Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Zoning Restrictiveness and Housing Foreclosures: Exploring a New Link to the Subprime Mortgage Crisis

This article finds that using zoning to promote a diverse housing stock where all income groups can find affordable options reduces the risk of foreclosure. The finding is related to what my colleagues and I (Nelson, Dawkins, & Sanchez, 2007) found: State-mandated urban containment combined with affordable housing mandates expand affordable housing supply. It would seem that the evidence on the benefits of expanding housing diversity is growing. So, why is there not broad consensus among local governments to expand housing diversity? For one thing, locally elected officials and the growth machine (Molotch & Logan, 1987) that tends to put them into power are caught in the baby boom time warp. Between 1946 and 1964, the baby boom added 76 million children to the American society, comprising an astonishing 40% or more of the nation’s population. Between the 1980s and the 2000s, boomers dominated the housing market of the United States, as they were motivated to own large homes on large lots to raise growing families. During this period, Americans enjoyed the highest household income in the nation’s history and were provided mostly with what they wanted in the burgeoning suburbs of the United States. For their part, the suburbs of the United States used exclusionary zoning to make themselves attractive to boomer households, especially the affluent ones. By the late 1990s, most suburban Atlanta jurisdictions, for instance, prohibited apartments, town houses, condominiums, small homes, and small lots in their communities (Nelson, 2001). The numbers between 1989 and 2009 speak for themselves (Nelson, 2013):
Antibodies to Epstein‐Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in relation to CD4 cell number in human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection

Interaction between herpesviruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)I is postulated in the progression of HIV disease. In order to evaluate the specific antibody responses directed to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and to provide serological evidence suggesting reactivation of these viruses able to accelerate the immunodeficiency, we studied IgA and IgG titres to EBV and CMV in the serum of HIV positive patients in relation to the CD4 cell number.
Assays of vacuole fusion resolve the stages of docking, lipid mixing, and content mixing

Membrane fusion entails organelle docking and subsequent mixing of membrane bilayers and luminal compartments. We now present an in vitro assay of fusion, using yeast vacuoles bearing domains of either Fos or Jun fused to complementary halves of β-lactamase. Upon fusion, these proteins associate to yield β-lactamase activity. This assay complements the standard fusion assay (activation of pro-Pho8p in protease-deficient vacuoles by proteases from pho8Δ vacuoles). Both the β-lactamase and pro-Pho8p activation assays of fusion show the same long kinetic delay between SNARE pairing and luminal compartment mixing. Lipid-mixing occurs rapidly after SNARE pairing but well before aqueous compartment mixing. These results support a model in which SNARE pairing leads to rapid hemifusion, followed by slow further lipid rearrangement and aqueous compartment mixing.
Different distributions of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAS suggest that the two glutamate decarboxylases play distinctive functional roles

Two genes encode two forms of glutamate decarboxylase, GAD65 and GAD67. Because the two GADs differ in subcellular distribution and interactions with the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate, the two enzymes may play different roles in gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. In this study we have used in situ hybridization to compare the regional and cellular distributions of the two GAD mRNAs in rat brain. Both GAD mRNAs are abundant in olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, zona incerta, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, oculomotor nuclei, and pontine tegmental area. GAD65 mRNA is more abundant in several structures of the visual system, including the lateral geniculate nuclei, superior colliculi, and olivary pretectal nucleus, as well as in several hypothalamic and pontine nuclei. In contrast, GAD67 mRNA is more abundant in neocortex, the granular layer of olfactory bulb, lateral and medial septum, globus pallidus, inferior colliculi, and cerebellar cortex. Both GAD mRNAs are present in interneurons as well as in projection neurons, and both are present in neurons with different types of synapses, including dendrodendiritic, axosomatic, and axodendritic synapses. GAD65 mRNA predominates in the visual and the neuroendocrine systems, which are more subject to phasic changes, while GAD67 is present at relatively higher concentrations in many tonically active neurons. GAD65 and GAD67 together may provide more flexibility in the regulation of GABA synthesis than either could alone. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Short-Term Vehicular Density Prediction Scheme for Enhanced Beaconing Control

Channel congestion is a well-known problem in wireless networks in general and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) in particular. Literature solutions propose to alleviate this problem by controlling the network load based on parameters like vehicle density or packet collision rate. In other words, each vehicle will observe the density of vehicles (or the packet collision rate) around itself in a certain time interval, and use this information to adjust its transmit parameters i.e. transmit rate and/or power, the next time it has a beacon to transmit (in the following time window). However, the information collected in the current time window might not still be valid in the next one. In fact, in a highly dynamic network like VANETs, vehicle density, and consequently the busy ratio and the collision rate, might vary a great deal even in the smallest time intervals. To cope with this newly identified problem, we propose a novel vehicle-centric short-term density prediction scheme that estimates the vehicular density around a given vehicle within the next time window allowing each vehicle to adapt its transmit parameters based on the current state of the network (as opposed to the previous state). The accuracy and the efficiency of our proposed scheme is demonstrated in a proof-of-concept case study, showing a significant improvement in terms of network performance.
Gerontracy, Retirement, and Social Security

Why are the old politically successful? We build a simple interest group model in which political pressure is time-intensive, showing that in the political competitive equilibrium each group lobbies for government policies that lower their own value of time but the old do so to a greater extent and as a result are net gainers from the political process. What distinguishes the elderly from other political groups (and what makes them more succesful) is that they have lower labor productivity and/or that we are all likely to become elderly at some point, while we are relatively unlikely to change gender, race, sexual orientation, or even ocupation, The model has a variety of implications for the design of social security programs, which we test using data from the Social Security Administration. For example, the model predicts that social security programs with retirement incentives are larger and that the old are more "single-minded" in their politics, implications which we verify using cross-country government finance data and cross- country political participation surveys. Finally, we show that the forced savings programs intended to "reform" the social security system may increase the amount of intergenerational redistribution. As a model for evaluating policy reforms, ours has the attractive feature that reforms must be time time consistent from a political point of view rather than a public interest point of view.
Higher Ground: New Hope for the Working Poor and Their Children

joins a growing literature de-picting the lives of economically disadvantaged families in the United States and proposing poli-cies to set them on a positive course. Authored by three leading social scientists who offer distinct academic perspectives, this book spells out in detail what it takes to create a package of policies that is responsive to the needs of poor families, cost-ef-fective, and politically palatable. At the heart of this analysis is a study of a bold employment-based initiative, called New Hope, that was implemented from 1994 to 1998 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Policy-makers attempting to develop effective strategies for tackling poverty are fortunate when evidence collected through the “gold standard” of random assignment design comes their way, and New Hope is an illuminating example of how such evidence is created. Hence, this book is valuable for what it tells us not only about strategies to fight pov-erty, but also about how to generate evidence on strategies to fight poverty.The book, structured like an academic paper, is essentially in five main parts, describing the circumstances that drove the need for an employ-ment program in Milwaukee, the program design’s technical details, the research component of the project, the findings of that research, and, finally, lessons for national policy. Although the findings that emerged from New Hope are not earth-shat-tering—the effects on employment, income, and children’s achievement reported here are quite close to those found for other comparable employ-ment programs that supplement earnings—the book is a worthy investment for readers who desire a close-up view of a program painstakingly built on the belief that “if you work, you should not be poor. ” The richness and intimacy of this view are owing in large part to the authors’ choice, follow-ing the examples of several other investigations of poverty (such as David Hage’s
8 S . pyogenes Infections and Its Sequelae

L. Guilherme1,3, S. Freschi de Barros1,3 A.C. Tanaka1, M.C. Ribeiro Castro4 and J. Kalil1,2,3 1Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 3Immunology Investigation Institute, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 4Nephrology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Retinoid Signaling in Breast Carcinoma Cells

The role of retinoids in the normal differentiation of breast epithelial cells and their potential use in the treatment of breast carcinoma have been intensely investigated areas. Unfortunately, the normal retinoid signaling pathway has been found to be altered in breast carcinoma cells, as documented in the excellent review by Paik et al. in this journal. While normal breast epithelial cells express all three retinoid nuclear receptors, i.e., RARa, RARb, and RARg, loss of these receptors has been documented in some breast carcinoma cells. Loss of both RARa as well as RARb has been documented in estrogen receptor (ER) negative cells. – 5] In vitro data utilizing breast carcinoma cell lines would suggest that expression of RARa is dependent on a functional ER and that transactivation of RARa by retinoids and the subsequent enhanced expression of RARb is necessary for retinoid inhibition of breast carcinoma cells. Interestingly, RARa expression may also be necessary for the appropriate retinoic acid metabolism and the synthesis of active metabolites. Evidence that RARb functions as a tumor suppressor has been generated in a number of tissue types including breast. Loss of RARb expression has been found in breast carcinoma tissue carcinoma cells as well as in patients’ samples. Loss of RARb expression has been found to be associated with the acquired ability of breast carcinoma cells to display nonadherent growth as well as form tumors in nude mice; introduction of RARb expression vectors in these cells inhibits both of these biological activities. The loss of RARb expression has been found to be multifactorial. Loss of heterozygosity for the genomic locus of RARb as well as hypermethylation of CpG dinucleotides have been implicated. In addition, Swisshelm has found that expression of the RARb 4 isoform disrupts RARb-activated transcription with subsequent loss of RARb-mediated events. The data would suggest that this loss of RARb may play a major role in the etiology and progression of breast cancer. Numerous retinoid clinical trials have been conducted in patients with malignant disease including breast carcinoma. In general, the results from these trials have been disappointing. Minimal to no efficacy was found when all transretinoic acid (tRA) was utilized alone. Similar results were found with the novel retinoid 4–hydroxypheny/retinamide in breast cancer patients. Budd et al. recently reported in a phase I–II trial involving a limited number of patients that the combination of tRA and tamoxifen resulted in a response in 2 of 7 patients and stabilization of disease in 7 of 18 patients; interestingly, responses were noted
Patterns for Documenting Frameworks – Part I

Good design and implementation are necessary but not sufficient pre-requisites for the successful reuse of object-oriented frameworks. Although not always recognized, good documentation is crucial for effective framework reuse, and comes with many issues. Defining and writing good quality documentation for a framework is often hard, costly, and tiresome, especially when not aware of its key problems and good solutions for them. This document contributes two patterns to the work in progress of writing a pattern language that describe proven solutions to recurrent problems of documenting objectoriented frameworks. The patterns aim at helping non-experts on cost-effectively documenting object-oriented frameworks. The two initial patterns here presented address the problems of guiding the readers on the documentation and introducing the framework, respectively the patterns “DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP” and “FRAMEWORK OVERVIEW”.
Multilevel analysis of elastic morphology: The mantis shrimp's spring

Spring systems, whether natural or engineered, are composed of compliant and rigid regions. Biological springs are often similar to monolithic structures that distribute compliance and rigidity across the whole system. For example, to confer different amounts of compliance in distinct regions within a single structure, biological systems typically vary regional morphology through thickening or elongation. Here, we analyze the monolithic spring in mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda) raptorial appendages to rapidly acquire or process prey. We quantified the shape of cross‐sections of the merus segment of the raptorial appendage. We also examined specific regions of the merus that are hypothesized to either store elastic energy or provide structural support to permit energy storage in other regions of the system. We found that while all mantis shrimp contain thicker ventral bars in distal cross‐sections, differences in thickness are more pronounced in high‐impact “smasher” mantis shrimp than in the slower‐striking “spearer” mantis shrimp. We also found that spearer cross‐sections are more circular while those of smashers are more eccentric with elongation along the dorso‐ventral axis. The results suggest that the regional thickening of ventral bars provides structural support for resisting spring compression and also reduces flexural stiffness along the system's long axis. This multilevel morphological analysis offers a foundation for understanding the evolution and mechanics of monolithic systems in biology. J. Morphol. 276:1123–1135, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Real estate management in the Swedish public sector

The Swedish central government has implemented a radical market‐oriented reform of its real estate management. Authorities are free to rent premises from private firms, and stateowned properties have been allocated to a number of entities that lease their properties to authorities on conditions similar to those on the open market. The background and experience from these reforms are described in this paper. Local authorities and county councils have also reformed their real estate management systems in the same direction, but not as radically. There were many unexpected problems with implementing these systems, related for example to difficulties in writing good contracts for special purpose buildings, conflicts about rent setting and differences in bargaining power between the property‐owning units and the tenants/authorities. The general view is, however, that the reform created necessary economic incentives for the authorities in the public sector to economise on premises, but that it is very important to think through the details and to adjust the system to changing circumstances. An example is that the introduction of school vouchers created problems for some systems of setting internal asset rents.
The Impact of the EU on Equal Pay in Ireland

This paper discusses and analyses the impact of EU non-discrimination law, specifically gender related non-discrimination law at Member State level. In particular, the paper focuses on the specific area of gender related non-discrimination law that is concerned with equal pay. As a result, the central focus of this paper is assessing the impact of European Union (EU) policy on the area of equal pay at Member State level. To do this, this paper has chosen Ireland as a case study. Ireland is an interesting case to study the impact of non-discrimination law in the area of equal pay, as, when Ireland joined the EU, it was a conservative, patriarchal society that was heavily influenced by the teachings of the Catholic Church. Ireland thus acts as a research site in order to gauge the impact of EU pay related gender non-discrimination law in a country that in many ways was not ready for the changes that EU legislation brought. This analysis is done from a political science perspective that uses Europeanization as a theoretical model which allows for the analysis of the impact of EU policy at domestic level. Due to this discussion and analysis we can begin to answer the question of whether or not EU legislative initiatives have led to Europeanization of the area of equal pay in Ireland.
Okun's Law: Theoretical Foundations and Revised Estimates

Okun's Law has been accepted as an empirical regularity that predicts a 3 percentage point increase in output for every 1 point reduction in the unemployment rate, but only because other facts, such as weekly hours, induced labor supply and productivity tend to rise as well. When output gaps are estimated for the U.S. economy with a production-function approach, using two different data sets for potential output and NAIRU, it is found that the marginal contribution of a 1 point reduction in unemployment is only about two-thirds percent increase in output. Changes in weekly hours and capacity utilization have independent effects on the output gap. Copyright 1993 by MIT Press.
Gs alpha--identification of a gene highly expressed by insulinoma and other endocrine tumors.

BACKGROUND The isolation of mRNA molecules that are either uniquely or more highly expressed by tumor and not normal tissue is a powerful tool in the study of cell regulation and growth. To this end we constructed a complementary DNA (cDNA) library from messenger RNA (mRNA) isolated from a human insulinoma and, by differential hybridization with cDNA from both normal pancreas and insulinoma, isolated clones more highly expressed by insulinoma. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from human insulinoma and normal pancreas and purified to mRNA by oligo (dT) column. An insulinoma cDNA library was constructed and screened with 32P-labeled cDNA from pancreas and insulinoma. Northern blots from insulinoma, pancreas, carcinomas, normal endocrine tissues, and endocrine tumors were then probed with the 32P-labeled inserts. RESULTS Two clones that consistently hybridized with 32P cDNA from insulinoma and not pancreas proved to represent mRNAs for insulin and the alpha subunit of the Gs protein. There was a markedly higher expression (30-fold) of the gene for Gs alpha in mRNA from insulinoma compared with normal pancreas by Northern blot analysis. We found Gs alpha to be more highly expressed by a pheochromocytoma, a corticotropin-producing islet cell tumor of the pancreas, and a corticotropin-producing thymic carcinoid (up to 35-fold) compared with normal pancreas, whereas normal endocrine tissues, a parathyroid adenoma, thyroid follicular adenoma, gastrinoma, and several carcinomas showed no expression. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Gs alpha is highly expressed in insulinoma and certain endocrine tumors. It is not expressed in several cancers or normal endocrine tissues. Others have implicated mutated Gs proteins in the tumorigenesis of pituitary and thyroid tumors. G proteins are also known to mediate hormonal transmembrane signaling. Its overexpression in four of seven endocrine tumors tested suggests that it may have a role in the unregulated hormone secretion and/or a role in the tumorigenesis of differentiated endocrine tumors.
The role of entrepreneurial risks in the intercultural context: a study of MBA students in four nations

One of the main roots of international entrepreneurship is concerned with international and cross-cultural effects of the entrepreneurial process. This survey of 645 MBA students from different countries and cultural backgrounds examines cultural effects on entrepreneurship by exploring entrepreneurial intention and associated risks. In particular, we research the effects of (a) power distance and (b) individualism on entrepreneurial intentions across different nations. Our results reveal: first, power distance and individualism influence the intent to found and the intent to found in a team; second, different risks associated with entrepreneurship influence the relationship between cultural values and the general entrepreneurial intention, as well as the intention to found in a team. Insufficient internal resources, lack of external resources and the entrepreneurial context moderate the relationship between culture and the founding intent in several and diverse directions. Thus, culture plays a role in entrepreneurship while the relationship between power distance and individualism is complex.