Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Parameterized Eddies in the Energy Budget of the Global Thermohaline Circulation: Cabbeling versus Restratification

Abstract The gravitational potential energy (GPE) budget of the global thermohaline circulation is investigated with a non-eddy-resolving model under a realistic configuration. The model incorporates parameterizations for mesoscale eddies and an equation of state that takes pressure dependency of density into account. Both vertical mixing and energy conversion from kinetic energy equally supply the GPE to the ocean, and its total amount is about 680 GW. Earlier studies point out that most of the GPE supplied by vertical mixing and energy conversion from kinetic energy is consumed by the cabbeling effect associated with the diabatic diffusion process. However, this study reveals that over 60% of the supplied GPE is adiabatically converted to eddy kinetic energy by the layer thickness diffusion and undergoes viscous dissipation, which is not resolved in the low-resolution model used here. Although the cabbeling effect on the GPE budget reduces in the presence of parameterizations of mesoscale eddies, its co.
Optimal Parameter Estimation of the Extreme Value Distribution Based on a Type II Censored Sample

Abstract Different types of exact confidence intervals and exact joint confidence regions for the parameters of the Type I extreme value distribution based on a doubly Type II censored sample or a right censored sample are developed in this paper. The parameter estimations of Weibull distribution are also discussed. Moreover, we provide optimal criteria for finding a best exact confidence interval and a best exact joint confidence region among these estimations. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate our proposed method.
Contribution of autoionization to total ionization rates

Electron impact collisions with ground-state ions in a low-density plasma may cause ionization either by direct ejection of an electron from the ion, or by excitation of an inner-subshell electron to an autoionizing level. We investigate the importance of the indirect process in sodium-like Fe XVI by means of detailed calculations of excitation cross sections and of branching ratios for autoionization versus radiative decay; the estimated accuracy is about 20%. We find that radiative decay reduces the autoionization rate (at kT=300--500 eV) to only about 52% of the excitation rate; even so, the indirect ionization rate is about 1.4--1.6 times the direct ionization rate in this temperature range. The relative importance of indirect to direct ionization is approximately as great for Na-like Mo XXXII as for Fe XVI, but should be much smaller for most nonalkali-like ions except Cu-like, Zn-like, and perhaps Ga-like ions.
Invariants and Geometric Structures in Nonlinear Hamiltonian Magnetic Reconnection

Collisionless magnetic reconnection in a two dimensional plasma is analyzed, using a two-fluid model where electron mass and pressure effects are important. Numerical simulations show the formation of current and vorticity layers along two branches crossing at the stagnation point of the plasma flow. These structures are interpreted on the basis of the Hamiltonian Casimirs (conserved fields) of the fluid plasma model
The use of vision-based image quality metrics to predict low-light performance of camera phones

Small digital camera modules such as those in mobile phones have become ubiquitous. Their low-light performance is of utmost importance since a high percentage of images are made under low lighting conditions where image quality failure may occur due to blur, noise, and/or underexposure. These modes of image degradation are not mutually exclusive: they share common roots in the physics of the imager, the constraints of image processing, and the general trade-off situations in camera design. A comprehensive analysis of failure modes is needed in order to understand how their interactions affect overall image quality. Low-light performance is reported for DSLR, point-and-shoot, and mobile phone cameras. The measurements target blur, noise, and exposure error. Image sharpness is evaluated from three different physical measurements: static spatial frequency response, handheld motion blur, and statistical information loss due to image processing. Visual metrics for sharpness, graininess, and brightness are calculated from the physical measurements, and displayed as orthogonal image quality metrics to illustrate the relative magnitude of image quality degradation as a function of subject illumination. The impact of each of the three sharpness measurements on overall sharpness quality is displayed for different light levels. The power spectrum of the statistical information target is a good representation of natural scenes, thus providing a defined input signal for the measurement of power-spectrum based signal-to-noise ratio to characterize overall imaging performance.
Forecasting Network Traffic: A Survey and Tutorial With Open-Source Comparative Evaluation

This paper presents a review of the literature on network traffic prediction, while also serving as a tutorial to the topic. We examine works based on autoregressive moving average models, like ARMA, ARIMA and SARIMA, as well as works based on Artifical Neural Networks approaches, such as RNN, LSTM, GRU, and CNN. In all cases, we provide a complete and self-contained presentation of the mathematical foundations of each technique, which allows the reader to get a full understanding of the operation of the different proposed methods. Further, we perform numerical experiments based on real data sets, which allows comparing the various approaches directly in terms of fitting quality and computational costs. We make our code publicly available, so that readers can readily access a wide range of forecasting tools, and possibly use them as benchmarks for more advanced solutions.
Electric Stimulus-Responsive Chitosan/MNP Composite Microbeads for a Drug Delivery System

In the last several years, conventional drug delivery systems (DDS) have evolved into DDS that are responsive to exogenous or endogenous stimuli. The objective of this paper is to present a DDS that is responsive to an electric stimulus in the form of bipolar electric pulses. The DDS structure is based on chitosan embedded with magnetic nanoparticles, and crosslinked with polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate to form microbeads. This DDS is loaded with vancomycin as the therapeutic agent of interest. Silver inter-digitated electrodes (IDE) were printed on polyimide substrates with a MEMS-based inkjet material deposition printer, and used to provide 100 Hz pulses of electric current to the DDS for 3 min. The results showed that the stimulated groups released ∼800% more vancomycin than the non-stimulated groups in the excitation duration, but followed a first-order elution profile otherwise. Another significance of our approach is that it does not need complicated or expensive fabrication processes, and can be customized according to the targeted implant site. The IDE system has also been modeled using COMSOL to study the distributed electric fields and ion migration during the stimulus. This paper demonstrates a novel and promising technique of providing stimulus to drug substrates for controllable drug delivery.
Nonlinear Modeling of Delaminated Struts

A phenomenological overview of the buckling and postbuckling of fully and partially delaminated struts is developed using a simple four-degree-of-freedom nonlinear Rayleigh-Ritz formulation. Bifurcation analysis indicates that instability occurs in general at an asymmetric point of bifurcation. After bifurcation, realistic solutions are seen to follow the stable part of the postbuckling path, with the unstable branch being denied by contact between the contributing laminates. Depending on the geometry and position of the delamination, thoroughly stable (thin-film), effectively neutral (overall), or potentially unstable (mixed-mode) buckling can occur in the postbuckling range. Numerically obtained equilibrium solutions of the model are found to compare well with those obtained using the finite element code ABAQUS. Critical delamination depths, where the response undergoes a change in form, are discovered at positions of secondary bifurcation. The multiplicity of equilibrium solutions that arise at such points are seen to cause possible problems of path selection for standard finite element routines.
Equine Melanocytic Tumors: A Narrative Review

Simple Summary Melanocytic tumors are among the most common cutaneous neoplasms in horses. Contrary to popular opinion, the slow rate of growth typical of these tumors does not warrant benign classification. Furthermore, the wide spectrum of treatment modalities can generate some frustration for equine practitioners. This narrative review aims to give an overview of the genetic basis, linked with melanoma development, of alterations in STX17, ASIP and MITF genes, a description of the clinical and pathological differences between naevus, dermal melanoma, dermal melanomatosis and anaplastic malignant melanoma, as well as a description of the role of the different diagnostic tools, mainly fine needle aspiration, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The most common treatment modalities, such as surgery, chemotherapy and electroporation are reviewed, and a description of less common options, such as immunotherapy and radiotherapy is presented. The article also elucidates future perspectives and research fields about equine melanocytic tumors, mainly in the search for new therapeutical targets, such as CD47, PD-1 and COX-2. Abstract Adult grey horses have a high incidence of melanocytic tumors. This article narratively reviews the role of some genetic features related to melanoma formation in horses, such as STX17 mutation, ASIP or MITF alterations, and the link between the graying process and the development of these tumors. A clear system of clinical and pathological classification of melanocytic tumors in naevus, dermal melanoma, dermal melanomatosis and anaplastic malignant melanoma is provided. Clinical and laboratorial methods of diagnosing are listed, with fine needle aspiration and histopathology being the most relevant. Relevance is given to immunohistochemistry, describing potentially important diagnostic biomarkers such as RACK1 and PNL2. Different therapeutical options available for equine practitioners are mentioned, with surgery, chemotherapy and electroporation being the most common. This article also elucidatesnew fields of research, perspectives, and new therapeutic targets, such as CD47, PD-1 and COX-2 biomarkers.
Méthodes d'analyse du changement fondées sur les trajectoires de développement individuelle : Modèles de régression mixtes paramétriques et non paramétriques[1]

Longitudinal Methods Based on Individual Development Trajectories - Parametric and Non Parametric Mixed Models: Generalized linear mixed models encompass a variety of modern longitudinal analytic approaches based on individual developmental trajectories. These models overcome many important problems inherent to other traditional analysis of longitudinal data. They all rely on two basic levels: the lower one express, through a set of parameters, the individual pattem of change over time (within-individual change), whereas the upper level captures the variations between these parameters describing individual trajectories (between-individual differences in change). However, other characteristics distinguish différent sorts of mixed models, such as their assumptions concerning the distribution of the trajectories within the population. This introductory article presents the basic linear mixed model assuming a normal distribution of the unobserved heterogeneity, and the nonparametric mixture model that relies on a discrete approximation of the unobserved heterogeneity. Before comparing these two models, the first section of the article gives a general description of the notion of individual developmental trajectories.
SHORELINE EXTRACTION USING TIME SERIES OF SENTINEL-2 SATELLITE IMAGES BY GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE PLATFORM

Abstract. In recent decades, global warming and sea level rise, population growth, and intensification of human activities, have directly affected the coasts and as such, their monitoring for the accretion and retreat are among the issues that are considered by the coastal countries. This study, compares two supervised classification algorithms for classifying Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for shoreline extraction. Median monthly images from 2020/01 to 2021/12 are taken and classified by Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms. By validating the maps, it is found that the RF algorithm has better accuracy and as such by averaging the accuracy of all maps, the overall accuracy (OA) values of 97.18% and the kappa coefficient (KC) of 0.97, and the mean overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of maps from SVM algorithm of 85.15% and 0.79, respectively, is obtained. After extracting the shorelines, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is used to calculate the displacement rate. By calculating the Linear Regression Rate (LRR) factor, it is found that in 91% of transects (166 transects) we see the shoreline retreat to land. In 54% of them, the average rate of the retreat is 5.42 meters per year and in only 9% (16 transects) we see the accretion towards the sea.
Employing template-directed CRISPR-based editing of the OsALS gene to create herbicide tolerance in Basmati rice

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the primary food crops which contributes major portion of daily calorie intake. It is used as model crop for various genome editing studies. Basmati rice was also explored for establishing non-homologous end joining-based genome editing. But it was not clear whether homology-directed repair (HDR)-based genome editing can be done in Basmati rice. The current study was designed to establish HDR-based genome editing in Basmati rice to develop herbicide tolerance. There is severe weed spread when rice is grown via direct planted rice method in various countries to save labour and water resources. Therefore, the use of herbicides is necessary to control weeds. These herbicides can also affect cultivated rice which creates the need to develop herbicide-tolerant rice. In current study, we introduced a point mutation in Acetolactate Synthase gene to convert tryptophan to leucine at position 548. For this purpose, different constructs for HDR were tested with different RNA scaffold and orientation of repair templates. Out of four different architectures, the one having repair template identical to the target DNA strand precisely edited the target site. We successfully established template-directed CRISPR-Cas9 system in Super Basmati rice by detecting desired substitutions at the target site in Acetolactate Synthase locus. Moreover, this editing of Acetolactate Synthase gene resulted in the production of herbicide tolerance in Super Basmati rice. This study suggests that such type of HDR system can be used to precisely edit other genes for crop improvement.
The deformation units in metallic glasses revealed by stress-induced localized glass transition

We report that even in quasi-static cyclic compressions in the apparent elastic regimes of the bulk metallic glasses, the precisely measured stress-strain curve presents a mechanical hysteresis loop, which is commonly perceived to occur only in high-frequency dynamic tests. A phenomenological viscoelastic model is established to explain the hysteresis loop and demonstrate the evolutions of the viscous zones in metallic glasses during the cyclic compression. The declining of the viscosity of the viscous zones to at least 1 × 1012 Pa s when stress applied indicates that stress-induced localized glass to supercooled liquid transition occurs. We show that the deformation units of metallic glasses are evolved from the intrinsic heterogeneous defects in metallic glasses under stress and the evolution is a manifestation of the stress-induced localized glass transition. Our study might provide a new insight into the atomic-scale mechanisms of plastic deformation of metallic glasses.
Implementation of penalized-likelihood statistical reconstruction for polychromatic dual-energy CT

This paper presents a statistical reconstruction algorithm for dual-energy (DE) CT of polychromatic x-ray source. Each pixel in the imaged object is assumed to be composed of two basis materials (i.e., bone and soft tissue) and a penalizedlikelihood objective function is developed to determine the densities of the two basis materials. Two penalty terms are used respectively to penalize the bone density difference and the soft tissue density difference in neighboring pixels. A gradient ascent algorithm for monochromatic objective function is modified to maximize the polychromatic penalizedlikelihood objective function using the convexity technique. In order to reduce computation consumption, the denominator of the update step is pre-calculated with reasonable approximation replacements. Ordered-subsets method is applied to speed up the iteration. Computer simulation is implemented to evaluate the penalized-likelihood algorithm. The results indicate that this statistical method yields the best quality image among the tested methods and has a good noise property even in a lower photon count.
Victorian statistical graphics and the iconography of Florence Nightingale's polar area graph

The popular iconic image of Florence Nightingale as the ‘Lady with the Lamp’, who administered acute nursing care to the casualties during the Crimean War, belies a more integrated approach to Nightingale's nursing, which was shaped by her use of evidence-based medicine, promulgated in her statistical reports, books and papers. This image thus undermines Nightingale's prodigious statistical work and her innovative statistical graphs that led to major health reforms in military and civilian hospitals, usually with the full support of the government. It was this empirically based strategy that enabled her to establish the necessary and essential nursing and hospital reforms, which modernized nursing in the mid- to late-Victorian period. This paper will examine the mathematical and statistical graphs that arose in the nineteenth century, which influenced Nightingale's use of statistical graphs. The iconography of her polar area graph, which was based on the mortality rates of British soldiers during the Crimean War, will also be assessed. It will be shown that Nightingale's role in promoting this graph helped to establish its iconic status, as did her introduction of new elements into the ordinary polar area graph.
Observational Constraints Reduce Likelihood of Extreme Changes in Multidecadal Land Water Availability

Future changes in multidecadal mean water availability, represented as the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, remain highly uncertain in ensemble simulations of climate models. Here we identify a physically meaningful relationship between present‐day mean precipitation and projected changes in water availability. This suggests that the uncertainty can be reduced by conditioning the ensemble on observed precipitation, which is achieved through a novel probabilistic approach that uses Approximate Bayesian Computation. Comparing the constrained with the full ensemble shows that projected extreme changes in water availability, denoted by the 5th and 95th percentile of the full ensemble, are less likely over 73% and 63% of land, respectively. There is also an overall shift toward wetter conditions over Europe, Southern Africa, and Western North America, whereas the opposite occurs over the Amazon. Finally, the constrained projections support adaptation to shifts in regional water availability as imposed by different global warming levels.
UBVRI field comparison stars for selected active quasars and BL Lacertae objects

UBV (Johnson) and RI (Cousins) magnitudes of field comparison stars for several active quasars and BL Lacertae objects are presented. The comparison stars can be used for photoelectric and CCD monitoring of the variability in brightness and optical-continuum spectral index of these BL Lacs and QSOs. 21 references.
Interfacial Engineering Methods in Thermoplastic Composites: An Overview

The paper critically analyzed different interfacial enhancing methods used in thermoplastic composites. Although the absence of cross-linked polymer chains and chemical bonds on solidification enables the thermoplastics to be remelted, it creates weak interfacial adhesion between fibre reinforcements and the thermoplastic matrix. The weak fibre-matrix interface bonding reduces the efficiency with which the applied load can be transferred between these composite constituents, causing the composite to fail prematurely. Their need for high-temperature processing, poor compatibility with other polymer matrices, and relatively high viscosity render thermoplastics challenging when used to manufacture composite laminates. Therefore, various methods, including nanoparticles, changing the polarity of the fibre surface by plasma etching, chemical treatment with ozone, or an oxidative attack at the fibre surface, have been applied to improve the fibre/matrix bonding in thermoplastic composites. The fabrication steps followed in these techniques, their progress in research, and the associated toughening mechanisms are comprehensively discussed in this paper. The effect of different fibre-matrix interfacial enhancement methods on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites is also deliberated.
An L2‐stable approximation of the Navier–Stokes convection operator for low‐order non‐conforming finite elements

We develop in this paper a discretization for the convection term in variable density unstationary Navier–Stokes equations, which applies to low‐order non‐conforming finite element approximations (the so‐called Crouzeix–Raviart or Rannacher–Turek elements). This discretization is built by a finite volume technique based on a dual mesh. It is shown to enjoy an L2 stability property, which may be seen as a discrete counterpart of the kinetic energy conservation identity. In addition, numerical experiments confirm the robustness and the accuracy of this approximation; in particular, in L2 norm, second‐order space convergence for the velocity and first‐order space convergence for the pressure are observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circular Polarization of Sunlight Reflected by Clouds

Abstract Measurements of circular polarization of visible light from planets have recently been reported. It is pointed out here that the values measured for the circular polarization for Jupiter and Venus are of the magnitude expected for sunlight reflected by a cloudy planetary atmosphere. The variations of the sense of the polarization with phase angle and with location on the planetary disk are also consistent with expectations for reflection by clouds.