Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hepatitis C Virus RNA 3′-Untranslated Region Strongly Enhances Translation Directed by the Internal Ribosome Entry Site

ABSTRACT The positive-strand RNA genome of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is flanked by 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs). Translation of the viral RNA is directed by the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′-UTR, and subsequent viral RNA replication requires sequences in the 3′-UTR and in the 5′-UTR. Addressing previous conflicting reports on a possible function of the 3′-UTR for RNA translation in this study, we found that reporter construct design is an important parameter in experiments testing 3′-UTR function. A translation enhancer function of the HCV 3′-UTR was detected only after transfection of monocistronic reporter RNAs or complete RNA genomes having a 3′-UTR with a precise 3′ terminus. The 3′-UTR strongly stimulates HCV IRES-dependent translation in human hepatoma cell lines but only weakly in nonliver cell lines. The variable region, the poly(U · C) tract, and the most 3′ terminal stem-loop 1 of the highly conserved 3′ X region contribute significantly to translation enhancement, whereas stem-loops 2 and 3 of the 3′ X region are involved only to a minor extent. Thus, the signals for translation enhancement and for the initiation of RNA minus-strand synthesis in the HCV 3′-UTR partially overlap, supporting the idea that these sequences along with viral and possibly also cellular factors may be involved in an RNA 3′-5′ end interaction and a switch between translation and RNA replication.
Using Rasch Measurement Theory to Examine Two Instructional Approaches for Teaching and Learning of French Grammar

ABSTRACT The authors describe a quantitative approach based on Rasch measurement theory for evaluating classroom assessments within the context of foreign language classes. A secondary purpose was to examine the effects of two instructional approaches to teach grammar, a guided inductive and a deductive approach, through the lens of Rasch measurement theory. The authors used the FACETS computer program (Linacre, 2007) to analyze the data. The results of this study show that the Rasch model can be used for small-scale classroom assessment. Even though the sample size was small (N = 44), the results of this study illustrate the utility of analyzing classroom assessment data through the lens of Rasch measurement theory. As expected, the students increased their proficiency in French grammatical structures from pretest to posttest. The results also suggest that student proficiency on French grammatical structures is higher when taught with a guided inductive approach.
Out in the Open: Finding and Categorising Errors in the Lexical Simplification Pipeline

Lexical simplification is the task of automatically reducing the complexity of a text by identifying difficult words and replacing them with simpler alternatives. Whilst this is a valuable application of natural language generation, rudimentary lexical simplification systems suffer from a high error rate which often results in nonsensical, non-simple text. This paper seeks to characterise and quantify the errors which occur in a typical baseline lexical simplification system. We expose 6 distinct categories of error and propose a classification scheme for these. We also quantify these errors for a moderate size corpus, showing the magnitude of each error type. We find that for 183 identified simplification instances, only 19 (10.38%) result in a valid simplification, with the rest causing errors of varying gravity.
Decay of Tails at Equilibrium for FIFO Join the Shortest Queue Networks

In join the shortest queue networks, incoming jobs are assigned to the shortest queue from among a randomly chosen subset of $D$ queues, in a system of $N$ queues; after completion of service at its queue, a job leaves the network. We also assume that jobs arrive into the system according to a rate-$\alpha N$ Poisson process, $\alpha 1$. We show under the above ansatz that, as $N\rightarrow\infty$, the tail of the equilibrium queue size exhibits a wide range of behavior depending on the relationship between $\beta$ and $D$. In particular, if $\beta>D/(D-1)$, the tail is doubly exponential and, if $\beta<D/(D-1)$, the tail has a power law. When $\beta=D/(D-1)$, the tail is exponentially distributed.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma mimicking gynecological malignancies of the vagina and cervix: a report of four cases

Although in the past two decades there has been a sharp rise in the incidence of extranodal primary lymphomas in the United States, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the female genital tract is still rare. We present four cases of extranodal NHL presenting with signs and symptoms consistent with cancer of the vagina or cervix and lacking the “B” symptoms often associated with systemic lymphoma such as fever, weight loss, night sweat, and fatigue. It is important for gynecologists to be aware of this neoplastic disease and to include cervical or vaginal lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with examinations suggestive of cervical or vaginal cancer. A correct diagnosis leads to the appropriate therapy, and radical gynecological surgery can be avoided for primary cervical and vaginal lymphoma
Wireless Web: a manager's guide

The book teaches the design and building of useful WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) services. The book is organized into three parts: Part I-A WAP Primer: 1. Introduction: This is a chapter that introduces mobile applications, gives a brief definition of WAP, gives a short overview of the book and how to use it. 2. Technical Overview: Summarizes WAP from a technical viewpoint. 3. Applications: Covers critical success factors for WAP applications as well as a number of possible WAP applications. 4. Tools: Looks at tools that can be used to build WAP applications and recommends a basic application development toolkit. Part ~ The WAP Development Standards: 5. Wireless Markup Language: This chapter considers how W~vlL solves some of the limitations of wireless devices. The author also walks through a tutorial, illustrating the basic language concepts through a series of related examples. 6-Wireless Markup Language-Beyond the Basics: The author continues to explore WIV[L and extends the example from the last chapter to illustrate additional WML features. 7. W1VILScript: Function libraries are outlined and the rest of the chapter is comprised of a tutorial on W~/ILScript. 8. Push Applications: This chapter looks at the components of a WAP push system and follows a typical messaging scenario. It takes a detailed look at push messages and concludes with a simple push messaging scenario. Part 3 WAP in Practice: 9. Design Factors: This chapter looks at a number of critical success factors in designing WAP applications. 10. Architec-tures: Explores architectures suitable for WAP applications. 11. Usability and Testing:. (]ood coverage of usability and about testing it. 12. Application Development Case Study: This chapter walks through a development case study for a Java servlet-hased WAP application describing each stage of the process that was used to build the application. 13. Future of WAP: The author looks at the direction in which wireless Web technology and applications are moving. A WML 1.3 Reference B Source Code This book pulls out important WAP principles, teaches how to apply them, and places them within the whole spectrum of mobile e-commerce. I liked the book as a good, comprehensive book on developing applications for the wireless web. Reviewed by Parasuram Anantharam p~nthax am@er ac. corn Wireless Web: A Manager's Guide is written by Fra~ P. The title of the book accurately describes its content and purpose: the book serves to give a broad picture of the wireless web (convergence …
The Future of Vouchers

This study considers why Florida has been the most aggressive state in adopting school vouchers. Vouchers are consistent with Florida’s tradition of aggressive educational accountability policies, arising from the state’s moderate social conservatism, openness to privatization, and state demographic characteristics. Even with this fertile political soil, vouchers probably would not have been adopted without the efforts of Governor Jeb Bush. The programs also rest on a shaky legal foundation because of the state’s Blaine Amendment and constitutional provisions for “public” and “uniform” schools. The authors conclude that state-level voucher programs in Florida and other states are on uncertain political and legal ground.
EZH2 expression is associated with high proliferation rate and aggressive tumor subgroups in cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the endometrium, prostate, and breast.

PURPOSE EZH2 is a member of the polycomb group of genes and important in cell cycle regulation. Increased expression of EZH2 has been associated previously with invasive growth and aggressive clinical behavior in prostate and breast cancer, but the relationship with tumor cell proliferation has not been examined in human tumors. The purpose of this study was to validate previous findings in a population-based setting, also including tumors that have not been studied previously. PATIENTS AND METHODS In our study of nearly 700 patients, we examined EZH2 expression and its association with tumor cell proliferation and other tumor markers, clinical features, and prognosis in cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the endometrium, prostate, and breast. RESULTS Strong EZH2 expression was associated with increased tumor cell proliferation in all four cancer types. Associations were also found between EZH2 and important clinicopathologic variables. EZH2 expression showed significant prognostic impact in melanoma, prostate, and endometrial carcinoma in univariate survival analyses, and revealed independent prognostic importance in carcinoma of the endometrium and prostate. CONCLUSION Our findings point at EZH2 as a novel and independent prognostic marker in endometrial cancer, and validate previous findings on prostate and breast cancer. Further, EZH2 expression was associated with features of aggressive cutaneous melanoma. The fact that EZH2 might identify increased tumor cell proliferation and aggressive subgroups in several cancers may be of practical interest because the polycomb group proteins have been suggested as candidates for targeted therapy. EZH2 expression should, therefore, be further examined as a possible predictive factor.
From coinductive proofs to exact real arithmetic: theory and applications

Based on a new coinductive characterization of continuous functions we extract certified programs for exact real number computation from constructive proofs. The extracted programs construct and combine exact real number algorithms with respect to the binary signed digit representation of real numbers. The data type corresponding to the coinductive definition of continuous functions consists of finitely branching non-wellfounded trees describing when the algorithm writes and reads digits. We discuss several examples including the extraction of programs for polynomials up to degree two and the definite integral of continuous maps.
Matroid polytopes, nested sets and Bergman fans

The tropical variety defined by linear equations with constant coefficients is the Bergman fan of the corresponding matroid. Building on a self-contained introduction to matroid polytopes, we present a geometric construction of the Bergman fan, and we discuss its relationship with the simplicial complex of nested sets in the lattice of flats. The Bergman complex is triangulated by the nested set complex, and the two complexes coincide if and only if every connected flat remains connected after contracting along any subflat. This sharpens a result of Ardila-Klivans who showed that the Bergman complex is triangulated by the order complex of the lattice of flats. The nested sets specify the De Concini-Procesi compactification of the complement of a hyperplane arrangement, while the Bergman fan specifies the tropical compactification. These two compactifications are almost equal, and we highlight the subtle differences.
Status of This Memo The AES-CMAC-96 Algorithm and Its Use with IPsec

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently specified the Cipher-based Message Authentication Code (CMAC), which is equivalent to the One-Key CBC-MAC1 (OMAC1) algorithm submitted by Iwata and Kurosawa. OMAC1 efficiently reduces the key size of Extended Cipher Block Chaining mode (XCBC).
Outcome Dependency and Attention to Inconsistent Information

Two studies investigated when people attend to information that is inconsistent with their expectations about another person. It was hypothesized that people sometimes ignore information inconsistent with their expectations, but that outcome dependency would increase people's attention to inconsistent information. When the perceiver's outcomes depend on the other person, the perceiver may be more motivated to have a sense of prediction and control, rather than only motivated to maintain the expectation. Attention to inconsistent information potentially increases the perceiver's sense of prediction and control, so it should increase under outcome dependency. Attention to consistent information should be relatively unaffected by outcome dependency. These hypotheses were supported in two studies: In both, outcome dependency increased attention to inconsistent information, but did not influence attention to consistent information. In the second study, think-aloud protocols revealed that outcome-dependent subjects made more dispositional comments while attending to inconsistent information, and generated both facilitative and inhibitory dispositional attributions for the inconsistent information. This suggests that whether they integrated the inconsistency or not, they responded with more thought about the other person's stable characteristics. The results bear on previous work showing situational attributions for inconsistency and previous models of meaning change in impression formation.
Specificity of Learning in Adults with and Without Down Syndrome

Adults with Down syndrome (DS), an undifferentiated developmental delay (UnD) and no developmental delay practiced a manual target aiming task either with or without on-line visual feedback. Following acquisition, participants performed a retention test involving the same sensory condition available during practice, followed by a transfer test under the other sensory condition. Although the participants with UnD were highly dependent on visual feedback for movement accuracy, participants with DS relied more on either kinesthetic feedback or feedforward control for spatial precision. Participants in all three groups improved their movement times with practice. This improvement was associated both with an increase in peak velocity and a reduction in the time required to decelerate their aiming movements. Contrary to our expectations, improvements in performance were not specific to the sensory conditions available during practice.
Traffic sign recognition using an extended bag-of-features model with spatial histogram

Traffic sign recognition (TSR) is a major challenging task for intelligent transport systems. In this paper, we present a multiclass traffic sign recognition system based on the Bag-of-Word (BOW) model. Despite huge success of BOW method, ignoring the spatial information is a weakness of this model and affects accuracy of classification. We have proposed a Spatial Histogram for traffic signs that preserves the required spatial information. In addition, we used an extended codebook construction method to extract key features from all of sign categories efficiently and achieved a recognition rate of %88.02 through 62 sign types with a short execution time.
Exploring Individual‐Level Factors Related to Employee Energy‐Conservation Behaviors at Work

The higher costs of energy have increased organizations' interest in searching for ways to reduce energy use. Typically, organizations have utilized structural or operational changes to decrease their energy use. Another approach involves the energy-conservation behaviors of an organization's employees. Drawing on value-belief-norm theory (Stern, 2000b), we examined the individual-level factors related to energy-conservation behaviors at work among employees of a large state university. Using path analysis, we found that environmental personal norms predicted self-reported energy-conservation behaviors, as well as behavioral intentions. Environmental personal norms also mediated the relationship of environmental worldviews with self-reported energy-conservation behaviors, as well as behavioral intentions. Implications for theory and organizational energy-conservation interventions are discussed.
Asset Pricing with Habit-Dependent Preferences: Behavioral Foundations and Empirical Tests

This paper extends asset pricing models based on habit-dependent preferences in two new directions. First, previously proposed preference specifications are shown to be special cases of a more general model based on behavioral micro-foundations, that is a gain-loss model with habit utility as the reference state. Second, habit is modeled as the rational expectation of future consumption, rather than as a deterministic function of past consumption. The habit-depedent model with rational expectations habit can explain both stock and bond returns with low risk aversion, provided that loss aversion is reasonably large. JEL classification: E21, G12 First draft: August 26, 2004 This draft: September 26, 2004 ∗Finance Department, The Wharton School (e-mail: yogo@wharton.upenn.edu). I thank Andrew Abel, John Campbell, Adam Szeidl, and Jessica Wachter for helpful comments and discussions.
Behavioral profiles and symptoms of autism in CHARGE syndrome: Preliminary Canadian epidemiological data

Individuals with CHARGE syndrome were identified through the Canadian Pediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP). From this population‐based cohort (n = 78), we present data on developmental and behavioral characteristics for the first 13 individuals (eight males, five females) for whom assessments are complete. Standardized parent questionnaires on development and behavior were followed by a structured telephone interview, with a specific emphasis on symptoms of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Preliminary results confirm that individuals with CHARGE syndrome have relatively low adaptive behavior skills, motor impairments being particularly significant. Most individuals did not present with significant behavior problems; however, evidence of ASD symptoms was judged to be moderate to strong in six of the ten children who were above the age of 4–5 years. Results are discussed with reference to the challenges inherent in the diagnosis of autism in individuals with sensory impairments, and to the implications for understanding the etiology of CHARGE syndrome and of ASD. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die Entwicklung intellektueller Fähigkeiten bei Kindern mit ADHS im Langzeitverlauf – Ergebnisse der 8,5-Jahre-Katamnese der Kölner Adaptiven Multimodalen Therapiestudie (KAMT)

The intelligence level and profile of adolescents aged 16 - 22 years, who have received a multimodal treatment of their Attention- Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder in their childhood was assessed in a 8,5 year follow-up-study with the K-TIM. The effects of age, gender and type of school were analyzed. The Composite Intelligence-Scale (IQ 91), Crystallized and Fluid Scales were in the lower average range. The fluid was higher than the crystallized intelligence. Current performance was compared with the performance at beginning (IQ 96) and end (IQ 102) of intensive treatment using the K-ABC. The longitudinal analyses show correlations in the medium range. In multiple regression analyses the achievement scale at the end of the treatment had the highest influence on the K-TIM total score with nearly 50 % of variance explained.
Memory design considerations for high-performance networking SoCs

On chip memory in today's networking SoCs takes up >50% of total area and consumes >40% of total power. As demand for high-performance networks grows, so will the memory content on future SoCs. This paper presents IBM's 32nm HKMG SOI embedded memory offering discussing the considerations associated with the design of key networking memory functions. With memory limiting system performance and dictating minimum voltage system-level power and performance optimization are also presented.
Methicillin-resistant septal peptidoglycan synthesis in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain

In a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain, electron micrographs showed that cell wall septa continued to be formed in the presence of methicillin, although they became distorted and enlarged. The results indicated that peripheral cell wall synthesis was inhibited. It is concluded that a methicillin-resistant mode of septal peptidoglycan synthesis is an important determinant of methicillin resistance.
Collaborative Windows and Organizational Governance: Exploring the Formation and Demise of Social Service Partnerships

For collaboratives to form, this article argues that a collaborative window (the confluence of problem, policy, organizational, and social/political/economic streams) must open, and a collaborative entrepreneur must act (recognizing the window and bringing together appropriate partners). This article argues that because collaborations form in response to particular collaborative windows, the initial governance structures developed will correspond to the conditions characterizing the window. Because initial governance structures are difficult to change and the conditions that characterized the collaborative window shift when the window closes, social service partnerships have built into them the seeds for their short-term demise. To illustrate this argument, a case study is presented of three small, community-based organizations that partnered to provide social services for persons living with HIV and AIDS in Orange County, California. The implications of this case study for understanding the potential long-term impacts of collaborations are discussed.
Task suitability and multimedia interaction at the 2.4 GHz arena for educational purposes the impetus for usability vs cost effectiveness

This paper introduces the new technologies impetus that has accelerated not only the access to information within the tertiary education framework, but has also facilitated the sharing of knowledge and experience, forming “ad-hoc” networks. Rapid technological innovations in the field of mobile devices highlight the need for proper device integration within IT learning environments so that the pedagogical/educational perspective reshapes the “Learning Industry”, which is battered by high deficits, in a manner that leaves intact the educational scheme. In this paper, a systematic methodical approach is introduced based on the operationalization of the Knowledge Management Society, as this is incorporated in tertiary education.
Exploring the roles of the visual‐spatial sketch pad and central executive in children's arithmetical skills: Views from cognition and developmental neuropsychology

Short‐term memory has often been found to play a major role in children's arithmetical skills. However, Bull and Johnston (1997) found that when differences in reading skills were controlled for, short‐term memory, specifically the functioning of the articulatory loop, did not represent a fundamental deficit for children of low mathematical ability. This study examined the role of other working‐memory mechanisms in arithmetical skills, namely the central executive, using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the visual‐spatial sketch pad, using the Corsi Blocks. Results showed that children of high and low mathematics ability differed significantly on WCST measures after controlling for differences in reading ability and IQ but did not differ in visual sequential memory. Correlation analyses revealed a significant correlation between arithmetic performance and perseveration measures from the WCST. The implications of this result are discussed in terms of central‐executive functioning and related cog.