Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When diagnosing ADHD in young adults emphasize informant reports, DSM items, and impairment.

OBJECTIVE This study examined several questions about the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in young adults using data from a childhood-diagnosed sample of 200 individuals with ADHD (age M = 20.20 years) and 121 demographically similar non-ADHD controls (total N = 321). METHOD We examined the use of self- versus informant ratings of current and childhood functioning and evaluated the diagnostic utility of adult-specific items versus items from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). RESULTS Results indicated that although a majority of young adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD continued to experience elevated ADHD symptoms (75%) and clinically significant impairment (60%), only 9.6%-19.7% of the childhood ADHD group continued to meet DSM-IV-TR (DSM, 4th ed., text rev.) criteria for ADHD in young adulthood. Parent report was more diagnostically sensitive than self-report. Young adults with ADHD tended to underreport current symptoms, while young adults without ADHD tended to overreport symptoms. There was no significant incremental benefit beyond parent report alone to combining self-report with parent report. Non-DSM-based, adult-specific symptoms of ADHD were significantly correlated with functional impairment and endorsed at slightly higher rates than the DSM-IV-TR symptoms. However, DSM-IV-TR items tended to be more predictive of diagnostic group membership than the non-DSM adult-specific items due to elevated control group item endorsement. CONCLUSIONS Implications for the assessment and treatment of ADHD in young adults are discussed (i.e., collecting informant reports, lowering the diagnostic threshold, emphasizing impairment, and cautiously interpreting retrospective reports).
The galliform (Turkey thigh) model for resident training in facial plastic surgery

INTRODUCTION Learning the subtleties of dissection and tissue rearrangement requires study and practice. Students with prior exposure to soft tissue techniques are most likely to benefit from teaching in the operating room. Soft tissue simulation allows necessary repetition and facilitates understanding of complex flap procedures. It also permits objective assessment of skill level. Educators have employed numerous materials and models to facilitate acquisition of cutaneous surgical skills. These include pigs’ feet, synthetic multilayered skin pads, stretched animal skins, human cadavers, live mice, and virtual reality simulators. Each has its limitations. Pigs’ feet are widely used in surgical training as a model for human skin. Although structurally similar to the skin of human extremities, pig skin is thick and inflexible, making it a poor stand-in for human facial tissues. Multilayer commercial synthetic models simulate epidermal, dermal, and fat layers. They allow for undermining and subcuticular closure techniques and carry no risk of infection or contamination. However, these models are expensive, and plastic layers imitate the feel of tissue poorly. Stretched animal skins require considerable setup time and lack deep tissue layers. Live animals play an important role in the development of microvascular technique, but are expensive and ethically questionable when nonviable alternatives are available. Formalin-fixed cadavers have rigid soft tissues that do not handle well. Fresh human parts are technically ideal but are rare, expensive, and pose a significant infection risk. Computer-based virtual reality simulators featuring tissue deformation and haptic feedback are not yet fully developed. We present a facial soft tissue surgery model using defeathered fresh turkey thighs. It is inexpensive, readily available, and carries a low risk of zoonotic infection. We describe the histologic structure of galliform skin and compare its operative handling characteristics to human tissue and the more commonly used porcine limb model.
Creation versus Destruction of T Cell Epitopes in the Class II MHC Pathway

Abstract: Proteases perform two key roles in the class II MHC antigen processing pathway. They initiate removal of the invariant chain chaperone for class II MHC and they generate peptides from foreign and self proteins for eventual capture and display to T cells. How a balance is achieved between generation of suitable peptides versus their complete destruction in an aggressive proteolytic environment is not known. Nor is it known in most cases which proteases are actually involved in antigen processing. Our recent studies have identified asparagine endopeptidase (AEP or legumain) as an enzyme that contributes to both productive and destructive antigen processing in the class II MHC pathway. The emerging consensus seems to be that individual proteolytic enzymes make clear and non‐redundant contributions to antigen processing.
Depression and suicide ideation in chronic hepatitis C patients untreated and treated with interferon: prevalence, prevention, and treatment

Interferon-based therapies were until recently the standard of care in chronic hepatitis C (CHC), despite their side effects. We aimed to review the available data on the depression and suicide in CHC patients receiving or not antiviral therapy based on interferon treatment. A PubMed search was performed, identifying relevant papers published between 1991 and January 2015 concerning major depressive disorders and suicidal risk in patients under interferon. A total of 21 relevant papers were retrieved. Prospective studies reported depression as the most common side effect of interferon, with an incidence peak between weeks 8 and 12 of therapy. Suicide risk was analyzed in 7 of the reviewed articles, and case reports of attempted suicide were discussed. Moreover, studies have shown that pretreatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors is a good strategy for the prevention of interferon-induced depression.
Recent Advances in Developing Small Molecules Targeting Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acids participate in a large number of biological processes. However, current approaches for small molecules targeting protein are incompatible with nucleic acids. On the other hand, the lack of crystallization of nucleic acid is the limiting factor for nucleic acid drug design. Because of the improvements in crystallization in recent years, a great many structures of nucleic acids have been reported, providing basic information for nucleic acid drug discovery. This review focuses on the discovery and development of small molecules targeting nucleic acids.
Assessment of Striatal Dopamine Transporter Binding in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder: In Vivo Positron Emission Tomography and Postmortem Evidence.

Importance Major depressive disorder (MDD) might involve dopamine (DA) reductions. The DA transporter (DAT) regulates DA clearance and neurotransmission and is sensitive to DA levels, with preclinical studies (including those involving inescapable stressors) showing that DAT density decreases when DA signaling is reduced. Despite preclinical data, evidence of reduced DAT in MDD is inconclusive. Objective Using a highly selective DAT positron emission tomography (PET) tracer ([11C] altropane), DAT availability was probed in individuals with MDD who were not taking medication. Levels of DAT expression were also evaluated in postmortem tissues from donors with MDD who died by suicide. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional PET study was conducted at McLean Hospital (Belmont, Massachusetts) and Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston) and enrolled consecutive individuals with MDD who were not taking medication and demographically matched healthy controls between January 2012 and March 2014. Brain tissues were obtained from the Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank. For the PET component, 25 individuals with current MDD who were not taking medication and 23 healthy controls recruited from McLean Hospital were included (all provided usable data). For the postmortem component, 15 individuals with depression and 14 healthy controls were considered. Intervention PET scan. Main Outcomes and Measures Striatal and midbrain DAT binding potential was assessed. For the postmortem component, tyrosine hydroxylase and DAT levels were evaluated using Western blots. Results Compared with 23 healthy controls (13 women [56.5%]; mean [SD] age, 26.49 [7.26] years), 25 individuals with MDD (19 women [76.0%]; mean [SD] age, 26.52 [5.92] years) showed significantly lower in vivo DAT availability in the bilateral putamen and ventral tegmental area (Cohen d range, -0.62 to -0.71), and both reductions were exacerbated with increasing numbers of depressive episodes. Unlike healthy controls, the MDD group failed to show an age-associated reduction in striatal DAT availability, with young individuals with MDD being indistinguishable from older healthy controls. Moreover, DAT availability in the ventral tegmental area was lowest in individuals with MDD who reported feeling trapped in stressful circumstances. Lower DAT levels (and tyrosine hydroxylase) in the putamen of MDD compared with healthy controls were replicated in postmortem analyses (Cohen d range, -0.92 to -1.15). Conclusions and Relevance Major depressive disorder, particularly with recurring episodes, is characterized by decreased striatal DAT expression, which might reflect a compensatory downregulation due to low DA signaling within mesolimbic pathways.
The Molecular Basis of Impaired Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Action

The pituitary gonadotropin follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) interacts with its membrane-bound receptor to produce biologic effects. Traditional functions of FSH include follicular development and estradiol production in females, and the regulation of Sertoli cell action and spermatogenesis in males. Knockout mice for both the ligand (Fshb) and the receptor (Fshr) serve as models for FSH deficiency, while Fshb and Fshr transgenic mice manifest FSH excess. In addition, inactivating mutations of both human orthologs (FSHB and FSHR) have been characterized in a small number of patients, with phenotypic effects of the ligand disruption being more profound than those of its receptor. Activating human FSHR mutants have also been described in both sexes, leading to a phenotype of normal testis function (male) or spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (females). As determined from human and mouse models, FSH is essential for normal puberty and fertility in females, particularly for ovarian follicular development beyond the antral stage. In males, FSH is necessary for normal spermatogenesis, but there are differences in human and mouse models. The FSHB mutations in humans result in azoospermia; while FSHR mutations in humans and knockouts of both the ligand and the receptor in mice affect testicular function but do not result in absolute infertility. Available evidence also indicates that FSH may also be necessary for normal androgen synthesis in males and females.
Egocentric space-distorting visualizations for rapid environment exploration in mobile mixed reality

Most of today's mobile internet devices contain facilities to display maps of the user's surroundings with points of interest embedded into the map. Other researchers have already explored complementary, egocentric visualizations of these points of interest using mobile mixed reality. Being able to perceive the point of interest in detail within the user's current context is desirable, however, it is challenging to display off-screen or occluded points of interest. We have designed and implemented space-distorting visualizations to address these situations. While this class of visualizations has been extensively studied in information visualization, we are not aware of any attempts to apply them to augmented or mixed reality. Based on the informal user feedback that we have gathered, we have performed several iterations on our visualizations. We hope that our initial results can inspire other researchers to also investigate space-distorting visualizations for mixed and augmented reality.
Do we know more about hypertension in Poland after the May Measurement Month 2017?—Europe

Abstract Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a worldwide burden, leading to over 10 million deaths yearly. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative organized by the International Society of Hypertension aimed at raising awareness of hypertension and the need for BP screening. An opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 was carried out in May 2017. BP measurement, the definition of hypertension and statistical analysis followed the globally approved MMM17 Study Protocol. In Poland 5834 (98.9%, Caucasian) individuals were screened. After multiple imputation, 2601 (35.3%) had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving anti-hypertensive medication, 976 (20.6%) were hypertensive. Of individuals receiving anti-hypertensive medication, 532 (49.1%) had uncontrolled BP. In the crude screened group, 81.4% declared to not receive any anti-hypertensive treatment, while the remaining 18.6% were on such medications. In overweight and obese patients both systolic and diastolic BP were significantly higher than in normal weight and underweight subjects. In addition, BP measured on Sundays was significantly lower than on Mondays. MMM17 was one of the largest recent BP screening campaigns in Poland. We found that over 1/3 of participants were hypertensive. Almost half of the treated subjects had uncontrolled BP. These results suggest that opportunistic screening can identify substantial numbers with raised BP.
COUNTERGRADIENT SELECTION IN THE GREEN FROG, RANA CLAMITANS

Variation in life history characteristics among different populations of a single species is commonly interpreted as a set of multiple evolutionary adaptations to differing environments. Studies on amphibians have shown that populations of a single species at several altitudes may differ markedly in their embryonic developmental rates (Ruibal, 1955), sizes at metamorphic climax (Licht, 1975; Pettus and Angleton, 1967), and conditions of age and size at first reproduction (Martof and Humphries, 1959; Tilley, 1973). Phenotypic variation in a character, however, whether it is ecological, physiological, or developmental could result from either of two factors: a) environmental induction or modification during development; or b) genuine genetic adaptation to local conditions. It is essential that the relative importance of these components be separated in order to interpret correctly the adaptive significance of the phenotypic variation. The importance of this distinction applies to ectotherms in general, since environmental temperature has been shown to be one important proximal factor controlling developmental and physiological processes (copepods: McLaren et al., 1969; insects: Howe, 1967; amphibians: Kollros, 1961; Smith-Gill and Berven, 1978). Temperature also has been invoked as a strong selective force leading to genetically based differences in anuran embryonic developmental rates (Moore, 1939) as well as temperature tolerance in adult anurans (Brattstrom, 1968; Miller and Packard, 1977; Snyder and Weathers, 1975). Because temperature varies systematically with altitude, one expects correlations of developmental patterns with temperature between high and low elevation populations for either genetic or induced reasons. Amphibian metamorphosis is a developmental process which is sensitive to ambient temperature and which can influence life history parameters in ecologically important ways. Length of the larval period and size at metamorphic climax have been used as predictors of future survival and reproductive success (Brockelman, 1969; Wilbur, 1972, 1977a; Collins, 1975; Smith-Gill and Gill, 1978). Either early maturation, large body size or both may have a significant selective advantage in certain environments (Hairston, Tinkle and Wilbur, 1970; Pianka, 1972). Thus, not only may ambient temperature influence life history patterns in montane and lowland populations directly, but it may also act as a selective factor generating genetic differences between local populations as well. The present investigation reports the results of natural history observations and an experimental investigation designed 1) to compare postembryonic rates of growth and development of montane and lowland populations of the green frog, Rana clamitans, and 2) to determine whether the observed populational differences in growth and development are induced ontogenetically by the ambient environment or controlled genetically.
Comparative Mechanical Testing of Different Geometric Designs of Distal First Metatarsal Osteotomies

Background: The mechanical behavior of a newly described distal metatarsal osteotomy design in the shape of a reversed “L” was compared with the modified chevron and scarf osteotomies. Methods: Experiments were performed using full-sized Sawbone models (Sawbones Europe AB, Malmö, Sweden) of the first ray. Three groups consisting of 10 scarf, 10 modified chevron, and 10 reversed L osteotomies were investigated. All distal fragments were displaced 5 mm laterally without angulation. The proximal fragment of each specimen was embedded in an epoxy resin cylinder and positioned at 15 degrees inclination to the ground. The distal fragment was loaded by a dorsally directed vertical force which was applied at the sesamoid location under the metatarsal head. Load and displacement at failure, work to failure, site of failure and contact areas were recorded for each osteotomy. Results: Similar testing results were obtained in the reversed “L” and chevron osteotomies, while the scarf osteotomy needed almost 5 times less work to failure. In nine of 10 reversed “L” osteotomies and in all scarf osteotomies, the site of failure was at the proximal screw insertion site. The contact areas averaged 163 mm 2 for the reversed “L,” 116 mm 2 for the chevron, and 270 mm 2 for the scarf osteotomy. Conclusions: The reversed L osteotomy is a promising design combining the advantages of both the chevron and scarf osteotomies. Further investigations need to be performed to confirm its clinical utility.
Vaccination of neonatal calves with Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces protection against intranasal challenge with virulent M. bovis

Vaccination of neonates with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) may be a strategy that overcomes reduced vaccine efficacy associated with exposure to environmental mycobacteria in humans and cattle. Preliminary comparisons indicated that 2‐week‐old calves produced an immune response to vaccination at least as intense as that observed in adults. Subsequently, five gnotobiotic hysterotomy derived calves aged 1 day were inoculated with BCG and 3 months later were challenged intranasally with virulent M. bovis. The number of tissues with lesions and the pathological extent of these lesions was reduced significantly in vaccinates. Furthermore, lesions were evident in the lung or associated chest lymph nodes of four of five controls but none of five vaccinates. BCG vaccination reduced significantly the level of bacterial colonization. However, lesions in the head associated lymph nodes were observed in three of five BCG‐vaccinated cattle. Levels of interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) in individual vaccinated animals at challenge did not correlate with subsequent resistance and in general immune responses post‐challenge were lower in vaccinated calves. Low IL‐10 responses were evident but IL‐4 was not detected. Responses to ESAT‐6 and/or CFP‐10 were evident in four of four control calves that had lesions. Two of the BCG vaccinates with lesions did not produce a response to ESAT‐6 and CFP‐10, indicating that these antigens did not distinguish vaccinated immune animals from vaccinated animals with lesions. Overall, vaccination of neonatal calves with BCG induced significant protection against disease and has potential as a strategy for the reduction of the incidence of bovine tuberculosis.
A multi-modal dataset, protocol and tools for adaptive biometric systems: a benchmarking study

Adaptive biometric systems have received a recent spurt in biometric community. These systems have the additional capability to adapt themselves using biometric data available during the system's operation. Although several studies have been proposed in this field, no conclusive evidences can be drawn about the expected performance gain on making the biometric system adaptive. This is due to the adoption of different and inappropriate databases, protocols and tools for evaluating adaptive biometric systems. This paper presents a benchmarking study to facilitate fair comparison and independent replication of the results from different research groups. To this aim, this paper describes DIEE multi-modal database consisting of face and fingerprint biometrics and a protocol tailored for adapting as well as evaluating adaptive biometric systems. In addition, several tools for evaluating and visualising the performance gain on making the biometric system adaptive are provided as well. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to benchmark database, protocol and tools for evaluating adaptive biometric systems operating in verification mode.
Characterization of repetitive sequences controlling phase variation of Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide

Phase variation of lipopolysaccharide epitopes of an Haemophilus influenzae serotype b strain (strain RM.7004) occurs through a mechanism which depends on multiple tandem repeats of the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT-3' situated within the chromosomal locus lic1. We report here that the same tetranucleotide repeats are also found in two other genomic loci (lic2 and lic3) of RM.7004. Similar to lic1, there are multiple tandem repeats of 5'-CAAT-3' present at the 5' ends of long open reading frames in lic2 and lic3. Variation in the number of repeats of CAAT, by shifting the upstream initiation codons in or out of phase with the remainder of the open reading frame, could switch on or off the translation of downstream genes. Similar to previously reported findings for lic1, site-directed mutations in the open reading frame downstream (3') from the repeats of CAAT in lic2 abolished phase variation and identified DNA sequences required for the expression of additional oligosaccharide epitopes. When we used an oligonucleotide comprising five repeats of CAAT or DNA sequences specific for lic1, lic2, and lic3 as probes, a survey of other encapsulated H. influenzae strains (serotypes a through f) and nontypable H. influenzae strains (including biotype aegyptius) showed that the chromosome of H. influenzae can have from two to five regions which contain multiple tandem repeats of CAAT in addition to other sequences which hybridize to lic1 and lic2.