Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost-Sensitive Multi-Label Learning for Audio Tag Annotation and Retrieval

Audio tags correspond to keywords that people use to describe different aspects of a music clip. With the explosive growth of digital music available on the Web, automatic audio tagging, which can be used to annotate unknown music or retrieve desirable music, is becoming increasingly important. This can be achieved by training a binary classifier for each tag based on the labeled music data. Our method that won the MIREX 2009 audio tagging competition is one of this kind of methods. However, since social tags are usually assigned by people with different levels of musical knowledge, they inevitably contain noisy information. By treating the tag counts as costs, we can model the audio tagging problem as a cost-sensitive classification problem. In addition, tag correlation information is useful for automatic audio tagging since some tags often co-occur. By considering the co-occurrences of tags, we can model the audio tagging problem as a multi-label classification problem. To exploit the tag count and correlation information jointly, we formulate the audio tagging task as a novel cost-sensitive multi-label (CSML) learning problem and propose two solutions to solve it. The experimental results demonstrate that the new approach outperforms our MIREX 2009 winning method.
Evaluation of the Athens-Canadian randombred population. 1. Time trends at two locations.

Abstract THE importance of control populations for separating genetic and environmental effects has been well documented (Dickerson, 1955; Gowe and Johnson, 1956; King et al., 1959; Goodwin et al., 1960). Although considerable information is available regarding egg-type control populations (King, 1961; King et al., 1963; Clayton and Robertson, 1966; Kinney et al., 1968), only limited data are available for meat-type controls (Jaap et al., 1962; Merritt and Gowe, 1962; Merritt, 1966, 1968). Hess (1962) described the development and maintenance of the Athens Canadian (A.C.) randombred meat-type population of chickens. Since this population is widely used it would be valuable to have information on production characteristics and possible time trends of various quantitative traits. Since time trends in control populations can be influenced by genetic (natural selection, genetic drift, inbreeding) and directional environmental changes, evaluation of these trends may not provide a critical measure of the reliability of these populations. Nevertheless, evaluation…
A combined model for scan path in pedestrian searching

Target searching, i.e. fast locating target objects in images or videos, has attracted much attention in computer vision. A comprehensive understanding of factors influencing human visual searching is essential to design target searching algorithms for computer vision systems. In this paper, we propose a combined model to generate scan paths for computer vision to follow to search targets in images. The model explores and integrates three factors influencing human vision searching, top-down target information, spatial context and bottom-up visual saliency, respectively. The effectiveness of the combined model is evaluated by comparing the generated scan paths with human vision fixation sequences to locate targets in the same images. The evaluation strategy is also used to learn the optimal weighting coefficients of the factors through linear search. In the meanwhile, the performances of every single one of the factors and their arbitrary combinations are examined. Through plenty of experiments, we prove that the top-down target information is the most important factor influencing the accuracy of target searching. The effects from the bottom-up visual saliency are limited. Any combinations of the three factors have better performances than each single component factor. The scan paths obtained by the proposed model are optimal, since they are most similar to the human vision fixation sequences.
Epigenetic silencing of endothelin-3 in colorectal cancer

Endothelins are expressed in a variety of human tissue and are involved in the processes as proliferation, migration and differentiation. The signal transduction pathway is a result of the endothelin-1-3 (ET1-3) binding to their receptors (ETAR, ETBR). ET-3 is a new candidate tumour suppressor gene, which is often downregulated or silenced in human cancer. The aim of the study was to examine DNA methylation of ET-3 genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue samples in relation to the clinical stage (CS) of cancer. The paper is a continuation of our previously published results, which showed a four-fold transcriptional silencing of the ET-3 gene in the samples of colorectal cancer in comparison to normal tissues. A total of 66 paired CRC and normal (surgical margin) tissue samples were used in the study. The tumour tissues were collected from CRC patients in CS I–IV according the 7th edition of UICC TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (CS I, n = 8; CS II, n = 20; CS III, n = 27; CS IV, n = 11). Assessment of epigenetic silencing of the ET-3 encoding gene was performed in three steps. The silencing of the ET-3 encoding gene was a result from methylation of the promoter sequence using methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR). Analyses were performed using primers complementary for a CpG island in the first exon of the gene encoding ET-3. An epigenetic silence through methylation of 7.5% (5/66) in comparison to control was observed, including 10% of CS II (2/20), 7% of CS III (2/27) and 9% of CS IV (1/11). The controls and the samples of tumour in CS I showed no epigenetic silencing via methylation. In conclusion, epigenetic silencing of ET-3 in CRC could play a role in the progression than in the induction process. EDN3 would be a future target for epigenetic therapy in colorectal cancer, but further clinical studies are needed.
Immune responses and resistance to Eimeria acervulina of chickens divergently selected for antibody responses to sheep red blood cells.

Resistance to Eimeria acervulina was measured in two lines of chickens that had been divergently selected for high (H line) or low (L line) antibody (Ab) responses to SRBC, and in a randombred control (C) line originating from the same parental stock. Fecal oocyst output of cocks from the three lines from the 17th generation was estimated after primary and secondary infection with 2 x 10(5) oocysts. In addition, Ab responses to E. acervulina oocyst antigen and cellular immune responses in vitro to E. acervulina antigen were measured after primary and secondary infection with E. acervulina. No significant line differences were found with respect to fecal oocyst output after primary infection. Only at the end of the primary infection period, i.e., Day 15 postprimary infection, was a significantly lower fecal oocyst output found in the H line as compared to the C and L lines. After secondary infection, significantly higher fecal oocyst output was found in the C line. Significantly higher Ab response after primary and secondary infection were found in the H and C lines as compared to the L line. No line differences were found for cellular immune responses to E. acervulina oocyst antigen. These observations imply that selection for enhanced humoral immunity to SRBC did not result in enhanced resistance to E. acervulina in terms of fecal oocyst output. However, the H line might expel E. acervulina more rapidly than the other two lines. The absence of line differences in resistance to Eimeria is discussed with respect to the role of the humoral immune response.
Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction

We present a minimal model for the global carbon cycle of the Earth containing the reservoirs mantle, ocean ﬂoor, continental crust, biosphere, and the kerogen, as well as the aggregated reservoir ocean and atmosphere. The model is speciﬁed by in-troducing three di ﬀ erent types of biosphere: procaryotes, eucaryotes, and complex 5 multicellular life. We ﬁnd that from the Archaean to the future a procaryotic biosphere always exists. 2 Gyr ago eucaryotic life ﬁrst appears. The emergence of complex multicellular life is connected with an explosive increase in biomass and a strong decrease in Cambrian global surface temperature at about 0.54 Gyr ago. In the long-term future the three types of biosphere will die out in reverse sequence of their appearance. We 10 show that there is no evidence for an implosion-like extinction in contrast to the Cambrian explosion. The ultimate life span of the biosphere is deﬁned by the extinction of procaryotes in about 1.6 Gyr.
Basal metabolic rate in growing chicks Gallus domesticus.

Basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.) of broilers and Leghorns was measured to assess whether a fundamental change in B.M. R. has occurred in the two types of fowl. A Haldane respirometer was used to quantitate gaseous exchange over variable periods of time. Data were converted to kcal. , and covariance analysis was used as a statistical control of the influence of body weight on B.M. R. Measurements were obtained from hatch to 8 weeks of age in both types of poultry. Broilers were found to have a significantly lower B.M. R. from hatch to 500 g. body weight. Above 500 g. body weight, the B.M. R. of the broilers was not found different from Leghorns. After logarithmic transformation, B.M. R. data were regressed on body weight to compute the exponent b for metabolic equations of the form M = aWb where M = metabolic rate, Wb = metabolically effective body weight, a = a constant of proportionality. The b exponent for growing chicks, 40 to 500 g. body weight, was found to be unity (r = 0.98) for both broilers and Leghorns. For growing chicks up to 500 g. , it is recommended that a b of 1.0 be used in place of 0.75 for estimating the metabolic rate of chicks.
Deep Learning and Music Adversaries

An adversary is an agent designed to make a classification system perform in some particular way, e.g., increase the probability of a false negative. Recent work builds adversaries for deep learning systems applied to image object recognition, exploiting the parameters of the system to find the minimal perturbation of the input image such that the system misclassifies it with high confidence. We adapt this approach to construct and deploy an adversary of deep learning systems applied to music content analysis. In our case, however, the system inputs are magnitude spectral frames, which require special care in order to produce valid input audio signals from network- derived perturbations . For two different train-test partitionings of two benchmark datasets, and two different architectures , we find that this adversary is very effective. We find that convolutional architectures are more robust compared to systems based on a majority vote over individually classified audio frames. Furthermore , we experiment with a new system that integrates an adversary into the training loop, but do not find that this improves the resilience of the system to new adversaries.
Cloud Computing Service: The Caseof Large Matrix Determinant Computation

Cloud computing paradigm provides an alternative and economical service for resource-constrained clients to perform large-scale data computation. Since large matrix determinant computation (DC) is ubiquitous in the fields of science and engineering, a first step is taken in this paper to design a protocol that enables clients to securely, verifiably, and efficiently outsource DC to a malicious cloud. The main idea to protect the privacy is employing some transformations on the original matrix to get an encrypted matrix which is sent to the cloud; and then transforming the result returned from the cloud to get the correct determinant of the original matrix. Afterwards, a randomized Monte Carlo verification algorithm with one-sided error is introduced, whose superiority in designing inexpensive result verification algorithm for secure outsourcing is well demonstrated. In addition, it is analytically shown that the proposed protocol simultaneously fulfills the goals of correctness, security, robust cheating resistance, and high-efficiency. Extensive theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation also show its high-efficiency and immediate practicability. It is hoped that the proposed protocol can shed light in designing other novel secure outsourcing protocols, and inspire powerful companies and working groups to finish the programming of the demanded all-inclusive scientific computations outsourcing software system. It is believed that such software system can be profitable by means of providing large-scale scientific computation services for so many potential clients.
STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH MANUFACTURED SAND AS REPLACEMENT TO NATURAL SAND

In the present investigation workability, strength and durability of concrete with manufactured sand as replacement to natural sand in proportions of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% is studied. The experiments were conducted on M20 and M30 concrete grade with 450 specimens. Slump cone, compaction factor and vee-bee time tests were conducted to determine workability. Results showed that as replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand is increased, there is a decrease in the workability. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted to determine strength of concrete. The 60% replacement showed an increase in strength of about 20% and other replacements to an order of minimum 0.93% in both the grades. The durability study is conducted by treating specimens for 30 days with 5% concentrated Hydro Chloric Acid and the concrete mix with 60% replacement has given good durable properties.
Peanut sensitisation and allergy: influence of early life exposure to peanuts

The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate the influence of early life exposure (maternal and childhood) to peanuts and the subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts during childhood. Studies were identified using electronic databases and bibliography searches. Studies that assessed the impact of non-avoidance compared with avoidance or reduced quantities of peanuts or peanut products on either sensitisation or allergy to peanuts, or both outcomes, were eligible. Six human studies were identified: two randomised controlled trials, two case–control studies and two cross-sectional studies. In addition, published animal and mechanistic studies, relevant to the question of whether early life exposure to peanuts affects the subsequent development of peanut sensitisation, were reviewed narratively. Overall, the evidence reviewed was heterogeneous, and was limited in quality, for example, through lack of adjustment for potentially confounding factors. The nature of the evidence has therefore hindered the development of definitive conclusions. The systematic review of human studies and narrative expert-led reviews of animal studies do not provide clear evidence to suggest that either maternal exposure, or early or delayed introduction of peanuts in the diets of children, has an impact upon subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts. Results from some animal studies (and limited evidence from human subjects) suggest that the dose of peanuts is an important mediator of peanut sensitisation and tolerance; low doses tend to lead to sensitisation and higher doses tend to lead to tolerance.
DYNAMIC RHEOLOGY FOR MULTI-COMPONENT POLYMER BLENDS

The dynamic rheology research has unique advantages in the determination of polymer viscoelastic properties. It is an effective method for the investigation of the morphology-structure relationship for multi-component polymer blends. The theories and applications to multi-component polymer blends of the dynamic rheology were involved in this paper. The dynamic rheological behaviors of polymer blends according to the dynamic rheology theories, and the application of the dynamic rheology to the blends′ viscoelastic behavior have been analyzed. Especially, the influence of phase-separation, morphology and molecule weight distribution, etc. on the dynamic rheological behaviors of the multi-component was described in detail.
Pressure-induced structural change in MgSiO3 glass at pressures near the Earth’s core–mantle boundary

Significance Knowledge of the structure of MgSiO3 melt at pressures near the Earth’s core–mantle boundary is important in understanding geochemical and geophysical processes at the region. However, there is no structural determination under such ultrahigh pressures. A double-stage Paris–Edinburgh press combined with multiangle energy dispersive X-ray diffraction enabled in situ structure measurements on MgSiO3 glass up to 111 GPa. We report direct experimental evidence of a structural change in this glass at pressures greater than 88 GPa, which is shallower than the pressure of the Earth’s core–mantle boundary. Considering similarities in pressure-induced structural changes between silicate melts and glasses, a similar ultrahigh-pressure structural change may occur in MgSiO3 melts in the deep lower mantle. Knowledge of the structure and properties of silicate magma under extreme pressure plays an important role in understanding the nature and evolution of Earth’s deep interior. Here we report the structure of MgSiO3 glass, considered an analog of silicate melts, up to 111 GPa. The first (r1) and second (r2) neighbor distances in the pair distribution function change rapidly, with r1 increasing and r2 decreasing with pressure. At 53–62 GPa, the observed r1 and r2 distances are similar to the Si-O and Si-Si distances, respectively, of crystalline MgSiO3 akimotoite with edge-sharing SiO6 structural motifs. Above 62 GPa, r1 decreases, and r2 remains constant, with increasing pressure until 88 GPa. Above this pressure, r1 remains more or less constant, and r2 begins decreasing again. These observations suggest an ultrahigh-pressure structural change around 88 GPa. The structure above 88 GPa is interpreted as having the closest edge-shared SiO6 structural motifs similar to those of the crystalline postperovskite, with densely packed oxygen atoms. The pressure of the structural change is broadly consistent with or slightly lower than that of the bridgmanite-to-postperovskite transition in crystalline MgSiO3. These results suggest that a structural change may occur in MgSiO3 melt under pressure conditions corresponding to the deep lower mantle.
Gross abnormalities in chicks fed amino acid deficient diets.

Abstract EXPERIMENTS are being conducted at this station to determine by chick tests which amino acids are most limiting in the protein of certain feedstuffs used in commercial poultry rations. In our recent tests, a commercial feedstuff was used to provide 14 percent protein in the semi-purified rations fed. The feedstuff was supplemented with an amino acid mixture that gave an 18 percent protein basic ration with a balanced mixture of the essential amino acids. The amino acid mixture provided a greater fraction of the chick’s requirement for a given amino acid when the feedstuff being studied was relatively more deficient in that amino acid. Each essential amino acid in the basic ration’s amino acid mixture was removed in turn to produce the other rations fed. Chick growth rate was decreased most by removal of the amino acids most deficient in the feedstuff being studied. Abnormal feather development was noted when …
Genetic Aspects of Respiratory Allergy

from 14 cytokines using bead array xMAP TM technology from Luminex TM . The HLA genomic typing to class I ( locus A and B) and class II ( locus DR) were obtained from peripheral blood samples. The study of cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s) were also performed in the promoter region of IL-1 (α,β,R,RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TGF-β and TNF-α.
Increased erythrocyte fragility with hydrogen peroxide in vitamin E-deficient chickens.

Abstract INTRODUCTION IN THE course of studying vitamin E deficiency induced in chicks it became apparent that the lack of detailed information about the pathogenesis of the disorder inhibits the development of precise methods of treatment and control of the condition, impairs the understanding of the metabolic role of vitamin E, and precludes the utilization of the disease in chicks as a convenient experimental model for elucidating certain pathobiologic phenomena. An increased susceptibility to lysis in non-physiologic solutions of red blood cells from mammals with subclinical vitamin E deficiency has been well substantiated in reports by Gyorgy (1949), and Horwitt et al. (1956), and others; however, the in vitro lytic susceptibility of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient chicks has been incompletely studied (Christensen et al., 1955). Since substantial differences exist among various vertebrate species with regard to other manifestations of avitaminosis E, a study was made of hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis of red cells.
Use of existing patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments and their modification: the ISPOR Good Research Practices for Evaluating and Documenting Content Validity for the Use of Existing Instruments and Their Modification PRO Task Force Report.

BACKGROUND Patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments are used to evaluate the effect of medical products on how patients feel or function. This article presents the results of an ISPOR task force convened to address good clinical research practices for the use of existing or modified PRO instruments to support medical product labeling claims. The focus of the article is on content validity, with specific reference to existing or modified PRO instruments, because of the importance of content validity in selecting or modifying an existing PRO instrument and the lack of consensus in the research community regarding best practices for establishing and documenting this measurement property. METHODS Topics addressed in the article include: definition and general description of content validity; PRO concept identification as the important first step in establishing content validity; instrument identification and the initial review process; key issues in qualitative methodology; and potential threats to content validity, with three case examples used to illustrate types of threats and how they might be resolved. A table of steps used to identify and evaluate an existing PRO instrument is provided, and figures are used to illustrate the meaning of content validity in relationship to instrument development and evaluation. RESULTS & RECOMMENDATIONS: Four important threats to content validity are identified: unclear conceptual match between the PRO instrument and the intended claim, lack of direct patient input into PRO item content from the target population in which the claim is desired, no evidence that the most relevant and important item content is contained in the instrument, and lack of documentation to support modifications to the PRO instrument. In some cases, careful review of the threats to content validity in a specific application may be reduced through additional well documented qualitative studies that specifically address the issue of concern. CONCLUSION Published evidence of the content validity of a PRO instrument for an intended application is often limited. Such evidence is, however, important to evaluating the adequacy of a PRO instrument for the intended application. This article provides an overview of key issues involved in assessing and documenting content validity as it relates to using existing instruments in the drug approval process.