Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crisis and Aftermath

On the evening of November 2, 1988 the Internet came under attack from within. Sometime after 5 p.m. ,’ a program was execuied on one or more hosts connected to the Internet. Tha,. program collected host, network, and user information, then used that information to break into other machines using flaws present in those systems’ software. After breaking in, the program would replicate itse1.f and the replica would attempt to infect other systems in the same manner. Although the program would only infect Sun Microsystems’ Sun 3 systems and VAX@ computers running variants of 4 BSD UNIX,@ the program spread quickly, as did i.he confusion an.d consternation of system administrators and uszmrs as they discovered the invasion of their systems. Tht? scope of the break-ins came as a great surprise to aln.ost everyone, despite the fact that UNIX has long been kn.own to have some security weaknesses (cf. [4, 12, ,131). The program was mysterious to users at sites where it appeared. Unusual files were left in the /usr/tmp directories of some machines, and strange messages appeared in the log :‘iles of some of the utilities, such as the sendmail mail handling agent. The most noticeable effect, however, was that systems became more and more loaded wih running processes as they became repeatedly infected. As time went on, some of these machines bec:. me so loaded that they were unable to continue any processing; some machines failed completely when th ? ir swap space or process tables were exhausted. By early Thursday. morning, November 3, personnel at the IJniversity of California at Berkeley and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) had “captured” copies of the program and began to analyze it. People at other sites also bega:r to study the program and were developing methods of eradicating it. A common fear
An Evaluation of Visual Analytics Approaches to Comparing Cohorts of Event Sequences

A common type of data analysis is finding the differences and similarities between two datasets. With temporal event sequence data, this task is complex because of the variety of ways single events and sequences of events can differ between the two groups (or cohorts) of records: the structure of the event sequences (e.g., event order, co-occurring events, or frequencies of events), the attributes about the events and records (e.g., gender of a patient), or metrics about the timestamps themselves (e.g., duration of an event). Running statistical tests to cover all these cases and determining which results are significant becomes cumbersome. Current visual analytics tools for comparing groups of event sequences emphasize a purely statistical or purely visual approach for comparison. In this paper, we present a novel visual analytics tool, CoCo (for ”Cohort Comparison”), which balances automated statistics with user-driven analysis to guide users to significant, distinguishing features between the cohorts. We demonstrate the utility and impact of the visual analytics tool with a user study against a previous visualization-driven approach, EventFlow. For more information about CoCo, visit http://www.cs. umd.edu/hcil/coco.
Novel insights into the cellular basis of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most common clinical cardiac arrhythmia. It is often initiated by ectopic beats arising from the pulmonary veins and atria. While pulmonary vein myocytes most likely contribute to atrial ectopic beats initiating atrial fibrillation, emerging evidence suggests the existence of other cell populations that may also contribute to atrial arrhythmias. In addition to sinus node-like and intestinal Cajal-like cells, we recently characterized a novel, melanocyte-like cell population in murine and human hearts that may contribute to atrial arrhythmogenic triggers in mice. Murine cardiac melanocyte-like cells are electrically excitable, and express adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. Adult mice lacking the gene encoding dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) are susceptible to atrial arrhythmias, and Dct is expressed by both murine and human cardiac melanocytes. While Dct-expressing cells are present in human hearts in regions from which atrial arrhythmias often arise, the contribution of these cells to clinical atrial arrhythmias remains to be determined.
The roles of TTP and BRF proteins in regulated mRNA decay

Adenylate‐ and uridylate‐rich element (ARE) motifs are cis‐acting elements present in the 3′ untranslated region of mRNA transcripts that encode many inflammation‐ and cancer‐associated genes. The TIS11 family of RNA‐binding proteins, composed of tristetraprolin (TTP) and butyrate response factors 1 and 2 (BRF‐1 and ‐2), plays a critical role in regulating the expression of ARE‐containing mRNAs. Through their ability to bind and target ARE‐containing mRNAs for rapid degradation, this class of RNA‐binding proteins serves a fundamental role in limiting the expression of a number of critical genes, thereby exerting anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer effects. Regulation of TIS11 family members occurs on a number of levels through cellular signaling events to control their transcription, mRNA turnover, phosphorylation status, cellular localization, association with other proteins, and proteosomal degradation, all of which impact TIS11 members' ability to promote ARE‐mediated mRNA decay along with decay‐independent functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of posttranscriptional regulation of ARE‐containing gene expression by TIS11 family members and discusses their role in maintaining normal physiological processes and the pathological consequences in their absence. WIREs RNA 2011 2 42–57 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.28
Use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Abstract This is a report of a 58-year-old man with severe hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who underwent alcohol septal ablation to relieve symptoms due to severe left ventricular outflow obstruction. Cardiac magnetic resonance was performed before and after the procedure. This case highlights the potential use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the surgical planning of alcohol septal ablation as well as following the procedure to assess for complications and morphological changes.
Respiratory syncytial virus in infants: is maternal vaccination a realistic strategy?

Purpose of review Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains an important cause of serious and sometimes fatal acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants, yet no effective antiviral treatment or vaccine for the prevention of RSV in early life is available. Vaccination of women during pregnancy is considered to be the most plausible strategy to provide direct RSV antibody protection to young infants during a period of greatest vulnerability. Recent findings Interest in the development of RSV vaccines for immunization of women during pregnancy is high. Numerous studies are underway to better understand the epidemiology and impact of RSV disease in pregnant women and infants, as well as the role of maternal antibodies in the protection of infants against early and severe RSV disease, to identify and measure serologic correlates of protection to RSV in infants and develop well tolerated and immunogenic RSV vaccines for pregnant women. Summary Studies of RSV vaccination in pregnancy are in progress, making maternal vaccination a realistic intervention for the protection of young infants against RSV disease in the near future. Maternal immunization with an immunogenic vaccine has the potential to substantially impact the morbidity and mortality of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness in infants worldwide.
Evaluation of the promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the serotonin transporter gene in females with postpartum depression

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in the promoter region of the 5-HTT gene and the pathogenesis of postpartum depression (PPD). Blood samples were collected from 120 female patients with PPD and 140 age-matched normal controls. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to detect the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in these subjects, and the genotype and allele frequencies were compared between the two groups. The disease severity was evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score. The results showed that the frequency of the homozygous long/long (L/L) genotype was significantly lower in the PPD group than that in the control group; by contrast, the frequencies of the heterozygous long/short (L/S) and homozygous S/S genotypes were similar for the two groups, without significant differences. No significant differences were observed in the L and S allele frequencies between the two groups. Furthermore, compared with the L/S heterozygous and S/S homozygous genotypes, patients with PPD with the L/L homozygous genotype had a significantly lower HAMD score. The present results suggest that female patients with PPD carrying the homozygous L/L genotype may be less susceptible to depressive symptoms and that the L/L genotype may be associated with the reduced occurrence of PPD. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PPD.
Children and Population Biobanks

Access to samples and individual DNA sequence data from children included in population biobanks should, when feasible, await their consent as adults. Population biobanks, which store and distribute human DNA, cell lines, and tissue samples collected from large cohorts, are being established and are growing in size (1). These population biobanks are often funded wholly or in part by governments and are envisaged as novel resources for national and international biomedical research programs. Such programs include studies on associations between genotypes, environmental exposure measures, socioeconomic parameters, and phenotypes of human health and disease.
UK National COPD Audit 2003: impact of hospital resources and organisation of care on patient outcome following admission for acute COPD exacerbation

Background: Acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations use many hospital bed days and have a high rate of mortality. Previous audits have shown wide variability in the length of stay and mortality between units not explained by patient factors. This study aimed to explore associations between resources and organisation of care and patient outcomes. Methods: 234 UK acute hospitals each prospectively identified 40 consecutive acute COPD admissions, documenting process of care and outcomes from a retrospective case note audit. Units also completed a resources and organisation of care proforma. Results: Data for 7529 patients were received. Inpatient mortality was 7.4% and mortality at 90 days was 15.3%; the readmission rate was 31.4%. Mean length of stay for discharged patients was 8.7 days (median 6 days). Wide variation was observed in all outcomes between hospitals. Both inpatient mortality (odds ratio (OR) 0.67, CI 0.50 to 0.90) and 90 day mortality (OR 0.75, CI 0.60 to 0.94) were associated with a staff ratio of four or more respiratory consultants per 1000 hospital beds. The length of stay was reduced in units with more respiratory consultants, better organisation of care scores, an early discharge scheme, and local COPD management guidelines. Conclusions: Units with more respiratory consultants and better quality organised care have lower mortality and reduced length of hospital stay. This may reflect unit resource richness. Dissemination of good organisational practice and recruitment of more respiratory specialists offers the potential for improved outcomes for hospitalised COPD patients.
Recurrent Syncope Associated with Lung Cancer

Syncope is an important problem in clinical practice with many possible causes that might be misdiagnosed. We present an unusual case of syncope, which has a normal chest X-ray. Exercise EKG and coronary angioplasty results confirmed the existence of serious coronary heart disease. The patient was treated with coronary stent transplantation. However, scope occurred again and the elevated tumor makers cytokeratin-19-fragment and neuron-specific enolase revealed the bronchogenic carcinoma, which was confirmed by enhanced CT examination. The treatment of carcinoma by chemotherapy was indeed sufficient for prompt elimination of the syncope symptoms.
Prefabricated zirconia Post; an esthetic option as foundation restoration for ceramic crowns: an in vivo study

Background: The choice of restoring endodontically treated anterior teeth is guided by strength and esthetics. The ultimate shade of post and core definitely affects the translucent ceramic crown systems, which is a matter of concern. The colour of the underlying core influences the definitive esthetic result especially for a highly translucent ceramic crown with a thickness of less than 1.6 mm. In case of a thin gingival biotype the cast posts may also create root discoloration and a blue-gray effect. The gold posts, which is considered as gold standard, exhibit a dull bluish hue and give an unnatural appearance. The utilization of a dissimilar material for post and core buildup often results in failure due to separation between the post and core. When the core and the foundation restoration is of ceramic, post based on ceramic material would ensure better success. The prefabricated zirconia posts are one of the novel alternatives to gold post. Purpose: The mechanical advantage together with the aesthetic gain over the conventional materials has made zirconia the state of art option available for usage in the present day. Materials and Methods: There are only few relative studies, which have reported on aesthetic, clinical survival and patient reported events of endodontically treated teeth with zirconia post. Hence this clinical study is undertaken to evaluate the acceptability of prefabricated zirconia post used in endodontically treated teeth especially in the anterior region with the foundation restoration being all ceramic restorations. Results: Zirconia post is a more aesthetic alternative to fiber post especially in patients with gummy smile and thin biotype with all-ceramic crown to optimize the esthetic effect at the root and maintaining an adequate level of strength. Conclusion: In esthetic zone prefabricated zirconia post is a more simple and viable option to conventional post giving a monoblock (one piece) design.
Adhesion of resin cement to contemporary hybrid ceramic and polymeric CAD/CAM materials: effect of conditioning methods and ageing

Abstract This study assessed the effect of different surface conditioning methods and ageing protocols on adhesion of resin cement to hybrid ceramic and polymeric CAD/CAM materials. CAD/CAM materials (n = 360, n = 30 per group), namely (a) Lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD-LIS), (b) Zirconia (IPS e.max ZirCAD-ZIR), (c) Polymer (Lava Ultimate-LAV), (d) Polymer infiltrated ceramic network (Enamic-ENA), (e) Polymer infiltrated ceramic (Experimental-1-CS1), (f) Polymer infiltrated ceramic (Experimental-2-CS2), (g) Lithium disilicate reinforced alumina (n! ce-NIC) were cut into slices (3 × 6 × 8 mm3) and conditioned: (a) Method 1: 5% hydrofluoric acid etching (H)+silane and (b) Method 2: Silica coating (CoJet (A)+silane). Group LIS was conditioned with only Method 1 and Group ZIR only with Method 2 (control). Resin cement (Variolink Esthetic II) was bonded onto the conditioned specimens and photopolymerized. One-half of the specimens was subjected to ageing (thermocycling 5–55°, 5000 cycles) and the other half was stored in distilled water (37 °C, 24 h). The resin-substrate interface was loaded under shear forces in a Universal Testing Machine (1 mm/min). Data (MPa) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey`s tests (α = 0.05). Substrate type, conditioning method and ageing had a significant effect on adhesion values (p < .05). In aged conditions, ENA-H, ENA-A, LAV-H, LAV-A, CS2-A (15 ± 4 – 11.6 ± 5) showed no significant difference (p > .05), with the CS2-A (15 ± 4) showing the least reduction (5.5%) compared to all other groups (5.8–62.6%). CS1-A (100%) followed by ENA-H, ENA-A (93%), CS2-A (80%) presented the highest incidence of cohesive failures after ageing.
Straight ROBDDs are not the Best for Pos

The subject of groundness analysis for (constraint) logic programs has been widely studied, and interesting domains have been proposed. Pos has been recognized has the most suitable domain for capturing the kind of dependencies arising in groundness analysis. Its (by now standard) implementation is directly based on reduced ordered binary-decision diagrams (ROBDDs), a well-known symbolic representation for Boolean functions [4]. Even though several authors have reported positive experiences using ROBDDs for groundness analysis, in the literature there is no reference to the problem of the efficient detection of those variable which are deemed to be ground (or true, at the abstract level) in the context of a ROBDD. This is not surprising, since most currently implemented analyzers need to derive this information only at the end of the analysis and only for presentation purposes. Things are much different when this information is required during the analysis. This need arises when dealing with languages which employ some sort of delay mechanism, which are typically based on groundness conditions. In these cases, the naif approaches are too inefficient, since the abstract interpreter must quickly (and often) decide whether a constraint is delayed or not. Fast access to ground variables is also necessary when aliasing analysis is performed using a domain not keeping track of ground dependencies. We have shown that, by using an hybrid representation instead of the standard (purely ROBDD-based) one, it is possible to have constant-time, fast access to ground variables. Moreover, the new representation improves (not make worse, as it can be expected) the overall efficiency (on both time and space) of groundness analysis. Due to extreme space limitations we just give a rough idea of how the hybrid representation and its operations look like. We also report on the experimental results we obtained with the China analyzer. The interested reader is referred to [3] for a complete account of this work.
Metals and Neurodegeneration

Metals play important roles in the human body, maintaining cell structure and regulating gene expression, neurotransmission, and antioxidant response, to name a few. However, excessive metal accumulation in the nervous system may be toxic, inducing oxidative stress, disrupting mitochondrial function, and impairing the activity of numerous enzymes. Damage caused by metal accumulation may result in permanent injuries, including severe neurological disorders. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown a strong correlation between aberrant metal exposure and a number of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, Guillain–Barré disease, Gulf War syndrome, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Wilson’s disease. Here, we briefly survey the literature relating to the role of metals in neurodegeneration.
Antigen presentation to B cells

B cells are capable of mounting responses to a bewildering range of potentially pathogenic antigens through the production of high-affinity antibodies and the establishment of immunological memory. Thus, regulated B-cell activation is critical for protection against a variety of bacterial and viral infections, as well as cancers. Here, we discuss a number of recent imaging studies that have provided new insights into the variety of mechanisms by which B-cell activation is initiated in the lymph node in vivo.
Associations between the functional CD40 rs4810485 G/T polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether the functional CD40 rs4810485 G/T polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods A series of meta-analyses were conducted to test for association between the CD40 rs4810485 G/T polymorphism and RA or SLE. Results A total of 21 comparisons involving 15,095 patients and 27,050 controls for RA, and 1353 patients and 2342 controls for SLE were considered. Meta-analysis showed a significant association between the CD40 rs4810485 T allele and RA in all subjects (odds ratio (OR) 0.890, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.846–0.936, p = 5.5 × 10−7). After stratification by ethnicity, the CD40 T allele was found to be significantly associated with RA in Europeans (OR 0.879, 95% CI 0.848–0.901, p = 3.0 × 10−9). A similar pattern of association was observed between the CD40 T allele and RA when the analysis was performed using the recessive, dominant, and additive models. Meta-analysis also showed a significant association between the CD40 polymorphism and SLE in Europeans (OR for the T allele 0.715, 95% CI 0.641–0.832, p = 1.4 × 10−6). Conclusions Our meta-analyses confirm that the CD40 rs4810485 G/T polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to RA and SLE in Europeans.
Effect of carbon black self-networking on surface-morphological and electrical properties of immiscible polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends

It has been widely reported that the phase structure plays a significant role in determining the properties of polymer blends. In order to obtain conductive composites with lower filler loading, polypropylene (PP)/polyamide 6 (PA6) composites (70/30 by weight) filled with carbon black (CB) have been prepared in accordance with the concept of double percolation. The better interfacial adhesion between CB and PA6 forced the CB particles to selectively locate in PA6 domains. With the increasing amount of CB content, a sea-island structure converted to a co-continuous morphology can be observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. The increase content and self-coagulation ability of CB may contribute to evolution and establishment of the structure. Meanwhile, rheological properties of the PP/PA6/CB blends were simultaneously investigated to basically understand the relationship between microstructure and electrical properties of the conductive polymer composites (CPCs). This paper discussed the effort of self-networking ability of CB in commanding the morphology transition and conductive mechanism of PP/PA6/CB composites theoretically, providing a guide for fabricating an antistatic or conductive material with superior comprehensive performance.