Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LTP‐ and LTD‐inducing stimulations cause opposite changes in arc/arg3.1 mRNA level in hippocampal area CA1 in vivo

Immediate early genes (IEGs) typically are the first genetic responders to a variety of cellular activations. The IEG that encodes activity‐regulated cytoskeleton‐associated protein (arc/arg3.1) has attracted much interest because its mRNA is transported to and translated near activated synapses. Moreover, arc has been implicated in both long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD). However, little is known about the time course of altered arc expression during LTP and LTD. Here we characterized arc mRNA levels in area CA1 of the adult rat hippocampus in vivo after LTP‐ and LTD‐inducing stimulations that were identical, except for the temporal patterning of the stimulation pulses. We observed a persistent increase in arc mRNA level during LTP. In contrast, during LTD, arc mRNA level first was decreased and then transiently increased relative to control level. These findings demonstrate that arc mRNA is regulated differently during LTP and LTD, and they provide evidence for stimulation‐induced downregulation of mRNA availability during LTD. Findings of abbreviated LTD when transcription was inhibited indicate that the prolonged maintenance of the type of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐dependent LTD studied here requires de novo transcription. Furthermore, lack of evidence for a LTD‐associated change in the mRNA level of the IEG zif268 demonstrates that the decrease in arc mRNA during LTD is not a general genetic response. Thus, the regulation of arc expression not only differs between LTP and LTD, but also diverges from that of other IEGs implicated in activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The power of basis selection in fourier sampling: hidden subgroup problems in affine groups

Many quantum algorithms, including Shor's celebrated factoring and discrete log algorithms, proceed by reduction to a <i>hidden subgroup problem</i>, in which a unknown subgroup <i>H</i> of a group <i>G</i> must be determined from a quantum state ψ over <i>G</i> that is uniformly supported on a left coset of <i>H</i>. These hidden subgroup problems are typically solved by <i>Fourier sampling</i>: the quantum Fourier transform of ψ is computed and measured. When the underlying group is nonabelian, two important variants of the Fourier sampling paradigm have been identified: the <i>weak standard method</i>, where only representation <i>names</i> are measured, and the <i>strong standard method</i>, where full measurement (i.e., the row and column of the representation as well as its name) occurs. It has remained open whether the strong method is indeed stronger, that is, whether there are hidden subgroups that can be reconstructed via the strong method but <i>not</i> by the weak, or any other known, method.In this article, we settle this question in the affirmative. We show that hidden subgroups of semidirect products of the form ℤ<inf><i>q</i></inf> × ℤ<inf><i>p</i></inf>, where <i>q</i> | (<i>p</i> - 1) and <i>q</i> = <i>p/</i>polylog(<i>p</i>), can be efficiently determined by the strong standard method. Furthermore, the weak standard method and the "forgetful" abelian method are insufficient for these groups so that, in fact, it appears that use of the corresponding nonabelian representation theory is crucial. We extend this to an informationtheoretic solution for the hidden subgroup problem over the groups ℤ<inf><i>q</i></inf> × ℤ<inf><i>p</i></inf> where <i>q</i> | (<i>p</i> - 1) and, in particular, the affine groups <i>A</i><inf><i>p</i></inf>. Finally, we prove a simple closure property for the class of groups over which the hidden subgroup problem can be solved efficiently.
Influence of Organizational System to End-Users' Acceptance of ERP System in Chinese Enterprises

A lot of research literatures in end-users’ acceptance of ERP systems, give a wide range of the failure factors on impacting ERP systems, and presented a number of models, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Technology Acceptance and Use of Theory (UTAUT) are more applied. In this paper, combining the UTAUT model and the organizational system of Chinese enterprises, we explored different system impacts to UTAUT model. And then aiming at the acceptance of ERP system of state-owned enterprises in China, we put forward some methods to improve the acceptance.
Trading Determinism for Time in Space Bounded Computations

Savitch showed in $1970$ that nondeterministic logspace (NL) is contained in deterministic $\mathcal{O}(\log^2 n)$ space but his algorithm requires quasipolynomial time. The question whether we can have a deterministic algorithm for every problem in NL that requires polylogarithmic space and simultaneously runs in polynomial time was left open. In this paper we give a partial solution to this problem and show that for every language in NL there exists an unambiguous nondeterministic algorithm that requires $\mathcal{O}(\log^2 n)$ space and simultaneously runs in polynomial time.
Noise reduction for tiny contours in image sequence

The contours of remote objects in the image sequence obtained by an optical sensor in space were often tiny and inclined to be stained by noise. It would affect the results of some contour based algorithms. In order to sovle the problem a noise reduction technique for the tiny contour in image sequence was presented in this paper. In the technique every contour of the sequence were described in frequency domain by the Fourier Descriptors (FD's). A set of Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) estimators were used to filter the noise in every frequency point of the contours FD's. The contour after noise reduction was retrieved by inverting the filtered contour FD's. The experimental results show the technique was useful and effective.
Incorporating a generalised additive model of river nutrient concentrations into a mechanistic receiving water model

eReefs is a large, collaborative project that is building catchment and marine models for Australia's Great Barrier Reef Lagoon (GBRL), a world-heritage environmental asset. The eReefs package includes three-dimensional mechanistic biogeochemical, sediment and hydrodynamic models for the entire GBRL on 4 km and 1 km grid scales, along with a relocatable coastal and estuary model (RECOM) that can be nested within the larger-scale models. Source Catchment models developed by the Government of Queensland for each GBRL catchment will be used to run scenarios to predict the effects of management and land use changes on nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment loads reaching each river. For day-to-day near-real- time and forecast-mode running of the marine models, however, another approach is needed to provide the river loads of sediments, dissolved and particulate loads required as boundary conditions. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) have been shown (e.g. Kuhnert et al., 2012) to be powerful tools for the prediction of suspended sediment and particulate nutrient loads in tropical rivers. Here, we extend previous work to build GAMs that are able to predict concentrations of suspended sediments, dissolved and particulate nutrients in the Fitzroy River (Queensland) on a daily time-step. In developing the GAMs, we tested a number of routinely and frequently measured meteorological and hydrological variables for potential predictive power. The new terms considered included water temperature (which may alter biogeochemical processing rates), air temperature (a more reliably measured proxy for water temperature), electrical conductivity (which may reflect the influence of particular subcatchment sources), barometric pressure (an indicator of local storm activity), wind stress (which may affect resuspension and mixing in the river and its weirs) and flow from river tributaries (a direct measure of the influence of particular subcatchments). The models generated were tested with regard to the validity of key statistical assumptions, and were then validated against a subset of observational data that had been held back from the original calibration. The strongest models included flow in the Fitzroy River, flow in one or more tributaries, and a discounted flow term that reflected flow in the preceding days and weeks. Models that did not include tributary flow were able to predict concentrations of particulate, but not dissolved materials. Neither meteorological terms nor electrical conductivity proved to be useful predictors, while water temperature was of marginal value. The final GAM provide more accurate predictions on a daily time-step than previously available methods, for both dissolved and particulate materials, and is being used to provide time-series input (e.g. Figure 1) to mechanistic marine models.
Sparse representation features for speech recognition

In this paper, we explore the use of exemplar-based sparse representations (SRs) to map test features into the linear span of training examples. We show that the frame classiﬁcation accuracy with these new features is 1 . 3% higher than a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), showing that not only do SRs move test features closer to training, but also move the features closer to the correct class. Given these new SR features, we train up a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) on these features and perform recognition. On the TIMIT corpus, we show that applying the SR features on top of our best discriminatively trained system allows for a 0.7 % absolute reduction in phonetic error rate (PER), from 19 . 9% to 19 . 2% . In fact, after applying model adaptation we reduce the PER to 19.0 % , the best re-sults on TIMIT to date. Furthermore, on a large vocabulary 50 hour broadcast news task, we achieve a reduction in word error rate (WER) of 0.3 % absolute, demonstrating the beneﬁt of this method for large vocabulary speech recognition.
NED: An Efficient Noise-Tolerant Event and Event Boundary Detection Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks provide an advanced platform to observe the physical world. Different users may be interested in different events derived from a same spatial phenomenon. The constrained and noisy environment of sensor networks, however, challenges successful in-network solutions to monitor and detect events and event boundaries. This paper presents an efficient algorithm, named NED, to support event and event boundary detection in wireless sensor networks. NED encodes partial event estimation results into variable length messages exchanged locally among neighboring nodes. Sensor nodes estimate events and event boundaries based on moving averages to eliminate noise effects. Thus, NED is resource-friendly to constrained sensor networks, and scales well to very large networks. Our experiment results illustrate that NED’s communication cost is flexible and moderate to different noise levels, and NED provides high quality estimation results of event and event boundary detection.
A Comparison of Techniques for Approximating Full Image-Based Lighting

Image-Based Lighting (IBL) has become a very popular approach in computer graphics, especially for special effects, such as insertion of virtual objects into real imagery (Augmented Reality). In essence IBL is based on capturing the illumination conditions in a scene in an omnidirectional image, such that the image describes intending radiance at a point from all directions. Such an omnidirectional measurement of radiance is typically called a light probe image. Using the illumination information from such an image virtual objects can be rendered with consistent shading including global illumination effects such as color bleeding. Rendering with light probe illumination is extremely time consuming. Therefore a range of techniques exist for approximating the intending radiance described in a light probe image by a finite number of directional light sources. We describe 4 such techniques from the literature and perform a comparative evaluation of them in terms of how well they each approximate the final irradiance as a function of how many sources they are allowed to use in the approximation. We demonstrate that for relatively low numbers of sources (e.g., less than 100 sources) one particular method performs significantly better than the three other techniques.
Quantifying the UV-continuum slopes of galaxies to z ∼ 10 using deep Hubble+Spitzer/IRAC observations

Measurements of the UV-continuum slopes β provide valuable information on the physical properties of galaxies forming in the early universe, probing the dust reddening, age, metal content, and even the escape fraction. While constraints on these slopes generally become more challenging at higher redshifts as the UV-continuum shifts out of the Hubble Space Telescope bands (particularly at z > 7), such a characterization actually becomes abruptly easier for galaxies in the redshift window z = 9.5-10.5 due to the Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera 3.6 μm-band probing the rest-UV continuum and the long wavelength baseline between this Spitzer band and the Hubble Hf160w band. Higher S/N constraints on β are possible at z ˜ 10 than at z = 8. Here, we take advantage of this opportunity and five recently discovered bright z = 9.5-10.5 galaxies to present the first measurements of the mean β for a multi-object sample of galaxy candidates at z ˜ 10. We find the measured βobs's of these candidates are -2.1 ± 0.3 ± 0.2 (random and systematic), only slightly bluer than the measured β's (βobs ≈ -1.7) at 3.5 < z < 7.5 for galaxies of similar luminosities. Small increases in the stellar ages, metallicities, and dust content of the galaxy population from z ˜ 10 to z ˜ 7 could easily explain the apparent evolution in β.
Census Study of Real-Life Near-Side Crashes with Modern Side Airbag-Equipped Vehicles in the United States

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the crash characteristics, injury distribution, and injury mechanisms for Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score (MAIS) 2+ injured belted, near-side occupants in airbag-equipped modern vehicles. Furthermore, differences in injury distribution for senior occupants compared to non-senior occupants was investigated, as well as whether the near-side occupant injury risk to the head and thorax increases or decreases with a neighboring occupant. Method: National Automotive Sampling System's Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) data from 2000 to 2012 were searched for all side impacts (GAD L&R, all principal direction of force) for belted occupants in modern vehicles (model year > 1999). Rollovers were excluded, and only front seat occupants over the age of 10 were included. Twelve thousand three hundred fifty-four MAIS 2+ injured occupants seated adjacent to the intruding structure (near-side) and protected by at least one deployed side airbag were studied. To evaluate the injury risk influenced by the neighboring occupant, odds ratio with an induced exposure approach was used. Result: The most typical crash occurred either at an intersection or in a left turn where the striking vehicle impacted the target vehicle at a 60 to 70° angle, resulting in a moderate change of velocity (delta-V) and intrusion at the B-pillar. The head, thorax, and pelvis were the most frequent body regions with rib fracture the most frequent specific injury. A majority of the head injuries included brain injuries without skull fracture, and non-senior rather than senior occupants had a higher frequency of head injuries on the whole. In approximately 50% of the cases there was a neighboring occupant influencing injury outcome. Conclusion: Compared to non-senior occupants, the senior occupants sustained a considerably higher rate of thoracic and pelvis injuries, which should be addressed by improved thorax side airbag protection. The influence on near-side occupant injury risk by the neighboring occupant should also be further evaluated. Furthermore, side airbag performance and injury assessments in intersection crashes, especially those involving senior occupants in lower severities, should be further investigated and side impact dummy biofidelity and injury criteria must be determined for these crash scenarios.
Determinants of Postrepolarization Refractoriness in Depressed Mammalian Ventricular Muscle

Functional determinants of postrepolarization refractoriness were studied with microelectrodes in isolated cat and dog ventricular muscle preparations mounted in a three-chambered bath. Frequency-dependent conduction delay and block were readily manifested when the central segment (1 mm) was supervised with high potassium (20–30 ITIM) Tyrode's solution. Conduction disorders were attributed to postrepolarization refractoriness involving slow recovery in the amplitude of elicited subthreshold depolarizations in depressed fibers distal to the central blocked zone. Investigations of subthreshold phenomena in homogeneously depressed tissues indicated that a relatively large local response participated in the voltage displacement induced by subthreshold depolarizing currents. The local response was blocked by tetrodotoxin (10 jig/ ml) or verapamil (2 fig/ml) when resting membrane potential was near −70 or −50 mV, respectively. At either level of reduced membrane potential, gradual recovery in diastolic excitability correlated closely with time-dependent recovery of the local response, the rate of which was also proportional to the current intensity applied. Thus, postrepolarization refractoriness in depressed ventricular muscle fibers is a function of the time for recovery of active subthreshold properties (the local response), as well as intensity of excitatory current input. These factors may play a role in the development of delayed conduction and reentry that occur at faster heart rates under ischemic conditions.
Rate Maximizing Channel Shortening Detector With Soft Feedback Side Information

In this thesis, the detection problem of signals transmitted throughout multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and/or inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels is studied. Channel shortening of trellis based detection is examined taking into account the maximum achievable rate that can be obtained. Two cases are checked: static channel shortening where there is no feedback side information and joint channel shortening with iterative detection. A rate maximizing channel shortening detector with soft feedback side information for MIMO channel implemented using the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm is studied. The information rate is maximized throughout each iteration step, where the detector is formed of a front end filter. This thesis discusses a concave optimization procedure that provides the feedback filter coefficients as well as the trellis branch labels. This optimization procedure for MIMO channel follows different approach than the one studied for ISI channel and can be considered as a general but suboptimal approach. For the static channel shortening technique, this thesis provides a modified closed form formula for the maximum achievable information rate, as well as a comparison between minimum mean squared error (MMSE) channel shortening techniques and rate maximizing channel shortening techniques. A closed form formula of maximum information rate of MIMO-ISI channel is derived.
Usage Control Policy Enforcement in OpenOffice.org and Information Flow

Usage control is a generalisation of access control addressing how data is to be handled after it has been released. To control the data handling enforcement mechanisms have to be in place where the data is being used. These enforcement mechanisms can be implemented on different layers of the system. One way to do the enforcement is on the application layer. This paper describes how usage control policies can be enforced in OpenOffice.org using the component technology UNO (Universal Network Objects) provided by OpenOffice.org. The drawbacks and sketches how to overcome these are also identified.
The AP2 binding site of synaptotagmin 1 is not an internalization signal but a regulator of endocytosis

One characteristic linking members of the synaptotagmin family to endocytosis is their ability to bind the heterotetrameric AP2 complex via their C2B domain. By using CD4/synaptotagmin 1 chimeras, we found that the internalization signal of synaptotagmin 1 lies at the extreme COOH-terminus of the protein and can function in the absence of the C2B domain that contains the AP2 binding site. However, although not essential for internalization, the C2B domain of synaptotagmin 1 appeared to control the recognition of the internalization motif. By mutagenesis, two sites have been identified that modify regulation by the C2B domain in the neuroendocrine PC12 cell line. Mutation of a dilysine motif in the β sandwich core of the domain eliminates endocytosis. This site is known to be a site of protein–protein interaction. Mutations in the calcium binding region, or in its close proximity, also affect internalization in PC12 cells. In fibroblasts, the C2B domain inhibits the COOH-terminal internalization signal, resulting in an absence of internalization in those cells. Thus, internalization of synaptotagmin 1 is controlled by the presence of a latent internalization signal in the COOH-terminal region and a regulatory region in the C2B domain. We propose that internalization of synaptotagmin 1 is regulated in this way to allow it to couple the processes of endocytosis and calcium-mediated exocytosis in cells of the neuroendocrine lineage.
Quantity judgments in the context of risk/reward decision making in striped field mice: first “count,” then hunt

We simulated the situation of risky hunting in the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius in order to examine whether these animals are able to make a choice between small and large quantities of live prey (ants). In the first (preliminary) experiment we investigated to what extent mice were interested in ants as a live prey and how their hunting activity depended on the quantity of these edible but rather aggressive insects. We placed mice one by one into arenas together with ant groups of different quantities, from 10 to 60. Surprisingly, animals, both wild-caught and laboratory-reared, displayed rather skilled predatory attacks: mice killed and ate from 0.37 ± 003 to 4 ± 0.5 ants per minute. However, there was a threshold number of ants in the arenas when rodents expressed signs of discomfort and started to panic, likely because ants bit them. This threshold corresponds to the dynamic density (about 400 individuals per m2 per min) in the vicinity of anthills and ants' routes in natural environment. In the second experiment mice had to choose between different quantities of ants placed in two transparent tunnels. Ants here served both as food items and as a source of danger. As far as we know, this is the first experimental paradigm based on evaluation of quantity judgments in the context of risk/reward decision making where the animals face a trade-off between the hedonistic value of the prey and the danger it presents. We found that when mice have to choose between 5 vs. 15, 5 vs. 30, and 10 vs. 30 ants, they always tend to prefer the smaller quantity, thus displaying the capacity for distinguishing more from less in order to ensure comfortable hunting. The results of this study are ecologically relevant as they reflect situations and challenges faced by free-living small rodents.