Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reward Contingencies Improve Goal-Directed Behavior by Enhancing Posterior Brain Attentional Regions and Increasing Corticostriatal Connectivity in Cocaine Addicts

The dopaminergic system provides the basis for the interaction between motivation and cognition. It is triggered by the possibility of obtaining rewards to initiate the neurobehavioral adaptations necessary to achieve them by directing the information from motivational circuits to cognitive and action circuits. In drug addiction, the altered dopamine (DA) modulation of the meso-cortico-limbic reward circuitry, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), underlies the disproportionate motivational value of drug use at the expense of other non-drug reinforcers and the user’s loss of control over his/her drug intake. We examine how the magnitude of the reward affects goal-directed processes in healthy control (HC) subjects and abstinent cocaine dependent (ACD) patients by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a counting Stroop task with blocked levels of monetary incentives of different magnitudes (€0, €0.01, €0.5, €1 or €1.5). Our results showed that increasing reward magnitude enhances (1) performance facilitation in both groups; (2) left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity in HC and left superior occipital cortex activity in ACD; and (3) left DLPFC and left putamen connectivity in ACD compared to HC. Moreover, we observed that (4) dorsal striatal and pallidum activity was associated with craving and addiction severity during the parametric increases in the monetary reward. In conclusion, the brain response to gradients in monetary value was different in HC and ACD, but both groups showed improved task performance due to the possibility of obtaining greater monetary rewards.
Productivity and Structural Change: A Review of the Literature

This paper is a survey of the existing research on structural change at various levels of aggregation with a special focus on the relation to productivity and technological change. The exposition covers the research concerning the development of the three main sectors of the private economy, multisector growth models and recent evolutionary theories of structural change. Empirical studies of the reallocation of market or sector shares as a result of differential productivity developments are also discussed. The synthesis emphasizes the crucial interaction of supply- and demand-side forces in shaping structural change. Copyright 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Mobility and QoS of 802.11 and 802.11e wireless LAN standards

Quality of service is a key problem in wireless environments where bandwidth is scarce and channel conditions are time varying and sometimes implies highly packet losses. IEEE 802.11b/g/a wireless LAN are the most widely used WLAN standards today, and the IEEE 802.11e quality of service enhancement standard exists and introduces quality of service support for multimedia applications. This paper compares the propositions of standard IEEE 802.11e with the standard IEEE 802.11 without quality of service, a simulation of these standards is performed by using the network simulator simulator. We test also the mobility and the roaming of stations. A discussion is presented in detail using simulation-based evaluations and we let us confirm the quality of service of IEEE 802.11e compared to IEEE 802.11, but we have detected some weaknesses of 802.11e. It starves the low priority traffic in case of high load, and leads to higher collision rates, and did not make a good estimate of weight of queues, so there is an unbalance enters the flows with high priorities.
Assessing Resilience of Complex Socio-ecological Systems through Loop Dominance Analysis

Although resilience is an important concept to assess the vulnerability of ecological systems, literature is still unclear on how to measure it in more complex socialecological systems. This paper presents a practical procedure to assess the degree of resilience of fisheries which builds on system dynamics analysis, specifically on the recent field of research known as loop dominance analysis. It shows that such systems may lose resilience when they exceed certain thresholds beyond which shifts in dominance of feedback loops take place and suggests how to identify those thresholds.
Intentional Control of Automatic Stimulus-Response Translation

Interaction between dissociable conscious and nonconscious processes Human information processing is commonly conceived of as an orderly sequence of processing steps that transform stimulus energy impinging on our sensory organs into a coherent set of muscle contractions. A central role in relating the output of perceptual stages to corresponding response patterns is attributed to the stage of stimulus-response (S-R) translation, and it is this stage that is commonly associated with intentional control. However, intentional control is far from being perfect. In fact, older investigations on the interplay between will and habit using Ach " s combined method as well as newer experiments on the Simon effect demonstrate that task-irrelevant stimuli can activate responses automatically if the corresponding S-R pair is highly overlearned and/or compatible. Although the underlying translation processes sometimes counteract the intentions of the perceiver/ actor, they are not independent from these intentions either. In particular, " automatic " S-R translation can be shown to depend on the perceiver/actor " s interpretation and coding of stimuli and responses, on his or her task goals, on the degree of task preparation, and on task-related strategies. Apparently, intentional and automatic processes do not directly compete for S-R translation; rather, intentional processes seem to implement a task set that enables and configures automatic translation processes.
Title Investigation of key interventions for shigellosis outbreakcontrol in China

Shigellosis is a major public health concern in China, where waterborne disease outbreaks are common. Shigellosiscontaining strategies, mostly single or multiple interventions, are implemented by primary-level health departments. Systematic assessment of the effectiveness of these measures is scarce. To estimate the efficacy of commonly used intervention strategies, we developed a Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious/Asymptomatic–Recovered–Water model. No intervention was predicted to result in a total attack rate (TAR) of 90% of the affected population (95% confidence interval [CI]: 86.65–92.80) and duration of outbreak (DO) of 89 days, and the use of single-intervention strategies can be futile or even counter-productive. Prophylactics and water disinfection did not improve TAR or DO. School closure for up to 3 weeks did not help but only increased DO. Isolation alone significantly increased DO. Only antibiotics treatment could shorten the DO to 35 days with TAR unaffected. We observed that these intervention effects were additive when in combined usage under most circumstances. Combined intervention ‘‘Isolation+antibiotics+prophylactics+water disinfection’’ was predicted to result in the lowest TAR (41.9%, 95%CI: 36.97–47.04%) and shortest DO (28 days). Our actual Shigellosis control implementation that also included school closure for 1 week, attained comparable results and the modeling produced an epidemic curve of Shigellosis highly similar to our actual outbreak data. This lends a strong support to the reality of our model that provides a possible reference for public health professionals to evaluate their strategies towards Shigellosis control. Citation: Chen T, Leung RK-k, Zhou Z, Liu R, Zhang X, et al. (2014) Investigation of Key Interventions for Shigellosis Outbreak Control in China. PLoS ONE 9(4): e95006. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0095006 Editor: Hiroshi Nishiura, The University of Tokyo, Japan Received September 29, 2013; Accepted March 21, 2014; Published April 15, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was partially supported by the Scientific Research Program of Health Depatrment of Hunan Province (B2012-138, http://www.21hospital. com/) and by the Scientific Research Program of Changsha Science and Technology Bureau (K1205028-31, http://www.cssti.cn/html/cskjw/index.html). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: cfetpzlj@126.com . These authors contributed equally to this work.
Profile-Supported Confidence Estimation for Load-Value-Prediction

Due to their occasional very long latency, load instructions are among the slowest instructions of current highperformance microprocessors. Unfortunately, the long latency of one instruction also delays the execution of its dependent instructions, which can significantly affect system performance. Load value prediction alleviates this problem by allowing the CPU to speculatively continue processing without having to wait for the slow memory access to complete. The potential of today’s load value predictors for making correct predictions is only about 40 to 70 percent. Confidence estimators are employed to estimate how likely a prediction is to be correct and to keep the predictor from making a (probably incorrect) prediction if the confidence is below a preset threshold. Setting this threshold to a higher level increases the probability that the attempted predictions will be correct (higher accuracy) but results also in more missed opportunities for making correct predictions (lower coverage). The profile-supported confidence estimator we present in this paper is able to trade off coverage for accuracy and vice-versa with previously unseen flexibility and reaches an average prediction accuracy over SPECint95 of as high as 99.4%. A detailed pipeline-level simulation shows that our profile-supported load value predictor not only outperforms other predictors, but is also the only predictor that yields a speedup at all when a re-fetch misprediction recovery policy is used.
Lipedema: A Frequently Misdiagnosed and Misunderstood Fatty Deposition Syndrome

PURPOSE: To enhance the learner's competence in caring for patients with lipedema through understanding the differential diagnoses, pathophysiology, and treatment/management options. TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. OBJECTIVES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to: Differentiate lipedema from other similar diagnoses. Tell patients with lipedema and their caregivers about treatment of this condition. Construct assessments, treatment plans, and management options for patients with lipedema.
Training Sequence-Aided Single-Carrier Block Signal Detection Using QRM-MLD

Recently, we proposed a frequency-domain block signal detection using maximum likelihood detection (MLD) employing QR decomposition and M-algorithm (QRM-MLD) for the cyclic prefix inserted single-carrier (CP-SC) block transmissions. However, if the number of surviving-symbol candidates is small, the achievable bit error rate (BER) performance degrades, because the probability of removing the correct symbol-candidates at early stages increases. In this paper, to solve this problem, we insert the known training sequence into each data block instead of CP. This SC transmission is called the training sequence-aided SC (TA-SC) block transmissions. We show by computer simulation that the TA-SC can achieve much better BER performance than the CP-SC if the number of surviving symbol-candidates is limited.
AN XMM-NEWTON SPECTRAL AND TIMING STUDY OF IGR J16207 − 5129: AN OBSCURED AND NON-PULSATING HMXB

We report on a ∼12 hr XMM-Newton observation of the supergiant high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) IGR J16207 − 5129. This is only the second soft X-ray (0.4–15 keV, in this case) study of the source since it was discovered by the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory satellite. The average energy spectrum is very similar to those of neutron star HMXBs, being dominated by a highly absorbed power-law component with a photon index of Γ = 1.15+0.07−0.05. The spectrum also exhibits a soft excess below ∼2 keV and an iron Kα emission line at 6.39 ± 0.03 keV. For the primary power-law component, the column density is (1.19+0.06−0.05) × 1023 cm−2, indicating local absorption, likely from the stellar wind, and placing IGR J16207 − 5129 in the category of obscured IGR HMXBs. The source exhibits a very high level of variability with an rms noise level of 64% ± 21% in the 10−4–0.05 Hz frequency range. Although the energy spectrum suggests that the system may harbor a neutron star, no pulsations are detected with a 90% confidence upper limit of ∼2% in a frequency range from ∼10−4 to 88 Hz. We discuss similarities between IGR J16207 − 5129 and other apparently nonpulsating HMXBs, including other IGR HMXBs as well as 4U 2206+54 and 4U 1700 − 377.
Detecting Grammatical Errors in Text using a Ngram-based Ruleset

Applications like word processors and other writing tools typically include a grammar checker. The purpose of a grammar checker is to identify sentences that are grammatically incorrect based on the syntax of the language. The proposed grammar checker is a rule-based system to identify sentences that are most likely to contain errors. The set of rules are automatically generated from a part of speech tagged corpus. The results from the grammar checker is a list of error sentences, error descriptions, and suggested corrections. A grammar checker for other languages can be similarly constructed, given a tagged corpus and a set of stop words.
A CHANDRA X-RAY VIEW OF STEPHAN'S QUINTET: SHOCKS AND STAR FORMATION

We use a deep Chandra observation to examine the structure of the hot intra-group medium of the compact group of galaxies Stephan's Quintet. The group is thought to be undergoing a strong dynamical interaction as an interloper, NGC 7318b, passes through the group core at ∼850kms−1. Previous studies have interpreted a bright ridge of X-ray and radio continuum emission as the result of shock heating, with support from observations at other wavelengths. We find that gas in this ridge has a similar temperature (∼0.6 keV) and abundance (∼0.3 Z☉) to the surrounding diffuse emission, and that a hard emission component is consistent with that expected from high-mass X-ray binaries associated with star formation in the ridge. The cooling rate of gas in the ridge is consistent with the current star formation rate, suggesting that radiative cooling is driving the observed star formation. The lack of a high-temperature gas component is used to place constraints on the nature of the interaction and shock, and we find that an oblique shock heating a pre-existing filament of H i may be the most likely explanation of the X-ray gas in the ridge. The mass of hot gas in the group is roughly equal to the deficit in observed H i mass compared to predictions, but only ∼2% of the gas is contained in the ridge. The hot gas component is too extended to have been heated by the current interaction, strongly suggesting that it must have been heated during previous dynamical encounters.
A method to control compensation codeduring global schedulingLuiz

| Code motion is a technique used to improve global scheduling either during the com-paction of acyclic code or the software-pipelining of loops containing conditional constructs. It can be applied in the context of high-level synthesis of ASICs or in the code generation for ASIPs. Despite its impact on the exploitation of parallelism across basic-block boundaries, code motion might have side eeects which must be compensated with extra code. We show how code compensation can be controlled in order not to increase the schedule length of the longest path. Traditional code compensation mechanisms deal with the duplication of a given operation into different paths as a consequence of non-speculative code motion. We extend the notion of code compensation to provide support for speculative code motion. Classical notions like control equivalence, domination and postdomination are generally used to keep track of code compensation. We present a new method to cast those notions into boolean form such that a BDD package can be used to implement them eeciently.
A Framework to Extract Arguments in Opinion Texts

In this article, the authors present foundational elements related to argument extraction in opinion texts with the objective to design a model of how consumers develop argumentation in such texts. A second goal is to analyze and synthesize user preferences and therefore user value systems from these arguments. They show that 1 within the context of opinionated expressions, a number of evaluative expressions with a 'heavy' semantic load receive an argumentative interpretation, and 2 that the association of an evaluative expression with a discourse structure such as an elaboration, an illustration, or a reformulation must also be interpreted as an argument. The authors develop a conceptual semantics of these discourse structures and show how they are analyzed using the Dislog programming language, running on the
An accurate and rapid flow cytometric diagnosis of BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia

This report describes an accurate and rapid flow cytometric diagnosis of BCR/ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. See related perspective article on page 1639. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have profoundly modified the treatment and prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A rapid and accurate detection of the BCR-ABL fusion protein is paramount today for an optimal management of Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We have utilized a recently described and commercialized immunoassay that identifies qualitatively the presence of the BCR-ABL protein in leukemic cell lysates. The BCR-ABL fusion protein is captured and detected by a cytometric bead assay and analyzed by flow cytometry. The assay was applied to 101 primary patient samples (94 acute leukemias and 7 chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis) and the results of the immunoassay were concordant with those obtained by conventional molecular techniques. The method proved reliable, reproducible, of simple execution and it was successfully completed within four hours. This flow cytometric immunoassay has important implications for perfecting the management of Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients worldwide.
High yielding and moderately resistant to fruit rot disease chilli hybrid -CCH 1 (TNAU Chilli Hybrid CO 1)

Anthracnose is one of the serious diseases in chilli which affects whole plant and also fruits in particular. A study was undertaken to develop a high yielding and anthracnose disease resistant hybrid in chilli at the Dept. of Vegetable Crops, HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore during 2004–05. As a first step, ninety three germplasm lines maintained in the Dept. of Vegetable crops were evaluated for disease resistant and yield. Three single plant selections namely Sln 1, Sln 2 and Sln 3 made in advanced generations of a hybrid were found to be resistant and the genotypes Arka Lohit, Pepper Hot, CA 97, KDC 1, CC 4, CA 95, CA 115 and CA 59 were found to be moderately resistant. These selected lines were used both as male (testers) and lines as female parents and 30 hybrids were obtained. All these hybrids were tested for the performance of yield, quality and disease resistance. Among them the hybrid combination of Sln 1 x CA 97 was identified as best performed hybrid CCH 1(TNAU Chilli Hybrid CO 1). This was test verified across the state in 8 MLT and 103 ART plots along with NS 1701 and K 1 as check. The results showed that the per cent increase was 14.65 over NS 1701 and 51.40 over K 1for green fruit yield and 19.15 and 60.86 for dry fruit yield respectively. The fruit rot incidence in terms of Percentage of Disease Index (PDI) observed was 12.50 and hence it is comes under moderately resistant group. This entry CCH 1 has been released as TNAU Chilli Hybrid CO 1 during the year 2009–10.
EUROPIUM ( Eu ) IN SILICATE GLASSES : XAS STUDY OF OXIDATION STATE AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENT

Accurate knowledge of europium (Eu) structural role in silicate glasses/melts is of key importance for a better understanding of the trace elements geochemical behaviour during magma crystallization. In spite of the interest for trace elements in magmas there are no direct measurements of their structural role in glasses/melts, and the data available in the literature are limited or based on thermodynamic calculations. The aim of this study is to determine the structural role of Eu (oxidation state, coordination, bond distances) in silicate glasses of compositions corresponding to major magma compositions (from haplogranitic to basaltic). The synthesis of several sets of glasses has been carried out for each different composition, taking also into account the presence or absence of iron and the excess of alkalis. Variable redox environments have been considered via synthesis both in oxidizing and controlled reducing atmosphere conditions. The experiments allowed to produce a variety of glass samples that could permit to understand how the structural and geochemical role of these elements varies according to the physical and chemical conditions existing in a magma chamber. The structural study has been performed by XAS spectroscopy. XAS is a useful technique in Earth Sciences because provides direct measurements of a selected element even at very low concentration both on crystalline and amorphous materials. XAS spectra of Eu-bearing glasses and model compounds have been collected at ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, F), in order to obtain the needed structural information (oxidation state, coordination number and bond distances). The study of experimental Eu L
Echo-Ramsey Interferometry with Motional Quantum States

D. Hu, ∗ L. X. Niu, ∗ S. J. Jin, X. Z. Chen, G. J. Dong, 3 J. Schmiedmayer, † and X. J. Zhou 2, ‡ School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria (Dated: September 5, 2018)