Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cartan Subalgebras of gl∞

Let V be a vector space over a field K of characteristic zero and V∗ be a space of linear functionals on V which separate the points of V . We consider V ⊗ V∗ as a Lie algebra of finite rank operators on V , and set gl(V,V∗) := V ⊗ V∗. We define a Cartan subalgebra of gl(V,V∗) as the centralizer of a maximal subalgebra every element of which is semisimple, and then give the following description of all Cartan subalgebras of gl(V,V∗) under the assumption that K is algebraically closed. A subalgebra of gl(V,V∗) is a Cartan subalgebra if and only if it equals ⊕ j ( V j ⊗ (V j )∗ ) ⊕ (V 0 ⊗V 0 ∗) for some one-dimensional subspaces V j ⊆ V and (V j )∗ ⊆ V∗ with (Vi )∗(V j ) = δi j K and such that the spaces V 0 ∗ = ⋂ j (V j ) ⊥ ⊆ V∗ and V 0 = ⋂ j ( (V j )∗ )⊥ ⊆ V satisfy V 0 ∗(V 0) = {0}. We then discuss explicit constructions of subspaces V j and (V j )∗ as above. Our second main result claims that a Cartan subalgebra of gl(V,V∗) can be described alternatively as a locally nilpotent self-normalizing subalgebra whose adjoint representation is locally finite, or as a subalgebra h which coincides with the maximal locally nilpotent h-submodule of gl(V,V∗), and such that the adjoint representation of h is locally finite. Introduction It is an interesting question which class of subalgebras of an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra, over a field K of characteristic zero, play a role similar to Cartan subalgebras of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra. Despite the fact that infinite-dimensional Lie algebras have been studied extensively in the last 30 years, there is no definitive answer to this question. The best understood cases are those of Kac-Moody algebras and extended affine Lie algebras (see [BP95], [PK83], [AABGP97] and the references therein), whose specific is that their Cartan subalgebras are finite-dimensional. The simplest example of an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra whose Cartan subalgebras are no longer finite-dimensional is the Lie algebra gl∞ of infinite matrices with finitely many non-zero entries in K, and in the literature there is no systematic investigation of all Cartan subalgebras of gl∞. The purpose of the present paper is to fill in this gap for gl∞ and for the larger class of Lie algebras gl(V,V∗) defined below. The following three definitions of a Cartan subalgebra h of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra g are equivalent: (C1) h is a locally nilpotent self-normalizing subalgebra; (C2) h coincides with the maximal locally nilpotent h-submodule of g, i.e., h = g(h), where g(h) = { x ∈ g : (∃n ∈ N) (ad h)(x) = {0} } ; Received by the editors December 4, 2002; revised March 13, 2003. The first author’s work was supported in part by the University of California at Riverside and by a grant of the DFG. The second author’s work was supported in part by MSRI, by an NSF grant, and by the Max Planck Institut für Mathematik in Bonn. AMS subject classification: Primary: 17B65; secondary: 17B20. c ©Canadian Mathematical Society 2003.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Psychological Impact on Health Personnel

ABSTRACT Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been receiving considerable attention by the medical community as well as by the public. This attention is due to the rapid increase in cases of AIDS, the uncertain etiology of the disease, and the poor prognosis of the disease. Although some research has investigated the psychological impact of AIDS on its victims, little research has been conducted on the psychological impact of AIDS on the medical staff caring for AIDS patients. In an attempt to examine this impact, eight nurses and four physicians involved in Cie care of an AIDS patient and a matched, non-AIDS patient responded to four self-report measures which assessed the psychological distress associated with working with each patient. Compared to working with he non-AIDS patient, the physicians and nurses reported experiencing increased anxiety, greater interference in non-work activities, more frequent negative ruminations, and negative perceptions regarding the patient's behavior while working with the AIDS patient. These findings support previous anecdotal reports that medical staff do experience psychological distress when working with an AIDS patient. Because of the fears and concerns engendered in medical personnel by providing care to AIDS patients, psychological and educational interventions are nee3ed to reduce staff's discomfort and thereby facilitate optimal care of AIDS patients. (Author/ABL)
Improving the Interoperability in Multi-agent Systems

During the design and development of multi -agent systems, all aspects related to interoperabilit y among each of the individual agents, that form part of the distributed system, require special attention. This paper shows how communication agents facilit ate the interoperabilit y between the components of multi -agent systems. These agents are in charge of the communication between other agents. They increment the flexibilit y of distributed systems and facilit ate the incorporation of new agents into such systems. A multi -agent advisory system is an example of an architecture of this type and it is presented in this paper.
A novel cooperative algorithm for clustering large databases using sampling

Clustering is a recurrent task in data mining. The application of traditional heuristics techniques in large sets of data is not easy. They tend to have at least quadratic complexity with respect to the number of points, yielding prohibitive run times or low quality solutions. The most common approach to tackle this problem is to use weaker, more randomized algorithms with lower complexities to solve the clustering problem. This work proposes a novel approach for performing this task, allowing traditional, stronger algorithms to work on a sample of the data, chosen in such a way that the overall clustering is considered good.
Microalbuminuria as predictor of outcome

Microalbuminuria is used clinically to monitor incipient diabetic nephropathy, but it is known also to be a non-specific marker of inflammation, both systemic and local,1–3 and appears to be useful as a predictor of outcome in several clinical situations.4–8 The equipment required to perform the test is small and mobile, each test taking two minutes to perform. Might a test for microalbuminuria provide a simple means of identifying patients whose condition will deteriorate across a range of clinical conditions? Microalbuminuria is defined as a urinary albumin concentration of 30-200mg/l. These values are currently detectable by semiquantitative dipstick tests. In healthy volunteers spot testing of urinary albumin shows the mean concentration to be 5.1mg/l, with 95% of samples having a concentration of less than 29.6mg/l, regardless of time of collection.9 Microalbuminuria is thought to reflect the glomerular component of a systemic capillary leak10 that is fundamental to the pathogenesis of multiple …
Comparison of Omapatrilat and Enalapril in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: The Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE)

Background—Combined inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) may produce greater benefits in heart failure than ACE inhibition alone. Methods and Results—We randomly assigned 5770 patients with New York Heart Association class II to IV heart failure to double-blind treatment with either the ACE inhibitor enalapril (10 mg BID, n=2884) or to the ACE-NEP inhibitor omapatrilat (40 mg once daily, n=2886) for a mean of 14.5 months. The primary end point—the combined risk of death or hospitalization for heart failure requiring intravenous treatment—was used prospectively to test both a superiority and noninferiority hypothesis (based on the effect of enalapril in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction [SOLVD] Treatment Trial). A primary end point was achieved in 973 patients in the enalapril group and in 914 patients in the omapatrilat group (hazard ratio 0.94; 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.03, P =0.187)—a result that fulfilled prespecified criteria for noninferiority but not for superiority. The omapatrilat group also had a 9% lower risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization (P =0.024) and a 6% lower risk of death (P =0.339). Post hoc analysis of the primary end point with the definition used in the SOLVD Treatment Trial (which included all hospitalizations for heart failure) showed an 11% lower risk in patients treated with omapatrilat (nominal P =0.012). Conclusion—Omapatrilat reduces the risk of death and hospitalization in chronic heart failure but was not more effective than ACE inhibition alone in reducing the risk of a primary clinical event. Between-group differences in favor of omapatrilat observed in secondary and post hoc analyses warrant further study.
Epidemiological Reverse Influence Maximization in Social Networks with Negative Influencing

Influence Maximization (IM)-based profit maximization estimates a seed set of users that maximizes the profit in social networks. On the other hand, Reverse Influence Maximization (RIM) finds the seeding cost of the same process. The profit is measured by the maximum number of users that can be activated by the seed users and the seeding cost is given by the minimum number of users which should be activated in order to activate the seed or target users. The major drawback of most of the existing IM models is that the seed users are assumed to be activated initially. However, seed users may also be influenced by some other icon users they follow. Moreover, none of the state-of-the-art models has considered negative influencing. Thus, in this paper, we propose an epidemic model-based RIM model with negative influencing (EN-RIM) for seeding cost optimization. The simulation shows that the EN-RIM model outperforms many existing models.
Generalization and connectionist language learning

L'A. propose plusieurs definitions de la systematicite qui rendent compte des differents degres de generalisation de l'experience par un systeme d'etude du langage. L'A. releve ainsi le defi lance par B. Hadley, selon lequel les modeles connexionnistes et symboliques du langage ne depassent pas une certaine convenance dans leurs tentatives de generalisation, se limitant a des simulations qui mettent en oeuvre un simple reseau neural recurrent
Impulsivity and Self-Sabotaging Behavior: A Case Study

Rush to judgment is a frequently used strategy aimed at helping persons cope with stressors, they deem too demanding on their self-esteem. There are a numerous studies postulated as reasons self-sabotaging from general procrastination, cognitive distortions, to fear of failing, however, studies associated with impulsivity in relation to cognitive processing has been shortcoming. This case study examines the role of impulsivity on cognitive self-sabotaging behaviour. Using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), to identify levels of self-esteem, along with a series of interviews, the findings indicate that there appears to be an association between cognitive impulsiveness and self-sabotaging behaviour. Further studies are needed to assess, to what extent this phenomenon can be applied to a larger population.
Virtual environments and interactivity: windows to the future

I really apologize. I promised everyone I would come out wearing the data suit, but it just slipped my mind and I never got around to it. Actually Marvin Minsky was saying that the thing to do would be to come out with nothing on because that would be the perfect interface to the computer. So I kind of shunned the whole thing off at that point.We just heard Nicholas Negroponte ask us -- "how do we communicate with computers? " Well, that's why this panel is here today. We'll be discussing virtual environments and interactivity with some of the people who have been doing a lot of work in this field. I was interviewing a lot of people last night at the parties about virtual environments and I realized that everyone has their own idea of what their virtual environment will be. Some want to interact more, others less. Some want little people running around on the screen bringing them all sorts of messages or images. We'll be hearing about a lot of different types of interactivity on our panel today.I'd like to point out that Margaret's slide should also include the MIT Media Lab as well as UNC.I'm going to show some tapes and do some talking later on so I'd like start of by introducing Jaron Lanier. He's the guy with the dreadlocks you've seen at the Silicon Graphics booth. He has an amazing collection of musical instruments from all over the world and when he plays them, he transports you to other times and other places. He's a designer of programming languages and he started VPL, the company that brought you the glove, Jaron.
Oxygen delivery does not limit thermal tolerance in a tropical eurythermal crustacean

In aquatic environments, rising water temperatures reduce water oxygen content while increasing oxygen demand, leading several authors to propose cardiorespiratory oxygen transport capacity as the main determinant of aquatic animal fitness. It has also been argued that tropical species, compared with temperate species, live very close to their upper thermal limit and hence are vulnerable to even small elevations in temperature. Little, however, is known about physiological responses to high temperatures in tropical species. Here we report that the tropical giant freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) maintains normal growth when challenged by a temperature rise of 6°C above the present day average (from 27°C to 33°C). Further, by measuring heart rate, gill ventilation rate, resting and maximum oxygen uptake, and hemolymph lactate, we show that oxygen transport capacity is maintained up to the critical maximum temperature around 41°C. In M. rosenbergii heart rate and gill ventilation rate increases exponentially until immediately below critical temperatures and at 38°C animals still retained more than 76% of aerobic scope measured at 30°C, and there was no indication of anaerobic metabolism at the high temperatures. Our study shows that the oxygen transport capacity is maintained at high temperatures, and that other mechanisms, such as protein dysfunction, are responsible for the loss of ecological performance at elevated temperatures.
The force resulting from the action of mono-and biarticular muscles in a limb

Human and animal limbs can be modelled as a chain of segments connected at joints. For a static limb, the force exerted at the endpoint due to the force of a single muscle has been calculated. It turns out that there are marked differences in the action of monovs. biarticular muscles. Monoarticular muscles produce an endpoint force that is directed in the lengthwise direction of the limb, i.e. in the direction of one of the segments. The force from biarticular muscles can have a marked transverse component. The ‘principal direction’ of this endpoint force is also the movement direction of the endpoint which is the most favourable for the muscle to do work. The reasoning presented can explain e.g. the differences in the activity of monoand biarticular muscles in cycling. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synaptically activated Ca2+ waves and NMDA spikes locally suppress voltage‐dependent Ca2+ signalling in rat pyramidal cell dendrites

Non‐Technical Summary Synaptically activated changes in dendritic [Ca2+]i affect many important physiological processes including synaptic plasticity and gene expression. The location, magnitude and time course of these changes can determine which mechanisms are affected. Therefore, it is important to understand the processes that control and modulate these changes. One important source is Ca2+ entering through voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels opened by action potentials backpropagating over the dendrites (bAPs). Here we examine how [Ca2+]i changes, caused by regenerative Ca2+ release from internal stores (Ca2+ waves) or by regenerative Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptors (NMDA spikes), affect subsequent bAP‐evoked [Ca2+]i changes. These large [Ca2+]i increases suppressed the bAP signals in the regions where the preceding [Ca2+]i increases were largest. The suppression was proportional to the magnitude of the large [Ca2+]i change and was insensitive to kinase and phosphatase inhibitors, consistent with suppression due to Ca2+‐dependent inhibition of Ca2+ channels.
Title Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on 1min cadence data

We searched for superflares on solar-type stars using Kepler data with 1-min sampling in order to detect superflares with a short duration. We found 187 superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric energy ranges from the order of 1032 to 1036 erg. Some superflares show multiple peaks with the peak separation of the order of 100 to 1,000 s which is comparable to the periods of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares. Using these new data combined with the results from the data with 30-min sampling, we found that the occurrence frequency (dN/dE) of superflares as a function of flare energy (E) shows the power-law distribution (dN/dE ∝ E−α ) with α ∼ −1.5 for 1033 < E < 1036 erg which is consistent with the previous results. The average occurrence rate of superflares with the energy of 1033 erg which is equivalent to X100 solar flares is about once in 500 to 600 years. The upper limit of energy released by superflares is basically comparable to a fraction of the magnetic energy stored near starspots which is estimated from the photometry. We also found that the duration of superflares (τ ) increases with the flare energy (E) as τ ∝ E0.39± 0.03. This can be explained if we assume the time scale of flares is determined by the Alfvén time.
Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks for Time Series Forecasting

We present a method for conditional time series forecasting based on an adaptation of the recent deep convolutional WaveNet architecture. The proposed network contains stacks of dilated convolutions that allow it to access a broad range of historical data when forecasting. It also uses a rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function, and conditioning is performed by applying multiple convolutional filters in parallel to separate time series, which allows for the fast processing of data and the exploitation of the correlation structure between the multivariate time series. We test and analyze the performance of the convolutional network both unconditionally and conditionally for financial time series forecasting using the Standard & Poor’s 500 index, the volatility index, the Chicago Board Options Exchange interest rate and several exchange rates, and we extensively compare its performance with those of the well-known autoregressive model and a long short-term memory network. We show that a convolutional network is well suited to regression-type problems and is able to effectively learn dependencies in and between the series without the need for long historical time series, that it is a time-efficient and easy-to-implement alternative to recurrent-type networks, and that it tends to outperform linear and recurrent models.
IMPLICATIONS OF COOPETITION FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF FIRMS: PERSPECTIVE OF SME AND LARGE COMPANIES

─Abstract ─ The concept of coopetition sheds new light on the way companies behave and the way in which value for customers and whole economies can be created. The emergence and growing popularity of simultaneous cooperation and competition between business actors encourages asking more in depth questions about the results of this kind of relationship for companies. This paradoxical phenomenon is becoming more and more popular even among enterprises from transition economies such as Poland. After twenty years of building a market economy, Polish firms are becoming able to implement more sophisticated kinds of business behaviour. The main aim of this paper is to attempt to recognize the implications of cooperation with market rivals for companies involved in this type of business behaviour. The author, by quoting literature written on the subject, presents the concept of coopetition and the results of coopetition for companies. This short overview is accompanied by empirical research, which took a form of direct interviews conducted in 57 companies from one region in Poland. The author highlights the methodology used to assess the involvement of a firm in coopetition. The results of the empirical study are discussed paying attention to the size of business agents – SME and large companies.
Teaching through technology-enhanced environments in higher education: moderating for effective computer-conferencing.

The emergence of the ‘knowledge based society’ places extra pressure on university teachers to develop students’ knowledge and skills. Although focus has shifted from teaching to student centred-based learning it is still useful to investigate university teachers’ approaches to teaching through networked technologies. Previous research indicates that the success of the online activity is influenced by the person who organises and facilitates the discussion (Berge & Collins, 2000). The role of the leader or ‘moderator’ in motivating the participants, channelling the discussion and deliberately handling difficult situations is crucial. The recognition that the moderator’s work makes a great difference to the success of computer conferencing creates a pressing need to research new approaches to teaching online. Located on the socio-cultural framework, this study suggests that the moderator’s role is crucial in sustaining conferences through the structuring of the learning resources inherent in the conferences.
Supplier Contribution to Profit Calculation and Supplier’s Expense Levels

Suppliers of goods present a very important cost object for trading companiessuch as retail. There is, however, no theoretical explanation as to how to calculate a contribution to profits generated from an individual supplier. This calculation is the subject of the paper. There is no calculation that shows how goods, provided from the supplier, create profit through gross margin and how the supplier`s behavior influences the costs (like delivery terms, costs of keeping specific goods fresh…). The final costs further decrease the profit generated by suppliers. As they have long found it illogical to calculate contribution to profit from suppliers in a production company, trading companies have long ignored it, as well. The Activity Based Costing (ABC), as the up-to-date system, still does not possess the cost hierarchy for suppliers as the cost object. The aim of the paper is to present a proposal for creating the cost hierarchy for suppliers in a trade company through creating a theoretical financial model as a method. The model also offers a theoretical explanation of how to calculate the contribution from a supplier or a group of suppliers. It is based on empirically evident activities in any supermarket or hypermarket, which makes it possible to create explanatory theoretical research.