Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Recent Carbonate Sediments of Palmyra Atoll, Northern Line Islands, Central Pacific Ocean

Palmyra Atoll is an isolated carbonate reef system located approximately 1600 km south of Hawaii in the northern Line Islands, central Pacific Ocean. Sediment samples from the lagoons and tidal zones were analyzed for grainsize and composition, and the results used to compile detailed maps and interpret the environments and lithofacies present. A distinct grainsize distribution was observed forming concentric bands ranging from coarse gravel rubble on the outer reef through to finer material in the interior of the atoll in the deep lagoons, where peloidal muds prevail. Five lithologic facies have been identified and typical sediments are poorly sorted and near-symmetrical in their grainsize distribution. On average, sediments are medium sand. A distinct chlorozoan assemblage was observed with coral and calcareous red algal fragments forming half of the sediment, with varying amounts of molluscs, Halimeda and foraminifera being the lesser major constituents. Lagoonal and tidal sediments showed little variation in composition between locations and lacked clear compositional zonation, characteristic of other larger atolls of the Pacific. Palmyra Atoll is unique in that it has had little human intervention for the last sixty years and as a result uninhibited natural processes are occurring. It is also unique in that it displays relatively deep for its size (<55 m), steep-sided compartmentalized lagoons that have abundant fine material (upward of 70% silt or finer), a feature not commonly observed at other Pacific atolls. This fine material has been identified as a peloidal mud and its mode and rate of deposition may be partly controlled by the abundant zooplankton in the lagoons. Recent sediments of Palmyra Atoll are almost entirely carbonate, originating from reef organisms inhabiting the atoll. The only other material is small amounts of siliceous sponge skeletons.
Genetic basis of maize maternal haploid induction beyond MATRILINEAL and ZmDMP

In maize, doubled haploid (DH) lines are created in vivo through crosses with maternal haploid inducers. Their induction ability, usually expressed as haploid induction rate (HIR), is known to be under polygenic control. Although two major genes (MTL and ZmDMP) affecting this trait were recently described, many others remain unknown. To identify them, we designed and performed a SNP based (~9007) genome-wide association study using a large and diverse panel of 159 maternal haploid inducers. Our analyses identified a major gene near MTL, which is present in all inducers and necessary to disrupt haploid induction. We also found a significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 10 using a case-control mapping approach, in which 793 noninducers were used as controls. This QTL harbors a kokopelli ortholog, whose role in maternal haploid induction was recently described in Arabidopsis. QTL with smaller effects were identified on six of the ten maize chromosomes, confirming the polygenic nature of this trait. These QTL could be incorporated into inducer breeding programs through marker-assisted selection approaches. Further improving HIR is important to reduce the cost of DH line production.
Passage and Survival of Hatchery Yearling Chinook Salmon at McNary Dam, 2002

Gordon A. Axel, Eric E. Hockersmith, M. Brad Eppard, and Benjamin P. SandfordReport of research byFish Ecology DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattle, Washington 98112toWalla Walla DistrictU.S. Army Corps of Engineers201 North 3rdWalla Walla, WA 99363-1876Contract W68SBV92844866December 2004
A 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, Zileuton, Modulates Host Immune Responses and Improves Lung Function in a Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Induced by Betacoronavirus

Exacerbated inflammatory responses are a hallmark of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Zileuton (Zi) is a selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in the production of several inflammatory/pro-resolving lipid mediators. Herein, we investigated the effect of Zi treatment in a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) model. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)3-infected mice treated with Zi significantly improved the clinical score, weight loss, cardiopulmonary function, and survival rates compared with infected untreated animals. The protection observed in Zi-treated mice was associated with a lower inflammatory score, reduced dendritic cell-producing tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and increased neutrophil-producing interleukin (IL)-10 in the lungs three days after infection (dpi). At 5 dpi, the lungs of treated mice showed an increase in Th2-, Treg CD4+-, and Treg CD8+-producing IL-10 and reduced Th1 infiltrating cells. Furthermore, similar results were found upon Zi treatment after SARS-CoV-2 infection in transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor driven by the cytokeratin-18 (K18) gene promoter (K18-hACE2), significantly improving the clinical score, weight loss, and lung inflammatory score compared with untreated animals. Our data suggest that Zi protects against developing severe lung disease during SARS induced by betacoronavirus without affecting the host’s capacity to deal with infection.
The Power of Monitoring Stations and a CO2 Fertilization Effect: Evidence from Causal Relationships between NDVI and Carbon Dioxide

Abstract Two hypotheses are tested: 1) monitoring stations (e.g., Mauna Loa) are not able to measure changes in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 that are generated by changes in terrestrial vegetation at distant locations; 2) changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide do not affect terrestrial vegetation at large scales under conditions that now exist in situ, by estimating statistical models of the relationship between satellite measurements of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa and Point Barrow. To go beyond simple correlations, the notion of Granger causality is used. Results indicate that the authors are able to identify locations where and months when disturbances to the terrestrial biota “Granger cause” atmospheric CO2. The authors are also able to identify locations where and months when disturbances to the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide generate changes in NDVI. Together, these re.
Debris-Influenced Sliding Laws and Basal Debris Balance

Abstract In order to determine the effect of basal debris drag as a component in a sliding law, it is necessary to know the basal debris concentration. Does, for example, this debris concentration exhibit uniformity, in an average sense, across a valley? What effect does a localized region of high quarryability have on basal debris concentration down-stream? The analysis presented here suggests that, for the case of sparse debris, debris concentration tends to be uniform over the entire bed. Consequently, the debris-drag term in a sliding law will also tend to be uniform. In order to reach the above conclusions, it is necessary to consider debris balance, the balance of the quarrying, abrasion, and debris-flushing rates. This entails proposing and testing quarrying and flushing laws, since these laws have not been previously proposed. It is concluded that the quarrying, flushing, and erosion rates depend weakly on the sliding velocity. Furthermore, the abrasion rate is negligible compared to the quarrying rate. (This conclusion depends partially on the definition of abrasion.) The quarrying rate also depends on other factors such as the effective pressure_pressure-fluctuation mechanism; the cross-valley dependency of this mechanism is investigated. The flushing rate is found to depend on the ratio, N-channel area/bed area, and on average N-channel diameter.
Topological superconductivity of line defects in transition metal dichalcogenides

Convincing signatures of Majorana zero modes (MZMs) are one necessary requirement for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computations based on topological superconductivity (TSC). In addition to improving fabrication techniques, exploring the stoichiometric TSC platform is another route to suppressing the inﬂuences of trivial in-gap modes on the signatures of MZMs. Stoichiometric transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) with topological surface states (TSSs) are promising but the ﬁeld range of inducing magnetic vortices to harbor MZMs is limited by the small perpendicular upper critical ﬁeld. Here, we propose that the line defects of chalcogen vacancies (CVs) embedded in TMDs are the stoichiometric TSC candidates for realizing stable MZMs without needing the TSSs under a wide range of in-plane magnetic ﬁelds. Detailed analysis and calculations on the 1H-Mo X 2 , 1H-W X 2 , and 1T-Pt X 2 ( X = S , Se, or Te) monolayers with CV line defects indicate the antisymmetric spin-orbit coupling effect, known as the origin of odd-parity pairing, is ensured by noncentrosymmetric point group symmetry. First-principles TSC phase diagrams are constructed to facilitate experimental detection of convincing signatures for the MZMs located at both ends of the line defect. Our ﬁndings enrich the stoichiometric TSC candidates and will promote device fabrication to manipulating and storing quantum information based on the device-friendly TMDs.
The Ecological Correlates of Armed Conflict: A Geospatial and Spatial-Statistical Approach to Conflict Modeling

Grid of estimated aridity with a spatial resolution of 10 arc minutes. This dataset represents average yearly precipitation divided by average yearly potential evapotranspiration, an aridity index defined by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). The classification of the aridity index is: Classification Aridity Index Global land area Hyperarid AI < 0.05 7.5% Arid 0.05 < AI < 0.20 12.1% Semi-arid 0.20 < AI < 0.50 17.7% Dry subhumid 0.50 < AI < 0.65 9.9% Purpose: The aridity index dataset is useful to locate areas that suffer from a lack of available water. Lower values on the aridity index may adversely affect agricultural production and livestock health due to the dryness of the climate. Status: completed Descriptive keywords: precipitation , rainfall , aridity , climate , meteorology , available water (theme). Descriptive keywords: World (place). Spatial representation type: grid Distance: [uom] Distance: 10 arc minutes Language: English Character set: utf8 Topic category code: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Extent Temporal Extent Begin date 1961 End date 1990 Extent Geographic bounding box North bound latitude 90 West bound longitude -180 East bound longitude 180 South bound latitude -90 Supplemental Information: The input data used to calculate this dataset are part of the "CRU CL 2.0 Global Climate Dataset" prepared by the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, UK, and distributed through the website: http://www.cru. uea.ac. uk/~timm/grid/CRU_CL_2_0. html). Distribution info OnLine resource Online link to the 'The CRU CL 2.0'website Data for download Global map of aridity 10 arc minutes Spatial representation info Number of dimensions 4 Dimension name row
An investigation into the physical causes of scaling and heterogeneity of regional flood frequency

Peak discharge data from catchments in the central Appalachian region of eastern United States suggest that the coefficient of variation of annual flood peaks, CV[Q], is not constant, as implied by the index flood method but varies with catchment size in a complex manner [Smith, 1992]. Gupta et al. [1994] have interpreted the data as indicating that for catchments smaller than a critical threshold size, CV[Q] increases with increasing catchment size, while for larger catchments CV[Q] decreases with catchment size. Our analysis of the same discharge data suggests further that the spatial heterogeneity of these flood frequency characteristics, for example, mean annual flood,E[Q], and coefficient of variation, CV[Q], between catchments in the region is also not constant but varies systematically with catchment size. The spatial heterogeneity of E[Q] appears to decrease with catchment size, while heterogeneity of CV[Q] appears to mirror the observed scaling behavior of CV[Q]. These observations have been made based on statistical analysis of empirical flood data without being underpinned by a physical theory to explain them. In this paper, motivated by these observations and by the need for a physical theory of regional flood frequency, we develop a simple derived flood frequency model. On the basis of insights provided by the model, we relate the increase of CV[Q] with catchment size for small catchments (smaller than a threshold size) to the scaling behavior of the ratio of storm duration to catchment response time. On the other hand, we connect the decrease of CV[Q] with catchment size for larger catchments to the spatial scaling of rainfall (excess) intensity. Our simple model also permits us to separate the relative contributions of catchment routing response and rainfall intensity to the scaling behavior of E[Q]. Our results also lead us to hypothesize that the heterogeneity ofCV[Q] between catchments is primarily due to the heterogeneity of catchment response time, while the heterogeneity of E[Q] is primarily due to the heterogeneity of runoff generation processes.
Measuring rangeland vegetation with high resolution airborne videography in the blue-near infrared spectral region

An airborne video system was used to investigate the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral properties of soil and vegetation features across a range of common arid landscape types. The four-camera system was equipped with filters of 25mm bandwidth centred on 450nm ('blue'), 550nm ('green'), 650nm ('red') and 770nm ('NIR'). The aim was to determine what vegetation properties could be detected by combining data from the blue part of the spectrum with the green, red and NIR range, thereby utilizing information contained in the first channel of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) (450-520nm). Adding information from the blue end of the spectrum did not assist in discriminating between green vegetation and dry vegetation or green vegetation and bare soil. This separation is best done with a red/NIR ratio. Neither was the blue band an improvement over the PD54 red-green perpendicular distance index in distinguishing between soil and vegetation, irrespective of phenological condition. The blue band can help separate soil from dry vegetation when combined with the sum of brightness values in the red and green bands in a perpendicular distance index. These properties of the spectral dataspace lead to a sequential classification procedure by which airborne videography data can be used to measure vegetation components which are much slower to assess with conventional ground-based methods. Videography has great potential for rapidly verifying or calibrating vegetation cover indices derivedfrom satellite data. Vegetation cover derived from classifying high resolution video data acquired from a heterogeneous floodplain area correlated well with vegetation indices computed from contemporary and co-registered TM data. The most effective indices for measuring vegetation cover with TM data are the PD54 index, brightness in the red band and a perpendicular index based on the sum of the red-green bands and the blue band. However, multiple regression indicates that the addition of a red/NIR ratio as an additional predictor of cover does not greatly improve the performance of these indices.
Red Hills: Migrants and the State in the Highlands of Vietnam

During the twentieth century, several million rural inhabitants of Vietnam's northern delta made the decision to move home, seeking new space for themselves in the country's highlands. Their decisions and the settlements they created had wide-ranging effects on their home communities and on the people and environment of their destinations. Many migrations were made in response to policy decisions made in Hanoi, first by the French colonial authorities and later by Vietnam's independent socialist states. This ground-breaking study of the settlements of Vietnam's highland regions offers a historical analysis of and provides profound insights into the political economy of migration both in Vietnam and elsewhere. It shows how colonial but especially socialist policies changed the face of the Vietnamese highlands, as settlers from the plains turned the hills 'red'. Placing people's experiences in the context of government policy and national history, this book explores their anticipations, difficulties, achievements and disappointments, high-lighting the geopolitical importance of the highlands. The study can be read as a contribution to migration studies in South-east Asia, but also as a grassroots history of 20th-century Vietnam. Written in a lively reading style and illustrated by numerous maps and photographs, this study promises to become a classic in Vietnamese historical studies.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress related genome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies therapeutic genes for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Background: Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is an important pathophysiological mechanism in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). ERS-related genes may be influenced by genetic factors and intestinal inflammation. However, the role of ERS as a trigger or potential etiological factor for UC and CD is unclear, as the expression of ERS-related genes in UC and CD may be the cause or subsequent changes in intestinal inflammation. Here, we used a three-step summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) approach integrating multi-omics data to identify putative causal effects of ERS-related genes in UC and CD. Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data for UC (6,968 cases and 20,464 controls) and CD (5,956 cases and 14,927 controls) were extracted as outcome, and DNA methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL, 1,980 participants) data and expression QTL data (eQTL, 31,684 participants) from the blood were obtained as exposure. The ERS-related genes were extracted from the GeneCards database, and then the GWAS summary data were integrated with the mQTL and eQTL data associated with ERS genes by SMR. Sensitivity analysis included two-sample MR analysis, power calculations, Bayesian co-localization analysis, and phenotype scanning were performed to evaluate the robustness of the results. Results: A total of 1,193 ERS-related genes were obtained. The three-step SMR analysis showed that cg24011261 CpG site regulating GPX1 expression was associated with a low risk of UC, whereas GPX1 expression regulated by a combination of cg05055782, cg24011261, and cg05551922 CpG sites was associated with a low risk of CD. Sensitivity analysis further supports these findings. Conclusion: This multi-omics integration study identifies a causal relationship between the role of ERS in UC and CD and suggests potential new therapeutic targets for clinical practice.
Advancements in Flux Switching Machine Optimization: Applications and Future Prospects

Flux switching machines play a crucial role in emerging sectors such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, and the aerospace industry. Recent advancements have underscored their potential for achieving high torque density, effective heat management, and flux-weakening capabilities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the design optimization of these machines, offering a unique contribution, as no previous attempts have delved into a detailed exploration of various optimization techniques specific to this technology. Special attention is given to state-of-the-art technologies related to multi-objective optimization and the performance analysis of the three variants: permanent magnet, wound-field, and hybrid excited. The review highlights and compares several optimization strategies from recent research, revealing research gaps in integrating advanced control algorithms, thermal, vibroacoustic, and structural models into the optimization design process of these machines. Furthermore, this review identifies essential trends in optimization development, offering valuable insights and future perspectives for these machines across diverse applications.
Cultural barriers to male partners’ involvement in antenatal care in Limpopo province

Background Participation of male partners in antenatal care (ANC) is a complicated process that involves social and behavioural transformation. It necessitates that males take a more active part in reproductive health. Men’s participation in prenatal care has been linked to beneficial health outcomes such as enhanced maternal health outcomes across the world. However, culture has been identified as a barrier to male partners’ participation in prenatal care. Aim The aim of the study was to explore and describe the cultural barriers to male partner involvement in ANC. Setting The study focussed on selected clinics and hospitals under Vhembe District, Limpopo province. Methods Qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual research design was used in this study. Qualitative data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). A thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the collected data from semi-structured interviews and FGDs. Results The findings revealed three themes: cultural beliefs and practices that affect male partners’ involvement in ANC; gender-related barriers that affect male partners’ involvement in ANC; and socioeconomic barriers to male partners’ involvement in ANC. Conclusion The study’s findings revealed that certain cultural beliefs and practices are a stumbling block to male partners’ involvement in antenatal healthcare. Contribution Culturally based developed strategy might help in improving the knowledge and practices of male partners in ANC.
Freeform wide-field-of-view near-infrared imaging spectrometer for spaceborne climate monitoring

Earth observation and greenhouse gas sensing from space provides vital information for climate and climate change monitoring, indicating the importance of novel spaceborne telescopes and spectrometers. We present a novel freeform pushbroom imaging spectrometer enabling the sensing of water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, while fitting within 2 CubeSats Units. The design comprises a 2-mirror freeform telescope, combined with a near-infrared (1100 – 1700 nm) spectrometer featuring 3 freeform mirrors and a reflective grating, providing both spatial and spectral information using a 2D detector. All mirrors are described and optimized using XY polynomials, enabling a nearly diffraction-limited performance. The novel design is exceeding the state-of-the-art, by showing a full FOV of 120°, a spatial resolution of 2.6 km, and a spectral resolution of 13 nm. According to our knowledge, our novel design shows the widest field-of-view that has ever been realized for space-based telescopes, nearly reaching Earth observation from limb to limb from an altitude of about 700 km. The freeform telescope mirrors were manufactured in-house using high-precision 5-axis milling and 5-axis ultraprecision diamond tooling. Finally, a laboratory proof-of-concept demonstrator was realized validating the field-of-view and focusing spot sizes, paving the way for future space missions that target wide field-ofview imaging and/or an enhanced climate monitoring.