Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of bias correction on precipitation trend over China

[1] Long-term monthly climatic data during 1951–1998 at 627 meteorological stations over China have been analysed in this study to examine the impact of bias corrections on monthly and yearly precipitation trends. The impacts of bias corrections on trends depended on the gauge catch efficiency and changes of wind speed, temperature, snow percentage, and number of trace and measurable precipitation days. Trends of corrected and measured monthly and yearly precipitation have similar regional patterns over China, although the trends are different quantitatively over some regions. Precipitation trends in summer months are generally higher than winter season because of high precipitation in summer and low in winter. For instance, trends in January and July are −8 to +20 mm/10a and −37 to +55 mm/10a over China for the measured data during 1951–1998, respectively. Bias corrections enhance monthly precipitation trends in every month by about 7 to 18%, leading to an 8% overall enhancement of absolute yearly precipitation trends over China. For the individual stations, the difference in corrected and measured annual precipitation trends varies from −4.1 to +19.0 mm/10a (−5.0 to +1.7%/10a) across China. It is important to note that bias corrections can change precipitation trend. Our analyses show that bias corrections have changed monthly and yearly precipitation trend direction from positive to negative over some regions in China. The trend changes reported here are large enough to affect regional climate and hydrology analyses, particularly over cold regions. More efforts are needed to quantify the impact of bias corrections on precipitation change analyses over other large countries and regions.
A crossed‐dipole reciprocity “paradox”

The principle of seismic reciprocity states that the roles of sources and receivers in seismic experiments can be interchanged, and the same signal as a function of time will be recorded in both cases. In a multicomponent zero‐offset shear‐wave experiment, the sources and receivers are at the same location, and the reciprocal experiment is the same as the original. Reciprocity thus predicts that the recorded XY (inline source to crossline receiver) and YX (crossline source to inline receiver) sections should be identical. This should be true regardless of anisotropy, attenuation, or heterogeneity in the Earth.
Effect of tire crumb and cement addition on triaxial shear behavior of sandy soils

This paper presents a series of conventional undrained triaxial compression tests conducted to determine the effect of both tire crumbs and cement addition on Narli sand specimens. The tire crumb contents and cement contents were 3%, 7%, 15%; and 1%, 3%, 5% by dry weight of the sand specimens respectively. Specimens were prepared at about 35% relative density, cured during overnight (about 17 hours) for artificially bonding under a 100 kPa effective stress (confining pressure of 500 kPa with a back pressure of 400 kPa), and then sheared. Deviatoric stress-axial strain, pore water pressure-axial strain behavior, and Young's modulus of the specimens at various mixture ratios of tire crumb/cement/sand were measured. Test results indicated that the addition of tire crumb to sand decreases Young's modulus, deviatoric stress and brittleness, and increase pore water pressure generation. The addition of cement to sand with tire crumbs increases deviatoric stress, Young's modulus, and changes its ductile behavior to a more brittle one. The results suggest that specimen formation in the way used here could reduce the tire disposal problem in not only economically, and environmentally, but also more effectively beneficial way for some geotechnical applications.
Molecular portraits of cell cycle checkpoint kinases in cancer evolution, progression, and treatment responsiveness

Cell cycle dysregulation is prerequisite for cancer formation. However, it is unknown whether the mode of dysregulation affects disease characteristics. Here, we conduct comprehensive analyses of cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation using patient data and experimental investigations. We find that ATM mutation predisposes the diagnosis of primary estrogen receptor (ER)+/human epidermal growth factor (HER)2− cancer in older women. Conversely, CHK2 dysregulation induces formation of metastatic, premenopausal ER+/HER2− breast cancer (P = 0.001) that is treatment-resistant (HR = 6.15, P = 0.01). Lastly, while mutations in ATR alone are rare, ATR/TP53 co-mutation is 12-fold enriched over expected in ER+/HER2− disease (P = 0.002) and associates with metastatic progression (HR = 2.01, P = 0.006). Concordantly, ATR dysregulation induces metastatic phenotypes in TP53 mutant, not wild-type, cells. Overall, we identify mode of cell cycle dysregulation as a distinct event that determines subtype, metastatic potential, and treatment responsiveness, providing rationale for reconsidering diagnostic classification through the lens of the mode of cell cycle dysregulation.
The Millennium Cohort Study: Answering Long-Term Health Concerns of US Military Service Members by Integrating Longitudinal Survey Data with Military Health System Records. Part 2. Pre-Deployment

Abstract : Military service involves unique occupational experiences and intense stressors that may have profound impact on long-term health. Most studies of military-related exposures are limited by retrospective and cross-sectional design, convenience sampling, and/or short follow-up. The Millennium Cohort Study is the largest population-based prospective health study in US military history, designed to evaluate the long-term health impact of military service. The Cohort currently consists of four panels enrolled separately in 2001, 2004, 2007, and 2011, totaling approximately 200,000 participants from all service branches, and includes both active-duty and Reserve and National Guard personnel. Participants are surveyed at three-year intervals for up to 21 years while in service and post service. At least one follow-up has been completed by over 70% of the Cohort, and 50% of the current participants have deployed in support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Millennium Cohort Study is setting a new standard for prospective evaluation of the long-term health consequences of military occupational exposures, among both active military personnel and the growing number of veterans who have separated or retired from military service and entered the civilian population. The rigorous design and strength of these data provide invaluable information on the associations between military service experiences, such as deployment, and a variety of mental and physical health outcomes. Results of this study have both military and national public health significance and will be useful in designing policy and preventive strategies in the years to come.
Soil loss due to crop harvesting: significance and determining factors

Water, wind and tillage erosion are well-studied soil erosion processes. However, there is another process of soil erosion that is rarely considered in the field of earth sciences but one that should not be neglected when calculating soil denudation rates and sediment budgets, i.e., soil loss due to crop harvesting (SLCH). Loose soil and soil adhering to the crop and rock fragments are harvested and exported from the field along with crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). In this paper several assessments of SLCH found in the literature are listed, revealing that soil loss due to crop harvesting may range from a few Mg up to a few tens of Mg per hectare per harvest. As most literature discussing this soil loss does not originate from the field of earth sciences, and terms used to describe this phenomenon are not standardized, a terminology is proposed to describe soil losses due to crop harvesting compatible with terms used in the field of soil erosion. Furthermore, the parameters determining SLCH are reviewed based on a detailed literature study that focuses mainly on sugar beet. These parameters may be grouped into four factors, i.e. soil, crop, agronomic practices and harvest technique. Variations in soil moisture and soil texture cause the largest variations in SLCH, although other factors, such as harvest technique, also play an important role. Given the importance of SLCH in terms of on-site and off-site effects, more research is needed to quantify SLCH under different environmental conditions.
Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) at Halley (76°S, 27°W), Antarctica

Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) are a pointer to summer mesospheric conditions and have fuelled the debate over temperature differences between the Antarctic and Arctic mesopause regions. However few PMSE observations have ever been made in Antarctica. We present initial PMSE observations from Halley (76°S, 27°W), taken during January and February 2004. These are the first observations at such high southern latitude, the first using a dynasonde for detection, and the first at 28 MHz. PMSE are frequently observed and exhibit a double maximum in diurnal occurrence in contrast to published observations at similar Arctic latitudes. The PMSE season ends slightly earlier, relative to summer solstice, than in the Arctic. The strength of the PMSE appear similar to PMSE observed in the northern hemisphere; this is consistent with published falling sphere measurements showing similar summer mesopause temperatures in January in the Antarctic as in July in the Arctic.
Determination of flood seasonality from hydrological records / Détermination de la saisonnalité des crues à partir de séries hydrologiques

Abstract Abstract The identification of flood seasonality is a procedure with many practical applications in hydrology and water resources management. Several statistical methods for capturing flood seasonality have emerged during the last decade. So far, however, little attention has been paid to the uncertainty involved in the use of these methods, as well as to the reliability of their estimates. This paper compares the performance of annual maximum (AM) and peaks-over-threshold (POT) sampling models in flood seasonality estimation. Flood seasonality is determined by two most frequently used methods, one based on directional statistics (DS) and the other on the distribution of monthly relative frequencies of flood occurrence (RF). The performance is evaluated for the AM and three common POT sampling models depending on the estimation method, flood seasonality type and sample record length. The results demonstrate that the POT models outperform the AM model in most analysed scenarios. The POT sampling provides significantly more information on flood seasonality than the AM sampling. For certain flood seasonality types, POT samples can lead to estimation uncertainty that is found in up to ten-times longer AM samples. The performance of the RF method does not depend on the flood seasonality type as much as that of the DS method, which performs poorly on samples generated from complex seasonality distributions.
2-DEOXY-GLUCOSE DOWN REGULATES ENDOTHELIAL AKT AND ERK VIA INTERFERENCE WITH N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION, INDUCTION OF ENDOPASMIC RETICULUM STRESS AND GSK-3 β ACTIVATION INHIBITION OF ENDOTHELIAL AKT AND ERK BY

reticulum; PERK, PKR-like ER kinase; GRP 78/BiP, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein/Binding immunoglobulin protein; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; UPR, unfolded protein response. FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate. ABSTRACT Interference with endothelial cell metabolism is a promising, yet unexploited strategy for angiogenesis inhibition. We reported that the glucose analog, 2-deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG) inhibits angiogenesis at significantly lower concentrations than those required for tumor cytotoxicity. Here, we found that hypersensitivity to 2-DG in endothelial cells is not associated with enhanced drug uptake compared to tumor cells, but with time dependent, endothelial selective inhibition of Akt and Erk phosphorylation. Down regulation of these critical survival pathways is shown to be due to 2-DG’s interference with N-linked glycosylation, leading to alterations in VEGFR2 (and downstream signaling) as well as induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, GSK-3β activation and apoptosis. In vivo, periocular administration of 2DG in LH BETA T AG mice was associated with significant reduction of newly formed (CD 105 +) tumor capillaries, ER stress (GRP 78 expression), and endothelial apoptosis (TUNEL). These findings uniquely link N-linked glycosylation inhibition, ER stress and Erk/Akt down regulation in endothelial cells, and provide a novel drug development strategy to overcome resistance mechanisms to currently available antiangiogenic agents. These effects were demonstrated to be due to 2-DG’s interference with N-linked glycosylation, rather than glycolysis inhibition. In vivo, 2-DG inhibited neovessel formation in the matrigel plug assay as well as tumor angiogenesis, in the LH BETA T AG transgenic retinoblastoma model. In this report, we characterize the molecular mechanisms of endothelial sensitivity to 2-DG. The findings described below provide useful insight into novel mechanisms for angiogenesis inhibition. the total radioactivity total of moles of hot 2-DG applied to each Results are displayed as nmol/mg of protein (+/- SD), at 5 or 30 minutes.
El Nino/southern oscillation modification to the structure of the monsoon and tropical cyclone activity in the Australasian region

Streamfunction and velocity potential fields, calculated from monthly averaged station data sets, are composited for ENSO and anti-ENSO extremes in the Australasian region. Four January and four February data sets are used for each of the composites. Gridded sea-surface temperature (SST) and highly reflective cloud (HRC) data are composited in a similar manner. These data are used to investigate the effect of the phase of ENSO on the Australasian summer monsoon and tropical cyclone activity in the region. Changes in the structure of the monsoon are found to be consistent with composited tropical cyclogenesis and cyclone track data. These effects extend to the north and west of Australia, in addition to the signal previously identified in the Queensland region. During ENSO phases, the summer monsoon trough is weak and displaced equatorward, vertical wind shear is reduced and warmer SSTs are found to the north-west of Australia and in the central equatorial Pacific. Tropical cyclone activity is reduced to the north-east of Australia, but increases to the north and north-west of the continent. Owing to the associated changes in the steering flow, coastal crossings are enhanced in Western Australia and the Northern Territory, but suppressed in Queensland. In the anti-ENSO composite, the reverse generally is observed. Features specific to the anti-ENSO are that far fewer storms occur to the north of Australia and storms off the west coast tend to track off-shore, persisting further south. This southward persistence also is evident on the east coast, but here the likelihood of coastal crossing is enhanced compared with the ENSO composite.
Quantitative skill of quasi‐geostrophic forecasts of a baroclinically unstable Iceland‐Faroe Front

Using initialization and validation conditions from hydrographie surveys of the Iceland-Faroe Front in August 1993, shipboard quasi-geostrophic model forecasts executed in real time are evaluated for quantitative skill in terms of anomaly correlation coefficient and rms error. The prototype dynamical forecasts are synoptically initialized from two observed initial states and validated against observations obtained 3–4 days later. The forecasts correlate with the validating observations, yielding anomaly correlation coefficients of 0.75–0.80, which beat persistence-of-day-zero forecasts by 0.07–0.30, depending on the region of interest and the initial state. Thus this quasi-geostrophic model is able to forecast the rapidly evolving currents of this front with quantitative skill. The forecast fields of stream function are also used to diagnose the physical processes of the frontal current variations. Energetic diagnostics clearly reveal that the frontal current evolution is controlled by baroclinic instability processes. Baroclinic wave disturbances at middepth serve to transfer available gravitational energy to kinetic energy, which then is transferred through the water column, resulting in the observed (and modeled) rapid changes in the frontal current.
Assessment for the U.S. Army Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Program

Psychology and the U.S. military have a long history of collaboration. The U.S. Army Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program aims to measure the psychosocial strengths and assets of soldiers as well as their problems, to identify those in need of basic training in a given domain as well as those who would benefit from advanced training, and then to provide that training. The goals of the CSF program include the promotion of well-being as well as the prevention of problems. Assessment is the linchpin of the CSF program, and the Global Assessment Tool (GAT) is a self-report survey that measures psychosocial fitness in emotional, social, family, and spiritual domains. We review the history of psychological assessment in the military and the lessons taught by this history. Then we describe the process by which the GAT was developed and evaluated. We conclude with a discussion of pending next steps in the development and use of the GAT.
Comparative Study of Dipteran Species Diversity and Their Succession on Rabbit Carrion in Two Different Mangrove Areas of Peninsular Malaysia

A study on dipteran utility in assisting investigation of unattended deaths was carried out in mangrove areas of Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, and Masai, Johor, in Peninsular Malaysia by using rabbit carrions as the model. The aim of this study was to determine the dipteran species diversity and their succession over the decomposition period of the rabbit carrions. A total of 229 individuals belonging to 11 species from six families of Diptera were successfully identified from both study sites in October and December 2007. Chrysomya megacephala, C. rufifacies, and Hydrotaea sp. were found to be the most abundant species recorded in this study. More species were collected from Masai with 10 species compared to Kuala Terengganu with nine species. Ecological indices (Shannon Wiener Index, Margalef Index, and Evenness Index) showed that Masai scored higher diversity, richness, and evenness values than Kuala Terengganu. However, Mann-Whitney test did not show significant difference among the individuals represented at each study site (). Calliphoridae predominated in the carrion during the fresh, bloat, and active decay stages of decomposition. Dipteran development was documented to be meteorologically dependent whereby; low temperature and high rainfall inhibit their colonization. Data collected in this study can hopefully serve as the basis for future estimates of the postmortem interval (PMI) particularly in mangrove area of tropical regions.
A Third-Generation Model for Wind Waves on Slowly Varying, Unsteady, and Inhomogeneous Depths and Currents

Abstract A full discrete spectral model for propagation generation and dissipation of wind waves for arbitrary depth, current and wind fields is presented (WAVEWATCH). This model incorporates all relevant wave-current interaction mechanisms including changes of absolute frequencies due to unsteadiness of depth and currents. The model furthermore explicitly accounts for growth and decay of wave energy and for nonlinear resonant wave-wave interactions. The numerical schemes for propagation are basically second-order accurate. Effect of refraction and frequency shifts (due to unsteadiness of depth and current) are calculated on a fixed grid, also using second-order schemes. This paper focuses on the governing equations and the numerical algorithms. Furthermore some results for academic and realistic cases are presented to illustrate some features and merits of the model.
Physics and microbial ecology of a buoyant estuarine plume on the continental shelf

The MECCAS (Microbial Exchanges and Coupling in Coastal Atlantic Systems) Project was initiated in 1984 with support from the National Science Foundation to study the flow regime of buoyant plumes and the microbial ecology of pelagic communities that characterize these plumes. The project is interdisciplinary, with physical, chemical, and biological components (Table 1). Our goal is to determine how physical and biological processes influence the production and cycling o f carbon and nitrogen o n time and space scales that characterize the physics of plumes and the growth of microbial populations within plumes.
Two methods for increasing the depth of focus of imaging systems

In this paper we describe two approaches for extending the depth of field in incoherent imaging system. The first one, a hybrid opto-digital incoherent imaging system, relies on an optical setup whereby the image is deliberately distorted, followed by a digital restoration stage. The second, an all-optical incoherent imaging system is based on a spatially code multiplexed multiple Fresnel lens mask, poisitioned in the lens aperture. Both provide a relatively high optical throughput and small contrast reduction, for an extremely wide range misfocus positions. For both cases, design considerations for an extended depth of field will be described. It is important to mention that both approaches are able to provide results in real time, thus enabling their usage in practical systems; yet the all-optical system presents a remarkable simplification.
A generalized algorithm for retrieving cloudy sky skin temperature from satellite thermal infrared radiances

A physical algorithm for calculating cloudy pixel skin temperature from its neighboring clear pixels is proposed generalizing that of Jin (2000). Two neighboring pixels over the same land cover have a difference in temperature largely explained by surface insolation. Hence this algorithm starts from the surface energy balance equation (SEB) and expresses each energy term of SEB as a function of skin temperature. Then SEB is solved to derive cloudy pixel skin temperature from neighboring clear skin temperature plus a correction term determined by surface insolation, air temperature, and wind speed. This algorithm can be used for nights and winter hemisphere high latitudes where there is no surface insolation and is applicable to any surface where the principle of SEB is applicable. The algorithm is evaluated by using FIFE and BOREAS field experiments. Its global application has been examined through simulations with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) coupled with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) simulations. The accuracy of the algorithm is encouraging: the rms error at a monthly pixel level is 1-2 K. Observed errors are greater when there is precipitation.
The interchange cycle: A fundamental mode of magnetic flux circulation for northward interplanetary magnetic field

The interchange cycle is a mode of magnetic flux circulation that dominates when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle (θc ≡ atan2(BY, BZ)) lies in the range of ∣θc∣ 30°. It consists of IMF‐lobe reconnection in one hemisphere and lobe‐closed reconnection in the other hemisphere, producing in the ionosphere an interchange‐type merging cell in the former hemisphere and a reciprocal cell in the latter hemisphere. For a given IMF clock angle and a given dipole tilt angle, there usually exist two independent interchange cycles. Thus the two interchange cycles drive twin reverse cells in both hemispheres, but the category of each reverse cell (either an interchange‐type merging cell or a reciprocal cell) depends on the given conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate how the reverse cell pattern changes systematically depending on the IMF orientation and the dipole tilt.