Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Determination and Interpretation of the Rotation Parameter v sin i

In this paper we review the development of the concept of the stellar rotation parameter commonly known as v sin i. We emphasize that the interpretation of the parameter in terms of physical characteristics of the star always depends on comparison with a model that is intended to represent the physical properties of the star. To that end we will trace the development of such models along with the observational means of determining the parameter. Emphasis will be place on the traditional methods involving stellar spectroscopy, but some attention will be place on indirect methods involving direct measurement of the rotation period and recent interferometric determination of stellar oblatness. In addition we will comment on recent techniques involving the simultaneous measurement of many spectral lines and synthetic spectra to improve the accuracy of rotational half-widths. The natural desire for simplicity of such models has often resulted in erroneous values for stellar parameters. This is particularly the case for the most rapidly rotating stars generally of early spectral type, but may also be present in some giants and supergiants where rapid rotation is difficult to detect. Finally, we will comment on the possibilities of improving the quality of both the measurement and interpretation of this important stellar rotation parameter.
Comparative MS- and NMR-Based Metabolome Mapping of Egyptian Red and White Squill Bulbs F. Liliaceae and in Relation to Their Cytotoxic Effect

Urginea maritima L. (squill) species is widely spread at the Mediterranean region as two main varieties, i.e., white squill (WS) and red squill (RS), that are recognized for several health potentials. The major secondary metabolite classes of the squill are cardiac glycosides, mainly, bufadienolides, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Herein, a multiplex MS and NMR metabolomics approach targeting secondary and aroma compounds in WS and RS was employed for varieties classification. Solid-phase micro extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (SPME-GC/MS), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS), as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provided fingerprinting and structural confirmation of the major metabolites for both types of the squill. For comparison of the different platforms’ classification potential, multivariate data analysis was employed. While Bufadienolides, viz. “hydroxy-scilliglaucosidin-O-rhamnoside, desacetylscillirosidin-O-rhamnoside and bufotalidin-O-hexoside” as well as oxylipids, were enriched in WS, flavonoids, i.e., dihydro-kaempferol-O-hexoside and its aglycon, taxifolin derivative, were predominant in RS. A cytotoxicity screening against three cancer cell lines, including breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung (A-549), and ovarian (SKOV-3) cell lines was conducted. Results revealed that WS was more effective on A-549 and SKOV-3 cell lines (WS IC50 0.11 and 0.4 µg/mL, respectively) owing to its abundance of bufadienolides, while RS recorded IC50 (MCF7 cell line) 0.17 µg/mL since is is rich inflavonoids.
Sensitivity of turbulence statistics in the lower portion of a numerically simulated stable boundary layer to parameters of the Deardorff subgrid turbulence model

Some 36 years following its creation, the Deardorff 1980 (D80) subgrid turbulence model is perhaps still the most ubiquitous scheme used in large‐eddy simulation (LES) studies of atmospheric boundary‐layer flows. This model is often included as the default closure scheme in a variety of codes and numerical weather prediction models. In this study, we investigate the three commonly employed corrective adjustments of the D80 closure model. These include a stability‐dependent length‐scale, the formulation for the subgrid turbulent Prandtl number, and the enhancement of near‐surface dissipation. We implement a modified formulation of the D80 closure, then compare simulated flow statistics in the lower portion of a representative nocturnal stable boundary layer (SBL) case from LES with realistic forcing using the original D80 scheme and the modified version of the scheme. LES data were compared with observations from the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program in Lamont, Oklahoma. The modified scheme shows overall improvement in reproducing vertical profiles of wind speed and potential temperature in the near‐surface region of the SBL. Conclusions regarding turbulence kinetic energy and friction velocity are not as definitive, although there are signs of improved agreement with measurement data. Examination of the stability parameter and near‐surface sensible heat flux suggests the modified scheme better captures effects of stability in the considered flow case. The proposed modification offers a more straightforward and interpretable framework for the parametrization of subgrid turbulence in LES of atmospheric boundary layers.
Linearized Navier-Stokes and Euler equations for the Determination of the Acoustic Scattering Behaviour of an Area Expansion

In this paper, we investigate the scattering behaviour of plane acoustic waves at an area expansion. Therein, the mean flow separates at the trailing edge and expands into a jet in the downstream duct. This configuration supports complex interaction effects between acoustic waves and mean flow field. The methodology involves a two step hybrid approach. First, a highly resolved large eddy simulation (LES) is performed to extract the mean flow field. Then, the acoustic field is computed in frequency space, yielding the unknown scattering matrix coefficients. Two different sets of governing equations are used for this task: the linearized Navier-Stokes equations (LNSEs) and linearized Euler equations (LEEs). By definition, these sets of equations are convection dominated and are therefore susceptible to numerical instabilities. In this paper a consistent finite element Galerkin/least-squares (GLS) approach is used to stabilize the different sets of equations. Unlike the introduction of artificial viscosity, this technique partially preserves the accuracy of the discretization order. The results show that both equation sets, viz. LNSEs and LEEs capture the complex interaction between acoustic waves and the free shear layer in detail. It is shown that acoustic diffusion effects of the LNSEs are of small order and may be neglected for the acoustic determination of the scattering behaviour of sudden area expansions.
Implications of the measurement of pulsars with two solar masses for quark matter in compact stars and heavy-ion collisions: A Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model case study

The precise measurements of the high masses of the pulsars PSR $\mathrm{J}1614\ensuremath{-}2230$ (${M}_{1614}=1.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$) and PSR $\mathrm{J}0348\ensuremath{-}0432$ (${M}_{0348}=2.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$) provide an important constraint for the equation of state of cold, dense matter and are suited to give interesting insights regarding the nature and existence of the possible phase transition to deconfined quark matter in the cores of neutron stars. We analyze the stability and composition of compact star sequences for a class of hybrid nuclear--quark-matter equations of state. The quark matter phase is described in the framework of a standard color superconducting 3-flavor Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model, and the hadronic phase is given by the Dirac--Brueckner--Hartree--Fock equation of state for the Bonn-A potential. The phase transition is obtained by a Maxwell construction. Within this model setup, we aim to constrain otherwise not strictly fixed parameters of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model, namely, the coupling strengths in the vector meson and diquark interaction channels. We perform this investigation for two different parametrizations characterized by a different scalar coupling constant. The analysis of flow data obtained in heavy-ion collisions resulted in a further constraint that we account for in our discussion. Massive hybrid stars with extended quark matter cores can be obtained in accordance with all of the considered constraints.
Atmospheric and Ionospheric Responses to Hunga‐Tonga Volcano Eruption Simulated by WACCM‐X

High‐resolution Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere/ionosphere extension is used to simulate the responses to the Hunga‐Tonga volcano eruption on 15 January 2022. Global propagation of the Lamb wave L’0 and L’1 pseudomodes are reproduced in the simulation, with the exponential growth of wave amplitudes with altitudes. The wavefront is vertical up to the lower thermosphere, and tilts outward above. These features are consistent with theoretical results. With simulated surface pressure perturbation agreeing with observations (∼100–250 Pa), thermospheric wind perturbations over 100 ms−1 are comparable with reported satellite and ground‐based observations. Traveling ionospheric disturbances in the total electron contents from the simulation show good agreement with observations, including magnitude and propagating speed and evidence of conjugacy in the first 1–2 hr after eruption. Conjugacy in E × B drift, on the other hand, is more persistent.
A Reformulation of Linear Models

SUMMARY Dissatisfaction is expressed with aspects of the current exposition of linear models, including the neglect of marginality, unnecessary differences between models for finite and infinite populations, failure to distinguish different kinds of random terms, impositon of unnecessary and inconsistent constraints on parameters, and lack of an adequate notation for negative components of variance. The reformulation, exemplified for crossed and nested classifications of balanced data, and for simple orthogonal designed experiments, is designed to integrate finite and infinite populations, random and fixed effects, excess and deficit of variance, to avoid unnecessary constraints on parameters, and to lead naturally to interesting hypotheses about the model terms.
Six New Species of Labeotropheus (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from the Malaŵian Shore of Lake Malaŵi, Africa

Labeotropheus is a small genus of rock-dwelling haplochromine cichlid fishes endemic to Lake Malaŵi in the Great East African Rift Valley. As currently recognized, Labeotropheus contains five species: L. artatorostris, L. chlorosiglos, L. fuelleborni, L. simoneae, and L. trewavasae. Despite increased recent attention from taxonomists, there are still several undescribed species within this genus. Here, based upon morphological and meristic data, as well as differences in male nuptial color pattern, we describe six new species. Additionally, we update the type locality of L. simoneae. The descriptions of these new species are in line with current recommendations to better define and delimit the taxonomy of cichlids from Lake Malaŵi, which will hopefully lead to increased efforts to conserve these fishes.
Research of fingerprint classification combined by binary tree and SVM

In order to solve the difficulties existed in fingerprint multi-classification for Support Vector Machine,this paper proposes a novel fingerprint classification method based on binary tree theory.This algorithm uses binary tree to construct the multi-class frame by decomposing the problem into three 2-class classification problems,then uses Support Vector Machine optimizing the three hyperplanes.The combination of the two exerted the superiority for 2-class classification of SVM over other algorithms completely,the generalization ability has improved greatly and the total accuracy for the new sample is 97.9%. Experimental results show that the fingerprint multi-class problem is divided into three 2-class classifier system by using binary tree to construct the multi-class frame,which not only can improve the efficiency of fingerprint classification but also exerts the superiorities of SVM classifier for two-class classification problem sufficiently.
A High-Performance Isolated Bridgeless Resonant SEPIC PFC Converter at Medium Line Frequencies

Due to the characteristics of high power factor and low total harmonic distortion in discontinuous conduction mode, the power factor correction (PFC) converter based on isolated single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is more suitable for medium-line-frequency avionics applications. However, the inherent defects of isolated SEPIC PFC converter, such as the voltage-spike issue and the hard-switching operations of semiconductor components, severely limit the utilization of such topologies. In this article, a high-performance isolated bridgeless resonant SEPIC PFC converter is proposed. Instead of typical SEPIC-type operational mode, the proposed converter operates in resonant mode, and hence, all switches and diodes in this topology can achieve soft switching and the voltage-spike issue is effectively solved. Moreover, different from the existing isolated SEPIC PFC converters, the transformer in this topology can transfer energy through the whole switching cycle, which greatly improves the core utilization. The overall performance of the proposed topology is illustrated in terms of its working principles, control scheme, and the parameter design considerations. Finally, the analysis is validated by a 400-Hz experimental prototype with soft-switching capability.
A Comprehensive Survey of Imbalance Correction Techniques for Hyperspectral Data Classification

Land-cover classification is an important topic for remotely sensed hyperspectral (HS) data exploitation. In this regard, HS classifiers have to face important challenges, such as the high spectral redundancy, as well as noise, present in the data, and the fact that obtaining accurate labeled training data for supervised classification is expensive and time-consuming. As a result, the availability of large amounts of training samples, needed to alleviate the so-called Hughes phenomenon, is often unfeasible in practice. The class-imbalance problem, which results from the uneven distribution of labeled samples per class, is also a very challenging factor for HS classifiers. In this article, a comprehensive review of oversampling techniques is provided, which mitigate the aforementioned issues by generating new samples for the minority classes. More specifically, this article pursues a twofold objective. First, it reviews the most relevant oversampling methods that can be adopted according to the nature of HS data. Second, it provides a comprehensive experimental study and comparison, which are useful to derive practical conclusions about the performance of oversampling techniques in different HS image-based applications.
Coastal acidification alters estuarine sediment nitrous oxide and methane fluxes

The impact of coastal acidification on sediment nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes is largely unknown. We exposed temperate estuarine sediments to moderate (pH 7.3) and extreme (pH 6.3) acidification. Sediments were collected from two sites—one exposed to high and the other to low nitrogen loading. We demonstrate that low pH has a strong effect on greenhouse gas fluxes. The response, in terms of both magnitude and direction, was site specific. Sediments from the high nitrogen loading site exhibited increased N2O fluxes and decreased CH4 fluxes under moderate and extreme acidification. In contrast, sediments from the low nitrogen loading site exhibited decreased N2O fluxes under moderate and extreme acidification while CH4 fluxes both decreased (moderate) and increased (extreme). This study highlights the dynamic response of sediment N2O and CH4 fluxes to low pH and emphasizes the need for deeper understanding of ofcoastal acidification impacts on sediment biogeochemistry.
Stability of fractional-order switched non-linear systems

This study addresses the stability issue of a class of fractional-order switched non-linear systems. A general stability condition is established based on which two new concepts named Mittag-Leffler increment and average Mittag-Leffler increment are proposed and two alternative stability conditions are obtained. These conditions fully reveal the trade-off between each subsystem's dynamics, and the value of the fractional order. The new results are further applied to a class of fractional-order multi-agent systems with switching cooperative control laws.
Compressed Channel Estimation for Near-Field XL-MIMO Using Triple Parametric Decomposition

With the presence of the conventional angular-domain representation, the energy leakage effect is evident for the near-field extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) channel, which further leads to ambiguous channel power detection, significantly eroding channel estimation performance. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a novel Triple Parametric Decomposition (TPD) framework to facilitate compressed channel estimation in the XL-MIMO system. Specifically, we examine the case of a uniform planar array (UPA) with the geometry parameters involving a pair of azimuth-elevation angles and distances in an attempt to achieve independent decomposition by constructing their own covariance matrices. Then, by utilizing the on- and off-grid techniques, we obtain the sparse recovery of angles and distances information in the absence of energy leakage effect at reduced gridding complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed TPD achieves significant performance improvement over the state-of-the-art methods.
A Misalignment-Tolerant Hybrid Coupler for Electric Vehicle IPT Charging Systems

To solve the problems of output voltage and system efficiency sharply decreasing in the case of misalignment for the electric vehicle inductive power transfer (IPT) charging system, a universal hybrid coupler with high misalignment tolerance is proposed. The hybrid coupler consists of a four-coil bipolar (BP) coupler, the T-type network and a compensation capacitor, which effectively achieves high anti-misalignment for any compensation networks. The introduction of the T-type network makes the two overlapping coils in the same side of the BP coupler transmitter decouple effectively and simplifies the design. Although the two overlapping coils in the receiver side are still coupled with each other, the parameter design only needs to consider the cross-coupling to be small enough, which significantly reduces the design difficulty of the coupler without iteration and repetition. Finally, a 2-kW misalignment-tolerance hybrid IPT system is constructed based on the proposed hybrid IPT coupler. A configurable series-series (SS) and series/inductor-capacitor- capacitor(S/LCC) compensation topologies are used to implement constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) load-independent outputs in the face of conditions where the coupling coefficient and load change simultaneously. The experimental results validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
An expression for wind erosion rate from dry and dense soil surface

Wind erosion is a physical process predominated by airborne grains rather than the wind itself. The soil deformation is either elastic–plastic or fully plastic during its collisions with solid grains, corresponding to dense and loose soils, respectively. Only the fully plastic deformation was previously taken into account in the physically‐based wind erosion models. The impact erosion of dry and dense soil surface can be well quantified by the contact mechanics and strength theories. In this study, with the help of Owen's uniform saltation model, a simple expression for wind erosion rate is derived based upon the eroded volume per impact when soil deforms in the elastic–plastic manner. The new expression, a simple analytical function of several conventional variables and parameters of wind and soil, describes the effects of saltation flux and soil susceptibility. Its validity is verified by some field and laboratory experiments.
A Review of Driving Style Recognition Methods From Short-Term and Long-Term Perspectives

Driving style recognition provides an effective way to understand human driving behaviors and thereby plays an important role in the automotive sector. However, most works fail to consider the influence of deploying the recognition results on the vehicle side, which requires real-time recognition performance. To facilitate the application of driving styles in automotive, we survey related advances in driving style recognition along short- and long-term pipelines. We first defined short- and long-term driving styles and then described the input data used by the recognition models and related data-processing techniques. Furthermore, we also revisited existing evaluation metrics for different recognition algorithms. Finally, we discussed the potential applications of driving style recognition in intelligent vehicles.
A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Pembrolizumab and Cabozantinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Immune checkpoint inhibitor and VEGFR inhibitor combinations are effective treatments for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This phase I/II clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab and cabozantinib in patients with mRCC. Experimental Design: Eligible patients had mRCC with clear-cell or non-clear cell histology, adequate organ function, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0–1 performance status, and no prior exposure to pembrolizumab or cabozantinib. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) at the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Secondary endpoints included safety, disease control rate (DCR), duration of response (DoR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: Forty-five patients were enrolled. A total of 40 patients were treated at the RP2D of pembrolizumab 200 mg i.v. every 3 weeks and cabozantinib 60 mg orally once daily, 38 of which were evaluable for response. The ORR was 65.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 49.9–78.8] for all evaluable patients [78.6% as first-line therapy, 58.3% as second-line therapy]. The DCR was 97.4% (95% CI, 86.5–99.9). Median DoR was 8.3 months (interquartile range, 4.6–15.1). At a median follow-up of 23.54 months, the median PFS was 10.45 months (95% CI, 6.25–14.63) and median OS was 30.81 months (95% CI, 24.2–not reached). The most common grade 1 and/or 2 treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) were diarrhea, anorexia, dysgeusia, weight loss, and nausea. The most common grade 3 and/or 4 TRAEs were hypertension, hypophosphatemia, alanine transaminase elevation, diarrhea, and fatigue. There was one grade 5 TRAE of reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome related to cabozantinib. Conclusions: Pembrolizumab and cabozantinib treatment in patients with mRCC demonstrated encouraging preliminary efficacy and a manageable toxicity profile comparable with other available checkpoint inhibitor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor combinations. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03149822 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03149822 Significance: This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the combination of pembrolizumab and cabozantinib in patients with mRCC. The safety profile was manageable. The combination showed promising activity with an objective response rate of 65.8%, median PFS of 10.45 months, and median OS of 30.81 months.