Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DRAGON: A Member of the Repulsive Guidance Molecule-Related Family of Neuronal- and Muscle-Expressed Membrane Proteins Is Regulated by DRG11 and Has Neuronal Adhesive Properties

DRG11, a transcription factor expressed in embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn neurons, has a role in the development of sensory circuits. We have used a genomic binding strategy to screen for the promoter region of genes regulated by DRG11. One gene with a promoter region binding to the DNA binding domain of DRG11 encodes a novel membrane-associated [glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored] protein that we call DRAGON. DRAGON expression is transcriptionally regulated by DRG11, and it is coexpressed with DRG11 in embryonic DRG and spinal cord. DRAGON expression in these areas is reduced in DRG11 null mutants. DRAGON is expressed, however, in the neural tube before DRG11, and unlike DRG11 it is expressed in the brain and therefore must be regulated by other transcriptional regulatory elements. DRAGON shares high sequence homology with two other GPI-anchored membrane proteins: the mouse ortholog of chick repulsive guidance molecule (mRGM), which is expressed in the mouse nervous system in areas complementary to DRAGON, and DRAGON-like muscle (DL-M), the expression of which is restricted to skeletal and cardiac muscle. A comparative genomic analysis indicates that the family of RGM-related genes—mRGM, DRAGON, and DL-M—are highly conserved among mammals, zebrafish, chick, and Caenorhabditis elegans but not Drosophila. DRAGON, RGM, and DL-M mRNA expression in the zebrafish embryo is similar to that in the mouse. Neuronal cell adhesion assays indicate that DRAGON promotes and mRGM reduces adhesion of mouse DRG neurons. We show that DRAGON interacts with itself homophilically. The dynamic expression, ordered spatial localization, and adhesive properties of the RGM-related family of membrane-associated proteins are compatible with specific roles in development.
A Model-Theoretic Analysis of Monotonic Knowledge

We present a semantic model for knowledge with the following properties: (1) Knowledge is necessarily correct, (2) agents are logically omniscient, i.e., they know all the consequences of their knowledge, and (3) agents are positively introspective, i.e., they are aware of their knowledge, but not negatively introspective, i.e., they may not be aware of their ignorance. We argue that this is the appropriate model for implicit knowledge. We investigate the properties of the model, and use it to formalize the notion of circumscribed knowledge.
Dealing QAP & KSP with Green Heron optimization algorithm — A new bio-inspired meta-heuristic

In this paper a new biological phenomenon following meta-heuristics called Green Heron Optimization Algorithm (GHOA) is being discussed, for the first time, which acquired its inspiration from the Green Heron birds, their intelligence, perception analysis capability and technique for food acquisition. The natural phenomenon of the bird has been capped into some unique operations which favour the graph based and discrete combinatorial optimization problems but with slight modification can also be utilized for other wide variety of problems of the real world which have discrete representation of data and variables having several constraints. In this work we have mainly concentrated on the description, mathematical representations, presentations, features, limitations and performance analysis of the algorithm on the scattered dimensional datasets of the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) & 0/1 Knapsack Problem (KSP) to clearly demarcate its performance with change in dimension that is scalability. The results of the simulation clearly reveal how the algorithm has worked optimally for the various datasets of the problem. GHOA is one of the few members in the discrete domain algorithms of the bio-inspired computation family which favours suitably the graph based problems like path planning, process scheduling etc and has the capability of recombination and local search for global optimization and refinement of the solutions.
DATA USE IN THE CLASSROOM: The Challenges of Implementing Data-based Decision-making at the School Level

: Systemic efforts to implement data-based decision making at the school-and classroom-level face several challenges. First, most data available within district information systems are limited to operational needs of schools and the district. Second, educational organizations have little experience integrating complex data into their decision-making processes. Third, while large-scale assessment and accountability are data more generally available for gauging the performance of educational systems, there are major differences between the evidence used for external accountability systems and the data needed for making instructional decisions on a daily basis in the classroom.
Reversible integer-to-integer wavelet transforms for image compression: performance evaluation and analysis

In the context of image coding, a number of reversible integer-to-integer wavelet transforms are compared on the basis of their lossy compression performance, lossless compression performance, and computational complexity. Of the transforms considered, several were found to perform particularly well, with the best choice for a given application depending on the relative importance of the preceding criteria. Reversible integer-to-integer versions of numerous transforms are also compared to their conventional (i.e., nonreversible real-to-real) counterparts for lossy compression. At low bit rates, reversible integer-to-integer and conventional versions of transforms were found to often yield results of comparable quality. Factors affecting the compression performance of reversible integer-to-integer wavelet transforms are also presented, supported by both experimental data and theoretical arguments.
Qualitative difference between the dynamics of particle production in soft and hard processes of high energy collisions

The qualitative difference between the anomalous scaling properties of hadronic final states in soft and hard processes of high-energy collisions is studied in some detail. It is pointed out that the experimental data of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions at ${E}_{\mathrm{c}. \mathrm{m}. }=91.2 \mathrm{GeV}$ from DELPHI indicate that the dynamical fluctuations in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions are isotropical, in contrast with the anisotropical fluctuations oberserved in hadron-hadron collision experiments. This assertion is confirmed by the Monte Carlo simulation using the JETSET 7.4 event generator.
Extensive Hippocampal Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Memory impairment is especially prominent within the spectrum of cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS), and a crucial role for hippocampal pathology may therefore be expected in this disease. This study is the first to systematically assess hippocampal demyelination in MS. Hippocampal tissue samples of 19 chronic MS cases and 7 controls with non-neurologic disease were stained immunohistochemically for myelin proteolipid protein. Subsequently, number, location, and size of demyelinated lesions were assessed. Furthermore, the specimens were stained for HLA-DR to investigate microglia/macrophage activity. An unexpectedly high number of lesions (n = 37) was found in 15 of the 19 MS cases. Mixed intrahippocampal-perihippocampal lesions, which were more often found in cases with cognitive decline, were large and did not respect anatomical borders. Moderate microglial activation was frequently observed at the edges of these mixed lesions. Isolated intrahippocampal lesions were also frequently found. These were smaller than the mixed lesions and had a specific anatomical predilection: the cornu ammonis 2 subregion and the hilus of the dentate gyrus were consistently spared. Microglial activation was rare in isolated intrahippocampal lesions. Our results indicate that hippocampal demyelination is frequent and extensive in MS and that anatomical localization, size, and inflammatory activity vary for different lesion types.
4store: The Design and Implementation of a Clustered RDF Store

This paper describes the design and implementation of the 4store RDF storage and SPARQL query system with respect to its cluster and query processing design. 4store was originally designed to meet the data needs of Garlik, a UK-based semantic web company. This paper describes the design and performance characteristics of 4store, as well as discussing some of the trade-oﬀs and design decisions. These arose both from immediate business requirements and a desire to engineer a scalable system capable of reuse in a range of experimental contexts where we were looking to explore new business opportunities.
All Your Access Tokens Are Belong to Us : Uncovering Large Facebook Collusion Networks Using Honeypots

Reputation fraud is prevalent in online social networks. Numerous services provide fake content, likes, and followers to artificially boost the popularity and trustworthiness of brands and celebrities. Such activities undermine the trusted nature of online social networks. In this paper, we uncover a thriving ecosystem of reputation manipulation services on Facebook that leverage the principle of collusion. These collusion networks retrieve access tokens from colluding members by exploiting vulnerable third-party Facebook applications. Using a large pool of these access tokens, collusion networks provide likes and comments to their members on behalf of the vulnerable applications. We identify more than a million colluding Facebook accounts by “milking” a sample of collusion networks using honeypots. Our investigation reveals that popular collusion networks are actively used by hundreds of thousands of Facebook accounts for reputation manipulation on a daily basis. Collusion network operators monetize their services by displaying advertisements on their websites and offering a variety of premium reputation manipulation plans. We discuss several countermeasures to disrupt the devious activities of collusion networks.
OPTIMAL INVESTMENT WITH AN UNBOUNDED RANDOM ENDOWMENT AND UTILITY‐BASED PRICING

This paper studies the problem of maximizing the expected utility of terminal wealth for a financial agent with an unbounded random endowment, and with a utility function which supports both positive and negative wealth. We prove the existence of an optimal trading strategy within a class of permissible strategies—those strategies whose wealth process is a super‐martingale under all pricing measures with finite relative entropy. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the absence of utility‐based arbitrage, and for the existence of a solution to the primal problem. We consider two utility‐based methods which can be used to price contingent claims. Firstly we investigate marginal utility‐based price processes (MUBPP's). We show that such processes can be characterized as local martingales under the normalized optimal dual measure for the utility maximizing investor. Finally, we present some new results on utility indifference prices, including continuity properties and volume asymptotics for the case of a general utility function, unbounded endowment and unbounded contingent claims.
The FgHOG1 Pathway Regulates Hyphal Growth, Stress Responses, and Plant Infection in Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley worldwide. In a previous study of systematic characterization of protein kinase genes in F. graminearum, mutants of three putative components of the osmoregulation MAP kinase pathway were found to have distinct colony morphology and hyphal growth defects on PDA plates. Because the osmoregulation pathway is not known to regulate aerial hyphal growth and branching, in this study we further characterized the functions of the FgHog1 pathway in growth, pathogenesis, and development. The Fghog1, Fgpbs2, and Fgssk2 mutants were all reduced in growth rate, aerial hyphal growth, and hyphal branching angle. These mutants were not only hypersensitive to osmotic stress but also had increased sensitivity to oxidative, cytoplasm membrane, and cell wall stresses. The activation of FgHog1 was blocked in the Fgpbs2 and Fgssk2 mutants, indicating the sequential activation of FgSsk2-FgPbs2-FgHog1 cascade. Interestingly, the FgHog1 MAPK pathway mutants appeared to be sensitive to certain compounds present in PDA. They were female sterile but retained male fertility. We also used the metabolomics profiling approach to identify compatible solutes that were accumulated in the wild type but not in the Fghog1 deletion mutant. Overall, our results indicate that the FgSsk2-FgPbs2-FgHog1 MAPK cascade is important for regulating hyphal growth, branching, plant infection, and hyperosmotic and general stress responses in F. graminearum.
A randomized trial of iron isomaltoside 1000 versus oral iron in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients with anaemia

Background Iron deficiency anaemia is common in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) and is often treated with oral or intravenous (IV) iron therapy. This trial compared the efficacy and safety of IV iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer®) and oral iron in NDD-CKD patients with renal-related anaemia. Methods The trial was a Phase III open-label, comparative, multicentre, non-inferiority trial conducted in 351 iron-deficient NDD-CKD patients, randomized 2:1 to either iron isomaltoside 1000 (Group A) or iron sulphate administered as 100 mg elemental oral iron twice daily (200 mg daily) for 8 weeks (Group B). The patients in Group A were randomized into A1 (infusion of max. 1000 mg single doses over 15 min) and A2 (bolus injections of 500 mg over 2 min). A modified Ganzoni formula was used to calculate IV iron need. The primary end point was change in haemoglobin concentrations from baseline to Week 4. Results Iron isomaltoside 1000 was both non-inferior to oral iron at Week 4 (P < 0.001) and sustained a superior increase in haemoglobin from Week 3 until the end of the study at Week 8 (P = 0.009 at Week 3). The haemoglobin response was more pronounced with iron isomaltoside 1000 doses ≥1000 mg (P < 0.05). Serum-ferritin and transferrin saturation concentrations were also significantly increased with IV iron. Adverse drug reactions were observed in 10.5% in the iron isomaltoside 1000 group and 10.3% in the oral iron group. More patients treated with oral iron sulphate withdrew from the study due to adverse events (4.3 versus 0.9%, P = 0.2). Conclusions Iron isomaltoside 1000 was more efficacious than oral iron for increase in haemoglobin and proved to be well tolerated at the tested dose levels in NDD-CKD patients.
Analysis of the Relationship between Hypertrophy of the Ligamentum Flavum and Lumbar Segmental Motion with Aging Process

Study Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Purpose To investigate the relationship between ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy and lumbar segmental motion. Overview of Literature The pathogenesis of LF thickening is unclear and whether the thickening results from tissue hypertrophy or buckling remains controversial. Methods 296 consecutive patients underwent assessment of the lumbar spine by radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of these patients, 39 with normal L4–L5 disc height were selected to exclude LF buckling as one component of LF hypertrophy. The study group included 27 men and 12 women, with an average age of 61.2 years (range, 23–81 years). Disc degeneration and LF thickness were quantified on MRI. Lumbar segmental spine instability and presence of a vacuum phenomenon were identified on radiographic images. Results The distribution of disc degeneration and LF thickness included grade II degeneration in 4 patients, with a mean LF thickness of 2.43±0.20 mm; grade III in 10 patients, 3.01±0.41 mm; and grade IV in 25 patients, 4.16±1.12 mm. LF thickness significantly increased with grade of disc degeneration and was significantly correlated with age (r=0.55, p<0.01). Logistic regression analysis identified predictive effects of segmental angulation (odds ratio [OR]=1.55, p=0.014) and age (OR=1.16, p=0.008). Conclusions Age-related increases in disc degeneration, combined with continuous lumbar segmental flexion-extension motion, leads to the development of LF hypertrophy.
The effect of urban form on wellbeing

The purpose of this Evidence Check was to conduct a rapid review of existing evidence on the impact of the built environment on mental health and psychological wellbeing (hereafter referred to collectively as wellbeing). A total of 103 studies were reviewe d after a systematic search of the literature. Most studies used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, the General Health Questionnaire, or the Kessler scales to measure wellbeing.
REM Sleep at its Core – Circuits, Neurotransmitters, and Pathophysiology

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is generated and maintained by the interaction of a variety of neurotransmitter systems in the brainstem, forebrain, and hypothalamus. Within these circuits lies a core region that is active during REM sleep, known as the subcoeruleus nucleus (SubC) or sublaterodorsal nucleus. It is hypothesized that glutamatergic SubC neurons regulate REM sleep and its defining features such as muscle paralysis and cortical activation. REM sleep paralysis is initiated when glutamatergic SubC cells activate neurons in the ventral medial medulla, which causes release of GABA and glycine onto skeletal motoneurons. REM sleep timing is controlled by activity of GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus as well as melanin-concentrating hormone neurons in the hypothalamus and cholinergic cells in the laterodorsal and pedunculo-pontine tegmentum in the brainstem. Determining how these circuits interact with the SubC is important because breakdown in their communication is hypothesized to underlie narcolepsy/cataplexy and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). This review synthesizes our current understanding of mechanisms generating healthy REM sleep and how dysfunction of these circuits contributes to common REM sleep disorders such as cataplexy/narcolepsy and RBD.
Instruction, Capacity, and Improvement

Since World War II, efforts to improve schools have numbered in the thousands. Most efforts have concentrated on improving the curriculum materials used in schools or on "training" teachers in new instructional methods. Many of these efforts have gone under the banner of "building instructional capacity," a term that for decades has been featured prominently in conversations about educational reform. Unfortunately, three decades of research has found that only a few interventions have had detectable effects on instruction and that, when such effects are detected, they rarely are sustained over time. A review of research and professional experience with school improvement suggests several explanations for these disheartening findings. One is that schools are complex social organizations situated within, and vitally affected by, other complex social systems including families, communities, and professional and regulatory agencies. The larger social environment of schools constrains and shapes the actions of teachers, students, and administrators, often in ways that greatly complicate the work of school improvement. Challenges to school improvement are particularly acute in highpoverty settings where recruiting wellqualified teachers is difficult and where the emotional and health problems of students often deflects attention to educational issues or impedes work on them. As a result, many researchers now believe that school improvement involves much more than efforts to change interactions occurring within schools. To succeed, school improvement interventions also must attend to the complex relationships that exist among intervention agents, schools, and their social environments. Disciplines Curriculum and Instruction | Curriculum and Social Inquiry | Educational Administration and Supervision | Educational Methods | Education Policy | Teacher Education and Professional Development Comments View on the CPRE website. This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/cpre_researchreports/8 Instruction, Capacity, and Improvement David K. Cohen and Deborah Loewenberg Ball CPRE Research Report Series RR-43
Towards automated content analysis of discussion transcripts: a cognitive presence case

In this paper, we present the results of an exploratory study that examined the problem of automating content analysis of student online discussion transcripts. We looked at the problem of coding discussion transcripts for the levels of cognitive presence, one of the three main constructs in the Community of Inquiry (CoI) model of distance education. Using Coh-Metrix and LIWC features, together with a set of custom features developed to capture discussion context, we developed a random forest classification system that achieved 70.3% classification accuracy and 0.63 Cohen's kappa, which is significantly higher than values reported in the previous studies. Besides improvement in classification accuracy, the developed system is also less sensitive to overfitting as it uses only 205 classification features, which is around 100 times less features than in similar systems based on bag-of-words features. We also provide an overview of the classification features most indicative of the different phases of cognitive presence that gives an additional insights into the nature of cognitive presence learning cycle. Overall, our results show great potential of the proposed approach, with an added benefit of providing further characterization of the cognitive presence coding scheme.
Uracil-DNA glycosylase-deficient yeast exhibit a mitochondrial mutator phenotype.

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been reported in cancer and are involved in the pathogenesis of many mitochondrial diseases. Uracil-DNA glycosylase, encoded by the UNG1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, repairs uracil in DNA formed due to deamination of cytosine. Our study demonstrates that inactivation of the UNG1 gene leads to at least a 3-fold increased frequency of mutations in mtDNA compared with the wild-type. Using a Ung1p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct, we demonstrate that yeast yUng1-GFP protein localizes to both mitochondria and the nucleus, indicating that Ung1p must contain both a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) and a nuclear localization signal. Our study reveals that the first 16 amino acids at the N-terminus contain the yUng1p MLS. Deletion of 16 amino acids resulted in the yUng1p-GFP fusion protein being transported to the nucleus. We also investigated the intracellular localization of human hUng1p-GFP in yeast. Our data indicate that hUng1p-GFP predominantly localizes to the mitochondria. Further analysis identified the N-terminal 16 amino acids as important for localization of hUng1 protein into the mitochondria. Expression of both yeast and human UNG1 cDNA suppressed the frequency of mitochondrial mutation in UNG1-deficient cells. However, expression of yUNG1 in wild-type cells increased the frequency of mutations in mtDNA, suggesting that elevated expression of Ung1p is mutagenic. An increase in the frequency of mitochondrial mutants was also observed when hUNG1 site-directed mutants (Y147C and Y147S) were expressed in mitochondria. Our study suggests that deamination of cytosine is a frequent event in S.cerevisiae mitochondria and both yeast and human Ung1p repairs deaminated cytosine in mitochondria.