Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Avian oncovirus MH2: molecular cloning of proviral DNA and structural analysis of viral RNA and protein

Viral RNA, molecularly cloned proviral DNA, and virus-specific protein of avian retrovirus MH2 were analyzed. The complexity and sequence conservation of the transformation-specific v-myc sequences of MH2 RNA were compared with those of the other members of the MC29 subgroup of acute leukemia viruses, MC29, CMII, and OK10, and with chicken cellular c-myc sequences. All T1 oligonucleotides mapping within the 1.3-kilobase coding region of MC29 v-myc have homologous counterparts in the RNAs of all MC29 subgroup viruses and in c-myc. These counterparts are either identical in composition or altered by single point mutations. Hence, the 47,000-dalton carboxy-terminal sequences of the transforming proteins of these viruses and of the cellular gene product are probably highly conserved but may contain single amino acid substitutions. T1 oligonucleotide mapping of MH2 RNA indicated that the MH2 v-myc sequences map close to the 3' end of viral RNA. A genomic library of an MH2-transformed quail cell line was prepared by using the Charon 4A vector system. By screening with an myc-specific probe, a clone containing the entire MH2 provirus (lambda MH2-1) was isolated. Digestion of cloned DNA with KpnI yielded a 5.1-kilobase fragment hybridizing to both gag- and myc-specific probes. Further restriction mapping of lambda MH2-1 DNA showed that about 1.6 kilobases of the gag gene are present near the 5' end of proviral DNA, and the conserved part of v-myc, i.e., 1.3 kilobases, is present near the 3' end of proviral DNA. These two domains are separated by a segment of at least 1 kilobase of different genetic origin, including additional unique sequences unrelated to virion genes. Tryptic peptide analysis of the gag-related protein of MH2, p100, revealed gag-specific peptides and several unique methionine-containing peptides. One of the latter is possibly shared with the polymerase precursor protein Pr180gag-pol, but no myc-specific peptides, defined for the MC29 protein p110gag-myc, appear to be present in MH2 p100. The data on viral RNA, proviral DNA, and protein of MH2 reveal a unique genetic structure for this virus of the MC29 subgroup and suggest that its v-myc gene is not expressed as a gag-related protein.
Carbon Flow Tracing Method for Assessment of Demand Side Carbon Emissions Obligation

As increasing number of nations, industries, and individuals are involved in the carbon mitigation initiative, it becomes significant to answer what amount of carbon emissions social entities are responsible for, especially from electricity service. In this paper, a carbon flow tracing method is presented to determine carbon emissions obligation from electricity consumption. The method traces energy sources of electricity consumption across the electricity network to determine the indirect carbon emissions caused. From a “generation-to-consumption” perspective, the transmission characteristic of electricity supply and locational energy mix are reflected. The method is employed to address two important issues uniformly, i.e., carbon accounting at the regional level and locational carbon intensity assessment at the user level, respectively. Test results from two examples show that the method is a preferable choice to solve the two problems. Additionally, the method may contribute to carbon reduction cooperation and end user participation in carbon mitigation.
Universal codes as a basis for nonparametric testing of serial independence for time series

We consider a stationary and ergodic source p generated symbols x <sub>1</sub>. x<sub>t</sub> from some finite set A and a null hypothesis H<sub>0</sub> that p is Markovian source with memory (or connectivity) not larger than m, (m ges 0). The alternative hypothesis H<sub>1</sub> is that the sequence is generated by a stationary and ergodic source, which differs from the source under H<sub>0</sub>. In particular, if m = 0 we have the null hypothesis H<sub>0</sub> that the sequence is generated by Bernoully source (or the hypothesis that x<sub>1</sub>.x<sub>t</sub> are independent). Some new tests which are based on universal codes and universal predictors, are suggested
CARDIOVASCULAR REGULATION IN TGR(mREN2)27 RATS: 24h VARIATION IN PLASMA CATECHOLAMINES, ANGIOTENSIN PEPTIDES, AND TELEMETRIC HEART RATE VARIABILITY

Dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system might play an important role in disturbed 24h blood pressure regulation in transgenic hypertensive TGR (mREN2)27 (TGR) rats. Our study was performed to determine possible differences in activity of the sympathetic nervous system in TGR rats in comparison to their normotensive Sprague-Dawley (SPRD) controls; we measured plasma catecholamine and angiotensin concentrations throughout 24h under synchronized light-dark 12h:12H (LD 12:12) conditions. In the TGR rat strain, rhythms of plasma catecholamines were blunted, and the concentrations were significantly decreased. In addition, TGR rats showed increased plasma angiotensin I and II concentrations without any significant rhythm. An impaired autonomic regulation was confirmed by monitoring heart rate variability in TGR rats. Data showed that the TGR rat strain is characterized by a reduction in plasma catecholamines and an increase in angiotensin peptides. At present, it is not clear whether the reduction in catecholamines represents a decrease in sympathetic tone mediated by baroreflex activation or an increased catecholamine turnover induced by elevated angio-tensin II. However, the blunted, but normally phased, rhythms in plasma catecholamines in TGR rats make it unlikely that the sympathetic nervous system is mainly responsible for the inverse circadian blood pressure rhythm in the transgenic strain. (Chronobiology International, 18(3), 461–474, 2001)
Semiconducting Block Copolymers for Self-Assembled Photovoltaic Devices

This article focuses on self-assembled photovoltaic materials based on a new class of semiconducting block copolymers for application in photovoltaic devices.Topics discussed include the materials concept for efficient photovoltaic-device structures, their macromolecular design and synthesis, and their performance in relation to their molecular, mesoscopic, and interfacial structures. An ideal organic material for this application would have to compete with amorphous silicon in regard to energyconversion efficiency and fabrication costs. The potential of the semiconducting block copolymers presented in this review lies in the promise of large-area, mechanically flexible, self-structured photovoltaic devices fabricated by inexpensive processing techniques.
Decentralized Networked Control of Building Structures

The article presents a new method for the design of decentralized networked switched controllers to mitigate the response of building structures under earthquakes. It consists of two phases. The first phase generates low‐order gain matrices based on the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control design. It includes a substructural approach when the equations of motion of substructures are extracted from the equation of motion of the overall structures described by a finite element in‐plane (2‐D) model. Appropriate model reduction procedures, determination of damping as well as the selection of sensor and actuators locations and models are applied to each substructure. The sensors and actuators are implemented into the design model. Both resulting reduced‐order state space models of substructures are used for the proper LQG control design. The obtained local controllers are implemented into the overall structure to evaluate the performance of the closed‐loop system. Displacement, drift, acceleration, maximal actuator forces as well as dynamic responses on selected locations are checked. The computational originality is the method derived under the subsequent second phase, where the gain matrices computed in the first phase serve as a tool for the design of decentralized networked switched controller. The switching is realized periodically between two switched modes. Each mode corresponds with only one active local feedback loop for a certain period of time. The network parameter is the time interval of activity of each mode determined by a given protocol. Robustness of performance against packet dropouts and sensor faults is tested. A numerical example of the decentralized networked switched controller design applied on the 20‐story high‐fidelity building benchmark model is supplied. The simulation tests show the proposed method exhibits acceptable performance.
What are the best pulmonary function test parameters for early detection of post‐lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in children?

Abstract: Post‐lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is defined as an unexplained fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) ≥20% of baseline (B). There have been reports in adults that FEF25−75% (>30% decline from B) is more sensitive than FEV1 for the early diagnosis of BOS. Yet, it is not known if other pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters – forced expiratory flow rates at 25–75% of vital capacity (FEF25−75%) and maximal expiratory flow rate at 80% (Vmax80%), 70% (Vmax70%) and 60% (Vmax60%) – are more sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of BOS than FEV1 in post‐lung transplant children. We reviewed serial PFTs of 18 patients (ages 14.1 ± 3.7 yr, 50% female) who had lung transplantation at our institution from 1993 to 1999, and who met the criteria for BOS diagnosis. There was no significant difference in post‐transplant days when decline in FEV1 ≥20% of B, FEF25−75% >30% of B, and Vmax80%, Vmax70% and Vmax60% from normal occurred (635 ± 431, 551 ± 422 and 454 ± 287 days, respectively; p = 0.4). However, a decline in FEV1 was the first abnormality in only 39% of the patients, while a decline in FEF25−75% and Vmax at specific lung volume were the first abnormality in 78% and 56% of the patients, respectively. The earliest signs of BOS would be missed in 61% of patients if FEV1 was the primary parameter used for the diagnosis. In order to improve the sensitivity of the diagnosis of post‐lung transplant BOS; we speculate that the diagnosis should be based on decreases in FEF25−75% rather than on FEV1.
Tan Image-Based ( RBG ) Technique for Estimating Phosphorus Levels of Crops C

Abstract—In this glasshouse study, we developed a new imagebased non-destructive technique for detecting leaf P status of different crops such as cotton, tomato and lettuce. The plants were grown on a nutrient solution containing different P concentrations, e.g. 0%, 50% and 100% of recommended P concentration (P0 = no P, L; P1 = 2.5 mL 10 L-1 of P and P2 = 5 mL 10 L-1 of P). After 7 weeks of treatment, the plants were harvested and data on leaf P contents were collected using the standard destructive laboratory method and at the same time leaf images were collected by a handheld crop image sensor. We calculated leaf area, leaf perimeter and RGB (red, green and blue) values of these images. These data were further used in linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to estimate leaf P contents, which successfully classified these plants on the basis of leaf P contents. The data indicated that P deficiency in crop plants can be predicted using leaf image and morphological data. Our proposed nondestructive imaging method is precise in estimating P requirements of different crop species.
Robust nonlinear model identification methods using forward regression

In this correspondence new robust nonlinear model construction algorithms for a large class of linear-in-the-parameters models are introduced to enhance model robustness via combined parameter regularization and new robust structural selective criteria. In parallel to parameter regularization, we use two classes of robust model selection criteria based on either experimental design criteria that optimizes model adequacy, or the predicted residual sums of squares (PRESS) statistic that optimizes model generalization capability, respectively. Three robust identification algorithms are introduced, i.e., combined A- and D-optimality with regularized orthogonal least squares algorithm, respectively; and combined PRESS statistic with regularized orthogonal least squares algorithm. A common characteristic of these algorithms is that the inherent computation efficiency associated with the orthogonalization scheme in orthogonal least squares or regularized orthogonal least squares has been extended such that the new algorithms are computationally efficient. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate effectiveness of the algorithms.
New cell lines from Ephestia kuehniella: characterization and susceptibility to baculoviruses

Abstract New cell lines from embryos of Ephestia kuehniella were recently developed. Primary cultures were initiated in September 2002 from 2 to 4 day old eggs in either modified TC-100 or ExCell 400 medium. From these initial cultures, one, originally isolated in the Ex-Cell medium, produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of two cell strains, one that forms multicellular vesicles in suspension and one consisting of tightly attached epithelial-like cells. The strains were compared to an extract from E. kuehniella eggs by isozyme analysis and shown to be from the same species. Both strains were inoculated with various insect viruses, including nucleopolyhedroviruses from Autographa californica, Anagrapha falcifera, Anticarsa gemmatalis, Galleria mellonella, Heliothis armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Lymantria dispar, Plutella xylostella, and Rachoplusia ou. Both strains were highly susceptible to most of the nucleopolyhedroviruses (with the exception of the viruses from Helicoverpa zea and Lymantria dispar which did not show cytopathology to either cell strain) with large numbers of occlusion bodies produced in most of the inoculated cells. Our results suggest these new lines can be useful in biocontrol research. NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus, the prefix M or S refers to multiple or single nucleocapsids Ek-x4T an attached cell line from E. kuehniella Ek-x4V a vesicular cell line from E. kuehniella
Distributing Complementary Resources across Multiple Periods with Stochastic Demand: Hedging via Time Frame Aggregation

In this paper, we evaluate whether the robustness of a market mechanism that allocates complementary resources could be improved through the aggregation of time periods in which resources are consumed. In particular, we study a multi-round combinatorial auction that is built on a general equilibrium framework. We adopt the general equilibrium framework and the particular combinatorial auction design from the literature, and we investigate the benefits and the limitation of time-period aggregation when demand-side uncertainties are introduced. By using simulation experiments, we show that under stochastic conditions the performance variation of the process decreases as the time frame length (time frames are obtained by aggregating time periods) increases. This is achieved without causing deterioration in the mean performance.
Zero-Current-Transition Bridgeless PFC Without Extra Voltage and Current Stress

In this paper, a new zero-current-switching high-power-factor (PF) rectifier with pulsewidth-modulation control is introduced. The auxiliary circuit provides soft switching for all semiconductor devices without any extra current and voltage stress on the main switches. The proposed converter is bridgeless, and all semiconductor devices are soft switched. In addition, there is no extra stress on the switches. Thus, the conduction and switching losses are reduced and maximum efficiency is achieved. The converter is designed and simulated, and a prototype is implemented to verify the system performance. The experimental results exhibit high PF and efficiency of the proposed converter.
Circuit and process co-design with vertical gate-all-around nanowire FET technology to extend CMOS scaling for 5nm and beyond technologies

This paper presents a vertical gate-all-around nanowire FET (VFET) architecture targeting 5nm and beyond technologies, and a new standard-cell construct for digital flow implementation. VFET technology circuits and parasitics for processes and design features aligned with 5nm CMOS are systematically assessed for the first time. Self-aligned quadruple pattering (SAQP) is implemented to achieve required 12nm half-pitch interconnects, and the worst case RC delay corner is 1.4X slower than best case corner. Our work shows that interconnect delay variability of a wire of average length in SoCs can overwhelm device variability. Consequently, a new device architecture with a smaller footprint as VFET would effectively lower the BEOL variability by shortening the wirelength and help SRAM bit cells to follow 50% area scaling trend. It is shown that a VFET-based D Flip-Flop (DFF) and 6T-SRAM cell can offer 30% smaller layout area than FinFET (or equivalent lateral 2D) based designs. Furthermore, we obtain a 19% reduction in routing area of a 32-bit multiplier implemented with a VFET-based standard-cell library w.r. t. the FinFET design.
Fracture mechanics studies of non-yielding materials like concrete : modelling of tensile fracture and applied strength analyses

Fracture mechanics studies of non-yielding materials are presented. The studies are based on theoretical models for the macroscopical mechanical behaviour of materials during tensile stress induced fracture. A number of applied numercal analysis are indicated. Fracture models and strength relations are discussed also from a few more general and fundamental points of view. A number of comparisons are made to test results from literature. The applications concern materials such as concrete, reinforced concrete, mortar and wood. Most numerical calculations are carried out by means of finite element methods. The fracture mechanics model called the fictitious crack model is emphasized. This model gives a.description of gradual and localized fracture-softening in a single discrete tensile fracture process region. 0ther models dealt with: linear elastic fracture mechanics, Weibull-model, un-limited plasticity, conventional maximum stress theory and a few more special models. Specimens dealt with during numerical calculations: beams in bending, fracture mechanics tests specimens, tensile test specimens, pipes in bending and crushing, specimens with a re-entrant corner and longitudinally reinforced concrete beams in shear. According to the results obtained, it seems to be theoretically consistent and often of great practical importance to take into account the gradual and localized fracture-softening during strength analysis of specimens and structural elements. (Less)
Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?

Although it is well established that soils are the dominating source for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), we are still struggling to fully understand the complexity of the underlying microbial production and consumption processes and the links to biotic (e.g. inter- and intraspecies competition, food webs, plant–microbe interaction) and abiotic (e.g. soil climate, physics and chemistry) factors. Recent work shows that a better understanding of the composition and diversity of the microbial community across a variety of soils in different climates and under different land use, as well as plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, may provide a key to better understand the variability of N2O fluxes at the soil–atmosphere interface. Moreover, recent insights into the regulation of the reduction of N2O to dinitrogen (N2) have increased our understanding of N2O exchange. This improved process understanding, building on the increased use of isotope tracing techniques and metagenomics, needs to go along with improvements in measurement techniques for N2O (and N2) emission in order to obtain robust field and laboratory datasets for different ecosystem types. Advances in both fields are currently used to improve process descriptions in biogeochemical models, which may eventually be used not only to test our current process understanding from the microsite to the field level, but also used as tools for up-scaling emissions to landscapes and regions and to explore feedbacks of soil N2O emissions to changes in environmental conditions, land management and land use.
Influence of surface treatment on mechanical behaviour of fumed silica/epoxy resin nanocomposites

The present paper shows the potential of fumed silica as nano-reinforcements in polymers, by considering the limitations and challenges one has to face dealing with nanoparticles in general. The dominating effect of the manufacturing route and surface properties of fumed silica influencing the resulting degree of dispersion and the interfacial adhesion were investigated by electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). The resulting (fracture-) mechanical properties of the fumed silica/epoxy composites were investigated for volume contents of 0.5 vol% and below. Independent of the surface modification, static and dynamic modulus decreased slightly by adding the fumed silica. Hence, the fracture toughness K Ic turned out to be significantly increased (54%) adding only 0.5 vol% of surface modified fumed silica.
Evaluation of an Aerobic Denitrifying Bacterium for Wastewater Treatment

An aerobic denitrifying bacterium isolated from sludge was evaluated for water treatment application. The denitrification reaction condition was optimized using orthogonal experiment as temperature 30°C,pH7.0 and shaking speed 250rpm. The highest denitrification rate observed at 24h in the optimization experiment was 94.8%. Temperature was confirmed to be the most significant one in the four factors affecting the denitrification efficiency. In a comprehensive evaluation experiment for printing-dying wastewater treatment, the bacterium showed a satisfying water purification effects with obvious decreasing of COD, total phosphorous concentration and nitrate. The highest NO3--N removal rate occurred on day 3, which reached 94.2%.
Rapid Feature-driven Changes in the Attentional Window

Spatial attention must adjust around an object of interest in a manner that reflects the object's size on the retina as well as the proximity of distracting objects, a process often guided by nonspatial features. This study used ERPs to investigate how quickly the size of this type of “attentional window” can adjust around a fixated target object defined by its color and whether this variety of attention influences the feedforward flow of subsequent information through the visual system. The task involved attending either to a circular region at fixation or to a surrounding annulus region, depending on which region contained an attended color. The region containing the attended color varied randomly from trial to trial, so the spatial distribution of attention had to be adjusted on each trial. We measured the initial sensory ERP response elicited by an irrelevant probe stimulus that appeared in one of the two regions at different times after task display onset. This allowed us to measure the amount of time required to adjust spatial attention on the basis of the location of the task-relevant feature. We found that the probe-elicited sensory response was larger when the probe occurred within the region of the attended dots, and this effect required a delay of approximately 175 msec between the onset of the task display and the onset of the probe. Thus, the window of attention is rapidly adjusted around the point of fixation in a manner that reflects the spatial extent of a task-relevant stimulus, leading to changes in the feedforward flow of subsequent information through the visual system.