Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure and expression of the egg-laying hormone gene family in Aplysia

Transcription of the egg-laying hormone (ELH) gene family was examined by characterizing homologous cDNA clones from abdominal ganglion and atrial gland cDNA libraries. All cDNAs contain an exon that spans the coding region (exon III) and one or two additional exons. The tissue- specific expression of the ELH gene family was confirmed by the observation that exon III encodes the ELH precursor protein in the bag cell transcripts and either the A or B precursor proteins in the atrial gland transcripts. The cDNA clones also contain 5′ untranslated exons not present in the previously isolated genomic clones. One type of transcript has a 40-base pair segment, designated exon I, contiguous with exon III. A second type of transcript has an additional 149 base pairs of DNA, designated exon II, located between exons I and III. Several genomic clones containing exons I and II were isolated. DNA sequence analysis reveals that exons I and II are directly linked and that they are separated from exon III by an intervening sequence of at least 5 kilobases (kb). Consensus sequences for a putative promotor region and also for RNA splicing and polyadenylation were identified. From this work we can describe a prototype ELH gene complete with identified sequences necessary for the proper initiation of transcription and the subsequent processing of the transcript.
A mini review on aflatoxin exposure in Malaysia: past, present and future

This mini review article described the exposure of aflatoxin in Malaysia, including its presence in the foodstuffs and the detection of aflatoxin biomarkers in human biological samples. Historically, the exposure of aflatoxin in Malaysia can be dated in 1960s where an outbreak of disease in pig farms caused severe liver damage to the animals. Later, an aflatoxicosis case in Perak in 1988 was reported and caused death to 13 children, as up to 3 mg of aflatoxin was present in a single serving of contaminated noodles. Since then, extensive research on aflatoxin has been conducted in Malaysia. The food commodities such as peanuts, cereals, spices, and their products are the main commodities commonly found to be contaminated with aflatoxin. Surprisingly, some of the contaminated foods had levels greater than the permissible limit adopted by the Malaysian Food Regulation 1985. Besides, exposure assessment through the measurement of aflatoxin biomarkers in human biological samples is still in its infancy stage. Nevertheless, some studies had reported the presence of these biomarkers. In fact, it is postulated that Malaysians are moderately exposed to aflatoxin compared to those high risk populations, where aflatoxin contamination in the diets is prevalent. Since the ingestion of aflatoxin could be the integral to the development of liver cancer, the incidence of cancer attributable by dietary aflatoxin exposure in Malaysia has also been reported and published in the literatures. Regardless of these findings, the more important task is to monitor and control humans from being exposed to aflatoxin. The enforcement of law is insufficient to minimize human exposure to aflatoxin. Preventive strategies include agricultural, dietary, and clinical measures should be implemented. With the current research on aflatoxin in Malaysia, a global networking for research collaboration is needed to expand the knowledge and disseminate the information to the global scientific community.
BFAST: Unified and scalable index for NDN forwarding architecture

Named Data Networking (NDN) as an instantiation of the Content-Centric Networking (CCN) approach, embraces the major shift of the network function - from host-to-host conversation to content dissemination. The NDN forwarding architecture consists of three tables - Content Store (CS), Pending Interest Table (PIT) and Forwarding Information Base (FIB), as well as two lookup rules - Longest Prefix Match (LPM) and Exact Match (EM). A software-based implementation for this forwarding architecture would be low-cost, flexible and have rich memory resource, but may also make the pipelining technique not readily applicable to table lookups. Therefore, forwarding a packet would go through multiple tables sequentially without pipelining, leading to high latency and low throughput. In order to take advantage of the software-based implementation and overcome its shortcoming, we find that, a single unified index that supports all the three tables and both LPM and EM lookup rules would benefit the forwarding performance. In this paper, we present such an index data structure called BFAST (Bloom Filter-Aided haSh Table). BFAST employs a Counting Bloom Filter to balance the load among hash table buckets, making the number of prefixes in each non-empty bucket close to 1, and thus enabling high lookup throughput and low latency. Evaluation results show that, for solely LMP lookup, BFAST can arrive at 36.41 million lookups per second (M/s) using 24 threads, and the latency is around 0.46 μs. When utilized to build the NDN forwarding architecture, BFAST obtains remarkable performance promotion under various request composition, e.g., BFAST achieves a lookup speed of 81.32 M/s with a synthetic request trace where 30% of the requests hit CS, another 30% hit PIT and the rest 40% hit FIB, while the lookup latency is only 0.29 μs
Proposal of a cryptography method using gray scale digital images

In a world connected through a myriad of communication media, such as mobile phones and the Internet, it is extremely important that confidential information that travels across public networks reaches its destination with privacy preserved. This paper proposes a new method for data encryption using images that explore the random spatial distribution of pixel gray levels of an image. For the method test, text messages were made in Portuguese. Although the encrypted message sizes obtained with the proposed method are larger than the corresponding sizes obtained with other traditional methods, such as AES and RSA, the proposed method has the advantage of generating a different encrypted file each time it is used to encrypt the same message.
The Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcer Microbiome Is Associated With Clinical Factors

Nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common and costly complication of diabetes. Microbial burden, or “bioburden,” is believed to underlie delayed healing, although little is known of those clinical factors that may influence microbial load, diversity, and/or pathogenicity. We profiled the microbiomes of neuropathic nonischemic DFUs without clinical evidence of infection in 52 individuals using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Comparatively, wound cultures, the standard diagnostic in the clinic, vastly underrepresent microbial load, microbial diversity, and the presence of potential pathogens. DFU microbiomes were heterogeneous, even in our tightly restricted study population, but partitioned into three clusters distinguished primarily by dominant bacteria and diversity. Ulcer depth was associated with ulcer cluster, positively correlated with abundance of anaerobic bacteria, and negatively correlated with abundance of Staphylococcus. Ulcer duration was positively correlated with bacterial diversity, species richness, and relative abundance of Proteobacteria, but was negatively correlated with relative abundance of Staphylococcus. Finally, poor glycemic control was associated with ulcer cluster, with poorest median glycemic control concentrating to Staphylococcus-rich and Streptococcus-rich ulcer clusters. Analyses of microbial community membership and structure may provide the most useful metrics in prospective studies to delineate problematic bioburden from benign colonization that can then be used to drive clinical treatment.
Things are made for what they are: Solving manipulation tasks by using functional object classes

Solving arbitrary manipulation tasks is a key feature for humanoid service robots. However, especially when tasks involve handling complex mechanisms or using tools, a generic action description is hard to define. Different objects require different handling methods. Therefore, we try to solve manipulation tasks from point of view of the object, rather than in the context of the robot. Action templates within the object context are introduced to resolve object specific task constraints. As part of a centralized world representation, the action templates are integrated into the planning process. This results in an intuitive way of solving manipulation tasks. The underlying architecture as well as the mechanisms are discussed within this paper. The proposed methods are evaluated in two experiments.
Clinicopathological Analysis of Factors Related to Colorectal Tumor Perforation

AbstractColorectal tumor perforation is a life-threatening complication of this disease. However, little is known about the anatomopathological factors or pathophysiologic mechanisms involved.Pathological and immunohistochemical analysis of factors related with tumoral neo-angiogenesis, which could influence tumor perforation are assessed in this study. A retrospective study of patients with perforated colon tumors (Group P) and T4a nonperforated (controls) was conducted between 2001 and 2010. Histological variables (differentiation, vascular invasion, and location) and immunohistochemical (CD31, Growth Endothelial Vascular Factor (VEGF) and p53) related with tumor angiogenesis were analyzed.Of 2189 patients, 100 (4.56%) met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 49 patients had nonperforated (2.23%) and 51 had perforated tumors (2.32%). The P group had lower number of right-sided tumors (7/51, 13.7%) compared with controls (13/49, 36.7%) (P = .01). The high-grade tumors (undifferentiated) represented only 3.9% of the perforated tumors; the remaining 96.1% were well differentiated (P = .01). No differences between groups in the frequency of TP53 mutation or VEGF and CD31 expression were found. In the P group, only 2 (3.9%) had vascular invasion (P = .01). Of the 12 tumors with vascular invasion, only 2 were perforated (16.6%). The median number of metastatic lymph-nodes in P Group was 0 versus 3 in controls (Z = −4.2; P < .01). Pathological analysis of variables that indirectly measure the presence of tumor angiogenesis (differentiation, vascular invasion, and the number of metastatic lymph nodes) shows a relationship between this and the perforation, location, and tumor differentiation. We could not directly validate our hypothesis, by immunohistochemistry of TP53, VEGF, and CD31, that perforated tumors exhibit less angiogenesis.
Color Optic Flow: A Computer Vision Approach for Object Detection on UAVs

Implementation of reliable object avoidance is crucial for the survival of autonomous vehicles intended to navigate in densely populated environments. Uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs) constitute a type of self guided platform which must rely on different types of sensors in order to navigate autonomously. The exploratory nature of UAVs has made vision systems a desirable option to solve the object avoidance problem by utilizing image data as a rich source of environmental information. The base of object detection and collision avoidance is motion estimation. Computer vision techniques have been developed throughout the years in order to estimate motion from two dimensional images. Most of these algorithms are computationally expensive, thus fail to meet the real time constraints imposed by UAV flight. However, recent developments in optic flow techniques using color imagery are giving vision systems the potential to solve certain navigation challenges on UAV platforms. In this paper a fixed wing UAV platform is described and constraining issues are presented and discussed. Different implementations of color optic flow algorithms are tested on actual flight video footage. Finally, the viability of optic flow as a desirable technique for real time motion estimation is evaluated
AN EXACT STABILITY TEST FOR PLANAR AND MULTI-MODAL PIECEWISE LINEAR SYSTEMS

Abstract A necessary and sufficient stability condition for planar and multimodal piecewise linear systems is derived. The condition is given in terms of poles and zeros of subsystems, and it is computationally tractable. In addition, three numerical examples are illustrated in order to clarify differences between a class of linear time-invariant systems and a class of piecewise linear systems from the view point of stability.
Are We Doing Enough to Stem the Tide of Acquired MDR-TB in Countries with High TB Burden? Results of a Mixed Method Study in Chongqing, China

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a threat to health and development in countries with high TB burden. China’s MDR-TB prevalence rate of 6.8% is the highest in the world. Interventions to remove barriers against effective TB control, and prevention of MDR-TB are urgently needed in the country. This paper reports a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 513 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, and qualitative interviews of 10 healthcare workers (HCWs), and 15 PTB patients. The objective was to assess barriers against effective control of PTB and prevention of MDR-TB by elucidating the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers. Results showed that more than half of the patients experienced patient delay of over 12.5 days. A similar proportion also experienced detection delay of over 30 days, and delay in initiating treatment of over 31 days. Consulting a non-TB health facility ≥3 times before seeking care at TB dispensary was a risk factor for both detection delay [AOR (95% CI): 1.89(1.07, 3.34) and delay in initiating treatment[AOR (95% CI): 1.88 (1.06, 3.36). Results revealed poor implementation of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), whereby treatment of 34.3% patients was never monitored by HCWs. Only 31.8% patients had ever accessed TB health education before their TB diagnosis. Qualitative data consistently disclosed long patient delay, and indicated that patient’s poor TB knowledge and socioeconomic barriers were primary reasons for patient delay. Seeking care and being treated at a non-TB hospital was an important reason for detection delay. Patient’s long work hours and low income increased risk for treatment non-adherence. Evidence-based measures to improve TB health seeking behavior, reduce patient and detection delays, improve the quality of DOT, address financial and system barriers, and increase access to TB health promotion are urgently needed to address the burgeoning prevalence of MDR-TB in China.
Semaphorin 3A Is Required for Guidance of Olfactory Axons in Mice

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a membrane-associated secreted protein that has chemorepulsive properties for neuropilin-1 (npn-1)- expressing axons. Although mice lacking the Sema3A protein display skeletal abnormalities and heart defects, most axonal projections in the CNS develop normally. We show here that Sema3A is expressed in the lamina propria surrounding the olfactory epithelium (OE) and by ensheathing cells in the nerve layer of the ventral olfactory bulb (OB) throughout development. Subsets of sensory neurons expressing npn-1 are distributed throughout the OE and extend fibers to the developing OB. In wild-type mice, npn-1-positive (npn-1+) axons extend to lateral targets in the rostral OB and medial targets in the caudal OB, avoiding regions expressing Sema3A. In Sema3A homozygous mutant mice, many npn-1+ axons are misrouted into and through the ventral nerve layer, beginning as early as embryonic day 13 and continuing at least until birth. At postnatal day 0, npn-1+ glomeruli are atypically located in the ventral OB of Sema3A−/− mice, indicating that aberrant axon trajectories are not corrected during development and that connections are made in inappropriate target regions. In addition, subsets of OCAM+ axons that normally project to the ventrolateral OB and some lactosamine-containing glycan+ axons that normally target the ventral OB are also misrouted in Sema3A mutants. These observations indicate that Sema3A expression by ensheathing cells plays an important role in guiding olfactory axons into specific compartments of the OB.
Developmental integration in a complex morphological structure: how distinct are the modules in the mouse mandible?

Summary The mouse mandible has long served as a model system for studying the development and evolution of complex morphological structures. We used the methods of geometric morphometrics to reassess the hypothesis that the mandible consists of two separate modules: an anterior part bearing the teeth and a posterior part with muscle attachment surfaces and articulating with the skull. The analyses particularly focused on covariation of fluctuating asymmetry, because such covariation is due exclusively to direct interactions between the developmental processes that produce the traits of interest, whereas variation of traits among individuals also reflects other factors. The patterns of fluctuating asymmetry and individual variation were only partly consistent, indicating that developmental processes contribute differentially to variation at different levels. The results were in agreement with the hypothesis that the anterior and posterior parts of the mandible are separate develop‐mental modules. Comparison of all alternative partitions of the landmarks into two contiguous subsets confirmed the hypothesis for the location of the boundary between modules but also underscored that the separation between them is not complete. Modularity is therefore manifest as the relative independence of parts within the framework of overall integration of the mandible as a whole—it is a matter of degrees, not all or nothing.
Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review.

CONTEXT A dynamic postural-control task that has gained notoriety in the clinical and research settings is the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Researchers have suggested that, with appropriate instruction and practice by the individual and normalization of the reaching distances, the SEBT can be used to provide objective measures to differentiate deficits and improvements in dynamic postural-control related to lower extremity injury and induced fatigue, and it has the potential to predict lower extremity injury. However, no one has reviewed this body of literature to determine the usefulness of the SEBT in clinical applications. OBJECTIVE To provide a narrative review of the SEBT and its implementation and the known contributions to task performance and to systematically review the associated literature to address the SEBT's usefulness as a clinical tool for the quantification of dynamic postural-control deficits from lower extremity impairment. DATA SOURCES Databases used to locate peer-reviewed articles published from 1980 and 2010 included Derwent Innovations Index, BIOSIS Previews, Journal Citation Reports, and MEDLINE. STUDY SELECTION The criteria for article selection were (1) The study was original research. (2) The study was written in English. (3) The SEBT was used as a measurement tool. DATA EXTRACTION Specific data extracted from the articles included the ability of the SEBT to differentiate pathologic conditions of the lower extremity, the effects of external influences and interventions, and outcomes from exercise intervention and to predict lower extremity injury. DATA SYNTHESIS More than a decade of research findings has established a comprehensive portfolio of validity for the SEBT, and it should be considered a highly representative, noninstrumented dynamic balance test for physically active individuals. The SEBT has been shown to be a reliable measure and has validity as a dynamic test to predict risk of lower extremity injury, to identify dynamic balance deficits in patients with a variety of lower extremity conditions, and to be responsive to training programs in both healthy people and people with injuries to the lower extremity. Clinicians and researchers should be confident in employing the SEBT as a lower extremity functional test.
YOUNG ENERGETIC PSR J1617–5055, ITS NEBULA, AND TEV SOURCE HESS J1616–508

We observed the young pulsar J1617−5055 with the Chandra ACIS detector for 60 ks. In addition to the pulsar, the X-ray images show a faint pulsar wind nebula (PWN) seen up to ∼1′ from the pulsar. Deconvolution and reconstruction of the image reveal a brighter compact PWN component of ∼1″ size. The total PWN luminosity in the 0.5–8 keV band, Lpwn = (3.2–3.7) × 1033 erg s−1 for d = 6.5 kpc, is a fraction of 2 × 10−4 of the pulsar's spin-down power and a fraction of 0.2 of the pulsar's X-ray luminosity, which is a factor of 20 lower than one would expect from an average empirical relation, Lpwn ∼ 4Lpsr. The pulsar's spectrum can be described by an absorbed power law with nH ≈ 3.5 × 1022 cm−2 and Γ ≈ 1.1, harder than any other pulsar spectrum reliably measured in the soft X-ray band. This nonthermal emission is ≈50% pulsed, with one peak per period. We have also investigated a possible connection between J1617 and the extended TeV source HESS J1616–508 whose center is located 10′ west of the pulsar. We find no preferential extension of the X-ray PWN toward the TeV source. Therefore, the Chandra data do not provide conclusive evidence for PSR J1617–5055 and HESS J1616–508 association. We have also analyzed archival X-ray, radio, and IR data on the HESS J1616–508 region and found traces of diffuse emission coinciding with the central part of HESS J1616–508. We speculate that the TeV source may be multiple, with most of the emission coming from an unknown supernova remnant or a star forming region, while some fraction of the TeV emission still may be attributed to the PWN around PSR J1617–5055.