Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Band structure of absorptive two-dimensional photonic crystals

The band structure for an absorptive two-dimensional photonic crystal made from cylinders consisting of a Drude material is calculated. Absorption causes the spectrum to become complex and form islands in the negative complex half-plane. The boundaries of these islands are not always formed by the eigenvalues calculated for Bloch vectors on the characteristic path, and we find a hole in the spectrum. For realistic parameter values, the real part of the spectrum is hardly influenced by absorption, typically less than 0.25%. The employed method uses a Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker procedure together with analytical continuation. This results in an efficient approach that allows these band-structure calculations to be done on a Pentium III personal computer.
Bearing Health Condition Monitoring: Wavelet Decomposition

Background/Objectives: Condition monitoring is one of the important functions to be carried out in the maintenance of any machine. In condition monitoring, there are several techniques among which the most commonly used technique for rotating machines is the vibration analysis. Methods/Statistical analysis: Discrete Wavelet Transform is used to decompose the vibration signal into 9 levels. For each level, mean ±std (standard deviation) are computed for both approximated and detailed coefficients. Findings: Bearing data obtained from the bearing test rig of Case Western Reserve University are used to test the algorithm. The standard of coefficients in level to 3 shows distant classification of faults. The levels which show clear classification among the bearings are those frequency bands in which the characteristic defect frequencies of faults occur. It is inferred that, the wavelet decomposition classifies the ball defect clearly than the frequency domain methods. Application/Improvements: Wavelet based bearing health condition monitoring technique can be used for bearing fault diagnosis and it can be extended for prognosis.
Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Explore Predictors of Financial Behaviour Among Working Adults in Malaysia

The current study sought to explore the predictors of financial behaviour among working adults based on the theory of planned behaviour. This study employed the correlational cross-sectional questionnaire-based research design. In total, 558 samples were obtained through a purposive sampling technique. The measurement model and proposed research model were evaluated using partial least squares structure equation modelling. The findings revealed that financial knowledge is positively associated with the attitudes towards retirement, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms, and financial behaviour of working adults. In addition, the findings demonstrated that retirement attitude, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms each had a positive relationship with behavioural intention towards planning for retirement. Furthermore, the results showed that behavioural intention and perceived behavioural control are positively associated with the financial behaviour of working adults. The findings could aid financial educators and advisors in delivering the correct blend of financial knowledge to assist working adults in making better financial decisions and practising proper financial behaviour.
A Hybrid Algorithm combining Path Scanning and Biased Random Sampling for the Arc Routing Problem

The Arc Routing Problem is a kind of NP-hard routing prob- lems where the demand is located in some of the arcs connecting nodes and should be completely served fulfilling certain constraints. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm which combines a classical heuristic with bi- ased random sampling, to solve the Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP). This new algorithm is compared with the classical Path scan- ning heuristic, reaching results which outperform it. As discussed in the paper, the methodology presented is flexible, can be easily parallelised and it does not require any complex fine-tuning process. Some prelim- inary tests show the potential of the proposed approach as well as its limitations.
Numerical model for the determination of hysteresis loss through the drag force method

To determine the hysteresis loss in a sample, usually the enclosed area of the B − H loop is evaluated. In the drag force method, based on a proper energy balance, the hysteresis loss is obtained by analyzing the drag force profile when slowly moving the sample forward and backward through the strong field of permanent magnets. A numerical time-stepping model is presented that calculates the drag force profile. At every time step, the sample is slightly moved. The model is based on 2D-FE computations including magnetic hysteretic material behaviour using the Preisach model. In order to improve the numerical stability, we reformulated the Maxwell equations in such a way that the material behaviour is described through differential permeabilities. Consequently, the basic unknown for the FEM becomes the time derivative of the vector potential. The drag force is obtained by using the Maxwell stress tensor. Simulations were carried out in which a sample was moved back and forth through the field of one or two permanent magnets. The numerical model is validated by measurements and by comparing the “drag force” hysteresis losses with the hysteresis losses computed conventionally by the integral of H . dB.
“ Shoes ” Output Shop the Look Complete the Look Query OutputQuery

Modeling fashion compatibility is challenging due to its complexity and subjectivity. Existing work focuses on predicting compatibility between product images (e.g. an image containing a t-shirt and an image containing a pair of jeans). However, these approaches ignore real-world ‘scene’ images (e.g. selfies); such images are hard to deal with due to their complexity, clutter, variations in lighting and pose (etc.) but on the other hand could potentially provide key context (e.g. the user’s body type, or the season) for making more accurate recommendations. In this work, we propose a new task called ‘Complete the Look’, which seeks to recommend visually compatible products based on scene images. We design an approach to extract training data for this task, and propose a novel way to learn the scene-product compatibility from fashion or interior design images. Our approach measures compatibility both globally and locally via CNNs and attention mechanisms. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves significant performance gains over alternative systems. Human evaluation and qualitative analysis are also conducted to further understand model behavior. We hope this work could lead to useful applications which link large corpora of real-world scenes with shoppable products.
The Role of High Frequent Maximal Crossing Ambiguities in Chinese Word Segmentation

The solution of crossing ambiguities is still an open issue in the study of Chinese word segmentation. In this paper, we introduce the concept of maximal crossing ambiguity at first, divide it further into two major types, i.e., the true and the pseudo. Having observed a Chinese corpus with 100M characters, we find that the high frequent part of maximal crossing ambiguities is strong in coverage capacity (the coverage of the top 4,619 is as high as 59.20%, out of which 4,279 belongs to the pseudo type, with coverage 53.35%) and rather stable with regard to domain shifting. As a consequence, we propose for high frequent maximal crossing ambiguities a memory-based strategy that is expected to improve the performance of practical Chinese word segmenters significantly.
Equivalent quantum equations with effective gravity in a system inspired by bouncing droplets experiments

It has been found in a classical system, mostly inspired by bouncing droplets experiments, that it is possible to write: an equivalent free Schrödinger equation; a covariant guidance formula (which leads to the equivalent de Broglie-Bohm guidance formula in the low-velocity approximation); the energy and momentum of the ‘particle’, which have a direct counterpart as well in special relativity (only valid when the ‘particle’ is in its reference state) as for the ones attributed to the whole system in quantum mechanics. These results were found in a previous paper in systems without external potential. In the current paper we show that these results hold in presence of an external potential. With regard to the considered system, a general covariant formulation is used and a natural interpretation between the proper time and the ‘world time’ (as in general relativity) is suggested. Hence, the system behaves as if an effective gravitational field (generated by an experimenter) exists. This natural interpretation and the effective gravitational field only involve pulsations.
Study on the rapid three-dimension optical measurement for welding deformation of sheet structures

To solve the problem of measurement for welding deformation of sheet structure,a non-contact three-dimension optical method is proposed. Firstly,photos of moving objects from different observation points are taken by two high-resolution and high-speed digital cameras simultaneously. Secondly,the three-dimensional coordinates of targets are calculated by three-dimensional reconstruction technique including collinear equation,photo orientation based on the coplanar equation,direct linear transform,epipolar geometric constraint and beam adjustment method. Finally,the deformations at different moments are associated with points of the same name,the deformation of the observation points is calculated and the real time deformation curves are sketched. Compared with the traditional methods,this method is not subjected to the high temperature and strong interference and has the advantages of real-time,high efficiency and high precision.
Salivary Gland Tumors in Iran: A Systematic Review of 2870 Cases Based on the New WHO Classification

Background & Objective: There is no consensus on the prevalence of salivary gland tumors (SGTs) in Iran. Thus, we systematically reviewed the literature about the prevalence of SGTs in Iran and applied the last world health organization (WHO) classification. Methods: The systematic literature search was performed in EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran; we searched for "salivary gland," "tumor," "prevalence," and "Iran" until 1 March 2021. The studies included were written in the English and Farsi languages. The weighted mean prevalence of SGTs was calculated as prevalence (%) * (N/the sum of all N). We used the unpaired Two-sample T-test to compare the weighted means. Results: A total of 17 studies, including 2870 patients, were selected for the data synthesis. The weighted mean prevalence of benign and malignant tumors was 66% (95% CI: 59-73) and 34% (95% CI: 27-41), respectively. The patients' mean age was reported in 10 out of the 17 studies. The weighted mean age of the patients was 40 (95% CI: 37-42) and 49 (95% CI: 43-55) years for benign and malignant tumors, respectively (P=0.01). Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), followed by Warthin's tumor (WT), was the most prevalent benign tumor. Moreover, the most common malignant tumors were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC). Conclusion: More than one-third of SGTs in Iran were malignant, which is higher than the reports from Middle Eastern countries. Information about risk factors and the burden of SGTs in Iran is insufficient. Thus, further well-designed longitudinal studies are warranted.
Inside Planets and Stars Masses

It can be shown that the mass of nucleons varies with adiabatic pressure inside celestial bodies and that such adiabatic pressure on the electronic escorts of atoms in the centre of celestial bodies reaching stellar mass ignition threshold through accumulation of primordial hydrogen is the triggering cause of nuclear fusion at the centre of such bodies.
Concept and Application of Zero-Watermark

In the existing method of digital watermark,for embedding watermark information,authors modify more or less original image data through various methods to limit its robustness and security.Zero watermark is a new digital watermarking technology without modifying the data of original image.In this paper,we construct zero watermark using high order cumulants.The result of experiment shows that this zero watermark constructed by this method has good performance.
High-Frequency and Microwave Circuit Design

FROM LUMPED TO DISTRIBUTED PARAMETERS Expected and Unexpected Results from the Network Analyzer Distributed Parameters in Coaxial Lines Equivalent Circuit for Coaxial Lines Characteristic Impedance on Coaxial Lines Terminal Conditions-Reflection Coefficient Mr. Smith's Invaluable Chart Characteristic Impedance of Microstrip Lines WAVEGUIDES Fields in Rectangular Waveguides Wavelength of Dominate mode propagation in waveguide Reactive Circuit Elements in Waveguides Power Handling in Coaxial Cables IMPEDANCE MATCHING TECHNIQUES Use of Smith Chart in Lumped Impedance-Matching Impedance-matching with a Single Reactive Element Stub Matching When and How to Unmatch Lines Designing Reactances for Waveguides Location of Iris from Standing Wave Measurements SCATTERING COEFFICIENTS OF TWOPORTS Hybrid Two-Port Parameters Now about Those Scattering Coefficients Two-Port High Frequency Models for Bipolar Transistors Input and Output Impedance, General Case Stability Circles for the Potentially Unstable Transistor SELECTIVE CIRCUITS AND OSCILLTORS LRC Series Resonance Parallel Resonance Receiver Requirements Image Frequency and RF Amplifier Requirements Piezoelectric Crystal Resonance Principles of Sine Wave Oscillators: the Phase-Shift Oscillator Colpitts and Hartley Configurations Crystal=Controlled Oscillators Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCO) MODULATION AND DEMODULATION CIRCUITRY Some Fundamentals: Why Modulate How to Shift Frequency Analog Multipliers or "Mixers" Synchronous Detection of Suppressed Carrier Signals Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier Amplitude Modulation-Double Sideband with Carrier The Envelope Detector Envelope Detection of SSB using Injected Carrier Direct v. Indirect means of Generating FM Quick and Dirty FM Slope Detection Lower Distortion FM Detection Digital means of Modulation Correlation Detection Digital QAM THERMAL NOISE AND AMPLIFIER NOISE FIGURES Thermal Noise Available Noise Power Amplifier Noise Figure and Excess Temperature Noise Factor of an Attenuating Cable Transistor Gain and Noise Circles Narrowband Noise Noise and Interference in FM Systems Noise in Digital Systems: Basic Properties of Gaussian Distributions ANTENNAS AND ANTENNA SYSTEMS Fields from a Current Element Radiated Power and Radiation Resistance Directive gain Antenna Arrays for Increased Directive gain Actual Gain via Numerical Integration Broadside Arrays Antenna Aperture and Other Application of Gain The Communication Link Budget
A non-diffraction structured light introduction

This paper puts forward a conception of a non-diffraction structured light (NDSL), which has characteristics such as linear structure, long focal-depth and narrow line-width, etc. These characteristics are foundation of geometric measurement of high-speed, large measurement range and high resolution. A method to obtain NDSL is proposed in this paper. That is the light can be produced by a triangular-section prism (TSP). Utilizing geometric optics, diffraction principle and Freshnel approaching, optical field behind TSP projected by parallel light is analyzed and calculated. According to analysis results, it has some properties of non-diffraction light. These can provide a good condition for large workpiece on-line geometry measurement.
Joint position-based impedance control with load compensation for robot arm

Abstract As part of compliant motion control for a robot arm, the force sensor is usually installed at the wrist of the robot arm to measure the force/moment caused by the external force and the load (the end-effector and the extra object). The robot arm will fail to achieve the desired compliance if the effect of the load is not considered. In this study, a strategy of joint position-based impedance control with load compensation method for the robot arm is proposed, even if the load is unknown. It will distinguish between the external force and the gravitational effect of the load in compliant motion control. Experimental results show that the proposed control method can successfully remove the effect caused by the load, and the robot arm performs compliant motion correctly, in accordance with the impedance characteristic.
Study of Venus' cloud layers by polarimetry using SPICAV/VEx

The study of Venus's cloud layers is important in order to understand the structure, radiative balance and dynamics of the Venusian atmosphere. The main cloud layers between 50 and 70 km are thought to consist in ∼ 1 µm radius droplets of a H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O solution. Nevertheless, the composition and the size distribution of the droplets are difficult to constrain more precisely. The polarization measurements have given great results in the determination of the constituents of the haze. In the early 1980s, Kawabata et al.(1980) used the polarization data from the OCPP instrument on the spacecraft Pioneer Venus to constrain the properties of the haze. They obtained a refractive index of 1.45 ± 0.04 at λ = 550 nm and an effective radius of 0.23 ± 0.04 µm, with a normalized size distribution variance of 0.18 ± 0.1. Our work aims to reproduce the method used by Kawabata et al. by writing a Lorentz-Mie scattering model and apply it to the so far unexploited polarization data of the SPICAV-IR instrument on-board ESA's Venus Express in order to better constrain haze and cloud particles at the top of Venus's clouds, as well as their spatial and temporal variability. We introduce here the model we developed, based on the BH-MIE scattering model. Taking into account the same size distribution of droplets as Kawabata et al., we obtained the polarization degree after a single Mie scattering by a haze at all phase angles given the effective radius and variance of the distribution and the refractive index of the droplets. Our model seems consistent as it reproduces the polarization degree modeled by Kawabata et al. We also present the first application of our model to the SPICAV-IR data under the single scattering assumption. Hence we can confirm the mean constraints on the size and refractive index of the haze and cloud droplets.
On optimal control simulations for mechanical systems

The primary objective of this work is the development of robust, accurate and efficient simulation methods for the optimal control of mechanical systems, in particular of constrained mechanical systems as they appear in the context of multibody dynamics. The focus is on the development of new numerical methods that meet the demand of structure preservation, i.e. the approximate numerical solution inherits certain characteristic properties from the real dynamical process. This task includes three main challenges. First of all, a kinematic description of multibody systems is required that treats rigid bodies and spatially discretised elastic structures in a uniform way and takes their interconnection by joints into account. This kinematic description must not be subject to singularities when the system performs large nonlinear dynamics. Here, a holonomically constrained formulation that completely circumvents the use of rotational parameters has proved to perform very well. The arising constrained equations of motion are suitable for an easy temporal discretisation in a structure preserving way. In the temporal discrete setting, the equations can be reduced to minimal dimension by elimination of the constraint forces. Structure preserving integration is the second important ingredient. Computational methods that are designed to inherit system specific characteristics – like consistency in energy, momentum maps or symplecticity – often show superior numerical performance regarding stability and accuracy compared to standard methods. In addition to that, they provide a more meaningful picture of the behaviour of the systems they approximate. The third step is to take the previ- ously addressed points into the context of optimal control, where differential equation and inequality constrained optimisation problems with boundary values arise. To obtain meaningful results from optimal control simulations, wherein energy expenditure or the control effort of a motion are often part of the optimisation goal, it is crucial to approxi- mate the underlying dynamics in a structure preserving way, i.e. in a way that does not numerically, thus artificially, dissipate energy and in which momentum maps change only and exactly according to the applied loads. The excellent numerical performance of the newly developed simulation method for optimal control problems is demonstrated by various examples dealing with robotic systems and a biomotion problem. Furthermore, the method is extended to uncertain systems where the goal is to minimise a probability of failure upper bound and to problems with contacts arising for example in bipedal walking.
The soft-output m-algorithm and its applications

The Soft-Output M-Algorithm (SOMA) is a reduced-complexity trellis decoder based on a sequential decoding technique known as the M-algorithm. Instead of extending all survivors from one trellis depth to the next, it extends only from the best M. The remaining survivors are terminated. The novelty of the SOMA is the use of terminated paths to obtain reliable soft-information. Soft-information is extracted from terminated paths through a simple update-and-discard procedure. It is found that using the M best fully-extended survivors alone is inadequate to deliver soft-information due to their similarity. On the other hand, terminated paths of a pruned trellis carry a significant amount of soft-information which should not be ignored for reliable bit-detection. The SOMA is particularly useful in reducing the complexity of an iterative receiver. Applications include turbo equalization of single-input single-output Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) channels and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) frequency selective fading channels, iterative decoding of MIMO flat fading channels, and multi-user detection and equalization in coded Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple-Access (DS-CDMA) systems. For turbo equalization of a 16-tap ISI channel with convolutional coding, nearoptimal bit-error-rate is achieved by retaining only 128 (out of 32,768) states. The SOMA is also applicable to reduce the complexity of tree decoding. For a coded MIMO system with 8 antennae transmitting 64-QAM symbols over a flat fading channel, the respective code-tree with 648 hypotheses can be decoded with the SOMA by retaining only 32 paths per tree depth. The complexity of multi-user detection for coded DS-CDMA systems for flat-fading channels can also be significantly reduced using the SOMA. High-order trellises with millions of states can also be decoded with modest complexity using the SOMA. The trellis is first expanded into an equivalent trellis/tree structure. Then, the M-algorithm is applied twice, once to reduce the number of states, and the other to reduce the number of branches emanating from each state. The proposed method gives promising results in equalizing a high-order modulated MIMO system with bit-interleaved coded modulation undergoing frequency selective fading. The method is also applicable to reduce the complexity of multi-user equalization of a coded DS-CDMA system undergoing frequency selective fading.