Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mismatch Negativity: A Powerful Tool for Cognitive Neuroscience

This article reviews research on the relatively recently discovered event-related potential component, the mismatch negativity (MMN), which is of great potential interest for understanding central auditory function and various forms of its pathology. This change-specific response can serve as an accurate objective measure for central sound representations that form the basis, for instance, for correct hearing of speech. Deficiencies in the MMN may be related to different forms of deficits in central auditory processing.
The α1-adrenergic receptors: diversity of signaling networks and regulation

The α1-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes (α1a, α1b, and α1d) mediate several physiological effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Despite several studies in recombinant systems and insight from genetically modified mice, our understanding of the physiological relevance and specificity of the α1-AR subtypes is still limited. Constitutive activity and receptor oligomerization have emerged as potential features regulating receptor function. Another recent paradigm is that βarrestins and G protein-coupled receptors themselves can act as scaffolds binding a variety of proteins and this can result in growing complexity of the receptor-mediated cellular effects. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge on some recently identified functional paradigms and signaling networks that might help to elucidate the functional diversity of the α1-AR subtypes in various organs.
Segregation of Different GABAA Receptors to Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Membranes of Cerebellar Granule Cells

Two types of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition (phasic and tonic) have been described in cerebellar granule cells, although these cells receive GABAergic input only from a single cell type, the Golgi cell. In adult rats, granule cells express six GABAAreceptor subunits abundantly (α1, α6, β2, β3, γ2, and δ), which are coassembled into at least four to six distinct GABAA receptor subtypes. We tested whether a differential distribution of GABAA receptors on the surface of granule cells could play a role in the different forms of inhibition, assuming that phasic inhibition originates from the activation of synaptic receptors, whereas tonic inhibition is provided mainly by extrasynaptic receptors. The α1, α6, β2/3, and γ2 subunits have been found by immunogold localizations to be concentrated in GABAergic Golgi synapses and also are present in the extrasynaptic membrane at a lower concentration. In contrast, immunoparticles for the δ subunit could not be detected in synaptic junctions, although they were abundantly present in the extrasynaptic dendritic and somatic membranes. Gold particles for the α6, γ2, and β2/3, but not the α1 and δ, subunits also were concentrated in some glutamatergic mossy fiber synapses, where their colocalization with AMPA-type glutamate receptors was demonstrated. The exclusive extrasynaptic presence of the δ subunit-containing receptors, together with their kinetic properties, suggests that tonic inhibition could be mediated mainly byextrasynaptic α6β2/3δ receptors, whereas phasic inhibition is attributable to the activation of synapticα1β2/3γ2, α6β2/3γ2, and α1α6β2/3γ2receptors.
Physically based modeling in catchment hydrology at 50: Survey and outlook

Integrated, process‐based numerical models in hydrology are rapidly evolving, spurred by novel theories in mathematical physics, advances in computational methods, insights from laboratory and field experiments, and the need to better understand and predict the potential impacts of population, land use, and climate change on our water resources. At the catchment scale, these simulation models are commonly based on conservation principles for surface and subsurface water flow and solute transport (e.g., the Richards, shallow water, and advection‐dispersion equations), and they require robust numerical techniques for their resolution. Traditional (and still open) challenges in developing reliable and efficient models are associated with heterogeneity and variability in parameters and state variables; nonlinearities and scale effects in process dynamics; and complex or poorly known boundary conditions and initial system states. As catchment modeling enters a highly interdisciplinary era, new challenges arise from the need to maintain physical and numerical consistency in the description of multiple processes that interact over a range of scales and across different compartments of an overall system. This paper first gives an historical overview (past 50 years) of some of the key developments in physically based hydrological modeling, emphasizing how the interplay between theory, experiments, and modeling has contributed to advancing the state of the art. The second part of the paper examines some outstanding problems in integrated catchment modeling from the perspective of recent developments in mathematical and computational science.
Assessment of Socio-Economic Status of Parsha and Barod Villages of Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh: A Geographic Analysis

The study of socio-economic status is very important in developing world to know the socioeconomic condition of the people living in the rural areas. Such types of study analyze the socioeconomic condition of the rural areas and put forward the suggestions to solve the problems prevailing in the rural areas. The present study which is based on field survey which holds from 29 September to 06 th October, 2017 enables us in studying the various aspects of the village life. The first-hand experience is how they sustain their livelihood, which kind of difficulties they face for livelihood and other expenses of the household. The total population of both villages is 268 persons in which 66%, 24%, 10% belongs to Upper Cast, Schedule Cast, and Backward Caste. The sex ratio of villages is 985. In this study area 60%, 03%, 7%, 03, 0.86% and 20% persons are involved in farming activities, labors, private sectors, govt. employee, self employed and unemployed. 44 % household has below 2 lakh income, 38% have 2-4 Lakh, 14% have 4-6 lakh and 4% have over 6 lakh. Other parameters like marital status, source of drinking water, education, age and sex composition, social group, family type, land holding, house type, ventilation, fuel type used, livestock are used for study. The analysis of study shows that the socio-economic and overall Original Research Article Veer and Kumar; JGEESI, 16(2): 1-8, 2018; Article no.JGEESI. 42228 2 quality of life of inhabitants is far from satisfactory as the villager of both village are very poor having poor educational status, housing facilities and low income. Therefore, there is an urgent need to launch income generation and educational program and government authority should give emphasis on improving and enhancing the quality of villager's lives.
Discovering faults in idiom-based exception handling

In this paper, we analyse the exception handling mechanism of a state-of-the-art industrial embedded software system. Like many systems implemented in classic programming languages, our subject system uses the popular return-code idiom for dealing with exceptions. Our goal is to evaluate the fault-proneness of this idiom, and we therefore present a characterisation of the idiom, a fault model accompanied by an analysis tool, and empirical data. Our findings show that the idiom is indeed fault prone, but that a simple solution can lead to significant improvements.
Game semantics for untyped-calculusPietro

We study extensional models of the untyped lambda calculus in the setting of game semantics. In particular, we show that, somewhat unexpectedly and contrary to what happens in ordinary categories of domains, all reeexive objects in the category of games G, introduced by Abramsky, Jagadeesan and Malacaria, induce the same-theory. This is H , the maximal theory induced already by the classical CPO model D1, introduced by Scott in 1969. This results indicates that the current notion of game carries a very speciic bias towards head reduction.
Roles for insulin receptor, PI3-kinase, and Akt in insulin-signaling pathways related to production of nitric oxide in human vascular endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND Previously, we demonstrated that insulin stimulates production of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells. However, specific insulin-signaling pathways mediating production of NO have not been elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed methods for transfection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and direct measurement of NO to begin defining insulin-signaling pathways related to NO production. HUVECs were cotransfected with enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) and another gene of interest. Transfection efficiencies >95% were obtained by selecting cells expressing eGFP. Overexpression of insulin receptors in HUVECs resulted in an approximately 3-fold increase in production of NO in response to insulin. In contrast, HUVECs overexpressing a tyrosine kinase-deficient mutant insulin receptor had a dose-response curve similar to that of control cells. Overexpression of inhibitory mutants of either phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or Akt resulted in nearly complete inhibition of insulin-stimulated production of NO. Overexpression of an inhibitory mutant of Ras had a much smaller effect. CONCLUSIONS Receptor kinase activity is necessary to mediate production of NO through the insulin receptor. Both PI3K and Akt contribute importantly to this process, whereas the contribution of Ras is small.
Unified ICA-SPM Analysis of fMRI Experiments - Implementation of an ICA Graphical user Interface for the SPM Pipeline

We present a toolbox for exploratory analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data using independent component analysis (ICA) within the widely used SPM analysis pipeline. The toolbox enables dimensional reduction using principal component analysis, ICA using several different ICA algorithms, selection of the number of components using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), visualization of ICA components, and extraction of components for subsequent analysis using the standard general linear model. We demonstrate how the toolbox is capable of identifying activity and nuisance effects in fMRI data from a
A Comparison of Methods for Eliciting Post-Task Subjective Ratings in Usability Testing

A high resolution printer includes a printhead having optimized features including 12 to 14 micron diameter orifices spaced apart from adjacent orifices by a distance of between 76 to 94 microns. The orifice plate is electroformed and plated to a thickness ranging from 20 to 25 microns. A polymeric barrier layer secures the orifice plate to a printhead substrate.
Topographical attributes to predict soil hydraulic properties along a hillslope transect

Basic soil properties have long been used to predict unsaturated soil hydraulic properties with pedotransfer function (PTFs). Implementation of such PTFs is usually not feasible for catchment‐scale studies because of the experimental effort that would be required. On the other hand, topographical attributes are often readily available. This study therefore examines how well PTFs perform that use both basic soil properties and topographical attributes for a hillslope in Basilicata, Italy. Basic soil properties and hydraulic data were determined on soil samples taken at 50‐m intervals along a 5‐km hillslope transect. Topographical attributes were determined from a digital elevation model. Spearman coefficients showed that elevation (z) was positively correlated with organic carbon (OC) and silt contents (0.62 and 0.59, respectively) and negatively with bulk density (ρb) and sand fraction (−0.34 and −0.37). Retention parameters were somewhat correlated with topographical attributes z, slope (β), aspect (cosϕ), and potential solar radiation. Water contents were correlated most strongly with elevation (coefficient between 0.38 and 0.48) and aspect during “wet” conditions. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed for 21 different sets of predictors to estimate retention parameters, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and water contents at capillary heads h = 50 cm and 12 bar (103 cm). The prediction of retention parameters could be improved with 10% by including topography (RMSE = 0.0327 cm3 cm−3) using textural fractions, ρb, OC, z, and β as predictors. Furthermore, OC became a better predictor when the PTF also used z as predictor. The water content at h = 50 cm could be predicted 26% more accurately (RMSE = 0.0231 cm3cm−3) using texture, ρb, OC, z, β, and potential solar radiation as input. Predictions of ANNs with and without topographical attributes were most accurate in the wet range (0 < h < 250 cm). Semivariograms of the hydraulic parameters and their residuals showed that the ANNs could explain part of the (spatial) variability. The results of this study confirm the utility of topographical attributes such as z, β, cosϕ, and potential solar radiation as predictors for PTFs when basic soil properties are available. A next step would be the use of topographical attributes when no or limited other predictors are available.
Transcranial direct current stimulation and EEG-based motor imagery BCI for upper limb stroke rehabilitation

Clinical studies had shown that EEG-based motor imagery Brain-Computer Interface (MI-BCI) combined with robotic feedback is effective in upper limb stroke rehabilitation, and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) combined with other rehabilitation techniques further enhanced the facilitating effect of tDCS. This motivated the current clinical study to investigate the effects of combining tDCS with MI-BCI and robotic feedback compared to sham-tDCS for upper limb stroke rehabilitation. The stroke patients recruited were randomized to receive 20 minutes of tDCS or sham-tDCS prior to 10 sessions of 1-hour MI-BCI with robotic feedback for 2 weeks. The online accuracies of detecting motor imagery from idle condition were assessed and offline accuracies of classifying motor imagery from background rest condition were assessed from the EEG of the evaluation and therapy parts of the 10 rehabilitation sessions respectively. The results showed no evident differences between the online accuracies on the evaluation part from both groups, but the offline analysis on the therapy part yielded higher averaged accuracies for subjects who received tDCS (n=3) compared to sham-tDCS (n=2). The results suggest towards tDCS effect in modulating motor imagery in stroke, but a more conclusive result can be drawn when more data are collected in the ongoing study.
Transition System Specifications with Negative Premises

In thLs article the general approach to Plotkin style operational semantics of [7] is extended to Transrtion System Specifications (TSS's) with rules that may contain negative premises. Two problems arise: firstly the rules may be inconsistent, and secondly it is not obvious how such rules determine a transttion relation. We present a general method, based on the stratiflcatPon technique of logic programm~ng, to show consistency of a set of rules. Then we show how a specific transition relation can be associated with each consistent TSS in a very natural way. A special format for the rules, the pure ntytt/ntyxt-format, is defined. For this format three important theorems hold: firstly, bis~mulation is a congruence if all operators are defined using this format, secondly under certain natural restrictions a TSS in ntylt-tormat can be added conservatively to a TSS in pure ntyft/ntyxt-format and finally, the trace congruence for image finite processes induced by our format is precisely bistmulation equivalence.
Analysis of NDVI and Plant Vegetation Diversity in the Traditional Zone, Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Bogor

Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) traditional zone is a zone which is highly utilized by the local community to fulfill their daily needs by utilizing non-timber forest resources and implementing an agroforestry system with the main commodity is poh-pohan (Pilea melastomoides). Forest monitoring in the MHSNP traditional zone is very important to do as part of sustainable forest management and the realization of supporting Indonesia's Forestry And Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 program. This study aims to analyze the density of vegetation based on NDVI values; besides, analyze the level of plant species diversity and stand structure in the traditional zone of MHSNP. Furthermore, the data collection of plant species diversity at the area based on NDVI value of vegetation density. NDVI values ​​are obtained into three classes that have different land conditions. The class 1 value range from 0.147 to 0.273 has a low vegetation density. Class 2 from 0.273 to 0.319 has medium vegetation density. Meanwhile, class 3 has high vegetation density with a value of 0.319 to 0.433. Diversity of plant species has 60 different species from a total of three classes. The density of seedlings is lower than saplings and at the level of poles, trees is decreasing that is indicates a balanced stand structure. The low seedling level is caused by inhibition of seedling growth due to cleaning by the local community in preparation for planting understory since the community prefers to plant understory which harvest faster woody plant seedling.
Retinal Layers Measurements following Silicone Oil Tamponade for Retinal Detachment Surgery

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the influence of silicone oil on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent vitreoretinal surgery. The study included 47 patients (eyes), who underwent a pars plana vitrectomy with the silicone oil tamponade. The control group included unoperated eye of all participants. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used for the measurements of peripapilar and macular RNFL thickness. The average peripapillary RNFL thickness was significantly higher in the silicone oil filled eyes during endotamponade and after its removal. The eyes with elevated IOP had less thickening of the RNFL in comparison to the eyes with normal IOP. Central macular thickness and macular volume were decreased in the silicone oil filled eyes in comparison to the control eyes. In conclusion, silicone oil caused peripapilar RNFL thickening in the vitrectomized eyes during endotamponade and after silicone oil removal.
Ontogeny of valproic acid disposition and metabolism: a developmental study in postnatal lambs and adult sheep.

The ontogeny of valproic acid (VPA) disposition and metabolism was investigated in developing lambs and adult sheep (Dorset or Suffolk breed). Specifically, we wished to investigate the role of glucuronidation and beta-oxidation on VPA elimination during development. Catheters were implanted in a carotid artery, a jugular vein, and the urinary bladder in 10-day-old (10 d; n = 8), 1-month-old (1 M; n = 4), and 2-month-old lambs (2 M; n = 5). In adult sheep (n = 5), catheters were implanted in a femoral artery and vein. After the administration of a 10 mg/kg VPA i.v. bolus, serial blood samples and cumulative urine samples were collected for 36 h in the adult ewes and for 72 h in the lambs. Due to saturable protein binding, age-related differences in VPA clearance were more obvious when examining the total body clearance of unbound drug (Cl(u)tb). Mean Cl(u)tb increased significantly with age up to 2 months (10 d = 2.65 +/- 1.16 ml/min/kg; 1 M = 5.11 +/- 2.49 ml/min/kg; 2 M = 12.84 +/- 3.88 ml/min/kg) before decreasing to adult levels (7.73 +/- 2.64 ml/min/kg). Similarly, the urinary recovery of the major metabolite, VPA-glucuronide, was significantly less in 10 d lambs (29.2 +/- 16.0% of the dose) when compared with the adult and 2 M groups (both approximately 74% of the dose). No differences with age were observed in the portion of the dose excreted as the beta-oxidation metabolite, 2-n-propyl-3-oxopentanoic acid. The results suggest that alterations in Cl(u)tb with age may be attributable to postnatal development of enzymes involved in VPA glucuronidation.
Head-of-Bed Elevation Improves End-Expiratory Lung Volumes in Mechanically Ventilated Subjects: A Prospective Observational Study

BACKGROUND: Head-of-bed elevation (HOBE) has been shown to assist in reducing respiratory complications associated with mechanical ventilation; however, there is minimal research describing changes in end-expiratory lung volume. This study aims to investigate changes in end-expiratory lung volume in a supine position and 2 levels of HOBE. METHODS: Twenty postoperative cardiac surgery subjects were examined using electrical impedance tomography. End-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) was recorded as a surrogate measurement of end-expiratory lung volume in a supine position and at 20° and then 30°. RESULTS: Significant increases in end-expiratory lung volume were seen at both 20° and 30° HOBE in all lung regions, except the anterior, with the largest changes from baseline (supine) seen at 30°. From baseline to 30° HOBE, global EELI increased by 1,327 impedance units (95% CI 1,080–1,573, P < .001). EELI increased by 1,007 units (95% CI 880–1,134, P < .001) in the left lung region and by 320 impedance units (95% CI 188–451, P < .001) in the right lung. Posterior increases of 1,544 impedance units (95% CI 1,405–1,682, P < .001) were also seen. EELI decreased anteriorly, with the largest decreases occurring at 30° (−335 impedance units, 95% CI −486 to −183, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: HOBE significantly increases global and regional end-expiratory lung volume; therefore, unless contraindicated, all mechanically ventilated patients should be positioned with HOBE.
Using semantic roles to improve summaries

This paper describes preliminary analysis on the influence of the semantic roles in summary generation. The proposed method involves three steps: first, the named entities in the original text are identified using a named entity recognizer; secondly, the sentences are parsed and semantic roles are extracted; thirdly, selection of the sentences containing specific semantic roles for the most relevant entities in text. Although the method is language independent, in order to check its viability, we tested the proposed approach for Romanian summaries.