Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proof Systems for the Modal $\mu$-Calculus Obtained by Determinizing Automata

Automata operating on infinite objects feature prominently in the theory of the modal $\mu$-calculus. One such application concerns the tableau games introduced by Niwi\'{n}ski&Walukiewicz, of which the winning condition for infinite plays can be naturally checked by a nondeterministic parity stream automaton. Inspired by work of Jungteerapanich and Stirling we show how determinization constructions of this automaton may be used to directly obtain proof systems for the $\mu$-calculus. More concretely, we introduce a binary tree construction for determinizing nondeterministic parity stream automata. Using this construction we define the annotated cyclic proof system $\mathsf{BT}$, where formulas are annotated by tuples of binary strings. Soundness and Completeness of this system follow almost immediately from the correctness of the determinization method.
Variable stars in the field of open cluster NGC 6819¿ II

We report on the discovery of 141 further variable stars found in the field of the open cluster NGC 6819. The stars were identified from time-series photometric data obtained on the Isaac Newton Telescope, La Palma, during two observing runs covering the 19 nights between 1999 June 22-30 and 1999 July 22-31. The variables found include 53 eclipsing binaries, of which eight stars appear to be RS CVns, in addition to 70 stars showing spot activity, 13 showing long-period variability and five variables of other types.
Determination of proton parton distribution functions using ATLAS data

Fits to determine parton distribution functions using top-antitop, inclusive $W/Z$ boson and $W^{\pm}$ boson production measurements in association with jets from ATLAS, in combination with deep-inelastic scattering data from HERA, are presented. The ATLAS $W/Z$ boson data exhibit sensitivity to the valence quark distributions and the light quark sea composition, whereas the top-quark pair production data have sensitivity to the gluon distribution. The impact of the these data is increased by fitting several distributions simultaneously, with the full information on the systematic and statistical correlations between data points. The parton distribution functions extracted using $W^{\pm}$ + jets data show an improved determination of the high-$x$ sea-quark densities, while confirming the unsuppressed strange-quark density at lower $x$ < 0.02 found by previous ATLAS analyses.
Canonical Bases of Higher-level Q-deformed Fock Spaces and Kazhdan-lusztig Polynomials

The aim of this paper is to generalize several aspects of the recent work of Leclerc-Thibon and Varagnolo-Vasserot on the canonical bases of the level 1 q-deformed Fock spaces due to Hayashi. Namely, we define canonical bases for the higher-level q-deformed Fock spaces of Jimbo-Misra-Miwa-Okado and establish a relation between these bases and (parabolic) Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials for the affine Weyl group of type A (1) r−1. As an application we derive an inversion formula for a sub-family of these polynomials.
A Degree Sequence Version of the Kühn-Osthus Tiling Theorem

A fundamental result of Kühn and Osthus [The minimum degree threshold for perfect graph packings, Combinatorica, 2009] determines up to an additive constant the minimum degree threshold that forces a graph to contain a perfect $H$-tiling. We prove a degree sequence version of this result which allows for a significant number of vertices to have lower degree.
Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) Approach for Estimating Actual ET: An Evaluation with Lysimeter Data

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the water balance and a major consumptive use of irrigation water and precipitation on cropland. Numerous energy balance (EB) algorithms have been developed to make use of remote sensing data to estimate ET regionally. However, a review of different ET mapping algorithms shows that most EB models are complex to use and may not be suitable for operational ET remote sensing. Efforts are being made to simplify procedures to estimate regional ET mainly through the scaling of reference ET. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) is one such method. In this study, the SSEB approach was applied to six Landsat TM images covering a major portion of the Southern High Plains (parts of the Texas Panhandle and northeastern New Mexico) that were acquired during the 2007 cropping season. Performance of the SSEB was evaluated by comparing estimated ET with measured daily ET from four large monolithic lysimeters, with each lysimeter located in the center of a 210 by 225 m field at the USDA_ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Tex. [350 11' N, 1020 06' W; 1,170 m elevation MSL]. Results indicated that the SSEB can provide ET estimates with reasonable accuracy for the Bushland location. However, more evaluation is needed for different agroclimatological conditions in the region.
Late‐Glacial radiocarbon‐ and palynostratigraphy on the Swiss Plateau

A detailed late-glacial radiocarbon stratigraphy for the Swiss Plateau has been established on the basis of over 90 accelerator 14C dates on terrestrial plant macrofossils. Two plateaux of constant. ,14C age were observed, occurring at 12,700 B.P. and at 10,000 B.P. The consequences of these plateaux for palaeo-ecological investigations are threefold: (1) a more refined 14C dating within the plateaux is not possible, (2) in teleconnections between different sites (if based on 14C dating and concerning the periods around 12,700 B.P. and 10,000 B.P.) events are considered synchronous which are only synchronous within a plateau of constant age, and (3) exact time-depth relationship and therefore influx calculations are made impossible during these plateau periods. A comparison of the radiocarbon ages derived from terrestrial, telmatic and limnic material at different sites on the Swiss Plateau yields a proposal for modifying the zonation system of Welten for the Late-Glacial. By retaining the limits of chronozones (at 13, 12, 11 and 10ka B.P.) and by refining the palynostratigraphic criteria for the limits of biozones, a separation between chrono- and biozonation at the beginning of the Belling and at the beginning of the Younger Dryas becomes obvious.
Nitrate Removal in a Restored Spring‐Fed Wetland, Pennsylvania, USA 1

ABSTRACT: In 2001, the 1.04‐ha Hornbaker wetland in south‐central Pennsylvania was restored by blocking an artificial drainage ditch to increase water storage and hydraulic retention time (HRT). A primary goal was to diminish downstream delivery of nitrate that enters the wetland from a limestone spring, its main source of inflow. Wetland inflow and outflow were monitored weekly for two years to assess nitrate flux, water temperature, pH, and specific conductivity. In Year 2, spring discharge was measured weekly to allow calculation of nitrate loads and hydraulic retention time. Surface runoff was confirmed to be a small fraction of wetland inflows via rainfall‐runoff modeling with TR‐55. The full dataset (n = 102) was screened to remove 13 weeks in which spring discharge constituted < 85% of total inflows because of high precipitation and surface runoff. Over two years (n = 89), mean nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations were 7.89 mg/l in inflow and 3.68 mg/l in outflow, with a mean nitrate removal of 4.19 mg/l. During Year 2 (n = 47), for which nitrate load data were available, the wetland removed an average of 2.32 kg N/day, 65% of the load. Nitrate removal was significantly correlated with HRT, water temperature, and the concentration of nitrate in inflow and was significantly greater during the growing season (5.36 mg/l, 64%) than during the non‐growing season (3.23 mg/l, 43%). This study indicates that hydrologic restoration of formerly drained wetlands can provide substantial water quality benefits and that the hydrologic characteristics of spring‐fed wetlands, in particular, support effective nitrogen removal.
Modelling free surface flows with smoothed particle hydrodynamics

In this paper the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is extended to include an adaptive density kernel estimation (ADKE) procedure. It is shown that for a van der Waals (vdW) fluid, this method can be used to deal with free-surface phenomena without difficulties. In particular, arbitrary moving boundaries can be easily handled because surface tension is effectively simulated by the cohesive pressure forces. Moreover, the ADKE method is seen to increase both the accuracy and stability of SPH since it allows the width of the kernel interpolant to vary locally in a way that only the minimum necessary smoothing is applied at and near free surfaces and sharp fluid-fluid interfaces. The meth od is robust and easy to implement. Examples of its resolving power are given for both the formation of a circular liquid drop under surface tension and the nonlinear oscillation of excited drops.
Constructing forearc architecture over megathrust seismic cycles: Geological snapshots from the Maule earthquake region, Chile

We present new field structural data from the Chilean Coastal Cordillera located above the northern and central parts of the interplate contact ruptured by the A.D. 2010 M w 8.8 Maule earthquake. The northern study area contains the northwest-striking Pichilemu normal fault, an intraplate structure reactivated after the megathrust event by crustal earthquakes up to M w 7.0. The structural style of this region is dominated by kilometer-scale normal faults that have been active at least throughout the Quaternary. The orientations of these main faults define three structural systems: (1) northeast- and (2) northwest-striking margin-oblique faults, and (3) north- to north-northeast–striking margin-parallel faults. From north to south, these three systems vary in their predominant occurrence, starting with bimodal orientations of groups 1 and 2, followed by predominantly single north to north-northeast orientations of group 3. Reverse faults coexist in time and space with the normal structures, but are scarce and display variable, apparently random orientations. The shallow crustal normal faults, including the Pichilemu fault, show a persistent kinematic history probably spanning thousands of subduction seismic cycles. Though historically smaller in magnitude than those of the triggered normal faults, interseismic forearc thrust events were recorded above the rupture area prior to the Maule earthquake. The Quaternary reverse faults identified in our study regions may be preserving interseismic, slow-strain-rate, permanent deformation signature in the structural grain. Analogous observations along the A.D. 2011 Tohoku earthquake rupture in Japan imply that such a link between the short- and long-term deformation patterns of the forearc is not exclusive of the Maule earthquake region.
Part-based Weighting Aggregation of Deep Convolutional Features for Image Retrieval

Several recent works have shown that part-based image representation provides state-of-the-art performance for fine-grained categorization. Moreover, it has also been shown that image global representation generated by aggregating deep convolutional features provides excellent performance for image retrieval. In this paper we propose a novel aggregation method, which utilizes the information of retrieval object parts. The proposed part-based weighting aggregation (PWA) method utilizes the normalized feature maps as part detectors to weight and aggregate the convolutional features. The part detectors which are selected by the unsupervised method highlight the discriminative parts of objects and effectively suppress the noise of background. We experiment on five public standard datasets for image retrieval. Our unsupervised PWA method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches based on pre-trained networks and achieves comparable accuracy with the fine-tuned methods. It is worth noting that our unsupervised method is very suitable and effective for the situation where the annotated training dataset is difficult to collect.
Multi-scale Saliency Search in Image Analysis

Saliency detection in images is an important outstanding problem both in machine vision design and the understanding of human vision mechanisms. Recently, seminal work by Itti and Koch resulted in an effective saliency-detection algorithm. We reproduce the original algorithm in a software application Vision and explore its limitations. We propose extensions to the algorithm that promise to improve performance in the case of difficult-to-detect objects.
$\Gamma$-convergence of variational functionals with boundary terms in Stein manifolds

Let $\Omega$ be an open subset of a Stein manifold $\Sigma$ and let $M$ be its boundary. It is well known that $M$ inherits a natural contact structure. In this paper we consider a family of variational functionals $F_\varepsilon$ defined by the sum of two terms: a Dirichlet-type energy associated with a sub-Riemannian structure in $\Omega$ and a potential term on the boundary $M$. We prove that the functionals $F_\varepsilon$ $\Gamma$-converge to the intrinsic perimeter in $M$ associated with its contact structure. Similar results have been obtained in the Euclidean space by Alberti, Bouchitt\'e, Seppecher. We stress that already in the Euclidean setting the situation is not covered by the classical Modica-Mortola Theorem because of the presence of the boundary term. We recall also that Modica-Mortola type results (without a boundary term) have been proved in the Euclidean space for sub-Riemannian energies by Monti and Serra Cassano.
Detection of Dark Matter Concentrations in the Field of Cl 1604+4304 from Weak Lensing Analysis

We present a weak lensing analysis of a region around the galaxy cluster Cl 1604+4304 (z = 0.897) on the basis of the deep observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2). We apply a variant of Schneider's aperture mass technique to the observed WFPC2 field and obtain the distribution of weak lensing signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) within the field. The resulting S/N map reveals a clear pronounced peak located about 1. ′7 (850 h kpc at z = 0.897) southwest of the second peak associated with the optical cluster center determined from the dynamical analysis of Postman et al. A nonlinear finite-field inversion method has been used to reconstruct the projected mass distribution from the observed shear field. The reconstructed mass map shows a supercritical feature at the location of the S/N peak as well as in the cluster central region. Assuming the redshift distribution of field galaxies, we obtain the total mass in the observed field to be 1.0 × 1015 h M☉ for ⟨z⟩ = 1.0. The estimated mass within a circular aperture of radius 280 h kpc centered on the dark clump is 2.4 × 1014 h M☉. We have confirmed the existence of the "dark" mass concentration from another deep HST observation with a slightly different (~20'') pointing.
Radiative B decay spectrum: DGE at NNLO

We compute the differential →Xsγ decay width in the Standard Model as a function of the photon energy using Dressed Gluon Exponentiation (DGE). The resummed spectrum is matched with the fixed–order expansion, making use of the next–to–next–to–leading order (NNLO) results for the matrix element of the magnetic dipole interaction O7 and NLO ones for other operators in the effective Weak Hamiltonian. We develop a new technique to implement constraints on the analytic structure of the Sudakov factor in moment space. This improves the behavior of the resummed spectrum away from the Sudakov region. We also derive an analytic expression for the Borel transform of the perturbative series for the O7 spectrum in the large–β0 limit. Using this example we demonstrate that exponentiation in moment space is necessary for the calculation of the spectrum for Eγ 2 GeV. Finally, we investigate numerically the relation between renormalons, power corrections and support properties. We present predictions for the branching fraction and the first few spectral moments as a function of a cut E_0$>Eγ > E0 and estimate the theoretical uncertainty.
FIRST-YEAR SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY-II SUPERNOVA SURVEY

This paper presents spectroscopy of supernovae (SNe) discovered in the first season of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II SN Survey. This program searches for and measures multi-band light curves of SNe in the redshift range z = 0.05–0.4, complementing existing surveys at lower and higher redshifts. Our goal is to better characterize the SN population, with a particular focus on SNe Ia, improving their utility as cosmological distance indicators and as probes of dark energy. Our SN spectroscopy program features rapid-response observations using telescopes of a range of apertures, and provides confirmation of the SN and host-galaxy types as well as precise redshifts. We describe here the target identification and prioritization, data reduction, redshift measurement, and classification of 129 SNe Ia, 16 spectroscopically probable SNe Ia, 7 SNe Ib/c, and 11 SNe II from the first season. We also describe our efforts to measure and remove the substantial host-galaxy contamination existing in the majority of our SN spectra.
A Patterns Based Approach for Design of Educational Technologies

Instructional design is a fundamental base for educational technologies as it lays the foundation to facilitate learning and teaching based on pedagogical underpinnings. However, most of the educational technologies today face two core challenges in this context: (i) lack of instructional design as a basis (ii) lack of support for a variety of instructional designs. In order to address these challenges, we propose a patterns based approach for design of educational technologies. This is in contrast with existing literature that focuses either on patterns in education or in software, and not both. The core idea of our approach is to leverage patterns for modeling instructional design knowledge and to connect it with patterns in software architecture. We discuss different categories of patterns in instructional design. We then present the notion of Pattern-Oriented Instructional Design (POID) as a way to model instructional design as a connection of patterns (GoalPattern, ProcessPattern, ContentPattern) and integrate it with Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture (POSA) based on fundamental principles in software engineering. We demonstrate our approach through adult literacy case study (287 million learners, 22 Indian Languages and a variety of instructional designs). The results of our approach (both web and mobile versions) are available at this http URL and were adopted by National Literacy Mission Authority of Government of India.
Quantum Entanglement

Chaotic systems are highly sensitive to a small perturbation, be they biological, chemical, classical, ecological, political, or quantum. Taking this as the underlying principle, we construct an operational notion for quantum chaos. Namely, we demand that the whole future state of a large, isolated quantum system is highly sensitive to past multitime operations on a small subpart of that system. This immediately leads to a direct link between quantum chaos and volume-law spatiotemporal entanglement. Remarkably, our operational criterion already contains the routine notions, as well as the well-known diagnostics for quantum chaos. This includes the Peres-Loschmidt Echo, Dynamical Entropy, and Out-of-Time-Order Correlators. Our principle therefore uniﬁes these existing diagnostics within a single structure. Within this framework, we also go on to quantify how several mechanisms lead to quantum chaos, such as unitary designs. Our work paves the way to systematically study exotic many-body dynamical phenomena like Many-Body Localisation, many-body scars, measurement-induced phase transitions, and Floquet dynamics. We anticipate that our work may lead to a clear link between the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis and quantum chaos.
Drainage basin morphometry

The increasing rate of geographical publication has confronted contemporary geographers with a voluminous literature. Familiarity with increasing amounts of relevant material is particularly crucial when geography is struggling to reconcile greater internal specialization and differentiation with growing demands for applied solutions to integrated problems. The remorseless ’information explosion’ apparent in geography (Stoddart, 1967) manifests itself on at least three subsidiary levels. In geomorphology the breadth and depth of literature available in the 1960s necessitated the production of a bibliography of British Geomorphology (Clayton, 1964), and Geomorphological Abstracts (later to become Geographical Abstracts); within geomorphology, 1973 was found an appropriate time for publication of a comprehensive 928 item review of drainage basin studies (Gregory and Walling, 1973), whilst within fluvial geomorphology methods of drainage basin morphometric analysis have been reviewed and assessed (Gardiner, 1975). Stream morphometry has become a fundamental focal point of much post-war geomorphological research in the United
An experimental study on consolidation of compacted clays

Abstract The present study is an experimental investigation to assess consolidation of thick specimens of compacted clays. The experiments have been performed on 40 mm and 70 mm thick specimens (prepared out of compacted black soil with light compaction), in the special consolidation cell and mould with usual load frame and dial gauge arrangements of an oedometer test. The experimental observations on these thick specimens have been utilised to validate and compare the potential merit of a finite volume method (FVM) based numerical model of the equation of finite strain theory of one-dimensional consolidation. However, the FVM numerical model requires the test data of an oedometer test of the same soil, which has been obtained experimentally for the purpose.
Ground‐based measurements of ozone and NO2 during MANTRA 1998 using a Zenith‐sky spectrometer

Abstract A portable ground‐based instrument has been constructed for the automated measurement of vertical column abundances of a number of gases pertinent to stratospheric ozone chemistry. The instrumentation is described in this paper and results are presented from the first set of field measurements, made during the Middle Atmosphere Nitrogen TRend Assessment (MANTRA) 1998 field campaign at Vanscoy, Saskatchewan, Canada. Zenith‐sky spectra in the near ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions were recorded for a period of seven days, prior to and following the launch of the MANTRA balloon on 24 August 1998. The spectra were then analysed using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique in conjunction with a radiative transfer model to determine vertical column amounts of ozone and NO2. Ozone measurements compared favourably with concurrent observations by ozonesondes, a Brewer spectrophotometer, and satellite instruments. Vertical NO2 columns were in broad agreement with those determined by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite instrument.
The Maslov Dequantization, Idempotent and Tropical Mathematics: a Brief Introduction

This paper is a brief introduction to idempotent and tropical mathematics. Tropical mathematics can be treated as a result of the so-called Maslov dequantization of the traditional mathematics over numerical fields as the Planck constant tends to zero taking imaginary values. This paper is a brief introduction, practically without exact theorems and proofs, to the Maslov dequantization and idempotent and tropical mathematics. Our list of references is not complete (not at all). useful contacts and references. Special thanks are due to V. P. Maslov for his crucial help and support and to A. N. Sobolevski˘ ı for his great help including, but not limited to, three pictures presented below.