Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gravitational Faraday rotation in binary pulsar systems

ABSTRACT We study the gravitational Faraday rotation, on linearly polarized light rays emittedby a pulsar, orbiting another compact object. We relate the rotation angle to theorbital phase of the emitting pulsar, as well as to other parameters describing itsorbit and the orientation of the angular momentum of the binary companion. Wegive numerical estimates of the eﬀect for the double-pulsar system PSR J0737-3039,and we note that the expected magnitude is exceedingly small, making the eﬀectunlikely to be observed with present technology. It is however interesting per se, sincein this phenomenon, gravito-magnetism plays a leading role, unlike what happens, forinstance, when studying light bending or gravitational time delay, where it appears asa correction to the gravito-electric contribution. Also, we envisage the possibility thatthis eﬀect could be relevant, at least in principle, for a pulsar orbiting a non chargedblack-hole.Key words: gravitation, relativity, polarization, pulsars: general, pulsars: individual(PSR J0737-3039)
Multilocus Sequence Typing as a Replacement for Serotyping in Salmonella enterica

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica is traditionally subdivided into serovars by serological and nutritional characteristics. We used Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) to assign 4,257 isolates from 554 serovars to 1092 sequence types (STs). The majority of the isolates and many STs were grouped into 138 genetically closely related clusters called eBurstGroups (eBGs). Many eBGs correspond to a serovar, for example most Typhimurium are in eBG1 and most Enteritidis are in eBG4, but many eBGs contained more than one serovar. Furthermore, most serovars were polyphyletic and are distributed across multiple unrelated eBGs. Thus, serovar designations confounded genetically unrelated isolates and failed to recognize natural evolutionary groupings. An inability of serotyping to correctly group isolates was most apparent for Paratyphi B and its variant Java. Most Paratyphi B were included within a sub-cluster of STs belonging to eBG5, which also encompasses a separate sub-cluster of Java STs. However, diphasic Java variants were also found in two other eBGs and monophasic Java variants were in four other eBGs or STs, one of which is in subspecies salamae and a second of which includes isolates assigned to Enteritidis, Dublin and monophasic Paratyphi B. Similarly, Choleraesuis was found in eBG6 and is closely related to Paratyphi C, which is in eBG20. However, Choleraesuis var. Decatur consists of isolates from seven other, unrelated eBGs or STs. The serological assignment of these Decatur isolates to Choleraesuis likely reflects lateral gene transfer of flagellar genes between unrelated bacteria plus purifying selection. By confounding multiple evolutionary groups, serotyping can be misleading about the disease potential of S. enterica. Unlike serotyping, MLST recognizes evolutionary groupings and we recommend that Salmonella classification by serotyping should be replaced by MLST or its equivalents.
Evolutionary response to size-selective mortality in an exploited fish population

Many collapsed fish populations have failed to recover after a decade or more with little fishing. This may reflect evolutionary change in response to the highly selective mortality imposed by fisheries. Recent experimental work has demonstrated a rapid genetic change in growth rate in response to size-selective harvesting of laboratory fish populations. Here, we use a 30-year time-series of back-calculated lengths-at-age to test for a genetic response to size-selective mortality in the wild in a heavily exploited population of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Controlling for the effects of density- and temperature-dependent growth, the change in mean length of 4-year-old cod between offspring and their parental cohorts was positively correlated with the estimated selection differential experienced by the parental cohorts between this age and spawning. This result supports the hypothesis that there have been genetic changes in growth in this population in response to size-selective fishing. Such changes may account for the continued small size-at-age in this population despite good conditions for growth and little fishing for over a decade. This study highlights the need for management regimes that take into account the evolutionary consequences of fishing.
Discriminative Learning for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis via Canonical Correlation Analysis and Multimodal Fusion

To address the challenging task of diagnosing neurodegenerative brain disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), we propose a novel method using discriminative feature learning and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) in this paper. Specifically, multimodal features and their CCA projections are concatenated together to represent each subject, and hence both individual and shared information of AD disease are captured. A discriminative learning with multilayer feature hierarchy is designed to further improve performance. Also, hybrid representation is proposed to maximally explore data from multiple modalities. A novel normalization method is devised to tackle the intra- and inter-subject variations from the multimodal data. Based on our extensive experiments, our method achieves an accuracy of 96.93% [AD vs. normal control (NC)], 86.57 % (MCI vs. NC), and 82.75% [MCI converter (MCI-C) vs. MCI non-converter (MCI-NC)], respectively, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in the literature.
Pathophysiological role of the activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases in poorly differentiated gastric cancer

p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) contribute to the loss of cell–cell contact and the round cell shape characteristic of poorly differentiated gastric cancer. In the present study it is demonstrated that phospho‐p38 MAPK level significantly increased in poorly differentiated gastric cancers in comparison to differentiated cancers and normal gastric mucosa by immunohistochemistry. Next, the pathophysiological roles of p38 MAPK activation were investigated in differentiated gastric cancer cell lines MKN7 and MKN28 and poorly differentiated gastric cancer cell lines KATO‐III and MKN45 cells by incubating with specific p38 inhibitor SB203580 or inactivating analog SB202474. The distribution of F‐actin on phalloidin staining was identified as fine cytoskeletal filaments in MKN7 and MKN28, but as dense membranous accumulation in KATO‐III and MKN45 cells. The treatment with SB203580 but not SB202474 reduced irregular accumulation of F‐actin in KATO‐III and MKN45 cells. The expression of E‐cadherin, ZO‐1, occludin and claudin 4 was higher in MKN7 and MKN28 than KATO‐III and MKN45 cells. The expression of E‐cadherin in KATO‐III cells was increased following treatment with SB203580, suggesting the suppression of E‐cadherin at the transcriptional level independent of its genetic alterations. Thus, p38 MAPK signaling might contribute to the acquisition of malignant properties in poorly differentiated phenotypes.
Contribution of GABAA and GABAB Receptors to Thalamic Neuronal Activity during Spontaneous Absence Seizures in Rats

The contribution of GABAergic mechanisms in thalamic relay nuclei to spike and wave discharges (SWDs) during spontaneous seizures was assessed using the WAG/Rij strain of rats, an established genetic model of absence epilepsy, in combination with single-unit recordings and microiontophoretic techniques in the ventrobasal thalamic complex in vivo. Spontaneous SWDs occurring on the electroencephalogram at 5–9 Hz were associated with burst firing in thalamocortical neurons, which was phase-locked with the spike component. Microiontophoretic application of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline significantly increased the magnitude of SWD-related firing in all tested cells. Application of the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 55845A exerted a statistically insignificant modulatory effect on neuronal activity during spontaneous SWDs but significantly attenuated the bicuculline-evoked aggravation of SWD-related firing. The data indicate that, in thalamocortical neurons, (1) GABAAreceptor-mediated events are recruited with each SWD, (2) SWD-related activity can be evoked with no significant contribution of GABAB receptors, and (3) blockade of GABAAreceptors potentiates SWD-related activity, presumably through an indirect effect mediated through GABAB receptors. These results vote against a predominant or even exclusive contribution of GABAB receptors to spontaneous SWDs in thalamic relay nuclei in the WAG/Rij strain, but rather point to a critical role of GABAA receptor activation. This conclusion is in support of the view that the two subtypes of GABA receptors play a differential role in fast (5–10 Hz) and slow (3 Hz) spike-wave paroxysms observed during absence seizures.
Programs as Black-Box Explanations

Recent work in model-agnostic explanations of black-box machine learning has demonstrated that interpretability of complex models does not have to come at the cost of accuracy or model flexibility. However, it is not clear what kind of explanations, such as linear models, decision trees, and rule lists, are the appropriate family to consider, and different tasks and models may benefit from different kinds of explanations. Instead of picking a single family of representations, in this work we propose to use "programs" as model-agnostic explanations. We show that small programs can be expressive yet intuitive as explanations, and generalize over a number of existing interpretable families. We propose a prototype program induction method based on simulated annealing that approximates the local behavior of black-box classifiers around a specific prediction using random perturbations. Finally, we present preliminary application on small datasets and show that the generated explanations are intuitive and accurate for a number of classifiers.
Human detection method based on feature co-occurrence of HLAC and HOG

This paper proposes a new human detection method, which is robust to illumination change and does almost not confuse human with other objects even they have similar contours. This method is based on integration with two features: Higher-order Local Auto-Correlation (HLAC) features and Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. HLAC features can give a broad pattern of gray scale image. The features are invariant to shift, but poor at illumination change. HOG features can give an accurate description of contour of human body. These are robust to illumination change, but usually confuse human with other thing that similar contour. In order to make up these deficits, we use co-occurrence of multiple features to integrate HOG and HLAC features. In our experiments, we obtain 20.1% lower value on false positive per window than other proposed method when miss rates are similar. These results proved the effectiveness of this new method.
Information security underlying transparent computing: Impacts, visions and challenges

The rapid development of computer network technologies and social informationalization has brought many new opportunities and challenges in information security. With improved information and service sharing enjoyed by more and more people, how to strengthen the information security has become an increasingly critical issue. In this paper, we propose a new network security mechanism based on a novel computing paradigm, i.e., transparent computing, which is based on the extended von Neumann architecture. This paradigm separates the program storage and execution, which is implemented in the network environment. It is realized by a new generation server and client BIOS, namely EFI BIOS, and coordinated with the MetaOS management platform and related switching and input/ouput devices of transparent computing. Through the interface between hardware and software, it conducts effective control, monitoring and management of data and instructions in a block-streaming way for the operating system and the application programs above it. At the same time, it adopts a security protection mechanism to prevent and remove prevalent malicious software such as worm and Trojan horse. Several demonstrated examples are described in detail to illustrate the attractive and promising security features and advantages.
Return-to-Play in Sport: A Decision-based Model

Objective: Return-to-play (RTP) decisions are fundamental to the practice of sports medicine but vary greatly for the same medical condition and circumstance. Although there are published articles that identify individual components that go into these decisions, there exists neither quantitative criteria nor a model for the sequence or weighting of these components within the medical decision-making process. Our objective was to develop a decision-based model for clinical use by sports medicine practitioners. Data Sources: English literature related to RTP decision making. Main Results: We developed a 3-step decision-based RTP model for an injury or illness that is specific to the individual practitioner making the RTP decision: health status, participation risk, and decision modification. In Step 1, the Health Status of the athlete is assessed through the evaluation of Medical Factors related to how much healing has occurred. In Step 2, the clinician evaluates the Participation Risk associated with participation, which is informed by not only the current health status but also by the Sport Risk Modifiers (eg, ability to protect the injury with padding, athlete position). Different individuals are expected to have different thresholds for “acceptable level of risk,” and these thresholds will change based on context. In Step 3, Decision Modifiers are considered and the decision to RTP or not is made. Conclusions: Our model helps clarify the processes that clinicians use consciously and subconsciously when making RTP decisions. Providing such a structure should decrease controversy, assist physicians, and identify important gaps in practice areas where research evidence is lacking.
ssociation of Subclinical Right entricular Dysfunction With Obesity

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this research was to identify the determinants of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in overweight and obese subjects. BACKGROUND Right ventricular dysfunction in obese subjects is usually ascribed to comorbid diseases, especially obstructive sleep apnea. We used tissue Doppler imaging to identify the determinants of RV dysfunction in overweight and obese subjects. METHODS Standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography was performed in 112 overweight (body mass index [BMI] 25 to 29.9 kg/m) or obese (BMI 30 kg/m) subjects and 36 referents (BMI 25 kg/m), including 22 with obstructive sleep apnea but no obesity. Tissue Doppler was used to measure RV systolic (sm) and diastolic (em) velocities and strain indexes. RESULTS Obese subjects with BMI 35 kg/m had reduced RV function compared with referent subjects, evidenced by reduced sm (6.5 2.4 cm/s vs. 10.2 1.5 cm/s, p 0.001), peak strain ( 21 4% vs. 28 4%, p 0.001), peak strain rate ( 1.4 0.4 s 1 vs. 2.0 0.5 s , p 0.001), and em ( 6.8 2.4 cm/s vs. 10.3 2.5 cm/s, p 0.001), irrespective of the presence of sleep apnea. Similar but lesser degrees of reduced systolic function (p 0.05) were present in overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m) and mildly obese (BMI 30 to 35 kg/m) groups. Differences in RV em, sm, and strain indexes were demonstrated between the severely versus overweight and mildly obese groups (p 0.05). Body mass index remained independently related to RV changes after adjusting for age, log insulin, and mean arterial pressures. In obese patients, these changes were associated with reduced exercise capacity but not the duration of obesity and presence of sleep apnea or its severity. CONCLUSIONS Increasing BMI is associated with increasing severity of RV dysfunction in overweight and obese subjects without overt heart disease, independent of sleep apnea. (J Am Coll Cardiol ublished by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc. 2005.11. 015
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: A Randomized Trial of Two Health Promotion Strategies for Lowering Risk in a Community with Low Socioeconomic Status

Aim: To compare the effects of information pamphlets with those of group counselling on cardiovascular risk among individuals from a community with low socioeconomic status. Methods: Risk factors for coronary heart disease were assessed in 1131 men and women from a community with low socioeconomic status in suburban Melbourne. Individuals deemed to be at moderate risk, on the basis of an integrated risk score greater than 65, were asked to participate in a randomized trial comparing two simple interventions designed to reduce cardiovascular risk. One hundred and sixty-four individuals were randomly assigned to group A (n = 85) and participated in a single group counselling session lasting between 1.5 and 2.0 h. Group B (n = 79) received a specially prepared pamphlet that provided brief written information concerning risk-factor modification. Both groups were asked to attend a follow-up assessment of risk factors 3 and 6 months after entry. Results: There was no significant difference in the change in risk-factor levels between those receiving information pamphlets and those attending the group counselling session after 3 or 6 months of follow-up. Small but significant decreases (P < 0.05) were seen in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (−−5/4 mmHg for group A, −−5/3 mmHg for group B), total plasma cholesterol level (−−0.30 mmol/l for groups A and B) and overall coronary risk score (−14.4 and −13.9 for groups A and B, respectively). Body weight remained unchanged during the study period in both groups. Conclusion: Screening together with 1.5−2 h group counselling had no more influence on cardiovascular risk factors than screening together with provision of information pamphlets in a population with low socioeconomic status.
The Experiences of Parents for Emotional Interaction with Children with Autism: A Systemic Approach

The present research aimed to explore, through the experiences of parents, the way in which the feelings of parents of children with autism affect children's feelings. Also, a second purpose was to investigate the way, by which the behavior of the child is modified whenever the parents interact emotionally with them, and how children’s behavior is able to modify parents’ behavior. It is known that one’s behavior affects the behavior of another, which in return affects the behavior of the first person and so on. We hypothesized that children with autism are able to perceive and react to emotions. Also, we assumed that parents feelings affect the children's feelings and that these feelings affect children’s’ behavior, considering that it comes to people who have a completely different understanding in relation to their communicative ways. Another assumption was that positive emotions function as depressants and create a climate of security. Similarly, negative feelings toward the child, once again are expressed to both feelings and behavior of the child. We expected that children's behavior can modify the behavior of their parents because of circular causality. Our sample was consisted of eight mothers of children with autism. For data collection we used the qualitative method and specific the semi - structured interview. The thematic analysis revealed the existence of feelings in children with autism and how they interact with their parents. It also revealed the differential effect between positive and negative emotions; finally we noticed the effect of all these on parents’ behavior.
Different States of Water in Hydrogels

Atomistically detailed molecular dynamics simulations of a hydrogel of poly(vinyl alcohol) have been performed. These have been analysed for the water mobility at 250, 300 and 375 K. Only the re-orientation at 250 K but not the translation of the water molecules shows a bimodal distribution of correlation times which may be interpreted by the existence of two different dynamical states of water. At higher temperatures, however, there is no evidence for different states of water. Moreover, water molecules in contact with the polymer relax more slowly than others, also at low temperatures. Therefore, the concept that “free” water can freeze upon cooling of a hydrogel whereas “bound” water cannot, needs to be revised.
Etiology and treatment of the inflammatory causes of cystoid macular edema

Cystoid macular edema in its various forms can be considered one of the leading causes of central vision loss in the developed world. It occurs in a wide variety of pathologic conditions and represents the final common pathway of several basic processes. Therapeutic approaches to cystoid macular edema depend on a clear understanding of its contributing pathophysiologic mechanisms. This review will discuss the mechanism of ocular inflammation in cystoid macular edema with a particular focus on the inflammatory causes: post-operative, uveitic, and after laser procedures. A variety of pharmacologic agents targeting inflammatory molecules have been shown to reduce macular edema and improve visual function. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of most new therapies have yet to be established in controlled clinical trials.
Induction of Angiogenesis by Heat Shock Protein 90 Mediated by Protein Kinase Akt and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

Objective—A specific inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), 17-AAG, has been shown to inhibit tumor growth through cell cycle arrest, differentiation, or apoptosis. Because angiogenesis is important for tumor growth, we hypothesize that inhibition of angiogenesis by 17-AAG may mediate some of its antitumor effects. Methods and Results—Because protein kinase Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are critical for angiogenesis, we studied the effects of 17-AAG on the phosphorylation and expression of Akt and eNOS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In a concentration- and time-dependent manner, inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG decreased Akt and eNOS expression by 74% and 81%, respectively. Inhibition of eNOS expression by 17-AAG occurred at the transcriptional level as determined by eNOS promoter activity and nuclear run-on assay. Furthermore, treatment with 17-AAG decreased basal and vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. This corresponded with decreased NO production and inhibition of endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. The anti-angiogenic effect of 17-AAG was partially reversed by the NO donor, SNAP. Conclusions—These findings indicate that Hsp90 is important not only for Akt and eNOS phosphorylation but also for eNOS gene transcription and suggests that Hsp90 may be a novel target for anti-angiogenic therapy.
Trust Models and Management in Public-Key Infrastructures

This paper presents and compares several trust models currently being considered and applied for use with public-key certificate infrastructures based on the X.509 specification, including subordinated hierarchies, cross-certified meshes, hybrids, bridge CAs, and trust lists. Approaches and issues concerning constraints on path validity are also considered, as are aspects of path construction.