Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceived Synchrony of Frog Multimodal Signal Components Is Influenced by Content and Order.

Multimodal signaling is common in communication systems. Depending on the species, individual signal components may be produced synchronously as a result of physiological constraint (fixed) or each component may be produced independently (fluid) in time. For animals that rely on fixed signals, a basic prediction is that asynchrony between the components should degrade the perception of signal salience, reducing receiver response. Male túngara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus, produce a fixed multisensory courtship signal by vocalizing with two call components (whines and chucks) and inflating a vocal sac (visual component). Using a robotic frog, we tested female responses to variation in the temporal arrangement between acoustic and visual components. When the visual component lagged a complex call (whine + chuck), females largely rejected this asynchronous multisensory signal in favor of the complex call absent the visual cue. When the chuck component was removed from one call, but the robofrog inflation lagged the complex call, females responded strongly to the asynchronous multimodal signal. When the chuck component was removed from both calls, females reversed preference and responded positively to the asynchronous multisensory signal. When the visual component preceded the call, females responded as often to the multimodal signal as to the call alone. These data show that asynchrony of a normally fixed signal does reduce receiver responsiveness. The magnitude and overall response, however, depend on specific temporal interactions between the acoustic and visual components. The sensitivity of túngara frogs to lagging visual cues, but not leading ones, and the influence of acoustic signal content on the perception of visual asynchrony is similar to those reported in human psychophysics literature. Virtually all acoustically communicating animals must conduct auditory scene analyses and identify the source of signals. Our data suggest that some basic audiovisual neural integration processes may be at work in the vertebrate brain.
Factors associated with nicotine dependence during methadone maintenance treatment: findings from a multisite survey in Vietnam

Objectives Smoking is associated with adverse health outcomes among drug users, including those in treatment. To date, however, there has been little evidence about smoking patterns among people receiving opioid-dependence treatment in developing countries. We examined self-reported nicotine dependence and associated factors in a large sample of opioid-dependent patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in northern Vietnam. Setting Five clinics in Hanoi (urban area) and Nam Dinh (rural area). Participants Patients receiving MMT in the settings during the study period. Primary and secondary outcome measures We collected data about smoking patterns, levels of nicotine dependence and other covariates such as socioeconomic status, health status, alcohol use and drug use. The Fagerström test was used to measure nicotine dependence (FTND). Logistic regression and Tobit regression were employed to examine relationships between the smoking rate, nicotine dependence and potentially associated variables. Results Among 1016 drug users undergoing MMT (98.7% male), 87.2% were current smokers. The mean FTND score was 4.5 (SD 2.4). Longer duration of MMT (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 0.99) and being HIV-positive (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.88) were associated with lower likelihood of smoking. Being employed, older age at first drug injection and having long duration of MMT were inversely related with FTND scores. Higher age and continuing drug and alcohol use were significantly associated with higher FTND scores. Conclusion Smoking prevalence is high among methadone maintenance drug users. Enhanced smoking cessation support should be integrated into MMT programmes in order to reduce risk factors for cigarette smoking and improve the health and well-being of people recovering from opiate dependence.
Cellular neural network modelling of soft tissue dynamics for surgical simulation.

BACKGROUND Currently, the mechanical dynamics of soft tissue deformation is achieved by numerical time integrations such as the explicit or implicit integration; however, the explicit integration is stable only under a small time step, whereas the implicit integration is computationally expensive in spite of the accommodation of a large time step. OBJECTIVE This paper presents a cellular neural network method for stable simulation of soft tissue deformation dynamics. METHOD The non-rigid motion equation is formulated as a cellular neural network with local connectivity of cells, and thus the dynamics of soft tissue deformation is transformed into the neural dynamics of the cellular neural network. RESULTS Results show that the proposed method can achieve good accuracy at a small time step. It still remains stable at a large time step, while maintaining the computational efficiency of the explicit integration. CONCLUSION The proposed method can achieve stable soft tissue deformation with efficiency of explicit integration for surgical simulation.
Adelta nociceptor response to laser stimuli: selective effect of stimulus duration on skin temperature, brain potentials and pain perception.

OBJECTIVE To disclose a possible effect of duration of pulsed laser heat stimuli on Adelta nociceptor responses, skin temperature profiles, brain evoked potentials and pain perception. METHODS We used a laser stimulator which works in the millisecond range and allows us to change the duration of the pulse while keeping the total energy of the stimulus constant. In 10 healthy volunteers, we measured the intensity of perceived pain with a 0-10 scale and the latency and amplitude of the early N1 and late N2 components of the scalp potentials evoked by laser pulses of equal energy and three different stimulus durations (2, 10, and 20 ms). Using a specifically developed pyrometer with a temporal resolution lower than 1 ms we also measured stimulus-induced changes of skin temperature. RESULTS Stimulus duration significantly influenced temperature rise times, pain perception, and brain potentials. Shorter stimulus durations yielded steeper slopes in the skin temperature profiles and higher pain ratings, shortened the latency of the N1 and N2 components, and increased the amplitude of N1. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE The shorter stimulus duration shortens receptor activation times and yields a more synchronous afferent volley, thus providing a stronger spatial-temporal summation at central synapses that enhances intensity of first pain and brain potentials. This may prove useful in clinical applications.
What's the Matter with Kansas?

One of "our most insightful social observers"* cracks the great political mystery of our time: how conservatism, once a marker of class privilege, became the creed of millions of ordinary Americans With his acclaimed wit and acuity, Thomas Frank turns his eye on what he calls the "thirty-year backlash"--the populist revolt against a supposedly liberal establishment. The high point of that backlash is the Republican Party's success in building the most unnatural of alliances: between blue-collar Midwesterners and Wall Street business interests, workers and bosses, populists and right-wingers. In asking "what 's the matter with Kansas? "--how a place famous for its radicalism became one of the most conservative states in the union--Frank, a native Kansan and onetime Republican, seeks to answer some broader American riddles: Why do so many of us vote against our economic interests? Where's the outrage at corporate manipulators? And whatever happened to middle-American progressivism? The questions are urgent as well as provocative. Frank answers them by examining pop conservatism--the bestsellers, the radio talk shows, the vicious political combat--and showing how our long culture wars have left us with an electorate far more concerned with their leaders' "values" and down-home qualities than with their stands on hard questions of policy. A brilliant analysis--and funny to boot--"What's the Matter with Kansas? " presents a critical assessment of who we are, while telling a remarkable story of how a group of frat boys, lawyers, and CEOs came to convince a nation that they spoke on behalf of the People. *"Los Angeles Times"
Examining antenatal health literacy in Ghana.

PURPOSE To explore Ghanaian pregnant women's understanding and recognition of danger signs in pregnancy, birth preparedness and complication readiness, and their understanding of newborn care. DESIGN An exploratory, qualitative study design was used. METHODS Data were gathered through six focus group discussions with 68 pregnant women attending antenatal care at a busy urban hospital in Ghana. Qualitative and descriptive data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Health literacy was used as the guiding framework to analyze the qualitative data. Data were analyzed in the content domains of (a) understanding and recognition of danger signs in pregnancy, (b) preparedness for childbirth, (c) understanding and recognition of danger signs in the newborn, and (d) appropriate and timely referral. FINDINGS Women in this study identified danger signs of pregnancy and in the newborn, but had difficulty interpreting and operationalizing information they received during antenatal care visits, indicating that health education did not translate to appropriate health behaviors. Cultural beliefs in alternative medicine, lack of understanding, and prior negative encounters with healthcare professionals may have led to underutilization of professional midwives for delivery and health services. CONCLUSIONS Women in this study exhibited low health literacy by incorrectly interpreting and operationalizing health education received during antenatal care. With limited health literacy, pregnant women cannot fully comprehend the scope of services that a health system can provide for them and their families. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Achieving the greatest impact with limited time in antenatal care is a challenge. Since antenatal care is widely available to pregnant women in Ghana, it is vital to reexamine the way antenatal education is delivered. Pregnant women must receive health information that is accurate and easy to understand in order to make informed health choices that will improve maternal and child health.
Reduced chemical defence in ant‐plants? A critical re‐evaluation of a widely accepted hypothesis

Since its original formulation by Janzen in 1966, the hypothesis that obligate ant-plants (myrmecophytes) defended effectively against herbivores by resident mutualistic ants have reduced their direct, chemical defence has been widely adopted. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying three classes of phenolic compounds (hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, and condensed tannins) spectrophotometrically in the foliage of 20 ant-plant and non-ant-plant species of the three unrelated genera Leonardoxa, Macaranga and Acacia (and three other closely related Mimosoideae from the genera Leucaena, Mimosa and Prosopis). We further determined biological activities of leaf extracts of the mimosoid species against fungal spore germination (as measure of pathogen resistance), seed germination (as measure of allelopathic activity), and caterpillar growth (as measure of anti-herbivore defence). Condensed tannin content in three of four populations of the non-myrmecophytic Leonardoxa was significantly higher than in populations of the myrmecophyte. In contrast, we observed no consistent differences between ant-plants and non-antplants in the Mimosoideae and in the genus Macaranga, though contents of phenolic compounds varied strongly among different species in each of these two plant groups. Similarly, among the investigated Mimosoideae, biological activity against spore or seed germination and caterpillar growth varied considerably but showed no clear relation with the existence of an obligate mutualism with ants. Our results did not support the hypothesis of 'trade-offs' between indirect, biotic and direct, chemical defence in ant-plants. A critical re-evaluation of the published data suggests that support for this hypothesis is more tenuous than is usually believed. The general and well-established phenomenon that myrmecophytes are subject to severe attack by herbivores when deprived of their ants still lacks an explanation. It remains to be studied whether the trade-off hypothesis holds true only for specific compounds (such as chitinases and amides whose cost may be the direct negative effects on plants' ant mutualists), or whether the pattern of dramatically reduced direct defence of ant-plants is caused by classes of defensive compounds not yet studied.
Older Members Perform Better in an Internet-Based Behavioral Weight Loss Program Compared to Younger Members

Background: New technology offers increased opportunities for weight control. However, it is not clear whether older people with less computer training can make use of this tool. Our objective was to examine how members above the age of 65 years performed in an internet-based behavioral weight loss program, compared to younger members. Methods: Data from members (n = 23,233) of an internet-based behavioral weight loss program were analyzed. We restricted our study to active participants accessing the weight club, during a 6-month period (n = 4,440). The number of logins, food intake, and weight records were examined. Participants were divided into age tertiles separately for men and women. The oldest tertile was further subdivided into two groups: above and below the age of 65 years. Results: Participants aged 65 or older were more likely to remain active in the weight club for at least 6 months compared to younger age groups. They had the highest frequency of recordings of food intake and current weight. Among women, those older than 65 years had on average the highest percentage of weight loss (5.6 kg, 6.8%). Men above 65 years of age had the highest number of logins, on average 161 times during the 6-month period. Conclusion: Older participants are performing equally well or even better in an internet-based behavioral weight loss program than younger participants. Internet-based programs could be a promising and attractive option for older adults requiring assistance in losing weight.
Family Labor Supply with Taxes

Over the period 1960 - 1983 the proportion of federal tax revenue raised by taxation of labor supply has risen from 57-77 percent. In this paper, we specify and estimate a model of family labor supply which treats both federal and state taxation. Husbands and wives labor supply are treated jointly rather than in aseparate manner as in previous research. A method to calculate the virtual wage for nonworking spouses is used within a utility maximizing framework to treat correctly the joint family labor supply decision. Joint family efforts are found to be important. The efficiency cost (deadweight loss) of labor taxation is estimated to be 29.6% of tax revenue raised. The effect of the new 10% deduction to ease the marriage tax for working spouses leads to a prediction of 3.8% increase in wives labor supply and a . 9% decrease in husbands labor supply.Overall taxes paid are predicted to decrease by 3.4%.
The forging of bureaucratic autonomy : reputations, networks, and policy innovation in executive agencies, 1862-1928

List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 One: Entrepreneurship, Networked Legitimacy, and Autonomy 14 Two: The Clerical State: Obstacles to Bureaucratic Autonomy in Nineteenth-Century America 37 Three: The Railway Mail, Comstockery, and the Waning of the Old Postal Regime, 1862-94 65 Four: Organizational Renewal and Policy Innovation in the National Postal System, 1890-1910 94 Five: The Triumph of the Moral Economy: Finance, Parcels, and the Labor Dilemma in the Post Office, 1908-24 144 Six: Science in the Service of Seeds: The USDA, 1862-1900 179 Seven: From Seeds to Science: The USDA as University, 1897-1917 212 Eight: Multiple Networks and the Autonomy of Bureaus: Departures in Food, Pharmaceutical, and Forestry Policy, 1897-1913 255 Nine: Brokerage and Bureaucratic Policymaking: The Cementing of Autonomy at the USDA, 1914-28 290 Ten: Structure, Reputation, and the Bureaucratic Failure of Reclamation Policy, 1902-14 326 Conclusion: The Politics of Bureaucratic Autonomy 353 Notes 369 Archival Sources 459 Index 465
The Role of CA 125 in Screening for Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis of any gynaecological malignancy, primarily because it tends to present at an advanced stage. The excellent survival rates of early stage disease have provided the rationale for efforts to detect ovarian cancer early by screening, in the hope that survival rates will be improved. Available data suggests that CA 125 is elevated in the majority of epithelial ovarian malignancies prior to clinical presentation. Large trials of screening for ovarian cancer indicate that using a CA 125 cutoff value of 30 U/mL has good sensitivity, but inadequate specificity for detecting preclinical disease. Use of transvaginal ultrasonography as a second-line test in women with elevated CA 125 levels improves specificity to acceptable levels, as does use of a mathematical algorithm which analyses rates of change of CA 125. Two major randomised controlled trials, investigating the effect of screening strategies incorporating CA 125 on mortality, are currently underway.
Blepharitis: current strategies for diagnosis and management.

BACKGROUND The aim of this article is to present a consensus on the appropriate identification and management of patients with blepharitis based on expert clinical recommendations for 4 representative case studies and evidence from well-designed clinical trials. METHODS The case study recommendations were developed at a consensus panel meeting of Canadian ophthalmologists and a guest ophthalmologist from the U.K., with additional input from family doctors and an infectious disease/medical microbiologist, which took place in Toronto in June 2006. A MEDLINE search was also conducted of English language articles describing randomized controlled clinical trials that involved patients with blepharitis. RESULTS Blepharitis involving predominantly the skin and lashes tends to be staphylococcal and (or) seborrheic in nature, whereas involvement of the meibomian glands may be either seborrheic, obstructive, or a combination (mixed). The pathophysiology of blepharitis is a complex interaction of various factors, including abnormal lid-margin secretions, microbial organisms, and abnormalities of the tear film. Blepharitis can present with a range of signs and symptoms, and is associated with various dermatological conditions, namely, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, and eczema. The mainstay of treatment is an eyelid hygiene regimen, which needs to be continued long term. Topical antibiotics are used to reduce the bacterial load. Topical corticosteroid preparations may be helpful in patients with marked inflammation. INTERPRETATION Blepharitis can present with a range of signs and symptoms, and its management can be complicated by a number of factors. Expert clinical recommendations and a review of the evidence on treatment supports the practice of careful lid hygiene, possibly combined with the use of topical antibiotics, with or without topical steroids. Systemic antibiotics may be appropriate in some patients.
Public-Private Partnerships in the Water Sector

Abstract Types of partnerships between public and private companies in water and sewage services are evaluated on the basis of the economic efficiency of the scheme for each partner. Modeling of public-private partnerships involves the formulation of a contract prototype, which determines the roles, functions, and responsibilities as well as the allocation of costs and revenues for each partner. Alternative water management scenarios are used to identify the investments required for meeting the projected demand for water and sewage services. Investment and operational costs as well as revenues from water and sewage services are estimated according to the allocation defined in the contract prototype. The economic efficiency of the scheme is assessed through a cost benefit analysis for each partner. The evaluation of different water management scenarios indicates that, for the Cyclades Islands, Greece, there is a substantial water market where several forms of partnerships could be attractive for both the public and the private sectors. Such partnerships include, among others, lease purchase, temporary privatization, built operate transfer (BOT), and built own operate transfer (BOOT). These forms of public-private partnerships could also be successful in similar regions where significant improvements and expansion of the infrastructure is required while access to the required funds and expertise is restricted for small public water companies.
Activity-specific constraints on leisure participation.

The paper reports on a simultaneous analysis of activity-specific and age-based variations in constraints on leisure to investigate whether activity-based variations are attributable indirectly to age, or if age-based variations are due to simultaneous changes in the types of activities desired across the lifespan. The analysis shows that variations in constraints can be interpreted as the effect of a conjoint influence of age and preferred activities, meaning that people of different ages experience constraints that vary either in nature or intensity even if they wish to participate in the same activity. Alternatively, the array of constraints associated with a particular age-cohort is not uniform within the group, but varies in accordance with differences in the types of activities preferred by sub-groups of that cohort. The results imply that leisure researchers need to include activity-based variations when investigating antecedents of the experience of constraints, and that practitioners can take advantage of such research in the accurate targeting and marketing of leisure services to specific segments of the population.
Climate change-related migration and infectious disease

Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration – will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts – including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.