Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climate Change, Allowable Emission, and Earth System Response to Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios

To understand the mechanisms of long-term climate and carbon cycle feedback with anthropogenic impact, past simulations (1850–2005) and projection experiments (2006 to 2100) were conducted using a new Earth system model named “MIROC-ESM”, forced by four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios that describe how greenhouse gases (GHGs), aerosols, and land-use will develop in the future. From these projections, temperature rise from 1850 to 2100 ranged from 2.4 K in the RCP2.6 scenario to 6.2 K in the RCP8.5 scenario. We found that there are discrepancies between the RCPs and the estimates of our model in both allowable fossil fuel and land-use change emissions. The former showed systematic discrepancies likely due to strong positive feedbacks in the model, but the latter did not. The likely reason for the difference in land-use emissions is the modeling of land-use change processes or definitions for the emission. Climate response to the increase of atmospheric carbon showed large variation among scenarios, strongly affected by ocean heat uptake efficiency that could depend on the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase in each scenario. Large variation between scenarios was also found in carbon cycle sensitivity measured by cumulative airborne fraction. The variation in carbon cycle sensitivity may be attributable to the dependence of concentration-carbon feedback on the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase. The earth system would show a similar response to emitted carbon during the 21st century if the difference of ocean heat uptake efficiency between scenarios were small. The earth system responds to RCP6.0 with less sensitivity to emitted carbon when compared with other scenarios because of high-efficiency carbon uptakes by land and ocean ecosystems. In contrast, RCP2.6 showed high sensitivity of the earth system to carbon emission, and apparently showed different behavior from other scenarios due to early reduction of GHGs. 418 Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol. 90, No. 3
Lung Tumor Localization and Visualization in Chest X-Ray Images Using Deep Fusion Network and Class Activation Mapping

Chest X-ray is a radiological clinical assessment tool that has been commonly used to detect different types of lung diseases, such as lung tumors. In this paper, we use the Segmentation-based Deep Fusion Networks and Squeeze and Excitation blocks for model training. The proposed approach uses both wholes and cropped lung X-ray images and adds an attention mechanism to address the problems encountered during lesion identification, such as image misalignments, possible false positives from irrelevant objects, and the loss of small objects after image resizing. Two CNNs are used for feature extraction, and the extracted features are stitched together to form the final output, which is used to determine the presence of lung tumors in the image. Unlike previous methods which identify lesion heatmaps from X-ray images, we use the Semantic Segmentation via Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping (Seg-Grad-CAM) to add semantic data for improved lung tumor localization. Experimental results show that our method achieves 98.51% accuracy and 99.01% sensitivity for classifying chest X-ray images with and without lung tumors. Furthermore, we combine the Seg-Grad-CAM and semantic segmentation for feature visualization. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves better results than previous methods that use weakly supervised learning for localization. The method proposed in this paper reduces the errors caused by subjective differences among radiologists, improves the efficiency of image interpretation and facilitates the making of correct treatment decisions.
Hermitian vector bundles and value distribution for Schubert cycles

R. Bott and S. S. Chern used the theory of characteristic differential forms of a holomorphic hermitian vector bundle to study the distribution of zeroes of a holomorphic section. In this paper their methods are extended to study how often a holomorphic mapping into a Grassmann manifold hits Schubert cycles of fixed type.
Complex Refractive Index Profile Measurement for Special Fibers Using Total Variation Method

Refractive index profile (RIP) determines the property and effectiveness of optical fibers. Accurate measurement of the RIP is essential for fiber fabrication, test and calibration. At present, computer tomography (CT) method is widely used in RIP measurement. However, in the measurement of the optical fiber with a complex RIP, the CT method is much time-consuming due to its dependence on small rotation angle step usually with 2° (performing 90 steps of rotation for angle range from 0° to 180°). In this paper, the total variation (TV) method is proposed to fast reconstruct the complex RIP with both two-dimension and three-dimension in transverse as well as longitude direction. The RIP of a seven-core trench-assisted optical fiber and a twisted polarization maintaining optical fiber are measured experimentally as examples. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TV method has higher accuracy of 4 × 10−4 and three times faster than that of traditional CT method.
SUPPRESSION OF FLUID FORCES ACTING ON TWO SQUARE PRISMS IN A TANDEM ARRANGEMENT BY PASSIVE CONTROL OF FLOW

Abstract The suppression of fluid forces acting on two square prisms in a tandem arrangement in which a flow approaching the upstream prism was controlled by a thin flat plate was examined, with variation in spacing between the plate and the upstream prism. The width of the plate was one-ninth of the prism width. The position of the control plate was varied from the front surface of the upstream prism to 2·25 times the prism width in the upstream direction, and the position of the downstream prism was varied from the rear surface of the upstream prism to 10 times the prism width in the downstream direction. A dramatic decrease in fluid forces acting on both prisms was observed for a certain range of control plate positions. For such optimum positions of the control plate, the shear layers that separated from the control plate attached near the edges of the front surface of the upstream prism and each shear layer bifurcated into two layers, one part of the shear layers making a quasi-steady recirculating region between the control plate and the upstream prism, and the other part separating from the leading edges and attaching again to the side-surfaces of the upstream prism. When the control plate was placed with spacings S/W=1·50∼1·90 (S: spacing between the control plate and the upstream prism, W: width of the prism), the above-mentioned flow pattern appeared, and the fluid forces and vortex shedding of the upstream prism were almost completely suppressed. Also, the upstream prism was found to be insensitive to the existence of the downstream prism when the latter was located downstream, approximately six or more times the prism width.
Pulsed laser stripping of polyurethane‐coated wires: A comparison of KrF and CO2 lasers

Compared to mechanical, thermal, electric, or chemical means of removing plastic wire insulation, laser removal offers precision and speed without the necessity of contacting the material. Utilizing the technique of excimer laser ablation of organic polymers, it is shown that excimer laser removal of polyurethane‐type wire insulation proceeds with much higher precision and cleanliness than does pulsed CO2 laser wirestripping. A reason for this difference is polyurethane’s much higher absorptivity of ultraviolet compared to infrared radiation. Scanning electron microscope photographs of both stripped wires and ablated regions on polyurethane‐coated flat disks clearly show the superior quality of the excimer method. The paper concludes with a discussion of the photophysical parameters and mechanisms responsible for the large difference between excimer and CO2 stripping.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Power Quality Based on the Method of Entropy Weight and Interval Number Approximation

It has been an inevitable requirement of taking a comprehensive evaluation for the power quality in the development process of electricity market. In the paper, it carried out an interval determination for the indicator data of power quality by the interval number estimation and defined each indicator weight by the entropy theory. Also it established an integral decision-making model of the interval number approximation. Then they made the all evaluation method more objective. The empirical shows that it can carry on a comprehensive evaluation for the power quality in the different periods by the evaluation method based on the entropy weight and interval number approximation, and it has a great practicality and feasibility.
Resonance tuning behavior in closely spaced inhomogeneous bilayer metamaterials

We have measured the interaction between closely spaced bilayer split ring resonators (SRRs) by varying separation layer and orientation. Terahertz time domain measurements match closely to simulations for arrays separated by a thin micron-scale polyimide layer. Experimental results indicate that bilayer SRRs resonances strongly depend on interlayer coupling tunable by separation and orientation. Simulation shows a relatively high Q resonance (Q≈30) is associated with the “antialigned” SRR pair at separations of λ/500. Metamaterials tuned through interlayer coupling allows resonances at frequencies lower than the natural resonance of individual SRRs which has implications for electrically small antenna design.
Extracellular Vesicles from Human Umbilical Cord-Derived MSCs Affect Vessel Formation In Vitro and Promote VEGFR2-Mediated Cell Survival

Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel tools in regenerative medicine. Angiogenesis modulation is widely studied for the treatment of ischaemic diseases, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Here, we have shown that EVs from human umbilical cord-derived MSCs can affect VEGFR2 signalling, a master regulator of angiogenesis homeostasis, via altering the phosphorylation of AKT. This translates into an inhibition of apoptosis, promoting exclusively cell survival, but not proliferation, in human microvascular endothelial cells. Interestingly, when comparing EVs from normoxic cells to those obtained from hypoxia (1% O2) preconditioned cells, hypoxia-derived EVs appear to have a slightly enhanced effect. Furthermore, when studied in a longer term endothelial-fibroblast co-culture angiogenesis model in vitro, both EV populations demonstrated a positive effect on vessel formation, evidenced by increased vessel networks with tubes of significantly larger diameters. Our data reveals that EVs selectively target components of the angiogenic pathway, promoting VEGFR2-mediated cell survival via enhancement of AKT activation. Our data show that EVs are able to enhance specific components of the VEGF signalling pathway and may have therapeutic potential to support endothelial cell survival.
Synergistic cross-scale coupling of turbulence in a tokamak plasma

For the first time, nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations spanning both the ion and electron spatio-temporal scales have been performed with realistic electron mass ratio ((mD∕me)1∕2 = 60.0), realistic geometry, and all experimental inputs, demonstrating the coexistence and synergy of ion (kθρs∼O(1.0)) and electron-scale (kθρe∼O(1.0)) turbulence in the core of a tokamak plasma. All multi-scale simulations utilized the GYRO code [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] to study the coupling of ion and electron-scale turbulence in the core (r/a = 0.6) of an Alcator C-Mod L-mode discharge shown previously to exhibit an under-prediction of the electron heat flux when using simulations only including ion-scale turbulence. Electron-scale turbulence is found to play a dominant role in setting the electron heat flux level and radially elongated (kr ≪ kθ) “streamers” are found to coexist with ion-scale eddies in experimental plasma conditions. Inclusion of electron-scale turbulence in these simulat.
Scientific results with ISAAC at the VLT

ISAAC is an IR imager and array camera operating from 0.9 to 5 micrometers . This paper illustrates some preliminary scientific results which have been obtained during its first year of science operations. In Low Resolution Spectroscopy, we present results obtained on one Centaur, on TMR1-C and the detection of a methane brown dwarf. In Medium Resolution Spectroscopy, we present results obtained on kinematics studies in the central kpc of AGNs, and of emission line detections of distant galaxies at various redshift, from 0.6 to 3.
Dynamics of $C^1$-diffeomorphisms: global description and prospects for classification

We are interested in finding a dense part of the space of $C^1$-diffeomorphisms which decomposes into open subsets corresponding to different dynamical behaviors: we discuss results and questions in this direction. In particular we present recent results towards a conjecture by J. Palis: any system can be approximated either by one which is hyperbolic (and whose dynamics is well understood) or by one which exhibits a homoclinic bifurcation (a simple local configuration involving one or two periodic orbits).
Pair normalized channel feature and statistics-based learning for high-performance pedestrian detection

High-performance pedestrian detection with good accuracy and fast speed is an important yet challenging task in computer vision. We design a novel feature named pair normalized channel feature (PNCF), which simultaneously combines and normalizes two channel features in image channels, achieving a highly discriminative power and computa- tional efficiency. PNCF applies to both gradient channels and color channels so that shape and appearance information are described and integrated in the same feature. To efficiently explore the formidably large PNCF feature space, we propose a statistics-based feature learning method to select a small number of potentially discriminative candidate features, which are fed into the boosting algorithm. In addition, channel compression and a hybrid pyramid are employed to speed up the multi- scale detection. Experiments illustrate the effectiveness of PNCF and its learning method. Our proposed detector outperforms the state-of-the-art on several benchmark datasets in both detection accuracy and efficiency. © 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). (DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.51.7 .077206)
Computational platform for doctor–artificial intelligence cooperation in pulmonary arterial hypertension prognostication: a pilot study

Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a heterogeneous and complex pulmonary vascular disease associated with substantial morbidity. Machine-learning algorithms (used in many PAH risk calculators) can combine established parameters with thousands of circulating biomarkers to optimise PAH prognostication, but these approaches do not offer the clinician insight into what parameters drove the prognosis. The approach proposed in this study diverges from other contemporary phenotyping methods by identifying patient-specific parameters driving clinical risk. Methods We trained a random forest algorithm to predict 4-year survival risk in a cohort of 167 adult PAH patients evaluated at Stanford University, with 20% withheld for (internal) validation. Another cohort of 38 patients from Sheffield University were used as a secondary (external) validation. Shapley values, borrowed from game theory, were computed to rank the input parameters based on their importance to the predicted risk score for the entire trained random forest model (global importance) and for an individual patient (local importance). Results Between the internal and external validation cohorts, the random forest model predicted 4-year risk of death/transplant with sensitivity and specificity of 71.0–100% and 81.0–89.0%, respectively. The model reinforced the importance of established prognostic markers, but also identified novel inflammatory biomarkers that predict risk in some PAH patients. Conclusion These results stress the need for advancing individualised phenotyping strategies that integrate clinical and biochemical data with outcome. The computational platform presented in this study offers a critical step towards personalised medicine in which a clinician can interpret an algorithm's assessment of an individual patient. High-throughput biomarker screening and machine learning (ML) are promising new technologies that could revolutionise the way doctors screen PAH patients. Principles of game theory combined with ML modelling would allow doctor–ML collaboration. https://bit.ly/3FvbXJD
Two-Stage Procedures for Multiple Comparisons with a Control

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTGiven p + 1 populations πi which are distributed N(μi, σi2), comparisons are made between π0 and π1, …, πp by constructing joint confidence intervals, both one and two-sided, for the differences μi – μ0, based on two-stage sampling, the first stage being used to estimate the σi2. Such intervals are used to solve selection problems. It is shown that, for the case of symmetric two-sided intervals, procedures based on sample means are always preferred to those based on other linear combinations of observations, designed to control the confidence coefficient. For other intervals the P* requirement may not be met (using sample means), but an investigation of confidence conditional on first stage sample variances indicates that sample means may still be preferable. A hybrid procedure where sample means are used except for the control population has advantages for one sided intervals.
The Polychromatic Laser Guide Star for tilt measurement: progress report of the demonstrator at Observatoire de Haute Provence

The Polychromatic Laser Guide Star aims at providing for the tilt measurement from a LGS without any natural guide star. Thus it allows adaptive optics to provide us with a full sky coverage. This is critical in particular to extend adaptive optics to the visible range, where isoplanatism is so small that the probability is negligible to find a natural star to measure the tilt. We report new results obtained within the framework of the Polychromatic LGS programme ELP-OA. Natural stars have been used to mimic the PLGS, in order to check the feasibility of using the difference in the tilt at two wavelengths to derive the tilt itself. We report results from the ATTILA experiment obtained at the 1.52 m telescope at Observatoire de Haute-Provence. Tilts derived from the differential tilts are compared with direct tilt measurements. The accuracy of the measurements is currently ≈ 1.5 Airy disk rms at 550 nm. These results prove the feasibility of the Polychromatic Laser Guide Star programme ELP-OA. New algorithms based on inverse problems under development within our programme would lead to smaller error bars by 1 magnitude, as soon as they will run fast enough. We describe the ELP-OA demonstrator which we are setting up at the same telescope, with a special emphasis on the optimization of the excitation process, which definitely has to rely on the two-photon excitation of sodium atoms in the mesosphere. We will describe the implementation at the telescope, including the projector device, the focal instrumentation and the NdYAG pumped dye lasers.
Liquid Films Instability Analysis of Liquefying Hybrid Rocket Fuels Under Supercritical Conditions

Numerical analysis on the instability of liquid/dense fluid films under supercritical operating conditions is performed on methane fuel. A numerical code for compressible fluid flows, accommodated for the van der Waals equation of state, is developed in order to deal with supercritical fluid and dense fluid layers and has shown good convergence, even at a very low-Reynolds-number flow typically seen in actual hybrid rocket engines. A linear instability analysis is conducted and shows that an amplification rate has a peak at a certain wave number of initial perturbations. The perturbation becomes unstable as the Reynolds number and chamber pressure increase, and the instability region of the wave number is enlarged when an acceleration body force in the streamwise direction is imposed. A limit cycle of the amplitude of perturbations is observed at low-Reynolds-number flows, and the instability of dense fluid layers leads to the entrainment phenomena at high-Reynolds-number flows. It is deduced that the per.
Group theoretic structures in the estimation of an unknown unitary transformation

This paper presents a series of general results about the optimal estimation of physical transformations in a given symmetry group. In particular, it is shown how the different symmetries of the problem determine different properties of the optimal estimation strategy. The paper also contains a discussion about the role of entanglement between the representation and multiplicity spaces and about the optimality of square-root measurements.
Bound-to-continuum terahertz quantum cascade laser with a single-quantum-well phonon extraction/injection stage

A terahertz quantum cascade laser design that combines a wide gain bandwidth, large photon-driven transport and good high-temperature characteristics is presented. It relies on a diagonal transition between a bound state and doublet of states tunnel coupled to the upper state of a phonon extraction stage. The high optical efficiency of this design enables the observation of photon-driven transport over a wide current density range. The relative tolerance of the design to small variations in the barrier thicknesses made it suitable for testing different growth techniques and materials. In particular, we compared the performances of devices grown using molecular-beam epitaxy with those achieved using organometallic chemical vapor deposition. The low-threshold current density and the high slope efficiency makes this device an attractive active region for the development of single-mode quantum cascade lasers based on third-order-distributed feedback structures. Single-mode, high power was achieved with good continuous and pulsed wave operation.
Inertially arbitrary patterns

An n×n sign pattern matrix A is an inertially arbitrary pattern (IAP) if each non-negative triple (r s t) with r+s+t=n is the inertia of a matrix with sign pattern A. This paper considers the n×n(n⩾2) skew-symmetric sign pattern Sn with each upper off-diagonal entry positive, the (1,1) entry negative, the (n n) entry positive, and every other diagonal entry zero. We prove that Sn is an IAP.
A small-signal equivalent-circuit model for GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs resonant tunneling heterostructures at microwave frequencies

This paper presents a study of the microwave impedance of GaAs‐AlxGa1−xAs resonant tunneling heterostructures. An equivalent‐circuit model is proposed that accounts for the frequency variation of the measured impedance and whose elements correspond to physical phenomena believed to be present in the device. Empirical formulas are obtained which can be used to calculate the values of the equivalent‐circuit elements from the structural parameters and the dc current‐voltage characteristics of the device.
Measuring Agreement for Multinomial Data

A kappa-like statistic is proposed as a measure of agreement for a set of multinomial random variables arrayed in a two-way layout. This statistic is shown to arise either via the chancecorrection of a certain proportion of agreement or via an analysis of variance for a two-way layout. The asymptotic standard error is derived under the assumption of complete independence among the random variables.