Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Response Times in the Go/No-Go Discrimination Task

The work presented here uses a simple stochastic model as a cognitive psychometric tool for analyzing response time data in the Go/No-Go Discrimination task with motivationally distinct conditions. The parameters of the model inform us of underlying cognitive mechanisms because they have an established psychological meaning and allow us to quantify a subjects ability and response caution. Using these model parameters, we focus on the differences between subjects with varying degrees of substance abuse and antisocial behavioral disorders and show that there are reliable differences between the decision mechanisms of these subjects. Using data from executive working memory tasks, we postulate that these differences in cognitive processes might be due to differences in working memory capacity. Ultimately, we show that formal cognitive modeling has the potential to provide valuable insights into clinical phenomena that cannot be captured by traditional data analysis techniques.
5 Delaunay and Voronoi Complexes 5 . 1 Voronoi Diagrams in R

5 Delaunay and Voronoi Complexes 5.1 Voronoi Diagrams in R 2 The mathematicians Dirichlet [2] and Voronoi [7,8] were the first to formally introduce the concept of Voronoi diagrams (also known as the power diagrams). The underlying idea of Voronoi diagram is about regions of influence. Formally, we have a finite set of points , S ⊂ R 2. We assume the points are in general positions, namely no four points are co-circular. Assumption 5.1 (General position 1) No four points in R 2 are cocircular. For each pair of points p, q ∈ S, we define the half-space as H pq = {x | px ≤ qx}. (a) Voronoi diagram (b) ν X , card(X) = 1 (c) ν X , card(X) = 2 (d) ν X , card(X) = 3 Figure 5.1: Voronoi diagram and Voronoi cells. Note that H pq = H qp and H pq ∪ H qp = R 2. The line of H pq ∩ H qp is the straight line of common distance to p and q (why is it straight? ). The Voronoi region of p with respect to S is ν p = q∈S,q =p H pq. It follows that ν p is a convex polygonal region, possibly unbounded. We define the Voronoi cell of X ⊆ S to be ν X = p∈X ν p. The Voronoi cell ν X is often empty. If ν X is not empty, it will be either a polygonal region, a line segment (possibly unbounded) or a point, see Figure 5.1. The dimension of ν X is equal to 3 − card(X). The geometric interpretation is that int(ν X) contains the points that are closest to the points in X. If we draw a disk with center in ν X and touching X, the disk will be empty. A disk b is empty if S ∩ int(b) = ∅. Lemma 5.1 (Empty disk criteria) ν X = ∅ iff there is a disk b with S ∩ ∂(b) = X and empty. Proof. Any point c ∈ int(ν X) is the closest and equally far to any point p ∈ X, and the distance will be |cp| for any p ∈ X. All the points p ∈ S −X will have distance |cp | > |cp|. Note that V S is a complex, but usually not a sim-plicial complex. 2 By a triangulation T S …
Crystal Structures of Staphylococcus epidermidis Mevalonate Diphosphate Decarboxylase Bound to Inhibitory Analogs Reveal New Insight into Substrate Binding and Catalysis*

The polyisoprenoid compound undecaprenyl phosphate is required for biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycans in Gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic Enterococcus, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus spp. In these organisms, the mevalonate pathway is used to produce the precursor isoprenoid, isopentenyl 5-diphosphate. Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD) catalyzes formation of isopentenyl 5-diphosphate in an ATP-dependent irreversible reaction and is therefore an attractive target for inhibitor development that could lead to new antimicrobial agents. To facilitate exploration of this possibility, we report the crystal structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis MDD (1.85 Å resolution) and, to the best of our knowledge, the first structures of liganded MDD. These structures include MDD bound to the mevalonate 5-diphosphate analogs diphosphoglycolyl proline (2.05 Å resolution) and 6-fluoromevalonate diphosphate (FMVAPP; 2.2 Å resolution). Comparison of these structures provides a physical basis for the significant differences in Ki values observed for these inhibitors. Inspection of enzyme/inhibitor structures identified the side chain of invariant Ser192 as making potential contributions to catalysis. Significantly, Ser → Ala substitution of this side chain decreases kcat by ∼103-fold, even though binding interactions between FMVAPP and this mutant are similar to those observed with wild type MDD, as judged by the 2.1 Å cocrystal structure of S192A with FMVAPP. Comparison of microbial MDD structures with those of mammalian counterparts reveals potential targets at the active site periphery that may be exploited to selectively target the microbial enzymes. These studies provide a structural basis for previous observations regarding the MDD mechanism and inform future work toward rational inhibitor design.
Towards a social psychology of extreme situations: Primo Levi's If This is a Man and social identity theory

The present study deals with social relationships in the extreme situation of the concentration camp, using Primo Levi's If This Is a Man written just after the author's release from Auschwitz. This text was chosen because it is one of the most important testimonies of the Holocaust and, at the same time, a work of great artistic value. An analysis of the behaviour described gives us access to otherwise irretrievable data. Three aims have been pursued: (1) to explore and describe interpersonal and intergroup behaviour in extreme situations from the victims' perspective; (2) to analyse these types of behaviour through social identity theory (SIT); and (3) to highlight certain observations and comments by Levi, an excellent ‘privileged observer’, which might suggest new directions of research in this field. Turning our attention to interpersonal and intergroup relations, we submitted the text to content analysis. Correspondence analysis was then carried out. The results support the importance of Tajfel's (1981) theory for the analysis of extreme situations, but also suggest possible extensions of the present model following Levi's theorizing. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roles of resolvins in the resolution of acute inflammation

Resolution is an active process that terminates inflammatory response to maintain health. Acute inflammation and its timely resolution are important in host response to danger signals. Unresolved inflammation is associated with widely recurrent diseases. Resolvins, including the D and E series, are endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute of inflammation from the ω‐3 PUFAs, DHA, and EPA. They have anti‐inflammatory and pro‐resolving properties that have been determined in many inflammation studies in animal models. In this review, we provide an updated overview of biosynthesis, actions, and signaling pathways of resolvins, thereby underscoring their diverse protective roles and introducing novel therapeutic strategies for inflammation‐associated diseases.
Lockr: better privacy for social networks

Today's online social networking (OSN) sites do little to protect the privacy of their users' social networking information. Given the highly sensitive nature of the information these sites store, it is understandable that many users feel victimized and disempowered by OSN providers' terms of service. This paper presents Lockr, a system that improves the privacy of centralized and decentralized online content sharing systems. Lockr offers three significant privacy benefits to OSN users. First, it separates social networking content from all other functionality that OSNs provide. This decoupling lets users control their own social information: they can decide which OSN provider should store it, which third parties should have access to it, or they can even choose to manage it themselves. Such flexibility better accommodates OSN users' privacy needs and preferences. Second, Lockr ensures that digitally signed social relationships needed to access social data cannot be re-used by the OSN for unintended purposes. This feature drastically reduces the value to others of social content that users entrust to OSN providers. Finally, Lockr enables message encryption using a social relationship key. This key lets two strangers with a common friend verify their relationship without exposing it to others, a common privacy threat when sharing data in a decentralized scenario. This paper relates Lockr's design and implementation and shows how we integrate it with Flickr, a centralized OSN, and BitTorrent, a decentralized one. Our implementation demonstrates Lockr's critical primary benefits for privacy as well as its secondary benefits for simplifying site management and accelerating content delivery. These benefits were achieved with negligible performance cost and overhead.
Dogs Do Not Show Pro-social Preferences towards Humans

Pro-social behaviors are defined as voluntary actions that benefit others. Comparative studies have mostly focused on investigating the presence of pro-sociality across species in an intraspecific context. Taken together, results on both primates and non-primate species indicate that reliance on cooperation may be at work in the selection and maintenance of pro-social sentiments. Dogs appear to be the ideal model when investigating a species’ propensity for pro-sociality in an interspecific context because it has been suggested that as a consequence of domestication, they evolved an underlying temperament encouraging greater propensity to cooperate with human partners. In a recent study, using a food delivery paradigm, dogs were shown to preferentially express pro-social choices toward familiar compared to unfamiliar conspecifics. Using the same set-up and methods in the current study, we investigated dogs’ pro-social preferences toward familiar and unfamiliar human partners. We found that dogs’ pro-social tendencies did not extend to humans and the identity of the human partners did not influence the rate of food delivery. Interestingly, dogs tested with their human partners spent more time gazing at humans, and did so for longer after food consumption had ended than dogs tested with conspecific partners in the initial study. To allow comparability between results from dogs tested with a conspecific and a human partner, the latter were asked not to communicate with dogs in any way. However, this lack of communication from the human may have been aversive to dogs, leading them to cease performing the task earlier compared to the dogs paired with familiar conspecifics in the prior study. This is in line with previous findings suggesting that human communication in such contexts highly affects dogs’ responses. Consequently, we encourage further studies to examine dogs’ pro-social behavior toward humans taking into consideration their potential responses both with and without human communication.
Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain

Faeces samples from calves with diarrhoea in 45 outbreaks were examined for six enteropathogens. Rotavirus and coronavirus were detected by ELISA in 208 (42 per cent) and 69 (14 per cent) of 490 calves respectively; calici-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14 of 132 calves (11 per cent). Cryptosporidium were detected in 106 of 465 (23 per cent), Salmonella species in 58 of 490 (12 per cent) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bearing the K99 adhesin (K99+ E coli) in nine of 310 calves (3 per cent). In the faeces of 20 per cent of calves with diarrhoea more than one enteropathogen was detected; in 31 per cent no enteropathogen was found. Faces samples from 385 healthy calves in the same outbreaks were also examined. There was a significant statistical association of disease with the presence of rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium and Salmonella species (P less than 0.001). Healthy calves were not examined for calici-like viruses and the association of K99+ E coli with disease was not analysed because there were too few positive samples. Rotavirus infections were more common in dairy herds and single suckler beef herds whereas Salmonella infections were more often found in calf rearing units. Cryptosporidium were more common in single and multiple suckler beef herds. K99+ E coli were found in one dairy herd and one multiple suckler beef herd both with unhygienic calving accommodation. Variations in coronavirus detection among different farm types were not statistically significant. In this survey rotavirus was the most commonly detected agent in calf diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium were found in approximately one quarter of affected calves. Infection with Salmonella species was widespread, but K99+ E coli infections were less common in the United Kingdom than in other countries.
Human–Robot Coordination Control of Robotic Exoskeletons by Skill Transfers

Neuromotor control experiments have shown that humans are able to adapt limb impedance to stably and properly interact with various environmental forces with dexterous skills. Inspired by these observations, in this paper, we develop a control approach in which the robot automatic control is combined with impedance control using stiffness transferred from human operator. Under the assumption of linear mapping between muscle surface electromyography signal amplitude and human arm stiffness, we employ the incremental stiffness extraction method in operational space with an improved performance by compensation of the nonlinear residual error in the mapping. The teleoperated robotic exoskeleton is able to replicate the impedance of human operator's arm, and simultaneously, compensate for external disturbances by the technique of disturbance observer. Experimental studies have been carried out to test the antidisturbance ability of the proposed approach for the pose maintenance task in the presence of both stable and unstable interactive forces. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by the experimental results.
Eyewitness memory is still not common sense: comparing jurors, judges and law enforcement to eyewitness experts

Knowledge of factors affecting eyewitness accuracy was examined in a sample of jurors, judges and law enforcement professionals. Participants completed a survey in which they were asked to agree or disagree with 30 statements about eyewitness issues, and their responses were compared to a sample of eyewitness experts who completed the same survey. Participant responses differed significantly from responses of eyewitness experts. Jurors disagreed with the experts on 87% of the issues, while judges and law enforcement disagreed with the experts on 60% of the issues. The findings show a large deficiency in knowledge of eyewitness memory amongst jurors, judges and law enforcement personnel, indicating that the legal system may benefit from expert assistance in the evaluation of eyewitness evidence. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘It's what gets through people's radars isn't it’: relationships in social work practice and knowledge exchange

This article draws on findings from a knowledge exchange (KE) project, which involved academics working with local authority social workers around a theme of engaging with involuntary clients. The user engagement agenda is actively promoted in social work but is not straightforward, reflecting a mish-mash of client rights and managerial and consumerist agendas. Engaging with involuntary clients, in particular, those whose involvement with social work is mandated by law, rarely fits into policy agendas and requires a range of conditions and practitioner skills for it to happen effectively. A parallel aim of our project was to explore what was seen to be effective in the KE and knowledge mobilisation (KM) processes when local authorities and university academics work together. Like client engagement, KE is also seen as ‘a good thing’ but in reality it is similarly problematic. In this article, we trace the growth of both client engagement and KE agendas, particularly in relation to social work. We describe our project and discuss its findings. A number of parallel processes might be identified in ‘what works’ with hard to reach social work clients and ‘what works’ in KE/KM. Neither are linear or necessarily rational processes. What does seem to hold both together, however, is the nature of relationships built up between, in the first instance, social workers and those they work with and, in the second, between academics and local authority practitioners. These findings suggest that personal qualities that might be associated with the concept of emotional intelligence play an important part in enabling both social work practice and KE/KM to happen effectively.
A 14 bp deletion polymorphism in the HLA-G gene.

Reference: 1) Ochman et al. (1988) Genetics 120, 621-623. Source/Description: By aligning HLA-G DNA sequences obtained from GenBank, we identified an insertion of 1 bp (T) and a deletion of 14 bp (ATTTGTTCATGCCT) at the same site in exon 8. Of the 9 HLA-G sequences available, 2 had the 1 bp insertion and another 5 had the 14 bp deletion. Oligonucleotide primers were designed for regions flanking this site which had as little similarity as possible to other HLA class I sequences and also flanked a HLA-G locus specific deletion of approximately 50 bp. When these primers were used to amplify genomic DNA from 73 unrelated individuals, products of only two sizes were observed on a denaturing sequencing gel. These products correspond to the presence (141 bp) or absence (155 bp) of a 14 bp deletion only.
Spatial Imagery: A New Measure of the Visualization Factor

This study proposes a new measure of spatial ability based on the measure of the visualization factor. I assessed the reliability and the validity of the Measure of the Ability to Form Spatial Mental Imagery (MASMI). The test was designed consisting of an unfolded cube that the subjects had to mentally reassemble before replying to 23 questions related to the cube. Each question had 4 multiple choices, 2 true and 2 false, the total score being the sum of all the correct answers and then subtracting the wrong responses. The sample consisted of 138 undergraduate psychology students, with a mean age of 20.1 years. I obtained a Cronbach's α of . 93. The MASMI was correlated to different imagery measures—i.e., imagery questionnaires and spatial tests. The results reveal that the new test provides a good measure for the assessment of imagery ability. Fresh lines of research are proposed in relation to these tests.
Lucy's length: stature reconstruction in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L.288-1) with implications for other small-bodied hominids.

New stature estimates are provided for A.L. 288-1 (Australopithecus afarensis) based on (1) the relationship between femur length and stature in separate samples of human pygmies and pygmy chimpanzees and (2) model II regression alternatives to standard least-squares methods. Estimates from the two samples are very similar and converge on a value of approximately 3'6" for "Lucy. " These results are compared to prior estimates and extended to other small-bodied hominids such as STS-14 and O.H. 62. A new foot-to-stature ratio is also estimated for A.L. 288-1, and its potential biomechanical significance for gait is evaluated in comparison to other groups.
Trichoderma: systematics, the sexual state, and ecology.

ABSTRACT A chronology is presented that charts the development of a genus and species concept in Trichoderma. Eighty-nine species of Trichoderma have been named, and several species of Hypocrea have been linked to unnamed Trichoderma anamorphs. Eighty-three taxa of Trichoderma and their teleomorphs, Hypocrea spp. , have been included in phylogenetic analyses, including 11 species of Hypocrea with unnamed Trichoderma anamorphs. Phylogenetic analyses show that Trichoderma and Hypocrea are congeneric. Trichoderma species not linked to Hypocrea teleomorphs are derived from among species that are linked to teleomorphs, indicating sexual and asexual lineages are not independent of each other. Many more species remain to be discovered and described. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed the existence of more species than have been recognized on the basis of morphology alone. A suggestion is made to modify the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to enable adoption of a single generic name for Trichoderma/Hypocrea, with Trichoderma being the older and more utilitarian name. As increasing numbers of species are studied, the few morphological characters of anamorph and teleomorph have reached their limit for defining species. DNA-based characters have assumed an indispensable role. Exploration of new niches, such as within tree trunks and new geographic locations, have resulted in a substantial increase in the number of species of Trichoderma. Trichoderma is usually considered a genus of free-living soil fungi but evidence suggests that Trichoderma species may be opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts as well as parasites of other fungi. Members of the genus Trichoderma are universally present in soils, although individual species may be either cosmopolitan (e.g., T. harzianum) or limited (e.g., T. viride) in their geographic distribution. To facilitate identification of species, a list of correctly identified strains of Trichoderma and their GenBank numbers for sequences of translation-elongation factor EF-1alpha and internal transcribed spacer rDNA is provided.
Hand Gesture and On-body Touch Recognition by Active Acoustic Sensing throughout the Human Body

In this paper, we present a novel acoustic sensing technique that recognizes two convenient input actions: hand gestures and on-body touch. We achieved them by observing the frequency spectrum of the wave propagated in the body, around the periphery of the wrist. Our approach can recognize hand gestures and on-body touch concurrently in real-time and is expected to obtain rich input variations by combining them. We conducted a user study that showed classification accuracy of 97%, 96%, and 97% for hand gestures, touches on the forearm, and touches on the back of the hand.
Political Socialization and Schooling Effects among Israeli Adolescents

Democratic societies assign schools a prominent role in the development of citizenship competences. However, empirical evidence concerning schooling effects on the development of political orientations of children and adolescents is far from unequivocal. Surveys of adults show a clear relationship between educational attainment and a variety of citizenship orientations and behaviors such as support of democratic values, political participation, voting behavior, and being politically informed. ' Paradoxically, however, overall school-related variables, such as civic curriculum and teachers' qualifications, yield only moderate, immediate, and longrun effects on youngsters' citizenship orientations.2 This paradox has often been attributed to the primacy of family influences and absence of an adequate level of psychological maturation during childhood and adolescence.3
Random entry of circulating lymphocyte subsets into peripheral lymph nodes and Peyer's patches: No evidence in vivo of a tissue‐specific migration of B and T lymphocytes at the level of high endothelial venules

Lymphocytes continuously migrate through the body and thus immune competent cells are constantly delivered to most tissues. They interact with high endothelial venules (HEV) via specific homing receptors and vascular addressins, and these molecules seem to be the reason for a preferential homing of B lymphocytes into Peyer's patches and of T lymphocytes into peripheral lymph nodes.