Hypermucoviscosity Regulator RmpD Interacts with Wzc and Controls Capsular Polysaccharide Chain Length

Infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae continue to be a global public health threat; the treatment of these infections is complicated by the high frequency of multidrug resistance. K. pneumoniae produces a polysaccharide capsule required for virulence. Hypervirulent isolates also have a hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype that increases virulence, and we recently demonstrated that a horizontally acquired gene, rmpD, is required for HMV and hypervirulence but that the identity of the polymeric product(s) in HMV isolates is uncertain. ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and urinary tract infections. Treatment options are increasingly restricted by the high prevalence of resistance to frontline antibiotics, including carbapenems, and the recently identified plasmid-conferred colistin resistance. The classical pathotype (cKp) is responsible for most of the nosocomial infections observed globally, and these isolates are often multidrug resistant. The hypervirulent pathotype (hvKp) is a primary pathogen capable of causing community-acquired infections in immunocompetent hosts. The hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype is strongly associated with the increased virulence of hvKp isolates. Recent studies demonstrated that HMV requires capsule (CPS) synthesis and the small protein RmpD but is not dependent on the increased amount of capsule associated with hvKp. Here, we identified the structure of the capsular and extracellular polysaccharide isolated from hvKp strain KPPR1S (serotype K2) with and without RmpD. We found that the polymer repeat unit structure is the same in both strains and that it is identical to the K2 capsule. However, the chain length of CPS produced by strains expressing rmpD demonstrates more uniform length. This property was reconstituted in CPS from Escherichia coli isolates that possess the same CPS biosynthesis pathway as K. pneumoniae but naturally lack rmpD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RmpD binds Wzc, a conserved capsule biosynthesis protein required for CPS polymerization and export. Based on these observations, we present a model for how the interaction of RmpD with Wzc could impact CPS chain length and HMV. IMPORTANCE Infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae continue to be a global public health threat; the treatment of these infections is complicated by the high frequency of multidrug resistance. K. pneumoniae produces a polysaccharide capsule required for virulence. Hypervirulent isolates also have a hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype that increases virulence, and we recently demonstrated that a horizontally acquired gene, rmpD, is required for HMV and hypervirulence but that the identity of the polymeric product(s) in HMV isolates is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that RmpD regulates capsule chain length and interacts with Wzc, a part of the capsule polymerization and export machinery shared by many pathogens. We further show that RmpD confers HMV and regulates capsule chain length in a heterologous host (E. coli). As Wzc is a conserved protein found in many pathogens, it is possible that RmpD-mediated HMV and increased virulence may not be restricted to K. pneumoniae.