Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FDI AND POVERTY REDUCTION: A CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL OF THE ARGUMENTS

Over the last two decades, enormous efforts have been made by developing countries to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). It is commonly agreed upon that, by accelerating economic growth, FDI is a determining feature in poverty reduction. This paper argues that this view needs to be qualified by considering the stylistic facts and existing empirical evidence on the contribution of FDI to growth and poverty reduction. Echoing work by trade economists on the impact of trade on poverty reduction, a simplified framework is suggested which breaks down the influence of FDI into its "growth enhancing" and "distributional" effects. Contrary to the (now) conventional wisdom, little evidence is found that FDI is a major instrument for poverty reduction.
Transcription Profiling-Based Identification ofStaphylococcus aureus Genes Regulated by the agrand/or sarA Loci

ABSTRACT The advent of transcription profiling technologies has provided researchers with an unprecedented ability to study biological processes. Accordingly, a custom-made Affymetrix GeneChip, constituting >86% of the Staphylococcus aureus genome, was used to identify open reading frames that are regulated by agrand/or SarA, the two best-studied regulators of the organism's virulence response. RNA extracted from wild-type cells andagr, sarA, and agr sarAmutant cells in the early-, mid-, and late-log and stationary phases of growth was analyzed. Open reading frames with transcription patterns expected of genes either up- or downregulated in anagr- and/or SarA-dependent manner were identified. Oligonucleotide microarray and Northern blot analyses confirmed that the transcription of several known virulence genes, includinghla (alpha-toxin) and spa (protein A), is regulated by each effector and provided insights about the regulatory cascades involved in both alpha-hemolysin and protein A expression. Several putative virulence factors were also identified as regulated byagr and/or SarA. In addition, genes that are involved in several biological processes but which are difficult to reconcile as playing a direct role in the organism's pathogenesis also appeared to be regulated by each effector, suggesting that products of both the agr and the sarA locus are more-global transcription regulators than previously realized.
Spreading speeds and traveling wave solutions in cooperative integral-differential systems

We study a cooperative system of integro-differential equations. It is shown that the system in general has multiple spreading speeds, and when the linear determinacy conditions are satisfied all the spreading speeds are the same and equal to the spreading speed of the linearized system. The existence of traveling wave solutions is established via integral systems. It is shown that when the linear determinacy conditions are satisfied, if the unique spreading speed is not zero then it may be characterized as the slowest speed of a class of traveling wave solutions. Some examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Integration Challenges and Tradeoffs for Tera-scale Architectures I l ® chnology

Tera-scale processors promise to offer an unprecedented concentration of computing power and enable novel usages and applications. The computing power may be provided by a combination of general-purpose cores and special-purpose (fixed or programmable) computing engines. Further, Moore’s law enables the integration of additional system resources to the processor die. However, the realization of tera-scale architecture is challenged by on-die power dissipation, wire delays, off-chip memory bandwidth, process variations, and higher failure rates. These challenges create opportunities for architectural innovation. One of the ways to address these challenges is through the use of a “tiled” architecture: the die is divided into a large number of identical or close-to-identical, tiles that are interconnected using a scalable and energy-efficient interconnect. This modular approach enables ease of layout and rapid integration of different blocks. Limited off-chip memory bandwidth requires innovations in the cache hierarchy, memory subsystem, and coherence protocol. We present an architectural vision for the tera-scale processors and discuss the performance, scalability, and manufacturability aspects of the uncore. We articulate key challenges and point to candidate solutions for these challenges.
A Survey on Obnoxious Facility Location Problems

Obnoxious location models are models in which customers no longer consider the facility desirable and try to have it as close as possible to their own location, but instead avoid the facility and stay away from it. Typical applications are optimal locations of nuclear reactors, garbage dumps, or water purification plants. This work presents a survey of mathematical models for undesirable location problems in the plane and particularly on networks; solution procedures are briefly described. A brief review of extensive (obnoxious) facility location problems in networks is also given. Finally critical aspects of existing models are identified and some directions for future search are suggested.
Investigation into the speech rhythm of two Saudi dialects using the SAAVB corpus

The speech rhythm of Arabic has been traditionally classified as stress-timed. Speech rhythm can be measured acoustically in terms of durational characteristics of consonantal and vocalic intervals. This paper calculates and analyses speech rhythm using the Saudi corpus SAAVB. Some variables, such as ΔV, ΔC and %V, are calculated and measured in detail. The experiment and results show that the metric of consonantal interval standard deviation, ΔC, demonstrates the speech rate clearly. Also, the ΔC and %V metrics can discriminate between hypothesized rhythm classes. The %V metric detects a significant similarity between females with the Riyadh and Buraidah dialects using question sentences. The ΔC, %V and ΔV metrics have a significant difference between question sentences and statement sentences. Finally, conclusions and a general discussion on speech rhythm metrics are given for SAAVB.
Corollary discharge inhibition and preservation of temporal information in a sensory nucleus of mormyrid electric fish

Knollenorgan electroreceptors in mormyrid fish are concerned with electrocommunication, i.e., with detecting electric organ discharges (EODs) of other electric fish. But knollenorgan electroreceptors are also activated by the fish's own EOD. Potential interference by such self-stimulation is blocked by an inhibitory corollary discharge in the nucleus of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (NELL), the first central relay of the knollenorgan pathway. This study used intracellular recording and staining to examine the mechanism of the corollary inhibition and the specializations in anatomy and physiology that permit the accurate relaying of temporal information about the EODs of other fish. Several events are recorded inside primary knollenorgan afferents in addition to a large orthodromic action potential. The additional events include small orthodromic electronic epsps, postsynaptic action potentials, and a corollary discharge inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp) associated with the EOD motor command. These additional events are also recorded in NELL cells and almost certainly originate there. Electrical coupling between afferents and cells makes it possible to observe the events inside primary afferents. The corollary discharge ipsp in the cell is associated with a conductance increase and inverts rapidly when recorded with chloride- containing electrodes, supporting a hypothesis of GABA mediation. The ipsp lasts longer in cells than in afferents. Each electrotonic excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) is probably caused by a single primary afferent, and any one of several epsps in a given cell seems capable of eliciting a postsynaptic spike in that cell. The epsps follow stimulation rates as high as 500/sec with minimal variability. No lateral inhibition is observed in NELL. These and other properties indicate that the knollenorgan pathway is specialized for temporal information rather than spatial or intensity information.
A New Phase in Annotation Tool Development at the Linguistic Data Consortium: The Evolution of the Annotation Graph Toolkit

The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) has created various annotated linguistic data for a variety of common task evaluation programs and projects to create shared linguistic resources. The majority of these annotated linguistic data were created with highly customized annotation tools developed at LDC. The Annotation Graph Toolkit (AGTK) has been used as a primary infrastructure for annotation tool development at LDC in recent years. Thanks to the direct feedback from annotation task designers and annotators in-house, annotation tool development at LDC has entered a new, more mature and productive phase. This paper describes recent additions to LDC's annotation tools that are newly developed or significantly improved since our last report at the Fourth International Conference on Language Resource and Evaluation Conference in 2004. These tools are either directly based on AGTK or share a common philosophy with other AGTK tools.
THE ABDUS SALAM INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS VISCO-ELASTIC SPECTRA OF A DILUTE BOSE FLUID

A recently developed local-density current functional formalism for confined Bose-condensed superfluids requires visco-elastic spectra which are defined through a finite-frequency extension of the dissipative coefficients entering the linearized hydrodynamic equations of the two-fluid model. We evaluate these spectra for a superfluid with contact interactions in the collisionless regime at finite temperature, by working to first order beyond the Bogolubov approximation. We find that within this approximation all the visco-elastic spectra take the same value apart from simple multiplicative factors. MIRAMARETRIESTE September 1998 1 Corresponding author. Tel. :+39-050-509058; Fax:+39-050-563513; E-mail: minguzzi® cibs.sns. it
The luminous infrared composite Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7679 through the [O III] λ 5007 emission line

Context. NGC 7679 (Mrk 534) is a nearby (z = 0.0177) nearly face-on SB0 luminous infrared Sy2 galaxy in which starburst and AGN activities co-exist. The ionization structure is maintained by both the AGN power-law continuum and starburst. The galaxy is a bright X-ray source possessing a low X-ray column density NH 55 eV ≈ 0.2−20 of the number Nph of photons traced by [O III] to the number Nion of highenergy ionizing photons and the presence of weak and elusive Hα broad wings indicate a hidden AGN. We conclude that the dust and gas in the high ionization direction PA ≈ 80 ◦ has a direct view to the central AGN engine. This possibly results in dust/star-formation decay. A large fraction of the unabsorbed Compton-thin Sy2s with [O III] luminosity >10 41 erg s −1 possesses a hidden AGN source.
Evidence for Apoptosis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rat Striatum

The overall hypothesis that cell death after intracerebral hemorrhage is mediated in part by apoptotic mechanisms was tested. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced in rats using stereotactic infusions of 0.5 U of collagenase (1-μL volume) into the striatum. After 24 hours, large numbers of TUNEL-positive stained cells with morphologies suggestive of apoptosis were present in the center and periphery of the hemorrhage. Double staining with Nissl and immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies against neuronal nuclei and glial fibrillary acidic protein suggested that these TUNEL-positive cells were mostly neurons and astrocytes. Electrophoresis of hemorrhagic brain extracts showed evidence of DNA laddering into ∼200-bp fragments. Western blots showed cleavage of the cytosolic caspase substrate gelsolin. The density of TUNEL-positive cells at 24 and 48 hours after hemorrhage was significantly reduced by treatment with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVADfmk. It was unlikely that apoptotic changes were due to neurotoxicity of injected collagenase because TUNEL-positive cells and DNA laddering were also obtained in an alternative model of hemorrhage where autologous blood was infused into the striatum. Furthermore, equivalent doses of collagenase did not induce cell death in primary neuronal cultures. These results provide initial evidence that apoptotic mechanisms may mediate some of the injury in brain after intracerebral hemorrhage.
A Critical Role for Astrocytes in Hypercapnic Vasodilation in Brain

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is controlled by arterial blood pressure, arterial CO2, arterial O2, and brain activity and is largely constant in the awake state. Although small changes in arterial CO2 are particularly potent to change CBF (1 mmHg variation in arterial CO2 changes CBF by 3%–4%), the coupling mechanism is incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that astrocytic prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) plays a key role for cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity, and that preserved synthesis of glutathione is essential for the full development of this response. We combined two-photon imaging microscopy in brain slices with in vivo work in rats and C57BL/6J mice to examine the hemodynamic responses to CO2 and somatosensory stimulation before and after inhibition of astrocytic glutathione and PgE2 synthesis. We demonstrate that hypercapnia (increased CO2) evokes an increase in astrocyte [Ca2+]i and stimulates COX-1 activity. The enzyme downstream of COX-1 that synthesizes PgE2 (microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1) depends critically for its vasodilator activity on the level of glutathione in the brain. We show that, when glutathione levels are reduced, astrocyte calcium-evoked release of PgE2 is decreased and vasodilation triggered by increased astrocyte [Ca2+]i in vitro and by hypercapnia in vivo is inhibited. Astrocyte synthetic pathways, dependent on glutathione, are involved in cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2. Reductions in glutathione levels in aging, stroke, or schizophrenia could lead to dysfunctional regulation of CBF and subsequent neuronal damage. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal activity leads to the generation of CO2, which has previously been shown to evoke cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases via the release of the vasodilator PgE2. We demonstrate that hypercapnia (increased CO2) evokes increases in astrocyte calcium signaling, which in turn stimulates COX-1 activity and generates downstream PgE2 production. We demonstrate that astrocyte calcium-evoked production of the vasodilator PgE2 is critically dependent on brain levels of the antioxidant glutathione. These data suggest a novel role for astrocytes in the regulation of CO2-evoked CBF responses. Furthermore, these results suggest that depleted glutathione levels, which occur in aging and stroke, will give rise to dysfunctional CBF regulation and may result in subsequent neuronal damage.
Serum luteinizing hormone level and luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio but not serum anti-Müllerian hormone level is related to ovarian volume in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between ovarian follicle count and volume on ultrasonography and serum hormone levels including the levels of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and gonadotropin in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods A total of 118 Korean women aged 18-35 years who were newly diagnosed with PCOS at a university hospital were included in this study. Serum LH, FSH, and AMH levels were measured in the early follicular phase, and the total antral follicle count (TFC) and the total ovarian volume (TOV) were assessed by ultrasonography. The correlations between serum hormonal parameters and ultrasonography characteristics in women with PCOS were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients and a linear regression analysis. Results Serum AMH levels were significantly correlated with serum LH levels and LH/FSH ratios, and TFC and TOV were significantly correlated with each other on ultrasonography. Serum AMH and LH levels and the LH/FSH ratio were significantly correlated with TFC. Statistically significant correlations between TOV and the LH level (r=0.208, p=0.024) and the LH/FSH ratio (r=0.237, p=0.010) were observed. However, the serum AMH level was not significantly correlated with the ovarian volume, and this result did not change after adjusting for age and body mass index. Conclusion Serum AMH is not related to the ovarian volume in women with PCOS. My results suggest that serum LH level and the LH/FSH ratio may be more useful than the serum AMH level for representing the status of the ovarian volume in women with PCOS.
Data security in cloud using RSA

The security of cloud computing has always been an important aspect of quality of service from cloud service providers. However, cloud computing poses many new security challenges which have not been well investigated. This paper focusing on issues relating to the cloud data storage methods and security in virtual environment. We propose a method for providing data storage and security in cloud using public key cryptosystem RSA. Further, describes the security services includes key generation, encryption and decryption in virtual environment.
Business Models of P 2 P Companies An outlook of P 2 P architecture usage in business today

The IT revolution has enabled common man to utilize the Internet resources extensively. The existing commonly used client/server architecture of the Internet has facilitated countless sources of information, exchanges and services in the cyberspace. The natural spread of these resources on the Internet, as well as emerging issues like scalability, authority and autonomy etc. are leading to the development of new alternative architectures for organizing information and effecting interaction. In this paper, we evaluate the ‘Peer to Peer’ (P2P) architecture and assess its application to the business world today. In particular, we identify the most important relevant attributes of the P2P model and look at selected implementations, which completely or partially use the architecture. The P2P model is still in its development phase, with many questions unanswered and a number of new emerging concerns. However, it is expected that things will change rapidly in future, as the technology develops further and incorporates more innovative ideas.
Musical fundamental frequency tracking using a pattern recognition method

In a recent article [J. C. Brown, ‘‘Calculation of a Constant Q Spectral Transform,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 425–434 (1991)], the calculation of a constant Q spectral transform that gives a constant pattern in the log frequency domain for sounds with harmonic frequency components has been described. This property has been utilized in calculating the cross‐correlation function of spectra of sounds produced by musical instruments with the ideal pattern, which consists of one’s at the positions of harmonic frequency components. Therefore, the position of the best approximation to the ‘‘ideal’’ pattern for the spectra produced by these instruments has been determined, and in so doing the fundamental frequency for that sound has been obtained. Results are presented for scales produced by the piano, flute, and violin as well as for arpeggios played by a wide variety of instruments.
New method for the characterization of three‐dimensional preferential flow paths in the field

Preferential flow path development in the field is the result of the complex interaction of multiple processes relating to the soil's structure, moisture condition, stress level, and biological activity. Visualizing and characterizing the cracking behavior and preferential paths evolution with soil depth has always been a key challenge and a major barrier against scaling up existing hydrologic concepts and models to account for preferential flows. This paper presents a new methodology to quantify soil preferential paths in the field using liquid latex. The evolution of the preferential flow paths at different soil depths and moisture conditions is assessed. Results from different soil series (Savage clay loam soil versus Chalmers clay loam) and different vegetation covers and soil managements (corn/tilled field versus soybean no‐till field in the Chalmers soil series) are presented.
BASiD - Biografiedaten ausgewählter Sozialversicherungsträger in Deutschland

"The Research Data Centre of the Federal Employment Agency in the Institute for Employment Research (FDZ BA/IAB) and the Research Data Centre of the German Pension Insurance (FDZ-RV) offer longitudinal individual-level datasets. These datasets contain on the one hand information of the social security notifications and on the other hand characteristics of the administrative procedures of both institutions. In each institution only information for accomplishment of their own current tasks is kept. The ambition of this project is to compile a common dataset which contains data of the RV and the BA respectively the IAB. The richness of information on individuals will be increased, through filling up gaps in the single data sources by using the information of the other data source, which will provide new potentials for scientific research. The combination of different data sources also supports the improvement of the quality of administrative records. The data are provided to the scientific community as a Scientific Use File as well as a weak anonymous dataset accessible by on-site use. This datareport describes the Biographical Data of selected Social Insurance Agencies in Germany (BASiD) 1951-2009. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Child Poverty in a Developing World

This short report presents the first ever scientific measurement of the extent and depth of child poverty in all the developing regions of the world. It represents a summary of a much larger research report on child poverty and child rights funded by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (Gordon et al 2001 2003). Full details of this research will be published in a future book on this subject. (excerpt)
Exploiting Bit-Level Delay Calculations to Soften Read-After-Write Dependences in Behavioral Synthesis

Conventional high-level synthesis (HLS) algorithms are very conservative when dealing with read-after-write (RAW) dependences, the execution of one operation is allowed once all its predecessors have been calculated. However, in the execution of arithmetic operations, some bits are required later than others, and some bits are produced earlier than others. This paper proposes a presynthesis optimization algorithm that relaxes RAW dependences, taking advantage of this feature for a more efficient HLS of data flow graphs formed by additions, multiplications, and logic operations. The presented preprocessor analyzes the critical path at bit granularity and splits the arithmetic operations into subword fragments. These fragments become the input to any regular HLS tool to speed up circuit execution times through scheduling in different cycles of the fragments obtained from the same original operation. This way, the execution of one operation may begin before the calculus of its predecessors has been completed. This becomes feasible when the execution of the predecessor has begun in the selected cycle or in a previous one, and even if it will finish in a posterior cycle. The experimental results that were carried out show that implementations obtained from the optimized specification are, on the average, 70% faster, with only slight variations in the data path area.