Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel 3D Beam Domain Channel Model for UAV Massive MIMO Communications

Due to the agile maneuverability, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have shown great promise for on-demand communications in the next-generation wireless networks. Considering the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration, this paper proposes a novel three-dimensional (3D) beam domain channel model (BDCM) for UAV communications. Through dividing the large antenna array into several sub-arrays and classifying multipath components as near-field and far-field components, the proposed BDCM takes the spherical wave front (SWF) and array non-stationarity into account. Channel statistical properties including spatial-temporal-frequency correlation function (STF-CF), root-mean-squared (RMS) Doppler spread, beam spread, channel matrix collinearity (CMC), and stationary time interval are derived and simulated for the proposed BDCM. Influences of SFW and non-stationary properties on the statistical properties and system performance are analyzed. Simulation results show that, compared with the equivalent geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM), the proposed BDCM has better temporal correlation, while BDCM and GBSM are equivalent in the system performance evaluation. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed BDCM is evaluated in terms of accuracy, complexity, and pervasiveness. The results show that the proposed BDCM can represent massive MIMO channel properties accurately with low complexity and good compatibility.
THE IMPACT OF LEACHING ON RADIOCARBON AGES OF SMALL-SIZED FORAMINIFERA SAMPLES

ABSTRACT Reliable radiocarbon (14C) ages of foraminifera are a prerequisite to generate robust high-resolution age-depth models or to obtain precise understanding of past carbon cycle dynamics. With the advance of small-scale 14C measurements, instrumental precision and levels of contamination (extraneous carbon introduced during sample pretreatment or analysis) became increasingly important to consider. To reduce the effect of carbon contamination, an attempt can be made to remove it by leaching the surface with weak acids. Alternatively, mathematical corrections (e.g., subtraction) based on processing blanks can be applied. We report on 14C analyses of monospecific foraminifera samples compared between different blank corrections (correction against 14C-free CO2, IAEA-C1 and foraminifera) and sample treatments (i) to examine whether chemical pretreatment and mathematical blank subtraction are comparable, and (ii) to determine limitations hindering reliable 14C dating with ever smaller sample sizes. The data show that chemical pretreatment of foraminifera corrected against IAEA-C1 does remove surface contamination and that the same effect can be achieved for untreated samples that were mathematically corrected for blank values determined from sample size-matched 14C-free foraminifera. Leaching only has a beneficial effect on 14C data for older samples, where the isotopic difference between untreated and chemically pretreated samples exceeds the analytical precision.
A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study of Intellectual Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy over Age: Is It Really Stable?

The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate the consistency of longitudinal findings on intellectual functioning in DMD boys and their relationship to behavioral and neuropsychiatric difficulties. The cohort included 70 patients of age 3 to 17 years with at least two assessments using the Wechsler scales. CBCL and clinical observation of behavior were also performed. Changes in total intelligence quotient were interpreted as stable or not stable using the reliable-change method. On the first assessment 43/70 had normal quotients, 18 borderline, 5 mild, and 4 moderate intellectual disability, while 27/70 had no behavioral disorders, 17 had abnormal CBCL, and 26 patients had clear signs of attention deficits despite normal CBCL. The remaining seven were untestable. The mean total intelligence quotient change in the cohort was −2.99 points (SD: 12.29). Stable results on TIQ were found in 63% of the paired assessments. A third of the consecutive cognitive assessments showed a difference of more than 11 points with changes up to 42 points. Boys with no behavioral/attention disorder had smaller changes than those with attention (p = 0.007) and behavioral disorders (p = 0.002). Changes in IQ may occur in Duchenne and are likely to be associated with behavioral or attention deficits.
Injectable sustained‐release poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres of exenatide prepared by supercritical fluid extraction of emulsion process based on a design of experiment approach

Abstract This study aimed to develop an improved sustained‐release (SR) PLGA microsphere of exenatide using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE). As a translational research, we investigated the effect of various process parameters on the fabrication of exenatide‐loaded PLGA microspheres by SFEE (ELPM_SFEE) using the Box–Behnken design (BBD), a design of experiment approach. Further, ELPM obtained under optimized conditions and satisfying all the response criteria were compared with PLGA microspheres prepared using the conventional solvent evaporation (ELPM_SE) method through various solid‐state characterizations and in vitro and in vivo evaluations. The four process parameters selected as independent variables were pressure (X 1), temperature (X 2), stirring rate (X 3), and flow ratio (X 4). The effects of these independent variables on five responses, namely the particle size, its distribution (SPAN value), encapsulation efficiency (EE), initial drug burst release (IBR), and residual organic solvent, were evaluated using BBD. Based on the experimental results, a desirable range of combinations of various variables in the SFEE process was determined by graphical optimization. Solid‐state characterization and in vitro evaluation revealed that ELPM_SFEE improved properties, including a smaller particle size and SPAN value, higher EE, lower IBR, and lower residual solvent. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study results indicated better in vivo efficacy with desirable SR properties, including a reduction in blood glucose levels, weight gain, and food intake, for ELPM_SFEE than those generated using SE. Therefore, the potential drawback of conventional technologies such as the SE for the preparation of injectable SR PLGA microspheres could be improved by optimizing the SFEE process.
Does Canada’s Express Entry System Meet the Challenges of the Labor Market?

Abstract While most immigrant-receiving countries have restricted immigration during the COVID-19 pandemic, Canada has taken a very different approach, increasing its immigration targets over the next three years. With this move, Canada has made it clear that immigrants are expected to play a lead role in the post-pandemic economic recovery. Most of these immigrants will be admitted through Express Entry, a hybrid system introduced in 2015 that combines elements of both supply- and demand-driven selection. In this article, we examine whether Canada’s hybrid selection system meets its current and future labor market needs in a post-pandemic world. Using a mixed methods approach, we combine analysis of an administrative dataset with data from qualitative interviews with employers and experts in the immigration sector. We find that while Express Entry is a flexible and responsive tool for selecting immigrants, it narrows the occupational profiles of newcomers. The system also does not fully address the labor shortages and skills gaps described by Canadian employers. We argue that Canada’s post-pandemic labor market will require a wider range of skills, and that Express Entry’s adaptability should be carefully monitored and adjusted to broaden the skill mix of immigrants and facilitate skills match between immigrants and employers.
A Resilience-Oriented Multi-Stage Adaptive Distribution System Planning Considering Multiple Extreme Weather Events

Climate change may increase the risk of an area being hit by multiple extreme weather events, which brings significant challenges for distribution system planners in an increasing renewable penetration era. There is an urgent need for planning approaches to be more flexible and allow for adaptive adjustments in the future to hedge against high uncertainties in extreme weather event scenarios. In this work, we propose a resilience-oriented distribution system planning approach that considers multiple extreme weather events. A multi-stage hybrid-stochastic-and-robust formulation is developed to model decisions not only for initial investments, but also for adaptive investments and emergent operations in response to particular extreme events, meanwhile considering both long-term and short-term uncertainties. Our model is solved by a novel progressive hedging algorithm that is embedded with a nested column-and-constraint generation method. Case studies demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach in making flexible and affordable planning decisions to protect distribution systems against multiple extreme weather events.
Slender Swarm Flamingo optimization-based residual low-light image enhancement network

ABSTRACT Image visibility issues from a low-light background affects the interpretability or perception of the images due to the lack of resolution is the major challenge. Accordingly, in this research, Slender Swarm Flamingo (SSF) optimization-based residual Low light image enhancement network (SSF optimization-based residual Lienet) is proposed for enhancing the Image resolution. Multiple solutions are generated using the meta-heuristic algorithm named SSF optimization, which is devised by the standard hybridization of the flamingo search and the particle swarm algorithm. The final desired solution is obtained by tuning the parameters in the classifier, which provides the desired output. The utility of very deep residual networks initiates residual images with high resolution that provides enhanced image output. The proficiency of the research is proved through the analysis based on the metrics with the PSNR OF 39.65 dB.
SIGN FOR SUPER-DIFFUSIVE TRANSPORT OF ENERGETIC IONS ASSOCIATED WITH A CORONAL-MASS-EJECTION-DRIVEN INTERPLANETARY SHOCK

We study the transport properties of energetic particles in the upstream region of an interplanetary shock, considering the possibility of anomalous diffusion. We investigated the energetic storm particle event on 2006 December 14 observed by the ACE spacecraft at 1 AU. The spatial decay profile of the energetic particle flux does not exhibit an exponential behavior, as expected for the standard diffusive shock acceleration process, but a power-law behavior in anomalous or super-diffusive transport. The spatial profiles of the energetic ions with energy ranges of 0.546–0.761, 0.761–1.22, and 1.22–4.97 MeV are well fitted by a power-law distribution; we observe the relation 〈Δx2〉 ∝ tα for α∼ 1.28–1.33, where Δx is the particle displacement within the timescale t, and the bracket denotes an ensemble average. This implies that particle propagation around a near-Earth orbit can be intermediate between normal diffusion (α = 1) and ballistic motion (α = 2), even though the power of the electromagnetic wave is sufficiently large to scatter the particles, and that an entirely different wave–particle interaction process based on linear or quasi-linear theories is responsible for the ion motion upstream of an interplanetary shock observed around the Earth's orbit.
Electron kappa distribution and steady-state Langmuir turbulence

In a recent pair of papers, the present author discussed a self-consistent theory of asymptotically steady-state electron distribution function and Langmuir turbulence intensity in one [P. H. Yoon, Phys. Plasmas 18, 122303 (2011)] and three [P. H. Yoon, Phys. Plasmas 19, 012304 (2012)] dimensions. The resulting electron distribution function is a type of kappa distribution that features a non-Maxwellian energetic tail component. However, while the one-dimensional solution is rigorously correct, the three-dimensional solution, which was obtained using the cylindrical coordinate representation, contains two features that may be inconsistent for field-free plasmas. One is the assumption that the resonance condition can be approximated by ω-k·v≈ω-k∥v∥. Needless to say, this is not the most general condition. The second inconsistency is that while the electron distribution is isotropic in velocity, the Langmuir turbulence intensity depends on the wave propagation direction. While these features may not be too .
Goals and status of Heliotron J

A new helical-axis heliotron device, Heliotron J, is now being constructed at the Institute of Advanced Energy of Kyoto University with the goal of demonstrating its improved helical confinement property in the helical-axis heliotron line. The design feature of Heliotron J is, as compared with that of Heliotron E, the reduced neoclassical transport (near the tokamak level according to the DKES code) and the enhanced average beta limit (4% for the Mercier criterion) with small bootstrap current, which carries the potential for developing the currentless `quasi-isodynamic' optimization. The device parameters are as follows: the major plasma radius of 1.2 m, the average plasma minor radius of 0.1-0.2 m, the magnetic field strength on the magnetic axis of 1.5 T, the vacuum rotational transform of 0.2-0.8 with a low magnetic shear, and the magnetic well depth of 1.5% at the plasma edge, with heating systems such as ECH(0.5 MW), NBI(1.5 MW), and ICRF(2.5 MW). The feasibility of the helical-axis heliotron concept and its ability to explore high-quality confinement surfaces with a divertor will be fully tested in Heliotron J. The first plasma was planned to be produced in the autumn of 1999.
Improved Determination of Ethane (C2H6) Abundance in Titan's Stratosphere

Abstract Ethane spectral lines were observed in emission from Titan in August 1993, October 1995, and September 1996, at a spectral resolution of λ/Δλ≈10 6 , at wavelength 11.7−11.9 μm using the Goddard Infrared Heterodyne Spectrometer at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The ethane mole fraction is determined to be (8.8±2.2)×10 −6 (68.3% confidence limits, “1σ”), averaging the retrievals from each observing run obtained using the “recommended” thermal profile of R. V. Yelle, D. Strobel, E. Lellouch, and D. Gautier (1997, in Huygens: Science, Payload, and Mission (J.-P. Lebreton, Ed.), pp. 243–256, European Space Agency SP-1177).
gain analysis for switched systems with continuous-time and discrete-time subsystems

In this paper, we study gain property for a class of switched systems which are composed of both continuous-time LTI subsystems and discrete-time LTI subsystems. Under the assumption that all subsystems are Hurwitz/Schur stable and have the gain less than γ, we discuss the gain that the switched system could achieve. First, we consider the case where a common Lyapunov function exists for all subsystems in sense, and show that the switched system has the gain less than the same level γ under arbitrary switching. As an example in this case, we analyse switched symmetric systems and establish the common Lyapunov function explicitly. Next, we use a piecewise Lyapunov function approach to study the case where no common Lyapunov function exists in sense, and show that the switched system achieves an ultimate (or weighted) gain under an average dwell time scheme.
Theoretical cumulus dynamics

A comprehensive review of theoretical and numerical models of cumulus clouds and moist convective systems is presented. The problem of modeling cumulus convection encompasses an extremely broad range of physical and dynamic processes. On the microphysical scale a number of critical problems remain to be solved. In the case of deep, supercooled cumuli, for example, the uncertainties of ice particle production and cloud glaciation severely limit one's ability to model quantitatively the physics and dynamics of supercooled cumuli. As a consequence of the speed and space limitations of present generation computers, much of the effort of modeling cumulus convection is concerned with the subject of parameterization. Not only does this include parameterization of the essential microphysics of cumuli but also the parameterization of the energetics and fluxes of the eddies not explicitly resolved by the model. The limitations of present generation computers become most apparent when one acknowledges that the problem of modeling deep, moist convection is fully three-dimensional and that such systems are often in direct communication with larger-scale (mesoscale and synoptic-scale) meteorological systems.
Holographic stereovision system with multiple focuses

This report is concerned with a stereovision system using holographic optical element (HOE). The authors introduce a natural 3D display system that provides the observer the clear stereoscopic vision without glasses. Even though both eyes of the observer are arbitrary located at the focuses of the stereovision system, he can be satisfied to look at the suitable 3D images. It is important that the focuses are not restricted at the specific points but occupy more broad areas. Such a mechanism is realized by the method of exposing with the diffractive plate. Moreover the authors are interested in a deep stereovision system. The system with four focuses is described to provide the adequate focuses in the accordance with his distance from the object. This system has HOE of multiple focuses that makes two pairs of viewing points in the back and forth locations. In this system four original images are projected from the behind of the HOE. All images join at the HOE and advance for the schemed focuses.
Management thresholds shift under the influence of multiple stressors: Eelgrass meadows as a case study

As human activities increase in intensity and extent, ecosystems face growing threats from multiple stressors. Successful management requires identifying measurable targets, which is challenging because of data limitations, nonlinear ecosystem responses, and potentially shifting targets under multiple stressors. To identify critical management values and determine whether these values shift in the presence of multiple stressors, we use eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows as a model system. We reviewed 20 studies that measured the effects of light and temperature on eelgrass performance, providing 109 unique study–site–treatment combinations. We modeled the interactive effect of temperature and light on eelgrass population growth rate (i.e., lateral shoot production rates) using a hierarchical generalized additive model and predicted population growth rates across a range of light levels and temperatures. We found that two critical performance metrics of population growth, zero‐growth and maximum growth rates, shifted across a gradient of light and temperature, suggesting that fixed management targets linked to population growth rates might be unsuitable for managing meadows under multiple stressors. Our approach bridges the gap between data from laboratory and field studies and could be developed into an interactive management tool.
Research Trends, Biases, and Gaps in Phytochemicals as Insecticides: Literature Survey and Meta-Analysis

A 76-year literature survey and meta-analyses were carried out to recognize the trends, biases, and knowledge gaps of studies focusing on major groups of compounds of botanical origin, or phytochemicals, as insecticides. The survey found that the main phytochemicals prospected as insecticides belong to the following major chemical groups: terpenoids, terpenes, and carbonyl, all of which were tested, mainly against beetles (Coleoptera), caterpillars (i.e., larvae of Lepidoptera), and mosquitoes and other flies (i.e., Diptera). These studies are burgeoning at an exponential rate, with an evident focus on mortality endpoint estimates, but they are also neglecting sublethal assessments. China and India in Asia, as well as Brazil in the Americas, were responsible for most studies. The majority of the papers used stored grain insects as experimental models, which limits the applicability and representativeness of the findings. As a result, the main modes of exposure tested were fumigation and contact, which leads to the prevalence of estimates of lethal concentration in these studies. Therefore, a broader range of insect species deserves testing, with suitable modes of exposure identifying and characterizing the main molecules responsible for the insecticidal activity, which is seldom performed. Attention to these needs will circumvent current biases and allow the recognition of the main patterns of association between the origin and structure of phytochemicals and their insecticidal effects.
Solid–liquid interface velocity and diffusivity in laser-melt amorphous silicon

We studied the microscopic kinetics of the amorphous-liquid interface in supercooled laser-melt silicon by means of molecular dynamics computer simulations. The interface velocity was obtained as a function of temperature by direct simulation of the interface motion in an amorphous-liquid model system. The temperature dependence of the kinetic prefactor was extracted from the interface velocity function and compared to the values of self-diffusivity obtained from independent molecular dynamics simulations of bulk amorphous Si. The kinetic prefactor for interfacial diffusion shows a distinctly non-Arrhenius behavior which is attributed to Fulcher–Vogel kinetics in the supercooled liquid.
On the Tchebychef Inequality of Bernstein

This gives a lower limit for P which is often unsatisfactory. Improvement of this result requires further hypotheses. As is well-known, Pearson, Camp, Guldberg, Meidel, Narumi,2 and Smith8 have attacked this problem with considerable success. Another interesting and important attempt in this direction due to S. Bernstein seems to have generally escaped attention in the English-speaking world, at least, since it has been published only ill Russian.4 Because of the latter fact, it seems necessary to give
Brute Force Virtual Drug Screening with Molecular Dynamics Simulation and MM/PBSA to Find Potent Inhibitors of METTL16

Epitranscriptomic modification is a dynamic modification of RNAs. Epitranscriptomic writer proteins are methyltransferases, such as METTL3 and METTL16. The up regulation of METTL3 have been found to be linked to different cancers and targeting METTL3 is an effective way to reduce tumour progression. Drug development against METTL3 is an active field of research. METTL16, SAM dependent methyltransferase, is another writer protein, that has been found to be upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer. In this pioneering study METTL16 has been targeted for virtual drug screening for the very first time using brute force strategy to identify a drug molecule that could be repurposed for the treatment of the disease caused. An unbiased library of the commercially available drug molecules has been used for screening using a multipoint validation process developed for this work, which includes molecular docking, ADMET analysis, protein-ligand interaction analysis, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, binding energy calculation via Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area method. Upon the in-silico screening of over 650 drugs the authors have found NIL and VXL passed the validation process. The data strongly indicates the potency of these two drugs in the treatment of disease where METTL16 needs to be inhibited.