Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attention and the Problem of Unity

Before we see a tree or hear a lion, early sensory processing divides the features of those sensory objects. How do these features come back together so that we can perceive the tree and the lion? This is the classic problem of unity at the level of perceptual objects, solved by Treisman's Feature-Integration Theory thirty years ago. This paper tackles a different problem of unity. Within every perceptual experience we find that more important, more meaningful percepts stand out in the foreground, whereas less important, less meaningful percepts are relegated to the background. But importance and meaningfulness change as our tasks and interests change. How does our perceptual system organize early sensory processing so that it develops layers of meaning? While tackling the problem of unity at the level of perceptual experience, this paper defends Treisman's claim that early sensory processing divides stimuli into separable features that are only later re-combined into perceptual objects. It also criticizes Bayne and Chalmers' account of conscious unity and presents in its stead a form of unity that it claims to be the most universal and fundamental form of perceptual unity. This form of unity is then claimed to be brought about only through the work of voluntary attention. This paper thus claims that attention is necessary for conscious perception insofar as it provides for the most fundamental and universal form of perceptual unity. This argument can be contrasted with those that focus on the role of attention as a quantitative selection; those debates are concerned with whether any particular percept is attended to in the case that it is consciously perceived. This paper instead looks at the role of attention as a qualitative selection: perceptual experience requires a transformation of early sensory processing into a unified structure, and it is attention that provides for this transformation.
A Methodology for Registration of a Histological Slide and In Vivo MRI Volume Based on Optimizing Mutual Information

We present a method for registering histology and in vivo imaging that requires minimal microtoming and is automatic following the user's initialization. In this demonstration, we register a single hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained histological slide of a coronal section of a rat brain harboring a 9L gliosarcoma with an in vivo 7T MR image volume of the same brain. Because the spatial resolution of the in vivo MRI is limited, we add the step of obtaining a high spatial resolution, ex vivo MRI in situ for intermediate registration. The approach taken was to maximize mutual information in order to optimize the registration between all pairings of image data whether the sources are MRI, tissue block photograph, or stained sample photograph. The warping interpolant used was thin plate splines with the appropriate basis function for either 2-D or 3-D applications. All registrations were implemented by user initialization of the approximate pose between the two data sets, followed by automatic optimization based on maximizing mutual information. Only the higher quality anatomical images were used in the registration process; however, the spatial transformation was directly applied to a quantitative diffusion image. Quantitative diffusion maps from the registered location appeared highly correlated with the H&E slide. Overall, this approach provides a robust method for coregistration of in vivo images with histological sections and will have broad applications in the field of functional and molecular imaging.
Enhancement of $f_{\mathrm {max}}$ to 910 GHz by Adopting Asymmetric Gate Recess and Double-Side-Doped Structure in 75-nm-Gate InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs

A high maximum frequency of oscillation (f<sub>max</sub>) of 910 GHz was achieved at InAlAs/InGaAs highelectron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with a relatively long gate length (L<sub>G</sub>) of 75 nm by adopting an asymmetric gate recess and a double-side-doped structure. The f<sub>max</sub> improved significantly by extending the drain-side gate recess length (L<sub>RD</sub>) to 250 nm; meanwhile, the source-side gate-recess length (L<sub>RS</sub>) was kept to 70 nm. The improvement in fmax was due to a decrease in the drain output conductance (g<sub>d</sub>) and drain-to-gate capacitance (CGD) after the extension of L<sub>RD</sub>. gd was further suppressedby applying a double-side-doped structure to the InP-based HEMTs. A reduction in g<sub>d</sub> resulted in a drastic improvement in f<sub>max</sub> even though L<sub>G</sub> was a longer value.
Neuromorphic hardware for rapid sparse coding

Sparse coding is an important optimization problem in many signal processing applications. A neuromorphic system based on the Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA) is proposed to solve an overcomplete ℓ1 sparse coding problem. The system includes integrate and fire (IF) neurons and current-based synapses. A network of 18 neurons with 12 inputs is implemented on the RASP 2.9v chip, a Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) with directly programmable floating gate elements. The circuit successfully solves the optimization problem, converging to within 4.8% RMS of a digital solver, with an objective cost only 1.7% higher on average. The active circuit consumes 559 μA of current at 2.4V, and converges on solutions in 25 μs.
Under Consideration for Publication in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming Efficient Local Unfolding with Ancestor Stacks *

In spite of the important research efforts in the area, the integration of powerful partial evaluation methods into practical compilers for logic programs is still far from reality. This is related both to 1) efficiency issues and to 2) the complications of dealing with practical programs. Regarding efficiency, the most successful unfolding rules used nowadays are based on well founded orders (wfo) or well quasi orders (wqo) applied over (covering) ancestors, i.e., a subsequence of the atoms selected during a derivation. Ancestor (sub)sequences are used to improve the specialization power of unfolding while still guaranteeing termination and also to reduce the number of atoms for which the wfo or wqo has to be checked. Unfortunately, maintaining the structure of the ancestor relation during unfolding introduces significant overhead. We propose an efficient, practical local unfolding rule based on the notion of covering ancestors which can be used in combination with any wfo or wqo and allows a stack-based implementation without losing any opportunities for specialization. Using our technique, certain non-leftmost unfoldings are allowed as long as local unfolding is performed, i.e., any atom of the goal can be selected provided it is one of those that have been more recently introduced in the goal. Regarding dealing with practical programs, we propose assertion-based techniques which allow our approach to treat programs that include (Prolog) built-ins and external predicates in a very extensible manner, for the case of leftmost unfolding. Finally, we report on our implementation of these techniques in a practical partial evaluator, embedded in a state of the art compiler which uses global analysis extensively: the Ciao compiler and, specifically, its preprocessor CiaoPP. The performance analysis of the resulting system shows that our techniques, in addition to dealing with practical programs, are also significantly more efficient in time and somewhat more efficient in memory than traditional tree-based implementations.
Camera Response Function Recovery from Auto-Exposure Cameras

A robust method of camera response function estimation applicable to auto-exposure cameras is presented. The method uses the superposition property of light to solve for the response function directly using superposition constraints imposed by using different combinations of two (or more) lights that illuminate the same subject matter in varying proportions. An iterative optimization is utilised to simultaneously recover the exposure ratios of the images and the camera response function. Previously published multiple exposure methods that simultaneously estimate exposure ratio and response function suffer from a fundamental ambiguity. The use of the proposed superposition constraints solves this problem. We introduce a simple method for combining both superposition and homogeneity (from multiple exposure techniques) to accurately recover the response function from auto-exposure cameras.
An intelligent embedded system for real-time adaptive extreme learning machine

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is an emerging approach that has attracted the attention of the research community because it outperforms conventional back-propagation feed-forward neural networks and support vector machines (SVM) in some aspects. ELM provides a robust learning algorithm, free of local minima, suitable for high speed computation, and less dependant on human intervention than the above methods. ELM is appropriate for the implementation of intelligent embedded systems with real-time learning capability. Moreover, a number of cutting-edge applications demanding a high performance solution could benefit from this approach. In this work, a scalable hardware/software architecture for ELM is presented, and the details of its implementation on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) are analyzed. The proposed solution provides high speed, small size, low power consumption, autonomy, and true capability for real-time adaptation (i.e. the learning stage is performed on-chip). The developed system is able to deal with highly demanding multiclass classification problems. Two real-world applications are presented, a benchmark problem of the Landsat images database, and a novel driver identification system for smart car applications. Experimental results that validate the proposal are provided.
Ciudadanía, capital social y mujeres en el enfoque territorial: Un estudio en las comunidades de San Pedro y Santa Cruz do Sul

Las transformaciones operadas en el medio rural en las ultimas dos decadas por efectos de la globalizacion en la economia, la produccion, los mercados y las comunicaciones, tambien impactaron y provocaron profundos cambios en la sociedad rural. En este contexto es notorio el surgimiento de nuevos actores y diferentes organizaciones del medio rural que cuentan con una significativa participacion femenina. Se presentan algunos resultados de investigacion que intentan demostrar como la participacion diferencial y especializada de las mujeres en redes y organizaciones del medio rural, producen capital social y ayudan a los procesos de fortalecimiento de la ciudadania. En la primera parte se comparten elementos conceptuales que forman parte del debate sobre capital social, participacion y ciudadania, y en la segunda, se presentan datos de la investigacion realizada durante los anos 2008 y 2009 en las comunidades de San Pedro en Uruguay y Santa Cruz en Brasil. De esta investigacion surge la importancia que tiene la participacion activa de los vecinos para fortalecer los procesos vinculados a la generacion de ciudadania. Los componentes basicos del capital social: la confianza y la solidaridad permiten transformar esta participacion en procesos mas profundos del accionar colectivo en busqueda de efectivizar el cumplimiento de los derechos. Asimismo, se muestra que la participacion femenina es complementaria y vital para que estas organizaciones de la comunidad funcionen y logren sus objetivos. Las transformaciones operadas en el medio rural en las ultimas dos decadas por efectos de la globalizacion en la economia, la produccion, los mercados y las comunicaciones, tambien impactaron y provocaron profundos cambios en la sociedad rural. En este contexto es notorio el surgimiento de nuevos actores y diferentes organizaciones del medio rural que cuentan con una significativa participacion femenina. Se presentan algunos resultados de investigacion que intentan demostrar como la participacion diferencial y especializada de las mujeres en redes y organizaciones del medio rural, producen capital social y ayudan a los procesos de fortalecimiento de la ciudadania. En la primera parte se comparten elementos conceptuales que forman parte del debate sobre capital social, participacion y ciudadania, y en la segunda, se presentan datos de la investigacion realizada durante los anos 2008 y 2009 en las comunidades de San Pedro en Uruguay y Santa Cruz en Brasil. De esta investigacion surge la importancia que tiene la participacion activa de los vecinos para fortalecer los procesos vinculados a la generacion de ciudadania. Los componentes basicos del capital social: la confianza y la solidaridad permiten transformar esta participacion en procesos mas profundos del accionar colectivo en busqueda de efectivizar el cumplimiento de los derechos. Asimismo, se muestra que la participacion femenina es complementaria y vital para que estas organizaciones de la comunidad funcionen y logren sus objetivos.
Unsteady turbulent boundary layers in swimming rainbow trout

ABSTRACT The boundary layers of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, swimming at 1.02±0.09 L s−1 (mean±s.d., N=4), were measured by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique at a Reynolds number of 4×105. The boundary layer profile showed unsteadiness, oscillating above and beneath the classical logarithmic law of the wall with body motion. Across the entire surface regions that were measured, local Reynolds numbers based on momentum thickness, which is the distance that is perpendicular to the fish surface through which the boundary layer momentum flows at free-stream velocity, were greater than the critical value of 320 for the laminar-to-turbulent transition. The skin friction was dampened on the convex surface while the surface was moving towards a free-stream flow and increased on the concave surface while retreating. These observations contradict the result of a previous study using different species swimming by different methods. Boundary layer compression accompanied by an increase in local skin friction was not observed. Thus, the overall results may not support absolutely the Bone–Lighthill boundary layer thinning hypothesis that the undulatory motions of swimming fish cause a large increase in their friction drag because of the compression of the boundary layer. In some cases, marginal flow separation occurred on the convex surface in the relatively anterior surface region, but the separated flow reattached to the fish surface immediately downstream. Therefore, we believe that a severe impact due to induced drag components (i.e. pressure drag) on the swimming performance, an inevitable consequence of flow separation, was avoided. Summary: Characterization of the unsteady boundary layer behaviour adjacent to the undulatory body surface of rainbow trout during steady swimming reveals some remarkable new phenomena.
Reconstructing approximate tree metrics

We introduce a novel measure called ε-four-pointscondition (ε-4PC), which assigns a value ε ∈ [0,1] to every metric space quantifying how close the metric is to a tree metric. Data-sets taken from real Internet measurements indicate remarkable closeness of Internet latencies to tree metrics based on this condition. We study embeddings of ε-4PC metric spaces into trees and prove tight upper and lower bounds. Specifically, we show that there are constants <i>c</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>c</i><sub>2</sub> such that, (1) every metric (<i>X,d</i>) which satisfies the ε-4PC can be embedded into a tree with distortion (1+ε)<sup><i>c</i><sub>1</sub>log|<i>X</i>|</sup>, and (2) for every ε ∈: [0,1] and any number of nodes, there is a metric space (<i>X,d</i>) satisfying the ε-4PC that does not embed into a tree with distortion less than (1+ε)<sup><i>c</i><sub>2</sub>log|<i>X</i>|</sup>. In addition, we prove a lower bound on approximate distance labelings of ε-4PC metrics, and give tight bounds for tree embeddings with additive error guarantees.
Hyperglycemic, Nonketotic Coma Following Administration of Dilantin (Diphenylhydantoin)

Two critically ill patients are described in whom the intravenous administration of Dilantin produced marked alterations in plasma glucose and blood pressure. The first patient, a nondiabetic with chronic lung disease received a total of 1.8 gm. Dilantin over a 48-hr, period for status epilepticus. Plasma glucose increased from normal to 1,200 mg. /100 ml. and his seizures became focal in nature. The second patient, a mildly diabetic male, experienced renal shut-down and multiple arrythmias after a myocardial infarct. Three hours after a single intravenous injection of 200 mg. Dilantin, plasma glucose rose from 400 mg. to 1,260 mg. /100 ml. and proved relatively resistant to insulin. Intravenous administration of 25 mg. Dilantin per kg. in four dogs promptly induced marked hyperglycemia and hypotension.
ASIC hardware implementations for 512-bit hash function Whirlpool

Hardware architectures for the 512-bit hash function Whirlpool, which is one of the ISO/IEC 10118-3 standard algorithms, are proposed and the performances of the proposed architectures are evaluated using a 0.18-mum CMOS standard cell library. The fastest implementation achieved a throughput of 9.59 Gbps with a gate count of 167.4 K, which is two times faster than the fastest conventional implementation on an FPGA platform. A compact implementation obtained 38.9 Kgates with 2.49 Gbps. The FIPS 180-2 standard hash functions SHA-256 and SHA-512, which are the most popular algorithms in practical use, were also synthesized using the same ASIC library for performance comparisons. The small and fast SHA-256 implementations achieved 11.0 Kgates with 726 Mbps and 30.7 Kgates with 1.97 Gbps, respectively. The gate count and throughput are both approximately 1/4 those of to Whirlpool, and thus the hardware efficiencies defined as the throughput/gate are almost the same for SHA-256/- 512 and Whirlpool in the present implementations. However, Whirlpool is more flexible than SHA-256/-512 in terms of the variety of hardware architectures. The various architectures for the datapath and primitive function blocks are also described in the present paper.
Epilepsy as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Epilepsy is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and comprises a diverse group of syndromes with different etiologies. Epileptogenesis refers to the process whereby the brain becomes epileptic and can be related to several factors, such as acquired structural brain lesions, inborn brain malformations, alterations in neuronal signaling, and defects in maturation and plasticity of neuronal networks. In this review, we will focus on alterations of brain development that lead to an hyperexcitability phenotype in adulthood, providing examples from both animal and human studies. Malformations of cortical development (including focal cortical dysplasia, lissencephaly, heterotopia, and polymicrogyria) are frequently epileptogenic and result from defects in cell proliferation in the germinal zone and/or impaired neuronal migration and differentiation. Delayed or reduced arrival of inhibitory interneurons into the cortical plate is another possible cause of epileptogenesis. GABAergic neurons are generated during early development in the ganglionic eminences, and failure to pursue migration toward the cortex alters the excitatory/inhibitory balance resulting in aberrant network hyperexcitability. More subtle defects in the developmental assembly of excitatory and inhibitory synapses are also involved in epilepsy. For example, mutations in the presynaptic proteins synapsins and SNAP-25 cause derangements of synaptic transmission and plasticity which underlie appearance of an epileptic phenotype. Finally, there is evidence that defects in synapse elimination and remodeling during early “critical periods” can trigger hyperexcitability later in life. Further clarification of the developmental pathways to epilepsy has important implications for disease prevention and therapy.
High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors

Background: The metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have accelerated atherosclerosis; however, there are no controlled studies of the metabolic syndrome in patients with SLE. Objective: To compare the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with SLE and controls and to evaluate its relationship to other cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Methods: 102 patients with SLE and 101 controls were studied. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was compared in patients and controls using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions, and associations with cardiovascular risk factors and lupus characteristics were examined. Results: The metabolic syndrome was present in 32.4% of patients and in 10.9% of controls subjects (p<0.001) using the WHO definition that requires direct determination of insulin resistance, and in 29.4% of patients with SLE and in 19.8% of controls (p = 0.14) using the NCEP definition. Among patients with SLE, both definitions were significantly associated with higher concentrations of C reactive protein (p = 0.001) and the NCEP definition was significantly associated with higher concentrations of homocysteine (p<0.001), lipoprotein (a) (p = 0.02) and cholesterol (p = 0.04). Neither lupus disease activity nor damage scores were associated with the metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: Patients with SLE have a higher prevalence of insulin resistance and consequently of the WHO-defined metabolic syndrome than controls. In patients with SLE, the metabolic syndrome was associated with higher levels of inflammation and may provide a link between inflammation and increased cardiovascular risk.
Stochastic Modeling of a Musical Performance with Expressive Representations from the Musical Score

This paper presents a method for describing the characteristics of human musical performance. We consider the problem of building models that express the ways in which deviations from a strict interpretations of the score occurs in the performance, and that cluster these deviations automatically. The clustering process is performed using expressive representations unambiguously notated on the musical score, without any arbitrariness by the human observer. The result of clustering is obtained as hierarchical tree structures for each deviational factor that occurred during the operation of the instrument. This structure represents an approximation of the performer’s interpretation with information notated on the score they used during the performance. This model represents the conditions that generate the difference in the fluctuation of performance expression and the amounts of deviational factors directly from the data of real performance. Through validations of applying the method to the data measured from real performances, we show that the use of information regarding expressive representation on the musical score enables the efficient estimation of generative-model for the musical performance.
Necropsy Findings in a Case of Q Fever in Britain

Q fever, first described by Derrick (1937) in Australia, was recognized clinically in Great Britain by Harman in 1949 and confirmed serologically by MacCallum et al. (1949), who also isolated rickettsiae from one of his cases. Three of Harman's patients had become infected, presumably by inhalation, at the necropsy they performed on a man who died from pneumonia. That Rickettsia burneti was the cause of this pneumonia was not suspected until later. Histological examination has since shown the presence of Rickettsia bodies not only in the consolidated lungs, as mentioned in Harman's paper, but also in other lesions. In earlier reported fatal. cases of Q fever-and these are very few-rickettsiae have not been demonstrated in the tissues. As the disease is now known to occur in this country, a fuller description of the pathological findings seems necessary. Clinical History