR) template library to show that the model correctly reproduces number counts, redshift distributions and active fractions of R - K > 5 sources. We test the robustness of our results against different dust attenuations and, most importantly, against the inclusion of thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) stars in simple stellar populations used to generate galaxy spectra, and find that the inclusion of TP-AGBs has a relevant effect in that it allows us to increase by a large factor the number of very red active objects at all colour cuts. We find that though the most passive and the most obscured active galaxies have a higher probability of being selected as EROs, many EROs have intermediate properties and the population does not show bimodality in the specific star formation rate (SSFR). We predict that deep observations in the far-IR, from 100 to 500 μm, are the most efficient way to constrain the SSFR of these objects; we give predictions for future Herschel observations and show that a few objects will be detected in deep fields at best. Finally, we test whether a simple evolutionary sequence for the formation of z = 0 massive galaxies, going through a sub-mm-bright phase and then an ERO phase, is typical in this galaxy formation model. We find that this sequence holds for ~25 per cent of z = 0 massive galaxies, while the model typically shows a more complex connection between sub-mm, ERO and massive galaxies.
CHIANTI - An atomic database for Emission Lines. Version 8

We present version 8 of the CHIANTI database. This version includes a large amount of new data and ions, which represent a significant improvement in the soft X-ray, EUV and UV spectral regions, which several space missions currently cover. New data for neutrals and low charge states are also added. The data are assessed, but to improve the modelling of low-temperature plasma the effective collision strengths for most of the new datasets are not spline-fitted as previously, but are retained as calculated. This required a change of the format of the CHIANTI electron excitation files. The format of the energy files has also been changed. Excitation rates between all the levels are retained for most of the new datasets, so the data can in principle be used to model high-density plasma. In addition, the method for computing the differential emission measure used in the CHIANTI software has been changed.
The Future of Supercells in The United States

A supercell is a distinct type of intense, long-lived thunderstorm that is defined by its quasi-steady, rotating updraft. Supercells are responsible for most damaging hail and deadly tornadoes, causing billions of dollars in losses and hundreds of casualties annually. This research uses high-resolution, convection-permitting climate simulations across 15-yr epochs that span the 21st century to assess how supercells may change across the United States. Specifically, the study explores how late 20th century supercell populations compare with their late 21st century counterparts for two—intermediate and pessimistic—anthropogenic climate change trajectories. An algorithm identifies, segments, and tracks supercells in the simulation output using updraft helicity, which measures the magnitude of corkscrew flow through a storm’s updraft and is a common proxy for supercells. Results reveal that supercells will be more frequent and intense in future climates, with robust spatiotemporal shifts in their populations. Supercells are projected to become more numerous in regions of the eastern United States, while decreasing in frequency in portions of the Great Plains. Supercell risk is expected to escalate outside of the traditional severe storm season, with supercells and their perils likely to increase in late winter and early spring months under both emissions scenarios. Conversely, the latter part of the severe storm season may be curtailed, with supercells expected to decrease midsummer through early fall. These results suggest the potential for more significant tornadoes, hail, and extreme rainfall that, when combined with an increasingly vulnerable society, may produce disastrous consequences.
Does Digital Inertia Matter? The Driver of Intentions in a Smart Senior Care Context

Aging is one of the trends of population, which may bring problems to the elderly individually, and financial, economic and social problems to the government. Therefore, how to solve or mitigate the impact of aging through the development of intelligent elderly services has become a major issue for the current government and academia. The purpose of this study is to explore the status and relationship of digital skills, attitude towards smart senior care service and behavioral intention of the elderly. The influence of digital inertia on the relationship between digital skills, attitudes and behavioral intention in the elderly. Data was collected by questionnaire survey and 403 valid samples were received. Findings show that positive impacts were confirmed among digital skills, attitude towards smart senior care service and behavioral intention of the elderly, while the moderating effect of digital inertia on those variables was not. Lastly, such a smart senior care service provider should gradually build a system of smart services, including hardware and software was suggested to the government departments, institutions of smart senior care service and follow-up studies.
Evaluation of Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticle as A Stable Antibacterial Formula in Biological Fluids

This research mainly focuses on the preparation of chitosan-alginate Nanoparticle by ionotropic gelation method using calcium chloride and sodium alginate to form nanocomposites of CH-ALg, examine their antibacterial activity against multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria, and evaluate the stability of chitosan-alginate formula in different biological fluids, including simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and intestinal fluid (SIF). The average diameter of particles size prepared was measured by an Atomic force microscope (AFM) and it was 61.91 nm. Otherwise, the nature of functional groups present in CH-ALg nanoparticle was investigated by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) analysis. The stability of synthesized CH-ALg nanoparticle was measured by Zeta potential measurement and show high stability with a 79 mV ratio. The SEM picture shows that particles are shown to be in the form of bundles and the size of nanoparticles was in the range of (14-84nm). The antibacterial activity of CH-ALg was tested against (MDR) Gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae). The results exhibited a significant impact of antibacterial action against isolates of MDR. CH-ALg nanoparticles were loaded with antibiotic doxycycline in order to strengthen the antibacterial action and drug delivery effectiveness. The synergistic effects of prepared CH-ALg loaded with DOX antibiotic at several concentrations toward MDR bacteria were also examined. The results indicate that DOX-loaded nanoparticles have a significant improvement for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive compared to doxycycline alone. The formula of chitosan- alginate was stabile in various biological fluids including simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SiF)
Generalized Entropies

We study an entropy measure for quantum systems that generalizes the von Neumann entropy as well as its classical counterpart, the Gibbs or Shannon entropy. The entropy measure is based on hypothesis testing and has an elegant formulation as a semidefinite program, a type of convex optimization. After establishing a few basic properties, we prove upper and lower bounds in terms of the smooth entropies, a family of entropy measures that is used to characterize a wide range of operational quantities. From the formulation as a semidefinite program, we also prove a result on decomposition of hypothesis tests, which leads to a chain rule for the entropy.
PCAF Accelerates Vascular Senescence via the Hippo Signaling Pathway

P300/CBP-Associated Factor (PCAF), one of the histone acetyltransferases (HATs), is known to be involved in cell growth and/or differentiation. PCAF is reported to be involved in atherosclerotic plaques and neointimal formation. However, its role in cellular senescence remains undefined. We investigated the potential mechanism for PCAF-mediated cellular senescence. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed PCAF was distinctly increased in the endothelia of aorta in aged mice. Palmitate acid (PA) or X radiation significantly induced the expression of senescence-associated markers and PCAF in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). PCAF silence in PA-treated HUVECs significantly rescued senescence-associated phenotypes, while PCAF overexpression accelerated it. Additionally, our results showed that Yes1 Associated Transcriptional Regulator (YAP) that acts as end effector of the Hippo signaling pathway is crucial in PCAF-mediated endothelial senescence. YAP activity declining was observed in aged vascular endothelia. Overexpression of YAP partially ameliorated PCAF-induced endothelial senescence. In vivo, endothelial-(EC-) specific PCAF downregulation in aged mice using adeno-associated virus revealed less vascular senescence-associated phenotypes. These results suggested that PCAF mediated endothelial senescence through the Hippo signaling pathway, implying that PCAF may become a potential target for the prevention and treatment of vascular aging.
Speech Discrimination in Infancy Predicts Language Outcomes at 30 Months for Both Children with Normal Hearing and Those with Hearing Differences

Background: Speech discrimination assessments are used to validate amplification fittings of older children who are hard of hearing (CHH). Unfortunately, speech discrimination is not assessed clinically ≤24 months and in turn no studies have investigated the relationship between speech discrimination during infancy and later language development among CHH. Objective: To examine the relationship between an individual infant’s speech discrimination measured at 9 months and their expressive/receptive spoken language at 30 months for children with normal hearing (CNH) and CHH. Methods: Behavioral speech discrimination was assessed at 9 months and language assessments were conducted at 16, 24, and 30 months using a parent questionnaire, and at 30 months using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning among 90 infants (49 CNH; 41 CHH). Results: Conditioned Head Turn (CHT) performance for /a-i/ significantly predicted expressive and receptive language at 30 months across both groups. Parental questionnaires were also predictive of later language ability. No significant differences in speech discrimination or language outcomes between CNH and CHH were found. Conclusions: This is the first study to document a positive relationship between infant speech discrimination and later language abilities in both early-identified CHH and CNH.
Cys2/His2-Type Zinc Finger Proteins Regulate Plant Growth and Development

Abstract Cys2/His2-type Zinc Finger Proteins (C2H2-ZFPs) are known to play vital roles in the regulation of growth and development in plants. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular network is yet to be established. In this review paper, we elaborate on the structure, classification and biological functions of C2H2-ZFPs, and focus on the molecular mechanism of C2H2-ZFPs in regulating plant growth and development, to provide theoretical support for crop cultivation and breeding.
A Novel Low-Profile 5G MIMO Antenna for Vehicular Communication

The proposed work is a novel low-profile 5G MIMO antenna configuration to exhibit dual-band frequencies for 5G NR-n2 band (1.9 GHz) and safety band (ITS-5.9 GHz) in vehicular communication. In the proposed antenna, it is quite difficult to achieve the lowest resonance frequency in a comparatively miniaturized dimension concerning its operating wavelength. The designed antenna is a modified square patch with the dual-band resonance achieved by the incorporation of slots for increasing the electrical length within the dimension. Hence, the design comprises ring and loop slots exhibiting resonance at 1.9 GHz and the loop U, and modified-W slots for 5.9 GHz. The antenna achieves 1.9% and 0.64% impedance bandwidth and a peak gain of 1.944dBi and 6.06dBi at the resonant frequencies of 1.9 GHz and 5.9 GHz, respectively, with dimensions of 0. 114λo × 0. 114λo × 0. 0016λo, where λo is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency. The MIMO configuration is presented to assess the antenna’s suitability for large-scale applications. The MIMO antenna presented here is deployed with the edge-to-edge distance between the single element radiators being 0. 01λo by parametric sweep. The presented MIMO antenna provides an isolation value greater than 19 dB because of reduced mutual coupling between the single element radiators in that MIMO structure due to the presence of a ground slot. The ECC values are 1.659 × 10−9 and 0.000601 for frequencies of 1.9 GHz and 5.9 GHz, respectively, and the diversity gain is relatively near 10 dB, which is the acceptable value for MIMO antennas. This modified square single-element and MIMO antenna provides a relatively higher gain and better performance in vehicular communication for GSM and safety applications. The MIMO configurations’ on-vehicle analysis is performed to check the reliability of the designed antenna in a vehicular environment.
Evolution of the most massive galaxies to z= 0.6 – I. A new method for physical parameter estimation

We use principal component analysis (PCA) to estimate stellar masses, mean stellar ages, star formation histories (SFHs), dust extinctions and stellar velocity dispersions for a set of ∼290 000 galaxies with stellar masses greater than 1011 M⊙ and redshifts in the range 0.4 < z < 0.7 from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). We find that the fraction of galaxies with active star formation first declines with increasing stellar mass, but then flattens above a stellar mass of 1011.5 M⊙ at z∼ 0.6. This is in striking contrast to z∼ 0.1, where the fraction of galaxies with active star formation declines monotonically with stellar mass. At stellar masses of 1012 M⊙, therefore, the evolution in the fraction of star-forming galaxies from z∼ 0.6 to the present day reaches a factor of ∼10. When we stack the spectra of the most massive, star-forming galaxies at z∼ 0.6, we find that half of their [O iii] emission is produced by active galactic nuclei. The black holes in these galaxies are accreting on average at ∼0.01 the Eddington rate. To obtain these results, we use the stellar population synthesis models of Bruzual & Charlot to generate a library of model spectra with a broad range of SFHs, metallicities, dust extinctions and stellar velocity dispersions. The PCA is run on this library to identify its principal components over the rest-frame wavelength range 3700–5500 A. We demonstrate that linear combinations of these components can recover information equivalent to traditional spectral indices such as the 4000-A break strength and HδA, with greatly improved signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). In addition, the method is able to recover physical parameters such as stellar mass-to-light ratio, mean stellar age, velocity dispersion and dust extinction from the relatively low S/N BOSS spectra. We examine in detail the sensitivity of our stellar mass estimates to the input parameters in our model library, showing that almost all changes result in systematic differences in logM* of 0.1 dex or less. The biggest differences are obtained when using different population synthesis models – stellar masses derived using Maraston et al. models are systematically smaller by up to 0.12 dex at young ages.
Edge-mode combinations in the entanglement spectra of non-Abelian fractional quantum Hall states on the torus

We present a detailed analysis of bipartite entanglement in the non-Abelian Moore-Read fractional quantum Hall state of bosons and fermions on the torus. In particular, we show that the entanglement spectra can be decomposed into intricate combinations of different sectors of the conformal field theory describing the edge physics, and that the edge level counting and tower structure can be microscopically understood by considering the vicinity of the thin-torus limit. We also find that the boundary entropy density of the Moore-Read state is markedly higher than in the Laughlin states investigated so far. Despite the torus geometry being somewhat more involved than in the sphere geometry, our analysis and insights may prove useful when adopting entanglement probes to other systems that are more easily studied with periodic boundary conditions, such as fractional Chern insulators and lattice problems in general.
Prefactorization Methods For Some Subclasses Of H-Matrices

A b s t r a c t . The development of the prefactorization methods introduced by Woznicki started in 1968. Since then, these methods have been successfully applied to solving large systems of linear equations, arising from finite difference approximation applied to the second order elliptic equations. Prefactorization methods also proved to be a very efficient tool for solving linear systems with strictly diagonally dominant matrices. For increasing the rate of convergence single or double successive overrelaxation processes can be used. Determining the convergence area for relaxation parameters seems to be still an interesting problem. In this paper we present the convergence analysis for some prefactorization methods in a case when matrix belongs to some subclasses of H-matrices which are generalizations of strictly diagonally dominant matrices.
A Soft Surface Based Low Profile Wearable Antenna for Biomedical Telemetry

A soft surface based low profile wearable antenna operating on 5.8 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (5.725-5.875 GHz) is presented for high speed biomedical telemetry. The flexible substrate of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) foam makes the structure water proof, ultra-violet resistant and mechanically stable. First, the basic antenna structure (reference) with inset feeding is designed. Initially, the forward to back power ratio obtained is 14.1 for basic design. The back radiation is further reduced by introducing soft surface around the patch. Use of two different materials as soft surface has been studied and analyzed. The maximum gain of 5.2 dBi and Front to Back Ratio (FTBR) of 25.63 is achieved for the chosen resonant frequency. The absorption of electromagnetic field by the body is reduced by 9.35 % and gain is improved by 23.68/24.40 % with reference to our basic design of antenna without soft surface. The value of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is 1.26 W/kg for 10 gm of human body tissue which is within the specified limits. The software simulated and experimented results are presented.
Statistical mechanics of 1D self-gravitating systems: the core—halo distribution

We study, using both theory and simulations, a system of self-gravitating sheets. A new statistical mechanics theory – free of any adjustable parameters – is derived to quantitatively predict the final stationary state achieved by this system after the process of collisionless relaxation is completed. The theory shows a very good agreement with the numerical simulations. The model sheds new light on the general mechanism of relaxation of self-gravitating systems and may help us to understand cold matter distribution in the Universe.