Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Getting into Street Crime: The Structure and Process of Criminal Embeddedness

Combining insights from Granovetter′s research on embeddedness, Coleman′s work on social capital and Sutherland′s theory of differential association, we suggest that embeddedness in networks of deviant associations provides access to tutelage relationships that facilitate the acquisition of criminal skills and attitudes, assets that we call "criminal capital. " We test our hypotheses with structural equation models of drug- selling, theft and prostitution among a sample of homeless youth (N = 390). Our results reveal that embeddedness in criminal networks enhances exposure to tutelage relationships and that crime increases with such exposure. These results remain when controls are introduced for home and school experiences, time af risk, situational adversity, and previous criminal experiences. Our analysis raises doubts about assertions that crimes are crudely impulsive acts that require little learning or skill and reflect a general imperviousness to others. Instead, a sensitivity to others, particularly potential tutors, appears to enhance crime by allowing for the acquisition of criminal capital in a tutelage relationship.
Differences Between Young and Old University Students on a Lexical Decision Task: Evidence Through an Ex-Gaussian Approach

ABSTRACT This work compared two common variants of a lexical decision task (LDT) through two different analysis procedures: first, the classical ANOVA method, and second, by fitting the data to an ex-Gaussian distribution function. Two groups of participants (old and young university students) had to perform, blocks of go/no-go and yes/no tasks. Reaction times and error rates were much lower in the go/no-go task than in the yes/no task. Changes in the ex-Gaussian parameter related to attention were found with word frequency but not with the type of LDT tasks. These findings suggest that word frequency shows an attentional cost that is independent of age.
A unified approach to moving object detection in 2D and 3D scenes

The detection of moving objects is important in many tasks. Previous approaches to this problem can be broadly divided into two classes: 2D algorithms which apply when the scene can be approximated by a flat surface and/or when the camera is only undergoing rotations and zooms; and 3D algorithms which work well only when significant depth variations are present in the scene and the camera is translating. In this paper, we describe a unified approach to handling moving object detection in both 2D and 3D scenes, with a strategy to gracefully bridge the gap between those two extremes. Our approach is based on a stratification of the moving object detection problem into scenarios and corresponding techniques which gradually increase in their complexity. Moreover, the computations required for the solution to the problem at one complexity level become the initial processing step for the solution at the next complexity level.
Evidence for POT expansion in early Homo : A pretty theory with ugly (or no) paleoneurological facts

If POT (parieto-occipital-temporal junction) reorganization came earlier in australopithecines than in Homo , it is likely that the selective pressures were different, and not necessarily directed toward language. The brain endocast evidence for the POT in A. afarensis is actually better than it is for early Homo .
Guillain-Barré Syndrome due to CMV Reactivation after Cardiac Transplantation

A 40-year-old male patient suffered from end-stage heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy and received orthotopic cardiac transplantation in June 2005. The instantaneous postoperative course was uneventful, but, seven months later, he suffered from paralysis in the lower extremities finally resulting in quadriplegia and was admitted to hospital. After laboratory testings the diagnosis of a Guillain-Barré syndrome due to cytomegalovirus reactivation was confirmed.
Salience in Second Language Acquisition: Physical Form, Learner Attention, and Instructional Focus

We consider the role of physical form, prior experience, and form focused instruction (FFI) in adult language learning. (1) When presented with competing cues to interpretation, learners are more likely to attend to physically more salient cues in the input. (2) Learned attention is an associative learning phenomenon where prior-learned cues block those that are experienced later. (3) The low salience of morphosyntactic cues can be overcome by FFI, which leads learners to attend cues which might otherwise be ignored. Experiment 1 used eye-tracking to investigate how language background influences learners’ attention to morphological cues, as well as the attentional processes whereby different types of FFI overcome low cue salience, learned attention and blocking. Chinese native speakers (no L1 verb-tense morphology) viewed Latin utterances combining lexical and morphological cues to temporality under control conditions (CCs) and three types of explicit FFI: verb grammar instruction (VG), verb salience with textual enhancement (VS), and verb pretraining (VP), and their use of these cues was assessed in a subsequent comprehension test. CC participants were significantly more sensitive to the adverbs than verb morphology. Instructed participants showed greater sensitivity to the verbs. These results reveal attentional processes whereby learners’ prior linguistic experience can shape their attention toward cues in the input, and whereby FFI helps learners overcome the long-term blocking of verb-tense morphology. Experiment 2 examined the role of modality of input presentation – aural or visual – in L1 English learners’ attentional focus on morphological cues and the effectiveness of different FFI manipulations. CC participants showed greater sensitivity toward the adverb cue. FFI was effective in increasing attention to verb-tense morphology, however, the processing of morphological cues was considerably more difficult under aural presentation. From visual exposure, the FFI conditions were broadly equivalent at tuning attention to the morphology, although VP resulted in balanced attention to both cues. The effectiveness of morphological salience-raising varied across modality: VS was effective under visual exposure, but not under aural exposure. From aural exposure, only VG was effective. These results demonstrate how salience in physical form, learner attention, and instructional focus all variously affect the success of L2 acquisition.
Consequences of childhood obesity.

INTRODUCTION The incidence of childhood obesity is rising across the globe, and obesity related co-morbidities are increasing concomitantly in the paediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed search for research and review papers on complications of childhood obesity was performed. RESULTS The consequences of childhood obesity can be broadly classified into medical and psychosocial consequences. Medical consequences include metabolic complications such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and mechanical problems such as obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and orthopaedic disorders. Psychological and social consequences are prevalent but often overlooked. Local data on these complications were also discussed. CONCLUSION Childhood obesity is associated with significant morbidities, which not only have immediate impact on the health of the obese children, but also significantly increase the risk of morbidities in adulthood.
WPerfit: A Program for Computing parametric Person-Fit Statistics and Plotting Person Response Curves

A program is described for computing different person-fit measures under different parametric item response models for binary items. The indices computed are the standardized log-likelihood index lz, the standardized extended caution index ECI4z, and the chi-square statistic of Trabin and Weiss. These indices can be computed for the Rasch model and the two- and three-parameter logistic models. The program can plot person response curves, which allow the researcher to investigate the kind of nonfitting response behavior that is present in examinees who are detected as inconsistent.
Antecedents of Servant Leadership

This mixed methods study explored the antecedents of servant leadership. The sequential explanatory research design consisted of two distinct phases: quantitative followed by qualitative. The Phase 1 quantitative survey collected data from 499 leaders from community leadership programs and 630 raters using the Servant Leadership Questionnaire. During Phase 2, 12 selected leaders from Phase 1 were interviewed to explain the Phase 1 results in more depth. Four key findings emerged from the data: (a) the longer a leader is in a leadership role, the more frequent the servant leader behaviors; (b) leaders who volunteer at least 1 hour per week demonstrate higher servant leader behaviors; (c) servant leaders influence others through building trusting relationships; and (d) servant leaders demonstrate an altruistic mindset.
Performance Characterization for IEEE 802.11p Network With Single Channel Devices

In this paper, we investigate the performance of networks built from single-channel devices that use wireless access in vehicular environment protocols. We consider several traffic combinations, each of which presents a mix of traffic classes, over control and service channels. Our results show that time switching between the channels causes synchronization of backoff processes, which increases the frame collision probability, in particular for small sizes of contention windows. We also evaluate the impact of the interruption of the backoff process by inactive channel time, which gives rise to a probability distribution with repeated tails and a coefficient of variation larger than 1. Our model can also be used to evaluate different sets of enhanced distributed channel access parameters and to select the channel duty cycle according to the policy of the network operator.
Border Effect Removal for IFIR and Interpolated Volterra Filters

This paper presents a procedure to remove the border effect from interpolated finite impulse response (IFIR) and interpolated Volterra adaptive filters using the LMS algorithm. The used approach permits to reduce the steady-state mean-square error (MSE) of such structures. In situations that the border effect is important, the obtained improvement is noticeable. In addition, the computational burden required to implement such a procedure is slight. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Association between γ-glutamyltransferase and prehypertension

Researchers have identified an association between baseline γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and prehypertension. However, data from China are limited. A cross-sectional study was performed among 2,205 subjects from Heilongjiang Province in China. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed a significant association between baseline GGT and prehypertension [1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18–2.16], comparing quartile 4 to quartile 1. Subgroup analyses showed a stronger association between GGT and prehypertension in Koreans; men, current alcohol drinkers and subjects with pre-diabetes. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis demonstrated that when GGT was higher than 20 U/l, the risk of developing prehypertension increased. Serum GGT is used as a biochemical liver test, but our findings suggest that baseline values may also predict prehypertension in Chinese.
Epidermal growth factor receptor biology (IMC-C225)

Treatment of solid tumors despite improved techniques in detection, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy remains difficult. Therefore, strategies to improve efficacy in accord with safety are needed. Many epithelial cancers have been found to overexpress the receptor to epidermal growth factor (EGFR), including head and neck, breast, colon, lung, prostate, kidney, ovary, brain, pancreas, and bladder. Because overexpression of EGFR has been associated with an overall poor prognosis in patients with cancer, a number of strategies to block or downregulate EGFR have been developed to inhibit tumor proliferation and improve overall clinical outcome. These include monoclonal antibodies to the EGFR, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ligand-linked toxins, and antisense approaches. Antibodies such as IMC-C225 specifically target EGF receptors, whereas tyrosine kinase inhibition by many small molecules is less specific. Ultimately, IMC-C225 may prove to become a valuable contributor in the treatment of cancer. This report will focus on IMC-C225, a novel monoclonal antibody that targets the EGFR.
Generating a novel sort algorithm using Reinforcement Programming

Reinforcement Programming (RP) is a new approach to automatically generating algorithms, that uses reinforcement learning techniques. This paper describes the RP approach and gives results of experiments using RP to generate a generalized, in-place, iterative sort algorithm. The RP approach improves on earlier results that that use genetic programming (GP). The resulting algorithm is a novel algorithm that is more efficient than comparable sorting routines. RP learns the sort in fewer iterations than GP and with fewer resources. Results establish interesting empirical bounds on learning the sort algorithm: A list of size 4 is sufficient to learn the generalized sort algorithm. The training set only requires one element and learning took less than 200,000 iterations. RP has also been used to generate three binary addition algorithms: a full adder, a binary incrementer, and a binary adder.
High-Level Planning and Control with Incomplete Information Using POMDPs Hdctor Geffner and

We develop an approach to planning with incomplete information that is based on three elements: 1. a hlgh-level language for describing the effects of actions on both the world and the agent’s beliefs 2. a semantics that translates such descriptions into Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes or POMDPs, and 3. a real time dynamic programming algorithm that produces controllers for such POMDPs. We show that the resulting approach is not only clean and general but that may be practical as well. We have implemented a shell that accepts high-level descriptions of POMDPs and produces uitable controllers, and have tested it over a number of problems. In this paper we present the main elements of the approach and report empirical results for a challenging problem of planning with incomplete information.
Interneurons of the ganglionic layer in the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe: Morphology, immunohistochemistry, and synaptology

This is the second paper in a series that describes the morphology, immunohistochemistry, and synaptology of the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL). The ELL is a highly laminated cerebellum‐like structure in the rhombencephalon that subserves an active electric sense: Objects in the nearby environment of the fish are detected on the basis of changes in the reafferent electrosensory signals that are generated by the animal's own electric organ discharge. The present paper describes interneurons in the superficial (molecular, ganglionic, and plexiform) layers of the ELL cortex that were analyzed in the light and electron microscopes after Golgi impregnation, intracellular labeling, neuroanatomical tracing, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemistry.
Differences in Insula and Pre-/Frontal Responses during Reappraisal of Food in Lean and Obese Humans

Brain regions involved in the reappraisal of tasty but unhealthy foods are of special interest for the development of new therapeutic interventions for obesity, such as non-invasive brain stimulation or neurofeedback. Here, we visually presented food items (i.e., high/low caloric) to obese and lean individuals during electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, while they either admitted or regulated their food desire. During admitting the desire for low and high calorie foods, obese as well as lean individuals showed higher activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), whereas the right frontal operculum was involved in the reappraisal of the same foods, suggesting interplay between executive control and gustatory regions. Only in lean participants, we found an interaction between calorie content and the regulate/admit conditions in bilateral anterior insular cortices, suggesting that the anterior insula, assumed to primarily host gustatory processes, also underpins higher cognitive processes involved in food choices, such as evaluating the foods’ calorie content for its reappraisal.
Prolactin Activates Tyrosyl Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 and Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase*

Prolactin (PRL) has been demonstrated to induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase JAK2. The present study represents an initial effort to identify the phosphorylation repertoire of the PRL receptor (PRLR). For this purpose we have modified the rat PRLR cDNA to encode an additional N-terminal epitope specifically designed to allow the rapid purification of the PRLR and associated proteins from transfected cells. The Flag-tagged PRLR was stably expressed in the human 293 cell line. PRL induced tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins of 85, 95, and 185 kDa from 10 to 30 min after PRL stimulation. Immunoblot analysis of immunoprecipitation indicates that p85 corresponds to the 85-kDa regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3′ kinase, p95 to PRLR, and p185 to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). Both PI-3′ kinase and IRS-1 appear to associate with PRLR in a PRL-dependent manner. These results thus indicate that kinases other than JAK2, namely PI-3′ kinase, are activated by PRL.
MKS and NPHP modules cooperate to establish basal body/transition zone membrane associations and ciliary gate function during ciliogenesis

Eight proteins, defects in which are associated with Meckel-Gruber syndrome and nephronophthisis ciliopathies, work together as two functional modules at the transition zone to establish basal body/transition zone connections with the membrane and barricade entry of non-ciliary components into this organelle.
Entrepreneurship Research in Germany

This article explores entrepreneurship research in Germany, paying particular attention to its origins and current “re–emergence. ” Since the late 1990s, the field has gained ground, as is reflected in an increasing number of entrepreneurship chairs at universities, and the establishment of an annual national entrepreneurship conference. A particular strength of the German approach to researching entrepreneurship, which can be traced back directly to the historical roots, is found to be its consideration of context specificity and embeddedness, going hand–in–hand with a strong multidisciplinary tendency. These are two features where entrepreneurship research in Germany could add a distinctive flavor to the current mainstream debate. In practice, the diffusion of this perspective is inhibited by an insufficient exchange with the international scientific community.
Crossing the Bridge at Night

We solve the general case of the bridge-crossing puzzle. 1 The Puzzle Four people begin on the same side of a bridge. You must help them across to the other side. It is night. There is one flashlight. A maximum of two people can cross at a time. Any party who crosses, either one or two people, must have the flashlight to see. The flashlight must be walked back and forth, it cannot be thrown, etc. Each person walks at a different speed. A pair must walk together at the rate of the slower person’s pace, based on this information: Person 1 takes t1 = 1 minutes to cross, and the other persons take t2 = 2 minutes, t3 = 5 minutes, and t4 = 10 minutes to cross, respectively. The most obvious solution is to let the fastest person (person 1) accompany each other person over the bridge and return alone with the flashlight. We write this schedule as + {1, 2}− 1 + {1, 3}− 1 + {1, 4}, denoting forward and backward movement by + and −, respectively. The total duration of this solution is t2 + t1 + t3 + t1 + t4 = 2t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 = 19 minutes. The interesting twist of the puzzle is that the obvious solution is not optimal. A second thought reveals that it might pay off to let the two slow persons (3 and 4) cross the bridge together, to avoid having both terms t3 and t4 in the total time. However, starting with + {3, 4}− 3 + · · · or + {3, 4}− 4 + · · · incurs the penalty of having person 3 or person 4 cross at least three times in total. The correct solution in this case is to let persons 3 and 4 cross in the middle: + {1, 2}− 1 + {3, 4}− 2 + {1, 2}, with a total time of t2 + t1 + t4 + t2 + t2 = t1 + 3t2 + t4 = 17. 1
Cross-cultural equivalence of the organisational culture survey in Australia

The aim of this study is to assess whether the cross-cultural equivalence of the Organisational Culture Survey (OCS) persist in an Australian context. The nature of the instrument is presented which includes a clear statement of its South African origin and its’ place within a logical positivist paradigm. The sample consisted of 326 respondents from a population of managers of the Australian Institute of Management. This study con¢rms the instrument’s validity and internal consistency within an Australian context, but that further research is required into the functional and conceptual equivalence of the survey items and dimensions underpinning the items to conclusively establish its utility. Finally, aspects of the ‘organisational culture’construct underlying the survey need revision given recent trends in related systems, complexity and chaos theories. OPSOMMING Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal of die kruis-kulturele ekwivalensie van die Organisational Culture Survey (OCS) in ’n Australiese konteks standhou. Die aard van die instrument word omskryf wat ’n duidelik standpunt rakende sy Suid-Afrikaanse oorsprong en sy plek in ’n logies-positivisitiese paradigma stel. Die steekproef het uit 326 respondente uit ’n populasie bestuurders van die Australiese Bestuursinstituut bestaan. Hierdie studie bevestig die instrument se geldigheid en interne konstantheid binne die Australiese konteks, maar ook dat verdere navorsing nodig is na die funksionele en konseptuele ekwivalensie van die items en die dimensies wat onderliggend daaraan is voordat die nutswaarde van die instrument ten volle bewys kan word. Ten slotte, moet aspekte van die konstruk ‘organisasiekultuur’ nader ondersoek word in die lig van verwikkelinge op die terrein van stelsel-, kompleksiteiten chaosteoriee« .
Activation of G12/G13 Results in Shape Change and Rho/Rho-Kinase–mediated Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation in Mouse Platelets

Platelets respond to various stimuli with rapid changes in shape followed by aggregation and secretion of their granule contents. Platelets lacking the α-subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein Gq do not aggregate and degranulate but still undergo shape change after activation through thromboxane-A2 (TXA2) or thrombin receptors. In contrast to thrombin, the TXA2 mimetic U46619 led to the selective activation of G12 and G13 in Gαq-deficient platelets indicating that these G proteins mediate TXA2 receptor-induced shape change. TXA2 receptor-mediated activation of G12/G13 resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of pp72syk and stimulation of pp60c-src as well as in phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) in Gαq-deficient platelets. Both MLC phosphorylation and shape change induced through G12/G13 in the absence of Gαq were inhibited by the C3 exoenzyme from Clostridium botulinum, by the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and by cAMP-analogue Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS. These data indicate that G12/G13 couple receptors to tyrosine kinases as well as to the Rho/Rho-kinase–mediated regulation of MLC phosphorylation. We provide evidence that G12/G13-mediated Rho/Rho-kinase–dependent regulation of MLC phosphorylation participates in receptor-induced platelet shape change.