Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Singular perturbations and scaling

Scaling transformations involving a small parameter (degenerate scalings) are frequently used for ordinary differential equations that model chemical reaction networks. They are motivated by quasi-steady state (QSS) of certain chemical species, and ideally lead to slow-fast systems for singular perturbation reductions, in the sense of Tikhonov and Fenichel. In the present paper we discuss properties of such scaling transformations, with regard to their applicability as well as to their determination. Transformations of this type are admissible only when certain consistency conditions are satisfied, and they lead to singular perturbation scenarios only if additional conditions hold, including a further consistency condition on initial values. Given these consistency conditions, two scenarios occur. The first (which we call standard) is well known and corresponds to a classical quasi-steady state (QSS) reduction. Here, scaling may actually be omitted because there exists a singular perturbation reduction for the unscaled system, with a coordinate subspace as critical manifold. For the second (nonstandard) scenario scaling is crucial. Here one may obtain a singular perturbation reduction with the slow manifold having dimension greater than expected from the scaling. For parameter dependent systems we consider the problem to find all possible scalings, and we show that requiring the consistency conditions allows their determination. This lays the groundwork for algorithmic approaches, to be taken up in future work. In the final section we consider some applications. In particular we discuss relevant nonstandard reductions of certain reaction-transport systems.
Classifying the Evolving Mask Debate: A Transferable Machine Learning Framework

Anti-maskers represent a community of people that opposes the use of face masks on grounds that they infringe personal freedoms. This community has thoroughly exploited the convenience and reach of online social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to spread discordant information about the ineffectiveness and harm caused by masks in order to persuade people to shun their use. Automatic detection and demoting of anti-mask tweets is thus necessary to limit their damage. This is challenging because the mask dialogue continuously evolves with creative arguments that embed emerging knowledge about the virus, changing socio-political landscape, and present policies of public health officers and organizations. Therefore, this paper builds a transferrable machine learning framework that can separate between anti-mask and pro-mask tweets from longitudinal data collected at four epochs during the pandemic. The framework extracts content, emotional, and engagement features that faithfully capture the patterns that are relevant to anti-mask rhetoric, but ignores those related to contextual details. It trains two ensemble learners and two neural network architectures using these features. Ensemble classifiers can identify anti-mask tweets with approximately 80% accuracy and F1-score from both individual and combined data sets. The invariant linguistic features extracted by the framework can thus form the basis of automated classifiers that can efficiently separate other types of falsehoods and misinformation from huge volumes of social media data.
DDS-XRCE Standard Performance Evaluation of Different Communication Scenarios in IoT Technologies

Although the increasing number of technological products brings many solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, it also causes some drawbacks, such as whether the product in question would run accordingly to a system structured to enable high-performance like Data Distribution Service (DDS). Therefore, the capabilities of the products must be defined to say that they are compatible enough. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the DDS-XRCE standard while observing its working mechanism. As test scenarios, we benefit from three DDS-XRCE deployments that occurred due to the kind of receiver and sender, the path that packets follow, and the protocols used. Test conditions were set by switching stream modes, transport profiles, and limiting packet deliveries. We obtained the test environment by creating the DDS and DDS-XRCE objects using several eProsima implementations and tools for the standards. We monitored the network messages in two ways: 1) Using multiple Gnome Terminator terminals for observation via the human eye during testing. 2) Using Wireshark to save the information of the packets for further examination. We conducted 36 experiments focusing on latency, throughput, and packet loss. As a result of our study, the DDS-XRCE standard is deemed suitable for Internet of Things applications.
Surgery Obstructions for Seifert Fibered Homology Spheres.

We examine surgery on a knot in $S^3$ to determine surgery obstructions to Seifert fibered integral homology spheres. We find such surgery obstructions using Heegaard Floer, Knot Floer homology and the mapping cone formula for computing Heegaard Floer homology of surgery on a knot. Here however, we take a different approach and use the number of singular fibers of a Seifert fibered integral homology sphere, which is the toroidal structure, to find obstructions. This approach allows us to show that genus one knots cannot yield Seifert fibered integral homology spheres with six or more singular fibers. Some other obstructions are also presented for higher genus knots.
The Classification of Two-Dimensional Extended Topological Field Theories

We provide a complete generators and relations presentation of the 2-dimensional extended unoriented and oriented bordism bicategories as symmetric monoidal bicategories. Thereby we classify these types of 2-dimensional extended topological field theories with arbitrary target bicategory. As an immediate corollary we obtain a concrete classification when the target is the symmetric monoidal bicategory of algebras, bimodules, and intertwiners over a fixed commutative ground ring. In the oriented case, such an extended topological field theory is equivalent to specifying a (non-commutative) separable symmetric Frobenius algebra. The text is divided into three chapters. The first develops a variant of higher Morse theory and uses it to obtain a combinatorial description of surfaces suitable for the higher categorical language used later. The second chapter is an extensive treatment of the theory of symmetric monoidal bicategories. We introduce several stricter variants on the notion of symmetric monoidal bicategory, and give a very general treatment of the notion of presentation by generators and relations. Finally we provide a host of strictification and cohernece results for symmetric monoidal bicategories. The final chapter focuses on extended tqfts. We give a precise treatment of the extended bordism bicategory equipped with additional structure (such as framings or orientations). We apply the results of the previous two chapters to obtain a simple presentation of both the oriented and unoriented bordism bicategories, and describe the general method to obtain such classifications for other choices of structure. We examine the consequences of our classification when the target is the bicategory of algebras, bimodules, and maps, over a fixed commutative ground ring.
Physicians’ Perspectives Regarding Private Equity Transactions in Outpatient Health Care—A Scoping Review and Qualitative Analysis

Private equity (PE) investments in health care have increased drastically over the last decade, and the profit interests of these companies have triggered a vivid discussion among medical professions. However, what are the key underlying perceptions among physicians regarding this trend? Unravelling the argumentative structure of this debate is the purpose of this paper. With physicians being a major stakeholder group in the outpatient health care setting, this paper explores physicians’ perspectives regarding increasing PE activities. We systematically searched, selected, and synthesized existing knowledge in a scoping review and complemented the findings through 14 semi-structured interviews with physicians working in the outpatient health care sector in Germany. The results outline a complex network of arguments, concerns, and fears whereby the first intuitive perception of physicians is of critical nature. Arguments cluster around central perceptions of how PE involvement affects the individual autonomy of physicians in their daily work and decision-making, the impact on quality of care, work-life balance considerations, PE investment strategies, lack of medical vs. managerial expertise, and taxation issues. The high number of opinion papers among the literature underlines the actuality of the topic and emphasizes the need for empirical research.
Homoplasy in shells discombobulated the taxonomy: revision of the larger helicarionid land snails of northern Queensland, Australia (Stylommatophora: Helicarionidae)

ABSTRACT Helicarionid land snails with large shells have been placed in three genera: Malandena, Pravonitor and Elatonitor. These taxa are revised herein using comparative morpho-anatomy and mitochondrial phylogenetics. We demonstrate that these species represent three independent radiations, but this is not reflected in the current generic arrangement. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that these genera do not form a monophyletic group, and we conclude that large shells have evolved multiple times among helicarionids in Queensland, Australia, presumably as an adaptation to moist environments. Species belonging to Pravonitor have a medium-sized to large, glossy shell, often with a peripheral band. Among other traits, they always have a single-chambered, internally pustulose or ridged penis, an epiphallus with a slender flagellum, and a long epiphallic caecum with medial penial retractor muscle attachment. This genus comprises eight species: Pravonitor kreffti, P. ferrugineus, P. insularum, P. annulus, P. aquilonia comb. nov., P. monteithi comb. nov., P. septentrionalis sp. nov. and P. stuarti sp. nov. We describe Geminitor gen. nov. for Geminitor laura comb. nov., G. villaris comb. nov., G. kullaensis sp. nov., G. macveae sp. nov. and G. wenlockensis sp. nov. Geminitor has a small to medium-sized shell, a long, two-chambered penis, an epiphallus with a slender flagellum, and an epiphallic caecum with basal penial retractor muscle attachment. The unavailable genus name Malandena is subsumed under Elatonitor, which now contains Elatonitor montanus and E. suturalis comb. nov. Elatonitor has a large glossy shell with an angulate periphery, a long, narrow, single-chambered penis with longitudinal pilasters, an epiphallus with a broad flagellum, and no epiphallic caecum. While this study has nearly doubled the number of known large helicarionid species in Far North Queensland, there are still knowledge gaps and we recommend further surveys to search for undocumented species, improve our understanding of species distribution and undertake vital conservation assessments. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:83362BEC-6E6B-4B65-AC1E-F49762C744B8
Analyticity of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations

In this chapter of the book entitled, "Extending the Theory of Composites to Other Areas of Science" [edited by Graeme W. Milton, 2016] we derive the analyticity properties of the electromagnetic Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations for passive linear multicomponent media. Moreover, we discuss the connection of this map to Herglotz functions for isotropic and anisotropic multicomponent composites.
Hydrodynamic Limit of Nonlinear Diffusions with Fractional Laplacian Operators

In the limit of a nonlinear diffusion model involving the fractional Laplacian we get a "mean field" equation arising in superconductivity and superfluidity. For this equation, we obtain uniqueness, universal bounds and regularity results. We also show that solutions with finite second moment and radial solutions admit an asymptotic large time limiting profile which is a special self-similar solution: the "elementary vortex patch".
Compactifications of spaces of Landau–Ginzburg models

This paper reviews the results and techniques from the authors' work on Landau–Ginzburg degenerations and applies them in basic examples. The main example is the -category, where we observe a relationship to stability conditions and directed quiver representations. We conclude with a brief survey of applications to the birational geometry of del Pezzo surfaces.
Association between the Health Belief Model, Exercise, and Nutrition Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected our nation’s health further than the infection it causes. Physical activity levels and dietary intake have suffered while individuals grapple with the changes in behavior to reduce viral transmission. With unique nuances regarding the access to physical activity and nutrition during the pandemic, the constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM) may present themselves differently in nutrition and exercise behaviors compared to precautions implemented to reduce viral transmission studied in previous research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of exercise and nutritional behavior change during the COVID-19 pandemic and explain the reason for and extent of this change using HBM constructs (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit of action, and barriers to action). Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to collect 206 surveys. This survey collected information on self-reported exercise and nutrition changes during the pandemic and self-reported levels of the HBM constructs. Results: Findings showed individuals with medium or high exercise behavior change had greater odds of increased HBM score than individuals with little to no exercise behavior change (OR = 1.117, 95% CI: 1.020–1.223, SE: 0.0464, p = 0.0175). There was no association between nutritional behavior change and HBM score (OR = 1.011, 95% CI: 0.895–1.142, p = 08646). Conclusion: Individuals who reported a more drastic change in either exercise had greater odds of increased feelings of perceived susceptibility and severity related to COVID-19 and decreased perceived benefits and increased barriers to exercise. This relationship was not found regarding nutrition behavior change. These results encourage public health practitioners to understand how an individual’s perceived feelings about a threat may affect exercise and nutritional behaviors.
The Market size and Foreign Direct Investment Relationship: A Panel Data Analysis of the OECD (The Founders and the Rest)

: What effect does market size have on outward foreign direct investment? is the key research theme addressed in this paper. So, this paper aims at examining the market size and outward FDI relationship. This relationship is estimated using a model that has been developed based on the knowledge-capital theory of multinational corporations. Panel data analysis of the OECD countries (the founders and the rest groups) is presented over the period 2010-2021. The results of the estimated model demonstrate the positive influence of market size on outward FDI, positive signs of summing up GDPs supported by the expected effect of square differenced GDPs, providing evidence for horizontal FDI. The predominance of horizontal FDI is for both the OECD founders and the OECD rest members groups. under the null hypothesis of non stationarity, hence big negative results suggest stationarity.
The number of quartic $D_4$-fields ordered by conductor

We consider families of number fields of degree 4 whose normal closures over $\mathbb{Q}$ have Galois group isomorphic to $D_4$, the symmetries of a square. To any such field $L$, one can associate the Artin conductor of the corresponding 2-dimensional irreducible Galois representation with image $D_4$. We determine the asymptotic number of such quartic $D_4$-fields ordered by conductor, and compute the leading term explicitly as a mass formula, verifying heuristics of Kedlaya and Wood. Additionally, we are able to impose any local splitting conditions at any finite number of primes (sometimes, at an infinite number of primes), and as a consequence, we also compute the asymptotic number of order 4 elements in class groups and narrow class groups of quadratic fields ordered by discriminant. Traditionally, there have been two approaches to counting quartic fields, using arithmetic invariant theory in combination with geometry-of-number techniques, and applying Kummer theory together with L-function methods. Both of these strategies fall short in the case of $D_4$-fields ordered by conductor since counting quartic fields containing a quadratic subfield with large discriminant is difficult. However, when ordering by conductor, we utilize additional algebraic structure arising from the outer automorphism of $D_4$ combined with both approaches mentioned above to obtain exact asymptotics.
Viral 2A-peptides mediate continuous transcription and self-cleavage of multiple heterologous genes in fowlpox virus vector

Applicability of viral 2A-peptides in generation of multi-cistronic transcripts to deliver separate self-cleaved proteins is well established. However, the use of viral 2A-peptides in fowlpox virus vector construction to co-express multiple heterologous genes has not been explored. To evaluate the same, a recombinant transfer plasmid pJFWPVt was constructed through two intermediate plasmid constructs, pJF7F9 and pJFHNGFP. The construction of pJF7F9 involved cloning of F7 and F9 genes of FWPV into pCI-neo with modifications in the F7-F9 intergenic region. For the construction of pJFHNGFP, a synthetic DNA adapter consisting of one synthetic early late promoter (PE/L), two viral 2A-peptides (P2A and T2A) and three multiple cloning sites (MCS1, MCS2 and MCS3) was synthesized chemically and was cloned into pUC19 to obtain pJFHNGFPi. Heterologous genes fusion (F) and haemagglutininneuraminidase (HN) of Avian Avulavirus-1 (AAv1) and marker gene AcGFP were cloned sequentially into MCS1, MCS2 and MCS3 of pJFHNGFPi to obtain pJFHNGFP. The insert (PE/L-F-P2A-HN-T2A-AcGFP) in pJFHNGFP was cloned into pJF7F9 to obtain pJFWPVt, which upon transfection in FWPV infected chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells resulted in fluorescence. This confirmed the expression of AcGFP and the continuous transcription ability of viral 2A-peptides. Further, western blotting of CEF pellet showed separate protein bands of F and HN protein at 66 kDa and 74 kDa respectively, which confirmed the self-cleaving ability of viral 2A-peptides. Herein, in FWPV vector construction, continuous transcription and self-cleaving ability of viral 2A-peptides in FWPV vector construction was confirmed. This warrants scope for future viral 2A-peptide based FWPV vector construction.
Dynamic trajectory quantification strategy for multiple object tracking with feature rearrangement

Abstract. End-to-end multiple object tracking (MOT) has been very popular recently in the field of computer vision. However, when performing the inter-frame data association, the majority of algorithms ignore the diversity among trajectories and treat them uniformly. In the joint-detection-and-tracking (JDT) paradigm, there exists an optimization conflict between detection and re-identification due to their different optimization directions. In this paper, we propose a dynamic trajectory quantification (DTQ) strategy for MOT with feature rearrangement. Initially, the DTQ strategy quantifies each trajectory to show its quality, and the score is renewed every frame. To adapt to different situations, we dynamically adopt different updating mechanisms. Additionally, we provide a channel-enhanced feature rearrangement module to alleviate the optimization conflict between subtasks in the JDT paradigm, which obtains more convincing detection results for the DTQ strategy. We evaluate our proposed tracker on several benchmarks, i.e., MOT15, MOT16, MOT17, and MOT20. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves competitive results while still maintaining a sizable real-time tracking speed.
Coordinate Descent Face-Off: Primal or Dual?

Randomized coordinate descent (RCD) methods are state-of-the-art algorithms for training linear predictors via minimizing regularized empirical risk. When the number of examples ($n$) is much larger than the number of features ($d$), a common strategy is to apply RCD to the dual problem. On the other hand, when the number of features is much larger than the number of examples, it makes sense to apply RCD directly to the primal problem. In this paper we provide the first joint study of these two approaches when applied to L2-regularized ERM. First, we show through a rigorous analysis that for dense data, the above intuition is precisely correct. However, we find that for sparse and structured data, primal RCD can significantly outperform dual RCD even if $d \ll n$, and vice versa, dual RCD can be much faster than primal RCD even if $n \ll d$. Moreover, we show that, surprisingly, a single sampling strategy minimizes both the (bound on the) number of iterations and the overall expected complexity of RCD. Note that the latter complexity measure also takes into account the average cost of the iterations, which depends on the structure and sparsity of the data, and on the sampling strategy employed. We confirm our theoretical predictions using extensive experiments with both synthetic and real data sets.
Implant isolation for lattice matched InGaAs/InAlAs/InP modulation doped field effect transistor realisation

We have investigated implant isolation for lattice matched InGaAs/InAlAs/InP Modulation Doped Field Effect Transistors (MODFETs). The sheet resistances of the MODFET layers were measured after implantation of different ions species (H/sup +/, B/sup +/, F/sup +/ and Ar/sup +/), for different ion doses (10/sup 12/-10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/) and after post implant annealing (100/spl deg/C-400/spl deg/C) for different annealing time (10 min-24 h). The best measured sheet resistance was about 30 M/spl Omega///spl square/ using Ar/sup +/ implantation with a dose of 1.10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ and 10 hours annealing at 300/spl deg/C. This is the best implant isolation result obtained for InP lattice matched MODFET layer to our knowledge. This result allows us to realise planar InP lattice matched MODFET with a good isolation.
Detection of gravitational lensing in the cosmic microwave background

Gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a long-standing prediction of the standard cosmological model, is ultimately expected to be an important source of cosmological information, but first detection has not been achieved to date. We report a 3.4{sigma} detection, by applying quadratic estimator techniques to all sky maps from the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) satellite, and correlating the result with radio galaxy counts from the NRAO VLA sky survey (NVSS). We present our methodology including a detailed discussion of potential contaminants. Our error estimates include systematic uncertainties from density gradients in NVSS, beam effects in WMAP, galactic microwave foregrounds, resolved and unresolved CMB point sources, and the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.