Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiments in migration processing of SS precursor data to image upper mantle discontinuity structure

Long-period SS precursors result from underside reflections off upper mantle discontinuities. By grouping and stacking global seismic data by SS bounce point location it is possible to map lateral variations in depths to the 410- and 660-km discontinuities, a process analogous to common midpoint (CMP) stacking in reflection seismology. Because this method assumes horizontal reflectors, energy arriving from dipping or intermittent reflectors may not be correctly imaged. To address this possibility, we experiment with techniques based on migration processing of shallow seismic reflection data. The problem is complicated by the uneven distribution of sources and receivers for the SS precursor observations, but the data are sufficiently dense beneath the northwest Pacific Ocean that reasonably good coverage can be obtained for this region. We parameterize the model as a grid of point scatterers in latitude, longitude, and depth (from the surface to 1000 km depth) and compute travel times from each grid point to the source and receiver locations. These times are used to construct a matrix equation that yields predicted SS precursor waveforms from the assumed scatterers. To recover the model, we experiment with both simple back projection and full inversions using a conjugate gradient method. Tests on noise-free synthetic data (generated using the same source-receiver distribution as the actual data) suggest that detailed resolution of discontinuity structure is possible, at horizontal scales much smaller than the Fresnel zone. However, the real data do not produce coherent results unless some degree of horizontal smoothing is imposed, at least partially defeating the purpose of this approach. Results for the northwest Pacific find structure on the 410- and 660-km discontinuities and hints of intermittent reflectors at other depths. Random resampling tests, however, suggest that most of these features are not reliably resolved, with the exception of a depression on the 660-km discontinuity seen in the northwest Pacific. Our experiments show that it is unlikely that small-scale structure on the 660-km discontinuity near subducting slabs causes significant bias in maps of the large-scale 660-km topography derived from long-period SS precursor observations.
Structural evolution of basement gneisses and Hadrynian cover, Bulldog Creek area, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia

Two gneiss bodies are contained in thrust sheets on the west edge of the Rocky Mountain Main Ranges near Valemount, British Columbia. The Bulldog Gneiss comprises Aphebian or older paragneiss and amphibolitic gneiss intruded by Aphebian orthogneiss sheets. The Yellowjacket Gneiss is granodioritic orthogneiss of unknown age. Both gneiss bodies are basement highs with thin Hadrynian metasediment cover sequences. The cover sequences are assigned to the lower Miette Group and are correlated with Horsethief Creek Group.Internal shortening of gneiss thrust sheets is expressed by recumbent folding and stacking of thin thrust sheets of gneiss and cover. The Bulldog Gneiss and its cover were carried on the postmetamorphic Purcell Thrust. The Yellowjacket Gneiss and its cover were carried on the pre- to synmetamorphic Bear Foot Thrust. Northeast and northwest displacement is documented on the moderately southwest-dipping Bear Foot Thrust, and a dextral oblique-slip – thrust model is proposed to explain the duality .
Migration of channel heads following wildfire in the Colorado Front Range, USA

The High Park Fire burned ~35 300 ha of the Colorado Front Range during June and July 2012. In the areas of most severe burn, all trees were killed and the litter and duff layers of soil were completely removed. Post‐fire erosion caused channel heads to develop well upslope from pre‐fire locations. The locations of 50 channel heads in two burned catchments were documented and the range of drainage areas contributing to these channel heads to drainage areas of unburned channel heads in the region measured previously were compared. Mean drainage area above channel heads in the burned zone decreased by more than two‐orders of magnitude relative to unburned sites. Drainage area above channel heads between the two burned catchments does not differ significantly with respect to slope, likely as a result of differences in surface roughness between the two sites following the fire. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of various methods of fire danger evaluation in southern Europe

Five methods for the evaluation of fire danger, based on meteorological factors, were tested using statistical data for daily number of fires and burned area from six different regions in France, Italy and Portugal, for a period of 3-9 years, both for Winter and Summer fires. A normalised scale for the output of the various methods was adopted to compare the variation of number of fires and burned area predicted by each method. Based on a statistical test, the relative performance of the various methods is assessed. From the five methods that were analysed in this research, the Canadian and the modified Nesterov methods showed the best overall performance.
Crustal Structure and Its Tectonic Responses During Mesozoic and Cenozoic in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Its Adjacent Region

Taking the North China block as the demonstration zone of “Images of the Earth's Crust & Upper Mantle (IGCP Project 474)”, we calculated the average velocity and thickness of the upper, middle, and lower crust in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan (BTT) and adjacent areas by integrating crustal velocity structure from eight wideangle reflection seismic profiles in this region. Using Kriging interpolating technique, the authors have constructed many significant images such as average velocity, thickness and spatial variation of the bottom boundary depths of upper crust, mid-crust and lower crust. These images show that uplift and depression spreading along nearly EW and NE directions dominate in the study region. Faulted-swells and faulted- depressions controlled by NE faults are present too. The formation of geological structure is closely related to tectonic movement that occurred since the Mesozoic in the study region. The authors inferred that there were at least three stages of intense tectonic movements in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the study region. Combining with regional tectonic researches, the authors conclude that the nearly EW uplifts and depressions formed in the Triassic and the NE-trending uplifts and depressions formed in the Jurassic. The faulted-uplifts and faulted depressions controlled by NE faults emerged in the Cretaceous. Because the middle crust is a low-velocity layer and its deformation is mainly ductile, which is completely different from the upper and lower crust, it is thickened and has low velocity in uplifted areas, whereas its thickness decreased and has high velocity in depressions. The overall strength of the crust is reduced in places of thick middle crust, where faulting and deformation are easy to occur in later tectonic movements, thus affecting the occurrence of present earthquakes in the study region.
Impacts of land use change in soil carbon and nitrogen in a Mediterranean agricultural area (Southern Spain)

Abstract. The agricultural Mediterranean areas are dedicated to arable crops (AC), but in the last decades, a significant number of AC has led to a land use change (LUC) to olive grove (OG) and vineyards (V). A field study was conducted to determine the long-term effects (46 years) of LUC (AC by OG and V) and to determine soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), C : N ratio and their stratification across the soil entire profile, in Montilla-Moriles denomination of origin (D.O.), in Calcic-Chromic Luvisols (LVcc/cr), an area under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. The experimental design consisted of studying the LUC on one farm between 1965 and 2011. Originally, only AC was farmed in 1965, but OG and V were farmed up to now (2011). This LUC principally affected the horizon thickness, texture, bulk density, pH, organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen and C : N ratio. The LUC had a negative impact in the soil, affecting the SOC and TN stocks. The conversion from AC to V and OG involved the loss of the SOC stock (52.7% and 64.9% to V and OG respectively) and the loss of the TN stock (42.6% and 38.1% to V and OG respectively). With respect to the stratification ratios (SRs), the effects were opposite; 46 years after LUC increased the SRs (in V and OG) of SOC, TN and C : N ratio.
Preparation of a 1:25000 Landsat map for assessment of burnt area on Etajima Island

Abstract The Etajima fire of 1978 in Japan was used to assess the accuracy of a method of classification, mapping and area estimation of the devastation caused by forest fire using Landsat MSS data. The classification and mapping method developed was limited to field sizes of about 10 km × 10 km, and the registration of Landsat data for mapping was performed by affine transformation using corresponding ground control points both on the Landsat imagery and the topographical map. The classified results of burnt area obtained from multivariate analysis of Landsat MSS data were completely superimposed on a 1:25 000 topographical map published by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan. This display, called a Landsat Map System, can assist the user to improve his capability of interpretation. The accuracy of the burnt area categorization achieved was comparable with official estimates of the burnt area. Two methods of achieving greater accuracy are suggested: (i) combining MSS 6 and 7 bands of pre-fire and .
Advective surface velocities derived from sequential images for rotational flow field: Limitations and applications of maximum cross-correlation method with rotational registration

An objective technique is developed to calculate advective surface velocities from sequential images. A pattern matching method is used with the identification of maximum cross correlation (MCC) between a template window in the first image and search areas in the second image. We examined the limitations of the MCC method in two cases: (1) eddy size (LE) much smaller than the radius of deformation (LD), and (2) LE≳LD. In the first case an eddy is regarded as a particle. Maximum detectable time period is estimated to be about 1 day. For the second case we developed the MCC method to detect a rotational motion. We compared velocity fields derived from the method with a real velocity field in a numerical analysis of tracer and quasi-geostrophic eddy fields. The optimal template size is about the eddy diameter which spans between the maximum velocity points. We also applied the MCC method to infrared images in the Kuroshio-Oyashio confluence zone.
Drug induced liver injury: causative agents and predictors for the outcome - a retrospective study at Tanta University Hospital, Egypt.

OBJECTIVE Drug induced liver injury is a rare but an important cause of acute liver failure. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyze this disorder, causes, different patterns, and outcomes in Egyptian patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study collected data of 87 patients diagnosed with drug induced liver injury from 2019 through 2020 at Tanta University. Pattern of liver injury was classified as hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed. Data including Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), Glasgow coma scale, and Poison Severity Score were statistically analyzed. Predictors of mortality and fulminant hepatic failure were determined. RESULTS Participants were 46 females and 41 males with age ranging from 12-70 years. 39 patients had hepatocellular liver injury, 15 cholestatic, and 33 mixed. Fulminant hepatic failure was diagnosed in 40 patients. Acetaminophen was the most common causative agent. Overall mortality was 17%. Dead patients had significantly deteriorated liver functions (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, Model for End Stage Liver Disease and SO2 independently predicted mortality, and Model for End Stage Liver Disease and random blood glucose were predictors of fulminant hepatic failure development. CONCLUSIONS Drug induced liver injury is an important health problem in Egypt. Further studies are needed to know the natural history of this disorder. Acetaminophen is one of the most common leading causes. The MELD score is a useful predictor of the outcome of drug induced liver injury such as fulminant hepatic failure and mortality.
A model of the trajectories and midair collision probabilities of sand particles in a steady state saltation cloud

[1] To estimate the probability of a midair interparticle collision for a 0.25 mm saltating particle in a steady state saltation cloud, a physical model that can predict this probability is developed. In our model a set of experimentally determined saltation cloud wind profiles, which are notably nonlogarithmic, are employed. First, the trajectories of a saltating particle with different lift-off velocities and at different free-stream wind velocities are calculated using the wind profile results, and they are compared to corresponding trajectories calculated by logarithmically distributed wind profiles. Our model yields trajectory heights and lengths that are much different than those calculated by the logarithmically distributed profiles. Second, the midair interparticle collision probability is simulated for its ascending and descending stages, as well as for its entire trajectory. Finally, by considering the probability density function the collision probabilities of a saltating particle with a random lift-off velocity at several friction velocities of wind are calculated. The results show that the probability of such a collision almost linearly increases with the friction velocity of wind, and it can reach as high as 0.34 when the friction velocity of wind is 1.2 m/s. Therefore the effect of midair collision should not be neglected in the saltation model, especially at high-friction velocities of wind.
Slab‐like high velocity anomaly in the uppermost mantle beneath the Dabie‐Sulu Orogen

Seismic tomography is used to determine three‐dimensional velocity structure of the Dabie‐Sulu orogen in eastern China. The high resolution image of the P‐waves velocity structure is obtained for the uppermost mantle to a depth of at least 150 km, along the latitudes of 30°–38°N and longitudes of 114°–122°E. Results of this inversion reveal a slab‐like high velocity anomaly under this orogen in the depth from Moho discontinuity to at least 110 km. It may represent a remnant of the subducted Yangtze block during the period of Triassic continent‐continent collision.
Meteorological events and transport patterns in ACE‐Asia

[1] The Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) intensive phase took place from 30 March to 4 May 2001, involving extensive aerosol observations from aircraft, ship, and ground stations. Meteorological events of significance to the ACE-Asia intensive observations made during this period were identified and analyzed using a combination of gridded meteorological analysis fields, observations, and analyses of precipitation, atmospheric radiation distributions, and other variables, and products prepared from these data. The observed flow characteristics were found to be close to the center of the range of interannual variation, with most anomalies spatially confined and small in magnitude. The occurrence and distribution of midlatitude cyclones which had an impact on the circulation and transport patterns affecting the area of the campaign were close to the climatological mean. Total aerosol scattering and the fraction caused by submicron particles, and trajectory analysis results from points along the flight track of the C-130, were used to examine the relationship between the aerosol distributions and transport patterns and the meteorological situation. Notably strong coarse-mode scattering was observed at low altitudes in post cold-frontal circulations during dust outbreaks, and very strong mixed-mode scattering occurred in plumes from polluted areas flowing offshore removed from important surface or upper air features.
NDVI seasonal amplitude and its variability

Figure 1. NDVI seasonal amplitude and its variability. Average maximum NDVI (upper image) and minimum NDVI (lower image) values over the 1982–2003 period are presented following the traditional rainbow color code, the intensity of the image being related to their variability (the darker the color, the more variable the NDVI value). Upper color bar corresponds to high interannual variability in NDVI extreme values, while lower refers to low interannual variability. These images are obtained from statistical analysis of GIMMS data after cloud filtering using the HANTS software. International Journal of Remote Sensing Vol. 29, Nos. 17–18, September 2008, 4887–4888
Deep‐basin macrobenthos of Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand

Abstract The first quantitative deep‐benthic macrofaunal survey of a New Zealand fjord sampled the macrofaunal communities of 12 deep basins that are spatially subdivided along the two main axes of the Doubtful Sound complex. Within basin communities, there was high between‐sample variability of both abundance and family level alpha diversity. Despite this high variability, basin communities could be separated into high (entrance basins), medium (inner deep basins), and low (inner shallow basins) diversity communities, each having an associated characteristic change in family level beta diversity. Community groupings were comparable to previous qualitative community types described for other fjords in New Zealand. Fiord taxa appeared similar to those found on the continental shelf to the north, although there were some unique elements (Nuculanidae, Neilonellidae, Malletidae, Pronemomeniidae, Trochochaetidae), their presence supporting the notion of “emergent” species in fjord habitats. The observed differences in community composition between basins may represent differences in environmental tolerances or dispersal capabilities.
ARCHEOSEMA. Un modello archeo-logico per la ricerca teorica, analitica e sperimentale dei fenomeni complessi.

ARCHEOSEMA (AS) e il titolo di un progetto, scientifico ed interdisciplinare, recentemente premiato alla Sapienza Universita di Roma con un contributo finanziario di 32.000 Euro. Attualmente – applicazioni, esperimenti e analisi – sono in corso di svolgimento presso il Laboratorio di Archeologia Analitica e Sistemi Artificiali Adattivi diretto dal Prof. Marco Ramazzotti che insegna Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte del Vicino Oriente antico (LOR/05), nel Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichita presso la Facolta di Filosofia, Lettere, Scienze Umanistiche e Studi Orientali. I componenti della ricerca premiata sono tutti giovani archeologi, geografi, fisici, statistici e linguisti della Sapienza Universita di Roma impegnati nella realizzazione di un modello logico basato sull’interazione tra i Sistemi Informativi Geografici (GIS) e i Sistemi Artificiali Adattivi (SAA). Il titolo del progetto, ARCHEOSEMA, e un acronimo che sintetizza i suoi due principali fondamenti teorici: l’apertura della moderna ricerca archeologica all’analisi dei segni fisici, storici, geografici e linguistici e la riproduzione virtuale dei sistemi organici, naturali e culturali, tramite l’ausilio delle Scienze Artificiali. Il modello e dunque concepito come uno strumento epistemologico e metodologico: epistemologico poiche impone un dialogo interdisciplinare che coinvolge l’archeologia, la fisica, la geografia, la linguistica e la statistica; metodologico poiche intende produrre analisi destinate alla soluzione di problemi di classificazione, seriazione, struttura e organizzazione dei dati alfanumerici; ad implementare la simulazione dinamica di variabili che compongono sistemi organici naturali e/o culturali; ad identificare nuove regole dell’organizzazione spaziale, economica, politica e, inoltre, ad approfondire i fenomeni fisici, estetici, cognitivi e linguistici dell’auto-organizzazione, dell’entropia, dell’apprendimento e della traduzione.
Origin and pathogenesis of nodular lymphocyte–predominant Hodgkin lymphoma as revealed by global gene expression analysis

The pathogenesis of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) and its relationship to other lymphomas are largely unknown. This is partly because of the technical challenge of analyzing its rare neoplastic lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells, which are dispersed in an abundant nonneoplastic cellular microenvironment. We performed a genome-wide expression study of microdissected L&H lymphoma cells in comparison to normal and other malignant B cells that indicated a relationship of L&H cells to and/or that they originate from germinal center B cells at the transition to memory B cells. L&H cells show a surprisingly high similarity to the tumor cells of T cell-rich B cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma, a partial loss of their B cell phenotype, and deregulation of many apoptosis regulators and putative oncogenes. Importantly, L&H cells are characterized by constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity and aberrant extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. Thus, these findings shed new light on the nature of L&H cells, reveal several novel pathogenetic mechanisms in NLPHL, and may help in differential diagnosis and lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
Flujos, tendencias y cambios decenales en la zona subtropical del Atlántico norte

Para estudiar los flujos, tendencias y cambios decenales en algunas caracteristicas de las masas de agua, se han analizado tres campanas hechas sobre la misma seccion a lo largo del paralelo 24.5. N, en la zona central del giro subtropical del Atlantico Norte en 1957, 1981 y en 1992. La comparacion de las temperaturas entre las tres campanas muestra que las aguas entre 700 y 2500 m se han calentado significativamente entre 1957 y 1992 con un maximo calentamiento de 0.28 +- 0.05. C a 1000 m. Este calentamiento es peculiarmente uniforme a lo largo de toda la extension de la seccion y es debido a dos procesos: entre 1957 y 1981 al movimiento vertical de las isopicnas, de unos 50 db hacia el fondo, y entre 1981 y 1992, a cambios en las caracteristicas de las masas de agua. El transporte de calor, calculado siguiendo la misma metodologia para las tres campanas, se mantiene invariable dentro de la incertidumbre de las medidas, a pesar de los cambios que se han producido en temperatura, salinidad y masas de agua. El transporte de agua en direccion sur a traves de la seccion a 24.5. N es de 1.23 Sv. Se han analizado los mecanismos de transporte de calor, agua, sal, oxigeno y elementos nutritivos y evaluado la circulacion meridional a traves de la seccion a la vista del balance de silicato en el Atlantico. La tesis recoge hipotesis y analisis de los mecanismos que pueden explicar los cambios encontrados.
Measurement Technique for the Determination of Photolyzable Chlorine and Bromine in the Atmosphere

A technique has been developed to enable measurement of photolyzable chlorine and bromine at trace levels in the troposphere. In this method, ambient air is drawn through a cylindrical flow cell, which is irradiated with a Xe arc lamp. In the reaction vessel of the photoactive halogen detector (PHD), photolytically active molecules Clp (including Cl2, HOCl, ClNO, ClNO2, and ClONO2) and Brp (including Br2, HOBr, BrNO, BrNO2, and BrONO2) are photolyzed, and the halogen atoms produced react with propene to form stable halogenated products. These products are then sampled and subsequently separated and detected by gas chromatography. The system is calibrated using low concentration mixtures of Cl2 and Br2 in air from commercially available permeation sources. We obtained detection limits of 4 pptv and 9 pptv as Br2 and Cl2, respectively, for 36 L samples.