Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The What and Where of Adding Channel Noise to the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations

Conductance-based equations for electrically active cells form one of the most widely studied mathematical frameworks in computational biology. This framework, as expressed through a set of differential equations by Hodgkin and Huxley, synthesizes the impact of ionic currents on a cell's voltage—and the highly nonlinear impact of that voltage back on the currents themselves—into the rapid push and pull of the action potential. Later studies confirmed that these cellular dynamics are orchestrated by individual ion channels, whose conformational changes regulate the conductance of each ionic current. Thus, kinetic equations familiar from physical chemistry are the natural setting for describing conductances; for small-to-moderate numbers of channels, these will predict fluctuations in conductances and stochasticity in the resulting action potentials. At first glance, the kinetic equations provide a far more complex (and higher-dimensional) description than the original Hodgkin-Huxley equations or their counterparts. This has prompted more than a decade of efforts to capture channel fluctuations with noise terms added to the equations of Hodgkin-Huxley type. Many of these approaches, while intuitively appealing, produce quantitative errors when compared to kinetic equations; others, as only very recently demonstrated, are both accurate and relatively simple. We review what works, what doesn't, and why, seeking to build a bridge to well-established results for the deterministic equations of Hodgkin-Huxley type as well as to more modern models of ion channel dynamics. As such, we hope that this review will speed emerging studies of how channel noise modulates electrophysiological dynamics and function. We supply user-friendly MATLAB simulation code of these stochastic versions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations on the ModelDB website (accession number 138950) and http://www.amath. washington.edu/~etsb/tutorials.html.
Relations among storage, yield, and instream flow

An extensive literature documents relations between reservoir storage capacity and water supply yield and the properties of instream flow needed to support downstream aquatic ecosystems. However, the literature that evaluates the impact of reservoir operating rules on instream flow properties is limited to a few site‐specific studies, and as a result, few general conclusions can be drawn to date. This study adapts the existing generalized water evaluation and planning model (WEAP) to enable general explorations of relations between reservoir storage, instream flow, and water supply yield for a wide class of reservoirs and operating rules. Generalized relationships among these variables document the types of instream flow policies that when combined with drought management strategies, are likely to provide compromise solutions to the ecological and human negotiations for water for different sized reservoir systems. The concept of a seasonal ecodeficit/ecosurplus is introduced for evaluating the impact of reservoir regulation on ecological flow regimes.
Winter 12-4-2007 Program Metamorphosis ; CU-CS-1036-07

Modern agile software engineering practices encourage programmers to refactor their code frequently. Consequently, modern integrated development environments incorporate machine support for refactoring; such machine support takes the form of automatic program transformations that atomically preserve program behaviour. This approach to refactoring is useful, but limits the approach in two ways: first, existing refactoring tools enforce that each individual step preserves behaviour– which can be too restrictive. Secondly, such tools cannot permit behaviour-enhancing changes, even though such changes are both desirable and automable. We present an extension to refactoring that addresses both of the above limitations, by (1) relaxing behaviour-preservation checks to occur only after sequences of transformations rather than before each individual transformation, and by (2) permitting users to accept rather than to correct some of the behavioural changes that accumulate during such transformation sequences. We evaluate our approach, which we call “program metamorphosis”, by applying it to the task of structural and nominal transformations of Standard ML programs. We find that our approach (1) can effectively assist programmers in the refactoring process whilst eliminating the aforementioned shortcomings of traditional refactoring systems, (2) can be implemented efficiently, and (3) fully subsumes traditional refactoring. ∗Supported by NSF Career Grant CCR-0133457
Search engine click spam detection based on bipartite graph propagation

Using search engines to retrieve information has become an important part of people's daily lives. For most search engines, click information is an important factor in document ranking. As a result, some websites cheat to obtain a higher rank by fraudulently increasing clicks to their pages, which is referred to as "Click Spam". Based on an analysis of the features of fraudulent clicks, a novel automatic click spam detection approach is proposed in this paper, which consists of 1. modeling user sessions with a triple sequence, which, to the best of our knowledge, takes into account not only the user action but also the action objective and the time interval between actions for the first time; 2. using the user-session bipartite graph propagation algorithm to take advantage of cheating users to find more cheating sessions; and 3. using the pattern-session bipartite graph propagation algorithm to obtain cheating session patterns to achieve higher precision and recall of click spam detection. Experimental results based on a Chinese commercial search engine using real-world log data containing approximately 80 million user clicks per day show that 2.6% of all clicks were detected as spam with a precision of up to 97%.
Development of a form rolling micro surface texturing system for friction reduction application in the shaft component

Surface texture is one of the most promising methods to achieve friction reduction in the mechanical components, and it has been rapidly developed in the last decade. The friction reduction mechanism of regularly patterned surface texture is widely considered to be lubricant retention and debris entrapment. There are many ways to manufacture micro surface texture, among which deformed-based micro-surface texturing is the least studied. However, it has many unique advantages that cannot be surpassed by the rest, such as high production efficiency, fine geometrical fidelity and smooth surface finishing. Therefore, this study aims at developing a deformation-based low-cost micro form-rolling machine to create micro surface texture on the cylindrical component. A new demonstrator for examining the friction reduction efficiency of the micro surface texture has also been built and tested. Results show that the shaft with micro surface texture is able to reach a maximum of 48.1% friction reduction at rotation speed 400 r/min with lubricant SAE30 compared to the non-textured workpiece with the same condition.
Coordinated regulation of Arabidopsis microRNA biogenesis and red light signaling through Dicer-like 1 and phytochrome-interacting factor 4

Light and microRNAs (miRNAs) are key external and internal signals for plant development, respectively. However, the relationship between the light signaling and miRNA biogenesis pathways remains unknown. Here we found that miRNA processer proteins DCL1 and HYL1 interact with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4), which mediates the destabilization of DCL1 during dark-to-red-light transition. PIF4 acts as a transcription factor for some miRNA genes and is necessary for the proper accumulation of miRNAs. DCL1, HYL1, and mature miRNAs play roles in the regulation of plant hypocotyl growth. These results uncovered a previously unknown crosstalk between miRNA biogenesis and red light signaling through the PIF4-dependent regulation of miRNA transcription and processing to affect red-light-directed plant photomorphogenesis.
Short‐Term Wind Speed Forecasting for Power System Operations

L'accent mis sur les énergies renouvelables et les inquiétudes environnementales ont conduit, dans le monde entier, à un développement considérable des techniques éoliennes. Ces énergies, toutefois, ne sont pas sans poser des défis importants, liés au caractère intermittent et instable du vent. Les prévisions à court terme dans ce domaine sont d'une importance cruciale pour une mise en oeuvre fiable des systèmes d'exploitation. Cet article commence par une vue d'ensemble de l'état actuel des connaissances en matière de ressources d'énergie éolienne. Il passe ensuite en revue plusieurs modèles de prédiction à court terme des vitesses des vents comprenant, en particulier, les approches chronologiques traditionnelles, ainsi que certains modèles plus raffinés fondés sur les modèles du type spatio‐temporel. Nous poursuivons avec une discussion de la précision des prévisions, en mettant l'accent sur le choix de fonctions de perte appropriées. Quelques défis nouveaux liés aux changements soudains des vents et aux énergies éoliennes offshores sont aussi présentés.
THE KINETICS OF POLYMERIZATION

A comprehensive review is presented on the kinetics of polymerizations, as a summary of the studies on the polymerization kinetics performed in the authors' laboratory. Polymeri zations were in the first place classified into several classes according to the relative magni tude of the rates of the elementary steps. The specific features of the kinetics were dis cussed by classifying into four main types, i. e. , stationary polymerization with slow initiation, non-stationary polymerization with slow initiation, stationary polymerization with rapid initia tion, and non-stationary polymerization with rapid initiation. The kinetic studies dealing with polymerizations of these classes were summarized and some problems in the kinetic studies were pointed out.
Cascaded fuzzy logic based direct torque control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor for variable speed electric drive systems

Direct torque control (DTC) is recognized as one of the widespread control schemes in controlling AC motor drives. Thus, in order to maintain a stable performance of AC drives over a wide speed range of operation, this paper presents two cascaded fuzzy logic controllers to be employed in DTC of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system. The first fuzzy logic controller is used to implement the DTC scheme of IPMSM and the second one is used to control the motor speed. Compared to the classical DTC scheme, the proposed fuzzy DTC strategy uses the estimated torque and flux to determine the switching states of the space vector modulated (SVM) voltage source inverter (VSI). Moreover, the speed controller uses a fuzzy adaptive PI controller to regulate the motor speed at different loading conditions. The fuzzy rules and the membership functions of the two fuzzy controllers are presented. Several simulation results at different operating conditions are presented and discussed.
Improved Image Processing Algorithms for Microprobe Final Test

With the rapid development of the integrated circuit (IC) industry, testing of IC chips is becoming more and more important. A chip probe final test is an important means of final chip testing, which makes use of contacts between probes and bumps on the chip for electrical connections of the test instrument and the chip, through which the electrical characteristics of the chip are tested one by one. The IC final test is directly completed on the entire packaging wafer before the packaging wafer is cut into single die. This complete testing of the whole wafer before dicing can greatly improve the efficiency of the final test. The precise alignment of probe and chip bumps is an important aspect of the final test process. In this paper, image processing is carried out based on the rectangular frame of the chip surface, for which the rectangular box image-processing algorithm is designed. The chip image showing the deflection angle is acquired, and the offset distance is calculated. The rectangular box algorithm based on the principle of the Hough transform detects the orientation that is used to determine the offset of the rectangular frame. The detection accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm is evaluated, and it is shown that the image-processing algorithm of the chip alignment is improved significantly. An efficient automatic probe final test of packaging wafers can finally be achieved.
Joint Optimization of Electric Vehicle and Home Energy Scheduling Considering User Comfort Preference

In this paper, we investigate the joint optimization of electric vehicle (EV) and home energy scheduling. Our objective is to minimize the total electricity cost while considering user comfort preference. We take both household occupancy and EV travel patterns into account. The novel contributions of this paper lie in the exploitation of EVs as dynamic storage facility as well as detailed modeling of user comfort preference, thermal dynamics, EV travel, and customer occupancy patterns in a concrete optimization framework. Extensive numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed design. Specifically, we show that the proposed design can achieve significant saving in electricity cost, allow more flexibility in setting the tradeoff between cost and user comfort, and enable to reduce energy demand during peak hours. We also demonstrate the benefits of applying the proposed framework to a residential community compared to optimization of individual household separately.
Use of time-series based forecasting technique for balancing load and reducing consumption of energy in a cloud data center

The long-dreamed vision of “computing as a utility” has finally taken shape in the form of cloud computing. This paradigm shift is the biggest buzz in today's computer world. The pay-as-you-go model of cloud attracts more and more customers towards it. As a result the workload of the data center is increasing enormously. Due to uneven workload distribution some servers become overloaded while some other remains underloaded. For load balancing a few virtual machines are migrated from the over-utilized nodes. But unlike this, a load prediction algorithm is proposed in this paper which will take the decision of migration depending on the present as well as future workload of the system. So our proposed technique does not initiate immediate VM migration as soon as a node is declared overloaded. Our algorithm has been simulated in CloudSim and their performances are compared with the existing benchmark algorithms. Results prove that the proposed technique not only makes the data center more energy efficient but also balances workload more efficiently.
The Reasons of Steam Pipeline Elbow Rupture

In the paper the reasons for steam pipeline’s elbow material rupture, made of steel 13CrMo4-5 (15HM) that is being used in the energetics. Based on the mechanical properties in the ambient temperature (R m , R p0,2 and elongation A 5 ) and in the increased temperature (R p0,2t ) it was found, that the pipeline elbow’s material sampled from the ruptured area has lower R p0,2 i R p0,2t by around 2% than it is a requirement for 13CrMo4-5 steel in it’s base state. The damage appeared as a result of complex stress state, that substantially exceeded the admissible tensions, what was the consequence of considerable structure degradation level. As a result of the microstructure tests on HITACHI S4200 microscope, the considerable development of the creeping process associates were found. Also the advances progress of the microstructure degradation was observed, which is substantial decomposition of bainite and multiple, with varied secretion size, and in most cases forming the micro cracks chains. With the use of lateral micro sections the creeping voids were observed, that creates at some places the shrinkage porosities clusters and micro pores
Mollisols Soils Stabilization Using Lime Modified by Salts

Mollisols are one of the most abundantly found natural surface soils in the world. Due to presence of high organic content in these soils, its geotechnical engineering characteristics like bearing capacity, settlement, and slope stability etc. are feeble. In this research, an attempt was made to propose the best methodology of chemical stabilization of mollisols to extend its applications in geotechnical engineering. Mollisols showed high organic content and their characteristics was obtained using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) test. The test indicated the presence of clay minerals (montmorillonite and kaolinite), organic matters (magnesium diisopropoxide, 9H-Flourine etc.) and organic acids (tartaric acid, formylvanillic acid etc.) in mollisols. The geotechnical engineering properties of mollisols including grain size analysis, Atterberg limits, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content and unconfined compressive strength were determined. Mollisols samples were stabilized with lime and varying percentages (up to 10 %) of three chloride salts i.e sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). The engineering classification of mixes remains unchanged by the addition of lime and salts. The results showed that when clay minerals were released from the affinity of organic matter and acids by addition of chloride salts, its reactivity with lime was enhanced resulting in improved stabilization. NaCl was observed to be the most promising chloride salt for effective stabilization of mollisols with lime.
Luminescence from SiO2 by Helium Ion Microscope (HIM) without any Damage Characterized by TEM-EELS

【背景】ヘリウム(He)イオン顕微鏡(Ion Microscope)(HIM)を用いた低誘電率膜やレジスト パターンに対してダメージ(材料構造変化)の少ない二次電子像観察技術、金属ピラー形成技術 を報告してきた[1-3]。 しかしながら He イオンビーム(0.25nm 径)と試料との衝突現象、二次電 子発生機構の理解は不十分であり、He イオンビーム照射条件により試料表面でエッチング、ブリ スタリングが生じる場合もあり、照射条件には注意が必要である。 本報告では HIM を用いて SiO2 膜に He イオンビームを標準的な二次電子像観察条件で照射した場合の SiO2膜からのルミネッセ ンス発光現象、およびその照射条件下での SiO2膜のダメージの有無を評価した結果を述べる。 【実験方法】Si 基板上に熱酸化膜を 400nm 形成し、標準的な二次電子像観察条件(加速エネルギ 30kV,イオンドーズ量 1E13~5E14/cm)で He イオンビームを照射し、SiO2膜からのルミネッセン ス、照射後の SiO2試料の TEM EELS 評価[4]を行った。 【結果と考察】ルミネッセンスは SEM CL で観察される波長 672 nm(1.85eV)以外に 281nm(4.41eV), 447nm(2.77eV)の発光が観察された(Fig.1)。 447nm は He 原子スペクトルに一致するが、発光ピ ークはブロードであるため SiO2材料に起因するルミネッセンスと考えている。 発光強度はドーズ 量と共に増大するが波長に変化は見られないため、この照射条件の範囲ではダメージはないもの と考えられる。 TEM観察ではブリスタリングに起因するボイドは一切観察されず、Valence(V)-EELS、 ELNES による評価の結果、ダメージが存在すれば変化する 4~10eV(Fig2.)、100~120eV 領域の スペクトル形状に変化は見られなかった。 したがって標準的な観察条件では EELS で検知できるレ ベルのダメージは生じていないと考えられる。 ルミネッセンス発光機構に関して当日報告する。 【参考文献】[1] S. Ogawa, et al, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 49 (2010) 04DB12, [2] S. Ogawa, et al, Proc. of International Interconnect Technology Conference (2011), [3] K. Kohama et al, 2013 年春季応物 28a-G6-1, [4] Y. Otsuka, et al, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 49 111501 (2010)
The palatability of Neotropical poison frogs in predator‐prey systems: do alkaloids make the difference?

Neotropical poison frogs sequester alkaloid‐based chemical defenses from their diet, which seem to repel invertebrate predators after contact. In this study, we tested the reaction of predatory ants toward skin secretions of captive‐bred poison frogs without alkaloids. Although the secretions had a smell and taste similar to those of wild‐caught frogs, the ants did not avoid them, but actually preferred them. We infer that amphibian secretions are attractive to invertebrate predators (probably due to palatable nutritive components), but that this attraction is overridden when unpalatable alkaloids are present.
Using Bayesian networks model predicting pregnancy after psychiatric interventions in infertile couple

Background & Aim: Considering the psychosocial model of diseases, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of psychiatric intervention with regard to demographic and marriage characteristics on the pregnancy rate using Bayesian network model in infertile women. Methods & Materials: In a randomized clinical trial, 638 infertile patients referred to an infertility clinic were evaluated. Among them, 140 couples with different levels of depression in at least one of the spouses were included in this substudy. These couples were divided randomly into two groups. After psychiatric intervention the clinical pregnancy rates of the two groups. The data were divided into two groups: demographic characteristics and marriage specifications, and by drawing Bayesian networks using Grow-Shrink (GS) algorithm, the conditional probability of pregnancy was estimated. Results: According to the results, Bayesian network model of the GS algorithm was significant (P = 0.548) and given that the fertility in the intervention group who were concurrently treated with antiretroviral treatment, the conditional probability was 38.5%, and this amount in the control group is 3.5% and group who were concurrently treated with induction of ovulation or did not receive any treatment the conditional probability was 72.2% and this amount in the control group is 23.1% comparing the values shows the importance of psychiatric intervention in increasing pregnancy rate. Conclusion: Results obtained from Bayesian network model are in line with results obtained from logistic model in terms of the significance of the variables with the difference that apart from the graphic structure, Bayesian network model also estimates conditional probabilities. This study shows that psychiatric and psychological treatments play an important role in curing infertility that will increase the chances of pregnancy.
Dynamical simulation of field emission in nanostructures

An efficient computational scheme based on the first-principles pseudopotential method is proposed for the electron emission from nanostructures under an applied electric field. The emission rate of the electron through the potential barrier is calculated by integrating the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for the states residing initially inside the emitter. Our approach takes into account the three-dimensional feature of the nanostructure as well as the realistic self-consistent potential. We have applied this method to the field emission of carbon nanotubes. The calculated emission currents are in good agreement with experimental data and exhibit strong dependence on the spatial distributions of the electronic wave functions.