Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of different fertilization treatments on ecological characteristics of microorganism in paddy soil

Investigation of the characteristics of soil microorganism ecosystem under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilization treatments showed that balanced application of N, P and K promoted microbial biomass and community composition, while unbalanced fertilization reduced microbial N and increased C/N ratio of the microbial biomass and that the fertilizer practice had impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups and the microbe diversity in soils. This research focused on soil microbial biomass and soil microbial community structure in a long-term fertilization experiment on rice based on nutrient balance concepts.
The caudal characteristic curve of queues

Many queues and related stochastic models, and in particular those that have a matrix-geometric stationary probability vector, have steady-state queue-length densities that are asymptotically geometric. The graph of the asymptotic rate η of these densities as a function of the traffic intensity ρ is the caudal characteristic curve. This is an informative graph from which a number of qualitative inferences about the behavior of the queue may be drawn.
Spreading of non-Newtonian fluids on hydrophilic surfaces

The spreading of Newtonian fluids on smooth solid substrates is well understood; the speed of the contact line is given by a competition between capillary driving forces and viscous dissipation, yielding Tanner's law $R \propto t^{1/10}$. Here we study the spreading of non-Newtonian liquids, focusing on the two most common non-Newtonian flow properties, a shear-rate dependence of the viscosity and the existence of normal stresses. For the former, the spreading behaviour is found not to deviate strongly from Tanner's law. This is quite surprising given that, within the lubrication approximation, it can be shown that the contact line singularity disappears due to the shear-dependent viscosity. The experiments are compared with the predictions of the lubrication theory of power-law fluids. If normal stresses are present, again only small deviations from Tanner's law are found in the experiment. This can be understood by comparing viscous and normal stress contributions to the spreading; it turns out that only logarithmic corrections to Tanner's law survive, which are nonetheless visible in the experiment.
Effect of grain size and pores on the dielectric constant of nanocrystalline diamond films

The nanocrystalline diamond films with different morphologies and roughness were synthesized by a bias-assisted hot filament chemical vapor deposition method. It was found that the nanocrystalline diamond film exhibited low-k dielectric properties with the increase of CH4 concentration during diamond deposition. The low-k nanocrystalline diamond film with grain size of around 40nm and dielectric constant of 2.4 was obtained at the CH4 concentration of 16% and the bias of −140V. The low dielectric constant can be mainly attributed to the decrease of diamond grain sizes and the formation of more nanopores in as-grown nanocrystalline diamond film, both of which were discussed in details based on the grain size determined band gap expansion effect and the two-phase dielectric mixing model, respectively.
Musical Acoustics Session 1 pMU : Player / Instrument Coupling 1 pMU 8 . Characterization of bowing strokes in violin playing in terms of controls and sound : Differences between bouncing and on-string bow strokes

Bowing is the main element in sound production during a violin performance and one of the most basic and important expressive resources for the musician. In the lowest level, control parameters such as force, velocity or bow-bridge distance are directly determining the characteristics of the sound. In a higher level, bowing strokes constitute one of the main mechanisms for structuring the performance. There are many different kinds of bowing strokes and they are commonly classified into on-string, if the attack happens with the bow on the string and off-string, if the bow is bouncing. From a database of violin performances containing multimodal data including sound and gestures, a set of spectral features and instrumental controls is extracted and the database is segmented into intra-note segments (attack, sustain and release). A characterization of bowing strokes and a comparison between bouncing and on-string strokes in terms of bowing controls and sound at the intra-note segments is presented.
State mixing for quasiparticles at surfaces: Nonperturbative GW approximation

We present ab initio calculations for both the wave functions and the energies of single quasiparticles. The conventional quasiparticle approach evaluates energy-level corrections to first order in the difference between the self-energy and the Kohn-Sham exchange-correlation potential. Here,we also recalculate the quasiparticle states. At the example of the GaAs(110) surface we show that this nonperturbative treatment is important far surfaces with electronic states close in energy but different with respect to their localization. As a sensitive observable the reflectance anisotropy is studied. [S0163-1829(99)15947-2].
Planar isotropic broadband metamaterial absorber

This paper presents a type of isotropic broadband metamaterial absorber comprising single-layer densely arranged hexagonal metal dendritic units having different sizes printed on an FR-4 dielectric substrate with a metallic film coating. The convergence of the different neighboring resonant frequencies of the differently sized units yields broadband absorption characteristics. In the case of normal incidence, the absorber operating in the X-band yields absorption rates greater than 80% in the frequency range from 9.05 GHz to 11.4 GHz, this reasonable absorption performance is maintained for oblique incidences less than 45°. The S-band absorber has an absorptivity of more than 50% in the frequency range from 3.02 GHz to 4 GHz. The experimental results demonstrate that the interaction between the different structural units is not obvious.
Design of Band-Notched UWB BPF with Very Wide Upper Stopband Using Combined λ/4 TSSIR

In this paper, a new band-notched UWB BPF with a very wide upper stopband is designed using a λ/4-type multi-mode resonator (MMR). The proposed MMR, being formed by combining two identical λ/4 tri-section stepped-impedance resonators (TSSIRs) in a structure-shared fashion, exhibits both λ/4 and embedded λ/2 types of resonance with a relatively smaller circuit size. By properly locating the first four resonant modes of the MMR and the coupling peaks of the input/output parallel-coupled lines, a five-transmission-pole UWB BPF is realized with a favorable uniform in-band UWB response. Besides the good UWB performance, a 5-GHz notched band is created by embedding in the output feed line a T-shape lumped-element bandstop structure to reject the influence from WLAN signals. Also, a very wide upper stopband is achieved by implementing a compact bandstop filter structure in the input feed line together with the properly located transmission zeros generated by the input/output interdigital-coupled lines and the second harmonic of the T-shape bandstop structure. A prototype of the proposed UWB BPF was fabricated and measured for performance verification. The measured results show a return loss of higher than 10 dB, a minimum insertion loss of 0.41 dB, and a group delay variation of less than 0.11 ns in the UWB passband except the notch. The notched band has a 3-dB bandwidth of 18%. The measured upper-end –20-dB stopband ranges from 11.94 to 30.56 GHz, with a bandwidth of 18.62 GHz.
Against Modularity, the Causal Markov Condition, and Any Link Between the Two: Comments on Hausman and Woodward

In their rich and intricate paper ‘Independence, Invariance, and the Causal Markov Condition’, Daniel Hausman and James Woodward ([1999]) put forward two independent theses, which they label ‘level invariance’ and ‘manipulability’, and they claim that, given a specific set of assumptions, manipulability implies the causal Markov condition. These claims are interesting and important, and this paper is devoted to commenting on them. With respect to level invariance, I argue that Hausman and Woodward's discussion is confusing because, as I point out, they use different senses of ‘intervention’ and ‘invariance’ without saying so. I shall remark on these various uses and point out that the thesis is true in at least two versions. The second thesis, however, is not true. I argue that in their formulation, the manipulability thesis is patently false and that a modified version does not fare better. Furthermore, I think their proof that manipulability implies the causal Markov condition is not conclusive. In the deterministic case it is valid but vacuous, whereas it is invalid in the probabilistic case. 1 Introduction 2 Intervention, invariance and modularity 3 The causal Markov condition: CM1 and CM2 4 From MOD to the causal Markov condition and back 5 A second argument for CM2 6 The proof of the causal Markov condition for probabilistic causes 7 ‘Cartwright's objection’ defended 8 Metaphysical defenses of the causal Markov condition 9 Conclusion
Far-infrared structure in the nuclear region of M51

Far-infrared (100-micron) scans across the nucleus of M51 are presented. These scans show that much of the far-infrared luminosity of this galaxy comes from a small, sharply bounded region within a 30 arcsec radius (700 pc) of the nucleus. This radius corresponds to the innermost spiral structure, as well as that estimated from dynamical models for the radius of the inner Lindblad resonance. The results of a nonlinear image restoration analysis of the data are presented. This analysis, carried out with two different algorithms, yields information on the spatial structure of star formation near the nucleus that exceeds the diffraction limit of the telescope at this wavelength. This 'superresolution' treatment shows that star formation is enhanced at the outer edge of this region compared to the nucleus, which appears to be relatively devoid of young stars. This ring of active star formation may be produced in the same way as that seen in our own Galaxy at a galactocentric radius of 4-5 kpc and may indicate that the region near the nucleus has been swept clean of material by violent processes.
Heuristic algorithms for continuous flow-shop problem

In this article we present two heuristic algorithms for scheduling in the constrained or continuous flow shop to minimize total flow time of jobs. Two heuristic preference relations are used as the basis for job insertion to build up a schedule by the heuristics. When evaluated over a large number of problems of various sizes, the heuristics are found to be very effective in yielding near-optimal solutions.
Minimum Spanning Tree-Resembling algorithm for Clusters, Outliers and Hubs

Abstract Many systems in Science and Engineering can be modeled as graph. Clustering is a process of discovering group of objects such that the objects of the same group are similar, and objects belonging to different groups are dissimilar. A number of clustering algorithms exist that can solve the problem of clustering, but most of them are very sensitive to their input parameters. Graph-based clustering algorithms aimed to find hidden structures from objects. Graph-based clustering algorithm is capable of detecting clusters with irregular shape and sizes. In this paper we present a new algorithm MSTRCOH similar to Minimum Spanning Tree based clustering algorithm. Using this algorithm sub trees are automatically generated from high density region to low density of the graph, where each sub tree will be looked like minimum spanning tree is considered as cluster. The algorithm also detects outliers and hubs, which are present in the data set. Identifying hubs are useful for applications such as viral marketing and epidemiology since hubs are responsible for spreading ideas and disease. In contrast, outliers have little or no influence, and may be isolated as noise in the data. The newly proposed algorithm can find clusters, outliers and hubs without using any predefined input parameters.
An Adaptive Goodness-of-Fit Test

In Fortiana and Grané (2003), we introduced the statistic Q n , based on Hoeffding's maximum correlation, as a general-purpose goodness-of-fit test of uniformity. It admits an expansion along a countable set of orthogonal axes, originating a sequence of statistics. Linear combinations of a given number p of terms in this sequence have easy-to-compute probability distributions, either the exact ones for a finite sample or their normal asymptotic approximations for a large sample. In this article we develop an algorithm for tailoring a statistic within this class of linear combinations to test uniformity with optimal power against a specific alternative or family of alternatives.
Efficient high-power narrow-linewidth all-fibred linearly polarized ytterbium laser source

We report on experimental results on a high power, all-fibred, linearly polarized, mode-locked laser at 1.03 μm. The laser generates pulses of 40 ps wide at a repetition rate of 52 MHz, exhibiting 12 kW peak power. Dispersion in optical fibres is controlled to obtain both high power and narrow spectral linewidth. The average output power reached is 25 W with a spectral linewidth of 380 pm and a near diffraction limit beam (M2 < 1.2). This laser is an ideal candidate for applications like IR spectroscopy, where high peak power and narrow linewidth are required for subsequent wavelength conversion.
Microrheology of Soft matter

Soft matter such as liquid crystals, polymer solutions and colloidal dispersions are complex fluids that exhibit viscoelasticity. Their macroscopic mechanical properties have been studied intensively in the field of rheology. Recently, the structures and dynamics of soft matter at micro- and nanoscale have attracted considerable attention from researchers. The study of microrheology, which deals with the mechanical properties of soft matter at the mesoscopic scale, has made remarkable progress owing to theoretical and technical developments. In this review, we present the basic methods of microrheology and their practical applications to soft matter. We also stress the importance of these methods for understanding fundamental physical problems in nonequilibrium systems at the mesoscopic scale.
Formation and Maintenance Processes of a Stationary Band-shaped Heavy Rainfall Observed in Niigata on 4 August 1998

On 4 August 1998, a torrential rainfall was observed in the Niigata area, in central Japan. The rainfall was induced by a quasi-stationary rainband aligned in the east-southeast direction from the west of Sado Island. The rainband lasted for several hours with the characteristic features of a back-building formation, in which new convective cells were successively generated in an upstream direction. The rainfall area and intensity simulated by a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model with a 5-km horizontal grid agreed well with the observation. The rainband with a back-building nature was reproduced successfully by a nonhydrostatic model with a 2-km grid. The simulation results showed that the heavy rainfall formed as a result of strong convective instability enhanced by low-level humid and middle-level dry inflows from the southwest intp the weak convergence region associated with the Baiu frontal zone. Sensitivity experiments indicated that neither the terrain of Sado Island, nor the evaporative cooling of raindrops affected the formation of the rainband. Although moved to the downstream when the low-level wind convergence was not enhanced enough, the simulated rainband stagnated after the convergence became so strong that the whole low-level air could be lifted upward while crossing the convergence zone. Therefore, the quasi-stationary rainband was maintained by the convection-enhanced low-level wind convergence existing upstream of the rainband. Over the convergence zone associated with the quasi-stationary rainband, new convective cells successively formed and separated from the zone after having developed higher. This successive formation of new cells could maintain a back-building formation. Such a back-building formation was found at several points over the wind convergence zone. These meso-β-scale convective systems with a back-building nature produced the precipitation region with a length over 200 km.
Quasi-static modeling of NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloy

A quasi-static model for NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) is formulated in parallel to the Brinson and Tanaka thermal SMA constitutive models. Since the shape memory effect (SME) and pseudoelasticity exist in both NiTi and NiMnGa, constitutive models for SMAs can serve as a basis for MSMA behavioral modeling. The quasi-static model for NiMnGa was characterized by nine material parameters identified by conducting a series of uniaxial compression tests in a constant field environment. These model parameters include free strain, Young’s modulus, fundamental critical stresses, fundamental threshold fields, and stress-influence coefficients. The Young’s moduli of the material in both its field and stress preferred configurations were determined to be 450 MPa and 820 MPa respectively, while the free strain was measured to be 5.8%. These test data were used to assemble a critical stress profile that is useful for determining model parameters and for understanding the dependence of critical stresses on magnetic fields. Once implemented, the analytical model shows good correlation with test data for all modes of NiMnGa quasi-static behavior, capturing both the magnetic shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity. Furthermore, the model is also capable of predicting partial pseudoelasticity, minor hysteretic loops and stress-strain behaviors. To correct for the effects of magnetic saturation, a series of stress influence functions were developed from the critical stress profile. Although requiring further refinement, the model’s results are encouraging, indicating that the model is a useful analytical tool for predicting NiMnGa actuator behavior.
Applications of probability density estimation to the detection of abnormal conditions in engineering

Abstract A method is described for the identification of abnormal or unexpected conditions from measured response data. Such a technique would be useful in a wide range of engineering situations where a clear, early warning of an abnormal condition is required, but where classification of the specific abnormality is only of secondary importance. In this work, occurrences of unexpected operating conditions are indicated by measured data which exhibit a high degree of novelty with respect to that corresponding to normal conditions or responses. The proposed approach is based upon the probability density function (PDF) estimation using a kernel method, the basis of which is described. The need for data compression in practical applications of PDF estimation is highlighted and a method demonstrated which is based on the wavelet transform. The combined data compression and PDF estimation approach for novelty detection is applied to data measured from a gearbox with a progressive fault and to radar data corresponding to six military targets. In both cases, abnormal situations are clearly identified on the basis of novel data inputs.
The Role of Negative Buoyancy in Surface-Based Convection and Its Representation in Cumulus Parameterization Schemes

AbstractSeveral warm season, late-afternoon precipitation events are simulated over the Chesapeake Bay watershed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at three different resolutions. The onset and peak of surface-based convection are predicted to occur prematurely when two popular cumulus parameterization schemes (Betts–Miller–Janjic and Kain–Fritsch) are used. Rainfall predictions are significantly improved with explicit convection. The early bias appears to be associated with the inadequacy in representing convective inhibition (CIN) or negative buoyancy in the trigger for moist convection. In particular, both schemes have weak constraints for the negative buoyancy above cloud base and below the level of free convection, leading to premature rainfall. Satellite-derived soundings suggest that, even with extremely favorable conditions, negative buoyancy in this layer may delay the onset of surface-based convection. Other factors, such as enhanced mixing due to overactive shallow convectio.
Stability of the compressible laminar boundary layer

In previous theoretical treatments of the stability of the compressible laminar boundary layer, the effect of the temperature fluctuations on the viscous (rapidly varying) disturbances is accounted for incompletely. A thorough re-examination of this problem shows that temperature fluctuations have a profound influence on both the inviscid (slowly varying) and viscous disturbances above a Mach number of about 2·0. The present analysis includes the effect of temperature fluctuations on the viscosity and thermal conductivity and also introduces the viscous dissipation term that was dropped in the earlier theoretical treatments. Some important results of the present study are: (1) the rate of conversion of energy from the mean flow to the disturbance flow through the action of viscosity in the vicinity of the wall increases with Mach number; (2) instead of being nearly constant across the boundary layer, the amplitude of inviscid pressure fluctuations for Mach numbers greater than 3 decreases markedly with distance outward from the plate surface. This behaviour means that the jump in magnitude of the Reynolds stress in the neighbourhood of the critical layer is greatly reduced; (3) at Mach numbers less than about 2, dissipation effects are minor, but they become extremely important at higher Mach number, since for neutral disturbances they must compensate for the generally destabilizing effects of items (1) and (2); (4) the minimum critical Reynolds number for an insulated flat plate boundary layer decreases with increasing Mach number in the range 0 ≤ Me ≤ 3.A full list of symbols is given at the end of this paper. Since the wave-number varies like 1/M2e when Me [Gt ] 1, the minimum critical Reynolds number is likely to increase sharply at hypersonic speeds. Numerical examples illustrating the effects of compressibility, including neutral stability characteristics, are obtained and are compared with the experimental results of Laufer & Vrebalovich (1960) at Mach 2·2, and of Demetriades (1960) at Mach 5·8.
Variable resolution global semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model

The variable resolution in latitude was implemented in the 3D global semi-Lagrangian finite difference numerical weather prediction model SL-AV. The implementation of the variable resolution is demonstrated by one of the model blocks, where the velocity field is reconstructed from vorticity and divergence. This block includes the solution of the Poisson equations on the sphere. Then this approach is validated in the context of a shallow-water model on the sphere by the set of standard tests. The results of the series of five-day forecasts by the 3D model show the benefit of using the variable resolution version of the model for three-day forecasts over Russia.
Research on the collective risk stochastic process

Abstract The subject of collective risk has been extensively studied by Scandinavian actuaries. Many articles in this journal and elsewhere have treated the theory and applications of the subject. The purpose of this article is to use these existing works in applying a paper of G. Baxter and M. Donsker [4] to both the ruin and distribution branches of risk theory. In section II, the risk process is briefly described. In section III, a general theorem based on [4] is proved. This yields expressions for the ruin and distribution functions. Section IV discusses these expressions, and gives three examples, including two tables.