Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isotropic to anisotropic transition observed in Si nanoparticles lithiation by in situ TEM

Si is a promising candidate anode material for the next generation Li-ion battery because of its high capacity. However, Si inherently suffers from its large volume change (~300%) when alloyed with Li during the typical charge/discharge cycles, which degrades battery performance and causes potential safety issues. Understanding of microstructural evolutions of Si in the lithiation/delithiation cycles is helpful to design better electrodes. In-situ TEM has been recently applied to study dynamically microstructural evolution of pure Si in the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation reaction [1-6]. Crystalline Si undergoes a two-phase process upon the first lithiation, with an interface between amorphous LixSi phase that is formed during the alloying reaction of Si and Li, and the remainder (unreacted) crystalline Si in the center. The lithiation of amorphous Si has similar two-phase process, where the interface is defined between Li-poor core and Li-rich shell regions. The first lithiation of crystalline Si is anisotropic and dominated by the alloying reaction at the interface [2-4]. The first lithiation of amorphous Si nanoparticle is, however, isotropic [1]. The critical threshold of generating fracture for amorphous Si nanoparticles (870 nm) is much higher than that of the crystalline ones (150 nm) [1]. We studied the lithiation of crystalline Si nanoparticles encapsulated by the graphene sheets (Si/Graphene) by in-situ TEM [5]. Unexpectedly, in the first lithiation process, crystalline Si nanoparticles undergo an isotropic to anisotropic transition, which is not observed in pure crystalline and amorphous Si nanoparticles. As shown in fig. 1a-f, the reaction interface between the core (crystalline Si) and shell (amorphous LixSi) changes from isotropic to anisotropic as the lithiation proceeds. Such a surprising phenomenon arises from the uniformly distributed localized potential around the Si nanoparticles due to the highly conductive graphene sheets, as schematically shown in fig.1g. The phase transformation of Si in the in-situ lithiation/delithiation reactions has also been studied by electron diffraction. Upon first lithiation, a core-shell structure with crystalline Si core and amorphous LixSi shell is formed. As shown in Fig.2a, the diffraction pattern taken from a partially lithiated Si/Graphene nanoparticles consists of diffraction spots from crystalline Si (core) and diffuse diffraction rings from amorphous LixSi shell. At the late stage of the first lithiation, a phase transformation from amorphous LixSi to nano-sized crystal Li15Si4 can be identified as shown in fig.2b-c. Unlike pure crystalline Si nanoparticle, the lithiation of Si/Graphene nanoparticle is isotropic at the beginning. This could lead to a more uniformly distributed stress in the nanoparticle thus improvement in cycling stability, similar to that with amorphous Si nanoparticles. These findings offer guidance to designing of improved nanostructured Si materials as fast and large-capacity anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
An adaptive rate and carrier sense threshold algorithm to enhance throughput and fairness for dense WLANs

With an exponential increase of smart devices, there is accumulated interference from neighboring BSSs resulting in a significant degradation in performance in high density WLANs. The adaptation of clear channel assessment is considered as a potential technology to manager the OBSS issues. The object of our study is to improve spatial utilization efficiency of WLAN with node's local information. We first define SINR-based communication model that is used for interference analysis in high density WLANs and analyze fairness using the backoff frequency of transmitting a packet and the number of detected nodes in carrier sensing range. We propose a distributed heuristic algorithm that used to determine data rate and CST values of STAs. Finally, we validate the proposed scheme using simulations in ns-3 and the results show that our propose scheme is promising to improve spatial reuse and fairness.
A Robust and Extensible Exemplar-Based Model of Thematic Fit

This paper presents a new, exemplar-based model of thematic fit. In contrast to previous models, it does not approximate thematic fit as argument plausibility or 'fit with verb selectional preferences', but directly as semantic role plausibility for a verb-argument pair, through similarity-based generalization from previously seen verb-argument pairs. This makes the model very robust for data sparsity. We argue that the model is easily extensible to a model of semantic role ambiguity resolution during online sentence comprehension. The model is evaluated on human semantic role plausibility judgments. Its predictions correlate significantly with the human judgments. It rivals two state-of-the-art models of thematic fit and exceeds their performance on previously unseen or low-frequency items.
Genetic markers and horticultural germplasm management

This paper is adapted from the text of a seminar of the same title presented as part of the Workshop on Sustainability of Vegetable Breeders’ Genetic Resources, 26 July 1993, at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science. It represents the distillation of a more extensive treatment of genetic markers and germplasm management (Bretting and Widrlechner, 1995). Disciplines Agricultural Science | Agriculture | Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Horticulture | Plant Sciences Comments This article is from HortScience 30, no. 7 (December 1995): 1349–1356. Rights Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ncrpis_pubs/14
Automatic Prediction of Facial Trait Judgments: Appearance vs. Structural Models

Evaluating other individuals with respect to personality characteristics plays a crucial role in human relations and it is the focus of attention for research in diverse fields such as psychology and interactive computer systems. In psychology, face perception has been recognized as a key component of this evaluation system. Multiple studies suggest that observers use face information to infer personality characteristics. Interactive computer systems are trying to take advantage of these findings and apply them to increase the natural aspect of interaction and to improve the performance of interactive computer systems. Here, we experimentally test whether the automatic prediction of facial trait judgments (e.g. dominance) can be made by using the full appearance information of the face and whether a reduced representation of its structure is sufficient. We evaluate two separate approaches: a holistic representation model using the facial appearance information and a structural model constructed from the relations among facial salient points. State of the art machine learning methods are applied to a) derive a facial trait judgment model from training data and b) predict a facial trait value for any face. Furthermore, we address the issue of whether there are specific structural relations among facial points that predict perception of facial traits. Experimental results over a set of labeled data (9 different trait evaluations) and classification rules (4 rules) suggest that a) prediction of perception of facial traits is learnable by both holistic and structural approaches; b) the most reliable prediction of facial trait judgments is obtained by certain type of holistic descriptions of the face appearance; and c) for some traits such as attractiveness and extroversion, there are relationships between specific structural features and social perceptions.
LocFaults: a new flow-driven and constraint-based error localization approach

We introduce in this paper LocFaults, a new flow-driven and constraint-based approach for error localization. The input is a faulty program for which a counter-example and a postcondition are provided. To identify helpful information for error location, we generate a constraint system for the paths of the control flow graph for which at most k conditional statements may be erroneous. Then, we calculate Minimal Correction Sets (MCS) of bounded size for each of these paths. The removal of one of these sets of constraints yields a maximal satisfiable subset, in other words, a maximal subset of constraints satisfying the post condition. To compute the MCS, we extend the algorithm proposed by Liffiton and Sakallah [21] in order to handle programs with numerical statements more efficiently. The main advantage of this flow-driven approach is that the computed sets of suspicious instructions are small, each of them being associated with an identified path. Moreover, the constraint-programming based framework of LocFaults allows mixing Boolean and numerical constraints in an efficient and straightforward way. Preliminary experiments are quite encouraging.
Clinical significance of an easy-to-use dual task for assessing inattention

Abstract Purpose To investigate clinical significance of a newly developed paper-and-pencil type dual-task (Oiso-DT) for assessing inattention of brain-damaged patients. Methods A total of 134 healthy individuals and 44 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were the subjects. Oiso-DT combined a cancelation sub-task and a written calculation sub-task on paper. The performance was scored based on the correct rate (CR) and success rate in the cancelation sub-task, and the number of correct answers and CR in the calculation sub-task for three minutes. Performances of Clinical Assessment for Attention (CAT) developed by The Japan Society for Higher Brain Dysfunction were also measured in TBI patients. Results Based on a simple and unique definition of cutoff values, abnormal performance was detected more often in the Oiso-DT than in any sub-task of CAT including Symbol Digit Modalities Test, The Memory Updating Test and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, etc. although the specificity was comparable. Conclusion This easy-to-use Oiso-DT might be valuable and sensitive for detecting inattention including mild deficit. Implications for Rehabilitation The Oiso-DT, a paper-and-pencil clinical test for assessing inattention demonstrates higher sensitivity for traumatic-brain-injury patients than standard neuropsychological tests. The task performance is evaluated by a simple and unique method without specific equipment or even a personal computer. The Oiso-DT might be valuable for detecting inattention including mild deficit. The Oiso-DT is easily applicable to patients with severe inattention who failed to complete complex tasks like paced auditory serial addition task.
CT694 and pgp3 as Serological Tools for Monitoring Trachoma Programs

Background Defining endpoints for trachoma programs can be a challenge as clinical signs of infection may persist in the absence of detectable bacteria. Antibody-based tests may provide an alternative testing strategy for surveillance during terminal phases of the program. Antibody-based assays, in particular ELISAs, have been shown to be useful to document C. trachomatis genital infections, but have not been explored extensively for ocular C. trachomatis infections. Methodology/Principal Findings An antibody-based multiplex assay was used to test two C. trachomatis antigens, pgp3 and CT694, for detection of trachoma antibodies in bloodspots from Tanzanian children (n = 160) collected after multiple rounds of mass azithromycin treatment. Using samples from C. trachomatis-positive (by PCR) children from Tanzania (n = 11) and control sera from a non-endemic group of U.S. children (n = 122), IgG responses to both pgp3 and CT694 were determined to be 91% sensitive and 98% specific. Antibody responses of Tanzanian children were analyzed with regard to clinical trachoma, PCR positivity, and age. In general, children with more intense ocular pathology (TF/TI = 2 or most severe) had a higher median antibody response to pgp3 (p = 0.0041) and CT694 (p = 0.0282) than those with normal exams (TF/TI = 0). However, 44% of children with no ocular pathology tested positive for antibody, suggesting prior infection. The median titer of antibody responses for children less than three years of age was significantly lower than those of older children. (p<0.0001 for both antigens). Conclusions/Significance The antibody-based multiplex assay is a sensitive and specific additional tool for evaluating trachoma transmission. The assay can also be expanded to include antigens representing different diseases, allowing for a robust assay for monitoring across NTD programs.
Iowa State University Health Effect of Muscle Type , Packaging , and Irradiation on Lipid Oxidation , Volatile Production , and Color in Raw

Irradiation and high fat content accelerated the lipid oxidation in raw meat during storage. Oxygen availability during storage, however, was more important than irradiation on the lipid oxidation and color values of raw patties. Irradiated meat produced more volatiles than nonirradiated patties, and the proportion of volatiles varied by the packagingirradiation conditions of patties. Irradiation produced many unidentified volatiles that could be responsible for the off-odor in irradiated raw meat. No single volatile components but total volatiles, however, could be used to predict lipid oxidation status of raw meat. The results show that if patties are vacuumpackaged before irradiation and during storage, raw patties can be stored for 2 weeks without problems in lipid oxidation. Many volatile components produced by irradiation were not directly related to the lipid oxidation status of raw meat but were related to the irradiation odor. Identification of these components would shed light on the mechanisms and the source of the volatiles produced by irradiation
Lobular patterns of cerebellar resting‐state connectivity in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core deficits in social functioning. Core autistics traits refer to poor social and imagination skills, poor attention‐switching/strong focus of attention, exceptional attention to detail, as expressed by the autism‐spectrum quotient. Over the years, the importance of the cerebellum in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorder has been acknowledged. Neuroimaging studies have provided a strong support to this view, showing both structural and functional connectivity alterations to affect the cerebellum in autism spectrum disorder. According to the underconnectivity theory, disrupted connectivity within cerebello‐cerebral networks has been specifically implicated in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorder. However, inconsistent results have been generated across studies. In this study, an integrated approach has been used in a selected population of adults with autism spectrum disorder to analyse both cerebellar morphometry and functional connectivity. In individuals with autism spectrum disorder, a decreased cerebellar grey matter volume affected the right Crus II, a region showing extensive connections with cerebral areas related to social functions. This grey matter reduction correlates with the degree of autistic traits as measured by autism‐spectrum quotient. Interestingly, altered functional connectivity was found between the reduced cerebellar Crus II and contralateral cerebral regions, such as frontal and temporal areas. Overall, the present data suggest that adults with autism spectrum disorder present with specific cerebellar structural alterations that may affect functional connectivity within cerebello‐cerebral modules relevant to social processing and account for core autistics traits.
Sparse Anchor Nodes Cooperative Localization Algorithm for WSN

Dynamic localization is one of the important and difficult points of localization for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The mobility and uncertainty of the nodes seriously affect the success rate and accuracy of localization. To improve localization performance, a Sparse Anchor Nodes Cooperative Localization Algorithm (SANCL) is proposed in this paper. The algorithm can solve the problem that the unknown node cannot be located when the number of its neighbor anchor nodes is less than three. When the number of neighbor anchor nodes for an unknown node is more than three, the node can be located by the Trilateration Localization Algorithm (TLA). When the number of neighbor anchor nodes is two, the node can be located through limiting its moving direction. At the same time, it uses the historical localization information to predict the present location. When the number of neighbor anchor node is one, the BP neural network and historical localization information are used to predict its moving velocity and location. Simulation results show that the localization success rate is improved by about 42.80% compared with TLA algorithm. Compared with Mobile Nodes Predictive Localization Algorithm (MNPLA), the localization success rate is improved by about 12.34%, and the average relative error is reduced by about 0.24r.
Basolateral Kir4.1 activity in the distal convoluted tubule regulates K secretion by determining NaCl cotransporter activity

Purpose of reviewRenal potassium (K) secretion plays a key role in maintaining K homeostasis. The classic mechanism of renal K secretion is focused on the connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct, in which K is uptaken by basolateral Na-K-ATPase and is secreted into the lumen by apical ROMK (Kir1.1) and Ca2+-activated big conductance K channel. Recently, genetic studies and animal models have indicated that inwardly rectifying K channel 4.1 (Kir4.1 or Kcnj10) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) may play a role in the regulation of K secretion in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron by targeting the NaCl cotransporter (NCC). This review summarizes recent progresses regarding the role of Kir4.1 in the regulation of NCC and K secretion. Recent findingsKir4.1 is expressed in the basolateral membrane of the DCT, and plays a predominant role in contributing to the basolateral K conductance and in participating in the generation of negative membrane potential. Kir4.1 is also the substrate of src-family tyrosine kinase and the stimulation of src-family tyrosine kinase activates Kir4.1 activity in the DCT. The genetic deletion or functional inhibition of Kir4.1 depolarizes the membrane of the DCT, inhibits ste20-proline-alanine rich kinase, and suppresses NCC activity. Moreover, the downregulation of Kir4.1 increases epithelial Na channel expression in the collecting duct and urinary K excretion. Finally, mice with low Kir4.1 activity in the DCT are hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia. SummaryRecent progress in exploring the regulation and the function of Kir4.1 in the DCT strongly indicates that Kir4.1plays an important role in initiating the regulation of renal K secretion by targeting NCC and it may serves as a K sensor in the kidney.
Evaluation of a pretreatment process for improved methane production from grass silage.pdf

Hydrolysis is a limiting step an anaerobic digestion. Hydrolytic pre-treatment of grass silage was evaluated at thermophilic temperature (55 °C), and the effect of organic loading rates (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was studied. Two lab scale stainless steel continuously stirred reactors (10 L) and 12 glass reactors (2 L) were used. OLRs of 6.5, 5, 2.5 Kg VS m -3 d -1 and 10, 6, 4, 2 days HRT were evaluated. The parameters assessed as indicators for the level of hydrolysis were volatile solids destruction (VSD), volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD). Biological methane potential tests at mesophilic temperature (38 °C) were carried out for the evaluation of the effect of hydrolysis on the methanogenesis step.
Cardiac Autonomic Regulation and Repolarization During Acute Experimental Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes

Hypoglycemia is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in trials of intensive therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We previously observed an increase in arrhythmias during spontaneous prolonged hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. We examined changes in cardiac autonomic function and repolarization during sustained experimental hypoglycemia. Twelve adults with T2DM and 11 age- and BMI-matched control participants without diabetes underwent paired hyperinsulinemic clamps separated by 4 weeks. Glucose was maintained at euglycemia (6.0 mmol/L) or hypoglycemia (2.5 mmol/L) for 1 h. Heart rate, blood pressure, and heart rate variability were assessed every 30 min and corrected QT intervals and T-wave morphology every 60 min. Heart rate initially increased in participants with T2DM but then fell toward baseline despite maintained hypoglycemia at 1 h accompanied by reactivation of vagal tone. In control participants, vagal tone remained depressed during sustained hypoglycemia. Participants with T2DM exhibited greater heterogeneity of repolarization during hypoglycemia as demonstrated by T-wave symmetry and principal component analysis ratio compared with control participants. Epinephrine levels during hypoglycemia were similar between groups. Cardiac autonomic regulation during hypoglycemia appears to be time dependent. Individuals with T2DM demonstrate greater repolarization abnormalities for a given hypoglycemic stimulus despite comparable sympathoadrenal responses. These mechanisms could contribute to arrhythmias during clinical hypoglycemic episodes.
Antibody adsorption on the surface of water studied by neutron reflection

ABSTRACT Surface and interfacial adsorption of antibody molecules could cause structural unfolding and desorbed molecules could trigger solution aggregation, resulting in the compromise of physical stability. Although antibody adsorption is important and its relevance to many mechanistic processes has been proposed, few techniques can offer direct structural information about antibody adsorption under different conditions. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate the power of neutron reflection to unravel the amount and structural conformation of the adsorbed antibody layers at the air/water interface with and without surfactant, using a monoclonal antibody ‘COE-3′ as the model. By selecting isotopic contrasts from different ratios of H2O and D2O, the adsorbed amount, thickness and extent of the immersion of the antibody layer could be determined unambiguously. Upon mixing with the commonly-used non-ionic surfactant Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), the surfactant in the mixed layer could be distinguished from antibody by using both hydrogenated and deuterated surfactants. Neutron reflection measurements from the co-adsorbed layers in null reflecting water revealed that, although the surfactant started to remove antibody from the surface at 1/100 critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant, complete removal was not achieved until above 1/10 CMC. The neutron study also revealed that antibody molecules retained their globular structure when either adsorbed by themselves or co-adsorbed with the surfactant under the conditions studied.