Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why the study of language is essential for cognition

The study of language has a specific field for a long time, before the second half of the twentieth century had not made greater interest in relation to cognition. Since it is thought the man as the only being with the ability to use language, there have been discoveries of various kinds about what specifically linguistic, likewise arises (a-posteriori) interest in the study of cognition so parallel investigations to complement the language. In this paper an almost precise analysis on the impact of language in cognition and involvement both in education is presented. About language there are many investigations and cognition, but have been treated separately before mentioned century; now several studies confirm that both elements can not be treated separately because they form part of a whole brain. In this there are specific processes, activity displayed from the linguistic content for information processing. Specifically, the language is studied as a constitutive element of cognition to strengthen knowledge, this may only become evident from the practical, in the evolutionary development of the human being. In this paper the contributions of neuroscience do not go unnoticed, rather taken as argumentative resource to strengthen the reflections that will be developed and the results of recent research make it possible to reveal a few of the many mysteries that hides the related brain processing of the information; emphasizing ‘how is called’ data is stored and can be reused. Did you know that you can access as much information through the senses or because it is known to account for sensory information held and discriminately has been stored
Diverse phenotypic and genetic responses to short-term selection in evolving Escherichia coli populations

Beneficial mutations fuel adaptation by altering phenotypes that enhance the fit of organisms to their environment. However, the phenotypic effects of mutations often depend on ecological context, making the distribution of effects across multiple environments essential to understanding the true nature of beneficial mutations. Studies that address both the genetic basis and ecological consequences of adaptive mutations remain rare. Here, we characterize the direct and pleiotropic fitness effects of a collection of 21 first-step beneficial mutants derived from naïve and adapted genotypes used in a long-term experimental evolution of Escherichia coli. Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify most beneficial mutations. In contrast to previous studies, we find diverse fitness effects of mutations selected in a simple environment and few cases of genetic parallelism. The pleiotropic effects of these mutations were predominantly positive but some mutants were highly antagonistic in alternative environments. Further, the fitness effects of mutations derived from the adapted genotypes were dramatically reduced in nearly all environments. These findings suggest that many beneficial variants are accessible from a single point on the fitness landscape, and the fixation of alternative beneficial mutations may have dramatic consequences for niche breadth reduction via metabolic erosion.
Theorizing the Social Structural Foundations of Adaptation and Transformation in Social-Ecological Systems

Social networks are frequently cited as vital for facilitating successful adaptation and transformation in linked social-ecological systems to overcome pressing resource management challenges. Yet confusion remains over the precise nature of adaptation versus transformation, and the specific social network structures that facilitate these processes. Here we adopt a network perspective to theorize a continuum of structural capacities in social-ecological systems that set the stage for effective adaptation and transformation. We begin by drawing on the resilience literature and the multilayered action situation to link processes of change in social-ecological systems to decision making across multiple layers of rules underpinning societal organization. We then present a framework that hypotheses seven specific social-ecological network configurations that lay the structural foundation necessary for facilitating adaptation and transformation, given the type and magnitude of human action required. A key contribution of the framework is explicit consideration of how social networks relate to ecological structures and the particular environmental problem at hand. Of the seven configurations identified, three are linked to capacities conducive for adaptation and three to transformation, while one is hypothesized to be important for facilitating both processes. We discuss how our theoretical framework can be applied in practice by highlighting existing empirical examples from related environmental governance contexts. Further extension of our hypotheses, particularly as more data become available, can ultimately help guide the design of institutional arrangements more effective at dealing with change.
Novel common copy number variation for early onset extreme obesity on chromosome 11q11 identified by a genome-wide analysis

Heritability of obesity is substantial and recent meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been successful in detecting several robustly associated genomic regions for obesity using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, taken together, the SNPs explain only a small proportion of the overall heritability. Copy number variations (CNVs) might contribute to the ‘missing heritability’. We searched genome-wide for association between common CNVs and early-onset extreme obesity. Four hundred and twenty-four case-parents obesity trios and an independent sample of 453 extremely obese children and adolescents and 435 normal-weight and lean adult controls were genotyped by the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. We detected 20 common copy number variable regions (CNVRs) which were associated with obesity. The most promising CNVRs were followed-up in an independent sample of 365 obesity trios, confirming the association for two candidate CNVRs. We identified a common CNVR exclusively covering the three olfactory receptor genes OR4P4, OR4S2 and OR4C6 to be associated with obesity (combined P-value = 0.015 in a total of 789 families; odds ratio for the obesity effect allele = 1.19; 95% confidence interval = 1.016–1.394). We also replicated two common deletions (near NEGR1 and at chromosome 10q11.22) that have previously been reported to be associated with body weight. Additionally, we support a rare CNV on chromosome 16 that has recently been reported by two independent groups. However, rare CNVs had not been the focus of our study. We conclude that common CNVs are unlikely to contribute substantially to the genetic basis of early-onset extreme obesity.
Bias in Aggregate Productivity Trends Revisited: Aggregate Productivity Trends Were Revised Upward; It Is Now Less Clear Whether Bias Exists, but Some Industries Continue to Show Negative Multifactor Productivity Trends. (Bias in Aggregate productivity).(Statistical Data Included)

William Gullickson is an economist in the Division of Productivity Research and Michael J. Harper is chief of that unit in the Office of Productivity and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: gullickson_w@bls.gov and harper_m@bls.gov This article updates results presented in our February 1999 Monthly Labor Review article, “Possible bias in aggregate productivity growth. ”1 In it, we determined that manufacturing could account for all of the multifactor productivity (MFP) growth during the 1979–96 period within the private business sector. The article identified industries outside of manufacturing with negative MFP trends and assessed their effects on aggregate productivity. We concluded that the negative MFP trends seemed at least somewhat implausible and might have reflected service output measurement problems. This article reprises the methodology, summarizes the earlier findings, and presents new results. Besides including data through 1997, the new results reflect the comprehensive revisions of the National Income and Product Accounts published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in October 1999. Aggregate productivity now is growing faster, and it is less clear that there is an aggregate bias, but we still find negative MFP trends for some of the same industries. For other industries, we find surprisingly low MFP trends. This is probably indicative of problems with the measurement of some service industry outputs. It may also reflect the rapid growth in high tech inputs, such as computers and semiconductors, used by these industries.
Relationship Between Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Effects of Psychological Empowerment

This research investigates the relationship between transformational leadership style and employees organizational commitment to the mediating role of psychological empowerment in textile sector. Information was gathered using instruments from 250 employees. The transformational leadership questionnaire (MLQ-Multifactor leadership Questionnaire) which was designed by Bass & Avolio, 1997 was used to determine the perception of the employees towards transformational leadership style in two dimensions i.e. idealized influence and inspirational motivation. Transformational leadership style-Idealized influence & Inspirational Motivation are taken as an Independent variable, Affective organizational commitment as Dependent variable while psychological empowerment as a mediating variable. Data obtained from each of the research instruments is than statistically analyzed. Pearson Correlation is used to identify the relationship between variables. All the relationship between dependent, independent and mediating variables is significant. The correlation showed that there exists a positive significant relationship between idealized influence and affective organizational commitment, Inspirational motivation and affective organizational commitment, affective organizational commitment and psychological empowerment. Overall findings from the study suggest that there is a significant relationship between transformational leadership style and organizational commitment. The mediating variables which one is suitable in the model, i.e. psychological empowerment and the model are good fit as the F value is significant.
Analysis of Sensor Network Operating System Performance Throughout the Software Life Cycle

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are evolving beyond research prototypes towards real world deployments in various application domains. While prior research has resulted in a range of operating systems and associated programming languages, a comprehensive empirical analysis of WSN operating systems is missing from the literature. We address this problem through an empirical study of all actively maintained WSN operating systems for the popular Tmote Sky / TelosB platform: TinyOS, Contiki and Lorien. Our analysis considers overhead at each stage of the software life cycle. During the development phase, we measure developer effort in terms of lines of application code. During the execution phase we measure energy consumption, flash footprint and RAM usage. During the reconfiguration phase we measure artefact size and developer effort in terms of number of configuration commands. Our results indicate distinct trade-offs in terms of development effort, application performance and reconfiguration performance. We find that TinyOS performs best for static applications with tight RAM constraints, while Contiki offers the lowest development effort and Lorien performs best in dynamic applications which require reconfiguration.
Predicting who will use intensive social care: case finding tools based on linked health and social care data.

BACKGROUND the costs of delivering health and social care services are rising as the population ages and more people live with chronic diseases. OBJECTIVES to determine whether predictive risk models can be built that use routine health and social care data to predict which older people will begin receiving intensive social care. DESIGN analysis of pseudonymous, person-level, data extracted from the administrative data systems of local health and social care organisations. SETTING five primary care trust areas in England and their associated councils with social services responsibilities. SUBJECTS people aged 75 or older registered continuously with a general practitioner in five selected areas of England (n = 155,905). METHODS multivariate statistical analysis using a split sample of data. RESULTS it was possible to construct models that predicted which people would begin receiving intensive social care in the coming 12 months. The performance of the models was improved by selecting a dependent variable based on a lower cost threshold as one of the definitions of commencing intensive social care. CONCLUSIONS predictive models can be constructed that use linked, routine health and social care data for case finding in social care settings.
Development of a Real-Time Reverse-Transcription PCR for Detection of Newcastle Disease Virus RNA in Clinical Samples

ABSTRACT A real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RRT-PCR) was developed to detect avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1) RNA, also referred to as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), in clinical samples from birds. The assay uses a single-tube protocol with fluorogenic hydrolysis probes. Oligonucleotide primers and probes were designed to detect sequences from a conserved region of the matrix protein (M) gene that recognized a diverse set (n = 44) of APMV-1 isolates. A second primer-probe set was targeted to sequences in the fusion protein (F) gene that code for the cleavage site and detect potentially virulent NDV isolates. A third set, also directed against the M gene, was specific for the North American (N.A.) pre-1960 genotype that includes the common vaccine strains used in commercial poultry in the United States. The APMV-1 M gene, N.A. pre-1960 M gene, and F gene probe sets were capable of detecting approximately 103, 102, and 104 genome copies, respectively, with in vitro-transcribed RNA. Both M gene assays could detect approximately 101 50% egg infective doses (EID50), and the F gene assay could detect approximately 103 EID50. The RRT-PCR test was used to examine clinical samples from chickens experimentally infected with the NDV strain responsible for a recent epizootic in the southwestern United States. Overall, a positive correlation was obtained between the RRT-PCR results and virus isolation for NDV from clinical samples.
Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water

A novel way of cooking rice to maximize the removal of the carcinogen inorganic arsenic (Asi) is presented here. In conventional rice cooking water and grain are in continuous contact, and it is known that the larger the water:rice cooking ratio, the more Asi removed by cooking, suggesting that the Asi in the grain is mobile in water. Experiments were designed where rice is cooked in a continual stream of percolating near boiling water, either low in Asi, or Asi free. This has the advantage of not only exposing grain to large volumes of cooking water, but also physically removes any Asi leached from the grain into the water receiving vessel. The relationship between cooking water volume and Asi removal in conventional rice cooking was demonstrated for the rice types under study. At a water-to-rice cooking ratio of 12:1, 57±5% of Asi could be removed, average of 6 wholegrain and 6 polished rice samples. Two types of percolating technology were tested, one where the cooking water was recycled through condensing boiling water steam and passing the freshly distilled hot water through the grain in a laboratory setting, and one where tap water was used to cook the rice held in an off-the-shelf coffee percolator in a domestic setting. Both approaches proved highly effective in removing Asi from the cooking rice, with up to 85% of Asi removed from individual rice types. For the recycled water experiment 59±8% and 69±10% of Asi was removed, on average, compared to uncooked rice for polished (n=27) and wholegrain (n=13) rice, respectively. For coffee percolation there was no difference between wholegrain and polished rice, and the effectiveness of Asi removal was 49±7% across 6 wholegrain and 6 polished rice samples. The manuscript explores the potential applications and further optimization of this percolating cooking water, high Asi removal, discovery.
Novel Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array Using Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW)

A millimeter wave antenna using Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) is presented. Narrow rectangular patch is used as radiating element fed by the open end of the HMSIW. Simulation results are presented for antenna array designed on Alumina substrate for 24GHz and 60GHz band.
Myelin-Derived Lipids Modulate Macrophage Activity by Liver X Receptor Activation

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which macrophages and microglia play a central role. Foamy macrophages and microglia, containing degenerated myelin, are abundantly found in active multiple sclerosis lesions. Recent studies have described an altered macrophage phenotype after myelin internalization. However, it is unclear by which mechanisms myelin affects the phenotype of macrophages and how this phenotype can influence lesion progression. Here we demonstrate, by using genome wide gene expression analysis, that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages have an enhanced expression of genes involved in migration, phagocytosis and inflammation. Interestingly, myelin internalization also induced the expression of genes involved in liver-X-receptor signaling and cholesterol efflux. In vitro validation shows that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages indeed have an increased capacity to dispose intracellular cholesterol. In addition, myelin suppresses the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-6 by macrophages, which was mediated by activation of liver-X-receptor β. Our data show that myelin modulates the phenotype of macrophages by nuclear receptor activation, which may subsequently affect lesion progression in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
An analysis of the relation between visual concepts and geo-locations using geotagged images on the web

Recently, a large number of geotagged images are available on photo sharing Web sites such as Flickr. In this paper, we propose image region entropy and geo-location entropy for analyzing the relation between visual concepts and geographical locations using a large-scale geotagged image database. Image region entropy represents to what extent concepts have visual characteristics, while geo-location entropy represents to what extent concepts are distributed over the world. In the experiment, we analyzed relations between image region entropy and geo-location entropy in terms of 230 nouns and 100 adjectives, and we found that the concepts with low image entropy tend to have high geo-location entropy and vice versa.
Long-Delayed Expression of the Immediate Early Gene Arc/Arg3.1 Refines Neuronal Circuits to Perpetuate Fear Memory

Fear memories typically persist for long time periods, and persistent fear memories contribute to post-traumatic stress disorder. However, little is known about the cellular and synaptic mechanisms that perpetuate long-term memories. Here, we find that mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons exhibit biphasic Arc (also known as Arg3.1) elevations after fear experience and that the late Arc expression regulates the perpetuation of fear memoires. An early Arc increase returned to the baseline after 6 h, followed by a second Arc increase after 12 h in the same neuronal subpopulation; these elevations occurred via distinct mechanisms. Antisense-induced blockade of late Arc expression disrupted memory persistence but not formation. Moreover, prolonged fear memories were associated with the delayed, specific elimination of dendritic spines and the reactivation of neuronal ensembles formed during fear experience, both of which required late Arc expression. We propose that late Arc expression refines functional circuits in a delayed fashion to prolong fear memory.
When Politicians Tweet: A Study on the Members of the German Federal Diet

In this preliminary study we compare the characteristics of retweets and replies on more than 350,000 messages collected by following members of the German Federal Diet on Twitter. We find significant differences in the characteristics pointing to distinct types of usages for retweets and replies. Using time series and regression analysis we observe that the likelihood of a politician using replies increases with typical leisure times while retweets occur constant over time. Including formal references increases the probability of a message being retweeted but drops its chance of being replied. This hints to a more professional use for retweets while replies tend to have a personal connotation.
Development of a phase diagram to control composite manufacturing using Raman spectroscopy

Fiber reinforced epoxy resins manufactured in autoclaves are expected to continue to dominate the composites market through 2010. However, the ability to obtain consistent mechanical properties from product-to-product remains difficult. This is largely due to the inability to monitor and control epoxy cure, loosely defined as the process of chain extension and cross-linking. Current autoclave process control employs a heat schedule based on a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) phase diagram that is determined by dynamic mechanical rheology. The phase diagram defines epoxy cure in terms of gelation and vitrification. We have been using an FT-Raman spectrometer to develop correlations between molecular (chain extension and cross-linking) and macroscopic (gelation and vitrification) data. The basis of a TTT phase diagram using Raman kinetic data for process control will be presented for several reactions.
Ischemic Preconditioning Preserves Mitochondrial Function after Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rat Hippocampus

Ischemic tolerance in brain develops when sublethal ischemic insults occur before “lethal” cerebral ischemia. Two windows for the induction of tolerance by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) have been proposed: one that occurs within 1 hour after IPC, and another that occurs 1 or 2 days after IPC. The authors tested the hypotheses that IPC would reduce or prevent ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. IPC and ischemia were produced by bilateral carotid occlusions and systemic hypotension (50 mm Hg) for 2 and 10 minutes, respectively. Nonsynaptosomal mitochondria were harvested 24 hours after the 10-minute “test” ischemic insult. No significant changes were observed in the oxygen consumption rates and activities for hippocampal mitochondrial complexes I to IV between the IPC and sham groups. Twenty-four hours of reperfusion after 10 minutes of global ischemia (without IPC) promoted significant decreases in the oxygen consumption rates in presence of substrates for complexes I and II compared with the IPC and sham groups. These data suggest that IPC protects the integrity of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation after cerebral ischemia.
User and Item Pattern Matching in Multi-criteria Recommender Systems

Information on the ratings of several features of items can be deployed to improve the quality of recommendations in recommender systems by incorporating them into similarity calculation between any two users or two items. However, the incremental information of these features has important impacts on recommender systems. For example, the complexity of similarity calculation is increased and more resources are consumed during the process for generating recommendations. In this paper, we propose several techniques by using this information to provide relevant recommendations and to reduce the complexity in similarity computation by directly matching between preferences of user and the strength of item features.