Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural Alkaloids as Multi-Target Compounds towards Factors Implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people; currently, there is no efficient treatment. Considering the increase in life expectancy worldwide AD rates are predicted to increase enormously, and thus the search for new AD drugs is urgently needed. A great amount of experimental and clinical evidence indicated that AD is a complex disorder characterized by widespread neurodegeneration of the CNS, with major involvement of the cholinergic system, causing progressive cognitive decline and dementia. The current treatment, based on the cholinergic hypothesis, is only symptomatic and mainly involves the restoration of acetylcholine (ACh) levels through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Since the introduction of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine as an antidementia drug in 2001, alkaloids have been one of the most attractive groups for searching for new AD drugs. The present review aims to comprehensively summarize alkaloids of various origins as multi-target compounds for AD. From this point of view, the most promising compounds seem to be the β-carboline alkaloid harmine and several isoquinoline alkaloids since they can simultaneously inhibit several key enzymes of AD’s pathophysiology. However, this topic remains open for further research on detailed mechanisms of action and the synthesis of potentially better semi-synthetic analogues.
Orientation‐dependent perimeter recombination in GaAs diodes

Perimeter recombination currents affect the performance of GaAs‐based devices such as solar cells, heterojunction bipolar transistors, and injection lasers. We report that the n≂2 perimeter recombination current has a strong orientation dependence. More than a factor of five variation in the surface recombination current at mesa‐etched edges has been observed. These results suggest that with proper device design, perimeter recombination currents could be substantially reduced.
Digital Twin Placement for Minimum Application Request Delay With Data Age Targets

Digital twins (DTs) are virtual implementations of physical systems (PSs) and can represent the states of the PSs in realtime. In order to update the DTs with changes in their corresponding PSs, the PSs should regularly send their state information data to the DTs. Each DT must be assigned to an execution server (ES) that processes the forwarded data from its corresponding PS. The output is then made available to applications that are operating at an Internet cloud server. In this article, we consider the problem of DT placement such that the maximum data request–response delay experienced by the application over all PSs is minimized, subject to maximum data age target constraints at the DTs and the application server. The problem is first formulated as an integer quadratic program (IQP) and then transformed into a semidefinite program (SDP). The problem is NP-complete. Since exact polynomial solutions are unavailable, several practical polynomial-time approximation algorithms are introduced. The algorithms are designed to give solutions with different tradeoffs between the accommodation of the application input timing latency and the achievement of data age targets.
Persistent eutrophication and hypoxia in the coastal ocean

Coastaleutrophicationandhypoxiaremainapersistentenvironmentalcrisisdespitethegreateffortstoreducenutrientloadingandmitigateassociatedenvironmentaldamages.Symptomsofthiscrisis haveappearedtospreadrapidly,reachingdevelopingcountriesinAsiawithemergencesinSouthern AmericaandAfrica.Thepaceofchangesandtheunderlyingdriversremainnotsoclear. Toaddress the gap, we review the up-to-date status and mechanisms of eutrophication and hypoxia in global coastal oceans, upon which we examine the trajectories of changes over the 40 years or longer in six model coastal systems with varying socio-economic development statuses and different levels and histories of eutrophication. Although these coastal systems share common features of eutrophication, site-specific characteristics are also substantial, depending on the regional environmental setting and level of social-economic development along with policy implementation and management. Nevertheless, ecosystem recovery generally needs greater reduction in pressures compared to that initiated degradation and becomes less feasible to achieve past norms with a longer time anthropogenic pressures on the ecosystems. While the qualitative causality between drivers and consequences is well established, quantitative attribution of these drivers to eutrophication and hypoxia remains difficult especially when we consider the social economic drivers because the changes in coastal ecosystems are subject to multiple influences and the cause – effect relationship is often non-linear. Such relationships are further complicated by climate changes that have been accelerating over the past few decades. The knowledge gaps that limit our quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the human-coastal ocean nexus are identified, which is essential for science-based policy making. Recognizing lessons from past management practices, we advocate for a better, more efficient indexing system of coastal eutrophication and an advanced regional earth system modeling framework with optimal modules of human dimensions to facilitate the development and evaluation of effective policy and restoration actions.
Veterinarians' perspectives of pain, treatment, and diagnostics for bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves

Background Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy calves. Early detection and therefore treatment are essential to minimize animal welfare concerns, particularly given that recent research also demonstrates that BRD is painful. Veterinarians are essential to ensuring calves with BRD receive appropriate treatment, but little to no research exists regarding veterinarians' perspectives about BRD detection and treatment in dairy calves. This is a critical step to determine education and outreach needs that can target BRD treatment to improve calf welfare. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to describe US veterinarians' current detection methods and treatment practices for BRD in preweaned dairy calves, understand veterinarians' rationale for treatment decisions, and identify gaps in knowledge regarding treatment and management of calf BRD. Methods An online survey was sent to two veterinarian-focused list-serves and newsletter. Final responses (n = 47) were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results On-farm necropsy was the diagnostic tool most considered “extremely important” (26, 55.3%). All veterinarians indicated that BRD was at least mildly painful. However, only 53% of veterinarians (n = 25) assess pain in preweaned calves with BRD in order to make treatment decisions. Furthermore, of the veterinarians that assessed pain, 40% (n = 10) reported that their knowledge of pain assessment and treatment was adequate, but most (n = 24) considered a calf's pain-level at least “moderately important” to make BRD treatment decisions. The most important ancillary therapy for antimicrobials were NSAIDs (21, 44.7%). The ancillary therapy most often considered “extremely important” for treating BRD was NSAIDs. Qualitative analysis identified the following as factors that influenced veterinarians' willingness to provide analgesia: the farm's willingness to administer drugs, clinical signs, perceived severity of pain, the need for anti-inflammatories, and the presence of fever and comorbidities. Discussion This study included a small sample size and an extremely low response rate; results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Despite this limitation, important gaps in knowledge were identified, including pain assessment and consideration when making treatment decisions, and diagnostic tools. Addressing these needs in future research and outreach efforts could help ensure appropriate and timely treatment of calf BRD, including pain mitigation.
On the structure of semiprime rings

The structure of prime rings has recently been studied by A. W. Goldie, R. E. Johnson, L. Lesieur and R. Croisot. In their main results some sort of finiteness assumption is invariably made. It is shown in this paper that certain semiprime rings are subdirect sums of full rings of linear transformations of a right vector space over a division ring. No finiteness assumption is made about the ring. An apparently new radical property is defined and some of its properties are established; e.g., the radical of a matrix ring Rn is the matrix ring of the radical of R.
Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement in Cambodia: Enabling conditions and opportunities for intervention

Protected area (PA) sustainability is challenged worldwide by legal downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD). National and local case studies of ecologically destructive PADDD events provide useful insights that may help respond to or prevent future events. Using information from legal documents and expert input, we identified 37 PADDD events that affected two adjacent PAs in northeastern Cambodia differently despite similar economic, environmental, and social conditions. Important differences in local context led to the eventual degazettement (100% loss) of one PA and downsizing (10.49% loss) of the other, the rest of which remains protected. This case study confirms the contribution of secure Indigenous land tenure to durable conservation governance and demonstrates the importance of investing in site‐level capacity to ensure that social and ecological conditions are monitored and proposed PADDD events can be successfully challenged.
FEEDFORWARD BOUNDARY CONTROL OF LINEAR DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER SYSTEMS USING A NUMERICAL INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Abstract The feedforward boundary control design and disturbance compensation for a class of linear distributed parameter systems with fiat and non-fiat outputs is presented based on the analytical derivation of a control law in the Laplace domain and the use of a numerical inverse Laplace transformation. Control laws are derived for a conduction system, a conduction-convection system with source term, and two different types of counter-current heat exchanger systems. For the calculation of the inverse Laplace transform, a variant of the Weeks algorithm with automatic parameter tuning is employed. Simulation results show that the algorithm converges for different desired output trajectories and a wide range of parameter configurations.
A multi‐component lattice Boltzmann model with non‐uniform interfacial tension module for the study of blood flow in the microvasculature

This study aims at analyzing the red blood cell (RBC) deformation and velocity while streaming through venules and through capillaries whose diameters are smaller than the RBC size. The characteristics of the RBC shape change and velocity can potentially help in diagnosing diseases. In this work, the RBC is considered as a surfactant‐covered droplet. This is justified by the fact that the cell membrane liquefies under pressure in the capillaries, and this allows the marginalization of its mechanical properties. The RBC membrane is in fact a macro‐colloid containing lipid surfactant. When liquefied, it can be considered as a droplet of immiscible hemoglobin covered with lipid surfactant in a plasma surrounding. The local gradient in the surface tension due to non‐uniform local interface surfactant distribution is neglected here, and a non‐uniform zonal‐averaged value of surface tension representative of the surfactant bulk zonal concentration is rather implemented. The interplay between the surface tension geometry and the hydrodynamic conditions determines the droplet shape by affecting a change in its Weber number, and influences its velocity. The Gunstensen lattice Boltzmann model for immiscible fluids is used here since it provides independent adjustment of the local surface tension, and allows the use of fluids with viscosity contrast. The proposed concept was used to investigate the dynamic shape change of the RBC while flowing through the microvasculature, and to explore the Fahraeus and the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyber Security Threats and Countermeasures using Machine and Deep Learning Approaches: A Survey

: Recent advancements in e-business, e-healthcare, e-governance, and online digital transactions have brought valuable benefits. Unfortunately, it raises severe cyber-attacks. Cyberattacks disrupt normal operations, try to retrieve confidential information and defense secrets, and subvert the nation’s defense systems and Internet-connected devices. Cyber security solutions are required to detect, analyze, defend against threats and protect sensitive data from unauthorized access. This study gives a detailed survey of different cybersecurity attacks, like Denial-of-service attacks, Botnet Evasion Attacks, Malware invasions, Spam and phishing invasion, Spoofing, Domain Generation algorithms, Probing attacks, R2L, and U2R attacks. This research review emphasizes Machine Learning and Deep Learning-based approaches to Cybersecurity problems. This study’s key highlights are the research challenges, cybersecurity issues, cyber security domains, and tools for the Intrusion detection system. Data sets play a vital role in cybersecurity research; hence, Private and Publically available datasets are reviewed in this study. Various performance matrices are discussed in this survey which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of cybersecurity solutions.
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values: Further Update of Ice, with an Emphasis on Categorical Variables

Multiple imputation of missing data continues to be a topic of considerable interest and importance to applied researchers. In this article, the ice package for multiple imputation by chained equations (also known as fully conditional specification) is further updated. Special attention is paid to categorical variables. The relationship between ice and the new multiple-imputation system in Stata 11 is clarified.
A short-term manual for webcam-based telemedicine treatment of Internet use disorders

In recent decades, the number of people who experience their Internet use behavior as problematic has risen dramatically. In Germany, a representative study from 2013 estimated the prevalence of Internet use disorder (IUD) to be about 1.0%, with higher rates among younger people. A 2020 meta-analysis shows a global weighted average prevalence of 7.02%. This indicates that developing effective IUD treatment programs is more critical than ever. Studies show that motivational interviewing (MI) techniques are widely used and effective in treating substance abuse and IUDs. In addition, an increasing number of online-based health interventions are being developed to provide a low-threshold treatment option. This article presents a short-term online-based treatment manual for IUDs that combines MI techniques with therapy tools from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). The manual includes 12 webcam-based therapy sessions, each lasting 50 min. Each session is framed by a standardized beginning, conclusion, outlook, and flexible session content. In addition, the manual contains example sessions to illustrate the therapeutic intervention. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online-based therapy compared to analog treatment settings and provide recommendations for dealing with these challenges. By combining established therapeutic approaches with an online-based therapeutic setting based on flexibility and motivation, we aim to provide a low-threshold solution for treating IUDs.
Effect of Nuts on Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review

Oxidative stress and inflammation are mediators in the pathophysiology of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Tree nuts and peanuts lower risk factors of cardiometabolic disease, including blood lipids, blood pressure and insulin resistance, among others. Given their strong antioxidant/anti-inflammatory potential, it is plausible that nuts may also exert a favorable effect on inflammation and oxidative stress. Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest a modest protective effect of total nuts; however, the evidence is inconsistent for specific nut types. In this narrative review, the state of evidence to date is summarized for the effect of nut intake on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and an attempt is made to define the gaps in research while providing a framework for future research. Overall, it appears that some nuts, such as almonds and walnuts, may favorably modify inflammation, and others, such as Brazil nuts, may favorably influence oxidative stress. There is a pressing need for large RCTs with an adequate sample size that consider different nut types, and the dose and duration of nut intervention, while evaluating a robust set of biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress. Building a stronger evidence base is important, especially since oxidative stress and inflammation are mediators of many NCDs and can benefit both personalized and public health nutrition.
Bidirectionally pumped Cr^4+:YAG crystal fiber light source for optical coherence tomography

A broadband Cr4+:YAG double-clad crystal fiber light source with a collimated output power of 3.15mW was demonstrated by using a bidirectional pump scheme. The bidirectional pump scheme increased the pumping efficiency and reduced the thermal problem along the fiber. Good agreement on the output power of the broadband fluorescence was achieved between experiment and theory, which showed a peak net gain coefficient of 0.03cm−1 at the center wavelength near 1380nm. The 3dB bandwidth of 222nm with a Gaussian-like spectrum makes it eminently suitable for broadband interferometric technique to have low image cross talk. The calculated interference signal shows a 3dB width of 3. 62μm with a cross talk smaller than −24dB for adjacent axial image pixels.
Erratum: Simulation of the electron-cloud build up and its consequences on heat load, beam stability, and diagnostics[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 012801 (2001)]

Table I, as it appears in our original paper, contains three mistakes. (i) Obviously, the typical bunch population for the Large Hadron Collider is 1.05 3 1011 protons, not positrons e . (ii) The emittance values reported in the table did not actually refer to the horizontal and vertical planes, but to injection and collision. In the corrected table, the only value at collision energy is reported, and this is the same for both x and y. (iii) The horizontal and vertical half-apertures are 2.2 and 1.8 cm, not 2.2 and 1.8 mm. Therefore, the correct table for the LHC parameters is as follows. Because the simulations were carried out using the correct values, the mistakes that were contained in Table I do not affect the results presented in the paper.
Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AlF

Abstract The high-resolution infrared emission spectrum of boron monofluoride was recorded with a Fourier transform spectrometer. There are 359 transitions of 11 BF with ν = 1 → 0 to ν = 5 → 4, and 94 transitions of 10 BF with ν = 1 → 0 to ν = 3 → 2 assigned. Improved Dunham Y ij coefficients for the ground X 1 Σ + electronic state were determined from the infrared data combined with existing microwave data. The mass-reduced Dunham U ij coefficients were also obtained along with Born-Oppenheimer breakdown constants. An effective Born-Oppenheimer potential was determined by fitting the available data to the eigenvalues of the radial Schrodinger equation containing a parameterized potential function. Finally, the relative transition dipole moments of the major isotopomer 11 BF were also measured. For AlF, our previous measurements were extended to higher ν and J , in order to obtain improved Dunham coefficients and an improved internuclear potential.
Three-dimensional point-based shape registration algorithm based on adaptive distance function

In this study, the authors propose an iterative registration algorithm with point-based representation. The task is to geometrically transform a mobile object to a stationary object. Without a good initial position for two shapes with high-curvature features, traditional point-based algorithms have many challenges, such as suffering from slow convergence or divergence. For these problems, the authors define a new distance function to describe the point-surface distance, where the point-surface shortest distance is considered. Then, a non-linear optimisation model is established to calculate the optimal transformation. Moreover, the convergence of the proposed algorithm is derived and analysed from the viewpoint of geometrical optimisation. The proposed method does not require surface representation, feature extraction, curvature computation and is more applicable when initial position is rough. Its efficiency and robustness are verified by a series of experiments.
Microstructures of FePt–Al–O and FePt–Ag nanogranular thin films and their magnetic properties

The microstructure and magnetic property relationship in L10 ordered FePt–Al–O and FePt–Ag granular thin films have been studied. As-sputtered FePt–Al–O films, composed of isolated fine spherical FePt particles of ∼2 nm diameter with a disordered face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure, exhibit superparamagnetism. Annealing above 650 °C induces a transformation from a disordered fcc structure to ordered L10 phase and the films become magnetically hard. The microstructures of these films change greatly depending on the film compositions and annealing conditions, which are correlated with the magnetic properties. It was found that FePt particles smaller than 5 nm do not order at 500 °C, while the continuous FePt film orders perfectly at the same temperature, suggesting that the ordering temperature, Tc, decreases significantly when the particle size becomes less than 5 nm. In the FePt–Ag granular thin film, when the Ag composition is around 50 at. %, high coercivity (∼10 kOe) and fine uniform microstructure are.
On the existence of slow manifolds for problems with different timescales

We consider time dependent systems of partial differential equations (PDE) whose solutions can vary on two different timescales. An example is given by the Navier-Stokes equations for slightly compressible flows. By proper initialization, the fast timescale can be suppressed to any given order; however, this does generally not imply the existence of a slow manifold. Since the PDE solutions are uniformly smooth in space, one can approximate the PDE system by a finite dimensional Galerkin system. Under suitable assumptions, this finite dimensional dynamical system will have a slow manifold.
Construction and Analysis of Fourth-Order Finite Difference Schemes for the Acoustic Wave Equation in Nonhomogeneous Media

In this article, we construct and analyse a family of finite difference schemes for the acoustic wave equation with variable coefficients. These schemes are fourth-order accurate in space and time in the case of smooth media and are designed to remain stable and "optimal" for reflection-transmission phenomena in the case of discontinuous coefficients. Together with a detailed mathematical study, various numerical results are presented.