Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anomaly Detection through Enhanced Sentiment Analysis on Social Media Data

Anomaly detection in sentiment analysis refers to detecting abnormal opinions, sentiment patterns or special temporal aspects of such patterns in a collection of data. The anomalies detected may be due to sudden sentiment changes hidden in large amounts of text. If these anomalies are undetected or poorly managed, the consequences may be severe, e.g. A business whose customers reveal negative sentiments and will no longer support the establishment. Social media platforms, such as Twitter, provide a vast source of information, which includes user feedback, opinion and information on most issues. Many organizations also leverage social media platforms to publish information about events, products, services, policies and other topics frequently. Thus, analyzing social media data to identify abnormal events in a timely manner is a beneficial topic. It will enable the businesses and government organizations to intervene early or adopt proper strategies if needed. However, it is also a challenge due to the diversity and size of social media data. In this study, we survey existing anomaly analysis as well as sentiment analysis methods and analyze their limitations and challenges. To tackle the challenges, an enhanced sentiment classification method is proposed and discussed. We study the possibility of employing the proposed method to perform anomaly detection through sentiment analysis on social media data. We tested the applicability and robustness of the method through sentiment analysis on tweet data. The results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method and provide meaningful insights into this research area.
Human Antibodies to Bacterial Superantigens and Their Ability To Inhibit T-Cell Activation and Lethality

ABSTRACT Bacterial superantigens (BSAgs) cause massive stimulation of the immune system and are associated with various pathologies and diseases. To address the role of antibodies in protection against BSAgs, we screened the sera of 29 human volunteers for antibodies to the SAgs staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC1, and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). Although all volunteers had detectable levels of antibodies against SEB and SEC1, many (9 out of 29 volunteers) lacked detectable antibody to SEA or had minimal titers. Antibody titers to TSST-1 were well below those to SEB and SEC1, and three volunteers lacked detectable antibody to this BSAg. In addition, pooled immunoglobulin preparations obtained from different companies had antibody titers against SEs and TSST-1. There was a good correlation between antibody titers and inhibition of superantigenic effects of these toxins. Transfer of SEB-specific antibodies, obtained from pooled sera, suppressed in vitro T-cell proliferation and totally protected mice against SEB. These data suggest that the inhibitory activity of human sera was specific to antibodies directed against the toxins. Thus, it may be possible to counteract with specific antibodies BSAg-associated pathologies caused by stimulation of the immune system.
Lifted Probabilistic Inference for Asymmetric Graphical Models

Lifted probabilistic inference algorithms have been successfully applied to a large number of symmetric graphical models. Unfortunately, the majority of real-world graphical models is asymmetric. This is even the case for relational representations when evidence is given. Therefore, more recent work in the community moved to making the models symmetric and then applying existing lifted inference algorithms. However, this approach has two shortcomings. First, all existing over-symmetric approximations require a relational representation such as Markov logic networks. Second, the induced symmetries often change the distribution significantly, making the computed probabilities highly biased. We present a framework for probabilistic sampling-based inference that only uses the induced approximate symmetries to propose steps in a Metropolis-Hastings style Markov chain. The framework, therefore, leads to improved probability estimates while remaining unbiased. Experiments demonstrate that the approach outperforms existing MCMC algorithms.
Hi-GAL: The Herschel Infrared Galactic Plane Survey

Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey, is an Open Time Key Project of the Herschel Space Observatory. It will make an unbiased photometric survey of the inner Galactic plane by mapping a 2° wide strip in the longitude range ∣l∣ < 60° in five wavebands between 70 μm and 500 μm. The aim of Hi-GAL is to detect the earliest phases of the formation of molecular clouds and high-mass stars and to use the optimum combination of Herschel wavelength coverage, sensitivity, mapping strategy, and speed to deliver a homogeneous census of star-forming regions and cold structures in the interstellar medium. The resulting representative samples will yield the variation of source temperature, luminosity, mass and age in a wide range of Galactic environments at all scales from massive YSOs in protoclusters to entire spiral arms, providing an evolutionary sequence for the formation of intermediate and high-mass stars. This information is essential to the formulation of a predictive global model of the role of environment and feedback in regulating the star-formation process. Such a model is vital to understanding star formation on galactic scales and in the early universe. Hi-GAL will also provide a science legacy for decades to come with incalculable potential for systematic and serendipitous science in a wide range of astronomical fields, enabling the optimum use of future major facilities such as JWST and ALMA.
Understanding Optimal Outcomes: The Role of Strategy Sequences in Competitive Negotiations.

Using a simulated employment contract negotiation, this study examined the relationship between negotiation strategies and the quality of negotiated outcomes. A log-linear analysis showed that the frequency and sequencing of strategies was systematically related to negotiation outcomes. Impasse negotiations were characterized by the frequent use of contention and sequences that paired similar (either cooperative or competitive) strategies. Settlement was associated with decreased contention and the use of sequences that paired dissimilar strategies. Increasing joint gain was linked to the introduction of priority information and conciliation as well as to changes in the pattern of information exchange: Reciprocal and indirect (positional) information exchange led to low joint gain, whereas reciprocal and direct (priority) information exchange led to high joint gain.
Choosing to Live or Die: Online Narratives of Recovering from Methamphetamine Abuse

ABSTRACT The goal of this study is to explore motivating factors for recovering from methamphetamine abuse. The source of data was 202 anonymous letters and stories submitted to an online support platform for methamphetamine users. Qualitative data were analyzed in Dedoose software using grounded theory methodology. Ten primary motivating factors for recovering from methamphetamine abuse were identified and mapped onto four constructs from the Health Belief Model: (1) perceived susceptibility (learning from others and learning from self); (2) perceived severity (fear of death and declining health); (3) perceived benefits (reconnecting with family, reconnecting with society, and recovering self-esteem); and (4) cues to action (hitting rock bottom, finding God, and becoming pregnant). By using data from an online support group and categorizing emerging themes within a theoretical framework, findings from this study provide a comprehensive understanding of factors involved in recovery from methamphetamine abuse and offer further insights in developing theoretically informed interventions for methamphetamine users. This study suggests the utility of online platforms for obtaining anonymous but unique experiences about drug abuse and recovery. Findings may benefit healthcare professionals, counselors, and researchers by helping to develop theoretically informed interventions for methamphetamine abuse.
What Does the Discursive Paradox Really Mean for Democracy?

Pettit's claim that the discovery of the so-called ‘discursive paradox’ bears important implications for the normative theory of deliberative democracy has been challenged on the ground that there are substantial structural differences between the fora of democratic deliberation and the judicial context in which the paradox first emerged. In this article I defend Pettit's claim against these objections, but I also reject the implications Pettit draws from his discussion of the paradox. Specifically, I argue against one of the key assumptions on which Pettit's discussion rests: that in order to function properly as a guarantee against tyranny deliberation requires consistency. The upshot of the discussion is that the discursive paradox is, indeed, relevant for the theory of deliberative democracy. However, contrary to what Pettit's argument suggests, the discursive paradox is not relevant because it reveals a conflict between deliberation and democracy. Rather, it is relevant because it reveals a conflict between deliberative democracy and the requirement of collective consistency.
Effect of environment on hydrogen bond dynamics in liquid water.

It is generally accepted that the distinctive properties of water can be ascribed to hydrogen bonding [1]. The fundamental dynamical process of the liquid is the making and breaking of hydrogen bonds. This dynamics, however, is far from being completely understood. Experiments such as infrared absorption and Raman scattering [2], depolarized light scattering [3], and inelastic neutron scattering [4] probe hydrogen bond dynamics indirectly and can be interpreted in only a qualitative way [5]. While limited to classical models, the method of molecular dynamics can be used to explore hydrogen bond dynamics at the microscopic level [6]. Factors controlling the dynamics can be determined from trajectory calculations of correlation functions. Different types of hydrogen bond correlation functions, as proposed by Stillinger [7], have been computed for liquid water. Different conclusions for the long time relaxation have been drawn. Some workers conclude this relaxation is purely exponential; others conclude it is nonexponential [8]. In this Letter, we demonstrate that the long time dynamics of a single hydrogen bond in ambient liquid water is indeed characterized by significant nonexponential relaxation, and this complex relaxation is essentially uncorrelated to the specific bonding patterns near the tagged hydrogen bond. Our results are based upon an analysis of a large number of molecular dynamics simulations employing the single point charge (SPC) [9] intermolecular potential model for liquid water. A configurational criterion for whether a particular pair of water molecules is bonded allows the construction of a hydrogen bond population operator, h. It is unity when the particular tagged pair of molecules is hydrogen bonded, according to the adopted definition [10], and is zero otherwise. Two water molecules are chosen as being hydrogen bonded only if their interoxygen distance is less than 3.5 A, and simultaneously the O—H . O angle is less than 30± [11]. The average number of hydrogen bonds in an equilibrium of N water molecules is 12 NsN 2 1d khl, where khl denotes the time average of h. In the dynamical equilibrium of liquid water, the hydrogen bond population operator fluctuates in time. These fluctuations are characterized by the correlation function cstd ­ khs0dhstdlykhl . (1)
Turing Indistinguishability and the Blind Watchmaker

Many special problems crop up when evolutionary theory turns, quite naturally, to the question of the adaptive value and causal role of consciousness in human and nonhuman organisms. One problem is that -- unless we are to be dualists, treating it as an independent nonphysical force -- consciousness could not have had an independent adaptive function of its own, over and above whatever behavioral and physiological functions it "supervenes" on, because evolution is completely blind to the difference between a conscious organism and a functionally equivalent (Turing Indistinguishable) nonconscious "Zombie" organism: In other words, the Blind Watchmaker, a functionalist if ever there was one, is no more a mind reader than we are. Hence Turing-Indistinguishability = Darwin-Indistinguishability. It by no means follows from this, however, that human behavior is therefore to be explained only by the push-pull dynamics of Zombie determinism, as dictated by calculations of "inclusive fitness" and "evolutionarily stable strategies. " We are conscious, and, more important, that consciousness is piggy-backing somehow on the vast complex of unobservable internal activity -- call it "cognition" -- that is really responsible for generating all of our behavioral capacities. Hence, except in the palpable presence of the irrational (e.g., our sexual urges) where distal Darwinian factors still have some proximal sway, it is as sensible to seek a Darwinian rather than a cognitive explanation for most of our current behavior as it is to seek a cosmological rather than an engineering explanation of an automobile's behavior. Let evolutionary theory explain what shaped our cognitive capacity (Steklis & Harnad 1976; Harnad 1996, but let cognitive theory explain our resulting behavior.
Application of the theory of the viscosity solutions to the Shape From Shading problem

``Shape From Shading'' is considered as an ill-posed problem which is therefore difficult to solve. In order to understand the difficulty of this problem and to design reliable and relevant solutions, we propose a rigorous approach based on the notion of viscosity solutions. In particular, we systematically prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution; if necessary (when uniqueness does not hold) we characterize the solutions. We also demonstrate the convergence of our algorithms. After having considered and fully exploited the (partial differential) equations provided by the classical modeling of the Shape From Shading problem, we propose and study some new equations arising from modelings which are more realistic than the ones considered in the Shape From Shading literature. In particular, this allows us to demonstrate that, with more realistic modelings, the Shape From Shading problem is generally well-posed. In effect, we prove that the classical version of the Shape From Shading problem is ill-posed because of an over-simplification in the modeling. In this work, we also propose an extension of the notion of the singular viscosity solutions developed recently by Camilli and Siconolfi. This extension allows to propose a new characterization of the discontinuous viscosity solutions. This new mathematical framework also allows to unify the various theoretical results that have been obtained in the Shape From Shading area.
The Demography of Ethnic Conflict

Political demography, the study of how population change affects politics, has risen up the list of academic priorities in recent years as population growth rates between and within states have increasingly diverged (Goldstone, 2010; Goldstone et al., 2011, introduction). Its subfield of differential ethnic population growth—through varying birth, migration or death rates—has been greatly understudied, with a few exceptions (i.e. Weiner & Teitelbaum, 2001). Global population shifts from North to South are not the only reason for renewed interest: demography has also come knocking because it gains power in an age of mass politics. The Arab Spring reminds us that the story of democratization is ongoing. Democratization transfers power from demographic minorities to majorities. Dominant minorities such as the Sunnis of Iraq and Bahrain or Syria’s Alawis—as with the Austro-Germans in the Habsburg Empire of 1914—can no longer legitimize their rule (Kaufmann & Haklai, 2008). This, of course, gives rise, in many postcolonial states, to what Donald Horowitz has described as the numbers game of ethnic politics. As the socialist, Arabist and Pan-Africanist ideas of the Cold War, which once papered over ethnic cracks, disappear, states begin to fracture along ethnic lines. ‘Winning the census’ and the quest to dominate numerically come to the fore (Horowitz, 1985, pp. 194–196, 262–265; Bookman, 1997). Yet demography is not destiny. It typically acts as a conditioning factor, building up pressure that may lead to conflict, but only if other forces are also in play. In Northern Ireland, as I show, the demographic decline of Northern Ireland’s Protestant majority did not lead directly to violence against the rising Catholic population, except in a few delimited areas. Ethnic change was framed by Protestants as a threat, but mediated in important ways by the social and political context of Northern Ireland. Even so, population change can be fingered as a driver of the repressive measures that fanned grievances which encouraged IRA violence. On the other hand, in other Western societies, rapid ethnic changes that have occurred as a result of immigration have not led to large-scale conflict. Ethnopolitics, Vol. 10, Nos. 3–4, 367–368, September–November 2011
The Numerical Psychology of Performance Information: Implications for Citizens, Managers, and Policymakers

ABSTRACT Performance information attaches numbers to the inputs, outputs, and outcomes of public services. Numbers are what separate performance information from other sources of information about public sector performance. In cognitive and social psychology, there are vast amounts of research on the profound effects of numbers on human attitudes and behavior, but these insights are largely unexplored by scholars of performance information. This article introduces the importance of numerical psychology for the study of performance information, pointing out how numerical research both challenges existing beliefs about performance information and allows for the formulation of new hypotheses. These insights are relevant to all levels of study, including citizens, managers, and policymakers.
Street Youth Violence And Victimization

The article reviews the literature surrounding street youth violence and victimization. It examines the role backgrounds of physical and sexual victimization play in street youth[#x2019]s taking to the street and their link to violent behaviors once there. It reveals that violent home experiences educate street youth to use force to settle disputes and provide cultural rules that support violence. On the street, these rules are broadened and reinforced by poverty, the threat of victimization, violent peers, and immersion in an environment where violence is the favored method of dispute resolution. These home and street experiences also serve to increase the risk of violent victimization on the street. These youth[#x2019]s risky lifestyles, deviant subsistence strategies, deviant peers, and involvement in violence all serve to increase the likelihood of sexual and physical victimization. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Selective cleavage of nuclear autoantigens during CD95 (Fas/APO-1)- mediated T cell apoptosis

Intracellular proteases appear to be important mediators of apoptosis. Substrates cleaved by proteases during apoptosis include nuclear autoantigens targeted in systemic autoimmune diseases. Using human autoantibodies as probes, we demonstrate here that T cell apoptosis mediated by CD95 (Fas/APO-1) is associated with substantial cleavage of a subset of nuclear autoantigens (7 of 33 examined). This subset included poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, the 70-kD protein of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle, lamin B, the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein NuMA, DNA topoisomerases I and II, and the RNA polymerase I upstream binding factor UBF. Several of the cleaved autoantigens are involved in ensuring the integrity and proper conformation of DNA in the nucleus through interactions with the nuclear matrix, suggesting the possibility that their cleavage may contribute to the collapse of nuclear structure during apoptosis. The relative cleavage kinetics indicated that the autoantigens were targeted at various times after induction of apoptosis, suggesting either differential accessibility or activation of distinct proteases during the cell death process. These data reinforce the hypothesis that apoptosis is accompanied by selective cleavage of key substrates and not by a generalized degradation of intracellular material.
Humoral and cellular immunity to varicella-zoster virus: an overview.

Under conditions of naturally acquired primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, the first response of the naive host is mediated by the innate immune system through antiviral cytokines and the activation of NK cells [1]. These responses are likely to be important for the initial control of VZV at mucosal sites of inoculation and to trigger the induction and amplification of adaptive, VZV-specific immunity. NK cells can lyse VZV-infected targets [2], and activated NK cells are a major source of interferon (IFN)–g production, which enhances the clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells. IFN-a inhibits VZV replication in vitro, and treatment with exogenous type I IFN-a reduced the severity of varicella in immunocompromised children with varicella [3]. In addition, VZV replication in skin is associated with extensive production of IFN-a by adjacent uninfected epidermal cells in the SCIDhu model of VZV pathogenesis; blocking this IFN-a response caused a dramatic increase in VZV spread in skin [4]. Innate mechanisms of immune control have the capacity to maintain the host-virus equilibrium, despite the VZV immune evasion strategies that inhibit both class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mechanisms for antigen presentation to T cells while the virus is being transferred to skin and in early stages of cutaneous infection [4–6]. These strategies
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a relatively rare, chronic form of ocular allergy that can cause severe visual complications. It is most often seen in male persons up to 25 years of age, after which time symptoms tend to resolve. VKC sufferers generally reside in warmer, arid, windy climates and have a family history of atopic disorders. VKC usually appears seasonally but can be perennial. VKC is an IgEand Th2-mediated allergic reaction with additional, not well-defined, perhaps nonspecific hypersensitivity responses. The pathogenesis involves a variety of factors, including environmental allergens, climate, and genetic predisposition. Understanding and treating VKC has been a challenge for ophthalmologists, since the pathogenesis is unclear and antiallergic therapy often is unsuccessful. Cytological, biohumoral, immunohistological, and molecular biological studies indicate that VKC is a Th2 lymphocyte-mediated disease. Mast cells and eosinophils and their mediators play major roles in the clinical manifestation of VKC. In addition to typical Th2-derived cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, other cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and enzymes are overexpressed in the conjunctiva of VKC patients. Tissueremodeling reactions, such as giant papillae formation, extensive fibrovascular proliferations invading the peripheral cornea, and various degrees of superficial corneal opacification, are further consequences of chronic inflammation. Many elements contribute to this dramatic response, including epithelial changes, connective tissue deposition, edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and glandular hypertrophy. The disease may present in two clinical forms, tarsal VKC and limbal VKC. However, the combination of the two in the same patients is not unusual. Large papillae of different shape and size, usually greater than 1 mm in diameter, on the upper tarsal conjunctiva characterize the tarsal form, while Trantas’ dots and infiltrates on the limbus are typical of the