Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subsurface temperatures during the last millennium: Model and observation

General Circulation Models (GCMs) used to distinguish anthropogenic forcing of the Earth's past climate from its natural variability need to be validated by observations. The GCM ECHO‐g was used to produce three millennial simulations of the Earth's climate. Two simulations include changes in anthropogenic and natural external forcing factors through the last millennium, differing only in their initial conditions, and a control run with constant external forcing representing internal variability. Since the ground contains a record of long‐term trends in SAT, we use borehole temperatures in Canada, grouped into regions, as a record of past climate. The regional average SATs from ECHO‐g were used to solve the forward subsurface thermal profile, and compared with the underground temperature anomalies observed at each region. In all cases simulated subsurface anomalies from the forced simulations are in better agreement with observations than those from the control simulation.
Self‐Potential Method in Hydrogeological Exploration of Volcanic Areas

In volcanic areas, when two conditions are satisfied, there is a linear correlation between the range of negative self-potential (SP) anomalies and the thickness of the unsaturated zone measured in borings. The first condition is a high ratio between the resistivity of the unsaturated zone, and the resistivities of the substratum and the water-saturated zone. The second condition is the homogeneity of the unsaturated zone. From this relation, we develop the concept of a geophysical surface (SPS surface) calculated from SP and topographic data. Under these conditions, the SPS surface is both an equipotential SP surface and the interface between the unsaturated zone and the saturated medium below. Borehole logs for three field sites show that drainage courses and watersheds are located exactly on respectively the valleys and the ridge lines of the SPS surface.
Biogeography of cretaceous/tertiary (k/t) planktic foraminifera

As a result of the process‐level connections between biogeography, systematics, and ecology, analyses of the spatial distribution of organisms across major extinction events can be used to probe the paleobiological structure of those events and constrain the range of plausible explanatory models. Investigation of the biogeography of planktic foraminiferal faunas across the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary using a high‐resolution, taxonomically‐consistent, global database of more that 22 different boundary sections and deep‐sea cores reveals that this group did not undergo a stratigraphically instantaneous ‘mass extinction’ at the K/T boundary that is co‐incident with unambiguous independent evidence for a bolide impact. Rather, this event is better described as an extended or prolonged faunal turnover that was spread over a stratigraphic interval that, in some sections, spans several meters which, in turn, are estimated (using radiometric calibration) to represent as much 2–3 m.y. Beginning in the upper.
Mapping burns and natural reforestation using thematic Mapper data

Abstract Remote sensing techniques are specially suitable to detect and to map areas affected by forest fires. In this work, Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data has been used to study a number of forest fires that occurred in the province of Valencia (Spain) and to monitor the vegetation regeneration over burnt areas. A reference area (non‐burnt forest) was established to assess the change produced by fire. The radiance in the thermal band (10.4–12.5 μm) and the normalized difference in reflectance between near 1R (0.76–0.90 μm) and middle IR (2.08–2.35 μm) were the most suitable parameters to map burnt areas. This index can also be used for monitoring vegetation regeneration in burnt areas. About a month after the fire, the burns show temperatures of 5–6 °C higher than those found in the reference area, and the vegetation index shows negative values whereas the reference area values remain positive. The differences between the burns and the reference area for the vegetation index decrease with time as ve.
Functional Equations in Several Variables: With Applications to Mathematics, Information Theory and to the Natural and Social Sciences

Preface Further information 1. Axiomatic motivation of vector addition 2. Cauchy's equation: Hamel basis 3. Three further Cauchy equations: an application to information theory 4. Generalizations of Cauchy's equations to several multiplace vector and matrix functions: an application to geometric objects 5. Cauchy's equations for complex functions: applications to harmonic analysis and to information measures 6. Conditional Cauchy equations: an application to geometry and a characterization of the Heaviside functions 7. Addundancy, extensions, quasi-extensions and extensions almost everywhere: applications to harmonic analysis and to rational decision making 8. D'Alembert's functional equation: an application to noneuclidean mechanics 9. Images of sets and functional equations: applications to relativity theory and to additive functions bounded on particular sets 10. Some applications of functional equations in functional analysis, in the geometry of Banach spaces and in valauation theory 11. Characterizations of inner product spaces: an application to gas dynamics 12. Some related equations and systems of equations: applications to combinatorics and Markov processes 13. Equations for trigonometric and similar functions 14. A class of equations generalizing d'Alembert and Cauchy Pexider-type equations 15. A further generalization of Pexider's equation: a uniqueness theorem: an application to mean values 16. More about conditional Cauchy equations: applications to additive number theoretical functions and to coding theory 17. Mean values, mediality and self-distributivity 18. Generalized mediality: connection to webs and nomograms 19. Further composite equations: an application to averaging theory 20. Homogeneity and some generalizations: applications to economics 21. Historical notes Notations and symbols Hints to selected 'exercises and further results' Bibliography Author index Subject index.
Talnakhite Associated with Andradite Skarn at Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan

Abstract. Talnakhite occurs in an andradite skarn forming adjacent to a leucocratic quartz monzonite dike intruded into limestone at Fuka. The mineral densely contains exsolution lamellae of chalcopyrite, and the talnakhite‐chalcopyrite inter‐growth is intimately associated with bornite that contains chalcopyrite as a lattice‐form exsolution. The chemical composition of the talnakhite acquired on an electron probe microanalyzer corresponds to Cu9.00Fe8. 08S15.92, very close to the ideal chemical formula Cu9Fe8S16. Nickel is not detected. The X‐ray powder diffraction lines are well indexed on a body‐centered cubic cell with a = 10.589 Å. The characteristic (110) reflection of talnakhite is clearly observed at 7.49 Å. The present talnakhite retains the chalcopyrite‐like colored polished surface without tarnish in air more than a month.
Image Fusion: Algorithms and Applications

The application of sensor technology has brought considerable interest in the area of image fusion. Written by leading experts in the field, this book brings together in one volume the most recent algorithms, design techniques and applications in the topical field of image fusion. The applications are drawn from military, medical and civilian areas and give practical advice and pointers to the development of future applications in a variety of fields.This book will be an invaluable resource to R&D engineers, academic researchers and system developers requiring the most up-to-date and complete information on image fusion algorithms, design architectures and applications. *Brings together the latest algorithms, design techniques and applications in the hot area of Image Fusion*A large number of applications from military, medical and civilian fields give practical advice on how to develop future applications. * Combines theory and practice to create a unique point of reference
CHARACTERISTIC WATER CONTENTS OF A FINE-GRAINED SOIL-WATER SYSTEM

This paper critically appraises the limitations of the liquid-limit water content of clayey soils determined conventionally either by percussion cup or by the cone penetration method. It is shown that the conventional liquid limit and plastic limit are arbitrary, strength-based water contents and that they cannot represent the plasticity limits, and that the state of the soil-water system at the conventional liquid limit does not correspond to a stress-free reference state. The present investigation identifies three characteristic limiting water contents for a soil-water system which have well-defined, unique mechanisms controlling them, namely the free swell limit, settling limit and shrinkage limit. Simple procedures for the determination of the free swell limit and settling limit of natural soils are presented. The settling limit is shown to be the 'real liquid limit' of any clayey soil. With a number of experimental illustrations, it is clearly shown that the settling limit represents the maximum water-holding capacity of clayey soils and that it corresponds to the stress-free reference state.
UAV Obstacle Avoidance using Differential Geometry Concepts

Abstract This paper investigates the application of differential geometry to UAV collision avoidance based on differential geometry. The Differential Geometry approach has been useful in determining a guidance algorithm to produce a constant curvature evasion manoeuvre to avoid collision with an Aircraft flying in a straight line. Simulation results presented in the paper demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed UAV collision avoidance algorithms.
Substrate limitations for heterotrophs: Implications for models that estimate the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2

We examine the sensitivity of the seasonal cycle of heterotrophic respiration to model estimates of litterfall seasonality, herbivory, plant allocation, tissue chemistry, and land use. As a part of this analysis, we compare heterotrophic respiration models based solely on temperature and soil moisture controls (zero-order models) with models that depend on available substrate as well (first-order models). As indicators of regional and global CO2 exchange, we use maps of monthly global net ecosystem production, growing season net flux (GSNF), and simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations from an atmospheric tracer transport model. In one first-order model, CASA, variations on the representation of the seasonal flow of organic matter from plants to heterotrophs can increase global GSNF as much as 60% (5.7 Pg C yr−1) above estimates obtained from a zero-order model. Under a new first-order scheme that includes separate seasonal dynamics for leaf litterfall, fine root mortality, coarse woody debris, and herbivory, we observe an increase in GSNF of 8% (0.7 Pg C yr−1) over that predicted by the zero-order model. The increase in seasonality of CO2 exchange in first-order models reflects the dynamics of labile litter fractions; specifically, the rapid decomposition of a pulse of labile leaf and fine root litter that enters the heterotrophic community primarily from the middle to the end of the growing season shifts respiration outside the growing season. From the perspective of a first-order model, we then explore the consequences of land use change and winter temperature anomalies on the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2. Agricultural practices that accelerate decomposition may drive a long-term increase in the amplitude, independent of human impacts on plant production. Consideration of first-order litter decomposition dynamics may also help explain year-to-year variation in the amplitude.
Mud volcanoes of Italy

The locations and information about the sizes of 61 mud volcanoes on the Italian mainland and Sicily, plus an area of mud diapirism in the Italian Adriatic Sea, are presented. Data about the emission products are also provided. The majority of these mud volcanoes are found where thick sedimentary sequences occur within a zone of tectonic compression associated with local plate tectonic activity: the movement of the Adriatic microplate between the converging African and Eurasian plates. The principal gas emitted by these mud volcanoes is methane, which probably originates from deep within the sediments. Other mud volcanoes, associated with igneous volcanism, produce mainly carbon dioxide. The mud diapirs in the Adriatic Sea are thought to form as a result of the mobilization of shallow gassy sediments. It has been shown that radon emissions from mud volcanoes are indicators of forthcoming earthquake events. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic brain segmentation and validation: image-based versus atlas-based deformable models

Due to the complexity of the brain surface, there is at present no segmentation method that proves to work automatically and consistently on any 3-D magnetic resonance (MR) images of the head. There is a definite lack of validation studies related to automatic brain extraction. In this work we present an image-base automatic method for brain segmentation and use its results as an input to a deformable model method which we call image-based deformable model. Combining image-based methods with a deformable model can lead to a robust segmentation method without requiring registration of the image volumes into a standardized space, the automation of which remains challenging for pathological cases. We validate our segmentation results on 3-D MP-RAGE (magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo) volumes for the image model prior- and post-deformation and compare it to an atlas model prior- and post-deformation. Our validation is based on volume measurement comparison to manually segmented data. Our analysis shows that the improvement afforded by the deformable model methods are statistically significant, however there are no significant differences between the image-based and atlas-based deformable model methods.
Artificial immune based self organizing maps for seismic facies analysis

Seismic facies, combined with well-log data and other seismic attributes such as coherency, curvature, and AVO, play an important role in subsurface geological studies, especially for identification of depositional structures. The effectiveness of any seismic facies analysis algorithm depends on whether or not it is driven by local geologic factors, the absence of which may lead to unrealistic information about subsurface geology, depositional environment, and lithology. This includes proper identification of number of classes or facies existing in the data set. We developed a hybrid waveform classification algorithm based on an artificial immune system and self-organizing maps (AI-SOM), that forms the class of unsupervised classification or automatic facies identification followed by facies map generation. The advantage of AI-SOM is that, unlike, a stand-alone SOM, it is more robust in the presence of noise in seismic data. Artificial immune system (AIS) is an excellent data reduction technique providing a compact representation of the training data; this is followed by clustering and identification of number of clusters in the data set. The reduced data set from AIS processing serves as an excellent input to SOM processing. Thus, facies maps generated from AI-SOM are less affected by noise and redundancy in the data set. We tested the effectiveness of our algorithm with application to an offshore 3D seismic volume from F3 block in the Netherlands. The results confirmed that we can better interpret an appropriate number of facies in the seismic data using the AI-SOM approach than with a conventional SOM. We also examined the powerful data-reduction capabilities of AIS and advantages the of AI-SOM over SOM when data under consideration were noisy and redundant.
Matriliny patriliny and wealth flow variations in rural Malawi.

Literature on African kinship political economies suggest that under matriliny wealth flow would be biased towards a matrilineal line in that children would engage in transfers with their maternal more than their paternal relatives. Under patriliny the reverse would be the case. We explore these propositions using data from a sample survey of 1257 respondents in rural Malawi 29 percent of whom were from a predominantly matrilineal ethnic group 36 percent were from an ethnic group that is transforming from matrilineal to patrilineal practices and 35 percent were from a patrilineal ethnic group. These data were complemented by qualitative interviews of 18 respondents from the matrilineal ethnic group 20 from the transforming group and 18 from the patrilineal group. Results reveal little evidence to support the propositions. We think that the increasing privatisation of production and consumption that has over the years penetrated rural Malawi has led to some individualistic tendencies among rural Malawians and weakened both matrilineal and patrilineal influence on peoples wealth transfer behaviours. (authors)
Source Differentiation for Benzene and Chlorobenzene Groundwater Contamination: A Field Application of Stable Carbon and Hydrogen Isotope Analyses

This article investigates the combined use of compound-specific isotope analyses, hydrogeologic data, contaminant concentrations, and site history to investigate sources of benzene and chlorobenzene contamination in a shallow and deep aquifer. For benzene, δ13C and δ2H values suggested two source areas in the northeastern and southeastern portion of the shallow aquifer and possible contaminant migration from the shallow to the deep aquifer consistent with local hydraulic gradients. Conversely, uniform δ13C chlorobenzene values on the eastern portion of the shallow aquifer suggested a potential single source for this compound in this area of the site. Isotopically 13C-depleted values for benzene and chlorobenzene in wells downgradient of the northeastern source zone were inconsistent with the effects of biodegradation, suggesting other sources of contamination in the western portion of the shallow aquifer. Only one well showed an enrichment in 13C in the downgradient wells relative to proposed source areas, which was observed only for chlorobenzene, suggesting that biodegradation is not a major influence on isotopic signatures at this site.
The First Remopleuridioidean Trilobite and the Earliest Parabolinella Species Recorded in the Furongian of Scandinavia

The furongian of Mount Kinnekulle, Västergötland, Sweden (Fig. 1) is exposed in a number of road cuts, stream cuts, and abandoned alum shale quarries scattered around the mountain (e.g., Westergård, 1922, fig. 18; Müller and Hinz, 1991, fig. 2). Stratigraphically, the exposed successions span the Olenus gibbosus Zone through the Peltura paradoxa Zone (Fig. 2), and they have a maximum thickness of ca 12 m (Westergård, 1943). The strata consist of interfingering layers of alum shale and bituminous limestone (colloquially referred to as “orsten”). Trilobites, predominantly olenids, occur frequently throughout the succession, although they are generally restricted to the limestones. During an investigation of trilobites in the Lotagnostus americanus Zone (Fig. 2) at two localities on Kinnekulle, the second author (JA) recovered two unusual trilobites. After a closer examination they could be assigned to Elkanaspis Ludvigsen, 1982 and Parabolinella Br⊘gger, 1882, both of which are extremely rare in the Furongian of Scandinavia.
Seismogenic index and magnitude probability of earthquakes induced during reservoir fluid stimulations

An important characteristic of seismicity is the distribution of magnitudes of earthquakes. Fluid injection in rocks, aimed to create enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), can sometimes produce significant seismic events (e.g., Majer et al., 2007). This is rarely the case in hydraulic fracturing of hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, in any case the behavior of the seismicity triggering in space and in time is controlled by the process of stress relaxation and pore-pressure perturbation that was initially created at the injection source. This relaxation process can be approximated by pressure diffusion (possibly a nonlinear one) in the pore fluid of rocks (e.g., Shapiro and Dinske, 2009). At some locations the tectonic stress in the Earth's crust is close to a critical stress, causing brittle failure of rocks. Increasing fluid pressure in such a reservoir causes pressure in the connected pore and fracture space of rocks to increase. Such an increase in the pore pressure consequently causes a decrease of the eff.
A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China

An articulated skeleton of a 1 m long theropod from Early Cretaceous strata in Inner Mongolia is clearly referrable to the Troodontidae, representing the most complete specimen known of this group of small carnivorous dinosaurs. The tail and neck of the animal were curled next to its body upon burial; the upper surface of the skeleton was badly damaged by erosion. Previously unknown details of troodont morphology include a quadratic contact with the braincase wall (forming part of a channel leading to the lateral depression), a presacral vertebral count possibly similar to that of most theropods, absence of ossified caudal tendons, presence of a rod-like clavicle, and absence of sternal ossifications. A new genus and species (Sinornithoides youngi n.gen., n.sp.) is established for the specimen on the basis of its short skull, laterally directed orbital rim of the frontal, and elongated hind limb. A reassessment of character distributions in other small theropods and primitive birds must be completed befor.
Pathway logic helping biologists understand and organize pathway information

Pathway Logic is an application of techniques from formal methods to the modeling and analysis of signal transduction networks in mammalian cells. These signaling network models are developed using Maude, a symbolic language founded on rewriting logic. Network elements (reactions) are represented as rewrite rules. Models can be queried (analyzed) using the execution, search and model-checking tools of the Maude system. Collections of rules and initial states of interest form a novel kind of database where a biologist can record results of both curation and experiments.
Neural tuning matches frequency-dependent time differences between the ears

The time it takes a sound to travel from source to ear differs between the ears and creates an interaural delay. It varies systematically with spatial direction and is generally modeled as a pure time delay, independent of frequency. In acoustical recordings, we found that interaural delay varies with frequency at a fine scale. In physiological recordings of midbrain neurons sensitive to interaural delay, we found that preferred delay also varies with sound frequency. Similar observations reported earlier were not incorporated in a functional framework. We find that the frequency dependence of acoustical and physiological interaural delays are matched in key respects. This suggests that binaural neurons are tuned to acoustical features of ecological environments, rather than to fixed interaural delays. Using recordings from the nerve and brainstem we show that this tuning may emerge from neurons detecting coincidences between input fibers that are mistuned in frequency. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06072. 001