Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE DETERMINATION OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT OF MAN BY THE USE OF ACETYLENE

The various methods described in recent years for determining the cardiac output of man consist essentially either 1, in an application of the Fick principle, or 2, in measuring the rate with which either a normally present gas (nitrogen) or a foreign gas (nitrous oxide, ethyl iodide or ethylene) is exchanged during the passage of the blood through the lungs. Results obtained by the carbon dioxide methods, which are based on the Fick principle, have been criticized in previous publications (Marshall and Grollman, 1928; Grollman, 1928b), and the difficulty of measuring the rate of elimination of nitrogen has also been demonstrated (Marshall, Harrop, and Grollman, 1928). The idea entertained by Henderson and Haggard (1925) that in ethyl iodide they had found a gas which was completely destroyed in the organism before the completion of a circuit by the blood, has been shown to be erroneous. It is only by abandoning this idea and actually determining the amount of this gas in the venous blood, as has been done recently by Starr and Gamble (1928), that any values worthy of consideration have been obtained. In the case of the other foreign gases-nitrous oxide and ethylene-as used in the procedures of the hope of any destruction of these gases was never entertained, and the methods were elaborated so as to complete the determination in the time of a single circuit of the blood. In the present communication the use of another gas, acetylene, is advocated for the determination of the cardiac output of man. This gas will be shown to have many advantages over the gases heretofore used both as regards ease of manipulation and degree of accuracy obtainable. Comparative value of di$erent gases. In the comparative evaluation of any gas for the determination of the cardiac output, aside from the considerations regarding the method itself, the following are the chief factors which must be considered: 1, the solubility of the gas in blood; 2, the variation of this solubility in the blood of different individuals; 3, the ease of manipulation of the gas, and 4 the analytical determination of the gas. Solubility of gases in blood. The absolute value of the solubility of the
The Infrared Continuum Radiation of NGC 1808: A PAH and Polarisation Study

The paper is devoted to the understanding of the infrared emission of nuclear regions in galaxies. a) ISO data of NGC 1808 are presented: spectro{photometry from 5.1 to 16.4 m; a 25 00 25 00 map at 6 m and 170 m photometry. b) The data are complemented by a polarisation measurement at 170 m( 2:5 0:4% at position angle 94 5) and a map at 6 m. In the map, the degree of polarisation goes up to 20% in the outer regions. We argue that the polarisation is produced by emission of big grains and exclude very small grains and PAHs or scattering and extinction. c) The mid infrared spectrum shows, beside the main emission bands, a so far unknown plateau of PAH features in the 13 m region. d) The total spectrum can be t under the assumption of optically thin emission. However, such a model fails to reproduce the 25 m point and implies that the mid infrared is due to very small grains and PAHs. These particles would then also have to be responsible for the 6 m polarisation, which is unlikely. e) To avoid these diculties, we successfully turn to a radiative transfer model whose major feature is the existence of hot spots produced by the dust clouds around OB stars. We demonstrate the decisive influence on the mid infrared spectrum of both the PAHs and the hot spots.
Principles and Practice of Group Accounts: A European Perspective

PART 1: BACKGROUND. 1. Business combinations and introduction to group accounts. PART 2: CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET. 2. Consolidated balance sheet: Basic working accounts. 3. Consolidated balance sheet: Consolidation adjustments. 4. Consolidated balance sheet: Inter-company dividends. 5. Mid-year and piecemeal acquisitions. 6. Indirect holdings. 7. Equity accounting. 8. Bonus and rights issues. PART 3: CONSOLIDATED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT. 9. Consolidated profit and loss account: Preparation. 10. Consolidated profit and loss account: Equity Accounting. 11. Disposal of shares in subsidiaries. PART 4: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK. 12. Introduction to European, UK and International accounting regulations. 13. Company legislation and professional accounting regulations: Parent and subsidiary undertakings. 14. Company legislation and professional accounting regulations associated undertakings and joint ventures. 15. Acquisition and merger accounting. 16. Accounting for goodwill. PART 5: OTHER ASPECTS OF CONSOLIDATION. 17. Foreign subsidiaries. 18. Consolidated cash flow statements. 19. Other topical issues. A1. Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions. A2. Solutions to Self-assessment Exercises. A3. Professional Accounting Pronouncements. A4. Bibliography. Index.
Beneficial Effect of Sugar Osmolytes on the Refolding of Guanidine Hydrochloride-Denatured Trehalose-6-phosphate Hydrolase from Bacillus licheniformis

The influence of three sugar osmolytes on the refolding of guanidine hydrochloride- (GdnHCl-) denatured trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase of Bacillus licheniformis (BlTreA) was studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectra, fluorescence emission spectra, and the recovery of enzymatic activity. These experimental results clearly indicated that sorbitol, sucrose, and trehalose at a concentration of 0.75 M improved the refolding yields of GdnHCl-denatured BlTreA, probably due to the fact that these sugars favored the formation of tertiary architectures. Far-UV CD measurements demonstrated the ability of sugar osmolytes to shift the secondary structure of GdnHCl-denatured enzyme towards near-native conformations. ANS fluorescence intensity measurements revealed a reduction of exposed hydrophobic surfaces upon the treatment of denatured enzyme with sugar osmolytes. These observations suggest that sugar osmolytes possibly play a chaperone role in the refolding of chemically denatured BlTreA.
Television and Language Development in the Early Years A review of the literature

In 2003, the National Literacy Trust commissioned Dr Robin Close to conduct a literature review of published research in order to understand more fully the relationship between television viewing in the early years and language and literacy development. A priority of the National Literacy Trust is to understand the relationship between language development in children from birth to age three and later literacy development. As television is a central feature of modern western culture, the Trust wished to understand the effects of television viewing on children's language development and wider literacy. The literature review was intended to provide informational support for the Trust's Talk To Your Baby campaign. The review, however, was to be based on an objective assessment of available research evidence and not on any prior agenda of the organisation. The review is written in the format of a report rather than an academic review to provide useful information for professionals concerned with understanding issues surrounding television use by infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers in a critical period of their language development. It is clear from the study that more collaborative research between early language specialists and media specialists is warranted to understand more fully the implications of the television medium and the amount of time young children spend viewing television for language acquisition. It is hoped that the review can serve as a starting point for such work. The review concentrated on international publications over the last 30 years. Most of the material consulted, however, covered the period from the 1980s to February 2004. The review looked mainly at literature focusing on the birth-to-five age range, although priority was given to the birth-to-three age group to correspond with the Trust's focus. While the review investigated research on the relationship between television and language in the international community, priority was given to research in English-speaking countries and first language learners of English. As the Trust is mainly concerned with English literacy among English speakers, the review concentrated on this target group, although research on second language learners of English was not systematically excluded. Similarly, the absence of these other media does not mean that the researcher perceives them to be unimportant but, rather, it reflects the time constraints of the study. Several people at universities around the world were contacted about their research and consulted on their knowledge of the field. These are mentioned in alphabetic order: This literature …
Rendering of Translucent Objects Based upon PRT

A framework to incorporate subsurface scattering effects is proposed in this paper based on precomputed light transport technology, which can interactively rerender translucent objects. First, the complete BSSRDF model is considered and the two-pass hierarchical technique by [5] in the space of non-linearly approximated transport vectors is applied, which efficiently evaluate transport vectors due to diffuse multiple scattering. Single scattering is also incorporated by considering [16] 's approximation. For a general phase function, a technique from BRDF rendering is extended which using a separable decomposition to allow decoupled precomputation and rendering [8]. Using this approach, interactive frame rates with comparable speed to the state-of-the-art systems is achieved.
Vehicle Swarm Rapid Prototyping Testbed

Increased levels of vehicle collaboration and auton omy are seen as a means to reduce overall mission completion costs while expanding mi ssion capabilities and increasing mission assurance for complex coupled system of systems. Systems health management technologies have made rapid advances that enable systems to know their own condition and capabilities, thus creating the opportunity for unprecedented lev els of adaptive control, real-time reconfiguration, and mission contingency management. Multi-agent task allocation and mission managements systems must account for vehicle- and system-level health-related issues to ensure that these systems are reliable an d cost effective to operate. Boeing’s Vehicle Swarm Technology Lab (VSTL), established in 2004, includes a 100’x50’x20’ testbed equipped with a vision-based motion capture indoor localization system. The testbed provides a cost-effective rapid prototyping capabil ity for integrating health-based adaptive control of subsystems, vehicle, mission, and swarms to guarantee top-level system-of-systems performance metrics. The lab’s heterogeneous fleet includes over 20 heterogeneous air vehicles, including VTOL and fixed wing, along with their ground stations and communication links in addition to heterogeneous ground vehicles and wall climbing robots. This paper discusses the Boeing VSTL design and capabilities, including the indoor localization system, multi-vehicle command and control (C2) and operator interface, realtime virtual environment, and health-based adaptive behaviors. The lab supports rapid prototyping and exploration of various multi-vehicl e operational concept of operations and missions including persistent surveillance, area se arch and tracking, and high density air traffic management. Additionally, the lab supports experimentation tasks for many other platform configuration and collaborative air, groun d, space, and maritime autonomous system of systems concepts.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF VOTING RULES

In order to characterize the set of desirable social choice functions, researchers have proposed axioms that all social choice functions should satisfy. However, it has been shown that achieving these axioms is impossible. Instead of viewing this impossibility result as a limitation, it can be viewed as an opportunity. In this paper, we develop a means of comparing various social choice functions with regard to a desired axiom by quantifying how often the axiom is violated. To this end, we offer a new framework for measuring the quality of social choice functions that builds from and provides a unifying framework for previous research. This framework takes the form of what we call a “violation graph. ” Graph properties have natural interpretations as metrics for comparing social choice functions. Using the violation graph we present new metrics, such as the minimal domain restriction, for assessing social choice functions and provide exact and probabilistic results for voting rules including plurality, Borda, and Copeland. Motivated by the empirical results, we also prove asymptotic results for scoring voting rules. First, these results suggest that voting rules based on pairwise comparison (ex: Copeland) are better than scoring rules (ex: Borda count). Second, these results also suggest that although we can never fulfill our desired set of axioms, the frequency of violation is so small that with even a modest number of voters we can expect to never violate our axioms.
Pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease in children: results of a nationwide survey in Japan.

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is a progressive and intractable condition that may severely impair the child's growth, development and quality of life. Epidemiological information on pediatric CKD, particularly in Asians, is scant. METHODS We conducted a nationwide, population-based survey of Japanese children aged 3 months to 15 years with pre-dialysis CKD to examine the prevalence of pediatric CKD in Japan. CKD was classified according to newly established criteria derived from reference serum creatinine levels in Japanese children. Surveys were sent to 1190 institutions across Japan to report on cases of pediatric CKD managed as of 1 April 2010. RESULTS A total of 925 institutions (77.7%) responded. Information on 447 children was collected. When subdivided according to our diagnostic criteria, 70.5% of children had stage 3 CKD, 23.9% stage 4 and 5.6% stage 5. The estimated prevalence of Japanese children with CKD was 2.98 cases/100,000 children. Of 407 CKD cases with non-glomerular disease, 278 (68.3%) had congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The newly established criteria showed good validity compared with existing criteria, including the abbreviated Schwartz equation. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the first nationwide survey of pre-dialysis CKD in Asian children indicate that the prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD in children in Japan aged 3 months to 15 years is 2.98 cases/100,000 children. Most children with CKD presented with non-glomerular disease, most frequently CAKUT. Improved management of CAKUT, including renoprotective treatment and urological intervention, is required.
Estimation of a k-monotone density , part 2 : algorithms for computation and numerical results

The iterative (2k − 1)−spline algorithm is an extension of the iterative cubic spline algorithm developed and used by Groeneboom, Jongbloed, and Wellner (2001b) to compute the Least Squares Estimator (LSE) of a nonincreasing and convex density on (0,∞), and to find an approximation of the “invelope” of the integrated two-sided Brownian motion+t4 that is involved in the limiting distribution of both the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) and the LSE (Groeneboom, Jongbloed, and Wellner (2001a)). The iterative (2k − 1)− spline algorithm was developed to compute the LSE of a k-monotone density on (0,∞) for any integer k > 2, and also to calculate an approximation of the envelopes (“ invelopes”) of the (k − 1)-fold integral of two-sided Brownian motion + (k! /(2k)! ) t2k when k is odd (even) on a finite interval [−c, c] for some fixed c > 0. Existence and uniqueness of the latter processes are the subject of Balabdaoui and Wellner (2004c). To compute the MLE of a k-monotone density, another variation of the algorithm involving quadratic approximation is described. This algorithm involves the computation of a spline of degree k− 1 instead of a spline of degree 2k− 1. The principles of both algorithms are explained in detail. We also give several applications to real and artificial data. 1 Research supported in part by National Science Foundation grant DMS-0203320 2 Research supported in part by National Science Foundation grants DMS-0203320, and NIAID grant 2R01 AI291968-04 AMS 2000 subject classifications. Primary: 62G07; secondary 90C99.
Haptic Device Application in Persian Calligraphy

The Haptic device is capable of interacting dynamically with the operator by the forces it can exert on human's hand. Controlling the haptic device and constraining it through the desired trajectory is the common task in the most of the training systems. Haptic interface application in virtual Persian handwriting learning system is investigated in this paper. Two different modes of learning is investigated: The full guidance mode, guides the user to follow a prerecorded trajectory by applying proper force to operator’s hand; whereas in partial guidance, combination of haptics and visual feedback guides the operator and prevents deviation from the desired trajectory.
Modelling the relationship between developed equity markets and emerging equity markets

This study examines the dynamic linkages between the major equity markets of the world (USA, Japan and Britain) and the emerging markets of South-East Europe (Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary). In particular, we discuss possible differences between their interdependences during the period of the dot-com speculative bubble, as well as during the period of the existing financial crisis caused by deflation of the global “real-estate” bubble. For the purpose of this study, we perform three types of analysis. Firstly, we investigate the long-run relationships between indices by using the Johansen cointegration test. Secondly, we investigate both the short-term and long-term movements in equity markets, modelling them with a VECM. Thirdly, we test for causality between the series by using the Granger causality test. A conclusion is finally drawn that the South-East Europe equity markets have become more integrated with global markets and that they offer limited potential in diversifying the risks.
Robust objects tracking algorithm based on adaptive background updating

For solving the problem of false tracking by Continuously Adaptive Mean Shift (CAMSHIFT) algorithm when sharing significant color similarity between object and background and changes of object color, moreover, for avoiding selecting initial target object by hand, an adaptive robust objects tracking algorithm based on active camera is proposed. It uses the disparity of global and local motion to detect the motion area. Then, it segments each object by an improved K-Mean clustering algorithm. Finally, it tracks the object by the improved adaptive background updating CAMSHIFT algorithm continuously in real time. The effectiveness of this proposed algorithm has been proved by preceding experiments on real time video sources. Compared to the state of the art methods, the algorithm in this paper is more robust and effective.
PowerTracer: Tracing requests in multi-tier services to save cluster power consumption

As energy proportional computing gradually extends the success of DVFS (Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling) to the entire system, DVFS control algorithms will play a key role in reducing server clusters' power consumption. The focus of this paper is to provide accurate cluster-level DVFS control for power saving in a server cluster. To achieve this goal, we propose a request tracing approach that online classifies the major causal path patterns of a multi-tier service and monitors their performance data as a guide for accurate DVFS control. The request tracing approach significantly decreases the time cost of performance profiling experiments that aim to establish the empirical performance model. Moreover, it decreases the controller complexity so that we can introduce a much simpler feedback controller, which only relies on the single-node DVFS modulation at a time as opposed to varying multiple CPU frequencies simultaneously. Based on the request tracing approach, we present a hybrid DVFS control system that combines an empirical performance model for fast modulation at different load levels and a simpler feedback controller for adaption. We implement a prototype of the proposed system, called PowerTracer, and conduct extensive experiments on a 3-tier platform. Our experimental results show that PowerTracer outperforms its peer in terms of power saving and system performance.
How entropy-theorems can show that off-line approximating high-dim Pareto-fronts is too hard

It is empirically established that multiobjective evolutionary algorithms do not scale well with the number of conflicting objectives. We here show that the convergence rate of any comparison-based multi-objective algorithm, for the Hausdorff distance, is not much better than the convergence rate of the random search, unless the number of objectives is very moderate, in a framework in which the stronger assumption is that the objectives have conflicts. Our conclusions are (i) the relevance of the number of conflicting objectives (ii) the relevance of random-search-based criterions (iii) the very-hardness of more than 3objectives optimization (iv) some hints about new cross-over operators.
Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Few prospective data are available to support the clinical relevance of mucosal healing in patients with Crohn's disease. This study examined whether complete healing, determined by endoscopy, predicts a better outcome in Crohn's disease. METHODS One-hundred thirty-three newly diagnosed and treatment-naïve Crohn's disease patients were given either a combination of immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine) and 3 infusions of infliximab or treatment with conventional corticosteroids. Patients given azathioprine were given repeated doses of infliximab for relapses, patients given corticosteroids were given azathioprine in cases of corticosteroid dependency and infliximab only if azathioprine failed. A representative subset of 49 patients from the initially randomized cohort underwent ileocolonoscopy after 2 years of therapy. Correlation analysis was performed between different clinical parameters including endoscopic activity (Simple Endoscopic Score) and clinical outcome 2 years after this endoscopic examination. Data were available from 46 patients 3 and 4 years after therapy began. RESULTS Complete mucosal healing, defined as a simple endoscopic score of 0 after 2 years of therapy, was the only factor that predicted sustained, steroid-free remission 3 and 4 years after therapy was initiated; it was observed in 17 of 24 patients (70.8%) vs 6 of 22 patients with lesions detected by endoscopy (27.3%, Simple Endoscopic Score >0) (P = .036; odds ratio = 4.352; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-17.220). Fifteen of 17 patients with mucosal healing at year 2 maintained in remission without further infliximab infusions during years 3 and 4 (P = .032; odds ratio = 4.883; 95% confidence interval, 1.144-20.844). CONCLUSIONS Complete mucosal healing in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease is associated with significantly higher steroid-free remission rates 4 years after therapy began.
Visualising the fragmentation of knowledge work

Severe task switching is in general understood to create stress for knowledge workers and to undermine overall work efficiency. With this in mind, we have developed a time-tracking app that captures window focus switches. A timeline visualisation inspired by the Windows disk defragmentation programs visualises the knowledge workers' time and makes clear at a single glance the fragmentation of worktime. Such a visualisation makes knowledge workers (painfully) aware of the extent of their worktime fragmentation.