Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Matching a system behavior with a known set of models: A quadratic optimization‐based adaptive solution

The matching process between a time‐domain external behavior of a lumped single‐input single‐output dynamical system and a known set of linear continuous time‐invariant models is tackled in this paper. The proposed online solution is based on an adaptive structure detector, which in finite time locates in the known set of models the one corresponding to the observed external behavior; the detector results from the solution of a constrained quadratic optimization problem. The problem is expressed in terms of the time‐domain activity of a family of discriminating filters and is solved via a normalized gradient algorithm, which avoids mismatching due to the presence of structural zeros in the filters and can take into account band‐limited high‐frequency measurement noise. A failure detection problem concerning a simulated servomechanism is included in order to illustrate the proposed solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection and analysis of jade material using optical coherence tomography

Jade is a type of rare and expensive stone. The current approaches for jade exploration and processing are blindly and wasteful. Capable of performing high resolution, cross-sectional sensing of the internal structure of materials, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) could be used to greatly facilitate these jade procedures. By detecting the signal intensity and analysing the internal texture, OCT system can indicate if the jade exists and what the type it could be. It provides a tool to guide the artist in designing and making the jade artworks. It also can be used for discrimination of the fake antique jade wares, as well as anti-counterfeiters on the jade market. In this paper, we present how a Swept-Source OCT system to detect and analysis the internal features of jades. Algorithms for feature extraction and classification are described and experimental results with various unearthed jades are demonstrated.
The probability distribution of S+ gyrospeeds in the Io torus

We report a measured probability distribution for S+ gyrospeeds in the Io torus derived from [S II] 6716 A, 6731 A emission line profiles recorded at axial distance 5.9 RJ from Jupiter. This ion species is not in kinetic thermodynamic equilibrium. An artificial spectral decomposition in terms of three Maxwellian distributions finds perpendicular temperatures T⊥ = 2.7, 28, and 192 eV with weights 0.28, 0.50, and 0.22, respectively. The average temeprature is about 60 eV, which would be seriously underestimated by a simple measurement of the line width. We find upper limits of ∼5% or ∼20% to the mixing ratios of S+ ions having the pickup speed of ionized ballistic atoms, assuming a flat or isotropic pitch angle distribution, respectively. Due to the low S+ density and charge, Coulomb collisional power transfer from the observed S+ population to the ambient electrons delivers only 0.01 eV cm−3 s−1, or 1/40 the UV emission power requirement. Existing [S III] linewidth temperatures indicate S2+ is hotter than S+, indicating that kinetic thermodynamic equilibrium exists neither between nor within species in the hot, outer plasma torus.
Piezoresistive Properties of Silicon Diffused Layers

The piezoresistive properties of n‐ and p‐type layers formed by the diffusion of impurities into silicon have been investigated. The values of the three piezoresistance coefficients and the temperature dependence of the large coefficients have been measured on layers having surface concentration values from 1018 to 1021 cm−3. The piezoresistance effect in p‐type diffused layers follows qualitatively the behavior expected in a degenerate semiconductor. n‐type layers having high surface concentration values show a change in the symmetry of the piezoresistance effect at room temperature and a decrease in the coefficient π11 at lower temperatures. A discussion of the piezoresistance effect in diffused layers and its relation to the piezoresistance effect in uniformly doped material is also given.
Thermohaline mixing in stars : solving the long-standing 3He problem

Abstract Thermohaline mixing has been recently identified as the dominating process that governs the photospheric composition of low-mass bright giant stars (Charbonnel & Zahn 2007a). Here we present the predictions of stellar models computed with the code STAREVOL that takes into account this mechanism together with rotational mixing and atomic diffusion. We compare our theorical predictions with recent observations and discuss how the corresponding yields for 3He are compatible with the observed behaviour of this light element in our Galaxy.
Riemann and the Cauchy—Hadamard formula for the convergence of power series

The Cauchy-Hadamard formula for the radius of convergence of a power series was stated and proved by Riemann in his lectures of November 1856. This discovery revises the widespread opinion that, after Cauchy's publication in 1821, the formula was ignored until its rediscovery by Hadamard around 1890. Riemann hat die Cauchy-Hadamard-Formel fur den Konvergenzradius einer Potenzreihe in seinen Vorlesungen im November 1856 aufgestellt and bewiesen. Diese Entdeckung fuhrt zur Revision der allgemeinen Meinung, die Formel sei nach ihrer Veroffentlichung durch Cauchy im Jahre 1821 bis zu ihrer Wiederemdeckung durch Hadamard um 1890 unbeachtet geblieben. Riemann a presente et demontre dans ses cours, au mois de novembre 1856, la formule de Cauchy-Hadamard sur le rayon de convergence d'une strie entiere. Cette decouverte infirme l'opinion tres repandue selon laquelle la formule serait restee dans t'oubli apres sa publication par Cauchy en 1821 jusqu'a sa redecouverte par Hadamard vers 1890.
Applying Non-destructive Testing and Machine Learning to Ceramic Tile Quality Control

One of the requirements of the Industry 4.0 is the concern about the stability of its product development. Applying emerging technologies to improve product quality control is a significant step in achieving balance in the production process. The acoustic emission is a highly efficient technique used in industry to test products to detect structural failures. This type of method is well known as non-destructive testing. We assert that quality control of the products can be significantly improved by combining the acoustic emission with machine learning techniques. To achieve our claim, we built a dataset from ceramic tiles acoustic emission, and we model two different machine learning techniques, such as Support Vector Machine, with five distinct kernel functions, and k-Nearest Neighbors, to classify the quality of ceramic tiles. In this work, we use several ceramic tiles as the objects to be tested. To extract the features of the ceramic tiles sound, we have built a prototype to hit the ceramic tile to record the sounds. As the results shown, we obtained a high precision classification of the control quality of the ceramic tile, ranged from 95% to 99.9%, depending on the parameters set and the algorithm chosen.
Magnetic properties of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles

We have synthesized a set of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles ranging from 7.8to17. 9nm by thermal decomposition methods. Based on the evidence of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, the iron oxide nanoparticles appear as spherical dots with size standard deviations of less than 5%. Blocking temperatures of the set of nanoparticles were measured by the zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements. The anisotropy energy constants are estimated from the measured blocking temperatures. The contribution from the surface anisotropy is the dominant factor of the higher anisotropy energy found. The saturation magnetization and coercive force HC (77K) are functions of the particle size and increase with the particle size.
The Superjump in Martin-Löf Type Theory

Universes of types were introduced into constructive type theory by MartinLöf [11]. The idea of forming universes in type theory is to introduce a universe as a set closed under a certain specified ensemble of set constructors, say C. The universe then ’reflects’ C. Several gadgets for generating universes have been introduced into MartinLöf type theory (cf. [14, 15, 16]). Among them are the ordinary universe operator U which acts on families of sets and produces a universe above the given family which is closed under the standard ensemble of set constructors. A yet stronger operator is the superuniverse operator which produces a universe above a given family of sets which is also closed under the universe operator U. It is plain how to iterate the latter way of devising new universe operators. This paper introduces a system of Martin-Löf type theory which allows for the introduction of new universe operators in an autonomous way in that each operator F : Fam → Fam from families of sets to families of sets gives rise to a new universe operator S(F ) : Fam → Fam. When applied to a family of sets, S(F ) produces a universe above it which, in addition to the standard set constructors, is closed under F . Let MLF denote this system of type theory. The paper provides characterizations of MLF in terms of two intuitionistic set theories which are extensions of Aczel’s constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF, via large set axioms as well as a characterization via a classical set theory which describes a recursively Mahlo universe of sets. The last section ventures to explore the boundaries of Martin-Löf type theory.
Scattering of electrons by Ca, Sr, Ba and Yb atoms in the 0-200 eV energy region in the optical potential model

A phenomenological complex optical potential is used to investigate the elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons by Ca, Sr, Ba and Yb atoms in the energy range E<or=200 eV. The values of adjustable parameters in the polarization potential were found using known electron affinity to the Ca, Sr, Ba and Yb atoms. It is also shown that peaks near elastic thresholds in cross sections, which have been found in experiments, arise from 2D shape resonances at energies equal to 0.87 eV, 0.60 eV, 0.34 eV and 0.89 eV and with widths equal to 0.98 eV, 0.68 eV, 0.13 eV and 0.89 eV for Ca, Sr, Ba and Yb, respectively. Comparisons with experimental data and other theoretical results are given.
Energy Partition in the Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves

We consider plane monochromatic wave motions governed by linear, first order, homogeneous, symmetric hyperbolic systems with constant coefficients in media separated by a plane interface. A homogeneous plane wave incident on such an interface produces, in general, both homogeneous and inhomogeneous reflected and refracted (derived) waves. At each point of the interface, we show that the normal component of the energy flux (e.g., Poynting’s vector in electromagnetic theory) directed away from the interface is the sum of the corresponding components the energy fluxes associated with the separate homogeneous derived waves. In spite of the quadratic nature of the energy flux no cross terms arise and no energy is carried normal to the interface by the inhomogeneous plane waves. For “nondissipative” interface conditions the sum of the separate normal energy fluxes directed away from the interface is equal to the flux in the incident wave directed normally toward the interface, thereby validating the well known .
Nonlocal impact ionization and avalanche multiplication

Impact ionization and avalanche multiplication are conventionally described in terms of ionization coefficients which depend only upon the local electric field. Such a description takes no account of the effect of ionization dead space, within which the population distribution, and hence the ionization coefficient of carriers injected cool approach equilibrium with the high electric field, inhibiting ionization and reducing multiplication. This effect, which increases in importance as device dimensions are reduced, clearly benefits such high field devices as transistors by suppressing parasitic avalanche multiplication. It also improves the performance of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) by reducing the spatial randomness of impact ionization, so that the resulting excess multiplication noise is also reduced. It reduces temperature sensitivity and may also further enhance APD speed. This paper reviews these effects and some theoretical models used to describe them. In memory of Peter Robson, who inspired and encouraged scientists and engineers, young and old.
Indoor Localization Method Based on Sequential Motion Tracking Using Topological Path Map

This paper proposes a novel indoor localization method based on sequential motion tracking (SMT) using a topological path map that can improve the shortcomings of traditional methods using range-only measurement sensors. The proposed method consists of map generation and location estimation. First, in the map preparation, we present the construction method of a radio fingerprint map and the topological path map. The radio fingerprint map contains radio signals moderated by a median filter, and the topological path map includes possible path motions in the form of nodes and edges using a floorplan drawing. Second, for location estimation, fingerprint analysis and SMT methods are developed. Fingerprint analysis finds the global region based on a histogram evaluation between the radio fingerprint map and online observations, which rely on Wi-Fi. The SMT determines the optimal position on the topological path map by considering the historical motion data and the fingerprint analysis result. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method is robust to the uncertainty of the fingerprint analysis using the range sensors and that it can accurately track global positions with efficient computations.
Deuterium Abundance toward WD 2211–495: Results from the FUSE Mission

We present a deuterium abundance analysis of the line of sight toward the white dwarf WD 2211-495 observed with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Numerous interstellar lines are detected on the continuum of the stellar spectrum. A thorough analysis was performed through the simultaneous fit of interstellar absorption lines detected in the four FUSE channels of multiple observations with different slits. We excluded all saturated lines in order to reduce possible systematic errors on the column density measurements. We report the determination of the average interstellar D/O and D/N ratios along this line of sight at the 95% confidence level: D/O = (4.0 ± 1.2) × 10-2 and D/N = (4.4 ± 1.3) × 10-1. In conjunction with FUSE observations of other nearby sight lines, the results of this study will allow a deeper understanding of the present-day abundance of deuterium in the local interstellar medium and its evolution with time.
More Equal and Poorer, or Richer but More Unequal?

Abstract After a hundred years of contributions, the debate about how to measure inequality is still open. We provide a brief review of the literature, showing that inequality has been assessed through a relative approach, from Gini's pioneering article [Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 73 (1914), no. 2, 1203–1248]. Analyzing historical census data for Flint and other American cities, we observe how mean values of income in population subgroups capture the shape of the distributions of income and their comparisons state the overall situation of inequality. Namely, we adopted the approach introduced in [Statistica & Applicazioni 5 (2007), no. 1, 3–27] to assess inequality. Our first findings show that prosperity is distributed unevenly across America's metropolitan areas. More interestingly, unbalanced wealth can be related to other concomitant facts [The New Geography of Jobs, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, 2012], such as population growth, income growth, unemployment rates and women participation to the labor force. Gaps between more and less educated areas were modest 40 years ago, but they have become quite large nowadays [Cities and skills, technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994].
A Two-Parameter Model for the Survival Curve of Treated Cancer Patients

Abstract A two-parameter model for representing the survival curve of treated cancer patients is described. If PT is the proportion of the treated patients surviving to time T, and [Ptilde]T is the proportion of a normal population surviving to time T then the survival curve may be represented by: — PT/[Ptilde]T = c.e-loge c,e-βT , where c is the proportion cured and β is the asymptotic value as T approaches ∞ of the instantaneous risk of dying from cancer in the uncured group. The model stems from the observation that, in the whole series, the conditional probability of dying from cancer in an interval calculated by the usual actuarial method, tends to decrease exponentially with time, and the model has been designated ‘extrapolated actuarial’ to distinguish it from the lognormal model of Boag [2], and the exponential model of Berkson and Gage [1]. The parameters c and β may be estimated from crude survival data and a knowledge of the expected mortality in a normal population of the same age and sex as t.
Controlled current matching in small molecule organic tandem solar cells using doped spacer layers

Current matching of the subcells is crucial to optimize the performance of tandem solar cells. Due to the thin film optics of organic solar cells, the position of the two subcells relative to the reflecting electrode becomes a very important issue. This is demonstrated for an indium tin oxide (ITO)/pin/pii/Al structure with thin intrinsic absorbing layers consisting of zinc-phthalocyanine and fullerene C60 and a metal-free lossless recombination contact between the subcells. By keeping the thickness of the absorbing layers constant and changing only the thickness of the inner p-doped transparent layer in 16 steps from 0to186nm, the distance of the ITO-sided subcell from the reflecting electrode (Al) is systematically varied. Thus, the p-doped layer works as an optical spacer between both subcells. The influence of its thickness on the thin film optics is shown in optical simulations and confirmed with current-voltage measurements. If both subcells are separated only by the recombination contact, they are .
An Extension Theorem Concerning Frechet Measures

Abstract An F-measure on a Cartesian product of algebras of sets is a scalar-valued function which is a scalar measure independently in each coordinate. It is demonstrated that an F-measure on a product of algebras determines an F-measure on the product of the corresponding σ-algebras if and only if its Fréchet variation is finite. An analogous statement is obtained in a framework of fractional Cartesian products of algebras, and a measurement of p-variation of F-measures, based on Littlewood-type inequalities, is discussed.
Spectral analysis of forecast error investigated with an observing system simulation experiment

The spectra of analysis and forecast error are examined using the observing system simulation experiment framework developed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. A global numerical weather prediction model, the Global Earth Observing System version 5 with Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation data assimilation, is cycled for 2 months with once-daily forecasts to 336 hours to generate a Control case. Verification of forecast errors using the nature run (NR) as truth is compared with verification of forecast errors using self-analysis; significant underestimation of forecast errors is seen using self-analysis verification for up to 48 hours. Likewise, self-analysis verification significantly overestimates the error growth rates of the early forecast, as well as mis-characterising the spatial scales at which the strongest growth occurs. The NR-verified error variances exhibit a complicated progression of growth, particularly for low wavenumber errors. In a second experiment, cycling of the model and data assimilation over the same period is repeated, but using synthetic observations with different explicitly added observation errors having the same error variances as the control experiment, thus creating a different realisation of the control. The forecast errors of the two experiments become more correlated during the early forecast period, with correlations increasing for up to 72 hours before beginning to decrease.
Improved pressure calibration system using the ruby R1 fluorescence

When measuring pressures in the diamond anvil cell, undersirable line broadening and wavelength shifts result if small ruby crystals are used in a calibration system designed for large ones. These effects can be eliminated through the proper choice of objective lens, condensing lens, and slit system. Using such a system, we obtained excellent results with samples as small as 30 μm. In addition, we describe the use of the spectrum from a neon light to provide an internal wavelength standard during the measurement of the ruby spectrum. This eliminates the stripchart ‐ wavelength drive synchronization error, a potential source of large errors. A calculation of the estimated error associated with a typical pressure measurement indicates that, for small ruby samples, the pressure can be determined with a precision of ±0.5 kbar.
Using big bang nucleosynthesis in cosmological parameter extraction from the cosmic microwave background: a forecast for PLANCK

Data from future high precision cosmic microwave background measurements will be sensitive to the primordial helium abundance Yp. At the same time, this parameter can be predicted from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) as a function of the baryon and radiation densities, as well as a neutrino chemical potential. We suggest using this information to impose a self-consistent BBN prior on Yp and determining its impact on parameter inference from simulated planck data. We find that this approach can significantly improve bounds on cosmological parameters compared to an analysis which treats Yp as a free parameter, if the neutrino chemical potential is taken to vanish. We demonstrate that fixing the helium fraction at an arbitrary value can seriously bias parameter estimates. Under the assumption of degenerate BBN (i.e., letting the neutrino chemical potential ξ vary), the BBN prior’s constraining power is somewhat weakened, but nevertheless allows us to constrain ξ with an accuracy that rivals that for bounds inferred from present data on light element abundances.
Graphical comparison of cumulative hazards for two populations

SUMMARY We consider graphs, confidence procedures and tests that can be used with censored survival data to compare the hazard experience of a treatment group with that of a control group. In particular, we consider the relative change A(t) in a cumulative rate function which is used to define a generalized proportional hazard model. This model is equivalent to the model obtained by introducing a gamma distributed frailty term in the proportional hazard model. We introduce an estimate A(t) or A(t) based on the Kaplan-Meier and Nelson-Aalen estimates, and obtain the asymptotic distribution of the process A(t) - A(t) appropriately scaled. This result is used to construct asymptotic pointwise confidence intervals for A(t). Under the proportional hazard model assumption, Doob's transformation of Gaussian processes is used to derive asymptotic simultaneous confidence bands for A(t) from a general class of test statistics defined as sup norms of weighted differences between A(t) and its estimate A(t). We also consider procedures based on estimates r(u) of the relative trend function r(u) between cumulative hazards. The methods are illustrated on a data set from a study of the effect of radiation on mice, and on a data set from a study of the effect of tumour size on the survival of cancer patients.