Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taxation-Based Stabilization Policy in a Monetary Union

A flame-retardant resin composition which comprises (A) 100 parts by weight of an unhalogenated epoxy resin having at least two epoxy groups in one molecule, (B) 20 to 205 parts by weight of a maleimide compound having at least one maleimido group in one molecule, (C) 20 to 65 parts by weight of a curing agent having an amino group and (D) a phosphorus compound in a proportion of 0.5 to 4.5 parts by weight in terms of phosphorus element per 100 parts by weight of a total of the components (A), (B) and (C), provided that the proportion of nitrogen element contained in the composition is 2.0 to 10.0 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the total composition. The above flame-retardant resin composition has a high flame retardance without adding a halogen compound and does not deteriorate the characteristics of commercial products.
Low power cache architectures with hybrid approach of filtering unnecessary way accesses

Power has been a big issue in processor design for several years. As caches account for more and more CPU die area and power, this paper presents using filtering unnecessary way accesses to reduce dynamic power consumption of unified L2 cache shared by instruction and data. Our methods include using Invalid Filter, which could eliminate accesses to cache ways contained invalid blocks, and I/D Filter, which could eliminate accesses to cache ways contained instruction/data access type mismatch blocks, and Tag-2 Filter, which could eliminate accesses to cache ways contained tag lowest 2 bits mismatch blocks. Since the methods reducing the activities happened in cache architecture, dynamical CPU power could be significantly decreased. In the paper, we also propose combining the above methods together(Invalid+I/D+Tag-2 Filter), which is called Way-Filtering Cache, in an attempt to achieve better power saving results. Our evaluations show that, we could obtain 19.6%-47.8% (which is on average 34.3%)improvement on a 64K-4way cache and 19.6%-55.2%(which is on average 39.2%) improvement on a 128k-8way cache comparing to Invalid+I/D Filter, and 6.1%-27.7%(which is on average 16.6%) improvement on a 64K-4way cache and 6.9%-44.4%(which is on average 25.0%) improvement on a 128k-8way cache comparing to Invalid+Tag-2 Filter, respectively. Also, comparing to Tag-Data caches, which is popular used in less-latency-sensitive caches(e.g. unified L2 or Shared Last-LevelCache), our Way-Filtering cache could get 18.3%-29.2%(which is on average 23.1%) improvement on 64K-4way cache, and 27.2% to 50.1%(which is on average 41.1%) improvement on 128K-8way cache.
An efficient GDQ model for vibration analysis of a multiwall carbon nanotube on Pasternak foundation with general boundary conditions

In this article, the free transverse vibrational behaviour of a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) surrounded by a Pasternak-type elastic medium has been determined using a very generalized model. The model has been made on the basis of Timoshenko elastic beam theory which allows the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia and supports non-coaxial vibration of the adjacent layers of MWNT using interlayer van der Waals forces. The boundary conditions used in this simulation are such that not only standard and conventional kinds, but also all possible forms, of end conditions are applicable. A generalized differential quadrature method is utilized to solve the governing equations with assorted aspect ratios, various boundary conditions, and different foundation stiffnesses. This study shows that the resonant frequencies of MWNTs are strongly dependent on the stiffness of the elastic medium, aspect ratios, and number of walls in carbon nanotubes and, for short nanotubes, the boundary stiffness plays a significant role on the natural frequencies.
Dynamically cell separating thermo-responisive biointerfaces having dense polymer brushes

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PIPAAm) brush with various brush lengths grafted glass surfaces were prepared as a cell separating intelligent interface through a surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with a CuCl/Me6TREN catalytic system. Prepared PIPAAm brush surfaces as a cell separating intelligent interfaces were characterized by observing the adhesion and detachment behavior of four types of human cells. PIPAAm brush with a moderate brush length exhibited the different cell detachment rates among individual cell types. These results indicated that precisely designed PIPAAm brush functioned as an intelligent cell separating interface by utilizing the intrinsic cell detachment properties of individual cells.
UV-diagram: A Voronoi diagram for uncertain data

The Voronoi diagram is an important technique for answering nearest-neighbor queries for spatial databases. In this paper, we study how the Voronoi diagram can be used on uncertain data, which are inherent in scientific and business applications. In particular, we propose the Uncertain-Voronoi Diagram (or UV-diagram in short). Conceptually, the data space is divided into distinct “UV-partitions”, where each UV-partition P is associated with a set S of objects; any point q located in P has the set S as its nearest neighbor with non-zero probabilities. The UV-diagram facilitates queries that inquire objects for having non-zero chances of being the nearest neighbor of a given query point. It also allows analysis of nearest neighbor information, e.g., finding out how many objects are the nearest neighbors in a given area. However, a UV-diagram requires exponential construction and storage costs. To tackle these problems, we devise an alternative representation for UV-partitions, and develop an adaptive index for the UV-diagram. This index can be constructed in polynomial time. We examine how it can be extended to support other related queries. We also perform extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of our approach.
Coordinated primary frequency control among non-synchronous systems connected by a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current grid

The authors consider a power system composed of several non-synchronous AC areas connected by a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grid. In this context, the authors propose a distributed control scheme that modifies the power injections from the different AC areas into the DC grid so as to make the system collectively react to load imbalances. This collective reaction allows each individual AC area to downscale its primary reserves. The scheme is inspired by algorithms for the consensus problem extensively studied by the control theory community. It modifies the power injections based on frequency deviations of the AC areas so as to make them stay close to each other. A stability analysis of the closed-loop system is reported as well as simulation results on a benchmark power system with five AC areas. These results show that with proper tuning, the control scheme makes the frequency deviations converge rapidly to a common value following a load imbalance in an area.
Traffic Air Pollution and Oxidized LDL

Background Epidemiologic studies indirectly suggest that air pollution accelerates atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that individual exposure to particulate matter (PM) derived from fossil fuel would correlate with plasma concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), taken as a marker of atherosclerosis. We tested this hypothesis in patients with diabetes, who are at high risk for atherosclerosis. Methodology/Principal Findings In a cross-sectional study of non-smoking adult outpatients with diabetes we assessed individual chronic exposure to PM by measuring the area occupied by carbon in airway macrophages, collected by sputum induction and by determining the distance from the patient's residence to a major road, through geocoding. These exposure indices were regressed against plasma concentrations of oxidized LDL, von Willebrand factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). We could assess the carbon load of airway macrophages in 79 subjects (58 percent). Each doubling in the distance of residence from major roads was associated with a 0.027 µm2 decrease (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.048 to −0.0051) in the carbon load of airway macrophages. Independently from other covariates, we found that each increase of 0.25 µm2 [interquartile range (IQR)] in carbon load was associated with an increase of 7.3 U/L (95% CI: 1.3 to 13.3) in plasma oxidized LDL. Each doubling in distance of residence from major roads was associated with a decrease of −2.9 U/L (95% CI: −5.2 to −0.72) in oxidized LDL. Neither the carbon load of macrophages nor the distance from residence to major roads, were associated with plasma von Willebrand factor or PAI-1. Conclusions The observed positive association, in a susceptible group of the general population, between plasma oxidized LDL levels and either the carbon load of airway macrophages or the proximity of the subject's residence to busy roads suggests a proatherogenic effect of traffic air pollution.
Genetic Aspects of Congenital and Idiopathic Scoliosis

Congenital and idiopathic scoliosis represent disabling conditions of the spine. While congenital scoliosis (CS) is caused by morphogenic abnormalities in vertebral development, the cause(s) for idiopathic scoliosis is (are) likely to be varied, representing alterations in skeletal growth, neuromuscular imbalances, disturbances involving communication between the brain and spine, and others. Both conditions are characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities, which contribute to the difficulties in understanding their genetic basis that investigators face. Despite the differences between these two conditions there is observational and experimental evidence supporting common genetic mechanisms. This paper focuses on the clinical features of both CS and IS and highlights genetic and environmental factors which contribute to their occurrence. It is anticipated that emerging genetic technologies and improvements in phenotypic stratification of both conditions will facilitate improved understanding of the genetic basis for these conditions and enable targeted prevention and treatment strategies.
From Groups to Co-Traveler Sets: Pair Matching Based Person Re-identification Framework

In video surveillance, group refers to a set of people with similar velocity and close proximity. Group members can provide visual clues for person re-identification. In this paper, we discuss the essentials of group-based person re-identification and relax the group definition towards a concept of "co-traveler set", keeping constraints on velocity differences while loosening the distance constraint. Accordingly we propose a pair matching scheme to measure the distance between co-traveler sets, which tackles the problems caused by dynamic change of group across camera views. The final individual matching score is weighted by the obtained distance measurements between co-traveler sets. A proof of concept shows the rationality of introducing the concept of co-traveler relation into person reid. Experiments were conducted on four different datasets. Our co-traveler set based framework shows promising improvement compared with the group-based methods and the individual-based methods.
Progress of Advanced Boron Carbide Ceramic Materials Prepared by Precursor Derived Method

: Boron carbide (B 4 C) is a kind of advanced ceramics with excellent properties, which has been widely applied in military, nuclear, aerospace, and other high-tech fields. The fabrication of boron carbide by precursor derived method has been well developed in recent years. Comparing with other preparative approaches, the precursor derived method has a variety of advantages including simple elemental composition, good formability, high ceramic yield, and low energy consumption, which has been widely applied to prepare boron carbide powder, fibers, mesoporous ceramics and ceramic microspheres. In this paper, current development of boron carbide prepared by precursor derived method was reviewed. Synthesis and application of boron carbide precursors were mainly discussed. In addition, the future efforts and application prospects of precursor-derived boron carbide ceramics were also analyzed.
Food environments: measuring, mapping, monitoring and modifying

Increasing access to healthy and affordable foods in communities is an identified priority of national health agendas in a number of countries. Arguably, however, understanding of the particular food access and environmental exposures most important for a healthy diet among different populations remains incomplete. The empirical investigation of food environments important for diet and health is a relatively young but burgeoning field. Six years ago, in November 2007, the US National Cancer Institute (NCI), in partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and other National Institutes of Health centres, convened a workshop aimed at identifying the knowledge gaps and future research needs with regard to measures of food (and physical activity) environments. Key outcomes of that meeting included advocacy for refinements in conceptual models linking food environments with dietary and health outcomes; and for the advancement of methodologies and measurements of food environmental exposures, including tailoring for communities with particular need (e.g. low income, ethnic minorities). Since then, research into food environments and their impact on eating and health has expanded dramatically. Despite this, findings are far from consistent and many questions remain concerning how, why and for whom environmental factors impact on food purchasing and consumption and associated health outcomes. Efforts to advocate for environmentally focused policies and programmes to improve diet, or to counter environmental initiatives that might contribute to poor diet, have at times floundered as a result. Yet solid evidence is particularly important in this field given that environmental and policy changes are often difficult and expensive to leverage. This issue of Public Health Nutrition includes a selection of papers reporting on investigations into various aspects of the food environment or ‘foodscapes’ which contribute to addressing the key conceptual and methodological needs raised at the NCI workshop. In the broader food environment literature, environments have been conceptualised at the community (e.g. the type and location of food retail facilities), consumer (e.g. the availability, price, quality of foods within a facility), organisational (e.g. food sources within schools and worksites) and information (e.g. the media and advertising) levels; all four of these are considered in this issue. Across these domains, the papers can be broadly considered as assessing measurement issues; mapping and describing food environments; and linking environmental exposures with diet.
Adhesion and Bonding Performance of Laminated Bamboo Lumber made from Dendrocalamus sericeus

The aim of this research was to determine the gluability and bonding properties of Dendrocalamus sericeus. These properties were analyzed in order to prove its suitability to be promoted as a raw material for the manufacture of Laminated Bamboo Lumber (LBL). The average value of pH and buffering capacity were 6.08 and 0.14 milliequivalents respectively. D. sericeus had high wettability compared to other commercial wood species. In addition, wettability of bamboo culm outer surface was found to be lower than inner part. The bonding strength of the bamboo strips was evaluated for MUF resin. It was observed that the layer structure glue appeared to be a significant variable for the bonding strength on LBL. Results indicate that LBL showed superior strength properties. The layer structure of bamboo strip had a significant effect on the modulus of rupture and elasticity, internal bond strength and thickness swelling.
CDC Grand Rounds: Reducing Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a bump, blow, jolt, or penetrating wound to the head that disrupts the normal functioning of the brain. In 2009, CDC estimated that at least 2.4 million emergency department visits, hospitalizations, or deaths were related to a TBI, either alone or in combination with other injuries. Approximately 75% of TBIs are mild, often called concussions. Children, adolescents, and older adults are most likely to sustain a TBI. Nearly one third (30.5%) of all injury deaths included a diagnosis of TBI. In addition, an estimated 5.3 million U.S. residents are living with TBI-related disabilities, including long-term cognitive and psychologic impairments. A severe TBI not only affects a person's life and family, but also has a large societal and economic toll. The economic costs of TBIs in 2010 were estimated at $76.5 billion, including $11.5 billion in direct medical costs and $64.8 billion in indirect costs (e.g., lost wages, lost productivity, and nonmedical expenditures). These data underestimate the national burden because they include neither TBIs managed in nonhospital settings nor >31,000 military personnel diagnosed with TBI and treated in the U.S. Department of Defense or Veterans Administration medical systems in 2010.
High-latitude ocean ventilation and its role in Earth's climate transitions

The processes regulating ocean ventilation at high latitudes are re-examined based on a range of observations spanning all scales of ocean circulation, from the centimetre scales of turbulence to the basin scales of gyres. It is argued that high-latitude ocean ventilation is controlled by mechanisms that differ in fundamental ways from those that set the overturning circulation. This is contrary to the assumption of broad equivalence between the two that is commonly adopted in interpreting the role of the high-latitude oceans in Earth's climate transitions. Illustrations of how recognizing this distinction may change our view of the ocean's role in the climate system are offered. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
Solitary, unicameral, bone cyst.

IN 1934 Coley and Higinbotham,1of New York Memorial Hospital, reviewed the subject of solitary bone cyst and presented 26 cases that they had personally observed from 1920 to 1933. The present communication covers another 26 cases of solitary bone cyst observed at Memorial Hospital from 1933 to 1946. An attempt is made to compare the data collected in these two periods. CLINICAL FEATURES Solitary bone cyst generally attracts attention during the first and second decades of life. It usually occurs in the proximal part of the metaphysis of a long bone, the humerus being the bone most commonly involved. A history of trauma at the onset of symptoms is often obtained from the patient. The symptoms are ordinarily mild until a pathologic fracture occurs. Objective findings on physical examination are meager and nonspecific. Slight tenderness may be present over the cystic area. Some limitation of motion may be
Initial Study of Arthropod Succession on Pig Carrion in a Central European Urban Habitat

Abstract We conducted a carrion succession study within a restricted urban backyard in the city of Vienna, Austria (16° 22′E, 48° 12′N) from May to November 2001 to analyze sequence and composition of the local carrion visiting fauna. Two medium sized clothed domestic pig carcasses (Sus scrofa Linnaeus), were used as surrogate human models. In total, 42 arthropod species from the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Sepsidae, Piophilidae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sphaeroceridae, Phoridae, Drosophilidae, Anthomyiidae, and Lauxaniidae (Diptera), Formicidae, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, and Vespidae (Hymenoptera), Silphidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Cleridae, and Dermestidae (Coleoptera), as well as species from the orders Isopoda and Acari were collected during the decomposition of these carcasses. A significant feature in this study was the high abundance of Calliphora vomitoria (L.) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann). In the experiment conducted May to June, larvae and adults of C. vomitoria outnumbered all other blow fly species, followed by Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy), C. vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, and Lucilia sericata (Meigen). C. vomitoria is generally considered to be rural in distribution, where it prefers shaded locations. The presence of this species in rural as well as in urban habitats in Austria precludes this species as biogeographic indicator. In the study beginning in August large numbers of female adults of the nonindigenous blow fly C. albiceps began oviposition at day 3 after placement of the cadaver. The predatory second and third instars of C. albiceps larvae subsequently almost monopolized the cadaver. C. albiceps is generally described as tropical and subtropical species. The observed northward expansion of its range beyond southern Europe obviously decreases the value of C. albiceps in estimating place of death, in that it is no longer exclusive to southern regions. Our results clearly show, that caution must be used when drawing conclusions from succession data generated in different geographic areas. Moreover, this study demonstrates, that arthropod mediated decomposition of a 44 kg exposed pig carcass in a central European urban habitat can be completed within 3 wk.
L2-gain analysis and feedback design for discontinuous time-delay systems based on functional differential inclusion

A functional differential inclusion-based approach to L2-gain analysis and feedback control problems is presented for a class of discontinuous time-delay systems. Motivated by Filippov solution in the differential equations with discontinuous right-hand side, definition of the discontinuous time-delay systems forced by external signals is introduced, and a description of L2-gain property in the sense of the solution concept is given. Then, a condition such that a given discontinuous time-delay system has L2-gain less than a given level and the unforced system is stable in the sense of Filippov solution is presented based on a delay-dependent partial differential inequality. Furthermore, using the presented condition, a design method of state feedback controller is shown such that the closed-loop system satisfies the L2-gain constraint and asymptotical stability. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the presented theoretical results.
An Nfic-hedgehog signaling cascade regulates tooth root development

Coordination between the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and apical papilla (AP) is crucial for proper tooth root development. The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and Nfic are both involved in tooth root development; however, their relationship has yet to be elucidated. Here, we establish a timecourse of mouse molar root development by histological staining of sections, and we demonstrate that Hh signaling is active before and during root development in the AP and HERS using Gli1 reporter mice. The proper pattern of Hh signaling activity in the AP is crucial for the proliferation of dental mesenchymal cells, because either inhibition with Hh inhibitors or constitutive activation of Hh signaling activity in transgenic mice leads to decreased proliferation in the AP and shorter roots. Moreover, Hh activity is elevated in Nfic−/− mice, a root defect model, whereas RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization show that the Hh attenuator Hhip is downregulated. ChIP and RNAscope analyses suggest that Nfic binds to the promoter region of Hhip. Treatment of Nfic−/− mice with Hh inhibitor partially restores cell proliferation, AP growth and root development. Taken together, our results demonstrate that an Nfic-Hhip-Hh signaling pathway is crucial for apical papilla growth and proper root formation. This discovery provides insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating tooth root development. Summary: During tooth development in mice, Nfic binds to Hhip to control Shh signaling, a process crucial for apical papilla growth and proper root formation.