Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of airway pressure and oscillation amplitude on ventilation in pre-term infants

We determined the effect of lung recruitment and oscillation amplitude on regional oscillation volume and functional residual capacity (FRC) in high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) used in pre-term infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Changes in lung volume, oscillation volume and carbon dioxide levels were recorded in 10 infants during a stepwise recruitment procedure, and an increase in pressure amplitude of 5 cmH2O was measured using electrical impedance tomography and transcutaneous monitoring. The pressures at maximal respiratory system compliance, maximal oscillation volume and minimal carbon dioxide levels were determined. Impedance data were analysed for the chest cross-section and predefined regions of interest. Despite the fixed pressure amplitude, the oscillation volume changed during the incremental pressure steps following a parabolic pattern, with an inverse relationship to the carbon dioxide pressures. The pressures corresponding with maximal compliance, maximal oscillation volume and minimal carbon dioxide were similar and highly correlated. Regional analysis showed similar findings. The increase in pressure amplitude resulted in increased oscillation volumes and decreased carbon dioxide levels, while FRC remained unchanged. In HFV pre-term infants with RDS, oscillation volumes are closely related to the position of ventilation in the pressure–volume envelope and the applied pressure amplitude. Changes in pressure amplitude do not seem to affect FRC.
The Contributions of an Attribution Approach to Emotion and Motivation

In this paper, the empirical and theoretical contributions of an attribution approach to emotion and motivation are reviewed. It is contended that reported empirical findings regarding when causal search is initiated, the perceived causes of events, the three underlying properties of causes (locus, stability, and control), and the relations between these properties and emotion and expectancy are definitively replicable. In addition, these data provide the foundation for both interpersonal (e.g., help-giving) and intrapersonal (e.g., achievement strivings) theories of motivation. Hence, attribution theory has left a theoretical foundation and a supporting array of data. In addition, the theory sheds light on some weaknesses of other approaches to motivation, which err in their understanding of phenomenal causality. The characterization of attribution theory as naïve or “grandmother” psychology is discussed and it is contended that a distinction must be made between its empirical versus conceptual features.
Understanding Public Perceptions of Different Options to Fund the Highway System

The purpose of this research was to generate an understanding of the public perceptions of different revenue generation systems that are already in use or that have the potential to be used in the future, and to educate the public on the different revenue generation systems. In addition, this study tested a number of hypotheses that were focused on finding relationships (correlations) between the choice of funding options to support the highway system in the United States and the demographic information. A survey method was used to explore this topic. The survey instrument was sent to 15,945 people representing five states: Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming (Mountain-Plains Consortium states) via mail. Only 1,190 surveys were received, 27 were eliminated due to various issues, and 1,163 were posted as completed surveys, resulting in a response rate of 7.30%. Data analysis of the results consisted of performing descriptive and inferential statistics and running chi-square tests for correlation analysis. The results of this survey indicate that the public in the states of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming selected “increasing the federal gas tax that is collected at the time of purchase” as its first choice of funding option. The support for the use of highway tolling to fund the highway system was somewhat moderate among the population across the five states. The collection of additional sales taxes on all goods to fund the highway system was an unpopular funding mechanism among the population in the five states. Similarly, the support for the use of mileage-based user fees was disliked among the population in the five states. This research is significant, as few studies have been done on understanding the public perceptions of different options to fund highway systems. Furthermore, the findings of this survey could be used by the lawmakers in the five states under study to make better decisions with respect to the alternative options of funding the highway system in their state based on the general public’s perceptions in the state. Future research could be aimed to study the impact of the utilized option on each state with regard to its social, economic, and behavioral issues that could result from its implementation.
Edge Based Tube Detection for Coronary Artery Centerline Extraction

The extraction of the coronary artery central lumen lines from CTA datasets is a necessary prerequisite for the computerized assessment of heart related disease. In this work, we present an automatic approach for this task that consists of generic methods for detection of tubular objects, extraction of their centerlines, grouping of the single centerlines into complete tree structures, and some application specific adaptions for the identification of the coronary arteries. The tube detection approach is based on the Gradient Vector Flow and an analysis of the resulting vector field. Contrary to conventional tube detection filters this approach avoids multi-scale analysis with related scale space problems and is able to identify tubular objects surrounded by different tissues such as blood vessels in proximity of calcifications. After identification of the tubular structures their centerlines are extracted and grouped into complete tree structures. Based on gray value information and centerline length tubular structures not belonging to the coronary arteries are removed. The approach has been evaluated on 16 clinical datasets showing a high overlap of 94% with known reference centerlines and an average distance of 0.58mm.
One-for-one period policy in a two-echelon inventory system with poisson demand and constraint on total lost sales

In this paper we consider a two- echelon inventory system consisting of one supplier and a number of retailers with independent Poisson demand. Unsatisfied demands in retailers are lost and it is assumed that there is a constraint on total lost sales for the system. Each retailer applies a new ordering policy called one-for-one-period ordering policy for its inventory control. In this ordering policy the order size is equal to one and the time interval between any two consecutive orders is fixed. Thus, the supplier faces a uniform and deterministic demand originated from each retailer and applies one for one ordering policy in response to orders received from all retailers. For this system we derive the total cost function per unit time and show that it is convex. Then, we obtain the optimal time intervals between any two consecutive orders for all retailers which minimizes this total cost function.
Analysing the atolls: X-ray spectral transitions of accreting neutron stars

Неге we investigate disc accreting neutron stars with low magnetic fields (atoll sources) by systematically analysing all the available X-ray spectra of these sources from the Rossi X- ray Timing Explorer database, provided by the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center. From these we show that all atoll sources show broadly similar spectral evolution as a function of mass accretion rate with hard spectra at low luminosities switching to soft spectra at high luminosities. This is similar to the well known hard/soft spectral dichotomy in black holes. However, we also show that there are subtle but significant differences in the hard/soft transitions for individual atoll sources. There are two different types of hard/soft transition, those where the spectrum softens at all energies, leading to a diagonal track on a colour-colour diagram, and those where only the higher energy spectrum softens, giving a vertical track. The luminosity at which the transition occurs is correlated with this spectral behaviour, with the vertical transition at L/L(_Edd) ~ 0.02 while the diagonal one is at ~ 0.1. Superimposed on this is the well known hysteresis effect, but we show that classic, large scale hysteresis occurs only in the outbursting sources, indicating that its origin is in the dramatic rate of change of mass accretion rate during the disc instability. We show that the long term mass accretion rate correlates with the transition behaviour, and speculate that this is due to the magnetic field being able to emerge from the neutron star surface for low average mass accretion rates. While this is not strong enough to collimate the flow except in the millisecond pulsars, its presence may affect the inner accretion flow through changing the jet properties.
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O139 in China from 1993 to 2009

Regarded as an emerging diarrheal micropathogen, Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 was first identified in 1992 and has become an important cause of cholera epidemics over the last two decades. O139 strains have been continually isolated since O139 cholera appeared in China in 1993, from sporadic cases and dispersed foodborne outbreaks, which are the common epidemic types of O139 cholera in China. Antibiotic resistance profiles of these epidemic strains are required for development of clinical treatments, epidemiological studies and disease control. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of the antibiotic resistance of V. cholerae O139 strains isolated in China from 1993 to 2009 was conducted. The initial O139 isolates were resistant to streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and polymyxin B only, while multidrug resistance increased suddenly and became common in strains isolated after 1998. Different resistance profiles were observed in the isolates from different years. In contrast, most V. cholerae O1 strains isolated in the same period were much less resistant to these antibiotics and no obvious multidrug resistance patterns were detected. Most of the non-toxigenic strains isolated from the environment and seafood were resistant to four antibiotics or fewer, although a few multidrug resistant strains were also identified. These toxigenic O139 strains exhibited a high prevalence of the class I integron and the SXT element, which were rare in the non-toxigenic strains. Molecular subtyping of O139 strains showed highly diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, which may correspond to the epidemic state of sporadic cases and small-scale outbreaks and complex resistance patterns. Severe multidrug resistance, even resistance transfers based on mobile antibiotic resistance elements, increases the probability of O139 cholera as a threat to public health. Therefore, continual epidemiological and antibiotic sensitivity surveillance should focus on the occurrence of multidrug resistance and frequent microbial population shifts in O139 strains.
A Behavioral Economic Analysis of the Demand for Money in Humans

This study investigated the effects of unit price structure, unit price descriptions, and unit price sequence on the demand for money in humans. Six groups of 3 participants solved multiplication problems in exchange for money under various unit prices. Consumption of money decreased as the unit price increased across all conditions. However, the data also showed that: (a) fixed price structures produced slightly more elastic demand than did variable price structures, (b) price descriptions produced more elastic demand under variable price structures but had little or no effect under fixed price structures, and (c) the alternate sequence used with fixed price structures produced slightly more elastic demand.
Augmented Reality in Foreign Language Education: A Review of Empirical Studies (增强现实技术在外语教学中的应用：文献综述性研究)

This literature review examines how Augmented Reality (AR) has been used in foreign language learning. AR is a live view of reality that is augmented by computer-generated sound, image, or videos. It allows the user to interact with the real physical environment in an enhanced way. This study provides an overview of what AR is, its history, different definitions, and how it has been used in education in general. It summarizes how AR has been used in all aspects of foreign language education, including skill development (listening, speaking, reading and writing), vocabulary, grammar, culture, the aspect of affect in language learning, what AR tools were used, and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of AR in language learning. At the end of the article, the author suggests further research needed to support the widespread adoption of AR in foreign language education in general and in Chinese-as-a-Foreign-Language, specifically.
An efficient and truthful pricing mechanism for team formation in crowdsourcing markets

In a crowdsourcing market, a requester is looking to form a team of workers to perform a complex task that requires a variety of skills. Candidate workers advertise their certified skills and bid prices for their participation. We design four incentive mechanisms for selecting workers to form a valid team (that can complete the task) and determining each individual worker's payment. We examine profitability, individual rationality, computational efficiency, and truthfulness for each of the four mechanisms. Our analysis shows that TruTeam, one of the four mechanisms, is superior to the others, particularly due to its computational efficiency and truthfulness. Our extensive simulations confirm the analysis and demonstrate that TruTeam is an efficient and truthful pricing mechanism for team formation in crowdsourcing markets.
Bridging the Gap: A Career Workshop Informed by Vocational and Organizational Theory.

A brief, low-cost career intervention was designed to reduce employee turnover in the customer service call center of a financial institution. Through an extensive literature review, organizational commitment (OC) was identified as a primary predictor of employee turnover, and a list of research-supported OC antecedents was compiled. Antecedents selected as candidates for intervention included employee characteristics and work environment characteristics. Some antecedents were targeted via the content of the intervention, others via its format. Intervention features that addressed the targeted antecedents were identified. The intervention consisted of a workshop of two three-hour sessions held two weeks apart, follow-up meetings with a supervisor for career coaching, and a "career partner" for support and encouragement. Workshop components were introduction, framework, self-awareness, work world information, planning, career coaching, and career partner meetings. Participants rated workshops highly in terms of usefulness of material and knowledge and insight gained. Preand post-test measures of organizational commitment and turnover intentions were collected from experimental and control group participants. A number of significant correlations supported previous findings regarding relationships between OC and certain OC antecedents and the relationship between OC and turnover intentions. (Contains 33 references.) (YLB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Bridging the Gap: A Career Workshop Informed by Vocational and Organizational Theory J. Elaine Kiziah, M.S. Virginia Commonwealth University U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement VC ED ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 1 Poster Presentation 9th Global National Career Development Conference June 22, 2000 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
Integrated software usage in the professional work environment: evidence from questionnaires and interviews

In a field study of use of integrated business software by business professionals, we found several characteristics of the real-world situation leading to the under-utilization of integrated software and being of importance for its human factors. Professionals work in a heterogeneous software environment filled with practical problems, they follow “satisficing” strategies of sub-optimal usage, and they have problems migrating to more advanced uses. Current levels of software integration do not always adequately or easily support the “task integration” requirements of real tasks such as handling many small things.
Alignment of Flexible Protein Structures

We present two algorithms which align flexible protein structures. Both apply efficient structural pattern detection and graph theoretic techniques. The FlexProt algorithm simultaneously detects the hinge regions and aligns the rigid subparts of the molecules. It does it by efficiently detecting maximal congruent rigid fragments in both molecules and calculating their optimal arrangement which does not violate the protein sequence order. The FlexMol algorithm is sequence order independent, yet requires as input the hypothesized hinge positions. Due its sequence order independence it can also be applied to protein-protein interface matching and drug molecule alignment. It aligns the rigid parts of the molecule using the Geometric Hashing method and calculates optimal connectivity among these parts by graph-theoretic techniques. Both algorithms are highly efficient even compared with rigid structure alignment algorithms. Typical running times on a standard desktop PC (400 MHz) are about 7 seconds for FlexProt and about 1 minute for FlexMol.
DSC SUBMISSION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Intelligent Nonlinear Learning Machines by

Acknowledgments I am indebted to many people, who have enhanced my understanding of the subject of this submission during my 18-year career. First of all, I would like to thank Professor Peter D. Roberts of the City University, my PhD supervisor, who taught me how to do research and how to write research papers. My particular gratitude is due to Professor Stephen A. Billings of the University of Sheffield, who introduced me to the important topic of nonlinear system identification and has been inspirational in shaping my views concerning the various aspects of intelligent nonlinear systems. of the University of Edinburgh have enhanced my understanding regarding adaptive systems and signal processing. I would like to thank them for the enlightenment gained during my stay at Edinburgh. My special thanks are due to Professor Chris J. Harris and Professor Lajos Hanzo. Without their encouragements, support and help, this submission would not have been completed. I would also like to express my gratitude to the School of Electronics and Computer Science for creating a scholarly environment I have enjoyed over the past six years. I am particularly grateful to many of my academic colleagues and students for their support as well as valuable contributions. Special thanks are due to all my co-authors cited in the submission, particularly to Dr. Finally, I would like to dedicate this submission to my beloved parents as a modest token of my appreciation of their unabating support and to my son, Alan, for making the life sparkling and for helping me to appreciate any intellectual gift one was born with. AWARDS AND DISTINCTIONS British Council Scholarship for overseas PhD students, 1984 IEE Marconi Premium awarded for the paper " Orthogonal least squares algorithm for training multi-output radial basis function networks " , 1994 Included in the list of the most highly cited researchers within the engineering category in the database of the world's most highly cited researchers, compiled by Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) of the USA, 2 2004 The best paper award for the paper " Orthogonal least square with boosting for regression " , presented at 5th I have been a regular reviewer for ten IEEE Transactions, three IEE Proceedings, and many other major international journals; as well as a regular reviewer for some major IEEE International Conferences, including ICC, GLOBECOM, CDC and ACC, and many other major international conferences. RESEARCH During my 18-year career …
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF β-GLUCAN

Background: Numerous types of glucans have been isolated from almost every species of yeast, grain, and fungi. These products have been extensively studied for their immunological and pharmacological effects. Aim: In this paper we evaluated the possibility whether individual glucans will be similarly active against each of the tested biological properties or if each glucan will affect different reactions. Methods: Immunological effects of glucans were measured by evaluation of phagocytosis of HEMA particles by peripheral blood leukocytes and production of IL-2 by mouse splenocytes. Next we measured the effects of long-term treatment with glucan on levels of blood glucose and blood cholesterol. Four different glucans differing in origin (yeast, grain and mushroom) were used. Results: Our results showed that the same glucan, yeast-derived insoluble #300 glucan, stimulated phagocytosis of peripheral blood leukocytes, production of IL-2 by mouse splenocytes, lowered the cholesterol levels in mice with experimentally-induced cholesterolemia and lowered the level of blood sugar after induced hyperglycaemie. The remainder of tested glucans were only marginally active. Conclusion: Taken together, our study showed that with respect to natural glucans, there is a yes-or-no effect suggesting that highly purified and highly active glucans will have pleiotropic impact, whereas poorly isolated and/or less active glucans will have only mediocre biological properties.
Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for the mean eld random-cluster model

The random-cluster model has emerged as a unifying framework for studying random graphs, physical spin systems, and electrical networks [6]. Given a base graph G = (V;E), the random-cluster model consists of a probability distribution over subsets of E; where p2 [0; 1] and q > 0 are real parameters determining the bond and cluster weights respectively. For q 1; there is a value of p = pc at which the random-cluster model undergoes a phase transition. The heat-bath dynamics is a local Markov chain used to sample from . For G = Kn; the mean eld case, we show that the heat-bath dynamics mixes in O(n 2 logn) steps when q > 1 and p < minfpc; 2 n g: Our result provides the
Pitfalls and Paradoxes: Coping With The Capabilities-Rigidities Dilemma In Whole Networks

Emergent interorganizational forms intent on long-term competitive performanceat the network level are affecting markets and gaining scholarly attention.Whole networks are an example of such organizations. Managerial paradoxes resultfrom these informal, non-hierarchical structures when they seek long-term competitiveadvantage. Applying paradox theory and research on ambidexterity, we concludethat, counter intuitively, formalized governance is necessary to sustain informalcompetitive entity success. Contrary to traditional network theory, social capitalmechanisms and trust are not solely adequate. We examine challenges facing wholenetworks and propose three governance strategies to address them: (1) formalizedgovernance with adequate authority; (2) centralized leadership with decentralizeddecision-making; and (3) provisions for managing membership composition. Wediscuss implications for practitioners and scholars and suggest research paths forvalidating and extending this theory.