Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dependency Unification Grammar

This paper describes the analysis component of the language processing system PLAIN from the viewpoint of unification grammers. The principles of Dependency Unification grammar (DUG) are discussed. The computer language DRL (Dependency Representation Language) is introduced in which DUGs can be formulated. A unification-based parsing procedure is part of the formalism. PLAIN is implemented at the universities of Heidelberg, Bonn, Flensburg, Kiel, Zurich and Cambridge U.K.
REACT: An Approach for Capturing Rationale in Chat Messages

Developers' chat messages are a rich source of rationale behind development decisions. Rationale comprises valuable knowledge during software evolution for understanding and maintaining the software system. However, developers resist explicit methods for rationale capturing in practice, due to their intrusiveness and cognitive overhead. Aim: Our primary goal is to help developers capture rationale in chat messages with low effort. Further, we seek to encourage the collaborative capturing of rationale in development teams. Method: In this paper, we present REACT, a lightweight approach for annotating chat messages that contain rationale. To evaluate the feasibility of REACT, we conducted two studies. In the first study, we evaluated the approach with eleven development teams during a short-term design task. In the second study, we evaluated the approach with one development team over a duration of two months. In addition, we distributed a questionnaire to both studies' participants. Results: Our results show that REACT is easily learned and used by developers. Furthermore, it encourages the collaborative capturing of rationale. Remarkably, the majority of participants do not perceive privacy as a barrier when capturing rationale from their informal communication. Conclusions: REACT is a first step towards enhancing rationale capturing in developers' chat messages.
The role of middle managers in knowledge management implementation for innovation enhancement

Understanding the role of middle managers in the context of knowledge management and innovation is crucial for contemporary organizations. In today's business environment, knowledge management has become as a lifeline of organizations. However, the complexity of knowledge management implementation has increased gradually due to unclear relationship between the role of middle managers and successful KM implementation. Furthermore, there is also a lack of an integrated framework for KM implementation. With this in mind, we attempted to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the relationships among middle managers role, knowledge management implementation and innovation.The research framework of the present study is developed based on holistic theory of knowledge, and resource-based view and knowledge-based view theories. In addition, this study seeks to ascertain the influence of knowledge management implementation on innovation. The study found that middle managers role is indeed very imperative in determining the successful implementation of knowledge management, which is directly correlated to innovation enhancement.
Flexible Data Access Control Based on Trust and Reputation in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing offers a new way of services and has become a popular service platform. Storing user data at a cloud data center greatly releases storage burden of user devices and brings access convenience. Due to distrust in cloud service providers, users generally store their crucial data in an encrypted form. But in many cases, the data need to be accessed by other entities for fulfilling an expected service, e.g., an eHealth service. How to control personal data access at cloud is a critical issue. Various application scenarios request flexible control on cloud data access based on data owner policies and application demands. Either data owners or some trusted third parties or both should flexibly participate in this control. However, existing work hasn't yet investigated an effective and flexible solution to satisfy this demand. On the other hand, trust plays an important role in data sharing. It helps overcoming uncertainty and avoiding potential risks. But literature still lacks a practical solution to control cloud data access based on trust and reputation. In this paper, we propose a scheme to control data access in cloud computing based on trust evaluated by the data owner and/or reputations generated by a number of reputation centers in a flexible manner by applying Attribue-Based Encryption and Proxy Re-Encryption. We integrate the concept of context-aware trust and reputation evaluation into a cryptographic system in order to support various control scenarios and strategies. The security and performance of our scheme are evaluated and justified through extensive analysis, security proof, comparison and implementation. The results show the efficiency, flexibility and effectiveness of our scheme for data access control in cloud computing.
Mineralocorticoid receptor activation and oxidative stress.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been extensively used in studies of hypertension for decades. More recently, a leptin receptor–deficient SHR (SHR/NDmer-cp; SHR/cp) has been developed as a model for the human metabolic syndrome, characterized by elevated blood pressure, visceral obesity, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. In this issue of Hypertension Nagase et al1 have used the SHR/cp to explore the role of oxidative stress and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation on the renal damage that follows a forced high salt intake. The authors have examined an impressive array of markers of renal structural and functional damage, and show that the antioxidant tempol (partially) and the selective MR antagonist eplerenone (completely) block the renal damage caused by 8% NaCl as drinking solution. In sodium deficiency states aldosterone levels are very high, and MR is very much activated, as evidenced by high levels of sodium retention; in such circumstances, however, no vascular or tubular damage is seen. In contrast, when mineralocorticoid levels are inappropriately high for sodium status—in Conn’s syndrome or experimentally (DOC/salt, aldo/salt rat models)—progressive vascular damage occurs in tissues, some of which are classic aldosterone targets (eg, kidney) and others are not (eg, heart). How MR activation in salt deficiency is homeostatic, whereas in sodium loading it is unambiguously deleterious, is a key question yet to be answered. The data in the Nagase et al article show first that the deleterious effects of salt loading are absolutely dependent on MR activation. Secondly, they …
Trends in PCI volume after negative results from the COURAGE trial.

OBJECTIVE To describe trends in the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following the COURAGE trial, which found that medical therapy is as effective as PCI for patients with stable angina. DATA SOURCES We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey; inpatient and outpatient discharge data from Florida, Maryland, and New Jersey; and the English Hospital Episode Statistics database. STUDY DESIGN We report trends in PCI volume by diagnosis (stable angina vs. unstable angina or AMI) before and after publication of the COURAGE trial. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The number of PCIs in patients without a diagnosis of AMI or unstable angina in Florida, Maryland, and New Jersey declined from 48,000 in 2006 to 40,000 in 2008 (-17 percent). There was no change in the number of PCIs in patients with a diagnosis of AMI. We observed similar patterns in U.S. community hospitals. PCI volume did not decline in England. CONCLUSIONS PCI volume declined after publication of the COURAGE trial. The experience of the COURAGE trial suggests that comparative effectiveness research can lead to cost-saving changes in medical practice patterns. However, there are many patients with stable coronary disease who continue to receive PCI post-COURAGE.
Pipelined Mixed Precision Algorithms on FPGAs for Fast and Accurate PDE Solvers from Low Precision Components

FPGAs are becoming more and more attractive for high precision scientific computations. One of the main problems in efficient resource utilization is the quadratically growing resource usage of multipliers depending on the operand size. Many research efforts have been devoted to the optimization of individual arithmetic and linear algebra operations. In this paper the authors take a higher level approach and seek to reduce the intermediate computational precision on the algorithmic level by optimizing the accuracy towards the final result of an algorithm. In our case this is the accurate solution of partial differential equations (PDEs). Using the Poisson problem as a typical PDE example the authors show that most intermediate operations can be computed with floats or even smaller formats and only very few operations (e.g. 1%) must be performed in double precision to obtain the same accuracy as a full double precision solver. Thus the FPGA can be configured with many parallel float rather than few resource hungry double operations. To achieve this, the authors adapt the general concept of mixed precision iterative refinement methods to FPGAs and develop a fully pipelined version of the conjugate gradient solver. The authors combine this solver with different iterative refinement schemes and precision combinations to obtain resource efficient mappings of the pipelined algorithm core onto the FPGA
The specific T-cell response to antigenic peptides is influenced by bystander peptides

T lymphocytes recognize antigens in the form of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the cell surface. Only a small proportion of MHC class I and class II molecules are loaded with foreign antigenic peptides; the vast majority are loaded with thousands of different self peptides. It was suggested that MHC molecules presenting self peptides may serve either to decrease (antagonistic effect) or increase (synergistic effect) the T cell response to a specific antigen. Here, we present our finding that transfected mouse fibroblasts presenting a single antigenic peptide covalently bound to a class II MHC molecule stimulated specific mouse T cell hybridoma cells to an interleukin-2 response less efficiently than fibroblasts presenting a similar amount of antigenic peptide in the presence of class II molecules loaded with heterogenous bystander peptides.
Design of Interpolation Functions for Subpixel-Accuracy Stereo-Vision Systems

Traditionally, subpixel interpolation in stereo-vision systems was designed for the block-matching algorithm. During the evaluation of different interpolation strategies, a strong correlation was observed between the type of the stereo algorithm and the subpixel accuracy of the different solutions. Subpixel interpolation should be adapted to each stereo algorithm to achieve maximum accuracy. In consequence, it is more important to propose methodologies for interpolation function generation than specific function shapes. We propose two such methodologies based on data generated by the stereo algorithms. The first proposal uses a histogram to model the environment and applies histogram equalization to an existing solution adapting it to the data. The second proposal employs synthetic images of a known environment and applies function fitting to the resulted data. The resulting function matches the algorithm and the data as best as possible. An extensive evaluation set is used to validate the findings. Both real and synthetic test cases were employed in different scenarios. The test results are consistent and show significant improvements compared with traditional solutions.
Contamination and exclusion in the σ Orionis young group

We present radial velocities for 38 low-mass candidate members of the σ Orionis young group. We have measured their radial velocities by cross-correlation of high-resolution (R ≈ 6000) AF2/Wide Field Fibre Optical Spectrograph (WYFFOS) spectra of the gravity-sensitive Na I doublet at 8183, 8195 A. The total sample contained 117 objects, of which 54 have sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to detect Na I at an equivalent width of 3 A; however, we only detect Na I in 38 of these. This implies that very low-mass members of this young group display weaker Na I absorption than similarly aged objects in the Upper Scorpius OB association. We develop a technique to assess membership using radial velocities with a range of uncertainties that does not bias the selection when large uncertainties are present. The resulting membership probabilities are used to assess the issue of exclusion in photometric selections, and we find that very few members are likely to be excluded by such techniques. We also assess the level of contamination in the expected pre-main-sequence region of colour‐magnitude space brighter than I = 17. We find that contamination by non-members in the expected pre-main-sequence region of the colour‐magnitude diagram is small. We conclude that although radial velocity alone is insufficient to confirm membership, high signal-to-noise ratio observations of the Na I doublet provide the opportunity to use the strength of Na I absorption in concert with radial velocities to asses membership down to the lowest masses, where lithium absorption no longer distinguishes youth.
The Quest for EEG Power Band Correlation with ICA Derived fMRI Resting State Networks

The neuronal underpinnings of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state networks (RSNs) are still unclear. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, specifically the relation to the electrophysiological signal, we used simultaneous recordings of electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI during eyes open resting state (RS). Earlier studies using the EEG signal as independent variable show inconclusive results, possibly due to variability in the temporal correlations between RSNs and power in the low EEG frequency bands, as recently reported (Goncalves et al., 2006, 2008; Meyer et al., 2013). In this study we use three different methods including one that uses RSN timelines as independent variable to explore the temporal relationship of RSNs and EEG frequency power in eyes open RS in detail. The results of these three distinct analysis approaches support the hypothesis that the correlation between low EEG frequency power and BOLD RSNs is instable over time, at least in eyes open RS.
WikiWars: A New Corpus for Research on Temporal Expressions

The reliable extraction of knowledge from text requires an appropriate treatment of the time at which reported events take place. Unfortunately, there are very few annotated data sets that support the development of techniques for event time-stamping and tracking the progression of time through a narrative. In this paper, we present a new corpus of temporally-rich documents sourced from English Wikipedia, which we have annotated with TIMEX2 tags. The corpus contains around 120000 tokens, and 2600 TIMEX2 expressions, thus comparing favourably in size to other existing corpora used in these areas. We describe the preparation of the corpus, and compare the profile of the data with other existing temporally annotated corpora. We also report the results obtained when we use DANTE, our temporal expression tagger, to process this corpus, and point to where further work is required. The corpus is publicly available for research purposes.
Mapping research on health systems in Europe: A bibliometric assessment

Objective: Europe's health care decision-makers are facing an increasingly complex and rapidly changing landscape. It is crucial that health care problems are addressed with evidence-informed policy and that evidence finding is aimed at those topics most urgent on policy agendas. Research on health systems addresses the macro-level of health care delivery and aims at generating evidence for policy-making. Our aim was to assess the field of health systems research in Europe, primarily based on an analysis of the published literature. Methods: Starting from current definitions of health systems, during 2004-09 we identified four thematic areas for research and defined keywords to construct a sensitive literature search limited to European research. Results: The database search resulted in 26,945 hits between 2004-09. Until 2008, the annual number of publications on health systems research increased at an average rate of 5.2%. Most (88%) were in English. The largest producer of research on health systems has been the UK (nearly 10,000 in six years; 37% of the total for Europe), which is also the country most frequently the object of research. In contrast, seven countries had produced no publications. There were modest correlations between a country's research production and its gross domestic product (r 5 0.62) but less so with its population size (0.33). The most frequent keywords were ‘patients’ (49% of all references), ‘patient satisfaction’ (27%), ‘organization and administration’ (23%), ‘education’ (19%) and ‘attitude of health personnel’ (13%). Closer inspection of a sub-sample of 1000 abstracts revealed that only 24% met our definition of ‘health systems research’ rather than other fields of health services research. Conclusion: There is a wide-spread need to develop health systems research capacity, in particular in eastern European countries, and to address the effects of health care reform, particularly the effects of privatization and commercialization of health services.
Invisible computing: automatically using the many bits of data we create

As we go about our work and our daily lives, we leave a trail of bits behind. Every electronic device we interact with can keep a record of our actions. Even the devices themselves can keep track of their location and radio interactions, even without user involvement. The challenge of invisible computing is to make this wealth of data useful. This paper presents two examples of what has come to be known as ‘invisible computing’, namely, devices recording, distilling and rendering these many bits of data without unduly taxing human users. The first example is focused on a work environment. Labscape automates the record keeping required of experimenters in a cell biology laboratory. The second example looks at more ad hoc interactions. RFID Ecosystem is a collection of radio-frequency identification (RFID) readers and databases that collect the sightings of passive RFID tags, attached to people and objects, as they move throughout a large building. It provides services such as people and object finding as well as diary keeping.
Preclinical Studies of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Administration in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background In the last two decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been pre-clinically utilized in the treatment of a variety of kinds of diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the current study was to systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis on the published pre-clinical studies of MSC administration in the treatment of COPD in animal models. Methods and Results A systematic search of electronic databases was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 3). The pooled Hedges’s g with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) was adopted to assess the effect size. Random effect model was used due to the heterogeneity between the studies. A total of 20 eligible studies were included in the current systematic review. The overall meta-analysis showed that MSC administration was significantly in favor of attenuating acute lung injury (Hedges’s g = -2.325 ± 0.145 with 95% CI: -2.609 ~ -2.040, P < 0.001 for mean linear intercept, MLI; Hedges’s g = -3.488 ± 0.504 with 95% CI: -4.476 ~ -2.501, P < 0.001 for TUNEL staining), stimulating lung tissue repair (Hedges’s g = 3.249 ± 0.586 with 95% CI: 2.103~ 4.394, P < 0.001) and improving lung function (Hedges’s g = 2.053 ± 0.408 with 95% CI: 1.253 ~ 2.854, P< 0.001). The mechanism of MSC therapy in COPD is through ameliorating airway inflammation (Hedges’s g = -2.956 ± 0.371 with 95% CI: -3.683 ~ -2.229, P< 0.001) and stimulating cytokine synthesis that involves lung tissue repair (Hedges’s g = 3.103 ± 0.734 with 95% CI: 1.664 ~ 4.541, P< 0.001). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest a promising role for MSCs in COPD treatment. Although the COPD models may not truly mimic COPD patients, these pre-clinical studies demonstrate that MSC hold promise in the treatment of chronic lung diseases including COPD. The mechanisms of MSCs role in preclinical COPD treatment may be associated with attenuating airway inflammation as well as stimulating lung tissue repair.
FlySanDiego: a web-aware 3D interactive regional information system

Communication of regional geographic information to the population as a whole should be a municipal priority, but sadly it is not. From traffic patterns to weather information to emergency information to proposed highways, a city or county has, in electronic form, all of this useful information and more. With the ubiquity of web browsers and the arrival of online 3D graphics technologies such as VRML and Java 3D,this information could and should be made available. By using Java andJava3D, the rendering power of an OpenGL-type application can be combined with multithreading, allowing a program to invisibly access data sets from Internet sites with dedicated threads while processing user interaction with another. Any type of relevant data can be transformed into a three-dimensional interpretation and mapped over the terrain that the user is analyzing. This prototype is designed to be extremely extensible and expandable in order to accommodate future revisions and/or portability. This paper discusses the issues surrounding the creation of such a model, along with challenges, problems, and solutions.
Graphene and related two-dimensional materials: Structure-property relationships for electronics and optoelectronics

The exfoliation and identification of the two-dimensional (2D) single atomic layer of carbon have opened the opportunity to explore graphene and related 2D materials due to their unique properties. 2D materials are regarded as one of the most exciting solutions for next generation electronics and optoelectronics in the technological evolution of semiconductor technology. In this review, we focus on the core concept of “structure-property relationships” to explain the state-of-the-art of 2D materials and summarize the unique electrical and light-matter interaction properties in 2D materials. Based on this, we discuss and analyze the structural properties of 2D materials, such as defects and dopants, the number of layers, composition, phase, strain, and other structural characteristics, which could significantly alter the properties of 2D materials and hence affect the performance of semiconductor devices. In particular, the building blocks principles and potential electronic and optoelectronic applications.