Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Adults in Ethiopia, 2005– 2011: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background Poor retention in HIV care challenges the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study assessed how well patients stay in care and explored factors associated with retention in the context of an initial ART rollout in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods study at a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cohort of 385 patients was followed for a median of 4.6 years from ART initiation to lost-to-follow-up (LTFU—missing appointments for more than three months after last scheduled visit or administrative censoring). We used Kaplan-Meier plots to describe LTFU over time and Cox-regression models to identify factors associated with being LTFU. We held six focus group discussions, each with 6–11 patients enrolled in care; we analyzed data inductively informed by grounded theory. Results Patients in the cohort were predominantly female (64%) and the median age was 34 years. Thirty percent were LTFU by study’s end; the median time to LTFU was 1,675 days. Higher risk of LTFU was associated with baseline CD4 counts <100 and >200 cells/μL (HR = 1.62; 95% CI:1.03–2.55; and HR = 2.06; 95% CI:1.15–3.70, respectively), compared with patients with baseline CD4 counts of 100–200 cells/μL. Bedridden participants at ART initiation (HR = 2.05; 95% CIs [1.11–3.80]) and those with no or only primary education (HR = 1.50; 95% CIs [1.00–2.24]) were more likely to be LTFU. Our qualitative data revealed that fear of stigma, care dissatisfaction, use of holy water, and economic constraints discouraged retention in care. Social support and restored health and functional ability motivated retention. Conclusion Complex socio-cultural, economic, and health-system factors inhibit optimum patient retention. Better tracking, enhanced social support, and regular adherence counseling addressing stigma and alternative healing options are needed. Intervention strategies aimed at changing clinic routines and improving patient–provider communication could address many of the identified barriers.
A parallel Tabu search algorithm for the 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem

The 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem (0-1 MKP) is an NP-complete problem. Its resolution for large scale instances requires a prohibitive processing time. In this paper we propose a new parallel meta-heuristic algorithm based on the Tabu search (TS) for the resolution of the 0-1 MKP. We show that, in addition to reducing execution time, parallel processing can perform automatically and dynamically the settings of some TS parameters. This last point is realized by analyzing the information given by cooperative parallel search processes, and by modifying the search processes during the execution. This approach introduces a new level where balancing between intensification and diversification can be realized.
Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Parameter Optimization

As a typical multi-objective optimization problem, parameter optimization of HEV power control strategy must deal with the conflict between objectives, as fuel consumption and emissions. Classical methods define the HEV parameter optimization as a single objective problem to minimize the fuel consumption. In this paper, the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is generalized for parameter optimization of power control strategy of series hybrid electric vehicle. Using a single unified formulation, a number of design objectives can be simultaneously optimized through searching in the parameter space. Compared with two main strategies, as Thermostatic and single-objective genetic algorithm (SOGA), the computation procedures of MOGA are discussed. Simulation results based on the model of series hybrid electric vehicle illustrate the optimization validity of MOGA
Identification of a Chlamydomonas plastidial 2‐lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase and its use to engineer microalgae with increased oil content

Summary Despite a strong interest in microalgal oil production, our understanding of the biosynthetic pathways that produce algal lipids and the genes involved in the biosynthetic processes remains incomplete. Here, we report that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cre09.g398289 encodes a plastid‐targeted 2‐lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (CrLPAAT1) that acylates the sn‐2 position of a 2‐lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid, the first common precursor of membrane and storage lipids. In vitro enzyme assays showed that CrLPAAT1 prefers 16:0‐CoA to 18:1‐CoA as an acyl donor. Fluorescent protein‐tagged CrLPAAT1 was localized to the plastid membrane in C. reinhardtii cells. Furthermore, expression of CrLPAAT1 in plastids led to a > 20% increase in oil content under nitrogen‐deficient conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CrLPAAT1 is an authentic plastid‐targeted LPAAT in C. reinhardtii, and that it may be used as a molecular tool to genetically increase oil content in microalgae.
Learning from Imbalanced Data Sets: A Comparison of Various Strategies *

Although the majority of concept-learning systems previously designed usually assume that their training sets are well-balanced, this assumption is not necessarily correct. Indeed, there exists many domains for which one class is represented by a large number of examples while the other is represented by only a few. The purpose of this paper is 1) to demonstrate experimentally that, at least in the case of connectionist systems, class imbalances hinder the performance of standard classifiers and 2) to compare the performance of several approaches previously proposed to deal with the problem.
An Infrared Coronagraphic Survey for Substellar Companions

We have used the F160W filter (1.4–1.8 μm) and the coronagraph on the Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) on the Hubble Space Telescope to survey 45 single stars with a median age of 0.15 Gyr, an average distance of 30 pc, and an average H magnitude of 7 mag. For the median age we were capable of detecting a 30MJ companion at separations between 15 and 200 AU. A 5MJ object could have been detected at 30 AU around 36% of our primaries. For several of our targets that were less than 30 Myr old, the lower mass limit was as low as 1MJ, well into the high mass planet region. Results of the entire survey include the proper-motion verification of five low-mass stellar companions, two brown dwarfs (HR7329B and TWA5B), and one possible brown dwarf binary (Gl 577B/C).
The Asymptotic Distribution of Tests for Over-identification in Partially Identified Linear Structural Equations

We study the asymptotic distribution of the statistics suggested by Sargan/Byron/Wegge and Basmann for testing for over-identification in partially identified linear structural equations and derive closed form expressions for their asymptotic densities. These allow us to understand the asymptotic behaviour of these statistics in cases where identification of the structural parameters fails. We also consider variants of these statistics using estimators of the structural variance based on the LIML estimator and show that they have unexpected properties. 1 Address for correspondence: Giovanni Forchini, Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. E-mail: Giovanni.Forchini@BusEco.monash. edu.au 2 I thank Les Godfrey, Grant Hillier, Peter Phillips, Chris Skeels and Katharina Hauck for helpful comments and discussions. This research was partially supported by Australian Research Council grant DP0771445.
Descriptive model for the critical current as a function of axial strain in Bi-2212/Ag wires

A descriptive model is presented for the critical current of a Bi-2212 conductor that is axially deformed. This model is based on previously published critical current measurements on axially compressed and elongated Bi-2212 wires. The validity of the model is investigated by applying an additional pre-strain at room temperature. The experimental results on the pre-strained wires are in reasonable agreement with the prediction. The description for the critical-current reduction in Bi-2212 is applied in a model for a bend conductor. This model predicts the critical current as a function of the bending radius in a wire and a tape conductor.
Probabilistic Methods in Combinatorics

Remark. This is also known as the Lubell-Yamamoto-Meshalkin inequality. Solution: Generate a random permutation σ = (x1, . . . , xM ) of [M ]. Let each Ei be the event that the set Ai appears as the initial segment of σ, i.e., that {x1, . , xai} = Ai. Since none of the Ai contain each other, the Ei are mutually exclusive. But each P [Ei] = ( M ai )−1 , so the LHS is P [∪Ei], and probabilities are always ≤ 1. 2. (Very slight simplification of a problem in the MathLinks.ro 2008 contest) LetA1, . , An andB1, . , Bn be distinct finite subsets of N such that: • for every i, Ai ∩Bi = ∅, and • for every i 6= j, (Ai ∩Bj) ∪ (Aj ∩Bi) 6= ∅. Prove that for every real number 0 ≤ p ≤ 1, ∑
Epsilon-Optimal Synthesis for Unicycle-Like Vehicles With Limited Field-of-View Sensors

In this paper, we study the minimum length paths covered by the center of a unicycle equipped with a limited field-of-view (FOV) camera, which must keep a given landmark in sight. Previous works on this subject have provided the optimal synthesis for the cases in which the FOV is only limited in the horizontal directions (i.e., left and right bounds) or in the vertical directions (i.e., upper and lower bounds). In this paper, we show how to merge previous results and hence obtain, for a realistic image plane modeled as a rectangle, a finite alphabet of extremal arcs and the overall synthesis. As shown, this objective cannot be straightforwardly achieved from previous results but needs further analysis and developments. Moreover, there are initial configurations such that there exists no optimal path. Nonetheless, we are always able to provide an $\varepsilon$-optimal path whose length approximates arbitrarily well any other shorter path. As final results, we provide a partition of the motion plane in regions such that the optimal or $\varepsilon$ -optimal path from each point in that region is univocally determined.
The consequences of restricting police arrest authority: less deterrence and more crime

Purpose Past research indicates that increasing police arrests deters crime. However, little research exists on how restricting police arrests affects crime. The current study tests whether restrictions on police authority to arrest affects deterrence and crime rates. Design/methodology/approach The data consisted of crime statistics for 105 criminal suspects from a medium-size police department in the western United States. A 2 x 4 mixed analysis of variance compared the suspects’ criminal activity for a four-month period before and after the arrest restrictions were imposed to ascertain how they affected deterrence and crime rates. Findings The restrictions on police arrests significantly increased the crime rate. Moreover, the crime rate increased the longer the restrictions on police arrest authority were in effect. In sum, the present study provides empirical support for the hypothesis that restrictions on police arrest authority decrease deterrence and increase the crime rate. Practical implications.
On Some Subsystems of Second-Order Arithmetic – 1 Induction , more or less

Certain writers, after first dealing their material a rough blow, then say that it naturally falls into two parts. The first main topic of this paper is a weak second-order theory that sits between first-order Peano Arithmetic PA 1 and axiomatized second-order Peano Arithmetic PA 2 – namely, that much-investigated theory known in the trade as ACA 0. What I'm going to argue is that ACA 0 , in its standard form, lacks a cogent conceptual motivation. Now, that claim – when the wraps are off – will turn out to be rather less exciting than it sounds. It isn't that all the work that has been done on ACA 0 has been hopelessly misplaced: that would be a quite absurd suggestion. The mistake, if that's what it is, has been a relatively small one. Still, we really ought to try to put things into conceptual good order here. That's part of what philosophers are for. Here's the structure of my main claim. On the one hand, interesting work on ACA 0 actually only uses part of the strength of the theory: or as we might put it, the interesting work is actually carried on in a cut-down theory I'll call ACA! This theory, I'll be claiming, does have a good conceptual motivation – it is in fact the theory that the putative conceptual grounding for ACA 0 actually underpins. On the other hand, I'll be arguing that original-strength ACA 0 inductively inflates. I mean, to put it more carefully, that anyone who accepts ACA 0 as a cogent theory can have no reason not to accept a certain significantly stronger theory, with a stronger induction principle. This stronger theory is standardly known as plain ACA. So, my claim comes to this: you can either go for the cut-down theory ACA! ; or you can go for the much richer theory ACA. What you can't do is – I mean, what you can't have a stable conceptual motivation for doing – is to rest content with the intermediate strength ACA 0 in its standard presentation. Yet in much of the literature, in particular in Simpson's encyclopedic book Subsystems of Second-Order Arithmetic (1991), neither ACA! nor full ACA gets so much as a mention, and the conceptually unstable theory ACA 0 gets all the glory. Why is my claim at all interesting? For at least two reasons. As I'll note first, …
Treatment Approaches for Interoceptive Dysfunctions in Drug Addiction

There is emerging evidence that individuals with drug addiction have dysfunctions in brain systems that are important for interoceptive processing, which include, among others, the insular and the anterior cingulate cortices. These individuals may not be expending sufficient neural resources to process perturbations of the interoceptive state but may exert over-activation of these systems when processing drug-related stimuli. As a consequence, insufficient detection and processing of interoceptive state changes may result in inadequate anticipation and preparation to adapt to environmental challenges, e.g., adapt to abstinence in the presence of withdrawal symptoms. Here, we integrate interoceptive dysfunction in drug-addicted individuals, with the neural basis for meditation and exercise to develop a heuristic to target the interoceptive system as potential treatments for drug addiction. First, it is suggested that mindfulness-based approaches can modulate both interoceptive function and insular activation patterns. Second, there is an emerging literature showing that the regulation of physical exercise in the brain involves the insula and anterior cingulate cortex and that intense physical exercise is associated with a insula changes that may provide a window to attenuate the increased interoceptive response to drug-related stimuli. It is concluded that the conceptual framework of interoceptive dysfunctions in drug addiction and the experimental findings in meditation and exercise provide a useful approach to develop new interventions for drug addiction.
Empirical martingale method of option pricing

In a discrete time option pricing framework, we compare the empirical performance of two pricing methodologies, namely the affine stochastic discount factor and the empirical martingale correction methodologies. Using a dataset of S&P500 index options, the differences are found to be small: the higher order moment correction involved in the SDF approach may not be that essential to reduce option pricing errors.
Socioeconomic determinants of internet addiction in adolescents: A scoping review

From a social epidemiological perspective, this chapter presents a new approach to conceptualizing the socioeconomic determinants of Internet Addiction (IA) in adolescents, followed by a rapid scoping review of the empirical research literature on the same topic which aims to provide an overview of the current body of knowledge. With a strict adherence to the established procedures, fifteen original research articles were retrieved for review and analysis. A wide range of socioeconomic risk factors was identified. The theoretical pathways of socioeconomic determinants suggested in the included studies were also tabulated and discussed. Finally, the chapter closes with several recommendations for future research on the potential socioeconomic determinants of IA based on the retrieved findings.
Design Support Tools for Developing 3D Haptic Applications

Information visualization has been studied as a key technology in ICT (information and communications technology) for accurately finding necessary data sets in a deluge of information. Although the visualization allows human to quickly survey huge amounts of information and spot an important part in the Web, it makes information exploration excessively rely on human visual sensation. A human computer interaction� (HCI) method stimulating five senses is more natural way for providing intuitive man-machine interactions. We propose a method for further enhancing the intuitiveness of the interaction method by integrating haptic modality with the traditional visualization technique. The haptic modality adds "touch and tactile sensations" on the interface structure. While some haptic devices become commercially available, integrating the haptic channel to application systems is not an easy task. The development of good haptic interface requires special knowledge on the mechanisms of human touch sensations and skills for designing and writing device-specific programs for controlling the devices. We implemented a device independent design framework for 3D haptic applications. The proposed framework consists of multiple design tools aimed at different user levels from end users without programming skills to expert developers.
Energy Consumption Analysis on Graphics Processing Units

In this paper, we propose to investigate the compromise of the relative gains between the computation time and the energy consumption on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The energy consumed by GPU can not be neglected anymore, even if code acceleration is the main target. We aim to propose a prediction model of both time computation and energy consumption of linear algebra operations. Numerical experiments on a workstation equiped with two GPUs GTX275, have been performed on a set of matrices arising from the finite element discretization of the gravity equation with real data issued from the Chicxulub crater. The results exhibit performance, robustness and efficiency of Alinea library, our research group library, compared to Cusp library in terms of speed-up and energy consumption for double precision number arithmetics.
A Dual Augmented Block Minimization Framework for Learning with Limited Memory

In past few years, several techniques have been proposed for training of linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) in limited-memory setting, where a dual block-coordinate descent (dual-BCD) method was used to balance cost spent on I/O and computation. In this paper, we consider the more general setting of regularized Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) when data cannot fit into memory. In particular, we generalize the existing block minimization framework based on strong duality and Augmented Lagrangian technique to achieve global convergence for general convex ERM. The block minimization framework is flexible in the sense that, given a solver working under sufficient memory, one can integrate it with the framework to obtain a solver globally convergent under limited-memory condition. We conduct experiments on L1-regularized classification and regression problems to corroborate our convergence theory and compare the proposed framework to algorithms adopted from online and distributed settings, which shows superiority of the proposed approach on data of size ten times larger than the memory capacity.
Integrating resource selection information with spatial capture–recapture

Understanding space usage and resource selection is a primary focus of many studies of animal populations. Usually, such studies are based on location data obtained from telemetry, and resource selection functions (RSFs) are used for inference. Another important focus of wildlife research is estimation and modeling population size and density. Recently developed spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models accomplish this objective using individual encounter history data with auxiliary spatial information on location of capture. SCR models include encounter probability functions that are intuitively related to RSFs, but to date, no one has extended SCR models to allow for explicit inference about space usage and resource selection. In this paper we develop the first statistical framework for jointly modeling space usage, resource selection, and population density by integrating SCR data, such as from camera traps, mist‐nets, or conventional catch traps, with resource selection data from telemetered individuals. We provide a framework for estimation based on marginal likelihood, wherein we estimate simultaneously the parameters of the SCR and RSF models. Our method leads to increases in precision for estimating parameters of ordinary SCR models. Importantly, we also find that SCR models alone can estimate parameters of RSFs and, as such, SCR methods can be used as the sole source for studying space‐usage; however, precision will be higher when telemetry data are available. Finally, we find that SCR models using standard symmetric and stationary encounter probability models may not fully explain variation in encounter probability due to space usage, and therefore produce biased estimates of density when animal space usage is related to resource selection. Consequently, it is important that space usage be taken into consideration, if possible, in studies focused on estimating density using capture–recapture methods.
Vortex-like surface wave and its role in the transient phenomena of meta-material focusing

We show that a slab of meta-material (with e=μ=−1+iΔ) possesses a vortex-like surface wave with no ability to transport energy, whose nature is completely different from a localized mode or a standing wave. Through computations based on a rigorous time-dependent Green’s function approach, we demonstrate that such a mode inevitably generates characteristic image oscillations in two-dimensional focusing with even a monochromatic source, which were observed in many numerical simulations, but such oscillations are weak in three-dimensional focusing.
Dynamical Systems Properties of a Mathematical Model for the Treatment of CML

A mathematical model for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) through a combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunomodulatory therapies is analyzed as a dynamical system for the case of constant drug concentrations. Equilibria and their stability are determined and it is shown that, depending on the parameter values, the model exhibits a variety of behaviors which resemble the chronic, accelerated and blast phases typical of the disease. This work provides qualitative insights into the system which should be useful for understanding the interaction between CML and the therapies considered here.