Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Traffic-related fatalities among older drivers and passengers: past and future trends.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study was initiated to forecast the number of older drivers and passengers who may be fatally injured in traffic crashes in future years. DESIGN AND METHODS The study was based on data from the U.S. Fatality Analysis Reporting System covering the period from 1975 to 1998. Projections were based on least squares regression models. RESULTS About 35,000 drivers and passengers died in traffic crashes each year from 1975 to 1998. Older adults (65 and older) accounted for 10% of all fatalities in 1975, 17% in 1998, and a projected 27% by 2015, the same proportion predicted for drivers and passengers aged younger than 30. On the basis of these projections, the number of fatally injured women and men aged 65 and older will increase respectively by 373% and 271% between 1975 and 2015. IMPLICATIONS If current trends continue, the number of fatalities among older drivers and passengers and those aged younger than 30, may be equivalent early in this century. These projections call for further research into conditions that may lead to crashes involving older drivers and for the development and implementation of initiatives to curb traffic-related fatalities among older adults.
ADAPTIVE METHODS OF MOVING CAR DETECTION IN MONOCULAR IMAGE SEQUENCES

In this paper, the authors focus on the moving object detection/tracking task on four different data abstraction levels: image segmentation, 2D object tracking, model-based 3D object tracking and multi-object traffic scene description. The concept "adaptive" is examined on two levels: learning algorithms or connectionist systems and recursive estimation for dynamic systems. The first approach can be used for low-and segmentation-level analysis of finite image sequences, while the second approach is useful in 2D and 3D object tracking and estimation.
The Sources and Magnitudes of Switzerland’s Gains from Trade

SummaryThis paper uses the modern workhorse model of quantitative trade theory (Eaton and Kortum, 2002) as a measurement tool to quantify Switzerland’s gains from trade. I find that individual trading partners matter surprisingly little for Switzerland’s welfare because of reallocation effects: if trade between Switzerland and some partner country is inhibited, other supplier countries step into the breach so that the losses are limited and typically amount to less than 1 %. The conclusions are different if one considers groups of countries such as for example the EU: participating in a multilateral 25 % trade cost reduction increases Swiss welfare by 11 % relative to the status quo. However, it must also be noted that in the case of non-participation, the actual welfare losses relative to the status quo are modest with less than 1 %.
Comparison of Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant Online prognostic tools in young women with breast cancer: review of a single-institution experience

Objective Accurately predicting the prognosis of young patients with breast cancer (<40 years) is uncertain since the literature suggests they have a higher mortality and that age is an independent risk factor. In this cohort study we considered two prognostic tools; Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant Online (Adjuvant! ), in a group of young patients, comparing their predicted prognosis with their actual survival. Setting North East England Participants Data was prospectively collected from the breast unit at a Hospital in Grimsby between January 1998 and December 2007. A cohort of 102 young patients with primary breast cancer was identified and actual survival data was recorded. The Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant! scores were calculated and used to estimate 10-year survival probabilities. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to demonstrate the association between the Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant! scores. A constant yearly hazard rate was assumed to generate 10-year cumulative survival curves using the Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant! predictions. Results Actual 10-year survival for the 92 patients who underwent potentially curative surgery for invasive cancer was 77.2% (CI 68.6% to 85.8%). There was no significant difference between the actual survival and the Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant! 10-year estimated survival, which was 77.3% (CI 74.4% to 80.2%) and 82.1% (CI 79.1% to 85.1%), respectively. The Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant! results demonstrated strong correlation and both predicted cumulative survival curves accurately reflected the actual survival in young patients. Conclusions The Nottingham Prognostic Index and Adjuvant! are widely used to predict survival in patients with breast cancer. In this study no statistically significant difference was shown between the predicted prognosis and actual survival of a group of young patients with breast cancer.
Biogeochemical zonation due to intrameander hyporheic flow

The dynamics of chemicals within a catchment are strongly affected by the exchange between surface water and groundwater. The activity of hyporheic microorganisms plays a key role in these processes, as they are able to oxidize and reduce organic matter and nutrients. The interplay between the residence times in the hyporheic zone and the temporal scales of the microbial reactions must thus be understood in order to improve our understanding of the role of fluvial environments in nutrient cycling. In this paper we focus on the intrameander hyporheic region and investigate the links between river morphology, hyporheic flow field, and biogeochemical processes. We adopt a modeling framework that considers the planimetric evolution of a meandering river, the hyporheic flow field induced by the river sinuosity, and the main biogeochemical reactions of organic carbon degradation. The chemical zonation of the intrameander hyporheic zone clearly emerges as a result of the coupling between hyporheic flow and biochemical activity. The resulting patterns of nutrient concentrations are strongly influenced by the river morphology. We also show how to estimate the characteristic timescales of the redox reactions and that their interplay with the kinematic timescales of the hyporheic flow controls both the biochemical zonation and the overall rate of nutrient transformation.
Geochemical and Mineralogical Characters of the Coastal Plain Sediments of the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait

The present study deals with detailed geochemical and mineralogical studies of the coastal plain sediments formed along the shoreline of the Arabian Gulf area, Kuwait. These deposits are mainly fluviomarine and beach sands. The coastal plain deposits of the central Kuwait shoreline zone were found to consist of average medium-grained sand. The sand composed, on average of about 90% sand, and about 10% or less is mud, and has a unimodal distribution with a mode of medium sand (1-2 NÂ„). The sediments consists mainly quartz, Feldspar, clay minerals with carbonate minerals (detritus calcite and dolomite) and rock fragments (chart). The mineralogy of the clay fractions of the sediments is dominated by illite, palygorskite, mixed layer illite-montmorillonite with minor amounts of chlorite and Kaolinite. Heavy minerals are concentrated in the very fine sand fraction and are dominated by opaque minerals, and non opaque minerals which represented by amphiboles, pyroxenes, epidotes, dolomite, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet and other which represented by Staurolite, Kyanite, Andalusite and Sillimenite as a trace amounts. The chemical analysis for the detrital amphibole grains from sandstone of coastal plain sediments shows the following features; the grains which have (Na + K) 0.50 its composition have wide variation and on the (Na + K) -AlIV diagram can be characterized two association: Association 1 which characterized by low amount of AlIV and low amount of (Na + K), by comparing the chemical composition of this association and the chemical composition of amphibole grains from older basement rock, can, these association may be derived from metamorphic source rocks and association 2 which characterized by high amount of AlIV and low amount of (Na + K), which may be derived from volcanic source rocks.
Hindi Part-of-Speech Tagging and Chunking : A Maximum Entropy Approach

The present invention describes a class of dyes for use in staining cell samples and methods of making such dyes. A preferred class of dyes known as detergent dyes which possess the ability to stain cells in whole blood and are only slowly leached or lost from the stained cells over time are described. The present invention has application, for example, to blood typing for the determination of the presence of blood group antigens A, B, AB, O, and D (Rho) and antibodies to such antigens.
Research Article Multimicrophone Speech Dereverberation: Experimental Validation

Dereverberation is required in various speech processing applications such as handsfree telephony and voice-controlled systems, especially when signals are applied that are recorded in a moderately or highly reverberant environment. In this paper, we compare a number of classical and more recently developed multimicrophone dereverberation algorithms, and validate the different algorithmic settings by means of two performance indices and a speech recognition system. It is found that some of the classical solutions obtain a moderate signal enhancement. More advanced subspace-based dereverberation techniques, on the other hand, fail to enhance the signals despite their high-computational load.
Regional Development Di_erentials in Europe: An Empirical Analysis using Lisbon Strategy Targets

This paper investigates regional development dynamics in a sample of 263 NUTS-2 European Union regions, over the period 2000-2010. To that end, we use the set of indicators included in the Regional Lisbon Index developed by Dijkstra (2010). Regional Lisbon Index indicators are related to an action and economic development plan for the EU regions that includes employment, education and R&D targets. Originally, the Regional Lisbon Index had the aim of improving the methodology used by the several Lisbon Agenda monitoring platforms. Later, it became part of the programming of the European Regional Policy. In this research we analyze Lisbon Agenda achievements and the emergence of disparities among regions in their path towards a knowledge-based economy. The analysis of regional disparities in development outcomes is based on spatial panel data models and non-parametric techniques. The main nding of this research is that Europe is experiencing a clear divergence and polarization process in terms of regional development.
An Analysis of Deer and Elk -Vehicle Collision Sites along State Highways in Washington State

Approximately 3,000 deer and 85 elk carcasses are removed by the Washington State Department of Transportation personnel from Washington state highways annually. The report provides an analysis of temporal and spatial relationships associated with carcass removal sites. Models were developed to assess influences of road characteristics, habitat features, deer densities, and deer behavior to frequency of vehicle collisions at carcass removal sites.
LYSOZYME LYSIS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA WITHOUT PRODUCTION OF SPHEROPLASTS.

Summary: Cells of Gram-negative bacteria undergo lysis when treated with lysozyme in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and tris buffer, as shown by Repaske. However, contrary to the prevalent assumption, lysis is not necessarily preceded by formation of a spheroplast as the cell wall is damaged. Treatment of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the lytic system was shown to cause the formation of osmotically fragile rods, rather than spheres. The extent of destruction of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria by lysozyme in this system is, at least in some cases, less than has been generally supposed.
Exact Simplification of Support Vector Solutions

This paper demonstrates that standard algorithms for training support vector machines generally produce solutions with a greater number of support vectors than are strictly necessary. An algorithm is presented that allows unnecessary support vectors to be recognized and eliminated while leaving the solution otherwise unchanged. The algorithm is applied to a variety of benchmark data sets (for both classification and regression) and in most cases the procedure leads to a reduction in the number of support vectors. In some cases the reduction is substantial.
Least-square Inversion with Inexact Adjoints. Method of Conjugate Directions: a Tutorial

This tutorial describes the classic method of conjugate directions: the generalization of the conjugate-gradient method in iterative least-square inversion. I derive the algebraic equations of the conjugate-direction method from general optimization principles. The derivation explains the " magic " properties of conjugate gradients. It also justifies the use of conjugate directions in cases when these properties are distorted either by computational errors or by inexact adjoint operators. The extra cost comes from storing a larger number of previous search directions in the computer memory. A simple ratfor program and three examples illustrate the method.
Active Learning of Features and Labels 1. Motivation

Co-training improves multi-view classifier learning by enforcing internal consistency between the predicted classes of unlabeled objects based on different views (different sets of features for characterizing the same object). In some applications , due to the cost involved in data acquisition, only a subset of features may be obtained for many unlabeled objects. Observing additional features of objects that were earlier incompletely characterized, increases the data available for co-training, hence improving the classification accuracy. This paper addresses the problem of active learning of features: which additional features should be acquired of incompletely characterized objects in order to maximize the accuracy of the learned classifier? Our method, which extends previous techniques for the active learning of labels , is experimentally shown to be effective in a real-life multi-sensor mine detection problem. A fundamental assumption in the field of classifier design is that it is costly to acquire labels; after all, if label acquisition were cheap, we would have little need for classifiers because we could simply acquire labels as and when we needed them. But how does the situation change when it is also costly to acquire features? This paper aims to answer this question. We begin with a little more motivation. In the simplest setting for classifier design, each object has been characterized by a vector of features and a label, as schematically depicted in Figure 1a. Assuming that labels are indeed costly to acquire, we can imagine relaxing this setting so that each object has been characterized by a vector of features, but only a small subset of the objects has been labeled. If we are not permitted to acquire additional labels for the unlabeled data, as shown in Figure 1b, we are in a semi-supervised learning setting (Belkin et al. on the other hand, if we are permitted to label some of the unlabeled data (Figure 1c), we are in an Expanding this framework still further, sometimes the objects to be classified can be characterized by vectors of features in multiple independent ways; we will call each of these characterizations a view. For example, a web page may be described either using the words it contains or the set of words in the links pointing to it. A person may be identified on the basis of facial features in an image, speech patterns in an audio recording, or characteristic motions in a video. Buried mines may be investigated …
Image and Video based double watermark extraction spread spectrum watermarking in low variance region

Digital watermarking plays a very important role in copyright protection. It is one of the techniques which are used for safeguarding the origins of the image, audio and video by protecting it against Piracy. This paper proposes a low variance based spread spectrum watermarking for image and video in which the watermark is obtained twice in the receiver. The watermark to be added is a binary image of comparatively smaller size than the Cover Image. Cover Image is divided into number of 8x8 blocks and transform into frequency domain using Discrete Cosine Transform. A gold sequence is added as well as subtracted in each block for each watermark bit. In most cases, researchers has generally used algorithms for extracting single watermark and also it is seen that finding the location of the distorted bit of the watermark due to some attacks is one of the most challenging task. However, in this paper the same watermark is embedded as well as extracted twice with gold code without much distortion of the image and comparing these two watermarks will help in finding the distorted bit. Another feature is that as this algorithm is based on embedding of watermark in low variance region, therefore proper extraction of the watermark is obtained at a lesser modulating factor. The proposed algorithm is very much useful in applications like real- time broad casting, image and video authentication and secure camera system. The experimental results show that the watermarking technique is robust against various attacks.
Problem uznania migrantów klimatycznych przez system prawa międzynarodowego publicznego - sprawa Teitiota v The Chief Executive of Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment

Stale rosnący zasięg skutków zmian klimatycznych corocznie wpływa na pogorszenie się warunków życiowych wielu osób, w skrajnych przypadkach nawet eliminując możliwość dalszego zamieszkiwania niektórych obszarów. W takich sytuacjach środki łagodzące czy adaptacyjne mogą okazać się niewystarczające i jedynym rozwiązaniem jest migracja. Uzyskanie ochrony w granicach państwa przyjmującego może być uwarunkowane jednak legalnym charakterem pobytu. Sprawa, która jest przedmiotem artykułu dotyczy obywatela Kiribati, który starał się uzyskać status uchodźcy jako ,,uchodźca klimatyczny”, jednak spotkał się z odmową, nie spełniając przesłanek zawartych w Konwencji dotyczącej statusu uchodźców 1951. Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie możliwości przyznania ochrony osobom znajdującym się w podobnej sytuacji w ramach systemu prawa międzynarodowego publicznego, a konkretniej praw człowieka i międzynarodowego prawa ochrony środowiska. W ramach dostępnych możliwości artykuł ukazuje szeroką lukę prawną w regulacjach wewnętrznych, jak i międzynarodowych, uniemożliwiającą osobom najbardziej potrzebującym ucieczkę przed negatywnymi skutkami ocieplenia klimatu. Po przeprowadzeniu analizy nasuwa się wniosek, że prawo międzynarodowe publiczne w obecnym kształcie nie jest w stanie zapewnić wystarczającej ochrony ,,uchodźcom klimatycznym”.
Aquifer drawdown and variable-stage stream depletion induced by a nearby pumping well

A stream depletion phenomenon has been studied for many decades and different analytical models were developed to find the effect of a pumping well on a nearby stream. Most developed models consider a constant stream stage or neglect the variation in stream stage. This is not the case in reality where stream flow and level continuously vary over time. In this paper a new analytical model was developed considering variation in stream flow (i.e. stream stage). The developed model considers the recession of stream flow and its impact on stream depletion and drawdown. A Comparison between the developed solution and the existing ones shows a significant discrepancy when the stream flow varies.
A Two-Step Dewarping of Camera Document Images

Dewarping of camera document images has attracted a lot of interest over the last few years since warping not only reduces the document readability but also affects the accuracy of an OCR application. In this paper, a two-step approach for efficient dewarping of camera document images is presented. At a first step, a coarse dewarping is accomplished with the help of a transformation model which maps the projection of a curved surface to a 2D rectangular area. The projection of the curved surface is delimited by the two curved lines which fit the top and bottom text lines along with the two straight lines which fit to the left and right text boundaries. At a second step, fine dewarping is achieved based on words detection. All words are pose normalized guided by the lower and upper word baselines. Experimental results on several camera document images demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Plant regeneration from cotyledons of Cucumis melo Topmark

Additional index words. muskmelon, plant tissue culture, organogenesis, cantaloupe Abstract. A procedure for the regeneration of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) CV. Topmark via shoot organogenesis from cotyledon explants is described. The best in- duction medium for a morphogenic response was MS salts and vitamins medium with BA at 1.0 mg·liter -1 . Further vegetative bud development was completed by transfer- ring organogenic tissue to MS medium containing BA at 0.05 mg·liter -1 . The shoots
User-Centered Perspective of Information Retrieval Research and Analysis Methods.

The author in his chapter refers us back to a previous ARIST chapter by Brenda Dervin and Michael Nilan, in which the dichotomy between the system perspective and the user perspective is shown. He points out that the user perspective shows up in retrieval studies and questions how these studies have affected information retrieval research methods.There has been a paradigm shift from the system perspective to the user perspective, with a resulting need to design and redesign systems that focus on user needs and that requires analyses of users, their needs, and their habits. Two approaches that advocate the user-centered perspective are : (1) the cognitive approach, and (2° the holistic approach. Systems designed from the user-centered perspective would not only serve the intended audience but would further the user-centerd perspective of the entire information retrieival discipline
Joint Tokenization and Translation

As tokenization is usually ambiguous for many natural languages such as Chinese and Korean, tokenization errors might potentially introduce translation mistakes for translation systems that rely on 1-best to-kenizations. While using lattices to offer more alternatives to translation systems have elegantly alleviated this problem, we take a further step to tokenize and translate jointly. Taking a sequence of atomic units that can be combined to form words in different ways as input, our joint decoder produces a tokenization on the source side and a translation on the target side simultaneously. By integrating tokenization and translation features in a discriminative framework, our joint decoder outperforms the baseline translation systems using 1-best tokenizations and lattices significantly on both Chinese-English and Korean-Chinese tasks. Interestingly, as a tokenizer, our joint decoder achieves significant improvements over monolingual Chinese tokenizers.