Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organ Regeneration Through Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering

Loss of organ and tissue due to injuries or diseases led to the development of regenerative therapies to decrease reliance on organ transplantations. It deals with employing the self-renewal ability of stem cells to differentiate into numerous lineages to assist in providing effective treatment for a range of various injuries and diseases. Regenerative engineering of organs or tissues represents an ever-expanding field that is aimed at developing biological replacements for dysfunctional organs or injured tissues. The critical issue, however, with the engineering of organs outside the human body is the insufficient availability of human cells, the absence of a suitable matrix with the same architecture and composition as the target tissue, and the maintenance of organ viability in the absence of the blood supply. The issue regarding the maintenance of the engineered organ viability can be solved using bioreactors consisting of mediums with defined chemical composition, i.e., nutrients, cofactors, and growth factors that can successively sustain the target cell’s viability. Engineered extracellular matrices and stem cells to regenerate organs outside the human body are also being used. Clinically, various adult stem cell therapies are readily under practice. This review will focus on the regeneration of organs through various types of stem cells and tissue engineering techniques.
"UNIFIED" ECO-SYSTEM MODEL OF MACRO- AND MICROEVOLUTION BASED ENERGY

The source-network, the dynamic trophic level and the energy are incorporated into a "unified" model that describes both micro- and macroevolutions within a single theoretical framework. This model describes the microevolution in details by accounting for the birth, ageing, and natural death of individual organisms as prey-predator interactions on a hierarchical dynamic food web. It also provides a natural description of random mutations and speciation of species as well as their extinctions. The distribution of lifetimes of species follows an approximate power law only over a limited regime, and the distribution of trophic level follows an exponential attenuation.
Force and ground vibration reduction of railway tracks with elastic elements

The reduction of train-induced ground vibration by elastic elements such as rail pads and sleeper pads has been analyzed by a combined finite-element boundary-element method. The dynamic compliance of the track, the transfer function of the total force on the ground and the ground vibration ratios have been calculated for a variety of isolated and un-isolated track systems. It has been found that the soil force transfer, which describes the excitation force of the soil, is an appropriate quantity to predict the reduction of the ground vibration and the effectiveness of isolated tracks. All force transfer functions of isolated tracks display a vehicle–track resonance where the wheelset on the compliant track is excited by wheel and track irregularities. At higher frequencies, considerable reductions of the amplitudes are observed as the benefit of the resilient element. The influence of the stiffness of the rail or sleeper pads, the ballast and the soil, and the mass of the sleeper and the wheelset on the resonance frequency and the reduction has been investigated. Sleeper pads are advantageous due to the higher mass that is elastically supported compared to the rail-pad track system. The combination of elastic rail and sleeper pads has been found to be disadvantageous, as the second resonance occurs in the frequency range of intended reduction.
Novel operational index reveals rapid recovery of genetic connectivity in freshwater fish species after riverine restoration

Hyperfragmentation of rivers by anthropogenic barriers is a major threat to biodiversity. Restoration policies are being adopted worldwide to mitigate these impacts, particularly those on fish connectivity. We assessed the utility of a novel genetic index of fragmentation, the FINDEX, by monitoring real‐time responses of two fish genera to restoration operations at 11 weirs in France. The FINDEX outperformed traditional genetic tools, detecting barriers more efficiently, and thereby improving estimates of recovery of connectivity following restoration. Most weirs had significant impacts on connectivity before restoration, especially the highest and steepest ones. Restoration actions systematically improved genetic connectivity, sometimes completely and in just a few months, with an overall halving of fragmentation levels. Our study demonstrates that current restoration policies are recovering genetic connectivity efficiently, and that practitioners may benefit from the FINDEX as a new operational tool to assess barrier strength for nonmigratory organisms and to plan and monitor riverine restoration.
Application of Finite Gaussian Process Distribution of Relaxation Times on Sofc Electrodes

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool in characterisation of processes in electro-chemical systems, allowing us to elucidate the resistance and characteristic frequency of physical properties such as reaction and transport rates. The essence of EIS is the relationship between current and potential at a given frequency. However, it is often the case that we do not understand the electrochemical system well enough to fit a meaningful physical model to EIS data. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) calculation assumes an infinite series of relaxation processes distributed over a characteristic timescale. The DRT calculation may identify the number of processes occurring, as well as their respective resistivity and characteristic timescale, and may resolve processes which have relatively similar timescales. Using a nonparametric tool known as Gaussian process (GP) regression, we showcase a method of finding a unique solution to the ill-posed DRT problem by optimising kernel hyperparameters as opposed to ad-hoc regularisation. In this work, we use finite GP regression under inequality constraints (fGP) to analysed EIS data generated by a (Ni/CGO | CGO | YSZ | Reference Cathode) solid-oxide fuel cell in a gas mixture of 0.5 bar H 2 /0.5 bar H 2 O and at a temperature of 600 ◦ C. By varying the current density, we can characterise the current-voltage relationship of the electrode and shed light on the reaction mechanism governing charge transfer at the solid-gas interface. Our findings also show that even at relatively high current densities ( ± 600 mA cm (cid:0) 2 ) the electrode process is limited by charge transfer.
Quantum ratchets for periodically kicked cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates

We study cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates exposed to time-dependent standing waves of light. We first discuss a quantum chaotic dissipative ratchet using the method of quantum trajectories. This system is characterized by directed transport emerging from a quantum strange attractor. We then present a very simple model of directed transport with cold atoms in a pair of periodically flashed optical lattices.Finally we study the dynamics of a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a toroidal trap and exposed to a pair of periodically flashed optical lattices. We show that the many-body atom-atom interactions, treated within the mean-field approximation, can generate directed transport.
Magnetic microtraps for ultracold atoms

Trapping and manipulating ultracold atoms and degenerate quantum gases in magnetic micropotentials is reviewed. Starting with a comprehensive description of the basic concepts and fabrication techniques of microtraps together with early pioneering experiments, emphasis is placed on current experiments on degenerate quantum gases. This includes the loading of quantum gases in microtraps, coherent manipulation, and transport of condensates together with recently reported experiments on matter-wave interferometry on a chip. Theoretical approaches for describing atoms in waveguides and beam splitters are briefly summarized, and, finally, the interaction between atoms and the surface of microtraps is covered in some detail.
ANOVA versus Regression Analysis of ATI Designs: An Empirical Investigation

The theory indicating that general linear model methods can be superior to ANOVA analogs is well known. However, the magnitudes of differences induced by different analysis choices has not been empirically investigated. The paper reports a Monte Carlo study of these differences over nine combinations of three sample sizes and three population parameter effect sizes. Generally, ANOVA methods tended somewhat to overestimate smaller effect sizes and to underestimate larger effect sizes.
Mapping of Students’ Academic Performance in Online Learning Environment during Pandemic Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis

The virtual and digital learning process seems to hugely impact academic achievement due to the COVID-19 outbreak, globally. Thus, improving student performance is one of the important focuses of educational management. Mapping students’ actual conditions is a mandatory requirement before designing the performance improvement program. Therefore, this study proposed a statistical investigation to map out students’ performance and the problems they encountered during online learning using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), revealing the hidden pattern and classifying students based on their demographics (programs, CGPA, and origin) and learning environments. The data samples consist of 234 undergraduate students in the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI). The study findings formed from two different profiles where each profile has its respective categories. The study found that the students of the Bachelor of Education (Mathematics) with Honour, categorized as smart students, preferred to study face-to-face because of poor internet connection from using mobile data. On the other hand, the students of the Bachelor of Science (Mathematics) with Education, who were categorized as average students, had no difficulty continuing either synchronous or asynchronous online learning in the future because of stable internet access using their home Wi-Fi connection. Moreover, the preference made was also due to family interruption issues.
On oscillatory instability of convective flows at low Prandtl number

Numerical investigation of the oscillatory instability of convective flows in laterally heated rectangular cavities is presented. Cavities with no-slip isothermal vertical boundaries, no-slip adiabatic lower boundary, and stress-free adiabatic upper boundary are considered. Dependence of the critical Grashof number and the critical frequency of oscillations on the aspect ratio (A = length/height) of the cavity are investigated. The stability diagrams were obtained for the whole interval of the aspect ratio 1 ≤ A ≤ 10. The study was carried out for two values of the Prandtl number, Pr = 0 and 0.015. It was shown that the oscillatory instability sets in as a result of the Hopf bifurcation. It was found that at two different values of the Prandtl number considered the instability is caused by different infinitely small dominant perturbations, which means that the convective heat transfer strongly affects stability of the flow even for cases having small Prandtl number. No asymptotic behavior for large aspect ratios was found up to A = 10. Slightly supercritical oscillatory flows were approximated asymptotically by means of the weakly nonlinear analysis of the calculated bifurcation.
Extracting Topological Relationships from Wire-Frame CAD Model

This paper presents an algorithm for extracting topological relationships from a wire-frame computer-aided design (CAD) model of a given concrete floor. The algorithm consists of three stages. The first stage processes the wire-frame CAD data to differentiate between the interior and the exterior of a given floor configuration and to identify obstacles. The second stage employs the plane sweep paradigm to obtain all interior beam to beam intersection points. The third stage partitions the interior of the given floor into rectangular slabs (face entities). Information regarding the location and dimensions of concrete columns are also obtained using a range-searching technique and is stored along with the partitioning information. Plane sweeps are performed in two principal directions to extract adjacency relationships among the partitioning rectangles. The adjacency relationships are stored in a graph, called the rectangle adjacency graph (RAG), similar to the face adjacency graph (FAG) commonly used in bo.
Causal Inferences in the Campbellian Validity System

The purpose of the present paper is to critically examine causal inferences and internal validity as defined by Campbell and co‐workers. Several arguments are given against their counterfactual effect definition, and this effect definition should be considered inadequate for causal research in general. Moreover, their defined independence between internal and construct validity is not meaningful. An alternative causal inference and its validity are proposed, where the causal effect is defined in factual terms, and where the causal inference includes constructs.
Numerical study of zonal flow dynamics and electron transport in electron temperature gradient driven turbulence

The electron temperature gradient (ETG) driven turbulence in tokamak core plasmas is numerically investigated based on a three-dimensional gyrofluid model with adiabatic ion response. Attentions are focused on the zonal flow dynamics in ETG fluctuations and the resultant electron heat transport. A high electron energy confinement mode is found in the weak magnetic shear region, which is relevant to the self-organization behavior of turbulence through the enhanced zonal flow dynamics rather than the weak shear stabilization of ETG fluctuations. It is demonstrated that the weak shear favors the enhancement of zonal flows in ETG turbulence. The enhanced zonal flows may be plausibly limited by the excitation of a secondary Kelvin–Helmholtz mode, which is observed from the spatial spectral analyses and time-frequency wavelet analyses of turbulent fluctuations. Electromagnetic ETG simulations show that while the Ohkawa’s scaling of anomalous electron transport with beta, χe∝1/βe, is reproduced in the moderate s.
Development of the active doublet method for measuring small velocity and attenuation changes in solids

The measurement of small changes in elastic wave velocity and attenuation is important to a broad range of problems, such as earthquake prediction and early detection of rock failure in mines. Previous authors proposed a method for estimating small temporal velocity changes in the earth’s crust by analyzing progressive relative phase delays between the scattered waves of two signals generated by nearly identical earthquake sources, called doublets, recorded at different times at the same receivers. Several improvements have been made to the original method and are presented here. The reliability of measured velocity changes has been increased by using active, repeatable sources instead of natural earthquakes. The robustness of the analysis technique has been improved by eliminating unnecessary intermediate phase regression steps and thus reducing the sensitivity to spurious data. Finally, the phase‐delay algorithm has been extended to allow measurement of small attenuation changes from relative amplitude .
A comparison of oxygen and nitrogen abundances in young clusters and associations and in the interstellar gas

We have used previously published observations of main-sequence B-type stars lying in 11 young stellar clusters and associations to estimate non-LTE abundances of oxygen and nitrogen over galactocentric distances 6<R g <13 kpc. An oxygen abundance gradient of −0.03±0.02 dex kpc −1 is found, agreeing with earlier preliminary findings from early-type stars. The smaller number of nitrogen abundance estimates precludes any similar conclusion. For 6<R g <10 kpc the mean abundances are 12+log [O/H]=8.84±0.11 and 12+log [N/H]=7.91±0.13
A probabilistic proof of Blackwell's renewal theorem

Q is a so-called Palm function and can be described as follows: Let (Nt, . , Nk ) have independent components where N; 1~ i ~ k are stationary renewal processes with distribution function F:. Q is the distribution of (Nt,· . , N k ) measured from an 'arbitrary' point in the superposed process NS = N 1 + . + Ni. The convergence result (1) can be proved if (i) the distributions F: = F are identical (ii) the distributions F, are not concentrated on an arithmetic progression. The proof uses a coupling method for random walks. As a consequence of (1) the convergence of the interval length X, = S; -Sn-l in the superposed process MS follows.
Interaction between gas and ice phase in the three periods of the solar nebula

Abstract We simulate the chemical processes in the three evolution periods of the solar nebula, which are (i) the quasi-stationary prestellar cloud core, (ii) the gravitationally collapsing protostellar core, and (iii) the evolving gas-dust disk. Our purpose is to identify chemical parameters which reflect special aspects of the interactions between the gas and ice phase in the different periods, e.g. isotopic or molecular ratios. In this study we derive the D/H and 15N/14N ratio of selected compounds as well as the CO2/H2O ratio to measure the fraction of non-polar to polar ice in the grain mantles. The chosen ratios depend on the depletion-enrichment relation between the ice and gas phases driven by the thermal evolution in each period, especially during the collapse. Hence, we have made great efforts in order to derive realistic and compact hydrodynamic models to describe the evolutionary periods of the solar nebula.
A BLUP derivation of the multivariate breeder's equation, with an elucidation of errors in BLUP variance estimates, and a prediction method for inbred populations

The multivariate breeder’s equation Lande (1979) was derived from the Price equation Price (1970, 1972). Here, I present a derivation based on the BLUP (best linear unbiased predictions) equations in matrix form, ﬁrst given in summation form by Henderson (1950). The derivation makes use of a comparison with the known form of the multivariate breeder’s equation, and it is therefore not an independent derivation. The alternative derivation does, however, clarify why and to which extent the variances of BLUP predictions of random eﬀects are underestimated. The BLUP random eﬀects can in fact be used for prediction of phenotypic responses by use of the Robertson-Price identity, Robertson (1966), Price (1970, 1972). The BLUP derivation also leads to a prediction method for populations with inbreeding, i.e., where the additive genetic relationship matrix departs from a unity matrix, and where the multivariate breeder’s equation therefore will fail.
Simpson's Grading Scale for WHO Grade I Meningioma Resection in the Modern Neurosurgical Era: Are We Really Asking the Right Question?

Abstract The Simpson grading scale for the classification of the extent of meningioma resection provided a tremendous movement forward in 1957 suggesting increasing the extent of resection improves recurrence rates. However, equal, if not greater, movements forward have been made in the neurosurgical community over the last half a century owing to improvements in neuroimaging capabilities, microsurgical techniques, and radiotherapeutic strategies. Sughrue et al proposed the idea that these advancements have altered what a “recurrence” and “subtotal resection” truly means in modern neurosurgery compared with Simpson's era, and that a mandated use of the Simpson Scale is likely less clinically relevant today. A subsequent period of debate ensued in the literature which sought to re-examine the clinical value of using the Simpson Scale in modern neurosurgery. While a large body of evidence has recently been provided, these data generally continue to support the clinical importance of gross tumor resection as well as the value of adjuvant radiation therapy and the importance of recently updated World Health Organization classifications. However, there remains a negligible interval benefit in performing overly aggressive surgery and heroic maneuvers to remove the last bit of tumor, dura, and/or bone just for the simple act of achieving a lower Simpson score. Ultimately, meningioma surgery may be better contextualized as a continuous set of weighted risk–benefit decisions throughout the entire operation.
Electrowetting devices with transparent single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes

Microfluidic devices based on the electrowetting principle, more specifically electrowetting on dielectric, were fabricated using transparent single-walled carbon nanotube films as electrodes. The films were spray coated on glass and polyethylene terephalate substrates. The transmittance and sheet resistance remain unchanged after patterning the films using typical photolithography and plasma etching. Operation of water droplets over the patterned nanotube electrodes was demonstrated, and the performance was found to be comparable to that over the usual metal electrodes. The requirement of transparent electrodes is estimated for displays based on electrowetting machanism, and nanotube films indicate promise for such a type of devices.
Nonlinear Conformal Transformation for In Situ IR‐Visible Detection of Orbital Angular Momentum

Linear conformal transformation provides an effective way to detect orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons, and particularly, their coherent superposition states that are significant for OAM‐based technologies. However, these methods have limited applicability—they are applied to single or few separated wavelengths and cannot achieve nondestructive detection—although those features are attractive for practical applications. Here, the second‐harmonic spiral transformation is theoretically described and experimentally demonstrated through IR‐visible detection of OAM states from 900 to 1400 nm, with a low energy loss of ≈10−6. Remarkably, a record high optical finesse of ≈5.52 is predicted and observed, indicating that a nonlinear enhancement factor resulting from OAM conservation significantly improves separation efficiency. Additionally, this scheme allows flexibility to achieve lower energy losses or higher sensitivity by adjusting phase‐matching conditions. These results can be applicable to classical and quantum areas and promote conformal transformation into nonlinear regions.
Flow Casting Soft Shells with Geometrical Complexity and Multifunctionality

Soft shells are ubiquitous in soft devices, e.g., soft robots, wearable sensors, and soft medial replicas. However, previous widely accepted methods, such as mold casting, dip coating, and additive manufacturing, are limited to thick shells due to the mold assembly and the large friction during demolding, long processing time for mold dissolution, and poor scalability, respectively. Here, a facile, robust, and scalable manufacturing technique, named flow casting, to create soft shells with complex geometries and multifunctionalities is proposed. The method involves a flow‐governed layer casting process and a peel‐dominated demolding process. A one‐dimensional soft shell is first made with controllable thicknesses (100–400 µm) and fabricated various soft shells of intricate geometries, including three‐branched, circular‐shaped, and exquisite microstructures such as papillae and microgrooves on curved surfaces, with the resolution of feature sizes on the order of 100 µm. Furthermore, the versatility of this method is demonstrated with a 3D vascular phantom model for a magnetic robot transporting, microstructured cubic sleeves for enhancing the grasping ability of rigid grippers, and a stretchable optical waveguide capable of color changing by external mechanical stimuli.