Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities : Origins and Scope

The principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ evolved from the notion of the ‘common heritage of mankind’ and is a manifestation of general principles of equity in international law. The principle recognises historical differences in the contributions of developed and developing States to global environmental problems, and differences in their respective economic and technical capacity to tackle these problems. Despite their common responsibilities, important differences exist between the stated responsibilities of developed and developing countries. The Rio Declaration states: “In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. ” Similar language exists in the Framework Convention on Climate Change; parties should act to protect the climate system “on the basis of equality and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. ”
The Impact of Representation Norms on the Quality of Judicial Decisions

Judges are obliged to give reasons for their decisions. A set of formal and informal norms specifies how this is to be done. These norms serve a whole array of purposes. This paper shows that one substantial effect is on decision quality. The effect can even be demonstrated on an ad hoc basis. Representation norms and the actual representation activity that is brought about by them have both a cognitive and a motivational effect. They palpably hold the judge accountable for the decision taken. And they guide him through the judgment elements inherent in his task. There is interplay between both effects when it comes to combating occasional non-normative motivation, debiasing and the choice of an appropriate decision mode. More importantly even than this short-term effect is the long-term power of representation norms. They exert this power as part and parcel of a richer institutional arrangement. That arrangement reminds the judge of the professional role he is playing, and it contributes to strengthening this attitude. And the institutional arrangement helps the judge in the process of progressive expertisation. Expertisation is no absolute protection against quality defects, but it is likely to significantly improve the quality of decisions. Suggestions for the deregulation of representation norms should pay due respect to the beneficial effect these norms have on the quality of decisions.
Stability and bifurcation of Bidirectional Associative Memory Neural Networks with Delayed Self-Feedback

Some delay independent and delay dependent conditions are derived for the global stability of the bidirectional associative memory neural networks with delayed self-feedback. Regarding the self-connection delay as the parameter to be varied, the linear stability and Hopf bifurcation analysis are carried out. An algorithm to determine the direction and stability of the Hopf bifurcations is also worked out. Some examples and numerical simulations are presented.
MAKNA KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA BAGI ISTRI: SEBUAH STUDI INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Tujuan dari penelitian dengan studi fenomenologis ini adalah untuk dapat memahami dan mampu menangkap dunia pengalaman istri sebagai korban kekerasan dalam rumah tangga.Subjek penelitian ini adalah dua orang istri yang menjadi korban kekerasan dalamrumah tangga yang dilakukan oleh suami, baik kekerasan secara fisik, kekerasan psikis, kekerasan ekonomi, maupun kekerasan seksual.Penemuan subjek dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik sampling purposif.Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Metode IPA menggunakan prosedur yang rinci dalam menganalisis data, sehingga menghasilkan kedalaman makna terhadap berbagai latar belakang, pengalaman, peristiwa unik, serta pemikiran yang dirasakan subjek yang didapat melalui proses wawancara. Hasil penelitian ini membahas tentang pengalaman traumatis kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dialami oleh istri korban KDRT, proses rekonstruksi diri pascakekerasan dalam rumah tangga, serta timbulnya kesadaran diri pascakekerasan dalam rumah tangga.Peneliti menemukan setiap subjek memiliki pemaknaan yang berbeda-beda atas pengalaman subjek terkait kekerasan dalam rumah tangga.Pemaknaan positif pasca kekerasan dalam rumah tangga merupakan perjalanan puncak dari pengalaman kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dialami oleh istri.Pengalaman tersebut telah menjadi suatu kesatuan sebagai upaya memahami makna kekerasan dalam rumah tangga bagi istri secara utuh.
The Yorkshire Ripper enquiry: Part I

Between 1975 and 1979 eleven women fell prey to a serial killer in towns in northern England. The police received an audio rape in the post which contained a message from a man they believed to be the murderer. The recording was submitted for speaker-profiling; in particular, the police sought to establish the regional background of the speaker. The major accent influences were pinpointed within a narrow geographical area. Subsequent developments in the case led the phoneticians concerned to the view that the recording had probably been made by a hoaxer. This advice was insufficiently taken into account by the instructing police officers. It transpired that the phoneticians had been correct. The murderer was eventually identified and convicted bur the hoaxer remains unidentified. The hoaxer also led the police astray through letters. In Part I of this enquiry report, Stanley Ellis outlines his role in the operation in relation to the rape recording. In Part II, Jack Windsor Lewis develops a number of points from his analyses of the letters.
Using a Mnemonic to Aid in the Recall of Unfamiliar Information

A 2×2 factorial design was used to test the effect of a mnemonic device on the recall of unfamiliar scientific information. Subjects were 26 8-yr. -olds and 20 18- to 21-yr. -olds, who were divided into four different groups: Older Song Group, Older Lecture Group, Younger Song Group, and Younger Lecture Group. Both the lecture and the song presented to the subjects included minerals, colors, and other related information to be recalled. Analysis showed information learned in a song increased recall rate over recall after lecture.
Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Deciding What Method for Whom

The aim of the present paper was to address variables that should be considered in deciding the optimal treatment modality for individual patients with obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD). We begin by briefly discussing strengths and limitations of the various empirically supported treatments for this disorder. Next we discuss general factors, such as demographics and familial support, that may contribute to the treatment decision-making process. Following this, we describe factors related to the presentation of OCD (e.g., insight, comorbidity) that may impact such decisions. It is important to rely on both empirical findings and informed clinical judgment when deciding which treatment(s) to recommend for patients. For this reason, familiarity with the research literature as a backdrop to thoroughly assessing the relevant variables is imperative for clinicians working with OCD patients. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 3:261‐273 (2003)]
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Telerehabilitation in Patients With Cardiopulmonary Diseases

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of telerehabilitation compared with other delivery models for improving physical or functional outcomes in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. METHODS: A search was completed for English language publications from 1990 to August 2013 across 4 electronic databases and gray literature. Inclusion criteria were: (1) home-based telerehabilitation as a core component; (2) at least 2 exercise sessions; (3) randomized controlled trials; and (4) reporting of physical or functional outcome measures in adult patients with coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic respiratory disease. Studies were independently screened by 2 reviewers and graded by a reviewer according to the Downs and Black checklist. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was undertaken. RESULTS: Eleven studies were analyzed. It appears that telerehabilitation is no different to other delivery models for patients with cardiopulmonary diseases, in terms of exercise capacity expressed as distance on the 6-minute walk test and peak oxygen consumption and quality of life. Telerehabilitation appears to have higher adherence rates compared with center-based exercise. There has been similar or no adverse events reported in telerehabilitation compared with center-based exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Although telerehabilitation shows promise in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases, compelling evidence is still limited. There is a need for more detailed, high-quality studies and for studies on the use of video-based telerehabilitation.
Development of Smoking Cessation Health-Related Quality of Life Scale

The purpose of this methodological research was to develop a smoking cessation health-related quality of life scale and examine the validity and reliability of this measure. The research involved 3 steps: (1) scale development, (2) expert review of the scale, and (3) testing of the scale. A total of 431 current adult smokers and ex-smokers who visited the smoking cessation clinics in hospitals/ institutes and community pharmacies participated in the study. The initial scale was developed and based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews with smokers, ex-smokers, and healthcare professionals. A five-point Likert scale was used as an item response choice. For psychometric properties, exploratory factor analysis with item analysis was used to examine the construct validity and reliability of the scale. Known group validity was used to support the evidence of construct validity. Results indicated that the scale had content validity, construct validity, and high internal consistency reliability. The scale consisted of 36 items with an overall coefficient alpha 0.93. A four-factor structure was identified and interpreted as representing four subscales: (1) general well being (18 items), (2) satisfaction (8 items), (3) craving and self-control (4 items), and (4) psychological and emotional problems (6 items). The Mann-Whitney-U test revealed ex-smokers who had quit smoking for ≥ 3 months reported significantly higher quality of life scores than smokers on the four subscales (P < 0.02), demonstrating the construct validity of the scale. The findings provide preliminary evidence of scale validity and reliability.
Higher Education and Spatial (Im)Mobility: Nontraditional Students and Living at Home

I investigate the mobility decisions of students going into higher education in the UK, and look particularly at the circumstances under which students in one higher education market chose to live at home and their experiences of attending a local university. As more young people from nontraditional backgrounds are encouraged to participate in higher education, and as the financial costs of attending are increasingly borne by students and their families, more students are choosing to stay at home for financial reasons. I explore the advantages and disadvantages of students' decisions to live at home in the context of normative debates which stress the value of spatial mobility to the student lifestyle. While the evidence supports the argument that living at home is an economically rational decision for students from nontraditional backgrounds, it is also steeped in young peoples' emotional attachments to locally based networks of family and friends. Further, the connections between living at home and social and educational disadvantage amongst university students are investigated. The analysis shows that disadvantage is not associated with living at home per se, but is related to students' patterns of working, studying, and commuting.
The Role of Neighbours Selection on Cohesion and Order of Swarms

We introduce a multi-agent model for exploring how selection of neighbours determines some aspects of order and cohesion in swarms. The model algorithm states that every agents' motion seeks for an optimal distance from the nearest topological neighbour encompassed in a limited attention field. Despite the great simplicity of the implementation, varying the amplitude of the attention landscape, swarms pass from cohesive and regular structures towards fragmented and irregular configurations. Interestingly, this movement rule is an ideal candidate for implementing the selfish herd hypothesis which explains aggregation of alarmed group of social animals.
A Case Series of Macrolide Treatment Failures in Community Acquired Pneumonia

Abstract This was a retrospective, multi-center study of patients admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae after failing to respond to >2 days of outpatient macrolide therapy. 122 cases, treated between 2000-2004, were enrolled from 31 North American sites between January 2004 - March 2005. Non-susceptible isolates (predominately low-level resistance: erythromycin MICs of 1-16 mcg/ml) were recovered from 87 patients (71%). Bacteremia was present in 63 patients (52%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 5.7 %; all 7 patients who died were bacteremic, 6 had a non-susceptible isolate. We report here the largest series of macrolide failures published to date. The patients were notable for their high rates of macrolide resistance, bacteremia, and mortality. High-level macrolide resistance remains rare among US patients failing outpatient macrolides. The majority of cases and virtually all of the mortality occurred in patients with low-level resistant strains.
Some Stylized Facts on Unemployment Dynamics in Transition

This paper examines the dynamics of regional unemployment rates in transition economies. We use policy-relevant NUTS 4 unemployment rates for transition economies characterized by both relatively intense (Poland, Slovakia) and relatively mild labor market hardships (the Czech Republic). We apply diverse analytical techniques to seek traces of convergence, including β and σ convergence as well as a time-series approach. The transition economies typically experienced rapid growth of unemployment rates due to profound restructuring. Naturally, these processes affected local labor markets asymmetrically, as regions were diversified with respect to industry composition and economic outlooks. The results in each of the countries suggest that diverging unemployment rates seem nested in the data. Further, regions with both very high and very low unemployment show signs of high persistence and low mobility in the national distribution. The findings allow us to define the patterns of local labor market dynamics, pointing out differentiated divergence paths. These tendencies persist despite cohesion policy financing schemes, which allocate relatively more resources to deprived regions in all these countries.
Sexual offence recidivism: Prediction versus understanding

This paper identifies from the literature risk factors for reoffending in convicted sex offenders. Unless all sex offenders are to be incarcerated for indeterminate lengths of time, some means to separate higher from lower risk men is clearly necessary. The complexities of the move from identifying high-risk groups to predicting risk in specific individuals is discussed. It is argued that the focus should be shifted from the search for single, putatively predictive variables to an attempt to understand why recidivism occurs. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy as a cause of unexpected cardiac death in two horses

Postmortem and histological examination of the hearts from two horses, a five-yearold Clydesdale gelding and a 15-year-old cob gelding, revealed changes characteristic of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. In both cases, on gross examination, the right ventricular endocardium and interventricular septum were almost entirely replaced with a gelatinous yellow fibroareolar tissue. This tissue was histologically a combination of fibrous and adipose tissue that had replaced the normal myofibres and disrupted the Purkinje fibres.
Resilient routing of variable traffic with performance guarantees

Two-phase routing, where traffic is first distributed to intermediate nodes before being routed to the final destination, has been recently proposed [11], [12], [20] for handling widely fluctuating traffic without the need to adapt network routing to changing traffic. Pre-configuring the network in a traffic independent manner using two-phase routing simplifies network operation considerably. In this paper, we extend this routing scheme by providing resiliency against link failures through shared backup path restoration. We view this as important progress towards adding carrier-class reliability to the robustness of the scheme so as to facilitate its future deployment in Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks. In shared backup path restoration, each connection consists of a link-disjoint primary and backup path pair - two backup paths can share bandwidth on their common links if their primary paths are link disjoint. We show that the optimization problem for maximum throughput two-phase routing with shared backup path restoration is NP-hard. Assuming an approximation oracle for a certain disjoint paths problem (called SBPR-DISJOINT-PATHS, which is also NP-hard) involving the dual variables of a path indexed linear programming formulation for the problem, we design a combinatorial algorithm with provable guarantees. We also provide heuristics for finding approximating solutions to the SBPR-DISJOINT-PATHS problem. We evaluate the throughput performance and number of intermediate nodes in two-phase routing for the above and other restoration mechanisms for two-phase routing on actual ISP topologies collected for the Rocketfuel project [18].
Nasotracheal Intubation: A Randomized Trial of Two Methods

Background Several techniques have been suggested to reduce the trauma of nasotracheal intubation, although no comparative studies exist. The authors evaluated red-rubber catheters as a guide to nasotracheal intubation. Methods Children presenting for elective surgery were randomized to undergo red-rubber catheter–guided nasotracheal intubation or to have the nasotracheal tube alone inserted. After general anesthesia and paralysis with vecuronium, the nares were prepared with topical vasoconstrictor. The nasotracheal tube was softened with warm water. In the catheter-guided group, the nasotracheal tube tip was fitted to the trailing end of the red-rubber catheter, and the two were advanced together. The red-rubber catheter was retrieved from the nasopharynx, disconnected, and removed. In the other group, the nasotracheal tube was advanced blindly into the nasopharynx. In both groups, intubation was then completed during direct laryngoscopy using Magill forceps. A blinded observer swabbed the pharynx and rated the severity of bleeding based on reference photographs. Results Age, weight, snoring history, and difficulty of intubation were not different between groups. Obvious bleeding was lower using the red-rubber catheter technique (10 vs. 29%, P = 0.013), which took longer to perform (74 vs. 56 s, P = 0.02). Conclusions Although the incidence of bleeding in both groups was similar, severity of bleeding was reduced in the catheter-guided group during nasotracheal intubation. Use of a red-rubber catheter may reduce the trauma associated with nasotracheal intubation.
Capacitive Power-Management Circuit for Micropower Thermoelectric Generators with a 2.1μW Controller

Energy scavenging is an emerging method to power energy-autonomous wireless sensor systems by converting ambient environmental energy into electrical energy. Miniature as well as micro-machined thermoelectric generators (TEG) can become a suitable compact power supply for both on-the-body and industrial sensors. To minimize the overall size of the power supply, the generator has to work at its maximum power point. Due to varying thermal conditions, the generated power and voltage are not constant. Typically the output voltage is lower than the power supply voltage of the sensor. For these reasons, a power management circuit (PMC) with maximum power-point tracking capability and containing a DC/DC-converter with variable conversion factor is required that stores the generated energy in a rechargeable battery or capacitor.
An Intergroup Perspective on Group Dynamics.

Abstract : Intergroup perspectives began to shape the understanding of human behavior from the beginning of the twentieth century. Intergroup theory provides interpretations for individual, interpersonal, group, intergroup, and organizational relations. The version of intergroup theory given here uses a definition of group that is concerned with both internal and external properties. It explains intergroup dynamics in terms of group boundaries, power, affect, cognition, and leadership behavior. It examines the nature of identity and organization groups. It relates the state of intergroup relations to the suprasystem in which they are embedded. It presents an understanding of the changing relations among interdependent groups and their representatives through the operation of parallel and unconscious processes. The theory relates to a wide array of social and organizational problems, including the development of effective work teams, the definition and management of organizational culture, and the teaching of organizational behavior in Management schools.
Values, national identification and favouritism towards the in-group

This study investigated the value correlates of in-group favouritism at the national level using a sample of 281 university undergraduates in Adelaide, South Australia. It was hypothesized that positive relations between in-group favouritism and national identification would be stronger among subjects with strong collectivist values than among those for whom collectivist values were less important. Subjects completed a Cultural Cringe Scale designed to measure subjects' evaluation of Australia's products and achievements compared with those of comparable overseas countries, the Schwartz Value Survey, and measures of national identity and identification with Australia. The Cultural Cringe Scale was scored in the direction of in-group bias towards Australia. Results showed that in-group bias was positively correlated with national identification and that this correlation was stronger for subjects who assigned high importance to values concerned with conformity and security and low importance to hedonistic values. Results therefore supported the hypothesis for some value types and they also implied the need to consider collectivist and individualistic values separately in regard to their possible moderating effects on relations between in-group bias and identification with the group or collectivity.
Responding to a Wake-up Call

This article reports the results of a survey administered to 160 federal agencies and subagencies to gauge the extent to which they have developed diversity management programs. Many agencies report that they have implemented numerous programmatic elements recommended by the growing body of literature on diversity in the workplace. In contrast, other agencies indicate that they have very limited programs or that they have simply repackaged their traditional equal employment opportunity and affirmative action initiatives. A primary determinant of the level of development of agency or subagency diversity programs is support from the head of each organization.