Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Principles and Standards for Measuring Primary Production

This volume will lay out the best methods for measuring net primary productivity (NPP) in ecological research. Primary productivity is the rate at which energy is stored in the organic matter of plants per unit area of the earth's surface. NPP is the beginning point of the carbon cycle, so our ability to accurately measure NPP is important. The book includes chapters for each of the critical biome types to offer special techniques that work best in each biome. For example, there are chapters that discuss grassland ecosystems, urban ecosystems, marine pelagic ecosystems, forest ecosystems, and salt marsh ecosystems, among others. All 26 LTER sites will be expected to collect and report data using these methods, but ecologists more generally should also find these methods useful and authoritative. Currently no standard methods or standards exist. Measuring NPP is fundamental to many ecosystem studies at thousands of sites, and having identified standards and methods would be extremely useful for comparing measurements among sites and for compiling a broad scale understanding of the environmental, biological, and nutrition controls on NPP. This book would resemble the Standard Soil Measurement volume in the LTER series in that it reaches well beyond any single LTER site to apply to any ecosystem. It should be rather more widely used than the soil measurements volume, in that measuring productivity is so fundamental to any ecological analyses as well as agronomy, forestry, fisheries, limnology and oceanography.
Kinematic Analysis of the Snatch Technique used by Japanese and International Female Weightlifters at the 2006 Junior World Championship

The purpose of the present study was to compare the snatch techniques of Japanese and international female weightlifters using kinematic analysis. Motion analysis of the snatch techniques conducted using videos recorded at the 2006 Women's Junior World Weightlifting Championship. The results indicated no significant differences between the snatch techniques of Japanese and international weightlifters in terms of the kinematic parameters expressed by the barbell trajectory and joint angles. However, the interval of time between the peak velocity of the hip joint and peak vertical velocity of the barbell was longer for Japanese weightlifters, while the power applied to the barbell was 35% greater for international weightlifters. These findings indicate that differences in strength and power production affected the performances of Japanese and international weightlifters.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Carotid Plaque Instability by Noninvasive Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: There is increasing evidence that plaque instability in the extracranial carotid artery may lead to an increased stroke risk independently of the degree of stenosis. We aimed to determine diagnostic accuracy of vulnerable and stable plaque using noninvasive imaging modalities when compared to histology in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Methods: Medline Ovid, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive imaging modalities (CT, MRI, US) in the detection of 1) vulnerable/stable plaque, and 2) vulnerable/stable plaque characteristics, compared to histology. The quality of included studies was assessed by QUADAS-2 and univariate and bivariate random-effect meta-analyses were performed. Results: We included 36 vulnerable and 5 stable plaque studies in the meta-analysis, and out of 211 plaque characteristics from remaining studies, we classified 169 as vulnerable and 42 as stable characteristics (28 CT, 120 MRI, 104 US characteristics). We found that MRI had high accuracy (90% [95% CI:82? 95%]) in the detection of vulnerable plaque, similar to CT (86% [95% CI:76? 92%]; p>0.05), whereas US showed less accuracy (80% [95% CI:75? 84%]; p=0.013). CT showed a high diagnostic accuracy to visualize characteristics of vulnerable or stable plaques (89% and 90%) similar to MRI (86% and 89%; p>0.05); however US had lower accuracy (77%, p<0.001 and 82%, p>0.05). Conclusions: CT and MRI have a similar, high performance to detect vulnerable carotid plaques, whereas US showed significantly less diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, MRI visualized all vulnerable plaque characteristics allowing for a better stroke risk assessment. Registration: PROSPERO ID CRD42022329690 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php? RecordID=329690)
The Geology of Snowdonia and Llŷn: an Outline and Field Guide

late W. E. Tr6ger. It is a useful, well-produced, resiliently bound compendium of mineralogical information that will be welcomed by Englishlanguage readers. Although the book emphasizes optical properties with the familiar crystal representations with schematic optical directions and graphs relating composition to optical variations, there is also a wealth of summarized information about density, crystal form, chemical reactions, petrological occurrences, principal d-spacings, etc. A magnificently produced colour chart shows accurately the birefringence colours up to o.2o. A number of criticisms must be made. In the tables the translators state that 'some "old" crystallographic settings have been retained for internal consistency with previous editions'--hardly a justifiable reason in a new edition. The confused problem of identifying Fe-free and ferrian zoisite is for example exacerbated by use of the old crystallographic setting. Many graphs relating solid solutions to composition have not been revised for so many years, despite much available new information, that the graphs have little value, e.g. melilites I95o and 195i, vesuvianite I95o, tourmaline I95I, nepheline i94 I, beryl i927. The chart relating 2V to composition in the orthopyroxenes repeats the error of distinguishing volcanic and plutonic samples despite this error being pointed out II years ago. Perhaps the best correlation graphs are those for the plagioclases which are based on Burri, Parker, and Wenk's comprehensive i967 survey, but the olivine and K-feldspar graphs are also modem. Correlations in the complex mica and amphibole groups are almost unusable because of overlapping optical properties in minerals of quite different chemistry. The question that increasingly looms before mineralogists and petrologists is the extent to which books of this type are now used other than to assist in the identification of minerals as distinct from determining their compositions. More and more the microprobe is used to give precise compositions with respect to all major elements instead of the crude approximations of composition at the best obtainable by optical determinations. The labour of refractive index determination and precise Universal stage work necessary to estimate compositions from optical properties is now rarely justified. The translators are to be commended for producing an accurate translation in good English of a book that will be a useful laboratory manual. Whether students will choose to purchase this book at s when there are so many other available mineralogical textbooks, many containing in addition systematic treatments of petrological and crystallochemical aspects, remains doubtful.
Parameterization of Sulfate Removal by Precipitation.

Abstract The concentration of sulfate in precipitation is predicted to be directly proportional to the sulfate concentration of the air ingested into the cloud and inversely proportional to cloud water concentration. In addition, for light to moderate precipitation rates, the removal of airborne sulfate by precipitation is forecast to be strongly dependent upon the mechanism of precipitation formation. If the precipitation is in the form of snow or originated as snow in the upper portions of the clouds, then the surface sulfate concentration of precipitation is proportional to R−0.3, where R is the precipitation rate. Should the precipitation form without the benefit of an initial ice growth stage, then the sulfate concentrations in precipitation water can increase by a factor of 2 to 10 or more over the ice-dependent predictions. Limited surface observations give support to these predictions. The analyses leading to the prediction of washout ratios are also used to forecast the mean oxidation rate of SO2.
Object‐oriented and textural image classification of the Siberia GBFM radar mosaic combined with MERIS imagery for continental scale land cover mapping

Boreal forests and wetlands play an important role in the climate system, in particular through biosphere–atmosphere flux exchanges. They are an important pool of carbon and their role as sink or source of greenhouse gases is not fully understood. Accurate mapping of the vegetation of Siberia can therefore contribute to a better understanding of these processes at regional scale and of their effects on the climate through regional biosphere modeling. The potential of the combination of radar data with medium‐resolution optical data to obtain regional‐scale land cover mapping is investigated using multi‐spectral imagery from the MERIS sensor at 300 m resolution and a high resolution radar mosaic (pixel spacing of 100 m) covering Western and Eastern Siberia compiled in the framework of the Global Boreal Forest Mapping project. For this purpose, capabilities of oriented‐object image analysis associated to wavelet multi‐resolution techniques are investigated. Results show that wavelet multi‐resolution textures bring relevant additional information for land cover classification. Suggestions are made for the implementation of an object‐based wavelet multi‐resolution texture estimator.
Synorogenic crustal fluid infiltration in the Idaho‐Montana Thrust Belt

Mississippian carbonates in the Sevier thrust belt in Idaho‐Montana show shifts in δ18OV‐SMOW, from marine carbonate values to as low as +11‰, which are best explained by exchange with externally‐derived, low‐δ18O fluids. Late‐stage, synkinematic calcite veins are depleted in 18O relative to the host‐rocks and earlier‐formed veins, many having δ18O of +5 to +10‰. These veins could have equilibrated with H2O with δ18O of −7.5 to +2.5‰, perhaps reflecting infiltration of the Sevier thrust wedge by nearshore meteoric waters to depths of ∼10 km. Calcite veins in the hangingwall and footwall of the Pioneer Metamorphic Core Complex, produced during later Paleogene extension, have δ18O of −8.7 to +1.4‰ consistent with equilibration with meteoric waters with δ18O as low as −14‰. Transition from a Cretaceous crustal fluid regime influenced by the nearby Western Interior Seaway to one influenced by lower‐δ18O, more inland meteoric waters is consistent with seaway retreat during thrust wedge emergence and Paleogene uplift and subaerial volcanism.
Crust‐mantle decoupling by flexure of continental lithosphere

Mechanical decoupling between the crust and upper mantle has been proposed as an explanation for anomalously low effective elastic thicknesses (<20 km) locally associated with thermally mature (∼1 Ga) continental lithosphere. The processes and consequences of crust-mantle decoupling are investigated with a fully dynamic elastic-viscous-plastic (EVP) finite element model of orogenic loading and foreland basin subsidence. The basic dependencies of continental flexure on lithospheric thermal state, crustal thickness, and load magnitude are determined and are characterized by the best fit elastic thickness for the simulated deflections. Additional variables such as loading rate, viscoelastic stress relaxation, the boundary condition at the underthrust edge of the plate, and the lithospheric rheology also influence the flexural signature, and these sensitivities are likewise defined by EVP simulations. Decoupling can result in substantial reductions in the effective elastic thickness-up to a factor of 2 for lithosphere with a thermal age of 1 Ga. Elastic-viscous-plastic models show that lower crustal weakening occurs by locally enhanced creep driven by high shear stresses in the middle lithosphere at the load margin. Crust-mantle decoupling in these models is fundamentally controlled by the temperature and the rheological contrast at the Moho. Previous studies of flexural decoupling have employed simplified multilayered elastic or elastic-plastic methods, the latter using a yield strength envelope with a prescribed strain rate and an assumption of complete slip at the Moho. However, lithospheric rheology is inherently stress and time dependent, with the deformation rate varying both spatially and temporally. Comparison of elastic-plastic solutions to the EVP simulations indicates that the former method is satisfactory for oceanic and coupled continental lithosphere but performs poorly with decoupled lithosphere. The EVP model is marginally successful at achieving effective elastic thicknesses <20 km for ∼1-Ga lithosphere; additional reductions in the thickness may be achieved by a more thorough treatment of the thermal evolution of underthrust continental lithosphere.
The Web Never Forgets: Persistent Tracking Mechanisms in the Wild

We present the first large-scale studies of three advanced web tracking mechanisms - canvas fingerprinting, evercookies and use of "cookie syncing" in conjunction with evercookies. Canvas fingerprinting, a recently developed form of browser fingerprinting, has not previously been reported in the wild; our results show that over 5% of the top 100,000 websites employ it. We then present the first automated study of evercookies and respawning and the discovery of a new evercookie vector, IndexedDB. Turning to cookie syncing, we present novel techniques for detection and analysing ID flows and we quantify the amplification of privacy-intrusive tracking practices due to cookie syncing. Our evaluation of the defensive techniques used by privacy-aware users finds that there exist subtle pitfalls --- such as failing to clear state on multiple browsers at once - in which a single lapse in judgement can shatter privacy defenses. This suggests that even sophisticated users face great difficulties in evading tracking techniques.
Physical and Numerical Coupling in Dual‐Continuum Modeling of Preferential Flow

Dual‐continuum models are useful for describing flow in porous systems with significant local pressure disequilibrium between slow moving water, contained in the porous matrix, and fast moving water in preferential pathways. The formation and intensity of preferential flow depends on the contrast between the hydraulic properties of the two flow domains as well as on the properties of their interface. In this study, we focused on both physical coupling of the flow domains through the mass transfer term and numerical coupling of the respective governing equations. The set of governing equations was alternatively solved using a sequentially coupled (SC) approach and a fully coupled (FC) approach. The SC approach was shown to be computationally more efficient for strongly developed preferential flow in systems with high interfacial resistance; however, it becomes numerically unstable for weak preferential flow associated with low interfacial resistance. The FC approach is a computationally more expensive yet numerically more robust alternative, capable of simulating a complete class of intermediate flow regimes ranging from strongly preferential flow in a dual‐continuum system to nonpreferential flow in a single‐continuum system. To illustrate the performance of the numerical coupling approaches in conjunction with the effect of different interfacial resistances, we present a simple example problem involving one‐dimensional near‐saturated flow in a vertical soil column.
Dormant state of rifting below the Byrd Subglacial Basin, West Antarctica, implied by magnetotelluric (MT) profiling

During the 1994–1995 austral summer field season, we collected twelve, high-quality MT soundings over the Byrd Subglacial Basin of central West Antarctica (82°36′S lat., 118°14′W long, approx.) in the period range 0.01 s to 400 s. Ten equispaced sites in a 54 km profile cross regional aeromagnetic trends and complement seismic reflection and refraction results collected by others. Our purposes were to prove such measurements were feasible over the 2 km thick interior ice sheet, and to show from deep electrical resistivity whether the Byrd Basin comprises an active rift environment. The difficult acquisition of electric field data on ice was overcome using a custom electrometer system, with preamplifiers located at the electrode sites to buffer the high contact impedances of the ice as close to the source as possible. Two-dimensional modeling of the profile shows that resistivity of the deep crust and upper mantle is about 2000–3000 ohm-m to 100 km depth or more. This is much higher than observed in active extensional regimes, suggesting that the current state of rifting, at least in this part of central West Antarctica, is dormant.
Chromatin loop organization of the junb locus in mouse dendritic cells

The junb gene behaves as an immediate early gene in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs), where its transient transcriptional activation is necessary for the induction of inflammatory cytokines. junb is a short gene and its transcriptional activation by LPS depends on the binding of NF-κB to an enhancer located just downstream of its 3′ UTR. Here, we have addressed the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional hyper-reactivity of junb. Using transfection and pharmacological assays to complement chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses addressing the localization of histones, polymerase II, negative elongation factor (NELF)-, DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF)- and Positive Transcription Factor b complexes, we demonstrate that junb is a RNA Pol II-paused gene where Pol II is loaded in the transcription start site domain but poorly active. Moreover, High salt-Recovered Sequence, chromosome conformation capture (3C)- and gene transfer experiments show that (i) junb is organized in a nuclear chromatin loop bringing into close spatial proximity the upstream promoter region and the downstream enhancer and (ii) this configuration permits immediate Pol II release on the junb body on binding of LPS-activated NF-κB to the enhancer. Thus, our work unveils a novel topological framework underlying fast junb transcriptional response in DCs. Moreover, it also points to a novel layer of complexity in the modes of action of NF-κB.
Triaxial tests on snow at low strain rate. Part I. Experimental device

Abstract A deformation-controlled triaxial apparatus has been developed in order to investigate the mechanical behaviour of alpine snow. Cylindrical specimens (58 mm in diameter, 126 mm in height) can be axially deformed by applying tensile or compressive strain rates between 2.4 × 10−7 s−1 and 2.4 × 10−2 s−1. Compressed air is used to laterally load the snow specimens with pressures of up to 40 k Pa.The volumetric deformation is found by carefully encapsulating the snow samples in an airtight Mylar foil and measuring the expelled pore air during sample deformation. The multidimensional stress–strain behaviour can therefore be determined, and constitutive theories of snow advanced. The device is located in the cold rooms of the Weissfluhjoch research station of the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research. Some 180 tests have been performed over the last four winters. The density of the snow specimens varied between 190 and 435 kg m−3. Part I of this two-part paper discusses the development of the apparatus and the applied testing methodology. Qualitative results are provided. In Part II, a detailed analysis of the results is presented and the viscoelastic properties of snow quantified.
Evidence for upper mantle anisotropy beneath southern Germany from Love and Rayleigh wave dispersion

We advance evidence for the existence of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath Southern Germany from the dispersion of Love and Rayleigh waves. The evidence is based upon a substantial Love-Rayleigh discrepancy observed between periods of 40 s and 120 s. An isotropic mantle model clearly fails to explain the observed dispersion curves. Systematic inversion experiments with transversely isotropic models show that anisotropy at depths between 70 km and 200 km is sufficient to explain the observed dispersion curves. Our data require neither anisotropy at greater depths nor anisotropy in the crust though we cannot exclude its presence there. A search for azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh wave propagation indicates a weak, but possibly insignifant azimuthal anisotropy of about 1% for periods less than 40 s with fast directions between 20 and 50 degrees east of north. At larger periods azimuthal anisotropy is less than 1% and the fast directions scatter considerably as period varies.
Origin of Pleistocene outwash plains in various topographic settings, southern Poland

The style of Pleistocene outwash sedimentation in the foreland of the central European Mountains (the Carpathians and Sudetes) was controlled to a large extent by the topography. The deposits of three outwash plains formed in various morphological situations in front of the Upper Odra Lobe during the Odranian glaciation (older Saalian) are described here to show the conditions of their development and to reveal the relation between outwash plain sedimentology and proglacial topography. One outwash plain was formed between the mountain front and the ice‐sheet margin, which advanced into the zone of fore‐mountain alluvial fans. This outwash, deposited parallel to the ice margin, was under the considerable influence of extraglacial rivers flowing from the mountains. The second outwash was deposited in a small valley dipping away from the ice sheet and successively buried by glaciofluvial sediments. It evolved from a narrow valley sandur to an unconfined outwash plain. The third one was formed in a relatively broad, dammed valley dipping towards the ice sheet, where proglacial lake base level controlled the pattern of outwash channels as well as the character of the sedimentation. The studied outwash plains have different sedimentary successions. Their sedimentary profiles differ from each other even in the neighbouring valleys, indicating that distinct depositional conditions existed at the same time in closely spaced areas. It is suggested that the glaciomarginal deposition was controlled mostly by the orientation of the valleys and the inter‐valley areas relative to the ice‐sheet front. Size and morphology of valleys and interfluves were also important. Depending on their orientation, the outwash plains were fed by meltwaters in various ways; the dip of their surfaces was markedly different and the dynamics of the proglacial river systems were diverse.
Parallel Corpora and Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation for New Language Pairs via Multiple Intermediaries

We present a large parallel corpus of texts published by the United Nations Organization, which we exploit for the creation ofphrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) systems for new language pairs. We present a setup where phrase tables for these language pairs are used for translation between languages for which parallel corpora of sufficient size are so far not available. We give some preliminary results for this novel application of SMT and discuss further refinements.