Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does additional lubrication affect condom slippage and breakage?

Summary: The risk of condom slippage (1.94%) and breakage (0.89%) among 3607 condoms was analysed with respect to the use of additional lubricant. Whether or not lubricant was used, the site at which it was applied and the type of lubricant used were all found to vary significantly with the type of sexual act(s) for which the condoms were used. Little evidence was found for differing effects of type of additional lubricant (water-based, saliva or other) or site of lubricant use (on penis/ inside condom, on condom, in vagina/anus). The use of lubricant more than doubles the risk of slippage for vaginal sex. While anal sex is associated with much higher risks of slippage the use of lubricant for this practice actually reduces the risk of slippage to that similar for vaginal sex where lubricant is used. No significant effect of additional lubricant on condom breakage was observed. It is recommended that education messages concerning the use of additional lubricant may need to change to take into account the varied nature of lubricant use practices and the differential effects of lubricant with respect to sexual practices. Specifically, if the use of additional lubricant has little or no impact on condom breakage but increases condom slippage then encouraging its use may be counterproductive if condom users consider slippage to be a reason not to use condoms.
Different patterns of Australian adults' knowledge of foods and nutrients related to metabolic disease risk

A nationwide survey of 2022 consumers was conducted in Australia in late 2011. A short list of questions about knowledge of the nutrient composition of common foods was administered along with questions about the respondents' food attitudes, demographics, school education and dieting practices. Overall, the results showed that nutrition knowledge was relatively high. Latent class analysis showed two groups of consumers with ‘high’ and ‘low’ knowledge of nutrition. Higher knowledge was positively associated with age, female sex, university education, experience of home economics or health education at school, having a chronic disease, and attitudes to food issues, and negatively with type 1 diabetes or the use of diabetes-control diets. The implications of the findings for nutrition communication are discussed.
No effect of oral treatment with an intestinal bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), on birch‐pollen allergy: a placebo‐controlled double‐blind study

Background: Oral probiotic bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus rhamnosus has given promising results in small children with food allergy. We studied the effects of similar therapy in teenagers and young adults, who were allergic to birch pollen and apple food and had intermittent symptoms of atopic allergy and/or mild asthma.
On the expressive power of database queries with intermediate types

The set-height of a complex object type is defined to be its level of nesting of the set construct. In a query of the complex object calculus which maps a database D to an output type T, an intermediate type is a type which is used by some variable of the query, but which is not present in D or T. For each k, i ≥ 0 we define CALCk,i to be the family of calculus queries mapping from and to types with set-height ≤ k and using intermediate types with set-height ≤ i In particular, CALC0,0 is the relational calculus, and CALC0,1 is equivalent to the family of second-order (relational) queries Several results concerning these families of languages are obtained. A primary focus is on the families CALC0,i, which map relations to relations Upper bounds on the complexity of these families are provided, and it is shown that CALC0,3 has at least the complexity of exponential space. The CALC0,i hierarchy does not collapse, because for each i, CALC0,i is strictly less expressive than CALC0,i+2. The union ∪0≤iCALC0,i is strictly less expressive than the family of 'computable' database queries. The expressive power of queries from the complex object calculus interpreted using a semantics based on the use of arbitrarily large finite numbers of invented values is studied. Under this semantics, the expressive power of the relational calculus is not increased, and the CALC0,i hierarchy collapses at CALC0,1. We also consider queries which use a bounded number of invented values.
Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: New Culprits of Cardiovascular Events in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although great advances have recently been made in the pathophysiology and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, CKD remains a major global health problem. Moreover, the occurrence rates of cardiovascular events among CKD patients increase even in cases in which patients undergo hemodialysis, and the mechanisms underlying the so-called “cardiorenal syndrome” are not clearly understood. Recently, small-molecule uremic toxins have been associated with cardiovascular mortality in CKD and/or dialysis patients. These toxins range from small uncharged solutes to large protein-bound structures. In this review, we focused on protein-bound uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, which are poorly removed by current dialysis techniques. Several studies have demonstrated that protein-bound uremic toxins, especially indoxyl sulfate, induce vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular calcification, which may explain the relatively poor prognosis of CKD and dialysis patients. The aim of this review is to provide novel insights into the effects of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Evaluating the Effects of Compiler Optimisations on AVF

Transient faults are becoming more of a problem to processor designers as feature sizes shrink and the number of transistors on a chip increases. Significant research has focused on hardware techniques to evaluate and reduce the architectural vulnerability to soft errors (AVF). This paper, however, considers the problem from a different angle, evaluating the effects of compiler optimisations on the AVF of an entire embedded processor. We consider the impact on performance and AVF and produce a new metric (ADS) to evaluate the trade-offs between reducing susceptibility to transient faults and decreasing processor performance. We show that optimisations enabled by default at -O2 and -O3 can lead to large performance decreases, a higher AVF value and an ADS value of over 1.2. However, selectively picking the combination of optimisations means that performance increases can be achieved with negligible effect on AVF, leading to an ADS value of 0.91, with the best combination reducing one benchmark’s AVF by 13%.
Blocking Immune Evasion as a Novel Approach for Prevention and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Many microorganisms encode immune evasion molecules to escape host defenses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein gC is an immunoevasin that inhibits complement activation by binding complement C3b. gC is expressed on the virus envelope and infected cell surface, which makes gC potentially accessible to blocking antibodies. Mice passively immunized with gC monoclonal antibodies prior to infection were protected against herpes simplex virus challenge only if the gC antibodies blocked C3b binding. Mice treated 1 or 2 days postinfection with gC monoclonal antibodies that block C3b binding had less severe disease than control mice treated with nonimmune immunoglobulin G (IgG). Mice immunized with gC protein produced antibodies that blocked C3b binding to gC. Immunized mice were significantly protected against challenge by wild-type virus, but not against a gC mutant virus lacking the C3b binding domain, suggesting that protection was mediated by antibodies that target the gC immune evasion domain. IgG and complement from subjects immunized with an experimental herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gD vaccine neutralized far more mutant virus defective in immune evasion than wild-type virus, supporting the importance of immune evasion molecules in reducing vaccine potency. These results suggest that it is possible to block immune evasion domains on herpes simplex virus and that this approach has therapeutic potential and may enhance vaccine efficacy.
Apatite-forming ability of titanium in terms of pH of the exposed solution

In order to elucidate the main factor governing the capacity for apatite formation of titanium (Ti), Ti was exposed to HCl or NaOH solutions with different pH values ranging from approximately 0 to 14 and then heat-treated at 600°C. Apatite formed on the metal surface in a simulated body fluid, when Ti was exposed to solutions with a pH less than 1.1 or higher than 13.6, while no apatite formed upon exposure to solutions with an intermediate pH value. The apatite formation on Ti exposed to strongly acidic or alkaline solutions is attributed to the magnitude of the positive or negative surface charge, respectively, while the absence of apatite formation at an intermediate pH is attributed to its neutral surface charge. The positive or negative surface charge was produced by the effect of either the acidic or alkaline ions on Ti, respectively. It is predicted from the present results that the bone bonding of Ti depends upon the pH of the solution to which it is exposed, i.e. Ti forms a bone-like apatite on its surface in the living body and bonds to living bone through the apatite layer upon heat treatment after exposure to a strongly acidic or alkaline solution.
CFD modelling of friction stir welding of thick plate 7449 aluminium alloy

CFD modelling of friction stir welding has been conducted to understand and optimise the welding of thick, 7449 aluminium alloy for aerospace applications. The aim is to produce high strength, defect free welds that do not break the tool. The models compared different pin profiles and rotation speeds and were undertaken in two stages. The first stage involved creating a thermal model to better understand the generation and flow of heat. The second stage involved analysing the flow near the tool with a two-dimensional model. The traversing force results from the two-dimensional planar models compared favourably with experimental findings. The pressure distribution and deformation region size were compared for the different models. Novel maps of the deformation conditions experienced in each weld were produced. The analysis suggested reasons why some pin profiles and rotation speeds are preferable to others and explained the difference in the traversing force measurements.
CRat: A refactoring support tool for Form Template Method

Refactoring is important for efficient software maintenance. However, manual operations for refactoring are complicated, and human-related errors easily occur. Tool support can help users to apply such a complicated refactoring. This paper proposes a refactoring support tool with Form Template Method pattern. The developed tool automatically identifies method pairs that can be refactored with Form Template Method, and suggests information that is required for Form Template Method application. It also has a function that metrics-based filtering for detected method pairs. The function helps users to select method pairs that should be refactored.
The price is right: towards location-independent costs in datacenters

The performance and cost for tenants in today's datacenters depends on the location of their virtual machines within the datacenter. However, a tenant's location is a knob for the provider and is of no interest to the tenant. Hence, this paper argues for location independent tenant costs in datacenters. We show how a change in today's IaaS offerings, coupled with a simple pricing scheme, can achieve this. We discuss how such a pricing model can be implemented and show that the consequent increase in system throughput can lead to a win-win situation- tenant costs are location independent and lower while provider revenue increases too.
Safe sects? dynamic religion and AIDS in South Africa

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa is rapidly escalating, and its demographic and social impact is beginning to be felt. Although the damage to the macro-economy is projected to be slight, the consequences for affected households will be dire, and social indicators such as life expectancy will deteriorate dramatically. A large majority of South Africans are affiliated to Christian Churches, but this has not prevented the types of sexual behaviour that promote the epidemic. Based on research in a KwaZulu township, this article presents evidence on the level of extra- and pre-marital sex (EPMS) among members of different church types. It is argued that only Pentecostal churches significantly reduce EPMS among members; and that they achieve this by maintaining high levels of four crucial variables: indoctrination, religious experience, exclusion and socialisation.
Role of Stromal-Derived Factor-1&agr; in the Induction of Circulating CD34+CXCR4+ Progenitor Cells After Cardiac Surgery

Background— Cardioplegia and cardiopulmonary bypass (CP/CPB) leads to an increase in circulating progenitor cells. The role of stromal-derived factor-1&agr; (SDF-1&agr;), a key regulator of progenitor cell mobilization, and other cytokines in this process is not clear. Methods and Results— Peripheral blood (n=24), atrial and skeletal tissue (n=6) samples were taken from patients undergoing CP/CPB before (pre-CP/CPB), 4 hours (post-CP/CPB), and 4 days (POD4) after CP/CPB. The number of circulating CD34+CXCR4+ cells increased post-CP/CPB (442±53 versus 286±27; P=0.04 versus pre-CP/CPB), but not at POD4 (382±50; P=0.28 versus pre-CP/CPB). Plasma levels of SDF-1&agr; increased post-CP/CPB as compared with pre-CP/CPB (3325±325 versus 2911±165 pg/mL; P=0.046) but returned to baseline at POD4 (2838±224 pg/mL; P=0.90). Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were similar post-CP/CPB (P=0.90 versus pre-CP/CPB) but increased at POD4 (220±40 pg/mL versus 134±26 pg/mL; P=0.04 versus pre-CP/CPB). Serum levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) increased early after CP/CPB as compared with pre-CP/CPB (265.0±41.7 versus 11.1±1.1 pg/mL; P<0.001) and returned to baseline at POD4 (P=0.84 versus pre-CP/CPB). The circulating CD34+CXCR4+ cells were positively correlated with plasma levels of SDF-1&agr; early after CP/CPB (r=0.56, P<0.01), but not at other times. Protein expression of SDF-1&agr; was elevated in the atrial myocardium after CP/CPB (9.4-fold; P=0.03). Conclusions— Exposure to CP/CPB leads to an increase in circulating CD34+CXCR4+ progenitor cells, which is associated with increased myocardial SDF-1&agr; expression. The numbers of CD34+CXCR4+ progenitor cells positively correlate with the plasma levels of SDF-1&agr; post-CP/CPB, suggesting an important role of SDF-1&agr; in progenitor cell mobilization.
Adaptive learning routing algorithm of WSNs based autonomous decentralized system approach

This paper investigates the routing protocols for randomly distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A learning algorithm is proposed for computing the path on routing, and only few information of adjacent nodes is necessary. By using the depth first search strategy, and remembering the historical experience of path on routing, we can find next node, which illustrates the advantage of combination of autonomous decentralized systems approach and distributed estimation learning algorithm. Simulation example provided to show the usefulness and advantage of the developed results.
Optimizing Chemotherapy-Free Survival for the ER/HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patient

The recent incremental advances made in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer have elicited potential for survival extension in this treatable, yet incurable, population of breast cancer patients. Clinicians have focused on targeted therapies, which aim at signaling receptors such as the human epidermal receptor superfamily, the estrogen receptor, VEGF, the insulin-like growth factor receptor, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (cMET), phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mTOR, and many others. Clin Cancer Res; 17(17); 5559–61. ©2011 AACR.
Long-term outcomes of transatrial-transpulmonary repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

OBJECTIVES The surgical approach to repair of tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) has shifted over the years. We aimed to report the long-term follow-up after ToF repair with the transatrial-transpulmonary approach and to determine predictors of long-term outcomes. METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients operated on in two tertiary referral centres. Primary outcome measures were: death, pulmonary valve replacement (PVR), reintervention for other reasons, internal cardiodefibrillator and/or pacemaker placement. Kaplan-Meier assessment of overall and event-free survival as well as uni- and multivariate analyses of risk factors for outcomes were performed. RESULTS Four hundred and fifty-three patients were included. Median age at operation was: 0.6 years (range 0-19.6) and median age at the last follow-up was 14.3 years (range 0.1-42.1). Median age at repair decreased from 1.2 years (range 0.6-5.8) (1970-80) to 0.3 years (range 0-4.7) (2000-12). A transannular patch (TP) was used in 65% of all patients. The use of a TP showed a decline from 89% in the initial years of the cohort to 64% in 2000-12. Early mortality was 1.1% (5 patients) for the entire cohort and late mortality 2.4% (11 patients). Overall survival for the entire cohort was 97.3% (95% CI 95.7-98.8) and 91.8% (95% CI 85.9-97.7) at 10 and 25 years, respectively. For patients with a TP (n = 294) vs non-TP (n = 159), this was 97.2% (95% CI 95.2-99.2) vs 97.5% (95% CI 95.1-99.9) at 10-year and 91.0% (95% CI 83.9-98.1) vs 96.3% (95% CI 93.0-99.6) at 25-year follow-up (P = 0.958). Fifty-two patients underwent PVR, and in 5 a pacemaker was inserted. Event-free survival for TP versus non-TP patients was 80.2% (95 CI% 75.5-84.9) vs 81.7% (95% CI 75.2-88.2) at 10-year and 27.9% (95% CI 17.7-38.1) vs 78.5% (95% CI 71.4-85.6) at 25-year follow-up (P = 0.016). In multivariate analysis, both the use of a TP (HR 1.705, 95% CI 1.023-2.842) and the year of surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (HR 1.039, 95% CI 1.006-1.073) were associated with a higher probability of an event. CONCLUSIONS ToF patients corrected with the transatrial-transpulmonary approach have good long-term survival. PVR is a frequent event at longer follow-up, and other events are limited. The use of a TP is a predictor for poorer event-free outcomes, increasing the risk of the composite endpoint 1.7 times.
Real-Time Neural Signals of Perceptual Priming with Unfamiliar Geometric Shapes

Perceptual priming is a type of item-specific implicit memory that is distinct from explicit memory. Neural signals of the processing responsible for perceptual priming can be difficult to isolate due to concurrent conceptual processing and explicit recognition. We successfully identified neural correlates of perceptual priming by using minimally meaningful, difficult-to-recognize, kaleidoscope images. Human participants were required to quickly indicate the number of colors present in each stimulus, and priming was shown by faster and more accurate visual discriminations for repeated compared with initial presentations. Electroencephalographic responses linked with this differential perceptual fluency were identified as negative potentials 100–300 ms poststimulus onset. Furthermore, different potentials recorded during initial presentations were indicative of perceptual learning, in that their amplitude predicted the magnitude of later priming. These electrophysiological findings show that the degree of perceptual learning engaged upon first encountering a novel visual stimulus predicts the degree of perceptual fluency experienced when the stimulus is processed a second time. It is thus possible to isolate multiple neural processing stages relevant to perceptual priming by using real-time measures of relevant neurophysiological activity in conjunction with experimental circumstances that limit the contaminating influences of other neurocognitive events.
Detecting thermohaline circulation changes from ocean properties in a coupled model

Significant changes of the thermohaline circulation (THC) are likely to cause abrupt climate change. Here we intend to find a simple measure to detect changes in THC through examining several factors proposed to control the THC variations using a coupled climate model. These factors are equatorial‐South Atlantic upper ocean temperature, Southern Ocean freshening, inter‐basin sea surface salinity contrast, and meridional steric height gradient. Three experiments are analyzed – a present‐day control run, a freshwater hosing run and a 1% CO2 run. Results show that if freshwater flux is the primary cause, all examined factors can predict the THC changes. If both thermal and haline forcings are involved, only the Atlantic meridional steric height gradient gives a consistent measure of the THC variations. A new result presented here is that the inter‐basin sea surface temperature contrast between North Atlantic and North Pacific is found to be an indicator of THC changes.
OwnKit: Inferring Modularly Checkable Ownership Annotations for Java

Ownership and related systems impose restrictions on the object graph that can help improve program structure, exploit concurrency and verify software. Such systems rely on the presence of appropriate ownership annotations in the source code. Unfortunately, manually adding ownership annotations to legacy systems is a tedious process. Previous attempts at automatically inferring such ownership systems do not produce modularly checkable annotations (i.e. which allow classes to be checked in isolation) making them difficult to incorporate into day-to-day development. In this paper, we present Own Kit - a system for automatically inferring ownership annotations which are modularly checkable. We describe and evaluate our approach on a number of real-world benchmarks and compare against an existing system.
What is the origin of the soft excess in AGN

We investigate the nature of the soft excess below 1 keV observed in AGN. We use the XMM‐Newton data of the low redshift, optically bright quasar, PG 1211+143, and we compare it with the Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxy, 1H 0707‐495, which has one of the strongest soft excesses seen. We test various ideas for the origin of the soft X‐ray excess, including a separate spectral component (for example a low temperature Comptonized component), a reflection‐dominated model, or a complex absorption model. All three can give good fits to the data, and χ2 fitting criteria are not sufficient to discriminate among them. Instead, we favor the complex absorption model on the grounds that it is the most physically plausible.
A High-Resolution Very Large Array Observation of a Protostar in OMC-3: Shock-Induced X-Ray Emission by a Protostellar Jet

Using the Very Large Array (VLA) in the A-configuration, we obtained a high-resolution 3.6 cm map of a hard X-ray source detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in a protostellar clump in Orion molecular cloud 3. Two radio continuum sources were detected in the vicinity of the X-ray source, both of which have NIR counterparts. We conclude that these VLA sources are free–free emission produced by shocks in protostellar jets from the NIR class I protostars. Using the centimeter data, we determined the power and orientation of the protostellar jets. The center position of the X-ray emission was found to be ∼ 1′′–2′′ offset from the exciting sources of the jets, and the displacement is in the direction of the jets and molecular outflows. We discuss the nature of the X-ray emission as the shock-excited plasma at the shock front where the jet propagates through the interstellar medium at a speed of ∼ 1000kms−1.