Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information Extraction and Machine Learning: Auto-Marking Short Free Text Responses to Science Questions

Traditionally, automatic marking has been restricted to item types such as multiple choice that narrowly constrain how students may respond. More open ended items have generally been considered unsuitable for machine marking because of the difficulty of coping with the myriad ways in which credit-worthy answers may be expressed. Successful automatic marking of free text answers would seem to presuppose an advanced level of performance in automated natural language understanding. However, recent advances in computational linguistics techniques have opened up the possi-bility of being able to automate the marking of free text responses typed into a computer without having to create systems that fully understand the answers. This paper describes the use of information extraction and machine learning techniques in the marking of short, free text responses of up to around five lines.
Prolog in 10 figures

In the fall of 1981, a Japanese report officially initiated the quest for fifth-generation computers that would encompass the functions of knowledge processing and artificial intelligence. The conceptual underpinnings behind Prolog—Japan's language of choice for these activities—are presented here in a way that suggests why Prolog or a similar language might be considered a model for designing the computers of the future.
Performance analysis of GA-PTS for PAPR reduction in OFDM system

A low-complexity technique for reducing the PAPR of an OFDM system is presented which is known as partial transmit sequence (PTS). However, this scheme requires an extreme search over all combination of allowed phase factor. So, to reduce searching complexity there are different optimization algorithms. One of a novel and sub-optimal PAPR reduction approach is genetic algorithm based PTS technique which has less computational complexity than the PTS technique. In this algorithm, firstly population get initialized, then selection of chromosome are done after selection, crossover and mutation are performed for generating new population. The simulation result shows the performance of PAPR by adopting GA-PTS scheme.
International Transmission of Shocks under Financial Frictions: Some Implications for International Business Cycle Comovement

This paper analyzes the international transmission of shocks in economies with financial frictions. In a two-country flexible price monetary model with distribution costs in the imported good I study the transmission of shocks to productivity, money supply, government spending and to entrepreneurs' net worth. Financial frictions amplify the effects of shocks both at the domestic and at the international level. In the model, international business cycle comovement, measured as cross-country output correlations, is increasing in the degree of openness and distribution costs, and as in previous literature, decreasing in the degree of financial frictions. Finally, fiscal shocks play an important role in international business cycle comovement in the presence of financial frictions. First, because the crowding out effect is stronger on private consumption and weaker on investment if there are financial frictions, and second, because fiscal shocks may reduce the cross-country correlation of output.
TRAFFIC GROOMING OPTIMIZATION IN MESH WDM NETWORKS WITHOUT WAVELENGTH CONVERTER

This is a tutorial paper on the tra-c grooming optimization in mesh Wave- length Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks for static tra-c patterns. The tra-c grooming technique provides a two-layer tra-c engineering capability by aggregating and routing low-bandwidth tra-c ∞ows from the upper layer over re-conflgurable high- bandwidth connections in the lower layer. This paper demonstrates how to use the La- grangian Relaxation and Subgradient Methods (LRSM) to solve the optimization problem over a mesh WDM network where no wavelength converters are used, i.e., a lightpath must use the same wavelength from its source to destination. The framework makes use of a constrained Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation. The outputs of our optimiza- tion include the selection of profltable tra-c ∞ows, the routing schemes for the selected tra-c ∞ows over lightpaths, the selection of lightpaths, and the Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) schemes for the selected lightpaths. Some interesting observations are noted.
Research Paper Series Theory and Methods Tariff-tax Reforms and Market Access Tariff-tax Reforms and Market Access

Reducing tariffs and increasing consumption taxes is a standard IMF advice to countries that want to open up their economy without hurting government finances. Indeed, theoretical analysis of such a tariff-tax reform shows an unambiguous increase in welfare and government revenues. The present paper examines whether the country that implements such a reform ends up opening up its markets to international trade, i.e. whether its market access improves. It is shown that this is not necessarily so. We also show that, comparing to the reform of only tariffs, the tariff-tax reform is a less efficient proposal to follow both as far as it concerns market access and welfare.
Signaling, transcriptional regulation, and asynchronous pattern formation governing plant xylem development

In plants, vascular stem cells continue to give rise to all xylem and phloem cells, which constitute the plant vascular system. During plant vascular development, the peptide, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor (TDIF), regulates vascular stem cell fate in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. TDIF promotes vascular stem cell proliferation through up-regulating the transcription factor gene WUS-related HOMEOBOX4, and it suppresses xylem differentiation from vascular stem cells through the activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 proteins. VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN6 and 7 (VND6 and 7) are master transcription factors, and ectopic expression of VND6 and VND7 in various plants induces differentiation of different types of cells into metaxylem and protoxylem tracheary elements, respectively. These genes up-regulate genes involved in both patterned secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death to form tracheary elements. Secondary wall patterns are formed by localized deposition of cellulose microfibrils, which is guided by cortical microtubules. Local activation of the small G-protein, Rho-type 11 determines distribution of cortical microtubules.
Scaling Multiagent Markov Decision Processes ( Extended

1. THREE CURSES OF DIMENSIONALITY Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) have proved to be useful and general models of optimal decision-making in uncertain domains. However, approaches to solving MDP’s using reinforcement learning that depend on storing the optimal value function and action models as tables do not scale to large state-spaces. Three computational obstacles prevent the use of standard approaches when dealing with problems with many variables. First, the state space (and time required for convergence) grows exponentially in the number of variables. This makes computing the value function impractical or impossible in terms of both memory and time. Second, the space of possible actions is exponential in the number of agents, so even one-step look-ahead search is computationally expensive. Lastly, exact computation of the expected value of the next state is slow, as the number of possible future states is exponential in the number of variables. These three obstacles are referred to as the three “curses of dimensionality”. Much prior work exists on the topic of scaling reinforcement learning to large state spaces. Many state abstraction and function approximation techniques exist. These techniques are a result of the desire to reduce the number of parameters used to represent the value function, and thus reduce memory requirements and time to converge. In addition to such techniques, methods to incorporate prior knowledge can be successful in speeding up convergence. In [4] I addressed the three curses of dimensionality, providing solutions to each. To solve the problem of exploding state space, I introduced a kind of function approximation called “tabular linear functions”. To solve action space explosion, I used a hill climbing technique over the action search space. To solve the problem of computing the expected value of the next state, I introduced ASHlearning, which is a model-based average reward algorithm that uses afterstates to reduce the number of future states it is necessary to examine.
IRAM Design for Multimedia

Bum-Sik Kim, Yun Ho Choi , and Lee-Sup Kim Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology E-mail:lskim@eekaist.kaist. ac.kr *SAMSUNG Electronics Co., LTD. E-mail:choi6003@samsung.co.kr Abstract There are strong demands for high speed and low power to realize systems on silicon. However, the current circuit design technologies for MPU and DRAM are based on their own optimized process technologies. It is necessary modify the circuit design technology for embedded memory logic after reviewing process technologies of MPU and DRAM. In this paper, we propose the modi ed design concept for IRAM for multimedia applications. After scrutinizing an example of multimedia applications, we propose a new IRAM architecture for multimedia applications. We are currently designing IRAM system which executes DCT of MP@ML in MPEG2 at 72.6MHz with 0.35 m CMOS EML (Embedded Memory and Logic) process with 4-metal layers. Also, we propose that the DRAM block should be divided as many blocks as possible to prevent DRAM block from being the bottleneck of the system performance. In addition, we propose that by using the new EML process technology, the DRAM circuits must be modi ed to use wide address buses and data buses.
Statistics of Polarization-Mode Dispersion Emulators with Unequal Sections

We study two models for the generation of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) with unequal, fixed-length sections: an isotropic model, in which the orientations of all the sectional PMD vectors are taken to be randomly and uniformly varying across the Poincare sphere, and a rotator model, in which all sections are taken to be linearly birefringent waveplates randomly rotatable with respect to one another. We describe the implementation of importance sampling for first- and second-order PMD in both models, including a targeting method for first-order PMD. We then use analytical and numerical methods to reconstruct the statistics of first- and second-order PMD for the two models. Our results show that the statistical properties of PMD depend significantly on the specific details of how PMD is generated.
Detecting jamming attacks in Ubiquitous Sensor Networks

In-house USNs (ubiquitous sensor network) can produce critical pieces of an accident-notification chain, thus they must be protected from failure. Denial of service attacks against such networks may permit fatal damage to the health and safety of people. Traditional intrusion detection schemes cannot work for USN due to its peculiar characteristics for instance, limited energy and computation resources. In this paper we propose a detection and traceback mechanism for jamming and selective forwarding attacks on USN by observing MAC layer abnormalities. The proposed scheme is light weight and requires minimum computation to detect a DDoS attack on miniature sensor nodes.
Visualization of a 21-nm axial periodicity in shadowed keratin filaments and neurofilaments

Unidirectional and rotary shadowing techniques have been applied in studying the surface structure of two types of intermediate filaments. Keratin filaments and neurofilaments demonstrate a approximately 21-nm axial periodicity which probably indicates the helical pitch of the outer shell of the filament. Analysis of unidirectionally shadowed keratin showed that the helix is left-handed. The observation of a left- handed helix of 21-nm pitch supports the three-stranded protofilament model of Fraser, Macrae, and Suzuki (1976, J. Mol. Biol. 108:435-452), and indicates that keratin filaments probably consist of 10 three- stranded protofilaments surrounding a core of three such protofilaments, as predicted by models based on x-ray diffraction of hard keratin filaments. Neurofilaments do not demonstrate an easily identifiable hand, so their consistency with the model is, as yet, uncertain.
Conformal dip-coating of patterned surfaces for capillary die-to-substrate self-assembly

Capillarity-driven self-assembly of small chips onto planar target substrates is a promising alternative to robotic pick-and-place assembly. It critically relies on the selective deposition of thin fluid films on patterned binding sites, which is anyway normally non-conformal. We found that the addition of a thin wetting sidewall, surrounding the entire site perimeter, enables the conformal fluid coverage of arbitrarily shaped sites through dip-coating, significantly improves the reproducibility of the coating process and strongly reduces its sensitivity to surface defects. In this paper we support the feasibility and potential of this method by demonstrating the conformal dip-coating of square and triangular sites conditioned with combinations of different hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface chemistries. We present both experimental and simulative evidence of the advantages brought by the introduction of the wetting boundary on film coverage accuracy. Application of our surface preparation method to capillary self-assembly could result in higher precision in die-to-substrate registration and larger freedom in site shape design.
Reduced Function Set Abstraction ( RFSA )

In this paper we present RFSA, a Reduced Function Set Abstraction based on an existing parallel programming model as a potential programming model for Data-Intensive Supercomputing (DISC) applications. Our RFSA uses either a select or a merge procedure to reduce the number of function calls in existing programming models. In the current version, we build RFSA on top of Message Passing Interface (MPI/MPI-IO) Programming Model. MPI/MPI-IO provides high performance compute and I/O function calls to the scientists/engineers writing parallel programs; who are required to use the most appropriate optimization of a specific function, hence limits the programmer productivity. Therefore we propose a set of reduced functions with an automatic selection algorithm to decide what specific MPI/MPI-IO function to use. We implement a selection algorithm for I/O functions like read, write, etc and also merge a set of functions for datatypes and file views. By running different parallel I/O benchmarks on both medium-scale clusters and NERSC supercomputers, we show that RFSA reduces the number of function calls without any performance penalties.
The Line of Beauty

Starting at the moment The Swimming-Pool Library ended, The Line of Beauty traces the further history of a decade of change and tragedy. Richly textured, emotionally charged, disarmingly comic, it is a major work by one of the finest writers in the English language.In the summer of 1983, 20-year-old Nick Guest moves into an attic room in the Notting Hill home of the Feddens: Tory MP Gerald, his wealthy wife Rachel, and their two children, Toby - whom Nick had idolised at Oxford - and Catherine, always standing at a critical angle to the family and its assumptions and ambitions.As the Thatcher boom-years unfold, Nick, an innocent in the worlds of politics and money, finds his life altered by the rising fortunes of the glamorous family he is entangled with.Celebrating 40 years of outstanding international writing, this is one of the essential Picador novels reissued in a beautiful new series style.
Endogenous Institutional Change: labour market institutions in Sweden 1920-1990

In this paper institutional change in the Swedish labour market 1920-2000 is interpreted within a rational choice model. Labour market institutions are thought of as constraints on the process of wage formation and labour allocation. The paper follows the rise and the fall of the Restricted Swedish Model, which is composed of a set of rules, norms and beliefs. It demonstrates that the formation of labour market institutions can be explained as the result of a four-part struggle between workers and employers in two sectors, one sheltered and one exposed to foreign competition. Payoffs from the bargaining process are determined by institutional constraints but also by the state of technology and the level of foreign competition. Institutions shift as participants in the bargaining game have incentives to remove institutions that impede and create institutions that promote their opportunities to maximise utility.
Simultaneous morphology and molecular imaging of colon cancer

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of imaging colon cancers using multi-modal optical imaging system combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence molecular imaging (FMI). This system enables simultaneous imaging of tissue morphology and molecular information at high resolution (10–20 μm) over a 3–5 mm field-of-view. OCT reveals the microstructures of normal colon and colon polyps, and the information is confirmed by the corresponding histology. FMI shows uptake of glycoprotein targeting contrast agents. The locations of high fluorescence intensity correspond with the characteristic morphological features of polyps revealed by the co-registered OCT imaging. Our results suggest that multi-modal optical imaging with OCT and fluorescence imaging holds strong potentials for molecular imaging and in situ characterization of colon cancers.
A quantitative evaluation of aspect-oriented software quality model (AOSQUAMO)

Aspect-Oriented (AO) technology is a new paradigm and emerging field of software development. Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) cleanly encapsulates crosscutting concerns which cannot be encapsulated or modularized by traditional programming approaches like Module-Oriented (MO) and Object-Oriented (OO). In order to evaluate quality of software systems, researchers and practitioners have proposed their software quality characteristics and models. As AO is a new abstraction, there is no dedicated software quality model, which can describe and include new features of AO technology. In this paper, a new Aspect-Oriented Software Quality Model (AOSQUAMO) has been proposed. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to evaluate quality of AO software systems as a single parameter. This proposed quality model further may be used to compare AO software systems which will help consumer to choose better quality software.
The Financial Services Sector: Past Changes and Future Prospects*

The financial service industry has been undergoing significant change in recent years. This paper analyzes some key developments affecting the industry and examines some important issues facing the industry and its regulators. Changes discussed include the way services are provided, the instruments used to provide servces, and the nature of the financial service providers. Factors driving these changes include technological developments, the changing role of competition, and demographically led changes in household portfolios.
Integration Theory in Financial Mathematics

For a majority of people, the use of mathematics is limited to counting and simple arithmetic, mostly in the handling of money. But since the work of Black, Scholes [2] and Merton [7] in 1973, sophisticated mathematics has been required in order to conduct transactions in financial instruments such as stock options and other kinds of derivative assets. A financial asset or security is a claim to some payment. It may take the physical form of a piece of paper on which a legal contract specifying the claim is written. Assets are frequently traded — bought and sold. We are concerned with establishing the monetary value, here and now, of such entities. Because if their correct monetary value is unknown, they cannot be traded fairly. A forward contract is a simple kind of derivative asset. It is an agreement to trade a security at a future time T for a price K called the delivery price. The party who is going to buy is said to hold the long position in the forward contract, and the party who is going to sell holds the short position. At the time of writing the forward contract, no money changes hands between the two parties, so the initial value of the forward is zero. But at some time t between the time of writing the contract and its time of expiry, the underlying security value may increase or decrease. So the value of the long position will become positive or negative, and the value of the short position will, respectively, become negative or positive. Suppose that you hold the long position in the contract. At any time between the initial writing of the contract and its expiry date, you can go to a third party and negotiate a transaction — either selling off your long position if its value is now positive, or buying your way out of it if its value is negative. Likewise if you are the holder of the short position. Our problem here is to determine the correct monetary values involved in such a transaction.
Improved Approximation Algorithms for Uncapacitated Facility Location

We consider the uncapacitated facility location problem. In this problem, there is a set of locations at which facilities can be built; a xed cost f i is incurred if a facility is opened at location i. Furthermore, there is a set of demand locations to be serviced by the opened facilities; if the demand location j is assigned to a facility at location i, then there is an associated service cost of c ij. We assume that the assignment costs c ij are symmetric and satisfy the triangle inequality. For this problem we obtain a (1+2=e)-approximation algorithm, where 1+2=e 1:736, a signiicant improvement on the previously known approximation guarantees. The algorithm works by rounding an optimal fractional solution to a linear programming relaxation. Our techniques use properties of optimal solutions to the linear program, randomized rounding, as well as a generalization of the decomposition techniques of Shmoys, Tardos & Aardal.
Design and analysis of Interleaved Boost Converter for renewable energy source

Renewable energy is derived from natural resources that are replenished constantly. The commonly used renewable energy systems include photovoltaic cells and fuel cells. A suitable DC-DC converter is proposed for highly efficient renewable energy systems. Interleaved Boost Converter (TBC) topology is discussed in this paper for renewable energy applications. The advantages of interleaved boost converter compared to the classical boost converter are low input current ripple, high efficiency, faster transient response, reduced electromagnetic emission and improved reliability. Three cases of interleaved boost converter have been considered and analysed. Two-phase IBC's with (i) the front end inductors magnetically coupled (ii) uncoupled inductors and (iii) inversely coupled inductors performance have been analyzed and compared. The output voltage ripple, input current ripple and inductor current ripple of the three types of converters are compared. The waveforms of input, inductor current ripple and output voltage ripple are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The design equations for IBC have been presented. Using the results obtained from simulation the best of the three IBC is inferred.
The peer‐review process

The recent literature about peer review of scholarly articles is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the cost of the peer‐review process. Possible impacts of electronic scholarly publishing upon peer reviewing are discussed. Opinion among academics in their roles as authors, editors and referees seems likely to insist upon preservation of a pre‐publication refereeing system in most disciplines. As the administration of any such system seems to have a cost of about $400 per published article, any scholarly publishing system will need to locate financial support to at least that extent, and a system of lump‐sum payment by the authors' funders is best placed to cover this cost while providing universal free access to scholarly material.