Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Compact High-Efficiency Boost Converter With Time-Based Control, RHP Zero-Elimination, and Tracking Error Compensation

Time-based signal processing has been recently demonstrated to be more area- and power-efficient compared with traditional analog based, making it an interesting approach for the design of compact high-efficiency dc–dc converters for portable applications. This work presents a novel boost converter, with a time-based control, a scheme for right-half plane (RHP) zero mitigation requiring no extra power switch nor external capacitor, and a pulse frequency modulation (PFM) operating mode with steady-state error correction and seamless PFM-to-continuous conduction mode (CCM) transition. The prototype implemented in a 0.18-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process generates an output voltage of 5 V from an input voltage ranging between 2.5 and 4.5 V, and has an 800-mA load current capability. The controller area occupation is 0.27 mm <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and the quiescent current in CCM is 300 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> A for the controller and 40 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>A for the tracking error compensation. The peak efficiency is 96<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 4.5-V input and above 90<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> at light loads down to 50 mA current. Compared with a peak-current mode control, both the controller area and the current consumption of the proposed time-based architecture are lower by about 40%. The achieved closed-loop bandwidth of 130 kHz is six times larger than in a conventional boost converter with RHP zero.
Nonlinear thermovoltage in a single-electron transistor

We perform direct thermovoltage measurements in a single-electron transistor, using on-chip local thermometers, both in the linear and non-linear regimes. Using a model which accounts for co-tunneling, we find excellent agreement with the experimental data with no free parameters even when the temperature difference is larger than the average temperature (far-from-linear regime). This allows us to confirm the sensitivity of the thermovoltage on co-tunneling and to find that in the non-linear regime the temperature of the metallic island is a crucial parameter. Surprisingly, the metallic island tends to overheat even at zero net charge current, resulting in a reduction of the thermovoltage.
Identifying Risk Factors for Autos and Trucks on Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings Based on Mixed Logit Model

This study aimed to determine different influencing factors associated with the injury outcomes of heavy vehicle and automobile drivers at highway–rail grade crossings (HRGCs). A mixed logit model was adopted using the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) dataset (n = 194,385 for 2011–2020). The results show that drivers’ injury severities at HRGCs are enormously different between automobile and truck/truck–trailer drivers. It was found that vehicle speed and train speed significantly affect the injury severity in automobile and truck drivers. Driver characteristics such as gender and driver actions significantly impact the injury severity in automobile drivers, while HRGC attributes such as open space, rural areas, and type of warning device become significant factors in truck models. This study gives us a better understanding of the differences in the types of determinants between automobiles and trucks and their implications on differentiated policies for car and truck drivers.
Photoelectron escape from a silicon X-ray detector: Monte Carlo study

Photoelectron escape fractions for small X-ray detectors used in the measurement of diagnostic X-ray spectra are calculated using a Monte Carlo method. The calculation is carried out for detectors 50 to 500 mu m in thickness and at several different diameters with incident photons in the energy range 10-300 keV. When a photoelectron escapes, the partial energy of an incident photon is absorbed in the detector; the spectra of the absorbed energy are shown. The calculated escape fractions are compared with experimental data, and a good agreement is obtained. The diagnostic X-ray spectra measured with a silicon detector 95 mu m in thickness is corrected for detector distortion using the calculated escape fraction; with this correction, a spectrum similar to that determined with a Ge detector is obtained. For an easy calculation of the escape fractions, an empirical equation is presented; this equation gives the escape fractions for any size of detector. The escape fraction depends strongly on detector size and on photon energy; the detector size suitable for measured X-ray energy is also discussed.
De Sitter thermodynamics from diamonds's temperature

The thermal time hypothesis proposed by Rovelli [1] regards the physical basis for the flow of time as thermodynamical and provides a definition of the temperature for some special cases. We verify this hypothesis in the case of de Sitter spacetime by relating the uniformly accelerated observer in de Sitter spacetime to the diamond in Minkowski spacetime. Then, as an application of it, we investigate the thermal effect for the uniformly accelerated observer with a finite lifetime in dS spacetime, which generalizes the corresponding result for the case of Minkowski spacetime [2]. Furthermore, noticing that a uniformly accelerated dS observer with a finite lifetime corresponds to a Rindler observer with a finite lifetime in the embedding Minkowski spacetime, we show that the global-embedding-Minkowski-spacetime (GEMS) picture of spacetime thermodynamics is valid in this case. This is a rather nontrivial and unexpected generalization of the GEMS picture, as well as a further verification of both the thermal time hypothesis and the GEMS picture.
Remarks on 
BMS3
 invariant field theories: Correlation functions and nonunitary CFTs

We study some generic aspects of CFTs with the BMS${}_3$ algebra defined as a chiral symmetry. These theories are realized through the isomorphism between the BMS${}_3$ and the $W(2,2)$ algebras. For unitarity theories, the extended symmetry generator acts trivially, and the resulting theory is equivalent to a CFT with a Virasoro symmetry only. For nonunitary CFTs, we define an operator depending on a nilpotent variable, and we organize the Verma module through the action of this new operator. Finally, we find the conditions imposed by the modified Ward identity.
Quantum boundary effect on the work output of a micro-/nanoscaled Carnot cycle

In this paper, the work output (W) and efficiency (η) of a Carnot cycle in micro-/nanoscale are calculated, in which the quantum boundary effect of gas particles as a working substance of cycle is considered. It is found that under the quantum boundary effect conditions, the work output of cycle depends sensitively on the surface area of the system (boundary of cycle) and cannot be predicted by the classical approximate result (WC), while the efficiency of cycle is independent of the surface area of the system and equals the Carnot efficiency (ηC). Further, the difference of work output of the micro-/nanoscaled Carnot cycle to that of the classical one, ΔW=W−WC, is introduced and can be expressed as the function of the temperature ratio τ=TL/TH of the two heat reservoirs, the volume ratio rV=V3/V1, and the surface area ratio rA=A3/A1 of the two isochoric processes. Variations of difference of work output, ΔW, with the temperature ratio τ and volume ratio rV for the different surface ratio rA are examined,.
High-Gain Dual-Circularly Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna for Point-to-Point Communications

In this letter, a high-gain low-profile dual-circularly polarized (CP) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with fixed beam is presented. The proposed LWA comprises only two-layered substrates, in which the top layer constructs the annular LWA array while the bottom layer realizes the feeding network. To obtain the fixed beam, the differential excitation generated by the proposed coupler is employed. Furthermore, the dual-CP feeding network provides two sequentially rotated phase excitations for the slot coupler, then the dual-CP radiation with fixed beam is realized. The profile height of the proposal is only 0. 15λ0 at 28 GHz, while the measured peak gain is up to 27.2 dBic; this could be attractive for point-to-point communications.
HVDC Transmission Line Fault Identification: A Learning Based UAV Control Strategy

Electricity Transmission plays an imperative role in smooth provision of power to the consumers. High voltage direct current (HVDC) system has a lead over high voltage alternate current (HVAC) system in various aspects. As DC transmissions lines transmit electricity over long distance, it is crucial to find the malfunctioning part of the line in case of faults occurrence. In this work, a decision-making based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control strategy is presented for identifying fault location in HVDC transmission lines. The technique is developed on two layered control systems, i.e., command station (Leader Agent) and UAV agents (Local Agents) control. The Markov decision process (MDP) based reward policy for both agents is defined mathematically and has been implemented in MATLAB to depict their behavior. The resulting policy is optimized through the value iteration algorithm based on reward functions and transition probabilities.
Localization transitions and mobility edges in coupled Aubry-André chains

We study the localization transitions for coupled one-dimensional lattices with quasiperiodic potential. Besides the localized and extended phases there is an intermediate mixed phase which can be easily explained decoupling the system so as to deal with effective uncoupled Aubry-Andre chains with different transition points. We clarify, therefore, the origin of such an intermediate phase finding the conditions for getting a uniquely defined mobility edge for such coupled systems. Finally we consider many coupled chains with an energy shift which compose an extension of the Aubry-Andre model in two dimensions. We study the localization behavior in this case comparing the results with those obtained for a truly aperiodic two-dimensional (2D) Aubry-Andre model, with quasiperiodic potentials in any directions, and for the 2D Anderson model.
Prevalence of Trauma Symptoms among Eritrean Refugees in Jiref, Khartoum, Sudan

: Refugees are exposed to traumatic experiences related to violence, death threat, hunger, trafficking, torture and much other criminal victimization. Such exposure makes the refugees vulnerable and adversely affects their psychological well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine the migration traumatic experiences among Eritrean refugees in Jiref, Khartoum Sudan. A mixed-method concurrent triangulation research design was employed to collect and analyze data. The study was carried out in Jiref district of Khartoum, Sudan. A total of 300 adult Eritrean refugees aged 18 and above were selected randomly to screen for pre-migration. A further qualitative sample of 10 participants was selected through extreme case sampling. Data was collected using Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Qualitative data was collected using in-depth focus group discussion. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze quantitative data. The qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study's main findings revealed high level of trauma symptoms among the refugees. As a result, the research's main recommendation was the establishment of counselling facilities to help refugees build resilience.
Warrior Gods and Otherworldly Lands: Daoist Icons and Practices in Late Chosŏn Korea

This article brings Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) Korea into the discussion about the various roles of Daoism in East Asian cultures in which it has, unfortunately, all too often been absent. Based primarily on art-historical methodology and literary analysis, the article offers an overview of the many sorts of sources and materials that determine the perspectives we have of Daoism-related beliefs and concepts during the late Chosŏn. In contrast to earlier interpretations of Daoist practices as exclusively expressing a desire to retreat from public life, the materials discussed in this article advance a more subtle understanding of the pervasiveness of Daoism in late Chosŏn society, ranging from Daoist divination texts and rituals at religious shrines to the construction of artificial mountains for theater performances and the establishment of government office gardens that served as conduits for spiritual rejuvenation and display of cultural cachet.
Charge drag on Project West Ford Needles

The electrical potential surrounding pieces of wire in the ionosphere is computed assuming photoemission is negligible and is shown to depend essentially logarithmically on distance at small distances from the needle and exponentially on distance at distances of the order of the Debye length for the medium. The resulting drag due to the Coulombic deflection of hydrogen ions is probably an order of magnitude greater than neutral drag at the proposed altitude of 3700 km. At 300 km altitude the greater mass of the ambient O+ ions, the higher electron density, and the lower degree of ionization cause charge drag to be a completely negligible effect.
Effects of asymmetry in strongly coupled spin vortex pairs

Effects of magnetic asymmetry on strongly coupled spin-vortex pairs with parallel core polarization and antiparallel chirality in synthetic nanomagnets are investigated. This includes vortex-core length asymmetry, biasing field asymmetry, and pinning of one of the two vortex cores. Our experimental observations as well as analytical and micromagnetic modeling show how magnetic asymmetry can be used to differentiate magneto-resistively otherwise degenerate multiple stable states of a vortex pair. These results expand the knowledge base for spin vortex arrays in nanostructures and should be useful in light of the recent proposals on coding information into multiple topological spin states, such as single and multiple vortex core/chirality states.
Association between Abnormal Echocardiography and Adverse Obstetric Outcomes in Low-Risk Pregnant Women

Maternal mortality in the United States is a public health crisis of preventable deaths among young women. The role of echocardiography in the evaluation of pregnant women with cardiovascular symptoms or risk factors without known heart disease is unclear. We retrospectively examined the clinical characteristics of consecutive pregnant patients without established heart disease who underwent echocardiography and evaluated associations between abnormal exam findings and obstetric outcomes. Among low-risk women undergoing echocardiography during pregnancy, older age, higher parity and a history of chronic hypertension are associated with a higher likelihood of echocardiographic abnormalities, which in turn are associated with a higher likelihood of adverse obstetric outcomes including caesarean section and preterm delivery.
Radial overlap correction to superallowed 0 + →0 + β decay reexamined

Within the nuclear shell model, we investigate the correction $\delta_{RO}$ to the Fermi matrix element due to a mismatch between proton and neutron single-particle radial wave functions. Eight superallowed $0^+ \to 0^+$ $\beta$ decays in the $sd$-shell, comprised of $^{22}$Mg, $^{26m}$Al, $^{26}$Si, $^{30}$S, $^{34}$Cl, $^{34}$Ar, $^{38m}$K and $^{38}$Ca are re-examined. The radial wave functions are obtained from a spherical Woods-Saxon potential whose parametrizations are optimized in a consistent adjustment of the depth and the length parameter to relevant experimental observables, such as nucleon separation energies and charge radii, respectively. The chosen fit strategy eliminates the strong dependence of the radial mismatch correction to a specific parametrization, except for calculations with an additional surface-peaked term. As an improvement, our model proposes a new way to calculate the charge radii, based on a parentage expansion which accounts for correlations beyond the extreme independent-particle model. Apart from the calculations with a surface-peak term and the cases where we used a different model space, the new sets of $\delta_{RO}$ are in general agreement with the earlier result of Towner and Hardy [1]. Small differences of the corrected average $\overline{\mathcal{F}t}$ value are observed.
Gluon gravitational form factors of the nucleon and the pion from lattice QCD

A future Electron-Ion Collider will enable the gluon contributions to the gravitational form factors of the proton to be constrained experimentally for the first time. Here, the first calculation of these form factors from lattice Quantum Chromodynamics is presented. The calculations use a larger-than-physical value of the light quark mass corresponding to $m_\pi \sim 450$ MeV. All three form factors, which encode the momentum-dependence of the lowest moment of the spin independent gluon generalised parton distributions and are related to different components of the energy-momentum tensor, are resolved. In particular, the gluon $D$-term form factor, related to the pressure distribution inside the nucleon, is determined for the first time. The gluon contributions to the two gravitational form factors of the pion are also determined, and are compared to existing lattice determinations of the quark contributions to the gravitational form factors and to phenomenology.
Surface phonons of thin GaSe and InSe films epitaxially grown on the Si ( 111 ) ( 1 × 1 ) − H surface

Surface-phonon-dispersion curves of the (001) surfaces of the GaSe and InSe films epitaxially grown on the hydrogen-terminated $\mathrm{Si}(111)(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface have been investigated by high-resolution inelastic helium-atom scattering. The phonon-dispersion curves of the GaSe(001) thin epitaxial films are very similar to those of the single crystals investigated previously. For comparison with the experiments, density-functional theory based on the plane-wave pseudopotential method has been used to determine the phonon-dispersion curves of bulk GaSe and InSe in a consistent formalism. No difference is found between the surface and bulk phonons of these two layered compounds, as expected due to weak interlayer interaction forces. The high quality of the time-of-flight spectra presented here together with the ab initio calculations provide insight into the phonon dynamics of GaSe(001), and a characterization of the phonon modes of InSe(001).
Multi-wavelength Variability Properties of CGRaBS J0733+0456: Identifying a Distant Gamma-Ray Blazar at z = 3.01

We report on Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), WISE, Swift and Fermi-LAT observations of the high redshift blazar CGRaBS J0733+0456, from which significant flux variations in radio and infrared (IR), as well as γ-ray domains, are detected. Particularly, the amplitude of long-term IR variation is over one order of magnitude, and the IR variability timescale can be constrained as short as a few hours in the source frame. The IR and γ-ray light curves are found to be rather similar, and the strong quasi-simultaneous IR and γ-ray flares are proven to be unique among the nearby γ-ray sources. This is the first time that a γ-ray blazar at redshift z ≥ 3 with multi-wavelength flux variations (flares) is identified. Broadband spectral energy distributions in different flux states are constructed and theoretically described. The γ-ray flares from some blazars as distant as redshift ∼5 are expected to be detectable for Fermi-LAT.
Radial distance on a stationary frame in a homogeneous and isotropic universe

This paper presents a physical distance to all radial events in a homogeneous and isotropic universe as a transform from Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) coordinates, the model that solves the Einstein Field equation for an ideal fluid. Any well behaved transform is also a solution. The problem is relating the coordinates of the transform to observables. In the present case the objective is to find T,R on a stationary frame that has the R be a physical observable for all distances. We do this by working backwards, assuming the form of the metric that we desire, with some undetermined coefficients. These coefficients are then related to the partial derivatives of the transform. The transformed coordinates T,R are found by the integration of partial differential equations in the FLRW variables. We show that dR has the same units as the radial differential of the FLRW metric, which makes it observable. We develop a criterion for how close the transformed T comes to an observable time. Close to the space origin at the present time, T also becomes physical, so that the stationary acceleration becomes Newtonian. We show that a galactic point on a R,T plot starts close to the space origin at the beginning, moves out to a physical distance and finite time where it can release light that will be seen at the origin at the present time. Lastly, because the observable R has a finite limit at a finite T for t = 0 where the galactic velocity approaches the light speed, we see that the universe filled with an ideal fluid as seen on clocks and rulers on the stationary frame has a finite extent like that of an expanding empty universe, beyond which are no galaxies and no space.
On a First-Passage-Time Problem for the Compound Power-Law Process

We consider a first-passage-time problem for a compound Poisson process characterized by independent, identically and exponentially distributed jumps, occurring according to the power-law process (PLP). First of all, we refer to the conditional product moments of arrival times and to the interarrival times density of a power-law process. We then obtain the probability density of the crossing time through a linear boundary at the occurrence of the nth jump. In particular, we express the first-passage-time density in terms of a conditional expectation involving the arrival times.
A Curved 3D-Printed S-Band Patch Antenna for Plastic CubeSat

The new space economy paradigm demands for cost-effective systems for its development. Plastic CubeSats are appealing candidates. To enable the use of this new generation of space systems, the challenge of designing suitable communication sub-systems must be faced. In this work, a 3Dprinted ABS antenna easily embeddable in a plastic CubeSat is proposed. The 3D-printed material has been characterized in terms of dielectric, mechanical and thermal properties, and the compliance with space requirements has been assessed. In particular, thermogravimetric and calorimetric tests have been carried out. Static and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed. To comply with the stringent weight and space requirements, the unique antenna design of a curved stacked patch has been proposed. The patch covers the uplink (2.025–2.11 GHz) and downlink (2.2–2.29 GHz) bands for Telemetry Tracking and Command (TT&C) applications, with an overall bandwidth of about 300 MHz (14%). Additionally, taking advantage of the curved shape, the proposed antenna shows a size reduction of the resonant length of about 34%. The size of the antenna is $71.5 \times 71.5 \times 13$ mm3 and is characterized by a weight of only 51 g. Also, in silico tests, by relying on the measured physical properties and a non-linear numerical model, have been carried out to assess the performances of the final antenna layout during a typical CubeSat mission. The proposed design strategy could be used to develop plastic CubeSats embedding performing antennas.