Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discussion Papers in Economics

A skill-biased endogenous growth has model has been considered where Research and Development (R & D) producer of the advanced economy outsource its R & D activity to a relatively technologically backward economy. R & D producer of the advanced economy endogenously determines the equilibrium proportion of R & D activity which takes an intermediate value. An advanced economy relies on the innovation activity for its technology improvement. Whereas a backward economy depends on both the imitation and the innovation activities – innovation being more skilled-intensive than imitation. This paper theoretically examines the impact of R & D outsourcing from an economy which is in the innovation-only regime to an economy which is in the imitation-innovation regime. It shows that dependence on the imitation activities rises and as a consequence of which proportion of skilled human capital falls and both skilled and unskilled human capital shift away from the innovation to the imitation activities in the backward economy. This also leads to a higher wage rate of both skilled and unskilled human capital in the backward economy. As a result proportion of outsourcing from advanced economy to backward economy falls. However, growth rate of the backward economy initially rises and eventually declines as time progresses. In the long run backward economy will get into a low equilibrium trap and gap from the world technology frontier widens. Journal of Economic Literature Classifications: I24, J20, O30, O31, O33, O40.
Evolution of Off-Fault Deformation along Analog Strike-Slip Faults

Strike-slip faults evolve to accommodate more fault slip, resulting in less off-fault deformation. In analog experiments, the measured fault slip to off-fault deformation ratios are similar to those measured in crustal strike-slip systems, such as the San Andreas fault system. Established planar faults have the largest fault slip to off-fault deformation ratio of ~0.98. In systems without a pre-existing fault surface, crustal thickness and basal detachment conditions affect shear zone width and roughness. However, once the applied plate displacement is 1-2 times the crustal thickness, partitioning of deformation between fault slip and off-fault distributed shear is >0.90, regardless of the basal boundary conditions. In addition, at any moment during the evolution of the analog fault system, the ratio of fault slip to off-fault deformation is larger than the cumulative ratio. We also find that the upward and lateral propagation of faults as an active shear zone developing early in the experiments has greater impact on the system's strike-slip efficiency than later interaction between non-collinear fault segments. For bends with stepover distance of twice the crustal thickness, the fault slip to off-fault deformation ratio increases up to ~0.80-0.90, after applied plate displacement exceeds twice the crustal thickness. Propagation of new oblique-slip faults around sharp iv restraining bends reduces the overall off-fault deformation within the fault system. In contrast, fault segments within gentle restraining bends continue to slip and the propagation of new oblique-slip faults have less effect on the system's efficiency than for sharp restraining bends. v PREFACE In this thesis, I present two distinct chapters, both satisfying the broad topic " Evolution of off-fault deformation along analog strike-slip faults. " Chapter 1, entitled " Strike-slip efficiency of restraining bends observe in wet kaolin analog experiments " aims to characterize the structural and mechanical evolution of idealized stepovers. Using wet kaolin modeling, we tested a variety of plausible kink angles in a parametric study to decipher how stepovers evolve over time with respect to their initial geometric deviation from plate motion. and efficiency in wet kaolin experiments of initiating strike-slip faults, " also uses wet kaolin analog modeling as an experimental approach. This study focuses on the initiation of a whole strike-slip fault, as opposed to a singular, preexisting stepover as discussed in chapter 1. In that work, we monitor the spatial and temporal distribution of strain during strike-slip initiation as we categorize a stepwise behavior observed in the development of …
Paleocene-Eocene Land Mammals From Three New Latest Clarkforkian And Earliest Wasatchian Wash Sites At Polecat Bench In the Northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming

B Mammals are described from three wash sites in a 4-5 meter thick interval of brown paleosols at the south end of Polecat bench in the northern bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The sites lie within the lower part of the Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion (Cie) and are intermediate stratigraphically between beds yielding late Clarkforkian and early Wasatchian mammals known previously. The first site, the SC-435 Shell Bed, is the lowest stratigraphically. The Shell Bed site yielded 56 identifiable specimens, mostly isolated teeth, and the mammalian fauna includes the diagnostically-Clarkforkian species Apheliscus nitidus, Haplomylus simpsoni, and Aletodon gunnelli. the second site, the sC-434 gar scale Channel, is two meters or so above the shell bed site. the gar scale Channel site yielded 103 identifiable specimens, mostly isolated teeth, and the mammalian fauna includes the diagnostically-Wasatchian genera Macrocranion, Meniscotherium, and cf. Reithroparamys. a new leptictid insectivore genus and species, Amphigyion straitae, and a new hyopsodontid condylarth species, Haplomylus zalmouti, are described from the gar scale Channel site. the third site, the sC-434 brown mudstone, is a meter or so above the gar scale Channel. this yielded 14 identifiable specimens representing species identical to those known from the larger gar scale Channel fauna. Meniscotherium priscum granger, 1915, is now known from 10 specimens in addition to the holotype. These come from the northern, western, and southern Bighorn Basin. There are no verifiable records of Meniscotherium from the Paleocene anywhere, and all bighorn basin specimens come from the earliest Wasatchian Meniscotherium zone (Wa-M). Meniscotherium priscum and Haplomylus zalmouti both appear to be diagnostic of this zone. 1museum of Paleontology, the university of michigan, ann arbor, michigan 48109-1079, u.s.a. (gingeric@umich. edu) 2Department of Paleontology, royal belgian institute of natural sciences, 29 rue vautier, brussels, b-1000 belgium (thierry.smith@naturalsciences.be) 246 P. D. gingeriCh anD t. smith
Hacia nuevas políticas sociales en América Latina: crecimiento, clases medias y derechos sociales

Este articulo examina los fundamentos analiticos e ilustra con datos empiricos la politica social en America Latina. Establece que el enfoque dominante se funda en las siguientes premisas: i) el crecimiento economico es el mecanismo central de la politica social de reduccion de la pobreza; ii) el gasto social debe concentrarse en los "muy pobres"; iii) se debe fomentar la prestacion de servicios de educacion, de salud y de pago de pensiones por proveedores del sector privado, y iv) se necesitan programas de proteccion social de emergencia para enfrentar crisis macroeconomicas y desastres naturales. Luego, el articulo identifica areas para una politica social renovada, como la distribucion del ingreso, la atencion a la clase media como beneficiaria de las politicas sociales, las posibilidades de acumulacion de capital que tienen los pobres y la clase media, y los derechos economicos y sociales de la poblacion.
A Bayesian Approach

Hodrick and Prescott (1997) proposed a smoothing method for economic time series usually known as the H-P method. They acknowledged that this method is equivalent to the Whittaker-Henderson graduation method in use among actuaries. The literature on smoothing methods based on their approach grew separately from the graduation literature, due to the usefulness of identifying economic cycles. Both the Whittaker-Henderson and the H-P methods require the specification of a particular constant, the smoothing constant, usually identified as . The specification is arbitrary. In this paper we present a Bayesian approach to both methods that is similar to previous analyses but using MCMC methods. In addition Hodrick and Prescott’s is obtained as a Bayesian estimator.
Gene Selection in Cancer Classification using Sparse Logistic Regression with Bayesian Regularisation

Motivation: Gene selection algorithms for cancer classification, based on the expression of a small number of biomarker genes, have been the subject of considerable research in recent years. Shevade and Keerthi (2003) propose a gene selection algorithm based on sparse logistic regression (SLogReg) incorporating a Laplace prior to promote sparsity in the model parameters, and provide a simple but efficient training procedure. The degree of sparsity obtained is determined by the value of a regularisation parameter, which must be carefully tuned in order to optimise performance. This normally involves a model selection stage, based on a computationally intensive search for the minimiser of the cross-validation error. In this paper, we demonstrate that a simple Bayesian approach can be taken to eliminate this regularisation parameter entirely, by integrating it out analytically using an uninformative Jeffrey’s prior. The improved algorithm (BLogReg) is then typically two or three orders of magnitude faster than the original algorithm, as there is no longer a need for a model selection step. The BLogReg algorithm is also free from selection bias in performance estimation, a common pitfall in the application of machine learning algorithms in cancer classification. Results: The SLogReg, BLogReg, and Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) gene selection algorithms are evaluated over the well studied colon cancer and leukaemia benchmark datasets. The leave-oneout estimates of the probability of test error and cross-entropy of the BLogReg and SLogReg algorithms are very similar, however the BlogReg algorithm is found to be considerably faster than the original SLogReg algorithm. Using nested cross-validation to avoid selection bias, performance estimation for SLogReg on the leukaemia dataset takes almost 48 hours, whereas the corresponding result for BLogReg is obtained in only 1 minute 24 seconds, making BLogReg by far the more practical algorithm. BLogReg also demonstrates better estimates of conditional probability than the RVM, which are of great importance in medical applications, with similar computational expense. Availability: A MATLAB implementation of the sparse logistic regression algorithm with Bayesian regularisation (BLogReg) is available from http://theoval.cmp.uea.ac.uk/∼gcc/cbl/blogreg/ . Contact: gcc@cmp.uea.ac.uk
Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin and Pioglitazone in Combined Dosage Form

The quantitative estimation is the method to determine how much of each constituent is in the sample. Estimation of a given drug or medicine in the dosage forms needs the quantitative analysis of that drug or medicinal in it. The first quantitative analyses were gravimetric, made possible by the invention of a precise balance. It was soon found that carefully calibrated glassware made considerable saving of time through the volumetric measurement of gravimetrically standardized solutions. The current objective of this research work is to establish a rapid, accurate and inexpensive method for the estimation of metformin and piogliatzone in combined dosage form.
Reasoning About a Machine with Local Capabilities Provably Safe

LAU SKORSTENGAARD, Aarhus University, Denmark DOMINIQUE DEVRIESE, KU Leuven, Belgium LARS BIRKEDAL, Aarhus University, Denmark Capability machines provide security guarantees at machine level which makes them an interesting target for secure compilation schemes that provably enforce properties such as control-flow correctness and encapsulation of local state. We provide a formalization of a representative capability machine with local capabilities and study a novel calling convention. We provide a logical relation that semantically captures the guarantees provided by the hardware (a form of capability safety) and use it to prove control-flow correctness and encapsulation of local state. The logical relation is not specific to our calling convention and can be used to reason about arbitrary programs. CCS Concepts: • Security and privacy → Logic and verification; • Software and its engineering → Software verification; ACM Reference Format: Lau Skorstengaard, Dominique Devriese, and Lars Birkedal. 2010. Reasoning About a Machine with Local Capabilities: Provably Safe Stack and Return PointerManagement.ACMTrans. Web 9, 4, Article 39 (March 2010), 47 pages. https://doi.org/0000001.0000001
103.13 Squaring the circle by using proportion

103.13 Squaring the circle by using proportion Introduction The task of constructing a square equal in area to a given circle is called squaring the circle. This was one of the three unsolvable problems of antiquity. The geometrical construction of this square must be realised by using only a straight-edge and compass. The construction should be completed in a finite number of steps. It was proved to be an impossible problem as a consequence of the fact that the number is transcendental. A German mathematician von Lindemann in 1882 [1] has shown that the mathematical constant is not an algebraic number. π
Fuzzy-LORE: A t hod for t ract ing cal and unt erfact ual planat ions ing zzy cision ees

Classiﬁcation systems based Machine Learning hide the logic of their internal decision processes from the users. Hence, post-hoc explanations about their predictions are often required. This paper proposes Fuzzy-LORE, a method that generates local explanations for fuzzy-based Machine Learning systems. First, it learns a local fuzzy decision tree using a set of synthetic neighbours from the input instance. Then, it extracts from the logic of the fuzzy decision tree a meaningful explanation consisting of a set of decision rules (which explain the reasons behind the decision), a set of counterfactual rules (which inform of small changes in the instance’s features that would lead to a diﬀerent outcome), and ﬁnally a set of speciﬁc counterfactual examples. Our experiments on a real-world medical dataset show that Fuzzy-LORE outperforms prior approaches and methods for generating local explanations.
Foundations of Stated Preference Elicitation: Consumer Behavior and Choice-based Conjoint Analysis

Stated preference elicitation methods collect data on consumers by "just asking" about tastes, perceptions, valuations, attitudes, motivations, life satisfactions, and/or intended choices. Choice-Based Conjoint (CBC) analysis asks subjects to make choices from hypothetical menus in experiments that are designed to mimic market experiences. Stated preference methods are controversial in economics, particularly for valuation of non-market goods, but CBC analysis is accepted and used widely in marketing and policy analysis. The promise of stated preference experiments is that they can provide deeper and broader data on the structure of consumer preferences than is obtainable from revealed market observations, with experimental control of the choice environment that circumvents the feedback found in real market equilibria. The risk is that they give pictures of consumers that do not predict real market behavior. It is important for both economists and non-economists to learn about the performance of stated preference elicitations and the conditions under which they can contribute to understanding consumer behavior and forecasting market demand. This monograph re-examines the discrete choice methods and stated preference elicitation procedures that are commonly used in CBC, and provides a guide to techniques for CBC data collection, model specification, estimation, and policy analysis. The aim is to clarify the domain of applicability and delineate the circumstances under which stated preference elicitations can provide reliable information on preferences.
A System-theoretic Model for Cooperation , Interaction and Allocation Mechanisms

A novel system theoretic approach to cooperation, interaction and allocation is presented that simplifies, unifies and extends the results on classical cooperative games and their generalizations. In particular, a general Weber theory of linear values is obtained and a new theory for local cooperation and general interaction indices is established. The model is dynamic and based on the notion of states of cooperation that change under actions of agents. Careful distinction between ”local” states of cooperation an general ”system” states leads to a notion of entropy for arbitrary non-negative and efficient allocations and thus to a new information theoretic criterion for fairness of allocation mechanisms. Shapley allocations, for instance, are exhibited as arising from random walks with maximal entropy. For a large class of cooperation systems, a characterization of game symmetries in terms of λ-values is given. A concept for cores and Weber sets is proposed and it is shown that Weber set of games with selection structure always contain the core.
Pumping Test Determination of Unsaturated Aquifer Properties

We present an analytical solution for flow to a partially penetrating well in a compressible unconfined aquifer that allows inferring its unsaturated hydraulic properties from drawdowns recorded in the saturated zone. Tartakovsky and Neuman (2007) developed such a solution considering an unsaturated zone of infinite thickness. In their solution three-dimensional, axially symmetric unsaturated flow was described by a linearized version of Richards’ equation in which both relative hydraulic conductivity and water content vary exponentially with incremental capillary pressure head relative to its air entry value a ψ . Both exponential functions were characterized by a single exponent κ having the dimension of inverse length, or equivalently a dimensionless exponent D b κ κ = where b is initial saturated thickness. We generalize their solution by characterizing relative hydraulic conductivity and water content using different exponential functions and allowing the unsaturated zone to have finite thickness. Our four-parameter representation of unsaturated aquifer properties is more flexible than the three-parameter version of Mathias and Butler (2006), who consider flow in the unsaturated zone to be strictly vertical and the pumping well to be fully penetrating. After validating our solution against numerical simulations of drawdown in a synthetic aquifer having unsaturated properties described by the van Genuchten (1980) and Mualem (1976) models, we investigate the effects of unsaturated zone thickness and constitutive parameters on drawdowns in the unsaturated and saturated zones as functions of position and time. We conclude by using our solution to analyze drawdown data from a pumping test conducted by Moench et al. (2001) in a Glacial Outwash Deposit at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and compare our results with those of Tartakovsky and Neuman (2007).
Brain connectivity abnormalities predating the onset of psychosis: correlation with the effect of medication.

IMPORTANCE Brain imaging studies have identified robust changes in brain structure and function during the development of psychosis, but the contribution of abnormal brain connectivity to the onset of psychosis is unclear. Furthermore, antipsychotic treatment can modulate brain activity and functional connectivity during cognitive tasks. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether dysfunctional brain connectivity during working memory (WM) predates the onset of psychosis and whether connectivity parameters are related to antipsychotic treatment. DESIGN Dynamic causal modeling study of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. SETTING Participants were recruited from the specialized clinic for the early detection of psychosis at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen participants with an at-risk mental state (mean [SD] age, 25.24 [6.3] years), 21 individuals with first-episode psychosis (mean [SD] age, 28.57 [7.2] years), and 20 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 26.5 [4] years). MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were recorded while participants performed an N-back WM task. Functional interactions among brain regions involved in WM, in particular between frontal and parietal brain regions, were characterized using dynamic causal modeling. Bayesian model selection was performed to evaluate the likelihood of alternative WM network architectures across groups, whereas bayesian model averaging was used to examine group differences in connection strengths. RESULTS We observed a progressive reduction in WM-induced modulation of connectivity from the middle frontal gyrus to the superior parietal lobule in the right hemisphere in healthy controls, at-risk mental state participants, and first-episode psychosis patients. Notably, the abnormal modulation of connectivity in first-episode psychosis patients was normalized by treatment with antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that the vulnerability to psychosis is associated with a progressive failure of functional integration of brain regions involved in WM processes, including visual encoding and rule updating, and that treatment with antipsychotics may have the potential to counteract this.
Impact of Crop Exposure and Agricultural Intensification on the Phenotypic Variation of Bees

In a context of rapid global change, understanding how environmental stressors can impact phenotypic variation, and which phenotypic traits are predominantly affected can be particularly relevant. Indeed, potential phenotypic modifications could affect the functionality of traits from taxa that are in decline but that are keystone species in many ecosystems. In this study, we assessed the impact of environmental drivers and agricultural intensification on two crucial pollinator species: the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) and the buff-tailed bumblebee ( Bombus terrestris ). Among eight countries representing four major European biogeographical regions [i.e., Boreal (Sweden and Estonia), Atlantic (Ireland and United Kingdom), Continental (Germany and Switzerland) and Mediterranean (Spain and Italy)] and two type of crops (i.e., apple orchards and oilseed rape) we assessed how landscape structure, latitude and pesticide management could impact their wing morphology. Two sampling sessions were conducted: the first one when the hives/nests were settled on the field (T0) and a second sampling session after the potential effect of agricultural intensification (T1). Using a dataset of more than 7238 wings, we measured the wing size, shape and asymmetry. We observed that, in several countries, a shift in most of the morphological traits occurred between T0 and T1. When focusing on the drivers of phenotypic variation in T1, the levels of significance for some potential drivers were sometimes high, while most of the variation remained unexplained. The latitude and, more rarely, grassland cover were found to partly explain the wing modifications. In light of these results, we conclude that phenotypic shifts can occur in a very short period, after encountering new field conditions. Further studies should be conducted to better understand which alternative drivers could explain morphological changes in the agro-ecosystem after crop exposition, as well as the potential consequences of these changes on foraging performance or pollination efficiency.