Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utilizing PCM for Energy Optimization in Embedded Systems

Due to its high density, bit alterability, and low standby power, phase change memory (PCM) is considered as a promising DRAM alternative. In embedded systems, especially battery-driven mobile devices, energy is one of the most important performance metrics. Therefore, it becomes an interesting problem of utilizing PCM for energy optimization in embedded systems. While recently there have been extensive studies on PCM, energy optimization with PCM in embedded systems has not been fully addressed. In this paper, we present a hybrid memory system architecture in which PCM is used to replace DRAM as much as possible so the system energy can be reduced by utilizing the lower standby power of PCM. However, to achieve this, system-level software optimization techniques are required in order to solve problems caused by the three disadvantages of PCM: namely, long write latency, large write energy and limited write endurance. We propose an optimal static data allocation scheme to solve a simplified problem, and discuss how to extend this to solve more complex problems. We also present emerging research issues in compiler optimization, real-time task scheduling and operating systems when utilizing PCM for energy optimization in embedded systems.
Non-Parametric Approximate Linear Programming for MDPs

The Approximate Linear Programming (ALP) approach to value function approximation for MDPs is a parametric value function approximation method, in that it represents the value function as a linear combination of features which are chosen a priori. Choosing these features can be a difficult challenge in itself. One recent effort, Regularized Approximate Linear Programming (RALP), uses L1 regularization to address this issue by combining a large initial set of features with a regularization penalty that favors a smooth value function with few non-zero weights. Rather than using smoothness as a backhanded way of addressing the feature selection problem, this paper starts with smoothness and develops a non-parametric approach to ALP that is consistent with the smoothness assumption. We show that this new approach has some favorable practical and analytical properties in comparison to (R)ALP.
The Intestinal Microbiome in Early Life: Health and Disease

Human microbial colonization begins at birth and continues to develop and modulate in species abundance for about 3 years, until the microbiota becomes adult-like. During the same time period, children experience significant developmental changes that influence their health status as well as their immune system. An ever-expanding number of articles associate several diseases with early-life imbalances of the gut microbiota, also referred to as gut microbial dysbiosis. Whether early-life dysbiosis precedes and plays a role in disease pathogenesis, or simply originates from the disease process itself is a question that is beginning to be answered in a few diseases, including IBD, obesity, and asthma. This review describes the gut microbiome structure and function during the formative first years of life, as well as the environmental factors that determine its composition. It also aims to discuss the recent advances in understanding the role of the early-life gut microbiota in the development of immune-mediated, metabolic, and neurological diseases. A greater understanding of how the early-life gut microbiota impacts our immune development could potentially lead to novel microbial-derived therapies that target disease prevention at an early age.
The Making of a Good Woman: Extended Parental Leave Entitlements and Mothers’ Work Commitment in Germany1

The authors investigate the relationship between family policy and women’s attachment to the labor market, focusing specifically on policy feedback on women’s subjective work commitment. They utilize a quasi-experimental design to identify normative policy effects from changes in mothers’ work commitment in conjunction with two policy changes that significantly extended the length of statutory parental leave entitlements in Germany. Using unique survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and difference-in-differences, triple-differenced, and instrumental variables estimators for panel data, they obtain consistent empirical evidence that increasing generosity of leave entitlements led to a decline in mothers’ work commitment in both East and West Germany. They also probe potential mediating mechanisms and find strong evidence for role exposure and norm setting effects. Finally, they demonstrate that policy-induced shifts in mothers’ preferences have contributed to retarding women’s labor force participation after childbirth in Germany, especially as far as mothers’ return to full-time employment is concerned.
Research advances in intelligent collision avoidance and adaptive cruise control

This paper looks into recent developments and research trends in collision avoidance/warning systems and automation of vehicle longitudinal/lateral control tasks. It is an attempt to provide a bigger picture of the very diverse, detailed and highly multidisciplinary research in this area. Based on diversely selected research, this paper explains the initiatives for automation in different levels of transportation system with a specific emphasis on the vehicle-level automation. Human factor studies and legal issues are analyzed as well as control algorithms. Drivers' comfort and well being, increased safety, and increased highway capacity are among the most important initiatives counted for automation. However, sometimes these are contradictory requirements. Relying on an analytical survey of the published research, we will try to provide a more clear understanding of the impact of automation/warning systems on each of the above-mentioned factors. The discussion of sensory issues requires a dedicated paper due to its broad range and is not addressed in this paper.
An Efficient Augmented-Context-Free Parsing Algorithm

An efficient parsing algorithm for augmented context-free grammars is introduced, and its application to on-line natural language interfaces discussed. The algorithm is a generalized LR parsing algorithm, which precomputes an LR shift-reduce parsing table (possibly with multiple entries) from a given augmented context-free grammar. Unlike the standard LR parsing algorithm, it can handle arbitrary context-free grammars, including ambiguous grammars, while most of the LR efficiency is preserved by introducing the concept of a "graph-structured stack". The graph-structured stack allows an LR shift-reduce parser to maintain multiple parses without parsing any part of the input twice in the same way. We can also view our parsing algorithm as an extended chart parsing algorithm efficiently guided by LR parsing tables. The algorithm is fast, due to the LR table precomputation. In several experiments with different English grammars and sentences, timings indicate a five- to tenfold speed advantage over Earley's context-free parsing algorithm.The algorithm parses a sentence strictly from left to right on-line, that is, it starts parsing as soon as the user types in the first word of a sentence, without waiting for completion of the sentence. A practical on-line parser based on the algorithm has been implemented in Common Lisp, and running on Symbolics and HP AI workstations. The parser is used in the multi-lingual machine translation project at CMU. Also, a commercial on-line parser for Japanese language is being built by Intelligent Technology Incorporation, based on the technique developed at CMU.
Lineage Infidelity of MDA-MB-435 Cells

The origin of cell lines is critical in defining cell type-specific biological functions. Several reports (D. T. Ross et al., Nat Genet 2000;24:227–35; G. Ellison et al., J Clin Pathol Mol Pathol 2002;55:294–9) suggested that the MDA-MB-435 cell line, a cell line extensively used for studying breast cancer biology, has a gene expression pattern most compatible with melanocyte origin. However, we demonstrate that MDA-MB-435 cells express breast-specific or epithelial-specific markers. Also, MDA-MB-435 cells were induced to express breast differentiation-specific proteins and secrete milk lipids as observed in other well-established breast cancer cell lines. Notably, MDA-MB-435 cells also expressed melanocyte-specific proteins as did another highly aggressive breast cancer cell line. MDA-MB-435 xenograft tissue sections stained entirely positive for epithelium-specific markers but only partially positive for melanocyte-specific markers. Thus, MDA-MB-435 is most likely a breast epithelial cell line that has undergone lineage infidelity.
Operational planning and optimisation in active distribution networks using modern intelligent power flow controllers

In this paper, a centralised control framework is introduced for day-ahead operational planning of active distribution networks which accommodate high levels of distributed generation resources. The purpose of the framework is to plan network operation in order to minimise power curtailment from distributed generation and maintaining acceptable levels of voltage regulation throughout the network. For this purpose, both power flow control and rapid network reconfiguration have been considered as various acceptable levels of control available to the network operator to provide required levels of operational flexibility. The power flow control within the network is promised by the application of fully controlled back-back voltage source converters placed in key points (both normally-open and normally-close) in the network. Meanwhile, the network reconfiguration constraints guarantee that radial topology is always maintained in order to avoid tremendous changes in the protection system coordination. The operation of a modified 33-bus system exemplar is analysed in three case studies namely, passive network (base case), active network using remote-controlled switches and active network using intelligent power converters. Results show a significant saving in terms of operational costs as well as transmission losses in active cases despite the radial constraint condition in place.
Disability pension and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a prospective comparison of farmers and other occupational groups. The HUNT Study, Norway

Objectives Agriculture has undergone major changes, and farmers have been found to have a high prevalence of depression symptoms. We investigated the risk of work disability in Norwegian farmers compared with other occupational groups, as well as the associations between symptoms of anxiety and depression and future disability pension. Methods We linked working participants of the HUNT2 Survey (1995–97) aged 20–61.9 years, of whom 3495 were farmers and 25 521 had other occupations, to national registry data on disability pension, with follow-up until 31 December 2010. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of disability pension, and to investigate the associations between symptoms of anxiety and depression caseness at baseline (score on the anxiety or depression subscales of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ≥8) and disability pension. Results Farmers had a twofold increased risk of disability pension (age-adjusted and sex-adjusted HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.38) compared with higher grade professionals. Farmers with symptoms of depression caseness had a 53% increased risk of disability pension (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.87) compared with farmers below the cut-off point of depression caseness symptoms, whereas farmers with symptoms of anxiety caseness had a 51% increased risk (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.86). Conclusions Farmers have an increased risk of disability pension compared with higher grade professionals, but the risk is lower than in most other manual occupational groups. Farmers who report high levels of depression or anxiety symptoms are at substantially increased risk of future work disability, and the risk increase appears to be fairly similar across most occupational groups.
Identifying Coordination of Network Scans Using Probed Address Structure

—A great deal of work has been devoted to the study and detection of scanning. Existing detection of isolated probing, however, only provides an incomplete picture of scanning activities. Coordinated probing using several hosts, in particular, cannot be accounted for with simple scan detection that expects a single source. In this paper, we apply run-length encoding concepts to characterize the IP address structure of scanning events. We then employ graph techniques to uncover hidden coordinated network scans as communities. These coordinated events are split in accordance with the destination port and targeted network preﬁxes. We evaluate the sensitivity of our method with synthetic data and verify that our method outperforms the current state-of-the-art approaches for both stub and backbone network monitoring. Finally, we provide a detailed analysis of several coordinated scans occurring in real network trafﬁc. Using these results, we verify that our method is reliable and extracts coordinated scans that are very consistent in terms of network trafﬁc characteristics.
Mixed-Projection Treemaps: A Novel Approach Mixing 2D and 2.5D Treemaps

This paper presents a novel technique for combining 2D and 2.5D treemaps using multi-perspective views to leverage the advantages of both treemap types. It enables a new form of overview+detail visualization for tree-structured data and contributes new concepts for real-time rendering of and interaction with treemaps. The technique operates by tilting the graphical elements representing inner nodes using affine transformations and animated state transitions. We explain how to mix orthogonal and perspective projections within a single treemap. Finally, we show application examples that benefit from the reduced interaction overhead.
Suppression of sex steroids by a gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone agonist increases serum growth hormone‐binding protein activity in girls with central idiopathic precocious puberty

OBJECTIVE The high‐affinity growth hormone (GH)‐binding protein corresponds to the extracellular domain of GH receptor. The direct role of sex steroids in pubertal bone growth may be an increased GH receptor‐coupled GH action. We examine the GH‐binding protein (GHBP) activity before and after the suppression of female sex steroids and the relation of GHBP to pubertal growth.
Dependent Self-Propagation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Vascular − NAD ( P ) H Oxidase

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species in the vasculature contributes to cardiovascular pathogenesis. Among biologically relevant and abundant reactive oxygen species, superoxide (O2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) appear most important in redox signaling. Whereas O2 predominantly induces endothelial dysfunction by rapidly inactivating nitric oxide (NO ), H2O2 influences different aspects of endothelial cell function via complex mechanisms. This review discusses recent advances establishing a critical role of H2O2 in the development of vascular disease, in particular, atherosclerosis, and mechanisms whereby vascular NAD(P)H oxidase–derived H2O2 amplifies its own production. Recent studies have shown that H2O2 stimulates reactive oxygen species production via enhanced intracellular iron uptake, mitochondrial damage, and sources of vascular NAD(P)H oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This self-propagating phenomenon likely prolongs H2O2-dependent pathological signaling in vascular cells, thus contributing to vascular disease development. The latest progress on Nox functions in vascular cells is also discussed [Nox for NAD(P)H oxidases, representing a family of novel NAD(P)H oxidases]. (Circ Res. 2005;96:818-822.)
Update on cerebral small vessel disease: a dynamic whole-brain disease

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a very common neurological disease in older people. It causes stroke and dementia, mood disturbance and gait problems. Since it is difficult to visualise CSVD pathologies in vivo, the diagnosis of CSVD has relied on imaging findings including white matter hyperintensities, lacunar ischaemic stroke, lacunes, microbleeds, visible perivascular spaces and many haemorrhagic strokes. However, variations in the use of definition and terms of these features have probably caused confusion and difficulties in interpreting results of previous studies. A standardised use of terms should be encouraged in CSVD research. These CSVD features have long been regarded as different lesions, but emerging evidence has indicated that they might share some common intrinsic microvascular pathologies and therefore, owing to its diffuse nature, CSVD should be regarded as a ‘whole-brain disease’. Single antiplatelet (for acute lacunar ischaemic stroke) and management of traditional risk factors still remain the most important therapeutic and preventive approach, due to limited understanding of pathophysiology in CSVD. Increasing evidence suggests that new studies should consider drugs that target endothelium and blood–brain barrier to prevent and treat CSVD. Epidemiology of CSVD might differ in Asian compared with Western populations (where most results and guidelines about CSVD and stroke originate), but more community-based data and clear stratification of stroke types are required to address this.
Model-based optimization of High Level Synthesis directives

High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools improve the speed of FPGA hardware design entry compared to traditional hardware description languages by raising the level of design abstraction. Using compiler directives to guide the tool, a wide variety of hardware architectures can be obtained without modification of the original behavioural code. However, selecting an optimal application of directives from this large design space can be daunting and time-consuming for a designer since evaluating a particular setting of directives requires running the FPGA tool flow. This work considers the use of sequential model-based optimization (SMBO) methods for automatically selecting directive settings. These methods construct models of the design space to guide the optimization process and minimize the number of tool evaluations. In this paper, we evaluate the use of SMBO for selecting HLS directives and extend the method to relate multiple uses of the same directive within a design. We observe that SMBO can quickly find optimal directive settings in a space of tens of thousands of possible directive configurations and find that our proposed extension can further improve the convergence rate over the standard method.
Global curvature analysis and segmentation of volumetric data sets using trivariate B-spline functions

This paper presents a scheme to globally compute, bound, and analyze the Gaussian and mean curvatures of an entire volumetric data set, using a trivariate B-spline volumetric representation. The proposed scheme is not only precise and insensitive to aliasing, but also provides a method to globally segment the images into volumetric regions that contain convex or concave {elliptic) iso-surfaces, planar or cylindrical (parabolic) iso-surfaces, and volumetric regions with saddle-like (hyperbolic) iso-surfaces, regardless of the value of the iso-surface level. This scheme, which derives a new differential scalar field for a given scalar field, could easily be adapted to other differential properties.
Environment specific substitution tables improve membrane protein alignment

Motivation: Membrane proteins are both abundant and important in cells, but the small number of solved structures restricts our understanding of them. Here we consider whether membrane proteins undergo different substitutions from their soluble counterparts and whether these can be used to improve membrane protein alignments, and therefore improve prediction of their structure. Results: We construct substitution tables for different environments within membrane proteins. As data is scarce, we develop a general metric to assess the quality of these asymmetric tables. Membrane proteins show markedly different substitution preferences from soluble proteins. For example, substitution preferences in lipid tail-contacting parts of membrane proteins are found to be distinct from all environments in soluble proteins, including buried residues. A principal component analysis of the tables identifies the greatest variation in substitution preferences to be due to changes in hydrophobicity; the second largest variation relates to secondary structure. We demonstrate the use of our tables in pairwise sequence-to-structure alignments (also known as ‘threading’) of membrane proteins using the FUGUE alignment program. On average, in the 10–25% sequence identity range, alignments are improved by 28 correctly aligned residues compared with alignments made using FUGUE's default substitution tables. Our alignments also lead to improved structural models. Availability: Substitution tables are available at: http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/proteins/resources. Contact: deane@stats.ox.ac.uk
Detecting C source code clones in college students' homework

Many different source code clone detection methods were proposed to detect clones in commercial source codes especially in large scale source codes. However, such methods are not quite fit for detecting source code clones in college students' homework because student's source code homework may have the same logic structure. Further more, we encourage students to discuss a problem before they find the solution, thus may lead to a similar result of homework. This paper gives a proper and simple method for detecting C source code clones in college students' homework to improve the teaching efficiency and reduce the workload. This method can be easily used in other languages.
Modeling and Analysis of Induction Machines Containing Space Harmonics, Part I: Modeling and Transformation

The coupled-circuit approach isusedto derive a mathematical modelofa general m-n winding machine in whichallMMF harmonics aretakenintoaccount.The model, whichisapplicable tobothsquirrel cage andphasewoundrotors, hasprovision forcagerotors withnon-integral numberofrotor barsperstator pole-pair. Theeffects ofthe transformations frompolyphase toa-f? -0 andtod-q-0 on themachine equations areanalyzed. Itisshownthatthe polyphase toa-,--0 transformation, whenapplied tothestatorandrotor ofthem-n winding machine, divides theharmonicsintodifferent groupsofharmonics withpossible interaction, whereupon eachgroupofharmonics can thenbe represented byana-#ora zerocomponentcircuit. This result showsthattheusual assumption ofrepresenting the cagerotor byindependent harmonics circuits is,ingeneral, notvalid. Itisalsoshownthatthepolyphase torotating d-qtransformation isapplicable whenonlyone harmonic fromeacha-/component istobeconsidered, otherwise a newproblem ofseparating theharmonic voltages within each a-# component iscreated.
A smart drive to future transport systems

Road transport vehicles (RTV) technologies, features and capacities are rapidly evolving, hence fostering innovative transport paradigms strongly impacting on all involved transport players. Current and unforeseen technological advances are pushing for creating a novel environment where road transport users can be empowered with tools enabling higher flexibility, bringing new opportunities, opening social ecosystem participation and finally endowing the ability to determine which options are more feasible while traveling. However, the development of such environment is not so easy to deploy. Indeed, Intelligent Transport System (ITS) infrastructures should be improved to support the integration of heterogeneous technologies as well as to promote the development of ITS standards and smart transport vehicles utilization. This paper conceptually introduces the characteristics of an innovative hierarchical cloud-based architecture for an in-vehicular platform that integrates heterogeneous technologies, providing the necessary features to manage the connectivity, data, applications and services for RTV, thus providing them with analytic and smart “social”-oriented capabilities.