Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Canonical Visual Size for Real-world Objects

Real-world objects can be viewed at a range of distances and thus can be experienced at a range of visual angles within the visual field. Given the large amount of visual size variation possible when observing objects, we examined how internal object representations represent visual size information. In a series of experiments which required observers to access existing object knowledge, we observed that real-world objects have a consistent visual size at which they are drawn, imagined, and preferentially viewed. Importantly, this visual size is proportional to the logarithm of the assumed size of the object in the world, and is best characterized not as a fixed visual angle, but by the ratio of the object and the frame of space around it. Akin to the previous literature on canonical perspective, we term this consistent visual size information the canonical visual size. In the real world, the particular view of an object (i.e., its projected retinal image) depends on where the observer is standing with respect to that object. This fact is implicitly understood by observers choosing where to sit in a movie theatre, where to stand in an art gallery, or where to move to get a better view of an item of interest. When observers walk around an object, changing the viewing angle of an object without changing its distance, this image transformation is called a perspective change. Similarly, when observers approach or back away from an object to change its retinal size within their visual field without changing the viewing angle, the image transformation is called a visual size change. Given the many possible object views that can be experienced by an observer, what information about perspective and size is present in object representations? Seminal research by Palmer, Rosch, and Chase (1981) examined how object viewpoint information was accessed in a number of different tasks, and found evidence for consistently preferred viewpoints. For example, during goodness judgments of photographs of objects over different viewpoints, three quarter perspectives (in which the front, side, and top surfaces were visually present) were usually ranked highest. 1 The " best " view was also the perspective imagined when given the name of the object, the view most photographed, and enabled fastest naming of objects. The consistencies across observers and across tasks led Palmer, Rosch, and Chase (1981) to term this view the " canonical perspective. " Two main explanations have been suggested …
Performance of OFDM- CDMA System using Modified Space- Shift Keying Technique

Many reasons cause multi- carrier CDMA to be the best technology in the latest mobile generations known by fourth generation for mobile. As well known, the greatest enemy for any wireless communication is multi- path fading which usually result in distortion in time- domain, or in frequency domain or even in both. Therefore any new technique applied into mobile communication system is concerning with mitigating multi-path fading distortion which appears in form of reducing BER level. In this paper three techniques have been combined in order to enhance mobile system performance in the presence of multipath fading channel. These techniques are, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code division multiple access (CDMA), and modified space shift keying (SSK). The last technique is considered special case for MIMO technology. By the aid of MATLAB code, proposes system was simulated in order to display BER performance versus variation in the SNR at many various system conditions.
Fast routing table lookup using CAMs

The authors investigate fast routing table lookup techniques, where the table is composed of hierarchical addresses such as those found in a national telephone network. The hierarchical addresses provide important benefits in large networks, but existing fast routing table lookup techniques, based on hardware such as content addressable memory (CAM), work only with flat addresses. Several fast routing table lookup solutions for hierarchical address based on binary and ternary CAMs are presented, and their advantages and drawbacks are analyzed. <<ETX>>
A Proposal for Trust Model: Independent Trust Intermediary Service (ITIS)

Reliable, distributed applications based on Internet, such as e-commerce system rely heavily on trust path among involved parties. This article introduces an efficient trust model based trust service, Independent Trust Intermediary Service model using Smart Trust List, for trust management. Fundamentally, Independent Trust Intermediary Service is facilities for distributing certificates of CAs in a manner that ensures their authenticity and integrity.
A study of the referenceless CDR based on PLL

Clock data recovery (CDR) circuit is an essential component for serial data communication. S/PDIF which is one of data coding is used. The CDR based on PLL recovers clock and data of 2.8224 ~ 24.576MHz and was designed with the frequency detector (FD) to detect the frequency by using the preamble. The PLL, frequency detector (FD) and the reset circuits were used to design the refernceless CDR based on PLL. 65nm CMOS process is used in this study.
Reliability and validity of four instruments for measuring lumbar spine and pelvic positions.

We studied the between-therapist reliability and the validity of four instruments in measuring lumbar spine curvature and pelvic tilt. The four instruments and their measurements were 1) a tape measure to measure the change in lumbar curvature during trunk flexion; 2) a gravity goniometer to measure pelvic angle and lumbar curvature during stance, trunk flexion, and trunk extension; 3) a parallelogram goniometer to measure lumbar curvature during stance, trunk flexion, and trunk extension; and 4) a standard goniometer to measure the angle between wooden pointers mounted perpendicularly to the spine to obtain pelvic angle and lumbar curvature during stance, trunk flexion, and trunk extension. We found no single instrument to be the most reliable or valid. Between-therapist reliability ranged from . 64 to . 93 (Pearson product-moment correlation) and from . 60 to . 92 (interclass correlation coefficient). The validities of the instruments compared with measurements from roentgenograms generally were low, ranging from -. 13 to . 76 (Pearson product-moment correlation) and -. 73 to -. 05 (interclass correlation coefficient).
Association of Intrarenal B-Cell Infiltrates with Clinical Outcome in Lupus Nephritis: A Study of 192 Cases

Background. Lupus nephritis (LN) remains a major cause of morbidity and end-stage renal disease. Dysfunction of B lymphocytes is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of SLE/LN. Intrarenal B cells have been found in several forms of inflammatory kidney diseases although their role in LN renal is not well defined. Methods. Intrarenal B cells were analyzed in 192 renal biopsies from patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis. Immunohistochemical staining of serial sections was performed for each LN patient using CD20, CD3, and CD21 antibodies. Results. Intrarenal B cells were more likely to be associated with class IV LN and were mainly distributed in the renal interstitium, with very few in the glomerulus. The systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI), blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels were all significantly greater in the LN-B cell groups (all P < 0.05). LN renal activity and chronicity indices correlated with B-cells infiltrates (all P < 0.0001). Renal biopsies were classified into four distinct categories according to the organizational grade of inflammatory cell infiltrates. Germinal center- (GC-) like structures were not identified in any LN biopsies. Conclusion. It is hypothesized that intrarenal B cells enhance immunological responses and exaggerate the local immune response to persisting autoimmune damage in the tubulointerstitium.
Do That, There: An Interaction Technique for Addressing In-Air Gesture Systems

When users want to interact with an in-air gesture system, they must first address it. This involves finding where to gesture so that their actions can be sensed, and how to direct their input towards that system so that they do not also affect others or cause unwanted effects. This is an important problem which lacks a practical solution. We present an interaction technique which uses multimodal feedback to help users address in-air gesture systems. The feedback tells them how ("do that") and where ("there") to gesture, using light, audio and tactile displays. By doing that there, users can direct their input to the system they wish to interact with, in a place where their gestures can be sensed. We discuss the design of our technique and three experiments investigating its use, finding that users can "do that" well (93.2%-99.9%) while accurately (51mm-80mm) and quickly (3.7s) finding "there".
Morphological Studies on the Ageing and Osteoarthritis of the Articular Cartilage in C57 Black Mice

Purpose. To study the cause and mechanism of joint degeneration in osteoarthritis, through histopathological and ultrastructural-histochemical experiments on the articular cartilage of the knees of the C57 black mouse. Methods. 192 C57 black mice and a control group of 64 C57BL/6J mice were used in this study. The left and right knee articular capsules of the joints were removed and stained. Each articular cartilage sample was examined and osteoarthritic changes were assessed using a transmission electron microscope. The severity of osteoarthritis in the knee joint cartilage of C57 black mice was histologically assessed using a classification system described by Okabe, based on Maier's system. Results. The incidence and the severity of osteoarthritis gradually increased with age; the incidence increased from 20% at 2 months to 80% at 16 months. Irreversible changes appeared at an advanced stage, and the process of degeneration was quite similar to that in human osteoarthritis. Through transmission electron microscopy, we observed poorly developed Golgi apparatus, markedly increased intracellular microfilaments, decreased proteoglycan granules, and broken collagen networks in all stages of osteoarthritis. By contrast, Golgi apparatus and other organelles were well developed in histologically normal mice of all ages. Proteoglycan granules, which mainly consisted of keratan sulphate, were observed; collagen networks were maintained. Conclusion. Disturbed protein transport and sugar synthesis in chondrocytes, caused by the deficient development of the Golgi apparatus, could result in degenerative changes in articular cartilage. The structure and function of the matrix were maintained mainly because of the continued presence of keratan sulphate.
The effects of processing parameters on the morphology of PLA/PEG melt electrospun fibers

Electrospinning of a polymer melt is an ideal technique to produce highly porous nanofibrous or microfibrous scaffolds appropriate for biomedical applications. In recent decades, melt electrospinning has been known as an eco-friendly procedure as it eliminates the cytotoxic effects of the solvents used in solution electrospinning. In this work, the effects of spinning conditions such as temperature, applied voltage, nozzle to collector distance and collector type as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration on the diameter of melt electrospun polylactic acid (PLA)/PEG fibers were studied. The thermal stability of PLA/PEG blends was monitored through TGA and rheometry. Morphological investigations were carried out via optical and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results, blends were almost stable over the temperature range of melt electrospinning (170 − 230 °C) and a short spinning time of 5 min. To obtain non-woven meshes with uniform fiber morphologies, experimental parameters were optimized using ANOVA. While increasing the temperature, applied voltage and PEG content resulted in thinner fibers, PEG concentration was the most influential factor on the fiber diameter. In addition, a nozzle to collector distance of 10 cm was found to be the most suitable for preparing uniform non-woven PLA/PEG meshes. At higher PEG concentrations, alterations in the collector distance did not affect the uniformity of fibers, although at lower distances vigorous bending instabilities due to polarity augmentation and viscosity reduction resulted in curly fibrous meshes. Finally, the finest and submicron scale fibers were obtained through melt electrospinning of PLA/PEG (70/30) blend collected on a metallic frame. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigating sparse deep neural networks for speech recognition

We propose an organized sparse deep neural network architecture for automatic speech recognition. The proposed method is inspired by the tonotopic organization in the auditory nerve/cortex. The approach consists of limiting the neurons connections between the hidden layers, in a manner that preserves frequency proximity, resulting in a diffuse integration of the spectral information inside the neural network. This method is put in perspective with related work on sparser neural network architectures for speech recognition (tonotopy, convolutional nets, dropout). The model is trained and tested on the TIMIT database, showing encouraging results compared to the traditional fully connected architecture.
Long-term treatment with oral sildenafil in addition to continuous IV epoprostenol in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of long-term oral therapy with sildenafil in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension receiving long-term IV epoprostenol. DESIGN Open, uncontrolled trial. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Two patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and one patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension after surgical closure of an atrial septal defect. All patients were receiving continuous epoprostenol for 1.7 to 7.1 years; two patients also received inhaled iloprost for 1.8 years and 3.8 years, respectively. INTERVENTIONS Addition of oral sildenafil, up to 200 mg/d, divided in four to six single doses, and hemodynamic measurements and the 6-min walking distance (6MWD) before and after 5 months of treatment with sildenafil. RESULTS One patient was treated with sildenafil, 200 mg/d; two patients received 75 mg/d due to nausea and headache. Long-term treatment with sildenafil in the three patients reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure by 14%, 41%, and 22%, respectively; in two patients, pulmonary vascular resistance was decreased by 52% and 55%. The 6MWD increased by 34%, 6%, and 29%, respectively. No significant systemic hypotension or decrease of arterial oxygen saturation was seen. CONCLUSION Sildenafil therapy may be of benefit in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension receiving long-term infusion of epoprostenol.
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate Two Doses of an Intra-Articular Injection of LMWF-5A in Adults with Pain Due to Osteoarthritis of the Knee

Objective The Low Molecular Weight Fraction of 5% human serum Albumin (LMWF-5A) is being investigated as a treatment for knee pain from osteoarthritis. Methods This was a multicenter randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind, parallel study designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of two doses of an intra-articular injection of LMWF-5A. Patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis were randomized 1∶1∶1∶1 to receive a single 4 mL or 10 mL intra-articular knee injection of either LMWF-5A or vehicle control (saline). The primary efficacy endpoint was the difference between treatment groups in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) pain change from baseline over 12 weeks. Safety was examined as the incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs). Results A total of 329 patients were randomized and received treatment. LMWF-5A resulted in a significant decrease in pain at 12 weeks compared to vehicle control (−0.93 vs −0.72; estimated difference from control: −0.25, p = 0.004); an injection volume effect was not observed (p = 0.64). The effect of LMWF-5A on pain was even more pronounced in patients with severe knee OA (Kellgren Lawrence Grade IV): the estimated difference from control was −0.42 (p = 0.02). Adverse events were generally mild and were similar in patients who received vehicle control (47%) and LMWF-5A (41%). Conclusions This clinical trial demonstrated that LMWF-5A is safe and effective at providing relief for the pain of moderate to severe OA of the knee over 12 weeks when administered by intra-articular injection into the knee. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01839331
Theory of the effects of concentration and chain length on helix-coil equilibria in two-stranded nucleic acids.

The formalism for treating a dissociating two‐stranded helix is developed from the system partition function. The behavior of finite chains is examined according to the model in which only one helical region is allowed in a molecule, and staggering of the paired strands is not allowed. Numerical results for chain lengths in the range of 1 to 300 residues show that the helix—coil transition curve is markedly broadened and shifted as the chain length decreases, and that a decrease in concentration results in a significant decrease in degree of bonding for chain lengths less than about 100. The ultraviolet absorbance transition curves are calculated from the Rich—Tinoco predictions for stack‐length dependence of hypochromicity, and are found to be markedly different from the transition curves in terms of degree of bonding for chain lengths less than about 100.
Sparsity based face modelling and detection with small sample problem

Face detection is an important and challenging task in many computer vision applications. Signal processing using sparse framework has seen much interest in various areas in the recent past. In this paper, we propose a sparse framework based methodology to model a human face using very few training faces. We propose to use SIFT, LBP and RGB based feature vectors to model and detect the face in the sparse framework. The proposed algorithm is based on dictionary learning and uses a sparse framework. The approach adopted is patch based and uses a small number of training faces to train a prototype/basis dictionary. We perform extensive simulation to study the effect of patch size, number of dictionary atoms, number of training faces and sparsity constraint on the face detection accuracy. We study the effect of the choice of different types of feature vectors on detection accuracy and perform a comparative study.
Vascular Health and Risk Management Dovepress Pre-eclampsia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

The incidence of pre-eclampsia ranges from 3% to 7% for nulliparas and 1% to 3% for multiparas. Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, preterm birth, perinatal death, and intrauterine growth restriction. Unfortunately, the pathophysiology of this multisystem disorder, characterized by abnormal vascular response to placentation, is still unclear. Despite great polymorphism of the disease, the criteria for pre-eclampsia have not changed over the past decade (systolic blood pressure .140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure $90 mmHg and 24-hour proteinuria $0.3 g). Clinical features and laboratory abnormalities define and determine the severity of pre-eclampsia. Delivery is the only curative treatment for pre-eclampsia. Multidisciplinary management, involving an obstetrician, anesthetist, and pediatrician, is carried out with consideration of the maternal risks due to continued pregnancy and the fetal risks associated with induced preterm delivery. Screening women at high risk and preventing recurrences are key issues in the management of pre-eclampsia.
On test and repair of 3D random access memory

The three-dimensional (3D) random access memory (RAM) using through-silicon via (TSV) has been considered as a promising approach to overcome the memory wall. However, cost and yield are two key issues for volume production of 3D RAMs, and yield enhancement increasingly requires test techniques. In this paper, we first introduce issues and existing techniques for the testing and yield enhancement of 3D RAMs. Then, a built-in self-repair (BISR) technique for 3D RAM using global redundancy is presented. According to the redundancy analysis results of each die with the BISR circuit, the die-to-die (d2d) and wafer-to-wafer (w2w) stacking problems are transferred to the bipartite maximal matching problem. Then, heuristic algorithms are also proposed to optimize the stacking yield.
Pull-navi: a novel tactile navigation interface by pulling the ears

Previous studies on navigation for walking have mainly used visual or acoustic sensations, which are not intuitive and can even be dangerous because they may block visual and auditory information from the surrounding environment. Some other studies have used tactile stimulation, which is more intuitive and less annoying, on the hand or arm to generate a pseudo-pulling force [1][2][3]. However, the devices tended to become large and heavy. Maeda [4] achieved walk navigation by using Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation, but such electrical stimulation to the head has some clinical challenges for practical daily use.
Review on population-based metaheuristic search techniques for optimal power flow

Optimal power flow (OPF) is a non-linear solution which is significantly important in order to analyze the power system operation. The use of optimization algorithm is essential in order to solve OPF problems. The emergence of machine learning presents further techniques which capable to solve the non-linear problem. The performance and the key aspects which enhances the effectiveness of these optimization techniques are compared within several metaheuristic search techniques. This includes the operation of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, firefly algorithm (FA), artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm and differential evolution (DE) algorithm. This paper reviews on the key elements that need to be considered when selecting metaheuristic techniques to solve OPF problem in power system operation.
A PLATFORM FOR PROTOTYPING PIMOS SYSTEM SERVICES

by Paul W. Schermerhorn This paper presents the PIM Runtime Emulator, a platform for designing and testing distributed system services for the PIM Operating System (PIMOS). Developers implement services for the emulator to be ported to PIM hardware when it becomes available. The emulator executes on a cluster of Linux workstations, providing abstractions of PIM nodes and communication mechanisms in massive PIM arrays. The PIM Runtime Emulator is an e ective platform for developing the unique system services essential to e ectively using PIM machines, and also serves as a validation of the proposed PIMOS speci cation described herein. This work is dedicated to my wife, Alice, for her seemingly endless supply of patience.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE AND PARALLEL INVERSION OF A SYMMETRIC POSITIVE DEFINITE MATRIX

We present families of algorithms for operations related to the computation of the inverse of a Symmetric Positive Definite (SPD) matrix: Cholesky factorization, inversion of a triangular matrix, multiplication of a triangular matrix by its transpose, and one-sweep inversion of an SPD matrix. These algorithms are systematically derived and implemented via the Formal Linear Algebra Methodology Environment (FLAME), an approach for developing linear algebra algorithms. How different members of these families of algorithms are more or less suited for a given architecture is demonstrated via implementations for sequential, shared-memory, and distributed memory parallel architectures. Performance on various platforms is reported.