Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rainfall partitioning along a tree diversity gradient in a deciduous old‐growth forest in Central Germany

This study investigated whether rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception changes along a tree species diversity gradient. The 12 study plots in old‐growth forest stands in the Hainich National Park, Germany, were composed of up to 11 tree species. Fagus sylvatica (beech) formed the monospecific plots. Mixed forest plots consisted of a variable admixture of other broad‐leaved deciduous species such as Tilia spec. , Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, and Acer pseudoplatanus. Rainfall partitioning was influenced by several stand characteristics. Tree species diversity expressed as Shannon index was the variable that explained throughfall for different seasons most frequently. For example, in high‐rainfall summer 2007, median throughfall per stand was between 66 and 77% of gross precipitation, whereas stemflow played a minor role (2–6% per stand). Throughfall correlated positively with Shannon index (rs = 0·74, p = 0·008), stemflow negatively (rs = − 0·87, p < 0·001), and interception showed no correlation along this beech to mixed forest gradient. These relationships were similar in summer 2005 and autumn 2006, but no or weak changes of throughfall with tree diversity were observed during other study periods. Multiple linear regressions supported the assumption that combinations of several characteristics are important. Shannon index in combination with mean dbh explained much of the variability observed in throughfall among stands in two seasons (up to R2adj = 0·63, p < 0·01). Influential stand characteristics varied between seasons and years due to different rainfall conditions. Spatial variability of throughfall within a stand did not change consistently with any stand characteristic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixing relations of the howardite‐eucrite‐diogenite suite: A new statistical approach of independent component analysis for the Dawn mission

Dawn has recently revealed that the surface of Vesta is heterogeneously covered by polymictic regoliths represented by mixtures of howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorites. Mixing relations of the HED suite are examined here using a new computational statistical approach of independent component analysis (ICA). We performed eight‐component ICA (Si, Ti, Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mg, and Ca) for 209 HED bulk‐rock compositions. The ICA results indicate that the HED bulk‐rock compositions can be reduced into three independent components (IC) and these IC vectors can reasonably explain compositional variation, petrographic observations, and the mixing relations of the HED suite. The IC‐1 vector represents a eucrite variation that extends from cumulate eucrite toward main‐group (MG) and incompatible‐element enriched eucrites. The IC‐2 vector represents a compositional variation of howardites that extends from diogenites to MG‐eucrites, indicating the well‐known two‐component mixing trend of diogenite and eucrite. The IC‐3 vector represents a compositional variation defined by diogenites and olivine‐bearing diogenites, suggesting mixing of olivine and orthopyroxene. Among the three ICs, the diogenite‐eucrite mixing trend IC‐2 is most statistically robust and dominates the compositional variations of the HED suite. Our ICA study further indicates that the combination of only three elements (Mg, Si, and Fe) approximates the eight‐component ICA model, and that the limited number of resolvable γ‐ray spectra obtained by the Dawn mission possibly discriminates olivine lithologies from the olivine‐free regolith breccias on the surface of Vesta.
Activity recognition in the home setting using simple and ubiquitous sensors

In this work, a system for recognizing activities in the home setting that uses a set of small and simple state-change sensors, machine learning algorithms, and electronic experience sampling is introduced. The sensors are designed to be “tape on and forget” devices that can be quickly and ubiquitously installed in home environments. The proposed sensing system presents an alternative to sensors that are sometimes perceived as invasive, such as cameras and microphones. Since temporal information is an important component of activities, a new algorithm for recognizing activities that extends the naive Bayes classifier to incorporate low-order temporal relationships was created. Unlike prior work, the system was deployed in multiple residential environments with non-researcher occupants. Preliminary results show that it is possible to recognize activities of interest to medical professionals such as toileting, bathing, and grooming with detection accuracies ranging from 25% to 89% depending on the evaluation criteria used. Although these preliminary results were based on small datasets collected over a two-week period of time, techniques have been developed that could be applied in future studies and at special facilities to study human behavior such as the MIT Placelab. The system can be easily retrofitted in existing home environments with no major modifications or damage and can be used to enable IT and health researchers to study behavior in the home. Activity recognition is increasingly applied not only in home-based proactive and preventive healthcare applications, but also in learning environments, security systems, and a variety of human-computer interfaces.
ACTIVATION OF T AND B LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO

The studies presented herein have focused on the biological and biochemical properties of a nonspecific mediator produced by populations of activated T lymphocytes during short-term in vitro reactions with foreign alloantigens. We have analyzed the activity of the unseparated and of chromatographically separated fractions of the supernatants from such cultures on the in vitro responses of mouse lymphocytes to soluble and macrophage-bound DNP-carrier conjugates and also to particulate heterologous erythrocytes. The results demonstrate that a highly active protein moiety, termed allogeneic effect factors (AEF), in the mol wt range of 30,000–40,000, is capable of acting directly on B lymphocytes, in the presence of antigen, probably to effect triggering and subsequent differentiation and proliferation to antibody-forming cells in vitro. The active molecule, although not manifesting specificity for antigen, does exhibit some strain-specific properties suggesting a possible relationship to cell surface antigens or other gene products coded in the major histocompatibility gene complex.
Early-life stress, depressive symptoms, and inflammation: the role of social factors

Abstract Objective To identify modifiable, social factors that moderate the relationship between early-life stress (ELS) and health outcomes as measured by depressive symptoms and inflammation. Methods Data were from 3,416 adults (58.28% female), ages 36 - 97 (Mage = 68.41; SDage = 10.24) who participated in the 2006 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of older adults in the United States. This study used hierarchical regression analyses to first test the main effects of ELS on depressive symptoms and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). Four social factors (perceived support, frequency of social contact, network size, and volunteer activity) were assessed as moderators of the ELS-depression and ELS-inflammation relationships. Results There was a small, positive association between ELS and depressive symptoms (B = 0.17, SE = 0.05, p = .002), which was moderated by social contact and perceived support. Specifically, ELS was only associated with elevated depressive symptoms for participants with limited social contact (B = 0.24, SE = 0.07, p < .001) and low perceived support (B = 0.24, SE = 0.07, p < .001). These associations remained after accounting for potential confounds (age, body-mass index, adulthood stress, and marital status). Conclusions Increased social contact and perceived support may be protective for individuals at a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms as a result of ELS. Future interventions may benefit from leveraging these social factors to improve quality of life in adults with ELS.
Net community production and export from Seaglider measurements in the North Atlantic after the spring bloom

Mean rates of net community production (NCP) and particulate organic carbon (POC) export were estimated from sensor measurements of dissolved oxygen (O2), chlorophyll fluorescence (chl F), and particulate backscatter (bbp700) collected from three Seagliders that surveyed a 20 × 20 km area in the North Atlantic subsequent to a large diatom bloom. Since the Seagliders sampled geographically fixed patterns, care was taken in the calculation of all terms applicable to the Eulerian reference frame, including local rate of change, vertical mixing, air-sea exchange, and horizontal advection. Although similar studies of NCP in the open ocean have generally assumed advection to be insignificant, we have found that this term cannot be ignored when dealing with temporal scales of ≤1 month and/or spatial scales ≤20 km. The overlapping sampling pattern of the Seagliders was sufficiently rapid such that 4–5 day time scales observed in the O2 and POC data were adequately resolved and variations were not a consequence of aliasing spatial variability. During the study period, ratios of chlorophyll fluorescence-to-particulate backscatter (chl:bbp700) were lower than values encountered during the spring diatom bloom, suggesting the phytoplankton community was predominantly composed of smaller cells (picoplankton and nanoplankton) and/or coccolithophorids. Coupled budgets of oxygen and POC indicated a net community production of 1.0 mol C m−2 and carbon export of 0.6 mol C m−2, respectively, over a period of 23 days. Thus, the production and export of carbon that occurred over the month-long experiment period was comparable to that encountered during the spring bloom.
Aggregate Disintegration and Wettability for Long‐Term Management Systems in the Northern Appalachians

Assessment of the structural properties of discrete soil aggregates is fundamental to understanding soil erosional processes. Management-induced changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration may signifi cantly alter aggregate properties. The disintegration and wetting characteristics of individual aggregates and their relationships with SOC concentrations were determined for a Rayne silt loam (fi ne-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) under long-term (>22 yr) moldboard plow (MP), no-till with (NTm) and without manure (NT), pasture, and forest systems in the northern Appalachian region. Aggregate disintegration was assessed based on the kinetic energy (KE) of simulated raindrops required to detach 1- to 8-mm aggregates at −0.01, −0.1, −1, and −154 MPa soil water potentials. Management affected aggregate resistance to the erosive energy of raindrops (P 5.0 μJ) for disintegration and those from MP soils the lowest (<1.9 μJ). At the −0.01 MPa potential, the KE needed to disintegrate aggregates in NTm was about three times higher than for NT, indicating that manure addition improved aggregate stability. Aggregates from cropland had very low water repellency, but those from forest management have some water repellency. Aggregate disintegration was correlated with measured soil erosion in which MP required the lowest raindrop KE to produce the highest runoff and soil loss. The SOC concentration explained 48% of the variability in aggregate disintegration and 86% in aggregate wetting. Long-term management altered aggregate disintegration, but its effects on aggregate wetting within agricultural practices were small.
Monomerization of far-red fluorescent proteins

Significance All known naturally occurring red fluorescent proteins (RFPs), a class that is desirable for biological imaging, are tetrameric, limiting their usefulness as molecular fusion tags in in vivo model systems. Here we explore protein variant libraries targeted at monomerizing far-red RFP variants and describe a generalizable method to monomerize RFPs of interest. This method preserves the fluorescence of the molecule throughout its monomerization, in contrast to break–fix methods, allowing selective enrichment of bright, far-red monomeric variants. Furthermore, we report four bright monomeric RFPs here, which are among the most red-shifted of any monomeric Aequorea victoria-class FPs. Anthozoa-class red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) are frequently used as biological markers, with far-red (λem ∼ 600–700 nm) emitting variants sought for whole-animal imaging because biological tissues are more permeable to light in this range. A barrier to the use of naturally occurring RFP variants as molecular markers is that all are tetrameric, which is not ideal for cell biological applications. Efforts to engineer monomeric RFPs have typically produced dimmer and blue-shifted variants because the chromophore is sensitive to small structural perturbations. In fact, despite much effort, only four native RFPs have been successfully monomerized, leaving the majority of RFP biodiversity untapped in biomarker development. Here we report the generation of monomeric variants of HcRed and mCardinal, both far-red dimers, and describe a comprehensive methodology for the monomerization of red-shifted oligomeric RFPs. Among the resultant variants is mKelly1 (emission maximum, λem = 656 nm), which, along with the recently reported mGarnet2 [Matela G, et al. (2017) Chem Commun (Camb) 53:979–982], forms a class of bright, monomeric, far-red FPs.
A review of the Carboniferous lungfish genus Ctenodus Agassiz, 1838 from the United Kingdom, with new data from an articulated specimen of Ctenodus interruptus Barkas, 1869

ABSTRACT A revision of the Carboniferous lungfish genus Ctenodus is undertaken. Ctenodus is the longest-surviving genus of lungfish from the Carboniferous, and is the only one to cross the Lower–Upper Carboniferous boundary. Five species span the period, with species correlated to stage. Species are distinguished by differences in tooth plate morphology. Ridge number increases from the Tournaisian to the Moscovian, and the length to width ratio decreases. A new, almost complete articulated individual of C. interruptus allows identification of this species from pterygoid tooth plates and other characteristics. These, and new features of the postcranial skeleton, are described for the first time. Ctenodus retains primitive features of the skull roof, such as a pair of C-bones and retention of a D-bone; its contemporaries Conchopoma, Sagenodus and Straitonia show the derived condition of these features. Ctenodus retains primitive features of the lepidotrichia, which are distally segmented and bifurcated. However, it also shows the derived condition of the tail region in having a combined first and second dorsal fin: whether there was a separate caudal fin remains unknown.
Impact of gravels and organic matter on the thermal properties of grassland soils in southern France

Please find enclosed a point by point response to t he reviewers’ comments, together with changes in the revised version of our work. In resp on e to the reviewers' comments, we implemented a new data analysis procedure able to s or out flawed soil thermal conductivity estimates. This greatly improved our results and we are confident in the new retrieved values of volumetric fraction of quartz. We used the data published by Lu et al. (2007) to validate and discuss our results. For the sake of consistenc y, the empirical Lu et al. (2007) model was used. We have endeavoured to characterize the impac t of uncertainties in data and models. We extensively revised the text, added new Figures, Tables, and Supplements. The Title and Abstract were rewritten. Moreover, we made the soil profile data available o n the web and the Supplements provide all the information needed to reproduce our calculation s.
CMR-derived myocardial strain analysis differentiates ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy - A propensity score-matched study

Purpose Left ventricular (LV) longitudinal, circumferential, and radial motion can be measured using feature tracking of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images. The aim of our study was to detect differences in LV mechanics between patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) who were matched using a propensity score-based model. these two conditions may aid in developing additional prognostic and therapeutic strategies in the future.
Modeling Transverse Mixing Layer in Shallow Open-Channel Flows

Numerical computations are conducted of the flow across a turbulent mixing layer in an open channel of small depth using three turbulence models: a single-length-scale model, a modified single-length-scale model, and a two-length-scale model. The performance of these turbulence models is evaluated by comparing the numerical results with the available experimental data. The single-length-scale turbulence model is shown to be biased toward the small-scale turbulence. The coefficients of this single-length-scale turbulence model have been modified in an attempt to improve the performance of the model. The results of the modified single-length-scale model are in agreement with the laboratory data but not with the field data. The two-length-scale turbulence model, by treating the small-scale and the large-scale turbulence as separate components, has produced results in better agreement with the experimental data than those obtained by the single-length-scale model treating both components together as a whole.
Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea‐level change in North Wales, UK

Deglacial sea‐level index points defining relative sea‐level (RSL) change are critical for testing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model output. Only a few observations are available from North Wales and until recently these provided a poor fit to GIA model output for the British‐Irish Ice Sheet. We present results of an integrated offshore geophysical (seismic reflection), coring (drilling rig), sedimentological, micropalaeontological (foraminifera), biostratigraphical (palynology) and geochronological (AMS 14C) investigation into a sequence of multiple peat/organic sediment horizons interbedded within a thick estuarine–marine sequence of minerogenic clay‐silts to silty sands from the NE Menai Strait, North Wales. Ten new sea‐level index points and nine new limiting dates from the Devensian Late‐glacial and early Holocene are integrated with twelve pre‐existing Holocene sea‐level index points and one limiting point from North Wales to generate a regional RSL record. This record is similar to the most recent GIA predictions for North Wales RSL change, supporting either greater ice load and later deglaciation than in the GIA predictions generated before 2004, or a modified eustatic function. There is no evidence for a mid‐Holocene highstand. Tidally corrected RSL data indicate initial breaching of the Menai Strait between 8.8 and 8.4 ka BP to form a tidal causeway, with final submergence between 5.8 and 4.6 ka BP. Final breaching converted the NE Menai Strait from a flood‐dominated estuary into a high energy ebb tidal delta with extensive tidal scouring of pre‐existing Late‐glacial and Holocene sequences. The study confirms the value of utilising offshore drilling/coring technology to recover sea‐level records which relate to intervals when rates of both eustatic and isostatic change were at their greatest, and therefore of most value for constraining GIA models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SCAPHOPODIZATION IN PALAEOZOIC MOLLUSCS

Abstract: The relationship of a variety of problematic Early Palaeozoic fossils to the true scaphopods (Late Palaeozoic–Recent) is clarified by the recognition that a trend towards the development of a tubular shell is a recurrent theme within Palaeozoic benthic molluscs. This trend is here termed scaphopodization and can be recognized already in the Cambrian in helcionelloids such as Yochelcionella and Eotebenna. The problematic Early Palaeozoic tubular fossils Janospira, Jinonicella and Rhytiodentalium are interpreted as pseudo‐scaphopod derivatives of the apparently exogastric ribeirioid rostroconchs. The direction of coiling of the protoconch indicates that they are not closely related to the true scaphopods, which were derived from endogastric concocardioidean rostroconchs in the Devonian or Carboniferous. Scaphopods show a comparable underlying morphological blueprint to these conocardioideans, but they represent a distinct stream‐lining to the infaunal habitat.
Influence of neutral components on relative band contrasts in reflectance spectra of intimate mixtures: Implications for remote sensing: 1. Nonlinear mixing modeling

The application of nonlinear mixing to model the band contrasts in the spectra of intimate mixtures shows that not only the band contrasts but also their ratios are sensitive to the presence of a featureless end-member. The ratio of the contrast of the weaker band to that of the deeper one decreases with increasing content of neutral phase. The degree and the rate of decline depend on a number of factors. When a neutral phase is present, the use of relative band contrasts to estimate the relative abundance of end-members results in systematic errors. In multicomponent mixtures the presence of a spectrally neutral phase leads to the underestimation of the component with the weaker band. The larger the difference in contrasts between the bands, the larger is the systematic error. Additional factors increasing the error are an opacity of the neutral phase, a large difference in brightness between the neutral phase and the components with absorption features, a decreased grain size of the neutral component relative to those of the other constituents, and decreased grain sizes of all end-members. The use of calibrations for binary mineral mixtures to analyze the spectra of multicomponent surfaces should be subject to errors when opaque constituents are present. Some variations in relative band contrast of asteroid spectra due to variable contents and/or particle size of opaques may be misinterpreted as variations in silicate modal abundance.