Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Problems in Using Fixed-Effects Models of Meta-Analysis on Real-World Data

There are 2 approaches to meta-analysis: One assumes that studies in a meta-analysis are sampled from populations with the same effect size (the fixed-effects case), the other assumes that studies are taken from populations that have varying effect sizes (the random-effects case). As such, 2 corresponding meta-analytic frameworks have been developed: fixed- and random-effects methods. Recent evidence suggests that the assumption of fixed population effect sizes is not tenable for virtually all real-world data (e.g., Hunter & Schmidt, 2000), and yet fixed-effects methods of meta-analysis are routinely applied to real-world data (see National Research Council, 1992). This article describes some of the problems in using fixed-effects models on random-effects data by presenting 2 Monte Carlo simulations. In keeping with statistical theory (e.g., Hunter & Schmidt, 2000) results show a radical inflation of the significance tests of the mean effect sizes (above and beyond theoretical predictions). These results .
Electron - whistler interaction at the Earth's bow shock: 2. Electron pitch angle diffusion

The effect of whistler waves on the electron distribution function is considered for the November 7, 1977, bow shock crossing. Order of magnitude estimates of the diffusion times due to whistler waves and to electrostatic noise shows that whistler waves are also effective in shaping the electron distribution function fnof;e, causing pitch angle diffusion in the limit of low frequencies. A Monte Carlo simulation of the electron dynamics, which includes electrostatic as well as whistler random terms, is then set up. A study of the diffusion coefficients, together with the use of the experimental data on electromagnetic noise, allows us to assess spatial and velocity profiles for the random terms of the simulation. The moments of fnof;e, including the perpendicular temperature and the heat flux densities, are reproduced satisfactorily by the numerical results. The resulting scenario for electron heating in quasi-perpendicular shocks can be described as follows: (1) the shock steady electric field in the deHoffman-Teller frame energizes the electrons, but the parallel temperature is too high and the perpendicular temperature too low, and a hole in fnof;e is formed; (2) parallel diffusion due to the electrostatic noise fills the hole in fnof;e and creates a flat-topped distribution, thus cooling the electrons, but the perpendicular temperature remains too low; (3) pitch angle diffusion due to whistler waves transfers energy from parallel to perpendicular, increasing the perpendicular temperature up to the observed values.
A New Method for Fabrication of Cationized Ferritins on Au/Si by Wet Chemical Etching

We have developed and studied a new fabrication method for preparation of uniform and wellorganized two-dimensional arrays of cationized ferritins on gold film. These arrays were deposited on wet chemically etched Si substrates. The surface conditions of the ferritins on Au film, prepared by using a spin-self assembly method, were examined with atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the ferritin molecules were adsorbed less on Au/non-etched Si, but were adsorbed very well on Au/etched Si. These results indicate that the adhesion capability of cationized ferritin molecules strongly depends on whether the Si surface is wet-etched or not. A possible physical origin of the adsorption mechanism is that the Au/etched Si attracts cationized ferritin molecules. The negative charge of the gold surface is caused by an electrostatic force due to the dangling bonds in the interface between the Au and the Si substrate, which are generated by the etching process. This mechanism results in well-grown ferritin films.
Multiconfiguration second‐order perturbation theory approach to strong electron correlation in chemistry and photochemistry

Rooted in the very fundamental aspects of many chemical phenomena, and for the majority of photochemistry, is the onset of strongly interacting electronic configurations. To describe this challenging regime of strong electron correlation, an extraordinary effort has been put forward by a young generation of scientists in the development of theories ‘beyond’ standard wave function and density functional models. Despite their encouraging results, a twenty‐and‐more‐year old approach still stands as the gold standard for these problems: multiconfiguration second‐order perturbation theory based on complete active space reference wave function (CASSCF/CASPT2). We will present here a brief overview of the CASSCF/CASPT2 computational protocol, and of its role in our understanding of chemical and photochemical processes. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical processes in the vicinity of the cometopause interpreted on the basis of plasma, magnetic field, and plasma wave data measured on board the Vega 2 spacecraft

This paper presents the first step toward a comprehensive interpretation of the plasma, electric, and magnetic field measurements performed by four different instruments near the cometopause of Halley's comet. No flow parameter displays any drastic variation at this boundary which separates two environments with different chemical composition. A fire hose instability is possibly developing near the cometopause where the number of cometary ions significantly increases. The waves at the lower hybrid frequency and in the whistler range have similar amplitudes.
Multimodel Ensembling in Seasonal Climate Forecasting at IRI

The International Research Institute (IRI) for Climate Prediction seasonal forecast system is based largely on the predictions of ensembles of several atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced by two versions of an SST prediction—one consisting of persisted SST anomalies from the current observations and one of evolving SST anomalies as predicted by a set of dynamical and statistical SST prediction models. Recently, an objective multimodel ensembling procedure has replaced a more laborious and subjective weighting of the predictions of the several AGCMs. Here the skills of the multimodel predictions produced retrospectively over the first 4 years of IRI forecasts are examined and compared with the skills of the more subjectively derived forecasts actually issued. The multimodel ensemble predictions are generally found to be an acceptable replacement, although the precipitation forecasts do benefit from inclusion of empirical forecast tools. Planned pattern-level model output statistics (MOS) c.
Digital audio watermarking using moment-preserving thresholding

The Moment-Preserving Thresholding technique for digital images has been used in digital image processing for decades, especially in image binarization and image compression. Its main strength lies in that the binary values that the MPT produces as a result, called representative values, are usually unaffected when the signal being thresholded goes through a signal processing operation. The two representative values in MPT together with the threshold value are obtained by solving the system of the preservation equations for the first, second, and third moment. Relying on this robustness of the representative values to various signal processing attacks considered in the watermarking context, this paper proposes a new watermarking scheme for audio signals. The watermark is embedded in the root-sum-square (RSS) of the two representative values of each signal block using the quantization technique. As a result, the RSS values are modified by scaling the signal according to the watermark bit sequence under the constraint of inaudibility relative to the human psycho-acoustic model. We also address and suggest solutions to the problem of synchronization and power scaling attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme maintains high audio quality and robustness to various attacks including MP3 compression, re-sampling, jittering, and, DA/AD conversion.
Decision Theory and Operations Research

Decision theory, as it has grown up in recent years, is a formalization of the problems involved in making optimal choices. In a certain sense---a very abstract sense, to be sure---it incorporates operations research, theoretical economics, and wide areas of statistics, among others. The formal structure of a decision problem in any area can be put into four parts: 1 the choice of an objective function defining the relative desirability of different outcomes, 2 specification of the policy alternatives which are available to the agent, or decisionmaker, 3 specification of the model, that is, empirical relations that link the objective function, or the variables that enter into it, with the policy alternatives and possibly other variables, and 4 computational methods for choosing among the policy alternatives that one which performs best as measured by the objective function. In the last part, the objective function is maximized subject to the constraints imposed by the model. It is for this reason that decision theory is mathematically, to a great extent, a branch of the theory of constrained maxima.
Hadley Circulations for Zonally Averaged Heating Centered off the Equator

Abstract Consistent with observations, we find that moving peak heating even 2 degrees off the equator leads to profound asymmetries in the Hadley circulation, with the winter cell amplifying greatly and the summer cell becoming negligible. It is found that the annually averaged Hadley circulation is much larger than the circulation forced by the annually averaged beating. Implications for the general circulation are discussed, as are implications for Milankovitch forcing of climate variations and for tropical meteorology and oceanography.
Excess sound absorption due to periodically arranged absorptive materials

Discontinuities, of any kind, in the surface impedance have a tendency to cause the effect of excess absorption. A well‐known example of this phenomenon is the so‐called ‘‘edge effect,’’ defined as the dependence of sound absorptivity of a test material on its area size. In relation to this problem, the excess sound absorption of periodically arranged flat surfaces composed of different materials is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The analyses show that excess absorption, having a specific trend of absorption characteristics, clearly occurs over the full frequency range of interest. As a result of parametric survey conducted on the performance of a surface arranged periodically with rigid and porous materials, it is found that flat surfaces with desirable absorption characteristics can be made by adjusting the parameters suitably. The parameters are the period of the surface, width ratio of the two materials, flow resistivity, and thickness of the porous material. Also, it is shown, as.
Determination of the effect of a strain relaxation layer on the internal electric field measurement in an InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well structure by using electroreflectance spectroscopy

We investigate the effect of a strain relaxation layer (SRL) on the internal-field measurement of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) in blue light-emitting diodes by using electroreflectance (ER) spectroscopy. The polarization charges of the SRL are relatively smaller than those of the MQWs because the SRL has a lower indium composition in the InGaN/GaN superlattice. Therefore, the phases of the ER signals from the MQWs and the SRL are reversed at different bias voltages. From two different compensation voltages, the piezoelectric fields in MQWs and the SRL are estimated separately. When the SRL is not considered, the piezoelectric field in the MQWs can be underestimated.
Nanostructure model of thermal conductivity for high thermoelectric performance

The effective medium theory of thermal conductivity of two-phase composites studied by Nan et al. has been extended to investigate concentrated nanocomposites. Due to the presence of inter-particle phonon scattering processes in concentrated nanocomposites, the effective lattice thermal conductivity keff varies more rapidly with the volume fraction of second-phase inclusions in the composite. Applying the new keff expressions to monolithic material systems, the results are found to capture the experimental trend of monolithic nanostructured materials. In particular, it is noted that the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT, is nearly doubled by only reducing the lattice thermal conductivity. Two-phase nanocomposites have also been evaluated, demonstrating that these latter systems are very suited for high thermoelectric performance. Present study leads to several strategies for obtaining ZT ∼ 2 or higher in nanocomposites.
A mixed model for regressions

This paper gives a self-contained analysis of a mixed model for regressions. The model differs from the ordinary covariance model as well as from the error components regression model considered by Mundlak (1963), Wallace & Hussain (1969) and some other writers. A single-equation mixed regression model is specified and its connexion with Spj0tvoll's mixed model (1966) for analysis of variance is examined. An efficient two-stage method for estimating the parameters of the single-equation model is also given. The multi-regression mixed model is defined and system estimators for the parameters of the model are derived, which have some optimal asymptotic properties.
Quantitative shear wave optical coherence elastography (SW-OCE) with acoustic radiation force impulses (ARFI) induced by phase array transducer

Shear Wave Optical Coherence Elastography (SW-OCE) uses the speed of propagating shear waves to provide a quantitative measurement of localized shear modulus, making it a valuable technique for the elasticity characterization of tissues such as skin and ocular tissue. One of the main challenges in shear wave elastography is to induce a reliable source of shear wave; most of nowadays techniques use external vibrators which have several drawbacks such as limited wave propagation range and/or difficulties in non-invasive scans requiring precisions, accuracy. Thus, we propose linear phase array ultrasound transducer as a remote wave source, combined with the high-speed, 47,000-frame-per-second Shear-wave visualization provided by phase-sensitive OCT. In this study, we observed for the first time shear waves induced by a 128 element linear array ultrasound imaging transducer, while the ultrasound and OCT images (within the OCE detection range) were triggered simultaneously. Acoustic radiation force impulses are induced by emitting 10 MHz tone-bursts of sub-millisecond durations (between 50 μm – 100 μm). Ultrasound beam steering is achieved by programming appropriate phase delay, covering a lateral range of 10 mm and full OCT axial (depth) range in the imaging sample. Tissue-mimicking phantoms with agarose concentration of 0.5% and 1% was used in the SW-OCE measurements as the only imaging samples. The results show extensive improvements over the range of SW-OCE elasticity map; such improvements can also be seen over shear wave velocities in softer and stiffer phantoms, as well as determining the boundary of multiple inclusions with different stiffness. This approach opens up the feasibility to combine medical ultrasound imaging and SW-OCE for high-resolution localized quantitative measurement of tissue biomechanical property.
Electrical isolation in GaAs by light ion irradiation : the role of antisite defects

The evolution of the sheet resistance (Rs) in n‐type GaAs layers during ion irradiation was studied using light mass projectiles like proton, deuterium, and helium ions at various energies. For all the cases, at the beginning of the irradiation, Rs increases with the accumulation of the dose. After reaching ≊109 Ω/⧠, Rs saturates, forming a plateau. This plateau is succeeded by a decreasing of Rs with the increase of the dose, denoting that conduction via damage‐related mechanisms is taking place. The threshold dose to convert the conductive layer to a highly resistive one at room temperature or at 100 °C is found to scale with the inverse of the estimated number of displaced lattice atoms along the depth of the doped layer. Antisite defects formed by the replacement collisions are invoked to play the major role in isolation formation in GaAs by virtue of their lower sensitivity to dynamic annealing compared to other point defects.
Plasma membrane microorganization of LR73 multidrug-resistant cells revealed by FCS

Tumoral cells could present a multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapeutic treatments. This drug resistance would be associated to biomechanisms occurring at the plasma membrane level, involving modification of membrane fluidity, drug permeability, presence of microdomains (rafts, caveolae.), and membrane proteins overexpression such as Pglycoprotein. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is the relevant method to investigate locally the fluidity of biological membranes through the lateral diffusion of a fluorescent membrane probe. Thus, we use FCS to monitor the plasma membrane local organization of LR73 carcinoma cells and three derived multidrug-resistant cancer cells lines. Measurements were conducted at the single cell level, which enabled us to get a detailed overview of the plasma membrane microviscosity distribution of each cell line studied. Moreover, we propose 2D diffusion simulation based on a Monte Carlo model to investigate the membrane organisation in terms of microdomains. This simulation allows us to relate the differences in the fluidity distributions with microorganization changes in plasma membrane of MDR cells.
Forms of algebraic groups

In [4] A. Weil solves the following problem: if V is a variety defined over an overfield K of a groundfield k, among the varieties birationally equivalent to V over K find one which is defined over k. The solution is essentially given by the 1-dimensional Galois cohomology. It was observed by J.-P. Serre that in the case V itself is defined over k the 1-cocycles can be regarded as putting a "twist" into V. In the particular case of simple algebraic groups over finite fields this gives rise to some new finite simple groups. Let G be an algebraic group defined over a field k and K a Galois extension of k. An algebraic group G' defined over k will be called a k-form of G split by K if there is a rational isomorphism 4 defined over K between G' and G. Denote by g the Galois group of K over k. For uGg, f, =40a/-I is an automorphism of G defined over K and for all r, Czg we havefT-=fjf,, i.e.f is a 1-cocycle from g to AutKG, the group of automorphisms of G defined over K.
Controlled electroluminescence of n-ZnMgO/p-GaN light-emitting diodes

Effective control of room-temperature electroluminescence of n-ZnMgO/p-GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) over both emission intensity and wavelength is demonstrated. With varied Mg concentration, the intensity of LEDs in the near-ultraviolet region is increased due to the effective radiative recombination in the ZnMgO layer. Furthermore, the emission wavelength is shifted to the green/yellow spectral region by employing an indium-tin-oxide thin film as the dopant source, where thermally activated indium diffusion creates extra deep defect levels for carrier recombination. These results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of controlled metal incorporation in achieving high energy efficiency and spectral tunability of the n-ZnMgO/p-GaN LED devices.
A state space approach for efficient implementation of block LMS adaptive filters

An efficient state space method for implementing the fast Fourier transform over rectangular windows is proposed for the cases when there is a large overlap between the consecutive input signals. This is called the generalized sliding FFT (GSFFT). To minimize the computational complexity of the GSFFT. The intermediate result of the FFT structure which can be used in the next iterations are preserved. The complexity of this method is compared with that of standard FFT. The GSFFT is then used to propose an efficient implementation of the frequency domain block least mean square adaptive (FBLMS) filters, which are known to be efficient when filter length is large. <<ETX>>
Time modelling and spatial clustering of daily ambient temperature: An application in Southern Italy

Knowledge of the spatial and temporal patterns of meteoclimatic variables is one of the crucial points when dealing with environmental problems. For this purpose we analysed the temporal and spatial behaviour of ambient daily temperature values in order to single out the time dynamics of this variable and its correlation with landscape parameters. A method based on two techniques is implemented; the first describes the time dynamics using stochastic models and the second characterizes the homogeneous areas using a multivariate algorithm for spatial clustering. This approach allows us to use a powerful and parsimonious description of temporal and spatial patterns of daily ambient temperatures. Our analysis relates to temperatures but the approach is completely general and can be applied to other meteoclimatic variables. We checked the proposed method in the study of daily ambient temperature patterns in Southern Italy. The data, collected during the period from 1973 to 1988 in 50 thermometric stations located in two regions of Southern Italy (Basilicata and Calabria), are analysed.
Observations of He I 584 A nighttime radiation - Evidence for an interstellar source of neutral helium

The intensity and spatial variations of the He I 584 A radiation in the night sky were measured to an altitude of 264 km from a sounding rocket launched from Thumba, India. The flux varied in intensity with look angle from a high of 16 plus or minus 5 rayleighs to a low of less than 1 rayleigh. The data obtained are presented in the form of an all-sky map. Since the peak flux levels observed are approximately two orders of magnitude larger than that expected from geocoronal resonant scattering, we have compared our results with those expected from two interplanetary sources of neutral helium: the penetration of the local interstellar medium into the solar neighborhood and the dust deionization of solar-wind alpha particles. The dust deionization-model predictions using currently accepted input parameters appear to be inconsistent with the observations. The interstellar helium source is compatible with the data to within the uncertainties of the models.
Map integration in tracking

A multiple model tracking algorithm has considerable advantage when the target is moving on a road grid. A map-enhanced algorithm magnifies this by excluding large regions of the 2D motion-space from search. However, integrating the grid of streets and junctions into a recursive algorithm is challenging. This paper presents a map-enhanced, tracker that uses local models tuned to motions on the four cardinal directions. Map compliance is achieved by re-initializing the local kinematic state when a model change occurs and by moving the local estimate to the map after a measurement update. Unfortunately, the transition dynamics of the model state depend upon the kinematic state. A proposed junction influence function is based upon a rapidly decaying measure of the distance from the target to the nearest compatible junction.
Compact optical modulators with Si photonic crystals

We demonstrate the first sub-100 μm silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) that operate at <10 Gb/s, by exploiting low-dispersion slow-light in lattice-shifted photonic crystal waveguides (LSPCWs). We use two LSPCW-MZM structures, one with LSPCWs in both arms of the MZM, and the other with an LSPCW in only one of the arms. Using the first structure we demonstrate 10 Gb/s operation with a operating bandwidth of 12.5 nm, in a device with a phase-shifter length of only 50 μm. Using the second structure, owing to a larger group index as well as lower spectral noise, we demonstrate 40 Gb/s operation with a phase-shifter length of only 90 μm, which is more than an order-of-magnitude shorter than most 40 Gb/s MZMs.