Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bespoke Crowdfunding Regulation: A Boost up to Startups and SMEs in India

The paper reviews securities regulatory requirements across the world and specifically in India that may be applicable or prohibiting Crowdfunding in India. The author argues that Indian financial and securities services regulations were not designed keeping in mind the 21st century requirements of industry. There is a regulatory gap in recognizing this emerging route of fund-raising business model addressing the needs of start-up as well as the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) businesses by way of crowdfunding and cross-border crowdfunding in the form of equity and debt. Thus, paper is seeking to clarify how crowdfunding fits into existing rules if any and necessity of introducing specific requirements that promote regulatory and supervisory convergence. The aim is to provide appropriate balance of less costly regulatory compliances, prudent risks management for project owners and crowdfunding platforms vis-à-vis raising of funds domestically and through cross-broader. At the same time providing adequate investor protection to the investor who are typically not professional investors.
Blending Practice Worlds: Impact Assessment as a Transdisciplinary Practice

Organisations with explicit social missions such as social enterprises, impact investors, nonprofits, and foundations are under increasing pressure to illustrate their impact on the social problems they claim to be addressing. These trends have resulted in an increasing sophistication of attempts to measure and report social impact across sectors. Despite the emerging literature on impact assessment, there is little research on how the growing emphasis on, and drive for, impact assessment is experienced in everyday organisational activities. This paper draws on practice theory to understand the purposes of impact assessment and how it influences, and is enacted in, everyday organisational activities. A multiple case design studies the purpose of impact assessment through qualitative interviews with over 90 practitioners within the Australian and United Kingdom impact investment ecosystems. The findings suggest that impact assessment should be understood as a transdisciplinary practice evolving from, and blending together with, multiple practice worlds such as strategy, accounting, marketing, and organisational learning. The main contributions of the paper are the development of the concept of impact assessment as a transdisciplinary practice and an empirical understanding of how impact assessment links to, and blends with, diverse practice worlds.
Hypoglycemia: A Serious Complication for the Older Adult with Diabetes

Hypoglycemic events range from mild to severe and occur at an increased rate among older adults with diabetes. Some diabetes medications increase the risk of hypoglycemia, as can inadequate nutrition, cognitive impairment, and other factors. While hypoglycemia can often be easily treated, the physiologic, sensory, and cognitive changes of aging can inhibit bodily mechanisms that produce warning symptoms of low blood glucose and impair the ability to recognize such symptoms when they occur. Severe hypoglycemic events in older adults can have devastating consequences. Nurses are well positioned to assess for hypoglycemia and to educate the growing population of older adults with type 2 diabetes on its prevention.
Mortality in cultures of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae during culture senescence and darkness

The study of cell death in higher plants and animals has revealed the existence of an active (‘programmed’) process in most types of cell, and similarities in cell death between plants, animals, yeast and bacteria suggest an evolutionarily ancient origin of programmed cell death (PCD). Despite their global importance in primary production, information on algal cell death is limited. Algal cell death could have similarities with metazoan cell death. One morphotype of metazoan PCD, apoptosis, can be induced by light deprivation in the unicellular chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta. The situation in other algal taxa is less clear. We used a model dinoflagellate (Amphidinium carterae) to test whether mortality during darkness and culture senescence showed apoptotic characteristics. Using transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent biomarkers, chlorophyll fluorescence and particulate carbon analysis we analysed the process of cell mortality and found that light deprivation caused mass mortality. By contrast, fewer dead cells (5–20% of the population) were found in late–phase cultures, while a similar degenerate cell morphology (shrunken, chlorotic) was observed. On morphological grounds, our observations suggest that the apoptotic cell death described in D. tertiolecta does not occur in A. carterae. Greater similarity was found with paraptosis, a recently proposed alternative morphotype of PCD. A paraptotic conclusion is supported by inconclusive DNA fragmentation results. We emphasize the care that must be taken in transferring fundamental paradigms between phylogenetically diverse cell types and we argue for a greater consistency in the burden of proof needed to assign causality to cell death processes.
Liposomal-entrapped doxorubicin: an active agent in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

PURPOSE A phase II study was performed of single-agent liposomally entrapped doxorubicin ([LED] Doxil; Liposome Technology Inc, Menlo Park, CA) against locally advanced cutaneous/systemic AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-four patients with AIDS-related advanced cutaneous/systemic KS were treated with 20 mg/m2 of LED every 3 weeks on an outpatient basis. The median age was 39 years and the median Karnofsky score was 70. All patients had poor prognostic disease as judged by AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) criteria. Nineteen of 34 patients had received prior chemotherapy for KS, although no patient had received prior anthracyclines. RESULTS An overall response rate of 73.5% (25 of 34) was observed. Partial responses (PRs) occurred in 67.7% (23 of 34) and complete responses (CRs) in 5.8% (two of 34). In patients who had received previous chemotherapy, the response rate was 68.4% (13 of 19), and all responses were PRs. The median time to response was 6 weeks. The median duration of response was 9 weeks. Toxicity according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria was as follows: neutropenia (grade > or = 3), 34%; alopecia (grade 1 only), 9%; and nausea and vomiting (grade 1), 18%. One patient died of heart failure, which was not considered to be anthracycline-induced. CONCLUSION LED appears to be highly active against AIDS-related KS. The major toxicity is neutropenia, which seems to be progressive in patients who receive several cycles of therapy. Comparative studies of LED versus conventional chemotherapy are needed.
Necdin is required for terminal differentiation and survival of primary dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Necdin is expressed predominantly in postmitotic neurons and serves as a growth suppressor that is functionally similar to the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Using primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of mouse embryos, we investigated the involvement of necdin in the terminal differentiation of neurons. DRG cells were prepared from mouse embryos at 12.5 days of gestation and cultured in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). Immunocytochemistry revealed that necdin accumulated in the nucleus of differentiated neurons that showed neurite extension and expressed the neuronal markers microtubule-associated protein 2 and synaptophysin. Suppression of necdin expression in DRG cultures treated with antisense oligonucleotides led to a marked reduction in the number of terminally differentiated neurons. The antisense oligonucleotide-treated cells did not attempt to reenter the cell cycle, but underwent death with characteristics of apoptosis such as caspase-3 activation, nuclear condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, a caspase-3 inhibitor rescued antisense oligonucleotide-treated cells from apoptosis and significantly increased the population of terminally differentiated neurons. These results suggest that necdin mediates the terminal differentiation and survival of NGF-dependent DRG neurons and that necdin-deficient nascent neurons are destined to caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.
Decreased Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in the Kidneys of Hereditary Nephrotic Mice (ICGN Strain)

Abnormalities of extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism, i.e., overproduction and/or inhibition of ECM breakdown, may contribute to progression of fibrotic degeneration in the kidney. Earlier studies revealed that major ECM components, type I, III, and IV collagens, etc., were accumulated in glomeruli and tubulointerstitium in kidneys of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice which are a novel inbred strain of mice with a hereditary nephrotic syndrome of unknown etiology and are considered to be a good model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, we compared the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of enzymes that degrade ECM components, in the kidneys of aged ICGN mice and age-matched ICR mice as normal controls. We biochemically measured interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and stromelysin (MMP-3) activities in the kidney tissues. Lower activities of MMP-1 and MMP-2 and MMP-9 were demonstrated in the kidneys of ICGN mice as compared with those of ICR mice, but there were no significant differences in the MMP-3 activities between these strains. These results show that decreased MMP activities cause abnormal accumulation of ECM in ICGN mouse kidneys.
New mutations, polymorphisms, and rare variants in the ATM gene detected by a novel SSCP strategy

The gene for ataxia‐telangiectasia, ATM, spans about 150 kb of genomic DNA. ATM mutations are found along the entire gene, with no evidence of a mutational hot spot. Using DNA as the starting material, we screened the ATM gene in 92 A‐T patients, using an optimized single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique that detected all previously known mutations in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) segments being analyzed. To expedite screening, we sequentially loaded the SSCP gels with three different sets of PCR products that were pretested to avoid overlapping patterns. Many of the DNA changes we detected were intragenic polymorphisms. Of an expected 177 unknown mutations, we detected ∼70%, mostly protein truncating mutations (that would have been detectable by protein truncation testing if RNA starting material had been available). Mutations have now been defined for every exon of the ATM gene. Herein, we present 35 new mutations and 34 new intragenic polymorphisms or rare variants within the ATM gene. This is the most comprehensive compilation of ATM polymorphisms assembled to date. Defining polymorphic sites as well as mutations in the ATM gene will be of great importance in designing automated methods for detecting mutations. Hum Mutat 14:156–162, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reducing symptoms in women with chronic anorexia nervosa. A pilot study on the effects of bright light therapy.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of bright light therapy on the sleep-wake rhythm, the menstrual cycle, mood, and key eating pathology symptoms in chronic anorexia nervosa. METHODS Five chronic anorectic women (mean duration of illness: 15.3 years) received 5 daily sessions of 30 minutes bright light therapy (10,000 LUX). Participants completed a diagnostic interview and questionnaires at pre-test, post-test and at a three month follow-up. RESULTS At follow up there was a slight improvement on core eating pathology, a fair decrease of depressive symptoms and an clinically important improvement on global distress. CONCLUSIONS Bright light therapy has on short term a positive effect on the physiological and psychological well being of chronic anorectic women. However, at follow-up the effects were partly lost. It is recommended to enhance the exposure period and repeat the treatment after 3 months.
The Influence of Nitrous Oxide on Methionine, S‐adenosylmethionine, and Other Amino Acids

Fasting rats were exposed to nitrous oxide (70% N2O/30% O2) for 24 h, a period of time sufficient to inactivate methionine synthase (correct trivial name). A spectrum of amino acids was measured in the brain, plasma, and liver. In addition, S-adenosylmethionine was measured in the liver and brain and glutathione was measured in the liver. Nitrous oxide caused no changes in the circulating concentrations of amino acids except for a decrease in tyrosine and alanine. Many amino acids were decreased in the liver, including grycine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine. In the brain, only methionine and tyrosine were reduced. The administration of methionine did not reverse any of the amino acid changes except to increase methionine concentrations in the plasma and brain. Nitrous oxide reduced S-adenosylmethionine in the brain and liver. Administration of methionine to nitrous oxide-treated rats increased the level of S-adenosylmethionine in the liver and brain by 109% and 38% respectively above the control value. Liver glutathione (reduced) was unaffected by nitrous oxide. These results demonstrate that nitrous oxide can decrease the concentrations of two intermediary metabolites (methionine and S-adenosylmethionine) that are important in the control of methylation reactions and in the maintenance of the active form of tetrahydrofolic acid. Although nitrous oxide potentially is a strong oxidizing agent, there was no evidence of a disturbance in the liver glutathione pool.
Simultaneous Estimation of the Supply and Demand of Differentiated Audits: Evidence from the Municipal Audit Market

*University of Georgia. We wish to thank Linda Bamber, Michael Bamber, and Randal Elder for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. We also acknowledge the constructive suggestions of an anonymous referee. 1 Studies that investigate the supply-side determinants of audit fees include Palmrose [1986], Francis and Stokes [1986], Francis and Simon [1987], and Simon and Francis [1988]. Studies that investigate the demand-side determinants of auditor choice include Eichenseher and Shields [1986], Francis and Wilson [1988], Palmrose [1984], Rubin [1992], and Simunic and Stein [1987]. Some recent attempts to estimate supply and demand equations simultaneously include Banker, Cooper, and Potter [1992], Copley, Doucet, and Gaver [1994], and Deis and Giroux [1995]. Gaver and Gaver [1995] provide an analytical framework for simultaneous estimation of the supply and demand for multiattribute audits.
Differences in physical fitness and gross motor coordination in boys aged 6–12 years specializing in one versus sampling more than one sport

Abstract The Developmental Model of Sports Participation proposes two pathways towards expertise in sports between 6 and 12 years of age: early specialization and early diversification. This study investigated the effect of sampling various sports and of spending many or few hours in sports on fitness and gross motor coordination. Altogether, 735 boys in three age groups (6–8, 8–10, and 10–12 years) were profiled using a fitness test battery. A computerized physical activity questionnaire was used to obtain data on sports participation. In the eldest group, (M)ANCOVA showed a positive effect of sampling various sports on strength, speed, endurance, and gross motor coordination (P < 0.05). A positive effect of many hours per week spent in sports was apparent in every age group. These data suggest an acute positive effect of many hours in sports and a latent positive effect of early sampling on fitness and gross motor coordination. Multiple comparisons revealed that boys aged 10–12 years, who spent many hours in various sports, performed better on standing broad jump (P < 0.05) and gross motor coordination (P < 0.05) than boys specializing in a single sport. Therefore, our results highlight the importance of spending many hours in sports and sampling various sports in the development of fitness and gross motor coordination.
Nominal Exchange Rates and Price Convergence in the West African Monetary Zone

We investigate nominal exchange rates and nominal price convergence in the West African Monetary Zone. Using data for the first quarter of 1974 through the first quarter of 2007, we find that real exchange rates in The Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone follow a random walk. Further, we show that nominal exchange rates and nominal prices adjust at different speeds to achieve long-run purchasing power parity, with the former adjusting faster than the latter. Finally, we argue that the success (or otherwise) of a second monetary zone in West Africa depends on well coordinated macroeconomic policies and on minor divergence in prices and exchange rates to eliminate excessive arbitrage profits that may arise.
Testing Calendar Effect on Nigerian Stock Market Returns: Methodological Approach

In this study we test for the existence of calendar effect in Nigerian stock market returns. The data utilised comprised of the daily All Shares Price Index returns for a period of 1339 sampled days ranging from 19th April 2005 to 30th September 2010. In testing for calendar effect in the Nigerian bourse (stock exchange) for the period of study, we utilized relevant descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis and Jaque-Bera (JB) test to enable us understand and compare the unique statistical properties of the stock returns utilized. We also subjected the daily stock returns to stationary tests using Augmented Dicker-Fuller (ADF) and the Philip-Per ron (PP) Unit root test, while the data analysis was performed using the multiple ordinary least square regression (OLS) techniques in testing for the day of the week and month of the year effect. Our findings revealed that Monday Thursday and Friday are associated with negative market returns (R) while Tuesday and Wednesday are associated with positive market returns (R) and that equity traders can make abnormal gains by trading on Tuesday in Nigerian stock market since Tuesday was positive and statistically significant. On the other hand, our monthly calendar test results shows that February, March, April, May and December were consistently associated with negative market returns (R) while January, August, September, October and November were associated with positive market returns (R). In the case of June and July there was mixed signs (findings).
Diversity management in Vietnam's hospitality industry

ABSTRACT This study aims to identify and analyze Vietnamese hospitality students' perceptions of and willingness to employ diversity management in their future workplaces. A total of 273 students, selected purposively from two Vietnamese universities, participated in this research. Five dimensions of diversity management emerged via principal component analysis. Although Vietnamese hospitality students' perceived diversity management positively, they appeared reluctant to employ diversity management in their workplaces in the future. The outlook for the Vietnamese hospitality industry appears to be less than positive with respect to reforming manpower management practices to strengthen their competitive advantage in Asia. This study recommends Vietnamese universities include diversity management in their business curriculum.
A Modified Weight Balanced Algorithm for Influential Users Community Detection in Online social Network (OSNs)

In the modern era online users are increasing day by day. Different users are using various social networks in different forms. The behavior and attitude of the users of social networking sites varies U2U (User to User). In online social networking users join many groups and communities as per interests and according to the groups'/Communities' influential user. This paper consist of 7 sections , first section emphasis on introduction to the community evelotion and community. Second section signify movement between communities ,third section involve related work about the research. Fourth section includes Problem Definition and fifth section involve Methodology (Proposed Algorithm Process ,Get Community Matrix, Community detetcion). Sixth section involve Implementation. Furthermore implementation include Datasets ,Quantitative performance, Graphical Results, Enhancement in the existing work.Last section include Conclusion and then references. In this paper,we are implementing and proposing the community detection in social media . In the proposed we have deployed a Longest Chain Subsequence metric for finding the number of connections to the kernel community.
Current Status of Imaging and Emerging Techniques to Evaluate Liver Metastases From Colorectal Carcinoma

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States. Liver is a common site of tumor spread and in approximately 30% of the cases; synchronous liver disease is present at the time of diagnosis. Early detection of liver metastases is crucial to appropriately select patients who may benefit from hepatic resection among those needing chemotherapy, to improve 5-year survival. Advances in imaging techniques have contributed greatly to the management of these patients. Multidetector computed tomography is the most useful test for initial staging and in posttreatment surveillance settings. Magnetic resonance imaging is considered superior to multidetector computed tomography and positron emission tomography for the detection and characterization of small lesions and for liver evaluation in the presence of background fatty liver changes. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography has a problem-solving role in the detection of distant metastasis and in posttreatment evaluation. The advanced imaging methods also serve a role in selecting appropriate patients for radiologically targeted therapies and in monitoring response to conventional and novel therapies.
Adaptive reduced-rank beam-forming method using joint iterative optimization

The proposed method realizes adaptive reduced-dimension processing based on joint optimization of both reduced-dimension matrix and beam-forming weight vector. Meanwhile, the spatial spectrum reconstruction technology is used to update the covariance matrix of array data online. The simulation results show that the proposed method is robust to the dimension of the reduced-dimension matrix and significantly improves the output SINR of adaptive beam-former under the condition of few samples.