Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Adversarial Defiance Towards Malware Detection System (MDS)

Machine learning (ML) based Malware Detection Systems (MDS) are the potential target of Hackers. Malware authors usually have no information regarding the MDS's classifier and its parameters. Therefore, such closed MDSs system are exposed to blind black-box attacks and can easily be bypassed with adversarial payloads. This vulnerability has attracted the focus of scholars. However, in existing research, adversarial payloads used for blind attacks are generated using static gradient approaches and dynamic features (e.g., API calls) of Portable Executables (PEs). To the best of our knowledge, there is no work on dynamic generation of adversarial payload using static features. To this end, we propose a novel adversarial attack framework. This novel framework is based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and static attributes of PEs. We designed feed-forward neural networks both for Generator and Discriminator. The Generator is devised to learn distribution modeling of dataset based on static features. Moreover, it dynamically generates adversarial payloads using uniform noise to evade MDS. The proposed model outperformed the traditional static gradient-based generators. A Discriminator is also devised to approximate the MDS. The proposed model demonstrated to generate high quality adversarial instances with zero True Positive Rate (TPR). It is also demonstrated that defense-based retraining of MDS is vulnerable to adversarial payload.
Flow Behavior of Different Viscoelastic Fluid in Contraction Channel

In this paper, Poly flow software is used to calculate the isothermal flow of three model fluids in contraction channel. The streamline contours, the speed contours and the pressure contours are drawn. Great efforts were put into further study of flow properties. As Weissenberg number (We)increasing, the vortex exists in the corner of contraction becomes bigger, the velocity contour is closer to the corner, the pressure drop becomes more intense. This means that, the viscoelastic polymer solution can increase the sweep efficiency. The characteristics of three model fluid are also discussed, in mathematical equations and numerical results. Oldroyd-Bmodel takes the pure viscous stress components of additional stress into account, the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) model introduces the extensional viscosity parameter of polymer solution, these decide the characteristics of three model fluid.
Airborne infrared small target recognition algorithm based on improved efficientdet

Aiming at the problems of small size and complex background of infrared targets detected at long distances in airborne aerial scenes, the average recognition rate is low, and the real-time performance of the airborne infrared target recognition algorithm is high. In this paper, an improved EfficientDet infrared small target recognition algorithm was proposed. First, an Unsharp Masking method suitable for small infrared target data enhancement is used to enhance the target edge and detail information; Secondly, GhostNet was used as the backbone network of the model, which greatly reduces the amount of parameters of the model and improved the inference speed of the model; Finally, the Coordinate Attention module was used. It was applied to the feature layer extracted by the feature extraction network, which increased the feature expression ability of the network and prompted the network to accurately capture the position information of the small infrared target. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of the optimized algorithm in pure background, complex background, small-scale target and multi-target application scenarios is improved by 2.24%, and the FPS reaches 46.56. Small target recognition provides the basis for edge computing.
Early Holocene landscape use in the upper Tombigbee River valley

ABSTRACT We draw on the distribution of recorded archaeological sites, temporally diagnostic projectile points, sources of lithic raw materials, and fossil pollen projections to evaluate existing models for Early Holocene landscape use in the upper Tombigbee River valley (UTRV) in northeast Mississippi. We then discuss the applicability of Anderson and Hanson (1988), Daniel (2001), and Hollenbach (2009) in gaining a better understanding of early hunter-gatherer mobility and settlement in the region and discuss future directions for research.
Graves’ Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms, with about 30% of patients presenting with Graves’ eye disease (GED). The majority of patients with GED develop mild symptoms, including eyelid retraction, exposure of the globe, superior rectus–levator muscle complex inflammation, and fat expansion, leading to exophthalmos. More severe cases can result in extraocular muscle enlargement, restricted ocular movement, eyelid and conjunctival edema, and compression of the optic nerve leading to compressive optic neuropathy (CON). GED severity can be classified using the Clinical Activity Score, European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy scale, NO SPECS Classification system, and VISA system. CT and MRI aid in the diagnosis of GED through the demonstration of orbital pathology. Several recent studies have shown that MRI findings correlate with disease severity and can be used to evaluate CON. Mild cases of GED can be self-limiting, and patients often recover spontaneously within 2–5 years. When medical treatment is required, immunomodulators or radiotherapy can be used to limit immunologic damage. Surgery may be needed to improve patient comfort, preserve the orbit, and prevent vision loss from optic nerve compression or breakdown of the cornea.
Evaluation of Arterial Stiffness and Its Relation to Innovative Anthropometric Indices in Persian Adults

Background BMI has been evaluated as an old criterion to evaluate obesity in individuals, but it does not assess abdominal obesity and lean mass. We aimed to evaluate the possible relationship of new anthropometric indices (namely, a body shape index (ABSI), the body roundness index (BRI), the visceral adiposity index (VAI), the visceral fat area (VFA), and waist-hip ratio (WHR)), with one of the known critical factors of atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness. Methods Overall 5921 individuals were enrolled and were divided into four groups according to BMI. Novel anthropometric parameters including, ABSI, BRI, VAI, VFA, and WHR were calculated. The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) was used to evaluate arterial stiffness. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between cf-PWV and innovative Anthropometric indices. Results This study population consisted of 3109 women and 2812 males. In men with overweight, cf-PWV was significantly related to BMI, ABSI, BRI, WC, VAI, VFA, and WHR. However, among men with obesity, cf-PWV was associated with BRI, VAI, and VFA. Among women with overweight, cf-PWV was also related to all mentioned indices except ABSI; although, cf-PWV was only associated with VFA and WHR in women with obesity. Conclusion Our results showed that VFA in women and VAI in men are strongly related to arterial stiffness and can be used to identify predictors of vascular disease or organic vascular dysfunction.
Examining the Nonlinear Effects of Residential and Workplace-built Environments on Active Travel in Short-Distance: A Random Forest Approach

Environmental pollution and health problems caused by the excessive use of motor vehicles have received widespread attention from all over the world. Currently, research lacks attention to the nonlinear effects of the built environment on short-distance active travel choices. It is important to understand these non-linear correlations, because it would be more feasible and necessary to promote a shift from car users to walking and cycling mode choices over short commuting distances. A random forest model was used to analyze the nonlinear effects of residents’ social characteristics and the built environment of their homes and workplaces on their choice of walking and cycling. The results show that the built environment has a greater impact on short-distance active travel than the socio-demographics attributes. Residential and workplace-built environments have equal importance and they have significant non-linear effects on both short-distance walking and cycling. The nonlinear effects of the built environment on walking and cycling differed significantly, and the study specifically revealed these effects.
Classification of Complicated Urban Forest Acoustic Scenes with Deep Learning Models

The use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional survey methods on spatial and temporal scales and achieve all-weather and wide-scale assessment and prediction of environmental dynamics. Assessing the impact of human activities on biodiversity by analyzing the characteristics of acoustic scenes in the environment is a frontier hotspot in urban forestry. However, with the accumulation of monitoring data, the selection and parameter setting of the deep learning model greatly affect the content and efficiency of sound scene classification. This study compared and evaluated the performance of different deep learning models for acoustic scene classification based on the recorded sound data from Guangzhou urban forest. There are seven categories of acoustic scenes for classification: human sound, insect sound, bird sound, bird–human sound, insect–human sound, bird–insect sound, and silence. A dataset containing seven acoustic scenes was constructed, with 1000 samples for each scene. The requirements of the deep learning models on the training data volume and training epochs in the acoustic scene classification were evaluated through several sets of comparison experiments, and it was found that the models were able to achieve satisfactory accuracy when the training sample data volume for a single category was 600 and the training epochs were 100. To evaluate the generalization performance of different models to new data, a small test dataset was constructed, and multiple trained models were used to make predictions on the test dataset. All experimental results showed that the DenseNet_BC_34 model performs best among the comparison models, with an overall accuracy of 93.81% for the seven acoustic scenes on the validation dataset. This study provides practical experience for the application of deep learning techniques in urban sound monitoring and provides new perspectives and technical support for further exploring the relationship between human activities and biodiversity.
Effect of photons of different scattering orders on the formation of a signal in optical low-coherence tomography of highly scattering media

The influence of photons of different scattering orders on the formation of a detected signal in optical low-coherence tomography (OCT) is considered. The scattering orders are estimated by analysing the spatial distribution of the probability density for the effective optical paths of detected photons calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The influence of photons with different scattering orders on the formation of a signal is estimated quantitatively depending on the optical properties of the medium under study. The results of numerical simulations are interpreted within the framework of possible applications of OCT for non-invasive diagnostics of the human skin and other highly scattering random media. It is shown by the example of calculation of OCT signals from model biological tissues that the OCT method gives reliable information on their internal structure from optical depths up to 0.3 mm.
Substorm time constants

We show that during magnetospheric substorms there is a clear tendency for the westward electrojet current to follow a characteristic curve that can be matched with an exponential equation. The substorm recovery phase has a characteristic timescale, or exponential time constant, that does not vary substantially from one substorm to the next. There is a slight trend toward shorter substorms as the peak magnitude of the electrojet current increases. This behavior can be explained by a simple model of the coupling between the currents and electric fields in the magnetotail and ionosphere. We derive an equation for the evolution of the substorm currents, including those in the magnetotail, using fundamental physical principles. There is good agreement between the measured and predicted time constants. This model is also consistent with other reported measurements of plasma flows and magnetic perturbations in the magnetotail.
Design and Verification of Lockable Upper-Limb Exoskeleton Based on Jamming and Engagement Mechanisms

This letter presents a lockable upper-limb exoskeleton to reduce the physical fatigue of laborers/surgeons operating with upper limbs maintaining fixed posture for long time. A novel structure design integrating the jamming and engagement mechanisms that can provide locking of flexion and adduction movements of upper arm without affecting the motion space is proposed. An air-pressure waist bag with a voice control interface is developed, giving good portability and user convenience to the exoskeleton. The system is validated in experiments, indicating a locking torque as large as 6 Nm with 3.5 bar air pressure. Locking and unlocking settling times of the jamming mechanism are 0.09 s and 0.10 s, meaning nearly no delay can be felt by users for the switching. Moreover, surface electromyography (EMG) signal tests demonstrate that the proposed exoskeleton can significantly reduce muscle activation of randomly selected subjects by 25%--73%. Compared with commercially-available passive exoskeletons, proposed system has a lower weight, much larger and adjustable locking torque owing to the specially designed jamming mechanism. The exoskeleton presents good compliance, great flexibility, and hands free human-machine interface, showing good potential for physical fatigue reduction of laborers/surgeons over long-term operations.
Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems in the Transdermal Treatment of Melanoma

The incidence rate of melanoma is dramatically increasing worldwide, raising it to the fifth most common cancer in men and the sixth in women currently. Resistance generally occurs to the agents used in chemotherapy; besides their high toxicity destroys the normal cells. This study reviewed a detailed summary of the structure, advantages, and disadvantages of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of melanoma, as well as some nanocarrier applications in animal models or clinical studies. Respective databases were searched for the target keywords and 93 articles were reviewed and discussed. A close study of the liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, cubosomes, dendrimers, cyclodextrins, solid lipid nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was conducted. It was found that these nanocarriers could inhibit metastasis and migration of melanoma cells and decrease cell viability. Conclusively, some nanocarriers like liposomes, niosomes, and transferosomes have been discussed as superior to conventional therapies for melanoma treatment.
Hybrid Substrates for Chiplet Design and Heterogeneous Integration Packaging

The fan-out panel-level chip-last method for chiplet design and heterogeneous integration packaging is presented. Emphasis is placed on the design, materials, process, and fabrication of: (a) heterogeneous integration of chips with $50\mu$m pitch (minimum); (b) fine metal linewidth (L), spacing (S) and thickness (H) redistribution-layer (RDL)-substrates, (c) hybrid substrates, and (d) chips to hybrid substrate bonding and underfilling. Reliability assessments by simulation and test are performed.
GMRS Oncological Prosthesis with a Porous Coating Collar: A Good Option for Revision of Aseptic Loosening in the Lower Extremity

Background: Revisions for oncological prosthesis are especially challenging due to the limited bone quantity and poor quality that the patients still possess. The aims of this study were to ask (1) what is the cumulative survival of the Global Modular Replacement System (GMRS) prosthesis after revision? and (2) what are the long-term functional outcomes of these patients? Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 16 patients who developed aseptic loosening of a lower extremity prosthesis. There were nine males and seven females with a mean age of 28 years (range, 14–55 years). The 5-year and 8-year survivorship of the prosthesis were calculated. Function outcome was evaluated according to the score of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS). Results: At a mean of 90 months follow-up (range, 52–118 months), the cumulative survival of all revision prosthesis was 94% at both 5 and 8 years. There were two prosthesis failures including one infection and one repeated aseptic loosening. At the last follow-up, except for the infection case, 93.3% (14/15) of the patients did not develop repeated aseptic loosening. The mean MSTS score was 27.7 (range, 24–30). Conclusions: GMRS prosthesis demonstrated significant satisfactory long-term outcomes for revisions of lower extremity oncological prosthesis.
Multilayer coatings for flexible high-barrier materials

A multilayer, flexible, and transparent high-barrier system based on flexible plastic foils, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-copolymer (ETFE), combined with vacuum-deposited, inorganic SiOx layers and hybrid ORMOCERÂ® varnish layers were prepared in different orders on a semiproduction level. Barrier properties of prepared systems, as water vapour transmission (WVTR) and oxygen transmission (OTR), were measured and studied in connection with surface energy, surface topography, and water vapour adsorption properties. Correlations among layers sequence, barrier properties, and other parameters are presented, including some basic principles of permeation of substances through multilayer barrier systems. A combination of several inorganic and hybrid varnish layers is necessary to achieve the technological demands from a barrier standpoint. It is easier to suppress the oxygen transport than the water transport, due to the additional active penetration of water through hydrogen bonds and silanol creations at oxide interfaces, capillary condensation, and swelling with high internal pressure, leading to new defects.
A Nonlinear Circuit Network Toward Brain Voxel Modeling

This paper presents a nonlinear dynamical model for predicting activities of voxels in a human primary visual cortex (V1); the activities are represented by blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals. The prediction performance is shown to be better than those of other traditional major models, e.g., general linear model and multivariable autoregressive model.
Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs

The article is divided into several sections, focusing on extracellular vesicles’ (EVs) nature, features, commonly employed methodologies and strategies for their isolation/preparation, and their characterization/visualization. This work aims to give an overview of advances in EVs’ extensive nanomedical-drug delivery applications. Furthermore, considerations for EVs translation to clinical application are summarized here, before focusing the review on a special kind of extracellular vesicles, the ones derived from red blood cells (RBCEVs). Generally, employing EVs as drug carriers means managing entities with advantageous properties over synthetic vehicles or nanoparticles. Besides the fact that certain EVs also reveal intrinsic therapeutic characteristics, in regenerative medicine, EVs nanosize, lipidomic and proteomic profiles enable them to pass biologic barriers and display cell/tissue tropisms; indeed, EVs engineering can further optimize their organ targeting. In the second part of the review, we focus our attention on RBCEVs. First, we describe the biogenesis and composition of those naturally produced by red blood cells (RBCs) under physiological and pathological conditions. Afterwards, we discuss the current procedures to isolate and/or produce RBCEVs in the lab and to load a specific cargo for therapeutic exploitation. Finally, we disclose the most recent applications of RBCEVs at the in vitro and preclinical research level and their potential industrial exploitation. In conclusion, RBCEVs can be, in the near future, a very promising and versatile platform for several clinical applications and pharmaceutical exploitations.
Measuring the Stokes polarization parameters

The Stokes formulation for representing polarized light is discussed along with the classical measurement method for determining the Stokes polarization parameters. The limitations of this method are noted, and we consider the rotating quarter-waveplate method, which avoids the limitations of the classical method and allows a curve fitting algorithm to be used to determine the Stokes parameters. The quarter-waveplate method is attractive because of its accuracy and simplicity and can be implemented in an undergraduate or graduate optics course with a minimum amount of equipment.
Productive, Morpho-Physiological, and Postharvest Performance of Six Basil Types Grown in a Floating Raft System: A Comparative Study

Basil (Ocimum sp.) is one of the world’s most famous culinary fresh herbs, characterized by rapid growth that makes it particularly suitable for hydroponic cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the adaptability of six types of basil to a closed-loop hydroponic system (floating raft system) and their post-harvest performance. Twenty-three days after transplantation, productivity, morpho-physiological performance, and mineral profile (by ion chromatography) were evaluated. At 3, 6, and 9 days after harvest, the loss of water from the from leaves stored at 10 °C in the dark was evaluated. Although the total fresh production of Thai, Mexican, and Genovese did not differ significantly, the latter provided a higher fresh leaf weight (16.52 g of plant−1) despite a lower leaf number (30.06 n. of plant−1). Nine days after harvest, Thai and Mexican showed the lowest water loss. Although Mexican Purple had the lowest net CO2 assimilation, it accumulated the highest concentration of ascorbic acid (909.41 mg 100 g fw−1).
Hydrogeophysical and Hydrochemical Assessment of the Northeastern Coastal Aquifer of Egypt for Desalination Suitability

Recently the limited freshwater resources have become one of the most significant challenges facing Egypt. Thus, new resources of drinkable water are required to meet the growing population demands and the national projects, to support the country’s economy. Saline groundwater desalination is an option that can support limited freshwater resources. This research represents a detailed analysis of hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics of a coastal aquifer in the West Port Said area, northeastern Egypt, to assess the desalination suitability of the aquifer, especially when the nearby seawater is contaminated. The hydrogeological characterization included various integrated approaches: geophysical survey, field investigations, wells drilling, well logging, pumping tests, and water sampling. The results show that: (1) The subsurface lithology consists of sandstone and clay, and three water bearing layers: A, B and C. (2) The average porosity values are 22%, 27.5%, and 25% for layers A, B, and C, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity values fall in the ranges of 5.8–12.7 m/day for layer A, 7.6–11.7 m/day for layer B, and 11.1–19.5 m/day for layer C, while the highest transmissivity values are in ranges of 5.8 × 102–12.7 × 102 m2/day for layer A, 7.6 × 102–11.7 × 102 m2/day for layer B and 11.1 × 102–19.5 × 102 m2/day for layer C. (3) The average storage values are 2.1 × 10−3, 1.8 × 10−3 and 5.3 × 10−3 in layers A, B and C, respectively. (4) Layers A and B showed Na-Cl-type, similar to seawater, but free from oil pollution. These results show layer B’s higher productivity and better quality. Despite the salinity, desalination technology can improve.