Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PYTHIA 6.2: Physics and manual

The PYTHIA program can be used to generate high-energy-physics `events', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. The objective is to provide as accurate as possible a representation of event properties in a wide range of reactions, with emphasis on those where strong interactions play a role, directly or indirectly, and therefore multihadronic final states are produced. The physics is then not understood well enough to give an exact description; instead the program has to be based on a combination of analytical results and various QCD-based models. This physics input is summarized here, for areas such as hard subprocesses, initial- and final-state parton showers, beam remnants and underlying events, fragmentation and decays, and much more. Furthermore, extensive information is provided on all program elements: subroutines and functions, switches and parameters, and particle and process data. This should allow the user to tailor the generation task to the topics of interest. The information in this edition of the manual refers to PYTHIA version 6.200, of 31 August 2001. The official reference to the latest published version is T. Sj\"ostrand, P. Ed\'en, C. Friberg, L. L\"onnblad, G. Miu, S. Mrenna and E. Norrbin, Computer Physics Commun. 135 (2001) 238.
A 22° long seismic profile for the study of the top of D'

We present a collection of 100 vertical component seismograms of a Kuril Islands earthquake recorded by stations in western Europe (between 73 and 95° of epicentral distance) which shows evidence of a PdP wave reflected on top of D' beneath northern Siberia. The PdP travel time curve varies rapidly, suggesting the existence of sharp lateral variations (scale length smaller than 1°). The first onset times observed at distances larger than 85° are compatible with a D' velocity about 1% larger than standard models along these paths, up to a depth of 2850 km. By one dimensional forward modeling we find one model with a 2.8% discontinuity at 2605 km depth, another with a 7 km thick 3% low velocity lamella at 2607 km depth. They both generate waveforms which fit the data similarly.
Parallel Computation of tropical varieties, their positive part, and tropical Grassmannians

In this article, we present a massively parallel framework for computing tropicalizations of algebraic varieties which can make use of finite symmetries. We compute the tropical Grassmannian TGr$_0(3,8)$, and show that it refines the $15$-dimensional skeleton of the Dressian Dr$(3,8)$ with the exception of $23$ special cones for which we construct explicit obstructions to the realizability of their tropical linear spaces. Moreover, we propose algorithms for identifying maximal-dimensional tropical cones which belong to the positive tropicalization. These algorithms exploit symmetries of the tropical variety even though the positive tropicalization need not be symmetric. We compute the maximal-dimensional cones of the positive Grassmannian TGr$^+(3,8)$ and compare them to the cluster complex of the classical Grassmannian Gr$(3,8)$.
Emendation of phthanoperidinium Drugg & Loeblich 1967, and a description of p. brooksii sp. nov. From the Eocene of the mid‐Atlantic outer continental shelf

Abstract A new species of dinoflagellate from the Mid‐Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf, Phthanoperidinium brooksii, is illustrated and described. The 1 ‘ paraplate of this species is widely spatulate and is in broad contact with paraplate 6”;, a feature not previously reported from the fossil record. The endophragm and periphragm grade into a cancellous filling which completely fills the space between these layers. The major morphologic features of all the accepted and provisionally accepted species of the genus Phlhanoperidinium are compared critically, resulting in the emendation of the genus.
Global energy dissipation rate of deep‐ocean low‐frequency flows by quadratic bottom boundary layer drag: Computations from current‐meter data

The global energy dissipation rate of deep‐ocean low‐frequency flows by quadratic bottom boundary layer drag is estimated in three ways. First, an average over the dissipations computed from the near‐bottom velocities recorded by 290 moored current meters is multiplied by the World Ocean area. Second, near‐global maps of surface velocities derived from satellite altimetry data are used to estimate the bias due to the sparse spatial coverage of the moorings. Third, a relationship between bottom and surface flows, computed over the mooring locations, is used to estimate global maps of bottom flows from the surface data. All three methods suggest that at least 0.2 TW of the wind‐power input into geostrophic flows is dissipated in deep water by quadratic bottom drag. Implications for the oceanic overturning circulation, and for oceanic mesoscale eddy dynamics, are briefly discussed.
YGGDRASIL - A Statistical Package for Learning Split Models

There are two main objectives of this paper. The first is to present a statistical framework for models with context specific independence structures, i.e., conditional independences holding only for sepcific values of the conditioning variables. This framework is constituted by the class of split models. Split models are extension of graphical models for contigency tables and allow for a more sophisticiated modelling than graphical models. The treatment of split models include estimation, representation and a Markov property for reading off those independencies holding in a specific context. The second objective is to present a software package named YGGDRASIL which is designed for statistical inference in split models, i.e., for learning such models on the basis of data.
Impact of $h$-index on authors ranking: An improvement to the h-index for lower-ranked author

In academia, the research performance of a faculty is either evaluated by the number of publications or the number of citations. Most of the time h-index is widely used during the hiring process or the faculty performance evaluation. The calculation of the h-index is shown in various databases; however, there is no systematic evidence about the differences between them. Here we analyze the publication records of 385 authors from Monash University (Australia) to investigate (i) the impact of different databases like Scopus and WoS on the ranking of authors within a discipline, and (ii) to complement the $h$-index, named $h_c$, by adding the weight of the highest cited paper to the $h$-index of the authors. The results show the positive impact of $h_c$ on the lower-ranked authors in every discipline. Also, Scopus provides an overall better ranking than WoS; however, the ranking varies among Scopus and WoS for disciplines.
The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG

In the context of the programme Global Architecture of Planetary Systems (GAPS), we have performed radial velocity monitoring of the metal-poor star HIP 11952 on 35 nights during about 150 days using the newly installed high-resolution spectrograph HARPS-N at the TNG and HARPS at the ESO 3.6 m telescope. The radial velocities show a scatter of 7 m s −1 , compatible with the measurement errors for such a moderately warm metal-poor star (Teff = 6040 ± 120 K; [Fe/H] = −1.9 ± 0.1). We exclude the presence of the two giant planets with periods of 6.95 ± 0.01 d and 290.0 ± 16.2 d and radial velocity semi-amplitudes of 100.3 ± 19. 4ms −1 and 105.2 ± 14. 7ms −1 , respectively, which have recently been announced. This result is important because HIP 11952 was thought to be
Incorporating Causal Analysis into Diversified and Logical Response Generation

Although the Conditional Variational AutoEncoder (CVAE) model can generate more diversified responses than the traditional Seq2Seq model, the responses often have low relevance with the input words or are illogical with the question. A causal analysis is carried out to study the reasons behind, and a methodology of searching for the mediators and mitigating the confounding bias in dialogues is provided. Specifically, we propose to predict the mediators to preserve relevant information and auto-regressively incorporate the mediators into generating process. Besides, a dynamic topic graph guided conditional variational autoencoder (TGG-CVAE) model is utilized to complement the semantic space and reduce the confounding bias in responses. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed model is able to generate both relevant and informative responses, and outperforms the state-of-the-art in terms of automatic metrics and human evaluations.
Multi-task Prediction of Disease Onsets from Longitudinal Lab Tests

Disparate areas of machine learning have benefited from models that can take raw data with little preprocessing as input and learn rich representations of that raw data in order to perform well on a given prediction task. We evaluate this approach in healthcare by using longitudinal measurements of lab tests, one of the more raw signals of a patient's health state widely available in clinical data, to predict disease onsets. In particular, we train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network and two novel convolutional neural networks for multi-task prediction of disease onset for 133 conditions based on 18 common lab tests measured over time in a cohort of 298K patients derived from 8 years of administrative claims data. We compare the neural networks to a logistic regression with several hand-engineered, clinically relevant features. We find that the representation-based learning approaches significantly outperform this baseline. We believe that our work suggests a new avenue for patient risk stratification based solely on lab results.
Non-negative Weighted #CSPs: An Effective Complexity Dichotomy

We prove a complexity dichotomy theorem for all non-negative weighted counting Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP). This caps a long series of important results on counting problems including unweighted and weighted graph homomorphisms and the celebrated dichotomy theorem for unweighted #CSP. Our dichotomy theorem gives a succinct criterion for tractability. If a set F of constraint functions satisfies the criterion, then the counting CSP problem defined by F is solvable in polynomial time; if it does not satisfy the criterion, then the problem is #P-hard. We furthermore show that the question of whether F satisfies the criterion is decidable in NP. Surprisingly, our tractability criterion is simpler than the previous criteria for the more restricted classes of problems, although when specialized to those cases, they are logically equivalent. Our proof mainly uses Linear Algebra, and represents a departure from Universal Algebra, the dominant methodology in recent years.
A possible correlation between satellite‐derived cloud and aerosol microphysical parameters

The column aerosol particle number and low cloud microphysical parameters derived from AVHRR remote sensing are compared over ocean for four months in 1990. There is a positive correlation between cloud optical thickness and aerosol number concentration, whereas the effective particle radius has a negative correlation with aerosol number. The cloud liquid water path (LWP), on the other hand, tends to be constant with no large dependence on aerosol number. This result contrasts with results from recent model simulations which imply that there is a strong positive feedback between LWP and aerosol number concentration. Estimates for indirect forcing over oceans derived from the satellite data/model comparison range from −0.7 to −1.7 Wm−2.
Seasonality and autocorrelation of satellite-derived soil moisture products

This study presents an analysis of temporal behaviour of in situ and satellite-derived soil moisture data. The main objective is to evaluate the temporal reliability of the satellite products, comparing them with in situ data, for applications that would benefit from the use of consistent time series of soil moisture, such as studies on climate and hydrological cycle. The time series, seasonalities, and anomalies of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) soil moisture and European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite soil wetness index data sets were analysed over five test sites. The agreement of temporal behaviours and autocorrelation functions and the correlation with in situ data were investigated. A good agreement between the seasonalities of both satellite data sets and in situ data with high correlations (i.e. 0.9) was found over the sites with a large soil moisture variability range and short vegetation cover. Noisier seasonalities were found over sites with small soil moisture variability ranges, affected by radiofrequency interference (RFI) and characterized by croplands. In spite of ERS soil moisture being characterized by a longer time series, the seasonality is much noisier than the AMSR-E products due to the numerous gaps in the data set. The correlation among the anomalies is lower than 0.6, mainly due to the noise in the satellite products. However, the autocorrelation functions show that the anomalies are not random, although noisy. Although the stability of the anomaly correlograms is affected by the relatively short time series available for this study, the analysis shows that there are statistical similarities between the satellite soil moisture anomalies and the in situ data anomalies. The results show that AMSR-E and ERS products are consistent over long time periods and do contain useful information about soil moisture seasonality and anomaly behaviour, although they are affected by noise.
A Computer System for Mapping And Analyzing Transportation Networks

In recent years transportation geography has become heavily dependent on analytical methodology. This dependence has brought with it a need for computational aids in the use of these methods. For example, while a set of graph theoretic measures for a network can be derived manually, the efficient solution of a large linear programming transportation problem requires the use of a computer. It is likewise necessary to solve most allocation models and network assignment models with the help of a computer. Although computer programs now exist for most of this analytical methodology, they are often difficult to acquire and occasionally unreliable. While it would be feasible to upgrade these existing programs, it is more logical to integrate the algorithms via a systems approach into a cohesive package of user oriented, computer efficient, well documented, and easily exportable software. In other words, transportation geography needs a computer system that can both aid the researcher in his data analysis and give the student of transportation geography practical experience in the use of those analytical methods discussed in class. This paper discusses the development and design of a computer system called FLOW, an integrated software package for mapping and analyzing transportation networks. The paper first describes the rather unique mapping capabilities of the system, followed by a discussion of the integration of commonly used transportation geography methods into the system structure. A perusal of the current textbooks in transportation geography supports the statement that modern transportation geography is heavily analytical. Unfortunately, students frequently have difficulty understanding the application of the methods when they are not given
A Review of 40 Years of Cognitive Architecture Research: Core Cognitive Abilities and Practical Applications

In this paper we present a broad overview of the last 40 years of research on cognitive architectures. Although the number of existing architectures is nearing several hundred, most of the existing surveys do not reflect this growth and focus on a handful of well-established architectures. Thus, in this survey we wanted to shift the focus towards a more inclusive and high-level overview of the research on cognitive architectures. Our final set of 84 architectures includes 49 that are still actively developed, and borrow from a diverse set of disciplines, spanning areas from psychoanalysis to neuroscience. To keep the length of this paper within reasonable limits we discuss only the core cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention mechanisms, action selection, memory, learning and reasoning. In order to assess the breadth of practical applications of cognitive architectures we gathered information on over 900 practical projects implemented using the cognitive architectures in our list. We use various visualization techniques to highlight overall trends in the development of the field. In addition to summarizing the current state-of-the-art in the cognitive architecture research, this survey describes a variety of methods and ideas that have been tried and their relative success in modeling human cognitive abilities, as well as which aspects of cognitive behavior need more research with respect to their mechanistic counterparts and thus can further inform how cognitive science might progress.
Efficient Algorithms for Sorting and Synchronization

This thesis presents efficient algorithms for internal and external parallel sorting and remote data update. The sorting algorithms approach the problem by concentrating first on highly efficient but incorrect algorithms followed by a cleanup phase that completes the sort. The remote data update algorithm, rsync, operates by exchanging block signature information followed by a simple hash search algorithm for block matching at arbitrary byte boundaries. The last chapter of the thesis examines a number of related algorithms for text compression, differencing and incremental backup.
Proof search specifications of bisimulation and modal logics for the π-calculus

We specify the operational semantics and bisimulation relations for the finite π-calculus within a logic that contains the ∇ quantifier for encoding generic judgments and definitions for encoding fixed points. Since we restrict to the finite case, the ability of the logic to unfold fixed points allows this logic to be complete for both the inductive nature of operational semantics and the coinductive nature of bisimulation. The ∇ quantifier helps with the delicate issues surrounding the scope of variables within π-calculus expressions and their executions (proofs). We illustrate several merits of the logical specifications permitted by this logic: they are natural and declarative; they contain no side-conditions concerning names of variables while maintaining a completely formal treatment of such variables; differences between late and open bisimulation relations arise from familar logic distinctions; the interplay between the three quantifiers (∀, &exists;, and ∇) and their scopes can explain the differences between early and late bisimulation and between various modal operators based on bound input and output actions; and proof search involving the application of inference rules, unification, and backtracking can provide complete proof systems for one-step transitions, bisimulation, and satisfaction in modal logic. We also illustrate how one can encode the π-calculus with replications, in an extended logic with induction and co-induction.
Impact of spatial resolution on correlation between segmentation evaluation metrics and forest classification accuracy

Slovenia is one of the most forested countries in Europe. Its forest management authorities need information about the forest extent and state, as their responsibility lies in forest observation and preservation. Together with appropriate geographic information system mapping methods the remotely sensed data represent essential tool for an effective and sustainable forest management. Despite the large data availability, suitable mapping methods still present big challenge in terms of their speed which is often affected by the huge amount of data. The speed of the classification method could be maximised, if each of the steps in object-based classification was automated. However, automation is hard to achieve, since segmentation requires choosing optimum parameter values for optimal classification results. This paper focuses on the analysis of segmentation and classification performance and their correlation in a range of segmentation parameter values applied in the segmentation step. In order to find out which spatial resolution is still suitable for forest classification, forest classification accuracies obtained by using four images with different spatial resolutions were compared. Results of this study indicate that all high or very high spatial resolutions are suitable for optimal forest segmentation and classification, as long as appropriate scale and merge parameters combinations are used in the object-based classification. If computation interval includes all segmentation parameter combinations, all segmentation-classification correlations are spatial resolution independent and are generally high. If computation interval includes over- or optimal-segmentation parameter combinations, most segmentation-classification correlations are spatial resolution dependent.
Relict conifers from the mid-Pleistocene of Rhodes, Greece

The mid-Pleistocene Kolymbia Flora of Rhodes, Greece occurs in the Lindos Bay Clay facies group of the Rhodes Formation and was deposited in a marine setting at about a depth of 200 m. Recorded in the flora are the youngest presence of Glyptostrobus in the eastern Mediterranean, an extinct species of Pinus very similar to the modern relict Pinus canariensis, and a new species of the disjunct Cedrus. These taxa indicate that some relict plant taxa existed on Rhodes later than previously recognised. The late presence of Taxodiaceae in the eastern Mediterranean may demerit its usefulness for determining the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary. The finding of Liquidambar, Zelkova and Fagus in the flora supports the idea of Rhodes, and possibly the eastern Mediterranean, as a refugium during the mid-Pleistocene. Similar fossil assemblages should be found in adjacent Turkey because the Lindos Bay Clay records an extensive marine transgression probably resulting from graben tectonics that lead to the ultimate separation of Rhodes from mainland Turkey.
Fractional crystallization of sulfide ore liquids at high temperature

Tie line compositions of (Fe, Ni, Cu) (sub 1-x) S (monosulfide solid solution, mss) and Fe-Ni-Cu-S liquid, in the presence of sulfur vapor, have been quenched from temperatures between 1,050 degrees and 1,180 degrees C. More than 80 bulk compositions on both sulfur-rich and sulfur-poor sides of the mss field were investigated by sealed silica tube techniques.Qualitative observations of wetting behavior suggest increasing mobility in a silicate host rock, as sulfide liquids become more Cu rich. Partition coefficients for copper > or = 0.25, D (super mss/hq) Cu , are obtained from Ni-bearing experiments with approximately 2 wt percent Cu and no quench phases. The equation D (super mss/hq) Cu = 0.0003 X T( degrees C) + 0.0310 X (wt % S) + 0.0069 X (wt % Cu)--1.3450 describes partitioning observed in Ni-free experiments above 1,000 degrees C. Above 1,000 degrees C, the Ni distribution coefficient D (super mss/hq) Cu decreases with increasing temperature and/or sulfur content of the liquid.These results yield improved models describing the fractional crystallization of natural sulfide liquids. Major element (Fe, Ni, Cu, S) compositions of ores from the Sudbury district are shown to be entirely consistent with fractional crystallization at temperatures above 1,000 degrees C, with the possible exception of rare samples enriched in both Ni and Cu. Sulfide liquids fractionating Ni-Fe-rich hanging-wall ores at Sudbury, Ontario, must have been less Cu rich than previously thought. At temperatures above 950 degrees C, reduced sulfur activity in residual liquids can result in massive late-stage bornite-rich ores.