Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bronchoalveolar lavage. Technical notes.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) should be performed with at least 100 ml. Small volume lavage (less than 20 ml) in a main stem bronchus or a segmental bronchus recovered more epithelial cells and neutrophils while a lavage volume of 20-100 ml in a segmental bronchus recovered more lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages, albumin, IgG and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Boluses of 10, 20, and 50 ml were associated with a recovery of 22%, 10%, and 5% of neutrophils, respectively [1] (Evidence: Ia). BAL fluid should be analysed in specialised laboratories and microbiological investigations, cytologycal analysis and cytofluorimetric procedures are considered as the more appropriate workup [2] (Level of evidence: Ia).
ICT and Knowledge Management: Perspectives from the SECI Model

Purpose – The primary purposes of this paper are to understand perceptions regarding ICT use to support knowledge management (KM) and to identify suitable ICTs to support such initiatives. The aim is to study these objectives from the theoretical perspectives of the SECI model (i.e. socialization, externalization, combination and internalization). Design/methodology/approach – A total of 100 working professionals who had prior KM implementation experiences participated in an online survey.Findings – The authors found that survey respondents held positive attitudes towards the use of ICT to support different phases of the SECI model. It was also found that single ICT as well as varied combinations of ICTs were frequently used to facilitate the different phases of the SECI model.Research limitations/implications – The nature of this study may reduce the generalizability of its findings to other tasks or economic and cultural environments. Replication of this study in other contexts (e.g. other industries) wo.
Should Faculty Use Social Networks to Engage with Students

n 2005, the Sloan Consortium found that the business discipline had the highest reported levels of online coursework (Grandzol & Grandzol, 2006). As such programs grow, concerns center on providing meaningful coursework and networking experiences that are consistent with the needs of professional development in business. Social networking media, such as Facebook, Twitter, Text Messaging, Instant Messaging, and MySpace, may be considered as a means of providing such developmental activity. However, research on their efficacy for education is limited. Not everyone agrees that social media should be used for such utilitarian purposes, including some students (Charnigo & Barnett-Ellis, 2007; Chu & Meulemans, 2008; Connell, 2009; Hewitt & Forte, 2006; Lipka, 2007). Jordan (2009) warns of a “blurring of boundaries” (Jordan, 2009, p. 174), where the unintentional sharing of too much information can result in dire consequences, some of which imply legal and professional difficulties (Brandenburg, 2008; Gibson, 2010). Connell (2009) concludes that a "onesize-fits-all model does not work when it comes to social networking sites . " (Connell, 2009, p. 33). The degree of “separateness-connectedness” (Wang and Mowen, 1997) inherent in student psyches or self-schemata may be important to the efficacy of social networking in general, and its use for educational purposes in particular. “Separatenessconnectedness” has been found to be significant in studies of human development, empathic tendencies, gender differences, and cultural differences (Corcoran, 1982; Douvan & Adelson, 1966; Josselson, 1988; Markus & Oyserman, 1989), where the sense of self is partially defined by each individual’s different need for affiliation and intimacy (Miller, 1986). This construct describes both the level of independence/ individuality and the desire for privacy (or self-other boundary) in an individual’s personality. This construct may create a divide between those students who tend to confine their social life to a close, comfortable “inner circle” and those whose need for interpersonal trust among their contacts is lower (Mason, 1994; Thompson & Pennycook, 2008). The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of a student’s “separatenessconnectedness” self-schema on the acceptance of online social networking in general, and on faculty’s presence in the student’s social network in particular, so that educators might be better informed regarding the “if” and “how” of integrating social networking in the classroom.
WiFi for Vehicular Communication Systems

Vehicular communication is a popular topic in the academia and the car industry. The aim of these growing interest is to develop an effective communication system for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). In this paper we presented the model of wireless base station good put evaluation. We used wireless access point model as a queuing system with variable requests and the auto traffic model. The performance of the wireless networks can be impacted from a variety of parameters, such as radio communication range, available bandwidth and bit rate, the number of clients in wireless network range and vehicle speed. The basic parameters were analysed and presented in this paper.
Information Integration in Elementary Cellular Automata

We study the emergence of information integration in cellular automata (CA) with respect to states in the long run. Information integration is in this case quantified by applying the information-theoretic measure known as total correlation to the long-run distribution of CA states. Total correlation is the amount by which the total uncertainty associated with cell states surpasses the uncertainty of the CA state taken as a whole. It is an emergent property, in the sense that it can only be ascribed to how the cells interact with one another, and has been linked to the rise of consciousness in the brain. We investigate total correlation in the evolution of elementary CA for all update rules that are unique with respect to negation or reflection. For each rule we consider the usual, deterministic CA behavior, assuming that the initial state is chosen uniformly at random, and also the probabilistic variant in which every cell, at all time steps and independently of all others, disobeys the rule's prescription with a fixed probability. We have found rules that generate as much total correlation as possible, or nearly so, particularly in Wolfram classes 2 and 3. We conjecture that some of these rules can be used as CA models of information integration.
The effect of the volatile oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides and Thymus vulgaris against the larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen).

Nowadays, there are many problems with the use of chemical insecticides as resistance, environmental pollution, toxicity to man and animal. etc. All these required the investigation of a new line for controlling arthropod pests of medical and agricultural importance. The volatile oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides (American wormseed) and Thymus vulgaris (Tyme) proved to be effective against the third stage larvae of Lucilia sericata. The LC50 confidence limits were 70 ppm and 130 ppm for both volatile oils respectively. No doubt, the use of these plant volatile oils, which are widely distributed in the Egyptian flora, more cheap, more safe and without any pollution or hazard, is recommended.
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein has endotoxin-neutralizing activity.

Neutrophil granules contain proteins important in host defense against bacterial pathogens. Granule proteins released from activated neutrophils facilitate opsonization, phagocytosis, tissue digestion, and antimicrobial activity. Three similar, if not identical, neutrophil proteins, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), 57,000 m.w. cationic antimicrobial protein, and bactericidal protein have been described that specifically kill gram negative bacteria. Since LPS is a structure common to all gram-negative bacteria, we investigated whether the microbicidal protein BPI affects biologic activity of LPS in vitro. Human neutrophils can be activated both in vitro and in vivo by LPS. Upon stimulation, surface expression of CR1 and CR3 increases markedly. Using flow microfluorimetry, we analyzed surface expression of CR1 and CR3 as a measure of neutrophil stimulation in response to LPS. CR up-regulation on neutrophils was TNF independent, suggesting direct LPS stimulation of neutrophils in this system. Purified BPI completely inhibited CR up-regulation on neutrophils stimulated with both rough and smooth LPS chemotypes at 1.8 to 3.6 nM (100 to 200 ng/ml). By comparison, the polypeptide antibiotic polymyxin B completely inhibited the same dose of LPS at 0.4 nM. The inhibitory activity of BPI appeared to be specific for LPS because neutrophil stimulation by formylated peptide or TNF was unaffected. The specificity of BPI for LPS was further demonstrated by inhibition of LPS activity in the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Therefore, the role of BPI in infection may not be limited to its microbicidal activity, but it may also regulate the neutrophil response to LPS.
Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism

Background: The combined positioning of the trunk and knee in the coronal and sagittal planes during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has not been previously reported. Hypothesis: During ACL injury female athletes demonstrate greater lateral trunk and knee abduction angles than ACL-injured male athletes and uninjured female athletes. Design: Cross-section control-cohort design. Methods: Analyses of still captures from 23 coronal (10 female and 7 male ACL-injured players and 6 female controls) or 28 sagittal plane videos performing similar landing and cutting tasks. Significance was set at p⩽0.05. Results: Lateral trunk and knee abduction angles were higher in female compared to male athletes during ACL injury (p⩽0.05) and trended toward being greater than female controls (p = 0.16, 0.13, respectively). Female ACL-injured athletes showed less forward trunk lean than female controls (mean (SD) initial contact (IC): 1.6 (9.3)° vs 14.0 (7.3)°, p⩽0.01). Conclusion: Female athletes landed with greater lateral trunk motion and knee abduction during ACL injury than did male athletes or control females during similar landing and cutting tasks. Clinical relevance: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are important components of the ACL injury mechanism in female athletes as observed from video evidence of ACL injury.
Diffusion-enhanced fluorescence energy transfer.

Electronic excitation energy can be efficiently transferred by dipole-dipole interaction between suitable chromophores over distances of the order of 50 A. As proposed by Forster (6), the transfer rate is proportional to the inverse sixth power of the distance between the donor and acceptor (2, 13, 23). This steep distance-dependence enables fluorescence energy transfer to be used as a spectroscopic ruler in the 20 to 80 A range [for a recent review, see Ref. (22)]. Other transfer mechanisms, such as ex­ change interactions involving electron overlap, become important at shorter distances when the donor and acceptor are nearly in contact (4). In most energy transfer studies carried out thus far, the donor-acceptor distance was essentially constant during the lifetime of the excited donor, which was typically a few nanoseconds. A different and potentially
New transport services for next-generation SONET/SDH systems

SONET/SDH systems have been the preferred transport technology over fiber optics for almost two decades now. Carriers have developed extensive expertise in operating, managing, and developing business models for these systems. Manufacturers' technical expertise in such systems has increased to a deep understanding of what transport over fiber is about. In short, SONET/SDH can be called a mature transport technology. Out of this mature expertise, new techniques for bettering transport over fiber services have appeared. These techniques are likely to considerably reshape the next generation of SONET/SDH systems in many aspects: new transport techniques, new transport services, new management systems and business models. We describe several new transport techniques, and discuss their impact on the creation of new transport services for next-generation SONET/SDH systems.
Stimulation of Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation by Psychosocial Stress

Abstract Psychosocial stress is an important precursor of disease and reduced quality of life in humans. The biological pathways between stress exposure and pathophysiological processes underlying disease have received substantial scientific attention, although the roles of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system remain insufficiently understood. Recent attention has focused on chronic systemic low-grade inflammation as a promising pathway because elevated inflammation often accompanies chronic psychosocial distress. These alterations of inflammatory activity play a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases that are adversely affected by chronic distress, such as cardiovascular disease. Transient increases in systemic inflammation are observed in response to acute psychosocial stress, with larger responses among individuals reporting adverse psychosocial states or conditions such as depression, lower self-esteem, or lower self-compassion. Recent evidence shows that lower subjective social status and perceived purpose in life are associated with sensitization of inflammatory stress responses to repeated stress exposure. The aims of this selective review article are to summarize current knowledge of the role of acute and chronic psychosocial stress on low-grade inflammation in humans and to discuss potential relationships between inflammatory responses to acute psychosocial stress and long-term development of disease.
Traps, Pitfalls, Swindles, Lies, Doubts and Suspicions in Human-Computer Interaction: A Counter-Case for the Study of Good Etiquette

To understand and implement the rules of etiquette for humancomputer interaction, a counter-case for the study of good etiquette is presented. The Internet is seen as a crucible for studying a wide variety of behavior that violates veracity, the foundational rule of etiquette. In the past, deceit and its attendant behaviors were exercised more or less directly but with the advent of this ubiquitous computing environment, creative and subtle forms of practicing many of the old dishonesty tricks have arisen. Further, the emergence of (intelligent) agents for both local and global computing environments has opened up new possibilities for even greater abuse. Focusing on the Internet as a forum for studying the rules of good etiquette and their abuse has many advantages, among them: the vast amounts of data and the scope for studying both human and agent deceptions and their consequences. Studies in such a context cannot help but produce useful insights that generalize to many of the morre technical domains of interest presented in this Symposium.
The appropriateness of use of coronary angiography in New York State.

OBJECTIVE To determine the appropriateness of use of coronary angiography in New York State. DESIGN Retrospective randomized medical record review. SETTING Fifteen randomly selected hospitals in New York State that provide coronary angiography. PATIENTS Random sample of 1335 patients undergoing coronary angiography in New York State in 1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage of patients who underwent coronary angiography for appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate indications. RESULTS Approximately 76% of coronary angiographies were rated appropriate; 20%, uncertain; and 4%, inappropriate. Inappropriate use did not vary significantly between the elderly (ie, patients aged 65 years and older) and nonelderly, 4.7% and 3.9%, respectively. Although the rate of inappropriate use varied from 0% to 9% among hospitals, the difference was not significant. Rates of appropriateness did not vary by hospital location (upstate vs downstate), volume (fewer than 750 procedures annually or at least 750 procedures annually), teaching status, or whether revascularization was available at the hospital where angiography was performed. CONCLUSIONS Although coronary angiography was used for few inappropriate indications in New York State, many procedures were performed for uncertain indications in which the benefit and risk were approximately equal or unknown.
Use of OP-1 (rhBMP-7) in posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis.

Posterolateral fusion is a common treatment for lumbar spondylolisthesis (1). Most often, autologous bone from the iliac crest is used for arthrodesis. However, failure of fusion remains a common complication following this procedure (2-4). In addition to pseudoarthrosis, another concern is donor site morbidity related to iliac bone graft harvest, which may complicate as many as 25% of cases (5-7). There has hence been interest in the development and use of bioactive molecules capable of inducing bone regeneration in hopes of achieving higher fusion rates, while also avoiding the morbidity of autograft harvest. Marshall Urist in 1965 identified proteins from bone matrix responsible for ectopic bone formation, later termed bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) (8). BMPs exert an osteoinductive effect by stimulating differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into mineral-depositing osteoblasts (9,10). Further efforts led to cloning of BMP-2 and BMP-7 (OP-1), members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, and expression of recombinant human forms of these proteins (11,12). Both rhBMP-2 and rhOP-1 demonstrated efficacy in inducing bone formation in preclinical animal studies, which has spurred clinical investigation of their efficacy as bone graft substitute (13-16). Moreover, other investigators have suggested that BMPs, including OP-1, may show promise in promoting fusion in patients with high-risk adverse medical conditions (17).
Effect of dietary seaweed extracts and fish oil supplementation in sows on performance, intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, volatile fatty acid concentrations and immune status of weaned pigs

A 2 × 2 factorial experiment (ten sows per treatment) was conducted to investigate the effect of maternal dietary supplementation with a seaweed extract (SWE; 0 v. 10·0 g/d) and fish oil (FO; 0 v. 100 g/d) inclusion from day 109 of gestation until weaning (day 26) on pig performance post-weaning (PW) and intestinal morphology, selected microflora and immune status of pigs 9 d PW. The SWE contained laminarin (10 %), fucoidan (8 %) and ash (82 %) and the FO contained 40 % EPA and 25 % DHA. Pigs weaned from SWE-supplemented sows had higher daily gain (P = 0·063) between days 0 and 21 PW and pigs weaned from FO-supplemented sows had higher daily gain (P < 0·05) and gain to feed ratio (P < 0·01) between days 7 and 14 PW. There was an interaction between maternal SWE and FO supplementation on caecal Escherichia coli numbers (P < 0·05) and the villous height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum (P < 0·01) and jejunum (P < 0·05) in pigs 9 d PW. Pigs weaned from SWE-supplemented sows had lower caecal E. coli and a higher villous height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum and jejunum compared with non-SWE-supplemented sows (P < 0·05). There was no effect of SWE on E. coli numbers and villous height to crypt depth ratio with FO inclusion. Maternal FO supplementation induced an increase in colonic mRNA abundance of IL-1α and IL-6 (P < 0·05), while SWE supplementation induced an increase in ileal TNF-α (P < 0·01) and colonic TFF3 mRNA expression (P < 0·05). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that SWE and FO supplementation to the maternal diet influenced the gastrointestinal environment and performance of the weaned pig.
Blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the Cervigam assay

Mitogen- and antigen-induced interferon-γ (ifn-γ) responses of peripheral blood leucocytes from cervids were evaluated by a commercial whole-blood assay. The assay was applied to Mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer and reindeer, M bovis bcg-vaccinated white-tailed deer and elk, and unvaccinated, uninfected white-tailed deer, fallow deer, elk and reindeer. The responses of the M bovis-infected white-tailed deer to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) varied with time and between individuals. The responses of the M bovis-infected reindeer to pwm and M bovis purified protein derivative (ppd) were positively associated. Samples from tuberculosis-free captive herds in various parts of the usa were also evaluated. Four per cent of fallow deer, 20 per cent of elk, 44 per cent of white-tailed deer, and 91 per cent of reindeer had responses to pwm exceeding 0·25 Δ optical density, that is, pwm stimulation minus no stimulation. The specificity of the responses to M bovis ppd and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-specific antigen resat-6:cfp-10, excluding animals not responding to pwm, ranged from 78 per cent to 100 per cent and was dependent upon the species and the positive response cut-off value. The results show that the commercial assay is valid for the detection of tb in reindeer; however, further development of the assay will be required before it is used in surveillance programmes for white-tailed deer, fallow deer, and elk.
The awareness/attitude-gap in sustainable tourism: a theoretical perspective

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the widely recognized awareness/attitude‐gap in sustainable tourism and discuss a series of theoretical approaches on three levels: individual, interpersonal and community level theories.Design/methodology/approach – These theories are linked to existing studies on tourists' awareness/attitude and behavior in relation to climate change in order to assess which type of theory explains the gap best and which may be the most useful in bridging the gap.Findings – The paper argues that, although individual level theories offer the best explanation of the awareness/attitude‐gap, community level theories may offer the best solution.Originality/value – The paper has important relevance for academic researchers who intend to study the awareness/attitude gap in a tourist setting.
Insight and Major Mental Illness: An Update for Clinicians

This article will concentrate on insight into serious mental disorder. Not psychoanalytic insight – nor indeed, the insight all of us have, to a greater or lesser extent, into our own attitudes, motives and behaviour – but the insight which patients with psychosis have into their mental pathology. This is no longer considered an all-or-none phenomenon, but rather a dimensional one, so that subjects can have different levels of awareness into their illness. The suggestion was first mooted by Aubrey Lewis (1934) in his seminal work on insight. Conceptual exploration of insight has been activated in the past decade and is proceeding in parallel with the construction of special scales to measure insight and research into its cognitive, biological, social and cultural basis.
Clock-gating and its application to low power design of sequential circuits

This paper models the clock behavior in a sequential circuit by a quaternary variable and uses this representation to propose and analyze two clock gating techniques. It then uses the covering relationship between the triggering transition of the clock and the active cycles of various flip-flops to generate a derived clock for each flip-flop in the circuit. Design examples using gated clocks are provided next. Experimental results show that these designs have ideal logic functionality with lower power dissipation compared to traditional designs.