Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Does Plant Cell Wall Nanoscale Architecture Correlate with Enzymatic Digestibility?

One of the key challenges in scaling up biofuels manufacturing is development of a cost-effective way to break down cellulose into sugars for subsequent fermentation. Ding et al. (p. 1055) applied several different types of microscopy to understand the details of how cellulase enzymes perform this task, in the interest of ultimately optimizing the procedure. After lignin removal, fungal cellulases penetrated the remaining cellulose pore structure more efficiently than did bacteria-derived multienzyme complexes. However, this behavior hinges on a lignin extraction scheme that preserves the native architecture of the cellulose. Microscopy techniques uncover the distinct mechanisms of different enzyme classes in breaking down cellulose for biofuels. Greater understanding of the mechanisms contributing to chemical and enzymatic solubilization of plant cell walls is critical for enabling cost-effective industrial conversion of cellulosic biomass to biofuels. Here, we report the use of correlative imaging in real time to assess the impact of pretreatment, as well as the resulting nanometer-scale changes in cell wall structure, upon subsequent digestion by two commercially relevant cellulase systems. We demonstrate that the small, noncomplexed fungal cellulases deconstruct cell walls using mechanisms that differ considerably from those of the larger, multienzyme complexes (cellulosomes). Furthermore, high-resolution measurement of the microfibrillar architecture of cell walls suggests that digestion is primarily facilitated by enabling enzyme access to the hydrophobic cellulose face. The data support the conclusion that ideal pretreatments should maximize lignin removal and minimize polysaccharide modification, thereby retaining the essentially native microfibrillar structure.
Lessons From the Arkansas Cash and Counseling Program: How the Experiences of Diverse Older Consumers and Their Caregivers Address Family Policy Concerns

This paper addresses four family policy questions that policy makers often ask about consumer-directed services, examining issues such as quality, suitability, and fraud and abuse. Responses to these questions evolved from the experiences of diverse elder consumers and their caregivers who participated in IndependentChoices, the Arkansas site of the Cash and Counseling Demonstration and Evaluation (CCDE) program. Building on CCDE evaluation survey data, this analysis of in-home interviews with participants discussing their experiences of receiving, giving, and managing care demonstrates how the program allows consumers choices so they receive the services they want. At the same time, program flexibility allows policy makers to safeguard both consumers and program resources through the use of supports such as representatives, state consultants, and fiscal intermediaries. This article demonstrates how the Cash and Counseling model can address the needs of both consumers with diverse disabilities and policy makers.
Accurate and Model-Free Pose Estimation of Small Objects for Crash Video Analysis

We propose a novel model-free pose estimation algorithm to estimate the relative pose of a rigid object. In most pose estimation algorithms, the object of interest covers a large portion of the image. We focus on pose estimation of small objects covering a field of view of less than 5◦ by 5◦ using stereo vision. With this new algorithm suitable for small objects, we investigate the effect of the object size on the pose accuracy. In addition, we introduce an object tracking technique that is insensitive to partial occlusion. The main application for this method is the analysis of crash video sequences. In this context, high-speed cameras with high resolution are used. However, the method easily extends to real-time robotics applications with VGA-size images, where relative pose estimation is needed, e.g. for manipulator control.
Creating charts by demonstration

Developing anew working computer system can now cost hundreds of millions of dollars, all expended at great risk. Company managers who must take responsibility for making development decisions are loath to do so without being able to see and understand the system they will be “buying. ” When Sunsoft launched the Starfire project to develop a next-generation interface, we turned to video prototyping, in the form of a short 35 mm film delivered in video. Not only were we thus able to show in mature form many key specifics of our new interface design, but we were able to communicate a strong sense of the resulting overall user experience. This paper describes observations and guidelines we developed during the early stages of the fihn, and what our experiences were in applying them.
Portably solving file races with hardness amplification

The file-system API of contemporary systems makes programs vulnerable to TOCTTOU (time-of-check-to-time-of-use) race conditions. Existing solutions either help users to detect these problems (by pinpointing their locations in the code), or prevent the problem altogether (by modifying the kernel or its API). But the latter alternative is not prevalent, and the former is just the first step: Programmers must still address TOCTTOU flaws within the limits of the existing API with which several important tasks cannot be accomplished in a portable straightforward manner. Recently, Dean and Hu [2004] addressed this problem and suggested a probabilistic hardness amplification approach that alleviated the matter. Alas, shortly after, Borisov et al. [2005] responded with an attack termed “filesystem maze” that defeated the new approach. We begin by noting that mazes constitute a generic way to deterministically win many TOCTTOU races (gone are the days when the probability was small). In the face of this threat, we: (1) develop a new user-level defense that can withstand mazes; and (2) show that our method is undefeated even by much stronger hypothetical attacks that provide the adversary program with ideal conditions to win the race (enjoying complete and instantaneous knowledge about the defending program's actions and being able to perfectly synchronize accordingly). The fact that our approach is immune to these unrealistic attacks suggests it can be used as a simple and portable solution to a large class of TOCTTOU vulnerabilities, without requiring modifications to the underlying operating system.
Insights From Implementing a System for Peer Review

Courses at the Master's level in automatic control and signal processing cover mathematical theories and algorithms for control, estimation, and filtering. However, giving students practical experience in how to use these algorithms is also an important part of these courses. A goal is that the students should not only be able to understand and derive these algorithms, but also be able to apply them to real-life technical problems. The latter is achieved by assigning more time to the laboratory tutorials and designing them in such a way that the exercises are open for interpretation; an example of this would be giving the students more freedom to decide how to acquire the data needed to solve the given exercises. The students are asked to hand in a laboratory report in which they describe how they solved the exercises. This paper presents a double-blind peer-review process for laboratory reports, introduced at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden. A survey was administered to students, and the results are summarized in this paper. Also discussed are the teachers' experiences of peer review and of how students perform later in their education in writing their Master's theses.
The effect of age on the ovarian response to gonadotropin and on pregnancy rate in polycystic ovary syndrome

Recent studies have proposed that ,in women affected by the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ,aging is able to regularize the menstrual cyclicity. To evaluate the ovarian response in PCOS patients according to their age ,we studied 33 PCOS patients ,20 of whom with an age ranging from 28 to 34 years (younger PCOS) and 13 ranging from 35 to 45 years (older PCOS). All patients underwent an ovulation induction therapeutic protocol with low-dose recombinant follicle stimulating hormone ,for a total of 80 cycles (44 cycles for the younger PCOS group and 36 cycles for the older PCOS group). No significant difference was found between the days of therapy (12.3 ± 5.4 vs. 13.5 ± 5.6 days) ,total amount of drugs (980.7 ± 568.9 IU vs. 1063.9 ± 469.5 IU) or ovulation rate (93% vs. 89%) in the two groups. The two groups showed a significant difference in the maximum estradiol level (2053.5 ± 1497.2 vs. 1269.0 ± 911.5 pmol/l ,p < 0.01) ,the number of the recruited and preovulatory follicles (1.7 ± 2.5 vs. 0.64 ± 0.9 ,p < 0.05 and 1.7 ± 1.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.5 ,p < 0.01 ,respectively) and the pregnancy rate (36% vs. 14% ,p < 0.05). In conclusion ,our data clearly showed that ,also in PCOS ,advanced age is a negative prognostic factor in the ovarian response to ovulation induction therapies.
The trophic communication of the cotton bollworm in the modern growing technology of sunflower and corn in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Presented the long-term dynamics of the number of cotton moths (Helicoverpa armigera Hb.) On the sunflower and corn crops of Poltava region, Mirgorod 2014-2018. The analysis of scientific research on the distribution of the pest in the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. The morphology and features of the pest biology, the data on the duration of the period of harmfulness of the caterpillars, the effectiveness of phytosanitary measures to limit the mass development of the noctuidae under conditions of climate change are described. The modern monitoring of the pest in crops of crops in the forest-steppe of Ukraine is substantiated. The main biological means of protecting sunflower and corn crops from a cotton bollworm are given. using Trichogram entomophages at the beginning of mass egg and processing of resistant to phytophagous.
Engineering asymmetric vesicles

Vesicles are bilayers of lipid molecules enclosing a fixed volume of aqueous solution. Ubiquitous in cells, they can be produced in vitro to study the physical properties of biological membranes and for use in drug delivery and cosmetics. Biological membranes are, in fact, a fluid mosaic of lipids and other molecules; the richness of their chemical and mechanical properties in vivo is often dictated by an asymmetric distribution of these molecules. Techniques for vesicle preparation have been based on the spontaneous assembly of lipid bilayers, precluding the formation of such asymmetric structures. Partial asymmetry has been achieved only with chemical methods greatly restricting the study of the physical and chemical properties of asymmetric vesicles and their use in potential applications for drug delivery. Here we describe the systematic engineering of unilamellar vesicles assembled with two independently prepared monolayers; this process produces asymmetries as high as 95%. We demonstrate the versatility of our method by investigating the stability of the asymmetry. We also use it to engineer hybrid structures comprised of an inner leaflet of diblock copolymer and an independent lipid outer leaflet.
Power allocation and capacity analysis in multi-class DS-CDMA systems with power control error

We propose a power allocation (PA) scheme under imperfect power control (IPC) in the reverse link of direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems for supporting multi-class traffic, and analyze the effect of power control error on the system capacity. First, we present an optimum PA scheme under perfect power control (PPC), which can determine dynamically optimum reference power levels for power control under varying traffic and channel conditions. Second, we analyze the outage degradation due to power control error when the optimum levels under PPC are used. In order to mitigate the outage degradation, we introduce two strategies: (1) call dropping (CD) and (2) outage lowering (OL). Using the modified reference power levels, we analyze the reverse link capacity subject to an outage constraint on the total composite power at a cell-site receiver under IPC. Finally, numerical analyses over various traffic and channel conditions are done to compute the reference power levels under IPC and then the reverse link capacity is evaluated under both PPC and IPC.
Global Well-Posedness of the Fractional Tropical Climate Model

In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem of 3-dimensional tropical climate model. This model reflects the interaction and coupling among the ba-rotropic mode u, the first baroclinic mode v of the velocity and the temperature θ . The systems with fractional dissipation studied here may arise in the modeling of geophysical circumstances. Mathematically these systems allow simultaneous examination of a family of systems with various levels of regularization. The aim here is the global strong solution with the least dissipation. By energy estimate and delicate analysis, we prove the existence of global solution under three different cases: first, with the help of damping terms, the global strong solution of the system with 2 u
CFD-driven optimization of air supplies deployment in an air-conditioned office

Occupational thermal comfort is one of the key performance indicators for green and sustainable buildings. Within air-conditioned indoor spaces, the deployment of air supplies play an importance role in determining thermal comfort conditions. This becomes more critical when the non-uniformity of heat loads in space increases. The objective in this study is to develop a set of systematic solution procedure for optimizing the locations of air supplies so as to maximize the thermal comfort conditions in a typical air-conditioned office environment. High-fidelity CFD simulations, corresponding to pre-defined locations of air supplies, are performed first, followed by surrogate-based optimization (SBO) process for the pursuit of the optimal location of the air supply. The thermal comfort index, predicted mean vote (PMV), is adopted as the objective function for optimization, which is evaluated at the people’s sitting height level. Results real that the most appropriate location of the air supply has been successfully obtained using the proposed optimization algorithm and procedure. Efforts in this study imply that CFD can be extended further to optimize the building designs, with the help of cost-effective optimization approaches.
A Classification System for Higher Education Makerspaces

Makerspaces exist in a variety of forms on college campuses. The terms “academic makerspaces” and “higher education makerspaces” are used interchangeably to distinguish these spaces and their users from those that exist in industry, K-12 schools, and within communities as non-profit and for-profit entities. Over the last decade, many forms of higher education makerspaces were established for a variety of purposes. It is proposed that standardized nomenclature be developed to structure discussions about and comparisons between higher education makerspaces. This paper proposes a classification system for higher education makerspaces and applies the proposed classifications to existing spaces. The classification system indicates the purpose of the space and includes indices for the space’s accessibility, population, size, and staffing. While noting that interpretation differences can result from system-wide generalizations, the concepts of categories and classes are routinely applied in nearly all fields to assimilate data and make comparisons. The higher education makerspace community is now large enough to benefit from an enterprise-wide classification system. It is suggested that such a classification system will be helpful to improve current spaces and guide the development of future spaces.
Data statistical analysis on Amazon e-commerce platform for recommender system

Recommendation systems are a crucial element in engaging users and maintaining their engagement with e-commerce platforms. By recommending products or services that are likely to be relevant to each user's interests and preferences, the system can help maintain user interest and encourage them to spend more time on the platform. This work analyzes the principles of several off-the-shelf recommendation models, including the collaborative filtering model, the singular value decomposition model, and the rating-based collaborative filtering model. These models play a crucial role in the field of recommendation systems for e-commerce. To gain further insights from the comments of various merchandise items, sentiment analysis techniques and word cloud analysis are applied. Evaluation of these results demonstrates the critical role of recommender systems in shaping the future landscape of e-commerce. Sentiment analysis allows us to identify patterns in user feedback and understand how different factors influence user satisfaction with products or services. Word cloud analysis provides a visual representation of the most frequently mentioned features or keywords in the comments, allowing us to identify trends and patterns in user behavior. By combining these techniques with traditional recommendation models, more accurate and personalized recommendations could be made that better meet user needs and enhance their shopping experience on e-commerce platforms.
Do African-American men and women differ in their knowledge about AIDS, attitudes about condoms, and sexual behaviors?

This study identified a sample of young African-American men and women classified as having multiple sex partners or one sex partner. Of the 149 men, 71 (47%) were classified as having multiple sex partners and 78 (53%) as having one sex partner. Of the 165 women, 29 (19%) were classified as having multiple sex partners and 126 (81%) as having one sex partner. Results indicated that the groups did not differ in their knowledge about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, attitudes about condom use differed significantly by gender (P less than .01) and by multiple sex status (P less than .001). Angry reactions regarding the negotiation of condom use occurred more with men than with women (P less than .05). Men and members of the multiple sex partners group tended to engage in more risky sexual behavior. These two groups also had a significantly (P less than .001) higher incidence of gonorrhea. While the multiple sex partners group had significantly more smokers (P less than .01), drinkers (P less than .01), and crack users (P less than .05), men were significantly higher consumers of marijuana (P less than .001) and alcohol (P less than .01). Overall, the results indicate that African Americans are knowledgeable about AIDS, but there appears to be a gap between knowledge and risky sexual behaviors. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the factors that determine the relationship (or lack of) between knowledge and risky sexual behaviors. Without such studies, a major part of the foundation that is needed for the development of sensitive and effective AIDS prevention programs for African Americans will be missing.
Experimentally induced defects of mitochondrial metabolism in rat skeletal muscle. Biological effects of the NADH: coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium.

An animal model for the human condition of mitochondrial myopathy has been established and characterized physiologically and biochemically. The NADH: coenzyme Q reductase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium [Bloxham (1979) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 7, 103-106] was either infused acutely in vivo into rat hind limb or injected chronically into rats. Both modes of delivery resulted in a reduced muscle oxidative capacity and increased fatigue. Analysis of muscle metabolites by h.p.l.c. and 31P-n.m. r. indicated that ATP concentrations were similar to control values during periods of stimulation and these were maintained by the phosphocreatine pool. During the recovery period after muscle stimulation in the experimental animals the muscle pH remained depressed and the rate of phosphocreatine synthesis was markedly delayed as compared with controls. Factors thought to be involved in the fatigue response are discussed in relation to this model.
INFORMATION INTEGRATION BASED ON OPEN GEOSPATIAL DATABASE CONNECTIVITY SPECIFICATION

: Nowadays enormous geospatial data are acquired every day with various sensors. However the geographical information resources are naturally heterogeneous. For example, there are many different types of geographical data, such as databases, data files, maps, further more these data are maintained in different software systems by different enterprises, governments and individuals according to their own application requirements. Integration and interoperation of multi-source, heterogeneous spatial database are important for complex GIS applications, such as emergent response of natural disaster. In this paper we give a kind of call-level specification of Open Geospatial Database Connectivity (OGDC) used in China, which is designed for better data sharing among different GIS software. This specification defines a framework of data providers, spatial vector objects based on OGC simple feature specification and spatial raster objects, ODBC-styled database access objects, and corresponding interfaces. The framework of OGDC consists of database level, data provider level, interface level and application level. Several data providers are developed by some Chinese GIS companies, for example, SuperMap, GeoStar, GeoBean, etc. Oracle spatial data provider is also provided by Wuhan University. So we can do some comprehensive spatial analysis in our applications by these providers using different data sources. For data users, it is unnecessary to know which data source they use. How these providers are integrated to perform data overlay is demonstrated.
Tetraspanins and Intercellular Interactions

The superfamily of tetraspanins comprises a group of polypeptides with four transmembrane domains that form large supramolecular structures in the plasma membrane through their associations to multiple integral membrane proteins. They are involved in homo‐ and heterotypic intercellular interactions in different processes such as hematopoiesis, lymphocyte activation, cancer metastasis, and fertilization. Intercellularly located tetraspanins regulate the juxtacrine activity of growth factors, cell fusion, and myelin formation. On the other hand, in motile cells they relocalize from cell‐cell junctions to actin‐based structures such as filopodia or growth cones and regulate cell motility in wound healing and angiogenesis processes.
Association between Sleep Duration and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Korean Adults: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012

Background Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is an established risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated the relationship between sleep duration and IFG. Methods This cross-sectional study included 14,925 Korean adults (5,868 men and 9,057 women) ≥19 years of age who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2011 and 2012. Blood glucose levels were measured after at least eight hours of fasting. Study subjects were categorized into three groups based on self-reported sleep duration (<7, 7–8, or >8 h/d). IFG was diagnosed according to recommendations American Diabetes Association guidelines. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustment for covariates. Results In men, short sleep duration (<7 hours) was associated with increased risk of IFG (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.96) compared to adequate sleep duration (7–8 hours), whereas long sleep duration (>8 hours) was not associated with risk of IFG (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.37 to 2.18). In women, sleep duration was not associated with risk of IFG. Conclusion The association between sleep duration and IFG differed by sex; sleep deprivation, was associated with increased risk of IFG, especially in men.