Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polyp Miss Rate Determined by Tandem Colonoscopy: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Colonoscopy is the best available method to detect and remove colonic polyps and therefore serves as the gold standard for less invasive tests such as virtual colonoscopy. Although gastroenterologists agree that colonoscopy is not infallible, there is no clarity on the numbers and rates of missed polyps. The purpose of this systematic review was to obtain summary estimates of the polyp miss rate as determined by tandem colonoscopy.METHODS:An extensive search was performed within PUBMED, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases to identify studies in which patients had undergone two same-day colonoscopies with polypectomy. Random effects models based on the binomial distribution were used to calculate pooled estimates of miss rates.RESULTS:Six studies with a total of 465 patients could be included. The pooled miss rate for polyps of any size was 22% (95% CI: 19–26%; 370/1,650 polyps). Adenoma miss rate by size was, respectively, 2.1% (95% CI: 0.3–7.3%; 2/96 adenomas ≥10 mm), 13% (95% CI: 8.0–18%; 16/124 adenomas 5–10 mm), and 26% (95% CI: 27–35%; 151/587 adenomas 1–5 mm). Three studies reported data on nonadenomatous polyps: zero of eight nonadenomatous polyps ≥10 mm were missed (0%; 95% CI: 0–36.9%) and 83 of 384 nonadenomatous polyps <10 mm were missed (22%; 95% CI: 18–26%). CONCLUSIONS:Colonoscopy rarely misses polyps ≥10 mm, but the miss rate increases significantly in smaller sized polyps. The available evidence is based on a small number of studies with heterogeneous study designs and inclusion criteria.
The magnetic field structure of SNR G328.4+0.2 from polarimetric observations at 19 GHz

We report on the first polarimetric observations at 19 GHz made with the upgraded Australia Telescope Compact Array. Observations were made of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G328.8+0.2. We find the SNR has circular morphology with a strong central bar, similar to that seen at lower frequencies. The SNR has high linear polarization throughout, with fractional polarization in the bar up to 50 per cent. The orientation of the magnetic field lines follow the filamentary structure of the SNR. The magnetic field at the edge of the SNR is generally toroidal, interspersed with radial fingers, likely caused by Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. Although the SNR has been identified as Crab-like, we prefer an interpretation in which the bar is a pulsar-powered wind nebula with the rest of the SNR consisting of the shell. The proposed pulsar parameters make the SNR/pulsar system more like SNR G11.2–0.3 than the Crab Nebula.
Response of Demographic Rates of Tropical Trees to Light Availability: Can Position-Based Competition Indices Replace Information from Canopy Census Data?

For trees in tropical forests, competition for light is thought to be a central process that offers opportunities for niche differentiation through light gradient partitioning. In previous studies, a canopy index based on three-dimensional canopy census data has been shown to be a good predictor of species-specific demographic rates across the entire tree community on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and has allowed quantifying between-species variation in light response. However, almost all other forest census plots lack data on the canopy structure. Hence, this study aims at assessing whether position-based neighborhood competition indices can replace information from canopy census data and produce similar estimates of the interspecific variation of light responses. We used inventory data from the census plot at Barro Colorado Island and calculated neighborhood competition indices with varying relative effects of the size and distance of neighboring trees. Among these indices, we selected the one that was most strongly correlated with the canopy index. We then compared outcomes of hierarchical Bayesian models for species-specific recruitment and growth rates including either the canopy index or the selected neighborhood competition index as predictor. Mean posterior estimates of light response parameters were highly correlated between models (r>0.85) and indicated that most species regenerate and grow better in higher light. Both light estimation approaches consistently found that the interspecific variation of light response was larger for recruitment than for growth rates. However, the classification of species into different groups of light response, e.g. weaker than linear (decelerating) vs. stronger than linear (accelerating) differed between approaches. These results imply that while the classification into light response groups might be biased when using neighborhood competition indices, they may be useful for determining species rankings and between-species variation of light response and therefore enable large comparative studies between different forest census plots.
Proof Search Specifications of Bisimulation and Modal Logics for the π-calculus

We specify the operational semantics and bisimulation relations for the finite π-calculus within a logic that contains the ∇ quantifier for encoding generic judgments and definitions for encoding fixed points. Since we restrict to the finite case, the ability of the logic to unfold fixed points allows this logic to be complete for both the inductive nature of operational semantics and the coinductive nature of bisimulation. The ∇ quantifier helps with the delicate issues surrounding the scope of variables within π-calculus expressions and their executions (proofs). We illustrate several merits of the logical specifications permitted by this logic: they are natural and declarative; they contain no side-conditions concerning names of variables while maintaining a completely formal treatment of such variables; differences between late and open bisimulation relations arise from familar logic distinctions; the interplay between the three quantifiers (∀, ∃, and ∇) and their scopes can explain the differences between early and late bisimulation and between various modal operators based on bound input and output actions; and proof search involving the application of inference rules, unification, and backtracking can provide complete proof systems for one-step transitions, bisimulation, and satisfaction in modal logic. We also illustrate how one can encode the π-calculus with replications, in an extended logic with induction and co-induction.
A homozygous SCN5A mutation in a severe, recessive type of cardiac conduction disease

Cardiac sodium channels are key players in the generation and propagation of action potentials in the human heart. Heterozygous mutations in the SCN5A gene have been found to be associated with long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and sinus node dysfunction (SND). Recently, overlapping arrhythmia phenotypes have been reported as well. Here we describe a novel recessive SCN5A mutation in a family originating from the German minority in White Russia. Four affected children with a history of early cardiac arrhythmia encompassing SND, conduction disease, and severe ventricular arrhythmias, are homozygous carriers of a novel SCN5A missense mutation (p.I230T) in the channel protein. Interestingly, the heterozygous mutation carriers had neither significant ECG abnormalities nor a history of cardiac events. Heterologous expression of SCN5A(I230T) channels revealed normal protein transport but altered biophysical sodium channel properties. Voltage range of both activation and inactivation were shifted in a way that resulted in decreased sodium current and loss of channel function. In conclusion, we describe a rare clinical condition with a novel SCN5A mutation causing a new type of complex cardiac arrhythmia. Unlike most previously reported sodium channelopathies, this overlap syndrome displays recessive inheritance characteristics and does not seem to follow simple Mendelian rules. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Input method against Trojan horse and replay attack

During a user's transactions over the Internet, there are risks of unauthorised third party transactions carried out on the user's account, using the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack and Trojan horse. In this paper, we propose a new interactive input method of sensitive information such as credit-card numbers and account numbers against these attacks. The proposing method relatively decides the input value that a user inputs using GUI with two or more cursors which move to different directions simultaneously. The user inputs the information based on a shared secret between the user and a server beforehand, and moves one of the cursors from the shared secret to the input value, and the server changes the cursors' position and asks a question about the value which the users cursors points at. The server can decide the user's input value though the response for the question. This method is strong and does not give any hint about which cursor is used t to the attacker unless both the user and the server expose the shared value and the input value.
The Economic WellBeing of Lesbian Gay and Bisexual Youth Transitioning Out of Foster Care

The brief describes the characteristics and economic well-being of young people aging out of foster care who identify themselves as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB). It also compares their economic self-sufficiency with that of their heterosexual peers also aging out of care. The analysis uses data from the Midwest Study of Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, a longitudinal study that followed a sample of young people from Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin as they transitioned out of foster care and into adulthood.
Identifying proteins controlling key disease signaling pathways

Motivation: Several types of studies, including genome-wide association studies and RNA interference screens, strive to link genes to diseases. Although these approaches have had some success, genetic variants are often only present in a small subset of the population, and screens are noisy with low overlap between experiments in different labs. Neither provides a mechanistic model explaining how identified genes impact the disease of interest or the dynamics of the pathways those genes regulate. Such mechanistic models could be used to accurately predict downstream effects of knocking down pathway members and allow comprehensive exploration of the effects of targeting pairs or higher-order combinations of genes. Results: We developed methods to model the activation of signaling and dynamic regulatory networks involved in disease progression. Our model, SDREM, integrates static and time series data to link proteins and the pathways they regulate in these networks. SDREM uses prior information about proteins’ likelihood of involvement in a disease (e.g. from screens) to improve the quality of the predicted signaling pathways. We used our algorithms to study the human immune response to H1N1 influenza infection. The resulting networks correctly identified many of the known pathways and transcriptional regulators of this disease. Furthermore, they accurately predict RNA interference effects and can be used to infer genetic interactions, greatly improving over other methods suggested for this task. Applying our method to the more pathogenic H5N1 influenza allowed us to identify several strain-specific targets of this infection. Availability: SDREM is available from http://sb.cs.cmu.edu/sdrem Contact: zivbj@cs.cmu.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Implementing chord with declarative networking language

In real-time or other analytics for big data in cloud computing, development of distributed systems is a must and a difficult task. The kernel problem in distributed environment is how to efficiently and accurately locate the node that stores things of our interest. Usually, we use Chord (a distributed hash table) to ease the challenging task. Implementing Chord from scratch is a tough and time consuming process. In this paper, we first investigate the applicability of a declarative networking programming language, called JOL, and describe its architecture and features. We designed and built a Chord prototype system with JOL. We also report our experience with this system.
A General Form of Relative Recursion

The purpose of this note is to observe a generalization of the concept “computable in. ” to arbitrary partial combinatory algebras. For every partial combinatory algebra (pca) A and every partial endofunction on A ,ap caA[f ] is constructed such that in A[f ], the function f is representable by an element; a universal property of the construction is formulated in terms of Longley’s 2-category of pcas and decidable applicative morphisms. It is proved that there is always a geometric inclusion from the realizability topos on A[f ]i nto the one onA, and that there is a meaningful preorder on the partial endofunctions on A which generalizes Turing reducibility.
Effect of Intravenous Thrombolysis on MRI Parameters and Functional Outcome in Acute Stroke <6 Hours

Background and Purpose— The goals of this study were to examine MRI baseline characteristics of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and to study the influence of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on MR parameters and functional outcome using a multicenter approach. Methods— In this open-label, nonrandomized study of AIS patients with suspected anterior circulation stroke, subjects received a multiparametric stroke MRI protocol (diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging and MR angiography) within 6 hours after symptom onset and on follow-up. Patients were treated either with tPA (thrombolysis group) or conservatively (no thrombolysis group). Functional outcome was assessed on day 90 (modified Rankin Score; mRS). Results— We enrolled 139 AIS patients (no thrombolysis group, n=63; thrombolysis group, n=76). Patients treated with tPA were more severely affected (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 10 versus 13;P =0.002). Recanalization rates were higher in the thrombolysis group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction criteria 1 through 3 on day 1; 66.2% versus 32.7%;P <0.001). Proximal vessel occlusions resulted in larger infarct volumes and worse outcome (P =0.02). Thrombolysis was associated with a better outcome regardless of the time point of tPA treatment (≤3 hours or 3 to 6 hours) (univariate analysis: mRS ≤2, P =0.017; mRS ≤1, P =0.023). Age (P =0.003), thrombolytic therapy at 0 to 6 hours (P =0.01), recanalization (P =0.016), lesion volume on day 7 (P =0.001), and initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (P =0.001) affected functional outcome (mRS on day 90) positively (multivariate analysis). The time point of tPA therapy affected the recanalization rate (P =0.024) but not final infarct volume. Conclusions— In this pilot study, tPA therapy had a beneficial effect on vessel recanalization and functional outcome. Multiparametric MRI delineates tissue at risk of infarction in AIS patients, which may be helpful for the selection of patients for tPA therapy. tPA therapy appeared safe and effective beyond a 3-hour time window. This study delivers the rationale for a randomized, MR-based tPA trial.
Using Brain Signals in Adaptive Smart Spaces for Disabled Children

Our research explores new forms of technology-enhanced interventions for children with Intellectual Disability (ID). The paper presents an innovative smart space called Magic K-Room, which has been designed in cooperation with ID specialists and provides multisensory stimuli exploiting full-body interaction with various kinds of smart objects and ambient features. Using brain signals acquired through a wearable EEG headset, the space is responsive to a particular child's levels of relaxation and attention, automatically adapting the stimuli to the child's state, and allows therapists to automatically collect a child's data for diagnosis purposes or to fine tune their therapy.
Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts

Large-scale transitions between alternative states in ecosystems are known as regime shifts. Once described as healthy and dominated by various marine predators, the Black Sea ecosystem by the late 20th century had experienced anthropogenic impacts such as heavy fishing, cultural eutrophication, and invasions by alien species. We studied changes related to these “natural experiments” to reveal the mechanisms of regime shifts. Two major shifts were detected, the first related to a depletion of marine predators and the second to an outburst of the alien comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi; both shifts were triggered by intense fishing resulting in system-wide trophic cascades. The complex nature of ecosystem responses to human activities calls for more elaborate approaches than currently provided by traditional environmental and fisheries management. This implies challenging existing practices and implementing explanatory models of ecosystem interactions that can better reconcile conservation and ecosystem management ideals.
Estimation of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation after Myopic Corneal Refractive Surgery: Using Corneal Height in Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose To investigate the feasibility of estimating effective lens position (ELP) and calculating intraocular lens power using corneal height (CH), as measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), in patients who have undergone corneal refractive surgery. Methods This study included 23 patients (30 eyes) who have undergone myopic corneal refractive surgery and subsequent successful cataract surgery. The CH was measured with AS-OCT, and the measured ELP (ELPm) was calculated. Intraocular lens power, which could achieve actual emmetropia (Preal), was determined with medical records. Estimated ELP (ELPest) was back-calculated using Preal, axial length, and keratometric value through the SRK/T formula. After searching the best-fit regression formula between ELPm and ELPest, converted ELP and intraocular lens power (ELPconv, Pconv) were obtained and then compared to ELPest and Preal, respectively. The proportion of eyes within a defined error was investigated. Results Mean CH, ELPest, and ELPm were 3.71 ± 0.23, 7.74 ± 1.09, 5.78 ± 0.26 mm, respectively. The ELPm and ELPest were linearly correlated (ELPest = 1.841 × ELPm - 2.018, p = 0.023, R = 0.410) and ELPconv and Pconv agreed well with ELPest and Preal, respectively. Eyes within ±0.5, ±1.0, ±1.5, and ±2.0 diopters of the calculated Pconv, were 23.3%, 66.6%, 83.3%, and 100.0%, respectively. Conclusions Intraocular lens power calculation using CH measured with AS-OCT shows comparable accuracy to several conventional methods in eyes following corneal refractive surgery.
High Yield Front-etched Structure for CMOS Compatible IR Detector

A front-etched structure for CMOS compatible IR detector is demonstrated and tested in this paper. Properly-arranged narrow windows in IR absorbing area are designed along the [100] direction on the (100) Si wafer. Experimental result shows that the design of the etching windows is characteristic of short release time and high IR sensitive area occupancy rate up to 50%. Based on CMOS compatible MEMS technology such as high precision mask, LPCVD, IBE dry etching, TMAH wet etching, a p-doped/ n-doped polycrystalline silicon thermopile is fabricated with such a structure It shows that the release time through TMAH silicon anisotropic etching is only 3 hours for an area of 500 mum times 500 mum with a yield better than 95%, which paves a way for researches of large scale IR array.
Image Denoising Methods. A New Nonlocal Principle

The search for efficient image denoising methods is still a valid challenge at the crossing of functional analysis and statistics. In spite of the sophistication of the recently proposed methods, most algorithms have not yet attained a desirable level of applicability. All show an outstanding performance when the image model corresponds to the algorithm assumptions but fail in general and create artifacts or remove fine structures in images. The main focus of this paper is, first, to define a general mathematical and experimental methodology to compare and classify classical image denoising algorithms and, second, to propose a nonlocal means (NL-means) algorithm addressing the preservation of structure in a digital image. The mathematical analysis is based on the analysis of the “method noise,” defined as the difference between a digital image and its denoised version. The NL-means algorithm is proven to be asymptotically optimal under a generic statistical image model. The denoising performance of all considered methods is compared in four ways; mathematical: asymptotic order of magnitude of the method noise under regularity assumptions; perceptual-mathematical: the algorithms artifacts and their explanation as a violation of the image model; quantitative experimental: by tables of $L^2$ distances of the denoised version to the original image. The fourth and perhaps most powerful evaluation method is, however, the visualization of the method noise on natural images. The more this method noise looks like a real white noise, the better the method.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Inpatient Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review

Objective Evaluate the evidence for effects of inpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) on patient, prescribing, and microbial outcomes. Design Systematic review. Methods Search of MEDLINE (2000 through November 2013), Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies. We included English language studies with patient populations relevant to the United States (ie, infectious conditions and prescriptions required for antimicrobials) that evaluated ASP interventions and reported outcomes of interest. Study characteristics and outcomes data were extracted and reviewed by investigators and trained research personnel. Results Few intervention types (eg, audit and feedback, guideline implementation, and decision support) substantially impacted patient outcomes, including mortality, length of stay, readmission, or incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. However, most interventions were not powered adequately to demonstrate impacts on patient outcomes. Most interventions were associated with improved prescribing patterns as measured by decreased antimicrobial use or increased appropriate use. Where reported, ASPs were generally associated with improvements in microbial outcomes, including institutional resistance patterns or resistance in the study population. Few data were provided on harms, sustainability, or key intervention components. Studies were typically of short duration, low in methodological quality, and varied in study design, populations enrolled, hospital setting, ASP intent, intervention composition and implementation, comparison group, and outcomes assessed. Conclusions Numerous studies suggest that ASPs can improve prescribing and microbial outcomes. Strength of evidence was low, and most studies were not designed adequately to detect improvements in mortality or other patient outcomes, but obvious adverse effects on patient outcomes were not reported.
Gene-toxicant link to Parkinson's disease.

-Primary human pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma has been established in tissue culture and as xenografts in immune-deficient nu/nu mice. The cell line has a doubling time of 36 h and grows as a confluent monolayer together with a constant population of free-floating cells. Evidence of tumourigenicity was provided by growth on an early diploid fibroblast monolayer and in soft agar, and as solid tumours in immune-deficient nu/nu mice. Chromosome analysis of the cultured cells confirmed their tumour origin. Xenografts established from the cell line or directly from primary tumour tissue have retained a similar histology to the original tumour on serial transplantation. An electrophoretic study of exportable pancreatic digestive enzymes and a number of intracellular enzymes has shown that the cell line and xenografts maintain a human intracellular enzyme profile, but do not produce pancreatic digestive enzymes.