Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Hunger perception and stunting among children living in poor conditions from the north of Argentina].

INTRODUCTION Nutritional status depicts not only the nourishing balance but also the conditions of life. Proper food availability, in form and amount, are aspects of food security. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between hunger perception and stunting. METHOD Stratified and multiple step sample from nine provinces from the north of Argentina (n= 3630, children between 6 months to 6 years old living under poor conditions). Hunger perception was explored according to the methodology of the Service of Economic Investigation of the Department of Agriculture of the United States. Row data were converted to z scores and compared against Argentinean growth standard. The comparison took into account the -2 standard deviation cut of point and the standardized prevalence of low height. RESULTS 69.5% of the population experienced hunger, varying severe hunger between 38.0 to 48.0% according to provinces. The prevalence of stunting (< - 2SD) was between 10-15%. There was association between perception of hunger, height distribution and the standardized prevalence of low height. There was no association between jurisdiction and perception of hunger. CONCLUSION For children, food insecurity conditions and structural poverty conditions were associated with stunting.
Regional Lung Deposition and Bronchodilator Response as a Function of β2-Agonist Particle Size

Rationale: Aerosol particle size influences the extent, distribution, and site of inhaled drug deposition within the airways.Objectives: We hypothesized that targeting albuterol to regional airways by altering aerosol particle size could optimize inhaled bronchodilator delivery.Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 12 subjects with asthma (FEV1, 76.8 ± 11.4% predicted) inhaled technetium-99m–labeled monodisperse albuterol aerosols (30-μg dose) of 1.5-, 3-, and 6-μm mass median aerodynamic diameter, at slow (30–60 L/min) and fast (> 60 L/min) inspiratory flows. Lung and extrathoracic radioaerosol deposition were quantified using planar γ-scintigraphy. Pulmonary function and tolerability measurements were simultaneously assessed. Clinical efficacy was also compared with unlabeled monodisperse albuterol (15-μg dose) and 200 μg metered-dose inhaler (MDI) albuterol.Results: Smaller particles achieved greater total lung deposition (1.5 μm [56%], 3 μm [50%], and 6 μm [46%]), farther d.
Comparing Rape Victim and Perpetrator Blaming in a Police Officer Sample

This study compared victim blaming and perpetrator blaming in a sample of police officers (N = 123), comparing the responses of police officers specially trained to deal with rape victims with those who had not received this training. Victim blaming was significantly predicted by rape myth acceptance and belief in a just world but not by gender role. For perpetrator blaming, significant differences were found for gender role, but no significant relationship was found with rape myth acceptance or belief in a just world. There were no significant differences between officers who were specially trained and those who were not in terms of victim blaming, but there were significant differences in relation to perpetrator blaming. No relationships were found between police experience (measured as years of service) and victim blaming or perpetrator blaming. These findings are discussed in the context of previous victim and perpetrator blaming research and the real-world implications for criminal justice systems.
Sharing the Wealth:National Board Certified Teachers and the Students Who Need Them Most

It is a commonly understood problem in education that many highly qualified teachers tend to gravitate toward higher performing schools, including schools with lower minority enrollments and lower incidence of poverty. This article explores the distribution of a subset of teachers, namely, those who are National Board Certified. To what extent do these teachers' assignment choices mirror the pattern of their non-Board Certified colleagues and to what extent are they different? Part of a larger study of Board Certified Teachers in lower performing schools, the article examines the distribution of NBCTs in the six states with the largest number of them'California, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina. The research finds that, with the exception of California, Board Certified Teachers are not equitably distributed across schools that serve different populations of students. In five of the six states examined, poor, minority, and lower performing students are far less likely to benefit from the teaching of an NBCT than are their more affluent, majority, higher performing peers. The article explores some possible explanations for the California distribution pattern as well as the kinds of incentives provided across the states for teachers to seek Board Certification and for those who earn it. The authors conclude with a rationale and a set of policy suggestions for realigning the distribution of NBCTs.
Triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice: dental plaque and gingivitis effects in a 6-month randomized controlled clinical study.

A double-blind, parallel, randomized and controlled clinical trial was conducted on 186 subjects over six months to assess the effects of a 0.28% triclosan/5% pyrophosphate (with NaF/silica) dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis as compared to a NaF/silica negative control dentifrice. An initial examination was performed to assess the health of the oral soft and hard tissues and to measure plaque (by Turesky modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index), gingivitis (by Löe-Silness Gingival and Ainamo and Bay Gingival Bleeding [GBI] indices). Only those subjects with a GBI score > or = 5 were accepted into the study. Each enrolled subject received an oral prophylaxis and was requested to brush and floss twice per day with the negative control NaF/silica dentifrice. After one month, the subjects were recalled and a baseline examination was performed for each of the previously described parameters. Following the baseline examination, the subjects received another oral prophylaxis. The subjects were then separated by gender and by baseline GBI scores of < or = 7 or > 7 and arrayed by the changes in GBI bleeding sites from initial to baseline. Within strata, subjects were randomly assigned to brush twice per day with either the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice or the negative control dentifrice. The subjects were subsequently examined for all of the above-described parameters following use of the test dentifrices for five weeks, three and six months. The data generated in this trial were analyzed using an analysis of covariance on all indices for all subjects completing the examinations. The results from this study demonstrated that the use of the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice resulted in statistically significant reductions of dental plaque compared to the control by 10% (p < 0.05), 15.4% (p < 0.01) and 13.9% (p < 0.01) at five weeks, three and six months, respectively. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the test dentifrices for any of the gingivitis or gingival bleeding evaluations throughout the study. Based on 1) the fact that subjects possessed plaque-induced gingivitis in this clinical study, 2) the similarity in the magnitude of the plaque reductions observed from the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice relative to those reported for other triclosan-containing dentifrices, 3) the similarity in the dose of triclosan relative to other triclosan dentifrices, and 4) the reported magnitude of gingivitis reductions from other triclosan-containing dentifrices, these findings were unexpected. Possible explanations of these results are that the triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice may be uniquely different from other triclosan dentifrices relative to its effects on gingivitis, or alternatively, the clinical design utilized here may not be optimized for triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice.
Morphometric analysis of white matter lesions in MR images: method and validation

The analysis of MR images is evolving from qualitative to quantitative. More and more, the question asked by clinicians is how much and where, rather than a simple statement on the presence or absence of abnormalities. The authors present a study in which the results obtained with a semiautomatic, multispectral segmentation technique are quantitatively compared to manually delineated regions. The core of the semiautomatic image analysis system is a supervised artificial neural network classifier augmented with dedicated preand postprocessing algorithms, including anisotropic noise filtering and a surface-fitting method for the correction of spatial intensity variations. The study was focused on the quantitation of white matter lesions in the human brain. A total of 36 images from six brain volumes was analyzed twice by each of two operators, under supervision of a neuroradiologist. Both the intra- and interrater variability of the methods were studied in terms of the average tissue area detected per slice, the correlation coefficients between area measurements, and a measure of similarity derived from the kappa statistic. The results indicate that, compared to a manual method, the use of the semiautomatic technique not only facilitates the analysis of the images, but also has similar or lower intra- and interrater variabilities.
A Review of Clinical Interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III: Where Do We Go From Here and What Should We Do With WAIS-IV and WMS-IV?

I have had a longstanding clinical and research interest in both the Wechsler scales of intelligence, and the Wechsler Memory Scale. My masters thesis was a comparison of the WISC and the WISC–R, published as Larrabee and Holroyd (1976), and my doctoral dissertation involved a psychometric analysis of memory testing procedures, including the WAIS and WMS, with results published as Larrabee, Kane, and Schuck (1983) and as Larrabee, Kane, Schuck, and Francis (1985). I have also consulted on the development of the WMS–R, WAIS-III/ WMS-III, and the WTAR, but I am not currently under contract with The Psychological Corporation. Although, I have been a consultant to The Psychological Corporation, I do not believe that this has resulted in any bias in my prior reviews of their products (see Larrabee, 1999), particularly since they did not follow one of my major recommendations, which was to perform a joint WAIS-III/WMS-III factor analysis to guide their determination of the validity of the various component scores of these measures of intelligence and memory (also see page 148 in Chapter 4 of the present volume by Tulsky and colleagues). Similarly, although several of the contributors to this book are valued colleagues, and I appreciate their acknowledgment of my work in their book, I know that we agree as well as disagree on various psychometric issues concerning the WAIS-III/ WMS-III. Given the above, I was pleased to be asked to review the current book for the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. Tulsky and colleagues have prepared a most interesting and informative volume on the development and clinical interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III. The book is divided into four parts: (1) Evolution of the Wechsler Scales, (2) Reducing Variance When Interpreting WAIS-III and WMSIII Scores, (3) Dealing with ‘‘Curveballs’’ When Using the WAIS-III and WMS-III: The Interpretation of an Unstandardized Administration, and (4) Training Others to Administer the WAIS-III and WMS-III: A Guide to Practical Issues. A particularly interesting and recurrent theme that cuts across several chapters is the history behind the Wechsler Scales, with additional history provided about the intelligence and ability testing movement in the early 20th century. Indeed, Appendix 1 of the book provides biographical vignettes of pioneers in the assessment of intelligence and memory, including the influence these pioneers
Levinasian Reflections on Somaticity and the Ethical Self

In this article, I attempt to bring some conceptual clarity to several key terms and foundational claims that make up Levinas's body‐based conception of ethics. Additionally, I explore ways that Levinas's arguments about the somatic basis of subjectivity and ethical relatedness receive support from recent empirical research. The paper proceeds in this way: First, I clarify Levinas's use of the terms “sensibility”, “subjectivity”, and “proximity” in Otherwise than Being: or Beyond Essence. Next, I argue for an interpretation of Levinas's thought that I suggest is buttressed by recent experimental work in both developmental psychology and neuroscience. I provide examples of research that I suggest opens up Levinas's phenomenological analysis in new and interesting ways. I also urge the importance of Levinas's phenomenological analysis in contextualizing the ethical significance of these empirical findings.
Where do i look now? Gaze allocation during visually guided manipulation

In this work we present principled methods for the coordination of a robot's oculomotor system with the rest of its body motor systems. The problem is to decide which physical actions to perform next and where the robot's gaze should be directed in order to gain information that is relevant to the success of its physical actions. Previous work on this problem has shown that a reward-based coordination mechanism provides an efficient solution. However, that approach does not allow the robot to move its gaze to different parts of the scene, it considers the robot to have only one motor system, and assumes that the actions have the same duration. The main contributions of our work are to extend that previous reward-based approach by making decisions about where to fixate the robot's gaze, handling multiple motor systems, and handling actions of variable duration. We compare our approach against two common baselines: random and round robin gaze allocation. We show how our method provides a more effective strategy to allocate gaze where it is needed the most.
Cascade filtering of high-resolution SAR images with L0 smoothing

In this paper, we present a method of cascade filtering of high-resolution SAR images with L0 gradient smoothing. First we pre-filter the image resorting to a simple Lee filtering method to suppress the speckle to a certain extent. Then we take the logarithm of the pre-filtered result, following with a wavelet multiscale decomposition, and process each level with L0 gradient smoothing. Finally, we obtain the filtered image by wavelet reconstruction. Experimental results on airborne and spaceborne high resolution SAR images show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, which smoothes the speckle extremely in homogeneous areas and reserves the edges in target area. It shows that our method outperforms most classic and popular filtering method.
Adaptation in isolated populations: when does it happen and when can we tell?

Isolated populations with novel phenotypes present an exciting opportunity to uncover the genetic basis of ecologically significant adaptation, and genomic scans for positive selection in such populations have often, but not always, led to candidate genes directly related to an adaptive phenotype. However, in many cases these populations were established by a severe bottleneck, which can make identifying targets of selection problematic. Here we simulate severe bottlenecks and subsequent selection on standing variation, mimicking adaptation after establishment of a new small population, such as an island or an artificial selection experiment. Using simulations of single loci under positive selection and population genetics theory, we examine how population size and age of the population isolate affects the ability of outlier scans for selection to identify adaptive alleles using both single site measures and haplotype structure. We find and explain an optimal combination of selection strength, starting frequency, and age of the adaptive allele, which we refer to as a Goldilocks zone, where adaptation is likely to occur, and yet the adaptive variants are most likely to derive from a single ancestor (a “hard” selective sweep); in this zone, four commonly used statistics detect selection with high power. Real-world examples of both island colonization and experimental evolution studies are discussed. Our study provides concrete considerations to be made before embarking on whole genome sequencing of differentiated populations.
A database approach to quality of service specification in video databases

Quality of Service (QoS) is defined as a set of perceivable attributes expressed in a user-friendly language with parameters that may be subjective or objective. Objective parameters are those related to a particular service and are measurable and verifiable. Subjective parameters are those based on the opinions of the end-users. We believe that quality of service should become an integral part of multimedia database systems and users should be able to query by requiring a quality of service from the system. The specification and enforcement of QoS presents an interesting challenge in multimedia systems development. A deal of effort has been done on QoS specification and control at the system and the network levels, but less work has been done at the application/user level. In this paper, we propose a language, in the style of constraint database languages, for formal specification of QoS constraints. The satisfaction by the system of the user quality requirements can be viewed as a constraint satisfaction problem. We believe this paper represents a first step towards the development of a database framework for quality of service management in video databases. The contribution of this paper lies in providing a logical framework for specifying and enforcing quality of service in video databases. To our knowledge, this work is the first from a database perspective on quality of service management.
Predicting the Direction of Derivation in English Conversion

Conversion is a word formation operation that changes the grammatical category of a word in the absence of overt morphology. Conversion is extremely productive in English (e.g., tunnel, talk). This paper investigates whether distributional information can be used to predict the diachronic direction of conversion for homophonous noun‐verb pairs. We aim to predict, for example, that tunnel was used as a noun prior to its use as a verb. We test two hypotheses: (1) that derived forms are less frequent than their bases, and (2) that derived forms are more semantically specific than their bases, as approximated by information theoretic measures. We find that hypothesis (1) holds for N-to-V conversion, while hypothesis (2) holds for V-to-N conversion. We achieve the best overall account of the historical data by taking both frequency and semantic specificity into account. These results provide a new perspective on linguistic theories regarding the semantic specificity of derivational morphemes, and on the morphosyntactic status of conversion.
Encouraging Knowledge Sharing: The Role of Organizational Reward Systems

This article examines the role of monetary rewards in encouraging knowledge sharing in organizations through four mechanisms of knowledge sharing. We argue that the system of contributing knowledge to databases is the most amenable to rewards contingent on knowledge sharing behaviors because of opportunities for the reward allocator to measure the knowledge sharing behaviors. In the case of formal interactions within or across teams and work units, while rewards could be made partly contingent on knowledge sharing behaviors as in merit pay, rewards based on collective performance are also likely to be effective in creating a feeling of cooperation, ownership, and commitment among employees. In addition, we propose that team-based rewards and company wide incentives (profit sharing, gainsharing, and employee stock options) would be particularly instrumental in enhancing knowledge sharing within teams and across work units, respectively. In the case of knowledge sharing through informal interactions, the key enabling factor is trust between the individual and the organization. In this case, the role of rewards is indirect, that is, procedural and distributive fairness of organizational rewards are important factors in the development of trust. We also consider knowledge sharing in communities of practice and theorize that intrinsic rewards and factors that build expertise and provide recognition are the most appropriate means of fostering feeling of competence. Finally, we discuss the research implications.
Past, present, and future perspectives of small ruminant dairy research.

The objectives of this paper are to review small ruminant dairy research in relation to the dimensions of the dairy goat and dairy sheep industries in the United States and the world. At least 10 countries depend on goats and sheep for between 30 to 76% of total milk supply. Leading among developed countries is Greece producing 178 kg milk per person per year with 61% from sheep and goats. Most developing countries need research, extension service, and public support to improve apparent productivity of goats and sheep. Domestic supply from all milk sources is <100 kg/person per year, and annual apparent yields average <100 kg of milk/goat, <50 kg of milk/sheep, which makes supplies of animal protein and calcium from domestic sources very low. Statistical data on goat and sheep production for United States are not available. The small population of DHIA tested US dairy goats averaged in recent years >700 kg of milk/goat per year, and some dairy sheep breeds may produce as much as 650 kg/yr. The need for more milk availability appears to be reflected in the dramatic increases of dairy goat populations during the last 20 yr: 52% for the world, 56% for developing, 17% for developed countries, while sheep populations decreased by 3% for the world, by 6% in developed, but increased 14% in developing countries. Research has been sparse on the unique qualities of goat and sheep milk compared with cow milk. Much development work by various agencies has been devoted to reducing mortality and improving feed supplies in harmony with the environment; this work is mostly published in proceedings of scientific meetings, often not in English. Results have shown in many cases that dairy goats and dairy sheep can be very profitable, even in developing countries with difficult climate and topographical conditions.
Layers of Influence: Important Contextual Factors in Directing Dementia Care Programs

Researchers have documented the powerful influence of the physical and social environment on persons with dementia; however, most intervention studies fail to include contextual assessments when exploring outcomes. As part of a larger study assessing a horticultural therapy (HT) intervention, the authors explored the contextual and procedural factors that impacted results. Guided by the theory of environmental press, interviews were conducted with five of the study’s activity facilitators who worked in seven dementia care programs possessing varied social and physical environments. Findings indicated that the theory of environmental press should be expanded beyond the person with dementia and applied to program facilitators. A hierarchical relationship became evident; for program participants to achieve congruence between their competence and their environment, the facilitator must first achieve such a fit. Facilitators with fewer competencies were more vulnerable to the shortcomings of their environments; supportive environments can minimize deficits in competence.