Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Logic analysis and optimization with quick identification of invariants through one time frame analysis

We show a way to extract inductive-invariant from sequential circuits by analyzing only one time frame. The extraction problem is formulated with Quantified Boolean Formula which says if some relation is satisfied on the inputs coming from subsets of flipflops, the same relation must be satisfied on the outputs going to those flipflops. The QBF problem can be solved by repeatedly applying SAT solvers, which generates complete sets of test vectors for the identification of the invariant as byproduct. We show on ITC99 benchmark circuits that invariants on control parts of the circuits can be easily extracted from netlist descriptions by guessing the flipflops in the control parts from their names, even if we do not understand the behaviors that the descriptions indicate. The extracted inductive-assertions show super sets of reachable states, and so can be used for logic optimization. We show that significant further optimizations such as 10-50% further area reductions are observed in the ISCAS89 benchmark circuits by utilizing subsets of unreachable states from the all zero initial state as external don't cares for the combinational parts.
Making a minimalist approach to codeswitching work: Adding the Matrix Language

In this paper, we show how some proposals within the Minimalist Program are compatible with a model of codeswitching that recognizes an asymmetry between the participating languages, the Matrix Language Frame model. Through our discussion of an analysis of NPs in a Spanish–English corpus, we illustrate this compatibility and show how recent minimalist proposals can explain the distribution of nouns and determiners in this data set if they adopt the notion of Matrix Language as the bilingual instantiation of structural uniformity in a CP. We outline the central premises of the Matrix Language Frame model, and introduce the Uniform Structure Principle which requires that the structure of constituents be uniform at an abstract level. We then review previous applications of the Minimalist Program to codeswitching. Much recent research in minimalism has focused on issues related to feature checking. Earlier approaches to feature checking required matching of features in grammatical structures, although more recent proposals consider distinctions in the values of features and in types of matching. Because phi-features for grammatical gender in Spanish and English differ, an analysis of NPs in this corpus of naturally occurring Spanish–English conversations provides a test for minimalist applications to codeswitching. We present our general findings of the distribution of types of NP constituents and then consider explanations of these distributions in light of minimalist proposals. It is possible to explain these distributions in a recasting of the Matrix Language Frame model in minimalist terms, if the construct of the Matrix Language is maintained. The requirement that one language, the Matrix Language, provide an abstract grammatical frame in bilingual constituents corresponds to the type of uniformity that Chomsky (2001) suggests is necessary for the explanatory study of language and variation in language.
Being Normal Weight but Feeling Overweight in Adolescence May Affect Weight Development into Young Adulthood—An 11-Year Followup: The HUNT Study, Norway

Objectives. To explore if self-perceived overweight in normal weight adolescents influence their weight development into young adulthood and if so, whether physical activity moderates this association. Methods. A longitudinal study of 1196 normal weight adolescents (13–19 yrs) who were followed up as young adults (24–30 yrs) in the HUNT study. Lifestyle and health issues were assessed employing questionnaires, and standardized anthropometric measurements were taken. Chi square calculations and regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations between self-perceived overweight and change in BMI or waist circumference (WC) adjusted for age, age squared, sex, and other relevant cofactors. Results. Adolescents, defined as being normal weight, but who perceived themselves as overweight had a larger weight gain into young adulthood than adolescents who perceived themselves as normal weight (difference in BMI: 0.66 units [CI95%: 0.1, 1.2] and in WC: 3.46 cm [CI95%: 1.8, 5.1]). Level of physical activity was not found to moderate this association. Conclusions. This study reveals that self-perceived overweight during adolescence may affect development of weight from adolescence into young adulthood. This highlights the importance of also focusing on body image in public health interventions against obesity, favouring a “healthy” body weight taking into account natural differences in body shapes.
The Effect of Significant Other's Job Complexity on Employee Reactions to Work

This research examines the interaction of individual employee job complexity with the job complexity of significant others in determining employee reactions to work. Procedures and hypotheses are based on principles of equity theory. For each employee, a composite significant other's job complexity index was formed by averaging the job complexity scores of all individuals within the focal employee'sjob classification who were of the same sex as the focal. Results show significant interactions between this "comparison other"job complexity measure and the job complexity of the focal employee. Specifically, results show that employees who work on jobs of greater complexity than their colleagues have lower satisfaction and higher productivity than employees who work on jobs comparable in complexity to those of comparison others. Employees who work on jobs of lesser complexity than their co-workers have slightly lower satisfaction and productivity than employees who work on jobs comparable in complexity to those of comparison others. Implications of these results for the practice of work redesign are discussed.
Neural correlates of size illusions: an event-related potential study

The aim of this study was to investigate the neural correlates of size illusions. Participants were presented with a sphere of a fixed angular size positioned (i) at either a far or close position within a three-dimensional virtual scene or (ii) at either an upper or lower screen position on a plain gray background. The visual-evoked potentials were recorded while participants were required to fixate on and attend to the sphere. The results showed that the amplitude of visual P2 component was affected by sphere position in the three-dimensional scene condition only, suggesting that the activity level of the primary visual cortex was modulated by the size illusion at later stages of visual processing.
Exploration of the scalability of LocFaults approach for error localization with While-loops programs

A model checker can produce a trace of counterexample, for an erroneous program, which is often long and difficult to understand. In general, the part about the loops is the largest among the instructions in this trace. This makes the location of errors in loops critical, to analyze errors in the overall program. In this paper, we explore the scala-bility capabilities of LocFaults, our error localization approach exploiting paths of CFG(Control Flow Graph) from a counterexample to calculate the MCDs (Minimal Correction Deviations), and MCSs (Minimal Correction Subsets) from each found MCD. We present the times of our approach on programs with While-loops unfolded b times, and a number of deviated conditions ranging from 0 to n. Our preliminary results show that the times of our approach, constraint-based and flow-driven, are better compared to BugAssist which is based on SAT and transforms the entire program to a Boolean formula, and further the information provided by LocFaults is more expressive for the user.
Security Constraint Processing in a Multilevel Secure Distributed Database Management System

In a multilevel secure distributed database management system, users cleared at different security levels access and share a distributed database consisting of data at different sensitivity levels. An approach to assigning sensitivity levels, also called security levels, to data is one which utilizes constraints or classification rules. Security constraints provide an effective classification policy. They can be used to assign security levels to the data based on content, context, and time. In this paper we extend our previous work on security constraint processing in a centralized multilevel secure database management system by describing techniques for processing security constraints in a distributed environment during query, update, and database design operations.
VIP21/caveolin, glycosphingolipid clusters and the sorting of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins in epithelial cells.

We studied the role of the association between glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins and glycosphingolipid (GSL) clusters in apical targeting using gD1‐DAF, a GPI‐anchored protein that is differentially sorted by three epithelial cell lines. Differently from MDCK cells, where both gD1‐DAF and glucosylceramide (GlcCer) are sorted to the apical membrane, in MDCK Concanavalin A‐resistant cells (MDCK‐ConAr) gD1‐DAF was mis‐sorted to both surfaces, but GlcCer was still targeted to the apical surface. In both MDCK and MDCK‐ConAr cells, gD1‐DAF became associated with TX‐100‐insoluble GSL clusters during transport to the cell surface. In dramatic contrast with MDCK cells, the Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cell line targeted both gD1‐DAF and GlcCer basolaterally. The targeting differences for GSLs in FRT and MDCK cells cannot be accounted for by a differential ability to form clusters because, in spite of major differences in the GSL composition, both cell lines assembled GSLs into TX‐100‐insoluble complexes with identical isopycnic densities. Surprisingly, in FRT cells, gD1‐DAF did not form clusters with GSLs and, therefore, remained completely soluble. This clustering defect in FRT cells correlated with the lack of expression of VIP21/caveolin, a protein localized to both the plasma membrane caveolae and the trans Golgi network. This suggests that VIP21/caveolin may have an important role in recruiting GPI‐anchored proteins into GSL complexes necessary for their apical sorting. However, since MDCK‐ConAr cells expressed caveolin and clustered GPI‐anchored proteins normally, yet mis‐sorted them, our results also indicate that clustering and caveolin are not sufficient for apical targeting, and that additional factors are required for the accurate apical sorting of GPI‐anchored proteins.
Effects of Whole Grain, Fish and Bilberries on Serum Metabolic Profile and Lipid Transfer Protein Activities: A Randomized Trial (Sysdimet)

Objective We studied the combined effects of wholegrain, fish and bilberries on serum metabolic profile and lipid transfer protein activities in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Methods Altogether 131 subjects (40–70 y, BMI 26–39 kg/m2) with impaired glucose metabolism and features of the metabolic syndrome were randomized into three groups with 12-week periods according to a parallel study design. They consumed either: a) wholegrain and low postprandial insulin response grain products, fatty fish 3 times a week, and bilberries 3 portions per day (HealthyDiet), b) wholegrain and low postprandial insulin response grain products (WGED), or c) refined wheat breads as cereal products (Control). Altogether 106 subjects completed the study. Serum metabolic profile was studied using an NMR-based platform providing information on lipoprotein subclasses and lipids as well as low-molecular-weight metabolites. Results There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the groups at baseline or at the end of the intervention. Mixed model analyses revealed significant changes in lipid metabolites in the HealthyDiet group during the intervention compared to the Control group. All changes reflected increased polyunsaturation in plasma fatty acids, especially in n-3 PUFAs, while n-6 and n-7 fatty acids decreased. According to tertiles of changes in fish intake, a greater increase of fish intake was associated with increased concentration of large HDL particles, larger average diameter of HDL particles, and increased concentrations of large HDL lipid components, even though total levels of HDL cholesterol remained stable. Conclusions The results suggest that consumption of diet rich in whole grain, bilberries and especially fatty fish causes changes in HDL particles shifting their subclass distribution toward larger particles. These changes may be related to known protective functions of HDL such as reverse cholesterol transport and could partly explain the known protective effects of fish consumption against atherosclerosis. Trial Registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00573781.
Views on Lifestyle Change From Caregivers of People With Cognitive Impairment in China

Lifestyle changes such as in physical exercise, social activity, and diet can mitigate cognitive decline and improve quality of life in caregivers and care recipients with cognitive impairment. However, caregiver perspectives on lifestyle change remain largely unexamined. This study compares perspectives among caregivers for those with dementia and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Interviews were conducted with caregivers in two sites in China, and thematic similarities and differences were examined between the two groups. Caregivers from both groups identified exercise, social activity, and diet as healthy ways of life. Differences were found in approaching lifestyle change based on health of the care recipient. Caregivers for patients with dementia found more often that they had no time or possibility for change, while caregivers for individuals with MCI were more often hopeful about change.
NEUROKININ 1 RECEPTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA, ANTINOCICEPTIVE TOLERANCE AND REWARD

13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 15 CHAPTER 1: 18 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 18 1.1 Pain 18 1.2 Opioids: Receptors and Their Ligands 19 1.3 Opioids: Antinocieptivce Tolerance and Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia . 22 1.4 Opioids: Physical versus Psychological Dependence 23 1.5 Tachykinins and Their Receptors 26 1.6 Therapeutic Approaches 29 1.7 Significance and Hypothesis 30 CHAPTER 2: 32 MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 2.1 Animals 32 2.2 In vitro Assays 32 Cell Lines 32 Radioligand Labelled Binding Assay 32 [ 35 S]GTPγS Activity 35 Guinea Pig Isolated Ileum (GPI) Assay 36 Mouse Isloated Vas Deferens (MVD) Assay 36 Metabolic Stability in Rat Plasma 37 In situ Brain Perfusion 37 2.3 Surgical procedures 39 Intracerebroventricular Cannulation (i.c.v.) 39 Intrathecal Cannulation (i.t.) 40 Jugular Cannulation (j.v.c.) 40 Spinal Nerve Ligation 41 2.4 Injection Procedures 41 Intracerebroventricular 41
Beyond usability in games

Video games are an art form that combines traditional artistic endeavors such as the visual arts, story-telling, and music, with more modern technical and engineering achievements. At the center of this effort is the game designer who drives the creative vision and who decides what needs to be accomplished in the design and creation of the video game. At some level, we, as user researchers, can provide input at nearly every stage of the development process that is useful for design, but in the end, it is not up to us to design a game. Our role is to assist the designer in the facilitation of their game vision, then provide feedback to help shape that vision into something that users enjoy. Beyond previous statements made in the literature regarding the limitations of the traditional concept of usability for enjoyment or pleasure, there are certain concepts that we believe are important to address in the design of video games. These include, but are not limited to, fun, challenge, pace, learning curve, engagement, and so on [2, 3]. One of the biggest challenges for video games is taking these global concepts and deconstructing them into a real gameplay experience. However, this is where we make a clear delineation between the creation of the experience and the facilitation of the experience, by endorsing the view of Overbeek et al. that design should be left to designers, “For too long psychologists have led designers to make overly cogni-
Fishermen's Co-management: The Case of the Lofoten Fishery

the Lung. G. Cumming and G. Bonsignore, eds. Pp. 233-248. Plenum Publishing Corporation. Westman, M. , Dov Eden, and Arie Shirom 1985 Job Stress, Cigarette Smoking and Cessation: The Conditioning Effects of Peer Support. Soc. Sci. Med. 20(6):637-644. White, David R. M. 1977 Environment, Technology, and Time-Use Patterns in the Gulf Coast Shrimp Fishery. In Those Who Live From the Sea. M. E. Smith, ed. Pp. 195-214. St. Paul West.
Investigation of measles and rubella outbreaks in Tamil Nadu, India—2003

The aims of the present study were to confirm measles outbreaks by detection of measles‐specific IgM antibodies, isolation of measles virus, and genetic characterization to document the circulating genotypes in Tamil Nadu. Eight outbreaks were reported from six districts of Tamil Nadu, India during the period Jan–Dec 2003. Blood samples were collected for serology, urine, and throat swabs for virus isolation. Genotypic characterization of measles isolates was based on the sequence of the N gene. All the clinically suspected outbreaks (n = 8) were confirmed by serology; six out of the eight as measles and two as combination of measles and rubella highlighting the need to carry out rubella serology on measles‐negative samples. Genetic characterization of three isolates obtained revealed one as genotype D4 and two as D8. Measles genotypes D4 and D8 were found to circulate in three districts of Tamil Nadu. It is necessary to be aware of the circulating genotypes within the geographical area. The information would be valuable to evaluate control measures and identify viral transmission and importation. J. Med. Virol. 78:508–513, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“To Close the Circle of our Felicities”: Caritas and Jefferson's First Inaugural

Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence defends an inherent and individual right to the pursuit of happiness. For Jefferson, this right dramatically limited Christianity's role in politics. In any case, when drafting the Declaration, Jefferson thought Christianity largely irrelevant, if not inimical, to America's well-being. However, shortly before becoming president, several events transformed Jefferson's private thoughts about Christianity and its public utility. Careful attention to both the text and context of Jefferson's First Inaugural (a significant Jeffersonian document, but one that has never been examined in great detail by political theorists and intellectual historians) reveals that Jefferson came to embrace the teachings of a rationalized version of the New Testament in a way that lightly amends the liberal paradigm of his Declaration. Without significantly altering his commitment to a rights-based government of limited proportions, Jefferson's First Inaugural bespeaks the new political importance he placed on widely cultivating a largely demystified sense of Christian charity.
A load-adaptive timeout for beaconing-based link protocols in ad hoc networks

In a beaconing scheme (BS) each network node periodically broadcasts messages (beacons) to obtain and maintain an image of the network physical topology. Nodepsilas mobility and issues related with the communication process could degrade the BS view accuracy. This work proposes a novel method to improve the BS robustness face to the communication process drawbacks. Assuming a homogeneous traffic load, each node uses the information given by the medium access control (MAC) layer to dynamically adapt the Beaconing Timeout value. Several simulation results evaluate the adaptive method performance using the IEEE 802.11b DCF protocol. We conclude that the BS accuracy can be improved even when nodepsilas mobility is assumed.
Bringing Action Reflection Learning into action learning

This paper introduces Action Reflection Learning (ARL) as a learning methodology that can contribute to, and enrich, the practice of action learning programs. It describes the Swedish constructivist origins of the model, its evolution and the coded responses that resulted from researching the practice. The paper presents the resulting sixteen ARL elements and the ten underlying principles.
Teaching sustainable development in primary schools: theory into practice

The work described here is set in a context of considerable national and international debate about the nature of sustainable development and education for sustainable development (ESD). It describes how nine primary school teachers translated a particular conceptualization of ESD into classroom teaching. The conceptualization which informed the work was that set out in a report produced by the Panel for Education for Sustainable Development, a working group which advised on the introduction of ESD in the revised National Curriculum for the year 2000. The findings are based principally on interviews with teachers and pupils, both before and after teaching. Examples of pupil learning are given to illustrate what might count as ESD in these young children. A concluding section examines the teaching and learning in light of current literature on the nature of ESD.
Computational Complexity Analysis for Monte Carlo Approximations of Classically Scaled Population Processes

We analyze and compare the computational complexity of dierent simulation strategies for Monte Carlo in the setting of classically scaled population processes. This setting includes stochastically modeled biochemical systems. We consider the task of approximating the expected value of some function of the state of the system at a xed time point. We study the use of standard Monte Carlo when samples are produced by exact simulation and by approximation with tau-leaping or an EulerMaruyama discretization of a diusion approximation. Appropriate modications of recently proposed multilevel Monte Carlo algorithms are also studied for the tau-leaping and Euler-Maruyama approaches. In order to quantify computational complexity in a tractable yet meaningful manner, we consider a parameterization that, in the mass action chemical kinetics setting, corresponds to the classical system size scaling. We then introduce a novel asymptotic regime where the required accuracy is a function of the model scaling parameter. Our new analysis shows that for this particular scaling a diusion approximation oers little from a computational standpoint. Instead, we nd