Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF HETEROGENEOUS DIFFUSION MODELS

Heterogeneous diffusion models let one combine the analysis of intrinsic propensities with that of intrapopulation contagion, and to disaggregate contagion effects into individual susceptibilities, the infectiousness of prior adopters, and the social proximity of prior-potential adopter pairs. This paper reports the results of a series of Monte Carlo simulation studies that investigate estimation issues for this class of models. Graphical analysis of population-level hazard rates is shown to provide little insight into these processes. We focus on the properties of maximum likelihood estimators, considering variation across parameter values and differentforms of model misspecification. When models are correctly specified, we find few conditions under which estimation appears problematic. Difficult cases involve binary networks where network linkages have very strong effects or network density is high. Estimation deteriorates in
Numerical investigation into slag solidification inside an ilmenite DC arc furnace using a finite element method approach

A finite element model of a 5 m radius DC arc ilmenite furnace in idling mode was used to test the notion that the slag solidifies when it comes in to contact with colder pig iron, thus constituting the initial step in the formation of solid slag at the slag-pig iron interface. It was found that a slag that is 150°C hotter than the pig iron does not solidify at the interface. The 150°C temperature difference between the slag and pig iron is a result of solid slag at the slag-pig iron interface, not the other way around as suggested in the literature. Calculations show that the thickness of the frozen slag at the slag-pig iron interface is 1.7 cm for the furnace used. It is proposed that slag solidification begins with the slow co-current flow of molten slag and pig iron in the outer parts of the furnace. This provides enough time for molten slag to interact with molten pig iron without solidifying. As the reduction products form due to reduction of the slag by carbon in the pig iron, the slag solidifies. This approach negates the need for the slag to solidify by merely coming into contact with an inherently colder pig iron. Making use of a low thermal contact conductance between the slag and pig iron was found to be sufficient to numerically capture the presence of solid slag at the slag-pig iron interface and to preserve the 150°C difference between the slag and pig iron phase.
Minimal path techniques for automatic extraction of microglia extension

this paper presents new methods to segment thin tree structures, wich are for example present in microglia extensions and cardiac or neuronal blood vessels. The Fast Marching method allows the segmentation of tree structures from a single point chosen by the user when a priori information is available about the length of tree. However, in general, there is no way to stop the propagation automatically. In our case, no a priori information about the length of the microglia extension is available. We propose here to use Harris points to define a criterion to stop the propagation. The tree structure is defined as the set of minimal paths, relatively to the weighted distance by a cost potential, extracted from a source point (root of the tree) to all Harris points. These points can be used also to track the tree structure in image sequences. Numerical results from synthetic and microscopic images are presented.
Optical dissector for longitudinal beam profile measurement

Experimental study of beam profile dynamics at circular accelerator was carried out due to creation of the sources of synchrotron radiation and colliders, at which the beam consists of several tens or hundreds of bunches distributed over the separatrices. Dynamics of a longitudinal profile of separate bunches was studied by means of streak cameras, however, they are not applied for regular, permanent diagnostics unlike beam position monitors or CCD cameras Streak cameras are very good for study of single processes, not for routine accelerator performance. BINP SB RAS has developed the optical analyzer on the basis of LI-602 dissector which was used for studying the beam dynamics at VEPP-2, VEPP-3, VEPP-4, electron-positron colliders and other electron circular accelerators: Siberia-2, ESRF, etc The dissector provides permanent measurements of the longitudinal beam profile. Nevertheless, the ultimate temporal resolution of the device is about 20 picoseconds Now it is not enough for application at modern accelerators. In this paper we describe the first experimental results obtained with the dissector of the next generation. The measured technical resolution of this device is about 2 picoseconds, but we believe that this value can be improved.
A SHORT NOTE ON P4P PROBLEM

In this short note, we show that in the P4P problem, if the 4 space points lie on a same plane, then besides the rotation matrix R and translation vector t from the object centered coordinate system to the camera centered coordinate system, the camera's effective focal length f and aspect ratio α can also be determined uniquely and simultaneously. To our knowledge, such a result did not appear in the literature previously.
Probabilistic Model of Influence Parameters for Vessel-Bridge Collisions in Three-Gorges Reservoir

Based on a field observation on vessel transit path of three bridges over Yangtze River in three-gorges reservoir,and an analysis of the geometric probabilistic model of transiting vessels in collision probability calculation,the aberrancy angle and vessel velocity probabilistic model related with impact force a probabilistic model is established and also verified by goodness of fit test.The vessels transit path distribution can be expressed by Normal Distribution.For three-gorges reservoir,the mean and standard deviation adopt 0.2w and 0.1w respectively(w is the channel width). The aberrancy angle distribution of vessels accepts Maximum I Distribution,and its distribution parameters can be taken as 0.314 and 4.354. The velocity distribution of upbound and downbound vessels can also be expressed by Normal Distribution.
Filamentous fungi that most frequently cause true fungaemia

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have become increasingly important over the past two decades, particularly due to the growing population of patients with compromised immunity. Rapidly progressive and aggressive infections are associated with high mortality and rather complex laboratory diagnostics. The most common form of IFI is fungaemia – the presence of fungi in the blood – which serve to spread the pathogen in the host and subsequently develop a systemic infection. Over 95% of fungaemia is caused by yeasts from the Candida genus, with a smaller proportion caused by other pathogenic fungi. Less common are moulds, which, because of their characteristic filamentous structures, do not enter the bloodstream like yeasts and therefore do not cause true fungaemia. However, the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, Lomentospora, Purpureocillium, and Paecilomyces cause true fungaemia and are thus an exception among filamentous fungi.
Problems in Low Dimensional Contact Topology

During the 2001 Georgia International Topology Conference, two problem sessions were held concerning contact geometry. The first was run by Emmanuel Giroux and focused on problems in three dimensional contact topology; the second was run by John Etnyre and focused on Legendrian knots and contact homology. This article collects problems from the sessions, and adds some background. Sections 1 through 5 deal with three dimensional contact geometry, and Sections 6 through 10 deal with Legendrian knots. We would like to thank the organizers of the Georgia Conference for running the problem sessions and encouraging us to write this problem list. We would also like to thank Ko Honda and Will Kazez, who took exceptional notes during the problem sessions, and Josh Sabloff, who compiled a list of some of the problems discussed here.
Low Energy Availability in Athletes

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) is a syndrome of impaired physiological function due to low energy availability (LEA) such that there is insufficient energy intake after subtracting the cost of energy expended through exercise. There are no universal criteria to identify an athlete with REDs. Rather, physiological outcomes and functional impairments that occur because of LEA are used for identification purposes. Once an athlete is identified with REDs, treatment should focus on addressing the underlying cause of LEA. This may include increasing energy intake and/or decreasing exercise energy expenditure as well as addressing factors that may exacerbate LEA. Much has been uncovered about the negative consequences of LEA. Early models were for women, whereas newer models include athletes of both sexes. More research is needed to increase the understanding of LEA so that the model of REDs and best practice guidelines to prevent, identify, and treat REDs will continue to evolve.
Autocorrelation in the logistic regression modelling of species distributions

Logistic regression models are becoming widely used for modelling plant and animal distributions, but most studies ignore the spatial arrangement of the data and its effect on the models. One method of including this spatial information is presented, with reference to the distribution of Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill (mountain sorrel) in Britain. The advantages and disadvantages of explicitly modelling the autocorrelation in the data are discussed.
Journal Pre-proof Cognitive

This paper aims to integrate some key constructs in the cognitive neuroscience of cognitive control and executive function by formalising the notion of cognitive (or mental) effort in terms of active inference. To do so, we call upon a task used in neuropsychology to assess impulse inhibition—a Stroop task. In this task, participants must suppress the impulse to read a colour word and instead report the colour of the text of the word. The Stroop task is characteristically effortful, and we unpack a theory of mental effort in which, to perform this task accurately, participants must overcome prior beliefs about how they would normally act. However, our interest here is not in overt action, but in covert (mental) action. Mental actions change our beliefs but have no (direct) effect on the outside world—much like deploying covert attention. This account of effort as mental action lets us generate multimodal (choice, reaction time, and electrophysiological) data of the sort we might expect from a human participant engaging in this task. We analyse how parameters determining cognitive effort influence simulated responses and demonstrate that—when provided only with performance data—these parameters can be recovered, provided they are within a certain range.
Advances in the Field of Two-Dimensional Crystal-Based Photodetectors

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have sparked intense interest among the scientific community owing to their extraordinary mechanical, optical, electronic, and thermal properties. In particular, the outstanding electronic and optical properties of 2D materials make them show great application potential in high-performance photodetectors (PDs), which can be applied in many fields such as high-frequency communication, novel biomedical imaging, national security, and so on. Here, the recent research progress of PDs based on 2D materials including graphene, transition metal carbides, transition-metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and hexagonal boron nitride is comprehensively and systematically reviewed. First, the primary detection mechanism of 2D material-based PDs is introduced. Second, the structure and optical properties of 2D materials, as well as their applications in PDs, are heavily discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of 2D material-based PDs are summarized and prospected. This review will provide a reference for the further application of 2D crystal-based PDs.
Reducing odd-order nonlinear distortions in a low noise amplifier

The increase of transmitting devices around leads to the fact that increasing the dynamic range in receivers is becoming more and more important part of the development and design of receiving devices. The aim of the research is to study the possible methods of increasing the dynamic range of receiving devices, to carry out experiments and to evaluate the applicability of these methods. Methods to reduce nonlinear distortions in the receiving path that caused by the operation of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) in a nonlinear mode were investigated. Moreover, the method of modeling nonlinear systems with Volterra series was studied, as well as the application of Volterra series to model nonlinear systems with a polynomial model with memory for low-level signals was considered. Simulations of the receiving channel behavior was described by Volterra series that has been obtained in this work. During experiments with real signals, it was found that the nonlinear equalization effectively suppresses the nonlinear distortions of the LNA.
Periodontal Healing with Fixed Restorations Using the Biologically Oriented Preparation Technique Combined with a Full Digital Workflow: A Clinical Case Report

(1) Gingival inflammation is an ongoing challenge in tooth-supported fixed restorations, especially when the prosthetic margin does not consider the supracrestal tissues of patients. This case report aimed to present the case of a patient who was periodontally compromised due to a previous invasion of the supracrestal tissue attachment with fixed restorations and evaluate the healing response of periodontal tissues to a vertical edgeless preparation technique: bleeding upon probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). (2) After tooth preparation, the new restorations were adapted, this time without invading the supracrestal space of the patient, and CAD/CAM monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated. (3) Optimal maturation of the soft tissue was observed, achieving correction of the marginal contour of periodontal tissues and improvement of periodontal indexes. (4) It can be concluded that the BOPT technique combined with a full digital workflow is a valid option for the correction and remodeling of gingival architecture.
Ample vector bundles with sections vanishing along conic fibrations over curves

Let $\mathcal{E}$ be an ample vector bundle of rank $r\geq 2$ on a complex projective manifold $X$ of dimension $n = r+2$ having a section whose zero locus is a smooth surface $Z$. Pairs $(X, \mathcal{E})$ as above are classified under the assumption that $(Z,L_Z)$ is a conic fibration over a smooth curve for some ample line bundle $L$ on $X$.
Improving the Translational Validity of Methods Used to Study Depression in Animals

Understanding the basic biology of brain disorders, evaluating novel drug targets, and developing new treatments all largely depend on the use of animals. In psychiatry, the reliability of methods used in animals to study diseases such as depression has been called into question and limitations associated with the current methodologies are often blamed for a lack of progress in the field. In order to move forward, new methods to study depression-related neurobiology and antidepressant drug efficacy are required and these approaches need to demonstrate translational validity. This review will focus on new approaches which may offer improved methods to quantify depression-related behaviours in non-human species. In particular, recent developments in the study emotional and non-emotional cognitive impairments in depression, and models of cognitive affective biases in depression will be discussed.
Use of Trapezoidal Shaping Algorithm in the Digital Multi-channel System

It discusses one kind of digital filter technology—trapezoidal shaping algorithm based on actual need of studying the digital multi-channel.Firstly,demonstrating the feasibility of the arithmetic with theoretical analysis;secondly,predigesting the process of the arithmetic;thirdly,simulating with MATLAB;lastly,using the arithmetic to measure data.The result of testing indicates trapezoidal shaping algorithm accords with the need of digital multi-channel shaping extraordinary.The best filter can be obtained by means of setting parameter due to superiority of digital multi-channel.
How Well Does Australian Animal Welfare Policy Reflect Scientific Evidence: A Case Study Approach Based on Lamb Marking

Simple Summary Animal welfare policy regarding husbandry practices in sheep in Australia differs between states and territories. This dis-uniformity of the legislature can be confusing and limit the application of the law, particularly with growing pressure from the local and global community to improve animal welfare. The influence of scientific evidence contributing to the development of these policies is unclear. This article explores the Australian animal welfare legislature and the scientific evidence informing husbandry practices commonly performed at lamb marking. Abstract The development and substance of animal welfare policy is subject to a range of social, cultural, economic, and scientific influences that commonly vary within and between countries. Discrepancies in policy can create confusion and mistrust among stakeholders and consumers and limit the ability to create a uniform minimum level of requirements to safeguard animal welfare, as well as create a level ‘playing field’ for farmers when trading with other jurisdictions. The livestock sector is receiving growing scrutiny globally for real and perceived violations of animal welfare, for example, the practice of mulesing in Australia. This article explores animal welfare legislation within Australia and how it reflects the scientific evidence surrounding routine husbandry practices in sheep, including tail docking, castration, and mulesing. While there is some variation between state and territory legislation, the most notable concern is the lack of enforceable recommendations surrounding the evidence-based use of analgesia and anaesthesia for painful husbandry procedures. The age at which these procedures are recommended to be performed is relatively consistent across Australian jurisdictions, but there is a marked difference compared to international legislation. The global context of animal welfare legislation, public perception, and producer perception of these procedures are also discussed, highlighting the difficulty of creating robust animal welfare legislation that promotes a good standard of welfare that is respected worldwide whilst being practical in an Australian setting given our unique geography and climatic conditions.
Dynamic Asset Allocation in an Incomplete Market

The dynamic mean-variance efficient strategies and the efficient frontiers are explicitly derived in an incomplete market. Every dynamic mean-variance efficient strategy can be viewed as buy-and-hold combinations of two funds: the zero-coupon bond and a continuously rebalanced portfolio. The two funds are clearly expressed with the parameters of the assets in the market. And the mean-variance efficient frontier is proved to be a straight line in the mean-standard-deviation diagram.
ANOMALY DETECTION ALGORITHM OF HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES BASED ON SPECTRAL ANALYSES

Anomaly detection is an important application of hyperspectral images.Aiming at the problems in current researches,a new anomaly detection algorithm based on spectral analyses was proposed for hyperspectral images.The algorithm used spectral analyses technique to effectively separate target information from complicate backgrounds and greatly suppressed background interferences for detection.And those error data obtained after spectral unmixing with background endmembers only include abundant target information and better follow Gaussian distribution.Principal component analysis was used to transform the error data,and local average singularity was defined to select the most effective principal component for anomaly detection according to high-order statistics.Final detection was realized with conventional RX detector.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,numerical experiments were conducted on real AVIRIS data.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm greatly outperforms the conventional RX algorithm.
Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal a New Species of Genus Monochaetia Belonging to the Family Sporocadaceae in Korea

Abstract The fungal strain belonging to the genus Monochaetia of the family Sporocadaceae was isolated from hairy long-horned toad beetle (Moechotypa diphysis) during the screening of microfungi associated with insects from Gangwon Province, Korea. The strain KNUF-6L2F produced white, light brown to dirty black surface, and olivaceous green colonies with the higher growth, while the closest strain M. ilicis KUMCC 15–0520T were light brown to brown, and M. schimae SAUCC 212201T light brown to brown toward center. The strain KNUF-6L2F produced shorter (5.7–14.0 μm) apical appendages than M. ilicis (6.0–24.0 μm), but similar to M. schimae (7.0–12.5 μm). Three median cells of KNUF-6L2F were light brown to olivaceous green, whereas brown and olivaceous cells were observed from M. ilicis and M. schimae, respectively. And the strain KNUF-6L2F produced larger conidiogenous cells than M. ilicis and M. schimae. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses based on molecular datasets of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1α), and β-tubulin (TUB2) genes corroborated the strain’s originality. Thus, the strain is different from other known Monochaetia species, according to molecular phylogeny and morophology, hence we suggested the new species Monochaetia mediana sp. nov. and provided a descriptive illustration.
Three‐dimensional inversion without blocks

Summary. We propose a method for solving non-linear inverse problems in the case where the unknown is a function of the spatial coordinates and the data set is discrete and finite. The method is based on a generalized leastsquares criterion, it is defined directly for non-linear problems (without previous linearization of the forward problem), and in the particular linear case it gives the same results (although slightly more general) than the Backus & Gilbert approach. As an example, we apply the method to the three-dimensional seismic velocity inverse problem, using as data the arrival times of seismic waves. The following paper (Nercessian et al.) shows some results obtained using the present method.