Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Study of Settings Marked by Severe Superior-Subordinate Conflict

We discuss several issues related to the study of an organizational setting that is marked by severe conflict between superiors and subordinates. The discus sion is based on our experiences during fieldwork conducted in an Indian R&D team which manifested such conflict. We also relate our discussion to the reports of other researchers who have studied similar settings. We first argue that for studying such a conflictive setting, a multi-method, qualitative approach (incorporating participant observation, informal inter views, etc.) is more effective in important respects than a survey mode of inquiry involving the one-off administration of questionnaires and formal inter views. We then discuss several problematic issues in doing fieldwork success fully in a conflictive setting. These include having to establish rapport with organizational members, maintain confidentiality of the identities of key informants, remain neutral, and conduct informal interviews discreetly in the setting. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of the field experience for future researchers of conflictive settings.
Reliable Objects : Lightweight Testing for OO Languages

0 7 4 0 7 4 5 9 / 0 1 / $ 1 0 . 0 0 © 2 0 0 1 I E E E don’t work well with an incremental, objectoriented development process. The standardization of semiformal modeling methods, such as UML, reveals the trend toward exactly this kind of process: We can no longer separate testing from specification, design, and coding. What we need is a testing philosophy geared toward OO development and a low-overhead test approach that we can integrate into the process. We propose a lightweight, quality building method that developers can implement without sophisticated and costly tools. The basic idea is to embed tests into components (loosely defined here as sets of tightly coupled classes that can be deployed independently), making them self-testable. By this method, to establish a self-testable component’s reliability, we estimate the quality of its test sequence. Thus, we can associate each self-testable component with a value—its level of trustability—that quantifies the unit test sequence’s effectiveness at testing a given implementation of the component. Our method for achieving this quantification is a version of selective mutation analysis that we adapted to OO languages. Relying on this objective estimation of component trustability, the software developer can then consciously trade reliability for resources to meet time and budget constraints. In this article, we outline the Java implementation of our methodology.
Unsupervised Hierarchical Dynamic Parsing and Encoding for Action Recognition

Generally, the evolution of an action is not uniform across the video, but exhibits quite complex rhythms and non-stationary dynamics. To model such non-uniform temporal dynamics, in this paper, we describe a novel hierarchical dynamic parsing and encoding method to capture both the locally smooth dynamics and globally drastic dynamic changes. It parses the dynamics of an action into different layers and encodes such multi-layer temporal information into a joint representation for action recognition. At the first layer, the action sequence is parsed in an unsupervised manner into several smooth-changing stages corresponding to different key poses or temporal structures by temporal clustering. The dynamics within each stage are encoded by mean-pooling or rank-pooling. At the second layer, the temporal information of the ordered dynamics extracted from the previous layer is encoded again by rank-pooling to form the overall representation. Extensive experiments on a gesture action data set (Chalearn Gesture) and three generic action data sets (Olympic Sports, Hollywood2, and UCF101) have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Evaluation of CA 15-3 tumor marker in the diagnosis of breast cancer. A pilot study.

Single determinations of serum CA 15-3 levels were performed by sandwich enzyme immunoassay in 160 women: 77 patients with nonmalignant breast tumors (64 had fibrocystic disease, 11 had fibroadenoma, 2 had intraductal papilloma) and 83 patients with primary breast cancer prior to any treatment; the cut-off limit was established at 30 U/ml. The overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the CA 15-3 test was 19.3% and 94.8%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 80.0% and 52.1%. The mean CA 15-3 value was significantly lower in patients with benign breast tumors as compared with the breast cancer group: 16.8 +/- 8.2 vs. 23.9 +/- 20.9 U/ml (p < 0.01) as well as the percentage of positive results of the test: 5.2% vs. 19.3% (p < 0.02). Serum CA 15-3 level in breast cancer patients correlated with: (1) clinical stage: a higher percentage of positive results was observed in patients with more advanced cancer: Stage I-0%, Stage II-10.6%, Stage III-29.6%, and Stage IV-100.0% according to UICC classification; the comparison of breast cancer patients with early stage of disease (I+II) and those with more advanced cancer (III+IV) revealed statistically significant (p < 0.01) difference in the mean serum CA 15-3 value (19.7 +/- 12.8 vs. 31.5 +/- 29.2 U/ml) as well as in the percentage of positive results (9.4% vs. 36.7%, p < 0.01); (2) the histological grading according to Bloom and Richardson: 5.41% of positivity was observed in low and intermediate grade cancers (I+II) vs. 66.7% in grade III (p < 0.001). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Screening for personality disorder in probationers: Validation of the Standardised Assessment of Personality—Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS)

Personality disorder (PD) is an important indicator of future recidivism, and a brief assessment of PD would be of great value to those working in the criminal justice system. There is insufficient research on PD among probation populations. We examined the concurrent validity of a mini-interview for PD, the Standardised Assessment of Personality—Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS), by comparing its performance with that of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II) in a sample of 40 individuals on probation in Lincolnshire, UK. The SCID-II identified 30/40 (75%) of the sample as having a PD. The most common category was antisocial PD, for which 20/40 (50%) were positive. A cut score of 3 on the SAPAS produced a good balance of sensitivity (0.73) and specificity (0.9) for case identification. We conclude that the SAPAS is a valid screening tool for PD among those on probation and is of potential value to those working in the criminal justice system.
Long-term stability of edible preferences in individuals with developmental disabilities

Multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessments were used to examine the stability of preference hierarchies in eight individuals with developmental disabilities. In Study 1, preference assessments using edible items were conducted 6 months apart; in Study 2, assessments were conducted 12 months apart. As in previous studies analyzing preference stability, individual differences in stability were found in both studies. However, mean rank order coefficients across participants revealed interestingfindings in both comparisons. Generally, preference for edible items, particularly the most and least preferred stimuli, was more stable across time than has been found in other research conducted with leisure items. Stability was greater when only 6 months lapsed between assessments. Moreover, for three of the eight participants, rank order coefficients were significant across both studies indicating the possibility that some individuals may tend toward more stable preferences. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic submodality distribution within the second somatosensory (SII), 7b, retroinsular, postauditory, and granular insular cortical areas of M. fascicularis

Somatic response properties were determined for over 1,300 neurons isolated within and near the lateral sulci of unanesthetized and unparalyzed cynomolgus monkeys. Somatic stimuli unequivocally activated the majority of units studied in SII (93%) and in cortical fields surrounding SII: area 7b (65%), the retroinsular field (74%), and the granular insula (76%).
Hearts of Compassion: A Concern for Violence against Children

This article documents the global concern of violence toward children in the post-modern society. The possibility of pursuing altruistic possibilities is explored in light of recent research conducted with children who experienced the events of 9/11 in New York City and immigrant border crossing children. The conclusion explores how early childhood and progressive educators can work toward alleviating violence against children.
Is it the real deal? Perception of virtual characters versus humans: an affective cognitive neuroscience perspective

Recent developments in neuroimaging research support the increased use of naturalistic stimulus material such as film, avatars, or androids. These stimuli allow for a better understanding of how the brain processes information in complex situations while maintaining experimental control. While avatars and androids are well suited to study human cognition, they should not be equated to human stimuli. For example, the uncanny valley hypothesis theorizes that artificial agents with high human-likeness may evoke feelings of eeriness in the human observer. Here we review if, when, and how the perception of human-like avatars and androids differs from the perception of humans and consider how this influences their utilization as stimulus material in social and affective neuroimaging studies. First, we discuss how the appearance of virtual characters affects perception. When stimuli are morphed across categories from non-human to human, the most ambiguous stimuli, rather than the most human-like stimuli, show prolonged classification times and increased eeriness. Human-like to human stimuli show a positive linear relationship with familiarity. Secondly, we show that expressions of emotions in human-like avatars can be perceived similarly to human emotions, with corresponding behavioral, physiological and neuronal activations, with exception of physical dissimilarities. Subsequently, we consider if and when one perceives differences in action representation by artificial agents versus humans. Motor resonance and predictive coding models may account for empirical findings, such as an interference effect on action for observed human-like, natural moving characters. However, the expansion of these models to explain more complex behavior, such as empathy, still needs to be investigated in more detail. Finally, we broaden our outlook to social interaction, where virtual reality stimuli can be utilized to imitate complex social situations.
EFFECTS OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING ON THE COGNITIVE, SOCIAL, AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH OF OLDER ADULTS

Research suggests older adults who remain socially active and cognitively engaged have better cognitive function than older adults who are socially isolated and disengaged. Using an online social networking website, like Facebook.com, may require simultaneous cognitive and social engagement, thus yielding improvements in both domains. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of learning and using Facebook as an intervention to maintain or enhance cognitive function in older adults. Results from a small pilot study with 7 older adults suggested there may be positive effects on executive functions and memory following learning and using Facebook. Therefore, a larger and more well-controlled examination of the intervention was completed. Participants were 41 older adults (12 male), with a mean age of 79.4 and 16.5 mean years of education. Participants were assigned to learn how to use Facebook (n = 14) or an online diary website (active control, n = 13), or they were placed on a waitlist (no treatment control, n = 14). Participants assigned to learn a website attended three 2-hour classes over the course of one week and then used the website at home daily for the next 7 weeks. Participants assigned to the waitlist received no contact for 8 weeks. All participants completed a series of neuropsychological tests and questionnaires on social and lifestyle factors before and after this 8-week period.
Principal preparation – still an act of faith?

This article reports on the first stage of a study by a group of researchers involved or interested in principal (headship) preparation in Western Australia, Canada, England, Jamaica, Mexico, Scotland, South Africa, Turkey and the United States. The study, known as the International Study of Principal Preparation (ISPP), discusses the background to the current policies in principal preparation, and examines the standards-led approach to principal preparation. This paper focuses on England and Scotland for comparative purposes, and asks how much we know about the effectiveness of current principal preparation.
Integración económica de los inmigrantes mexicanos en la Zona Metropolitana de Los Ángeles

La migracion de mexicanos a Estados Unidos tiene una historia centenaria. Sin embargo, en la actualidad hay mucha preocupacion sobre su integracion en la sociedad estadounidense por su gran volumen y alto porcentaje de personas indocumentadas. Con el uso de datos de la American Community Survey de 2007, este articulo analiza la integracion economica de los inmigrantes mexicanos en la zona metropolitana de Los Angeles, mediante un analisis comparativo de indicadores tales como: nivel de escolaridad, manejo del idioma ingles, naturalizacion, participacion en el mercado laboral y propiedad de la vivienda. Los resultados del estudio revelan que los inmigrantes mexicanos presentan comparativamente un patron de integracion en desventaja, sin embargo, a pesar de esto, estan fuertemente integrados a la economia de Los Angeles que ha experimentado un grave proceso de reestructuracion, degradacion e informalidad.
Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and a complex society

Players in Axelrod and Hamilton's model of cooperation were not only in a Prisoner's Dilemma, but by definition, they were also trapped in a dyad. But animals are rarely so restricted and even the option to interact with third parties allows individuals to escape from the Prisoner's Dilemma into a much more interesting and varied world of cooperation, from the apparently rare ‘parcelling’ to the widespread phenomenon of market effects. Our understanding of by-product mutualism, pseudo-reciprocity and the snowdrift game is also enriched by thinking ‘beyond the dyad’. The concepts of by-product mutualism and pseudo-reciprocity force us to think again about our basic definitions of cooperative behaviour (behaviour by a single individual) and cooperation (the outcome of an interaction between two or more individuals). Reciprocity is surprisingly rare outside of humans, even among large-brained ‘intelligent’ birds and mammals. Are humans unique in having extensive cooperative interactions among non-kin and an integrated cognitive system for mediating reciprocity? Perhaps, but our best chance for finding a similar phenomenon may be in delphinids, which also live in large societies with extensive cooperative interactions among non-relatives. A system of nested male alliances in bottlenose dolphins illustrates the potential and difficulties of finding a complex system of cooperation close to our own.
The NGATHA Genes Direct Style Development in the Arabidopsis Gynoecium[C][W]

The gynoecium is the most complex floral organ, designed to protect the ovules and ensure their fertilization. Correct patterning and tissue specification in the developing gynoecium involves the concerted action of a host of genetic factors. In addition, apical-basal patterning into different domains, stigma and style, ovary and gynophore, appears to depend on the establishment and maintenance of asymmetric auxin distribution, with an auxin maximum at the apex. Here, we show that a small subfamily of the B3 transcription factor superfamily, the NGATHA (NGA) genes, act redundantly to specify style development in a dosage-dependent manner. Characterization of the NGA gene family is based on an analysis of the activation-tagged mutant named tower-of-pisa1 (top1), which was found to overexpress NGA3. Quadruple nga mutants completely lack style and stigma development. This mutant phenotype is likely caused by a failure to activate two auxin biosynthetic enzymes, YUCCA2 and YUCCA4, in the apical gynoecium domain. The NGA mutant phenotypes are similar to those caused by multiple combinations of mutations in STYLISH1 (STY1) and additional members of its family. NGA3/TOP1 and STY1 share almost identical patterns of expression, but they do not appear to regulate each other at the transcriptional level. Strong synergistic phenotypes are observed when nga3/top1 and sty1 mutants are combined. Furthermore, constitutive expression of both NGA3/TOP1 and STY1 induces the conversion of the ovary into style tissue. Taken together, these data suggest that the NGA and STY factors act cooperatively to promote style specification, in part by directing YUCCA-mediated auxin synthesis in the apical gynoecium domain.
Physiologic Activity of Bisphosphonates – Recent Advances

Received: September 14, 2015 Revised: April 12, 2016 Accepted: April 25, 2016 Abstract: Background: Bisphosphonates are drugs commonly used for the medication and prevention of diseases caused by decreased mineral density. Despite such important medicinal use, they display a variety of physiologic activities, which make them promising anti-cancer, antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antiviral agents.
Delirium in the intensive care unit

Delirium is a common manifestation of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients with prevalence as high as 75%. In the last years there has been a progressive increase of publications regarding intensive care (ICU) delirium, acknowledging its importance. The occurrence of delirium in ICU is related to more adverse outcomes including self-extubation and removal of catheters, prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, higher mortality, and potentially, long-term cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology explaining the processes subtending the development of delirium is still elusive, though several theories have been discussed. It is known that different risk factors are associated with delirium in the ICU. Patients in ICU frequently receive medications to treat pain and to ensure sedation, but an association between these drugs and delirium has been shown. Therefore, this pharmacological exposure should be modified to reduce the risk factors. Giving the multifactorial genesis of delirium, multicomponent interventions to prevent delirium developed in non-ICU settings can be adapted to critically ill patients with the purpose of reducing the incidence. When delirium is diagnosed the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics may be effective for its treatment. Future studies should evaluate target interventions to prevent delirium in the ICU.
Improving mouse pointing for radiology tasks

Radiologists make their main analysis and diagnosis based on careful observation of medical images, although there are all kinds of automatic methods under development. Radiologists typically use a scroll mouse to click on an image when they find something interesting, and they also use the mouse to navigate through the image slices in volumetric scans. Thus they perform many thousands of mouse clicks every day, causing wrist fatigue. This paper presents a method of improving the mouse pointing performance by reducing the time taken to move the mouse to a target. We use a dynamic Control-to-Display (C-D) ratio of the mouse, by adjusting the C-D ratio according to the current distance to the target. In theory this reduces the difficulty of the target selection, and also reduces the movement time. The result of preliminary study demonstrates that the speed of pointing can be improved under certain conditions, particularly for small targets and for long distances to move. In addition, all participants claim that this mouse speed change reduces the difficulty of selecting a small target.
Identifying the Source of Unknown Microcystin Genes and Predicting Microcystin Variants by Comparing Genes within Uncultured Cyanobacterial Cells

ABSTRACT While multiple phylogenetic markers have been used in the culture-independent study of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria, in only a few instances have multiple markers been studied within individual cells, and in all cases these studies have been conducted with cultured isolates. Here, we isolate and evaluate large DNA fragments (>6 kb) encompassing two genes involved in microcystin biosynthesis (mcyA2 and mcyB1) and use them to identify the source of gene fragments found in water samples. Further investigation of these gene loci from individual cyanobacterial cells allowed for improved analysis of the genetic diversity within microcystin producers as well as a method to predict microcystin variants for individuals. These efforts have also identified the source of the novel mcyA genotype previously termed Microcystis-like that is pervasive in the Laurentian Great Lakes and they predict the microcystin variant(s) that it produces.
Preventing youth disengagement and promoting engagement

This discussion paper was commissioned by the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth (ARACY) to help clarify the problem of youth disengagement - its nature, magnitude, issues and trends - with a strong focus on including the voices and perceptions of young people. The paper includes a comprehensive literature review, an analysis of individual and social pathways to youth disengagement, and an analysis of ‘what works best’ across five case studies: substance abuse; community violence; school disengagement; civic participation; and youth mental health reform. The paper will inform discussion at a workshop to be held in late 2008.
Content Relevance and Students' Comfort with Disclosure as Moderators of Instructor Disclosures and Credibility in the College Classroom

Using Petronio's communication privacy management theory, this study tested the degree to which content relevance and students' comfort with instructor disclosures moderated the association between instructor disclosures (i.e., frequency and appropriateness) and credibility (i.e., competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill) in the college classroom. Participants included 362 undergraduate students from a private university in the Southwest. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that content relevance moderates the positive association between disclosure appropriateness and all three dimensions of credibility, although this interaction and its effect on instructor goodwill depended upon the frequency of instructor disclosures as well. Likewise, students' comfort with instructor disclosures moderated the positive effects of disclosure appropriateness on perceptions of instructor competence and trustworthiness, but not on goodwill. Among the more important implications of this study is the finding that students' comfort with instructor disclosures moderates the effects of disclosure frequency and appropriateness on perceptions of instructor competence.