Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUBMANIFOLD GEOMETRY IN GENERALIZED FLAG MANIFOLDS

These notes aim to explain why some unashamedly modern machinery has something to say about classical differential geometry. They concern the study of the induced geometry on submanifolds in generalized flag manifolds G/P , where G is a semisimple Lie group and P a parabolic subgroup. The prototype and motivating example is the case that G/P is the conformal n-sphere, which is the space of null lines in R viewed as a homogeneous space for O(n+1, 1). Submanifolds of the conformal n-sphere are studied in detail and this study is related to the classical treatment of conformal submanifolds using sphere congruences. Hypersurfaces in projective space provide another example, which we study in less detail, again with comparison to the classical work. Introduction: classical and modern geometry Submanifold geometry is an important and long-standing theme in differential geometry. The classical theory of surfaces in euclidean 3-space was a triumph of 19th century mathematics, which continued to have important ramifications both in geometry and in the theory of integrable systems through the 20th century to the present day. The classical work on submanifolds was not just confined to the euclidean theory, however. Mathematicians such as Bianchi, Darboux, Lie and Blaschke were also very interested in the conformal and projective geometry of surfaces, i.e., those aspects of surface geometry invariant under the larger groups of conformal or projective transformations. From the point of view of Klein, this means the natural theory of surfaces in the conformal 3-sphere S3 (the projective light cone in R4,1) under the group O+(4, 1) of conformal transformations, or in the projective 3-space RP 3 under the group PSL(4, R) of projective transformations. The theory of such surfaces—their description in terms of geometric invariants—is very different from the euclidean case simply because the ambient geometries of S 3 and RP 3 are different from the geometry of R3. Unlike the euclidean group, the groups O+(4, 1) and PSL(4, R) are semisimple (in fact simple) and the stabilizer of a point in S 3 or RP 3 is a parabolic subgroup. In other words, S3 and RP 3 are generalized flag manifolds. The fact that the stabilizer is not reductive makes the study of geometric invariants in these geometries much harder than in euclidean geometry, where the stabilizer of a point is a simple group (the orthogonal group). The first problem in the projective and conformal geometry of surfaces is to find an analogue of the Gauss map, which for surfaces in euclidean 3-space is the unit normal vector, but is perhaps better thought of here as the tangent plane congruence of the surface, i.e., the map which assigns, to each point on the surface, its tangent plane, viewed as an element of the grassmannian Gr2(R 3) of planes in R3. (The sphere to which the unit normal vector belongs is a double cover of this grassmannian.) Date: January–October 2003.
Affinity-Aware Dynamic Pinning Scheduling for Virtual Machines

Virtualization provides an effective management in server consolidation. The transparence enables different kinds of servers running in the same platform, making full use of hardware resource. However, virtualization introduces two-level schedulers: one from Guest OS, where the tasks are scheduled to virtual CPUs (VCPUs), the other from the virtual machine monitor (VMM), where VCPUs are scheduled to CPUs. As a result, the lower level scheduler is ignorant of the task information so that it cannot allocate appropriate proportion of CPU resource for every Guest OS in some cases. This paper presents an affinity-aware Dynamic Pinning Scheduling scheduler (DP-Scheduling). We aim at two objects: Bridging the semantic gap between Guest OS and VMM, introducing an affinity-aware method and providing the tasks information about CPU affinity to VMM, Bringing up a novel scheduling, DP-Scheduling, so that VCPU can be pinned or unpinned on one CPU¡¯s running queue dynamically. For this purpose, we first get the Machine Address (MA) of process descriptor from the angle of VMM. The affinity information is also acquired before the task is enabled to run. To acknowledge the affinity information, DP-Scheduling calls an API provided by us. Depending on the affinity information, we put forward a series of measures to implement pinning dynamically as well as to keep workload balance. All implementation is confined to Xen VMM and Credit scheduler. Our experiments demonstrate that DP-Scheduling outperforms Credit scheduling by testing various indicators for CPU-bound tasks, without interfering the load balance.
Tobacco Awareness Among Elementary School Students: Does Advertising Effect Children's Impression of Cigarette Smoking?

In 1996 the United States government began a series of lawsuits against the major tobacco manufacturing companies that have resulted in the elimination of major cigarette campaign slogans and/or characters judged to be aimed primarily at children. This action led to numerous state class-action lawsuits costing tobacco companies billions in future revenue. In their suit against tobacco companies, government lawyers successfully argued that tobacco companies had been deliberately marketing a dangerous product to the young. One of the more significant outcomes of this case was the elimination of the popular Joe Camel character. This study examines the effects of cigarette ad slogans and characters on attitudes toward smoking among younger children. Specifically, the author looks at variables such as ad awareness, attitudes towards the ad, and the incidence of smoking in the home as possible causal connections with attitudes toward smoking. The findings suggest that children are highly aware of advertising in general, but that this awareness has little or no effect on a child's attitude toward smoking. The author concludes that family and societal values are more important in creating attitudes towards smoking than advertising messages. The author concludes that Joe Camel has been a rather successful ad, since a majority of the chil-
LOW DELAY FILTER FOR ADAPTIVE NOISE REDUCTION

A filter structure is proposed which has a significantly lower signal delay than common frequency-domain filtering by means of an analysis-synthesis filter-bank (AS FB). The recently published filter-bank equalizer (FBE) is a filter(-bank) with a lower signal delay compared to the corresponding AS FB. In this contribution, the signal delay of the FBE is further reduced by approximating the time-domain filter of the FBE by a filter of lower degree. The proposed low delay filter (LDF) achieves a higher amount of noise reduction than an AS FB or FBE with the same signal delay.
The Tree Congestion of Graphs

Edge congestion can be thought of as the cutwidth of a graph. In this paper we embed complete tripartite graphs into trees and spanning trees and determine the tree congestion and the spanning tree congestion. Considering a known theorem relating detours, tree congestion, and spanning tree congestion, we summarize results calculated for trees, complete bipartite graphs, and grids. In addition, we investigate the congestion for other families of graphs.
Changing conditional beliefs unconditionally

Although the AGM account of belief change tells us how to change unconditional beliefs, it fails to guide us in changing our conditional beliefs. That explains why, in the AGM account of belief change proper, a decent account of iterated belief change is not forthcoming. Darwiche and Pearl provide an account of changing conditional beliefs. We argue that the Darwiche-Pearl postulates are, on the one hand, limited in scope and, on the other, excessively strong and suggest how they should be supplemented. We show, contrary to the generally held view, that the revision operation changes to a new (though in some cases the same) revision operation after each instance of belief change. Finally, we prove what may be viewed as representation results connecting the acount offered in this paper with entrenchment kinematics.
CLARA: A New Generation of Researchers in Common Language Resources and Their Applications

CLARA (Common Language Resources and Their Applications) is a Marie Curie Initial Training Network which ran from 2009 until 2014 with the aim of providing researcher training in crucial areas related to language resources and infrastructure. The scope of the project was broad and included infrastructure design, lexical semantic modeling, domain modeling, multimedia and multimodal communication, applications, and parsing technologies and grammar models. An international consortium of 9 partners and 12 associate partners employed researchers in 19 new positions and organized a training program consisting of 10 thematic courses and summer/winter schools. The project has resulted in new theoretical insights as well as new resources and tools. Most importantly, the project has trained a new generation of researchers who can perform advanced research and development in language resources and technologies.
Cheating in Academic Institutions: A Decade of Research

This article reviews 1 decade of research on cheating in academic institutions. This research demonstrates that cheating is prevalent and that some forms of cheating have increased dramatically in the last 30 years. This research also suggests that although both individual and contextual factors influence cheating, contextual factors, such as students' perceptions of peers' behavior, are the most powerful influence. In addition, an institution's academic integrity programs and policies, such as honor codes, can have a significant influence on students' behavior. Finally, we offer suggestions for managing cheating from students' and faculty members' perspectives.
Information modelling of folded and unfolded design

An information model for a folded design description which corresponds to electronic design interchange format (EDIF) version 2.0. 0, using the language Express, is presented. It is shown that it can be easily extended to a model for an unfolded description. A method to compute the actual values for occurrences of views, nets, and ports, is given, which is based on the back-annotation facilities of EDIF and may help to uncover EDIF's underlying semantics. <<ETX>>
Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp.

The genus Methylobacterium is composed of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic (PPFM) bacteria, which are able to synthesize carotenoids and grow on reduced organic compounds containing one carbon (C1), such as methanol and methylamine. Due to their high phenotypic plasticity, these bacteria are able to colonize different habitats, such as soil, water, and sediment, and different host plants as both endophytes and epiphytes. In plant colonization, the frequency and distribution may be influenced by plant genotype or by interactions with other associated microorganisms, which may result in increasing plant fitness. In this review, different aspects of interactions with the host plant are discussed, including their capacity to fix nitrogen, nodule the host plant, produce cytokinins, auxin and enzymes involved in the induction of systemic resistance, such as pectinase and cellulase, and therefore plant growth promotion. In addition, bacteria belonging to this group can be used to reduce environmental contamination because they are able to degrade toxic compounds, tolerate high heavy metal concentrations, and increase plant tolerance to these compounds. Moreover, genome sequencing and omics approaches have revealed genes related to plant-bacteria interactions that may be important for developing strains able to promote plant growth and protection against phytopathogens.
Plasma and magnetic field correlations in the solar wind

Data from multiple spacecraft are used to determine solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) correlation coefficients. These correlation coefficients provide information on solar wind scale lengths and the predictive capability of upstream monitors for space weather purposes. Previous work has looked at plasma and IMF correlation coefficients independently and used much smaller databases than those used in this study. We use data sets from 1977–1984 and 1994–1998 and calculate plasma and IMF correlation coefficients. The IMF correlation coefficients are, on average, slightly higher than those for plasma. Dependence of the correlation coefficients on the spatial separation of the spacecraft is important for placement of upstream monitors; we find a small dependence on the radial separation of the spacecraft but a very strong dependence on spacecraft separation in the YZ (GSE) plane. Scale lengths perpendicular to the flow are about 45 Earth radii (RE) for the IMF components, 70 RE for the speed and IMF magnitude, and over 100 RE for the density. Radial scale lengths are of the order of 400 RE. The plasma and IMF correlation coefficients are larger when values of the density standard deviation are high and when the IMF direction is perpendicular to X (GSE). Front orientations are similar for both plasma and IMF features and are more perpendicular than the average field direction.
Sidelobe Suppression for Non-systematic Coded UW-OFDM in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, a novel non-contiguous non-systematic coded unique word (UW)-OFDM system is proposed to opportunistically transmit data on the spectrum holes available in a cognitive radio network. In such a system, the spectral sidelobes of the active subcarriers interfere with the adjacent spectral band used by the primary system. In the proposed scheme, the code generator matrix of the UW-OFDM is designed to suppress the sidelobes. So, there is no need to add any extra processing to the transmitter for suppressing sidelobes. The derived code generator matrix is optimum in the sense of being matched to the best linear unbiased estimator and to the linear minimum mean square error data estimators. The achieved sidelobe suppression is a function of the number of transmitted data symbols. Simulation results show that by a slight decrease in the number of transmitted data symbols, the sidelobes power can be suppressed to zero.
A Rewriting View of Simple Typing

This paper shows how a recently developed view of typing as small-step ab- stract reduction, due to Kuan, MacQueen, and Findler, can be used to recast the de- velopment of simple type theory from a rewriting perspective. We show how standard meta-theoretic results can be proved in a completely new way, using the rewriting view of simple typing. These meta-theoretic results include standard type preservation and progress properties for simply typed lambda calculus, as well as generalized versions where typing is taken to include both abstract and concrete reduction. We show how automated analysis tools developed in the term-rewriting community can be used to help automate the proofs for this meta-theory. Finally, we show how to adapt a standard proof of nor- malization of simply typed lambda calculus, for the rewriting approach to typing.
Research advance in underwater detection of marine status for underwater vehicles

Data of sea-status obtained acoustically by underwater vehicle often have defects of imprecise class with incomplete elements. The class model of underwater-vehicle detected seastatus based on high-pass filter was established by analysing every possible error factor, but the frequency cut-off of the model is difficult to determine in practice for the instance of one acoustic observing point. Acoustic arrays are created on the vehicle, and Hilbert Transform is used to analyse the wave phases observed by each sensor, and then the model-estimated wave direction based on phase difference is presented. In addition, flume experiments were conducted to simulate the processes. The results show that the phase-difference method is effective in determining wave direction, as is helpful in making certain the frequency cut-off of the class model, and the experiments provide a theoretical base for estimating sea-status underwater.
Outbreaks of Pneumocystis pneumonia in 2 renal transplant centers linked to a single strain of Pneumocystis: implications for transmission and virulence.

BACKGROUND There have been numerous reports of clustered outbreaks of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) at renal transplant centers over the past 2 decades. It has been unclear whether these outbreaks were linked epidemiologically to 1 or several unique strains, which could have implications for transmission patterns or strain virulence. METHODS Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to compare Pneumocystis isolates from 3 outbreaks of PCP in renal transplant patients in Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, as well as nontransplant isolates from both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected patients. RESULTS Based on RFLP analysis, a single Pneumocystis strain caused pneumonia in transplant patients in Switzerland (7 patients) and Germany (14 patients). This strain was different from the strain that caused an outbreak in transplant patients in Japan, as well as strains causing sporadic cases of PCP in nontransplant patients with or without HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS Two geographically distinct clusters of PCP in Europe were due to a single strain of Pneumocystis. This suggests either enhanced virulence of this strain in transplant patients or a common, but unidentified, source of transmission. Outbreaks of PCP can be better understood by enhanced knowledge of transmission patterns and strain variation.
A Comparison of Detrending Models and Multi-Regime Models for Traffic Flow Prediction

Short-term traffic flow prediction received considerations from different fields, because of its essentialness in traffic engineering and its theoretical difficulties. In this paper, we studied two important approaches of traffic flow prediction: detrending methods and multi-regime methods. First, we compared their differences in modeling philosophy and compared their merits as well as shortcomings. Then, we tested several representative prediction models of these two approaches on the openly accessible PeMS traffic flow database to find their merits and shortcomings. The obtained results threw some interesting light on how to select the appropriate traffic prediction models in practices.
Application Continuous Time Markov Process to Forecast Exchange Rate

In order to reduce error following the improper model chosen to forecast the exchange rate by means of the traditional statistics, the continuous time Markov process is applied to forecast the short time exchange rate, which can describe the frequently fluctuation of exchange rate accurately. Time interval between two state transitions is regarded as a stochastic variable. By the aid of the transition rate matrix, the model is established, and it is sloved by the Laplace transform. This proposed method is easy to collect data and calculate the result, and it is effective to detect the state transition. Example shows that when the model is applied to forecast the short-time exchange rate, the forecasted exchange rates have a good agreement with the actual values.
Blind prediction of interfacial water positions in CAPRI

We report the first assessment of blind predictions of water positions at protein–protein interfaces, performed as part of the critical assessment of predicted interactions (CAPRI) community‐wide experiment. Groups submitting docking predictions for the complex of the DNase domain of colicin E2 and Im2 immunity protein (CAPRI Target 47), were invited to predict the positions of interfacial water molecules using the method of their choice. The predictions—20 groups submitted a total of 195 models—were assessed by measuring the recall fraction of water‐mediated protein contacts. Of the 176 high‐ or medium‐quality docking models—a very good docking performance per se—only 44% had a recall fraction above 0.3, and a mere 6% above 0.5. The actual water positions were in general predicted to an accuracy level no better than 1.5 Å, and even in good models about half of the contacts represented false positives. This notwithstanding, three hotspot interface water positions were quite well predicted, and so was one of the water positions that is believed to stabilize the loop that confers specificity in these complexes. Overall the best interface water predictions was achieved by groups that also produced high‐quality docking models, indicating that accurate modelling of the protein portion is a determinant factor. The use of established molecular mechanics force fields, coupled to sampling and optimization procedures also seemed to confer an advantage. Insights gained from this analysis should help improve the prediction of protein–water interactions and their role in stabilizing protein complexes. Proteins 2014; 82:620–632. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent advances in non-precious metal catalysis for oxygen-reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Hydrogen produced from water and renewable energy could fuel a large fleet of proton-exchange-fuel-cell vehicles in the future. However, the dependence on expensive Pt-based electrocatalysts in such fuel cells remains a major obstacle for a widespread deployment of this technology. One solution to overcome this predicament is to reduce the Pt content by a factor of ten by replacing the Pt-based catalysts with non-precious metal catalysts at the oxygen-reducing cathode. Fe- and Co-based electrocatalysts for this reaction have been studied for over 50 years, but they were insufficiently active for the high efficiency and power density needed for transportation fuel cells. Recently, several breakthroughs occurred that have increased the activity and durability of non-precious metal catalysts (NPMCs), which can now be regarded as potential competitors to Pt-based catalysts. This review focuses on the new synthesis methods that have led to these breakthroughs. A modeling analysis is also conducted to analyze the improvements required from NPMC-based cathodes to match the performance of Pt-based cathodes, even at high current density. While no further breakthrough in volume-specific activity of NPMCs is required, incremental improvements of the volume-specific activity and effective protonic conductivity within the fuel-cell cathode are necessary. Regarding durability, NPMCs with the best combination of durability and activity result in ca. 3 times lower fuel cell performance than the most active NPMCs at 0.80 V. Thus, major tasks will be to combine durability with higher activity, and also improve durability at cell voltages greater than 0.60 V.
Do Anti-Immigrant Laws Shape Public Sentiment? A Study of Arizona’s SB 1070 Using Twitter Data1

Scholars have debated whether laws can influence public opinion, but evidence of these “feedback” effects is scant. This article examines the effect of Arizona’s 2010 high-profile anti-immigrant law, SB 1070, on both public attitudes and behaviors toward immigrants. Using sentiment analysis and a difference-in-difference approach to analyze more than 250,000 tweets, the author finds that SB 1070 had a negative impact on the average sentiment of tweets regarding immigrants, Mexicans, and Hispanics, but not on those about Asians or blacks. However, these changes in public discourse were not caused by shifting attitudes toward immigrants but by the mobilization of anti-immigrant users and by motivating new users to begin tweeting. While some scholars propose that punitive laws can shape people’s attitudes toward targeted groups, this study shows that policies are more likely to influence behaviors. Rather than placating the electorate, anti-immigrant laws may stir the pot further, mobilizing individuals already critical of immigrants.