Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Repeated alcohol administration during adolescence causes changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems and promotes alcohol intake in the adult rat

Adolescence is a developmental period which the risk of drug and alcohol abuse increases. Since mesolimbic dopaminergic system undergoes developmental changes during adolescence, and this system is involved in rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, we addressed the hypothesis that ethanol exposure during juvenile/adolescent period over‐activates mesolimbic dopaminergic system inducing adaptations which can trigger long‐term enduring behavioural effects of alcohol abuse. We treated juvenile/adolescent or adult rats with ethanol (3 g/kg) for two‐consecutive days at 48‐h intervals over 14‐day period. Here we show that intermittent ethanol treatment during the juvenile/adolescence period alters subsequent ethanol intake. In vivo microdialysis demonstrates that ethanol elicits a similar prolonged dopamine response in the nucleus accumbens of both adolescent and adult animals pre‐treated with multiple doses of ethanol, although the basal dopamine levels were higher in ethanol‐treated adolescents than in adult‐treated animals. Repeated ethanol administration also down‐regulates the expression of DRD2 and NMDAR2B phosphorylation in prefrontal cortex of adolescent animals, but not of adult rats. Finally, ethanol treatment during adolescence changes the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum, suggesting chromatin remodelling changes. In summary, our findings demonstrate the sensitivity of adolescent brain to ethanol effects on dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and suggest that abnormal plasticity in reward‐related processes and epigenetic mechanisms could contribute to the vulnerability of adolescents to alcohol addiction.
Differentially Expressed Gene Identification Based on Separability Index

The identification of differentially expressed genes is central to microarray data analysis. Presented in this paper is an approach to differentially expressed gene identification based on a Separability Index (SI). Features are selected by identifying the optimal number of top ranking genes which result in maximum class separability. The approach was implemented on a training dataset comprising 400 samples from three types of cancers: colon, breast and lung cancer. The top 4222 genes resulted in a maximum separability of 91%. These genes were then used to classify a testing dataset comprising 250 samples, using a K-nearest neighbour (K-NN) classifier, achieving an accuracy of 92%. This outperformed a K-NN classifier trained on features selected based on p ≪ 1:8311 x 10^-7 (Bonferroni corrected p-value cut-off criterion of p ≪ 0:01), which achieved an accuracy of 89.6%. The performance is attributed to the non-arbitrary nature of the maximum SI selection criterion, which is an inherent property of the data, as opposed to the arbitrary assignment of a p-value cut-off. Hierarchical clustering was used to identify clusters of genes, amongst the 4222 genes, with similar expression patterns for each of the three cancers. These clusters were then examined for functional enrichment and significant biological pathways, which were identified for all three cancer types.
Did Criminal Activity Increase During the 1980s? Comparisons Across Data Sources

There is a widely held belief that the level of serious criminal activity increased during the 1980s. particularly among the urban underclass, This increase has been mentioned as both a cause and consequence of the increasingly poor labor market prospects of less skilled workers. Significant increases in both Federal and State incarceration rates would seem to support this view. However. data from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) suggests only a mild increase in crime over this period, while the National Crime Survey (NCS) actually depicts lower levels of criminal activity. This paper carefully analyzes data from all three sources in an attempt to understand the nature of the series and to come to an informed opinion regarding the apparent differences in their trends. What we discover is that the large increase in the incarceration rate is attributable primarily to an increase in the likelihood of incarceration given arrest. During the latter part of the 1980s a dramatic increase in the number of arrests and incarcerations for drug law violations also played an important role. The increase in drug related activity was not registered by either the UCR or NCS because neither series measures the incidence of victimless crime.
MiR-138 suppresses expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma 786-O cells.

OBJECTIVES Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1a) is widely considered to be one of the key regulators in cancer cells. Here, we investigated a microRNA regulating expression of HIF-1a and explored its functions in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS Western blot and reporter assays were used to assess HIF-1a as a direct target of miR-138. The effects of miR-138 or si-HIF-1a on ccRCC 786-O cells were also estimated by apoptosis analysis and cell migration assay. RESULTS The data showed HIF-1a to be one target of miR-138. Futhermore, inhibition of the expression of HIF-1a with specific siRNA or miR-138 could increase apoptosis and reduce the migration of 786-O cells. CONCLUSIONS miR-138 could inhibit the expression of HIF-1a and regulate the apoptosis and migration of ccRCC cells.
Positive Feedback Between PU.1 and the Cell Cycle Controls Myeloid Differentiation

A Different Cycle for Differentiation The regulated expression of transcription factors determines cell fate decisions during cell differentiation. The transcription factor PU.1 is an important determinant in the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors to lymphocytes or myeloid cells, where high expression induces macrophage differentiation, whereas low expression leads to the development of B lymphocytes. How PU.1 expression levels are regulated during this cell fate choice, however, is not well understood. Kueh et al. (p. 670, published online 18 July) found that in mice, reduced transcription of PU.1 led to its reduced expression in developing B lymphocytes, whereas in macrophages, PU.1 was able to accumulate stably because of a lengthening of the cell cycle. Exogenous expression of PU.1 in progenitors supported cell cycle lengthening and macrophage differentiation, and mathematical modeling suggested that such a feedback loop could maintain a slow-dividing macrophage developmental state. Regulation of cell cycle length is a feedback mechanism that controls cell fate decisions in developing macrophages. Regulatory gene circuits with positive-feedback loops control stem cell differentiation, but several mechanisms can contribute to positive feedback. Here, we dissect feedback mechanisms through which the transcription factor PU.1 controls lymphoid and myeloid differentiation. Quantitative live-cell imaging revealed that developing B cells decrease PU.1 levels by reducing PU.1 transcription, whereas developing macrophages increase PU.1 levels by lengthening their cell cycles, which causes stable PU.1 accumulation. Exogenous PU.1 expression in progenitors increases endogenous PU.1 levels by inducing cell cycle lengthening, implying positive feedback between a regulatory factor and the cell cycle. Mathematical modeling showed that this cell cycle–coupled feedback architecture effectively stabilizes a slow-dividing differentiated state. These results show that cell cycle duration functions as an integral part of a positive autoregulatory circuit to control cell fate.
A state-prediction-based control strategy for UAVs in Cyber-Physical Systems

Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs) are crucial for Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS). No collisions should be ensured between each other when executing a complex task. This paper proposes a state-prediction-based trajectory control strategy for UAVs. We first introduce the concept of “space-time protection volume” under the constraint of the number of needed vehicles and the scope of the task space. The prediction model of hierarchical flight and collision probability is established. Based on the safety threshold, the flight strategy is given under the different condition through calculating the collision probability. Besides, in the communication condition of formation flight of UAVs, we further put forward the compensation method based on Kalman state estimation according to the communication noise caused by the bias of the information state. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme enhances the anti-noise ability of UAVs and effectively reduces the collision probability.
Cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients taking antipsychotic drugs: cohort study using administrative data

Abstract Objective: To examine the rates of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with treated schizophrenia and in non-schizophrenic controls. Design: Cohort study of outpatients using administrative data. Setting: 3 US Medicaid programmes. Participants: Patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine, haloperidol, risperidone, or thioridazine; a control group of patients with glaucoma; and a control group of patients with psoriasis. Main outcome measure: Diagnosis of cardiac arrest or ventricular arrhythmia. Results: Patients with treated schizophrenia had higher rates of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia than controls, with rate ratios ranging from 1.7 to 3.2. Overall, thioridazine was not associated with an increased risk compared with haloperidol (rate ratio 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.2). However, thioridazine showed an increased risk of events at doses 600 mg (2.6, 1.0 to 6.6; P=0.049) and a linear dose-response relation (P=0.038). Conclusions: The increased risk of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with treated schizophrenia could be due to the disease or its treatment. Overall, the risk with thioridazine was no worse than that with haloperidol. Thioridazine may, however, have a higher risk at high doses, although this finding could be due to chance. To reduce cardiac risk, thioridazine should be prescribed at the lowest dose needed to obtain an optimal therapeutic effect. What is already known on this topic Thioridazine seems to prolong the electrocardiographic QT interval more than haloperidol Although QT prolongation is used as a marker of arrhythmogenicity, it is unknown whether thioridazine is any worse than haloperidol with regard to cardiac safety What this study adds Patients taking antipsychotic drugs had higher risks of cardiac events than control patients with glaucoma or psoriasis Overall, the risk of cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia was not higher with thioridazine than haloperidol Thioridazine may carry a greater risk than haloperidol at high doses Patients should be treated with the lowest dose of thioridazine needed to treat their symptoms
Subsymbolic natural language processing - an integrated model of scripts, lexicon, and memory

Risto Miikkulainen draws on recent connectionist work in language comprehension to create a model that can understand natural language. Using the DISCERN system as an example, he describes a general approach to building high-level cognitive models from distributed neural networks and shows how the special properties of such networks are useful in modeling human performance. In this approach connectionist networks are not only plausible models of isolated cognitive phenomena, but also sufficient constituents for complete artificial intelligence systems.Distributed neural networks have been very successful in modeling isolated cognitive phenomena, but complex high-level behavior has been tractable only with symbolic artificial intelligence techniques. Aiming to bridge this gap, Miikkulainen describes DISCERN, a complete natural language processing system implemented entirely at the subsymbolic level. In DISCERN, distributed neural network models of parsing, generating, reasoning, lexical processing, and episodic memory are integrated into a single system that learns to read, paraphrase, and answer questions about stereotypical narratives.Miikkulainen's work, which includes a comprehensive survey of the connectionist literature related to natural language processing, will prove especially valuable to researchers interested in practical techniques for high-level representation, inferencing, memory modeling, and modular connectionist architectures. Risto Miikkulainen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin.
Psychophysiological investigations of mental and emotional strain in computer interaction: Laboratory and field studies

Inadequate temporal structures of human computer interaction such as system response times have been regarded as important stressors since the introduction of time sharing systems. Though computers have become incredibly faster now, problems of adequately structuring time sequences in computer aided occupations persist, for example where true parallel processing is available to circumvent temporal delay in work flow resulting from time consuming calculation procedures. A series of studies performed in our laboratory with simulated computer workplaces have consistently distinguished two types of stress by means of psychophysiological recording. Mental stress resulting from work density and from being rushed has its main impact on the cazdiovascular system, while emotional stress resulting from time pressure together with inadequate temporal structures in human computer interaction mainly increases spontaneous electrodermal activity. Currently, both laboratory and field studies aze performed to validate this psychophysiological approach as a method to differentially investigate stress in new occupations. The goal is not only to objectively quantify early indications of stress but also make predictions of its long term consequences for occupational health such as the development of work related psychosomatic disorders.
Effect of different treatment plans on irradiated small-bowel volume in gynecologic patients undergoing whole-pelvic irradiation

To evaluate the effect of different treatment plans for whole-pelvic irradiation on small-bowel volumes (SBVs) in patients with gynecologic malignancies, 40 patients were enrolled in this study. Computed tomography (CT) simulations were performed, and the small bowel of each patient was outlined manually. Treatment plans with equal-weighted (EW) and non-equal-weighted (NEW) (70% in bilateral directions) techniques of four-field and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were performed. The V10–V100 represented the volume (cm3) at different levels of the prescribed doses (10–100%). The V10–V100 was compared among the different treatment planning techniques, and patients who were suitable for IMRT or NEW were identified. IMRT and NEW significantly reduced the V50–V100 and V40–V60 levels compared with EW, respectively. NEW caused a significant reduction in the V30–V60 levels in patients with a BMI ≥26 kg/m2. Patients with IMRT demonstrated lower V70–V100 levels compared with those with NEW. In patients with a BMI ≥26 kg/m2 or an age ≥55 years, lower V20–V50 levels were noted using NEW compared with IMRT. Treatment planning with larger weighting in the bilateral directions in four-field radiotherapy reduces the low-dose SBV in patients with gynecologic malignancies, especially in those with a high BMI or the elderly. IMRT effectively reduces high-dose SBV, especially in patients with a low BMI.
ABT-510 Is an Effective Chemopreventive Agent in the Mouse 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide Model of Oral Carcinogenesis

Despite numerous advances, the 5-year survival rate for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has remained largely unchanged. This poor outcome is due to several variables, including the development of multiple primary tumors. Therefore, it is essential to supplement early detection with preventive strategies. Using the 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) mouse model, we sought to define an appropriate dose and duration of administration that would predict the histologic timeline of HNSCC progression. Additionally, we sought to determine the timing of the onset of the angiogenic phenotype. Finally, using ABT-510 as a proof-of-principle drug, we tested the hypothesis that inhibitors of angiogenesis can slow/delay the development of HNSCC. We determined that 8 weeks of 100 μg/mL 4-NQO in the drinking water was the optimal dosage and duration to cause a sufficient incidence of hyperkeratoses, dysplasias, and HNSCC over a period of 32 weeks with minimal morbidity and mortality. Increased microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hyperkeratotic lesions provided evidence that the initiation of the angiogenic phenotype occurred before the development of dysplasia. Importantly, ABT-510 significantly decreased the overall incidence of HNSCC from 37.3% to 20.3% (P = 0.021) as well as the combined incidence of dysplasia and HNSCC from 82.7% to 50.6% (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that our refinement of the 4-NQO model allows for the investigation of the histologic, molecular, and biological alterations that occur during the premalignant phase of HNSCC. In addition, these data support the hypothesis that inhibitors of angiogenesis may be promising chemopreventive agents.
Growth, Investment and Productivity in Papua New Guinea

This paper examines Papua New Guinea’s economic growth record within a simple growth ccounting framework. The analysis shows that reductions in growth are mostly accounted for by a significant slowdown in capital inputs and lower total factor productivity growth. On average, no productivity improvements in labour have been recorded since independence. With an investment to GDP ratio of only 13 per cent during the past decade, significantly higher productivity growth and investment will be needed to sustain GDP growth rates at 5 per cent or higher. The historical performance also indicates that, in the absence of structural reforms and stronger institutions,higher rates of productivity growth will be hard to achieve.
Further evidence for early lunar magnetism from troctolite 76535

The earliest history of the lunar dynamo is largely unknown and has important implications for the thermal state of the Moon and the physics of dynamo generation. The lunar sample with the oldest known paleomagnetic record is the 4.25 billion year old (Ga) troctolite 76535. Previous studies of unoriented subsamples of 76535 found evidence for a dynamo field with a paleointensity of several tens of microteslas. However, the lack of mutual subsample orientation prevented a demonstration that the magnetization was unidirectional, a key property of thermoremanent magnetization. Here we report further alternating field demagnetization on three mutually oriented subsamples of 76535, as well as new pressure remanent magnetization experiments to help rule out shock magnetization. We also describe new 40Ar/39Ar thermochronometry and cosmogenic neon measurements that better constrain the rock's thermal history. Although the rock is unbrecciated, unshocked, and slowly cooled, its demagnetization behavior is not ideal due to spurious remanence acquisition. Despite this limitation, all three subsamples record a high coercivity magnetization oriented in nearly the same direction, implying that they were magnetized by a unidirectional field on the Moon. We find no evidence for shock remanence, and our thermochronometry calculations show no significant reheating events since 4249 ± 12 million years ago (Ma). We infer a field paleointensity of approximately 20–40 μT, supporting the previous conclusion that a lunar dynamo existed at 4.25 Ga. The timing of this field supports an early dynamo powered by thermal or thermochemical core convection and/or a mechanical dynamo but marginally excludes a dynamo delayed by thermal blanketing from radiogenic element‐rich magma ocean cumulates.
The Prevention of Head Injuries

PREVENTION suggests infectious disease and one way by which the importance of accidents as a cause of death may be highlighted is to compare the changing relationship over the years between the mortality rates of accidents and infectious diseases. Gissane (I962) pointed out that in 1946 deaths in England and Wales due to infectious diseases were twice those due to accidents but by 1956 the roles were reversed, deaths from infectious diseases then being half those due to accidents. There are many reasons for this but accident deaths have risen steadily and in i960 totalled 17,720, of which road accidents were responsible for 40%; whereas deaths from infectious diseases in that year had fallen to 5,500. No wonder that he refers to accidents as the major epidemiological revolution that has taken place in this country. The reason for concentrating on head injuries and their prevention lies partly in the role they play in the mortality rate from accidents. Thus 6o% of all road accident deaths are associated with head injury. Of fatal motor vehicle accidents ovcr half are due to head injury and the figure among motor cyclists is even higher, between 8o to go0%. In accidents as a whole, at least one-third of all road accidents requiring admission to hospital do so on grounds of head injury. It is immediately clear therefore, that any measures which can prevent a head injury occurring or which will mitigate its effects can have the most profound influence in reducing the accident mortality as a whole. What groups of people are most liable to head injury? Of I,000 consecutive head injuries admitted to hospital (Table I) it will be seen that roughly two-thirds came from road accidents. The high incidence of pedal cycle accidents betrays a University city, but it is particularly important to note the high number of motor cycle accidents, accounting for nearly a quarter of the total. Considering the small number of motor cycles on the road compared with cars, and the greater numbers of pedal cyclists and pedestrians, the
Cloud Computing for Agricultural Information Management in India

1 Asst. Professor in Computer Science, Dr. PDKV, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. 2 Librarian, Dr. PDKV, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Use of Cloud computing technology in agricultural sector has greater opportunity in the overall development of India. An effective implementation of cloud computing is encouraging in agricultural sector. Cloud Computing is emerging today as a commercial infrastructure that eliminates the need for maintaining expensive computing hardware, software, IT staff, infrastructure, recourses and their maintenance. Through the use of virtualization, clouds promise to address with the same shared set of physical resources a large user base with different needs. Cloud storage enables users to remotely store their data and enjoy the on-demand high quality cloud applications without the burden of local hardware and software management. Though the benefits are clear, such a service is also relinquishing users’ physical possession of their outsourced data, which inevitably poses new security risks towards the correctness of the data in cloud. The proposed design allows users to edit the cloud storage with very lightweight communication and computation cost. The editing result not only ensures strong cloud storage correctness guarantee, but also simultaneously achieves fast data error localization, i.e., the identification of misbehaving server.