Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Applications of the TAMPR Transformation System

In this paper we present an overview of the uses of the TAMPR transformation system and present experience with using transformation in industrial applications. TAMPR is a fully automatic, rewrite-rule based program transformation system. From its initial implementation in 1970, TAMPR has evolved into a powerful tool for generating correct and efficient programs from specifications. The specification and transformation community has long claimed that program transformation and specification provides a powerful, labour-saving means of developing efficient and correct programs. What is the evidence for this statement? We present experience with using TAMPR transformation in applications which range from efficient implementation of numerical mathematical algorithms to interlanguage transformation and the Year 2000 problem.
On Inference of XML Schema with the Knowledge of an Obsolete One

The XML has undoubtedly become a standard for data representation and manipulation. But most of XML documents are still created without the respective description of their structure, i.e. an XML schema. Hence, in this paper we focus on the problem of automatic inferring of an XML schema for a given sample set of XML documents. Contrary to existing approaches we propose an algorithm that exploits additional input information – an obsolete XML schema. Consequently, we are able to exploit the information which was correct once and to infer the schema more efficiently.
High Prevalence of HTLV-1 Infection among Japanese Immigrants in Non-endemic Area of Brazil

Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has worldwide distribution and is considered endemic in many world regions, including southwestern Japan and Brazil. Japanese immigrants and their descendants have a high risk of acquiring this infection due to intense population exchange between Brazil and Japan. Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HTLV, analyze the main risk factors associated with this infection, identify the main circulating types and subtypes of HTLV in Japanese immigrants and descendants living in Campo Grande-MS (Middle-West Brazil), as well as analyze the phylogenetic relationship among isolates of HTLV. Study Design A total of 219 individuals were interviewed and submitted to blood collection. All collected blood samples were submitted for detection of anti-HTLV-1/2 using the immunoassay ELISA and confirmed by immunoblot method. The proviral DNA of the 14 samples HTLV- 1 positive were genotyped by nucleotide sequencing. Results The overall prevalence of HTLV-1 was 6.8% (IC 95%: 3,5-10,2). Descriptive analysis of behavioral risk factors showed statistical association between HTLV-1 and age greater than or equal to 45 years. The proviral DNA of HTLV-1 was detected in all HTLV-1 positive samples. Of these, 14 were sequenced and classified as Cosmopolitan subtype, and 50% (7/14) belonged to subgroup A (transcontinental) and 50% (7/14) to the subgroup B (Japanese). Conclusion The high prevalence of HTLV-1 found evidence of the importance of early diagnosis and counseling of individuals infected with HTLV-1 for the control and prevention of the spread of this infection among Japanese immigrants and their descendants in Central Brazil.
User-centric real time service scheduling for robots

Service robots are required to reschedule the tasks for service continuously to adapt to uncertain and dynamic environment in real time and react appropriately to a request received from many users. Typically the task scheduling is to improve performance of robot system by managing the resource of them efficiently. This however is not considered the user satisfaction for robot service since it does not take into account information designated by the user. This paper proposes a user-centric scheduling scheme which makes use of service-related user information such as request time, deadline and service location of robot service for user satisfaction and robot autonomy. The simulation is implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme with several scenarios on mobile robot in the simulated office environment. The results show that the proposed scheduling scheme improves performance of the robot system as well as level of user's satisfaction for services.
Effect of ethanol extract of Carica papaya seeds on the histology of the epididymis of adult male albino mice

Epididymis play a very important role in the male reproduction. It is also the job of the epididymis to bring the sperms to maturity since the sperms that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. Contraceptive efficacy of C. papaya seed extracts have also been well documented in various animal models. This study examines the effect of oral administration of ethanol extract ofC. papaya seeds on the histology of epididymis of the adult male albino mice. 60 healthy adult male albino mice were divided into 4 Groups (Group I to IV) of 15 mice each. 50 and 70 mg/kg/day of the extract were orally administered to Groups II and III respectively while Group I served as placebo (control). The daily administration was carried out for a period of 45 days after which the animals of Group I ,II and III were sacrificed. The epididymis were obtained and processed for light microscopy. Reversibility studies were carried out in Group IV animals in which the higher dose treatment was withdrawn for another 45 days to elucidate that any induced effects were transient. Microscopic examination revealed that there were milder changes in the histology of epididymal tubules of group II (low dose) as compared to the control whereas the animals of Group III fed on higher dose show drastic changes such as vacuolation in the tubules, loose contacts of the principal cells in the epithelium of epididymis. The lumen of many tubules showed degenerated late spermatids and spermatozoa. After 45 days of withdrawal, a nearly normal pattern of tubules was regained. The study concludes that the C. papaya seeds ethanol extract altered the epididymal histology to influence male reproductive functions, which confirmed its antifertility property and its reversibility.
Hypoxia enhances vascular cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro via rapamycin (mTOR) ‐dependent signaling

Angiogenesis and vascular cell proliferation are pivotal in physiological and pathological processes including atherogenesis, restenosis, wound healing, and cancer development. Here we show that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling plays a key role in hypoxia‐triggered smooth muscle and endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro. Hypoxia significantly increased DNA synthesis and proliferative responses to platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in rat and human smooth muscle and endothelial cells. In an in vitro 3‐dimensional model of angiogenesis, hypoxia increased PDGF‐and FGF‐stimulated sprout formation from rat and mouse aortas. Hypoxia did not modulate PDGF receptor mRNA, protein, or phosphorylation. PI3K activity was essential for cell proliferation under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Activities of PI3Kdownstream target PKB under hypoxia and normoxia were comparable. However, mTOR inhibition by rapamycin specifically abrogated hypoxia‐mediated amplification of proliferation and angiogenesis, but was without effect on proliferation under normoxia. Accordingly, hypoxia‐mediated amplification of proliferation was further augmented in mTOR‐overexpressing endothelial cells. Thus, signaling via mTOR may represent a novel mechanism whereby hypoxia augments mitogenstimulated vascular cell proliferation and angiogenesis. —Humar, R. , Kiefer, F. N. , Berns, H. , Resink, T. J., Battegay, E. J. Hypoxia enhances vascular cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro via rapamycin (mTOR) ‐dependent signaling. FASEB J. 16, 771–780 (2002)
A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Spiking Networks with Dynamic Synapses

An integration of both the Hebbian-based and reinforcement learning (RL) rules is presented for dynamic synapses. The proposed framework permits the Hebbian rule to update the hidden synaptic model parameters regulating the synaptic response rather than the synaptic weights. This is performed using both the value and the sign of the temporal difference in the reward signal after each trial. Applying this framework, a spiking network with spike-timing-dependent synapses is tested to learn the exclusive-OR computation on a temporally coded basis. Reward values are calculated with the distance between the output spike train of the network and a reference target one. Results show that the network is able to capture the required dynamics and that the proposed framework can reveal indeed an integrated version of Hebbian and RL. The proposed framework is tractable and less computationally expensive. The framework is applicable to a wide class of synaptic models and is not restricted to the used neural representation. This generality, along with the reported results, supports adopting the introduced approach to benefit from the biologically plausible synaptic models in a wide range of intuitive signal processing.
On optiml converter placement in wavelength-routed networks

Wavelength converters increase the traffic-carrying capacity of circuit-switched optical networks by relaxing the wavelength continuity constraints. We consider the problem of optimally placing a given number of wavelength converters on a path to minimize the call-blocking probability. Using a simple performance model, we first prove that uniform spacing of converters is optimal for the end-to-end performance when link loads are uniform and independent. We then show that significant gains are achievable with optimal placement compared to random placement. For nonuniform link loads, we provide a dynamic programming algorithm for the optimal placement and compare the performance with random and uniform placement. Optimal solutions for bus and ring topologies are also presented. Finally, we discuss the effect of the traffic model on the placement decision.
In Situ Evidence for an Ancient Aqueous Environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars

Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history.
Simulation and performance evaluation of GSM propagation channel under the urban, suburban and rural environments

Nowadays the Global System for Mobile Communication (originally from Groupe Special Mobile)-GSM technology becomes popular. GSM has potential success in its line-of-sight (LOS) and non line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions which operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. There are going to be a surge all over the world for the deployment of GSM networks. Estimation of path loss is very important in initial deployment of wireless network and cell planning. Numerous path loss (PL) models (e.g. Okumura Model, Hata Model) are available to predict the propagation loss. In this paper we compare and analyze five path loss models (i.e. COST 231 Hata model, SUI model, Ericsson model and COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model) in different receiver antenna heights in urban, suburban and rural environments in NLOS condition. Our main concentration in this paper is to find out a suitable model for different environments to provide guidelines for cell planning of GSM Network at cellular frequency of 900 MHz.
Where and what is the right shift factor or cerebral dominance gene ?

In this issue of Laterality we are publishing a paper by Tim Crow and his colleagues which is a critical response to the study that Clyde Francks and 41 colleagues published in July 2007 in Molecular Psychiatry (Francks et al., 2007), and we are also publishing a reply by Francks. The 2007 Francks et al. paper received world-wide publicity, most notably on the BBC website, where it was proclaimed, ‘‘Gene for left-handedness is found’’ (news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6923577.stm). The story was then picked up by a range of international and internet news media (see www.well.ox.ac.uk/ monaco/handedness/handednesspressrelease.shtml). Crow et al. originally submitted their critical comments on the Francks paper to Molecular Psychiatry itself, but the editor rejected the critical comments without external review, although Clyde Francks was asked by the editor to comment on them. The editor of Molecular Psychiatry has commented to us, ‘‘What is missing is the fact that we have a very low acceptance rate, a back log and have been accepting very, very few submissions, including letters and the necessary response. ’’ The commentary by Crow et al., which has been seen by two peerreviewers, is published here essentially unchanged, apart from minor alterations in format, from the version originally submitted to Molecular Psychiatry. We have also provided Francks with the opportunity to reply, and his response is essentially that provided to the editor of Molecular Psychiatry, again only with minor formatting changes. Laterality, along with other journals from the Taylor and Francis group, has recently joined the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE; see www.publicationethics.org.uk), whose members include the editors of 3500 biomedical journals, and whose primary mission ‘‘is to discuss issues related to the integrity of the scientific record’’. A part of the accepted process is the provision for the publication of pieces critical of published research, because of ‘‘the importance of peer review after publication’’ (www.publicationethics.org.uk/reports/2005/code). Molecular Psychiatry is not a member of COPE, and nor is the Nature group of journals of which it is a part (and Nature itself has a particular reputation for almost never publishing comments that are critical of the papers it publishes). LATERALITY, 2009, 14 (1), 1 2
Dynamic aspects of filopodial formation by reorganization of microfilaments

The coelomocytes of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, may be prevented from clotting with 50 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta- aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8 and subsequently separated into various cell types on sucrose gradients. One cell type, the petaloid coelomocyte, spontaneously undergoes a striking morphological transformation to a form exhibiting numerous, t- in cytoplasmic projections (filopodia). Moreover, the transformation is reversible. Ultrastructurally, the formation of the filopodia results from a progressive reorganization of actin-containing filaments into bundles that are radially oriented. The formation of the filament bundles is initiated at the cell's periphery and proceeds inward. Simultaneously, the cytoplasm in between the bundles is withdrawn, exposing finger-like filopodia. Ultimately, the filopodia can be extended by up to four times their original length. Biochemically, actin is the most abundant protein in while cell homogenates and is extractable in milligram quantities via acetone powders. An actomyosin complex may also be isolated from these cells and is presumed to be active in producing the various forms of motility observed.
Learning Trees an ules with Set-val ed Features

In most learning systems examples are represented as fixed-length “feature vectors”, the components of which are either real numbers or nominal values. W e propose an extension of the featurevector representation that allows the value of a feature to be a set of strings; for instance, to represent a small white and black dog with the nominal features size and species and the setvalued feature color, one might use a feature vector with size=small, species=canis-f amiliaris and color={ white, black}. Since we make no assumptions about the number of possible set elements, this extension of the traditional feature-vector representation is closely connected to Blum’s “infinite attribute” rep resentation. We argue that many decision tree and rule learning algorithms can be easily extended to setvalued features. We also show by example that many real-world learning problems can be efficiently and naturally represented with set-valued features; in particular, text categorization problems and problems that arise in propositionalizing first-order representations lend themselves to set-valued features.
Monotonicity of the solutions of some quasilinear elliptic equations in the half-plane, and applications

We consider weak positive solutions of the equation mu = f(u) in the half-plane with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. Assum- ing that the nonlinearity f is locally Lipschitz continuous and f(s) > 0 for s > 0, we prove that any solution is monotone. Some Liouville- type theorems follow in the case of Lane-Emden-Fowler-type equations. Assuming also that jruj is globally bounded, our result implies that solutions are one dimensional, and the level sets are at.
A Case Report of Psychotic Symptoms in Social Anxiety Disorder

Sir, Social phobias come under the category of phobic anxiety disorders and are centered around a fear of scrutiny by other people, usually leading to avoidance of social situations. Although social anxiety has been found to be the most common comorbidity in people with psychosis, social phobia or anxiety per se is a neurotic disorder in which the patient usually maintains an adequate touch with reality and is rarely associated with psychotic symptoms, beyond the self-referential feelings often observed in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Although there are a few contradictory pieces of evidence of the presence of psychotic symptoms in anxiety disorders, it is usually accepted that there are clear lines of demarcation between anxiety disorders and psychosis. The exact prevalence of psychotic symptoms in SAD is not known. Although the presence of psychotic symptoms in SAD would have an immense impact on the severity, management, and prognosis of the disorder, there are only case reports available and the matter is not yet studied in a systematic manner. This case report details how a person with SAD gradually developed disorder-congruent delusions.
The global albedo of the Moon at 1064 nm from LOLA

The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) measures the backscattered energy of the returning altimetric laser pulse at its wavelength of 1064 nm, and these data are used to map the reflectivity of the Moon at zero‐phase angle with a photometrically uniform data set. Global maps have been produced at 4 pixels per degree (about 8 km at the equator) and 2 km resolution within 20° latitude of each pole. The zero‐phase geometry is insensitive to lunar topography, so these data enable characterization of subtle variations in lunar albedo, even at high latitudes where such measurements are not possible with the Sun as the illumination source. The geometric albedo of the Moon at 1064 nm was estimated from these data with absolute calibration derived from the Kaguya Multiband Imager and extrapolated to visual wavelengths. The LOLA estimates are within 2σ of historical measurements of geometric albedo. No consistent latitude‐dependent variations in reflectance are observed, suggesting that solar wind does not dominate space weathering processes that modify lunar reflectance. The average normal albedo of the Moon is found to be much higher than that of Mercury consistent with prior measurements, but the normal albedo of the lunar maria is similar to that of Mercury suggesting a similar abundance of space weathering products. Regions within permanent shadow in the polar regions are found to be more reflective than polar surfaces that are sometimes illuminated. Limiting analysis to data with slopes less than 10° eliminates variations in reflectance due to mass wasting and shows a similar increased reflectivity within permanent polar shadow. Steep slopes within permanent shadow are also more reflective than similar slopes that experience at least some illumination. Water frost and a reduction in effectiveness of space weathering are offered as possible explanations for the increased reflectivity of permanent shadow; porosity is largely ruled out as the sole explanation. The south polar crater Shackleton is found to be among the most reflective craters in its size range globally but is not the most reflective, so mass wasting cannot be ruled out as a cause for the crater's anomalous reflectance. Models of the abundance of ice needed to account for the reflectance anomaly range from 3 to 14% by weight or area depending on assumptions regarding the effects of porosity on reflectance and whether ice is present as patches or is well mixed in the regolith. If differences in nanophase iron abundances are responsible for the anomaly, the permanently shadowed regions have between 50 and 80% the abundance of nanophase iron in mature lunar soil.
Estimating the Ethical Achievement Levels of Mutual Funds by Synthetic Indicators

This paper deals with socially responsible investment (SRI) also known as ethical investment. Environmental and social levels of achievement for mutual funds are measured in an objective way from multiple SRI criteria. For this purpose, some synthetic indicators are designed. These indicators do not depend on particular preferences, because SRI preferences of investors in mutual funds widely change from an investor to another. To obtain a first indicator, we use Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with equal weighting. We justify equal weighting from Laplace principle of insufficient reason concerning preferences. A second TOPSIS indicator is obtained from domination analysis, which does not require Laplacian assumptions. A software application is constructed, whose framework and practical use are shown. From actual information provided by Morningstar and KLD Research & Analytics Inc., a real world case is developed and commented.
Tight Performance Bounds on Greedy Policies Based on Imperfect Value Functions

Consider a given value function on states of a Markov decision problem, as might result from applying a reinforcement learning algorithm. Unless this value function equals the corresponding optimalvalue function, at some states there will be a discrepancy, which is natural to call the Bellman residual, between what the value function speci(cid:12)es at that state and what is obtained by a one-step lookahead along the seemingly best action at that state using the given value function to evaluate all succeeding states. This paper derives a tight bound on how far from optimal the discounted return for a greedy policy based on the given value function will be as a function of the maximum norm magnitude of this Bellman residual. A corresponding result is also obtained for value functions de(cid:12)ned on state-action pairs, as are used in Q-learning. One signi(cid:12)cant application of these results is to problems where a function approximator is used to learn a value function, with training of the approxi-mator based on trying to minimize the Bellman residual across states or state-action pairs. When control is based on the use of the resulting value function, this result provides a link between how well the objectives of function approximator training are met and the quality of the resulting control.