Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Frequency Performance of Graphene Transistors Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Mixed Signal Applications

This paper demonstrates high frequency performance of graphene transistors grown by chemical vapor deposition on copper foils. Using Ti/Pd/Au-based ohmic contacts and a hybrid gate dielectric stack of 5 nm SiO2 and 15 nm Al2O3 grown by atomic layer deposition, graphene transistors with an extrinsic current-gain cut-off frequency (fT) of 2 GHz and power-gain cut-off frequency, fmax, of 5.6 GHz were obtained for a gate length of Lg = 1.6 µm. By applying a bias to the Si substrate the access resistances are reduced, which improved the fT and fmax in the devices to 3.5 and 6.5 GHz, respectively. Finally we demonstrate these devices in a real-application circuit for binary-phase shift keying.
A note on smooth tests of goodness of fit for location-scale families

SUMMARY In this note, we show that the test statistic given by Rayner & Best (1986) for Neyman's (1937) smooth test of goodness of fit for location-scale families does not, in general, have the alleged chisquared distribution. As a result, gross error may result from using their test strategy. The size of this error is obtained for the logistic distribution. Smooth test.
SORTING OF BROWNIAN PARTICLES BY THE PULSED APPLICATION OF AN ASYMMETRIC POTENTIAL

We submit a suspension of Brownian latex spheres in water to a spatially periodic and asymmetric potential successively switched on and off. Such a potential is created by dielectrophoretically induced forces resulting from the application of a high-frequency electric field between a plane electrode and a blazed optical grating. As expected, we observe a net macroscopic drift of the particles. Their average velocities have been measured as a function of the time during which the field is switched off. We observe a quantitative agreement with the theoretical predictions. In particular, the velocities strongly differ according to the size of the latex spheres, which should open the way to devices aimed at the separation of micrometer and submicrometer particles. The geometry of the gratings as well as the concentration and the surface functions of the particles has also been investigated.
Pixel detectors for X-ray imaging spectroscopy in space

Pixelated semiconductor detectors for X-ray imaging spectroscopy are foreseen as key components of the payload of various future space missions exploring the x-ray sky. Located on the platform of the new Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma satellite, the eROSITA (extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) instrument will perform an imaging all-sky survey up to an X-ray energy of 10 keV with unprecedented spectral and angular resolution. The instrument will consist of seven parallel oriented mirror modules each having its own pnCCD camera in the focus. The satellite born X-ray observatory SIMBOL-X will be the first mission to use formation-flying techniques to implement an X-ray telescope with an unprecedented focal length of around 20 m. The detector instrumentation consists of separate high- and low energy detectors, a monolithic 128 × 128 DEPFET macropixel array and a pixellated CdZTe detector respectively, making energy band between 0.5 to 80 keV accessible. A similar concept is proposed for the next generation X-ray observatory IXO. Finally, the MIXS (Mercury Imaging X-ray Spectrometer) instrument on the European Mercury exploration mission BepiColombo will use DEPFET macropixel arrays together with a small X-ray telescope to perform a spatially resolved planetary XRF analysis of Mercury's crust. Here, the mission concepts and their scientific targets are briefly discussed, and the resulting requirements on the detector devices together with the implementation strategies are shown.
An X-ray Perspective on a Gamma-Ray Mission

The most recent astrophysics mission of ESA is INTEGRAL, a mission dedicated to gamma-ray astronomy (Winkler et al. 2003). INTEGRAL carries two gamma-ray instruments: the imager, IBIS, and the spectrometer, SPI, and in addition an optical monitor, OMC, and an X-ray monitor, JEM-X. INTEGRAL is an observatory mission with 70% of the observation time available to the general astronomical community through a peer-reviewed selection process. This paper describes the INTEGRAL mission primarily as seen from the JEM-X perspective.
Physical Ultrasonics of Composites

This article reviews Physical Ultrasonics of Composites by Stanislav I. Rokhlin, Dale E. Chimenti, Peter B. Nagy , 2011. 378 pp. Price: $99.00 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-0-19-507960-9
Method for acceleration measurement using a laser Doppler interferometer

A novel method for estimating acceleration directly from the digitized waveform of interference signals is proposed based on a laser Doppler interferometer. In this method, a second-order polynomial function is developed, of which the coefficients are calculated by fitting with the time and corresponding order of zero crossings. Acceleration is calculated as the product of the second-order coefficient and the wavelength of a laser. The performance of this method is evaluated by comparing with the zero crossing method (ZCM) and zero crossing fitting method (ZFM) in simulation. The results show that the accuracy of acceleration calculated by using this method is higher than those by using the ZCM and ZFM, particularly when the signal-to-noise ratio is lower than 40 dB.
Measurement of near-threshold vibrational excitation of HCl by electron impact

Relative differential cross sections (sum of 0 and 180' scattering) have been measured for excitation of the vibrational levels of HCl up to v=5 by impact of electrons at energies from threshold to 3 eV above. Pronounced threshold peaks are observed in the excitation of v=1 and v=2, but not for the higher levels. The shapes of the cross sections agree well with the results of several published theoretical studies. The unexpected experimental observation of 'boomerang' vibrational structure by Cvejanovic et al. (1989) in the v=1 channel has been confirmed.
Finite Element Formulation of a Piezoelectric Continuum and Performance Studies of Laminar PZT-Patch-Modules

Efficient application of piezoelectric sensors and actuators requires extensive investigations of their loading limits, failure-behavior and life-span under service conditions. Here the performance of laminar PZT-patch-modules is studied, applying a combined approach of experimental and numerical tests. Four-point bending tests are used to evaluate the sensor performance. Linear electro-mechanical coupling is implemented in an 8-node brick user element of the research finite element code FEAP to develop a flexible FE-tool for piezoelectric problems. Comparative FE-analyses of the bending test are carried out in order to assess the capability of the implemented FEAP user element versus the commercially available FE-code ABAQUS. FE-results show good agreement with the experimental tests, different element types yield slight deviations which are discussed.
Testing the rate ratio under inverse sampling based on gradient statistic

Inverse sampling is widely applied in studies with dichotomous outcomes, especially when the subjects arrive sequentially or the response of interest is difficult to obtain. In this paper, we investigate the rate ratio test problem under inverse sampling based on gradient statistic with the asymptotic method and parametric bootstrap technique. The gradient statistic has many advantages, for example, it is simple to calculate and competitive with Wald-type, score and likelihood ratio tests in terms of local power. Numerical studies are carried out to evaluate the performance of our gradient test and the existing tests, namely Wald-type, score and likelihood ratio tests. The simulation results suggest that the gradient test based on the parametric bootstrap method has excellent type I error control and large powers even in small sample design. Two real examples, from a heart disease study and a drug comparison study, are applied to illustrate our methods.
Propagation of surface deformation coupled with convection waves under the excitation of a chemical wave train

Oscillation of surface deformation synchronized with oscillation of convection was found in a thin solution layer of a Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in which a spiral wave train was excited. To clarify the underlying mechanism of establishing oscillatory convection in the system, we measured the velocity of the convective flow at the surface and the angle of the surface tilt of the solution simultaneously. The convection and surface deformation showed propagation behavior. The propagating waves had a long wavelength ~more than 100 mm! and a rapid propagation velocity ~about 2.5 mm/s ! compared to those of a chemical wave train. @S1063-651X~97! 51309-2#
Characteristics and Potential Applications of the Proton Beams at the CSNS

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a large scientific research facility mainly serving the multidisciplinary research on material structure by using the neutron scattering technique. The accelerators can provide a proton beam of 120 kW with a repetition rate of 25 Hz, and can be upgraded to 240 kW (CSNS-II) or 500 kW (CSNS-IF). Besides as a driving source for the spallation target, the proton beams can be exploited for various applications both in fundamental research and in applications. The utilization of the CSNS proton beams can be in two different modes: the parasitic mode and the dedicated mode. The former one does not affect the normal operation of the spallation neutron source, and the latter can provide the full potential of the CSNS accelerators. Applications using the CSNS proton beams will be in two separate areas, utilizing the beams from the linac and from the RCS, respectively. Some of the CSNS proton beam applications are space single event effect and space radiology studies, white neutron source, proton therapy on ocular melanomas and low-depth cancers, fast neutron therapy, and borium capture neutron therapy. Other applications, such as testing studies of particle detectors, non-space radio-biological studies, radiation material studies, and nuclear physics, are also under consideration.
Inverse Shallow-Water Flow Modeling Using Model Reduction

The idea presented in this paper is variational data assimilation based on model reduction using proper orthogonal decomposition. An ensemble of forward model simulations is used to determine the approximation of the covariance matrix of the model variability, and only the dominant eigenvectors of this matrix are used to define a model subspace. An approximate linear reduced model is obtained by projecting the original model onto this reduced subspace. Compared to the classical variational method, the adjoint of the tangent linear model is replaced by the adjoint of a linear reduced forward model. Thus, it does not require the implementation of the adjoint of the tangent linear model. The minimization process is carried out in reduced subspace and hence reduces the computational cost. Twin experiments using an operational storm surge prediction model in the Netherlands, the Dutch Continental Shelf Model are performed to estimate the water depth, with the findings that the approach with relatively little computational cost and without the burden of implementation of the adjoint model can be used in variational data assimilation.
Postthermonuclear Runaway Angular Momentum Loss in Cataclysmic Binaries

Durant les phases d'enveloppe commune suivant les flashes d'hydrogene dans la composante naine blanche de binaires cataclysmiques, le moment angulaire et l'energie peuvent etre transferres de l'orbite vers l'enveloppe commune par des processus de friction
High-performance millimeter-wave superlattice electronic devices

Negative differential resistance devices, based on two similar AlAs/GaAs superlattice structures, were fabricated using a standard selective etching and integral heat sink technology and evaluated in a resonant-cap full-height WR-15 waveguide cavity. Devices from both superlattice structures generated comparable output powers in the fundamental mode at 59–71 GHz. The best devices yielded >80 mW (with corresponding dc-to-RF conversion efficiencies of >4.5%) around 63 GHz. In a second-harmonic mode, these devices yielded up to 14 mW (1%) at 133 GHz. Higher harmonic frequencies were also observed with powers of >0.4 mW at 190 GHz and >0.1 mW at 260 GHz. The highest observed dc-to-RF conversion efficiency was 5.1% at 62.8 GHz.
Soliton interactions in dispersion-decreasing fibers with the exponential dispersion profile

In this paper, soliton interactions in dispersion-decreasing fibers with the exponential dispersion profile will be investigated. Analytic two-soliton solutions will be obtained with Hirota’s method. With the different dispersion profile of dispersion-decreasing fibers, the propagation characteristics of solitons will be exhibited, and some soliton properties will be adjusted. Results presented in this paper could be used in soliton control in the dispersion-decreasing fibers.
The effect of stationary ultraviolet excitation on the optical properties of electrochemically self-assembled semiconductor nanowires

The optical behavior of electrochemically self-assembled nanowire arrays excited by stationary ultraviolet light is investigated. The wires are fabricated by electrodepositing CdS, ZnO, and ZnSe in anodic porous alumina templates with 50, 25, and 10nm diameter pores. We have developed a theoretical model to calculate nanowire permittivity, refractive index, and absorption coefficient under such stationary excitation. This model is incorporated in an electromagnetic wave simulation to obtain the optical response of the array of wires. The behavior is also investigated experimentally using a pump-probe excitation scheme in an optical interferometer. We report a strong nonmonotonic optical activity as a function of wire diameter in the nanowire arrays. This result implies a sharp increase in the optically pumped change in refractive index and permittivity in narrower nanowires.
Stability of spatially periodic pulse patterns in a class of singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations.

In this paper we develop a stability theory for spa- tially periodic patterns onR. Our approach is valid for a class of singularly perturbed reaction-diVusion equations that can be rep- resented by the generalized Gierer-Meinhardt equations as 'nor- mal form'. These equations exhibit a large variety of spatially pe- riodic patterns. We construct an Evans function DN;O that is defined for the-eigenvalue in a certain subset ofC. The spec- trum associated to the stability of the periodic pattern is given by the solutionsNO ofDNNO;OE 0, where 2 S 1 . Although our method can be applied to all types of singular pulse patterns, we focus on the stability analysis of the families of most simple periodic solutions. By decomposingDN;O into a product of a 'slow' and a 'fast' Evans function, we are able to determine explicit expressions for the-eigenvalues that areON1O with respect to the small parameter". Although the branch of 'small'-eigenvalues that is connected to the translational 1-eigenvalueN1OE 0c an- not be studied by this decomposition, our methods also enable us determine the location of these-eigenvalues. Thus, our ap- proach provides a full analytical control of the (spectral) stability of the singular spatially periodic patterns. We establish that the destabilization of a periodic pulse pattern onR is always initiated by theON1O-eigenvalues, and consider various kinds of bifurca- tions. Finally, we apply our insights to the stability problem asso- ciated to the restriction of a periodic pulse pattern to a bounded domain with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions.
Land‐caused uncertainties in climate change simulations: a study with the COLA AGCM

An atmospheric general circulation model is coupled with three different land surface schemes (LSSs) to study the impact of LSS uncertainties on the simulation of surface warming caused by doubled CO2 and associated oceanic changes. It is found that the implemented LSSs can greatly impact the spatial distribution and amplitude of the simulated warming over land. In warm regions, the different descriptions of local land processes and their associated feedbacks are responsible for about half of the inter‐model spread. In cold regions, almost all of the spread is caused by the circulation differences triggered by LSS differences, and the local land processes have little direct impact. On the other hand, as the annual global‐average land surface warmings are very close no matter which LSS is coupled, this study suggests that the LSS has little impact on projections of annual global‐average temperature change, despite strong regional impact in warm regions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Large-scale dynamics in turbulent mixing and the three-dimensional space–time behaviour of outer fluid interfaces

Experiments have been conducted to investigate turbulent mixing and the dynamics of outer fluid interfaces, i.e. the interfaces between mixed fluid and pure ambient fluid. A novel six-foot-diameter octagonal-tank flow facility was developed to enable the optical imaging of fluid interfaces above the mixing transition, corresponding to fully developed turbulence. Approximately 10003 whole-field three-dimensional space– time measurements of the concentration field were recorded using laser-induced- fluorescence digital-imaging techniques in turbulent jets at a Reynolds number of Re ∼ 20 000, Schmidt number of Sc ∼ 2000, and downstream distance of ∼ 500 nozzle diameters. Multiple large-scale regions of spatially nearly uniform-concentration fluid are evident in instantaneous visualizations, in agreement with previous findings above the mixing transition. The ensemble-averaged probability density function of concentration is found to exhibit linear dependence over a wide range of concentration thresholds. This can be accounted for in terms of the dynamics of large-scale well- mixed regions. Visualization of the three-dimensional space–time concentration field indicates that molecular mixing of entrained pure ambient fluid is dynamically initiated and accomplished in the vicinity of the unsteady large scales. Examination of the outer interfaces shows that they are dynamically confined primarily near the instantaneous large-scale boundaries of the flow. This behaviour is quantified in terms of the probability density of the location of the outer interfaces relative to the flow centreline and the probability of pure ambient fluid as a function of distance from the centreline. The current measurements show that the dynamics of outer interfaces above the mixing transition is significantly different from the behaviour below the transition, where previous studies have shown that unmixed ambient fluid can extend across a wide range of transverse locations in the flow interior. The present observations of dynamical confinement of the outer interfaces to the unsteady large scales, and considerations of entrainment, suggest that the mechanism responsible for this behaviour must be the coupling of large-scale flow dynamics with the presence of small-scale structures internal to the large-scale structures, above the mixing transition. The dynamics and structure of the outer interfaces across the entire range of space–time scales are quantified in terms of a distribution of generalized level-crossing scales. The outer-interface behaviour determines the mixing efficiency of the flow, i.e. fraction of mixed fluid. The present findings indicate that the large-scale dynamics of the outer interfaces above the mixing transition provides the dominant contribution to the mixing efficiency. This suggests a new way to quantify the mixing efficiency of turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers.
Mathematical modelling of spatial spectra of atmospheric turbulence

Abstract Rayleigh–Bénard thermal convection in a doubly periodic channel with rigid walls is studied using the LES-model as an analogue of multiscale atmospheric turbulence from the viewpoint of reproduction of spectral properties. A large ratio of the horizontal size to the vertical one ensures the existence of quasi-two-dimensional large-scale flow components, and a computational grid of several tens of millions nodes allows us to reproduce explicitly the dynamics of the small-scale three-dimensional turbulent component. The decomposition of the turbulent flow into the barotropic and baroclinic components allows us to propose the transformation scheme for kinetic energy in the studied system, which explains some spectral properties of the observed atmospheric turbulence.
Application of autofocus algorithms in holographic reconstruction

A digital holographic reconstruction in the frequency and spatial domain is presented in this paper. This technique applies Fourier transform on heterodyne hologram with interference fringes then the complex amplitude and phase information are extracted from its sidebands. Reconstruction of the phase and amplitude image is completed through inverse Fourier transform back to spatial domain. For best holographic reconstruction qualities, a blind deconvolution filtering and an image based autofocus spatial processing are also adopted and discussed. Experiments show satisfying reconstruction results.
High efficiency interdigitated back contact silicon solar cells

Interdigitated back contact (IBC) silicon solar cells with 25.6% efficiency at 10 W/cm/sup 2/ and 24.4% at 30 W/cm/sup 2/ were fabricated. The authors report on the technological process, which produces a high effective carrier lifetime in the bulk (780 mu s), and on the characterization of the cells. The front side of these cells is textured and has a very efficient polka-dot floating tandem junction. IBC and point-contact (PC) cells are fabricated on the same substrate and their efficiencies are compared. The possibility of reaching 29% efficiency at 300X is shown.
AugmentedReality Existing Capabilities and Future Opportunities

Augmented reality is changing how we look at the world around us and how we interface with devices that can aid human observation, quantifi cation, recording, and maintenance tasks. It also is helping inspectors do their jobs more accurately—and quickly. D uring the last decade, augmented reality has moved from research and gaming to business and industry—including infrastructure engineering and construction. Augmented reality mixes reality and virtual information in the fi eld, which brings new opportunities to the infrastructure industry. This technology fi gures prominently in the future of social media and will bring virtual reality and augmented reality technologies together. It is timely to understand the following:
Lateralization of complex sounds

At one time it was felt that interaural differences of time could affect the localization only of low frequencies. Psychoacoustic support for this view came from observations with sinusoidal stimuli that showed a total insensitivity to interaural delays in tones above about 1.5 kHz. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly clear that listeners can detect interaural delay in signals of high‐frequency content, as long as the spectrum is complex. For example, performance can be excellent when the signal is a high‐frequency carrier that has been modulated in amplitude. The purpose of this paper is to discuss functional differences between simple and complex sounds, with an eye toward development of a model of binaural interaction that accounts for the responses to both. Toward this end, special attention will be paid to stimulus factors that differentiate the two classes. In the preceding paper, Yost compares the responses to interaural differences of time in the stimulus onset and in the waveform.