Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of trade liberalization upon inequality in developing countries : a review of theory and evidence

The examination of the impact of trade reform and globalization is ultimately concerned with two fundamental goals: improving the average level of income per capita and achieving greater equality in the distribution of income. Trade liberalization is a key aspect of the broader topic of globalization", but is more clearly defined and more clearly linked to economic theory and policy. This study examines the evidence for developing countries over the last two decades concerning the impact of trade reform upon the distribution of wages. 2 Recent studies of the impact of trade upon distribution emerged as an attempt to understand the rapid growth in the relative wages of more versus less educated workers in the United States beginning in the 1970´s that could not be explained by changes in the relative supply of skill. This spawned an large, still expanding empirical and theoretic literature focusing on developing countries that subsequently led to examination of the same issues in developing countries. The principal theoretic reference point for the recent literature on trade and distribution is the Hecksher-Ohlin-Samuelson (or Hecksher-Ohlin-Viner, henceforth "HOS/HOV") model and related Stolper-Samuelson and Rybczinski theorems. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem as applied to production with skilled and unskilled labor leads to opposite predictions for the impact of trade liberalization on distribution for "Northern" countries with a comparative advantage in skilled labor versus "Southern" countries with a compative advantage in unskilled labor. In the North the Stolper-Samuelson theorem predicts that trade liberalization leads to a rise in relative wages, while leading to a fall in relative wages in the South. Consequently, for unchanging distributions of human capital within countries over time, trade liberalization would worsen the distribution of wages in the North while improving the distribution of wages in the South. This prediction of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem has been invoked by institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to justify trade liberalization in the South, arguing that trade liberalization leads to both greater economic growth and better distribution of wages in the South. The remainder of this paper is organized into six sections: Sections II and III examine what the impact of trade liberalization and globalization has been. Section II presents the theoretic and methodological basis for studies concerning what the impact of liberalization upon distribution has been, while Section III summarizes and evaluates the empirical evidence. Sections IV and V examine the reasons for the empirical findings in Section III, or why trade liberalization has had the documented impacts upon distribution. Section IV summarizes the theoretic and methodological bases for these studies, while Section V summarizes and evaluates the relevant empirical literature. Section VI concludes. "
Smoking habits of emergency department patients: an opportunity for disease prevention.

OBJECTIVE To determine smoking habits, levels of addiction, readiness to quit, and access to primary care among ED patients. METHODS A questionnaire was administered prospectively to all noncritical adult patients who presented to one university hospital ED during 23 randomly selected four-hour time blocks; 336 (89%) of 376 eligible patients responded. Self-reported smoking was validated by carbon monoxide breath testing in a pilot sample of 49 patients. RESULTS The study patients were mostly young (mean age = 35 +/- 15 years), female (59%), white (62%), and high school-educated (73%). Of the 336 ED patients, 41% were current smokers (95% CI = 0.36-0.46); 42% of these were "moderately" to "very highly" dependent on nicotine (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence > 4). Of those who smoked, 68% stated they wanted to quit, and 49% wanted to quit within the month. Fifty-six percent of all those who smoked stated that they had never been told to quit smoking by any physician. Thirty-five percent of the ED sample (118 patients) relied upon EDs for most or all of their routine, primary health care; 55% (95% CI = 0.46-0.64) of these patients were current smokers. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence rates of smoking and nicotine addiction among ED patients are high. Almost half of ED smokers are ready to quit, but most state they have never been told by a physician to do so. Finally, a large proportion of ED smokers receive their primary care in EDs. Therefore, the ED may be an underused setting for smoking cessation intervention.
Premalignant Lesions of the Anal Canal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Canal

Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is a rare tumor. However, its incidence has been increasing in men and women over the past 25 years worldwide. Risk factors associated with this cancer are those behaviors that predispose individuals to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and immunosuppression. Anal cancer is generally preceded by high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN), which is most prevalent in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men. High-risk patients may benefit from screening. The most common presentation is rectal bleeding, which is present in nearly 50% of patients. Twenty percent of patients have no symptoms at the time of presentation. Clinical staging of anal cancer requires a digital rectal exam and a positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Endorectal/endoanal ultrasound appears to add more-specific staging information when compared with digital rectal examination alone. Treatment of anal cancer prior to the 1970s involved an abdominoperineal resection. However, the current standard of care for localized anal cancer is concurrent chemoradiation therapy, primarily because of its sphincter-saving and colostomy-sparing potential. Studies have addressed alternative chemoradiation regimens to improve the standard protocol of fluorouracil, misogynic, and radiation, but no alternative regimen has proven superior. Surgery is reserved for those patients with residual disease or recurrence.
Taurine concentrations in the diet, plasma, urine and breast milk of vegans compared with omnivores

1. The concentration of taurine in the diets, plasma, urine and breast milk were measured in vegans and age- and sex-matched omnivore controls. Plasma and urinary amino acid concentrations were also determined 2. Taurine was absent from the vegan diet and occurred in variable amounts in the diets of the omnivores. Urinary taurine levels were less than half those of the omnivores but plasma and breast-milk levels were only slightly lower. 3. Dietary energy intakes were similar in the vegans and omnivores, but protein intakes tended to be lower in the vegans.
MEBOR: Multi-constraint energy balanced opportunistic routing in wireless sensor network

Providing better energy efficient network is the important critical issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). We present Multi-constraint Energy Balanced Opportunistic Routing (MEBOR) algorithm that enhance the network lifetime. Proposed algorithm is devised with unique parameters viz., Single hop Packet Progress (SPP), Packet Reception Ratio (PRR), Residual Energy and Energy Density to select intermediate next nodes to forward the packet to sink node. The MEBOR exhibits better results in terms of delay, reliability, energy efficiency and network lifetime when compared with earlier state_of_art works.
Cooperative sensing technique for random secondary wireless networks

This paper investigates the optimal number of collaborating secondary users which can minimize the total error rate (i.e., the summation of probabilities of missed detection and false alarm) for cooperative spectrum sensing when the secondary users follow Poisson point process (PPP). The received signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) at secondary users can vary since the practical locations and the amount of secondary users are various. In order to cope with the diversity of received SNRs, a practical cooperative spectrum sensing system model is proposed based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector. Firstly, the analytical expressions of the probabilities of false alarm and detection are derived. Secondly, an efficient cooperative spectrum sensing technique is proposed, which only requires the least amount of cooperative secondary users to achieve the minimum total error rate. Furthermore, the analytical results reveal the chosen optimal numbers of collaborating secondary users can achieve the best spectrum sensing performance.
Diesel exhaust, carbon black, and silica particles display distinct Th1/Th2 modulating activity.

Certain particulate air pollutants may play an important role in the increasing prevalence of respiratory allergy by stimulating T helper 2 cell (Th2)-mediated immune responses to common antigens. The study described here examined different particles, diesel exhaust particles (DEP), carbon black particles (CBP), and silica particles (SIP) for their immunomodulating capacity in both primary and secondary immune responses in female BALB/C mice. The primary response was studied after subcutaneous injection of 1 mg of particle together with 10 microgram of reporter antigen TNP-OVA (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl coupled to ovalbumin) into the hind paw. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) production was assessed in the popliteal lymph node (PLN) at Day 2 and Day 5 after injection by flow cytometry and ELISA. The number of IL-4-containing CD4(+) T cells increased between Day 2 and Day 5 in DEP- and CBP-exposed mice, in contrast to SIP-treated animals. IL-4 production by cultured PLN cells was also significantly increased for DEP- and CBP-treated animals. The secondary response was studied in different organs after an intranasal challenge with TNP-OVA (50 microgram), which was given 4 weeks after the initial subcutaneous injection. Five days after challenge the number of antibody-forming cells (AFCs) was assessed in peribronchial lymph nodes (PBLN), spleen, bone marrow, and PLN, and antibody levels were determined in weekly obtained blood samples. It appeared that all particles acted as adjuvant, but the different particles stimulated distinct types of immune responses to TNP-OVA. DEP-treated animals show high IgG1 and IgE levels in serum and high IgG1 and IgE-forming AFC numbers in PBLN, bone marrow, and spleen. CBP-treated animals show even higher IgG1 and IgE levels and AFC numbers, and in addition display IgG2a production. SIP-injected animals display predominantly IgG2a responses. It is concluded that DEP are able to skew the immune response toward the T helper 2 (Th2) side, whereas SIP stimulate a Th1 response and CBP have a mixed activity, stimulating both Th1 and Th2 responses in this model.
Hepatitis C: improving the quality of screening in a community hospital by implementing an electronic medical record intervention

Abstract Both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) have recommended that adults born between the years of 1945-1965 should receive one-time testing for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). In fact, Governor Andrew Cuomo of the State of New York had signed a bill on October 23, 2013 which mandated NY hospitals and healthcare providers to offer HCV testing to all “Baby Boomers. ” For our project, we wanted to increase our community hospital's compliance with this law and improve the quality of patient care in doing so. An electronic medical record intervention was implemented in conjunction with our information technology services department. This intervention would flag eligible patients and would run them through a predetermined algorithm to see if they needed HCV testing. Multiple plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycles were run during the length of the study and many changes were made in order to achieve maximum effect. We ended up increasing our HCV testing rate from 47.2% (pre-intervention) to 87.9% (final month of the study), which was statistically significant with a p-value of <0.0000001. We also ended up with a framework that is both generalizable to other projects and is also self-sustaining, so that it can continue to run itself once all the project members have finished working there as house staff.
SUPPLY RESPONSES IN THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN POTATO INDUSTRY

The potato industry in South Australia is characterised by very unstable prices. One hypothesis for this instability is that potato growers' acreage responses follow a cobweb pattern, that is, a one year lag of acreage to price. This hypothesis is tested, together with a two year lag and a distributed lag. The distributed lag model seems the most satisfactory and gives a short-run elasticity of acreage to price of 0.36 and a long-run elasticity of 1.09. An alternative to the lagged price hypothesis is the "constant cash return" hypothesis which postulates that potatoes are grown to provide a certain cash income to permit farm development. This explanation of acreage response only seems relevant in the dairying and fat lamb areas of the State.
Social Security Reform and Labor Supply

A structural life-cycle retirement model with an improved specification over previous models is used to analyze and compare the long-run labor supply effects of the rules for Social Security in place in 1972,1977 and 1983, and for an actuarially fair system. The effects of separate provisions from the 1983 amendments are examined. These include the raising of the normal retirement age to 67, the increase in the delayed retirement credit to 8 percent, and the lowering of the reduction rate for earnings over the test amount to one dollar for every three dollars of earnings.
Race and Sex Differences in Metabolic Control of Adolescents With IDDM: A Function of Psychosocial Variables?

Race and sex differences have been reported in the prevalence of complications from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Because metabolic control is assumed to be associated with the probability of developing future complications, race and sex differences in metabolic control were assessed in a group of adolescents. Subjects were 27 Black and 27 White adolescents who were similar in age, age at diagnosis, and social class. Girls did not differ on number of days since their last menses. A 2-by-2 (race-by-sex) analysis of variance revealed that the Black female group had worse HbAlc than each of the other groups (P < .012). Multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to determine whether the poor metabolic control of the Black girls was associated with pertinent psychosocial variables. The analyses revealed that their poor control was not associated with a deficiency in the girls' knowledge about IDDM, adherence to treatment, self-concept, coping patterns, family functioning, stress, social support, or involvement in the health-care system. If the poor control of the Black girls is not associated with psychosocial deficiencies, biological variables or psychosocial variables not assessed in this study are probably operative.
Politics and Judgment in Federal District Courts

Are appointment politics and court decisions linked? Do presidents use judicial appointments to shape their policy agendas? C. K. Rowland and Robert Carp provide definitive answers to these questions and, in the process, provide a new paradigm for the study of federal jurisprudence. As the authors remind us, since the Judiciary Act of 1789, federal trial judges have been politically appointed, a process frequently the object of partisan scorn. Marshall's famous "Marbury v. Madison" case was triggered by the highly politicized appointment of William Marbury. FDR tried to protect his New Deal programs by choosing judges sympathetic to his political philosophy. Nixon and Carter were accused of nominating judges on the basis of ideological "litmus tests. " And Reagan attracted relentless criticism to his own district-court appointments. From Woodrow Wilson to George Bush, Rowland and Carp examine the voting patterns of these presidentially appointed trial judges. Working from attorney interviews and more than 45,000 court rulings from 1933 to 1988-the largest and most current database available-they document the undeniable link between politics and jurisprudence in the federal lower courts. Rejecting the outmoded and reductionist attitudinal (or behavioral) model for a new one based on cognitive psychology, the authors argue that federal trial judges' decisions do not automatically reflect the policies and ideologies of that judge's presidential appointer. They show, instead, that ideology influences but does not predetermine or control judicial decision-making. They demonstrate further that, while the attitudinal model can help us understand judicial behavior at the appellate and Supreme Court level, it's simply incompatible with fact-finding, the primary duty of trial judges. In an era of expanding power and influence for federal trial judges, declining faith in our legal system, and increasingly divisive partisan politics the federal judiciary and its appointed judges will remain the focus of intense public scrutiny. This book shows us just how such analysis should be conducted.
Ion Chromatographic Determination of Total Acidity in Aqueous Solutions

Determining the concentrations of free hydronium ion (simply denoted as H+) of a sample is one of the most important tasks ever performed in analytical chemistry. Ion-selective electrode pH meters are used in widespread applications for this purpose. However, they are susceptible to instabilities from a number of sources. Thus, despite frequent re-calibration, their accuracy is limited to be approximately 2 – 10% of the concentration of H+. 1 Acid/base volumetric titration is another alternative, which can be used to specify both the free H+ and the total acidity (TA) of a sample. This method was used to confirm results obtained using ion-selective electrode pH meter and has remained essentially unchanged for more than a century. However, with this method it is difficult to compare samples containing similar H+ ions or TA. The ion chromatographic (IC) approach, i.e., to initially separate free H+ ions from other ions based on cation-exchange and then to detect the isolated H+ ions using conductivity2–4 has been a possible solution to the low-accuracy difficulty of the traditional methods. In the IC systems developed in previous studies,2–4 sulfonated cation-exchangers have been the entire IC stationary phase. As is well known, all kinds of sulfonated cation-exchangers contain a small amount of weakly acidic anionic groups (carboxylated groups, for example). 2 This small amount of the so-called impurity of the sulfonated cationexchange materials has been found to have greatly adverse effects on the separation/detection of H+ ions. Weakly acidic functional groups can be blocked from the separation procedure by always maintaining a sufficiently large amount of H+ ions in the eluent.2,4 However, this has limited the meaningful IC data to only strongly acidic samples. The aim of this study was to establish a new IC system, with which the total acidity of even weakly acidic samples can be measured. As demonstrated experimentally, by using a carboxylated cation-exchange resin as the stationary phase and an aqueous K2HPO4 solution as the mobile phase, acids with the last pKa smaller than 4.3 could be analyzed by ion chromatography to measure the value of the total acidity. Experimental
India's Exports

The book starts with an analysis of India's export performance during the 1960s and 1970s compared with that of other developing countries. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics and pattern of export growth, developments in the period following 1973, and the role of exports in the output of particular sectors. The analysis proceeds to a discussion of the major constraints, both domestic and external, on exports. Industrial policy and industrial structure are stressed in particular. Specific incentive policies designed to offset the constraints imposed largely by the inward-looking orientation of trade and development policy are examined. The characteristics and defects of export incentives are carefully evaluated. Finally, options for reform are considered. The attempt is made to draw lessons from the temporary period of foreign exchange ease and liberalization of imports and reform of export incentives that occurred between 1975/76 and 1979/80. The arguments for and against more outward-looking policies are careflly evaluated, and the implications of alternative strategies are assessed. It is concluded that greater freedom for exporters, greater security of incentives, and higher levels of profitability are needed if exports are to grow more rapidly than hitherto.
Canonical ordering of instances to immunize the FPGA place and route flow from ECO-induced variance

Engineering change order (ECO)s for FPGA-based designs often require design changes late in the design process in order to correct functional, timing, and/or technological problems. Typically, after an ECO process a small portion of the circuit netlist is changed. To take advantage of the enormous resources and time already spent on place and route flow, it is desirable to maintain similar post-routing delay characteristics to the pre-ECO stage to avoid further expensive design iterations. Most FPGA tools use the variance to their advantage to explore the solution space in the design optimization phase. FPGA companies can afford to run multiple passes and just retain the best solution. The embedded systems companies cannot afford multiple pass compile times especially in ECO situations. Note that the variance reduction technique proposed in this paper is applicable only in the ECO situations and not during design optimization phase where variance plays an advantageous role. Predictability is not just unique to ECO, but success of an ECO is highly dependent on predictability and that's where the proposed approach plays a crucial role. The ECO process may change a small subset of the circuit netlist, which may result in a minor variation in the instance list order seen by the packer. Most packing heuristics, including fast greedy heuristics as well as relatively slower non-greedy heuristics, process the input netlist in a certain order and have varying degrees of dependence on the initial instance order. Even a slight variation may result in a substantially different packing and the subsequent placement and routing results may also change. In the worst case, the post-routing delay may fail timing constraints and require inexpensive design iteration. In this paper, we propose a fast canonical ordering technique that either guarantees a unique instance order if the ECO process caused a change in the initial instance order or minimizes the perturbation to the instance order as seen by the packer stage from any significant ECO-induced change to the initial instance order. This helps in isolating the postpacker place and route flow from netlist changes and drastically reduces the variance in post routing delay. Experimental results demonstrate zero variance against random shuffling of instances before the packer stage (to simulate an ECO scenario). Experimental results for other non-functional or slight functional modifications to the input netlist show greatly reduced post-routing delay variance.