Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Structural Error-Correction Model of Best Prices and Depths in the Foreign Exchange Limit Order Market

Traders using the electronic limit order book in the foreign exchange market can watch the posted price and depth of the best quotes change over the day. The authors use a structural errorcorrection model to examine the dynamics of the relationship between the best bid price, the best ask price, and their associated depths. They incorporate measures of the market depth behind the best quotes as regressors. They report four main findings. First, best prices and their associated depths are contemporaneously related to each other. More specifically, an increase in the ask (bid) price is associated with a drop (rise) in the ask (bid) depth. This suggests that sell traders avoid the adverse-selection risk of selling in a rising market. Second, when the spread-the error-correction term-widens, the bid price rises and the ask price drops, returning the spread to its long-term equilibrium value. Further, the best depth on both sides of the market drops, due to increased market uncertainty. Third, the lagged best depth impacts the price discovery on both sides of the market, with the effect being strongest on the same side of the market. Fourth, changes in the depth behind the best quotes impact both the best prices and quantities, even though those changes are unobservable to market participants.
Variation in resistance to the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato genotypes bearing the Mi gene

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the main pathogens of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) worldwide. Plant resistance is currently the method of choice for controlling these pests and all the commercially available resistant cultivars carry the dominant Mi gene, which confers resistance to the three main species Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica. However the emergence of virulent biotypes able to overcome the tomato resistance gene may constitute a severe limitation to such a control strategy. To date, little was known of the possible influence of the homozygous vs heterozygous allelic state of the Mi locus, or the tomato genetic background, on the expression of the resistance. In order to test both these factors, the resistance was evaluated of a large panel of L. esculentum genotypes (selected from the Vilmorin germplasm stock collection) to seven M. incognita lines avirulent or virulent against the Mi gene. Plant resistance was estimated by counting the egg masses on the root systems after inoculation with second-stage juveniles (J2). Reproduction of the nematodes was similar or, more often, significantly higher on heterozygous tomato genotypes than on homozygous ones, suggesting a possible dosage effect of the Mi gene. Data also indicated that the tomato genetic background had a major effect on the variations observed in nematode reproduction, especially when tomato genotypes were heterozygous for the Mi gene. These results have important consequences in terms of breeding strategies and durability of the resistance conferred by the Mi gene.
Empirical Study on Government Trust and Its Impact on Corporate Credit Structure

The paper, starting from the history of government trust in China, studies how government trust has been transferred into government credit by the help of the state assets as a hidden guarantor under the present state property rights mechanism. As a symbol of the government trust, the state-owned share proportion is employed to study its impact upon commercial credit, bank credit and security credit of the listed corporations. The empirical result reveals that government credit has produced a certain degree of impact upon corporate credit structure and that the various directions and degrees of the impact have approximately matched our hypotheses
Civil Rights Violations = Broken Windows: De Minimis Curet Lex

Civil rights violations that appear relatively slight may warrant judicial redress despite their small size; some of them point up important principles. Leaving these violations unremedied may contribute to an ambient lawlessness that can foster bigger harms. A small infringement in this respect resembles the criminological construct of - broken windows, which in its prescriptive form urges governments to view de minimis violations as harbingers of more disorder to come. Using broken windows to understand privately initiated civil rights claims honors a statutory mandate and helps to achieve progressive ends. This application is potentially better than the one that police impose on the street, which has raised concerns about both justice and efficacy. Rendered as a maxim, the precept that this Article commends is De minimis curet lex: The law ought to concern itself with some affronts that appear small.
Damage Measures for Breach of Contract

This article studies rules of "damage measures" that determine how much money must be paid by a party who defaults on a contract to the other party to the contract. The theme of the article is that damage measures serve as a substitute for completely specified contracts. In particular, it is shown that under an incompletely specified contract damage measures can induce parties to behave in a way that approximates what they would have explicitly agreed upon under a fully specified contract. Moreover, it is argued on familiar lines that because it is often costly or impossible to make contractual provisions for contingencies at a very detailed level, there is an evident need for such substitutes for well-specified contingent contracts as are afforded by damage measures
Differences in Three Kinetic Parameters Underpin the Unique Catalytic Profiles of Nitric-oxide Synthases I, II, and III*

We previously reported the existence of a special auto-regulation property of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) based on NO near-geminate combination and partial trapping of neuronal NOS (nNOS) through a futile regenerating pathway. On this basis, we developed a kinetic simulation model that was proven to predict nNOS catalytic specificities and mutations effects (Santolini, J., Adak, S., Curran, C. M., and Stuehr, D. J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1233–1243; Adak, S. , Santolini, J., Tikunova, S. , Wang, Q. , Johnson, J. D. , and Stuehr, D. J. (2001)J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1244–1252). Here we show that the same model simulates and explains the distinct catalytic behaviors of inducible and endothelial NOS (iNOS and eNOS). Their marked differences were linked to variations in three basic parameters (rates of ferric heme reduction, ferric heme·NO dissociation, and ferrous heme·NO oxidation) that together control partitioning between futile and productive pathways and their relative rates. We also incorporated feedback inhibition into the kinetic model to account for potential rebinding of accumulated solution NO. The model accurately simulated the different relative impacts of both NOS·NO interactions (near-geminate combination of NO versus rebinding of solution NO) on catalytic behavior of each NOS isoform, including their speed and extent of heme·NO complex accumulation,K m for O2, and propensity to transform NO into a higher oxide. Thus, individual catalytic behavior of any NOS can be understood through a single unified kinetic model. Because the model defines how different settings of individual kinetic parameters control regulation by two distinct NOS·NO interactions, it sheds light on mechanisms, structural features, and scope of NOS regulation and its physiologic impact.
The Slit Receptor EVA-1 Coactivates a SAX-3/Robo–Mediated Guidance Signal in C. elegans

The SAX-3/roundabout (Robo) receptor has Shiga-like toxin 1 (SLT-1)/Slit–dependent and –independent functions in guiding cell and axon migrations. We identified enhancer of ventral-axon guidance defects of unc-40 mutants (EVA-1) as a Caenorhabditis elegans transmembrane receptor for SLT-1. EVA-1 has two predicted galactose-binding ectodomains, acts cell-autonomously for SLT-1/Slit–dependent axon migration functions of SAX-3/Robo, binds to SLT-1 and SAX-3, colocalizes with SAX-3 on cells, and provides cell specificity to the activation of SAX-3 signaling by SLT-1. Double mutants of eva-1 or slt-1 with sax-3 mutations suggest that SAX-3 can (when slt-1 or eva-1 function is reduced) inhibit a parallel-acting guidance mechanism, which involves UNC-40/deleted in colorectal cancer.
Interactions among Poverty, Access to Modern Energy Sources, and Gender in Nigeria

This study examines the interactions among poverty, access to modern energy sources and gender in Nigeria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression technique are used. The 2010 Nigeria Living Standard Survey data set obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics is used. The findings of the study show, among other things, that contrary to what happens in many countries of the world, both incidences of poverty and lack of access to modern energy sources are more pronounced among male-headed households than among female-headed households. The logistic regression estimates show, among other things, that poverty reduces the odds in favor of having access to modern energy sources and while female headship of household reduces the odds in favor of being in poverty, it increases the odds in favor of having access to modern energy sources. The forgoing should serve as invaluable guide to the Nigerian government and policy makers.
“Speculative Influence Network” during financial bubbles: application to Chinese stock markets

We introduce the Speculative Influence Network (SIN) to decipher the causal relationships between sectors (and/or firms) during financial bubbles. The SIN is constructed in two steps. First, we develop a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of regime-switching between a normal market phase represented by a geometric Brownian motion and a bubble regime represented by the stochastic super-exponential Sornette and Andersen (Int J Mod Phys C 13(2):171–188, 2002) bubble model. The calibration of the HMM provides the probability at each time for a given security to be in the bubble regime. Conditional on two assets being qualified in the bubble regime, we then use the transfer entropy to quantify the influence of the returns of one asset i onto another asset j, from which we introduce the adjacency matrix of the SIN among securities. We apply our technology to the Chinese stock market during the period 2005–2008, during which a normal phase was followed by a spectacular bubble ending in a massive correction. We introduce the Net Speculative Influence Intensity variable as the difference between the transfer entropies from i to j and from j to i, which is used in a series of rank ordered regressions to predict the maximum loss (%MaxLoss) endured during the crash. The sectors that influenced other sectors the most are found to have the largest losses. There is some predictability obtained by using the transfer entropy involving industrial sectors to explain the %MaxLoss of financial institutions but not vice versa. We also show that the bubble state variable calibrated on the Chinese market data corresponds well to the regimes when the market exhibits a strong price acceleration followed by clear change of price regimes. Our results suggest that SIN may contribute significant skill to the development of general linkage-based systemic risks measures and early warning metrics.
A Critical Analysis of the Structural Adjustments and Economic Reform in India

The analysis of the Indian economy, since the structural reform to dismantle the mixed economic planning and to establish market economy, is presented here with clear analysis regarding growth of the macro economy, the real economy and the social impacts in terms of employment. The picture was quite dismal until the short-term portfolio investments from abroad were introduced a few years ago. The recent upsurge of growth is thus the result of these short-term foreign investments.
The Regulatory Executives

A study of the chief executives of regulatory agencies: their backgrounds, their work, and how they view it is presented in this volume. Based on a study of state commissioners of insurance in America, it is both a thorough review of the types, history, processes, and impacts of regulation and the role played by regulators themselves. Some regulators view themselves as being arbiters between business and the public; others see themselves as watchdogs of the public interest. What difference do these views make to the agendas of the agencies?
Optimal Aging with Uncertain Death

This note extends the theory of optimal aging and death (Dalgaard and Strulik, 2010) towards uncertain death. Specifically, it is assumed that at any age the probability to survive depends on the number of health deficits accumulated. It is shown that the results in Dalgaard and Strulik (2011) on the foundation of the Preston curve (the association between income and life-expectancy across countries) are robust against this extension. While results virtually coincide at high income levels, the stochastic version predicts somewhat more curvature of the Preston curve at low income levels. Taking uncertain death and a precautionary motive for health investment into account thus further improves a bit the anyway good fit of the Preston curve.
Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses.

Results of the 2-year followup of the patients included in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (World Health Organization 1973) indicate that patients diagnosed schizophrenic on the basis of standardized assessments and clearly specified criteria demonstrated very marked variations of course and outcome over a 2-year period. Schizophrenic patients in the centers in developing countries had, on the average, considerably better course and outcome than schizophrenic patients in the centers in developed countries. Part of the variation of course and outcome was related to sociodemographic (e.g., social isolation and marital status) and clinical (e.g., type of onset and precipitating factors) predictors, but another larger part remained statistically unexplained. This suggests that variables usually used to describe psychopathology, the environment, and history of psychiatric patients in European and North American cultures may not account for cross-cultural differences. Clinical diagnosis on initial evaluation appeared to be a good predictor of subsequent symptomatology, but not of the length of the episodes, the total time during which the patient would be psychotic, pattern of course, or the degree of social impairment. A 5-year followup of the IPSS patients has also been completed, and the collected data are being analyzed.
Nuclear factor kB inactivation in the rat liver ameliorates short term total warm ischaemia/reperfusion injury

Background: In hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury, activated liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) are dominantly regulated by a transcription factor, nuclear factor k B (NF k B), with respect to expression of inflammatory cytokines, acute phase response proteins, and cell adhesion molecules. Aims: We assessed whether inactivation of NF k B in the liver could attenuate total hepatic warm ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: We studied rats with hepatic overexpression of inhibitor k B a super-repressor (I k B a SR) caused by a transgene introduced using an adenoviral vector. Hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury was induced under warm conditions by total occlusion of hepatoduodenal ligament structures for 20 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Controls included uninfected and control virus (AdLacZ) infected rats. Results: I k B a SR was overexpressed in Kupffer cells as well as in hepatocytes, blocking nuclear translocation of NF k B (p65) into the nucleus after reperfusion. Gene transfection with I k B a SR, but not with LacZ, markedly attenuated ischaemia/reperfusion injury, suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine expression in the liver. Moreover, no remarkable hepatocyte apoptosis was detected under I k B a SR overexpression. Conclusions: Adenoviral transfer of the I k B a SR gene in the liver ameliorates short term warm ischaemia/ reperfusion injury, possibly through attenuation of hepatic macrophage activation.
Calibration of a passive sampling device for time‐integrated sampling of hydrophilic herbicides in aquatic environments

Two types of solid‐phase materials, a styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer sorbent (embedded in a SDB‐XC Empore disk) and a styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer sorbent modified with sulfonic acid functional groups (embedded in a SDB‐RPS Empore disk), were compared as a receiving phase in a passive sampling device for monitoring polar pesticides. The SDB‐XC Empore disk was selected for further evaluation, overlayed with either a polysulfone or a polyethersulfone diffusion membrane. The target herbicides included five nonionized herbicides (simazine, atrazine, diuron, clomazone, and metolachlor) and four phenoxy acid herbicides (dicamba, (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid [2,4‐D], (4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy)acetic acid [MCPA], and triclopyr) with log octanol/water partition coefficient (log KOW) values of less than three in water. Uptake of these herbicides generally was higher into a device constructed of a SDB‐XC Empore disk as a receiving phase covered with a polyethersulfone membrane compared to a similar device covered with a polysulfone membrane. Using the device with a SDB‐XC Empore disk covered with a polyethersulfone membrane, linear uptake of simazine, atrazine, diuron, clomazone, and metolachlor was observed for up to 21 d, and daily sampling rates of the herbicides from water in a laboratory flow‐through system were determined. The uptake rate of each nonionized herbicide by the Empore disk‐based passive sampler was linearly proportional to its concentration in the water, and the sampling rate was independent of the water concentrations over the 21 ‐d period. Uptake of the phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4‐D, MCPA, and triclopyr) obeyed first‐order kinetics and rapidly reached equilibrium in the passive sampler after approximately 12 d of exposure. The Empore disk‐based passive sampler displayed isotropic kinetics, with a release half‐life for triclopyr of approximately 6 d.
Accelerated healing of cardiovascular textiles promoted by an RGD peptide.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron polyester) fabrics are used extensively in cardiovascular devices, e.g. heart valve sewing cuffs and vascular prostheses. While devices containing these fabrics are generally successful, it is recognized that fabrics cause complications prior to tissue ingrowth due to their thrombogenic nature. A surface active synthetic peptide, called PepTite Coating (PepTite), which was modeled after the cell attachment domain of human fibronectin has been marketed as a biocompatible coating. This peptide stimulates cell attachment through the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. Modification of medical implants with PepTite has been shown to promote ingrowth of surrounding cells into the material leading to better tissue integration, reduced inflammation and reduced fibrotic encapsulation. In this study, polyester and PTFE textiles were modified with PepTite. The effectiveness of this coating in enhancing wound healing was investigated in a simple vascular and cardiac valve model. Our results indicate that the RGD-containing peptide, PepTite, promoted the formation of an endothelial-like cell layer on both polyester and PTFE vascular patches in the dog model. PepTite was also found to promote the formation of a significantly thinner neointima (pannus) on polyester as compared to that on its uncoated control. These results were corroborated in the cardiac valve model in which a greater amount of thin pannus and less thrombus were seen on coated polyester sewing cuffs than on control uncoated cuffs. This research shows the promising tissue response to RGD coated textiles and the potential role of this peptide in material passivation via accelerated healing.
Globalization and marketing strategies of Born Globals in SMOPECs

This research examines Born Global companies, which are facing tremendous entrepreneurial and managerial challenges related to instant or rapid globalization. A major research problem addressed is whether the strategies and processes of Born Globals differ essentially from those of other firms in respect to globalization and global marketing. Based on a literature analysis, we first examine the concept of Born Globals and then turn to a review of the research dealing with the globalization and marketing strategies of Born Globals. Survey results on 89 Finnish Born Globals from high-tech, high-design, high-service, high-know-how, and high-system business areas are presented. Their domestic stage lasts for an average of only 2.1 years. For conventional companies, the period is ten times longer. Furthermore, Born Globals can be classified on the basis of their development into three preliminary stages (research & development [RD], domestic, and entry) and into four major stages (starting, development, growth, and mature). The study then proceeds to examine the globalization and global marketing strategies of Born Globals through a multiple case study of 30 case companies representing the above development stages. Special attention is paid to the mature Born Globals, which were found to have passed quickly through the conventional internationalization stages, jumped over some stages, and, in some cases, even progressed in reverse order. After this, attention turns to a detailed examination of the challenges identified and their solutions for three particular interest groups: entrepreneurs, government policymakers, and academicians. The implications of the results for entrepreneurs should be of particular importance, as managerial, research and development, sales and marketing, and also financial challenges and solutions are covered in detail. Finally, this research concludes that although many of the Born Global findings deviate from the internationalization behavior of conventional companies, the holistic and company-level stage models still seem to have a high degree of explanatory power for many companies originating in small and open economies (SMOPEC). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active Engagement of the Intro IR Student: A Simulation Approach

Our goals in this endeavor were two-fold. From a pedagogical perspective, we hoped to increase the level and quality of contact between the students and faculty, provide students with greater opportunities for interacting and cooperating in large and small groups, facilitate active learning, and open alternate paths of learning and achievement for students who do not respond well to more conventional approaches.I In terms of course content, our intent was to allow the students to
A study on the mechanism and control of omni-directional vehicle

In this paper, the mechanism, the kinematics, the control, and the experimental results of a newly designed nonholonomic omni-directional vehicle "ODV9" are discussed. ODV9 has four wheel modules, with each wheel module incorporating a motor, brake, and a wheel. Compared with other ODVs, the advantages of ODV9 are not limited to the simplicity of its mechanism. Benefiting from using a normal type wheel equipped with a tire, ODV9 is capable of moving in various environments. The proposed controller for ODV9 is designed using digital optimal control theory. The experimental results show that ODV9 can be practically utilized for various mobile platforms.