Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radar and Lightning Observations of Normal and Inverted Polarity Multicellular Storms from STEPS

Abstract This study discusses radar and lightning observations of two multicellular storms observed during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study. The Lightning Mapping Array data indicated that the charge structure of the 19 June 2000 storm was consistent with a normal polarity tripole, while the 22 June 2000 storm exhibited an overall inverted tripolar charge structure. The 19 June storm consisted of weaker convection and produced little to no hail and moderate total flash rates peaking between 80 and 120 min−1. The cells in the 22 June 2000 storm were much more vigorous, exhibited strong, broad updrafts, and produced large quantities of hail, as well as extraordinary total flash rates as high as 500 min−1. The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) indicated that the 19 June storm produced mostly negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, while the 22 June storm produced predominantly positive CG lightning, peaking at 10 min−1 just after two cells merged. However, the Los Al.
Errata on "Ga-fuzzy modeling and classification: complexity and performance" and "compact and transparent fuzzy models and classifiers through iterative complexity reduction"

The authors would like to correct a typing error that repeatedly appeared in their work in [ibid., vol. 8, pp. 509? 522, Oct. 2000] and [ibid., vol. 9, pp. 516? 524, Aug. 2001], and, thereafter, also in J. Nunez-Garcia and O. Wolkenhauer's "Random set system identification," [IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. , vol. 10, pp. 287? 296, June 2002] and the authors' contribution "The practical handbook of genetic algorithms: Applications" [in Compact Fuzzy Models and Classifiers Through Model Reduction and Evolutionary Optimization, 2nd ed, L. Chambers, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2000, ch. 1, pp. 31? 59]. Namely, in several papers, they applied the data from L. Wang and J. Yen (1998 & 1999) as a benchmark problem. Unfortunately, the dynamic model equation (1), corrected here, was incorrectly repeated and duplicated due to a typing error that appeared in the first of the above-named articles, i.e., a '+' operator is missing in [eq. 11, p. 513]. Thereafter, it was wrongly duplicated in the second named article [eq. 13, p. 519], and in the other works as noted. Concluding, the correct equation (1) is given here.
Multilingual Dependency Parsing Using Global Features

In this paper, we describe a two-stage multilingual dependency parser used for the multilingual track of the CoNLL 2007 shared task. The system consists of two components: an unlabeled dependency parser using Gibbs sampling which can incorporate sentence-level (global) features as well as token-level (local) features, and a dependency relation labeling module based on Support Vector Machines. Experimental results show that the global features are useful in all the languages.
Is the gap between micro- and macroeconomic assessments in health care well understood? The case of vaccination and potential remedies

Vaccination is an established intervention that reduces the burden and prevents the spread of infectious diseases. Investing in vaccination is known to offer a wide range of economic and intangible benefits that can potentiate gains for the individual and for society. The discipline of economics provides us with microeconomic and macroeconomic methods for evaluating the economic gains attributed to health status changes. However, the observed gap between micro and macro estimates attributed to health presents challenges to our understanding of health-related productivity changes and, consequently, economic benefits. The gap suggests that the manner in which health-related productive output is quantified in microeconomic models might not adequately reflect the broader economic benefit. We propose that there is a transitional domain that links the micro- and macroeconomic improvement attributed to health status changes. Currently available economic evaluation methods typically omit these consequences, however; they may be adjusted to integrate these transitional consequences. In practical terms, this may give rise to multipliers to apply toward indirect costs to account for the broader macroeconomic benefits linked to changes in health status. In addition, it is possible to consider that different medical conditions and health care interventions may pose different multiplying effects, suggesting that the manner in which resources are allocated within health services gives rise to variation in the amount of the micro–macro gap. An interesting way to move forward in integrating the micro- and macro-level assessment might be by integrating computable general equilibrium (CGE) models as part of the evaluation framework, as was recently performed for pandemic flu and malaria vaccination.
Explaining variation in hospital admission rates between general practices: cross sectional study

Abstract Objectives: To quantify the extent of the variation in hospital admission rates between general practices, and to investigate whether this variation can be explained by factors relating to the patient, the hospital, and the general practice. Design: Cross sectional analysis of routine data. Setting: Merton, Sutton, and Wandsworth Health Authority, which includes areas of inner and outer London. Subjects: 209 136 hospital admissions in 1995-6 in patients registered with 120 general practices in the study area. Main outcome measures: Hospital admission rates for general practices for overall, emergency, and elective admissions. Results: Crude admission rates for general practices displayed a twofold difference between the 10th and the 90th centile for all, emergency, and elective admissions. This difference was only minimally reduced by standardising for age and sex. Sociodemographic patient factors derived from census data accounted for 42% of the variation in overall admission rates; 45% in emergency admission rates; and 25% in elective admission rates. There was a strong positive correlation between factors related to deprivation and emergency, but not elective, admission rates, raising questions about equity of provision of health care. The percentage of each practice's admissions to different local hospitals added significantly to the explanation of variation, while the general practice characteristics considered added very little. Conclusions: Hospital admission rates varied greatly between general practices; this was largely explained by differences in patient populations. The lack of significant factors related to general practice is of little help for the direct management of admission rates, although the effect of sociological rather than organisational practice variables should be explored further. Admission rates should routinely be standardised for differences in patient populations and hospitals used. Key messages There is substantial variation in hospital admission rates between general practices Patient factors were by far the most important in explaining this variation whereas general practice characteristics explained a negligible amount, providing little help to those with an interest in managing admissions Deprivation was more strongly related to emergency rather than to elective admission rates, raising issues around equity of healthcare provision Admission rates should be standardised for differences in patient populations and hospitals used to give fair and meaningful comparisons between general practices Improvements in the quality of routine health services data are essential to enable health authorities and primary care groups to interpret information correctly
Thalamocortical axons extend along a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan- enriched pathway coincident with the neocortical subplate and distinct from the efferent path

The distinct axonal tracts of the mature nervous system are defined during development by sets of substrate-bound and diffusible molecular signals that promote or restrict axonal elongation. In the adult cerebral cortex, efferent and afferent axons are segregated within the white matter. To define the relationship of growing efferent and afferent axons in the developing murine cortex to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the pericellular and extracellular matrix, we used the fluorescent tracer Dil to determine axonal trajectories and immunolabeling to disclose the distribution of CSPGs. Axons of neurons in the preplate are the first to leave the cortex; they arise in the CSPG-rich preplate and extend obliquely across it to enter the CSPG- poor intermediate zone. Slightly later, axons of cortical plate neurons extend directly across the CSPG-rich subplate, and then turn abruptly to run in the upper intermediate zone. In contrast, once afferent axons from the thalamus reach the developing cortical wall, their intracortical trajectory is centered on the CSPG-rich subplate, above the path taken by efferent axons. Our findings demonstrate a molecular difference between the adjacent but distinct efferent and afferent pathways in developing neocortex. Early efferents cross the subplate and follow a pathway that contains very little CSPG, while afferents preferentially travel more superficially within the CSPG-rich subplate. Thus, CSPGs and associated extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the preplate/subplate do not form a barrier to axonal initiation or outgrowth in the neocortex as they may in other locations. Instead, their distribution suggests a role in defining discrete axonal pathways during early cortical development.
Non-fatal injuries among urban and rural residents: The National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2001

Objective: Although death rates from injuries are higher in rural areas compared with large metropolitan areas, little is known about how non-fatal injury rates vary by rurality. Data from the 1997–2001 US National Health Interview Surveys were used to explore associations between rurality and non-fatal injury. Design: A nationally representative survey. Methods: The annual injury rates per 1000 adults and 95% CIs were computed for medically attended injuries. Counties of residence were coded according to urban influence codes into four categories: large urban, small urban, suburban and rural. A linear-by-linear trend test was used to determine whether injury rates increase monotonically with county rurality. Logistic regression was used to control potential confounders. Results: Compared with large urban counties, small urban counties experienced 8% higher injury odds (95% CI 1% to 15%); suburban counties 20% higher injury odds (95% CI 10% to 31%); and rural counties 30% higher injury odds (95% CI 17% to 43%) after adjusting for age, gender, marital status, education and health insurance. Conclusions: Rural residents had higher non-fatal injury rates than urban and suburban residents. Exploring this discrepancy can further contribute to new hypotheses regarding rural injury risk and ultimately lead to better suited interventions for rural residents.
A dye tracer reveals cross‐shelf dispersion and interleaving on the Oregon shelf

A fluorescent dye tracer was injected into the pycnocline on the Oregon shelf at a depth of 9–10 m. It spread rapidly cross‐shelf as two distinct layers, one above the other in the water column, split by interleaving dye‐free water. The vertical scale of these layers, and associated density steps, was 1–2 m, and the horizontal extent of interleaving exceeded 1.6 km after an inertial period. The upper dye layer was sharply peaked and embedded in a strong vertical density gradient. The lower layer was slab‐like and associated with weak stratification. Both layers were inclined slightly in density space. It is proposed that internal wave‐induced mixing and the lateral collapse of mixing patches were important mechanisms. Analogies can be drawn between these dye structures and frequently‐observed thin planktonic layers. By approximating the dye dispersion as a Fickian process, estimated isopycnal and diapycnal eddy diffusivities of κx = 4.1 m2 s−1 and κz = 1.4 × 10−5 m2 s−1 are obtained.
Neuroanatomical Mechanism of Cerebellar Mutism After Stroke

Cerebellar mutism (CM) is a rare neurological condition characterized by lack of speech due to cerebellar lesions. CM is often reported in children. We describe a rare case of CM after spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. The patient showed mutism, irritability, decreased spontaneous movements and oropharyngeal apraxia. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed significant volume reduction of medial frontal projection fibers from the corpus callosum. In Tracts Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA) analysis, forceps major and minor and bilateral cingulum-angular bundles were not visualized. Cerebello-frontal pathway reconstructed from the FMRIB Software Library showed continuity of fibers, with decreased number of fibers on qualitative analysis. These results suggest that cerebello-frontal disconnection may be a neuroanatomical mechanism of CM. Damage of brain network between occipital lobe, cingulate and cerebellum caused by hemorrhage may also have role in the mechanism of CM in our case.
Alternative end-joining catalyzes robust IgH locus deletions and translocations in the combined absence of ligase 4 and Ku70

Class switch recombination (CSR) in B lymphocytes is initiated by introduction of multiple DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) into switch (S) regions that flank immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) constant region exons. CSR is completed by joining a DSB in the donor Sμ to a DSB in a downstream acceptor S region (e.g., Sγ1) by end-joining. In normal cells, many CSR junctions are mediated by classical nonhomologous end-joining (C-NHEJ), which employs the Ku70/80 complex for DSB recognition and XRCC4/DNA ligase 4 for ligation. Alternative end-joining (A-EJ) mediates CSR, at reduced levels, in the absence of C-NHEJ, even in combined absence of Ku70 and ligase 4, demonstrating an A-EJ pathway totally distinct from C-NHEJ. Multiple DSBs are introduced into Sμ during CSR, with some being rejoined or joined to each other to generate internal switch deletions (ISDs). In addition, S-region DSBs can be joined to other chromosomes to generate translocations, the level of which is increased by absence of a single C-NHEJ component (e.g., XRCC4). We asked whether ISD and S-region translocations occur in the complete absence of C-NHEJ (e.g., in Ku70/ligase 4 double-deficient B cells). We found, unexpectedly, that B-cell activation for CSR generates substantial ISD in both Sμ and Sγ1 and that ISD in both is greatly increased by the absence of C-NHEJ. IgH chromosomal translocations to the c-myc oncogene also are augmented in the combined absence of Ku70 and ligase 4. We discuss the implications of these findings for A-EJ in normal and abnormal DSB repair.
Más allá del capital social. La producción de hábitat popular en Buenos Aires

El concepto de capital social se encuentra ampliamente difundido en Latinoamerica –a escala local, nacional y supra-nacional- como fundamento y recomendacion en la aplicacion de politicas sociales destinadas a la disminucion de la pobreza, entre las que se encuentran los programas y emprendimientos de vivienda social. La intencion del presente articulo es senalar los limites que la disparidad de definiciones y el uso ambiguo de este termino impone a su capacidad interpretativa y explicativa en relacion con los complejos procesos sociales en que se inscribe. Se intentara ejemplificar esta cuestion a partir de la interpretacion y analisis de dos experiencias relevantes en la produccion de habitat popular que se encuentran en curso en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. De las mismas se desprenden que la capacidad de movilizacion y disponibilidad del recurso vinculado al capital social implica necesariamente una apuesta de luchas en donde lo politico juega un rol relevante.
2 Node-sojourn times and reversed processes

Response time calculations in stochastic networks – e.g. queueing networks – are usually developed in terms of sample path analyses beginning in an equilibrium state. We consider the joint probability distribution of the sojourn times of a tagged task at each node in a network and observe that this is the same in both the forward and reversed processes. Therefore if the reversed process is known, each node-sojourn time can be taken from either process. In particular, the reversed process can be used for the first node in a path and the forward process for the other nodes in a recursive analysis. This approach derives, quickly and systematically, existing results for response time probability densities in tandem, open and closed tree-like, and overtake-free Markovian networks of queues. We also show how to apply the method in stochastic networks that are more general than queueing systems. An example is constructed to illustrate this, which has separable equilibrium state probabilities, a new product-form result in its own right.
Autologous Plasma and Platelet Sequestration at the Beginning of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Pilot Investigation in Five Patients Undergoing Extended Vascular Surgery in Deep Hypothermia

Platelet dysfunction and loss of procoagulants and platelets leads to impaired hemostasis after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Preoperative platelet sequestration delays surgery, and the large volume shifts, necessary to harvest therapeutically effective components, may be associated with hemodynamic instability. We performed platelet and plasma sequestration after the initiation of CPB during the cooling period in patients undergoing surgery in deep hypothermic cardiac arrest. Five patients who underwent major vascular surgery in deep hypothermia were enrolled in this pilot study. Platelet and plasma sequestration was performed during cooling with the CATS cell saver using the plasma sequestration set. Before processing, 2 × 1,000 ml of blood were concentrated by means of hemofiltration to reduce dilution effects of CPB. The autologous platelet concentrates were rotated at 24°C, and the plasma was stored at room temperature. The harvested plasma and platelets were re-transfused during modified ultrafiltration after CPB. Platelet count, 20 mmol/L ADP stimulated platelet aggregation, and fibrinogen levels were measured preoperatively in the harvested material and in patient blood before and after transfusion. A heparinase thromboelastogram (TEG) was performed preoperatively before and after re-transfusion. There was a significant increase in the ADP stimulated platelet aggregation, platelet count, fibrinogen level, and maximum amplitude of the TEG after re-transfusion of the harvested material. No patient needed transfusion of fresh frozen plasma or random donor platelet concentrates. No patient needed re-exploration due to hemorrhage. The data presented provide evidence that autologous plasma and platelet sequestration during CPB initiation is effective. The harvested material reveals a high platelet count and fibrinogen level and preserves functional integrity.
Protecting the rights of children leaving custody: R (on the application of K) v Parole Board and R (on the application of K) v Manchester City Council

This article considers the cases of K v Parole Board and K v MCC, where judicial scrutiny turned to the child on the cusp of leaving custody and, specifically, the procedures and decision-making of the Parole Board and the duties of local authorities in respect of that child. Taken together, the two decisions go some way to ensuring that a child does not continue to be deprived of his liberty for reasons relating to his family and social environment in circumstances where he has been denied the support and services required from the local authority to address those very issues. Moreover, on a wider level, the cases contribute to the development of a jurisprudence of specifically children’s rights in youth justice.
Stable Approximations of Unstable Models

This paper considers the following problem: starting from noisy data a model for the transfer function is estimated. For a finite number of data points, the model is not guaranteed to be stable, even when the true linear system is known to be stable. D'haene et al. [2006] describes an iterative procedure for calculating a stable approximation of an unstable model. This paper presents an improved algorithm resulting in significantly smaller approximation errors. In addition stable minimax solutions can also be generated.
Bmc Developmental Biology

Adenomatous polyposis coli-mediated control of β-catenin is essential for both chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of skeletal precursors Abstract Background: During skeletogenesis, protein levels of β-catenin in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway determine lineage commitment of skeletal precursor cells to osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is a key controller of β-catenin turnover by down-regulating intracellular levels of β-catenin.
Occupational Exposure to 60‐Hertz Magnetic Fields and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women

&NA; We used data from a large population‐based case‐control study to test the hypothesis that women whose “usual occupation” entailed exposure to higher than background 60‐Hz magnetic fields had a higher risk of breast cancer than women without such exposure. Breast cancer cases were identified from four statewide tumor registries, and controls were randomly selected from lists of licensed drivers and Medicare beneficiaries. Information on usual occupation and breast cancer risk factors was obtained by telephone interview. We calculated adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression models for women holding occupations with potential for low, medium, or high magnetic field exposure, compared with background exposure. There was a modest increase in risk for women with potential for high exposure [odds ratio (OR) = 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99‐2.09], and no increase for women with potential for medium (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.83‐1.42) or low (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.91‐1.15) exposure. The risk among premenopausal women in the highest‐exposure category was higher (OR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.04‐3.78) than for postmenopausal women (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.82‐2.17).
Quantifying Ligand Bias at Seven-Transmembrane Receptors

Seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs), commonly referred to as G protein-coupled receptors, form a large part of the “druggable” genome. 7TMRs can signal through parallel pathways simultaneously, such as through heterotrimeric G proteins from different families, or, as more recently appreciated, through the multifunctional adapters, β-arrestins. Biased agonists, which signal with different efficacies to a receptor's multiple downstream pathways, are useful tools for deconvoluting this signaling complexity. These compounds may also be of therapeutic use because they have distinct functional and therapeutic profiles from “balanced agonists. ” Although some methods have been proposed to identify biased ligands, no comparison of these methods applied to the same set of data has been performed. Therefore, at this time, there are no generally accepted methods to quantify the relative bias of different ligands, making studies of biased signaling difficult. Here, we use complementary computational approaches for the quantification of ligand bias and demonstrate their application to two well known drug targets, the β2 adrenergic and angiotensin II type 1A receptors. The strategy outlined here allows a quantification of ligand bias and the identification of weakly biased compounds. This general method should aid in deciphering complex signaling pathways and may be useful for the development of novel biased therapeutic ligands as drugs.
1.3 Analog CMOS from 5 micrometer to 5 nanometer

In our future, as usual, analog designers will continue to expand their expertise and knowledge in response to changing needs. While devices will change their nature and operate at higher and higher frequencies, their I-V characteristics will remain similar. In the near term, increased speed of MOS circuits, will be reached by operating deeper in weak inversion. Offset and 1/f noise will continue to play a critical role. Thus, in general, it seems that analog expertise is insensitive to technology change.