Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Policing for a New South Africa

Introduction 1. Through the loking-glass PART 1 - Catharsis 2. Policing apartheid - violence within the rules 3. Police culture and the discourse of supremacy 4. Township policing - experiencing the S.A. P. PART 2 - Pathways of reform 5. An orthodox solution 6. Processes of ordering in the townships 7. Towards a dual system of policing Notes Bibliography Name Index Subject Index
The Number of Solutions of φ (x) = m

An old conjecture of Sierpinski asserts that for every integer k 2, there is a number m for which the equation `(x )= m has exactly k solutions. Here ` is Euler's totient function. In 1961, Schinzel deduced this conjecture from his Hypothesis H. The purpose of this paper is to present an unconditional proof of Sierpinski's conjecture. The proof uses many results from sieve theory, in particular the famous theorem of Chen.
A Need-Based Collaboration Classification Framework

Research in collaboration has yielded a large number of tools and environments. A number of classification frameworks exist that organize these contributions, but none of them are comprehensive enough; they focus either on a particular aspect of collaboration or on the specific mechanism that the tools follow. We have developed a new framework that is based on the collaboration needs of a developer. Specifically, we have adapted Maslow's hierarchy of needs to create a hierarchy of collaboration needs in the software development world. These collaboration needs can be broadly classified into basic needs, enhanced needs and comfort needs, according to which collaborative tools and environments can be categorized. In this paper, we first introduce the framework, and then use it to identify the collaboration needs that Eclipse and its plug-ins satisfy. We also identify further research directions that would enhance Eclipse's ability as a vehicle for collaboration
Act-In: An integrated view of memory mechanisms

The present article proposes a new memory model called Act-In (Activation-Integration). Act-In extends the multiple trace memory models by placing them within the situated cognition perspective. Act-In considers that the activation and integration mechanisms play a key role in memory processes. These mechanisms are involved in both the construction of memory traces and the emergence of knowledge. The model is based on four main assumptions: (1) Memory traces reflect all the components of past experiences and, in particular, their sensory properties, actions performed on the objects in the environment and the emotional states of individuals. Memory traces are therefore distributed across multiple neuronal systems which code the multiple components of the experiences. (2) Knowledge is emergent and is the product of the coupling of the present experience with past experiences. (3) The brain is a categorisation system which develops by accumulating experiences and which, by default, produces categorical knowledge. (4) The emergence of specific knowledge (memories or episodic knowledge) requires very simple mechanisms which occur during learning and/or during retrieval. These assumptions are defended and discussed in the light of the work reported in the literature.
COMMUNITY COLLEGE TELEPHONE SURVEY RESEARCH: AN OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY AND UTILITY

The rise to prominence of surveys by telephone has been attributed to advances in telephone technology, improvement of telephone research procedures, near complete accessibility of any population via the telephone, expansion of a survey industry that requires quality data generated in an efficient and timely manner for eager clients, and availability of considerable information, based on experiment and experience, on what techniques work or do not work when doing telephone surveys. This article details 10 years of experience with telephone survey methodology utilized at Johnson County Community College (JCCC) to collect data from business and industry, former students, and individuals residing in JCCC's service area. Of particular interest to community college researchers are the results of comparisons between mail survey respondents and nonrespondents who were later telephoned for an interview. These comparisons were conducted on results of annual studies of JCCC's career program completers. Although non.
Citation Analysis: Queries and Caveats

Study of citation patterns has become a leading analytical tool in the sociology of science, and offers an enticing way to evaluate the research productivity of individual scientists. However, there remain some basic conceptual and nmethodological concerns. Debate touches on the validity of citation counts as an indicator of 'scientific quality' (of papers or authors), of recognition, of scientific diffusion, and of utilization (who cites whom). I To Menard, citations are the only enduring record that a paper is used,2 and Cole and Cole take citations to be a roughly valid indicator of influence.3 But Kaplan wonders what citations mean, in the absence of know'ledge about actual norms and practices.4 Plausible reasons for citation include selectively supporting one's contentions (i.e. 'persuasion'), indicating knowledge of the literature, providing clues about content to citation index scanners -as well as acknowledging genuine communication.5 Citation does not actually prove a reference has been read (or even seen),6 yet journal citations appear to be the best practical indicator of the worth of research.7 Citations may be used to evaluate papers (either individually or in groups e.g. experimental vs. theoretical physics; or short notes vs. full reports); or, similarly, to evaluate journals; or scientists. This paper concerns citation analysis of scientist-authors (both individuals and groups), and discusses the methodological problems involved. The problems to be faced depend on the uses to which the measures are to be put. The problems and opportunities of a supervisor evaluating the citation profile of a young scientist (an arguable practice) are poles apart from those of a sociologist studying groups of scientists in an international specialty, or of a historian studying its development. However, there are some generalizable concerns: these include the possibility that radical work will go unrecognized (and uncited) by contemporaries: that outstanding ideas become widely accepted and not formally cited (e.g. the Mossbauer effect);8 and that citation counts do not
Wach, Eliade, and the Critique From Totality

"The task of the history of religions is to delineate the religious meaning of humankind's religious experience and its expressions through the integration and 'significant organization' of diverse forms of religious data. For historians of religions, all particular religious traditions are 'parts' of the 'whole' of humankind's religious experience, and should be studied from the perspective of the whole. "'With these words, Joseph Kitagawa succinctly states the program of that movement in the history of religions with which his name is a virtual synonym. Established byJoachim Wach and catapulted to prominence in the late 1950s and the 1960s under the tutelage especially of the late Mircea Eliade, the "Chicago school" has been a dominating force in the history of religions for the last 40 years. As the quote indicates, it has promoted a hermeneutical approach to religion that insists upon religious meaning as a unique, nonreducible dimension of human life, a sort of meaning that invites us to comprehend it in its uniqueness and its totality. We can gauge the prominence of the Chicago school in part from the criticism that its exemplars have received, intense and sometimes scathing criticism. The most vehement and persistent critics have taken issue precisely with the school's hermeneutical orientation, although not always explicitly. They have preferred analytical to hermeneutical modes of thought, whether in the tradition of logical empiricism, the direction toward which most North American critics have inclined, or in the tradition of a critical, positivistic notion of history, as has been more often the case in Europe. The contributions of these critics should not be overlooked. Crucial to their cause is the demand-fundamental to all of
What is Organizational Knowledge

Organizational knowledge is much talked about but little understood. In this paper we set out to conceptualize organizational knowledge and explore its implications for knowledge management. We take on board Polanyi’s insight concerning the personal character of knowledge and fuse it with Wittgenstein’s insight that all knowledge is, in a fundamental way, collective. We do this in order to show, on the one hand, how individuals appropriate knowledge and expand their knowledge repertoires, and, on the other hand, how knowledge, in organized contexts, becomes organizational. Our claim is that knowledge is the individual capability to draw distinctions, within a domain of action, based on an appreciation of context or theory, or both. Organizational knowledge is the capability members of an organization have developed to draw distinctions in the process of carrying out their work, in particular concrete contexts, by enacting sets of generalizations whose application depends on historically evolved collective understandings. Following our theoretical exploration of organizational knowledge, we report the findings of a case study carried out at a call centre in Panafon, in Greece. Finally, we explore the implications of our argument by focusing on the links between knowledge and action on the one hand, and the management of organizational knowledge on the other. We argue that practical mastery needs to be supplemented by a quasi-theoretical understanding of what individuals are doing when they exercise that mastery, and this is what knowledge management should be aiming at. Knowledge management, we suggest, is the dynamic process of turning an unreflective practice into a reflective one by elucidating the rules guiding the activities of the practice, by helping give a particular shape to collective understandings, and by facilitating the emergence of heuristic knowledge.
A Trotter-type approach to infinite rate mutually catalytic branching

Dawson and Perkins [Ann. Probab. 26 (1988) 1088--1138] constructed a stochastic model of an interacting two-type population indexed by a countable site space which locally undergoes a mutually catalytic branching mechanism. In Klenke and Mytnik [Preprint (2008), arXiv:0901.0623], it is shown that as the branching rate approaches infinity, the process converges to a process that is called the infinite rate mutually catalytic branching process (IMUB). It is most conveniently characterized as the solution of a certain martingale problem. While in the latter reference, a noise equation approach is used in order to construct a solution to this martingale problem, the aim of this paper is to provide a Trotter-type construction. The construction presented here will be used in a forthcoming paper, Klenke and Mytnik [Preprint (2009)], to investigate the long-time behavior of IMUB (coexistence versus segregation of types). This paper is partly based on the Ph.D. thesis of the second author (2008), where the Trotter approach was first introduced.
« Le poids du succès » : construction du corps, danse et carrière à Dakar

A Dakar, la danse constitue un element essentiel de la vie ceremonielle et festive. Mais au-dela de la fete, sa professionnalisation offre de nouvelles opportunites de mobilite sociale. A mi-chemin entre la construction du sujet individuel et celle du corps social, cette contribution examine la transformation des pratiques corporelles dans les milieux de la danse a Dakar. Des corps muscles, parfois d’une minceur extreme, et des peaux « naturelles » sont soigneusement cultives dans le cadre de strategies individuelles d’extraversion. Si elles peuvent conduire a la reussite sociale, ces pratiques engendrent aussi de douloureux dechirements, exacerbes par des contrastes extremes entre les exigences des circuits musicaux mondiaux et le regard social porte sur le corps des artistes.
Characterisation of Black African entrepreneurship in the UK: a pilot study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a general characterisation of entrepreneurial orientations of Black Africans in the UK.Design/methodology/approach – Methodological appropriateness rather than orthodoxy was fundamental in the design of this research. A combination of idiosyncratic and multiplicative sampling strategy was applied in a discovery‐oriented context. Research questions were adapted from the attribution questions frequently used in related studies. In consideration of the exploratory nature of this work, a connected narrative approach was used in presenting the results. Data collection was undertaken in London.Findings – Observes that many Black Africans embarked on entrepreneurship more to escape ethnic penalties than a strategic response to the structure of environmental opportunities. Thus, this “escapist mindset” has meant that inadequate initial preparations have tended to characterise the small businesses they operate. Recognises that whilst a pattern of market concentrati.
A Primer of Sociometry (Second Edition).

This is an extremely slim volume (58 pages) which manages to pack a great deal of information, theoretical and practical, as well as a number of extremely provocative questions into those few pages. It is, in fact, something of a paradox. The first eight chapters seem to encourage the amateur or part-time sociometrist to provide additional "studies" of questionable value for local journal publication. It provides, in quite simple terms, suggestions for construction, administration, and analysis of sociometric studies. There are also sections on analysis, validity, reliability, visualization of results, and interpretation of results. If the author had stopped at that point, I believe she might have done a great disservice to the entire field. The simplification of the material as presented would have served as encouragement to the multiplication of many studies, poorly conceived and poorly executed. In her last two chapters, entitled "What Does Sociometry
A multimodal, multidimensional atlas of the C57BL/6J mouse brain

Strains of mice, through breeding or the disruption of normal genetic pathways, are widely used to model human diseases. Atlases are an invaluable aid in understanding the impact of such manipulations by providing a standard for comparison. We have developed a digital atlas of the adult C57BL/6J mouse brain as a comprehensive framework for storing and accessing the myriad types of information about the mouse brain. Our implementation was constructed using several different imaging techniques: magnetic resonance microscopy, blockface imaging, classical histology and immunohistochemistry. Along with raw and annotated images, it contains database management systems and a set of tools for comparing information from different techniques. The framework allows facile correlation of results from different animals, investigators or laboratories by establishing a canonical representation of the mouse brain and providing the tools for the insertion of independent data into the same space as the atlas. This tool will aid in managing the increasingly complex and voluminous amounts of information about the mammalian brain. It provides a framework that encompasses genetic information in the context of anatomical imaging and holds tremendous promise for producing new insights into the relationship between genotype and phenotype. We describe a suite of tools that enables the independent entry of other types of data, facile retrieval of information and straightforward display of images. Thus, the atlas becomes a framework for managing complex genetic and epigenetic information about the mouse brain. The atlas and associated tools may be accessed at http://www.loni. ucla.edu/MAP.
A statistical model of Riemannian metric variation for deformable shape analysis

The analysis of deformable 3D shape is often cast in terms of the shape's intrinsic geometry due to its invariance to a wide range of non-rigid deformations. However, object's plasticity in non-rigid transformation often result in transformations that are not completely isometric in the surface's geometry and whose mode of deviation from isometry is an identifiable characteristic of the shape and its deformation modes. In this paper, we propose a novel generative model of the variations of the intrinsic metric of deformable shapes, based on the spectral decomposition of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. To this end, we assume two independent models for the eigenvectors and the eigenvalues of the graph-Laplacian of a 3D mesh which are learned in a supervised way from a set of shapes belonging to the same class. We show how this model can be efficiently learned given a set of 3D meshes, and evaluate the performance of the resulting generative model in shape classification and retrieval tasks. Comparison with state-of-the-art solutions for these problems confirm the validity of the approach.
Making the Case for Unproctored Internet Testing: Do the Rewards Outweigh the Risks?

Partnering with our staffing and line of business leaders, we realized there was opportunity tomake significant improvements to our initial screening process for high-volume customer service representative roles. At the time, the process appeared to be an inconsistent, largely subjective, and incredibly time consuming mix of reviewing resumes, contacting candidates, and conducting screening interviews. Based on successful use of unproctored assessments for other job families, our staffing partners wanted to implement an unproctored assessment early in the process to reap the efficiency gain benefits. On the surface, this solution seemed to be feasible to pursue. However, our team first had to explore this option further before deciding whether UIT was the appropriate delivery method. Hiring volume was expected to stay high and current customer service representative attrition levels remained a focus of the business, as it wouldwith any company. In order to uncover the critical areas for improvement, our team first conducted focus groups with subject matter experts to gather rich information on the current process, reasons for inconsistencies in following the hiring process, and critical success factors to consider for revising the selection process. As a result, we identified the need to improve efficiency and consistency in executing the process, greater ease of use to the candidate and staffing, and improved quality of hire. Second, a time study was conducted to more completely understand inefficiencies of the process. We first observed recruiters completing screening tasks and then administered a survey to the remaining recruiting staff to gather additional time study information on the end-to-end process. Results showed recruiters spent almost 1.5 million minutes a year screening candidates (mean time spent in screening process 1⁄4 23 minutes). We also concluded there was inconsistency and great variation in executing the current process across locations and recruiters. Finally,we identifiedmeasurement gaps in the selection process by mapping the critical Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Rick Hense. E-mail: rick.hense@bankof america.com Address: BankofAmerica, 101 E. KennedyBoulevard, Tampa, FL 33602 Rick Hense, John H. Golden, and Jennifer Burnett, Bank of America. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2 (2009), 20–23. Copyright a 2009 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 1754-9426/09
Particulate Air Pollutants and Respiratory Diseases

Air pollution is composed of a mixture of toxins, consisting of particles and gases emitted in large quantities from many different combustion sources, including cars and industries. A variety of anthropogenic and natural particle sources are present in ambient air. Throughout the past decade, the composition of air pollution has changed in developed countries from classical type 1 pollution, consisting of sulfur dioxide and large dust particles, to modern type II pollution, characterized by nitrogen oxides, organic compounds, ozone, and ultrafine particles (Schafer & Ring, 1997).
Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection

Background:Metabolic syndrome (MS) identifies individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Little is known about MS and its consequences following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods:HIV-infected adults (881) initiating ART were evaluated for prevalence and incidence of MS and subsequent diagnosis of CVD and T2DM over a 3-year period. MS was defined by criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Third Report; ATP-III) or of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Results:The prevalence of baseline MS was 8.5% and 7.8% (ATP-III and IDF, respectively). During follow-up, 234 (12/100 patient-years) (ATP-III) and 178 (8/100 patient-years) (IDF) progressed to MS. MS at baseline had a borderline association with increased risk of CVD [ATP-III: hazard ratio (HR), 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86–7.60; P = 0.095; IDF: HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 0.98–8.63; P = 0.058] and was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM (ATP-III: HR, 4.34; 95% CI, 1.83–10.25; P = 0.001; IDF: HR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.35–8.17; P = 0.009). Incident MS was significantly associated with an increased risk of both CVD (ATP-III: HR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.07–6.96; P = 0.036; IDF: HR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.20–7.75; P = 0.019) and T2DM (ATP-III: HR, 4.89; 95% CI, 2.22–10.78; P < 0.0001; IDF: HR, 4.84; 95% CI, 2.20–10.64; P < 0.0001). Conclusions:Substantial progression to MS occurs within 3 years following initiation of ART. Since baseline and incident MS identifies individuals at risk for subsequent CVD and T2DM, it warrants evaluation in patients commencing ART.
Pattern tracking on the radial maze : tracking multiple patterns at different spatial locations

Rats (Ratus norvegicus) were tested on a 4-arm radial maze for several trials each day over a period of 16 days. On each trial, a rat climbed a barrier to enter each arm and pushed a cover off the food cup at the end of each arm. Within each daily sequence of trials, entries into arms of the maze were rewarded or nonrewarded according to patterns that differed between arms, and the assignment of reward patterns to arms varied randomly between days for each subject. Plots of mean rank of arm entry against trial-by-trial reward patterns showed showed that Ss learned to track at least 2 patterns at the same time. Ss accurately tracked patterns that contained long runs of reward and nonreward (Experiment 1), patterns that followed a simple alternation rule (Experiment 2), and patterns that followed an increasing or deseasing monotonic rule (Experiment 3). However, patterns that were structurally complex or quasi-random were tracked poorly or not at all