Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phonology between theory and data

One interesting aspect of the field of phonology at the beginning of the 21st century, is that it is becoming more and more interdisciplinary. A rich tradition of approximately 100 years of theoretical research into synchronic sound systems in natural language is combined with experimental methods, corpus research, insights from historical study and several other disciplines. Our most important task is to integrate all the new types of data that are nowadays being unearthed into the carefully designed theories of our predecessors. We should be sufficiently conservative – our theories have proven themselves right when checked against a large number of data – and at the same time we should not be too reactionary – more data are available to us now than ever before, and it is unlikely that all of our theories will stand their test. There is also a canonical core of insights, ideas and concepts that belong to the theoretical baggage of any serious modern student of phonology: it seems incontestable that everybody needs to know about phonemic analysis and minimal pairs, everybody is aware of the fact that consonants and vowels are grouped into higher ordered, (sub)syllabic constituents, but that there is also evidence that vowels and consonants themselves are composed of smaller units. Like any healthy discipline, phonology has grown through a constant interaction between data and theory. Phonological evidence played an important role in the turn from structuralism to generativism and, more recently, in the debates between rule-based and usage-based approaches to grammar. Also fields like quantitative sociolinguistics and experimental psycholinguistics seem to build more on phonological insights – albeit maybe sometimes slightly outdated ones from the point of view of the phonologists – than on the results of other fields of grammar, such as syntax. Conversely, the theory is becoming more and more informed by the data unearthed in sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic analysis. Phonology has also been at the forefront of various kinds of grammatical theories in the past decades that were subsequently/later applied in morphology, syntax or semantics, such as the development of three-dimensional representational structures and the study of constraint interaction. This aspect is at times ignored in some theories that seem to assume that natural language is all about syntax and semantics, with phonology as some kind of additional tag-on. As a matter of fact, very heated debates have been conducted between various approaches that could all be called 'syntacticocentric' (Jackendoff 2002). What this merely means is that phonological theory has in the past decades become somewhat distanced from syntactic theory. This is in itself a regrettable development, but one that can still be repaired, as long as many serious programs in the world still offer syntax alongside phonology. In an interesting paper, Prince (2007:223 ) has pointed out that there are two main conceptions of a linguistic theory:
Controllable Information Sharing for User Accounts Linkage across Multiple Online Social Networks

People have multiple accounts on Online Social Networks (OSNs) for various purposes. It is of great interest for third parties to collect more users' information by linking their accounts on different OSNs. Unfortunately, most users have not been aware of potential risks of such accounts linkage. Therefore, the design of a control methodology that allows users to share their information without the risk of being linked becomes an urgent need, yet still remains open. In this paper, we first aim to raise the users' awareness by presenting an effective User Accounts Linkage Inference (UALI), which is shown to be more powerful to users than existing methods. In order to help users control the risks of UALI, we next propose the first Information Control Mechanism (ICM), in which users' information is still visible as intended and, in the meanwhile, the risk of their accounts linkage can be controlled. Using real-world datasets, the performance of ICM is validated, and we also show that it works well for various linkage inference approaches. Both UALI and ICM approaches, designed to take generic inputs, extend their ability to be widely applied into many practical social services.
Analysis of Some Algorithms for Clustering Data Objects

The main objective of clustering is to partition a set of objects into groups or clusters. The objects within a cluster are more similar to one another than those of the others clusters. This work analyzes, discusses and compares three clustering algorithms. The algorithms are based on partitioning, hierarchical, and swarm intelligence approaches. The three algorithms are k-means clustering, hierarchical agglomerative clustering, and ant clustering respectively. The algorithms are tested using three different datasets. Some measurable criteria are used for evaluating the performance of such algorithms. The criteria are: intra-cluster distance, intercluster distance, and clustering time. The experimental results showed that the k-means algorithm is faster and easily understandable than the other two algorithms. The k-means algorithm is not capable of determining the appropriate number of clusters and depends upon the user to identify this in advance. The ease of handling of any forms of similarity or distance is one of the advantages of the hierarchical clustering algorithm. The disadvantage involves the embedded flexibility regarding the granularity level. The ant-clustering algorithm can detect the more similar data for larger values of swarm coefficients. The performance of the ant clustering algorithm outperforms the other two algorithms. This occurs only for the better choice of the swarm parameters; otherwise the agglomerative hierarchical clustering is the best.
A survey on applications of high dynamic range technologies in consumer electronic devices

High dynamic range (HDR) technology is one of various research topics in computer vision technologies, which has been actively being applied to cutting-edge consumer electronics products such as premium UHDTV, premium smart phones and etc. In case of consumer camera devices or mobile camera phones, HDR scene capture mode is commonly provided by combining differently-exposed images with standard dynamic range (SDR). In consumer premium TVs, there exist two kinds of HDR processing technologies: one is a tone mapping (TM) to render HDR content on SDR display, and the other one is an inverse tone mapping (iTM) to render a SDR content on HDR display. Especially, in the case of HDR ton mapping, some metadata for adjusting radiometric difference between a reference mastering display and various consumer TV displays were standardized as well as HDR signal encoding method. Currently there exist various organizations related to HDR standards: UHD-Alliance, SMPTE, CTA, ITU-R, MPEG, DVB and etc. Those HDR standard ecosystem members include movie studio, broadcasting, OTTs, TV/STB manufacturers, and etc. They have made efforts to create a next big opportunity of brand-new HDR technology on the basis of 4K UHD media. We will here review HDR technologies, standards, delivery system, and its CE industry trends.
Applying open content concept by synchronizing lecture video and slide

open content is a concept where the learning content can be shared freely and openly. Video lecture can be used as open content by recording any lecture in the classroom and share them through the learning management system. However, video lectures have some disadvantages, such as (a) the focus of the video cannot cover all objects in the class. (b) one lecture video has a lot of frames so that it is difficult for the students to find the desired sub-topics in the video. This article discusses how to overcome both these problems by combining video and slide into one learning content so that it can cover the weaknesses of learning videos as the main medium of learning. In addition, the developed system also allows users to use them offline so that it can be distributed to anyone who do not have internet access.
Suicide in the Early Stage of Schizophrenia

Suicide is a relevant leading cause of death among patients affected by schizophrenia. Even if suicidal ideation may be present in different stages of disease, some differences have been described between the risk of suicide in patients experiencing first episode of psychosis and those with long-term schizophrenia. It is particularly higher during the first year of illness and reaches a steady decline over the following years. Suicidal ideation and attempts may also be common among subjects with subthreshold psychotic experiences. Factors associated with the risk of suicide in the early phase of schizophrenia are previous suicidal attempts and social aspects: the lack of social support and stable relationships, social drift after the first episode, and social impairment. Also, several psychotic symptoms (suspiciousness, paranoid delusions, mental disintegration and agitation, negative symptoms, depression and hopelessness, and command hallucinations) and substance abuse are associated with higher risk of suicide. It has been described that perfectionism and good levels of insight among individuals who have recently developed psychotic symptoms are significantly associated with higher numbers of suicidal attempts. Moreover, recent evidences show that prefrontal cortex-based circuit dysfunction may be related to suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia. This narrative review summarizes available evidences on suicide in the early stage of schizophrenia and deals with issues to be further studied and discussed.
Separate Spheres or Shared Dominions?

The language of “separate spheres” has become a metaphor, which historians have increasingly used to analyze women’s role in history and society. It has been used to describe the marginalization of women into their own separate sphere, their own “proper” sphere, separate and distinct from the sphere of men. “Public and private”, “the angel in the house”, and the cult of true womanhood are also part of the language and concepts which attempt to describe and analyze the state and role of women in 19th century Britain and America. The ideal Anglo-American woman of the 19th century was to be pious, pure and domesticated – able to present her home as a model of pious domesticity and a spiritual haven from a materialist world. The “proper” sphere of women was to be in the home while men were to be in the world. Aileen Kraditor has contrasted men’s autonomy with women’s “proper sphere. ” She wrote, “Strictly speaking men have never had a ‘proper sphere,’ since their sphere has been the world and all its activities. ”1 I would like to briefly explore how this metaphor developed in 19th century Britain and how an evangelical worldview not only reinforced it but also (unwittingly? ) sabotaged it. I will then discuss how this ideology shaped and was shaped by two CMS missionary wives – Elizabeth Colenso and Kate Hadfield. The Industrial Revolution in Britain and evangelical theology did much to reinforce this understanding of “separate spheres. ” The prospect of creating and furthering commerce led to the creation of a particular male culture. The creation of a peculiarly female culture accompanied this. Hilda Smith has claimed that two major developments at that time significantly harmed women. They were professionalization and industrialization.2 The transformation of the economy and the elaboration of a public male sphere depended on the parallel creation of a female sphere within the home. In this strange and sometimes hostile environment, home became a haven and a place of retreat. For women, the focus was on the domestic – the ideology of domesticity was taking shape. Men became more associated with the world of work outside the home while women remained within a family and domestic context. Masculine identity was becoming identified with the emerging idea of “occupation” while women were confined within a familial framework. Middle class homes were being built on the concept of men working in the public world and depending on women’s labour, both conjugal and servant, in the private realm of the home.
Detections of movements imposed on finger, elbow and shoulder joints.

The angular displacements necessary for 70% correct detection were determined in normal subjects at the shoulder and elbow joints and at the terminal joint of the middle finger. Angular velocities of displacement between 0.125 degrees and 160 degrees/s were tested. Each joint was tested in the mid‐range of its normal excursion. The joints were carefully supported for testing and the muscles acting at the joints were relaxed. When assessed in terms of angular displacements and angular velocities, proprioceptive performance at the shoulder and elbow joints was superior to that at the finger joint. Optimal performance at the finger joint was attained over the range of angular velocities from 10 degrees to 80 degrees/s. Optimal performance at both more proximal joints was optimal over a wider range (2 degrees‐80 degrees/s). Active pointing movements made without vision of the moving part were performed at each joint at velocities within the range of optimal proprioceptive performance. However, when detection levels and displacement velocities were expressed in terms of linear displacements and velocities at the finger tip for all three joints, the finger joint gave the best performance and the shoulder the worst. In practical terms, therefore, displacements of a given linear extent are best detected if they move distal joints and worst if they move proximal joints. For the elbow and finger joints the detection level and velocity data were expressed also in terms of proportional changes in the lengths of muscles operating at these joints, and as proportional changes in the distance between the points of attachment of the joint capsules. Analysis in terms of proportional changes of muscle length showed remarkably similar performance levels at both joints. This suggests that intramuscular receptors are important determinants of proprioceptive performance. Analysis in terms of joint capsular displacement did not unify the data: on this form of analysis proprioceptive performance at the elbow joint was superior.
Characterization of the Statistical Signatures of Micro-Movements Underlying Natural Gait Patterns in Children with Phelan McDermid Syndrome: Towards Precision-Phenotyping of Behavior in ASD

Background: There is a critical need for precision phenotyping across neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in individuals who receive a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Phelan-McDermid deletion syndrome (PMS) is one such example, as it has a high penetrance of ASD. At present, no biometric characterization of the behavioral phenotype within PMS exists. Methods: We introduce a data-type and statistical framework that permits the personalized profiling of naturalistic behaviors. Walking patterns were assessed in 30 participants (16 PMS, 3 idiopathic-ASD and 11 age- and sex-matched controls). Each individual's micro-movement signatures were recorded at 240 Hz. We empirically estimated the parameters of the continuous Gamma family of probability distributions and calculated their ranges. These estimated stochastic signatures were then mapped on the Gamma plane to obtain several statistical indexes for each child. To help visualize complex patterns across the cohort, we introduce new tools that enable the assessment of connectivity and modularity indexes across the peripheral network of rotational joints. Results: Typical walking signatures are absent in all children with PMS as well as in the children with idiopathic-ASD (iASD). Underlying these patterns are atypical leg rotational acceleration signatures that render participants with PMS unstable with rotations that are much faster than controls. The median values of the estimated Gamma parameters serve as a cutoff to automatically separate children with PMS 5–7 years old from adolescents with PMS 12–16 years old, the former displaying more randomness and larger noise. The fluctuations in the arm's motions during the walking also have atypical statistics that separate males from females in PMS and show higher rates of noise accumulation in idiopathic ASD (iASD) children. Despite high heterogeneity, all iASD children have excess noise, a narrow range of probability-distribution shapes across the body joints and a distinct joint network connectivity pattern. Both PMS and iASD have systemic issues with noise in micro-motions across the body with specific signatures for each child that, as a cohort, selectively deviates from controls. Conclusions: We provide a new methodology for precision behavioral phenotyping with the potential to use micro-movement output noise as a natural classifier of neurodevelopmental disorders of known etiology. This approach may help us better understand idiopathic neurodevelopmental disorders and personalize the assessments of natural movements in these populations.
Privacy scoring and users' awareness for Web tracking

Web tracking raises a potential privacy concern since users' browsing activities and personal information are collected and revealed to third parties without the users' consent. The emergence of new pervasive systems offers opportunities to widen “traditional” Web to the world of pervasive devices. In this paper, we revisit the problem of Web tracking. We propose an intuitive scoring model to measure the users' privacy risk when they are browsing the Web. We present a Firefox add-on which computes the scores of visited Webpages and provides users' awareness about how there are tracked on the Web. We distributed this add-on to two sets of Tunisian volunteers (students and researchers). We analyze the statistical results of the collected datasets and show that the users' behavior, the trackers and tracking components can increase the risk of privacy violations on the Web.
High Density Lipoprotein and it’s Dysfunction

Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) levels do not predict functionality and composition of high-density lipoprotein(HDL). Traditionally, keeping levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) down and HDL-C up have been the goal of patients to prevent atherosclerosis that can lead to coronary vascular disease(CVD). People think about the HDL present in their cholesterol test, but not about its functional capability. Up to 65% of cardiovascular death cannot be prevented by putative LDL-C lowering agents. It well explains the strong interest in HDL increasing strategies. However, recent studies have questioned the good in using drugs to increase level of HDL. While raising HDL is a theoretically attractive target, the optimal approach remains uncertain. The attention has turned to the quality, rather than the quantity, of HDL-C. An alternative to elevations in HDL involves strategies to enhance HDL functionality. The situation poses an opportunity for clinical chemists to take the lead in the development and validation of such biomarkers. The best known function of HDL is the capacity to promote cellular cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells and deliver cholesterol to the liver for excretion, thereby playing a key role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). The functions of HDL that have recently attracted attention include anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. High antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of HDL are associated with protection from CVD. This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding assays of HDL functions and their relationship to CVD. HDL as a therapeutic target is the new frontier with huge potential for positive public health implications.
Verificación de Aseveraciones a Tiempo de Ejecución con Énfasis

LOCAL VARIABLES ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO DESCRIBE AND IMPLEMENT COMPUTER ALGORITHMS AND TO SPECIFY SOME OF THEIR PROPERTIES SUCH AS CORRECTNESS, TERMINATION AND PERFORMANCE. IN THIS PAPER, WE ADDRESS THE RUN-TIME ASSERTION CHECKING PROBLEM INVOLVING LOCAL VARIABLES IN JAVA PROGRAMS USING ENFASIS. ENFASIS IS A NOVEL ASPECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (AOP) LANGUAGE THAT INTRODUCES A JOIN POINT MODEL FOR CROSSCUTTING ON LOCAL VARIABLES AND PATH EXPRESSIONS TO SELECT SETS OF JOIN POINTS. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THIS WORK CONSISTS ON SHOWING THAT RUN-TIME ASSERTION CHECKING IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN ENFASIS BY ITS GREATER EXPRESSIVE POWER THAN IN OTHER APPROACHES SUCH AS ASPECTJ AND THE INTERFACE SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE JML. THE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS OF ENFASIS ASSERTIONS ARISES FROM THE FINER GRANULARITY OF CROSSCUTTING, DEFINED AT THE EXPRESSION AND STATEMENT LEVEL IN CONTRAST TO THE COARSER GRANULARITY DEFINED AT THE METHOD INVOCATION LEVEL OF ASPECTJ. ENFASIS APPROACH CHARACTERIZES NOT ONLY BY ITS NON-INVASIVENESS AT THE SOURCE CODE LEVEL, MODULARITY, UNIFORMITY AND GENERALITY ARE ALSO IMPROVED IN HANDLING ORTHOGONAL CROSSCUTTING CONCERNS.
Immunological and Molecular Correlates of Disease Recurrence after Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The definition of the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after resection represents a central issue to improve the clinical management of patients. In this study we examined the prognostic relevance of infiltrating immune cell subsets in the tumor (TIL) and in nontumorous (NT) liver (LIL), and the expression of immune-related and lineage-specific mRNAs in HCC and NT liver derived from 42 patients. The phenotype of infiltrating cells was analyzed by flow cytometry, and mRNA expression in liver tissue was examined by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The tumor immune microenvironment was enriched in inhibitory and dysfunctional cell subsets. Enrichment in CD4+ T-cells and in particular CD4 and CD8+ memory subsets within TIL was predictive of better overall survival (OS) and time to recurrence (TTR). Increased programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) mRNA content and higher prevalence of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells were associated with shorter OS and TTR, respectively. By combined evaluation of infiltrating cell subsets along with mRNA profiling of immune and tumor related genes, we identified the intratumoral frequency of memory T-cells and iNKT-cells as well as PDL1 expression as the best predictors of clinical outcome. HCC infiltrate is characterized by the expression of molecules with negative regulatory function that may favor tumor recurrence and poor survival.
Assessing population structure and gene flow in Montana wolverines (Gulo gulo) using assignment‐based approaches

In North America, wolverines once occupied a continuous range from Alaska southward to New Mexico. In the lower 48 states, small remnant populations remain only in the northwestern United States. Among these remnant populations, the Montana population has the highest probability of long‐term persistence given its size and proximity to healthy populations in Canada. In this study, we evaluate population genetic structure and gene flow among Montana wolverines using 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Bayesian and frequency‐based assignment tests revealed significant population substructure and provide support for at least three subpopulations in Montana. FST values between subpopulations ranged from 0.08 to 0.10 and provide evidence for male‐biased dispersal. The high degree of population substructure and low levels of gene flow contrast results from wolverine population genetic studies in less fragmented landscapes of Alaska and Canada. This study provides additional support for the hypothesis that large carnivore populations of Montana are becoming increasingly fragmented due to human development and disturbance.