Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title : Putting memory in context : Dissociating memories by distinguishing the nature of context

In recent years, spontaneous recognition tasks have become commonplace methods of assessing memory in animals. Adaptations of these tasks allow us to look at the role of objects, contexts and spatial locations in memory. Recent findings have highlighted that not all types of contexts in these tasks rely on the same neural systems. Similarly, asking different questions about the same types of context can allow the dissociation of neural systems underlying these memories. Here we review the current position in how context is used in such tasks, and we consider the fundamental importance of clearly defining both the nature of the context being used, and the questions asked of it in order to fully appreciate the neural and cognitive mechanisms being studied in such tasks.
Write caching in distributed file systems

Disk caches are employed in distributed file systems to avoid network accesses at clients and to compensate for the speed differential between main memory and disk at file servers. Because of concerns about volatility, however, write requests have typically not benefitted from the presence of caches. Instead, they have been processed with some sort of write-through or periodic write-back approach to ensure the integrity of the stored data. The introduction of reasonably priced non-volatile (NV) memories has prompted interest in the use of such memory for write caching, at the server and/or at the client. This paper describes an investigation through trace-driven simulation experiments of several approaches to write caching in distributed systems, with both volatile and non-volatile caches. The results support the findings of earlier work that suggests important differences between caching in the traditional single-level caching environment and caching in a two-level caching environment. While policies focusing on temporal locality perform well for a single-level caching system, or at the client of a two-level caching system, they may not be suitable for use at the server in a two-level caching system. This is because locality characteristics in the reference stream seen at the server in a two-level caching system may be destroyed by caching at the client with a NV write cache large enough to hold the client's working set of dirty blocks. Policies focusing on amortizing the cost of a disk seek operation over multiple write-back operations perform better at the server of a two-level caching system.
Assessment of Hydrogeochemistry and Environmental Isotopes in Karst Springs of Makook Anticline, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Karst springs of the Makook anticline were investigated to get more insight into the hydrogeologic, hydraulic, and hydrodynamic behavior of this complex karst system. Eight springs were studied in terms of hydrogeochemical constituents as well as δ18O and δ2H during September 2011 to November 2012. For the first time, the local meteoric water line was plotted for the area based on precipitation data from the period November 2011 to April 2012. The regional meteoric line plots between the global and Mediterranean meteoric water lines. The majority of the spring samples plot between the local and Mediterranean meteoric water lines implying influences by Mediterranean air masses, rapid infiltration of rainfall through the karst system and a short residence time (shallow karst aquifers). The correlation of d-excess and saturation index of halite was used to evaluate the evaporation process in karst waters of the area. The temporal variation in isotopic composition of karst springs was observed making it possible to distinguish between different origins for springs and indicate a possible connection between the aquifers and depending on this, the karst system can be classified into three aquifers: Behkme aquifer, Kometan aquifer, and Shiranish aquifer.
Interest-Based Product Recommendations along Temporal Dimension

 Abstract — Reed drastically, people can make connections and share information with friends easier and timely. Many researchers have noticed this subtle change and devoted to recommend products through WOM (word-of-mouth) on micro-blogs. However seldom of them consider that the popular topics and interests appeared in micro-blogs are changed frequently over time since the information is spread rapidly. In this paper, a new method to recommend products based on the changing preferences of individuals is proposed. Several experiments are done to verify the evolution of personal preference changes and to compare the recommendations made by top popular subjects, other domain experts and the personal preferences. The experimental results show the proposed method can recommend products more effectively.
The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African-American Culture

The Hip Hop Generation is an eloquent testament for black youth culture at the turn of the century. The only in-depth study of the first generation to grow up in post-segregation America, it combines culture and politics into a pivotal work in American studies. Bakari Kitwana, one of black America's sharpest young critics, offers a sobering look at this generation's disproportionate social and political troubles, and celebrates the activism and politics that may herald the beginning of a new phase of African-American empowerment.
A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON LEADERSHIP EDUCATION OF ASPIRING PRINCIPALS

This study describes the design and delivery of a five-day experiential leadership institute of a K-12 principal certificate program redesigned to meet new state standards and researchrecommendations using Kegan's (1982, 1994) constructive developmental theory and Heifetz's(1994, 2009) adaptive leadership theory. The study investigates ten students' experience andlearning in this adaptation of case-in-point methodology. The study found that studentsdemonstrated shifts in their perspectives on self, leadership and organizations as systems.Students showed variations in the complexity of these perspective shifts with some havingmicro-developmental characteristics. Case-in-point teaching in the institute supported growth incomplexity of perspective taking through an iterative process of reflection and encounters withdifferent points of view on personal leadership failures. Adult development framing gavestudents a linguistic support to articulate their experience and learning in case-in-point teaching.Implications for principal preparation and developmental research on leadership education arediscussed.
Hold the germ cells, I'm on duty.

Germ cell segregation and gamete production are developmental problems that all sexually reproducing species must solve in order to survive. Many people are familiar with the complex social structures of some insect species, where specialised castes of adult insects perform specific tasks, one of which is usually to guard the sexually reproductive queen. The parasitic wasp Copidosoma floridanum adds another level of complexity to the caste system: a fertilised egg produces both sterile, short-lived "soldier" larvae and "reproductive" larvae that complete metamorphosis to produce sexually reproductive adults. How two morphologically and functionally distinct larval castes are produced by genetically identical groups of cells developing under the same environmental conditions is a baffling problem. A recent paper suggests that differential germ cell segregation during embryogenesis may be an event both necessary and sufficient for caste determination. (1)
Domestic Politics and International Negotiations: the Politics of Global Warming in the United States

The United States chose an approach to global warming that came to be viewed by much of the international community as a barrier to effective action. In explaining why, this article analyzes the interaction of the domestic political process and international negotiations. It argues that—while external pressures brought to bear through the negotiations leading up to UNCED pushed the domestic agenda on global warming—the nature of the political process, in combination with the nature of the global warming issue itself, set the general limits for U.S. participation in cooperative international arrangements to manage global warming. That is, given the broad set of interests activated by global warming concerns and the ready access those interests had to decision-making bodies through a pluralist policy process, consensus on an approach to global warming proved impossible. The U.S., unwilling to accept international commitments that obligated it to domestic actions, thwarted efforts to get an international treaty containing firm targets and timetables.
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Oxymatrine Through Inhibition of Nuclear Factor–kappa B and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 Microglia Cells

Oxymatrine, a potent monosomic alkaloid extracted from Chinese herb Sophora japonica (Sophora flavescens Ait.). possesses anti-inflammatory activittyes. This study was designed to investigate the effects of oxymatrine on nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia. In this paper, BV2 microglia were pretreated with different concentrations of oxymatrine (1, 10 and 20 μg/mL) for 30 min as followed by stimulation with LPS (1 μg/mL) for different times (30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h). Concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in supernatant, mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytosolic inhibitor of kappa B-alpha (I-κBα) and phospho- I-κBα and nuclear p65 protein levels, and the phosphorylations of MAPK molecules such as extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were determined. It was shown that oxymatrine inhibited the productions of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, attenuated the mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2, suppressed the phosphorylation of I-κBα in cytosol, decreased the nuclear levels of p65, and also blocked ERK, p38 and JNK pathway in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner. According to the results; It is suggested that oxymatrine may attenuate inflammatory responses of microglia and could be potentially useful in modulation of inflammatory status in the brain disorders.
Evaluation of the Success Criteria for Zirconia Dental Implants: A Four-Year Clinical and Radiological Study

Objectives. The aim was to evaluate survival and success rates, soft tissue health, and radiographic marginal bone loss (MBL) of zirconia implants placed in the esthetic and posterior areas of the jaws and in association with multiple or single implant restorations after at least 6 months of definitive restoration. Material and Methods. 35 one-piece zirconium implants were utilized for single or partially edentulous ridges rehabilitation. All implants received immediate temporary restorations and six months after surgery were definitively restored. Every 6 months after implant placement, a clinical-radiographic evaluation was performed. For each radiograph, the measurements of MBL were calculated. Results. The results showed that the mean MBL at 48-month followup was 1.631 mm. The mean MBL during the first year of loading was not more significant for implants placed in the first molar regions than for those positioned in other areas. Moreover, no differences in marginal bone level changes were revealed for multiple and single implants, whereas MBL in the first year was observed to be slightly greater for implants placed in the maxilla than for those placed in the mandible. Conclusion. Zirconia showed a good marginal bone preservation that could be correlated with one-piece morphology and characteristics of zirconia implants.
Global Political Campaigning: A Worldwide Analysis of Campaign Professionals and Their Practices

Series Foreword by Robert E. Denton, Jr. Preface Introduction The Global Media and Marketing Revolution of Campaigns Are Campaigns American? The Worldwide Proliferation of American Campaign Techniques The Modus Operandi of American Overseas Consultants Institutional and Cultural Limits of Americanization The Universe of Campaign Environments Electoral Law and Party System Features Regulatory Frameworks of Campaigns Mass Media Infrastructure and Political Information Practices Access to Political Television Advertising Is There a Global Style of Campaigning? Changing Campaign Practices and the Rise of Campaign Professionals Global Mapping of Campaign Styles Global Approaches to Campaign Strategies The Diminishing Relevance of Parties for Campaign Professionals A Global Typology of Professional Role Definitions of Campaign Managers Conclusion The Hybridization of Campaign Practices in Media-Centered Democracies Bibliography Subject Index
Earning While Learning: Labor Market Returns to Student Employment During Tertiary Education

We examine how different student employment statuses during tertiary education affect short-term and medium-term labor market returns. We focus on differences between students studying full-time and students studying and working part-time, i.e., ‘earning while learning’. In addition, we distinguish between student employment with and without relation to the study. Using a representative survey of Swiss graduates of tertiary education, we find significant positive labor market returns of ’earning while learning‘, but only for related student employment and not for unrelated student employment. The returns come in the form of lower unemployment risk, shorter job search duration, higher wage effects and greater responsibility. Therefore, student employment with a relation to the study is a complement to formal education and augments skills and knowledge.
Multi-level Language Descriptions

Language descriptions are a multi-level issue. In particular, the de nition and handling of instantiation semantics connects three levels. This paper looks at two language workbenches without support for multi-level modelling and their handling of the multi-level part of language descriptions. From these observations, the importance of runtime instantiation in terms of an underlying machine is established.
Identification and Characterization of Bifunctional Proline Racemase/Hydroxyproline Epimerase from Archaea: Discrimination of Substrates and Molecular Evolution

Proline racemase (ProR) is a member of the pyridoxal 5’-phosphate-independent racemase family, and is involved in the Stickland reaction (fermentation) in certain clostridia as well as the mechanisms underlying the escape of parasites from host immunity in eukaryotic Trypanosoma. Hydroxyproline epimerase (HypE), which is in the same protein family as ProR, catalyzes the first step of the trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline metabolism of bacteria. Their substrate specificities were previously considered to be very strict, in spite of similarities in their structures and catalytic mechanisms, and no racemase/epimerase from the ProR superfamily has been found in archaea. We here characterized the ProR-like protein (OCC_00372) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus litoralis (TlProR). This protein could reversibly catalyze not only the racemization of proline, but also the epimerization of 4-hydroxyproline and 3-hydroxyproline with similar kinetic constants. Among the four (putative) ligand binding sites, one amino acid substitution was detected between TlProR (tryptophan at the position of 241) and natural ProR (phenylalanine). The W241F mutant showed a significant preference for proline over hydroxyproline, suggesting that this (hydrophobic and bulky) tryptophan residue played an importance role in the recognition of hydroxyproline (more hydrophilic and bulky than proline), and substrate specificity for hydroxyproline was evolutionarily acquired separately between natural HypE and ProR. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that such unique broad substrate specificity was derived from an ancestral enzyme of this superfamily.
A Study of the Relationship between Leadership Styles and Employee Job Satisfaction at IAU in Tehran, Iran

he objective of this study is to explore how at the 16 branches of Islamic Azad University, Tehran province, Iran, leadership styles (the independent variable) influence employee job satisfaction (the dependent variable. Using random sampling, the researcher distributed 400 questionnaires, 386 of which were completed. This study concentrates only on non-teaching staff. The survey was administered between October and December, 2009. The researcher found that the dominant leadership styles were transformational and transactional and employees were moderately satisfied with their job. The results show that different leadership style factors will have different impacts on employee job satisfaction components. Individualized consideration and laissez-faire are strong predictors of all the job satisfaction factors.
Rate-distortion optimized frame type selection for MPEG encoding

We present an algorithm for joint optimization of anchor frame separation and bit allocation for motion-compensated video coders. The anchor frame separation is optimized in the sense that the distortion is minimized under a bit budget constraint. At the same time, the quantization for each frame in a group of pictures is also optimized in an operational rate distortion sense. The optimal anchor frame separation does depend on the quantization of each frame so that the two optimization problems cannot be separated. A Lagrange multiplier approach can be used to obtain the optimal solution if we assume that the rate-distortion curve is convex. Heuristic algorithms based on simulated annealing and greedy trellis selection are also presented to reduce the computational complexity.
Kannada Named Entity Recognition and Classification using conditional Random Fields

Named Entity Recognition and Classification is a process of identification of proper nouns in the text and classification of those nouns into certain predefined categories like person name, location, organization, date, time etc. Named Entity Recognition and Classification in Kannada is an essential and challenging task. The aim of this work is to develop a novel model for Kannada Named Entity Recognition and Classification, based on conditional Random Fields. The paper discusses the various issues in developing the proposed model. The details of implementation and performance evaluation are discussed. The experiments are conducted on a training corpus of size 95,127 tokens and test corpus of 5,000 tokens. It is observed that the model works with Precision, Recall and F1-measure of 85%, 85% and 82% respectively.
The decrease of expression of ryanodine receptor sub-type 2 is reversed by gentamycin sulphate in vascular myocytes from mdx mice

The mdx mouse, a model of the human Duchenne muscular dystrophy, displays impaired contractile function in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. We explored the possibility that ryanodine receptor (RYR) expression could be altered in vascular muscle. The three RYR sub‐types were expressed in portal vein myocytes. As observed through mRNA and protein levels, RYR2 expression was strongly decreased in mdx myocytes, whereas RYR3 and RYR1 expression were unaltered. The use of antisense oligonucleotide directed against RYR sub‐types indicated that caffeine‐induced Ca2+ response and Ca2+ spark frequency depended on RYR2 and RYR1. In mdx mice, caffeine‐induced Ca2+ responses were decreased in both amplitude and maximal rate of rise, and the frequency of Ca2+ sparks was also strongly decreased. The gentamycin treatment was able to increase both the expression of RYR2 and the caffeine‐induced Ca2+ response to the same level as that observed in wild‐type mice. Taken together, these results confirm that both RYR1 and RYR2 are required for vascular Ca2+ signalling and indicate that inhibition of RYR2 expression may account for the decreased Ca2+ release from the SR in mdx vascular myocytes. Finally, we suggest that gentamycin can restore the Ca2+ signalling in smooth muscle from mdx mice by increasing RYR2 and dystrophin expression. These results may help explain the reduced efficacy of contraction in vascular myocytes of mdx mice and Duchenne muscular dystrophy–afflicted patients. Gentamycin treatment could be a good therapeutic tool to restore the vascular function.
Migraine–anxiety related dizziness (MARD): a new disorder?

Dizziness is a common complaint that can result from abnormalities of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and of those portions of the central nervous system (CNS) that process information from the peripheral vestibular system and other senses, particularly vision and somatosensation. Recently, two CNS disorders, migraine and anxiety, have been recognised as being commonly associated with dizziness.1,2 These associations may be an expression of an aetiological relationship, for example, dizziness caused by migraine, or dizziness caused by anxiety; alternatively, migraine or anxiety may influence the presentation of a balance disorder. For example, chronic dizziness may become more disabling during the added stress of a migraine headache or panic attack. In addition, dizziness occurs comorbidly with both migraine headache and anxiety disorders.3,4 Finally, there is increased comorbidity between anxiety and migraine.5 Thus, it is not surprising that some patients with dizziness may suffer from a combination of a balance disorder, migraine, and an anxiety disorder, a symptom complex that we propose to name migraine−anxiety related dizziness (MARD) (fig 1). The general recognition of MARD may be limited because of the fragmented nature of our healthcare system, where specialists in one field, such as psychiatry or neurology, fail to recognise phenomena known to specialists in other fields, such as otoneurology. Figure 1 Venn diagram of the interfaces among migraine, anxiety, and balance disorders. The central sector, which denotes the three way interface, represents an hypothesised new ailment, migraine−anxiety related dizziness (MARD). This editorial will focus on the pathophysiology and clinical issues relating to MARD, including the interfaces among balance disorders, migraine, and anxiety. We use current epidemiological data and studies of pathogenesis to develop comorbidity models. These models serve as hypotheses that may lead to possible treatment options for many patients with dizziness, including those with MARD. …
Biologically-Inspired Distributed Spectrum Access for Cognitive Radio Network

Cognitive radio is an emerging technique to improve the utilization of the scarce radio frequency spectrum, which is characterized by the dynamic spectrum access of the secondary users coexisting with the primary users. In cognitive radio network, secondary users strive for temporally unused spectrum access opportunities offered by primary services; as a result, the opportunistic nature of the spectrum utilization among secondary users leads to great threats to primary users. Considering the fact that the cognitive ability of secondary users in cognitive radio network are similar to the intelligent behaviors of ant colonies in biological environment. Therefore, in this paper, the dynamic spectrum access problem is modeled as an adaptive task assignment in ant colonies. Furthermore, we propose to use the ACO algorithm to assign a set of secondary users to a given number of available spectrum bands owned by a special primary service subject to minimal cost constraint. So the basic idea of the ACO algorithm is to let each secondary user distributively select a spectrum band with a good enough quality and without interfering with the primary users, meanwhile minimize spectrum cost of the primary service. Performance evaluation has also been conducted and the results recorded after 100 runs have shown the optimal spectrum assignment.