Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Religion, Meaning, and Prejudice

Links between religion and prejudice have been interpreted to suggest that religion can both reduce and exacerbate prejudice. Here, the analysis of religion as a meaning system illuminates how religion can affect intergroup attitudes. Traditional psychological perspectives on religion and prejudice are summarized, followed by a discussion of religion and prejudice in cross-cultural and cross-religious contexts, involving varying target groups. Next, we explore possible explanatory mechanisms by proposing how four levels of meaning associated with religion—cognitive, motivational, societal, and intergroup—may both promote and attenuate prejudice. Finally, additional factors that might facilitate the paradoxical coexistence of religious egalitarian intentions with prejudiced attitudes are considered, and we speculate about the potential for religious groups to reduce prejudice within their adherents.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes of grand multiparas over two decades in Mali

Objective. To analyze the association between grand multiparity and maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Design. Retrospective cross‐sectional study. Setting. Point G National Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Bamako, Mali. Population. All singleton births from 1985 to 2003. Methods. Cross‐sectional study of 13 340 singleton births at a tertiary care hospital in Mali (1985–2003) compared outcomes between 3617 grand multiparas (para ≥5) and 9723 pauciparas (para 1–4). Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for maternal age, prenatal care utilization, socioeconomic status, and region of origin. Main outcome measures. Maternal mortality, perinatal mortality, placental abnormalities (previa and abruption), uterine rupture, postpartum infection, postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, cesarean delivery, mean birthweight, low birthweight, high birthweight. Results. Grand multiparas were older, poorer, and less likely to have accessed prenatal care. Grand multiparas had a lower adjusted odds of maternal death (adjusted OR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.45–0.97), but higher adjusted odds of perinatal death (adjusted OR, 1.33; 95%CI, 1.12–1.59), placental abnormalities (adjusted OR, 1.57; 95%CI, 1.21–2.05), and high birthweight (adjusted OR, 1.42; 95%CI, 1.05–1.92). Conclusions. The healthy person effect may explain grand multiparas’ lower odds of maternal death. Reducing grand multiparity and improving grand multiparas’ access to prenatal care may improve population‐level perinatal outcomes.
Mirror Symmetry of Fourier-Mukai transformation for Elliptic Calabi-Yau manifolds

Mirror symmetry conjecture identi es the complex geometry of a CalabiYau manifold with the symplectic geometry of its mirror Calabi-Yau manifold. Using the SYZ mirror transform, we argue that (i) the mirror of an elliptic Calabi-Yau manifold admits a twin Lagrangian bration structure and (ii) the mirror of the Fourier-Mukai transform for dual elliptic brations is a symplectic Fourier-Mukai transform for dual twin Lagrangian brations, which is essentially an identity transformation in this case.
Models of Management: Work, Authority, and Organization in a Comparative Perspective

Figures and Tables Preface and Acknowledgments 1: The Comparative Study of Organizational Paradigms 2: The United States: Economic Transformations, Labor Problems, and Organizational Innovations 3: Germany: Modernism, Traditionalism, and Bureaucracy 4: Spain: Eclecticism, Human Relations, and Managerial Authoritarianism in a Less-Developed Country 5: Great Britain: Industrial Retardation, Religious-Humanist Ideals, and the Rise of Social Science 6: Comparing Patterns of Adoption 7: A Historical and Comparative Perspective on Homo Hierarchicus Appendix A: Content Analysis of Journal Articles Appendix B: Comparative Statistics Appendix C: The Adoption of Scientific Management and Human Relations Techniques in the United States Appendix D: A Systematic Comparison of Conditions and Outcomes of Adoption Bibliography Index
Adolescents and school sport: the relationship between beliefs, social support and physical self-perception

Background: Physical activity declines during adolescence and strategies to combat this occurrence are both educational and public health priorities. Schools have been identified as central institutions for the promotion of physical activity among youth. While physical education is considered to be the major vehicle for physical activity promotion in the school setting, school sport provides another important opportunity to engage youth in physical activity. Little is known about students' beliefs about the value of school sport. Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to explore the relationship between students' beliefs about school sport, social support received during school sport and physical self-esteem in adolescents. Participants and setting: The sample included 249 adolescents (126 boys and 123 girls) from 10 secondary schools in New South Wales, Australia. The mean age of students was 14.1 (± 1.6) years. Research design: Cross-sectional. Data collection and analysis: Participants completed a detailed questionnaire assessing participation in school sport, school sport beliefs, perceived social support for school sport and physical self-esteem using the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP). Independent samples t-tests were used to examine gender and age differences and hierarchical regression was used to determine the relationship between students' school sport beliefs, social support received during school sport and physical self-esteem. Separate analyses were conducted for boys and girls. Findings: Both boys and girls considered school sport an important opportunity to be physically active. Students believed ‘enjoyment’ and selecting activities with their friends were the most important reasons for selecting school sport activities. Boys reported significantly higher levels of perceived physical strength (F = 1.58, p < 0.05), sport competence (F = 0.28, p < 0.001), physical condition (F = 0.36, p < 0.01), body attractiveness (F = 1.76, p < 0.01), and physical self-worth (F = 3.32, p < 0.05). The model predicting boys' beliefs about school sport explained 17% of the variance (F = 4.08, p < 0.01) and the only statistically significant predictor was school sport social support (β = 0.25, p < 0.01). Similarly, school sport social support (β = 0.31, p < 0.01) was also the only significant predictor in the girls' model which accounted for 28% of the variance in school sport beliefs (F = 6.46, p < 0.001). Discussion: Students who recognised the value of school sport also reported higher levels of social support for school sport. School sport is an ideal opportunity for the promotion of physical activity and programs may be improved with increased diversity and choice for students. Furthermore, higher levels of teacher support and modelling may contribute to improved student outcomes for school sport programs.
The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe

The Paleogene (Paleocene‐Oligocene) fossil record of birds in Europe is reviewed and recent and fossil taxa are placed into a phylogenetic framework, based on published cladistic analyses. The pre‐Oligocene European avifauna is characterized by the complete absence of passeriform birds, which today are the most diverse and abundant avian taxon. Representatives of small non‐passeriform perching birds thus probably had similar ecological niches before the Oligocene to those filled by modern passerines. The occurrence of passerines towards the Lower Oligocene appears to have had a major impact on these birds, and the surviving crown‐group members of many small arboreal Eocene taxa show highly specialized feeding strategies not found or rare in passeriform birds. It is detailed that no crown‐group members of modern‘families’ are known from pre‐Oligocene deposits of Europe, or anywhere else. The phylogenetic position of Paleogene birds thus indicates that diversification of the crown‐groups of modern avian‘families’ did not take place before the Oligocene, irrespective of their relative position within Neornithes (crown‐group birds). The Paleogene fossil record of birds does not even support crown‐group diversification of Galliformes, one of the most basal taxa of neognathous birds, before the Oligocene, and recent molecular studies that dated diversification of galliform crown‐group taxa into the Middle Cretaceous are shown to be based on an incorrect interpretation of the fossil taxa used for molecular clock calibrations. Several taxa that occur in the Paleogene of Europe have a very different distribution than their closest extant relatives. The modern survivors of these Paleogene lineages are not evenly distributed over the continents, and especially the great number of taxa that are today restricted to South and Central America is noteworthy. The occurrence of stem‐lineage representatives of many taxa that today have a restricted Southern Hemisphere distribution conflicts with recent hypotheses on a Cretaceous vicariant origin of these taxa, which were deduced from the geographical distribution of the basal crown‐group members.
Probing ADAMTS13 Substrate Specificity using Phage Display

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large, multimeric protein that regulates hemostasis by tethering platelets to the subendothelial matrix at sites of vascular damage. The procoagulant activity of plasma VWF correlates with the length of VWF multimers, which is proteolytically controlled by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13. To probe ADAMTS13 substrate specificity, we created phage display libraries containing randomly mutated residues of a minimal ADAMTS13 substrate fragment of VWF, termed VWF73. The libraries were screened for phage particles displaying VWF73 mutant peptides that were resistant to proteolysis by ADAMTS13. These peptides exhibited the greatest mutation frequency near the ADAMTS13 scissile residues. Kinetic assays using mutant and wild-type substrates demonstrated excellent agreement between rates of cleavage for mutant phage particles and the corresponding mutant peptides. Cleavage resistance of selected mutations was tested in vivo using hydrodynamic injection of corresponding full-length expression plasmids into VWF-deficient mice. These studies confirmed the resistance to cleavage resulting from select amino acid substitutions and uncovered evidence of alternate cleavage sites and recognition by other proteases in the circulation of ADAMTS13 deficient mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the key role of specific amino acids residues including P3-P2’ and P11’, for substrate specificity and emphasize the importance in flowing blood of other ADAMTS13–VWF exosite interactions outside of VWF73.
Basement membrane charge in human glomerular disease

Fixed anionic charges in the mammalian glomerulus, on both the basement membrane and the eptihelial cell foot processes, are believed to form an important part of the glomerular filtration barrier. There is good evidence that their loss causes proteinuria. The charges can be visualized ultrastructurally using cationic dyes, but the requirement of these techniques for perfusion or immersion of fresh tissue has largely confined such studies to experimental models.
Performance measurement applications within the UK construction industry: A literature review

The significance of performance measurement (PM) in any organisation is long being realised. As a result PM has been incorporated in the management agenda. PM can be defined as a “process which determine how successful organisations or individuals in achieving their objectives”. Limitations of traditional performance measures challenged their application in the modern business environment. This stimulated towards a new era of PM, leading the path to the development of many PM frameworks. Research done during the past decades, revealed many issues in the UK construction industry. Thus, the industry is under tremendous pressure to improve its performance. This paper provides a literature review on the current applications in PM, highlighting the limitations of traditional measures, features of good PM systems. Further, the problems in the UK construction industry and PM applications have been discussed with the aim of identifying the issues which are not addressed from the current PM applications.
Spina Bifida and Anencephalus in Greater London

In order to make comparisons with the findings in a high frequency area, South Wales, with those in a low frequency area, south-east England, a birth frequency and family study was made of all births with neural tube malformations (spina bifida cystica, encephalocele, anencephaly, and iniencephaly) in 32 of the 33 London Boroughs over a 3-year period from 1 April 1965 to 31 March 1968. The births were ascertained through local authority registers, stillbirth and infant death certificates, and hospital records. The frequencies found were 1·54 for spina bifida (including encephalocele) and 1·41 for anencephaly (including iniencephaly). This was less than four tenths of the South Wales frequency. Evidence of an excess of winter births was found for both types of malformation, with a peak for conceptions in February, March, and April. The parents of 870 of the original 1209 index patients were traced and visited for the family survey. The usual social class effect was seen, a deficit of fathers in social class I and II. The birth order distribution of legitimately born patients standardized for maternal age showed only a small excess of firstborn and a deficit rather than an excess of lateborn. For maternal age, however, standardized for birth order, there was an excess of patients born to mothers under 20 and over 35 years of age. The whole family study sample showed a striking excess of patients born to parents from India and Pakistan compared to parents born in the West Indies in relation to households of immigrant parents in the 1966 sample Census. A small sample of 164 patients with matched controls had more parents born in Ireland and India and Pakistan and fewer born in south-east England and the West Indies than the controls. The proportions of sibs affected with spina bifida and anencephaly were 3·42% for spina bifida index patients and 5·44% for anencephaly. For patients born after the index patient the proportions were 5·17 and 4·17%, respectively. The overall risk to sibs was lower than that shown in the South Wales survey, but substantially higher relative to the population birth frequency. The risk to sibs was not apparently influenced by father's social class but there was an indication of an effect of mother's father's social class, with a lower risk where mother had grown up in a class I, II, or IIIa home. There was no apparent influence of grandparental birth place. There was no apparent effect of a relative affected other than a sib. Among cousins a significant increase over the population birth frequency was seen only in mother's sisters' children. The findings, like those of earlier surveys, suggest a multifactorial aetiology of the neural tube malformations, depending both on genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.
Abrogation of HMX1 function causes rare oculoauricular syndrome associated with congenital cataract, anterior segment dysgenesis, and retinal dystrophy.

PURPOSE To define the phenotypic manifestation, confirm the genetic basis, and delineate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying an oculoauricular syndrome (OAS). METHODS Two individuals from a consanguineous family underwent comprehensive clinical phenotyping and electrodiagnostic testing (EDT). Genome-wide microarray analysis and Sanger sequencing of the candidate gene were used to identify the likely causal variant. Protein modelling, Western blotting, and dual luciferase assays were used to assess the pathogenic effect of the variant in vitro. RESULTS Complex developmental ocular abnormalities of congenital cataract, anterior segment dysgenesis, iris coloboma, early-onset retinal dystrophy, and abnormal external ear cartilage presented in the affected family members. Genetic analyses identified a homozygous c.650A>C; p.(Gln217Pro) missense mutation within the highly conserved homeodomain of the H6 family homeobox 1 (HMX1) gene. Protein modelling predicts that the variant may have a detrimental effect on protein folding and/or stability. In vitro analyses were able to demonstrate that the mutation has no effect on protein expression but adversely alters function. CONCLUSIONS Oculoauricular syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition that has a profound effect on the development of the external ear, anterior segment, and retina, leading to significant visual loss at an early age. This study has delineated the phenotype and confirmed HMX1 as the gene causative of OAS, enabling the description of only the second family with the condition. HMX1 is a key player in ocular development, possibly in both the pathway responsible for lens and retina development, and via the gene network integral to optic fissure closure.
Determinants of Excitability at Transition Zones in Kv1.1-Deficient Myelinated Nerves

This study examines the role of K channel segregation and fiber geometry at transition zones of mammalian nerve terminals in the peripheral nervous system. Mutant mice that are deficient in Kv1.1, a fast Shaker K channel normally localized beneath the myelin sheath, display three types of cooling-induced abnormal hyperexcitability localized to regions before the transition zones of myelinated nerves. The first type is stimulus-evoked nerve backfiring that is absent at birth, peaks at postnatal day 17 (P17), and subsides in adults. The second type is spontaneous activity that has a more delayed onset, peaks at P30, and also disappears in older mice (>P60). TEA greatly amplifies this spontaneous activity with an effective dosage of ∼0.7 mm, and can induce its reappearance in older mutant mice (>P100). These first two types of hyperexcitability occur only in homozygous mutants that are completely devoid of Kv1.1. The third type occurs in heterozygotes and represents a synergism between a TEA-sensitive channel and Kv1.1. Heterozygotes exposed to TEA display no overt phenotype until a single stimulation is given, which is then followed by an indefinite phase of repetitive discharge. Computer modeling suggests that the excitability of the transition zone near the nerve terminal has at least two major determinants: the preterminal internodal shortening and axonal slow K channels. We suggest that variations in fiber geometry create sites of inherent instability that is normally stabilized by a synergism between myelin-concealed Kv1.1 and a slow, TEA-sensitive K channel.
Book Review: The Power of Critical Theory: Liberating Adult Learning and Teaching

In 1989, a group of students in the graduate program at Georgia asked me to lead a seminar on critical theory (or perhaps critical theories, more on that later) and adult education. They were concerned that this literature had a lot to offer but that we were not discussing it in our courses. So we offered the course, spent the first couple of sessions organizing the readings for the class, and then taught each other about Habermas, Adorno, Marcuse, and their interpreters in education, such as Apple and Giroux. I really wish we had Stephen Brookfield’s book for that offering of the course as well as for the other seven times I have offered it. When I last offered the course, I was able to include several of Brookfield’s journal articles that eventually morphed into the chapters in this book. If I offer the course again, The Power of Critical Theory will definitely be required reading. This is only one of several reasons why I am thankful that Stephen Brookfield has spent the past several years writing this book. In this review, I’ll reflect on whether Brookfield has achieved the two goals he had for the book, one theoretical and the other practical. He has definitely succeeded at the theoretical goal of putting “the critical back into critical thinking by emphasizing how thinking critically is an inherently political process” (p. vii). Although there are glimpses of this effort in all of Brookfield’s other immensely useful and important books, starting with Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning (1986) through Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher (1996), he now makes a clean break from the dominant definition of crit-
Original Contribution Association between Glycosylated Hemoglobin Level and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes

Hyperglycemia is implicated in the development and progression of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. In contrast, the association between hyperglycemia and macrovascular complications or mortality in type 1 diabetes is not clear. The authors studied a population-based cohort of 879 individuals with type 1 diabetes from Wisconsin, free of cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal disease at the baseline examination (1980– 1982). The main outcome of interest was all-cause (n 1⁄4 201) and cardiovascular (n 1⁄4 132) mortality as of December 31, 2001. Elevated glycosylated hemoglobin levels were associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independent of duration of diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and proteinuria. The multivariable relative risks comparing the highest quartile of glycosylated hemoglobin ( 12.1%) with the lowest quartile ( 9.4%) were 2.42 (95% confidence interval: 1.54, 3.82; p-trend 1⁄4 0.0006) for all-cause mortality and 3.28 (95% confidence interval: 1.77, 6.08; p-trend< 0.0001) for cardiovascular mortality. This association was present among both sexes and persisted in subgroup analyses by categories of diabetes duration, smoking, body mass index, proteinuria, and retinopathy. These data suggest that hyperglycemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Altered Regional Homogeneity in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder during Manic State: A Resting-State fMRI Study

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a severely debilitating illness, which is characterized by episodes of mania and depression separated by periods of remission. Previous fMRI studies investigating PBD were mainly task-related. However, little is known about the abnormalities in PBD, especially during resting state. Resting state brain activity measured by fMRI might help to explore neurobiological biomarkers of the disorder. Methods: Regional homogeneity (ReHo) was examined with resting-state fMRI (RS-fMRI) on 15 patients with PBD in manic state, with 15 age-and sex-matched healthy youth subjects as controls. Results: Compared with the healthy controls, the patients with PBD showed altered ReHo in the cortical and subcortical structures. The ReHo measurement of the PBD group was negatively correlated with the score of Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) in the superior frontal gyrus. Positive correlations between the ReHo measurement and the score of YMRS were found in the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex in the PBD group. Conclusions: Altered regional brain activity is present in patients with PBD during manic state. This study presents new evidence for abnormal ventral-affective and dorsal-cognitive circuits in PBD during resting state and may add fresh insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PBD.