Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Model-free Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control Systems Against Generic Concealment Attacks

In recent years, a number of model-free process-based anomaly detection schemes for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) were proposed. Model-free anomaly detectors are trained directly from process data and do not require process knowledge. They are validated based on a set of public data with limited attacks present. As result, the resilience of those schemes against general concealment attacks is unclear. In addition, no structured discussion on the properties verified by the detectors exists. In this work, we provide the first systematic analysis of such anomaly detection schemes, focusing on six model-free process-based anomaly detectors. We hypothesize that the detectors verify a combination of temporal, spatial, and statistical consistencies. To test this, we systematically analyse their resilience against generic concealment attacks. Our generic concealment attacks are designed to violate a specific consistency verified by the detector, and require no knowledge of the attacked physical process or the detector. In addition, we compare against prior work attacks that were designed to attack neural network-based detectors. Our results demonstrate that the evaluated model-free detectors are in general susceptible to generic concealment attacks. For each evaluated detector, at least one of our generic concealment attacks performs better than prior work attacks. In particular, the results allow us to show which specific consistencies are verified by each detector. We also find that prior work attacks that target neural-network architectures transfer surprisingly well against other architectures.
Travel across time zones and the implications for human performance post pandemic: Insights from elite sport

Notwithstanding technological innovation, the COVID-19 pandemic, and new communication tools, the need for travel is growing again and, in some travel segments, it is stronger than ever. Interestingly, the public health implications of traveling across time zones are still poorly understood and this is especially true for organizations that send their workers across the globe. Using data from 173 Olympic teams over 15 Olympic Games, we show that crossing multiple time zones has negative implications for human (sports) performance. More importantly, the results indicate that performance impairment is especially visible after flying east, with peak performance particularly impaired, leading to a “gold demotion effect” of gold medals to silver medals as a result. Given that Olympic sporting teams typically have dedicated medical staff and active mitigation strategies, these findings have important public health implications. For example, organizations are demanding their workers to be on “top of their game” while traveling, without providing them with the support and tools to do so. The implications for public health management and human resource management are discussed.
Squeezing the eggs to grow: The mechanobiology of mammalian folliculogenesis

The formation of functional eggs (oocyte) in ovarian follicles is arguably one of the most important events in early mammalian development since the oocytes provide the bulk genetic and cytoplasmic materials for successful reproduction. While past studies have identified many genes that are critical to normal ovarian development and function, recent studies have highlighted the role of mechanical force in shaping folliculogenesis. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanobiological principles and the force-generating cellular structures and extracellular matrix that control the various stages of follicle development. We also highlight emerging techniques that allow for the quantification of mechanical interactions and follicular dynamics during development, and propose new directions for future studies in the field. We hope this review will provide a timely and useful framework for future understanding of mechano-signalling pathways in reproductive biology and diseases.
Association of the consumption of common drinks with early puberty in both sexes

Background We examined the effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and common drink intake on pubertal development in both sexes. Methods Data were retrieved from Taiwan Children Health Study, which involved detailed pubertal stage assessments of 2,819 schoolchildren aged 11 years in 2011–2012. Drawings of secondary sexual characteristics and self-reported age at menarche or voice breaking were used to assess pubertal stages. Dietary intake was assessed using a detailed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Generalized estimating equation modeling was applied to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to represent the effects of each drink on early pubertal development outcomes. Results In boys, an one cup/day increment of a SSB was associated with earlier voice breaking (β = −0.12; 95% CI = −0.20, −0.04), whereas consuming yogurt (≥2 cups/day) was a protective factor against early puberty (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.73, 0.83). In girls, SSB consumption was associated with increased risk of early puberty in a dose–response manner, and a similar protective effect of yogurt consumption and fermented probiotic drink (≥2 cups/day) against early puberty was observed (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.94, 0.99). Furthermore, the intake of both total sugar and added sugar within SSBs increased risk of early puberty in girls but not in boys. Conclusions Sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with early puberty, and probiotic drinks appeared to mitigate this link. These findings indicate that the gut–brain axis could play a crucial role in sexual maturation.
Net Promoter Score (NPS): What Does Net Promoter Score Offer in the Evaluation of Continuing Medical Education?

ABSTRACT Net promoter Score (NPS) has been used in many fields, such as software, clinical care, and websites, as a measure of customer satisfaction since 2003. With a single question, NPS methodology is thought to determine brand loyalty and intent to act based on experiences with the brand or product. In the current study, accredited continuing medical education or continuing education (CME/CE) was the product. Providers of CME have utilised NPS rating (the individual score on a scale of 0 to 10) to collect data about the value of the experience a clinician has with CME activities, but there has been no research to examine what it actually is associated with. This study looked to understand – relative to other self-reported and assessment outcomes in CME, what does NPS at the activity level indicate? From 155 online CME programmes (29,696 target audience learners with complete data), potential outcomes of CME, including whether knowledge or competence improved via assessment score, mean post-confidence rating, and whether one intended practices changes and was committed to those changes, were examined as predictors of NPS. NPS is unique in that it cannot be calculated at the individual level; individual scores must be aggregated, and then the percentage who selected ratings of 0 to 5 is subtracted from the percentage who selected 9 or 10. Results showed that percentage of learners who are committed to change predicts 70% of the variance in NPS, which suggests NPS is a valid indicator of intention to act. These results have implications for how we might, as a field, incorporate the utilisation of a single standardised question to examine the potential impact of online CME and call for additional research on whether NPS predicts change in clinical practice.
Relative importance of climatic and edaphic factors as drivers of plant δ15N along a longitudinal transect

ABSTRACT Many studies have shown that climatic and edaphic factors influence the variations in nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the relative importance of co-varying climatic and edaphic controls on plant δ15N remains somewhat unclear. To address this issue, regional-scale plant (L. chinensis) and soil samples were collected along a longitudinal transect across the temperate grasslands in northern China. The influences of climatic and edaphic factors on the plant δ15N were disentangled using the variable importance in projection (VIP) approach. We found that the climatic and edaphic variables explained 52.4% and 31.2%, respectively, of the variation in plant δ15N. The mean annual precipitation (MAP), soil N, and mean annual temperature (MAT) were the most important variables, but the soil water content (SWC), aridity index (AI), and soil clay content were also important variables. The soil pH and soil C: N ratios were identified as unimportant variables. Furthermore, a high-performance model for simulating plant δ15N values was constructed based on the important variables (VIP > 0.8). Further investigations should focus on the effects of the interaction between the climatic and edaphic variables on the N cycles in the temperate grasslands to provide more reliable predictions of plant δ15N.
Evaluating Nebraska’s local comprehensive plans to achieve the national wetland conservation missions in the USA

ABSTRACT The U.S. federal government’s requirements and guidance for wetland conservation are reflected in a series of federal laws, regulations, and policies. However, the degree to which these requirements are reflected in local planning efforts is unclear. This study using five components with 56 indicators evaluates how well wetland conservation efforts are integrated into 112 local comprehensive plans in Nebraska, USA. The results show that the majority of local comprehensive plans pay little direct attention to wetland conservation, although many conservation efforts are conducted under the umbrella of environmental protection frameworks. The indicators include water resource protection received the highest score and was the descriptor of natural or environmental resources and resulted in the highest level of local awareness on natural assets. The indicator of setting goals for no net loss of wetlands received the lowest score among all indicators, demonstrating a clear gap between the national vision and the local reality of wetland conservation. Findings suggest local governments need more direct and proactive inputs to improve wetland conservation. Further findings from this research provide a practical roadmap for planners globally, particularly for the developing countries, to integrate wetland conservation into the local planning systems.
The 3-Dimensional Genome Drives the Evolution of Asymmetric Gene Duplicates via Enhancer Capture-Divergence

Previous evolutionary models of duplicate gene evolution have overlooked the pivotal role of genome architecture. Here, we show that proximity-based regulatory recruitment of distally duplicated genes (enhancer capture) is an efficient mechanism for modulating tissue-specific production of pre-existing proteins. By leveraging genomic asymmetries in synteny and function that distinguish new genes evolving under enhancer capture-divergence (ECD) from those evolving under previous models, we performed a co-expression analysis on Drosophila melanogaster tissue data to show the generality of ECD as a significant evolutionary driver of asymmetric, distally duplicated genes. We use the recently evolved gene HP6/Umbrea, which duplicated <15 million years ago (mya), as an example of the ECD process. By assaying genome-wide chromosomal conformations in multiple Drosophila species, we show that HP6/Umbrea was inserted into a pre-existing, evolutionarily stable 3D genomic structure spanning over 125kb. We then utilize this data to identify a newly discovered enhancer (FLEE1), buried within the coding region of the highly conserved, essential gene MFS18, that likely neo-functionalized HP6/Umbrea, thereby driving the new duplicate gene copy to fixation. Finally, we demonstrate ancestral transcriptional co-regulation of HP6/Umbrea’s future insertion site using single-cell transcriptomics, illustrating how enhancer capture provides a highly evolvable, one-step solution to Ohno’s Dilemma. The intuitive molecular mechanism underpinning the ECD model unveils a novel and robust framework to understand the fixation and neofunctionalization of distally duplicated genes.
Visiomode: An open-source platform for building rodent touchscreen-based behavioral assays

Background Touchscreen-based behavioral assays provide a robust method for assessing cognitive behavior in rodents, offering great flexibility and translational potential. The development of touchscreen assays presents a significant programming and mechanical engineering challenge, where commercial solutions can be prohibitively expensive and open-source solutions are underdeveloped, with limited adaptability. New method Here, we present Visiomode (www.visiomode.org), an open-source platform for building rodent touchscreen-based behavioral tasks. Visiomode leverages the inherent flexibility of touchscreens to offer a simple yet adaptable software and hardware platform. The platform is built on the Raspberry Pi computer combining a web-based interface and powerful plug-in system with an operant chamber that can be adapted to generate a wide range of behavioral tasks. Results As a proof of concept, we use Visiomode to build both simple stimulus-response and more complex visual discrimination tasks, showing that mice display rapid sensorimotor learning including switching between different motor responses (i.e., nose poke versus reaching). Comparison with existing methods Commercial solutions are the ‘go to’ for rodent touchscreen behaviors, but the associated costs can be prohibitive, limiting their uptake by the wider neuroscience community. While several open-source solutions have been developed, efforts so far have focused on reducing the cost, rather than promoting ease of use and adaptability. Visiomode addresses these unmet needs providing a low-cost, extensible platform for creating touchscreen tasks. Conclusions Developing an open-source, rapidly scalable and low-cost platform for building touchscreen-based behavioral assays should increase uptake across the science community and accelerate the investigation of cognition, decision-making and sensorimotor behaviors both in health and disease.
On a Class of Singular Integral Operators With Rough Kernels

Abstract In this paper, we study the ${{L}^{p}}$ mapping properties of a class of singular integral operators with rough kernels belonging to certain block spaces. We prove that our operators are bounded on ${{L}^{p}}$ provided that their kernels satisfy a size condition much weaker than that for the classical Calderón–Zygmund singular integral operators. Moreover, we present an example showing that our size condition is optimal. As a consequence of our results, we substantially improve a previously known result on certain maximal functions.
Convective effects and the role of quadrupole sources for aerofoil aeroacoustics

Abstract The present investigation of aerofoil self-noise generation and propagation concerns the effects of mean flow and quadrupole sources on the broadband noise that arises from the interaction of turbulent boundary layers with the aerofoil trailing edge and the tonal noise that arises from vortex shedding generated by laminar boundary layers and trailing-edge bluntness. Compressible large-eddy simulations (LES) are conducted for a NACA0012 aerofoil with rounded trailing edge for four flow configurations with different angles of incidence, boundary layer tripping configurations and free-stream Mach numbers. The Reynolds number based on the aerofoil chord is fixed at ${\mathit{Re}}_{c} = 408\hspace{0.167em} 000$ . The acoustic predictions are performed by the Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings (FWH) acoustic analogy formulation and incorporate convective effects. Surface and volume integrations of dipole and quadrupole source terms appearing in the FWH equation are performed using a three-dimensional wideband multi-level adaptive fast multipole method (FMM) in order to accelerate the calculations of aeroacoustic integrals. In order to validate the numerical solutions, flow simulation and acoustic prediction results are compared to experimental data available in the literature and good agreement is observed in terms of both aerodynamic and aeroacoustic results. For low-Mach-number flows, quadrupole sources can be neglected in the FWH equation and mean flow effects appear only for high frequencies. However, for higher speeds, convection effects are relevant for all frequencies and quadrupole sources have a more pronounced effect for medium and high frequencies. The convective effects are most readily observed in the upstream direction.
Analysis of arbitrarily shaped microstrip patch antennas using segmentation technique and cavity model

Arbitrarily shaped microstrip patch antennas have been analyzed for resonant frequency, input impedance, and radiation patterns. The segmentation technique and the cavity model have been used for this purpose. The usefulness and the accuracy of the method are shown through comparison with experimental results for a rectangular ring antenna. The agreement is seen to be very good. Ihe method appears to be more efficient compared to those reported so far for arbitrary shapes. Moreover, feed reactance is built into the analysis. The method presented here can also be used to analyze microstrip antennas with various types of loadings, e.g., shorting pins, matched loads, etc.
Power Through Struggle in Introductory Statistics

Abstract Traditional classroom instruction consists of teacher-centered learning in which the instructor presents course material through lectures. A recent trend in higher education is the implementation of student-centered learning in which students take a more active role in the learning process. The purpose of this article is to describe the discomfort one teacher and her students encountered when teaching and learning statistics in a student-centered learning environment. It is meant to illustrate that although asking her students to take a more active role in one section of a statistics course was more uncomfortable than lecturing in another section, the students in this professor's student-centered section may have actually benefited in other ways. We present descriptions of reflections from both the teacher and the students from both sections.
Effects of Mn doping on dielectric properties of Mg-doped BaTiO3

The motion of oxygen vacancy as a defect complex and the effects of Mn addition on the dielectric relaxation in the Ba(Ti1−x−yMgxMny)O3−δ system have been studied in the frequency range of 25–106Hz at various temperatures. The dielectric constants (k) of 0.5mol% Mg-doped BaTiO3 rapidly decreased with increasing frequency at <1kHz and 200°C. There was a slight decrease in k observed for the BaTiO3 codoped with Mg and Mn and no change in k for singly Mn-doped BaTiO3. Loss peaks (tanδ) shifted to lower frequencies as the Mn content was increased, and the peak moved to higher frequencies with increasing temperature. Activation energies for the relaxation process of the Ba(Ti0.995−yMg0.005Mny)O3−δ system for y=0, 0.005, and 0.01 at 150–300°C were 0.47, 0.69, and 0.62eV, respectively, and at higher temperatures of 400–500°C were 1.08, 1.28, and 1.47eV for each corresponding composition.
The binary nature of the barium stars. II. Velocities, binary frequency, and preliminary orbits.

A series of radial velocity observations has been obtained over the last 3 years of a sample of 20 Ba II stars. Seventeen of these (85%) are found to show long-term velocity variations ranging in amplitude from a few to tens of km s/sup -1/. Thus it seems likely that all Ba II stars are binary systems. An additional Ba II star in the open cluster NGC 2420 is also found to have a variable velocity. Orbits for seven Ba II stars indicate low-mass companions, compatible with their being white dwarfs. Separations are large, about 2 AU on average. The peculiar abundances are not explained, but the fact remains that multiplicity must bear a causal relationship to these peculiarities.
Automated GMP Production and Preclinical Evaluation of [68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA and [68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA

[68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA and [68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA are two novel radiotracers suitable for functional PET liver imaging. Due to their specific liver uptake and biliary excretion, the tracers may be applied for segmental liver function quantification, gall tree imaging and the differential diagnosis of liver nodules. The purpose of this study was to investigate problems that occurred initially during the development of the GMP compliant synthesis procedure and to evaluate the tracers in a preclinical model. After low radiolabeling yields were attributed to precursor instability at high temperatures, an optimized radiolabeling procedure was established. Quality controls were in accordance with Ph. Eur. requirements and gave compliant results, although the method for the determination of the 68Ga colloid is partially inhibited due to the presence of a radioactive by-product. The determination of logP revealed [68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA (ethoxy bearing) to be more lipophilic than [68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA (methoxy bearing). Accordingly, biodistribution studies in an in ovo model showed a higher liver uptake for [68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA. In dynamic in ovo PET imaging, rapid tracer accumulation in the liver was observed. Similarly, the activity in the intestines rose steadily within the first hour p.i. , indicating biliary excretion. As [68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA and [68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA can be prepared according to GMP guidelines, transition into the early clinical phase is now possible.
The Longevity of Lunar Volcanism: Implications of Thermal Evolution Calculations with 2D and 3D Mantle Convection Models

Abstract Lunar volcanism, as is generally accepted, started well before the emplacement of the mare fill at 3.1–3.9 Ga b.p. and likely extended well into the Eratosthenian (3.1–1.1 Ga b.p.). The early volcanism is relatively easily understood. The extension of the activity to, possibly, 1.5 Ga b.p., albeit at a decreasing rate, poses a problem since a relatively small body such as the Moon may be expected to cool rapidly and freeze a partially molten mantle layer quickly. We present thermal history models in which a region of partial melt forms in the mantle underneath the lithosphere almost immediately after the start of the model at depths between 300 and 700 km depending on the chosen initial depth of the magma ocean. To calculate the thermal histories we use axisymmetric 2D and fully 3D spherical shell convection codes with viscosity depending on the azimuthally averaged temperature. The thermal evolution of the Moon is found to be characterized by the growth of a massive 700- to 800-km-thick lithosphere while the lower mantle and core cool only by 100–200 K. The partial melt zone decreases in thickness with time from top to bottom until it vanishes at times between 3.4 and 2.2 Ga b.p. The maximum degree of partial melting is between roughly 10 and 20%. The partial melt layer is initially global and is disrupted by cold downwellings as cooling proceeds. The melt zone freezes from above due to the thickening of the lithosphere, which implies that the source region of volcanic rock proceeds to increasing depth with time. This corresponds nicely with the variation of titanium with age of lunar mare basalts. Mixing of the melt zone with the underlying mantle chemically rejuvenates the melt zone to some degree and, thus, the source region of the mare basalts.