Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Chemical constituents of Phymatopteris hastate and their antioxidant activity].

OBJECTIVE To study chemical constituents contained in Phymatopteris hastate and their antioxidant activity. METHOD Chemical constituents were separated and purified from P. hastate by using such methods as silica gel, Toyopearl HW-40C and HPLC preparative chromatography. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods such as NMR. Furthermore, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) method was used to assess the antioxidant activity of each compound. RESULT Fourteen compounds were separated and identified as 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-ethyl-trans-caffeicate (1), kaempferlo-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranside (2), kaempferol-3, 7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), juglanin (5), naringin (6), naringenin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), trans-caffeic acid (8), trans-caffeic acid-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9), trans-cinnamic acid-4-O-beta-D- glucopyranoside (10), trans-melilotoside (11), cis-melilotoside (12), ethyl chlorogenate (13), protocatechuic acid (14). The antioxidation experiment showed an obvious antioxidant activity in compounds 1-9, 13-14. CONCLUSION All of the compounds were separated from this genus for the first time. Among them, compound 1 was not seen in literature reports and assumed to be a new artifact derived from compound 9 and ethanol. Compounds 1-9, 13-14 showed a remarkable antioxidant activity.
An optimal inventory policy under certainty distributed demand for cutting tools with stochastically distributed lifespan

Abstract Traditional inventory policy was deeply investigated for various kinds of demand in different industrial sectors. More extensive explorations on inventory policy, including the combination with manufacturing process, detailed attributes of the purchased products, etc. was conducted by many researchers. During manufacturing process, lifespan of cutting tools have significant impact on both the quantity of inventory and production cost. In this paper, the impact of maximum allowable stopping time for cutting tools on production-inventory policy under general production demands was investigated. An optimal inventory policy with general demand (OIPGD) was developed with which the allowable stopping time for tools, order-up-to-level inventory, and order cycle can be optimally determined by an exhaustive searching algorithm. Examples with different distributions on tool lifespan and production demand is presented to show the implementation of the OIPGD model. The results and the sensitivity analysis about the parameters show that optimized combination of selection for tool allowable stopping time, order-up-to-level, and order cycle time can dramatically minimize the total cost of the whole inventory activity.
Constructing Hierarchical Bayesian Networks With Pooling

Inspired by the Bayesian brain hypothesis and deep learning, we develop a Bayesian autoencoder, a method of constructing recognition systems using a Bayesian network. We construct hierarchical Bayesian networks based on feature extraction and implement pooling to achieve invariance within a Bayesian network framework. The constructed networks propagate information bidirectionally between layers. We expect they will be able to achieve brain-like recognition using local features and global information such as their environments.
An efficient lookup mechanism for hierarchical ID mapping system

The Identity (ID) and Locator (LOC) separation principle is an important concept to both the current Internet and the future Internet. A major issue in ID/LOC separation principle is mapping a location-independent ID to a position-specific locator, which is the main function of a system that we define as the ID/LOC Mapping System (IMS). Realizing the IMS is particularly challenging simply because it has to manage a large number of IDs in the Internet; thus, it is important to design an IMS that has high scalability and performance. In this paper, we propose a scalable and efficient IMS where we achieve scalability through hierarchical structuring of the IMS and high performance through the use of the bloom filter.
Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor

HIV-1 (Human immunodeficiency virus type 1)׳s infection is considered as one of most harmful disease known by human, the survivability rate of the host reduced significantly when it developed into AIDS. HIV drug resistance is one of the main problems of its treatment and several drug designs have been done to find new leads compound as the cure. In this study, in silico virtual screening approach was used to find lead molecules from the library or database of natural compounds as HIV-1 protease inhibitor. Virtual screening against Indonesian Herbal Database with AutoDock was performed on HIV-1 protease. From the virtual screening, top ten compounds obtained were 8-Hydroxyapigenin 8-(2",4"-disulfatoglucuronide), Isoscutellarein 4'-methyl ether, Amaranthin, Torvanol A, Ursonic acid, 5-Carboxypyranocyanidin 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl-beta-glucopyranoside), Oleoside, Jacoumaric acid, Platanic acid and 5-Carboxypyranocyanidin 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside.
Renal and liver functions and muscle injuries during training and after competition in Thai boxers.

OBJECTIVE: To observe whether there are any injuries to muscle and deleterious effects on the liver and kidneys during training and after competition in Thai boxers. METHODS: Serum levels of intracellular enzymes and specific markers in the urine were measured during training and after fighting in Thai boxers. RESULTS: During the training period, the activities of muscle enzymes were significantly increased whereas those of the liver enzymes and creatinine clearance were not changed. After a match, on the other hand, both liver and muscle enzyme activities were elevated but renal function was decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The training protocol for Thai boxers has virtually no deleterious effect on liver and renal function, but damage to skeletal muscle cells may occur. However, competition may cause muscle injury without any obvious damage to the liver and kidneys.
Entrepreneurial perspectives on informal venture capital

Entrepreneurial firms, a major source of new employment in Europe, require risk capital from informal venture capitalists in order to create substantial economic growth. This study surveys the capital-acquisition process from the demand side--that is, from the entrepreneurs' perspective. Twenty semi-structured, qualitative, in-depth interviews, conducted over 2½ years and focusing on the entrepreneur-informal investor relationship, yielded four case studies that are analysed here. The analysis reveals two very different approaches to acquiring informal venture capital. One approach views capital as a scarce resource, the other views it as a commodity. Entrepreneurs who view it as a commodity contend that what makes the capital-acquisition process so difficult is not securing the capital itself, but rather finding investors with the requisite expertise and contacts. This paper proposes the term relevant capital to describe the 'added value' capital that these investors provide, and offers qualitative insights into the content of the informal investor/entrepreneur relationship.
Management of tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral arterial occlusions with endovascular multimodal reperfusion therapy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of multimodal reperfusion therapy (MMRT) for tandem internal carotid artery and middle cerebral arterial (TIM) occlusions. Cases of TIM occlusion were collected and retrospectively reviewed. The analyzed objects included etiology, sites of tandem occlusion, collateral flow, location and size of infarcts. Combined with mechanical recanalization techniques and its complications, the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and imaging data that was derived pre- and post-procedure were further contrasted. The study enrolled six patients with TIM occlusions. The mean NIHSS score on admission was 17 (range 13–20) and the median time from puncture to recanalization was 141 min (range 60–230). The substantial recanalization rate (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b or 3) was 83.3% and no symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was observed. The mean NIHSS score after three days was 14 (range 10–19) and 9 (range 3–17) following discharge. However, one patient died of pulmonary infection one month after discharge. For the five patients who survived, the modified Rankin Scale was evaluated at three months, with scores of 3, 1, 3, 5 and 3, respectively. It is concluded that endovascular therapy for acute TIM occlusions are complex, MMRT may be relatively safe and effective.
Differentiation between symptomatic Chiari I malformation and asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia by using cerebrospinal fluid flow imaging: initial estimate of imaging accuracy.

PURPOSE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow imaging in distinguishing between patients with symptomatic Chiari I malformation and those with asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia by using a neurosurgeon's overall clinical determination as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review board of the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics approved our HIPAA-compliant retrospective study and granted a waiver for informed consent. Seventeen patients (five male, 12 female; aged 4-43 years) with tonsils extending more than 5 mm below the foramen magnum were classified by the neurosurgeon as symptomatic for Chiari I malformation or asymptomatic for tonsilar ectopia. The CSF flow images of the two groups were read independently in blinded fashion by four neuroradiologists. Reader agreement was calculated as percentage of readings in each patient that agreed with the neurosurgeon's classification. Sensitivity and specificity were respectively calculated as the percentage of abnormal readings in symptomatic patients and the percentage of normal readings in asymptomatic patients. RESULTS Of 17 patients, nine were classified by the neurosurgeon as symptomatic Chiari I malformation and eight as asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia. Agreement between pairs of readers was 63%-44%. For sagittal and transverse images, reader sensitivity for finding abnormal flow in symptomatic Chiari I malformation patients averaged 76% and specificity for normal flow in patients with asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia averaged 62%. The number of positive readings in the symptomatic patient group was significantly greater than that in the asymptomatic group (P < .02). CONCLUSION Readers detected an abnormal CSF flow pattern significantly more often in patients with symptomatic Chiari I malformation than in patients with asymptomatic tonsilar ectopia.
E-waste management in India: A mini-review

Environmental deterioration and health risk due to improper e-waste management has become a serious issue in India. The major portion of e-waste reaches an unorganized e-waste recycling sector and is then treated by using crude methods. This review article presents a brief highlight on e-waste management status, legislation, and technology uses in India. The present e-waste management needs to be more focused on environmentally sound management, by more active support from all the participants involved in the e-waste flow chain in India.
Does OPEC influence crude oil prices? Testing for co-movements and causality between regional crude oil prices

Using high-frequency data the co-movements among crude oil prices are analysed in order to address the question of regionalization of the world crude oil market. Time-series econometrics in the form of error-correction modelling is applied for daily crude oil price data covering the time period 1988 to 2004 and in this framework topics like weak and strong exogeneity among three major oil prices – represented by Brent, OPEC and Texas (WTI) – are addressed. The empirical results are that causality is most likely bi-directional among these crude oil prices – and hence rejecting a regionalization hypothesis of the global oil market – and also an influence from the OPEC oil price towards Bent and WTI, which are usually claimed to have a benchmark role.
Piecewise Linear in rates Lyapunov functions for Complex Reaction Networks

Piecewise-Linear in Rates (PWLR) Lyapunov functions are introduced for a class of Complex Reaction Networks (CRNs). In addition to their simple structure, these functions are robust with respect to arbitrary monotone reaction rates, of which mass-action is a special case. The existence of such functions ensures the convergence of trajectories towards equilibria, and guarantee their asymptotic stability with respect to the corresponding stoichiometric compatibility class. We give the definition of these Lyapunov functions, present their basic properties, and provide algorithms for constructing them. Examples are provided, relationship with consensus dynamics are discussed, and future directions are elaborated.
Cutting Edge: Heterozygote Advantage in Autoimmune Disease: Hierarchy of Protection/Susceptibility Conferred by HLA and Killer Ig-Like Receptor Combinations in Psoriatic Arthritis1

Functionally relevant combinations of HLA and killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) genotypes influence resistance to several diseases in humans. Analysis of genetic data from such studies is challenging because it involves multiple linked and unlinked loci that exert their influence in an epistatic manner. We previously reported that subjects with certain activating receptors were susceptible to developing psoriatic arthritis (PsA), an effect that was strongest when HLA ligands for corresponding homologous inhibitory receptors were missing. In this study, we present a novel model in which susceptibility to PsA is determined by the overall balance of activating and inhibitory composite KIR-HLA genotypes. This model fits our knowledge of clonal NK cell expression of KIR and regulation of NK cell activity better than does the previous model, as reflected in a robust trend for increasing susceptibility to PsA with more activating genotypes. These data emphasize the remarkable influence of KIR/HLA combinations on this disease.
Proposing Social Capitalization Indices of Street Blocks for Evaluation of Urban Space Quality

The concept of Social Capitalization as the means of evaluating the sustainability of a block of buildings is introduced, and Social Capitalization Index is defined. A study of three districts in and around Nagoya SCI shows that well-planned blocks have much higher SCIs than other blocks and that in the mixed land-use areas of commerce and housing within the city centre there are some dominant factors such as ineffective land use and inharmonious building form which depreciate the SCI
Capital Flight and War

The author provides empirical evidence on the effects of inflation on post-war capital flight flows. He tests the hypothesis that inflation has a positive additional impact on capital flight flows after war. He uses a new panel dataset of 77 developing countries, of which 35 experienced at least one episode of war between 1971 and 2000. The author uses a range of estimation methods and four capital flight measures-Cline, World Bank Residual, Morgan Guarantee, and Dooley. The results consistently support the research hypothesis: Post-war inflation increases annual capital flight flows by about 0.005 to 0.01 percentage points of GDP. This effect is substantial in total at high inflation rates. The implication is that low inflation helps to curb capital flight in post-conflict economies.
From Business to Politics: Cross‐Border Inter‐Firm Networks and Policy Spillovers in the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood

The European Union (EU) encourages cross-border inter-firm networks as a part of its external governance approach. What is the effect of these networks? Do they lead to regulatory convergence around EU standards in the eastern neighbourhood? Using original survey data, as well as data on regional enterprise-related regulations, this article argues that the density of interaction among private actors and between private actors and regional governments in such networks create conditions for private actors to lobby for regulatory change, resulting in approximations to EU standards. By testing the transnational mechanisms of policy change, the article points to the possibility of integration, even in the absence of membership prospects. However, the findings also indicate that the extent of regulatory change is conditioned by cross-border network structure as well as the institutional distance between the partnering regions.
When Might a Distressed Firm Share Work? Evidence from the Short-Time Compensation Programme in France

ceteris paribusThis paper analyses the participation patterns of publicly funded short-time compensation benefits (STC) in France. The regression equation directly models the choice of work units facing slack demand to adjust their labour force by declaring redundancies or by implementing an STC agreement. The likelihood of adopting the work-sharing mode is related to certain firm and labour force attributes, labour market institutions and policy parameters. The results suggest that employment protection laws increase the incidence of STC usage and hence decrease employers' recourse to layoffs. Work-forces receiving relatively high levels of pay and exhibiting relatively low levels of labour force attachment are less likely to participate in the STC programme, . Although the programme is designed to prevent cyclical layoffs, there is preliminary evidence that chronic usage in instances of permanent layoffs is fairly widespread. ceteris paribus
Identification and Enumeration of Marine Chroococcoid Cyanobacteria by Immunofluorescence

We used an indirect immunofluorescence technique to permit the identification and enumeration of individual or closely related strains of chroococcoid cyanobacteria of the general Synechococcus and Synechocystis in natural seawater samples. Antisera directed against each of five strains (two phycoerythrin-containing Synechococcus strains, two phycocyanin-containing Synechococcus strains, and one Synechocystis strain) were produced and tested for cross-reactions with cultures of a variety of cyanobacteria and representatives of other algae and bacteria. Each antiserum was relatively specific. The observed cross-reactions occurred between strains that were isolated from similar oceanic environments. We were able, therefore, to apply this technique to field samples. Preliminary results for April to December 1982 in Great South Bay, New York, show that Synechocystis populations are present only during spring and summer, phycocyanin-containing Synechococcus strains are only a minor component in the spring and summer, and phycoerythrin-containing Synechococcus populations become significant in summer and remain so until late fall or winter.
Intra-arterial infusion of insulin attenuates vasoreactivity in human forearm.

Hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the development of hypertension. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hyperinsulinemia modulates vascular reactivity to phenylephrine or angiotensin II. In 10 young, healthy volunteers, the left brachial artery was cannulated for drug infusion and direct measurements of arterial pressure. We measured forearm blood flow by a strain-gauge plethysmograph while infusing phenylephrine (0.2, 0.8, and 2.4 micrograms/min) and angiotensin II (5, 10, and 20 ng/min) locally into the brachial artery before and during simultaneous intra-arterial infusion of insulin (0.15 mU/kg per minute). Forearm vascular resistance was calculated from directly measured arterial pressure and forearm blood flow. Intra-arterial infusion of insulin raised the local plasma insulin level from 10.3 +/- 1.4 to 133.3 +/- 21.1 microU/mL (P < .01) and did not change blood glucose level in the venous effluents of the forearm. Insulin infusion slightly but not significantly increased basal forearm blood flow (4.6 +/- 1.5 to 5.5 +/- 0.9 mL/min per 100 milliliters, NS) and decreased forearm vascular resistance (22.1 +/- 2.1 to 20.3 +/- 2.8 U, NS). Phenylephrine and angiotensin II increased forearm vascular resistance dose dependently before and during simultaneous insulin infusion (P < .01 for both). Intra-arterial infusion of insulin attenuated vascular reactivity to phenylephrine (P < .01) and angiotensin II (P < .01). None of these drugs changed blood pressure or heart rate. Our results suggest that hyperinsulinemia attenuates vascular reactivity in the forearm resistance vessels in healthy humans.
Informality, Frictions and Monetary Policy

How does informality in emerging economies affect the conduct of monetary policy? To answer this question we construct a two-sector, formal-informal new Keynesian closed-economy. The informal sector is more labour intensive, is untaxed, has a classical labour market, faces high credit constraints in financing investment and is less visible in terms of observed output. We compare outcomes under welfare-optimal monetary policy, discretion and welfare-optimized interest-rate Taylor rules building the model in stages; first with no frictions in these two markets, then with frictions in only the formal labour market and finally with frictions on both credit markets and the formal labour market. Our main conclusions are first, labour and financial market frictions, the latter assumed to be stronger in the informal sector, cause the time-inconsistency problem to worsen. The importance of commitment therefore in- creases in economies characterized by a large informal sector with the features we have highlighted. Simple implementable optimized rules that respond only to observed aggregate inflation and formal-sector output can be significantly worse in welfare terms than their optimal counterpart, but are still far better than discretion. Simple rules that respond, if possible, to the risk premium in the formal sector result in a significant welfare improvement.
Superstars in the National Basketball Association: Economic Value and Policy

An econometric analysis demonstrates that television ratings for NBA games are substantially higher when certain players (“superstars”) are involved. Thus, these superstars are quite important for generating revenue, not only for their own teams but for other teams as well. Using the econometric analysis and additional information on attendance and paraphernalia sales, we estimate the value of Michael Jordan to the other NBA teams to be approximately $53 million. The positive externality superstars have on other teams can lead to an inefficient distribution of player talent. We examine several league policies that might be used to address the externality.
Do Balanced‐Budget Rules Increase Growth?

type="main"> This study tests the hypothesis that balanced-budget rules (BBRs) that restrict public borrowing to investments in public infrastructure increase growth by increasing the productivity of debt, either because investments in public infrastructure are more productive than other uses for which states borrow funds or because BBRs lower borrowing costs. Results are based on data at 5-year intervals for 49 US states over the period 1957–2007. The tests strongly support the hypothesis that BBRs increase growth by increasing the productivity of debt and withstand a variety of robustness checks, including alternative lags, exogeneity tests, GMM estimation, a placebo test, and the influence of outliers.