Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Serum calcium level is associated with metabolic syndrome in the general population: FIN-D2D study.

BACKGROUND The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between serum calcium and the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS As a part of the national prevention program of diabetes in Finland (FIN-D2D), a randomly selected study population of 4500 middle-aged men and women were recruited from three central hospital district areas. Anthropometric measurements were performed by a trained nurse. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed and serum calcium and lipids were measured. We assessed current medications, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, calcium intake, and vitamin D intake. The MetS was defined according to the criteria of the updated National Education Program. The study population consisted of 2896 individuals: 1396 men (62% of invited individuals) and 1500 women (66.7% of invited individuals). RESULTS The mean age was 60.3±8.3 years in men and 59.8±8.5 years in women. The prevalence of MetS was 50.7% in women and 55.8% in men. The prevalence of MetS and its components, except high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, increased linearly with increasing serum calcium (P<0.001), even after adjustment for age, physical activity, alcohol, vitamin D intake, calcium intake, and smoking. The threshold value for serum calcium for MetS was 2.50 mmol/l in this population. The association of MetS with total serum calcium was similar even after exclusion of patients treated with hypertensive drugs. The drug treatments for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes increased in a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS Serum calcium level is associated with MetS and its components, except HDL-cholesterol.
Dlx proteins position the neural plate border and determine adjacent cell fates

The lateral border of the neural plate is a major source of signals that induce primary neurons, neural crest cells and cranial placodes as well as provide patterning cues to mesodermal structures such as somites and heart. Whereas secreted BMP, FGF and Wnt proteins influence the differentiation of neural and non-neural ectoderm, we show here that members of the Dlx family of transcription factors position the border between neural and non-neural ectoderm and are required for the specification of adjacent cell fates. Inhibition of endogenous Dlx activity in Xenopus embryos with an EnR-Dlx homeodomain fusion protein expands the neural plate into non-neural ectoderm tissue whereas ectopic activation of Dlx target genes inhibits neural plate differentiation. Importantly, the stereotypic pattern of border cell fates in the adjacent ectoderm is re-established only under conditions where the expanded neural plate abuts Dlx-positive non-neural ectoderm. Experiments in which presumptive neural plate was grafted to ventral ectoderm reiterate induction of neural crest and placodal lineages and also demonstrate that Dlx activity is required in non-neural ectoderm for the production of signals needed for induction of these cells. We propose that Dlx proteins regulate intercellular signaling across the interface between neural and non-neural ectoderm that is critical for inducing and patterning adjacent cell fates.
Tourism research in a nutshell: “The Tourism Knowledge Map”

The Tourism Knowledge Map is part of a larger project that develops a web portal entitled The Tourism Knowledge Base. On this web site the users will be offered comprehensive information about the organizations in Austria providing tourism education, research, and consulting services. The Knowledge Map assists the users in finding and optimizing a set of keywords for launching an efficient search operation in tourism‐centred databases accessible on the internet. The underlying method is the Self‐Organizing Map, one of the most widely accepted techniques of unsupervised learning. Three real‐world examples illustrate how a Knowledge Map may be constructed from the frequencies of keywords and their co‐occurrence in the abstracts of tourism‐related research papers, articles, and reports.
Television News and the Supreme Court: All the News That's Fit to Air?

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Community Water Fluoridation: is it Still Worthwhile?

Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) is the adjustment of fluoride concentration in community drinking water to provide protection from dental caries (Truman et al 2002). This paper will firstly examine the history of water fluoridation and its mechanisms of action. Secondly, trends in dental decay experience over the last three decades with particular emphasis on social and geographical inequities in Australia will be described. We also review the current state of scientific evidence for the benefits of CWF including the contribution it makes to the reduction of oral health inequalities. In light of this we will provide a response to the question of whether there is still a role for CWF in Australia. It is concluded that the current evidence base supports continuing fluoridation of public drinking water and the extension of CWF to communities who currently do not enjoy its benefits. However given the limitations of past and current research findings, CWF should continue to be monitored and new work should be undertaken to enhance the evidence base.
The Hong Kong Currency Board's Defense against Financial Market Pressure--A Behavioral Perspective

Exchange rate regimes do not operate in an institutional vacuum, even when the scope for exercising policy discretion is distinctly limited. The Hong Kong linked exchange rate system is no exception. An interesting feature of the institutional environment in this case, not highlighted previously, is the apparent divergence in the assumptions of policymakers and market players regarding the merits of this mechanism in particular and currency boards in general. The corollary is that the Hong Kong monetary authorities need to intensify their efforts to disseminate relevant information, focusing especially on targets in the financial sector.
Effect of intervertebral disc degeneration on disc cell viability: a numerical investigation

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc may be initiated and supported by impairment of the nutrition processes of the disc cells. The effects of degenerative changes on cell nutrition are, however, only partially understood. In this work, a finite volume model was used to investigate the effect of endplate calcification, water loss, reduction of disc height and cyclic mechanical loading on the sustainability of the disc cell population. Oxygen, lactate and glucose diffusion, production and consumption were modelled with non-linear coupled partial differential equations. Oxygen and glucose consumption and lactate production were expressed as a function of local oxygen concentration, pH and cell density. The cell viability criteria were based on local glucose concentration and pH. Considering a disc with normal water content, cell death was initiated in the centre of the nucleus for oxygen, glucose, and lactate diffusivities in the cartilaginous endplate below 20% of the physiological values. The initial cell population could not be sustained even in the non-calcified endplates when a reduction of diffusion inside the disc due to water loss was modelled. Alterations in the disc shape such as height loss, which shortens the transport route between the nutrient sources and the cells, and cyclic mechanical loads, could enhance cell nutrition processes.
Makroökonomische Implikationen der Mitgliedschaft Deutschlands in der Europäischen Währungsunion

Dieser Beitrag vergleicht auf der Grundlage von Zentralbank-Reaktionsfunktionen das Verhalten der Europaischen Zentralbank (EZB) mit dem der Deutschen Bundesbank und untersucht die makrookonomischen Implikationen fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bei Zugrundelegung von Daten fur das gesamte Eurowahrungsgebiet wird zunachst gezeigt, dass sich das Verhalten der EZB nicht signifikant vom fruheren geldpolitischen Kurs der Deutschen Bundesbank unterscheidet. Beim Vergleich der Zinspolitik auf der Grundlage europaischer und ausschlieslich deutscher Daten zeigen sich Unterschiede. Dementsprechend verschiebt die Ubertragung der Geldpolitik auf die EZB Anpassungslasten auf die nationale Fiskal- und Tarifpolitik. Insgesamt sind die konjunkturellen Anpassungslasten in Deutschland jedoch vergleichsweise gering: Aufgrund der grosen Bedeutung Deutschlands im Euroraum findet die deutsche Konjunktur implizit starke Berucksichtigung in der Geldpolitik der EZB. Die Schocks in der Kapazitatsauslastung in Europa sind positiv miteinander korreliert. Asymmetrien in der Starke der geldpolitischen Transmission innerhalb Europas korrespondieren in unserer empirischen Analyse mit Asymmetrien in der Starke der Schocks.
The backward march of labour halted? Or, what is to be done with ‘union organising’? The cases of Britain and the USA

This article evaluates the phenomenon and dynamics of union organising. It neither presents a critique of variants of union organising nor a preferred version of union organising as the solution. Rather, it provides some of the intellectual resources needed to create theoretically informed practice. It examines critiques of union organising to foreground discussion of the two key hallmarks of union organising to date; namely, officer domination and externally-led organising. This opens out the argument to consider a number of under-explored areas for the more expansive and ambitious version of union organising. Thereafter, it examines cross-cutting issues between the two countries and the absence of class consideration from union organising.
Managing the care of patients receiving antiresorptive therapy for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: executive summary of recommendations from the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs.

BACKGROUND This narrative review of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with low bone mass receiving treatment with antiresorptive agents is based on an appraisal of the literature by an advisory committee of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. It updates the committee's 2008 advisory statement. METHODS The authors searched MEDLINE for literature published between May 2008 (the end date of the last search) and February 2011. RESULTS This report contains recommendations based on the findings of the literature search and on expert opinion that relate to general dentistry; periodontal disease management; implant placement and maintenance; oral and maxillofacial surgery; endodontics; restorative dentistry and prosthodontics; orthodontics; and C-terminal telopeptide testing and drug holidays. CONCLUSIONS The highest reliable estimate of antiresorptive agent-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) prevalence is approximately 0.10 percent. Osteoporosis is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the benefit provided by antiresorptive therapy outweighs the low risk of developing osteonecrosis of the jaw. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS An oral health program consisting of sound hygiene practices and regular dental care may be the optimal approach for lowering ARONJ risk. No validated diagnostic technique exists to determine which patients are at increased risk of developing ARONJ. Discontinuing bisphosphonate therapy may not lower the risk but may have a negative effect on low-bone-mass-treatment outcomes.
Partisan Politics, Party Competition and Veto Players: German Economic Policy in the Kohl Era

The article explains economic policy in Germany with a model that takes partisan theory as its starting point, but supplements it with the impact of party competition and veto players. During the 1980s the low internal cohesion of the Christian democrats along with a positive economic performance kept the coalition from introducing coherent reforms. With the loss of the majority in the second chamber, compromises with the opposition were necessary which further diluted reforms with few exceptions. When the government faced worsening economic conditions which put its re-election at risk, it introduced more radical reforms. Because of an opposition majority in the second chamber, however, those reforms ran the risk of failing. In sum, Tsebelis' veto player theory is corroborated with some qualifications, the most important of which is that it must also take into account strategic orientations of actors.
Epithelialization in oral mucous wound healing in terms of energy metabolism.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to clarify the "healing capacity" of wounds of the oral mucosa in comparison to those of the skin, and to evaluate the wound healing mechanism of oral mucosa using a cytobiological approach from the aspect of energy metabolism in oral keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of epidermal and oral keratinocytes collected at surgery and of cultured oral keratinocytes were used to analyze (1) by gas chromatography the composition of fatty acids (16:0, 18:2, 20:4) in the cell membranes of keratinocytes, (2) by immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-1 antibody and specific PAS staining the localization of glucose metabolism, and (3) by RT-PCR and Western blotting the expression of GLUT-1 mRNA and of protein in the keratinocytes of the basal and parabasal layers of each epithelial tissue. RESULTS 1. The % composition of palmitic acid (16:0) was significantly higher in buccal mucosal keratinocytes (27.18+/-3.74%) and in the gingiva (23.00+/-1.40%) than in the epidermis (17.54+/-0.37%). 2. Immunohistochemical staining showed GLUT-1 protein in the skin to be expressed only in the bulge region of hair follicles and in the epidermal basal layer, and observed nearly throughout all epithelial cell layers in the oral mucosa. 3. PAS-positive cells were observed among differentiation-enhanced cells in the upper prickle layer in the oral mucosa. 4. The same results were obtained from RT-PCR and a Western blotting analysis. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated definite cytobiological evidence that the oral mucosa surpasses the skin in regard to its wound healing capacity.
Collective Goods Provision through Community Development

with some degree of government coordination and assistance.1 Included among these activities are many involving voluntary cooperation for the provision of collective goods.2 Regarding such behavior, we find a convenient symmetry of ignorance. On the one hand our theory of voluntary collective behavior is still in its infancy and could profit measurably from the variety of CD experience involving public-goods interaction.3 Con-
Household Saving and Real House Prices: An International Perspective

This cross-country study provides empirical evidence on the influence of house prices on the aggregate consumption and saving behaviour of households. Housing wealth constitutes a significant portion of total wealth for households, suggesting that their expenditure patterns are likely to reflect housing market developments. The paper first describes developments in house prices in 15 industrialised countries over the period 1970-72 and then empirically tests the relationship between house prices, household debt and saving. The main findings are that while house price movements have played a significant role in the 1980s in determining households' saving behaviour, the magnitude and direction of their impact has varied considerably across countries. A negative effect is identified in Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the Untied States, and a positive one in the remaining countries. The reasons for the differing responses are to be found in variations in the characteristics of national housing market, in the redistribution of wealth within the household sector and in changes in financial markets.
Effectiveness of behavioural management on migraine in adult patients visiting family practice clinics: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of behavioural management in the treatment of migraine among adult patients. METHODS The randomised control trial was conducted from August 2011 to August 2012 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, in which adult patients aged 18-65 years were recruited with diagnosis of migraine from five outpatient sites. The patients were randomised into 2 equal groups. The controls were given pharmacological treatment, while the cases were given a structured behavioural management and pharmacological treatment. Primary outcome was the change in frequency of migraine attacks. Secondary outcome included change in severity of migraine and effect on the quality of life. SPSS 19 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 90 subjects in the study, 72 (80%) were female. A significant reduction in the average frequency of migraine attacks was observed from baseline up to 4 weeks (p < 0.001) but no difference in the mean migraine attacks was observed in the two groups (p < 0.945). In the average score of severity of pain, significant reduction was observed for time (p < 0.001) as well as for the intervention status (p < 0.034). There was no significant difference (p < 0.450) between treatment type and duration of migraine, but a significantly better quality of life (p < 0.001) was observed in the trial group compared to the controls. CONCLUSION There was significant decrease in frequency, severity and duration of migraine attacks in the trial group compared to the control group. The quality of life also showed improvement in the trial group.
Inhibition by aurintricarboxylic acid and polyethylene sulfonate of RNA transcription of vesicular stomatitis virus

The in vitro activity of the ribonucleoprotein-dependent RNA transcriptase of vesicular stomatitis virions was found to be completely inhibited by low concentrations of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and polyethylene sulfonic acid (PES) when these inhibitors were added before the start of the RNA polymerase reaction. However, if RNA synthesis was allowed to occur before ATA or PES was added, RNA synthesis continued for a short time (10 min or less) in the presence of either inhibitor at a concentration which completely inhibited uninitiated enzyme. The ability to continue to synthesize RNA in the presence of ATA or PES only developed if all four nucleoside triphosphates were present during the preincubation period prior to the addition of the inhibitors. The protection was apparently not due to the released products of RNA polymerization. The results are interpreted as indicating that ATA and PES probably inhibit some reaction other than elongation of RNA chains, and this reaction might be one involved at or near initiation sites.
The Role of Social Media During a Natural Disaster: A Case Study of the 2011 Thai Flood

Recently, social media has become a key platform that allowed people to interact and share information. The use of social media is expanding significantly and can serve a variety of purposes. Over the last few years, users of social media have played an increasing role in the dissemination of emergency and disaster information. In this paper, we conduct a case study exploring how Thai people used social media such as Twitter in response to one of the country's worst disasters in recent history: the 2011 Thai Flood. We combine multiple analysis methods in this study, including content analysis of Twitter messages, trend analysis of different message categories, and influential Twitter users analysis. This study helps us understand the role of social media in time of natural disaster.
Postural Stabilization Effects of Light Touch Do Not Come from Axis-Specific Cues of Postural Sway: A Pilot Study

A light finger touch can stabilize posture despite it not providing enough force to create mechanical support. The underlying mechanism may be due to the finger touch providing information in the axis with the greatest instability. The most appropriate way to test this hypothesis is a dual-axis paradigm, i.e., to remove sway-related information from touch in either anterior-posterior (AP) or medio-lateral (ML) axis and then measure postural sway in both axes when the standing posture is equally unstable in AP and ML axes. In this study, 16 participants stood in a feet-together stance, and center of pressure in both axes was measured. Apart from No touch and Stable conditions, the touch surface was manipulated to move in close synchrony with postural sway so as to remove information regarding postural sway in one axis (AP Sway-referenced) or two axes (AP-ML Sway-referenced). The results showed that AP Sway-referenced condition stabilized posture in both axes, whereas AP-ML Sway-referenced condition did not stabilize posture in either axis. The pilot results indicated that touch effects do not come from axis-specific sensory cues of postural sway.
Durable Good, Extended Warranty and Channel Coordination

The marketing literature on product warranty and extended warranty has largely focused on their role as segmentation instruments in risk-averse consumer markets. Preserving this insurance rationale, we highlight the role of extended warranty in channel coordination.We derive explicit demand functions for the durable good and extended warranty from a traditional model of consumer utility. This derivation explicitly captures the complementary goods flavor of extended warranty. We then investigate the impact of different distributional arrangements commonly observed in the marketplace for market outcomes and manufacturer profitability. We show that two key forces drive the results-the complementary goods effect and the double marginalization effect. Different channel arrangements for marketing of extended warranty cause these effects occur at different levels within a distribution channel and these are shown to have significant implications for the optimal warranty policy.
Laboring for Relevance: Expectant and New Fatherhood

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of expectant and new fatherhood. The grounded theory method was used to gather data from 56 expectant and new fathers. Data were analyzed through the technique of constant comparative analysis. The essence of the experience of expectant and new fatherhood is laboring for relevance which consists of: (a) grappling with the reality of the pregnancy and child; (b) struggling for recognition as a parent from mate, coworkers, friends, family, baby, and society; and (c) plugging away at the role-making of involved fatherhood. Men were not recognized as parents but as helpmates or breadwinners which interfered with validation of the reality of the pregnancy or child. They felt excluded from the childbearing experience by their mates, health care providers, and society. Fathers found themselves without models to assist them in taking on the role of active and involved parent. The findings of this study promote greater understanding of the male experience of expectant and new parenthood and may serve as a beginning for the development of interventions to support and promote paternal behavior.