Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cyclin-binding motifs are essential for the function of p21CIP1

The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 is induced by the tumor suppressor p53 and is required for the G1-S block in cells with DNA damage. We report that there are two copies of a cyclin-binding motif in p21, Cy1 and Cy2, which interact with the cyclins independently of Cdk2. The cyclin-binding motifs of p21 are required for optimum inhibition of cyclin-Cdk kinases in vitro and for growth suppression in vivo. Peptides containing only the Cy1 or Cy2 motif partially inhibit cyclin-Cdk kinase activity in vitro and DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts. A monoclonal antibody which recognizes the Cy1 site of p21 specifically disrupts the association of p21 with cyclin E-Cdk2 and with cyclin D1-Cdk4 in cell extracts. Taken together, these observations suggest that the cyclin-binding motif of p21 is important for kinase inhibition and for formation of p21-cyclin-Cdk complexes in the cell. Finally, we show that the cyclin-Cdk complex is partially active if associated with only the cyclin-binding motif of p21, providing an explanation for how p21 is found associated with active cyclin-Cdk complexes in vivo. The Cy sequences may be general motifs used by Cdk inhibitors or substrates to interact with the cyclin in a cyclin-Cdk complex.
Intake of Flavonoids and Lung Cancer.

Background: To investigate the possible relationship between intake of flavonoids-powerful dietary antioxidants that may also inhibit P450 enzymes-and lung cancer risk, we conducted a population-based, case-control study in Hawaii. Methods: An in-person interview assessed smoking history and usual intake of 242 food items for 582 patients with incident lung cancer and 582 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects. Subjects who donated a blood sample were genotyped for the P450 enzyme variant allele CYP1A1 * 2 by use of a polymerase chain reaction-based method. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All P values are two-sided. Results: After adjusting for smoking and intakes of saturated fat and β-carotene, we found statistically significant inverse associations between lung cancer risk and the main food sources of the flavonoids quercetin (onions and apples) and naringin (white grapefruit). The lung cancer OR for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of intake was 0.5 (95% CI = 0.3-0.9) for onions (P for trend =.001) and 0.6 (95% CI = 0.4-1.0) for apples (P for trend =.03). The OR for the highest compared with the lowest tertile of intake for white grapefruit was 0.5 (95% CI = 0.2-0.9) (P for trend =.02). No association was found for important food sources of other flavonoids. Using published food-composition data for flavonoids, we found an inverse association between intake of quercetin and risk of lung cancer (P for trend =.07) that appears consistent with associations for its food sources. The effect of onions was particularly strong against squamous cell carcinoma (a cell type specifically associated with CYP1A1 * 2 in our study) and was modified by the CYP1A1 genotype, suggesting that CYP1A1 may play a role in this association. Conclusion: If replicated, particularly in prospective studies, these findings would suggest that foods rich in certain flavonoids may protect against certain forms of lung cancer and that decreased bioactivation of carcinogens by inhibition of CYP1A1 should be explored as underlying mechanisms.
The Role of Experiments for the Development of Economic Theories

Abstract Economic experiments interact with economic theories in various ways. First of all they are used to test economic theories. However, they can neither confirm nor falsify them in a strict sense. They rather inform us about the range of applicability, the robustness and the predictive power of a theory. Furthermore, economic experiments discover and isolate phenomena and challenge economic theorists to explain them. Finally, many economic experiments are “material” models. They are used to analyze and predict how changes in the environment affect economic outcomes. However, they cannot offer an explanation for what we observe. This has to be provided by economic theory.
Modelo evolucionário para tempo de duração de patentes e inovação

Este artigo apresenta um modelo evolucionario para mudanca economica e progresso tecnologico. O modelo e construido de acordo com o sistema schumpeteriano de competicao. Comportamento imitativo e inovativo e um elemento critico da dinâmica economica. O processo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - P&D e a estrutura de mercado sao estudadas em profundidade tendo em vista a construcao de um modelo integrado. Patentes jogam um papel central na analise: sua abrangencia e seu impacto sobre o sistema economico sera integrado na investigacao de forma que custos e beneficios possam ser apreciados.
Are fluoxetine plasma levels related to outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder?

OBJECTIVE In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the relationship between blood levels of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clinical outcome is unclear. In a multicenter trial, the authors examined the relationship between steady state plasma levels of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine (determined after 7 weeks of treatment), and their sum, and clinical outcome. METHOD Ratings of symptom severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores) were obtained at baseline and after 13 weeks for 200 adult outpatients with moderately severe obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with fluoxetine doses of 20 mg/day (N = 68), 40 mg/day (N = 64), and 60 mg/day (N = 68). RESULTS Mean plasma levels of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were statistically significantly higher with higher dose. Statistical analyses revealed no significant relationship for plasma level of either molecule or their sum in predicting endpoint percent change in obsessive-compulsive scores. Plasma levels of patients with a marked response (decrease of 50% or more in obsessive-compulsive score) did not differ significantly from those of nonresponders (less than a 25% decrease in obsessive-compulsive score). No hint was seen of a therapeutic window or of a relationship limited to one gender or within the lowest dose group (20 mg/day). However, since S-norfluoxetine is a much more potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor than R-norfluoxetine, the absence of chiral (stereospecific) assays in this study limits the results. CONCLUSIONS Steady state plasma levels of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are not related to clinical outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Individual patients can be told only that the optimum dose of fluoxetine for them will be the dose that produces the largest therapeutic effect with the smallest side effect burden. Future studies should examine the predictive utility of measures of serotonergic neuronal function and, if plasma levels of norfluoxetine are examined, the use of chiral assays.
A RE-EXAMINATION OF REAL INTEREST PARITY IN CEECs USING OLD AND NEW GENERATIONS OF PANEL UNIT ROOT TESTS

This study applies old and new generations of panel unit root tests to test the validity of long-run real interest rate parity (RIP) hypothesis for ten Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) with respect to the Euro area and an average of the CEECs' real interest rates, respectively. When the panel unit root tests are carried out with respect to the Euro area rate, we confirm the results of previous studies which support the RIP hypothesis. Nevertheless, when the test is performed using the average of the CEECs' rate, our results are mitigated, revealing that the hypothesis of CEECs' interest rates convergence cannot be taken for granted. From a robustness analysis perspective, our findings indicate that the RIP hypothesis for CEECs should be considered with cautions, being sensitive to the benchmark.
Effect of ammonia on cell-cycle progression of human gastric cancer cells.

AIM Ammonia is a cytotoxic factor of Helicobacter pylori that is involved in gastric mucosal injury. This study was designed to show whether ammonia has an effect on the cell-cycle progression in human gastric cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effects of ammonia and ammonium chloride on cell growth and cell-cycle progression of the human gastric cancer cell line HGC-27. We cultured HGC-27 cells and counted viable cells by trypan blue dye exclusion 24 h after the addition of various concentrations of ammonia or ammonium chloride. DNA contents of nuclei were analysed by flow-cytometry. RESULTS Ammonia and ammonium chloride inhibited the proliferation of HGC-27 cells dose-dependently. Flow-cytometric analysis showed S-phase accumulation of HGC-27 cells treated with ammonia and ammonium chloride at cytostatic doses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ammonia and ammonium chloride inhibit the growth of gastric cells in S phase. This mechanism may make a significant contribution to the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric mucosal atrophy.
Third parties as an incentive to comply

Within an incomplete contract setting, the paper analyses the role of third parties in ameliorating incentive problems arising in the context of financial contracts with costly verification. Contrary to the findings of the bilateral lender-borrower relationship, characterised by no information revelation and a breakdown of the market, it is shown that, in the presence of third parties, an optimal contract exists and has partial information revelation. The importance of third parties is therefore not limited to improving efficiency, as it is when the contract offer comes from the informed party, but to ensure project realisation, and thus to ensure that the surplus that can arise from the project does not get lost
The Importance of Single Trials: Temporal and Spatial Resolution in Event-Related Potential Research

In event-related potential (ERP) research, the average potential over many trials is a useful measure, but it obscures temporal variability across trials that may be functionally significant. Familiar ERP components have been shown to reflect the phase shifting of oscillatory activity that is present in varying degrees before the event. Even with single trials, understanding the underlying neural activity may require methods of dealing with the spatial superposition of neural signals at the head surface electrodes. We conclude with an illustration in which the modulation of averaged ERPs by trait anxiety may be related to underlying sources of theta oscillations.
Collaborative Information Service: The Security Question

Growth of computing and analytics, internet and distributed computing, and increasing tendency to use crowd sourcing for creative tasks, the use of collaborative idea in information intensive activities is a growing research concern. In CIS companies would cooperate to do their interlinked business together. It responds to customer requests for information retrieval from or writing on data contents. We study the role of a flexible privacy model that can simplify the job of maintaining security in a collaborative environment. There has not been sufficient effort put in this direction though vast amount of literature exists on security in databases, distributed databases and cloud. Not many attempts for the security of collaborative information retrieval systems either exist. IRaaS - Information Retrieval as a Service - introduced 'privacy template', whereas the explicit expression of privacy constraints adopted by CIS for security implementation. The rational approach to security for such problems is a novel idea.
Novel tRNA gene organization in the 16S-23S intergenic spacer of the Streptococcus pneumoniae rRNA gene cluster

Isoleucine and alanine tRNAs are encoded tandemly within the 16S-23S intergenic spacer of some eubacterial rRNA gene clusters. Southern hybridization analysis and DNA sequence analysis demonstrated a novel gene organization for an rRNA gene cluster on the Streptococcus pneumoniae chromosome. A sequence specifying an alanine tRNA was found within the intergenic spacer, but no sequence specifying an isoleucine tRNA was found there. Southern hybridization analysis indicated that the location of the isoleucine tRNA gene was near the 5S rRNA gene in two of four rRNA gene clusters.
Simple Macropolicy Rules for the Open Economy

In this paper, we are concerned with the design of macroeconomic policy for the open economy. More particularly, we examine how, and at what benefits and costs, policy may be formulated in terms of simple rules of a feedback type. Simple feedback rules of this kind include the usual forms of indicator and intermediate target regimes, which increasingly have become adopted for the guidance of monetary policy in a number of OECD countries over the past decade. They also include the pursuit of nominal income or exchange rate targets as well as forms of decoupled control. ' The arguments advanced for simple rules of this kind are several. One strand of reasoning, relating particularly to intermediate target regimes, is that such rules act to anchor the longer run inflationary trend. This argument is usually applied to monetary targeting, though it applies more widely to the targeting of other nominal variables. Whatever the merits of the argument in its own right, it offers a weak rationale for simplicity in design. This is because complex policy rules can, in general, pin down longer run inflation rather better than simple rules, particularly if they incorporate elements of integral feedback in their design. A more persuasive argument is that simple rules and their effects ar-e more easily understood than complex rules. This is helpful in explaining policy actions both within government and more widely to the public at large. In a world where expectations are important for economic behaviour, the benefits from a better understanding of policy may be considerable. An associated potential advantage is that simple rules may simplify the task of monitoring government policy, with gains in trust if policy commitments are adhered to. A further possible argument for simplicity in policy design concerns robustness. If complex policy rules outperform simple ones, this may be because they exploit the detailed dynamic characteristics of the system being controlled. These may be precisely those features of the system about which policy-makers are most uncertain, and the complex policy rule may perform badly in the face of variations in these features. A well-designed simpler rule may, by contrast, be more robust in its performance to changes in the detailed specification of the system. These arguments establish a possible case for simplicity in policy design. This paper investigates some of the problems of design of simple policy rules in a
The Pelvis and Femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: The Emergence of Upright Walking

The femur and pelvis of Ardipithecus ramidus have characters indicative of both upright bipedal walking and movement in trees. Consequently, bipedality in Ar. ramidus was more primitive than in later Australopithecus. Compared with monkeys and Early Miocene apes such as Proconsul, the ilium in Ar. ramidus is mediolaterally expanded, and its sacroiliac joint is located more posteriorly. These changes are shared with some Middle and Late Miocene apes as well as with African apes and later hominids. However, in contrast to extant apes, bipedality in Ar. ramidus was facilitated by craniocaudal shortening of the ilium and enhanced lordotic recurvature of the lower spine. Given the predominant absence of derived traits in other skeletal regions of Ar. ramidus, including the forelimb, these adaptations were probably acquired shortly after divergence from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees. They therefore bear little or no functional relationship to the highly derived suspension, vertical climbing, knuckle-walking, and facultative bipedality of extant African apes.
The Impact of Switching Regimes and Monetary Shocks: An Empirical Analysis of REITs

This paper demonstrates that the effects of unanticipated monetary policy changes (shocks) on REIT returns are asymmetric between the high- and low-variance regimes. We utilize a Markov regime-switching model with error correction terms to quantify the impact of monetary shocks on seven specialized REIT indices in a sample of daily returns from 1997 to 2008. The relationship between monetary shocks and REIT returns is negative, but this relationship is significant primarily during periods of high variance, namely the current recession and recent crisis events. Furthermore, monetary shocks have about twice as much effect on REITs as they do on the SP500 index during high-variance regimes. This asymmetric response can be attributed to the Fedâ€™s recession avoidance tactics, downward price rigidity, and the external financing premium. Given their unique regulatory and operating characteristics, REITs are an important and independent test case for ongoing research into the impact of monetary shocks.
Volatility Indexes and Contracts for Government Bonds and Time Deposits

The volatilities of Treasury and time deposit markets comove with equity volatility quite heterogeneously over time, with correlations ranging from negative to positive, and marked by periods of rapid movement. What is the price of Treasury volatility or, say, that of the Eurodollar LIBOR? How can we express these prices in a model-free format? Despite the success of the CBOE equity VIX, no counterparts exist for US Treasuries and other government bond markets, or time deposit such as the Eurodollar. Pricing Treasury volatility in a model-free manner is a delicate issue for two reasons. First, volatility is referenced to an asset with fi nite maturity, a case where standard spanning arguments might fail to apply. Second, and similarly as for time deposits, the markets we are interested in this paper obviously relate to contexts where interest rates are random, which requires tilting the basis assets we wish to price the volatility of. We develop contract designs for variance swaps applying to government bonds and time deposits, and derive model-free indexes of Treasury price and time deposits expected volatility, based on the fair value of the contracts expressed in terms of option prices. We follow market practice and consider both percentage and basis point expected volatility. Basis point volatility can be priced in a model-free format even in the presence of jumps. We provide two algorithms to calculate the indexes through the use of American future options.
TIMP-3 in Bruch's membrane: changes during aging and in age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE To assess the distribution, content, and function of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 during aging in normal eyes for comparison with the levels observed in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Donor tissues analyzed included 36 normal eyes (14-96 years old) and 15 AMD eyes (74 -98 years old). A tissue strip including the fovea was used for immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis was performed on extracts of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)- choroid complex from the posterior part of each eye. Immunoreactivity of TIMP-3 bands in each western blot was densitometrically quantitated. The inhibitory function of TIMP-3 was evaluated with reverse zymography. RESULTS TIMP-3 was present uniformly across Bruch's membrane in the normal samples. In samples from donors more than 50 years of age, immunostaining was intense. TIMP-3 content ranged from 92 to 1061 ng/cm2 and increased with age (r = 0.66). In AMD eyes, TIMP-3 distribution in Bruch's membrane was abundant in areas of continuous soft drusen but absent in areas below RPE atrophy. TIMP-3 levels in AMD eyes were significantly higher than in age-matched normal eyes (577 versus 877 ng/cm2; P = 0.009). Inhibitory activity correlated well with TIMP-3 content (r = 0.82) and was also significantly higher in AMD eyes than in age-matched normal eyes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS During normal aging, TIMP-3 content in Bruch's membrane of the macula shows a significant increase. TIMP-3 content in AMD eyes was elevated relative to that of age-matched normal eyes. Higher levels of TIMP-3 may contribute to the thickening of Bruch's membrane observed in AMD.
POLICY OBJECTWES AND ECONOMIC INCENTWES FOR CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL SOURCES OF NONPOINT POLLUTION 1

In this paper, we review the physical characteristics of agricultural non point pollution and discuss the implications for setting appropriate pollution control objectives and designing incentive‐based pollution control policies. First, we discuss that policy objectives must be designed carefully to ensure positive economic net benefits can be expected from pollution control. Next, we review several classes of incentives and recommend the use of design‐based incentives (i.e., incentives based on variable input use, management practices, and land use) for controlling non point pollution. Cost‐effectiveness requires that incentives elicit three types of responses from farmers: (1) use variable inputs at appropriate levels, (2) adopt appropriate management practices, and (3) make appropriate land use decisions at the extensive margin of production. If a set of incentives fails to induce the correct responses, the resulting runoff levels and hence ambient pollution levels and damages will be too large relative to policy goals. A review of existing programs suggests that greater program coordination and improved targeting of incentives are needed for further water quality improvements. Alternatively, properly designed market‐based systems may be effective alternatives. These systems would reduce overall pollution control costs by allowing markets to allocate point source and non point source control costs more efficiently.
An extended task management to improve QoS of cloud computing services in NUMA systems

For Cloud computing services, efficient task management to sustain I/O requests with latency outliers reduced is an important design requirement for QoS. However, the existing task management techniques do not adequately meet this requirement on modern server systems, especially NUMA machines. In this paper, we propose an efficient task management scheme for NUMA systems. Unlike existing one in Linux, the proposed scheme considers the storage/network asymmetry of modern NUMA machines in managing network and storage I/O requests. By exploiting the storage/network asymmetry in task scheduling, the proposed scheme reduces the tail latency and improves the QoS of Cloud computing services in a NUMA system. The experimental result shows that the proposed scheme improves QoS by up to 21%.