Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Schumann resonance frequencies depend on altitude

[1] Schumann resonance frequencies are the resonance frequencies for an electromagnetic field inside the natural conducting cavity formed by the Earth's surface and its ionosphere. The spectrum peaks for the total electromagnetic energy stored inside the cavity define a unique value for each Schumann resonance. Because of the impossibility of measuring the total energy stored in the atmosphere, the experimental determination of Schumann resonances is carried out by a local measurement of the magnetic or electric field spectrum. However, peak frequencies in the amplitude of the electromagnetic field Fourier spectrum of a lightning discharge excited atmosphere may depend on height because this field depends on the atmosphere conductivity and this physical magnitude varies with height. Therefore it is reasonable to expect a slight shift between the peaks corresponding to the electric or magnetic field spectrum at a given height and those obtained by considering the total energy stored. In this paper the Earth's electromagnetic cavity is numerically modeled by using the transmission line matrix (TLM) numerical method. The altitude profile of the magnetic field spectrum remains constant from ground to 70-km height; however, a decay between 1.5 and 4 Hz is observed for heights between 70 and 100 km, which represents a medium reduction of 10%.
A new two‐step stochastic modeling approach: Application to water transport in a spatially variable unsaturated soil

A new two‐step stochastic modeling approach based on stochastic parameter inputs to a deterministic model system is presented. Step I combines a Stratified sampling scheme with a deterministic model to establish a deterministic response surface (DRS). Step II combines a Monte Carlo sampling scheme with the DRS to establish the stochastic model response. The new two‐step approach is demonstrated on a one‐dimensional unsaturated water flow problem at field scale with a dynamic surface flux and two spatially variable and interdependent parameters: The Campbell [1974] soil water retention parameter (b) and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The new two‐step stochastic modeling approach provides a highly time efficient way to analyze consequences of uncertainties in stochastic parameter input at field scale. The new two‐step approach is competitive in analyzing problems with time consuming deterministic model runs where the stochastic problem can be adequately described by up to two spatially variable parameters.
New species of the genus Trichosetodes Ulmer, 1915 (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) from Ratanakiri province, Cambodia, based on morphological and molecular data

﻿Abstract Three new species of Trichosetodes, namely T.carmelaesp. nov., T.katiengensissp. nov. and T.ratanakiriensissp. nov. are described and illustrated by male specimens. The male genitalia of T.carmelaesp. nov. can be distinguished from the other 16 species of the genus found in Southeast Asia by the shape of the phallicata. The phallicata of T.carmelaesp. nov. bears a tuft of long hairs in the middle of the dorsal edge. Trichosetodeskatiengensissp. nov. can be distinguished from the other species in Southeast Asia by the shape of the phallicata which is divided into dorsal and ventral branches in lateral view, and T.ratanakiriensissp. nov. by the characters of the left inferior appendage and the shape of segment IX. The posterior end of the left inferior appendage of T.ratanakiriensissp. nov. is not forked and the ventral and lateral views of the posteroventral lobes of segment IX are rounded. Illustrations of male genitalia of Trichosetodeskampongspeuensis Malicky & Kong, 2020 are provided for comparison. The molecular diversity of new Trichosetodes species was analyzed using the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rRNA gene region (16S rRNA). In terms of their genetic divergence, T.ratanakiriensissp. nov. and T.kampongspeuensis exhibited remarkable proximity, with only a 1.4% distance. On the contrary, T.carmelaesp. nov. displayed genetic disparity exceeding 6.3% when compared to both T.ratanakiriensissp. nov. and T.kampongspeuensis.
Efficient integration of deep neural networks in sequential multiscale simulations

Multiscale computations involving finite elements are often unfeasible due to their substantial computational costs arising from numerous microstructure evaluations. This necessitates the utilization of suitable surrogate models, which can be rapidly evaluated. In this work, we apply a purely data‐based deep neural network as a surrogate model for the microstructure evaluation. More precisely, the surrogate model predicts the homogenized stresses, which are typically obtained by the solution of (initial) boundary‐value problems of a microstructure and subsequent homogenization. Furthermore, the required consistent tangent matrix is computed by leveraging reverse mode automatic differentiation. To improve data efficiency and ensure high prediction quality, the well‐known Sobolev training is chosen for creating the surrogate model. This surrogate model is seamlessly integrated into a Fortran‐based finite element code using an open‐source library. As a result, this integration, combined with just‐in‐time compilation, leads to a speed‐up of more than 6000× , as demonstrated in the example of a plate with a hole examined in this work. Furthermore, the surrogate model proves to be applicable even in load‐step size controlled simulations, where it overcomes certain load‐step size limitations associated with the microstructure computations.
Colorado’s Millennial Generation: Youth Perceptions and Experiences of Nature

Abstract This study uses survey and focus group methods to explore attitudes toward and experiences of nature among millennial-aged students in northern Colorado. First, results confirm that young people possess a strong interest in the outdoors yet time, transportation, and new technologies hamper their ability to visit public lands and outdoor spaces. Second, respondents experience nature in ways more mediated by new technologies such as cell phones and nature DVDs. Third, citizen science and active learning show promise as techniques for returning young people to the outdoors. The challenge lies in teaching young people to reimagine the outdoors not as elsewhere or out there but as a backyard geographic space.
A Survey of Deep Learning-Based Multimodal Emotion Recognition: Speech, Text, and Face

Multimodal emotion recognition (MER) refers to the identification and understanding of human emotional states by combining different signals, including—but not limited to—text, speech, and face cues. MER plays a crucial role in the human–computer interaction (HCI) domain. With the recent progression of deep learning technologies and the increasing availability of multimodal datasets, the MER domain has witnessed considerable development, resulting in numerous significant research breakthroughs. However, a conspicuous absence of thorough and focused reviews on these deep learning-based MER achievements is observed. This survey aims to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in MER based on deep learning. For an orderly exposition, this paper first outlines a meticulous analysis of the current multimodal datasets, emphasizing their advantages and constraints. Subsequently, we thoroughly scrutinize diverse methods for multimodal emotional feature extraction, highlighting the merits and demerits of each method. Moreover, we perform an exhaustive analysis of various MER algorithms, with particular focus on the model-agnostic fusion methods (including early fusion, late fusion, and hybrid fusion) and fusion based on intermediate layers of deep models (encompassing simple concatenation fusion, utterance-level interaction fusion, and fine-grained interaction fusion). We assess the strengths and weaknesses of these fusion strategies, providing guidance to researchers to help them select the most suitable techniques for their studies. In summary, this survey aims to provide a thorough and insightful review of the field of deep learning-based MER. It is intended as a valuable guide to aid researchers in furthering the evolution of this dynamic and impactful field.
Rat Grimace Scale as a Method to Evaluate Animal Welfare, Nociception, and Quality of the Euthanasia Method of Wistar Rats

Simple Summary This study aimed to evaluate the pain associated with six methods of euthanasia: pentobarbital, CO2, decapitation, isoflurane, ketamine + xylazine, and ketamine + CO2 in Wistar rats, by applying the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), comparing the scores, and determining the method with the highest score that might indicate pain in laboratory rodents. According to the results, during the application of the euthanasia method, the intraperitoneal administration of ketamine + xylazine and decapitation caused the highest RGS scores (0.6 ± 0.26 and 0.6 ± 0.16, respectively) (p < 0.0001), while after the application of the euthanasia methods, CO2 and isoflurane recorded the highest scores (p < 0.0001) (0.9 ± 0.18 and 1.2 ± 0.20, respectively). The results might indicate that injection and guillotine use could cause short-term pain in rodents, while high isoflurane scores could be associated with nociception/pain or the myorelaxant properties of the drug. Further research is needed to establish a comprehensive study of pain during euthanasia, where the RGS could be used minding the limitations that anesthetics might have on facial expression. Abstract Refinement of experimental procedures in animal research has the objective of preventing and minimizing pain/distress in animals, including the euthanasia period. This study aimed to evaluate pain associated with six methods of euthanasia in Wistar rats (injectable, inhalational, and physical), by applying the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), comparing the scores, and determining the method with the highest score that might indicate pain for laboratory rodents. Sixty adult male and female Wistar rats were used and assigned to six treatments: pentobarbital, CO2, decapitation, isoflurane, ketamine + xylazine, and ketamine + CO2. Video recording to assess the RGS scores was performed in four events: basal: 24 h before the procedure; Ti1: three minutes before the procedure; Ti2: during the application of the euthanasia method; and Ti3: immediately after the application until LORR. The main findings of this study showed that, during Ti2, decapitation and ketamine + xylazine had the highest scores (0.6 ± 0.26 and 0.6 ± 0.16, respectively) (p < 0.0001), while at Ti3, CO2 (0.9 ± 0.18) and isoflurane (1.2 ± 0.20) recorded the highest scores (p < 0.0001). According to the present results, decapitation and ketamine + xylazine elicited short-term acute pain, possibly due to tissue damage caused by both methods (injection and guillotine). In contrast, isoflurane’s RGS scores recorded during Ti3 might be associated with nociception/pain due to the pungency of the drug or to the pharmacological muscle relaxant effect of isoflurane. Further research is needed to establish a comprehensive study of pain during euthanasia, where RGS could be used minding the limitations that anesthetics might have on facial expression.
Contemporary climate change in the Amazon

Deforestation of the entire Amazon basin — the catastrophe scenario — is projected to result in regional decreases of precipitation and evaporation, potentially leading to sustained desertification. However, current levels and patterns of Amazon deforestation actually enhance mass and energy transfers between the land and the atmosphere through the creation of thermally driven circulations. The climatological effects of these circulations have long been thought to be inconsequential (e.g., Negri et al., 2004). In contrast, we find here that current deforestation causes a dramatic change in climatological rainfall occurrence patterns; high‐resolution satellite precipitation measurements show significantly more rainfall occurrences (p ≤ 0.0001) over deforested areas. Moreover, a 75 year‐long rain gauge record shows a long‐term shift in the seasonality of precipitation that is concurrent with deforestation. These findings suggest that current deforestation in the Amazon has already altered the regional climate. Such changes have implications for regional ecosystem dynamics, but may also affect global climatic patterns through tropospheric teleconnections.
Mass‐Conserving Downscaling of Climate Model Precipitation Over Mountainous Terrain for Water Resource Applications

A mass‐conserving method to downscale precipitation from global climate models (GCMs) using sub‐grid‐scale topography and modeled 700‐mb wind direction is presented. Runoff is simulated using a stand‐alone hydrological model, with this and several other methods as inputs, and compared to runoff simulated using historical observations over the western contiguous United States. Results suggest the mitigation of grid‐scale biases is more critical than downscaling for some regions with large wet biases (e.g., the Great Basin and Upper Colorado). In other regions (e.g., the Pacific Northwest) the new method produces more realistic sub‐grid‐scale variability in runoff compared to unadjusted GCM output and a simpler downscaling method. The presented method also brings the runoff centroid timing closer to that simulated with observations for all subregions examined.
6-Hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline Demonstrates Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

We examined the effects of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline on markers of liver injury, oxidative status, and the extent of inflammatory and apoptotic processes in rats with acetaminophen-induced liver damage. The administration of acetaminophen caused the accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane in the liver and serum, as well as an increase in biochemiluminescence indicators. Oxidative stress resulted in the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and NF-κB factor mRNA synthesis and increased levels of immunoglobulin G, along with higher activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. The administration of acetaminophen also resulted in the development of oxidative stress, leading to a decrease in the level of reduced glutathione and an imbalance in the function of antioxidant enzymes. This study discovered that 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline reduced oxidative stress by its antioxidant activity, hence reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine and NF-κB mRNA, as well as decreasing the concentration of immunoglobulin G. These changes resulted in a reduction in the activity of caspase-8 and caspase-9, which are involved in the activation of ligand-induced and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and inhibited the effector caspase-3. In addition, 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline promoted the normalization of antioxidant system function in animals treated with acetaminophen. As a result, the compound being tested alleviated inflammation and apoptosis by decreasing oxidative stress, which led to improved liver marker indices and ameliorated histopathological alterations.
Vortexwide denitrification of the Arctic polar stratosphere in winter 1999/2000 determined by remote observations

[1] Denitrification has been studied using measurements of stratospheric HNO3 and N2O by the Airborne Submillimeter Radiometer (ASUR), operated on board the NASA DC-8 during SOLVE/THESEO 2000. Lidar measurements taken on board the same aircraft have been used to distinguish between temporary uptake of HNO3 in polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and denitrification events. To derive an NOy budget, ClNO3 data by balloonborne and ground-based Fourier transform infrared measurements and a model estimate of NOx + 2N2O5 have been considered. The HNO3 profiles of sporadic ASUR measurements without PSC coverage in January suggest that denitrification had started in the vortex core region by then. Vortexwide denitrification was found in mid-March 2000. Corrected for diabatic descent using the N2O measurements, a vortex-averaged NOy deficit between 1.2 ± 0.9 ppb at about 16 km altitude and 5.3 ± 2.7 ppb at about 20.5 km altitude was derived compared to December 1999, based on an observed decrease in HNO3 between 2.2 and 3.5 ppb during this time period. A shift in the NOy partitioning from HNO3 toward ClNO3 of about 0.4 to 0.7 ppb was observed in mid-March compared to December, indicating that chlorine deactivation was occurring. Comparisons with the SLIMCAT three-dimensional chemical transport model applying denitrification schemes based on ice and nitric acid trihydrate particles in equilibrium, respectively, reveal agreement within the error bars at higher altitudes (∼19 km) but show discrepancies at lower altitudes (∼16 km). It is suggested that more sophisticated denitrification schemes are needed to generally describe denitrification processes.
Satellite-based real aperture radar image spectrum simulation with Wen's wave spectrum

Some missions have been carried out to measure wave directional spectrum based on airborne real aperture radar in a low incidence. For this study, the authors simulate the satellite-based real aperture radar image spectrum to validate the radar performance of measuring the directional wave spectrum based on the same principal as airborne one. In the processes of the simulation, the authors don't take into account the rotation of antenna and the disturbing of the noise in order that the simulation can exclude other factors to purely verify the measuring theory feasibility in essence. The authors use Wen's spectrum as the input spectrum of the simulation, which is a kind of wind-generated wave spectrum that can better describe the state of developing wave and the statuses of the Chinese sea fields. Following that, the simulated sea surface, backscattered radar signal, modulation spectrum and the one dimension wave spectrum (two dimension one can be obtained by synthesizing every directional one dimension spectrum) are obtained, which is compared with the input spectrum. To have a comprehensive realization to the performance of the radar, different cases including different developing degree, wind speed and angle between dominant waves propagation direction and radar look direction are considered. Presented results show that Satellite-based real aperture radar can mostly measure the wave spectrum, but the capacity is limited on the cases of low wind speed, developing waves and the big angles.
Composition Model of Organic Waste Raw Materials Image-Based To Obtain Charcoal Briquette Energy Potential

Indonesia needs new renewable energy as an alternative to fuel oil. The existence of organic waste is an opportunity to replace oil because it is renewable and contains relatively less air-polluting sulfur. Previous research that has been widely carried out still utilizes coconut shell raw materials, which are increasingly limited in number, so other alternative raw materials are needed. A model is needed to make a formulation that can optimize the composition of organic waste raw materials as a basic ingredient for making briquettes. The research objective was to determine the best raw material composition based on digital image analysis in processing organic waste into briquettes. An artificial intelligence approach with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture can predict an effective object detection model. The image analysis results have shown an effective model in the raw material composition of 60% coconut, 20% wood, and 20% adhesive to produce quality biomass briquettes. Briquettes with a higher percentage of coconut will perform better in composition tests than mixed briquettes. The energy obtained from burning briquettes is useful for meeting household fuel needs and meeting micro, small, and medium business industries.
Carbonate sandwaves in Bass Strait

Side‐scan sonar, seabed photography and surficial sediment sampling document a field of sandwaves at 40–46 m water depth in eastern Bass Strait, Australia. The sandwaves are formed of coarse sand and gravel consisting of 50–92% biogenic carbonate, derived largely from the remains of molluscs, bryozoans and echinoderms. Four different scales of bedform are identified: ripples (0.1–0.3 m wavelength, 0.02–0.04 m high), small crest megaripples (4–5 m, 0.2 m), large trough megaripples (3–12 m, 0.1 ‐0.5 m) and sandwaves (55–1730 m, 2–12 m). The ripples are superimposed on both the megaripples and sandwaves. Large megaripples are present in the troughs between the sandwaves, while small megaripples are superimposed on the sandwave crests. Local tidal currents are non‐rectilinear. Sandwaves and their superimposed smaller bedforms are formed transverse to the ebb flow (from 255°) but subparallel to the flood flow, and trough megaripples are aligned transverse to the flood flow (from 135°). Minor deviations of the .
Glucocorticoid Replacement for Adrenal Insufficiency and the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Glucocorticoid excess is a known risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our objective was to analyse the impact of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on the development of NAFLD and NAFLD-related fibrosis and, therefore, on cardiovascular as well as hepatic morbidity in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Two hundred and fifteen individuals with primary (n = 111) or secondary (n = 104) adrenal insufficiency were investigated for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis using the fatty liver index (FLI), NAFLD fibrosis score (NAFLD-FS), Fibrosis-4 Index (FiB-4) plus sonographic transient elastography. Results were correlated with glucocorticoid doses and cardiometabolic risk parameters. The median dose of hydrocortisone equivalent was 20 mg daily, with a median therapy duration of 15 years. The presence and grade of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were significantly correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors. We could not find any significant correlations between single, daily or cumulative doses of glucocorticoids and the grade of liver steatosis, nor with fibrosis measured via validated sonographic techniques. In patients with adrenal insufficiency, glucocorticoid replacement within a physiological range of 15–25 mg hydrocortisone equivalent per day does not appear to pose an additional risk for the development of NAFLD, subsequent liver fibrosis, or the cardiovascular morbidity associated with these conditions.
The great March 25, 1998, Antarctic Plate earthquake: Moment tensor and rupture history

We use broadband body and mantle wave data to study the 1998 Antarctic intraplate earthquake. The centroid moment tensor (CMT) has a large non-double-couple component. There exist two pure double-couple constrained solutions that fit the data almost equally well. The frequent practice of taking the “best double-couple” gives a far from optimal solution. We use P and SH body waves to determine the rupture parameters of the first and larger of the two observed subevents. The best rupture plane, with strike 96°, dip 69°, and rake −18°, is compatible with only one of the two CMT solutions: strike 96°, dip 64°, rake −23°, centroid location (63.1°S, 148.4°E, 10 km depth), centroid time 0313:02 UT, and M0 = 1.3 × 1021 N m (Mw = 8.0). The first subevent is a simple, primarily westward propagating ∼140-km rupture, of ∼45-s duration, with average velocity ≳3 km s−1; it has a seismic moment of 1.2×1021 N m (Mw = 8.0), with 75% of its moment released between 10 and 27 s, and a stress drop of ∼240 bars. The rupture is physically bounded by two fracture zones at 147.5°E and 150°E. The second subevent lasted from 70 to 90 s on a fault extending from 210 to 270 km west of the epicenter, with a moment of 0.3–0.6×1021 N m (Mw = 7.6–7.8). This is a spectacular example of dynamic stress triggering over a 100-km separation distance with a time delay of ∼40 s. The complex pattern of aftershocks is primarily controlled by preexisting fracture zones on the ocean floor.