Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementing the Results of Material Flow Analysis

“An important insight to be drawn from this special issue is that the potential usefulness of the results of MFA depends on establishing the relationship between the societal metabolism on the one hand, and the impacts on policy targets or value areas on the other. ” Since the beginning of human development, consumption of resources has increased by many orders of magnitude. This has affected natural processes and structures significantly. The sustainability of this trend is of great concern, and research communities are developing theories, methods, and tools to analyze these developments, to assess their causes, and to contribute to solutions. These include minimizing resource and energy use, and reducing the wastes and emissions that arise from resource use. Industrial ecology aims at contributing to this understanding and the solutions that can emerge from it. Several industrial ecology methods have been developed and utilized over the past decades, including material and substance flow analysis, life cycle assessment and environmental input–output analysis as well as their combinations. Each of the methods aims at contributing to solutions to environmental problems from its own specific angle. So far, efforts by the material flow analysis (MFA) and substance flow analysis (SFA) com-
Service Acquisition and Validation in a Distributed Service Discovery System Consisting of Domain-specific Sub-systems

With the increase in the number of advertised web services, finding the web services appropriate for a given request will result in problems in terms of performance, efficiency and quality of the discovered services. In this paper, we introduce a distributed web service discovery system which consists of domain-specific subsystems. We establish ontology based domain specific web service discovery sub-systems in order to discover web services on private sites and in business registries, and in order to improve service discovery in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. An important problem with effectiveness is to check whether a discovered service is active or not. Many services in the registries are not active any more. Distributing the discovery to domain-specific subsystems makes it possible to lower the service discovery duration and to provide almost up-to-date service status. In this work, we describe the service acquisition and validation steps of the system in more detail and we present experimental results on real services acquired on the web.
Determinants of premia for energy-efficient design in the office market

This study explores the dynamic nature of premia for energy-efficient design in the market for office space. Stationary premia for Energy Star- and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified property transactions are estimated at 16.4 and 10.6% respectively, on a price per square foot basis. We provide evidence to suggest that these premia should not be uniformly applied to all properties, but that adjustments should be made to account for individual property characteristics and changing market conditions. In particular, variance in the premia for Energy Star-labelled assets is consistent with expectations for the actual impact on operating expenses. Premia for LEED-certified properties are more responsive to the expected marketing benefits accrued by tenants. LEED premia are increasing with market acceptance during the sample period, rather than decreasing as the novelty effect expires. Investment in both categories of property with energy-efficient design is increasingly advantageous during periods when office market conditions have softened.
Testing Java programs using dynamic data flow analysis

A large part of computer programs consists of data declarations. Thus, an increased focus on data flow testing should be considered. In this work, we consider testing the data flow in Java programs, dynamically. Data flow analysis has been applied in testing procedural and some of object-oriented programs. However, it has not been used yet to test programs that have machine independent byte-code representations, such as Java programs. We have extended the data flow analysis technique to test Java programs and show how it can be applied to detect data flow anomalies.
Analysis of Eukaryotic Translation in Purified and Semipurified Systems

Much of the current understanding of the sequential steps involved in translation initiation has been obtained using sucrose gradients to isolate ribosomes and ribosomal subunits, as described here. These purified components are combined with purified translation factors to analyze the formation of intermediates in translation initiation and the roles of the translation factors in vitro.
Effect of organic selenium in quail diet on its accumulation in tissues and transfer to the progeny

1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects on the eggs and hatchlings (up to 2 weeks post-hatch) of feeding a relatively large amount of so-called organic selenium to breeder quail. 2. Two groups of quail (3 families in each group consisting of 4 females and 1 male) were formed at the beginning of their reproductive period. The quail were fed on a commercial maize-based diet containing 0·096 mg/kg feed-derived selenium (Se), supplemented with 0·2 mg/kg selenite (control group) or 0·5 mg/kg organic selenium in the form of Sel-Plex™ (Alltech Ltd, USA) for 6 months. Eggs were collected at 6 months of age and Se in the egg yolk, egg white and shell was analysed. Five quail at 1, 7 and 14 d post-hatch were killed to provide samples of liver, brain, breast and leg muscles for Se analysis. After egg collection for analysis and incubation, adult quail were killed and liver, kidney, lung, brain, breast and leg muscles were collected for Se analyses. 3. Inclusion of high doses (0·5 mg/kg) of organic Se in the quail diet was associated with a significant increase in Se concentration in all tissues studied of adult quail as well as in egg yolk, egg albumin and eggshell. 4. Increased Se concentration in the quail egg was associated with increased Se concentration in the liver, breast and leg muscles and brain of newly hatched quail. This difference was shown to be significant for 2 weeks post-hatch. Therefore, it has been suggested that the maternal effect of dietary selenium can be seen beyond the hatching time and more emphasis should be given to this effect in future. 5. It was shown that it is possible to produce Se-enriched quail meat and eggs by adding organic selenium to the diet.
A penalized weighted least-squares image reconstruction based on scatter correction methods for X-ray CT

For metal artifact reduction (MAR) in X-ray cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), we propose a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) image reconstruction method [1] based on scatter correction (SC) method. Our main contribution is to incorporate the inaccuracy of the scatter correction data in PWLS method, and to accelerate the PWLS image reconstruction with a preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method [2]. The reconstruction results of both the simulation and experimental data show that our proposed method effectively reduces the metal artifacts (MA). Compared to the state of art, normalized metal artifact reduction (NMAR) method [3], our method prevents the introduction of some new artifacts due to an inappropriate interpolation possible used in NMAR.
Towards a targeted multi-drug delivery approach to improve therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer

Importance of the field: Significant improvements in breast cancer treatments have resulted in a significant decrease in mortality. However, current breast cancer therapies, for example, chemotherapy, often result in high toxicity and nonspecific side effects. Other treatments, such as hormonal and antiangiogenic therapies, often have low treatment efficacy if used alone. In addition, acquired drug resistance decreases further the treatment efficacy of these therapies. Intra-tumor heterogeneity of the tumor tissue may be a major reason for the low treatment efficacy and the development of chemoresistance. Therefore, targeted multi-drug therapy is a valuable option for addressing the multiple mechanisms that may be responsible for reduced efficacy of current therapies. Areas covered in this review: In this article, different classes of drugs for treating breast cancer, the possible reasons for the drug resistance in breast cancer, as well as different targeted drug delivery systems are summarized. The current targeting strategies used in cancer treatment are discussed. What the reader will gain: This article considers the current state of breast cancer therapy and the possible future directions in targeted multi-drug delivery for treating breast cancer. Take home message: A better understanding of tumor biology and physiological responses to nanoparticles, as well as advanced nanoparticle design, are needed to improve the therapeutic outcomes for treating breast cancer using nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery systems. Moreover, selective delivery of multi-drugs to tumor tissue using targeted drug delivery systems may reduce systemic toxicity further, overcome drug resistances, and improve therapeutic efficacy in treating breast cancer.
Am I Safe? Exploring Relationships between Primary Territories and Online Privacy

This research analyzed 2006 Princeton survey data to investigate the relationship between Internet users' privacy concerns and types of personally identifiable information (PII) disclosed online. Drawing on Altman's primary territory theory (1975), it tested associations linking online–offline PII transferability to overall privacy concerns. For this sample, PII susceptible for spillage into offline, primary territories was most likely to engender user privacy concerns. In turn, respondents concerned about privacy self-reported limited online self-disclosures. Additional analyses uncovered age-specific effects as mediators between PII disclosure and privacy concerns. While older individuals were likely to fear negative implications of PII availability online, younger respondents highlighted uncertainty about online availability of PII as of primary concern. Theoretical relevance of online–offline transferability and the practical significance of these findings to Web site design are discussed.
Behavioral Models in Tort Law

In this paper, we illustrate how different behavioral problems can be incorporated into the standard economic model of tort law. Through this exercise, we develop a modeling language that can be utilized by law and economic scholars when considering the effect of behavioral biases and cognitive imperfections in tort law. We use these models in conjunction with the standard taxonomy of psychological biases, to show the effect of different biases on the behavior of tort agents. The models we present are applicable to a wide range of tort problems, and have the potential for application to a broader range of legal problems.
Unraveling Public Administration in Five-Thirteenths of Southeast Asia

Kong, and Macao, Evan Berman has assembled a set of authoritative accounts of public administration systems in Southeast Asia. This book has five sections corresponding to the countries under study. Five major themes run through the chapters of each section detailing the following: history and context of public administration; decentralization; corruption; performance management; and civil service—all written by leading scholars in the field. Berman ties the pieces together in his overview, which highlights common themes. The book reveals what is similar and unique about these countries as they deal with their colonial pasts and cultures while infusing order and change into present-day realities to forge better systems. Each section starts with a discussion on the history and context of public administration. Berman notes the “powerful influence of culture and colonial legacy on modern-day public administration” (p. 2), and this characterization provides the basis for beginning the analysis of each country with a discussion of its history and context of public administration. Thailand, for example, lacks a colonial past, but has a strong tradition of authoritarian rule and centralization, such that, even as power has changed hands from absolute monarchy to military bureaucracy to business, hierarchy and clientilism persist. The racial divide in Malaysia, on the other hand, has its historical roots in British colonial rule, which recruited only Malay elites to the civil service, deliberately excluding the Chinese and Indians. Civil service thus became the exclusive domain of the Malays and has been intertwined with politics. The absence of an © International Review of Public Administration 2011, Vol. 16, No. 2 191
Does the Lender Matter? Lender Type and Home Office Location and Real Estate Development Lending

Inter-regional expansion and merger and acquisition activity triggered by regulatory reforms are changing the structure of North America's financial industry. Increases in concentration and the belief that large and small financial institutions specialize in distinct segments of the lending market has raised concerns among some that these industry changes will have real effects on the availability and access to credit for distinct classes of borrowers, especially smaller firms. This paper examines this issue by looking at differences across lenders in the financing of residential construction by lender type and home office, local vs. out-of-province, location. The analysis has two components. The first is a descriptive data analysis for evidence that smaller, local lenders provide capital to more marginal and infra-marginal borrowers. The second is a test of whether lenders active in multiple jurisdictions allocate loan capital for real estate efficiently. The paper uses data on over 1,300 senior and junior construction loans in the Vancouver, BC Canada metropolitan area to evaluate these issues. We find that local lenders do seem to behave differently, charging lower spreads and extending credit to more marginal or less well capitalized developers. However, contrary to the claims of many Vancouver developers, lenders in Central Canada did not limit credit to British Columbia when their home real estate markets turned down in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Rather the opposite, the lending volume and market share in the Vancouver market of lenders based outside of British Columbia rose when the relative condition of their home real estate markets worsened.
Mandatory compliance by publicly listed companies in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to examine the accounting standards compliance level among the public listed companies in Malaysia. It also investigates the corporate attributes (profitability, leverage ratio, type of industry, size of company and nature of external auditors) and corporate governance characteristics (number of audit committee meetings, percentage of independent directors in audit committee and size of audit committee) that have a significant influence on the level of mandatory compliance to Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB). One hundred and one annual reports of public companies listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia were examined. A checklist of 252 items covering MASB1 to MASB 30 was prepared as an instrument to measure the level of MASB compliance using the unweighted approach. The study found that corporate annual reports were prepared in compliance with MASB requirements. However, standards-wise analysis indicated that some standards have a compliance level of less than 50% while others had a zero compliance level. The results of the study would be of immense use to practitioners and regulatory bodies as guidelines towards improving the compliance level and which will further enhance the mandatory compliance among the publicly listed companies.
A Patient's View of OpenNotes

In this editorial the author comments on the arguments for and against easy access by patients to their doctor's notes, as well as reflecting on his family's experience with a lack of transparency between doctor and patient. The author argues that OpenNotes can stimulate a flow of information that leads to greater accountability on behalf of health care personnel, a development that in the end can only improve the quality of patient care. The same issue of Annals of Internal Medicine reports on an extensive, three facility trial of OpenNotes that concluded it was an overwhelming success with patients and that doctor fears were not realized.
Vascular Cognitive Impairment

Purpose of Review:This article provides a diagnostic framework for vascular cognitive impairment, discusses prevalence and relationships to other neurodegenerative pathologies, and provides advice on diagnostic workup and management. Recent Findings:Vascular cognitive impairment is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment and frequently coexists with other neurodegenerative neuropathologies. Three new diagnostic criteria have been published recently; common diagnostic elements include the need to classify cognitive impairment as mild cognitive impairment or dementia and to link the cognitive impairment to evidence of clinically significant cerebrovascular disease. Vascular cognitive impairment may be further subclassified into poststroke vascular cognitive impairment and nonstroke vascular cognitive impairment, most commonly caused by cerebral small vessel disease, which may only be recognized on neuroimaging. Summary:Vascular cognitive impairment is a potentially treatable common cause of cognitive impairment, progression of which may be slowed or halted by secondary prevention of vascular disease.
Determinants of the Outcomes of Union Certification Elections

This study analyzes determinants of union election outcomes at the level of the work unit. Within a theoretical framework of utility maximization, voting behavior is modeled as a function of the social psychology of groups, the economic and sociopolitical environment, NLRB procedures, and the extent of union organization of the industry. Utilizing NLRB certification-election records for 1979, the author finds a negative relationship between unit size and union victories in units of fewer than 65 workers, but no relationship in larger units. Also negatively related to union victories are delays between petition and election dates, elections held in southern states having right-to-work laws, and elections involving the Teamsters. In contrast, workers are more likely to vote for representation as unemployment levels and the proportion of consent elections rise and as the rate of unionization in their industry rises to 35 percent.
Clinical aspects of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is a disease of unknown cause, the hallmark of which is induration of the skin. Although long regarded as a bland fibrotic process, there is now ample evidence of an active inflammatory process underlying thepathogenesis ofsystemic sclerosis. In addition, microvascular disease and immunological abnormalities are present in most cases. It remains to be determined just how the immunological and microvascular changes relate to the overproduction of collagen and other matrix elements by the fibroblast, but recent data suggest that products of the immune response may directly affect fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro. This review will focus on recent advances in the understanding of several clinical aspects of systemic sclerosis. The reader is referred to several recent chapters and textbooks for a more extensive review. 1-3
Does Big Data Change the Privacy Landscape? A Review of the Issues

The current data revolution is changing the conduct of social science research as increasing amounts of digital and administrative data become accessible for use. This new data landscape has created significant tension around data privacy and confidentiality. The risk–utility theory and models underpinning statistical disclosure limitation may be too restrictive for providing data confidentially owing to the growing volumes and varieties of data and the evolving privacy policies. Science and society need to move to a trust-based approach from which both researchers and participants benefit. This review discusses the explosive growth of the new data sources and the parallel evolution of privacy policy and governance, with a focus on access to data for research. We provide a history of privacy policy, statistical disclosure limitation research, and record linkage in the context of this brave new world of data.
Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion Following Static Cold Storage—Brief, Intermediate, or Prolonged Perfusion for Optimal Renal Graft Reconditioning?

Normothermic ex vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP) demonstrated superior results compared to hypothermic storage in donation after circulatory death (DCD) kidney transplantation. It is unknown whether an optimal perfusion time exists following hypothermic storage to allow for the recovery of renal grafts from cold ischemic injury. In a porcine model of DCD kidney autotransplantation, the impact of initial static cold storage (SCS) (8 h) followed by various periods of NEVKP recovery was investigated: group A, 8 hSCS only (control); group B, 8 hSCS + 1 hNEVKP (brief NEVKP); group C, 8 hSCS + 8 hNEVKP (intermediate NEVKP); and group D, 8 hSCS + 16 hNEVKP (prolonged NEVKP). All grafts were preserved and transplanted successfully. One animal in group D was sacrificed and excluded by postoperative day 3 due to hind limb paralysis, but demonstrated good renal function. Postoperative graft assessment during 8 days’ follow‐up demonstrated lowest levels of peak serum creatinine for intermediate (C) and prolonged (D) NEVKP (p = 0.027). Histological assessment on day 8 demonstrated a significant difference in tubular injury (p = 0.001), with highest values for group B. These results suggest that longer periods of NEVKP following SCS are feasible and safe for postponing surgical transplant procedure and superior to brief NEVKP, reducing the damage caused during cold ischemic storage of renal grafts.
Party Dealignment and Policy Representation in the House of Representatives: Comparing Opinion-Policy Congruence in the 1950s and 1970s

This article compares the level of opinion-policy congruence in the U.S. House of Representatives before and during a period of party dealignment. Public opinion data on domestic and foreign policy issues from the late 1950s and the late 1970s are contrasted with House voting in the periods 1957-1960 and 1977-1980, respectively. Congruence within the Democratic party was lower in the latter period, although congruence within the Republican party improved. Institutional representation of public preferences declined over the period studied, largely as the product of an increasing discrepancy between Democratic identifiers and the Democratic party in the House.
What Factors Affect the Entry and Exit of Nonprofit Human Service Organizations in Metropolitan Areas?

The goal of this article is to advance the literature on nonprofit organizational adaptation by assessing the factors that significantly contribute to the entry and exit of human service organizations in metropolitan areas. More specifically, this study uses nonprofit, economic and demographic data and information on welfare reform implementation patterns to examine the causes of the formation and deaths of groups in the nonprofit human service sector from 1992 to 1996. This time frame marked the widespread implementation of welfare reform under the federal Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) waiver program. This study found that organizational size, age, and service activities are the key determinants in the failure of human service nonprofits, whereas environmental factors such as AFDC waiver implementation relate to the widespread formation of nonprofit providers.