Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Model of Expert Programming

Abstract : Expert programming involves the manipulation of large amounts of memory, including extemal memory represented on a display, semantic memory for expert knowledge, and episodic memory about what has transpired during a particular programming session. We present a computational cognitive model that emulates several minutes of expert, naturalistic programming behavior. The model has three high-level components: Knowledge, an underlying cognitive architecture, and mechanisms that allow the architecture to manipulate the knowledge. To illustrate these components we trace the model on two related episodes of behavior. In the first episode, the programmer acquires information from the display. Then, in the second episode, she recalls something and scrolls through previous screens until she reaches the display from the first episode. Emulating this behavior requires the interaction of external, expert, and episodic knowledge, the encoding of episodic knowledge as carried out by the architecture, and mechanisms for selecting goals, attending to the display, and probing long-term memory.
The Management of Postacne Scarring

BACKGROUND Therapeutic intervention for postacne scarring has historically been limited by the considerable morbidity of most treatments for only marginal disease improvement. Within the past decade, however, a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of acne scarring has led to the development of techniques that offer more favorable risk–benefit profiles. OBJECTIVE The aims of this article are to highlight a number of newer techniques and to assign their appropriateness to particular grades of acne scarring. MATERIALS AND METHODS Current modalities are discussed as they relate to disease process and specific acne scar types. Techniques are presented in order of most effectual therapeutic interventions for defined grades of acne scarring. Acne scarring grades have been described previously in terms of disease load, severity, and lesion morphologies. RESULTS A comprehensive discussion of updated therapeutic techniques and their biologic rationales in the treatment of acne scarring is presented. These include targeted interventions of inflammatory and postinflammatory processes, angiogenesis, immunologic processes, dermal and subcutaneous fibrosis, hypertrophy, and keloid scarring. DISCUSSION A requirement for developing successful treatments for postacne scarring is a greater understanding of its pathogenesis, variability among afflicted individuals, and the inflammatory mediators and immunology of the scarring process. Many innovative techniques introduced in the past decade attempt to counteract these pathologic processes while keeping the procedural and postoperative risks to a minimum.
Heritability of female extra-pair paternity rate in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)

The forces driving the evolution of extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous animals remain widely debated and unresolved. One key hypothesis is that female extra-pair reproduction evolves through indirect genetic benefits, reflecting increased additive genetic value of extra-pair offspring. Such evolution requires that a female's propensity to produce offspring that are sired by an extra-pair male is heritable. However, additive genetic variance and heritability in female extra-pair paternity (EPP) rate have not been quantified, precluding accurate estimation of the force of indirect selection. Sixteen years of comprehensive paternity and pedigree data from socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) showed significant additive genetic variance and heritability in the proportion of a female's offspring that was sired by an extra-pair male, constituting major components of the genetic architecture required for extra-pair reproduction to evolve through indirect additive genetic benefits. However, estimated heritabilities were moderately small (0.12 and 0.18 on the observed and underlying latent scales, respectively). The force of selection on extra-pair reproduction through indirect additive genetic benefits may consequently be relatively weak. However, the additive genetic variance and non-zero heritability observed in female EPP rate allow for multiple further genetic mechanisms to drive and constrain mating system evolution.
Decentralized BIST for 1149.1 and 1149.5 based interconnects

This paper presents a decentralized BIST methodology for system level interconnects. For 3-state nets we interleave pseudorandom counting sequences (PCS) and walking sequences to avoid the conflict among multiple drivers of a net. For multiple scan chains each chain is applied with a particular window of the PCS to ensure the distinctness of every test vector and 100% stuck-at and short faults coverage for nets across scan chains and/or board boundaries. The synchronization of chains of different lengths is handled gracefully by inserting a preamble to make all the chains the same length.
Local statistics in natural scenes predict the saliency of synthetic textures

The visual system is challenged with extracting and representing behaviorally relevant information contained in natural inputs of great complexity and detail. This task begins in the sensory periphery: retinal receptive fields and circuits are matched to the first and second-order statistical structure of natural inputs. This matching enables the retina to remove stimulus components that are predictable (and therefore uninformative), and primarily transmit what is unpredictable (and therefore informative). Here we show that this design principle applies to more complex aspects of natural scenes, and to central visual processing. We do this by classifying high-order statistics of natural scenes according to whether they are uninformative vs. informative. We find that the uninformative ones are perceptually nonsalient, while the informative ones are highly salient, and correspond to previously identified perceptual mechanisms whose neural basis is likely central. Our results suggest that the principle of efficient coding not only accounts for filtering operations in the sensory periphery, but also shapes subsequent stages of sensory processing that are sensitive to high-order image statistics.
Alcohol usage in sport and exercise

In this review we consider some of the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on human exercise and sport performance. The 1982 position stand of the American College of Sport Medicine on the use of alcohol in sport emphasized that there was little benefit for an athlete. Subsequent literature continues to demonstrate that there are adverse effects on performance. However, the literature is often confusing and disparate. We will attempt to explain the effects and speculate on the possible mechanisms. We divide the review into acute and chronic metabolic and physiological effects of alcohol on exercise performance, primarily in humans. We also review the epidemiological evidence of the associations between alcohol use and problem alcohol behaviors in various athletic groups. Finally, we review the limited data on the effectiveness of exercise therapy in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients. In spite of scientific evidence that alcohol use is, in general, detrimental (or of no benefit) to sport (exercise) performance, alcohol continues to be used by athletes both on a chronic basis and even immediately prior to sports participation. There is some encouraging but limited evidence that student‐athlete alcohol use is decreasing and exercise can be effective as part of alcohol rehabilitation.
Core Alignment of Butt Coupling Between Single-Mode and Multimode Optical Fibers by Monitoring Brillouin Scattering Signal

We propose a new method to optimize the core alignment of the butt coupling between a single-mode optical fiber (SMF) and a graded-index multimode optical fiber (GI-MMF) by monitoring the spectrum of Brillouin scattered light. This method is stable, free from costly or elaborate equipments, applicable to the coupling of optical fibers with different core diameters or materials, and available even when the power of transmitted light cannot be measured. We experimentally show the usefulness of this method in the following three cases: where a silica-based SMF is butt-coupled to 1) a silica-based GI-MMF with 50-μm core diameter; 2) a perfluorinated GI polymer optical fiber (PFGI-POF) with 62.5-μm core diameter; and 3) a PFGI-POF with 120-μm core diameter. Depending on the relative core position, not only the Stokes power but also the Brillouin frequency shift changed, which probably originates from the excitation of higher order modes.
Study on tone classification of Chinese continuous speech in speech recognition system

In this paper, we first introduce the use of Gaussian mixture models (GMM) for Chinese tone classification in continuous speech. Then, we explain how to integrate it with the HMM-based speech recognition system. Finally, we provide the tone classification accuracy of this probabilistic method which is tested with Chinese continuous speech database of national “863” project.
A GIS-based walkability index for the City of Cape Town

Walking is a widely accessible mode of transportation, yet our urban environments are automobile dependent. Automobile dependence, in turn, led to a rise in the level of inactivity amongst urban residents. Studies investigating the relationship between urban form and human health created walkability indices measuring urban environmental features contributing to the walkability of an area. However, walkability has only recently become the subject of research within urban planning. Within a South African context limited research is available on walkability and to date, there is no metropolitanwide walkability index for any South African metropolitan. The research presented in this dissertation addresses the gap in South African walkability studies through the composition of a walkability index for Cape Town. From previous studies, the research identifies three main measures of walkability. These measures and a fourth Cape Town specific measure of walkable areas around informal and formal destinations are quantified and mapped using GIS research methods and techniques. The GIS results are validated against field validations points depicting streetscapes within enumeration areas. Based on the results and the validation thereof the study suggests possible applications of the walkability index for non-motorised transport planning in Cape Town. Abbreviations CCT City of Cape Town GIS Geographic Information Systems GWI Global Walkability Index LO Longitude of Origin NEWS Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale NMT Non-motorised transport UK United Kingdom UN United Nations US United States VCCID Voortrekker Corridor Central Improvement District
Spike avalanches in vivo suggest a driven, slightly subcritical brain state

In self-organized critical (SOC) systems avalanche size distributions follow power-laws. Power-laws have also been observed for neural activity, and so it has been proposed that SOC underlies brain organization as well. Surprisingly, for spiking activity in vivo, evidence for SOC is still lacking. Therefore, we analyzed highly parallel spike recordings from awake rats and monkeys, anesthetized cats, and also local field potentials from humans. We compared these to spiking activity from two established critical models: the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld model, and a stochastic branching model. We found fundamental differences between the neural and the model activity. These differences could be overcome for both models through a combination of three modifications: (1) subsampling, (2) increasing the input to the model (this way eliminating the separation of time scales, which is fundamental to SOC and its avalanche definition), and (3) making the model slightly sub-critical. The match between the neural activity and the modified models held not only for the classical avalanche size distributions and estimated branching parameters, but also for two novel measures (mean avalanche size, and frequency of single spikes), and for the dependence of all these measures on the temporal bin size. Our results suggest that neural activity in vivo shows a mélange of avalanches, and not temporally separated ones, and that their global activity propagation can be approximated by the principle that one spike on average triggers a little less than one spike in the next step. This implies that neural activity does not reflect a SOC state but a slightly sub-critical regime without a separation of time scales. Potential advantages of this regime may be faster information processing, and a safety margin from super-criticality, which has been linked to epilepsy.
Control of cell division in Escherichia coli: effect of amino acid starvation

The effect of amino acid starvation on cell division was studied in cells of Escherichia coli B. In this bacterial strain, deprivation of a required amino acid resulted in synchronous cell division upon restoration of the amino acid. This synchronization was apparently due to a shift forward in the cell cycle during the starvation. As a consequence, the cells divided at a size that was smaller than normal.
Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression

Aims: To examine exposure to workplace bullying as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and depression in employees. Methods: Logistic regression models were related to prospective data from two surveys in a cohort of 5432 hospital employees (601 men and 4831 women), aged 18–63 years. Outcomes were new reports of doctor diagnosed cardiovascular disease and depression during the two year follow up among those who were free from these diseases at baseline. Results: The prevalence of bullying was 5% in the first survey and 6% in the second survey. Two per cent reported bullying experiences in both surveys, an indication of prolonged bullying. After adjustment for sex, age, and income, the odds ratio of incident cardiovascular disease for victims of prolonged bullying compared to non-bullied employees was 2.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 4.6). A further adjustment for overweight at baseline attenuated the odds ratio to 1.6 (95% CI 0.8 to 3.5). The association between prolonged bullying and incident depression was significant, even after these adjustments (odds ratio 4.2, 95% CI 2.0 to 8.6). Conclusions: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent depression suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. The victims of bullying also seem to be at greater risk of cardiovascular disease, but this risk may partly be attributable to overweight.
A novel dispersion monitoring scheme by evaluating eye diagram for 100Gbit/s CS-RZ DQPSK systems

We demonstrate a novel in-line dispersion monitoring scheme for 100Gbit/s CS-RZ DQPSK systems by evaluating the distortion of the demodulated eye diagram at the receiver. This scheme is very simple and cost-effective. Since no modification to transmitter or receiver is needed, the system performance will not be degraded due to the dispersion monitoring function. Sensitivity of this CD monitoring scheme is better than 9ps/nm.
Treatment of displaced proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients.

3 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS . 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 5 INTRODUCTION. 6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . 6 EPIDEMIOLOGY . 7 CLASSIFICATION . 7 TREATMENT . 9 QUALITY OF LIFE . 10 CURRENT EVIDENCE . 12 AIMS OF THE STUDIES . 13 PATIENTS . 14 ETHICS . 14 INCLUSION CRITERIA AND FOLLOW-UP . 14 METHODS . 16 AGE AND GENDER . 16 RANDOMIZATION . 16 FRACTURE CLASSIFICATION . 16 ANAESTHESIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT . 16 COGNITIVE FUNCTION . 16 ADL . 17 LIVING CONDITIONS . 17 DUAL X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY . 17 RANGE OF MOTION . 17 PAIN . 17 CONSTANT SCORE . 18 DASH SCORE . 18 QUALITY OF LIFE . 18 ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOME . 19 RESPONSIVENESS . 19 TREATMENT MODALITIES . 20 RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT . 22 STATISTICAL METHODS . 23 RESULTS . 24 STUDY I . 24 STUDY II . 27 STUDY III . 31 STUDY IV . 34 GENERAL DISCUSSION . 36 THE LOCKING PLATE IN 2-PART FRACTURES . 36
Self-Signed Executables: Restricting Replacement of Program Binaries by Malware

We propose using digital signatures to protect binaries already on the system from modifications by malware. While applicable to any file which is not intended to be modified by an end user, we concentrate on protecting programs and libraries present on the system before infection. Our protection does not rely on a central trusted authority or PKI, and can be incrementally deployed. While presented in the context of the Linux environment, our approach applies to other operating systems such as Windows.
Embolic Signals And Prediction of Ipsilateral Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

Background and Purpose— We tested the hypothesis that transcranial Doppler embolic signal (ES) detection identifies an increased risk of ipsilateral carotid stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in subjects with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis. Methods— Subjects with duplex-determined 60% to 99% carotid stenosis, without other apparent cerebroembolic sources, underwent 6-monthly neurological assessment and 60-minute ES monitoring. ES positivity was defined as ≥1 ES detected in ≥1 study, ES negativity as no ES in any study, and consistent ES negativity as no ES in any study where ≥6 studies were performed. Rates of ipsilateral carotid stroke/TIA were calculated using Kaplan–Meier analysis and correlated with ES status using odds ratios (ORs) and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results— A total of 202 subjects (138 male; mean age 74 years; mean follow-up 34 months) were recruited. The average annual rate of ipsilateral carotid stroke/TIA was 3.1%. A total of 231 arteries were monitored at least once (mean 4.3 studies/artery). Six of 60 (10.0%) ES-positive arteries had an ipsilateral carotid stroke/TIA compared with 12 of 171 (7.0%) ES-negative arteries (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.43, 4.48; P=0.624) and 2 of 41 (4.9%) consistently ES-negative arteries (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 0.36, 22.90; P=0.59). Differences in survival free of ipsilateral carotid stroke/TIA according to ES status were not statistically significant. Conclusions— Although there were more ipsilateral carotid cerebrovascular events among ES-positive arteries, this was not statistically significant. Less labor-intensive techniques are required to make further study and clinical application practical.
Modeling East Asian Dust and Its Radiative Feedbacks in CAM4‐BAM

East Asian dust and its radiative feedbacks are analyzed by the use of the fourth version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) with a bulk aerosol model parameterization (BAM) for the dust size distribution (CAM4‐BAM). Two numerical experiments are conducted and intercompared: one with (Active) and one without (Passive) the radiative effects of dust aerosols. This CAM4‐BAM captures the main spatial distribution of the dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the dust surface concentrations over East Asia, with positive correlations with the local observational data on annual and seasonal means. A comparative analysis of the Active and Passive experiments reveals that consideration of the dust‐radiation interaction can significantly reduce dust emissions, loading, transport, and dry and wet depositions over East Asia, which is opposite to the enhanced dust cycle over North Africa. Further analysis of the contrasting dust‐radiation feedbacks between North Africa and East Asia shows that over North Africa, the dust radiative forcing significantly increases the surface temperature and 10 m wind speed, whereas it decreases the surface temperature and the surface wind speeds over East Asia. These contrasting radiative effects, in turn, result in distinct dust cycle changes over these two regions. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the radiative contrasts between East Asia and North Africa are mainly due to the differences in their regional surface albedo, dust vertical distribution, and size distribution.
A Search for Signatures of Quasar Evolution: Comparison of the Shapes of the Rest-Frame Optical/Ultraviolet Continua of Quasars at z > 3 and z ~ 0.1

For 15 bright (V < 17.5), high-redshift (z > 3) quasars, we have obtained infrared spectra and photometry, and optical spectrophotometry and photometry, which we use to construct their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from λrest ~ 1285-5100 Å. High-resolution spectroscopy for seven enable measurements of their continua shortward of Lyα, and L' detections of four of these extend their SEDs redward to λrest ~ 7500 Å. We examine the optical/UV continuum shapes and compare these to those of a set of 27 well-studied low-redshift (z ∼ 0.1) quasars which are matched to the high-redshift ones in evolved luminosity. Single power-law fits to the average fluxes within a set of narrow, line-free, windows between 1285 and 5100 Å, but excluding the 2000-4000 Å region of the Fe II+BaC "small bump," are adequate for most of the objects. For both the high- and low-redshift samples, the distributions of spectral indices, αouv (Fν ~ ν) span a wide range, with Δαouv ~ 1. The cause of such diversity is investigated, and our analysis is consistent with the conclusion of Rowan-Robinson: that it arises from differences in both the emitted continua themselves and in the amounts of intrinsic extinction undergone. The mean (median) optical/UV spectral indices for the high- and low-redshift samples are -0.32 (-0.29) and -0.38 (-0.40), respectively. A Student's t-test indicates that these do not differ significantly, and a K-S test shows likewise for the distributions. Assuming the optical/UV continuum derives from accretion, the similarity of the spectral indices at high and low redshift is inconsistent with models which interpret the statistical evolution as resulting from a single generation of slowly dimming quasars and instead favors those involving multiple generations of short-lived quasars formed at successively lower luminosities. A clear difference between the high- and low-redshift samples occurs in the region of "small bump. " The power-law fit residuals for the low-redshift sample show a systematic excess from ~2200 to 3000 Å; but this feature is weak or absent in the high-redshift sample. Further study is needed to determine what is responsible for this contrast, but it could reflect differences in iron abundance or Fe II energy source, or alternatively, an intrinsic turnover in the continuum itself which is present at low but not at high redshift.
An open investigation of the reproducibility of cancer biology research

It is widely believed that research that builds upon previously published findings has reproduced the original work. However, it is rare for researchers to perform or publish direct replications of existing results. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is an open investigation of reproducibility in preclinical cancer biology research. We have identified 50 high impact cancer biology articles published in the period 2010-2012, and plan to replicate a subset of experimental results from each article. A Registered Report detailing the proposed experimental designs and protocols for each subset of experiments will be peer reviewed and published prior to data collection. The results of these experiments will then be published in a Replication Study. The resulting open methodology and dataset will provide evidence about the reproducibility of high-impact results, and an opportunity to identify predictors of reproducibility. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.04333. 001
Multi-wavelength characterization of carbonaceous aerosol

1 Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy 2 Department of Physics & INFN, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy 3 Department of Physics & INFN, University of Florence, via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy 4 Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20122 Milan, Italy