Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Strategy of the Genes

garded as a general introduction to the interesting new field of atomic medicine, it covers a vast amount of information on radioisotopes which are used in medical research, diagnosis, and therapy. The background of nuclear physics on each aspect of this new field of medicine is concisely explained. The medical use of high energy particle accelerators such as cyclotron, betatron, synchrotron, and linear accelerators are briefly described. The linear accelerator is considered as the machine which has real practical value in radiotherapy. In radiotherapy today in England there is considerable competition between linear accelerator and large telecurie units, such as Cobalt-60 or Cesium-137. Both these developments are important by-products of atomic energy development. The three dangerous biological effects of radiation to man are discussed in some detail: (1) immediate danger of tissue damage from individual high exposure, (2) long-term danger of chronic damage to tissue with possible induction of cancer, (3) remote but important danger of permanent genetic damage that may seriously affect future generations. The common levels of radiation exposure are listed in detail based on the data published in Great Britain. Some interesting estimated figures on radiation received by the whole population of Great Britain to reproductive organs in the first 30 years of life as a genetic hazard are abstracted as follows: Natural body radioactivity, 690 mr. The dose required to double human mutation rate is estimated to be 50,000 mr. The author also stresses the opinion that genetic damage by radiation is not yet fully understood and must be worked out as one of our most urgent problems. The material chosen is mainly from the British sources and is based on a comprehensive review of the literature of the subject. The illustrations . are excellent but no bibliography is appended. It is easy and pleasing to read and it should be recommended to medical students, nurses, and physicians who want to have a general and up-to-date view of this subject. "How does development produce entities which have Form, in the sense of integration or wholeness; how does evolution bring into being organisms which have Ends, in the sense of goal-seeking or directiveness? " An examination of these questions provides the unifying theme for this collection of essays which are Professor Waddington's most recent contribution to theoretical biology. Although portions of four of the five essays have appeared elsewhere in different form, they are essentially new and contain much …
Peer-to-Peer-Based Model-Management for Cross-Organizational Business

Business process modeling has been developed for the single enterprise or more generally, for single actor environments. Furthermore, most process model management tools presume the usage within a closed community (e.g. a single enterprise), that is characterized by a central control unit (hierarchical management structure). Within collaborative businesses, there is a lack of centralized structures. Instead, the organizations are autonomously acting and they control only a partial area of the overall collaborative business process. In contrast to the intraorganizational case, cross-organizational model management imposes several organizational and technological challenges that results from the multiple- independent-actors-environment of collaborations. In such environments, 'conventional' process management tools mainly fail. This paper proposes a concept to handle cross-enterprise-spanning business process models using peer-to-peer technology. Furthermore, we investigate mechanisms to construct such processes based on the same technological base
An improved indirect maximum power point tracking method for standalone photovoltaic systems

This paper presents an improved indirect maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for a standalone photovoltaic (PV) generation system. The proposed method is based on curve fitting for finding the best fit for the P-V characteristic curve by representing it in terms of a polynomial function of the fourth degree. The predicted P-V curve strongly depends on the cell temperature and therefore the ambient temperature and solar radiation are used to track the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV module. Experimental results are given to verify the validity and performance of the MPPT algorithm which is embedded in a prototype MPPT controller. The experimental results show that the proposed MPPT controller which is tested on a standalone PV system successfully tracked the MPP by giving an average tracking efficiency of 89.2%.
Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1a) Positively Regulates Euchromatic Gene Expression through RNA Transcript Association and Interaction with hnRNPs in Drosophila

Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1a) is a well-known conserved protein involved in heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in different species including humans. A general model has been proposed for heterochromatin formation and epigenetic gene silencing in different species that implies an essential role for HP1a. According to the model, histone methyltransferase enzymes (HMTases) methylate the histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me), creating selective binding sites for itself and the chromodomain of HP1a. This complex is thought to form a higher order chromatin state that represses gene activity. It has also been found that HP1a plays a role in telomere capping. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that HP1a is present at many euchromatic sites along polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster, including the developmental and heat-shock-induced puffs, and that this protein can be removed from these sites by in vivo RNase treatment, thus suggesting an association of HP1a with the transcripts of many active genes. To test this suggestion, we performed an extensive screening by RIP-chip assay (RNA–immunoprecipitation on microarrays), and we found that HP1a is associated with transcripts of more than one hundred euchromatic genes. An expression analysis in HP1a mutants shows that HP1a is required for positive regulation of these genes. Cytogenetic and molecular assays show that HP1a also interacts with the well known proteins DDP1, HRB87F, and PEP, which belong to different classes of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) involved in RNA processing. Surprisingly, we found that all these hnRNP proteins also bind heterochromatin and are dominant suppressors of position effect variegation. Together, our data show novel and unexpected functions for HP1a and hnRNPs proteins. All these proteins are in fact involved both in RNA transcript processing and in heterochromatin formation. This suggests that, in general, similar epigenetic mechanisms have a significant role on both RNA and heterochromatin metabolisms.
On random sampling auctions for digital goods

In the context of auctions for digital goods, an interesting Random Sampling Optimal Price auction (RSOP) has been proposed by Goldberg, Hartline and Wright; this leads to a truthful mechanism. Since random sampling is a popular approach for auctions that aims to maximize the seller's revenue, this method has been analyzed further by Feige, Flaxman, Hartline and Kleinberg, who have shown that it is 15-competitive in the worst case -- which is substantially better than the previously proved bounds but still far from the conjectured competitive ratio of 4. In this paper, we prove that RSOP is indeed 4-competitive for a large class of instances in which the number λ of bidders receiving the item at the optimal uniform price, is at least 6. We also show that it is 4.68 competitive for the small class of remaining instances thus leaving a negligible gap between the lower and upper bound. Furthermore, we develop a robust version of RSOP -- one in which the seller's revenue is, with high probability, not much below its mean -- when the above parameter λ grows large. We employ a mix of probabilistic techniques and dynamic programming to compute these bounds.
One-Shot Learning of Scene Locations via Feature Trajectory Transfer

The appearance of (outdoor) scenes changes considerably with the strength of certain transient attributes, such as "rainy", "dark" or "sunny". Obviously, this also affects the representation of an image in feature space, e.g., as activations at a certain CNN layer, and consequently impacts scene recognition performance. In this work, we investigate the variability in these transient attributes as a rich source of information for studying how image representations change as a function of attribute strength. In particular, we leverage a recently introduced dataset with fine-grain annotations to estimate feature trajectories for a collection of transient attributes and then show how these trajectories can be transferred to new image representations. This enables us to synthesize new data along the transferred trajectories with respect to the dimensions of the space spanned by the transient attributes. Applicability of this concept is demonstrated on the problem of oneshot recognition of scene locations. We show that data synthesized via feature trajectory transfer considerably boosts recognition performance, (1) with respect to baselines and (2) in combination with state-of-the-art approaches in oneshot learning.
Telomerase Protects Cancer-Prone Human Cells from Chromosomal Instability and Spontaneous Immortalization

Studies were conducted to directly test whether the introduction of telomerase protects cancer-prone human mammary epithelial cells from chromosomal instability and spontaneous immortalization. Using a model for Li Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS), infection of human telomerase resulted in maintenance of telomere lengths, extension of in vitro lifespan, and prevention of spontaneous immortalization. In stark contrast to the spontaneously immortalized LFS cells, cells expressing ectopic telomerase displayed a remarkably stable karyotype and even after >150 population doublings, did not express endogenous telomerase. Since the hTERT-infected and spontaneously immortal LFS cells, like the parental cells, exhibit loss of p53 function, our data suggests that telomere shortening is the primary driving force for the genomic instability characteristic of LFS cells while p53 inactivation is necessary for triggering the spontaneous immortalization event. Collectively, our data indicate that exogenous telomerase prevents chromosomal instability and spontaneous immortalization of LFS cells, suggesting a unique protective role for telomerase in the progression to immortalization.
Secure Software Licensing: Models, Constructions, and Proofs

The problem of secure software licensing is to enforce meaningful restrictions on how software is run on machines outside the control of the software author/vendor. The problem has been addressed through a variety of approaches from software obfuscation to hardware-based solutions, but existent solutions offer only heuristic guarantees which are often invalidated by attacks. This paper establishes foundations for secure software licensing in the form of rigorous models. We identify and formalize two key properties. Privacy demands that licensed software does not leak unwanted information, and integrity ensures that the use of licensed software is compliant with a license - the license is a parameter of our models. Our formal definitions and proposed constructions leverage the isolation/attestation capabilities of recently proposed trusted hardware like SGX which proves to be a key enabling technology for provably secure software licensing.
Management of spinal meningiomas: surgical results and a review of the literature.

OBJECT In this report, the authors describe their experience in the surgical management of spinal meningiomas at two neurosurgical centers. The results of a literature review are also presented. METHODS Eighty consecutive patients (22 men and 58 women) with spinal meningiomas who had undergone an operation at two specific neurosurgical centers were included in this study. Functional outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. A review of the literature yielded an additional 651 patients with spinal meningiomas from 9 large studies. RESULTS On multivariate analysis, the variable of a poor preoperative neurological state (p < 0.02, odds ratio [OR] 13.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6-71.4) and invasion of the arachnoid/pia mater (p < 0.03, OR 15.2, 95% CI 2.5-90.4) were independent predictors of a poor outcome, whereas invasion of the arachnoid/pia (p < 0.02, OR 8.9, 95% CI 2.2-35) and duration of symptoms (p < 0.001, OR 1.12/month, 95% CI 1.05-1.2) predicted no improvement (stable or deteriorated condition). The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed three significant predictor variables for recurrence: invasion of the arachnoid/pia (p < 0.05; hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-3.6), Simpson resection grade (p < 0.012, HR 6.8, 95% CI 1.5-3.0), and histological tumor grade (Grade I; p < 0.001, HR 0.001-0.17). CONCLUSIONS Because of the excellent outcome of surgery for benign spinal meningiomas and the association between duration of symptoms and neurological compromise with a poor functional outcome, early operation is the treatment of choice. In cases of malignant transformation, adjuvant therapies must be considered.
QUATRO Plus: Quality You Can Trust?

The QUATRO Plus project, a follow on from the original QUATRO Project, aims to balance the wisdom of the crowds with the knowledge of the experts. It uses a mixture of authenticated data sources and the opinions of end users expressed through social networking software to build a dataset that is authoritative and trustworthy. The dataset describes online resources using RDF with the upcoming W3C Recommendation, POWDER, as the underlying transport and storage mechanism. Data can be added to or queried through a variety of tools provided by the project, some of which are described in detail in this paper.
Microbiological Assessment of Polymyxin B Components Tested Alone and in Combination

ABSTRACT We investigated the antimicrobial activity of four polymyxin B components, B1, B2, B3, and isoleucine (Ile)-B1, individually and in combination. B3 was the most active agent against all organisms tested except Acinetobacter baumannii, for which Ile-B1 was most active. One combination met the criteria for synergy, B3 plus Ile-B1. No combinations exhibited antagonism. The dominant components of polymyxin B products (B1 and B2) were associated with the lowest probability of improved antibacterial activity when combined.
Fine Grained Register Allocation for EPIC Processors With Predication

In this paper, we study the impact of liveness granularity, the priority function and accurate interference graph construction on register allocation performance on EPIC processors with predication. Fine grained live ranges reduce the number of interferences and hence allow both faster compilation and runtime execution. Similarly, a predicate-aware priority function gives a better register allocation. However, due to the heuristics used in hyperblock formation, predicate aware liveness computations does not result in signiicant improvements .
Extracellular Calcium Reduction Strongly Increases the Lytic Capacity of Pneumolysin From Streptococcus Pneumoniae in Brain Tissue

Background. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes serious diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis. Its major pathogenic factor is the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin, which produces lytic pores at high concentrations. At low concentrations, it has other effects, including induction of apoptosis. Many cellular effects of pneumolysin appear to be calcium dependent. Methods. Live imaging of primary mouse astroglia exposed to sublytic amounts of pneumolysin at various concentrations of extracellular calcium was used to measure changes in cellular permeability (as judged by lactate dehydrogenase release and propidium iodide chromatin staining). Individual pore properties were analyzed by conductance across artificial lipid bilayer. Tissue toxicity was studied in continuously oxygenated acute brain slices. Results. The reduction of extracellular calcium increased the lytic capacity of the toxin due to increased membrane binding. Reduction of calcium did not influence the conductance properties of individual toxin pores. In acute cortical brain slices, the reduction of extracellular calcium from 2 to 1 mM conferred lytic activity to pathophysiologically relevant nonlytic concentrations of pneumolysin. Conclusions. Reduction of extracellular calcium strongly enhanced the lytic capacity of pneumolysin due to increased membrane binding. Thus, extracellular calcium concentration should be considered as a factor of primary importance for the course of pneumococcal meningitis.
Undelivered risk: A counter-factual analysis of the biosecurity risk avoided by inspecting international mail articles

International mail articles present an important potential vector for biosecurity and other regulatory risk. Border intervention is a key element in Australia’s biosecurity strategy. Arriving international mail articles are inspected and those that are intercepted with biosecurity risk material are documented, including the address to which the article was to be delivered. Knowledge about patterns in the intended destinations of mail article permits more detailed biosecurity intervention. We used geo-location software to identify the delivery address of mail articles intercepted with biosecurity risk material from 2008–2011. We matched these addresses with demographic data that were recorded at a regional level from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 Census and used random forest statistical analyses to correlate various demographic fields at the regional level with the counts of seized mail articles. The analysis of the seizure counts against demographic characteristics suggests a high correlation between having higher numbers of university students that speak a particular language in a region and higher quantities of intercepted mail articles destined for that region. We also explore metropolitan and regional patterns in the destinations of seized materials. These results can be used to provide information on policy and operational actions to try to reduce the rate at which mail articles that contain biosecurity risk material are sent to Australia.
7.5 A 3.3ns-access-time 71.2μW/MHz 1Mb embedded STT-MRAM using physically eliminated read-disturb scheme and normally-off memory architecture

Nonvolatile memory, spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive RAM (STT-MRAM) is being developed to realize nonvolatile working memory because it provides high-speed accesses, high endurance, and CMOS-logic compatibility. Furthermore, programming current has been reduced drastically by developing the advanced perpendicular STT-MRAM [1]. Several-megabit STT-MRAM with sub-5ns operation is demonstrated in [2]. Advanced perpendicular STT-MRAM achieve ~3× power saving by reducing leakage current in memory cells compared with SRAM for last level cache (LLC) [3]. Such high-speed RAM applications, however, entail several issues: the probability of read disturbance error increases and the active power of STT-MRAM must be decreased for higher access speed. Moreover, the leakage power of peripheral circuits must be decreased, because the high-speed RAM requires high-performance transistors having high leakage current in peripheral circuitry [4], limiting the energy efficiency of STT-MRAM. To resolve these issues, this paper presents STT-MRAM circuit designs: a short read-pulse generator with small overhead using hierarchical bitline for eliminating read disturbance, a charge-optimization scheme to avoid excessive active charging/discharging power, and ultra-fast power gating and power-on adaptive to RAM status for reducing leakage power.
The Lehmann Discontinuity Due to Dehydration of Subducted Sediment

Recent high-pressure experiments have led to the conclusion that water release from subducted sediments lying under continents in subduction regions occurs at about 220 km depth. This dehydration reaction is in good agreement with the seismological signature of the discontinuity indicating that sediment dehydration causes the Lehmann discontinuity in the upper mantle.
Reconstruction of Subduction and Back‐Arc Spreading in the NW Pacific and Aleutian Basin: Clues to Causes of Cretaceous and Eocene Plate Reorganizations

The Eocene (~50–45 Ma) major absolute plate motion change of the Pacific plate forming the Hawaii‐Emperor bend is thought to result from inception of Pacific plate subduction along one of its modern western trenches. Subduction is suggested to have started either spontaneously, or result from subduction of the Izanagi‐Pacific mid‐ocean ridge, or from subduction polarity reversal after collision of the Olyutorsky arc that was built on the Pacific plate with NE Asia. Here we provide a detailed plate‐kinematic reconstruction of back‐arc basins and accreted terranes in the northwest Pacific region, from Japan to the Bering Sea, since the Late Cretaceous. We present a new tectonic reconstruction of the intraoceanic Olyutorsky and Kronotsky arcs, which formed above two adjacent, oppositely dipping subduction zones at ~85 Ma within the north Pacific region, during another Pacific‐wide plate reorganization. We use our reconstruction to explain the formation of the submarine Shirshov and Bowers Ridges and show that if marine magnetic anomalies reported from the Aleutian Basin represent magnetic polarity reversals, its crust most likely formed in an ~85‐ to 60‐Ma back‐arc basin behind the Olyutorsky arc. The Olyutorsky arc was then separated from the Pacific plate by a spreading ridge, so that the ~55‐ to 50‐Ma subduction polarity reversal that followed upon Olyutorsky‐NE Asia collision initiated subduction of a plate that was not the Pacific. Hence, this polarity reversal may not be a straightforward driver of the Eocene Pacific plate motion change, whose causes remain enigmatic.
Nondeterministic linear-time tasks may require substantially nonlinear deterministic time in the case of sublinear work space

A technique is developed for establishing lower bounds on the computational complexity of certain natural problems. The results have the form of time-space trade-off and exhibit the power of nondeterminism. In particular, a form of the clique problem is defined, and it is proved that:<list><item>a nondeterministic log-space Turing machine solves the problem in linear time, but</item> <item>no deterministic machine (in a very general use of this term) with sequential-access input tape and work space <italic>n</italic><supscrpt>&sgr;</supscrpt> solves the problem in time <italic>n</italic><supscrpt>1+τ</supscrpt> if &sgr; + 2τ < 1/2. </item> </list>
Cointegration Tests Using Instrumental Variables Estimation and the Demand for Money in England

In this paper, we propose new cointegration tests based on stationary instrumental variables in a single equation model. An important property of our tests is that the asymptotic distribution is standard normal. As such, our IV cointegration tests provide a convenient solution to the nuisance parameter dependency problem found in existing cointegration tests. In addition, the asymptotic distribution of the IV tests does not depend on the dimension of the regressors or di¤ering deterministic terms. We apply the new IV tests to estimate the demand for money equation for England. JEL Classi cation: C12, C15, C22