Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Wide-Field Survey of Two z ~ 0.5 Galaxy Clusters: Identifying the Physical Processes Responsible for the Observed Transformation of Spirals into S0s

We present new results from our comparative survey of two massive, intermediate-redshift galaxy clusters, Cl 0024+17 (z = 0.39) and MS 0451–03 (z = 0.54). Combining optical and UV imaging with spectroscopy of member galaxies, we identify and study several key classes of “transition objects” whose stellar populations or dynamical states indicate a recent change in morphology and star formation rate. For the first time, we have been able to conclusively identify spiral galaxies in the process of transforming into S0 galaxies. This has been accomplished by locating both spirals whose star formation is being quenched and their eventual successors, the recently created S0s. Differences between the two clusters in both the timescales and spatial location of this conversion process allow us to evaluate the relative importance of several proposed physical mechanisms that could be responsible for the transformation. Combined with other diagnostics that are sensitive to either ICM-driven galaxy evolution or galaxy-galaxy interactions, we describe a self-consistent picture of galaxy evolution in clusters. We find that spiral galaxies within infalling groups have already begun a slow process of conversion into S0s, likely via gentle galaxy-galaxy interactions. The fates of spirals upon reaching the core of the cluster depend heavily on the cluster ICM, with rapid conversion of all remaining spirals into S0s via ram pressure stripping in clusters where the ICM is dense. In the presence of a less dense ICM, the conversion continues at a slower pace, with other mechanisms continuing to play a role. We conclude that the buildup of the local S0 population through the transformation of spiral galaxies is a heterogeneous process that nevertheless proceeds robustly across a variety of different environments.
Observational Evidence for a Different Initial Mass Function in the Early Galaxy

The unexpected high incidence of carbon-enhanced, s-process-enriched unevolved stars among extremely metal-poor stars in the halo provides a significant constraint on the initial mass function (IMF) in the early Galaxy. We argue that these objects are evidence for the past existence of a large population of intermediate-mass stars and conclude that the IMF in the early Galaxy was different from the present one and shifted toward higher masses.
Using predicate-argument structure to bootstrap a domain model for site search: results of a task-based evaluation

Search is becoming more interactive and query logs are among the commonly used resources to propose search suggestions. An alternative to exploiting logs is the extraction of a domain model based on the actual documents. This is particularly promising when restricting search to an intranet or a Web site where the size of the collection allows the application of full natural language parsing and where the documents can be expected to be virtually spam-free. Using a university Web site as an exemplar, we extract predicate argument structures from documents to acquire a domain model automatically. This domain model can be employed to guide users in information finding. Here we explore different ways of exploiting the initially constructed domain model in interactive search and present a task-based evaluation comparing these methods against a baseline system resembling a standard search interface with no suggestions.
Riding la Bestiá

In this mixed methods study, we examined the responses of 82 preservice teachers to the acclaimed documentary Which Way Home, a film that profiles unaccompanied adolescents who hitchhiked the train system of Central America and Mexico en route to the United States. Using pre- and post-surveys (n = 82) and focus group interviews (n = 13), we found that preservice teachers intellectually grappled with immigration counter-stories and demonstrated two shifts in their thinking about immigration and their future teaching. Nested in the frameworks of critical race methodology and Freire’s critical consciousness model, this study illustrates one approach to exploring immigration.
Significance of water -related features on Mars

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER-RELATED FEATURES ON MARS MAY 2010 EILEEN M. MCGOWAN, B.A., SALEM STATE COLLEGE M.S., SALEM STATE COLLEGE Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor George E. McGill The debate on whether water exists on Mars has been resolved by recent data from the Mars Phoenix Polar Lander. The lander found water ice just below the surface in the high northern latitudes of Mars. The questions to be answered now are: how much water was present in the past, how much water is currently present, what was the state the water in the past, and what is the current state of water on Mars. The morphology and spatial relationships are examined between three different landforms (pitted cones, giant polygons, and putative shorelines) considered to be the result of water-related processes. At two locations, Utopia Planitia and Cydonia Mensae, these three features exhibit the same topographic relationship. Non-water-related features adjacent to or nearby the landforms, such as the Dichotomy Boundary, multiringed basins, and locations of recent methane release, are examined for possible relationships to the formation of these 3 landforms. My results support previous work that indicates a large water body existed in the northern lowlands of Mars at some time in the past. In addition large amounts of sediment must have been shed from the highlands to the lowlands during this period to
Buddhism and Suicide: Voluntary Death and Its Philosophy

Japan, one of the leading industrial countries, has had one of the world’s highest suicide rates for years. This paper in its present form is a shortened version for publication in Assumption University’s journal “Prajna Vihara”. Since the limitation of space to 20 pages prevented a more exhaustive treatment of each chapter, this abbreviated version partially summarises Chapter 3 of my master’s dissertation, Ambiguity of Karmic Fate and Voluntary Death: Suicide Cases in Theravada Buddhism and Japanese Society. This concise version thus analyses the statistics of suicides followed by references to the unique methods employed and phenomena related to suicide in modern Japanese society. In addition, it examines particular acts of voluntary death in Japan with reference to their cultural, religious, and philosophical aspects. Japan has some unique tendencies in regard to the prevalence of suicide and an ‘aesthetics’ or philosophy of death. Hopefully the findings in this paper can contribute practical guidelines which can be applied to the social problems surrounding suicide while promoting the right attitudes towards life not only in Japan, but in the whole world.
The kynurenine pathway as a therapeutic target in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders

Understanding the neurochemical basis for cognitive function is one of the major goals of neuroscience, with a potential impact on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. In this review, the focus will be on a biochemical pathway that remains under‐recognized in its implications for brain function, even though it can be responsible for moderating the activity of two neurotransmitters fundamentally involved in cognition – glutamate and acetylcholine. Since this pathway – the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism – is induced by immunological activation and stress, it also stands in a unique position to mediate the effects of environmental factors on cognition and behaviour. Targeting the pathway for new drug development could, therefore, be of value not only for the treatment of existing psychiatric conditions, but also for preventing the development of cognitive disorders in response to environmental pressures.
Synergy between generative reuse and software product line

Software reuse through concrete component library has a strong support for component composition, refinement and specialization. Despite of the libraryâ€™s support, scalability problem occur in its implementation. Amongst the problem being reported were feature combinatorics problem, vertical and also horizontal scaling of the components. Generative reuse is an approach in software reuse where it combines reusable part that are not only code but also generic architectures and variations of components for future customization. Generative reuse via application generator is cost effective to build when many similar software systems are written or when evolution of software requires the software to be written and rewritten many times during its lifetime. Software Product Line is a suitable field to implement application generator where it can help to generate similar systems and also customize variations needed to the systems functionalities. This paper briefly discusses the issues in generative reuse via application generator and software product line. The main contribution of this paper is in the explicit mapping between generative reuse specifically the development process of application generator with the Software Product Line systematic reuse process. This explicit mapping shows several points of synergistic process between both fields. This mapping can also help designer and organization who are interested in the development of application generator in software product line to know the underlying process and artifacts for both fields.
Reusability of open-source program code: a conceptual model and empirical investigation

Reusing program modules is one of the most direct and useful ways to develop cost effective software, especially with the availability of huge amounts of open-source projects. Reuse saves cost, increases the speed of development and improves software reliability. The quality of popular open-source packages is good as shown by various empirical studies. However, the quality of less known packages and the large number of projects developed by programming enthusiasts is unknown. Reusing them may be the source of more problems rather than being a solution to a problem. In this paper, a conceptual model is proposed to measure the reusability of program modules. A balanced set of wellestablished metrics is used to compute the most significant factors of reusability and an empirical investigation is conducted to measure the reusability of the modules of randomly selected open-source Java projects. The results obtained are thoroughly analyzed to discover the real reusability potential of open-source program code together with suggestions on how to improve this potential.
Image space: an empirical study of geotagged mobile media content capture and sharing

In the past few years, there has been a rapid increase in the everyday usage of cameraphones and image sharing services. The existing services offer means to store, tag and share photos, but they offer only limited means to geotag and offer meaningful representations of the captured media content. We conducted a two-month field study of Image Space, an Internet-based service that allows people to automatically share and geotag photos (and sounds) onto 2D and 3D representations of photo collections online. In the study, we explored people's perception with regards to capturing and sharing geotagged mobile media content and whether geotagging increases the personal and social value of the photos. The study also looked into Scenes, which allow people to organize photos according to spatial and/or chronological associations. We report our findings based on three types of geotagged media content: photos, Scenes, and sounds. Our findings suggest that participants took photos of objects for self-documentation of their daily lives, of places to show to others what life is like where they live, and of people, which they used to reflect on overall aspects of privacy. Regarding the creation of Scenes, participants used them for storytelling, to save a journey, and to explore places by means of guided tours. Sounds were mainly used to support storytelling. Additionally, we report on novel practices with respect to the creation of Scenes, and photo capturing for Scenes, i.e., by taking photos and sounds from a moving vehicle.
A unified countermeasure against side channel attacks on cryptographic RFID

Side channel analysis attacks have been successfully used to attack embedded systems and cryptographic hardware systems. These attacks have been categorized into different types of attacks yielding to a specific countermeasure for each type based on the nature of the attack. As a result, a significant overhead in terms of performance and resources is introduced by the countermeasures applied to the cryptosystems. Having a unified scheme to counteract different attacks can be challenging. In this paper, we introduce a unified gate-level countermeasure scheme that protects against both power analysis attacks and fault attacks simultaneously. In this paper, we show and study how such a unified countermeasure can be applied to todays cryptographic RFIDs.
INDUCTION OF NEOPLASMS IN THYROID GLANDS OF RATS BY SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY AND BY THE INJECTION OF ONE MICROCURIE OF I-131.

Summary Female Long-Evans rats were subjected to: (a) subtotal thyroidectomy, (b) subtotal thyroidectomy plus injection of 1 µc. of I131, (c) subtotal thyroidectomy plus injection of 1 µc. of I131 plus feeding of a diet containing desiccated thyroid, (d) subtotal thyroidectomy plus feeding of a diet containing desiccated thyroid, (e) injection of 1 µc. of I131, (f) feeding of a diet containing desiccated thyroid, and (g) injection of 1 µc. of I131 plus feeding of a diet containing desiccated thyroid. Single and multiple adenomas were found in rats subjected to subtotal thyroidectomy and in those subtotally thyroidectomized and given injections of 1 µc. of I131. In rats subjected to these same treatments but, in addition, fed the thyroid-containing diet, significantly fewer adenomas were encountered. Four papillary carcinomas and one follicular carcinoma were found in rats subjected to subtotal thyroidectomy and/or given injections of 1 µc. I131. No carcinoma was observed in control rats. Two papillary carcinomas were found in glands following subtotal thyroidectomy alone, a finding suggesting that thyrotropic hormone stimulation may cause the development of both benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. One papillary and one follicular carcinoma developed in the intact thyroid glands of rats that received only 1 µc. of I131. These malignant neoplasms were possibly induced solely by the I131 irradiation. One papillary carcinoma developed in a rat that had been subjected to subtotal thyroidectomy, given an injection of 1 µc. of I131, and fed the desiccated thyroid-containing diet. This neoplasm appeared to be the result of either prolonged thyrotropic hormone stimulation or I131 irradiation.
What educational contexts should teachers consider for their puberty education programmes?

Abstract This paper analyses some contemporary educational contexts that teachers should consider for their puberty education programmes and/or curricula, for primary and secondary school students. The educational contexts addressed here include significant international puberty education framework documents, socio-biological factors including earlier puberty and a developmental approach, demographic and technological factors, and school factors including what students want from such education, and its professional teaching standards. Teachers and course designers may use these educational contexts to guide their planning, accommodate students’ needs and motivation, identify goals, processes and solutions, and respond to international policy directions encapsulating the accelerated change that is the spirit of the age.
Research on the Rules of Mapping from Relational Model to OWL

Data integration provides the user with a unified view of legacy data, and the semantic mapping from relational database (local sources) to global ontologies is one of key aspects for building data integration system. The manual mapping is time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, groups of semantic mapping rules from relational database to global OWL ontologies are proposed in detail, including rules for the classes, properties, restriction and instances, which avoid migrating large amounts of data. The rules are demonstrated with examples. They are practical for semantic mapping or ontologies learning (semi-)automatically.
Processing full-waveform lidar data: Modelling raw signals

of each laser pulse. It has been demonstrated that decomposing the return waveforms into a mixture of Gaussian components was suitable. In this paper, we focus on the improvement of peak detection and of raw signal modelling. Refined peak detection greatly increased the number of detected targets as well as their positional accuracy. Models more complex than the Gaussian model, such as the Lognormal or generalized Gaussian functions, were introduced and their contribution to waveform processing was studied. In this way, fitting of asymmetric, peaked or flattened echoes located both in urban and forested areas could be improved. Moreover, introduction of new echo parameters allowed the extraction of additional information on the target shape. This should make easier the decorrelation of geometric and radiometric influences on the signal and, as a consequence, the improvement of point cloud classification algorithms.
Reversible and Irreversible Information Networks

It is shown that there exist information networks where messages can be sent (utilizing network coding) more easily in one direction than in the opposite direction. This is valid even though each channel is assumed to have the same capacity in both directions. It is shown that irreversible information networks only have solutions that use nonlinear network coding. This correspondence argues that this result is more surprising than it might appear at first sight and that it follows using ideas resembling the path integral in quantum mechanics.
Active and Semi-incremental Learning with Bordering Counterexamples

Incremental learning algorithms are better suited for online learning tasks in principle. However, due to the lack of eeciency, few existing incremental algorithms can outperform non-incremental algorithms in reality. This paper presents a new semi-incremental algorithm CDL4 that can learn decision lists actively and eeciently. Compared to early algorithms in the CDL family, CDL4 can learn concepts that have both discrete and continuous attributes and has a complexity of O(dn 2) for both on-line and ooine tasks, where d is the number of attributes and n the number of mistakes made in training. Furthermore, CDL4 can actively select training instances by querying bordering counterexamples to improve the rate and accuracy of learning. Diierent from equivalence queries which return arbitrary counterexamples , bordering counterexamples are those that defeat the incorrect decision that has the least index in the current decision list. The paper also reports experiments on CDL4's performance on several large online learning tasks and compares them with other learning algorithms .
The Application of DWT and SVD in Image Retrieval

Aiming at the color distributing feature of image, a feature extraction and image retrieval algorithm using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is proposed, which is based on child-block partition and area division. Firstly, divide the image into child-blocks, DWT the color value of each block, and extract the low frequency coefficients as the color feature of this block, and then divide the image into areas, some matrixes are composed with the DWT coefficients in this area, which are SVDed to gain the retrieval feature vector in order to compute the difference between images. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm reduces dimension well, obtains good recall and precision, and has good retrieval effect.
Katiyar prostate carcinoma cells arrest and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human-phase cell cycle 1 Berberine , a natural product , induces

Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties in some in vitro systems. Here, we report that in vitro treatment of androgen-insensitive (DU145 and PC-3) and androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) prostate cancer cells with berberine inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in a dose-dependent (10–100 Mmol/L) and timedependent (24–72 hours) manner. Treatment of nonneoplastic human prostate epithelial cells (PWR-1E) with berberine under identical conditions did not significantly affect their viability. The berberine-induced inhibition of proliferation of DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells was associated with G1-phase arrest, which in DU145 cells was associated with inhibition of expression of cyclins D1, D2, and E and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2, Cdk4, and Cdk6 proteins, increased expression of the Cdk inhibitory proteins (Cip1/p21 and Kip1/p27), and enhanced binding of Cdk inhibitors to Cdk. Berberine also significantly (P < 0.05–0.001) enhanced apoptosis of DU145 and LNCaP cells with induction of a higher ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 proteins, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmkpartially, but significantly, blocked the berberineinduced apoptosis, as also confirmed by the comet assay analysis of DNA fragmentation, suggesting that berberineinduced apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells is mediated primarily through the caspase-dependent pathway. The effectiveness of berberine in checking the growth of androgen-insensitive, as well as androgensensitive, prostate cancer cells without affecting the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells indicates that it may be a promising candidate for prostate cancer therapy. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(2):296–308]
Constraint-Based Type Inference for Guarded Algebraic Data Types

Guarded algebraic data types subsume the concepts known in the literature as indexed types, guarded recursive datatype constructors, and first-class phantom types, and are closely related to inductive types. They have the distinguishing feature that, when typechecking a function defined by cases, every branch may be checked under different assumptions about the type variables in scope. This mechanism allows exploiting the presence of dynamic tests in the code to produce extra static type information. We propose an extension of the constraint-based type system HM(X) with deep pattern matching, guarded algebraic data types, and polymorphic recursion. We prove that the type system is sound and that, provided recursive function definitions carry a type annotation, type inference may be reduced to constraint solving. Then, because solving arbitrary constraints is expensive, we further restrict the form of type annotations and prove that this allows producing so-called tractable constraints. Last, in the specific setting of equality, we explain how to solve tractable constraints. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first generic and comprehensive account of type inference in the presence of guarded algebraic data types.