Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Market structure, technological innovation and industrial competitive advantage: Policy choices for catching up

As for the relationship between market structure and technological innovation, it is an old industrial organizational paradigm. But most of the theories were developed under the context of developed countries and concerned mostly in the relationship between market structure and innovation. Therefore this paper tries to analyze the relationship among market structure, technological innovation and industrial competitive advantage by analyzing the practice of the industrial development of developing countries and is going to offer a theory for the policy makers of late comers. In this paper, two paths for catching up countries are putted forward and simulations are conducted by a dynamic model.
Stress‐Reducing Effects of Ingesting Milk, Sugars, and Fats A Developmental Perspective

A developmental approach to the study of feeding is proposed that considers social complexity and its biological mediation as core determinants of later ingestive patterns. Evidence is presented for opioid-mediated influences of milk and its major constituents and for nonopioid-mediated channels for contact comfort. Consideration of these factors might help us better understand some of the determinants of human feeding disorders such as bulimia and anorexia nervosa.
Comparison of Microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers for the Genetic Analysis of a Galloway Cattle Population

Highly informative genetic markers are essential for efficient management of cattle populations, as well as for food safety. After a decade of domination by microsatellite markers, a new type of genetic marker, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), has recently appeared on the scene. In the present study, the exclusion power of both kinds of markers with regards to individual identification and parental analysis was directly compared in a Galloway cattle population. Seventeen bovine microsatellites were distributed in three incremental marker sets (10, 14 and 17 microsatellite markers) and used for cattle genotyping. A set of 43 bovine SNP was used for genotyping the same cattle population. The accuracy of both kinds of markers in individual identification was evaluated using probability of identity estimations. These were 2.4 × 10-8 for the 10 microsatellite set, 2.3 × 10-11 for the 14 microsatellite set, and 1.4 × 10-13 for the 17 microsatellite marker set. For the 43 SNP markers, the estimated probability of identity was 5.3 × 10-11. The exclusion power of both kinds of markers in parental analysis was evaluated using paternity exclusion estimations, and, in addition to this, by estimation of the parental exclusion probability in 18 Galloway family trios. Paternity exclusion was estimated to be over 99% for microsatellites, and approx. 98% for SNP. Both, microsatellite and SNP sets of markers showed similar parental exclusion probabilities.
Real Estate Market Efficiency: Issues and Evidence

This paper provides a review of the studies that have examined the efficiency of the real estate market. Existing evidence suggests that real estate market segments (i.e., housing, income-property, and land markets) experience different degrees of efficiency. Short-run returns to housing (and real house price changes) are generally found to be positively auto-correlated. In addition, initial evidence suggests that long-run returns to housing may be mean-reverting. Consistent with the housing market, land price movements appear to be serially dependent. Income property markets are reported to be more efficient than the housing market but less efficient than corporate security markets. Most researchers report, however, that when trading rules are examined, transaction costs typically prohibit investors from exploiting the predictable price movements in any of the market segments. Finally, many of the studies report that their findings are preliminary and indicate the need for additional work. (JEL G14, JREL.
The performance of filter rules on the Jamaican Stock Exchange

A filter test of the daily returns over the period 1989 to 1994 is employed to determine the efficiency of the market. The main result is that the naive 'buy and hold' investment strategy generally outperformed the more active trading strategies. This is surprising in light of previous test which indicated that the market is inefficient. Generally the larger filters generated greater terminal wealth.
Risk and the Valuation of Common Stock

It is quite reasonable, and quite acceptable among both academic researchers (Gordon and Shapiro, 1956; Walter, 1956; Modigliani and Miller, 1961; Malkiel, 1963) and professional security analysts (Molodovsky, 1959, 1960, 1965; Bauman, 1965; Wendt, 1965), to view the price of a share of stock as the present value of future dividends expected from the share discounted at a rate which reflects the risk borne by an owner of the share. If the period between dividends is constant, earnings growth is expected to return to normal after some periods at a non-normal rate and dividend payout rate is expected to be the same in evey period; then the price on the date of a dividend payment is described by :1
An exploratory study on low-concentration hexavalent chromium adsorption by Fe(III)-cross-linked chitosan beads

In this study, Fe(III)-cross-linked chitosan beads (Fe(III)-CBs) were synthesized and employed to explore the characteristics and primary mechanism of their hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) adsorption under low concentration Cr(VI) (less than 20.0 mg l−1) and a pH range from 2.0 to 8.0. Batch tests were conducted to determine the Cr(VI) adsorption capacity and kinetics, and the effects of pH and temperature on the adsorption under low concentration Cr(VI) and a pH range from 2.0 to 8.0. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to explore the characteristics of Fe(III)-CBs and their Cr(VI) adsorption mechanisms. The results show that, unlike the adsorption of other absorbents, the Cr(VI) adsorption was efficient in a wide pH range from 2.0 to 6.0, and well described by the pseudo-first-order model and the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm model. The capacity of Cr(VI) adsorption by Fe(III)-CBs was as high as 166.3 mg g−1 under temperature 25°C and pH 6.0. The desorption test was also carried out by 0.1 mol l−1 NaOH solution for Fe(III)-CBs regeneration. It was found that Fe(III)-CBs could be re-used for five adsorption–desorption cycles without significant decrease in Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. Ion exchange was confirmed between functional groups (i.e. amino group) and Cr(VI) anions (i.e. CrO42−). The amino-like functional groups played a key role in Cr(VI) distribution on the Fe(III)-CBs surface; Cr(VI) adsorbed on Fe(III)-CBs was partially reduced to Cr(III) with alcoholic group served as electron donor, and then formed another rate-limiting factor. So, Fe(III)-CBs has a good prospect in purifying low concentration Cr(VI) water with a pH range from 2.0 to 6.0.
Effects of intraspecific larval competition on adult longevity in the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Abstract Larval competition is common in container‐breeding mosquitoes. The impact of competition on larval growth has been thoroughly examined and findings that larval competition can lead to density‐dependent effects on adult body size have been documented. The effects of larval competition on adult longevity have been less well explored. The effects of intraspecific larval densities on the longevity of adults maintained under relatively harsh environmental conditions were tested in the laboratory by measuring the longevity of adult Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) that had been reared under a range of larval densities and subsequently maintained in high‐ or low‐humidity regimes (85% or 35% relative humidity [RH], respectively) as adults. We found significant negative effects of competition on adult longevity in Ae. aegypti, but not in Ae. albopictus. Multivariate analysis of variance suggested that the negative effect of the larval environment on the longevity of Ae. aegypti adults was most strongly associated with increased development time and decreased wing length as adults. Understanding how larval competition affects adult longevity under a range of environmental conditions is important in establishing the relationship between models of mosquito population regulation and epidemiological models of vector‐borne disease transmission.
Isomorphic processes and social legitimacy of institutionalizing municipal community safety councils (MCSCs) in Kosovo

The public administration system of newly emerging nations and countries are more prone to be homogenized due to the rapid external and internal socio-political uncertainties and changes. The multi-ethnic Kosovo in Europe is one such entity. It is unique due to the fact that, it was governed by the United Nations Multinational Executive Mission that has left a considerable legacy and influence over the central and local government structures. The community safety, as one of the fundamental policies related to the public consultation regarding the safety and security within all communities, has undergone an interesting history since the establishment of the UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) (1999). The paper reviews the socio-political and legal processes of institutionalizing the Municipal Community Safety Councils (MCSCs) in Kosovo. The research is mainly based on the isomorphic theories of institutionalization and social legitimacy. It reviews the institutionalization and social acceptance of the MCSCs in the period of UNMIK as an executive mission (1999 to 2008) and Kosovo Government after the proclamation of independence (2008-till present). Key words: Institutionalization, legitimacy, isomorphism, community safety, municipal community safety council (MCSC).
Low-level Plasmodium falciparum transmission and the incidence of severe malaria infections on the Kenyan coast.

The transmission of Plasmodium falciparum was studied in relation to the incidence of severe malaria infections at Sokoke and Kilifi town, Kilifi District, Kenya. Intensive mosquito sampling during a one-year period yielded Anopheles gambiae s.l. , An. funestus, and An. coustani. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was the predominant vector, comprising 87.9% and 97.9% of the total anophelines collected in Sokoke and Kilifi town, respectively. The proportion of An. gambiae s.l. with P. falciparum sporozoite infections was 4.1% (20 of 491) in Sokoke and 2.2% (3 of 138) in Kilifi town; no infections were detected in An. funestus or in An. coustani. Entomologic inoculation rates indicated that residents were exposed to only 8.0 infective bites per year in Sokoke and 1.5 in Kilifi town. Transmission was detected during only six months in Sokoke and three months in Kilifi town despite low-level, year-round vector activity. The yearly incidence of severe P. falciparum infections in children, 1-4 years of age was 24.1 per 1,000 in Sokoke and 4.2 per 1,000 in Kilifi town. Monthly patterns of transmission corresponded closely with the incidence of severe infections. At these sites on the coast of Kenya, the spatial and temporal incidence of severe malaria infections is associated with low-level P. falciparum transmission by vector populations.
Properties of subthreshold response and action potential recorded in layer V neurons from cat sensorimotor cortex in vitro.

Properties of the action potential and subthreshold response were studied in large layer V neurons in in vitro slices of cat sensorimotor cortex using intracellular recording and stimulation, application of agents that block active conductances, and a single-microelectrode voltage clamp (SEVC). A variety of measured parameters, including action-potential duration, afterpotentials, input resistance, rheobase, and membrane time constant, were similar to the same parameters reported for large neurons from this region of cortex in vivo. Action-potential amplitudes and resting potentials were greater in vitro. Most measured parameters were distributed unimodally, suggesting that these parameters are similar in all large layer V neurons irrespective of their axonal termination. The voltage response to subthreshold constant-current pulses exhibited both time and voltage dependence in the great majority of cells. Current pulses in either the hyperpolarizing or subthreshold depolarizing direction cause the membrane potential to attain an early peak and then decay (sag) to a steady level. On termination of the pulse, the membrane response transiently overshoots resting potential. Plots of current-voltage relations demonstrate inward rectification during polarization on either side of resting potential. Subthreshold inward rectification in the depolarizing direction is abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The ionic currents responsible for subthreshold rectification and sag were examined using the SEVC. Steady inward rectification in the depolarizing direction is caused by a persistent, subthreshold sodium current (INaP) (54). Sag observed in response to a depolarizing current pulse is due to activation of a slow outward current, which superimposes on and partially counters the persistent sodium current. Both sag in response to hyperpolarizing current pulses and rectification in the hyperpolarizing direction are caused by a slow inward "sag current" that is activated by hyperpolarizing voltage steps. The sag current is unaltered by TTX, tetraethylammonium, (TEA), Co2+, Ba2+, or 4-aminopyridine. Fast-rising, short-duration action potentials can be elicited by an intracellular current pulse or by orthodromic or antidromic stimulation. Spikes are blocked by TTX. The form of the afterpotential following a directly evoked spike varies among cells with similar resting potentials. Biphasic afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) with fast and slow components were most frequently seen. About 30% of the cells displayed a depolarizing afterpotential (DAP), which was often followed by an AHP. Other cells displayed a purely monophasic AHP. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Local Government Tax and Product Competition and the Optimal Provision of Public Goods

The location of any given town has commonly been determined by collusion between"interested parties" with a view to speculation in real estate, and it continues through its life-history (hitherto) to be managed as a real estate "proposition. " Its municipal affairs, its civic pride, its community interest, coverage upon its real-estate values.
The emerging role of CD 30 and p 53 as novel targets for therapy in anaplastic large cell lymphoma

ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). frequently carries the t(2;5). (p23;q35). resulting in expression of NPM-ALK oncogenic kinase, which is capable of activating multiple oncogenic pathways. ALK+ ALCL is also characterized by overexpression of CD30 receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). receptor superfamily, which has been targeted for therapy using conjugated anti-CD30 antibodies with clinical success. Also, the tumor suppressor p53 is frequently non-mutated in ALK+ ALCL allowing for therapeutic modulation of p53 reactivation in this lymphoma type. Therefore, this review is focused on the role of CD30 receptor and p53 as novel targets for therapy in ALK+ ALCL, and also provides an update on their potential involvement in ALK+ ALCL pathogenesis.
Building Trust in Public and Nonprofit Networks

This article provides greater understanding of factors influencing interpersonal trust in networks composed of public and nonprofit service providers. The present theoretical model identifies propensity to trust, the perceived trustworthiness of the trustee, the relationship between the trustee and trustor, and third-party relationships as influencing interpersonal trust. The model is tested using action research data collected from a network of local social service providers. Key findings include the following: (a) Successful past cooperation between a trustor and a trustee and structural equivalence increase the likelihood the trustor will perceive the trustee as trustworthy; (b) the frequency of interactions between the trustor and trustee, trust transferability, and the perceived trustworthiness of the trustee have a direct, positive impact on whether the trustor trusts the trustee; and (c) trust between the trustor and trustee has a positive impact on expected future cooperation.
When the Law Does Not Matter: The Rise and Decline of the Mexican Oil Industry

Changes in formal institutions do not always affect economic outcomes. When an industry has specific technological features that limit a government's ability to expropriate it, or when the industry is able to call on foreign governments to enforce its de facto property rights, economic agents can easily mitigate changes in formal institutions designed to reduce these property rights. We explore the Mexican oil industry from 1911 to 1929 and demonstrate that informal rather than formal institutions were key, permitting oil companies to coordinate their responses to increases in taxes or the redefinition of their de jure property rights.
Academic Engagement and Commercialisation: A Review of the Literature on University-Industry Relations

A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university–industry knowledge transfer. We present a systematic review of research on academic scientists’ involvement in these activities to which we refer as ‘academic engagement’. Apart from extracting findings that are generalisable across studies, we ask how academic engagement differs from commercialisation, defined as intellectual property creation and academic entrepreneurship. We identify the individual, organisational and institutional antecedents and consequences of academic engagement, and then compare these findings with the antecedents and consequences of commercialisation. Apart from being more widely practiced, academic engagement is distinct from commercialisation in that it is closely aligned with traditional academic research activities, and pursued by academics to access resources supporting their research agendas. We conclude by identifying future research needs, opportunities for methodological improvement and policy interventions.
Children's Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship. Innocenti Essays No. 4.

A nation is democratic to the extent that its citizens are involved, particularly at the community level. The confidence and competence to be involved must be gradually acquired through practice. It is for this reason that there should be gradually increasing opportunities for children to participate in any aspiring democracy, and particularly in those nations already convinced that they are democratic. With the growth of children’s rights we are beginning to see an increasing recognition of children’s abilities to speak for themselves. Regrettably, while children’s and youths’ participation does occur in different degrees around the world, it is often exploitative or frivolous. This Essay is written for people who know that young people have something to say but who would like to reflect further on the process. It is also written for those people who have it in their power to assist children in having a voice, but who, unwittingly or not, trivialize their involvement.
Poly(3-Hydroxyvalerate) Depolymerase ofPseudomonas lemoignei

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas lemoignei is equipped with at least five polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) depolymerase structural genes (phaZ1 to phaZ5) which enable the bacterium to utilize extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHV), and related polyesters consisting of short-chain-length hxdroxyalkanoates (PHASCL) as the sole sources of carbon and energy. Four genes (phaZ1,phaZ2, phaZ3, and phaZ5) encode PHB depolymerases C, B, D, and A, respectively. It was speculated that the remaining gene, phaZ4, encodes the PHV depolymerase (D. Jendrossek, A. Frisse, A. Behrends, M. Andermann, H. D. Kratzin, T. Stanislawski, and H. G. Schlegel, J. Bacteriol. 177:596–607, 1995). However, in this study, we show that phaZ4 codes for another PHB depolymeraes (i) by disagreement of 5 out of 41 amino acids that had been determined by Edman degradation of the PHV depolymerase and of four endoproteinase GluC-generated internal peptides with the DNA-deduced sequence of phaZ4, (ii) by the lack of immunological reaction of purified recombinant PhaZ4 with PHV depolymerase-specific antibodies, and (iii) by the low activity of the PhaZ4 depolymerase with PHV as a substrate. The true PHV depolymerase-encoding structural gene, phaZ6, was identified by screening a genomic library of P. lemoigneiin Escherichia coli for clearing zone formation on PHV agar. The DNA sequence of phaZ6 contained all 41 amino acids of the GluC-generated peptide fragments of the PHV depolymerase. PhaZ6 was expressed and purified from recombinant E. coliand showed immunological identity to the wild-type PHV depolymerase and had high specific activities with PHB and PHV as substrates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a PHASCLdepolymerase gene that is expressed during growth on PHV or odd-numbered carbon sources and that encodes a protein with high PHV depolymerase activity. Amino acid analysis revealed that PhaZ6 (relative molecular mass [Mr], 43,610 Da) resembles precursors of other extracellular PHASCLdepolymerases (28 to 50% identical amino acids). The mature protein (Mr, 41,048) is composed of (i) a large catalytic domain including a catalytic triad of S136, D211, and H269 similar to serine hydrolases; (ii) a linker region highly enriched in threonine residues and other amino acids with hydroxylated or small side chains (Thr-rich region); and (iii) a C-terminal domain similar in sequence to the substrate-binding domain of PHASCL depolymerases. Differences in the codon usage of phaZ6 for some codons from the average codon usage of P. lemoignei indicated thatphaZ6 might be derived from other organisms by gene transfer. Multialignment of separate domains of bacterial PHASCL depolymerases suggested that not only complete depolymerase genes but also individual domains might have been exchanged between bacteria during evolution of PHASCLdepolymerases.