Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive Testing Technologies for Rail Inspection: A Review

Alongside the development of high-speed rail, rail flaw detection is of great importance to ensure railway safety, especially for improving the speed and load of the train. Several conventional inspection methods such as visual, acoustic, and electromagnetic inspection have been introduced in the past. However, these methods have several challenges in terms of detection speed and accuracy. Combined inspection methods have emerged as a promising approach to overcome these limitations. Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques in conjunction with artificial intelligence approaches have tremendous potential and viability because it is highly possible to improve the detection accuracy which has been proven in various conventional nondestructive testing techniques. With the development of information technology, communication technology, and sensor technology, rail health monitoring systems have been evolving, and have become equally significant and challenging because they can achieve real-time detection and give a risk warning forecast. This paper provides an in-depth review of traditional nondestructive techniques for rail inspection as well as the development of using machine learning approaches, combined nondestructive techniques, and rail health monitoring systems.
Neutron matter equation of state and thermal energy of nuclear matter

The equation of state of neutron matter is calculated by using the lowest-order constrained variational method and compared with the results obtained by other methods. The modified Reid potential which contains N-N and N- Delta interactions and fits the scattering data is used in the neutron matter Hamiltonian. The explicit dependence of correlation functions on spin, isospin, angular momentum, density and tensor operators for all of the NN and N Delta channels as well as temperature is taken into the account in our calculation. Free energy, effective mass, etc. of neutron matter plus thermal and compression energies of nuclear matter are calculated. These results are compared with the recent calculations which have been obtained by using other methods.
Intrinsic low pass filtering improves signal-to-noise ratio in critical-point flexure biosensors

A flexure biosensor consists of a suspended beam and a fixed bottom electrode. The adsorption of the target biomolecules on the beam changes its stiffness and results in change of beam's deflection. It is now well established that the sensitivity of sensor is maximized close to the pull-in instability point, where effective stiffness of the beam vanishes. The question: “Do the signal-to-noise ratio ( SNR) and the limit-of-detection ( LOD) also improve close to the instability point? ”, however remains unanswered. In this article, we systematically analyze the noise response to evaluate SNR and establish LOD of critical-point flexure sensors. We find that a flexure sensor acts like an effective low pass filter close to the instability point due to its relatively small resonance frequency, and rejects high frequency noise, leading to improved SNR and LOD. We believe that our conclusions should establish the uniqueness and the technological relevance of critical-point biosensors.
Second harmonic and ponderomotive forces acting on electrons in an inhomogeneous radio frequency field of an inductive discharge

The nonlinear second harmonic and ponderomotive forces acting on electrons in an inhomogeneous rf field have been derived from the electron equation of motion accounting for the energy dependence of electron–atom collisions. It is shown that in a collisionless plasma (ω≫ν) the second harmonic force F2ω and the ponderomotive Fdc force are similar in magnitude and frequency dependence (ω−2), where ω is the driving frequency and ν is the electron collision frequency. In a collisionally dominated plasma (ω<ν) both forces are diminished and have a different frequency dependence: F2ω∝(ων)−1 and Fdc∝ν−2. Therefore, in a collisional plasma, the second harmonic force is always greater than the ponderomotive force.
Measurement of radial deformation of single-wall carbon nanotubes induced by intertube van der Waals forces

A cylindrical single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) deforms in a nanotube bundle by van der Waals forces. The deformation is hard to measure, but is required in order to understand the properties of bundles. Here, we show that such deformations can be measured from changes in electron diffraction intensities. We demonstrate this for a bundle of two SWCNTs (d=2.05 and 1.56 nm). Deformation model predicted by atomistic simulations is scaled to fit the experiment. We show that the best fit gives flattening values of 0.7 and 0.35 A at the middle of the binding surface for the two SWCNTs.
Genetic Determinants of Fiber-Associated Traits in Flax Identified by Omics Data Integration

In this paper, we explore potential genetic factors in control of flax phenotypes associated with fiber by mining a collection of 306 flax accessions from the Federal Research Centre of the Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia. In total, 11 traits were assessed in the course of 3 successive years. A genome-wide association study was performed for each phenotype independently using six different single-locus models implemented in the GAPIT3 R package. Moreover, we applied a multivariate linear mixed model implemented in the GEMMA package to account for trait correlations and potential pleiotropic effects of polymorphisms. The analyses revealed a number of genomic variants associated with different fiber traits, implying the complex and polygenic control. All stable variants demonstrate a statistically significant allelic effect across all 3 years of the experiment. We tested the validity of the predicted variants using gene expression data available for the flax fiber studies. The results shed new light on the processes and pathways associated with the complex fiber traits, while the pinpointed candidate genes may be further used for marker-assisted selection.
Capturing social presence: concept explication through an empirical analysis of social presence measures

Initially the province of telecommunication and early computer-mediated communication (CMC) literature, multiple systematic reviews suggest “social presence” is now used for an increasingly diverse set of phenomena across various communication settings. Drawing upon Chaffee’s (1991) description of concept explication as the dialectic process between the conceptual and operational aspects of research, this study provides a mixed methods analysis of social presence measures to evaluate construct validity and inform a modified conceptual definition. Results reveal several distinct constructs commonly measured in the empirical literature on social presence, including salience, perceived actorhood, co-location/non-mediation, understanding, association, involvement, and medium sociability. Based on the frequencies and co-occurrences of these constructs within instruments and across different research fields, we conclude that social presence, in practice, most commonly consists of the perceptual salience of another socialactor. Implications for the measurement and theorizing of social presence—and its distinction from other social experiences with media—are then considered.
Extraction of the index of refraction by embedding multiple small inclusions

We deal with the problem of reconstructing material coefficients from the far-fields they generate. By embedding small (single) inclusions to these media, located at points z in the support of these materials and measuring the far-fields generated by these deformations we can extract the values of the total field (or the energies) generated by these media at the points z. The second step is to extract the values of the material coefficients from these internal values of the total field. The main difficulty in using internal fields is the treatment of their possible zeros. In this work, we propose to deform the medium using multiple (precisely double) and close inclusions instead of only single ones. By doing so, we derive from the asymptotic expansions of the far-fields the internal values of the Green function, in addition to the internal values of the total fields. This is possible because of the deformation of the medium with multiple inclusions which generates scattered fields due to the multiple scattering between these inclusions. Then, the values of the index of refraction can be extracted from the singularities of the Green function. Hence, we overcome the difficulties arising from the zeros of the internal fields. We test these arguments for the acoustic scattering by a refractive index in presence of inclusions modeled by the impedance type small obstacles.
Long‐range order in the spin van der Waals model

Long‐range order in the spin van der Waals model is considered when the number of spins is finite and also when infinite. We show explicitly that a finite system cannot support long‐range order. An infinite system at high temperatures is found to be dominated by the entropy of degenerate states of the system and, as a result, the system behaves essentially like an ideal system. In an infinite system at low temperatures, long‐range order exists, fully reflecting the spin symmetry of the Hamiltonian. For the XY‐like regime (J≳Jz ), mx is finite but mz vanishes, where mx and mz are reduced order parameters for the transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively. For the Ising‐like regime (J<Jz), mx vanishes but mz is finite. The isotropic interaction (Jz = J) behaves as a singularity and it must be considered separately. A physical interpretation of the behavior of long‐range order is offered using the geometry of spin space.
Tracking structural phase transitions via single crystal x-ray diffraction at extreme conditions: advantages of extremely brilliant source

Highly brilliant synchrotron source is indispensable to track pressure-induced phenomena in confined crystalline samples in megabar range. In this article, a number of experimental variables affecting the quality high-pressure single-crystal x-ray diffraction data is discussed. An overview of the recent advancements in x-ray diffraction techniques at extreme conditions, in the frame of European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)- Extremely Bright Source (EBS), is presented. Particularly, ID15b and ID27 beamlines have profited from the source upgrade, allowing for measurements of a few-micron crystals in megabar range. In case of ID27, a whole new beamline has been devised, including installation of double-multilayer mirrors and double crystal monochromator and construction of custom-made experimental stations. Two case studies from ID27 and ID15b are presented. Hypervalent CsI3 crystals, studied up to 24 GPa, have shown a series of phase transitions: Pnma → P-3c1→ Pm-3 n. First transition leads to formation of orthogonal linear iodine chains made of I3 -. Transformation to the cubic phase at around 21.7 GPa leads to equalization of interatomic I–I distances and formation of homoleptic In m- chains. The second study investigates elastic properties and structure of jadarite, which undergoes isosymmetric phase transition around 16.6 GPa. Despite a few-micron crystal size, twinning and dramatic loss of crystal quality, associated with pressure-induced phase transitions, crystal structures of both compounds have been determined in a straightforward matter, thanks to the recent developments within ESRF-EBS.
Nasionalisme Religius dalam Film-Film Amerika dan Indonesia

This study aimed to examine religion-based nationalism in popular American and Indonesian films. The subjects of this research were American and Indonesian films from 1915-2020. This research used a mixed qualitative and quantitative research with content analysis approach. The findings of this study indicated that the discourse of religious nationalism was constructed in popular American and Indonesian films to carry out the practice of inclusion and exclusion of certain groups. The results of the analysis showed that religious nationalism in American films was dominated by Christian nationalism, while religious nationalism in Indonesian films was dominated by discourses of Islamic nationalism. Both American and Indonesian films were against the ideology of communism, but American films were dominated by exclusive nationalism, while Indonesian films were mostly inclusive. American films also tended to show Islamophobia while Indonesian films positioned Islam more as a spirit of religious nationalism. This research has theoretical implications for increasing studies on nationalism which always appears and strengthens in films as a form of mass communication.
A Light Transmission Based Liquid Crystal Thermography System

This paper presents results from a study aimed at developing a novel thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) temperature measurement system that uses light transmission instead of light reflection to measure surface temperature fields. In previous work, we reported on the effect of temperature on light transmission through TLCs as measured with a spectrophotometer [Roth, T. B. , and Anderson, A. M. , 2005, “Light Transmission Characteristics of Thermochromic Liquid Crystals ,” Proceedings of IMECE2005, Orlando, FL, Paper No. IMECE2005-81812;Roth, T. B. , and Anderson, A. M. , 2007, “The Effects of Film Thickness, Light Polarization and Light Intensity on the Light Transmission Characteristics of Thermochromic Liquid Crystals ,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 129(3), pp. 372–378]. Here we report on results obtained using a charge coupled device (CCD) camera and polychromatic light setup that is similar to the type of equipment used in TLC reflection thermography. We tested three different light sources, a white electroluminescent light, a green electroluminescent light, and a halogen fiber optic light, using both direct and remote lighting techniques. We found that the green signal (as detected by the CCD camera) of the green electroluminescent light makes the best temperature sensor, because under remote lighting conditions it showed a 500% linear signal increase as the temperature of the R25C10W TLCs was raised from 30°to48°C. We further found that the angle of the CCD camera relative to the light did not significantly affect the results for angles up to 10deg for remote lighting and 15deg for direct lighting. The effect of light intensity variation was not significant for intensities up to 40% of the original level when normalized on the intensity at 19°C (a temperature outside the active range of the TLCs). The use of light transmission results in a larger range of temperature over which the TLCs can be calibrated and offers opportunities for more uniform lighting conditions, which may help overcome some of the problems associated with light reflection.
Observation of full shot noise in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB-based magnetic tunneling junctions

The electron transport through the CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB-based magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) was studied by the shot noise measurement. The obtained Fano factor to characterize the shot noise is very close to unity, indicating the full shot noise, namely, the shot noise in the Schottky limit, both in the parallel and antiparallel magnetization configurations. This means the Poissonian process of the electron tunneling and the absence of the electron–electron correlation in the low bias regime. The shot noise measurements will be a good guideline to make up tunneling criteria for designing MTJ-based spin devices.
Poisson percolation on the square lattice

On the square lattice raindrops fall on an edge with midpoint $x$ at rate $\|x\|_\infty^{-\alpha}$. The edge becomes open when the first drop falls on it. Let $\rho(x,t)$ be the probability that the edge with midpoint $x=(x_1,x_2)$ is open at time $t$ and let $n(p,t)$ be the distance at which edges are open with probability $p$ at time $t$. We show that with probability tending to 1 as $t \to \infty$: (i) the cluster containing the origin $\mathbb C_0(t)$ is contained in the square of radius $n(p_c-\epsilon,t)$, and (ii) the cluster fills the square of radius $n(p_c+\epsilon,t)$ with the density of points near $x$ being close to $\theta(\rho(x,t))$ where $\theta(p)$ is the percolation probability when bonds are open with probability $p$ on $\mathbb Z^2$. Results of Nolin suggest that if $N=n(p_c,t)$ then the boundary fluctuations of $\mathbb C_0(t)$ are of size $N^{4/7}$.
A semi‐implicit scheme for large Eddy simulation of piston engine flow and combustion

A semi‐implicit scheme is presented for large eddy simulation of turbulent reactive flow and combustion in reciprocating piston engines. First, the governing equations in a deforming coordinate system are formulated to accommodate the moving piston. The numerical scheme is made up of a fourth‐order central difference for the diffusion terms in the transport equations and a fifth‐order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme for the convective terms. A second‐ order Adams–Bashforth scheme is used for time integration. For higher density ratios, it is combined with a predictor–corrector scheme. The numerical scheme is explicit for time integration of the transport equations, except for the continuity equation which is used together with the momentum equation to determine the pressure field and velocity field by using a Poisson equation for the pressure correction field. The scheme is aimed at the simulation of low Mach number flows typically found in piston engines. An efficient multigrid method that can handle high grid aspect ratio is presented for solving the pressure correction equation. The numerical scheme is evaluated on two test engines, a laboratory four‐stroke engine with rectangular‐shaped engine geometry where detailed velocity measurements are available, and a modified truck engine with practical cylinder geometry where lean ethanol/air mixture is combusted under a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations concerning G\"odel's 1931

This article demonstrates the invalidity of Theorem VI of Godel's monograph of 1931, showing that propositions (15) and (16), derived from definition (8.1), in its proof, are false in PA. This is achieved in two steps. First, the predicate complementary to the well-known Godel's predicate Bew(x) is ndefined by adding a new relation Wid(x), and new logical connections are accordingly established, Lemma (6). Second, the negations of (15) and (16) are derived by definition (8.1) and Lemma (6). It amounts to saying that (15) and (16) are false and unacceptable for the system. On the account of that, the two well-known cases 1. 17 Gen r is not k-PROVABLE, 2. Neg(17 Gen r) is not k-PROVABLE, can not be drawn, and Theorem VI is therefore invalid.
A Southeast Asia Consensus on the Definition and Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression

Introduction Despite the abundance of literature on treatment-resistant depression (TRD), there is no universally accepted definition of TRD and available treatment pathways for the management of TRD vary across the Southeast Asia (SEA) region, highlighting the need for a uniform definition and treatment principles to optimize the management TRD in SEA. Methods Following a thematic literature review and pre-meeting survey, a SEA expert panel comprising 13 psychiatrists with clinical experience in managing patients with TRD convened and utilized the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to develop consensus-based recommendations on the appropriate definition of TRD and principles for its management. Results The expert panel agreed that “pharmacotherapy-resistant depression” (PRD) is a more suitable term for TRD and defined it as “failure of two drug treatments of adequate doses, for 4–8 weeks duration with adequate adherence, during a major depressive episode”. A stepwise treatment approach should be employed for the management of PRD – treatment strategies can include maximizing dose, switching to a different class, and augmenting or combining treatments. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, are also appropriate options for patients with PRD. Conclusion These consensus recommendations on the operational definition of PRD and treatment principles for its management can be adapted to local contexts in the SEA countries but should not replace clinical judgement. Individual circumstances and benefit-risk balance should be carefully considered while determining the most appropriate treatment option for patients with PRD.
Solitons of Curve Shortening Flow and Vortex Filament Equation

In this paper we explore the nature of self-similar solutions of the Curve Shortening Flow and the Vortex Filament Equation, also known as the Binormal Flow. We explore some of their fundamental conservation properties and describe the behavior of their self-similar solutions. For Curve Shortening Flow we mainly expose the results of Huisken, Grayson, and Halldorsson concerning the equation's basic properties and self-similar solutions in the plane. For the Vortex Filament Equation we present the results by Banica and Vega, Arms and Hama, and Hasimoto. We also derive the evolution equations of the normal, binormal and tangent vectors in the Frenet frame for the vortex filament as well as those of curvature and torsion. We give a proof that circles are the only planar translating self-similar solutions and also derive a system of ordinary differential equations that govern the behavior for rotating
An Experimental Study on Heat/Mass Transfer From a Rectangular Cylinder

Local and average mass transfer rates from a rectangular cylinder having various width to height ratios are measured using naphthalene sublimation technique, and influence of flow characteristics on mass transfer is investigated. The experimental apparatus comprises a wind tunnel, a naphthalene casting facility and a sublimation depth measurement system. Mass transfer data are compared with those of heat transfer which are obtained using thermocouples in the constant heat flux boundary condition, and analogy between heat and mass transfer is examined. The reasons for discrepancy in both transport values are explained in detail
Isometry Lie algebras of indefinite homogeneous spaces of finite volume

Let g be a real finite‐dimensional Lie algebra equipped with a symmetric bilinear form ⟨·,·⟩ . We assume that ⟨·,·⟩ is nil‐invariant. This means that every nilpotent operator in the smallest algebraic Lie subalgebra of endomorphisms containing the adjoint representation of g is an infinitesimal isometry for ⟨·,·⟩ . Among these Lie algebras are the isometry Lie algebras of pseudo‐Riemannian manifolds of finite volume. We prove a strong invariance property for nil‐invariant symmetric bilinear forms, which states that the adjoint representations of the solvable radical and all simple subalgebras of non‐compact type of g act by infinitesimal isometries for ⟨·,·⟩ . Moreover, we study properties of the kernel of ⟨·,·⟩ and the totally isotropic ideals in g in relation to the index of ⟨·,·⟩ . Based on this, we derive a structure theorem and a classification for the isometry algebras of indefinite homogeneous spaces of finite volume with metric index at most 2. Examples show that the theory becomes significantly more complicated for index greater than 2. We apply our results to study simply connected pseudo‐Riemannian homogeneous spaces of finite volume.