Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Population-Based Study of Genetic Variation and Psychotic Experiences in Adolescents

Psychotic experiences are not uncommon in general population samples, but no studies have examined to what extent confirmed risk variants for schizophrenia are associated with such experiences. A total of 3483 children in a birth cohort study participated in semistructured interviews for psychotic experiences at ages 12 and 18. We examined whether (1) a composite measure of risk for schizophrenia conferred by common alleles (polygenic score) was associated with psychotic experiences, (2) variants with genome-wide evidence for association with schizophrenia were associated with psychotic experiences, and (3) we could identify genetic variants for psychotic experiences using a genome-wide association (GWA) approach. We found no evidence that a schizophrenia polygenic score, or variants showing genome-wide evidence of association with schizophrenia, were associated with adolescent psychotic experiences within the general population. In fact, individuals who had a higher number of risk alleles for genome-wide hits for schizophrenia showed a decreased risk of psychotic experiences. In the GWA study, no variants showed GWA for psychotic experiences, and there was no evidence that the strongest hits (P < 5 × 10−5) were enriched for variants associated with schizophrenia in large consortia. Although polygenic scores are weak tools for prediction of schizophrenia, they show strong evidence of association with this disorder. Our findings, however, lend little support to the hypothesis that psychotic experiences in population-based samples of adolescents share a comparable genetic architecture to schizophrenia, or that utilizing a broader and more common phenotype of psychotic experiences will be an efficient approach to increase understanding of the genetic etiology of schizophrenia.
Limitations of Attitude Estimnation Algorithms for Inertial/Magnetic Sensor Modules

This paper discuss the theory of orientation estimation algorithms designed for inertial/magnetic sensor modules and briefly describe three types of sensor modules. Specifically, the modules discussed are the InterSense InertiaCube, the MicroStrain 3DM-G, and the MARG III. The MARG III was designed by the authors and manufactured by McKinney Technology. Basic background on the ambient magnetic field of the Earth and how it is distorted by ferrous objects and electrically powered devices is then provided. Methods of calibrating magnetic field variations are then discussed.
Surgical Outcomes of Gigantomastia Breast Reduction Superomedial Pedicle Technique: A 12-Year Retrospective Study

IntroductionReduction mammoplasty in patients with gigantomastia can prove a challenge for the plastic surgeon. Although several techniques have been described to reduce these very large breasts, they can often result in compromise of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), including necrosis, decreased sensation, and inability to breastfeed. The superomedial pedicle (SMP) reduction mammoplasty technique has been demonstrated as a safe and effective method of reduction in cases of mild to moderate hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to determine the risks of SMP in patients with gigantomastia (resection weight >1000 g/breast) at our institution. Methods/TechniqueA retrospective study of all patients who underwent reduction mammoplasty with SMP technique by 8 surgeons at a single institution between 1999 and 2011 was performed. Patient demographics, preoperative breast measurements, and perioperative data were analyzed. Exclusion criteria were a reduction mammoplasty specimen weight of less than 1000 g. Results/ComplicationsOur results show that 200 of 1750 patients who underwent SMP during the study period met the criteria. The average age at the time of the reduction was 39 years. The average body mass index was 36 kg/m2. The average sternal notch to nipple distance was 35.5 cm for the right breast and 35.6 cm for the left breast. Average breast resection weight was 1277 g for the right and 1283 g for the left. Average NAC transposition was 11.25 cm for the right breast and 11.40 cm for the left breast. Twenty-one (10.5%) patients experienced partial necrosis of the NAC and 98% of the patients subjectively reported normal NAC sensation postoperatively. All patients exhibited good breast shape and projection postoperatively. ConclusionsOur study shows that SMP reduction mammoplasty in patients with gigantomastia is a safe and effective reduction mammoplasty technique and is associated with low risk for NAC necrosis with good breast shape.
hTERT‐ and hCTLA4Ig‐expressing human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells: in vitro and in vivo characterization and osteogenic differentiation

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are commonly used as seed cells in studies of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine but their clinical application is limited, due to insufficient numbers of autogeneic MSCs, immune rejection of allogeneic MSCs and replicative senescence. We constructed two gene expression vectors for transfection of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4‐Ig (CTLA4Ig) genes into human bone marrow‐derived stem cells (hBMSCs). Successful transfection of both genes generated hTERT–CTLA4Ig hBMSCs that expressed both telomerase (shown by immunohistochemistry and a TRAPeze assay) and CTLA4Ig (demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and western blotting) without apparent mutual interference. Both hTERT BMSCs (92 population doublings) and hTERT–CTLA4Ig hBMSCs (60 population doublings) had an extended lifespan compared with hBMSCs (18 population doublings). Cell cycle analysis revealed that, compared with hBMSCs, a lower proportion of hTERT hBMSCs were in G0/G1 phase but a higher proportion were in S phase; compared with hTERT hBMSCs, a higher proportion of hTERT–CTLA4Ig hBMSCs were in G0/G1 phase, while a lower proportion were in S and G2/M phases. hTERT–CTLA4Ig hBMSCs retained their capacity for osteogenic differentiation in vitro, shown by the detection of hydroxyapatite mineral deposition (labelled tetracycline fluorescence staining), calcareous nodules (alizarin red S staining), alkaline phosphatase (calcium–cobalt method) and osteocalcin (immunocytochemistry). Furthermore, subcutaneous transplantation of hTERT–CTLA4Ig hBMSCs in a rat xenotransplantation model resulted in the successful generation of bone‐like tissue, confirmed using radiography and histological assessment. We propose that allogeneic hTERT–CTLA4Ig hBMSCs may be ideal seed cells for bone tissue engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Canine olfaction as an alternative to analytical instruments for disease diagnosis: understanding ‘dog personality’ to achieve reproducible results

Recent literature has touted the use of canine olfaction as a diagnostic tool for identifying pre-clinical disease status, especially cancer and infection from biological media samples. Studies have shown a wide range of outcomes, ranging from almost perfect discrimination, all the way to essentially random results. This disparity is not likely to be a detection issue; dogs have been shown to have extremely sensitive noses as proven by their use for tracking, bomb detection and search and rescue. However, in contrast to analytical instruments, dogs are subject to boredom, fatigue, hunger and external distractions. These challenges are of particular importance in a clinical environment where task repetition is prized, but not as entertaining for a dog as chasing odours outdoors. The question addressed here is how to exploit the intrinsic sensitivity and simplicity of having a dog simply sniff out disease, in the face of variability in behavior and response.
An Assessment of Surface and Atmospheric Conditions Associated with the Extreme 2014 Wildfire Season in Canada’s Northwest Territories

ABSTRACT Weather and climate are major factors influencing worldwide wildfire activity. This study assesses surface and atmospheric conditions associated with the 2014 extreme wildfires in the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada. Hot and dry conditions led to the NWT experiencing the most severe wildfire season in its recorded history. The season included a record number of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and set a record for area burned. Lightning was the dominant ignition source and accounted for about 95% of the wildfires. Prolonged periods of smoke led to dramatic reductions in visibility, frequent road closures, and reduced air quality resulting in numerous health alerts. Temporal and spatial patterns of lightning characteristics in 2014, derived from Canadian Lightning Detection Network data, were different from those in other years with, for example, far more positive flashes from 0600 to 1200 utc (midnight to 6:00 am local time). The highest fraction of positive cloud-to-ground flashes (43.1%) occurred in the smoke-dominated North Slave region, which was more than in the Dehcho, South Slave, or Sahtu regions. Mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation over a large region that included the NWT was classified into the six most common summer patterns. Results showed that ridging and ridge displacements occurred more frequently during 2014 although lightning was associated with all circulation patterns. This study has advanced the understanding of the roles of weather, lightning, and mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme wildfires in northwestern Canada.
Dynamical effects of missed switching in current-mode controlled DC-DC converters

Past investigations on nonlinear phenomena in DC-DC converters assume ideal switching and ignore the practical issue of switching ripples, for which the sampled data models yield piecewise smooth but continuous maps. In this brief, we show that the unavoidable nonidealities in the switching result in discontinuity in the map, which drastically changes the bifurcation structures. We demonstrate these effects experimentally, and develop simple one-dimensional models that account for switching delay and transients, and can predict the bifurcations in such systems with reasonable accuracy. Using the recent developments in bifurcation theory, we derive the limiting conditions for a reliable period-1 operation when these effects are considered.
Theory of mind and self-control: more than a common problem of inhibition.

This study tested the theory that advances on theory-of-mind tasks and on executive function tasks show a strong correlation because the typically used theory-of-mind tasks pose the same executive demands. In Experiment 1 with fifty-six 3- to 6-year-old children, performance on the dimensional change card-sorting task as an executive function task was correlated with performance on the usual false-belief prediction task, r = . 65, and the false-belief explanation task, r = . 65, as measures of theory-of-mind development. Because the explanation version of the false-belief test is supposed to be free of the alleged executive demands inherent in the prediction version, the equally strong correlation with the executive function task suggests that this correlation cannot be due to common executive demands. In Experiment 2, the basic finding of Experiment 1 was replicated on another sample of 73 children, ages 3 to 5.5 years. The need for new theories to explain the developmental link between theory of mind and executive function development is discussed, and some existing candidates are evaluated.
Human Action Recognition: Pose-Based Attention Draws Focus to Hands

We propose a new spatio-temporal attention based mechanism for human action recognition able to automatically attend to most important human hands and detect the most discriminative moments in an action. Attention is handled in a recurrent manner employing Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and is fully-differentiable. In contrast to standard soft-attention based mechanisms, our approach does not use the hidden RNN state as input to the attention model. Instead, attention distributions are drawn using external information: human articulated pose. We performed an extensive ablation study to show the strengths of this approach and we particularly studied the conditioning aspect of the attention mechanism. We evaluate the method on the largest currently available human action recognition dataset, NTU-RGB+D, and report state-of-the-art results. Another advantage of our model are certains aspects of explanability, as the spatial and temporal attention distributions at test time allow to study and verify on which parts of the input data the method focuses.
Recommendations for Comprehensive Stroke Centers: A Consensus Statement From the Brain Attack Coalition

Background and Purpose— To develop recommendations for the establishment of comprehensive stroke centers capable of delivering the full spectrum of care to seriously ill patients with stroke and cerebrovascular disease. Recommendations were developed by members of the Brain Attack Coalition (BAC), which is a multidisciplinary group of members from major professional organizations involved with the care of patients with stroke and cerebrovascular disease. Summary of Review— A comprehensive literature search was conducted from 1966 through December 2004 using Medline and Pub Med. Articles with information about clinical trials, meta-analyses, care guidelines, scientific guidelines, and other relevant clinical and research reports were examined and graded using established evidence-based medicine approaches for therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Evidence was also obtained from a questionnaire survey sent to leaders in cerebrovascular disease. Members of BAC reviewed literature related to their field and graded the scientific evidence on the various diagnostic and treatment modalities for stroke. Input was obtained from the organizations represented by BAC. BAC met on several occasions to review each specific recommendation and reach a consensus about its importance in light of other medical, logistical, and financial factors. Conclusions— There are a number of key areas supported by evidence-based medicine that are important for a comprehensive stroke center and its ability to deliver the wide variety of specialized care needed by patients with serious cerebrovascular disease. These areas include: (1) health care personnel with specific expertise in a number of disciplines, including neurosurgery and vascular neurology; (2) advanced neuroimaging capabilities such as MRI and various types of cerebral angiography; (3) surgical and endovascular techniques, including clipping and coiling of intracranial aneurysms, carotid endarterectomy, and intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy; and (4) other specific infrastructure and programmatic elements such as an intensive care unit and a stroke registry. Integration of these elements into a coordinated hospital-based program or system is likely to improve outcomes of patients with strokes and complex cerebrovascular disease who require the services of a comprehensive stroke center.
Study of super-mechano-colony (concept and basic experimental setup)

We focus on a heterogeneous robotic system of decentralized autonomous agents with a leader, which we call "super-mechano-colony (SMC)". It has characteristics of both hierarchical and distributed control systems. This paper explains the basic concept and a physical test bed of SMC, and discusses an example, specifically planetary rovers, for SMC.
A case for concept programs

The verifiability principle of meaning holds that information is meaningful only if there is a procedure that can verify whether it is true or false. In this paper, we explore this principle of philosophy in the realm of program comprehension. We introduce the notion of concept programs, which are independent, executable, and thus verifiable units of program knowledge. Concept programs are well-suited for the comprehension and explanation of the central mechanisms that underlie a complex program. We use an industrial case study to motivate the importance of concept programs for the comprehension of the innermost complexity of industrial programs.
Code designs for cooperative communication

The goal of this article is to discuss the implementation of two cooperative protocols - decode-and-forward (DF) and estimate-and-forward (EF). In each case, the starting point is an information theoretic random coding scheme, which motivates a practical code construction. Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes are used as components in both protocols. In DF relaying, the problem boils down to a search for multi-rate LDPC codes that simultaneously perform well for the source-relay and the source- destination links. On the other hand, in EF relaying, the challenge is to design an efficient quantizer for forming a compressed estimate at the relay. The performance of each scheme is comparable to theoretical limits.
The Maude LTL LBMC Tool Tutorial

A concurrent system can be naturally specified as a rewrite theory. The Maude LTL logical bounded model checker (LBMC) tool is an LTL model checker for a rewrite theory, which can verify infinitestate systems using narrowing and folding relations, where the system’s initial states are represented by terms with logical variables. This tutorial describes the main features and commands of the Maude LTL LBMC tool, illustrated by several examples.
Material conveyance in the Southern California Bight: Obsidian on Alta California's Channel Islands

Abstract Inhabited by Native Americans for at least 13,000 years, California’s Channel Islands were isolated from the adjacent mainland throughout the Quaternary. A rich archaeological record demonstrates that island peoples thrived for millennia, with access to abundant marine and terrestrial resources. Exchange with mainlanders for various goods is well documented, with long-distance material conveyance occurring very early and intensifying later in time. Obsidian was one exotic material imported to the islands from distant quarries beginning at least ∼11,750 years ago and continuing until the collapse of native exchange networks after European contact. Geochemical sourcing shows that nearly 94% of obsidian artifacts found on the islands comes from the Coso Volcanic Field located ∼300 km or more from the islands, with smaller percentages originating from sources as much as >850 km from the islands. Hydration data generally support radiocarbon dates that show that islanders participated in long-distance conveyance networks for millennia. Using these obsidian data, we examine Channel Island conveyance networks through space and time. We argue that conveyance of goods between islanders and mainlanders was a by-product primarily of social networks that functioned as sources of information, innovation, marriage partners, and strategic alliances.
BioRAT: extracting biological information from full-length papers

MOTIVATION Converting the vast quantity of free-format text found in journals into a concise, structured format makes the researcher's quest for information easier. Recently, several information extraction systems have been developed that attempt to simplify the retrieval and analysis of biological and medical data. Most of this work has used the abstract alone, owing to the convenience of access and the quality of data. Abstracts are generally available through central collections with easy direct access (e.g. PubMed). The full-text papers contain more information, but are distributed across many locations (e.g. publishers' web sites, journal web sites and local repositories), making access more difficult. In this paper, we present BioRAT, a new information extraction (IE) tool, specifically designed to perform biomedical IE, and which is able to locate and analyse both abstracts and full-length papers. BioRAT is a Biological Research Assistant for Text mining, and incorporates a document search ability with domain-specific IE. RESULTS We show first, that BioRAT performs as well as existing systems, when applied to abstracts; and second, that significantly more information is available to BioRAT through the full-length papers than via the abstracts alone. Typically, less than half of the available information is extracted from the abstract, with the majority coming from the body of each paper. Overall, BioRAT recalled 20.31% of the target facts from the abstracts with 55.07% precision, and achieved 43.6% recall with 51.25% precision on full-length papers.
Geochemistry of Gabbroic Xenoliths in the Graciosa Island Vulcão Central Unit (Azores, Portugal)

(1) Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza (España) (2) Departamento de Geociências, Universidade dos Açores. Ap. 1422, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada (Portugal) (3) Department of Geology, Miami University. 207 Shideler Hall, Oxford, 45056, Ohio (USA) (4) Cátedra de Residuos Sudismin. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza (España)
Diagnostic significance and potential function of miR-338-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma: A bioinformatics study with microarray and RNA sequencing data

MicroRNA (miR)-338-5p has been studied in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the diagnostic value and molecular mechanism underlying its actions remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to validate the diagnostic ability of miR-338-5p and further explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Data from eligible studies, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) chips and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets were gathered in the data mining and the integrated meta-analysis, to evaluate the significance of miR-338-5p in diagnosing HCC comprehensively. The potential target genes of miR-338-5p were achieved from the intersection of the deregulated targets of miR-338-5p from GEO and TCGA in addition to the predicted target genes from 12 online software. A protein-protein-interaction (PPI) network was drawn to illustrate the interaction between target genes and to define the hub genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the function of the target genes. From the results, miR-338-5p exhibited favorable value in diagnosing HCC. Types of sample and experiment were defined as the possible sources of heterogeneity in meta-analysis. A total of 423 genes were selected as the potential target genes of miR-338-5p, and five genes were defined as the hub genes from the PPI network. The GO and KEGG analyses indicated that the target genes were significantly assembled in the pathways of metabolic process and cell cycle. miR-338-5p may function as a novel diagnostic target for HCC through regulating certain target genes and signaling pathways.
Floral zygomorphy, the recurring evolution of a successful trait

The flowers of the primitive angiosperm plants were radially symmetrical (actinomorphic). Flowers with bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic) evolved in several clades independently as an adaptation to specialized methods of pollination and played an important role in the diversification of flowering plants. In the model species Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), the related genes CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH) are key in the development of this trait. This raises the question of whether they played a role in the evolution of floral bilateral symmetry. To address this, the evolution of CYC in relation to the evolution of zygomorphy is being investigated. Phylogenetic and functional analyses of CYC‐like genes are being carried out in groups either closely related to Antirhinum or in families where zygomorphy evolved as an independent event. In addition, the origin of zygomorphy is being studied by comparing the function of CYC‐like genes in species with zygomorphic flowers with their function in species with radially symmetrical flowers. BioEssays 26:1175–1184, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.