Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of Three Identical Spectrometers in Retrieving Soil Reflectance under Laboratory Conditions

A wide range of electronic and mechanical noise factors can affect soil spectra when using different instruments or even when repeating a specific sample's measurements with the same spectrometer. In soil samples where very weak spectral features are monitored for chemometric purposes, alterations in wavelength location, peak absorption shape, or albedo intensity can limit the use of previously developed spectral models. To quantify this alteration and propose a standardization method, 12 soil samples and three different materials for internal standards (sand, glass and polyethylene) were analyzed. This population was concurrently measured with three identical spectrometers using a strict measurement protocol, and then by different operators with different protocols. Significant changes in the soil spectra were found when different operators performed the measurements, being reduced > 50% when the strict protocol was applied. Sand was found to be the ideal internal standard for correcting the spectra to a reference spectrometer, even when different measuring protocols were used. This standardization also showed an improvement in the prediction of soil properties when applying chemometric spectral models even with different instruments, concluding that the use of an internal standard and a strict protocol must be applied for soil spectral measurements. As the measuring factors described in this research also affect any infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements, the proposed method should be applicable to any instrumentation and configuration being used. This is crucial to enabling spectral comparisons between different spectrometers or, more importantly, to establishing robust chemometric models and to exchange soil spectral information.
Alternative global Cretaceous paleogeography

Plate tectonic reconstructions for the Cretaceous have assumed that the major continental blocks—Eurasia, Greenland, North America, South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica—had separated from one another by the end of the Early Cretaceous, and that deep ocean passages connected the Pacific, Tethyan, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins. North America, Eurasia, and Africa were crossed by shallow meridional seaways. This classic view of Cretaceous paleogeography may be incorrect. The revised view of the Early Cretaceous is one of three large continental blocks— North America–Eurasia, South America–Antarctica-India-Madagascar-Australia; and Africa—with large contiguous land areas surrounded by shallow epicontinental seas. There was a large open Pacific basin, a wide eastern Tethys, and a circum- African Seaway extending from the western Tethys (“Mediterranean”) region through the North and South Atlantic into the juvenile Indian Ocean between Madagascar-India and Africa. During the Early Cretaceous the deep passage from the Central Atlantic to the Pacific was blocked by blocks of northern Central America and by the Caribbean plate. There were no deep-water passages to the Arctic. Until the Late Cretaceous the Atlantic-Indian Ocean complex was a long, narrow, sinuous ocean basin extending off the Tethys and around Africa. Deep passages connecting the western Tethys with the Central Atlantic, the Central Atlantic with the Pacific, and the South Atlantic with the developing Indian Ocean appeared in the Late Cretaceous. There were many island land areas surrounded by shallow epicontinental seas at high sea-level stands.
The genera Calliotropis Seguenza and Ambercyclus n. gen. (Vetigastropoda, Eucyclidae) from the Early Jurassic of Argentina

Abstract The systematic position of the fossil species referred to Calliotropis is currently under debate due to the striking resemblance between these forms with their extant counterparts in general shell morphology and ornament pattern. We propose two temporal subgenera of Calliotropis: Calliotropis (Riselloidea) for Mesozoic species and Calliotropis (Calliotropis) for Cenozoic and Recent taxa. We also synonymize the families Eucyclidae and Calliotropidae, and redescribe the type genus of Eucylidae based on topotypic material of E. obeliscus from Normandy. We argue that the generic name Amberleya should be restricted to its type species Amberleya bathonica. For the species that were traditionally included in Amberleya, we propose the new genus Ambercyclus, with its type species Amberleya orbignyana. The present paper also provides descriptions of three Calliotropis species from the Early Jurassic marine deposits of Argentina. The occurrence of Calliotropis (Riselloidea) keideli n. sp. , Calliotropis (Riselloidea) cf. C. (R.) keideli and Calliotropis (Riselloidea) sp. in the Jurassic of Chubut and Neuquén provinces represents a new record of the genus in Early Jurassic sediments of Argentina and South America. Moreover, two species of Ambercyclus n. gen., such as Ambercyclus espinosus and Ambercyclus? isabelensis n. sp. , are described from the same deposits. Eucyclus, Amberleya, Ambercyclus, and Calliotropis are included into Eucyclidae, which we consider to be a family of Seguenzioidea.
Energy and macronutrient intakes of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91.

Dietary recommendations and long-term health objectives, including the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Year 2000 Health Objectives for the Nation, call for Americans to reduce intake of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium, increase intake of fruits, vegetables, grain products, and foods rich in calciuw and moderate intake of sugars, salt, and alcohol (l-3). Developing nutrition policy, monitoring progress toward achieving dietary recommendations, and designing nutrition intervention programs to achieve health objectives require information about the diet of Americans. Information about the population’s dietary intake is collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), one of the major national surveys in the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related”Research Program (4-7). The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (HANES) are a major source of periodic information on the dietary, nutritional, and health status of the US. population (4-8). HANES data play a unique role in nutrition monitoring and epidemiologic research, combining personal dietary interviews with standardized health examinations (7-9). NCHS completed three HANES surveys between 1971 and 1984 (5,6,8). The. third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III, was conducted by NCHS during 1988-94 (5,10). The NHANES III dietary assessment component was designed with input from experts in the fields of nutrition, public health, biostatistics, and epidemiology, to meet the survey’s nutrition monitoring and nutrition research objectives (! 3-12). The 24-hour recall method was selected for use in NHANES III to estimate detailed quantitative nutrient intake for the population and various subgroups and to study diet-health relationships (7– 9,11,12). Prior to NHANES III, 24-hour recalls were recorded on hard copy forms and manually coded by dietary interviewers. In 1988, NCHS contracted with the University of Minnesota’s Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC) to develop an automated, interactive dietary interview and coding system called the NHANES HI Dietary Data Collection (DDC) system (13-15). NCHS, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and the Food and Drug Administration funded the development
Establishment of data mining-based public education administrative work automation system and student activity analysis

There are several important factors in public education in Korea. Among them, it is very important to manage time to improve teachers’ educational capabilities and students’ grades. However, in Korea’s public education, the existing school administrative work system has to deal with miscellaneous procedures, hindering teachers from guiding students. As a result, students also give low trust in public education. This study introduces procedures for an integrated public education data management system to automate administrative tasks of teachers and increase students’ educational capabilities. By applying the Data Mining Problem Solving Methodology (ICAIS), we identified five stages in which data is processed. In addition, the activities required for students to go to college were processed with text mining techniques (from a simple word cloud to the construction of a neural network algorithm classification model), allowing students to check their grades themselves. Through this study, it reduces teachers’ chores, concentrates student education, and provides students with the educational purpose of a self-directed method that determines their career path.
A Mean Field Game Theoretic Approach for Security Enhancements in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Game theory can provide a useful tool to study the security problem in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Most of existing works on applying game theories to security only consider two players in the security game model: an attacker and a defender. While this assumption may be valid for a network with centralized administration, it is not realistic in MANETs, where centralized administration is not available. In this paper, using recent advances in mean field game theory, we propose a novel game theoretic approach with multiple players for security in MANETs. The mean field game theory provides a powerful mathematical tool for problems with a large number of players. The proposed scheme can enable an individual node in MANETs to make strategic security defence decisions without centralized administration. In addition, since security defence mechanisms consume precious system resources (e.g., energy), the proposed scheme considers not only the security requirement of MANETs but also the system resources. Moreover, each node in the proposed scheme only needs to know its own state information and the aggregate effect of the other nodes in the MANET. Therefore, the proposed scheme is a fully distributed scheme. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
[2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)].

Authors/Task Force Members: Marco Roffi* (Chairperson) (Switzerland), Carlo Patrono * (Co-Chairperson) (Italy), Jean-Philippe Collet† (France), Christian Mueller† (Switzerland), Marco Valgimigli† (The Netherlands), Felicita Andreotti (Italy), Jeroen J. Bax (The Netherlands), Michael A. Borger (Germany), Carlos Brotons (Spain), Derek P. Chew (Australia), Baris Gencer (Switzerland), Gerd Hasenfuss (Germany), Keld Kjeldsen (Denmark), Patrizio Lancellotti (Belgium), Ulf Landmesser (Germany), Julinda Mehilli (Germany), Debabrata Mukherjee (USA), Robert F. Storey (UK), and Stephan Windecker (Switzerland)
Robert William Boyle - A Tribute

The world has lost a great geologist and geochemist, and a great Canadian who had contributed to his country for over 60 years. On Monday, August 5th, 2003, Robert William Boyle left this world peacefully after a long struggle with illness, and a much longer struggle with failing eyesight. The latter had not curbed his determination to finish his most recent scientific endeavour, his ‘History of Cosmochemistry and Geochemistry’, whichis being considered for publication by the McGill-Queen's University Press. He completed the last editorial work on the Preface the day before his death with assistance from his daughter-in-law Christy Vodden. Bob, born June 3rd 1920, grew up near Wallaceburg in southwestern Ontario. It was there that he developed his interest and love for the natural world. As a teenager he learned to trap, and saved his earnings from muskrat and mink pelts for his future education. Even from those early days Bob was intrigued with chemistry, and had his own laboratory in the atticof the family farm. It was his friendship with James McCrae, a 70-year-old retired prospector, living two farms away thatwas critical. One can imagine the impression that the storiesof prospecting in Northern Ontario had on the teenagerwho loved the outdoors. During his last two summers at Wallaceburg High School he decided to earn the money that would enable him to go to university and study geology. With contacts from McCrae he joined a prospecting syndicate in northern Ontario, where he started at the bottom - cutting line, and as a driller's helper. Europe went to war in September 1939, and Bob enlisted in the Royal Canadian Artillery two days before Canada joined the war. He used to tell the story of how two Military Policemen arrived at the farm later to collect the ‘errant son’ for not …
Currents Associated with the Quasi-Stationary Jet Separated from the Kuroshio Extension

AbstractThe hydrographic structure of a quasi-stationary jet separated from the Kuroshio Extension, a phenomenon that possibly leads to deepening of the winter mixed layer, is revealed via intensive observations using a conductivity–temperature–depth profiler and a ship-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) carried out in September 2009. Data collected from profiling floats set to drift isopycnal layers and time series of sea surface buoys and satellite altimeters were also analyzed to understand the continuity, water characteristics, and time variation of the jet. Although the flow field was complex due to disturbances such as energetic eddies, the jet transported subtropical water to the downstream (northeastern) observation region in a layer shallower than 400 dbar and its highest velocity was concentrated in the mid- and deep layers (≤0.30 m s−1 at the sea surface and ≥0.05 m s−1 at 800-m depth). The velocity axes of the jet detected from the satellite data corresponded to those detected th.
Characterization of the Specific Solid–Water Interfacial Area–Water Saturation Relationship and Its Import to Reactive Transport

A modified rate equation for the dissolution of minerals in the unsaturated zone was proposed using a specific solid–water interfacial area (asw) varying as a function of water saturation (Sw). Vadose zone phenomena, such as infiltration, were discussed as example scenarios where such reformulation may be useful. A constitutive relationship for the asw–Sw was derived, and used to formulate an approximate model of the proposed rate equation. Implementation of this new model in the reactive transport code CRUNCH was used to evaluate the influence of a changing asw on reactive transport behavior of silica in the vadose zone. These simulations clearly demonstrate that a changing asw can have a significant impact on the silica distribution profiles in the vadose zone. This is to be expected because changes in asw are substantial in the dry Sw range, whereas they are only moderate in the relatively wet region. These findings have significant implications for contaminant transport in the vadose zone, especially in arid regions. Ignoring the effect of a changing asw is likely to result in an overestimation of the net contaminant fluxes in these cases, which leads to highly conservative risk assessments. In case of nutrient flux calculations coupled with dissolution phenomena, it may lead to an overestimation of nutrient availability. Additional theoretical and experimental verification of the proposed models would be valuable.
Modeling of ice flow and internal layers along a flowline through Swiss Camp, West Greenland

Abstract An anisotropic-ice flowline model is applied to a flowline through Swiss Camp (69.57° N, 49.28° W), West Greenland, to estimate the dates of internal layers detected by radio-echo sounding measurements. The effect of an anisotropic-ice fabric on ice flow is incorporated into the steady-state flowline model. The stress–strain-rate relationship for anisotropic ice is characterized by an enhancement factor based on the laboratory observations of ice deformation under combined compression and shear stresses. By using present-day data of accumulation rate, surface temperature, surface elevation and ice thickness along the flowline as model inputs, a very close agreement is found between the isochrones generated from the model and the observed internal layers with confirmed dates. The results indicate that this part of the Greenland ice sheet is primarily in steady state.
Seasonal distribution of nitrous oxide emissions from soils in the Parkland region

The temporal variability of soil-derived N{sub 2}O emissions presents a major challenge to the accurate quantification of N{sub 2}O-N losses from agroecosystems. The authors characterized the seasonal distribution of N{sub 2}O emissions from two agricultural sites in the Parkland region of Alberta during 1993 and 1994. Treatments studied were fallow, and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with and without urea fertilizer, under conventional till management. Gas samples were collected from vented static soil chambers and were analyzed for N{sub 2}O with a gas chromatograph equipped with a {sup 63}Ni electron capture detector. Soil water content and concentrations of NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}-N, NH{sub 4}{sup +}-N, and water-soluble organic C (WSOC) were measured several times during the season. A brief burst of N{sub 2}O emission was recorded at both sites during and immediately following spring snow melt. A second period of activity occurred between mid-June and mid-July. Between 16 and 60% of estimated annual N{sub 2}O-N loss occurred during spring thaw, while >80% of cumulative annual N{sub 2}O-N loss had occurred by mid-July. Mean soil NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}-N concentration explained up to 65% of the temporal variability in geometric mean N{sub 2}O emissions. A multiple regression model that included fall soil concentrationsmore » of No{sub 3}{sup {minus}}-N, NH{sub 4}{sup +}-N, and WSOC explained 94% of the variability in estimated cumulative N{sub 2}O-N loss during the following spring thaw. Most N{sub 2}O-N losses in the Parkland region appear to occur during spring thaw and early summer; therefore, sampling schedules need to focus on these time periods. Management practices that minimize N availability during spring thaw may be an effective mitigation strategy for this region. « less
Knowledge-based crop classification of a Landsat thematic mapper image

Abstract A knowledge-based classification method was designed to improve crop classification accuracy. Crop data of preceding years, stored in a geographical information system (GIS) were used as ancillary data. Knowledge about crop succession, determined from crop rotation schemes, was formalized by means of transition matrices. The spectral data, the data from the GIS and the knowledge represented in the transition matrix were used in a modified Bayesian classification algorithm. The developed classification was tested in an agricultural region in The Netherlands. Depending on the spectral class discrimination, the accuracy of the knowledge-based classification was 6 to 20 percent better compared with a maximum likelihood classification.
Using along-strike variation in strain and kinematics to define the movement direction of curved transpressional shear zones: An example from northwestern Superior Province, Manitoba

A review of current understanding of structures in shear zones reveals that correlating the orientation of stretching lineations with movement direction, once a common practice based on the simple shear model, is not generally applicable to transpressional zones. It is difficult to determine the movement direction of a transpressional zone based on internal structures. We show that the movement direction can be better defined by considering the variation in strain geometry and kinematics of differently oriented and kinematically related shear zones or different segments of a curved shear zone. Application of this method to a shear zone in the northwestern Superior Province of Manitoba shows that the movement direction there is approximately north-south, in contrast to a commonly held view for similarly oriented shear zones in the Superior Province that the movement direction is approximately east-west.
A simulation and mechanism analysis of long-term variations at land surface over arid/semi-arid area in north China

[1] A revised version of an atmosphere-vegetation interaction model AVIM is presented and applied to the Northeast China Transect (NECT), an ecological transect over the arid/semi-arid area of China, to study the interaction between land surface physical processes and the physiological processes. The model reasonably simulates the physical fluxes and net primary productivity (NPP) along NECT. A 41-year simulation along NECT reveals the following. (1) Moisture is a major factor controlling the spatial distributions and temporal variation of NPP and leaf area index (LAI) along NECT. It is found that the effect of temperature-induced (or radiation-induced) variation in the moisture condition of the vegetation exceeds the effect of temperature (or radiation) itself on NPP and LAI. (2) The spatial distribution of vegetation and related parameters, such as albedo and canopy resistance, is crucial to the simulated distributions or the gradients of the physical fluxes. The simulated interannual variability of surface physical fluxes is strongly related to the interannual variation of the vegetation. (3) Related to global warming, there are long-term trends in the NPP and LAI of natural vegetation along NECT. At the early part of the growing season (April), the trends of NPP and LAI are positive mainly owing to the lengthening of growing days in April; however, the trends are negative during the summer (the main growing season) due to the unfavorable effects on the moisture condition of the vegetation by the warming.
Tenerife, Canary Islands

This field guide to the volcanic rocks of Tenerife is the only modern field guide available in English for this island, on which exceptionally well exposed volcanic geology can be seen. The latter includes a wide range of basaltic volcanic features (pahoehoe and aa lava flows, exposed lava tubes, dissected scoria cones, etc.), outstanding felsic pyroclastic sequences (plinian pumice fall deposits, thick unwelded, welded and rheomorphic ignimbrites, pyroclastic surge deposits, dome-collapse block-and-ash flows), various forms of felsic lava domes, and active fumaroles. A brief outline of the volcanic stratigraphy of the island is given, before embarking on an itinerary for a six-day excursion with details for a total of 25 stops. These range from the older basaltic series of Miocene-Pliocene age exposed at the three apices of this roughly triangular island, to the younger Cafiadas volcanic products (2.50.17 m.y.) with their trachyphonolite domes, Strombolian scoria cones and the huge blanket of largely unwelded ignimbrite. Details are also given of the caldera wall and intracaldera volcanic rocks of the Teide-Pico Viejo complex, and of the impressive 12,195 ft stratovolcanic cone of Teide. The sketch-maps are clear but some of the photographs have suffered in reproduction (notably the panoramic view of the Diego Hernandez sector of the caldera wall), the best being the colour photographs on the outside cover. But at such a reasonable price this slim guide is a must for all interested in volcanoes and volcanic products and indeed for geologically aware holiday-makers. R . A. HowlE