Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Breastfeeding Shape Food Preferences Links to Obesity

The first 2 years of life have been recognized as a critical window for obesity prevention efforts. This period is characterized by rapid growth and development and, in a relatively short period of time, a child transitions from a purely milk-based diet to a more varied solid-food diet. Much learning about food and eating occurs during this critical window, and it is well-documented that early feeding and dietary exposures predict later food preferences, eating behaviors, and dietary patterns. The focus of this review will be on the earliest feeding experiences - breast- and formula-feeding - and the unique role of breastfeeding in shaping children's food preferences. Epidemiological data illustrate that children who were breastfed have healthier dietary patterns compared to children who were formula-fed, even after controlling for relevant sociodemographic characteristics associated with healthier dietary and lifestyle patterns. These dietary differences are underlined, in part, by early differences in the opportunities for flavor learning and preference development afforded by breast- versus formula-feeding. In particular, the flavors of the mothers' diet are transmitted from mother to child through the amniotic fluid and breastmilk. The flavors experienced in these mediums shape later food preferences and acceptance of the solid foods of the family and culture onto which the infant is weaned. All infants learn from flavor experiences in utero, but only breastfed infants receive the additional reinforcement and flavor learning provided by continued repeated exposure to a wide variety of flavors that occurs during breastfeeding. Given the numerous benefits of breastfeeding, promotion of breastfeeding during early infancy is an important focus for primary prevention efforts and should be combined with efforts to ensure that mothers consume healthy, varied diets during pregnancy and lactation, and expose their infants to a wide array of foods during weaning and solid-food feeding.
Architecture-conscious hashing

Hashing is one of the fundamental techniques used to implement query processing operators such as grouping, aggregation and join. This paper studies the interaction between modern computer architecture and hash-based query processing techniques. First, we focus on extracting maximum hashing performance from super-scalar CPUs. In particular, we discuss fast hash functions, ways to efficiently handle multi-column keys and propose the use of a recently introduced hashing scheme called Cuckoo Hashing over the commonly used bucket-chained hashing. In the second part of the paper, we focus on the CPU cache usage, by dynamically partitioning data streams such that the partial hash tables fit in the CPU cache. Conventional partitioning works as a separate preparatory phase, forcing materialization, which may require I/O if the stream does not fit in RAM. We introduce best-effort partitioning, a technique that interleaves partitioning with execution of hash-based query processing operators and avoids I/O. In the process, we show how to prevent issues in partitioning with cacheline alignment, that can strongly decrease throughput. We also demonstrate overall query processing performance when both CPU-efficient hashing and best-effort partitioning are combined.
The Histone H3K27 Demethylase UTX Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Behaviors in Mice

Histone demethylase UTX mediates removal of repressive trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to establish a mechanistic switch to activate large sets of genes. Mutation of Utx has recently been shown to be associated with Kabuki syndrome, a rare congenital anomaly syndrome with dementia. However, its biological function in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we observe that deletion of Utx results in increased anxiety-like behaviors and impaired spatial learning and memory in mice. Loss of Utx in the hippocampus leads to reduced long-term potentiation and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current, aberrant dendrite development and defective synapse formation. Transcriptional profiling reveals that Utx regulates a subset of genes that are involved in the regulation of dendritic morphology, synaptic transmission, and cognition. Specifically, Utx deletion disrupts expression of neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B (Htr5b). Restoration of Htr5b expression in newborn hippocampal neurons rescues the defects of neuronal morphology by Utx ablation. Therefore, we provide evidence that Utx plays a critical role in modulating synaptic transmission and cognitive behaviors. Utx cKO mouse models like ours provide a valuable means to study the underlying mechanisms of the etiology of Kabuki syndrome.
Arabidopsis NATA1 Acetylates Putrescine and Decreases Defense-Related Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation1[OPEN]

Putrescine acetylation in Arabidopsis thaliana reduces production of hydrogen peroxide by polyamine oxidases, thereby promoting plant susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. Biosynthesis of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine is induced in response to pathogen infection of plants. Putrescine, which is produced from Arg, serves as a metabolic precursor for longer polyamines, including spermidine and spermine. Polyamine acetylation, which has important regulatory functions in mammalian cells, has been observed in several plant species. Here we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY1 (NATA1) catalyzes acetylation of putrescine to N-acetylputrescine and thereby competes with spermidine synthase for a common substrate. NATA1 expression is strongly induced by the plant defense signaling molecule jasmonic acid and coronatine, an effector molecule produced by DC3000, a Pseudomonas syringae strain that initiates a virulent infection in Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia-0. DC3000 growth is reduced in nata1 mutant Arabidopsis, suggesting a role for NATA1-mediated putrescine acetylation in suppressing antimicrobial defenses. During infection by P. syringae and other plant pathogens, polyamine oxidases use spermidine and spermine as substrates for the production of defense-related H2O2. Compared to wild-type Columbia-0 Arabidopsis, the response of nata1mutants to P. syringae infection includes reduced accumulation of acetylputrescine, greater abundance of nonacetylated polyamines, elevated H2O2 production by polyamine oxidases, and higher expression of genes related to pathogen defense. Together, these results are consistent with a model whereby P. syringae growth is improved in a targeted manner through coronatine-induced putrescine acetylation by NATA1.
Iron-Deﬁciency Anemia: Reexamining the Nature and Magnitude of the Public Health Problem Iron Deﬁciency and Reduced Work Capacity: A Critical Review of the Research to Determine a Causal Relationship 1,2

The causal relationship between iron deﬁciency and physical work capacity is evaluated through a systematic review of the research literature, including animal and human studies. Iron deﬁciency was examined along a continuum from severe iron-deﬁciency anemia (SIDA) to moderate iron-deﬁciency anemia (MIDA) to iron deﬁciency without anemia (IDNA). Work capacity was assessed by aerobic capacity, endurance, energetic efﬁciency, voluntary activity and work productivity. The 29 research reports examined demonstrated a strong causal effect of SIDA and MIDA on aerobic capacity in animals and humans. The presumed mechanism for this effect is the reduced oxygen transport associated with anemia; tissue iron deﬁciency may also play a role through reduced cellular oxidative capacity. Endurance capacity was also compromised in SIDA and MIDA, but the strong mediating effects of poor cellular oxidative capacity observed in animals have not been demonstrated in humans. Energetic efﬁciency was affected at all levels of iron deﬁciency in humans, in the laboratory and the ﬁeld. The reduced work productivity observed in ﬁeld studies is likely due to anemia and reduced oxygen transport. The social and economic consequences of iron-deﬁciency anemia (IDA) and IDNA have yet to be elucidated. The biological mechanisms for the effect of IDA on work capacity are sufﬁciently strong to justify interventions to improve iron status as a means of enhancing human capital. This may also extend to the segment of the population experiencing IDNA in whom the effects on work capacity may be more subtle, but the number of individuals thus affected may be considerably more than those experiencing IDA. J. Nutr. 131: 676S–690S, 2001.
Unique microRNA expression in the colonic mucosa during chronic HIV-1 infection

Objective: Chronic HIV-1 infection leads to widespread inflammation and immune dysregulation. The gastrointestinal mucosa, a primary site for HIV-1 replication, is thought to play a significant role in this response. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression, including immune activation and inflammation. Here we investigate miR expression and function in the colonic mucosa during HIV-1 infection. Design and methods: Using miR profiling, we examined miR expression in the colonic mucosa of HIV-infected patients. These miRs were further parsed to identify those that most likely function in HIV-related inflammation. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified potential target genes which were confirmed using in-vitro functional testing. Results: We identified 12 miRs that were differentially expressed in the colonic mucosa of HIV-infected patients with high versus undetectable plasma viral concentrations. Of these, both miR-26a and miR-29a were downregulated in untreated HIV-1 infection, yet not in the colonic mucosa from inflammatory bowel disease. This downregulation occurs within the first hours after infection. These miRs were further shown to directly target IL-6 and STAT3, respectively, with similar changes confirmed in an ex-vivo explant infection model. Conclusion: miR-26a and miR-29a levels are decreased in the colonic mucosa during chronic HIV-1 infection, and this change may be initiated during acute infection. Both miRs de-repress the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, which could contribute to increased inflammation during infection. These miRs may represent novel therapeutic targets for HIV-1-associated inflammation in the colonic mucosa.
Maternal hemoglobin concentration and birth weight.

Pregnancy requires additional maternal absorption of iron. Maternal iron status cannot be assessed simply from hemoglobin concentration because pregnancy produces increases in plasma volume and the hemoglobin concentration decreases accordingly. This decrease is greatest in women with large babies or multiple gestations. However, mean corpuscular volume does not change substantially during pregnancy and a hemoglobin concentration <95 g/L in association with a mean corpuscular volume <84 fL probably indicates iron deficiency. Severe anemia (hemoglobin <80 g/L) is associated with the birth of small babies (from both preterm labor and growth restriction), but so is failure of the plasma volume to expand. Hemoglobin concentrations >120 g/L at the end of the second trimester are associated with a </=3-fold increased risk of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. The minimum incidence of low birth weight (<2.5 kg) and of preterm labor (<37 completed weeks) occurs in association with a hemoglobin concentration of 95-105 g/L. This is widely regarded as indicating anemia in the pregnant woman but, if associated with a mean corpuscular volume >84 fL, should be considered optimal.
Adult microbiota‐deficient mice have distinct dendritic morphological changes: differential effects in the amygdala and hippocampus

Increasing evidence implicates the microbiota in the regulation of brain and behaviour. Germ‐free mice (GF; microbiota deficient from birth) exhibit altered stress hormone signalling and anxiety‐like behaviours as well as deficits in social cognition. Although the mechanisms underlying the ability of the gut microbiota to influence stress responsivity and behaviour remain unknown, many lines of evidence point to the amygdala and hippocampus as likely targets. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if the volume and dendritic morphology of the amygdala and hippocampus differ in GF versus conventionally colonized (CC) mice. Volumetric estimates revealed significant amygdalar and hippocampal expansion in GF compared to CC mice. We also studied the effect of GF status on the level of single neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral hippocampus. In the BLA, the aspiny interneurons and pyramidal neurons of GF mice exhibited dendritic hypertrophy. The BLA pyramidal neurons of GF mice had more thin, stubby and mushroom spines. In contrast, the ventral hippocampal pyramidal neurons of GF mice were shorter, less branched and had less stubby and mushroom spines. When compared to controls, dentate granule cells of GF mice were less branched but did not differ in spine density. These findings suggest that the microbiota is required for the normal gross morphology and ultrastructure of the amygdala and hippocampus and that this neural remodelling may contribute to the maladaptive stress responsivity and behavioural profile observed in GF mice.
E-cadherin and LGN align epithelial cell divisions with tissue tension independently of cell shape

Significance Tissue morphogenesis requires coordinated regulation of cellular behavior through instructive signals from the local tissue environment, including mechanical forces exerted by neighboring cells. The cell–cell adhesion protein E-cadherin plays an important role in converting tensile forces across the tissue into an intracellular response to regulate actin cytoskeleton organization, reinforce cell–cell adhesion, and activate transcriptional programs. We show E-cadherin also transduces these forces to orient the mitotic spindle, which occurs irrespectively of tension-induced changes in cell shape and instead involves regulation of junctional recruitment of the protein LGN, a core component of the spindle orientation machinery. Because the orientation of cell division controls tissue architecture, these findings support a key role of E-cadherin in mechanical regulation of tissue morphogenesis. Tissue morphogenesis requires the coordinated regulation of cellular behavior, which includes the orientation of cell division that defines the position of daughter cells in the tissue. Cell division orientation is instructed by biochemical and mechanical signals from the local tissue environment, but how those signals control mitotic spindle orientation is not fully understood. Here, we tested how mechanical tension across an epithelial monolayer is sensed to orient cell divisions. Tension across Madin–Darby canine kidney cell monolayers was increased by a low level of uniaxial stretch, which oriented cell divisions with the stretch axis irrespective of the orientation of the cell long axis. We demonstrate that stretch-induced division orientation required mechanotransduction through E-cadherin cell–cell adhesions. Increased tension on the E-cadherin complex promoted the junctional recruitment of the protein LGN, a core component of the spindle orientation machinery that binds the cytosolic tail of E-cadherin. Consequently, uniaxial stretch triggered a polarized cortical distribution of LGN. Selective disruption of trans engagement of E-cadherin in an otherwise cohesive cell monolayer, or loss of LGN expression, resulted in randomly oriented cell divisions in the presence of uniaxial stretch. Our findings indicate that E-cadherin plays a key role in sensing polarized tensile forces across the tissue and transducing this information to the spindle orientation machinery to align cell divisions.
Fungal sensing of host environment

To survive inside a host, fungi have to adapt to a changing and often hostile environment and therefore need the ability to recognize what is going on around them. To adapt to different host niches, they need to sense external conditions such as temperature, pH and to recognize specific host factors. The ability to respond to physiological changes inside the host, independent of being in a commensal, pathogenic or even symbiotic context, implicates mechanisms for sensing of specific host factors. Because the cell wall is constantly in contact with the surrounding, fungi express receptors on the surface of their cell wall, such as pheromone receptors, which have important roles, besides mediating chemotropism for mating. We are not restricting the discussion to the human host because the receptors and mechanisms used by different fungal species to sense their environment are often similar even for plant pathogens. Furthermore, the natural habitat of opportunistic pathogenic fungi with the potential to cause infection in a human host is in soil and on plants. While the hosts' mechanisms of sensing fungal pathogens have been addressed in the literature, the focus of this review is to fill the gap, giving an overview on fungal sensing of a host‐(ile) environment. Expanding our knowledge on host–fungal interactions is extremely important to prevent and treat diseases of pathogenic fungi, which are important issues in human health and agriculture but also to understand the delicate balance of fungal symbionts in our ecosystem.
Noble Morals,Great Achievements and Theoretical Contributions

Noble morals,great achievements and theoretical contribution——the three-morality view not only embodies the characteristics of traditional Chinese value concept but also embraces rich humanity spirit.It is significant for college and university students in China to receive education in value concept.In the value education of students,we should persist in the unitary value orientation of new collectivism" and the multi-value orientations of the spirit of science combined with the spirit of humanity,regarding the construction of harmonious society" as the ultimate objective of value concept.
Clinician self-efficacy in initiating discussions about gestational weight gain.

OBJECTIVE To compare prenatal care providers' perceived self-efficacy in starting discussions about gestational weight gain with pregnant women under a variety of conditions of gradated difficulty, when weight gain has been in excess of current guidelines. DESIGN A 42-item online questionnaire related to the known barriers to and facilitators of having discussions about gestational weight gain. SETTING Canada. PARTICIPANTS Prenatal care providers were contacted through the Family Medicine Maternity Care list server of the College of Family Physicians of Canada. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The 42 items were clustered into categories representing patient factors, interpersonal factors, and system factors. Participants scored their self-efficacy on a scale from 0 ("cannot do at all") to 5 ("moderately certain can do") to 10 ("highly certain can do"). The significance level was set at α = . 05. RESULTS Overall, clinicians rated their self-efficacy to be high, ranging from a low mean (SD) score of 5.14 (3.24) if the clinic was running late, to a high mean score of 8.97 (1.34) if the clinician could externalize the reason for undertaking the discussion. There were significant differences in self-efficacy scores within categories depending on the degree of difficulty proposed by the items in those categories. CONCLUSION The results were inconsistent with previous studies that have demonstrated that prenatal care providers do not frequently raise the subject of excess gestational weight gain. On the one hand providers rate their self-efficacy in having these discussions to be high, but on the other hand they do not undertake the behaviour, at least according to their patients. Future research should explore this discrepancy with a view to informing interventions to help providers and patients in their efforts to address excess gestational weight gain, which is increasingly an important contributor to the obesity epidemic.
The impact of returning to a daytime schedule on sleep, performance and mood after simulated fixed and rotating split shift schedules

Split shift schedules may be a suitable alternative to long shifts due to reduced accumulation of sleep pressure. However, returning to a daytime schedule (RTDS), performance and sleep deficits may occur as a result of changing the timing of sleep and wake periods. The current study investigated sleep, performance and mood during and following four 24h periods on fixed and rotating split shift schedules. Twenty four participants (10M, 21-36y) completed a 9-day laboratory study with two 10h baseline sleeps (22:00h-08:00h); one of three shift conditions: one of two 6h on / 6h off schedules, (Fixed A: 5h-time in bed (TIB) at 03:00h/15:00h, or Fixed B: 5h TIB at 09:00h/21:00h), or an 8h on / 8h off schedule (Rotating: 6h40 TIB); and RTDS with 10h TIB for 2-nights (22:00h-08:00h). The Fixed B condition had significantly less N3 sleep during RTDS compared to baseline (p<0.01). For all conditions, sleep onset latency, N2 onset latency and N3 onset latency were significantly longer during RTDS compared to baseline (p<0.05). Psychomotor vigilance was stable throughout the study. Subjective sleepiness (p<0.001) and positive affect (p<0.01) worsened during the shift schedule period but returned to baseline levels during RTDS. Negative affect increased during the shift schedule period and did not return to baseline levels upon RTDS (p<0.001). Although differences in sleep and negative affect were observed upon RTDS, the fixed and rotating shift schedules did not substantially worsen performance during the shift schedule or after RTDS in controlled laboratory conditions that are ideal for sleep.
Head‐to‐head comparison of prasugrel versus ticagrelor in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of prasugrel and ticagrelor in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND Evidence from randomized head-to-head comparison between prasugrel and ticagrelor is rare regarding clinical endpoints. METHODS PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were queried with the terms "prasugrel," "ticagrelor," and "randomized. " Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or the same terms were also surveyed using clinicaltrials.gov, escardio.org, pcronline.org, and tctmd.com. The clinical endpoints were death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and stent thrombosis (ST) for efficacy, and any bleeding for safety. RESULTS A total number of 2068 patients in 12 RCTs, whose longest follow-up period was 6 months, was included in this study. The risks of death (odds ratio [OR]: 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46-1.62, P = 0.647), MI (OR: 1.61, 95%CI: 0.71-3.62, P = 0.252), stroke (OR: 1.45, 95%CI: 0.25-8.36, P = 0.680), and ST (OR: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.20-2.81, P = 0.677) were similar between prasugrel and ticagrelor, respectively. While the incidence of bleeding according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium definitions was also comparable (OR: 0.83, 95%CI: 0.45-1.52, P = 0.539), that according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction criteria was lower in prasugrel than ticagrelor (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.24-0.97, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Although the efficacy was similar between prasugrel and ticagrelor, prasugrel may be associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared with ticagrelor during short- to mid-term follow-up period after PCI. Further studies are warranted in a larger patient population during longer-term follow up to validate these findings.