Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of effects in four Arctic subregions

Citation for published version (APA): Callaghan, T. V. , Björn, L. O. , Chernov, Y. , Chapin, T. , Christensen, T. , Huntley, B. , Ims, R. A. , Johansson, M. , Jolly, D. , Jonasson, S. , Matveyeva, N. , Panikov, N. , Oechel, W. , Shaver, G. , Schaphoff, S. , Sitch, S. , & Zöckler, C. (2004). Synthesis of effects in four Arctic subregions. Ambio: a Journal of Human Environment, 33(7), 469473. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-33.7. 469
University of Groningen Population Reference Ranges of Urinary Endogenous Sulfate Steroids Concentrations and Ratios as Complement to the Steroid Profile in Sports Antidoping Saad,

The population based Steroid Profile (SP) ratio of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) has been considered as a biomarker approach to detect testosterone abuse in ‘80s. The contemporary Antidoping Laboratories apply the World Antidoping Agency (WADA) Technical Document (TD) for Endogenous Androgenic Anabolic Steroids (EAAS) in the analysis of SP during their screening. The SP Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) adaptive model uses the concentrations of the total of free and glucuronide conjugated forms of six EAASs concentrations and ratios measured by GC/MS. In the Antidoping Lab Qatar (ADLQ), the routine LC/MS screening method was used to quantitatively estimate the sulfate conjugated EAAS in the same analytical run as for the rest qualitative analytes. Seven sulfate EAAS were quantified for a number of routine antidoping male and female urine samples during screening. Concentrations, statistical parameters and selected ratios for the 6 EAAS, the 6 sulfate EAAS and 29 proposed ratios of concentrations from both EAAS and sulfate EAAS, which potentially used as SP ABP biomarkers, population reference limits and distributions have been estimated after the GC/MSMS analysis for EAAS and LC/Orbitrap/MS analysis for sulfate EAAS.
Mean-variance problem for an insurer with default risk under a jump-diffusion risk model

Abstract This paper considers an optimal investment-reinsurance problem with default risk under the mean-variance criterion. We assume that the insurer is allowed to purchase proportional reinsurance and invest his/her surplus in a risk-free asset, a stock and a defaultable bond. The goal is to maximize the expectation and minimize the variance of the terminal wealth. We first formulate the problem to stochastic linear-quadratic (LQ) control problem with constraints. Then the optimal investment-reinsurance strategies and the corresponding value functions are obtained via the viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations for the post-default case and pre-default case, respectively. Finally, we provide numerical examples to illustrate the effects of model parameters on the optimal strategies and value functions.
Analysing the Dynamic Impact of Electricity Futures on Revenue and Risks of Renewable Energy in China

Though the electricity market in China has gone through several reforms in the last few decades, the market is still not completely liberalized. The wholesale prices are regulated and for renewable it is based on feed-in tariff; there is not yet a competitive spot or derivative market concerning the generation side. Furthermore, with great potential, renewable energy is being gradually promoted by the government to compete freely with conventional energies. However, it is hard for a renewable generator to survive without subsidy. So, in this paper we propose a new round of revolution in power sector to introduce electricity futures into China with the expectation of perfecting the market and providing a proper hedging tool for renewable plants. We make an estimation of the risk premium and then simulate the futures prices in China’s market. To support the establishment of the futures contracts, we also propose two pricing mechanisms: Demand-side price & Opportunity cost price and study their effects on the futures. Finally, some suggestions with regard to the construction of futures market in China and the operational strategy for renewable plants are given.
Time and Tachyon

Recent analysis suggests that the classical dynamics of a tachyon on an unstable D-brane is described by a scalar Born–Infeld type action with a runaway potential. The classical configurations in this theory at late time are in one to one correspondence with the configuration of a system of noninteracting (incoherent), nonrotating dust. We discuss some aspects of canonical quantization of this field theory coupled to gravity, and explore, following an earlier work on this subject, the possibility of using the scalar field (tachyon) as the definition of time in quantum cosmology. At late "time" we can identify a subsector in which the scalar field decouples from gravity and we recover the usual Wheeler–de Witt equation of quantum gravity.
: Investigating the Predictors and Consequences of Denying Ingroup Characteristics to Ambiguous Suspects in the Aftermath of Terrorist Acts

We investigated predictors of the ascription of ingroup membership to negative ambiguous targets immediately following terrorist acts. Two studies investigated target categorization following the Boston Marathon and UK Woolwich attacks: events involving negative targets whose status as racial (Tsarnaev brothers) or national (Woolwich attackers) ingroup members remained ambiguous. Within two days of the attacks, we presented White Americans and White Brits with the suspects’ images. As predicted, those higher in social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism— concerned with enforcing status boundaries and adherence to ingroup norms, respectively— perceived suspects as looking less White and less British, thus denying them critical ingroup characteristics. Individuals feeling more fear (but not anger or sadness) following the attacks also distanced the suspects in this way. Highlighting its importance, perceiving suspects in more outgroup vs. ingroup terms increased support for treating them harshly, and for militaristic counter-terrorist policies prioritizing ingroup safety over outgroup harm.
Title: Mesenchymal stromal cell remodeling of a gelatin hydrogel microenvironment defines an artificial hematopoietic stem cell niche

: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow within discrete niches defined by a complex milieu of external signals including biophysical cues, bound and diffusible biomolecules, and heterotypic cell-cell interactions. Recent studies have shown the importance of autocrine-mediated feedback of cell-secreted signals and the interplay between matrix architecture and biochemical diffusion on hematopoietic stem cell activity. Autocrine and paracrine signaling from HSCs and niche-associated mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have both been suggested to support HSC maintenance in vivo and in vitro . Here we report the
A Framework for the Development of Online, Location-Specific, Expressive 3D Social Worlds

Today social networking sites are emerging as increasingly popular communication spaces where one can see and talk to friends and acquaintances. However, these sites require different methods of offering the additional information that are often useful or essential in human interaction such as, the conveyance of emotion or a realistic representation of one’s geographical or urban location. Our research concentrates on addressing these issues by offering fully expressive Internet communication with the use of 3D expressive models to help provide some of the visual cues that are present in face-to-face interaction. This is achieved via an innovative piece of software called Emotion Analyser that analyses text messages in the Internet communication environment. Moreover, a dedicated 3D facial animation system has been generated that interfaces with the Emotion Analyser in order to translate its output. Finally, the 3D virtual city models for the final interactive virtual world have been produced by using our own semi-automatic urban modeling system called Virtual City Maker.
Cultural capital and educational inequality: an assessment of the state of the art *

Research into the sociology of education has paid considerable attention to how family background affects children’s educational outcomes and inequality. Among the many different aspects of family background addressed in this literature, families’ cultural resources – or their cultural ‘capital’ – have received a lot of attention. Empirical research has consistently found that indicators of cultural capital, for example the frequency of attending cultural activities, reading behaviors, and number of books in the home correlate positively with indicators of children’s educational outcomes (Davies & Rizk 2017; Farkas 2018; Jæger & Breen 2016). To explain this empirical regularity, research often draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction because it provides a comprehensive account of how cultural capital enhances educational outcomes and inequality (Bourdieu 1977, 1986, 1993; Bourdieu & Passeron 1990). Although Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction, and his concept of cultural capital, have been enormously influential in the sociology of education, they have also been subject to intense criticism. From a theoretical perspective, Bourdieu’s key concepts have been criticized for being ill defined and vague (Lamont & Lareau 1988). From an empirical perspective, critics have argued that although indicators of cultural capital correlate with educational outcomes, they do not – as hypothesized – explain socioeconomic gradients in children’s educational outcomes (Kingston 2001). Together, these criticisms have led some to question the usefulness of Bourdieu’s theory for empirical research (Sullivan 2002). Despite these criticisms, Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction, and his concept of cultural capital, remain popular in the sociology of education and, I would argue, a ‘textbook explanation’ of educational inequality. My ambition in this chapter is to reassess Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction, and his concept of cultural capital, from the perspective of rigorous sociology. This ambition entails that I assess his theory, and the empirical literature that draws on it, based on its conceptual clarity, methodological rigor, and overall strength of empirical evidence. Although others have proposed ideas similar to Bourdieu (e.g., Bernstein 1961), I focus on Bourdieu because his theory has had the biggest impact in the sociology of education. My ambition in this chapter is not deconstructive: In addition to highlighting limitations in Bourdieu and the state of the art, I also address research that has attempted to clarify and redefine Bourdieu’s theoretical arguments and make his ideas empirically testable. I organize the chapter around three claims. Cultural capital and educational inequality
Enhanced lipid-but not carbohydrate-supported mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of PGC-1 alpha overexpressing mice

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to several disease states as well as the process of aging. A possible factor involvedistheperoxisomeproliferator-activatedreceptor(PPAR) g co-activator1 a (PGC-1 a ),amajorplayerintheregulationofskeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. However, it is currently unknown whether PGC-1 a , besides stimulating mitochondrial proliferation, also affects the functional capacity per mitochondrion. Therefore, we here tested whether PGC-1 a overexpression, besides increasing mitochondrial content, also leads to intrinsic mitochondrial adaptations. Skeletal muscle mitochondria from 10 male, muscle-speciﬁc PGC-1 a overexpressing mice (PGC-1 a Tg) and 8 wild-type (WT) mice were isolated. Equal mitochondrial quantities were then analyzed for their oxidative capacity by high-resolution respirometry, fuelled by a carbohydrate-derived (pyruvate) and a lipid (palmitoyl-CoA plus carnitine) substrate. Additionally, mitochondria were tested for reactive oxygen species (superoxide) production and fatty acid (FA)- induced uncoupling. PGC-1 a Tg mitochondria were characterized by an improved intrinsic mitochondrial fat oxidative capacity as evidenced by pronounced increase in ADP-stimulated respiration ( P < 0.001) and maximal uncoupled respiration ( P < 0.001) upon palmitoyl-CoA plus carnitine. Interestingly, intrinsic mitochondrial capacity on a carbohydrate-derived substrate tended to be reduced. Furthermore, the sensitivity to FA-induced uncoupling was diminished in PGC-1 a Tg mitochondria ( P ¼ 0.02) and this was accompanied bya bluntedreductioninmitochondrial ROSproduction upon FAsinPGC-1 a Tgversus WTmitochondria( P ¼ 0.04). Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) levels were markedly reduced in PGC-1 a Tg mitochondria ( P < 0.001). Taken together, in addition to stimulating mitochondrial proliferation in skeletal muscle, we show here that overexpression of PGC-1 a leads to intrinsic mitochondrial adaptations that seem restricted to fat metabolism.
Substrate-Selective Catalysis Enabled Synthesis of Azaphilone Natural Products

Achieving substrate-selectivity is a central element of nature’s approach to synthesis. By relying on the ability of a catalyst to discriminate between components in a mixture, control can be exerted over which molecules will move forward in a synthesis. This approach can be powerful when realized but can be challenging to duplicate in the laboratory. In this work, substrate-selective catalysis is leveraged to discriminate between two intermediates that exist in equilibrium, subsequently directing the final cyclization to arrive at either the linear or angular tricyclic core common to subsets of azaphilone natural products. By using a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FDMO) in sequence with an acyl transferase (AT), the conversion of several orcinaldehyde substrates directly to the corresponding linear tricyclic azaphilones in a single reaction vessel was achieved. Further, mechanistic studies support that a substrate equilibrium together with enzyme substrate selectivity play an import role in the selectivity of the final cyclization step. Using this strategy, five azaphilone natural products were synthesized for the first time as well as a number of unnatural derivatives thereof.
PITA 2011 and Voluntary Tax Compliance: Towards Achieving Sustainable Revenue Generation in Kaduna State Nigeria

Sustainable governance entails using the compulsory contribution paid to government by her citizens to support law and order, provide security and social amenities for the benefit of present and future generations. Nigeria's Personal Income Tax Act (PITA) 2011 was amended to provide for sustainable tax policies and administration that would secure voluntary tax compliance and guarantee sustainable revenue generation. The amendment introduced a more equitable tax system by providing realistic tax rates, and recommending an efficient and effective tax administrative system, and simpler tax laws. This study examines the determinants of voluntary tax compliance in Kaduna state Nigeria taking self-assessment, income tax rates, and penalties as provided by PITA 2011, with a view to ascertain whether the Act has significantly affected voluntary tax compliance in the State. The population of study is 4925 registered self-employed individuals who are subjected to Direct Assessment system in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A sample 370 respondents was arrived at using the Yaro Yamani formula. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression technique were used to analyze the data. The study reveals that the amended provisions of PITA 2011 on Self-assessment, Income tax rates and Penalty are capable of enhancing voluntary tax compliance but poor knowledge of the tax laws, unstable economy and administrative bottlenecks have affected the potency of the Act. The study therefore recommends among others that the Kaduna state Government employ measures to boost compliance, such as educating tax payers by summarizing the provisions of PITA 2011 in some widely spoken languages and communicating same.
University of Birmingham A Practical Access Point Deployment Optimization Strategy In Communication-based Train Control Systems

—Communication-based train control (CBTC) systems have been playing a progressively signiﬁcant role in metro signalling in recent years. As safety-critical systems, CBTC systems have very strict requirements on the wireless communication performance between train and wayside access points (AP), which is highly dependent on the deployment of the APs. In this paper, by customizing and adopting a decomposition-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm, the proposed AP deployment optimization method has been implemented, veriﬁed and its implementation accuracy has been assessed. A real-world case study is carried out in an integrated simulation platform, in which the optimized AP deployments are veriﬁed and show better performance than the original planning.
Accuracy and Acceptability of Wearable Motion Tracking for Inpatient Monitoring Using Smartwatches

Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) within an everyday consumer smartwatch offer a convenient and low-cost method to monitor the natural behaviour of hospital patients. However, their accuracy at quantifying limb motion, and clinical acceptability, have not yet been demonstrated. To this end we conducted a two-stage study: First, we compared the inertial accuracy of wrist-worn IMUs, both research-grade (Xsens MTw Awinda, and Axivity AX3) and consumer-grade (Apple Watch Series 3 and 5), and optical motion tracking (OptiTrack). Given the moderate to strong performance of the consumer-grade sensors, we then evaluated this sensor and surveyed the experiences and attitudes of hospital patients (N = 44) and staff (N = 15) following a clinical test in which patients wore smartwatches for 1.5–24 h in the second study. Results indicate that for acceleration, Xsens is more accurate than the Apple Series 5 and 3 smartwatches and Axivity AX3 (RMSE 1.66 ± 0.12 m·s−2; R2 0.78 ± 0.02; RMSE 2.29 ± 0.09 m·s−2; R2 0.56 ± 0.01; RMSE 2.14 ± 0.09 m·s−2; R2 0.49 ± 0.02; RMSE 4.12 ± 0.18 m·s−2; R2 0.34 ± 0.01 respectively). For angular velocity, Series 5 and 3 smartwatches achieved similar performances against Xsens with RMSE 0.22 ± 0.02 rad·s−1; R2 0.99 ± 0.00; and RMSE 0.18 ± 0.01 rad·s−1; R2 1.00± SE 0.00, respectively. Surveys indicated that in-patients and healthcare professionals strongly agreed that wearable motion sensors are easy to use, comfortable, unobtrusive, suitable for long-term use, and do not cause anxiety or limit daily activities. Our results suggest that consumer smartwatches achieved moderate to strong levels of accuracy compared to laboratory gold-standard and are acceptable for pervasive monitoring of motion/behaviour within hospital settings.
When Are the Bigger Fish in the Small Pond Better Citizens? A Multi-Level Examination of Relative Overqualification and Outcomes in Workgroups

In this study, we extend overqualification research to employees' social context of workgroup membership. Drawing upon social comparison theory and integrating with social exchange theory, we contend that employees' relative overqualification (ROQ; defined as individual overqualification relative to other group members' overqualification perceptions) is associated with their relative standing with their leader (measured as LMXSC: leader-member exchange social comparison), which in turn relates to employees' organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). Furthermore, we assert that workgroup structural attributes and individual values (leader span of control and power distance orientation) influence the ROQ-LMXSC-OCB relationship. Multi-level modeling using data from 243 employees nested in 36 workgroups suggested patterns of moderated mediation where leader span of control and employee power distance orientation moderate the indirect link between ROQ and OCB through LMXSC. That is, the indirect relationship between ROQ and OCB is stronger in workgroups with a narrow leader span of control and for employees high in power distance orientation. Implications and directions for meso-and group-level research are discussed.
Pricing of Fixed-Strike Lookback Options on Assets with Default Risk

In over-the-counter markets, many options on defaultable instruments are influenced by default risks emanating from the possibility that the option writer may not fulfill its contractual obligations. In this paper, we investigate the valuation of fixed-strike lookback options based on the issuer’s credit risk. Using double Mellin transforms and the method of images, we have a closed-form solution to fixed-strike lookback options with a default risk. Furthermore, we analyze the values of the vulnerable fixed-strike lookback options with respect to the model parameters and also show that the Monte Carlo simulations and the Implicit Finite Difference Method converge to the closed-form solutions and this verifies the correctness of our formulas.
Dynamic in situ three-dimensional imaging and digital volume correlation 1 analysis quantify strain localization and fracture coalescence in sandstone 2 3

24 Advances in triaxial compression deformation apparatus design, dynamic X-ray 25 microtomography imaging, data analysis techniques, and digital volume correlation analysis 26 provide unparalleled access to the in situ four-dimensional distribution of developing strain 27 within rocks. To demonstrate the power of these new techniques and acquire detailed information 28 about the micromechanics of damage evolution, deformation and failure of porous rocks, we 29 deformed three centimeter-scale cylindrical specimens of low porosity Fontainebleau sandstone 30 in an X-ray transparent triaxial compression apparatus, and repeatedly recorded three31 Renard et al., 2018, Pure and Applied Geophysics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2003-x 2 dimensional tomograms of the specimens as the differential stress was increased until 32 macroscopic failure occurred. Experiments were performed at room temperature with a confining 33 pressure in the range 10-20 MPa. Distinct gray-scale subsets, indicative of density, enabled 34 segmentation of the three-dimensional tomograms into intact rock matrix, pore space, and 35 fractures. Digital volume correlation analysis of pairs of tomograms provided time series of 36 three-dimensional incremental strain tensor fields throughout the experiments. After the yield 37 stress was reached, the samples deformed first by dilatant opening and propagation of 38 microfractures, and then by shear sliding via grain rotation and strain localization along faults. 39 For two samples, damage and dilatancy occurred by grain boundary opening and then a sudden 40 collapse of the granular rock framework at failure. For the third sample, a fault nucleated near the 41 yield point and propagated in the sample through the development of transgranular 42 microfractures. The results confirm findings of previous experimental studies on the same rock 43 and provide new detailed quantifications of: 1) the proportion of shear versus dilatant strain in the 44 sample; 2) the amount of dilatancy due to microfracture opening versus pore opening when a 45 fault develops; 3) the role of grain boundaries and pore walls in pinning microfracture 46 propagation and slowing down the rate of damage accumulation as failure is approached. Our 47 study demonstrates how the combination of high resolution in-situ dynamic X-ray 48 microtomography imaging and digital volume image correlation analysis can be used to provide 49 additional information to unravel brittle failure processes in rocks under stress conditions relevant 50 to the upper crust. 51 52