Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying and Nurturing Future Innovators in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: A Review of Findings From the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth

Calls to strengthen education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are underscored by employment trends and the importance of STEM innovation for the economy. The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) has been tracking over 5,000 talented individuals longitudinally for 40 years, throwing light on critical questions in talent identification and development in STEM. SMPY includes individuals identified in 7th/8th grade as in the top 1% or higher in mathematical or verbal ability, and a comparison group identified as top STEM graduate students. SMPY findings cover the educational and occupational attainments of participants, including a large percentage earning a degree or pursuing high powered careers in STEM; gender differences; the extent to which high school experiences, abilities, and interests predict later outcomes; and subsequent creative production. Mathematical reasoning ability as measured by standardized tests is a reliable predictor for later math/science engagement and achievement in adulthood, and spatial ability adds predictive value. Exposure to appropriate educational opportunities do correlate with career achievement and creative production. SMPY researchers have concluded that potential future STEM innovators can be identified early and that educational interventions can increase their chances of success.
Why Are Individuals Attracted to Organizations?

Applicant attraction is vital to the success of an organization. Despite its importance, however, research on it has tended to proceed in a relatively piecemeal way. Accordingly, the authors present a framework for attraction research through an examination of the underlying relevant theories. Specifically, they identify three overarching metatheories focusing on environment processing, interactionist processing, and self-processing that form the basis for their theoretical model. The authors conclude with an examination of future research directions.
Malware detection: program run length against detection rate

N-gram analysis is an approach that investigates the structure of a program using bytes, characters or text strings. This research uses dynamic analysis to investigate malware detection using a classification approach based on N-gram analysis. A key issue with dynamic analysis is the length of time a program has to be run to ensure a correct classification. The motivation for this research is to find the optimum subset of operational codes (opcodes) that make the best indicators of malware and to determine how long a program has to be monitored to ensure an accurate support vector machine (SVM) classification of benign and malicious software. The experiments within this study represent programs as opcode density histograms gained through dynamic analysis for different program run periods. A SVM is used as the program classifier to determine the ability of different program run lengths to correctly determine the presence of malicious software. The findings show that malware can be detected with different program run lengths using a small number of opcodes.
A stitch in time saves nine: Behavioural decision-making explanations for time management problems

Time management problems such as choosing urgent instead of important tasks are prevalent but so far they lack a theoretical explanation. The authors argue that time management implies a choice about the use of time. Therefore rational choice theory as a normative theory of choice is relevant to time management, and so is behavioural decision-making research focusing on biases and heuristics that make people deviate from the prediction of rational choice theory. The authors show how these biases and heuristics lead to non-efficient time management. In particular, steep and hyperbolic time discounting is explained and its implications for time management as well as for time management training are presented. Several propositions about the importance of individual and situational variables are also put forward.
The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Earth’s Hydroclimate

AbstractThe 1987 Montreal Protocol regulating emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) was motivated primarily by the harm to human health and ecosystems arising from increased exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation associated with depletion of the ozone layer. It is now known that the Montreal Protocol has helped reduce radiative forcing of the climate system since CFCs are greenhouse gases (GHGs), and that ozone depletion (which is now on the verge of reversing) has been the dominant driver of atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere in the last half century.This paper demonstrates that the Montreal Protocol also significantly protects Earth’s hydroclimate. Using the Community Atmospheric Model, version 3 (CAM3), coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean, it is shown that in the “world avoided” (i.e., with CFC emissions not regulated), the subtropical dry zones would be substantially drier, and the middle- and high-latitude regions considerabl.
Another network model bites the dust: Entorhinal inputs are no more than weakly excitatory in the hippocampal CA1 region

There are several theories of hippocampal function in which region CAI is viewed as a decoder of CA3 recodings (Levy, 1989; Rolls, 1989; O’Reilly and McClelland, 1994). Such a model (e.g., Levy, 1989) postulates a strong excitatory entorhinal cortical input to stratum moleculare of the CAI region. This input serves two purposes: 1) It forces a CA1 neuron to fire whenever the appropriate EC inputs are active, and 2) it provides the postsynaptic excitation needed to associatively potentiate a converging, coactive CA3-CA1 synapse in s. radiatum. Motivated by this theoretical viewpoint and by the observations of Spencer and Kandel(1961), we have used anatomical and physiological methods to understand the entorhinal cortical input to CAI s . lacunosum-moleculare. we examined, 93% were asymmetric contacts on dendritic spines, and the labeled presynaptic varicosities contained spherical synaptic vesicles (Fig. 1; Desmond ct al., 1994). Thus, most EC-CA1 synapses are, by morphological criteria, excitatory synapses (Desmond et al., 1994). Serial section reconstruction of one labeled EC axon and its associated axospinous synapse and postsynaptic dendrite confirmed the single thin-section observations and further suggests that the EC synapses are formed with pyramidal cell dendritic spines. Because dendritic shaft synapses occur on both pyramidal and nonpyraniidal cells, it is not possible to comment on the excitation of inhibitory neurons based on our anatomical observations. Our morphological observations thus imply the direct excitation of CA1 pyramidal cells by EC axons.
Calcium's Role in Mechanotransduction during Muscle Development

Mechanotransduction is a process where cells sense their surroundings and convert the physical forces in their environment into an appropriate response. Calcium plays a crucial role in the translation of such forces to biochemical signals that control various biological processes fundamental in muscle development. The mechanical stimulation of muscle cells may for example result from stretch, electric and magnetic stimulation, shear stress, and altered gravity exposure. The response, mainly involving changes in intracellular calcium concentration then leads to a cascade of events by the activation of downstream signaling pathways. The key calcium-dependent pathways described here include the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The subsequent effects in cellular homeostasis consist of cytoskeletal remodeling, cell cycle progression, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, all necessary for healthy muscle development, repair, and regeneration. A deregulation from the normal process due to disuse, trauma, or disease can result in a clinical condition such as muscle atrophy, which entails a significant loss of muscle mass. In order to develop therapies against such diseased states, we need to better understand the relevance of calcium signaling and the downstream responses to mechanical forces in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review is to discuss in detail how diverse mechanical stimuli cause changes in calcium homeostasis by affecting membrane channels and the intracellular stores, which in turn regulate multiple pathways that impart these effects and control the fate of muscle tissue.
An Intimate Portrait of the Individual Investor

We examine a range of investment decisions, and ensuing portfolio performance, and established that they have statistically significant associations with personality traits captured by Costa and McRae's [1992] operationalization of Norman's [1963] ‘Big Five’ (Negative Emotion, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness), Bem's [1977] psychological gender traits (Masculinity and Femininity) and Jackson's [1976] personality traits of Preference for Innovation and Risk Taking Propensity.
Childhood internalizing symptoms are negatively associated with early adolescent alcohol use.

BACKGROUND The relationship between childhood internalizing problems and early adolescent alcohol use has been infrequently explored and remains unclear. METHODS We employed growth mixture modeling of internalizing symptoms for a large, population-based sample of U.K. children (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Cohort) to identify trajectories of childhood internalizing symptoms from age 4 through age 11.5. We then examined the relationship between membership in each trajectory and alcohol use in early adolescence (reported at age 13.8). RESULTS Overall, children experiencing elevated levels of internalizing symptoms were less likely to use alcohol in early adolescence. This finding held true across all internalizing trajectories; that is, those exhibiting increasing levels of internalizing symptoms over time, and those whose symptoms desisted over time, were both less likely to use alcohol than their peers who did not exhibit internalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that childhood internalizing symptoms, unlike adolescent symptoms, are negatively associated with early adolescent alcohol experimentation. Additional studies are warranted to follow up on our preliminary evidence that symptoms of phobia and separation anxiety drive this effect.
Network Active Shape Model for Updating Road Map from Aerial Images

We propose to use an active shape model for correcting a road map in a stable manner. Active shape model can deform itself preserving the given basic shape by restricting the deformation to an affine transformation. In order to consider the topological connections for road maps, we extend the active shape model to network active shape model. It allows to deform road network globally preserving a topology of road network. By iterating the deformation step, road network is refined gradually. Experimental results show that proposed method can refine the existing road map correctly by fitting aerial image
A 77.1dB/108.9dB SNDR dual-mode delta-sigma modulator

This paper presents a dual-mode delta-sigma modulator. The modulator can be configured for two structures, 3rd-order 4-bit in low-frequency high-resolution applications, and 2nd-order 4-bit in high-frequency low-resolution applications. Most of the circuit parts including the capacitors and switches are shared in both modes. An efficient OTA and comparators with Input Offset Calibration technique are adopted. The modulator is fabricated in 180nm CMOS technology. It achieves 77.1dB and 108.9dB peak Signal to Noise and Distortion Ratio (SNDR) separately in two modes with 1.25MHz and 39kHz input signal bandwidth. The power consumption is about 12mW.
Affective responses to own violations of ingroup norms: the moderating role of norm salience

The findings from two experiments support the argument that the salience of a relevant ingroup norm may moderate the affective consequences of one's normative violations. Participants' counternormative behaviour only influenced their self-reported affect under conditions of high norm salience. This relationship was mediated by participants' perceptions that their expression of ingroup favouritism was discrepant from a group norm of intergroup fairness. The presented evidence extends previous research in two ways. First, it qualifies prior work concerning the affective impact of normative ‘discrepancy’ on self-directed negative affect. Second, it shows that increased self-directed negative affect can be produced by deviations from the norms of a situationally salient and identity-relevant reference group. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wild-Type Strain of Staphylococcus aureus Containing Two Genetic Linkage Groups for Penicillinase Production

Staphylococcus aureus strain 55C1, isolated from a patient in 1955, contained two genetic linkage groups for penicillinase formation. One was linked to genes that control resistance to cadmium and mercuric ions; it had properties of a plasmidborne gene. The other was not linked to resistance to these metal ions; it had properties of a chromosomal gene. Penicillinase formation by cells that contained either linkage group was inducible by penicillins. Induced penicillinase in cells that contained both linkage groups equalled the sum of that produced in cells containing each group singly. Exopenicillinase produced by cells containing either gene was serological type A. Constitutive penicillinase formation resulting from regulator gene mutations in either linkage group was repressed to differing extents by a wild-type determinant in the trans position. The genetic structure and the regulation of penicillinase formation in strain 55C1 resembled in general those for penicillinase linkage groups which Asheshov and Dyke described for diploid mutant strains of S. aureus PS 80. There were differences in detail, however.
Properties regulating the nature of the plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to Toll-like receptor 9 activation

Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) can produce interferon (IFN)-α and/or mature and participate in the adaptive immune response. Three classes of CpG oligonucleotide ligands for Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 can be distinguished by different sequence motifs and different abilities to stimulate IFN-α production and maturation of PDCs. We show that the nature of the PDC response is determined by the higher order structure and endosomal location of the CpG oligonucleotide. Activation of TLR9 by the multimeric CpG-A occurs in transferrin receptor (TfR)-positive endosomes and leads exclusively to IFN-α production, whereas monomeric CpG-B oligonucleotides localize to lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1–positive endosomes and promote maturation of PDCs. However, CpG-B, when complexed into microparticles, localizes in TfR-positive endosomes and induces IFN-α from PDCs, whereas monomeric forms of CpG-A localize to LAMP-1–positive endosomes accompanied by the loss of IFN-α production and a gain in PDC maturation activity. CpG-C sequences, which induce both IFN-α and maturation of PDCs, are distributed in both type of endosomes. Encapsulation of CpG-C in liposomes stable above pH 5.75 completely abrogated the IFN-α response while increasing PDC maturation. This establishes that the primary determinant of TLR9 signaling is not valency but endosomal location and demonstrates a strict compartmentalization of the biological response to TLR9 activation in PDCs.
Human Interests And The Forested Land

Studying the impact of social and economic interests on forests has a long tradition, beginning with Marsh’s (1965) Man and Nature and including (but not limited to) Herndon’s (1991) Cut and Run; Merchant’s (1989) Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England; Manning’s (1991) Last Stand; and Lansky’s (1992) Beyond the Beauty Strip. Richard W. Behan’s Plundered Promise: Capitalism, Politics, and the Fate of the Federal Lands and Neil Rolde’s The Interrupted Forest: A History of Maine’s Wildlands can be seen as contributions to this wide stream, via different approaches that probably reflect the authors’ backgrounds. Behan has a Ph.D. in wildland resource science and has taught at the University of Montana and Northern Arizona University. Neil Rolde is a former Maine state legislator and historian who has written about Maine and specifically about the Baxter family. Both consider forests and forces affecting forest management but diverge regarding geography, land ownership type, and theoretical perspective. Geographically, Plundered Promise concentrates on U.S. federal lands, whereas The Interrupted Forest looks specifically at a much smaller area, the approximately 10 million acres composing Maine’s North Woods. In addition to the different geographic focus, the two books study contrasting land ownership systems. The federal lands of Plundered Promise are clearly owned by the government and ostensibly managed for the public. In Maine’s North Woods, large private corporations in the forest products industry own almost all of the land. And, finally, Plundered Promise takes a critical approach to examining forest management, based on an analysis of political and economic institutions. The Interrupted Forest takes more or less a narrative history approach. Though these books do not share geography, type of land ownership, or theoretical perspective, they do share central concerns. Both take an evolutionary approach to forests and their management, and both examine the effect of human institutions on forest policies and practices. Given these dissimilarities and commonalities, Plundered Promise and The Interrupted Forest offer the reader an opportunity to compare the effect over time of private and public ownership approaches to the forest on both national and local societies. In the following sections, the books’ approaches and implications are considered in detail.
Transport Layer Identification of P 2 P Super nodes

Since P2P applications emerged, the amount of P2P traffic has continually grown. This poses potential costs as it entails extra workload on the network and host machines. First-generation P2P protocols used well-defined port numbers, allowing network administrators to control user access to these networks. Some of the earliest P2P networks, such as Napster, relied on central servers to connect peers and took on the processing and traffic costs of doing so. Many current P2P protocols allow users to define their listening port number and use random ports to connect to other peers. Consequently, the only reliable way to identify P2P traffic is by using user payload. However, there are legal and technical issues associated with this. Also, emerging P2P technologies are beginning to encrypt the payload, rendering payload validation impossible. These new P2P networks use super nodes to connect groups of peers. Super nodes are similar to the central servers of earlier networks, but are responsible for a small subset of peers. Any node on a P2P network can be promoted to a super node and will consequently be responsible for networking connected peers and forwarding on their searches. This can add a significant computational burden and increase in incoming and outgoing network traffic to the super node. This is often done without the user's knowledge and explicit permission. Our goal is to identify hosts running P2P applications and classify each P2P node as being a super node or regular peer node.
Mobility and highly effective teachers: Re‐visiting beliefs about ‘over‐stayers’

Abstract There is a long held belief in the teaching profession—a belief approximating the status of folklore—that when a teacher stays in a school for an extended amount of time, the enthusiasm for the job wanes and becomes less effective, turning into the ‘living dead’, awaiting retirement. In this folklore, then, teacher mobility is positioned as desirable—with positive outcomes for the profession and for students. Two recent studies and faculties in NSW government schools, however, suggest to us a need to problematise the notion of teacher mobility as an automatically desirable aspect of the profession. We think these studies suggest a greater degree of complexity around the issue of teacher mobility than simply viewing the ‘over stayer’ as a cynical quasi‐retiree or ‘shell back’. In fact, these studies of teachers who achieve outstanding outcomes in the NSW Higher School Certificate (HSC) and of faculties and programs achieving outstanding outcomes in years 7–10, suggest that length of time in a school may be directly correlated with outstanding outcomes (by underpinning a range of other factors probably more directly causative of those outcomes).
Dire straits: the divisive legacy of the 1898 Cambridge anthropological expedition.

Bartlett's claim that the Cambridge anthropological expedition of 1898 to the Torres Strait "put a social and ethnological stamp upon Cambridge psychology" does not bear close examination. Rivers pursued his interests in both anthropology and psychology but came to regard them as largely independent pursuits. Myers, through the influence of Rivers, came to identify himself primarily as a psychologist. McDougall was very quickly marginalized. There were two occasions when the promise of the Torres Strait began to be fulfilled: first, the reunion of Rivers, Myers, McDougall, and Seligman, all medically trained, at Maghull Hospital to help in the treatment of shell-shocked soldiers; second, Bartlett's attempt, early in his career, to establish a sociocultural psychology. However, the remarkable "academy" at Maghull was disbanded at the end of the war, and Bartlett, in his attempt to promote the "upstart subject" of psychology at Cambridge, increasingly came to distance his department from social and ethnological concerns. There is a neglected legacy of the Torres Strait expedition, the curious belief that the methods of experimental psychology, and indeed psychophysics, could (somehow) be foundational to the human sciences. This legacy has served both to suggest that psychology must have something to do with anthropology, while perpetually deferring any actual integration between the two disciplines.
Dreams and Connectionism: A Critique

Connectionist models of dreaming have appealed to researchers who are interested in these models' biological plausibility, computational clarity, and schema-like properties. However, as psychological theories, current connectionist models of dreaming are indistinct; the same rudimentary aspects of dream phenomena (e.g., composite imagery, temporal discontinuities) can be simulated by adjusting any of several
Low-voltage low-power switched-current circuits and systems

This paper presents low-voltage low-power switched-current circuits and systems. Novel class AB configuration and common-mode feedforward are the essence. A delay line, memory cell, oversampling A/D converter, and chopper-stabilized oversampling A/D converter were designed and implemented. Measurement results are presented as well. <<ETX>>