Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Musical Score Characteristics for Automatic Classification of Composers

Although humans can distinguish between different types of music, automated music classification is a great challenge. Within the last decade, numerous studies have been conducted on the subject, using both audio and score analysis (Kranenburg and Baker 2004; Manaris et al. 2005; Laurier and Herrera 2007; Weihs et al. 2007; Raphael 2008; Laurier et al. 2009). The classifications in these studies were done mostly by inference methods and/or machine-learning methods. The results have been quite modest (Kranenburg and Baker 2004; Laurier et al. 2009). As music can be classified in many ways, studies have focused on diverse classification targets. Kranenburg and Baker (2004) have shown that it is possible to automatically recognize musical style from compositions of five well known 18thcentury composers. Numerous algorithms have been proposed to detect important musical features (melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic) with data mining and machine-learning techniques in large corpora of scores (Hartmann et al. 2007). Geertzen and Zaanen (2008) presented an approach to automatic composer recognition based on learning recurring patterns in music by grammatical inference. Music can be represented in audio or as notation. Existing classification studies encode features with different representations. Clearly, the nature of the representation is a major determinant of the success of the classification. Therefore, the difficulty that present approaches have in classifying composers by their compositions stems from using features that do not sufficently capture the differences between the composers. Manaris et al. (2005), using a new set of features (metrics), achieved a classification accuracy of 94 percent for five composers. Their experiments, however, seem questionable: They performed only one holdout test instead of multiple cross-validation
Genetic and clinical characteristics of skeletal and cardiac muscle in patients with lamin A/C gene mutations

Alterations of the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene are associated with different clinical entities, including disorders that affect skeletal and cardiac muscle, peripheral nerves, metabolism, bones, and disorders that cause premature aging. In this article we review the clinical and genetic characteristics of cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases related to alterations in the LMNA gene. There is no single explanation of how LMNA gene alterations may cause these disorders; however, important goals have been achieved in understanding the pathogenic effects of LMNA gene mutations on cardiac and skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve, 48: 161–170, 2013
The Place of Inference within the Evidential System

Cet article traite de la categorie evidentielle d'inference qui est la facon grammaticalisee de montrer que le locuteur fait son enonce base sur la deduction de faits et non pas sur une observation directe de l'action elle-meme. Cette categorie evidentielle est designee sous le nom d'evidentialite inferentielle. En turuya, une langue tucano, comme dans beaucoup d'autres langues, l'inference grammaticalisee est exprimee au moyen de suffixes verbaux alors que dans d'autres langues comme le tepehuan du sud-est, ce sont les particules qui sont utilisees pour l'exprimer. Dans cette etude, l'A. examine le role que l'inference joue dans le systeme general de l'evidentialite.
Tool Support for the Interactive Derivation of Formally Correct Functional Programs

This paper describes the program transformation system Ultra . T he in- tended use of Ultra is to assist programmers in the formal derivation of correct and ef- ficient programs from high-level descriptive or operational specifications. We illustrate its utility by deriving a version of the Heapsort algorithm from a non-deterministic specification. Ultra supports equational reasoning about functional programs using defining equa- tions, algebraic laws of underlying data structures, and transformation rules. The sys- tem does not only support modifying terms, but is also useful for bookkeeping and development-navigating tasks. The most salient features of Ultra are its sound theoretical foundation, its extendabil- ity, its flexible and convenient way to express transformation tasks, its comfortable user interface, and its lean and portable implementation. Ultra itself is written in the functional language Gofer.
Distributed Text Retrieval From Overlapping Collections

In standard text retrieval systems, the documents are gathered and indexed on a single server. In distributed information retrieval (DIR), the documents are held in multiple collections; answers to queries are produced by selecting the collections to query and then merging results from these collections. However, in most prior research in the area, collections are assumed to be disjoint. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of different combinations of server selection and result merging algorithms in the presence of duplicates. We also test our hash-based method for efficiently detecting duplicates and near-duplicates in the lists of documents returned by collections. Our results, based on two different designs of test data, indicate that some DIR methods are more likely to return duplicate documents, and show that removing such redundant documents can have a significant impact on the final search effectiveness.
Power Harvesting System in Mobile Phones and Laptops using Piezoelectric Charge Generation

This paper targets the transformation of mechanical energy to electrical energy using piezoelectric materials. With piezoelectric materials, it is possible to harvest power from vibrating structures. It has been proven that, micro to milliwatts of power can be generated from vibrating materials. In gadgets like mobile phones, television remotes, laptops and other devices which employ key depressions for operation, mechanical vibrations are produced while pressing the keys. If these vibrations are successfully harvested, the resulting energy could serve as an ancillary source of energy for charging the batteries. This paper presents a model of piezoelectric transducer for a gadget like, mobile phone, prototype of the power scavenging circuit, and the overall circuit for charging the mobile battery using the generated energy.
Accurate Tools for Analyzing the Behavior of Impulse Noise Reduction Filters in Color Images

Effective cancellation of noise and preservation of color/structural information are features of paramount importance for any filter devoted to impulse noise removal in color images. In this paper novel full-reference tools for analyzing the behavior of this family of filters are presented. The proposed approach is based on the classification of color errors into two main classes that separately take into account the inaccuracy in removing noise pulses and the filtering distortion. The distortion errors are then classified into two subclasses for a deeper analysis of the filtering behavior. Computer simulations show that the proposed method gives more accurate results than using other measures of filtering performance in the literature. Furthermore, the method can easily yield the spatial location of the different filtering features in the image.
Educational Mismatch, Work Outcomes, and Entry into Entrepreneurship

A growing body of research explores how employees’ organizational context shapes their entrepreneurial activity. We add to this work by examining how “educational mismatch”—when a job does not utilize the skills an employee has acquired during education—relates to subsequent transitions into entrepreneurship. While prior research has focused on mismatch due to labor market frictions, workers may also enter mismatches for other reasons, such as family obligations or a change in career interests. Different reasons, in turn, may relate in distinct ways to wages and job satisfaction and thus to the opportunity costs of entering entrepreneurship. Moreover, mismatch may also affect human capital development, including the formation of a broader range of skills that is beneficial in entrepreneurship. Using longitudinal data from over 25,000 scientists and engineers, we document a broad range of reasons for educational mismatch and show that the relationships between educational mismatch and wages, job satisfaction, and skill variety differ significantly depending upon the reason for a mismatch. Mismatched individuals are more likely to enter into entrepreneurship in a subsequent period, an effect that goes beyond higher labor mobility per se. Both lower opportunity costs—primarily low job satisfaction—and greater skill variety appear to link educational mismatch to subsequent entrepreneurship. We discuss implications for research, managers, and policy makers.
A Density-Dependent Switch Drives Stochastic Clustering and Polarization of Signaling Molecules

Positive feedback plays a key role in the ability of signaling molecules to form highly localized clusters in the membrane or cytosol of cells. Such clustering can occur in the absence of localizing mechanisms such as pre-existing spatial cues, diffusional barriers, or molecular cross-linking. What prevents positive feedback from amplifying inevitable biological noise when an un-clustered “off” state is desired? And, what limits the spread of clusters when an “on” state is desired? Here, we show that a minimal positive feedback circuit provides the general principle for both suppressing and amplifying noise: below a critical density of signaling molecules, clustering switches off; above this threshold, highly localized clusters are recurrently generated. Clustering occurs only in the stochastic regime, suggesting that finite sizes of molecular populations cannot be ignored in signal transduction networks. The emergence of a dominant cluster for finite numbers of molecules is partly a phenomenon of random sampling, analogous to the fixation or loss of neutral mutations in finite populations. We refer to our model as the “neutral drift polarity model. ” Regulating the density of signaling molecules provides a simple mechanism for a positive feedback circuit to robustly switch between clustered and un-clustered states. The intrinsic ability of positive feedback both to create and suppress clustering is a general mechanism that could operate within diverse biological networks to create dynamic spatial organization.
Behavioral Modeling of a Switched Reluctance Generator for Aircraft Power Systems

A system-level modeling technique for a switched reluctance generator (SRG) is described for aerospace applications. Unlike existing techniques, this model is very simple and only reproduces the average behavior of the input-output variables that are required for system-level analysis of the aircraft power distribution system. The model is parameterized from the measured generator response, avoiding the need for a detailed knowledge of the equipment structure, which may be unavailable. The modeling procedure is described in detail and validated by measurements on an SRG within an aircraft test facility.
Evaluating positive experiences of very severe dementia patients

We developed a Snoezelen application to promote the wellbeing of people with severe dementia. During a Snoezelen session, patients are provided with positive and pleasurable experiences, through a combination of visual, auditory, olfactory, and haptic stimuli. Because no measure to evaluate appreciation or enjoyment by this target group themselves could be found, a new observation measure was created and compared to existing proxy measures in a visual stimulation study based on the Snoezelen philosophy. This measure contains three domain scales, Attention, Arousal, and Valence; two (Attention and Arousal) were sensitive enough to capture an effect, or at least a trend towards an effect, of stimulus condition. This finding is seen as promising for the further development of these kinds of observational measures for testing designs for and with this target group.
Should excessive worry be required for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder? Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication

Background. Excessive worry is required by DSM-IV, but not ICD-10, for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). No large-scale epidemiological study has ever examined the implications of this requirement for estimates of prevalence, severity, or correlates of GAD. Method. Data were analyzed from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of adults in the USA household population that was fielded in 2001–2003. DSM-IV GAD was assessed with Version 3.0 of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Non-excessive worriers meeting all other DSM-IV criteria for GAD were compared with respondents who met full GAD criteria as well as with other survey respondents to consider the implications of removing the excessiveness requirement. Results. The estimated lifetime prevalence of GAD increases by ~40% when the excessiveness requirement is removed. Excessive GAD begins earlier in life, has a more chronic course, and is associated with greater symptom severity and psychiatric co-morbidity than non-excessive GAD. However, non-excessive cases nonetheless evidence substantial persistence and impairment of GAD, high rates of treatment-seeking, and significantly elevated co-morbidity compared with respondents without GAD. Non-excessive cases also have sociodemographic characteristics and familial aggregation of GAD comparable to excessive cases. Conclusions. Individuals who meet all criteria for GAD other than excessiveness have a somewhat milder presentation than those with excessive worry, yet resemble excessive worriers in a number of important ways. These findings challenge the validity of the excessiveness requirement and highlight the need for further research into the optimal definition of GAD.
Restrictive eligibility limits access to newer therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer: the implications of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4599.

BACKGROUND In a previous randomized phase II trial evaluating carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab in patients naive to chemotherapy with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), median survival ranged from 53 weeks to 76 weeks. Sudden life-threatening hemoptysis occurred in 6 of 66 patients receiving chemotherapy and bevacizumab; 4 episodes were fatal, all in patients with squamous cell histology. Squamous histology and bevacizumab therapy were the only factors associated with life-threatening hemorrhage. ECOG 4599 (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4599), a randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel and carboplatin with or without bevacizumab ultimately excluded patients with squamous histology as well as brain metastases, ongoing therapeutic anticoagulation/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antecedent hemoptysis, and performance status (PS) of 2. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis during a defined period to determine the proportion of patients with newly evaluated advanced NSCLC seen at Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC) who would have been eligible for ECOG 4599. We reviewed new thoracic oncology patient visits (n = 260) at FCCC scheduled with 6 medical oncologists from March 1, 2002, through August 8, 2002. RESULTS Forty-five patients had histology that made them ineligible (8 mesothelioma, 6 small-cell, 5 mixed histology, and 26 non-lung cancers). Of the remaining 215 patients with NSCLC, 8 had incomplete charts for review and 7 had stage I, 8 stage II, and 43 stage III NSCLC. Of the remaining 149 patients, 33 had received chemotherapy previously. Of the remaining 116, only 34 (29.3%) were eligible. Of 82 ineligible patients, 21 (25.6%) had PS > or = 2, 20 (24.3%) had central nervous system (CNS) metastases, 11 (13.4%) had squamous histology, 9 (10.9%) had therapeutic anticoagulation, and 21 (25.6%) had > or = 2 criteria (11 PS > or = 2/squamous histology; 3 PS > or = 2/CNS involvement; 2 PS > or = 2/anticoagulation, 2 CNS metastasis/anticoagulation, 2 PS > or = 2/squamous histology/anticoagulation, 1 PS > or = 2/squamous histology/CNS metastasis). Of 34 eligible patients, only 6 (17.6%) enrolled in the trial. CONCLUSION Based on the data reviewed, > 70% of patients who might otherwise have been eligible for standard advanced NSCLC trials were not candidates for ECOG 4599. Outcome with respect to this study must be interpreted in the context of eligibility restrictions.
Defining and Describing Whole Language

On February 18, 1989, the constitution of the Whole Language Umbrella, a confederation of whole-language support groups and individuals, was ratified in Winnipeg. This international organization is built on the beliefs and practices of whole-language learning and teaching. Such a powerful international educational force as whole language must be defined and described both for advocates and detractors. This article not only points out why the term needs to be defined but also why it is sometimes difficult to do so. Some educators' definitions of whole language are presented as a preface to my evolving definition. Although there is no such thing as an archetypical whole-language classroom, certain experiences consistently appear in whole-language learning communities: for example, reading of untampered texts, telling stories, student-generated writing, making personal and social connections to meaning, student choice and responsibility for learning, acceptance of errors, and always an emphasis on meaning. Such characteristic learning engagements are described along with some of the theoretical beliefs that support them. Finally, the question "Is it worth the effort? " is answered by a young language learner named Patty.
Birding Lessons and the Teachings of Cicadas.

This paper explores the ecological and pedagogical images hidden within a tale of the author's returning to the placed he was raised and going for a birding walk with some old friends. Resume Cet article explore les images ecologiques et pedagogiques cachees dans l'histoire de l'auteur qui revient aux lieux de son enfance et s'en va faire une randonnee d'observation des oiseaux avec quelques vieux amis. I went birding last summer with some old friends through the Southern Ontario summer forests where I was raised, crackling full of song-birds and head-high ferns and steamy heat. It was, as always, a great relief to return to this place from the clear airs of Alberta where I have lived for eleven years—academic, Faculty of Education, curriculum courses, practicum supervision in the often stuffy, unearthly confines of some elementary schools. As with every time I return here, it was once again a surprise to find how familiar it was, and to find how deeply I experience my new home in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains through these deeply buried bodily templates of my raising. It is as if I bear a sort of hidden ecological memory of the sensuous spells (Abram 1996) of the place on Earth into which I was born. How things smell, the racket of leaves turning on their stems, how my breath pulls this humid air, how birds songs combine, the familiar directions of sudden thundery winds, the rising insect drills of cicada tree buzzes that I remember so intimately, so immediately, that when they sound, it feels as if this place itself has remembered what I have forgotten, as if my own memory, my own raising, some of my own life, is stored up in these trees for safe keeping.
The TimeGeo modeling framework for urban mobility without travel surveys

Significance Individual mobility models are important in a wide range of application areas. Current mainstream urban mobility models require sociodemographic information from costly manual surveys, which are in small sample sizes and updated in low frequency. In this study, we propose an individual mobility modeling framework, TimeGeo, that extracts required features from ubiquitous, passive, and sparse digital traces in the information and communication technology era. The model is able to generate individual trajectories in high spatial–temporal resolutions, with interpretable mechanisms and parameters capturing heterogeneous individual travel choices. The modeling framework can flexibly adapt to input data with different resolutions, and be further extended for various modeling purposes. Well-established fine-scale urban mobility models today depend on detailed but cumbersome and expensive travel surveys for their calibration. Not much is known, however, about the set of mechanisms needed to generate complete mobility profiles if only using passive datasets with mostly sparse traces of individuals. In this study, we present a mechanistic modeling framework (TimeGeo) that effectively generates urban mobility patterns with resolution of 10 min and hundreds of meters. It ties together the inference of home and work activity locations from data, with the modeling of flexible activities (e.g., other) in space and time. The temporal choices are captured by only three features: the weekly home-based tour number, the dwell rate, and the burst rate. These combined generate for each individual: (i) stay duration of activities, (ii) number of visited locations per day, and (iii) daily mobility networks. These parameters capture how an individual deviates from the circadian rhythm of the population, and generate the wide spectrum of empirically observed mobility behaviors. The spatial choices of visited locations are modeled by a rank-based exploration and preferential return (r-EPR) mechanism that incorporates space in the EPR model. Finally, we show that a hierarchical multiplicative cascade method can measure the interaction between land use and generation of trips. In this way, urban structure is directly related to the observed distance of travels. This framework allows us to fully embrace the massive amount of individual data generated by information and communication technologies (ICTs) worldwide to comprehensively model urban mobility without travel surveys.
Existentialist Ethics: From Nietzsche to Sartre and Beyond

Ethics are, of course, a fundamental part of professional practice. There are different philosophical schools of thought relating to ethics and, although there are often degrees of overlap, they are characterized more by difference than harmony. Among these philosophical schools, one school that has received relatively little attention in the professional literature (and a waning level of interest in the philosophical literature) is that of existentialism. This article outlines some of the main points of ethical theory in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, one of the founders of existentialist thought, and Jean-Paul Sartre, the best known of the existentialist thinkers, as well as other contributors to existentialist thought. Possible developments in existentialist ethical theory since the time of Sartre are also sketched out, and these are linked to contemporary social work concerns.
The Accountability Paradox in an Age of Reinvention

The rapidly expanding literature on accountability reveals a centrally important paradox: Responsible interpretation and application of external accountability demands depends on the cultivation of the virtues that support good administrative judgment, but the institutions and mechanisms that are used to communicate these external standards, and that monitor compliance with them, often threaten the very qualities that support responsible judgment. Consulting a rich and varied literature, this paradox is explored as it emerges in both the more familiar compliance-based accountability processes and the less well-understood performance-based processes associated with reinvention and the new public management.