Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward a Definition of Mentoring

A mentor acts as a coach, much like in athletics, advising and teaching the political nuts and bolts, giving feedback, and rehearsing strategies. He or she provides you with exposure, visibility, and sponsorship, helping open doors to promotions and seeing that you get assignments that will get you noticed. And mentors take the blame for your mistakes, acting as protectors until you're established enough to shoulder criticism on your own. (p. 8)
Behavior simulation of “Chinese style road crossing” based on evolutionary game theory

This paper aims at studying the changes in the number of pedestrians who go across road in “Chinese ways” to discover the evolution laws and behavior influential factors. The model including pedestrians crossing behavior analysis without supervising are established, and the profit matrix is acquired by intercepting the scene of “Chinese style road crossing”. The influence of variety of decision-making parameters on evolution is discussed. The effect of variety of revenue and loss of ordinary pedestrian and adventure illegal pedestrian, and the effect of changing initial condition on the evolution results are shown by numerical simulation. It is found that “Chinese style road crossing” may not only evolve to good state, but also evolve to bad state, and forms “lock in” convergence state of behavior is dependent on relative payment of various tactics between ordinary pedestrian and adventure illegal pedestrian. Evolutionary routes for “Chinese style road crossing” can be optimized and guide the adventure illegal behavior making for the good direction.
Prediction, inference, and the homunculus

Prediction, like filling-in, is an example of pattern completion and both are likely to involve processes of statistical inference. Furthermore, there is no incompatibility between inference and neural filling-in, for the neural processes may be mediating the inferential processes. The usefulness of the “bridge locus” is defended, and it is also suggested that the interpersonal level needs to be included when considering subjective experience.
Towards a theory of socialization impact: Selection as pre-entry socialization.

A theory and model of the ‘socialization impact’ of selection methods is proposed. Developing and extending an earlier model proposed by Anderson and Ostroff (1997), this article proposes an empirically testable theory comprising four fundamental postulates and six corollary hypotheses. The fundamental postulates of socialization impact, varying degree of impact, individual differences between candidates, and sub-group differences between gender and racial/ethnic origin are put forward as essential cornerstones of this theoretical approach. Socialization impact is articulated across five constituent domains: information provision (IP), preference impact (PI), expectational impact (EI), attitudinal impact (AI), and behavioural impact (BI). Contrasting this theory against the predictivist paradigm which has dominated selection theory, research and practice over the last fifty years, this article sets out an alternative but complementary perspective capable of being tested through subsequent empirical research. The implications of conceiving of selection methods not as ‘neutral predictors’ but as ‘interventive affectors’ are discussed in conclusion.
Particle motion in weak relativistic gravitational fields

We derive the geodesic equation of motion in the presence of weak gravitational fields produced by relativistic sources such as cosmic strings, decomposed into scalar, vector and tensor parts. We find that the vector (gravito-magnetic) force is an important contributor, and for non-relativistic particles we recover the well-known result for the impulse from a moving straight string. Our results can be straightforwardly incorporated into N-body simulations to allow for the presence of cosmic defects or other sources of weak gravitational fields.
Using the telephone for narrative interviewing: a research note

Much social science research dictates that the most productive mode for producing narrative data is through face-to-face interviews, with other modes of data production assumed to be ‘second best’. This research note makes a unique contribution to this debate by reflecting on a research project which used telephones to produce participant narratives. It draws on data from both the researcher’s field notes and the participants themselves, who were asked after the narrative interview about their experiences of participating in a seemingly ‘strange’ research encounter. Furthermore, it describes the particular ideological, methodological and practical benefits that using telephones produced and reflects how such findings speak to Stephens’ (2007) recent work concerning telephone interviewing. This research note concludes that the use of telephones should be seriously considered as a preferred alternative to face-to-face interviews when considering how to conduct narrative interviews with particular groups of participants.
Mechanism of DI RNA formation in tombusviruses: dissecting the requirement for primer extension by the tombusvirus RNA dependent RNA polymerase in vitro.

Tombusviruses, which are positive-strand RNA viruses of plants, frequently generate defective interfering (DI) RNAs that consist of three to four noncontiguous segments of the parental RNA. Replicase jumping was postulated to cause multiple deletions leading to the de novo formation of DI RNAs in planta. This model was tested using a partially purified RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) preparation from tombusvirus-infected plants in vitro. The tombusvirus RdRp was capable of primer extension without the need for sequence complementarity between the primer and the acceptor template in vitro, although the most efficient primer extension was obtained with primers forming a 5-bp duplex with the acceptor region. Primers forming 14- to 20-bp duplexes with the acceptor region were used less efficiently by the tombusvirus RdRp in vitro. In addition, primers with 3' noncomplementary nucleotides were also extended by the tombusvirus RdRp, albeit with a reduced efficiency. The preference of the tombusvirus RdRp for short base-paired primers in vitro is consistent with the lack of extended sequence similarities at the junction sites in the de novo generated tombusvirus-associated DI RNAs. The in vitro experiments also revealed that the acceptor region plays a significant role in primer extension. Comparison of tombusvirus-derived, heterologous and artificial acceptor regions revealed that the conserved regions present in DI RNAs are the best acceptor regions when they are available in the minus-strand orientation. These data suggest that recombination/deletion events may be more frequent at some regions, rather than occurring randomly throughout the parental genome. In addition, these findings support a model that predicts a higher frequency of replicase jumping, i.e., recombination/deletion events, during plus-strand synthesis than during minus-strand synthesis.
LNFPIII/LeX-Stimulated Macrophages Activate Natural Killer Cells via CD40-CD40L Interaction

ABSTRACT Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII) is a human milk sugar containing the biologically active Lewis X (LeX) trisaccharide. LNFPIII/LeX is also expressed by immunosuppressive helminth parasites, by bacteria, and on a number of tumor/cancer cells. In this report, we first demonstrate that LNFPIII activates macrophages in vitro as indicated by upregulation of Gr-1 expression on F4/80+ cells. Further, we investigated the effect of LNFPIII-activated macrophages on NK cell activity. We found that LNFPIII-stimulated F4/80+ cells were able to activate NK cells, inducing upregulation of CD69 expression and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production. The experiments show that NK cell activation is macrophage dependent, since NK cells alone did not secrete IFN-γ in response to LNFPIII. Furthermore, we found that activation of NK cells by glycan-stimulated macrophages required cell-cell contact. As part of the cell-cell contact mechanism, we determined that CD40-CD40L interaction was critical for IFN-γ secretion by NK cells, as the addition of anti-CD40L antibodies to the coculture blocked IFN-γ production. We also demonstrated that LNFPIII-stimulated macrophages secrete prostaglandin E2, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) but a very low level of IL-12. Interestingly, addition of anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-10, or anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibodies did not significantly alter NK cell activity. Our data show that these soluble mediators are not critical for LNFPIII-stimulated macrophage activation of NK cells and provide further evidence for the importance of cell-cell contact and CD40-CD40L interactions between macrophages and NK cells.
Negative Interactions and Social Competence for Preschool Children in Two Samples: Reconsidering the Interpretation of Aggressive Behavior for Young Children

Two samples of preschool children (471 attending Head Start, 472 in a community sample) were observed with regard to their initiations of negative interactions. Scores for three dimensions of aggression viewed as salient by preschool teachers were also derived from observational data. Observation and sociometric assessments were used to characterize children's social competence. Normative declines in negative behavior and aggression scales were observed for some measures. Children attending Head Start programs tended to have higher scores for negative initiations and for one aggression scale, but these results are qualified by significant gender by sample interactions. Further analyses revealed coherence among the negative behavior and aggression variables; however, for the most part, aggression and negative behavior measures were positive predictors of social competence in both samples. We conclude that aggression and negative interactions per se need not be construed as evidence of low social competence for preschool children and that, to the extent that conflicts among preschoolers may be a source of social cognitive growth, such behaviors may have a positive impact on social development at these ages.
Syntax-semantics mappings as a source of difficulty in Japanese speakers' acquisition of the mass-count distinction in English

This paper investigates Japanese speakers' acquisition of the mass-count distinction in English. Learners judge whether two large objects/portions of stuff are more than six tiny objects/portions of stuff or vice versa. Results show that learners correctly base judgments on number for count nouns (judging that six small cups are more cups than two large cups) and object-mass nouns (e.g., furniture) and on volume for substance-mass nouns (judging that two large portions of mustard are more mustard than six tiny portions of it). For nouns that can be either mass or count in English (e.g., string(s)) or cross-linguistically (e.g., "spinach"), learners fail to shift judgments according to the mass-count syntax in which the words appear. Results suggest that Japanese learners have difficulty using mass-count syntactic cues to disambiguate the meanings and thus fail to acquire the mass-count distinction in English
Effect of the sampling sequence on the quality of Papanicolaou smear

The aim of the study was to determine whether the order of cell collection (ie, obtaining either endocervical first or ectocervical cells first) has an effect on the quality of the Papanicolaou smear. 1129 smears were obtained using an Ayre spatula and an endocervical brush. In 564 cases, the endocervical brush was used first, and in 565 cases, the spatula was used first. The number of smears obscured by blood, the smears without endocervical component, and the smears with poor fixation were compared between the two groups. More smears were partially obscured by blood when brush was used first (78, 13.8% compared with 48, 8.5%, P = 0.004). No endocervical component was found in seven (1.2%) smears from the brush-first group compared with five (0.9%) of the spatula-first group, which is an insignificant difference. There were no significant differences in the number of poor-fixated smears, too-thick smears, and satisfactory smears but limited by inflammation between the two methods. The quality of the Papanicolaou smear can be improved by using the Ayre spatula first followed by the endocervical brush. Fewer smears will be contaminated by blood which may result in more squamous intraepithelial lesions being detected.
A survey of plethysmographic assessment in North America

A survey of North American plethysmographic assessment centers was undertaken to examine the extent to which variability exists among them. Results clearly revealed a field in which there is abundant inconsistency in both plethysmographic assessment procedures and data interpretation. A critical need for standardization was identified if plethysmographic assessment is to develop further its potential to assist in the clinical assessment and treatment of sex offenders.
Subcutaneous Mastectomy With Conservation of the Nipple-Areola Skin: Broadening the Indications

Background:Numerous authors take multiple predictive factors into account to decide whether or not the nipple-areola complex (NAC) can be conserved during mastectomy. These factors include the tumor-nipple distance, tumor size, axillary lymph node status, and lymphovascular invasion. Thus only a very limited percentage of patients can keep their NAC. If the breast gland tissue and all milk ducts can be separated completely from the nipple-areola skin (NA-skin) during subcutaneous mastectomy (SCM), conservation of the NA-skin is feasible even in the case of large, central, and retroareolar tumors. Patients and Methods:From July 2003 to May 2006, we performed 109 SCMs on 96 patients. Total mastectomy was indicated in 94 of these breasts, in 16 because of extensive ductal carcinoma in situ, and 78 breasts with invasive carcinoma required additional axillary dissection resulting in indication for modified radical mastectomy. At least 33 of the breasts had malignancy underneath the skin within the areolar margin (centrally located tumors). After dissection of all the breast tissue, the skin envelope with the areola is turned inside out and all milk ducts and any tissue beneath the areola are precisely dissected under the surgeon’s visual control. Frozen sections and HE histopathologic examination of this retroareolar tissue next to the skin are requested to decide whether the NA-skin can be preserved or not. This study was registered on the www.clinicaltrials. com website and has the following identification number ID: NCT00641628. Results:We found it necessary to dissect the NA-skin in 13 of 109 breasts (12%), altering the procedure to a skin sparing mastectomy. Necrosis of the NA-skin requiring surgical intervention occurred in only 1 of the conserved 96 breasts. After follow-up of 20 to 54 months (median: 34 months), no recurrence within the nipple-areola region was observed. One local recurrence on the chest wall and 1 axillary recurrence were detected. Of 96 patients, 2 developed distant metastases. One death was recorded. Occasionally, partial necrosis of the nipple occurred, with residual depigmentation of the skin but a good or excellent cosmetic result was maintained in most cases. Conclusion:SCM with NAC-skin conservation may be performed according to total mastectomy indications if an intraoperative frozen section (and the corresponding HE histopathology) of the tissue next to the nipple-areola skin is free of tumor. The remaining contraindications for SCM are: extensive tumor involvement of the skin, inflammatory breast cancer, and a clinically suspicious nipple.
The prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis and undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome in the clinic: a study of 1141 patients.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prognosis of undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome in the clinic compared with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We identified consecutive patients seen within the first 2 years of disease (and further subset into 6-month groups) diagnosed as having either RA or undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome at the first clinic visit. Undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome was characterized by clinical presentation, laboratory data, and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1958 and 1987 RA criteria. Followup evaluations were done to determine change in diagnosis, resolution of symptoms, and clinical remission of RA. RESULTS Undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome was more common in the clinic than RA (638 vs 503). Of patients with RA 7.6% were symptom free an average of 6.9 years after the first clinic visit. For those with disease onset between 0-6 months and 0-2 years, complete resolution of undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome occurred in 57.9 and 53.9% of cases, including 46.1 and 35.6% meeting ACR 1987 criteria for RA. Latex positivity was the strongest predictor of failure to resolve subsequently (25.0 and 29.2% resolution) and the best predictor of development of RA (41.7 and 43.1%). CONCLUSIONS Nonrheumatoid undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome is more common in the clinic than RA. Undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome resolves in more than half the cases, while RA remits in 7.6%. Finally, resolution of RA criteria positive undifferentiated polyarthritis syndrome occurs predominantly in those who are seronegative.
Strategy of Transcription Regulation in the Budding Yeast

Cells must adjust their gene expression in order to compete in a constantly changing environment. Two alternative strategies could in principle ensure optimal coordination of gene expression with physiological requirements. First, characters of the internal physiological state, such as growth rate, metabolite levels, or energy availability, could be feedback to tune gene expression. Second, internal needs could be inferred from the external environment, using evolutionary-tuned signaling pathways. Coordination of ribosomal biogenesis with the requirement for protein synthesis is of particular importance, since cells devote a large fraction of their biosynthetic capacity for ribosomal biogenesis. To define the relative contribution of internal vs. external sensing to the regulation of ribosomal biogenesis gene expression in yeast, we subjected S. cerevisiae cells to conditions which decoupled the actual vs. environmentally-expected growth rate. Gene expression followed the environmental signal according to the expected, but not the actual, growth rate. Simultaneous monitoring of gene expression and growth rate in continuous cultures further confirmed that ribosome biogenesis genes responded rapidly to changes in the environments but were oblivious to longer-term changes in growth rate. Our results suggest that the capacity to anticipate and prepare for environmentally-mediated changes in cell growth presented a major selection force during yeast evolution.
Comparing the Lifestyles of Victims, Offenders, and Victim-Offenders: A Routine Activity Theory Assessment of Similarities and Differences for Criminal Incident Participants

Abstract Drawing on routine activity theory, this paper examines a sample of college students involved in criminal assault to assess whether victims, offenders, and those who are both victims and offenders show similarities on demographic, social activity, neighborhood, exposure, illegal activities, and alcohol and drug use variables. This research tests previous claims that criminal victims and offenders have numerous shared characteristics and behaviors. For all three groups a wide range of sophisticated measures of lifestyle are used to predict the likelihood of involvement in criminal incidents of assault. Victimization risks are primarily explained by indicators of individuals' exposure to offenders. Likelihood of offending is most usefully explained by demographics and participation in other illegal behaviors. Being both a victim and offender of assault is explained by a more complex set of indicators, encompassing a wide range of factors. Based on these results it appears that, for the crime of assault, victims, offenders, and victim-offenders are three distinct groups, identifiable by varying lifestyle measures. Results provide moderate support for routine activity theory and strongly support the need for refined measures of lifestyle when assessing criminal incident involvement.
Children's Understanding of Second-Order False Belief: Comparisons of Content and Method of Assessment.

This research examined children's performance on second-order false belief tasks as a function of the content area for the belief and the method of assessing understanding. A total of 70 kindergarten and first-grade children responded to four second-order stories. On two stories, the task was to judge a belief about a belief, and on two, the task was to judge a belief about an emotion. On one trial within each group, the task was to predict the target's belief, and on one trial, the task was to explain the belief. Older children outperformed younger children on the prediction measure. Differences as a function of content area and method of assessment were limited; when they did occur, performance was generally better with belief than with emotion as the target, and better with prediction than with explanation as the response criterion. Finally, there was no relation between number of siblings and performance.
What Is Radical Historicism?

This article responds to Stephen Turner’s discussion of my article, “Historicism and Critique. ” I emphasize that radical historicism consists of substantive philosophical commitments. One commitment is to a historicized epistemology that presents objective knowledge as a product of a comparison between rival webs of belief. Another commitment is to a historical ontology that presents aggregate concepts in the social sciences as inherently pragmatic. These substantive commitments provide a plausible basis for various forms of critique. They lead to analyses of genealogical and ideological critique that differ from appeals to genealogy as a kind of groundless skepticism toward, and problematization of, all substantive commitments.
Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied

In 2006, the Finnish Ministry of Education mandated our research group to develop an antibullying program for comprehensive schools. The new program, KiVa, includes both universal and indicated actions to reduce bullying. The present study reports the effects of KiVa on nine different forms of being bullied in a sample of 5,651 fourth to sixth graders from 78 schools (39 intervention, 39 control). The findings showed positive effects on each form of being bullied assessed. After 9 months of intervention, control school students were 1.32— 1.94 times as likely to be bullied as students in intervention schools. A well-designed, research-based program can thus reduce multiple forms of being bullied, and there might be no need to develop specific programs for different forms of bullying.