Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated 3D-Objectdocumentation on the Base of an Image Set

Digital stereo-photogrammetry allows users an automatic evaluation of the spatial dimension and the surface texture of objects. The integration of image analysis techniques simplifies the automation of evaluation of large image sets and offers a high accuracy [1]. Due to the substantial similarities of stereoscopic image pairs, correlation techniques provide measurements of subpixel precision for corresponding image points. With the help of an automated point search algorithm in image sets identical points are used to associate pairs of images to stereo models and group them. The found identical points in all images are basis for calculation of the relative orientation of each stereo model as well as defining the relation of neighboured stereo models. By using proper filter strategies incorrect points are removed and the relative orientation of the stereo model can be made automatically. With the help of 3D-reference points or distances at the object or a defined distance of camera basis the stereo model is orientated absolute. An adapted expansion- and matching algorithm offers the possibility to scan the object surface automatically. The result is a three dimensional point cloud; the scan resolution depends on image quality. With the integration of the iterative closest point- algorithm (ICP) these partial point clouds are fitted to a total point cloud. In this way, 3D-reference points are not necessary. With the help of the implemented triangulation algorithm a digital surface models (DSM) can be created. The texturing can be made automatically by the usage of the images that were used for scanning the object surface. It is possible to texture the surface model directly or to generate orthophotos automatically. By using of calibrated digital SLR cameras with full frame sensor a high accuracy can be reached. A big advantage is the possibility to control the accuracy and quality of the 3d-objectdocumentation with the resolution of the images. The procedure described here is implemented in software Metigo 3D.
Spectroscopic Characterization of BA(MG1/3TA2/3)O3 Dielectrics for the Application to Microwave Communication

The lattice vibrational modes of the BA(MG1/3TA2/3)O3 materials, possessing dielectric constants K = 22.2 – 25.5 and quality factor Q × f = 182,600 – 248,000 GHz, were characterized by Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. The high-Q materials possess sharpest vibrational modes, viz., smallest full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) value for Raman peaks and smallest damping coefficient γj value for FTIR peaks and vice versa.
High-Efficiency Color and White Organic Light-Emitting Devices Prepared on Flexible Plastic Substrates

Blue, green and white organic light-emitting devices doped with fluorescent dyes have been successfully fabricated on high-refractive-index plastic substrates and characterized in terms of their electrical and optical properties. The devices consist of a wide-band-gap polymer emissive layer stacked with several small-molecule layers and were designed considering carrier balance, carrier confinement, dye-guest doping and optical characteristics. It was demonstrated that dye-doped polymer devices are effective for the improvement of color and emission efficiency. We demonstrated deep-blue-, bright-green- and pure-white light-emitting devices having external quantum efficiencies and color coordinates (x,y) of 6.0% (0.15,0.07), 5.5% (0.20,0.60) and 4.0% (0.33,0.33), respectively.
58 mJ burst containing ultra-short pulses with homogenous energy level from an Yb-doped fiber amplifier

There is a great interest in obtaining laser pulses with a high average power as well as high pulse energies. Continuously pulsed systems face many problems to satisfy those requirements, independent on the amplifier concept. While many applications such as electron beam characterization and free-electron-laser seeding need high pulse energies at high repetition rates, they only need those laser pulses for a certain amount of time. Therefore, it is not necessary to run a laser system with continuous pulses at those parameters and a so-called burst mode might be sufficient and even essential in such cases. We report on a CPA-laser system, based on a large pitch fiber as a main-amplifier delivering bursts containing ultra-short, highly-energetic pulses. The burst rate is set to 20Hz, while each burst contains 2000 pulses at a pulse-repetition-rate of 10MHz and with a pulse-duration of 700fs. Hence the duty cycle D is 0.4%. To achieve a homogeneous pulse energy level between 27μJ and 31μJ after the compression, the main amplifier is pumped with a very high power of 1.6kW in a burst-mode (D=10%). By using an acousto-optical modulator (AOM) after the main-amp fiber, the residual output before and after the burst is removed to suppress ASE and any underground-pulses around the amplified burst. The limitations that could be observed during this experiment were mainly due to mode instabilities, which were detectable even on a very short time scale of a few hundred μs using a high speed camera.
Nanostructural M-type barium hexaferrite synthesized by spark plasma sintering method

This investigation shows that the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method may not only absolutely prevent the formation of intermediate phase α-Fe2O3 but also significantly lower the crystallization temperature of M-type barium hexaferrite. A kind of textured sample composed of major phase M-type barium hexaferrite and trace amount of BaFe0.24Fe0. 76O2.88 has been successfully synthesized in one step by SPS process at 800°C for 10min. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray-diffraction, transimission electron microscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques are used to study the microstructure, composition, phase formation, crystal orientation, and magnetism of the textured sample, respectively. It is confirmed that nanostructural M-type barium hexaferrites in the holes of the textured sample are in nanobelt and nanorod microstructures; these nanobelts and nanorods are nonstoichiometric and completely random and are characterized by barium or iron surplus, and that their com.
Tree Matrix Algorithm of LDPC Codes

LDPC codes are finding increasing use in applications requiring reliable and highly efficient information transfer over bandwidth. An LDPC code is defined by a sparse parity-check matrix and can be described by a bipartite graph called Tanner graph. Loops in Tanner graph prevent the sum-product algorithm from converging. Further, loops, especially short loops, degrade the performance of LDPC decoder, because they affect the independence of the extrinsic information exchanged in the iterative decoding. This paper, by graph theory, deduces cut-node tree graph of LDPC code, and depicts it with matrix. On the basis of tree matrix algorithm, whole depictions of loops can be figured out, providing of foundation for further research of relations between loops and LDPC codes’ performance.
Document image segmentation as selection of Voronoi edges

This paper presents a method of document image segmentation for pages with document components of arbitrary shape as well as any skew angles. The characteristics of the proposed method are as follows: the Voronoi diagram is constructed based on the connected components to obtain the candidates of boundaries of document components; and the candidates are utilized to estimate the inter-character, inter-line and inter-column gaps without the use of domain specific parameters so as to select the boundaries. From the experimental results for 80 images with non-Manhattan layout and the skews of 0/spl deg//spl sim/450. We have confirmed that the method is effective for extraction of column regions and as efficient as other methods based on connected component analysis.
Separatrix shapes and internal structures of a field-reversed configuration plasma

The separatrix shape of a field-reversed configuration plasma is determined in comparison with measured fluxes surrounding the plasma and the solution of the Grad–Shafranov equation with an edge-layer plasma in the open field region. A reconnection point of the bias field, an outgoing flow of torn plasmas and a large amplitude ripple on the separatrix surface are clearly observed at the formation phase. A smoothed separatrix shape having definite ends is observed at the quiescent phase. It is also estimated that the beta value at the separatrix and the thickness of the edge-layer plasma are, respectively, βs=0.5–0.7 and 4–6 ρi (ρi: ion gyroradius). The magnetic structure inside the separatrix is investigated by solving the Grad–Shafranov equation with the measured separatrix shape and βs. It is found that magnetic islands are formed near the magnetic axis not only at the formation phase but also at the quiescent phase. The appearance and coalescence of the islands are repeated during the discharge.
Towards a GME ensemble forecasting system: Ensemble initialization using the breeding technique

The quantitative forecast of precipitation requires a probabilistic background particularly with regard to forecast lead times of more than 3 days. As only ensemble simulations can provide useful information of the underlying probability density function, we built a new ensemble forecasting system (GME-EFS) based on the GMEmodel of the GermanMeteorological Service (DWD). For the generation of appropriate initial ensemble perturbations we chose the breeding technique developed by TOTH and KALNAY (1993, 1997), which develops perturbations by estimating the regions of largest model error induced uncertainty. This method is applied and tested in the framework of quasi-operational forecasts for a three month period in 2007. The performance of the resulting ensemble forecasts are compared to the operational ensemble prediction systems ECMWF EPS and NCEP GFS by means of ensemble spread of free atmosphere parameters (geopotential and temperature) and ensemble skill of precipitation forecasting. This comparison indicates that the GME ensemble forecasting system (GME-EFS) provides reasonable forecasts with spread skill score comparable to that of the NCEP GFS. An analysis with the continuous ranked probability score exhibits a lack of resolution for the GME forecasts compared to the operational ensembles. However, with significant enhancements during the 3 month test period, the first results of our work with the GME-EFS indicate possibilities for further development as well as the potential for later operational usage.
Spectra broadening of point-contact Andreev reflection measurement on GaMnAs

Point-contact Andreev reflection measurements on Ga0.94Mn0. 06As were investigated using Pb tips. The observed conductance versus voltage spectra exhibited behaviors which were described by the modified Blonder–Tinkham–Klapwijk model but with significant broadening. We propose a model by introducing a spreading resistance and compare with an existing model which included effective temperature as a parameter. In as-grown/annealed Ga0.94Mn0. 06As samples, we extracted conduction electron spin polarization of 76%/74% from our model, instead of 90%/82% from the one with the effective temperature.
A New Acceleration Method for Newton’s Method at Singular Points

When Newton’s method is used to find a root of a map from a Banach space into itself and the derivative is singular at that root, convergence of the Newton sequence is in general linear. In this paper we give a modification of Newton’s method that, under certain conditions, converges superlinearly. Our method is applicable under more general conditions than other techniques. In particular it may be used for certain quadratic problems and problems in which the dimension of the null space of the derivative is larger than one.
DIRECT-PREDICTOR METHOD FOR SOLVING STEADY TERMINAL SHAPE OF A GAS BUBBLE RISING THROUGH A QUIESCENT LIQUID

A direct-predictor method is proposed to predict a steady terminal shape of a rising bubble through a quiescent liquid, in which a local imbalance of the total normal stress is used to improve new positions of the bubble interface by an iteration approach. The deformation of a nearly skirted bubble is tracked by applying this method in nonorthogonal boundary-fitted coordinates (BFCs). Completed and satisfactory solutions are achieved for 0.5 h Re h 200 and We h 50 . The results show that the method is very effective for solving such free surface flows past a bubble with larger deformation.
The vertical Distribution and Origin of HCN in Neptune's Atmosphere

Abstract Measurements and modeling of the (3-2) rotational line of hydrogen cyanide at 265.9 GHz in Neptune's atmosphere are presented. High signal-to-noise observations, performed at IRAM in October 1991 and April 1992, provide information on the HCN vertical distribution in Neptune's stratosphere. The HCN mixing ratio is found to be nearly uniform with height above the condensation level (3 mbar). Best fits occur for HCN distributions that have a slight increase with altitude (HCN scale height approximately 5 × the atmospheric scale height). A least-squares analysis yields a mixing ratio of (3.2 ± 0.8) 10 -10 at 2 mbar and a mean mixing ratio scale height of 250 +750 +110 km in the 0.1-3 mbar region. To interpret these results, we developed a photochemical model of HCN, based in part upon the hydrocarbon model of Romani et al. (Icarus, 106, 442-463 (1993)). HCN formation is initiated by the reaction between CH 3 radicals, produced from methane photochemistry, and N atoms. The primary sink for HCN is condensation, with minor contributions from photolysis and chemical losses. Two possible sources of N atoms are investigated: (1) infall of N escaped from Triton's upper atmosphere, and (2) galactic cosmic ray (GCR) impact on internal N 2 . For the Triton source, a total N flux of 5 × 10 24 atoms sec -1 is necessary to match the HCN abundance, and the observed HCN profile suggests an eddy diffusion profile with a rapid transition from slow mixing at p ≥ 2 mbar to rapid mixing at lower pressures. The required N flux is approximately 50% of the estimated N escape from Triton's upper atmosphere. For the GCR source, a simple model of ionization and dissociation of N 2 by cosmic rays was developed. In this case, both smooth and discontinuous eddy K profiles satisfy the observations. The tropospheric N 2 mixing ratio required to fit the HCN observations is in the range 0.3-1.7% if our GCR interaction model is correct. The range results from uncertainties in the chemistry of the NH radical and in the eddy K profile. Our GCR model, however, disagrees with earlier models by Capone et al. ( Icarus 55, 73-82 (1983)) and, if the latter are correct, the required N 2 mixing ratios are a factor of 6 larger. The GCR source leads to a higher formation rate of HCN ice than the Triton source, but one not large enough for HCN ice to be detected in the Voyager IRIS spectra. Additionally, the GCR source implies the possible formation of methylenimine (CH 2 NH) in amounts comparable to HCN. Given the uncertainties on (i) the transport and possible ionization of N in Neptune's magnetosphere, and the fate of N + reaching Neptune's upper atmosphere and (ii) the N 2 mixing ratio in Neptune's deep atmosphere, we suggest that both sources of N atoms may significantly contribute to the formation of HCN.
ASTE CO J = 3–2 SURVEY OF THE GALACTIC CENTER

We present high-resolution CO J = 3–2 maps of the Galactic center region, taken with the ASTE 10 m telescope. We have collected approximately 30,000 spectra with a 34″ grid spacing. The mapping area is roughly −1. °8 < l < +3. °5 and −0. °8 < b < +0. °9, which includes the central molecular zone and Bania's Clump 2, covering almost the full extent of the molecular gas concentration in the Galactic center. These CO J = 3–2 images show a behavior similar to the CO J = 1–0 images with the same resolution. Molecular gas in the Galactic center shows a higher J = 3–2/J = 1–0 intensity ratio (∼0.7) than the gas in the spiral arms in the Galactic disk (∼0.4). The CO J = 3–2/CO J = 1–0 luminosity ratio is 0.71. We see several regions with very high J = 3–2/J = 1–0 intensity ratios exceeding 1.5, including the Sgr A, l = +1. °3, l = −0. °4, and l = −1. °2 regions. A number of small spots of high ratio gas are also found. Many of them have large velocity widths, indicating that they are spots of hot molecular gas shocked by unidentified supernovae and/or winds from massive stars.
Electronic structure of tin oxides by electron energy loss spectroscopy and real-space multiple scattering calculations

The electronic structure of the tin oxides SnO and SnO{sub 2} is studied using the fine structure of the Sn-M{sub 4,5} and oxygen K-edges measured by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The experimental results are compared with real-space multiple scattering calculations. It is observed that both edges are overlapped. The calculations reveal that the observed fine structure is due largely to the oxygen states, and that it can be used to fingerprint each phase. The calculated densities of states are similar for both compounds and suggest a covalent nature. The structures appearing within the first 10 eV above the threshold arise from a covalent mixing of mainly O 2p and Sn 5s-p. For SnO the oxygen edge is satisfactorily reproduced. Discrepancies in the predicted energy position of the features in the EELS of SnO{sub 2} are briefly discussed.
Thermal N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory as a 2D Coulomb gas

We consider N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with SU(N) gauge group at large N and at finite temperature on a spatial S 3 . We show that, at finite weak 't Hooft coupling, a sector of the theory is naturally described as a two-dimensional Coulomb gas of complex eigenvalues, Φ j + iA 0 , valued on the cylinder. In the low temperature confined phase the eigenvalues condense onto a strip encircling the cylinder, while the high temperature deconfined phase is characterized by an ellipsoidal droplet of eigenvalues.
Faithful representations of crossed products by endomorphisms

Stacey has recently characterised the crossed product A x, N of a C*-algebra A by an endomorphism a as a C*-algebra whose representations are given by covariant representations of the system (A, a) . Following work of O'Donovan for automorphisms, we give conditions on a covariant representation (7r, S) of (A, a) which ensure that the corresponding representation 7r x S of A x, N is faithful. We then use this result to improve a theorem of Paschke on the simplicity of A x, N. In Cuntz's fundamental article [2] on the Cuntz algebras &n, he viewed them as crossed products of a core UHF-algebra by an endomorphism, and used methods developed by O'Donovan [8] for ordinary crossed products to establish the uniqueness and simplicity of the &, . Later, Paschke [9] gave an elegant generalisation, in which he proved the key lemma by different methods, but used the same overall strategy. Cuntz did not explain what a crossed product by an endomorphism was-he argued by analogy-but subsequently suggested that it could be usefully defined as a corner in a certain ordinary crossed product [3, p. 101]. Recently, endomorphisms of C*-algebras have appeared elsewhere (cf. [1, 4] and the references given there), and this led Stacey to give a modern description of their crossed products in terms of covariant representations and universal properties [12]. He also verified that the candidate proposed in [3] has the required property [12, 3.3]. Here we shall push Stacey's ideas a little further, and use them to clarify the proofs of simplicity given in [2, 9]. Our central theme is that, now we have the appropriate abstractly defined crossed product, there is an analogue of O'Donovan's theorem which tells us when a given representation is faithful, and that this result was implicitly one of the main ingredients in Cuntz's and Paschke's arguments. As evidence that this approach is useful, we have been able to eliminate an unnecessary hypothesis from Paschke's theorem: we do not need to assume that our endomorphism has a left inverse. We begin with a discussion of Stacey's definition and main results, making some minor improvements that will be useful later. (We are only interested Received by the editors September 21, 1991. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46L55.
Implicit Description of Structure Shape Based on KS Function

A complex structure can be constructed by Boolean operations of geometric primitives such as cube, sphere, cylinder, and so on. However, Boolean operations cannot represent the structure in form of mathematical function. In this paper, we propose a new shape representation method that combines the Boolean operations with the KS function. Applications show that 2D and 3D engineering parts can be described by a single implicit KS function.
Does virtual dimensionality work in hyperspectral images?

The effective dimensionality (ED) of hyperspectral images is often viewed as the dimensionality of an affine subspace defined by linear combinations of spectra of materials present in the image. That affine subspace is expected to give an acceptable approximation to all pixels. At this point, there is no precise definition of ED. In an effort to assess ED, a notion of virtual dimensionality (VD) has been developed, and it is being used in many papers including those published in TGARS. The ever- spreading use of VD warrants its thorough investigation. In this paper, we investigate properties of VD, and we show that VD largely depends on the average value of all spectra rather than on ED. We show specific examples when VD would give entirely misleading results. We also explain fallacies associated with justifications for VD.
Localized non-contact manipulation using artificial bacterial flagella

Artificial bacterial flagella (ABFs) are swimming microrobots that mimic the propulsion method of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. Microrobots have the potential to act as wireless manipulation tools for invitro applications. This paper investigates the micro-flows induced by ABFs for localized contact-free manipulation of micro-objects. The flow is simulated using the method of fundamental solutions and compared to experimental data where the tangential flow was measured by means of tracking polystyrene microbeads. Good agreement with the experimental data was found, and preliminary results show the contact-free rotation away from and the translation of micro-objects near a solid wall.
Snakes in Movement

In this paper, we propose a geometric partial differential equation (PDE) for tracking one or several moving objects from a sequence of images, which is based on a geometric model for active contours. The active contour approach permits us to simultaneously handle both aspects: finding the boundaries and tracking them. We also describe a numerical scheme to solve the geometric equation and we present some numerical experiments.