Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Shallow-Water Mapping Systems

In recent years shallow-water mapping systems have been developing rapidly for various applications of coastal, nearshore, and other shallow-water regions. Some systems can operate in only 0.5 m deep water, while the operating range of some systems is over 600 m depth. This article reviews the characteristics of nine shallow-water mapping systems developed by seven manufacturers. The design and the data collection methods of these systems are different from each other, and each has its advantage. Most of these systems have been tested in the real environment and are in use for various purposes around the world.
Bidirectional Scalable Motion for Scalable Video Coding

Motion information scalability is an important requirement for a fully scalable video codec, especially in low bit rate or small resolution decoding scenarios, for which the fully scalable motion model (SMM) has been proposed. SMM can collaborate flawlessly with other scalabilities, such as spatial, temporal and quality, in a scalable video codec. It performs better than the nonscalable motion model. To further improve the SMM, this correspondence extends the algorithm to support the hierarchical B frame structure and bidirectional or multidirectional motion estimation. Furthermore, the corresponding rate distortion optimized estimation for improved efficiency in several scenarios is discussed. Several simulation results based upon the updated framework are presented to verify the advantage of this extension.
Motion-Guided Cascaded Refinement Network for Video Object Segmentation

Deep CNNs have achieved superior performance in many tasks of computer vision and image understanding. However, it is still difficult to effectively apply deep CNNs to video object segmentation(VOS) since treating video frames as separate and static will lose the information hidden in motion. To tackle this problem, we propose a Motion-guided Cascaded Refinement Network for VOS. By assuming the object motion is normally different from the background motion, for a video frame we first apply an active contour model on optical flow to coarsely segment objects of interest. Then, the proposed Cascaded Refinement Network(CRN) takes the coarse segmentation as guidance to generate an accurate segmentation of full resolution. In this way, the motion information and the deep CNNs can well complement each other to accurately segment objects from video frames. Furthermore, in CRN we introduce a Single-channel Residual Attention Module to incorporate the coarse segmentation map as attention, making our network effective and efficient in both training and testing. We perform experiments on the popular benchmarks and the results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance at a much faster speed.
Scavenging of acidic gases (HCOOH, CH3COOH, HNO3, HCl, and SO2) and ammonia in mixed liquid‐solid water clouds at the Puy de Dôme mountain (France)

In order to study scavenging processes of chemical species in mixed phase clouds, in-cloud field measurements were conducted in December 1997 at the Puy de Dome mountain (center of France, 1465 m above sea level). Soluble species including NH+4, Cl−;, NO3−3, SO−4, HCOO−, CH3COO−, and C2O−4 present in the different phases (supercooled water droplets, rimed snowflakes, interstitial gases, and aerosols) of cold clouds have been investigated. Conducted in parallel to microphysical studies of clouds (liquid water and ice contents, and size distribution of hydrometeors), these chemical investigations allow us to examine the partitioning of strong (HNO3 and HCl) and weak (SO2, HCOOH, and CH3COOH) acids as well as ammonia between interstitial air and the condensed phases (liquid and solid water particles) in mixed clouds present during winter at midlatitude regions. From that, we discuss the processes by which these key atmospheric species are taken up from the gas phase by the condensed phases (liquid and ice) in these cold clouds. We examine several factors which are of importance in driving the final composition of cloud ice. They include the partitioning of species between gaseous and supercooled liquid phases, the amount of rimed ice collected by snowflakes, and the retention of gas during shock freezing of supercooled droplets onto ice particles. Strong acids (HCl and HNO3) as well as NH3, being sufficiently soluble in water, are mainly partitioned into supercooled water droplets. Furthermore, being subsaturated in liquid droplets, these species are well retained in rimed ice. For these species, riming is found to be the main process driving the final composition of snowflakes, direct incorporation from the gas phase during growth of snowflakes remaining insignificant because of low concentrations in the gas phase. For light carboxylic acids the riming process mainly determines the composition of the snowflakes, but an additional significant contribution by gas incorporation during the growth of snowflakes cannot be excluded. SO2 is also present at significant levels in the interstitial air and is poorly retained in ice during riming of supercooled water droplets. However, hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMSA) was likely present in supercooled liquid droplets, making it difficult to evaluate by which mechanism S(IV) (i.e., HMSA plus SO2) has been incorporated into snowflakes.
Hf isotopes of MARID (mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside) rutile trace metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle

The Hf isotope composition of rutile in mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside (MARID) xenoliths from the Kimberley area of South Africa has been analyzed in situ by laser ablation microprobe–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle. The 176Hf/177Hf ratio shows a wide range, from 0.2811 to 0.2858 (eHf = −55 to +110); much of this range is found within single samples and even within single grains. We suggest that the MARID rutiles initially resulted from the interaction of an asthenospheric melt with ancient depleted harzburgitic mantle with low 176Hf/177Hf ratios (<0.2812) and Lu/Hf ratios of ∼0.04, that dominated their Hf budget. The MARID rocks were later metasomatized by a fluid and/or melt that had caused the breakdown of eclogitic or lherzolitic garnet with Lu/Hf ratios of ∼0.6, providing a source of highly radiogenic Hf. The low 176Hf/177Hf ratios preserved in some MARID rutiles show that the Nd-Hf isotope systematics of kimberlites and lamproites can be explained by mixing between an asthenospheric melt and the ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle.
Projected Population Benefit of Increased Effectiveness and Coverage of Influenza Vaccination on Influenza Burden — United States

Background—Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza; however, greater benefit could be achieved. To help guide research and policy agendas, we aimed to quantify the magnitude of influenza disease that would be prevented through targeted increases in vaccine effectiveness (VE) or coverage. Methods—For three influenza seasons (2011–12, 2015–16, and 2017–18) we used a mathematical model to estimate the number of prevented influenza-associated illnesses, medicallyattended illnesses, and hospitalizations across five age groups. Compared with estimates of prevented illness during each season, given observed VE and coverage, we explored the number of additional outcomes that would be prevented from a 5% absolute increase in VE or coverage or achieving 60% VE or 70% coverage. Results—During the 2017–18 season, compared with the burden already prevented by influenza vaccination, a 5% absolute VE increase would prevent an additional 1,050,000 illnesses and 25,000 hospitalizations (76% among those aged ≥65 years) while achieving 60% VE would prevent an additional 190,000 hospitalizations. A 5% coverage increase would result in 785,000 fewer illnesses (56% among those aged 18–64 years) and 11,000 fewer hospitalizations; reaching 70% would prevent an additional 39,000 hospitalizations. Conclusions—Small, attainable improvements in effectiveness or coverage of influenza vaccine could lead to substantial additional reductions in influenza burden in the U.S. Improvements in VE would have the greatest impact in reducing hospitalizations in adults aged ≥65 years and coverage improvements would have the largest benefit in reducing illnesses in adults aged 18–49 years. Summary: Corresponding author: Melissa A. Rolfes, mrolfes1@cdc.gov, Influenza Division; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS H24-7, Atlanta, GA 30329. Publisher's Disclaimer: Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disclosures: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Clin Infect Dis. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2021 June 10. Published in final edited form as: Clin Infect Dis. 2020 June 10; 70(12): 2496–2502. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz676. A uhor M anscript
Life-History Consequences of Adaptation to Larval Nutritional Stress in Drosophila

Many animal species face periods of chronic nutritional stress during which the individuals must continue to develop, grow, and/or reproduce despite low quantity or quality of food. Here, we use experimental evolution to study adaptation to such chronic nutritional stress in six replicate Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for the ability to survive and develop within a limited time on a very poor larval food. In unselected control populations, this poor food resulted in 20% lower egg-to-adult viability, 70% longer egg-to-adult development, and 50% lower adult body weight (compared to the standard food on which the flies were normally maintained). The evolutionary changes associated with adaptation to the poor food were assayed by comparing the selected and control lines in a common environment for different traits after 29–64 generations of selection. The selected populations evolved improved egg-to-adult viability and faster development on poor food. Even though the adult dry weight of selected flies when raised on the poor food was lower than that of controls, their average larval growth rate was higher. No differences in proportional pupal lipid content were observed. When raised on the standard food, the selected flies showed the same egg-to-adult viability and the same resistance to larval heat and cold shock as the controls and a slightly shorter developmental time. However, despite only 4% shorter development time, the adults of selected populations raised on the standard food were 13% smaller and showed 20% lower early-life fecundity than the controls, with no differences in life span. The selected flies also turned out less tolerant to adult malnutrition. Thus, fruit flies have the genetic potential to adapt to poor larval food, with no detectable loss of larval performance on the standard food. However, adaptation to larval nutritional stress is associated with trade-offs with adult fitness components, including adult tolerance to nutritional stress.
Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance

Lutites are commonly metasomatized during diagenesis, but the analysis presented here accounts for most postdepositional change. Potassium metasomatism is particularly common, and typically involves the conversion of kaolin (residual weathering product) to illite by reaction with K + -bearing pore waters. Sandstones also undergo K metasomatism, which involves the replacement of plagioclase by potassium feldspar. These changes can be identified petrographically and are quantitatively accounted for by techniques discussed herein. Bulk chemical analyses and ternary diagrams are used to determine the amount of K addition, premetasomatized sediment composition, and composition of provenance areas. The premetasomatized mineralogy of paleosols can be compared with the mineralogy of recent soil profiles and thus, climate and topographic conditions determined for past weathering events. Some weathering indices lead to erroneous conclusions because, by excluding K 2 O from consideration, correction cannot be made for metasomatic effects.
Stokes drift-induced and direct wind energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

[1] Theoretical analysis of energetics of the Ekman layer by incorporating the CoriolisStokes forcing into the classical Ekman model shows that the wind energy input to the Ekman layer has two components: the work done by the wind stress on the surface Ekman current and that done by the Coriolis-Stokes forcing on the whole body of water in the mixed layer. Under the assumption of constant vertical diffusivity, analytical forms of the direct wind energy input and the Stokes drift–induced energy input are derived. Assessments of relative importance of surface waves are made by comparing the wind energy input into the Ekman layer with and without wave-induced Stokes drift effects included. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year reanalysis wind stress and surface wave data sets, the total rate of wind energy input into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is estimated to be 833 GW, in which the direct wind energy input is 650 GW (78%), and the Stokes drift– induced energy input is 183 GW (22%). The total mechanical energy input into the ACC due to wave effects is increased by approximately 4% (30 GW) compared to that into the classical Ekman layer. Long-term variability of direct wind and Stokes drift–induced energy inputs to the ACC is also examined.
Ultrahigh-Pressure Mineral Assemblages in Zircons from the Surface to 5158 m Depth in Cores of the Main Drill Hole, Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project, Southwestern Sulu Belt, China

The 5158 m deep main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD-MH) at Maobei, southwestern Sulu Belt, penetrated five major lithologic units: eclogite, amphibolite ± retrograde eclogite, ultramafic rock, paragneiss, and orthogneiss. All analyzed samples are overprinted to various extents by amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism. Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) index minerals are preserved as inclusions in zircons separated from 137 core samples. These index assemblages include: Coe + Phe + Grt from Grt-Ep-Bt paragneiss; Coe + Jd + Grt + Ap, Coe + Jd + Phe + Ap and Coe + Grt + Jd + Phe from Grt-Ep-Hbl paragneiss; Coe + Phe, Coe + Ky + Ap, and Coe + Ky + Ttn from orthogneiss; and Coe + Grt + Omp, Coe + Grt + Phe, Coe + Omp + Rt, and Coe + Grt + Omp + Phe from Bt-Ep amphibolite and other retrograde eclogites. The common occurrences of these UHP assemblages throughout the section indicate that the drill hole did not penetrate through the UHP tectonic slice. All of the UHP mineral assemblages, whether from retrograde ecologites or from the surrounding gneisses, record similar metamorphic conditions of 773-843°C and 3.2-4.0 GPa. Zircons separated from surface samples and cores from other shallow holes in the area also contain similar coesite-bearing UHP mineral inclusions. This widespread occurrence of UHP assemblages in the southwestern Sulu area suggests that voluminous continental materials were subducted and metamorphosed at mantle depths > 100 km, and then were rapidly exhumed to crustal levels.
BAYESIAN GROUP TESTING WITH DILUTION EFFECTS

A Bayesian framework for group testing under dilution effects is intro- duced. This work has particular relevance given the pressing public health need to enhance testing capacity for COVID-19, and the need for wide- scale and repeated testing for surveillance. The proposed Bayesian ap- proach allows for dilution effects in group testing and for general test re- sponse distributions beyond just binary outcomes. It is shown that even with strong dilution effects, an intuitive and simple-to-implement group testing selection rule, referred to as the Bayesian halving algorithm, has attractive optimal properties. A web-based calculator is introduced to assist and guide decisions on when and how to pool under various condi- tions.
Brief Report Negative Affective Environments Improve Complex Solving Performance Theoretical Rationale and Research Review Complex Problem Solving (cps)

present study predicted and showed a differentiated influence of nice and nasty environments on complex problem solving (CPS). Environments were constructed by manipulating the target value ''capital'' of a complex scenario: Participants in the nice environment (N042) easily raised the capital and received positive feedback, whereas those in the nasty environment (N042) hardly enhanced the capital and got negative feedback. The results showed that nasty environments increased negative and decreased positive affect. The reverse was true for nice environments. Furthermore, nasty environments influenced CPS by leading to a higher information retrieval and a better CPS performance. Surprisingly, the influence of environment on CPS was not mediated through affect (cf. Soldat & Sinclair, 2001), as recent affectÁcognition theories suggest. The missing influence of affect and the strong impact of environment are discussed. Individuals face complex problems every day, ranging from personal problems like relationships to more general ones like the current banking crisis. Beside the personal ability to solve a problem, the environment has a great influence on problem solving. A manager, for instance, changes the style of leading a company depending on the economic situation. This paper analyses the influence of environments on complex problem solving by distinguishing between a nice and nasty ones. A problem per definition arises ''when we have a goal*a state of affairs that we want to achieve* and it is not immediately apparent how the goal can be attained'' (Holyoak, 1995, p. 269). Problem solving consists of an initial state, a goal state, a number of intermediate states, and a set of operators. A problem solver uses the operators to
Maximum likelihood estimation of fitness components in experimental evolution

Estimating fitness differences between allelic variants is a central goal of experimental evolution. Current methods for inferring selection from allele frequency time series typically assume that evolutionary dynamics at the locus of interest can be described by a fixed selection coefficient. However, fitness is an aggregate of several components including mating success, fecundity, and viability, and distinguishing between these components could be critical in many scenarios. Here we develop a flexible maximum likelihood framework that can disentangle different components of fitness and estimate them individually in males and females from genotype frequency data. As a proof-of-principle, we apply our method to experimentally-evolved cage populations of Drosophila melanogaster, in which we tracked the relative frequencies of a loss-of-function and wild-type allele of yellow. This X-linked gene produces a recessive yellow phenotype when disrupted and is involved in male courtship ability. We find that the fitness costs of the yellow phenotype take the form of substantially reduced mating preference of wild-type females for yellow males, together with a modest reduction in the viability of yellow males and females. Our framework should be generally applicable to situations where it is important to quantify fitness components of specific genetic variants, including quantitative characterization of the population dynamics of CRISPR gene drives.
Snow cover identification through cirrus‐cloudy atmospheres using daytime AVHRR imagery

A technique has been developed for enhanced snow identification in cloud‐free and cirrus‐cloudy atmospheres using daytime AVHRR imagery. The procedure is based upon the strong contrast between snow and thin cirrus present in daytime 3.7 µm [albedo] data, which have been corrected for thermal emissions. Snow is identified by a strong yellow‐hue in a false‐color composite image constructed by assigning the 0.6 µm AVHRR channel to the red and green guns of a CRT and the albedo component of 3.7 µm channel to the blue gun. Surprisingly, snow becomes clearly discernible even in regions that appear to be obscured with thin cirrus clouds. This powerful image processing technique for mapping snow in cloud‐free and cirrus‐cloudy atmospheres may prove useful for a variety of applications, especially those associated with hydrological studies in regions that are frequently cloudy.
Deformation by Overburden of a Coarse Quartzite Conglomerate

The conglomerate of the Pass Peak Formation, a coarse Eocene basin-edge deposit in western Wyoming, is crushed though not by tectonic forces. Each cobble is in point to point contact with up to 10 other cobbles within a poorly consolidated micaceous sand matrix. Crushing appears to be due to stress concentration at contact points. Three degrees of deformation have been defined: (1) faint contact marks on the cobble surfaces where the surface polish has been destroyed and a rim of better lithified matrix formed; randomly oriented and distributed fractures cutting a few grains within the cobble; (2) throughgoing fractures, often parallel to one another with intervening complex networks of minor fractures, not necessarily starting or ending at a contact mark; (3) reduction of grain size by crushing up to 60% around contact marks; contact marks are enlarged and bundles of fractures form a complex network connecting these contact marks. Simple calculations show that the 700 m of overburden over the outcrops studied were sufficient to cause failure. A probable scenario is initial contact at minute contact marks which subsequently crush and enlarge as the overburden increases; the contact marks enlarge until the load is supported. No pressure solution was observed in these rocks. However, the crushing process within the Pass Peak may be a common precursor to deformation at higher temperature and pressure. This crushing has the effect of increasing the permeability and decreasing the grain size, especially in the vicinity of contact marks which may aid less brittle processes.
Attention based visual analysis for fast grasp planning with multi-fingered robotic hand

We present an attention based visual analysis framework to compute grasp-relevant information in order to guide grasp planning using a multi-fingered robotic hand. Our approach uses a computational visual attention model to locate regions of interest in a scene, and uses a deep convolutional neural network to detect grasp type and point for a sub-region of the object presented in a region of interest. We demonstrate the proposed framework in object grasping tasks, in which the information generated from the proposed framework is used as prior information to guide the grasp planning. Results show that the proposed framework can not only speed up grasp planning with more stable configurations, but also is able to handle unknown objects. Furthermore, our framework can handle cluttered scenarios. A new Grasp Type Dataset (GTD) that considers 6 commonly used grasp types and covers 12 household objects is also presented.