Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Palaeography of the Ancient South Arabian script. New evidence for an absolute chronology

The chronology of the Ancient South Arabian civilisation in the first millennium BC has always been based on palaeography. In the past, however, palaeographical comparison of the extant inscriptions was in fact the only reliable tool for historical reconstruction of that period; absolute dates were confined to the alleged synchronism of the Sabaean ruler Karibʾil Watar in Assyrian sources in the early seventh century BC. Only recently have some Ancient South Arabian inscriptions come to light, which are dated according to an absolute (foreign) era and thus allow us, for the first time, to determine the absolute date of a particular ductus of the script in that period. Furthermore, the radiocarbon analyses of a number of inscribed wooden sticks from ancient Yemen have helped to establish a reliable chronology for this particular type of documentation as well (see Drewes et al., this volume). Based on this new evidence, the paper gives a general overview of the development of the Ancient South Arabian script from its emergence in the late second millennium BC up to the latest instances in the mid-sixth century AD. The different periods of both monumental and minuscule variants of this script are characterised by representative examples of established chronology in order to provide some reliable cornerstones for dating epigraphic material from pre-Islamic Yemen.
ADRC‐based control strategy for DC‐link voltage of flywheel energy storage system

The direct current (DC)‐link voltage control of the flywheel energy storage system plays an important role in realizing high‐quality grid connection. With the traditional proportional‐integral control, the DC‐link voltage cannot track its reference value quickly and smoothly when the flywheel energy storage system switches from the charging stage to other working stages. Therefore, a DC‐link voltage control strategy for the flywheel energy storage system based on active disturbance rejection control is proposed in this paper to deal with this issue. The DC‐link voltage and its differential value are considered as the state variables in this strategy. The internal and external disturbances, such as load power, switching loss, and parameter uncertainty, are regarded as an expanded state. By inputting the voltage error and the observed disturbance into the nonlinear state feedback control law, the rapidity and anti‐interference of the DC‐link voltage control are ensured under different States of Charge of the flywheel energy storage system. Then, the coefficient freezing method is used to analyze the effects of the disturbance observation bandwidth by nonlinear gain and pole position changes. The DC‐link voltage can track the reference value over a wider frequency range of disturbances. By configuring the appropriate observer structure parameters, the disturbance observation bandwidth under the nonlinear function gain variation is always higher than the expected bandwidth. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation results at last.
Effects of Carbon Pricing in Germany and Spain: An Assessment with EMuSe

Using the dynamic, three-region environmental multi-sector general equilibrium model EMuSe, we find that pricing carbon in Germany or Spain only leads to a permanent negative effect on output in these economies. The induced emissions reduction is not large enough to overcompensate for the increase in marginal production costs. If the rest of Europe joins the carbon pricing scheme, long-run output effects are positive. However, in this case, transition costs are even larger due to close trade relations within Europe. We find evidence for carbon leakage, which can be reduced slightly by a border adjustment mechanism. Still, it is no game changer as it mainly protects dirty domestic sectors. While Germany benefits from border adjustment, Spain actually loses throughout the transition. In the long run, the Spanish energy sector benefits most because of its relatively low emission intensity. Finally, Europe has a strong incentive to get the rest of the world on board as then the downturn is shorter and long-run benefits are larger.
Identification Of Outliers Based On Sensitivity Of Data

- Outlier detection is examined and can be applied in many domains. These Outliers occur because of human error while data entry, fraudulent error when a malicious practice occurs, system behaviour, by natural deviations in datasets or instrument error. The detection of outliers has been used over many years, to identify outliers and analyse outliers where required. Sometimes the outliers need to be removed, Sometimes we use it to identify Outliers. The main challenge in outlier detection is to work on data that is highly Sensitive data. Sometimes the data is so sensitive that the outlier data coincides with the normal data, this usually occurs in the domain of malicious activities. The proposed system assists to clean data in less time and great accuracy. Our paper focuses on outlier detection which can be applied to various domains that have time series data. This shows critical review on various approaches to detect outliers and provides the most accurate technique for particular type of data.
Extreme Altitudes of Stratospheric Hydration by Midlatitude Convection Observed During the DCOTSS Field Campaign

Water vapor's contribution to Earth's radiative forcing is most sensitive to changes in its lower stratosphere concentration. One recognized pathway for rapid increases in stratospheric water vapor is tropopause‐overshooting convection. Since this pathway has been rarely sampled, the NASA Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) field project focused on obtaining in situ observations of stratospheric air recently affected by convection over the United States. This study reports on the extreme altitudes to which convective hydration was observed. The data show that the overworld stratosphere is routinely hydrated by convection and that past documented records of stratospheric heights of convective hydration were exceeded during several DCOTSS flights. The most extreme event sampled is highlighted, for which stratospheric water vapor was increased by up to 26% at an altitude of 19.25 km, a potential temperature of 463 K, and an ozone mixing ratio >1500 ppbv.
Life after logging: reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo

This book presents a technical review of ecological and life history information on a range of Bornean wildlife species, aimed at identifying what makes these species sensitive to timber harvesting practices and associated impacts. It addresses three audiences: 1) those involved in assessing and regulating timber harvesting activities in Southeast Asia, 2) those involved in trying to achieve conservation goals in the region, and 3) those undertaking research to improve multipurpose forest management. This book shows that forest management can be improved in many simple ways to allow timber extraction and wildlife conservation to be more compatible than under current practices. The recommendations can also be valuable to the many governmental and non-governmental organisations promoting sustainable forest management and eco-labelling. Finally, it identifies a number of shortcomings and gaps in knowledge, which the hope can interest the scientific community and promote further research. This review is, an important scientific step toward understanding and improving sustainable forestry practices for long-term biodiversity conservation. Even in the short term, however, significant improvements can be made to improve both conservation and the efficiency of forest management, and there is no need to delay action due to a perceived lack of information. In the longer term it is expected that the recommendations from this review will be implemented, and that further research will continue to help foster an acceptable balance among the choices needed to maintain healthy wildlife populations and biodiversity in a productive forest estate.
A comparison between polynya area and associated ice production with mooring-based measurements of temperature, salinity and currents in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica

Abstract Wintertime (April–September) area estimates of the Terra Nova Bay polynya (TNBP), Antarctica, based on satellite microwave radiometry are compared with in situ observations of water salinity, temperature and currents at a mooring in Terra Nova Bay in 1996 and 1997. In 1996, polynya area anomalies and associated anomalies in polynya ice production are significantly correlated with salinity anomalies at the mooring. Salinity anomalies lag area and/or ice production anomalies by about 3 days. Up to 50% of the variability in the salinity at the mooring position can be explained by area and/or ice production anomalies in the TNBP for April–September 1996. This value increases to about 70% when considering shorter periods like April–June or May–July, but reduces to 30% later, for example July–September, together with a slight increase in time lag. In 1997, correlations are smaller, less significant and occur at a different time lag. Analysis of ocean currents at the mooring suggests that in 1996 conditions were more favourable than in 1997 for observing the impact of descending plumes of salt-enriched water formed in the polynya during ice formation on the water masses at the mooring depth.
Comparison of soil water retention at field and laboratory scales

Water content and soil water matric potential are measured in different soil volumes and at different spatial scales in the laboratory and in the field. The objective of this work was to use a large database to compare field and laboratory water retention. The database consisted of 135 datasets for soil horizons of various textures. Coarse-textured soils had the average difference between field and laboratory water contents close to zero. On the contrary, fine-textured soils with the sand content <50% had field water contents substantially smaller than the laboratory water contents in the range of water contents from 0.45 to 0.60 cm 3 cm -3 . A quadratic regression explained 70% of variability in field water contents as computed from the laboratory data. A fractal scaling of the bulk density could contribute to the observed field-lab differences in volumetric water contents for the range of high water contents.
The Environmental Policy of the European Communities

This survey covers pollution control, in particular measures taken at Community level to deal with water pollution, air pollution, chemicals and waste. It also discusses legislation developed in wider contexts, such as environmental impact assessment, nature conservation, and the integration of environmental policy into other community policies, such as agriculture and development co-operation. The first title in Kluwer Law International's International Environmental Law and Policy series, the book must be viewed as a work of reference, to be used by industries and organizations involved with pollution control, as well as by those interested in environmental policy more generally. This edition of the work, although it includes much that appeared in the first edition, has been totally rewritten, expanded and updated to include the key events and decisions that have intervened since the end of the 1980s, including the adoption of the Fifth Environmental Action Programme in 1993 and the impact of the Maastricht Treaty on the EU's environmental policy. The growing role of the European Community in international affairs is examined: for example, the participation of the Community in the Montreal Convention on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is fully described, as is the Commission Communication to the Council on measures to be taken by the Community to deal with the greenhouse effect and the action taken by the Community both before and after the Rio Earth Summit.
Southern ocean fronts : controlled by wind or topography?

[1] The location of fronts has a direct influence on both the physical and biological processes in the Southern Ocean. Here we explore the relative importance of bottom topography and winds for the location of Southern Ocean fronts, using 100 years of a control and climate change simulation from the high resolution coupled climate model HiGEM. Topography has primary control on the number and intensity of fronts at each longitude. However, there is no strong relationship between the position or spacing of jets and underlying topographic gradients because of the effects of upstream and downstream topography. The Southern Hemisphere Westerlies intensify and shift south by 1.3° in the climate change simulation, but there is no comparable meridional displacement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current's (ACC) path or the fronts within its boundaries, even over flat topography. Instead, the current contracts meridionally and weakens. North of the ACC, the Subtropical Front (STF) shifts south gradually, even over steep topographic ridges. We suggest the STF reacts more strongly to the wind shift because it is strongly surface intensified. In contrast, fronts within the ACC are more barotropic and are therefore more sensitive to the underlying topography. An assessment of different methods for identifying jets reveals that maxima of gradients in the sea surface height field are the most reliable. Approximating the position of fronts using sea surface temperature gradients is ineffective at high latitudes while using sea surface height contours can give misleading results when studying the temporal variability of front locations.
Circadian rhythm disorders in patients with advanced cancer: a scoping review

Circadian rhythms can be demonstrated in several biomarkers and behavioural activities, with rhythmical patterns occurring roughly over a 24-h period. Circadian disorders occur in patients with cancer and may be associated with poor clinical outcomes. This scoping review aimed to identify circadian rhythm research and reporting practices, circadian rhythm patterns, circadian rhythm disorders, and relevant associations of circadian rhythm disorders in patients with advanced cancer. Studies involved adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer and used objective measures of circadian rhythmicity. Two independent authors completed initial screening of title and abstracts, full text reviews, data extraction, and data checking. A total of 98 articles were highlighted in the scoping review, which utilised physical activity measures (actigraphy and polysomnography), biomarkers (cortisol and melatonin), or a combination. Several circadian rhythms are commonly disordered amongst patients with advanced cancer and have significant implications for symptom burden, quality of life, and survival. It remains unclear which patients are most at risk of a circadian rhythm disorder. Significant heterogeneity exists in research and reporting practices. Standardising this approach may address discrepancies in the current literature and allow for research to focus on the most relevant parameters and approaches to improving circadian rhythmicity.
Derivation of the complete Gutenberg‐Richter magnitude‐frequency relation using the principle of scale invariance

The purpose of this paper is to show that the various observational parameters characterizing the statistical properties of earthquakes can be related to each other. The fundamental postulate which is used to obtain quantitative results is the idea that the physics of earthquake occurrence scales as a power law, similar to properties one often sees in critical phenomena. When the physics of earthquake occurrence is exactly scale invariant, b = 1, and it can be shown as a consequence that earthquakes in any magnitude band Δm cover the same area in unit time. This result therefore implies the existence of a “universal” covering interval τT, which is here called the “cycle interval. ” Using this idea, the complete Gutenberg-Richter relation is derived in terms of the fault area ST, which is available to events of any given size, the average stress drop ΔσT for events occurring on ST, the interval τT for events of stress drop ΔσT to cover an area ST, and the scaling exponent α, which is proportional to the b value. Observationally, the average recurrence time interval for great earthquakes, or perhaps equivalently, the recurrence interval for characteristic earthquakes on a fault segment, is a measure of the cycle interval τT. The exponent α may depend on time, but scale invariance (self similarity) demands that α = 1. It is shown in the appendix that the A value in the Gutenberg-Richter relation can be written in terms of ST, τT, ΔσT, and the parameter α. The b value is either 1 or 1.5 (depending on the geometry of the fault zone) multiplied by α.
Injectionless Acoustic-Noise-Based PMSM Sensorless Control Using RCPLL for Improved Estimation Performance

This article introduces an injectionless approach for acoustic-noise-based sensorless control of the permanent magnet synchronous machine. Replacing the high-frequency injection, the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltages are used as the basis for the method implementation. The mathematical model of PWM with considering the deadtime effect is first presented. Then, its impact upon the harmonics of current, magnetic fields, and generated radial forces is detailed. It is experimentally verified that in the presence of deadtime, unlike the contaminated current profile, there are merely specific-order speed-dependent components appeared in the acoustic noise spectrum, which is a clear bonus for signal processing precision and estimation performance. Moreover, a novel phase-locked loop (PLL) topology comprising a resonant-controller-based feedforward compensation block (RCPLL) is proposed. This compensation block is integrated within the PLL, by which the extra harmonics in the PLL error are directly suppressed, and therefore, the estimation performance is noticeably enhanced. The robustness of the proposed sensorless algorithm, alone, is verified experimentally under different conditions, and then, the estimation performances with and without the proposed RCPLL are compared.
Compartmentalization of an aeolian sandstone by structural heterogeneities: Permo-Triassic Hopeman Sandstone, Moray Firth, Scotland

Abstract Many excellent aeolian sandstones suffer a decline of reservoir quality associated with structural compartmentalization by tectonic features. An onshore analogue, the Permo-Triassic Hopeman Sandstone, which crops out along the Southern side of the Moray Firth, Scotland, has been studied due to the difficulty in quantifying tectonic heterogeneities in the sub-surface. A hierarchy of structural flow barriers, with impermeable fault rock, has been observed. These vary from solitary deformation bands, via compound zones of bands to major slip surfaces/faults. Episodic faulting leads to the growth from bands to larger fault zones. Increased cementation of the sandstones is seen adjacent to these tight fault zones, and a zone of enhanced cementation, spatially governed by the main fault in the region, has been mapped. Conjugate extensional systems of deformation bands decrease in density away from major faults. Porosity reduction is related to proximity to faults, with porosity increasing abruptly away from the tectonic barrier; the deformation producing low-quality reservoir and flow barriers. Tectonic features have, intermittently, acted as both fluid conduits and barriers: enhanced cementation of sedimentary features adjacent to ‘tight’ faults shows migration of diagenetic brines along fractures. The relatively well sorted aeolian Hopeman Sandstones display better developed flow barriers than the poorly-sorted, mixed facies fluviatile Burghead Beds. Interaction of fluid-flow, diagenetic cementation and structural deformation produce flow barriers that compartmentalize the sandstones on all scales.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MARRIAGE MARKET AND LABOR MARKET SORTING

We build a novel equilibrium model in which households' labor supply choices form the link between sorting on the marriage market and sorting on the labor market. We first show that in theory, the nature of home production – whether partners' hours are complements or substitutes – shapes marriage market sorting, labor market sorting and labor supply choices in equilibrium. We then estimate our model on German data to assess the nature of home production in the data, and find that spouses' home hours are complements. We investigate to what extent complementarity in home hours drives sorting and inequality. We find that the home production complementarity – by strengthening positive marriage sorting and reducing the gender gap in hours and labor sorting – puts significant downward pressure on the gender wage gap and within-household income inequality, but it fuels between-household inequality. Our estimated model sheds new light on the sources of inequality in today's Germany and – by identifying important shifts in home production technology towards more complementarity – on the evolution of inequality over time. Paula A. Calvo Department of Economics Yale University 28 Hillhouse Av. New Haven, CT 06520 paula.calvo@yale.edu Ilse Lindenlaub Department of Economics Yale University 28 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven, CT 06511 and NBER ilse.lindenlaub@yale.edu Ana Reynoso Department of Economics University of Michigan 611 Tappan Avenue Ann Arbor, MI 48109 areynoso@umich.edu An online appendix is available at http://www.nber. org/data-appendix/w28883
Polar cap index (PC) as a proxy for ionospheric electric field in the near‐pole region

The ion drift measurements made by a number of DMSP satellites during some intervals in 1991, 1997, and 1998 are utilized for estimation of the ionospheric electric fields over the near‐pole region; these estimates are then compared with the Polar Cap (PC) magnetic activity index obtained from ground geomagnetic observations at Qaanaaq (former Thule, Greenland) and Vostok (Antarctica). The analysis shows that the polar cap electric field is primarily controlled by variations in the near‐Earth's interplanetary electric field. The relationship between the polar cap ionospheric electric field and the PC‐index can be approximated by a quadratic polynomial. The polar cap ionospheric electric field tends to saturate at the asymptote of ∼45–50 mV/m when the PC index reaches large positive values (PC>10); the residual electric field (for near‐zero interplanetary electric field applied to the Earth's magnetosphere) is ∼12 mV/m. It is concluded that the PC‐index can serve as a proxy of the ionospheric electric fields in the near‐pole region.
Target Acceleration Estimation in Active and Passive Radars

Flying targets are becoming increasingly maneuverable, contributing to the growing problem of their detection with active and passive radars. Rapid acceleration causes blurring of the target echo on the range-Doppler (RD) map, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio in a given range and velocity cell. This article proposes a novel, nonparametric approach to quickly and efficiently estimating target acceleration on the RD map. In this article, a universal signal model for an active frequency-modulated continuous wave radar and a passive radar is introduced. Based on this model, an estimation algorithm has been developed that can be applied to both active and passive radars. Compared with the method known from the literature, the proposed solution is much faster (even more than $\mathbf {100}$ times) while maintaining numerical stability and allowing for the estimation of acceleration of many targets to be performed simultaneously. The proposed method was supported by simulation tests and signals from real-life active and passive radars observing a jet fighter and a drone. The obtained outcomes show that the proposed technique can be successfully used for autonomous real-time systems that detect and estimate the parameters of maneuvering vehicles.