Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variational Inference : Loopy Belief Propagation 3 2 . 2 LBP : The Algorithm

The problem of probabilistic inference concerns answering queries about conditional and marginal probabilities in graphical models. Consider two disjoint subsets E and F of the nodes in a graphical model G. A query regarding marginal distribution p(xF ) can be calculated by the marginalization operation ∑ G\F p(x). A query regarding conditional distribution p(xF |xE) can be calculated by p(xF |xE) = p(xF ,xE) p(xE) . A query could also ask to compute a mode of the density x̂ = arg maxx∈Xm p(x). In the previous lectures, we have learnt many exact inference techniques such as naive brute force marginalization, variable elimination and family of message passing algorithms such as sum-product, belief propagation and junction tree. In brute force and variable elimination techniques, individual queries are computed independently and as a result several intermediate terms may be computed repeatedly, while the message passing algorithms allows sharing of intermediate terms and hence is more effective in the long run.
Designing Mildred: Scaffolding Students' Reflection and Argumentation Using a Cognitive Software Guide

In this paper, we discuss the design and study of a guidance and prompting system for a technology-based learning environment used in science classrooms. We focus briefly on how the tool has evolved through several years of iterative refinement, how the tool has been used by students in different curricular contexts for different epistemic practices, and how we as researchers can learn about students' learning and cognition through use of the affordances of such software environments. In particular, scaffolding in the form of prompts and hints are investigated for supporting causal explanations of scientific evidence (or argumentation) and promoting more general reflection. The results imply that both kinds of scaffolds support students' knowledge integration in important ways. The paper concludes with the claim that the guidance software helps students identify ways to improve their understanding by helping students think individually and collaboratively to provide alternative examples, thought experiments, and counter-evidence for consideration, and by providing a place to make their own thinking about these ideas visible and explicit. The paper also makes the broader claim that educational design studies such as the two reported here serve a unique role in identifying designed approaches that best support student learning while also informing our understanding of individual and social cognition in typical educational contexts.
Real-time Recognition of Multi-category Human Motion Using μIMU Data

This paper describes a novel approach for human motion recognition via motion feature vectors collected from a micro Inertial Measurement Unit (μlMU), which measures angular rates and accelerations of the three different directions in the workspace based on MEMS sensors. The recognizer is composed of three parts. The first part is a preprocessor, in which Vector Quantization is used to reduce dimensions of vectors. Recognition is implemented by the second part, which is a classifier composed of Hidden Markov Model and an efficient second layer criterion. The third part uses a sliding window algorithm for precise recognition. There were 200 sequences (about 100,000 vectors) for 10 different kinds of motions tested in our work, including falling-down motion and other typical human motions. Experimental results show that for the given 10 different categories, correct recognition rates range from 95 %-100 %, of which the falling-down motion can be classified from others with a 100 % recognition rate.
**title** Asp Conference Series, Vol. **volume***, **year of Publication** **names of Editors** Ultra-short Period Double-degenerate Binaries

We review the current observational status of the ROSAT sources RX J1914.4+2456 and RX J0806.3+1527, and the evidence that these are ultra-short period (< 10 min) binary systems. We argue that an Intermediate Polar interpretation can be ruled out, that they are indeed compact binaries with a degenerate secondary, and that the period seen in the X-ray and optical is the orbital period. A white dwarf primary is preferred, but a neutron star cannot be excluded. We examine the capability of the three current double-degenerate models (Polar, Direct Accretor and Electric Star) to account for the observational characteristics of these systems. All models have difficulties with some aspects of the observations, but none can be excluded with confidence at present. The Electric Star model provides the best description, but the lifetime of this phase requires further investigation. These ultra-short period bina-ries will be strong gravitational wave emitters in the LISA bandpass, and because of their known source properties will be important early targets for gravitational wave studies.
Deterministic Broadcasting and Random Linear Network Coding in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Network coding has been successfully used in the past for efficient broadcasting in wireless multi-hop networks. Two coding approaches are suitable for mobile networks; random linear network coding (RLNC) and XOR-based coding. In this paper, we focus on the problem of multiple source broadcasting in mobile ad hoc networks. We make the observation that RLNC provides increased resilience to packet losses compared with XOR-based coding. We develop an analytical model that justifies our intuition. However, the model also reveals that combining RLNC with probabilistic forwarding, which is the approach taken in the literature, may significantly impact RLNC’s performance. Therefore, we take the novel approach to combine RLNC with a deterministic broadcasting algorithm in order to prune transmissions. More specifically, we propose a connected dominating set-based algorithm that works in synergy with RLNC on the “packet generation level. ” Since managing packet generations is a key issue in RLNC, we propose a distributed scheme, which is also suitable for mobile environments and does not compromise the coding efficiency. We show that the proposed algorithm outperforms XOR-based as well as RLNC-based schemes even when global knowledge is used for managing packet generations.
Delayed Imitation of Lipsmacking Gestures by Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Human infants are capable of accurately matching facial gestures of an experimenter within a few hours after birth, a phenomenon called neonatal imitation. Recent studies have suggested that rather than being a simple reflexive-like behavior, infants exert active control over imitative responses and ‘provoke’ previously imitated gestures even after a delay of up to 24 h. Delayed imitation is regarded as the hallmark of a sophisticated capacity to control and flexibly engage in affective communication and has been described as an indicator of innate protoconversational readiness. However, we are not the only primates to exhibit neonatal imitation, and delayed imitation abilities may not be uniquely human. Here we report that 1-week-old infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) who show immediate imitation of a lipsmacking gesture also show delayed imitation of lipsmacking, facilitated by a tendency to refrain from lipsmacking toward a still face during baseline measurements. Individual differences in delayed imitation suggest that differentially matured cortical mechanisms may be involved, allowing some newborns macaques to actively participate in communicative exchanges from birth. Macaque infants are endowed with basic social competencies of intersubjective communication that indicate cognitive and emotional commonality between humans and macaques, which may have evolved to nurture an affective mother-infant relationship in primates.
Towards Temporal Segmentation of Patient History in Discharge Letters

This paper reports about ongoing work in automatic identification of temporal markers and segmentation of patient histories into episodes. We discuss the discourse structure of the Anamneses in Bulgarian hospital discharge letters and present experiments with a corpus of 1,375 anonymised discharge letters of patients with endocrine and metabolic diseases. Our IE prototype discovers 32,445 key terms in the corpus, among them more that 7,000 occurrences of drug names and about 7,500 occurrences of diagnoses. The temporal markers occur 8,248 times usually paired with tokens pointing the direction of time “forward” or “backwards”. Temporal markers are identified with precision 84%, recall 57% and f-measure 67.9%.
Predicting permanent and transient protein–protein interfaces

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are involved in diverse functions in a cell. To optimize functional roles of interactions, proteins interact with a spectrum of binding affinities. Interactions are conventionally classified into permanent and transient, where the former denotes tight binding between proteins that result in strong complexes, whereas the latter compose of relatively weak interactions that can dissociate after binding to regulate functional activity at specific time point. Knowing the type of interactions has significant implications for understanding the nature and function of PPIs. In this study, we constructed amino acid substitution models that capture mutation patterns at permanent and transient type of protein interfaces, which were found to be different with statistical significance. Using the substitution models, we developed a novel computational method that predicts permanent and transient protein binding interfaces (PBIs) in protein surfaces. Without knowledge of the interacting partner, the method uses a single query protein structure and a multiple sequence alignment of the sequence family. Using a large dataset of permanent and transient proteins, we show that our method, BindML+, performs very well in protein interface classification. A very high area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.957 was observed when predicted protein binding sites were classified. Remarkably, near prefect accuracy was achieved with an AUC of 0.991 when actual binding sites were classified. The developed method will be also useful for protein design of permanent and transient PBIs. © Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1 1 3 M ay 2 00 1 KNUT 01011 Tachyon Condensation , Boundary State and Noncommutative Solitons

We discuss the tachyon condensation in a single unstable D-brane in the framework of boundary state formulation. The boundary state in the background of the tachyon condensation and the NS B-field is explicitly constructed. We show in both commutative theory and noncommutative theory that the unstable D-branes behaves like an extended object and eventually reduces to the lower dimensional D-branes as the system approaches the infrared fixed point. We clarify the relationship between the commutative field theoretical description of the tachyon condensation and the noncommutative one. Typeset using REVTEX ∗E-mail: taejin@cc.kangwon. ac.kr 1
BASIC SELF-DISTURBANCE PREDICTS PSYCHOSIS ONSET IN THE ULTRA HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS (“PRODROMAL”) POPULATION

INTRODUCTION Phenomenological research indicates that disturbance of the basic sense of self may be a core phenotypic marker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Basic self-disturbance refers to a disruption of the sense of ownership of experience and agency of action and is associated with a variety of anomalous subjective experiences. In this study, we investigated the presence of basic self-disturbance in an "ultra high risk" (UHR) for psychosis sample compared with a healthy control sample and whether it predicted transition to psychotic disorder. METHODS Forty-nine UHR patients and 52 matched healthy control participants were recruited to the study. Participants were assessed for basic self-disturbance using the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) instrument. UHR participants were followed for a mean of 569 days. RESULTS Levels of self-disturbance were significantly higher in the UHR sample compared with the healthy control sample (P < .001). Cox regression indicated that total EASE score significantly predicted time to transition (P < .05) when other significant predictors were controlled for. Exploratory analyses indicated that basic self-disturbance scores were higher in schizophrenia spectrum cases, irrespective of transition to psychosis, than nonschizophrenia spectrum cases. DISCUSSION The results indicate that identifying basic self-disturbance in the UHR population may provide a means of further "closing in" on individuals truly at high risk of psychotic disorder, particularly of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This may be of practical value by reducing inclusion of "false positive" cases in UHR samples and of theoretical value by shedding light on core phenotypic features of schizophrenia spectrum pathology.
Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND In some randomized trials comparing revascularization strategies for patients with diabetes, coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) has had a better outcome than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We sought to discover whether aggressive medical therapy and the use of drug-eluting stents could alter the revascularization approach for patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease. METHODS In this randomized trial, we assigned patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease to undergo either PCI with drug-eluting stents or CABG. The patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years (median among survivors, 3.8 years). All patients were prescribed currently recommended medical therapies for the control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and glycated hemoglobin. The primary outcome measure was a composite of death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. RESULTS From 2005 through 2010, we enrolled 1900 patients at 140 international centers. The patients' mean age was 63.1±9.1 years, 29% were women, and 83% had three-vessel disease. The primary outcome occurred more frequently in the PCI group (P=0.005), with 5-year rates of 26.6% in the PCI group and 18.7% in the CABG group. The benefit of CABG was driven by differences in rates of both myocardial infarction (P<0.001) and death from any cause (P=0.049). Stroke was more frequent in the CABG group, with 5-year rates of 2.4% in the PCI group and 5.2% in the CABG group (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS For patients with diabetes and advanced coronary artery disease, CABG was superior to PCI in that it significantly reduced rates of death and myocardial infarction, with a higher rate of stroke. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; FREEDOM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00086450.).
Managing patients for zoonotic disease in hospitals

Zoonoses involve infections and infestations transmissible from animals to humans. Zoonoses are a major global threat. Exposure to zoonotic pathogens exists in various settings including encroachment on nature; foreign travel; pet keeping; bushmeat consumption; attendance at zoological parks, petting zoos, school ‘animal contact experiences’, wildlife markets, circuses, and domesticated and exotic animal farms. Under-ascertainment is believed to be common and the frequency of some zoonotic disease appears to be increasing. Zoonoses include direct, indirect and aerosolized transmission. Improved awareness of zoonoses in the hospital environment may be important to the growing need for prevention and control. We reviewed relevant literature for the years 2000 to present and identified a significant need for the promotion of awareness and management of zoonoses in the hospital environment. This article provides a new decision-tree, as well as staff and patient guidance on the prevention and control of zoonoses associated with hospitals.
Long-term time trends in incidence, survival and mortality of lymphomas by subtype among adults in Manitoba, Canada: a population-based study using cancer registry data

Objective To examine 30-year time trends in incidence, survival and mortality of lymphomas by subtype in Manitoba, Canada. Methods Lymphoma cases diagnosed between 1984 and 2013 were classified according to the 2008 WHO classification system for lymphoid neoplasms. Death data (1984–2014) were obtained from the Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency. To examine time trends in incidence and mortality, we used joinpoint regression to estimate annual percentage change and average annual percentage change. Age–period–cohort modelling was conducted to measure the effects of age, period and cohort on incidence and mortality time trends. We estimated age-specific and standardised 5-year relative survival and used Poisson regression model to test time trends in relative survival. Results Total Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) incidence in men and women was stable during the study period. Age-standardised total non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) incidence increased by 4% annually until around 2000, and the trend varied by sex and NHL subtype. Total HL mortality continuously declined (by 2.5% annually in men and by 2.7% annually in women), while total NHL mortality increased (by 4.4% annually in men until 1998 and by 3.2% annually in women until 2001) and then declined (by 3.6% annually in men and by 2.5% annually in women). Age-standardised 5-year relative survival for HL improved from 72.6% in 1984–1993 to 85.8% in 2004–2013, and for NHL from 57.0% in 1984–1993 to 67.5% in 2004–2013. Survival improvement was also noted for NHL subtypes, although the extent varied, with the greatest improvement for follicular lymphoma (from 65.3% in 1984–1993 to 87.6% in 2004–2013). Conclusions Time trends were generally consistent with those reported in other jurisdictions in total HL and NHL incidence, but were unique in incidence for HL and for NHL subtypes chronic/small lymphocytic leukaemia/lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Survival improvements and mortality reductions were seen for HL and NHL in both sexes.
A clinical account of hospitalized 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases.

OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical characteristics in adults with confirmed pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection 2009. STUDY DESIGN A case series. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The study was carried out at the Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from 1st December 2009 to 30th May 2010. METHODOLOGY Thirty six adults with confirmed 2009 pandemic H1N1 infection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included in the study. All patients were followed in-hospital and clinical features, laboratory and radiological investigations and management data was collected on a pre-designed patient data collection form. RESULTS Mean age was 34.24±13.92 years with 61.1% females. Seventeen (47.2%) had at least one risk factor for complications with 2009 H1N1 infection; namely obesity in 19.4%, pregnancy in 8.3%, COPD in 5.6%, cardiac failure in 5.6%, chronic liver disease in 5.6%, Diabetes mellitus in 5.6%, immunosuppression in 2.3%, smoking in 25%. Fever (97.2%), cough (97.2%), rhinnorhea (80.6%), and shortness of breath (58.3%) were the commonest symptoms. Radiographic abnormalities were interstitial/reticular infiltrates (30.6%), patchy consolidations (11.1%) and reticular shadows with areas of consolidation (25%). PaO2/FiO2 ratio was less than 200 in 27.8% cases. Thirty six percent cases had creatinine kinase (CK) levels greater than 400 U/L and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels higher than 1000 U/L. Twenty seven percent cases were managed in ICU and 16.7% cases died during hospital stay. CONCLUSION The 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus infection had a wide clinical spectrum with a potential to cause high morbidity and mortality. Early empirical antiviral therapy for hospitalized suspected influenza A (H1N1) is vital to prevent the rapid disease progression.
Strength estimation of aged wood by means of ultrasonic devices

Because of ecological factors, recycling old (= aged) wood is getting more and more important, even in applications where mechanical strength plays a central role. The aim of this study was to examine certain mechanical parameters of old wood and to better understand the influence of aging on mechanical properties. Therefore, measurements on boards and on small, clear wood specimens were carried out. Ultrasound velocities of longitudinal and, in some cases, of transversal waves were measured. Based on the results, elastic and shear moduli were determined. The measurements were performed on specimens of aged Norway spruce, European oak and Scots pine and compared with recent wood as a reference. The measurements on boards revealed higher MOE values for old wood but the results for the small clear specimens do not confirm this observation. It is supposed that the difference is more likely a consequence of different densities and the structure of growth rings than a consequence of the wood age.
Platelet‐derived growth factor in human glioma

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) is a 30 kDa protein consisting of disulfide‐bonded dimers of A‐ and B‐chains. PDGF receptors are of two types, α‐ and β‐receptors, which are members of the protein‐tyrosine kinase family of receptors. The receptors are activated by ligand‐induced dimerization, whereby the receptors become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. These form attachment sites for signalling molecules, which inter alia activate the Ras · Raf pathway. PDGF has important functions in development and is required for a proper timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation. The v‐sis oncogene of simian sarcoma virus (SSV) is a retroviral homolog of the B‐chain gene, and induces transformation by an autocrine activation of PDGF receptors at the cell surface. SSV induces malignant glioma in experimental animals, suggesting a role for autocrine PDGF in glioma development. PDGF and PDGF receptors are frequently coexpressed in human glioma cell lines. Specific and nonspecific PDGF antagonists block the growth of some glioma cell lines in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that autocrine PDGF is involved in transformation and tumorigenesis. In situ studies of human gliomas show overexpression of α‐receptors in glioma cells of high‐grade tumors. In a few cases, overexpression is caused by receptor amplification. Since high‐grade glioma cells also express the PDGF A‐chain, an autocrine activation of the α‐receptor may drive the proliferation of glioma cells in vivo. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.