Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Packed Rewriting for Mapping Semantics to KR

This paper describes one component of a system being developed at PARC for deriving knowledge representation from free text. The component takes compositionally derived semantic representations and converts them to knowledge representations, intended for use by a back-end reasoning system. A resource sensitive rewriting system, originally developed for transfer in machine translation, is used for the conversion. This paper (i) discusses the system background and the need for an explicit mapping between semantic and knowledge representations, (ii) describes the rewriting system, with emphasis on its use of packing to manage ambiguity, and (iii) discusses the advantages of using such a system for semantics to KR mapping. Above and beyond a system component description, the prime goal of this paper is to show how the free-choice packing mechanisms developed for managing ambiguity in non-context free parsing [Maxwell and Kaplan, 1995] can profitably be extended beyond syntactic representations.
Efficient Deterministic Finite Automata Minimization Based on Backward Depth Information

Obtaining a minimal automaton is a fundamental issue in the theory and practical implementation of deterministic finite automatons (DFAs). A minimization algorithm is presented in this paper that consists of two main phases. In the first phase, the backward depth information is built, and the state set of the DFA is partitioned into many blocks. In the second phase, the state set is refined using a hash table. The minimization algorithm has a lower time complexity O(n) than a naive comparison of transitions O(n2). Few states need to be refined by the hash table, because most states have been partitioned by the backward depth information in the coarse partition. This method achieves greater generality than previous methods because building the backward depth information is independent of the topological complexity of the DFA. The proposed algorithm can be applied not only to the minimization of acyclic automata or simple cyclic automata, but also to automata with high topological complexity. Overall, the proposal has three advantages: lower time complexity, greater generality, and scalability. A comparison to Hopcroft’s algorithm demonstrates experimentally that the algorithm runs faster than traditional algorithms.
Gemello: Creating a Detailed Energy Breakdown from Just the Monthly Electricity Bill

The first step to saving energy in the home is often to create an energy breakdown: the amount of energy used by each individual appliance in the home. Unfortunately, current techniques that produce an energy breakdown are not scalable: they require hardware to be installed in each and every home. In this paper, we propose a more scalable solution called Gemello that estimates the energy breakdown for one home by matching it with similar homes for which the breakdown is already known. This matching requires only the monthly energy bill and household characteristics such as square footage of the home and the size of the household. We evaluate this approach using 57 homes and results indicate that the accuracy of Gemello is comparable to or better than existing techniques that use sensing infrastructure in each home. The information required by Gemello is often publicly available and, as such, it can be immediately applied to many homes around the world.
BIAGENTS – A BIGRAPHICAL AGENT MODEL FOR STRUCTURE-AWARE COMPUTATION

This paper describes a modelling formalism, called bigraphical agents (BiAgents), for cyber-physical systems where computation are embedded into the physical world. Just as embedded computing models flow in time, BiAgents flow in both space and time. On cyber-physical systems computation (i.e. software programs) are tightly coupled with the physical platform and environment. We seek for providing a model with a clear separation between what is virtual (software) and physical (execution machines and their environment). We choose to model the physical layer using bigraphs. The virtual layer is modelled using agents specified abstractly as an algebraic structure. Agents operate over a physical structure and can observe, control and migrate. By making the virtual layer abstract we seek at leveraging the use of widely accepted programming languages and models of concurrency for specifying the agents. Thus, our model is the combination of two models: one for modelling the physical world and another to model the virtual layer. This approach contrasts with others found in the literature that seek at finding a single model for the overall system layers. In the BiAgent model, multiple agents are composed with a bigraph. The agents are algebraic structures that model the virtual and bigraphs model the physical. The bigraph is our model of space. The flow of the physical world in time corresponds to a sequence of bigraphs. In the BiAgent model, computation can flow in space without flowing in time, or flow in time without flowing in space, or flow in both. BiAgents are able to observe the physical structure, and map observations to control and migration actions. A BiAgent can exhibit two kinds of mobility: “physical” , when it moves along with its host, and “virtual”, when it migrates to another host. The purpose is a modelling formalism enabling the modPermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Copyright 20XX ACM X-XXXXX-XX-X/XX/XX . $10.00. eller to clearly separate the virtual and physical components of a model and limit the interaction of the two with a semantics. Since BiAgents operate over a shared environment some ill-defined behaviours may emerge due to concurrency. We propose strategies for preventing these behaviours based on avoiding interleaving between observation and control and based on partitioning the physical structure where each agent operates in its own region.
Two puzzles in experimental syntax and semantics

1 Two puzzles Relating standard linguistic data to theory is hard; making experimental data bear on the theory is even harder. Two difficult problems are central, one relating to experimental design, and the other, to the interpretation of results. In this short note, I discuss these problems in the context of specific studies in experimental syntax and semantics. I begin with an experimental design issue – THE DIMENSIONALITY-REDUCTION PROBLEM, arising in the midst of complex stimuli: theoretical linguists typically investigate the grammatical properties of complex linguistic objects through contrasts. As minimal pairs are hard to come by, multiple controls are introduced. This is done at no additional cost. Experiments, however, are usually subject to severe logistical, technological and analytic constraints that preclude the proliferation of controls. When we work with multi-dimensional contrasts, our task is to design compact tests that reduce dimensionality to a bare minimum, but still ascertain that the property that interests us is isolated. But when complex stimuli are compared along some dimension, and given a limited room for controls, how can other dimensions of the stimuli be made orthogonal to the test, namely, precluded from affecting the dependent variable? This problem is pronounced in the context of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) language experiments, although it also arises when Reaction Time (RT) is the dependent measure. I describe the puzzle, sketch a solution – parametric designs – and illustrate it with 2 experiments, where syntactic or semantic properties of stimuli modulate brain responses. I then move on to data analysis, and discuss THE MAPPING PROBLEM: most formal linguistic theories are designed to handle categorical variables, placed on a nominal scale, and carrying labels (e.g., ±well-formed, ±Grammatical) rather than numerical values. How can such variables be related to ordinal ones – numerical values on a scale, e.g., the time it takes to parse a sentence, or to changes in the intensity of some brain signal that their processing modulates? Experimental results presumably give us a special angle on linguistic knowledge and its implementation. But how do we incorporate these results into the theory? This problem was considered early on in the history of generative grammar (Miller & Chomsky, 1963), and in much subsequent work, mostly in the context of Reaction Time data. Interest in it has been recently renewed, as quantitative analyses of judgment behavior raised new questions (Bard, Robertson & Sorace, 1996, passim). Below, I consider how this problem arises for other types of experimental data (mostly errors by linguistically deficient individuals, whether aphasic patients suffering from focal brain-damage, or normally or pathologically developing children). Here, too, I illustrate with several concrete syntactic and semantic examples, and reflect on possible solutions, and on how they impact the way one should bring experimental results to bear on the theory.
Space-Time-Delay Correlation of 3-D MIMO Channel Model

Abstract-In this paper, we present a 3-D MIMO channel model for wideband communication based on the geometric scattering channel model. The space-time-delay correlation is also derived and presented in the case of non-isotropic scattering distribution. We are interested in two MIMO array systems: uni-polarized antenna array and bi-polarized antenna array. For the bi-polarized MIMO systems, the polarizations of all the used antennas are imperfectly orthogonal. Thus the correlation between antennas can be occurred.
Children's education and their financial transfers to ageing parents in rural China: mothers and fathers’ strategic advantages in enforcing reciprocity

Abstract This investigation examined the impact of children's education on their financial support to older parents in rural China based on a theoretical framework that regards financial transfers from adult children as motivated by parents’ earlier investments on children's education, and mothers and fathers having different strategic advantages to enforce reciprocity. The sample derived from six waves of panel data from the Longitudinal Study of Older Adults in Anhui Province, China, from 2001 to 2015, based on which we constructed five stacked intervals (2001–2003, 2003–2006, 2006–2009, 2009–2012, 2012–2015). The random-effects models showed that the highest educated child provided more financial support than other children and that the amount was conditional on the actual educational attainment of the highest educated child. Our results also suggested that fathers and mothers have different strategic advantages in the process. Mothers’ emotional bonds with their highest educated children enforced financial returns. In contrast, fathers’ stronger identification with traditional filial norms was more consequential for receiving financial support from the highest educated children. We discuss these findings in the context of the patrilineal family system and social changes, including rapid population ageing and the decline of fertility rates.
OVERCOMING MOORE ’ S CURSE : TECHNIQUES FOR POWERING LARGE TRANSISTOR COUNTS IN SUB-45 NM TECHNOLOGIES

TRANSISTOR COUNTS IN SUB-45NM TECHNOLOGIES Ronald G. Dreslinski, Michael Wieckowski, David Blaauw, Dennis Sylvester, and Trevor Mudge. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Moore’s law continues to provide designers with more transistors per chip economically. However, as feature sizes continue to shrink, supply voltages for these devices has stagnated, resulting in higher energy densities. Thus, more transistors will be available on chip, but they can not all be turned on at the same time. Reducing the supply voltage to near-threshold levels reduces energy density and offers new architectural research areas. These include designs where memory cells operate faster than logic, and where 3D integration can occur with less concern for thermal constraints. However, variation in this operating region is exaggerated and techniques like Razor and adaptive body biasing will be needed to reduce design margins. These variation techniques will also help variation of nominal devices at sub-22nm nodes.
k : info : An Architecture for Smart Billboards for Informal Public Spaces

High-traffic public spaces in the workplace are rich breeding grounds for informal collaborations among knowledge workers; yet, very little technology currently inhabits these spaces today. k:info is a context-aware information billboard that aims to inspire informal interactions in these spaces by providing a dynamic display of items that are relevant and easily visible to users nearby.
Does Pre-Play Social Interaction Improve Negotiation Outcomes?

We study experimentally the impact of pre-play social interactions on negotiations. These interactions are often complex. Thus, we attempt to isolate the impact of several of its more common components: conversations, food, and beverages, which could be alcoholic or nonalcoholic. To do this, our subjects take part in a standardized negotiation (complex and simple) under six conditions: without interaction, interaction only, and interactions with water, wine, water and food and wine and food. We find that none of the treatments improve the outcomes over the treatment without interactions. We also study trust and reciprocity in the same context. For all-male groups, we find the same lack of superiority of interaction treatments over no interaction. For all-female groups, some very simple social interactions have a positive impact on trust.
Development and Remodeling of the Vertebrate Blood-Gas Barrier

During vertebrate development, the lung inaugurates as an endodermal bud from the primitive foregut. Dichotomous subdivision of the bud results in arborizing airways that form the prospective gas exchanging chambers, where a thin blood-gas barrier (BGB) is established. In the mammalian lung, this proceeds through conversion of type II cells to type I cells, thinning, and elongation of the cells as well as extrusion of the lamellar bodies. Subsequent diminution of interstitial tissue and apposition of capillaries to the alveolar epithelium establish a thin BGB. In the noncompliant avian lung, attenuation proceeds through cell-cutting processes that result in remarkable thinning of the epithelial layer. A host of morphoregulatory molecules, including transcription factors such as Nkx2.1, GATA, HNF-3, and WNT5a; signaling molecules including FGF, BMP-4, Shh, and TFG-β and extracellular proteins and their receptors have been implicated. During normal physiological function, the BGB may be remodeled in response to alterations in transmural pressures in both blood capillaries and airspaces. Such changes are mitigated through rapid expression of the relevant genes for extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors. While an appreciable amount of information regarding molecular control has been documented in the mammalian lung, very little is available on the avian lung.
A Heterogeneous Subsurface Scattering Representation Based on Compact and Efficient Matrix Factorization

This poster presents a novel compact and efficient factored subsurface scattering representation for heterogeneous translucent materials. Our subsurface scattering representation consists of two parts, namely, a matrix factorization and a linear regression method. We first apply a matrix factorization method on the intensity profiles of the heterogeneous subsurface scattering responses. Next, we fit a polynomial model for characterizing the differences between the different color channels with a linear regression procedure. We validate our heterogeneous subsurface scattering representation on various real-world heterogeneous translucent materials, geometries and lighting conditions. We show that our method provides good compression at acceptable visual accuracy.
One or Two Disjoint Circuits Cover Independent Edges: Lovász-Woodall Conjecture

In this paper, we prove the following theorem: Let L be a set of k independent edges in a k-connected graph G. If k is even or G? L is connected, then there exist one or two disjoint circuits containing all the edges in L. This theorem is the first step in the proof of the conjecture of L. Lovasz (1974, Period. Math. Hungar., 82) and D. R. Woodall (1977, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B22, 274? 278). In addition, we give the outline of the proof of the conjecture and refer to the forthcoming papers.
Sound-induced flash illusion as an optimal percept

Recently, it has been shown that visual perception can be radically altered by signals of other modalities. For example, when a single flash is accompanied by multiple auditory beeps, it is often perceived as multiple flashes. This effect is known as the sound-induced flash illusion. In order to investigate the principles underlying this illusion, we developed an ideal observer (derived using Bayes' rule), and compared human judgements with those of the ideal observer for this task. The human observer's performance was highly consistent with that of the ideal observer in all conditions ranging from no interaction, to partial integration, to complete integration, suggesting that the rule used by the nervous system to decide when and how to combine auditory and visual signals is statistically optimal. Our findings show that the sound-induced flash illusion is an epiphenomenon of this general, statistically optimal strategy.
Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V2O5 for a highly sensitive NH3 sensor

Graphene has been recognized as a promising gas sensing material. The response of graphene-based sensors can be radically improved by introducing defects in graphene using, for example, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. We have functionalised CVD grown, single-layer graphene by applying pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of V2O5 which resulted in a thin V2O5 layer on graphene with average thickness of ≈0.6 nm. From Raman spectroscopy, it was concluded that the PLD process also induced defects in graphene. Compared to unmodified graphene, the obtained chemiresistive sensor showed considerable improvement of sensing ammonia at room temperature. In addition, the response time, sensitivity and reversibility were essentially enhanced due to graphene functionalisation by laser deposited V2O5. This can be explained by an increased surface density of gas adsorption sites introduced by high energy atoms in laser ablation plasma and formation of nanophase boundaries between deposited V2O5 and graphene.
Expression of a Functionally Active gp91phox-Containing Neutrophil-Type NAD(P)H Oxidase in Smooth Muscle Cells From Human Resistance Arteries: Regulation by Angiotensin II

A major source of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) superoxide is NAD(P)H oxidase. However, the molecular characteristics and regulation of this enzyme are unclear. We investigated whether VSMCs from human resistance arteries (HVSMCs) possess a functionally active, angiotensin II (Ang II)–regulated NAD(P)H oxidase that contains neutrophil oxidase subunits, including p22phox, gp91phox, p40phox, p47phox, and p67phox. mRNA expression of gp91phox homologues, nox1 and nox4, was also assessed in HVSMCs, human aortic smooth muscle cells, and rat VSMCs. HVSMCs were obtained from resistance arteries from gluteal biopsies of healthy subjects. gp91phox and nox4, but not nox1, were detected in HVSMCs. Nox1 and nox4, but not gp91phox, were expressed in human aortic smooth muscle cells and rat VSMCs. All NAD(P)H oxidase subunits were present in HVSMCs as detected by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Ang II increased NAD(P)H oxidase subunit abundance. These effects were inhibited by cycloheximide. Acute Ang II stimulation (10 to 15 minutes) increased p47phox serine phosphorylation and induced p47phox and p67phox translocation. This was associated with NAD(P)H oxidase activation. In cells transfected with gp91phox antisense oligonucleotides, Ang II–mediated actions were abrogated. NADPH-induced superoxide generation was reduced by gp91ds-tat and apocynin, inhibitors of p47phox-gp91phox interactions. Our results suggest that HVSMCs possess a functionally active gp91phox-containing neutrophil-like NAD(P)H oxidase. Ang II regulates the enzyme by inducing phosphorylation of p47phox, translocation of cytosolic subunits, and de novo protein synthesis. These novel findings provide insight into the molecular regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase by Ang II in HVSMCs. Furthermore, we identify differences in gp91phox homologue expression in VSMCs from rats and human small and large arteries.
Catecholamine toxicity in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture

Identification of endogenous toxins and characterization of the mechanisms by which toxins produce cell injury and death may help understand both normal modeling of cell populations and connections in the CNS as well as abnormal cell loss. The toxicity of catecholamines intrinsic to the CNS was investigated using the model system of rat cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture. All catecholamines tested, including norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and epinephrine, were toxic to neurons as well as glia at a concentration of 25 microM when added to cultures 24 hr after plating. Toxicity was evident after 48 hr exposure to NE, as monitored by loss of cells from the cultures. Toxicity did not seem to be mediated by adrenergic receptors because, although the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (but not the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine) was similar in its toxic effect to NE, the beta- adrenergic antagonist atenolol did not block the toxic effect of NE. Toxicity could be mimicked by hydrogen peroxide, a product of the oxidative degradation of catecholamines. Toxicity of NE was blocked by catalase. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), supposedly selective for catecholaminergic neurons, was found to be toxic over the same concentration range as NE. These results suggest that endogenous catecholamines may play a role in normal and abnormal cell death, and suggest that caution be used in relying on the specificity of 6-OHDA and other supposedly selective neurotoxins.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 12,13‐Cyclopropyl and 12,13‐Cyclobutyl Epothilones

With some members in clinical trials, the epothilones command attention as potential anticancer agents of considerable promise. In addition to several naturally occurring substances, an impressive array of epothilone analogues has been constructed and biologically evaluated. 2] We have previously reported the apartialo construction of two 12,13-cyclopropyl epothilone A analogues. Their structures recently came under closer scrutiny by us and by a Bristol ± Myers Squibb (BMS) group, whose independent synthesis of one of these compounds led to a revision of its structure. Here we wish to report i) an unambiguous chemical synthesis of cis-(12S,13S)-cyclopropyl epothilone A (2) and its 15R epimer 3 ; ii) the correct structure of the previously synthesized cyclopropyl epothilones and a mechanistic rationale for their unexpected formation; iii) the chemical synthesis of cis-(12S,13S)-cyclobutyl epothilone A (4) and its 15R epimer 5 ; and iv) the molecular modeling and biological evaluation of the newly synthesized compounds. Remarkably, compounds 2 and 4 exhibit potencies comparable