Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptations to host infection and larval parasitism in Unionoida

Abstract Freshwater mussel larval parasitism of fish is unique among bivalves. The relationship is primarily phoretic rather than nutritive; only the smallest glochidia and the haustorial larva grow substantially while on the host. Growth of the smallest larvae suggests a lower functional size limit of ∼150 μm for the juvenile stage. Most Ambleminae, the most diverse North American clade, infect host gills by attracting feeding fish. Many species of Pleurobemini and some Lampsilini release conglutinates of eggs and larvae that resemble host food items. Many Lampsilini and a few Quadrulini use mantle modifications to attract host fish to the female. The mantle of some Quadrulini forms a posterior chamber that holds glochidia for immediate release in response to host fish. In many Lampsilini, mantle flap lures and a protrusible marsupium promote attack by the host fish and direct extraction of glochidia from the marsupium by the host. Host extraction of glochidia from the brooding female might have favored the evolution of long-term brooding in Lampsilini because glochidia need not be released by the female to encounter the host. A remarkable derivative of the host extraction strategy evolved in Epioblasma, which catch fish between the valves and release glochidia directly to the trapped host before releasing it. Host specificity is a critical feature of the evolutionary diversification and conservation biology of Unionoida. As temporary parasites, mussels must primarily evade the innate immune responses of the host, rather than the adaptive (acquired) responses. Evolution of host specificity is associated with selective encounter of host taxa, either because of host attraction strategies or because of dominance of particular host species in the habitat. The intricate relationships between mussels and fish are easily disrupted and, thus, contribute to the imperilment of many mussel species, yet they also fascinate us and compel conservation efforts.
Mitigating the authentication vulnerabilities in Web applications through security requirements

To design and implement secure web applications an analysis must start with an understanding of the risks to which application will be exposed. Business-centric Web applications need complex authentication policies to securely implement business processes. Threats against the confidentiality, availability and integrity of the data stored, processed and transmitted by application need to be matched against the policies, technologies and human factors that would protect them. The goal of this paper is to provide an insight into the secure development of web applications by exposing the pitfalls often encountered related to the authentication process and to security requirements that will ensure application is resilient to these attacks.
An Empirical Study of Individual Differences in Digital Library Interfaces

Individual differences play an important role in the way users develop different strategies for information seeking. Nevertheless, in general, the different information seeking environments do not consider these individual differences in their interface and functionalities. Previous studies have proven the importance of matching the interface with individual user preferences. Among the different environments for information seeking, digital Libraries are one of the most common ones. In this context, in order to provide an efficient service, it is essential to study how individual differences affect the interaction between users and the interface and functionalities provided by digital libraries. We present a study using Brunel Library catalogue as environment and according to three individual differences: (1) Cognitive Style, (2) Gender and (3) Level of Expertise. The results from this study provide the guidance to identify which areas of a digital library interface need to be improved and for which users. Key-Words: Digital Libraries, Individual Differences, User Satisfaction, Cognitive Styles
GLP-1 Response to Oral Glucose Is Reduced in Prediabetes, Screen-Detected Type 2 Diabetes, and Obesity and Influenced by Sex: The ADDITION-PRO Study

The role of glucose-stimulated release of GLP-1 in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes is unclear. We assessed GLP-1 response to oral glucose in a large study population of lean and obese men and women with normal and impaired glucose regulation. Circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were analyzed in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 774), prediabetes (n = 525), or screen-detected type 2 diabetes (n = 163) who attended the Danish ADDITION-PRO study (n = 1,462). Compared with individuals with NGT, women with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes had 25% lower GLP-1 response to an OGTT, and both men and women with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes had 16–21% lower 120-min GLP-1 concentrations independent of age and obesity. Obese and overweight individuals had up to 20% reduced GLP-1 response to oral glucose compared with normal weight individuals independent of glucose tolerance status. Higher GLP-1 responses were associated with better insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, older age, and lesser degree of obesity. Our findings indicate that a reduction in GLP-1 response to oral glucose occurs prior to the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which can have consequences for early prevention strategies for diabetes.
Investigation of Multi-path Transmission Protocols for Congestion Control

In this paper, we compare multi-path transmission protocols TCP - Low Priority (LP), TCP Friendly rate control (TFRC), TCP Westwood (TCP-W) and Compound TCP (CTCP) with Traditional TCP for measurement of fairness. Presently internet is governed by TCP protocol stack which has been fundamentally broken causing extreme unfairness to other TCP flows where no user will be able to achieve his rightful share of bandwidth. Besides problem with transport layer routers use single path to route packets to destination which leads to underutilization of resources. Therefore so, this paper evaluates working of new transport protocols in conjunction with multipath routing for achievement of fairness while effectively utilizing the available resources. Here simulations are carried out under problematic conditions by taking into account the node and link failures. Although results show varying results and characteristics for different performance metrics TFRC is found to be working most effectively.
A More Powerful Average Bioequivalence Analysis for the 2 × 2 Crossover

The 2 × 2 crossover is commonly used to establish average bioequivalence of two treatments. In practice, the sample size for this design is often calculated under a supposition that the true average bioavailabilities of the two treatments are almost identical. However, the average bioequivalence analysis that is subsequently carried out does not reflect this prior belief and this leads to a loss in efficiency. We propose an alternate average bioequivalence analysis that avoids this inefficiency. The validity and substantial power advantages of our proposed method are illustrated by simulations, and two numerical examples with real data are provided.
Equipment Operator Training in the Age of Internet2

Considering the established needs for operator training in the construction industry and vastly improved data communication using Internet2, the feasibility of an effective Internet based training system for backhoe operators is increasing. This paper presents ongoing work on a prototype system designed with the idea that eventually any electronically controlled backhoe can be adapted and connected to the Internet. Experimental tests have shown that 3-D, real time video in combination with force and sound feedback provide a data-rich control environment for the trainee. This paper also discusses how the availability of force and spatial position data can be used for running an online training program that provides the user with a series of structured tutorials and practice sessions. System features of a Virtual Coach might include the haptic feedback featured in the prototype system, depending on its demonstrated relevance to training efficacy, as well as digitized verbal information, including instructions, commands and real-time advice.
A subset of dendritic cells induces CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-γ by an IL-12–independent but CD70-dependent mechanism in vivo

Interferon (IFN)-γ, a cytokine critical for resistance to infection and tumors, is produced by CD4+ helper T lymphocytes after stimulation by cultured dendritic cells (DCs) that secrete a cofactor, interleukin (IL)-12. We have identified a major IL-12–independent pathway whereby DCs induce IFN-γ–secreting T helper (Th)1 CD4+ T cells in vivo. This pathway requires the membrane-associated tumor necrosis family member CD70 and was identified by targeting the LACK antigen from Leishmania major within an antibody to CD205 (DEC-205), an uptake receptor on a subset of DCs. Another major DC subset, targeted with 33D1 anti-DCIR2 antibody, also induced IFN-γ in vivo but required IL-12, not CD70. Isolated CD205+ DCs expressed cell surface CD70 when presenting antigen to T cell receptor transgenic T cells, and this distinction was independent of maturation stimuli. CD70 was also essential for CD205+ DC function in vivo. Detection of the IL-12–independent IFN-γ pathway was obscured with nontargeted LACK, which was presented by both DC subsets. This in situ analysis points to CD70 as a decision maker for Th1 differentiation by CD205+ DCs, even in Th2-prone BALB/c animals and potentially in vaccine design. The results indicate that two DC subsets have innate propensities to differentially affect the Th1/Th2 balance in vivo and by distinct mechanisms.
A Game Theory-based Fairness Call Admission Control Scheme for CDMA Systems

Call admission control (CAC) is one of the most important parts in radio resource management of CDMA networks, and it has an important effect on the quality of service (QoS). The most concern of traditional CAC strategies is to harmonize the blocking probability and dropping probability, so as to maximize the resource utility. With the development of radio network, not only resource utility is the emphasis of CAC but also fairness is becoming important. In the multimedia CDMA networks, once the high load stream traffic is admitted, it will over-use the resource greedily, which will cause the unfair use of the resource to other kinds of traffic. In this paper, we gain the accept probability of the new users by using Cobb- Douglas utility function to construct a price function, then we can get a Nash equilibrium point by using the accepting probability as the payoffs of a game. The fairness of resource utilization in different load situations is achieved by satisfying the concept of Nash equilibrium point. The analysis and simulation results show that, by using this game strategy, the fairness of resource utilization is well achieved, and it is quantified by the fairness factor of F.
Boundary States of c = 1 and 3/2 Rational Conformal Field Theories

We study the boundary states for the rational points in the moduli spaces of c = 1 conformal and c = 3/2 superconformal field theories, including the isolated Ginsparg points. We use the orbifold and simple-current techniques to relate the boundary states of different theories and to obtain symmetry-breaking, non-Cardy boundary states. We show some interesting examples of fractional and twisted branes on orbifold spaces.
19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool To Investigate Microbial Degradation of Fluorophenols to Fluorocatechols and Fluoromuconates

ABSTRACT A method was developed to study the biodegradation and oxidative biodehalogenation of fluorinated phenols by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Characterization of the 19F NMR spectra of metabolite profiles of a series of fluorophenols, converted by purified phenol hydroxylase, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, and/or by the yeast-like fungus Exophiala jeanselmei, provided possibilities for identification of the 19F NMR chemical shift values of fluorinated catechol and muconate metabolites. As an example, the 19F NMR method thus defined was used to characterize the time-dependent metabolite profiles of various halophenols in either cell extracts or in incubations with whole cells of E. jeanselmei. The results obtained for these two systems are similar, except for the level of muconates observed. Altogether, the results of the present study describe a19F NMR method which provides an efficient tool for elucidating the metabolic pathways for conversion of fluorine-containing phenols by microorganisms, with special emphasis on possibilities for biodehalogenation and detection of the type of fluorocatechols and fluoromuconates involved. In addition, the method provides possibilities for studying metabolic pathways in vivo in whole cells.
“ Qgol ” A system for simulating quantum computations : Theory , Implementation and Insights

I developed a simulator in an attempt to widen research into quantum computing. The design experiences in doing so highlighted many links between the fields of quantum theory and functional programming, and showed an interesting problem in which objectoriented design is counter-productive. The non-imperative design for the simulator made it possible for me to write a formal abstract definition of quantum computation that corresponds more closely to the behaviour of existing quantum systems than previous proposals. Moreover, I was able to generalise this abstract definition to include all known computational universes, and also to provide a framework for creating new ones. (Some examples appear in the appendices.) In writing the simulator, I have also have created a new experimental test to determine the possibility of using quantum physics for faster-than-light communication — a positive result in this experiment would show it to be impossible. (This is unique — all other tests can only “fail to prove existance” rather than provide a proof of non-existance).
Population-specific evaluation of implant bone fitting using PCA shape space and level sets

Currently in orthopedic research, bone shape variability within a specific population has been seldom investigated and used to optimise implant design, which is commonly performed by evaluating implant bone fitting on a limited dataset. In this paper, we extend our method for optimisation in statistical shape space, to global assessment of population-specific implant bone fitting. The method is based on a level set segmentation approach, used on the parametric space of the statistical shape model of the target population. The method highlights which patterns of bone variability are more important for implant fitting, allowing and easing implant design improvements. Results are presented for proximal human tibia.
Exploring the Unexplored: Identifying Implicit and Indirect Descriptions of Biomedical Terminologies Based on Multifaceted Weighting Combinations

In order to achieve relevant scholarly information from the biomedical databases, researchers generally use technical terms as queries such as proteins, genes, diseases, and other biomedical descriptors. However, the technical terms have limits as query terms because there are so many indirect and conceptual expressions denoting them in scientific literatures. Combinatorial weighting schemes are proposed as an initial approach to this problem, which utilize various indexing and weighting methods and their combinations. In the experiments based on the proposed system and previously constructed evaluation collection, this approach showed promising results in that one could continually locate new relevant expressions by combining the proposed weighting schemes. Furthermore, it could be ascertained that the most outperforming binary combinations of the weighting schemes, showing the inherent traits of the weighting schemes, could be complementary to each other and it is possible to find hidden relevant documents based on the proposed methods.
Embedding Knowledge Graphs Based on Transitivity and Antisymmetry of Rules

Representation learning of knowledge graphs encodes entities and relation types into a continuous low-dimensional vector space, learns embeddings of entities and relation types. Most existing methods only concentrate on knowledge triples, ignoring logic rules which contain rich background knowledge. Although there has been some work aiming at leveraging both knowledge triples and logic rules, they ignore the transitivity and antisymmetry of logic rules. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to learn knowledge representations with entities and ordered relations in knowledges and logic rules. The key idea is to integrate knowledge triples and logic rules, and approximately order the relation types in logic rules to utilize the transitivity and antisymmetry of logic rules. All entries of the embeddings of relation types are constrained to be non-negative. We translate the general constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained optimization problem to solve the non-negative matrix factorization. Experimental results show that our model significantly outperforms other baselines on knowledge graph completion task. It indicates that our model is capable of capturing the transitivity and antisymmetry information, which is significant when learning embeddings of knowledge graphs.
Learning Similarity Metrics by Factorising Adjacency Matrices

Similarity metrics are a core component of many information retrieval and machine learning systems. In this work we propose a method capable of learning a similarity metric from data equipped with a binary relation. By factorising the adjacency matrix of the relation we are able to learn target vectors for each instance. A regression model can then be constructed that maps instances to these learned targets, resulting in a feature extractor that computes vectors for which the inner product is a meaningful measure of similarity. The primary advantage of our approach is the vastly improved running time compared to other methods that rely on pairwise similarity constraints. We present results demonstrating our method can converge several times faster, while also exhibiting competitive or superior accuracy.
Familienstrukturen in Familien von Kindern mit einer Störung mit Trennungsangst

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Storung mit Trennungsangst ist eine der haufigsten psychischen Erkrankung im Kindesalter, bei der das Familiensystem in besonderem Ausmas mit betroffen ist. Untersuchungen mit Kindern mit Schulverweigerung und komorbider Trennungsangst weisen darauf hin, dass in Familien dieser Kinder haufiger dysfunktionale Familienkonstellationen vorliegen. Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie hat das Ziel zu uberprufen, ob Familien mit Trennungsangst haufiger dysfunktionale Familienstrukturen aufweisen als Familien von Kindern mit anderen Angststorungen oder ohne psychische Storung. Methode: 71 Familien von Kindern mit Trennungsangst, 25 Familien mit Kindern mit anderen Angststorungen und 21 Familien mit Kindern ohne psychische Storungen wurden mit dem Familiensystemtest (FAST) untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Gruppen unterscheiden sich nicht signifikant in der Haufigkeit dysfunktionaler Familienstrukturen. Diskussion: Dysfunktionale (verstrickte) Familienstruktur und Trennun.
From Scratch to Patch: Easing the Blocks-Text Transition

A significant consequence of the phenomenal success of block-based languages such as Scratch in introducing novices to computer programming, coupled with the fact that "real world" programming is generally performed via textual languages, has been that educators have been increasingly forced to address the question of how one may best facilitate this transition. Yet if transfer of computational thinking (CT) skills from one language to another is to occur such skills must exist in the first place, and therefore prior to the issue of transition one must also consider the extent to which a first language provides support for their development. Drawing upon experience gained as a teacher of Computing to children in UK Key Stages 1, 2 and 3, using both Scratch and Python, this discussion presents the pedagogical arguments for a modified version of Scratch 1.4 called "Patch". Patch addresses these issues by providing inter alia an integrated tracing/debugging tool and user-editable pseudo-code blocks to assist algorithm development and implementation. In addition to providing enhanced support for the teaching of CT skills, Patch also introduces new iterator blocks and user-defined functions with Python-like syntax, as well as a number of other syntactical changes, in order to prepare for and minimise the gap between these two languages.
Intraadministration associations: conditional hyperalgesia elicited by morphine onset cues.

There is evidence that exteroceptive cues associated with drug administration elicit conditional compensatory responding (e.g., hyperalgesia in organisms with a history of morphine administration). Recently it has become apparent that, within each administration, interoceptive early-drug onset cues (DOCs) may become associated with the later, larger drug effect (intraadministration associations). The present experiments evaluated DOC-elicited conditional hyperalgesia in rats intravenously infused with morphine. The results indicated that DOC-elicited hyperalgesia contributes to tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine, and such DOC-elicited hyperalgesia is an associative phenomenon, rather than a sensitized response to the opiate. The findings suggest that associative analyses of tolerance should acknowledge the conditional responding elicited by DOCs, and extinction-based addiction treatments should incorporate extinction of DOC-elicited conditional responding.
On the GPU performance of cell-centered finite volume method over unstructured tetrahedral meshes

Finite volume methods are widely used numerical strategies for solving partial differential equations. This paper aims at obtaining a quantitative understanding of the achievable GPU performance of finite volume computations in the context of the cell-centered finite volume method on 3D unstructured tetrahedral meshes. By using an optimized implementation and a synthetic connectivity matrix that exhibits a perfect structure of equal-sized blocks lying on the main diagonal, we can closely relate the achievable computing performance to the size of these diagonal blocks. Moreover, we have derived a theoretical model for identifying characteristic levels of the attainable performance as function of the GPU's key hardware parameters. A realistic upper limit of the performance can thus be accurately predicted. For real-world tetrahedral meshes, the key to high performance lies in a reordering of the tetrahedra, such that the resulting connectivity matrix resembles a block diagonal form where the optimal size of the blocks depends on the GPU hardware. Performance can then be predicted accurately based on the success of the reordering. Numerical experiments confirm that the achieved performance is close to the practically attainable maximum and it reaches 75% of the theoretical upper limit, independent of the actual tetrahedral mesh considered.