Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Topological organization of CA3‐to‐CA1 excitation

The CA1‐projecting axons of CA3 pyramidal cells, called Schaffer collaterals, constitute one of the major information flow routes in the hippocampal formation. Recent anatomical studies have revealed the non‐random structural connectivity between CA3 and CA1, but little is known regarding the functional connectivity (i.e. how CA3 network activity is functionally transmitted downstream to the CA1 network). Using functional multi‐neuron calcium imaging of rat hippocampal slices, we monitored the spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous CA3 and CA1 burst activity under pharmacological GABAergic blockade. We found that spatially clustered CA3 activity patterns were transformed into layered CA1 activity sequences. Specifically, synchronized bursts initiated from multiple hot spots in CA3 ensembles, and CA1 neurons located deeper in the pyramidal cell layer were recruited during earlier phases of the burst events. The order of these sequential activations was maintained across the bursts, but the sequence velocity varied depending on the inter‐burst intervals. Thus, CA3 axons innervate CA1 neurons in a highly topographical fashion.
Review on Detection and segmentation of brain tumor using watershed and thresholding algorithm

 Abstract— The main objective is to detect and segment the brain tumor using watershed and thresholding algorithm. Brain tumor segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size, shape, boundary extraction and location of tumor. The system will consist of three stages to detect and segment a brain tumor. An efficient algorithm will proposed for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image will enhanced and then morphological operators will be applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. To improve the quality of images and limit the risk of distinct regions fusion in the segmentation phase an enhancement process will be applied. It will be simulate on Matlab Software.
Fall Detection Based on Movement and Smart Phone Technology

Nowadays, recognizing human activities is an important subject; it is exploited widely and applied to many fields in real-life, especially health care or context aware application. Research achievements are mainly focused on activities of daily living which are useful for suggesting advises to health care applications. Falling event is one of the biggest risks to the health and well being of the elderly especially in independent living because falling accidents may be caused from heart attack. Recognizing this activity still remains in difficult research area. Many systems which equip wearable sensors have been proposed but they are not useful if users forget to wear the clothes or lack ability to adapt themselves to mobile systems without specific wearable sensors. In this paper, we develop novel method based on analyzing the change of acceleration, orientation when the fall occurs. In this study, we recruit five volunteers in our experiment including various fall categories. The results are effective for recognizing fall activity. Our system is implemented on Google Android smart phone which already plugged accelerometer and orientation sensors. The popular phone is used to get data from accelerometer and results show the feasibility of our method and contribute significantly to fall detection in Health care.
PLASMA-HD: Probing the LAttice Structure and MAkeup of High-dimensional Data

Rapidly making sense of, analyzing, and extracting useful information from large and complex data is a grand challenge. A user tasked with meeting this challenge is often befuddled with questions on where and how to begin to understand the relevant characteristics of such data. Real-world problem scenarios often involve scalability limitations and time constraints. In this paper we present an incremental interactive data analysis system as a step to address this challenge. This system builds on recent progress in the fields of interactive data exploration, locality sensitive hashing, knowledge caching, and graph visualization. Using visual clues based on rapid incremental estimates, a user is provided a multi-level capability to probe and interrogate the intrinsic structure of data. Throughout the interactive process, the output of previous probes can be used to construct increasingly tight coherence estimates across the parameter space, providing strong hints to the user about promising analysis steps to perform next. We present examples, interactive scenarios, and experimental results on several synthetic and real-world datasets which show the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. The implications of this work are quite broad and can impact fields ranging from top-k algorithms to data clustering and from manifold learning to similarity search.
Moment generating function-based performance evaluation of amplify-andforward relaying in n??nakagami fading channels

In this study, the authors investigate the error rate performance of amplify-and-forward relaying over N*Nakagami fading channels. This is a recently introduced channel model that involves the product of N Nakagami-m-distributed random variables. Employing the moment generating function approach, the authors derive symbol error rate expressions for a single-relay system under instantaneous power scaling (IPS) and average power scaling (APS) factors at the relay node, that is, variable and fixed gains. The results achieved by the authors demonstrate that the achievable diversity order is a function of Nakagami fading parameter (m) and degree of cascading (N). An identical diversity order is obtained under both scaling factors when the relay is close to the destination. When the relay is close to the source, IPS becomes advantageous over APS. Monte–Carlo simulations are further provided to confirm the analytical results.
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXVII. Kisspeptin Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Function

Kisspeptins are members of the Arg-Phe amide family of peptides, which have been identified as endogenous ligands for a G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by a gene originally called GPR54 (also known as AXOR12 or hOT7T175). After this pairing, the gene has been renamed KISS1R. The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification recommends that the official name for the receptor is the kisspeptin receptor to follow the convention of naming the receptor protein after the endogenous ligand. The endogenous ligand was initially called metastin, after its role as a metastasis suppressor, and is now referred to as kisspeptin-54 (KP-54), a C-terminally amidated 54-amino acid peptide cleaved from the 145-amino acid gene product. Shorter C-terminal cleavage fragments [KP-14, KP-13 and KP-10 (the smallest active fragment)] are also biologically active. Both receptor and peptide are widely expressed in human, rat, and mouse; the receptor sequence shares more than 80% homology in these species. Activation of the kisspeptin receptor by kisspeptin is via coupling to Gq/11 and the phospholipase C pathway, causing Ca2+ mobilization. Mutations in the KISS1R gene result in hypogonadotropic hypogonadotropism, and targeted disruption of Kiss1r in mice reproduces this phenotype, which led to the discovery of the remarkable ability of the kisspeptin receptor to act as a molecular switch for puberty. In addition to regulating the reproductive axis, the kisspeptin receptor is also implicated in cancer, placentation, diabetes, and the cardiovascular system.
Mobile Multicast in Wireless Mesh Networks

There is increased deployment of portable IP-enabled devices and group content distribution applications on Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). This surge is facilitated by its relative low cost of installation and as such is an attractive option in environments lacking existing communication infrastructure and/or in times of natural emergencies. The WMNs is equally capable of providing high bandwidth “multihop” access to the web. The capability of the WMNs can be enhanced by reinforcing the system with multicasting and mobility features. However, there are challenges of seamless integration when such existing multicasting and mobility features of MANET and fixed networks are migrated to the WMNs domain. Thus, a wide range of efforts have been directed at finding solutions to these challenges in order to increase the widespread deployment of the WMNs based communication infrastructure. This paper provides an exploratory review of reported studies in the sphere of multicast routing, mobility management and their integration in WMNs. It also highlights emerging issues in WMNs performance that deserves research attention or focus particularly in the area of integrated mobile multicasting. This is done with a view to producing a one volume comprehensive account of incorporating multicasting with mobility support deployable via Wireless Mesh Networks. In addition, this work is aimed at propelling research directions in the area of integrated mobile multicasting on Wireless Mesh Networks.
MEANINGS CONVEYED BY SIMPLE AUDITORY RHYTHMS

In this article we concentrate on perception of non-musical rhythm. The purpose of this study has been to find possible meanings related to simple auditory rhythms. Meanings were examined using semantic scales. 26 subjects rated nine different rhythm samples according to adjective pair scales. We also identify some preliminary design suggestions as to how rhythm can be used in sonification and discuss duration limitation when composing earcons.
Molecular Biology and Psychiatry: New Methodologies and Techniques

Abstract Molecular biology techniques are used widely in the study of central nervous system structures and functions. The possibilities offered by such methodologies are attracting an increasing number of researchers for their versatility and for their promise to permit the investigation of different proteins, step by step, from gene transcription to posttranscriptional processes. Of particular interest is the study of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and catabolism of neurotransmitters, as well as neuroreceptors. Today, a general knowledge of such methods and of how they can be used in CNS studies is fundamental for psychiatrists, even if not directly involved in basic research, since it can be easily predicted that the next century will be characterized by an increasing application of these approaches to biological psychiatry. In this article, we describe gene expression methods and the aim of gene expression studies. We also present some general information on the various steps and techniques used for different purposes in biological psychiatry.
THE ROLE OF INTEGRAL FEATURES FOR PERCEIVING IMAGEDISTORTIONXose

The computational model we propose deals with the measurement of image distortion in such a way that the comparison of a pair of images is performed by matching the corresponding integral features registered within the same xation point which a spatial sensitivity function directs about the images. An integral feature refers to the resultant of recombining the separable representations (color, form, brightness, etc) at stimulus locations with focal attention. The computation of a spatial sensitivity function determines the stimulus locations in the original image. These locations are processed serially in order to measure distortion between the corresponding conjunction of features in the image pair. keyword and phrases: image distortion, spatial sensitivity function, selective attention, integral features, phase congruency.
The Role of Emotions on Frontline Employee Turnover Intentions

The role of employee’s emotions are examined as influencers of job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, and turnover intentions within a frontline employee context. Using a sample of 126 retail employees, structural equation modeling is used to test the theoretically developed model. Findings suggest that deep acting emotions and emotional exhaustion significantly impact job satisfaction, whereas both deep acting emotions and job satisfaction predict affective organizational commitment. When predicting turnover intentions, surface and deep acting emotions, along with emotional exhaustion, each significantly impact turnover intentions; however, neither job satisfaction nor affective organizational commitment are significant predictors.
Entropy, Thermostats and Chaotic Hypothesis

The chaotic hypothesis is proposed as a basis for a general theory of nonequilibrium stationary states. 1. Stationary states and thermostats. The problem is to develop methods to establish relations between time averages of a few observables associated with a system of particles subject to workperforming external forces and to thermostat-forces that keep the energy from building up, so that it can be considered in a stationary state. The stationary state will correspond to a probability distribution on phase space F so that
Self-detection of optical contamination or occlusion in vehicle vision systems

We present a novel and practical algorithm for the self-detection problem of contamination or occlusions on the lens of a camera mounted on a vehicle. First, we analyze the intrinsic characteristics of such contamination on the video image. Based on this, cumulative differences are used to segment the static region in the image. A blurred edge detection algorithm based on wavelet decomposition is introduced to confirm if the static region belongs to contamination or an occlusion. Through the combination of these algorithms, contamination or occlusions can be detected. Experimental data are analyzed to show the detection performance of our algorithm and the effect of different contamination or occlusion material.
SUMS OF LOGNORMALS

Finance: In financial mathematics, the most popular model for a stock’s price is the lognormal distribution: if P is the stock price, then log P has a normal distribution. Suppose there are two such stock prices, P1 and P2, and that they both have a lognormal distribution. What is the probability that the sum of the prices will be greater than y? Making the simplifying assumption that the stocks are stochastically independent, then this probability is (for y > 0):
Bioavailability of wetland‐derived DON to freshwater and marine bacterioplankton

Access to bioavailable nitrogen often limits primary production in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Around 70% of nitrogen transported by rivers worldwide consists of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), but its bioavailability has been poorly investigated. To assess the potential bacterial growth on DON, we developed a bioassay employing natural DON and bacterial inocula in medium manipulated to make N the limiting nutrient. We analyzed the bacterial utilization of the high‐molecular‐weight fraction of DON isolated by ultrafiltration from three wetlands in South Sweden throughout the year. The bioavailability of low‐molecular‐weight and bulk DON was also analyzed in one of the wetlands, where inorganic nitrogen concentration was sufficiently low and did not interfere with bioassays. The bioavailability of bulk DON in the latter wetland varied from 2% to 16%, suggesting that DON is an important nitrogen source for the biota of coastal waters. DON may be the dominant input of bioavailable nitrogen during summer, when nitrate concentrations in rivers decrease and DON bioavailability increases. Marine bacterioplankton assimilated a substantially larger fraction of DON than did freshwater bacterioplankton, on average by a factor of 2.4. This finding indicates that the susceptibility of DON to bacterial mineralization increases as it is transported from freshwaters into saline environments.
Improving Seismic Monitoring System for Small to Intermediate Earthquake Detection

Efficient and successful seismic event detection is an important and challenging issue in many disciplines, especially in tectonics studies and geo-seismic sciences. In this paper, we propose a fast, efficient, and useful feature extraction technique for maximally separable class events. Support vector machine classifier algorithm with an adjustable learning rate has been utilized to adaptively and accurately estimate small level seismic events. The algorithm has less computation, and thereby increased high economic impact on analyzing the database. Experimental results demonstrate the strength and robustness of the method.
First , the register field of an Low-Power Instruction Encoding Techniques

We describe low power instruction encoding techniques for low-power instruction fetches. Instruction fields of a binary program are re-encoded so that the number of bits switched from the neighboring fields of consecutive instructions is minimized. The low-power encoding techniques are applied into the opcode, register fields, and unused bit fields of an instruction format. Experimental results based on software simulations show that the switching activity is reduced up to 62.1%, 14.8%, and 4.2% in the opcode, register fields, and unused bit fields, respectively, over that of original binary program.
Economic and Policy Issues in Livestock Service Delivery to the Poor Background paper for the FAO project memorandum “ Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative : Fostering the Policy Dialogue in Support of Equitable , Safe and Clean Livestock Farming ”

* Vinod Ahuja is a faculty member at the Centre for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Elizabeth Redmond is a consultant at the Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch, FAO, Rome. This paper was prepared during Vinod Ahuja’s visit to FAO in April-May 2001. We sincerely acknowledge the inputs received from Henning Steinfeld and Joachim Otte on the previous draft of this paper.
How Susceptible Is India’s Food Basket to Climate Change?

Food security in India is often associated with the sufficiency of fine cereals (paddy and wheat) in the consumer basket, and the concentration of fine cereals in total cereal production and distribution in India makes climate change-related threats more severe. The pattern of changes in the climate variables is ascertained with monthly rainfall and temperature data for day and night. Findings suggest unambiguous increase in day temperature across reference months and regions. The increase in the night temperature is conspicuous in states, south of the Tropic of Cancer. Rainfall pattern indicates a shift in rain across months and reference regions. The susceptibility of fine cereals is studied by separately regressing productivity of paddy and wheat crops on climatic variables and time. The day temperature has an adverse effect on yield of both the crops; effect is significant during flowering and grain filling stage of paddy and wheat respectively. The night temperature is affecting yield of paddy adversely. The relationship between temperature and yield of crops is revealed with the log-linear specifications in the most cases. In Haryana, relationship between the above variables is quadratic. Time, irrespective of climate variables, remains an important explanatory variable for variation in the yield of crops.
Culture and Causal Cognition

East Asian and American causal reasoning differs significantly. East Asians understand behavior in terms of complex interactions between dispositions of the person or other object and contextual factors, whereas Americans often view social behavior primarily as the direct unfolding of dispositions. These culturally differing causal theories seem to be rooted in more pervasive, culture-specific mentalities in East Asia and the West. The Western mentality is analytic, focusing attention on the object, categorizing it by reference to its attributes, and ascribing causality based on rules about it. The East Asian mentality is holistic, focusing attention on the field in which the object is located and ascribing causality by reference to the relationship between the object and the field.
Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with Larger Left Thalamic Gray Matter Volume in Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Background Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common anxiety disorder that usually begins in adolescence. Childhood maltreatment is highly prevalent and increases the possibility for developing a variety of mental disorders including anxiety disorders. An earlier age at onset of GAD is significantly related to maltreatment in childhood. Exploring the underpinnings of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent onset GAD would be helpful in identifying the potential risk markers of this condition. Methods Twenty-six adolescents with GAD and 25 healthy controls participated in this study. A childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) was introduced to assess childhood maltreatment. All subjects underwent high-resolution structural magnetic resonance scans. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to investigate gray matter alterations. Results Significantly larger gray matter volumes of the right putamen were observed in GAD patients compared to healthy controls. In addition, a significant diagnosis-by-maltreatment interaction effect for the left thalamic gray matter volume was revealed, as shown by larger volumes of the left thalamic gray matter in GAD patients with childhood maltreatment compared with GAD patients without childhood maltreatment as well as with healthy controls with/without childhood maltreatment. A significant positive association between childhood maltreatment and left thalamic gray matter volume was only seen in GAD patients. Conclusions These findings revealed an increased volume in the subcortical regions in adolescent GAD, and the alterations in the left thalamus might be involved in the association between childhood maltreatment and the occurrence of GAD.
Detection of Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow, Peripheral Blood and Lymph Nodes by Automated Imaging Devices

The presence of tumor cells in bone marrow, peripheral blood and lymph nodes has proven its clinical and prognostic value. Since the frequency of these cells in bone marrow and blood is sometimes as low as 1 per million and due to the fact that for the analysis of lymph nodes many sectioning levels have to be analyzed, automated imaging devices have been suggested as an useful alternative to conventional manual screening of specimens. The aim of this paper is to review the performance of current equipment that is commercially available, based on literature published so far. Requirements for introducing this equipment for routine clinical practice are discussed.
MANAGED COMPETITION IN HEALTH INSURANCE

Rising healthcare costs have sparked debate about the best way to provide high-quality affordable health insurance. We discuss the potential for regulated insurance markets to outperform single-payer public insurance. We use as an example the private Medicare plans that now provide insurance to almost a third of seniors in the United States. The evidence suggests that private plans can limit costs and potentially appeal to enrollees, and that well-designed risk adjustment can mitigate market failures due to adverse selection. However, fostering competition between insurers, especially in smaller markets, is difficult. We discuss how future research might illuminate the relative advantages of public and private health insurance.