Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capacity Markets in PJM

The PJM capacity market evolved from a mechanism to support fair and efficient retail competition, to a core market design component implemented to provide adequate revenue to attract sufficient supply and demand side resources to meet PJM's administrative reliability criteria. The lessons learned in the evolution of the PJM capacity market illustrate issues that are shared across all wholesale power markets. An exogenously imposed administrative reliability requirement has generally been interpreted to require the ownership of, or contracts for, capacity in excess of expected peak loads by a reserve margin. In PJM, the reserve margin requirement resulted in a level of capacity greater than would have been the result of the operation of an "energy only" market without such a requirement. The result was lower energy prices for all units and a shortfall of net revenues compared to the annualized costs of building a new generating unit. The early wholesale power market designs, including PJM, replicated the efficient dispatch of a tight power pool, but did not address the sources of revenues to cover the costs of investment in new and existing generating capacity and thus did not address the endogenous sustainability of the market design consistent with administrative reliability criteria. The introduction and redesign of a capacity market has largely solved this "resource adequacy" problem. But the PJM capacity market design continues to be imperfect and the resolution of the remaining design issues is critical to the continued success of the PJM market as demand increases and generating units retire.
Effect of nitrogen supply on frost resistance, nitrogen metabolism and carbohydrate content in white clover (Trifolium repens).

Effects of mineral nitrogen (2, 4, 6 and 8 mM NH4 NO3 ) and nodulation with Rhizobium on frost hardiness in seedlings of white clover (Trifolium repens) have been studied. Seedlings of a population from Bodø (67°N lat.) were grown in Leonard jars under controlled conditions in a phytotron. For induction of frost hardening, plants were first exposed to 12 h photoperiod conditions for 2 weeks at 18°C, then for 2 weeks at 6°C and finally for 2 weeks at 0.5°C. Frost hardiness after treatments at 6 and 0.5°C was significantly enhanced by increasing nitrogen supply and was positively correlated with total nitrogen content of the stolons. Frost hardiness of nodulated plants correlated to the tissue nitrogen concentration. Content of soluble proteins in stolons decreased during hardening at 6°C but did not change during treatment at 0.5°C. There were minor changes in total amount of free amino acids during hardening. Both absolute and relative amounts of proline and arginine increased, and those of asparagine decreased during hardening. Absolute amounts of all free amino acids increased with increasing nitrogen supply, but the changes during hardening were similar in all treatments. There was a significant increase in the content of soluble carbohydrates during hardening. However, this increase was inversely related to nitrogen supply.
TRADE CREDIT AS QUALITY SIGNAL: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

This paper tests the product quality theory of trade credit with 1993 year‐end data for Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States. The results are inconsistent with the transaction and financing theories of trade credit, since the evidence indicates that firms with high sales relative to their assets and firms with larger sizes extend less credit. However, the quality theory of trade credit is not uniformly supported by the data. Moreover, the evidence suggests wide variations of trade credit policies across countries and industries.
Intergenerational Household Formation, Female Labor Supply and Informal Caregiving A Bargaining Approach

Children's provision of in-kind services to their elderly parents (informal caregiving) represents an important form of economic transfers to the elderly. In this paper, we develop and estimate a joint model of informal caregiving and labor force participation decisions of adult daughters who have a frail elderly parent in a broader framework of intergenerational household formation. Parent and daughter agree to a Nash bargaining rule as the solution to the household formation and intrahousehold decision making process. However, rather than severed relationships, the threat point is given by a noncooperative equilibrium defined in terms of voluntary contributions toward a public good, the parental "well-being. " Maximum likelihood parameter estimates derived from the simultaneous, multiequation, endogenous switching model are generally consistent with expectations. Our results indicate that competing demands on daughters' time reduce both coresidence and informal caregiving. We also find that intergenerational coresidence is an important mode of assistance to elderly persons. A simulation based on the estimated parameters suggests that public programs designed to meet the long-term care needs of elderly persons by subsidizing formal home care services may have substantial effects on intergenerational living and care arrangement decisions.
Senior Team Attributes and Organizational Ambidexterity: The Moderating Role of Transformational Leadership

Organizations capable of pursuing exploration and exploitation simultaneously have been suggested to obtain superior performance. Combining both types of activities and achieving organizational ambidexterity, however, leads to the presence of multiple and often conflicting goals, and poses considerable challenges to senior teams in ambidextrous organizations. This study explores the role of senior team attributes and leadership behaviour in reconciling conflicting interests among senior team members and achieving organizational ambidexterity. Findings indicate that a senior team shared vision and contingency rewards are associated with a firm's ability to combine high levels of exploratory and exploitative innovations. In addition, our study shows that an executive director's transformational leadership increases the effectiveness of senior team attributes in ambidextrous organizations and moderates the effectiveness of senior team social integration and contingency rewards. Hence, our study clarifies how senior executives reconcile conflicting demands and facilitate the balancing of seemingly contradictory forces in ambidextrous organizations. Implications for literatures on senior team attributes, transformational leadership and organizational ambidexterity are discussed.
Undergraduate education in the computer system of software school, Fudan University

Recently, the multi-core technology is adopted on more and more computing platforms. As a result, the IT industry demands programmers to have solid knowledge in the whole computer system, so that they can develop highly efficient programs for various multi-core platforms. Consequently, it becomes a great challenge for undergraduate education to foster such programmers. To meet this challenge, the Software School of Fudan University builds up the current curriculum architecture to achieve effective education in the computer system. It is a progressive chain of four courses and several methods are adopted for it. We choose the most suitable textbooks and give them explanation and complement by teachers. Students are provided with full practical opportunities as well as open topics for innovative survey and analysis. The education plans are also flexibly adapted to students' career plans.
A Binary Choice Model of Foreign Holiday Demand

A binary choice model explaining the distribution of holidays abroad undertaken by UK residents is constructed and estimated. The foreign holiday demand function is generated from a comparison of holiday costs and benefits, and stochastic behaviour is permitted. In addition, the effects of incomplete knowledge on holiday choice are incorporated in the model. It is shown that the empirical results support the theoretical framework and that the £50 foreign currency limit imposed by the British Government between 1966 and 1969 resulted in a shift in the distribution of foreign holidays.
Technology transfer, indigenous innovation and leapfrogging in green technology: the solar-PV industry in China and India

In recent years China and India have achieved tremendous technological progress and development in the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry. Using case studies, this paper analyses and compares the technology progress in the solar PV industry in China and India, and discusses the role national innovation systems played in sustaining technology acquisition, adaptation and development. It illustrates that both countries adopted a strategy of mixing and sequencing different technology transfer and indigenous innovation mechanisms. The experience of both countries also suggests that a functional national environmental innovation system is important in sustaining and advancing technology acquisition, adaptation and development. This paper provides an alternative pathway for developing countries to follow in catching up with developed countries in the emergent green industries and in leapfrogging towards an internationally competitive green economy.
Public health marketing: is it good and is it good for everyone?

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Wrist Skin Temperature, Motor Activity, and Body Position as Determinants of the Circadian Pattern of Blood Pressure

Although the circadian blood pressure (BP) pattern has been extensively studied, the determinants of this rhythm are not fully understood. Peripheral vasodilatation is a regulatory mechanism for BP maintenance. However, it remains to be established whether the increase of nocturnal distal skin temperature associated with heat loss could also reflect the dipping status. For the first time, this paper investigates the relationship between BP and skin wrist temperature (WT), to evaluate whether the WT circadian rhythm can serve as screening procedure to detect dipping/non-dipping BP patterns. In addition, the authors compare the relationship between WT and other variables previously described as determinants of the BP pattern, such as physical activity and body position. Measurements of WT, motor activity, and body position for 5 d, plus ambulatory BP for 24-h during that span, were obtained from 28 diurnally active normotensive volunteers. WT was negatively correlated, whereas activity and body position were positively correlated, with systolic and diastolic BPs. However, these relationships were stronger during the rest than activity phase. In addition, a 78.6% concordance was detected between the observed dips in BP and the predicted BP pattern calculated based on the WT rhythm. Thus, these results suggest that the increase in WT produced by heat loss during the rest phase through peripheral skin blood vessels is the result of blood vessel vasodilatation reflexes in response to a shift from a standing to a supine position, together with shift in the circadian sympathetic/parasympathetic balance (nocturnal parasympathetic activation). In conclusion, WT could be considered as a potential new screening procedure to implement the diagnosis of non-dipping BP pattern. (Author correspondence: angerol@um.es)
The large scale asset purchases had large international effects

The Federal Reserve's large scale asset purchases (LSAP) of agency debt, MBSs and long-term U.S. Treasuries not only reduced long-term U.S. bond yields also significantly reduced long-term foreign bond yields and the spot value of the dollar. These changes were much too large to have been generated by chance and they closely followed LSAP announcement times. These changes in U.S. and foreign bond yields are roughly consistent with a simple portfolio choice model. Likewise, the exchange rate responses to LSAP announcements are roughly consistent with a UIP-PPP based model. The success of the LSAP in reducing long-term interest rates and the value of the dollar shows that central banks are not toothless when short rates hit the zero bound.
Patellar Tendon Versus Doubled Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendons for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The results of intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with either the patellar tendon or the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons (four strands) were prospectively compared in a consecutive series of 60 patients with chronic injuries. A single surgeon per formed arthroscopically assisted reconstructions in an alternating sequence. Preoperative and operative data revealed no significant differences between the two groups. After 28 months of followup there were no sig nificant differences in the incidence of symptoms, and recurrent giving way was present in only one knee with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft. Return to sport participation was more frequent in the patellar ten don group (80% versus 43%, P < 0.01 ). A minor ex tension loss (≤3°) was more frequent in the patellar tendon group (47% versus 3%, P < 0.001 ). Other dif ferences between the two groups were not significant. KT-2000 arthrometer side-to-side difference of anterior displacement >5 mm at 30 pounds was present in 13% of the knees with patellar tendon grafts and in 20% of those with semitendinosus and gracilis; a patellofemo ral crepitation developed in 17% and 3% of the two groups, respectively. Based on these data we routinely use patellar tendon grafts. Semitendinosus and gracilis tendons are preferred in selected cases: older patients, patients with preexisting patellofemoral problems, and those with failed patellar tendon grafts.
Computed-tomography findings of emphysema: correlation with spirometric values

Purpose of review There is increasing interest in using multichannel computed-tomography scanning in the characterization of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Three distinct components – emphysema, large-airway inflammation and small-airway abnormality – have been evaluated using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Here we highlight computed-tomography findings of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and correlation with spirometric values. Recent findings A considerable percentage of the subjects with emphysema detected by computed-tomography screening had normal spirometry. Severity of emphysema varies widely, even with same disease stage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies of the relationship between high-resolution computed-tomography lung-attenuation measurements acquired under spirometric control of inspiratory and expiratory lung volume and pulmonary function showed that inspiratory measurements assess the extent of emphysema and that expiratory measurements reflect airflow limitation and air trapping. The evaluation using three-dimensional computed tomography demonstrates that airflow limitation is more closely related to the dimensions of small airways than large airways. Summary Volumetric computed-tomography scans allow diagnosis and quantification of the individual small airway and emphysema phenotypes present in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New computed-tomography scanning techniques should provide new insights into further understanding of the heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Restructuring and Failure in Buy‐outs and Buy‐ins

In this paper we examine the reasons why buy-outs fail or need to be restructured and identify the implications for managers and investing institutions. It is evident that considerable attention needs to be given to assessing issues concerning industrial sectors, management and financing. In respect of the market, consideration needs to be given both to the nature of the market in which a particular buy-out finds itself and the firm's position within that market. Management is likely to have a crucial role in ensuring that the firm restructures and adapts to changing market circumstances.
Chloride binding site of neurotransmitter sodium symporters

Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSSs) play a critical role in signaling by reuptake of neurotransmitters. Eukaryotic NSSs are chloride-dependent, whereas prokaryotic NSS homologs like LeuT are chloride-independent but contain an acidic residue (Glu290 in LeuT) at a site where eukaryotic NSSs have a serine. The LeuT-E290S mutant displays chloride-dependent activity. We show that, in LeuT-E290S cocrystallized with bromide or chloride, the anion is coordinated by side chain hydroxyls from Tyr47, Ser290, and Thr254 and the side chain amide of Gln250. The bound anion and the nearby sodium ion in the Na1 site organize a connection between their coordinating residues and the extracellular gate of LeuT through a continuous H-bond network. The specific insights from the structures, combined with results from substrate binding studies and molecular dynamics simulations, reveal an anion-dependent occlusion mechanism for NSS and shed light on the functional role of chloride binding.
Revisiting Tenancy and Agricultural Productivity in Southern India: Insights from Longitudinal Household Surveys

The study reconfirmed prevalence of reverse tenancy in dryland agriculture in Southern India in the recent years (2009-11) as was in the mid-seventies. Household level panel data collected from six villages by ICRISAT under its Village Level Studies (VLS) and Village Dynamics Studies (VDS) program were used. Area under tenancy has increased in the recent years, mostly in the form of share cropping. Panel Data Probit analysis revealed that likelihood of a household to be a tenant is positively linked with number of agricultural worker, bullock ownership and male-headed household. Land ownership, age and education of household head, and dependence on non-farm income had negative association. Crop yield and profitability were generally higher in owned land than that of land under tenancy. Reduction of reverse tenancy in dryland agriculture will require risk reducing technologies (drought-resistant varieties, supplementary irrigation) and availability of critical inputs (for example, bullock for intercultural operations).
Configurable Mobile Robot Behaviors Implemented on FPGA Based Architectures

For educational purposes there is a need to teach electrical and computer engineering students the basics of the design of state machines using programmable logic devices, and for students interested in mobile robots to teach them the basics of mobile robots' behaviors. At the same time one of the topics of interest in the mobile robot's community is how to generate their new behaviors, using state machines, automatically. This paper discusses how to create mobile robots' behaviors using genetic algorithms (GAs), implementing them in programmable logic devices (FPGAs) and how these behaviors can be programmed by students in a mobile robotics course. The behaviors are encoded as algorithm state machines and using feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANN). In the state-machine approach, each individual's chromosome represents, given a set of inputs coming from the sensors and the current state, both the next state and the outputs that control the robot's movements. In the ANN approach, whose weights are found also with GAs, a pipeline architecture was built to perform it, each pipeline executes a layer of the ANN, thus once the pipeline is full the execution speed of the ANN is one sensors' clock cycle. We evaluate the behaviors generated by the GA according to a fitness function that grades their performance for avoiding obstacles. The inputs to such a robot are infrared sensors to detect obstacles, the outputs are the velocities of its wheels. Our objectives are first, to prove that GAs are a good option as a method for finding behaviors for mobile robots' navigation, and second, that these behaviors can be implemented in an efficient way in FPGAs. We tested both behaviors in a small mobile robot, that is build in an electrical engineering course that teaches how to build mobile robots.
R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence

Acknowledgments 1: Introduction I: The Conceptual Framework 2: Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth II: R&D and Productivity at the Firm Level: The Evidence 3: Returns to Research and Development Expenditures in the Private Sector 4: Productivity, R&D, and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970s 5: Productivity and R&D at the Firm Level 6: Productivity Growth and R&D at the Business Level: Results from the PIMS Data Base 7: Comparing Productivity Growth: An Exploration of French and U.S. Industrial and Firm Data 8: R&D and Productivity Growth: Comparing Japanese and U.S. Manufacturing Firms III: R&D and Productivity at the Industry Level 9: R&D and Productivity Growth at the Industry Level: Is There Still a Relationship? 10: Interindustry Technology Flows and Productivity Growth: A Reexamination 11: The Search for R&D Spillovers 12: R&D and Productivity: The Unfinished Business IV: Patent Statistics 13: Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey V: Interim Conclusions 14: Productivity, R&D, and the Data Constraint Author Index Subject Index
Specialization versus diversification in venture capital investing

Purpose - Modern portfolio theory demonstrates that a well-diversified portfolio will minimize unsystematic risk. It may be impractical to achieve a well-diversified portfolio of venture capital (VC) investments due to market imperfections, leading to the decision to specialize. The purpose of this paper is to determine the implications of choosing a strategy of specialization versus diversification in venture investing. Design/methodology/approach - Using a dataset of US VC funds across a 20-year time period, this paper verifies that there has been a tendency for venture capitalists to pursue a specialization strategy in both industry and stage of development of portfolio firms. A multivariate two-limit tobit model is constructed to determine the effects of these decisions on venture success rates. Findings - It is found that venture capitalists that diversify across portfolio company stage of development have greater success in bringing companies public and exiting their investments via acquisition. Industry specialization has no significant impact on venture fund success rates. Research limitations/implications - Success rates may be less important than returns to investors in VC. Future research should examine the effects of specialization on investor returns. Practical implications - It may be beneficial to increase the level of diversification of VC investments across portfolio company stage of development. The lack of diversification across industry has not significantly affected success rates across funds, thus the tendency to specialize in particular industries over the sample period is not necessarily a poor decision. Originality/value - Prior research demonstrates a tendency for specialization in VC investing. This paper examines the implications of adopting this strategy.