Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Sex on Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Cardiac Outcomes

Background— Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a prevalent and prognostically important finding in patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease. The relative extent to which CMD affects both sexes is largely unknown. Methods and Results— We investigated 405 men and 813 women who were referred for evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease with no previous history of coronary artery disease and no visual evidence of coronary artery disease on rest/stress positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. Coronary flow reserve was quantified, and coronary flow reserve <2.0 was used to define the presence of CMD. Major adverse cardiac events, including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, late revascularization, and hospitalization for heart failure, were assessed in a blinded fashion over a median follow-up of 1.3 years (interquartile range, 0.5–2.3 years). CMD was highly prevalent both in men and women (51% and 54%, respectively; Fisher exact test =0.39; equivalence P=0.0002). Regardless of sex, coronary flow reserve was a powerful incremental predictor of major adverse cardiac events (hazard ratio, 0.80 [95% confidence interval, 0.75–086] per 10% increase in coronary flow reserve; P<0.0001) and resulted in favorable net reclassification improvement (0.280 [95% confidence interval, 0.049–0.512]), after adjustment for clinical risk and ventricular function. In a subgroup (n=404; 307 women/97 men) without evidence of coronary artery calcification on gated computed tomography imaging, CMD was common in both sexes, despite normal stress perfusion imaging and no coronary artery calcification (44% of men versus 48% of women; Fisher exact test P=0.56; equivalence P=0.041). Conclusions— CMD is highly prevalent among at-risk individuals and is associated with adverse outcomes regardless of sex. The high prevalence of CMD in both sexes suggests that it may be a useful target for future therapeutic interventions.
Rapid evolution of gained essential developmental functions of a young gene via interactions with other essential genes

New genes originated relatively recently and are only present in a subset of species in a phylogeny. Accumulated evidence suggests that new genes, like old genes that are conserved across species, can also take on important functions and be essential for the survival and reproductive success of organisms. While there are detailed analyses of the mechanisms underlying gained fertility functions by new genes, how new genes rapidly became essential for viability remains unclear. We focused on a young retro-duplicated gene (CG7804, which we named Cocoon) in Drosophila that originated three million years ago. We found that, unlike its evolutionarily conserved and broadly expressed parental gene, Cocoon has evolved rapidly under positive selection since its birth and accumulates many amino acid divergences at functional sites from the parental gene. Despite its young age, Cocoon is essential for the survival of D. melanogaster at multiple developmental stages, including the critical embryonic stage, and its expression is essential in different tissues from its parental gene. Functional genomic analyses found that Cocoon gained multiple DNA binding targets, which regulates the expression of genes that have other essential functions and/or have multiple gene-gene interactions. Our observations suggest that Cocoon acquired essential function to survival through forming interactions that have large impacts on the gene interaction network. Our study is an important step towards deciphering the evolutionary trajectory by which new genes functionally diverge from the parental gene and become essential.
BENEFITS OF ITERATIVE WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING IN THE WASHINGTON, D.C., METROPOLITAN AREA 1

The three largest water utilities in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area (WMA) rely on the Potomac River and its reservoirs for water supply. These utilities have committed to a periodic review of the system's adequacy to meet future demands. In 1990, 1995, 2000, and again in 2004 (for publication in 2005) the utilities requested that the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (ICPRB) conduct a 20‐year water demand and resource adequacy study to fulfill this need. The selection of the five‐year interval provides multiple benefits. It allows regular updates and incorporation of recent demographic forecasts, and it increases visibility and understanding of the adequacy of the region's water resources. It also provides adequate time to conduct research on the physical system and to incorporate modifications based on this research into subsequent studies. The studies and lessons learned are presented in this case study of the WMA. The work has been a natural outgrowth of a long history of cooperative water supply planning and management among the main WMA water utilities and ICPRB.
Optical extinction of highly porous aerosol following atmospheric freeze drying

Porous glassy particles are a potentially significant but unexplored component of atmospheric aerosol that can form by aerosol processing through the ice phase of high convective clouds. The optical properties of porous glassy aerosols formed from a freeze‐dry cycle simulating freezing and sublimation of ice particles were measured using a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD‐AS) at 532 nm and 355 nm wavelength. The measured extinction efficiency was significantly reduced for porous organic and mixed organic‐ammonium sulfate particles as compared to the extinction efficiency of the homogeneous aerosol of the same composition prior to the freeze‐drying process. A number of theoretical approaches for modeling the optical extinction of porous aerosols were explored. These include effective medium approximations, extended effective medium approximations, multilayer concentric sphere models, Rayleigh‐Debye‐Gans theory, and the discrete dipole approximation. Though such approaches are commonly used to describe porous particles in astrophysical and atmospheric contexts, in the current study, these approaches predicted an even lower extinction than the measured one. Rather, the best representation of the measured extinction was obtained with an effective refractive index retrieved from a fit to Mie scattering theory assuming spherical particles with a fixed void content. The single‐scattering albedo of the porous glassy aerosols was derived using this effective refractive index and was found to be lower than that of the corresponding homogeneous aerosol, indicating stronger relative absorption at the wavelengths measured. The reduced extinction and increased absorption may be of significance in assessing direct, indirect, and semidirect forcing in regions where porous aerosols are expected to be prevalent.
Demonstration of WDM weighted addition for principal component analysis.

We consider an optical technique for performing tunable weighted addition using wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) inputs, the enabling function of a recently proposed photonic spike processing architecture [J. Lightwave Technol. , 32 (2014)]. WDM weighted addition provides important advantages to performance, integrability, and networking capability that were not possible in any past approaches to optical neurocomputing. In this letter, we report a WDM weighted addition prototype used to find the first principal component of a 1Gbps, 8-channel signal. Wideband, multivariate techniques have immediate relevance to modern radio systems, and photonic spike processing networks enabled by WDM could open new domains of information processing that bring unprecedented bandwidth and intelligence to problems in radio communications, ultrafast control, and scientific computing.
Rare genetic variants associated with early onset CVD

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of worldwide death. CVD risk is largely genetically determined. The molecular pathology is, however, not elucidated in a large number of families suffering from CVD. Methods We applied exclusion linkage analysis and next generation sequencing to elucidate the molecular defect underlying premature CVD in a small pedigree, comprising two generations of which 6 members suffered from premature CVD. Results A total of three variants showed co-segregation with the disease status in the family. Two of these variants were excluded from further analysis based on the prevalence in replication
Association Between Lymphopenia at 1 Month Posttransplant and Infectious Outcomes or Death in Heart Transplant Recipients

Background. Cell-mediated immunity is a specific target of several medications used to prevent or treat rejection in orthotopic heart transplantation. Low absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) has potential to be a useful and accessible clinical indicator of overall infection risk. Though some studies have demonstrated this association in other transplant populations, it has not been assessed in heart transplant recipients. Methods. A single-center retrospective adult heart transplant 3 cells/µL the composite of invasive fungal infection [IFI]) or death occurring after 1 month and before 1 year posttransplant. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was created to control for confounders identified using clinical judgment and statistical criteria. Results. Of 375 subjects analyzed, 101 (27%) developed the composite outcome (61 CMV, 3 HSV/VZV, 19 BSI, 10 IFI, 8 deaths). Lymphopenia (ALC ≤0.75 × 10 3 cells/µL) at 1 month was associated with a >2-fold higher rate of the composite outcome (hazard ratio [HR], 2.26 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.47–3.46]; P < .001) compared to patients without lymphopenia at 1 month. After adjustment for confounding variables, the presence of lymphopenia remained statistically significantly associated with the composite outcome (HR, 1.72 [95% CI, 1.08–2.75]; P = .02). Conclusions. ALC measured at 1 month after heart transplant is associated with an increased risk of infectious outcomes or death in the ensuing 11 months. This is a simple, accessible laboratory measure.
LIM-Only Protein FHL2 Is a Negative Regulator of Transforming Growth Factor 1 Expression

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Climate‐Induced Tree Mortality: Earth System Consequences

One of the greatest uncertainties in global environmental change is predicting changes in feedbacks between the biosphere and the Earth system. Terrestrial ecosystems and, in particular, forests exert strong controls on the global carbon cycle and influence regional hydrology and climatology directly through water and surface energy budgets [Bonan, 2008; Chapin et al., 2008]. According to new research, tree mortality associated with elevated temperatures and drought has the potential to rapidly alter forest ecosystems, potentially affecting feedbacks to the Earth system [Allen et al., 2010]. Several lines of recent research demonstrate how tree mortality rates in forests may be sensitive to climate change—particularly warming and drying. This emerging consequence of global change has important effects on Earth system processes (Figure 1).
A physical activity coaching intervention can improve and maintain physical activity and health-related outcomes in adult ambulatory hospital patients in a regional hospital: the Healthy4U-2 randomised controlled trial

Background The Healthy 4U-2 study sought to evaluate the effect of a twelve-week, physical activity (PA) coaching intervention for changes and maintenance in PA, anthropometrics and health-related outcomes in adults presenting to an ambulatory hospital clinic. Methods One hundred and twenty insufficiently active adults were recruited from an ambulatory hospital clinic and randomised to an intervention group that received an education session and five 20-minute telephone sessions of PA coaching, or to a control group that received the education session only. ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers were used to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at baseline, post-intervention (3-months) and follow-up (9-months). Secondary outcome measures (anthropometrics, PA self-efficacy, health-related and quality of life) were also assessed at the three time points. Results At baseline, the mean age and body mass index of participants were 53 ± 8 years and 31 ± 4 kg/m 2 , respectively. Relative to control, the intervention group increased objectively measured MVPA at post-intervention (p<0.001) and 9 months follow-up (p<0.001). At the 9-month follow-up the intervention group completed 22 min/day of MVPA (95% CI: 20 to 25 min/day), which is sufficient to meet the recommended PA guidelines. The intervention group exhibited beneficial changes in body mass (p<0.001), waist circumference (p<0.001), body mass index (p<0.001), PA self-efficacy (p<0.001), and health-related quality of life (p<0.001) at the 9-month follow-up. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a low contact PA coaching intervention results in beneficial changes in PA, anthropometrics and health-related outcomes in insufficiently active adults presenting to an ambulatory care clinic. The significant beneficial changes were measured at post-intervention and the 9-month follow-up, demonstrating a maintenance effect of the intervention. Trial registration: Prospectively registered on the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Trial registration number: ACTRN12619000036112. http://anzctr.org. au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx? id=376318
Retromer retrieves the Wilson disease protein ATP7B from endolysosomes in a copper-dependent manner

The Wilson disease protein, ATP7B maintains copper (herein referring to the Cu + ion) homeostasis in the liver. ATP7B traffics from trans-Golgi network to endolysosomes to export excess copper. Regulation of ATP7B trafficking to and from endolysosomes is not well understood. We investigated the fate of ATP7B after copper export. At high copper levels, ATP7B traffics primarily to acidic, active hydrolase (cathepsin-B)-positive endolysosomes and, upon subsequent copper chelation, returns to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). At high copper, ATP7B colocalizes with endolysosomal markers and with a core member of retromer complex, VPS35. Knocking down VPS35 did not abrogate the copper export function of ATP7B or its copper-responsive anterograde trafficking to vesicles; rather upon subsequent copper chelation, ATP7B failed to relocalize to the TGN, which was rescued by overexpressing wild-type VPS35. Overexpressing mutants of the retromer complex-associated proteins Rab7A and COMMD1 yielded a similar non-recycling phenotype of ATP7B. At high copper, VPS35 and ATP7B are juxtaposed on the same endolysosome and form a large complex that is stabilized by in vivo photoamino acid labeling and UV-crosslinking. We demonstrate that retromer regulates endolysosome to TGN trafficking of copper transporter ATP7B in a manner that is dependent upon intracellular copper.
Validation of a spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield model (SedNet) with empirically derived data from a catchment adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon

The use of spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield models has become a common method to assess the impacts of land-use changes within catchments and determine appropriate management options. Lack of model validation is, however, increasingly recognised as an issue, especially for models applied at the large-catchment or regional scale. The present study applies the spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield model SedNet to a 6000-km2 subcatchment of the Fitzroy River in central Queensland, Australia. Model outputs are compared with the results from sediment-source tracing, measured floodplain deposition rates and available hydrometric station data. Results indicated that significant improvement can be made to model predictions when catchment-specific observations (such as river bank and gully geometry and gully erosion history) are used to refine model-input parameters. It was also shown that the use of generic input parameters used by previous SedNet applications within the Great Barrier Reef catchment area resulted in overestimates of sediment yields. Previous model applications may have overestimated the significance of post-European catchment disturbance on the sediment yields of the dry-tropical catchments draining to the Great Barrier Reef. Our findings illustrated the value of obtaining empirically derived data to validate spatially distributed models applied at large scales.
Combined analysis of soil moisture measurements from roving and fixed cosmic ray neutron probes for multiscale real‐time monitoring

Soil moisture partly controls land‐atmosphere mass and energy exchanges and ecohydrological processes in natural and agricultural systems. Thus, many models and remote sensing products continue to improve their spatiotemporal resolution of soil moisture, with some land surface models reaching 1 km resolution. However, the reliability and accuracy of both modeled and remotely sensed soil moisture require comparison with ground measurements at the appropriate spatiotemporal scales. One promising technique is the cosmic ray neutron probe. Here we further assess the suitability of this technique for real‐time monitoring across a large area by combining data from three fixed probes and roving surveys over a 12 km × 12 km area in eastern Nebraska. Regression analyses indicated linear relationships between the fixed probe averages and roving estimates of soil moisture for each grid cell, allowing us to derive an 8 h product at spatial resolutions of 1, 3, and 12 km, with root‐mean‐square error of 3%, 1.8%, and 0.9%.
Approaches to the study of hillslope development due to mass movement

Slope-angle histograms have traditionally provided a data base for the evaluation of changing angles over geological time. Ideas relating to hillslope development due to mass movement have considered a lowering in regolith shear resistance due to weathering, producing slope-angle decline. Decreasing values for angles of internal friction, along with increasing pore water pressures, have been suggested to explain slope-angle decline through time. These ideas have considered simple changes in undifferentiated regolith. This article considers the role of progressive pedogenesis in determining the changing stability of slopes. For this it is necessary to evaluate the changes which occur within individual horizons to produce an increasingly differentiated soil cover. Angles of internal friction alter at different rates and in different ways depending on whether the horizon is losing or gaining weathered material through translocation. Furthermore, the increasing internal differentiation of the soil cover has complex effects on its hydrological response. Instead of the two scenarios previously envisaged, one involving the water table below the slip surface and the other involving the water table at the ground surface, slope stability needs to be evaluated in the light of continually changing negative or positive pore water pressures. Each storm produces a different response, and this response alters with soil development, complicating the assessment of failure timing and depth. The study of evolving soil profiles is of fundamental significance to a range of geomorphological processes, requiring closer evaluation in the future.
Evidence for formation of OH radicals from the reaction of O3 with alkenes in the gas phase

A series of experiments investigating the formation of OH radicals from O3‐alkene reactions are described. Pairs of OH tracer compounds—aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons—were added to O3‐alkene mixtures in small quantities. Under these conditions, a large fraction of the tracer is consumed, resulting in a much larger signal than in experiments using excess tracer. The average decay ratios of tracer pairs in 30 experiments were within 7% of those predicted by literature rate constants for tracer‐OH reactions, strongly supporting the hypothesis that OH is formed directly from O3 reaction with alkenes.
Hyperspectral imaging with liquid-crystal tunable filter for biological and agricultural assessment

A hyperspectral imaging system has been developed to provide the capability of both airborne and ground/laboratory data acquisitions. The system consists of modular front imaging optics with a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), a CCD video camera, a frame grabber and a portable computer system. The spectral range is form 450 nm to 750 nm with a 10 nm bandpass for each band acquired. The system can capture different spectral images at a rate up to 14 images per second. Hyperspectral imaging with an LCTF provides a new method for hyperspectral image acquisition. The system allows the user to define a wavelength sequence of up to thirty-two spectrums specifically required for individual application, and can quickly switch from the current wavelength to the next during automated image acquisition. Hyperspectral images of crop fields, vegetation, fruits, and meat were successfully captured during laboratory experiments and airborne image acquisition. The constructed spectral image cube not only shows the spatial features of the target, but also reveals the individual pixels with unique spectral signatures. The imaging system with LCTF is, therefore, very useful in biological and agricultural assessment for detecting variations in crop fields, or defects in samples and products.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in Atlantic Ocean water

An investigation of carbon dioxide partial pressures in the atmosphere and surface ocean conducted as part of a cooperative study under the general sponsorship of the International Geophysical Year is summarized. Results are given for about 470 hours of air analyses and 200 individual surface ocean water measurements made from 1957 to 1959 between 60°N and 58°S. Over the Atlantic Ocean, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is found to average 316 ppm by volume and to be quite uniform except for a minor increase toward the equator. The total carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is estimated to be 2.41×1018g. In the equatorial region, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide appears to be higher in the surface water than in the atmosphere; in the higher latitudes it appears to be lower.
Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Studies of Fractions and Cassane-Type Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw

Majority of the human race, especially from developing countries depend on the traditional system of medicine for the management of various diseases. Thousands of plant species are used medicinally, chiefly as herbal preparations in the indigenous systems of medicine in different countries and are sources of safe, cheap and potent drugs which have continued to be effective, successful, popular and modern chemistry has not been able to substitute a good number of them . Plants are natural reservoirs of medicinal agents which are widely assumed to be safe, but many are potentially toxic. In spite of the millions of chemical compounds currently synthesized in the laboratory, and available for screening for the action of therapeutic value, natural products,