Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversity and spatial distribution of surname structure in South Korea

We studied the population structure of South Korea by using the distributions of surnames for all 246 administrative regions. Every 4,177 surnames are distinguished by their bon-gwan which indicates the place of their family clans. Using Fisher’s Alpha, we found that the level of inbreeding increases as the distance from the capital Seoul increases. We introduced the Shannon index to measure the level of spatial diffusion for each surname population, and the geographical clusters based on similarities of the surname compositions among the regions show almost exact agreement with those at the administrative districts.
Spatial Variability of Seasonal Sea Level Pressure and 500 mb Height Anomalies

Abstract The spatial variability of seasonal mean sea level pressure (SLP) and 500 mb height anomalies are determined using eigenvector analysis. Previously, spatial variability had only been analyzed in such a manner during winter months, and the time coefficients of the eigenvectors of SLP and 500 mb heights were not compared. The eigenvectors of SLP and 500 mb heights obtained here are compared during each season, and the vectors are compared between seasons. Surface and 500 mb level eigenvector coefficients are found to be correlated and they are correlated in some seasons to air temperatures at surface stations. The data used were National Meteorological Center analyses of daily SLP and 500 mb heights between 1946 and 1977. The eigenvectors are determined for the covariance matrices of seasonal mean pressure and height departures from the 31 or 32 year long term normal over a 132 grid-point network. The coefficients of the first eigenvector of 500 mb heights are most highly correlated to the coeffici.
Observations of visible light emission from interactions between an electrothermal plasma and a propellant

A set of experiments has been conducted on the experimental plasma-propellant interaction facility PIPE to measure the burn rates of JA2 solid propellant as a function of plasma impingement angle with respect to the propellant surface. The propellant test stand is designed such that the angle of plasma impact on the propellant surface can be varied 0 to 90 degrees. Optical emission spectroscopy measurements were taken during these shots. Fiber optics were situated in two places, one closer to the plasma source and the second at the propellant's rear edge near the point of impact of plasma and propellant. The fiber optics are connected to an optical multichannel analyzer set to observe neutral copper lines and molecular C/sub 2/ Swan Bands in the 505-585 nm spectral region. Time-averaged core are temperatures of 8,800 to 14,000 K and plasma densities of 2/spl times/10/sup 25/ to 4.5/spl times/10/sup 23/ m/sup -3/ have been deduced by measurements along the axis of the device using the relative intensities and the Stark broadening of the copper lines. As the angle of plasma impact with the propellant surface increases from D to 90/spl deg/, the overall radiant emission increases, falls and increases. However, the measured plasma temperature decreases gradually and plasma density falls by nearly a factor of two before increasing substantially at 90/spl deg/. Comparisons with the measured burn rates of the JA2 propellant versus inclination angles suggests a stronger correlation of plasma burn rate with plasma kinetic energy than with the radiative heat flux.
A 3-D hybrid finite element/boundary element method for the unified radiation and scattering analysis of general infinite periodic arrays

We present a rigorous frequency domain variational 3-D electromagnetic formulation for the general nonself-adjoint infinite periodic array problem. The hybrid method described combines the vector finite element and Floquet boundary element techniques. It is general in the sense that it is applicable to infinite periodic arrays of the open or aperture-types. It is thus effective for modeling both the scattering and radiation performance of diverse FSS, absorber, and phased-array structures. The technique accurately handles arbitrarily complicated 3-D geometries, lossy inhomogeneous media and internal as well as external excitations. These analyses can be applied to general skewed grids under arbitrary scan and polarization conditions. >
A fast inversion recovery NMR imaging technique for mapping two-dimensional tracer diffusion and dispersion in heterogeneous media

A nuclear magnetic resonance imaging method is demonstrated for measuring diffusion of a paramagnetic tracer in an aqueous gel, and the hydrodynamic dispersion of the same tracer in a porous medium. The fast inversion recovery method for determining the longitudinal relaxation times T1 is used in conjunction with a standard Fourier imaging scheme to obtain images with null contours, which track particular tracer concentrations. The fast inversion recovery method offers considerable saving of experimental time relative to the standard inversion recovery protocol, but without introducing dependences on transverse relaxation time T2, which would be hard to quantify. With correct parameter choice, null contours can be localized in the images within two pixels and the corresponding tracer concentrations identified from longitudinal relaxation data only. In a cylindrical gel sample, concentration fronts are tracked and yield diffusivities in agreement with results previously reported for a similar one-dimensional method; in a core of natural sedimentary rock, we image clearly the markedly irregular advance of a concentration front caused by natural heterogeneity in the medium. The method is applicable to a variety of fields involving diffusion or dispersion in microscopically or macroscopically heterogeneous media.
A virtual optical encryption system based on polarization optics

In this paper, an encryption system is proposed based on polarization optics. A modulated image at reference plane was obtained by using a virtual magneto-optical modulator, and the field from the reference plane interfered with that from the information plane having the original image to form an encrypted image. This system not only has the advantages of multiple freedom degrees, high security strength and data manipulation in high-dimension as the traditional optical information processing system but also possesses the advantages of data processing flexibility in the computer information process. Numerical experiments prove that images encrypted by using this system have a high level of security, so it is hard for attackers to analyze the original images.
Effect of embedding nanoparticles on the lattice thermal conductivity of bulk semiconductor crystals

We analyze the effect of embedding semiconductor nanoparticles as extrinsic phonon scattering centers on the steady-state κ(0) and dynamical κ(Ω) behaviors of the lattice thermal conductivity of bulk semiconductor (SC) alloy crystals. As an example, we consider the case of Ge nanoparticles embedded in a Si0.7Ge0. 3 alloy crystal host matrix. The analysis includes the study of the effect of changing the size and concentration of the nanoparticles in combination with changing the ambient temperature while all other intrinsic properties of the SC alloy crystal host matrix are kept constant. Our calculations confirm the existence of an optimal nanoparticles size that minimizes κ(0). Depending on the ambient temperature, the optimal size either increases or decreases as a function of the nanoparticles concentration. Our calculations show also the cut-off frequency fC of κ(Ω) to be very sensitive to the size and concentration of the embedded nanoparticles. For a fixed ambient temperature and nanoparticles concen.
A CONVOLUTION-INDUCED TOPOLOGY ON THE ORLICZ SPACE OF A LOCALLY COMPACT GROUP

Let $G$ be a locally compact group with a fixed left Haar measure. In this paper, given a strictly positive Young function ${\rm\Phi}$, we consider $L^{{\rm\Phi}}(G)$ as a Banach left $L^{1}(G)$-module. Then we equip $L^{{\rm\Phi}}(G)$ with the strict topology induced by $L^{1}(G)$ in the sense of Sentilles and Taylor. Some properties of this locally convex topology and a comparison with weak$^{\ast }$, bounded weak$^{\ast }$ and norm topologies are presented.
On the Estimation of a Probability Density Function by the Maximum Penalized Likelihood Method

Abstract : A class of probability density estimates can be obtained by penalizing the likelihood by a functional which depends on the roughness of the logarithm of the density. The limiting case of the estimates as the amount of smoothing increasing has a natural form which makes the method attractive for data analysis and which provides a rationale for a particular choice of roughness penalty. The estimates are shown to be the solution of an unconstrained convex optimization problem, and mild natural conditions are given for them to exist. Rates of consistency in various norms and conditions for asymptotic normality and approximation by a Gaussian process are given, thus breaking new ground in the theory of maximum penalized likelihood density estimation. (Author)
A General Class of Multivariate Skew-Elliptical Distributions

This paper proposes a general class of multivariate skew-elliptical distributions. We extend earlier results on the so-called multivariate skew-normal distribution. This family of distributions contains the multivariate normal, Student's t, exponential power, and Pearson type II, but with an extra parameter to regulate skewness. We also obtain the moment generating functions and study some distributional properties. Several examples are provided.
Numerical models for vehicle exhaust dispersion in complex urban areas

Two numerical models are presented for predicting vehicle exhaust dispersion in complex urban areas with or without the wind field. The models not only reflect the effect of building and street canyon configuration on the pollutant propagation, but also are able to predict the turbulent energy produced by moving vehicles on the road. In particular, in the discrete model, turbulent energy and pollutant concentration produced by each vehicle are dynamically described in the Lagrangian method. The pollutant propagation is calculated with the advection–diffusion equation. The Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations are numerically solved for the wind flows. The movement and heat release rate of the vehicles are treated as sources of the turbulent energy equation for the computation of turbulent energy produced by the moving vehicles. This paper reports the detailed implementation of the models. Four typical numerical tests were carried out to represent the performance of the proposed numerical models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ∇·B=0 Constraint in Shock-Capturing Magnetohydrodynamics Codes

Seven schemes to maintain the ? ·B=0 constraint numerically are compared. All these algorithms can be combined with shock-capturing Godunov type base schemes. They fall into three categories: the eight-wave formulation maintains the constraint to truncation error, the projection scheme enforces the constraint in some discretization by projecting the magnetic field, while the five different versions of the constrained transport/central difference type schemes conserve ? ·B to machine accuracy in some discretization for every grid cell. It is shown that the three constrained transport algorithms, which have been introduced recently, can be recast into pure finite volume schemes, and the staggered representation of the magnetic field is unnecessary. Another two new and simple central difference based algorithms are introduced. The properties of the projection scheme are discussed in some detail, and I prove that it has the same order of accuracy as the base scheme even for discontinuous solutions. I describe a flexible and efficient implementation of the projection scheme using conjugate gradient type iterative methods. Generalizations to resistive MHD, to axial symmetry, and to non-Cartesian grids are given for all schemes. The theoretical discussion is followed by numerical tests, where the robustness, accuracy, and efficiency of the seven schemes and the base scheme can be directly compared. All simulations are done with the Versatile Advection Code, in which several shock-capturing base schemes are implemented. Although the eight-wave formulation usually works correctly, one of the numerical tests demonstrates that its non-conservative nature can occasionally produce incorrect jumps across strong discontinuities. Based on a large number of tests, the projection scheme, one of the new central difference based schemes, and one of the constrained transport schemes are found to be the most accurate and reliable among the examined methods.
Experimental Study and Modelling of Formation and Decay of Active Species in an Oxygen Discharge

A microwave (2.45 GHz) oxygen discharge (3 hPa, 150 W, 50 mL.min–1) is studied by optical emission spectroscopy of O(5P) (line 777.4 nm) and of the atmospheric system of O2(head‐line 759.4 nm). Calibration of the spectral response of the optical setup is used to determine the concentrations of O(5P) and O2(b). The concentration of the O(5P) atoms is in the range 108–109 cm–3 and the concentration of the O2(b) molecules is in the range 1014 – 2 × 1014 cm–3 along the discharge tube. An attempt is made to simulate the experimental results by using coupling the Boltzmann equation, homogeneous energy transfer V‐V and V‐T, heterogeneous reactions on the walls (energy transfer and recombination of atoms) and a kinetic scheme (electronic transfer and chemical reactions). The Boltzmann equation includes momentum transfer, inelastic and superelastic processes and e‐e collisions. V‐V and V‐T transfer equations are obtained from the SSH theory and the kinetic scheme includes 65 reactions with 17 species [electrons e, ions O– and O2–, fundamental electronic neutral species O(3P), O2, O2(X,v), O3 and excited neutral species O2(a), O2(b), O2(A), O(1D), O(1S), O(5P), O(4d 5Do), O(5s 5So), O(3d 5Do) and O(4s 5So)]. A fair agreement between experimental results and modelling is obtained with the following set of fitting values:
RASS, a remote sensing system for measuring low-level temperature profiles

Abstract A new technique for remote measurement of temperature in the lower atmosphere has been developed and successfully tested. The equipment used is called a Radio Acoustic Sounding System because a burst of sound propagating upward in the air is tracked by a Doppler radar. Air temperature at each height is determined from the instantaneous speed of the sound pulse and a complete profile can be obtained in only a few seconds. In order to improve accuracy, the measurements are normally averaged for several minutes, but even so the sampling rate is high enough to continuously monitor the temperature profile. Although earlier efforts showed that sound could indeed be tracked by radar, the work described here is the first successful attempt to use the technique to measure temperature profiles.
Vacuum heating versus skin layer absorption of intense femtosecond laser pulses

The crossing of the narrow skin layer in solid targets by electrons in a time shorter than a laser cycle represents one of the numerous collisionless absorption mechanisms of intense laser-matter interaction. This kinetic effect is studied at normal and oblique laser beam incidence and particle injection by a test particle approach in an energy interval extending into the relativistic domain. Three main results obtained are the strong dependence of the energy gain by the single particle on the instant of injection relative to the phase of the light wave, the reflection of the particles primarily contributing to absorption well in front of the target rather than in the Debye layer, and the low degree of absorption hardly exceeding the 10% limit. The simulation results offer a more unambiguous interpretation of the absorption mechanism often referred to as “vacuum heating. ” In particular, it is clearly revealed that the absorption in the vacuum region prevails on that originating from the skin layer. Relati.
Measurement of the 115In(n,γ)116mIn reaction cross-section at the neutron energies of 1.12, 2.12, 3.12 and 4.12 MeV

The 115In(n,γ)116mIn reaction cross section at neutron energies of 1.12, 2.12, 3.12 and 4.12 MeV was determined by using an activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique. The monoenergetic neutron energies of 1.12 − 4.12 MeV were generated from the 7Li(p,n) reaction by using proton beam with energies of 3 and 4 MeV from the folded tandem ion beam accelerator (FOTIA) at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and with energies of 5 and 6 MeV from the Pelletron facility at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai. The 197Au(n,γ)198Au reaction cross-section was used as the neutron flux monitor.The 115In(n,γ)116mIn reaction cross section at neutron energies of 1.12, 2.12, 3.12 and 4.12 MeV was determined by using an activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique. The monoenergetic neutron energies of 1.12 − 4.12 MeV were generated from the 7Li(p,n) reaction by using proton beam with energies of 3 and 4 MeV from the folded tandem ion beam accelerator (FOTIA) at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and with energies of 5 and 6 MeV from the Pelletron facility at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai. The 197Au(n,γ)198 Au reaction cross-section was used as the neutron flux monitor. The 115In(n,γ)116mIn reaction cross-sections at neutron energies of 1.12 – 4.12 MeV were compared with the literature data and were found to be in good agreement with one set of data, but not with others. The 115In(n,γ)116mIn cross-section was also calculated theoretically by using the computer code TALYS 1.6 and was found to be slightly lower than the experimental data from the present work and the literature. )198Au reaction cross-section was used as the neutron flux monitor. The 115In(n,γ)116mIn reaction cross-sections at neutron energies of 1.12 − 4.12 MeV were compared with the literature data and were found to be in good agreement with one set of data, but not with others. The 115In(n,γ)116mIn cross-section was also calculated theoretically by using the computer code TALYS 1.6 and was found to be slightly lower than the experimental data from the present work and the literature.
Splitting and coupling of lattice modes in the layer compound SnS

Zone-centre optical phonons in the layer crystal SnS have been studied by Raman scattering. The phonons observed for the given polarization configurations are consistent with the predictions of group theory. It is shown that SnS behaves approximately like a two-dimensional crystal. This work suggests that SnS is less anisotropic than GeS and GeSe, which have been studied previously.
Minimum Maneuver Time Calculation Using Convex Optimization

The problem of calculating the minimum lap or maneuver time of a nonlinear vehicle, which is linearized at each time step, is formulated as a convex optimization problem. The formulation provides an alternative to previously used quasi-steady-state analysis or nonlinear optimization. Key steps are: the use of model predictive control; expressing the minimum time problem as one of maximizing distance traveled along the track centerline; and linearizing the track and vehicle trajectories by expressing them as small displacements from a fixed reference. A consequence of linearizing the vehicle dynamics is that nonoptimal steering control action can be generated, but attention to the constraints and the cost function minimizes the effect. Optimal control actions and vehicle responses for a 90 deg bend are presented and compared to the nonconvex nonlinear programming solution. Copyright © 2013 by ASME.
The magnetic circuit of an axial field D.C. electrical machine

A permanent magnet d.c. machine is described, with an axial field and a disc-shaped armature. The potential distribution is calculated in three-dimensions for high-coercivity magnets, for which a uniform intrinsic magnetisation can be assumed. This shows the importance of not assuming a constant potential over the pole surface, and of not reducing the system to two-dimensions. The field in the air-gap is found, and a comparison of magnet shapes shows that commonly used circular poles produce poor values of useful field. A compacted mixture of iron powder and epoxy resin has been found to be a good substitute for laminations in the magnetic circuit. It is shown that this material carries about the same flux in the machine as does mild steel. However, it offers a significant reduction in the eddy-current and hysteresis losses, compared with laminated nickel iron.
Evaluating Parameterizations in General Circulation Models: Climate Simulation Meets Weather Prediction

To significantly improve the simulation of climate by general circulation models (GCMs), systematic errors in representations of relevant processes must first be identified, and then reduced. This endeavor demands that the GCM parameterizations of unresolved processes, in particular, should be tested over a wide range of time scales, not just in climate simulations. Thus, a numerical weather prediction (NWP) methodology for evaluating model parameterizations and gaining insights into their behavior may prove useful, provided that suitable adaptations are made for implementation in climate GCMs. This method entails the generation of short-range weather forecasts by a realistically initialized climate GCM, and the application of six hourly NWP analyses and observations of parameterized variables to evaluate these forecasts. The behavior of the parameterizations in such a weather-forecasting framework can provide insights on how these schemes might be improved, and modified parameterizations then can be test.
Critical Properties of the Void Percolation Problem for Spheres

The method outlined by Kerstein has been used to simulate percolation of the void region between overlapping, randomly located spheres. The computed threshold is in agreement with the previous result of Kertesz. In addition, three critical exponents are computed and are found to be in agreement with the universality hypothesis. This constitutes the first such evaluation for a three-dimensional nonlattice problem and the first test of universality for a percolation problem with no underlying network defined a priori.
The Effects of Climatological and Persistence Variables on the Intensities of Tropical Cyclones over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean

Abstract The effects of 10 climatological and persistence variables (latitude, maximum wind speed, 12-h change of maximum wind speed, longitude, distance to land, Julian date, sea surface temperature, speed of movement, zonal component of motion, and meridional component of motion) on changes of intensities of tropical cyclones over the eastern North Pacific Ocean were examined for the periods 1982–87 and 1988–93. Backward multiple regressions were performed to relate these 10 variables to changes in maximum intensity (as determined by wind speed) over periods ranging from 12 to 72 h. Latitude, maximum wind speed, and the 12-h change of maximum wind speed were the most significant variables. Each of the 10 variables was statistically significant at the 95% level at one or more of the time periods. Speed of movement, the component of motion, and the meridional component of motion were the least significant factors. The statistical relationships were tested using independent data from 1994. The mean absolut.