Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assembly of U7 Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particle and Histone RNA 3′ Processing in Xenopus Egg Extracts*

In animals, replication-dependent histone genes are expressed in dividing somatic cells during S phase to maintain chromatin condensation. Histone mRNA 3′-end formation is an essential regulatory step producing an mRNA with a hairpin structure at the 3′-end. This requires the interaction of the U7 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) with a purine-rich spacer element and of the hairpin-binding protein with the hairpin element, respectively, in the 3′-untranslated region of histone RNA. Here, we demonstrate that bona fide histone RNA 3′ processing takes place in Xenopus egg extracts in a reaction dependent on the addition of synthetic U7 RNA that is assembled into a ribonucleoprotein particle by protein components available in the extract. In addition to reconstituted U7 snRNP, Xenopushairpin-binding protein SLBP1 is necessary for efficient processing. Histone RNA 3′ processing is not affected by addition of non-destructible cyclin B, which drives the egg extract into M phase, but SLBP1 is phosphorylated in this extract. SPH-1, theXenopus homologue of human p80-coilin found in coiled bodies, is associated with U7 snRNPs. However, this does not depend on the U7 RNA being able to process histone RNA and also occurs with U1 snRNPs; therefore, association of SPH1 cannot be considered as a hallmark of a functional U7 snRNP.
Structural and Evolutionary Aspects of Antenna Chromophore Usage by Class II Photolyases*

Background: Photolyases are light-driven DNA repair enzymes harboring a catalytic FAD cofactor and usually an antenna chromophore. Results: 8-Hydroxydeazaflavin is the cognate antenna of the Methanosarcina mazei photolyase, an archaeal representative of the clade of otherwise metazoan class II photolyases. Conclusion: Phylogenetically, photolyases lost 8-hydroxydeazaflavin as antenna only in higher plants. Significance: 8-Hydroxydeazaflavin occurs as cofactor within major parts of the metazoan phylome. Light-harvesting and resonance energy transfer to the catalytic FAD cofactor are key roles for the antenna chromophores of light-driven DNA photolyases, which remove UV-induced DNA lesions. So far, five chemically diverse chromophores have been described for several photolyases and related cryptochromes, but no correlation between phylogeny and used antenna has been found. Despite a common protein topology, structural analysis of the distantly related class II photolyase from the archaeon Methanosarcina mazei (MmCPDII) as well as plantal orthologues indicated several differences in terms of DNA and FAD binding and electron transfer pathways. For MmCPDII we identify 8-hydroxydeazaflavin (8-HDF) as cognate antenna by in vitro and in vivo reconstitution, whereas the higher plant class II photolyase from Arabidopsis thaliana fails to bind any of the known chromophores. According to the 1.9 Å structure of the MmCPDII·8-HDF complex, its antenna binding site differs from other members of the photolyase-cryptochrome superfamily by an antenna loop that changes its conformation by 12 Å upon 8-HDF binding. Additionally, so-called N- and C-motifs contribute as conserved elements to the binding of deprotonated 8-HDF and allow predicting 8-HDF binding for most of the class II photolyases in the whole phylome. The 8-HDF antenna is used throughout the viridiplantae ranging from green microalgae to bryophyta and pteridophyta, i.e. mosses and ferns, but interestingly not in higher plants. Overall, we suggest that 8-hydroxydeazaflavin is a crucial factor for the survival of most higher eukaryotes which depend on class II photolyases to struggle with the genotoxic effects of solar UV exposure.
A Systematic Review, Analysis, and Evaluation of Research Articles in the Cornell Hospitality Quarterly

This paper describes a review of articles published in the Cornell Hospitality Quarterly in the period 2008 to 2011. A content analysis approach was used to analyze 133 research articles making original contributions to the development of knowledge. The findings indicate that accounting and finance was the most researched area and that the hospitality sector receiving most attention from scholars was hotels. The authorship analysis also shows that most of the articles were written by academic researchers from the United States, illustrating the concentration of experience and practical expertise in that country. This paper is of interest to readers seeking information on the recent progress and development of hospitality research and practice in a top-tier hospitality journal.
An exploratory study of groupware use in the knowledge management process

– Aims to explore the relationships between groupware use and the knowledge management process. , – The activities comprising the knowledge management process are conceptualized as: knowledge creation, knowledge maintenance, knowledge distribution, and knowledge review and revision. The data for this exploratory study were gathered through a telephone survey of managers at Fortune 1000 firm divisions. Based on the prior literature, it was expected that use of certain types of groupware and certain aspects of the knowledge management process would be significantly associated with each other. , – The results of this exploratory study show that the groupware tools which enhance or support traditional aural media were significantly associated with most of the knowledge management processes we identified. However, e‐mail is the sole groupware tool that is significantly associated with knowledge distribution. , – As an exploratory study, this research highlights some interesting trends in the knowledge management process, and suggests multiple lines of future research.
EXAMINING THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN SUDAN

Oil and gas industry has been considered as one of the leading industries in supporting corporate social responsibility (CSR), however, this industry is also known for being big emitters and polluters of the environment. Oil and gas industry in Sudan is of no exception of their counterparts around the world. This paper aims to investigate whether the regulatory frameworks in Sudan might drive oil and gas companies to be environmentally and socially responsible. The main findings of the paper are as follows. The legal frameworks in this area are not updated and many emerging items needed to be covered, such as those pertaining to environmental issues resulting from offshore exploration(s). Moreover, there is a lack of coordination and cooperation between the concerned governmental institutions that might be due to the confusions over their respective responsibilities. These institutions are under-employed and lack the capacity building to perform their responsibilities effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, there is a limited participation of the local community in the decision making process of petroleum development in Sudan. Finally, it was found that the big sizes of the concession blocks in Sudan make it difficult for the authorities to control and monitor the operations of the companies in terms of their effects to the environment and the local community.
The Reaction of Stock Prices to Unanticipated Changes in Money: A Note

MUCH OF THE PAST work on the money-stock market relationship centered on the question of whether money is a leading indicator of stock prices. Studies by Sprinkel [22], Homa and Jaffee [10], and Hamburger and Kochin [8] supported the view that past increases in money lead to increases in equity prices. The implication of this work was that investors could earn above normal proflts by using a trading strategy based on the observed behavior of the money stock. This contradicts the efficient markets hypothesis which asserts that current asset prices reflect all available information so that no such trading strategy can exist. Subsequent research by Cooper [3], Pesando [17], Rozeff [21], and Rogalski and Vinso [19] has shown that past money changes do not contain predictive information on stock prices, upholding the efficient markets view. This paper investigates whether the response of common stock prices to weekly money announcements is consistent with the efflcient markets hypothesis. Unlike the above research, therefore, the focus is on the very short-run response of stock prices to both anticipated and unanticipated announced changes in money. Recent work by Berkman [1], Grossman [7], Urich and Wachtel [25], and Roley [20] indicates that short-term interest rates respond only to the unexpected component of the announcement, with short-term rates rising when the announced change in money exceeds the expected change. ' Berkman also examined the reaction of stock prices, finding that an unanticipated increase in the money supply depressed share prices. Lynge [13] found that positive money announcements lowered stock prices, but since he did not distinguish expected from unexpected money growth, his results do not bear directly on the efficient markets issue. In investigating the response of stock prices to weekly money announcements, survey data on market participants' forecasts of the announced weekly change
How Severe Was the Credit Cycle in the New York-Northern New Jersey Region?

U.S. households accumulated record-high levels of debt in the 2000s and then began a process of deleveraging following the Great Recession and financial crisis. However, the magnitude of these swings in the use of credit varied considerably within the United States. An analysis of trends in household debt over the past decade shows that compared with the nation as a whole, the New York–northern New Jersey region experienced a relatively mild "credit cycle," although pockets of financial stress exist.
Summer and Winter Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Emissions from On-Road Motor Vehicles in the Midwestern United States

Abstract On-road vehicle emission rates of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured in two tunnels in Milwaukee, WI, in summer 2000 and winter 2001. Seasonal ambient temperatures in the Midwestern United States vary more widely than in locations where most studies of NMHC emissions from vehicle fleets have been conducted. Ethanol is the added fuel oxygenate in the area, and, thus, emissions measured here are of interest as other regions phase out methyl tertiary butyl ether and increase the use of ethanol. Total emissions of NMHCs in three types of tunnel tests averaged 4560 ± 800 mg L−1 fuel burned (average ± standard error). To investigate the impact of cold start on vehicle emissions, samples were collected as vehicles exited a parking structure in subzero temperatures. NMHC emissions in the subzero cold-start test were 8830 ± 190 mg L−1 fuel–nearly double the tunnel emissions. Comparison of ambient data for the Milwaukee area with tunnel emissions showed the impact of seasonal differences in fuels and emissions on the urban atmosphere. Composition of fuel samples collected from area gas stations in both seasons was correlated with vehicle emissions; the predominant difference was increased winter emissions of lighter hydrocarbons present in winter gasoline. A chemical mass balance model was used to determine the contributions of whole gasoline and gasoline headspace vapors to vehicle emissions in the tunnel and cold-start tests, which were found to vary with season. Results of the mass balance model also indicate that partially combusted components of gasoline are a major contributor to emissions of aromatic compounds and air toxic compounds, including benzene, toluene, xylenes, napthalene, and 1,3-butadiene, whereas air toxics hexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane are largely attributed to gasoline and headspace vapors.
Corrupt Governmental Networks

ABSTRACT This study provides an empirically based analysis of corrupt governmental networks. We conducted 45 interviews in Hungary with different organizational actors who were actually participating in corrupt transactions or at least had first-hand experiences of corruption. Given the secret nature of the topic, this article provides a unique insight into the phenomenon. Our findings show that corrupt elite cliques consciously design and coordinate multilevel structures of corrupt networks within and among organizations that involve a large amount of people. We identified the major network elements and their functions in corrupt transactions. The article also provides a typology of corrupt networks. The networks have different structural characteristics based on location of the “cash cows,” points from where the system is fed, and the actors’ positions of power. Our findings are compared with the already existing literature on dark networks, terrorist, and organized crime formations.
Pancreatic cysts: pathologic classification, differential diagnosis, and clinical implications.

CONTEXT Cystic lesions of the pancreas are being recognized with increasing frequency and have become a more common finding in clinical practice because of the widespread use of advanced imaging modalities and the sharp drop in the mortality rate of pancreatic surgery. Consequently, in the past 2 decades, the nature of many cystic tumors in this organ has been better characterized, and significant developments have taken place in the classification and in our understanding of pancreatic cystic lesions. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the current concepts in classification, differential diagnosis, and clinical/biologic behavior of pancreatic cystic tumors. DATA SOURCES The authors' personal experience, based on institutional and consultation materials, combined with an analysis of the literature. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to solid tumors, most of which are invasive ductal adenocarcinomas with dismal prognosis, cystic lesions of the pancreas are often either benign or low-grade indolent neoplasia. However, those that are mucinous, namely, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms, constitute an important category because they have well-established malignant potential, representing an adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Those that are nonmucinous such as serous tumors, congenital cysts, lymphoepithelial cysts, and squamoid cyst of pancreatic ducts have no malignant potential. Only rare nonmucinous cystic tumors that occur as a result of degenerative/necrotic changes in otherwise solid neoplasia, such as cystic ductal adenocarcinomas, cystic pancreatic endocrine neoplasia, and solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm, are also malignant and have variable degrees of aggressiveness.
Conflict, International Response, and Forced Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2007*

The earlier version of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the Korean Association of International Studies held in the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security, December 9-10, 2011. This article is a part of my dissertation, which was completed at the Department of Political Science of the University of South Carolina with the financial support of the Walker Institute for International and Area Studies at the University of South Carolina. I thank Harvey Starr, Lee Walker, Katherine Barbieri, Zaryab Iqbal, and Roger Coate for their longtime support. I am also grateful to Byungha Lee and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. humanitarian response on decisions of forcibly displaced people, including refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), about where to relocate in sub-Saharan Africa between 1980 and 2007. Although light has been shed on the plight of displaced people in studies on forced migration and international relations, no clear-cut answer exists as to what condition some displaced people relocate themselves within their country of origin while others seek refuge abroad. I argue that displaced people respond to violent conflict by making decisions, within their constrained freedom of choice, about where they go based on the expected levels of threat and humanitarian assistance and protection. The results of fractional logit analyses show that humanitarian operations where the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is involved in a country of origin reduce the proportion of refugees fleeing from the country, while they are not statistically significant in terms of the proportion of refugees residing in a country of asylum. This mixed finding is closely related to the fact that sub-Saharan African countries recently have securitized refugees such that these countries are reluctant to receive refugees, producing a lot more IDPs than refugees.
Lipids in dendritic cell biology: messengers, effectors, and antigens

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most professional APC, which induce and coordinate immune responses. The principal task of DC is T cell activation, although DC also interact with and regulate other cell types. The present review serves to illustrate the increasing evidence that lipids play an important role in DC biology. In addition to being fuel stores and structural components of cellular membranes such as in other cell types, lipids act as second messengers and as effectors throughout all steps of DC differentiation and regulate important DC functions. The recent finding that DC synthesize lipid antigens in response to bacterial stimulation and induce antibacterial, CD1‐restricted T cells through antigenic mimicry further emphasizes the important role of lipids and DC at the blurring boundaries of innate and adaptive immunity.
Applied health informatics: a multi-year international effort to implement and maintain evidence-based practice for chronic-wound treatment

This paper describes a multi-year attempt to develop, implement and maintain an evidence-based international clinical decision support system for preventing and treating chronic wounds. Incidental to implementation efforts, over 37,000 wound assessments, risk assessments and treatment events were accumulated. These data allowed further confirmation of the evidence on which protocols and algorithms were based as well as empirically based rationales for refinement or the protocols and algorithms. However, during the decade-long project many challenges were faced. Key points of learning are also presented. An iterative incidental model for applied health informatics is presented as a context for viewing the efforts.
Forgiveness in Marriage: Implications for Psychological Aggression and Constructive Communication

Two studies examined whether forgiveness in married couples predicted partner reports of psychological aggression and constructive communication. Study 1 found that forgiveness of hypothetical acts of psychological aggression predicted partner reports of psychological aggression. Study 2 examined actual transgressions and found two underlying dimensions of forgiveness (positive and negative). The negative dimension predicted partner reports of psychological aggression, and, for husbands, the positive dimension predicted partner reports of constructive communication. All findings were independent of both spouses’ marital satisfaction. The implications for understanding marital interaction and future research on forgiveness are discussed.
Optimization method of passenger train plan based on stop schedule plan for passenger dedicated line

This paper analyzed the deficiency of traditional method for working out passenger train plan. An optimization method of passenger train plan based on stop schedule plan under the conditions of passenger dedicated line was put forward. It gave a comprehensive consideration of train-origin/terminal-station, paths, trains grade, quantity of dispatched train, stop schedule plan. Optimization model was established just as formula 9, 10 and 11. This paper programmed calculation of passenger train plan with Matlab according to the new method, and a satisfactory result of the example just as table 4 and 5 was obtained.
Outpatient assessment of determinants of glucose excursions in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: proof of concept.

UNLABELLED Abstract Objective: Controlled inpatient studies on the effects of food, physical activity (PA), and insulin dosing on glucose excursions exist, but such outpatient data are limited. We report here outpatient data on glucose excursions and its key determinants over 5 days in 30 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) as a proof-of-principle pilot study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjects (20 on insulin pumps, 10 receiving multiple daily injections; 15±2 years old; diabetes duration, 8±4 years; hemoglobin A1c, 8.1±1.0%) wore a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and an accelerometer for 5 days. Subjects continued their existing insulin regimens, and time-stamped insulin dosing data were obtained from insulin pump downloads or insulin pen digital logs. Time-stamped cell phone photographs of food pre- and post-consumption and food logs were used to augment 24-h dietary recalls for Days 1 and 3. These variables were incorporated into regression models to predict glucose excursions at 1-4 h post-breakfast. RESULTS CGM data on both Days 1 and 3 were obtained in 57 of the possible 60 subject-days with an average of 125 daily CGM readings (out of a possible 144). PA and dietary recall data were obtained in 100% and 93% of subjects on Day 1 and 90% and 100% of subjects on Day 3, respectively. All of these variables influenced glucose excursions at 1-4 h after waking, and 56 of the 60 subject-days contributed to the modeling analysis. CONCLUSIONS Outpatient high-resolution time-stamped data on the main inputs of glucose variability in adolescents with T1D are feasible and can be modeled. Future applications include using these data for in silico modeling and for monitoring outpatient iterations of closed-loop studies, as well as to improve clinical advice regarding insulin dosing to match diet and PA behaviors.
An Economics Perspective on the Sharing of Information Related to Security Breaches: Concepts and Empirical Evidence

By Dr. Lawrence A. Gordon, Ernst & Young Alumni Professor of Managerial Accounting and Information Assurance, Smith School of Business, University of Maryland Dr. Martin P. Loeb, Professor of Accounting and Information Assurance, Deloitte & Touche Faculty Fellow, Smith School of Business, University of Maryland Mr. William Lucyshyn, Research Director, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency & Senior Research Scholar, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland Presented at
Engaging with multiculturalism in Greek-Cypriot Primary Schools

This paper explores the way in which students are engaging with multiculturalism in Greek- Cypriot primary schools. The student population has become increasingly diverse during the last few decades, creating a conflict with the monocultural and monolingual character of the education system. Through a narrative inquiry, this paper looks at the way students' different cultures are perceived and treated by the students themselves -both Cypriot and non-Cypriot- in two primary schools in Nicosia. Findings indicate that they manage to deal with the issues and tensions created by the conflict between multiculturalism and monoculturalism in a positive and constructive way. Children express positively over the multicultural character of their classrooms, acknowledging, however, the fact that minor racist incidents exist.