Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Locally satisfiable formulas

A CNF formula ψ is <i>k</i>-satisfiable if each <i>k</i> clauses of ψ can be satisfied simultaneously. Let π<inf><i>k</i></inf> be the largest real number such that for each <i>k</i>-satisfiable formula with variables <i>x</i><inf><i>i</i></inf>, there are probabilities <i>p</i><inf><i>i</i></inf> with the following property: If each variable <i>x</i><inf><i>i</i></inf> is chosen randomly and independently to be true with the probability <i>p</i><inf><i>i</i></inf>, then each clause of is satisfied with the probability at least π<inf><i>k</i></inf>. We determine the numbers π<inf><i>k</i></inf> and design a linear-time algorithm which given a formula either outputs that ψ is not <i>k</i>-satisfiable or finds probabilities <i>p</i><inf><i>i</i></inf> such that each clause ψ of is satisfied with the probability at least π<inf><i>k</i></inf>. Our approach yields a robust linear-time deterministic algorithm which finds for a <i>k</i>-satisfiable formula a truth assignment satisfying at least the fraction of π<inf><i>k</i></inf> of the clauses.A related parameter is <i>r</i><inf><i>k</i></inf> which is the largest ratio such that for each <i>k</i>-satisfiable CNF formula with <i>m</i> clauses, there is a truth assignment which satisfies at least <i>r</i><inf><i>k</i></inf><i>m</i> clauses. It was known that π<inf><i>k</i></inf> = <i>r</i><inf><i>k</i></inf> for <i>k</i> = 1, 2, 3. We compute the ratio <i>r</i><inf>4</inf> and show π<inf>4</inf> 6 = <i>r</i><inf>4</inf>. We also design a linear-time algorithm which finds a truth assignment satisfying at least the fraction <i>r</i><inf>4</inf> of the clauses for 4-satisfiable formulas.
Systemic Delivery of Small Interfering RNA Targeting the Interleukin-2/15 Receptor β Chain Prevents Disease Progression in Experimental Arthritis

The role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well established; however, systemic knockdown of IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) for reduction in inflammation at local sites has not been demonstrated. In this study, the therapeutic effect of intravenously administered siRNA targeting the β chain of IL-15R which is shared by the receptor for IL-2 was examined in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Polyethylenimine (PEI)-complexed siRNA nanoparticles could easily accumulate in arthritic paws of AA rats. In the paws, the nanoparticles were avidly taken up by macrophages and to a lesser extent by T cells. Weekly administered IL-2/15Rβ siRNA polyplexes were capable of decreasing disease progression in AA rats, with striking inhibition of clinical, radiologic, and histologic features of RA. The observed therapeutic effect was associated with reduced expression of proinflammatory mediators in the inflamed joints. Thus, this study provides evidence that IL-2/15Rβ could be targeted for the treatment of RA.
Improved Upper Bounds on Stopping Redundancy

For a linear block code with minimum distance d, its stopping redundancy is the minimum number of check nodes in a Tanner graph representation of the code, such that all nonempty stopping sets have size d or larger. We derive new upper bounds on stopping redundancy for all linear codes in general, and for maximum distance separable (MDS) codes specifically, and show how they improve upon previous results. For MDS codes, the new bounds are found by upper-bounding the stopping redundancy by a combinatorial quantity closely related to Turan numbers. (The Turan number, T(v,k,t), is the smallest number of t-subsets of a v-set, such that every k-subset of the v-set contains at least one of the t-subsets. ) Asymptotically, we show that the stopping redundancy of MDS codes with length n and minimum distance d >1 is T(n,d-1,d-2)(1+O(n-1)) for fixed d, and is at most T (n,d-1,d-2)(3+O(n-1)) for fixed code dimension k=n-d+1. For d=3,4, we prove that the stopping redundancy of MDS codes is equal to T(n,d-1,d-2), for which exact formulas are known. For d=5, we show that the stopping redundancy of MDS codes is either T(n,4,3) or T(n,4,3)+1
HIV prevalence and testing practices among tuberculosis cases in London: a missed opportunity for HIV diagnosis?

Background: Universal testing for HIV in patients with tuberculosis (TB) has been advocated for over a decade. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and testing practices of HIV in TB centres in London. Methods: A cohort study was undertaken of all patients with TB in Greater London in 2003–4 (n = 1941). Logistic regression was used to assess factors affecting being offered and accepting testing and having a positive HIV result. Results: The overall known prevalence of HIV was 9.9% (193/1941). In those with a test result (including those diagnosed previously) it was 25.6%. Overall, 50.8% of patients aged ⩾20 years without previous testing were offered HIV testing and, of these, 73% accepted. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with being HIV positive were age 20–49 years, black ethnicity and being born overseas. Those with smear-negative disease and with a poor understanding of English were significantly less likely to be offered HIV testing. Factors associated with refusal of an offered test were female gender or age >49 years. HIV status was not associated with smear status, drug resistance or death, but was associated with CNS disease (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.0, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Nearly half the patients with TB in London in 2003–4 were not offered HIV testing. In those offered testing, uptake was high. Patients in higher risk groups were more likely to be offered testing but, even within the highest risk groups, testing was not universally offered. This represents a missed opportunity for diagnosing HIV in patients with TB in London.
Maternal calcium supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors in twin offspring.

BACKGROUND There is evidence that maternal calcium supplementation may result in lower offspring blood pressure. We hypothesized that maternal calcium supplementation also influences other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS In the Tasmanian Infant Health Study, supplements reportedly taken in pregnancy were recorded. Twin children of 147 participating mothers were seen at mean age 9 years. Blood pressure was measured in all 294 children and fasting blood samples taken from 230 (78%) for glucose and insulin, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol (T-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated. RESULTS Children of supplemented mothers (n = 110, 77 had venipuncture) had lower geometric mean triacylglycerol, T-C, and LDL-C than other children. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, geometric mean ratios were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.98), 0.94, (95% CI: 0.90, 0.99) and 0.90, (95% CI: 0.83, 0.98) respectively. The association with T-C and LDL-C was seen principally among children with BMI > 17.5: estimated ratios 0.85 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.92) for total cholesterol and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.90) for LDL cholesterol (P for interaction 0.001 and 0.009 respectively). There was no significant association between maternal calcium supplementation and child size at birth and follow up, blood pressure, fasting glucose or insulin or HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS Maternal calcium supplementation may confer health benefits on twin offspring, especially if they are relatively fat. Calcium availability could permanently programme lipid metabolism during fetal life, directly or by influencing maternal lipid profile. Our findings need to be replicated in other studies and in singletons. If confirmed, our findings could have important implications for population health.
The Effect of Violent and Nonviolent Video Games on Heart Rate Variability, Sleep, and Emotions in Adolescents With Different Violent Gaming Habits

Objective To study cardiac, sleep-related, and emotional reactions to playing violent (VG) versus nonviolent video games (NVG) in adolescents with different gaming habits. Methods Thirty boys (aged 13–16 years, standard deviation = 0.9), half of them low-exposed (⩽1 h/d) and half high-exposed (≥3 h/d) to violent games, played a VG/NVG for 2 hours during two different evenings in their homes. Heart rate (HR) and HR variability were registered from before start until next morning. A questionnaire about emotional reactions was administered after gaming sessions and a sleep diary on the following mornings. Results During sleep, there were significant interaction effects between group and gaming condition for HR (means [standard errors] for low-exposed: NVG 63.8 [2.2] and VG 67.7 [2.4]; for high-exposed: NVG 65.5 [1.9] and VG 62.7 [1.9]; F(1,28) = 9.22, p = . 005). There was also a significant interaction for sleep quality (low-exposed: NVG 4.3 [0.2] and VG 3.7 [0.3]); high-exposed: NVG 4.4 [0.2] and VG 4.4 [0.2]; F(1,28) = 3.51, p = . 036, one sided), and sadness after playing (low-exposed: NVG 1.0 [0.0] and VG 1.4 [0.2]; high-exposed: NVG 1.2 [0.1] and VG 1.1 [0.1]; (F(1,27) = 6.29, p = . 009, one sided). Conclusions Different combinations of the extent of (low versus high) previous VG and experimental exposure to a VG or an NVG are associated with different reaction patterns—physiologically, emotionally, and sleep related. Desensitizing effects or selection bias stand out as possible explanations.
Isolation, purification, and structural elucidation of polysaccharides from Alhagi-honey

The polysaccharide extract (PE) of Uyghur medicinal preparation Alhagi-honey was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method. The purified polysaccharide AP1-1 was obtained from PE by macroporous adsorption resin chromatography, DEAE cellulose chromatography, and Sephadex gel chromatography; the homogeneity and the molecular weight of AP1-1 were determined by gel filtration; and the acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR analysis were used to analyze the chemical structure of AP1-1. The result showed that AP1-1 was a homogeneous polysaccharide, whose relative molecular weight was 9.97 × 104. Through high-performance capillary electrophoresis analysis, we found that its molecular structure was composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid with a molar ratio of about 1.1:1.9:3.9:2.1. The main chain of AP1-1 was mainly made up of → 4)β-d-GalpA-(1 → 4)β-d-GalpA-(1 → 4)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 6)α-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)α-d-Glcp(1 → , while the side chain is composed of → 6)-α-d-Glcp and 2-CH3-α-d-Man.
Soft tissue enhancement around dental implants.

Peri-implant plastic surgery aims at improving the esthetic aspects of smile appearance and masticatory function. Enhancement of the esthetic appearance can lend significant support to patients wishing to experience more effective and successful interactions with others in personal, social and workplace situations. This article reviews pre-implant anatomic features that influence the outcome of dental implant therapy and presents a range of surgical modalities aimed at enhancing the appearance of peri-implant soft tissue.
Significant Arsenic Reduction by Pond Sediment Microflora in the Arsenic-Affected Bengal Delta

ABSTRACT Biogeochemical reduction and mobilization of sediment-bound arsenic have triggered widespread groundwater arsenic contamination and public health emergency in Bengal Delta. The present study examines arsenic reduction ability of pond sediment microbiota and their diversity from arsenic-affected villages. Arsenic reduction ability of pond sediment microbiota and individual bacterial isolates were studied in sediment microcosm and in culture medium. Arsenic-reducing strains were identified from 16S rDNA sequences. Pond sediment microflora caused profuse arsenic reduction under anoxic and partial anoxic conditions, and under the influence of labile organic matter. Prominent arsenic-reducing strains were identified as Chryseobacterium sp. , Pseudomonas sp. , Acinetobacter sp. , and Comamonas aquatica. The presence of partial-to-true anoxic conditions, typical of pond ecosystems in this region and labile organic matter, as well as organic manure applications in ponds for aquaculture, strongly favored arsenic reduction by sediment microflora. The Bengal Delta plain is bestowed with thousands of aquaculture ponds and floodplain wetlands which might act as important sites for microbial reduction and mobilization of arsenic to the groundwater hydrologic system in the region.
Xanthomonas T 3 S Effector XopN Suppresses PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Interacts with a Tomato Atypical Receptor-Like Kinase and TFT 1

Jung-Gun Kim,a Xinyan Li,a,1 Julie Anne Roden,a,2 Kyle W. Taylor,a Chris D. Aakre,a Bessie Su,a,3 Sylvie Lalonde,b Angela Kirik,a Yanhui Chen,a Gayathri Baranage,a HeatherMcLane,c Gregory B.Martin,c andMary BethMudgetta,4 a Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020 b Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford, California 94305 c Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
High Salt Diet Enhances Cardiovascular Responses from the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius and Ventrolateral Medulla of Sprague-Dawley Rats

High salt intake has been shown to augment the sensitivity of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) sympathoexcitatory neurons. We examined the effects of 4 weeks of high dietary salt (8%) on the sensitivity of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) in controlling RVLM. In chloralose-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, high salt intake did not elevate baseline arterial pressure or heart rate (HR). In high-salt group, NTS, CVLM, and RVLM responses to glutamate were greater. NTS responses to acetylcholine or serotonin, which is independent of baroreflex, also were greater. Phenylephrine or nitroprusside (i.v.) elicited similar changes in arterial pressure and heart rate, the baroreflex sensitivity also was similar in both groups of rats. These results suggest that high salt intake augments the sensitivity of NTS and CVLM sending inhibitory input to RVLM. This presumably may inhibit the RVLM, thereby inhibiting the elevation of arterial pressure.
Congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens

I would like to share my experience of a case of congenital unilateral absence of left vas in a serving soldier who reported for vasectomy. Congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens is a rare anomaly. Incidence is 0.06 to I% in healthy men [I]. By itself it has little clinical significance other than an associated 79% incidence of ipsilateral renal agenesis [2]. Hunter in 1775 first described the unilateral absence of the right vas deferens with bilateral absence of the body and tail of the epididymis [3]. It is a rare cause of male infertility when it is associated with contralateral mesonephric duct abnormality [4]. A 30-years-old serving soldier, apparently healthy, reported for vasectomy. He had three children-two males and one female. On examination left side scrotal vas was not palpable while testis was normal. Right vas, testis and epididymis were normal. During operation right vas was explored under local anaesthesia by single incision in the median raphe of the scrotum. One em segment of the right vas was resected and the two ends occluded with 2/0 silk sutures. Left side vas was not found. Further exploration revealed normal testis and caput epididymis on the left side. Patient had uneventful postoperative recovery. Patient was further evaluated by USS abdomen, both kidneys were normal. Semen analysis after two months reported no dead/alive spermatozoa. Vas deferens is the least commonly palpated during routine physical examination and is most commonly assaulted in surgery [3]. It may be absent on one or both sides, and in whole or in part, and in the latter case may fail to establish communication with the epididymis [5]. In the population of those who elect to have a vasectomy, 0.06% to 0.8% of patients have a single vas deferens [1]. Eighty percent of patients who have cystic fibrosis have bilateral anomalies or absence of the vas deferens [6]. Embyrologically vas deferens is derived from the mesonephric duct. At the 15 mm stage (7 weeks) of gestation, the ureteral bud separates from the remaining mesonephric duct, which will subsequently differentiate into the ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles and the ampulla of the vas deferens caudally; the vas in the midpor-
New 2-Tier Multiclass Prediction Framework

In multiclass classification problems we face the challenge of having many binary classifiers. Consulting this large number of classifiers might be confusing and time consuming. In this paper, we propose a new framework for training and prediction in multiclass problems. In this framework, we perform traditional training. Next we map training examples to prediction models. Finally we produce the Example Classifier (EC). In prediction a new example is passed through the EC to determine the appropriate classifier which in turn makes the last prediction decision. We conduct experiments comparing our framework with one-VS-one and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) using Support Vector Machines. Additionally, we compare our model with well-known ensemble models, namely, AdaBoost and Bagging, Our results indicate that prediction accuracy is comparable to other methodologies with the advantage of consuming less prediction time.
A-P-T-composition cross-section of spinel and garnet facies lithospheric mantle in the Minusa region SW of the Siberian craton

Garnet-spinel and spinel peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from three upper Cretaceous basanitic pipes in the Minusa region, southern Siberia (Malkovets et al., 1997) provide sampling of the upper mantle in a mobile belt near the southwestern boundary of the Siberian craton. A P-T-composition lithospheric cross-section has been constructed based on a detailed electron microprobe study of representative xenoliths and laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of their clinopyroxenes and garnets. Both garnet-spinel and spinel Iherzolite xenoliths have been found in the Tergesh pipe. The lherzolites commonly have moderate to high clinopyroxene (cpx) contents and protogranular texture. The garnet contents in the garnet-spinel lherzolites are low and garnet grains typically have fine¬ grained reaction rims of orthopyroxene and spinel (±cpx). T-P estimates using a combination of the Ca-in-opx thermometer of and Nickel and Green barometer define an elevated geothermal gradient with fairly low P estimates of 16-18 kbar for the garnet-spinel lherzolites. These P estimates are lower than for garnet and garnet-spinel peridotites in other basalt-hosted xenolith suites southern and similar to in the Australian geotherm
Remodeling of Blood Vessels: Responses of Diameter and Wall Thickness to Hemodynamic and Metabolic Stimuli

Vascular functions, including tissue perfusion and peripheral resistance, reflect continuous structural adaptation (remodeling) of blood vessels in response to several stimuli. Here, a theoretical model is presented that relates the structural and functional properties of microvascular networks to the adaptive responses of individual segments to hemodynamic and metabolic stimuli. All vessels are assumed to respond, according to a common set of adaptation rules, to changes in wall shear stress, circumferential wall stress, and tissue metabolic status (indicated by partial pressure of oxygen). An increase in vessel diameter with increasing wall shear stress and an increase in wall mass with increased circumferential stress are needed to ensure stable vascular adaptation. The model allows quantitative predictions of the effects of changes in systemic hemodynamic conditions or local adaptation characteristics on vessel structure and on peripheral resistance. Predicted effects of driving pressure on the ratio of wall thickness to vessel diameter are consistent with experimental observations. In addition, peripheral resistance increases by ≈65% for an increase in driving pressure from 50 to 150 mm Hg. Peripheral resistance is predicted to be markedly increased in response to a decrease in vascular sensitivity to wall shear stress, and to be decreased in response to increased tissue metabolic demand. This theoretical approach provides a framework for integrating available information on structural remodeling in the vascular system and predicting responses to changing conditions or altered vascular reactivity, as may occur in hypertension.
Novel pepper extract for enhanced P‐glycoprotein inhibition

Objectives Piperine is one of the most promising bioenhancers to date. Methods used for its extraction suffer from drawbacks such as use of organic solvents, poor extraction efficiency, tedious and expensive methodology. These methods are not encouraged with a view to reducing global warming. The objective was therefore to develop an alternative solvent‐free extraction method.
Outdoor field performances of insect‐based visual motion sensors

Considerable attention has been paid during the past decade to navigation systems based on the use of visual optic flow cues. Optic flow‐‐based visuomotor control systems have been implemented on an increasingly large number of sighted autonomous robots designed to travel under specific lighting conditions. Many algorithms based on conventional cameras or custom‐made sensors are being used nowadays to process visual motion. In this paper, we focus on the reliability of our optical sensors, which can be used to measure the local one‐dimensional angular speed of robots flying outdoors over a visual scene in terms of their accuracy, range, refresh rate, and sensitivity to illuminance variations. We have designed, constructed, and characterized two miniature custom‐made visual motion sensors: (i) the APIS (adaptive pixels for insect‐based sensors)‐based local motion sensor involving the use of an array custom‐made in Very‐Large‐Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, which is equipped with Delbrück‐type autoadaptive pixels, and (ii) the LSC‐based (LSC is a component purchased from iC‐Haus) local motion sensor involving the use of off‐the‐shelf linearly amplified photosensors, which is equipped with an onchip preamplification circuit. By combining these photodetectors with a low‐cost optical assembly and a bioinspired visual processing algorithm, highly effective miniature sensors were obtained for measuring the visual angular speed in field experiments. The present study focused on the static characteristics and the dynamic responses of these local motion sensors over a wide range of illuminance values, ranging from 50 to 10,000 lux both indoors and outdoors. Although outdoor experiments are of great interest to equip micro‐air vehicles with visual motion sensors, we also performed indoor experiments as a comparison. The LSC‐based visual motion sensor was found to be more accurate in a narrow, 1.5‐decade illuminance range, whereas the APIS‐based visual motion sensor was more robust to illuminance changes in a larger, 3‐decade range. The method presented in this study provides a new benchmark test for thoroughly characterizing visual motion and optic flow sensors designed to operate outdoors under various lighting conditions, in unknown environments where future micro‐aerial vehicles will be able to navigate safely. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.