Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation between National Influenza Surveillance Data and Google Trends in South Korea

Background In South Korea, there is currently no syndromic surveillance system using internet search data, including Google Flu Trends. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between national influenza surveillance data and Google Trends in South Korea. Methods Our study was based on a publicly available search engine database, Google Trends, using 12 influenza-related queries, from September 9, 2007 to September 8, 2012. National surveillance data were obtained from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) influenza-like illness (ILI) and virologic surveillance system. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to compare the national surveillance and the Google Trends data for the overall period and for 5 influenza seasons. Results The correlation coefficient between the KCDC ILI and virologic surveillance data was 0.72 (p<0.05). The highest correlation was between the Google Trends query of H1N1 and the ILI data, with a correlation coefficient of 0.53 (p<0.05), for the overall study period. When compared with the KCDC virologic data, the Google Trends query of bird flu had the highest correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.93 (p<0.05) in the 2010-11 season. The following queries showed a statistically significant correlation coefficient compared with ILI data for three consecutive seasons: Tamiflu (r = 0.59, 0.86, 0.90, p<0.05), new flu (r = 0.64, 0.43, 0.70, p<0.05) and flu (r = 0.68, 0.43, 0.77, p<0.05). Conclusions In our study, we found that the Google Trends for certain queries using the survey on influenza correlated with national surveillance data in South Korea. The results of this study showed that Google Trends in the Korean language can be used as complementary data for influenza surveillance but was insufficient for the use of predictive models, such as Google Flu Trends.
On the scalability of hierarchical cooperation for dense sensor networks

In this paper we study the problem of information dissemination in dense multihop sensor networks characterized by highly correlated sample measurements. In particular, we investigate the benefits, and trade-offs, of exploiting correlations via cooperatively compressing the data as it hops around the network. First, we study two extreme cooperation strategies, namely no cooperation and network-wide cooperation. We show that network-wide cooperation achieves logarithmic growth rate for the transport traffic with the network size whereas the schedule length growth rate remains linear. Next, we analyze a two-phase cooperation strategy which localizes cooperation within regions of the network in an attempt to assess the performance of strategies bounded by the two aforementioned extremes. Finally, we extend two-phase cooperation to a multiphase hierarchical cooperation strategy where the number of phases depends on the number of nodes and the size of the cooperation set. The rationale behind this strategy is to achieve logarithmic scaling laws at the expense of more complexity in coordinating nodes' cooperation. In addition, hierarchical cooperation opens room for optimizing the transport traffic and schedule length for a given network size.
What Life Could Mean to You: The Psychology of Personal Development

FOREWORD by Rita Udall 9 1 THE MEANING OF LIFE 15 2 MIND AND BODY 33 3 FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY AND SUPERIORITY 52 4 EARLY MEMORIES 69 5 DREAMS 86 6 FAMILY INFLUENCES 107 7 SCHOOL INFLUENCES 135 8 ADOLESCENCE 156 9 CRIME AND ITS PREVENTION 168 10 THE PROBLEM OF WORK 198 11 THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY 209 12 LOVE AND MARRIAGE 219 GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 239 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 INDEX 242
Chronic illness in adolescents: Transfer or transition to adult services?

It is widely believed that the improved survival of young people with chronic diseases will be associated with the development of appropriate services within the adult healthcare domain. There is, however, little evidence to suggest that this is happening at a rate commensurate with clinical requirements. This paper highlights the multiplicity of barriers that impede the development of transition services to facilitate the transfer of medical care from the paediatric to the adult domain. Different models of transition care are described, and the terms ‘transfer’ and ‘transition’ are differentiated. The clinical demand for service development is highlighted, as well as the need for specific research in this area of healthcare delivery.
Rapid Fluctuations in Rat Barrel Cortex Plasticity

Neuronal populations in the sensory cortex exhibit fluctuations in excitability, and the present experiments tested the hypothesis that these variations coincide with peaks and troughs in cortical modifiability. The activity of multiunit neuronal clusters under light urethane anesthesia was recorded through 100-microelectrode arrays implanted in the infragranular layers of rat barrel cortex. Spontaneous activity was characterized by “bursts” of spikes, synchronized across the barrel cortex. This allowed activity at one selected electrode to be taken as a reliable monitor of widespread cortical bursts. We used spikes at the selected electrode to trigger stimulation of two pairs of whiskers during a 50 min conditioning procedure: (1) for the “burst-conditioned” whisker pair, each stimulus was delivered 1 msec after the triggering spike, activating cortex coincident with the burst; and (2) for the “interburst-conditioned” whisker pair, each stimulus was delivered 300 msec after the triggering spike, activating cortex during the trough between bursts. The cross-correlation between cortical neurons in the pairs of columns matching the stimulated whisker pairs was estimated after the termination of the conditioning procedure. Conditioning produced a twofold increase in the degree of co-firing between infragranular neurons in columns receiving burst-conditioned costimulation but no significant change in connectivity between infragranular neurons in columns receiving interburst-conditioned costimulation, although the two pairs of columns received an equal number of sensory inputs. These findings suggest that the strength of co-activity between columns in the barrel cortex can be modified by sensory input patterns during discrete, intermittent intervals time-locked to bursts.
Interleukin 10 inhibits transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) synthesis required for osteogenic commitment of mouse bone marrow cells

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) suppressed TGF-beta synthesis in mouse bone marrow cultures. Coincidingly, IL-10 down-regulated the production of bone proteins including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen and osteocalcin, and the formation of mineralized extracellular matrix. The mAb 1D11.16 which neutralizes TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, induced suppressive effects comparable to IL-10 when administered before the increase of cell proliferation in the culture. It appears that mainly TGF-beta 1 plays a role in this system since (a) TGF-beta 2 levels were undetectable in supernatants from osteogenic cultures, (b) no effect was observed when the anti-TGF-beta 2 neutralizing mAb 4C7.11 was added and (c) the suppressive effect of IL-10 could be reversed by adding exogenous TGF-beta 1. It is unlikely that TGF-beta 1 modulates osteogenic differentiation by changing the proliferative potential of marrow cells since 1D11.16 did not affect [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation or the number of fibroblast colony forming cells (CFU-F) which harbor the osteoprogenitor cell population. Furthermore, 1D11.16 did not alter [3H]TdR uptake by the cloned osteoprogenitor cell lines MN7 and MC3T3. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that IL-10 and 1D11.16 induced comparable morphological changes in the marrow cultures. Control cultures contained flat adherent cells embedded in a mineralized matrix. In contrast, IL-10 and 1D11.16 treated cultures were characterized by round non-adherent cells and the absence of a mineralized matrix. In this study, the mechanism by which IL-10 suppresses the osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow was identified as inhibition of TGF-beta 1 production which is essential for osteogenic commitment of bone marrow cells.
Real-time adaptive automation for performance enhancement of operators in a human-machine system

This paper presents a new framework for studies into the on-line monitoring and adaptive control of psychophysiological markers relating to human operators working under stress. The starting point of this framework is the assessment of compromised operator functional state (OFS) using physiological and behavioral markers of strain. A fuzzy model linking Heart-Rate Variability (HRV) and Task Load Index (TLI) with the operators' optimal performance has been elicited and validated via a series of real-time experiments involving process control tasks simulated on an Automation- Enhanced Cabin Air Management System (AUTOCAMS). The model predicts the possibility that AUTOCAMS will drift to an abnormality because of the operator's poor level of mental control, as a result of fatigue from exhausting workload. The elicited model has been used as the basis for an on-line control system, whereby the model predictions which indicate whether the actual system is in error, or not, have been used by a handcrafted fuzzy decision-maker to modify the level of automation which the system may operate under. Preliminary results showed that the system was partially effective for most of the operators tested, but there were large individual differences.
Qualitocracy: A data quality collaborative framework applied to citizen science

Citizen science projects generally use the Web platform to promote scientific research and recruit volunteers to assist them. Through a crowdsourcing platform, a large amount of data is submitted and some factors may lead the scientific community to doubt the seriousness of some projects. This may be due to the unreliability of data collected on a voluntary basis and the absence of criteria for quality control of the submitted data. Our main research goal is to propose a collaborative framework for improving data quality. By associating data quality dimensions to scientists through a voting network, we aim to create a continuous process for data quality validation.
Ventilation rates and moisture-related allergens in UK dwellings

Recent studies show that the UK is one of the countries with the highest asthma prevalence worldwide. It has been suggested that the trend towards the reduction of domestic ventilation rates for energy-efficiency reasons has resulted in poor indoor air quality and may represent a causal factor for the high asthma prevalence in the UK. This study firstly aims to assess whether a link exists between asthma and low ventilation rates in housing. Secondly, the study aims to establish the minimum ventilation rate required in a dwelling in order to control levels of moisture-related pollutants (dust mites, mould) and therefore reduce the number of respiratory hazards. The work was funded by the UK Government\\\'s Building Regulations Research Programme. An extensive review was performed of the UK and overseas published information on the links between asthma and domestic ventilation rates. The study also included an analysis of existing UK data sets where respiratory health, mould growth and housing characteristics were surveyed. In addition, the study involved theoretical modeling of a typical UK dwelling, to predict the impact that changes in ventilation rates will have on house dust mite (HDM) in a bed and on mould growth. The literature review has highlighted that most existing data is inadequate for conclusions to be drawn regarding the direct association between ventilation rates and respiratory problems. For moisture-related pollutants the literature offers some advice on the minimum ventilation rates required to reduce pollutants levels. The analysis of existing UK data sets has not revealed any significant direct links between ventilation, respiratory health and moisture-related pollutants. The results of the theoretical modeling indicate that in most cases 0.5 ach-1 is required to avoid mould growth but a significantly higher ventilation rate (0.8 ach-1) may be required to control mites? growth. Most current guidance on domestic ventilation is based on the assumption that if adequate ventilation is provided for avoiding mould growth, then other IAQ problems will be contained. This study indicates that this may not be the case. In order to fully evaluate the direct link between asthma and low ventilation rates in the UK, a large scale prospective study is needed, where indoor pollutants, respiratory health indicators, air-tightness and ventilation rates are all adequately measured.
Dexterous manipulation in multi-degree-of-freedom based on modal-space disturbance compensation

This paper defines “modal space disturbance”, which is the position error of between environment in real world and virtual system in modal space. The virtual system motions are abstracted by using mode quarry matrix. In addition, this paper proposes “modal space disturbance observer” which estimates modal space disturbance. An estimate value of modal space disturbance is calculated, it becomes possible to compensate modal space disturbance. Moreover, when propose method is used, it is possible to compensate the position error of between unknown system and environment without calculating complicated arrangement of system. The experimental results show the viability of the proposed method.
Psychological Stress Compromises CD8+ T Cell Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infections1

Recurrent HSV-1 ocular disease results from reactivation of latent virus in trigeminal ganglia, often following immunosuppression or exposure to a variety of psychological or physical stressors. HSV-specific CD8+ T cells can block HSV-1 reactivation from latency in ex vivo trigeminal ganglia cultures through production of IFN-γ. In this study, we establish that either CD8+ T cell depletion or exposure to restraint stress permit HSV-1 to transiently escape from latency in vivo. Restraint stress caused a reduction of TG-resident HSV-specific CD8+ T cells and a functional compromise of those cells that survive. Together, these effects of stress resulted in an approximate 65% reduction of cells capable of producing IFN-γ in response to reactivating virus. Our findings demonstrate persistent in vivo regulation of latent HSV-1 by CD8+ T cells, and strongly support the concept that stress induces HSV-1 reactivation from latency at least in part by compromising CD8+ T cell surveillance of latently infected neurons.
Computation of biochemical pathway fluctuations beyond the linear noise approximation using iNA

The linear noise approximation is commonly used to obtain intrinsic noise statistics for biochemical networks. These estimates are accurate for networks with large numbers of molecules. However it is well known that many biochemical networks are characterized by at least one species with a small number of molecules. We here describe version 0.3 of the software intrinsic Noise Analyzer (iNA) which allows for accurate computation of noise statistics over wide ranges of molecule numbers. This is achieved by calculating the next order corrections to the linear noise approximation's estimates of variance and covariance of concentration fluctuations. The efficiency of the methods is significantly improved by automated just-in-time compilation using the LLVM framework leading to a fluctuation analysis which typically outperforms that obtained by means of exact stochastic simulations. iNA is hence particularly well suited for the needs of the computational biology community.
A framework for sharing handwritten notes

NotePals is an ink-based, collaborative note taking application that runs on personal digital assistants (PDAs). Meeting participants write notes in their own handwriting on a PDA. These notes are shared with other participants by synchronizing later with a shared note repository that can be viewed using a desktop-based web browser. NotePals is distinguished by its lightweight process, interface, and hardware. This demonstration illustrates the design of two different NotePals clients and our web-based note browser.
HATP: An HTN Planner for Robotics

Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning is a popular approach that cuts down on the classical planning search space by relying on a given hierarchical library of domain control knowledge. This provides an intuitive methodology for specifying high-level instructions on how robots and agents should perform tasks, while also giving the planner enough flexibility to choose the lower-level steps and their ordering. In this paper we present the HATP (Hierarchical Agent-based Task Planner) planning framework which extends the traditional HTN planning domain representation and semantics by making them more suitable for roboticists, and treating agents as "first class" entities in the language. The former is achieved by allowing "social rules" to be defined which specify what behaviour is acceptable/unacceptable by the agents/robots in the domain, and interleaving planning with geometric reasoning in order to validate online -with respect to a detailed geometric 3D world- the human/robot actions currently being pursued by HATP.
Tallness and overweight during childhood have opposing effects on breast cancer risk

Using birth and school health records we studied how weight and height during childhood affect breast cancer risk among 3447 women born during 1924–33 at the University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland. Through linkages with the National Hospital Discharge Registry and the Cause of Death Registry we identified177 women who during 1971–1995 had been admitted to hospital with breast cancer, of whom 49 had died from the disease. Of these, 135 (76%) were aged 50 years or more at the time of diagnosis, and therefore likely to have been post-menopausal. Hazard ratios for breast cancer rose with increasing weight and length at birth, though neither trend was statistically significant. At each age, from 7 to 15 years, the girls who later developed breast cancer were on average taller and had lower body mass than the other girls. Unadjusted hazard ratios rose across the range of height (P = 0.01 at age 7 years) and fell across the range of body mass index (P = 0.009 at age 7 years). In a simultaneous analysis the hazard ratio for breast cancer was 1.27 (95% CI 0.97–1.78, P = 0.08) for every kilogram increase in birth weight and 1.21 (95% CI 1.06–1.38, P = 0.004) for every kg/m2 decrease in body mass index at 7. Our findings indicate that tallness in childhood is associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. One possible explanation is persisting high plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factors in talll women. In contrast, we found that being overweight in childhood reduces breast cancer risk. The increased adipose tissue-derived oestrogen levels in overweight children could induce early breast differentiation and eliminate some targets for malignant transformation. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer. com
Recurrent Turnover of Chromosome-Specific Satellites in Drosophila

Repetitive DNA are DNA sequences that are repeated multiple times in the genome and normally considered nonfunctional. Several studies predict that the rapid evolution of chromosome-specific satellites led to hybrid incompatibilities and speciation. Interestingly, in Drosophila, the X and dot chromosomes share a unique and noteworthy property: They are identified by chromosome-specific binding proteins and they are particularly involved in genetic incompatibilities between closely related species. Here, I show that the X and dot chromosomes are overpopulated by certain repetitive elements that undergo recurrent turnover in Drosophila species. The portion of the X and dot chromosomes covered by such satellites is up to 52 times and 44 times higher than in other chromosomes, respectively. In addition, the newly evolved X chromosome in D. pseudoobscura (the chromosomal arm XR) has been invaded by the same satellite that colonized the ancestral X chromosome (chromosomal arm XL), whereas the autosomal homologs in other species remain mostly devoid of satellites. Contrarily, the Müller element F in D. ananassae, homolog to the dot chromosome in D. melanogaster, has no overrepresented DNA sequences compared with any other chromosome. The biology and evolutionary patterns of the characterized satellites suggest that they provide both chromosomes with some kind of structural identity and are exposed to natural selection. The rapid satellite turnover fits some speciation models and may explain why these two chromosomes are typically involved in hybrid incompatibilities.
In Silico Analysis of Six Known Leishmania major Antigens and In Vitro Evaluation of Specific Epitopes Eliciting HLA-A2 Restricted CD8 T Cell Response

Background As a potent CD8+ T cell activator, peptide vaccine has found its way in vaccine development against intracellular infections and cancer, but not against leishmaniasis. The first step toward a peptide vaccine is epitope mapping of different proteins according to the most frequent HLA types in a population. Methods and Findings Six Leishmania (L.) major-related candidate antigens (CPB,CPC,LmsTI-1,TSA,LeIF and LPG-3) were screened for potential CD8+ T cell activating 9-mer epitopes presented by HLA-A*0201 (the most frequent HLA-A allele). Online software including SYFPEITHI, BIMAS, EpiJen, Rankpep, nHLApred, NetCTL and Multipred were used. Peptides were selected only if predicted by almost all programs, according to their predictive scores. Pan-A2 presentation of selected peptides was confirmed by NetMHCPan1.1. Selected peptides were pooled in four peptide groups and the immunogenicity was evaluated by in vitro stimulation and intracellular cytokine assay of PBMCs from HLA-A2+ individuals recovered from L. major. HLA-A2− individuals recovered from L. major and HLA-A2+ healthy donors were included as control groups. Individual response of HLA-A2+ recovered volunteers as percent of CD8+/IFN-γ+ T cells after in vitro stimulation against peptide pools II and IV was notably higher than that of HLA-A2− recovered individuals. Based on cutoff scores calculated from the response of HLA-A2− recovered individuals, 31.6% and 13.3% of HLA-A2+ recovered persons responded above cutoff in pools II and IV, respectively. ELISpot and ELISA results confirmed flow cytometry analysis. The response of HLA-A2− recovered individuals against peptide pools I and III was detected similar and even higher than HLA-A2+ recovered individuals. Conclusion Using in silico prediction we demonstrated specific response to LmsTI-1 (pool II) and LPG-3- (pool IV) related peptides specifically presented in HLA-A*0201 context. This is among the very few reports mapping L. major epitopes for human HLA types. Studies like this will speed up polytope vaccine idea towards leishmaniasis.