Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural Characterization of Linear Quantum Systems With Application to Back-Action Evading Measurement

The purpose of this article is to study the structure of quantum linear systems in terms of their Kalman canonical form, which was proposed in a recent paper. The spectral structure of quantum linear systems is explored, which indicates that a quantum linear system is both controllable and observable provided that it is Hurwitz stable. A new parameterization method for quantum linear systems is proposed. This parameterization is designed for the Kalman canonical form directly. Consequently, the parameters involved are in a blockwise form in correspondence with the blockwise structure of the Kalman canonical form. This parameter structure can be used to simplify various quantum control design problems. For example, necessary and sufficient conditions for the realization of quantum back-action evading (BAE) measurements are given in terms of these new parameters. Due to their blockwise nature, a small number of parameters are required for realizing quantum BAE measurements.
An equality between entanglement and uncertainty

In their seminal paper, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) show that an observer who is maximally entangled with the system to be measured can perfectly predict the outcome of two incompatible measurements. This feat stands in stark contrast to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle which tell us that if the observer is not entangled with the system at all, then his ability to predict the outcomes of incompatible measurements such as position and momentum is extremely limited. The observations made by EPR and Heisenberg illustrate two extreme cases of the interplay between entanglement and uncertainty. On the one hand, no entanglement means that measurements will be maximally uncertain. Yet on the other hand, maximal entanglement means that there is no more uncertainty at all. Here we show that this apparent rift can be reconciled in that it is indeed possible to have an exact relation an equality between the amount of uncertainty and the amount of entanglement.
Dark Matter and Neutrinos

The Keplerian distribution of velocities is not observed in the rotation of large scale structures, such as found in the rotation of spiral galaxies. The deviation from Keplerian distribution provides compelling evidence of the presence of non-luminous matter i.e. called dark matter. There are several astrophysical motivations for investigating the dark matter in and around the galaxy as halo. In this work we address various theoretical and experimental indications pointing towards the existence of this unknown form of matter. Amongst its constituents neutrino is one of the most prospective candidates. We know the neutrinos oscillate and have tiny masses, but there are also signatures for existence of heavy and light sterile neutrinos and possibility of their mixing. Altogether, the role of neutrinos is of great interests in cosmology and understanding dark matter.
An integrated approach to doped thin films with strain-tunable magnetic anisotropy: powder synthesis, target preparation and pulsed laser deposition of Bi:YIG

We present a synthesis/processing method for fabricating ferrimagnetic insulator (Bi-doped yttrium iron garnet) thin films with tunable magnetic anisotropy. Since the desired magnetic properties rely on controllable thickness and successful doping, we pay attention to the entire synthesis/processing procedure (nanopowder synthesis, nanocrystalline target preparation and pulsed laser deposition (PLD)). Atomically flat films were deposited by PLD on (111)-orientated yttrium aluminum garnet. We show a significant enhancement of perpendicular anisotropy in the films, caused by strain-induced anisotropy. In addition, the perpendicular anisotropy is tunable by decreasing the film thickness and overwhelms the shape anisotropy at a critical thickness of 3.5 nm. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT IMPACT STATEMENT Strain-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in heavily Bi substituted YIG films for ferrimagnetic insulator based spintronic studies and devices.
STAR FORMATION RELATIONS IN NEARBY MOLECULAR CLOUDS

We test some ideas for star formation relations against data on local molecular clouds. On a cloud by cloud basis, the relation between the surface density of star formation rate and surface density of gas divided by a free-fall time, calculated from the mean cloud density, shows no significant correlation. If a crossing time is substituted for the free-fall time, there is even less correlation. Within a cloud, the star formation rate volume and surface densities increase rapidly with the corresponding gas densities, faster than predicted by models using the free-fall time defined from the local density. A model in which the star formation rate depends linearly on the mass of gas above a visual extinction of 8 mag describes the data on these clouds, with very low dispersion. The data on regions of very massive star formation, with improved star formation rates based on free–free emission from ionized gas, also agree with this linear relation.
Unified approach to entanglement criteria using the Cauchy-Schwarz and Hölder inequalities

We present unified approach to different recent entanglement criteria. Although they were developed in different ways, we show that they are all applications of a more general principle given by the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. We explain this general principle and show how to derive with it not only already known but also new entanglement criteria. We systematically investigate its potential and limits to detect bipartite and multipartite entanglement.
Advanced Control of Pulse and Burst Protocols for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications

Pulsed electric fields in the sub-microsecond range are being increasingly used in biomedical and biotechnology applications, where the demand for high-voltage and high-frequency pulse generators with enhanced performance and pulse flexibility is pushing the limits of pulse power solid state technology. In the scope of this article, a new pulsed generator, which includes four independent MOSFET based Marx modulators, operating individually or combined, controlled from a computer user interface, is described. The generator is capable of applying different pulse shapes, from unipolar to bipolar pulses into biological loads, in symmetric and asymmetric modes, with voltages up to 6.5 kV and currents up to 65 A, in pulse widths from 100 ns to 100 μs, including short-circuit protection, current and voltage monitoring. This new scientific tool can open new research possibility due to the flexibility it provides in pulse generation, particularly in adjusting pulse width, polarity, and amplitude from pulse-to-pulse. It also permits operating in burst mode up to 5 MHz in four independent channels, for example in the application of synchronized asymmetric bipolar pulses, which is shown together with other characteristics of the generator.
EPT1 (selenoprotein I) is critical for the neural development and maintenance of plasmalogen in humans patient-oriented and epidemiological research

nolamine phosphotrans- ferase; phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylinositol; plasmanyl-PC, 1-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphocholine; plasmenyl-PE, 1-alkenyl-2-acyl- glycerophosphoethanolamine; PLIC, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher phosphatidylserine; phatidylserine
Chapter 1 Convolutional neural nets

Draft chapter from Torralba, Isola, Freeman The neural nets we saw in Chapter ? are designed to process generic data. But in many domains the data has special structure, and we can design neural net architectures that are better suited to exploiting that structure. Convolutional neural nets, also called Convnets or CNNs, are a neural net architecture especially suited to the structure in visual signals. CNNs are also well suited to many other spatial or temporal signals, such as geospatial data or sounds. If there is a natural way to “scan” across a signal, processing each windowed region separately, then CNNs may be a reasonable choice. The key idea of CNNs is to chop up the input image into little patches, and then process each patch independently and identically. The gist of this is captured in the figure below, which is an example of a CNN classifier:
THE r-PROCESS IN PROTO-NEUTRON-STAR WIND REVISITED

We examine the r-process in the neutrino-driven proto-neutron-star (PNS) wind of core-collapse supernovae in light of the recent findings of massive neutron stars in binaries as well as of an indication of neutron-richness in the PNS ejecta because of the nucleon potential corrections on neutrino opacities. To this end, a spherically symmetric, general relativistic, steady-state wind model is applied for a wide range of PNS masses between 1.2 M☉ and 2.4 M☉ with the latter reaching the causality limit. Nucleosynthesis calculations with these PNS models are performed by assuming a time evolution of electron fraction with its minimal value of Ye = 0.4, which mimics recent hydrodynamical results. The fundamental nucleosynthetic aspect of the PNS wind is found to be the production of Sr, Y, and Zr in quasi-equilibrium and of the elements with A ≈ 90–110 by a weak r-process, which can be an explanation for the abundance signatures in r-process-poor Galactic halo stars. PNSs more massive than 2.0 M☉ can eject heavy r-process elements, however, with substantially smaller amount than what is needed to account for the solar content. PNS winds can be thus the major origin of light trans-iron elements but no more than 10% of those heavier than A ∼ 110, although they may be the sources of the low-level abundances of Sr and Ba found in numerous metal-poor stars if the maximum mass of PNSs exceeds 2.0 M☉.
Grain Alignment: Role of Radiative Torques and Paramagnetic Relaxation

Polarization arising from aligned dust grains presents a unique opportunity to study magnetic fields in the diffuse interstellar medium and molecular clouds. Polarization from circumstellar regions, accretion disks and comet atmospheres can also be related to aligned dust.To reliably trace magnetic fields quantitative theory of grain alignment is required. Formulating the theory that would correspond to observations was one of the longstanding problems in astrophysics. Lately this problem has been successfully addressed, and in this review we summarize some of the most important theoretical advances in the theory of grain alignment by radiative torques (RATs) that act on realistic irregular dust grains. We discuss an analytical model of RATs and the ways to make RAT alignment more efficient, e.g. through paramagnetic relaxation when grains have inclusions with strong magnetic response. For very small grains for which RAT alignment is inefficient, we also discuss paramagnetic relaxation and a process termed resonance relaxation. We provide an extensive analysis of the observational tests of grain alignment theory.
YOUNG REMNANTS OF TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AND THEIR PROGENITORS: A STUDY OF SNR G1.9+0.3

SNe Ia, with their remarkably homogeneous light curves and spectra, have been used as standardizable candles to measure the accelerating expansion of the universe. Yet, their progenitors remain elusive. Common explanations invoke a degenerate star (white dwarf) that explodes upon almost reaching the Chandrasekhar limit, by either steadily accreting mass from a companion star or violently merging with another degenerate star. We show that circumstellar interaction in young Galactic supernova remnants can be used to distinguish between these single and double degenerate (DD) progenitor scenarios. Here we propose a new diagnostic, the surface brightness index, which can be computed from theory and compared with Chandra and Very Large Array (VLA) observations. We use this method to demonstrate that a DD progenitor can explain the decades-long flux rise and size increase of the youngest known galactic supernova remnant (SNR), G1.9+0.3. We disfavor a single degenerate scenario for SNR G1.9+0.3. We attribute the observed properties to the interaction between a steep ejecta profile and a constant density environment. We suggest using the upgraded VLA, ASKAP, and MeerKAT to detect circumstellar interaction in the remnants of historical SNe Ia in the Local Group of galaxies. This may settle the long-standing debate over their progenitors.
Photonic processes in Born–Infeld theory

We study the processes of photon–photon scattering and photon splitting in a magnetic field in Born–Infeld theory. In both cases we combine the terms from the tree-level Born–Infeld Lagrangian with the usual one-loop QED contributions, where those are approximated by the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian, including also the interference terms. For photon–photon scattering we obtain the total cross-section in the low-energy approximation. For photon splitting we compute the total absorption coefficient in the hexagon (weak field) approximation, and also show that, due to the non-birefringence property of Born–Infeld theory, the selection rules found by Adler for the QED case continue to hold in this more general setting. We discuss the bounds on the free parameter of Born–Infeld theory that may be obtained from this type of processes.
Behavioral Response of Bee Farmers to Climate Change in South East, Nigeria

 Abstract — The enigma climate change is no longer an illusion but a reality. In the recent years, the Nigeria climate has changed and the changes are shown by the changing patterns of rainfall, the sunshine, increasing level carbon and nitrous emission as well as deforestation. This study analyzed the behavioural response of bee keepers to variations in the climate and the adaptation techniques developed in response to the climate variation. Beekeeping is a viable economic activity for the alleviation of poverty as the products include honey, wax, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, venom, queens, bees and their larvae and are all marketable. The study adopted the multistage sampling technique to select 120 beekeepers from the five states of Southeast Nigeria. Well-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were adopted to collect the required data. Statistical tools like the Principal component analysis, data envelopment models, graphs, and charts were used for the data analysis. Changing patterns of rainfall and sunshine with the increasing rate of deforestation had a negative effect on the habitat of the bees. The bee keepers have adopted the Kenya Top bar and Langstroth hives and they establish the bee hives on fallow farmland close to the cultivated communal farms with more flowering crops.
Schwinger pair production in space- and time-dependent electric fields: Relating the Wigner formalism to quantum kinetic theory

The nonperturbative electron-positron pair production (Schwinger effect) is considered for space- and time-dependent electric fields E-vector(x-vector,t). Based on the Dirac-Heisenberg-Wigner formalism, we derive a system of partial differential equations of infinite order for the 16 irreducible components of the Wigner function. In the limit of spatially homogeneous fields the Vlasov equation of quantum kinetic theory is rediscovered. It is shown that the quantum kinetic formalism can be exactly solved in the case of a constant electric field E(t)=E{sub 0} and the Sauter-type electric field E(t)=E{sub 0}sech{sup 2}(t/{tau}). These analytic solutions translate into corresponding expressions within the Dirac-Heisenberg-Wigner formalism and allow to discuss the effect of higher derivatives. We observe that spatial field variations typically exert a strong influence on the components of the Wigner function for large momenta or for late times.
MAGNETAR-LIKE X-RAY BURSTS FROM A ROTATION-POWERED PULSAR, PSR J1119–6127

Two energetic hard X-ray bursts from the rotation-powered pulsar PSR J1119−6127 recently triggered the Fermi and Swift space observatories. We have performed in-depth spectral and temporal analyses of these two events. Our extensive searches in both observatories’ data for lower luminosity bursts uncovered 10 additional events from the source. We report here on the timing and energetics of the 12 bursts from PSR J1119−6127 during its burst active phase on 2016 July 26 and 28. We also found a spectral softer X-ray flux enhancement in a post-burst episode, which shows evidence of cooling. Here we discuss the implications of these results on the nature of this unusual high-field radio pulsar, which firmly place it within the typical magnetar population.
Analysis of Nonlinear Soil-Structure Interaction Effects on the response of Three-Dimensional Frame Structures using a One-Direction Three-ComponentWave Propagation Model

In this paper, a model of one-directional propagation of three-component seismic waves in a nonlinear multilayered soil profile is coupled with a multi-story multi-span frame model to consider, in a simple way, the soil-structure interaction modelled in a finite element scheme. Modeling the three-component wave propagation enables the effects of a soil multiaxial stress state to be taken into account. These reduce soil strength and increase nonlinear effects, compared with the axial stress state. The simultaneous propagation of three components allows the prediction of the incident direction of seismic loading at the ground surface and the analysis of the behavior of a frame structure shaken by a three-component earthquake. A parametric study is carried out to characterize the changes in the ground motion due to dynamic features of the structure, for different incident wavefield properties and soil nonlinear effects. A seismic response depending on parameters such as the frequency content of soil and structure and the polarization of seismic waves is observed.
Chipmunk: Investigating Crash-Consistency in Persistent-Memory File Systems

We present Chipmunk, a new framework to test persistent-memory (PM) file systems for crash-consistency bugs. Using Chipmunk, we discovered 23 new bugs across five PM file systems; most bugs have been confirmed and fixed by developers. The discovered bugs have serious consequences, including making the file system un-mountable or breaking rename atomicity. We present a detailed study of the bugs found using Chipmunk and discuss important lessons learned for designing and testing PM file systems.
IRIS-BASED PERSONAL VISION THROUGH IN-DEPTH LEARNING METHODS

: One of the most important modules in a computer program is the one that handles user security [2] [5]. It was proven that simple passwords can not guarantee high efficiency and are easily accessible by hackers [1] [3]. Another well-known method is biometric based analysis. In recent years, increased interest has been seen in the iris as a biometrics object. It was due to the high efficiency and accuracy guaranteed by this measurable feature [15] [13]. The results of such interest can be seen in the literature. There are many, many different methods proposed by different authors [14] [9]. In this paper, the authors introduce their own identity-based algorithm based on the iris [6]. To differentiate, the algorithm used a CNN (MobileNet)-based transfer learning model and neural networking networks. Immediately after the separation, a separation is performed on the separated outlet and part of the iris is separated. Studies have shown that satisfactory results can be achieved in the proposed way [4] [11].
Carbon Fiber Monocoque Chassis Redesign

In recent years, the automotive industry has focused on decreasing the carbon footprint caused by fuel emissions. The Supermileage Team is an SAE affiliated club at NIU that designs, fabricates, and competes internationally for the most fuel-efficient vehicle in order to address this problem and reduce their carbon footprint. The goal of the carbon fiber monocoque chassis redesign was to develop a new vehicle that increases fuel efficiency through weight optimization and aerodynamics in order to achieve 2,000 mpg, which would beat the team’s current record of 1,888 mpg. The vehicle's aerodynamics and weight were optimized through iterative CAD designs and simulated in ANSYS Fluent CFD. Due to time constraints of making such a large mold at a sponsoring company, the vehicle will be fabricated after the semester concludes. With the optimized design selected, the fabrication will consist of five negative molds made from high-density foam including the top half, bottom half, two front wheel fairings, and the rear hatch. The negative molds will allow for carbon-fiber layers to have a smooth exterior surface using the resin infusion (vacuum bagging) process. For the core strength, the carbon fiber shell will be attached to a Nomex sandwich core. Nomex panels consist of Aramid honeycomb laminated with carbon fiber sheets on each side allowing for exceptional shear transfer and strength. The overall combination of the carbon fiber shell and Nomex panel, along with intermediary layers such as CNC machined foam core, will allow for a successful carbon fiber monocoque chassis.
THE 21 cm “OUTER ARM” AND THE OUTER-GALAXY HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUDS: CONNECTED BY KINEMATICS, METALLICITY, AND DISTANCE

Using high-resolution ultraviolet spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, we study the metallicity, kinematics, and distance of the gaseous “outer arm” (OA) and the high-velocity clouds (HVCs) in the outer Galaxy. We detect the OA in a variety of absorption lines toward two QSOs, H1821+643 and HS0624+6907. We search for OA absorption toward eight Galactic stars and detect it in one case, which constrains the OA Galactocentric radius to 9 kpc <RG < 18 kpc. We also detect HVC Complex G, which is projected near the OA at a similar velocity, in absorption toward two stars; Complex G is therefore in the same region at RG = 8–10 kpc. HVC Complex C is known to be at a similar Galactocentric radius. Toward H1821+643, the low-ionization absorption lines are composed of multiple narrow components, indicating the presence of several cold clouds and rapid cooling and fragmentation. Some of the highly ionized gas is also surprisingly cool. Accounting for ionization corrections, we find that the OA metallicity is Z = 0.2–0.5 Z☉, but nitrogen is underabundant and some species are possibly mildly depleted by dust. The similarity of the OA metallicity, Galactocentric location, and kinematics to those of the adjacent outer-Galaxy HVCs, including high velocities that are not consistent with Galactic rotation, suggests that the OA and outer-Galaxy HVCs could have a common origin.
Si Substitution in Nanotubes and Graphene via Intermittent Vacancies.

The properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene can be modified by the presence of covalently bound impurities. Although this can be achieved by introducing chemical additives during synthesis, that often hinders growth and leads to limited crystallite size and quality. Here, through the simultaneous formation of vacancies with low-energy argon plasma and the thermal activation of adatom diffusion by laser irradiation, silicon impurities are incorporated into the lattice of both materials. After an exposure of $\sim$1 ion/nm$^{2}$, we find Si substitution densities of 0.15 nm$^{-2}$ in graphene and 0.05 nm$^{-2}$ in nanotubes, as revealed by atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy. In good agreement with predictions of Ar irradiation effects in SWCNTs, we find Si incorporated in both mono- and divacancies, with $\sim$2/3 being of the first type. Controlled inclusion of impurities in the quasi-1D and 2D carbon lattices may prove useful for applications such as gas sensing, and a similar approach might also be used to substitute other elements with migration barriers lower than that of carbon.