Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of oxygen between the Earth's mantle and core

[1] Experiments to investigate the partitioning of oxygen between liquid iron and (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowustite were conducted at 30–70 GPa and 2800–3500 K using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. A thin foil was prepared from the reacted regions in the recovered samples using a focused ion beam. The compositions of coexisting quenched iron and magnesiowustite were measured using a transmission electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. In order to understand and model the results, additional experiments were performed to determine the activity of oxygen, or rather FeO, in liquid Fe metal. Multianvil experiments to measure the oxygen contents of coexisting immiscible metallic and ionic liquids in the Fe-FeO system were performed up to 25 GPa. The results were used to extract excess mixing properties for Fe-FeO liquids at high pressure and temperature. These properties were used to derive a model that describes oxygen partitioning in the Fe-Mg-O system that is independent of the actual experimental partitioning data. The model indicates that the oxygen content of liquid Fe becomes a strong nonlinear function of the FeO content of magnesiowustite at pressures greater than 25 GPa. This prediction is in excellent agreement with the experimental partitioning data, which is faithfully reproduced in most instances. The new results confirm that the Earth's core is undersaturated in oxygen with respect to the FeO content of the bulk mantle, which will result either in FeO being depleted from the very base of the mantle or lead to the development of an FeO-enriched outer layer of the core. These possibilities are not mutually exclusive.
Proceedings of the 2008 AOSD workshop on Aspects, components, and patterns for infrastructure software

Welcome to the 8th Workshop on Aspects, Components, and Patterns for Infrastructure Software -- ACP4IS '09. This year's workshop continues its tradition of providing a highly interactive forum for researchers and developers to discuss the application of and relationships between aspects, components, and patterns within modern infrastructure software. The goal is to put aspects, components, and patterns into a common reference frame and to build connections between the software engineering and systems communities. The call for papers attracted 10 submissions from Asia, Europe, and the United States. The program committee accepted 8 papers that covered a variety of topics.
Applying aspects to a real-time embedded operating system

The application of aspect-oriented programming (AOP) to the embedded operating system domain is still a very controversial topic, as this area demands high performance and small memory footprint. However, recent studies quantifying aspects overheads in AspectC++ show that the resource cost is very low. Therefore, operating system development may benefit with the modularization of crosscutting concerns and system specialization offered by AOP. This paper addresses our experience in applying aspects to synchronization (mutual exclusion) and logging in a real-time embedded operating system (BOSS). Furthermore, we present our ideas for future investigation in aspect-oriented implementations for fault tolerance, middleware customization and platform variability.
Complex Trainable Ista for Linear and Nonlinear Inverse Problems

Complex-field signal recovery problems from noisy linear/nonlinear measurements appear in many areas of signal processing and wireless communications. In this paper, we propose a trainable iterative signal recovery algorithm named complex-field TISTA (C-TISTA) which treats complex-field nonlinear inverse problems. C-TISTA is based on the concept of deep unfolding and consists of a gradient descent step with the Wirtinger derivatives followed by a shrinkage step with a trainable complex-valued shrinkage function. Importantly, it contains a small number of trainable parameters so that its training process can be executed efficiently. Numerical results indicate that C-TISTA shows remarkable signal recovery performance compared with existing algorithms.
Learning effective changes for software projects

The primary motivation of much of software analytics is decision making. How to make these decisions? Should one make decisions based on lessons that arise from within a particular project? Or should one generate these decisions from across multiple projects? This work is an attempt to answer these questions. Our work was motivated by a realization that much of the current generation software analytics tools focus primarily on prediction. Indeed prediction is a useful task, but it is usually followed by "planning" about what actions need to be taken. This research seeks to address the planning task by seeking methods that support actionable analytics by offering clear guidance on what to do. Specifically, we propose XTREE and BELLTREE algorithms for generating a set of actionable plans within and across projects. Each of these plans, if followed will improve the quality of the software project.
How to design synthetic images to validate and evaluate hyperspectral imaging algorithms

Many hyperspectral imaging algorithms are available for applications such as spectral unmixing, subpixel detection, quantification, endmember extraction, classification, compression, etc and many more are yet to come. It is very difficult to evaluate and validate different algorithms developed and designed for the same application. This paper makes an attempt to design a set of standardized synthetic images which simulate various scenarios so that different algorithms can be validated and evaluated on the same ground with completely controllable environments. Two types of scenarios are developed to simulate how a target can be inserted into the image background. One is called Target Implantation (TI) which implants a target pixel by removing the background pixel it intends to replace. This type of scenarios is of particular interest in endmember extraction where pure signatures can be simulated and inserted into the background with guaranteed 100% purity. The other is called Target Embeddedness (TE) which embeds a target pixel by adding this target pixel to the background pixel it intends to insert. This type of scenarios can be used to simulate signal detection models where the noise is additive. For each of both types three scenarios are designed to simulate different levels of target knowledge by adding a Gaussian noise. In order to make these six scenarios a standardized data set for experiments, the data used to generate synthetic images can be chosen from a data base or spectral library available in the public domain or websites and no particular data are required to simulate these synthetic images. By virtue of the designed six scenarios an algorithm can be assessed objectively and compared fairly to other algorithms on the same setting. This paper demonstrates how these six scenarios can be used to evaluate various algorithms in applications of subpixel detection, mixed pixel classification/quantification and endmember extraction.
Procedia Computer Science

Tensors, or multi dimensional arrays, are receiving significant attentions due to the various types of data that can be modeled by them; examples include call graphs (sender, receiver, time), knowledge bases (subject, verb, object), 3-dimensional web graphs augmented with anchor texts, to name a few. Scalable tensor mining aims to extract important patterns and anomalies from a large amount of tensor data. In this paper, we provide an overview of scalable tensor mining. We first present main algorithms for tensor mining, and their scalable versions. Next, we describe success stories of using tensors for interesting data mining problems including higher order web analysis, knowledge base mining, network traffic analysis, citation analysis, and sensor data analysis. Finally, we discuss interesting future research directions for scalable tensor mining.
Jitter in ring oscillators

This paper describes a theoretical framework for analyzing and predicting jitter in ring oscillators. These oscillators are becoming more popular in low jitter applications, but the mechanisms underlying their jitter performance have been poorly understood. A comparison with analysis techniques for harmonic and relaxation oscillators shows that a different approach is needed to design for low jitter in rings. The approach taken is in the time domain, considering each delay stage to add a uniform amount of phase in a varying an amount of time. The theory is applied to experimental results from ring oscillators of several different lengths. <<ETX>>
TE2Rules: Extracting Rule Lists from Tree Ensembles

Tree Ensemble (TE) models (e.g. Gradient Boosted Trees and Random Forests) often provide higher prediction performance compared to single decision trees. However, TE models generally lack transparency and interpretability, as humans have difﬁculty understanding their decision logic. This paper presents a novel approach to convert a TE trained for a binary classiﬁcation task, to a rule list (RL) that is a global equivalent to the TE and is comprehensible for a human. This RL captures all necessary and sufﬁcient conditions for decision making by the TE. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that, compared to state-of-the-art methods, (i) predictions from the RL generated by TE2Rules have high ﬁdelity with respect to the original TE, (ii) the RL from TE2Rules has high interpretability measured by the number and the length of the decision rules, (iii) the run-time of TE2Rules algorithm can be reduced signiﬁcantly at the cost of a slightly lower ﬁdelity, and (iv) the RL is a fast alternative to the state-of-the-art rule-based instance-level outcome explanation techniques.
Specification for DNS over Transport Layer Security (TLS)

This document describes the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) to provide privacy for DNS. Encryption provided by TLS eliminates opportunities for eavesdropping and on-path tampering with DNS queries in the network, such as discussed in RFC 7626. In addition, this document specifies two usage profiles for DNS over TLS and provides advice on performance considerations to minimize overhead from using TCP and TLS with DNS. This document focuses on securing stub-to- recursive traffic, as per the charter of the DPRIVE Working Group. It does not prevent future applications of the protocol to recursive-to- authoritative traffic.
The Impact of Scale on Probabilistic Flood Inundation Maps Using a 2D Hydraulic Model with Uncertain Boundary Conditions

Recent flood events internationally have demonstrated the large damages and potential loss of life that flooding can cause. In order to accurately quantify flood risk and how it may change in the future we need to improve our understanding of the uncertainties associated with making such predictions. Improvements in remote sensing have facilitated the use of high resolution models; however without a consideration of the uncertainties these models can produce spuriously precise predictions. This paper has explored this by assessing how changing the scale of flood inundation models impacts on probabilistic flood inundation and flood hazard maps for the Imera basin, Sicily. We have demonstrated that although coarse scale models can perform just as well as fine scale models, the results are dependent on both grid scale and likelihood measure. Furthermore these results have highlighted the uncertainty associated with flood inundation predictions and the need to consider these uncertainties when performing flood risk analysis.
An 80-Gb/s 300-GHz-Band Single-Chip CMOS Transceiver

A single-chip CMOS transceiver (TRX) capable of wireless data rates up to 80 Gb/s using part of frequencies (252–279 GHz) covered by IEEE Std 802.15. 3d is presented. The TRX chip operates in either transmitter (TX) or receiver (RX) mode at frequencies comparable to ${f_{\mathrm {max}}}$ of the NMOSFET. The TX part adopts mixer-last architecture with four-way power combining using a ring circuit called a double-rat-race. The RX part adopts fundamental-mixer-first direct-conversion architecture. In the RX mode, the TX serves as an LO multiplier chain, which conventionally accounted for a significant part of the RX die area. The double-rat-race, having an improved design than the original one, integrates the TX and RX and also rejects unwanted harmonics generated by the frequency-doubler-based upconversion mixer. Low-loss, low-characteristic-impedance transmission lines are used extensively to combat losses. The TRX was fabricated using a 40-nm CMOS process. The saturated output power of the TX is −1.6 dBm at 265.68 GHz. The mean single-sideband noise figure (SSB NF) of the RX is 22.9 dB. The TX mode and the RX mode consume dc power of 890 and 897 mW, respectively. A wireless data rate of 80 Gb/s between a pair of TRX chips is demonstrated with 16QAM over a distance of 3 cm.
Evidence for plate motion related strain in the Indian shield from shear wave splitting measurements

[1] The predominantly Precambrian Indian lithospheric plate experienced a long history of deformation ever since its breakup from Gondwanaland and its passage over four hot spots. The nature of mantle deformation of this fast moving plate has hitherto remained elusive in view of the paucity of measurements of shear wave anisotropy. In this paper we present the first results of 182 measurements of azimuthal ansiotropy obtained by analyzing the SKS and SKKS waveforms from 85 earthquakes recorded at 35 broadband seismic stations located on various geological units of the Indian shield. Results show that the delay times (δt) between the fast and slow axes of anisotropy are close to 1s, which is the global average for continental shield regions. The fast axis azimuths do not reveal coherent patterns that suggest dominance of asthenospheric flow where a basally flat Indian lithosphere is dragged over an inactive sublithospheric mantle. The northern part of the Indian shield where the lithosphere is thick shows a strong correlation between plate motion and azimuths of fast polarization, due to the effect of the basal cratonic keel plowing through the sublithospheric mantle. Most of the fast axes azimuths can be explained by the absolute plate motion (APM) related strain, considering the basal topography of the lithosphere. The consistent NS orientations along the west coast may be due to edge flow associated with a transition from a thicker to a thinner lithosphere. The Southern Granulite Terrain and the Cuddapah basin shows evidences for fossilized anisotropy, particularly in regions close to continental shear zones.
A parameter‐efficient hydrologic infiltration model

By adopting two extreme assumptions concerning the behavior of unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity K near saturation, we derived a two-branched model for ponding time and infiltration rate decay for arbitrary rainfall rates. One assumption was that K varies slowly near saturation and leads to an expression for ponding time and infiltration decay. For initially ponded conditions, ponding time is zero, and with rainfall rate r → ∞, the familiar Green and Ampt (1911) expression results. The other, rather opposite assumption was that K varies rapidly, e.g., exponentially, near saturation. This model also holds for both rainfall and ponded surface conditions, and for ponded conditions the expression is identical to that of Parlange (1971). Each model uses only two parameters, saturated soil conductivity Ks and a parameter that is roughly related to sorptivity and responds nearly linearly to variations in initial saturation. Both parameters are physically related to measurable soil properties. Methods are presented to estimate parameters of either model from infiltrometer tests. The two models are compared with a precise numerical solution of the unsaturated soil water diffusion equations for three soils that represent a range of soil behaviors near saturation. Our results show that either assumption would be an excellent model for most hydrologic purposes, and the relative goodness of fit of each model is generally consistent with the appropriate behavior of K(θ → θS).
Data examples of logarithm Fourier-domain bidirectional deconvolution

Time-domain bidirectional deconvolution methods show great promise for overcoming the minimum-phase assumption in blind deconvolution of signals containing a mixed-phase wavelet, such as seismic data. However, time-domain bidirectional methods usually suffer from slow convergence (Slalom method) or the starting model (Symmetric method). Claerbout proposed a logarithm Fourierdomain method to perform bidirectional deconvolution. In this paper, we test the new logarithm Fourier-domain method on both synthetic data and field data. The results demonstrate that the new method is more stable than previous methods and that it produces better results.
Dependence of the Electrical Conductivity on Saturation in Real Porous Media

Archie's Law for the porosity and saturation dependence of electrical conductivity, σ(θ) = aσbϕm(θ/ϕ)n (where σ is electrical conductivity, the subscript b denotes the brine or bulk solution, ϕ is porosity, θ is volume wetness, and a, m, and n are fitting parameters) was recently derived by applying continuum percolation theory to fractal porous media. We have recast Archie's Law in terms of saturation alone to obtain σ(θ) = σ0 (θ − θc)μ, where θc is the critical volume fraction for percolation, and σ0 = aσb/(1 − θc)μ. The value of the exponent, μ = 2.0 for three‐dimensional systems and 1.28 for two, is consistent with theory and simulations. We examined the universality of the exponent's value, and the range of validity of our expression. Drawing on published data, we compared predicted and measured values of σ(θ) across the full range of saturation, and found that the newly derived expression provides good predictions, is robust with respect to secondary effects such as residual salinity and contact resistance, and yields meaningful physical parameters.
HDS: a fast and hierarchical diamond search algorithm in video motion estimation

As the development of the Internet and communication technology, video coding has been more and more important. When the rate of video transmission is high, the correlation between adjacent video frames is high, too. The cost of coding the difference of the frames is litter than that of coding directly video frames. So, when video streams are coding, motion estimation is usually used to reduce the correlation between video streams in temporal axes. Therefore, motion estimation plays an important role in video coding. The present Diamond Search is accepted as one of the most efficient quick search. In this paper, a new motion estimation based on analysis of Diamond Search is proposed, in which video frames fall into two categories: the violent-motion frames and the moderate-motion frames. Based on the new motion estimation method, a quick hierarchical diamond search algorithm is proposed for the majority of moderate-motion frames. The experimental results have showed that the proposed algorithm is much faster than Diamond Search and obtains the same image quality.
Measuring and utilizing the correlation between signal connectivity and signal positioning for FPGAs containing multi-bit building blocks

As the logic capacity of FPGA increases, there has been a corresponding increase in the variety of FPGA building blocks. From a mere collection of the conventional logic blocks, FPGAs now can include digital signal processors, multipliers, multi-bit addressable memory cells, and even processor cores; and one of the common characteristics of these new building blocks is their multi-bit design, where each block is designed specifically to process several bits of data at a time. This multi-bit processing paradigm is significantly different from the single-bit processing design of the conventional FPGA logic blocks; and it creates differentiation in signals through its bussed structures. Consequently, this paper examines the correlation between the positions of the signals in buses and the connectivity of these signals. Based on the correlation measurements, a multi-bit routing architecture is then proposed along with its routing tool. It is experimentally shown that, comparing to the conventional routing architectures, the multi-bit architecture requires 12% less area to implement; and in particular, it needs 27% less routing switches to connect its multi-bit blocks to their routing tracks, and 18% less configuration memory to store the configuration information.
Aligned plane drawings of the generalized Delaunay-graphs for pseudo-disks

We study general Delaunay-graphs, which are natural generalizations of Delaunay triangulations to arbitrary families, in particular to pseudo-disks. We prove that for any finite pseudo-disk family and point set, there is a plane drawing of their Delaunay-graph such that every edge lies inside every pseudo-disk that contains its endpoints.
A Particle-Particle Particle-Multigrid Method for Long-Range Interactions in Molecular Simulations

: A new fast method of order O ( N ) is proposed to calculate interaction energies and forces in molecular systems with open boundaries, exerted by long range Coulomb interactions. The method consists of a fast multigrid Poisson solver for the far ﬁeld smooth part of the potential and a particle-particle based method for the near ﬁeld contribution. Boundary conditions are calculated with a multipole expansion method. Test cases are conducted for performance measurements of the method.
Does Platform Migration Compromise Content Moderation? Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels

When toxic online communities on mainstream platforms face moderation measures, such as bans, they may migrate to other platforms with laxer policies or set up their own dedicated website. Previous work suggests that, within mainstream platforms, community-level moderation is effective in mitigating the harm caused by the moderated communities. It is, however, unclear whether these results also hold when considering the broader Web ecosystem. Do toxic communities continue to grow in terms of user base and activity on their new platforms? Do their members become more toxic and ideologically radicalized? In this paper, we report the results of a large-scale observational study of how problematic online communities progress following community-level moderation measures. We analyze data from r/The_Donald} and r/Incels, two communities that were banned from Reddit and subsequently migrated to their own standalone websites. Our results suggest that, in both cases, moderation measures significantly decreased posting activity on the new platform, reducing the number of posts, active users, and newcomers. In spite of that, users in one of the studied communities (r/The_Donald) showed increases in signals associated with toxicity and radicalization, which justifies concerns that the reduction in activity may come at the expense of a more toxic and radical community. Overall, our results paint a nuanced portrait of the consequences of community-level moderation and can inform their design and deployment.