Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurological assessment at five years of age in infants born preterm

Aim: To evaluate the agreement between Touwen's neurological examination and a derived simplified one, created to be applied at the age of 5 y to infants born preterm. Methods: 185 children born at a gestational age (GA) of <33 wk and/or with a birthweight <1501 g, free of cerebral palsy, underwent Touwen's neurological examination at a mean age of 5 y and 8 mo (5‐6.5 y). One‐hundred and seventy had a full examination and were included into the study. They were born at a mean GA of 30 wk (range 24–35 wk) with a mean birthweight of 1250 g (range 600–2690 g). A simplified examination, based on the clinical experience of two of the authors, was created a priori. The data were reviewed retrospectively and the concordance between the two forms was assessed. The reviewers were blinded to the original categorization from the long form. Results: On the basis of the original Touwen's neurological examination, the 170 children were classified into 122 with a normal neurological examination, 41 with grade 1 minor neurological dysfunction (MND) and 7 with grade 2 MND, giving 28% of the cohort with MND. The concordance between the two forms was excellent, with an agreement in 169 out of 170 subjects. None of the infants with the most complex form of MND was misclassified.
Hunting for Huntington ’ s Evidence : An Empirical Reassessment of The Clash of Civilizations Theory

I inquire into Samuel P. Huntington’s clash of civilizations theory as outlined in his landmark The Clash of Civilizations. I explore conflicts starting at the end of the Cold War to 2007 in order to examine whether Huntington’s theory has been materializing (there is a marked increase in conflicts between Civilizations and they have become more intense) or if the face of conflicts has stayed relatively similar to Cold War era clashes.
Endocytosis of the Anthrax Toxin Is Mediated by Clathrin, Actin and Unconventional Adaptors

The anthrax toxin is a tripartite toxin, where the two enzymatic subunits require the third subunit, the protective antigen (PA), to interact with cells and be escorted to their cytoplasmic targets. PA binds to cells via one of two receptors, TEM8 and CMG2. Interestingly, the toxin times and triggers its own endocytosis, in particular through the heptamerization of PA. Here we show that PA triggers the ubiquitination of its receptors in a β-arrestin-dependent manner and that this step is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, we find that endocytosis is dependent on the heterotetrameric adaptor AP-1 but not the more conventional AP-2. Finally, we show that endocytosis of PA is strongly dependent on actin. Unexpectedly, actin was also found to be essential for efficient heptamerization of PA, but only when bound to one of its 2 receptors, TEM8, due to the active organization of TEM8 into actin-dependent domains. Endocytic pathways are highly modular systems. Here we identify some of the key players that allow efficient heptamerization of PA and subsequent ubiquitin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the anthrax toxin.
Proving a manifold to be hyperbolic once it has been approximated to be so

The computer program SnapPea can approximate whether or not a three manifold whose boundary consists of tori has a complete hyperbolic structure, but it can not prove conclusively that this is so. This article provides a method for proving that such a manifold has a complete hyperbolic structure based on the approximations of SNAP, a program that includes the functionality of SnapPea plus other features. The approximation is done by triangulating the manifold, identifying consistency and completeness equations with respect to this triangulation, and then trying to solve the system of equations using Newton's Method. This produces an approximate, not actual solution. The method developed here uses Kantorovich's theorem to prove that an actual solution exists, thereby assuring that the manifold has a complete hyperbolic structure. Using this, we can definitively prove that every manifold in the SnapPea cusped census has a complete hyperbolic structure.
genetic diversity : an experimental test Antagonistic coevolution with parasites maintains host Supplementary data tml

Supplementary data tml http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2010/07/29/rspb.2010. 1211.DC1. h "Data Supplement" References ml#ref-list-1 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/early/2010/07/29/rspb.2010. 1211.full. ht This article cites 36 articles, 8 of which can be accessed free P<P Published online 4 August 2010 in advance of the print journal. Subject collections (1897 articles) evolution  (1648 articles) ecology  (270 articles) molecular biology  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
Modeling and simulation of a Microcontroller based power factor correction converter

A Microcontroller based power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, which is not affected by harmonic distortion in current and voltage wave shapes. This paper describes the design and simulation of a single-phase PFC converter using Atmel's AVR Microcontroller. It involves sensing and measuring the power factor from the load using ADC; implementing faster algorithm to process the data using discrete time filter which requires least amount of memory; and triggering appropriate capacitors in order to compensate the excessive reactive components. A power factor near to unity is thus achieved, which results higher efficiency and low-THD AC output. A provision for measuring the power is also discussed.
Membrane Potential Dynamics of Spontaneous and Visually Evoked Gamma Activity in V1 of Awake Mice

Cortical gamma activity (30–80 Hz) is believed to play important functions in neural computation and arises from the interplay of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV) and pyramidal cells (PYRs). However, the subthreshold dynamics underlying its emergence in the cortex of awake animals remain unclear. Here, we characterized the intracellular dynamics of PVs and PYRs during spontaneous and visually evoked gamma activity in layers 2/3 of V1 of awake mice using targeted patch-clamp recordings and synchronous local field potentials (LFPs). Strong gamma activity patterned in short bouts (one to three cycles), occurred when PVs and PYRs were depolarizing and entrained their membrane potential dynamics regardless of the presence of visual stimulation. PV firing phase locked unconditionally to gamma activity. However, PYRs only phase locked to visually evoked gamma bouts. Taken together, our results indicate that gamma activity corresponds to short pulses of correlated background synaptic activity synchronizing the output of cortical neurons depending on external sensory drive.
Active PI3K Pathway Causes an Invasive Phenotype Which Can Be Reversed or Promoted by Blocking the Pathway at Divergent Nodes

The PTEN/PI3K pathway is commonly mutated in cancer and therefore represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. To investigate the primary phenotypes mediated by increased pathway signaling in a clean, patient-relevant context, an activating PIK3CA mutation (H1047R) was knocked-in to an endogenous allele of the MCF10A non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line. Introduction of an endogenously mutated PIK3CA allele resulted in a marked epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasive phenotype, compared to isogenic wild-type cells. The invasive phenotype was linked to enhanced PIP3 production via a S6K-IRS positive feedback mechanism. Moreover, potent and selective inhibitors of PI3K were highly effective in reversing this phenotype, which is optimally revealed in 3-dimensional cell culture. In contrast, inhibition of Akt or mTOR exacerbated the invasive phenotype. Our results suggest that invasion is a core phenotype mediated by increased PTEN/PI3K pathway activity and that therapeutic agents targeting different nodes of the PI3K pathway may have dramatic differences in their ability to reverse or promote cancer metastasis.
Paper Special Section on Quality of Communication Services Improving Quality of Life Openqflow: Scalable Openflow with Flow-based Qos

SUMMARY OpenFlow, originally proposed for campus and enterprise network experimentation, has become a promising SDN architecture that is considered as a widely-deployable production network node recently. It is, in a consequence, pointed out that OpenFlow cannot scale and replace today's versatile network devices due to its limited scalability and flexibility. In this paper, we propose OpenQFlow, a novel scalable and flexible variant of OpenFlow. OpenQFlow provides a fine-grained flow tracking while flow classification is decoupled from the tracking by separating the inefficiently coupled flow table to three different tables: flow state table, forwarding rule table, and QoS rule table. We also develop a two-tier flow-based QoS framework, derived from our new packet scheduling algorithm, which provides performance guarantee and fairness on both granularity levels of micro-and aggregate-flow at the same time. We have implemented OpenQFlow on an off-the-shelf microTCA chassis equipped with a commodity multicore processor, for which our architecture is suited, to achieve high-performance with carefully engineered software design and optimization .
Monitoring Arterial Pulse Waves With Synchronous Body Sensor Network

A wireless body sensor network for arterial pulse wave (PW) measurements is presented and tested with ten subjects. The system is capable of recording both mechanical PW contours with sensors made of a low-cost polypropylene-based material called electromechanical film (EMFi) and volume pulse signal with photoplethysmographic transducers. By using both types of sensors, the PW contours can be recorded from various locations. The system combined with automatic analysis methods enables to easily analyze the PW contours in order to obtain a more comprehensive view on the vascular health. To demonstrate this, two parameters used in literature, reflection index and radial augmentation index were calculated for the test subjects as a function of time. The results show that these parameter values may vary more than 20% in a period of 100 s, which suggests that a large number of PWs should be analyzed before making conclusions based on the calculated indices. In addition, the effects of the static bias force to the mechanical PW signal recorded with the EMFi sensors were studied. The PW signal with the maximum amplitude is obtained when the pressure caused by the static bias force corresponds to the contact pressure between typical systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The EMFi sensors used in the proposed system are a potential low-cost alternative for tonometric sensors in collecting data in the PW analysis for arterial screening.
Cognitive Control Signals in Posterior Cingulate Cortex

Efficiently shifting between tasks is a central function of cognitive control. The role of the default network – a constellation of areas with high baseline activity that declines during task performance – in cognitive control remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that task switching demands cognitive control to shift the balance of processing toward the external world, and therefore predicted that switching between the two tasks would require suppression of activity of neurons within the posterior cingulate cortex (CGp). To test this idea, we recorded the activity of single neurons in CGp, a central node in the default network, in monkeys performing two interleaved tasks. As predicted, we found that basal levels of neuronal activity were reduced following a switch from one task to another and gradually returned to pre-switch baseline on subsequent trials. We failed to observe these effects in lateral intraparietal cortex, part of the dorsal fronto-parietal cortical attention network directly connected to CGp. These findings indicate that suppression of neuronal activity in CGp facilitates cognitive control, and suggest that activity in the default network reflects processes that directly compete with control processes elsewhere in the brain.
Sub-Diffraction Light Structures in Optical Parametric Oscillators

Previously, we have proposed a method of diffraction management in optical resonators with left-handed materials. This method is now applied to parametric oscillators. We show that it is possible to engineer the sign and strength of diffraction for either the pump or signal beam – not both. We study the influence of the altered diffraction on the periodic structures and phase solitons emerging from the resonator’s output mirror. We also show that our scheme of diffraction management allows for sub-diffraction-limited structures, even if only the signal diffraction can be reduced. This effect is attributed to the homogeneity of the pump field.
Seeking help from the internet during adolescence.

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and demographic and psychological correlates of Internet use as a help-seeking resource for emotional problems in a community sample of adolescents. METHOD A self-report survey was completed by 9th-through 12th-grade students ( = 519) enrolled in health courses in six New York State high schools in the fall/winter of 1999. The relationship between Internet help-seeking behavior and demographic characteristics, hopelessness, functional impairment, and use of various treatment services was examined. RESULTS Nearly one fifth (18.2%) of the adolescents sought help on the Internet for emotional problems in the previous year. The proportions of males and females seeking help on the Internet did not significantly differ (15.6% and 20.8%, respectively). Internet help-seekers were significantly more likely than non-help-seekers to score above the clinical threshold on the Columbia Impairment Scale (34% versus 20.6%; chi(2)(1) = 7.4, <. 01) or Beck Depression Inventory (16.1% versus 9.1%; chi(2)(1) = 3.8, <. 05). These at-risk youths tended to combine Internet help-seeking with other sources of help, rather than substituting it for other resources. More than 20% of Internet help-seekers were dissatisfied with the help they received, and only 14% thought it had helped them very much. CONCLUSIONS For the Internet to realize its potential as an effective resource for teenagers struggling with emotional problems, further development is needed.
An Analysis of the Mongeau-Sankoff Algorithm for Music Information Retrieval

An essential problem in music information retrieval is to determinethesimilaritybetweentwogivenmelodies; there are several melodic similarity measures that have been proposed, among others, the Mongeau-Sankoff measure. In this work we implemented a modified version of the Mongeau-Sankoff measure. We conducted an experimental study to compare the implemented measure with other similarity measures; this evaluation was done in the context of the 2005 edition of the MIREX symbolic melodic similarity competition. The most relevant result of our work is an implementation of the Mongeau-Sankoff measure that presents greater effectiveness when compared to other current melodic similarity measures.
The neuropsychology of autism

CONTRIBUTORS INTRODUCTION PART I. FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION ABOUT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 1. Phenomenology of ASD: Definition, Syndromes, and Major Features EVA TROYB, KELLEY KNOCH, AND MARIANNE BARTON 2. Genetics: Many Roads to the Autism Spectrum Disorders BRETT S. ABRAHAMS 3. The Neuroanatomy of ASD MARTHA R. HERBERT 4. The Neurochemistry of ASD DAVID J. POSEY, ZOHRA LODIN, CRAIG A. ERICKSON, KIMBERLY A. STIGLER, AND CHRISTOPHER J. MCDOUGLE 5. Major Current Neuropsychological Theories of ASD AGATA ROZGA, SHARLET A. ANDERSON, AND DIANA L. ROBINS PART II. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 6. Language in ASD ELIZABETH KELLEY 7. Memory in ASD JILL BOUCHER AND ANDREW MAYES 8. Attention and Working Memory in ASD BRITTANY G. TRAVERS, MARK R. KLINGER, AND LAURA GROFER KLINGER 9. Executive Functions in ASD INGE-MARIE EIGSTI 10. Motor Development and its Relation to Social and Behavioral Manifestations in Children with ASD ERICKA L. WODKA AND STEWART H. MOSTOFSKY 11. Sensory Functions in ASD TAL KENET 12. Social Cognition in ASD MIKLE SOUTH, ROBERT T. SCHULTZ, AND SALLY OZONOFF 13. Imitation Learning in ASD INGE-MARIE EIGSTI AND JESSICA MAYO 14. Implicit Learning in ASD INGE-MARIE EIGSTI AND JESSICA MAYO 15. The Significance of IQ and Differential Cognitive Abilities for Understanding ASD ROBERT M. JOSEPH 16. Clinical Implications for Assessment and Treatment of ASD JULIE M. WOLF AND ELIZABETH KELLEY PART III. FRONTIERS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND AUTISM 17. Systemizing and Empathizing Sally Wheelwright and Simon Baron-Cohen 18. Entrainment, Mimicry, and Interpersonal Synchrony MARCEL KINSBOURNE AND MOLLY HELT 19. Repetitive Movements and Arousal MARCEL KINSBOURNE 20. Neural Network Models of Context Utiliztion ANANTH NARAYANAN AND DAVID Q. BEVERSDORF 21. Structural and Functional Brain Development in ASD: The Impact of Early Brain Overgrowth and Considerations for Treatment KAREN PIERCE AND LISA T. EYLER 22. Neuropeptide and Steroid Hormones SUMA JACOB, MARIA DEMOSTHENOUS, AND C. SUE CARTER 23. Redefining the Concept of Autism as a Unitary Disorder: Muliple Causal Deficits of a Single Kind? JILL BOUCHER 24. Autism Endophenotypes Are Not Unified by Gene Variants or Chromosome Number Variants LYNN WATERHOUSE 25. A Whole-Body Systems Approach to ASD MARTHA R. HERBERT 26. Future Directions in ASD Research DEBORAH FEIN, KATARZYNA CHAWARSKA, AND ISABELLE RAPIN INDEX
No Evidence for Anticipation in Lymphoproliferative Tumors in Population-Based Samples

Genetic anticipation in familial non–Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been consistently reported in the literature. However, most of these findings were based on data from families ascertained for genetic studies. Fecundity bias, right censoring bias, and secular trends can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the presence of anticipation. Our report investigates anticipation in four lymphoproliferative cancers, non–Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, CLL, and multiple myeloma, drawn from Swedish and Danish population-based registries. We used marginal survival methods to test for a relative difference in age at diagnosis between parents and offspring and to account for other risk factors, staggered entries, censored data, and correlations among relatives. Changes in incidence rates of lymphoproliferative tumors were accommodated in the models by using time-varying covariates for different periods of diagnosis. Whereas no anticipation was observed for Hodgkin's lymphoma, CLL, and multiple myeloma, our initial model, which controlled for gender and country, suggested a significant difference (hazard ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.75) in age at diagnosis between the parents and offspring in the non–Hodgkin's lymphoma sample. However, once we accounted for the significant change in non–Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence over time, the statistical difference between parents and offspring disappeared (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-1.76). Our results emphasize the importance of considering secular trends when evaluating the possibility of anticipation in lymphoproliferative cancers. This is the first study to consider the changes of incidence over time as a source of bias when evaluating anticipation in lymphoproliferative cancers.
Experimental assessment of microwave diagnostic tool for ultra-wideband breast cancer detection

An ultra-wideband microwave imaging system that employs a heterogeneous breast phantom and covers the ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) is presented. The platform scanning system allows monostatic and bistatic mode of operation. In this work, developed heterogeneous phantoms are used to mimic the realistic breast tissues. A utilized tapered slot antenna array allows for a high resolution hemispherical scan, achieved by rotating the imaged object on a turntable. Full design details of the scanning system and the utilized post-processing algorithm are explained. To validate the reliability of the presented system, the results of several imaging cases, including the challenging low dielectric contrast case, are presented.
A comparative study of anomaly detection algorithms for detection of SIP flooding in IMS

The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) framework uses session initiation protocol (SIP) for signaling and control of sessions. In this paper, we first demonstrate that SIP flooding attacks on IMS can result in denial of service to the legitimate users. Afterwards, we report our comparative study of three well-known anomaly detection algorithms, adaptive threshold, cumulative sum, and Hellinger distance for detection of flood attacks in IMS. We evaluate the accuracy of the algorithms using a comprehensive traffic dataset that consists of varying benign and malicious traffic patterns.
The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power

This article provides a fresh theoretical perspective on the most important development in immigration law today: the convergence of immigration and criminal law. It proposes a unifying theory - membership theory - for why these two areas of law recently have become so connected, and why that convergence is troubling. Membership theory restricts individual rights and privileges to those who are members of a social contract between the government and the people. Membership theory provides decisionmakers with justification for excluding individuals from society, using immigration and criminal law as the means of exclusion. It operates in the intersection between criminal and immigration law to mark an ever-expanding group of outsiders by denying them the privileges that citizens hold, such as the right to vote or to remain in the United States. Membership theory manifests in this new area through certain powers of the sovereign state: the power to punish, and the power to express moral condemnation. This use of membership theory places the law on the edge of a crimmigration crisis. Only the harshest elements of each area of law make their way into the criminalization of immigration law, and the apparatus of the state is used to expel from society those deemed criminally alien. The result is an ever-expanding population of the excluded and alienated. The article begins with a dystopia, narrating a future in which criminal and immigration law have completely merged, and membership theory has resulted in extreme divisions in our society between insiders and outsiders - between the included and the alienated. The rest of the article describes the seeds of that future in the past and present. Part II describes the present confluence of immigration and criminal law. Part III sets out the role of membership theory in those areas in excluding noncitizens and ex-offenders from society. It details the role of sovereign power in drawing and enforcing those lines of exclusion. The article concludes by describing the potential consequences of the convergence of these two areas and the use of membership theory to justify decisions to exclude.