Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solid renal tumors: an analysis of pathological features related to tumor size.

PURPOSE We examined the relationship between tumor size and malignancy among solid renal tumors, and the relationship between tumor size and RCC subtype within tumors with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 2,770 adult patients who underwent radical nephrectomy or nephron sparing surgery for sporadic unilateral nonmetastatic solid renal tumors between 1970 and 2000. All pathology specimens were reviewed by a urological pathologist for diagnosis, and in RCC tumors, for histological subtype and nuclear grade. RESULTS There were 376 benign (12.8%) and 2,559 (87.2%) malignant tumors. The percentage of benign tumors decreased from 46.3% for those less than 1 cm to 6.3% for those 7 cm or greater. Among RCC tumors the percentage that were clear cell increased from 25.6% for those less than 1 cm to 83.0% for tumors 7 cm or greater, while the percentage that were papillary decreased from 74.4% for those less than 1 cm to 10.0% for tumors 7 cm or greater. No RCC tumors less than 1 cm were chromophobe compared to 7.0% of tumors 7 cm or greater. The percentage of malignant tumors that were high grade RCC increased from 2.3% for those less than 1 cm to 57.7% for RCC tumors 7 cm or greater. Only 1% of all tumors less than 1 cm and 9.2% of all tumors less than 2 cm were high grade malignancies. CONCLUSIONS As tumor size increased there was a significant increase in the odds of having a malignant compared to a benign tumor, clear cell compared to papillary RCC and high grade compared to low grade malignancy.
Asymmetric Volatility, Correlation and Returns Dynamics between the U.S. And U.K. Securitized Real Estate Markets

We construct synchronously priced indices of securitized property listed on the New York Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange. The indices are then utilized to examine dynamic information flows between the two markets. By analyzing returns behavior, asymmetric volatility spillover effects and exceedance correlations, this study shows that the real estate markets in these two countries experience significant interaction on a daily basis when synchronously priced data are utilized. These results are different from when close-to-close returns are examined, implying that the use of close-to-close data can misconstrue the true dynamics that exist between these markets. Results also show significant asymmetric effects on both the volatility and correlation dynamics between the markets. This has several implications for property portfolio managers, indicating that positive and negative news impact the markets differently. This is particularly true for the United Kindom, where daily foreign news from the United States can influence U.K. volatility.
Monetary policy transmission and real estate investment trusts

This paper assesses the response of real estate investment trusts (REIT's) to unexpected changes in US monetary policy. A critical element in this study is the use of futures markets to isolate unexpected changes in the policy rate. We find a significant negative response of REIT returns to a surprise change in the policy rate. The paper then examines the potential sources behind such an observed response. We find important differences between the REIT market and the broader equity market. Adopting a variance decomposition approach we find that monetary policy surprises consistently have an impact on REIT returns and that the dividend channel is a driving force behind this influence. The results indicate the particular sensitivity of the general real estate market to Central Bank behaviour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE STRUCTURES OF THE ALKALOIDS FROM MITRAGYNA SPECIES OF GHANA

THE known alkaloids, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, mitraphylline and rotundifoline, were isolated in investigations on Mitragyna species of Ghana (Beckett, Shellard and Tackie, 1963). While the work was in progress, the structure of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline was elucidated as (I) (Seaton, Nair, Edwards and Marion, 1960); these alkaloids were shown to be isomeric about positions C(3) or C(4). More recently Finch and Taylor (1962) have provided convincing evidence that they are isomeric about C(3) and that the groups at C(15) and C(16) are trans. Meanwhile Wenkert, Wickberg and Leicht (1961) from N.M. R. spectra have deduced a cis arrangement of methoxymethylene and ester group about the double bond.
Sparse Beamforming for Real-Time Resource Management and Energy Trading in Green C-RAN

This paper considers cloud radio access network with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer and finite capacity fronthaul, where the remote radio heads are equipped with renewable energy resources and can trade energy with the grid. Due to uneven distribution of mobile radio traffic and inherent intermittent nature of renewable energy resources, the remote radio heads may need real-time energy provisioning to meet the users’ demands. Given the amount of available energy resources at remote radio heads, this paper introduces two provisioning strategies to strike an optimum balance among the total power consumption in the fronthaul, through adjusting the degree of partial cooperation among the remote radio heads, the total transmit power and the maximum or the overall real-time energy demand. More specifically, this paper formulates two sparse optimization problems and applies reweighted <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {\ell _{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm approximation for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {\ell _{0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm and semidefinite relaxation to develop two iterative algorithms for the proposed strategies. Simulation results confirm that both of the proposed strategies outperform two other recently proposed schemes in terms of improving energy efficiency and reducing overall energy cost of the network.
Cell cycle progression in Caulobacter requires a nucleoid-associated protein with high AT sequence recognition

Significance In all organisms, morphological and functional diversity is the product of cell type-specific genetic programs. Asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter yields daughter cells that differ functionally due to the differential read-out of their genomes. Here, we report the discovery of GapR, a conserved DNA-binding protein required for cell cycle progression. We show that GapR only associates with DNA sequences of high adenine and thymine (AT) content, colocating with cell cycle master regulators that control genes mediating swarmer cell development. GapR protein distributes asymmetrically, accumulating on the compacted chromosome of the daughter swarmer cell compartment prior to division. We argue that Caulobacter has co-opted a protein that associates with AT-rich DNA to provide spatial control during an asymmetric cell division. Faithful cell cycle progression in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus requires spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression and cell pole differentiation. We discovered an essential DNA-associated protein, GapR, that is required for Caulobacter growth and asymmetric division. GapR interacts with adenine and thymine (AT)-rich chromosomal loci, associates with the promoter regions of cell cycle-regulated genes, and shares hundreds of recognition sites in common with known master regulators of cell cycle-dependent gene expression. GapR target loci are especially enriched in binding sites for the transcription factors GcrA and CtrA and overlap with nearly all of the binding sites for MucR1, a regulator that controls the establishment of swarmer cell fate. Despite constitutive synthesis, GapR accumulates preferentially in the swarmer compartment of the predivisional cell. Homologs of GapR, which are ubiquitous among the α-proteobacteria and are encoded on multiple bacteriophage genomes, also accumulate in the predivisional cell swarmer compartment when expressed in Caulobacter. The Escherichia coli nucleoid-associated protein H-NS, like GapR, selectively associates with AT-rich DNA, yet it does not localize preferentially to the swarmer compartment when expressed exogenously in Caulobacter, suggesting that recognition of AT-rich DNA is not sufficient for the asymmetric accumulation of GapR. Further, GapR does not silence the expression of H-NS target genes when expressed in E. coli, suggesting that GapR and H-NS have distinct functions. We propose that Caulobacter has co-opted a nucleoid-associated protein with high AT recognition to serve as a mediator of cell cycle progression.
Stem cell differentiation as a many-body problem

Significance A molecular understanding of stem cell differentiation requires the study of gene regulatory network dynamics that includes the statistics of synthesizing transcription factors, their degradation, and their binding to the DNA. Brute force simulation for complex large realistic networks can be computationally challenging. Here we develop a sound approximation method built upon theories originating from quantum statistical mechanics to study the network for embryonic stem cell development. Mechanistic insight is provided on the role of the master regulator Nanog in safeguarding stem cell pluripotency. We also demonstrate the significant influence of DNA-binding kinetics, an aspect that often has been overlooked, on the transition rate between gene network steady states. Stem cell differentiation has been viewed as coming from transitions between attractors on an epigenetic landscape that governs the dynamics of a regulatory network involving many genes. Rigorous definition of such a landscape is made possible by the realization that gene regulation is stochastic, owing to the small copy number of the transcription factors that regulate gene expression and because of the single-molecule nature of the gene itself. We develop an approximation that allows the quantitative construction of the epigenetic landscape for large realistic model networks. Applying this approach to the network for embryonic stem cell development explains many experimental observations, including the heterogeneous distribution of the transcription factor Nanog and its role in safeguarding the stem cell pluripotency, which can be understood by finding stable steady-state attractors and the most probable transition paths between those attractors. We also demonstrate that the switching rate between attractors can be significantly influenced by the gene expression noise arising from the fluctuations of DNA occupancy when binding to a specific DNA site is slow.
Business guests’ accommodation selection: the view from both sides

A comparative study was undertaken analysing what accommodation managers and business guests believed were the factors influencing accommodation selection. It was discovered that business guests rated “bathroom and shower quality”, “standard of bedroom maintenance” and “comfort of mattress and pillow” highly, while accommodation management rated “courteous, polite, well‐mannered staff”, “enthusiasm, and commitment of staff” and “efficiency of front desk” highly. In contrast, both the business guests and accommodation managers indicated that the cleanliness of the hotel was the most significant factor influencing accommodation selection. The research also identified that there was a statistically significant difference in many items in the survey between what management and guests believed were important, which indicates a lack of understanding by management. The ramifications for management who do not provide those items important to guests are lower occupancy rates and guest dissatisfaction. Further, spending time and money on items that are not so important to guests may not be a wise use of resources. Regarding the question of whether managers understand their guests, this research indicates that they do not.
The Economic Returns to Lifelong Learning in OECD Countries

Recent literature on the returns to schooling and vocational and occupational training in OECD countries is examined, with somewhat greater emphasis being accorded the US and UK experience. We provide estimates of short-cut, Mincer-type and internal rates of return to schooling, as well as alternative estimates of the returns to formal and informal post-school training investments.
Does Offshoring Reduce Industry Employment?

This paper looks at the implications of offshoring for industry employment whilst explicitly accounting for the scale and technology effects of offshoring. The effects of offshoring on employment are analysed using industry-level data for 17 high income OECD countries. Our findings indicate that offshoring has no effect or a slight-positive effect on sectoral employment. Offshoring within the same industry (intra-industry offshoring) reduces the labour-intensity of production, but does not affect overall industry employment. Inter-industry offshoring does not affect labour-intensity, but may have a positive effect on overall industry employment. These finding suggest that the productivity gains from offshoring are sufficiently large that the jobs created by higher sales completely offset the jobs lost by relocating certain production stages to foreign production sites.
Innovative characteristics of small manufacturing firms

– The purpose of the paper is two‐fold: one, to focus on a specific industry – the manufacturing industry. In response to recent criticisms research in small to medium‐sized enterprises (SME) is not sector/industry‐specific, consequently the advice for these companies was too general and not of any particular help. Two, the research addresses innovation management in terms of the interrelationship among the three elements of a business: product, process and ways of working, which were often explored in isolation in the literature. Similarly, a definition of innovation was established and a systematic approach to company innovativeness was adopted. , – A survey of 1000 West‐Midlands‐based manufacturing SMEs (SMMEs) was conducted. Ten indicators were used to measure company innovativeness. The top 20 per cent firms were compared with bottom 80 per cent firms in terms of product innovation management, process and work organisation. Means of responses were compared for two sets of companies. T‐tests were performed to draw some conclusions on the results. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the factors distinguishing more and less innovative companies. , – The results showed SMEs in the manufacturing industry are similar to SMEs in other industries. The drivers of SMME innovativeness were: market anticipation, customer focus and commitment of CEO/owners in NPD, processes and new ways of working. Innovation was part of the business strategy and goal‐oriented. However, innovation in SMME was based more around developing new ways of working than new product innovations. The use of systems/technology and process innovation was not uniform amongst more and less innovative companies. The main constraints of SMMEs were customer dependency, skills and knowledge acquisition through training, poor learning attitude and networking because of their tradition of being insular and autonomous. , – The paper provides useful information on innovation management in small manufacturing firms.
Preparing America’s Workforce: Are We Looking in the Rear-View Mirror?

The great conservative political philosopher Edmund Burke, who probably would not have been a reader of The American Prospect, once observed, You can never plan the future by the past. But when it comes to preparing the American workforce for the jobs of the future, we may be doing just that. For about a quarter-century, demand for labor appears to have shifted toward the college-educated and away from high school graduates and dropouts. This shift, most economists believe, is the primary (though not the sole) reason for rising income inequality, and there is no end in sight. Economists refer to this phenomenon by an antiseptic name: skill-biased technical progress. In plain English, it means that the labor market has turned ferociously against the low skilled and the uneducated.
Rethinking Punctuated Equilibrium Theory: A Public Administration Approach to Budgetary Changes

What stimulates policy change in organizations? Punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) posits that over time policy moves slowly, but also experiences large, rapid changes. Explanations for punctuations have centered on institutional friction and disproportionate information processing. Lacking in PET literature is a theoretical understanding of policy change aside from structural and cognitive limitations. Other organizational features can create friction to slow or accelerate the policy process. This study utilizes both public policy and public administration theory by applying a public administration approach to studying budgetary change. Leveraging this approach, this work analyzes the pattern and explanations of budgetary changes. Centering on two concepts understudied in PET literature—policy feedback and endogenous organizational change—data from hundreds of organizations are used to demonstrate how organization performance and personnel instability contribute to budgetary changes for core organization activity. Results indicate that high levels of performance and low levels of personnel instability lead to incremental changes.
The Influence of Market Structure on Industry Advertising Intensity

IN recent years significant progress has been made in developing a theoretical model to explain inter-market differences in advertising intensity among consumer goods industries, and a number of empirical studies have been carried out which tend to support many of the hypotheses which have been advanced. Beginning with the pioneering work of Kaldor and Silverman [71, these studies have included the works of Else [14, Doyle [3], Greer [5], Cable [2], and Sutton [I3], among others. The explanation for inter-market differences in advertising intensity has generally been sought in characteristics of market structure, such as market concentration, the rate of growth in demand, market size, and the number of potential buyers, and in characteristics of the products, such as purchase frequency, unit price, product complexity, and the presence or absence of 'emotional' buying motives associated with the products. Regression models employing independent variables representing various combinations of these and other market and product characteristics have met with some degree of success. However, most of the aforementioned studies have utilized United Kingdom data on rather narrow product categories to test for the hypothesized relationships,1 while little empirical work has been done on these matters using American data.2 To remedy this deficiency and provide alternative tests, the present study draws together a number of previously developed and well-known hypotheses to construct a multiple regression model to explain inter-industry differences in advertising intensity. This model is then tested using U.S. data for a sample of 28 four-digit consumer goods industries. The independent variables employed in this study have been selected on the basis of theoretical considerations, previous results, and the pragmatic
The anarchic brain in action: the contribution of task-based fMRI studies to the understanding of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a frequent neurological disorder characterized by the production of tics, and frequently associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The aim of this article is to summarize the contribution of imaging activation techniques to the study of the syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS GTS has been studied with a variety of functional MRI (fMRI)/PET activation paradigms to characterize the origin of tics or their suppression, and how they compare physiologically with voluntary actions or response inhibitions. Current studies indicate overactivations of prefrontal and premotor cortices, including the supplementary motor area, and subcortical structures. Resting state functional connectivity studies complement activation studies in showing perturbed connectivity of cortico-subcortical networks. Several such findings correlate with the severity of the disease. SUMMARY fMRI activation techniques are contributing a system-level neurophysiological description of GTS and bridge the gap between animal models and clinical observations. fMRI clarifies brain networks involved in different aspects of GTS phenomenology with some good clinical face validity. A future generation of fMRI studies should have higher ambitions and contribute, for example, to treatment optimization including the identification of ideal targets for deep brain stimulation in drug-resistant cases; however, such goals will be achieved only through controlled large-scale cooperative studies.
The economics of industrial location : a logistics-costs approach

Preface Introduction 1. Comparing Western and Japanese Industrial Purchasing Linkages 2. The Location of the Firm in the Theory 3. The Logistics-Costs Model 4. The Logistics-Costs Analysis of JIT 5. Research Methodology 6. Empirical Research: The Scottish Electronics Industry 7. Conclusions: The Contribution of the Logistics-Costs Model to Theoretical and Empirical Issues in Regional Economics References
Sfrp 5 Modulates Both Wnt and BMP Signaling and Regulates Gastrointestinal Organogensis in the Zebrafish , Danio rerio

Sfrp5 belongs to the family of secreted frizzled related proteins (Sfrp), secreted inhibitors of Wingless-MMTV Integration Site (Wnt) signaling, which play an important role in cancer and development. We selected sfrp5 because of its compelling expression profile in the developing endoderm in zebrafish, Danio rerio. In this study, overexpression of sfrp5 in embryos results in defects in both convergent extension (CE) by inhibition of non-canonical Wnt signaling and defects in dorsoventral patterning by inhibition of Tolloid-mediated proteolysis of the BMP inhibitor Chordin. From 25 hours post fertilization (hpf) to 3 days post fertilization (dpf), both overexpression and knockdown of Sfrp5 decrease the size of the endoderm, significantly reducing liver cell number. At 3 dpf, insulin-positive endodermal cells fail to coalesce into a single pancreatic islet. We show that Sfrp5 inhibits both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling during embryonic and endodermal development, resulting in endodermal abnormalities. Citation: Stuckenholz C, Lu L, Thakur PC, Choi T-Y, Shin D, et al. (2013) Sfrp5 Modulates Both Wnt and BMP Signaling and Regulates Gastrointestinal Organogensis in the Zebrafish, Danio rerio. PLoS ONE 8(4): e62470. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0062470 Editor: Sheng-Ping Lucinda Hwang, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Taiwan Received December 6, 2012; Accepted March 21, 2013; Published April 29, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Stuckenholz et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Funding was provided by NIH R21DK073177, NIH R01HD50872, March of Dimes FY04-109. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: bahary@pitt.edu
Safe and efficient gene therapy-delivery makes all the difference

Commentary to: Enhancement of p53 gene transfer efficiency in hepatic tumor mediated by transferrin receptor through trans-arterial delivery Qin Lu, Gao-Jun Teng, Yue Zhang, Huan-Zhang Niu, Guang-Yu Zhu, Yan-Li An, Hui Yu, Guo-Zhao Li, Ding-Hong Qiu, Chuan-Ging Wu