Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A bisimilarity metric for processes based on game semantics

Bisimulation relation is one of the most important equivalence relations in the process calculus for judging whether two processes are equivalent. In practical applications, when bisimulation equivalence is not available between two processes, we need to know how much extent that one process can simulate the other process. In this paper, we define a bisimilarity metric between two finite-state processes based on the bisimulation game semantics. We also propose an algorithm to calculate the bisimilarity metric. A tool is developed to implement this algorithm.
CYCLOSTATIONARY ANALYSIS OF ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARING VIBRATION SIGNALS

Vibration signals resulting from rolling-element bearings present a mixture of physical information, the proper analysis of which can lead to the identification of possible faults. Traditionally, this analysis is performed by the use of signal processing methods, which assume statistically stationary signal features. The paper proposes an alternative framework for analyzing bearing vibration signals, based on cyclostationary analysis. This framework, being able to model, additionally, signals with periodically varying statistics, is better able to exhibit the underlying physical concepts of the modulation mechanism present in the vibration response of bearings. The basic concepts of the approach are demonstrated both in illustrative simulation results, as well as in experimental results and industrial measurements for two different types of bearing faults.
Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy of the H II Region G353.2+0.9 in NGC 6357 and Its Relation to Pismis 24

G353.2+0.9 is the brightest H II region in NGC 6357. The present observations imply that it is optically thin and contains ∼300 M⊙ of ionized gas. It is probably expanding into the surrounding medium as a result of its higher thermal pressure. Its chemical composition is similar to that found in other H II regions located at comparable galactocentric distances. The inner regions are probably made of thin shells and filaments, whereas extended slabs of material, probably shells seen edge-on, are found in the periphery. Extinction, although abnormal, is quite uniform but somewhat larger in the brightest optical regions. The radio continuum and Hα emission maps are very similar, indicating that most of the optical nebula is not embedded in the denser regions traced by molecular gas and by the presence of IR sources. About 1050 UV photons per second are required to produce the Hβ flux from the 11. ′3 × 10′ region surrounding Pis 24. Thus, most of the energy powering G353.2+0.9 and the surrounding environment is produced by the O3–O7 stars in Pis 24. Practically all Two Micron All Sky Survey sources with large near-infrared excesses are within G353.2+0.9, indicating that the most recent star-forming process occurred in this region. Some amount of heating and ionization is due to these stars. The formation of the Pis 24 cluster preceded and caused the formation of this new generation of stars and may be responsible for the present-day morphology of the entire NGC 6357 region.
A new algorithm for image denoising based on tetrolet transform

This paper introduces a new class of denoising function that has continuous derivative for image denoising. And a new algorithm are presented. First, we apply tetrolet transform to noise image and obtained tetrolet coefficient. Second, by using the new denoising function, we present an adaptive method based on SURE Risk. Instead of the global hard-thresholding algorithm for image denoising, we minimize an estimate of the mean square error by using adaptive genetic algorithm. At last Numerical experiments show that the proposed new algorithm can significantly outperform the original hard-thresholding method both in terms of PSNR and in visual quality.
Water quality assessment by an integrated multi-sensor based on semiconductor RuO2 nanostructures

A multi-sensor based on a nanostructured semiconductor ruthenium oxide (RuO2) sensing electrode (RuO2-SE) deposited on an alumina substrate and capable of being coupled with a simple turbidity sensor has been evaluated for long-term pH stability during a 12-month non-stop trial. The multi-sensor is designed to detect the main parameters of water quality: pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, conductivity and turbidity over a temperature range of 9–30 °C. The morphology of the film SE used in the sensor structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray-analysis at the beginning of the trial and after 12 months of service. It was found that both morphology and surface compositions of nanostructured RuO2-SEs did not change significantly. They keep their high sensitivity to adsorption of superoxide ions (O2−) despite heavy depositions of bio-fouling. The sensors with a RuO2-SE have demonstrated a stable Nernstian response to pH from 2.0 to 13.0 and were also capable of measuring DO in the range of 0.6–8.0 ppm. The measurement results show very good linearity, and excellent reproducibility was obtained during the trial. The Nernstian slope was approximately 58 mV pH−1 at a temperature of 23 °C. Although RuO2-SEs have been shown to exhibit very good response time for pH changes, within a few seconds at a temperature of 23 °C, as the water temperature cooled down, the sensor response time increased significantly and was about 8–10 min or longer at a temperature of 9 °C. The influence of hydrogen ion (H+) diffusion in nanostructured RuO2 films on the output emf drift during pH measurements was also investigated. Additional turbidity and conductivity measurements revealed that the multi-sensor is capable of measuring both high and low ranges at different temperatures, exhibiting a high linearity of characteristics.
Lead telluride doped with rare‐earth elements

This study was undertaken to investigate the potential advantages of certain rare‐earth elements as n‐type dopants for lead chalcogenide diode lasers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. It was found that holmium (Ho), dysprosium (Dy), and erbium (Er) are n‐type dopants in PbTe, producing maximum electron concentrations of 1×1019 cm−3 at 77 K. However, annealing under tellurium‐rich conditions caused PbTe samples doped with these elements to convert to p‐type under some annealing conditions. The diffusion coefficient of Ho in PbTe at 370 °C is less than 1×10−16 cm2/s at high concentration (>1×1018 cm−3). At low concentration (∼1017 cm−3), fast diffusing Ho was observed. Significant degradation of contacts to Ho‐, Dy‐, and Er‐doped PbTe was observed after prolonged aging.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES FOR R‐INDEX

R-index is an important statistic for testing and measuring product effects. The validation and merits of R-index are to a great extent due to the fact that it is closely related to the famous Mann–Whitney U statistic. Based on this fortunate relationship, statistical analyses for R-index are explored. The statistical analyses include estimations of R-index and its null and nonconditional variances with and without assuming continuity of data; difference and similarity tests using R-index; powers and sample sizes for the tests; linking R-index with Thurstonian d (or d). The new techniques developed in the paper extend greatly the original R-index analysis for categorical ratings data. It is expected that the recognition of the profound theoretical origin of R-index and the available statistical analyses for R-index will provide the impetus for the resurgence of interest in using R-index in sensory and consumer researches.
Survey on Automatic Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Screening

Diabetic retinopathy is a medical condition in which fluid escapes from the retina, causing retinal damage. It was among the most common metabolic diseases, affecting healthy living across the world and causing mild-to-severe additional consequences. Diabetic individuals frequently have severe retinal capillary aneurysms, haemorrhage, and edoema, which can result in non-proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edoema. Blindness can occur as a result of uncontrolled and severe diabetic retinopathy. Some clinical, geometrical, and hemodynamic aspects of diabetic retinopathy are recognised by medical specialists. These characteristics include blood vessel area, exudates, microaneurysm, haemorrhages, and neovascularization, among others. Several recent investigations have shown that the occurrence of DR varies by age of insulin start, type of diabetes, and ethnicity.
A 1–18 GHz Single Supply 5-Bit Low Power Consumption MMIC Digital Attenuator

A broad band 1 to 18 GHz 5-bit Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) digital attenuator presented in this paper. The presented attenuator has high accuracy, low insertion loss, low insertion phase shift and low power consumption and is realized using enhancement/depletion (E/D) mode GaAs pseudomorphic high electron-mobility transistor (pHEMT) process. Attenuator fabricated in 0.25um GaAs PHEMT process. The digital attenuator achieves a 15.5dB dynamic attenuation range stepped by 0.5dB with better than 5.7dB insertion loss over the band and fewer than +/-0.5dB major state attenuation error in the band 8-18GHz. Major state linear phase variation less than 20deg realized in die size of 1.46x1. 6 sq.mm.
The Performance Evaluation of Pre-trained CNN Architectures for Tumor Classification

Tumor is characterized by abnormal and unregulated proliferation of cells in the human body. Slow-growing tumors with clear boundaries and that seldom metastasize, are called benign tumors. Tumors that have the capacity to both intrude nearby normal tissue and propagate throughout the body via the circulatory or lymphatic system are called malignant or cancerous tumors. Both benign as well as malignant tumors are life threatening as they can result in serious dysfunction of the brain. The optimal treatment of brain tumor depends on its early detection and classification. Developments in the field of artificial intelligence have aroused tremendous interest in designing automated diagnostic systems. This study aims to perform an initial investigation of the performance of various pre-trained CNN architectures in tumor detection from medical images in a uniform environment. Results established the superiority of inception class networks.
A Wideband Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for Active Array Radar Applications in X Band

This article presents a wideband circularly polarized patch antenna designed on PTFE (Teflon) substrate in X band. The simulation of the design shows that by introducing two asymmetric diametrically opposite slots on the patch, two orthogonal modes are generated which can create a phase difference of 90° on the radiated fields. Particularly, this antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 45.36%, (7.7-11.8) GHz, axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of < 3dB (9.05-9.8) GHz which is 8.51% and a gain of over 5 dB in the X band. The designed antenna has the potential to be used in the formation of an active array system for weather and unmanned aerial vehicle detection radar.
Design and Performance of Hexagonal Patch Antenna using Porcelain Dielectric Material in Comparison with Lead glass Dielectric Material

In this work the proposed novel hexagonal patch antenna using hexagonal patch is designed on Porcelain dielectric substrate and its performance is analyzed by using SPSS software. The antenna has been analyzed for various dimensions of slots and based on the performance the antenna is chosen. Analysis was carried out by designing the Hexagonal patch antenna using Porcelain dielectric material in comparison with Lead glass dielectric material. This process was analyzed using SPSS software, and it has originally two individual groups in which each group contains 15 samples. The G power value is 80%. The Novel Hexagonal patch antenna designed using Porcelain dielectric material has better gain performance compared with the Hexagonal patch antenna designed using Lead glass. The gain of Hexagonal patch antenna using Porcelain is (6.631dB) whereas using lead glass is (5.566 dB). The simulation results show that the Hexagonal patch antenna designed by using porcelain dielectric material has high gain performance in comparison with the Hexagonal patch antenna designed using Lead glass dielectric.
Using Classifier with Gated Recurrent Unit-Sigmoid Perceptron, Order to Get the Right Bird Species Detection

The method for classifying a picture using the CNN algorithm and various activation functions is the subject of this research study. From a human perspective, there are several sorts of situations found in birds, such as various sizes, altitudes, colours, and forms. There is a more substantial variety in photos to recognize the species of bird than there is in the accepted audio categorization of birds. Additionally, people have a really tough time identifying birds from photos. The system is suggested to support the concepts of identifying a portion of the birds and extracting the CNN characteristics using several convolutional layers in order to discriminate and categorise the birds. These characteristics are then gathered and presented to the decoder at that time for classification. Various bird photos and activation functions are used to test the CNN method. The nodes of the picture are checked to the different testing data sets, such as cifar-10 and Berkeley Birds 200, with order to determine their correctness. Python is used to create the suggested system in either Omnibus 3 or Dragonfly 3 programs. According to the experiment results and analyses, CNN with activated Re LU-Sigmoid outperforms CNN with the other activation functions in terms of accuracy.
COMSOL 3D Simulation of Heat Distribution in a Simplified Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell - Thermoelectric Generator Hybrid System

Renewables are receiving a great deal of attention worldwide. Amongst the photovoltaic solar cells, Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a further-looking, ease of manufacture solar cell. When it is exposed to sun light, the accumulated heat has a degradation process. This accumulated heat can be transported because of the temperature gradient and the transported heat can be converted into electricity vie Seebeckeffect. Therefore, the device which converts the accumulated heat to electricity via Seebeck – effect is the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG). In this article, the heat distribution across the structure of a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell – Thermoelectric Generator hybrid system has been simulated using COMSOL Multyphysics Modeling platform in three-dimension in stationary mode. Furthermore, the following simplifications have been taken into consideration in order to conduct the study: (i) between the DSSC and TEG an aluminum sheet is located; (ii) in the built system, the DSSC and the aluminum sheet are considered as a homogenous layer. As a result, because of this, it is only marked with the aluminum sheet; (iii) the heat is accumulated in the aluminum sheet which dissipates 1 mW. The built model for the simulation is a simplified one to make the simulation easier. On the other hand, this work is preliminary results. Thermoelectric module which consists of heat transfer in solids module and electric current module was added to investigate the heat distribution across the system.
Emotion Detection using Facial Expressions

Emotional Expressions gives us much-needed details about a person's feelings and sentiment. Geometry and appearance are the main base of the FER system. With the advancement in machine learning, it has become possible to detect emotions from voice, text, and pictures. As of now, extensive advanced machines are utilizing emotion recognition to make their communication better with humans. Facial Expression Recognition (FER) mainly depends on deep learning models trained with comprehensive datasets. We have used the supervised feature selection technique to decrease the dataset's size. This paper supplies us with a comparative analysis of numerous tactics and algorithms which have been studied for sensing different human facial expressions. The study implements extensive forms of surveys and research work done by different scholars and researchers which focuses on many outlooks recognized in emotion detection.
Modified Sierpinski and its use in Fractal Patch Antenna for Miniaturization and Multiband Behavior

The characteristics like self-similarity and space filling are the unique properties of Fractal geometries. The geometries associated with fractal designs have been exploited, by the researchers for designing an antenna to have the mentioned properties. The article proposes a modified Sierpinski fractal design to give better miniaturization as equated to the conventional Sierpinski geometry. The advised design miniaturizes the triangular patch antenna by more than 50%. The two geometries are compared for a microstrip patch antenna. The comparison is done for the planar antenna on Roggers RO4003 lossy substrate with permittivity of 4.3 and the fractalization has been done up to fourth iteration. The calculations and simulations of S11(dB) and radiation pattern have been completed and mentioned in this communication.
A Low-Complexity Decoupling and Matching Technique Using a Third-Order LC Network

A novel decoupling technique to enhance the isolation between two antennas is proposed. This provides a compact and distributed solution to the problem of isolation enhancement in any two closely spaced antennas. Closed-form design formulas for the LC decoupling network are derived. The proposed technique is applied to decouple three types of antennas and it is shown that the LC network provides good isolation while preserving the input matching characteristics.
Design and Verification of a Novel Anchor Shaped Double Negative Metamaterial Unit Cell

In this manuscript, a novel anchor-shaped double negative metamaterial is proposed. The structure is designed to resonate at 2.45 GHz. The unit cell is designed on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4, and simulated using Ansys HFSS. The unit cell exhibits a double negative behavior and negative refractive index behavior. The robust and popularly used Nicolson-Ross-Weir and Transmission-Reflection methods were implemented on MATLAB to extract and validate the metamaterial characteristics. This novel metamaterial unit cell covers 1 GHz to 4.8 GHz which is one of the most extensively researched and employed bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. The bandwidth performance of this new structure for double negative behavior is compared to other unit cells. It shows better performance with comparable size and outperforms the other geometries. This metamaterial is well-suited for a wide range of applications like wireless communication, biomedical applications in ISM (2.4 GHz) band and $\mathbf{5}\mathbf{G}$ communication services in the sub-6 GHz range.
A NRI-TL Metamaterial Based Dual-band Phase Shifter

This paper presents a new reconfigurable phase-shifter based upon the theory of negative refractive index transmission line (NRI-TL) metamaterial unit cells. The lumped elements are inter-switchable among them with biased polarities of two pin diodes. The design layout of the proposed phase-shifter has been studied in Keysight ADS and consequently modeled using the equivalent microstrip configuration in CST Microwave Studio solver. A compact parallel phase-shifter has been designed on the RO4003C substrate covering an area of 46.40 mm × 45 mm. The dual-band characteristics has been realized in two distinct frequency bands of 1.26 GHz and 2.4 GHz enhancing its efficiency and operating range over the respective bandwidths of 120 MHz and 200 MHz. A nearly constant of average phase differences of 110° and 60° have been achieved in the respective bands of operation. The slope of the differential phase shift has been achieved close to 5° making this device a unique one. The high return losses in the two bands of operation result in better performance of the phase-shifter. The proposed prototype can find applications in phased-array antennas, military applications and aerospace industries.
Multi-Cloud based Task Scheduling using Many Objective Intelligent Technique in IoT

The Internet of Things is a vast network that connects various smart devices and things all over the place. The IoT's expansion causes unprecedented data growth, standard methods of information processing or storage are inefficient, and there is a higher danger of security breaches if the data is used maliciously. A platform for high-performance, secure computing is multi-cloud. For the Internet of Things, this work develops a multi-cloud task scheduling model with six goals: time complexity, price, internet traffic, energy usage, resource utilization, and load balancing. The sine function is used to create the model in this study's multi-objective intelligent algorithm, which considers that the population's tendency for variation in diversity strategy is similar to the sine function. The trial findings show exceptional scheduling effectiveness, increasing security. This paper offers a fresh approach to the challenging issue of data processing in IoT.
Implementing a Smart Monitoring System with Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks

In this article, we investigate how to build an intelligent network unit over a wireless network. To do so, we make use of a resilient routing strategy made available by the Protocol for power (RPL), the definition of which is currently being considered. Our architecture is based on a simple binary web service execution of the RE presentational State Transfer (REST) paradigm and an executing strategy in which every node makes a collection of components (such as atmospheric sensors) available to parties who are concerned with them. We present an evaluation of RPL by means of an experimental inquiry, with the focus being on how well it creates the routing structure to highlight how the efficiency of routing is influenced by the fundamental properties of RPL.
Design of MMIC Ka Band Low Noise Amplifier

A Ka-band monolithic low-noise amplifier (LNA) with high gain, low noise figure (NF), good input (output) return loss with high linearity has been designed for the operating frequency range of 33-37.4 GHz using 0.15um enhancement mode (E-mode) gallium arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (p-HEMT) process. The LNA employs FET feedback along with a source degeneration to achieve peak performance. The three-stage monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) LNA has attained a gain of 22.5 dB and a NF of 1.74 dB with good input return loss of 18dB and output return loss of 19dB at center frequency (35.61GHz). The output 1-dB compression point (P1dB) at 35.61 GHz is 17.3dBm. To our knowledge, this combination of NF, input/output return losses, gain, and linearity performance represents the state of the art in this frequency band.