Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inequality and Violence in the United States: Casualties of Capitalism (second edition)

Tang often uses results from quantitative research to develop the concepts used to understand the success among these 10 women. It is important to integrate findings from this study of pioneering women scientists with other research that has examined successful women scientists. Tang suggests that there is little or no work that has been done on the topic. However, there is important work done by Wasserman (2000), Nielsen and Elkjaer (1991) and others that does examine successful women scientists. One wonders how the experiences of the 10 women examined here compare to other successful women scientists. Tang attempts to examine the complex combination of characteristics involving personality, family background, marital status, cultural climate, networks, and structural arrangements that the 10 women pioneers experienced. Special insights emerge from this examination. It is revealing, for example, to read about the specific acts of discrimination that were commonly experienced involving, e.g., being ignored, under-utilized, under-recognized, and under-rewarded in sometimes subtle and sometimes not so subtle ways. One of Tang’s conclusions involves the importance of networks for women’s success in science. Although her conclusions in this area are not new, it is helpful to have specific examples of the kind of networking arrangements that these pioneers were able to establish and the critical role of these networks in their success. For most of these women, a regular correspondence with a selected group of renowned male scientists was a key factor in their success. It would have been valuable to have a slightly more detailed examination of these issues and other issues in the book. Tang’s examination of 10 women who pioneered discoveries in the sciences provides insights into the ways that personalities, structures, and institutions can come together to create opportunities and success in the male dominated science world. Her findings will be helpful for educators, employers, and policy makers who are interested in developing all science talent. References Wasserman, E. 2000. The Door in the Dream: Conversations with Eminent Women in Science. Washington, DC. : Joseph Henry Press. Nielsen, J. and B. Elkjaer. 1991. “Stubbornness, Drudgery, Scientific Interests and Profound Commitment. ” Pp. 199–215 in Women in Science: Token Women or Gender Equality, edited by Veronica Stolte-Heiskanen. New York: St. Martins Press.
Excitability of Motor Cortices as a Function of Emotional Sounds

We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to clarify how non-verbal emotionally-characterized sounds modulate the excitability of the corticospinal motor tract (CST). While subjects were listening to sounds (monaurally and binaurally), single TMS pulses were delivered to either left or right primary motor cortex (M1), and electromyographic activities were recorded from the contralateral abductor pollicis brevis muscle. We found a significant increase in CST excitability in response to unpleasant as compared to neutral sounds. The increased excitability was lateralized as a function of stimulus valence: Unpleasant stimuli resulted in a significantly higher facilitation of motor potentials evoked in the left hemisphere, while pleasant stimuli yielded a greater CST excitability in the right one. Furthermore, TMS induced higher motor evoked potentials when listening to unpleasant sounds with the left than with the right ear. Taken together, our findings provide compelling evidence for an asymmetric modulation of CST excitability as a function of emotional sounds along with ear laterality.
Antecedents of Personality Disorders in a Community Sample of Men

The authors examine the prevalence, the relationship to alcoholism, and the childhood antecedents of specific DSM-III personality disorders in a longitudinally followed community sample of middle-aged men. Dependent personality disorders (10% of sample) and passive-aggressive personality disorders (8% of sample) were the most common diagnoses and overlapped extensively with other Axis II diagnoses. Comorbidity with alcoholism was extensive, particularly for the “dramatic, emotional, erratic” cluster of personality disorders. When alcoholics were removed from the sample, childhood measures of constitution (low IQ and poor health) and behavior (poor task competence and emotional problems) proved moderately strong predictors of specific personality disorders over 30 years later. On the other hand, measures of childhood environment (low social class and environmental weaknesses) were generally poor predictors of specific personality disorders.
A bilingual child's struggle to comply with the ‘one parent‐one language’ rule

The onset of language differentiation in simultaneous bilinguals is currently debated heatedly (Taeschner, 1983; Vihman, 1985, 1986; Pye, 1986; Arnberg & Arnberg, 1985, 1988; deHower, 1987; Genesee, 1989). This paper will attempt a contribution to the debate. The study is based on monthly recordings of one bilingual child, exposed to German and English via the principle of ‘one parent‐one language’, between the ages of 2;0 and 2;5. In contrast to some of the earlier studies, the acquisition of sociolinguistic rules appears to precede the acquisition of structural rules. The difference in results is seen as an outcome of teaching strategies employed to enhance early differentiation between the languages. The author questions the assumption that children need to have developed a certain level of linguistic sophistication in order to ‘work out’ that they are exposed to two different languages.
Risk Modifiers for Concussion and Prolonged Recovery

Context: Currently, no consensus exists for grading the severity of concussions. Identification of risk factors that may affect concussion risk and the likelihood of prolonged recovery can be of value to providers who manage concussion. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant studies were identified through MEDLINE (1996-2011) using the keywords concussion, postconcussive syndrome, and risk or risk factor. Targeted searches for specific risk factors were conducted with additional keywords, such as gender and migraine. Manual review of reference lists was also performed to identify pertinent literature. Results: For risk factors of concussion, history of prior concussion and female sex have the most supporting evidence. Sports with consistently high risk for sustaining a concussion include football, men’s ice hockey, and women’s soccer. Younger athletes appear to be more susceptible to concussion, but data are limited and inconsistent. Protective equipment does not definitively alter concussion risk, though it protects against other injuries. Symptoms such as long headaches, migraines, amnesia, and multiple symptoms appear to be associated with prolonged recovery. Younger age may also increase the risk of prolonged concussion. Conclusion: High-quality evidence for risk modifiers in concussion remains sparse. Prior concussion, collision sports, female sex, and women’s soccer are the strongest known risk factors. Evidence for most other factors is inconclusive.
Burdensomeness, depression, and suicide in a sample of American-Indian college students

Purpose – The interpersonal theory of suicide (ITS; Joiner, 2005) has gained empirical support as a framework for understanding why people die by suicide in the general population, and more recently, among American Indians (AIs). The purpose of this paper is to examine two key constructs of the theory, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness as mediators of depression and suicidal ideation within an AI sample. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 156 self-identified AI students completed measures of depression symptoms, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation online. Non-parametric bootstrapping procedures were conducted. Findings – Results of bootstrapping analyses indicated that perceived burdensomeness had an indirect effect on the relationship between symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation; however, thwarted belongingness did not demonstrate an indirect effect between symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation. Findings suggest that the ITS construc.
Integrated service networks: the Quebec case

In the current context of health-care reform, integrated service networks are presented as main solutions to enhance efficiency. During the past few years, there has been an abundance of literature focusing on integration and the underlying implementation issues. However, the concept of integrated service networks remains fluid, and there are few typologies on health-care inter-organizational relations. The Quebec health-care system offers fertile ground for furthering our understanding of this concept because of its public system of funding, its integration of health and social missions, and the present reform's state of development. On the basis of a review of the literature and empirical studies, this article intends to clarify the concept of integrated service networks. A typology of inter-organizational relations and the main parameters for organizing integrated service networks are presented. The article also discusses the effectiveness of integration models.
Global Optimization of Low-Thrust Interplanetary Trajectories Subject to Operational Constraints

Low-thrust interplanetary space missions are highly complex and there can be many locally optimal solutions. While several techniques exist to search for globally optimal solutions to low-thrust trajectory design problems, they are typically limited to unconstrained trajectories. The operational design community in turn has largely avoided using such techniques and has primarily focused on accurate constrained local optimization combined with grid searches and intuitive design processes at the expense of efficient exploration of the global design space. This work is an attempt to bridge the gap between the global optimization and operational design communities by presenting a mathematical framework for global optimization of low-thrust trajectories subject to complex constraints including the targeting of planetary landing sites, a solar range constraint to simplify the thermal design of the spacecraft, and a real-world multi-thruster electric propulsion system that must switch thrusters on and off as available power changes over the course of a mission.
Three-dimensional simulation for fast forward flight of a calliope hummingbird

We present a computational study of flapping-wing aerodynamics of a calliope hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope) during fast forward flight. Three-dimensional wing kinematics were incorporated into the model by extracting time-dependent wing position from high-speed videos of the bird flying in a wind tunnel at 8.3 m s−1. The advance ratio, i.e. the ratio between flight speed and average wingtip speed, is around one. An immersed-boundary method was used to simulate flow around the wings and bird body. The result shows that both downstroke and upstroke in a wingbeat cycle produce significant thrust for the bird to overcome drag on the body, and such thrust production comes at price of negative lift induced during upstroke. This feature might be shared with bats, while being distinct from insects and other birds, including closely related swifts.
Child Care Assistance Policies Can Affect the Use of Center-Based Care for Children in Low-Income Families

This article examines the effects of 13 experimental welfare and employment programs on single parents' use of different types of child care for toddlers, preschool-age, and young school-age children. Policies designed to increase employment (e.g., earnings supplements and mandated participation) did so, and consequently increased parents' use of nonmaternal child care. This study finds that only programs with policies designed to increase families' access to paid child care affected the types of care used by families. Programs that offered more comprehensive, more efficient, or more generous child care assistance to families increased the use of center-based rather than home-based care for all age groups studied; although effects were most consistent for preschoolers. Such programs also increased the duration and stability of center care. Implications for family and child well-being are discussed.
A 4-DOF flexible continuum robot using a spring backbone

This work deals with a 4-DOF flexible continuum robot that employs a spring as its backbone. The mechanism consists of two modules and each module has 2 DOF. The special features of the proposed mechanism are the flexibility and the backdrivability of the whole body by using a spring backbone. Thus, even in the case of collision with the human body, this device can ensure safety. In addition, the proposed mechanism has one kinematic redundancy in the configuration space and thus several motion planning algorithms can be exploited. The design and the kinematics for this continuum mechanism are introduced. The performance of this continuum mechanism was shown through experiment.
Safety Ensuring Retinal Prosthesis With Precise Charge Balance and Low Power Consumption

Ensuring safe operation of stimulators is the most important issue in neural stimulation. Safety, in terms of stimulators' electrical performances, can be related mainly to two factors; the zero-net charge transfer to tissue and the heat generated by power dissipation at tissue. This paper presents a safety ensuring neuro-stimulator for retinal vision prostheses, featuring precise charge balancing capability and low power consumption, using a 0.35 μm HV (high voltage) CMOS process. Also, the required matching accuracy of the biphasic current pulse for safe stimulation is mathematically derived. Accurate charge balance is achieved by employing a dynamic current mirror at the output of a stimulator. In experiments, using a simple electrode model (a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) in parallel), the proposed stimulator ensures less than 30 nA DC current flowing into tissue over all stimulation current ranges (32 μA-1 mA), without shorting. With shorting enabled, further reduction is achieved down to 1.5 nA. Low power consumption was achieved by utilising small bias current, sharing of key biasing blocks, and utilising a short duty cycle for stimulation. Less than 30 μW was consumed during stand-by mode, mostly by bias circuitry.
Crystal Structure of PG16 and Chimeric Dissection with Somatically Related PG9: Structure-Function Analysis of Two Quaternary-Specific Antibodies That Effectively Neutralize HIV-1

ABSTRACT HIV-1 resists neutralization by most antibodies. Two somatically related human antibodies, PG9 and PG16, however, each neutralize 70 to 80% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. Here we present the structure of the antigen-binding fragment of PG16 in monoclinic and orthorhombic lattices at 2.4 and 4.0 Å, respectively, and use a combination of structural analysis, paratope dissection, and neutralization assessment to determine the functional relevance of three unusual PG9/PG16 features: N-linked glycosylation, extensive affinity maturation, and a heavy chain-third complementarity-determining region (CDR H3) that is one of the longest observed in human antibodies. Glycosylation extended off the side of the light chain variable domain and was not required for neutralization. The CDR H3 formed an axe-shaped subdomain, which comprised 42% of the CDR surface, with the axe head looming ∼20 Å above the other combining loops. Comprehensive sets of chimeric swaps between PG9 and PG16 of light chain, heavy chain, and CDR H3 were employed to decipher structure-function relationships. Chimeric swaps generally complemented functionally, with differences in PG9/PG16 neutralization related primarily to residue differences in CDR H3. Meanwhile, chimeric reversions to genomic V genes showed isolate-dependent effects, with affinity maturation playing a significant role in augmenting neutralization breadth (P = 0.036) and potency (P < 0.0001). The structural and functional details of extraordinary CDR H3 and extensive affinity maturation provide insights into the neutralization mechanism of and the elicitation pathway for broadly neutralizing antibodies like PG9 and PG16.
Predictors of Quality of Life in Rural Patients With Cancer

Quality of life (QOL) as an outcome for cancer treatment has been studied primarily in urban populations. Yet, descriptions of rural dwellers suggest that their perception of QOL may differ from that of their urban counterparts. The purpose of this study was to examine QOL in people with a cancer diagnosis of at least 1 month duration in two similar rural northeastern states. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy General (FACT G) scale was completed by 344 respondents. The mean QOL score was 89.41 ± 16.55. State of residence, gender, known recurrence, and marital status were significant predictors of QOL, explaining 18.3% of the variance in this study. Age, education level, income, type of cancer, living arrangements, and time since diagnosis were not predictive. The QOL scores in this rural sample were higher than those reported earlier for predominantly urban dwellers. Future research is needed to understand these differences.
A Ubiquitin E2 Variant Protein Acts in Axon Termination and Synaptogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In the developing nervous system, cohorts of events regulate the precise patterning of axons and formation of synapses between presynaptic neurons and their targets. The conserved PHR proteins play important roles in many aspects of axon and synapse development from C. elegans to mammals. The PHR proteins act as E3 ubiquitin ligases for the dual-leucine-zipper-bearing MAP kinase kinase kinase (DLK MAPKKK) to regulate the signal transduction cascade. In C. elegans, loss-of-function of the PHR protein RPM-1 (Regulator of Presynaptic Morphology-1) results in fewer synapses, disorganized presynaptic architecture, and axon overextension. Inactivation of the DLK-1 pathway suppresses these defects. By characterizing additional genetic suppressors of rpm-1, we present here a new member of the DLK-1 pathway, UEV-3, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant. We show that uev-3 acts cell autonomously in neurons, despite its ubiquitous expression. Our genetic epistasis analysis supports a conclusion that uev-3 acts downstream of the MAPKK mkk-4 and upstream of the MAPKAPK mak-2. UEV-3 can interact with the p38 MAPK PMK-3. We postulate that UEV-3 may provide additional specificity in the DLK-1 pathway by contributing to activation of PMK-3 or limiting the substrates accessible to PMK-3.
WebProto : Aggregate Programming for Everyone IEEE Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems 2013 Demonstration

Developing self-adaptive and self-organizing systems can be a difficult task, even for experts, because it has traditionally required programming individual devices in the hope that they exhibit the desired global behavior. A new and better approach has been emerging: program the global behavior and derive the local behaviors—aggregate programming. In recent years, there have been a number of key advances in aggregate programming for distributed systems, e.g., [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. The tools associated with these projects have serious shortcomings, however, which typically include: • High barriers to entry. Most tools require the user to install some piece of software (where the difficulty of installation and overall reliability varies highly on different platforms) and learn its particular usage patterns and set of quirks. • Disjoint components. Most distributed algorithm tools focus on only one aspect (rarely two aspects): language, simulator, or deployment. It is challenging to construct a development environment that harmoniously integrates code-editing, simulation, and deployment. • Lack of active collaboration frameworks. Sharing the distributed algorithms with students / colleagues / collaborators and reliably / efficiently showcasing their abilities is difficult in most existing toolkits. Our aim is to make the state-of-the-art advances in aggregate programming readily available to a broad community of students, teachers, system programmers, and researchers by alleviating the shortcomings associated with current aggregate programing toolkits. This demonstration showcases our new WebProto software: a free and open-source web application that provides the Proto aggregate programming platform as a universally accessible code editor, compiler, and simulator with an easy-to-use collaboration framework. WebProto allows any person with a modern browser to explore aggregate programming and self-organization and to easily develop novel software based on these approaches. We illustrate this capability with a web-based tutorial on Proto. This tutorial includes WebProto examples and exercises, also demonstrating how WebProto can be used as a simple platform for developing online curricula. Building on this demonstration, we hope to encourage broader adoption of aggregate programming in research, industry, and education. Fig. 1. Example of WebProto running a program that creates overlapping “bullseye” patterns around selected devices.
Large-Area MEMS-Based Distributed Bragg Reflectors for Short-Wave and Mid-Wave Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Applications

We present the design, fabrication, and optical characterization of silicon-air-silicon-based distributed Bragg reflectors, or quarter wavelength mirrors, in sizes ranging from 200 μm × 200 μm to 5 mm × 5 mm. Such mirrors can be used in conjunction with either single-element photodetectors or large-area focal plane arrays to realize tunable multispectral sensors or adaptive focal plane arrays from the short-wave infrared wavelength ranges (1500-3000 nm) to mid-wave infrared wavelength (3000-6000 nm) ranges. Surface optical profile measurements indicate a flatness of the order of 20-30 nm in the fabricated structures across several millimetres. Single point spectral measurements on devices show excellent agreement with simulated optical models. The fabricated distributed Bragg reflectors show ~94% reflectivity, which is in close agreement with theoretical reflectivity. The demonstrated high reflectivity across a wide wavelength range renders them suitable as broadband reflectors. Finally, we present optical transmittance modeling results for Fabry-Pérot filters based on these distributed Bragg reflectors.
Design, Risk and New Product Development in Five Small Creative Companies

Five small creative companies were studied in detail over extended periods of the New Product Development (NPD) lifecycle. Design was a key aspect of company activity and central to the NPD process. Novel risk-tracking participatory methodologies were developed and employed to identify perceived risks at the outset of NPD and to track risk thereafter. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken on regular basis with company personnel responsible for design to provide rich contextual material. Results showed a wide diversity of perceived risk with little commonality amongst the companies – despite shared core criteria amongst the firms themselves, and the new products that were tracked. Implications for the sampled companies, and wider policy in respect of business support strategy, are considered.
Plasmon-Induced Transparency and Dispersionless Slow Light in a Novel Metamaterial

We propose a novel metamaterial structure to realize dispersionless slow light based on plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) at optical frequency. Simply by breaking the symmetry of the metamaterial structure, two electric excitation coupling to the magnetic resonance (EEMR) modes generate and interplay with each other resulting the formation of the PIT resonance. Due to the hybridization of the two EEMR modes, an ultrabroad flat-band as large as 15 THz with average group index of ~5 is obtained. The corresponding normalized delay-bandwidth product is 0.475, which indicates the prominent feature in light slowing down without distortion. The proposed metamaterial structure is promising for practical information storage, optical memory, and optical buffers design.