Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dark matter halos around isolated ellipticals

Aims. We investigate the distribution of the luminous and the dark matter components in the isolated ellipticals NGC 7052 and NGC 7785, which are embedded in an emitting hot gas halo, by means of relevant X-ray and photometric data. Methods. To calculate the dark matter distribution in these rare objects, we performed an improved X-ray analysis of theXMM-Newton data of NGC 7785, and we used former results based on Chandra data of NGC 7052. For each object we also derived the stellar spheroid length scale from the surface photometry and the spheroid stellar mass from an analysis of the galaxy spectral energy distribution. Results. We find that a dark matter component is present in these objects. It is subdominant and mixed with the luminous matter inside the optical region half-light radius wide, while it dominates the gravitational potential at outer radii. On the whole, the dark halo structure is very similar to that found around spirals of comparable luminosity and it is well reproduced by a Burkert halo, while a Sersic spheroid accounts well for the baryonic component.
SQUID-based instrumentation for ultralow-field MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging at ultralow fields (ULF MRI) is a promising new imaging method that uses SQUID sensors to measure the spatially encoded precession of pre-polarized nuclear spin populations at a microtesla-range measurement field. In this work, a seven-channel SQUID system designed for simultaneous 3D ULF MRI and magnetoencephalography (MEG) is described. The system includes seven second-order SQUID gradiometers characterized by magnetic field resolutions of 1.2–2.8 fT Hz−1/2. It is also equipped with five sets of coils for 3D Fourier imaging with pre-polarization. Essential technical details of the design are discussed. The system’s ULF MRI performance is demonstrated by multi-channel 3D images of a preserved sheep brain acquired at 46 µT measurement field with pre-polarization at 40 mT. The imaging resolution is 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm × 5 mm. The ULF MRI images are compared to images of the same brain acquired using conventional high-field MRI. Different ways to improve imaging SNR are discussed.
Basic nets in the projective plane

The notion of basic net (called also basic polyhedron) on $S^2$ plays a central role in Conway's approach to enumeration of knots and links in $S^3$. Drobotukhina applied this approach for links in $RP^3$ using basic nets on $RP^2$. By a result of Nakamoto, all basic nets on $S^2$ can be obtained from a very explicit family of minimal basic nets (the nets $(2\times n)^*$, $n\ge3$, in Conway's notation) by two local transformations. We prove a similar result for basic nets in $RP^2$. We prove also that a graph on $RP^2$ is uniquely determined by its pull-back on $S^3$ (the proof is based on Lefschetz fix point theorem).
A Spitzer Space Telescope survey of massive young stellar objects in the G333.2−0.4 giant molecular cloud

The G333 giant molecular cloud contains a few star clusters and Hii regions, plus a number of condensations currently forming stars. We have mapped thirteen of these sources with the appearance of young stellar objects (YSOs) with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph in the Short-Low, Short-High, and Long-High modules (5-36 µm). We use these spectra plus available photometry and images to characterize the YSOs. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of all sources peak between 35 and 110 µm, thereby showing their young age. The objects are divided into two groups: YSOs associated with extended emission in IRAC band 2 at 4.5 µm (‘outflow sources’) and YSOs that have extended emission in all IRAC bands peaking at the longest wavelengths (‘red sources’). The two groups of objects have distinctly different spectra: All the YSOs associated with outflows show evidence of massive envelopes surrounding the protostar because the spectra show deep silicate absorption features and absorption by ices at 6.0, 6.8, and 15.2 µm. We identify these YSOs with massive envelopes cool enough to contain ice-coated grains as the ‘bloated’ protostars in the models of Hosokawa et al. All spectral maps show ionized forbidden lines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission features. For four of the red sources, these lines are concentrated to the centres of the maps, from which we infer that these YSOs are the source of ionizing photons. Both types of objects show evidence of shocks, with most of the outflow sources showing a line of neutral sulphur in the outflows and two of the red sources showing the more highly excited [Neiii] and [Siv] lines in outflow regions at some distance from the YSOs. The 4.5 µm emission seen in the IRAC band 2 images of the outflow sources is not due to H2 lines, which are too faint in the 5 – 10 µm wavelength region to be as strong as is needed to account for the IRAC band 2 emission.
Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members

The present research investigates how emotional displays shape reactions to ingroup and outgroup members when people are reminded of death. We hypothesized that under mortality salience, emotions that signal social distance promote worldview defense (i.e., increased ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation), whereas emotions that signal affiliation promote affiliation need (i.e., reduced ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation). In three studies, participants viewed emotional displays of ingroup and/or outgroup members after a mortality salience or control manipulation. Results revealed that under mortality salience, anger increased ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation (Study 1), enhanced perceived overlap with the ingroup (Study 3), and increased positive facial behavior to ingroup displays—measured via the Facial Action Coding System (Studies 1 and 2) and electromyography of the zygomaticus major muscle (Study 3). In contrast, happiness decreased ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation (Study 2), and increased positive facial behavior towards outgroup members (Study 3). The findings suggest that, in times of threat, emotional displays can determine whether people move away from unfamiliar others or try to form as many friendly relations as possible.
Singular Vector of Ding-Iohara-Miki Algebra and Hall-Littlewood Limit of 5D AGT Conjecture

In this thesis, we obtain the formula for the Kac determinant of the algebra arising from the level $N$ representation of the Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra. This formula can be proved by decomposing the level $N$ representation into the deformed $W$-algebra part and the $U(1)$ boson part, and using the screening currents of the deformed $W$-algebra. It is also discovered that singular vectors obtained by its screening currents correspond to the generalized Macdonald functions. Moreover, we investigate the $q \rightarrow 0$ limit of five-dimensional AGT correspondence. In this limit, the simplest 5D AGT conjecture is proved, that is, the inner product of the Whittaker vector of the deformed Virasoro algebra coincides with the partition function of the 5D pure gauge theory. Furthermore, the R-Matrix of the Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra is explicitly calculated, and its general expression in terms of the generalized Macdonald functions is conjectured.
Almost Dual Pairs and Definable Classes of Modules

In [7] Holm considers categories of right modules dual to those with support in a set of finitely presented modules. We extend some of his results by placing them in the context of elementary duality on definable subcategories. In doing so we also prove that dual modules have enough indecomposable direct summands.
Introduction to labeled island particle models and their asymptotic properties

Estimation of stochastic processes evolving in a random environment is of crucial importance for example to predict aircraft trajectories evolving in an unknown atmosphere. For fixed parameter, interacting particle systems are a convenient way to approximate such stochastic process. But the second level of uncertainty provided by the environment parameters leads us to also consider interacting particles on the parameter space. This novel algorithm is described in this paper. It allows to approximate both a random environment and a stochastic process evolving in this environment, given noisy observations of the process. It is a sequential algorithm that generalizes island particle models including a parameter. It is referred by us as labeled island particle algorithm. We prove the convergence of the labeled island particle algorithm and we establish $\mathbb{L}^p$ bound as well as time uniform $\mathbb{L}^p$ bound for the asymptotic error introduced by this double level of approximation. Finally, we illustrate these results on a filtering problem where one learns a dynamical parameter through noisy observations of a stochastic process influenced by the parameter.
McKean-Vlasov diffusion and the well-posedness of the Hookean bead-spring-chain model for dilute polymeric fluids: small-mass limit and equilibration in momentum space

We reformulate a general class of classical bead-spring-chain models for dilute polymeric fluids, with Hookean spring potentials, as McKean-Vlasov diffusion. This results in a coupled system of partial differential equations involving the unsteady incompressible linearized Navier-Stokes equations, referred to as the Oseen system, for the velocity and the pressure of the fluid, with a source term which is a nonlinear function of the probability density function, and a second-order degenerate parabolic Fokker-Planck equation, whose transport terms depend on the velocity field, for the probability density function. We show that this coupled Oseen-Fokker-Planck system has a large-data global weak solution. We then perform a rigorous passage to the limit as the masses of the beads in the bead-spring-chain converge to zero, which is shown in particular to result in equilibration in momentum space. The limiting problem is then used to perform a rigorous derivation of the Hookean bead-spring-chain model for dilute polymeric fluids, which has the interesting feature that, if the flow domain is bounded, then so is the associated configuration space domain and the associated Kramers stress tensor is defined by integration over this bounded configuration domain.
Specialist CEOs versus Generalist CEOs: CEO Type and Firm Performance Following Initial Public Offerings on the Chinese Market

This study focuses on the effect of Chief Executive Officer (CEO)-level characteristics on a firm’s survival following initial public offerings (IPOs). Specifically, it looks at the impact of generalist CEOs between July 2009 and July 2021 on the likelihood of firm failure and IPO survival. This study uses principal component analysis to create a generalist skills index based on CEO work experience, including the number of roles that the CEO has held, the number of firms in which the CEO has worked, the number of industries in which the CEO has worked, whether the CEO has taken a CEO position in other firms, whether the CEO has worked in a conglomerate, and whether the CEO holds a professional title. The results of the Cox proportional hazards model reveal that companies with a generalist CEO have a higher probability of failing than companies with a specialist CEO, which suggests that generalist CEOs pursue higher salaries and higher reputations through switching between different industries and firms. Performance-related compensation and CEO turnover in companies with generalist CEOs explain the higher probability of firm failure. The main results still hold after controlling for CEO power, board and firm characteristics, and testing using the logit model. This research on the connection between generalist CEOs and a firm’s failure risk also offers insight into a company's CEO hiring choice and job market activities.
The homology of connective Morava $E$-theory with coefficients in $\mathbb{F}_p$

Let $e_n$ be the connective cover of the Morava $E$-theory spectrum $E_n$ of height $n$. In this paper we compute its homology $H_*(e_n;\mathbb{F}_p)$ for any prime $p$ and $n \leq 4$ up to possible multiplicative extensions. In order to accomplish this we show that the K\"unneth spectral sequence based on an $E_3$-algebra $R$ is multiplicative when the $R$-modules in question are commutative $S$-algebras. We then apply this result by working over $BP$ which is known to be an $E_4$-algebra.
Enc‐Unet: A novel method for Glioma segmentation

The diagnosis' treatment planning, follow‐up and prognostication of Gliomas is significantly enhanced on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In the present research, deep learning‐based variant of convolutional neural network methodology is proposed for glioma segmentation where pretrained autoencoder acts as backbone to the 3D‐Unet which performs the segmentation task as well as image restoration. Further, Unet accepts input as the combination of three non‐native MR images (T2, T1CE, and FLAIR) to extract maximum and superior features for segmenting tumor regions. Further, weighted dice loss employed, focusses on segregating tumor region into three regions of interest namely whole tumor with oedema (WT), enhancing tumor (ET), and tumor core (TC). The optimizer preferred in the proposed methodology is Adam and the learning rate is initially set to 1e−4 , progressively reduced by a cosine decay after 50 epochs. The learning parameters are reduced to a larger extent (up to 9.8 M as compared to 27 M). The experimental results show that the proposed model achieved Dice similarity coefficients: 0.77, 0.92, and 0.84; sensitivity: 0.90, 0.95, and 0.89; specificity: 0.97, 0.99, and 0.99; Hausdorff95: 5.74, 4.89, and 6.00, in the three regions including ET, WT, TC. This proposed Glioma segmentation method is efficient for segregation of tumors.
GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE Be/PULSAR BINARY 1A 0535+262 DURING A GIANT X-RAY OUTBURST

Giant X-ray outbursts, with luminosities of about 1037 erg s−1, are observed roughly every five years from the nearby Be/pulsar binary 1A 0535+262. In this article, we present observations of the source with VERITAS at very high energies (VHEs; E >100 GeV) triggered by the X-ray outburst in 2009 December. The observations started shortly after the onset of the outburst and provided comprehensive coverage of the episode, as well as the 111 day binary orbit. No VHE emission is evident at any time. We also examined data from the contemporaneous observations of 1A 0535+262 with the Fermi/Large Area Telescope at high-energy photons (E > 0.1 GeV) and failed to detect the source at GeV energies. The X-ray continua measured with the Swift/X-Ray Telescope and the RXTE/PCA can be well described by the combination of blackbody and Comptonized emission from thermal electrons. Therefore, the gamma-ray and X-ray observations suggest the absence of a significant population of non-thermal particles in the system. This distinguishes 1A 0535+262 from those Be X-ray binaries (such as PSR B1259–63 and LS I +61°303) that have been detected at GeV–TeV energies. We discuss the implications of the results on theoretical models.
On an equation involving fractional powers with prime numbers of a special type

We consider the equation $[p_{1}^{c}] + [p_{2}^{c}] + [p_{3}^{c}] = N$, where $N$ is a sufficiently large integer, and prove that if $1 < c < \frac{17}{16}$, then it has a solution in prime numbers $p_{1}$, $p_{2}$, $p_{3}$ such that each of the numbers $p_{1} + 2$, $p_{2} + 2$, $p_{3} + 2$ has at most $\left [ \frac{95}{17 - 16c} \right ]$ prime factors, counted with the multiplicity.
The total momentum of quantum fluids

N is normal. We introduce the notion of the density matrix reduced to the center of mass, and show that its eigenvalues are N times the probabilities of the different eigenvalues of P. A series of results is presented for the limit of sequences of positive definite atomic probability measures, relevant for the probability distribution of both the singleparticle and the total momentum. The P = 0 ensemble is shown to be equivalent to the canonical ensemble, and an argument is given why superfluidity and its breakdown cannot be explained by Landau’s criterion. Through some conjectures we associate the properties of the asymptotic distribution of the total momentum with the characteristics of fluid, solid, and superfluid phases. Our main suggestion is that above one dimension in infinite space the total momentum is finite with a nonzero probability at all temperatures and densities. In solids this probability is 1, and in a crystal it is distributed on a lattice. Since it is less than 1 in two dimensions, we conclude that a 2D system is always in a fluid phase; so if the hexatic phase existed classically, it would be destroyed by quantum fluctuations. For a superfluid we conjecture that the total momentum is zero with a nonzero probability and otherwise its distribution is continuous. We define a macroscopic wave function based on the density matrix reduced to the center of mass. Finally, we discuss how dissipation can give rise to a critical velocity, predict the temperature dependence of the latter and comment on the relation between superfluidity and Bose-Einstein condensation.
Value Distribution of L-functions

In 2002, V. Kumar Murty \cite{Km} introduced a class of $L$-functions, namely the Lindel\"of class, which has a ring structure attached to it. In this paper, we establish some results on the value distribution of $L$-functions in this class. As a corollary, we also prove a uniqueness theorem in the Selberg class.
Counting Higgs bundles and type $A$ quiver bundles

We prove a closed formula counting semistable twisted (or meromorphic) Higgs bundles of fixed rank and degree over a smooth projective curve of genus $g$ defined over a finite field, when the twisting line bundle degree is at least $2g-2$ (this includes the case of usual Higgs bundles). This yields a closed expression for the Donaldson–Thomas invariants of the moduli spaces of twisted Higgs bundles. We similarly deal with twisted quiver sheaves of type $A$ (finite or affine), obtaining in particular a Harder–Narasimhan-type formula counting semistable $U(p,q)$-Higgs bundles over a smooth projective curve defined over a finite field.
Maximum Likelihood Localization of Radiation Sources with unknown Source Intensity

In this paper, we consider a novel and robust maximum likelihood approach to localizing radiation sources with unknown statistics of the source signal strength. The result utilizes the smallest number of sensors required theoretically to localize the source. It is shown, that should the source lie in the open convex hull of the sensors, precisely $N+1$ are required in $\mathbb{R}^N, ~N \in \{1,\cdots,3\}$. It is further shown that the region of interest, the open convex hull of the sensors, is entirely devoid of false stationary points. An augmented gradient ascent algorithm with random projections should an estimate escape the convex hull is presented.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LONG AND SHORT GRBS. I. OVERLAPPING PROPERTIES

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are classified into long and short categories based on their durations. Broadband studies suggest that these two categories of objects roughly correspond to two different classes of progenitor systems, i.e., compact star mergers (Type I) versus massive star core collapse (Type II). However, the duration criterion sometimes leads to mis-identification of the progenitor systems. We perform a comprehensive multi-wavelength comparative study between duration-defined long GRBs and short GRBs as well as the so-called “consensus” long GRBs and short GRBs (which are believed to be more closely related to the two types of progenitor systems). The parameters we study include two parts: the prompt emission properties including duration (T90), spectral peak energy ( ), low energy photon index (α), isotropic γ-ray energy ( ), isotropic peak luminosity ( ), and the amplitude parameters (f and ); and the host galaxy properties including stellar mass ( ), star formation rate, metallicity ([X/H]), half light radius (R50), angular and physical ( ) offset of the afterglow from the center of the host galaxy, the normalized offset ( ), and the brightness fraction . For most parameters, we find interesting overlapping properties between the two populations in both one-dimensional (1D) and 2D distribution plots. The three best parameters for the purpose of classification are T90, , and . However, no single parameter alone is good enough to place a particular burst into the right physical category, suggesting the need for multiple criteria for physical classification.
Proposition and application of a method for the characterization of rural areas in the census sectors from the sanitation point of view

Considering the concept of rurality, the need for methods to contextualize the rural areas and the attendance by sanitation services, the goal of this work was to propose and apply a method of characterization in census sectors (CS) of rural areas. For such, a classification method for rural clusters was built, considering the selected criteria based on the Programa Saneamento Brasil Rural (Rural Brazil Sanitation Program) and other technical-scientific literature. The method encompassed three criteria: the identification of clusters and dispersed households, distance from the cluster to the closest urban center (Cucd) and demographic density (Dd). Of all the 115 rural areas in the state of Goiás, it was possible to apply such in 98, as in the remaining 17 the method could not be directly applied, due to the existence of one or more clusters with the presence of households that do not make part of the rural area, that is, non-contiguous households. In a more detailed analysis, four areas were identified where the method could be applied to a group of households. A total of 103 rural areas were numbered, with an average Cucd of 27.7km (SD = 19.42; CV = 0.70), and average Dd of 50.1 inhabitants per square kilometer, in which 118 clusters were detected. Of that total, 6.79% were classified in the CS 1b and 2, 7.77% on 3 and 85.44% on 5 and 7. It was concluded that the method can be applied integrally in a rural area and/or clusters with contiguous households. Lastly, the classification in CS allows for a preliminary analysis of solution propositions for basic sanitation, being them collective and/or individual, centralized and/or decentralized, according to spacial technical criteria.
On class groups of random number fields

The main aim of this paper is to disprove the Cohen–Lenstra–Martinet heuristics in two different ways and to offer possible corrections. We also recast the heuristics in terms of Arakelov class groups, giving an explanation for the probability weights appearing in the general form of the heuristics. We conclude by proposing a rigorously formulated Cohen–Lenstra–Martinet conjecture.
Dressed spectral densities for heavy quark diffusion in holographic plasmas

We analyze the large frequency behavior of the spectral densities that govern the generalized Langevin diffusion process for a heavy quark in the context of the gauge/gravity duality. The bare Langevin correlators obtained from the trailing string solution have a singular short-distance behavior. We argue that the proper dressed spectral functions are obtained by subtracting the zero-temperature correlators. The dressed spectral functions have a sufficiently fast fall-off at large frequency so that the Langevin process is well defined and the dispersion relations are satisfied. We identify the cases in which the subtraction does not modify the associated low-frequency transport coefficients. These include conformal theories and the non-conformal, non-confining models. We provide several analytic and numerical examples in conformal and non-conformal holographic backgrounds.