Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hunting for Significance With the False Discovery Rate

When testing a single hypothesis, it is common knowledge that increasing the sample size after nonsignificant results and repeating the hypothesis test several times at unadjusted critical levels inflates the overall Type I error rate severely. In contrast, if a large number of hypotheses are tested controlling the False Discovery Rate, such “hunting for significance” has asymptotically no impact on the error rate. More specifically, if the sample size is increased for all hypotheses simultaneously and only the test at the final interim analysis determines which hypotheses are rejected, a data dependent increase of sample size does not affect the False Discovery Rate. This holds asymptotically (for an increasing number of hypotheses) for all scenarios but the global null hypothesis where all hypotheses are true. To control the False Discovery Rate also under the global null hypothesis, we consider stopping rules where stopping before a predefined maximum sample size is reached is possible only if sufficiently many null hypotheses can be rejected. The procedure is illustrated with several datasets from microarray experiments.
BOUNDS, INEQUALITIES, AND MONOTONICITY PROPERTIES FOR SOME SPECIALIZED RENEWAL PROCESSES'

Renewal processes with increasing mean residual life and decreasing failure rate interarrival time distributions are investigated. Various two-sided bounds are obtained for M(t), the expected number of renewals in [0, t]. It is shown that if the interarrival time distribution has increasing mean residual life with mean ,u, then the expected forward recurrence time is increasing in t > 0, as is M(t) t/yj. If the interarrival time distribution has decreasing failure rate then M(t) is concave, and the forward and backward recurrence time distributions are stochastically increasing in t > 0.
A third‐order point process characteristic for multi‐type point processes

The description and analysis of spatial point patterns have mainly been based on first‐ and second‐order characteristics. However, and especially when analyzing complex and multivariate point patterns, the use of higher‐order characteristics would be more informative. In this paper, we introduce a third‐order characteristic for multi‐type point processes, which is based on the number of r‐close triples of points, where the three points are of three different types (species). This characteristic is useful, when the second‐order characteristics indicate that the three point patterns are pairwise uncorrelated but there is some relationship between triples of points. Furthermore, we conjecture that the new statistic can be used to test independence between the three point processes.
Reducing MRI Inter‐Scanner Variability Using 3D Superpixel ComBat

Inter‐scanner variability hinders the direct comparability of multi‐site/scanner MRI data for clinical research. The ComBat method is commonly used to reduce the variability based on an empirical Bayes framework1,2, harmonizing the data at the feature level (e.g., region‐of‐interest measures). However, directly harmonizing the scans at the voxel‐level using ComBat has been relatively less explored. In this study, we investigated the performance of the voxel‐wise ComBat. Also, going beyond voxels, we proposed a new ComBat approach which operates on a small group of voxels called superpixels3.
An Improved DV-HOP on Weighted and Distributed Calculation Method

In DV-HOP algorithm, the average one-hop distance is calculated by using the centralized calculation and broken line replacing straight line method. Thismethod causeslocalization errors.In view of the localization errors,we propose an improved DV-HOP on weighted and distributed calculation method (WD-DVHOP) in this paper. In the WD-DVHOP, we replace the centralized and distributed calculation method by a weighted calculation method.The distance between unknown nodes and anchor nodes is calculated by a method, which the average one-hop distance of each anchor node multiplies by hops count between unknown nodes and anchor node.Simulation result shows that average localization error is reduced in the WD-DVHOP, in case of less anchor nodes and smaller communication radius.
Organic materials‐based cathode for zinc ion battery

The quest for advanced energy storage devices with cheaper, safer, more resource‐abundant storage has triggered intense research into zinc ion batteries (ZIBs). Among them, organic materials as cathode materials for ZIBs have attracted great interest due to their flexible structure designability, high theoretical capacity, environmental friendliness, and sustainability. Although numerous organic electrode materials have been studied and different redox mechanisms have been proposed in the past decade, their electrochemical performance still needs further improvement, and the mechanisms require further exploration. This paper provides a systematical overview of three types of organic materials (bipolar‐type conductive polymer, n‐type conjugated carbonyl compounds, and p‐type material) on the energy storage mechanisms and distinct characteristics. We then focus on discussing the design strategies to improve electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the challenges and future research directions are discussed to provide a foundation for further developing organic‐based ZIBs.
Constraints on Data in Worlds with Closed Timelike Curves

It is claimed that unacceptable constraints on initial data are imposed by certain responses to paradoxes that threaten time travel, closed timelike curves (CTCs) and other backwards causation hypotheses. In this paper I argue against the following claims: to say “contradictions are impossible so something must prevent the paradox” commits in general to constraints on initial data, that for fixed point dynamics so‐called grey state solutions explain why contradictions do not arise, and the latter have been proved to avoid constraints on initial data.
A numerical electromagnetic linear dispersion relation for Maxwellian ring-beam velocity distributions

A positive slope in a velocity distribution function perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, such as due to a loss cone or ring velocity distribution, can become a free energy source for the excitation of various plasma waves. Since there exists no analytic expression for integrals of Maxwellian ring velocity distribution functions, their linear properties have previously been studied using several approximations or modeled distributions. In this paper, a numerical method for analyzing the linear dispersion relation for Maxwellian ring-beam velocity distributions is developed. The obtained linear properties are confirmed by direct comparison with full particle simulation results.
Survey for a Small Asteroid Population in the Cosmic Evolution Survey Field

We searched for small main-belt asteroids in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field using the Subaru Prime Focus Camera (Suprime-Cam). The ecliptic latitude of the region is about 10i. Using a method we developed to detect moving objects from two images, we detected 202 moving objects with a limiting magnitude of i 0 = 23.8 mag in 1.7 deg. Most of them are sub-km asteroid candidates. The number density is 122 deg , less than half of that in the ecliptic. The slope of the cumulative size distribution is 1.30 0.05 for asteroids with a diameter of 0.5–2 km, consistent with that of sub-km asteroids in the ecliptic derived from a previous survey.
Statistical Integration Through Metadata Management

Faster and more versatile technology is fuelling user demand for statistical agencies to produce an ever wider range of outputs, and to ensure those outputs are consistent and mutually related to the greatest extent possible. Statistical integration is an approach for enhancing the information content of separate statistical collections conducted by an agency, and is necessary for consistency. It has two aspects‐conceptual and physical‐the former being a prerequisite for the latter. This paper focuses on methods for achieving statistical integration through better management of metadata. It draws on experiences at the Australian Bureau of Statistics in the development and use of a central repository (the “Information Warehouse”) to manage data and metadata. It also makes reference to comparable initiatives at other national statistical agencies.
Formation, Energetics, and Electronic Properties of Graphene Monolayer and Bilayer Doped with Heteroatoms

Doping with heteroatoms is one of the most effective methods to tailor the electronic properties of carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, and such nanomaterials doped with heteroatom dopants might therefore provide not only new physical and chemical properties but also novel nanoelectronics/optoelectronics device applications. The boron and nitrogen are neighboring elements to carbon in the periodic table, and they are considered to be good dopants for carbon nanomaterials. We here review the recent work of boron and nitrogen doping effects into graphene monolayer as well as bilayer on the basis of the first-principles electronic structure calculations in the framework of the density-functional theory. We show the energetics and the electronic properties of boron and nitrogen defects in graphene monolayer and bilayer. As for the nitrogen doping, we further discuss the stabilities, the growth processes, and the electronic properties associated with the plausible nitrogen defect formation in graphene which is suggested by experimental observations.
OBSERVATIONS OF T PYXIDIS IN 1945

Since the outburst of T Pyxidis (0900JI) in 1920 my custom has been, weather permitting, to observe the brightness each year with the 12-inch finder of the 100-inch telescope. Until this year the star was always found at minimum brightness, magnitude about 14.0. On April 3, 1945, however, the brightness was estimated to be somewhat more than three magnitudes above normal, indicating that a recurrence of the outbursts of 1890, 1902, and 1920 was under way. T Pyxidis is on the program of the American Association of Variable Star Observers and has been regularly observed since 1927. Its brightness has, without exception, been reported as 13.0 mag. or fainter. In view of these observations, it seems probable that no full-scale maximum has taken place in the years between 1920 and 1944. The regularity of the increase in the time-intervals between maxima (12, 18, and 24 years) is remarkable.
Full-Wave Analysis of an Imperfectly-Conducting Stripline

In this paper, the discrete principal-mode propagation constant of an imperfectly-conducting stripline field applicator is investigated. Specifically, a complex correction to the ideal (i.e., perfectly-conducting) propagation constant is sought using a full-wave spectral-domain analysis. First, the electric-field dyadic Green's function for a general three-dimensional (3D) current source immersed within an imperfectly-conducting stripline background environment is determined with the aid of Hertzian-potential impedance boundary conditions. These boundary conditions, which are developed in the paper, follow from a Leontovich boundary condition and include important coupling terms that are absent in the perfectly-conducting case. Next, the stripline structure is realized by specializing the general 3D current to a 2D current flowing in an imperfectly-conducting center strip. Boundary conditions are subsequently enforced on the center strip, leading to an electric field integral equation (EFIE). The complex propagation constant for the imperfectly-conducting stripline is found through solution of the EFIE via formulation of a non-Galerkin's method-of-moments (MoM) technique. In particular, Chebyshev expansion and testing functions of the first and second kind are implemented to closely model the strip current, to accelerate convergence and to allow resulting spatial integrals to be performed in closed form. The advantage of this full-wave analysis over the standard perturbation method is discussed and various numerical results are given for the attenuation and phase constant of the principal-mode.
Reduction and prevention of agitation in persons with neurocognitive disorders: an international psychogeriatric association consensus algorithm.

OBJECTIVES To develop an agitation reduction and prevention algorithm is intended to guide implementation of the definition of agitation developed by the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA). DESIGN Review of literature on treatment guidelines and recommended algorithms; algorithm development through reiterative integration of research information and expert opinion. SETTING IPA Agitation Workgroup. PARTICIPANTS IPA panel of international experts on agitation. INTERVENTION Integration of available information into a comprehensive algorithm. MEASUREMENTS None. RESULTS The IPA Agitation Work Group recommends the Investigate, Plan, and Act (IPA) approach to agitation reduction and prevention. A thorough investigation of the behavior is followed by planning and acting with an emphasis on shared decision-making; the success of the plan is evaluated and adjusted as needed. The process is repeated until agitation is reduced to an acceptable level and prevention of recurrence is optimized. Psychosocial interventions are part of every plan and are continued throughout the process. Pharmacologic interventions are organized into panels of choices for nocturnal/circadian agitation; mild-moderate agitation or agitation with prominent mood features; moderate-severe agitation; and severe agitation with threatened harm to the patient or others. Therapeutic alternatives are presented for each panel. The occurrence of agitation in a variety of venues-home, nursing home, emergency department, hospice-and adjustments to the therapeutic approach are presented. CONCLUSIONS The IPA definition of agitation is operationalized into an agitation management algorithm that emphasizes the integration of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions, reiterative assessment of response to treatment, adjustment of therapeutic approaches to reflect the clinical situation, and shared decision-making.
A methodology for normalizing fluid biomarker concentrations across reagent lots

Longitudinal studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarkers typically require the use of different assay reagent lots over time. Measured biomarker concentrations may drift from lot to lot, adding variability that may bias estimates and decrease the statistical power of biomarker analyses. Including lot as a covariate in models may not adequately adjust for lot effects, particularly if cohort characteristics change over time.
Deciphering the clinico-radiological heterogeneity of dysexecutive Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Dysexecutive Alzheimer’s disease (dAD) manifests as a progressive dysexecutive syndrome without prominent behavioral features, and previous studies suggest clinico-radiological heterogeneity within this syndrome. We uncovered this heterogeneity using unsupervised machine learning in 52 dAD patients with multimodal imaging and cognitive data. A spectral decomposition of covariance between FDG-PET images yielded six latent factors (“eigenbrains”) accounting for 48% of variance in patterns of hypometabolism. These eigenbrains differentially related to age at onset, clinical severity, and cognitive performance. A hierarchical clustering on the eigenvalues of these eigenbrains yielded four dAD subtypes, i.e. “left-dominant,” “right-dominant,” “bi-parietal-dominant,” and “heteromodal-diffuse. ” Patterns of FDG-PET hypometabolism overlapped with those of tau-PET distribution and MRI neurodegeneration for each subtype, whereas patterns of amyloid deposition were similar across subtypes. Subtypes differed in age at onset and clinical severity where the heteromodal-diffuse exhibited a worse clinical picture, and the bi-parietal had a milder clinical presentation. We propose a conceptual framework of executive components based on the clinico-radiological associations observed in dAD. We demonstrate that patients with dAD, despite sharing core clinical features, are diagnosed with variability in their clinical and neuroimaging profiles. Our findings support the use of data-driven approaches to delineate brain–behavior relationships relevant to clinical practice and disease physiology.
PERCOLATION AND TUNNELING IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Classical percolation theory is concerned with the onset of geometrical connectivity and the accompanied onset of electrical connectivity in disordered systems. It was found, however, that in many systems, such as various composites, the geometrical and electrical onsets of the connectivity are not simultaneous and the correlation between them depends on physical processes such as tunneling. The difference between the above two types of systems and the consequences for the electrical transport properties of the latter composites have been largely ignored in the past. The application of scanning local probe microscopies and some recent theoretical developments have enabled a better understanding of the latter systems and their sometimes "strange" behavior as bona fide percolation systems. In this review we consider the above issues and their manifestation in three types of systems: Carbon Black–Polymer composites, metal–insulator cermets and hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon.
Effect of external stress on ferroelectricity in epitaxial thin films

A nonlinear thermodynamic theory is used to describe the influence of an external mechanical loading on the ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of epitaxial thin films grown on dissimilar cubic substrates. The calculations are performed for single-domain perovskite films in the approximation of a homogeneous loading of the film upper surface. The ``misfit strain-stress'' and ``stress-temperature'' phase diagrams are developed for epitaxial ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ films. It is shown that the loading may lead to drastic changes of the film polarization state. The most remarkable theoretical prediction is the stress-induced ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition, which may take place at room temperature in films grown on ``compressive'' substrates that provide large negative misfit strains in the epitaxial system. The small-signal dielectric and piezoelectric constants of single-domain ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ films are also calculated and found to be very sensitive to the external stress under certain misfit strain-temperature conditions. The theory thus predicts that the mechanical loading of ferroelectric films can be employed for the fine tuning of their physical properties. The results of calculations may be also useful for the interpretation of experimental data obtained via scanning force microscopy and the indentation of ferroelectric films.
Optical excess emission in T Tauri stars

We present a set of simultaneous high-resolution spectroscopic and spectrophotometric observations of 22 K7-M1 T Tauri stars in the Taurus-Auriga dark cloud. Analysis of the high-resolution data makes it possible to separate the optical excess (veiling) emission from the photospheric fluxes in these stars. The amount of optical excess emission at 5500 A ranges from undetectable (≤10% of the photosphere) to as much as 10 times the photospheric flux in the most extreme objects
A complete CO survey of M31

M 31 was fully surveyed at an angular resolution of 8.7' in the J = 1→0 rotational transition of CO. The 153' × 45' area observed covers the entire galaxy to radius of at least 16 kpc, well beyond the optical disk and Population I peak at 10 kpc. The bulk of the CO emission lies between 8 and 11 kpc from the galactic center. Compared with H I, the CO emission is more confined to optical Population I and tends to peak ∼ 1 kpc closer to the center. Although previously few CO observations have been directed toward the NE tangent of the Population I ring, it appears as rich in molecular gas as the SW tangent. Little CO emission is found within 8 kpc of the center of M31.
Contact Binaries: The Current State

Lucy’s model of contact binaries has been serving well since its development in 1968 as an excellent conceptual framework for internal structure and evolution studies of the W UMa type stars. Its over‐constrained structural demands were recognized early, but—from the observational point of view—it was particularly appealing in its ability to explain W UMa‐type binary light curves. Large numbers of photometric light curves of W UMa type binaries have been solved for geometrical parameters utilizing the clarity and simplicity of Lucy’s model to the point of frequent over‐interpretation of the meager light‐curve information content. Many, single, photometric solutions do not translate into a satisfactory understanding of these binaries. As the David Dunlap Observatory radial velocity program of bright, close binary stars (conducted in the last 10 years before the observatory closure in 2008) has shown, there are problems when spectroscopic results are confronted with light‐curve solutions: Very frequently, t.
Gender Factor in Recognizing the Emotional State of a Person by His Audio-video Images

A nnotation : Introduction . Gender differences in the perception of human emotional states are usually studied on the material of static images of the face, gestures or postures. The dynamics and multiplicity of manifestations of emotions remain behind the scenes. The proposed work is aimed at finding patterns of perception of the procedural characteristics of the expression of emotions. The influence of gender and age on the identification of emotional states in ecologi - cally and socially valid situations is investigated. Methodology . It is based on the Russian version of the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test (Geneva emotion Recognition Test , GERT). The subjects, 48 women and 48 men, aged 20 to 62, were randomly presented with 83 audio-video clips recording fourteen key emotional states. Along with facial expressions, gestures, movements of the head and eyes, changes in the position of the body, the actors voiced pseudo-linguistic statements containing expressive intonations. An abbreviated version of the Geneva Wheel of Emotions was used as a tool for assessing emotional states. Each video clip was shown to the observer for 3–5 s. Gender differences in the responses in the accuracy of identification and the categorical structure of the tested expressions were determined. Discussion . Women, compared with men, more accurately recognize multimodal dynamic emotions, especially those expressed by women. Men are more sensitive to the nuances and semitones of the states they demonstrate. Sex and age differences in identification accuracy are statistically significant for five emotions: joy, amusement, irritation, anger, and surprise. On women's faces, joy, surprise, irritation and anger are more accurately recognized by women after 35 years. On male faces, surprise is less accurately recognized by men under 35; entertainment, irritation, anger - after 35 years. The dependence of the accuracy of recognition of multimodal dynamic expressions of emotions on the degree of arousal in male observers was not found, in women it is multidirectional, determined by the modality of emotion, the sex of the actor and the age of the observer.