Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A GALACTIC MOLECULAR CLOUD CLUMP CATALOG FROM HI-GAL DATA: METHOD AND INITIAL RESULTS COMPARISON WITH BGPS

As the precursors to stellar clusters, it is imperative that we understand the distribution and physical properties of dense molecular gas clouds and clumps. Such a study has been done with the ground-based Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS). Now the Herschel infrared GALactic plane survey (Hi-GAL) allows us to do the same with higher-quality data and complete coverage of the Galactic plane. We have made a pilot study comparing dense molecular gas clumps identified in Hi-GAL and BGPS, using six 2° × 2° regions centered at Galactic longitudes of , 30°, 41°, 50°, 202°, and 217°. We adopted the BGPS methodology for identifying clumps and estimating distances, leading to 6198 clumps being identified in our substudy, with 995 of those having well-constrained distances. These objects were evenly distributed with Galactic longitude, a consequence of Hi-GAL being source confusion limited. These clumps range in mass from 10−2 to 105 M⊙ and have heliocentric distances of up to 16 kpc. When clumps found in both surveys are compared, we see that distances agree within 1 kpc and ratios of masses are of the order of unity. This serves as an external validation for BGPS and instills confidence as we move forward to cataloging the clumps from the entirety of Hi-GAL. In addition to the sources that were in common with BGPS, Hi-GAL found many additional sources, primarily due to the lack of atmospheric noise. We expect Hi-GAL to yield 2 × 105 clumps, with 20% having well-constrained distances, an order of magnitude above what was found in BGPS.
Microscopic theory for electrocaloric effects in planar double layer systems

We present a field theory approach to study changes in local temperature due to an applied electric field (the electrocaloric effect) in electrolyte solutions. Steric effects and a field-dependent dielectric function are found to be of paramount importance for accurate estimations of the electrocaloric effect. Interestingly, electrolyte solutions are found to exhibit negative electrocaloric effects. Overall, our results point toward using fluids near room temperature with low heat capacity and high salt concentration for enhanced electrocalorics.
Singularity avoidance in a quantum model of the Mixmaster universe

We present a quantum model of the vacuum Bianchi-IX dynamics. It is based on four main elements. First, we use a compound quantization procedure: an affine coherent state quantization for isotropic variables and a Weyl quantization for anisotropic ones. Second, inspired by standard approaches in molecular physics, we make an adiabatic approximation (Born-Oppenheimer-like approximation). Third, we expand the anisotropy potential about its minimum in order to deal with its harmonic approximation. Fourth, we develop an analytical treatment on the semiclassical level. The resolution of the classical singularity occurs due to a repulsive potential generated by the affine quantization. This procedure shows that during contraction the quantum energy of anisotropic degrees of freedom grows much slower than the classical one. Furthermore, far from the quantum bounce, the classical recollapse is reproduced. Our treatment is put in the general context of methods of molecular physics, which can include both adiabatic and nonadiabatic approximations.
The strong convergence of operator-splitting methods for the Langevin dynamics model

We study the strong convergence of some operator-splitting methods for the Langevin dynamics model with additive noise. It will be shown that a direct splitting of deterministic and random terms, including the symmetric splitting methods, only offers strong convergence of order 1. To improve the order of strong convergence, a new class of operator-splitting methods based on Kunita's solution representation are proposed. We present stochastic algorithms with strong orders up to 3. Both mathematical analysis and numerical evidence are provided to verify the desired order of accuracy.
Quantum teleportation via maximum-confidence quantum measurements

We investigate the problem of teleporting unknown qudit states via pure quantum channels with nonmaximal Schmidt rank. This process is mapped to the problem of discriminating among nonorthogonal symmetric states which are linearly dependent and equally likely. It is shown that by applying an optimized maximum-confidence (MC) measurement for accomplishing this task, one reaches the maximum possible teleportation fidelity after a conclusive event in the discrimination process, which in turn occurs with the maximum success probability. In this case, such fidelity depends only on the Schmidt rank of the channel and it is larger than the optimal one achieved, deterministically, by the standard teleportation protocol. Furthermore, we show that there are quantum channels for which it is possible to apply a k-stage sequential MC measurement in the discrimination process such that a conclusive event at any stage leads to a teleportation fidelity above the aforementioned optimal one and, consequently, increases the overall success probability of teleportation with a fidelity above this limit.
REVISITING THE EMISSION FROM RELATIVISTIC BLAST WAVES IN A DENSITY-JUMP MEDIUM

Re-brightening bumps are frequently observed in gamma-ray burst afterglows. Many scenarios have been proposed to interpret the origin of these bumps, of which a blast wave encountering a density-jump in the circumburst environment has been questioned by recent works. We develop a set of differential equations to calculate the relativistic outflow encountering the density-jump by extending the work of Huang et al. This approach is a semi-analytic method and is very convenient. Our results show that late high-amplitude bumps cannot be produced under common conditions, rather only a short plateau may emerge even when the encounter occurs at an early time (<104 s). In general, our results disfavor the density-jump origin for those observed bumps, which is consistent with the conclusion drawn from full hydrodynamics studies. The bumps thus should be caused by other scenarios.
A Contextuality Based Quantum Key Distribution Protocol

In this article we present a new prepare and measure quantum key distribution protocol that uses an experimentally accessible measure of single qubit contextuality to warranty the security of the quantum channel. The definition of contextuality used is that due to Spekkens in which any underlying hidden variable model of the physical system is noncontextual if the probability distribution of the model's hidden variables is independent of the preparation and measurement context. Under this more general definition of noncontextuality the measurement outcomes of a single qubit can be shown to require a contextual model in order to reproduce the results of some non-projective, positive operator valued measurements (POVMs). The proposed protocol utilizes a particular set of POVMs to exhibit the degree of contextuality of the qubits exiting the QKD system's quantum channel. The contextuality measure is defined in terms of the weak values of a set of projective measurements that are implemented as POVMs using weak measurements. The resulting QKD protocol should have a key rate that is equal to or greater than BB84 since none of the sifted key is used to test for the presence of an eavesdropper. Additionally, the new protocol is shown to be immune to detector based attacks.
Comparison of volume-selective z-shim and conventional EPI in fMRI studies using face stimuli

Single-shot gradient recalled echo planar imaging (EPI) is the primary tool for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The image often suffers from signal drop near the air-tissue interface, such as the amygdala and regions of the orbitofrontal lobe. An effective way to correct for this type of artifact is by applying multi-shot EPI using different z-shimming. Unfortunately, the scanning efficiency is significantly lowered. More recently, a new technique called volume-selective z-shim was proposed to implement z-shim compensation to only specific slices with large susceptibility effects. The high imaging efficiency of volume selective z-shim makes it possible to substitute conventional EPI for whole brain studies. In this study two fMRI experiments were conducted to compare volume- selective z-shim and conventional EPI while subjects performed tasks on face stimuli. The comparison was focused on three brain regions: amygdala, hippocampus, and fusiform gyrus. Our results indicate that despite fewer volumes collected during the same amount of scan time, volume-selective z-shim showed statistically higher activation in brain regions susceptible to signal loss while minimal differences were observed elsewhere.
The X-ray properties of high-z FRI candidates in the COSMOS field

We report the X-ray analysis of a sample of candidate high-redshift (1<z<2) FRI sources from the sample of Chiaberge et al. (2009), observed in the Chandra COSMOS field (C-COSMOS). Our main goals are to study their nuclear properties by means of unresolved X-ray emission, and to constrain the presence of clusters surrounding the FRI sources from the diffuse X-ray emission by the associated hot plasma. Among 19 FRI candidates, 6 have an X-ray unresolved counterpart in the C-COSMOS catalog. Two additional sources are not present in the C-COSMOS catalog but are clearly detected in the Chandra images. X-ray spectral analysis, when possible, or hardness ratio of the stacked emission from X-ray detected sources, suggest that some of them have significant intrinsic absorption (N_H~10^22 cm^-2), and high X-ray luminosities with respect to local FRIs. From the stacking analysis of the 11 non-detected sources, however, we find evidence for unresolved soft X-ray emission and no detected hard emission, suggesting an unabsorbed spectrum. Therefore, the X-ray properties vary significantly from source to source among these FRI candidates. From the analysis of the stacked images of all 19 FRI candidates we can rule out the presence of virialized haloes with temperatures larger than 2-3 keV; however, the upper limit on the average extended emission is still consistent with the presence of ~1-2 keV hot gas.
MASS-LOSS EVOLUTION OF CLOSE-IN EXOPLANETS: EVAPORATION OF HOT JUPITERS AND THE EFFECT ON POPULATION

During their evolution, short-period exoplanets may lose envelope mass through atmospheric escape owing to intense X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation from their host stars. Roche-lobe overflow induced by orbital evolution or intense atmospheric escape can also contribute to mass loss. To study the effects of mass loss on inner planet populations, we calculate the evolution of hot Jupiters considering mass loss of their envelopes and thermal contraction. Mass loss is assumed to occur through XUV-driven atmospheric escape and the following Roche-lobe overflow. The runaway effect of mass loss results in a dichotomy of populations: hot Jupiters that retain their envelopes and super Earths whose envelopes are completely lost. Evolution primarily depends on the core masses of planets and only slightly on migration history. In hot Jupiters with small cores (≃ 10 Earth masses), runaway atmospheric escape followed by Roche-lobe overflow may create sub-Jupiter deserts, as observed in both mass and radius distributions of planetary populations. Comparing our results with formation scenarios and observed exoplanets populations, we propose that populations of closely orbiting exoplanets are formed by capturing planets at/inside the inner edges of protoplanetary disks and subsequent evaporation of sub-Jupiters.
Atomically precise step grids for the engineering of helical states

Conventional spin-degenerated surface electrons have been effectively manipulated by using organic and inorganic self-assembled nanoarrays as resonators. Step superlattices naturally assembled in vicinal surfaces are a particularly interesting case since they represent simple one-dimensional (1D) models for fundamental studies, and can imprint strong anisotropies in surface electron transport in real devices. Here we present the first realization of periodic resonator arrays on the BiAg2 atom-thick surface alloy with unprecedented atomic precision, and demonstrate their potential ability for tuning helical Rashba states. By employing curved crystals to select local vicinal planes we achieve tunable arrays of monoatomic steps with different morphology and orientation. Scanning the ultraviolet light beam on the curved surface during angle-resolved photoemission experiments allows one to unveil the scattering behavior of spin-textured helical states. In this way, we find coherent scattering of helical Rashba states from the step arrays, as well as step-density-dependent Rashba band shifts and spin-orbit splitting compared to the extended BiAg2 plane.
Red bulgeless galaxies in SDSS DR7. Are there any AGN hosts

With the main goal of finding bulgeless galaxies harbouring super massive black holes and showing, at most, just residual star formation activity, we have selected a sample of massive bulgeless red sequence galaxies from the SDSS-DR7, based on the NYU-VAGC catalogue. Multivavelength data were retrieved using EURO-VO tools, and the objects are characterised in terms of degree of star formation and the presence of an AGN. We have found seven objects that are quenched massive galaxies, that have no prominent bulge and that show signs of extra activity in their nuclei, five of them being central in their halo. These objects are rather robust candidates for rare systems that, though devoid of a significant bulge, harbor a supermassive black hole with an activity level likely capable of having halted the star formation through feedback.
Excursion sets and non-Gaussian void statistics

Primordial non-Gaussianity (NG) affects the large scale structure (LSS) of the Universe by leaving an imprint on the distribution of matter at late times. Much attention has been focused on using the distribution of collapsed objects (i.e. dark matter halos and the galaxies and galaxy clusters that reside in them) to probe primordial NG. An equally interesting and complementary probe however is the abundance of extended underdense regions or voids in the LSS. The calculation of the abundance of voids using the excursion set formalism in the presence of primordial NG is subject to the same technical issues as the one for halos, which were discussed e.g. in Ref. However, unlike the excursion set problem for halos which involved random walks in the presence of one barrier δ c, the void excursion set problem involves two barriers δ v and δ c. This leads to a new complication introduced by what is called the "void-in-cloud" effect discussed in the literature, which is unique to the case of voids. We explore a path integral approach which allows us to carefully account for all these issues, leading to a rigorous derivation of the effects of primordial NG on void abundances. The void-in-cloud issue, in particular, makes the calculation conceptually rather different from the one for halos. However, we show that its final effect can be described by a simple yet accurate approximation. Our final void abundance function is valid on larger scales than the expressions of other authors, while being broadly in agreement with those expressions on smaller scales. © 2011 The American Physical Society.
Comparison theorems for causal diamonds

We formulate certain inequalities for the geometric quantities characterizing causal diamonds in curved and Minkowski spacetimes. These inequalities involve the redshift factor which, as we show explicitly in the spherically symmetric case, is monotonic in the radial direction, and it takes its maximal value at the center. As a by-product of our discussion we rederive Bishop's inequality without assuming the positivity of the spatial Ricci tensor. We then generalize our considerations to arbitrary, static and not necessarily spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat spacetimes. In the case of spacetimes with a horizon our generalization involves the so-called domain of dependence. The respective volume, expressed in terms of the duration measured by a distant observer compared with the volume of the domain in Minkowski spacetime, exhibits behaviors which differ if $d=4$ or $dg4$. This peculiarity of four dimensions is due to the logarithmic subleading term in the asymptotic expansion of the metric near infinity. In terms of the invariant duration measured by a comoving observer associated with the diamond we establish an inequality which is universal for all $d$. We suggest some possible applications of our results including comparison theorems for entanglement entropy, causal set theory, and fundamental limits on computation.
SGR 1806 20 about two years after the giant flare: Suzaku, XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL observations

In December 2004, the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1806-20 emitted the most powerful giant flare ever observed. This probably involved a large-scale rearrangement of the magnetosphere leading to observable variations in the properties of its X-ray emission. Here we present the results of the first Suzaku observation of SGR 1806-20, together with almost simultaneous observations with XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL. The source seems to have reached a state characterized by a flux close to the pre-flare level and by a relatively soft spectrum. Despite this, SGR 1806-20 also remained quite active after the giant flare, allowing us to study several short bursts observed by Suzaku in the 1-100 keV range. We discuss the broad-band spectral properties of SGR 1806-20, covering both persistent and bursting emission, in the context of the magnetar model, and consider its recent theoretical developments.
Coherent manipulation of noise-protected superconducting artificial atoms in the Lambda scheme

We propose a new protocol for thr manipulation of a three-level artificial atom in Lambda ($\Lambda$) configuration in the absence of a direct pump coupling. It allows faithful, selective and robust population transfer analogous to stimulated Raman adiabatic passage ($\Lambda$-STIRAP), in highly noise protected superconducting artificial atoms. It combines the use of a two-photon pump pulse with suitable advanced control, operated by a slow modulation of the phase of the external fields, leveraging on the stability of semiclassical microwave drives. This protocol is a building block for novel tasks in complex quantum architectures. Its demonstration would be a benchmark for the implementation of a class of multilevel advanced control procedures for quantum computation and microwave quantum photonics in systems based on artificial atoms.
On the numerical ranks of tensors

Tensors are often compressed by expressing them in low rank tensor formats. In this paper, we develop three methodologies that bound the compressibility of a tensor: (1) Algebraic structure, (2) Smoothness, and (3) Displacement structure. For each methodology, we derive bounds on numerical tensor ranks that partially explain the abundance of compressible tensors in applied mathematics. For example, we show that the solution tensor $X \in \mathbb{C}^{n \times n \times n}$ of a discretized Poisson equation $-\nabla^2 u =1$ on $[-1,1]^3$ with zero Dirichlet conditions can be approximated to a relative accuracy of $\epsilon$ by a tensor-train decomposition of rank $(1,s_1,s_2,1)$, where $s_1=s_2=\mathcal{O}(\log n \log(1/\epsilon))$ and $0 < \epsilon < 1$.
Nonlinear large deviation bounds with applications to traces of Wigner matrices and cycles counts in Erd\"os-Renyi graphs

We prove general nonlinear large deviation estimates similar to Chatterjee-Dembo's original bounds except that we do not require any second order smoothness. Our approach relies on convex analysis arguments and is valid for a broad class of distributions. Our results are then applied in three different setups. Our first application consists in the mean-field approximation of the partition function of the Ising model under an optimal assumption on the spectra of the adjacency matrices of the sequence of graphs. Next, we apply our general large deviation bound to investigate the large deviation of the traces of powers of Wigner matrices with sub-Gaussian entries, and the upper tail of cycles counts in sparse Erdos-Renyi graphs down to the connectivity threshold $n^{-1/2}$.
Automatic Accuracy Prediction for AMR Parsing

Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) represents sentences as directed, acyclic and rooted graphs, aiming at capturing their meaning in a machine readable format. AMR parsing converts natural language sentences into such graphs. However, evaluating a parser on new data by means of comparison to manually created AMR graphs is very costly. Also, we would like to be able to detect parses of questionable quality, or preferring results of alternative systems by selecting the ones for which we can assess good quality. We propose AMR accuracy prediction as the task of predicting several metrics of correctness for an automatically generated AMR parse – in absence of the corresponding gold parse. We develop a neural end-to-end multi-output regression model and perform three case studies: firstly, we evaluate the model’s capacity of predicting AMR parse accuracies and test whether it can reliably assign high scores to gold parses. Secondly, we perform parse selection based on predicted parse accuracies of candidate parses from alternative systems, with the aim of improving overall results. Finally, we predict system ranks for submissions from two AMR shared tasks on the basis of their predicted parse accuracy averages. All experiments are carried out across two different domains and show that our method is effective.
On density of ergodic measures and generic points

We introduce two properties of dynamical systems on Polish metric spaces: closeability and linkability. We show that they imply density of ergodic measures in the space of invariant probability measures and the existence of a generic point for every invariant measure. In the compact case, it follows from our conditions that the set of invariant measures is either a singleton of a measure concentrated on a periodic orbit or the Poulsen simplex. We provide examples showing that closability and linkability are independent properties. Our theory applies to systems with the periodic specification property, irreducible Markov chains over a countable alphabet, certain coded systems including $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ -shifts and $S$ -gap shifts, $C^{1}$ -generic diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold $M$ and certain geodesic flows of a complete connected negatively curved manifold.
On characterization of positive maps preserving continuity of the von Neumann entropy

We show that a positive linear map preserves local continuity (convergence) of the entropy if and only if it preserves finiteness of the entropy, i.e. transforms operators with finite entropy to operators with finite entropy. The last property is equivalent to the boundedness of the output entropy of a map on the set of pure states.