Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soil water dynamics in cropped and uncropped fields in northern Greece using a dual-permeability model

Abstract This study focuses on the calibration and validation of a dual-permeability soil water flow model for simulating soil water dynamics during the growing period in an irrigated corn field and during the rainy winter period in an uncropped field in northern Greece. The 1D numerical transient dual-permeability model MACRO 5.0 was used to describe the soil water dynamics, the water balance and deep percolation considering both macropore (two-domain) flow and non-macropore (one-domain) flow. The simulated results were compared with measurements of total soil water content at different depths in the soils. The values of the statistical criteria RMSE, E and CRM were better when macroporosity flow was considered; the soil water content showed better redistribution in the soil profile. The limited irrigation of the corn field during the growing period and the irrigation rates did not create conditions for deep percolation of water. In the uncropped field (bare soil), the wet conditions and the high rainfall during the simulation period created conditions for significant deep percolation, whether macropore flow was included in the model or not. The two-domain approach significantly affects the actual evaporation and the deep percolation. The difference between these two approaches is in the amount of deep percolation and the flow path of drainage flow. In the two-domain approach, most deep percolation follows the macropore domain (79.8%). The errors due to macropore parameter uncertainty and to the difficulties of measuring the macropore water content and flow were estimated by a sensitivity analysis for the more important parameters of the model. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation Antonopoulos, V.Z. , Georgiou, P.E. , and Kolotouros, C.A. , 2013. Soil water dynamics in cropped and uncropped fields in northern Greece using a dual-permeability model. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1748–1759.
Global TEC maps based on GNNS data: 2. Model evaluation

The present paper presents a detailed statistical evaluation of the global empirical background TEC model built by using the CODE TEC data for full 13 years, 1999‐2011, and described in Part 1. It has been found that the empirical probability density distribution resembles more the Laplace than the Gaussian distribution. A further insight into the nature and sources of the model's error variable led up to building of a new error model. It has been constructed by using a similar approach to that of the background TEC model. The spatial‐temporal variability of the RMSE (root mean squares error) is presented as a multiplication of three separable functions which describe solar cycle, seasonal and LT dependences. The error model contains 486 constants that have been determined by least squares fitting techniques. The overall standard deviation of the predicted RMSE with respect to the empirical one is 0.7 TECU. The error model could offer a prediction approach on the basis of which the RMSE depending on the solar activity, season and LT is predicted.
PRACTICAL AIRBORNE EM (AEM) INTERPRETATION USING A SPHERE MODEL

The most popular model for quantitative interpretation of airborne EM data is the conductive half–plane. This is a good shape for representing many long–strike conductors, but a different model is needed for interpreting localized anomalies. A conductive sphere is an obvious choice. Although the mathematical solution has been available for decades and dozens of papers have been published on the subject, no sets of type curves or interpretation diagrams for this simple model and actual EM prospecting system are yet available in the open literature. For this paper, response profiles for an airborne EM system of “double dipole” type (coil axes in the direction of flight) have been computed from the mathematical solution using all necessary terms of the series. The anomaly profiles are of simple shape and it has been found that the profile half–width has a constant relationship with the depth to the center of the sphere. The profile half–widths along with the in–phase and quadrature anomaly amplitudes allow a direct interpretation of depth, radius, and conductivity of the sphere. Where the sphere is also permeable, interpretation of the accompanying magnetic survey profile can allow this extra parameter to be taken into account. Finally, sample AEM profiles from the New Insco deposit are interpreted. True depth as obtained from drilling lies between the depth interpreted by two extreme models, viz., a sphere and a half–plane.
Evolving letterboxing game on Pori Cultural Heritage Road: emerging challenges for teachers

This paper presents six teachers experiences in an elementary school of Pori, Finland, who are using a new education tool, the letterboxing-method. The teachers use letterboxing-method to teach 2nd and 4th class of students for local history and geography in Pori Cultural Heritage Road. This study analyses the treasure hunt activities to determine how local history and geography were integrated into the learning activity, which extends learning experience in classroom teaching in movable teaching experience. In this case study, the treasure hunt game is played through five waypoints rooted in the history, culture and landscape of the city. At waypoints, pupils have some educational tasks connected with the history of Pori and with changes in landscape. The application as a new teaching method creates a new innovative educational culture.
A particle simulation of “giant” undulations on the evening diffuse auroral boundary

“Giant” undulations on the equatorward boundary of the evening diffuse aurora, occasionally observed during a substorm, are numerically simulated. A “giant” undulation is defined as a waveform having the crest-to-trough amplitude comparable to the wavelength. The two-dimensional particle code is used for studying the motion of magnetospheric plasma perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. Based on the observational facts, it is assumed that in the auroral magnetosphere there exist azimuthally aligned sheets of enhanced density, which are called arc sheets. (Arc sheets inside the inverted-V structure can actually be responsible for discrete arcs.) The simulation model for giant undulations assumes the presence of an arc sheet equatorward of the proton diffuse aurora. Anomalous cross-field diffusion of the arc sheet protons leads to polarization of the arc sheet. The polarized arc sheet is such that a negative charge sheet is sandwiched between two positive charge sheets. The polarized arc sheet is subject to a Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability due to a velocity shear generated in the arc sheet. The K-H waves associated with the arc sheet can spatially modulate the equatorward boundary of the proton diffuse aurora. In the actual simulation, the temporal evolution of the diffuse auroral pattern, as displayed in photographs from the satellites, can be visualized by following the cluster of the energetic protons. The outstanding indentations characteristic of observed giant undulations are successfully reproduced. There have been a few examples of the satellite measurements of electric fields, field-aligned currents, and fluxes of precipitating particles around the undulating diffuse auroral boundaries. The distributions of electric fields and space charges obtained from the simulation are found to be consistent with these observations. Therefore, giant undulations on the equatorward diffuse auroral boundary can be identified with spatial modulation of the energetic protons by the K-H waves arising from the polarized arc sheet.
A new coastline extraction in remote sensing images

While executing tasks such as ocean pollution monitoring, maritime rescue, geographic mapping, and automatic navigation utilizing remote sensing images, the coastline feature should be determined. Traditional methods are not satisfactory to extract coastline in high-resolution panchromatic remote sensing image. Active contour model, also called snakes, have proven useful for interactive specification of image contours, so it is used as an effective coastlines extraction technique. Firstly, coastlines are detected by water segmentation and boundary tracking, which are considered initial contours to be optimized through active contour model. As better energy functions are developed, the power assist of snakes becomes effective. New internal energy has been done to reduce problems caused by convergence to local minima, and new external energy can greatly enlarge the capture region around features of interest. After normalization processing, energies are iterated using greedy algorithm to accelerate convergence rate. The experimental results encompassed examples in images and demonstrated the capabilities and efficiencies of the improvement.
Temporal variations of elemental carbon in Beijing

[1] Concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured in Beijing between 2005 and 2006. EC was measured every hour with a semicontinuous thermal optical analyzer. The observed concentrations were rather uniform over a distance of about 50 km from the observation site. The annual average concentrations of EC and CO were 6.9 μgC m−3 and 1120 parts per billion by volume, respectively. The concentrations of these species increased with decreasing near-surface wind speed (WS). The slopes of the CO-CO2, EC-CO2, and EC-CO correlations are used to estimate major EC and CO sources. In the weak wind regime (WS ≤ 2.0 m s−1), the median EC, ΔEC/ΔCO2, and ΔEC/ΔCO (except for winter) increased in the late evening and remained high until early morning. The traffic of heavy duty diesel trucks during nighttime was about 20 times higher than that during daytime. These results indicate a dominant contribution of exhaust from diesel vehicles to the nighttime EC. In winter, the nighttime CO and ΔCO/ΔCO2 ratio were largely higher than those in the other seasons. The most likely cause is the increase in the CO emissions from the exhaust of gasoline vehicles at low temperature. The ΔEC/ΔCO2 ratio in winter was lower than that in fall, indicating no significant additional EC emissions. The diurnal variations of EC, CO, CO2, and ΔEC/ΔCO were similar between weekdays and weekends. The slopes of the CO-CO2-EC correlations are compared with the CO-CO2-EC ratios derived from a published emission inventory in the Beijing area.
Multiensemble Markov models of molecular thermodynamics and kinetics

Significance Molecular dynamics simulations can provide mechanistic understanding of biomolecular processes. However, direct simulation of slow transitions such as protein conformational transitions or protein–ligand dissociation are unfeasible with commonly available computational resources. Two typical strategies are (i) conducting large ensembles of short simulations and estimating the long-term kinetics with a Markov state model, and (ii) speeding up rare events by bias potentials or higher temperatures and estimating the unbiased thermodynamics with reweighting estimators. In this work, we introduce the transition-based reweighting analysis method (TRAM), a statistically optimal approach that combines the best of both worlds and estimates a multiensemble Markov model (MEMM) with full thermodynamic and kinetic information at all simulated ensembles. We introduce the general transition-based reweighting analysis method (TRAM), a statistically optimal approach to integrate both unbiased and biased molecular dynamics simulations, such as umbrella sampling or replica exchange. TRAM estimates a multiensemble Markov model (MEMM) with full thermodynamic and kinetic information at all ensembles. The approach combines the benefits of Markov state models—clustering of high-dimensional spaces and modeling of complex many-state systems—with those of the multistate Bennett acceptance ratio of exploiting biased or high-temperature ensembles to accelerate rare-event sampling. TRAM does not depend on any rate model in addition to the widely used Markov state model approximation, but uses only fundamental relations such as detailed balance and binless reweighting of configurations between ensembles. Previous methods, including the multistate Bennett acceptance ratio, discrete TRAM, and Markov state models are special cases and can be derived from the TRAM equations. TRAM is demonstrated by efficiently computing MEMMs in cases where other estimators break down, including the full thermodynamics and rare-event kinetics from high-dimensional simulation data of an all-atom protein–ligand binding model.
Evolution of Kelvin‐Helmholtz activity on the dusk flank magnetopause

Our purpose is to characterize the evolution of the magnetopause Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) wave activity with changes in thickness of the adjacent boundary layer, geomagnetic latitude and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation. As the IMF turns northward, wave activity may be generated at the dayside before propagating down the tail, where the boundary layer is expected to support longer wavelengths. We use two-point observations on the dusk magnetopause at low latitudes, from Geotail on the dayside and Cluster tailward of the dusk terminator. We quantify the wavelength, power, wavefront steepness and propagation direction at Cluster. An estimate of the thickness of the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) is obtained by correlating normal distances to the magnetopause, derived from two empirical solar-wind-driven models, with a systematic relationship (the "transition parameter") found between the electron number density and temperature; the correlation factor is used to infer the temporal evolution of the thickness of the locally sampled layer. We find that wavelengths are controlled by the IMF clock angle, as expected when generated by the KH mechanism at the dayside, although amplitudes, wavefront steepness and propagation directions are more closely correlated with the layer thickness. A survey of parameter space provides evidence of the contribution of the KH mechanism to the widening of the electron LLBL.
Environmental Impacts Caused by Tidal Power Extraction in the Upper Bay of Fundy

ABSTRACT Environmental impacts, including tidal regimes and sediment transport in the Minas Basin, caused by tidal power extraction in the Minas Passage have been investigated using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model in which tidal power extraction is represented using an arbitrary method that adds a friction term to the standard momentum equations. Using the model results, changes in tidal processes and sediment transport in the Minas Basin are examined by comparing model results with and without power extraction. With the presence of power extraction, the tidal level decreases by 0.5–1.5% and the tidal phase increases by 1.2–1.8°. Tidal currents decrease by 15–35% at the western head of the Minas Basin and increase by a comparable magnitude at the Southern Bight. The presence of power extraction could move the location of the tidal residual gyre in the western head of the Minas Basin south by about 2 km. Model results also show that less sediment would move into the central area of the Minas Basin but more sediment would be deposited into the Southern Bight at a rate of 8–12 mm y−1. The effect of the deposition rate might be negligible in the northern part of the Bight where the water is deep but could be important in the intertidal areas.
Revista de Administração Contemporânea Journal of Contemporary Administration

Contexto: diversos métodos para avaliação de opções reais foram extensivamente estudados e publicados. Mas as árvores binomiais recombinantes, conhecidas como treliças, talvez sejam uma das abordagens mais práticas e intuitivas para modelar incertezas e precificar flexibilidades gerenciais de projetos. Apesar de o modelo de árvore binomial de Cox, Ross e Rubinstein (1979) ser de simples implementação para opções financeiras, essa modelagem para opções reais requer uma abordagem diferente, como a proposta por Copeland e Antikarov (2001), que considera os fluxos de caixa do projeto como dividendos. Objetivo: neste tutorial, propomos um código em software aberto com diretrizes intuitivas para ajudar pesquisadores e profissionais a modelar malhas binomiais de opções reais a partir de fluxos de caixa de projetos. Método: nosso código considera a estimativa correta da volatilidade do projeto, a modelagem do rendimento de dividendos e a construção da treliça. Resultados: os resultados mostram como as opções reais podem afetar o valor de projetos. Conclusões: como contribuição, este tutorial fornece um mecanismo simples para analisar oportunidades de investimento em projetos que possuem incerteza e flexibilidade.
RNase III initiates rapid degradation of proU mRNA upon hypo-osmotic stress in Escherichia coli

Hyper-osmotic stress strongly induces expression of the Escherichia coli proU operon encoding a high affinity uptake system for the osmoprotectants glycine betaine and proline betaine. Osmoregulation of proU takes place at the transcriptional level by upregulation of the promoter at high osmolarity and repression of transcription by the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS at low osmolarity. In the present study, we describe an additional level of proU osmoregulation that is independent of transcriptional regulation. We show that osmoregulation occurs at a post-transcriptional level involving RNase III. RNase III specifically processes the proU mRNA within a conserved secondary structure extending from position +203 to +293 of the transcript. Processing is efficient at low osmolarity, but inhibited at high osmolarity. Blocking of RNase III processing by mutation of the processing site eliminates post-transcriptional osmoregulation of proU. Further, the proU mRNA is relatively stable at high osmolarity with a half-life of approximately 65 sec. However, upon osmotic downshift, RNase III immediately processes the proU mRNA which reduces its half-life to less than 4 sec. The data suggest that the primary role of RNase III-mediated processing of proU mRNA is to ensure rapid shutdown of proU upon hypo-osmotic stress.
Integral Equation Modeling for 3D Seabed Logging Applications

A fast iterative approach to full vector three-dimensional forward scattering problems is discussed, where the unknown object is an assumed reservoir in the layered earth where conductivity and permittivity are different from the known background medium. Since this problem involves a large number of unknowns, it has to be solved effectively and efficiently so that the results can be obtained in a timely manner. To achieve this goal, approximations can give us reasonable results. Therefore Born approximation and Extended Born approximation are implemented and compared with the full solution of the CG-FFT method. The forward modeling is based on a domain integral equation formulated in terms of the electric contrast source. Integral Equation (IE) solver has several advantages such as separation of incident and scattered field which gives us a more accurate result, furthermore IE method requires the discretization of the domain of the reservoir only and not the entire of modeling domain, in addition because of the unique solution to the domain equation, the method is suitable for inverse modeling.
Facile synthesis of magnetically separable CoFe2O4/Ag2O/Ag2CO3 MARK nanoheterostructures with high photocatalytic performance under visible light and enhanced stability against photodegradation

a Research Laboratory of Functional Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, 1048 Riga, Latvia b Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia c RMS Foundation, Bischmattstrasse 12, 2544 Bettlach, Switzerland d Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, 1063 Riga, Latvia e Institute of Physics, University of Latvia, Miera 32, 2169 Salaspils, Latvia f Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland g Helmholz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
Compression of colour images by inter-band compensated prediction

A new technique, called inter-band compensated prediction, for coding colour and multispectral images is presented. It is suitable to use for coding any spectral domain and can code colour and multispectral images with any number of bands. This technique is based on the same principles as the very efficient motion compensated prediction largely used in video coding. Thus, each band is predicted in the spectral direction by compensating the differences in the neighbouring bands and then coding the prediction error spatially by another method. This is a forward adaptive prediction and the information used for compensation is coded as side information with prediction error. The comparison of the coding results with the state-of-the-art coding algorithms, based on spectral transformations, proves that this technique is very efficient and can even outperform them. In addition, compensation can be combined with any spatial coder that allows lossless, lossy and scalable coding of any spectral content of the image. It has also the advantages of being simple to implement and to use with parallel architectures.
Retrieving and recognizing aircraft targets staying at the airport from the satellite image database

The paper studies the problem of how to recognize aircraft targets staying at the airport from satellite image database of huge amount in an acceptable processing speed. Without adopting the current method recognizing the target picture by picture from the image database, the paper combines image retrieval with target recognition, and firstly uses image retrieval technology to pick out those images containing airport target from the satellite image database, then utilizes target recognition technology to recognize the aircraft targets staying at the airport from those images. Some new methods or thoughts have been put forward about the airport image retrieval, segmentation and recognition for aircraft targets, and a retrieval and recognition system for aircraft targets staying at the airport in the database of satellite images has been studied and designed. Finally many experiments has been designed and carried out, and the experimental results demonstrate that these methods are feasible and effective.
Extended access self-administration of methamphetamine is associated with age- and sex-dependent differences in drug taking behavior and recognition memory deficits in rats

Individuals who begin drug use during early adolescence experience more adverse consequences compared to those initiating later, especially if they are female. The mechanisms for these age and gender differences remain obscure, but studies in rodents suggest that psychostimulants may disrupt the normal ontogeny of dopamine and glutamate systems in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we studied Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes who began methamphetamine (METH, i.v.) self-administration (SA) in adolescence (postnatal [P] day 41) or adulthood (P91). Rats received seven daily 2-h SA sessions with METH or saccharin as the reinforcer, followed by 14 daily long access (LgA; 6 h) sessions. After 7 and 14 days of abstinence, novel object (OR) or object-in-place (OiP) recognition was assessed. PFC and nucleus accumbens were collected 7 days after the final cognitive test and NMDA receptor subunits and dopamine D1 receptor expression was measured. We found that during LgA sessions, adolescent-onset rats escalated METH intake more rapidly than adult-onset rats, with adolescent-onset females earning the most infusions. Adolescent-onset rats exhibited modest deficits in OiP compared to adult-onset rats, but there was no sex difference in this effect and no groups differed in OR. We found no group differences in D1 and NMDA receptor expression, suggesting no long-lasting alteration of ontogenetic expression profiles. Our findings suggest that adolescent-onset drug use is more likely to lead to compulsive-like patterns of drug-taking and subsequent dysfunction of PFC-dependent cognition.