Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma–surface interaction at sharp edges and corners during ion-assisted physical vapor deposition. Part II: Enhancement of the edge-related effects at sharp corners

In the companion article, E. B. Macak et al., J. Appl. Phys. (2003) (Part I), we demonstrated that changes in the plasma sheath surrounding a sharp edge during ion-assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) can lead to significant changes in the coating properties in the edge region. In this article, we examine the ion–surface interaction in the case of sharp corners. The three-dimensional corner geometry is shown—both experimentally and theoretically—to cause significant enhancement of the edge-related effects due to substantial increase in the ion flux density close to the corner. For TiAlN/VN coatings deposited on sharp corners of various geometries by closed-field unbalanced magnetron (CF UBM) sputtering using high flux low-energy Ar+-ion irradiation (Ji/Jme∼4, Ei=75−150 eV), the coatings in the corner region deteriorate rapidly with increasing the substrate bias during the deposition. At −75 V, delamination of the coatings, and at −105 V, partial resputtering can be observed. At −150 V, the coatings ar.
Pool Boiling Experiments on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Forests

In this study, two silicon wafer substrates were coated with vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) "forests" and were used for pool boiling studies. The MWCNT forests (9 and 25 μm in height) were synthesized on the silicon wafer substrates using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The substrates were clamped on a cylindrical copper block with embedded cartridge heaters. The heat flux was measured using sheathed K-type thermocouples, which were placed inside the cylindrical copper block. Pool boiling experiments using refrigerant PF-5060 as the working liquid were conducted to obtain the pool "boiling curve. " The experiments were conducted in nucleate and film boiling regimes to investigate the effect of MWCNT height on pool boiling performance. Reference (control) experiments were also performed with an atomically smooth bare silicon wafer (without MWCNT coating). The results show that the MWCNT forests enhanced critical heat flux (CHF) by 25-28 % compared to control experiments. For the film boiling regime, Type-B MWCNT(25 μm in height) yields 57% higher heat flux at Leidenfrost point (film boiling regime) compared to control experiments. However, for the Type-A MWCNT (9 μm in height) the film boiling heat flux values are nearly identical to the values obtained for the control experiments performed on bare silicon.
The faintest stars - The luminosity and mass functions at the bottom of the main sequence

We present IR K-band photometry of complete samples of VLM candidates constructed from IIIaF and IVN plates in 10 fields taken as part of the POSSII and UKSRC surveys. Using the I-K colors constructed for these stars we estimate a bolometric luminosity function which extends to M(Bol) = 13.75. We find significant evidence for a luminosity function decreasing toward these luminosities. We also find that our results are consistent with those of studies based on the Nearby Star sample, when those data are presented as a bolometric luminosity function. We convert our observed luminosity function into a mass function, which extends with reasonable statistics to 0.08 solar masses - the H-burning minimum mass. We find significant evidence for features in the mass function at these masses. Specifically, the mass function 'turns over' at 0.25 solar mass, goes through a local minimum at about 0.15 solar mass, and may increase again below 0.1 solar mass - none of these features are predicted by any of the current theories of star formation. Lastly, the mass density we observe just above the H-burning minimum mass makes it difficult to envisage brown dwarfs contributing significant quantities of missing mass without invoking either a mass function in this region significantly steeper than that seen for main-sequence stars, or an extremely low cutoff mass to the mass function.
Moment Estimation With Attrition

We study the effects of the attrition of firms from longitudinal samples on the estimates of dynamic labor demand models. The reasons for attrition from business-based longitudinal samples are extremely varied and are related to both the economic activity of the business and the methods of acquiring sampling frame information for those businesses. We do an exhaustive study of the available information regarding the attrition of French firms from our analysis sample. We propose flexible attrition models based on a longitudinal generalization of the missing at random assumption. We implement these models with a weighted generalized method of moments estimator that is consistent and efficient (in the class of moment estimators). Our flexible attrition models substantially alter and improve the estimation results for dynamic factor demand models. We attribute the improvement to the ability of our models to handle the very diverse reasons for attrition that our audit uncovered without requiring specific knowledge of which reason applies to a particular exiting firm.
Early Decision in the Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test

Abstract If a fixed number of observations are made sequentially, the outcome of a statistical test based on the complete sample sometimes can be anticipated by employing the following procedure: As each observation is made calculate least upper and greatest lower bounds for any subsequent value of the statistic; if the critical value does not lie between these bounds then the outcome of the test is determined and experimentation is terminated. Use of this procedure in the case where the Wilcoxon two-sample test is applied to an ordered sequence of observations considerably reduces the average sample size.
A Double-armed Planar Equiangular Spiral Patch Probe for Biomedical Measurements

A double-armed equiangular spiral patch probe fed by coaxial line is presented in this paper, which is very useful for noninvasive measurement of layered tissues at a wide frequency range. The field distribution in tissues and the |S11| responding to frequencies when the probe contacts with tissues directly are calculated using a commercial software HFSS based on finite-element method (FEM). Calculation results show that the proposed probe could radiate the fields into deeper tissues and the |S11| varied with frequencies greatly. Moreover, experiments in 1% saline solution are performed to verify the computations. And the measurement results are in a good agreement with the numerical results. Meanwhile, the probing depth of the proposed probe is measured and compared to that of the open-ended coaxial probe. Results show that the probing depth of the proposed probe is almost twice as much as that of open-ended coaxial line. Both calculation results and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed patch probe is far prior to open-ended coaxial line, not only in probing depth, but in sensitivity of reflection coefficient to the variation of frequency.
BCS TO BOSE CROSSOVER : BROKEN-SYMMETRY STATE

A functional integral formulation, used previously to calculate T{sub c} and describe normal state properties of the BCS-Bose crossover, is extended to T{lt}T{sub c}. The saddle point approximation is shown to be qualitatively correct for T{lt}T{sub c} for {ital all} couplings, in contrast to the situation above T{sub c}. Several features of the crossover are described. The difference between the T=0 {open_quotes}pair size{close_quotes} and the (prefactor of the T dependent) Ginzburg-Landau coherence length is pointed out: the two quantities are the same only in the BCS limit. The evolution of the collective modes from the BCS to the Bose regime is discussed together with the mixing of the amplitude and phase in the absence of a particle-hole symmetry. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
ERROR OF MEASUREMENT AND THE POWER OF A STATISTICAL TEST

Formulae are developed from the assumptions of classical test theory to demonstrate the effect of error of measurement on the power of the F test for a fixed-effects one-way analysis of variance model. A simple model specifying the fixed and variable costs of testing is adopted and equations are derived that indicate the sample size that maximizes the non-centrality parameter subject to the cost constraints. Given the sample size, the corresponding test length is then implied by the cost model. A computer program used for the estimation of power for permissible allocations of resources is described.
There is no Drake/Larson linear space on 30 points

A linear space is Drake/Larson if it contains at least two lines and there are no lines of size 2, 3 or 6. The existence or nonexistence of such linear spaces on v points is known except for v=30. The purpose of this article is to settle the remaining case on thirty points in the negative. This result relies on a combination of parameter calculation and exhaustive computer search. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 28: 48–70, 2010
Constitutive Equation for Nematic Liquid Crystals under Weak Velocity Gradient Derived from a Molecular Kinetic Equation

Constitutive equation for the nematic liquid crystals under weak velocity gradient is derived from the kinetic equation presented by Doi. The constitutive equation is consistent with the phenomenological equation proposed by Ericksen and Leslie. The six viscosity parameters (Leslie coefficients) appearing in the phenomenological theory are expressed by the molecular parameters.
Magnetically tuned Zn 2 Z filters for the 18-40 GHz frequency range

Magnetically tunable filters operating in the 18-26.5 and 26.5-40 GHz frequency ranges have been constructed with spherical single crystal Ba 3 Zn 2 - Fe 24 O 41 (Zn 2 Z) resonators. Substantial reduction in the external magnetic field required for resonance (H o ) has been achieved by making use of the large anisotropy field (H a ) of Zn 2 Z. The design and performance of two-resonator Zn 2 Z filters which tune the 18-26.5 and 26.5-40 GHz frequency ranges are described. By using measured values for the saturation magnetization (M s ), H a , and resonance linewidth (ΔH), the calculated filter 3 dB bandwidth (BW) and loss are 220 MHz and 6.4 dB respectively at 26.5 GHz. Experimentally measured filter performance characteristics reported herein are in substantial agreement with these calculations.
Dental caries detection by optical spectroscopy: a polarized Raman approach with fibre-optic coupling

Incipient dental caries lesions appear as white spots on the tooth surface; however, accurate detection of early approximal lesions is difficult due to limited sensitivity of dental radiography and other traditional diagnostic tools. A new fibre-optic coupled spectroscopic method based on polarized Raman spectroscopy (P-RS) with near-IR laser excitation is introduced which provides contrast for detecting and characterizing incipient caries. Changes in polarized Raman spectra are observed in PO4 3- vibrations arising from hydroxyapatite of mineralized tooth tissue. Demineralization-induced morphological/orientational alteration of enamel crystallites is believed to be responsible for the reduction of Raman polarization anisotropy observed in the polarized Raman spectra of caries lesions. Supporting evidence obtained by polarized Raman spectral imaging is presented. A specially designed fibre-optic coupled setup for simultaneous measurement of parallel- and cross-polarized tooth Raman spectra is demonstrated in this study.
Hot Electron Diagnostics using X-rays and Cerenkov Radiation

The propagation of laser-generated hot electrons through matter and across narrow vacuum gaps is studied. We use the ATLAS titanium-sapphire laser of Max-Planck-Institut fuer Quantenoptik to irradiate 10 {proportional_to}m to 100 {proportional_to}m thick copper foils at intensities up to 10{sup 19} W/cm{sup 2}, generating electrons with temperatures in the MeV-range. After propagating through the target the electrons are detected via Cerenkov radiation generated in a suitable medium and by hard X-rays emitted from an X-ray ''fluor''. In some experiments a plastic scintillator was used to monitor the electrons. These diagnostics allow to characterize the electrons with respect to their energy, number and directionality. We also investigate the propagation of the hot electrons across narrow vacuum gaps, with a width ranging from several 100 {proportional_to}m down to 25 {proportional_to}m. The effect of self-generated fields in preventing electrons to cross the gap is demonstrated. Implications of these experiments with respect to pumping of X-ray lasers, isochoric heating by X-rays and developing optics for 4th-generation light sources will be discussed.
Atmospheric gravity waves as a possible candidate for seismo-ionospheric perturbations

: The appearance of ionospheric perturbations in possible association with earthquakes (EQs) seems to be confirmed on the basis of both event and statistical studies, but the generation mechanism of those seismo-ionospheric perturbations is not well understood, though a few possible hypotheses have been proposed. Two hypotheses are promising candidates; one is so-called “chemical channel”, in which radon emanation results in the change in atmospheric conductivity, then in the atmospheric electric field, leading to the redistribution of ionospheric plasma, and the other is the excitation of atmospheric oscillations due to some precursory changes of ground surface, which propagate upward and induce the ionospheric perturbation. We support the second “atmospheric oscillation channel”, so that in this paper we present several evidences (or facts) in support of this hypothesis. First, we present some case studies of the enhancement of AGW (atmospheric gravity wave) modulation in subionospheric VLF/LF propagation data, and then a recent statistical treatment of this AGW modulation in VLF/LF data is reported. Further studies on the satellite observation and also on the satellite-ground coordinated measurements are presented in order to indicate the AGW as the agent of lithosphere-ionosphere coupling. Finally, our equipment recently developed to measure the Doppler-shift of a short-distance subionospheric LF signal is used to indicate the direct evidence of the AGW hypothesis. observational evidences of AGW fluctuations in subionospheric VLF/LF data, a statistical study of this AGW modulation in VLF/LF data, a case study and a statistical study on the mechanism on the basis of ground and satellite correlations, a new VLF/LF Doppler-shift observation, etc.
IVF3: exploiting intensity variation function for high-performance pedestrian tracking in forward-looking infrared imagery

Abstract. Tracking pedestrian targets in forward-looking infrared video sequences is a crucial component of a growing number of applications. At the same time, it is particularly challenging, since image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are generally very low, while the nonrigidity of the human body produces highly variable target shapes. Moreover, motion can be quite chaotic with frequent target-to-target and target-to-scene occlusions. Hence, the trend is to design ever more sophisticated techniques, able to ensure rather accurate tracking results at the cost of a generally higher complexity. However, many of such techniques might not be suitable for real-time tracking in limited-resource environments. This work presents a technique that extends an extremely computationally efficient tracking method based on target intensity variation and template matching originally designed for targets with a marked and stable hot spot by adapting it to deal with much more complex thermal signatures and by removing the native dependency on configuration choices. Experimental tests demonstrated that, by working on multiple hot spots, the designed technique is able to achieve the robustness of other common approaches by limiting drifts and preserving the low-computational footprint of the reference method.
Wideband base motion isolation control via the state equalization technique

Developing wideband stable platforms for tracking and pointing systems is often inhibited by plants containing high-order dynamics and nonlinearities. Control system stability and robustness are commonly achieved by using passive compensators to frequency shape the active state variables. In the presence of nonlinearities and high-order dynamics, fixed frequency, passive parameter compensators usually lead to overly complex solutions. In such systems, however, control stability can be achieved by manipulating the active state variables themselves. The general concepts of state equalization, a control system stabilization technique that utilizes the differing characteristics of the active state variables to achieve the desired stability in systems containing nonlinear resonant plants, is presented. The resonance phenomenon and state variable relationships in resonance are discussed and analytical models are presented. An existing application is used to illustrate the use of state equalization in extending rate loop bandwidth.
Theory of electrical noise induced in a wire loop by the thermal motions of ions in solution

Continuous Markov process theory is used to model the electrical noise induced in a passive wire loop by the thermal motions of ions in a nearby solution. The ions, being charged particles in Brownian motion, generate a fluctuating magnetic field, and that in turn induces a fluctuating electromotive force (emf) that augments the loop’s Johnson emf. It is shown that the spectral density function of the equilibrium current in the wire loop is thereby increased, for moderate cycle frequencies ν, by approximately a factor (1+αν2), where α is determined by the geometry of the system, the resistance of the loop, and the charges, diffusion coefficients, and concentrations of the solution ions. It is also shown that the temporal trajectory of the loop current becomes “thickened,” in a randomly fuzzy way, by an approximate factor of the form (1+β)1/2, where β depends not only on the aforementioned parameters that determine α, but also on the hydrated masses of the ions. These findings may be useful for estimating .
Filamentation instability of a large amplitude whistler wave

A filamentation instability of a large amplitude whistler wave is observed in a laboratory experiment. The wave is launched in a large uniform magnetoplasma from antennas which produce a diverging energy flow in the linear regime. At large amplitudes (Bw/B0≃1%) the radiation pressure gives rise to a density depression originating from the antenna. The wave refracts into the density minimum which enhances the pressure and a filamentation instability develops. It saturates when a long field‐aligned density trough is formed in which the wave is almost perfectly ducted. The temporal and spatial evolution of the self‐ducting process are shown. The duct formed by the high power whistler wave also guides small amplitude whistlers over a wide range of frequencies.
Catastrophic onset of fast magnetic reconnection with a guide field

It was recently shown that the slow (collisional) Sweet-Parker and the fast (collisionless) Hall magnetic reconnection solutions simultaneously exist for a wide range of resistivities; reconnection is bistable [Cassak, Shay, and Drake, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 95, 235002 (2005)]. When the thickness of the dissipation region becomes smaller than a critical value, the Sweet-Parker solution disappears and fast reconnection ensues, potentially explaining how large amounts of magnetic free energy can accrue without significant release before the onset of fast reconnection. Two-fluid numerical simulations extending the previous results for anti-parallel reconnection (where the critical thickness is the ion skin depth) to component reconnection with a large guide field (where the critical thickness is the thermal ion Larmor radius) are presented. Applications to laboratory experiments of magnetic reconnection and the sawtooth crash are discussed.
A Study on the Void Formation in Residual Wall Thickness of Fluid-Assisted Injection Molding Parts

In fluid-assisted injection molding, the distribution of the residual wall thickness on the inside and outside of the curved area is different, and void is formed due to the effect of the shrinkage on the outside where the residual wall thickness is thicker. The shrinkage that takes place in the residual wall is affected by the rheological changes in the polymer caused by temperature change and also by the thermal properties of the penetration fluid. In this study, the different effects on void formation in residual wall during fluid-assisted injection molding were analyzed, and water and silicone oil that had different thermal properties were used for the fluids. For this, heat transfer analysis and injection molding analysis were conducted. The void formation occurred due to the different temperature distribution and volumetric shrinkage in the direction of the residual wall in the curved area with a hollow section. It was also found that the void formation in the curved area decreased in the case of silicone oil compared to the case of water from simulation and experiments.
Smoothed Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon Procedure for Two-Sample Location Problem

This study is mainly concerned with estimating a shift parameter in the two-sample location problem. The proposed Smoothed Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon method smooths the empirical distribution functions of each sample by using convolution technique, and it replaces unknown distribution functions F(x) and G(x − Δ0) with the new smoothed distribution functions F s (x) and G s (x − Δ0), respectively. The unknown shift parameter Δ0 is estimated by solving the gradient function S n (Δ) with respect to an arbitrary variable Δ. The asymptotic properties of the new estimator are established under some conditions that are similar to the Generalized Wilcoxon procedure proposed by Anderson and Hettmansperger (1996). Some of these properties are asymptotic normality, asymptotic level confidence interval, and hypothesis testing for Δ0. Asymptotic relative efficiency of the proposed method with respect to the least squares, Generalized Wilcoxon and Hodges and Lehmann (1963) procedures are also calculated under the contaminated normal model.
The linear viscoelastic behavior of a series of molecular weights of the thermotropic main-chain liquid crystal polymers HBA/HNA 73/27

In this work the rheological properties of the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer 1,4 hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA)/2,6 hydroxynaphatoic acid (HNA) 73/27 produced by Ticona have been investigated over the molecular weight range 30 000– > 51 000. The thermotropic main-chain liquid crystal polymers (TLCPs) show linear viscoelastic behavior at small strain amplitudes, as detected in strain sweep experiments performed at a constant frequency of 1, 5, 10, 30, 50, and 100 rad/s. The onset for nonlinearity (γc) significantly decreases (from ∼35% to ∼5%) as the applied frequency (ω) increases, independently of the molecular weight. When the results are plotted in terms of G*/G0* (the complex modulus normalized to the corresponding linear viscoelastic value) as a function of the stress amplitude, the different curves do not seem to collapse upon each other in the large frequency range investigated in this paper. Indeed, the stress onset for nonlinearity increases as the applied frequency (ω) increases (σc∼700 Pa .
Absolute photoionization cross sections of I + and I 2 + in the 4 d ionization region

The absolute photoionization cross sections of ${\mathrm{I}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{I}}^{2+}$ ions have been measured from 45 to 140 eV, covering the region of $4d$ ionization where a large maximum, also known as a ``giant resonance,'' occurs in the cross section. For both ions, the maximum cross section appears near 90 eV and is measured to be 23(3) Mb and 24(4) Mb, respectively. This is significantly larger than that previously reported for atomic iodine, and only slightly smaller than the values calculated using the random-phase approximation with exchange.