Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extensive Deep Belief Nets with Restricted Boltzmann Machine Using MapReduce Framework

Big data is a collection of data sets which is used to describe the exponential growth and availability of both ordered and amorphous data. It is difficult to process big data using traditional data processing applications. In many practical problems, deep learning is one of the machine learning algorithms that has received great popularity in both academia and industry due to its high-level abstractions in data by using model architectures. In deep learning, Deep Belief Nets are stacks for restricted Boltzmann Machine and it is the most important deep layered (multi-layer) architecture. A restricted Boltzmann Machine is the energy based models for pre-training and followed by fine-tuning the whole net using back propagation. This mainly involves the process of classification of data. This paper contains a survey about Deep Belief Nets (DBNs) which is composed of multiple layers of latent variables along with stacked restricted Boltzmann Machine and describes big data processing. The survey concludes that the learning of Deep Belief Nets (DBNs) has attracted widespread attention due to their efficient performance in various applications.
Increasing Reading Speed by Using Colours: Issues concerning Reliability and Specificity, and Their Theoretical and Practical Implications

By using techniques for precision ophthalmic tinting, individuals who report perceptual distortion of text can often find a colour of illumination that eliminates the distortions and increases reading speed. Most individuals choose green or blue hues, but there is considerable variability. We investigated how specific the colour has to be to obtain optimal reading speed. Individuals who habitually wear coloured filters for reading were asked to read text illuminated by coloured light (without using their filters). Reading speed was measured repeatedly with light of different colours. The colour (chromaticity) at which reading was fastest was consistent from one test session to the next. It was different from one individual to another, but highly specific for each individual: departures of colour from optimum by about 6 JNDs eliminated most of the speed advantage conferred by the optimal colour. It was difficult to attribute the consistency and specificity simply to familiarity with the tint or immediate memory for the colour of illumination. A consecutive sample of 1000 tint prescriptions was analysed numerically. For most prescriptions the variation in chromaticity with different types of lighting was not such as to remove all the potential benefit of the tint, as judged from a model of the effect of chromaticity on reading speed. The exceptions were the few tints that were weakly saturated or purple in colour. Across participants, reading speed was not consistently related to the scotopic energy, to the energy captured by any cone class, or to opponent colour processes. The reading was generally slowest with white light, and not with the colour complementary to the optimum. Explanations in terms of magnocellular deficits and cortical hyperexcitability are briefly discussed.
PART I THE PLACE OF PHENOMENOLOGY IN PHILOSOPHY OF MIND

Though it is most often deployed in service of naturalist and empirically sensitive explanatory projects, the functionalist theory of mind is essentially a formal theory, drawing its plausibility more from a sophisticated appreciation of the logic and conceptual grammar of terms of psychological description than from any empirical consideration. In this, the functionalist theory of mind exhibits significant methodological continuities with the tradition of phenomenology; but despite its successes, many philosophers believe that functionalism fails in that it leaves out any account of the central explanatory concept of phenomenology, the concept of immediate, subjective experience. In this essay, I analyze the history of the development of functionalism to make perspicuous some of the hidden structural features of the doctrine we know today. Functionalism emerges as a sophisticated response to problems of the meaning and reference of psychological terms left open by its predecessor theories. This shows that the question of the relationship of formally described functional states to empirically described physical states remains open and suggests a new way of viewing the source of functionalism’s continued problems with explaining consciousness. After more than thirty-five years of debate and discussion, versions of the functionalist theory of mind originating in the work of Hilary Putnam, Jerry Fodor, and David Lewis still remain the most popular positions among philosophers of mind on the nature of mental states and processes. Functionalism has enjoyed such popularity owing, at least in part, to its claim to offer a plausible and compelling description of the nature of the mental that is also consistent with an underlying physicalist or materialist ontology. Yet despite its continued popularity, many philosophers now think that functionalism leaves something out, in particular that functional explanations and analyses fail to account for consciousness, qualia, or phenomenal states of experience or awareness.1 If the objection is correct, then functionalism fails in its inability to capture the central explanatory basis of phenomenological explanation: the phenomena of immediate, first-personal, subjective experience. The apparent failure is all the more striking in view of the close methodological parallels that exist between functionalism and phenomenology; for both projects depend centrally on a program of conceptual investigation of the definitional and explanatory interrelationships of our descriptions of experience and other psychological phenomena. A historical overview 1 See. e.g., Nagel (1974), Chalmers (1996), and Searle (1992). 02-Thomasson-chap01.qxd 13/5/05 9:27 AM Page 19
Extensive Introgression among Ancestral mtDNA Lineages: Phylogenetic Relationships of the Utaka within the Lake Malawi Cichlid Flock

We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Utaka, an informal taxonomic group of cichlid species from Lake Malawi. We analyse both nuclear and mtDNA data from five Utaka species representing two (Copadichromis and Mchenga) of the three genera within Utaka. Within three of the five analysed species we find two very divergent mtDNA lineages. These lineages are widespread and occur sympatrically in conspecific individuals in different areas throughout the lake. In a broader taxonomic context including representatives of the main groups within the Lake Malawi cichlid fauna, we find that one of these lineages clusters within the non-Mbuna mtDNA clade, while the other forms a separate clade stemming from the base of the Malawian cichlid radiation. This second mtDNA lineage was only found in Utaka individuals, mostly within Copadichromis sp. “virginalis kajose” specimens. The nuclear genes analysed, on the other hand, did not show traces of divergence within each species. We suggest that the discrepancy between the mtDNA and the nuclear DNA signatures is best explained by a past hybridisation event by which the mtDNA of another species introgressed into the ancestral Copadichromis sp. “virginalis kajose” gene pool.
Spectral shaping of UWB signals for time-hopping impulse radio

This paper studies the design of signaling waveforms for time-hopping impulse radio (TH-IR) with limits on the power spectral density. Such restrictions are imposed by the spectral mask prescribed by frequency regulators for ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. The "conventional" TH-IR system with pulse-position modulation and time-hopping multiple access gives rise to spectral lines that either violate the regulations, or require a significant power backoff. To remedy this situation, we propose the use of polarity randomization, which eliminates the spectral lines and also leads to a smoothing of the continuous part of the spectrum. We analyze different variants of the polarity randomization, considering short and long randomization sequences, as well as symbol-based or pulse-based randomization. We analyze the effect of this technique on both pulse position modulation and binary phase-shift keying modulation.
Regulatory role of MEF2D in serum induction of the c-jun promoter

Serum induction of c-jun expression in HeLa cells requires a MEF2 site at -59 in the c-jun promoter. MEF2 sites, found in many muscle-specific enhancers, are bound by a family of transcription factors, MEF2A through -D, which are related to serum response factor in their DNA binding domains. We have found that MEF2D is the predominant protein in HeLa cells that binds to the c-jun MEF2 site. Serum induction of a MEF2 reporter gene was not observed in a line of NIH 3T3 cells which contain low MEF2 site binding activity. Transfection of MEF2D into NIH 3T3 cells reconstituted serum induction, demonstrating that MEF2D is required for the serum response. Deletion analysis of MEF2D showed that its DNA binding domain, when fused to a heterologous transcriptional activation domain, was sufficient for serum induction of a MEF2 reporter gene. This is the domain homologous to that in the serum response factor which is required for serum induction of the c-fos serum response element, suggesting that serum regulation of c-fos and c-jun may share a common mechanism.
The Brassica napus receptor-like protein RLM2 is encoded by a second allele of the LepR3/Rlm2 blackleg resistance locus.

Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) are highly adaptable parts of the signalling apparatus for extracellular detection of plant pathogens. Resistance to blackleg disease of Brassica spp. caused by Leptosphaeria maculans is largely governed by host race-specific R-genes, including the LRR-RLP gene LepR3. The blackleg resistance gene Rlm2 was previously mapped to the same genetic interval as LepR3. In this study, the LepR3 locus of the Rlm2 Brassica napus line 'Glacier DH24287' was cloned, and B. napus transformants were analysed for recovery of the Rlm2 phenotype. Multiple B. napus, B. rapa and B. juncea lines were assessed for sequence variation at the locus. Rlm2 was found to be an allelic variant of the LepR3 LRR-RLP locus, conveying race-specific resistance to L. maculans isolates harbouring AvrLm2. Several defence-related LRR-RLPs have previously been shown to associate with the RLK SOBIR1 to facilitate defence signalling. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation of RLM2-SOBIR1 studies revealed that RLM2 interacts with SOBIR1 of Arabidopsis thaliana when co-expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. The interaction of RLM2 with AtSOBIR1 is suggestive of a conserved defence signalling pathway between B. napus and its close relative A. thaliana.
Prognostic Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring in Addition to Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomographic Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Symptomatic Patients

Background—The prognostic value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring on top of myocardial perfusion imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients suspected for coronary artery disease is not well established. Methods and Results—Four thousand eight hundred ninety-seven symptomatic patients without a history of coronary artery disease referred for SPECT and CAC scoring were included. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were defined as late revascularization (>90 days after scanning), nonfatal myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality. The frequency of abnormal SPECT increased with higher CAC scores, from 12% in patients with CAC scores of 0 to 19%, 32%, 37%, and 50% among those with CAC scores 1 to 99, 100 to 399, 400 to 999, and ≥1000, respectively (P<0.001). During a median follow-up of 940 days (25th to 75th percentile, 581–1377), a total of 278 MACEs were observed. Overall incidence of MACE was 2.3% per year. A stepwise increase of MACE was present with increasing CAC scores, both in patients with normal SPECT (annual event rate CAC score 0: 0.6%; CAC score ≥1000: 5.5%) and abnormal SPECT (annual event rate CAC score 0: 0.4%; CAC score ≥1000: 7.6%). After multivariate analysis, both SPECT and CAC score were independent predictors of MACE (CAC score ≥1000: hazard ratio, 7.7; P<0.001 and large perfusion defect on SPECT: hazard ratio, 3.7; P<0.001). Conclusions—CAC score and SPECT are independent predictors of MACE in patients suspected for coronary artery disease. Our findings strongly support performing a CAC score in addition to SPECT in symptomatic patients to better define the risk of events during follow-up.
Significance of Hand Gesture Recognition Systems in Vehicular Automation-A Survey

channel which convey a major part of information transfer in our everyday life. Hand gestures are the natural way of interactions when one person is communicating with one another and therefore hand movements can be treated as a non verbal form of communication. Hand gesture recognition is a process of understanding and classifying meaningful movements by the human hands. Nowadays vehicles launched from the industry offers an increasing number of infotainment systems as well as comfort functions that can be controlled by the driver. Though they are feature rich which demands more attention of the driver and degrade the driving performance and thereby reducing the safety. The gestural interaction is a promising means to cover the full range of driver’s operational needs while minimizing the visual workload. Hand gesture recognition is of great importance for human computer interaction (HCI) because of its extensive applications in virtual reality and sign language recognition etc. Human hand is very smaller with very complex articulations comparing with the entire human body and therefore errors can be easily affected. It is thus a very challenging problem to recognize hand gestures. This paper comprises of the existing methods in detecting and recognizing hand gestures and a detailed study on their performances, accuracy, convenience, operational range and design challenges etc.
Asymptotics of Input-Constrained Erasure Channel Capacity

In this paper, we examine an input-constrained erasure channel and we characterize the asymptotics of its capacity when the erasure rate is low. More specifically, for a general memoryless erasure channel with its input supported on an irreducible finite-type constraint, we derive partial asymptotics of its capacity, using some series expansion type formula of its mutual information rate; and for a binary erasure channel with its first-order Markovian input supported on the $(1, \infty )$ -RLL constraint based on the concavity of its mutual information rate with respect to some parameterization of the input, we numerically evaluate its first-order Markov capacity and further derive its full asymptotics. The asymptotics obtained in this paper, when compared with the recently derived feedback capacity for a binary erasure channel with the same input constraint, enable us to draw the conclusion that feedback may increase the capacity of an input-constrained channel, even if the channel is memoryless.
Case Reports Muscular Volume or Fatigue: Which Is the Most Important Feature for the Evaluation of Muscular Performance in Elderly Adults?

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Wireless uncompressed-HDTV-signal transmission system utilizing compact 60-GHz-band transmitter and receiver

A wireless uncompressed high-definition television (HDTV) signal transmission system utilizing a 60-GHz-band transmitter and two receivers is proposed and developed for indoor use. The system is capable of transmitting video signals with 1080i/720p formats and stereo audio signals as 1-Gb/s serial data stream. The compact transmitter and receiver are highlighted, each size of which is 50 mm /spl times/ 70 mm /spl times/ 15 mm. An output peak power of 10 mW and a minimum received power of -52 dBm are achieved. The wide-beam planar antennas allow less strict alignment for the wireless equipments with a maximum transmission distance of 7 m. Furthermore, path diversity technique is introduced to reduce the opportunities of shadowing by a human body around a television set.
Removal lemmas with polynomial bounds

We give new sufficient and necessary criteria guaranteeing that a hereditary graph property can be tested with a polynomial query complexity. Although both are simple combinatorial criteria, they imply almost all prior positive and negative results of this type, as well as many new ones. One striking application of our results is that every semi-algebraic graph property (e.g., being an interval graph, a unit-disc graph etc.) can be tested with a polynomial query complexity. This confirms a conjecture of Alon. The proofs combine probabilistic ideas together with a novel application of a conditional regularity lemma for matrices, due to Alon, Fischer and Newman.
Storage of volume‐reduced washed platelets in M‐sol additive solution for 7 days

Volume‐reduced washed platelets (VR‐wPLTs), which are prepared by concentrating platelets (PLTs) into a smaller volume of additive solution (AS), may prevent not only circulatory overload, but also adverse reactions caused by plasma components. Although VR‐wPLTs may be quickly degraded due to high PLT concentrations, few studies have examined the effects of storage on VR‐wPLTs. We examined here the in vitro properties of VR‐wPLTs prepared with M‐sol AS during their storage for 7 days.
Down-regulation of DIAP1 Triggers a NovelDrosophila Cell Death Pathway Mediated by Dark and DRONC*

Members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family can inhibit caspases and cell death in a variety of insect and vertebrate systems. Drosophila IAP1 (DIAP1) inhibits cell death to facilitate normal embryonic development. Here, using RNA interference, we showed that down-regulation of DIAP1 is sufficient to induce cell death in Drosophila S2 cells. Although this cell death process was accompanied by elevated caspase activity, this activation was not essential for cell death. We found that DIAP1 depletion-induced cell death was strongly suppressed by a reduction in the Drosophila caspase DRONC or theDrosophila apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) homolog, Dark. RNA interference studies in Drosophilaembryos also demonstrated that the action of Dark is epistatic to that of DIAP1 in this cell death pathway. The cell death caused by down-regulation of DIAP1 was accelerated by overexpression of DRONC and Dark, and a caspase-inactive mutant form of DRONC could functionally substitute the wild-type DRONC in accelerating cell death. These results suggest the existence of a novel mechanism for cell death signaling in Drosophila that is mediated by DRONC and Dark.
Inactivation kinetics of calcium current of acutely dissociated CA1 pyramidal cells of the mature guinea‐pig hippocampus.

1. The process of inactivation of the Ca2+ current of acutely dissociated pyramidal cells from the CA1 subfield of mature guinea‐pig hippocampus was characterized. The decline of the current after rapid activation could be approximated well by the sum of two exponentials (time constants approximately 200 ms and 2 s) and a constant offset. 2. The time constants of inactivation exhibited a voltage dependence consistent with a voltage‐dependent mechanism. However, under conditions which normally counteract Ca(2+)‐dependent inactivation (viz. intracellular bis(O‐aminophenoxy)‐ethane‐N,N,N',N'‐tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) and external Ba2+) all three showed a U‐shaped inactivation curve, characteristic of Ca(2+)‐dependent inactivation. 3. The rate of inactivation was found to increase with current at a given voltage; however, increasing external divalent ion concentrations did not accelerate inactivation. 4. Calcium imaging experiments, using the Ca(2+)‐sensitive probe, Fura‐2, were performed to estimate the accumulation of Ca2+ in the presence of 10 mM‐intracellular BAPTA. Under these conditions voltage steps which induced maximal Ca2+ currents lead to free Ca2+ concentrations of less than 500 nM in the bulk of the cytoplasm. 5. Elevation of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration to above 1 microM suppressed all the components of the Ca2+ current. However, even at a concentration of 3 microM‐Ca2+ the U‐shaped inactivation curve persisted. 6. Substitution of Ca2+ for Ba2+ led to an acceleration of inactivation through an increase in the proportion of the fast process of inactivation and an acceleration of both the fast and slow rates of inactivation. 7. During the slow decline of Ca2+ current ('run‐down') the proportion of all three components remained approximately constant and there was little change in the rate of inactivation. 8. On the basis of the results I suggest that inactivation results fro a dual process of voltage‐ and Ca(2+)‐dependent inactivation. Ca(2+)‐dependent inactivation seems to result from the accumulation of Ca2+ close to the channel mouth. 9. The macroscopic properties of the Ca2+ channel are consistent with the existence of one channel type in the CA1 pyramidal cells.
Cloud Computing and IT as a Service: Opportunities and Challenges

This panel brings together technology experts and business leaders and provide first hand insight to the evolution of cloud computing and IT as a service (ITaaS), from both technology and business model perspectives. The panel will discuss the disruptive nature of cloud computing and its business model, including the impact to the current enterprise IT industry, to the service provider industry, to the enterprise software industry, to the networking industry, and to the service industry. The panel will also discuss the confluence of SOA paradigm and SaaS paradigm and examine its implication to the enterprise IT architecture. The panel will also help audience understand the limitation and challenges for cloud computing and ITaaS. The audience of this panel is targeted at the technology leaders and business decision makers in enterprise IT, software industry, and networking industry.