Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deletion of the C-terminal 33 amino acids of cucumber mosaic virus movement protein enables a chimeric brome mosaic virus to move from cell to cell

The movement protein (MP) gene of brome mosaic virus (BMV) was precisely replaced with that of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Infectivity tests of the chimeric BMV on Chenopodium quinoa, a permissive host for cell-to-cell movement of both BMV and CMV, showed that the chimeric BMV failed to move from cell to cell even though it replicated in protoplasts. A spontaneous mutant of the chimeric BMV that displayed cell-to-cell movement was subsequently obtained from a local lesion during one of the experiments. A cloned cDNA representing the genomic RNA encoding the MP of the chimeric BMV mutant was analyzed and found to contain a mutation in the CMV MP gene resulting in deletion of the C-terminal 33 amino acids of the MP. Directed mutagenesis of the CMV MP gene showed that the C-terminal deletion was responsible for the movement capability of the mutant. When the mutation was introduced into CMV, the CMV mutant moved from cell to cell in C. quinoa, though the movement was less efficient than that of the wild-type CMV. These results indicate that the CMV MP, except the C-terminal 33 amino acids, potentiates cell-to-cell movement of both BMV and CMV in C. quinoa. In addition, since C. quinoa is a common host for both BMV and CMV, these results suggest that the CMV MP has specificity for the viral genomes during cell-to-cell movement of the virus and that the C-terminal 33 amino acids of the CMV MP are involved in that specificity.
Kodiranje informacije o vrstnem redu v delovnem spominu: pregled vedenjskih raziskav in kognitivnih mehanizmov

Executive processes, such as coding for sequential order, are of extreme importance for higher-order cognitive tasks. One of the significant questions is, how order information is coded in working memory and what cognitive mechanisms and processes mediate it. The aim of this review paper is to summarize results of studies that explore whether order and item memory are two separable processes. Furthermore, we reviewed evidence for each of the proposed cognitive mechanism that might mediate order processing. Previous behavioural and neuroimaging data suggest different representation and processing of item and order information in working memory. Both information are maintained and recalled separately and this separation seems to hold for recognition as well as for recall. To explain the result of studies of order coding, numerous cognitive mechanisms were proposed. We focused on four different mechanisms by which order information might be coded and retrieved, namely inter-item associations, direct coding, hierarchical coding and magnitude coding. Each of the mechanisms can explain some of the aspect of order information coding, however none of them is able to explain all of the empirical findings. Due to its complex nature it is not surprising that a single mechanism has difficulties accounting for all the behavioral data and order memory may be more accurately characterized as the result of a set of mechanisms rather than a single one. Moreover, the findings beget a question of whether different types of memory for order information might exist.
Brain correlates of stuttering and syllable production. A PET performance-correlation analysis.

To distinguish the neural systems of normal speech from those of stuttering, PET images of brain blood flow were probed (correlated voxel-wise) with per-trial speech-behaviour scores obtained during PET imaging. Two cohorts were studied: 10 right-handed men who stuttered and 10 right-handed, age- and sex-matched non-stuttering controls. Ninety PET blood flow images were obtained in each cohort (nine per subject as three trials of each of three conditions) from which r-value statistical parametric images (SPI? r? ) were computed. Brain correlates of stutter rate and syllable rate showed striking differences in both laterality and sign (i.e. positive or negative correlations). Stutter-rate correlates, both positive and negative, were strongly lateralized to the right cerebral and left cerebellar hemispheres. Syllable correlates in both cohorts were bilateral, with a bias towards the left cerebral and right cerebellar hemispheres, in keeping with the left-cerebral dominance for language and motor skills typical of right-handed subjects. For both stutters and syllables, the brain regions that were correlated positively were those of speech production: the mouth representation in the primary motor cortex; the supplementary motor area; the inferior lateral premotor cortex (Broca's area); the anterior insula; and the cerebellum. The principal difference between syllable-rate and stutter-rate positive correlates was hemispheric laterality. A notable exception to this rule was that cerebellar positive correlates for syllable rate were far more extensive in the stuttering cohort than in the control cohort, which suggests a specific role for the cerebellum in enabling fluent utterances in persons who stutter. Stutters were negatively correlated with right-cerebral regions (superior and middle temporal gyrus) associated with auditory perception and processing, regions which were positively correlated with syllables in both the stuttering and control cohorts. These findings support long-held theories that the brain correlates of stuttering are the speech-motor regions of the non-dominant (right) cerebral hemisphere, and extend this theory to include the non-dominant (left) cerebellar hemisphere. The present findings also indicate a specific role of the cerebellum in the fluent utterances of persons who stutter. Support is also offered for theories that implicate auditory processing problems in stuttering.
Investigation of hot carrier reliability of ultrathin poly-Si nanobelt junctionless (UTNB-JL) transistors on different underlying insulators

In this work, we investigate the hot carrier stress (HCS) of ultrathin poly-Si nanobelt junctionless transistors on different insulator (TEOS and Si3N4). Time exponent n suggests the oxide trap charge is the dominant mechanism. The subthreshold slope (S.S.) is improved by acceptor-like interface states generated after HCS, and different S.S. improvement between JL_O and JL_N is caused by surface roughness of channel films resulting from nucleation during channel deposition in LPCVD step.
How Common is Anorexia Nervosa? A Prevalence Study

Summary During 1972–74 nine populations of schoolgirls were surveyed in respect of the occurrence of anorexia nervosa. As well as the current school year, previous years (going back variously 3–6 years) were also carefully studied within seven of the schools. Anorexia nervosa was only identified as present or having been present if the diagnosis was unequivocal: for instance, seemingly evident and severe cases which could not be traced were excluded. The condition in severe form was found to be relatively common in the independent sector of education, probably implying a social class factor. In all such schools, the prevalence was one severe case in approximately every 200 girls. In those aged 16 and over it amounted to one severe case in about every 100 girls. Overall, these schools encountered one ‘new’ severe case in every 250 pupils aged 16 years and over. The condition is likely to be even more common than this study allows because of the stringent limits set here on inclusion of cases and the age-band studied. It is concluded that severe anorexia nervosa is a common condition and is probably getting more common.
Contrast Nephropathy: A Paradigm for Cardiorenal Interactions in Clinical Practice

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is defined as acute deterioration of renal function after intravascular administration of iodinated contrast agents, in the absence of other causes. Laboratory diagnosis is expressed as an increase in serum creatinine levels of 0.5 mg/dL (or 44 μmol/L) or a 25% or greater relative increase from baseline 48-72 hours after a diagnostic or interventional procedure, even if the clinical significance of this definition in the absence of pre-existing renal failure is questionable (Thomsen & Morcos, 2006).
The Probiotic Combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BPL6 Reduces Pathogen Loads and Improves Gut Health of Weaned Piglets Orally Challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

Probiotics have been demonstrated to be useful to enhance gut health and prevent gastrointestinal infections in humans. Additionally, some multi-strain probiotic combinations have been suggested to have greater efficacy than single strains. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of a combination of the probiotic strains: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 (brand name B. infantis IM1®) and B. animalis subsp. lactis BPL6 to enhance gut health and to ameliorate the outcome of a Salmonella challenge using a weaning piglet model. Seventy-two 28-day-old weanling piglets, 7.7 (±0.28) kg of body-weight, were distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial design; treated or not with the probiotic combination and challenged or not with the pathogen. Animals were orally challenged after an adaptation period (Day 8) with a single dose (5 × 108 cfu) of Salmonella Typhimurium. One animal per pen was euthanized on Day 12 (Day 4 post-inoculation [PI]) and Day 16 (Day 8 PI). All parameters responded to the challenge and 4 deaths were registered, indicating a severe but self-limiting challenge. Improvements registered in the challenged animals due to the probiotic were: increased voluntary feed-intake (P probiotic × challenge = 0.078), reduced fecal excretion of Salmonella (P = 0.028 at Day 1 PI and P < 0.10 at Days 3 and 5 PI), decreased rectal temperature (P probiotic × day = 0.048) and improvements in the villous:crypt ratio (P probiotic × challenge < 0.001). Moreover, general probiotic benefits were observed in both challenged and non-challenged groups: decreased diarrhea scores of the PI period (P = 0.014), improved fermentation profiles on Day 8 PI (increased ileal acetic acid [P = 0.008] and a tendency to lower colonic ammonia concentrations [P = 0.078]), stimulation of intestinal immune response by increasing villous intraepithelial lymphocytes (P = 0.015 on Day 8 PI) and an improved villous:crypt ratio (P = 0.011). In conclusion, the multi-strain probiotic had a positive effect on reducing pathogen loads and alleviating animals in a Salmonella challenge. In addition, enhanced gut health and immunity was recorded in all animals receiving the probiotic, indicating an improvement in the post-weaning outcome.
Analysis of the pathways of nitric oxide utilization in mitochondria

The regulatory role that mitochondria play in cell dysfunction and cell-death pathways involves the concept of a complex and multisite regulation of cellular respiration and energy production signaled by cellular and intercellular messengers. Hence, the role of nitric oxide, as a physiological regulator acting directly on the mitochondrial respiratory chain acquires further relevance. This article provides a survey of the major regulatory roles of nitric oxide on mitochondrial functions as an expression of two major metabolic pathways for nitric oxide consumption: a reductive pathway, involving mitochondrial ubiquinol and yielding nitroxyl anion and an oxidative pathway involving superoxide anion and yielding peroxynitrite. The modulation of the decay pathways for nitrogen-and oxygen-centered radicals is further analyzed as a function of the redox transitions of mitochondrial ubiquinol. The interplay among these redox processes and its implications for mitochondrial function is discussed in terms of the mitochondrial steady-state levels (and gradients) of nitric oxide and superoxide anion.
Anti‐angiogenic properties of ADAMTS‐4 in vitro

Angiogenesis is an indispensable mechanism in development and in many pathologies, including cancer, synovitis and aberrant wound healing. Many angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors have been investigated, and some have progressed to the clinic. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) is a group of multifunctional proteinases. ADAMTS‐1 and ADAMTS‐8 have been reported to be anti‐angiogenic. Here, we provide evidence that ADAMTS‐4, like ADAMTS‐1, is expressed by endothelial cells and binds to vascular endothelial groth factor (VEGF). Moreover, ADAMTS‐4 inhibited human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HuDMEC) VEGF‐stimulated VEGF receptor (R) R2 phosphorylation, differentiation and migration, suggesting that ADAMTS‐4 may be a novel anti‐angiogenic molecule.
Differential localization of septins in the mouse brain

We have carried out a comparative immunohistochemical study on four members of the septin family, CDCrel‐1, Septin6, CDC10, and H5, which are abundantly expressed in the adult mouse brain. We found that each septin showed overlapping but distinct distribution at the levels of light and electron microscopy. CDCrel‐1 was abundant in inhibitory presynaptic terminals and associated with GABAergic vesicles in the thalamus, globus pallidus, and cerebellar nuclei. Septin6 was associated with synaptic vesicles in various brain regions, including glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. CDC10 was diffusely expressed in the brain and was localized beneath presynaptic membrane and astroglial processes. H5 was localized in the astroglial processes in some specific brain regions. The differential expression and subcellular localization of these septins indicates that a given neuron or glial cell expresses a specific set of septin monomers and that the resulting septin complexes with distinct compositions may play distinct roles in the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 428:223–239, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute versus habitual exercise, thrombogenesis and exercise intensity

Engaging in regular exercise lowers the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and most recommendations suggest at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on most (and preferably all) days as a primary-prevention strategy for CHD in the general population (1). However, much has also been made of the higher transient risk of sudden death from myocardial infarction during or shortly after exercise, particularly in sedentary individuals who are not accustomed to regular strenuous physical stress (1). Indeed, recent data from the Physicians’ Health Study suggests that vigorous exercise (defined as 30 minutes of 6 MET or more) could simultaneously increase the short-term risk of sudden death during and up to 30 minutes after vigorous exertion [a relative risk of-sudden death of 16.9 (95% CI 10.527.0; P<0.001)] and also offer protection from this risk in those who habitually engage in vigorous exercise (2); however, the absolute risk of sudden death during any particular episode of vigorous exertion was extremely low (1 sudden death per 1.51 million episodes of exertion). Reassuringly, habitual vigorous exercise did attenuate the relative risk of sudden death that was associated with an episode of vigorous exertion. What might be the underlying mechanisms responsible for this ‘paradox’ of vigorous versus habitual exercise? Albert et al (2) postulated that episodes of vigorous exertion activate the sympathetic nervous system and promote rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, whereas habitual exercise could enhance the electrical stability of the myocardium by increasing vagal tone, thereby protecting against fatal ventricular arrhythmias. However, the possibility also arises that the ‘two-edged sword’ of vigorous exercise may relate to activation of the haemostatic system, leading to enhanced thrombogenesis.
The Cabinet, the Prime Minister and the Constitution: The Constitutional Background to Cabinet

Although the mixed member proportional (MMP) electoral system in New Zealand has changed the context in which Cabinet operates, the Cabinet system has adapted to meet the challenges of diverse parties within government. Techniques developed to deal with coalition and confidence and supply agreements, and changes in management style, have not diminished Cabinet's coordinating and control role to any appreciable degree. The prime minister is the key manager in the process because the prime minister must manage the agreements that keep the government in office. The essential feature of MMP New Zealand is that power has to be shared, and it is the role of the prime minister to decide how and under what conditions. The relative fluidity of New Zealand's constitutional arrangements coupled with their inherently political character means that the prime minister is the most important actor in the New Zealand constitution. It is the prime minister who is the major player within the executive government and who has within his or her range of responsibilities making the constitution work.
Anxiety, reactivity, and social stress-induced cortisol elevation in humans.

OBJECTIVES Traditionally, it has been hypothesized that highly anxious/emotionally reactive subjects may have exaggerated social stress response. We examined the relationship between self-reported anxiety, emotional reactivity, and social stress response. METHODS We investigated the relationship between personality scales of trait-state anxiety, subjective autonomic reactivity, and salivary cortisol levels before and after social stress exposure (Trier Social Stress Test) in 20 men. RESULTS Significant positive correlations between anxiety, subjective autonomic reactivity, and basal cortisol levels were observed, while neither anxiety nor subjective autonomic reactivity was correlated with social stress-induced cortisol elevation. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate (i) subjects with higher degrees of trait anxiety/subjective autonomic reactivity have higher basal cortisol levels, and (ii) in contrast to the traditional view, anxious personality is not strongly associated with exaggerated cortisol response to social stress.
Sources and migration of volatile organic compounds in mixed-use buildings.

UNLABELLED We examined concentrations and migration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ten mixed-use buildings in southeast Michigan, USA. In an office and work zone in each building, air exchange rates (AERs) were measured using perfluorocarbon tracers, and over 96 VOC species were measured by GC/MS over a 7-day period. VOCs were then apportioned to sources in offices, work zones, and outdoors using a two-zone mass balance model. AERs averaged 3.9 h (0.2-14.2 h) in offices and 1.9 h (0.4-3.5 h) in work zones. The dominant VOCs included aromatics, terpenes and alkanes. VOC concentrations were uniform in the smaller spaces, and more variable in some of the very large spaces. Apportionments depended on the VOC and building, but emissions in industrial zones of buildings often migrated to office areas where they frequently accounted for the bulk of VOC concentrations. Outdoor sources accounted for most benzene and carbon tetrachloride, and a small fraction of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. This study shows that pollutant migration can be a significant and not uncommon problem in mixed-use buildings, and it demonstrates the need for better control of emissions and pollutant migration. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Pollutant exposures in industrial, commercial, and institutional buildings arise from indoor and outdoor sources that can be identified, apportioned, and controlled with knowledge of emission sources and building airflows. We show that multi-tracer techniques are an effective and practical means of determining airflows and exchange rates in large buildings. In examining a set of mixed-use buildings, a substantial fraction of VOC exposures in otherwise relatively 'clean' offices is due to pollutant migration from 'dirty' zones of the building. This indicates the need for corrective actions to minimize exposures of office workers that are unwanted and probably unknown to building managers. These actions should include better control of emissions, isolation or control of air and pollutant flows between building zones, and documentation of the effectiveness of such measures when strong emission sources are present.
A need for logical and consistent anatomical nomenclature for cutaneous nerves of the limbs

The system of anatomical nomenclature needs to be logical and consistent. However, variations in translation to English of the Latin and Greek terminology used in Nomina Anatomica and Terminologia Anatomica have led to some inconsistency in the nomenclature of cutaneous nerves in the limbs. An historical review of cutaneous nerve nomenclature reveals that there are two general naming conventions: one primarily American and one primarily British. The American convention presents cutaneous nerves of the limbs in the format “medial brachial cutaneous nerve,” while the British convention presents the same nerve as “medial cutaneous nerve of the arm,” thereby translating “brachii” to “of the arm. ” If logically and consistently applied throughout the body, the British convention would rename the sural nerve to the “nerve of the calf,” the brachial artery would become the “artery of the arm,” the femoral nerve would be “nerve of the thigh,” and femur would be “bone of the thigh” or “thigh bone. ” The British convention leads to many other nomenclatural inconsistencies, which would seem to make learning anatomy more difficult for the beginning student. In this era of contracting anatomy curricula, every effort should be made to keep anatomical nomenclature simple, logical, and consistent. Anat Sci Ed 2:126–134, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Annealing and Genetic Algorithms forShape Detection

The paper presents three heuristical methods for the solution of the shape detection problem. This problem arises in a large number of applications and is therefore of large interest to develop eeective methods for its solution. We formulate the shape detection problem as a combinatorial optimization problem and use methods based on simulated annealing and genetic algorithms for its solution. To speed up the detection process we develop a parallelization strategy for both methods. As a third method we present a constructive heuristic based on ltering noise. Experimental results show that the simulated anneal-ing and the constructive method give very good results, computed in short time.