Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Circular Perforation on a V-Corrugated Fin Performance under Natural Convection

An experimental investigation has been made to study the influence of using v-corrugated aluminum fin on heat transfer coefficient and heat dissipation in a heat sink. The geometry of fin is changed to investigate their performance. 27 circular perforations with 1 cm diameter were made. The holes designed into two ways, inline arrangement and staggered in the corrugated edges arrangement. The experiments were done in enclosure space under natural convection. Three different voltages supplied to the heat sink to study their effects on the fins performance. All the studied cases are compared with v-corrugated smooth solid fin. Each experiment was repeated two times to reduce the error and the data recorded after reaching the steady state conditions. The results showed that the v-corrugated fin dissipate heat twice and triple times than flat plate mentioned in past research with the same dimension. Also, the inline perforated fin gave higher enhancement percentage than solid one by 15, 32 and 36% for 110, 150 and 200 V voltages supplied. Finally, the staggered perforation arrangement gave the higher enhancement percentage with 22, 42 and 45% for the same voltages supply.
Entrepreneurial potential of small scale beekeeping in rural India: a case in Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu

About half of India’s population is supported by agriculture. Development of any nation depends primarily on the role played by entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship development among rural people is increasingly being recognized as a means of overall development of rural community. Small and medium scale agri-enterprises play an important role in creating employment opportunities in rural area. Beekeeping is one such remunerative agri-enterprise. At global level honey production from India is very small; among the states Tamil Nadu stands rank second in honey production. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives; to assess the entrepreneurial potential of beekeepers in Kanniyakumari district. It has nine blocks and village having maximum number of beekeepers was selected from each block. In the next stage of sampling, 50 per cent beekeepers from each village were selected using simple random sampling. Thus, a sample of 213 respondents was selected for data collection using a pretested interview schedule. On the basis of the findings it is concluded that majority of the beekeepers had high level of economic motivation, need for achievement and risk taking ability. On the other hand, it was found that majority of the respondents had only medium level of innovativeness and self-confidence. Overall entrepreneurial potential of majority of the beekeepers was high.
Spontaneous hypoglycemia in patients with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE Diabetes frequently complicates cystic fibrosis (CF) without fasting hyperglycemia or despite spontaneous hypoglycemia (anecdotally ascribed to malnutrition), whose prevalence, clinical meaning, and relationship with glucose tolerance and clinical/nutritional status were not previously investigated. The relationship of CF genotype with insulin secretion control is also unclear. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 129 CF patients without stable diabetes received 188 oral glucose tolerance tests. Distribution of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses, clinical/nutritional variables, and their relationships were analyzed. RESULTS FPG < 60 mg/dl (3.3 mmo/l) was detected in 14% of studies and reactive hypoglycemia (PG < 50 mg/dl (2.8 mmo/l)) in 15%. OGTT-based diabetes frequency was similar in the lowest quartile (Q1) and Q2-3 for FPG (10 and 8%), with higher glucose increment and area under the curve in Q1. Insulin and C-peptide levels were similar among FPG quartiles. Class I cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutation carriers had higher insulin concentrations than class II, especially in Q1 for FPG. Age, sex, nutritional, and anthropometric parameters including fat and lean body mass were unrelated to FPG. Lower FPG was associated with more frequent hospitalization rates (P = 0.002) and lower Shwachman scores (P = 0.041). Steroids weaning was accurately evaluated but then excluded as a possible cause of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Fasting asymptomatic hypoglycemia is frequent and possibly related to inappropriate insulin secretion control in class I mutation carriers. Low FPG does not exclude impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes in CF and reflects worse clinical status.
Development and differentiation of bile ducts in the mammalian liver

The development and differentiation of bile ducts in the human and rodent liver are reviewed. The liver primordium develops as a ventral diverticulum in the anterior intestinal portal region, which consists of endodermal and mesodermal components. The endodermal cells differentiate into hepatocytes and all epithelial cells of the bile ducts in the adult liver. The gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts also start to develop from hepatic endodermal cells and hepatoblasts just after liver primordium formation. The gallbladder and cystic duct do not develop through hepatic development in the rat. Intrahepatic bile ducts are formed from periportal hepatoblasts forming the “ductal plate” and expressing alpha‐fetoprotein, and albumin and bile duct‐specific cytokeratin and develop independently of extrahepatic bile duct formation. The first sign of intrahepatic bile duct differentiation is the increased expression of bile duct–specific cytokeratin and large lumina formation in periportal hepatoblasts, and then deposition of basal laminar components occurs on the basal side. Their development takes place discontinuously along portal veins at the early stage of development, and they then become confluent through development. Periportal connective tissue, glucocorticoid hormones, and basal laminar components may play important roles in the differentiation of bile ducts. Microsc. Res. Tech. 39:328–335, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectral analysis of olfactory bulbar responses in rainbow trout.

The olfactory bulbar responses induced by chemical stimulation of the nares of rainbow trout were computer analyzed into frequency components. The spontaneous activity of the bulb was predominated by low-frequency components (2-6 Hz). Upon stimulation this immediately shifted to high-frequency components (7-11 Hz). The peak frequency pattern was characteristic of each single chemical tested regardless of the stimulus intensity. Multi-peak spectra were obtained on stimulation with compound stimuli such as food extract. The frequency component coding mechanism for olfactory receptive discriminatory function in the olfactory bulb is discussed.
SVS 16: The most X-ray luminous young stellar object

We present new infrared and X-ray data on the op- tically invisible infrared source SVS 16 in the NGC 1333 star forming region. We show that SVS 16 is a binary with a separa- tion of 1 00 . The infrared spectrum displays photospheric atomic and CO absorption lines, and thus shows that SVS 16 is a highly obscured (AV 26mag) low mass young stellar object. Our infrared data allow us to derive basic stellar parameters of SVS 16. We find that the binary system probably consists of two M- type pre-main sequence stars, which seem to be younger than a few 10 5 yrs. Our new ROSAT PSPC data confirm the previous detection with the ROSAT HRI and show that SVS 16 has an extremely high quiescent X-ray luminosity of about 210 32 erg/sec in the 0.1 - 2.4 keV band, making it the young stellar object with the brightest quiescent X-ray emission ever detected. We discuss the origin of the strong X-ray emission.
Transforming worst-case optimal solutions for simultaneous tasks into all-case optimal solutions

Decision tasks require that nonfaulty processes make decisions based on their input values. Simultaneous decision tasks require that nonfaulty processes decide in the same round. Most decision tasks have known worst-case lower bounds. Most also have known worst-case optimal protocols that halt in the number of rounds given by the worst-case lower bound, and some have early-stopping protocols that can halt earlier than the worst-case lower bound (sometimes in as early as two rounds). We consider what might be called earliest-possible protocols for simultaneous decision tasks. We present a new technique that converts worst-case optimal decision protocols into all-case optimal simultaneous decision protocols: For every behavior of the adversary, the all-case optimal protocol decides as soon as any protocol can decide in a run with the same adversarial behavior. Examples to which this can be applied include set consensus, condition-based consensus, renaming and order-preserving renaming. Some of these tasks can be solved significantly faster than the classical simultaneous consensus task. A byproduct of the analysis is a proof that improving on the worst-case bound for any simultaneous task by even a single round is as hard as reaching simultaneous consensus.
Aspirin should be discontinued after lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.

Managing patients with spontaneous, nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can be frustrating. ICH represents 15% of all strokes, or 60 000 new cases each year in the United States and carries a grim prognosis, with 40% mortality and 50% severe disability among survivors.1 Making matters worse, for those patients lucky to survive their ICH, recurrent ICH is a substantial risk.2 The first important finding to consider in this patient is the lobar location of the bleeding. This information provides an important clue to the likely mechanism underlying the hemorrhage. In turn, identification of the involved mechanism allows stratification of the patient’s risk of recurrence, as well as tailoring of preventive strategies to decrease the risk of recurrence. Supratentorial ICH is classified as deep or lobar based on location. Deep hemorrhages affect deep supratentorial structures (basal ganglia …
Effects of ion transport and channel-blocking drugs on aqueous humor formation in isolated bovine eye.

PURPOSE To investigate the role of active chloride secretion by the ciliary epithelium in the formation of aqueous humor (AH), by using the in vitro perfused eye. METHODS Bovine eyes collected from an abattoir were cannulated through the ophthalmic artery and perfused with oxygenated Krebs' solution at 37 degrees C. Aqueous humor formation (AHF) was measured by the fluorescein-dilution technique. Drugs were added to the perfusate and/or to the anterior chamber. RESULTS NaK-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibitor, ouabain (1.0 mM), produced a significant reduction in AHF by 46% and 42% when added to the stromal or aqueous side, respectively. When added to both sides (1.0 mM), it produced a reduction of 61%. Bumetanide (0.1 mM), a specific inhibitor of Na-K-2Cl cotransport, and furosemide (0.1 mM), a nonspecific anion transport inhibitor, produced 35% and 45% reductions when applied to the stromal side. DIDS (0.001-0.1 mM), which is believed to inhibit the Cl-HCO(3) exchanger, Na-HCO(3) cotransporter, and chloride channel, produced a dose-dependent reduction when added to the stromal side. The inhibition was 55% by the highest concentration used. 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB; 0.1 mM), a chloride channel blocker in the nonpigmented cells, produced a 25% reduction when applied to the aqueous side. Acetazolamide (0.1 mM), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, applied to the stromal side, produced 31% reduction. CONCLUSIONS At least 60% of the AH is formed by active secretion in bovine eyes. Transport of anions through the ciliary epithelium (CE), particularly the chloride ion, plays a crucial role in AHF.
Advances in quantitative structure–activity relationship models of antimalarials

Importance of the field: Malaria still remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases having a tremendous morbidity and mortality impact in the developing world. Computational tools such as quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies help medicinal chemists to understand the consistent relationship between antimalarial activity and molecular properties, and design new potent and selective ligands that may act on different classes of antimalarial drug targets so that these compounds may eventually be synthesized and assayed. Area covered in this review: In the present review, we focus on the current knowledge of QSARs and pharmacophore models of different classes of antimalarial drugs. In this context, we also review the reported docking studies of antimalarial compounds acting on different targets to explore the interaction pattern at the molecular level. What the reader will gain: The reader will gain an overview of advances of QSAR and related theoretical models of antimalarial drug compounds. Take home message: This review infers that most of the reported QSAR models are analog based QSARs with a limited applicability domain, but QSAR models based on diverse chemical structures acting on a particular target have been reported in very few cases.
Perceived Safety and Teen Risk Taking in Online Chat Sites

Framed by theories of adolescent development, this study explored relationships among adolescents' perceptions of chat-site safety, time spent chatting, and risky online behaviors. Tenth graders (N = 139) in rural Midwestern U.S. schools completed surveys. Factor analysis produced three factors each for perception of safety and risk-taking behaviors. Regression analyses revealed that perception of safety factors were useful in predicting online risk-taking behaviors. Teens with more social discomfort and those who thought it was safe to reveal personal information and trust chat-site "friends" were more likely to take risks. As time spent in chat sites increased, so did risk-taking behaviors. Implications for educators and parents are discussed, such as initiation of conversations about safe Internet use, parental participation in chat sites as teens' invited "friends," and school programs to teach safe online practices.
Oleuropein Protects Cardiomyocyte against Apoptosis via Activating the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase Pathway In Vitro

Oleuropein, the main glycoside present in olives, has been reported to have cardioprotective effect, but the exact mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. This study attempted to clarify the cardioprotective effect of oleuropein against simulated ischemia/reperfusion- (SI/R-) induced cardiomyocyte injury in vitro and further explore the underlying mechanism. Here we confirmed that oleuropein reduced the cell injury in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte induced by SI/R evidenced by decreasing MTT dye reduction and LDH activity in the culture medium. Meanwhile, the compound also inhibited reactive oxygen species excessive generation and stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential after SI/R. The flow cytometry assessment results indicated the inhibition of cellular apoptosis with oleuropein treatment. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that oleuropein attenuated the expression of Cyt-C, c-caspase-3, and c-caspase-9, increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt after SI/R. However, the phosphorylation enhancement was partially abolished in the presence of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and U0126 (ERK inhibitor). All these findings indicate that oleuropein has the protective potential against SI/R-induced injury and its protective effect may be partly due to the attenuation of apoptosis via the activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
Does obesity increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients?

Many studies revealed that obesity was a risk factor for various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In a cohort study with a population of around 900,000, males with 35 kg/m or higher body mass index (BMI) had 4.4 times as high dying risk from liver cancer as the control group with normal BMI (18.5 -24.9 kg/m). According to a recent meta-analysis, the relative risk of liver cancer was 1.17% in overweight patients and 1.89% in obese patients compared to normal weight controls. Furthermore, obesity can be a cause of metabolic syndromes including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes as well as a broad spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) including simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cirrhosis. A populationbased case control study showed that diabetes tripled the HCC risk, and in another large prospective cohort study, the hazard ratio of HCC was 2.16. Furthermore, the correlation between diabetes and HCC was verified through various meta-analyses. The NAFLD which is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome was recently found to develop into cirrhosis and cause HCC, and it was regarded as the main cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is one of the most important causes of HCC, accounting for around 60% in Africa and Asia and around 20% in western countries. Among the patients infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Asia, the incidence rate of HCC is estimated to be 0.2% per year in inactive carriers, 0.6% in chronic hepatitis without cirrhosis patients, and 3.7% in compensated cirrhosis patients. It is generally known that HBV-infected subjects have around 100 times as high risk of HCC as uninfected subjects. A large prospective cohort study has shown that HBV DNA titer is closely associated with HCC risk. Many meta-analyses already have revealed that nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) decrease the occurrence of HCC in CHB patients. A recent study on CHB patients treated with entecavir (ETV) showed that 5 year HCC incidence rate was decreased significantly by 3.7% in the ETV treated group compare to 13.7% in the historical matched untreated control group. However, unlike chronic hepatitis C (CHC), it is not clear whether obesity is associated with the development of HCC in CHB patients. In a study in Taiwan which followed up 23,820 persons for 14 years, anti-HCV seropositive people with obesity of 30 kg/ m or higher BMI had four times higher risk of HCC, and people with no hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections had twice higher risk of HCC. However, obesity was not correlated with HCC risk in HBs antigen seropositive people. DiaSee Article on Page 339 Does obesity increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients?
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Associated With Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion

Purpose: To describe the clinical characteristics and pathogenesis of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) associated with cilioretinal artery occlusion (CLRAO). Methods: The study included 38 patients (38 eyes) who had CRVO associated with CLRAO and were seen in our clinic from 1974 to 1999. At their first visit to our clinic, all patients provided a detailed ophthalmic and medical history and underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, color fundus photography, and fluorescein fundus angiography. At each follow-up visit, the same ophthalmic evaluations were performed, except for fluorescein fundus angiography. Results: Of 38 eyes, 30 had nonischemic CRVO, 5 had ischemic CRVO, and 3 had nonischemic hemi-CRVO. Patients with nonischemic CRVO were significantly younger (mean age ± SD: 45.3 ± 16.0 years) than those with ischemic CRVO (72.3 ± 9.2 years; P = 0.001) and those with nonischemic hemi-CRVO (64.7 ± 7.5 years; P = 0.018). At least one third of the patients gave a definite history of episode(s) of transient visual blurring before the onset of constant blurred vision. Initially, the ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings were similar to those seen in CRVO and hemi-CRVO, except that all these eyes had retinal infarct in the distribution of the cilioretinal artery; its size and site varied widely. Fluorescein angiography typically showed only transient hemodynamic block and not the typical CLRAO. During follow-up, visual acuity improved markedly in nonischemic CRVO (P < 0.001) and nonischemic hemi-CRVO but deteriorated in ischemic CRVO. Retinopathy resolved spontaneously in 22 eyes with nonischemic CRVO (mean duration ± SD: 42.0 ± 101.0 months), in 2 eyes with ischemic CRVO (15.4 ± 4.5 months), and in 1 eye with nonischemic hemi-CRVO. Retinociliary collaterals developed in 30% of eyes with nonischemic CRVO, in 40% of eyes with ischemic CRVO, and in 66% of eyes with nonischemic hemi-CRVO. Conclusion: CRVO associated with CLRAO constitutes a distinct clinical entity. The pathogenesis of CLRAO in CRVO is due to transient hemodynamic blockage of the cilioretinal artery caused by a sudden sharp rise in intraluminal pressure in the retinal capillary bed (due to CRVO) above the level of that in the cilioretinal artery.
Effect of resveratrol on metabolic and cardiovascular function in male and female adult offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia and a high‐fat diet

Prenatal hypoxia, a common outcome of many pregnancy complications, predisposes offspring to chronic diseases in later life. We investigated the effect of prenatal hypoxia, on a background of a high‐fat diet, on metabolic and cardiac function in adult male and female rat offspring. We also examined the therapeutic role of resveratrol supplementation in preventing metabolic and cardiac dysfunction. Prenatal hypoxia impaired both metabolic and cardiac function in male and only cardiac function in female rat offspring. We also observed that male rat offspring were more susceptible to metabolic and cardiac dysfunction as compared with their female counterparts; this provides evidence of sexual dichotomy in the fetal programming of diseases due to prenatal hypoxia. Resveratrol supplementation in the diet improved metabolic and cardiac function independent of sex; this provides evidence of a possible therapeutic role of resveratrol in susceptible male and female rat offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia.
Incremental synthesis of control policies for heterogeneous multi-agent systems with linear temporal logic specifications

We consider automatic synthesis of control policies for non-independent, heterogeneous multi-agent systems with the objective of maximizing the probability of satisfying a given specification. The specification is expressed as a formula in linear temporal logic. The agents are modeled by Markov decision processes with a common set of actions. These actions, however, may or may not affect the behaviors of all the agents. To alleviate the well-known state explosion problem, an incremental approach is proposed where only a small subset of agents is incorporated in the synthesis procedure initially and more agents are successively added until the limitations on computational resources are reached. The proposed algorithm runs in an anytime fashion, where the probability of satisfying the specification increases as the algorithm progresses.