Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unemployment and Search Externalities in a Model with Heterogeneous Jobs and Workers

This paper presents a matching model with low- and high-skilled workers and simple and complex jobs. I show that the degree to which low-skilled workers are harmed by high-skilled workers who are willing to temporarily accept simple jobs depends on the relative productivity of high- and low-skilled workers on simple jobs and on the quit rate of high-skilled workers. Under certain conditions, low-skilled workers can benefit from job competition with high-skilled workers. Within this framework, some explanations for the high and persistent unemployment rates of lower educated workers in the 1990s are evaluated.
Old supernova dust factory revealed at the Galactic center

Zap the dust away? Not so fast It would be great to clean up dust by vaporizing it, but even powerful blasting by an exploding star doesn't seem capable of this. Supernovae produce vast amounts of dust, but it is a mystery how that dust survives ensuing hostile conditions. Lau et al. used the SOFIA telescope to observe the dust associated with the supernova remnant Sgr A East. They found that this dust had endured far longer than expected, which indicates that dust in the universe's oldest galaxies can also be attributed to supernovae. Science, this issue p. 413 Infrared observations of warm dust associated with a local supernova remnant reveal the dust origins for far older galaxies. Dust formation in supernova ejecta is currently the leading candidate to explain the large quantities of dust observed in the distant, early universe. However, it is unclear whether the ejecta-formed dust can survive the hot interior of the supernova remnant (SNR). We present infrared observations of ~0.02 solar masses of warm (~100 kelvin) dust seen near the center of the ~10,000-year-old Sagittarius A East SNR at the Galactic center. Our findings indicate the detection of dust within an older SNR that is expanding into a relatively dense surrounding medium (electron density ~103 centimeters–3) and has survived the passage of the reverse shock. The results suggest that supernovae may be the dominant dust-production mechanism in the dense environment of galaxies of the early universe.
The Impact of U.S. Individual and Institutional Investor Sentiment on Foreign Stock Markets

This study examines the degree to which U.S. individual and institutional investor sentiments are propagated abroad. Previous studies construe investor sentiments as fully irrational; we find contrary evidence that individual and institutional investor sentiments are driven by both rational and irrational factors, with distinct effects on domestic and international stock market returns. The generalized impulse response functions from VAR model estimations show that U.S. institutional investor sentiments have varying degrees of impact on the equity markets of the U.K., Mexico, and Brazil, and no effect on Chile. Specifically, the individual investor sentiment effect is statistically significant only for the U.K market. Not surprisingly, the two classes of investor sentiments have a strong significant effect on the U.S. stock market returns. The response of the U.S. to individual investor sentiments is relatively more erratic, while the response to institutional investor sentiments is smoother. This difference in pattern becomes more visible when we consider the response of the foreign stock markets. We find significant effects of rational sentiments of institutional investors on the U.S., the U.K., Mexico, and Brazil. However, there is an insignificant effect of the irrational sentiments on the same set of countries. A direct implication of our empirical evidence is that it is important for international asset pricing models to consider the role of rational sentiments of institutional and individual investors on developed and emerging markets.
The Game of Life: College Sports and Educational Values

List of Figures vii List of Ta61es xiii Prelude: Four Snapshots xv Preface xxv Chapter 1. The Institutionalization and Regulation of College Sports in Historical Perspective 1 Chapter 2. The Admissions Game: Recruiting Male Athletes and the Implications of Selection 29 Chapter 3. The College Game: Academic Outcomes for Men 59 Chapter 4. Men's Lives after College: Advanced Study, Jobs, Earnings 87 Chapter 5. The Development of Women's Athletic Programs 113 Chapter 6. New Players: The Recruitment and Admission of Women Athletes 126 Chapter 7. Women Athletes in College 141 Chapter 8. Women's Lives after College: Advanced Study, Family, Jobs, Earnings 157 Chapter 9. Leadership 182 Chapter 10. Giving Back 205 Chapter 11. The Financial Equation: Expenditures and Revenues 227 Chapter 12. Key Empirical Findings 258 Chapter 13. Taking Stock 268 Chapter 14. Thinking Ahead: Impediments to Change and Proposed Directions 289 Appendix A: Scorecards 311 Appendix B: Supplementary Data 355 Notes 375 References 423 Index 431
HLA alleles determine differences in human natural killer cell responsiveness and potency

Epidemiological studies have associated certain human disease outcomes with particular killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) and HLA genotypes. However, the functional explanation for these associations is poorly understood, because the KIRs were initially described as natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptors with specificity for HLA molecules on their cellular targets. Yet resolution of infections is often associated with genotypic pairing of inhibitory KIRs with their cognate HLA ligands. Recent studies in mice indicate a second role for MHC-specific inhibitory receptors, i.e., self-MHC recognition confers functional competence on the NK cell to be triggered through their activation receptors, a process termed licensing. As a result, licensed NK cells with self-MHC-specific receptors are more readily activated as compared with unlicensed NK cells without self-MHC-specific receptors. Such results predict that human NK cells may undergo a similar process. Here, we examined the human NK cell subset expressing KIR3DL1, the only known KIR specific for HLA-Bw4 alleles. The KIR3DL1+ subset in normal donors with two HLA-B-Bw4 genes displayed increased responsiveness to tumor stimulation compared with the KIR3DL1+ subset from individuals with only one or no Bw4 genes. By contrast, NK cells lacking KIR3DL1 showed no differences. Therefore, these data indicate that particular KIR and HLA alleles are associated with more responsive NK cells, strongly suggesting that human NK cells are also subjected to NK cell licensing, and providing a potential functional explanation for the influence of KIR and HLA genes in disease as well as interindividual differences in NK cell potency.
Contingent Pay and Managerial Performance

This paper uses longitudinal data on managers from one company to examine the relationship between financial incentives and performance. One important finding is that bonuses for managers who are in high-level positions, work at corporate headquarters, and have low seniority are more sensitive to performance than are the bonuses given to managers without those three characteristics. A second important finding is that the managers for whom bonuses are most sensitive to performance have higher subsequent performance levels than other managers, even when past performance levels are controlled for. Merit pay, in contrast to bonuses, appears to be awarded on the same basis across managerial levels, plant locations, and seniority levels, and differences in the sensitivity of merit pay to performance appear to have no significant effect on subsequent performance.
Angiotensin II upregulation of cardiomyocyte adiponectin production is nitric oxide/cyclic GMP dependent

Introduction Adiponectin is a circulating cytokine that is now known to be synthesised by cardiomyocytes. Adiponectin production is upregulated in patients with heart failure, with activation of the renin-angiotensin system and increased formation of angiotensin (Ang) II playing a critical role in left ventricular remodelling and heart failure. To determine whether Ang II upregulates adiponectin in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes, the authors need to explore the underlying mechanisms that could be involved. Methods neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were treated with various concentrations of Ang II, and adiponectin expression was measured by qPCR and immunoblotting. Results Adiponectin mRNA expression was significantly increased by Ang II at concentrations from 10−6 to 10−8 M and was increased in a time-dependent manner at concentrations of 10−7 M. Angiotensin type-2 receptor activation is required for AngII-stimulated effects on adiponectin. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nx-nitro-Larginine methyl ester hydrochloride) and an analog of cGMP antagonist (Rp-8-Br-CGMP-S) blocked Ang II-mediated upregulation of adiponectin. Conclusions These data suggest a mechanism whereby Ang II upregulates adiponectin in NRVMs via the angiotensin type-2 receptor/nitric oxide/cGMP/ protein kinase G signalling pathway.
A Tale of Two Counties: Natives’ Opinions toward Immigration in North Carolina 1

This article compares native residents’ opinions and perceptions regarding immigration using a representative survey from a pair of matched North Carolina counties – one that experienced recent growth of its foreign-born population and one that did not. Drawing from several theoretical perspectives, including group threat, contact theory, and symbolic politics, we formulate and empirically evaluate several hypotheses. Results provide limited evidence that competition and threat influence formation of opinions about immigration, with modest support for claims that parents with school-aged children harbor more negative views of immigration than their childless counterparts. Except for residents in precarious economic situations, these negative opinions appear unrelated to the immigrant composition of the community. Claims that the media promotes negative views of immigration receive limited support, but this relationship is unrelated to the volume of local immigration. Finally, sustained contacts with foreign-born residents outside work environments are associated with positive views of immigration, but superficial contacts appear to be conducive to anti-immigration sentiments. Political orientation, educational attainment, and indicators of respondents’ tolerance for diversity explain most of the difference between the two counties in overall support for immigration.
Indoor Visible Light Localization Algorithm with Multi-Directional PD Array

Visible light communication (VLC) based localization is a promising candidate for indoor localization. The received signal strength (RSS) algorithm is the most widely used localization algorithm in the field of VLC based localization. However, in the RSS algorithm, there is an inherent challenge that the receiver orientation, which greatly affects RSS, is commonly random and unknown in practice. In this paper, we employ the multi-directional PD array (MDPA) consisting of multiple PDs pointing to different directions as the receiver, and a 3-D localization algorithm with MDPA is proposed. We exploit the relative orientations of the PDs with respect to the receiver and the received signal strength ratio (RSSR) to mitigate the influence of the absolute orientation of the receiver. There is no limit to the receiver orientation and no need for the knowledge of the receiver orientation in the proposed algorithm. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm is able to attain the centimeter-level accuracy.
The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Economics

Keynesian economics came under much criticism in the 1970s. This paper argues that the decline in Keynesian economics and the rise in, notably, new classical economics in this period is related to their respective theoretical appeal rather than their ability to explain developments in the macroeconomy. As this has become increasingly recognized, and with the development of sound microeconomic foundations, Keynesian economics has again been on the rise. Copyright 1988 by The Economic Society of Australia.
Public understanding of, and attitudes to, climate change: UK and international perspectives and policy

Although levels of concern and awareness about climate change have been rising in many nations over the past 20 years, climate change remains of low importance relative to other global or personal issues. Powerful contextual barriers act to prevent public engagement with it, such as psychological distancing and externalized responsibility. Despite extensive media coverage of the issue since 2006 there was a gradual decrease in public concern between 2006 and 2010. Possible explanations are issue fatigue, the impact of the global financial crisis, distrust, and the deepening politicization of the issue. Risk and uncertainty will become part of the debate about climate change policy in the future. Although engaging both the public and decision makers needs to draw upon the best guidance already developed in communicating risk, it is also likely that a radical reframing of the terms of public debate and new approaches to ‘risk communication’ will be needed. The most significant risk to achieving ambitious climate mitigation and adaptation goals appears to be the ‘governance trap’ engendered by current national and international systems of governance, such that the public and governments each seek to attribute responsibility for instigating change to the other.
Audit Committee Regulation in Australia: How Far Have We Come?

This paper presents a synopsis of the major developments in corporate governance regulations and recommendations for Australian audit committees categorised into three distinct period of regulation from 1976-2004. Prior Australian empirical research conducted on audit committee formation, audit committee member composition and audit committee diligence is summarised and compared. The research is then extended by presenting the results of an empirical study of 188 of the top 300 ASX listed companies with a financial year end of 30 June 2004, which is the first year of the third period of compliance. The results indicate that compliance with corporate governance regulations and recommendations has improved substantially with respect to: audit committee formation; the number of audit committee members, non-executive directors on the audit committee; financial expertise of audit committee members and the frequency of audit committee meetings. However, the number of independent directors on audit committees was well below ASX CGC best practice guidelines.
Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality by fecal occult blood screening in a French controlled study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Several randomized population-based studies have shown that screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) by fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) can reduce CRC mortality. The aim of this French population-based study was to assess whether a similar benefit could be obtained in countries characterized by high performances in the diagnosis and management of CRC. METHODS Small-sized geographic areas, including 91,199 individuals aged 45-74 years, were allocated to either FOBT screening or no screening. Six screening rounds were performed. The FOBT was performed without diet restriction and was sent to a central analysis center and processed without rehydration. Screening group participants who had a positive test result were offered a full colonoscopy. The entire population was followed up for 11 years after study entry. RESULTS Acceptability of the test was 52.8% at the first screening round and varied between 53.8% and 58.3% in the successive rounds. Positivity rates were 2.1% initially and 1.4% on average in the successive rounds. CRC mortality was significantly lower in the screening population compared with the control population (mortality ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.99). The reduction in CRC mortality was more pronounced in those who participated at least once (mortality ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.81). CONCLUSIONS Our findings, together with the results of other trials, suggest that biennial screening by FOBTs can reduce CRC mortality regardless of the quality of the health system and support attempts to introduce large-scale screening programs into the general population.
Hybrid Wiener filter

Known forms of Wiener filter do not adequately address the discrete-time signal processing of continuous random processes. In this paper, we first formulate this problem and subsequently derive its solution. The crux of the work is the development of an autocorrelation function invariant discrete equivalent of a continuous system. This in turn enables us to transform the hybrid Wiener filtering problem into a purely discrete one. An example demonstrates the concepts presented, and draws a comparison of ACF-invariance with other discretization schemes.
Economies of Scale and Customs Union Theory

Internal economies of scale are incorporated systematically into customs union theory. The familiar concepts of trade creation and trade diversion remain relevant, but two new concepts are added, the costreduction effect and the trade-suppression effect. Each has a production and a consumption component. Two union countries facing given world prices from outside are assumed. The main analysis is partial equilibrium and verbal. Three cases are considered; initial production of the importable in both union countries, in one only. and in neither. Some account is taken of oligopoly, product differentiation, and general equilibrium in a multigood model.
Antifungal Activities of New Coumarins

Newly synthesized coumarins 4-((5-mercapto-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one and 4-((5-(phenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one were tested against selected types of fungi and showed significant activities. DFT calculations of the synthesized coumarins were performed using molecular structures with optimized geometries. Molecular orbital calculations provide a detailed description of the orbitals, including spatial characteristics, nodal patterns, and the contributions of individual atoms.
Cirolana phuketensis, a new species of marine isopod (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand

Abstract Cirolana phuketensis sp. n. was collected from coral rubble from the Andaman sea coast of Thailand. C. phuketensis sp. n. is described and fully illustrated; C. phuketensis sp. n. can be recognized by the presence of transverse sutures on pereonites 2–4, pereonite 7 having three transverse sutures forming a nodulose ridge, antennula peduncle with articles 1 and 2 fully fused; pleotelson dorsal surface with 2 sub-median longitudinal carinae, each of which has one prominent tubercle, lateral margins weakly convex, and posterior margin narrow and rounded; 6 molariform robust setae pereopod 1 on inferior margin of merus and the penial openings are two low tubercles. A dichotomous key to species of Cirolana in Thailand is given.
Simulation of the high temperature performance of InGaN multiple quantum well solar cells

This work presents TCAD simulation for InGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) solar cell at high temperature and high solar concentration that have recently been reported. A MQW device with 40 periods of In0.12Ga0. 88N/GaN quantum well stack is simulated. Simulation results are in close agreement with experimental I-V data measured up to 450 °C and under concentration of up to 300 suns. The impact of polarization charges at the nitride hetero-interface is also investigated. The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is simulated and compared with experimental data as well. A drop in IQE with increasing polarization screening factor is observed, which demonstrates that polarization effects reduce the carrier collection probability of this device structure.
Carbon Leakage – The First Mover Disadvantage: Australia's Trade‐Related Assistance Measures for Emissions‐Intensive, Trade‐Exposed Industries

As developed countries adopt climate change mitigation measures ahead of others, they fear ‘carbon leakage’: relocation of their emissions-intensive trade-exposed (EITE) industries to countries without climate regimes. The Australian Government will provide a percentage of emission allowances for free to eligible EITE industries under its emissions trading scheme. This article examines the compatibility of these measures with Australia's obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Ultimately, these measures are held likely to be consistent with World Trade Organization rules, proving that the ‘first mover’ disadvantage of carbon leakage can be overcome.
Telecare: Perspectives on the changing role of patients and citizens

We conducted a qualitative study in the UK to examine perspectives about telemedicine, telecare and e-health for the changing roles of patients and citizens. We believe there are important differences between these applications, but for simplicity, the term ‘telecare’ is used broadly here to include all three. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted between September 2002 and May 2004. Participants were 38 key informants from the UK, known to have involvement or interest in telecare: policy-makers, clinicians, technologists, health service managers, researchers and patient advocates. Interviews were conducted either in person or over the telephone, and were audio-recorded with participants’ consent. The most frequently cited priorities for patients included accessibility to services, locations of care and quality of care, with some respondents emphasizing the importance of choice for the patient (in terms of appointments and ways of accessing services). However, telecare has implications for patients that go beyond issues of access. A major problem is that ‘priorities’ are assumed rather than based on an empirical understanding; moreover, for individual patients, preferences for particular forms of service delivery are likely to represent trade-offs between multiple priorities. The findings of the present study confirm that concepts of the patient's rights and responsibilities are changing with the increasing use of new technologies to deliver health care.
On least fixed points of systems of positive polynomials

). Obviously, 1 = (1,.,1) is a solution for everySPrP. By Kleene’s theorem, every SPrP has a least nonnegative solution (called just least solution in what follows). SPrPsareimportantindifferentareasofthetheoryofstochasticprocessesandcomputationalmodels. Afundamentalresultof the theory of branching processes, with numerous applications in physics and biology (see e.g. [6, 1]), states that extinctionprobabilities of species are equal to the least solution of a SPrP. The same result has been recently shown for the probability ofterminationofcertainprobabilisticrecursiveprograms([5,4]). Theconsistencyofstochasticcontext-freegrammars,aproblemof interest in statistical natural language processing, also reduces to checking whether the least solution of a SPrP equals 1 (seee.g. [8]). We ﬁx an SPrP with function f and denote its least solution by µ