Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of a laser plasma x-ray microscope to observe live hydrated biological specimens

Investigating the structure and the function of life object performing advanced life activity becomes important. In order to investigate the life object, it is necessary to observe living specimens with high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. Since laser plasma x-ray source has high brightness and short pulse duration, x-ray microscope with the laser plasma x-ray source makes possible to observe living specimens. Such as chromosomes, macrophages, bacterium, and so on have been observed by contact x-ray microscopy. The x-ray images obtained by indirect measurements such as the contact x-ray microscopy have difficulty to avoid artificial effect such as irregular due to developing process. Development of an x-ray microscope with laser plasma x-ray source is necessary to avoid such defects. We have been developing an x-ray microscope with laser plasma x-ray source to observe wet live specimens. The detail of the x-ray microscope will be presented.
A weighted linear spectral mixture analysis approach to address endmember variability in agricultural production systems

The least squares error (LSE) technique is frequently used to estimate abundance fractions in linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA). The LSE is typically equally weighted for all wavebands, assuming equally important effects. This is, however, not always the case and therefore traditional LSMA often results in suboptimal fraction estimates. This study presents a weighted LSMA approach that prioritises wavebands with minor or no negative effects on fraction estimates. Synthetic mixed pixel spectra compiled from in situ measured spectra of bare soil, citrus tree and weed canopies were used for validation. The results show markedly improved fraction estimates obtained for the weighted approach, with a mean absolute gain of 0.24 in R 2 and a mean absolute reduction in fraction abundance error of 0.06.
The anatomy of a large query graph

In this paper, we analyze the structure of a graph derived from query logs. Previous query log analysis was mostly done with just the queries and not the actions that followed after them, while the studied graph is induced by the actions of the users. A few exceptions do consider the clicks after a query, but mainly in a small or filtered query log. In this paper, we analyze a graph produced by more than twenty million queries, showing that it is less sparse than previous results suggested. We show that our graphs strongly resemble scale-free networks and that almost all the measures of these graphs are well approximated by power laws.
Are ‘misconceptions’ or alternative frameworks of force and motion spontaneous or formed prior to instruction?

It has often been assumed that misconceptions of force and motion are part of an alternative framework and that conceptual change takes place when that framework is challenged and replaced with the Newtonian framework. There have also been variations of this theme, such as this structure is not coherent and conceptual change does not involve the replacement of concepts, conceptions or ideas but consists of the development of scientific ideas that can exist alongside ideas of the everyday. This article argues that misconceptions (or preconceptions, intuitive ideas, synthetic models, p-prims etc.) may not be formed until the learner considers force and motion within the learning situation and reports on a classroom observation (that is replicated with similar results) that suggest misconceptions arise, not because of prior experience, but spontaneously in the attempt at making sense of the terms of the discourse. The implications are that misconceptions may not be preformed, that research ought to consider the possible spontaneity in the students’ reasoning and then, if possible, attempt to discern any preformed elements or antecedents, and that we ought to reconsider what is meant by ‘conceptual change’. The classroom observation also suggests gravity as a particular stumbling-block for students. The implications for further research are discussed.
Application of the anisotropy field distribution method to arrays of magnetic nanowires

The applicability of the anisotropy field distribution method and the conditions required for an accurate determination of the effective anisotropy field in arrays of magnetic nanowires have been evaluated. In arrays of magnetic nanowires that behave as ideal uniaxial systems having only magnetostatic contributions to the effective anisotropy field, i.e., shape anisotropy and magnetostatic coupling, the method yields accurate values of the average anisotropy field at low-moderate dipolar coupling and accuracy decreases as wire packing increases. When an additional non-negligible magnetocrystalline anisotropy is present, the method is less accurate, as shown for the case of hcp Co nanowires.
Numerical Investigation of Natural Convection inside Complex Enclosures

In this article, the analyses of heat transfer and free convective motion have been carried out numerically for various structures. The solution is based on a finite element method with the frontal solver to examine the flow parameters and heat transfer characteristics. Several dome configurations--such as flat, inclined, and dome shapes--are considered for the top of the enclosure. A general conic equation is considered to represent the dome as circular, elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic shape. The findings from this study indicate that the convective phenomenon is greatly influenced by the shape of the top cover dome and tends to form a secondary core even at a moderate Rayleigh number when compared with an equivalent rectangular enclosure. In addition, the circular and elliptical shapes of the dome give higher heat transfer rate. The effect of various "offset" of the dome and inclined roof on convective heat transfer is also found to be quite significant. However, beyond 0.3 of offset of the top cover for the dome and inclined roof, the change in overall heat transfer rate is minimal. The heat transfer coefficients of dome shaped and inclined roof enclosures are given and discussed.
William Barlow, 1845-1934

William Barlow was born in Islington, London, on August 8, 1845, and inherited from his father, Frederick Barlow, a business dealing with estate and building property ; by the exercise of notable acumen in affairs he realized the business and thus found himself early in life possessed of considerable means. Barlow was educated privately ; he had a taste for physical science and marked mathematical talent, but cultivated the latter unsystematically and perhaps rather too exclusively. Barlow thus found himself in his early thirties with an independence, with a genius for handling geometrical problems of a particular kind, and with ample leisure to devote to the study of crystal structure, which had become the subject of his choice. He had not, however, received that rigid disciplinary training through which most students of physics and chemistry acquire a broad sense of contemporary knowledge of the physical universe. In some respects this was a hindrance, but in others an advantage ; it left a powerful intellect unhampered by authority and led a logical mind to pursue its inquiries into difficult and obscure paths which might intimidate the more conventionally trained.
Design of a broadband electromagnetic wave absorber using a metamaterial technology

A novel design of electromagnetic wave absorber is presented with the characteristics of broad bandwidth, low profile, and polarization independence to a normal incident electromagnetic wave. The absorber is composed of a single-layer, highly resistive frequency selective surface layer printed on a 1-mm-thickness foam substrate. It is observed that the absorptance of 90% or greater in the frequency range of 20–31 GHz has been achieved. It is also found that good electromagnetic wave absorption is achieved for a wide incident wave angle spanning up to 40°. An equivalent circuit modal for the proposed absorber has been developed using an ADS schematic circuit, which shows a fairly good consistency with that derived from high frequency structure system field solver in the frequency range of interest.
K α satellite and hypersatellite distributions of Ar excited in heavy-ion collisions

Spectra of $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays emitted from Ar gas at atmospheric pressure under bombardment by $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}∕\mathrm{amu}$ heavy ions (atomic number 6\char21{}79) were measured in high resolution using a curved crystal spectrometer. Values of the apparent average fraction of $L$ vacancies at the time of $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray emission $({p}_{L}^{x})$ were determined from the observed $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ satellite and hypersatellite intensity distributions. A systematic comparison of the ${p}_{L}^{x}$ values for the monatomic gas Ar with those obtained previously for a variety of solid targets provided a quantitative assessment of the role interatomic transitions play in the $L$-vacancy transfer process that occurs prior to $K$ x-ray decay.
Search for fourth Generation down-type quarks in the same-sign dilepton channel with ATLAS at a centre-of-mass-energy, sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The model of a fourth generation is currently not excluded by theoretical arguments. In this thesis a search for a fourth generation down-type quark is presented with the decay hypothesis: pp → b′b̄′ + X → t + W − + t̄ + W + + X → bb̄ + W + + W − + W + + W − + X. The search is performed with an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb−1, obtained with the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider running proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √ s = 7 TeV. Events for the analysis are selected with a search signature of two same-sign charged leptons (e or μ) in the final state, which is a rare Standard Model signature. Beside using the standard event selection from ATLAS top analyses, the event selection criteria are optimized with a multivariate analysis in order to maximize the significance. Furthermore, systematic uncertainties are studied coming from the parton distribution function as well as the initial and final state radiation. With the selected events in the signal region of two same-sign leptons, the signal is extracted via a counting method. The extracted signal is used for the determination of the mass limit of the fourth generation down-type quark with a modified frequentist method. Assuming a branching ratio of 100 % for the decay b′ → t + W , b′ masses below 461 GeV are excluded at 95 % confidence level.
Airglow enhancements associated with plasma cavities formed during Ionospheric Heating Experiments

Optical measurements made at the Arecibo Observatory during the 1987 heating campaign showed large temporal and spatial variations in 630.0-nm airglow enhancements during times of continuous power transmissions of high-power radio waves. Photometric data displayed fluctuations of 60 R or more in the red-line (630.0 nm) emission from atomic oxygen. These fluctuations were associated with heater-induced cavities which drifted and evolved in the modified ionosphere. Data from the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar were used in conjunction with airglow images to provide a physical interpretation of the modification process. Electrons were accelerated by large amplitude Langmuir waves excited by parametric decay instabilities occurring near the wave reflection points inside the density cavities. Inelastic collisions with oxygen atoms produced excited states which yielded enhanced 630.0-nm and 557.7-nm emissions. A numerical model has been used to relate the enhanced airglow intensities to the energy spectrum of the accelerated electrons. The measured airglow could have been produced by an isotropic source at 340 km altitude that accelerated 0.01% of the ambient electrons into a suprathermal Maxwellian distribution with a temperature of 2.05 eV. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that airglow clouds were directly coupled to plasma density cavities because (1) these cavities trapped themore » HF radio beam and (2) electrons accelerated out into regions of reduced plasma concentration were less effectively thermalized and, consequently, were more effective for collisional excitation of neutral species. « less
Rheology and dynamics of a deformable object in a microfluidic configuration: A numerical study

A dilute suspension is studied in a confined geometry with a 3D numerical simulation. The suspended element is a non-Brownian elastic dumbbell. The suspension is confined between two walls in a shear flow. The dynamics of the dumbbell as well as the associated rheology are presented. Despite its simplicity, the system exhibits generic microscopic behaviours of real deformable objects such as vesicles, biological cells or capsules like tumbling or vacillating-breathing. It also reproduces macroscopic behaviours like a shear thinning viscosity characteristic of complex fluids rheology. In addition, the model predicts a confinement law where the intrinsic viscosity varies as ∼c1/3 for sufficiently strong confinements (c is the ratio of dumbbell size over the wall-to-wall distance). A transition from a tumbling regime towards a vacillating-breathing one is found. This mode is promoted further by confinement.
An exact solution of the linearized Boltzmann transport equation and its application to mobility calculations in graphene bilayers

This paper revisits the problem of the linearized Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), or, equivalently, of the momentum relaxation time, momentum relaxation time (MRT), for the calculation of low field mobility, which in previous works has been almost universally solved in approximated forms. We propose an energy driven discretization method that allows an exact determination of the relaxation time by solving a linear, algebraic problem, where multiple scattering mechanisms are naturally accounted for by adding the corresponding scattering rates before the calculation of the MRT, and without resorting to the semi-empirical Matthiessen's rule for the relaxation times. The application of our rigorous solution of the linearized BTE to a graphene bilayer reveals that, for a non monotonic energy relation, the relaxation time can legitimately take negative values with no unphysical implications. We finally compare the mobility calculations provided by an exact solution of the MRT problem with the results obtain.
Accurate characterization of Bragg-grating-based optical devices

Bragg grating-based optical systems are important for both telecommunications and sensor applications. Work to data on the simulation of such systems has been concentrated upon using approximate methods such as the coupled mode theory (CMT). In this work, a combination of three numerical methods has been used, all of which are rigorous and at the same time computationally very efficient. The new approach presented here incorporates the finite element, the least squares boundary residual and the transfer matrix methods. Our simulated results show that the CMT could be adequate for Bragg grating devices in fiber, since perturbed refractive index change is small. However, for Bragg grating devices in semiconductors, CMT could generate less accurate results. Simulated results for various types of grating devices, such as uniform, chirped, apodized, phase-shifted, super-structures and sampled grating devices are presented.
A Fuzzy Relative of the ISODATA Process and Its Use in Detecting Compact Well-Separated Clusters

Abstract Two fuzzy versions of the k-means optimal, least squared error partitioning problem are formulated for finite subsets X of a general inner product space. In both cases, the extremizing solutions are shown to be fixed points of a certain operator T on the class of fuzzy, k-partitions of X, and simple iteration of T provides an algorithm which has the descent property relative to the least squared error criterion function. In the first case, the range of T consists largely of ordinary (i.e. non-fuzzy) partitions of X and the associated iteration scheme is essentially the well known ISODATA process of Ball and Hall. However, in the second case, the range of T consists mainly of fuzzy partitions and the associated algorithm is new; when X consists of k compact well separated (CWS) clusters, Xi , this algorithm generates a limiting partition with membership functions which closely approximate the characteristic functions of the clusters Xi . However, when X is not the union of k CWS clusters, the limi.
Mechanical-Thermal-Electric Coupling and Irreversibility of Ferroelectric Phase Transitions

The mechanical-thermal-electric coupling of ferroelectric phase transitions was studied as an extension of the thermal-electric coupling of them. In addition to the inner electric field, we introduced the nominal volume force and stress to characterize the actions of mechanical-thermal-electric coupling. The local entropy production was derived for a ferroelectric phase transition system. Based on the principle of minimum entropy production and the Onsager relations, the local properties of first-order ferroelectric phase transitions were described well. The relation between latent heat and spontaneous polarization was given. After all, compared with the classical theory, the thermal hysteresis was explained from a completely-different point of view.
Optical identification of 2S 1417-62

The 17 s X-ray pulsar 2S 1417-62 has been identified with a V of approximately 16.9 mag OB star on the basis of an X-ray position obtained with the Einstein X-Ray Observatory and spectrophotometry with the 4-m telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Strong H-alpha emission is observed as well as significant changes in X-ray luminosity. The optical counterpart may be either a Be or a B I star, but the H-alpha emission strength and galactic position suggest that a Be star is more likely. A Be star identification also further supports the limit of approximately 15 days or more on the system binary period obtained by Kelley et al. (1981) from pulse timing studies.
A New Algorithm of Association Rules Mining Based on Relation Matrix

Association rule mining is one of the hottest research areas that investigate the automatic extraction of previously unknown patterns or rules from large amounts of data. Finding association rules can be derived based on mining large frequent candidate sets. Aiming at the poor efficiency of the classical Apriori algorithm which frequently scans the business database, studying the existing association rules mining algorithms, we proposed a new algorithm of association rules mining based on relation matrix. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient and practical.
Spatial Poisson Regression for Health and Exposure Data Measured at Disparate Resolutions

Abstract Ecological regression studies are widely used to examine relationships between disease rates for small geographical areas and exposure to environmental risk factors. The raw data for such studies, including disease cases, environmental pollution concentrations, and the reference population at risk, are typically measured at various levels of spatial aggregation but are accumulated to a common geographical scale to facilitate statistical analysis. In this traditional approach, heterogeneous exposure distributions within the aggregate areas may lead to biased inference, whereas individual attributes such as age, gender, and smoking habits must either be summarized to provide area-level covariate values or used to stratify the analysis. This article presents a spatial regression analysis of the effect of traffic pollution on respiratory disorders in children. The analysis features data measured at disparate, nonnested scales, including spatially varying covariates, latent spatially varying risk factors, and case-specific individual attributes. The problem of disparate discretizations is overcome by relating all spatially varying quantities to a continuous underlying random field model. Case-specific individual attributes are accommodated by treating cases as a marked point process. Inference in these hierarchical Poisson/gamma models is based on simulated samples drawn from Bayesian posterior distributions, using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods with data augmentation.
Robust terminal area energy management guidance using flatness approach

This study deals with the design of a guidance scheme based on flatness theory and dedicated to the terminal area energy management phase of a reusable launch vehicle. The proposed guidance strategy is based on a non-linear dynamic inversion technique to handle the large flight envelope that characterises the reentry mission. This inversion takes advantage of a particular choice of linearising terms called flat outputs, that are used to perform an input-to-state linearisation. First, it is shown that the coupled in-plane and out-of-plane vehicle dynamics admits a set of flat outputs. The flatness property of this model is then used to compute the nominal control input profiles corresponding to a single reference trajectory computed off-line. Based on the linearised model obtained by dynamic inversion, a linear tracking controller is then designed so as to circumvent off-nominal flight conditions. Finally, robustness and performances of the proposed guidance scheme are assessed by performing Monte Carlo runs within an industrial simulation environment.
Contribution to the Theory of Upper and Lower Bounds in Boundary Value Problems

In the present paper certain approximate methods concerning self-adjoint operators H of Hilbert spaces which can be expressed in the form H = T * T are developed. Some theorems are formulated with remarks and examples. They give a method of obtaining upper and lower bounds of the value of the solution, at each preassigned point, of a boundary value problem. As a numerical example we consider the following Poisson's equation, -Δ u =1 in D, u =0 on C, where D denotes the square domain in the x y -plane with vertices at (1, -1), (1, 1), (-1, 1), (-1, -1) and C is the boundary of this square. Upper and lower bounds of the value of the solution u at the origin are calculated. The result of the second approximation is 0.2939≦ u (0, 0)≦0.2953. In order to show that the results are applicable to many problems, several differential operators familiar in mathematical physics, for instance, Laplace's differential operators with different boundary conditions are reduced to the form T * T .
Ultrasonic parametric amplification effects: Contributions of the nonlinear material coefficients

This paper presents a theoretical approach to ultrasonic parametric processes in piezoelectric semiconductors that takes into account the contributions of the nonlinear material coefficients to various frequency‐mixing phenomena. We have found, in particular, that the coupling coefficients for second‐harmonic and subharmonic generation can be dominated by the contributions from the lattice anharmonicity and the nonlinearities in the strain rather than by the contributions arising from the nonlinear currents. Comparison with previous theories and experiments is made and the significance of the results is discussed.