Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supporting the 75%: overcoming barriers after breastfeeding initiation.

There are many challenges to adequately supporting breastfeeding mothers in the primary care setting. Herein I will address: (1) what we mean by support; (2) the gap between initiation and duration that we hope to impact; (3) why women do not meet their goals and describe findings from our study on breastfeeding problems and cessation; (4) outline the challenges to support breastfeeding in primary care; and (5) briefly review the evidence around primary care interventions. We often talk about protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding. I was intrigued to find that essentially all of the definitions of support1 apply. The first unfortunately applies too often to the status quo—as women bravely endure breastfeeding problems without enough other support. To maintain a desired level or keep something going could apply at either the individual or the public health level. To assist or help is primarily the focus of my talk, with emphasis on the clinical setting. But financial (to pay the costs of) and moral (to keep from yielding) support is also necessary. According to the 2007 National Immunization Survey, 75% of infants born in our country are ever breastfed.2 The mothers of these infants, the 75% of women who initiate breastfeeding, are the current focus. By 6 months, greater than 40% of mothers who initiate—almost one in two—are no longer breastfeeding, and by 12 months, almost three out of four have stopped. The 2020 goal is to increase the breastfeeding rate at 6 months to 60.5%, which represents a decrease to about one in four of the 81.9% targeted initiation rate stopping this early.3 We would of course like to also support breastfeeding exclusivity among the initiators, and the 44.3% exclusive breastfeeding target at 3 months represents an increase from around 45% to about 55% of initiators. We can see that supporting women who initiate breastfeeding to do so more exclusively and for longer is where the 2020 goals focus—more than on increasing initiation rates. So what are the barriers for breastfeeding mothers? We are familiar with many. For example, the recent retrospective study of Haughton et al.4 of 162 Connecticut Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants reported that breastfeeding duration was related to whether the pregnancy was planned as well as the mothers' age and length of time residing in the United States. The most common reasons for stopping breastfeeding were age of the child, work, sore nipples (as we might expect, more common among those stopping earlier), breast refusal, lack of access to breast pumps, and free formula provided by WIC. A couple of these reasons suggest intent is relevant to duration: The planned pregnancy and weaning because of the child's age. The latter suggests the mothers had reached their intended breastfeeding duration. We wanted to know more about barriers that prevented mothers from reaching their intended breastfeeding duration and therefore studied early lactation success prospectively.
Routine Evaluation Conducted on Registered Drugs (RECORD) – Experience of Glimepiride Oral Tablet in Treatment of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective Patients were observed for improvement of diabetic symptoms and/or laboratory parameters in the form of improved RBS, FBS, 2 hr postprandial (PP) reduction rate in blood sugar, HbA1c reduction rate, or improvement in lipid profile. Patients were also assessed for the level of diabetes education they had received. Methods Three visits were scheduled for each patient, Baseline visit (visit 1), visit 2 (at 3 months from baseline), and visit 3 (at 6 months from baseline), during which observational data were collected; including patients demographics, diabetes/anti-diabetics history, symptoms & signs of diabetes, diabetes education, concomitant diseases, vital signs, HbA1c, FBG, 2 hrpostprandial & RBG values, lipid profile & creatinine (baseline visit). Changes to anti-diabetic therapy, HbA1c, FBG, 2 hr-postprandial & RBG values were evaluated at 3 & 6 months (visit 2 & 3). Lipid profile and creatinine were evaluated at 6 months. Results: The RECORD study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the baseline mean RBS level (from 275±86 to 162±43 mg/dl), FBS level (201±60 to 128±32 mg/dl), 2-hr postprandial blood glucose level (282±80 to 172±46 mg/dl) and HbA1c percentage (9.4±2 to 7.4±1.5 %) at the study endpoint (6 months duration), p value < 0.001 after a mean glimepiride daily dose of 2.36 ± 1.04 mg. Diabetic symptoms, especially; polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, numbness/tingling, burning sensation, and visual disorders showed significant improvements throughout the study duration. Glimepiride was well tolerated by the study population, and adverse events (AEs) were reported in 22 (1.35%) patients. All AEs were mild to moderate in intensity, none were serious and all AEs recovered without any sequelae. AEs included headache (8 patients), nausea (5 patients), dizziness (4 patients), diarrhea (3 patients) and hypoglycemia (2 patients). There was no causal relationship of the AEs to the study medication except in 2 patients who experienced hypoglycemia (one graded as mild and the other as moderate). Conclusion Glimepiride therapy in type 2 diabetic patients, showed safe and significant reduction in blood glucose parameters including HbA1c values, with significant improvements in diabetes symptoms over 6 month duration; demonstrating high effectiveness and tolerability among study population. [Ayda Wassfy. Routine Evaluation Conducted on Registered Drugs (RECORD) – Experience of Glimepiride Oral Tablet in Treatment of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life Sci J 2012;9(4):2127-2134] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 317
Discovering Madeira: a case study of cultural probes

This paper describes a case study of using Cultural Probes in an early stage of a 'research-through-design' project aiming at innovations in social media. We discuss our rationale and process of designing the cultural probes, along with the method developed for interpreting the responses. Finally, we present some of the insights gathered and how these lead to ideation.
Ecology of Avian Influenza Virus in Birds

Abstract Avian influenza A virus (an orthomyxovirus) is a zoonotic pathogen with a natural reservoir entirely in birds. The influenza virus genome is an 8-segment single-stranded RNA with high potential for in situ recombination. Two segments code for the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens used for host-cell entry. At present, 16 H and 9 N subtypes are known, for a total of 144 possible different influenza subtypes, each with potentially different host susceptibility. With >10,000 species of birds found in nearly every terrestrial and aquatic habitat, there are few places on earth where birds cannot be found. The avian immune system differs from that of humans in several important features, including asynchronous B and T lymphocyte systems and a polymorphic multigene immune complex, but little is known about the immunogenetics of pathogenic response. Postbreeding dispersal and migration and a naturally high degree of environmental vagility mean that wild birds have the potential to be vectors that transmit highly pathogenic variants great distances from the original sources of infection.
Fast dual-radio cross-layer handoffs in multi-hop infrastructure-mode 802.11 Wireless Networks for in-vehicle multimedia infotainment

Minimizing handoff latency and achieving near-zero packet loss is critical for delivering multimedia infotainment applications to fast-moving vehicles that are likely to encounter frequent handoffs. In this paper, we propose a dual-radio cross-layer handoff scheme for infrastructure-mode 802.11 Wireless Networks that achieve this goal. We present performance results of an implementation of our algorithm in a Linux-based on-board-unit prototype.
Multiscale Modeling of Microstructure‐Property Relationships of Polycrystalline Metals during Thermo‐Mechanical Deformation

The plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals is primarily carried by the crystallographic glide of dislocations and growth of deformation twins. According to the thermodynamic theory of slip, dislocation motion is thermally activated, while deformation twinning is an athermal process. Dislocations must overcome barriers in order to move, while twins must relax the stored energy while growing. These concepts define the critical activation stresses on a slip or twin crystallographic system and how they evolve with plastic strain. This article reviews recent advances in the development of a model for the critical activation stresses for thermally activated glide and the expansion of deformation twins, its implementation into polycrystal plasticity models, and several applications for predicting the constitutive response of polycrystalline metals. Calculations are performed for a range of polycrystalline metals differing in microstructural complexity and crystal structure. These examples include face‐centered cubic AA6022‐T4, IN718, Haynes 25, and pure Cu, body‐centered cubic Nb, Ta, Ta‐10W, and steel DP590, hexagonal close‐packed pure Be, pure Zr, pure Ti, AZ31, Mg4Li, and orthorhombic U. Excellent agreement with experimental measurement are demonstrated in terms of texture, stress–strain response, and geometrical changes in the samples during deformation for all these metals.
Information Security Policy Compliance: A Broad-based Literature Review and a Theoretical Framework

Despite a plethora of studies in the field of information security and a vast pool of measures to mitigate insider threats, risks still exist especially with the challenging environment information security practitioners experience due to noncompliance with information security policies. Employee’s noncompliance is made even worse since third parties contracted by organizations cannot guarantee that whilst handling their respective information assets, the respective information security managers of the said third party entities will not guarantee information security policy compliance on the other side. Therefore, getting a solution that assists the information security managers handle the “Phantom insiders” in the same way they mitigate internal insider would be ideal. This review steps in to this gap and reviews what has been covered and what still needs to be done, then proposes a future framework for researchers alongside other recommendations for practitioners. We add a dimension to the insider threat meaning to broaden the scope to include employees and stakeholders of third-party entities. We define four thematic areas that can inform future research by grounding our analysis in extant information security policy compliance literature within a span of 15year. We finally propose a framework that will work as a foundation for future information security policy compliance research and practice.
Polluted bootstrap percolation in three dimensions

In the polluted bootstrap percolation model, vertices of the cubic lattice $\mathbb{Z}^3$ are independently declared initially occupied with probability $p$ or closed with probability $q$. Under the standard (respectively, modified) bootstrap rule, a vertex becomes occupied at a subsequent step if it is not closed and it has at least $3$ occupied neighbors (respectively, an occupied neighbor in each coordinate). We study the final density of occupied vertices as $p,q\to 0$. We show that this density converges to $1$ if $q \ll p^3(\log p^{-1})^{-3}$ for both standard and modified rules. Our principal result is a complementary bound with a matching power for the modified model: there exists $C$ such that the final density converges to $0$ if $q > Cp^3$. For the standard model, we establish convergence to $0$ under the stronger condition $q>Cp^2$.
Classification of audio and video traffic over HTTP protocol

A widely use of the Internet introduces various online services such as online game, radio online, music online, TV online and video clips, which communicate over Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). In this work, we aim to classify an audio and a video traffic from normal web traffic to reduce the misuse of bandwidth consumption. We propose a classification method based on flow information. Our classification use a combination of keyword matching technique and statistical behavior profiles. Keywords are pre-defined by observing from both audio and video traffic. Behavior profiles consist of three attributes, which are the average received packet size, a ratio of number of server-client packets, and the flow duration. Each attribute have an independent threshold of mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ). The experimental results show that our method can classify an audio traffic, a video traffic and normal web traffic with a high precision and recall.
Cell polarization defects in early heart development.

See related article, pages 137–145 Planar Cell Polarity defects have been associated with a range of phenotypes in vertebrates, most notably the closure of the neural tube, the orientation of stereociliary bundles in the inner ear, and the orientation of hair and fur. In a new study in this issue of Circulation Research , Phillips and colleagues present data that implicate PCP signaling in the developing mouse heart. Characterized originally as the mechanism governing the polarity of cells in Drosophila , 25 years of genetic and molecular dissection has established Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) as a morphogenetic mechanism in embryonic development that is indispensable for the formation of the body plan. PCP can be defined broadly as a signaling cascade that involves cell/tissue polarity within the plane of the epithelium, which, in Drosophila and to a certain extent in vertebrates, is typically mediated by a small set of “core” proteins. In flies, the best known examples of PCP have been described in relation to the organization of 2 structures: the hexagonal wing cells and their connected hairs, and the omatidia of the compound eye. In each case, the asymmetric distribution of key proteins, such as Strabismus , Prickle , and Flamingo initiates a signaling cascade that passes polarizing information to cells undergoing remodeling.1 In vertebrates, classic examples of PCP events include convergent extension in zebrafish and xenopus, and neural tube closure, stereociliary bundle organization, hair follicle orientation in the skin, and eyelid closure in mammals (see ref. 2 for a recent representative review of the topic; Figure). Notably, PCP studies in vertebrates (primarily mouse and zebrafish) have unveiled a host of PCP proteins, some of which are functionally conserved with the Drosophila PCP pathway, such as members of the Frizzled (Fz) serpentine receptor family and the Disheveled family …
Using the high-risk family design to identify biomarkers for major depression

The familial nature of major depressive disorder (MDD) is now well recognized. We followed children and grandchildren of probands with and without MDD to examine transmission of depression over generations, and to identify early vulnerability markers prior to the onset of disease. The study now includes three generations and five completed assessment waves spanning 25 years, with a sixth wave underway. Beginning with the fourth wave, we collected measures of brain structure (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) and physiology (electroencephalography, EEG) and DNA in order to examine at a biological level why the offspring of depressed parents were at higher risk. In this paper, we provide an overview of the study design, the main findings, including new data, and the role of the high-risk design in translational research. We demonstrate that offspring of depressed parents (‘high-risk’), when compared with those of non-depressed parents (‘low-risk’), were at increased risk for depressive and anxiety disorders, with anxiety appearing earlier and being a predisposing factor for MDD. Offspring with two generations previously affected were at greatest risk. Thinning of the cortical mantle (MRI) and reduced resting-state activity (EEG) within the right parieto-temporal hemisphere differentiated high- from low-risk offspring, regardless of whether the offspring had MDD, suggesting that these measures might serve as familial trait markers for depression and related syndromes. The high- and low-risk offspring also differed by serotonin transporter promoter length polymorphism genotypes, even though the same genotypes were not associated with the presence of MDD. The high-risk epidemiological design appears to be a particularly valuable asset in translational research as it allows targeting of biological processes that emerge prior to the onset of disease, and identifies individuals at high risk for the disorder who may carry the trait or marker but not yet be affected.
The effect of anisotropy on the potential distribution in biological tissue and its impact on nerve excitation simulations

Presents a finite difference solution of the potential distribution associated with electrical current stimulation in an anisotropic in-homogeneous tissue environment and compare it to the isotropic case. The results demonstrate that there can be significant errors associated with the assumption of isotropic tissue properties in calculating the potential distribution along an axon in nerve excitation simulations. These errors can have a significant impact on predicted nerve fiber recruitment patterns when evaluating the efficacy of specific surface or intramuscular stimulus electrode configurations. The results of this study also suggest when a more comprehensive tissue model should be implemented in an electrode design study. Simulation results indicate that the isotropy assumption is worst under bipolar electrode stimulation as opposed to monopolar stimulation and that the bipolar error increases as the distance between electrodes decreases. In light of these results, it is concluded that in order to avoid large errors in the calculated potential distribution along an axon, the isotropy assumption should only be used when the transverse depth from the electrode to the nerve is relatively small.
Passive online rogue access point detection using sequential hypothesis testing with TCP ACK-pairs

Rogue (unauthorized) wireless access points pose serious security threats to local networks. In this paper, we propose two online algorithms to detect rogue access points using sequential hypothesis tests applied to packet-header data collected passively at a monitoring point. One algorithm requires training sets, while the other does not. Both algorithms extend our earlier TCP ACK-pair technique to differentiate wired and wireless LAN TCP traffic, and exploit the fundamental properties of the 802.11 CSMA/CA MAC protocol and the half duplex nature of wireless channels. Our algorithms make prompt decisions as TCP ACK-pairs are observed, and only incur minimum computation and storage overhead. We have built a system for online rogue-access-point detection using these algorithms and deployed it at a university gateway router. Extensive experiments in various scenarios have demonstrated the excellent performance of our approach: the algorithm that requires training provides rapid detection and is extremely accurate (the detection is mostly within 10 seconds, with very low false positive and false negative ratios); the algorithm that does not require training detects 60%-76% of the wireless hosts without any false positives; both algorithms are light-weight (with computation and storage overhead well within the capability of commodity equipment).
Abnormal Intravoxel Cerebral Blood Flow Heterogeneity in Human Ischemic Stroke Determined by Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background and Purpose— The determination of cerebral blood flow heterogeneity (FH) by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) magnetic resonance imaging has recently been proposed as a tool to predict final infarct size in acute stroke. In this study, we describe the evolution of FH during the first week as well as its correlation to the patients’ clinical status. Methods— Ten patients with ischemic stroke were studied with DSC MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging in hyperacute (<6 hours) phase, at 24 hours, and 1 week after symptom onset. In addition to intravoxel FH, cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and contrast agent mean transit time (MTT) were determined from DSC MRI. All patients were evaluated neurologically with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale concurrently with the imaging sessions. Results— All patients showed infarct growth, judged by diffusion-weighted imaging, during the week with simultaneous decrease in the sizes of FH, CBV, CBF, and MTT abnormalities. The FH abnormality was shown to be larger than CBV and CBF abnormalities at the hyperacute phase and 24 hours, but smaller than MTT abnormality in all 3 imaging sessions. The sizes of hyperacute FH, CBV, CBF, and MTT abnormalities correlated well with infarct size at 24 hours and at 1 week. Additionally, FH was the only perfusion parameter that correlated with the clinical score. Conclusions— FH predicts infarct size equally well with the other perfusion parameters but is superior in correlation with the clinical score. FH can easily be incorporated to hyperacute stroke imaging without additional efforts.
What Affects Social Attention? Social Presence, Eye Contact and Autistic Traits

Social understanding is facilitated by effectively attending to other people and the subtle social cues they generate. In order to more fully appreciate the nature of social attention and what drives people to attend to social aspects of the world, one must investigate the factors that influence social attention. This is especially important when attempting to create models of disordered social attention, e.g. a model of social attention in autism. Here we analysed participants' viewing behaviour during one-to-one social interactions with an experimenter. Interactions were conducted either live or via video (social presence manipulation). The participant was asked and then required to answer questions. Experimenter eye-contact was either direct or averted. Additionally, the influence of participant self-reported autistic traits was also investigated. We found that regardless of whether the interaction was conducted live or via a video, participants frequently looked at the experimenter's face, and they did this more often when being asked a question than when answering. Critical differences in social attention between the live and video interactions were also observed. Modifications of experimenter eye contact influenced participants' eye movements in the live interaction only; and increased autistic traits were associated with less looking at the experimenter for video interactions only. We conclude that analysing patterns of eye-movements in response to strictly controlled video stimuli and natural real-world stimuli furthers the field's understanding of the factors that influence social attention.