Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wetlands and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Causes and Effects of Climate Change – A Meta-Analysis

page 3 Introduction page 4 Wetlands: Definitions and Origins page 7 Chemical and Nutrient Cycling in Wetlands page 9 Features and Descriptions of Different Wetland Types page 16 Analytical Methods Used to Collect GHG Data page 22 Methods and Results of Data Comparison Review page 26 Comparison of Wetland GHG Fluxes to Global Fluxes page 31 Climate Change and Projected Changes to Wetlands page 33 Future Preventative Actions page 33 Conclusion page 34 Acknowledgements page 35 Works Cited page 35 VENTURA 2
A locally adaptive data compression scheme

A data compression scheme that exploits locality of reference, such as occurs when words are used frequently over short intervals and then fall into long periods of disuse, is described. The scheme is based on a simple heuristic for self-organizing sequential search and on variable-length encodings of integers. We prove that it never performs much worse than Huffman coding and can perform substantially better; experiments on real files show that its performance is usually quite close to that of Huffman coding. Our scheme has many implementation advantages: it is simple, allows fast encoding and decoding, and requires only one pass over the data to be compressed (static Huffman coding takes two passes).
Equilibrium efficiency improvement via pricing in MIMO interference channels

A Nash equilibrium exists in the MIMO interference channel where users maximize their rates in a fully competitive manner. In this paper, we propose a distributed algorithm to improve the equilibrium efficiency. In the algorithm, some kind of coordination is introduced by exchanging interference prices among users, where the price function is derived from the KKT conditions of the global sum rate maximization problem. Taking the concept of price into consideration, each user will suppress interference to others while maximizing his own rate, thus enhancing the sum rate performance. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher sum rate than the equilibrium which is obtained by iterative waterfilling.
A Novel Classifier - Weighted Features Cost-Sensitive SVM

Learning effective and efficient classifiers for imbalanced data is one of ten challenge problems in data mining research. Studying classifiers for imbalanced data is a popular area in machine learning and data mining, which also has great significance in many areas, such as cancer diagnose, credit card fraud detection and intrusion detection. The study for imbalanced data classification can be divided into three major parts: resampling data, change internal algorithm and costsensitive learning. Weighted feature methods can also enhance the accuracy of classification. In this paper, we intend to use a novel method combining weighted feature and cost-sensitive learning to deal with imbalanced data. We add weights to features, which causes that the position of each instance in space changes. Our goal is to increase the separation between classes by enlarging the space around the separating boundary surface through weighted features. Since the margin is enlarged, the chance that the instances in minority class are classified into majority class by mistake will be lower. Weighted Features cost-sensitive SVM (WF-CSSVM) performs well in both accuracy and cost. UCI datasets are utilized in experiment part and most of them can be classified perfectly. Accuracy, G-mean and ROC are employed as evaluation metrics.
Activation and Desensitization of Nicotinic α7-type Acetylcholine Receptors by Benzylidene Anabaseines and Nicotine

Nicotinic receptor activation is inextricably linked to desensitization. This duality affects our ability to develop useful therapeutics targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Nicotine and some α7-selective experimental partial agonists produce a transient activation of α7 receptors followed by a period of prolonged residual inhibition or desensitization (RID). The object of the present study was to determine whether RID was primarily due to prolonged desensitization or due to channel block. To make this determination, we used agents that varied significantly in their production of RID and two α7-selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): 5-hydroxyindole (5HI), a type 1 PAM that does not prevent desensitization; and 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-methyl-isoxanol-3-yl)-urea (PNU-120596), a type 2 PAM that reactivates desensitized receptors. The RID-producing compounds nicotine and 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine (diMeOBA) could obscure the potentiating effects of 5HI. However, through the use of nicotine, diMeOBA, and the RID-negative compound 3-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)anabaseine (diOHBA) in combination with PNU-120596, we confirmed that diMeOBA produces short-lived channel block of α7 but that RID is because of the induction of a desensitized state that is stable in the absence of PNU-120596 and activated in the presence of PNU-120596. In contrast, diOHBA produced channel block but only readily reversible desensitization, whereas nicotine produced desensitization that could be converted into activation by PNU-120596 but no demonstrable channel block. Steady-state currents through receptors that would otherwise be desensitized could also be produced by the application of PNU-120596 in the presence of a physiologically relevant concentration of choline (60 μM), which may be significant for the therapeutic development of type 2 PAMs.
The impact of neuronal Notch-1/JNK pathway on intracerebral hemorrhage-induced neuronal injury of rat model

Notch signaling is a highly conserved pathway that regulates cell fate decisions during embryonic development. Notch activation endangers neurons by modulating NF-κB and HIF-1α pathways, however, the role of Notch signaling in activating JNK/c-Jun following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been investigated. In this study, we used rat ICH models and thrombin-induced cell models to investigate the potential role of Notch-1/JNK signals. Our findings revealed that Notch-1 and JNK increased in hematoma-surrounding neurons tissues following ICH during ischemic conditions (all p<0.05). Besides, the expression of active caspase-3 protein was also up-regulated after ICH. According to in-vitro assays, the expression of Notch-1, p-JNK, and active caspase-3 were all up-regulated in cell viability-decreasing ICH cell models (all p<0.05). However, blocking of either Notch-1 or JNK suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK and the expression of active caspase-3, and cell viability was obviously ameliorated. In conclusion, this work suggested Notch-1 activates JNK pathway to induce the active caspase-3, leading to neuronal injury when intracerebral hemorrhage or ischemia occurred. Thus the Notch-1/JNK signal pathway has an important role in ICH process, and may be a therapeutic target to prevent brain injury.
A New Regional Household Demand System for GTAP

The GTAP model, versions 4.1 and lower, suffers from some defects in the implementation of the regional household demand system. Most seriously, the upper level of the demand system assumes that each regional household faces a fixed price for utility from private consumption. But with a private consumption demand system of the CDE form, the price of utility from private consumption depends on the level of private consumption expenditure. With no fixed price for utility from private consumption, the familiar Cobb-Douglas demand system does not apply. Accordingly, the upper-level demand equations are in error. Furthermore, utility and equivalent variation are wrongly computed in simulations with non-standard settings for the CDE expansion parameters. Even with the standard settings, in multi-step simulations the utility and equivalent variation computations are inexact. The welfare decomposition inherits the defects of the equivalent variation computation. In removing these defects we revise in passing some minor misfeatures of the old treatment: Firstly, we treat the entire final demand system as the demand system of a representative household, rather than a conglomeration of representative and region-wide demand systems (subsection 2.6). Secondly, we provide a new facility for shifting the allocation of regional income exogenously by modifying rather than overriding the final demand system (subsection 2.14). Finally, we eliminate an uninterpretable \nuisance term" from the decomposition of equivalent variation (subsection 4.3).
Bayesian computational methods for estimation of two-parameters Weibull distribution in presence of right-censored data

In this paper we study the performance of the Metropolis-Hastings and Slice sampling algorithms for estimating the Weibull distribution parameters. The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is developed considering its two main version namely independent Metropolis-Hastings and random walk Metropolis. A numerical simulation study is carried out to understand performance of the three methods and compare their performances with maximum likelihood estimation. The comparison among methods is made in terms of sample root mean square errors and bias. We ﬁnd that the Random walk Metropolis and Slice sampling present a complementary behaviour and outperforms the Independent Metropolis-Hastings and Maximum Likelihood estimation, specially, for datasets with censored times. The methods are also illustrated on three real datasets
Computer systems and the design of organizational interaction

The goal of this paper is to relate theory to invention and application in the design of systems for organizational communication and management. We propose and illustrate a theory of design, technology, and action that we believe has been missing in the mainstream of work on office systems. At the center of our thinking is a theory of language as social action, which differs from the generally taken-for-granted understandings of what goes on in an organization. This approach has been presented elsewhere, and our aim here is to examine its practical implications and assess its effectiveness in the design of The Coordinator, a workgroup productivity system that is in widespread commercial use on personal computers.
Dissolved organic matter release in a Posidonia oceanica meadow

We examined annual nutrient changes (nitrate, phosphate and ammonium) and the net dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP) release using in situ benthic incubations in a Posidonia oceanica meadow and in unvegetated sediments of Magalluf Bay (Mal- lorca Island, Spain) at monthly intervals. We also examined the role of the P. oceanica meadow in the C:N:P ratio transformations by comparing the ratios between the inorganic and dissolved organic fluxes in the seagrass ecosystem and those in the plant material. Our results indicate that P. oceanica communities enhance DOC fluxes relative to adjacent unvegetated sediments. The net DOC release from the P. oceanica meadow represents 71% of the net community production. The C:N:P ratio in the flux of dissolved organic material (DOM) from the P. oceanica community (1450:69:1) exceeded the C:N:P ratio in the DOM flux of unvegetated sediment communities. The high flux of DOC release from this seagrass community might be enriched in carbon compounds, as these plants produce non- structural carbohydrates in excess.
How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior?

When living in a group, individuals have to make trade‐offs, and compromise, in order to balance the advantages and disadvantages of group life. Strategies that enable individuals to achieve this typically affect inter‐individual interactions resulting in nonrandom associations. Studying the patterns of this assortativity using social network analyses can allow us to explore how individual behavior influences what happens at the group, or population level. Understanding the consequences of these interactions at multiple scales may allow us to better understand the fitness implications for individuals. Social network analyses offer the tools to achieve this. This special issue aims to highlight the benefits of social network analysis for the study of primate behaviour, assessing it's suitability for analyzing individual social characteristics as well as group/population patterns. In this introduction to the special issue, we first introduce social network theory, then demonstrate with examples how social networks can influence individual and collective behaviors, and finally conclude with some outstanding questions for future primatological research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:703–719, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonperturbative approach to Yang-Mills thermodynamics

An analytical and nonperturbative approach to SU(2) and SU(3) Yang–Mills thermodynamics is developed and applied. Each theory comes in three phases: A deconfining, a preconfining, and a confining one. We show how macroscopic and inert scalar fields emerge in each phase and how they determine the ground-state physics and the properties of the excitations. While the excitations in the deconfining and preconfining phases are massless or massive gauge modes the excitations in the confining phase are massless or massive spin-1/2 fermions. The nature of the two phase transitions is investigated for each theory. We compute the temperature evolution of thermodynamical quantities in the deconfining and preconfining phase and estimate the density of states in the confining phase. Some implications for particle physics and cosmology are discussed.
Two-step polarization switching mediated by a nonpolar intermediate phase in Hf0.4Zr0.6O2 thin films.

The broken ferroelectric hysteresis loop achieved from a Hf0.4Zr0. 6O2 film was interpreted based on the first order phase transition theory. The two-step polarization switching, which was expected from the theory, could be observed by dynamic pulse switching measurement. The variations in the interfacial capacitance values along with switching time and number of switching cycles could also be estimated from the pulse switching test. Being different from the one-step polarization switching in other ferroelectric films, two-step polarization switching produced two slanted plateau regions where the estimated interfacial capacitance values were different from each other. This could be understood based on the quantitative model of the two-step polarization switching with the involvement of an intermediate nonpolar phase. The Hf0.4Zr0. 6O2 film was changed from antiferroelectric-like to ferroelectric-like with the increasing number of electric field cycles, which could be induced by the field driven phase change.
Characterization of Aedes aegypti Innate-Immune Pathways that Limit Chikungunya Virus Replication

Replication of arboviruses in their arthropod vectors is controlled by innate immune responses. The RNA sequence-specific break down mechanism, RNA interference (RNAi), has been shown to be an important innate antiviral response in mosquitoes. In addition, immune signaling pathways have been reported to mediate arbovirus infections in mosquitoes; namely the JAK/STAT, immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways. Very little is known about these pathways in response to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, a mosquito-borne alphavirus (Togaviridae) transmitted by aedine species to humans resulting in a febrile and arthralgic disease. In this study, the contribution of several innate immune responses to control CHIKV replication was investigated. In vitro experiments identified the RNAi pathway as a key antiviral pathway. CHIKV was shown to repress the activity of the Toll signaling pathway in vitro but neither JAK/STAT, IMD nor Toll pathways were found to mediate antiviral activities. In vivo data further confirmed our in vitro identification of the vital role of RNAi in antiviral defence. Taken together these results indicate a complex interaction between CHIKV replication and mosquito innate immune responses and demonstrate similarities as well as differences in the control of alphaviruses and other arboviruses by mosquito immune pathways.
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY , LEAST ACTION PRINCIPLES AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES

Abstract. This contribution is intended as both a course on differenti al geometry and an illustration of the involvement of differential geometry in t he calculus of variations, in articulation with the occurrence of irreversibility. Potential a pplications in terms of the continuous symmetries of the constitutive laws of dissipative materials s hall be mentionned, leading potentially to a systematic and predictive approach of the cons truction of the so-called master curves.
Hyperbolic Self-Organizing Maps for Semantic Navigation

We introduce a new type of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to navigate in the Semantic Space of large text collections. We propose a "hyperbolic SOM" (HSOM) based on a regular tesselation of the hyperbolic plane, which is a non-euclidean space characterized by constant negative gaussian curvature. The exponentially increasing size of a neighborhood around a point in hyperbolic space provides more freedom to map the complex information space arising from language into spatial relations. We describe experiments, showing that the HSOM can successfully be applied to text categorization tasks and yields results comparable to other state-of-the-art methods.
Beyond a Paycheck - Employment as an Act of Consumption for Gen Y Talents

Purpose: This master thesis aims at bridging the distinct notions of production and consumption by investigating how well-established consumption frameworks gain significance in the employment world. Therefore, we ask how Gen Y talents experience their jobs as commodities and act as consumers in the workplace as a reaction to this comodification. The purpose of this paper is to gain a general understanding of how students and recent graduates consume their work. Conclusion: We conclude that even those areas of our daily life that have previously been distinctly separated, such a employment, can now be viewed from a consumption standpoint. Employees experience and construct employment as a commodity, where jobs are packaged, priced, placed and promoted by capitalist means to sell employers’ offerings to current and potential hires. Employees further see themselves as active consumers in the workplace that choose what they want to do and who they want to do it for. We found that they assume the three primary consumer roles of communicator, hedonist and identity-seeker in the workplace. Theoretical contribution: This paper offers new insights into how consumer frameworks can be applied to areas that have previously not been investigated as areas of consumption, namely the workplace. We therewith extend the relevance of consumption practices and suggest that consumer culture is even encroaching on the productive side of our life. Managerial implications: We see this research topic as especially important for employers, who can gain a new understanding of how employees and job-hunters see themselves as consumers in the work environment. It can either provide insights into how offerings can be better marketed or how the offerings have to be changed to appeal to this new type of empowered and demanding consumer. It might also assist students and recent graduates in understanding their position in the employer-employee relationship better and therewith help them to find a job that matches their demands best. Suggestion for future research: Since the research in this field is in an early phase, there are a lot of additional questions that can be asked. We are particularly interested in how this consumption of work differs between various target groups, such as Gen Y and Gen X or highly educated and less educated employees. We further suggest a longitudinal study to explore how the consumer roles of employees change throughout their life time. Moreover, a critical stance could be taken to explore the negative effects of consumption of the workplace for employees.
DNA2 Encodes a DNA Helicase Essential for Replication of Eukaryotic Chromosomes (*)

Although a number of eukaryotic DNA helicases have been identified biochemically and still more have been inferred from the amino acid sequences of the products of cloned genes, none of the cellular helicases or putative helicases has to date been implicated in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication. By the same token, numerous eukaryotic replication proteins have been identified, but none of these is a helicase. We have recently identified and characterized a temperature-sensitive yeast mutant, dna2ts, defective in DNA replication, and have cloned the corresponding gene (Kuo, C.-L., Huang, C.-H., and Campbell, J. L.(1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 30, 6465-6469; Budd, M. E. , and Campbell, J. L. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 7642-7646). The DNA2 gene is essential and encodes a 172-kDa protein with DNA helicase motifs in its C-terminal half and an N-terminal half with no similarity to any previously described protein (Budd, M. E., and Campbell, J. L.(1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 7642-7646). Here we show that the helicase domain is required in vivo and that a 3′ to 5′ DNA helicase activity specific for forked substrates is intrinsic to the Dna2p. The N terminus is also essential for DNA replication. Thus, the structure of this new helicase is different from all previously characterized replicative helicases, which is consistent with the complex organization of eukaryotic replication forks, where the activities of not one but three essential DNA polymerases must be coordinated.
Subsidising the Private Sector for Development : Lessons from Mechanism Design

The paper discusses insights from the theory of mechanism design in the context of development finance institutions (DFIs) who wish to allocate subsidies for private investments, to achieve development objectives. A dominant theme in donors post2015 development finance strategies is the idea of using aid to ‘catalyse’ other financial flows, motivated by the observation that estimated investments exceed donor budgets by an order of magnitude. However, DFIs face a problem of dealing with private investors who have an incentive to pretend they need financial support. DFIs need a mechanism to select projects that: a) will deliver development outcomes b) will be delivered efficiently c) genuinely require a subsidy to be commercially viable. The paper discusses circumstances under which the mechanism design approach indicates that this asymmetric information might hinder the activities of DFI. ∗Carter, Center for Global Development, pcarter@cgdev.org ; Decarolis, Boston University and EIEF, fdc@bu.edu; Young, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, youngna@ebrd.com. This paper was commissioned by the Overseas Development Institute, London, with funding provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. We are grateful to Paddy Carter for his feedback. All opinions expressed are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Center for Global Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the Overseas Development Institute.