Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An EOF-Based Algorithm to Estimate Chlorophyll a Concentrations in Taihu Lake from MODIS Land-Band Measurements: Implications for Near Real-Time Applications and Forecasting Models

For near real-time water applications, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua are currently the only satellite instruments that can provide well-calibrated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance data over the global aquatic environments. However, TOA radiance data in the MODIS ocean bands over turbid atmosphere in east China often saturate, leaving only four land bands to use. In this study, an approach based on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis has been developed and validated to estimate chlorophyll a concentrations (Chla, μg/L) in surface waters of Taihu Lake, the third largest freshwater lake in China. The EOF approach analyzed the spectral variance of normalized Rayleigh-corrected reflectance (Rrc) data at 469, 555, 645, and 859 nm, and subsequently related that variance to Chla using 28 concurrent MODIS and field measurements. This empirical algorithm was then validated using another 30 independent concurrent MODIS and field measurements. Image analysis and radiative transfer simulations indicated that the algorithm appeared to be tolerant to aerosol perturbations, with unbiased RMS uncertainties of <80% for Chla ranging between 3 and 100 μg/L. Application of the algorithm to a total of 853 MODIS images between 2000 and 2013 under cloud-free conditions revealed spatial distribution patterns and seasonal changes that are consistent to previous findings based on floating algae mats. The current study can provide additional quantitative estimates of Chla that can be assimilated in an existing forecast model, which showed improved performance over the use of a previous Chla algorithm. However, the empirical nature, relatively large uncertainties, and limited number of spectral bands all point to the need of further improvement in data availability and accuracy with future satellite sensors.
Fructose:Glucose Ratios—A Study of Sugar Self-Administration and Associated Neural and Physiological Responses in the Rat

This study explored whether different ratios of fructose (F) and glucose (G) in sugar can engender significant differences in self-administration and associated neurobiological and physiological responses in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In Experiment 1, animals self-administered pellets containing 55% F + 45% G or 30% F + 70% G, and Fos immunoreactivity was assessed in hypothalamic regions regulating food intake and reward. In Experiment 2, rats self-administered solutions of 55% F + 42% G (high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)), 50% F + 50% G (sucrose) or saccharin, and mRNA of the dopamine 2 (D2R) and mu-opioid (MOR) receptor genes were assessed in striatal regions involved in addictive behaviors. Finally, in Experiment 3, rats self-administered HFCS and sucrose in their home cages, and hepatic fatty acids were quantified. It was found that higher fructose ratios engendered lower self-administration, lower Fos expression in the lateral hypothalamus/arcuate nucleus, reduced D2R and increased MOR mRNA in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens core, respectively, as well as elevated omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver. These data indicate that a higher ratio of fructose may enhance the reinforcing effects of sugar and possibly lead to neurobiological and physiological alterations associated with addictive and metabolic disorders.
An analytical approach to Low Observable maintenance practices using simulation and marginal analysis

The F-22 Raptor is a unique aircraft with many technological advantages and superior capabilities. The aircraft's stealth capability is a function of many design aspects, including coatings that cover the outside of the aircraft and help mitigate radar detection. Maintaining these Low Observable coatings has its own set of challenges to include an inexperienced work force, time consuming procedures, and demanding maneuvers of a fifth generation fighter aircraft. Another challenge facing the F-22 fleet is low aircraft availability, where the aircraft is down for numerous reasons. Using a simulation built in ARENA, process improvements to Low Observable maintenance can be quantified with a goal of improving aircraft availability. One example of process improvements, the use of extra stock panels is tested in the simulation to see the potential marginal improvement to Aircraft Availability.
Operational risk management in financial institutions: Process assessment in concordance with Basel II

The improvement of banks' operational risk management frameworks concerns new requirements addressed in the Basel II Framework, a new capital adequacy regulation proposed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). Basel II will apply to internationally active banks and to all banks and investment firms in the EU via transposition of a new Directive into national regulations. By doing so, the national financial supervisory authority, Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg, and a public research centre, Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor (CRPHT), have engaged in a joint research project that investigates solutions conformant to ISO-IEC 15504 for assessing operational risk management frameworks implemented in banks. The ISO-IEC 15504 requirements can meet the CSSF's expectation on consistent, transparent and sound risk assessments, as well as the expectation on promoting enhancements in institutions' risk management practices without dictating the form or operational detail of their policies and practices. Moreover, although the domain is largely outside the scope of software and systems engineering, the ISO-IEC 15504 process assessment standard provides for an adequate solution to the so-called supervisory review process. This adequacy is validated through the structure of Basel II and financial domain requirements. Last but not least, we will show that ISO-IEC 15504 provides an adequate approach to assessing institutions in two sub-domains, namely, the domain of credit operational risk management and the domain of IT risk management (including IT security risks management). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Muslim prayer (Salat) on α electroencephalography and its relationship with autonomic nervous system activity.

OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effect of Muslim prayer (salat) on the α relative power (RPα) of electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic nervous activity and the relationship between them by using spectral analysis of EEG and heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS Thirty healthy Muslim men participated in the study. Their electrocardiograms and EEGs were continuously recorded before, during, and after salat practice with a computer-based data acquisition system (MP150, BIOPAC Systems Inc., Camino Goleta, California). Power spectral analysis was conducted to extract the RPα and HRV components. RESULTS During salat, a significant increase (p<.05) was observed in the mean RPα in the occipital and parietal regions and in the normalized unit of high-frequency (nuHF) power of HRV (as a parasympathetic index). Meanwhile, the normalized unit of low-frequency (nuLF) power and LF/HF of HRV (as sympathetic indices) decreased according to HRV analyses. RPα showed a significant positive correlation in the occipital and parietal electrodes with nuHF and significant negative correlations with nuLF and LF/HF. CONCLUSIONS During salat, parasympathetic activity increased and sympathetic activity decreased. Therefore, regular salat practices may help promote relaxation, minimize anxiety, and reduce cardiovascular risk.
A Visualization and Level-of-Detail Control Technique for Large Scale Time Series Data

We have various interesting time series data in our daily life, such as weather data (e.g., temperature and air pressure)and stock prices. Polyline chart is one of the most common ways to represent such time series data. We often draw multiple polylines in one space to compare the time variation of multiple values. However, it is often difficult to read the values if the number of polylines gets larger. This paper presents a technique for visualization and level-of-detail control of large number of time series data. The technique generates clusters of time series values,and selects representative values for each cluster, as a preprocessing. The technique then draws the representative values as polylines. It also provides a user interface so that users can interactively select interesting representatives,and explore the time series values which belong to the clusters of the representatives.
Differing Growth Responses of Major Phylogenetic Groups of Marine Bacteria to Natural Phytoplankton Blooms in the Western North Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT Growth and productivity of phytoplankton substantially change organic matter characteristics, which affect bacterial abundance, productivity, and community structure in aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed bacterial community structures and measured activities inside and outside phytoplankton blooms in the western North Pacific Ocean by using bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (BIC-FISH). Roseobacter/Rhodobacter, SAR11, Betaproteobacteria, Alteromonas, SAR86, and Bacteroidetes responded differently to changes in organic matter supply. Roseobacter/Rhodobacter bacteria remained widespread, active, and proliferating despite large fluctuations in organic matter and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations. The relative contribution of Bacteroidetes to total bacterial production was consistently high. Furthermore, we documented the unexpectedly large contribution of Alteromonas to total bacterial production in the bloom. Bacterial abundance, productivity, and growth potential (the proportion of growing cells in a population) were significantly correlated with Chl-a and particulate organic carbon concentrations. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that organic matter supply was critical for determining bacterial community structures. The growth potential of each bacterial group as a function of Chl-a concentration showed a bell-shaped distribution, indicating an optimal organic matter concentration to promote growth. The growth of Alteromonas and Betaproteobacteria was especially strongly correlated with organic matter supply. These data elucidate the distinctive ecological role of major bacterial taxa in organic matter cycling during open ocean phytoplankton blooms.
Genetic polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility of breast cancer in Korean women.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in Western countries, and its prevalence is also increasing in Asia. The major risk factor for breast cancer can be traced to reproductive events that influence the lifetime levels of hormones. However, a large percentage of breast cancer cases cannot, be explained by these risk factors. The identification of susceptibility factors that predispose individuals to breast cancer (for instance, if they are exposed to particular environmental agents) could possibly give further insight into the etiology of this malignancy and provide targets for the future development of therapeutics. The most interesting candidate genes include those that mediate a range of functions. These include carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, steroid hormone metabolism, signal transduction, and cell cycle control. we conducted a hospital-based case-control study on South Korea to evaluate the potential modifying role of the genetic pollymprphisms of selected low penetrance gens that are involved carcinogen metabolisms (i.e., CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1/T1/P1, NAT1/2, etc.), estrogen synthesis and metabolism (i.e., CYP19, CYP17, CYP1B1, COMT, ER-alpha, etc.), DNA repair (i.e., XRCC1/3, ERCC2/4, ATM, AGT, etc.), and signal transduction as well as others (i.e., TGF- beta, IGF-1, TNF- beta, IL-1B, IL-1RN, etc.). We also took into account the potential interaction between these and the known risk factors of breast cancer. The results of selected genes will be presented in this mini-review.
A high image rejection E-band sub-harmonic IQ demodulator with low power consumption in 90-nm CMOS process

This paper presents an E-band I/Q demodulator in 90-nm CMOS process. The demodulator attains −3-dB conversion gain with only 26.6-mW power consumption and 4-dBm LO power by adopting push-push based sub-harmonic mixers with a tunable 45 ° power divider. With the amplitude and phase calibration mechanism, the demodulator achieves outstanding IRR higher than 40 dBc from 76 to 88 GHz, and demonstrates gigabit data rate transmission of 8.2% EVM 16-QAM modulation. This demodulator exists competitive performance whatever in conversion gain, LO power, modulation quality or power consumption compared with other published MMW demodulators.
Security study of keyed DNA data embedding

The emergent field of DNA data embedding has, in the past decade, seen the proposal of many methods to encode data in the genome of living organisms. These algorithms have primarily focused on incorporating error correction into encoded data. However the security aspects of data encoded in DNA have generally been overlooked. As with any data hiding method, information encoded in DNA can be protected with a secret key known only to authorized individuals. While there have been suggestions to incorporate keys, no well defined functions for mapping keys to parameters have been proposed yet. Furthermore there have been no security analyses of keyed DNA data embedding methods, in terms of quantifying how difficult it is for an attacker to find the key. In this paper, modifications to incorporate secret keys into a prominent embedding algorithm are proposed, and the security is analysed under realistic attack scenarios. The algorithm to be modified, called BioCode ncDNA has been proposed by us, and is designed for encoding data in vivo (in the cells of living organism) with high biocompatibility and near-optimum embedding rate.
Testing Identity of Structured Distributions

We study the question of identity testing for structured distributions. More precisely, given samples from a {\em structured} distribution $q$ over $[n]$ and an explicit distribution $p$ over $[n]$, we wish to distinguish whether $q=p$ versus $q$ is at least $\epsilon$-far from $p$, in $L_1$ distance. In this work, we present a unified approach that yields new, simple testers, with sample complexity that is information-theoretically optimal, for broad classes of structured distributions, including $t$-flat distributions, $t$-modal distributions, log-concave distributions, monotone hazard rate (MHR) distributions, and mixtures thereof.
Inhibition of PDGF receptor signaling in tumor stroma enhances antitumor effect of chemotherapy.

Lowering of tumor interstitial hypertension, which acts as a barrier for tumor transvascular transport, has been proposed as a general strategy to enhance tumor uptake and therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs. The tyrosine kinase platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta-receptor is one mediator of tumor hypertension. The effects of PDGF antagonists on chemotherapy response were investigated in two tumor models that display PDGF receptor expression restricted to the tumor stroma, and in which PDGF antagonists relieve tumor hypertension. Inhibitory PDGF aptamers and the PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 enhanced the antitumor effect of Taxol on s.c. KAT-4 tumors in SCID mice. Treatment with only PDGF antagonists had no effect on tumor growth. Taxol uptake in tumors was increased by treatment with PDGF antagonists. Cotreatment with PDGF antagonists and Taxol was not associated with antiangiogenic effects, and PDGF antagonists did not enhance the Taxol effect on in vitro growth of KAT-4 cells. STI571 also increased the antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil on s.c. PROb tumors in syngeneic BDIX rats, without increasing the effect of 5-fluorouracil on cultured PROb cells. Expression of PDGF receptors in tumor stroma, as well as tumor hypertension, occurs in most common solid tumors. Therefore, our results have implications for treatment regimens for large patient groups and merit clinical testing. In conclusion, our study identifies inhibition of PDGF signaling in tumor stroma as a novel, possibly general strategy for enhancement of the therapeutic effects chemotherapy.
The 17-Gene Ethanolamine (eut) Operon ofSalmonella typhimurium Encodes Five Homologues of Carboxysome Shell Proteins

ABSTRACT The eut operon of Salmonella typhimuriumencodes proteins involved in the cobalamin-dependent degradation of ethanolamine. Previous genetic analysis revealed six eutgenes that are needed for aerobic use of ethanolamine; one (eutR), encodes a positive regulator which mediates induction of the operon by vitamin B12 plus ethanolamine. The DNA sequence of the eut operon included 17 genes, suggesting a more complex pathway than that revealed genetically. We have correlated an open reading frame in the sequence with each of the previously identified genes. Nonpolar insertion and deletion mutations made with the Tn10-derived transposable element T-POP showed that at least 10 of the 11 previously undetected eutgenes have no Eut phenotype under the conditions tested. Of the dispensable eut genes, five encode apparent homologues of proteins that serve (in other organisms) as shell proteins of the carboxysome. This bacterial organelle, found in photosynthetic and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, may contribute to CO2 fixation by concentrating CO2 and excluding oxygen. The presence of these homologues in the eut operon ofSalmonella suggests that CO2 fixation may be a feature of ethanolamine catabolism in Salmonella.
Revenue Maximization for Communication Networks with Usage-Based Pricing

We study the optimal usage-based pricing problem in a resource-bounded network with one profit-maximizing service provider and multiple groups of surplus-maximizing users. We first analytically derive the optimal pricing mechanism that the service provider maximizes the service provider's revenue under complete network information. Then we consider the incomplete information case, and propose two incentive compatible pricing schemes that achieve different complexity and performance tradeoff. Finally, by properly combining the two pricing schemes, we can show that it is possible to maintain a very small revenue loss (e.g., 0.5% in a two-group case) without knowing detailed information of each user in the network.
Restoration of Nitric Oxide Availability After Calcium Antagonist Treatment in Essential Hypertension

Essential hypertension is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation caused by oxygen free radical–induced nitric oxide (NO) breakdown. Because calcium antagonists can improve endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension, in this study we tested the hypothesis that this beneficial effect could be related to restoration of NO availability by antioxidant properties. In 15 healthy subjects and 15 hypertensive patients, we studied forearm blood flow (strain-gauge plethysmography) modifications induced by intrabrachial acetylcholine (ACh; 0.15, 0.45, 1.5, 4.5, and 15 &mgr;g/100 mL per minute), an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in basal conditions, during infusion of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA, 100 &mgr;g/100 mL forearm tissue per minute), an NO-synthase inhibitor, vitamin C (8 mg/100 mL forearm tissue per minute), and finally, simultaneous infusion of L-NMMA and vitamin C. The response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1, 2, and 4 &mgr;g/100 mL forearm tissue per minute) was also evaluated. In control subjects, vasodilation to ACh was inhibited by L-NMMA and not changed by vitamin C. In hypertensive patients, vasodilation to ACh was blunted as compared with control subjects and resistant to L-NMMA. Vitamin C, which decreased plasma isoprostanes and increased plasma antioxidant capacity, increased the response to ACh and restored the inhibiting effect of L-NMMA. In hypertensive patients, the study was repeated after 3-month treatment with nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (30 to 60 mg/daily). Nifedipine treatment decreased circulating plasma lipoperoxides and isoprostanes and increased plasma antioxidant capacity. Moreover, nifedipine increased the vasodilation to ACh but not to SNP and restored the inhibiting effect of L-NMMA on ACh-induced vasodilation, whereas vitamin C no longer exerted its facilitating activity. These results indicate that nifedipine increases endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring NO availability, an effect probably determined by antioxidant activity.
Acetaminophen Toxicity

In January 2014, the FDA issued a statement that combination prescription pain relievers that contain more than 325 mg of acetaminophen per tablet, capsule, or other dosage unit should no longer be prescribed because of a risk of liver damage. Cases of severe liver injury have been reported in patients who took more than the prescribed dose of an acetaminophen-containing product in a 24-hour period, took 2 or more acetaminophen-containing products simultaneously, or combined alcohol with acetaminophen products. [1, 2]
Molecular cloning of Xenopus fibrillarin, a conserved U3 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein recognized by antisera from humans with autoimmune disease

Autoantibodies against U3 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein are associated with scleroderma autoimmune disease. They were shown to react with fibrillarin, a 34- to 36-kilodalton protein that has been detected in all eukaryotes tested from humans to yeasts. We isolated a 1.6-kilobase cDNA encoding fibrillarin from a Xenopus laevis cDNA library. The protein contains a 79-residue-long Gly-Arg-rich domain in its N-terminal region and a putative RNA-binding domain with ribonucleoprotein consensus sequence in its central portion. This is the first report of cloning of fibrillarin, and the deduced protein sequence is in agreement with the involvement of the protein in a ribonucleoprotein particle.
Estimating Fluid Local Velocity within a Novel 3D Collagen Matrix Perfusion System

Traditional cell culture, performed on flat surfaces under static conditions, does not accurately represent physiologic conditions. As an alternative, groups have applied interstitial fluid flow (0.12.0 μm/s) through a 3D cell-embedded extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells sense the flow via mechanotransduction, a process by which cells sense mechanical forces and resultantly respond with biochemical signaling. Previous work demonstrates enhanced cell morphogenesis under interstitial flow conditions. However, fluid flow is poorly described within these systems, stressing the need for a well-characterized 3D interstitial flow system. Understanding fluid mechanics within a perfusion system will help elucidate cellular response to flowinduced mechanical forces. The objective of this study was to quantify the fluid flow velocity through a controlled ECM. The changes in the collagen concentration are directly related to the fibril density of the collagen (stiffness). A fluorescent Rhodamine solution was pumped at a constant flow rate through a collagen matrixcontaining chamber. The resulting flow front was visualized at the center of the chamber using a fluorescent microscope. A Matlab program was developed to track the light intensity between time points to provide measures of flow velocity.