Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-Diversity Genes in the Arabidopsis Genome Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. DQ132063, DQ132370.

High-diversity genes represent an important class of loci in organismal genomes. Since elevated levels of nucleotide variation are a key component of the molecular signature for balancing selection or local adaptation, high-diversity genes may represent loci whose alleles are selectively maintained as balanced polymorphisms. Comparison of 4300 random shotgun sequence fragments of the Arabidopsis thaliana Ler ecotype genome with the whole genomic sequence of the Col-0 ecotype identified 60 genes with putatively high levels of intraspecific variability. Eleven of these genes were sequenced in multiple A. thaliana accessions, 3 of which were found to display elevated levels of nucleotide polymorphism. These genes encode the myb-like transcription factor MYB103, a putative soluble starch synthase I, and a homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor. Analysis of these genes and 4–7 flanking genes in 14–20 A. thaliana ecotypes revealed that two of these loci show other characteristics of balanced polymorphisms, including broad peaks of nucleotide diversity spanning multiple linked genes and an excess of intermediate-frequency polymorphisms. Scanning genomes for high-diversity genomic regions may be useful in approaches to adaptive trait locus mapping for uncovering candidate balanced polymorphisms.
Detection and Prevention of Memory Corruption Attacks

Vulnerabilities in software programs made possible the widespread and frequent occurrence of malware outbreaks. Extensive research has been devoted to detection and prevention of control hijacking attacks due to their prevalence. The non-control data attacks are not yet so prevalent, but, as more and more avenues are closed for the malicious software authors they will gain
Paths to High School Graduation or Dropout: A Longitudinal Study of a First-Grade Cohort.

This prospective longitudinal study examined the developmental paths toward high school graduation or dropout for a cohort of 1,242 Black first graders from an urban community who were at a high risk for school dropout. Over half those with school records did not graduate. Dropouts were compared with graduates in their first-grade school performance, family background, family environment, and educational hopes and expectations. Both low grades and aggressive behavior in first grade led to later dropout for males. The impact of maternal education and poverty was through their interaction with individual characteristics. The links between early school performance and later high school graduation were not as strong for those from backgrounds of poverty as for those who were not poor. Having a mother with at least a high school education increased the likelihood that males who performed poorly in first grade or who had low educational expectations as adolescents would graduate. Being from a mother-father family was protective for the girls. Strict rules regarding school reported during adolescence helped the females compensate for early poor performance
Estimation of State of Charge, Unknown Nonlinearities, and State of Health of a Lithium-Ion Battery Based on a Comprehensive Unobservable Model

This paper considers the estimation of the state of charge and state of health for lithium-ion batteries, while an inclusive model is taken into account. The model includes two RC subnetworks, which represent the fast and slow transient responses of the terminal voltage. Nevertheless, the linear part of the model is unobservable. On the other hand, the nonlinear behavior of the open-circuit voltage versus state of charge is also included in the model. The proposed observer tackles the aforementioned problems to attain a reliable estimation of the state of charge. Moreover, as opposed to the methods in which the nonlinearities or uncertainties in the model are disregarded or those terms are discarded using a conventional sliding-mode observer, an analytical method is considered to estimate the additive nonlinear or uncertainty term in the model. This approach leads to a very accurate model of the battery to be used in a battery management system. Moreover, an online parameter estimation method is proposed to estimate the battery's state of health. The proposed scheme benefits from an adaptive rule for the online estimation of the series resistance in the lithium-ion battery based on the accurately identified model. Experimental tests certify the performance and feasibility of the proposed schemes.
Spatial resolution properties of penalized-likelihood image reconstruction: space-invariant tomographs

This paper examines the spatial resolution properties of penalized-likelihood image reconstruction methods by analyzing the local impulse response. The analysis shows that standard regularization penalties induce space-variant local impulse response functions, even for space-invariant tomographic systems. Paradoxically, for emission image reconstruction, the local resolution is generally poorest in high-count penalties depends on the object only through its projections. This analysis leads naturally to a modified regularization penalty that leads naturally to a modified regularization penalty that yields reconstructed images with nearly uniform resolution. The modified penalty also provides a very practical method for choosing the regularization parameter to obtain a specified resolution in images reconstructed by penalized-likelihood methods.
Evolution of increased cold tolerance during range expansion of the elongate hemlock scale Fiorinia externa Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Abstract 1. Alien species often face novel challenges to their spread and population growth. One critical hurdle often involves an organism’s ability to tolerate environmental extremes characteristic of their invaded range. Although abiotic factors often determine range limits, there is less evidence for local adaptation in invasive organisms whose initial arrival and rapid population growth is separated by a lengthy lag period.
Growing older and social sustainability: considering the ‘serious leisure’ practices of the over 60s in rural communities

The important role which older people play in rural community development through their various activities has become a substantive area of interest across social science disciplines, including gerontology, sociology, psychology and human geography. Reflecting the demographic shift of an ageing countryside within many parts of the global north, the future of rural social policy initiatives will increasingly depend on a nuanced appreciation of the social and voluntary activities undertaken by the growing older population. We seek to expand this focus to consider the social value of these practices for both the individual and the particular communities of which they are a part, and make a case for ‘serious leisure theory’ (Stebbins 1982) as a potentially rich seam for exploring these relations. This is put into practice through a case study involving the over 60s residents of a village in rural Wales, and through in-depth interviews we draw attention to their role in securing socio-economic sustainability in the locality through voluntary, hobby-based and amateur pursuits. In conclusion, we consider the analytical merits and limitations of serious leisure theory and, more broadly, the implications of the political fashioning of community-engaged older people as exemplar public citizens in the context of ongoing neoliberal welfare reforms.
A Personal Storytelling about Your Favorite Data

A controlled use of omnipresent data can leverage a potential of services never reached before. In this paper, we propose a user driven approach to take advantage of massive data streams. Our solution, named Stream2Text, relies on a personalized and continuous refinement of data to generate texts (in natural language) that provide a tailored synthesis of relevant data. It enables monitoring by a wide range of users as text streams can be shared on social networks or used individually on mobile devices.
Intelligence and brain structure in normal individuals.

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the relation between intelligence and a variety of measures of brain structure. METHOD Magnetic resonance imaging scans were used to measure the volume of the intracranial cavity, cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, temporal lobes, hippocampus, caudate, and cerebellum, as well as the overall volume of gray matter, white matter, and CSF, in 67 healthy, normal volunteers. Intelligence was measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised. RESULTS Full-scale IQ was found to be significantly correlated with intracranial, cerebral, temporal lobe, hippocampal, and cerebellar volume but not with caudate and lateral ventricle volume. There were also significant correlations of full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ with overall gray matter volume but not with white matter or CSF volume. Gender differences were noted in the pattern and number of correlations between the volume of the brain and its subregions and full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the size of some cerebral structures may account for a significant, but modest, proportion of the variance in human intelligence.
Autophagy and amino acid homeostasis are required for chronological longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Following cessation of growth, yeast cells remain viable in a nondividing state for a period of time known as the chronological lifespan (CLS). Autophagy is a degradative process responsible for amino acid recycling in response to nitrogen starvation and amino acid limitation. We have investigated the role of autophagy during chronological aging of yeast grown in glucose minimal media containing different supplemental essential and nonessential amino acids. Deletion of ATG1 or ATG7, both of which are required for autophagy, reduced CLS, whereas deletion of ATG11, which is required for selective targeting of cellular components to the vacuole for degradation, did not reduce CLS. The nonessential amino acids isoleucine and valine, and the essential amino acid leucine, extended CLS in autophagy‐deficient as well as autophagy‐competent yeast. This extension was suppressed by constitutive expression of GCN4, which encodes a transcriptional regulator of general amino acid control (GAAC). Consistent with this, GCN4 expression was reduced by isoleucine and valine. Furthermore, elimination of the leucine requirement extended CLS and prevented the effects of constitutive expression of GCN4. Interestingly, deletion of LEU3, a GAAC target gene encoding a transcriptional regulator of branched side chain amino acid synthesis, dramatically increased CLS in the absence of amino acid supplements. In general, this indicates that activation of GAAC reduces CLS whereas suppression of GAAC extends CLS in minimal medium. These findings demonstrate important roles for autophagy and amino acid homeostasis in determining CLS in yeast.
Trajectories of depressive mood in adolescents: Does parental work or parent-adolescent relationship matter? A follow-up study through junior high school in Finland

The purpose of this follow-up study was to investigate stability and change in depressive mood and possible explanatory factors between ages 13 to 16. The sample consisted of 116 Finnish adolescents (50 boys and 66 girls) drawn from two junior high schools in Central Finland.The data were obtained by means of questionnaires which were completed by the same adolescents three times, in 1999 (mean age 13.0 years), in 2001 (mean age 14.7 years), and in 2002 (mean age 15.9 years). The semiparametric group-based mixture modeling revealed four developmentally different trajectories in depressive mood, two indicating stability and two showing change in the level of symptoms over time. The majority (63%) of the adolescents (typically boys) managed the transition phase without depressive feelings while one quarter (typically girls) tended to experience some depressive thoughts and feelings throughout the follow-up. There was a small group of adolescents (6.5%) among whom symptoms increased until the end of follow-up, and another group (5.5%) who suffered from depressive mood only at the beginning of the follow-up. Variability in adolescents' depressive mood wasconnected to conflicts with parents (especially with fathers) and experiences of negative spillover from parental (especially fathers') work to the parent–adolescent relationship. Furthermore, the relationships between an adolescent and his/her parents (especially the father) seemed to become gradually more distant throughout the follow-up, and most of the life changes were experienced in the beginning of the junior high school.
Perceptions of Urban Parks as Havens and Contested Terrains by Mexican-Americans in Chicago Neighborhoods

The objectives of this study were to (1) identify the benefits of parks for Mexican-American urban residents and the roles they play in the dynamics of their communities and (2) explore issues related to their existence and utilization in Latino communities. Bedimo-Rung, Mowen, and Cohen's (2005) model of the Role of Parks in Public Health was employed as a conceptual framework in this study. Data were collected in the summer of 2007 with two focus groups with 26 Mexican-American residents from two predominantly minority Chicago communities. Benefits of urban parks for Mexican-American residents were classified into five categories—environmental, social, psychological health, physical health, and cultural. The study also identified many problems related to the existence and utilization of parks in Latino communities that detracted from the benefits Mexican-Americans could obtain from visiting parks. They included insufficient access to parks, poor maintenance of the existing parks, crime and safety issues, and interracial conflict and discrimination. A new framework was proposed to model the benefits of parks for minority urban residents and factors that affect utilization of parks in minority communities.
‘Things said or done long ago are recalled and remembered’: The ethics of mindfulness in early Buddhism, psychotherapy and clinical psychology

I argue that current theoretical understandings of mindfulness as an attention regulation strategy for psychological stress reduction and enhanced adaptation to society may produce de-ethicised therapeutic applications. I show how understandings of mindfulness in early Buddhism, psychotherapy and clinical psychology have changed over time. Current understandings of mindfulness as a skill or technique of bringing non-judgmental awareness (or bare attention) to present moment experience are historically recent and differ from early Buddhist understandings in at least one crucial respect: definitions of mindfulness as attentional control or metacognitive awareness lack an emphasis on deep ethical reflection. As such, we need to re-ethicise our conceptual understanding of mindfulness by remembering early Buddhist texts, where mindfulness involves the cultivation of an ethically sensitive style of remembering, which has largely been lost in contemporary definitions.
Inhibition of, or with Reinforcement?

The problem of inhibition of reinforcement (Hovland, 1936) as opposed to inhibition with reinforcement (Kendrick, 1958), i.e., is it the reinforcing agent that is becoming inhibitory or does a learned habit of not responding develop when trials and reinforcements are massed? , has so far not been experimentally attacked. To remedy this lack of information, the writer designed an experiment, in which two groups of 3 albino rats each were brought to the point of extinction by 25 massed practice trials per day on successive days for a water reward. Both groups ran under 23-hr. water deprivation level, ran a horseshoe shaped runway 10' long, and to obtain a reward of 1/4 cc. per trial had to depress a lever with a 60-gm. downward thrust 3 times in succession. Group A received 100% reinforcement and Group B, 6696, i.e., 15 of the 25 trials were rewarded in a randomised order. Hovland postulated that the transition from reinforcement to non-reinforcement should have a disinhibiting effect. In this case therefore partial reinforcement should result in Group B's requiring a longer time to reach extinction than Group A. On the other hand, if this is an incorrect hypothesis, and the withdrawal of the reward has no effect, then from Hullian (1943) theory it could be postulated that the group receiving 66% would extinguish more rapidly. This would be because the habit strength of the partial reinforcement group would be weaker than the other group because the habit is rewarded less often (even though both groups started on their different reinforcement regimes after they had been equated for habit strength), and so as both groups were running the same number of trials presumably SIR would be accumulated at the same rate, rherefore, as there is less SHR strength to be counterbalanced by SIR in Group B, it would extinguish significantly faster than Group A. It was found that ( a ) Group B extinguished significantly faster (in days) and took significantly fewer trials to extinguish than Group A. A X"est was carried out on both the running and bar pressing times of Group B to see if there was a constant speed up of times following a non-reinforced trial. Results were negative. The concept of inhibition of reinforcement then, cannot be supported, and the mechanism of inhibition with reinforcement can account for these results.
THEORY: "Sacred Matters: Sanctification as a Vital Topic for the Psychology of Religion"

In this article and those that follow, we suggest that sacred matters represent a vital interest for the psychology of religion. We note that people can perceive virtually any aspect of their lives as having divine character and significance. Furthermore, people can sanctify objects theistically as a manifestation of their images, beliefs, or experiences of God and nontheistically by investing objects with qualities that characterize divinity. We discuss several implications of sanctification for human functioning: people invest a great deal of time and energy in sacred matters; people go to great lengths to preserve and protect whatever they perceive to be sacred; sacred aspects of life elicit spiritual emotions; sanctification offers a powerful personal and social resource that people can tap throughout their lives; and the loss of the sacred can have devastating effects. We conclude with a call for further studies of sacred matters and specific directions for research.
Local time on the exceptional set of dynamical percolation and the incipient infinite cluster

In dynamical critical site percolation on the triangular lattice or bond percolation on Z2, we define and study a local time measure on the exceptional times at which the origin is in an infinite cluster. We show that at a typical time with respect to this measure, the percolation configuration has the law of Kesten’s incipient infinite cluster. In the most technical result of this paper, we show that, on the other hand, at the first exceptional time, the law of the configuration is different. We believe that the two laws are mutually singular, but do not show this. We also study the collapse of the infinite cluster near typical exceptional times and establish a relation between static and dynamic exponents, analogous to Kesten’s near-critical relation.
Highly resolved in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of the mouse brain at 9.4 T

An efficient shim system and an optimized localization sequence were used to measure in vivo 1H NMR spectra from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum of C57BL/6 mice at 9.4 T. The combination of automatic first‐ and second‐order shimming (FASTMAP) with strong custom‐designed second‐order shim coils (shim strength up to 0.04 mT/cm2) was crucial to achieve high spectral resolution (water line width of 11–14 Hz). Requirements for second‐order shim strengths to compensate field inhomogeneities in the mouse brain at 9.4 T were assessed. The achieved spectral quality (resolution, S/N, water suppression, localization performance) allowed reliable quantification of 16 brain metabolites (LCModel analysis) from 5–10‐μL brain volumes. Significant regional differences (up to 2‐fold, P < 0.05) were found for all quantified metabolites but Asp, Glc, and Gln. In contrast, 1H NMR spectra measured from the striatum of C57BL/6, CBA, and CBA/BL6 mice revealed only small (<13%, P < 0.05) interstrain differences in Gln, Glu, Ins, Lac, NAAG, and PE. It is concluded that 1H NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T can provide precise biochemical information from distinct regions of the mouse brain noninvasively that can be used for monitoring of disease progression and treatment as well as phenotyping in transgenic mice models. Magn Reson Med 52:478–484, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybrid genetic algorithm for solving Knapsack problem

In clustering, clustering techniques are applied to get the best solution. The traditional clustering algorithms lead to local optimum. Hybrid genetic algorithm which includes multi clustering genetic algorithm with rough set theory is to be proposed to improve the efficiency and to get the optimal solution. The selection procedure of genetic algorithm has lower efficiency. So rough set theory can be used for selecting chromosomes for further process which is applied in 0-1 Knapsack problem.
Services and Policies for Care At Home

It is argued that various factors including the increasingly ageing population will require more care services to be delivered to users in their own homes. Desirable characteristics of such services are outlined. The Open Services Gateway initiative has been adopted as a widely accepted framework that is particularly suitable for developing home care services. Service discovery in this context is enhanced through ontologies that achieve greater flexibility and precision in service description. A service ontology stack allows common concepts to be extended for new services. The architecture of a policy system for home care is explained. This is used for flexible creation and control of new services. The core policy language and its extension for home care are introduced, and illustrated through typical examples. Future extensions of the approach are discussed.