Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retarding Short-Term Capital Inflows Through Withholding Tax

This paper proposes a price-based measure to mitigate the destabilizing impact of the volatility of global capital movements on the domestic economy of a country pursuing sound economic policies. The measure is a withholding tax on all private capital inflows, with a credit and refund provision that operates within the administrative framework of the existing domestic tax system to relieve noncapital inflows from the tax. This withholding tax, which is substantially more difficult to evade than the much-discussed alternative of imposing non-remunerated reserve requirements, can be implemented with little additional costs to the taxpayers and the tax authorities.
Financial Objectives and Directors' Remuneration

The theory of financial management suggests that the objective of the firm is to maximise shareholder wealth. The valuation of the firm is its net operational cash flows discounted at the stock market's average required rate of return. A firm's risk class determines the rate of return required by investors. The operating objective for management is to maximise the difference between operational receipts and operational expenditures plus investment, whilst minimising risk. However, the separation of ownership by shareholders and control by professional managers enables directors to pursue objectives other than maximisation of shareholder wealth. Directors might attempt to maximise sales revenue, maximise growth in assets or employees, maximise value added or even their own well‐being. They may choose to pursue multiple objectives as described in corporate planning systems. Multiple objectives may include social goals as well as goals relating to marketing, production, personnel and finance. It has been suggested that levels of directors' remuneration might be associated with the extent to which directors achieve corporate objectives. Several research projects have tried to identify the major determinants of directors' remuneration. Some of these are summarised below.
Sunitinib (Sutent, SU11248), a Small-Molecule Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Blocks Function of the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1) and ABCG2

Sunitinib malate (Sutent, SU11248) is a small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits cellular signaling of multiple targets such as the platelet-derived growth factor receptors and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and is used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Because tyrosine kinase inhibitors are known to increase the p.o. bioavailability and brain penetration of chemotherapy drugs in animal models, we sought to examine the effect of sunitinib on the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1), the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1), and ABCG2, which are known to transport a wide variety of anticancer drugs. In this study, we show that sunitinib inhibits P-gp- and ABCG2-mediated efflux of fluorescent substrates in cells overexpressing these transporters. In 4-day cytotoxicity assays, at a nontoxic concentration (2 μM) sunitinib was able to partially reverse drug resistance mediated by P-gp and completely reverse resistance mediated by ABCG2. We further show a direct interaction of sunitinib with the substrate binding pocket of these transporters as it inhibited binding of the photoaffinity substrate [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin to P-gp (IC50 = 14.2 μM) and ABCG2 (IC50 = 1.33 μM). Sunitinib stimulated the ATP hydrolysis by both transporters in a concentration-dependent manner. Conformation-sensitive antibody binding assays with the P-gp- and ABCG2-specific antibodies, UIC2 and 5D3, respectively, also confirmed the interaction of sunitinib with these transporters. Taken together, this is the first report showing that sunitinib inhibits transport mediated by ABC drug transporters, which may affect the bioavailability of drugs coadministered with sunitinib.
Improving Multi Step-ahead Model Prediction using Multiple Neural Networks Combination through Forward Selection ( FS ) Technique

* Corresponding author, Tel : +604-599 5999 ext 6462, Fax : +604 594 1013 Abstract-Currently, combining multiple neural networks appears to be a very promising approach in improving neural network generalisation since it is very difficult, if not impossible, to develop a perfect single neural network. In this paper, individual networks are developed from bootstrap re-samples of the original training and testing data sets. Instead of combining all the developed networks, this paper proposes selective combination techniques: forward selection. These techniques essentially combine those individual networks that, when combined, can significantly improve model generalisation. The proposed techniques are applied to modelling irreversible exothermic reaction in CSTR. Application results demonstrate that the proposed techniques can significantly improve model generalisation and perform better than aggregating all the individual networks.
Low-Cost Student Labor: The Use and Effects of the Subminimum Wage Provisions for Full-Time Students

Section 14(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act permits certain classes of employers to pay full-time students a wage fifteen percent below the minimum wage. This study develops a new data base from administrative records, our own survey of participating company and establishment managers, and published information on local labor markets to investigate employer responses to a subminimum wage program. Our analysis of the full-time student certification program has yielded four general conclusions. First, while the most important users of the program are institutions of higher education, certain non-educational employers in the retail and service sectors employ a sufficiently large and increasing number of students below the minimum wage to suggest that the program has considerable attractiveness in the private sector. Second, area labor market conditions are a major determinant of which establishments with permits to pay students subminimum wages in fact make use of the program and the extent of that use. Establishments in areas characterized by high wages and low levels of unemployment, implying high costs in employing or locating substitute labor, make more use of student subminimum workers than establishments in areas with lower costs for substitute labor. The magnitude of the effect of area wage is, however, sensitive to the precise specification of the full-time student employment equation and the variable used to measure area wage. Although this sensitivity leads to variations in the estimation of the elasticity of substitution between student and other labor, reasonable estimates of this elasticity range from . 5 to 1.0. Among company characteristics, unionism reduces program usage, while certain company incentives promote use of the program. Finally, restrictions in the law placed on hours worked at the subminimum appear to be a major reason for failure to employ students under this program.
When Governance Fails: Naming Directors in Class Action Lawsuits

This paper examines one type of failure in the governance system, the case where directors do not protect shareholders from securities fraud. We find that shareholders can influence large changes in governance and compensation by targeting the full board of directors, but it is more costly in terms of legal fees. Naming directors in a class action lawsuit based on securities fraud, on average, leads to increases in CEO incentive pay, but decreases in director incentive pay. Additionally, naming directors results in a greater change in board composition. These changes in compensation and corporate governance appear to lead to enhanced performance in the years following the lawsuit.
Abnormal expression and glycosylation of the large and small isoforms of myelin‐associated glycoprotein in dysmyelinating quaking mutants

The relative expression of large (L) and small (S) iso‐forms of the myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) and their glycosylation were compared in developing spinal cord of quaking and control mice. Using anti‐sera specific for L‐ and S‐MAG, respectively, it was shown that S‐MAG is the principal isoform in quaking mice at all ages between 13 and 72 days, although L‐MAG was just detectable by western blotting at the early ages. Both L‐ and S‐MAG have higher apparent molecular weights in quaking mice than in controls. Experiments involving lectin binding and glycosidase treatment demonstrated that the higher molecular weight of MAG in the quaking mutant was due to a higher content of N‐acetyineuraminic acid residues linked α2‐3 to galactose as well as to more branching of oligosaccharide moieties indicated by a higher content of subterminal galactose residues. The total sialic acid measured by HPAE‐chromatography in purified quaking MAG was 40% higher than in control MAG. By contrast, quaking MAG contained less of the adhesion‐related, HNK‐1 carbohydrate epitope. Another difference was that a lower molecular weight form of MAG with predominantly high mannose oli‐gosaccharides was prominent in young quaking mice, but not in controls. The abnormalities of MAG expression related to splicing of its mRNA and glycosylation may contribute to the myelin pathology in quaking mutants. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shared appointments in heart failure: team model value add or not ready for prime time?

In this issue of Circulation: Heart Failure , Smith et al1 report findings from a randomized trial comparing usual care posthospital discharge (healthcare provider led office appointments) and usual care plus 4 weekly shared (group) appointments and 1 booster shared appointment at 6 months, involving groups of 4 to 8 patients, who were discharged ≤8 weeks prior. The premise was that shared appointments would allow for more extensive education, more face time with healthcare providers, greater opportunities to identify self-management issues and greater opportunities for multidisciplinary professionals and fellow patients to engage in problem solving for themselves and others. The intervention group received transportation vouchers and an experienced heart failure (HF) nurse practitioner, mental health clinical nurse specialist, social worker, and dietician used 2 theoretical models to guide the intervention. The Chronic Care Model2,3 focused on patients by encouraging and activating them to be engaged in self-management and also on the healthcare team, by ensuring that they were prepared and proactive in fostering productive, interactive relationships. The second model, the American College of Physicians’ Family Home Care Management Guide, offered multiple strategies to enhance postdischarge care, including video education, shared group visits, and patient-centered medical home concepts. Patients randomized to both groups received standardized HF education beyond what was delivered during hospitalization in the form of a 5-part digital video disc of self-management strategies. Patients in the usual care group took the digital video disc home and patients receiving shared appointments reviewed and discussed 1 segment of the digital video disc as a group at each intervention visit. Article see p 888 The shared appointments’ intervention had multiple features. Patients completed daily self-monitoring checklists/diaries of weight, sodium and fluid intake, physical activity, HF symptoms, and emotions and brought their information to shared appointments. During the shared …
A novel multidimensional protein identification technology approach combining protein size exclusion prefractionation, peptide zwitterion-ion hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and nano-ultraperformance RP chromatography/nESI-MS2 for the in-depth analysis of the serum proteome and phosphoproteo

The current proof-of-principle study was aimed toward development of a novel multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) approach for the in-depth proteome analysis of human serum derived from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) using rational chromatographic design principles. This study constituted an extension of our published work relating to the identification and relative quantification of potential clinical biomarkers in BPH and prostate cancer (PCa) tissue specimens. The proposed MudPIT approach encompassed the use of three distinct yet complementary liquid chromatographic chemistries. High-pressure size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for the prefractionation of serum proteins followed by their dialysis exchange and solution phase trypsin proteolysis. The tryptic peptides were then subjected to offline zwitterion-ion hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) fractionation followed by their online analysis with reversed-phase nano-ultraperformance chromatography (RP-nUPLC) hyphenated to nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass analyzer. For the spectral processing, the sequential use of the SpectrumMill, Scaffold, and InsPecT software tools was applied for the tryptic peptide product ion MS(2) spectral processing, false discovery rate (FDR) assessment, validation, and protein identification. This milestone serum analysis study allowed the confident identification of over 1955 proteins (p ≤ 0.05; FDR ≤ 5%) with a broad spectrum of biological and physicochemical properties including secreted, tissue-specific proteins spanning approximately 12 orders of magnitude as they occur in their native abundance levels in the serum matrix. Also encompassed in this proteome was the confident identification of 375 phosphoproteins (p ≤ 0.05; FDR ≤ 5%) with potential importance to cancer biology. To demonstrate the performance characteristics of this novel MudPIT approach, a comparison was made with the proteomes resulting from the immunodepletion of the high abundant albumin and IgG proteins with offline first dimensional tryptic peptide separation with both ZIC-HILIC and strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography and their subsequent online RP-nUPLC-nESI-MS(2) analysis.
Asymmetries in the conditional mean and conditional variance in the exchange rate: evidence from within and across economic blocks

The paper tests the hypothesis that both the conditional mean and the conditional variance of exchange rates are asymmetric functions of past information. This hypothesis is tested by estimating an Asymmetric Threshold GARCH model for fifteen currencies. The empirical evidence suggests that both the conditional mean and the conditional variance respond asymmetrically to past information, with an AR(1) structure within blocks and an ARMA(1,1) structure for the EU currencies against the dollar. It is found that the conditional mean is an asymmetric function of past innovations, rising proportionately more during appreciation periods within and across blocks. This implies that, on average, the market incorporates positive news (depreciations) more quickly than negative news (appreciations). The conditional variance is an asymmetric function of past innovations as well, rising proportionately more during depreciations within blocks and appreciation periods across blocks. Furthermore, asymmetries in the conditional mean are linked to asymmetries in the conditional variance because the more rapid adjustment of the market to depreciations causes greater volatility during these periods. This, in turn, causes within blocks a slower speed of adjustment in the variance to devaluations than to appreciations. Finally, greater efficiency in currency markets is found within blocks than across blocks.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type‐1 as a Regulator of Fibrosis

Fibrosis is known as a frequent and irreversible pathological condition which is associated with organ failure. Tissue fibrosis is a central process in a variety of chronic progressive diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and persistent inflammation. This state could contribute to chronic injury and the initiation of tissue repair. Fibrotic disorders represent abnormal wound healing with defective matrix turnover and clearance that lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. A variety of identified growth factors, cytokines, and persistently activated myofibroblasts have critical roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Irrespective of etiology, the transforming growth factor‐β pathway is the major driver of fibrotic response. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) is a crucial downstream target of this pathway. Transforming growth factor‐β positively regulates PAI‐1 gene expression via two main pathways including Smad‐mediated canonical and non‐canonical pathways. Overexpression of PAI‐1 reduces extracellular matrix degradation via perturbing the plasminogen activation system. Indeed, elevated PAI‐1 levels inhibit proteolytic activity of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator which could contribute to a variety of inflammatory elements in the injury site and to excessive matrix deposition. This review summarizes the current knowledge of critical pathways that regulate PAI‐1 gene expression and suggests effective approaches for the treatment of fibrotic disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 17–27, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[Effect of nicotine on the secretion of TNF of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro].

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of nicotine on the secretion of TNF of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro, and explore the possible mechanism of the high level of TNF caused by smoking. METHODS Twenty-one non-smokers and 19 smokers were studied. The PBMCs isolated from each volunteer's blood sample were distributed to three groups, and cultured for 72 hours in supplemented RMPI 1640 alone or in supplemented RPMI 1640 containing 50 ng.ml-1 nicotine or 500 ng.ml-1 nicotine respectively. The level of TNF in supernate was quantified with the immuno-radioassay, and PBMC proliferation was observed. RESULTS The level of TNF spontaneously secreted by PBMCs in smokers was significantly higher than that in non-smokers (P < 0.05). When the concentrations of nicotine were 50 ng.ml-1 and 500 ng.ml-1, the level of TNF increased significantly in non-smokers (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In smokers, the level of TNF significantly increased when the concentration of nicotine was 50 ng.ml-1; however, the level of TNF significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the proliferation of PBMCs was inhibited when the concentration of nicotine was 500 ng.ml-1 (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). The level of TNF was positively correlated to the multiple of PBMC proliferation (r = 0.93, P < 0.05). The linear regression equation was Y = 2.913X - 2.955. CONCLUSION Nicotine can induce PBMCs to secrete more TNF, and the magnitude of the effect is strongly related to the dosage of nicotine, but a great dose of nicotine will inhibit the production of TNF.
PREDICTORS OF ELECTORAL TURNOUT: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON*

Voter turnout in the United States is much lower than in almost all other democratic countries. This has been interpreted as a symptom of popular alienation from the political system, suspicion of politicians, and pessimism about the consequences of political activity. When these perspectives are measured directly, however, it is clear that Americans score very low on almost every item. Indeed, there is no relationship between political con- tentment and turnout. Turnout does not reflect international variations in acceptance of politicians or the political system. Rather, it responds to variations in the bureaucratic steps required to cast a ballot. The United States is one of a handful of countries that require a separate step-registra- tion-before the citizen can vote; and with the partial exception of France it is the only country in which the individual rather than the state bears the responsibility for registration. Copyright 1990 by The Policy Studies Organization.
Commonality in Trading Activity and Futures-Cash Basis: Evidence from the Taiwan Futures and Stock Markets

This study examines commonality in trading activity by various types of institutional investors across futures and stock markets, and the dynamic relationship between the common factors in trading activity and the futures-cash basis. The empirical results provide evidence of commonality in trading activity by various types of institutional investors across futures and stock markets. Additionally, this paper finds that the first principal component of trading activity is most closely related to the futures trading of mutual funds. Moreover, the empirical results indicate that the first principal component of trading activity and mutual funds’ futures trading Granger-cause the futures-cash basis and vice versa. Finally, the results of the impulse response functions show that the first principal component of trading activity as well as mutual funds’ futures trading have a greater impact on the futures-cash basis than other common factors and other investor types.
The Effect of Fiscal Policy in Indonesia: Structural VAR Analysis

This paper is an attempt to investigate the effect of fiscal policy on output in Indonesia using Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) methodology for the period 1983:1 – 2010:1. We use contemporaneous restriction and follow Blanchard and Perotti (1999) technique to identify structural fiscal policy shocks in Indonesia. The estimation results show that the government spending shocks are found to have relatively small (though positive) but insignificant effect on output. Moreover, the spending composition matters as government investment gives better impact on output than government consumption. In this study, we investigate also the effect of fiscal policy on GDP component in term of private component and private investment. The results also show similar story with the aggregate level in which give positive sign but insignificant on both components. Overall, the findings indicate the less potent fiscal policy to stimulate output while putting upward pressure on nominal interest rate.
Retornos Anormais das Ações Pós-Pagamento de Dividendos: Um Estudo Empírico no Mercado Brasileiro a partir de 2009

O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relacao entre o dividend yield e o retorno anormal acumulado no periodo pos-pagamento de dividendos, considerando instabilidade economica. Utilizou-se metodologia similar a Novis Neto e Saito (2003) e Kuronuma et al. (2004). Os resultados indicam que a diferenca dos retornos anormais acumulados do grupo com alto dividend yield para o grupo com baixo foi estatisticamente insignificante para o periodo analisado, o que vai contra os resultados encontrados anteriormente. O trabalho sugere que a relevância do dividend yield para o retorno das acoes nao pode ser explicado unicamente pelo efeito fiscal.
The association between research and development expenditure and firm performance: testing a life cycle hypothesis

Although prior studies provide evidence that investment in research and development (R&D) expenditure enhances a firm's performance, very little evidence is available on the impact of a firm's life cycle stages on the association between R&D expenditures and firm performance. We classify firms into three-life cycle stages, namely, growth, mature and stagnant, and choose four-life cycle classification variables which are dividends, sales growth, capital expenditure and firm age. Using 769-firm-year observations over a period of 11-years in Australia, we find that the abnormal returns to unexpected expensed R&D amounts are significantly negative. Further, our results suggest that market reaction to expensed R&D is more negatively pronounced during the stagnant phase of a firm's life cycle, suggesting that the market perceives that firms have limited prospects to derive benefits arising out of expensed R&D expenditures. The results suggest that the relationship between performance and investment in R&D is not linear but is moderated by a firm's life cycle which should be taken into account when making policy that is based on stock-based performance.