Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Early Diverging Thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, U.K. and Implications for the Origin and Evolution of the Group

ABSTRACT Among archosaurs, thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs experienced the most extensive adaptations to the marine realm. Despite significant attention, the phylogenetic position of the group remains uncertain. Thalattosuchians are either the sister-group to Crocodyliformes, basal mesoeucrocodylians, or nest among longirostrine neosuchians. The earliest definite thalattosuchians are Toarcian, and already possess many synapomorphies of the group. All phylogenetic hypotheses imply a ghost lineage extending at least to the Sinemurian, and a lack of older or more plesiomorphic forms may contribute to the uncertain phylogenetic placement of the group. Here we describe a new species, Turnersuchus hingleyae, gen. et sp. nov., from the early Pliensbachian Belemnite Marl Member of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation (Dorset, U.K.). The specimen includes partially articulated cranial, mandibular, axial, and appendicular elements. It can be attributed to Thalattosuchia based on the following features: distinct fossa on the posterolateral corner of the squamosal; broad ventrolateral process of the otoccipital covering the dorsal surface of the quadrate; large supratemporal fenestrae lacking a flattened skull table; broadly exposed prootic; orbital process of quadrate lacking bony attachment with the braincase. This specimen represents the earliest thalattosuchian currently known from diagnostic material. Phylogenetic analyses of two published datasets recover Turnersuchus as the earliest diverging thalattosuchian, and sister to Teleosauroidea + Metriorhynchoidea. Bayesian tip-dating analyses suggest a Rhaetian or Sinemurian divergence of Thalattosuchia from other crocodylomorphs, depending on topology, with confidence intervals spanning from the Norian to the Pliensbachian. The new specimen extends the fossil record of Thalattosuchia, but the time-scaling analyses demonstrate that a significant ghost lineage remains.
Propagation of three-dimensional ion-acoustic solitary waves in magnetized negative ion plasmas with nonthermal electrons

Properties of small amplitude nonlinear ion-acoustic solitary waves in a warm magneto plasma with positive-negative ions and nonthermal electrons are investigated. For this purpose, the hydrodynamic equations for the positive-negative ions, nonthermal electron density distribution, and the Poisson equation are used to derive the corresponding nonlinear evolution equation; Zkharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation, in the small amplitude regime. The ZK equation is analyzed to examine the existence regions of the solitary pulses. It is found that compressive and rarefactive ion-acoustic solitary waves strongly depend on the mass and density ratios of the positive and negative ions as well as the nonthermal electron parameter. Also, it is found that there are two critical values for the density ratio of the negative-to-positive ions (υ), the ratio between unperturbed electron-to-positive ion density (μ), and the nonthermal electron parameter (β), which decide the existence of positive and negative ion-acoustic solitar.
Extracellular self-DNA induces local inhibition of growth, regulates production of reactive oxygen species, and gene expression in rice roots

The capacity of extracellular self-DNA (esDNA) to inhibit growth is getting more research attention as this could be explored for several purposes, including the development of specific bioherbicides. While the inhibitory effect has been studied in several dicotyledon species, little is known about the effects and subsequent signaling processes in monocots. Here, we measured the growth, counted the number of lateral and crown roots, determined greenness index, quantified the production of O 2. - and H 2 O 2 , and determined the expressions of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes ( SOD s and CAT s) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.), a model plant of monocots. After 7 d of germination, rice roots were exposed to 0, 75, and 150 µg cm -3 of esDNA. Inhibitory effect was found to be negatively correlated to esDNA concentration, as indicated by the length of primary roots. Interestingly, this negative effect was only observed in the directly exposed organ (root) but not in the length of shoot or fresh mass of the whole seedling. The percentage of greenness index of leaves and number of crown and lateral roots were also similar across treatments. However, esDNA exposure to root increased production of O 2. - and H 2 O 2 in the root. At the molecular level, the response was characterized by the decreased expression of the antioxidant genes SOD 3, CAT B, and CAT C. These findings suggest that esDNA inhibits rice growth locally in, e.g. in treated roots, and the responses involve increased production of ROS and suppression of antioxidants. This study could be the basis for determining the combination of concentration and period of exposure that might significantly inhibit total growth of monocot weeds with a minimum effect on the crop.
Improved Madden–Julian Oscillations with Improved Physics: The Impact of Modified Convection Parameterizations

AbstractTwo modifications are made to the deep convection parameterization in the NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3): a dilute plume approximation and an implementation of the convective momentum transport (CMT). These changes lead to significant improvement in the simulated Madden–Julian oscillations (MJOs). With the dilute plume approximation, temperature and convective heating perturbations become more positively correlated. Consequently, more available potential energy is generated and the intraseasonal variability (ISV) becomes stronger. The organization of ISV is also improved, which is manifest in coherent structures between different MJO phases and an improved simulation of the eastward propagation of MJOs with a reasonable eastward speed. The improved propagation can be attributed to a better simulation of the low-level zonal winds due to the inclusion of CMT. The authors posit that the large-scale zonal winds are akin to a selective conveyor belt that facilitates the organiza.
Polymeric Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review

Nanocomposite biomaterials combine a biopolymeric matrix structure with nanoscale fillers. These bioactive and easily resorbable nanocomposites have been broadly divided into three groups, namely natural, synthetic or composite, based on the polymeric origin. Preparing such nanocomposite structures in the form of hydrogels can create a three-dimensional natural hydrophilic atmosphere pivotal for cell survival and new tissue formation. Thus, hydrogel-based cell distribution and drug administration have evolved as possible options for bone tissue engineering and regeneration. In this context, nanogels or nanohydrogels, created by cross-linking three-dimensional polymer networks, either physically or chemically, with high biocompatibility and mechanical properties were introduced as promising drug delivery systems. The present review highlights the potential of hydrogels and nanopolymers in the field of craniofacial tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
Review Of LogftValues In β Decay

Abstract The logftvalues for all β decay branches (β−, β+, ϵ) have been retrieved from the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF–August 1997 version) and reviewed. Only those cases where the β transition occurs between levels of firmly assigned Jπ values (consistent with strong rules for Jπ assignments are given in policies of Nuclear Data Sheets), have been considered in this review. Weak β branches (
Observation of Lorentzian lineshapes in the room temperature optical spectra of strongly coupled Jaggregate/metal hybrid nanostructures by linear two-dimensional optical spectroscopy

We analyze the linear optical reflectivity spectra of a prototypical, strongly coupled metal/molecular hybrid nanostructure by means of a new experimental approach, linear two-dimensional optical spectroscopy. White-light, broadband spectral interferometry is used to measure amplitude and spectral phase of the sample reflectivity or transmission with high precision and to reconstruct the time structure of the electric field emitted by the sample upon impulsive excitation. A numerical analysis of this time-domain signal provides a two-dimensional representation of the coherent optical response of the sample as a function of excitation and detection frequency. The approach is used to study a nanostructure formed by depositing a thin J-aggregated dye layer on a gold grating. In this structure, strong coupling between excitons and surface plasmon polaritons results in the formation of hybrid polariton modes. In the strong coupling regime, Lorentzian lineshape profiles of different polariton modes are observed at room temperature. This is taken as an indication that the investigated strongly coupled polariton excitations are predominantly homogeneously broadened at room temperature. This new approach presents a versatile, simple and highly precise addition to nonlinear optical spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of line broadening phenomena.
Quantization of multidimensional cat maps

In this work we study cat maps with many degrees of freedom. Classical cat maps are classified using the Cayley parametrization of symplectic matrices and the closely associated centre and chord generating functions. Particular attention is dedicated to loxodromic and elliptic-hyperbolic behaviour, which are new features of four-dimensional maps: we construct a map that is not Anosov, but is ergodic and mixing. The maps are then quantized using a Weyl representation on the torus and the general condition on the Floquet angles is derived for a particular map to be quantizable. The semiclassical approximation is exact, regardless of the dimensionality or of the nature of the fixed points. We single out the study of the quantum period function (QPF), that is the period of the quantum map as a function of the finite Hilbert space dimension. It is found that the QPF depends basically on the ergodicity and on the existence of degenerate Lyapunov exponents for some power of the cat map.
Three-dimensional bioprinting of functional β-islet-like constructs

256Diabetes is an autoimmune disease that ensues when the pancreas does not deliver adequate insulin or when the body cannot react to the existing insulin. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease defined by continuous high blood sugar levels and insulin deficiency due to β-cell destruction in the islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets). Long-term complications, such as vascular degeneration, blindness, and renal failure, result from periodic glucose-level fluctuations following exogenous insulin therapy. Nevertheless, the shortage of organ donors and the lifelong dependency on immunosuppressive drugs limit the transplantation of the entire pancreas or pancreas islet, which is the therapy for this disease. Although encapsulating pancreatic islets using multiple hydrogels creates a semi-privileged environment to prevent immune rejection, hypoxia that occurs in the core of the capsules is the main hindrance that should be solved. Bioprinting technology is an innovative process in advanced tissue engineering that allows the arranging of a wide array of cell types, biomaterials, and bioactive factors as a bioink to simulate the native tissue environment for fabricating clinically applicable bioartificial pancreatic islet tissue. Multipotent stem cells have the potential to be a possible solution for donor scarcity and can be a reliable source for generating autograft and allograft functional β-cells or even pancreatic islet-like tissue. The use of supporting cells, such as endothelial cells, regulatory T cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, in the bioprinting of pancreatic islet-like construct could enhance vasculogenesis and regulate immune activity. Moreover, scaffolds bioprinted using biomaterials that can release oxygen postprinting or enhance angiogenesis could increase the function of β-cells and the survival of pancreatic islets, which could represent a promising avenue.
Error Estimation and Adaptive Methods for Molecular Dynamics

This thesis consists of two papers that concern error estimates for the Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, and adaptive algorithms for the Car-Parrinello and Ehrenfest molecular dynamics. In Paper I, we study error estimates for Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics with nearly crossing potential surfaces. The paper first proves an error estimate showing that the difference of the values of observables for the time- independent Schrodinger equation, with matrix valued potentials, and the values of observables for ab initio Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, of the ground state, depends on the probability to be in excited states and the electron/nuclei mass ratio. Then we present a numerical method to determine the probability to be in excited states, based on Ehrenfest molecular dynamics, and stability analysis of a perturbed eigenvalue problem. In Paper II, we present an approach, motivated by the Landau-Zener probability estimation, to systematically choose the artificial electron mass parameter appearing in the Car-Parrinello and Ehrenfest molecular dynamics methods to achieve both good accuracy in approximating the Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics solution, and high computational efficiency. This makes the Car- Parrinello and Ehrenfest molecular dynamics methods dependent only on the problem data.
Using the Bootstrap to Select One of a New Class of Dimension Reduction Methods

Dimension reduction in a regression analysis of response y given a p-dimensional vector of predictors x reduces the dimension of x by replacing it with a lower-dimensional linear combination β′x of the x's without specifying a parametric model and without loss of information about the conditional distribution of y given x. We unify three existing methods, sliced inverse regression (SIR), sliced average variance estimate (SAVE), and principal Hessian directions (pHd), into a larger class of methods. Each method estimates a particular candidate matrix, essentially a matrix of parameters. We introduce broad classes of dimension reduction candidate matrices, and we distinguish estimators of the matrices from the matrices themselves. Given these classes of methods and several ways to estimate any matrix, we now have the problem of selecting a particular matrix and estimation method. We propose bootstrap methodology to select among candidate matrices, estimators and dimension, and in particular we investigate linear combinations of different methods.
Semi-analytical predictions of density profiles for ΛCDM haloes

We combine the results of merger trees realizations, predicted by the extended Press-Schechter theory, to the assumption of “stable clustering” in order to calculate density profiles of dark matter haloes. Our results show that: 1) Haloes of different masses have different concentrations. More specifically, concentration is a decreasing function of the mass. The relation between concentration and virial mass predicted by our results is in good agreement with the predictions of large cosmological N-body simulations. 2) The slope of the density profile of dark matter haloes is flatter at the inner regions and steepens outwards. At a given fraction of the virial radius the slope (defined as minus the derivative of the logarithm of the density with respect to the logarithm of the radial distance) is a decreasing function of the virial mass of the halo. At 0.01 of the virial radius Rvir the slope ranges from 0. 4t o 1.5 for masses in
Effect of vertical wind shear on numerically simulated multicell storm structure

Abstract A strictly two-dimensional cloud model was used to gauge the effect of vertical wind shear on the mature phase behavior of model-simulated multicellular storms, extending the previous work of the authors. We specifically examined the propagation speed, quasi-equilibrium behavior, storm scale and updraft orientation of the model storms as a function of shear intensity. We also considered the precipitation efficiencies of our. model storms and applied density current and Rotunno–Klemp–Weisman theories to our results. Our previous work revealed that model storms could achieve a mature phase consisting of repetitive multicellular development when certain numerical obstacles were overcome. This was referred to as a “quasi-equilibrium state. ” We found herein that this state was also reached by model storms even when subjected to a very wide range of low-level wind shear intensities, although the temporal behavior during this stage was clearly dependent on the shear. We also found a very systematic rela.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for Intrusion Detection and Mitigation in Intelligent Connected Vehicles: A Review

The potential for an intelligent transportation system (ITS) has been made possible by the growth of the Internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), resulting in the integration of IoT and ITS—known as the Internet of vehicles (IoV). To achieve the goal of automatic driving and efficient mobility, IoV is now combined with modern communication technologies (such as 5G) to achieve intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs). However, IoV is challenged with security risks in the following five (5) domains: ICV security, intelligent device security, service platform security, V2X communication security, and data security. Numerous AI models have been developed to mitigate the impact of intrusion threats on ICVs. On the other hand, the rise in explainable AI (XAI) results from the requirement to inject confidence, transparency, and repeatability into the development of AI for the security of ICV and to provide a safe ITS. As a result, the scope of this review covered the XAI models used in ICV intrusion detection systems (IDSs), their taxonomies, and outstanding research problems. The results of the study show that XAI though in its infancy of application to ICV, is a promising research direction in the quest for improving the network efficiency of ICVs. The paper further reveals that XAI increased transparency will foster its acceptability in the automobile industry.
Nonlinear edge: preserving smoothing by PDEs

This work introduces a new algorithm for image smoothing. Nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are employed to smooth the image while preserving the edges and corners. Compared with other filters such as average filter and median filter, it is found that the effects of image denoising by the new algorithm are better than that by other filters. The experimental results show that this method can not only remove the noise but also preserve the edges and corners. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, the algorithm becomes extremely attractive.
MEGA-MASERS AND GALAXIES

▪ Abstract In the Galaxy, microwave radiation can be amplified in the interstellar medium in the immediate neighborhood of young stellar objects, or circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars, resulting in cosmic maser emission. Cosmic masers exist because, in contrast to terrestrial conditions, the interstellar gas density is very low so that level population in molecules is typically not in thermal equilibrium, and sometimes inverted. In the nuclear regions of external galaxies, there exist very powerful OH (λ18 cm) and H2O (λ1.35 cm) cosmic masers with line luminosities of ∼ 102−104 L⊙, ≥ 106 times more luminous than typical Galactic maser sources. These are the “mega-masers,” found in high-density molecular gas located within parsecs of active galactic nuclei in the case of H2O mega-masers, or within the central 100 pc of nuclear star-burst regions in the case of OH mega-masers. H2O mega-masers are most frequently found in galactic nuclei with Seyfert2 or LINER spectral characteristics, in spiral an.
Transient Vaporization from a Surface into Vacuum

This paper is motivated by a general interest in pulsed energy addition to a surface in vacuum at high power fluxes (> 1 MW/cm absorbed). The theoretical treatment assumes a perfect gas without plasma formation, and examples are for aluminum. Transient heat conduction into the surface, vapor flux through a Knudsen layer at the surface, and transient one-dimensional flow of vapor into the surrounding vacuum are included as part of the modeling. Results show that the Knudsen layer remains choked so long as the absorbed power is constant or increasing, and it is unchoked when the absorbed power is decreasing. The problem is fully coupled in the latter case. Quasisteady vapor efflux from the surface is established within a fraction of the pulse time at sufficiently high power fluxes. Impulse coupling coefficients due to vapor recoil are noted.
Large on/off current ratio in hybrid graphene/BN nanoribbons by transverse electric field-induced control of bandgap

We propose an approach to design efficient electronic switches based on Graphene/BN heterostructures. By means of atomistic Tight Binding simulations, we investigate heterostructures made of an armchair BN nanoribbon sided by two armchair graphene ribbons where a significant bandgap can be opened. In particular, we show that a bandgap of about 0.55 eV can be strongly suppressed by applying a relatively weak transverse electric field of 10 mV/A. Additionally, by using non-equilibrium Green's function simulation, we show that this effect can be used to control the current in electron devices even at small bias and small length. An on/off current ratio higher than 104 is achieved at room temperature.
Plasmon-assisted photonics at the nanoscale

Plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons that have been exploited in many applications by manipulating and guiding light at resonant frequencies. The transition from understanding the origin and fundamentals of surface plasmon resonance to its many revolutionary applications has been intriguing. Advances in nanofabrication techniques over the last few years have led to variety of applications such as high-resolution plasmon printing, nanoscale waveguides, biodetection at the single-molecule level and enhanced transmission through sub-wavelength apertures, which are all examples of plasmon-assisted nanophotonics. Fundamental aspects of the surface plasmon resonance underlie enticing applications in nanophotonics.
Measure Theory and Probability Theory

tionary distributions are given. Part two of the book deals with applications of the theory. Although most of the given examples are standard (e.g., survival analysis, branching, ruin, finance, and queueing), rigorous and concise approaches are given from the standpoint of marked point processes, thus making them worth reading. Finally, a short example deals with an appealing model for the course of a soccer match that includes an explanation for late goals. The appendix gives short introductions to cadlag functions and martingales. Except for a few typos, the book is carefully written. Each chapter starts with an appealing introduction, including hints to the most important references. In addition, historical comments and an enlarged reference list are given in the bibliographic notes at the end of the book. The reader is guided by clearly stated comments and hints. Cross-references are thorough, always from both sides. Many examples and exercises are given; the latter are well integrated into the text and deepen or extend the preceding results. The book treats simple and marked point processes separately, so that some assertions are nearly doubled [e.g., in Thms. 4.5. 2 (p. 72) and 5.1. 1 (p. 105)]. Unfortunately, the subtle distinctions of the notions in general entail considerable notation, including three different symbols for the expectation, for example. This load is attenuated by a carefully written notation index and references to the definitions within the text. This book is suitable for advanced graduate and postgraduate students in mathematics with some preknowledge in this area. It will also be valuable for preparing a respective lecture course.