Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analogies as Categorization Phenomena: Studies from Scientific Discourse

Title of Dissertation: ANALOGIES AS CATEGORIZATION PHENOMENA: STUDIES FROM SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Leslie Jill Atkins, Ph.D., 2004 Dissertation Directed By: Associate Professor David Hammer, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Department of Physics Studies on the role of analogies in science classrooms have tended to focus on analogies that come from the teacher or curriculum, and not the analogies that students generate. Such studies are derivative of an educational system that values content knowledge over scientific creativity, and derivative of a model of teaching in which the teacher’s role is to convey content knowledge. This dissertation begins with the contention that science classrooms should encourage scientific thinking and one role of the teacher is to model that behavior and identify and encourage it in her students. One element of scientific thinking is analogy. This dissertation focuses on student-generated analogies in science, and offers a model for understanding these. I provide evidence that generated analogies are assertions of categorization, and the base of an analogy is the constructed prototype of an ad hoc category. Drawing from research on categorization, I argue that generated analogies are based in schemas and cognitive models. This model allows for a clear distinction between analogy and literal similarity; prior to this research analogy has been considered to exist on a spectrum of similarity, differing from literal similarity to the degree that structural relations hold but features do not. I argue for a definition in which generated analogies are an assertion of an unexpected categorization: that is, they are asserted as contradictions to an expected schema. ANALOGIES AS CATEGORIZATION PHENOMENA: STUDIES FROM SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE
Tagging a Morphologically Complex Language Using an Averaged Perceptron Tagger: The Case of Icelandic

In this paper, we experiment with using Stagger, an open-source implementation of an Averaged Perceptron tagger, to tag Icelandic, a morphologically complex language. By adding language- specific linguistic features and using IceMorphy, an unknown word guesser, we obtain state- of-the-art tagging accuracy of 92.82%. Furthermore, by adding data from a morphological database, and word embeddings induced from an unannotated corpus, the accuracy increases to 93.84%. This is equivalent to an error reduction of 5.5%, compared to the previously best tagger for Icelandic, consisting of linguistic rules and a Hidden Markov Model.
Playing in the grey area of proofs

Interpolation is an important technique in verification and static analysis of programs. In particular, interpolants extracted from proofs of various properties are used in invariant generation and bounded model checking. A number of recent papers studies interpolation in various theories and also extraction of smaller interpolants from proofs. In particular, there are several algorithms for extracting of interpolants from so-called local proofs. The main contribution of this paper is a technique of minimising interpolants based on transformations of what we call the "grey area" of local proofs. Another contribution is a technique of transforming, under certain common conditions, arbitrary proofs into local ones. Unlike many other interpolation techniques, our technique is very general and applies to arbitrary theories. Our approach is implemented in the theorem prover Vampire and evaluated on a large number of benchmarks coming from first-order theorem proving and bounded model checking using logic with equality, uninterpreted functions and linear integer arithmetic. Our experiments demonstrate the power of the new techniques: for example, it is not unusual that our proof transformation gives more than a tenfold reduction in the size of interpolants.
Filter Trees for Managing Spatial Data over a Range of Size Granularities

We introduce a new file organization for the storage and manipulation of spatial (or multidimensional) data that is able to execute spatial join operations with great efficiency. The Filter Tree information structure is a hierarchical organization that tends to separate spatial entities by size, placing larger entities at the higher levels of the Filter Tree, and smaller entities at lower levels. Within each level, index entries for the entities are ordered by a space-filling curve (Hilbert curve). This allows the algorithms to use bulk I/O requests, exploiting the locality in the index information, and minimizing the number of I/O transfers from disk. We provide algorithms for constructing Filter Trees, for performing range queries on a Filter Tree, and for performing spatial joins between a pair of Filter Trees. Finally, we include results from experiments using a prototype implementation of Filter Trees to treat both synthetic and real sets of spatial entities. Our experimental results show that full spatial joins can always be done more efficiently with Filter Trees than with current competitive methods, and that in some cases the improvement in performance is very large. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment. Proceedings of the 22nd VLDB Conference Mumbai(Bombay), India, 1996
An o-minimal Szemerédi-Trotter theorem

We prove an analog of the Szemer\'edi-Trotter theorem in the plane for definable curves and points in any o-minimal structure over an arbitrary real closed field $\mathrm{R}$. One new ingredient in the proof is an extension of the well known crossing number inequality for graphs to the case of embeddings in any o-minimal structure over an arbitrary real closed field.
Visualisation of uncertainty using the HSI colour model : computations with colours

Paper describes two GIS methods for visualisation of uncertainty associated with spatial prediction of continuous and categorical variables. In the case of continuous variables, the key issue is to visualise both predictions and the prediction error at the same time, while in the case of categorical data, the key issue is to visualise multiple memberships and confusion in-between them. Both methods are based on the Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI) colour model and calculations with colours using the colour mixture (CM) concept. The HSI is a psychologically appealing colour model – hue is used to visualise values or taxonomic space and whiteness (paleness) is used to visualise the uncertainty. In the case of continuous variables, a two-dimensional legend was designed to accompany the visualisations – vertical axis (hues) is used to visualise the predicted values and horizontal axis (whiteness) is used to visualise the prediction error. In the case of categorical variables, a circular legend is used – perimeter (hues) defines the taxonomic space and radial distance represents the confusion. The methods are illustrated using two examples: (a) interpolation of soil thickness using regression-kriging and (b) fuzzy k-means classification of landforms classes.
An Analysis of Automatic Speech Recognition with Multiple Microphones

Automatic speech recognition in real world situations often requires the use of microphones distant from speaker’s mouth. One or several microphones are placed in the surroundings to capture many versions of the original signal. Recognition with a single far field microphone yields considerably poorer performance than with person-mounted devices (headset, lapel), with the main causes being reverberation and noise. Acoustic beamforming techniques allow significant improvements over the use of a single microphone, although the overall performance still remains well above the close-talking results. In this paper we investigate the use of beam-forming in the context of speaker movement, together with commonly used adaptation techniques and compare against a naive multi-stream approach. We show that even such a simple approach can yield equivalent results to beam-forming, allowing for far more powerful integration of multiple microphone sources in ASR systems.
Ethnographic studies of children: the difficulties of entry, rapport, and presentations of their worlds 1

This essay examines the entire process of doing ethnography with children, from observation and interviewing to transcribing and writing the final ethnographic account. In particular, this article examines three difficulties that researchers encounter when doing ethnography with children: (1) how do ethnographers enter the children's worlds’ (2) to what extent do we as researchers observe and participate, thus changing the children's worlds; and, (3) how do we write the ethnography to most fully present the children's perspectives. Since there are particular cultures where we may violate an adult‐specific role by participating in children's events, ethnographers need to be careful about how our social and cultural constructions of childhood frame our social interactions in fieldwork. In terms of the ethnography itself, our notions of authorship and authority may obscure the children's narratives or meanings, which are often polymodal and neither linear nor sequential. Examples from the author's fieldwork .
Test-TSV estimation during 3D-IC partitioning

Three dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) are emerging as a viable solution to the interconnect scaling problem. During early design space exploration, a large number of possible partitioning solutions are evaluated w.r. t. performance, area, through-silicon-via (TSV) count, etc. During this evaluation process, the number of test-TSVs need to be added to the total TSV count, to prevent unexpected area overhead later on in the design flow. While a fixed test-TSV count may provide sufficient guardbanding, in this paper we show that it often overestimates the actual number of test-TSVs required. Currently, the only way to determine the pareto-optimial test-TSV count is to sweep the test-TSV constraint, and repeatedly apply 3D test architecture optimization algorithms. This process is time consuming, and is too slow to be used in automated partitioning. In this paper, we present a quick and accurate estimation of the pareto-optimal number of test-TSVs required for a given partition. This can be used as an input to the partitioner to quickly estimate the total number of TSVs used for a given partition, reducing over-design.
Generalized Stability of Nongeostrophic Baroclinic Shear Flow. Part II: Intermediate Richardson Number Regime

This work continues the generalized stability theory (GST) analysis of baroclinic shear flow in the primitive equations (PE), focusing on the regime in which the mean baroclinic shear and the stratification are of the same order. The Eady model basic state is used and solutions obtained using the PE are compared to quasigeostrophic (QG) solutions. Similar optimal growth is obtained in the PE and QG frameworks for eddies with horizontal scale equal to or larger than the Rossby radius, although PE growth rates always exceed QG growth rates. The primary energy growth mechanism is the conventional baroclinic conversion of mean available potential energy to perturbation energy mediated by the eddy meridional heat flux. However, for eddies substantially smaller than the Rossby radius, optimal growth rates in the PE greatly exceed those found in the QG. This enhanced growth rate in the PE is dominated by conversion of mean kinetic energy to perturbation kinetic energy mediated by the vertical component of zonal eddy momentum flux. This growth mechanism is filtered in QG. In the intermediate Richardson number regime mixed Rossby–gravity modes are nonorthogonal in energy, and these participate in the process of energy transfer from the barotropic source in the mean shear to predominantly baroclinic waves during the transient growth process. The response of shear flow in the intermediate Richardson number regime to spatially and temporally uncorrelated stochastic forcing is also investigated. It is found that a comparable amount of shear turbulent variance is maintained in the rotational and mixed Rossby–gravity modes by such unbiased forcing suggesting that any observed dominance of rotational mode energy arises from restrictions on the effective forcing and damping.
Cooperation and Compromise: A Network Response to Conflicting Institutional Pressures in Community Mental Health

This article examines the evolution of a community-based network of mostly nonprofit health and human service agencies providing services to people with mental illness. The network was formed in response to a major shift in the state’s funding mechanism from fee-for-service to managed care. When confronted with conflicting institutional pressures from the state and the profession, the response was one of strategic balancing and compromise through development of an interorganizational network rather than by the passive conformity of individual agencies. How this network evolved and how compromise was achieved was examined. Data were collected shortly after the new system was first introduced and then 4 years later to allow longitudinal analysis of network evolution.
Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease

Purpose of review Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible world vision loss characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death. Elevated eye pressure is a major risk factor for glaucoma; however, despite effective medical and surgical therapies to reduce intraocular pressure, progressive vision loss among glaucoma patients is common. These observations suggest that mechanisms independent of intraocular pressure are also implicated in glaucomatous degeneration. Numerous similarities exist between glaucoma and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Similarities include the selective loss of neuron populations, transsynaptic degeneration in which disease spreads from injured neurons to connected neurons, and common mechanisms of cell injury and death. Recent findings Glaucomatous injury to retinal ganglion cells has profound effects on target vision structures within the brain, including the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in experimental primate and human glaucoma. Mechanisms involved in central visual system damage in glaucoma include oxidative injury and glutamate toxicity, as seen in neurodegenerative diseases. Summary Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease is a valid working hypothesis to understand neural injury in the visual system. This paradigm may stimulate the discovery of innovative intraocular pressure-independent strategies to help prevent loss of vision in glaucoma patients.
Spectrum Disorder: Insights from Studies of High-risk Infants Clinical Assessment and Management of Toddlers with Suspected Autism Clinical Assessment and Management of Toddlers with Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from Studies of High-risk Infants Aap—american Academy of Pediatrics Cha

Financial Disclosure: Dr Lord receives royalties from the publication of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, which are donated to charity; the other authors have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. ABSTRACT With increased public awareness of the early signs and recent American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations that all 18-and 24-month-olds be screened for autism spectrum disorders, there is an increasing need for diagnostic assessment of very young children. However, unique challenges exist in applying current diagnostic guidelines for autism spectrum disorders to children under the age of 2 years. In this article, we address challenges related to early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorders in this age group. We provide a comprehensive review of findings from recent studies on the early development of children with autism spectrum disorders, summarizing current knowledge on early signs of autism spectrum disorders, the screening properties of early detection tools, and current best practice for diagnostic assessment of autism spectrum disorders before 2 years of age. We also outline principles of effective intervention for children under the age of 2 with suspected/confirmed autism spectrum disorders. It is hoped that ongoing studies will provide an even stronger foundation for evidence-based diagnostic and intervention approaches for this critically important age group. A UTISTIC DISORDER IS the most severe form of a spectrum of related disorders (autism spectrum disorders [ASDs]) characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication and by the presence of repetitive, inflexible behavior. 1,2 At an estimated prevalence of 1 in 150, 3 the ASDs are among the most common forms of severe developmental disability. Parents of children with ASDs generally identify concerns by the age of 12 to 18 months. 4–7 However, recent US data suggest that the average age of diagnosis remains at ϳ4 years 8,9 and possibly older in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. 10,11 In part to address the unacceptably long interval between parents' initial concerns and confirmation of diagnosis , the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and other groups have recently published clinical practice guidelines on the early identification, screening, and diagnosis of ASDs. 12,13 With AAP recommendations that all 18-and 24-month-olds be screened for ASDs, 12,14 and active public awareness campaigns by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other public and private organizations, 15–17 there is increasing demand for diagnostic assessment of very young children. However, unique challenges exist in applying current diagnostic …
A power-saving scheduling algorithm for mixed multicast and unicast traffic in MBSFN

In this paper, A power-saving scheduling algorithm (PSA) for mixed multicast and unicast traffic is proposed in multicast and broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN). This algorithm is designed on the purpose of reducing the terminal's energy consumption and improving system capacity. By MBSFN area scheduling scheme the throughput of multicast users is increased. And the users' energy consumption is reduced by decreasing the transition times between sleeping and active status in the use of discontinuous reception (DRX) mechanism which is applied for terminal's battery power saving in LTE. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy gains an improvement both in system throughput and the terminal's energy efficiency.
Women in higher education management in Thailand.

AbstractThis paper reports on a case study of ten academic women in senior management positions in the higher education sector in Thailand. The study investigates women's perceptions of glass ceiling factors that impede women's career advancement. Issues addressed include: gendered management styles, family and childcare responsibilities, career plans and aspirations, married or single status, and age as a factor mediating women's career mobility. It is argued throughout that the western concept of glass ceiling cannot be taken as a universal explanation of women's career impediments. Rather, research on women's career tracks in higher education must take women's differences, their histories, and cultural locations into analytic account.
Management of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection: Modelling when to Change Therapy

Objective To evaluate four strategies for monitoring plasma HIV RNA levels and/or resistance genotypes to decide when to change antiretroviral therapy. The strategies include: (i) 1997 guidelines recommending a therapy switch when plasma RNA exceeds a threshold level; (ii) a viral load policy, using a fixed increase in viral load as the trigger; (iii) a genotype policy, requiring a smaller viral rebound than (ii) and detection of genotypic resistance before switching; and (iv) a proactive policy, switching drug regimens at a predetermined time if viral load has not rebounded. Design and setting A Monte Carlo simulation tracks patients’ viral loads and presence of opportunistic infection during therapy. The model uses clinical and virological data and statistical variation in patient parameters for the evaluation of therapeutic strategies. Main outcome measures: To determine which strategies minimize viral rebound detection delay while maintaining a low (prespecified) probability of switching therapy before rebound. Results 1997 Guidelines and the viral load policy create lengthy delays in detection of rebound, particularly when patients are drug-naive and the detection limit of the viral load assay is 500 copies/ml. A detection limit of 20 copies/ml decreases this delay substantially. Genotyping achieves only minor additional delay reductions. Of the strategies tested, the proactive policy leads to the shortest delays. Conclusions This model indicates that prolonged periods may be required for viral load to rebound to detectable levels following prolonged suppression. Proactive switching produces the best outcome in our model because it may reduce the duration of viral replication under pressure of a failing regimen before detection of viral rebound. This strategy should be evaluated in clinical trials.
Polymorphisms in the α4 Integrin of Neotropical Primates: Insights for Binding of Natural Ligands and HIV-1 gp120 to the Human α4β7

The α4 integrin subunit associates with β7 and β1 and plays important roles in immune function and cell trafficking. The gut-homing receptor α4β7 has been recently described as a new receptor for HIV. Here, we describe polymorphisms of ITGA4 gene in New World primates (NWP), and tested their impact on the binding to monoclonal antibodies, natural ligands (MAdCAM and VCAM), and several gp120 HIV-1 envelope proteins. Genomic DNA of NWP specimens comprising all genera of the group had their exons 5 and 6 (encoding the region of binding to the ligands studied) analyzed. The polymorphisms found were introduced into an ITGA4 cDNA clone encoding the human α4 subunit. Mutant α4 proteins were co-expressed with β7 and were tested for binding of mAbs, MAdCAM, VCAM and gp120 of HIV-1, which was compared to the wild-type (human) α4. Mutant α4 proteins harboring the K201E/I/N substitution had reduced binding of all ligands tested, including HIV-1 gp120 envelopes. The mAbs found with reduced biding included one from which a clinically-approved drug for the treatment of neurological disorders has been derived. α4 polymorphisms in other primate species may influence outcomes in the development and treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases in humans and in non-human primates.
IL-10 Contributes to the Inhibition of Contact Hypersensitivity in Mice Treated with Photodynamic Therapy

We have explored the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin on the induction and expression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in normal mice and IL-10-deficient mice. Our results indicate that DNFB sensitized mice given PDT with verteporfin and whole body red light irradiation exhibited a significant reduction in CHS compared with control animals. Administration of rIL-12 reversed the effect(s) of PDT as did treatment of mice with anti-IL-10-neutralizing Ab. Knockout mice deficient in IL-10 were found to be resistant to the inhibitory effects of PDT. In vitro proliferative responses using spleen cells from DNFB-sensitized and PDT-treated mice showed a significantly lower response to DNBS as compared with cells from DNFB-sensitized mice or DNFB and PDT-treated IL-10-deficient mice. Finally, naive mice exposed to PDT exhibited an increase in skin IL-10 levels, which peaked between 72 and 120 h post-PDT. Together these data support the role of IL-10 as a key modulator in the inhibition of the CHS response by whole body PDT.