Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MAGNETO and DeepInsight: Extended Image Translation with Semantic Relationships for Classifying Attack Data with Machine Learning Models

The translation of traffic flow data into images for the purposes of classification in machine learning tasks has been extensively explored in recent years. However, the method of translation has a significant impact on the success of such attempts. In 2019, a method called DeepInsight was developed to translate genetic information into images. It was then adopted in 2021 for the purpose of translating network traffic into images, allowing the retention of semantic data about the relationships between features, in a model called MAGNETO. In this paper, we explore and extend this research, using the MAGNETO algorithm on three new intrusion detection datasets—CICDDoS2019, 5G-NIDD, and BOT-IoT—and also extend this method into the realm of multiclass classification tasks using first a One versus Rest model, followed by a full multiclass classification task, using multiple new classifiers for comparison against the CNNs implemented by the original MAGNETO model. We have also undertaken comparative experiments on the original MAGNETO datasets, CICIDS17, KDD99, and UNSW-NB15, as well as a comparison for other state-of-the-art models using the NSL-KDD dataset. The results show that the MAGNETO algorithm and the DeepInsight translation method, without the use of data augmentation, offer a significant boost to accuracy when classifying network traffic data. Our research also shows the effectiveness of Decision Tree and Random Forest classifiers on this type of data. Further research into the potential for real-time execution is needed to explore the possibilities for extending this method of translation into real-world scenarios.
Outcome of Bilateral Hand Reconstruction in a Child Presenting Late With Apert Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review

Apert syndrome is a rare inherited syndrome characterised by craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia, and syndactyly of the hands and feet. Syndactyly of the hands is categorised into three types with varying severity, requiring a diverse range of surgical techniques to produce good functional and aesthetic outcomes. The best age to initiate hand reconstruction is between three and 12 months. We present a case of a three-year-old boy with type III syndactyly who first presented at a volunteer outreach surgical campus in Pemba, Zanzibar. A three-stage bilateral hand reconstruction was initiated to sequentially create the first, fourth, and second web spaces. Postoperative healing was uneventful. He underwent a hand rehabilitation program and demonstrated good functional outcomes, being able to attend school, hold a pen, and write by seven years old. A literature review revealed that the best age to initiate hand reconstruction or the best surgical technique to use has yet to be agreed upon. It is agreed that the diverse symptoms of Apert syndrome make it difficult to manage, requiring multidisciplinary collaboration to provide physical and emotional benefits to patients and families.
A Comprehensive Review for 4-D Trust Management in Distributed IoT

Compared with other security technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT), trust management (TM) can accommodate sudden or unpredictable changes brought about by ethical and moral standards. First of all, this article introduces the basic contents of TM, including objectives, overall architecture, threat model, related indicators, application scenarios, and so on. Then, this article develops four dimensions: 1) trust-related data (TRD); 2) trust evaluation mechanisms; 3) trust propagation mechanisms (TPMs); and 4) trust influence mechanisms (TIMs), and describes the main contents. There are 4 kinds of TRD and 12 kinds of trust evaluation mechanisms, including trust evaluation mechanisms meeting reinforcement learning. There are five kinds of TPMs and six kinds of TIMs. Based on four dimensions, the existing TM is classified and summarized. Finally, this article gives the current research challenges and future research directions in each dimension. In addition, the modeling process based on 4-D TM is given in the conclusion. In this article, the TM model is based on the mass points in the 4-D space, and the mapping on each dimension is specific data or methods, which can be selected. If the specific content of each dimension is selected, the TM model will run according to a specific process in a specific IoT environment. The 4-D trust management model helps to select more appropriate data or methods to effectively adapt to the dynamic and complex environment of the IoT.
An Investigation on the Utilization of R470A for Air-Conditioning Systems Towards 2025

The refrigerants with GWP > 750 will not be used in air conditioners according to the application of European Union restrictions that will become valid as of 2025. In this context, this study aims to investigate theoretically the utilization of the non-flammable and low-GWP refrigerant of R470A in the air conditioning system. In the analysis, R470A and R32 are compared for the evaporation temperatures of 5, 10, and 12°C while the condenser temperatures of 40 and 50°C. Although the COP of R470A is determined to be lower than R32 for a given situation of evaporation and condenser temperature, it can be safely used in systems requiring a higher amount of refrigerant charge due to its non-flammable property.
Ecosystem structure and function in an urban, piped stream

Piped streams, or streams that run underground, are common features in urban areas. However, there is little empirical evidence regarding their ecological structure and function. This study measured ecosystem metabolism, nutrient uptake, and related characteristics of Pettee Brook -an urban stream that flows through several pipes under impervious surfaces near the UNH (Durham) campus. Piped and open reaches of Pettee Brook had similar water quality, nutrient uptake, and ER. However, the absence of light in piped reaches led to their complete loss of GPP. Benthic AFDM and chlorophyll a biomass were also significantly reduced in piped reaches. For both open and piped reaches, spring metabolism and nutrient uptake were elevated compared to summer rates. The results suggest that ecological conditions in piped streams may be degraded beyond the extent of other urban stream reaches. However, piped stream reaches may still offer some ecosystem services such as nutrient uptake during ER.
The characteristics of brain network in patient with post-stroke depression under cognitive task condition

Objectives Post-stroke depression (PSD) may be associated with the altered brain network property. This study aimed at exploring the brain network characteristics of PSD under the classic cognitive task, i.e., the oddball task, in order to promote our understanding of the pathogenesis and the diagnosis of PSD. Methods Nineteen stroke survivors with PSD and 18 stroke survivors with no PSD (non-PSD) were recruited. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) covering the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was recorded during the oddball task state and the resting state. The brain network characteristics were extracted using the graph theory and compared between the PSD and the non-PSD subjects. In addition, the classification performance between the PSD and non-PSD subjects was evaluated using features in the resting and the task state, respectively. Results Compared with the resting state, more brain network characteristics in the task state showed significant differences between the PSD and non-PSD groups, resulting in better classification performance. In the task state, the assortativity, clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and local efficiency of the PSD subjects was larger compared with the non-PSD subjects while the global efficiency of the PSD subjects was smaller than that of the non-PSD subjects. Conclusion The altered brain network properties associated with PSD in the cognitive task state were more distinct compared with the resting state, and the ability of the brain network to resist attack and transmit information was reduced in PSD patients in the task state. Significance This study demonstrated the feasibility and superiority of investigating brain network properties in the task state for the exploration of the pathogenesis and new diagnosis methods for PSD.
Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of NADH metabolism in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues

Rapid detection of microbial-induced cellular changes during the course of an infection is critical to understanding pathogenesis and immunological homeostasis. In the last two decades, fluorescence imaging has received significant attention for its ability to help characterize microbial induced cellular and tissue changes in in vitro and in vivo settings. However, most of these methods rely on the covalent conjugation of large exogenous probes and detection methods based on intensity-based imaging. Here, we report a quantitative, intrinsic, label-free, and minimally invasive method based on two-photon fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging microscopy (2p-FLIM) for imaging 1,4-dihydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) metabolism of virally infected cells and tissue sections. To better understand virally induced cellular and tissue changes in metabolism we have used 2p-FLIM to study differences in NADH intensity and fluorescence lifetimes in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues. Differences in NADH fluorescence lifetimes are associated with cellular changes in metabolism and changes in cellular metabolism are associated with HIV-1 infection. NADH is a critical co-enzyme and redox regulator and an essential biomarker in the metabolic processes. Label-free 2p-FLIM application and detection of NADH fluorescence using viral infection systems are in their infancy. In this study, the application of the 2p-FLIM assay and quantitative analyses of HIV-1 infected cells and tissue sections reveal increased fluorescence lifetime and higher enzyme-bound NADH fraction suggesting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) compared to uninfected cells and tissues. 2p-FLIM measurements improve signal to background, fluorescence specificity, provide spatial and temporal resolution of intracellular structures, and thus, are suitable for quantitative studies of cellular functions and tissue morphology. Furthermore, 2p-FLIM allows distinguishing free and bound populations of NADH by their different fluorescence lifetimes within single infected cells. Accordingly, NADH fluorescence measurements of individual single cells should provide necessary insight into the heterogeneity of metabolic activity of infected cells. Implementing 2p-FLIM to viral infection systems measuring NADH fluorescence at the single or subcellular level within a tissue can provide visual evidence, localization, and information in a real-time diagnostic or therapeutic metabolic workflow.
The Confidence-Building Measure Role of Seismic Calibration

Abstract : Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) address the political goal of alleviating compliance concerns raised by chemical explosions and the technical goal of calibrating the International Monitoring System (IMS; ref. Article IV, E, and Part III of the Protocol to the Treaty). The term "calibration" appears in the Treaty associated only with CBMs and On-Site Inspections (OSIs) and has different meanings in each case. For OSI, calibration refers to calibration of the on-site monitoring instruments, whereas, for CBMs, it refers to seismic travel-time corrections for specific paths to improve event location. Calibration of a path is either carried out empirically using known sources or compensated for through earth models. Known sources are called "calibration" or "reference" events and are characterized by information known as ground truth. In practice, the accuracy of the ground truth varies for different types of reference events. Mining explosions or explosions carried out for the express purpose of calibration have the highest degree of accuracy since the location and origin time are known from direct measurement. An example of a calibration event with less accurate ground truth is an earthquake that occurs within a local network with large enough magnitude to be observed regionally. Such events have location accuracy typically less than 5 km. Outside of mining regions and seismically active regions where reference events are plentiful, path calibration will need to be estimated with earth models developed from studies such as seismic refraction experiments. These models will be the result of the integration of all available information and need to be tested-most likely with dedicated calibration experiments-over the region for which they are considered to be valid. Clearly, developing path calibrations is a large effort that requires the cooperation of scientists all over the world. This paper describes preferred
Assessing blood oxygen level–dependent signal variability as a biomarker of brain injury in sport-related concussion

Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury is a complex neurological disorder of significant concern among athletes who play contact sports. Athletes who sustain sport-related concussion typically undergo physical examination and neurocognitive evaluation to determine injury severity and return-to-play status. However, traumatic disruption to neurometabolic processes can occur with minimal detectable anatomic pathology or neurocognitive alteration, increasing the risk that athletes may be cleared for return-to-play during a vulnerable period and receive a repetitive injury. This underscores the need for sensitive functional neuroimaging methods to detect altered cerebral physiology in concussed athletes. The present study compared the efficacy of Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing composite scores and whole-brain measures of blood oxygen level–dependent signal variability for classifying concussion status and predicting concussion symptomatology in healthy, concussed and repetitively concussed athletes, assessing blood oxygen level–dependent signal variability as a potential diagnostic tool for characterizing functional alterations to cerebral physiology and assisting in the detection of sport-related concussion. We observed significant differences in regional blood oxygen level–dependent signal variability measures for concussed athletes but did not observe significant differences in Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing scores of concussed athletes. We further demonstrate that incorporating measures of functional brain alteration alongside Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing scores enhances the sensitivity and specificity of supervised random forest machine learning methods when classifying and predicting concussion status and post-concussion symptoms, suggesting that alterations to cerebrovascular status characterize unique variance that may aid in the detection of sport-related concussion and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. These results indicate that altered blood oxygen level–dependent variability holds promise as a novel neurobiological marker for detecting alterations in cerebral perfusion and neuronal functioning in sport-related concussion, motivating future research to establish and validate clinical assessment protocols that can incorporate advanced neuroimaging methods to characterize altered cerebral physiology following mild traumatic brain injury.
Local Control Model of a Human Ventricular Myocyte: An Exploration of Frequency-Dependent Changes and Calcium Sparks

Calcium (Ca2+) sparks are the elementary events of excitation–contraction coupling, yet they are not explicitly represented in human ventricular myocyte models. A stochastic ventricular cardiomyocyte human model that adapts to intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) dynamics, spark regulation, and frequency-dependent changes in the form of locally controlled Ca2+ release was developed. The 20,000 CRUs in this model are composed of 9 individual LCCs and 49 RyRs that function as couplons. The simulated action potential duration at 1 Hz steady-state pacing is ~0.280 s similar to human ventricular cell recordings. Rate-dependence experiments reveal that APD shortening mechanisms are largely contributed by the L-type calcium channel inactivation, RyR open fraction, and [Ca2+]myo concentrations. The dynamic slow-rapid-slow pacing protocol shows that RyR open probability during high pacing frequency (2.5 Hz) switches to an adapted “nonconducting” form of Ca2+-dependent transition state. The predicted force was also observed to be increased in high pacing, but the SR Ca2+ fractional release was lower due to the smaller difference between diastolic and systolic [Ca2+]SR. Restitution analysis through the S1S2 protocol and increased LCC Ca2+-dependent activation rate show that the duration of LCC opening helps modulate its effects on the APD restitution at different diastolic intervals. Ultimately, a longer duration of calcium sparks was observed in relation to the SR Ca2+ loading at high pacing rates. Overall, this study demonstrates the spontaneous Ca2+ release events and ion channel responses throughout various stimuli.
Novel Design Method for Millimeter-Wave Gap Waveguide Low-Pass Filters Using Advanced Manufacturing Techniques

In this paper, a groove gap waveguide (GGW) low-pass filter is proposed for the first time. Gap waveguide technology represents an interesting alternative as a low-loss, cost-effective, high-performance transmission line and packaging solution for microwave and millimeter-wave systems. This technology may exhibit a frequency behavior similar to rectangular waveguide but with some advantages such as the no need of electrical contact between the upper and lower plates of the GGW, making it an attractive alternative in the design of satellite devices at high frequencies. However, all the previous literature focused on band-pass filters, while design methods for GGW low-pass filters have not been reported. Furthermore, in this paper a new manufacturing approach is proposed and its performance has been compared with traditional methods such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) milling. The new approach relies on the Selective Laser Melting (SLM)-3D printing of the filter followed by a post-processing step, in which it is partially mechanized using CNC milling to improve the surface finish. Measurements of the manufactured prototypes are also included to compare both techniques at millimeter-waves, showing the advantages of the new fabrication method and the excellent agreement with the simulations.
West Nile Virus Lineage 2 in Free-Living Corvus cornix Birds in Poland

The summer temperatures recorded in Poland in 2022 were among the highest in over 30 years and, combined with higher-than-expected rainfall, gave the impression of an almost tropical climate. Such climatic conditions were ideal for the transmission of vector-borne zoonotic diseases such as West Nile fever. In northeastern Poland, in the Mazowieckie region, the Polish event-based surveillance network reported increased fatalities of free-living hooded crows (Corvus corone cornix). West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 was identified for the first time as the etiological agent responsible for the death of the birds. WNV was detected in 17 out of the 99 (17.17%) free-living birds tested in this study. All the WNV-infected dead birds were collected in the same area and were diagnosed in September by the NVRI and confirmed by the EURL for equine diseases, ANSES, in October 2022. Unnaturally high temperatures recorded in Poland in 2022 likely favored the infection and spread of the virus in the avian population. A nationwide alert and awareness raising of blood transfusion centers and hospitals was carried out to prevent human infections by WNV.
Effects of vessels on the surface and vocal behaviour of bottlenose dolphins in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand

Marine mammals in coastal areas are increasingly exposed to boats and noise as nature tourism grows. It is now well known that boat-based tourism has a wide range of detrimental effects on the surface behaviour of cetaceans, although effects on their acoustic behaviour are poorly understood. Measuring these impacts is critical for appropriate management, but translation of research findings into effective management often lags far behind research itself. The impacts of tourism on the endangered population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand, were first studied in 1999, demonstrating behaviour disruption due to boat presence. A code of conduct was implemented in 2008 to mitigate those impacts, establishing guidelines to leave dolphin encounters to chance and restricting vessel traffic in areas of critical habitat. The present study assessed the current impacts of tour boats and the observing research boat on the surface and vocal behaviour of dolphins, and evaluated the effectiveness of management guidelines in reducing interactions. An information-theoretic approach indicated that groups with mother-calf pairs were especially sensitive, showing significantly less cohesion and coordination when tour boats were audible, and were more vocal when boats were close and while moving away, presumably to re-establish group structure. Furthermore, groups with calves increased their whistle rates when tour boats were faster (i.e., louder) while groups without calves became quieter. These results suggest that elevated noise impairs communication and higher repetition rates are used to increase communication success. In a noisy environment, the need for vocal contact when calves are present seems to outweigh the costs of whistling more often. In addition, different whistle modifications were used in response to increased noise levels from tour boats: groups without calves produced longer whistles shifted towards lower frequencies, while groups with calves produced shorter and higher-frequency whistles. Although whistle rates were unaffected by the research vessel, movement patterns and whistle parameters were mildly affected, highlighting the importance of accounting for observer effects in studies of tourism impacts. The extent of dolphin-boat interactions in Doubtful Sound has decreased substantially since the previous study (1999 2002). This decline appears to be in response to the management guidelines established in 2008, showing that science-based management can mitigate potential long-term impacts of tourism. Nevertheless, because the Doubtful Sound population is small and has a history of low calf survival, and because groups with calves are particularly vulnerable to boats, it is crucial to further minimise current anthropogenic impacts. The present study provides recommendations for improving current management.