Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Thermal–Mechanical Vibration Amplitude and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanopillars Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

We describe a method for evaluating thermal–mechanical vibration amplitude by means of analysis of scanning electron microscopy images. The samples used were carbon nanopillars of different heights grown by focused-ion-beam-induced chemical vapor deposition. The secondary electron yield profile of carbon nanopillars excited by thermal noise is modeled, and vibration amplitude is determined by fitting the modeled profile to the experimental profile. The Young's modulus of carbon nanopillars is deduced from the determined amplitude. Furthermore, the density of carbon nanopillars is estimated from the deduced Young's modulus and the measured resonant frequency. The obtained Young's moduli and densities range from 51 to 78 GPa and from 2500 to 3500 kg/m3, respectively.
Book Review: Multilevel Modeling: Methodological Advances, Issues, and Applications

Interest in multilevel modeling has exploded over the past two decades, and research applying these statistical models has become more common in educational measurement contexts. Several textbooks have emerged that introduce both the theory and application of these models and are quite useful for providing a broad overview of the model and estimation techniques as well as illustrating applications to educational research (Goldstein, 2002; Hox, 2002; Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998; Raudenbush & Bryk, 2001; Snijders & Bosker, 1999). Many of these introductory texts tend to focus on linear models (e.g., Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998; Raudenbush & Bryk, 2001) and illustrate the concept of model building with linear models. Nonlinear models and novel applications of multilevel models are addressed in these books, but these topics are typically not explored to the extent of linear multilevel models. This book augments these introductory texts by providing a collection of works outlining the recent statistical advances, methodological issues, and applications that have been identified in multilevel modeling. The topic of multilevel modeling is considered more broadly, including topics in structural equation modeling, latent trait models, meta-analysis, and growth models. Furthermore, the methodological topics treated are diverse and cover such areas as missing data, Bayesian data analysis, the EM algorithm, and detection and treatment of outliers. The book is composed of 13 chapters that are written by internationally recognized researchers. Each chapter provides a description of the problem considered as well as helpful examples that illustrate each application. As the preface states, many of the book chapters involve discussions that would necessitate the reader to have a fairly sophisticated level of knowledge of not only multilevel models but mathematical statistics as well. The authors suggest that this text could be useful as a supplemental text for an introductory multilevel models course. This might be a little optimistic, especially if the focus is on application in such a course; these students would likely have a difficult time with the majority of the material. However, this book would be right at home in an advanced seminar on multilevel models and would provide the basis of discussion for a good many topics that would arise in such a seminar. Chapter 1. Cudeck and du Toit present nonlinear multilevel models that are specifically used with repeated-measures data in describing individual change. The manner in which the parameters
Mid-Infrared Imaging of Orion BN/KL. II. Luminosity Sources, Extinction Distribution, and the Nature of IRc2

We have recalculated the luminosities of IRc2 and the BN Object in the Orion BN/KL complex and determined the distributions of color temperature and silicate absorption-line strength over the region with much greater precision than before, using a complete set of well-sampled and nearly diffraction-limited array camera images of BN/KL at nine wavelengths between 4.8 and 20 μm. We find that the total infrared luminosity of IRc2 itself is only L ~ 1000 L☉ (much lower than the generally accepted value). However, the temperature and extinction distributions show that the significant luminosity source(s) in BN/KL must still be located within several arcseconds of IRc2. Our results, considered with recent radio continuum and maser emission observations, suggest that a luminous early-type star located at radio source "I" is embedded close to IRc2, obscured by ~60 mag of visual extinction from dust grains both local to IRc2 and in intervening clouds along the line of sight. The combined heating contributions of the hot stars ionizing the compact H II regions "I" (near IRc2), "B" (the BN Object), and "L" (infrared source "n"), compact IRc objects (including 10 new peaks resolved here), and distributed near-infrared sources can account for the observed ~105 L☉ total luminosity of the BN/KL complex.
Improving Legislative Performance by Strengthening Authority and Increasing Obligations

The Regional Representative Council (In Indonesia: DPD/Dewan Perwakilan Daerah) is a government institution formed with noble intentions, to strengthen the representation of regional people so that their issues are fought for in the central government. However, in actual political practice, DPD is constrained by existing regulations in Indonesia, making DPD a legislative body without a clearly defined function and authority, and causing its inability to help increase the output of legislation. The legislature's performance, which increasingly often receives negative comments from the public, is a wake-up call for the Indonesian parliament to improve. This study aims to analyze the legal facts of the chaos of the Indonesian constitutional system that is not optimal in utilizing existing institutions such as DPD. This study also purposes to strengthen the urgency in correcting the mess through legal reform at the constitutional and legislative levels. The normative juridical legal method was used to investigate this matter, which refers to the positive regulations or laws that have been in force in Indonesia, which regulate the Indonesian constitution. As an institution with great potential for assisting the function of the House of Representatives (hereafter called DPR/Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat), DPD has always been neglected by Indonesian constitutional law politics according to this study. This research highlights the problems restricting the Indonesian government in connecting, understanding, and most importantly solving the problems that effect the lives of local communities, and how DPD has the potential to fix if given a better position in the legislation system.
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in microcrystalline silicon probed by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy

We present the results of optical-pump\char21{}terahertz probe experiments applied to a set of thin-film microcrystalline silicon samples, with structures varying from amorphous to fully microcrystalline. The samples were excited at wavelengths 800 and 400 nm and studied at temperatures down to 20 K. The character of nanoscopic electrical transport properties markedly change on a subpicosecond time scale. The initial transient photoconductivity of the samples is dominated by hot free carriers with a mobility of $\ensuremath{\sim}70\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}/\text{Vs}$. These carriers are rapidly (within 0.6 ps) trapped into weakly localized hopping states. The hopping process dominates the terahertz spectra on the picosecond and subnanosecond time scales. The saturated high-frequency value of the hopping mobility is limited by the sample disorder in the amorphous sample and by electron-phonon interaction for microcrystalline samples.
A Pointwise Energy Diagnostic Scheme for Multilayer, Nonisopycnic, Primitive Equation Ocean Models

Abstract Considered is a pointwise energy diagnostic scheme for a multilayer, primitive equation, nonisopycnic ocean model. Both conservative as well as nonconservative energy exchange terms are considered. Moreover, the scheme is worked out for both the finite depth as well as the reduced gravity versions of the model. The work is motivated by the need to discern the various instability processes responsible for the observed and modeled mesoscale flow structures commonly found in oceanic frontal regions, for example, upwelling areas, and regions separating coastal and adjacent deep ocean currents. As is common the mathematical form of the conservative energy exchange terms are ambiguous. A careful analysis is therefore effectuated to interpret them in terms of known physical processes. The analysis reveals that four basic instability processes are supported. One is the barotropic or horizontal shear instability, which extracts its energy from the horizontal shear in the mean current. The remaining three .
Generation, annihilation, dynamics and self-organized patterns of filaments in dielectric barrier discharge plasmas

Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) operating in a glow regime exhibit a variety of complex self-organized static or dynamical structures of filaments. Using a fluid model combined with fast camera diagnostics, we propose a clear physical description and explanation of the mechanisms responsible for the generation, annihilation, motion and self-organization of discharge filaments in DBDs in a glow regime. We show that low current “side discharges” generated during the same half-cycle in the vicinity of an isolated filament beyond the inhibition zone associated with charge spreading along the dielectric surface play an essential role in the triggering of these mechanisms.
The asymmetric light curves of the GSC 2764 1417 (And), GSC 3355 0394 (Per) and GSC 2537 0520 (Psc)

Abstract Solar-type variability is enhanced in short period close binaries with increased dynamo driven activity. This activity is studied in our analysis of recent light curves taken of the newly discovered eclipsing binaries GSC 2764 1417 (And), GSC 3355 0394 (Per) and GSC 2537 0775 (CVn).
Extending depth of field for ptychography using complex-valued wavelets X

Ptychography is a scanning variation of the coherent diffractive imaging method for providing highresolution quantitative images from specimen with extended dimensions. Its capability of achieving diffraction-limited spatial resolution can be compromised by the sample thickness, which is generally required to be thinner than the depth of field of the imaging system. In this study, we present a method to extend the depth of field for ptychography by numerically generating the focus stack from reconstructions with propagated illumination wavefronts and combining the in-focus features to a single sharp image using an algorithm based on the complex-valued discrete wavelet transform. This approach does not require repeated measurements by translating the sample along the optical axis as in the conventional focus stacking method, and offers a computation-efficient alternative to obtain high-resolution images with extended depth of field, complementary to the multi-slice ptychography. © 2018 Optical Society of America
Observation of transient electromagnetically induced transparency in a rubidium Λ system

Observation of transient effects in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$ cooled in a magneto-optical trap. The transmission of a weak probe beam in resonance with the ${5S}_{1/2}(F=3)$ to ${5P}_{3/2}(F=3)$ hyperfine transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling field in resonance with the ${5S}_{1/2}(F=2)$ to ${5P}_{3/2}(F=3)$ hyperfine transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with computations using a three-state model of the \ensuremath{\Lambda} system. The computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed with coupling field power only four times larger than that presently available to us.
Effect of Heat Transfer on the Performance of Thermoelectric Heat Pumps

AbstractThe performance analysis of thermoelectric (semiconductor) heat pumps is performedusing the combined method of ﬁnite time thermodynamics and non-equilibriumthermodynamics. The heating load and coefﬁcient of performance (COP) expressionsfor the heat pump, which is composed of multi-elements, are derived with con-siderations of heat transfer irreversibility in the heat exchangers between the heatpump and the external heat reservoirs as well as the other internal irreversibilities.Numerical examples are provided. The effects of heat transfer, the number of elementsand the other design parameters on the performance of the heat pump are analyzed.IntroductionSeveral authors have applied the combined method of ﬁnite time thermodynamics orentropy generation minimization [1–6] and non-equilibrium thermodynamics [7–9] tothe analysis of thermoelectric (semiconductor) heat pump [10–13]. They analyzed theeffect of ﬁnite-rate heat transfer between the thermoelectric device and its externalreservoirs on the performance of the single-element thermoelectric heat pump. Inpractice, a thermoelectric heat pump is composed of many fundamental thermoelectricelements. It is a multi-element device. In the present paper we will investigate thecharacteristics of multi-element thermoelectric heat pumps related to the irreversi-bilities of ﬁnite-rate heat transfer, Joulean heat inside the thermoelectric device, andthe heat leak through the thermoelectric couple leg. The expressions for the heatingload and the coefﬁcient of performance (COP) of the multi-element thermoelectricheat pump are derived. The effects of various design parameters on the performance ofthe heat pump are analyzed.
Many-body calculation of total and partial photoabsorption cross sections in N2

Total and partial photoabsorption cross sections are computed for N2 at the fixed equilibrium internuclear separation. By the present method the basic step is to compute the (real) polarizability alpha (i eta ) on the imaginary frequency axis, and the cross sections are then in turn obtained from the alpha (i eta ) values by inverting a dispersion relation. Many-body perturbation theory to second order in the Coulomb interaction is used to compute alpha (i eta ), and the continuum is represented by a finite set of discrete virtual states. In this way the difficult problem of obtaining continuum orbitals for a two-centre system is avoided, and a high degree of electron correlation will be included if there is reasonable convergence of the perturbation expansion. The present results are compared with experiment and with other calculations. For the total cross section there is good agreement with experiment, and the same conclusion applies to the 1 pi u-1 partial cross section. Problems related to the 1 pi u to k pi g partial channel cross section that are typical for other investigations, do not arise with the present method. However, for the 3 sigma g-1 and 2 sigma u-1 partial cross sections problems are encountered due to slow convergence of the perturbation expansion. The poor convergence seems to be related to strong interactions between the valence shells.
Radix-2n multiplier structures: a structured design methodology

A new radix-2/sup n/ multiplication algorithm is presented which is iterative and modular. The algorithm is a true generalisation of the radix-2 (conventional binary) multiplication algorithm. As a result, existing radix-2 (binary) structures can easily be generalised for all radices. The architecture of the basic cell is not fixed for all radices: any architecture can be used if its functionality satisfies the multiply/add principle presented. The multiplier architecture is first defined in terms of the radix-2/sup n/ multiplication algorithm which is general for all n. This results in an architecture being available for every n. The tradeoff between cost and time is achieved by optimising the basic cell architecture for each radix and choosing the radix that results in the best performance. This approach is applied to the design of serial and serial/parallel multipliers, and an iterative multiplier array. < >
Global Ownership and Corporate Control Networks

In this contribution, at first, we introduce a basic network framework to study pyramidal structures and wedges between ownership and control of companies. Then, we apply it to a dataset of 53.5 million of companies operating in 208 countries. Among others, we detect a strong concentra- tion of corporate power, as less than 1% of parent companies collect more than 100 subsidiaries, but they are responsible for more than 50% of global sales. Therefore, we show that the role of indirect control, i.e., through middlemen subsidiaries, is relevant in 15% of domestic and 54% of foreign subsidiaries. Among foreign companies, cases emerge of blurring nationality, when control paths cross more than one national border, in the presence of multiple passports (19.1%), indirectly for- eign (24.5%), and round-tripping subsidiaries (1.33%). Finally, we relate indirect control strategies to country indicators of the institutional environment. We find that pyramidal structures arise less likely in the presence of good financial and contractual institutions in the parent's country, as these foster more transparent forms of corporate governance. Instead, parent companies choose indirect control through countries of subsidiaries that have better financial institutions, possibly because it is easier to coordinate decisions from remote. Finally, we find that offshore financial centers are preferred jurisdictions for middlemen subsidiaries, probably due to a lower taxation and a lack of financial disclosure.
GaAs tunnel junction grown by metalorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy for multigap cascade solar cells

GaAs tunnel p‐n junctions with peak current densities up to 45 A cm−2 were grown by metallorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy. These tunnel diodes are suitable for intercell ohmic contacts between the case of integrated tandem photovoltaic subcells in solar cells based on GaAs. The peak current is high enough for concentration up to C=1000.
Flexible inline low-cost inspection station

A possibility to reduce the investment costs is an improved functionality of the inspection station in order to awaken investors' interest to buy. A new concept for 2-D and 3-D metric and logical quality monitoring with a more accurate, flexible, economical and efficient inspection station has been developed and tested at IITB. The inspection station uses short- and wide-range sensors, an intelligent grip system and a so-called "sensor magazine" which make the inspection process more flexible. The sensor magazine consists of various sensor ports with various task-specific, interchangeable sensors. With the sensor magazine and the improved measuring methods, the testing periods and therefore the costs in factory can be substantially decreased.
A desktop supersonic free-jet beam source for a scanning helium microscope (SHeM)

A simple design for an inexpensive, compact, desktop-sized helium free-jet beam source is described. The apparatus, which is Campargue-like in design and utilizes mostly off-the-shelf parts, is capable of producing a centreline intensity of 1.2 × 1019 atoms per second per steradian. The beam performance was investigated using a conventional ion gauge and a stagnation detector, with the latter being used to produce beam flux profiles. The profile of the macroskimmed beam has been experimentally demonstrated to be strongly Gaussian.
Horrocks's bogus law

transit of Venus (8 June 2004) was that it briefly returned “Horrocks’s Law” from its rightful resting place in forgotten obscurity. Following Aughton (2004), where this law is stated, and first (to my knowledge) given its name, this can be quoted as: “All planets (with the exception of Mars) are the same angular size when seen from the Sun, this size being 28 seconds of arc. ” Without this law (figure 1), Horrocks could not have used his 76 arcsec transit observation of the angular size of Venus to confirm his 15 000 RE (94 000 000 km) estimate for the astronomical unit. Here RE is the radius of the Earth, which in the early 17th century was taken to be somewhere between 5800 and 6900 km (Horrocks does not quote the value that he used for the size of the Earth but according to Chapman [1990], he might have followed Richard Norwood [1637] who had computed that a meridianal degree of latitude was 69.54 statute miles in length). In this short article I investigate how this bogus law originated, and where the figure of 28 arcsec came from. The publication of Copernicus’s De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestrium in 1543 initiated a drastic change in the perceived spacing of the planets. Since the 12th century the old-fashioned geocentric cosmos had the distances between the Earth and Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn as about 64, 170, 1100, 1200, 8500, 14 000 and 20 000 RE respectively (see, for example, Van Helden 1976). The original Copernicus heliocentric system had the sizes of the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn in the ratio of 0.3763:0.7193: 1.000:1.5198:5.2192:9.1743 (see, for example, Stephenson 1994). About 60 years later these ratio values were recalculated by Kepler, from the observations of Tycho Brahe. He obtained 0.389:0.724:1.000:1.523:5.200 and 9.510, values that are considerably closer to the modern figures (see Van Helden 1985).
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Blind Opening on Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition in the Flow Over a Simple Recessed Window-Plane Blind System

Most numerical studies of convective heat transfer between a window-blind system and a room are based on the assumption that the flow remains laminar. However, in the case of larger windows it is to be expected that transition to turbulent flow will occur in the system. The aim of the present study was to numerically determine when transition to turbulent flow occurs in a recessed window system and the effect of a simple partially open plane blind on when transition occurs. An approximate model of a recessed window that is covered by a partially open plane blind has been considered. The inner surface of the window is modeled as a plane vertical isothermal surface and the blind as a thin plane surface that offers no resistance to heat transfer. The fluid properties have been assumed constant except for the density change with temperature that gives rise to the buoyancy forces, this being dealt with using the Boussinesq approach. Radiant heat transfer effects have been neglected. The k-epsilon turbulence model with the full effects of the buoyancy forces being accounted for has been used in obtaining the solution. The governing equations have been solved using the commercial finite-volume based cfd code FLUENT. The solution has as parameters: (1) the Rayleigh number, (2) the Prandtl number, (3) the dimensionless ‘window’ recess depth, (4) the dimensionless blind opening, and (5) whether the ‘window’ surface is at a higher or lower temperature than the room air. Because of the application being considered results have only been obtained for Pr = 0.7 and for the case where the ‘window’ surface is at a higher temperature than the room air. The effect of transition on the mean Nusselt number variation with Rayleigh number with various blind openings for various dimensionless window recess depths has in particular been studied.Copyright © 2010 by ASME