Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Identification and Preservation of Pelvic Autonomic Nerves in Rectal Cancer Surgery on Bladder Dysfunction After Total Mesorectal Excision

AbstractPURPOSE: Given the improvement in oncologic outcome after the introduction of total mesorectal excision for the treatment of rectal cancer, the objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of identification and preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves and to identify a possible link between postoperative micturition disturbances and the extent of the radical resection. METHODS: Between March 1997 and December 2001, 150 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum (≤16 cm from the anal verge) underwent surgery, with sphincter preservation in 112 cases (74.7 percent). Sixty-three patients (42 percent) were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists Stage III and two (1.3 percent) as Stage IV. The number of cases with complete identification, partial identification, or nonidentification of the autonomic nerves (superior hypogastric plexus, hypogastric nerve, and inferior hypogastric plexus) was documented and correlated with micturition disturbances (need for a long-term urinary catheter). Urine volumes were measured by ultrasound before and after surgery. RESULTS: The pelvic autonomic nerves were identified completely in 108 patients (72 percent), partially in 16 (10.7 percent), and not at all in 26 (17.3 percent). After the initial phase of the study (n = 50 patients), complete identification was realized in 78 percent of cases. Multivariate analysis showed that of the predetermined parameters (learning curve for Group I vs. Groups II or III, gender, T stage, blood loss, curative surgery, and previous surgery), gender (P = 0.006), learning curve (P = 0.019), and depth of penetration of the rectal wall (T1/T2 vs. T3/T4; P = 0.028) exerted an independent influence on achievement of complete pelvic nerve identification. Sixteen patients (10.7 percent) were discharged from the hospital with a urinary catheter. Identification and preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves was associated with low bladder dysfunction rates (4.5 vs. 38.5 percent; P < 0.001). In the evaluation of preoperative and postoperative bladder function, a urologic history and residual urine volume measurements by ultrasound were essential. The information obtained from urodynamic studies was of no relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Identification and preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves was achieved in the majority of patients and led to the prevention of urinary dysfunction. Gender (P = 0.006), learning curve (P = 0.019), and T stage are independent parameters that influence outcome.
The importance of methanogens associated with ciliate protozoa in ruminal methane production in vitro

The importance of methanogenic bacteria associated with ciliate protozoa was estimated either by removing protozoa from whole rumen fluid (using defaunated rumen fluid to correct for the effects of centrifugation on bacteria) or by isolating the protozoa. Rumen fluid was withdrawn from sheep inoculated with either Polyplastron multivesiculatum, a co‐culture of Isotricha prostoma plus Entodinium spp. or a mixed type B fauna of Entodinium, Eudiplodinium and Epidinium spp. Methanogenesis was highest in rumen fluid containing a mixed protozoal population of the following genera: Entodinium, Eudiplodinium and Epidinium, was lower in defaunated rumen fluid and lowest in rumen fluid containing either I. prostoma plus Entodinium or P. multivesiculatum. Methanogenic bacteria associated with rumen ciliates were apparently responsible for between 9 and 25% of methanogenesis in rumen fluid.
Photodynamic therapy of primary nonmelanomatous skin tumours of the head and neck

Nonmelanomatous skin tumours are the most frequent tumours in the white population and mainly caused by cumulative exposure to ultraviolet B radiation. On account of this origination about 80% of all nonmelanomatous skin tumours are located on the arms or the head and neck. Standard treatment for most tumours is surgical resection, with often only moderate cosmetic outcome.
Information, Trading, and Volatility: Evidence from Firm-Specific News

What moves stock prices? Systematic factors aside, prior literature concludes that the revelation of private information through trading, and not public news, is the primary driver. We revisit the question by utilizing new textual analysis tools that allow us to better-identify fundamental information in news. We find that such fundamental firm-level information is an important source for stock price volatility, accounting for 20%-40% of overnight volatility (compared to 5%-6% during trading hours). Moreover, we find that the percentages of news-explained variance varies across firm characteristics and industries.
Treatment of adhesive capsulitis with intra-articular hyaluronate: A systematic review

Sodium hyaluronate injection into the glenohumeral joint is a treatment option in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. We hypothesized that a systematic review would demonstrate that intra-articular sodium hyaluronate injections would result in significant improvements in passive range-of-motion, shoulder and general clinical outcome measures, and pain scales at short- and mid-term follow-up. Multiple medical databases were searched for levels I–IV evidence with a priori defined specific inclusion and exclusion study criteria. Clinical outcome measures used included Constant score, VAS pain scores, Cho functional scores, JOA scores, and range-of-motion measurements. Seven studies were included (four Level I and three Level IV; 292 subjects, 297 shoulders). Mean subject age was 59.1 years and mean pre-treatment duration of symptoms was 7.3 months. 140 subjects underwent one or multiple hyaluronate injections (120 glenohumeral joint; 20 subacromial bursa). Clinical follow-up was mean 9.0 weeks. Sodium hyaluronate injection into the glenohumeral joint has significantly improved shoulder range-of-motion, constant scores, and pain at short-term follow-up following treatment of adhesive capsulitis. Isolated intra-articular hyaluronate injection has significantly better constant scores than control. Isolated intra-articular hyaluronate injection has equivalent clinical outcomes and range-of-motion compared to intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Intra-articular hyaluronate injection was safe, with no reported complications within the studies in this review. Sodium hyaluronate injection into the glenohumeral joint is a safe, effective treatment in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Short-term evidence indicates that clinical outcomes are better than control and equivalent to intra-articular corticosteroid injection.
The middle of somewhere: An exploration of rural women, communities of place, and college-going

It has been well documented that rural students attend college at a rate lower than urban students as well as below the national average, despite the fact that rural students tend to graduate from high school at a higher rate than students in urban schools. Previous scholarship has attributed this post-secondary educational pattern to individual factors such as student aspirations and attainment as well as cultural and social capital at the familial level. Less attention has been given to the role of community context and the capital present at the community level in shaping rural student’s college-going practices and behaviors. This study utilized life history methodology to explore how two White women from rural areas understood how their home communities shaped their college-going practices and behaviors. Findings suggest that rural women’s college-going is heavily influenced by rural community capital and its interaction with larger systems and structures such as gender/patriarchy and urbanormativity. Implications for research recommend further exploration of the roles of natural and built capital in understanding college-going, especially for rural students. Implications for policy focus on the role of dual enrollment programs and broadband internet access in shaping college-going practices and behaviors in rural
p53, p16 and cyclin D1: Molecular determinants of radiotherapy treatment response in oral carcinoma

Management of oral cancer by radiotherapy has witnessed promising advances in the past few years, with patient‐tailored radio fractionation regimens. Different fractionation schedules, conventional and altered regimes, have been used in curative radiotherapy. Although contribution of biological markers on radio response has been evaluated, its unique influence on various radio fractionation schemes has not been accounted so far. Our study analyses a set of proteins that previously demonstrated radio response influence for their possible prognostic value in decision‐making process between the respective fractionation schemes. Expression patterns of regulatory proteins such as p53, cyclin D1, p16, Cdk4, p21, Rb, bcl‐2 and PCNA were determined by immunohistochemistry utilizing monoclonal antibodies in 125 patients who received curative radiotherapy dose. Among these 125 patients, 90 (72%) received altered fractionation, whereas 35 (28%) received conventional fractionation. p53 over‐expression correlated with local treatment failure among the patients treated with conventional fractionation whereas cyclin D1 over‐expression and p16 underexpression were associated with local treatment failure as well as overall survival in altered fractionation treated cases. Our findings suggest that wild‐type p53 status may be an important parameter for achieving high local control in those patients undergoing conventional fractionation, where as intact p16 and cyclin D1 status may be beneficial for effective local control in patients who are treated with altered fractionation. Furthermore, it can be assumed that conventional fractionation employs p53‐mediated apoptosis, whereas altered fractionation activates the functional G1 cell‐cycle checkpoint for tumor growth suppression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What Period of Time is better to Use for Moving Average to Predict Stock Price in Tehran Stock Exchange

Accurately predicting stock prices has been long one of the desires of investors in the financial markets. As such, various methods and rationales have been proposed for predicting corporate stock prices. One of the most widely used analytical methods to predict time series is technical analysis in which analysts assess indicators and models to find appropriate strategies and gain profits. Currently, a large number of technical indicators are available but it is not possible to use all of them. Therefore, selecting appropriate indicators for predicting requires great skills. One of such indicators is the simple moving average that can be defined for different time periods. The aim of this study is to find out the most appropriate moving average by assessing the simple moving averages for periods of 1 to 200 days using a feature selection algorithm called Correlation-Based Filter. To this end, data from petrochemical companies list in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2009-2015 are analyzed. The results show that five 5, 25, 48, 50 and 89 day simple moving averages are more appropriate to predict stock prices in the Tehran Stock Exchange. To test this hypothesis, we utilize Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network as a predictor method, and on the one hand, stock prices are predicted using 5 selected indicators, and on the other hand, stock prices are predicted using all 200 indicators. Our results also suggest that using the five selective simple moving averages are more accurate for predicting stock prices.
Distinct aggregation and cell death patterns among different types of primary neurons induced by mutant huntingtin protein

Aggregation of disease proteins is believed to be a central event in the pathology of polyglutamine diseases, whereas the relationship between aggregation and neuronal death remains controversial. We investigated this question by expressing mutant huntingtin (htt) with a defective adenovirus in different types of neurons prepared from rat cerebral cortex, striatum or cerebellum. The distribution pattern of inclusions is not identical among different types of primary neurons. On day 2 after infection, cytoplasmic inclusions are dominant in cortical and striatal neurons, whereas at day 4 the ratio of nuclear inclusions overtakes that of cytoplasmic inclusions. Meanwhile, nuclear inclusions are always predominantly present in cerebellar neurons. The percentage of inclusion‐positive cells is highest in cerebellar neurons, whereas mutant htt induces cell death most remarkably in cortical neurons. As our system uses htt exon 1 protein and thus aggregation occurs independently from cleavage of the full‐length htt, our observations indicate that the aggregation process is distinct among different neurons. Most of the neurons containing intracellular (either nuclear or cytoplasmic) aggregates are viable. Our findings suggest that the process of mutant htt aggregation rather than the resulting inclusion body is critical for neuronal cell death.
Are Some Clients More Equal than Others? An Analysis of Asset Management Companies’ Execution Costs

Pension plan sponsors often manage their portfolios via multiple management companies. We find that some plans receive systematically better prices when management companies trade the same stock, on the same day, in the same direction for multiple clients. The number of management companies per client is an important predictor of being a favored or disfavored client, consistent with competition over clients. Average magnitudes of transfers across clients are as large as 0.50% of dollar trade volume. We find that these transfers are larger when opportunities are greater, when clients are newer, and around year-end when client attention is high. Moreover, clients who benefit reward management companies with as much as a 50% increase in future dollar trading volume. We rule out alternative explanations such as market timing skill, directed brokerage arrangements and different trading practices. We interpret the collective results as evidence of conflicts of interest.
Genetic and Serologic Evaluation of Capsule Production by Bovine Mammary Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococcus spp. from Europe and the United States

ABSTRACT Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for major economic losses to the dairy industry, and more-effective therapeutic or preventive approaches are sorely needed. The predominance of staphylococcal capsular polysaccharide types 5 and 8 among human isolates from many sources is well documented, but there seems to be a greater variation in the distribution of capsular serotypes among isolates from cows. A total of 636 isolates of S. aureus from cases of bovine mastitis in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, and the United States were investigated for production of capsular polysaccharide types 5 and 8. Approximately half of all the European isolates tested were of serotype 8, although variation among countries and among isolates of clinical and subclinical origin was observed. Sweden had the highest frequency (87%) of serotypeable isolates, and Finland had the lowest (48%). Capsule types 5 and 8 accounted for only 42% of the U.S. isolates tested. A few isolates showed weak reactivity with CP5 antiserum in a colony blot assay, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition method confirmed that the levels of capsule produced by these strains were <10% of those produced by control strains. Fifty isolates that failed to react with capsular antisera all possessed the genes for production of capsular polysaccharide type 5 or 8. These results underscore the variability in capsule production by bovine isolates ofS. aureus from different geographic regions. This information is important for the rational design of a capsule-based vaccine to prevent S. aureus bovine mastitis.
Community of Inquiry as a Complex Communicative System

Complexity theory has been steadily gaining recognition over the last half a century as a new way of understanding the organization of systems on all levels—whether organisms, social systems, business organizations, or ecosystems. Contrary to a mechanistic, analytic approach to the study of phenomena, the complexity perspective takes into account all interactions between the components of a system, which it understands as in dynamic interplay. In this paper, I will attempt to re-describe community of inquiry (CI) as a complex system, and draw some implications that follow from taking into account such description.
Systematic Review of Nursing Simulation Literature for Use of Learning Theory

The purpose of this systematic analysis of nursing simulation literature between 2000 2007 was to determine how learning theory was used to design and assess learning that occurs in simulations. Out of the 120 articles in which designing nursing simulations was reported, 16 referenced learning or developmental theory as the basis of how and why they set up the simulation. Of the 16 articles that used a learning type of foundation, only two considered learning as a cognitive task. More research is needed that investigates the efficacy of simulation for improving student learning. The study concludes that most nursing faculty approach simulation from a teaching paradigm rather than a learning paradigm. For simulation to foster student learning there must be a fundamental shift from a teaching paradigm to a learning paradigm and a foundational learning theory to design and evaluate simulation should be used. Examples of how to match simulation with learning theory are included.
American Police Administration At Mid-Century

aM ID-CENTURY seems a not inappropriate time to survey the sprawling, complex, expensive, inefficient, and confused pattern of vertical and horizontal duplication, fragmentation, and overlapping which is the American police "system. " At this mid-point in the twentieth century, some 40,0001 separate public law enforcement agencies, on five levels of government, employing 200,000 men and women, and costing approximately $1 billion per annum, are struggling with somewhat indifferent success against a veritable army of criminals and their political allies. Meanwhile, an apathetic, sometimes antipathetic, public complacently accepts each year a crime bill estimated at between $20 and $30 billion, a total of nearly two million larcenies, auto thefts, homicides, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, and other serious crimes, and a toll of 32,000 traffic fatalities. Invidious comparisons with Scotland Yard, the Surete, and other foreign police agencies are neither desirable nor valuable, for no acceptable criteria of police efficiency or performance have been standardized. Nor can any significant share of the blame be apportioned to American police officers, who comprise by and large as conscientious, courageous, and honest a body of men as will be encountered in any trade, occupation, or profession. Whence, then, the problem? I
Different costimulation signals used by CD4+ and CD8+ cells that independently initiate rejection of allogenic hepatocytes in mice

The current study evaluated the role of CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD28/B7 costimulation signals during alloimmune responses independently mediated by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Allogeneic hepatocytes were transplanted into CD8 or CD4 knock out (KO) mice under cover of costimulatory blockade. Rejection of FVB/N (H‐2q) hepatocytes occurred by day 10 posttransplant in untreated CD8 or CD4 KO (H‐2b) mice. Treatment of CD8 or CD4 KO mice with anti‐CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb; MR1) resulted in significant prolongation of hepatocyte survival indicating that CD40/CD40L interactions were critical in both CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell initiated hepatocyte rejection. Anti‐CD40L mAb also prolonged hepatocyte survival in B‐cell KO (H‐2b) mice, indicating that the efficacy of CD40/CD40L blockade in preventing hepatocyte rejection was B‐cell (and antibody) independent. In contrast, treatment with CTLA4 fusion protein (CTLA4Ig), prolonged hepatocyte survival in CD8 KO but not CD4 KO mice, showing that CD28/B7 interactions were important in CD4+ but not CD8+ T‐cell initiated hepatocyte rejection. Under selected circumstances, such as in CD40 KO mice, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediate hepatocyte rejection in the absence of CD40/CD40L costimulation and without a significant contribution from CD28/B7 costimulation signals. These results highlight the disparate roles of CD40/CD40L and CD28/B7 costimulation signals in CD4+ versus CD8+ T‐cell mediated immune responses to allogeneic hepatocytes. The CD4+ T‐cell independent, CD40L‐sensitive, CD28/B7‐independent pathway of CD8+ T‐cell activation in response to transplantation antigens is novel.
Clinical Applicability of Echocardiographically Detected Regional Wall‐Motion Abnormalities Provoked by Upright Treadmill Exercise

Exercise electrocardiography is the time‐honored screening test for coronary artery disease but has serious limitations in many patient subgroups. A number of adjunctive modalities have been coupled to exercise ECG to increase the diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive testing, including thallium scintigraphy and gated blood pool radioventriculography. Exercise echocardiography has more recently emerged as a tool that can detect exercise‐induced regional wall‐motion abnormalities as an indicator of provoked myocardial ischemia. While there are conceptual advantages to performing echocardiography during maximal exercise, we have found that regional wall‐motion analysis performed with echocardiograms obtained before and immediately after upright treadmill exercise allows highly accurate prediction of the extent and distribution of coronary artery disease as detected by angiography. This monograph summarizes our experience with this form of exercise echocardiography in three important patient groups: (1) patients being screened for the presence or absence of coronary artery disease; (2) patients who have undergone previous coronary artery bypass surgery and who are being evaluated for graft failure and/or progression of native‐vessel disease; and (3) patients who have undergone coronary angioplasty and are at risk for restenosis and/or progression of disease. We believe, based on our experience and that of other investigators, that exercise echocardiography is a uniquely valuable tool in these and other patients for assessing the status of the coronary vascular anatomy. Not only can the presence or absence of obstructive disease be assessed, but the extent and distribution of disease can be accurately predicted, and other, noncoronary causes of chest pain such as aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and pericardial disease can readily be identified.