Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retractions in the scientific literature: do authors deliberately commit research fraud?

Background Papers retracted for fraud (data fabrication or data falsification) may represent a deliberate effort to deceive, a motivation fundamentally different from papers retracted for error. It is hypothesised that fraudulent authors target journals with a high impact factor (IF), have other fraudulent publications, diffuse responsibility across many co-authors, delay retracting fraudulent papers and publish from countries with a weak research infrastructure. Methods All 788 English language research papers retracted from the PubMed database between 2000 and 2010 were evaluated. Data pertinent to each retracted paper were abstracted from the paper and the reasons for retraction were derived from the retraction notice and dichotomised as fraud or error. Data for each retracted article were entered in an Excel spreadsheet for analysis. Results Journal IF was higher for fraudulent papers (p<0.001). Roughly 53% of fraudulent papers were written by a first author who had written other retracted papers (‘repeat offender’), whereas only 18% of erroneous papers were written by a repeat offender (χ=88.40; p<0.0001). Fraudulent papers had more authors (p<0.001) and were retracted more slowly than erroneous papers (p<0.005). Surprisingly, there was significantly more fraud than error among retracted papers from the USA (χ2=8.71; p<0.05) compared with the rest of the world. Conclusions This study reports evidence consistent with the ‘deliberate fraud’ hypothesis. The results suggest that papers retracted because of data fabrication or falsification represent a calculated effort to deceive. It is inferred that such behaviour is neither naïve, feckless nor inadvertent.
Exosomes: Novel Biomarkers for Clinical Diagnosis

Exosomes are 30–120 nm endocytic membrane-derived vesicles that participate in cell-to-cell communication and protein and RNA delivery. Exosomes harbor a variety of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and are present in many and perhaps all bodily fluids. A significant body of literature has demonstrated that molecular constituents of exosomes, especially exosomal proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs), hold great promise as novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. In this minireview, we summarize recent advances in the research of exosomal biomarkers and their potential application in clinical diagnostics. We also provide a brief overview of the formation, function, and isolation of exosomes.
The Effects of a Multicomponent Intervention on Treatment Integrity of Counterconditioning for Aggression in Dogs

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of consumer management procedures on dog owner treatment integrity. A within subjects comparison was made. The primary dependent variable was treatment integrity. Errors were analyzed as either omission or commission. Secondarily, dog aggression and precursors to aggression were measured. Lastly, owners and experts rated goals, procedures, and effects to assess acceptability. Owners were trained with consumer management procedures to use classical counterconditioning (CC) which reduces aggression in dogs. Consumer management procedures included verbal instruction, modeling, and performance feedback. Performance feedback was delivered in the form of praise for correct implementation, corrective feedback, and sharing process and outcome data. The intervention was divided into two main phases: instruction and generalization programming. Instruction targeted a relatively simple context for owners. During instruction treatment integrity was targeted with verbal instruction, modeling, and performance feedback. During generalization programming the integrity with which owners implement CC in more complex contexts was targeted with performance feedback. The intervention was effective during both phases with the result of increased treatment integrity. Secondarily, there was a dramatic decrease in aggression and a minor decrease in precursor behavior. Lastly, goals, procedures and effects were rated as highly acceptable by owners and experts. Implications for use are discussed. 6
Naturally Occurring Interactions and Guidance Codifications in Healthcare Communication Analysis: the Case of Praising Obese Patients

Abstract: Studies of face-to-face communication illuminate the ways in which the conduct and outcome of healthcare encounters is contingent on the interactions that occur within them. Work in this field benefits from the increasing availability and acceptance of recording technologies for data collection, enabling the production of richly detailed investigations of real-time healthcare communication. At the same time the growing interest within healthcare professions in inter-personal communication has lead to codification of interactional practices in guidance and training documents. This article argues that the intersection of these two developments presents a significant opportunity for fruitful research: analyses of naturally occurring communication in consultations can take the interactional practices prescribed in guidance and training documents as a topic or starting point for investigation. The subsequent results enhance empirical and conceptual knowledge whilst also offering a commentary on the guidance prescriptions. To demonstrate this, the article reports on a conversation analytic investigation of compliments in specialist obesity consultations prompted by guidance recommending the praise of these patients ‘every opportunity’. The findings reveal that the actions of praise-giving and response are interactionally complex in this kind of setting and closely associated with certain institutional and normative dynamics, thereby the guidance is less straightforwardly positive than it at first appears. By advancing analytic understanding and offering practical implications this kind of approach makes a substantial contribution to the interpersonal level of healthcare communication analysis.
Spam Filtering Based on Latent Semantic Indexing

In this paper, a study on the classification performance of a vector space model (VSM) and of latent semantic indexing (LSI) applied to the task of spam filtering is summarized. Based on a feature set used in the extremely widespread, de-facto standard spam filtering system SpamAssassin, a vector space model and latent semantic indexing are applied for classifying e-mail messages as spam or not spam. The test data sets used are partly from the official TREC 2005 data set and partly
A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Earphone Position on the Reliability of Repeated Auditory Threshold Determination

ResumeNous avons pense que la changement de position des ecouteurs constitutait une source importante de variations au cours des recherches repetees des seuils d'audition. Nous avons concu un masque permettant I'adaptation d'un ecouteur sur la těte et son replacement dans une position inchangee par rapport au meat de I'oreille.Au cours d'experimentations, nous avons pu montrer que le masque produit des variations beaucoup moins significatives au cours d'une serie de recherches de seuils a 6 et 8.000 c/s, qu'un ensemble conventionnel de bandeau cephalique. Nous pensons egalement qu'il est possible que la position qu'occupe I'ecouteur sur I'oreille, ait une influence sur la mesure du seuil obtenu.
Registration of terrestrial laser scanner data using imagery

At the present time there is a considerable amount of development interest in the use of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data for 3D reconstruction and modelling in the fields of heritage recording and plant documentation. TLS technology produces point clouds of very high density in a very short time. When surveying an object of complex geometry, multiple scans are typically required to generate an occlusion‐free 3D model. The principal task associated with building 3D models from laser scanner data in such cases is to transform the scan data from the sensor's local coordinate system into a uniform Cartesian reference datum. This is necessary in order to join the multiple point clouds. This paper presents a registration procedure for TLS data whereby the exterior orientations of the TLS stations are determined via photogrammetry. The images from a digital camera mounted on top of the laser scanner are used first to relatively orient the network of images and then transfer this orientation to the TLS stations to provide exterior orientation and thus a one‐step registration of the point clouds from each scanner position. Test results obtained with the proposed approach are presented to highlight its efficiency and accuracy.
Testing the Conceptual Path to Correctional Staff Safety: A Study of the Implementation of Unit Management in Two Medium Security State Institutions in the USA

Unit management is the preferred management model in Federal, state and private correctional institutions in the United States and is a model used in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It has also been seriously considered in Slovenia. The opportunity for staff participation in decision- making that this model specifies has been so lauded that unit management has become almost synonymous in practice and in the corrections literature with decentralization and direct supervision. The model has been credited for reducing inmate violence, maintaining/regaining staff control, and improving safety for inmates and staff. The uniqueness of the research here is that it presents a comparative case study of staff perceptions of their safety and the structural differences at two prisons that both have decentralized unit management staff and centralized hierarchal staff. It was predicted that unit management staff, compared to non-unit management staff, would feel safer and would perceive more delegation of authority and more opportunities to participate in decision-making. This study reports how the path to staff safety, as theorized by the unit management model, is not always as predicted. Staff perceptions were compared on a safety index that was created by factor analysis of responses to organizational climate surveys and to indices of decentralization and communication. Multiple regression analyses were then run on the staff safety index. The results indicate that the delegation of authority for decision-making can have inverse effects on the perception of staff safety; it depends on the way unit management is implemented.
Fatty acid levels and risk of asthma in young adults

Background: There is current interest in the possible protective effect of long chain (n-3) fatty acids from fish in chronic lung diseases such as asthma. The aim of this community based cross sectional study was to determine whether plasma long chain (n-3) fatty acids, as a measure of dietary intake, differed between 1601 young adults with and without asthma. Methods: Subjects of mean (SD) age 34.6 (7.1) years completed a detailed respiratory questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, skin prick testing, and lung function tests including methacholine challenge test for bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) and had venous blood taken for analysis of plasma fatty acids. Plasma fatty acid levels (%) were analysed using multiple logistic regression with alternative definitions of asthma and atopy as the outcomes. Results: Atopy was not associated with any plasma fatty acid. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6:n-3 ratio were not consistently associated with asthma or atopy. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid dihomo γ-linolenic acid (DHGLA) was positively associated with current asthma (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.60), asthma (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.60), and doctor diagnosed asthma (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.48). Conclusion: Plasma n-3 fatty acids are not associated with a reduced risk of asthma or atopy among young adults. The association of DHGLA with asthma warrants further research to determine a cause-effect relationship.
Safety and Efficacy of Once-Daily Didanosine, Tenofovir and Nevirapine as a Simplification Antiretroviral Approach

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of a once-daily antiretroviral regimen in HAART-experienced subjects with long-lasting viral suppression. Methods One-hundred-and-sixty-nine patients with chronically suppressed viral load (limit of detection <50 copies/ml) were recruited. Based on patient willingness to simplify treatment, 84 of them continued receiving their usual treatment (BID Group) and 85 switched to once-daily didanosine/tenofovir/nevirapine (QD Group) in a non-randomized fashion. Results At week 48, the proportion of patients with viral suppression in the QD and in the BID Group, respectively, was 97 vs 100% in the per-protocol analysis (P=0.497), and 76 vs 86% for the intention-to-treat analysis (P=0.176). Nevertheless, CD4 count decreased in the QD Group, with a mean decline of 95 cells/mm3 (95% CI: 45–145). Twelve subjects in the QD Group (14%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events, mainly nevirapine-related hepatitis (6%). No significant differences regarding the rate of acute pancreatitis or peripheral neuropathy were observed between both groups. A significant improvement in the lipid profile was only seen in the QD Group. High levels of adherence were observed in both groups during follow-up, as well as a good quality of life. At week 48, a reduction in effort to take medication (P≤0.001) and an increment in the satisfaction with the treatment (P<0.001) was only seen in the QD group. No differences were observed in median nevirapine trough levels between patients on twice-daily nevirapine at baseline (4820 ng/ml) and subjects in the QD Group (6090 ng/ml, P=0.30). Conclusion Treatment simplification to a once-daily antiretroviral regimen based on didanosine, tenofovir and nevirapine may be a valid approach in HIV-infected subjects with long-lasting viral suppression. Combination of standard doses of didanosine and tenofovir may have contributed to the CD4 cell decline observed with this QD regimen.
Language and identity in the school adjustment of immigrant students in Israel

Der Autor, dessen in diesem Band dargestellte Analyse. auf dem Datensatz der ICSEY Studie basiert, untersucht Muster der Adaption von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund unter den Aspekten Sprache, Identitat und soziokulturelle Anpassung in einem bestimmten Akkulturations- und Bildungskontext, namlich dem israelischen Schulsystem. Das israelische Schulsystem ist, so der Autor, durch eine Kombination von assimilationistischen und pluralistischen Ansatzen gekennzeichnet. Insgesamt 327 neu zugewanderte Schulerinnen und Schuler aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion sowie aus Athiopien, die in Israel leben und die Sekundarstufe besuchen, wurden befragt. Der Fragebogen basiert auf Selbstaussagen und umfasst Fragen zu den Themen Sprachgebrauch und Sprachkompetenz (Herkunftssprache und Schulsprache), Identitat, wahrgenommene Diskriminierung, schulische Adaption und Verhaltensprobleme. Zwischen den beiden ethnischen Gruppen konnten erhebliche Unterschiede im Sprachgebrauch und in den Sprachkompetenzen festgestellt werden. Die Beherrschung der Schulsprache erweist sich als der bedeutsamere Pradiktor fur schulische Adaption und Verhaltensprobleme als Kompetenzen in der Herkunftssprache. Gleichzeitig ist die ethnische Identitat (im Sinne der Loyalitat zur Herkunftskultur) in beiden Gruppen starker ausgepragt als die Identifikation mit der Kultur der Aufnahmegesellschaft. Schulische Adaption wird von beiden Gruppenloyalitaten, starker jedoch von der Identifikation mit der Kultur der Aufnahmegesellschaft beeinflusst. Zusatzlich hangt die wahrgenommene Diskriminierung negativ mit schulischer Adaption zusammen. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen werden unter dem Aspekt der Passung zwischen dem akkulturativen Kontext von Schulen in Israel und dem Muster der Identitatsbildung einerseits und der Akkulturation, die die Jugendlichen an den Tag legen andererseits, diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.).
A Comparison of the Sensitivities of Neonatal Ovine Pulmonary and Femoral Arteries to l-Norepinephrine Stimulation

Summary: We compared the concentration-response relationship of intralobar pulmonary arteries to l-norepinephrine with that of femoral arteries from newborn lambs. In addition, the effect of inhibition of the neuronal and extra-neuronal uptake mechanisms on these concentration-response relationships was examined.Concentration-response curves on 10 intralobar pulmonary arteries were performed with and without inhibition of the uptake mechanisms. Uptake inhibition shifts the curve to the left; thus, the-log EC50 with uptake inhibition (6.63 ± 0.15) is greater than that without uptake inhibition (6.13 ± 0.14). Similar curves on 10 femoral arteries demonstrated that the-log EC50 with and without uptake inhibition (6.20 ± 0.13 and 6.00 ± 0.04, respectively) are not statistically different.Because, in the presence of intact uptake mechanisms the concentration of l-norepinephrine in the a-receptor microenvironment is less than that placed in the organ bath, the appropriate comparison of pulmonary and femoral arterial response to l-norepinephrine stimulation requires uptake inhibition in both vessels. The concentration-response curve with uptake inhibition for the intralobar pulmonary artery is significantly to the left of that for the femoral; the-log EC50 for the pulmonary vessel (6.63 ± 0.15) is greater than that of the femoral vessel (6.20 ± 0.13). The intralobar pulmonary artery in vitro is more sensitive to l-norepinephrine stimulation than is the femoral.
Measuring peer victimization and school leadership

The negative consequences of peer victimization on children and adolescents such as worsening academic achievement and mental ill health are major public health concerns which have been subjected to extensive research. However, there are long-standing concerns how to define, measure, and estimate prevalence rates of peer victimization and successful school leadership. The aim of this thesis is to study methods for assessing peer victimization and pedagogical leadership in school. The results show that excluding other forms of peer victimization than bullying have serious implications for the identification of victims and may underestimate the full impact of peer victimization on children. Further, the validation of the Pedagogical and Social Climate (PESOC-PLP) scale is a step towards ensuring valid assessments of pedagogical school leadership. By strengthening the understanding of measurement methods of peer victimization and school leadership the results from the thesis may indirectly contribute to a safe and positive school experience for children and adolescents.
Safety-Integrated Hardware Solutions to Support ASIL-D Applications

Real-time control of safety-critical applications has been a longtime challenge for engineers. Application functions are becoming more complex and industry standards require more sophisticated functional safety concepts in both the automotive and industrial markets. Assessing functional safety of a system requires a significant level of engagement and verification. Freescale introduced its SafeAssure program to help system manufacturers simplify this assessment to more easily achieve compliance with International Standards Organization (ISO) standards. This white paper covers the implementation of various safety architectures, the details behind an innovative integrated safety solution that simplifies system-level functional safety design and alignment with the ISO 26262 standard. Table of
Cost Minimization for Rule Caching in Software Defined Networking

Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging network paradigm that simplifies network management by decoupling the control plane and data plane, such that switches become simple data forwarding devices and network management is controlled by logically centralized servers. In SDN-enabled networks, network flow is managed by a set of associated rules that are maintained by switches in their local Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) which support high-speed parallel lookup on wildcard patterns. Since TCAM is an expensive hardware and extremely power-hungry, each switch has only limited TCAM space and it is inefficient and even infeasible to maintain all rules at local switches. On the other hand, if we eliminate TCAM occupation by forwarding all packets to the centralized controller for processing, it results in a long delay and heavy processing burden on the controller. In this paper, we strive for the fine balance between rule caching and remote packet processing by formulating a minimum weighted flow provisioning ( MWFP) problem with an objective of minimizing the total cost of TCAM occupation and remote packet processing. We propose an efficient offline algorithm if the network traffic is given, otherwise, we propose two online algorithms with guaranteed competitive ratios. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments by simulations using real network traffic traces. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms can significantly reduce the total cost of remote controller processing and TCAM occupation, and the solutions obtained are nearly optimal.
Single-dose infusion ketamine and non-ketamine N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists for unipolar and bipolar depression: a meta-analysis of efficacy, safety and time trajectories

Background Ketamine and non-ketamine N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists (NMDAR antagonists) recently demonstrated antidepressant efficacy for the treatment of refractory depression, but effect sizes, trajectories and possible class effects are unclear. Method We searched PubMed/PsycINFO/Web of Science/clinicaltrials.gov until 25 August 2015. Parallel-group or cross-over randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single intravenous infusion of ketamine or a non-ketamine NMDAR antagonist v. placebo/pseudo-placebo in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and/or bipolar depression (BD) were included in the analyses. Hedges’ g and risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. The primary outcome was depressive symptom change. Secondary outcomes included response, remission, all-cause discontinuation and adverse effects. Results A total of 14 RCTs (nine ketamine studies: n = 234; five non-ketamine NMDAR antagonist studies: n = 354; MDD = 554, BD = 34), lasting 10.0 ± 8.8 days, were meta-analysed. Ketamine reduced depression significantly more than placebo/pseudo-placebo beginning at 40 min, peaking at day 1 (Hedges' g = −1.00, 95% CI −1.28 to −0.73, p < 0.001), and loosing superiority by days 10–12. Non-ketamine NMDAR antagonists were superior to placebo only on days 5–8 (Hedges' g = −0.37, 95% CI −0.66 to −0.09, p = 0.01). Compared with placebo/pseudo-placebo, ketamine led to significantly greater response (40 min to day 7) and remission (80 min to days 3–5). Non-ketamine NMDAR antagonists achieved greater response at day 2 and days 3–5. All-cause discontinuation was similar between ketamine (p = 0.34) or non-ketamine NMDAR antagonists (p = 0.94) and placebo. Although some adverse effects were more common with ketamine/NMDAR antagonists than placebo, these were transient and clinically insignificant. Conclusions A single infusion of ketamine, but less so of non-ketamine NMDAR antagonists, has ultra-rapid efficacy for MDD and BD, lasting for up to 1 week. Development of easy-to-administer, repeatedly given NMDAR antagonists without risk of brain toxicity is of critical importance.