Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive classification system for lipids 1

Lipids are produced, transported, and recognized by the concerted actions of numerous enzymes, binding proteins, and receptors. A comprehensive analysis of lipid molecules, “lipidomics,” in the context of genomics and proteomics is crucial to understanding cellular physiology and pathology; consequently, lipid biology has become a major research target of the postgenomic revolution and systems biology. To facilitate international communication about lipids, a comprehensive classification of lipids with a common platform that is compatible with informatics requirements has been developed to deal with the massive amounts of data that will be generated by our lipid community. As an initial step in this development, we divide lipids into eight categories (fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides) containing distinct classes and subclasses of molecules, devise a common manner of representing the chemical structures of individual lipids and their derivatives, and provide a 12 digit identifier for each unique lipid molecule. The lipid classification scheme is chemically based and driven by the distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements that compose the lipid. This structured vocabulary will facilitate the systematization of lipid biology and enable the cataloging of lipids and their properties in a way that is compatible with other macromolecular databases. —Fahy, E. , S. Subramaniam, H. A. Brown, C. K. Glass, A. H. Merrill, Jr., R. C. Murphy, C. R. H. Raetz, D. W. Russell, Y. Seyama, W. Shaw, T. Shimizu, F. Spener, G. van Meer, M. S. VanNieuwenhze, S. H. White, J. L. Witztum, and E. A. Dennis. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. J. Lipid Res. 2005. 46: 839–861. Supplementary key words lipidomics • informatics • nomenclature • chemical representation • fatty acyls • glycerolipids • glycerophospholipids • sphingolipids • sterol lipids • prenol lipids • saccharolipids • polyketides The goal of collecting data on lipids using a “systems biology” approach to lipidomics requires the development of a comprehensive classification, nomenclature, and chemical representation system to accommodate the myriad lipids that exist in nature. Lipids have been loosely defined as biological substances that are generally hydrophobic in nature and in many cases soluble in organic solvents (1). These chemical properties cover a broad range of mole1 The evaluation of this manuscript was handled by the former Editor-in-Chief Trudy Forte. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: edennis@ucsd.edu Manuscript received 22 December 2004 and in revised form 4 February 2005. Published, JLR Papers in Press, February 16, 2005. DOI 10.1194/jlr.E400004-JLR200 at V izaya U nver on O cber 4, 2006 w w w . j.org D ow nladed fom
An Assessment of Outward Foreign Direct Investment from China's Transitional Economy

As A RESULT OF GRADUAL INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION, China's economy has been able to grow rapidly since 1978, and China is often cited as the leading example of a successful gradualist approach to institutional changes (Lau et al., 2000; Smyth, 1998). China began to undertake aggressive foreign direct investment (FDI) overseas, with the aim of increasing its influence on the international stage, in both economic and political terms. Before China began its process of economic liberalisation in 1978 the government had adopted an inward-looking policy with emphasis on self-reliance and economic independence; it was therefore strongly opposed to FDI and the establishment of multinational corporations so common in the West. It was felt at that time that the presence of Western multinationals brought no benefits to the host country. However, once China had embarked on the process of economic liberalisation and the Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures Law was enacted in July 1979, more and more transnational corporations and other foreign enterprises began undertaking production in China, helping to stimulate economic development (Chen, 1992, 1996; Cheng & Kwan, 2000). As a result, China came to adopt a different attitude towards the importance of FDI, and by the late 1980s not only had the Chinese government continued the process of liberalisation, welcoming foreign capital, technology and management experience with its open door policy, but it was also encouraging the expansion of overseas investment by Chinese enterprises, with outward FDI becoming part of the strategy for economic development based on institutional transformation (Zuo, 1998). However, whilst China's economy was developing rapidly, considerable amounts of capital were still required for economic development, and it could not afford to spend large amounts of foreign exchange reserves on overseas investment. Seeking out efficient areas for overseas investment therefore became a major concern and several industries were chosen to fulfil this goal, such as those industries in which China lacked its own resources or those already possessing mature technology which could use overseas investment to implement technology transfer to other developing nations, thereby stimulating export growth. In terms of enterprise financing, China expected those enterprises that were capable of doing so to make maximum use of the international capital markets. In response to the trend towards economic globalisation and regionalisation, along
Enough is enough : Cognitive antecedents of workaholism and its aftermath

Workaholism is commonly conceptualized as a compulsive inner drive to work excessively hard. This study investigates to what extent rigid personal beliefs-i.e., performance-based self-esteem (self-esteem that is contingent upon good performance) and an enough continuation rule (continuing with work until one feels one has done enough)-contribute to exhaustion through workaholism. To examine these potential antecedents and consequences of workaholism, data of a two-wave longitudinal survey study with a six-month time interval was used (n = 191). Results of structural equation modeling provided support for our hypotheses. Taken together, our findings show that rigid personal beliefs at T1 predicted primarily working compulsively at T2, and working compulsively at T1 influenced exhaustion at T2. Moreover, reciprocal relationships were found between applying the enough continuation rule and working compulsively, and between working compulsively and exhaustion. These results suggest partial mediation from cognitive antecedents (personal beliefs) through workaholism to exhaustion. In practical terms, the results indicate that cognitive antecedents may provide a good starting point for interventions for preventing exhaustion and workaholism. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design system for special purpose processor executing algorithms described by higher level language

In order to satisfy the user's requirements which are described by a high level language, a large number of possibilities must be examined to find a good design. The case in which the architecture is restricted to that having a usual instruction set is considered. The main objective of the system is to generate a minimal set of hardware which can execute the given algorithms and also satisfy other requirements such as speed, hardware cost, and I/O condition. It realizes an integrated system which provides not only a hardware design environment but also a software one by generating automatically a higher-level language compiler which has optimization capability for the processor at the same time. As a practical example, the design of a special-purpose processor which can execute thirteen typical digital signal processing algorithms is demonstrated. It is shown that the design system can provide ASIC users a total environment to design and use special-purpose processors. The software development tools are superior to those usable for general-purpose DSPs. <<ETX>>
Personalized generation of word clouds from tweets

Active users of Twitter are often overwhelmed with the vast amount of tweets. In this work we attempt to help users browsing a large number of accumulated posts. We propose a personalized word cloud generation as a means for users' navigation. Various user past activities such as user published tweets, retweets, and seen but not retweeted tweets are leveraged for enhanced personalization of word clouds. The best personalization results are attained with user past retweets. However, users' own past tweets are not as useful as retweets for personalization. Negative preferences derived from seen but not retweeted tweets further enhance personalized word cloud generation. The ranking combination method outperforms the preranking approach and provides a general framework for combined ranking of various user past information for enhanced word cloud generation. To better capture subtle differences of generated word clouds, we propose an evaluation of word clouds with a mean average precision measure.
Contrasting Performances of Tourist and Migrant Mobilities in Norwegian Hostels

Hostels are synonymous with independent tourists and frequently identified as spaces of hospitality that enable a number of touristic performances to take place. These performances include resting, relaxation, destination or route planning, and interactions with other likeminded visitors. However, using Oslo, Norway as a research setting, we argue that such places may also permit a range of other performances to take place due to the increasing use of hostels as temporary and semi-permanent housing solutions for migrant populations. This alternative group of hostel users originated from a plethora of different countries and included economic and political migrants from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Although hostel spaces provided comfort, safety, and platforms for friendships to prosper for non-tourist hostel users, they also served as settings for largely contrasting performances of immobility to take place. Thus, Oslo's hostels revealed a range of overlapping acts that resulted in a paradoxical ensemble of entangled tourist and non-tourist performances.
PASK (Proline-Alanine-rich STE20-related Kinase), a Regulatory Kinase of the Na-K-Cl Cotransporter (NKCC1)*

Although the phosphorylation-dependent activation of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) has been previously well documented, the identity of the kinase(s) responsible for this regulation has proven elusive. Recently, Piechotta et al. (Piechotta, K., Lu, J., and Delpire, E. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50812–50819) reported the binding of PASK (also referred as SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase)) and OSR1 (oxidative stress response kinase) to cation-chloride cotransporters KCC3, NKCC1, and NKCC2. In this report, we show that overexpression of a kinase inactive, dominant negative (DN) PASK mutant drastically reduces both shark (60 ± 5%) and human (80 ± 3%) NKCC1 activation. Overexpression of wild type PASK causes a small (sNKCC1 22 ± 8% p < 0.05, hNKCC1 12 ± 3% p < 0.01) but significant increase in shark and human cotransporter activity in HEK cells. Importantly, DNPASK also inhibits the phosphorylation of two threonines, contained in the previously described N-terminal regulatory domain. We additionally show the near complete restoration of NKCC1 activity in the presence of the protein phosphatase type 1 inhibitor calyculin A, demonstrating that DNPASK inhibition results from an alteration in kinase/phosphatase dynamics rather than from a decrease in functional cotransporter expression. Coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm PASK binding to NKCC1 in transfected HEK cells and further suggest that this binding is not a regulated event; neither PASK nor NKCC1 activity affects the association. In cells preloaded with 32Pi, the phosphorylation of PASK, but not DNPASK, coincides with that of NKCC1 and increases 5.5 ± 0.36-fold in low [Cl]e. These data conclusively link PASK with the phosphorylation and activation of NKCC1.
The Role of Personal Benefits in Public Support for the EU: Learning from the Erasmus Students

This article presents evidence that the effectiveness of receiving personal benefits from one's country EU membership may have been overestimated. Based on the findings of a longitudinal survey on Erasmus students' attitudes towards the EU, it shows that the beneficiaries of the EU-funded programme did not strengthen their EU support over time. The data analysis controls for a number of alternative explanations and finds that they did not affect the failure of the Erasmus study-abroad experience to instil higher levels of EU support. Neither EU money nor personal contact with other Europeans was capable of influencing students' support for the EU. The empirical results highlight that the increased expectations from both the Erasmus programme and the egocentric utilitarianism thesis are likely to be ill-founded.
Hematochezia: An Uncommon Presentation of Colonic Tuberculosis

Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon entity in the United States. Colonic TB is reported in 2-3% of patients with abdominal TB. It is frequently misdiagnosed as Crohn's disease or carcinoma of the colon due to their shared clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic presentations. We present a case of a 72-year-old male with colonic tuberculosis presenting as hematochezia. Our patient presented with shortness of breath and weight loss. Chest X-ray demonstrated ill-defined bilateral parenchymal opacities in the perihilar, mid, and lower lung zones. The patient was diagnosed and treated for community acquired pneumonia, with no improvement. Hematochezia complicated by symptomatic hypotension developed later in the course of admission. Colonoscopy revealed multiple ulcers at the anus and transverse and ascending colon as well as the cecum with stigmata of bleeding. Biopsy of a sigmoid ulcer was consistent with colonic tuberculosis. Antitubercular therapy was initiated, but the patient passed away secondary to multiorgan failure 29 days into admission.
The Integration of Instructional Technology into Public Education: Promises and Challenges

Introduction Will instructional technology (IT) ever be integrated into public schools? An interesting question—or rather a series of related questions of interest to educators and parents: What do we mean by “instructional technology”? What is integration? What is the current status of IT in classrooms? Are there constraints or barriers to integration? What are the effects of preservice teacher preparation and inservice professional development? How does one proceed with technology integration? How do we apply the lessons learned from “older” technologies to the “newer” technologies of the last two decades? This article will address each of these questions in order to help us to grasp the prospects for the integration of instructional technology into public education as well as to consider the promises and challenges of such a venture.
Ideal Bose Einstein condensation and disorder effects

Ideal Bose Einstein condensation is studied as a cooperative phase transition for arbitrary dimensionality. The correspondence with the n → ∞ limit of the n-vector model in the constant volume case and with the n = — 2 limit in the constant pressure case is discussed and precised. The influence of a special type of disorder (random sources and sinks) is studied ; a sharp phase transition occurs with new critical exponents which are calculated and shown to violate some scaling laws.
Numerical design of wireless body area networks by Sim4Life: Challenges, requirements & solutions

Understanding electromagnetic and thermal interactions between small electronic devices and the human body (in- or on-body devices) is becoming key to successfully bring to market a growing number of promising new technologies. In this context, dedicated computational tools capable of solving multidisciplinary electromagnetic problems are nowadays crucial. Indeed, quantitative electromagnetic analysis involving prototype devices and human bodies often require numerical simulations, as they can provide detailed information not always accessible through current measurement techniques and are a cost efficient way to address safety compliance issues at all stages of product development. The aim of this paper is to review the application of numerical techniques for wireless body area networks (WBAN) and to reveal the distinct advantages of employing state-of-the-art computational approaches.
Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who received monotherapy with either etanercept or methotrexate (MTX) for 2 years and to assess the safety of this therapy. METHODS In the Enbrel ERA (early rheumatoid arthritis) trial, 632 patients with early, active RA were randomized to receive either twice-weekly subcutaneous etanercept (10 mg or 25 mg) or weekly oral MTX (mean dosage 19 mg per week) for at least 1 year in a double-blind manner. Following the blinded phase of the trial, 512 patients continued to receive the therapy to which they had been randomized for up to 1 additional year, in an open-label manner. Radiograph readers remained blinded to treatment group assignment and the chronologic order of images. RESULTS At 24 months, more 25-mg etanercept patients than MTX patients met American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (72% and 59%, respectively; P = 0.005), and more had no increase in total score and erosion scores on the Sharp scale (P = 0.017 and P = 0.012, respectively). The mean changes in total Sharp score and erosion score in the 25-mg etanercept group (1.3 and 0.66 units, respectively) were significantly lower than those in the MTX group (3.2 and 1.86 units, respectively; P = 0.001). Significantly more patients in the 25-mg etanercept group (55%) than in the MTX group (37%) had at least 0.5 units of improvement in the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (P < 0.001). Fewer patients in the etanercept group than in the MTX group experienced adverse events or discontinued treatment because of adverse events. CONCLUSION Etanercept as monotherapy was safe and was superior to MTX in reducing disease activity, arresting structural damage, and decreasing disability over 2 years in patients with early, aggressive RA.
Expression profiling identifies strain‐specific changes associated with ethanol withdrawal in mice

Mice that exhibit characteristics of physical dependence following ethanol exposure serve as useful models of alcoholism in humans. The DBA/2 J and C57BL/6 J inbred strains differ in their behavioral response to ethanol withdrawal. Alterations in gene expression are believed to underlie neuroadaptation to ethanol dependence and tolerance. Therefore, the differences in ethanol withdrawal severity observed between the DBA/2 J and C57BL/6 J strains may be related to differential regulation of gene expression. We have used cDNA microarrays to determine the gene expression profile in the hippocampus of DBA/2 J and C57BL/6 J mice during withdrawal after chronic and acute ethanol exposure. Of the 7634 genes surveyed, approximately 2% were consistently differentially expressed by at least 1.4‐fold in DBA/2 J mice during chronic ethanol withdrawal. Less than 1% of the genes showed altered expression in C57BL/6 J mice under the same conditions, or in DBA/2 J mice during acute ethanol withdrawal. Strain‐ and treatment‐specific patterns of altered expression were observed for multiple genes associated with the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription and the mitogen activated protein kinase pathways. Genes associated with both pathways are regulated in DBA/2 J mice during chronic ethanol withdrawal, and to a lesser extent during acute ethanol withdrawal. Only those genes associated with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway exhibited changes in expression in C57BL/6 J mice during ethanol withdrawal. Furthermore, genes associated with retinoic acid‐mediated signaling show differential expression exclusively in C57BL/6 J mice. These findings represent significant differences in cellular adaptation to ethanol between the DBA/2 J and C57BL/6 J strains.
The impact of ICT on innovation activities: Evidence for UK SMEs

There is a continuous commitment of policymakers in the UK to support innovation in small and medium-sized firms. For these policy initiatives to be successful, an understanding of the factors driving innovation activities is required. In this study, the focus is upon the role that information and communication technologies (ICT) play in the innovation performance of UK small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using data drawn from the 2004 Annual Small Business Survey (ASBS) database, it is shown that ICT operate primarily as efficiency-enhancing technologies, although specific market-oriented applications (that is, website development) exhibit the potential to create competitive advantage through product innovation.
Application of Robust Regression and Bootstrapping in Purchasing Power Parity Analysis

This article is an attempt to show how robust regression, a computer based statistical technique introduced by P.J.Huber in 1973 and later developed by Rousseeuw (1984), Rousseeuw and Yohai (1984), and many others, can helps us in cases where OLS totally fails due to outliers, leverage points and non-normality of error distribution. To infer from the estimators obtained from robust regression we generally need, especially for small samples, bootstrapping (resampling) technique that is also a computer intensive statistical technique introduced by Efron (1979), and later developed in many directions. This talk illustrates the whole thing by an example using data extracted from the Big Mac. Index with a purchasing power parity analysis.
B7.1 gene transduction of human renal‐cell‐carcinoma cell lines restores the proliferative response and cytotoxic function of allogeneic T cells

Renal‐cell‐carcinoma is one of the human tumors for which the immune response may control the growth of tumor cells. Conversely, T cells infiltrating this tumor have been reported to be impaired in proliferative and effector functions. Complete activation of T cells requires 2 signaling events, one through the antigen‐specific receptor and one through the B7 ligand, CD28. In the present study, we first showed the absence of B7.1 expression on RCC tumors and cell lines, and the low proliferative response of allogeneic T cells upon stimulation with these cells. Transduction of the human gene for B7.1 rendered these cells potent stimulators of allogeneic mixed lymphocyte response. Furthermore, stimulation of purified CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell populations showed that transduced cell lines preferentially induced the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Finally, mixed lymphocyte cultures in the presence of the B7.1+ cell lines led to the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes able to specifically recognize both the transduced stimulator and the parental cell line. We thus demonstrate that B7.1 expression on human tumor cell lines is capable of inducing MHC‐class‐1‐dependent proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic effectors of allogeneic CD8+ T cells. The lack of B7 expression on RCC cell lines is responsible for their failure to activate allogeneic T cells, a result which strongly suggests that the same mechanism may be implied in the impaired tumor‐cell presentation to autologous T cells. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.