Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
'We have Enemies to Oppose': Communication, class and the federation of Australia

‘What a charter of liberty is embraced within this Bill’, enthused Alfred Deakin, the leading Victorian advocate of Australian federation, as he praised the draft Constitution Bill at the  nal session of the 1897–1898 Federal Convention [1]. However, there were noticeable omissions in the liberties in the Constitution he lauded, in all essentials the founding charter of the new nation. One concerned communicative freedoms and the array of rights upon which such freedoms must rest. Carolyn Marvin has observed that the ‘communications technologies that prepared the way for twentieth century media were built to uphold a scheme of social strati cation’ [2]. Much the same, it is suggested, can be said of the role of, and provision for, communication in the federation of Australia. It is argued here that the new nation inherited a communication legacy in 1901 that, rather than being open, popular, fully democratic, and built on a generous conception of citizenship and human rights, was predominantly class-based. It saw ‘the people’ as subjects, was racially exclusive, gendered, imperial, and emphasized order and security before liberty. It was concerned with management rather than enlightenment, with constraint rather than emancipation. In an era of increasing elite and middle class concern with nation building and intensifying imperial rivalry, communication was used for material development and trade, the control and negotiation of domestic and international contexts, and the promotion of a restricted sense of community. In pursuing this argument, the focus is on the Constitution and the federation process between 1889 and 1901. The paper is concerned with communication history rather than media history and sees the media of the time as one of a number of competing interests. It asks why colonial Australians opted, apparently, for a constrained approach to communication in which material development, control, and a crabbed sense of community, swamped any commitment to communication as a means of emancipation and expression? As a preliminary, it is useful to note brie y four contextual matters. First, little work has been done on the connection between communication and federation. The principal study is Kevin Livingston’s 1996 The Wired Nation Continent. In Livingston’s view, communication, not transport, ‘played the crucial role in Australia’s federation’ [3]. Livingston’s argument provided a fresh perspective in a communication historiography long dominated imaginatively by Geoffrey Blainey’s 1966 ‘tyranny of distance’ interpretation [4]; however, his conception of communication leans towards transmission, minimizes the extent to which communication was socially produced, and largely neglects the in uence federation had on communication, the focus of this paper.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk.

No previous reports exist on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in human milk from individual U.S. mothers. This article on PBDEs is an extension of our previous studies on concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other chlorinated organic compounds in human milk in a number of countries. PBDE commercial products are used as flame retardants in flexible polyurethane foam (penta-BDE), in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins (octa-BDE), and in high-impact polystyrene resins (deca-BDE). Their use is permitted in the United States but is banned in some European countries because of presumed toxicity, demonstrated persistence, and bioaccumulation. Different commercial products can be found in various consumer products such as television sets, computers, computer monitors and printers, carpets, and upholstery. Analyses of human levels of these compounds suggest low but rising levels in European human milk, which may have peaked, at least in Sweden, in the late 1990s. Very few data exist on levels of PBDEs in humans in the United States, and none from milk from individual nursing mothers. To address this issue, we analyzed 47 individual milk samples from nursing mothers, 20-41 years of age, from a milk bank in Austin, Texas, and a community women's health clinic in Dallas, Texas. Up to 13 PBDE congeners were measured. The concentrations of the sum of PBDE congeners varied from 6.2 to 419 ng/g (or parts per billion) lipid, with a median of 34 ng/g and a mean of 73.9 ng/g lipid. The PBDE levels in breast milk from Texas were similar to levels found in U.S. blood and adipose tissue lipid from California and Indiana and are 10-100 times greater than human tissue levels in Europe. Their detection in breast milk raises concern for potential toxicity to nursing infants, given the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of some of the PBDE congeners. These results indicate a need for more detailed investigation of the levels of PBDE in people and food, as well as determining if animal fat in food is the major route of exposure of the general U.S. population. Other routes of intake may also be significant.
Reforming Ontario early learning: a review

Herein, we address the reformation of Ontario early learning. Over the next 3 years, all 4- and 5-year-olds in Ontario (Canada) will be able to attend full-day early learning with child care, before and after school provided by the Government of Ontario Ministry of Education. The benefits of such a change are both academic and societal and are built upon global research findings which have informed the process and the following discussion.
Integrative Genomics Reveals Novel Molecular Pathways and Gene Networks for Coronary Artery Disease

The majority of the heritability of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unexplained, despite recent successes of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in identifying novel susceptibility loci. Integrating functional genomic data from a variety of sources with a large-scale meta-analysis of CAD GWAS may facilitate the identification of novel biological processes and genes involved in CAD, as well as clarify the causal relationships of established processes. Towards this end, we integrated 14 GWAS from the CARDIoGRAM Consortium and two additional GWAS from the Ottawa Heart Institute (25,491 cases and 66,819 controls) with 1) genetics of gene expression studies of CAD-relevant tissues in humans, 2) metabolic and signaling pathways from public databases, and 3) data-driven, tissue-specific gene networks from a multitude of human and mouse experiments. We not only detected CAD-associated gene networks of lipid metabolism, coagulation, immunity, and additional networks with no clear functional annotation, but also revealed key driver genes for each CAD network based on the topology of the gene regulatory networks. In particular, we found a gene network involved in antigen processing to be strongly associated with CAD. The key driver genes of this network included glyoxalase I (GLO1) and peptidylprolyl isomerase I (PPIL1), which we verified as regulatory by siRNA experiments in human aortic endothelial cells. Our results suggest genetic influences on a diverse set of both known and novel biological processes that contribute to CAD risk. The key driver genes for these networks highlight potential novel targets for further mechanistic studies and therapeutic interventions.
Interrogating poverty, social exclusion and New Labour's programme of priority educational policies in England

This paper reviews New Labor priority educational policies since 1997 that have attempted to break the link between poverty and low educational achievement in England. It does so by examining these policy priorities against a mapping framework developed by the author for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation's Education and Poverty programme. This framework emanates from a synthesis of some of the research literature on poverty and education and contains two broad underpinning approaches (functionalist and socially critical) and three levels of analysis (micro, meso, macro). Analysis of New Labor priority educational policies against this framework, particularly exemplified through the current full service extended schools (FSES) initiative, suggests that perhaps too many interventions are underpinned by a functionalist approach that focuses on the more accessible and amenable meso level (and to lesser extent the micro level) with too little emphasis on the macro. At the same time many of the interventions appear disjointed, lack coherence and seem to eschew issues of power.
Manipulating bacterial cell fate: key role of surface-sensing and signal transduction

Confronted with the multitude of bacterial or fungal species which form biofilms within a complex consortium, the task of describing general mechanisms of surface perception and signal transduction is a difficult challenge. However, relying on the data acquired from the species most often studied in laboratory conditions, this chapter will try to bring to light some of the general mechanisms which allow bacteria to perceive that they are in the vicinity of a surface and to transmit this information to the genome, resulting in the appropriate biological response.
CHA2DS2VASc Score as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Ambulatory Patients without Atrial Fibrillation

New evidence suggests that the CHA2DS2VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension [HTN], age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, and female gender) score may be a reliable tool to predict the risk of thromboembolic events in patients without documented atrial fibrillation (AF).
Visual localization of a mobile robot in indoor environments using planar landmarks

Describes the localization function integrated in a landmark-based navigation system. It relies on the use of planar landmarks (typically, posters) to localize the robot. It is based on two periodic processes running at different frequencies. One of them performs the poster tracking (based on the partial Hausdorff distance) and the active control of the camera. The other one runs on a lower frequency and localizes the robot thanks to the tracked landmarks, the positions of which have been learnt during an offline exploration step. The system has been embedded on our indoor Hilare mobile robot and works in real time. Experiments, illustrated in the paper, demonstrate the validity of the approach.
Report from the NTCIR-10 1CLICK-2 Japanese subtask: baselines, upperbounds and evaluation robustness

The One Click Access Task (1CLICK) of NTCIR requires systems to return a concise multi-document summary of web pages in response to a query which is assumed to have been submitted in a mobile context. Systems are evaluated based on information units (or iUnits), and are required to present important pieces of information first and to minimise the amount of text the user has to read. Using the official Japanese results of the second round of the 1CLICK task from NTCIR-10, we discuss our task setting and evaluation framework. Our analyses show that: (1) Simple baseline methods that leverage search engine snippets or Wikipedia are effective for 'lookup' type queries but not necessarily for other query types; (2) There is still a substantial gap between manual and automatic runs; and (3) Our evaluation metrics are relatively robust to the incompleteness of iUnits.
A tubular EHD1‐containing compartment involved in the recycling of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules to the plasma membrane

The Eps15 homology (EH) domain‐containing protein, EHD1, has recently been ascribed a role in the recycling of receptors internalized by clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. A subset of plasma membrane proteins can undergo internalization by a clathrin‐independent pathway regulated by the small GTP‐binding protein ADP‐ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6). Here, we report that endogenous EHD proteins, as well as transgenic tagged EHD1, are associated with long, membrane‐bound tubules containing Arf6. EHD1 appears to induce tubule formation, which requires nucleotide cycling on Arf6 and intact microtubules. Mutations in the N‐terminal P‐loop domain or deletion of the C‐terminal EH domain of EHD1 prevent association of EHD1 with tubules or induction of tubule formation. The EHD1 tubules contain internalized major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC‐I) molecules that normally traffic through the Arf6 pathway. Recycling assays show that overexpression of EHD1 enhances MHC‐I recycling. These observations suggest an additional function of EHD1 as a tubule‐inducing factor in the Arf6 pathway for recycling of plasma membrane proteins internalized by clathrin‐independent endocytosis.
The Undergraduate Research Experience Of Adult Learners In An Accelerated Degree Completion Program

Learning has historically been viewed as a childhood activity aimed at preparing individuals for adulthood. This "linear life span" where "full-time education is for young people, full-time work for the middle-aged, and full-time leisure for the elderly" (Cross, 1982, p. 9) still prevails in some parts of both highly industrialized countries and less developed countries. However, the pattern of segmenting education, work, and leisure has over the past four decades been overshadowed by the concept of learning from cradle to grave, necessitating a "cyclic" or "blended life span" in which individuals pursue education, work, and leisure simultaneously throughout life (Cross, 1982, p. 11) . Accordingly, starting in the 1980s, previously underrepresented groups, particularly displaced and deskilled older adult workers (U.S. Congress, 1993), began flocking to higher education seeking the credentials, knowledge, and skills necessary to compete in the new technology-driven and knowledge-based economy. Over the past decades, the enrollment of students 25 years or older in degree programs has grown faster than that of their younger counterparts who enroll in college full time immediately after high school. Older adults-most of whom are working full time and studying part time-now constitute almost half the student body in American higher education (Aslanian, 2001, O'Donnell, 2006). Recognizing that college and university programs and policies geared to traditional-aged students pose barriers to adult participation in higher education (Chao, DeRocco, & Flynn, 2007) , some higher education institutions have developed several innovative adult-oriented programs for the growing number of older adults seeking further education. Some common approaches to making higher education more accessible to adults include special admissions and accelerated degreecompletion programs that offer classes either on evenings and/or weekends. The cohort learning model, where 15 to 20 students go through an academic program together and graduate as a group, has gained popularity among older adults (Kasworm, 2003; Wlodkowski, 2003).
GABA and Glutamate Pathways Are Spatially and Developmentally Affected in the Brain of Mecp2-Deficient Mice

Proper brain functioning requires a fine-tuning between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, a balance maintained through the regulation and release of glutamate and GABA. Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene affecting the postnatal brain development. Dysfunctions in the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems have been implicated in the neuropathology of RTT and a disruption of the balance between excitation and inhibition, together with a perturbation of the electrophysiological properties of GABA and glutamate neurons, were reported in the brain of the Mecp2-deficient mouse. However, to date, the extent and the nature of the GABA/glutamate deficit affecting the Mecp2-deficient mouse brain are unclear. In order to better characterize these deficits, we simultaneously analyzed the GABA and glutamate levels in Mecp2-deficient mice at 2 different ages (P35 and P55) and in several brain areas. We used a multilevel approach including the quantification of GABA and glutamate levels, as well as the quantification of the mRNA and protein expression levels of key genes involved in the GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways. Our results show that Mecp2-deficient mice displayed regional- and age-dependent variations in the GABA pathway and, to a lesser extent, in the glutamate pathway. The implication of the GABA pathway in the RTT neuropathology was further confirmed using an in vivo treatment with a GABA reuptake inhibitor that significantly improved the lifespan of Mecp2-deficient mice. Our results confirm that RTT mouse present a deficit in the GABAergic pathway and suggest that GABAergic modulators could be interesting therapeutic agents for this severe neurological disorder.
Syntactic optionality in non-native grammars

The existence of optionality is well attested in mature grammars and particularly in transitional stages of development (of both child and adult grammars). A complete explanatory account of optionality, however, has not yet been reached. Such an account is needed for two main reasons. First, optionality poses a challenge for contemporary formal models of generative grammar which, unlike their predecessors (e.g., classic transformational grammar, Government-Binding), assume competition for well-formedness and rule out optional syntactic operations. Secondly, and more specifically relevant to this volume, optionality can be found not only at intermediate stages of second language (L2) acquisition, but also at advanced stages and even in the end-state grammars of nonnative speakers who have reached the stage of ultimate attainment: it can therefore become a permanent, or ‘stabilized’ feature in L2 acquisition (Robertson and Sorace, 1999; Sorace, 1999). Residual optionality in the end-state grammars may therefore be regarded as a type of divergence from the corresponding native grammar. Whether ‘stable’ optionality in mature L1 grammars and ‘stabilized’ optionality in end-state L2 grammars have the same etiology, and whether developmental optionality in adult L2 grammars is a phenomenon of a different nature from that of developmental
A sweet and amnesic present: the postcolonial landscape and memory makings in Cape Verde

The construction of memory in landscapes is a complex process which is embedded in webs of political and economic power. Often history is twisted and bended to better serve the current interests of the hegemonic forces at play. In this paper I attempt to explore how memory is at work in three different sites in Santiago Island, Cape Verde: an old fort and a historical town; a concentration camp; and a global resort. The three sites participate in the erasure, maintenance and creation of memory in different ways, forging new forms of collective identity, which are embedded in local as well as global forces and processes. Through an analysis of the changes taking place on these sites, this paper suggests that while the country lives on foreign aid and attempts to embrace neo-liberal practices, it fails not only to provide basic services to the population but to engage critically with its history and geography.
Non-recursive method for Deriving uncorrelated Discriminants

Recently recursive algorithm has been used in getting Fisher criterion based linear discriminants through which the features obtained are statistically uncorrelated. This paper investigates a simpler and faster approach to compute uncorrelated discriminants. This is done by first mapping the input data onto an uncorrelated feature space and computing Fisher criterion based discriminants in that space. By avoiding recursive procedure, our algorithm is (C − 1)/2 times faster than recursive algorithm when the number of classes C is large. Theoretical formulation and real world data confirmed the effectiveness of our approach.
TNF-Induced Lethal Hepatitis Metalloproteinase-8)-Deficient Mice to Resistance of Collagenase-2 (Matrix

Acute fulminant liver failure is a serious worldwide health problem. Despite maximal supportive intensive care treatment, the disease offers a poor prognosis, with mortality rates of > 80%. We have previously shown that a broad-spectrum inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) confers complete protection in a mouse model of TNF-induced lethal hepatitis, thereby suggesting the possibility of protecting cancer patients against the deleterious side effects of TNF therapy. In our search for the individual matrix metalloproteinases involved, we found that the recently generated MMP-8-deﬁcient mice are signiﬁcantly protected against TNF-induced acute hepatitis. In contrast to their wild-type counterparts, MMP-8-null mice display very little hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, resulting in a much better survival outcome. We found that these animals clearly display impaired leukocyte inﬂux into the liver and no release of the neutrophil-speciﬁc, LPS-induced CXC chemokine. Our ﬁndings provide evidence that MMP-8 plays an essential role in acute liver failure and might be a promising new target for the treatment for this illness. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 7642–7649.
The Effects of Mothers' Parenting Stress and Parental Satisfaction on Attachment Formation with Their Children

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors related to mothers' attachment formation with their children. For this research, mothers' attachment formation with their children was examined based on the relationship involving three factors: personal variables, parenting stress, and parental satisfaction. A survey instrument was administered to 114 mothers who had 0~3 year-old children attending day care centers in Seoul. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression using the SPSS+12 version. Major findings were as follows: First, the degree of mothers' parental stress rated relatively low and the degree of parental satisfaction rated relatively high. Among the three variables that were measured, parental satisfaction was the most influential factor on mothers' attachment formation. Finally, 'burden and stress of parenting', 'feelings of guilt for others taking care of their children', 'general satisfaction', and 'parent-child relationship satisfaction' were powerful factors in explaining attachment formation.