Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stability and relative validity of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Profile (MSIP)

Objective. To examine the stability and relative validity of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Profile (MSIP) in criterion-related groups. The MSIP is a disease-targeted health impact measure based on a selection of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) aspects selected by 98 patients and medical and non-medical health professionals. Method. Data were obtained from a postal survey of 377 individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) attending the MS centre of the University Medical Center Groningen (UH) and 153 subjects from the MS patients' association. Stability was tested with t-tests for paired samples and intraclass correlation coefficients for repeated measures in a sample of 251 individuals from the UH sample. The Relative Validity (RV) was estimated using the Short Form Questionnaire (SF-36), the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), the Disability and Impact Profile (DIP), the Impact on Autonomy Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS). Results. These indicate that the MSIP is a stable measure in time. MSIP scales showed satisfactory and strong RV. In general, the domain-specific activities and participation measures (GARS and IPAQ) performed equally or slightly better than the comparable MSIP-scales, while the MSIP performed better than the multidimensional health impact measures (SF-36, DIP and WHOQOL-BREF). Conclusion. The MSIP demonstrated good stability and RV compared to generic health impact and domain-specific measures.
Comparative semantics for a process language with probabilistic choice and non-determinism

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities across a transect from low to 1 highly hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in King George Island, Maritime 2 Antarctica 3

47 Soil samples from a transect from low to highly hydrocarbon-contaminated soils were 48 collected around the Brazilian Antarctic Station Comandante Ferraz (EACF), located at 49 King George Island, Antarctica. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of bacterial 16S 50 rRNA genes, 16S rRNA gene (iTag) and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were used to 51 characterize microbial community structure and the potential for petroleum degradation 52 by indigenous microbes. Hydrocarbon contamination did not affect bacterial abundance 53 in EACF soils (bacterial 16S rRNA gene qPCR). However, analysis of 16S rRNA gene 54 sequences revealed a successive change in the microbial community along the pollution 55 gradient. Microbial richness and diversity decreased with the increase of hydrocarbon 56 concentration in EACF soils. The abundance of Cytophaga , Methyloversatilis , 57 Polaromonas and Williamsia were positively correlated (p-value = <0.05) with the 58 concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and/or polycyclic aromatic 59 hydrocarbons (PAH). Annotation of metagenomic data revealed that the most abundant 60 hydrocarbon degradation pathway in EACF soils was related to alkyl derivative-PAH 61 degradation (mainly methylnaphthalenes) via the CYP450 enzyme family. The 62 abundance of genes related to nitrogen fixation increased in EACF soils as the 63 concentration of hydrocarbons increased. The results obtained here are valuable for the 64 future of bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in polar
RUNOFF PREDICTION USING REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY1

: Percent imperviousness is an important parameter in modeling the urban rainfall-runoff process and is usually determined using manual methods such as random sampling or conventional accounting methods. In this study two computerized methods are used for estimating the percent imperviousness of urban watersheds using high altitude remote sensing imagery. These methods include the Laser Image Processing Scanner and the Video-Tape Camera system. Imperviousness is directly estimated in the former method while in the latter it is estimated as a function of the statistics of the responses on emulsions of the imagery. The percent imperviousness computed by utilizing remote sensing imagery was used with the conceptual models of rainfall-runoff models. The models were applied to four urban watersheds and the runoff prediction results indicate that imperviousness determined by using remote sensing imagery was as accurate as that obtained by the manual methods, and that the use of remote sensing imagery requires significantly less time and money.
A Specimen of the Captorhinid Reptile Captorhinikos Chozaensis Olson, 1954, from the Hennessey Formation, Lower Permian of Oklahoma

The captorhinid reptile Captorhinikos has heretofore been known to occur only in the post-Arroyo Clear Fork Permian of Texas, and C. chozaensis has been known only from the Choza formation. The find of a specimen of C. chozaensis in the Hennessey formation of Oklahoma helps to correlate this formation with the Upper Clear Fork beds. Captorhinikos is very similar to Captorhinus and Labidosaurus in both cranial and postcranial structure, the only reliable diagnostic feature being the pattern of the dentition.
Spatio-temporal Downscaling Emulator for Regional Climate Models: a Comparative Study.

Summary . Regional Climate Models (RCM) describe the medium scale global atmospheric and oceanic dynamics and serve as downscaling models. RCMs use atmospheric interactions in General Circulation Models (GCM) to develop a higher resolution output. They are computationally demanding and require orders of magnitude more computer time than statistical downscaling. In this paper we describe how to use a spatio-temporal statistical model with varying coefﬁcients (VC), as a downscaling emulator for a RCM using varying coefﬁcients. In order to estimate the proposed model, three options are compared: MRA, INLA and varycoef. MRA methods have not been applied to estimate VC models with covariates, INLA has limited work on VC models, and varycoef (an R package on CRAN) has been exclusively proposed for spatially VC models to use on medium-size data sets. We set up a simulation to compare the performance of INLA, varycoef, and MRA for building a statistical downscaling emulator for RCM, and then show that the emulator works properly for NARCCAP data. The results show that the model is able to estimate non-stationary marginal effects, which means that the downscaling can vary over space. Furthermore, the model has ﬂexibility to estimate the mean of any variable in space and time, and that the model has good prediction results. Throughout the simulations, INLA was by far the best approximation method for both the spatial and spatial temporal versions of the proposed model. Moreover, INLA was the fastest method for all the cases, and the approximation with best accuracy to estimate the different parameters from the model and the posterior distribution of the response variable.
Three-dimensional numerical investigations of groundwater responses in an unsaturated slope subjected to various rainfall patterns

Three-dimensional (3D) numerical analyses were conducted to investigate groundwater responses in an initially unsaturated cut slope at Lai Ping Road in Hong Kong subjected to rainfalls with various patterns, durations, and return periods. Initial and boundary conditions were established from field monitoring data. The computed results show that rainfall pattern has a significant influence on pore-water pressures in soil layers near the ground surface but its influence gradually diminishes with depth. Rainfall with an advanced storm pattern of 24 h duration was found to be the most critical because it results in the highest pore-water pressure in the slope. At a given depth, the influence of rainfall pattern on pore-water pressures depends on the initial groundwater conditions: the higher the initial water table, the smaller the influence of rainfall pattern on pore-water pressures. Under a given rainfall duration, the rise of pore-water pressure at the study site is significant only when the return period.
The European Grassland Butterfly Indicator: 1990–2011

This report presents the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator, based on national Butterfly Monitoring Schemes (BMS) in 19 countries across Europe, most of them in the European Union. The indicator shows that since 1990 till 2011 butterfly populations have declined by almost 50 %, indicating a dramatic loss of grassland biodiversity. This also means the situation has not improved since the first version of the indicator published in 2005. Of the 17 species, 8 have declined in Europe, 2 have remained stable and 1 increased. For six species the trend is uncertain. The main driver behind the decline of grassland butterflies is the change in rural land use: agricultural intensification where the land is relatively flat and easy to cultivate, and abandonment in mountains and wet areas, mainly in eastern and southern Europe. Agricultural intensification leads to uniform, almost sterile grasslands for biodiversity. Grassland butterflies thus mainly survive in traditionally farmed low‑input systems (High Nature Value (HNV) Farmland) as well as nature reserves, and on marginal land such as road verges and amenity areas. (Less)
A Comparative Study Of Algorithmic Efficiency Of Feature Selection Algorithm On Microarray

A key challenge before classification can take place is feature selection. An effective feature selection method would increase classification accuracy and simultaneously reduce computation costs and time. A variety of filter approaches, along with different search algorithms, were considered in this study. Five traditional classifiers were evaluated on the selected gene subsets: Random Forest, Sequential minimal optimization algorithm, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, and K-Nearest Neighbour. The datasets chosen for this analysis are the microarray gene expression data of two types of cancers: Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (ALL)/Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) and Lung cancer. According to the experimental results, a fuzzy rough subset combined with Genetic Search selects optimal relevant gene subsets and produces significantly good classifier accuracy. Compared to classical classifiers described here, this research finds that Random Forest classifiers yield 94.33% on the raw dataset and 100% classifier accuracy after applying feature selection methods. Utilizing conventional methods like Precision, Recall, F-Score, and Region of Characteristics, MCC Matthews correlation coefficient, results are validated.
Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes observed in low power JET deuterium–tritium plasmas

The Joint European Torus recently carried out an experimental campaign using a plasma consisting of both deuterium (D) and tritium (T). We observed a high-frequency mode using a reflectometer and an interferometer in a D-T plasma heated with low power neutral beam injection, PNBI=11.6MW . This mode was observed at a frequency f=156kHz and was located at major radii 3.1⩽R(m)⩽3.3 . The observed mode was identified as a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) using the linear MHD code, MISHKA. Beam ions and fusion-born alpha particles were modelled using the full orbit particle tracking code LOCUST, which produces smooth distribution functions suitable for stability calculations without analytical fits or the use of moments. We calculated the stability of the 21 candidate modes using the HALO code. These calculations revealed that beam ions can drive TAEs with toroidal mode numbers n⩾8 with linear growth rates γb/ω∼1% , while TAEs with n < 8 are damped by the beam ion population. Alpha particles drive modes with significantly smaller linear growth rates, γα/ω≲0.1% due to the low alpha power generated almost exclusively by beam-thermal fusion reactions. Non-ideal effects were calculated using complex resistivity in the CASTOR code, leading to an assessment of radiative, collisional, and continuum damping for all 21 candidate modes. Ion Landau damping was modelled using Maxwellian distribution functions for bulk D and T ions in HALO. Radiative damping, the dominant bulk damping mechanism, suppresses modes with high toroidal mode numbers. Comparing the drive from energetic particles with damping from thermal particles, we find all but one of the candidate modes are damped. The single net-driven n = 9 TAE with a net growth rate γnet/ω=0.02% matches experimental observations with a lab frequency f=163kHz and location R=3.3m . The TAE was driven by co-passing particles through the v∥=vA/5 resonance. Both co- and counter-passing alpha particles drive the TAE through the v∥=vA/3 resonance. Additional sideband resonances contribute significant drive for both beam and alpha particles.
Emerging Technologies in Displacement Amplification of Lever and Bridge-Type Compliant Mechanism: A Review Article

This review article provides a survey of emerging technologies in displacement amplification of lever-type and bridge-type compliant mechanisms. The displacement amplification is possible with a compliant mechanism. The compliant mechanism is beneficial and efficient because of simplicity in the design and where there is accuracy, compactness, and precision is needed. We can use various categories of displacement amplification of the compliant mechanism depending upon the application. In recent years, displacement amplification of compliant mechanisms gain more attention to the researchers due to the superiority of the mechanical compliant mechanism is compared with a rigid-body mechanism. Displacement amplification compliant mechanism such as bridge types, lever type, a micro-Leverage Mechanism has briefly discussed. The performance parameters such as the principle of working, types of displacement compliant mechanism, fabrication process, operating frequency and displacement amplification ratio are found out
Electron structure and phonon dynamics of LiNbRhAl quaternary Heusler compound

Li based quaternary Heusler compounds, having 18 valence electrons show significant applications in different fields i.e., spintronics, thermoelectric and photo voltaic etc. We report the structural stability, electronic property and dynamical stability of LiNbRhAl compound, (Li based QH alloy) via volume optimization and phonon dynamics. Calculations have been performed using Generalized Gradient Approximation based on Density Functional Theory. LiNbRhAl compound crystallizes in LiMgPdSn – type crystal structure having three types of atomic arrangements. We found atomic arrangement of type-3 is energetically most stable. Self-consistence band structure calculations show that valence band (VB) lie from – 4 eV to the Fermi level (EF), whereas conduction band (CB) span up to 2 eV above the EF. Our DOS plots show that Rh-4d states mainly contribute in valence band (VB), while Nb-4d states dominate in both VB and CB bands near EF and open an indirect band gap of 0.177 eV. Presence of positive frequencies in phonon dispersion curve shows that the above-mentioned compound is dynamically stable.
Slow Compressional Wave In Porous Media: Finite Difference Simulations On Micro-scale

We perform wave propagation simulations in porous media on microscale in which a slow compressional wave can be observed. Since the theory of dynamic poroelasticity was developed by Biot (1956), the existence of the type II or Biot’s slow compressional wave (SCW) remains the most controversial of its predictions. However, this prediction was confirmed experimentally in ultrasonic experiments. The purpose of this paper is to observe the SCW by applying a recently developed viscoelastic displacement-stress rotated staggered finite-difference (FD) grid technique to solve the elastodynamic wave equation. To our knowledge this is the first time that the slow compressional wave is simulated on first principles.
A Comparative Study of an Energy Efficient Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks are defined as a group of sensors that are spread over an area to gather data in a coordinated manner and send it to the sink where it is further processed and used for the application. The application could be as simple as gathering information from different parts of a confined accessible area or as extreme as tracking of wild animals of concern around a widely spread rainforest. The wide range of applicability of wireless sensor networks suggests that often, the sensors once deployed might not be accessible ever again and hence it becomes important to ensure that the sensors once deployed are functional for as long as possible. One of the hurdles in enhancing the functional lifetime of sensors is the energy consumption at the sensor level which can be broadly attributed to mainly two reasons: sensing and communicating; wherein the latter takes the bigger chunk. So, the goal would be to try and push the boundary viz-a-viz energy efficiency at the individual sensor nodes and enhance the lifetime of a WSN. In this paper, simulations have been carried out by varying the position of the base node to determine the number of rounds till which the network remains fully functional. It is found out that positioning the base node at the network centre significantly increases the rounds till which the network sustains as compared to positioning the node at a distance.
Development of Non-Conventional Method of Lissajous pattern for gear fault diagnosis using Machine Learning Technique

Gears are major elements in machine parts and automotive systems, to transmitting torque and energy between components. As gears are under severe loads and stresses, they can create different types of faults and defects over period, impacting their own performance and reliability. Fault detection is an essential part of gear maintenance because that allows potential issues to be detected before they induce failures or expensive breakdowns. Technicians can identify early indications of wear, imbalance, damage, or even other concerns that might compromise their performance or lead to premature failure by monitoring the condition of gears. The industry has conventionally used vibration signals, thermography, oil analysis, and visually inspecting to diagnose faults. These techniques also have significant limitations which can decrease their accuracy in detecting faults and the cost is also very high. To overcome these limitations, new methods such as Lissajous pattern developed for fault detection in gears. These techniques have proved impressive outcomes in fault detection which have been previously undetectable using Conventional methods. This study evaluates the accuracy, performance, and cost-effectiveness of conventional and non-conventional techniques to determine the best method for fault diagnosis. Once compared to the conventional method, the Lissajous method obtained better accuracy than conventional method.
Connection between Polytropic Index and Heating

The paper derives the one-to-one connecting relationships between plasma heating and its polytropic index, and addresses the consequences through the transport equation of temperature. Thermodynamic polytropic processes are classified in accordance to their polytropic index, the exponent of the power-law relationship of thermal pressure expressed with respect to density. These processes generalize the adiabatic one, where no heating is exchanged between the system and its environment. We show that, in addition to heating terms, the transport equation of temperature depends on the adiabatic index, instead of a general, nonadiabatic polytropic index, even when the plasma follows nonadiabatic processes. This is because all the information regarding the system's polytropic index is contained in the heating term, even for a nonconstant polytropic index. Moreover, the paper (i) defines the role of the polytropic index in the context of heating; (ii) clarifies the role of the nonadiabatic polytropic index in the transport equation of temperature; (iii) provides an alternative method for deriving the turbulent heating through the comparably simpler polytropic index path; and, finally, (iv) shows a one-component plasma proof-of-concept of this method and discusses the implications of such derived connecting relationships in the solar wind plasma in the heliosphere.
Temperature, N2, and N density profiles of Triton's atmosphere: Observations and model

Improved analysis of the Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) observations of the solar occultation by Triton yields the isothermal temperature and N2 number densities in the altitude range 475–675 km: T = 102 ± 3 K, [N2]= (4 ± 0.4) × 108 cm−3 at 575 km. A distinct steplike absorption feature at 850 A is due to the atomic nitrogen ionization continuum. It allows a measurement of N number densities in the range from 170 to 570 km, which correspond to diffusive equilibrium above 300 km with [N] = (1±0.25) ×108 cm−3 at 400 km and T = 100±7 K. Deviations from diffusive equilibrium become important below 300 km, and [N] = (5 ± 2.5) × 108 cm−3 at 200 km. The exobase altitude is 870 km, and the total escape rate of atomic nitrogen is (1±0.3) × 1025 s−1. The main condensible product of methane chemistry is ethylene, C2H4, with a peak number density of 6 × 106 cm−3 near 25 km. The striking similarity of the thermospheric properties at both occultation sites despite substantial differences in latitudes, seasons, local time, and incoming flux of magnetospheric electrons implies very effective winds and suggests that one-dimensional modeling is applicable. Temporal variations of the temperature profile should be rather small in spite of strong variations of the electron flux. The presence of CO in the atmosphere as suggested by recent measurements of the CO absorption bands in the surface ice results in cooling by the rotational lines, deactivation and radiation of vibrational excitation of N2, and heating by quenching of N(2D). Heating efficiencies of electron precipitation and solar EUV radiation in the ranges of the N2 continuum and bands are calculated equal to 0.2–0.29, 0.24, and 0.19, respectively. The column integrated cooling by the CO lines is weaker than the thermospheric heating and cannot form a mesosphere. A CO mixing ratio of up to 10−2 is consistent with thermal balance calculations. Sixteen optimized versions of the model are considered with profiles of T and [N2] which agree with the measurements. Profiles of N, H2, and H densities are calculated. The calculated profile of atomic nitrogen and its escape rate are in excellent agreement with the measured values. Mixing ratios of H2 and H at 400 km are equal to 240 and 23 ppm, respectively. The total escape rate of hydrogen atoms (H + 2H2) is determined by photolysis of methane by H Lyman α radiation, does not depend on the ionospheric processes which transform H2 to H, and is equal to 2.3 × 1026 s−1. The ratio of H to N escape rates on Triton, 20, does not correspond to the measured ratio H+/N+∼ 2–3 in Neptune's magnetosphere and should be taken into account in its modeling. The recommended model for Triton's atmosphere is based on the temperature profile calculated for a CO mixing ratio of 10−3, a ratio of the average to the maximum electron fluxes of 0.162, and includes data on temperature, N2, N, CH4, H2, and H number densities.