Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface temperatures in the polar regions from Nimbus 7 temperature humidity infrared radiometer

Monthly surface temperatures in the Arctic and Antarctic regions have been derived from the 11.5-μM thermal infrared channel of the Nimbus 7 temperature humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) for a whole year in 1979 and for a winter and a summer month from 1980 through 1985. The data set shows interannual variability and provides spatial details that allow identification of temperature patterns over sea ice and ice sheet surfaces. For example, the coldest spot in the southern hemisphere is observed to be consistently in the Antarctic plateau in the southern hemisphere, while that in the northern hemisphere is usually located in Greenland, or one of three other general areas: Siberia, the central Arctic, or the Canadian Archipelago. Also, in the southern hemisphere, the amplitude of the seasonal fluctuation of ice sheet temperatures is about 3 times that of sea ice, while in the northern hemisphere, the corresponding fluctuations for the two surfaces are about the same. The main sources of error in the retrieval are cloud and other atmospheric effects. These were minimized by first choosing the highest radiance value from the set of measurements during the day taken within a 30 km by 30 km grid of each daily map. Then the difference of daily maps was taken, and where the difference is greater than a certain threshold (which in this case is 12°C), the data element is deleted. Overall, the monthly maps derived from the resulting daily maps are spatially and temporally consistent, are coherent with the topography of the Antarctic continent and the location of the sea ice edge, and are in qualitative agreement with climatological data. Quantitatively, THIR data are in good agreement with Antarctic ice sheet surface air temperature station data with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and a standard deviation of 2.0°C. The absolute values are not as good over the sea ice edges, but a comparison with Russian 2-m drift station temperatures shows very high correlation (with correlation coefficient at 0.998) and a standard deviation of 1.1°C. Overall, the rms error is estimated to be from 1° to 2°C, depending on the surface, while the average bias when compared with in situ data is less than 2°C.
A Mass Balance Model that Uses Low-altitude Meteorological Observations and the Area–Altitude Distribution of a Glacier

A glacier mass balance model that requires only low-altitude precipitation and temperature observations and the glacier's area-altitude distribution is presented as an alternative to direct field measurements. Input to the model for South Cascade Glacier are daily weather observations at stations 30-60 km from the glacier and at altitudes 1300 to 1500 m lower than the glacier. The model relies on the internal consistency of mass balance variables that are generated by simulation using the low-altitude weather data. The daily values of such balance variables as snowline altitude, zero balance altitude, glacier balance, balance flux and the accumulation area ratio are correlated throughout the ablation season using two-degree polynomial regressions to obtain the lowest fitting error. When the minimum average error (or maximum R 2 ) is attained, the generated balances and other variables are considered to be real. A simplex optimization technique is used to determine the optimal coefficient values that are used in algorithms to convert meteorological observations to snow accumulation and snow and ice ablation. The independently produced simulation results for the 1959-1996 period are compared with balances measured at the glacier. The agreement between annual balances for individual years is fair and between long-term volume changes measured by the geodetic method is excellent.
Blood-Based Protein Changes in Childhood Are Associated With Increased Risk for Later Psychotic Disorder: Evidence From a Nested Case–Control Study of the ALSPAC Longitudinal Birth Cohort

Abstract The identification of early biological changes associated with the psychotic disorder (PD) is important as it may provide clues to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We undertook the first proteomic profiling of blood plasma samples of children who later develop a PD. Participants were recruited from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort who also participated in psychiatric assessment interviews at age 18. Protein expression levels at age 11 were compared between individuals who developed PD at age 18 (n = 37) with population-based age-matched controls (n = 38). Sixty out of 181 plasma proteins profiled were found to be differentially expressed (P < .05) in children with an outcome of the PD. Thirty-four of these proteins were found to be differentially expressed following correction for multiple comparisons. Pathway analysis implicated the complement and coagulation cascade. A second, targeted proteomic approach was used to verify these findings in age 11 plasma from subjects who reported psychotic experiences at age 18 (n = 40) in comparison to age-matched controls (n = 66). Our findings indicate that the complement and coagulation system is dysregulated in the blood during childhood before the development of the PD.
Volatility Spillover Dynamics and Determinants between FinTech and Traditional Financial Industry: Evidence from China

We explore the dynamics and determinants of volatility spillover between financial technology (FinTech) and the traditional financial industry (TFI). The total, directional, and net spillover indices are measured, and we further decompose volatility spillovers in a time–frequency framework. Economic fundamentals, risk contagion, and market attention are examined as potential determinants of volatility spillovers. We reveal that the total spillover index is time-varying and exhibits an inverse U-shape between 2017 and 2021. FinTech is a net volatility receiver in most cases, and exported volatility to the TFI during the COVID-19 pandemic. The long-term components are the main driving force of volatility spillovers based on the frequency domain decomposition. Meanwhile, the economic fundamental determinants are the main contributing factors of volatility spillovers, explaining over 60% of total spillover between FinTech and the TFI. The findings remain robust under different settings of forecasting horizons, lag lengths, and proxy of the risk contagion determinant.
Reducing diffuse pollution in agricultural catchments: retention of sediment and nutrients in field wetlands

Diffuse water pollution continues to be an important environmental concern, with only 28% of surface waters in the UK currently classified as ‘good ecological status’ in a recent update of Water Framework Directive classifications. Agriculture has been identified as the largest sector associated with diffuse sources of nutrients and sediment. Field wetlands have been used for mitigation of diffuse pollution in Scandinavia but there is currently little quantitative evidence of their effectiveness in the UK. Ten field wetlands have been built at four sites in the UK, covering a range of soil types, runoff sources, wetland sizes and wetland designs. The wetlands, small (< 350 m2), unlined ponds constructed along runoff pathways, slow the connection between the pollution source and the waterways, and provide more opportunity for sediment and nutrients to settle out or be taken up by aquatic organisms. This paper describes sediment retention in all ten wetlands and nutrient retention at one highly polluted site. Sediment retention was estimated from annual surveys of the sediment build-up in each wetland. Sediment trapping rates were highest on a sandy soil site (0.5 – 6 t ha-1 yr-1), compared to a silty soil site (0.02 – 0.4 t ha-1 yr-1) and a clay soil site (0.01 – 0.07 t ha-1 yr-1). Nutrient retention was estimated from samples collected at the inlet and outlet of each wetland. At Whinton Hill, Cumbria, a wetland system with a long hydraulic residence time, concentrations of both particulate and dissolved nutrients were observed to decrease between the inlet and outlet of the wetland system. The average concentration of some nutrients was observed to reduce by up to 80%. Overall, small field wetlands have shown good potential for mitigation of diffuse pollution and should be considered alongside in-field measures as part of an integrated solution for catchment management.
Tea Yield Modeling Based on Satellite Derived LAI

Abstract Tea yield has substantial impact on the economic sustainability of Sri Lanka. An attempt was made to generate a tea yield prediction model using a Leaf Area Index (LAI) derived from IRS‐1C LISS‐III sensor records. The area chosen for this case study is located in a tea estate in central Sri Lanka. At the local level, decisions regarding tea type (Seedling or Vegetative Propagated tea), varieties (clones), planting time, agronomic practices (pruning time, frequency of plucking, weed management etc.) and fertilizer application can benefit further from accurate knowledge of production on a field by field basis. Therefore, a tea yield estimation model is very important for planning and management strategies of tea estates. LAI measurements were made in the fields and an empirical Model was developed to find the suitability of using field LAI for annual tea yield. Field LAI values were related to satellite based LAI estimations. A strong relationship was indicated with a coefficient of correlation of 0.76. Thus, satellite based LAI values can be effectively used for tea yield prediction model.
Factor XIIIA mobilizes transglutaminase 2 to induce chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation

Two transglutaminases (TGs), factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) and TG2, undergo physiologic upregulation in growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes, and pathological upregulation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Externalization of guanine-nucleotide-bound TG2 drives chondrocyte maturation to hypertrophy, a state linked to matrix remodeling and calcification. Here, we tested the hypothesis that FXIIIA also promotes hypertrophic differentiation. Using human articular chondrocytes, we determined that extracellular FXIIIA induced chondrocyte hypertrophy associated with rapid movement of TG2 to the cell surface. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that FXIIIA Pro37 bordering the thrombin endoproteolytic Arg38-Gly39 site, but not intrinsic TG catalytic activity, were necessary for FXIIIA to induce chondrocyte hypertrophy. TGs have been demonstrated to interact with certain integrins and, during osteoarthritis (OA), α1β1 integrin is upregulated and associated with hypertrophic chondrocytes. FXIIIA engaged α1β1 integrin in chondrocytes. Antibody crosslinking of α1β1 integrin mobilized TG2. Conversely, an α1β1-integrin-specific blocking antibody inhibited the capacity of FXIIIA to induce TG2 mobilization to the cell surface, phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, and chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our results identify a unique functional network between two cartilage TG isoenzymes that accelerates chondrocyte maturation without requirement for TG-catalyzed transamidation by either TG.
Axisymmetric Intrusive Gravity Currents in Linearly Stratified Fluids

Two detailed field experiments were performed to investigate the spreading dynamics of axisymmetric, inertia-buoyancy controlled, intrusive gravity currents in linearly stratified environments. The appropriate intrusions were successfully generated using deep-set point-source bubble plume devices installed within different thermally-stratified reservoirs. The intrusive flows were found to progress at a rate predicted from a simple inertia-buoyancy force balance with the intrusion thickness decreasing with distance from the source. The results imply that shear waves of all modes were generated at the intrusion nose and able to propagate away to modify the flow field. Turbulent activity, internal to the intrusions, was found not to influence the spreading characteristics. Scaling arguments and the experimental findings were also used to derive a parameter describing the initial intrusion dynamics. By combining the current findings with previously published results for intrusions progressing in the viscous-buoyancy regime, a relation describing the distance at which viscous forces become dominant was derived.
Compression of ferromagnesian garnets and the effect of solid solutions on the bulk modulus

The effect of pressure on the lattice parameter, hence the molar volume, of four ferromagnesian garnet specimens was determined up to 328 kb at room temperature by means of the X-ray diffraction technique employing a diamond-anvil high-pressure cell. Using a Birch-Murnaghan equation with a (∂KT/∂P)T value of 5.45, the isothermal bulk modulus at zero pressure Ko has been computed to be 1.90±0.06 Mb for the synthetic end member pyrope, 1.77±0.06 Mb for the natural pyrope (Pyrope60 Almanditesi31), 1.73±0.06 Mb for the natural almandite (Pyrope22 Almandite72), and 1.68±0.05 Mb for the synthetic end member almandite. An equation relating the bulk modulus to the composition of a binary solid solution was derived. It was found that the bulk modulus of the almandite-pyrope solid solutions is inversely proportional to the mole fraction and is expressed by: where Xpy is the mole fraction of pyrope. The seismic parameter for these solid solutions can be expressed as a function of the mean atomic weight by:
On the thermal instability of large diameter wells; an observational report

A fluid in a tube subjected to a thermal gradient will be stable as long as this gradient does not exceed a certain critical value. Observational evidence is presented that the fluid in large diameter wells, such as oil wells, subjected to the normal geothermal gradient is, indeed, unstable as predicted by the theory. Our independent observations support the evidence presented by Diment (1967) in a companion paper.
3D Integration of Active and Passive Seismic for Reservoir Monitoring

SUMMARY In this paper, we present an integrated procedure for estimating hypocentres and complex 3D velocity models by the joint traveltime inversion of micro-earthquakes and active surface seismic data. Reflection tomography can reconstruct the major formation interfaces along extended areas, but its vertical velocity resolution between interfaces is low. Micro-earthquakes may improve the ray illumination at the reservoir, so improving in sequence the 3D velocity model and their location precision. This data integration improves also the time origin estimation of micro-earthquakes.
Intrinsic bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a gas condensate-contaminated aquifer

A study was designed to determine if the intrinsic bioremediation of gas condensate hydrocarbons represented an important fate process in a shallow aquifer underlying a natural gas production site. For over 4 yr, changes in the groundwater, sediment, and vadose zone chemistry in the contaminated portion of the aquifer were interpreted relative to a background zone. Changes included decreased dissolved oxygen and sulfate levels and increased alkalinity, Fe(II), and methane concentrations in the contaminated groundwater, suggesting that aerobic heterotrophic respiration depleted oxygen reserves leaving anaerobic conditions in the hydrocarbon-impacted subsurface. Dissolved hydrogen levels in the contaminated groundwater indicated that sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were predominant biological processes, corroborating the geochemical findings. Furthermore, 10−1000-fold higher numbers of sulfate reducers and methanogens were enumerated in the contaminated sediment relative to background. Putative metabol.
PENNSYLVANIAN (LATE CARBONIFEROUS) ECHINOIDS FROM THE WINCHELL FORMATION, NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS, USA

Abstract A new genus and three new species of echinoids occur in several horizons of an echinoderm Lagerstätten in the Winchell Formation of north-central Texas. This occurrence is dominated by several thousand specimens of Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis new species, a medium-sized archaeocidarid with long, triangular, ornate spines. Another rare archaeocidarid, Archaeocidaris apheles n. sp. , is a small, smooth-spined species. The second most abundant echinoid is Elliptechinus kiwiaster n. gen. and sp. , an unusual elliptical lepidocentrid, which extends the range of lepidocentrids into the Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous). A fourth echinoid, an unidentified echinocystitid, is known from one disarticulated specimen and appears to be mostly composed of ambulacral plates of varying shape and size.
Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. III - The parameterization of the eddy fluxes of heat and moisture

Abstract A number of perpetual January simulations are carried out with a two-dimensional (2-D) zonally averaged model employing various parameterizations of the eddy fluxes of heat (potential temperature) and moisture. The parameterizations are evaluated by comparing these results with the eddy fluxes calculated in a parallel simulation using a three-dimensional (3-D) general circulation model with zonally symmetric forcing. The 3-D model's performance in turn is evaluated by comparing its results using realistic (nonsymmetric) boundary conditions with observations. Branscome's parameterization of the meridional eddy flux of heat and Leovy's parameterization of the meridional eddy flux of moisture simulate the seasonal and latitudinal variations of these fluxes reasonably well, while somewhat underestimating their magnitudes. In particular, Branscome's parameterization underestimates the vertically integrated flux of heat by about 30%, mainly because it misses out the secondary peak in this flux near the.
Palaeostress Inversion in a Multiphase Deformed Area: Kinematic and Structural Evolution of the Çankırı Basin (Central Turkey), Part 1 – Northern Area

Abstract The kinematic and structural evolution of the major structures affecting the Çankırı Basin, central Turkey, has been deduced from a palaeostress inversion study. Four palaeostress tensor configurations indicative of four-phase structural evolution have been constructed from the fault slip data collected from the Çankırı Basin. The first two phases indicate the dominant role of thrusting and folding, and are attributed to the collision between the Pontides and the Taurides, the proposed interface of which is straddled by the Çankırı Basin. Phase 1 occurred in the pre-Late Palaeocene and Phase 2 in the Late Palaeocene-pre-Burdigalian. The third phase is dominated by extensional deformation in the Middle Miocene. The latest phase has been active since then and is characterized by regional transcurrent tectonics.
The extensional Messaria shear zone and associated brittle detachment faults, Aegean Sea, Greece

Structural, thermochronological and metamorphic data are used to elucidate the tectonic nature and evolution of the ductile extensional Messaria shear zone and the associated brittle Messaria and Fanari detachment faults, which exhumed their footwall from mid-crustal depths on the island of Ikaria in the Aegean. Thermobarometric data indicate that the Messaria shear zone formed at 350–>400 °C and 3–4 kbar (i.e. at a depth of c. 15 km). Normal faulting was accompanied by the intrusion of two granites, which together with the thermobarometric data indicate a relatively high thermal field gradient of 25–35 °C km−1. Zircon and apatite fission-track and apatite (U–Th)/He ages demonstrate rapid cooling in the footwall of the Messaria detachment from c. 400 °C to c. 40 °C between 11 and 3 Ma. Age–distance relationships of the data suggest that the Messaria shear zone and the Messaria detachment slipped at apparent rates of c. 6–9 km Ma−1. Kinematic indicators show a consistent top-to-the-NNE shear sense for the extensional faults. However, at the southern part of the Messaria detachment some late-stage shear-sense indicators are top-to-the-SSW and are assumed to be associated with updoming of the footwall. Numerous deformed pegmatite veins in the Messaria shear zone allow the reconstruction of deformation and flow parameters. The mean kinematic vorticity number ranges from 0.13 to 0.80, indicating that shearing deviated significantly from simple shear; that is, extensional shearing was associated with vertical ductile thinning, which contributed to tectonic exhumation. Finite strain shows oblate geometries and axial ratios of the finite-strain ellipse in sections parallel to tectonic transport and normal to the mylonitic foliation range from 1.8 to 19.9. We calculate, using a 1D numerical model, that vertical ductile thinning contributed c. 20% to exhumation during extensional shearing. Normal faulting was the major agent exhuming the footwall from c. 15 km depth.
Microseismic Logging of the Ekofisk Reservoir

Microseismic events or acoustic emissions induced by petroleum extraction in the Ekofisk field operated by the Phillips Petroleum Licence 018 group in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, were monitored for 18 days in April 1997. The monitoring consisted of a 6 level, triaxial VSP Wireline tool deployed within the reservoir in the 2/4-C11a observation well located near the crest of the field. 2100 microseismic events were recorded, corresponding to roughly 5 per hour. The majority of the events were located in the upper part of the reservoir, predominantly in low porosity layers overlying relatively porous layers which are undergoing water flooding and compaction. Events were most accurately located near the monitoring borehole, with the position of events further away being more uncertain. A cluster of activity surrounded the nearby well C16, confirming the event positioning accuracy.Within 300 m of the well, most events were precisely located to an accuracy of better than 30 m, and found to cluster along discrete lineations. These lineations, which are parallel to major structures in the region, are attributed to induced deformation of pre-existing fractures. Comparisons with simulations of the water flood front indicated that the saturated zones around the injection wells were aseismic. The position of the water flood front was not accurately enough known to test if any of the clusters of microseismicity were associated with it. However, compaction of the chalk may be strongest at the water front. If a significant proportion of the total acoustic activity is caused in association with the water front, then time-lapse microseismic monitoring could represent a useful tool for tracking the position of the water flood.
The effect of CSR disclosure on tax avoidance through earnings management: Indonesian evidence

This study aims to explain the effect of CSR disclosure on tax avoidance and analyze that effect through earnings management. Companies use CSR expenditure as an earning management strategy. CSR expenditure is assessed as a deductible expense to obtain low taxes. This strategy, called earnings management, is the first step of tax avoidance. The population was taken from companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the Consumer Non-Cyclicals sector from 2018-2020. Sampling uses a purposive sampling technique with 25 companies. The analysis used is multiple linear regression with the intervening variable testing using the Sobel test. The results of this study explain that CSR disclosure has a negative effect on tax avoidance. Wide CSR disclosure means the company is far from tax avoidance practices. Testing using the intervening variable results in earnings management being unable to mediate the effect of CSR disclosure on tax avoidance.