Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BILLENGSELLIDE AND ORTHIDE BRACHIOPODS: NEW INSIGHTS INTO EARLIEST ORDOVICIAN EVOLUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY FROM NORTHERN IRAN

Abstract: The eastern Alborz Mountains of Iran comprise a significant peri‐Gondwanan terrane relevant to the early evolution of late Cambrian – early Ordovician brachiopods incorporated into the emerging benthic biota of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna. A low diversity brachiopod assemblage from the late Tremadocian unit of the Lashkarak Formation contains six new species including the polytoechioideans Polytoechia and Protambonites and the orthoideans Paralenorthis, Ranorthis, Tarfaya and Xianorthis. The fauna preserves the earliest records of Polytoechia, unknown previously outside Laurentia and the Uralian margin of Baltica, and of Paralenorthis and Ranorthis, which were widespread along Gondwanan margins and in Baltica from the Floian (Arenig), plus Xianorthis, known hitherto only from the Floian of South China. The enigmatic Tarfaya has an impunctate shell fabric and setigerous perforations along the posterior margin, indicating placement within the Orthoidea in a new Family Tarfayidae. New species of Polytoechia, Protambonites, Paralenorthis, Ranorthis, Tarfaya, Xianorthis are described.
Tectonic controls of Phanerozoic sedimentary rock cycling

The cyclic nature of the Phanerozoic sedimentary rock distribution, carbon-sulphur coupling, and material transfer among sedimentary reservoirs appears to be controlled by tectonic factors. The distribution of preserved sedimentary mass in terms of rock mass remaining U. geologic age shows a minimum c. 300-350 Ma ago, which separates two subcycles of erosion and deposition of sedimentary rocks. The older subcycle was interrupted because of the major continental collisions of the Devonian and late Carboniferous. These collisions resulted in a reduction of outcrop areas of rocks of the older cycle relative to their masses, leading to a decline in the probability of destruction and an increase in half-life of these older sediments. A strong correlation exists between the long-term cyclicity in the Phanerozoic global sea level curve and the distribution of carbon and sulphur among their major exogenic reservoirs. This correlation is related to two principal tectonic modes of the Phanerozoic: oscillatory and submergent. It is postulated that the submergent mode of active plate convergence, obduction and subduction of sediments, large ridge volume, and high sea level gave rise to low erosion and sedimentation rates, less restricted environments of carbonate deposition, and relatively high atmospheric CO2 levels (high temperatures ? ), resulting from an increased rate of production of CO2 from diagenetic and metamorphic reactions at subduction zones. As sea level rose carbon was transferred from the sedimentary reservoir of reduced organic carbon to that of oxidized inorganic carbon in limestones, whereas sulphur moved from the oxidized sulphate reservoir to the reduced sulphide reservoir. As sea level fell, reservoir transfers were opposite to those above culminating in the oscillatory mode of generally elevated continental interiors. These reservoir transfers are consistent with secular changes observed in the distribution of δ13C and δ34S in Sedimentary materials during the Phanerozoic. Petrographic examination of Phanerozoic oolite formations shows that öoids with preserved calcitic relict textures are characteristic of pre-Carboniferous carbonate rocks, whereas öoids with relict textures indicative of initial aragonite mineralogy are dominant in rocks of younger age. These changes in öoid mineralogy may be interpreted as reflecting changes in CO2 levels of the ocean-atmosphere system consistent with the above tectonic considerations. Atmospheric CO2 levels were higher prior to Carboniferous time, favouring formation of calcitic öoids and skeletal parts; after the Carboniferous, CO2 levels fell and aragonite and Mg-calcites of greater than 8 mol % Mg increased in abundance as precipitates.
Influence d'un cisaillement oscillant sur la dynamique de vieillissement microscopique d'un verre colloidal

Ce travail experimental cherche a mieux caracteriser les effets du cisaillement sur le vieillissement d'un verre colloidal au niveau microscopique. La dynamique des rearrangements d'un tel systeme est etudiee au moyen d'une technique de diffusion multiple de la lumiere (MSDWS) developpee au cours de cette these. Nous montrons que la cessation d'un cisaillement de forte amplitude est, au niveau microscopique, l'equivalent pour ces systemes d'une trempe thermique pour d'autres systemes vitreux. Notre systeme est en effet rajeuni par un fort cisaillement puis presente un comportement de vieillissent classique a la cessation de celui-ci. De surcroit, nous montrons qu'un cisaillement de faible amplitude permet au systeme de vieillir plus vite. Nous appelons ce comportement le survieillissement. Ces deux effets antagonistes (rajeunissement et survieillissement) sont aussi observes sur des polymeres vitreux soumis a des marches de temperature. Nous montrons enfin que le modele SGR fournit une description unifiee de ces comportements similaires pour differents types de perturbation. Ceux-ci mettent en lumiere l'elargissement de la distribution de temps de relaxation au sein de ce type de materiaux soumis a des perturbations exterieures.
Vehicle Detection and Tracking with Roadside LiDAR Using Improved ResNet18 and the Hungarian Algorithm

By the end of the 2020s, full autonomy in autonomous driving may become commercially viable in certain regions. However, achieving Level 5 autonomy requires crucial collaborations between vehicles and infrastructure, necessitating high-speed data processing and low-latency capabilities. This paper introduces a vehicle tracking algorithm based on roadside LiDAR (light detection and ranging) infrastructure to reduce the latency to 100 ms without compromising the detection accuracy. We first develop a vehicle detection architecture based on ResNet18 that can more effectively detect vehicles at a full frame rate by improving the BEV mapping and the loss function of the optimizer. Then, we propose a new three-stage vehicle tracking algorithm. This algorithm enhances the Hungarian algorithm to better match objects detected in consecutive frames, while time–space logicality and trajectory similarity are proposed to address the short-term occlusion problem. Finally, the system is tested on static scenes in the KITTI dataset and the MATLAB/Simulink simulation dataset. The results show that the proposed framework outperforms other methods, with F1-scores of 96.97% and 98.58% for vehicle detection for the KITTI and MATLAB/Simulink datasets, respectively. For vehicle tracking, the MOTA are 88.12% and 90.56%, and the ID-F1 are 95.16% and 96.43%, which are better optimized than the traditional Hungarian algorithm. In particular, it has a significant improvement in calculation speed, which is important for real-time transportation applications.
Trans-grafting plum pox virus resistance from transgenic plum rootstocks to apricot scions

Introduction Trans-grafting could be a strategy to transfer virus resistance from a transgenic rootstock to a wild type scion. However contradictory results have been obtained in herbaceous and woody plants. This work was intended to determine if the resistance to sharka could be transferred from transgenic plum rootstocks to wild-type apricot scions grafted onto them. Methods To this end, we conducted grafting experiments of wild- type apricots onto plum plants transformed with a construction codifying a hairpin RNA designed to silence the PPV virus and studied if the resistance was transmitted from the rootstock to the scion. Results Our data support that the RNA-silencing-based PPV resistance can be transmitted from PPV-resistant plum rootstocks to non-transgenic apricot scions and that its efficiency is augmented after successive growth cycles. PPV resistance conferred by the rootstocks was robust, already occurring within the same growing cycle and maintained in successive evaluation cycles. The RNA silencing mechanism reduces the relative accumulation of the virus progressively eliminating the virus from the wild type scions grafted on the transgenic resistant PPV plants. There was a preferential accumulation of the 24nt siRNAs in the scions grafted onto resistant rootstocks that was not found in the scions grafted on the susceptible rootstock. This matched with a significantly lower relative accumulation of hpRNA in the resistant rootstocks compared with the susceptible or the tolerant ones. Discussion Using transgenic rootstocks should mitigate public concerns about transgenes dispersion and eating transgenic food and allow conferring virus resistance to recalcitrant to transformation cultivars or species.
Relative roles of climate and emissions changes on future tropospheric oxidant concentrations

A Lagrangian chemistry-transport model (STOCHEM) was driven with meteorology derived from a slab ocean general circulation model for conditions appropriate to the present-day and at double CO2, and with emission scenarios appropriate for present day conditions and for the year 2075. The results show conclusively that the effect of including the predicted changes to future climate is to reduce the simulated tropospheric ozone concentrations. The response of global tropospheric ozone in the period 1990–2075 was an increase of 6.4 ppb when both climate and emissions changes were included, compared to an increase of 10.3 ppb when only emissions changes were considered. This difference is mainly due to water vapor and temperature increases, together with some dynamical effects. There are considerable changes to other tropospheric oxidants, with OH, HO2, and H2O2 all increasing considerably in response to climate changes. In contrast, OH decreases when only the emissions are allowed to change. A replicate run of the control scenario with STOCHEM using a different year of meteorology showed considerable interannual variability in local monthly mean ozone concentrations.
CALCAREOUS MICROFOSSILS IN BRONZE AGE AEGEAN CERAMICS: ILLUMINATING TECHNOLOGY AND PROVENANCE*

The calcareous skeletal remains of various microscopic organisms such as foraminifera and ostracods are a striking feature of thin sections of many archaeological ceramics from the Aegean Bronze Age. While the presence of these calcareous microfossils in pottery has been noted for some time, attempts to utilize them to further the aims of ceramic compositional analysis have been few in number. In the following paper, we take a first detailed look at the occurrence and utility of calcareous microfossils in archaeological ceramics. By presenting selected case studies from the Bronze Age of Crete, we demonstrate the potential of calcareous microfossils, especially the extremely small 'nannofossils' and the highly contextual geological information that they contain, in terms of the characterization and grouping of ceramics, the determination of their provenance and the reconstruction of ancient technology. © University of Oxford, 2007.
Recognition of Late Cretaceous Hasanbag ophiolite-arc rocks in the Kurdistan Region of the Iraqi Zagros suture zone: A missing link in the paleogeography of the closing Neotethys Ocean

The Hasanbag igneous complex is situated near Sidekan, 100 km northeast of Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, within the Iraqi Zagros suture zone. It forms part of an ophiolite-bearing terrane referred to as the "Upper Allochthon" or Gemo-Qandil Group. The Hasanbag igneous complex consists predominantly of calc-alkaline basaltic andesites to andesites cut by microgabbro and diorite dikes, which previously were interpreted as a part of the Eocene Walash volcanic group. However, 40 Ar- 39 Ar dates on Hasanbag igneous complex kaersutite (magmatic hornblende) indicate an Albian–Cenomanian age (106–92 Ma). This reveals a previously unrecognized portion of the Late Cretaceous, Neotethyan ophiolite-arc complexes in the Iraqi Zagros suture zone that may well represent lateral equivalents of the ophiolite-arc sequences in Oman-Neyriz and Cyprus. Plagioclase in all rock types has been strongly albitized, such that vestiges of more calcic igneous plagioclase are rare. Other relict igneous silicates are kaersutite, augite (Wo 44.46 -En 46.43 -Fs 9.1 ), and rarely anorthoclase. The whole-rock geochemical variation can be explained by fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende, magnetite, and apatite but with superimposed alteration. Nb/Yb-Th/Yb relationships show that all the samples fall within the compositional field of arc-related rocks and above the field of the mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB)–ocean island basalt (OIB) mantle array. Hasanbag igneous complex samples show enrichment relative to normal (N)-MORB in the large ion lithophile elements and depletion in the high field strength elements, with characteristic Nb-Ta troughs. Hence, they were generated from the mantle wedge within a suprasubduction-zone setting influenced by volatile components from the downgoing slab. The Hasanbag igneous complex shows similar geochemical trends to arc rocks from Neyriz in southwestern Iran. We interpret the Hasanbag igneous complex as a remnant of the Late Cretaceous ophiolite-arc system (named here the Hasanbag arc complex) that developed within the Neotethys Ocean and was subsequently accreted to the Arabian plate during the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene. This represents the first time in Iraq that Late Cretaceous ophiolite-arc complexes have been identified in the Iraqi Zagros collision zone. The Hasanbag arc complex is unequivocally separated from the lithologically similar but younger Eocene–Oligocene Walash-Naopurdan arc-backarc complex, in the same general area but in a structurally lower thrust slice.
Student opinions on the place of digital media in history education

The age of digital media has gradually changed our habits of accessing information and the knowledge we have. The learning habits of students and the way they access information have also changed. Reflecting on this fact, the main purpose of this research is to determine the reflection of this change in history education and students. The main problem question of this study was “What are students' views on the place of digital media in history education? ” The study group of the research consisted of 25 ninth-grade students who were determined randomly and on a voluntary basis. The researcher conducted this study in his/her classes. Therefore, he/she knew the students' educational and social backgrounds. However, since students from homogeneous classes with similar success levels and grade point averages were included in the study, according to the information received from other teachers, students’ success level was considered equal in practice. Additionally, students are admitted to this high school, where the study was conducted, based on a national test. For this reason, the study was conducted with students with equal success levels. Study data were collected using a semi-structured interview form designed by the researcher. Firstly, what the students who made up the study group understood from digital media was questioned. Then, the place and role of digital media in history education were questioned, and the benefits of using digital media tools, such as software, digital photographs, digital images or videos, websites, social media, digital data, mobile applications, blog articles, and electronic books, newspapers, and magazines, in history education, were tried to be determined. Since instant access to information was considered the main goal, it was determined that students confirmed the accuracy of the information they got by asking their teachers. In this study, it was determined that students mostly used digital media to watch videos about course topics. Ease of access to information was seen as the most important benefit of using digital media tools in lessons. It was concluded in the study that encourages students to use their digital gains for their education rather than using them in an uncontrolled way would be important in terms of directing the utilization of time and energy correctly.
Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers

Part I. Background: 1. Introduction 2. Deformation and river response Part II. Effects of Known Measurable Deformation: 3. Experimental studies 4. Measured active tectonics 5. Earthquake effects Part III. Effects of Unmeasured Deformation: 6. Response of channel morphology, sedimentology, hydrology, and hydraulics 7. Lateral response Part IV. Applications: 8. Tectonics and fluvial sedimentation 9. Identification of active and neotectonic structures 10. Applications References Index.
Production of sea spray aerosol in the surf zone

quantitative source function for sea spray aerosol produced by waves breaking in the surf zone was determined from data collected with optical particle counters at both sides of the surf zone at two locations on the Californian coast. Three optical particle counters were used to measure profiles at the base of a pier; a fourth instrument was used at the end of the pier. Careful calibration and intercomparisons of the instruments were made to avoid systematic errors. Aerosol concentrations measured downwind from the surf, in wind speeds of up to 9 m s-1, were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those upwind. Surf aerosol concentration gradients and plume heights vary with particle size and with wind speed. The derived surf aerosol source functions are compared with current estimates for the open ocean, taking into account the different proportions of the ocean surface covered by whitecaps. Application of a simple transport model indicates that surf-produced sea spray contributes significantly to the aerosol concentrations at fetches up to at least 25 km. This has implications for, for example, heterogeneous chemistry and electro-optical propagation. Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union.
A Novel Approach to Spectral Estimation and Moving Average Model Parameter Estimation

We present a novel approach to spectral estimation, posing power spectrum density (PSD) estimation as a constrained optimization problem. More precisely, we optimize the coefficients of a finite impulse response filter such that the output variance is maximized. An analytical solution for this optimization problem is provided and we show that its solution establishes an unbiased estimator for the PSD from which the autocorrelation function and the moving average model coefficients can be derived. The performance of these estimators is demonstrated by comparison to a variety of established methods. Finally, our closed form solution allows interesting theoretical insights and an implementation based on the fast Fourier transform, leading to a fast and accurate estimator.
Contribution of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory to the estimation of CO2 sources and sinks: Theoretical study in a variational data assimilation framework

[1] NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory will monitor the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) along the satellite subtrack over the sunlit hemisphere of the Earth for more than 2 years, starting in late 2008. This paper demonstrates the application of a variational Bayesian formalism to retrieve fluxes at high spatial and temporal resolution from the satellite retrievals. We use a randomization approach to estimate the posterior error statistics of the calculated fluxes. Given our prior information about the fluxes (with error standard deviations about 0.4 g C m−2 d−1 over ocean and 4 g C m−2 d−1 over vegetated areas) and our observation characteristics (with error standard deviations about 2 ppm), we show error reductions of up to about 40% at weekly scale for a grid point of the transport model. We simulate the impact of undetected biases by perturbing the observations and show that regional biases of a few tenths of a part per million in column-averaged CO2 can bias the inverted yearly subcontinental fluxes by a few tenths of a gigaton of carbon, which is larger than the uncertainty on the anthropogenic carbon fluxes but smaller than that of natural fluxes over most vegetated areas.
Combining seismic reflection with multifold wide‐aperture profiling: An effective strategy for high‐resolution shallow imaging of active faults

Shallow imaging of fault zones is a challenging task. We investigate if this issue can be successfully addressed by combining reflection seismics with non‐standard multifold wide‐aperture profiling, a strategy pertaining to crustal scale exploration so far. Near‐offset reflection and multifold wide‐aperture data are simultaneously recorded along two profiles in a small basin crossed by an active fault in Southern Italy. Imaging consists of multiscale seismic tomography complemented by CDP processing of near‐offset reflections and of data spanning a large offset range. By combining smooth Vp and reflectivity images we pinpoint the fault location and yield a valuable picture of the basin. Performance of each exploration technique strongly varies in the two surveys depending on the local geology. Thus, the combined exploration strategy not only yields complementary images for enhanced interpretation, but also allows extending the range of applicability of shallow seismics for fault detection, reducing the risk of unsuccessful investigations.
Maize plant expresses SWEET transporters differently when interacting with Trichoderma asperellum and Fusarium verticillioides, two fungi with different lifestyles

Most Trichoderma species are beneficial fungi that promote plant growth and resistance, while Fusarium genera cause several crop damages. During the plant-fungi interaction there is a competition for sugars in both lifestyles. Here we analyzed the plant growth promotion and biocontrol activity of T. asperellum against F. verticillioides and the effect of both fungi on the expression of the maize diffusional sugar transporters, the SWEETs. The biocontrol activity was done in two ways, the first was by observing the growth capacity of both fungus in a dual culture. The second one by analyzing the infection symptoms, the chlorophyl content and the transcript levels of defense genes determined by qPCR in plants with different developmental stages primed with T. asperellum conidia and challenged with F. verticillioides. In a dual culture, T. asperellum showed antagonist activity against F. verticillioides. In the primed plants a delay in the infection disease was observed, they sustained chlorophyll content even after the infection, and displayed upregulated defense-related genes. Additionally, the T. asperellum primed plants had longer stems than the nonprimed plants. SWEETs transcript levels were analyzed by qPCR in plants primed with either fungus. Both fungi affect the transcript levels of several maize sugar transporters differently. T. asperellum increases the expression of six SWEETs on leaves and two at the roots and causes a higher exudation of sucrose, glucose, and fructose at the roots. On the contrary, F. verticillioides reduces the expression of the SWEETs on the leaves, and more severely when a more aggressive strain is in the plant. Our results suggest that the plant is able to recognize the lifestyle of the fungi and respond accordingly by changing the expression of several genes, including the SWEETs, to establish a new sugar flux.