Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MES16, a Member of the Methylesterase Protein Family, Specifically Demethylates Fluorescent Chlorophyll Catabolites during Chlorophyll Breakdown in Arabidopsis12[W][OA]

During leaf senescence, chlorophyll (Chl) is broken down to nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs). These arise from intermediary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (FCCs) by an acid-catalyzed isomerization inside the vacuole. The chemical structures of NCCs from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) indicate the presence of an enzyme activity that demethylates the C132-carboxymethyl group present at the isocyclic ring of Chl. Here, we identified this activity as methylesterase family member 16 (MES16; At4g16690). During senescence, mes16 leaves exhibited a strong ultraviolet-excitable fluorescence, which resulted from large amounts of different FCCs accumulating in the mutants. As confirmed by mass spectrometry, these FCCs had an intact carboxymethyl group, which slowed down their isomerization to respective NCCs. Like a homologous protein cloned from radish (Raphanus sativus) and named pheophorbidase, MES16 catalyzed the demethylation of pheophorbide, an early intermediate of Chl breakdown, in vitro, but MES16 also demethylated an FCC. To determine the in vivo substrate of MES16, we analyzed pheophorbide a oxygenase1 (pao1), which is deficient in pheophorbide catabolism and accumulates pheophorbide in the chloroplast, and a mes16pao1 double mutant. In the pao1 background, we additionally mistargeted MES16 to the chloroplast. Normally, MES16 localizes to the cytosol, as shown by analysis of a MES16-green fluorescent protein fusion. Analysis of the accumulating pigments in these lines revealed that pheophorbide is only accessible for demethylation when MES16 is targeted to the chloroplast. Together, these data demonstrate that MES16 is an integral component of Chl breakdown in Arabidopsis and specifically demethylates Chl catabolites at the level of FCCs in the cytosol.
Geldpolitik für den Euroraum

Abstract The adoption of a common currency by 12 European countries confronted monetary policy with unique challenges. In 1998, the ECB announced a monetary- policy strategy of how it aims to pursue price stability. Compared with other strategies, this has proved to be a superior alternative. Therefore, in the evaluation of its strategy in May 2003, the ECB confirmed that it aims to maintain inflation below, but close to, 2% over the medium term and that its decisions will continue to be based on a comprehensive analysis of risks to price stability, comprising an economic and a monetary analysis
Metabolic, Ventilatory, and Hygric Physiology of the Gracile Mouse Opossum (Gracilinanus agilis)

We present the first complete study of basic laboratory‐measured physiological variables (metabolism, thermoregulation, evaporative water loss, and ventilation) for a South American marsupial, the gracile mouse opossum (Gracilinanus agilis). Body temperature (Tb) was thermolabile below thermoneutrality (Tb = 33.5°C), but a substantial gradient between Tb and ambient temperature (Ta) was sustained even at Ta = 12°C (Tb = 30.6°C). Basal metabolic rate of 1.00 mL O2 g−1 h−1 at Ta = 30°C conformed to the general allometric relationship for marsupials, as did wet thermal conductance (5.7 mL O2 g−1 h−1 °C−1). Respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume at thermoneutrality matched metabolic demand such that O2 extraction was 12.4%, and ventilation increased in proportion to metabolic rate at low Ta. Ventilatory accommodation of increased metabolic rate at low Ta was by an increase in respiratory rate rather than by tidal volume or O2 extraction. Evaporative water loss at the lower limit of thermoneutrality conformed to that of other marsupials. Relative water economy was negative at thermoneutrality but positive below Ta = 12°C. Interestingly, the Neotropical gracile mouse opossums have a more positive water economy at low Ta than an Australian arid‐zone marsupial, perhaps reflecting seasonal variation in water availability for the mouse opossum. Torpor occurred at low Ta, with spontaneous arousal when Tb > 20°C. Torpor resulted in absolute energy and water savings but lower relative water economy. We found no evidence that gracile mouse opossums differ physiologically from other marsupials, despite their Neotropical distribution, sympatry with placental mammals, and long period of separation from Australian marsupials.
A Serious Game for Airport-Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) Training

Skyboard is a training medium that creates awarene ss of the benefits and pitfalls of Airport – Collaborative Decision Ma king (A-CDM) and it prepares trainees to deal with the challenges of effective c ollaboration and adverse events at their airports. It is a serious game that facilitat es experiential learning by allowing trainees to experiment how their behaviour influenc es their performance. Important competencies for Skyboard’s target group are collaboration, effective communication, and plan and execute the plan. Game dev lopment was carried out in an iterative manner to facilitate a game that wo uld both engage and motivate trainees as well as ensure learning on key competen ci s. A team consisting of training specialists, operational performance speci alists and game designers worked through several cycles of design, developmen t, t sting and evaluation to create Skyboard. The game was tested on 3 different occasions with key stakeholders at a large airport in Europe as well a s with a group of academics and researchers across two different countries. In each of t e testing sessions the game demonstrated that the trainees enjoyed playing it a nd that the high level learning goals were met. Feedback from each of the sessions was incorporated into subsequent developments. This paper presents the fi ndings of these testing sessions and the preliminary findings of the valida tion of Skyboard.
Do Bond Investors Win or Lose?

his article explains why the basic event study methodology of effects of corporate T restructuring on equity returns may be inappropriate for examining the effect on bondholder wealth. It questions the validity of extant empirical results and the value of inferences based upon bond event study findings and suggests how studies aimed at measuring wealth transfers among financial claimants might proceed. Perhaps most important, it notes that the work done so far has not yet produced rules that would be helpful in making investment decisions.
Conditional heteroscedasticity of exchange rates: further results based on the fractionally integrated approach

A recent article (Tse, 1998) published in this journal analysed the conditional heteroscedasticity of the yen-dollar exchange rate based on the fractionally integrated asymmetric power ARCH model. In this paper, we present replication results using Tse's (1998) yen-dollar series. We also examine the robustness of Tse's (1998) findings across different currencies, sample periods and non-nested GARCH-type models. Unlike Tse (1998), we find some evidence of asymmetric conditional volatility for daily returns of currencies measured against the dollar or the yen. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Worst Case Pricing of Rainbow Options

Options on two underlyings are a common exotic product in the equity and FX derivatives market. The value of these kinds of options depends on the correlation of the two underlyings. We will present a model to compute a lower bound for the price of this option. The model, represented by a non-linear parabolic PDE, is implemented with finite elements in order to demonstrate the results with several derivatives from the European market.
A Distributional Analysis of the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China

Abstract We compare several income distributions in urban China in the late 1980s and mid-1990s using tests for stochastic dominance in order to decompose gender differentials. Examination of the entire distribution gives insight into the uniformity of such differentials across the distribution. Moreover, tests based on stochastic dominance allow for robust welfare comparisons. Our analysis reveals: (i) large and increasing differentials in predicted earnings across gender in the lower tail of the distribution, but few differences in the upper tail, (ii) discrimination explains one-third to one-half of the total predicted earnings differential in the lower tail of the distribution, and little of the disparity in the upper tail, (iii) gender equity has eroded during China's economic transition, particularly for the youngest cohort, and (iv) significant nonuniformities in earnings differentials suggest the need to broaden analyses of gender differentials to incorporate earnings dispersion.
The coordination of internal transactions: the functioning of transfer pricing systems in the organizational context

Abstract Recently I finished an in-depth study into the functioning of transfer pricing systems. This study was designed to research (a) the theoretical developments with respect to the coordination of internal transactions and (b) case research. The case research was carried out at four Dutch multinationals, where seven case studies were done. In this case research the central assumption was that the coordination of internal transactions is part of the coordination problem of decentralized firms. Much attention has therefore been paid to the mutual relations between the various rules, including the rules in the transfer pricing system, which are aimed at the realization of the required differentiation and integration. Furthermore, as an elaboration of the concepts of transactions cost theory, the significance of the characteristics of the transactions for the coordination methods has been studied. Behavioural aspects have been taken into consideration as well. This article describes the most important findings of my study.
Identifying Vulnerabilities in Systemically-Important Financial Institutions in a Macro-Financial Linkages Framework

This paper attempts to identify the indicators that can demonstrate the vulnerabilities in systemically important financial institutions. The paper finds that (i) indicators on leverage, liquidity, and business scope can help identify the differences between the intervened and non-intervened financial institutions during the subprime crisis; (ii) the expected default frequencies react positively to shocks to leverage, inflation, global financial stress, and global excess liquidity, and negatively to return on assets and equity prices; and (iii) leverage has been the most robust factor with a long-run causal effect on the expected default frequencies.
Bacterial oxidation of arsenite. III. Cell-free arsenite dehydrogenase.

A soluble, cell-free arsenite dehydrogenase is liberated from cells of strain 17 of the arsenite-oxidizing pseudomonad (Pseudomonas arsenoxydans-quinque) after grinding with powdered glass. The enzyme is moderately stable, retaining its activity for considerable periods on storage at· low temperatures. It may be dialysed without loss of activity, and withstands salting out.
A Classical Model of the Class Struggle: A Game-Theoretic Approach

The class struggle is formalized as a differential game in a strictly supply-side model, an approach that synthesizes the models of Lancaster and Goodwin. Four different steady-state equilibria are derived, each corresponding to different assumptions about the degree to which each class is organized to promote its own interests. In particular, the Goodwin growth cycle is shown to emerge from a world characterized by unorganized capitalists and workers, in which individuals ignore the effects of their own actions on economywide variables. More relevant for discussion of modern capitalism are the hierarchical equilibria, especially the codetermination equilibrium in which the existence of a full-employment equilibrium turns out to be problematic. Finally, comparative-statics results suggest that the incentives for technological change differ widely among the four regimes.
Genomewide Comprehensive Analysis Reveals Critical Cooperation Between Smad and c‐Fos in RANKL‐Induced Osteoclastogenesis

We have previously reported that transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) plays an essential role in receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis. However, the detailed underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Formaldehyde‐assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by sequencing (FAIRE‐seq and ChIP‐seq) analyses indicated the cooperation of Smad2/3 with c‐Fos during osteoclastogenesis. Biochemical analysis and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that physical interaction between Smad2/3 and c‐Fos is required for their nuclear translocation. The gene expression of nuclear factor of activated T‐cells, cytoplasmic 1 (Nfatc1), a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, was regulated by RANKL and TGF‐β, and c‐Fos binding to open chromatin sites was suppressed by inhibition of TGF‐β signaling by SB431542. Conversely, Smad2/3 binding to Nfatc1 was impaired by c‐Fos deficiency. These results suggest that TGF‐β regulates RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis through reciprocal cooperation between Smad2/3 and c‐Fos. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Pilot Allocation for Sparse Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM Systems

The frequency-selective channel-estimation problem in multi-input-multi-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems is investigated from the perspective of compressed sensing (CS). By minimizing the mutual coherence of the measurement matrix in CS theory, two pilot allocation methods for the CS-based channel estimation in MIMO-OFDM systems are proposed. Simulation results show that using the pilot patterns designed by the two proposed methods gives a much better performance than using other pilot patterns in terms of the mean square error of the channel estimate as well as the bit error rate of the system. Moreover, the optimal pilot patterns obtained by the proposed second method based on genetic algorithm and shift mechanism could offer a larger performance gain than those by the first method based on minimizing the largest element in the mutual coherence set possessed by pilot patterns for all multiple antenna ports.
Nuclease Activities in a Complex of Human Recombination and DNA Repair Factors Rad50, Mre11, and p95*

Genetic studies in yeast have indicated a role of the RAD50 and MRE11 genes in homologous recombination, telomere length maintenance, and DNA repair processes. Here, we purify from nuclear extract of Raji cells a complex consisting of human Rad50, Mre11, and another protein factor with a size of about 95 kDa (p95), which is likely to be Nibrin, the protein encoded by the gene mutated in Nijmegen breakage syndrome. We show that the Rad50-Mre11-p95 complex possesses manganese-dependent single-stranded DNA endonuclease and 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activities. These nuclease activities are likely to be important for recombination, repair, and genomic stability.
Use of in vitro models of haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration to estimate dosage regimens for critically ill patients prescribed cefpirome

Background: The physico‐chemical properties of cefpirome (low protein binding, high water solubility and low molecular weight) suggest that it may be lost readily from the extracorporeal circulation of intensive care unit patients during continuous renal replacement therapy. Method: In order to make informed dosage recommendations for patients receiving artificial renal support, cefpirome loss from human blood has been quantified using in vitro models of continuous haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration. Cefpirome clearance was measured using three membrane types at varying ultrafiltrate (UFR) and dialysis flow rates (Qd). Results: During haemofiltration cefpirome was found to cross hollow fibre polyamide (PA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes with equal efficiency. The mean sieving coefficients (S) of both PA and PAN membranes were consistently high (> 0·7) when two different ultrafiltration rates were used. Changing the ultrafiltration rate or membrane type had no significant effect on the sieving coefficient of cefpirome but did result in an increase in cefpirome filter clearance (F cl). Using the haemodiafiltration model, cefpirome penetrated PAN membranes (flat plate AN69S) more efficiently than hollow fibre PA membranes (FH66D). In each case, increasing the dialysis flow rate reduced the S‐value. However, although increasing Qd was associated with a greater F cl of cefpirome when PAN membranes were employed, no such relationship was found for the PA hollow fibre membrane. Conclusion: The information generated can be used to estimate a dosing regimen for intensive care patients prescribed cefpirome and receiving continuous renal replacement therapy.
Origins, genetic landscape, and emerging therapies of small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) representing the most aggressive subtype. Standard treatments have not changed in decades, and the 5-year survival rate has remained <7%. Genomic analyses have identified key driver mutations of SCLC that were subsequently validated in animal models of SCLC. To provide better treatment options, a deeper understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SCLC initiation, progression, metastasis, and acquisition of resistance is required. In this review, we describe the genetic landscape of SCLC, features of the cell of origin, and targeted therapeutic approaches.
Demo for Continuous Live Stress Monitoring with a Wristband

We will demonstrate a method for continuous stress monitoring using data provided by a commercial wrist device (Microsoft Band) equipped with physiological sensors and an accelerometer. The method consists of three machine-learning components: a laboratory stress-detector that detects short-term stress; an activity recognizer that continuously recognizes user’s activity and thus provides context information; and a context-based stress detector that first aggregates the predictions of the laboratory detector, and then exploits the user’s context to provide decision on 20 minutes interval. The method was trained on 21 subjects in a laboratory setting and tested on 5 subjects in a real-life setting. The accuracy on 55 days of real-life data was 92%. The method is integrated in a smartphone application, which will be demonstrated at the conference.
Some Empirical Aspects of Multi-sided Platform Industries

Multi-sided platform markets have two or more different groups of customers that businesses have to get and keep on board to succeed. These industries range from dating clubs (men and women), to video game consoles (game developers and users), to payment cards (cardholders and merchants), to operating system software (application developers and users). They include some of the most important industries in the economy. A survey of businesses in these industries shows that multi-sided platform businesses devise entry strategies to get multiple sides of the market on board and devise pricing, product, and other competitive strategies to keep multiple customer groups on a common platform that internalizes externalities across members of these groups.
Short Term Financial Planning under Uncertainty

This paper presents a stochastic linear programming formulation of a firm's short term financial planning problem. This framework allows a more realistic representation of the uncertainties fundamental to this problem than previous models. In addition, using Wets's algorithm for linear simple recourse problems, this formulation has approximately the same computational complexity as the mean approximation i.e., the deterministic program obtained by replacing all random elements by their means. Using this formulation we empirically investigate the effects of differing distributions and penalty costs. We conclude that even with symmetric penalty costs and distributions the mean model is significantly inferior to the stochastic linear programming formulation. Thus we are able to demonstrate that ignoring the stochastic components in linear programming formulations can be very costly without having significant computational savings.
The effects of fixation, processing and evaluation criteria on immunohistochemical detection of hormone receptors in breast cancer

A task force of the Japanese Breast Cancer Society has proposed a recommendation for adequate eval-uation of hormone receptors in routine practice, in order to standardize handling of tissues, staining tech-niques and scoring systems. As a part of the study, several examinations were conducted to detect the effect of technical problems, including the influence of fixation time and other fixation and processing conditions, on the immunoreactivity for ERa.There is little influence of prolonged fixation on the immunoreactivity for ERa, except for cases in which particularly over-fixed blocks are used. A delay in the onset of fixation could decrease the immuno-histochemical findings of steroid receptors, compared with shorter or longer fixation, and the situation is similar to the fixation of a whole large surgical specimen in formalin in a big bucket. Incomplete fixation might be an important cause of heterogeneiety of immunoreactivity for ERa.Manual and automated immunohistochemical (IHC) staining by DAKO (Glostrup, Denmark) and Bio-genex (San Ramon, CA) and automated IHC staining by Ventana Medical Systems (Tucson, AZ) each employ different methods. Using a scoring system, in which the proportion of cells stained in each speci-men was recorded as 0, less than 1%, 1% or more and less than 10%, and 10% or more, the intermethod variability of those IHC staining methods exhibited substantial multi-rater kappa values concerning the ER and PgR (kappa for ER according to the percentage of positive cells = 0.67; PgR = 0.72). Concerning intermethod consistency, the scoring system based on the percentage of positive cells was advantageous over other scoring systems, based on the intensity of nuclear staining.Using double staining, patients with ER-positive and HER2-positive tumors can be classified as those with co-expressed tumors and those with differently expressed tumors. As such, the co-expressed tumor might be resistant to antiestrogen therapy in ERa-positive and HER2-positive breast cancer and double staining might lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for hormone and HER2-positive breast cancer.
Epidemiological and clinico‐mycological profile of fungal wound infection from largest burn centre in Asia

The current study was conducted to know the incidence, predisposing factors, spectrum, clinical profile and antifungal susceptibility (AFS) of fungal wound infection (FWI) in burn patients. Of a total of 71 patients, 20 (28.2%) emerged with the diagnosis of FWI. Fungal pathogens in this study were Candida tropicalis (14%), Candida parapsilosis (5.6%), Aspergillus niger (2.8%) and one each of Candida albicans (1.4%), Candida glabrata (1.4%), Syncephalestrum (1.4%) and Fusarium solani (1.4%). All patients with mould infections expired before the mycological culture results could be conveyed to clinicians. Of the yeasts isolated in the study, one each of C. tropicalis and C. albicans showed cross‐resistance to azoles. All the moulds were susceptible to amphotericin B. This study depicted that fungal invasion is associated with a high mortality, burn size 30–60% and high incidence of inhalational injury. Fungal invasion was detected on an average of 14 days after injury. Association of use of four classes of drugs – aminoglycosides, imipenem, vancomycin and third generation cephalosporins and use of total parenteral nutrition was observed. Expedient laboratory diagnosis of FWI and appropriate systemic antifungal therapy guided by AFS may improve outcome for severely injured burn victims.