Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a linear position sensor with a Hall effect element

The performance characteristics of linear Hall element sensors for non-contact determination of the position of a moveable permanent magnet along a pre-established path are analysed. Simple theoretical expressions suitable for computer modelling of previously described sensors are presented. Practical measurements have verified the theoretical predictions arrived at by simulation means. Having established the validity of the basic formulae predictions of performance for a variety of magnet configurations can now be attempted using superposition principles. As an application, a method of improving the linearity of a simple sensor with a single cylinder magnet by means of shaping the cylinder to a special profile is described. An alternative example is a new high-gradient configuration of a radially symmetric sensor construction on a base of two oppositely magnetized rings.
A Monte Carlo simulation of electron transit times in dissipative quantum devices

A Monte Carlo simulation procedure for the estimation of the transit times of electrons that tunnel across elastic barriers is presented. The procedure, based on a quantum kinetic approach, includes the effects of interference due to elastic barriers and incorporates electron-phonon phase-breaking processes. The phase-breaking processes remove the interference effects due to barriers and are responsible for dissipation in quantum transport. The transit time of electrons in quantum devices will, therefore, be drastically affected due to the presence of the two above-mentioned effects. The results of the simulation for the single- and double-barrier structures are reported. Also, as an example, an application of the transit time that shows how dissipation may influence the noise properties of the double-barrier structures is presented. <<ETX>>
Spatial Econometric Modeling of Regional Convergence in Continuous Time

In this article, the authors use a continuous-time framework to model the potential convergence dynamics in a group of regions. They propose a model based on the classical Lotka-Volterra predator-prey system of two equations—a model originally proposed by Samuelson in 1971 to perform dynamic economic analysis—and extend the model to the case of more than two regions by introducing dependence on neighboring regions. The authors state the conditions under which the system of regions moves toward a mathematically stable point of convergence and show that the model can be seen as more general than the popular β-convergence model. Finally, they also consider statistical inference and introduce a discrete approximate solution based on simultaneous dynamic least squares to estimate the parameters of the model.
Detection of Auditory Sinusoids of Uncertain Frequency

The decrease in the detectability of a gated sinusoidal signal in noise caused by deliberately introducing uncertainty about the signal's frequency is no greater than 3 db, even in an extreme condition of uncertainty. In this extreme condition the signal duration is 0.1 sec, and the signal frequency is varied between 500 and 4000 cps. This effect is not critically dependent on signal duration. Moreover, the observers not only detect the signal but display at least gross information about the frequency of the signal in the uncertain frequency conditions.Several models, suggested in previous studies, are considered. The magnitude of the decrease observed in the data falls far short of the predictions of these models. An interpretation suggested by the data is that the observers in a detection task, even when a signal of fixed frequency is used, are highly uncertain as to the exact physical parameters of the signal. Another way of stating this assumption is to say that the observer never tests for the presen.
SUR LES DÉFORMATIONS p-ADIQUES DE CERTAINES REPRÉSENTATIONS AUTOMORPHES

Par une méthode entièrement nouvelle utilisant les déformations $p$-adiques de pentes positives de représentations automorphes pour $\mathrm{GSp}_{4/\mathbb{Q}}$, nous prouvons que le $p$-groupe de Selmer $H^1_f(\mathbb{Q},V_f(k))$ associé à une forme modulaire $f$ de poids $2k$ et ordinaire en $p$ est infini si l’ordre d’annulation à l’entier $k$ de la fonction $L$ de $f$ est impair. By an entirely new method that makes use of $p$-adic deformations of automorphic representations of $\mathrm{GSp}_{4/\mathbb{Q}}$, we prove that the $p$-adic Selmer group $H^1_f(\mathbb{Q},V_f(k))$ associated to a modular form $f$ of weight $2k$ that is ordinary at $p$ is infinite if the order of vanishing at $k$ of the $L$-function of $f$ is odd.
CFPSM: An Energy Efficient Multi-hop WLAN Protocol

IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol defines an ad hoc network configuration in which stations communicate among each other without the need of centralized control functions. Ad hoc networks have low performance and their stations consume more power due to contention in the network. We have devised an improved protocol, called the CFPSM protocol, which facilitates transmissions with reduced contention. We have defined an announcement period in which the stations reserve the channel by announcing the frames to be transmitted. These frames are transmitted collision-free in the following transmission period. These mechanisms result in high throughput and low power consumption in the stations. We also present extensions to CFPSM for multi-hop WLAN configuration to support mobile ad hoc routing. The suggested mechanisms lead to optimal frame transmissions across adjacent WLANs and avoid problems like indefinite postponement of transmissions or wastage of contention-free periods in WLANs.
A Bayesian Analysis for Accelerated Lifetime Tests Under an Exponential Power Law Model with Threshold Stress

In this paper, we present a Bayesian methodology for modelling accelerated lifetime tests under a stress response relationship with a threshold stress. Both Laplace and MCMC methods are considered. The methodology is described in detail for the case when an exponential distribution is assumed to express the behaviour of lifetimes, and a power law model with a threshold stress is assumed as the stress response relationship. We assume vague but proper priors for the parameters of interest. The methodology is illustrated by a accelerated failure test on an electrical insulation film.
The Common Spectrum for Accelerated Ions in the Quiet-Time Solar Wind

Suprathermal tails, formed in part from accelerated interstellar pickup ions, are observed ubiquitously in the solar wind. In quiet-time conditions, the tails are found to have a common spectral shape, a distribution function in velocity space that is a power law with a spectral index of -5. It is shown that such a spectral index is to be expected if the tails are formed by stochastic acceleration due to compressional turbulence in the solar wind, in which the particles are accelerated by, and do an equal amount of work on, the turbulence. The spectrum is formed by a cascade in energy, analogous to turbulent cascades.
Robustness of double random phase encoding spread-space spread-spectrum image watermarking technique

In this paper the robustness of a recently proposed image watermarking scheme is investigated, namely the Double Random Phase Encoding spread-space spread-spectrum watermarking (DRPE SS-SS) technique. In the DRPE SS-SS method, the watermark is in the form of a digital barcode image which is numerically encrypted using a simulation of the optical DRPE process. This produces a random complex image, which is then processed to form a real valued random image with a low number of quantization levels. This signal is added to the host image. Extraction of the barcode, involves applying an inverse DRPE process to the watermarked image followed by a low pass filter. This algorithm is designed to utilize the capability of the DRPE to reversibly spread the energy of the watermarking information in both the space and spatial frequency domains, and the energy of the watermark in any spatial or spatial frequency bin is very small. The common geometric transformations and signal processing operations are performed using both the informed and the blind detections for different barcode widths and different quantization levels. The results presented indicate that the DRPE SS-SS method is robust to scaling, JPEG compression distortion, cropping, low pass and high pass filtering. It is also demonstrated that the bigger the barcode width is, the lower the false positive rate will be.
An empirical evaluation of exemplar based image inpainting algorithms for natural scene image completion

Image inpainting is the process of filling in of missing region so as to preserve its overall continuity. Image inpainting is manipulation and modification of an image in a form that is not easily detected. Digital image inpainting is relatively new area of research, but numerous and different approaches to tackle the inpainting problem have been proposed since the concept was first introduced. This paper analyzes and compares two recent exemplar based inpainting algorithms by Zhaolin Lu et al and Hao Guo et al. A number of examples on real images are demonstrated to evaluate the results of algorithms using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).
Single‐step attribution of increasing frequencies of very warm regional temperatures to human influence

Seasonal near‐surface temperatures have increased in many regions of the World. Previous work has shown that this has led to rapidly increasing frequencies of very warm Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures. Here we show, using a ‘single‐step’ attribution framework, that increases in frequencies of very warm seasonal temperatures, not just in Northern Hemisphere summers but in other regions and seasons, can be directly attributed to human influence. In the June‐August and September‐November seasons, many of the sub‐continental regions of Africa and Asia show robust attributable increase in the frequencies of anomalously warm seasonal temperatures. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society, Crown Copyright and Crown in the right of Canada
The dropping of a cylinder

A right circular cylinder is dropped without rotation, but with an arbitrary orientation, on to a horizontal plane. How likely is it to end up on its side or on a base? The problem is solved for the case that the plane is totally inelastic and either perfectly rough or perfectly smooth. The shape of the cylinder, whether thin like a coin, intermediate, or tall, is a critical parameter. A method of estimating the relevant probabilities is suggested for the more realistic case of an imperfectly elastic plane.
3D Printing as a Technological Strategy for the Personalized Treatment of Wound Healing

Wound healing is a dynamic process which involves stages of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Any error in this process results in abnormal wound healing, generating financial burdens for health systems and even affecting the physical and mental health of the patient. Traditional dressings do not meet the complexities of ideal treatment in all types of wounds. For this reason, in the last decades, different materials for drug delivery and for the treatment of wounds have been proposed reaching novel level of standards, such as 3D printing techniques. The use of natural or synthetic polymers, and the correct design of these printed products loaded with cells and/or combined with active compounds, can generate an effective system for the treatment of wounds, improving the healing process and generating customized dressings according to the patient needs. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of different types of 3D printing techniques, as well as its use in wound healing and its different stages, including the advantages and limitations of additive manufacturing and future perspectives. Graphical abstract
THE STRONG ERGODIC THEOREM FOR DENSITIES: GENERALIZED SHANNON-MCMILLAN-BREIMAN THEOREM'

Let {XI, X2,. ) be a stationary process with probability densities. f(X1,X2,.-Xn) with respect to Lebesgue measure or with respect to a Markov measure with a stationary transition measure. It is shown that the sequence of relative entropy densities (1/n)log f(XI,.X2,.,X0) converges almost surely. This long-conjectured result extends the L' convergence obtained by Moy, Perez, and Kieffer and generalizes the Shannon-McMillanBreiman theorem to nondiscrete processes. The heart of the proof is a new martingale inequality which shows that logarithms of densities are L dominated.
SQUARE-INTEGRABLE HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS ON A CIRCULAR DOMAIN IN {C^n}

0. Introduction. In the preceding paper [2], square-integrable holomorphic n-forms on an ^-dimensional complex manifold are studied, and invariants μQ§m are introduced. The purpose of this paper is to examine how μOjm are expressed when the manifold is a circular domain in the n-dimensional complex Euclidean space C, and to provide several examples concerning these invariants. Let D be a circular domain in C which is not necessarily bounded. Let H(D) be the Hubert space of all square-integrable holomorphic functions on D, and for every integer m, let Hm(D) be the subspace of H(D) whose elements are m-homogeneous on D (see Definition 1.1). Then Hm(D) are mutually orthogonal. If D is proper, then Hm(D) = {0} for m < 0, and all elements of Hm(D) for m ^ 0 are actually homogeneous polynomials of degree m. Now, suppose that D is proper and has a finite volume V(D). Let K(z, w) — Σm=0 Km(z, w) be the Bergman kernel of D, where Km are homogeneous polynomials of degree m with respect to each of the variables z and w. Then it is shown that
SERIALLY BALANCED DESIGNS RELATED TO BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCK DESIGNS

When a number of treatments are applied, in successive periods, to a single experi mental subject or several experimental subjects, there exists the possibility that a treat ment may produce not merely a direct effect, in the period in which it is applied, but a residual effect in the following period. In this paper, a few kinds of serially balanced designs which are suitable for the case when residual effects exist are considered and constructions of them are presented. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of designs based on the sequences are given.
Specific Heat of Germanium and Silicon at Low Temperatures

The specific heats of several samples of silicon have been measured between 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The Debye characteristic temperature ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is estimated to be 636\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, a value slightly lower than previously reported. Measurements of germanium between 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K yield ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}=363\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, in very good agreement with older results.
Alignment layer effects on thin liquid crystal cells

Factors affecting the thin cell performance of a liquid crystal cell are analyzed. Examples based on vertically aligned thin cells are given to illustrate these effects. When the cell gap is below ∼2μm, the liquid crystal alignment material, layer thickness, and anchoring energy all play important roles. The first two factors affect the threshold and on-state voltage, while the last one affects the operating voltage and response time. Three reflective liquid crystal cells are studied experimentally. Good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.
A SIMPLE ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THRESHOLD DATA DETERMINED BY ASCENDING FORCED‐CHOICE METHODS OF LIMITS

An alternative analysis of forced-choice threshold data sets such as the type generated by ASTM method E-679 involves a simple interpolation of chance-corrected 50% detection. This analysis has several potential advantages. The analysis does not require the ad hoc heuristics for estimating individual thresholds above and below the series. It takes into account the possibility of guessing correctly, which is not considered in the ASTM calculations and produces a downward bias to the estimates. It does not discount correct responses early in the series which may be legitimate detections, but which are discounted by the ASTM method if followed by any incorrect response. Comparisons of the two methods in a large consumer study of odor detection threshold study data set gave comparable values. The interpolation can also be done to determine other levels of detection (e.g. 10, 25%). These values other than 50% can be potentially useful in setting regulatory standards for water or air pollution limits or to food manufacturers who wish to avoid detection of taints by more sensitive individuals.
Spline Interpolations for Water Hammer Analysis

The method of characteristics (MOC) with spline polynomials for interpolations was investigated for numerical water hammer analysis for a frictionless horizontal pipe. A new analysis quantifies numerical errors in a systematic and dimensionless way and is used to evaluate the performance of three spline polynomials and to compare them with other numerical schemes for water hammer analysis, as well as to assess the effect of required additional interpolation boundary conditions on the overall accuracy of spline and two-point fourth-order Hermite schemes. For the sudden valve closure test case investigated, the overall accuracy with splines is significantly improved compared to the MOC with linear interpolations or to second-order explicit finite difference techniques. Compared to the Hermite method, the spline scheme has about the same overall accuracy and has the advantage of offering a choice between several spline polynomials with different interpolating characteristics and of being unconditionally stable.
Virtual edge illumination and one dimensional beam tracking for absorption, refraction, and scattering retrieval

We propose two different approaches to retrieve x-ray absorption, refraction, and scattering signals using a one dimensional scan and a high resolution detector. The first method can be easily implemented in existing procedures developed for edge illumination to retrieve absorption and refraction signals, giving comparable image quality while reducing exposure time and delivered dose. The second method tracks the variations of the beam intensity profile on the detector through a multi-Gaussian interpolation, allowing the additional retrieval of the scattering signal.
A globally convergent angular velocity observer for rigid body motion

The problem of obtaining the angular velocity of a rigid body from orientation and torque measurements only, without noisy numerical differentiation, is considered. A novel angular velocity/angular momentum observer for rigid body motion is presented. Using Euler quaternions and a mechanical energy function approach, it is shown that the observer estimates converge globally and that the convergence is eventually exponential. It is hoped that a mechanical energy function approach to rigid body control can be combined with the observer presented to lead to a globally stable, nonlinear, observer-based, rigid-body controller in which the observer and controller errors can be separated, in much the same way as one can separate controller and observer poles in the output feedback controllers of linear system theory. >
Discontinuous Galerkin methods in nanophotonics

This article reviews the state of the recently developed discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for the efficient numerical treatment of nanophotonic systems. This approach combines the accurate and flexible spatial discretisation of classical finite elements with efficient time stepping capabilities. We describe in detail the underlying principles of the discontinuous Galerkin technique and its application to the simulation of complex nanophotonic structures. In addition, formulations for both time‐ and frequency‐domain solvers are provided and specific advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed. The potential of the discontinuous Galerkin approach is illustrated by modelling and simulating several experimentally relevant systems.
EXPONENTIAL SUMS WITH COEFFICIENTS OF THE LOGARITHMIC DERIVATIVE OF AUTOMORPHIC L -FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS

Let Λ π ( n ) denote the n th coeﬃcient in the Dirichlet series expansion of the logarithmic derivative of L ( s, π ) associated with an automorphic irreducible cuspidal representation of GL m over Q . In this paper, for all α of irrational type 1 lying in the interval [0 , 1], we investigate the best possible estimate for the sum (cid:2) n ≤ x Λ π ( n ) e ( nα ) under a certain assumption. And we consider the metric result on the exponential sum involving automorphic L -functions without any assumptions. Let Λ( n ) be the von Mangoldt function. Then as an applica-tion, for ε > 0 and all 0 < α < 1 in a set of full Lebesgue measure (depending on π ), we obtain (cid:2) n ≤ x Λ( n ) λ π ( n ) e ( nα ) = O ( x 56 + ε ).
Components in interstellar molecular hydrogen.

Precise spectrophotometric profiles have been obtained for selected Lyman absorption lines produced by H/sub 2/ molecules in various rotational levels, using multiple scans with the Copernicus satellite telescope. For seven stars some of these lines showed complex profiles, and were fitted with two or three separate components at the radial velocities measured from the ground, mostly by Hobbs. A least-squares solution for each of 59 lines gave individual values of both the column density, N (J), in each component (excluding the highly saturated components), and the correction required in the Copernicus wavelength scale to give agreement with the ground-based radial velocities. The instrumental profile, determined from the narrow H/sub 2/ lines observed in delta Per, is a Gaussian with a full width equal to 0.051 A at half-maximum intensity. Within each star the dispersion of the wavelength correction is 1.3 km s/sup -1/ on the average, or about 0.005 A. (AIP)
Incorporation of historical controls using semiparametric mixed models

The analysis of animal carcinogenicity data is complicated by various statistical issues. A topic of recent debate is how to control for the effect of the animal's body weight on the outcome of interest, the onset of tumours. We propose a method which incorporates historical information from the control animals in previously conducted experiments. We allow non‐linearity in the effects of body weight by modelling the relationship nonparametrically through a penalized spline. A simple extension of the penalized spline model allows the relationship between weight and the onset of tumour to vary from one experiment to another.
Flow Control of Jet Flow by Passive Nozzle Configuration Changes

Nozzle configuration may offer the possibility of a passive control technique to provide high mixing and heat transfer rates. Thus, numbers of investigations have been carried out to reveal the influence of nozzle configuration on the flow characteristics. However, very few papers in the scientific literature have focused on orifice jets. Despite the evidence indicating that orifice jets improve the mixing and heat transfer characteristics, we were unable to find a systematic study of them that focused on the contraction area ratio. The effects of varying the contraction area ratio CR from 1.00 to 0.11 on the flow characteristics of a free jet issuing from an orifice nozzle were examined. The large vortex structure of a submerged orifice water jet was visualized by the tracer method, which indicated the coherent vortex structure was highly affected by the CR value. The mean and fluctuating velocities of the orifice air jet were also measured using a single hot-wire and the effects of CR on them were demon.