Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of melt rate and surface temperature on the Greenland ice sheet

Mclt rate alle! surface tcmpcraturc on thc Grccnl;nd icc shcet nrc parameterized in tcrms 01'snow accumulation. mcan annual air temperaturc and mcan July air rcmpcraturc. Mclt ratcs are calculatcd and firn warmiug (i.c. thc positive dcviation of thc rcmperaturc at 10-15111 clcpth from thc mcan annual air tcmpcraturc) is amount 01'rcfrozcn mclt watcr in thc firn. A comparison berween observed and calculatcd mclt rares shows thar thc paramctcrization provieles a rcasonablc estimate ofthe present ablation rares in West Greenland between 61" N and 76° N. Thc avcragc cquilibrium linc clcvarion is cstimarcd 10 bc about 1150 m and 1000 ll1 for West und East Greenland respcctively. which is scveral hundred metre lower than previous estimatcs. Howcvcr, thc total annual ablation from the iee sheet is found to be about 280 km' of water per ycar which agrecs weil with most othcr estimates. The melt-rate model predicts significantmelting und consequently significant firn warming even atthe highest elevations of the Sourh Greenland ice sheet. whereas a large region of centrat Greenland north of 70° N experienccs linle er no summer me! ting. This agrees with the distribution of thc dry snow facics as given by BENSON (1962).
Seasonal and interannual variability of coastal zone color scanner phytoplankton pigments and winds in the eastern tropical Pacific

Time series of phytoplankton pigment concentration along coastal and oceanic transects in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean were derived from coastal zone color scanner monthly composite data for November 1978 through June 1986. Seasonal and interannual variability made up about half the total variance of the time series. Seasonal cycles typically consisted of a spring minimum and fall maximum, although many local variations were observed. Interannual variability was as great as seasonal variabillity and was dominated by the 1982-1983 El Nino event
First principle study on the Structural and Electronic Properties of Lead-Free Double Halide
Perovskite Cs2InSbCl6

The structural and electronic characteristics of Cs2InSbCl6 were investigated using first principle density functional theory (DFT) within local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as implemented in the Quantum ESPRESSO package. A supercell with 40 atoms was used in carrying out the calculations, using the optimized lattice parameters of the Cs2InSbCl6 (a = b = c =11.342 Ǻ). The findings revealed that Cs2InSbCl6 is a direct band gap material with gaps of 0.74 eV and 0.99 eV for LDA/PZ and GGA/PBE respectively, in which the GGA/PBE gap shows consistency within the literature range. The calculated densities of states highlight the contributions of the constituent atoms within the valence and the conduction bands.
Marine air intrusion into the Adelie Land sector of East Antarctica: A study using the regional climate model (MAR)

[1] Marine air intrusion and subsequent cloud formation plays a dominant role in the energy budget and mass balance of the Antarctic. However, the intrusion is very difficult to understand using the ground-based measurements alone. In this paper we present simulations of marine air intrusion into the Adelie Land, East Antarctica, using the Modele Atmospherique Regional (MAR), for July 1994 and January 1995. The model is nested into the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses. The simulations show a strong influence of large-scale disturbances, over the ocean, which helped in the penetration of marine air into the interior and the formation of clouds. Each marine air intrusion episode resulted in cloud formation in July 1994. Blocking anticyclones have also been found to be responsible for much of the moisture transport far into the interior elevated locations. MAR simulations, as well as ECMWF analyses, show influence of cyclones in strengthening and prolonging the surface layer flow. The study also indicated that the influence of depressions on surface winds is pronounced during the period when the depression is approaching the Adelie Land coast.
Assessment of Practices and Tool Development to Improve Compensatory Mitigation in Southern California

Wetland loss due to human impacts is a global concern. For certain regulated activities in the United States, the Clean Water Act §404 requires replacement of aquatic functions through compensatory mitigation. In spite of the existing mitigation framework and a 2008 Compensatory Mitigation Final Rule updating regulatory guidance, concerns exist regarding the effectiveness of the compensatory mitigation program. This dissertation contributes to mitigation improvement through three studies. First, we evaluated numbers, sizes, and compensation types of §404 projects permitted before (2002-05) and after (2009-13) the Mitigation Rule to determine how its compensation hierarchy was implemented in southern California. Contrary to expectations, the proportion of third party mitigation projects, and of corresponding acres, decreased after the Rule. Within permittee-responsible mitigation, the proportion of off-site projects increased, as predicted. While is it possible the compensation hierarchy influenced these trends, external factors, particularly the national economic downturn, may also have contributed to the patterns observed. Secondly, we developed chronosequence stream restoration performance curves from projects of different ages to illustrate likely developmental trajectories of high-performing restored streams. The curves, developed using California Rapid Assessment Method (CRAM) data, predicted the time required for projects to achieve reference-level scores for the CRAM index and Hydrology and Biotic Structure attributes, but underestimated the time for projects to achieve the Physical Structure attribute reference level. CRAM-based performance curves could be used to guide standard development, and to predict future project performance. Finally, we developed an aerial imagery assessment method (AIAM) that combines landscape, hydrology, and vegetation observations into one index describing overall ecological condition of non-confined streams. Verification of AIAM demonstrated sites in good condition (as assessed on-site by CRAM) received high AIAM scores, and select components of AIAM and CRAM were highly correlated. AIAM-based time-series trajectories of three projects revealed they improved in condition after restoration, with the most dynamic change over time in vegetation characteristics. AIAM has high potential as an ecological assessment tool to determine restoration status and trajectories, and can be used for restoration management. The findings and tools produced here can improve mechanisms and methods of wetland replacement through compensatory mitigation.
The Glen Affric Project: forrest mapping using dual baseline polarimetric radar interferometry

Citation for published version: Cloude, SR, Woodhouse, I, Hope, J, Minguez, JCS, Osborne, P, Wright, G & Wilson, A (ed.) 2002, The Glen Affric Project: forrest mapping using dual baseline polarimetric radar interferometry. in A Wilson & S Quegan (eds), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Retrieval of Bioand Geophysical Parameters from SAR Data for Land Applications. vol. 475, pp. 333-338. <http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/2002ESASP.475. 333C>
Impact of sea surface temperature trend on late summer Asian rainfall in the twentieth century

The impact of the global sea surface temperature (SST) warming trend, which is the leading mode of SST variability, on late summer Asian rainfall is analyzed based on the simulations of five atmospheric general circulation models, which are performed by the U. S. Climate Variability and Predictability Drought Working Group. Our evaluations of the model outputs indicate that these models roughly capture the main features of climatological rainfall and circulations over Asia and the western North Pacific (WNP), but they simulate a too strong monsoon trough and a too northward shifted in the subtropical anticyclone in the WNP and fail to reproduce the rain belt over East Asia. It is found that all of the models simulate an intensified WNP subtropical high (WNPSH) in late summer, an enhanced precipitation in the tropical Indian Ocean and the maritime continent, and a suppressed precipitation in the South Asian monsoon region, the South China Sea, and the Philippine Sea, when the models are forced with the SST trend, which is characterized by a significant increase in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific. All these changes are suggested to be dynamically coherent. The warmer SST trend in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific may suppress precipitation over the Philippine Sea and thus result in a lower tropospheric anticyclonic circulation over the subtropical WNP. The warmer SSTs in the Indian Ocean may also be responsible for the anomalous easterlies and resultant less rainfall over the South Asian monsoon region. The precipitation changes forced by the SST trend are similar in the maritime continent but show an apparent difference over East Asia, in comparison with the observed rainfall trend over lands. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed.
Optimizing Drone delivery: An efficient design for shipper applications

The concept of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for package delivery is gaining momentum in recent times. These Drones are capable of transporting various types of packages, including medical supplies, food, and other goods to remote or hard-to-reach areas. With the increasing demand for rapid deliveries, Drones have become a viable solution for delivering items such as blood products, vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and medical samples. The use of Drones in food delivery is also on the rise, with pizzas, tacos, and frozen beverages being some of the popular items delivered via Drones. To ensure accurate and timely deliveries, this proposed Drone delivery system would employ GPS technology to track the package’s location and reach its intended destination. To optimize the efficiency of the system, the Drone would pick up the package from the nearest warehouse to the delivery location, and both the customer and the dispatcher would have access to track the package’s live location. In this proposed system, the Drone would pick up the package from the hub and proceed to the consumer’s location, dropping the package once the consumer provides the correct OTP. To enhance the system’s performance, intelligent control methods and smart sensors are used. Additionally, this system would also have the capability of verifying package delivery via facial recognition technology when handling confidential packages. The Intelligent controllers, sensors and Actuator makes the Drone delivery more optimal.
Effectiveness of Client Centered- ADL Training Program for Improving Upper Extremity Function in Sub-acute Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

CONTEXT: Adhesive Capsulitis has been described as a self-limiting condition, lasting on an average 2-3 years. It is estimated to affect 2% -5% of the population. Usually affects performance in activities of daily living. AIM: To study the effectiveness of Actual training of ADL’s along with Conventional Occupational Therapy in improving Upper Extremity function in Sub-acute stage of Adhesive capsulitis METHODS AND MATERIALS: 10 Patients between the age 40-60 years of both the genders, with unilateral shoulder pain for more than 3 months and had received only analgesic treatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis-Pain on VAS, UEFI, Muscle Power, ROM And COPM outcomes were done by using descriptive and inferential statistics using chi-square test, Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and software used in the analysis were SPSS 24.0 version and GraphPad Prism 7.0 version and p<0.05 is considered as level of significance. CONCLUSION: On therapeutic basis in Occupational Therapy, the Conventional Occupational therapy and Actual ADL training both were effective in subacute stage of Adhesive Capsulitis. But, when Client - Centered care perspective considered, then Actual ADL training along with Conventional Occupational therapy is found to be effective than Conventional Occupational therapy alone. Key words: ADL (Activities of Daily Living), COPM (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure), ROM (Range of Motion), UEFI (Upper Extremity Function Index)
Chondroprotective effects of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae as an edible insect on osteoarthritis in mice

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic joint inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the articular cartilage, bone remodeling, and excessive chronic pain. Most therapeutic approaches do not rescue the progression of OA effectively or provide relief of symptoms. Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larva (PBSL), which is attracting attention, is an edible insect with very high nutritional value and herbal medicine for the treatment of blood stasis, hepatic disease, and various inflammatory diseases. However, the effect of PBSL on OA has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of PBSL water extract on the progression of OA using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)‐induced mice and SW1353 chondrocytes or murine macrophages. We injected MIA into the intraarticular area of mice following pretreatment with either saline or PBSL (200 mg/kg) for 2 weeks, and then locomotor activity, microcomputed tomography and histopathological analysis, quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis, and western blot analysis were performed. To determine the molecular effects of PBSL, we used interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐induced SW1353 chondrosarcoma or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages. Pretreatment with PBSL diminished the symptoms of OA. Physical activity, articular cartilage damage, and the generation of microfractures were rescued by pretreatment with PBSL in the mouse model. Pretreatment with PBSL suppressed the progress of OA through the regulation of articular cartilage degradation genes and inflammation in both in vivo and in vitro models. Our results demonstrated that PBSL has value as edible insect that can be used in the development of functional foods for OA.
Study on the Geotechnical Property Changes of Loess after Seismic Landslides—A Case Study of the Subao Loess Landslide in Ningxia, China

This study aims to explore the differences between the loess and landslide deposits, focusing on aspects such as particle distribution, consolidation characteristics, and the dynamic shear modulus. Through a series of experiments, the research reveals the similarities and differences between these two entities, yielding several key findings. Firstly, the process of landsliding disrupts the original structure of the loess, resulting in a reduction in porosity and a densification of the soil. Additionally, the movement and sorting of particles during the landslides cause variations in particle size distribution across different sections of the landslide deposits. Secondly, the landslide process not only alters the soil’s structure but also changes the particle sizes within the loess. Particle wear and sieving results in the transformation of larger particles into smaller ones, leading to a more uniform particle size distribution. This shift in the structure and particle size directly impacts the consolidation characteristics of landslide deposits, resulting in a substantial reduction in the compression coefficient. Despite undergoing consolidation for decades, the middle and lower sections of the landslide deposits still exhibit under-consolidation. Although the differences in the maximum dynamic shear modulus between the loess and landslide deposits at varying depths are relatively minor, differences in the porosity and consolidation characteristics lead to faster decay rates of the dynamic shear modulus for the latter. The study also highlights a reduction in the water sensitivity of the maximum dynamic shear modulus within the landslide deposits. Based on the experimental results, a predictive model is proposed, utilizing the A and m values to estimate the maximum dynamic shear modulus of both the loess and landslide deposits. In conclusion, this research uncovers the impact of landslide processes on the structure and properties of the loess, providing an insightful understanding into the disparities between these two entities.
Fluxes through diffusive staircases: A new formulation

This paper deals with two aspects of the flux law for diffusive convection: (1) the dependence on density ratio, and (2) the dependence on ΔT. Empirical formulations of the dependence of temperature and salinity fluxes on density ratio are developed using published measurements. At high density ratios (Rρ > 4) our temperature fluxes agree with those given by Marmorino and Caldwell's (1976) formulation, but at low density ratios (Rρ < 2.5) our temperature fluxes are smaller by half. However, it is suggested that any formulation of the 4/3 flux law should be used with caution. A simple convection theory implies that fluxes are not proportional to ΔT4/3, as the 4/3 law states, but rather are proportional to ΔT raised to an power closer to 5/4. The theory accurately matches measurements of velocity and heat flux in thermal convection. There are insufficient data to test (or even fully formulate) the theory for diffusive convection, but if the thermal convection results carry over to the diffusive case, then the 4/3 flux law overestimates oceanic fluxes by up to about 30%.
Does Intellectual Capital Matter for Bank Stability Efficiency? An Application in Vietnamese Banking

This paper investigates the significance of intellectual capital (IC) on the stability efficiency of Vietnamese banks over the period 2007 – 2020. The study firstly estimates the stability efficiency of Vietnamese banks using stochastic frontier approach and explore the potential correlation between IC and Vietnamese bank stability efficiency in the second stage. Employing the two-step GMM method, the findings reveal that IC enhances the stability efficiency in Vietnamese banks. In terms of IC constituents, the efficiency of human capital and structural capital substantially contribute to the stability efficiency of banks, whereas the efficiency of employed capital has a detrimental effect. These outcomes offer valuable insights regarding the investment in intellectual capital, especially in human capital and structural capital to alleviate the level of risk in Vietnamese banks in long term.
Characterization of Contaminants and Mobility in WMA A-AX Boreholes D0006 and D0008

This study was initiated to determine if subsurface contaminants in the A-AX vadose zone at the Hanford site (boreholes D0006 and D0008) caused corrosion of nearby stainless steel well casings (299-E-24-19, 299-E25-46, and 299-E25-236) and, based on the type and distribution of contaminants, determine if contaminants are from one or more sources including a) the A-104 and/or A-105 tanks, b) the 242A evaporator, and c) the 200-E-286 ditch. A tiered approach was used for characterizing contaminants in vadose zone sediments starting with mobile and total contaminant concentrations (Tier 1), characterizing contaminant speciation (Tier 2), and measuring contaminant leaching (Tier 3). Total and mobile contaminant measurements at seven depths showed elevated sulfate and nitrate in all samples (130 to 280 ft depth), elevated chloride in five depths, and no elevated radionuclides except I-129 in D0006 at 206 to 208 ft depth. If these contaminants were initially acidic, stainless-steel corrosion would occur. However, because sediments likely have a high acid neutralization capacity, an acidic spill would have been neutralized within tens of feet, so casing corrosion would likely occur in shallow sediments. GEL labs data also shows low (but above natural) chromate from shallow to 170 ft depth, then higher chromate to 280 ft, suggesting a surface Cr spill or casing corrosion. GEL labs data also showed evidence of more than one plume, with deep nitrate, sulfate, and chloride migration, but only shallow tritium migration. Tritium
Perceived vulnerability to infectious disease and perceived harmfulness are as predictive of citizen response to COVID-19 as partisanship

Abstract Partisans have biased perceptions of objective conditions. At first glance, the COVID-19 pandemic would appear to be an example of this phenomenon. Noting that most citizens have consistently agreed about the pandemic, I argue that we have overlooked pre-political factors that are as influential as partisanship in shaping citizens' responses to the pandemic. I identify one such construct in perceived vulnerability to infectious disease (PVD). In one cross-sectional study and one panel study, I find that the influence of PVD on citizens' perceptions of COVID-19 equals that of partisanship. I also find that PVD can moderate the influence of partisanship on perceptions of harmfulness, nearly erasing the impact of being a Republican on perceiving COVID-19 as a threat. When led by PVD as well as partisanship to accurately perceive harm, citizens, including Republicans, attribute more responsibility to former president Donald Trump for his failed handling of the crisis.
Stepped‐to‐dart leaders preceding lightning return strokes

Using time‐correlated high‐speed video and electric field change data, three cases are described in which dart leaders toward ground are immediately preceded by stepped leaders that find and use previously used channels. These “stepped‐to‐dart leaders” occur in three natural negative ground flashes. Prior to the stepped‐to‐dart connection, the leaders have characteristics of stepped leaders, including average two‐dimensional speeds of 1.6–2.7 × 105 m s−1 (visible from 5.5, 3.4, and 0.9 km altitude). After the connection, they behave as dart (or dart‐stepped) leaders, with larger amplitude E‐change pulses and faster average speeds of 3.4–7.8 × 106 m s−1. Connection altitudes are 3.32, 1.57, and 0.75 km. Immediately after the connection, there is a brief lighting in a short part of the prior return stroke channel. Luminosity travels up the stepped leader path after the connection, while the dart leader proceeds toward ground. In two cases, all the strokes subsequent to the stepped‐to‐dart stroke follow the visible portion of its channel. The other case has two subsequent strokes which do not reuse any portion of the stepped‐to‐dart channel. For the other 12 strokes in these flashes, stepped leader average speeds range from 1.7 to 3.0 × 105 m s−1, and dart leader average speeds are 0.82 to 16.67 × 106 m s−1. Overall, the return stroke waveforms give reasonable indication of the type of leader that preceded the stroke. Stepped‐to‐dart leaders are apparently rare in optical data, occurring in about 1% of subsequent strokes and 2.5% of flashes.