Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The interplay between gastrocnemius medialis force–length and force–velocity potentials, cumulative EMG activity and energy cost at speeds above and below the walk to run transition speed

What is the central question of the study? Are the changes in force potentials (at the muscle level) related with metabolic changes at speeds above and below the walk‐to‐run transition? What is the main finding and its importance? The force–length and force–velocity potentials of gastrocnemius medialis during human walking decrease as a function of speed; this decrease is associated with an increase in cumulative EMG activity and in the energy cost of locomotion. Switching from fast walking to running is associated to an increase in the force potentials, supporting the idea that the ‘metabolic trigger’ that determines the transition from walking to running is ultimately driven by a reduction of the muscle's contractile capacity.
Rydberg Electrometry for Optical Lattice Clocks

Electrometry is performed using Rydberg states to evaluate the quadratic Stark shift of the 5s2 1 S0-5s5p 3 P0 clock transition in strontium. By measuring the Stark shift of the highly excited 5s75d 1 D2 state using electromagnetically induced transparency, we characterize the electric field with sufficient precision to provide tight constraints on the systematic shift to the clock transition. Using the theoretically derived, and experimentally verified, polarizability for this Rydberg state, we can measure the residual field with an uncertainty well below 1Vm−1. This resolution allows us to constrain the fractional frequency uncertainty of the quadratic Stark shift of the clock transition to 2×10−20.
Type Ib/Ic Supernovae: Effect of Nickel Mixing on the Early-time Color Evolution and Implications for the Progenitors

We investigate the effect of mixing of radioactive nickel (56Ni) on the early-time color evolution of Type Ib and Ic supernovae (SNe Ib/Ic) using multigroup radiation hydrodynamics simulations. We consider both helium-rich and helium-poor progenitors. Mixing of 56Ni is parameterized using a Gaussian distribution function. We find that the early-time color evolution with a weak 56Ni mixing is characterized by three different phases: initial rapid reddening, blueward evolution due to the delayed effect of 56Ni heating, and redward evolution thereafter until the transition to the nebular phase. With a strong 56Ni mixing, the color evolution is characterized by a monotonic reddening. We compare our models with the early-time color evolution of several SNe Ib/Ic (SN 1999ex, SN 2008D, SN 2009jf, iPTF13bvn, SN 1994I, SN 2007gr, SN 2013ge, and 2017ein) and find signatures of relatively weak and strong 56Ni mixing for SNe Ib and SNe Ic, respectively. This suggests that SNe Ib progenitors are distinct from SN Ic progenitors in terms of helium content and that 56Ni mixing is generally stronger in the carbon–oxygen core and weaker in the helium-rich envelope. We conclude that the early-time color evolution is a powerful probe of 56Ni mixing in SNe Ib/Ic.
Dynamic facilitation theory: a statistical mechanics approach to dynamic arrest

The modeling of supercooled liquids approaching dynamic arrest has a long tradition, which is documented through a plethora of competing theoretical approaches. Here, we review the modeling of supercooled liquids in terms of dynamic ‘defects’, also called excitations or soft spots, that are able to sustain motion. To this end, we consider a minimal statistical mechanics description in terms of activate regions with the order parameter related to their typical size. This is the basis for both Adam–Gibbs and dynamical facilitation theory, which differ in their relaxation mechanism as the liquid is cooled: collective motion of more and more particles versus concerted hierarchical motion over larger and larger length scales. For the latter, dynamic arrest is possible without a growing static correlation length, and we sketch the derivation of a key result: the parabolic law for the structural relaxation time. We critically discuss claims in favor of a growing static length and argue that the resulting scenarios for pinning and dielectric relaxation are in fact compatible with dynamic facilitation.
Priming effects in reading words with vertically and horizontally mirrored letters

We conducted two masked priming experiments to examine how the orthographic system processes words with mirrored letters. In both experiments, four different primes were used: an identity prime, an unrelated control prime, and two mirror-primes in which letters were either mirrored at their vertical or horizontal axis. Task was varied between experiments: In Experiment 1, we used a lexical decision task, and in Experiment 2, we used a cross-case same–different match task. We expected to see priming effects in both mirror-conditions with stronger effects in the vertically than in the horizontally mirrored letters. In the lexical decision task, we observed only vertical priming effects for words, whereas in the same–different task, priming effects were present in both mirror-conditions and for both words and non-words. We discuss the implications of our findings for extant models of orthographic processing.
Saraswati: An Extremely Massive ∼200 Megaparsec Scale Supercluster

Here we report the discovery of an extremely massive and large supercluster (called Saraswati) found in the Stripe 82 region of SDSS. This supercluster is a major concentration of galaxies and galaxy clusters, forming a wall-like structure spanning at least 200 Mpc across at redshift . This enormous structure is surrounded by a network of galaxy filaments, clusters, and large, ∼40–170 Mpc diameter, voids. The mean density contrast δ (relative to the background matter density of the universe) of Saraswati is ≳1.62 and the main body of the supercluster comprises at least 43 massive galaxy clusters (mean z = 0.28) with a total mass of . The spherical collapse model suggests that the central region of radius ∼20 Mpc and mass at least may be collapsing. This places it among the few largest and most massive superclusters known, comparable to the most massive “Shapley Concentration” ( ) in the nearby universe. The Saraswati supercluster and its environs reveal that some extreme large-scale, prominent matter density enhancements formed ∼4 Gyr in the past when dark energy had just started to dominate structure formation. This galactic concentration sheds light on the role of dark energy and cosmological initial conditions in supercluster formation, and tests the competing cosmological models.
Merger of binary neutron stars with realistic equations of state in full general relativity

We present numerical results of three-dimensional simulations for the merger of binary neutron stars in full general relativity. Hybrid equations of state are adopted to mimic realistic nuclear equations of state. In this approach, we divide the equations of state into two parts as P=P{sub cold}+P{sub th}. P{sub cold} is the cold part for which we assign a fitting formula for realistic equations of state of cold nuclear matter slightly modifying the formula developed by Haensel and Potekhin. We adopt the SLy and FPS equations of state for which the maximum allowed Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) mass of cold and spherical neutron stars is {approx_equal}2.04M{sub {center_dot}} and 1.80M{sub {center_dot}}, respectively. P{sub th} denotes the thermal part which is written as P{sub th}=({gamma}{sub th}-1){rho}({epsilon}-{epsilon}{sub cold}), where {rho}, {epsilon}, {epsilon}{sub cold}, and {gamma}{sub th} are the baryon rest-mass density, total specific internal energy, specific internal energy of the cold part, and the adiabatic constant, respectively. Simulations are performed for binary neutron stars of the total ADM mass in the range between 2.4M{sub {center_dot}} and 2.8M{sub {center_dot}} with the rest-mass ratio Q{sub M} to be in the range 0.9 < or approx. Q{sub M}{<=}1. It is found that if the total ADM mass of themore » system is larger than a threshold M{sub thr}, a black hole is promptly formed in the merger irrespective of the mass ratios. In the other case, the outcome is a hypermassive neutron star of a large ellipticity, which results from the large adiabatic index of the realistic equations of state adopted. The value of M{sub thr} depends on the equation of state: M{sub thr}{approx}2.7M{sub {center_dot}} and {approx}2.5M{sub {center_dot}} for the SLy and FPS equations of state, respectively. Gravitational waves are computed in terms of a gauge-invariant wave extraction technique. In the formation of the hypermassive neutron star, quasiperiodic gravitational waves of a large amplitude and of frequency between 3 and 4 kHz are emitted. The estimated emission time scale is < or approx.100 ms, after which the hypermassive neutron star collapses to a black hole. Because of the long emission time, the effective amplitude may be large enough to be detected by advanced laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors if the distance to the source is smaller than {approx}100 Mpc. Thermal properties of the outcome formed after the merger are also analyzed to approximately estimate the neutrino emission energy. « less
How to detect the shortest period binary pulsars in the era ofLISA

We discuss a multimessenger strategy to detect radio pulses from Galactic binary neutron stars in a very tight orbit with the period shorter than 10 min. On one hand, all-sky surveys by radio instruments are inefficient for detecting faint pulsars in very tight binaries due partly to the rarity of targets and primarily to the need of correction for severe Doppler smearing. On the other hand, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will detect these binaries with a very large signal-to-noise ratio and determine the orbital frequency, binary parameters, and sky location to high accuracy. The information provided by LISA will reduce the number of required pointings by two to six orders of magnitude and that of required trials for the corrections by about nine orders of magnitude, increasing the chance of discovering radio pulsars. For making full use of this strategy, it is desirable to operate high-sensitivity radio instruments such as Square Kilometer Array Phase 2 simultaneously with LISA.
Roles and Organization of BxpB (ExsFA) and ExsFB in the Exosporium Outer Basal Layer of Bacillus anthracis

The genus Bacillus consists of spore-forming bacteria. Some species of this genus, especially those that are pathogens of animals or insects, contain an outermost spore layer called the exosporium. The zoonotic pathogen B. anthracis is an example of this group. The exosporium likely contributes to virulence and environmental persistence of these pathogens. This work provides important new insights into the exosporium assembly process and the interplay between BclA and BxpB in this process. ABSTRACT BxpB (also known as ExsFA) and ExsFB are an exosporium basal layer structural protein and a putative interspace protein of Bacillus anthracis that are known to be required for proper incorporation of the BclA collagen-like glycoprotein on the spore surface. Despite extensive similarity of the two proteins, their distribution in the spore is markedly different. We utilized a fluorescent fusion approach to examine features of the two genes that affect spore localization. The timing of expression of the bxpB and exsFB genes and their distinct N-terminal sequences were both found to be important for proper assembly into the exosporium basal layer. Results of this study provided evidence that the BclA nap glycoprotein is not covalently attached to BxpB protein despite the key role that the latter plays in BclA incorporation. Assembly of the BxpB- and ExsFB-containing outer basal layer appears not to be completely abolished in mutants lacking the ExsY and CotY basal layer structural proteins despite these spores lacking a visible exosporium. The BxpB and, to a lesser extent, the ExsFB proteins, were found to be capable of self-assembly in vitro into higher-molecular-weight forms that are stable to boiling in SDS under reducing conditions. IMPORTANCE The genus Bacillus consists of spore-forming bacteria. Some species of this genus, especially those that are pathogens of animals or insects, contain an outermost spore layer called the exosporium. The zoonotic pathogen B. anthracis is an example of this group. The exosporium likely contributes to virulence and environmental persistence of these pathogens. This work provides important new insights into the exosporium assembly process and the interplay between BclA and BxpB in this process.
Segment-wise Description of the Dynamics of Traffic Congestion

We compare the point-wise and segment-wise descriptions of the traffic system. Using real data from the Taiwan highway system with a tremendous volume of segment-wise data, we find that the segment-wise description is much more informative of the evolution of the system during congestion. Congestion is characterized by a loopy trajectory in the fundamental diagram. By considering the area enclosed by the loop, we find that there are two types of congestion dynamics -- moderate flow and serious congestion. They are different in terms of whether the area enclosed vanishes. Data extracted from the time delays of individual vehicles show that the area enclosed is a measure of the economic loss due to congestion. The use of the loss area in helping to understand various road characteristics is also explored.
Circuit configurations which may or may not show superradiant phase transitions

Several superconducting circuit configurations are examined on the existence of super-radiant phase transitions (SRPTs) in thermal equilibrium. For some configurations consisting of artificial atoms, whose circuit diagrams are however not specified, and an LC resonator or a transmission line, we confirm the absence of SRPTs in the thermal equilibrium following the similar analysis as the no-go theorem for atomic systems. We also show some other configurations where the absence of SRPTs cannot be confirmed.
Pharmacotherapeutic options for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

ABSTRACT Introduction Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy projected to be the 2nd leading cause of cancer related death in the USA by 2030. This manuscript discusses current and evolving treatment approaches in patients with pancreatic cancer. Areas covered PDAC is classified as: a) resectable, b) borderline resectable, c) unresectable (locally advanced and metastatic). The standard of care for patients who present with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma is six months of adjuvant modified (m) FOLFIRINOX, gemcitabine plus capecitabine, or single agent gemcitabine. For many reasons, there has been a paradigm shift to employing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. For resectable and borderline resectable patients, we generally start with systemic therapy and reevaluate resectability with subsequent scans specifically when the tumor is located in the head or body of the pancreas. Combined chemoradiation therapy can be employed in select patients. The standard of care for metastatic PDAC is FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel. Germline and somatic genomic profiling should be obtained in all patients. Patients with a germline BRCA mutation can receive upfront gemcitabine and cisplatin. Expert opinion Thorough understanding of molecular pathogenesis in PDAC has opened various therapeutic avenues. We remain optimistic that future treatment modalities such as targeted therapies, cellular therapies and immunotherapy will further improve survival in PDAC.
Ternary nitride semiconductors in the rocksalt crystal structure

Significance Inorganic nitrides are important technological materials, many of which belong to one of two families: hexagonal main-group metal nitride semiconductors and cubic transition-metal nitride superconductors (TMNs). This mixed experimental and theoretical study identifies a class of ternary MgxTM1−xN (TM = Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb) nitrides that bridge these families. While these materials have rocksalt-derived crystal structures similar to binary TMNs, electronically they exhibit semiconducting band structures, large dielectric constants, and disorder-tunable properties. Lattice matching with main-group nitride semiconductors along some crystallographic orientations, and full structural compatibility with superconducting TMNs make these materials uniquely poised for integration with established nitrides. Inorganic nitrides with wurtzite crystal structures are well-known semiconductors used in optical and electronic devices. In contrast, rocksalt-structured nitrides are known for their superconducting and refractory properties. Breaking this dichotomy, here we report ternary nitride semiconductors with rocksalt crystal structures, remarkable electronic properties, and the general chemical formula MgxTM1−xN (TM = Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb). Our experiments show that these materials form over a broad metal composition range, and that Mg-rich compositions are nondegenerate semiconductors with visible-range optical absorption onsets (1.8 to 2.1 eV) and up to 100 cm2 V−1⋅s−1 electron mobility for MgZrN2 grown on MgO substrates. Complementary ab initio calculations reveal that these materials have disorder-tunable optical absorption, large dielectric constants, and electronic bandgaps that are relatively insensitive to disorder. These ternary MgxTM1−xN semiconductors are also structurally compatible both with binary TMN superconductors and main-group nitride semiconductors along certain crystallographic orientations. Overall, these results highlight MgxTM1−xN as a class of materials combining the semiconducting properties of main-group wurtzite nitrides and rocksalt structure of superconducting transition-metal nitrides.
Biomechanical analysis of single- and double-level cervical disc arthroplasty using finite element modeling

Recently, many different types of artificial discs have been introduced to persevere the biomechanical behavior of the cervical spine. This study compares the biomechanical behavior of single- and double-level cervical disc arthroplasty, that is “Prestige LP and Mobi-C” on the index and adjacent segment. A three-dimension finite element model of C2-C7 was developed and validated. In single-level prostheses, the Prestige LP or Mobi-C was implanted in the segment C5-C6, while the double-level arthroplasty was integrated at both segments C4-C5 and C5-C6 in the FE model. The intact FE and prosthesis-modified models were constrained from the inferior endplate of the vertebra C7 and applied a compressive load of 73.6 N with a moment load of 1 Nm on the odontoid process of the vertebra C2 to produce flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. The prosthesis-modified model’s range of motion and intradiscal pressure were determined and compared to the intact model. Also examined the impact of the prostheses on the stress at the bone-implant interface. The range of motion of the implanted segments in both single- and double-levels arthroplasty was increased while that of the adjacent segment of implanted segments decreased. The intradiscal pressure in both levels of arthroplasty was greater than in the intact model. In conclusion, Mobi-C’s cervical prostheses could better preserve the normal range of motion and maintain intradiscal pressure than the Prestige LP. Graphical abstract
Role of key enzymes in the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Thraustochytrium sp. T01

Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential dietary supplement that is highly coveted due to its benefits for human health. Extensive research has been conducted for the sustainable commercial production of DHA by various strains in thraustochytrid family due to the accumulation of higher lipid content in the cells. The current study is focused on improving DHA production by investigating various key enzymes like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), malic enzyme (ME), and ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) involved in DHA production using Thraustochytrium sp. T01. The growth of this strain was compared in batch and fed-batch mode. The fed-batch yielded better Dry cell weight (40 g L−1), lipid (27.75 g L−1 or 693 mg g−1 of DCW), and DHA contents (11.10 g L−1 or 277 mg g−1 of DCW). G6PDH activity increased 4-fold during the glucose fed-batch, but ME and ACL did not increase significantly. Furthermore, a study was conducted to determine the effects of organic acids (pyruvate and malate) on key enzyme activities. The addition of pyruvate increased the lipid content by 1.35-fold, and ACL activity by 10-fold as compared with control (without added organic acids). Malate addition into the culture media increased DHA content 1.4-fold, and ME activity increased 14-fold compared with control.
Extracting the spectral density function of a binary composite without a priori assumptions

The spectral representation separates the contributions of geometrical arrangement (topology) and intrinsic constituent properties in a composite. The aim of paper is to present a numerical algorithm based on the Monte Carlo integration and contrainted-least-squares methods to resolve the spectral density function for a given system. The numerical method is verified by comparing the results with those of Maxwell-Garnett effective permittivity expression. Later, it is applied to a well-studied rock-and-brine system to instruct its utility. The presented method yields significant microstructural information in improving our understanding how microstructure influences the macroscopic behaviour of composites without any intricate mathematics.
Service-Delivery Competencies in Home and Community-Based Services Needed to Achieve Person-Centered Planning and Practices: A Systematic Review

Home and community-based services (HCBS) assist people with disabilities and older adults to remain in their homes. Direct support professionals and care managers who facilitate the development of support plans need to employ person-centered approaches to ensure services are tailored to peoples’ needs and preferences. The aims were to identify the key competencies needed for delivery of person-centered supports and examine the relationship between HCBS and its’ outcomes in the United States. We used the competencies developed by the National Center on advancing Person-Centered Practices and Systems as a framework. We conducted a systematic review to identify the skills necessary to deliver person-centered HCBS. We coded 43 articles and identified seven competencies. Most frequently mentioned competencies related to culturally informed practice, cultivating connections, and promoting rights, choice, and control. Policy makers should create training standards for person-centered practices to ensure that people receiving HCBS live the lives they want.