Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermal Tachyon Inflation

In this paper we show that when considering a multi DD̄ branes system with high temperature, there always exists a thermal tachyon inflation before usual tachyon cosmological evolution, which may be more natural in the early stage of tachyon cosmology. Email address: yspiao@itp.ac. cn Recently many efforts have been devoted to studying non BPS configuration of branes such as DD̄ brane pairs and non BPS branes [1, 2, 3, 4]. If such a configuration is considered, the spectrum of open strings on it contains a tachyon field, for non BPS brane it is real and for DD̄ brane pairs it is complex. This means that this configuration is unstable and the tachyon field rolls down from the vacuum of open string toward the minimum of the tachyon effective potential. There has been a lot of studies on various cosmological effects of the rolling tachyon [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. However, for generic initial conditions, an early universe with more high temperature may be more possible. Thus it is interesting to investigate the cosmology of this kind of non BPS configuration in high temperature. Since in this case this configuration may become stable and not decay [10, 11, 12], in analogy with high temperature symmetry restoration in usual field theories [13], there may be a thermal inflation before the usual tachyon cosmological evolution, especially when the number of branes is very large, this process can not be negligible, which will be showed by our following discussions. The thermal inflation picture [14] is builded on an effective potential with a finite temperature correction as follows V (φ, T ) = Vconst + (gT 2 − m)φ (1) where φ is a scaler field and g is the coupling of φ with the particles of the thermal bath. In high temperature, φ = 0 is the minimum of the effective potential and in this case, V (φ, T ) = Vconst when φ lies in this minimum. If Vconst > ρrad ∼ T , where ρrad is the energy density of radiation, the cosmology will be dominated by the vacuum energy Vconst and inflate. When the temperature T falls below some critical value Tc = m √ g , the minimum of φ = 0 becomes unstable, the φ field will roll down towards new minimum of the effective potential quickly and the thermal inflation ends. Instead of above, we consider a N D3-D̄3 branes system with finite temperature. The free energy for the N D3-D̄3 branes and mixed gas system at temperature T = β can be written as, following Ref. [10],
Using Student Test Scores to Measure Principal Performance

Expansion of the use of student test score data to measure teacher performance has fueled recent policy interest in using those data to measure the effects of school administrators as well. However, little research has considered the capacity of student performance data to uncover principal effects. Filling this gap, this article identifies multiple conceptual approaches for capturing the contributions of principals to student test score growth, develops empirical models to reflect these approaches, examines the properties of these models, and compares the results of the models empirically using data from a large urban school district. The article then assesses the degree to which the estimates from each model are consistent with measures of principal performance that come from sources other than student test scores, such as school district evaluations. The results show that choice of model is substantively important for assessment. While some models identify principal effects as large as 0.18 standard deviations in math and 0.12 in reading, others find effects as low as 0.0. 05 (math) or 0.03 (reading) for the same principals. We also find that the most conceptually unappealing models, which over-attribute school effects to principals, align more closely with nontest measures than do approaches that more convincingly separate the effect of the principal from the effects of other school inputs.
Cooperation and communication in evolving artificial societies

This work reports on experiments with an artificial society simulation package. This work is part of a larger project whose main goal is to investigate the emergence of cooperation and communication in response of (scalable) environmental challenges. The specific goals of the experiments reported here include: 1) the study a number of extensions of the classical SugarScape model; 2) to compare two radically different approaches to communication among the individuals of the population. Our results demonstrate that a number of the presented extensions should be taken up in future experiments in artificial societies, and that the decentralised communication protocol has negative effects on the system behaviour.
Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure

Background— The ratio of early transmitral velocity to tissue Doppler mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/Ea) has been correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) in a wide variety of cardiac conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of mitral E/Ea for predicting PCWP in patients admitted for advanced decompensated heart failure. Methods and Results— Prospective consecutive patients with advanced decompensated heart failure (ejection fraction ≤30%, New York Heart Association class III to IV symptoms) underwent simultaneous echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation on admission and after 48 hours of intensive medical therapy. A total of 106 patients were included (mean age, 57±12 years; ejection fraction, 24±8%; PCWP, 21±7 mm Hg; mitral E/Ea ratio, 20±12). No correlation was found between mitral E/Ea ratio and PCWP, particularly in those with larger left ventricular volumes, more impaired cardiac indexes, and the presence of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Overall, the mitral E/Ea ratio was similar among patients with PCWP >18 and ≤18 mm Hg, and sensitivity and specificity for mitral E/Ea ratio >15 to identify a PCWP >18 mm Hg were 66% and 50%, respectively. Contrary to prior reports, we did not observe any direct association between changes in PCWP and changes in mitral E/Ea ratio. Conclusion— In decompensated patients with advanced systolic heart failure, tissue Doppler–derived mitral E/Ea ratio may not be as reliable in predicting intracardiac filling pressures, particularly in those with larger LV volumes, more impaired cardiac indices, and the presence of cardiac resynchronization therapy.
How are curious people affected by seductive details in written texts? Exploring the various relationships among curiosity, the seductive details effect, and learning outcomes

HOW ARE CURIOUS PEOPLE AFFECTED BY SEDUCTIVE DETAILS IN WRITTEN TEXTS? EXPLORING THE VARIOUS RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CURIOSITY, THE SEDUCTIVE DETAILS EFFECT, AND LEARNING OUTCOMES Edward James Hansen, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Northern Illinois University, 2014 Amanda Durik, Director Seductive details are pieces of information in educational texts that are irrelevant to the most important content of the educational material. Although it may seem logical to include such details to interest readers in a subject, the presence of seductive details in educational texts has been consistently shown to decrease learning outcomes. This negative effect on learning is referred to in the literature as the seductive details effect. The current experiment proposed hypotheses that would refine conventional seductive detail research in three ways. First, this study investigated whether people with high amounts of specific or diversive curiosity may be affected differently by the presence of seductive details than the general population, but these hypotheses received mixed support. Although neither specific nor diversive curiosity affected seductive details’ influence on learning outcomes, curiosity and the presence of seductive details did have some impact on participants’ cognitive and emotional interest. Second, this study hypothesized that readings with seductive details might increase motivation (or continued interest) to seek out new information about a subject. No support was found for these hypotheses, and some data suggested that the presence of seductive details may actually decrease continued interest. Last, a third condition was tested in which seductive details were presented as introductory materials rather than as part of the actual text. This study hypothesized that introductory seductive details would not be as detrimental to learning as details embedded in the text, but, again, this hypothesis was not supported. Overall, this research replicated previous work on the negative effects of seductive details on learning, but the inclusion of curiosity and its implications in future research are presented as well.
Anaphora Resolution for Bengali: An Experiment with Domain Adaptation

In this paper we present our first attempt on anaphora resolution for a resource poor language, namely Bengali. We address the issue of adapting a state-of-the-art system, BART, which was originally developed for English. Overall performance of co-reference resolution greatly depends on the high accurate mention detectors. We develop a number of models based on the heuristics used as well as on the particular machine learning employed. Thereafter we perform a series of experiments for adapting BART for Bengali. Our evaluation shows, a language-dependant system (designed primarily for English) can achieve a good performance level when re-trained and tested on a new language with proper subsets of features. The system produces the recall, precision and F-measure values of 56.00%, 46.50% and 50.80%, respectively. The contribution of this work is two-fold, viz. (i). attempt to build a machine learning based anaphora resolution system for a resource-poor Indian language; and (ii). domain adaptation of a state-of-the-art English co-reference resolution system for Bengali, which has completely different orthography and characteristics.
LDC Language Resource Database: Building a Bibliographic Database

The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) creates and provides language resources (LRs) including data, tools and specifications. In order to assess the impact of these LRs and to support both LR users and authors, LDC is collecting metadata about and URLs for research papers that introduce, describe, critique, extend or rely upon LDC LRs. Current collection efforts focus on papers published in journals and conference proceedings that are available online. To date, nearly 300, or over half of the LRs LDC distributes have been searched for extensively and almost 8000 research papers about these LRs have been documented. This paper discusses the issues with collecting references and includes preliminary analysis of those results. The remaining goals of the project are also outlined.
Coarse Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Interaction between Hemagglutinin Fusion Peptides and Lipid Bilayer Membranes

Microscopic level interaction between fusion-peptides and lipid bilayer membranes plays a crucial role in membrane fusion, a key step of viral infection. In this paper, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations to study the interaction between hemagglutinin fusion-peptides and phospholipid bi- layer membranes. With CGMD, we are able to simulate the interaction of fusion peptides with a relatively large piece of membrane for a sufficiently long time pe- riod, which is necessary for a detailed understanding of the fusion process. A con- formation of the peptide with a kink at the level of phosphate group is obtained, consistent with NMR and EPR studies. Our results show that the N-terminal seg- ment of the peptide inserts more deeply into the membrane bilayer compared to the C-terminal segment, as observed in previous experiments. Our simulations also show that the presence of fusion peptides inside the membrane may cause bi- layer thinning and lipid molecule disorder. Finally, our results reveal that peptides tend to aggregate, indicating cluster formation as seen in many experiments. AMS subject classifications: 52B10, 65D18, 68U05, 68U07
The Roles Of Problem-Based Learning (Pbl) Improving The Independence Andthe Success of Prospective Teachers Learning

This study explored the roles of PBL to the independence and the success of prospective teacher learning. The problem of this research was how the role of PBL in increasing the independence and the success of prospective teacher learning. The research employed a descriptive method as it aimed at identifying teachers’ independence. The research subject covering one grade biology prospective teachers at semester 6 that take a course called “Planning Lessons”. The results of this research showed that the independence of prospective teacher was improving and so is the learning success. Therefore, it is recommended to use PBL in developing students’ independence Keywords— PBL; independence; learning success.
How Employing DuFour’s Professional Learning Community Guidelines Impacted a Mathematics Professional Learning Community

This case study followed the work of 12 urban elementary school teachers as they created a professional learning community (PLC) focused on improving the mathematics skills of their students. DuFour’s (2004) characteristics of PLCs served as the original guidelines for the group and functioned as an observation tool. DuFour’s “Three Big Ideas” for organizing a PLC included 1) ensuring that students learn, 2) creating a culture of collaboration, and 3) analyzing the data results to make plans for the future. This study questioned if these Ideas were consistently employed in order to produce positive changes to their practice. Two conclusions were reached: the more frequently the PLC adhered to DuFour’s Big Ideas, the more productive their work. Second, four characteristics emerged that the members exhibited: dedication to students; perseverance; analysis skills; and camaraderie that enabled the group to work and make positive changes to their individual practices.
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity and Essential Oil Composition of Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss. from Iran

The in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its two main components of Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss. (Apiaceae) growing wild in Iran, as well as the composition of its essential oil were studied. A total of 19 compounds representing 99.9% of the oil has been identified. γ-Terpinene (73.5%), p-cymene (14.2%) and (E)-β-farnesene (5.3%) were characterized as the main components. The oil showed remarkable activity against three Gram-negative and four Gram-positive test bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.31 to 10.00 mg/ml. The oil and its two main components were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The free radical scavenging capacity of the oil was determined with an IC50 value of 6.6 mg/ml.
Probabilistic pragmatics and probabilistic experience

In their article about probabilistic pragmatics, Franke and Jäger (this volume), henceforth F&J, raise important issues for some of the tasks facing pragmatics, and how progress can be made: rather than only noting the possibilities for the expression of meaning under pragmatic modulation, or coding them in a formal algebraic manner, we gain a more precise description and a computationally implementable predictive model by incorporating probabilities and Bayesian reasoning into our models of speakers’ behavior (Frank and Goodman 2014; Franke 2014; see also Lassiter 2016, on Bayesian semantics). The explanatory insight that we can get into why speakers make gradient inferences, or use strategies such as indirect speech acts, falls out of the Bayesian approach naturally. In parallel to this, there is another level of probabilistic description that came to my mind as I read their paper, which I feel should also be emphasized if we are aiming at predictive power with regard to speakers’ behavior (i.e. answering the question, what will speaker S say next, given that .? ). That level exists in the dimension of experience, or more precisely in terms of constructionist and cognitive approaches, entrenchment and prototypicality in our knowledge of the usage of our language (Langacker 2000; Bybee 2006; Goldberg 2006; among others). This level of description is informed not only by experiments of the type discussed by F&J, but also to a large extent by consulting naturalistic corpus data, which is mentioned only in passing in the article. Over a decade ago, Manning (2003) presented a research agenda for syntactic theory which he termed “Probabilistic Syntax”. A main point of his approach, which is echoed throughout multifactorial work in syntax (Gries 2002; Bresnan et al. 2007; Lohmann 2011), was the goal of modeling speaker output given a meaning to be expressed and an appropriate context, formulated as a conditional probability in (1), and conversely, the ability to infer meaning given a linguistic form and its context, as in (2):
The YOHKOH survey of partially occulted flares in hard X-rays

Context. Modern solar X-ray imagers do not completely resolve the problem of deriving detailed diagnostics of faint hard X-ray sources in the presence of stronger ones. This is the case for the impulsive phase of solar flares in which footpoint sources are usually stronger than loop-top ones. Aims. Flares that are partially occulted by the solar limb provide the most hopeful source of knowledge about hard X-ray loop-top sources. This work attempts to fill the gap between the published survey of partially occulted flares observed by RHESSI (Krucker & Lin 2008, ApJ, 673, 1181) and the extensive Yohkoh database. Methods. Among the 1286 flares in the Yohkoh Hard X-ray Telescope Flare Catalogue (Sato et al. 2006, Sol. Phys., 236, 351), for which the hard X-ray images were presented, we identified 98 events that occurred behind the solar limb. We investigated their hard X-ray spectra and spatial structure. Results. In most cases, we found that the hard X-ray spectrum of partially occulted flares consists of two components, non-thermal and thermal, which are cospatial to within 4 arcsec. For rest events, the components are separated, the non-thermal component clearly appearing to be situated higher. The photon energy spectra of the partially occulted flares are systematically steeper than spectra of the non-occulted flares. We can explain this difference as a consequence of intrinsically dissimilar conditions in coronal parts of flares, in comparison with the footpoints that usually dominate the hard X-ray emission of disk flares. At least two reasons for the difference should be taken into consideration: (1) stronger contamination of hard X-rays by emission from thermal plasma; and (2) different mechanisms in which non-thermal electrons radiate their energy. For events unbiased by the thermal component, the difference, Δγ = ¯ γLT − ¯FP, equals 1.5. We found a lack of correlation between the altitude of flares and the hard X-ray power-law index γ. Conclusions. A schematic picture, in which a thin-target mechanism is responsible for the hard X-ray emission of loop-top sources and a thick-target mechanism for emission by footpoint sources, is modified by the presence of some coronal thick-target sources. Some of these sources exhibit evidence of magnetic trapping. For the characteristics of flares is conclusive the local magnetic configuration in which they occur.
Analysis of the limiting spectral distribution of large dimensional random matrices

Results on the analytic behavior of the limiting spectral distribution of matrices of sample covariance type, studied in Marcenko and Pastur [2] and Yin [8], are derived. Through an equation defining its Stieltjes transform, it is shown that the limiting distribution has a continuous derivative away from zero, the derivative being analytic wherever it is positive, and resembles [formula] for most cases of x0 in the boundary of its support. A complete analysis of a way to determine its support, originally outlined in Marcenko and Pastur [2], is also presented.
Epidemic Size in the SIS Model of Endemic Infections

We study the susceptible-infected-susceptible model of the spread of an endemic infection. We calculate an exact expression for the mean number of transmissions for all values of the population size (N) and the infectivity. We derive the large-N asymptotic behavior for the infectivitiy below, above, and in the critical region. We obtain an analytical expression for the probability distribution of the number of transmissions, n, in the critical region. We show that this distribution has an n -3/2 singularity for small n and decays exponentially for large n. The exponent decreases with the distance from the threshold, diverging to ∞ far below and approaching 0 far above.
Empirical investigations of social learning, cooperation, and their role in the evolution of complex culture

Although it is commonly assumed that learning mechanisms associated with increased fidelity to a demonstrator’s actions and/or object manipulations (i.e., imitation and/or emulation) are required for the successful transmission of instrumental cultural goals, there is currently little evidence to support this claim. In this chapter I present the findings of a meta-analysis that was undertaken on published studies of primate social learning abilities that were conducted using the two-action paradigm. The results of this analysis suggest that, relative to learning through other mechanisms (e.g., local/stimulus enhancement, individual learning), social learning that exhibits high fidelity to the demonstrator’s behaviour offers learning advantages that increase incrementally with the complexity of the learning goal. This finding supports claims that learning mechanisms generating high demonstrator fidelity play a key role in the emergence, maintenance and cumulative improvement of culture.
A force guidance system for car-like vehicle with fuzzy impedance controller

Considering the safety of vehicle, we propose a guidance system to lead the driver a good direction through a proper reaction force, which is generated by a fuzzy-impedance-controlled motor. Fuzzy impedance is based on fuzzy instruction that is a fuzzy set of control instruction candidates with reasoning of Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy model. The achieved impedance characteristics depend on the rules of T-S fuzzy model. A human-vehicle interaction experiment was preformed to demonstrate the practical application of the proposed impedance and verify the effectiveness of the proposed guidance system.