Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Study and Motion Analysis of Arc Spot Initiated on Nanostructured Tungsten

Arcing on the nanostructured tungsten surface has been examined recently because it gives rise to the erosion of materials and impurity transport toward the core plasma in a nuclear fusion reactor. Arcing was initiated on a helium-exposed tungsten surface, on which nanostructured tungsten was formed, by irradiation with ruby laser pulses of 0.08 MJ·m-2. The motion of an arc spot was observed with a fast-framing camera. The magnetic field strength and arc current dependences of velocity were discussed on the basis of experimental observation. Arc trails were observed using a digital fine scope to determine the relationship between the grouping width of an arc trail and arc velocity; the changes in grouping width and condition of the specimen surface are discussed. Spectroscopic measurements were performed to determine the electron temperature by the Boltzmann plot method.
New directions for a speech‐based speech transmission index

The standardized method for determining the speech transmission index (STI) involves the use of a specific intensity‐modulated test signal. The STI is obtained from measurements on the transmission channel, usually showing reductions of the modulation depths in the received test signal. Instead of using an artificial signal, various approaches have been suggested in the literature to use speech as a test signal [cf. Payton et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 2431 (2002)]. Such a speech‐based STI has several advantages, e.g., predicting intelligibility differences due to speaking style and enabling the evaluation of vocoders. As we encountered shortcomings and inaccuracies in the existing speech‐based STI methods, we propose a new procedure for estimating the speech‐based modulation transfer function (MTF) which approaches the accuracy of conventional STI implementations. The new procedure uses the cross spectrum between the transmitted and received speech signals, with special phase weighting to address the .
Plasma Astrophysics: Kinetic Processes in Solar and Stellar Coronae, Second Edition

A collision-less plasma is an ionized fluid that is so hot and tenuous that interactions between individual particles are unimportant. In such a plasma, electric and magnetic fields mediate interactions among particles, and fundamental physics is addressed by kinetic theories that describe not only the spatial and temporal variations of the medium, but also its velocity-space properties. The outer corona of our Sun and the outer coronae of many stars are collision-less plasmas. Thus, the preface of Plasma Astrophysics begins. “This textbook is intended as an introduction to the physics of solar and stellar coronae, emphasizing kinetic plasma processes. ” But the content extends well beyond the stated purview. In fact, many plasmas of the universe are collision-less, including many space plasmas—those that are subject to in situ measurements by spacecraft—and a wide variety of astrophysical plasmas. Thus, although the parameters and phenomena that characterize the collision-less plasmas of space, the solar corona, and astrophysics are often very different, the physics in each case derives from the same fundamental kinetic plasma theory.
An Evaluation of Summer Discomfort in the United State Using a Relative Climatological Index

Abstract A relative climatological index is developed to evaluate interregional variations in human discomfort and the impacts of weather on a variety of socioeconomic parameters. The “weather stress index” is designed to assess the frequency and magnitude of the most uncomfortable weather conditions, and data inputs are limited to air temperature, dewpoint, and wind speed. The index is constructed by calculating the apparent temperature using a simple algorithm and comparing how a particular day's apparent temperature varies from the mean for that day at that locale. The index ranges from 0 percent to 100 percent, with the most uncomfortable apparent temperatures exhibiting the highest values. A geographical distribution of July apparent temperatures at the 95 percent and 99 percent weather-stress-index level indicates that the central and south central United States experience the highest apparent temperatures in the nation. These conditions occur when the surface flow permits maritime air to intrude wh.
Effects of natural and simulated rainfall on indicators of ensilability and nutritive value for wilting alfalfa forages sampled before preservation as silage 1

The frustrations of forage producers attempting to conserve high-quality alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) silage during periods of unstable or inclement weather are widely known. Our objectives for this series of studies were to (1) assess indicators of ensilability, such as pH, buffering capacity, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and starch for wilting alfalfa forages receiving no rainfall or damaged by simulated or natural rainfall events; (2) use these data as inputs to calculate the threshold moisture concentration that would prohibit a clostridially dominated fermentation; and (3) further evaluate the effects of rain damage or no rain damage on measures of forage nutritive value. Rainfall events were applied to wilting forages by both simulated and natural methods over multiple studies distributed across 4 in-dependent forage harvests. Generally, simulated rainfall was applied to alfalfa under controlled conditions in which forages were relatively wet at the time of application, and subsequently were dried to final moisture endpoints under near ideal conditions within a constant temperature/humidity environmental chamber, thereby limiting postwetting wilting time to ≤21 h. As a result, indicators of ensilability, as well as measures of nutritive value, changed only marginally as a result of treatment. Consistently, reductions in concentrations of WSC and starch occurred, but changes in WSC were relatively modest, and postwetting concentrations of WSC may have been buoyed by hydrolysis of starch. When forages were subjected to natural rainfall events followed by prolonged exposure under field conditions, indicators of ensilability were much less desirable. In one study in which alfalfa received 49.3 mm of natural rainfall over a prolonged (8-d) field-exposure period, fresh pH increased from 6.48 to 7.43 within all forages exposed to these extended, moist wilting conditions. Furthermore, sharp reductions were observed in buffering capacity (410 vs. 337 mEq/kg of DM), WSC (6.13 vs. 2.90%), starch (2.28 vs. 0.45%), and clostridially dominated fermentation (62.7 vs. 59.4%). Based on these experiments, the potential for good fermentation is affected only minimally by single rainfall events applied to relatively wet forages, provided these events are followed by rapid dehydration; however, attaining acceptable silage fermentations with forages subjected to prolonged exposure under poor drying conditions is likely to be far more problematic.
A note on invariance of multiple tests

The property of invariance—well‐known for a single test problem—is extended to multiple test problems. It is shown that the invariance of the components of a multiple test is necessary and sufficient for the multiple test to be invariant. Furthermore, the invariance of stepwise procedures is investigated. An example is given addressing some related aspects.
On subdirect products of type FP m of limit groups

Abstract We show that limit groups are free-by-(torsion-free nilpotent) and have non-positive Euler characteristic. We prove that for any non-abelian limit group the Bieri–Neumann–Strebel–Renz Σ-invariants are the empty set. Let s ⩾ 3 be a natural number and G be a subdirect product of non-abelian limit groups intersecting each factor non-trivially. We show that the homology groups of any subgroup of finite index in G, in dimension i ⩽ s and with coefficients in ℚ, are finite-dimensional if and only if the projection of G to the direct product of any s of the limit groups has finite index. The case s = 2 is a deep result of M. Bridson, J. Howie, C. F. Miller III and H. Short.
Response: Statistical Models of Educational Stratification—Hauser and Andrew's Models for School Transitions

Hauser and Andrew marry two good ideas that emerged within quanti tative social science during the 1970s-namely, the multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC) model for multivariate responses and the logistic response model for transitions between stages of educational attainment. The MIMIC model, now part of standard textbooks for structural equation models with latent variables (e. g., Bollen 1989), is a natural, rigorous, and efficient way to represent the effects of exogenous variables on multiple endogenous variables (Hauser and Goldberger 1971). It is also a tool for testing whether a set of variables "behave as a scale" in their relationship to other variables in a multivariate model and thus for avoiding ad hoc, unsubstantiated index construction (e. g., Hauser 1973). As Hauser and Andrew note, the logistic response model for school transitions is a widely used tool for the analysis of educational stratification, allowing investigators of family background effects on ed ucational attainment to recognize that schooling is a sequence of events in time rather than a single status, and that the sources of inequality of educational opportunity and outcome may be different at different stages of schooling. It is gratifying to see that these ideas have contin ued to inspire application, discussion, and improvement approximately 30 years after they were introduced. In this comment, I place my
Conductor microstructures by laser curing of printed gold nanoparticle ink

The laser-based curing of printed nanoparticle ink to create microlines (resistors) of electrical resistivity approaching that of bulk gold was investigated. The present work relies on laser absorption in both the nanoparticle ink and the sintered gold layer, as well as the transport of thermal energy in the substrate and the resulting solvent vaporization and nanoparticle deposition and sintering. The morphology and electrical properties of the gold line can be controlled by modulating the spatial distribution of the laser beam intensity. Based on the understanding of the underlying physics, a process that circumvents a serious drawback on the functionality of cured gold microlines is produced. Microconductors with resistivity approaching that of bulk gold are produced, while loss of gold nanoparticles and cross sectional nonuniformities are avoided.
Invariant subspaces and reducing subspaces of weighted Bergman space over bidisk

In this paper, we study the invariant subspace and reducing subspace of the weighted Bergman space over bidisk. The minimal reducing subspace of Toeplitz operator TzN = TzN 1 z N 2 is completely described, and Beurling-type theorem of some invariant subspace of the weighted Bergman space over bidisk is also obtained.
Discovering Planetary Systems through Gravitational Microlenses

Planetary systems of Galactic disk stars can be detected as microlenses of stars in the Galactic bulge. Planets in a solar-like system positioned half-way to the Galactic center should leave a noticeable signature (magnification larger that 5%) on the light curve of a gravitationally lensed bulge star in ∼20% of the microlensing events. This high probability results from a coincidence between Jupiter's orbital radius and the solar Einstein radius at this distance. Typical planetary signals last for about 1 day, a small fraction of the approximately 1 month duration of the entire microlensing event
An LMI approach for H ∞ analysis and control of discrete-time piecewise affine systems

In this paper we investigate some analysis and control problems for discrete-time hybrid systems in the piece-wise affine form. By using arguments from the dissipativity theory for non-linear systems, we show that H X analysis and synthesis problems can be formulated and solved via linear matrix inequalities by taking into account the switching structure of the considered system. In this paper we address the generalized problem of controlling hybrid systems whose switching structure does not depend only on the state but also on the control input.
S-convex approximations

Let B-s([a, b]; mu (1), mu (2),. ,mu (s-1)) be the class of all distribution functions of random variables with support in [a, b] having mu (1), mu (2),. , mu (s-1) as their first s - 1 moments. In this paper we examine some aspects of the structure of B-s ([a, b]; mu (1), mu (2),. , mu (s-1)) and of the s -convex stochastic extrema in it. Using representation results of moment matrices Li la Lindsay (1989a), we provide conditions for the admissibility of moment sequences in B-s ([a, b]; mu (1), mu (2),. , mu (s-1)) in terms of lower bounds on the number of support points of the corresponding distribution functions. We point out two special distributions with a minimal number of support points that are the s-convex extremal distributions. It is shown that the support points of these extrema are the roots of some polynomials, and an efficient method for the complete determination of the distribution functions of these extrema is described. A study of the goodness of fit, of the approximation of an arbitrary element in B-s ([a, b]; mu (1), mu (2),. , mu (s-1)) by One of the stochastic s-convex extrema, is then given. Using standard ideas from linear regression, we derive Tchebycheff-type inequalities which extend previous results of Lindsay (1989b), and we establish some limit theorems involving the moment matrices. Finally, we describe some applications in insurance theory, namely, we provide bounds on Lundberg's coefficient in risk theory, and on the actual interest rate relating to a life insurance policy. These bounds are obtained with the aid of the s-convex extrema, and are determined only by the support and the first few moments of the underlying distribution.
Spinodal decomposition to control magnetotransport in (Ge,Mn) films

Changing the morphology of the growing surface and the nature of residual impurities in (Ge,Mn) layers dramatically changes nanospinodal decomposition, i.e., the morphology of ferromagnetic Mn-rich inclusions. By this way, we are able to control the magnetotransport properties of (Ge,Mn) films. By using different substrates and substrate preparation, we have indeed obtained p -type layers with nanocolumns, either parallel or entangled, and n -type layers with spherical clusters. Holes exhibit an anomalous Hall effect and electrons exhibit a tunneling magnetoresistance, both with a clear dependence on the magnetization of the Mn-rich inclusions; holes exhibit orbital MR and electrons show only the normal Hall effect, and an additional component of magnetoresistance due to weak localization, all three being independent of the magnetic state of the Mn-rich inclusions. Identified mechanisms point to the position of the Fermi level of the Mn-rich material with respect to the valence band of germanium as a crucial parameter for the control and the optimization of magnetotransport in such hybrid layers.
Phase diffractive optical elements for the Hadamard expansion

An iterative method in this paper reports the design of a phase diffractive optical element (DOE) that has a transmission function in the form of a linear combination of a finite number of Hadamard functions with different carrier spatial frequencies. If such a DOE is coupled with a spherical lens and illuminated by the light wave, the light intensities in desired points will be proportional to the squared modules of the expansion coefficients of that light field in terms of the Hadamard basis. It is found that 80% of the incident light energy is accounted for by the formation of the desired coefficients.
On the role of sparsity in inverse problems

Abstract This paper addresses the regularization of linear inverse problems with so-called sparsity constraints in terms of ℓ P -penalty terms. Error estimates and convergence rates are derived. The application of the generalized gradient projection method and the semismooth Newton method to the according minimization problem is shown. Numerical experiments show the efficiency of the semismooth Newton method.
Fabrication of 3-Dimensional Structure of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor Embodied in the Convex Corner of the Silicon Micro-Fluidic Channel

As micro-fluidic systems and biochemical detection systems are scaled to smaller dimensions, the realization of small and portable biochemical detection systems has become increasingly important. In this paper, we propose a 3-dimensional structure of a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor(3-D MOSFET) using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) anisotropic etching, which is a suitable device for combining with a micro-fluidic system. After fabricating a trapezoidal micro-fluidic channel, the 3-D MOSFET embodied in the convex corner of the micro-fluidic channel was fabricated. The length of the gate is about 20 µm and the width is about 9 µm. The depth and top width of the trapezoidal micro-fluidic channel are about 8 µm and 60 µm, respectively. The measured drain saturation current of the 3-D MOSFET was about -22 µA at VGS=-5 V and VDS=-5 V, and the device characteristics exhibit a typical MOSFET behavior. Moreover, a gold layer was used for the MOSFET's gate metal to detect charged biochemical samples using the affinity between gold and thiol.
Employment of Artificial Magnetic Metamaterials to Effectively Reduce the Back-Lobe of Patch Antennas

Abstract In this article, we present the employment of a proper set of artificial magnetic inclusions to dramatically reduce the back-lobe of patch antennas. The layout consists of a regular microstrip antenna surrounded by split-ring resonators (SRRs). These artificial magnetic inclusions are designed in order to resonate at the antenna operating frequency so that the surface waves are blocked and the front-to-back ratio of the antenna is increased. A numerical investigation of the near-zone magnetic field is conducted in order to propose a suitable arrangement of the SRRs around the antenna, aimed to obtain an effective 2D-isotropic suppression of the surface waves. Since inclusions located at the periphery of the structure resonate at a higher frequency, multiple split-ring resonators (MSRRs) are also used in order to reduce the resonant frequency of the peripheral inclusions. Finally, full-wave numerical simulations confirming the effectiveness of the proposed design and showing how the resonating artificial magnetic inclusions surrounding the antenna effectively suppress the back-lobe are presented.
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMULATION SCHEME FOR A STORM-SCALE MODEL

Currently, the data analysis system (ADAS, Brewster 1996) of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS, Xue et al. 2001; Xue et al. 1995) of CAPS employs the Bratseth (1986) interpolation scheme based on successive corrections. The system has been successfully used in research and operational mesoand storm-scale simulations and forecasting, and is flexible in dealing with data of varying spatial densities. It is also computationally very efficient. A drawback of such schemes, including the until-recent-years rather popular optimal interpolation (OI) schemes (Bratseth scheme actually converges to OI), is that observations that differ from the analysis variables cannot be directly analyzed. Examples include the precipitable water from GPS, satellite radiances, radar radial velocity and reflectivity. Variational methods have the advantages of being able to directly use the observations in a cost function, and through the minimization of this function the desired analysis variables that give a best fit to the data, subjecting to background and other dynamical constraints, can be obtained. While four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation is generally considered superior, a 3D variational (3DVAR) assimilation system is the necessary first, and also computationally more efficient, step towards that goal. 3DVAR systems have been developed and operationally implemented for largescale NWP at several operational centers in recent years (e.g., Parrish and Derber 1992; Courtier 1998) and progresses are also being made in developing systems for mesoscale mo dels (e.g., Wu et al, 2001). In this paper , an incremental 3DVAR system developed recently for the ARPS is described. In the system, the background error covariance matrix is modeled using a recursive filter (Hayden and Purser 1995) and the square root of the matrix is used for preconditioning. Some initial numerical experiments have been conducted based on this scheme and the results are compared with that from ADAS.
Solving endogeneity problems in multilevel estimation: an example using education production functions

This paper explores endogeneity problems in multilevel estimation of education production functions. The focus is on level 2 endogeneity which arises from correlations between student characteristics and omitted school variables. Theses correlations are mainly the result of student stratification between schools. From an econometric point of view, the correlations between student and school characteristics imply that the omission of some variables may generate endogeneity bias. Therefore, an estimation approach based on the Mundlak [20] technique is developed in order to tackle bias and to generate consistent estimates. Note that our analysis can be extended to any multilevel-structured data (students nested within schools, employees within firms, firms within regions, etc). The entire analysis is undertaken in a comparative context between three countries: Germany, Finland and the UK. Each one of them represents a particular system. For instance, Finland is known for its extreme comprehensiveness, Germany for early selection and the UK for its liberalism. These countries are used to illustrate the theory and to prove that the level of bias arising from omitted variables varies according to the characteristics of education systems.
Synthesis of optimal control in a mathematical model of tumour–immune dynamics

An optimal control problem for a mathematical model of tumour–immune dynamics under the influence of chemotherapy is considered. The toxicity effect of the chemotherapeutic agent on both tumour and immunocompetent cells is taken into account. A standard linear pharmacokinetic equation for the chemotherapeutic agent is added to the system. The aim is to find an optimal strategy of treatment to minimize the tumour volume while keeping the immune response not lower than a fixed permissible level as far as possible. Sufficient conditions for the existence of not more than one switching and not more than two switchings without singular regimes are obtained. The surfaces in the extended phase space, on which the last switching appears, are constructed analytically.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximation of digital filters in one and two dimensions

An algorithm for the time domain approximation of discrete systems with a recursion is described. The algorithm iterates towards a solution minimizing the sum of squared differences between the desired and the actual output. Convergence is guaranteed. The scheme is applied to the design of low-pass filters by time domain approximation. The results compare well with other design strategies. We have extended the algorithm to two dimensions. This algorithm is essentially the same iterative scheme used for the one-dimensional case. The two-dimensional iteration achieves better results than the currently used two-dimensional filter synthesis techniques since the starting point of the iteration is the solution of the latter approach. Usually, a few iterations suffice to improve the solution in a satisfactory amount. Convergence is also guaranteed. An example of two-dimensional impulse response approximation is also given as an illustration.