Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parsing the Wall Street Journal with the Inside-Outside Algorithm

We report grammar inference experiments on partially parsed sentences taken from the Wall Street Journal corpus using the inside-outside algorithm for stochastic context-free grammars. The initial grammar for the inference process makes no assumption of the kinds of structures and their distributions. The inferred grammar is evaluated by its predicting power and by comparing the bracketing of held out sentences imposed by the inferred grammar with the partial bracketings of these sentences given in the corpus. Using part-of-speech tags as the only source of lexical information, high bracketing accuracy is achieved even with a small subset of the available training material (1045 sentences): 94.4% for test sentences shorter than 10 words and 90.2% for sentences shorter than 15 words.
SchemaSQL - A Language for Interoperability in Relational Multi-Database Systems

We provide a principled extension of SQL, called SchemaSQL , that offers the capability of uniform manipulation of data and meta-data in relational multi-database systems. We develop a precise syntax and semantics of SchemaSQL in a manner that extends traditional SQL syntax and semantics, and demonstrate the following. (1) SchemaSQL retains the flavour of SQL while supporting querying of both data and meta-data. (2) It can be used to represent data in a database in a structure substantially different from original database, in which data and meta-data may be interchanged. (3) It also permits the creation of views whose schema is dynamically dependent on the contents of the input instance. (4) While aggregation in SQL is restricted to values occurring in one column at a time, SchemaSQL permits “horizontal” aggregation and even aggregation over more general “blocks” of information. (5) SchemaSQL provides a great facility for interoperability and data/meta-data management in relational multi-database systems. We provide many examples to illustrate our claims. We outline an architecture for the implementation of SchemaSQL and discuss implementation algorithms based on available database technology that allows for powerful integration of SQL based relational DBMS. l This work was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. t Dept of Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. {laks,subbu}Ocs.concordia. ca $ Dept of Mathematical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC. sadri@uncg.edu Permission to copy without fee all or port of this material is gmnted provided that the copies ore not, mode or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the publication and its dote appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires o fee and/or special permission from the Endowment. Proceedings of the 22nd VLDB Conference Mumbai(Bombay), India, 1996
Myocardial architecture and patient variability in clinical patterns of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of stroke by a factor of 4–5 and is the most common abnormal heart rhythm. The progression of AF with age, from short self-terminating episodes to persistence, varies between individuals and is poorly understood. An inability to understand and predict variation in AF progression has resulted in less patient-specific therapy. Likewise, it has been a challenge to relate the microstructural features of heart muscle tissue (myocardial architecture) with the emergent temporal clinical patterns of AF. We use a simple model of activation wave-front propagation on an anisotropic structure, mimicking heart muscle tissue, to show how variation in AF behavior arises naturally from microstructural differences between individuals. We show that the stochastic nature of progressive transversal uncoupling of muscle strands (e.g., due to fibrosis or gap junctional remodeling), as occurs with age, results in variability in AF episode onset time, frequency, duration, burden, and progression between individuals. This is consistent with clinical observations. The uncoupling of muscle strands can cause critical architectural patterns in the myocardium. These critical patterns anchor microreentrant wave fronts and thereby trigger AF. It is the number of local critical patterns of uncoupling as opposed to global uncoupling that determines AF progression. This insight may eventually lead to patient-specific therapy when it becomes possible to observe the cellular structure of a patient’s heart.
Rank Vertex Cover as a Natural Problem for Algebraic Compression

The question of the existence of a polynomial kernelization of the Vertex Cover Above LP problem has been a longstanding, notorious open problem in Parameterized Complexity. Five years ago, the breakthrough work by Kratsch and Wahlstrom on representative sets has finally answered this question in the affirmative [FOCS 2012]. In this paper, we present an alternative, algebraic compression of the Vertex Cover Above LP problem into the Rank Vertex Cover problem. Here, the input consists of a graph G, a parameter k, and a bijection between V (G) and the set of columns of a representation of a matriod M, and the objective is to find a vertex cover whose rank is upper bounded by k.
Change in Physiological Data for a Filtering Paradigm and a Selective-Set Paradigm

We measured the change of ERP during Filtering Paradigm and Selective-set Paradigm. From experiments using these paradigms, we found P300. For the former stimulus, N1 peak potential in ERP increased and the lead position on the scalp changed by the direction of target stimulus. For the latter stimulus, P1 peak potential in ERP increased by the position of target stimulus. From these results, ERP is useful index to measure the response to human attention positions.
Democratization and the Politics of Environmental Claim-Making

The rapid expansion of the Indonesian pulp industry has caused considerable environmental problems. Some argue that the state and the industry have addressed this issue rather successfully through technological amendments and effective civic involvement without hindering economic growth, which could be described as a path towards ecological modernization. However, the problems caused by Indorayon, Indonesia's first pulp and rayon company, show that this path can neglect the social aspects of sustainable development, without fully respecting the political rights of the local people, even after the end of authoritarian rule. In both the Suharto and post-Suharto periods, the state and Indorayon successfully prevented the civil society movement from making effective claims relating to their environmental concerns through oppression and a ‘scientific’ discourse emphasizing the economic and environmental aspects of the factory operations. Recognizing that such efforts have resulted in long-lasting social conflicts, this article illustrates the limit of the impact of democratization on environmental policy making in Indonesia, and the difficulties in using ecological modernization as a policy guideline for a sustainable society in the global South.
Hand injuries in Finland.

The study is based on patients with hand injuries treated in the casualty department of Turku University Central Hospital during the years 1971-75 and 1978; there were 4 800 of these patients annually. Hand injuries accounted for 26% of all accidents. Of these patients, 14% were younger than 15, 78% were of working age and only 8% were over 65. Of the adult patients, 3/5 were men. The average age of the men was 35 and of the women 45. Calculated on the basis of our material, the annual number of hand injuries requiring medical attention in Finland was 33 000/10(6) inhabitants. Most hand injuries among adults, 70%, occurred in the home, 28% at work and only some 3% in road accidents. Lacerations of varying degrees of severity constituted 45% of the injuries, fractures 26% and lesser contusions, excoriations and distortions 20%. There were relatively few serious injuries, e.g. 2% of the cases were nerve and tendon lesions; however, the actual workload caused by these injuries was considerable.
A Public Key Cryptoscheme Using the Bit-pair Method

The authors give the definition and property of a bit-pair shadow, and design the three algorithms of a public key cryptoscheme called JUNA which regards a bit-pair as an operation unit, and is based on the multivariate permutation problem (MPP) and the anomalous subset product problem (ASPP). Then, demonstrate that the decryption algorithm is correct, deduce the probability that a plaintext solution is nonunique is nearly zeroth, dissect the time complexities of the algorithms, and analyze the security of the cryptoscheme against extracting a private key from a public key, and recovering a plaintext from a ciphertext by LLL lattice base reduction, adaptive-chosen-ciphertext manner, and meet-in-the-middle dichotomy on the assumption that the IFP, DLP, and SSP of low density can be solved efficiently. Besides, give the conversion from the ASPP to the anomalous subset sum problem (ASSP) through a discrete logarithm. The facts show the bit-pair method increases the density of a related ASSP knapsack with D > 1, and decreases the length of modulus of the cryptoscheme with lg M = 384, 464, 544, or 640 corresponding to n = 80, 96, 112, or 128.
Effects of child abuse and neglect on adult survivors

ABSTRACT Child abuse has profound immediate and long-term effects on a child's development. The long-term impact of abuse of a child can be seen in higher rates of psychiatric disorders, increased rates of substance abuse and relationship difficulties [Springer, K. W. , Sheridan, J., Kuo, D. , & Carnes, M. (2003). The long-term health outcomes of childhood abuse: An overview and a call to action. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(10), 864–870. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003. 20918]. Child abuse is an intergenerational problem. Most frequently, the perpetrators of abuse are profoundly damaged people who have been abused and neglected themselves. This article attempts to bring out the psychosocial aspects of a case through Systems Theory and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Furthermore, it focuses on the psychological implications of an abused adult in early childhood and its impact on his development. Social work intervention plans highlight the importance of treatment and evaluation. The article suggests the role of social work profession to deal with this issue.
Beta-Lactamase Activity in Shigella sonnei

The basis of ampicillin resistance in Shigella sonnei was analyzed for a number of isolates. Most isolates that were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin failed to transfer resistance. Isolates resistant to cephalothin and ampicillin were inhibited by mecillinam, cefamandole, and cefoxitin. Six strains were selected for study. These differed on the basis of inhibition by 10 β-lactam antibiotics and on differences in β-lactamase activity. There was no correlation between the inhibitory concentration of antibiotic and the amount of antibiotic hydrolyzed. Use of sodium chloride and cloxacillin inhibition and acrylamide electrophoresis demonstrated that ampicillin resistance in Shigella is mediated by a number of different β-lactamases. Organisms can contain more than one type of β-lactamase.
Safety of Probiotic Escherichia coli Strain Nissle 1917 Depends on Intestinal Microbiota and Adaptive Immunity of the Host

ABSTRACT Probiotics are viable microorganisms that are increasingly used for treatment of a variety of diseases. Occasionally, however, probiotics may have adverse clinical effects, including septicemia. Here we examined the role of the intestinal microbiota and the adaptive immune system in preventing translocation of probiotics (e.g., Escherichiacoli Nissle). We challenged C57BL/6J mice raised under germfree conditions (GF-raised C57BL/6J mice) and Rag1−/− mice raised under germfree conditions (GF-raised Rag1−/− mice) and under specific-pathogen-free conditions (SPF-raised Rag1−/− mice) with probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917, strain Nissle 1917 mutants, the commensal strain E. coli mpk, or Bacteroides vulgatus mpk. Additionally, we reconstituted Rag1−/− mice with CD4+ T cells. E. coli translocation and dissemination and the mortality of mice were assessed. In GF-raised Rag1−/− mice, but not in SPF-raised Rag1−/− mice or GF-raised C57BL/6J mice, oral challenge with E. coli strain Nissle 1917, but not oral challenge with E. coli mpk, resulted in translocation and dissemination. The mortality rate was significantly higher for E. coli strain Nissle 1917-challenged GF-raised Rag1−/− mice (100%; P < 0.001) than for E. coli strain Nissle 1917-challenged SPF-raised Rag1−/− mice (0%) and GF-raised C57BL/6J mice (0%). Translocation of and mortality due to strain E. coli Nissle 1917 in GF-raised Rag1−/− mice were prevented when mice were reconstituted with T cells prior to strain E. coli Nissle 1917 challenge, but not when mice were reconstituted with T cells after E. coli strain Nissle 1917 challenge. Cocolonization experiments revealed that E. coli mpk could not prevent translocation of strain E. coli Nissle 1917. Moreover, we demonstrated that neither lipopolysaccharide structure nor flagella play a role in E. coli strain Nissle 1917 translocation and dissemination. Our results suggest that if both the microbiota and adaptive immunity are defective, translocation across the intestinal epithelium and dissemination of the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 may occur and have potentially severe adverse effects. Future work should define the possibly related molecular factors that promote probiotic functions, fitness, and facultative pathogenicity.
Sparse, Sequential Bayesian Geostatistics

Biography Dr. Dan Cornford is a lecture in Computer Science and works in the Neural Computing Research Group at Aston University. Research interests are in the field of spatial statistics, space-time modelling and data assimilation. Lehel Csato is a post-doc in the same group working on an EPSRC grant (GR/R61857/01) looking at applying sparse sequential Gaussian processes to data assimilation. Manfred Opper is a Reader in the same group, with research interests in statistical physics, sequential learning and Bayesian learning
Design and implementation of a novel secure internet voting protocol using Java Card 3 technology

Internet voting is highly regarded for its speed, automatic counting, cost reduction and lower possibility of error. However, in order to replace traditional voting system with internet-voting, i-voting must meet many requirements and overcome some challenges like collusion, uncoercibility, unfairness and in particular voter insecure platforms. In this paper, we propose a very practical and secure internet voting protocol based on FOO with use of Java Card 3 which can help prevent voting fraud and addresses its major challenges. Java Card 3 technology is a new concept which provides the expected client-side security in a much higher level than an ordinary PC, which is highly vulnerable to infection via the network. Since with Java Card 3 technology the card acts as a secure web client (server) can address the voter side insecure platform problem which is one of main reasons for the delay in implementing I-voting in real world.
Epizootic Emergence of Usutu Virus in Wild and Captive Birds in Germany

This study aimed to identify the causative agent of mass mortality in wild and captive birds in southwest Germany and to gather insights into the phylogenetic relationship and spatial distribution of the pathogen. Since June 2011, 223 dead birds were collected and tested for the presence of viral pathogens. Usutu virus (USUV) RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR in 86 birds representing 6 species. The virus was isolated in cell culture from the heart of 18 Blackbirds (Turdus merula). USUV-specific antigen was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in brain, heart, liver, and lung of infected Blackbirds. The complete polyprotein coding sequence was obtained by deep sequencing of liver and spleen samples of a dead Blackbird from Mannheim (BH65/11-02-03). Phylogenetic analysis of the German USUV strain BH65/11-02-03 revealed a close relationship with strain Vienna that caused mass mortality among birds in Austria in 2001. Wild birds from lowland river valleys in southwest Germany were mainly affected by USUV, but also birds kept in aviaries. Our data suggest that after the initial detection of USUV in German mosquitoes in 2010, the virus spread in 2011 and caused epizootics among wild and captive birds in southwest Germany. The data also indicate an increased risk of USUV infections in humans in Germany.
Five-Vertebrate ChIP-seq Reveals the Evolutionary Dynamics of Transcription Factor Binding

Subtle Variation Despite vast phenotypic differences, vertebrates have many readily recognizable specific cell types, like liver hepatocytes. The gene expression that defines specific cells depends on evolutionarily conserved orthologous transcription factors. Schmidt et al. (p. 1036, published online 8 April) studied the conservation and divergence in the genome-wide binding of two such transcription factors, CEBPA and HNF4A, in livers from human, dog, mouse, short-tailed opossum, and chicken. Although the sequence bound by orthologous transcription factors was similar, the vast majority of binding events were unique to each species. Binding of two liver-specific transcription factors in several vertebrate species reveals complex regulatory evolution. Transcription factors (TFs) direct gene expression by binding to DNA regulatory regions. To explore the evolution of gene regulation, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) to determine experimentally the genome-wide occupancy of two TFs, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, in the livers of five vertebrates. Although each TF displays highly conserved DNA binding preferences, most binding is species-specific, and aligned binding events present in all five species are rare. Regions near genes with expression levels that are dependent on a TF are often bound by the TF in multiple species yet show no enhanced DNA sequence constraint. Binding divergence between species can be largely explained by sequence changes to the bound motifs. Among the binding events lost in one lineage, only half are recovered by another binding event within 10 kilobases. Our results reveal large interspecies differences in transcriptional regulation and provide insight into regulatory evolution.
Impact of Semantic Technologies to Human Behavior Modeling - A Psychosocial Rationalization

The promotion of healthy habits have lots of benefits. In this way, the discovery of human health habits will allow to experts, among others advantages, evaluate the accuracy of the promotion models. Nevertheless, to design and develop a model that correctly predict and anticipate the behavior of an individual or a group is a difficult task, in the sense that the challenge of representing the behavior includes such diverse areas as simulating the effects of making decision, modeling the cognitive processes that take place in making that decision, or simulate the perception of motor skills. The design of an unified method to access the current human behavior theories will facilitate the application of motivation technologies in an holistic way. In this paper, a review about the factors involved on human behavior modeling, and the most important theories on people health behavior is made and a first attempt for the creation of a unified health behavior model is
Active Spatial Information Processing in the Septo‐Hippocampal System

The hippocampal formation (HF) receives the final outputs from all association cortices, and processes and integrates this diverse information. Our neurophysiological data in rats and monkeys suggest active selection of relevant sensory information in the HF. In an open field, rat HF neurons strengthened their sensitivity to more relevant variables among various movement variables such as movement speed, direction, and turning angle based on navigation contexts. The HF place‐related activity in the monkey, which rode on a movable cab, became obscure in passive translocation of a monkey by an experimenter. This suggests that the animal actively senses the environment surrounding it during spatial navigation, and that spatial correlates of HF neurons depend on this active sensing. In the monkey septal nuclei that receive hippocampal outputs, some neurons were differential to specific views from 4 specific locations in an experimental room (place‐differential responses). Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of place‐differential responses indicated that the 4 locations represented in a 2‐dimensional virtual space at relative positions were similar to those in the real experimental room. This might be a neurophysiological basis of a cognitive map and path finding. These results are consistent with recent human PET studies that indicated HF involvement in recalling routes and landmarks. Thus, a cognitive mapping system represented in the HF plays a pivotal role in active computation for path finding. Hippocampus 1999;9:458–466. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Proteomic Approach of Bradyrhizobium/Aeschynomene Root and Stem Symbioses Reveals the Importance of the fixA Locus for Symbiosis

Rhizobia are soil bacteria that are able to form symbiosis with plant hosts of the legume family. These associations result in the formation of organs, called nodules in which bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to the benefit of the plant. Most of our knowledge on the metabolism and the physiology of the bacteria during symbiosis derives from studying roots nodules of terrestrial plants. Here we used a proteomics approach to investigate the bacterial physiology of photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278 during the symbiotic process with the semi aquatical plant Aeschynomene indica that forms root and stem nodules. We analyzed the proteomes of bacteria extracted from each type of nodule. First, we analyzed the bacteroid proteome at two different time points and found only minor variation between the bacterial proteomes of 2-week- and 3-week-old nodules. High conservation of the bacteroid proteome was also found when comparing stem nodules and root nodules. Among the stem nodule specific proteins were those related to the phototrophic ability of Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278. Furthermore, we compared our data with those obtained during an extensive genetic screen previously published. The symbiotic role of four candidate genes which corresponding proteins were found massively produced in the nodules but not identified during this screening was examined. Mutant analysis suggested that in addition to the EtfAB system, the fixA locus is required for symbiotic efficiency.
Role of Microglia in Inflammation-Mediated Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention

Evidence from postmortem analysis implicates the involvement of microglia in the neurodegenerative process of several degenerative neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It remains to be determined, however, whether microglial activation plays a role in the initiation stage of disease progression or occurs merely as a response to neuronal death. Activated microglia secrete a variety of proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors that are believed to induce and/or exacerbate neurodegeneration. In this article, we summarize recent advances on the study of the role of microglia based on findings from animal and cell culture models in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, with particular emphasis on Parkinson's disease. In addition, we also discuss novel approaches to potential therapeutic strategies.