Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Cut‐marked and Fractured Mesolithic Human Bone from Kent's Cavern, Devon, UK

An isolated adult human ulna fragment recovered from the ‘black mould’ layer of Kent's Cavern by William Pengelly in 1866 exhibits a series of stone tool cut marks. The specimen has been directly AMS 14C-dated to 7314–7075 cal bc (OxA-20588: 8185 ± 38 bp) and may be from the same individual as a maxilla fragment dated to the same period. The cut marks are located on the olecranon process, in a position indicative of dismemberment, whereas the fracture characteristics of the bone furthermore suggest peri-mortem breakage, typical of butchery for the extraction of marrow. We here present and discuss the specimen and consider both ritual mortuary treatment and anthropophagy as possible explanations. Although it is difficult to interpret a single element in isolation, the latter scenario seems to be better supported and is not without parallel in prehistoric Europe, as indicated by a review of the available literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice an Automated Approach for Abstracting Execution Logs to Execution Events

SUMMARY Execution logs are generated by output statements that developers insert into the source code. Execution logs are widely available and are helpful in monitoring, remote issue resolution, and system understanding of complex enterprise applications. There are many proposals for standardized log formats such as the W3C and SNMP formats. However, most applications use ad hoc non-standardized logging formats. Automated analysis of such logs is complex due to the loosely defined structure and a large non-fixed vocabulary of words. The large volume of logs, produced by enterprise applications, limits the usefulness of manual analysis techniques. Automated techniques are needed to uncover the structure of execution logs. Using the uncovered structure, sophisticated analysis of logs can be performed. In this paper, we propose a log abstraction technique that recognizes the internal structure of each log line. Using the recovered structure, log lines can be easily summarized and categorized to help comprehend and investigate the complex behavior of large software applications. Our proposed approach handles free-form log lines with minimal requirements on the format of a log line. Through a case study using log files from four enterprise applications, we demonstrate that our approach abstracts log files of different complexities with high precision and recall.
Holocene lake-level changes in the Fennoscandian tree-line region, western Finnish Lapland: diatom and cladoceran evidence

Lithostratigraphical, diatom and cladoceran evidence were used to demonstrate Holocene lake-level changes in two closed-basin lakes in western Finnish Lapland, north of the coniferous tree- line. The lake levels were significantly lower than present in early to mid-Holocene times, from about 8000 until about 4000BP, after which they rose to the present level. The changes are believed to be climatically controlled and regionally representative. The proposed mid-Holocene dryness in Lapland contrasts with the evidence from southern Sweden and Finland, where past lake levels indicate humid conditions during much of the mid-Holocene (Atlantic) time.
Soil‐atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica

We investigated changes in soil-atmosphere flux of CH4, N2O, and NO resulting from the succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. We studied a dozen sites intensively for over one year in order to measure rates and to understand controlling mechanisms for gas exchange. CH4 flux was controlled primarily by soil moisture content. Soil consumption of atmospheric CH4 was greatest when soils were relatively dry. Forest soils consumed CH4 while pasture soils which had poor drainage generally produced CH4. The seasonal pattern of N2O emissions from forest soils was related exponentially to soil water-filled pore space. Annual average N2O emissions correlated with soil exchangeable NO3− concentrations. Soil-atmosphere NO flux was greatest when soils were relatively dry. We found the largest NO emissions from abandoned pasture sites. Combining these data with those from another study in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica that focused on deforestation, we present a 50-year chronosequence of trace gas emissions that extends from natural conditions, through disturbance and natural recovery. The soil-atmosphere fluxes of CH4 and N2O and of NO may be restored to predisturbance rates during secondary succession. The changes in trace gas emissions following deforestation, through pasture use and secondary succession, may be explained conceptually through reference to two major controlling factors, nitrogen availability and soil-atmosphere diffusive exchange of gases as it is influenced by soil moisture content and soil compaction.
Urban pattern

We present a framework for generating street networks and parcel layouts. Our goal is the generation of high-quality layouts that can be used for urban planning and virtual environments. We propose a solution based on hierarchical domain splitting using two splitting types: streamline-based splitting, which splits a region along one or multiple streamlines of a cross field, and template-based splitting, which warps pre-designed templates to a region and uses the interior geometry of the template as the splitting lines. We combine these two splitting approaches into a hierarchical framework, providing automatic and interactive tools to explore the design space.
Semi-formal and formal interface specification for system of systems architecture

The independence of the constituent systems of a system of systems presents a key challenge to the discipline of system of systems (SoS) engineering. The fact that constituent systems can and do function independently of the SoS means that engineers of a constituent system cannot rely on the behaviour of other constituent systems. This paper advocates a model-based approach to SoS engineering that requires the interfaces to constituent systems to be specified. We propose an use of an interface design pattern for interface specification that uses the industry standard notation, SysML.We also indicate a translation of these specifications to a formal notation, CML, in order to extend the range of analytic techniques available to the SoS engineer.
ιHorologi, the first coronal activity cycle in a young solar-like star

Context. The shortest chromospheric (Ca ii H&K) activity cycle (1.6 yr) has been recently discovered in the young (∼600 Myr) solarlike star ι Hor. Coronal X-ray activity cycles have only been discovered in a few stars other than the Sun, all of them with an older age and a lower activity level than ι Hor. Aims. We intended to find the X-ray coronal counterpart of the chromospheric cycle for ι Hor. This represents the first X-ray cycle observed in an active star, as well as the paradigm of the first coronal cycles in the life of a solar-like star. Methods. We monitored ι Hor with XMM-Newton observations spanning almost two years. The spectra of each observation are fit with two-temperature coronal models to study the long-term variability of the star. Results. We find a cyclic behavior in X-rays very similar to the contemporaneous chromospheric cycle. The continuous chromospheric monitoring for more than three cycle lengths shows a trend toward decreasing amplitude, apparently modulated by a longer term trend. The second cycle is disrupted prior to reaching its maximum, followed by a brief episode of chaotic variability before the cyclic behavior resumes, only to be disrupted again after slightly more than one cycle. Conclusions. We confirm the presence of an activity cycle of ∼1.6 yr in ι Hor both in X-rays and Ca ii H&K. It is likely subject to the modulation of a longer, not yet constrained second cycle. The 1.6 yr cycle is the shortest coronal one observed to date, and ι Hor represents the most active star for which a coronal activity cycle has been found. This cycle is probably representative of the first coronal cycles in the life of a solar-like star, at the age when life started on Earth.
Complex Rupture Processes Of Large Strike-Slip Earthquakes And Receiver Function Analysis Of Crust And Upper Mantle In Active Tectonic Settings

9 INTRODUCTION. 11 PRESENT STUDY . 16 REFERENCES. 21 APPENDIX A: SOURCE PROCESS OF THE 3 NOVEMBER 2002 DENALI FAULT EARTHQUAKE (CENTRAL ALASKA) FROM TELESEISMIC OBSERVATIONS . 23
The first International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment - FIFE

The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) will verify the use of satellite data for the estimation of land-surface properties through field experiments using point measurements on the ground and areal measurements from aircraft overflights. In addition to validating satellite estimates of surface properties, it studies approaches for obtaining areal averages of the radiation, moisture and heat fluxes made using remotely sensed data. The procedure suggested combines the surface point measurements of the fluxes with the aircraft areal observations using a surface energy balance model to interpolate between the point estimates of these fluxes and calculate area-averaged quantities. The surface parameters to be estimated from aircraft observations include: surface radiation temperature, albedo, land cover or vegetation index, and surface soil moisture (the latter to be obtained using passive and active microwave approaches). The area-averages of the surface properties are compared with satellite data where possible. The First ISLSCP Field Experiment is planned for l987 at a site having relatively uniform vegetation cover in the central great plains of the USA. for 1987 at a site having relatively uniform vegetation cover in the central great plains of the USA.
A Review of the Topographical Causes of Gloss Variation and the Effect on Perceived Print Quality

It is well accepted that gloss variation degrades print quality and there are various objective ways to measure this. Several studies have shown that the coefficient of variation in the printed gloss image - as measured by the octave band passing method - has an excellent correlation with ratings from the magnitude estimation scaling method. The correlation improves when the gloss level, beyond that of the COV, is also taken into account. There is also evidence that the correlation would improve even more if the gloss spatial distribution could be better accounted for. This feature shows that much - at least 80% and perhaps up to 90% - of the gloss distribution can be accounted for by the paper topography over a wide range of dimensions (scale). Recent work supports the role that microroughness and multiple surface scattering play in gloss distribution. This offers the promise of showing that even a greater amount of gloss variation can be explained by topography.
Australia's federal experience

This paper documents the evolution of Australia’s fiscal federalism over the course of the twentieth century. The Australian example illustrates the proposition that regional unions of States are susceptible to centralisation and sustained loss of autonomy by member States. We argue that the Australian case suggests that explicit political and constitutional constraints on central power are difficult to enforce in practice, and that a formal and transparent system of inter State redistribution may have a role to play in Europe’s emerging fiscal arrangements
OPTIMAL USAGE OF DE-ICING CHEMICALS WHEN SCRAPING ICE

One of the challenges that faces the winter maintainer is how much chemical to apply to the road under given conditions. Insufficient chemical can lead to the road surface becoming slick, and the road becoming unsafe. However, too much chemical can also be bad. While an excess of chemical will ensure (in most circumstances) that a safe road condition is achieved. It may also result in a substantial waste of chemical (with associated costs for this waste) and in ancillary damage to the road itself and to the surrounding environment. Ice may appear on the road as compacted snow ice, refrozen ice, or atmospheric ice. In addition to examining how ice type effects the extent to which ice adheres to the pavement, this study also examined how various rates and types of de-icing chemical application effects the scraping resistance of ice on the pavement. Specifically, solid salt (sodium chloride), solid calcium chloride, and a liquid salt solution or brine were tested at different quantities of application, and also for different delay times after application.
Generalization , Similarity , and Bayesian Inference

This is the unedited draft of a BBS target article that has been accepted for publication (Copyright 1999: Cambridge University Press U.K./ /U.S. -publication date provisional) and is currently being circulated for Open Peer Commentary. This preprint is for inspection only, to help prospective commentators decide whether or not they wish to prepare a formal commentary. Please do not prepare a commentary unless you have received the hard copy, invitation, instructions and deadline information.
Methodology for the determination of normal background contaminant concentrations in English soils

The land surface of England has been divided into domains for purposes of defining background soil concentrations of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Within any domain for a particular substance there may be one or more factors (anthropogenic or geogenic) which guide us to expect elevated background concentrations of a substance. In the case of As, the Ironstone and Mineralisation Domains have elevated concentrations from geogenic sources. Other sites, with no particular factors causing elevated concentrations, constitute the Principal Domain. In the case of Pb there are elevated concentrations from anthropogenic sources in the Urban Domain, geogenic sources in the Mineralisation Domain, and a Principal Domain where elevated concentrations are not expected. Because there are much less data for BaP, both England and Britain are divided into just two domains: Urban and Principal (i.e. non-urban). For each contaminant, the normal background concentration (NBC), for each of the three contaminants within their domains, have been determined in a systematic and robust statistical manner which is summarised in a methodology flow diagram. First, the statistical distributions of contaminant concentrations are characterised for each domain. Histograms or density plots and summary statistics (the skewness coefficient and the octile skewness coefficient) are used to judge whether the data can assumed to come from a Gaussian variable and whether outliers are present in the data set. If the distribution is not Gaussian then the data are transformed so that the distribution becomes Gaussian by either taking the natural logarithm or in some instances a Box-Cox transform of the data. The NBC is set by taking the upper 95% confidence limit of the 95th percentile of the distribution.
The unique 2009–2010 El Niño event: A fast phase transition of warm pool El Niño to La Niña

The latest El Niño event in 2009–2010, which is classified as warm pool El Niño, holds a unique ground in that it marks the strongest warming signal in the central Pacific but rapidly decays to strong La Niña. The strong eastward‐propagating cold anomaly at the subsurface level is found to be a key factor, and two possible mechanisms are suggested that resulted in the fast phase transition of the 2009–2010 event: 1) The anomalously warm Indian Ocean induces a surface easterly over the western edge of the Pacific, which generates the forced Kelvin waves. 2) The record‐breaking high sea surface temperature in the central Pacific excites a strong Rossby response that is to be reflected as an upwelling Kelvin wave at the western boundary. The strong subsurface anomaly then propagates eastward and results in an unusually fast phase transition of the 2009–2010 warm pool El Niño event.
Comparing Energy Expenditure During Land and Shallow Water Walking in Overweight and Obese Females

Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States has reached epidemic levels. Reduction in body weight is of great importance for overweight and obese individuals through the increase in physical activity. One particular mode of physical activity that is currently growing in popularity is shallow water walking, although little research has been done examining the energy cost of this activity in an overweight and obese population. Purpose: To compare the energy expenditure (kcal/min) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of a bout shallow water walking at a self-selected pace to a bout of land walking at a matched heart rate response and to a bout of land walking at a self-selected pace in overweight and obese women. Methods: Nineteen participants completed three 10-minute experimental trials including a self-selected pace shallow water walking trial, a matched heart rate response land walking trial, and a self-selected pace land walking trial. Results: Significantly lower energy expenditure (p= 0.046) was observed for shallow water walking (6.46 ± 1.38 kcal/min) compared to the matched heart rate response land walking bout (7.26 ± 1.29 kcal/min), although no significant differences were detected for energy expenditure for shallow water walking and self-selected pace land walking (6.92 ± 1.61 kcal/min). No significant differences were detected for RPE across conditions (p=0.439). Exploratory analyses revealed correlations between measures of body composition (BMI and percent body fat) and the difference in energy expenditure between shallow water walking and matched heart rate response land walking. Conclusions: Findings from the current study suggest that although producing energy expenditure compared to heart rate matched land walking, shallow water walking is a viable alternative that can elicit and increase in energy expenditure performed at a moderate intensity, meeting ACSM criteria. Results of the exploratory analyses revealed an association between measures of body composition and differences in energy expenditure. Although only a limited number of participants of the present study had BMI’s above 35.0 kg/m2 (n=2), findings suggest that water exercise may be an alternative form of exercise and produce higher caloric expenditure at higher ranges of BMI and percent body fat.
High gain DC-DC boost converter with better voltage regulation

A single switch high step-up dc-dc converter with voltage gain extension cell is introduced in this paper. The voltage multiplier cell enables another controllable and flexible freedom to obtain large and wide voltage conversion ratio. The converter achieves zero current switching (ZCS) of diodes leading to negligible reverse-recovery losses. Furthermore, the closed loop control of converter enhances line regulation. The analysis is done using PSIM. The results prove that the introduced high step-up converter is feasible for high gain applications.
Conservação de invertebrados terrestres e seus habitats no Brasil

As one of worlds prime megadiverse countries, Brazil holds an immense number of terrestrial invertebrates. Current knowledge of this biota is very heterogeneous. Several taxa are sufficiently well- known to be used as indicators of ecological integrity or of endemism. The current Brazilian national and regional red lists include 130 terrestrial invertebrate species, of which 42% are butterflies. These lists are contingent on available knowledge, and many taxa which are omitted certainly include species at risk. Knowledge of various biomes and habitats is also quite irregular, with the Caatinga and Panta- nal in need of more study, compared with the Atlantic Forest, the Amazon, and Cerrado. Canopy, host- associated, and soil faunas also need further intensive study. Invertebrate conservation will be promoted
Seismic and aseismic slip evolution and deformation associated with the 2009–2010 northern Malawi earthquake swarm, East African Rift

SUMMARY Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements, field observations and elastic modelling of the 2009–2010 Karonga (northern Malawi) earthquake swarm reveal widespread coseismic and localized post-seismic deformation. In a period of about 1.5 months starting on November 5, 29 M ≥ 4 earthquakes struck the region, culminating in an Mw 6 peak event on December 19. The next few months were characterized by significant localized deformation with a very low seismic moment release. We find a very good agreement between InSAR and field observations of surface ruptures. Our best fitted coseismic models indicate dip-slip displacements on a fault dipping 40 ◦ to the southwest with maximum slip of about 120 cm at 3–5 km depth. Fault activity continued until 2010 August as shallow aseismic afterslip mostly above the maximum coseismic slip patches. Although the swarm occurred within a coastal plain covered by porous Quaternary sediments and a high water table, the effect of poroelastic relaxation on the post-seismic deformation was found to be negligibly small. In contrast with other recent earthquake swarms along the East African Rift, the Karonga swarm shows no evidence for dike intrusion.
A New Approach for Longterm Monitoring of Deformations by Differential SAR Interferometry

SAR Interferometry is a radar technique which allows to measure terrain deformations by comparing the phase information of two SAR images taken at different times. The result is an image of the deformations occurred in the meantime, with an accuracy of the order of a few millimetres. The major drawback of this technique is temporal decorrelation, i.e. the loss of information due to the change of the backscattering properties of the terrain in the time between the two acquisitions. On time intervals of more years the presence of heavy decorrelation makes it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to apply SAR Interferometry in the conventional way. Alternative methods have therefore been searched for the retrieval of deformation information in such extreme conditions. Two different test sites were considered, and for each of them a different, new approach for the measurement of deformations with interferometry has been developed. The first test site under study was the province of Groningen, in the Netherlands, where subsidence due to extraction of natural gas occurs. Long term interferograms of this site contain only highly coherent, mostly pointwise phase information from anthropogenic features. Despite their small spatial scale with respect to the image resolution, such features resulted to be particularly stable in time, in many cases even at the level of few millimetres. An unconventional approach has then been used to measure the deformations using the phase information from these objects. The second test site was Campi Flegrei, a densely populated area located near the Vesuvius volcano in Naples (Italy). This high volcanic-risk area is currently subsiding with a mean rate of 4mm per month. Also in this case a new approach has been developed to monitor the deformations occurring in the last seven years. The result is a time series of deformation figures describing, for the first time in a two-dimensional picture, the evolution in time of the subsidence from 1993 to 1999.