Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Maxillary Bone Invasion in Hard Palate/Upper Alveolus Cancer: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study

Simple Summary Pathological bone invasion is an independent, poor prognostic factor in oral cancer, and accurate prediction of bone invasion is critical to the prognosis estimation and treatment decision. Many previous studies on bone invasion of oral cancer have focused on mandibular invasion, but there have been relatively few reports about the maxillary bone invasion (MBI) of hard palate/upper alveolus (HP/UA) cancer. Therefore, we have attempted to design a prediction model for MBI using several radiological and clinical variables of HP/UA cancer. We found that computerized tomography (CT) alone predicted MBI, with a discrimination ability of 77.9%. Meanwhile, the discrimination performance was increased up to 91.1% in a prediction model including CT findings, tumor dimensions, clinical factors (male sex, nodal metastasis), and maximal standardized uptake value of positron emission tomography/CT. In addition, the scoring system using these variables clearly distinguished low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups for MBI in HP/UA cancer. Abstract Background: maxillary bone invasion (MBI) is not uncommon in hard palate or upper alveolus (HP/UA) cancer; however, there have been relatively few reports about the MBI of HP/UA cancer. Patients and Methods: this was a multi-center retrospective study, enrolling 144 cases of HP/UA cancer. MBI was defined by surgical pathology or radiology follow-up. The multiple prediction models for MBI were developed in total cases and in cases having primary bone resection, using clinical and radiological variables. Results: computerized tomography (CT) alone predicted MBI, with an area under receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.779 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.712–0.847). The AUC was increased in a model that combined tumor dimensions and clinical factors (male sex and nodal metastasis) (0.854 (95%CI = 0.790–0.918)). In patients who underwent 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT), the discrimination performance of a model including the maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) had an AUC of 0.911 (95%CI = 0.847–0.975). The scoring system using CT finding, tumor dimension, and clinical factors, with/without PET/CT SUVmax clearly distinguished low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups for MBI. Conclusion: using information from CT, tumor dimension, clinical factors, and the SUVmax value, the MBI of HP/UA cancer can be predicted with a relatively high discrimination performance.
Helium Bubbling in the Molten Salt Fast Reactor

With world-wide energy demands ever increasing and global warming posing ever greater problems to human habitation on Earth, new, renewable energy sources are in great demand. Often excluded from this list of gashouseemission free energy sources is nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is generated from the fission reaction of fissile materials, most commonly Uranium-235. To expand the range of materials usable for nuclear fission, the SAMOSAFER (Severe Accident MOdelling and Safety Assesment for Fluid-fuel Energy Reactors) project is working on the development of a Generation-IV reactor called the Molten Salt Fast Reactor (MSFR). The project is connected to a great many universities, research groups, institutions and companies world-wide. The great objective is to have the MSFR operational by 2050. In this research, the aim is to investigate one aspect of the MSFR, namely the removal of solid reaction products from the fuel salt, to avoid the poisoning of the reaction and corrosion of the reactor core. The removal of the noble metal nanoparticles and gaseous fission products is done through helium bubbling. In this research, a simulant fluid with similar viscosity to the fuel salt and fluorescent nanoparticles will be used to measure the particle extraction rate in a bubble column using three different extraction methods. The measurements are done using the Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique, where a laser is formed into a sheet, which illuminates a single layer of the bubble column. The fluorescent particles in this layer absorp the laser light and emit another wavelength, which is then led through a selective filter to a time-gated camera and formed into an image. The images are processed and calibrated to determine the particle concentration before, during and after bubbling. The results show that none of the three used extraction methods, the evaporation of particles at the fluid-air interface, the use of a Hallimond tube and the use of filter paper, is effective in neither water nor the simulant aqueous glycerol as no significant decrease in particle concentration could be found. However, it was found that it is possible to correct images taken while bubbling for the reflections of fluorescent light, which enables the comparison between images taken while bubbling and images taken while the fluid is at rest.
Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties

We use policy discontinuities at state borders to identify the effects of minimum wages on earnings and employment in restaurants and other low-wage sectors. Our approach generalizes the case study method by considering all local differences in minimum wage policies between 1990 and 2006. We compare all contiguous county pairs in the United States that straddle a state border and find no adverse employment effects. We show that traditional approaches that do not account for local economic conditions tend to produce spurious negative effects due to spatial heterogeneities in employment trends that are unrelated to minimum wage policies. Our findings are robust to allowing for long-term effects of minimum wage changes.
A Systematic Mapping of Literature on Software Refactoring Tools

Refactoring consists of improving the internal structure of the code without changing the external behavior of a software system. However, the task of refactoring is very costly in the development of an information system. Thus, many tools have been proposed to support refactoring the source code. In order to find tools cited in the literature, this work presents a Systematic Literature Mapping about refactoring. As a result, this paper summarizes the refactoring tools that have been published in the last 5 years in terms of the tool profiles developed, which programming languages have support for refactoring and which are the main refactoring strategies that are handled by tools. It has been identified that publications on refactoring have remained constant over the past 5 years. Also, most of the refactoring works describe tools, being they for systems written in the Java language, that perform code refactoring automatically and the main refactorings are: Move Method, Pull Up Method, Extract Class and Code Clone. Finally, we performed an analysis of the data returned by the DBLP library. As a result, it was observed that the papers returned by the DBLP have a high level of similarity with the other research bases studied.
Monitoring water stable isotopic composition in soils using gas‐permeable tubing and infrared laser absorption spectroscopy

In soils, the isotopic composition of water (δ2H and δ18O) provides qualitative (e.g., location of the evaporation front) and quantitative (e.g., evaporation flux and root water uptake depths) information. However, the main disadvantage of the isotope methodology is that contrary to other soil state variables that can be monitored over long time periods, δ2H and δ18O are typically analyzed following destructive sampling. Here we present a nondestructive method for monitoring soil liquid water δ2H and δ18O over a wide range of water availability conditions and temperatures by sampling water vapor equilibrated with soil water using gas‐permeable polypropylene tubing and a cavity ring‐down laser absorption spectrometer. By analyzing water vapor δ2H and δ18O sampled with the tubing from a fine sand for temperatures ranging between 8°C and 24°C, we demonstrate that our new method is capable of monitoring δ2H and δ18O in soils online with high precision and after calibration, also with high accuracy. Our sampling protocol enabled detecting changes of δ2H and δ18O following nonfractionating addition and removal of liquid water and water vapor of different isotopic compositions. Finally, the time needed for the tubing to monitor these changes is compatible with the observed variations of δ2H and δ18O in soils under natural conditions.
Modeling Implantable Passive Mechanisms for Modifying the Transmission of Forces and Movements Between Muscle and Tendons

This paper explores the development of biomechanical models for evaluating a new class of passive mechanical implants for orthopedic surgery. The proposed implants take the form of passive engineered mechanisms, and will be used to improve the functional attachment of muscles to tendons and bone by modifying the transmission of forces and movement inside the body. Specifically, we present how two types of implantable mechanisms may be modeled in the open-source biomechanical software OpenSim. The first implant, which is proposed for hand tendon-transfer surgery, differentially distributes the forces and movement from one muscle across multiple tendons. The second implant, which is proposed for knee-replacement surgery, scales up the forces applied to the knee joint by the quadriceps muscle. This paper's key innovation is that such mechanisms have never been considered before in biomechanical simulation modeling and in surgery. When compared with joint function enabled by the current surgical practice of using sutures to make the attachment, biomechanical simulations show that the surgery with 1) the differential mechanism (tendon network) implant improves the fingers' ability to passively adapt to an object's shape significantly during grasping tasks (2.74× as measured by the extent of finger flexion) for the same muscle force, and 2) the force-scaling implant increases knee-joint torque by 84% for the same muscle force. The critical significance of this study is to provide a methodology for the design and inclusion of the implants into biomechanical models and validating the improvement in joint function they enable when compared with current surgical practice.
Effects of stratospheric sulfate aerosol geo‐engineering on cirrus clouds

Cooling the Earth through the injection of sulphate into the stratosphere is one of the most discussed geo‐engineering (GE) schemes. Stratospheric aerosols can sediment into the troposphere, modify the aerosol composition and thus might impact cirrus clouds. We use a global climate model with a physically based parametrization for cirrus clouds in order to investigate possible microphysical and dynamical effects. We find that enhanced stratospheric aerosol loadings as proposed by several GE approaches will likely lead to a reduced ice crystal nucleation rate and thus optically thinner cirrus clouds. These optically thinner cirrus clouds exert a strong negative cloud forcing in the long‐wave which contributes by 60% to the overall net GE forcing. This shows that indirect effects of stratospheric aerosols on cirrus clouds may be important and need to be considered in order to estimate the maximum cooling derived from stratospheric GE.
Magnetite-bearing zones in metasediments at Broken Hill, Australia: signatures of black smokers?

High-quality aeromagnetic data show linear magnetic zones within generally non-magnetic metasediments of the Broken Hill and Sundown Groups in the medium- to high-grade metamorphic Willyama Supergroup at Broken Hill, Australia. On-ground investigations show that these anomalies are generated by small amounts of magnetite within the metasediments. The magnetite concentrations are controlled by bedding and transgressed by schistosity. At the outcrop scale, the bedding-parallel nature of the magnetite concentrations is illustrated by decimetre-scale mapping with a magnetic susceptibility meter. At a 1:25 000 scale, there are areas where the relationship between magnetic anomalies and bedding is either unclear or apparently transgressive. Resolution of such situations requires an order of magnitude more detail in both the magnetic data and the geological mapping. This was provided by ground magnetometer surveying, magnetic susceptibility meter surveying and detailed lithological and structural mapping. In the areas studied, no evidence was found for genuinely transgressive relationships between magnetite concentrations and bedding. On a microscopic scale, the magnetite grains are independent of the other main Fe-bearing minerals with no replacement of garnet or biotite by magnetite. Thus, the magnetite did not result from influx of an oxidising fluid during or after high-grade metamorphism. Given that the magnetite concentrations are bedding-parallel and that the magnetite grains are not the result of replacement of ferrous iron-bearing minerals, it is concluded that the magnetite (or its ferric iron precursor) was an original component of the metasediments in these zones. The magnetite does not form clusters as expected with detrital magnetite. The magnetite-bearing zones can be either pelitic or psammitic, so it appears there was not a porosity/permeability control. The most likely origin for the magnetite or its precursor is a rain of particles onto the seafloor from an overlying oxidised water column. Such particles may have been derived from distal plumes resulting from spent orebody-forming fluids. The close relationship in places, between banded iron formation and magnetite-bearing metasediment zones supports this suggestion. Magnetite in metasediments close to the base of Sundown Group may have resulted from spent fluids related to formation of the Broken Hill orebody. However, there are magnetite-bearing metasediment zones within the Broken Hill Group and also stratigraphically higher in the Sundown Group that may be related to as yet undiscovered orebodies. The detailed lithological and structural mapping resulted in some new insights into the structural behaviour of Willyama Supergroup metasediments. In the Yanco Glen southeast area, the distribution of lithologies is largely controlled by D2 shears, producing a series of slices that resemble bedding on aerial photographs. In the Monuments area, D2 shears also control the distribution of lithologies, but extensive melting of psammites and flow parallel to S2 is an added feature.
ALOS PALSAR Analysis of the Archaeological Site of Pelusium

An analysis of the archaeological site of Pelusium on the northeastern edge of the Nile Delta, Egypt, was carried out using phased array type L‐band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR) data. The aim was to assess the potential of PALSAR to identify buried archaeological structures. The 18 PALSAR images acquired in various polarimetric modes were obtained for the analysis through a European Space Agency Category‐1 project. Processing included co‐registration and summation of images for each polarimetric mode in order to reduce speckle. The summed images were then compared with each other and with optical imagery to identify any features that may be of archaeological interest. Features identified on the summed images were also viewed in the individual images to assess their ephemeral nature. One image was available in quadrupole polarization (quad‐pol) mode with which polarimetric analysis was undertaken, including extraction of target decompositions and analysis of the scattering characteristics of the study area. Linear and geometric features that may be archaeological structures were visible in the processed SAR imagery. Possible palaeolandscape features were also identified. Some of these are visible in the optical imagery, but not clearly delineated. The results of the polarimetric analysis show that single‐bounce scattering dominates over the study area, and that over the sandy regions the signal is much weaker in all polarizations, with mixed scattering. Although the spatial resolution did not enable clear identification and characterization of the physical scattering properties of small‐scale features, the PALSAR data demonstrate a capability to highlight features that become almost invisible in optical imagery at the synoptic scale (even if they are visible up close) leading to the conclusion that PALSAR may be a useful tool in the first stages of archaeological surveys to analyse the spatial pattern of features, and identify where to focus smaller scale surveys in areas with land cover similar to that of the study area. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY

Autism and the related pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are characterized by patterns of delay and deviance in the development of social, communicative, and cognitive skills, which arise in the first years of life. Although frequently associated with mental retardation these conditions are distinctive in terms of their course and treatment. These conditions have a wide range of syndrome expression and their management presents particular challenges for clinicians. Individuals with these conditions can present for clinical care at any point in development. The multiple developmental and behavioral problems associated with these conditions often require the care of multiple providers; coordination of services and advocacy for individuals and their families is important. Early, sustained intervention is indicated as is the use of various treatment modalities (e.g., pharmacotherapy, special education, speechcommunication therapy, and behavior modification).
Fatigue prognosis in composites: a bayesian framework

FATIGUE PROGNOSIS IN COMPOSITES: A BAYESIAN FRAMEWORK Anticipating and characterizing the damage induced by fatigue loadings is a challenging problem in the composites science and technology. In contrast to metals, fatigue degradation of composites is presented since the initial stages of the process leading to a decrease in the mechanical performance. The literature covers a large number of fatigue models for composites, the majority of them are only valid in their experimental conditions. In this thesis a novel bayesian inverse strategy to reconstruct fatigue damage over lifetime is proposed. This model has been developed to be extensible to different material configurations and loading conditions, in a coherent statistical sense. Finally this result has led to a bayesian model class selection, by which it is possible to select the most plausible model parameterization. The proposed methodology has been validated against fatigue damage data. This bayesian framework has shown versatility to take into account all possible information about data, models and the relation between them. The updated information inserted into the reliability problem is shown to confer a way to considered the long term reliability without the need to make hypothesis for time to failure.
Long-term Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination on Infection Rates, Cervical Abnormalities, and Cancer Incidence

Background: Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16/18 is being implemented in many countries. There may be indirect benefit of HPV vaccination to nonvaccinated women, who may experience a reduced risk of infection with vaccine-preventable types (herd immunity). We attempt to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of HPV vaccination, while accounting for 14 oncogenic HPV types in a dynamic modeling framework. Methods: On the basis of vaccine uptake among preadolescent girls in the Netherlands, we calculated how heterosexual transmission of HPV-16/18 is expected to change as a result of vaccination, and used these predictions in an individual-based simulation model of cervical carcinogenesis that considers 14 high-risk HPV types. Models were parameterized to match prevaccine data on type-specific HPV infection and cervical disease. Results: At 50% vaccine coverage, the estimated lifetime infection risk in nonvaccinated women dropped from 0.69 (95% credible interval = 0.50–0.85) to 0.49 (0.32–0.68) for HPV-16, and from 0.68 (0.46–0.79) to 0.43 (0.26–0.57) for HPV-18. For the whole population, we calculated an eventual 47% reduction in cervical cancer incidence, with 1 in 4 cases prevented among nonvaccinated women. The number of indirectly averted cancer cases was highest with vaccine coverage between 50% and 70%, approximating 70 cases per 100,000 women born from 2010 onward. Conclusions: HPV-16/18 vaccination of preadolescent girls will markedly lower infection rates among nonvaccinated women. Reduced transmission of vaccine-preventable HPV becomes a prominent aspect of cervical cancer control, especially in populations with moderate vaccine coverage.
Study on Dynamic Response of Inclined Pile Group Foundation under Earthquake Action

With the development of all types of new special-shaped arch bridges, the deformation of the pile foundation of special-shaped steel arch bridges has a great influence on the superstructure, and the requirements for it are strict. In addition, the force of the inclined pile group under an earthquake is complicated. In this paper, based on the Zhuhai Jindao Bridge project, the finite element numerical model is established in order to study the dynamic response and parameter influence law of an inclined straight pile group foundation under earthquake action. After a thorough analysis of the results of the simulation, it was found that under the action of an earthquake, the inclination angle of inclined piles has a significant influence on the seismic ability of pile group foundations. When the inclination angle of an inclined pile is 5°, the ability of the inclined pile group foundation to resist deformation can be effectively improved, and the load distribution of the pile top is more reasonable.
Do Concurrent Multiple Infections with High-Risk HPVs Carry a More Malignant Potential than a Single Infection in the Uterine Cervix?

The high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been known as the most important carcinogen in uterine cervical carcinoma. However, there is limited evidence of the malignant potential of these concurrent multiple infections. This study included women who had undergone cervical conization. They underwent an HPV test by cervical swab within 12 months before the surgery. They were divided into two groups: one with a single infection with HR-HPV16 and the other with concurrent multiple infections with HR-HPVs, including genotype 16. Pathologic examination classified cases as CIS+ to assess and compare the malignant potential in both groups, including carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive carcinoma. Of the 220 patients infected with HR-HPV16, the single infection group consisted of 120 patients (54.5%), whereas the concurrent multiple infections consisted of 100 (45.5%) patients. The rates of HSIL were significantly higher in the concurrent multiple infection group. However, the odds ratio for CIS+ did not show a significant difference between both groups (1.417, 95% CI = 0.831–2.414, p = 0.200). The malignant potential was not significantly different between concurrent multiple infections with HR-HPVs, including 16, and a single infection with 16 in Korean women.