Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A survey of routing attacks in mobile ad hoc networks

Recently, mobile ad hoc networks became a hot research topic among researchers due to their flexibility and independence of network infrastructures, such as base stations. Due to unique characteristics, such as dynamic network topology, limited bandwidth, and limited battery power, routing in a MANET is a particularly challenging task compared to a conventional network. Early work in MANET research has mainly focused on developing an efficient routing mechanism in such a highly dynamic and resource-constrained network. At present, several efficient routing protocols have been proposed for MANET. Most of these protocols assume a trusted and cooperative environment. However, in the presence of malicious nodes, the networks are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. In MANET, routing attacks are particularly serious. In this article, we investigate the state-of-the-art of security issues in MANET. In particular, we examine routing attacks, such as link spoofing and colluding misrelay attacks, as well as countermeasures against such attacks in existing MANET protocols.
The Rpb7p subunit of yeast RNA polymerase II plays roles in the two major cytoplasmic mRNA decay mechanisms

The steady-state level of mRNAs is determined by the balance between their synthesis by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and their decay. In the cytoplasm, mRNAs are degraded by two major pathways; one requires decapping and 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and the other involves 3' to 5' degradation. Rpb7p is a Pol II subunit that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Here, we show that Rpb7p is involved in the two mRNA decay pathways and possibly couples them. Rpb7p stimulates the deadenylation stage required for execution of both pathways. Additionally, Rpb7p is both an active component of the P bodies, where decapping and 5' to 3' degradation occur, and is capable of affecting the P bodies function. Moreover, Rpb7p interacts with the decapping regulator Pat1p in a manner important for the mRNA decay machinery. Rpb7p is also involved in the second pathway, as it stimulates 3' to 5' degradation. Our genetic analyses suggest that Rpb7p plays two distinct roles in mRNA decay, which can both be uncoupled from Rpb7p's role in transcription. Thus, Rpb7p plays pivotal roles in determining mRNA levels.
Temporal Stability of Implicit and Explicit Measures

A common assumption about implicit measures is that they reflect early experiences, whereas explicit measures are assumed to reflect recent experiences. This assumption subsumes two distinct hypotheses: (a) Implicit measures are more resistant to situationally induced changes than explicit measures; (b) individual differences on implicit measures are more stable over time than individual differences on explicit measures. Although the first hypothesis has been the subject of numerous studies, the second hypothesis has received relatively little attention. The current research addressed the second hypothesis in two longitudinal studies that compared the temporal stability of individual differences on implicit and explicit measures in three content domains (self-concept, racial attitudes, political attitudes). In both studies, implicit measures showed significantly lower stability over time (weighted average r = .54) than conceptually corresponding explicit measures (weighted average r = .75), despite comparable estimates of internal consistency. Implications for theories of implicit social cognition and interpretations of implicit and explicit measures are discussed.
Enhancing the Privacy of Predictors

The privacy challenge considered here is to prevent an adversary from using available feature values to predict confi- dential information. We propose an algorithm providing such privacy for predictors that have a linear operator in the first stage. Privacy is achieved by zeroing out feature components in the approximate null space of the linear operator. We show that this has little effect on predicting desired information.
Analysis of the yeast transcriptome with structural and functional categories: characterizing highly expressed proteins.

We analyzed 10 genome expression data sets by large-scale cross-referencing against broad structural and functional categories. The data sets, generated by different techniques (e.g. SAGE and gene chips), provide various representations of the yeast transcriptome (the set of all yeast genes, weighted by transcript abundance). Our analysis enabled us to determine features more prevalent in the transcriptome than the genome: i.e. those that are common to highly expressed proteins. Starting with simplest categories, we find that, relative to the genome, the transcriptome is enriched in Ala and Gly and depleted in Asn and very long proteins. We find, furthermore, that protein length and maximum expression level have a roughly inverse relationship. To relate expression level and protein structure, we assigned transmembrane helices and known folds (using PSI-blast) to each protein in the genome; this allowed us to determine that the transcriptome is enriched in mixed alpha-beta structures and depleted in membrane proteins relative to the genome. In particular, some enzymatic folds, such as the TIM barrel and the G3P dehydrogenase fold, are much more prevalent in the transcriptome than the genome, whereas others, such as the protein-kinase and leucine-zipper folds, are depleted. The TIM barrel, in fact, is overwhelmingly the 'top fold' in the transcriptome, while it only ranks fifth in the genome. The most highly enriched functional categories in the transcriptome (based on the MIPS system) are energy production and protein synthesis, while categories such as transcription, transport and signaling are depleted. Furthermore, for a given functional category, transcriptome enrichment varies quite substantially between the different expression data sets, with a variation an order of magnitude larger than for the other categories cross-referenced (e.g. amino acids). One can readily see how the enrichment and depletion of the various functional categories relates directly to that of particular folds.
Design and Operation of a Cell Phone-Based Community Hazard Information Sharing System

This paper presents a hazard/crime incident information sharing system using cell phones. Cell phone penetration is nearly 100% among adults in Japan, and they function as a telecommunication tool as well as a Global Positioning System GPS and camera. Open source software Apache, Postfix, and MySQL is installed on a system server, and together with the information service provided by Google Maps, are used to satisfy system requirements for the local community. Conventional systems deliver information to all people registered in the same block, even if an incident occurred far from their house. The key feature of the proposed system is that the distribution range of the hazard notification e-mail messages is determined by the geometrical distance from the incident location to the residence of each registered member. The proposed system applies not only to conventional cell phones but also smart phones, which are rapidly becoming popular in Japan. The new system functionality has been confirmed by a trial using members of the local community. System operation began after the successful trial and a training meeting for the local residents. System design, verification results, and operating status are described in this paper.
Cloud Services Evaluation through QoE: A Methodological Approach

Cloud computing has been touted as a revolutionary concept in computing in the Information Age, since it enhances the quality of communication and it is highly cost effective. Cloud computing market has attracted the interest of several providers and corporations, creating an environment in which the user's Quality of Experience (QoE) becomes a competitive advantage. Cloud services are often available as Web applications, since Web browsers may provide a more user friendly interface. Thus, Web Application Response plays a critical role in the perceptions of cloud service users. This article proposes a methodology to evaluate the user Quality of Experience of cloud services, with focus on web applications, using the MOS score in a user-centered approach. This methodology estimates the QoE from the end-to-end response time and adjusts the estimated score according to the evaluation context, thought maximum session time. Estimation of QoE is a differentiating factor in choosing cloud service providers and defining the form of implementing cloud applications (e.g., Through programming language, page type or application server). The proposed methodology has been applied to three cloud service servers, located in Brazil, Europe and USA and several case studies in business contexts have been evaluated, comparing different clients and server applications in a monitored environment. The results point to the crucial role that the evaluation period plays in the comparison of solutions.
Short Communication. Role of Agar Beads in the Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aemginosa in the Rat Respiratory Tract

Summary: Sterile agar beads plus Pseudomonas aemginosa injected intratracheally produced local infection in rats, similar to that described for the injection of agar beads containing the same pathogen. It is suggested that it is not necessary for P. aemginosa to be inside the beads to induce lung infection.
Multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) based tunnel transistor

Conventional and emerging field effect transistor (FET) technologies are approaching its fundamental physical and material limits imposed by the thermionic constraints or “Boltzmann tyranny” that is dependent on the thermal potential. There has been a surge of interest to introduce new devices, and replace silicon by emerging two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials that can push the scaling and performance limits beyond the capabilities of MOSFET and silicon technologies. Here, we introduce the concept of a quantum mechanical band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) mechanism based devices with multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as the channel material. BTBT mechanism has been investigated as a promising current injection mechanism in semiconductor device that can potentially overcome the adverse impacts of the short channel effects and the thermionic limits in MOSFETs. MoS2 is being considered as the new super-material for the post-silicon era. This paper also presents the analytical model of the tunneling current in the proposed device.
Nonconventional and new methods in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: feasibility and applicability in the field

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major causes of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. Of great concern for TB control is the emergence of drug resistance. Since there is no cure for some multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, there is concern that they may spread around the world, stressing the need for additional control measures, such as new diagnostics, better drugs for treatment, and a more effective vaccine. Pulmonary TB can be diagnosed by its symptoms, chest radiography, sputum smear microscopy and by cultivation of M. tuberculosis, which is considered as the gold standard. Recent advances in molecular biology and molecular epidemiology, and a better understanding of the molecular basis of drug resistance in TB, have provided new tools for rapid diagnosis; however, the high cost of most of these techniques, and their requirement for sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel have precluded their implementation on a routine basis, especially in low-income countries. Other nonconventional diagnostic approaches proposed include the search for biochemical markers, detection of immunological response and early detection of M. tuberculosis by methods other than colony counting. In the present article, some of these approaches will be reviewed and the feasibility for their implementation in diagnostic laboratories will be discussed.
Upper airway function and arousability to ventilatory challenge in slow wave versus stage 2 sleep in obstructive sleep apnoea

Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) have reduced event rates during slow wave sleep (SWS) compared with stage 2 sleep. To explore this phenomenon, ventilatory and arousal timing responses to partial and complete airflow obstruction during SWS versus stage 2 sleep were examined. Methods Ten patients, mean±SD apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) 49.7±16.5 events/h with reduced OSA frequency during SWS (SWS AHI 18.9±14.0 events/h) slept with an epiglottic pressure catheter and nasal mask/pneumotachograph. Patients underwent rapid continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) dialdowns to three subtherapeutic levels and brief airway occlusions in random order. Results Post-dialdown, there were marked reductions in peak flow and minute ventilation, and progressive increases in inspiratory effort (p<0.001), but with limited ventilatory recovery and no differences between sleep stages. CPAP versus peak flow relationships on the third and second to last breath pre-arousal were not different between sleep stages. Arousals occurred later and post-dialdown arousal probability was lower during SWS compared with stage 2 sleep, Cox hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.65 (0.48 to 0.88), p=0.006. During SWS occlusions, time to arousal (mean±SEM) was prolonged (23.0±2.6 vs 17.1±1.7 s, p=0.02). Inspiratory effort developed more rapidly (−1.0±0.2 vs −0.6±0.1 cm H2O/s, p=0.019) and was more negative (−28.7±2.7 vs −20.3±1.6 cm H2O, p<0.001) on the breath preceding arousal. Conclusions Except for a heightened ventilatory drive response during airway occlusion, airway function and ventilatory compensation to ventilatory challenge appear to be similar, but with consistently and substantially delayed arousal responses, in SWS versus stage 2 sleep.
Constructions, Deconstructions, and Reconstructions: Competing Canadian Discourses on Ethnocultural Terminology

Abstract: Dominant, oppositional, alternative, and populist discourses compete with each other through their respective uses of ethnocultural terminology to develop inclusive or exclusive symbolic constructions of Canadian society. Resume: Les discours dominant, d'opposition, alternatif et populiste rivalisent les uns avec les autres par leur utilisation respective de la terminologie ethnoculturelle afin d'elaborer des constructions symboliques de la societe canadienne qui englobent ou qui excluent.
Incremental Fine-grained Information Status Classification Using Attention-based LSTMs

Information status plays an important role in discourse processing. According to the hearer’s common sense knowledge and his comprehension of the preceding text, a discourse entity could be old, mediated or new. In this paper, we propose an attention-based LSTM model to address the problem of fine-grained information status classification in an incremental manner. Our approach resembles how human beings process the task, i.e., decide the information status of the current discourse entity based on its preceding context. Experimental results on the ISNotes corpus (Markert et al., 2012) reveal that (1) despite its moderate result, our model with only word embedding features captures the necessary semantic knowledge needed for the task by a large extent; and (2) when incorporating with additional several simple features, our model achieves the competitive results compared to the state-of-the-art approach (Hou et al., 2013) which heavily depends on lots of hand-crafted semantic features.
Tissue ingrowth into foam but not into gauze during negative pressure wound therapy.

UNLABELLED ﻿ ﻿ Background. Foam and gauze are two types of wound fillers used for negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). Differences in the wound healing effects of foam and gauze have been observed clinically. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of NPWT on the wound bed using foam and gauze. METHODS A porcine peripheral wound model was treated with NPWT at 0, -75 mmHg, or -125 mmHg for 72 hours. The effects of foam and gauze on the wound bed were compared, and the force required to remove the dressings was measured. Sections of biopsies from the wound bed with an overlying dressing were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa and were examined histologically. RESULTS The force ratio needed to remove the wound filler from the wound bed after treatment with negative pressure was greater for foam than for gauze. NPWT caused the wound bed tissue to grow into the foam, while there was no such ingrowth into gauze. Furthermore, beneath the foam there was more leukocyte infiltration, tissue disorganization, disruption of contact among cells, and differences in size among cells. The results were similar regardless of the level of negative pressure. CONCLUSION More force was required to remove foam compared to gauze following NPWT, which may have been due to greater ingrowth into foam. These findings may explain the patient discomfort and wound bed disruption upon removal of foam. The observed differences in wound bed tissue morphology under foam and gauze are in accordance with the clinically observed differences in quality of granulation tissue formation.
Monadic Second-order Logic for Parameterized Verification

Much work in automatic verification considers families of similar finite-state systems. But an often overlooked property is that sometimes a single finite-state system can be used to describe a parameterized, infinite family of systems. Thus verification of unbounded state spaces can take place by reduction to finite ones. The purpose of this article is to introduce Monadic Second-order Logic as a practical means of carrying out such reductions. The logic is a highly succinct alternative to the use of regular expressions. We have built a tool that acts as a decision procedure and translator to DFAs. The potential applications are numerous. We discuss text processing, Boolean circuits, and distributed systems. Our main example is an automatic proof of properties for the ``Dining Philosophers with Encyclopedia'' example by Kurshan and MacMillan. We establish these properties for the parameterized case without the use of induction.
Characterization of the Mouse Beta Defensin 1, Defb1, Mutant Mouse Model

ABSTRACT Beta defensins are small cationic antimicrobial peptides present in the respiratory system which have been proposed to be dysfunctional in the environment of the cystic fibrosis lung. Defb1, a murine homologue to the human beta defensins, has also been found to be expressed in the respiratory system and, in order to examine the function of beta defensins in vivo, gene targeting was used to generate Defb1-deficient (Defb1tm1Hgu/Defb1tm1Hgu [Defb1−/−]) mice. The Defb1 synthetic peptide was shown to have a salt-sensitive antimicrobial activity that was stronger against Staphylococcus aureus than against Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Defb1−/− mice were found, however, to be effective in the clearance of the cystic fibrosis relevant pathogen S. aureus from the airways after nebulization. Although no overt deleterious phenotype was evident in the Defb1−/− mice, the number of mutant mice found to harbor bacteria of the Staphylococcus species in the bladder was significantly higher (P = 0.008) than that of controls, suggesting a role for these peptides in resistance to urinary tract infection.
Biochemical Determinations of Cholinergic Innervation in Cerebral Arteries

Endogenous choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and high affinity (HA)3H-choline uptake can be assayed specifically and used to quantify cholinergic neuronal mechanisms. In general, arteries at the base of the brain in the cat and rabbit were distinguished by high and in the dog by lower ChAT activity and3H-choline levels of uptake. There was a linear relationship between the mean values of the observations from each of the two assays on given cerebral arteries from the three species (r - 0.871, P < 0.001). Since ChAT activity and HA 'H-choline uptake essentially are confined to cholinergic nerve terminals, our results imply that the Circle of Willis and its main branches in the cat, rabbit, and dog are cholinergically innervated. Ore Reg 45:217-218, 1979
Autism Early Intervention: Best Practice - Recent research

However, as yet there is no aetiology-based intervention for autism; in other words we do not know the exact cause of autism therefore we do not have a specific treatment for it. Despite this parents and professionals need to make informed decisions about intervention options for children. Some researchers have expressed concern over the large, and possibly growing, gap between what science can show is effective, on the one hand, and what treatments parents actually pursue.
Impedance Matching Techniques in 65nm CMOS Power Amplifiers for 2.4GHz 802.11n WLAN

This paper describes the design of two power amplifiers (PA) for WLAN 802.11n fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology. Both PAs utilize 3.3V thick-gate oxide (5.2 nm) transistors and employ a two-stage differential structure, but the input and interstage matching networks are realized differently. The first PA uses LC matching networks for matching, while the second PA uses on-chip transformers. The impedance matching techniques applied for the matching networks will be described. EVM, output power levels, and spectral masks are obtained for a 72.2 Mbit/s, 64-QAM, 802.11n, OFDM signal.
The proportion of impervious surfaces at the landscape scale structures wild bee assemblages in a densely populated region

Abstract Given the predicted expansion of cities throughout the world, understanding the effect of urbanization on bee fauna is a major issue for the conservation of bees. The aim of this study was to understand how urbanization affects wild bee assemblages along a gradient of impervious surfaces and to determine the influence of landscape composition and floral resource availability on these assemblages. We chose 12 sites with a proportion of impervious surfaces (soil covered by parking, roads, and buildings) ranging from 0.06% to 64.31% within a 500 m radius. We collected using pan trapping and estimated the landscape composition of the sites within a 500 m radius and the species richness of plant assemblages within a 200 m radius. We collected 1104 bees from 74 species. The proportion of impervious surfaces at the landscape scale had a negative effect on wild bee abundance and species richness, whereas local flower composition had no effect. Ground‐nesting bees were particularly sensitive to the urbanization gradient. This study provides new evidences of the impact of urbanization on bee assemblages and the proportion of impervious surfaces at the landscape scale emerged as a key factor that drives those assemblages.
Sexual Harassment as a Determinant of Women’s Fear of Rape

SynopsisPrevious research has revealed that women who have not been raped nevertheless show high levels of rape-related fear. This study investigated the experience of sexual harassment as a determinant of fear of rape. Twenty-one women were interviewed about their experience of, and affective reactions to, sexual harrassment. A Fear of Rape scale, designed to measure specific rape-related fear in non-clinical populations, was developed as a measure of women’s fear of rape. The experience of fear-inducing sexual harassment was found to be significantly correlated with fear of rape. Additionally, women who had experienced a likely rape situation reported significantly higher fear of rape than women who had not had such an experience. Results suggest that women generally may experience extensive sexual intimidation and that this experience may be implicated in a generalised feeling of vulnerability to rape. The Fear of Rape scale, developed for this study, may have useful applicability in future research in.