Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Choice A quantitative study on the ultimate impact of default delivery options on customer choice satisfaction

The dramatic rise of e-commerce has put pressure on online retailers to reduce the CO2 emissions of their increasing last-mile deliveries. One strategy retailers might apply in this context is the use of green defaults to push the customer’s choice of delivery mode in a more sustainable direction. While the effectiveness of default policies has been proven, no previous research has looked at reactions beyond the customer’s behavior. The purpose of this thesis was thus to examine if a default meant to alter customer choice also has an effect on customer choice satisfaction. An experimental scenario-based role-playing design was used in which participants were randomly allocated to one of four choice situations in an online checkout context. Two variables were manipulated: the default delivery option was either green or non-green, and the participant was either made aware of his or her conflicting motives in the situation or not. The study showed that defaults indeed alter customer choice of delivery mode in a predictable manner. That choice, in turn, has an impact on choice satisfaction: customers who choose a green delivery mode are more satisfied with their choice than those who choose a non-green delivery mode. This relationship was shown to be partly moderated by the customer’s awareness of his or her conflicting situational motives. Whether the choice of delivery mode was made actively (i.e., to opt out a default) or inactively (i.e., to stick to a default), however, did not affect the customer’s choice satisfaction. This thesis thus offers an extension of the research on choice architecture by examining the impact of default rules beyond the choice of compliance or defiance. The findings suggest that retailers are free to use the default delivery option of their choice. However, if that default option is green, more customers are likely to choose it, and by choosing a green delivery mode, they are also more satisfied with their choice. Thus, defaults are not only an efficient tool to help reduce the CO2 emissions of the last mile but ultimately also a way to increase customer satisfaction.
Carrier-envelope phase effects in graphene

We numerically study the interaction of a terahertz pulse with monolayer graphene. We observe that the electron momentum density is affected by the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of the single- to few-cycle terahertz laser pulse that induces the electron dynamics. In particular, we see strong asymmetric electron momentum distributions for non-zero values of the CEP. We explain the origin of the asymmetry within the adiabatic-impulse model by finding conditions to reach minimal adiabatic gap between the valence band and the conduction band. We discuss how these conditions and the interference pattern, emanating from successive non-adiabatic transitions at this minimal gap, affect the electron momentum density and how they are modified by the CEP. This opens the door to control fundamental time-dependent electron dynamics in the tunneling regime in Dirac materials. Also, this control suggests a way to measure the CEP of a terahertz laser pulse when it interacts with condensed matter systems.
Unified Maximally Natural Supersymmetry

Maximally Natural Supersymmetry, an unusual weak-scale supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model based upon the inherently higher-dimensional mechanism of Scherk-Schwarz supersymmetry breaking (SSSB), possesses remarkably good fine tuning given present LHC limits. Here we construct a version with precision $SU(2)_{\rm L} \times U(1)_{\rm Y} $ unification: $\sin^2 \theta_W(M_Z) \simeq 0.231$ is predicted to $\pm 2\%$ by unifying $SU(2)_{\rm L} \times U(1)_{\rm Y} $ into a 5D $SU(3)_{\rm EW}$ theory at a Kaluza-Klein scale of $1/R_5 \sim 4.4\,{\rm TeV}$, where SSSB is simultaneously realised. Full unification with $SU(3)_{\rm C}$ is accommodated by extending the 5D theory to a $N=4$ supersymmetric $SU(6)$ gauge theory on a 6D rectangular orbifold at $1/R_6 \sim 40 \,{\rm TeV}$. TeV-scale states beyond the SM include exotic charged fermions implied by $SU(3)_{\rm EW}$ with masses lighter than $\sim 1.2\,{\rm TeV}$, and squarks in the mass range $1.4\,{\rm TeV} - 2.3\,{\rm TeV}$, providing distinct signatures and discovery opportunities for LHC run II.
Climate Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide and the Moist Greenhouse Threshold of Earth-like Planets under an Increasing Solar Forcing

Carbon dioxide is one of the major contributors to the radiative forcing, increasing both the temperature and the humidity of Earth’s atmosphere. If the stellar irradiance increases and water becomes abundant in the stratosphere of an Earth-like planet, it will be dissociated and the resultant hydrogen will escape from the atmosphere. This state is called the moist greenhouse threshold (MGT). Using a global climate model (GCM) of intermediate complexity, we explore how to identify this state for different CO2 concentrations and including the radiative effect of atmospheric ozone for the first time. We show that the MGT correlates with the inflection point in the water vapor mixing ratio in the stratosphere and a peak in the climate sensitivity. For CO2 concentrations between 560 and 200 ppm, the MGT is reached at a surface temperature of 320 K. Despite the higher simplicity of our model, our results are consistent with similar simulations without ozone by complex GCMs, suggesting that they are robust indicators of the MGT. We discuss the implications for the inner edge of the habitable zone as well as the water loss timescales for Earth analog planets.
Dominant role of the shear strain induced admixture in spin-flip processes in self-assembled quantum dots

We study theoretically the spin-flip relaxation processes for a single electron in a self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dot, using an 8-band kp theory in the envelope function approximation. We show that the dominating channel of spin relaxation is spin admixture induced by symmetry-breaking shear strain, which can be mapped onto two effective spin-phonon terms in a conduction band (effective mass) Hamiltonian that have a similar structure and interfere constructively. Unlike the Dresselhaus coupling that dominates spin relaxation in larger, unstrained dots, the shear strain contribution cannot be modeled by a unique standard term in the Hamiltonian but rather relies on the actual strain distribution in the quantum dot.
Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations

Context. The stellar evolution theory of massive stars remains uncalibrated with high-precision photometric observational data mainly due to a small number of luminous stars that are monitored from space. Automated all-sky surveys have revealed numerous variable stars but most of the luminous stars are often overexposed. Targeted campaigns can improve the time base of photometric data for those objects. Aims. The aim of this investigation is to study the variability of luminous stars at different timescales in young open clusters and OB associations. Methods. We monitored 22 open clusters and associations from 2011 to 2013 using a 0.25-m telescope. Variable stars were detected by comparing the overall light-curve scatter with measurement uncertainties. Variability was analysed by the light curve feature extraction tool FATS. Periods of pulsating stars were determined using the discrete Fourier transform code SigSpec. We then classified the variable stars based on their pulsation periods and available spectral information. Results. We obtained light curves for more than 20 000 sources of which 354 were found to be variable. Amongst them we find 80 eclipsing binaries, 31 α Cyg, 13 β Cep, 62 Be, 16 slowly pulsating B, 7 Cepheid, 1 γ Doradus, 3 Wolf-Rayet and 63 late-type variable stars. Up to 55% of these stars are potential new discoveries as they are not present in the Variable Star Index (VSX) database. We find the cluster membership fraction for variable stars to be 13% with an upper limit of 35%.
On the K-Means Clustering Model for Performance Enhancement of Port State Control

Nowadays, the concept of port state control is viewed as a safety net to safeguard maritime security, protect the marine environment, and ensure decent working and living circumstances for seafarers on board to a large extent. The ship can be detained for further checking if significant deficiencies are discovered during a port state control inspection. There is much research on this topic, but there have been few studies on the relationship between ship deficiencies and ship detention decisions using unsupervised machine learning artificial intelligence techniques. Although the previous methods or models are feasible for ship detention decisions, they all have shortcomings to some extent, such as large training model errors caused by the imbalance of class labels in the dataset and the fact that the training model cannot comprehensively consider all factors influencing ship detention decision due to the complexity and diversity of the problem. Unsupervised algorithms do not need to label all data in advance, and we can incorporate some fields related to port state control inspection data that can be collected into the model to allow the computer to automatically classify the ships at different risk levels according to relative criteria, e.g., the Tokyo memorandum of understanding, which may result in more objective results, thus eliminating the influence of subjective domain knowledge. It may also have more comprehensive coverage and more information on port state control inspection and decision models. Therefore, this research explores and develops an unsupervised algorithm based on k-means to improve port state control inspection decision-making models using the six-years inspection data from the Tokyo memorandum of understanding. The results show that the accuracy rate is around 50%.
L2 Academic Discourse Socialization in a US Chinese Language Flagship Program

Focusing on a group of learners enrolled in a master’s Chinese Language Flagship program at a Mid-western university in the US, the current study attempts to reveal the academic discourse practices promoted in the Flagship program and uncover the multiple levels of practices instructors do to socialize the students to become competent members of the target academic community. Informed by the theoretical framework of language socialization (Schieffelin & Ochs, 1986), this study adopts an ethnographic design to collect audio and video recordings of class interactions in two graduate seminars, semi-structured interviews with students and instructors, and participant observation field notes. The analysis reveals two important practices, academic oral presentation, and Sòng or group recitation of Classical Chinese phrases , as loci and resources for students’ discourse socialization. While the two courses share a similar instructional sequential structure that entails pre-class scaffolding , performance elicitation , and feedback , they are enacted in different ways and for different purposes. On a micro-level, teachers often initiate shifts between content-focused and language-focused activities to fulfill the program’s goal to promote language and domain proficiency development. The findings suggest that L2 academic discourse socialization is a complex and contextualized process that involves moment-to-moment, dual-or multi-level negotiation of expertise.
The Impact of Body Weight Changes versus Exercise Capacity Changes on Health-Related Factors following a Lifestyle Intervention in Employees with Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Lifestyle changes are a cornerstone in the treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, evidence as to which components of the MetS and associated aspects of quality of life are driven by weight loss or improvements in exercise capacity are scarce. Methods: Company employees (n = 302, 48.2 ± 8.2 years, BMI 33.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2) with diagnosed MetS were evaluated after a 6-month telemonitoring-supported intervention (counselling in nutrition and physical activity) or wait-list control (delayed start of the same intervention). Results: Exercise capacity, body mass index (BMI), and MetS severity were improved after the intervention. Multivariable regression models revealed that changes in BMI were associated with changes in three components of MetS (waist circumference, triglycerides, blood glucose), whereas changes in exercise capacity only were associated to one MetS component change (systolic blood pressure) but also improvements in anxiety severity, aspects of quality of life, and work ability. Conclusions: Both physical activity promotion and diet should be part of a holistic treatment of patients with MetS. However, our data suggest that dietary-induced weight loss might be more successful when aiming at improving MetS risk factors, whereas focusing more on physical activity promotion might be preferred when targeting aspects in quality of life and mental health.
Enhanced pup retrieval behaviour in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy to affect women of reproductive‐age world‐wide. Hyperandrogenism is both a hallmark feature of PCOS, and is hypothesised to be an underlying mechanism driving the development of the condition in utero. With circulating hormones known to profoundly influence maternal responses in females, we aimed to determine whether maternal behaviour is altered in a well‐described prenatally androgenised (PNA) mouse model of PCOS. Mouse dams were administered with dihydrotestosterone or vehicle on days 16, 17 and 18 of pregnancy. Maternal responses were assessed in both the dihydrotestosterone‐injected dams following parturition and in their adult female PNA offspring. Exposure of dams to excess androgens during late pregnancy had no detrimental effects on pregnancy outcomes, including gestation length, pup survival and gestational weight gain, or on subsequent maternal behaviour following parturition. By contrast, PNA virgin females, modelling PCOS, exhibited enhanced maternal behaviour when tested in an anxiogenic novel cage environment, with females rapidly retrieving pups and nesting with them. In comparison, most control virgin females failed to complete this retrieval task in the anxiogenic environment. Assessment of progesterone receptor and oestrogen receptor α immunoreactivity in the brains of virgin PNA and control females revealed increased numbers of oestrogen receptor α positive cells in the brains of PNA females in regions well known to be important for maternal behaviour. This suggests that increased oestrogenic signalling in the neural circuit that underlies maternal behaviour may be a possible mechanism by which maternal behaviour is enhanced in PNA female mice.
Documentation and user''''s manual

ing a type component in a functor result is a powerful technique that provides a high degree of type safety, as we now illustrate. Consider an ordering over character strings that is different from the standard ordering implemented in the OrderedString structure. For instance, we compare strings without distinguishing upper and lower case. # module NoCaseString = # struct # type t = string # let compare s1 s2 = # OrderedString.compare (String.lowercase s1) (String.lowercase s2) # end;; module NoCaseString : sig type t = string val compare : string -> string -> comparison end # module NoCaseStringSet = AbstractSet(NoCaseString);; module NoCaseStringSet : sig type element = NoCaseString.t type set = AbstractSet(NoCaseString). set val empty : set val add : element -> set -> set val member : element -> set -> bool end # NoCaseStringSet.add "FOO" AbstractStringSet.empty;; Error: This expression has type AbstractStringSet.set = AbstractSet(OrderedString). set but an expression was expected of type NoCaseStringSet.set = AbstractSet(NoCaseString). set Notice that the two types AbstractStringSet.set and NoCaseStringSet.set are not compatible, and values of these two types do not match. This is the correct behavior: even though both set types contain elements of the same type (strings), they are built upon different orderings of that type, and different invariants need to be maintained by the operations (being strictly increasing for the standard ordering and for the case-insensitive ordering). Applying operations from AbstractStringSet to values of type NoCaseStringSet.set could give incorrect results, or build lists that violate the invariants of NoCaseStringSet. 2.5 Modules and separate compilation All examples of modules so far have been given in the context of the interactive system. However, modules are most useful for large, batch-compiled programs. For these programs, it is a practi-
Effectiveness of a Mobile Application for Postpartum Depression Self-Management: Evidence from a Randomised Controlled Trial in South Korea

This study examined the effectiveness of the Happy Mother mobile app developed for self-management of postpartum depression, based on cognitive behavioural therapy. A randomized controlled trial, with a pre- and a post-test design, was conducted in South Korea. Effectiveness was analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. We confirmed that the experimental group performed significantly more health promoting behaviours than the control group (F = 5.15, p = 0.007). However, there was no significant difference in postpartum depression, knowledge of depression, maladaptive beliefs, social support, sleep quality, and stress-coping behaviours between the two groups. The experimental group’s mood score increased by 1.79 ± 2.51 points, resulting in significant differences before and after the intervention (Z = −2.81, p = 0.005). The quality of sleep score in the experimental group increased by 1.48 ± 1.70 points and was also significantly different after the intervention (Z = −3.23, p = 0.001). The activity practice rate of the experimental group significantly increased by 30.27 ± 29.27% after using the app (Z = −2.81, p = 0.005). We found the app to be effective in promoting mothers’ health behaviour and improving their depressive mood.
Streaming instability of multiple particle species in protoplanetary disks

The radial drift and diffusion of dust particles in protoplanetary disks affect both the opacity and temperature of such disks, as well as the location and timing of planetesimal formation. In this paper, we present results of numerical simulations of particle-gas dynamics in protoplanetary disks that include dust grains with various size distributions. We have considered three scenarios in terms of particle size ranges, one where the Stokes number τs = 10−1−100, one where τs = 10−4−10−1, and finally one where τs = 10−3−100. Moreover, we considered both discrete and continuous distributions in particle size. In accordance with previous works we find in our multispecies simulations that different particle sizes interact via the gas and as a result their dynamics changes compared to the single-species case. The larger species trigger the streaming instability and create turbulence that drives the diffusion of the solid materials. We measured the radial equilibrium velocity of the system and find that the radial drift velocity of the large particles is reduced in the multispecies simulations and that the small particle species move on average outwards. We also varied the steepness of the size distribution, such that the exponent of the solid number density distribution, dN∕da ∝ a−q, is either q = 3 or q = 4. Overall, we find that the steepness of the size distribution and the discrete versus continuous approach have little impact on the results. The level of diffusion and drift rates are mainly dictated by the range of particle sizes. We measured the scale height of the particles and observe that small grains are stirred up well above the sedimented midplane layer where the large particles reside. Our measured diffusion and drift parameters can be used in coagulation models for planet formation as well as to understand relative mixing of the components of primitive meteorites (matrix, chondrules and CAIs) prior to inclusion in their parent bodies.
Quantum simulation of ultrastrongly coupled bosonic modes using superconducting circuits

The ground state of a pair of ultrastrongly coupled bosonic modes is predicted to be a two-mode squeezed vacuum. However, the corresponding quantum correlations are currently unobservable in condensed matter where such a coupling can be reached, since it cannot be extracted from these systems. Here, we show that superconducting circuits can be used to perform an analog simulation of a system of two bosonic modes in regimes ranging from strong to ultrastrong coupling. More importantly, our quantum simulation setup enables us to detect output excitations that are related to the ground-state properties of the bosonic modes. We compute the emission spectra of this physical system and show that the produced state presents single- and two-mode squeezing simultaneously.
Star Formation Activity in the Molecular Cloud G35.20–0.74: Onset of Cloud–Cloud Collision

To probe star formation (SF) processes, we present results of an analysis of the molecular cloud G35.20−0.74 (hereafter MCG35.2) using multi-frequency observations. The MCG35.2 is depicted in a velocity range of 30–40 km s−1. An almost horseshoe-like structure embedded within the MCG35.2 is evident in the infrared and millimeter images and harbors the previously known sites, ultra-compact/hyper-compact G35.20−0.74N H ii region, Ap2-1, and Mercer 14 at its base. The site, Ap2-1, is found to be excited by a radio spectral type of B0.5V star where the distribution of 20 cm and Hα emission is surrounded by the extended molecular hydrogen emission. Using the Herschel 160–500 μm and photometric 1–24 μm data analysis, several embedded clumps and clusters of young stellar objects (YSOs) are investigated within the MCG35.2, revealing the SF activities. A majority of the YSOs clusters and massive clumps (500–4250 ) are seen toward the horseshoe-like structure. The position–velocity analysis of 13CO emission shows a blueshifted peak (at 33 km s−1) and a redshifted peak (at 37 km s−1) interconnected by lower intensity intermediate velocity emission, tracing a broad bridge feature. The presence of such a broad bridge feature suggests the onset of a collision between molecular components in the MCG35.2. A noticeable change in the H-band starlight mean polarization angles has also been observed in the MCG35.2, probably tracing the interaction between molecular components. Taken together, it seems that the cloud–cloud collision process has influenced the birth of massive stars and YSOs clusters in the MCG35.2.
The golden age of the world economy and Portuguese economic growth: applied study, 1950-2018

Abstract During the Golden Age (1950–1973), Portugal stood out in the international scene, converging economically with the group of more industrialised economies. In this paper, we start by analysing the main factors that explain the extraordinary economic performance of Portugal during that crucial period of its history. Next, we construct and estimate a dynamic model to quantify the relationship between those factors and the Portuguese economic growth in the time horizon that stretches from the Golden Age to present days. The results obtained show that investment and international trade have been contributing positively to economic growth of Portugal in the last decades, 1950–2018. The conclusions of this paper, which are in line with the international literature, reinforce the importance for Portuguese decision-makers to adopt political measures to open the economy and to create favourable conditions for investment in order to obtain a faster economic growth that allows a robust convergence with the most industrialized nations.