Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HaploRec : Efficient and accurate large-scale reconstruction of haplotypes Additional file 1 : Algorithms , proof of convergence , and complexity analysis 1 Algorithms

1 Algorithms Given one of the models we defined — fixed-order Markov chain, variable-order Markov chain, or the segmentation model — and its parameters, we can in principle estimate the probability of any given haplotype. Consequently, assuming independence between the two haplotypes of an individual (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium), we can estimate the probability of any haplotype configuration of any genotype. We reproduce the central equations here for reference. Fixed-order Markov model:
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS AND IT IMPACTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES

This paper attributes the fast spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan African countries to the prevailing dominance-subservience relationships in the region. The unequal relationship exists in gender, economic and international relations. The three forms of inequality work synergistically to make Sub-Sahara Africa the most afflicted and threatened region by HIV/AIDS. Currently, young females group is most afflicted by HIV/AIDS. Differential gender power relations and cultural mores that allow males to have many sex partners precipitate this. Older males often prefer and procure younger female as sex partners. The females yield because of the large material rewards they receive from the men. Due to the economic recession in the region, some young females take to the provision of commercial sex services to meet their material requirements. There is also the international traffic in young female which male facilitate at source in Sub-Saharan Africa and at the point of delivery in the developed countries. It is instructive that females have little power for negotiating safe sex with even their husbands and virtually none to insist on precaution in commercial sex-relations. This fast propagation of the virus in Africa is attributed to its finding a more congenial social, political and economic environment for survival. The congenial environment has been created by, among other vices, economic disorganization, poverty and the sexually permissive youth sub-culture that has emerged from the culture of poverty. The spread of HIV/AIDS has significant impacts on the health sector, education sector, economy, life expectancy, food production and on the children of HIV/AIDS victims. It is therefore concluded that HIV/AIDS, like other infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, cholera, etc), thrive most in poor social economic reforms that make female, in particular, European Scientific Journal June edition vol. 8, No.14 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 18577431 145 have adequate material resources and for habitually promiscuous males and females to beware and take necessary precautions against the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Task clustering and gating for bayesian multitask learning

Modeling a collection of similar regression or classification tasks can be improved by making the tasks 'learn from each other'. In machine learning, this subject is approached through 'multitask learning', where parallel tasks are modeled as multiple outputs of the same network. In multilevel analysis this is generally implemented through the mixed-effects linear model where a distinction is made between 'fixed effects', which are the same for all tasks, and 'random effects', which may vary between tasks. In the present article we will adopt a Bayesian approach in which some of the model parameters are shared (the same for all tasks) and others more loosely connected through a joint prior distribution that can be learned from the data. We seek in this way to combine the best parts of both the statistical multilevel approach and the neural network machinery. The standard assumption expressed in both approaches is that each task can learn equally well from any other task. In this article we extend the model by allowing more differentiation in the similarities between tasks. One such extension is to make the prior mean depend on higher-level task characteristics. More unsupervised clustering of tasks is obtained if we go from a single Gaussian prior to a mixture of Gaussians. This can be further generalized to a mixture of experts architecture with the gates depending on task characteristics. All three extensions are demonstrated through application both on an artificial data set and on two real-world problems, one a school problem and the other involving single-copy newspaper sales.
[Journal First] The Scent of a Smell: An Extensive Comparison Between Textual and Structural Smells

Code smells are symptoms of poor design or implementation choices that have a negative effect on several aspects of software maintenance and evolution, such as program comprehension or change-and fault-proneness. This is why researchers have spent a lot of effort on devising methods that help developers to automatically detect them in source code. Almost all the techniques presented in literature are based on the analysis of structural properties extracted from source code, although alternative sources of information (e.g., textual analysis) for code smell detection have also been recently investigated. Nevertheless, some studies have indicated that code smells detected by existing tools based on the analysis of structural properties are generally ignored (and thus not refactored) by the developers. In this paper, we aim at understanding whether code smells detected using textual analysis are perceived and refactored by developers in the same or different way than code smells detected through structural analysis. To this aim, we set up two different experiments. We have first carried out a software repository mining study to analyze how developers act on textually or structurally detected code smells. Subsequently, we have conducted a user study with industrial developers and quality experts in order to qualitatively analyze how they perceive code smells identified using the two different sources of information. Results indicate that textually detected code smells are easier to identify and for this reason they are considered easier to refactor with respect to code smells detected using structural properties. On the other hand, the latter are often perceived as more severe, but more difficult to exactly identify and remove.
International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies

Data mining is useful for mining important data from various types of objects. Video has large amount of information so it is difficult to extract video summarization. Video data mining is a technique for mining videos. There are various techniques used for it. In this paper, various techniques are explained based on video features, patterns, motions, event, structures, textures and etc. By using these techniques, shot is generated from video for video summarization. Keyframe from multiple video is extracted that provide a summary based upon keyframe. Various algorithms are used for mining video shot and image. An advantage of it is that it requires less space and time for storing and watching.
Research Directions in Virtual Environments University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Research in Virtual Environments 2 Executive Summary Motion Sickness in Virtual Environments Evaluation of Virtual Environments

At the request of NSF's Interactive Systems Program, a two-day invitational workshop was held March 23-24, 1992 at UNC Chapel Hill to identify and recommend future research directions in the area of "virtual environments" (VE) *. Workshop participants included some 18 experts (plus 4 NSF officials) from universities, industry, and other leading technical organizations. The two-day schedule alternated between sessions of the entire group and sessions in the following specialty areas, around which the recommendations came to be organized: 1) Perception , 2) Human-Machine Software Interface , 3) Software, 4) Hardware, and 5) Applications. Also, two participants developed a taxonomy of VE applications that is included as an appendix to the report. 1. Collaborative science-technology development programs should be established at several sites around the country to encourage closer collaboration between developers and scientists. 2. Theoretical research should focus on development of metrics of performance and task demands in VE. 3. Paradigmatic applications and theoretical questions that illustrate the science-technology synergy need identification. Audition Spatial Sound 1.Theoretical research should emphasize the role of individual differences in Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTF's), critical cues for distance and externalization, spectral cues for enhancing elevation and disambiguating the cone-of-confusion, head-motion, and intersensory interaction and adaptation in the accurate perception of virtual acoustic sources. The notion of artificially enhanced localization cues is also a promising area. 2. A fruitful area for joint basic and applied research is the development of perceptually-viable methods of simplifying the synthesis technique to maximize the efficiency of algorithms for complex room modeling. 3. Future effort should still be devoted to developing more realistic models of acoustic environments with implementation on more powerful hardware platforms. Nonspeech Audio 1. Theoretical research should focus on lower-level sensory and higher-level cognitive determinants of acoustic perceptual organization, with particular emphasis on how acoustic parameters interact to determine the identification, segregation, and localization of multiple, simultaneous sources. 2. Technology development should focus on hardware and software systems specifically aimed at real-time generation and control for acoustic information display. Haptics 1. Development should be encouraged of a variety of computer-controlled mechanical devices for either basic scientific investigation of the human haptic system or to serve as haptic interfaces for virtual environments and teleloperation. 2. Research programs should be initiated to encourage collaboration among engineers who are capable of building high precision robotic devices and scientists who can conduct biomechanical and perceptual experiments with the devices. 3. Research …
AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)

In this position paper we discuss the importance of Green IT as a new research field that investigates all the environmental and energy issues related to IT and information systems in general. In particular we focus on the energy consumption of software applications, which is amplified by all the above IT layers in a data center and thus is worth a greater attention. By adopting a top-down approach, we address the problem from a logical perspective and try to identify the original cause that leads to energy consumption, i.e. the elaboration of information. We propose a research roadmap to identify a set of software complexity and quality metrics that can be used to estimate energy consumption and to compare specific software applications.
A Novel Approach for Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of sensor nodes that are deployed in remote and hostile environments to sense, process and communicate vital information to the base station. Due to the stringent constraints on the resources in the sensor nodes, it is essential to optimally devise the WSN operational paradigms, to minimize the resource overhead. Since, communications costs always are significantly higher than that for processing the sensed data the WSNs typically, employ in-network processing, so as to minimize effectively, the total number of packets eventually transmitted to the base station. Such in- network processing is largely based on data aggregation operations that aggregate the data into a compact representation viz. a data aggregate for further transmission. However, due to the ubiquitous and pervasive deployment of the sensor nodes, the security concerns in WSNs are anyway critical. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the security of the data aggregator nodes that depend on various other nodes for the eventual output using carefully designed approaches. In this paper, we investigate various approaches for data aggregation with a view to critically analyze the same and propose a new approach for secure data aggregation.
Sampling the Dirichlet Mixture Model with Slices

We provide a new approach to the sampling of the well known mixture of Dirichlet process model. Recent attention has focused on retention of the random distribution function in the model, but sampling algorithms have then suffered from the countably infinite representation these distributions have. The key to the algorithm detailed in this article, which also keeps the random distribution functions, is the introduction of a latent variable which allows a finite number, which is known, of objects to be sampled within each iteration of a Gibbs sampler.
Electron sin resonance (ESR) dating of Quaternary materials

ESR dating has become an efficient tool in earth sciences for geochronological studies on different kinds of littoral deposits (coral reefs terraces, beach ridge systems, aeolianites) during the last ten years. Improvements in annual dose rate (D’) estimation and the newly developed approach for equivalent dose (DE) determination (DE -Dmax plot procedure) increase the precision of ESR dating of Holocene and Pleistocene corals as well as marine and terrestrial mollusc shells. This is strongly supported by the comparison of ESR dating results with other numeric dating methods such as radiocarbon and TIMS Uranium series analysis (TIMS 230Th/234U). The latter is the main focus of this paper. The uncertainties associated in ESR dating of Holocene corals coincide with the variability of 14C ages caused by the marine reservoir effect. The dating of Pleistocene corals permits the differentiation between the main marine isotope stages (MIS) 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 as well as between sub-stages 5e3/2 and 5e1, 5c, and 5a2 and 5a1. The average error range when dating corals is between 5 to 8%. Furthermore, ESR dating of marine and terrestrial mollusc shells has yielded some promising results and permits the differentiation between the interglacial MIS 1, 5, 7 and 9 with an average dating error range of 10 to 15%. ESR dating of quartz is another promising dating technique for Quaternary and even Neogene geological formations. The presence of quartz in volcanic rocks, tephra, fault gouge and sediments (heated or unheated) allows determining the last time of heating, fault movement or sunlight exposure. Although challenged by several experimental issues, ESR dating of quartz is often the only method able to produce numerical ages for older formations. ESR has also been applied to a wide variety of other materials such as foraminifera, speleothems, travertines, calcretes and tooth enamel. The most common and reliable application is the ESR dating of mammal teeth, which becomes in conjunction with laser ablation U-series dating, an important method for determining the age of archaeological sites beyond the time range of the 14C dating method back to about 200 to 300 ka.
Sex and the Mission: The Conflicting Effects of Early Christian Investments on the HIV Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article investigates the long-term historical impact of missionary activity on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. On the one hand, missionaries were among the first to invest in modern medicine in a number of countries. On the other hand, Christianity influenced sexual beliefs and behaviors. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant and Catholic missions in the early 20th century, as well as their health investments. Using a number of different empirical strategies to address selection in missionary locations and into health investments, we show that missionary presence has conflicting effects on HIV today. Regions close to historical mission stations exhibit higher HIV prevalence. This negative impact is robust to multiple specifications accounting for urbanization, and we provide evidence that it is specific to STDs. Less knowledge about condom use is a likely channel. On the contrary, among regions historically close to missionary settlements, proximity to a mission with a health investment is associated with lower HIV prevalence nowadays. Safer sexual behaviors around these missions are a possible explanatory channel.
The Topology of Wireless Communication

This article studies the topological properties of wireless communication maps and their usability in algorithmic design. We consider the SINR model, which compares the received power of a signal at a receiver against the sum of strengths of other interfering signals plus background noise. To describe the behavior of a multistation network, we use the convenient representation of a reception map, which partitions the plane into reception zones, one per station, and the complementary region of the plane where no station can be heard. SINR diagrams have been studied in Avin et al. [2009] for the specific case where all stations use the same power. It was shown that the reception zones are convex (hence connected) and fat, and this was used to devise an efficient algorithm for the fundamental problem of point location. Here we consider the more general (and common) case where transmission energies are arbitrary (or nonuniform). Under that setting, the reception zones are not necessarily convex or even connected. This poses the algorithmic challenge of designing efficient point location techniques for the nonuniform setting, as well as the theoretical challenge of understanding the geometry of SINR diagrams (e.g., the maximal number of connected components they might have). Our key result exhibits a striking contrast between d- and (d+1)-dimensional maps for a network embedded in d-dimensional space. Specifically, it is shown that whereas the d-dimensional map might be highly fractured, drawing the map in one dimension higher “heals” the zones, which become connected (in fact, hyperbolically connected). We also provide bounds for the fatness of reception zones. Subsequently, we consider algorithmic applications and propose a new variant of approximate point location.
Emergency egress pathway prediction using ventilation models

Mine ventilation models are now an accepted component of most mine management systems. However, modern ventilation models also represent a highly structured spatial data source, defining underground pathways and connections across a mine. This creates opportunities to extend the use of network models beyond ventilation design, by using critical path algorithms to find pathways such as minimum distance or minimum time. This paper explores the use of ventilation network models to automatically analyse and calculate potential emergency escape routes. A variation of Dijkstra’s algorithm is used to predict complex pathways between any two points across a model, representing an escape route from an emergency area (such as a fire) to a safe location (such as the surface or a refuge station). Weighting can be assigned to paths to represent potential travel speed, obstructions or preferred routes. Finally, emergency considerations such as smoke or gas in some parts of the mine can then incorporated into the pathways to force the algorithm to avoid dangerous routes and specify safer pathways. Ventsim is used to visually show example results. Emergency egress pathway prediction using ventilation network models can provide an efficient way to quickly predict the quickest or most efficient escape routes for emergencies or planning purposes.
Use of a silane-coated silica particle solution to enhance semen quality of stallions.

Use of a proprietary silanated silica particle density gradient improved spermatozoal motility and morphology of stallions. Post-centrifugation resuspension in a milk-based extender improved spermatozoal motility more than pre-load dilution media. Sperm morphologic defects were separated differentially along the discontinuous gradient, yielding a higher percentage of morphologically normal sperm in the pellet.
Mobile Serious Game for Enhancing User Experience in Museum Enhancing user experience by mobile serious game

Mobile technology offers new opportunities to enhance the visitor experience in museums. Mobile serious games can support experiential learning with authentic exhibits in an authentic museum environment based on the contextual learning model with the interaction between the personal, socio-cultural and physical context. In developing the game, we wondered whether it could appropriately motivate and engage different age groups in the museum experience with its challenges of different difficulty levels; whether a mobile game could, through its challenges interacting with the museum environment, prevent the (cid:1748)head - down(cid:1749) behaviour; and wh ether museum exhibits could be better recalled by visitors participating in a tour with a mobile game than in two other traditional tours (i.e. guided tours, tours with museum brochures). The results of the study showed that a tour with a mobile serious game with challenges of different difficulty levels is suitable for visitors of two target groups (i.e. families and students). Since each challenge encourages interaction with the museum environment, it could largely prevent the (cid:1748)head - down(cid:1749) behaviour. The r esults also show that a tour with appropriately planned multisensory challenges motivates visitors to actively engage with the museum environment, resulting in slightly better recall of exhibits compared to other tour types. The results of this study can help bring museums and the history they represent closer to digital generations 1 , and popularise modern informal learning methods associated with incidental and experiential lifelong learning that can take place anytime, anywhere, and help achieve higher taxonomic knowledge levels.
Partial label learning via low rank representation and label propagation

Partial label learning is a weakly-supervised framework that each instance is associated with a candidate label set, in which only one is the valid label. Most existing approaches are based on the disambiguation strategy, which is either identifying the valid label iteratively or treating the each candidate labels based on the averaging strategy. And some approaches differentiate the confidence of each candidate label being the valid label. From the analysis, a novel two-stage approach is proposed to learn from the partial label instances. In the first stage, we try to identify the labeling confidence of each candidate label sets. Specifically, we obtain a weighted graph by seeking low rank and sparse matrix in the feature space and the every entry is non-negative. Using the low rank constraint to obtain the global structure in the feature space, and using sparse constraint automatically to select the most informative neighbors for each datum. And then based on the smoothness assumption that the similar instances in the feature space should share the similar label in the label space, we can disambiguate the candidate label set by the label propagation. In the second stage, the predictive model is obtained by the Adaboost.R2 and uses the CART as the weak classifier. Extensive experiments on the real-world partial label data sets demonstrate that the proposed method performs significantly better than the state-of-the-art approaches.