Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEEP SEISMIC SOUNDING OF THE EARTH'S CRUST IN THE AREA OF THE DINARIDES AND THE ADRIATIC SEA*

Deep seismic sounding was performed along two profiles which cross at the Dinarides area right angles. One of the profiles goes far into the Adriatic Sea. Besides considerations on the lithophysical conditions, characteristics of the registered waves are analysed. The amplitude curves and curves of amplitude ratios are shown. Special attention was paid to the frequency of the registered waves. In order to obtain a better knowledge of the registered wave pattern three-component recordings of waves were carried out. The analysis of the records obtained is given, with particular regard to the possibility of creating converted waves. The Earth's crust structure along the profiles II and III is given.
Origin of grain-coating chlorite by smectite transformation: an example from Miocene sandstones, North Sumatra back-arc basin, Indonesia

Abstract Grain-coating chlorite cements commonly occur within sandstones of late Middle and Upper Miocene age deposited in the North Sumatra back-arc basin. Chlorites from the Lower Keutapang Member contain Ca (maximum 0.75 wt% oxide) and show textural evidence for direct precipitation on grains. However, crystals are subhedral, showing curved faces and often ragged edges, and show a tendency to merge together. In overlying beds of the Upper Keutapang Member, grain-coating chlorite-smectite (20% smectite) cements display an identical morphology but are more siliceous, have a lower octahedral occupancy and contain higher total (Na + Ca + K). It is proposed that chlorite cements in the Keutapang Formation originated as smectite-rich cement rims whose initial precipitation was related to the breakdown of volcanic detritus in the sediments. Transformation to chlorite occurred subsequently during burial, facilitated by a high geothermal gradient in the back-arc basin.
The Hidden Impact of Cooperative Membership on Quality Management: A Case Study from the Dairy Belt of Addis Ababa

During the last decade Ethiopia has been witnessing a return to agricultural cooperatives as means to unleash the national agri-food market. Using primary bio-economic data from Ethiopia, this study evaluates the impact of cooperative membership on milk production, productivity, quality and safety. To do so we compare the performance of cooperative and individual milk farmers sampled from the dairy belt of Addis Ababa. We use both instrumental variable regression and propensity score matching methods to control for pre-existing differences between the two groups of farmers and isolate the “cooperative impact”. Findings are consistent across the two methods in suggesting that cooperative membership has a positive impact on milk production and productivity, no significant effect on milk hygiene and a negative impact on milk quality. The study concludes with implications for policy and for further research.
Development of an Antarctic digital elevation model by integrating cartographic and remotely sensed data: A geographic information system based approach

We present a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Antarctic. It was created in a geographic information system (GIS) environment by integrating the best available topographic data from a variety of sources. Extensive GIS-based error detection and correction operations ensured that our DEM is free of gross errors. The carefully designed interpolation algorithms for different types of source data and incorporation of surface morphologic information preserved and enhanced the fine surface structures present in the source data. The effective control of adverse edge effects and the use of the Hermite blending weight function in data merging minimized the discontinuities between different types of data, leading to a seamless and topographically consistent DEM throughout the Antarctic. This new DEM provides exceptional topographical details and represents a substantial improvement in horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy over the earlier, continental-scale renditions, particularly in mountainous and coastal regions. It has a horizontal resolution of 200 m over the rugged mountains, 400 m in the coastal regions, and approximately 5 km in the interior. The vertical accuracy of the DEM is estimated at about 100–130 m over the rugged mountainous area, better than 2 m for the ice shelves, better than 15 m for the interior ice sheet, and about 35 m for the steeper ice sheet perimeter. The Antarctic DEM can be obtained from the authors.
The Global Burden of Air Pollution on Mortality : The Need to Include Exposure to Household Biomass Fuel – Derived Particulates

Anenberg et al. (2010) demonstrated that global mortality associated with outdoor ozone and particulate matter (PM) exposure has been under estimated and that anthropogenic atmospheric PM rather than ozone is the main contributor to death. Although we acknowledge that their investigation was concerned with outdoor air pollution alone, we feel that attention should be drawn to the burden of disease from household air pollution. Half the world’s population is exposed to fine PM [< 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] in their own homes as a consequence of using biomass fuels such as wood, charcoal, and animal/crop residues for cooking, lighting, and heating. Such exposure is prolonged, extensive, and overlooked by examination of atmospheric models alone (Torres-Duque et al. 2008). Combustion of biomass fuels has been repeatedly demonstrated to produce high concentrations of domestic air pollution, with PM2.5 exposures extending in to the milligram per cubic meter range, orders of magnitude above concentrations from exposure to anthropogenic particulate pollution outdoors (Regalado et al. 2006). Rural populations, and women in particular, are likely to have particularly high indoor exposures because of the extended time spent on cooking and household activity (Mestl et al. 2007). Anenberg et al. (2010) used exposure– response functions derived from epidemiological studies of outdoor air, which emphasize cardio pulmonary mortality in older cohorts. Household air pollution from biomass fuel combustion contributes to chronic respiratory disease and cardio respiratory events. However, it is particularly implicated in pneumonia in young children (Dherani et al. 2008) and has been ranked the 11th most important risk factor in global mortality, predominantly because of the association with infection (Ezzati et al. 2004). These early deaths would contribute considerably to the estimate of years of life lost due to PM. We agree with Anenberg et al. (2010) that anthropogenic PM is an important global cause of premature death. However, outdoor levels report only part of the picture and may significantly under estimate the total PM-related mortality burden. Recent work (Pope et al. 2009) has brought together data on exposure–response functions for outdoor air pollution and cigarette smoking, and there is a need for additional similar work to integrate studies on indoor biomass combustion (Ezzati et al. 2000). These studies would help clarify the exposure–response function of household air pollution as well as assist in the important process of identifying the most cost-efficient means of reducing exposure among the 3 billion people who bear the health burden from high particulate concentrations at home. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.
Population Movement and Vector-Borne Disease Transmission: Differentiating Spatial–Temporal Diffusion Patterns of Commuting and Noncommuting Dengue Cases

Commuters who acquire dengue infections could be an important route for the transmission of the virus from their homes to workplaces. Understanding the effects of routine human movement on dengue transmission can be helpful in identifying high-risk areas for effective intervention. This study investigated the effects of local environmental and demographic characteristics to clarify the role of the daily commute in dengue transmission. We analyzed the clustering patterns of space–time distances between commuting and noncommuting dengue cases from June 2007 to January 2008 in Tainan City, Taiwan. We also analyzed the network topology of space–time distances to identify possible key individuals and conducted time-to-event analysis for geographic diffusion through commuting versus noncommuting dengue cases. Our significant findings indicate that most of the space–time distances of noncommuting cases clustered within 100 m and one week, whereas commuting cases clustered within 2 to 4 km and one to five weeks. Analysis of the temporality of the geographical diffusion by villages showed that commuting cases diffuse more rapidly across villages than noncommuting cases in the late epidemic period. The role of commuting was identified as a significant risk factor contributing to epidemic diffusion (hazard ratio: 3.08, p value < 0.05). Local neighborhood characteristics (number of vacant grounds and empty houses) are independent facilitating factors for diffusion through both noncommuting cases and commuting cases (hazard ratio: 1.035 and 1.022, respectively, both p < 0.05). Higher population density is a significant risk factor only for diffusion through commuters (hazard ratio: 1.174). In summary, noncommuters, mostly elderly adults and housewives, might initiate local outbreaks, whereas commuters carrying the virus to geographically distant areas cause large-scale epidemics.
Long-Term Validation of Wave Height Measurements from Altimeters

Since July 1991, six altimeter missions have been launched successfully, and they have provided almost continuous wave height measurements for more than 12 years. Long-term series of wave height measurements are of major interest for climatology and oceanic wave modeling. Before using such data, the measurements have to be validated, and the homogeneity of the data from various satellites has to be checked. Significant wave height measurements from ERS, TOPEX/Poseidon, GEOSAT Follow-on, Jason-1 and ENVISAT altimeters are validated using cross-altimeter and buoy comparisons. Emphasis is put on the two recent missions Jason-1 and ENVISAT. Corrections for biases and trends are proposed for the six altimeters, allowing the generation of consistent and homogeneous data. Tests of these corrections are performed over global ocean simple statistics.
Climatic tolerances and zoogeography of the late Pleistocene beetle fauna of Beringia

The study of fossil beetles has played an important role in the reconstruction of Beringian paleoenvironments. More than 25 fossil localities have yielded Late Pleistocene beetle assemblages, comprising more than 300 species, of which about 147 are predators and scavengers, groups which are suitable for paleoclimatic reconstruction. The author has developed climate envelopes (climatic parameters characterizing the modern localities in which species are found) for these species, in order to perform mutual climatic range pale- otemperature studies. This paper describes the thermal requirements of these beetles, and their zoogeographic history since the interval just prior to the last interglacial period. The fossil assemblages include 14 arctic and alpine species, 66 boreo-arctic species, and 68 boreal and temperate species. The greatest percentage of species with restricted thermal requirements occurs in the arctic and alpine group. The majority of boreo-arctic and boreal and temperate species have very broad thermal requirements. Based on modern distribution and the North American fossil record, it appears that some species resided exclusively in Beringia during the Late Pleistocene. These Beringian species comprise 64 % of the arctic and alpine species found in the fossil assemblages, 34 % of the boreo-arctic species, and only 1 % of the boreal and temperate species.
Monthly Variability of Mixed Layer over Arabian Sea Using ARGO Data

The mixed layer depths over the Arabian Sea were computed for the three successive years 2004–2006 using ARGO floats data. The large availability of ARGO floats for the above period resulted in better estimation of mixed layer depth (MLD) over the Arabian Sea. The results were compared with World Ocean Atlas 1994 MLD Climatology. Marked variability in MLD on a monthly time scale is observed and it was in accordance with the wind stress and/or net heat gain variability, which are the principal factors influencing mixed layer over Arabian Sea. With the availability of large number of ARGO profile data, an attempt is made to study the monthly variability of Mixed Layer.
Uncertainty analysis of the influence of rainfall time resolution in the modelling of urban drainage systems

In urban drainage modelling, rainfall temporal variability can be considered as one of the most critical knowledge elements when dealing with rainfall–runoff models input data. The rainfall data temporal resolution usually available for practical applications is often lower than that requested for the rainfall–runoff simulation in urban areas, greatly compromising model accuracy. The present paper evaluates the influence of rainfall temporal resolution on the uncertainty of the response of rainfall–runoff modelling in urban environments.
Enhanced brightness of quantum emitters via in situ coupling to the dielectric microsphere

Achieving higher brightness of a single-photon emitter (SPE) is central for advanced applications from quantum information processing to quantum sensing. However, most approaches of integrating quantum emitters and photonic resonators require accurately localizing the emitter into a photonic structure, which is a challenge. Here, we report using dielectric microspheres for laser focusing to create SPEs in hexagonal boron nitride and in situ enhance the emission via photonic coupling between the SPE and the dielectric microspheres. The photoluminescence intensity is increased by 2.4-fold, achieving a high brightness SPE with a saturation intensity of up to 19.6 Mcounts s−1. This approach provides a feasible way to generate a high-performance SPE while simultaneously enabling precise coupling of the quantum light source and optical resonators.
Boundary layer isentropic and kinematic trajectories during the August 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment Intensive

Four per day backward trajectories were computed from Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia, for the month of August 1993 using two different three-dimensional approaches: diagnostic vertical velocity fields (kinematic) and an isentropic assumption. Essentially, 90% of all the kinematic-isentropic trajectory pairs were displaced within ±75 hPa of each other and differed in the horizontal by about 10% of the travel distance. The greatest vertical displacement differences occurred with flow from the northwest and only three time periods were associated with the greatest displacements; a cyclonic system was to the north of the trajectory starting location in each case. Precipitation was associated with two of these events. A moist isentropic departure was computed for both kinematic and isentropic cases and departures were typically about 5°K. Comparison of CO measurements and upwind trajectories suggested by temporal groupings of trajectories were consistent with transport from major urban areas. However, the peak measured CO values seemed to occur more frequently with flow transition periods, when trajectory uncertainty is the greatest.
Exsolution of ilmenite and Cr-Ti magnetite from olivine of garnet-wehrlite

Exsolution of rod-like ilmenite (Ilm) and Cr-Ti magnetite (Mt) have been found in olivine of garnet-wehrlite from the core of Chinese Continental Sciences Drilling (CCSD). Their composition, morphology, crystal structure and their topotaxies with host olivine have been studied in detail by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron probe microanalyis (EPMA) technique. It shows that rod-like Ilm exsolution reported in this paper has similar characteristic with that of Alpe Arami olivine, while Cr-Ti magnetite exsolution mentioned in this paper has large discrepancy with chromite exsolution in Alpe Arami olivine. These observations suggest that both of the exsolutions found in this paper should be solid solution phases in â-olivine at their first period, then experiencing decomposition of solid solution and therefore forming Ilm and Cr-Ti magnetite exsolution with the pressure decreasing. So, this garnet-wehrlite perhaps had been ever located in mantle transition zone with a minimum depth of 300 km.
Factors associated with suicidal attempts in female patients with mood disorder

Aim This study aims to establish a nomogram model to predict the relevance of SA in Chinese female patients with mood disorder (MD). Method The study included 396 female participants who were diagnosed with MD Diagnostic Group (F30–F39) according to the 10th Edition of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Assessing the differences of demographic information and clinical characteristics between the two groups. LASSO Logistic Regression Analyses was used to identify the risk factors of SA. A nomogram was further used to construct a prediction model. Bootstrap re-sampling was used to internally validate the final model. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and C-index was also used to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction model. Result LASSO regression analysis showed that five factors led to the occurrence of suicidality, including BMI (β = −0.02, SE = 0.02), social dysfunction (β = 1.72, SE = 0.24), time interval between first onset and first dose (β = 0.03, SE = 0.01), polarity at onset (β = −1.13, SE = 0.25), and times of hospitalization (β = −0.11, SE = 0.06). We assessed the ability of the nomogram model to recognize suicidality, with good results (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.71–0.80). Indicating that the nomogram had a good consistency (C-index: 0.756, 95% CI: 0.750–0.758). The C-index of bootstrap resampling with 100 replicates for internal validation was 0.740, which further demonstrated the excellent calibration of predicted and observed risks. Conclusion Five factors, namely BMI, social dysfunction, time interval between first onset and first dose, polarity at onset, and times of hospitalization, were found to be significantly associated with the development of suicidality in patients with MD. By incorporating these factors into a nomogram model, we can accurately predict the risk of suicide in MD patients. It is crucial to closely monitor clinical factors from the beginning and throughout the course of MD in order to prevent suicide attempts.
Catchments as simple dynamical systems: Catchment characterization, rainfall‐runoff modeling, and doing hydrology backward

Water fluxes in catchments are controlled by physical processes and material properties that are complex, heterogeneous, and poorly characterized by direct measurement. As a result, parsimonious theories of catchment hydrology remain elusive. Here I describe how one class of catchments (those in which discharge is determined by the volume of water in storage) can be characterized as simple first‐order nonlinear dynamical systems, and I show that the form of their governing equations can be inferred directly from measurements of streamflow fluctuations. I illustrate this approach using data from the headwaters of the Severn and Wye rivers at Plynlimon in mid‐Wales. This approach leads to quantitative estimates of catchment dynamic storage, recession time scales, and sensitivity to antecedent moisture, suggesting that it is useful for catchment characterization. It also yields a first‐order nonlinear differential equation that can be used to directly simulate the streamflow hydrograph from precipitation and evapotranspiration time series. This single‐equation rainfall‐runoff model predicts streamflow at Plynlimon as accurately as other models that are much more highly parameterized. It can also be analytically inverted; thus, it can be used to “do hydrology backward,” that is, to infer time series of whole‐catchment precipitation directly from fluctuations in streamflow. At Plynlimon, precipitation rates inferred from streamflow fluctuations agree with rain gauge measurements as closely as two rain gauges in each catchment agree with each other. These inferred precipitation rates are not calibrated to precipitation measurements in any way, making them a strong test of the underlying theory. The same approach can be used to estimate whole‐catchment evapotranspiration rates during rainless periods. At Plynlimon, evapotranspiration rates inferred from streamflow fluctuations exhibit seasonal and diurnal cycles that agree semiquantitatively with Penman‐Monteith estimates. Thus, streamflow hydrographs may be useful for reconstructing precipitation and evapotranspiration records where direct measurements are unavailable, unreliable, or unrepresentative at the scale of the landscape.
Anti-PT-Symmetric Optical Gyroscope at the Transmission Peak Degeneracy With Enhanced Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Non-Hermitian sensors have been widely studied for the enhanced response of their eigenvalues in the proximity of exceptional points. However, it has been shown that noise is enhanced in the same way as sensitivity, thus vanishing the advantages of the exceptional point. Recently, the idea of measuring the frequency splitting of transmission peaks of a non-lasing PT-symmetric sensor has shown the possibility of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of a sensor close to the so called “transmission peak degeneracy”, with respect to an operating condition away from it. Here we analyze a non-Hermitian optical gyroscope, demonstrating that also anti-PT-symmetric Hamiltonians show an enhanced transmission peaks frequency splitting in the proximity of the transmission peak degeneracy. We also perform an analysis on noise and uncertainties and introduce new figures of merit to compare the proposed anti-PT-symmetric sensor with a classical resonant optical gyroscope. When the uncertainties due to fluctuations of parameters are negligible with respect to the uncertainties due to amplitude noise, the non-Hermitian sensor working at the transmission peak degeneracy is demonstrated to operate better than a classical resonant gyroscope in terms of signal-to-noise ratio.
Laboratory measurements of radar backscatter from bare and snow-covered saline ice sheets

Abstract We performed experiments to collect radar backscatter data at Ku (13.4GHz) and C bands (5.3GHz) over simulated sea ice at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) during the 1990 and 1992 winter seasons. These experiments were conducted over bare saline ice grown in an indoor tank and an outdoor pond facility. The radar data were calibrated using a complex vector calibration scheme to reduce systematic effects. In conjunction with the radar measurements we measured ice physical properties These measurements demonstrate that the dominant backscatter mechanism for bare saline ice is surface scattering. Both the copolarized and cross-polarized measurements compare favourably with the predictions of surface scattering models at two frequencies During the 1992 indoor tank experiment we applied four successive layers of snow (about 2.5 cm each) to the saline ice sheet after the ice thickness had reached about 12 cm. The backscatter at normal incidence dropped by l5dB and t.