Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Managerial Work: A Comparison of Public- and Private-Sector Managers

Little empirical information is available on the nature of managerial work. Such information is needed, not only for training and development programs but also for managerial selection, appraisal, and utilization. The purpose of this study was to compare high level managerial jobs in public and private sectors by examining job content, job characteristics, and required skills, knowledge, and abilities. Mintzberg's (1973, 1975) roles were used for the comparisons. Data were gathered from 210 public-sector and 220 private- sector managers and executives. Results indicate that managers in the public sector perform the same kind of activities as managers in the private sector in terms of complexity of job content and roles and in terms of job characteristics. The study has action implications for the selection, development, and appraisal systems of both public- and private-sector executives.
Pathogenicity Islands in Bacterial Pathogenesis

SUMMARY In this review, we focus on a group of mobile genetic elements designated pathogenicity islands (PAI). These elements play a pivotal role in the virulence of bacterial pathogens of humans and are also essential for virulence in pathogens of animals and plants. Characteristic molecular features of PAI of important human pathogens and their role in pathogenesis are described. The availability of a large number of genome sequences of pathogenic bacteria and their benign relatives currently offers a unique opportunity for the identification of novel pathogen-specific genomic islands. However, this knowledge has to be complemented by improved model systems for the analysis of virulence functions of bacterial pathogens. PAI apparently have been acquired during the speciation of pathogens from their nonpathogenic or environmental ancestors. The acquisition of PAI not only is an ancient evolutionary event that led to the appearance of bacterial pathogens on a timescale of millions of years but also may represent a mechanism that contributes to the appearance of new pathogens within a human life span. The acquisition of knowledge about PAI, their structure, their mobility, and the pathogenicity factors they encode not only is helpful in gaining a better understanding of bacterial evolution and interactions of pathogens with eukaryotic host cells but also may have important practical implications such as providing delivery systems for vaccination, tools for cell biology, and tools for the development of new strategies for therapy of bacterial infections.
Cerebellum-machine interface to understand cerebellar roles in motor learning

A cerebellum-machine interface (CMI) was developed to understand cerebellar roles in motor control and learning by testing direct causality between single unit cerebellar Purkinje cell activity and motor learning. The CMI converts Purkinje cell simple spike firing rate into pulse-width modulation signals that drive a single joint robot arm. The CMI has no adaptive capability, thus any change observed in robot arm motion can be attributed directly to Purkinje cell firing activity. We employed a vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) adaptation paradigm in goldfish as the test for motor learning. Changes in eye muscle characteristics, or equivalently adding visual motion stimulus during head rotation require oculomotor commands to be calibrated by minimizing image slip across the retina, which acts as a control error signal. This calibration, known as VOR motor learning, has been postulated to depend on synaptic plasticity in the vestibulo-cerebellum, where Purkinje cells are believed to encode motor commands for eye movement. If this is true, then vestibulo-cerebellar Purkinje cells may similarly learn to correct error in a motor command signal when the oculomotor system is replaced with a different system, such as a robot arm. Desired motion and control error signal of the robot arm were presented as head rotation and retinal slip, respectively, to the fish VOR model. The control error of the robot arm was shown to decrease gradually, but not monotonically, and in many cases only in one direction. This evidence is the first direct demonstration that activity of a single Purkinje cell is capable of implementing adaptive motor control. The results also suggest that a single Purkinje cell can be responsible, at least in part, for directional selective VOR motor learning previously reported in goldfish [6] and monkeys [3].
Color Edge Maps for Image Compression

We report on a technique for the computation of color edge maps using Hering's Color Space for color coding, and quasiranges, for edge detection. A suitable combination of the resulting edge maps gives an image that is a meaningful visual approximation to the original image. Being an edge map, storage in a small memory space is possible. Finally, a study on the performance depending on the threshold and windows used is done.
The Promise of Liberal Learning: Creating a Challenging Postsecondary Curriculum for Youth with Intellectual Disabilities.

Five years ago, a small group of higher education faculty at The College of New Jersey asked the question, "What would it look like if we created a postsecondary program for young adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) on the campus of a highly competitive four-year college? " Ultimately, our answer was that following the logic of normalization and inclusion, we should approximate the postsecondary experience of typically developing young men and women. We were aware of program models that were emerging in other places, but believed that our approach should reflect the characteristics of our existing campus and surrounding community. We had no idea how hard we would work, how much we would learn, and how many benefits would accrue to all the parties involved,
Remembering Visual Feature Conjunctions: Visual Memory for Shape-Colour Associations is Object-based

Visual features can be separately represented in short-term memory so that remembering how they were conjoined to form distinct objects presents additional problems. The involvement of visuo-spatial and verbal representations in memory for visual feature conjunctions is examined in both a review of recent research and a series of five experiments exploring the unitization effect in memory for shape-colour associations. In these experiments, the involvement of verbal representations is controlled in three ways: first, by using shapes varying in nameability; second, by imposing articulatory suppression during encoding of to-be-remembered displays; and, finally, by eliminating all non-visual representational forms through creating sets of shapes based on a single letter of the alphabet. Results concurwiththe conclusions drawn from recentresearch. Verbal representations support memory for shape-colour associations equally well whether the individual features are perceived to belong to the same object or to di.
Towards an Architecture of Ontological Components for the Semantic Web

There is provided by the present invention a process for producing a solventless silicone resin having a viscosity at 100% varying from 200 to 5,000 centipoise at 25 DEG C. , comprising adding a mixture of water and alcohol to the desired organochlorosilanes taking the silicone alkoxylate and washing it repeatedly with alcohol until the acid content is at least below 1000 parts per million, adding an alkali metal hydroxide to reduce the acidity of the silicone alkoxylate such that it does not exceed 100 parts per million, and then adding sufficient water such that the amount of water that is added is between 0.2 to 0.8 moles of water per mole of hydrocarbonoxy radicals in such silicone hydrolyzate. The excess alcohol and water is stripped off to give the solventless silicone resin of the instant invention having an organo to Si ratio varying from 1.1 to 1.9, having a silanol content varying from 1 to 4% by weight and a hydrocarbonoxy content that varies from 7 to 14% by weight. A less preferred solventless system can be obtained by simply mixing in an organic solvent, a high alkoxy containing silicone resin produced by traditional procedures, and a high silanol silicone resin also produced by traditional procedure and stripping off the solvent.
Confocal microscopy with double immunofluorescence staining reveals the functional transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 expressed in myoepithelial cells of human submandibular glands

Myoepithelial cells (MECs) mainly surround acini and intercalated ducts in the human salivary glands. The contraction of MECs provides the expulsive force to promote salivation. We previously found functional transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) was expressed in rabbit and human submandibular glands and increased saliva secretion. However, it was unknown whether TRPV1 was expressed in MECs of submandibular glands. In this study, we observed the immunoflourescence of TRPV1 was not only located in serous acini and ducts but also surround the basal layer of the acinus and intercalated ducts of human submandibular glands. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed colocalization of TRPV1 with calponin, vimentin, and α‐smooth muscle actin, which indicated the myoepithelial expression of TRPV1. Treating submandibular gland tissues with capsaicin, an agonist of TRPV1, substantially increased the phosphorylation of the 20‐kDa regulatory light‐chain subunit of myosin (MLC20), a crucial molecule for contraction of smooth muscle cells, in MECs. Pretreatment with capsazepine, a specific TRPV1 inhibitor, blocked capsaicin‐induced MLC20 phosphorylation. These results suggest that TRPV1 is expressed in MECs of the human submandibular gland and mediates myoepithelial contraction via a mechanism involving MLC20 phosphorylation. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurobehavioral Performance in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Integrated Analysis of Viral Burden, Neuroinflammation, and Neuronal Injury in Cortex

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes motor and neurocognitive abnormalities affecting >50% of children and 20% of adults with HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The closely related lentivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), also causes neurobehavioral deficits. Herein, we investigated the extent to which FIV infection affected specific motor and cognitive tasks in conjunction with viral burden and immune responses within the brain. Neonatal animals were infected with a neurovirulent FIV strain (FIV-Ch) and assessed in terms of systemic immune parameters, viral burden, neurobehavioral performance, and neuropathological features. FIV-infected animals displayed less weight gain and lower blood CD4+ T-cell levels than mock-infected animals (p < 0.05). Gait analyses disclosed greater gait width with increased variation in FIV-infected animals (p < 0.05). Maze performance showed that FIV-infected animals were slower and made more navigational errors than mock-infected animals (p < 0.05). In the object memory test, the FIV-infected group exhibited fewer successful steps with more trajectory errors compared with the mock-infected group (p < 0.05). Performance on the gait, maze, and object memory tests was inversely correlated with F4/80 and CD3ε expression (p < 0.05) and with viral burden in parietal cortex (p < 0.05). Amino acid analysis in cortex showed that d-serine levels were reduced in FIV-infected animals, which was accompanied by diminished kainate and AMPA receptor subunit expression (p < 0.05). The neurobehavioral findings in FIV-infected animals were associated with increased gliosis and reduced cortical neuronal counts (p < 0.05). The present studies indicated that specific motor and neurocognitive abilities were impaired in FIV infection and that these effects were closely coupled with viral burden, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss.
Increasing Competition for University and the Challenge of Access for Government School Students—A Case Study

There is a wide variety of universities, university campuses and university courses in Australia available to those interested in pursuing a higher education degree. This paper examines the impact of increasing competition for entrance to university on the educational outcomes for students from the government school sector. Using Melbourne as a case study, the research shows that, over a four-year period of increased competition, entry to some of the more academically accessible university campuses in the city became more difficult and this disproportionately affected the opportunities for university entrance among some groups. Despite the fact that there was no noticeable change in the academic standards achieved by government school completers, the rate at which government school students gained access to these universities declined noticeably during this time. These findings show how changes in supply of university places from year to year can have a profound effect on the opportunities of secondary-school completers—particularly those in more educationally disadvantaged settings.
Local education authorities’ approaches to provision for children with specific speech and language difficulties in England and Wales

Children with specific speech and language difficulties (SSLD) pose a challenge to the education system as a result of their language needs and associated educational and social‐behavioural difficulties. Local education authorities (LEAs) in England and Wales have developed language units to meet their needs but previous research has indicated this provision was inadequate. The development of inclusion raises questions regarding this type of provision, compared with full inclusion into mainstream schools. The present study reports on a national survey of LEAs in England and Wales (97 respondents, 49.5% response rate) and interviews with 37 LEA special educational needs managers. Provision varied by age group with designated specialist provision more prevalent at key stages 1 and 2 (age 5–11 years), and relatively little at key stages 3 and 4 (11–16). LEAs’ decision‐making regarding provision varied, influenced by the lack of common criteria, which was highlighted by the difficulties in distinguishing children with SSLD from those with autistic spectrum disorder. There were also difficulties translating policies into practice, including the shortage of speech and language therapists. The implications of the study are discussed with reference to inclusion.
1 Using Views to Aid Language Design

Language design involves the construction of a mathematical model of meanings, together with the construction of an abstract syntax for representing those meanings, followed by the reduction of the latter to a concrete syntax. Unfortunately, this activity seems subject to a weak "Sapir-Whorf" influence: the optimization of syntax, which is necessary to make it easy to say things clearly, affects attitudes about what should be expressed, which feeds back into the construction and understanding of semantic domains. This interaction between syntax and semantics can be reduced by having more than one style of representation. Then, a superficially appealing simplification in one syntax may be seen to lead to complications in another; but a modification that makes things clearer across different views is more likely to indicate a genuine simplification in semantics. This process is illustrated through the prototype design of an eventflow specification and programming language.
Base excision repair capacity in mitochondria and nuclei: tissue‐specific variations

Base excision repair is the main pathway for repair of oxidative base lesions in DNA. Mammalian cells must maintain genomic stability in their nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, which have different degrees of vulnerability to DNA damage. This study quantifies DNA glycosylase activity in mitochondria and nucleus from C57/BL 6 mouse tissues including brain, liver, heart, muscle, kidney, and testis. The activities of oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), uracil DNA glycosylase, and endonuclease III homologue 1 (NTH1) were measured using oligonucleotide substrates with DNA lesions specific for each glycosylase. Mitochondrial content was normalized to citrate synthase activity and mitochondrial function was assessed by measuring cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. In nuclear and mitochondrial extracts, the highest DNA glycosylase activities were in testis. Brain and heart, tissues with the highest oxidative load, did not have higher levels of OGG1 or NTH1 activity than muscle or kidney, which are more glycolytic tissues. In general, mitochondrial extracts have lower DNA glycosylase activity than nuclear extracts. There was no correlation between glycosylase activities in the mitochondrial extracts and COX activity, suggesting that DNA repair enzymes may be regulated by a mechanism different from this mitochondrial enzyme. —Karahalil, B. , Hogue, B. A. , de Souza‐Pinto, N. C. , Bohr, V. A. Base excision repair capacity in mitochondria and nuclei: tissue‐specific variations. FASEB J. 16, 1895–1902 (2002)
Géolocalisation et prédiction dans les réseaux Wi-Fi en intérieur. (Positioning and prediction in indoor Wi-Fi networks)

La democratisation des terminaux mobiles et l'accroissement des debits disponibles permettent d'envisager de nouvelles applications, en particulier relatives au contextes. Celles-ci necessitent d'assurer la continuite des services et la detection de la position du terminal mobile. Nous proposons d'une part la geolocalisation des terminaux et, d'autre part, la prediction de la mobilite. Les systemes satellites ne fonctionnant pas a l'interieur des bâtiments, nous basons nos travaux sur les reseaux Wi-Fi. Deux methodologies se demarquent pour localiser un terminal Wi-Fi : l'une repose sur une cartographie des puissances, l'autre repose sur le calcul des distances entre le terminal et des points dont les coordonnees sont connues. Chaque modele ayant ses points faibles, nous les avons combines pour ameliorer la precision finale. Nous proposons un premier modele qui calcule les distances entre le terminal mobile et des points d'acces en se basant sur la puissance du signal recu. Il en deduit la position du terminal par calcul. Le second modele propose restreint la recherche a une zone homogene grâce a la cartographie des puissances avant d'utiliser le premier modele. Nous avons experimente nos modeles ainsi que les modeles fondamentaux de l'etat de l'art en etendant leurs conditions d'application. Les resultats des systemes bases sur la propagation des ondes sont de l'ordre de 9 a 15 metres d'erreur. Les modeles bases sur une cartographie permettent quant-a-eux d'atteindre une precision de l'ordre de 3 a 7 metres selon les conditions. L'historique des positions permet a un systeme d'apprentissage d'acquerir un modele des deplacements des terminaux puis de predire les deplacements futurs par l'etude et la comparaison du modele obtenu a des deplacements ulterieurs. Nous avons propose en particulier d'employer les chaines de Markov et les reseaux bayesiens pour effectuer l'apprentissage et la prediction de la mobilite. Nous avons enrichi ces modeles d'un seuil qui determine le choix des politiques a appliquer en fonction des deplacements du terminal. La precision de nos modeles est variable en fonction des parametres d'ordre et de seuil mais permet d'atteindre des taux de reussite de la prediction de 75%. Cette precision permet d'envisager l'anticipation des handovers et l'application d'une politique appropriee.
Isoform Diversity and Modulation of Sodium Channels by Protein Kinases

Although voltage-dependent sodium channels from the brain have been realized as targets for regulatory protein phosphorylation since the first isolation of sodium channels as proteins, the functional role of phosphoprotein formation has been obscured until recently. The review summarizes progress on the modulation of voltage-dependent sodium channels by serine/threonine protein kinases, i.e. PKA and PKC. Divergent modulation is discussed in context with divergent primary structure of the α-subunit.
14-3-3 Is Phosphorylated by Casein Kinase I on Residue 233

14-3-3 proteins mediate interactions between proteins involved in signal transduction and cell cycle regulation. Phosphorylation of target proteins as well as 14-3-3 are important for protein-protein interactions. Here, we describe the purification of a protein kinase from porcine brain that phosphorylates 14-3-3 ζ on Thr-233. This protein kinase has been identified as casein kinase Iα (CKIα) by peptide mapping analysis and sequencing. Among mammalian 14-3-3, only 14-3-3 τ possesses a phosphorylatable residue at the same position (Ser-233), and we show that this residue is also phosphorylated by CKI. In addition, we show that 14-3-3 ζ is exclusively phosphorylated on Thr-233 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The residue 233 is located within a region shown to be important for the association of 14-3-3 to target proteins. We showed previously that, in 293 cells, only the unphosphorylated form of 14-3-3 ζ associates with the regulatory domain of c-Raf. We have now shown thatin vivo phosphorylation of 14-3-3 ζ at the CKIα site (Thr-233) negatively regulates its binding to c-Raf, and may be important in Raf-mediated signal transduction.
THE SURVIVAL OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY IN FRENCH-RELATED CREOLES

In traditional classifications of languages by inflectional subsystems, both creole languages and the results of untutored SLA (interlanguages) are classified as isolating. We focus on remnants of verbal inflectional morphology in French-related creoles and ask: (a) Can the properties of verbal morphology be attributed to SLA, and (b) what does this imply for creole genesis? We show how acquisition of inflectional morphology occurs in learner varieties of French from a basic variety perspective. We discuss reflexes of French inflectional morphology that survived the creolization process, resulting in a long–short opposition of verb forms: Across creoles, different grammatical properties are marked by this opposition. Finally, we consider the implications for creole genesis theories and propose a three-generational scenario of creolization with multiple agents.
Modeling high-Q square spiral with variable segment width and spacing

This paper presents the design and optimization of a square spiral using layout optimization technique. The ohmic losses are reduced by varying the width of the spiral segments with the outermost segment having a wider width and the innermost segment having a narrower width. The spiral shows a reduction in series resistance, and a significant quality factor improvement of about 11%.
How Organization Goals Affect Interorganization System Implementation Projects: Evidence and Implications

The factors leading to the initial adoption of an interorganizational system (IOS) are reasonably well understood, but this is not true of the determinants of the activities performed following that decision. This paper proposes that the motivation to implement a system is the starting point for understanding the implementation process and develops a theory about the relationship between the motivation to implement an IOS system and the types of activities likely to be performed in the project. We then compare predictions against activities actually performed in three electronic data interchange (EDI) projects, and find that the patterns predicted are observed. On this basis, we assert that motivation influenced business decisions regarding which activities to conduct in each project. We finally assess the likely long-run consequences of each organization's activity pattern, noting that each motivation-based pattern brings with it a number of potential risks and opportunities that need to be managed carefully.