Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re-regulating the Single Market: national varieties of capitalism and their responses to Europeanization

The article combines insights from the literature on comparative political economy with recent advances in the literature on the effects of Europeanization on member states. Empirically, it analyses the national re-regulation of wages for workers posted transnationally in the framework of the European Union's Liberalization of Service Provision. It is argued that the organizational power of trade unions and employers' associations and their preferences critically shape the respective national response strategies in Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Different "models' of politico-economic governance therefore generate divergent responses to the common impetus of EU-induced economic liberalization based on the domestic configuration of relevant interest associations. Statist and strongly neo-corporatist systems produce swift and protectionist responses, while intermediate neo-corporatist systems generate liberal re-regulations, highlighting the challenges and institutional problems of unions within these systems, particularly in Germany.
The fuel market effects of biofuel policies and implications for regulations based on lifecycle emissions

The absence of a globally-consistent and binding commitment to reducing greenhouse emissions provides a rationale for partial policies, such as renewable energy mandates, product emission standards, etc to target lifecycle emissions of the regulated products or services. While appealing in principle, regulation of lifecycle emissions presents several practical challenges. Using biofuels as an illustrative example, we highlight some outstanding issues in the design and implementation of life cycle-based policies and discuss potential remedies. We review the literature on emissions due to price effects in fuel markets, which are akin to emissions due to indirect land use change, but are, unlike the latter, ignored under all current life cycle emissions-based regulations. We distinguish the current approaches to regulating indirect emissions into hard and soft approaches and discuss their implications.
Le lissage des résultats. Éléments explicatifs avancés dans la littérature

Various hypotheses have been advanced on the reasons that lead managers to employ income smoothing approaches. Researchers broadly agree that income smoothing increases stockholder wealth by reducing uncertainly of future cash-flows. In an efficient capital market context, however, it is surmised that investors correct income for accounting manipulations to which it has been possibly subjected. Under this hypothesis, income smoothing appears to have limited rationality. Signalling and agency theory nevertheless provide explanations for income smoothing behaviour that are not in contradiction with investor rationality.
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Relationship Between Exchange Rate and Stock Exchange Index Return Volatilities in Turkey

The recent increase in financial market liberalizations has increased the foreign capital flow to stock markets. As a consequence, the relationship between the exchange rate and the stock price is being taken more seriously. Theoretically, the change in exchange rate could affect stock prices or developments in stock market could affect the exchange rate. A different approach to this subject is to investigate the relationship between volatilities. This study shows that in Turkey this relationship is both ways and is not affected by foreign capital flow. Furthermore, the relationship is asymmetric. The effect shows itself usually under unfavorable circumstances, when stock prices drop or exchange rate increases.
Links between Ammonia Oxidizer Community Structure, Abundance, and Nitrification Potential in Acidic Soils

ABSTRACT Ammonia oxidation is the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification and is performed by both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). However, the environmental drivers controlling the abundance, composition, and activity of AOA and AOB communities are not well characterized, and the relative importance of these two groups in soil nitrification is still debated. Chinese tea orchard soils provide an excellent system for investigating the long-term effects of low pH and nitrogen fertilization strategies. AOA and AOB abundance and community composition were therefore investigated in tea soils and adjacent pine forest soils, using quantitative PCR (qPCR), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and sequence analysis of respective ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. There was strong evidence that soil pH was an important factor controlling AOB but not AOA abundance, and the ratio of AOA to AOB amoA gene abundance increased with decreasing soil pH in the tea orchard soils. In contrast, T-RFLP analysis suggested that soil pH was a key explanatory variable for both AOA and AOB community structure, but a significant relationship between community abundance and nitrification potential was observed only for AOA. High potential nitrification rates indicated that nitrification was mainly driven by AOA in these acidic soils. Dominant AOA amoA sequences in the highly acidic tea soils were all placed within a specific clade, and one AOA genotype appears to be well adapted to growth in highly acidic soils. Specific AOA and AOB populations dominated in soils at particular pH values and N content, suggesting adaptation to specific niches.
Impact of Pipe Material Selection on Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Water Networks under Uncertain Discount Rates and Carbon Prices

The magnitude and long-term uncertainty of a carbon tax in Canada could have implications for water distribution system capital planning decisions that are made today. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of discount rate and carbon price uncertainty on municipal water distribution infrastructure investments in Canada. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is coupled with the hydraulic solver EPANET2 in a single-objective optimization approach to identify network expansion solutions that minimize: i) capital cost of installing new and parallel pipes and of cleaning and lining existing pipes; ii) operation cost of electricity for pumping water; and iii) carbon cost levied on electricity used for pumping water. The optimization approach is used in a parametric analysis to examine the impact of cement-mortar ductile iron (DCLI) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe materials on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the all-pipes water network in Amherstview, Ontario, Canada. The Amherstview water distribution system was optimized for a range of discount rates and carbon prices reflective of possible climate change abatement strategies in Canada over the next 50-years. Preliminary results demonstrate that the discount rate and carbon price trajectories investigated had no significant influence on the total mass of GHGs emitted in the Amherstview system. Pipe material selection was also found to minimally affect the amount of GHG emitted in the Amherstview system. Insensitivity of GHG emissions in the Amherstview system to changes in discount rate and carbon tax may be attributable to a number of factors including, the use of a time-declining GHG emission intensity factor, the lack of available Canadian pipe embodied energy data and the exclusion of tank and pump sizing from the water distribution system expansion problem. Further research is needed to confirm these findings of the Amherstview study.
The impact of economic and monetary uncertainty on the demand for money in emerging economies

By introducing uncertainty, monetary volatility and economic volatility are said to make the public cautious, hence increase their cash holdings or their demand for money. On the other hand, because of monetary and economic uncertainty if the public seek safer assets than money, they may hold less cash. In the absence of any paper testing for the impact of economic and monetary uncertainty on the demand for money in emerging economies, this article fills the gap by considering the experiences of six Central and Eastern European emerging economies and four other emerging economies. We found that the impact is transitory in most countries. Moreover, money demand is found correctly specified and stable in most countries, suggesting that policy based on monetary targeting could still be effective despite significant output and monetary uncertainty.
Low‐magnitude high‐frequency vibration (LMHFV) enhances bone remodeling in osteoporotic rat femoral fracture healing

Low‐magnitude high‐frequency vibration (LMHFV) (35 Hz, 0.3 g) accelerates fracture healing by enhancing callus formation and mineralization for both normal and osteoporotic rats in our previous studies. 1,2 We hypothesized that LMHFV enhances fracture healing through bone remodeling. Ibandronate was used to suppress LMHFV‐stimulated bone remodeling and changes in remodeling were investigated to verify our hypothesis. Closed femoral fractures were created in 80 osteoporotic female Sprague–Dawley rats. The rats were randomly assigned into control (CG), LMHFV (VG) (20 min/day, 5 days/week), ibandronate (BG) (7 µg/kg/week), or LMHFV + ibandronate (VBG) for a treatment duration of 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. Blood was taken and the femora were harvested for histological and radiological analyses. VG had the fastest drop in callus area (CA) and width (CW), and bone volume to tissue volume ratio (BV/TV); whereas, a plateaued trend in BG and VBG was observed. The fastest callus reduction, highest mineral apposition rate at week 6, and increased serum concentration of osteocalcin and TRAP5b in VG suggested enhanced remodeling. LMHFV partially reversed the inhibition of bone remodeling by ibandronate suggested LMHFV had an opposite effect on bone remodeling to ibandronate. In conclusion, LMHFV accelerated fracture healing by enhancing bone remodeling and the administration of ibandronate can impair this enhancement. LMHFV has great potential in improving fracture outcome clinically. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:746–752, 2011
The Analysis of Household Surveys : A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy

Two decades after its original publication, The Analysis of Household Surveys is reissued with a new preface by its author, Sir Angus Deaton, recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. This classic work remains relevant to anyone with a serious interest in using household survey data to shed light on policy issues. This book reviews the analysis of household survey data, including the construction of household surveys, the econometric tools useful for such analysis, and a range of problems in development policy for which this survey analysis can be applied. The author's approach remains close to the data, using transparent econometric and graphical techniques to present data in a way that can clearly inform policy and academic debates. Chapter 1 describes the features of survey design that need to be understood in order to undertake appropriate analysis. Chapter 2 discusses the general econometric and statistical issues that arise when using survey data for estimation and inference. Chapter 3 covers the use of survey data to measure welfare, poverty, and distribution. Chapter 4 focuses on the use of household budget data to explore patterns of household demand. Chapter 5 discusses price reform, its effects on equity and efficiency, and how to measure them. Chapter 6 addresses the role of household consumption and saving in economic development. The book includes an appendix providing code and programs using STATA, which can serve as a template for the users' own analysis.
Quality framework for force plate testing

Abstract Following work done in C.E. C. project AIM 2002 CAMARC II, a framework of the relevant standards for testing equipment used in laboratories analysing human movement is presented. In particular, gait analysis laboratories may provide a service for a clinical team considering treatment such as surgical intervention or provision of orthoses. In this case the analysis and equipment used in the analysis must have assured quality so that the correct clinical interpretation of the results is possible. The operation of a gait analysis laboratory may be described in quality standards terminology as the operation of a ‘special process’. The operation of a special process requires that particular attention be paid to procedures including confirmation of the equipment and regular testing to ensure correct operation of the equipment. In general this is difficult to achieve since equipment manufacturers still have to address this technical requirement. Although difficult, these procedures must be accomplished in the operation of a special process. Passages of the most pertinent standards are presented and a methodology of periodic confirmation and regular spot checking of equipment suggested to ensure its correct operation. Although force plates are specifically addressed, the framework could be applied to other dynamometers and measurement equipment.
[Expression of Toll-like receptor 7 in gastric cancer cell lines and effects of TLR7 agonist on proliferation and apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells in vitro].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in gastric cancer cell lines and the effect of imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, on the proliferation and apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells. METHODS The protein expression levels of TLR7 were detected with Western blotting in 3 human gastric cancer cell lines (SGC-7901, HGC-27 and MKN-28). The cell line expressing the highest TLR7 level was exposed to different doses of imiquimod for 12-72 h and the cell viability was assessed with MTT assay. The cell apoptosis rate after 100 µg/ml imiquimod treatment for 12 or 24 h was quantified by flow cytometry, and the ultrastructual changes of the cells were observed under electron microscope. The expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed with real-time PCR. RESULTS All the 3 cell lines expressed TLR7, among which SGC-7901 cells showed the highest expression level. TLR7 agonist imiquimod dose- and time-dependently reduced the viability of SGC-7901 cells. Exposure to 100 µg/ml imiquimod for 24 h resulted in SGC-7901 cell apoptosis as shown by an increased ratio of early apoptotic cells and significant ultrastructural changes of the cells. Real-time PCR demonstrated that imiquimod treatment for 24 h caused a dose-dependent reduction of Bcl-2 mRNA expression and increment of Bax mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS TLR7 protein is expressed in all the 3 gastric cancer lines and its agonist imiquimod can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells.
Decitabine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cell lines and xenografts while inducing expression of imprinted tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis, G2/M arrest, and autophagy

Epigenetic therapy has had a significant impact on the management of hematologic malignancies, but its role in the treatment of ovarian cancer remains to be defined. The authors previously demonstrated that treatment of ovarian and breast cancer cells with DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can up‐regulate the expression of imprinted tumor suppressors. In this study, demethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors were tested for their ability to induce re‐expression of tumor suppressor genes, inhibiting growth of ovarian cancer cells in culture and in xenografts.
Stability of M2 money demand function in industrial countries

The demand for money literature is perhaps one of the areas that has received the most attention in the literature. Any time a new methodology is introduced, researchers rush to the topic with the hope that there will be a new discovery helping them to resolve some of the unsettled issues. Since the introduction of Johansen (1988) and JohansenJuselius (1990) cointegration technique which allows feedback e ect among all the variables that enter into the money demand function (money, income and interest rate) many researchers have re-estimated the demand for money for many countries so that they can judge the values of income and interest elasticities. Examples are Hafer and Jansen (1991), Ho man and Rasche (1991), McNown and Wallace (1992) for the USA; Karfakis and Parikh (1993) for Australia; Adam (1991), Johansen (1992) for the UK; Muscatelli and Papi (1990) for Italy; Frenkel and Taylor (1993) for Yugoslavia; Hafer and Kutan (1994) for China; and Bahmani-Oskooee (1996) for Iran. Two themes have emerged from these studies. First, in many countries it is the M2 monetary aggregate rather than M1 that has longrun relationship with income and interest rate. Thus, it is recommended that in formulating monetary policy, policy makers should emphasize M2 monetary aggregate. The second theme is that ®nding of cointegration among the variables of money demand function is interpreted as a sign of stability of estimated elasticities over time or a sign of stable money demand function. Concentrating on the stability issue, Ho man et al. (1995), employed Johansen’s cointegration analysis and Hansen and Johansen (1993) test for stability of the longrun parameters and concluded that M1 money demand function is stable in ®ve industrial countries. The Hansen and Johansen test basically tries to determine whether the number of cointegrating vectors and associated eigenvalues do change over time by estimating their values for subsample periods, a long-run approach. This test is also applied by Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (1998) to show that M2 money demand was stable in Spain. Laidler (1993: 175) however, has argued that some of the problems of instability in the money demand function could stem from inadequate modelling of the short-run dynamics characterizing departures from the long-run relationship. Therefore, it appears that in cointegration analysis when one tries to test for constancy of long-run parameters, one must incorporate the short-run dynamics into the testing procedure and that is the intention of this article. More precisely this article tests the stability of longrun M2 money demand function in industrial countries by incorporating the short-run dynamics into testing procedure. To this end, Section II introduces the procedure. Section III reports the results showing that in industrial countries the long-run parameters of M2 money demand function is stable even after taking into account the short run dynamics.
21- and 27-Item Monetary Choice Questionnaire Automated Scorers

These Excel spreadsheets automatically score up to 1000 participants’ responses obtained from the 21- and 27-item Kirby Monetary Choice Questionnaires (MCQ) and provide several descriptive and statistical measures including k values, consistency scores, proportion scores, correlations, and more. We recommend using Microsoft Excel 2010 or newer when opening this file.
Complete genomic sequence of Pasteurella multocida,Pm70

We present here the complete genome sequence of a common avian clone of Pasteurella multocida, Pm70. The genome of Pm70 is a single circular chromosome 2,257,487 base pairs in length and contains 2,014 predicted coding regions, 6 ribosomal RNA operons, and 57 tRNAs. Genome-scale evolutionary analyses based on pairwise comparisons of 1,197 orthologous sequences between P. multocida, Haemophilus influenzae, and Escherichia coli suggest that P. multocida and H. influenzae diverged ≈270 million years ago and the γ subdivision of the proteobacteria radiated about 680 million years ago. Two previously undescribed open reading frames, accounting for ≈1% of the genome, encode large proteins with homology to the virulence-associated filamentous hemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis. Consistent with the critical role of iron in the survival of many microbial pathogens, in silico and whole-genome microarray analyses identified more than 50 Pm70 genes with a potential role in iron acquisition and metabolism. Overall, the complete genomic sequence and preliminary functional analyses provide a foundation for future research into the mechanisms of pathogenesis and host specificity of this important multispecies pathogen.
Sulfated Oligosaccharides Mediate the Interaction between a Marine Red Alga and Its Green Algal Pathogenic Endophyte

The endophytic green alga Acrochaete operculata completely colonizes the sporophytes of the red alga Chondrus crispus; however, it does not penetrate beyond the outer cell layers of the gametophytes. Given that the life cycle phases of C. crispus differ in the sulfation pattern of their extracellular matrix carrageenans, we investigated whether carrageenan fragments could modulate parasite virulence. λ-Carrageenan oligosaccharides induced release of H2O2, stimulated protein synthesis, increased carrageenolytic activity, and induced specific polypeptides in the pathogen, resulting in a marked increase in pathogenicity. In contrast, κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides did not induce a marked release of H2O2 from A. operculata but hindered amino acid uptake and enhanced their recognition by the host, resulting in a reduced virulence. Moreover, C. crispus life cycle phases were shown to behave differently in their response to challenge with cell-free extracts of A. operculata. Gametophytes exhibited a large burst of H2O2, whereas only low levels were released from the sporophytes.
Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth in the United States

In a simple model of endogenous growth with spending by different levels of government, we demonstrate how fiscal decentralization affects the long-run growth rate of the economy. Applying the model to the U.S. economy, we find that the existing spending shares for state and local governments have been consistent with growth maximization. In this sense, further decentralization in public spending may be harmful for growth.
Neuroanatomical changes in Parkinson's disease in relation to cognition: An update

The pathophysiological changes underlying impairment of cognition in Parkinson′s disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood till date. Hence, understanding the structural changes responsible for cognitive decline in PD is essential for early diagnosis and to offer effective treatment. In this review, we discuss the neuroanatomical changes in major brain structures responsible for cognition in PD. We have included the key findings of various studies to provide up-to-date information for better understanding of pathophysiology of PD, which will help researchers and clinicians in planning and developing new treatment methods for the benefit of PD patients.
The Intangible Resources and Small Firms’ Multilevel Performance: A Partial Least Squares Approach

Previous literature testified the impact of both intellectual capital and entrepreneurial orientation on small firm performance, but the studies generally ignore the combined effect of such intangible resources on multilevel performance (i.e., financial and non-financial performance) which is the appropriate measurement system of performance. Hence, this study designed to address this issue by investigating the impact of such intangible resources on the aforesaid performance of 302 registered small and medium firms in Nigerian. To analyze the data, variance based structural equation model was employed using SmartPLS3. Consequently, the analysis established the empirical evidence of the positive significance effects of all dimensions of intellectual capital and entrepreneurial orientation on multilevel performance.