Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors contributing to the summer 2003 European heatwave

Europe was exceptionally warm and dry from May through to the end of August 2003. Figure 1 shows the European average surface air temperature (at 2m) derived from global analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The analyses are calculated for every 6 hour period at 00, 06, 12 and 18UTC. The daily average is also shown for comparison with the daily climatology for 1958-2002 obtained from the ECMWF re-analysis project (ERA-40; Simmons and Gibson, 2000). The heatwaves in June and early August can readily be identified. During these periods even the night-time temperatures exceeded the climatological daily averages! Averaging over each month, Fig. 7 below shows that the temperature anomalies were 4.2°C in June, 3.8°C in August and almost 2°C in May and July. The temperature anomalies were most extreme in France and Switzerland although maximum temperature records were broken in many parts of Europe. For example, Schar et al (2004) have shown that the June-July-August (JJA) temperature averaged for four Swiss stations exceeded the 1864-2000 mean by 5.1°C, far greater than the next highest anomaly of 2.7°C in 1947. Both Beniston (2004) and Schar et al (2004) argue that a repeat of the 2003 summer would be extremely unlikely if stationarity in the past statistics were to be assumed, but that the temperatures experienced across Europe in summer 2003 could be considered "normal" by the end of the 21 century under a high greenhousegas emissions scenario. Given the increased human mortality experienced during the 2003 heatwave (WHO, 2003; Kovats et al, 2004), this has important implications for future human health.
The origin of piezoelectricity in poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Abstract Electrostriction constant (K31) and Poisson's ratio of a film (μ31, μ21) and that of a crystal (μ′) were measured for uniaxially drawn and rolled poly(vinylidene fluoride) films. The highly stretched films showed the large values of MH (∼0.8). μc(∼ 4.0) and K31(∼ 30). These values depend strongly on the structures of films such as crystal structure and molecular orientation. The induced piezoelectric stress constant e 31 by poling was interpreted fairly well by the theory proposed by Wada and Hayakawa in terms of three factors; μ31, μ′c and K31. Contribution of each factor to the piezoelectricity was evaluated. Among them, the Poisson's ratio of a film has the largest effect which amounts to 50% of the total piezoelectric activity.
Aggregation Effects on Single-Scattering Properties of Ice Crystals

Impacts of cirrus on the energy budget of the earth and their representation in climate models have been identified as important and unsolved problems (Ramanathan et al. 1983; Liou 1986). Parameterization schemes for large-scale models that describe the scattering properties of cirrus are based upon the single-scattering properties of well-defined ice crystals (e.g., column, dendrite, plate, and bullet rosette) that are not major components of cirrus in many in-situ observations. Irregularly shaped ice crystals and aggregates of ice crystals are frequently observed in-situ, but have not previously been considered in the development of parameterization schemes.
Prediction of Local Heat Transfer in a Vertical Cavity Using Artificial Neutral Networks

A time-averaging technique was developed to measure the unsteady and turbulent free convection heat transfer in a tall vertical enclosure using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The method used a combination of a digital high speed camera and an interferometer to obtain the local time-averaged heat flux in the cavity. The measured values were used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to predict the local heat transfer. The time-averaged local Nusselt number is needed to study local phenomena, e.g., condensation in windows. Optical heat transfer measurements were made in a differentially heated vertical cavity with isothermal walls. The cavity widths were W =12.7 mm, 32.3 mm, 40 mm, and 56.2 mm. The corresponding Rayleigh numbers were about 3 × 10 3 , 5 × 10 4 , 1 × 10 5 , and 2.7 × 10 5 , respectively, and the enclosure aspect ratio (H/W) ranged from A = 18 to 76. The test fluid was air and the temperature differential was about 15 K for all measurements. ALYUDA NEUROINTELLIGENCE (version 2.2) was used to generate solutions for the time-averaged local Nusselt number in the cavity based on the experimental data. Feed-forward architecture and training by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm were adopted. The ANN was designed to suit the present system, which had 4-13 inputs and one output. The network predictions were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental local Nusselt number values.
A Permutation Test for Planar Regression

Summary Oja (1987) presents some distribution-free tests applicable in the presence of covariates when treatment values are randomly assigned. The formulas and calculations are cumbersome, however, and implementation of the tests relies on using a x2 approximation to the exact null distribution. In this paper a re-formulation of his test statistic is given which has the advantages of ease of calculation, explicit formulas for permutation moments, and allowing a Beta distribution to be fitted to the exact null distribution.
Stability of obliquely propagating plane solitons of the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation

By determining to first order the growth rate of a small, long-wavelength, perturbation to a Zakharov–Kuznetsov plane soliton moving at an angle α to the magnetic field, it has been found that such solitons are unstable for α α0( ∼ 38 °). To determine the stability for angles greater than α0, one needs the growth rate to higher order. The conventional approach generates a second-order growth rate that is singular at α = α0. We rigorously obtain an expression that is bounded at this point, by developing a method in which exponentially secular terms that arise are regrouped before their subsequent elimination. We then show that these solitons are unstable for all α, although the growth rate is small for α>α and goes to zero as α→½π. The relevant linearized equation is solved numerically, and excellent agreement between analytical and numerical results is obtained.
The slender solar tachocline: a magnetic model

A model for the sharp transition from differential rotation in the solar convection zone to rigid rotation in the radiative interior is presented. Differential rotation in the radiative zone is shown to be quenched efficiently by an internal magnetic field. The poloidal field amplitude, B0, is the input parameter for our model which determines the transition layer thickness and the toroidal field strength. It is illustrated analytically and confirmed numerically that a rather small field, B0 = 10−4 Gauss, suffices to satisfy the helioseismological restrictions on the depth of the differential rotation penetration below the convection zone. The transition layer thickness decreases further with increasing B0. The toroidal field amplitude B ≃ 200 Gauss is almost independent of B0.
On a proposal of Jensen for the analysis of ordinal pairwise preferences using Saaty's eigenvector scaling method

Abstract In 1977, Saaty proposed a scaling method for priorities based on the normalized, positive eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of a matrix of paired comparisons. Originally designed for analyzing preferences expressed on a ratio scale, this technique was adapted by Jensen to handle ordinal,-"pick-the-winner" type, dominance data. It involves a coding parameter, a > 1, whose interpretation is akin to the sociometric concept of attenuation of influence transmitted through intermediaries developed by Katz. This paper examines the implications of Jensen's proposal and illustrates the effect of the constant a as a comparison reliability factor on the ordinal ranking of alternatives. Jensen's procedure is seen to provide a continuum of orderings between the Kendall scores, or total vote count ranking, and Wei's solution to the tournament ranking problem described by Kendall. In this context, circumstances are also delineated where Saaty's eigenvalue-based index of cardinal consistency is functionally related to a classical measure of ordinal consistency involving the number of circular triads in a respondent's judgments. Beyond its intrinsic theoretical interest and practical value, it is argued that the methodology put forward by Jensen is a useful diagnostic tool for analyzing the ordinal structure of pairwise comparisons and for spotting potentially contentious applications of Saaty's scaling procedure.
Seed production of common teasel ( Dipsacus fullonum ) and response to intraspecific competition in Buenos Aires province, Argentina

Dipsacus fullonum L. (common teasel) is a short-lived perennial plant that has become an invasive weed in Argentina and many other countries. It reduces native species diversity and forage production in natural protected areas and grasslands. Reproduction is only through seeds. Field surveys were carried out to determine reproductive potential under natural populations growing in four different locations of Buenos Aires province, Argentina (Bahía Blanca, Saldungaray, Necochea and Energía). At the onset of flowering, 30 plants were randomly tagged at each location. Selected plants included those considered growing in a group and those growing alone (when no other plant was adjacent for at least 60 cm). Once plant senescence was identified, all heads were counted and harvested individually. A linear regression model that described the relationship between the weight of seeds from a single head and the number of seeds was used to estimate the total seed production of each plant. The number of heads per plant varied from 3 (Energía) to 62 (Bahía Blanca). No differences were detected in the number of seeds in the principal head at the different growth situations. Across growth situations, principal heads from plants growing in Bahía Blanca showed 16%, 12%, and 22% more seeds than Energía, Necochea and Saldungaray, respectively. Total seed production per plant ranged from 1,485 (Energía) to 15,551 (Bahía Blanca). Plants growing in Bahía Blanca produced a number of heads and seeds higher than the other evaluated locations. Plants growing alone showed 46% and 48% greater head production and seed production across locations than plants in groups, respectively. This high production potential of common teasel plants growing alone would encourage the invasion of new areas, when compared with plants growing in dense patches.
Three-dimensional elasto-optical interaction for reflectometric detection of diffracted acoustic fields in picosecond ultrasonics

The three-dimensional 3D photoelastic interaction involved in the detection mechanism of picosecond ultrasonics is investigated in micrometric metallic films. In pump-probe experiments, the laser source beam is focused to a spot size of less than 1 μm. A 3D diffracted acoustic field is generated at high frequencies of several tens of gigahertz, containing longitudinal and shear waves altogether. Their propagation changes the dielectric permittivity tensor and the material becomes optically heterogeneous. Consequently, the detection process is modeled through the propagation of the laser probe beam in a material with dielectric properties varying in all directions. Thus, the solution of Maxwell's equations leads to a differential system, the source term of which is proportional to the acoustic field itself. In the frame of small perturbation theory, the latter is decomposed into a continuous sum of monochromatic plane waves. The scattered electromagnetic field is described using the matricant, and the ensuing analytical solution then allows analyzing the 3D photoelastic interaction. The contribution of acoustic diffraction and shear wave detection to the reflectometric signal is put into relief. Good agreement with experiments performed in a 1 μm thick aluminum film is found.
Non-uniform columnar defect implantation in YBCO coplanar resonators for the control of vortex-induced microwave dissipation and nonlinearity

This paper reports on 4.2 GeV Au ion irradiation of YBCO coplanar resonators aimed at controlling vortex-induced microwave dissipation and nonlinearity by means of a suitable distribution of columnar defects. Two procedures were used: (i) uniform irradiation at a given dose and (ii) non-uniform irradiation, obtained by means of a moving-target technique, producing a tailored profile of columnar defect density. The last configuration is needed in order to attain an optimal compromise between defect-induced enhancement of vortex pinning and increase of dissipative scattering. The resonators were characterized before and after irradiation in order to evaluate penetration depth and surface impedance, by means of a data analysis also suitable to account for the substrate properties. It turns out that in the case of uniform irradiation the induced damage, attributed to the addition of dissipative regions, always prevails over the improvement due to vortex pinning. In contrast, in the case of the tailored dose profile, significant damage is absent, while the onset of non-linearity is shifted towards higher circulating power. The need to control vortex-induced effects is confirmed by magneto-optical analysis that puts in evidence that vortex penetration occurs even at low values of transverse dc magnetic field and temperature.
Mechanical resonance of clamped silicon nanowires measured by optical interferometry

The mechanical resonance of laterally grown silicon nanowires measured by an optical interferometric technique is reported. The lengths and diameters of the nanowires ranged from L=2to20μm and D=39to400nm, respectively. The wires showed resonant frequencies in the f0=1–12MHz range and resonant quality factors Q at low pressure ranging from Q=5000 to Q=25000. The dependence of resonant frequency on the ratio of diameter to length squared, D∕L2, yielded a ratio of E∕ρ=9400±450m∕s. Assuming a density of ρ=2330kg∕m3, this experimental result yields an experimental Young modulus of E=205±10GPa, consistent with that of a bulk silicon. As the wires were cooled from T=270KtoT=77K, a 0.35% increase of resonant frequency was observed. This increase of resonant frequency with cooling resulted from a change in Young’s modulus and from the thermal contraction of silicon. The quality factor did not vary significantly from P=10−4to102Torr, suggesting that viscous damping does not dominate the dissipative processes in th.
Landscape-scale perspectives on Later Stone Age settlement in the Tankwa Karoo, South Africa

ABSTRACT The Late Pleistocene and Holocene settlement record of southern Africa shows clear discontinuities both through time and across space. While there is considerable variability between different ecological biomes, the sub-continent’s interior arid zones show particularly unstable occupation histories. However, understanding the nature of and reasons for these discontinuities is hampered by substantial spatial gaps in our archaeological knowledge. This paper presents evidence from the Tankwa Karoo region — intermediate between the well-studied Western Cape Cederberg Mountains and the interior Upper Karoo — to capture Later Stone Age (LSA) behaviour at the interface between Cape and Karoo environments. Off-site surveys recorded surface artefacts across a 100 km-long study area, documenting LSA settlement at a landscape scale and testing expected patterns against settlement records of regions to the west and east. The results indicate that in contrast to the strongly pulsed occupation evidence from the Cederberg Mountains and the Upper Karoo, no LSA phases show particularly high site densities or sustained use of longer-term sites. Additionally, the most arid parts of the eastern Tankwa Karoo show very limited LSA evidence. This suggests that this marginal environment was occupied only ephemerally during the LSA, potentially serving as a corridor between more reliably resourced regions.
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Based on Boron Isotopes Versus Simulations of the Global Carbon Cycle During the Plio‐Pleistocene

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (pCO2) beyond ice core records have been reconstructed from δ11B derived from planktic foraminifera found in equatorial sediment cores. Here, I applied a carbon cycle model over the Plio‐Pleistocene to evaluate the assumptions leading to these numbers. During glacials times, simulated atmospheric pCO2 was unequilibrated with pCO2 in the equatorial surface ocean by up to 35 ppm while the δ11B‐based approaches assume unchanged (quasi)equilibrium between both. In the Pliocene, δ11B‐based estimates of surface ocean pH are lower in the Pacific than in the Atlantic resulting in higher calculated pCO2. This offset in pH between ocean basins is not supported by models. To calculate pCO2 in surface waters out of the δ11B‐based pH some assumptions on either total alkalinity or dissolved inorganic carbon are necessary. However, the assumed values of these under‐constrained variables were according to my results partly inconsistent with chemically possible combinations within the marine carbonate system. The model results show glacial/interglacial variability in total alkalinity of the order of 100 μmol/kg, which is rarely applied to proxy reconstructions. Simulated atmospheric pCO2 is tightly (r2 > 0.9) related to equatorial surface‐ocean pH, which can be used for consistency checks. Long‐term trends in volcanic CO2 outgassing and the strength of the continental weathering fluxes are still unconstrained, allowing for a wide range of possible atmospheric pCO2 across the Plio‐Pleistocene. Nevertheless, this carbon cycle analysis suggests that reported atmospheric pCO2 above 500 ppm in the Pliocene might, for various reasons, need to be revised to smaller numbers.
Applications of Reference Cycle Building and K-shape Clustering for Anomaly Detection in the Semiconductor Manufacturing Process

Early and accurate anomaly detection plays a key role in reducing costs and improving benefits, especially for complicated and time-consuming manufacturing such as semiconductor production. A case study of detecting anomalies from several monitored parameters during one plasma etching process is presented in this thesis. The thesis focuses on optimized ways to build reference cycles, or centroids of univariate parameters, a critical component to determine clustering accuracy and to facilitate process engineers' offline anomaly detections and diagnoses. Three time series centroid building methods are discussed and evaluated in the thesis, arithmetic, the Dynamic Time Warping Barycenter Averaging (DBA), and the soft-DTW-based centroid. As a result, DBA is chosen considering its comprehensive performance of accuracy and calculation time. Optimizations on DBA is further discussed to reduce calculation time. The window constraint, as well as the recalculation method of combining the previous centroid and new datasets, substantially reduce calculation time with slight accuracy loss. Based upon one centroid building method, shape extraction, a novel clustering method, k-shape, is implemented and applied to the plasma etching process. It is found that it achieves great accuracy with substantially shorter calculation time than one mainstream clustering method, k-means. Thesis Supervisor: Duane S. Boning Title: Clarence J. LeBel Professor, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Thesis Reader: David E. Hardt Title: Ralph E. and Eloise F. Cross Professor, Mechanical Engineering
The energy cascade in a strongly stratified fluid

A cascade hypothesis for a strongly stratified fluid is developed on the basis of the Boussinesq equations. According to this hypothesis, kinetic and potential energy are transferred from large to small scales in a highly anisotropic turbulent cascade. A relation for the ratio, $ l_{v}/l_{h} $, between the vertical and horizontal length scale is derived, showing how this ratio decreases with increased stratification. Similarity expressions are formulated for the horizontal and vertical spectra of kinetic and potential energy. A series of box simulations of the Boussinesq equations are carried out and a good agreement between the proposed hypothesis and the simulations is seen. The simulations with strongest stratification give horizontal kinetic and potential energy spectra of the form $ E_{K_{h}} \,{=}\, C_{1} \epsilon_{K}^{2/3} k_{h}^{-5/3} $ and $ E_{P_{h}} \,{=}\, C_{2} \epsilon_{P} k_{h}^{-5/3}/\epsilon_{K}^{1/3} $, where $ k_{h} $ is the horizontal wavenumber, $ \epsilon_{K} $ and $ \epsilon_{P} $ are the dissipation of kinetic and potential energy, respectively, and $ C_{1} $ and $ C_{2} $ are two constants. Within the given numerical accuracy, it is found that these two constants have the same value: $ C_{1} \approx C_{2} \,{=}\, 0.51 \pm 0.02 $.
Prediction of heat generation effect on force torque and mechanical properties at varying tool rotational speed in friction stir welding using Artificial Neural Network

Friction stir welding (FSW) has played a significant role in joining aerospace alloys. During this process, the tool rotational (TRS) speed has been found to significantly affect heat generation compared to other parameters. Therefore, the study has investigated the effect of heat generation on force-torque and mechanical properties at different tool rotational speeds (TRS) in the FSW process through experimentation followed by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique. Further, the influence of different TRS ranging between 600 and 1800 rpm with an increment of 400 rpm on considered responses; namely thermal weld cycle, microstructure, and grain distribution in nugget zone (NZ) for 2050-T84 Al-Cu-Li alloy plates, welded using FSW were also investigated. It is observed that the vertically downward force (Z-force), longitudinal force (X-force), and spindle torque (Sp. T) decrease with increasing TRS. It is also observed an increasing (up to 1400 rpm) and then decreasing trend for tensile strength and hardness of welded samples. Moreover, the generation of frictional heat and grain size in NZ is increased with increasing TRS from 600 to 1800 rpm. However, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of all-welded samples revealed a ductile mode of tensile fracture. Furthermore, the obtained experimental results were validated using the ANN technique. A quite better agreement has been established among the predicted outcomes from ANN with experimental results.
Groups of units of zero ternary quadratic forms

Synopsis The groups of units of indefinite ternary quadratic forms with rational integer coefficients contain subgroups of index two which are isomorphic to Fuchsian groups and which, for zero forms, are commensurable with the classical modular group. This is used to obtain a family of forms whose groups are representatives of the conjugacy classes of maximal groups associated with zero forms. The signatures of the groups of the forms in this family are determined and it is shown that the group associated to any zero form is isomorphic to a subgroup of finite index in the group of one of three particular forms. This last result should be compared with the corresponding result by Mennicke on non-zero forms.