Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Selection against Complex Mitotic-Origin Aneuploidy during Preimplantation Development

Whole-chromosome imbalances affect over half of early human embryos and are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. While these errors frequently arise in oocyte meiosis, many such whole-chromosome abnormalities affecting cleavage-stage embryos are the result of chromosome missegregation occurring during the initial mitotic cell divisions. The first wave of zygotic genome activation at the 4–8 cell stage results in the arrest of a large proportion of embryos, the vast majority of which contain whole-chromosome abnormalities. Thus, the full spectrum of meiotic and mitotic errors can only be detected by sampling after the initial cell divisions, but prior to this selective filter. Here, we apply 24-chromosome preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) to 28,052 single-cell day-3 blastomere biopsies and 18,387 multi-cell day-5 trophectoderm biopsies from 6,366 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. We precisely characterize the rates and patterns of whole-chromosome abnormalities at each developmental stage and distinguish errors of meiotic and mitotic origin without embryo disaggregation, based on informative chromosomal signatures. We show that mitotic errors frequently involve multiple chromosome losses that are not biased toward maternal or paternal homologs. This outcome is characteristic of spindle abnormalities and chaotic cell division detected in previous studies. In contrast to meiotic errors, our data also show that mitotic errors are not significantly associated with maternal age. PGS patients referred due to previous IVF failure had elevated rates of mitotic error, while patients referred due to recurrent pregnancy loss had elevated rates of meiotic error, controlling for maternal age. These results support the conclusion that mitotic error is the predominant mechanism contributing to pregnancy losses occurring prior to blastocyst formation. This high-resolution view of the full spectrum of whole-chromosome abnormalities affecting early embryos provides insight into the cytogenetic mechanisms underlying their formation and the consequences for human fertility.
Human papilloma virus vaccines and current controversy.

I fully agree with the views expressed by the authors [1] as far as the role of HPV vaccine in prevention of cervical cancer is concerned. I also agree that the vaccine is safe, devoid of any serious side effects, ethical, and socially desirable. But will it be legally safe to use this vaccine? When the authors have themselves agreed that suspending clinical trial while allowing clinical use is illogical, it does not require to be a legal luminary to conclude that when even the clinical trial of a drug/vaccine is suspended, its clinical use will not only be illogical but illegal too. Will the arguments given by them be valid in a court of law in case of any mishap after this vaccination, which may or may not be related to this vaccine. Every court is going to rule that when even clinical trial was suspended how clinical use can be justified. Moreover, as per media reports, which may or may not be correct, DGHS, Government of India has written to health ministers of all states not to use this vaccine till further orders (The Hindu 8th April, 2010). Therefore, I feel that one should not use this vaccine till the enquiry is finally over and the government clears this vaccine for all purposes. Please specify the official views of Indian Academy of Pediatrics regarding the legality of this vaccine, for the benefit of all members of IAP, especially practitioners. REPLY Dr Singhal's main concern is the legal safety in using the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in view of the suspension of studies with this vaccine. It is beyond our jurisdiction to opine on judicial matters, but we strongly feel that the concern is unfounded. Studies in question relate to administration of HPV vaccine which seeks to determine vaccine coverage achieved, feasibility, acceptability of HPV vaccination, and implementation costs associated with different vaccination strategies in a variety of socioeconomic settings. Such studies may be put on hold for variety of reasons. The HPV vaccines used in these studies are commercially available in India and approved by the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency. The two HPV vaccines used in the project have been prequalified by WHO. The vaccines continue to remain as a licensed product approved by the DCGI. On safety issue, the WHO position paper on HPV vaccines …
RISKS IN IMPLEMENTING PROJECTS WITH EUROPEAN FINANCING

The risk represents a future probable event and its appearance could cause damages, could represent a danger or a possible incovenience. Therefore the risk is characterized by probability, exposure and vulnerability. In practice, most of the times exposure is included in consequences’ evaluation. Risks analysis represents the activity of objectively establish the risk, the probability and the consequences of its appearance. Obviously risks analysis will also produce the necessary signals for finding alternatives, for evaluating the probability that distortions may appear along the path and for defining the necessary elements in decision making process in the analyzed field. There is always a risk in public administration that is also assumed by the partners when supplying services with the explicit or tacit acceptance of the manager of that authority or public institution
Graphene Oxide-Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites : A Potential Candidate for Improving Lightning Protection Systems of Wind Turbine CFRP Sparcaps

Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing sources of electricity worldwide. The emergence of upscaling on the WT size results in research and development on new materials, especially for the WT blades, that will also fulfil the LP requirements. In the present work, graphene oxide (GO) will be utilised as a nanofiller for epoxy resin systems used as binding polymers or adhesives for CFRP components. The main objective of this study is to increase the conductivity of the epoxy resin system without compromising the mechanical and thermal properties. For this purpose, different filler loads of GO were incorporated in epoxy resin matrix in order to achieve increased electrical conductivity. It was found that at 2 % wt filler content of GO the sample exhibits higher conductivity, strongly dependent on the applied electric field. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to examine the structure of the nanocomposite system as well as the dispersion level achieved. The Differential Scanning Calorimentry (DSC) showed no apparent alterations of the Tg of the attained nanocomposite samples. The Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the examined samples showed a variation with the filler content without being decreased. The viscometric analysis showed a slight increase of the viscosity as the filler content increases.
Calcium and Phosphate Plasma Levels in Dialysis Patients after Dietary Ca-P Overload

In normal subjects, the gastric ionisation of calcium and phosphate seems to be a prerequisite for their intestinal absorption. We investigated the behavior of the plasma calcium and phosphate profile in 30 patients on regular dialysis treatment in the 6 h following a meal containing 1 g of calcium and 2 g of phosphate. Moreover, to assess the role of gastric acidity, the study was repeated after 3 days on omeprazole administration, to nearly abolish gastric acid secretion. Both total plasma calcium and ionized calcium peaked after the meal (at 30 and 120 min, respectively) only in basal study, while no peak was observed after the administration of omeprazole. Surprisingly, both in basal and in the omeprazole study the levels of plasma phosphate did not increase after the test meal. In conclusion, as in normal subjects, the gastric ionization of dietary calcium promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium in uremic patients on dialysis treatment, while the acute gastric acid inhibition by omeprazole reduced the intestinal calcium transport. In contrast, with the ‘trade off’ hypothesis we did not observe any postprandial phosphate peak after the dietary load, and, in contrast with normal subjects, omeprazole administration did not influence the phosphate profile.
Acute tolerance to subjective but not cardiovascular effects of d-amphetamine in normal, healthy men.

This is a descriptive report on the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-amphetamine in healthy, normal volunteers. Six men, aged 22 to 31, attended two experimental sessions during which they received single oral doses of 20 mg of d-amphetamine. Plasma levels of drug and measures of drug effect were collected predrug and at regular intervals for 24 hours after drug administration. Plasma drug levels peaked at 4 hours and remained at detectable levels for 24 hours after drug administration. Subjective ratings, including "feel drug" and "feel high" peaked at 1 1/2 to 2 hours and returned to baseline levels by 3 to 4 hours. Evaluation of phase plots (i.e., drug effect vs. drug concentration) indicated that acute tolerance developed to the subjective but not to the cardiopressor effects of d-amphetamine. This finding implies that individuals who repeatedly administer the drug to maintain certain levels of subjective effects may increase plasma drug levels and physiologic effects to toxic levels.
Service Failures in Restaurants: Which Stage of Service Failure Is the Most Critical?

A multistage approach for restaurant service enables managers to determine and focus on the most critical stage of service failure to reduce customer dissatisfaction and defection. A survey of 491 diners in the United States assessed customer reaction to failures in the follow four service stages: (1) reception, (2) ordering, (3) meal consumption, and (4) checkout. The study found that in both casual dining and fine dining restaurants, service failure in stage 3 (consumption) most strongly diminishes overall customer satisfaction, followed by stage 4 (payment and exiting), stage 2 (order taking and delivery), and finally stage 1 (greeting and seating). The relative impact of service failure on behavioral intentions varies by service stage and restaurant type. In casual dining restaurants, service failure in stage 3 had the most effect in diminishing diners’ intent to come back and willingness to recommend the restaurant to others, followed by service failure in stage 4. On the other hand, for fine dining .
The Geographies of Social Networks and Innovation in Tourism

ABSTRACT Tourism firms operate in a business environment in which innovation is important for firm survival. In spite of this, there is an apparent lack of knowledge concerning innovation processes in tourism firms. This article combines considerations about the geographical characteristics of tourism with social innovation network and agglomeration theories so as to develop a theoretical framework of the social innovation network geography of tourism. The theoretical framework presents arguments for different types of social network geographies and their innovation benefits. An empirical study of tourism firms in destinations in the Province of Malaga, Spain illustrates the theoretical framework. The overall conclusion of the article is that there are several social network geographies of tourism. However, in the empirical study local networks are found to be loose and dense whereas non-local networks are strong and sparse. This social network geography secures access to varied information benefits sustaining innovation. The analysis of social network geographies of tourism does, however, only provide one little piece of the puzzle of understanding innovation in tourism firms.
2-Chloro-6-(2,3-dichlorobenzenesulfonamido)benzoic acid

In the title compound, C13H8Cl3NO4S, the aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 68.94 (1)° and the molecule adopts a V-shape. An intramolecular N—H⋯O interaction generates a six-membered S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the carboxy group link the molecules into inversion dimers with an R 2 2(8) motif. N—H⋯O and non-classical C—H⋯O interactions connect the molecules, forming sheets propagating in (100).
Some variations on the standard theoretical models for the h‐index: A comparative analysis

Various mathematical models have been proposed in the recent literature for estimating the h‐index using measures such as number of articles (P) and citations received (C). These models have been previously empirically tested assuming a mathematical model and predetermining the models' parameter values at some fixed constant. The present study, from a statistical modeling viewpoint, investigates alternative distributions commonly used for this type of point data. The study shows that the typical assumptions for the parameters of the h‐index mathematical models in such representations are not always realistic, with more suitable specifications being favorable. Prediction of the h‐index is also demonstrated.
Employers' Attitudes and Actions Towards the Extension of Working Lives in Europe

Purpose - Although policymakers have put great efforts into the promotion of older workers’ labour force participation, quantitative empirical knowledge about employers’ views towards extension of working lives is limited. The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of employers’ attitudes and actions towards extension of working lives, by examining recruitment and retention behaviour towards older workers, employers’ views on the consequences of an ageing workforce, organisational policies, and what governments can do to extend working lives. Design/methodology/approach - The authors analyse surveys administered to employers in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the UK in 2009. Findings - It is found that a minority of employers have applied measures to recruit or retain older workers, and employers rather retain than hire older workers. A considerable share of employers, albeit to different degrees per country, associate the ageing of their staff with a growing gap between labour costs and productivity. Employers expecting a larger gap do not apply more organisational measures to either increase productivity or adjust the cost-productivity balance. Employers may think the cost-productivity issue is partly for governments to solve; employers expecting a larger cost-productivity gap consider wage subsidies to be an effective measure to extend working lives. Originality/value - The paper addresses the employers’ perspective, one that is often neglected compared to attitudes and behaviour of older workers themselves and research on institutional arrangements. This paper is also among the first to report on employers’ policies and practices from a cross-national perspective.
Economic Growth and The Expanding Export Sector: China 1952–1985

In this paper Granger's test is employed to examine the causal relationship between the size of the export sector and national income per capita (as well as their respective growth rates) for China for the period 1952–1985. Our empirical results favour a bi-directional causal sequence between these two variables. However, these findings disappear when a similar test is used for the sub-period 1952–1978. The difference in results between these two sample periods points to a change in causal relation after 1978 which coincides with the adoption of an “outward looking” strategy by the Chinese government in that same year. [124]
Analysis of Environmental Marketing Models

The objective of this work is revising the reported literature in the state of art on environmental marketing and to describe those models which study consumer behavior which have found sustainable empirical evidence. After an extensive revision in all the international information banks, it were found 4 models of environmental marketing and a model that characterizes the green consumers. The models are described and compared analyzing their characteristics and equivalences. As a consequence of the previous analysis is concluded that the environmental values instilled in the family and in the school are determinants for the conduct of the green consumers
Accounting and the Construction of Taste: Standard Labour Costs and the Georgian Cabinet-Maker

The article examines the role of accounting in the dissemination of a classical taste in British furniture during the Georgian era. This is a celebrated period in furniture design, to which the fame of some of its key participants, such as Thomas Chippendale, still bears testimony. It is also a period in which the notion of interior decoration comes to prominence. Furniture and room arrangement began to mirror the taste in classical antiquity already evident in the architectural landscape. The dissemination of taste to the mass populace took the form of pattern books comprising easily replicated designs of household furniture. Regional versions of these books also contained detailed standard labour costs for every furniture design. In pre-empting conflict over piece-work pay these standards regulated the cabinet-making trade and, the article shows, encouraged a stability in labour relations conducive to the spread of a national taste in classicism.
Next Move in Steel: Revocation or Retaliation?

In May 2003, the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute panel ruled that US steel safeguards imposed in March 2002 are illegal. The WTO Appellate Body is all but certain to confirm the panel's judgment, probably by December 2003. Then the Bush administration will face an important choice. It can keep the safeguards in place, pleasing steel producers and important constituencies in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. However, doing so would further anger steel users, who have probably lost more business and jobs as a direct consequence of the safeguards than steel producers have gained. Maintaining the safeguards would also send a signal to the world's trading nations that the United States is not prepared to endure the political cost of eliminating steel protection. Furthermore, the administration would run the risk that, in the middle of a presidential election season, foreign countries will exercise their rights under the WTO to retaliate.
Global Linkages: Macroeconomic Interdependence and Cooperation in the World Economy

With the rapid deterioration of the U.S. trade balance in the 1980s, the United States was forced to finance deficits by borrowing heavily from the rest of the world. In doing so, the United States went from being the world's largest creditor country to the world's largest debtor, while Japan and West Germany experienced a rise in trade surpluses. Such a shift in international trade flows has had profound effects on the world economy. McKibbin and Sachs address a range of issues involving macroeconomic imbalances in the world economy. Through the use of a new simulation model of the world economy they explore how policy actions undertaken in one country affect the trade flows and macroeconomic patterns among the other counties. The authors show that key macroeconomic features of the 1980s can be explained by shifts in monetary and fiscal policies in the major economies and by supply shocks due to changes in oil prices. In addition to showing how the global macroeconomic experience can be understood, they focus on a number of current policy issues, including the reduction of global trade imbalances, the consequences of U.S. fiscal consolidation, the effects of an oil price shock, the implications for the U. S. economy of increases in Japanese and German fiscal spending, the effects of targeting exchange rates among the major currencies, and the gains of increased coordination of macroeconomic politics among the major economies. In several cases, their conclusions are shown to be quite different from those that form the basis of many conventional views. The authors also analyze the importance of interaction between policymakers in industrial economies and conclude by reemphasizing the need for U.S. politicians and policy experts to recognize that macroeconomic results in the U.S. now depend heavily on events abroad.
Structural Adjustment and Agriculture: Developing Research Analytical Framework

As the country has undergone a series of structural adjustment and stabilization policies, questions regarding its impact on the agriculture sector has stemmed out of the concerns on poverty and the welfare of vulnerable groups. To answer whether these policies improved the lot of these groups, this paper reviews some of the attempts made to estimate the microeconomic effects of macroeconomic policies and develops an analytical framework capable of evaluating the impacts of structural adjustment and stabilization policy issues. Utilizing computable general equilibrium models, this paper performs a number of policy experiments involving trade, value added tax and exchange rate.
Gene expression and protein distribution of leptin and its receptor in bovine oocytes and preattachment embryos produced in vitro.

Many investigations point out the important role of leptin during the preimplantation development. Transcripts for the leptin gene (LEP) and its receptor (LEPR) have been identified in several tissues related to reproduction (e.g. ovaries, testis and oviduct) in both human and mouse. This work shows for the first time the expression and distribution patterns of LEP and LEPR in bovine oocytes and in vitro-produced embryos. Gene expression was analysed by reverse transcription PCR and real-time PCR, and the proteins were localised by immunostaining. This study included immature and mature oocytes, zygotes, two-, four-, eight- to 16-cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts and the LEP transcript was identified throughout all stages of bovine preimplantation development. However, mRNA for the LEPR gene was detected at all stages, excluding four-cell embryos. Expression of both LEP and LEPR genes was reduced at the eight- to 16-cell stage. This in addition to the absence of LEPR mRNA in four-blastomere embryos may suggest that maternally derived transcripts degenerate towards the eight- to 16-cell stage coinciding with embryonic genome activation at eight- to 16-cell stage and subsequent appearance of embryonic mRNA. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that LEP and LEPR proteins form a spherical rim beneath the oolemma. After maturation, however, the proteins became evenly distributed within the cytoplasm. In two- to eight-cell embryos, fluorescence was observed in the apical surface of the blastomeres, and from 10- to 16-cell stage in the apical region of outer blastomeres. This pattern persisted to the blastocyst stage, leading to LEP and LEPR distribution within trophoblast cells, but not in the inner cell mass. These results support previous findings on polar distribution of proteins within mammalian oocytes and embryos, as well as suggests leptin's potential role during early mammalian development and implantation.
Grip and forearm position effects on tests of static and dynamic upper body endurance.

Abstract The effects of grip and forearm position on two tests of upper body muscular endurance were investigated in 109 male subjects 18–21 years of age. Subjects were systematically presented 12 tasks: six pull-up and six straight-arm hang grip and forearm variations. Each of the six tasks for both endurance tests represented a different combination of grip (thumb over bar and thumb under bar) and forearm position (pronated, supinated and semi-pronated). Task results were analyzed utilizing 2 × 3 (grip × forearm) ANOVA with repeated measures on the two factors. Analysis of pull-up data revealed that the semi-pronated and supinated forearm positions were not statistically different from each other, but superior to the pronated condition. Results of straight-arm hang performance revealed a significant difference between grips at the semi-pronated position, with the “thumb under bar” being superior. Results for forearm positions at grips indicated a significant difference for the “thumb under bar,” with th.