Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Processing of the yellow fever virus nonstructural polyprotein: a catalytically active NS3 proteinase domain and NS2B are required for cleavages at dibasic sites

The vaccinia virus-T7 transient expression system was used to further examine the role of the NS3 proteinase in processing of the yellow fever (YF) virus nonstructural polyprotein in BHK cells. YF virus-specific polyproteins and cleavage products were identified by immunoprecipitation with region-specific antisera, by size, and by comparison with authentic YF virus polypeptides. A YF virus polyprotein initiating with a signal sequence derived from the E protein fused to the N terminus of NS2A and extending through the N-terminal 356 amino acids of NS5 exhibited processing at the 2A-2B, 2B-3, 3-4A, 4A-4B, and 4B-5 cleavage sites. Similar results were obtained with polyproteins whose N termini began within NS2A (position 110) or with NS2B. When the NS3 proteinase domain was inactivated by replacing the proposed catalytic Ser-138 with Ala, processing at all sites was abolished. The results suggest that an active NS3 proteinase domain is necessary for cleavage at the diabasic nonstructural cleavage sites and that cleavage at the proposed 4A-4B signalase site requires prior cleavage at the 4B-5 site. Cleavages were not observed with a polyprotein whose N terminus began with NS3, but cleavage at the 4B-5 site could be restored by supplying the the NS2B protein in trans. Several experimental results suggested that trans cleavage at the 4B-5 site requires association of NS2B and the NS3 proteinase domain. Coexpression of different proteinases and catalytically inactive polyprotein substrates revealed that trans cleavage at the 2B-3 and 4B-5 sites was relatively efficient when compared with trans cleavage at the 2A-2B and 3-4A sites.
The reproductive effects assessment group's report on the mutagenicity of inorganic arsenic.

Various inorganic compounds of arsenic have been tested for mutagenicity in a variety of test systems ranging in complexity from bacteria to peripheral lymphocytes of exposed human beings. Although much of the data are contradictory, the weight of evidence supports the following conclusions: 1) arsenic is either inactive or extremely weak for the induction of gene mutations in vitro; 2) arsenic is clastogenic and induces sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in a variety of cell types, including human cells, in vitro; trivalent arsenic is approximately an order of magnitude more potent than pentavalent arsenic; 3) arsenic does not appear to induce chromosome aberrations in vivo in experimental animals; 4) several studies suggest that human beings exposed to arsenic demonstrate higher frequencies of SCE and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes; 5) arsenic may affect DNA by the inhibition of DNA repair processes or by its occasional substitution for phosphorus in the DNA backbone. A summary of this literature is included in this article.
Thermal stability of ice on Ceres with rough topography

The dwarf planet Ceres may have an ice‐rich crust, and subsurface ice exposed by impacts or endogenic activity would be subject to sublimation. We model surface and subsurface temperatures on Ceres to assess lifetimes of water ice and other volatiles. Topographic shadowing allows a small but nonnegligible fraction (∼0.4%) of Ceres' surface to be perennially below the ∼110 K criterion for 1 Gyr of stability. These areas are found above 60° latitude. Other molecules (CH3OH, NH3, SO2, and CO2) may be cold trapped in smaller abundances. A model for the transport, gravitational escape, and photoionization of H2O molecules suggests net accumulation in the cold traps. Buried ice is stable within a meter for > 1 Gyr at latitudes higher than ∼50°. An illuminated polar cap of water ice would be stable within a few degrees of the poles only if it maintained a high albedo (>0.5) at present obliquity. If the obliquity exceeded 5° in the geologically recent past, then a putative polar cap would have been erased. At latitudes 0°–30°, ice is stable under solar illumination only briefly (∼10–100 years), unless it has high albedo and thermal inertia, in which case lifetimes of > 104 years are possible. Finally, a small hemispheric asymmetry exists due to the timing of Ceres' perihelion passage, which would lead to a detectable enhancement of ice in the northern hemisphere if the orbital elements vary slowly relative to the ice accumulation rate. Our model results are potentially testable during the Dawn science mission.
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Heterotypic Comorbidity in Externalizing Male Adolescents

Children and adolescents with externalizing behavior disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) often present with symptoms of comorbid internalizing psychopathology. However, few studies have examined central nervous system correlates of such comorbidity. We evaluated interactions between externalizing and internalizing symptoms in predicting mesolimbic, septo-hippocampal, and anterior cingulate volumes among 12- to 16-year-old boys with either ADHD, ADHD and CD, or no psychiatric condition (n = 35). These regions were chosen given established links to trait impulsivity, trait anxiety, and behavior regulation, respectively. Collapsed across groups, Externalizing × Internalizing symptom interactions accounted for individual differences in gray matter densities in each region. Externalizing youth with comorbid internalizing symptoms showed smaller reductions in gray matter than individuals with externalizing psychopathology alone. These results suggest that internalizing symptoms are associated with less severe structural compromises in brain regions subserving motivation and behavior regulation among externalizing boys.
Characterization and primary structure of a second thioredoxin from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

A second thioredoxin, Ch1, distinct from the one recently reported [Decottignies, P., Schmitter, J.M. , Jacquot, J. P., Dutka, S. , Picaud, A. & Gadal, P. (1990) Arch, Biochem. Biophys. 280, 112-121] has been purified from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and its functional and structural properties investigated. Its activity in various enzymatic assays has been compared with the activities of different plant thioredoxins (Ch2 from C. reinhardtii and spinach m and f). Ch1 cannot serve as a substrate for Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase, but can be reduced by spinach ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase. It is less efficient than its spinach counterpart in the activation of corn leaf NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase by light or dithiothreitol, and it only activates spinach fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase at very high concentrations. The complete primary structure of C. reinhardtii thioredoxin Ch1 was determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact protein and of peptides derived from trypsin, chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease digestions. When needed, peptide masses were verified by plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Ch1 consists of a polypeptide of 111 amino acids (11634 Da) and contains the well-conserved active site sequence Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys. Compared to thioredoxins from other sources, the algal thioredoxin Ch1 displays few sequence similarities with all the thioredoxins sequenced so far. Preliminary evidence indicates that Ch1 may be an h-type thioredoxin.
Labor Market Returns to the GED Using Regression Discontinuity Analysis

Title Labor-Market Returns to the GED Using Regression Discontinuity Analysis Authors(s) Jepsen, Christopher; Mueser, Peter; Troske, Kenneth Publication date 2016-06 Publication information Journal of Political Economy, 124 (3): 621-649 Publisher University of Chicago Press Item record/more information http://hdl.handle. net/10197/7729 Publisher's statement Accepted for publication by Journal of Political Economy on 2016-06. http://dx.doi. org/# Publisher's version (DOI) 10.1086/686245
A method for determining the positions of polar hydrogens added to a protein structure that maximizes protein hydrogen bonding

An automated method for the optimal placement of polar hydrogens in a protein structure is described. This method treats the polar, side chain hydrogens of lysine, serine, threonine, and tyrosine and the amino terminus of a protein. The program, called NETWORK, divides the potential hydrogen‐bonding pairs of a protein into groups of interacting donors and acceptors. A search is conducted on each of the local groups to find an arrangement which forms the most hydrogen bonds. If two or more arrangements have the same number of hydrogen bonds, the arrangement with the shortest set of hydrogen bonds is selected. The polar hydrogens of the histidyl side chain are specifically treated, and the ionization state of this residue is allowed to change, if this change results in additional hydrogen bonds for the local group. The program will accept Protein Data Bank as well as Biosym‐format coordinate files. Input and output routines can be easily modified to accept other coordinate file formats. The predictions from this method are compared to known hydrogen positions for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, insulin, RNase‐A, and trypsin for which the neutron diffraction structures have been determined. The usefulness of this program is further demonstrated by a comparison of molecular dynamics simulations for the enzyme cytochrome P‐450cam with and without using NETWORK.
DNA evidence for historic population size and past ecosystem impacts of gray whales

Ecosystem restoration may require returning threatened populations of ecologically pivotal species to near their former abundances, but it is often difficult to estimate historic population size of species that have been heavily exploited. Eastern Pacific gray whales play a key ecological role in their Arctic feeding grounds and are widely thought to have returned to their prewhaling abundance. Recent mortality spikes might signal that the population has reached long-term carrying capacity, but an alternative is that this decline was due to shifting climatic conditions on Arctic feeding grounds. We used a genetic approach to estimate prewhaling abundance of gray whales and report DNA variability at 10 loci that is typical of a population of ≈76,000–118,000 individuals, approximately three to five times more numerous than today's average census size of 22,000. Coalescent simulations indicate these estimates may include the entire Pacific metapopulation, suggesting that our average measurement of ≈96,000 individuals was probably distributed between the eastern and currently endangered western Pacific populations. These levels of genetic variation suggest the eastern population is at most at 28–56% of its historical abundance and should be considered depleted. If used to inform management, this would halve acceptable human-caused mortality for this population from 417 to 208 per year. Potentially profound ecosystem impacts may have resulted from a decline from 96,000 gray whales to the current population. At previous levels, gray whales may have seasonally resuspended 700 million cubic meters of sediment, as much as 12 Yukon Rivers, and provided food to a million sea birds.
A broadband dual-polarized four-leaf clover antenna for base stations

A broadband dual-polarized four-leaf clover antenna is proposed for 2G/3G/LTE base stations. The four-leaf clover antenna consists of two perpendicularly crossed bow-tie dipoles. Each bow-tie dipole is excited by a microstrip stub that is directly fed by a coaxial line, making the four-leaf clover antenna full planar. It is shown that the four-leaf clover planar antenna has a bandwidth of 45% (1.7-2.7 GHz) for return loss >15 dB with an isolation of higher than 30 dB. The dual-polarized antenna has a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of around 65° and an average gain of 8.5 dBi for slant ±45° polarizations. An 8-element four-leaf clover antenna array is developed.
Inhibition of IFN-γ-Induced Class II Transactivator Expression by a 19-kDa Lipoprotein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Potential Mechanism for Immune Evasion1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) persists inside macrophages despite vigorous immune responses. MTB and MTB 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibit class II MHC (MHC-II) expression and Ag processing by a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism that is shown in this study to involve a defect in IFN-γ induction of class II transactivator (CIITA). Exposure of macrophages to MTB or MTB 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibited IFN-γ-induced MHC-II expression, but not IL-4-induced MHC-II expression, by preventing induction of mRNA for CIITA (total, type I, and type IV), IFN regulatory factor-1, and MHC-II. MTB 19-kDa lipoprotein induced mRNA for suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 but did not inhibit IFN-γ-induced Stat1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the lipoprotein inhibited MHC-II Ag processing in SOCS1−/− macrophages. MTB 19-kDa lipoprotein did not inhibit translocation of phosphorylated Stat1 to the nucleus or Stat1 binding to and transactivation of IFN-γ-sensitive promoter constructs. Thus, MTB 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibited IFN-γ signaling independent of SOCS1 and without interfering with the activation of Stat1. Inhibition of IFN-γ-induced CIITA by MTB 19-kDa lipoprotein may allow MTB to evade detection by CD4+ T cells.
Outcomes of a Vision Screening Program for Underserved Populations in the United States

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate which components of a vision screening process are most effective in identifying individuals who need eye care services. Methods: Subjects visiting a free health clinic were screened using visual acuity and a questionnaire. Persons who failed screening were referred for a professional eye examination. Results: A total of 1380 of 3004 screened persons (46%) screened positive on question(s) or distance visual acuity; 81% of screened positives were referred for an eye exam, <50% of the positives attended the examination, and one-third had ≥1 problem requiring intervention or monitoring. The most common problem was distance refractive error that, once corrected, improved vision by two or more lines, followed by glaucoma or glaucoma suspect (8.9%), visually significant cataract (7.2%), and diabetic retinopathy (2.5%). Ninety-four subjects who screened negative (“normal”) were examined; nearly half of these had 2+ lines of visual acuity improvement with refraction (from 20/40 or 20/32 to 20/20). Sensitivity for detecting specific eye conditions varied substantially, ranging from 0–83% for individual screening questions. Time since last exam and distance acuity <20/50 were the most sensitive questions for visually significant cataract; however, their specificity was low. No combination of questions and acuity testing had both high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Vision problems requiring intervention were common among this relatively young population, but no combination of screening questions and vision testing proved effective for screening. More than half of those who screened positive never showed for an examination, indicating that on-site eye exams might be more effective.
The early sperm gets the good egg: mating order effects in free spawners

Mating order can have important consequences for the fertilization success of males whose ejaculates compete to fertilize a clutch of eggs. Despite an excellent body of literature on mating–order effects in many animals, they have rarely been considered in marine free–spawning invertebrates, where both sexes release gametes into the water column. In this study, we show that in such organisms, mating order can have profound repercussions for male reproductive success. Using in vitro fertilization for two species of sea urchin, we found that the‘fertilization histor’ of a clutch of eggs strongly influenced the size distribution of unfertilized eggs, and consequently the likelihood that they will be fertilized. Males that had first access to a batch of eggs enjoyed elevated fertilization success because they had privileged access to the largest and therefore most readily fertilizable eggs within a clutch. By contrast, when a mal's sperm were exposed to a batch of unfertilized eggs left over from a previous mating event, fertilization rates were reduced, owing to smaller eggs remaining in egg clutches previously exposed to sperm. Because of this size–dependent fertilization, the fertilization history of eggs also strongly influenced the size distribution of offspring, with first–spawning males producing larger, and therefore fitter, offspring. These findings suggest that when there is variation in egg size, mating order will influence not only the quantity but also the quality of offspring sired by competing males.
Monitoring of Drug Prescriptions for Children in the County of Jämtland and in Sweden as a Whole in 1977–1987

ABSTRACT. One individual‐based (Jämtland) and one population‐based (Sweden) monitoring system provided information on the prescription sales of drugs for children in ambulatory care. The overall prescription rate decreased between 1977 and 1987 and it was 20–25% lower in Jämtland than in Sweden as a whole. Antibiotics, drugs for ear, nose and throat diseases and respiratory drugs accounted for three out of four prescriptions. Penicillin V dominated among antibiotics and the prescription rate was stable whereas that of other antibiotics increased. During their first year of life one out of ten children in Jämtland had at least one prescription of antibiotics, during their first five years three out of four children. Prescribing of decongestants, especially systemic, decreased during the study period whereas that of anti‐asthmatics increased, partly due to the non‐approved use of these drugs for common cough. The results from our study underline the need for pharmaco‐epidemiological studies linking prescription data to clinical data in order to answer questions on the rational of present drug treatment practices.
Expression and function of Fas antigen on activated murine B cells

We have studied the expression and function of Fas antigen on murine B lymphocytes. While Fas was present on only a few B cells in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph node or peripheral blood, its expression could be strongly up‐regulated by stimulation with soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L). Treatment with anti‐IgM and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) alone did not induce significant Fas expression but enhanced CD40L‐mediated up‐regulation of Fas expression. The T cell‐derived signal via CD40 is therefore a potent inducer of Fas expression by B lymphocytes. The sensitivity to Fas‐mediated apoptosis was found to depend on the duration of B cell activation. B cells activated for 1 day were resistant to Fas‐mediated cell death, whereas B cells activated for 3 days were relatively sensitive. Interestingly, different sensitivity to Fas‐mediated death signal was observed in 2‐day activated B cells. It was found that B cells stimulated with CD40 L alone were more sensitive to Fas‐mediated apoptosis than were cells stimulated with CD40L plus anti‐IgM or IL‐4, and in particular, the combination of the two. The greater sensitivity exhibited by B cells stimulated with CD40L alone seems to be related to limited activation of these cells in the absence of additional stimulation. Co‐stimulation of B cells in the presence of CD40L and anti‐Fas antibody resulted initially in activation of B lymphocytes, as reflected by the expression of activation markers and cell growth, but this was followed by growth inhibition and cell death. The data demonstrate that the B cell response can be regulated positively and negatively by signaling through CD40 and Fas antigens, respectively.
Aneuploid spermatozoa in infertile men: Teratozoospermia

We and others have demonstrated that infertile men who are candidates for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have an increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in their sperm. Reports based on prenatal diagnosis of ICSI pregnancies have confirmed the increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in offspring. Most studies to date have lumped various types of infertility together. However, it is quite likely that some subsets of infertility have an increased risk of sperm chromosomal abnormalities whereas others do not. We have studied nine men with severe teratozoospermia (WHO, 1992 criteria, 0–13% morphologically normal forms) by multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis to determine if they have an increased frequency of disomy for chromosomes 13, 21, XX, YY, and XY, as well as diploidy. All of the men also had aesthenozoospermia (< 50% forward progression) but none of the men had oligozoospermia (<20 × 106 sperm/ml). The patients ranged in age from 20 to 49 years (mean 33.2 years) in comparison to 18 normal control donors who were 23 to 58 years (mean 35.6 years). The control donors had normal semen parameters and no history of infertility. A total of 180,566 sperm were scored in the teratozoospermic men with a minimum of 10,000 sperm analyzed/donor/chromosome probe. There was a significant increase in the frequency of disomy in teratozoospermic men compared to controls for chromosomes 13 (.23 vs. .13%), XX (.13 vs. .05%), and XY (.50 vs. .30%) (P < .0001, 2‐tailed Z statistic). This study indicates that men with teratozoospermia and aesthenozoospermia but with normal concentrations of sperm have a significantly increased frequency of sperm chromosomal abnormalities. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 200–204, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hardware reduction for RAM-based Moore FSMs

A method is proposed allowing implementing logic circuit of Moore FSM with embedded memory block of FPGA chips. The method is based on replacement some part of the set of logical conditions by additional variables. It results in diminishing for the number of LUTs in the multiplexer used for replacement of logical conditions. An example of proposed design methods application is given.
Naturally Occurring Multiple Perineuriomas in a Chicken (Gallus domesticus)

A 2-year-old, male Japanese native fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) was presented with an inability to feed and torticollis. At a necropsy, there were cylindrical enlargements and yellow discoloration of multiple peripheral nerves, including nerves of the lumbosacral plexus, brachial plexus, and spinal ganglia. On histologic examination, these lesions consisted of diffuse proliferations of spindle cells with characteristic onion bulb-like structures around residual axons. The spindle cells were immunohistochemically positive for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and negative for S-100 α/β proteins. On the basis of microscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings, the tumors were diagnosed as multiple perineuriomas.
Social Net/work(ing) on Facebook: An Analysis of Audiences, Producers, and Immaterial Laborers

Reactions to new media vary from utopian pronouncements about their democratizing potential to fear about social deviance. The news media spend a great deal of time discussing new media, especially as they relate to young people. Again, sometimes these media are reported on as democratizing forces as when Time magazine declared “You” to be the person of the year (Grossman, 2006). Other times they are described as a source of social anxiety, for example, when NBC News (2011) reported on flash mobs as “swarms of mostly young people organized through social media, texting, tweeting, using Internet sites, and increasingly turning violent in cities across the country” (para. 4). However, social media are rarely discussed in terms of their capacities to tap into users’ activities as forms of labor. This chapter contributes to the discussion of user generated content as labor (Cohen, 2008; Peterson, 2008; van Dijck, 2009) by examining the process of building and maintaining an audience in the form of a friends list while simultaneously being an audience member in others’ friends lists. This labor is examined in this chapter through looking at the motivations individuals cite for using Facebook and how those users describe their feelings about their friends list qua audience or how users describe themselves as members of an audience.