Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of oxygen on the magnetic property of Bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)copper (CuQ2): An experimental and theoretical study

The magnetic properties of bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)copper (CuQ2) were investigated by experiments and first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The as-prepared CuQ2 film shows paramagnetic behavior. After annealing in air, room temperature ferromagnetic (FM) properties were found in CuQ2 film. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicates a new vibrational mode related to out of plane O–H bend in the annealed film. DFT calculations show that the energy difference between the FM and the antiferromagnetic (AFM) states is greatly increased after O doping, which may be responsible for the room temperature ferromagnetism in the annealed CuQ2 film.
Stable Distributions for Open Populations Subject to Periodical Reclassifications

Using a Markov model, we study the evolution of open populations subject to periodical reclassifications considering a random number of entrances. In this paper, we focus on the estimation of the subpopulations’ relative sizes, obtaining maximum likelihood (ML) estimators, asymptotic distributions, and confidence regions. We show, under general conditions, that the stable distribution is dependent on the rate of entrances to the population. We illustrate the model by estimating the evolution of a population of a pension fund beneficiaries.
THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF IBEX OBSERVATIONS AND OUR EVOLVING HELIOSPHERE

This study provides, for the first time, complete and validated observations from the first three years (2009–2011) of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission. Energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes are corrected for both the time-variable cosmic ray background and for orbit-by-orbit variations in their probability of surviving en route from the outer heliosphere in to 1 AU where IBEX observes them. In addition to showing all six six-month maps, we introduce new annual ram and anti-ram maps, which can be produced without the need for algorithm-dependent Compton–Getting corrections. Together, the ENA maps, data, and supporting documentation presented here support the full release of these data to the broader scientific community and provide the citable reference for them. In addition, we show that heliospheric ENA emissions have been decreasing over the epoch from 2009 to 2011 with the IBEX Ribbon decreasing by the largest fraction and only the heliotail (which is offset from the down wind direction by the interstellar magnetic field) showing essentially no reduction and actually some increase. Finally, we show how the much more complete observations provided here strongly indicate a quite direct and latitude-dependent solar wind source of the Ribbon.
Electro‐optical switching properties for measuring the parameters of a ferroelectric liquid crystal

We present a description of the reorientation of the macroscopic polarization P S under a switching field in a ferroelectric liquid crystal assuming the direction of P S is spatially uniform but time‐dependent throughout the sample. The driving torques are then the linear ferroelectric coupling and the quadratic dielectric torques. If the theory is correct, some of the important parameters of a FLC may be determined in a single experiment, such as the spontaneous polarization P S, the switching delay t m, the switching time τ, the orientational viscosity η and the dielectric anisotropy εa. The measurements are performed using new compound, as a function of temperature with different field strengths and sample thicknesses. The experiment appears to be poorly fit by the so‐called ‘rigid’ hypothesis leading to the conclusion that the switching of polarization is not uniform but rather starts locally from orientational defects and propagates quickly throughout the sample. This reinforces the view that the driving torque equation is nothing but the Sine–Gordon equation reminiscent of soliton propagation.
Airborne imaging spectrometers developed in China

Airborne imaging spectral technology, principle means in airborne remote sensing, has been developed rapidly both in the world and in China recently. This paper describes Modular Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (MAIS), Operational Modular Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (OMAIS) and Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imagery (PHI) that have been developed or are being developed in Airborne Remote Sensing Lab of Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS.
Choice of representation system for economic analysis

Many well-known economic assumptions and desired restrictions can be readily established with the proper choice of a coordinate representation system. For example, the homotheticity assumption can be readily established with the polar coordinate system, the concavity restriction with the Muntz-Sartz series, the convexity restriction with the polynomial series, the orthogonality of regression functions with the orthonormal bases expansion, and the covariance stationary process with the Fourier series expansion. To describe a backward-bending curve, the radial regression can be defined and utilized. Thus, many economic assumptions and desired properties have their own corresponding coordinate representation systems.
A Catalog of Midcourse Space Experiment Infrared Dark Cloud Candidates

We use 8.3 μm mid-infrared images acquired with the Midcourse Space Experiment satellite to identify and catalog infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) in the first and fourth quadrants of the Galactic plane. Because IRDCs are seen as dark extinction features against the diffuse Galactic infrared background, we identify them by first determining a model background from the 8.3 μm images and then searching for regions of high decremental contrast with respect to this background. IRDC candidates in our catalog are defined by contiguous regions bounded by closed contours of a 2 σ decremental contrast threshold. Although most of the identified IRDCs are actual cold dark clouds, some as yet unknown fraction may be spurious identifications. For large high-contrast clouds, we estimate the reliability to be 82%. Low-contrast clouds should have lower reliabilities. Verification of the reality of individual clouds will require additional data. We identify 10,931 candidate IRDCs. For each IRDC, we also catalog cores. These cores, defined as localized regions with at least 40% higher extinction than the cloud's average extinction, are found by iteratively fitting two-dimensional elliptical Gaussian functions to the contrast peaks. We identify 12,774 cores. The catalog contains the position, angular size, orientation, area, peak contrast, peak contrast signal-to-noise, and integrated contrast of the candidate IRDCs and their cores. The distribution of IRDCs closely follows the Galactic diffuse mid-infrared background and peaks toward prominent star-forming regions, spiral arm tangents, and the so-called 5 kpc Galactic molecular ring.
Efficient Algorithm for Finding Ground-States in the Random Field Ising Model with an External Field

We present an efficient algorithm that, combined with a max-flow, min-cut minimization algorithm, makes it possible to find the ground states of the Gaussian Random Field Ising model when the external applied field B is continuously varied from ? ∞ to +∞. The algorithm exactly finds all the possible ground states and their limiting range (Bmin, Bmax). Examples of the dependence of the magnetization and energy with B are shown for the 2d-RFIM.
Separating the Brier Score into Calibration and Refinement Components: A Graphical Exposition

Abstract Proper scoring rules of subjective probability assessments have been shown to be separable into distinct calibration and refinement components. This article presents a graphical description of this separation theorem as applied to the Brier score (quadratic loss) of assessed probabilities for a sequence of observable events. Configurations of achievable calibration, refinement, and Brier scores are exhibited in three-dimensional space and by projection into interpretable subspaces. Relationships of calibration and refinement to the usual sum-of-squares partition in analysis of variance are denoted. Controversy concerning the implications of long-run calibration for probability theory based solely on the principle of coherence is outlined.
Hydromagnetic stability at a fluid velocity discontinuity between compressible fluids.

Formal conditions are derived for the stability of a velocity discontinuity at a plane interface between two perfectly conducting, inviscid, compressible fluids, in the presence of uniform magnetic fields. Certain special cases, in which the stability conditions can be simplified, are discussed in detail. Previous results for incompressible fluids are rederived and it is shown that the introduction of a slight compressibility always reduces the stabilizing effect of magnetic fields. It is further shown that in two special cases the magnetic field required to stabilize an interface continues to increase with the introduction of more compressibility until it reaches a limiting value that is about twice as large as the value appropriate to incompressible fluids.
Introduction to Matrix Analytic Methods in Stochastic Modeling

Preface Part I. Quasi-Birth-and-Death Processes. 1. Examples Part II. The Method of Phases. 2. PH Distributions 3. Markovian Point Processes Part III. The Matrix-Geometric Distribution. 4. Birth-and-Death Processes 5. Processes Under a Taboo 6. Homogeneous QBDs 7. Stability Condition Part IV. Algorithms. 8. Algorithms for the Rate Matrix 9. Spectral Analysis 10. Finite QBDs 11. First Passage Times Part V. Beyond Simple QBDs. 12. Nonhomogeneous QBDs 13. Processes, Skip-Free in One Direction 14. Tree Processes 15. Product Form Networks 16. Nondenumerable States Bibliography Index.
P-cycle-based protection design for IP over WDM networks

P-cycle based protection has been proved to be an effective way for WDM networks’ survivability design. In IP over WDM networks, p-cycle can also be constructed through GMPLS technology to protect a number of IP links. In this paper, we demonstrate that there are some drawbacks associated with the current p-cycle searching algorithms, e.g., 1) none of the them take the hop-count constraint into account, which means some requests may not able to be protected by their associated p-cycles; 2) to protect those failures occurred on the straddling links, the algorithms demand the traffic to be split in half over each p-cycle segment, which may not be a resource efficient solution, and the routing procedure may be prohibited by hop-count constraints, also, it may introduce extra link propagation delays and causes IP packets to arrive out of order. We propose an improved object function, and give a novel p-cycle searching algorithm. Simulation results obtained from CERNET-like physical topology and the national backbone networks show that the developed algorithm performs well in terms of performance metrics such as the connection blocking probability and the success rate of the protection.
Hinčin's Theorem for Multiplicative Free Convolution

Abstract Hinčin proved that any limit law, associated with a triangular array of infinitesimal random variables, is infinitely divisible. The analogous result for additive free convolution was proved earlier by Bercovici and Pata. In this paper we will prove corresponding results for the multiplicative free convolution of measures defined on the unit circle and on the positive half-line.
FDTD Analysis of a Novel 8mm E-Plane T-Junction Waveguide Circulator

A novel 8 mm E-plane T-junction waveguide circulator with off-center ferrite discs is developed. Detailed analysis of it using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is presented. The results of experiment show that the method to widen frequency band is useful. Frequency dependent insertions loss, isolation and reflection loss of the circulator are calculated over a wide band of frequencies with a single FDTD run, good agreement is found between theoretical analysis and results of experiment.
Efficient Boolean Operation on Manifold Mesh Surfaces

AbstractWe present an efficient Boolean operation algorithm for mesh models. Compared with existing ones, the proposed has several distinct features that include: (1) the inside/outside classification for each triangle element is determined by both LDI (Layered Depth Images) technology and vertex connecting propagating rules – thus the heavy numerical and analytical computing for the classification of triangles is avoided, and (2) the important triangulation is specially treated which efficiently expedites the downstream processing. Test examples show that our algorithm can obtain a Boolean result at an interaction rate for a medium-sized mesh model (around 10,000 triangle faces) and for large mesh models the speed is also found to be acceptable in practice.
Enhancement of fluorescence intensity from an immunoassay chip using high-aspect-ratio nanopillars fabricated by nanoimprinting

High-aspect-ratio structures (nanopillars) were used to enhance the fluorescence intensity of immunoassay chips. Nanoimprinting with elongation phenomenon was applied to fabricate polystyrene nanopillars. Human alpha fetoprotein was detected by a fluorescence immunoassay protocol. Fluorescence intensities were evaluated for areas with nanopillars of different surface areas. The area with nanopillars of 95nm diameter and 4. 1μm height showed fluorescence intensity 34 times higher than that of flat areas.
Digital holographic XNOR multi-gate (DHMG-XNOR)

In this work the description of a digital logic XNOR multi-gate device is made. This device is based in the holographic technology in which the inputs binary states are the polarization of the light field in the wavefront. The binary states are controlled by two liquid crystal displays which modulate the polarization of the wavefronts of the inputs, then the logic operation XNOR is made physically in a photorefractive crystal.
Interactive effects of mixtures of stimuli in life table analysis

SUMMARY An interaction is a response to a mixture of stimuli that, based on the responses to the individual stimuli, seems unexpectedly large or small. The conclusions about the presence of interactions can depend upon the chosen parameterization. For dichotomous outcome variables, a simple probabilistic model of no interaction exists (Finney, 1952). In this model, individuals are at risk from challenges from the background and the separate stimuli, all acting independently. In this paper, this model is extended to survivorship data. To test the hypothesis of no interaction, a likelihood ratio statistic and a statistic based on a standardized interaction are proposed for grouped-time data. A statistic in the spirit of Mantel-Haenszel is constructed for continuous-time data. Asymptotic relative efficiencies of these tests versus the parametric likelihood ratio test are calculated. A limited Monte Carlo study is performed to investigate the small sample properties.
A Multifactor Gauss Markov Implementation Of Heath, Jarrow, And Morton

Working within the Heath-Jarrow-Morton framework and using the theory of stochastic equations in infinite dimensions, a useful multifactor Gauss-Markov model for the movement of the whole of the yield curve is derived. Swaptions are priced. They are hedged by eliminating random terms between the semimartingale representations of the swaption and hedging instruments. Hedging efficiency is analyzed. the model is fitted to the swap/cap strips in Australia. Computation times on a 20-MHz laptop computer are acceptable. Copyright 1994 Blackwell Publishers.
Flow visualization in porous media via Positron Emission Tomography

We demonstrate here the use of a non-invasive technique based on Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in visualizing and in making quantitative measurements of scalar transport through natural opaque permeable sediments. Along with various other possibilities, this technique has the potential to help improve the understanding of processes that take place at the seabeds between the porewater and the overlying water, which result in exchange of nutrients, toxins and solute. Unlike many other methods, PET is able to produce full three-dimensional pictures of the percolation of fluid through not only “constructed” but also natural porous media.
Evolution and lifetimes of flow topology in a turbulent boundary layer

The average rates of change in the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor (Q and R) have been determined experimentally in the outer layer of a turbulent boundary layer as a function of the invariants themselves. Subsequent integration yields trajectories in the QR plane describing the average evolution of the local flow topology following a fluid particle. The trajectories reveal inward spiraling orbits around and converging to the origin. The orbit’s period is nearly constant at 14. 3δ/Ue corresponding to 470ν/uτ2, which may be regarded as the characteristic lifetime of the energy containing eddies in this part of the boundary layer. Furthermore, an empirical model for the average Q and R evolution is presented that reproduces the main features of the orbits in the vicinity of the origin. The deviation of the QR trajectories of individual fluid particles from the average trajectory is discussed in relation to the significant scatter observed in the rates of change in the invariants around their average.
Gravitational stability of spherical self‐gravitating relaxation models

Summary The gravitational stability of spherical, self-gravitating, hydrostatically pre-stressed planetary models remains a subject of active interest. Love (1907, 1911) was the first to show that purely elastic models can become unstable when values of rigidity and bulk modulus are insufficient to counteract self-gravitational collapse. We revisit his calculations and extend his work to show that so-called dilatational (or ‘D’) modes of a viscoelastic sphere can also become unstable to self-gravitation in a specific region of Lame parameter space. As an example, we derive a marginal stability curve for the dilatational modes of a homogeneous planetary model at spherical harmonic degree two. We demonstrate that the stability conditions are independent of viscosity and that the instability will occur only when the homogeneous earth model is already unstable to the elastic instability described by Love (1907, 1911). Finally, we also consider a class of Rayleigh–Taylor (or ‘RT’) instabilities related to unstable density stratification in planetary models. This convective instability is explored using both a homogeneous Maxwell viscoelastic sphere (which has an unstable layering at all depths) and a suite of Maxwell earth models that adopt the elastic and density structure of the seismic model PREM (which has regions of unstable density stratification within the upper mantle). We argue that previous studies have significantly overestimated the potential importance of these modes to Earth evolution. For example, suggestions that the timescale of the RT modes is short relative to the age of the Earth face the fundamental problem that the ensuing convective instability would have long ago destroyed the unstable layering and produced an adiabatic profile. We predict that at low degrees the RT instabilities for a PREM density profile and realistic viscosity stratification have timescales comparable to the age of the Earth. It is unclear, in any event, whether the unstable density layering in the PREM upper mantle is robust.
Magnetic Properties and Core Loss Behavior of Fe-6.5wt.%Si Ribbons Prepared by Melt Spinning

Fe-6.5wt. %Si alloy is prepared in the form of continuous ribbons with 25 mm in width and 0.03 mm in thickness by using melt spinning technique. The ribbons are flexible and could be wounded into tapes. DC magnetic properties and core loss behaviors of the ribbons after heat treatment are investigated in this paper. The magnetic properties are compared with ribbons by cold rolling and CVD methods. The melt spinning ribbons exhibit much less core loss in the frequencies more than 10 kHz. The melt spinning ribbons are promising to be used for electric devices used in medium or higher frequencies.
Electronic transport characteristics of electrolyte-gated conducting polyaniline nanowire field-effect transistors

We investigate the electronic transport characteristics of an electrolyte-gated conducting polyaniline (PANI) nanowire field-effect transistor (FET) assembled between two Au electrodes on SiO2/Si substrate using nanochannel-assisted chemical oxidative polymerization. This is the first demonstration that the current-voltage characteristics for a PANI nanowire FET exhibit significant hysteresis, which is typically greater on the positive sweep of the potential than on the negative sweep. We suggest that this hysteresis is due to changes in the PANI structure and the effects of Coulombic repulsion in PANI nanowires on oxidation process. We also present degradation properties of PANI nanowire FETs with electrochemical gate potential.
A Method for Determining the Sensor Degradation Rates of NOAA AVHRR Channels 1 and 2

Abstract A method is described to determine the degradation rates of NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) visible channels. Thirty-eight desert targets (each 20 km × 20 km) were selected over the northwest region of China after testing uniformity of the underlying surface. Two cloud-free datasets for the same satellite were sampled from two different periods several years apart. The functional relationships were established between the observed reflectances and the satellite observation angles. By allowing comparison of the functional relationships of the two different periods and computation of the sensor degradation rates using the stepwise method, the degradation rates were determined to be 5.8% and 4.6% per year for channels 1 and 2, respectively, based on the NOAA-9 AVHRR data for October 1985 and September 1988.
Image processing analysis of vortex dynamics of lobed jets from three-dimensional diffusers

The passive control of jet flows with the aim to enhance mixing and entrainment is of wide practical interest. Our purpose here is to develop new air diffusers for heating ventilating air conditioning systems by using lobed geometry nozzles, in order to ameliorate the users’ thermal comfort. Two turbulent six-lobed air jets, issued from a lobed tubular nozzle and an innovative hemispherical lobed nozzle, were studied experimentally. It was shown that the proposed innovative concept of a lobed jet, which can be easily integrated in air diffusion devices, is very efficient regarding induction capability. A vortical dynamics analysis for the two jets is performed using a new method of image processing, namely dynamic mode decomposition. A validation of this method is also proposed suggesting that the dynamical mode decomposition (DMD) image processing method succeeds in capturing the most dominant frequencies of the flow dynamics, which in our case are related to the quite special dynamics of the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices.
Effect of experimentally observed hydrogenic fractionation on inertial confinement fusion ignition target performance

The need of cryogenic hydrogenic fuels in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ignition targets has been long been established. Efficient implosion of such targets has mandated keeping the adiabat of the main fuel layer at low levels to ensure drive energies are kept at reasonable minima. The use of cryogenic fuels helps meet this requirement and has therefore become the standard in most ICF ignition designs. To date most theoretical ICF ignition target designs have assumed a homogeneous layer of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel kept slightly below the triple point. However, recent work has indicated that, as cryogenic fuel layers are formed inside an ICF capsule, isotopic dissociation of the tritium (T), deuterium (D), and DT takes place leading to a “fractionation” of the final ice layer. This paper will numerically investigate the effects that various scenarios of fractionation have on hot-spot formation, ignition, and burn in ICF ignition target designs.