Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Habitual late sleep initiation is associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean adults: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Although sleep duration and quality were significant risk factors of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the impact of sleep initiation time on the development of T2D has not been studied in large longitudinal studies. METHODS A total of 3,689 subjects without diabetes aged 40-69 years at baseline were enrolled from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study and followed up for 12 yrs. Participants were categorized based on habitual sleep initiation time by questionnaire as follows: 20:00-22:59 (early sleepers, ES, n=766), 23:00-24:59 (usual sleepers, US, n=2,407), and 1:00-5:59 (late sleepers, LS, n=516). Incident T2D was identified biennially by fasting plasma glucose or 2hr glucose after 75g oral glucose loading or use of anti-diabetes medication. RESULTS During follow-up, 820 cases of T2D were documented and the LS group showed the highest increase in insulin resistance. Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) for T2D of LS compared to ES was 1.34(1.04-1.74) after adjustment for covariates including sleep duration. The impact of late sleep on the development of T2D was more evident in older individuals (≥65 yrs at baseline) [HR=4.24(1.42-12.68) in older LS vs. older ES, HR=1.27(1.00-1.62) in younger LS vs. younger ES, Pinteraction=0.002]. In addition, LS with low insulin secretion and sensitivity showed an approximately 5-fold increased risk for T2D compared to ES with high insulin secretion and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Habitual late sleep initiation is a significant risk factor for T2D in Koreans, especially in people with lower insulin sensitivity, lower β-cell function, and older age.
Membrane-Permeant, Environment-Sensitive Dyes Generate Biosensors within Living Cells.

Dyes with environment-sensitive fluorescence have proven useful to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of protein activity in living cells. When attached to proteins, their fluorescence can reflect protein conformational changes, post-translational modifications, or protein interactions. However, the utility of such dye-protein conjugates has been limited because it is difficult to load them into cells. They usually must be introduced using techniques that perturb cell physiology, limit throughput, or generate fluorescent vesicles (e.g., electroporation, microinjection, or membrane transduction peptides). Here we circumvent these problems by modifying a proven, environment-sensitive biosensor fluorophore so that it can pass through cell membranes without staining intracellular compartments and can be attached to proteins within living cells using unnatural amino acid (UAA) mutagenesis. Reactive groups were incorporated for attachment to UAAs or small molecules (mero166, azide; mero167, alkyne; mero76, carboxylic acid). These dyes are bright and fluoresce at long wavelengths (reaching ε = 100 000 M-1 cm-1, ϕ = 0.24, with excitation 565 nm and emission 594 nm). The utility of mero166 was demonstrated by in-cell labeling of a UAA to generate a biosensor for the small GTPase Cdc42. In addition, conjugation of mero166 to a small molecule produced a membrane-permeable probe that reported the localization of the DNA methyltransferase G9a in cells. This approach provides a strategy to access biosensors for many targets and to more practically harness the varied environmental sensitivities of synthetic dyes.
A Technique for Computing Dense Granular Compressible Flows with Shock Waves

A numerical procedure was developed for solving equations for compressible granular multiphase flows in which the particle volume fraction can range dynamically from very dilute to very dense. The procedure uses a low-dissipation and high-order numerical method that can describe shocks and incorporates a particulate model based on kinetic theory. The algorithm separates edges of a computational cell into gas and solid sections where gas- and granular-phase Riemann problems are solved independently. Solutions from these individual Riemann problems are combined to assemble the fully coupled convective fluxes and nonconservative terms for both phases. The technique converges under grid refinement even with very high volume fraction granular interfaces. The method can advect sharp granular material interfaces that coincide with multi-species gaseous contact surfaces without violating the pressure nondisturbing condition. The procedure also reproduces known features from multiphase shock tube problems, granular shocks, transmission angles of compaction waves, and shock wave and dust-layer interactions. This approach is relatively straightforward to use in an existing code based on Godunov's method and can be constructed from standard compressible solvers for the gas-phase and a modified AUSM$^+$-up scheme for the particle phase.
Evolution of universe as a homogeneous system: Changes of scale factors with different dark energy Equation of States

We analyze the universe as a thermodynamic system, homogeneously filled up by exotic matters popularly named as dark energies. Different dark energy models are chosen. We start with the equation of continuity and derive the time and scale factor relations for different EoSs of different dark energy models. To do the time-scale factor relation analysis, nature of dependences on different dark energy modeling parameters have been studied. For this, the help of different plots are used. In general, different dark energies show different properties while occurrences of future singularities are considered. Those properties can be supported by the graphical analysis of their cosmic time-scale factor studies.
Population structure and genetic diversity in the invasive freshwater snail 3 Galba schirazensis ( Lymnaeidae ) 4 5

48 We studied the population genetic structure of the freshwater snail Galba schirazensis (Küster, 49 1862), a potential vector of infectious diseases such as fascioliasis. Galba schirazensis has now a 50 worldwide distribution but a poorly known origin because this species has been distinguished 51 only recently from the morphologically similar and cosmopolitan Galba truncatula. We 52 developed specific microsatellite markers and sequenced a mitochondrial gene (cytochrome 53 oxidase subunit I) to study individuals of G. schirazensis from the Old World and New World. 54 We found very low genetic diversity within populations, no heterozygotes, and marked 55 population structure—a pattern observed in other highly selfing lymnaeid species with recently 56 enlarged distributions as a result of biological invasions. The total lack of observed 57 heterozygosity in the few populations of G. schirazensis that displayed some allelic diversity 58 suggests high selfing rates. We also found that the center of diversity, and by extension the 59 origin area of this species, should be found in the New World, while Old World populations 60 should rather result from a recent introduction of a genetically uniform population. The 61 microsatellite markers developed here will help to clarify the history of expansion of G. 62 schirazensis and might help understanding its role as a potential vector of infectious diseases. 63 64
Spin-superflow turbulence in spin-1 ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensates

Spin-superflow turbulence (SST) in spin-1 ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensates is theoretically and numerically studied by using the spin-1 spinor Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations. SST is turbulence in which the disturbed spin and superfluid velocity fields are coupled. Applying the Kolmogorov-type dimensional scaling analysis to the hydrodynamic equations of spin and velocity fields, we theoretically find that the $\ensuremath{-}5/3$ and $\ensuremath{-}7/3$ power laws can appear in spectra of the superflow kinetic and the spin-dependent interaction energies, respectively. Our numerical calculation of the GP equations with a phenomenological small-scale energy dissipation confirms SST with the coexistence of disturbed spin and superfluid velocity field with two power laws.
ACCRETION DISK SIGNATURES IN TYPE I X-RAY BURSTS: PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE MISSIONS

Type I X-ray bursts and superbursts from accreting neutron stars illuminate the accretion disk and produce a reflection signal that evolves as the burst fades. Examining the evolution of reflection features in the spectra will provide insight into the burst–disk interaction, a potentially powerful probe of accretion disk physics. At present, reflection has been observed during only two bursts of exceptional duration. We investigate the detectability of reflection signatures with four of the latest well-studied X-ray observatory concepts: Hitomi, Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), Athena, and Large Observatory For X-ray Timing (LOFT). Burst spectra are modeled for different values for the flux, temperature, and the disk ionization parameter, which are representative for most known bursts and sources. The effective area and throughput of a Hitomi-like telescope are insufficient for characterizing burst reflection features. NICER and Athena will detect reflection signatures in Type I bursts with peak fluxes ≳10−7.5 erg cm−2 s−1 and also effectively constrain the reflection parameters for bright bursts with fluxes of ∼10−7 erg cm−2 s−1 in exposures of several seconds. Thus, these observatories will provide crucial new insight into the interaction of accretion flows and X-ray bursts. For sources with low line-of-sight absorption, the wide bandpass of these instruments allows for the detection of soft X-ray reflection features, which are sensitive to the disk metallicity and density. The large collecting area that is part of the LOFT design would revolutionize the field by tracing the evolution of the accretion geometry in detail throughout short bursts.
From Psychological Theoretical Assumptions to New Research Perspectives in Sustainability and Sustainable Development: Motivation in the Workplace

This article proposes a framework that indicates opportunities for integrating psychology into research on sustainability and sustainable development. The central issue proposed is motivation in the workplace with a strong focus on employee health and optimal functioning. The main methodological issues are formulated in four assumptions: (1) Health from the perspective of health per se; (2) an individual seen as an agent; (3) an agent in the situation and context; (4) the life-span development perspective. The article refers in the narrative review to the most influential conceptualizations and research. This proposition shows a way forward and offers new opportunities to formulate challenging and important research questions in the psychology of sustainability and sustainable development.
Assessment of the Phytotoxic Potential of Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. and Identification of its Phytotoxic Substances for Weed Control

The phytotoxic potential of plants and the effect of their active components on another plant species is being explored as a potential alternative to synthetic herbicides for weed control. In the current study, we investigated the phytotoxic potential of the leaves of Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. against four test plants [timothy (Phleum pratense L.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)] and observed significant growth inhibition on those plants at concentrations >3 mg D.W. equivalent extract mL−1. A bioassay-governed purification of the D. volubilis extracts using different chromatography phases produced two growth inhibitory compounds, 3-hydroxy-α-ionone (compound 1) and 5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one (compound 2). The compounds retarded the growth of barnyard grass and cress (Lepidium sativum L.) with I50 (concentration required for 50% growth suppression) values ranging from 0.098 to 0.450 mM for 3-hydroxy-α-ionone and 0.029 to 0.420 mM for 5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one. Thus, the extracts and identified compounds may have the possibility to be utilized as bioagents for weed control.
On the Complexity of Quantum Languages

The standard inputs given to a quantum machine are classical binary strings. In this view, any quantum complexity class is a collection of subsets of {0, 1} � . However, a quantum machine can also accept quantum states as its input. T. Yamakami has introduced a general framework for quantum operators and inputs [18]. In this paper we present several quantum languages within this model and by generalizing the complexity classes QMA and QCMA we analyze the complexity of the introduced languages. We also discuss how to derive a classical language from a given quantum language and as a result we introduce new QCMA and QMAlanguages.
Development of late spring–early summer rainstorms in southern East Asia from the eastward propagating mid‐tropospheric cyclones of South Asia

From mid‐May to late June, the eastward propagation of some mid‐tropospheric cyclones (MTCs) originating in the Bay of Bengal (BOB)‐Burma (BUM) region across northern Indochina and southwest China to East Asia are observed. From 1979 to 2016, 137 MTCs were identified for the BOB‐BUM region. Eighty‐eight MTCs were trapped over northern Indochina, but 49 were propagated by the southwesterly flow of the BOB mid‐tropospheric trough to reach East Asia. Thirty‐one moved across Taiwan, but 18 did not. Eventually, all these MTCs moved to Okinawa. The former group of rainstorms produced rainfall ≥100 mm·day−1 over Taiwan, while 44 rainstorms generated rainfall ≥50 mm·day−1 over Okinawa. The 49 eastward propagating through‐Indochina MTCs exhibited the following salient features: (a) initial formation mostly occurred in the mid‐troposphere ahead/within the BOB trough in the morning over the BOB, but in the afternoon‐evening over BUM. (b) The eastward propagating BOB‐BUM MTCs underwent two descending processes: descending one mandatory level 6 hr after formation, and descending again from 700 to 925 hPa over southeastern China to interact with a low‐level cyclonic shear flow. (c) Intensified (weakened) by dipole anomalous circulation cells, the confluent monsoon southwesterly flow west (east) of Taiwan facilitated the merger of the MTC with a local front. (d) Rainfall produced by rainstorms over Taiwan/Okinawa was maintained by the intensified convergence of water vapour flux toward Taiwan/Okinawa. This hydrological process was stronger toward Taiwan than Okinawa and generated more rainfall in the former region. The impact of the BOB‐BUM MTC on East Asian weather is confirmed by this study.
Photometric metallicities in Boötes I

We present new Stromgren and Washington data sets for the Bootes I dwarf galaxy, and combine them with the available SDSS photometry. The goal of this project is to refine a ground-based, practical, accurate method to determine age and metallicity for individual stars in Bootes I that can be selected in an unbiased imaging survey, without having to take spectra. We produce photometric metallicities from Stromgren and Washington photometry, for stellar systems with a range of $-1.0>[Fe/H]>-3.5$. To avoid the decrease in sensitivity of the Stromgren metallicity index on the lower red-giant branch, we replace the Stromgren v-filter with the broader Washington C-filter; we find that $CT_1by$ is the most successful filter combination, for individual stars with $[Fe/H]<-2.0$, to maintain ~0.2 dex $[Fe/H]$-resolution over the whole red-giant branch. We demonstrate that we can break the isochrones' age-metallicity degeneracy with these filters, using stars with log g=2.5-3.0, which have less than a 2% change in their $(C-T_1)$-colour due to age, over a range of 11-14 Gyr.
Adult neurogenesis acts as a neural regularizer

Significance In deep neural networks, various forms of noise injection are used as regularization techniques to prevent overfitting and promote generalization on unseen test data. Here, we were interested in whether adult neurogenesis—the lifelong production of new neurons in the hippocampus—might similarly function as a regularizer in the brain. We explored this question computationally, by implementing a neurogenesis-like process within a convolutional neural network trained on a category learning task. We found that neurogenesis regularization was at least as effective as conventional regularizers (e.g., dropout) in improving model performance. These results suggest that optimal levels of neurogenesis may improve memory-guided decision making by promoting the formation of generalizable memories that can be applied in a broader range of circumstances.
Predicting the Colors of Reference Surfaces for Color Constancy

The classical color constancy algorithms concentrate only on the color of a grey surface to estimate the light color and to white balance the image. In this paper, we show that the quality of the whole process can be clearly improved by predicting and correcting the colors of a set of reference surfaces. The ground truth of the surface color under white light can be easily obtained with a set of images acquired by the considered camera under sun light. Thus, we design a deep network to predict the colors of the reference surfaces of a color checker as if it had been in the scene at acquisition time. We show that our solution improves the two steps of the color constancy process on 9 datasets and we claim that being able to synthetically insert a color chart in any image can help for many other tasks.
Single Event Upsets Under Proton, Thermal, and Fast Neutron Irradiation in Emerging Nonvolatile Memories

In New Space, the need for reduced cost, higher performance, and more prompt delivery plans in radiation-harsh environments have motivated spacecraft designers to use Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) memories and emerging technology devices. This paper investigates the behavior of state-of-the-art memories manufactured in emerging technologies, including Ferroelectric Random-Access Memory (FRAM), Resistive Random-Access Memory (ReRAM), and Magnetic Random-Access Memory (MRAM), against radiation effects in static and dynamic modes. Radiation-ground tests were conducted under 15-MeV and 1-MeV protons, thermal and 14.8-MeV neutrons leading to various categories of radiation effects. Experimental results will show clear evidence of the robustness of bitcells manufactured using these emerging technologies against radiation, but at the same time, some susceptibility in these devices to suffer radiation effects when working in dynamic mode. Experimental results with the CY15B102Q and CY15B104Q FRAMs (Infineon Technologies), the MB85AS4MT, and MB85AS8MT ReRAMs (Fujitsu), and the MR10Q010CSC and MR25H40CDF MRAMs (Everspin) will be presented and discussed.
Introducing a new, robust galaxy-finder algorithm for simulations

Identifying galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations is a difficult task, particularly in regions of high density such as galaxy groups and clusters. We present a new scale-free shape-independent algorithm to robustly and accurately identify galaxies in simulation, implemented within the phase-space halo-finder code VELOCIraptor. This is achieved by using the full phase-space dispersion tensor for particle assignment and an iterative adjustment of search parameters, which help us overcome common structure finding problems. We apply our improved method to the Horizon-AGN simulation and compare galaxy stellar masses ($M_*$), star formation rates (SFR) and sizes with the elaborate configuration-space halo finder, HaloMaker. Galaxies living in halos with $> 1$ galaxy are the most affected by the shortcomings of real-space finders, with their mass, SFR, and sizes being $> 2$ times larger (smaller) in the case of host (satellite) galaxies. Thus, our ability to measure minor/major merger rates and disentangle environmental effects in simulations can be generally hindered if the identification of galaxies is not treated carefully. Though large systematic differences are obtained on a one-to-one basis, the overall Galaxy Stellar Mass Function, the Star Formation Rate Function and mass-size relations are not greatly affected. This is due to isolated galaxies being the most abundant population, dominating broad statistics.
ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATIONS IN CASCADE CORRELATION NETWORKS

Feed-forward neural network models approximate nonlinear functions connecting inputs to outputs. The cascade correlation (CC) learning algorithm allows networks to grow dynamically starting from the simplest network topology to solve increasingly more difficult problems. It has been demonstrated that the CC network can solve a wide range of problems including those for which other kinds of networks (e.g., back-propagation networks) have been found to fail. In this paper we show the mechanism and characteristics of nonlinear function learning and representations in CC networks, their generalization capabilities, the effects of environmental bias, etc., using a variety of knowledge representation analysis tools.
Mathematical Model of Pantograph Arc Based on Probability Distribution of Arc Parameters

Pantograph arc has become a potential hazard for the safe running of electric locomotives. It is essential to build an accurate mathematical model of pantograph arc for arc simulation. Pantograph arc experiments were carried out. And the probability distribution characteristics of arc parameters such as arc ignition moment, arc extinction moment, and arc duration were analyzed. A mathematical model of pantograph arc was established. First, the Habedank model was selected as an initial mathematical model. The model parameters were optimized by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Second, the initial mathematical model was preliminarily improved by using time-varying model parameters. Third, taking into account the randomness of arc phenomenon, the model was further improved by adding a pulse function, and then the final mathematical model of pantograph arc was obtained. The pulse generation time and pulsewidth of the pulse function vary along with uniform distribution function and truncated normal distribution function, respectively. Finally, a simulation module of pantograph arc was designed with MATLAB software, and the effectiveness of the mathematical model was proven. The proposed model can describe the electrical characteristics of pantograph arc more accurately, and it can be used to further analyze the evolution of pantograph arc.
Dietary Therapy to Improve Nutrition and Gut Health in Paediatric Crohn’s Disease; A Feasibility Study

Bovine colostrum (BC) has anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, growth and intestinal repair factors that may be beneficial in Crohn’s disease (CD). We assessed whether daily BC for up to 3 months was acceptable to children and young people (CYP) with CD in remission or of mild/moderate severity. CYP were randomised to receive either BC or matching placebo milk daily for 6 weeks (blinded phase); all received BC for the following 6 weeks (open phase). In 23 CYP, median (inter-quartile range) age was 15.2 (13.9–16.1) years and 9 (39.1%) were girls. A similar proportion of CYP in the BC and placebo arms completed the blinded phase (8/12, 75.0% and 9/11, 81.8% respectively). Twelve (70.6%) CYP completed the open phase with 7 (58.3%) tolerating BC for 3 months. Diaries in weeks 2, 6 and 12 revealed that most CYP took BC every day (5/7, 71.4%; 5/8, 62.5% and 6/11, 54.5% respectively). In interviews, opinions were divided as to preference of BC over the placebo milk and some preferred BC over other nutritional supplements. Symptoms, clinical and laboratory variables and quality of life were similar in the two arms. BC may be an acceptable nutritional supplement for daily, longer-term use in CYP with CD.