Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spamming Botnet Characterizing By Latent Intentions Discovery

Spamming botnet has been widely used to send a considerable number of spam for evading the blacklist from information security communities and internet service provider(ISP). Spamming botnet makes the anti-spam be more difficult due to dispersed sending mechanism with large scale sending capability and non-obviously network statistics features (e.g., relatively low network traffics, dynamic network addresses and rapid changes of spam signatures). Because characterizing the spamming botnet behavior in straightforward way is difficult, finding the latent behavior of spamming botnet could block the source of spamming bot in dynamic way. In this poster, we focus on characterizing spamming botnets by leveraging both spam semantic intentions and spam delivering sources. From the observation of open relay simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) servers, the activities of spamming botnet could be observed from the delivered spam semantic. Different groups of spamming bots would send the similar subjects of advertisement spam. Furthermore, we proposed a semantic graph analysis approach to dynamic differentiate the different intensions from the sources of spamming bots. The semantic graph analysis approach models the topic of each spam by extracting the tokens and modeling the spam topics from different sources of spamming bots. The topic model of each spam is a token feature vector that is estimated by latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) [1]. The combination of each spam topic model given by the same source could be regarded as the topic model of specified spamming bot. All of analyzed data could be captured from the open relay SMTP severs. According to constructed topic models of different sources of spamming bots, we leverage the independent component analysis(ICA) [2] used to find the latent behavior by decomposing the topic model of each spam into the both independent component vector and base vector. Based on the observed independent components, the density-based approach is applied to observe the distinct groups of spamming behavior.
Chapter 2 Activity Scheduling in Bluetooth Sensor Networks

2.1 Overview . 42 2.2 Introduction . 42 2.3 Bluetooth and Sensor Networks . 43 2.3. 1 Piconet Operation . 43 2.3. 2 Intra-Piconet Polling . 45 2.3. 3 Power-Saving Operation Modes. 47 2.3. 4 Bluetooth Scatternets . 49 2.4 Related Work . 50 2.5 Congestion Control in Sensing Scatternets . 52 2.6 Maintaining Fixed Reliability at the Sink . 54 2.7 Optimizing Reliability at the Sink . 58 2.8 Performance: Relative and Absolute Reliability . 61 2.9 Performance: Packet Loss at the Bridge Buffers . 64 2.10 Performance: End-to-End Delay . 69 2.11 Conclusion. 69 References . 69
Activity of two catabolic enzymes of the phosphogluconate pathway in mesquite roots inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense Cd

The mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulate), one of the main nurse trees of the Sonoran Desert in Mexico, is responsible for major, natural revegetation processes. It exudes gluconic acid in root exudates, a favorite carbon source for the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Two enzymes, gluconokinase (EC 2.7.1.12) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), participating in the phosphogluconate pathway, are active in the bacteria. Bacterial 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is a constitutive enzyme, while gluconokinase is induced upon exposure to gluconic acid. Both enzymes are active in young, non-inoculated mesquite seedlings growing under hydroponic conditions. When A. brasilense Cd bacteria are inoculated on the root system, the roots exhibit much higher activity of gluconokinase, but not 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Mesquite roots exhibit high levels of root colonization by the inoculating bacteria. At the same time, and also for plants growing under sand culture conditions, the seedlings grew taller, greener, had longer leaves, and were heavier. 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Learning and Peer Effects

We study indirect reciprocity and strategic reputation building in an experimental helping game. At any time only half of the subjects can build a reputation. This allows us to study both pure indirect reciprocity that is not contaminated by strategic reputation building and the impact of incentives for strategic reputation building on the helping rate. We find that pure indirect reciprocity exists, but also that the helping decisions are substantially a! ected by strategic considerations. We find that the behavioral pattern can best be captured by non-selfish preferences as assumed by reciprocity models. Finally, we find that strategic do better than non-strategic players and non-reciprocal do better than reciprocal players, casting doubt on previously proposed evolutionary explanations for indirect reciprocity. JEL Classification: C92
The assessment method of water resources based on trend analysis of changing environments

Owing to the effects of changing climate and frequent human activities,the annual runoff series for water resource assessment calculation has lost their consistency.Aiming at inconsistent annual runoff series,the assessment method of water resources based on trend analysis is proposed,which could be used to derive the surface water resources for past,present and future in changing evnironments.In this method,on the assumption that inconsistent annual runoff series is composed of relatively consistent stochastic component and inconsistent deterministic component;firstly,the linear trend component of annual runoff series is identified and tested by using correlation coefficient testing method,and the fitting calculation of deterministic trend component is made;secondly,according to the theory of decomposition and composition in time series analysis,the stochastic component is extracted and its frequency calculation is made by using the constrained and weighted fitting method;lastly,the determinsitic forecasting value and stochastic design value are synthesized,the past and present as well as future frequency distributions of annual runoff series are obtained.The example of Wudinghe river basin is attached,and the results show that Wudinghe annual runoff series has significant trend,the assessment results of long-term average surface water resources from past(before year 1958),present(year 2000) to future(year 2010) are separately 16.432×10~8,7.686×10~8,5.598×10~8m~3;the surface water resources in future would decrease 27.2% comparing with that at present,and this situation would put serious disadvantage on the development and utilization of water resources in Wudinghe river basin.
Detection and Pharmacological Modulation of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and

The emerging key role of NAD consuming enzymes in cell biology has renewed the interest in NAD resynthesis through the rescue pathways. The first step of the nicotinamide-dependent NAD rescue pathway is operated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NaPRT) forming nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Because of the difficulties in measuring NMN, numerous open questions exist about the pathophysiological relevance of NaPRT and NMN itself. Here, we describe a new method of fluorimetric NMN detection upon derivatization of its alkylpyridinium group with acetophenone. By adopting this method, we analyzed the kinetics of nicotinamide-dependent NAD recycling in HeLa and U937 cells. Measurement of NMN contents in subcellular fractions revealed that the nucleotide is highly enriched in mitochondria, suggesting intramitochondrial NAD synthesis. NMN increases in cells undergoing hyperactivation of the NAD-consuming enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, or exposed to gallotannin, a putative inhibitor of NMN-adenylyl transferases. Evidence that the inhibitor of NAD resynthesis FK866 selectively inhibits NaPRT having no effect on NMNAT activity is also provided. Importantly, NMN reduces NAD and ATP depletion in cells undergoing PARP-1 hyperactivation, significantly delaying cell death. Finally, we show that a single injection of FK866 in the mouse induces long-lasting (up to 16h) but mild (∼20%) reduction of NMN contents in different organs, suggesting slow rate of basal NAD consumption . Data provide new information on the biochemistry and pharmacology of NAD biosynthesis, allowing a better understanding of pyridine nucleotide metabolism.
Kojima, Gotaro and Masud, Tahir and Kendrick, Denise and Morris, Richard W. and Gawler, Sheena and Treml, Jonathan and Iliffe, Steve (2015) Does the timed up and go test predict future falls among British community- dwelling older people? Prospective cohort

Background: Falling is common among older people. The Timed-Up-and-Go Test (TUG) is recommended as a screening tool for falls but its predictive value has been challenged. The objectives of this study were to examine the ability of TUG to predict future falls and to estimate the optimal cut-off point to identify those with higher risk for future falls. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study nested within a randomised controlled trial including 259 British communitydwelling older people ≥65 years undergoing usual care. TUG was measured at baseline. Prospective diaries captured falls over 24 weeks. A Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis determined the optimal cut-off point to classify future falls risk with sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of TUG times. Logistic regression models examined future falls risk by TUG time. Results: Sixty participants (23%) fell during the 24 weeks. The area under the curve was 0.58 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.49-0.67, p = 0.06), suggesting limited predictive value. The optimal cut-off point was 12.6 seconds and the corresponding sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 30.5%, 89.5%, 46.2%, and 81.4%. Logistic regression models showed each second increase in TUG time (adjusted for age, gender, comorbidities, medications and past history of two falls) was significantly associated with future falls (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.00-1.19, p = 0.05). A TUG time ≥12.6 seconds (adjusted OR = 3.94, 95% CI = 1.69-9.21, p = 0.002) was significantly associated with future falls, after the same adjustments. Conclusions: TUG times were significantly and independently associated with future falls. The ability of TUG to predict future falls was limited but with high specificity and negative predictive value. TUG may be most useful in ruling in those with a high risk of falling rather than as a primary measure in the ascertainment of risk.
Downscaling Extremes—An Intercomparison of Multiple Statistical Methods for Present Climate

AbstractFive statistical downscaling methods [automated regression-based statistical downscaling (ASD), bias correction spatial disaggregation (BCSD), quantile regression neural networks (QRNN), TreeGen (TG), and expanded downscaling (XDS)] are compared with respect to representing climatic extremes. The tests are conducted at six stations from the coastal, mountainous, and taiga region of British Columbia, Canada, whose climatic extremes are measured using the 27 Climate Indices of Extremes (ClimDEX; http://www.climdex.org/climdex/index.action) indices. All methods are calibrated from data prior to 1991, and tested against the two decades from 1991 to 2010. A three-step testing procedure is used to establish a given method as reliable for any given index. The first step analyzes the sensitivity of a method to actual index anomalies by correlating observed and NCEP-downscaled annual index values; then, whether the distribution of an index corresponds to observations is tested. Finally, this latter test is.
Interannual Variation in Transpiration Peak of a Hill Evergreen Forest in Northern Thailand in the Late Dry Season: Simulation of Evapotranspiration with a Soil-Plant-Air Continuum Model

soil hydraulic properties on forest transpiration using a newly developed soil–plant–air (SPAC) multilayer model. They found that a rooting depth of 4–5 m was needed to effectively simulate heat-pulse velocity variations corresponding to dry-season transpiration and annual discharge or stream flow. Moreover, a penetration test showed that the soil This book represents an overview of the direct measurement techniques of evapotranspiration with related applications to the water use optimization in the agricultural practice and to the ecosystems study. Different measuring techniques at leaf level (porometry), plant-level (sap-flow, lysimetry) and agro-ecosystem level (Surface Renewal, Eddy Covariance, Multi layer BREB), are presented with detailed explanations and examples. For the optimization of the water use in agriculture, detailed measurements on transpiration demands of crops and different cultivars, as well as results of different irrigation schemes and techniques (i.e. subsurface drip) in semi-arid areas for open-field, greenhouse and potted grown plants are presented. Aspects on ET of crops in saline environments, effects of ET on groundwater quality in xeric environments as well as the application of ET to climatic classification are also depicted. The book provides an excellent overview for both, researchers and student,s who intend to address these issues. following:
Protected Area Visitor Willingness to Participate in Site Enhancement Activities

Cluster analysis of survey responses from 804 visitors to national parks in Australia’s Gold Coast hinterland indicated variable proclivity to participate in diverse site enhancement activities. The “enthused” (8%) are willing to engage in focused activism such as planting trees, and incidental activism such as opportunistic litter removal. Willingness to donate and pay an entry fee is also evident. Conversely, the “disengaged” (17%) are mostly unsupportive. Intermediate “incidentally enthused” (12%), “amenable” (25%), “casual” (12%), and “incidental” (26%) clusters display decreasing enthusiasm for focused activism but sustained support for incidental activism. Enthusiasm associates with altruistic values, environmental concern, self-empowerment, moral obligation, hard ecotourism tendencies, site loyalty, local residence, and age. The results suggest a small core of potential engagement with conventional volunteer tourism activity, but widespread support for unconventional and convenient activities that may serve as a platform for higher engagement with site enhancement.
Teachers ’ opinions on quality criteria for Competency Assessment Programmes

Quality control policies towards Dutch vocational schools have changed dramatically because the government questioned examination quality. Schools must now demonstrate assessment quality to a new Examination Quality Center. Since teachers often design assessments, they must be involved in quality issues. This study therefore explores teachers’ opinions on assessment quality evaluation criteria. Pre-vocational and vocational teachers (N = 211) responded to a questionnaire. Contrary to expectations, results show that teachers deem classical and competency-based quality criteria equally important. Vocational teachers gave higher importance scores than pre-vocational teachers, possibly due to the pressure they experience to improve the quality of their assessments.
Investigating the mobility habits of electric bike owners through GPS data

This paper investigates the mobility habits of electric bike owners as well as their preferred routes. Through a GPS tracking campaign conducted in the city of Ghent (Belgium) we analyze the mobility habits (travel distance, time spent, speed) during the week of some e-bike users. Moreover, we propose the results of our map matching, based on the Hausdorff criterion, and preliminary results on the route choice of our sample. We strongly believe that investigating the behavior of electric bikes’ owners can help us in better understanding how to incentivize the use of this mode of transport. First results show that the trips with a higher travel distance are performed during the working days. It could be easily correlated with the daily commuting trips (home-work). Moreover, the results of our map-matching highlight how 61% of the trips are performed using the shortest path.
Eco-Silvicultural Options for Sustainable Management in Joint Forest Management - A Case Study of Mixed Forests of Madhya Pradesh, INDIA

The present paper deals with the detailed study of a degraded miscellaneous forest of Manikpur village forest committee of Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh, India by examining various socio-economic needs of people, documentation of plant diversity of the area in both qualitative and quantitative terms, regeneration behavior of various timber and non timber species, phyto-sociological structure of ground vegetation including herbs, shrubs and grasses, biomass production, fertility status of soil, identification of different land use zones for obtaining optimum productivity through their effective utilization etc. Innovative site specific eco-silvicultural options encompassing social, economic, cultural, spiritual, ecological and institutional aspects of management, were prescribed to ensure multi-product flow of forest resources, optimum utilization of various land use zones through collaborative efforts of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) and Ministry of Agriculture, ecological balance or homeostasis of ecosystem through maintaining ecological processes like nutrient cycling and energy flow, and ultimately the prosperity of forest dependent communities.
A Quantitative Approach to Developing Regional Ecosystem Classifications

Ecological land classification systems have recently been developed at continental, regional, state, and landscape scales. In most cases, the map units of these systems result from subjectively drawn boundaries, often derived by consensus and with unclear choice and weighting of input data. Such classifications are of variable accuracy and are not reliably repeatable. We combined geographic information systems (GIS) with multivariate statistical analyses to integrate climatic, physiographic, and edaphic databases and produce a classification of regional landscape ecosystems on a 29 340-km2 quadrangle of northwestern Wisconsin. Climatic regions were identified from a high-resolution climatic database consisting of 30-yr mean monthly temperature and precipitation values interpolated over a 1-km2 grid across the study area. Principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with an isodata clustering algorithm was used to identify regions of similar seasonal climatic trends. Maps of Pleistocene geology and major soil morphosequences were sued to identify the major physiographic and soil regions within the landscape. Climatic and physiographic coverages were integrated to identify regional landscape ecosystems, which potentially differ in characteristic forest composition, successional dynamics, potential productivity, and other ecosystem-level processes. Validation analysis indicated strong correspondence between forest cover classes from an independently derived Landsat Thematic Mapper classification and ecological region. The development of more standardized data sets and analytical methods for ecoregional classification provides a basis for sound interpretations of forest management at multiple spatial scales.
rational use of cetuximab in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer

: Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. Most NSCLC patients present with loco-regionally advanced or metastatic disease where response rates are low and median overall survival approximates 8 to 10 months. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for NSCLC patients with metastatic disease. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and family of receptors play a critical role in lung cancer tumorigenesis. Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds the EGFR, has demonstrated preclinical and clinical activity against NSCLC. This review focuses on the use of cetuximab in NSCLC.
Biostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous bivalves Buchia and Aucellina of eastern Heilongjiang, northeast China

Abstract The biostratigraphic significance of the bivalves Buchia and Aucellina in northeast China is assessed. Buchia is abundant in four assemblages of the Dong'anzhen Formation, spanning the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary: B. russiensis-B. fischeriana (Middle Volgian), B. fischeriana-B. unschensis (Upper Volgian), B. volgensis-B. cf. subokensis-B. cf. okensis-B. unschensis (Berriasian), and B. pacifica (Lower Valanginian). Aucellina is common in two Middle Barremian-Aptian assemblages: A. caucasica-A. aptiensis-A. jeletzkii in the lower part of the Upper Yunshan Formation, Longzhaogou Group, and in the lower part of the Chengzihe Formation, Jixi Group; A. cf. caucasica-A. cf. aptiensis in the upper part of the Upper Yunshan Formation. These assemblages can be correlated on a global scale and are particularly significant in dating the Early Cretaceous coalbearing measures of eastern Heilongjiang.
Multispectral satellite data in the context of land surface heat balance

Any realistic study of the Earth's climate must consider thermal interaction between the atmosphere and the land surface. During the past few years, several highly sophisticated models have been developed to describe exchanges of radiation, heat, and momentum between the land surface and the atmosphere at mesoscales and global scales. These models need to be supplemented by high-quality global measurements at varying spatial and temporal scales of physical and biological states of the land surface. Global data sets are needed for surface parameters used to describe the processes and also to initialize and validate the time evolution of surface characteristics predicted by the model. Observations in different spectral bands by instruments on board satellites can provide spatially representative values for some of the fluxes and radiative characteristics of the surface, from which the parameters needed for heat balance modeling have to be derived. Development of these data sets presents considerable difficulty because the relations between radiative and physical characteristics are generally nonlinear and nonunique; the radiative characteristic in any spectral band is generally determined by several physical characteristics. Relationships between different spectral observations can be used to develop hypotheses concerning the relative importance of different land surface parameters determining these observations, which would have to be confirmed by field observations. Satellite observations for visible, near-infrared, infrared, and microwave bands to estimate the fluxes at the surface (radiative, soil, sensible, and latent heat) and surface characteristics (albedo, surface temperature, vegetation parameters, and soil moisture) are presented. Interannual variations of some of these satellite observations are discussed in relation to land surface change. A better understanding needs to be developed regarding the interpretation of infrared temperature observations as they relate to the temperature determined by the heat balance equation. Further study is needed to explore more effective use of remotely sensed data for vegetation in heat balance modeling.