Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clustering algorithm for data analysis of the Fiber detectors of HypHI project

The HypHI project aims to study hypernuclei by means of collisions of stable heavy ion and RI beams on stable target materials. As the first step (Phase 0), the feasibilit y of hypernuclear spectroscopy with heavy ion beams was investigated with aLi beam at 2A GeV impinged on aC target by identifyingΛH, 4 ΛH and 5 ΛHe hypernuclei [1]. The Phase 0 experiment was performed in August and October 2009. In addition a new experiment has been performed in March 2010, in which aNe beam was impinged on a C target at an energy of 2 A GeV. A dedicated algorithm for hit clustering has been considered to replace the current algorithm which is not flexible enough to handle the experimental behavior of the fiber detectors. The new algorithm should be able to handle channel gaps within a hit cluster which corresponds to the cross talk behavior of the PMT of the fiber detectors. As well outliners, corresponding to noisy channels, should not affect the clustering procedure and could be detected for possible rejection. The algorithm should also provide good clustering whatever is the detector occupancy, which is the fraction of fired channels over the total number of channels of considered fiber layer. The most important feature of the algorithm is that it should not require the number of cluster s as an input since event by event the hit pattern on detectors are different, so that prior assumption is impossible. The proposed algorithm is based on Hierarchical clustering algorithm which consists in agglomerate fired channels using the distance matrix as clustering criteria. The definition of the distance gives different behavior on the clustering procedure. The complete-link method is used, in which the distance corresponds to the maximum euclidian distance between pairwise channels, producing compact clusters [2]. The use of a goodness criterion allows to assess the quality of each cluster and of the full hit partition. By using this kind of criteria, produced hit clusters can be merged in order to improve the global goodness of the clustering context. The number of clusters is then obtained when the criterion is optimal. The algorithm uses the silhouette factor, s(i), proposed in [3]. For each channel i:
The bench mover's problem: Minimum-time trajectories, with cost for switching between controls

Analytical results describing the optimal trajectories for general classes of robot systems have proven elusive, in part because the optimal trajectories for a complex system may not exist, or may be computed only numerically from differential equations. This paper studies a simpler optimization problem: finding an optimal sequence and optimal durations of motion primitives (simple preprogrammed actions) to reach a goal. By adding a fixed cost for each switch between primitives, we ensure that optimal trajectories exist and are well-behaved. To demonstrate this approach, we prove some general results that geometrically characterize time-optimal trajectories for rigid bodies in the plane with costly switches (allowing comparison with previous analysis of optimal motion using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle), and also present a complete analytical solution for a problem of moving a heavy park bench by rotating the bench around each end point in sequence.
Skilled-unskilled wage differentials, unemployment and hours of work: the case of America and Europe

In our analysis we follow Davis (1998a) and consider the consequences from trade between a flexible-wage America and a rigid-minimum-wage Europe. The minimum wage implies a certain level of unemployment in Europe, whereas factor price equalisation guarantees the same wage in America, albeit at full employment levels. We then use a process of endogenous human capital accumulation, together with a lower schooling productivity for the American unskilled workers to explain the larger skilled-unskilled wage differential in America. Moreover, we show that unskilled workers in America will work more hours than their European counterparts.
Discovery of Pulsed X-Ray Emission from the Small Magellanic Cloud Transient RX J0117.6–7330

We report on the detection of pulsed, broadband, X-ray emission from the transient source RX J0117.6-7330. The pulse period of 22 s is detected by the ROSAT/PSPC instrument in a 1992 September 30-October 2 observation and by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory/BATSE instrument during the same epoch. Hard X-ray pulsations are detectable by BATSE for approximately 100 days surrounding the ROSAT observation (1992 August 28-December 8). The total directly measured X-ray luminosity during the ROSAT observation is 1.0 × 1038 (d/60 kpc)2 ergs s-1. The pulse frequency increases rapidly during the outburst, with a peak spin-up rate of 1.2 × 10−10 Hz s-1 and a total frequency change of 1.8%. The pulsed percentage is 11.3% from 0.1-2.5 keV, increasing to at least 78% in the 20-70 keV band. These results establish RX J0117.6-7330 as a transient Be binary system.
Electrophysiological correlates of the BOLD signal for EEG‐informed fMRI

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are important tools in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Combined EEG–fMRI has been shown to help to characterise brain networks involved in epileptic activity, as well as in different sensory, motor and cognitive functions. A good understanding of the electrophysiological correlates of the blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) signal is necessary to interpret fMRI maps, particularly when obtained in combination with EEG. We review the current understanding of electrophysiological–haemodynamic correlates, during different types of brain activity. We start by describing the basic mechanisms underlying EEG and BOLD signals and proceed by reviewing EEG‐informed fMRI studies using fMRI to map specific EEG phenomena over the entire brain (EEG–fMRI mapping), or exploring a range of EEG‐derived quantities to determine which best explain colocalised BOLD fluctuations (local EEG–fMRI coupling). While reviewing studies of different forms of brain activity (epileptic and nonepileptic spontaneous activity; cognitive, sensory and motor functions), a significant attention is given to epilepsy because the investigation of its haemodynamic correlates is the most common application of EEG‐informed fMRI. Our review is focused on EEG‐informed fMRI, an asymmetric approach of data integration. We give special attention to the invasiveness of electrophysiological measurements and the simultaneity of multimodal acquisitions because these methodological aspects determine the nature of the conclusions that can be drawn from EEG‐informed fMRI studies. We emphasise the advantages of, and need for, simultaneous intracranial EEG–fMRI studies in humans, which recently became available and hold great potential to improve our understanding of the electrophysiological correlates of BOLD fluctuations. Hum Brain Mapp, 36:391–414, 2015. © 2014 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A buffer-aware HTTP live streaming approach for SDN-enabled 5G wireless networks

With increasing interest in the concept of 5G wireless networks and the popularization of mobile devices, users gradually watch videos through mobile devices in streaming mode rather than off-line mode. However, the latency and lags of mobile networks will reduce the quality of service. In HTTP live streaming services, when there are multiple sources for the same content stored in the streaming servers, the suited quality content is able to be selected for playing according to the networking bandwidth conditions between servers and user equipment, and the users can obtain appropriate streaming quality automatically. However, the selection policy is difficult to be approved between 5G wireless communication networks and SDNs. In this study a buffer-aware HTTP live streaming approach is proposed, which evaluates the weights of media segments to decide the transmitting priorities based on the current playing time and adjust the appropriate transmission path through the decision making network controller according to the utilization and stability of the routers and switches in SDN. Finally, the experimental results proved that the approach is able to correct the overall streaming source sequence with the buffer status to effectively upgrade overall streaming service quality, as well as maintain a certain level of streaming quality for SDN-enable 5G wireless networks.
Dynamical Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics

In this review, we discuss the Dynamical approach to Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (D-NEMD), which extends stationary NEMD to time-dependent situations, be they responses or relaxations. Based on the original Onsager regression hypothesis, implemented in the nineteen-seventies by Ciccotti, Jacucci and MacDonald, the approach permits one to separate the problem of dynamical evolution from the problem of sampling the initial condition. D-NEMD provides the theoretical framework to compute time-dependent macroscopic dynamical behaviors by averaging on a large sample of non-equilibrium trajectories starting from an ensemble of initial conditions generated from a suitable (equilibrium or non-equilibrium) distribution at time zero. We also discuss how to generate a large class of initial distributions. The same approach applies also to the calculation of the rate constants of activated processes. The range of problems treatable by this method is illustrated by discussing applications to a few key hydrodynamic processes (the “classical” flow under shear, the formation of convective cells and the relaxation of an interface between two immiscible liquids).
Gender-specific Associations of the Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism with Neurocognitive and Clinical Features in Schizophrenia

Objective To explore associations of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism with cognitive functioning and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. Methods We included 133 subjects meeting the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia who were in the post-acute stage of the disease. BDNF Val66Met genotypes were identified via polymerase chain reaction. The computerized neurocognitive function battery, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS), and the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptic Treatment (SWN-K) were administered. Gender-stratified sub-analysis was also conducted to identify gender-specific patterns in the findings. Results In male patients, no significant difference in any measure by BDNF genotype was evident. In female patients, scores on the CDSS and total PANSS and all subscales were significantly higher in valine (Val) carriers. In addition, scores on the SOFAS and SWN-K were significantly lower in Val carriers. In terms of neurocognitive measures, female patients with the Val allele had significantly poorer reaction times and fewer correct responses on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and the Trail Making Test (Parts A and B). After adjustment of PANSS total scores and log-transformed CDSS scores, CPT outcomes were significantly poorer in female patients with than in those without the Val allele. Conclusion Gender-specific associations of the Val allele with poor neurocognitive function and more severe psychopathology were evident. Further studies are required to explore the mechanisms of these differences and the potential utility of the BDNF genotype as a predictor of outcome in patients with schizophrenia.
Time series and predictability analysis of air pollutants in Delhi

Air pollution is a challenging problem globally and the complete globe is facing the hazards caused by it. In the recent years, it draws an attention of all as it is directly related with the health concern of an individual. Air pollution is a big concern for Delhi. More than 15 million people are exposed to severely high pollutant concentrations. Air pollution have a high impact on the environment also. Government of Delhi performed a litmus test of vehicular emissions in the form of Odd-Even Scheme (15April 2016–30 April 2016). This paper deals with the estimation of regression coefficient, Hurst exponent, Fractal Dimension and Predictability Index of air pollutants NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, PM2.5 and the weather conditions relative humidity and temperature during (15April 2016–30 April 2016), pre (30 March 2016–14 April 2016) and post Odd-Even Scheme (1 May 2016–16 May 2016) in the Dwarka area adjoining Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi. The Hurst exponent is defined as the index of long-range dependence. It measures a relative tendency of a time series either regress strongly to the mean or to cluster in a direction. It is related to fractal dimension which gives measure for roughness of surface. The Predictability Index describes the behaviour of time series. The data for the above period is taken from Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India. It is observed that carbon mono oxide (CO) behavior is unpredictable with Relative Humidity and sulphur-di-oxide (SO2) as they follows a Brownian motion for pre and post the Odd-Even Scheme simultaneously. During the period of Odd-Even Scheme, the behaviour of temperature with respect to PM2.5 is unpredictable. It is concluded that CO with PM2.5 follows a Brownian time series and hence the trend is unpredictable and SO2 for pre and post Odd-Even Scheme follows a Brownian time series. Thus it is difficult to predict the behavior and trend of the pollutants.
Visual Tracking with Similarity Matching Ratio

This paper presents a novel approach to visual tracking: Similarity Matching Ratio (SMR). The traditional approach of tracking is minimizing some measures of the difference between the template and a patch from the frame. This approach is vulnerable to outliers and drastic appearance changes and an extensive study is focusing on making the approach more tolerant to them. However, this often results in longer, corrective algo- rithms which do not solve the original problem. This paper proposes a novel approach to the definition of the tracking problems, SMR, which turns the differences into a probability measure. Only pixel differences below a threshold count towards deciding the match, the rest are ignored. This approach makes the SMR tracker robust to outliers and points that dramaticaly change appearance. The SMR tracker is tested on challenging video sequences and achieved state-of-the-art performance.
Stronger efferent suppression of cochlear neural potentials by contralateral acoustic stimulation in awake than in anesthetized chinchilla

There are two types of sensory cells in the mammalian cochlea, inner hair cells, which make synaptic contact with auditory-nerve afferent fibers, and outer hair cells that are innervated by crossed and uncrossed medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent fibers. Contralateral acoustic stimulation activates the uncrossed efferent MOC fibers reducing cochlear neural responses, thus modifying the input to the central auditory system. The chinchilla, among all studied mammals, displays the lowest percentage of uncrossed MOC fibers raising questions about the strength and frequency distribution of the contralateral-sound effect in this species. On the other hand, MOC effects on cochlear sensitivity have been mainly studied in anesthetized animals and since the MOC-neuron activity depends on the level of anesthesia, it is important to assess the influence of anesthesia in the strength of efferent effects. Seven adult chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger) were chronically implanted with round-window electrodes in both cochleae. We compared the effect of contralateral sound in awake and anesthetized condition. Compound action potentials (CAP) and cochlear microphonics (CM) were measured in the ipsilateral cochlea in response to tones in absence and presence of contralateral sound. Control measurements performed after middle-ear muscles section in one animal discarded any possible middle-ear reflex activation. Contralateral sound produced CAP amplitude reductions in all chinchillas, with suppression effects greater by about 1–3 dB in awake than in anesthetized animals. In contrast, CM amplitude increases of up to 1.9 dB were found in only three awake chinchillas. In both conditions the strongest efferent effects were produced by contralateral tones at frequencies equal or close to those of ipsilateral tones. Contralateral CAP suppressions for 1–6 kHz ipsilateral tones corresponded to a span of uncrossed MOC fiber innervation reaching at least the central third of the chinchilla cochlea.
Cdx-Hox code controls competence for responding to Fgfs and retinoic acid in zebrafish neural tissue

Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) and retinoic acid (RA) signals control the formation and anteroposterior patterning of posterior hindbrain. They are also involved in development processes in other regions of the embryo. Therefore, responsiveness to Fgf and RA signals must be controlled in a context-dependent manner. Inhibiting the caudal-related genes cdx1a and cdx4 in zebrafish embryos caused ectopic expression of genes that are normally expressed in the posterior hindbrain and anterior spinal cord, and ectopic formation of the hindbrain motor and commissure neurons in the posteriormost neural tissue. Combinational marker analyses suggest mirror-image duplication in the Cdx1a/4-defective embryos, and cell transplantation analysis further revealed that Cdx1a and Cdx4 repress a posterior hindbrain-specific gene expression cell-autonomously in the posterior neural tissue. Expression of fgfs and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 suggested that in the Cdx1a/4-defective embryos, the Fgf and RA signaling activities overlap in the posterior body and display opposing gradients, compared with those in the hindbrain region. We found that Fgf and RA signals were required for ectopic expression. Expression of the posterior hox genes hoxb7a, hoxa9a or hoxb9a, which function downstream of Cdx1a/4, or activator fusion genes of hoxa9a or hoxb9a (VP16-hoxa9a, VP16-hoxb9a) suppressed this loss-of-function phenotype. These data suggest that Cdx suppresses the posterior hindbrain fate through regulation of the posterior hox genes; the posterior Hox proteins function as transcriptional activators and indirectly repress the ectopic expression of the posterior hindbrain genes in the posterior neural tissue. Our results indicate that the Cdx-Hox code modifies tissue competence to respond to Fgfs and RA in neural tissue.
Please Scroll down for Article British Journal of Religious Education from Heaven to Earth: a Comparison of Ideals of Ite Students from Heaven to Earth: a Comparison of Ideals of Ite Students

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. This article describes and discusses the outcomes of an open-ended questionnaire completed by Initial Teacher Education (ITE) students about their personal and professional ideals, that is, ideals they would like to pass on to their pupils, their ideal teacher and ideal school. We compared five groups of students that were formed on the basis of their personal ideals: a religious ideals group, a moral ideals group, a vocational ideals group, a materialistic ideals group and a remainder group. We found that those in the materialistic ideals group were more focused on their own ideal situations, like being married or being happy, than the others and that those in the vocational and moral ideals groups were less focused on these ideals. We also found that the moral and religious ideals groups had comparable personal and professional ideals, whereas the materialistic ideals group was clearly inconsistent. No clear picture emerged as to whether or not the vocational ideals group had distinctive professional ideals.
Inflation without Flat Directions

We investigate the possibility that the Universe may inflate due to moduli fields, corresponding to flat directions of supersymmetry, lifted by supergravity corrections. We show that a period of ‘locked’ inflation, induced by an oscillating inflaton, may well be followed by a stage of fast-roll inflation. We demonstrate that these two consecutive inflationary phases result in enough total e-foldings to encompass the cosmological scales. Using natural values for the parameters (masses of order TeV and vacuum energy of the intermediate scale corresponding to gravity mediated supersymmetry breaking) we conclude that the η-problem of inflation is easily overcome. To generate structure in the Universe we assume the presence of a curvaton field. Finally we also discuss the moduli problem and how it affects our considerations.
Exploiting Sparsity in Semidefinite Programming via Matrix Completion I: General Framework

A critical disadvantage of primal-dual interior-point methods compared to dual interior-point methods for large scale semidefinite programs (SDPs) has been that the primal positive semidefinite matrix variable becomes fully dense in general even when all data matrices are sparse. Based on some fundamental results about positive semidefinite matrix completion, this article proposes a general method of exploiting the aggregate sparsity pattern over all data matrices to overcome this disadvantage. Our method is used in two ways. One is a conversion of a sparse SDP having a large scale positive semidefinite matrix variable into an SDP having multiple but smaller positive semidefinite matrix variables to which we can effectively apply any interior-point method for SDPs employing a standard block-diagonal matrix data structure. The other way is an incorporation of our method into primal-dual interior-point methods which we can apply directly to a given SDP. In Part II of this article, we will investigate an implementation of such a primal-dual interior-point method based on positive definite matrix completion, and report some numerical results.
A three-phase vibration-driven system's locomotion on an isotropic rough surface

Inspired by earthworm's terrestrial locomotion, a vibration-driven system is studied. The system moves on an isotropic rough surface, which provides isotropic Coulomb dry friction force. A three-phase control mode is used to actuate the vibration-driven system. Due to the existence of the Coulomb dry friction, stick-slip effect may play a role in the motion of the system. According to the present study, when moving forward, the stick-slip motions of the system can be classified into 6 different types. Based on the classification, an optimal motion, which has both high velocity and energy efficiency, can be derived. Benefiting from the classification, one may calculate average velocity of the optimal motion analytically. At last, a numerical example of the optimal motion is given to verify the theoretical analysis. Results derived analytically and numerically turn out to be in good agreement with each other.