Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the lifetimes of promptly produced X 0 c and N 0 c baryons

A measurement of the lifetimes of the X 0 c and N 0 c baryons is reported using proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 : 4 fb (cid:1) 1 collected by the LHCb experiment. The X 0 c and N 0 c baryons are produced directly from proton interactions and recon- structed in the pK (cid:1) K (cid:1) p þ ﬁnal state. The X 0 c lifetime is measured to be 276 : 5 (cid:3) 13 : 4 (cid:3) 4 : 4 (cid:3) 0 : 7 fs, and the N 0 c lifetime is measured to be 148 : 0 (cid:3) 2 : 3 (cid:3) 2 : 2 (cid:3) 0 : 2 fs, where the ﬁrst uncertainty is statistical, the sec- ond systematic, and the third due to the uncertainty on the D 0 lifetime. These results conﬁrm previous LHCb measurements based on semileptonic beauty-hadron decays, which disagree with earlier results of a four times shorter X 0 c lifetime, and provide the single most precise measurement of the X 0 c lifetime.
Scattered light in the echelle modes of the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. II - Analysis of in-flight spectroscopic observations

We report on an analysis of observations made with the GHRS aboard the HST for the purpose of calibrating the effects of scattered light. The data were obtained during the first 2 years of flight operations as part of the Science Verification, Science Assessment Observations, and Guaranteed Time Observations programs. Both the general level of background light near the spectra and the filling-in of the cores of saturated interstellar absorption lines have been determined as functions of grating, order, wavelength, and aperture. The behavior is in accordance with our detailed analysis of prelaunch laboratory data and validates both the observing procedures and the data reduction developed on the basis of that experience. We present and discuss the use of a background (scattered light) removal algorithm designed to produce net spectra properly corrected for the effects of grating scattered light. The coefficients of the scattered light removal algorithm have been determined, and recommended numerical values are presented.
Photon recycling in Ga1−xAlxAs : Si graded‐band‐gap LED’s

It is shown in this study that photon recycling, i.e., photoluminescence resulting from the self‐absorption of photons generated by prior luminescence processes, affects the steady‐state characteristics of graded‐band‐gap Ga1−xAlxAs : Si LED’s strongly and of constant‐band‐gap GaAs : Si LED’s weakly. In Ga1−x Alx As : Si, where the internal quantum efficiency is near unity, photon recycling can enhance the external quantum efficiency (ηext) by 25% or more. Moreover, the effective minority‐carrier diffusion length (L) can be augmented by ∼40%. On the other hand, because the internal quantum efficiency in GaAs : Si is considerably less than 100%, the effect of photon recycling on η and L is less pronounced. A theoretical model of photon recycling in both the graded‐ and constant‐band‐gap material is formulated and its predictions for the effects on the external quantum efficiency, the diffusion length, and the electroluminescent spectrum are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Synthetic ferrimagnet free layer tunnel junction for magnetic random access memories

In this work a synthetic ferrimagnet structure as a spin dependent tunnel junction free layer is proposed as a magnetic random access memories cell. The CoFe/Ru/CoFe and CoFe/NiFe/Ru/NiFe/CoFe systems show antiferromagnetically coupling range >1000 Oe and rotate rigidly anti-aligned with coercive fields below 30–40 Oe. Tunnel junctions were patterned to 4 μm×2 μm rectangles and ellipses using standard CoFe/Ni and synthetic ferrimagnet free layers. Identical signal levels are measured (17.8% and 16.3% as-deposited). Switching fields are dominated by material anisotropy for the synthetic ferrimagnet structure. Both free layer types show reversal by domain wall motion. Less switching dispersion is found for synthetic ferrimagnet free layer (≈10 Oe), with magnetization reversal occurring mostly in sharp single steps.
The Hope of Audacity® (To Teach Acoustics)

When working on an oral history project, my brother recommended that I download a free audio recording and editing program called Audacity®. I have since discovered that it is a fantastic tool for students to visualize sound waves and to understand the meaning of amplitude, frequency, and superposition. This paper describes a collection of demonstrations, most of which require only a computer, a set of speakers, and a projector.
Structural and Acoustic Responses of a Submerged Stiffened Conical Shell

This paper studies the vibrational behavior and far-field sound radiation of a submerged stiffened conical shell at low frequencies. The solution for the dynamic response of the conical shell is presented in the form of a power series. A smeared approach is used to model the ring stiffeners. Fluid loading is taken into account by dividing the conical shell into narrow strips which are considered to be local cylindrical shells. The far-field sound pressure is solved by the Element Radiation Superposition Method. Excitations in two directions are considered to simulate the loading on the surface of the conical shell. These excitations are applied along the generator and normal to the surface of the conical shell. The contributions from the individual circumferential modes on the structural responses of the conical shell are studied. The effects of the external fluid loading and stiffeners are discussed. The results from the analytical models are validated by numerical results from a fully coupled finite element/boundary element model.
Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cells Utilizing Sulfurization of Metallic Precursor Prepared by Simultaneous Sputtering of Metal Targets

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were prepared by simultaneous sputtering of metallic targets and sulfurizing a metallic precursor under elemental sulfur atmosphere in a sealed tube. Subsequently, they were applied to the fabrication of thin film solar cells. The precursors with desired compositional ratio and thickness were obtained by controlling the area ratio of sputtering targets and also sputtering parameters. We have succeeded in obtaining high-quality polycrystalline CZTS thin films by sulfurization under a sulfur vapor pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. A CZTS-based solar cell with 3.7% conversion efficiency was obtained from CZTS films sulfurized at 590 °C for 7 min.
Classification of Russian Vowels Spoken by Different Speakers

The problem of speaker normalization is investigated for classifying the Russian vowels. The known methods of normalization of formants F1 and F2 which make their normalized values F1N and F2N invariant to compression or expansion and to parallel shift are mentioned. A new statistical method of normalization is then suggested. All of these methods are compared using an index of normalization quality (η). The result of the comparison shows that the normalization suggested in this letter has the largest index, not only on the average but also for each individual vowel pair. The procedure of classification of the Russian vowels using a self‐normalized formant plot is shown at the end of the letter.
Aﬀect-rich Dialogue Generation using OpenSubtitles 2018

–Mainly this report contains three parts: ﬁrst we introduce three data sets used in this project; then we extract multi-turn dialogues based on sentence similarity and reach p k =0.262; ﬁnally, this report also tries to improve basic Seq2Seq dialogue generation by creating an emotional response, and compare the results of aﬀect-rich method with basic ones.
Modeling network traffic using Cauchy correlation model with long-range dependence

Much attention has been given to the long-range dependence and fractal properties in network traffic engineering, and these properties are also widely observed in many fields of science and technologies. Traffic time series is conventionally characterized by its fractal dimension D, which is a measure for roughness, and by the Hurst parameter H, which is a measure for long-range dependence, see for examples (Refs. 10–12). Each property has been traditionally modeled and explained by self-affine random functions, such as fractional Gaussian noise (FGN)1,10–13,18,22–28 and fractional Brownian motion (FBM),6,7 where a linear relationship between D and H, say D = 2 - H for one-dimensional series, links the two properties. The limitation of single parameter models (e.g., FGN) in long-range dependent (LRD) traffic modeling has been noticed as can be seen from Refs. 1, 18 and 25. Hence, models which can provide good fitting of LRD traffic for both short-term lags and long-term ones are worth studying due to the importance of accurate models of traffic in network communications.13 This letter utilizes a statistical model called the Cauchy correlation model to model LRD traffic. This model characterizes D and H separately, and it allows any combination of two within the constraint of LRD condition. It is a new power-law correlation model for LRD traffic modeling with its local and global behavior decoupling. Its flexibility in data modeling in comparison with a single parameter model of FGN is briefly discussed, and applications to LRD traffic modeling demonstrated.
Microwave Imaging of Parallel Perfectly Conducting Cylinders With Transverse Electric Scattering Data

Microwave imaging of parallel perfectly conducting cylinders illuminated by transverse electric (TE) plane waves is considered in this paper. The contours of the cylinders are denoted by shape functions pi = Fi(i) in local polar coordinate which are then approximated by cubic B-splines instead of trigonometric series. By using the boundary condition of vanishing tangential electric field on surfaces of perfectly conducting cylinders, a set of electric field integral equations (EFIEs) governing the scattering problem is derived. The scattering problem is solved by moment method with triangle basis and pulse testing functions. The inverse problem is reformulated as an optimization problem and solved by cubic B-splines-real-coded genetic algorithm (CB-RGA). The scattered TE field are chosen as the measuring data. Numerical examples show good agreement between the true profiles and the reconstructed results.
An analytical modeling of time dependent pulsed laser melting

The one-dimensional time dependent heat conduction equation for surface heating and a phase boundary (the so-called classical Stefan problem) has been solved in the absence of vaporization. For a rectangular laser pulse and constant material parameters, useful solutions have been determined for melt depth as a function of time both during and following the pulse. Based on the model, the intensity dependence of the melt depth is investigated. Two melting regimes—slow and fast—have been identified by comparison with previously reported data for silicon.
Pair approximation for polarization interaction: efficient method for Monte Carlo simulations of polarizable fluids

A new method is presented for the Monte Carlo simulations of polarizable models with induced dipole moments. This method updates induced dipole moments on all molecules when a single molecule is moved, without evaluating all pair interactions. Thus, depending on the number of molecules, it is 10–20 times faster than Monte Carlo simulations with full iteration. The efficiency makes it a powerful tool for the study of phase equilibria of polarizable models in grand canonical and Gibbs ensembles.
Investigations on laser-fired contacts for passivated rear solar cells

Scope of this work was to investigate the properties of 'laser-fired contacts (LFC)', a technique developed at Fraunhofer ISE for implementing the point or line contact pattern of passivated rear silicon solar cells. Prior to cell processing test structures have been used to optimize the laser process. The solar cell results achieved using this optimized process on 0.5 /spl Omega/cm and 2.0 /spl Omega/cm 250 /spl mu/m thick float zone wafers clearly indicate that a local back surface field is generated by laser alloying aluminum into the silicon. In comparison to photolithographically processed references with ohmic point contacts the LFC cells on 2 /spl Omega/cm material show on average a 17 mV higher open circuit voltage and more than 3% higher fill factor. In addition to cell processing, LBIC measurements have been performed in order to control and to illustrate the laser-fired local aluminum back surface field.
Rice TCD8 Encoding a Multi-Domain GTPase Is Crucial for Chloroplast Development of Early Leaf Stage at Low Temperatures

Simple Summary Low temperatures do not favor plant chloroplast development. Although numerous genes have been identified to function in modulating chloroplast development, the function of the multi-domain GTPase under cold stress is still scarce in rice. This study demonstrated the TCD8 encoding the multi-domain GTPase which plays a part in the development of rice chloroplast under lower temperature, suggesting the significance of the cold-inducible TCD8 for cold-responsive gene regulation. Abstract The multi-domain GTPase (MnmE) is conservative from bacteria to human and participates in tRNA modified synthesis. However, our understanding of how the MnmE is involved in plant chloroplast development is scarce, let alone in rice. A novel rice mutant, thermo-sensitive chlorophyll-deficient mutant 8 (tcd8) was identified in this study, which apparently presented an albino phenotype at 20 °C but a normal green over 24 °C, coincided with chloroplast development and chlorophyll content. Map-based cloning and complementary test revealed the TCD8 encoded a multi-domain GTPase localized in chloroplasts. In addition, the disturbance of TCD8 suppressed the transcripts of certain chloroplast-related genes at low temperature, although the genes were recoverable to nearly normal levels at high temperature (32 °C), indicating that TCD8 governs chloroplast development at low temperature. The multi-domain GTPase gene in rice is first reported in this study, which endorses the importance in exploring chloroplast development in rice.
Phase diagram of a polariton laser from cryogenic to room temperature

The signature of the strong-coupling regime is unambiguously evidenced in a GaN-based microcavity (MC) above the polariton lasing threshold P-thr at room temperature through the observation of the upper polariton branch. The MC system exhibits a renormalization of the polariton dispersion curve, namely, a reduced normal-mode splitting compared to the low-density regime. Next the dependence of P-thr as a function of exciton-photon detuning is investigated in the 4-340 K temperature range, which allows accessing the polariton lasing phase diagram. The observation of polariton lasing over such a broad range of temperatures reveals a clear transition from a kinetic to a thermodynamic regime with increasing temperature.
Lebesgue property of convex risk measures for bounded Càdlàg processes

In this paper, we study the Lebesgue property for convex risk measures on the class of bounded c`adl`ag processes. For that, we characterize the compact subsets of a family of bounded variation processes, which is, of course, the topological dual of the bounded c`adl`ag processes, in an appropriate topology. We show that the Lebesgue property can be characterized in several equivalent ways.
Fast phase shifting shadow moiré by utilizing multiple light sources

We present a fast phase shifting shadow moiré device for the measurement of surface topography. In our set-up, the phase shift across the field of view shadow moiré is introduced by using two light sources illuminate the grating sequentially. Therefore, it is possible to capture the two fringe patterns at high speed. Due to the effect of bias modulation, the proposed phase demodulation method first removes the DC term of the sampling data. Then a spiral phase transform (SPT) based technique is developed to determine the introduced phase shift pointwisely. After that, the tunable two-frame algorithm is used to extract the wrapped phase map with no spatially non-uniform phase shift error. We implemented a fast technique to determine the topography of a surface by a simple experimental set-up. The proposed technique was applied to obtain an external surface of a specimen. The experimental results show the validity of this technique.
Numerical simulation of fluid flows using an unstructured finite volume method with adaptive tri‐tree grids

A tri‐tree grid generation procedure is developed together with a finite volume method on the unstructured grid for solving the Navier–Stokes equations. A hierarchic numbering system for the data structure is used. The grid is adapted by adding and removing cell elements dependent on the vorticity magnitude. A special treatment is developed to ensure good quality triangular elements around the cylinder boundary. The adopted finite volume method is based on the cell‐centred scheme. The pressure–velocity coupling is treated using the SIMPLE algorithm. A modified QUICK scheme for unstructured grids is derived. The developed method is used to simulate the flow past a single and multiple cylinders at low Reynolds number. The obtained results are in good agreement with the published data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gamma-Weighted Discrete Ordinate Two-Stream Approximation for Computation of Domain Averaged Solar Irradiance

An algorithm is developed for the gamma-weighted discrete ordinate two-stream approximation that computes profiles of domain-averaged shortwave irradiances for horizontally inhomogeneous cloudy atmospheres. The algorithm assumes that frequency distributions of cloud optical depth at unresolved scales can be represented by a gamma distribution though it neglects net horizontal transport of radiation. This algorithm is an alternative to the one used in earlier studies that adopted the adding method. At present, only overcast cloudy layers are permitted.
Compromise allocation in multivariate stratified surveys with stochastic quadratic cost function

In many real life situations the linear cost function does not approximate the actual cost incurred adequately. The cost of traveling between the units selected in the sample within a stratum is significant, instead of linear cost function. In this paper, we have considered the problem of finding a compromise allocation for a multivariate stratified sample survey with a significant travel cost within strata is formulated as a problem of non-linear stochastic programming with multiple objective functions. The compromise solutions are obtained through Chebyshev approximation technique, D 1- distance and goal programming. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the computational details of the proposed methods.
Optimal search in Hough parameter hyperspace for estimation of complex motion in image sequences

The paper is a contribution to the theory of multiparameter motion estimation using the Hough transform technique and its main feature is the analytic development of closed-form solutions for the optimal estimation strategy. Motion estimation in image sequences using the Hough transform is reviewed. Various motion models are considered offering a more realistic portrayal of camera and scene motion compared with the purely translational models adopted by standardised video coding algorithms. Since the computational complexity arising from the use of such sophisticated models is prohibitive, standard optimisation techniques are used for the search of minima of the motion estimation error function in the Hough parameter hyperspace. In contrast to previously published work, second-order Taylor expansions of the error function are considered. By taking into account such second-order terms the optimal iterative step for a gradient search in the Hough parameter hyperspace is determined for all the motion models of interest. For a purely translational model it is demonstrated that the analysis provides a similar estimate to that of the well-known Netravali and Robbins algorithm. For more complex motion models it is shown that the computation of the optimal solution involves modest complexity.
Solutions to the fractional diffusion-wave equation in a wedge

The diffusion-wave equation with the Caputo derivative of the order 0 < α ≤ 2 is considered in polar coordinates in a domain 0 ≤ r < ∞, 0 < φ < φ0 under Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. The Laplace integral transform with respect to time, the finite sin- and cos-Fourier transforms with respect to the angular coordinate, and the Hankel transform with respect to the radial coordinate are used. The numerical results are illustrated graphically.
Energy for Future Centuries: Prospects for Fusion Power as a Future Energy Source

Abstract The current power consumption in different parts of the world and an estimate of the future energy needs of the world are given. The present energy supplies and prospects, the possible consequences of a continued massive fossil fuel consumption, and the potential of non-fossil candidates for long-term energy production are outlined. An introduction to possible fusion processes in future fusion reactors is given. The inexhaustibility, safety, environmental and economic aspects of magnetic fusion energy are discussed.
Punctured local holomorphic de Rham cohomology

Let V be a complex analytic space and x be an isolated singular point of V . We deﬁne the q -th punctured local holomorphic de Rham cohomology H qh ð V ; x Þ to be the direct limit of H qh ð U (cid:1) f x gÞ where U runs over strongly pseudoconvex neighborhoods of x in V , and H qh ð U (cid:1) f x gÞ is the holomorphic de Rahm cohomology of the complex manifold U (cid:1) f x g . We prove that punctured local holomorphic de Rham cohomology is an important local invariant which can be used to tell when the singularity ð V ; x Þ is quasi-homogeneous. We also deﬁne and compute various Poincare´ number ~ pp ð i Þ x and p ð i Þ x of isolated hypersurface singularity ð V ; x Þ .
Approximate inference in heteroskedastic regressions: A numerical evaluation

The commonly made assumption that all stochastic error terms in the linear regression model share the same variance (homoskedasticity) is oftentimes violated in practical applications, especially when they are based on cross-sectional data. As a precaution, a number of practitioners choose to base inference on the parameters that index the model on tests whose statistics employ asymptotically correct standard errors, i.e. standard errors that are asymptotically valid whether or not the errors are homoskedastic. In this paper, we use numerical integration methods to evaluate the finite-sample performance of tests based on different (alternative) heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors. Emphasis is placed on a few recently proposed heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimators. Overall, the results favor the HC4 and HC5 heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors. We also consider the use of restricted residuals when constructing asymptotically valid standard errors. Our results show that the only test that clearly benefits from such a strategy is the HC0 test.