Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric measurements of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide,and carbon disulfide using the electron capture sulfur detector

Measurements of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS2) were conducted over the Atlantic Ocean on board the NASA Electra aircraft during the Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (CITE 3) project using the electron capture sulfur detector (ECD-S). The system employed cryogenic preconcentration of air samples, gas chromatographic separation, catalytic fluorination, and electron capture detection. Samples collected for DMS analysis were scrubbed of oxidants with NaOH impregnated glass fiber filters to preconcentration. The detection limits (DL) of the system for COS, DMS, and CS2 were 5, 5, and 2 ppt, respectively. COS concentrations ranged from 404 to 603 ppt with a mean of 489 ppt for measurements over the North Atlantic Ocean (31 deg N to 41 deg N), and from 395 to 437 ppt with a mean of 419 ppt for measurements over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (11 deg S to 2 deg N). DMS concentrations in the lower marine boundary layer, below 600-m altitude, ranged from below DL to 150 ppt from flights over the North Atlantic, and from 9 to 104 ppt over the Tropical Atlantic. CS2 concentrations ranged from below DL to 29 ppt over the North Atlantic. Almost all CS2 measurementsmore » over the Tropical Atlantic were below DL. « less
Re‐quantifying the emission factors based on field measurements and estimating the direct N2O emission from Chinese croplands

The authors collect 54 direct N2O emission factors (EFds) obtained from 12 sites of Chinese croplands, of which 60% are underestimated by 29% and 30% are overestimated by 50% due to observation shortages. The biases of EFds are corrected and their uncertainties are re‐estimated. Of the 31 site‐scale EFds, 42% are lower by 58% and 26% are higher by 143% than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default. Periodically wetting/drying the fields or doubling nitrogen fertilizers may double or even triple an EFd. The direct N2O emission from Chinese croplands is estimated at 275 × 109 g N2O‐N yr−1 in the 1990s, of which ∼20% is due to vegetable cultivation. The great uncertainty of this estimate, −79% to 135%, is overwhelmingly due to the huge uncertainty in estimating EFds (−78 ± 15% to 129 ± 62%). Direct N2O emission intensities significantly depend upon the economic situation of the region, implicating a larger potential emission in the future.
Chemical, mineralogical and textural systematics of non-mare melt rocks Implications for lunar impact and volcanic processes

Based on a synthesis of chemical data for over 200 samples, the nonmare rocks with fine grained melt textures can be classified into 7 major groups: anorthositic basalts, troctolitic basalts, VHA basalts, Apollo 14-type KREEP basalts, Apollo 15-type KREEP basalts, Apollo 17-type KREEP basalts, and aluminous mare basalts. Review of chemical, mineralogical, textural and experimental evidence leads to preferred hypotheses for the origins of these rocks; those hypotheses are discussed in detail.
Interest in the development of integrated rural tourism activities in three communities of Sonora.

Misuse of the commercialization of natural resources and tourism products undermines the credibility and authenticity of some proposals of rural tourist destinations. A recent approach known as integrated rural tourism (IRT) proposes the integration among the various ores act involved in this activity highlighting sustainability as a competitive advantage and the inclusion of local and regional economies. This research analysed the interest in getting involved in IRT activities by three actors in the social chain: people of the communities of Ures, Baviacora and Aconchi, potential tourists and tourism providers in Hermosillo, Sonora. A quantitative, descriptive, explanatory and multi-cross divided research was developed into three stages. The results highlight the willingness of community residents to take advantage of the resources of IRT and interest in the development of tourism activities in each destination. Most of the tourist service providers would be willing to invest jointly with members of the community, valuing projects that link the cultural heritage of natural resources. Meanwhile, potential tourists value resting, natural resources and rural experiences. The integration requires a reeducation of the actors in this social chain, regarding their perception of leisure and enjoyment of cultural and natural attractions.
Undersaturation of inert gases at the ocean surface: A thermal pumping mechanism

A diurnal ‘thermal pumping’ mechanism is proposed to explain why undersaturation of inert gases may develop at the sea surface during extended periods of low wind speed and net warming. A simple two‐layer model of the upper ocean with parameterized air‐sea gas exchange is used to explain the process. The model predicts maximum undersaturations of 0.25% for Ne, 0.75% for N2, 0.88% for Ar, and 1.12% for Kr for an assumed diurnal warming signal of 2°C, a gas transfer rate appropriate to a wind speed of 4 ms−1, and the simplifying assumption of no net warming over the day. The model results depend on the air‐sea gas transfer rate and the details of the upper ocean heating and mixing cycle. Observations of N2 undersaturation from the tropical Atlantic provide supporting experimental evidence.
Efectos de Fungicidas en la Calidad Fisiológica de la Semilla deTrigo Harinero (Triticum aestivum L.) y su Eficacia en el Controlde Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [Gibberella zeae (Schwein.)Petch.] y Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker [Cochliobolus sativus S. Ito y Kurib.]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de productos quimicos en la calidad fisiologica de semilla de dos lineas de trigo harinero (Triticum aestivum) y la eficacia en controlar a Fusarium graminearum y Bipolaris sorokiniana. Se aplico carboxina (20% i.a.) + captan (20% i.a.) en dosis de 3 g/kg de semilla; carboxina (20% i.a.) + captan (20% i.a.) 3 g/kg de semilla + thiram (20% i.a.) + tebuconazole (0.6% i.a.) 0.228 mL/kg. En la prueba de germinacion en papel se observo que los porcentajes de germinacion en las dos lineas (conteos al 4° dia y al 8o dia de incubacion) se redujeron significativamente cuando se uso la mezcla de los cuatro fungicidas. Las pruebas de vigor indicaron que al aplicar las mezclas la velocidad de emergencia de una de las dos lineas disminuyo de manera estadisticamente significativa, pero no afecto el peso seco de las plantulas de ninguna linea. En prueba de papel secante con congelamiento, las mezclas de fungicidas controlaron en forma similar a ambos patogenos. La germinacion de ambas lineas no fue afectada por la aplicacion de los fungicidas en la prueba de germinacion en suelo, y hubo baja incidencia de pudricion de raiz causada por los dos patogenos, comparada con los testigos inoculados
Variability in the surface temperature and melt extent of the Greenland ice sheet from MODIS

Satellite‐derived moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) ice‐surface temperature (IST) of the Greenland ice sheet shows a positive trend and two major melt events from 2000 to present. IST increased by ~0.55 ± 0.44°C/decade, with the greatest increase (~0.95 ± 0.44°C/decade) found in northwestern Greenland where coastal temperatures and mass loss are also increasing and outlet glaciers are accelerating. IST shows the highest rates of increase during summer (~1.35 ± 0.47°C/decade) and winter (~1.30 ± 1.53°C/decade), followed by spring (~0.60 ± 0.98°C/decade). In contrast, a decrease in IST was found in the autumn (~−1.49 ± 1.20°C/decade). The IST trends in this work are not statistically significant with the exception of the trend in northwestern Greenland. Major surface melt (covering 80% or more of the ice sheet) occurred during the 2002 and 2012 melt seasons where clear‐sky measurements show a maximum melt of ~87% and ~95% of the ice sheet surface, respectively. In 2002, most of the extraordinary melt was ephemeral, whereas in 2012 the ice sheet not only experienced more total melt, but melt was more persistent, and the 2012 summer was the warmest in the MODIS record (−6.38 ± 3.98°C). Our data show that major melt events may not be particularly rare during the present period of ice sheet warming.
Working Papers in Economics and Statistics Equality, Equity and Incentives: an Experiment Equality, Equity and Incentives: an Experiment Equality, Equity and Incentives: an Experiment

We devise a new experimental game by nesting a voluntary contributions mechanism in a broader spectrum of incentive schemes. With it, we study tensions between egalitarianism, equity concerns, self-interest, and the need for incentives. In a 2x2 design, subjects either vote on or exogenously encounter incentive settings while assigned unequal incomes that are either task-determined or random. We find subjects' voting to be mainly self-interested but also influenced by egalitarian and equity concerns, which sometimes cut in opposite directions. Contributions, which seem mainly determined by boundedly rational responses to incentives, are influenced by egalitarian, equity and strategic considerations. and the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg for helpful comments and suggestions. Financial support from the University of Munich (from the excellence initiative) and the Tyrolean Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimer applies. Societies and organizations experience conflicts between desires to attend to the needs of their weaker members, the necessity of providing incentives for generating output, and concerns that reward for effort and contribution of resources be fairly assigned. When weighing these concerns of altruism, incentives and fairness, individuals also consider their self-interest, which is likely to be aligned with some but not all of these factors. At the macro level, the trade-offs in question are navigated, for instance, by determining levels of provision of social benefits and the extent and progressivity of In a business enterprise, rewards tend to be differentiated partly to induce individuals to exert greater effort and partly because each contributor to the team effort has the power to exit if paid less than her best outside option, which may vary from one employee to another. Yet there are also numerous constraints on differentiation of reward. Firm-specific human capital drives a wedge between an employee's marginal value to her employer and the outside value of her current skill set, generating a quasi-rent the distribution of which is subject to managerial discretion (Williamson et al., 1975). To reduce the danger of invidious comparisons, firms pay workers with similar job descriptions and seniority similar amounts when indications of differences in productivity are not easily verifiable (Baker et al., 1988). In some environments, there may be social or cultural constraints on the maximum gaps between employees at different levels, which may help to explain why the pay differential between top managers and non-managerial employees varies considerably among countries (Abowd and Bognanno, 1995). Finally, many companies implement profit-sharing arrangements partly to …
Pricing Compound and Extendible Options under Mixed Fractional Brownian Motion with Jumps

This study deals with the problem of pricing compound options when the underlying asset follows a mixed fractional Brownian motion with jumps. An analytic formula for compound options is derived under the risk neutral measure. Then, these results are applied to value extendible options. Moreover, some special cases of the formula are discussed, and numerical results are provided.
Using palaeoenvironmental DNA to reconstruct past environments: progress and prospects

Palaeoenvironmental DNA (PalEnDNA) is defined as ancient DNA (aDNA) originating from disseminated genetic material within palaeoenvironmental samples. Sources of PalEnDNA include marine and lake sediments, peat, loess, till, ice, permafrost, palaeosols, coprolites, preserved gut contents, dental calculus, tephras, and soils as well as deposits in caves/rockshelters and at archaeological sites. PalEnDNA analysis provides a relatively new tool for Quaternary and archaeological sciences and its applications have included palaeoenvironmental and palaeodietary reconstructions, testing hypotheses regarding megafaunal extinctions, human–environment interactions, taxonomic studies, and studies of DNA damage. Because PalEnDNA samples comprise markedly different materials, and represent wide‐ranging depositional and taphonomic contexts, various issues must be addressed to achieve robust, reproducible findings. Such issues include climatic and temporal limitations, the biological origin and state (free versus bound) of PalEnDNA, stratigraphic reliability, sterile sampling, ability to distinguish modern from aDNA signals, DNA damage and PCR amplification, DNA extraction methods, and taxonomic resolution. In this review, we provide a non‐specialist introduction to the use of PalEnDNA for Quaternary and archaeological researchers, assess attributes and limitations of this palaeoenvironmental tool, and discuss future prospects of using PalEnDNA to reconstruct past environments.
Simulations of the response of mesospheric circulation and temperature to the Antarctic ozone hole

The loss of ozone that has occurred in the Antarctic lower stratosphere during each spring since 1980 has led to a decrease in the lower stratospheric temperature that persists into the summer season. The temperature changes are accompanied by changes in the zonal wind in the SH stratosphere that affect the filtering of gravity waves propagating into the mesosphere. In simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), the resulting gravity wave changes have led to a weakening of the SH summer upwelling around 65–80 km and of the equatorward flow around 0.01 hPa. The trend occurs primarily in the years 1975–1990. The circulation changes are accompanied by an increase in the SH temperature at 65–85 km and a decrease at 95 km. Comparison of the summer temperatures in the NH and SH indicates a distinctive offset beginning around 1980. The increase in temperature near the SH summer mesopause has implications for the presence of polar mesospheric clouds.
A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater

This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grants OCE 88- 22542 and OCE 88-21977 and OCE 89-07815. Preparation and distribution of this report by the WHP Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA. 02543 USA, was supported by NSF Grant OCE 89-07815.
Origin and Flow Dynamics of Perennial Groundwater in Continuous Permafrost Terrain using Isotopes and Noble Gases: Case Study of the Fishing Branch River, Northern Yukon, Canada

Perennially flowing groundwater discharges along a 15‐km section of the Fishing Branch River, Yukon causing open water during winter and numerous discrete springs near Bear Cave Mountain. Groundwater flow occurs in karstified marine carbonate rocks as well as in alluvial river talik(s). The PCO2 and δ13C indicate groundwater dissolves CO2 during recharge in organic soils and weathers limestone in the aquifer. These analyses show three groundwater chemistry groups and variability in surface water chemistry. The variations in water chemistry are related to differences in the rocks exposed in the recharge area. The δ18O and δ2H results show that groundwater represents approximately the annual average of precipitation based on samples collected in the region. Noble gases were used to determine that the recharge temperature lies between 0 and 5 °C which suggests that recharge happens during the summer. Groundwater ages, calculated using 3H‐3He dating, were found to be between 0 and 17.7 years. River discharge was measured during spring and summer under different water‐level conditions. Winter baseflow was calculated based on summer discharge measurements and the width of the river channel in winter. Although river flow decreases in winter, groundwater discharge maintains open water. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assembly of the Pamirs: Age and origin of magmatic belts from the southern Tien Shan to the southern Pamirs and their relation to Tibet

Magmatic rocks and depositional setting of associated volcaniclastic strata along a north‐south traverse spanning the southern Tien Shan and eastern Pamirs of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan constrain the tectonics of the Pamirs and Tibet. The northern Pamirs and northwestern Tibet contain the north facing Kunlun suture, the south facing Jinsha suture, and the intervening Carboniferous to Triassic Karakul–Mazar subduction accretion system; the latter is correlated with the Songpan‐Garze–Hoh Xi system of Tibet. The Kunlun arc is a composite early Paleozoic to late Paleozoic‐Triassic arc. Arc formation in the Pamirs is characterized by ∼370–320 Ma volcanism that probably continued until the Triassic. The cryptic Tanymas suture of the southern northern Pamirs is part of the Jinsha suture. A massive ∼≤227 Ma batholith stitches the Karakul–Mazar complex in the Pamirs. There are striking similarities between the Qiangtang block in the Pamirs and Tibet. Like Tibet, the regional structure of the Pamirs is an anticlinorium that includes the Muskol and Sares domes. Like Tibet, the metamorphic rocks in these domes are equivalents to the Karakul–Mazar–Songpan‐Garze system. Granitoids intruding the Qiangtang block yield ∼200–230 Ma ages in the Pamirs and in central Tibet. The stratigraphy of the eastern Pshart area in the Pamirs is similar to the Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone in the Amdo region of eastern central Tibet, but a Triassic ocean basin sequence is preserved in the Pamirs. Arc‐type granitoids that intruded into the eastern Pshart oceanic‐basin–arc sequence (∼190–160 Ma) and granitoids that cut the southern Qiangtang block (∼170–160 Ma) constitute the Rushan‐Pshart arc. Cretaceous plutons that intruded the central and southern Pamirs record a long‐lasting magmatic history. Their zircons and those from late Miocene xenoliths show that the most distinct magmatic events were Cambro‐Ordovician (∼410–575 Ma), Triassic (∼210–250 Ma; likely due to subduction along the Jinsha suture), Middle Jurassic (∼147–195 Ma; subduction along Rushan‐Pshart suture), and mainly Cretaceous. Middle and Late Cretaceous magmatism may reflect arc activity in Asia prior to the accretion of the Karakoram block and flat‐slab subduction along the Shyok suture north of the Kohistan‐Ladakh arc, respectively. Before India and Asia collided, the Pamir region from the Indus‐Yarlung to the Jinsha suture was an Andean‐style plate margin. Our analysis suggests a relatively simple crustal structure for the Pamirs and Tibet. From the Kunlun arc in the north to the southern Qiangtang block in the south the Pamirs and Tibet likely have a dominantly sedimentary crust, characterized by Karakul–Mazar–Songpan‐Garze accretionary wedge rocks. The crust south of the southern Qiangtang block is likely of granodioritic composition, reflecting long‐lived subduction, arc formation, and Cretaceous‐Cenozoic underthrusting.
Hybrid waterscapes: an examination of meaning-laden waterflow in the towns of Roman Britain

In the past twenty years there has been a sustained theoretical challenge to issues of Roman identity in the western provinces. However, despite this body of work, the towns of Roman Britain are still primarily defined by the extent to which they embraced a set of supposedly Mediterranean urban features. This research uses the medium of water to thoroughly explore the reasons behind this approach and the disparity it has created in respect to studies of prehistory. While water is undoubtedly a thread of continuity in human settlement, scholars of the Roman period have been particularly concerned with outlining its urban utilisation as a sign of familiarity, or shared civilisation, between the Roman period and modernity. Subsequently, Roman era structures related to water (such as aqueducts, wells, bridges and bathhouses) have been portrayed as examples of a cultural advancement that was distinct from previous activity within the immediate landscape. This approach has therefore discounted the rich and powerful associations pertaining to water throughout the temperate European prehistory. Through analysis of twenty one of the most influential Roman towns of Britain, this thesis shows how local beliefs would have been an integral part of how one perceived and experienced urban water features. It will be emphasised that the entanglement between these associations and complex, but receptive, incoming cultural influences would have played a key role in creating hybrid waterscapes within these settlements. Fully acknowledging this complex cultural presence of water underlines how the experience of towns in Roman Britain was a product of a number of different perspectives; meaning these places cannot be fully understood without a careful consideration of local context.
Dust devil signatures in infrasound records of the International Monitoring System

We explore whether dust devils have a recognizable signature in infrasound array records, since several Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty verification stations conducting continuous measurements with microbarometers are in desert areas which see dust devils. The passage of dust devils (and other boundary layer vortices, whether dust laden or not) causes a local temporary drop in pressure: the high‐pass time domain filtering in microbarometers results in a “heartbeat” signature, which we observe at the Warramunga station in Australia. We also observe a ~50 min pseudoperiodicity in the occurrence of these signatures and some higher‐frequency infrasound. Dust devils do not significantly degrade the treaty verification capability. The pipe arrays for spatial averaging used in infrasound monitoring degrade the detection efficiency of small devils, but the long observation time may allow a useful census of large vortices, and thus, the high‐sensitivity infrasonic array data from the monitoring network can be useful in studying columnar vortices in the lower atmosphere.
Identification of fluvial sediment sources in the Kharaa River catchment, Northern Mongolia

Fine‐grained sediments constitute a major stressing factor for the aquatic ecosystem in the 15 000 km2 Kharaa River catchment in Northern Mongolia. The objectives of this study were to identify the suspended sediment (SS) sources and quantify the sediment budget of the basin. Sediment sources were identified with the help of sediment tracing methods utilizing Be‐7, Cs‐137 and Pb‐210 radionuclides. High‐resolution discharge data were used in combination with daily suspended solid measurements to calculate the SS budget. These calculations were compared with the monthly archive data on SS and discharge to investigate temporal load variations. In addition, the sediment budget model SedNet was used to estimate the SS budget and test its applicability in a cold semi‐arid region. Results of the sediment tracing showed that riverbank erosion generates 74.5% of the suspended sediment load, whereas surface erosion contributes 21.7% and gully erosion only 3.8%. In the most intensely used agricultural tributary catchment Zagdelin Gol, upland erosion contributed only 12.7% to the total SS losses. The calculated mean annual sediment load for the years 1990–2002 was 20.3 kt⋅a−1. The SedNet model computed SS export from the catchment in the same order of magnitude as measured data (16.2 kt⋅a−1). The results help to identify effective management measures to reduce sediment loads and mitigate its impact on the aquatic environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.