Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure, Bonding, and Mineralogy of Carbon at Extreme Conditions

The nature and extent of Earth’s deep carbon cycle remains uncertain. This chapter considers high-pressure carbon-bearing minerals, including those of Earth’s mantle and core, as well as phases that might be found in the interiors of larger planets outside our solar system. These phases include both experimentally produced and theoretically predicted polymorphs of carbon dioxide, carbonates, carbides, silicate-carbonates, as well as very high-pressure phases of pure carbon. One theme in the search for possible high P-T , deep-Earth phases is the likely shift from sp 2 bonding (trigonal coordination) to sp 3 bonding (tetrahedral coordination) in carbon-bearing phases of the lower mantle and core, as exemplified by the graphite-to-diamond transition (Bundy et al. 1961; Davies 1984). A similar phenomenon has been documented in the preferred coordination spheres of many elements at high pressure. For example, silicon is ubiquitously found in tetrahedral coordination in crustal and upper mantle minerals, but adopts octahedral coordination in many high-pressure phases. Indeed, the boundary between Earth’s transition zone and lower mantle may be described as a crystal chemical shift from 4-coordinated to 6-coordinated silicon (Hazen and Finger 1978; Finger and Hazen 1991). Similarly, magnesium and calcium commonly occur in octahedral 6-coordination in minerals at ambient conditions, but transform to 8- or greater coordination in high-pressure phases, as exemplified by the calcite-to-aragonite transformation of CaCO3 and the pyroxene-to-perovskite and post-perovskite transformations of MgSiO3 (Murakami et al. 2004; Oganov and Ono 2004). Consequently, a principal focus in any consideration of deep-Earth carbon minerals must include carbon in higher coordination, and even more complex bonding at more extreme conditions that characterize the interiors of larger planets. We briefly review theoretical methods used to examine dense carbon-bearing minerals, focusing on first-principles or ab initio approaches. To compute the energies, one can choose one among …
Rab8 Modulates Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 1 Intracellular Trafficking and Signaling in a Protein Kinase C-Dependent Manner

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Alterations in glutamate receptor signaling are implicated in neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, and Huntington's disease among others. Group 1 mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) are primarily coupled to Gαq/11 leading to the activation of phospholipase C and the formation of diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which results in the release of intracellular calcium stores and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Desensitization, endocytosis, and recycling are major mechanisms of GPCR regulation, and the intracellular trafficking of GPCRs is linked to the Rab family of small G proteins. Rab8 is a small GTPase that is specifically involved in the regulation of secretory/recycling vesicles, modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and cell polarity. Rab8 has been shown to regulate the synaptic delivery of AMPA receptors during long-term potentiation and during constitutive receptor recycling. We show here that Rab8 interacts with the C-terminal tail of mGluR1a in an agonist-dependent manner and plays a role in regulating of mGluR1a signaling and intracellular trafficking in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Specifically, Rab8 expression attenuates mGluR1a-mediated inositol phosphate formation and calcium release from mouse neurons in a PKC-dependent manner, while increasing cell surface mGluR1a expression via decreased receptor endocytosis. These experiments provide us with an understanding of the role Rabs play in coordinated regulation of mGluR1a and how this impacts mGluR1a signaling.
Self-Timed NoC Links Using Combinations of Fault Tolerance Methods

We propose link structures for NoC that have properties for tolerating efficiently transient, intermittent and permanent errors. The protection against transient errors is realized using Hamming coding and interleaving for error detection and retransmission as the recovery method. We introduce two approaches for tackling the intermittent and permanent errors. In the first approach, spare wires are introduced together with reconfiguration circuitry. The other approach uses time redundancy, the transmission is split into two parts, where the data is doubled. In both structures the presence of permanent or intermittent errors is monitored by analysing previous error syndromes. The links are based on self-timed signaling in which the handshake signals are protected using triple modular redundancy.
Review of Handbook Of Automated Essay Evaluation: Current Applications And New Directions

Since Ellis Page (1966) published his landmark article, “The Imminence of Grading Essays by Computer,” the issue of using computers to grade writing and provide feedback has been a great concern for researchers in language testing and writing instruction. Research has been done for the creation and development of systems for automated essay evaluation (AEE), or automated essay scoring (AES), what has been called the process of evaluation and scoring written prose via computer programs (Shermis & Burstein, 2003). The Handbook of automated essay evaluation edited by Mark D. Shermis and Jill Burstein collects the most recent articles about research on AEE and provides comprehensive perspectives for addressing the following issues: AEE and writing instruction, applications of different AEE engines, validity and reliability of AEE, and discussions of aspects reflecting writing constructs in AEE. This handbook, therefore, is beneficial for both researchers and writing instructors who are interested in investigating how AEE can be better applied in essay assessment and writing instruction.
Simultaneous endocardial mapping in the human left ventricle using a noncontact catheter: comparison of contact and reconstructed electrograms during sinus rhythm.

BACKGROUND Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia is limited in part by difficulty in identifying suitable sites for ablation. A noncontact multielectrode array (MEA) has been developed that allows reconstruction of 3360 electrograms, using inverse-solution mathematics, that are superimposed onto a computer-simulated model of the endocardium. This study assesses the accuracy of timing and morphology of reconstructed unipolar electrograms compared with contact unipolar electrograms from the same endocardial site. METHODS AND RESULTS The MEA was deployed in the left ventricles of 13 patients (end-diastolic diameters, 61.7+/-8.4 mm [mean+/-SD]). We recorded contact electrograms at 76 points equatorial and 32 points nonequatorial to the MEA during sinus rhythm using a catheter-locator signal to record direction and distance from the MEA. Morphology (cross-correlation) and timing of maximum -dV/dt of contact and reconstructed electrograms were compared at different distances from the MEA center to endocardium (M-E) and from the MEA equatorial plane. For equatorial data, the M-E was 32.12+/-12.12 mm. The timing of reconstructed with respect to contact electrograms was -1.94+/-7.12 ms for M-E <34 mm and -14.16+/-19.29 ms at M-E >34 mm (P<0.001). Cross-correlation of electrograms was 0.87+/-0.12 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.91) and 0.76+/-0.18 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.83) for M-E <34 mm and >34 mm, respectively. Nonequatorial points were 32.33+/-10.81 mm (range, 16.9 to 55.6 mm) from the MEA equatorial plane; electrogram timing difference was -8.97+/-15.75 ms and was unrelated to this distance from the equator. CONCLUSIONS This noncontact mapping system accurately reconstructs endocardial unipolar electrograms from the human left ventricle. At M-E distances >34 mm, timing accuracy of reconstruction decreases.
The reader's helper: a personalized document reading environment

Over the last two centuries, reading styles have shifted awayfrom the reading of documents from beginning to end and toward theskimming of documents in search of relevant information. This trendcontinues today where readers, often confronted with aninsurmountable amount of text, seek more efficient methods ofextracting relevant information from documents. In this paper, anew document reading environment is introduced called the ReadersHelperTM, which supports the reading of electronic and paperdocuments. The Readers Helper analyzes documents and produces arelevance score for each of the readers topics of interest, therebyhelping the reader decide whether the document is actually worthskimming or reading. Moreover, during the analysis process, topicof interest phrases are automatically annotated to help the readerquickly locate relevant information. A new informationvisualization tool, called the ThumbarTM, is used in conjunctionwith relevancy scoring and automatic annotation to portray acontinuous, dynamic thumb-nail representation of the document. Thisfurther supports rapid navigation of the text.
An Integrated Systematic Approach to Designing Enterprise Access Control

Today, the network design process remains ad hoc and largely complexity agnostic, often resulting in suboptimal networks characterized by excessive amounts of dependence and commands in device configurations. The unnecessary high configuration complexity can lead to a huge increase in both the amount of manual intervention required for managing the network and the likelihood of configuration errors, and thus must be avoided. In this paper, we present an integrated top-down design approach and show how it can minimize the unnecessary configuration complexity in realizing reachability-based access control, a key network design objective that involves designing three distinct network elements: virtual local-area network (VLAN), IP address, and packet filter. Capitalizing on newly developed abstractions, our approach integrates the design of these three elements into a unified framework by systematically modeling how the design of one element may impact the complexity of other elements. Our approach goes substantially beyond the current divide-and-conquer approach that designs each element in complete isolation, and enables minimizing the combined complexity of all elements. Specifically, two new optimization problems are formulated, and novel algorithms and heuristics are developed to solve the formulated problems. Evaluation on a large campus network shows that our approach can effectively reduce the packet filter complexity and VLAN trunking complexity by more than 85% and 70%, respectively, when compared with the ad hoc approach currently used by the operators.
Optimal Approximate Polytope Membership

In the polytope membership problem, a convex polytope K in ℝd is given, and the objective is to preprocess K into a data structure so that, given a query point q ∈ ℝd, it is possible to determine efficiently whether q ∈ K. We consider this problem in an approximate setting and assume that d is a constant. Given an approximation parameter e > 0, the query can be answered either way if the distance from q to K's boundary is at most e times K's diameter. Previous solutions to the problem were on the form of a space-time trade-off, where logarithmic query time demands O(1/ed−1) storage, whereas storage O(1/e(d−1)/2) admits roughly O(1/e(d−1)/8) query time. In this paper, we present a data structure that achieves logarithmic query time with storage of only O(1/e(d−1)/2), which matches the worst-case lower bound on the complexity of any e-approximating polytope. Our data structure is based on a new technique, a hierarchy of ellipsoids defined as approximations to Macbeath regions. As an application, we obtain major improvements to approximate Euclidean nearest neighbor searching. Notably, the storage needed to answer e-approximate nearest neighbor queries for a set of n points in O(log n/e) time is reduced to O(n/ed/2). This halves the exponent in the e-dependency of the existing space bound of roughly O(n/ed), which has stood for 15 years (Har-Peled, 2001).
From Home-Made to Strategy-Enabling Business Intelligence: the Transformational Journey of a Retail Organisation

The paper examines how a retail organisation transformed from home-made Business Intelligence (BI) to a mature BI-based organisation, over a decade long period of time. We engaged in an Action Research (AR) inquiry where the transformation was explored through the first-hand experiences of one of the co-authors. Concepts from the organisational learning theory are used to analyse the organisational transformation and develop an in-depth understanding of the role of BI applications in this process. Central to the transformational process was an organisational champion and the shadow BI community that promoted BI-thinking across the organisation. As the mental models of individual organisational members transformed, through small-scale BI innovations, BI started to have a transformational impact on human work. Once the strategic importance of BI became the shared mental model in the organisation, BI became a strategic transformer, impacting the strategy as well as the strategy development process that became BI-enabled and driven.
E-band receiver and transmitter for high speed wireless communication

In this paper, an E-band IQ transmitter and direct conversion receiver MMICs for high speed wireless communication are presented. The transmitter circuit consists of two balanced resistive mixer cells, differential quadrature local oscillator (LO) signal generation. The receiver circuit consists of 3-stages LNA, doubler with buffer amplifier, and IQ-mixer. Both circuits were fabricated and measured on both wafer and systematically. For the transmitter, it shows a conversion loss of 11 dB and side-band suppression higher than 20 dB. For the receiver, it shows an RF bandwidth of 75 to 90 GHz and IF bandwidth from DC to more than 8 GHz. The conversion gain is around 8 dB with the image rejection 25 dB to as high as 30 dB. Moreover, the transmitter and receiver chips were tested successfully to carry on a 5Gb/s 16QAM signal communication.
Synaptic Potentials Mediated via α-Bungarotoxin-Sensitive Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Rat Hippocampal Interneurons

Exogenous application of acetylcholine elicits inward currents in hippocampal interneurons that are mediated via α-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but synaptic responses mediated via such receptors have never been reported in mammalian brain. In the present study, EPSCs were evoked in hippocampal interneurons in rat brain slices by electrical stimulation and were recorded by using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Nicotinic EPSCs were isolated pharmacologically, using antagonists to block other known types of ligand-gated ion channels, and then were tested with either α-bungarotoxin or methyllycaconitine, which are selective antagonists for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that contain the α7 receptor subunit. Each antagonist proved highly effective at reducing the remaining synaptic current. Evoked α7-mediated nicotinic EPSCs also were desensitized by superfusion with 1 μm nicotine, had extrapolated reversal potentials near 0 mV, and showed strong inward rectification at positive potentials. In several interneurons, methyllycaconitine-sensitive spontaneous EPSCs also were observed that exhibited a biphasic decay rate very similar to that of the α7-mediated evoked response. These studies provide the first demonstration of a functional cholinergic synapse in the mammalian brain, in which the primary postsynaptic receptors are α-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Theory and Experimental Results of a Class F AB-C Doherty Power Amplifier

The aim of this paper is to present a closed-form formulation suitable for a direct computer-aided design synthesis of a Doherty amplifier employing a Class F design strategy for the Main (or Carrier) device. For this purpose, starting from a simplified model for the adopted active devices, the behavioral analysis of the Class F Doherty amplifier is carried out as a function of the input signal. A particular emphasis is dedicated to put into evidence the differences existing when a simple tuned load harmonic termination is considered. The theoretical aspects are deeply discussed and an experimental validation is also provided.
Molecular prophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens causing bovine mastitis and foodborne diseases associated with dairy products. To determine the genetic relationships between human and bovine or bovine isolates of S. aureus, various molecular methods have been used. Previously we developed an rpoB sequence typing (RSTing) method for molecular differentiation of S. aureus isolates and identification of RpoB-related antibiotic resistance. In this study, we performed spa typing and RSTing with 84 isolates from mastitic cows (22 farms, 72 cows, and 84 udders) and developed a molecular prophage typing (mPPTing) method for molecular epidemiological analysis of bovine mastitis. To compare the results, human isolates from patients (n = 14) and GenBank (n = 166) were used for real and in silico RSTing and mPPTing, respectively. Based on the results, RST10-2 and RST4-1 were the most common rpoB sequence types (RSTs) in cows and humans, respectively, and most isolates from cows and humans clearly differed. Antibiotic resistance-related RSTs were not detected in the cow isolates. A single dominant prophage type and gradual evolution through prophage acquisition were apparent in most of the tested farms. Thus, RSTing and mPPTing are informative, simple, and economic methods for molecular epidemiological analysis of S. aureus infections.
Environmental Education Program as a Tool to Improve Children's Environmental Attitudes and Knowledge

Environmental education is a way to achieve the sustainable development and preserve nature. One of the aims of environmental education is to improve student's environmental attitudes because this is expected to improve pro-environmental behaviors. To change environmental attitudes is a challenge to educators and some proposals have being made in the last decades. The main objective of this work was to analyze the effectiveness of an environmental education program as a way of boosting the students’ environmental attitudes and knowledge. The sample consisted of 82 eighth and ninth grade students of a public elementary school located in Brazil, divided into two groups (participants and non-participants). Results indicated a shift in the participants’ environmental attitudes to a more pro-environmental way and an improvement in the students’ environmental knowledge, whereas non-participants did not change their attitudes and knowledge during the year. Finally, neither gender nor grade influenced the students’ environmental attitudes. Our results suggest that the participation in environmental education program guided activities can be effective to improve the students pro-environmental attitudes and knowledge.
Cumulative and irreversible cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction induced by doxorubicin.

Interference with mitochondrial calcium regulation is proposed to be a primary causative event in the mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. We previously reported disruption of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis after chronic doxorubicin administration (Solen et al. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 129: 214-222, 1994). The present study was designed to characterize the dose-dependent and cumulative interference with mitochondrial calcium regulation and to assess the reversibility of this functional lesion. Sprague Dawley rats were treated with 2 mg/kg/week doxorubicin s.c. for 4-8 weeks. With succinate as substrate, cardiac mitochondria isolated from rats after 4 weeks of treatment with doxorubicin expressed a lower calcium loading capacity compared with control. This suppression of calcium loading capacity increased with successive doses to 8 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05) and persisted for 5 weeks after the last doxorubicin injection, and was corroborated by dose-dependent and irreversible histopathological changes. Preincubation of mitochondria with tamoxifen, DTT, or monobromobimane did not reverse the diminished calcium loading capacity caused by doxorubicin. In contrast, incubation with cyclosporin A abolished any discernible difference in mitochondrial calcium loading capacity between doxorubicin-treated and saline-treated rats. The decrease in cardiac mitochondrial calcium loading capacity was not attributable to bioenergetic changes in the electron transport chain, because the mitochondrial coupling efficiency was not altered by doxorubicin treatment. However, the ADP/ATP translocase content was significantly lower in mitochondria from rats that received 8 weeks of doxorubicin treatment. These data indicate that doxorubicin treatment in vivo causes a dose-dependent and irreversible decrease in mitochondrial calcium loading capacity. Suppression of adenine nucleotide translocase content may be a key factor altering the calcium-dependent regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which may account for the cumulative and irreversible loss of myocardial function in patients receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy.
Introduction to NJUPT Chinese Spelling Check Systems in CLP-2014 Bakeoff

Chinese spelling check (CSC) is an essential issue in the research field of Chinese language processing (CLP). This paper describes the details of two CSC systems we developed to solve this problem. The first system was built based on CRF model, and the modules of such system include word segmentation, error detection and error correction. Another system was based on 2Chars&&3-Chars model, and its modules include bigram segmentation, error detection and error correction. Using the final test data set provided by CLP2014, the final experimental result of the system based on 2Chars&&3-Chars model was better, which achieved 0.403 detection accuracy with 0.3344 detection precision and 0.3964 correction accuracy with 0.3191 correction precision.
Game Theory and Extremal Optimization for Community Detection in Complex Dynamic Networks

The detection of evolving communities in dynamic complex networks is a challenging problem that recently received attention from the research community. Dynamics clearly add another complexity dimension to the difficult task of community detection. Methods should be able to detect changes in the network structure and produce a set of community structures corresponding to different timestamps and reflecting the evolution in time of network data. We propose a novel approach based on game theory elements and extremal optimization to address dynamic communities detection. Thus, the problem is formulated as a mathematical game in which nodes take the role of players that seek to choose a community that maximizes their profit viewed as a fitness function. Numerical results obtained for both synthetic and real-world networks illustrate the competitive performance of this game theoretical approach.