Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Nonprofit Worker in a For-Profit World

This article investigates the experience of white-collar workers in nonprofit firms. The theoretical model of the nonprofit labor market suggests that workers supply labor to nonprofit organizations at lower than market wages in return for the opportunity to provide goods with positive social externalities. Average nonprofit wage differentials of approximately -0.20 and -0.05 are estimated for managers and professionals and for clerical and sales workers, respectively, in two national worker data sets. Further research is needed for more conclusive evidence concerning the possibility that the estimated differential may reflect low-quality workers selecting work in the nonprofit sector.
WNTers in La Jolla

A `traditional' Wnt meeting, the first of which occurred over two decades ago as a meeting of the laboratories of Harold Varmus and Roel Nusse, was held at the University of California, San Diego, in June 2007. Organized by Karl Willert, Anthony Wynshaw-Boris and Katherine Jones, the meeting was attended by nearly 400 scientists interested in `all things Wnt', including Wnt signal transduction mechanisms, and Wnt signaling in evolutionary and developmental biology, stem cell biology, regeneration and disease. Themes that dominated the meeting included the need for precise control over each step of the signal transduction mechanism and developing therapeutics for diseases caused by altered Wnt-signaling.
[Inhibitory effect of CMTM5 on xenografted human prostatic cancer in nude mice].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 5 (CMTM5) on xenografted human prostatic cancer in nude mice and its action mechanism. METHODS We established a model of xenografted prostatic cancer by inoculating PC-3 cells subcutaneously into nude mice, and 3 weeks later injected CMTM5 adenovirus locally into the tumor followed by daily observation of the tumor volume and body weight of the experimental animals. All the rats were killed 2 weeks after CMTM5 injection and the tumor tissue harvested for detection of the inhibitory effect of CMTM5 on the expressions of VEGF and NF-kappaB proteins by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The tumor volume was significantly smaller and body weight of the CMTM5-treated mice were (573.39 +/- 175.24) mm3 and (0.55 +/- 0.11) g, respectively, significantly decreased as compared with those of the controls ([1482.50 +/- 327.86] mm3 and [1.31 +/- 0.29] g) (P = 0.03 and P = 0.027). Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of VEGF and NF-kappaB were obviously down-regulated in the CMTM5 group in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSION CMTM5 suppresses the growth of prostate cancer by down-regulating the expressions of VEGF and NF-kappaB.
Organisational change, technology, employment and skills: an empirical study of French manufacturing

This paper analyses the correlations between technological change, organisational change and skill change using a survey on organisational change in manufacturing firms conducted in 1993. Considerable diversity is allowed for in terms of the measure of technological and organisational change, and the analysis shows a positive correlation between technological change and reorganisations, whatever their types. The paper then analyses the relationships between these changes and the employment behaviour of firms. It shows that changes in the required skills and in the occupational structure of firms are more closely connected to organisational than to technological change. Although organisational change affects the work content and skill requirements of blue collar workers, it is mainly indirect workers that are affected in terms of the number employed. Finally, the analysis shows that technology tends to stabilise the workforce whereas the move towards the model of 'flexible enterprise' favours its renewal. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Age-Related Differences in Acquisition of Perceptual-Motor Skills: Working Memory as a Mediator

ABSTRACT Aging is associated with reduced performance on information processing speed, memory, and executive functions tasks. Although older adults are also less apt in acquiring new perceptual-motor skills, it is unclear whether and how skill acquisition difficulties are associated with age-related general cognitive differences. We addressed this question by examining structural relations among measures of cognitive resources (working memory) and indices of perceptual-motor skill acquisition (pursuit rotor and mirror tracing) in 96 healthy adults aged 19–80 years of age. Three competing structural models were tested: a single (common) factor model, a dual correlated factors model, and a hierarchical dual-factor model. The third model provided the best fit to the data, indicating age differences in simple perceptual-motor skill are partially mediated by more complex abilities.
Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic and Myeloid Leukemias by Cytogenetic Subtype

Background: Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens known to damage somatic and germ cells. We investigated the effect of tobacco smoke on the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and myeloid leukemia (AML), especially subtypes of prenatal origin such as ALL with translocation t(12;21) or high-hyperdiploidy (51–67 chromosomes). Methods: We collected information on exposures to tobacco smoking before conception, during pregnancy, and after birth in 767 ALL cases, 135 AML cases, and 1,139 controls (1996–2008). Among cases, chromosome translocations, deletions, or aneuploidy were identified by conventional karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: Multivariable regression analyses for ALL and AML overall showed no definite evidence of associations with self-reported (yes/no) parental prenatal active smoking and child's passive smoking. However, children with history of paternal prenatal smoking combined with postnatal passive smoking had a 1.5-fold increased risk of ALL [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–2.23], compared to those without smoking history (ORs for pre- or postnatal smoking only were close to one). This joint effect was seen for B-cell precursor ALL with t(12;21) (OR = 2.08; 95% CI, 1.04–4.16), but not high hyperdiploid B-cell ALL. Similarly, child's passive smoking was associated with an elevated risk of AML with chromosome structural changes (OR = 2.76; 95% CI, 1.01–7.58), but not aneuploidy. Conclusions: Our data suggest that exposure to tobacco smoking was associated with increased risks of childhood ALL and AML; and risks varied by timing of exposure (before and/or after birth) and cytogenetic subtype, based on imprecise estimates. Impact: Parents should limit exposures to tobacco smoke before and after the child's birth. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(9); 1600–11. ©2013 AACR.
Non-genomic Effects of Aldosterone

Interest in non-genomic aldosterone effects was only apparent when a link was made between the pathophysiological processes in the renocardiovascular system, and the non-classical MR targets of aldosterone. Studies indicated that aldosterone was an active contributor to inflammatory and remodelling processes within the renocardiovascular system, and thus causing fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction and hypertrophy (Qin et al, 2003; Young and Funder, 2003).
Biochemical Basis of Type AB GM2 Gangliosidosis in a Japanese Spaniel

Abstract: The biochemical basis of a case of GM2 gangliosidosis in a Japanese Spaniel was studied. This dog had a massive accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in the brain. The β‐hexosaminidase activity in this affected dog brain was ∼ 12 times higher than that of normal brain. However, the activity toward p‐nitrophenyl‐6‐sulfo‐2‐acetamido‐2‐de‐oxyglucopyranoside was only four times higher in the affected brain than in normal brain. The GM2 activator preparation obtained from the normal dog brain could stimulate the hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside by β‐hexosaminidase isolated from the affected dog. However, the corresponding activator fraction from the affected dog could not stimulate such a reaction. It was concluded that the biochemical basis of the Gm2 gangliosidosis in this Japanese Spaniel was due to the attenuation in the stimulatory activity of GM2 activator. This case represents the first animal form similar to the activator deficiency (or defect) of Type AB GM2 gangliosidosis in humans.
An international study of clinical education practices in speech-language pathology

This study identified the clinical placement and supervisory models used within 45 speech-language pathology professional preparation programs in seven English-speaking countries and the drivers influencing the adoption of these models. University personnel completed an on-line survey about the placement and supervisory models used in their programs, their opinions regarding the effectiveness of the models in developing student competency, and the factors influencing the adoption of different models. Responses from the survey were analysed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. “Traditional” placement models such as block and weekly placements, as well as traditional supervisory models utilizing a speech-language pathologist as supervisor in a 1:1 student-to-supervisor ratio were the most widely used in the clinical education of speech-language pathologists. “Non-traditional” models, where the overall structure of the practicum experience or the delivery of supervision within the practicum experience has been altered from the traditional models, were used with differing frequency across countries. The major influences on the adoption of non-traditional models included attitudes about the effectiveness of the models, availability of placements, standards of professional associations, and student learning outcomes, particularly in relation to exposure to clinical sub-groups. Further evidence regarding the effectiveness of both traditional and non-traditional placement and supervisory models needs to be developed. To develop this evidence, consistent terminology and a shared understanding of terminology needs to be established.
Malnutrition in Primary School-Age Children: A Case of Urban and Slum Areas of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to highlight the determinants of malnutrition of primary school-age (five to ten years) children in urban and slum areas. The ultimate objective is to frame policy proposals for children's nutritional welfare. Design/methodology/approach - In this empirical study, logit model is applied to 882 observations of primary data. The composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) is constructed to use an indicator of malnutrition. Findings - The probability for anthropometric failure increases by age, birth-order, female sex and activity of the child (child labor or home-care activity) other than schooling. The parents' education, specifically mothers' education, can play an important role for child's nutritional status. Malnutrition is positively related with congestion in the household (number of household members per room), while provision of electricity, safe drinking water and underground drainage turns out to be negatively affecting children's malnutrition. The children living in slums are more likely to experience anthropometric failure. Research limitations/implications - From the policy perspective awareness about gender equity of child, adult education, growth of household income specifically of slum areas and improvement in living conditions (through public health works program) may contribute to enhance children's nutritional status. Practical implications - The slums need targeted policy for children welfare regarding their nutrition in the form of provision of public utilities and income support. Originality/value - From the methodological point of view, CIAF has been estimated as a measure of malnutrition. The findings of study may support academicians, policy makers and social activists for human development programs.
Endothelial enriched microRNAs regulate angiotensin II-induced endothelial inflammation and migration

The initial stage of atherosclerosis is characterised by recruitment of leukocytes to activate endothelial cells (ECs). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 19 to 25 nucleotides, non-protein-coding RNAs that repress target gene expression by translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. The link between miRNA and endothelial functions is largely unknown. Northern blot showed that miR-155 and miR-221 were highly expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Bioinformatics analysis proposed Ets-1, a key endothelial transcription factor for inflammation and tube formation, as a candidate target for miR-155 and miR-221/222 cluster. The effect was demonstrated by luciferase reporter assay and Western blot. By using Western blot, we also confirmed that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is a target of miR-155 in HUVECs. Quantitative PCR showed that Ets-1 and its downstream genes, including VCAM1, MCP1 and FLT1, were up-regulated in angiotensin II-stimulated HUVECs, and this effect was partially reversed by over-expression of miR-155 and miR-221/222. In addition, cell adhesion assay revealed over-expression of miR-155 and miR-221/222 effectively decreased the adhesion of Jurkat T cells to Ang II-stimulated HUVECs. Besides, by targeting AT1R, miR-155 can also decrease the HUVECs migration in response to Ang II. In summary, HUVECs highly expressed miR-155 may co-target AT1R and Ets-1 while miR-221/222 targets Ets-1, which indirectly regulate the expression of several inflammatory molecules of ECs, and therefore attenuate the adhesion of Jurkat T cells to activated HUVECs and reduce HUVECs migration. These findings present possible therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis.
Reducing Children's Pain‐Distress Associated With Injections Using Cold: A Pilot Study

&NA; This study used an experimental design to test the question, “Does ice reduce the pain‐distress children experience with injections? ” One half of the 38 preschool children had ice applied to the preimmunization site for 30 seconds. The remaining children received the injection without the extra intervention. Measures included the Global Mood Scale, pulse rate, Oucher scale, and Faces scale. The results failed to show that ice reduces children's pain‐distress with injections. Reasons for the failure are discussed, with comments on the various measures and suggestions for further study in this area of child nursing care.
Wage Comparisons--A Selectivity Bias

The economics of information have been established by now as an integral part of economic analysis. However, surprisingly little has been written on the implications of search (and in particular, job search) for the estimation of the wage function and its ramifications in such cases as the estimation of the determinants of labor force participation, age-earning profiles, rates of return and rates of depreciation of human capital, degree of discrimination, etc. Given a wage offer distribution, the parameters of the observed wage distribution depend on the intensity of search. The lower a personâ€TMs wage demands the greater the chance of his finding an acceptable job, but the lower the wage he expects to receive and the wider the dispersion of acceptable wages around their mean. On the other hand, the job seeker may opt for a more ambitious search strategy, raising his minimum wage demand and consequently increasing the risk of remaining unemployed, but also increasing the expected wage and decreasing the dispersion of available offers. Models of wage offer distribution have traditionally been based on empirical observation of observed wage distribution. This approach may involve certain biases when applied to secondary labor groups â€" married women, teenagers and the aged. This paper attempts to point out some of these biases and suggests a method for their correction.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Darunavir and Saquinavir in HIV-negative Volunteers

This was an open-label, crossover study to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between darunavir (TMC114), coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (darunavir/ritonavir), and the protease inhibitor saquinavir in HIV-negative healthy volunteers. Thirty-two volunteers were randomized into two cohorts (panel 1 and panel 2). In two separate sessions, panel 1 received 400/100 mg darunavir/ritonavir twice a day and 400/1000/100 mg darunavir/saquinavir/ritonavir twice a day; panel 2 received 1000/100 mg saquinavir/ritonavir twice a day and 400/1000/100 mg darunavir/saquinavir/ritonavir twice a day. All treatments were administered orally under fed conditions for 13 days with an additional single morning dose on day 14. Treatment sessions were separated by a washout period of at least 14 days. Twenty-six volunteers completed the study (n = 14, panel 1; n = 12, panel 2), whereas six discontinued as a result of adverse events. Coadministration of saquinavir with darunavir/ritonavir resulted in decreases of darunavir area under the curve and maximum and minimum plasma concentrations of 26%, 17%, and 42%, respectively, compared with administration of darunavir/ritonavir alone. Relative to treatment with saquinavir/ritonavir alone, saquinavir exposure was not significantly different with the addition of darunavir. Ritonavir area under the curve12h increased by 34% when saquinavir was added to treatment with darunavir/ritonavir. The coadministration of darunavir/saquinavir/ritonavir was generally well tolerated. Similar findings are expected with the approved 600/100 mg darunavir/ritonavir twice-a-day dose. The combination of saquinavir and darunavir/ritonavir is currently not recommended.
Direct Look Versus Evasive Glance and Compliance With a Request

MANY RESEARCHERS have asserted that eye contact is a powerful influence. For instance, Snyder, Grether, and Keller (1974) reported that motorists stopped more easily when hitchhikers looked them straight in the eye than when hitchhikers glanced elsewhere. When a verbal interaction takes place along with direct eye contact, one may observe similar results: Participants more easily refunded coins found in a phone booth when the confederate who claimed to have forgotten the coins looked directly at the participants (Brockner, Pressman, Cabitt, & Moran, 1982). Similarly, Kleinke and Singer (1979) reported that passers-by more willingly took a leaflet offered by a confederate who looked them in the eye. A direct look may make compliance with a request easier: People on the street more readily helped a female confederate asking for a dime to make a telephone call when the confederate looked directly at the person rather than fixing
Infra-industry spillovers and R&D cooperation: Theory and evidence

We analyse both the theoretical and the empirical side of the issue of R&D spillovers. Each firm's R&D costs are increasing in the amount of information transmitted to other firms, and we account for the possibility that firms control spillovers. We consider both Cournot-Nash and Cournot-Stackelberg behavior. The empirical analysis suggests that (i) firms' control on spillovers is relatively low; (ii) the cost-saving effect associated to joint ventures or R&D cartels is confirmed for industries where firms rely mainly upon own R&D as a source of innovation; (iii) R&D cooperation may increase information sharing, thereby enhancing spillovers.
Optimal depth and duration of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: effects on neurologic outcome, infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mild hypothermia is possibly the single most effective method of cerebroprotection developed to date. However, many questions regarding mild hypothermia remain to be addressed before its potential implementation in the treatment of human stroke. Here we report the results of 2 studies designed to determine the optimal depth and duration of mild hypothermia in focal stroke and its effects on infarct size, neurological outcome, programmed cell death, and inflammation. METHODS Rats underwent a 2-hour occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. In the first study (I) animals were kept (intraischemically) at either 37 degreesC (n=8), 33 degreesC (n=8), or 30 degreesC (n=8). Study II consisted of 4 groups: (1) controls (37 degreesC, n=10), (2) 30 minutes of hypothermia started at ischemic onset (33 degreesC, n=9), (3)1 hour (33 degreesC, n=8), and (4) 2 hours (33 degreesC, n=8). Brain temperature was measured by a thermocouple probe placed in the contralateral cortex. After suture removal, all animals were rewarmed and reperfused for 22 hours (I) or 70 hours (II). RESULTS Mild hypothermia to 33 degreesC or 30 degreesC was neuroprotective (17+/-7% and 27+/-6%, respectively) relative to controls (53+/-8%, P<0.02), but 33 degreesC was better tolerated and recovery from anesthesia was faster. The neurological score of hypothermic animals was significantly better than that of controls (I & II) at both 24 and 72 hours postischemia except for the 30-minute group (II), which showed no improvement. In Study II, 2 hours of hypothermia reduced injury by 59%, 1 hour reduced injury by 84% whereas 30 minutes did not reduce injury. Normalized for infarct size, 2 hours of mild hypothermia decreased neutrophil accumulation by 57% whereas both 1 hour and 30 minutes had no effect. At 72 hours, 1 and 2 hours of mild hypothermia decreased transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining by 78% and 99%, respectively, and 30 minutes of hypothermia had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Intraischemic mild hypothermia must be maintained for 1 to 2 hours to obtain optimal neuroprotection against ischemic cell death due to necrosis and apoptosis.
Variations in the configuration of the circle of willis

Brains were obtained from 1000 medicolegal autopsy subjects of varying ages. The circle of Wills was examined at the base of the brain. The cerebral vessels were observed with regards to their origin, caliber and typical configuration. Variations were noted and grouped into different categories. Out of 1000 specimens examined, 452 (45.2%) conformed to the typical pattern. In the rest of the specimens (54.8%) there were variations in the circulus arteriosus. The circle was deficient in 32 (3.2%). The anterior cerebral artery was absent in 0.4%; hypoplastic in 1.7%; duplicated in 2.6%; triple in 2.3% and single in 0.9%. The anterior communicating artery was absent in 1.8%, duplicate in 10%, triplicate in 1.2% and plexiform in 0.4%. Multiplication of posterior cerebral artery was observed in 2.4% cases while it was hypoplastic in 10.6% brains. Posterior communicating artery was absent in 1% and hypoplastic in 13.2%. Seventy-four brains (7.4%) had multiple variations. Intracranial saccular aneurysm was present in 10 (1%). These figures are compared with the available literature. Persistence of some embryonic vessel that normally disappear, disappearance of vessels that would normally persist or sprouting of new vessels due to hemodynamic and genetic factors are the usual causes for such anomalies. These variations are discussed with regard to development and other hemodynamic factors.