Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circularity in Judgments of Relative Pitch

A special set of computer‐generated complex tones is shown to lead to a complete breakdown of transitivity in judgments of relative pitch. Indeed, the tones can be represented as equally spaced points around a circle in such a way that the clockwise neighbor of each tone is judged higher in pitch while the counterclockwise neighbor is judged lower in pitch. Diametrically opposed tones—though clearly different in pitch—are quite ambiguous as to the direction of the difference. The results demonstrate the operation of a “proximity principle” for the continuum of frequency and suggest that perceived pitch cannot be adequately represented by a purely rectilinear scale.
The extragalactic nature of H0323+022

Imaging and spectroscopic observations probed the nature of the X-ray source H0323+022. It is suggested that H0323+022 is extragalactic, and similar to a variety of other X-ray selected BL Lac objects. The extended image, when combined with estimates of the linear size of an underlying galaxy, implies both visible and X-ray luminosities consistent with this hypothesis. In a stellar interpretation, the angular extension would require attributing yet another unique feature to the object. The interpretation of the stellar absorption spectrum as misidentification of the object at the telescope is supported. Two candidates for that unrelated stellar object, which are also the next closest bright visible objects to the X-ray source are proposed. It is predicted that the late type absorption spectrum will never again be seen in H0323+022.
Rate coefficients and inelastic momentum transfer cross sections for electronic excitation of N2 by electrons

Rate coefficients, as a function of the electron temperature, have been determined from the integral cross sections for excitation of the 19 singlet and triplet electronic states of N2 within 14.2 eV of the ground state. For electron temperatures less than 10 eV, the rates for excitation of the A 3Σ+u, B 3Πg, W 3Δu, and a 1Πg are all greater than that for excitation of the C 3Πu state. The differential cross sections for excitation of these same electronic states were also used to calculate the inelastic momentum transfer associated with the excitation of these states. The total momentum transfer cross section for electrons in N2, as a function of the electron energy, was obtained by adding the inelastic momentum transfer to that associated with elastic scattering. Inelastic momentum transfer accounts for about 25% of the total momentum transfer above 15 eV. Over the energy range 20–60 eV, inelastic scattering contributes 20–25% to the total N2 electron scattering cross section. The total scattering cross.
Atomic and electronic structure of the ferroelectric BaTiO3/Ge(001) interface

In this study, we demonstrate the epitaxial growth of BaTiO3 on Ge(001) by molecular beam epitaxy using a thin Zintl template buffer layer. A combination of density functional theory, atomic-resolution electron microscopy and in situ photoemission spectroscopy is used to investigate the electronic properties and atomic structure of the BaTiO3/Ge interface. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron micrographs reveal that the Ge(001) 2 × 1 surface reconstruction remains intact during the subsequent BaTiO3 growth, thereby enabling a choice to be made between several theoretically predicted interface structures. The measured valence band offset of 2.7 eV matches well with the theoretical value of 2.5 eV based on the model structure for an in-plane-polarized interface. The agreement between the calculated and measured band offsets, which are highly sensitive to the detailed atomic arrangement, indicates that the most likely BaTiO3/Ge(001) interface structure has been identified.
Model reference robust control for MIMO systems

Model reference robust control (MRRC) is derived for MIMO systems that have a right Hermite normal form which is SPR and diagonal, and then for systems whose right Hermite normal form is diagonal but not SPR. It is shown that MRRC of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems is an extension of model reference control (MRC) of MIMO systems and MRRC of SISO systems. Unwanted coupling exists in many physical MIMO systems. The recursive backstepping procedure used in non-SPR SISO systems cannot be directly applied to diagonal MIMO non-SPR systems without the introduction of the augmented matrix or a precompensator. It is shown that MRRC decouples MIMO systems using only input and output measurements rather than state feedback.
A comparison of agglomerative clustering methods with respect to noise

This article delineates the important considerations in any extensive, systematic comparison of clustering methods, and then it presents an empirical investigation of the effect of correlated variables on the “retrieval” ability of a particular class of agglomerative clustering methods. The empirical investigation re- sulted in two major observations; namely, that there are many agglomerative clustering methods, which have never been applied, that are “better” than any of the commonly used agglomerative clus- tering methods, and that correlated variables affect the “retrieval” ability of different agglomerative clustering methods differ- ently.
The near-shore behaviour of shallow-water waves with localized initial conditions

We consider the behaviour of solutions to the nonlinear shallow-water equations which describe wave runup on a plane beach, concentrating on the behaviour at and just behind the moving shoreline. We develop regular series expansions for the hydrodynamic variables behind the shoreline, which are valid for any smooth initial condition for the waveform. We then develop asymptotic descriptions of the shoreline motion under localized initial conditions, in particular a localized Gaussian waveform: we obtain estimates for the maximum runup and drawdown of the wave, for its maximum velocities and the forces it is able to exert on objects in its path, and for the conditions under which such a wave breaks down. We show how these results may be extended to include initial velocity conditions and initial waveforms which may be approximated as the sum of several Gaussians. Finally, we relate these results tentatively to the observed behaviour of a tsunami.
Learning Unified Representations for Multi-Resolution Face Recognition

In this work, we propose Branch-to-Trunk network (BTNet), a representation learning method for multi-resolution face recognition. It consists of a trunk network (TNet), namely a unified encoder, and multiple branch networks (BNets), namely resolution adapters. As per the input, a resolution-specific BNet is used and the output are implanted as feature maps in the feature pyramid of TNet, at a layer with the same resolution. The discriminability of tiny faces is significantly improved, as the interpolation error introduced by rescaling, especially up-sampling, is mitigated on the inputs. With branch distillation and backward-compatible training, BTNet transfers discriminative high-resolution information to multiple branches while guaranteeing representation compatibility. Our experiments demonstrate strong performance on face recognition benchmarks, both for multi-resolution identity matching and feature aggregation, with much less computation amount and parameter storage. We establish new state-of-the-art on the challenging QMUL-SurvFace 1: N face identification task. Our code is available at https://github.com/StevenSmith2000/BTNet.
Exploring the dependence of gas cooling and heating functions on the incident radiation field with Machine Learning

Gas cooling and heating functions play a crucial role in galaxy formation. But, it is computationally expensive to exactly compute these functions in the presence of an incident radiation field. These computations can be greatly sped up by using interpolation tables of pre-computed values, at the expense of making significant and sometimes even unjustified approximations. Here, we explore the capacity of machine learning to approximate cooling and heating functions with a generalized radiation field. Specifically, we use the machine learning algorithm XGBoost to predict cooling and heating functions calculated with the photoionization code Cloudy at fixed metallicity, using different combinations of photoionization rates as features. We perform a constrained quadratic fit in metallicity to enable a fair comparison with traditional interpolation methods at arbitrary metallicity. We consider the relative importance of various photoionization rates through both a principal component analysis (PCA) and calculation of SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) values for our XGBoost models. We use feature importance information to select different subsets of rates to use in model training. Our XGBoost models outperform a traditional interpolation approach at each fixed metallicity, regardless of feature selection. At arbitrary metallicity, we are able to reduce the frequency of the largest cooling and heating function errors compared to an interpolation table. We find that the primary bottleneck to increasing accuracy lies in accurately capturing the metallicity dependence. This study demonstrates the potential of machine learning methods such as XGBoost to capture the non-linear behavior of cooling and heating functions.
Colour Reconnection and Weak Showers

This thesis consider the improvement of the simulation tools used to describe high energy particle collisions. These simulation programs are normally referred to as event generators. The emphasis is on two specific parts of the event generation: the introduction of radiation of weak bosons associated with the collision and a new model for colour reconnection. Each collision contains significant additional radiation of particles, but earlier models have only included QCD and QED radiation. This thesis presents a first attempt at including also the weak radiation. The inclusion of weak emissions allows for a better understanding of already observed data. The weak radiation is also included in the common framework for including multi-jet matrix elements into the description of the radiation. Colour Reconnection (CR) address the question: between which partons do colour strings form? The new model incorporates three principles, the SU(3) colour rules from QCD, a space-time causality requirement, and a minimization of the potential energy. It also introduces a new type of reconnections producing junction structures. The new model is able to explain the lambda production simultaneously at both LEP and LHC. The effects of CR, both the new model as well as older models, are also considered at potential future electron-positron colliders. Comparisons between the new model and a string rope model is carried out, which include suggestions for relevant observables.
Least square approach for subpixel target detection on multispectral remotely sensed imagery

Least square unmixing approach has been successfully applied in hyperspectral image processing for subpixel target detection. It can detect target with size less than a pixel by estimating its abundance fraction resident in each pixel. In order for the this approach to be effective, the number of bands must be larger than or equal to that of signatures to be classified, i.e., the number of equations should be no less than the number of unknowns. This ensures that there are sufficient dimensions to accommodate orthogonal projections resulting from the individual signatures. It is known as band number constraint (BNC). Such inherent constraint is not an issue for hyperspectral images since they generally have hundreds of bands, which is more than the number of signatures resident within images. However, this may not be true for multispectral images where the number of signatures to be classified is greater than the number of bands. This paper presents an extension of the least square approach that relaxes this constraint with a set of least square filters that are nonlinearly combined for endmember detection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by SPOT images. The experimental results show significantly improves in classification performance than Orthogonal Subspace Projection (OSP).
A comprehensive analytical model for threshold voltage calculation in GaN based metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors

An analytical model for threshold voltage calculation for metal-oxide-semiconductor GaN based high electron mobility transistors is proposed. This model includes polarization induced charges at each heterostructure interface/surface, surface donors, oxide/barrier interface traps charge, and interfacial and bulk fixed oxide charge. Applicability of the model is demonstrated on GaN/AlGaN/GaN MOS heterostructure capacitors with Al2O3 and HfO2 gate dielectrics grown by atomic layer deposition with different barrier surface treatment and Al2O3 thicknesse.
Nonlinear minimum mean square error estimator for mixture-maximisation approximation

In many speech separation, enhancement, and recognition techniques, it is necessary to express the log spectrum of a mixture speech signal in terms of the log spectra of the underlying speech signals. For this purpose, the mixture-maximisation (MIXMAX) approximation is commonly used. Presented is a proof for this approximation in a statistical framework. It is concluded that this approximation is a nonlinear minimum mean square error estimator with the assumption of uniform distributions for phase information of the underlying speech signals.
Spatio-temporal characterization techniques of high-power femtosecond laser chains

In this letter, we propose two techniques capable of spatio-temporally characterizing high-power femtosecond laser chains. We demonstrate a new implementation of SEA TADPOLE. To avoid the problems induced by the the significant spatial jittering of the focal spot on high-power laser chains, our setup is adapted to collimated beams. In addition, a fibered light source is also used to correct the phase fluctuations. This experimental setup allows identifying any spatiotemporal distortions such as the pulse front tilt for instance. In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we present the very first spatio-temporal characterization done on a TW laser. However, a SEA TADPOLE measurement is not immediate since it requires scanning the beam over the two transverse dimensions which prevent us from studying the shot-to-shot laser fluctuations. This is why, we developed MUFFIN, a single-shot technique capable of spatio-temporally characterizing a laser pulse along its two transverse dimensions. First experimental results obtained with this technique are presented here.
Cube-textured substrates for YBCO-coated conductors: microstructure evolution and stability

The realization of YBCO-based coated conductors with high critical current density involves the deposition of highly biaxially textured YBCO films. The use of epitaxial growth shifts this requirement to the template used for YBCO deposition. In the rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrate (RABiTS) approach, an appropriately oriented template is provided by a cube-textured substrate. The development of a cube texture is the result of recrystallization occurring in a heavily deformed tape, which is activated by high-temperature annealing. In the case of Ni-based alloys, thermal treatment at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1150 °C for at least 30 min is commonly used. The determination of the minimum conditions for thermal treatments in terms of temperature–time involved in the recrystallization process is therefore of practical interest. In this work, Ni–5 at. % W alloy has been studied as a substrate for YBCO-coated conductors. 100 µm thick tapes have been obtained through heavy cold rolling, followed by annealing in high vacuum. Different thermal treatments with rates of 20 °C min−1 have been performed in order to study the formation and the evolution of the cube texture. Moreover, the annealing time has been varied in order to inspect the thermal stability of the substrate microstructure at the relatively high deposition temperature of YBCO films. It is found that the substrate begins recrystallizing at 700 °C and that the cube texture is fully developed at temperatures higher than 800 °C, while annealing at 900 °C for 1 h produces a stable microstructure at the typical YBCO deposition conditions.
Experimental study on uniaxial time-dependent ratcheting of a polyetherimide polymer

The uniaxial ratcheting behavior of a polyetherimide (PEI) polymer ‘TECAPEI’ was studied using stress-controlled cyclic loading at room temperature, including both cyclic tension-compression with non-zero tensile mean stress and tension-unloading tests. The experimental observations were focused on the time-dependent ratcheting of the PEI polymer revealed in cyclic tests at diverse stress rates and with different peak stress holding times. The results showed that the PEI polymer shows obvious ratcheting deformation; i.e., the ratcheting strain accumulates progressively in the tensile direction during stress-controlled cyclic tests with non-zero mean stress. The ratcheting is highly dependent on the applied mean stress and stress amplitude, and is also characterized by a strong time-dependency during the cyclic stressing at diverse stress rates and with different peak stress holding times. The time-dependent ratcheting of the PEI polymer is caused mainly by its remarkable viscosity. A comparison of the ratcheting occurring before and beyond the ultimate stress point of the PEI polymer showed that the ratcheting beyond the ultimate stress point is more significant than that occurring before that point.
The CAM Model—Q&A with Experts

Simple Summary The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model is an alternative in vivo test system for the study of hallmarks of cancer such as angiogenesis, tumor growth, immune escape, metastasis, and drug resistance. It is suitable for tumor cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX), allowing for studying treatment protocols for cancer patients. The purpose of this review is to give answers to the most challenging questions around the CAM model, which is not only bridging in vitro and mouse in vivo studies but also has an interesting role in itself. Abstract The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), as an extraembryonic tissue layer generated by the fusion of the chorion with the vascularized allantoic membrane, is easily accessible for manipulation. Indeed, grafting tumor cells on the CAM lets xenografts/ovografts develop in a few days for further investigations. Thus, the CAM model represents an alternative test system that is a simple, fast, and low-cost tool to study tumor growth, drug response, or angiogenesis in vivo. Recently, a new era for the CAM model in immune-oncology-based drug discovery has been opened up. Although there are many advantages offering extraordinary and unique applications in cancer research, it has also disadvantages and limitations. This review will discuss the pros and cons with experts in the field.
User Satisfaction on Utilization of Human Resources Information System (HRIS) in Public Organizations

: This study examines the relationship between Human Resources Information System(HRIS) application; system quality, information quality, service quality, and user satisfaction. The conceptual foundation for this paper is the DeLone and McLean information system success model (ISSM). This study contributes to existing research using the DeLone and McLean model applied in an Indonesian context. This research employs a descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. The research sample consists of the whole utilization of HRIS that represented a division in public organizations exert in the security sector. The author uses the SPSS test in two stages: a validity and reliability test and a multiple regression analysis. The ﬁndings reveal that information quality and service quality partially inﬂuence user satisfaction.
The Characterization and Differentiation of Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Isolates Using a Region within ORF134

The recent description and characterization of several novel and unique lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains have revealed the inadequacy of current techniques for differentiating between vaccine- and wild-type viruses. The lack of reliable sequencing targets for promptly distinguishing circulating recombinant vaccine-like strains (RVLSs) highlights the need to develop a single and simple differentiation tool. In this study, we analyzed the available LSDV whole-genome sequences and identified a 705-bp region in open reading frame (ORF) LW134. Based on a single run of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the region with 13 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was capable of accurately segregating the novel RVLSs into the same five clusters previously confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. In addition, archived RVLSs from Russia were analyzed for further characterization using the newly described single PCR and sequencing assay. The ORF LW134 assay identified one archived RVLS as a novel cluster distinct from the previously described five clusters, while clustering the remaining samples into previously designated lineages, demonstrating the reliability of the assay. The novel PCR and sequencing assays described in this study have great potential for accurately delineating the molecular and evolutionary affiliation of circulating RVLSs.
Visual Representations in Organizational Instagram Photos and the Public’s Responses: Focusing on Nonprofit Organizations

This study aimed to explore what were visually represented in nonprofit organizations’ (NPOs’) Instagram photos and how the features of the photos were related to the public’s responses. The contents of the photos were examined using online artificial intelligence services. NPOs’ Instagram photos and accounts were clustered discretely, and the resulting clusters were compared in terms of the photo features at content and pixel levels. The public’s responses were correlated with and predicted from the photo features. The results showed that photos of people made up the largest share of NPOs’ Instagram photos. Three photo clusters and three account clusters were detected and found to be different in terms of their content- and pixel-level characteristics. A part of photo features was significantly associated with the public’s responses, and engagement was predicted from the photo features with an acceptable level of accuracy whereas comment sentiment was not.