Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
N-Grams: A Tool for Repairing Word Order Errors in Ill-formed Texts

This paper presents an approach for repairing word order errors in English text by reordering words in a sentence and choosing the version that maximizes the number of trigram hits according to a language model. A possible way for reordering the words is to use all the permutations. The problem is that for a sentence with length N words the number of all permutations is N! The novelty of this method concerns the use of an efficient confusion matrix technique for reordering the words. The confusion matrix technique has been designed in order to reduce the search space among permuted sentences. The limitation of search space is succeeded using the statistical inference of N-grams. The results of this technique are very interesting and prove that the number of permuted sentences can be reduced by 98,16%. For experimental purposes a test set of TOEFL sentences was used and the results show that more than 95% can be repaired using the proposed method. Keywords—Permutations filtering, Statistical language model N-grams, Word order errors, TOEFL
We are not amused - but how do you know? user states in a multi-modal dialogue system

For the multi-modal dialogue system SmartKom, emotional user states in a Wizard-of-Oz experiment as, e.g., joyful, angry, helpless, are annotated holistically and based purely on facial expressions; other phenomena (prosodic peculiarities, offtalk, i.e., speaking aside, etc.) are labelled as well. We present the correlations between these different annotations and report classification results using a large prosodic feature vector. The performance of the user state classification is not yet satisfactory; possible reasons and remedies are discussed.
MULTI-INTERFACE WIRELESS MESH NETWORK

Dynamic Channel Switching System (DCSS) has been proposed as a solution to improve the capacity of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) which is compliant with IEEE 802.11 standards. DCSS divides wireless interfaces into data receiving and data sending interfaces. The receiving interfaces stay on specified channels, while the sending interfaces can be switched as necessary. A node sends the data by switching the sending interface to the channel assigned to the receiving interface of the communicating node. However, outward and return paths routed by conventional routing algorithms are generally the same. As a result, intermediate nodes have to switch their interface channel frequently and compete with other nodes to use receiver's channel. This leads to significant degradation in their throughput. Therefore, this paper proposes a disjoint path routing scheme in order to prevent the frequent interface switching and improve the throughput performance in the WMN. Simulations revealed that the proposed routing scheme can produce excellent performance compared with the conventional routing schemes.
CSMA over time-varying channels: optimality, uniqueness and limited backoff rate

Recent studies on MAC scheduling have shown that carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) algorithms can be throughput optimal for arbitrary wireless network topology. However, these results are highly sensitive to the underlying assumption on `static' or `fixed' system conditions. For example, if channel conditions are time-varying, it is unclear how each node can adjust its CSMA parameters, so-called backoff and channel holding times, using its local channel information for the desired high performance. In this paper, we study `channel-aware' CSMA (A-CSMA) algorithms in time-varying channels, where they adjust their parameters as some function of the current channel capacity. First, we show that the achievable rate region of A-CSMA equals to the maximum rate region if and only if the function is exponential. Furthermore, given an exponential function in A-CSMA, we design updating rules for their parameters, which achieve throughput optimality for an arbitrary wireless network topology. They are the first CSMA algorithms in the literature which are proved to be throughput optimal under time-varying channels. Moreover, we also consider the case when back-off rates of A-CSMA are highly restricted compared to the speed of channel variations, and characterize the throughput performance of A-CSMA in terms of the underlying wireless network topology. Our results not only guide a high-performance design on MAC scheduling under highly time-varying scenarios, but also provide new insights on the performance of CSMA algorithms in relation to their backoff rates and underlying network topologies.
SVM-based Multiview Face Recognition by Generalization of Discriminant Analysis

Identity verification of authentic persons by their multiview faces is a real valued problem in machine vision. Multiview faces are having difficulties due to non-linear representation in the feature space. This paper illustrates the usability of the generalization of LDA in the form of canonical covariate for face recognition to multiview faces. In the proposed work, the Gabor filter bank is used to extract facial features that characterized by spatial frequency, spatial locality and orientation. Gabor face representation captures substantial amount of variations of the face instances that often occurs due to illumination, pose and facial expression changes. Convolution of Gabor filter bank to face images of rotated profile views produce Gabor faces with high dimensional features vectors. Canonical covariate is then used to Gabor faces to reduce the high dimensional feature spaces into low dimensional subspaces. Finally, support vector machines are trained with canonical sub-spaces that contain reduced set of features and perform recognition task. The proposed system is evaluated with UMIST face database. The experiment results demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed system with high recognition rates.
A parametric model and Maximum Likelihood estimation of neural rate functions

Accurately recovering stimulus information from measured neural responses is a common task in the analysis and modeling of the central nervous system. Notable variability in action potential timing invoked by similar stimuli suggests stochastic modeling is appropriate. This work presents a Maximum Likelihood estimator for a parametrized rate function under the assumption that spiking follows a inhomogeneous Poisson process. We present a flexible and scalable model, as well as the Cramer-Rao lower bound for a broad class of rate functions. Simulation results are generated and compared to this bound. The proposed estimator yields results close to the lower bounds when the order of the model can be well approximated. Our work shows that such statistical estimation techniques for neural rate functions provide highly accurate results and relatively low computation complexity.
Ultrasound and ultraviolet: crypsis in gliding mammals

Gliding is only present in six extant groups of mammals—interestingly, despite divergent evolutionary histories, all mammalian gliders are strictly nocturnal. Gliding mammals also seem to have relatively high rates of ultrasound use and ultraviolet-induced photoluminescence (UVP) in contrast with their close relatives. Therefore, we hypothesized that, despite diverging lineages, gliding mammals use similar modes of cryptic communication compared to their non-gliding counterparts. We developed two datasets containing the vocal range (minimum-maximum of the dominant harmonic; kHz) and UVP of 73 and 82 species, respectively; we report four novel vocal repertoires and 57 novel observations of the presence or absence of UVP. We complemented these datasets with information about body size, diel activity patterns, habitat openness, and sociality to explore possible covariates related to vocal production and UVP. We found that the maximum of the dominant harmonic was significant higher in gliding mammals when vocalizing than their non-gliding relatives. Additionally, we found that nocturnality was the only significant predictor of UVP, consistent with the previous hypothesis that luminophores primarily drive UVP in mammal fur. In contrast, however, we did not find UVP ubiquitous in nocturnal mammals, suggesting that some unknown process may contribute to variation in this trait.
Protein and amino acid needs of the strength athlete.

The debate regarding optimal protein/amino acid needs of strength athletes is an old one. Recent evidence indicates that actual requirements are higher than those of more sedentary individuals, although this is not widely recognized. Some data even suggest that high protein/amino acid diets can enhance the development of muscle mass and strength when combined with heavy resistance exercise training. Novices may have higher needs than experienced strength athletes, and substantial interindividual variability exists. Perhaps the most important single factor determining absolute protein/amino acid need is the adequacy of energy intake. Present data indicate that strength athletes should consume approximately 12-15% of their daily total energy intake as protein, or about 1.5-2.0 g protein/kg.d-1 (approximately 188-250% of the U.S. recommended dietary allowance). Although routinely consumed by many strength athletes, higher protein intakes have not been shown to be consistently effective and may even be associated with some health risks.
Optimizing Routing Performance in Flying Ad hoc Networks using an Adaptive Hello Interval Scheme

Hello messaging is a method to obtain local link connectivity information in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). The existing routing protocols used in the MANETs – e.g., the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) protocol, and the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol – use a constant periodicity of the hello messages for detecting a change in network topology and for maintaining an accurate knowledge of the local connections. In this paper, we apply an enhanced hello messaging scheme to Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs). Our proposed enhancement is to make the hello interval adaptive based on the relative speeds among the aerial nodes, e.g., the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The motivation is to achieve a balance between the conflicting objectives of reducing the hello interval (to ensure a quick detection of link changes) and reducing the messaging overhead and energy consumption (which requires an increased hello interval). We propose to update the hello interval based on three parameters: (i) the transmission range of the aerial nodes, (ii) the node density, and (iii) the speed of a node relative to the neighboring nodes. We conduct extensive simulations and show that – compared to the existing schemes based on the hello messaging – our proposal achieves an improved throughput and reduces the messaging overhead and energy requirement.
Optimized Deadline Assignment and Schedulability Analysis for Distributed Real-Time Systems with Local EDF Scheduling

The assignment of scheduling parameters under the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling policy is trivial in single processor systems because deadlines are used directly. However, it is still difficult to find a feasible deadline assignment for EDF distributed systems when the utilization levels of the CPUs and communication networks are pushed near to their limits. Most distributed applications specify end-to-end deadlines for each transaction and there are no individual deadlines assigned to their tasks or messages. This paper presents a new heuristic algorithm, called HOSDA (Heuristic Optimized Scheduling Deadline Assignment), for optimizing the assignment of deadlines to tasks and messages in distributed hard real-time systems. The algorithm is based on HOPA (Heuristic Optimized Priority Assignment), a previous method for the assignment of priorities in fixed priority distributed systems. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with two other algorithms that exist for solving the same problem, and show that a utilization increase of up to 18% is possible. The paper also proposes a new schedulability analysis technique for EDF distributed systems with local scheduling deadlines.
Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiographic findings and subsequent short‐term adverse cardiac events after orthotopic liver transplantation

Cardiovascular (CV) complications are the leading cause of non–graft‐related death in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) patients. Pretransplant cardiac evaluation using dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is commonly utilized for risk stratification of OLT candidates. To determine if clinical and echocardiographic variables identify patients with increased CV risk, we performed a retrospective chart review of all 284 patients that underwent OLT at our institution between June 1999 and August 2005. Of these patients, 157 had a DSE prior to their OLT. Serious adverse CV events occurring during surgery and up to 4 months post‐transplantation were defined as cardiac‐related death, myocardial infarction (MI), new heart failure, or asystole or unstable ventricular arrhythmia requiring acute treatment. Sixteen of 157 patients (10%) had an adverse CV event with 2 deaths. These included ventricular tachycardia (n = 8), asystole (n = 2), MI (n = 5), and new heart failure (n = 1). Nine of the 16 CV events occurred at the time of surgery (including both deaths), 5 occurred postoperatively, and 3 occurred after hospital discharge. Variables that correlated with increased CV events were inability during DSE to achieve >82% of the maximum predicted heart rate (22% versus 6%, P = 0.01), a peak rate pressure product during DSE of <16,333 (17% versus 5%, P = 0.02), and a Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of >24 at the time of OLT. A multivariate model calculated from the DSE maximum achieved heart rate (MAHR) and MELD score (result = 3.78 + 0.07 MELD − 0.05 MAHR) identified a 47% risk for a value > 0 versus a 6% risk for a value < 0 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the maximum heart rate achieved during DSE together with the MELD score may be a predictor of adverse CV events up to 4 months post‐OLT. A large prospective study is needed to more decisively support this conclusion. Liver Transpl 14:886–892, 2008. © 2008 AASLD.
Emotional intelligence scale for medical students

Background: Emotional Intelligence has been associated with positive outcome process in varied professions. There is paucity of Indian literature on the subject; especially involving medical undergraduates; and presently there is no scale available to measure the same in the Indian scenario. Objective: To develop a scale to measure Emotional Intelligence among medical undergraduates. Materials and Methods: Four domains of Emotional intelligence were selected, viz. Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social-Awareness & Social-Skills and these were included for the purpose of domains of the scale. On the basis of focused group discussions and in-depth deliberations with experts, undergraduate and postgraduate medical students a pool of 50 items was generated. The items were reduced to 27 based on expert consensus and on the basis of frequency of endorsement by expert reviews. It was followed by a pilot study of 50 undergraduates. This completed the preparation of the preliminary draft based on content analysis. The questionnaire was then administered in 480 students and the data was analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. For the purpose of concurrent validity, emotional intelligence scale developed by Dr. Ekta was used. Results: The Cronbach's Alpha for Internal Consistency Reliability was 0.68. The EIS had a significant correlation with social awareness domain of Emotional Intelligence Test (EIT) establishing Concurrent Validity. Conclusion: Emotional Intelligence Scale for medical undergraduates was constructed. Reliability and concurrent validity were also established for the same.
Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life

Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life; 437 pages. Washington, DC: National Academy Pr; 1997. $66.00. ISBN 0309063728. Order phone 800-624-6242. Field of medicine: Hospice and palliative care. Format: Hardcover book. Audience: Medical students, graduate students, and physicians seeking an understanding of the components of and quality standards for end-of-life care. Purpose: To strengthen popular and professional understanding of good care at the end of life. Content: This report presents the findings of an Institute of Medicine study evaluating end-of-life care in the United States. It argues that we can do much more to relieve suffering and increase personal dignity at the end of life. The text explores all aspects of end-of-life care, including care standards and financial, legal, and educational issues. It closes with extensive references, examples, and a list of committee members and their credentials. Highlights: A notable chapter discusses quality standards in end-of-life care and the instruments used to measure outcomes. Another explores financial and economic issues and can assist clinicians in containing costs while maintaining standards. A valuable chapter on legal issues will help clinicians understand their responsibilities and accountability. Another chapter outlines some practical steps for improving end-of-life care. Clear, helpful examples are given throughout the text. Limitations: No clinical treatment guidelines are presented. Directions and issues in research are addressed, but the book barely touches on current trends in treatment. Related reading: Only a few other books address the issues covered in this text. Hospice: Practice, Pitfalls, and Promise, by Connor (Taylor & Francis, 1998), offers a view of the hospice movement in the United States and discusses common treatments in the hospice setting but lacks the extensive research and comprehensive presentation of the Institute of Medicine study. New Themes in Palliative Care, edited by Clark, Hockley, and Ahmedzai (Open University Pr, 1997), addresses policy, ethical, and clinical issues in countries other than the United States. Hospice and Palliative Care, edited by Sheehan and Forman (Jones & Bartlett, 1996), discusses hospice care in the United States but is more simplistic than Approaching Death and only scratches the surface of the enormous issues faced by hospice today. Reviewer: Lisa Stepp, MS, RN, Dallas, Texas.
Liquid Fuel From Bio-Mass

Bio-energy is now accepted as having the potential to provide the major part of the projected renewable energy provisions of the future. Pyrolysis is one of the three main thermal routes, with gasification and combustion, for providing a useful and valuable bio-fuel. Thermal pyrolysis of castor seeds, soybean seeds and polanga de-oiled cake were carried out in a semi batch reactor made up of stainless steel at temperature range from 450oC to 600oC to produce bio-fuel. The effect of temperature on pyrolysis of the above raw materials is studied to know the optimum temperature for maximum liquid yield. The thermal degradation temperatures of the raw materials are studied using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) at a heating rate of 20oC/min. in air atmosphere. The oil samples obtained at optimum condition is analyzed according to their fuel properties, elemental analysis, functional group presents, and compounds presents.
Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control for Ship Station Keeping

This paper addresses the design process of diagnosis and fault-tolerant control when a system should operate despite multiple failures in sensors or actuators. Graph-theory based analysis of systems structure is demonstrated to be a unique design methodology that can cope with the diagnosis design for systems of high complexity, and also analyze the cases of cascaded or multiple faults. The paper takes as example a ship with two CP propellers and a bow thruster as actuators, and instrumentation with a suite of global position sensors, inertial navigation units and conventional gyro units to provide motion information. A salient feature of the design method is the ability to analyze cases where faults have occurred and easily determine where in the faulty system diagnosability and controllability are retained
A 140µA 34ppm/°C 30MHz Clock Oscillator in 28nm CMOS Bulk Process

This paper presents a 30MHz ring based clock oscillator in 28nm CMOS bulk process embedded in a negative feedback loop achieving 0.57% peak-to-peak temperature spread (worst case process corners) from - 40°C to 125°C and consuming 140μA current from 1.8V regulated voltage supply. Since the oscillation frequency of the ring oscillator is locked to Icomp/(C*Vref) by the loop, the bias current (Icomp) and voltage (Vref) can be independently temperature compensated to achieve very low temperature spread of the frequency in our implementation. The presented design achieves a temperature spread which is 10x lower than conventional RC oscillator in spite of high temperature coefficient (363 ppm/°C) of precision resistor available in the technology and absence of complementary temperature coefficient resistors. SPICE simulation results of the designed oscillator in 28nm CMOS bulk process along with performance summary and comparisons with other works have been included.
Chlorogenic Acid Protects Cell Death in the Cerebellum through Anti-Apoptotic Protein Bcl2 in Transient Global Ischemia Cases

Background: Cerebellum is one of the vital components of the brain that will be affected by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. IR injury will increase free radicals, which in turn can trigger apoptosis and cell death. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the effect of chlorogenic acid administration on apoptosis and the number of cells in the cerebellum of rats with global ischemic transients.Materials and methods: Wistar rats were divided into five groups: sham-operated (C1), IR (C2), IR + 15 mg/kgBW chlorogenic acid (T1), IR + 30 mg/kgBW chlorogenic acid (T2), and IR + 60 mg/kgBW chlorogenic acid (T3). C2, T1, T2, and T3 groups received bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCCO) surgery to induce IR injury. Thirty minutes after BCCO surgery, T1, T2, and T3 rats were administered chlorogenic acid in various doses intraperitoneally. RNA extraction and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) measurements were then performed on NeuN, Bcl2, Bax, caspase 3, as well as on GAPDH as housekeeping genes.Results: There were significant differences in NeuN expressions between groups, with the highest expression shown in C1 followed by T3. Bcl2 expressions were also significantly different between groups, and rats in C1 and T3 showed to be significantly higher compared to C2, while T1 was significantly lower than C1. However, Bax and caspase 3 expressions showed no significant differences.Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid in 60 mg/kgBW dose increases NeuN expression and Bcl2 mRNA expression after transient global ischemia. These increases might correlate with the heightened level of protection against apoptosis in the cerebellum, hence showing its potential in protecting neuron cells.Keywords: transient global ischemia, chlorogenic acid, cerebellum, apoptosis