Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Necessity in Foreign Policy

In 432 B.C.E. , representatives from the Greek city-state of Sparta traveled to the oracle at Delphi to ask whether they should go to war over Athenian violations of the Thirty Years' Peace Treaty. After receiving a positive response, the Spartans convened a meeting of the Peloponnesian League to canvass the opinions of their allies. Delay not, urged the Corinthians. "We have arrived at the moment of necessity. "' Throughout the ages, many statesmen have echoed the Corinthians' call to action by justifying foreign policy undertakings with a rhetorical strategy and form of argument that appeals to the exigencies of necessity. Political realists, with their skepticism concerning the role of ethical considerations in policy deliberations, have been especially vocal in asserting that some policies are driven by unavoidable necessities. According to realist thought, under certain circumstances national leaders must act in ways that contravene moral norms. Their primary duty, notes George Kennan, is to the interests of the society they represent, not to the moral sensibilities of particular individuals within that society.2 "Ignoring one's interests, squandering one's resources in fits of altruism," adds
Relationship Marketing: Various Schools of thought and Future Research Agenda

Relationship Marketing has emerged in business and academia over the past three decade as a new marketing school of thought which aims at building a long lasting bonded relationship with customers by identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer needs and wants profitably. The ultimate goal is to build trusted, committed, satisfied and informed long term partner through continuous value creation. Thus increasing customer loyalty and retention. It is the view of the researcher that CRM as an idea is still evolving. Although it was developed as a major source of attain organizational objectives (eg. Profit maximization etc) through the marketing route, the focus has now transcended to a holistic approach involving the organizational functions collectively. This has well been reflected in the writings of Gronroos over the years, and also Morgan and Hunt, Gummesson, Lancaster and Harket amongst others. Having said that, the researcher also consends thatcommunicationplays a vital role in building relational and transactional exchanges. Organisations these days have to be sensitive enough to what the customer thinks about them as an entity, rather than just the products. Customers will hesitate to be supportive of those organization without any involvement in community affairs as reflected in the vitally important concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and CSR is now a crucial sub function of communication, because it boosts companys image and reputation. Morgan et al (2006) also pointed out the importance of CSR in relationship marketing. According to them customers will engage in relationship only with those organizations are socially responsible (Morgan et al, 2006, p-76). Indeed, this is reflected in corporate advocacy of many reputed organizations-Microsoft for example. The contention here is, therefore, CRM should be aligned with an organizations communication strategy. This paper examines the nature of Customer Relationship Marketing (CRM), its definitions in various business context, and various schools of thought based on existing literature. A holistic definition of CRM is established and seven (7) schools of thought have been discussed with major themes and contexts.
Media Makes Momentum

Relying on 2.2 million articles from forty-five national and local U.S. newspapers between 1989 and 2010, we find that firms particularly covered by the media exhibit, ceteris paribus, significantly stronger momentum. The effect depends on article tone, reverses in the long run, is more pronounced for stocks with high uncertainty, and is stronger in states with high investor individualism. Our findings suggest that media coverage can exacerbate investor biases, leading return predictability to be strongest for firms in the spotlight of public attention. These results collectively lend credibility to an overreaction-based explanation for the momentum effect.
Genetic Programming with Embedded Features of Symbolic Computations

Genetic programming is a methodology, widely used in data mining for obtaining the analytic form that describes a given experimental data set. In some cases, genetic programming is complemented by symbolic computations that simplify found expressions. We propose to unify the induction of genetic programming with the deduction of symbolic computations in one genetic algorithm. Our approach was implemented as the . NET library and successfully tested at various data mining problems: function approximation, invariants finding and classification.
Characterization of Cdc47p-minichromosome maintenance complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: identification of Cdc45p as a subunit

Cdc47p is a member of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) family of polypeptides, which have a role in the early stages of chromosomal DNA replication. Here, we show that Cdc47p assembles into stable complexes with two other members of the MCM family, Cdc46p and Mcm3p. The assembly of Cdc47p into complexes with Cdc46p does not appear to be cell cycle regulated, making it unlikely that these interactions per se are a rate-limiting step in the control of S phase. Cdc45p is also shown to interact with Cdc47p in vivo and to be a component of high-molecular-weight MCM complexes in cell lysates. Like MCM polypeptides, Cdc45p is essential for the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, Cdc45p remains in the nucleus throughout the cell cycle, whereas MCMs are nuclear only during G1. We characterize two mutations in CDC47 and CDC46 which arrest cells with unduplicated DNA as a result of single base substitutions. The corresponding amino acid substitutions in Cdc46p and Cdc47p severely reduce the ability of these polypeptides to assemble in a complex with each other in vivo and in vitro. This argues that assembly of Cdc47p into complexes with other MCM polypeptides is important for its role in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication.
Is the Fisher effect robust? Further evidence

New international evidence exists on the Fisher effect in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany and Canada over the modern (post-March 1973) floating exchange rate experience. Some puzzling data has been observed which suggests that the Fisher effect appears to be strong only for particular sample periods. It has also been reported in the literature that the Fisher effect is more likely in the long run, and that it is not common across economic regimes. This study sheds some light on these controversial issues taking advantage of more powerful tests for unit roots and cointegration. The findings for the Fisher effect contrast with previous results, especially those of Mishkin. The empirical results appear to accord with historical observations on interest rate movements in the five countries. Some important results are as follows: (1) the Fisher effect is not robust to policy changes; (2) there is strong evidence of a long-run Fisher effect for the United States, Germany, and Japan, but little evidence for the United Kingdom and Canada; (3) the short-run Fisher effect is only detected in Germany.
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Isolate NY8153 Breaks Resistance in Arabidopsis Ecotype En-2.

ABSTRACT Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype En-2 was previously shown to be resistant to cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus (CaMV) isolate CM4-184. In this study, En-2 plants were screened with eight other isolates of CaMV to identify viruses capable of overcoming resistance and to determine if the mechanism of resistance was the same for each virus. En-2 resistance to most CaMV isolates was mediated by the same mechanism, i.e., preventing virus long-distance movement. One CaMV isolate, NY8153, was found that produced a severe systemic infection on En-2 plants. In addition, the CM1841 isolate was able to spread systemically through En-2 plants, to a limited extent, without producing visible symptoms. These data indicate that the resistance shown by En-2 plants is not an all-or-none phenomenon. En-2 plants were susceptible to turnip mosaic potyvirus, suggesting that resistance is specific to CaMV.
Wideband Modeling of Conductor Loss in General Large-Scale Problems

Wideband modeling of conductor loss is of critical importance in millimeter-wave applications. This letter presents a conformal three-dimensional (3-D) surface impedance model based on fully automated mesh generation suitable for large-scale problems with arbitrary problem geometry. The method is described in the context of a parallelized time-domain finite-difference algorithm. The approach is validated using rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical cavity resonators against analytical reference data. The wideband performance of the method is validated at 1-MHz to 1-THz frequency band.
ON WEAK EXOGENEITY IN ERROR CORRECTION MODELS

In this paper, the author discusses the appropriateness of treating explanatory variables of a single-equation error correction model as being weakly exogenous. He restates the derivation of the error correction model, and particularly the single-equation conditional error correction model, both in reduced and structural form. These allow the author to point out that the condition of weak endogeneity implicitly tested by usual orthogonality tests is generally not sufficient for single-equation conditional error correction models. The potential pitfalls of working within incomplete simultaneous dynamic equation models for exogeneity tests are also pointed out. The author illustrates this on some empirical studies. Copyright 1992 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
How Economic Integration Affects Party Issue Emphases

The economic dimension has typically been considered the primary dimension of political party competition. However, parties often rally voters on the basis of non-economic issues. In this article, we argue that integration into global markets and into the European Union (EU) constrains parties’ abilities to credibly differentiate themselves on economic issues. Given these constraints, and voters’ awareness of them, parties activate other non-economic issues along which to compete. Using data across 49 countries between 1961 and 2010, this study shows that increased economic integration is associated with increased emphasis on non-economic issues during election campaigns. This effect persists over time and remains robust to a number of alternative explanations and modeling strategies. We also explore the proposed causal mechanisms and show that integration is indeed associated with convergence of party positions on economic issues and that all types of parties—not just new and niche parties—respond to integration by politicizing non-economic issues. Finally, we leverage the latest round of EU enlargement to causally identify the effect of integration on party strategies.
The Quantitative Significance of the Lucas Critique

Doan, Litterman, and Sims (DLS) have suggested using conditional forecasts to do policy analysis with Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) models. Their method seems to violate the Lucas critique, which implies that coefficients of a BVAR model will change when there is a change in policy rules. In this article, we attempt to determine whether the Lucas critique is important quantitatively in a BVAR macro model that we construct. We find evidence following two candidate policy rule changes of significant coefficient instability and of a deterioration in the performance of the DLS method.
Real Options Valuation of Australian Gold Mines and Mining Companies

Conventional discounted cash flow valuation techniques are inappropriate for mining companies because operational flexibilities are deemed an essential component of mine values. In this article the authors review the real options literature on the valuation of mines and their embedded option to close the mine. They use a model based on Brennan and Schwartz (1985) to empirically value Australian gold mines and mining companies. One difficulty with doing empirical research in this area is in obtaining relevant and complete data, given the nature of real assets and the fact that investments are typically private in nature. The mine data for this study is supplied by Brook Hunt Mining and Metal Industry Consultants, UK and covers the period from 1992 to 1995. The primary advantage of this data set is its consistency across different mines that cannot be matched by data sets derived from annual reports data. The authors find that the real options model is a useful tool for the description and valuation of operational flexibilities. However, the values of the embedded options are very sensitive to estimation errors in the input parameters of the model. While average and median closure option values are economically significant, the option values vary over a large range.
Productions of English Vowels by Native Speakers of Arabic: Acoustic Measurements and Accentedness Ratings

Productions of ten English vowels in /bVt/ and /bVd/ contexts were elicited from a group of native American English speakers and a group of native Arabic speakers who had learned English in adulthood. When a variety of acoustic measurements, including vowel durations, F1 and F2 frequencies, and movement in F1 and F2 were examined, the two groups were found to differ on at least one of these parameters for nearly every vowel considered. A subset of the Arabic speakers' productions, and the productions of two native English speakers, were rated for accentedness by five native English judges. The rating data indicated that only a minority of the Arabic group's productions were regarded by the judges as “native-like”. When the acoustic measurement data were regressed on the mean ratings, it was found that the accentedness scores were correlated primarily with F1 frequency and movement in F2, although the significant predictors varied from vowel to vowel.
Bottom-Up Mechanisms Generate the Same Temporal Pattern of Attack by a Specialist and a Generalist Caterpillar on Short-Lived Plants

Abstract The local population dynamics of insect herbivores in ephemeral patches of short-lived plants are poorly known. We investigated whether a specialist and a generalist caterpillar exhibit contrasting temporal patterns of attack during plant development and also assessed bottom-up forces related to plant ontogeny that govern such population trends. Immature stages of the polyphagous Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) and the oligophagous Plutella xylostella (L.) were sampled throughout the development of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) crops. We measured protein and glucosinolate contents and insect performance with regard to plant age and leaf strata. The populations of both caterpillar species changed in close parallel throughout plant development, and a nonlinear temporal pattern of egg laying was reproduced in sequential population patterns of the larval stages until pupation. Reduced protein availability and insect performance coincided with a decline in egg laying and subsequent larval abundance in mature plants. By standardizing the plant size, we found that young and nutritious plants support proportionately more insects than large and mature plants. In our models of the population oscillations, the interaction between plant size and quality provided a strong causal explanation for the densities of both oligophagous and polyphagous caterpillars. Patches of fast-growing herbaceous plants are very common worldwide in the form of crop fields, and a generalized temporal pattern of attack may be widespread among caterpillars, regardless of their feeding specialization. Our results highlight the role of bottom-up forces in shaping the population dynamics of caterpillars in such systems.
Changes in oxygenation with inhaled nitric oxide in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

BACKGROUND Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is associated with high mortality and morbidity, is thought to be the result of mechanical, inflammatory, and oxidant injury to the immature lung, and includes the development of pulmonary hypertension with vascular remodeling. METHODS A phase II pilot study was conducted to determine the effect of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) on oxygenation in severe BPD. This was an open-labeled, noncontrolled trial to evaluate safety and determine appropriate dosing for a future randomized controlled trial. Infants were eligible for enrollment if they were >/=4 weeks of age and ventilator dependent with a mean airway pressure of >/=10 cm H2O and an FIO2 of >/=0.45. Study infants received iNO (20 ppm) for 72 hours, and FIO2 was adjusted to maintain oxygen saturations of >92%. Infants who had a >/=15% reduction in FIO2 after 72 hours received prolonged treatment with low-dose iNO, weaning by 20% every 3 days as tolerated. FINDINGS Sixteen preterm infants (23-29 weeks of gestation), age 1 to 7 months, were enrolled. Eleven of 16 infants had a significant increase in PaO2 after 1 hour of iNO (median change, 24 mm Hg; range, -15 to 59 mm Hg; P <.01), but there was no significant change in PaCO2. After 72 hours of iNO, 11 infants had >/=15% reduction in FIO2, and 7 of the 11 had >/=35% reduction (P <. 01). Among the 11 infants who responded to iNO after 72 hours, 10 had a sustained improvement in oxygenation throughout their course of treatment (duration, 8-90 days), and ventilator support could also be decreased. No adverse effects from iNO (increased methemoglobin, bleeding, or increased plasma 3-nitrotyrosine) were observed. Four of the 11 infants (36%) who responded to iNO ultimately weaned off mechanical ventilation and 4 died, whereas all the infants who failed to respond to iNO either died or continue to require mechanical ventilation. INTERPRETATION We conclude that the use of low-dose iNO may improve oxygenation in some infants with severe BPD, allowing decreased FIO2 and ventilator support without evidence of adverse effects. Randomized clinical trials of low-dose iNO for BPD are warranted.
A new model for the analysis of Persian web traffic graphs

This paper attempts to provide a new model for the analysis of a Persian-language web traffic graph. This graph was generated according to the relationship link between two websites, based on the inbound and outbound traffic of each website. The essential information for generating the graph was retrieved from Alexa.com. The graph was then analyzed using several social network analysis techniques. The results of this study indicated that influential websites can be identified using a combination of factors, such as betweenness centrality, In degree and Out degree of traffic in the network. Additionally, influential websites can make profitable modifications which would be in line with improving the quality of the content of Persian-language websites, including a greater number of overall visits.
The new development finance or exploiting migrant labour?: Remittance sending among low-paid migrant workers in London

This paper challenges the recent hailing of migrant remittances as a panacea for development finance in countries of the global South. It argues that such a viewpoint fails to recognise the costs to migrant workers of remitting. Many of these workers reside in the industrialised countries of the global North. Based on an empirical investigation of low-paid migrant workers in London, this paper highlights the nature of remittance sending, the often exploitative nature of the labour market conditions under which remittances are produced, and the economic and emotional sacrifices that migrants make in order to remit. Thus, we argue, a development policy based on the generation of remittances is inappropriate, unsustainable and unethical.
Synchronization algorithms for MIMO OFDMA systems

We propose in this paper a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator to jointly obtain time and frequency synchronization together with channel estimation in a MIMO OFDMA system. The proposed algorithm is planned to be implemented in a base station (BS) environment and so it is mainly devoted to uplink asynchronous transmission schemes. Due to the number of unknown quantities, frequency offset estimation together with time synchronization and channel estimation for each user constitute a very complex problem. We propose an EM based procedure which enables to convert a multidimensional maximization problem into smaller separate maximization problems. Simulation results are presented which clearly show the accuracy of our estimator and its ability to combat the near-far effect.
Directional grain growth from anisotropic kinetic roughening of grain boundaries in sheared colloidal crystals

The fabrication of functional materials via grain growth engineering implicitly relies on altering the mobilities of grain boundaries (GBs) by applying external fields. Although computer simulations have alluded to kinetic roughening as a potential mechanism for modifying GB mobilities, its implications for grain growth have remained largely unexplored owing to difficulties in bridging the widely separated length and time scales. Here, by imaging GB particle dynamics as well as grain network evolution under shear, we present direct evidence for kinetic roughening of GBs and unravel its connection to grain growth in driven colloidal polycrystals. The capillary fluctuation method allows us to quantitatively extract shear-dependent effective mobilities. Remarkably, our experiments reveal that for sufficiently large strains, GBs with normals parallel to shear undergo preferential kinetic roughening, resulting in anisotropic enhancement of effective mobilities and hence directional grain growth. Single-particle level analysis shows that the mobility anisotropy emerges from strain-induced directional enhancement of activated particle hops normal to the GB plane. We expect our results to influence materials fabrication strategies for atomic and block copolymeric polycrystals as well.
Omental graft improves functional recovery of transected peripheral nerve

The omentum has several properties that are advantageous for neuronal sprouting and direction. We have therefore analyzed functional recovery following transection of rat sciatic nerve using omental graft to bridge the nerve defect. In group 1, a 25–30‐mm nerve defect was produced and bridged with omental graft, whereas in group 2, an end‐to‐end repair was performed. The sciatic function index (SFI) was assessed at 2‐week intervals until 8 weeks after surgery. Functional recovery was faster in group 1 than in group 2. After 8 weeks, SFI was improved significantly from −100% to −45% (± −4%) in group 1 (P < 0.001) compared to −72% ± −2% in group 2 (n = 10). Histologically, the omental graft contained more newly developed nerve fibers and less scar tissue than the end‐to‐end repair. Thus, omental graft appears to improve directional growth of regenerating axon sprouts and may be a means of treating peripheral nerve injury. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 527–532, 2002