Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Young Latino Students Learning in Problem-Based Reform Mathematics Classrooms: Developing Mathematical Thinking and Communication

This study explores how Latino first grade students develop mathematical problem solving and communication in their native language. Problem types came from Cognitively Guided Instruction (Carpenter et al. 1999) and were embedded in students' cultural and linguistic experiences. Findings show students solved a wide range of CGI problems and developed confidence, flexibility, and sophistication in their strategies and explanations. Problem solving and communication are at the center of reform mathematics education (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000). Word problems embedded in culturally and linguistically familiar situations allow young children to use what they know about the world to make sense of mathematics and learn with understanding immigrant children in U.S. schools deal with issues of culture, class, and language that affect their opportunities for full participation in problem solving activities (Trueba, 1999). This study explores what first grade, Spanish-speaking, Latino immigrant students can accomplish when they have repeated opportunities to solve problems and communicate their thinking in a native-language learning environment. Specifically, we show how children talk, draw, and write about word problems based in familiar contexts. Problem types used for the study were Research Design and Methods Researchers and teachers collaborated to design and implement problem solving lessons in two first-grade bilingual classrooms. For a period of one year we engaged in co-teaching mathematics lessons in Spanish with the purpose of developing students' problem solving strategies and their abilities to communicate their mathematical reasoning. In these lessons we worked with the teachers to contextualize word problems for young students (Carpenter et al., 1999). Two bilingual first grade classes from an elementary school in a city in the Southwestern United States participated in the study. The school population is identified as Hispanic 86.3%, Native American 6.4%, Anglo 4.3%, African American 1.5%, Asian 0.8%, and other 0.9%. The majority of the students in this school speak Spanish, come from low socioeconomic backgrounds, are Mexican immigrants, and 99.1% of the students receive free or reduced price meals. Data were collected on a purporsefully selected group of eight focal students, two boys and six girls. The criteria to select the students were: 1) they had participated in a CGI problem solving study the previous year (Turner, Celedón-Pattichis, Marshall & Tennison, in press), and 2) their first grade teachers agreed to receive classroom-based professional development on the CGI approach to teaching mathematics.
Modified trajectory fitting estimators for multi‐regime threshold Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes

The threshold Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is a stochastic process governed by m Ornstein–Uhlenbeck subprocesses with the i th playing a role whenever the underlying process is in the i th regime. In this paper, we investigate the parameter estimation for threshold Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes with multiple thresholds. The classical trajectory fitting method does not apply in this context due to the significantly complex calculations. Hence, a modified trajectory fitting method is used to obtain the explicit formula of the estimators for the drift parameters based on continuous observations. The strong consistency and asymptotic normality are proven. Simulation studies illustrate the asymptotic behaviour of the trajectory fitting estimators.
Global Automated Quality Control of In Situ Soil Moisture Data from the International Soil Moisture Network

The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) was initiated in 2009 to support calibration and validation of remote sensing products and land surface models, and to facilitate studying the behavior of our climate over space and time. The ISMN does this by collecting and harmonizing soil moisture data sets from a large variety of individually operating networks and making them available through a centralized data portal. Due to the diversity of climatological conditions covered by the stations and differences in measurement devices and setup, the quality of the measurements is highly variable. Therefore, appropriate quality characterization is desirable for a correct use of the data sets. This study presents a new, automated quality control system for soil moisture measurements contained in the ISMN. Two types of quality control procedures are presented. The first category is based on the geophysical dynamic range and consistency of the measurements. It includes flagging values exceeding a certain threshold and checking the validity of soil moisture variations in relation to changes in soil temperature and precipitation. In particular, the usability of global model‐ or remote sensing–based temperature and precipitation data sets were tested for this purpose as an alternative to in situ measurements, which are often not recorded at the soil moisture sites themselves. The second category of procedures analyzes the shape of the soil moisture time series to detect outliers (spikes), positive and negative breaks, saturation of the signal, and unresponsive sensors. All methods were first validated and then applied to all the data sets currently contained in the ISMN. A validation example of an AMSR‐E satellite and a GLDAS‐Noah model product showed a small but positive impact of the flagging. On the basis of the positive results of this study we will add the flags as a standard attribute to all soil moisture measurements contained in the ISMN.
On the consistency of earthquake moment rates, geological fault data, and space geodetic strain: the United States

New and dense space geodetic data can now map strain rates over continental-wide areas with a useful degree of precision. Stable strain indicators open the door for space geodesy to join with geology and seismology in formulating improved estimates of global earthquake recurrence. In this paper, 174 GPS/VLBI velocities map United States’ strain rates of 30.0 × 10−8 yr−1 with regional uncertainties of 5 to 50 per cent. Kostrov’s formula translates these strain values into regional geodetic moment rates. Two other moment rates M¯˙seismic and M¯˙geologic , extracted from historical earthquake and geological fault catalogues, contrast the geodetic rate. Because M¯˙geologic , M¯˙seismic and M¯˙geodetic derive from different views of the earthquake engine, each illuminates different features. In California, the ratio of M¯˙geodetic to M¯˙geologic is 1.20. The near-unit ratio points to the completeness of the region’s geological fault data and to the reliability of geodetic measurements there. In the Basin and Range, northwest and central United States, both M¯˙geodetic and M¯˙seismic greatly exceed M¯˙geologic. Of possible causes, high incidences of understated and unrecognized faults probably drive the inconsistency. The ratio of M¯˙seismic to M¯˙geodetic is everywhere less than one. The ratio runs systematically from 70–80 per cent in the fastest straining regions to 2 per cent in the slowest. Although aseismic deformation may contribute to this shortfall, I argue that the existing seismic catalogues fail to reflect the long-term situation. Impelled by the systematic variation of seismic to geodetic moment rates and by the uniform strain drop observed in all earthquakes regardless of magnitude, I propose that the completeness of any seismic catalogue hinges on the product of observation duration and regional strain rate. Slowly straining regions require a proportionally longer period of observation. Characterized by this product, gamma distributions model statistical properties of catalogue completeness as proxied by the ratio of observed seismic moment to geodetic moment. I find that adequate levels of completeness should exist in median catalogues of 200 to 300 year duration in regions straining 10−7 yr−1 (comparable to southern California). Similar levels of completeness will take more than 20 000 years of earthquake data in regions straining 10−9 yr−1 (comparable to the southeastern United States). Predictions from this completeness statistic closely mimic the observed M¯˙seismic to M¯˙godetic ratios and allow quantitative responses to previously unanswerable questions such as: ‘What is the likelihood that the seismic moment extracted from an earthquake catalogue of X years falls within Y per cent of the true long-term rate? ’ The combination of historical seismicity, fault geology and space geodesy offers a powerful tripartite attack on earthquake hazard. Few obstacles block similar analyses in any region of the world.
Rediscovery of the Australian Pollen Wasp Metaparagia doddi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Masarinae)

Abstract The first record of Metaparagia doddi Meade-Waldo since the description of the type is given, the male is described, and a host plant recorded. Characters of the male are scored in a cladistic data matrix previously published by Carpenter (1997); analysis of the revised matrix results in the same cladogram as in that study.
Constitutive equations for ionic transport in porous shales

[1] The constitutive coupled equations describing ionic transport in a porous shale are obtained at the scale of a representative elementary volume by volume averaging the local Nernst-Planck and Stokes equations. The final relationships check the Onsager reciprocity to the first order of perturbation of the state variables with respect to the thermostatic state. This state is characterized by a modified version of the Donnan equilibrium model, which accounts for the partition of the counterions between the Stern and diffuse Gouy-Chapman layers. After upscaling the local equations the material properties entering the macroscopic constitutive equations are explicitly related to the porosity of the shale, its cation exchange capacity, and some textural properties such as the electrical cementation exponent entering Archie's law. This new model is then applied to predict the salt filtering and electrodiffusion efficiencies of a shale layer.
Measuring forest structure with terrestrial laser scanning

This paper investigates the application of a ground‐based laser scanning system for providing quantitative tree measurements in densely stocked plantation forests. A methodology is tested in Kielder Forest, northern England using stands of mature Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and a structured mixture of Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), standing at tree densities of 600 and 2800 stems ha−1 respectively. Three laser scans, two in the Sitka spruce and one in structured mixture, were collected using a Reigl Inc. LPM‐300VHS high‐speed laser scanner. Field measurements were recorded at the same time and included tree diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree height. These measurements were then compared with those derived from the scanner. The results demonstrate that accurate measurements of tree diameter can be derived directly from the laser scan point cloud return in instances where the sensor's view of the tree is not obstructed. Measurements of upper stem diameters, branch internodal distance and canopy dimensions can also be measured from the laser scan data. However, at the scanning spatial resolution selected, it was not possible to measure branch size. The level of detail that can be obtained from the scan data is dependent on the number and location of scans within the plot as well as the scanning resolution. Essentially, as the shadowing caused by tree density or branching frequency increases, the amount of useful information contained in the scan decreases.
Error Correction for DNA Storage

DNA-based storage is an emerging storage technology that provides high information density and long duration. Due to the physical constraints in the reading and writing processes, error correction in DNA storage poses several interesting coding theoretic challenges, some of which are new. In this paper, we give a brief introduction to some of the coding challenges for DNA-based storage, including deletion/insertion correcting codes, codes over sliced channels, and duplication correcting codes.
ANÁLISIS PROXIMAL, ANTINUTRIENTES, PERFIL DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS Y DE AMINOÁCIDOS DE SEMILLAS Y TORTAS DE 2 ESPECIES DE SACHA INCHI (Plukenetia volubilis y Plukenetia huayllabambana)

We determined the proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid profile and antinutrients contents (saponins and tannins) of seed and cakes (residues after oil extraction) of Plukenetia huayllabambana and Plukenetia volubilis. The seeds of P. huayllabambana, from the province of Mendoza Rodriguez, has higher oil content (54.3 versus 49.0%), while those from the province of San Martin (P. volubilis) showed higher protein content (29.6 versus ….
ANÁLISE DA COMPETITIVIDADE DAS EXPORTAÇÕES MERCOSULINAS DE LEITE EM PÓ

This paper aims to analyze the behavior of milk powder exported by Mercosul countries from 1994 to 2010. To perform this analysis we used the Regional Orientation Index and ConstantMarket-Share. To calculate the latest indicator, the analysis period was divided into four subperiods: 1995-1998, 1999-2001, 2002-2008 and 2009-2010. The results indicated that from the second period compared to the first, the competitiveness effect was what contributed most to the increase in exports, exactly as the analysis of the third compared to the second. From the fourth period compared to the third the effect destiny of exports stood out. Regarding the export orientation it was found that exports are not oriented to Venezuela and Algeria that are major
Application of the Box-Behnken Design in the Optimization of Laser Powder Bed Fusion of H13 Tool Steel

Parameter optimization is an important step in the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), since process defects greatly impact the mechanical properties of the final parts, especially in components that undergo cyclic loading, such as molds and dies. The present study used the H13 tool steel to show that it is possible to perform a good parameter optimization quickly and with relatively few samples. The Box-Behnken experiment design model was used along with the application of the response surface methodology. Laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing were used as independent variables, and density and porosity were chosen as the response. Power and speed most influenced the responses, but the interaction between power and speed, and power and hatch also had a significant influence. New optimized samples showed lowest porosity, confirming the effectiveness of the model. Density can be used during parameter optimization without impairing the optimization quality.
Temporal and spatial patterns of the interannual variability of stratospheric ozone and dynamics

This dissertation is a collection of empirical and modeling studies focusing on the interannual variability (IAV) of stratospheric ozone and the dynamics associated with that variability. Empirical analyses of the IAV of total column ozone in the tropics and midlatitudes are performed using the Merged Ozone Data (MOD) set. MOD combines the monthly mean column abundances collected by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instruments, provides a nearly continuous record from late 1978 to present on a 2D grid. The first four EOFs from principal component analyses of MOD capture over 93% (82%) of the variance of the tropical (midlatitude) IAV. These analyses display structures attributable to the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), with influence from a decadal oscillation, an interaction between the QBO and an annual cycle (QBO-AB), and ENSO. Similar decompositions occur for dynamical fields from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Using these analyses, we found possible connections between the deduced patterns in ozone and the climate variables. For comparison to the observations, a 2D chemistry and transport model (CTM) was used to simulate the ozone IAV. The NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis 2 data are used to derive a monthly mean meridional circulation from 1979 to 2002 which is then used to drive the Caltech/JPL 2D CTM, allowing for an investigation of the impact of dynamics on the interannual variability (IAV) of the total column ozone for all years for which the MOD is available. The 2D CTM provides realistic simulations of the seasonal and IAV of ozone in the tropics, reasonable agreement in the NH midlatitudes but poor agreement in the SH midlatitudes. The influence of the QBO and QBO-AB are well represented in the simulation. A 71-year record of column ozone from Arosa, Switzerland is analyzed using singular spectrum analysis (SSA). The SSA decomposition separates the signals from the seasonal cycle, QBO, QBO-AB, and decadal oscillations. A 3.5-year oscillation is also discovered. A nonlinear trend is extracted and nonstationary behavior of some of the oscillations is found. Finally, a connection between fluctuations in stratospheric ozone and in tropospheric methane is observed and modeled.
Concordance of Dye-Spraying Chromoendoscopy and Virtual Chromoendoscopy for Colonic Dysplasia Detection in Longstanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background/Aims: In the past, dye-spraying chromoendoscopy was the technique of choice for colonic surveillance in patients with long-standing extensive inflammatory bowel disease. Recent evidence suggests that virtual chromoendoscopy is an equally acceptable technique. Materials and Methods: Eleven gastroenterologists were given a survey with 20 pairs of pictures from inflammatory bowel disease surveillance colonoscopies (10 with nondysplastic lesions, 5 with dysplastic lesions, and 5 with no lesions). Each pair contained the same image captured during colonoscopy using indigo carmine and narrow-band imaging. For each picture, the gastroenterologist assessed the presence/absence of lesion and, when a lesion was identified, assessed the presence/absence of dysplasia and delineated its margins. To compare lesion and dysplasia detection between techniques, sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver agreement were calculated. The chi-square test was used to assess the accuracy of margins delineation. Results: When assessing lesion and dysplasia detection, similar sensitivity and specificity values were obtained for both techniques. Interobserver agreement analysis revealed that dye-spraying chromoendoscopy and virtual chromoendoscopy had a moderate agreement in lesion detection but, for dysplasia detection, dye-spraying chromoendoscopy had a slight agreement [K = 0.11 (0.03-0.18), P < . 01] and virtual chromoendoscopy a fair agreement [K = 0.30 (0.22-0.37), P < . 01]. Margin delineation was similar between techniques. Conclusion: Sensitivity and specificity for lesion and dysplasia detection, as well as the accuracy of margins delineation, were similar between dye-spraying chromoendoscopy and virtual chromoendoscopy. Interobserver agreement for dysplasia detection was suboptimal in both techniques; however, it was superior when using virtual chromoendoscopy. These findings suggest that virtual chromoendoscopy constitutes a valid alternative for dysplasia screening in inflammatory bowel disease.
Spectrum of storm event hydrologic response in urban watersheds

We seek to improve scientific understanding of urban storm event hydrologic response through analyses of rainfall and discharge data for the Baltimore metropolitan region. High‐resolution data, 1 km2 and 15 min radar rainfall and 1 to 5 min discharge, provide the detail necessary to accurately characterize storm event hydrologic response in small urban basins. We examine flood‐producing rainfall properties and storm event hydrologic response for nine small watersheds in the Baltimore region including seven urbanized basins, a forested basin, and an agricultural basin. We find expected contrasts in flood peak distributions and storm event runoff production between the urban and nonurban watersheds, but we also find a spectrum of storm event hydrologic response among the urban watersheds. Moores Run and Dead Run are end‐members of this urban spectrum, with Moores Run producing anomalously large flood peak magnitudes and Dead Run producing anomalously large storm event runoff ratios. Analyses show that runoff production and timing of hydrologic response are linked to stormwater management infrastructure and play a central role in the spectrum of storm event response. Detention basins in these watersheds appear to operate as intended by stormwater legislation to lower peak discharges but not runoff volumes. Antecedent moisture does not appear to significantly impact storm event hydrologic response in the urban or nonurban basins. The rainfall climatology of flood‐producing storms varies from urban to nonurban watersheds with urban watershed flood frequency displaying a pronounced warm season maximum, highlighting the central role of warm season thunderstorm systems for urban flooding in Baltimore.
Time‐dependent morphology of thaw lakes and taliks in deep and shallow ground ice

[1] The shape and depth of thaw lake basins depends on lake age, on whether the talik (thaw bulb) is at steady state, and on the distribution of ice in the ground. To investigate implications of this broad hypothesis, we use a numerical model of conductive heat transfer, phase change, and thaw subsidence of ice-rich sediment beneath a lake in cross section. For ground thermal properties with lake temperatures and dimensions consistent with measurements, modeled talik depth approximately increases with except in lakes in deep ground ice which deepen more rapidly because of consolidation on thawing. In deep ground ice environments, basins achieve depths of ≈20 m in ≈5 ka. Expanding lakes with disequilibrium taliks have deep basins with broad, 100+ m wide, inclined margins. In shallow ground ice settings (either original epigenetic ice or in permafrost that has reformed in drained basins), lakes are <3 m deep and flat bottomed. Unaffected by preexisting topography and ground ice variations, first-generation lakes in deep ground ice are rounder and grow larger in area than later-generation lakes. These predictions are consistent with GPS, sonar, and remote sensing measurements of bathymetry and plan view shape of first- and later-generation lakes in substrates with deep syngenetic ground ice (Pleistocene loess, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska) and shallow epigenetic ice (Yukon Arctic coastal plain).
Land Use Classification from Lidar Data and Ortho‐Images in a Rural Area

Obtaining information on the distribution of rural landscape types is an active research topic within Spanish rural studies. This paper presents a new hierarchical object‐based classification method for the automatic detection of various land use classes in a rural area, combining lidar data and aerial images. In view of the upcoming availability of low‐density lidar data (0·5 pulses/m2) for most of the territory of Spain, this paper assesses the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method for various lidar data densities. Such an assessment was conducted using two approaches: firstly, based on the final classification, which produced an overall accuracy over 96% and a kappa index above 0·95 for the combinations of the aerial image and lidar data‐sets with four different densities; and secondly, based solely on the areas classified as buildings. In the second approach, the accuracy of the classification for building detection at pixel and object level was assessed. The object‐oriented classification of buildings produced an index of correctness of over 99% and an index of completeness of about 95%. The results reveal a high agreement between classification and ground truth data.