Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A mid to late Holocene readvance of the Law Dome ice margin, Budd Coast, East Antarctica

Glacial geological studies on the Windmill Islands and along the Budd Coast at the margin of the Law Dome, East Antarctica, indicate that the glacial extent of Law Dome has fluctuated during the Holocene. The morphology and structural geology of the present ice margin and Løken Moraines indicate that Law Dome has readvanced over part of the Windmill Islands since the culmination of the post-glacial retreat. Sedimentological and geochemical analyses show that Løken Moraines comprise reworked proglacial and coastal marine sediments and ice, which supports the morphological and structural evidence for a readvance. A chronology for the readvance is produced from relative lichenometry of Løken Moraines and coastal nunataks in conjunction with 14C radiocarbon dates from the proglacial and coastal zones. The combined glaciological and geological evidence suggests that the readvance occurred after c. 4000 yr BP in response to a positive mass balance on Law Dome during the Holocene.
Structural and tectonic evolution of the Humber Zone, western Newfoundland, 1. Implications of balan

The Appalachian structural front in western Newfoundland, which is principally a submarine feature that comes ashore on Port au Port Peninsula, is interpreted to be a structural triangle zone, or tectonic wedge. Rocks within the triangle zone, which are therefore transported, include the Taconian (Middle Ordovician) Humber Arm Allochthon, Taconian foreland clastic sediments, and the Cambro-Ordovician platform succession. The transported clastic sediments and platformal rocks, as well as structurally involved Grenville crystalline basement exposed east of the peninsula, compose the Acadian (Siluro-Devonian) Port au Port Allochthon, which carried the Humber Arm Allochthon as a high structural slice; Acadian transport of tens of kilometers westward is suggested. This interpretation contrasts markedly with the traditional and widely accepted interpretation of the Taconian and Acadian orogenies in western Newfoundland. Here we reinforce our earlier arguments for an allochthonous interpretation by presenting a series of six closely spaced, balanced cross sections across the Port au Port Peninsula. These sections illustrate our interpretation of complex and noncylindrical structures within the triangle zone, as well as the envisioned structural linkage between exposures on Port au Port Peninsula and the geometry of the triangle zone interpreted from offshore seismic data 23 km along strike to the northeast. The southeast vergent Tea Cove thrust, which formed an early upper detachment to the triangle zone, is offset and overturned by the north-northwest vergent Round Head thrust. The Round Head thrust is interpreted to flatten into a second southeast vergent thrust, the Red Brook detachment, which formed a late upper detachment to the triangle zone. Some map-scale structures are interpreted as fault-bend folds above oblique ramps on the Red Brook detachment. Allochthonous crystalline basement within the triangle zone, beneath its attached platformal cover, is interpreted as a result of thrust reactivation of a preexisting basement-cutting normal fault, which may have formed during rifting of the early Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean. This interpretation is suggested by the stratigraphy and geometry of spatially restricted coarse conglomeratic units on Port au Port Peninsula, and is supported by the restored cross sections.
Body Weight Outcomes and Food Expenditures Among Older Europeans: A simultaneous equation approach

We analyze the inter-relationships between body weight outcomes and food expenditures among older Europeans using a simultaneous equation model. Several statistical tests were conducted to assess endogeneity of selected variables, the exogeneity, relevance, and validity of instruments used, and the identification of the model. Our results generally suggest, contrary to normative views, that food-away-from-home expenditure is negatively related to body mass index (BMI). BMI is negatively related to the percentage of food spent away from home.
Research Note: Overpressure prediction from C‐wave seismic data

Recently, mode converted shear waves (C‐waves) have been shown to enable overpressure prediction in media where primary wave acquisition is inhibited by gas and fluid effects – C‐wave moveout is analysed and a long standing relationship between differential stress and primary‐wave (P‐wave) velocity is modified and employed. Though pore‐pressure prediction based on C‐waves is supported by empirical evidence from laboratory and field experiments, a theoretical justification has yet to be developed. In this research note, we provide a supporting algebra for the original relationship between pore pressure and C‐wave velocity.
Local perceptions of forest, conservation and logging in Papua New Guinea

The future of Papua New Guinea's (PNG) extensive forests is of some concern. Local communities may readily sell logging rights to timber companies to fund elusive ‘development’. Alternatively, they may hold the key to forest conservation. It may be possible, if landowners have some notion of managing forest resources, to build on these practices. But according to some commentators they traditionally lack a conservation ethic. In order to advise on forest policy, it is necessary to try and gauge the practices, attitudes and ideas of local people. This accords with current participatory development approaches to consult ‘grassroots’ opinion, as in indigenous knowledge (IK) research, which aims to facilitate interventions by promoting partnership and an awareness of local perspectives. It is indisputable that local people will be well qualified to define problems, and will be ‘experts’ on their forests. The difficulties encountered in formulating generalisations applicable on a large scale present a barrier to IK informing policy, as in the management of logging and promotion of forest conservation. The short-termism of development, politically driven for immediate returns, presents further problems. We need to evolve methods and formulate principles that will allow some reliable local inputs into policy debates. One way to assess local knowledge and aspirations quickly on a nation-wide level is to use surveys. This paper will discuss a rural community survey conducted in PNG to ascertain peoples’ attitudes to forestry, logging and conservation, and inform policy debates. But a survey is a relatively blunt instrument for assessing the subtleties of IK, having well rehearsed drawbacks. It also glosses over contentious political issues. But what more effective way is there of assessing understanding and ideas widely at the grass-roots in a short time frame?
Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography

Recent global travel time tomography studies by Zhou [1996] and van der Hilst et al. [1997] have been performed with cell parameterizations of the order of those frequently used in regional tomography studies (i.e., with cell sizes of 1°–2°). These new global models constitute a considerable improvement over previous results that were obtained with rather coarse parameterizations (5° cells). The inferred structures are, however, of larger scale than is usually obtained in regional models, and it is not clear where and if individual cells are actually resolved. This study aims at resolving lateral heterogeneity on scales as small as 0.6° in the upper mantle and 1.2°–3° in the lower mantle. This allows for the adequate mapping of expected small-scale structures induced by, for example, lithosphere subduction, deep mantle upwellings, and mid-ocean ridges. There are three major contributions that allow for this advancement. First, we employ an irregular grid of nonoverlapping cells adapted to the heterogeneous sampling of the Earth's mantle by seismic waves [Spakman and Bijwaard, 1998]. Second, we exploit the global data set of Engdahl et al. [1998], which is a reprocessed version of the global data set of the International Seismological Centre. Their reprocessing included hypocenter redetermination and phase reidentification. Finally, we combine all data used (P, pP, and pwP phases) into nearly 5 million ray bundles with a limited spatial extent such that averaging over large mantle volumes is prevented while the signal-to-noise ratio is improved. In the approximate solution of the huge inverse problem we obtain a variance reduction of 57.1%. Synthetic sensitivity tests indicate horizontal resolution on the scale of the smallest cells (0.6° or 1.2°) in the shallow parts of subduction zones decreasing to approximately 2°–3° resolution in well-sampled regions in the lower mantle. Vertical resolution can be worse (up to several hundreds of kilometers) in subduction zones with rays predominantly pointing along dip. Important features of the solution are as follows: 100–200 km thick high-velocity slabs beneath all major subduction zones, sometimes flattening in the transition zone and sometimes directly penetrating into the lower mantle; large high-velocity anomalies in the lower mantle that have been attributed to subduction of the Tethys ocean and the Farallon plate; and low-velocity anomalies continuing across the 660 km discontinuity to hotspots at the surface under Iceland, east Africa, the Canary Islands, Yellowstone, and the Society Islands. Our findings corroborate that the 660 km boundary may resist but not prevent (present day) large-scale mass transfer from upper to lower mantle or vice versa. This observation confirms the results of previous, global mantle studies that employed coarser parameterizations.
Electromagnetic induction effects by the solar quiet magnetic field at satellite altitude

We show that magnetic fields induced by a near‐earth ionospheric source can produce, at a satellite altitude of 400 km, an induced magnetic anomaly field with an amplitude of 2–3 nT at dawn and dusk local times and 3–4 nT at noon local time. Our results are based on an earth model which has an upper 4 km thick shell with a laterally varying electrical conductivity representing the distribution of continents and oceans. The upper shell overlies a one‐dimensional mantle with a radially varying electrical conductivity. In some regions, the induced anomaly field does not change sign between dawn and dusk and appears static when sampled by a satellite such as MAGSAT. This induced anomaly field could explain some of the weak oceanic static anomalies observed in satellite global magnetic anomaly maps.
Perspective on the economic evaluation of deep brain stimulation

This perspective article will begin by introducing the key cost and outcome components relevant to DBS and this will be followed by specific topics of methodological importance in the DBS area related to both costs and benefits. Finally, a discussion will be based around the key economic factors that will influence the cost-effectiveness of DBS as well as the theoretical and methodo-logical challenges to using a broad evaluation perspective, with particular reference to the importance of measuring outcomes in the DBS area. A detailed comparison of patient resource utilization and costs of all aspects of DBS surgery and its comparator is crucial in any evaluation of DBS. Ideally such data will come from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) or other rigorous design. Resource use data in DBS are typically related to the resources outlined in Table 1. hospiTal sTay In DBS it is predicted that the duration of hospital stay for the DBS surgery and any related subsequent events and adverse events related to the surgery such as infections will be a significant key cost driver of the total cost. It is therefore important to identify hospital stay in the economic evaluation as accurately as possible.
Atlas of the pteridological knowledge of Abruzzo (Central Italy)

Summary Using the records filed in the database of the vascular flora of Abruzzo, we have advanced and updated the distributional data of the pteridological flora. With the aim to provide useful aspects for the planning and management of the regional diversity, a complete list of 61 taxa, including an additional list of all the accounted records and distributional maps of the pteridological knowledge, has been presented. The considered pteridological flora is constituted by 2 very common taxa (CC), 22 common taxa (C), 8 less common taxa (LC), 3 rare taxa (R), 7 very rare taxa (RR) and 6 taxa reported as doubtful (D). Moreover, 8 taxa are not recently confirmed (NC), 2 are extincted (EX) and 3 are counted out (NP) of the regional pteridological flora. The Fucino plain and the hill and rural sectors of the Pescara and Chieti provinces have been reported as geographical lacks of pteridological knowledges. Instead, Laga Mountains have been evaluated as regional pteridological high-interest site, due to the presence of an high percentage of rare and very rare pteridological taxa.
Effect of water on the rheology of experimentally deformed quartzite

Empirical flow laws have been determined for Simpson quartzite samples deformed to mechanical steady state in the α-quartz stability field using Griggs-Blacic solid-medium deformation apparatus. Experiments were conducted on samples both as received (“dry”) and with water added via the dehydration of a talc confining medium (“wet”). Best fits of the power law type yield a stress exponent of 2.72±0.19, an activation enthalpy of 134±32 kJ mol−1, and a preexponential constant of 1.16 [+1.15, −0.58] × 10−7 MPa−2.72 s−1 for the dry quartzite law; and are 2.61±0.15, 145±17 kJ mol−1, and 5.05 [±5.00] × 10−6 MPa−2.61 s−1 for the wet quartzite. The enhanced hydrolytic weakening of the wet experiments appears to affect the flow laws mostly in the preexponential constants, possibly as a defect concentration term that is higher in the wet than in the dry law. Over the range of experimental conditions (750°–900°C, 10−7 to 10−4 s−1, and 1.0–1.25 GPa confining pressure), dry specimens are 1.5–2.5 times stronger than wet samples deformed at the same conditions. The microstructures produced are analogous to those observed in many natural quartz tectonites. Recrystallization is well developed in the wet but not the dry specimens. At flow stresses below 500 MPa, microstructures indicative of recovery are well developed. A comparison of our creep activation enthalpies with those determined from diffusion experiments are consistent with deformation of wet Simpson quartzite that is limited by oxygen self-diffusion. Inconsistencies between the present study and previous studies are probably the result of differences in sample material, sample treatment, and sample assemblies (chemical environment).
Crustal structure in the Pakistan Himalaya from teleseismic receiver functions

Subsurface structure in the Pakistan Himalaya is poorly known despite its geological importance in understanding the trend and growth of the Himalaya. In this paper, we compute receiver functions from a broadband seismic network in northern Pakistan and construct crustal structure beneath the stations. P to S converted phases at the Moho are clearly observed on stacked receiver functions. We model the conversions from the Moho and shallower interfaces using the trial and error method. Assuming a Vp/Vs ratio of 1.75, the modeled crustal thickness is 52–53 km in the Peshawar Basin, 55–62 km in the Lesser Himalaya, and 65–76 km in the Higher Himalaya. The variation of the Moho depth correlates well with surface topography, indicating an Airy type of isostasy in the Pakistan Himalaya. A large negative phase before the Moho conversion is consistently observed at all three stations to the north of the India‐Asia suture, which is best modeled by a low velocity layer in the lower crust. The slow lower crust is likely caused by partial melt resulted from crust thickening. Volatile in the crust of the Kohistan island arc and the subduction and melting of the Indian upper crust may also contribute to the low velocity layer. Like the weak middle‐lower crust in Tibet, this slow lower crust probably has an important role in the formation and growth of the western Himalaya.
Absorption cross sections for water vapor from 183 to 193 nm

Absorption cross sections for water vapor at 184.9 nm were measured using a standard low‐pressure mercury lamp light source, optically filtered to isolate the spectral region near the emission line. The light from the source was detected using a solar‐blind phototube. Experiments were performed over a wide range of water column amounts, using neat water vapor and water vapor/nitrogen mixtures, with four methods to determine the water vapor concentration in the cell. Absorption cross sections were measured between 0 and 80°C. The results from these experiments yield a cross section of 7.14 (± 0.2) × 10−20 cm² molecule−1 at 25°C with a small positive temperature dependence (about 4% between 0 and 80°C). This result is about 30% greater than current recommendations. The absorption spectrum was also measured at discrete wavelengths between 183 and 193 nm using a scanning double monochromator system. The cross section of deuterated water vapor was determined at 184.9 nm. The implications of the changes in the H2O cross section for the calibration of atmospheric OH and HO2 measurements using the 184.9 nm photolysis of water vapor are discussed.
Descending ion layer property in the Gadanki radar observations of 150 km echoes and its implication to the echoing phenomenon

[1] Gadanki radar observations of the daytime 150 km echoes displaying descending features, resembling the descending ion layer behavior, are presented. The descending pattern is intriguing since it indicates the possible role of density gradient associated with the ion layer in generating the irregularities responsible for 150 km radar echoes, not envisioned before. Unusually strong SNR and narrow spectral features of these echoes clearly indicate the role of sharp density gradients in the echoing process. Given the fact that Gadanki is located at magnetically low latitude, it is argued that these descending echoing layers are produced by interchange instability on the gradient of daytime descending ion layer formed by meridional wind shear associated with tidal/gravity waves quite similar to that observed during nighttime. The observations reported here are first of its kind illustrating the role of density gradient layers and are important in furthering our understanding on the puzzling 150 km echoing phenomenon.
Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model

Global-scale emissions of carbonaceous aerosol from fossil fuel usage have been calculated with a resolution of 1° × 1°. Emission factors for black and organic carbon have been gathered from the literature and applied to domestic, transport, and industrial combustion of various fuel types. In addition, allowance has been made for the level of development when calculating emissions from a country. Emissions have been calculated for 185 countries for the domestic, industrial, and transport sectors using a fuel usage database published by the United Nations [1993]. Some inconsistencies were found for a small number of countries with regard to the distribution of fuel usage between the industrial and domestic sectors. Care has been taken to correct for this using data from the fuel use database for the period 1970–1990. Emissions based on total particulate matter (TPM) and submicron emission factors have been calculated. Global emissions for 1984 of black carbon total 6.4 TgC yr−1 and organic carbon emissions of 10.1 TgC yr−1 were found using bulk aerosol emission factors, while global black carbon emissions of 5.1 TgC yr−1 and organic carbon emissions of 7.0 TgC yr−1 were found using submicron emission factors. Use of the database is quite flexible and can be easily updated as emission factor data are updated. There is at least a factor of 2 uncertainty in the derived emissions due to the lack of exactly appropriate emission data. The emission fields have been introduced into the ECHAM4 atmospheric general circulation model and run for 5 model years. Monthly mean model results are compared to measurements in regions influenced by anthropogenic fossil fuel emissions. The resultant aerosol fields have been used to calculate the instantaneous solar radiative forcing at the top of the troposphere due to an external mixture of fossil fuel derived black carbon and organic carbon aerosol. Column burdens of 0.143 mgBC m−2 and 0.170 mgOC m−2 were calculated. Because of secondary production of organic carbon aerosol, it is recommended that the burden of organic carbon aerosol be doubled to 0.341 mgOC m−2. The resultant forcing when clouds are included is +0.173 W m−2 for black carbon and −0.024 W m−2 for organic carbon (×2) as a global annual average. The results are compared to previous works, and the differences are discussed.
Groundwater Models for Resources Analysis and Management

General Model Assessment. A Comparison of Model and Parameter Uncertainties in Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport Predictions. A Statistical Discussion of Model Error in the Use of the Advection-Dispersion Equation. Model Testing: A Functionality Analysis, Performance Evaluation, and Applicability Assessment Protocol. The Value of Postaudits in Groundwater Model Applications. Groundwater Modeling in the 21st Century. Needs for the Next Generation of Models. On Models as Management Tools. If It Works, Don't Fix It: Benefits from Regional Groundwater Management. Uncertainty Analysis of Subsurface Transport of Reactive Solute Using Reliability Methods. Groundwater Modeling and Litigation. On Unsaturated/Multiphase Flow and Transport Modeling. On the Numerical Solutions of One-Dimensional Flow in the Unsaturated Zone. Consequences of Scale-Dependency on Application of Chemical Leaching Models: A Review of Approaches. Stochastic Modeling of Water Flow and Solute Transport in the Vadose Zone. Modeling Multiphase Contaminant Flow in Groundwater Aquifers. On Island Modeling. Groundwater Modeling in Hawaii: A Historical Perspective. Modeling Atoll Groundwater Systems. On Biodegradation/Virus Transport Modeling. A Review of Biodegradation Models: Theory and Applications. Evaluation of Groundwater Disinfection Rule "Natural Disinfection" Criteria Using Field Data. On Fracture Flow Modeling. A New Modeling Approach for Predicting Flow in Fractured Formations. Is it Appropriate to Apply Porous Media Groundwater Circulation Models to Karstic Aquifers. Index.
Mathematics Education. Is there an App for that

Applications (apps) for hand-held devices, such as IPads and smart phones, are in great supply. Many of these focus on mathematics. A recent search revealed more than 4,000 apps for mathematics education. The ease of access and the fact that they are generally low cost, often free, means that they are readily available to the general population but this raises questions as to their quality and what is being learned through the use of these apps. Using two quantitative measures and one qualitative measure, this article evaluates 142 apps which met initial search criteria, and recommends 34 mathematics apps for further evaluation and trial with primary school teachers and students.