Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immunostaining for the α3 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase is selective for functionally identified muscle spindle afferents in vivo

Muscle spindle afferent (MSA) neurons can show rapid and sustained firing. Immunostaining for the α3 isoform of the Na+/K+‐ATPase (α3) in some large dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and large intrafusal fibres suggested α3 expression in MSAs ( Dobretsov et al. 2003 ), but not whether α3‐immunoreactive DRG neuronal somata were exclusively MSAs. We found that neuronal somata with high α3 immunointensity were neurofilament‐rich, suggesting they have A‐fibres; we therefore focussed on A‐fibre neurons to determine the sensory properties of α3‐immunoreactive neurons. We examined α3 immunointensity in 78 dye‐injected DRG neurons whose conduction velocities and hindlimb sensory receptive fields were determined in vivo. A dense perimeter or ring of staining in a subpopulation of neurons was clearly overlying the soma membrane and not within satellite cells. Neurons with clear α3 rings (n= 23) were all MSAs (types I and II); all MSAs had darkly stained α3 rings, that tended to be darker in MSA1 than MSA2 units. Of 52 non‐MSA A‐fibre neurons including nociceptive and cutaneous low‐threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM) neurons, 50 had no discernable ring, while 2 (Aα/β cutaneous LTMs) had weakly stained rings. Three of three C‐nociceptors had no rings. MSAs with strong ring immunostaining also showed the strongest cytoplasmic staining. These findings suggest that α3 ring staining is a selective marker for MSAs. The α3 isoform of the Na+/K+‐ATPase has previously been shown to be activated by higher Na+ levels and to have greater affinity for ATP than the α1 isoform (in all DRG neurons). The high α3 levels in MSAs may enable the greater dynamic firing range in MSAs.
Outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 3 in a neonatal nursery

Human parainfluenza type 3 is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia after respiratory syncytial virus. In a recent outbreak of nosocomial respiratory illness in a neonatal intensive care unit, parainfluenza type 3 virus was isolated in 6 of 17 neonates cultured (5 symptomatic patients and 1 asymptomatic patient). Eighteen of 52 nursing personnel had been ill during the previous week and concomitantly, with cough and nasal congestion. These personnel and all patient care givers were asked to submit nasopharyngeal cultures. Parainfluenza type 3 virus was recovered from 2. Glove and gown barriers and cohorting of infant patients limited further spread of the disease.
A heuristic-based approach for systematic error correction of gaze data for reading

In eye-tracking research, temporally constant deviations between users’ intended gaze location and location captured by eye-samplers are referred to as systematic error. Systematic errors are frequent and add a lot of noise to the data. It also takes a lot of time and effort to manually correct such disparities. In this paper, we propose and validate a heuristic-based technique to reduce such errors associated with gaze fixations by shifting them to their true locations. This technique is exclusively applicable for reading tasks where the visual objects (characters) are placed on a grid in a sequential manner; which is often the case in psycholinguistic studies.
Influence of Multiple Risk Behaviors on Physical Activity–Related Injuries in Adolescents

OBJECTIVE. The study objectives were to (1) examine the relationship between physical activity and physical activity injuries in youth, (2) determine whether this relationship is modified by the engagement in multiple risk behaviors, and (3) determine whether this relationship is modified by the setting of the injury (school versus outside of school). METHODS. We examined associations between physical activity and multiple risk behaviors with physical activity injuries occurring at and outside of school. The study population consisted of a representative sample of 5559 Canadian youth in grades 6 through 10 who participated in the 2001/2002 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Survey. The exposure and outcome measures were determined from a classroom-based survey. RESULTS. Irrespective of grade, there were strong gradient relations between physical activity participation and related injuries outside of school. Conversely, there were modest relations between physical activity participation and related injuries at school. In students in grades 6 to 8, there was no relation between multiple risk behaviors and physical activity injuries at school and a curvilinear relation between multiple risk behaviors and physical activity injuries outside of school. The opposite pattern of relationships between multiple risk behaviors and injuries was observed in students in grades 9 to 10. Irrespective of grade and setting of injury, there was no significant interaction between physical activity and multiple risk behaviors on injury risk. The results were consistent by severity of injury and for structured/organized and unstructured/informal forms of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS. The environment moderated the relation between physical activity and related injuries in that strong risk gradients only existed outside of the school setting. Unexpectedly, there were no consistent gradients between the engagement in multiple risk behaviors and physical activity injuries or any interaction effect between physical activity exposure and multiple risk behaviors. These findings suggest that optimizing the environment would be a preferred strategy for preventing physical activity injuries compared with selectively targeting youth who engage in multiple risk behaviors.
Low Parasite Load Estimated by qPCR in a Cohort of Children Living in Urban Area Endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil

Background An important issue associated with the control of visceral leishmaniasis is the need to identify and understand the relevance of asymptomatic infection caused by Leishmania infantum. The aim of this study was to follow the course of asymptomatic L. infantum infection in children in an area of Brazil where it is endemic. The children were assessed twice during a 12-month period. Methodology In this population study, 1875 children, ranging from 6 months to 7 years of age, were assessed. Blood samples were collected on filter papers via finger prick and tested by ELISA (L. infantum soluble antigen and rk39). Seropositives samples (n = 317) and a number of seronegatives samples (n = 242) were subjected to qPCR. After 12 months, blood samples were collected from a subgroup of 199 children and tested for Leishmania spp. to follow the course of infection. Principal Findings At baseline qPCR testing identified 82 positive samples. The prevalence rate, as estimated for 1875 children based on the qPCR results, was 13.9%. The qPCR testing of whole blood samples collected from a cohort of children after 12 months (n = 199) yielded the following results: of the 44 (22.1%) children with positive qPCR results at baseline, only 10 (5.0%) remained positive, and 34 (17.1%) became negative; and of the 155 (77.9%) children with negative qPCR results, 131 (65.8%) remained negative, and 24 (12.1%) became positive at the follow-up measurement. The samples with positive findings at baseline (n = 82) had a mean of 56.5 parasites/mL of blood; and at follow-up the mean positive result was 7.8 parasites/mL. Conclusions The peripheral blood of asymptomatic children had a low and fluctuating quantity of Leishmania DNA and a significant decrease in parasitemia at 1-year follow-up. Quantitative PCR enables adequate monitoring of Leishmania infection.
The Design of PIP Controller for a Thermal System with Large Time Delay

This paper will first describe predictor controllers when the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are inactive for procedures that have large delay time (LDT) in transfer stage. Therefore in those states, the predictor controllers are better than the PID controllers, then compares three types of predictor controllers. The value of these controller’s parameters are obtained by trial and error method, so here an effort has been made to obtain these parameters by Ziegler-Nichols method. Eventually in this paper Ziegler-Nichols method has been described and finally, a PIP controller has been designed for a thermal system, which circulates hot air to keep the temperature of a chamber constant. Keywords—Proportional-integral-predictive controller, Transfer function, Delay time, Transport-lag.
Area-oriented iterative method for Design Space Exploration with High-Level Synthesis

To assure good quality of synthesis results (QoR) in the current High-Level Synthesis (HLS) practice is still a big challenge. To address the issue of very large design space possibilities in digital systems design, this paper presents an iterative method for Design Space Exploration (DSE). We target FPGA (field-programmable gate array) devices and use an off-the-shelf standard HLS tool in our experiments. We present our methodology, which includes: code optimization checkpoints detection, automatic optimization directives insertion and results parsing/analysis aiming at a highest QoR, in terms of area. Experimental results on HLS compilation of a VLIW (Very Large Instruction Word) processor obtains up to 68% on flip-flops (FFs) reduction and 32% of lookup-tables (LUTs) reduction, compared to a baseline HLS flow. Using a FIR filter HLS as a test-case, our DSE method with the same Vivado™ tool results in more than 3X lower FF utilization, with practically the same LUTs consumption and performance, comparing with the non-guided HLS flow. Our results, in terms of QoR, represent an increase of 50% and 43%, respectively, for VLIW and FIR filter benchmarks.
African gene flow to north Brazil as revealed by HBB*S gene haplotype analysis

Haplotypes linked to the HBB*S gene were analyzed in a sample of 260 chromosomes of Brazilian sickle cell anemia patients from the population of Belém, state of Pará, to evaluate if the present‐day haplotype frequencies correlate as well as expected with historical information on the geographic origin of African slaves sent directly to Northern Brazil. The HBB*S gene haplotype distribution (66% Bantu, 21.8% Benin, 10.9% Senegal, and 1.3% Cameroon) is in agreement with those observed for other Brazilian populations regarding the highest proportion of the Bantu type, followed by the Benin type, but it differs significantly concerning the Senegal type as this haplotype is rare or absent in samples from other Brazilian regions already studied. In addition, our results are in accordance with historical records that establish that about 90% of the slaves sent to Northern Brazil were from Angola, Congo, and Mozambique, where the Bantu haplotype predominates, in contrast to 10% of slaves from Senegambia, Guine‐Bissau, and Cape Verde, where the Senegal haplotype is the most common. On the other hand, the observed frequency of the Benin haplotype in Belém was much higher than that expected by historical data. This fact corroborates the suggestion that the high prevalence of the Benin type in Belém is due to domestic slave trade and later internal migrations, mainly from the Northeast, since there are no historical records of direct slave trade from Central West Africa to North Brazil. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:93–98, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of Individual Computer-Based Auditory Training for People with Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Background Auditory training involves active listening to auditory stimuli and aims to improve performance in auditory tasks. As such, auditory training is a potential intervention for the management of people with hearing loss. Objective This systematic review (PROSPERO 2011: CRD42011001406) evaluated the published evidence-base for the efficacy of individual computer-based auditory training to improve speech intelligibility, cognition and communication abilities in adults with hearing loss, with or without hearing aids or cochlear implants. Methods A systematic search of eight databases and key journals identified 229 articles published since 1996, 13 of which met the inclusion criteria. Data were independently extracted and reviewed by the two authors. Study quality was assessed using ten pre-defined scientific and intervention-specific measures. Results Auditory training resulted in improved performance for trained tasks in 9/10 articles that reported on-task outcomes. Although significant generalisation of learning was shown to untrained measures of speech intelligibility (11/13 articles), cognition (1/1 articles) and self-reported hearing abilities (1/2 articles), improvements were small and not robust. Where reported, compliance with computer-based auditory training was high, and retention of learning was shown at post-training follow-ups. Published evidence was of very-low to moderate study quality. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that published evidence for the efficacy of individual computer-based auditory training for adults with hearing loss is not robust and therefore cannot be reliably used to guide intervention at this time. We identify a need for high-quality evidence to further examine the efficacy of computer-based auditory training for people with hearing loss.
Using scenarios to explore employee attitudes in retailing

Purpose – The aim of the paper is to explore how hypothetical scenarios can be used to study individual employee attitudes towards diversity and equality initiatives in retailing.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 40 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a range of staff working in three business units belonging to a UK retailer. As part of the interviews, respondents were asked to comment on four work‐based scenarios exploring customer and employee diversity issues.Findings – The paper proposes that scenarios can be a useful method for exploring the hidden meanings retail employees have towards ethical issues such as diversity management. However, they may not always be useful for furthering knowledge of the area. This is because responses to the scenarios in this study frequently contradicted the respondent's real‐life work experiences explored in the rest of the interview. This suggests that, when commenting on the scenarios, interviewees did not always ground their responses so that they.
The unique architecture of Bunyamwera virus factories around the Golgi complex

Viral factories are novel structures built by viruses in infected cells. During their construction organelles are recruited and build a large scaffold for viral replication and morphogenesis. We have studied how a bunyavirus uses the Golgi to build the factory. With the help of confocal and 3D ultrastructural imaging together with molecular mapping in situ and in vitro we have characterized a tubular structure that harbours the viral replication complexes in a globular domain. Numerous ribonucleoproteins were released from purified tubes disrupted in vitro. Actin and myosin I were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting in isolated tubes while actin and the viral NSm non‐structural protein were detected in the tubes' internal proteinaceous scaffold by immunogold labelling. Studies with NSm deletion mutants and drugs affecting actin showed that both NSm and actin are key factors for tube and virus assembly in Golgi. Three‐dimensional reconstructions based on oriented serial sections of infected cells showed that tubes anchor cell organelles to Golgi stacks and make contacts with intracellular viruses. We propose that this new structure, unique among enveloped viruses, assembles in association with the most stable component of Golgi stacks, the actin‐containing matrix scaffold, connecting viral replication and morphogenesis inside viral factories.
Integration of low frequency electromagnetic generator with low threshold voltage diode multiplier circuitry

This paper presents low frequency electromagnetic energy harvester device integrated with low threshold voltage diode multiplier circuity. The electromagnetic generator was designed and fabricated to demonstrate the concept and the functionality of the readout circuitry. The dimension of electromagnetic energy device is 75mm × 140mm. Compared to the standard schemes, the proposed circuit is able to extract a considerably output power for a wide range of output voltages. The circuit also functioned properly when connected to an electromagnetic energy harvester device. Maximum power of 0.3mW was extracted by the converter at resistive load of 4kΩ with the frequency 4Hz.
Smoking Behaviour and Mental Health Disorders—Mutual Influences and Implications for Therapy

Tobacco use is strongly associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Smokers are more likely than non-smokers to meet current criteria for mental health conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders and psychosis. Evidence also suggest that smokers with psychiatric disorders may have more difficulty quitting, offering at least a partial explanation for why smoking rates are higher in this population. The mechanisms linking mental health conditions and cigarette smoking are complex and likely differ across each of the various disorders. The most commonly held view is that patients with mental health conditions smoke in an effort to regulate the symptoms associated with their disorder. However some recent evidence suggests that quitting smoking may actually improve mental health symptoms. This is particularly true if the tobacco cessation intervention is integrated into the context of ongoing mental health treatment. In this paper we reviewed and summarized the most relevant knowledge about the relationship between tobacco use and dependence and psychiatric disorders. We also reviewed the most effective smoking cessation strategies available for patients with psychiatric comorbidity and the impact of smoking behavior on psychiatric medication.
Length Scale Plasticity: A Review from the Perspective of Dislocation Nucleation

Abstract Sub-micron and nano-size material systems and components are now regularly being fabricated for use in a wide variety of new applications. These systems exhibit mechanical properties that can be drastically different from their macroscopic counterparts and recently much work has focused on the size effects on the mechanical behaviour of materials. Although the size dependent behaviour has been observed in all of the crystal structures, the governing mechanisms have been found to be different. Different theories have been proposed to describe the size dependent behaviour of metallic samples and the governing mechanisms and it is well known that the surface plays an important role in the plasticity of small scales. Some of the theories indicate the importance of surface in nucleating dislocation and some other ones consider the surface importance as its effect on truncating dislocation loops and activation of internal sources. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that while dislocation based deformation in fcc metals is not very sensitive to temperature, deformation is strongly temperature dependent in bcc metals. The effect of orientation is more clear in the size scale behavior of hcp metals. This review covers recent literature that has focused on uniaxial compression of single crystals at the sub-micron and nanometer scale. The fundamental mechanisms governing the size dependent mechanical behaviour of different crystal structures are described. The effect of fabrication process and current experimental techniques for micro and nano-compression are studied as well.
Fuzzy Posets with Fuzzy Order Applied to Fuzzy Ordered Groups

In the framework of lattice valued structures we investigate fuzzy sub-posets of a given poset, in which the underlying set or$\setminus$and the order are fuzzy and the reflexivity is specially defined. We introduce and investigate particular fuzzy sub-posets, e.g, fuzzy up--sets and down--sets, fuzzy convex sub--posets, fuzzy intervals etc. We describe the structure of the lattice of all fuzzy orders contained in a given crisp ordering. Then we apply these in defining a fuzzy ordered subgroup of an ordered group. Main features of fuzzy ordered subgroups are introduced and investigated like fuzzy positive and negative cone and fuzzy convex subgroups.
Refining deep brain stimulation to emulate optogenetic treatment of synaptic pathology

Reversing cocaine-evoked behavior in mice Therapeutic optogenetic protocols are highly effective at reversing symptoms in animal models of neuropsychiatric disease. However, translating these protocols into the clinic is challenging because we have not yet made the technical leap required to perform effective optogenetic stimulation in primates. Creed et al. tested whether it would be possible to circumvent these challenges by avoiding the problem altogether. They adjusted an existing therapeutic approach—deep brain stimulation—to mimic an effective optogenetic stimulation protocol to treat a mouse model of cocaine addiction. Science, this issue p. 659 Activating metabotropic glutamate receptors in identified neurons has beneficial effects in a mouse model of addiction. Circuit remodeling driven by pathological forms of synaptic plasticity underlies several psychiatric diseases, including addiction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been applied to treat a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions, although its effects are transient and mediated by largely unknown mechanisms. Recently, optogenetic protocols that restore normal transmission at identified synapses in mice have provided proof of the idea that cocaine-adaptive behavior can be reversed in vivo. The most efficient protocol relies on the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluRs, which depotentiates excitatory synaptic inputs onto dopamine D1 receptor medium-sized spiny neurons and normalizes drug-adaptive behavior. We discovered that acute low-frequency DBS, refined by selective blockade of dopamine D1 receptors, mimics optogenetic mGluR-dependent normalization of synaptic transmission. Consequently, there was a long-lasting abolishment of behavioral sensitization.
Institutions, Production, and Working Life

1. Introduction: Institutions, Regulation, and Practice: Traditions and Modes of Understanding PART I: RETHINKING INSTITUTIONS, SOCIETY, AND FIRM-LEVEL PRACTICES 2. How Do Institutions Cohere and Change? The Institutional Complementarity, Hypothesis and Its Extension 3. Advancing Our Understanding of Capitalism with Niels Bohr's Thinking About Complementarity 4. Globalization and Working Life: A Comparative Analysis of the Automobile and Banking Sectors in Australia and Korea 5. The Production of Institutional Complementarity? The Case of North East England 6. Financial Change and European Employment Relations PART 2: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN WORKING LIFE 7. The Blurring of Organizational Boundaries and the Fragmentation of Work 8. The Limits of Numerical Flexibility: Continuity and Change 9. The Remaking of Work: Empowerment or Degradation? 10. Organizational Life: The Good, the Bad, and the Instrumental 11. Varieties of Capitalism and Varieties of Firm 12. 'Bear With Me. ': The Problems of Health and Well-being in Call Center Work 13. The Reshaping of Workplace Risks PART 3: CHANGING LABOR MARKETS AND THE NEW OUTSIDERS 14. The Patterns of Job Expansions in the United States: A Comparison of the 1960s and the 1990s 15. Neoliberalization at Work: The Long Transition from Welfare to Workfare 16. Change and Continuity in Working Life