Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European framework for tuberculosis control and elimination in countries with a low incidence

As countries approach the elimination phase of tuberculosis, specific problems and challenges emerge, due to the steadily declining incidence in the native population, the gradually increasing importance of the importation of latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis from other countries and the emergence of groups at particularly high risk of tuberculosis. Therefore, a Working Group of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) and the Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association (KNCV) have developed a new framework for low incidence countries based on concepts and definitions consistent with those of previous recommendations from WHO/IUATLD Working Groups. In low-incidence countries, a broader spectrum of interventions is available and feasible, including: 1) a general approach to tuberculosis which ensures rapid detection and treatment of all the cases and prevention of unnecessary deaths; 2) an overall control strategy aimed at reducing the incidence of tuberculosis infection (risk-group management and prevention of transmission of infection in institutional settings) and 3) a tuberculosis elimination strategy aimed at reducing the prevalence of tuberculosis infection (outbreak management and provision of preventive therapy for specified groups and individuals). Government and private sector commitment towards elimination, effective case detection among symptomatic individuals together with active case finding in special groups, standard treatment of disease and infection, access to tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment services, prevention (e.g. through screening and bacille Calmette-Guéria immunization in specified groups), surveillance and treatment outcome monitoring are prerequisites to implementing the policy package recommended in this new framework document.
Characterization of Breast Lesions: Comparison of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Ultrasonography

Objective To compare the diagnostic performance of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and conventional breast ultrasound (US) to characterize breast lesions as benign or malignant. Materials and Methods A total of 332 women, presenting for screening examinations or for breast biopsy between March and June 2012 were recruited to undergo digital mammography (DM), DBT, and breast US examination. Among them, 113 patients with 119 breast lesions depicted on DM were finally included. Three blinded radiologists performed an enriched reader study and reviewed the DBT and US images. Each reader analyzed the lesions in random order, assigned Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) descriptors, rated the images for the likelihood of malignancy (%) and made a BI-RADS final assessment. Diagnostic accuracy, as assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity of DBT and US were compared. Results Among the 119 breast lesions depicted on DM, 75 were malignant and the remaining 44 were benign. The average diagnostic performance for characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant in terms of area under the curve was 0.899 for DBT and 0.914 for US (p = 0.394). Mean sensitivity (97.3% vs. 98.7%, p = 0.508) and specificity (44.7% vs. 39.4%, p = 0.360) were also not significantly different. Conclusion Digital breast tomosynthesis may provide similar reader lesion characterization performance to that of US for breast lesions depicted on DM.
Perilaku menyontek: Persepsi terhadap iklim sekolah dengan ketidakjujuran akademik

Abstrak. Perilaku ketidakjujuran akademik bertentangan dengan norma, nilai pendidikan karakter serta agama. Salah satu bentuk perilaku ketidakjujuran akademik yaitu menyontek. Ironisnya pelaku penyontek tidak menyadari perilakunya sebagai kesalahan. Iklim sekolah yang kurang kondusif cenderung dipersepsikan secara negatif, diduga menjadi penyebab siswa leluasa melakukan ketidakjujuran akademik, sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya pencegahanya. Hipotesis, ada hubungan negatif significan persepsi positif terhadap iklim sekolah dengan perilaku ketidakjujuran akademik. Subjek penelitian siswa kelas XII SMAN Darul Sholah Banyuwangi sejumlah 120 siswa. Teknik sampling purposive sampling. Alat ukur menggunakan Perception School Climate Scale dan Academic Dishonesty Scale. Analisis data korelasi product moment. Hasil menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif yang signifikan (r = -0,129, p = 0,015). Artinya, semakin positif persepsi terhadap iklim sekolah maka semakin kecil kecenderungan perilaku ketidakjujuran akademik dan sebaliknya. Pentingnya menciptakan iklim sekolah yang dipersepsikan secara positif dapat digunakan sebagai upaya mencegah terjadinya ketidakjujuran akademik seperti menyontek.Kata kunci : persepsi; iklim sekolah; ketidakjujuran akademik Abstract. Dishonest behavior is very contrary to the norm and religion values. One of academic dishonest behavior is cheating. Unfortunately the cheaters do not realize their behavior as an error. A less conducive school climate tends to be perceived negatively and it is suspected to be the reason students are free to cheat when doing academic dishonesty, so necessary to prevent it. The subject is the XII Grade students of Darus Sholah Banyuwangi Senior High school as much 120 students. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Instruments used are Perception School Climate Scale and Academic Dishonesty Scale. Data analysis uses product moment correlation. Results is a significant negative (r = -0,129, p= 0,015), the more positive perception of the school climate, the smaller tendency of academic dishonesty behavior and vice versa. The importance of creating a school climate that is perceived positively can be used as an effort to prevent academic dishonesty such as cheating.Key words : perception, school climate, academic dishonesty
Safeguarding and charging for information on the Internet

With the growing acceptance of the Internet as a new dissemination medium, several new and interesting challenges arise in building a digital commerce infrastructure. We discuss some of the issues that arise in building such an infrastructure. In particular, we study how one can find and pay for digital information, and how one can safeguard the information from invalid access and duplication. We use examples from our Stanford Digital Library Project to illustrate some of these problems and their potential solutions.
A Study of Undergraduate Information Literacy and Skills: The Inclusion of Information Literacy and Skills in the Undergraduate Curriculum.

This paper concerns the inclusion of information literacy and skills training in the undergraduate curriculum. Students were studied to determine their strengths and weaknesses in terms of their information literacy and skills. The methods used to study the students included a number of qualitative techniques and were applied while students conducted a research project. In general it was found that students had limited skills in the area of information literacy. Based on these findings recommendations were proposed to help develop information literacy and skills and incorporate their delivery in the university curriculum. The paper argues that incorporation in the curriculum is a necessity for their successful delivery. This is in contrast to treating these areas as a separate subject. In addition the implications of these changes for faculty staff and librarians were defined. The initiative took place at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore and involved the NTU Library and the Division of Information Studies. To Bangkok
Sparse Network Inference using the k-Support Norm Position Paper

Network inference is an important problem in a variety of domains. In computational biology, gene interaction networks can be learned using the mRNA expression levels of genes. These networks capture how genes influence each other and can be used to identify potential malfunctions. In the context of social network analysis, network inference refers to the problem of inferring underlying network of influence, given time series data of when users performed certain actions (e.g., post, retweet, share). These networks capture the dynamics of influence and information diffusion. In this position paper, we discuss various strategies to learn sparse networks with the help of the k-support norm, which corresponds to the tightest convex relaxation of sparsity combined with an l2 penalty. We also discuss specific applications of these strategies to the domains of computational biology and social network analysis.
Restoring the Economic Power of Russia through OFDI Expansion

When enterprises enter a new country they face the challenge to develop their acquisition and distribution systems. In this way modern management concepts are exported. Today, managers of multinational companies are more specialized in segmenting their activities and in finding optimal location for increasingly specialized forms of activity being able to adopt their products to local markets. These technological and managerial efforts have been extended by political that provided a larger opening than in previously closed economies. FDI is one of the most efficient means by which emerging markets become integrated to the global economy while FDI provides capital, technology and management know-how required by the restructuring of firms in the host economies. The propose of the paper is to analyze the growing importance of OFDIs from emerging markets underlining the fact that, in recent years, middle and low income countries, such as Brazil, China, India, Nigeria, Malaysia, Russia and South Africa, have become important in the global geography of capital flows. From among the BRIC countries, our paper will provide insights into the Russian economy, focusing on its goal of becoming a major outward investing country on a global scale. The expansion of Russian corporations to abroad, and particularly to Europe, raised many questions regarding the motivations behind their internationalization and led to a common acknowledged belief that they were tools of regaining political hegemony rather than pure economic entities. Given the complexity of the subject, the main objective of our paper is to explore trends for Russian OFDI and their impact upon the new balance of the global economic power.
Robot Localization in Rough Terrains: Performance Evaluation

The goal of this paper is to present an overview of two common processes involved in most visual robot localization techniques: data association and robust motion estimation. For each of them, we review some of the available solutions and compare their performance in the context of outdoor robot localization, where the robot is subject to 6-DOF motion. Our experiments with different combinations of data association and motion estimation techniques show the superiority of the Hessian-Affine feature detector and the SIFT feature descriptor for data association, and the Hough Transform for robust motion estimation.
' Did I say what I think I said , and do you agree with me ? ' : Inspecting and Questioning the Student Model

This paper describes a student model which is open to learner inspection, and whose contents may be jointly negotiated by the student and system. Both the learner and the system have the opportunity to defend their own, and argue against the other's beliefs about the student. This discussion between the learner and system is designed on the one hand to result in a more accurate student model, and more importantly, also to promote learner reflection and therefore to contribute directly to learning. A preliminary evaluation shows that students are willing to inspect their student model, and moreover, they will challenge the model if they disagree with its contents.
Sensor fusion in the epistemic situation calculus

Robot sensors are usually subject to error. Since in many practical scenarios a probabilistic error model is not available, sensor readings are often dealt with in a hard-coded, heuristic fashion. In this paper, we propose a logic to address the problem from a KR perspective. In this logic, the epistemic effect of sensing actions is deferred to so-called fusion actions, which may resolve discrepancies and inconsistencies of recent sensing results. Moreover, a local closed-world assumption can be applied dynamically. When needed, this assumption can be revoked and fusions can be undone using a form of forgetting.
Resistance Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial

INTRODUCTION The determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of a clinical isolate is often crucial for the optimal antimicrobial therapy of infected patients. This need is only increasing with increasing resistance and the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (88, 89, 91). Testing is required not only for therapy but also to monitor the spread of resistant organisms or resistance genes throughout the hospital and community. Standard procedures and breakpoints have been defined to predict therapeutic outcome both in time and at different geographic locations. In some cases the presence of a resistance gene is highly predictive for clinical outcome of antimicrobial therapy. For example, the presence of a ␤-lactamase in Neisseria gon-orrhoeae correlates well with the outcome of penicillin treatment. However, the presence of a resistance gene does not necessarily lead to treatment failure (198), because the level of expression may be to low. For example, ␤-lactamase production among members of the Enterobacteriaceae is common, but the development of resistance is dependent on the mode and level of expression (180, 183). Resistance can be caused by a variety of mechanisms: (i) the presence of an enzyme that inactivates the antimicrobial agent; (ii) the presence of an alternative enzyme for the enzyme that is inhibited by the antimicrobial agent; (iii) a mutation in the antimicrobial agent's target, which reduces the binding of the antimicrobial agent; (iv) posttranscriptional or posttrans-lational modification of the antimicrobial agent's target, which reduces binding of the antimicrobial agent; (v) reduced uptake of the antimicrobial agent; (vi) active efflux of the antimicrobial agent; and (vii) overproduction of the target of the antimicrobial agent. In addition, resistance may be caused by a previously unrecognized mechanism. On the other hand, a gene which is not expressed in vitro may be expressed in vivo. Nucleic acid-based detection systems offer rapid and sensitive methods to detect the presence of resistance genes and play a critical role in the elucidation of resistance mechanisms. During the last decade, nucleic acid-based detection systems have expanded tremendously and are becoming more accessible for clinical microbiology laboratories. This accessibility is not limited to the detection and identification of microorganisms but is extended to the detection of properties of these microorganisms, such as virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance. The application of nucleic acid-based technology is particularly useful for slow-growing or nonculturable microorganisms and for the detection of point mutations or certain genotypes. Nucleic acid-based technology can be divided into hybridization systems …
Hybrid Forwarding HARQ Scheme for Cooperative Communication in Wireless Networks

In order to reduce the outage probability of cooperative communication, a hybrid forwarding HARQ scheme in wireless network is proposed. In this scheme, if the relay decoding unsuccessfully until the last time, the Amplify-and-Forward protocol will be used to retransmit. Otherwise, the code cooperation will be used. Both of the Chase Combining and Incremental Redundancy combining is used in this scheme. Over the Rayleigh fading channels, the lower bound expressions of outage probability is derived. Furthermore, the simulation shows that the proposed scheme outperforms conventional cooperative HARQ relaying with code cooperation in reducing the outage probability and improving the average throughput.
Multicast in Delay Tolerant Networks Using Probabilities and Mobility Information

Networks with frequent and long duration partitions prevent common Internet protocols from working successfully. For protocols to work properly in these Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs), a new protocol layer was proposed that acts on top of the transport layer for the end-to-end exchange of messages (called bundles) taking advantage of scheduled, predicted, opportunistic or permanent connectivity. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a multicast extension to the DTN’s unicast PROPHET protocol. A multicast protocol is useful to reduce the number of copies of packets when they are sent to multiple destinations. PROPHET routes packets based on estimates of the probability of nodes meeting. We show by simulation that by using just one byte for transferring mobility information between nodes, a good clue is given about the region where mobile nodes are, which can be used by the multicast protocol to decide where to forward messages. Additionally, we show that if the number of contacts between nodes is above a minimum threshold, a pseudo multicast tree will exist, multicast works efficiently and message replications are minimized.
Protective Effects of Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor on Systemic Inflammatory Response Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a serine protease inhibitor, has been widely used in Japan as a drug for patients with acute inflammatory disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), shock, and pancreatitis. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that serine protease inhibitors may have anti-inflammatory properties beyond their inhibition of neutrophil elastase at the site of inflammation. However, the therapeutic effects of UTI in vivo remain unclear. In this review, we introduce the roles of UTI in the experimental systemic inflammatory response induced by both intraperitoneal and intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide using UTI deficient and wild-type mice. Our experiments suggest that UTI can protect against systemic inflammatory response and subsequent organ injury induced by bacterial endotoxin, at least partly, through the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression. UTI may therefore present an attractive “rescue” therapeutic option for systemic inflammatory response syndromes such as DIC, acute lung injury, and multiple organ dysfunction.
Activity monitoring and emergency warning with location information of the user

Recent advances in communications technologies and embedded systems have allowed the development of remote health monitoring systems. There are different approaches depending on the available measurements and the communication system used. In this paper an activity monitoring system is proposed in order to detect falls and/or faints of the user. The feature that distinguishes this system from other activity monitoring systems is the ability of auto-localization in both outdoor and indoor environments as well as the ability to automatically generate alarms to alert the medical personnel if there is any emergency situation.
Invariant NKT cells limit activation of autoreactive CD1d-positive B cells

Faulty activation of autoreactive B cells is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). An important feature restricting activation of autoreactive B cells is efficient removal of apoptotic material. Mounting evidence also connects a primary defect in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to autoimmune disease development. However, exactly how this unconventional T cell subset is involved remains to be defined. Here, we identify a suppressive role for iNKT cells in a model where autoantibody production is triggered by an increased load of circulating apoptotic cells, resembling the situation in SLE patients. Absence or reduction of iNKT cells as well as absence of CD1d-expression on B cells, needed for direct iNKT–B cell interaction, leads to increased autoreactive B cell activation and symptoms of disease. The suppression mediated by the iNKT cells is observed before B cell entry into germinal centers and can be rescued by transferring iNKT cells to deficient mice. This links iNKT cells to handling of dying cells and identifies a novel peripheral tolerance checkpoint relevant for autoimmune disease. Thus, these observations connect two clinical observations in SLE patients previously considered to be unrelated and define a new target for immunotherapy.
Mindfulness, empatía y compasión: Evolución de la empatía a la compasión en el ámbito sanitario

En el ámbito de la atención a la salud mental, la empatía es un aspecto especialmente importante, ya que supone la base sobre la que se sostiene el vínculo terapéutico y se articulan las diferentes actuaciones psicológicas, al facilitar un entendimiento de la vida y de las situaciones de los pacientes. En este sentido, las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness y compasión (IBMC) se han mostrado efectivas para aumentar la empatía en los profesionales sanitarios. Sin embargo, actualmente siguen existiendo algunas inconsistencias en el estudio de la empatía y su relación con mindfulness y compasión. En este artículo, se expone una visión global de estos constructos, subrayando la importancia de identificar los sesgos en la inferencia sobre el significado de las vivencias ajenas, y analizando el impacto de mindfulness y compasión en la gestión saludable de las emociones y su implicación en el acercamiento al sufrimiento de los demás. Finalmente, se introduce un modelo explicativo en el que se integra lo anterior, y se sugiere la influencia de mindfulness en la evolución de la empatía a la compasión. El estudio de esta asociación supone un aspecto fundamental en la investigación acerca de los beneficios de las IBMC sobre la empatía en el ámbito sanitario.
Robust Subspace Tracking With Missing Entries: The Set-Theoretic Approach

In this paper, an Adaptive Projected Subgradient Method (APSM) based algorithm for robust subspace tracking is introduced. A properly chosen cost function is constructed at each time instance and the goal is to seek for points, which belong to the zero level set of this function; i.e., the set of points which score a zero loss. At each iteration, an outlier detection mechanism is employed, in order to conclude whether the current data vector contains outlier noise or not. In the sequel, a sparsity-promoting greedy algorithm is employed for the outlier vector estimation allowing the purification of the corrupted data from the outlier noise, prior to any further processing. Furthermore, the case where the observation vectors are partially observed is attacked via a prediction procedure, which estimates the values of the unobserved (missing) coefficients. A theoretical analysis is carried out and the simulation experiments, within the contexts of robust subspace estimation and robust matrix completion, demonstrate the enhanced performance of the proposed scheme compared to recently developed state of the art algorithms.