Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New techniques for fault-tolerant decomposition of Multi-Controlled Toffoli gate

Physical implementation of scalable quantum architectures faces an immense challenge in form of fragile quantum states. To overcome it, quantum architectures with fault tolerance is desirable. This is achieved currently by using surface code along with a transversal gate set. This dictates the need for decomposition of universal Multi Control Toffoli~(MCT) gates using a transversal gate set. Additionally, the transversal non-Clifford phase gate incurs high latency which makes it an important factor to consider during decomposition.Besides, the decomposition of large Multi-control Toffoli~(MCT) gate without ancilla presents an additional hurdle. In this manuscript, we address both of these issues by introducing Clifford+$Z_N$ gate library. We present an ancilla free decomposition of MCT gates with linear phase depth and quadratic phase count. Furthermore, we provide a technique for decomposition of MCT gates in unit phase depth using the Clifford+$Z_N$ library, albeit at the cost of ancillary lines and quadratic phase count.
REINSTATING THE M31 X-RAY SYSTEM RX J0042.3+4115 AS A BLACK HOLE X-RAY BINARY AND COMPELLING EVIDENCE FOR AN EXTENDED CORONA

The M31 X-ray source RX J0042.3+4115 was originally identified as a black hole (BH) binary because it displayed characteristic low-state variability at conspicuously high luminosities; unfortunately, this variability was later found to be artificial. However, analysis of 84 Chandra ACIS observations, a Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)/WFC observation, and a 60 ks XMM-Newton observation has supplied new evidence that RX J0042.3+4115 is indeed a BH binary. The brightest optical star within 3σ of the position of RXJ0042.3+4115 had a F435W (∼B) magnitude of 25.4 ± 0.2; MB > −0.4, hence we find a low-mass donor likely. RX J0042.3+4115 was persistently bright over ∼12 years. Spectral fits revealed characteristic BH binary states: a low/hard state at 2.08 ± 0.08 × 1038 erg s−1 and a steep power-law state at 2.41 ± 0.05 × 1038 erg s−1 (0.3–10 keV). The high-luminosity low state suggests a ∼20 M☉ primary; this is high, but within the range of known stellar BH masses. The inner disk temperature during the steep power-law state is 2.24 ± 0.15 keV, high but strikingly similar to that of GRS 1915+105, the only known Galactic BH binary with a low-mass donor to be persistently bright. Therefore, RX J0042.3+4115 may be an analog for GRS 1915+105; however, other mechanisms may account for its behavior. We find compelling evidence for an extended corona during the steep power-law state, because compact corona models where the seed photons for Comptonization are tied to the inner disk temperature are rejected.
Minimal energy cost of entanglement extraction

We compute the minimal energy cost for extracting entanglement from the ground state of a bosonic or fermionic quadratic system. Specifically, we find the minimal energy increase in the system resulting from replacing an entangled pair of modes, sharing entanglement entropy ΔS, by a product state, and we show how to construct modes achieving this minimal energy cost. Thus, we obtain a protocol independent lower bound on the extraction of pure state entanglement from quadratic systems. Due to their generality, our results apply to a large range of physical systems, as we discuss with examples.
Speckle back-propagation for compensation of nonlinear effects in few-mode optical ﬁbers

We propose an alternative approach to compensation of intermodal interactions in few-mode optical fibers by means of digital back-propagation. Instead of solving the inverse generalized multimode nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we accomplish backpropagation of the multimode signals with help of their near-field intensity distributions captured by a camera. We demonstrate that this task can successfully be handled by a deep neural network and provide a proof of concept by training an autoencoder for backpropagation of six LP modes of a step index fiber.
Toric Degeneration of Bott-Samelson-Demazure-Hansen varieties

In this paper we construct a degeneration of Bott-Samelson-Demazure-Hansen varieties to toric varieties in an algebraic family and study the geometry of the resulting toric varieties. We give a natural set of torus invariant curves that generate the Chow group of $1$-cycles of the limiting toric variety and express the ample cone of this toric variety as a sub-cone of the ample cone of the corresponding Bott-Samelson-Demazure-Hansen variety. We also give a description of Extremal and Mori rays and determine when this toric variety is Fano.
Dynamical evolution of a magnetic cloud from the Sun to 5.4 AU

Fil: Nakwacki, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio; Argentina
A SECOND-ORDER DIVERGENCE-CONSTRAINED MULTIDIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SCHEME FOR RELATIVISTIC TWO-FLUID ELECTRODYNAMICS

A new multidimensional simulation code for relativistic two-fluid electrodynamics (RTFED) is described. The basic equations consist of the full set of Maxwell’s equations coupled with relativistic hydrodynamic equations for separate two charged fluids, representing the dynamics of either an electron–positron or an electron–proton plasma. It can be recognized as an extension of conventional relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD). Finite resistivity may be introduced as a friction between the two species, which reduces to resistive RMHD in the long wavelength limit without suffering from a singularity at infinite conductivity. A numerical scheme based on HLL (Harten–Lax–Van Leer) Riemann solver is proposed that exactly preserves the two divergence constraints for Maxwell’s equations simultaneously. Several benchmark problems demonstrate that it is capable of describing RMHD shocks/discontinuities at long wavelength limit, as well as dispersive characteristics due to the two-fluid effect appearing at small scales. This shows that the RTFED model is a promising tool for high energy astrophysics application.
Motivating Factors to Use Electric Vehicles Based on Behavioral Intention Model in South Korea

 Abstract — The global warming crisis forced humans to consider their place in the world and the earth's future. In this regard, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a significant step towards protecting the environment. By identifying factors that influence people's behavior intentions toward using EVs, we proposed a theoretical model by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), including three more concepts, Subjective Norm (SN), Self-Efficacy (SE), and Perceived Behavior Control (PBC). The study was conducted in South Korea, and a random sample was taken at a specific time. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was created in a Google Form and sent via Kakao Talk, a popular social media application used in Korea. There were about 220 participants in this survey. However, 201 surveys were completely done. The findings revealed that all factors in the TAM model and the other added concepts such as SNs, SE and PBC significantly affect the behavioral intention of using EVs. This study
d-wave pairing from spin fluctuations in the K x Fe 2-y Se 2 superconductors

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements on the recently discovered superconduc- tors in the KFe2Se2 family with critical temperatures up to - 33K suggest that no Fermi pockets of hole character centered on the {\Gamma} point of the Brillouin zone are present, in contrast to all other known ferropnictide and ferrochalcogenide superconductors. Using a fluctuation exchange approximation and a 5-orbital tight-binding description of the band structure, we calculate the effective pairing interaction. We find that the pairing state in this system is most likely to have d-wave symmetry due to pair scattering between the remaining electron Fermi pockets at wave vector q - ({\pi}, {\pi}), but without any symmetry-imposed nodes for the given Fermi surface. We propose experimental tests of this result, including the form of the resonance spectrum probed by inelastic neutron scattering.
Universal Design and Adaptive Interfaces as a Strategy for Induced Disabilities

There is great promise in creating effective technology experiences during situationally-induced impairments and disabilities through the combination of universal design and adaptive interfaces. We believe this combination is a powerful approach for meeting the UX needs of people with disabilities, including those which are temporary in nature. Research in each of these areas, and the combination, illustrates this promise.
Microscale electromagnetic heating in heterogeneous energetic materials based on X-ray CT imaging

Electromagnetic stimulation of energetic materials provides a noninvasive and nondestructive tool for detecting and identifying explosives. We combine structural information based on X-ray computed tomography, experimental dielectric data, and electromagnetic full-wave simulations, to study microscale electromagnetic heating of realistic three-dimensional heterogeneous explosives. We analyze the formation of electromagnetic hot spots and thermal gradients in the explosive-binder meso-structures, and compare the heating rate for various binder systems.
IN-SYNC VI. Identification and Radial Velocity Extraction for 100+ Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binaries in the APOGEE/IN-SYNC Fields

We present radial velocity measurements for 70 high confidence, and 34 potential binary systems in fields containing the Perseus Molecular Cloud, Pleiades, NGC 2264, and the Orion A star-forming region. Eighteen of these systems have been previously identified as binaries in the literature. Candidate double-lined spectroscopic binaries (SB2s) are identified by analyzing the cross-correlation functions (CCFs) computed during the reduction of each APOGEE spectrum. We identify sources whose CCFs are well fit as the sum of two Lorentzians as likely binaries, and provide an initial characterization of the system based on the radial velocities indicated by that dual fit. For systems observed over several epochs, we present mass ratios and systemic velocities; for two systems with observations on eight or more epochs, and which meet our criteria for robust orbital coverage, we derive initial orbital parameters. The distribution of mass ratios for multi-epoch sources in our sample peaks at q = 1, but with a significant tail toward lower q values. Tables reporting radial velocities, systemic velocities, and mass ratios are provided online. We discuss future improvements to the radial velocity extraction method we employ, as well as limitations imposed by the number of epochs currently available in the APOGEE database. The Appendix contains brief notes from the literature on each system in the sample, and more extensive notes for select sources of interest.
Insulator-to-Superconductor Transition upon Electron Doping in a BiS2-Based Superconductor Sr1¹xLaxFBiS2

Effects of electron doping on the BiS2-based superconductors Sr1−xLaxFBiS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) have been investigated using the systematically synthesized polycrystals by means of x-ray diffraction, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, transport and thermodynamic measurements. The pristine compound is a band insulator with the BiS2 layer, which accommodates electron carriers through the La substitution for Sr, as evidenced by the change in x-ray absorption spectra reflecting the occupancy of Bi 6p orbitals. With increasing the carrier density, the resistivity progressively decreases and a bad metallic state appears for x ≥ 0.45, where bulk superconductivity manifests itself below approximately 3 K. The value of Tc gradually increases with decreasing x from 0.6 to 0.45 and immediately decreases down to zero at the critical concentration of x ∼ 0.4, resulting in an insulator–superconductor transition highly sensitive to the carrier density. Thermodynamic measurements furthermore have revealed the possible enhancement o.
Topological Rigidity Problems

We survey the recent results and current issues on the topological rigidity problem for closed aspherical manifolds, i.e., connected closed manifolds whose universal coverings are contractible. A number of open problems and conjectures are presented during the course of the discussion. We also review the status and applications of the Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic $K$-and $L$-theory for a group ring $RG$ and coefficients in an additive category. These conjectures imply many other well-known and important conjectures. Examples are the Borel Conjecture about the topological rigidity of closed aspherical manifolds, the Novikov Conjecture about the homotopy invariance of higher signatures and the Conjecture for vanishing of the Whitehead group. We here present the status of the Borel, Novikov and vanishing of the Whitehead group Conjectures.
THE BARYON CENSUS IN A MULTIPHASE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM: 30% OF THE BARYONS MAY STILL BE MISSING

Although galaxies, groups, and clusters contain ∼10% of the baryons, many more reside in the photoionized and shocked-heated intergalactic medium (IGM) and in the circumgalactic medium (CGM). We update the baryon census in the (H i) Lyα forest and warm-hot IGM (WHIM) at 105–6 K traced by O vi λ1032, 1038 absorption. From Enzo cosmological simulations of heating, cooling, and metal transport, we improve the H i and O vi baryon surveys using spatially averaged corrections for metallicity (Z/Z☉) and ionization fractions (fH i, fO vi). Statistically, the O vi correction product correlates with column density, (Z/Z☉)fO vi ≈ (0.015)(NO vi/1014 cm−2)0.70, with an NO vi-weighted mean of 0.01, which doubles previous estimates of WHIM baryon content. We also update the Lyα forest contribution to baryon density out to z = 0.4, correcting for the (1 + z)3 increase in absorber density, the (1 + z)4.4 rise in photoionizing background, and cosmological proper length dℓ/dz. We find substantial baryon fractions in the photoionized Lyα forest (28% ± 11%) and WHIM traced by O vi and broad-Lyα absorbers (25% ± 8%). The collapsed phase (galaxies, groups, clusters, CGM) contains 18% ± 4%, leaving an apparent baryon shortfall of 29% ± 13%. Our simulations suggest that ∼15% reside in hotter WHIM (T ⩾ 106 K). Additional baryons could be detected in weaker Lyα and O vi absorbers. Further progress requires higher-precision baryon surveys of weak absorbers, down to minimum column densities NH i ⩾ 1012.0 cm−2, NO vi ⩾ 1012.5 cm−2, NO vii ⩾ 1014.5 cm−2, using high signal-to-noise data from high-resolution UV and X-ray spectrographs.
Switched Reluctance Motor Drives Speed Control Using Optimized PID Controller

The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has turned out to be an outstanding resolution for a various appliances. The modern invents of SRM grant consumers to yield advantage of small starting currents , better efficiency and robust structure that illustrates this kind of motor. This article aims at analyzing and modeling the switched reluctance motor speed controller utilizing a Proportional Integral derivative (PID) controller. The non-linear character of the SRM magnetic properties is currently fetched into attention for modeling . These nonlinearities of the switched reluctance machines attain the traditional PID controller an inadequate selection for appliance where high dynamic performance drive is required. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is manipulated to adjust the PID coefficients for the SRM drive. The consequences achieved indicates that the utilization of these established algorithms controller enhances the transient and steady state performances.
Explainability for Safety in Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown promising potential for a wide range of real world applications including robotics over the years. However, due to the nature of exploratory learning involved in RL, it is vulnerable to adversarial threat which affects its usability in safety critical applications. Thus, in applications where safety is of utmost importance, there is a growing need for integrating RL with safety mechanisms. Moreover, RL agents are unable to interpret their behavior and most RL policy for complicated environment, in nature, are unintelligible to human, thus users lose confidence in its correctness. The black-box nature of RL’s deep neural network (DNN) decisions decreases end-users’ trust of the agent’s behavior. The lack of explainability implies that the optimal strategies agents learn cannot be used to improve our understanding of their safety. Since safety-assurance approaches, in general, compromise system performance, we must ensure that human practitioners and users trust them, lest they ignore them and negate their effectiveness. The literature lacks a general framework that can automatically and interactively explain the features that assure agents’ safety and performance individually and in teams. In this paper, we demonstrate the usage of our explainable RL method, CAPS [5] that can be integrated with existing RL algorithms to improve their explainability with and without our proposed safety method. The interpretation and explainability of RL in general and safe RL in particular are still relatively unexplored, lacking well-established principles and best practices. This paper shows that we can bring the traditional software development life-cycle concept into RL safety assurance by allowing users to peek into its blackbox model, understand its policies, then identify new safety requirements or refine existing ones. We use CAPS to explain the learned policies at the agent level with and without the safety method to increase users’ trust in this method. Interpretable graphs generated from CAPS approximate the agent’s behavior and can be further analyzed through manual inspection, model checkers, or statistical analysis to elucidate the behavior of the underlying RL systems. We hypothesize that RL safety will result if CAPS transparently offers enough explanations of agent’s decisions and actions in terms of safety.
Field treatment of three wheat varieties with Trichoderma harzianum bioagent to control Anguina tritici

A field experiment was performed to assess the susceptibility of Triticum aestivum L. var. Cham 6, Aras, and Baraka wheat local varieties, treated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai bioagent, against seed gall infection. Anguina tritici identification was confirmed based on PCR amplification and sequence comparison of 18S small subunit ribosomal DNA. Sequence analysis showed A. tritici isolated from Waset and Kirkuk provinces shared 100% maximum nucleotide sequence identity with the equivalent GenBank sequences from Mexico (AF363107) and India (JF826516), respectively, suggesting their common origin. Field experiment revealed that T. aestivum L. var. Aras was less susceptible to seed call infection when scored 28.9% infectivity percent followed by Baraka and Cham 6 varieties which scored 29.6 and 33.1% infectivity, respectively. T. harzianum root watering treatment could decrease the disease incidence when scored 15.4, 17.5, and 19.7% compared to spraying treatment which scored 19.3, 20.8, and 22.4% infectivity, for Aras, Baraka, and Cham 6 varieties, respectively. Besides, root watering treatment reduced seed gall disease up to 46.71% compared to 33.22% for foliar spraying treatment. Thus, T. harzianum bioagent can be used as an ecofriendly nematicide alternative to control seed gall disease in Iraq.
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS OF E-LEARNING SYSTEMS AMONG UNIVERSITIES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

The Covid-19 pandemic has spread across the globe affecting various aspects of human life, including education. Higher education is facing an unprecedented crisis all over the world. According to the United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization "UNESCO" more than 1.5 billion students in 165 countries have dropped out of academies and universities due to the Covid-19 outbreak. The pandemic has forced academic bodies to discover new learning and teaching forms, including E-learning. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors influencing the Effectiveness of the E-learning system during Covid-19 in worldwide universities, including Malaysia. A systematic literature review (SLR) has been conducted as the method. It is started by a mapping process extracted from the current guidelines for classifying and structuring research guides published in the field of E-learning in Malaysian universities and worldwide. A total of 220 papers from three online databases were analyzed and underwent three filtering steps. A total of 24 articles were finally accepted for this study to answer the research question. Seven factors likely influencing E-learning efficacies during the pandemic and post-pandemic period were identified. Twenty-four research papers have been acquired, and through these papers, factors apperceived, which substantiated the results (SLR) of seven factors that can affect the adoption of E-learning systems in universities worldwide during the Covid-19 pandemic: 1) Perceived usefulness 2) Perceived ease of use 3) System Quality 4) Actual use system 5) Behavioral intention 6) Attitude toward using 7) Information Quality. The SLR results will be beneficial for understanding the needs of universities to improve the E-learning systems, especially during the period of the pandemic, post-pandemic, or any crises in the future, by looking at the factors that may be a measure of the environment to adapt. The study's results contribute to forming a clear vision of the Effectiveness of E-learning systems during Covid-19 by considering the factors and their future consequences.
DETECTABLE SEISMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERACTION OF A PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLE WITH EARTH

Galaxies observed today are likely to have evolved from density perturbations in the early universe. Perturbations that exceeded some critical threshold are conjectured to have undergone gravitational collapse to form primordial black holes (PBHs) at a range of masses. Such PBHs serve as candidates for cold dark matter, and their detection would shed light on conditions in the early universe. Here, we propose a mechanism to search for transits of PBHs through/nearby Earth by studying the associated seismic waves. Using a spectral-element method, we simulate and visualize this seismic wave field in Earth's interior. We predict the emergence of two unique signatures, namely, a wave that would arrive almost simultaneously everywhere on Earth's free surface and the excitation of unusual spheroidal modes with a characteristic frequency spacing in free oscillation spectra. These qualitative characteristics are unaffected by the speed or proximity of the PBH trajectory. The seismic energy deposited by a proximal MPBH = 1015 g PBH is comparable to a magnitude Mw = 4 earthquake. The non-seismic collateral damage due to the actual impact of such small PBHs with Earth would be negligible. Unfortunately, the expected collision rate is very low even if PBHs constituted all of dark matter, at ∼10−7 yr−1, and since the rate scales as 1/MPBH, fortunately encounters with larger, Earth-threatening PBHs are exceedingly unlikely. However, the rate at which non-colliding close encounters of PBHs could be detected by seismic activity alone is roughly two orders of magnitude larger—that is once every hundred thousand years—than the direct collision rate.