Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review of the Mechanism of Action for Supartz FX in Knee Osteoarthritis

Objective Summarize the biologic effects of Supartz FX for knee osteoarthritis (OA), the first worldwide clinically approved intra-articular (IA) hyaluronic acid (HA) product. Design To determine the mechanism of action from preclinical and clinical studies, a literature search was conducted of Supartz FX using academic databases from 1987 to 2016. Articles on Supartz FX that deal with its mechanisms of action were extracted, categorized, and reviewed. Results Supartz FX has 2 potential mechanisms of action: (1) biomechanical: IA Supartz FX directly improves the viscoelasticity and lubrication of synovial fluid; (2) physiologic: IA Supartz FX penetrates synovium and cartilage tissues to reach HA receptors on the surface of synoviocytes and chondrocytes. In synovium, suppression of gene expression in inflammatory mediators results in improved endogenous HA production, improved properties of synovial fluid, and reduction in pain. In cartilage, suppression of gene expression of collagenases and aggrecanases suppresses cartilage degeneration. Conclusion The net results of basic and clinical studies is that IA Supartz FX provides a more favorable biomechanical and functional environment in the knee joint. Hence, it is not only a lubricant but is also physiologically active. These actions may help explain both short- and long-term improvement in pain and function often achieved from IA Supartz FX in knee OA.
The economy and the Federal Reserve: real progress, but too soon to relax

Thank you very much. It’s great to be with you in Los Angeles today. As you’ve just heard, I’m president of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, one of 12 regional Banks in the Federal Reserve System. The district covered by our Bank is geographically the largest and the most populous in the Fed. And, of course, Los Angeles is the biggest city in the district, and an economic powerhouse and cultural trendsetter for people around the world. This is the second time I’ve spoken at a Town Hall Los Angeles event. In fact, two years ago, I gave my first speech as San Francisco Fed president before this group. The economic landscape has changed significantly since then. But some things remain the same. Most notably, despite substantial improvement in the economy, unemployment is still far too high. Things still have a way to go before we can say we’ve fully recovered from the worst financial crisis and recession since the 1930s. Today, I’ll talk about how I see the economy now and where I think it’s headed. I’ll offer my forecast for the next few years and discuss what the Federal Reserve is doing to boost the recovery. Of course, Fed speeches are not like Hollywood movies. That’s because I’ll tell you how it ends right here at the beginning. My message is that I’m hopeful that the economy has finally shifted into higher gear. There are still obstacles to our progress, including the effects of budget cuts coming out of Washington and the sluggish recovery plaguing many of our trading partners abroad, especially
Algotaurus: an educational computer programming game for beginners

ABSTRACT An educational computer game is presented, used for beginner students to introduce some basic concepts of code execution and code writing. In this mini-language microworld game, a code should be written with which a robot can escape from a procedurally generated labyrinth. The game uses a simple language and utilizes a virtual environment, where code execution could be tracked easily. One essential advantage of the software is that after a very short training, students can start experimenting, and they can understand many basic properties of code writing and execution. Based on several pilot teaching classes in both primary schools and universities, the game is an efficient tool to introduce the bases of computer programming, which bases might be harder to demonstrate with other educational tools.
Diversity in Professional Expertise: Learning andWorking Intertwined Outline for a Research Programme

This position paper presents an outline for a research programme for the lectorate in Differentiated Human Resource Management (DHRM) of the Centre of Applied Research (CAREM), part of Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. It addresses the theme of ‘learning and working’ and is the result of collaboration between academic researchers and representatives from the business community and professional education. The aim of this position paper is, in the first place, to identify the issues in the changing relationship(s) between learning and working, given the diversity of employees and their expertise. In the second place these can then serve as a context for formulating the potential contours of a new research programme. We have applied the model of transitional labour markets developed by Schmid as an organisational framework for setting up such a research programme. On this basis, we present the issues that will form the focus of research over the 2014- 2018 period.
Risk factors for child under-nutrition with a human rights edge in rural villages of North Wollo, Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE To identify the factors associated with childhood under-nutrition in North Wollo, Ethiopia. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING Four purposefully selected rural villages (kebeles) in North Wollo zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. SUBJECTS One hundred-forty four sampled households with under five year old children (n=200) comprising of 96 male-headed, 24 female-headed and 24 landless with children aged between six and 59 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Determinations of anthropometric measurements and various socio-economic factors. RESULTS The overall prevalence rate of under nutrition as determined by stunting, underweight and wasting was 44.5%, 25.0% and 9.0% respectively with more preponderance among the toddlers. The proportion of under nutrition was higher in female-headed households. Shortage of farmland, lack of irrigation, dispossession of livestock, shortage of non-farm employment options, parental illiteracy, high number of children, water inadequacy, food taboos and wrong eating habits of families, poor child feeding practices, deprivation of health nutrition education as well as maternal attributes such as young motherhood, low body mass index and short stature of mothers influenced the nutritional status of the children. The prominent risk factors for undernutrition among children were dispossession of livestock, child food taboos and wrong eating habits of families, deprivation of health/nutrition education, short stature and early marriage of mothers. CONCLUSION This study led to the conclusion that improvement of household resources through promotion of irrigation and initiation of income generating livelihood options can reverse the nutrition situation for better. Health and nutrition education focusing on appropriate child feeding, eradication of harmful traditional practices such as early marriage and inequitable intra-household food distribution, encouragement of family planning and nutrition interventions including food diversification is recommended.
Filtering and parameter estimation for electricity markets

The growing complexity of energy markets requires the introduction of in creasingly sophisticated tools for the analysis of market structures and for the modeling of the dynamics of spot market and forward prices. In order for market participants to use these markets in an efficient way, it is important to employ good mathematical models of these markets. This has proved to be particularly difficult for electricity, where markets are complex, and ex hibit a number of unique features, mainly due to the problems involved in storing electricity. In this thesis we propose three models for electricity prices. All are multifactor models, that is, as well as an observable spot price they assume the existence of an unobservable long term mean’ process. The introduction of such additional processes helps to explain the relation between spot and futures prices. In the first part of the thesis we introduce a two factor Gaus sian model for prices. Using the Kalman filter, and based on both spot and forward prices, we successfully estimate parameters for simulated data. We then estimate parameters for the German EEX market, and compare our fitted model with the observed prices. We find that this model does capture some features of the EEX market, but it fails to exhibit the price spikes which are a prominent feature of true spot prices. We therefore introduce a second model, which includes jumps. The inclusion of jumps has the potential to give a better explanation of the behavior of electricity prices, but it creates difficulties in the estimation of parameters. This is because as the model noise is non-Gaussian the Kalman filter cannot be applied satisfactorily. We implement the particle filter adopting the Liu & West approach for the jump model. This method allows us to identify the hidden process in the model, and to estimate a small number of parameters. The third model is a new model for electricity prices based on the inverse Box-Cox transformation. This model is non-linear with Gaussian noise, and can generate price spikes using fewer parameters than a multi-factor jump-diffusion model. In this context, we successfully applied the Unscented Kalman filter to estimate the parameters. 11
Curcumin as a potential candidate for treating hyperlipidemia: A review of cellular and metabolic mechanisms

Curcumin is an herbal polyphenol extensively investigated for antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and hypolipidaemic properties. In the present review, the efficacy of curcumin for improving a plasma lipid profile has been evaluated and compared with statins, a well‐known class of medicines for treating hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidaemia. Curcumin is presumably most effective in reducing triglyceride (TG), while statins are most efficient in lowering low‐density lipoproteins‐cholesterol (LDL‐C). Additionally, various molecular and metabolic mediators of cholesterol and plasma lipid homeostasis are discussed in relation to how they are modulated by curcumin or statins. Overall, curcumin influences the same mediators of plasma lipid alteration as statins do. Almost all the pathways through which cholesterol trafficking takes place are affected by these agents. These include gastrointestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol, hepatocellular removal of plasma cholesterol, the mediators of reverse cholesterol transport, and removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging potential of curcumin limits the risk of lipid peroxidation that triggers inflammatory responses causing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis. Taken together, curcumin could be used as a safe and well‐tolerated adjunct to statins to control hyperlipidaemia more effectively than statins alone.
Physical and psychological correlates of primary headache in young adulthood: A 26 year longitudinal study

Objectives: To determine if physical and/or psychological risk factors could differentiate between subtypes of primary headache (migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and coexisting migraine and TTH (combined)) among members of a longitudinal birth cohort study. Methods: At age 26, the headache status of members of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) was determined using International Headache Society criteria. Headache history and potential physical and psychological correlates of headache were assessed. These factors included perinatal problems and injuries sustained to age 26; and behavioural, personality, and psychiatric disorders assessed between ages 5 to 21. Results: The 1 year prevalences for migraine, TTH, and combined headache at the age of 26 were 7.2%, 11.1%, and 4.3%, respectively. Migraine was related to maternal headache, anxiety symptoms in childhood, anxiety disorders during adolescence and young adulthood, and the stress reactivity personality trait at the age of 18. TTH was significantly associated with neck or back injury in childhood (before the age of 13). Combined headache was related to maternal headache and anxiety disorder at 18 and 21 only among women with a childhood history of headache. Headache status at the age of 26 was unrelated to a history of perinatal complication, neurological disorder, or mild traumatic head injury. Conclusions: Migraine and TTH seem to be distinct disorders with different developmental characteristics. Combined headache may also have a distinct aetiology.
Automatic external defibrillators: clinical issues for cardiology.

THE 1985 National Conference on Standards and Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, recently held in Dallas, reviewed and endorsed the concept of early defibrillation performed by emergency medical technicians (EMTs). This concept has also received support from the Advanced Coronary Treatment Foundation' and the American College of Emergency Physicians. ' Unlike many elements of prehospital care for cardiac arrest patients, these endorsements were based on a solid foundation of controlled clinical trials.3-'. In these trials, however, initial responders operated only manual defibrillators that require operator interpretation of the rhythms. Automatic and semiautomatic external defibrillators have recently been developed. These devices should help first responders and EMTs out of hospital, and relatives and friends in the home, achieve early defibrillation of individuals at high risk for sudden cardiac death. Although the concept of defibrillation by EMTs received endorsement in Dallas, no firm decision was reached on whether EMT defibrillation programs should use automatic, semiautomatic, or manually operated defibrillators. In addition, no decisive comments were made on the use of automatic and semiautomatic defibrillators by first responders and in the home. Clinical evaluations are now in progress, but they will not resolve all of the issues raised by widespread availability of these devices. Background. Automatic external defibrillators repre-
Case series: neuropsychiatric symptoms with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE To describe the psychiatric presentation, serologic findings, and neuroimaging patterns in children and adolescents with central nervous system involvement with systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS-SLE). METHOD Pediatric patients with psychiatric symptoms who fulfilled the 1997 revised diagnostic American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE were studied. Complement levels, and anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-Smith, anti-phospholipid, and anti-neuronal antibodies were evaluated. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) neuroimaging studies were reviewed. RESULTS The 10 patients with CNS-SLE presented with psychosis, mood disturbance, or confusion, and 8 patients had concomitant neurologic symptoms. The 8 girls and 2 boys ranged in age from 7.5 to 17 years. Serum anti-neuronal antibodies were positive with onset of symptoms and declined with improvement. Initial SPECT was abnormal in all 10 patients and remained abnormal. CONCLUSION SPECT and anti-neuronal antibodies help confirm CNS involvement in patients with SLE and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Investigating the impact of pulsed load on isolated power system

Integrated Isolated Power System (IPS) can provide instantaneous high-energy for pulsed power loads, which have considerable influence on power quality. This paper builds models for IPS, pulsed power loads and intermediate energy storage module (IESM) in PSCAD™. The impact of pulsed power loads with different rated power on IPS is examined in this paper. It is also shown that the propulsion coordination can be used to further reduce the impact of pulsed power load on IPS.
Stretch of mammalian nerve in vitro: Effect on compound action potentials

Abstract Stretch of nerve has been reported to decrease the amplitude of the compound action potential (CAP) with a complete block appearing in approximately 30 minutes. But for the most part, those experiments were carried out in vivo, and it is generally accepted that the failure of responses was due to a closure of vessels supplying the nerve with a resulting ischemia and anoxia. These studies were undertaken to determine if stretch of nerve has effects that are independent of interference with its vascular supply. In the studies, lengths of rat sciatic and dog peroneal nerves were removed and placed in a chamber supplied with oxygen in which their CAPs were continuously elicited and recorded. This in vitro preparation obviated interference with the nerve's metabolism on stretching. We have previously shown that the form change termed ‘beading,’ appearing within 10 seconds and reversing as quickly on relaxation, can be elicited with tensions of only several grams. We wished to determine if stretch adequate to produce beading could alter CAPs with the same rapidity. Tensions below 2 g had little effect. On applying tensions of 10–100 g, levels well above those needed to bead the fibers, both increases and decreases of CAP amplitude were seen. The changes occurred within 10 seconds of stretch application, the time at which beading arises with stretch. Although the decreases of CAP amplitudes could be accounted for by beading, the degree of CAP change did not correspond to the amount of tension applied. We hypothesize that the constrictions in the beaded fibers increase axial resistivity and diminish local currents so as to block conduction. The lack of an increasing degree of decreased CAP amplitude with increases in tension is ascribed to the inhibition of elongation offered by the collagen fibrils present in nerve. Collagenase applied to nerves allowed a further increase in length, producing a ‘hyperbeading,’ showing much longer lengths of beading constrictions on stretch. This would further increase axial resistance and is taken to account for the greater decreases of CAP amplitudes seen following collagenase treatment. To account for those cases where increases of CAP amplitude were seen on stretch, we hypothesize that stretch can also cause an increase in the excitability of the nodes. The outcome of stretch in any given nerve would be the resultant of two opposing actions; beading of the internodes causes a decrease of local currents leading to block of CAPs, while an increased excitability of the nodes acts to augment the responses.
Microneedle penetration and injection past the stratum corneum in humans

Background/objective: Solid and hollow microneedles hold potential for painless vaccinations and drug injections. Hollow microneedles offer the potential for short-term bolus injections and long-term continuous injections. However, efficient injection requires complete penetration through the lipophilic stratum corneum. Furthermore, human skin is elastic, making microneedle penetration challenging. Here, we investigate whether hollow microneedles can penetrate and inject past the stratum corneum in human volunteers. Methods: Hexyl nicotinate (HN) induces skin capillary vasodilation and was used as the marker of stratum corneum penetration because of its lipophilic nature and slow partition from the lipophilic stratum corneum to the hydrophilic epidermis. We compared topical application of HN with microneedle injection at tape-stripped and unstripped sites on the volar forearms of five humans. Results: Microneedle injections decreased the time to reach maximum cutaneous blood flow by threefold, regardless of whether the stratum corneum had or had not been tape-stripped (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that hollow microneedle arrays deliver past the stratum corneum and not into the stratum corneum. Therefore, microneedles improve delivery in humans by penetrating past the stratum corneum and would be especially useful in the delivery of lipophilic drugs that partition slowly from the stratum corneum into the epidermis.
Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Natural history and sequelae of treatment.

To define further the natural history of treated Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital anemia characterized by a paucity of erythroid precursors, we analyzed 76 patients diagnosed or followed at Children's Hospital, Boston, between 1931 and 1992. Although DBA is generally defined as macrocytic, we found that mean corpuscular volume in infants aged <5 months rarely exceeded the normal range and is of little diagnostic value. Macrocytosis in patients aged > or = 5 months was more striking. Nine of 16 patients who never received steroids experienced remissions, sometimes after years of transfusions. Thirty-one of 56 patients receiving corticosteroids responded. Of these 31, 13 experienced remissions, 11 remained steroid dependent and 7 later required transfusions. Most nonresponders maintained transfusion dependence. Patients frequently (64%) experienced treatment-related morbidity, most commonly hemosiderosis. The relative risk of leukemia was profoundly elevated (RR, 200; 95% CI, 54.5-512.1) and hematologic parameters at long-term follow-up were often abnormal. While potential responsiveness to steroids and relative ease of red cell transfusion make DBA one of the most treatable congenital marrow failure syndromes, both disease-related and treatment-related factors contributed to a limited prognosis (median survival, 38 years). Patients should be carefully monitored longitudinally for evidence of leukemia and adverse effects of therapy, and alternative treatment strategies should be considered on an individual basis.
State Legalization of Recreational Marijuana: Selected Legal Issues

This report summarizes the Washington and Colorado marijuana legalization laws and evaluates whether, or the extent to which, they may be preempted by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) or by international agreements. It also describes and analyzes the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ's) response to these legalization initiatives. The report then identifies certain noncriminal consequences that marijuana users may face under federal law. Finally, the report closes with a description of selected legislative proposals introduced in the 113th Congress relating to the treatment of marijuana under federal law.
Former English Learners’ Perceptions of their K-12 Educational Experiences

s database. Cummins, J. (1981a). Age on arrival and immigrant second language learning in Canada: A reassessment. Applied Linguistics, 11(2), 132-­‐149. Retrieved from Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts database. Cummins, J. (1984). Wanted: A theoretical framework for relating language proficiency to academic achievement among bilingual students. In C. Rivera (Ed.), Language proficiency and academic achievement (pp. 2-­‐19). England: Multilingual Matters. De Cohen, C. C. , & Clewell, B. C. (2007). Putting English language learners on the educational map: The No Child Left Behind act implemented. Urban Institute. Retrieved from http://. urban.org/UploadedPDF/311468_ell. pdf Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University
TCAD Assessment of Device Design Technologies for Enhanced Performance of Nanoscale DG MOSFET

In this paper, the effect of various device design engineerings such as channel engineering, i.e., graded channel (GC), gate stack (GS) engineering (high-κ), and dual-material gate (DMG) on double-gate MOSFET (DG MOSFET) have been analyzed using ATLAS device simulator. Furthermore, the combinations of these technologies i.e., GC, along with GS engineering, i.e., GCGSDG, and GS together with DMG, i.e., GS dual-material DG (GSDMDG), have been taken into consideration. The simulation results demonstrate that, out of the several design engineerings, the GCGSDG is the most suitable for high-speed switching applications. However, the GSDMDG provides superior performance as an amplifier.