Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor optical amplifier array coupled to uncoated flat-end fibers with integrated beam expanders and TiO/sub 2/ antireflection coatings

We present a novel coupling scheme consisting of an integrated beam expander, a specifically tailored TiO/sub 2/ antireflection coating, optical index matching gel, and uncoated flat-end single-mode fiber (SMF). This scheme was used to package four-channel semiconductor optical amplifier arrays. Far-field profiles for each discrete amplifier in the array are typically 80 and 150 FWHM, perpendicular and parallel to the junction plane, respectively. The TiO/sub 2/ AR coating overcomes the indices mismatching of fiber glass and InP based device, and reduce optical reflection to 0.002% at 1.55 /spl mu/m. Misalignment tolerance in the l-dB excess loss range, for a discrete channel, is typically 5 /spl mu/m vertically and 8 /spl mu/m laterally. The average coupling loss is 4.3 dB per facet for the devices measured. Fiber coupled small signal gain for the amplifiers is typically 11.6 dB and a saturation output power of 3.0 dBm. The method of characterization and optimization of the TiO/sub 2/ coating is discussed.
Calibrating Laser Three-Dimensional Projection Systems Using Binocular Vision

A laser three-dimensional (3D) projection system is an auxiliary system in intelligent manufacturing. It works with a positioning system in practical applications. This study proposes a calibration method for laser 3D projection systems based on binocular vision. The significance of the binocular vision positioning function for the calibration process was analyzed. Two calibration methods for laser 3D projection systems based on the binocular vision positioning function were proposed. One method involves simplified calculation models and another used data to solve the conversion relationship. The experimental calibration of the projection system was performed using data to directly solve the conversion relationship. The experiment demonstrated the simplicity of the proposed calibration method. The calculation time was less under the 3D laser projection system based on binocular vision. Moreover, the mean calibration error was 0.38 mm at a working distance of 1.8–2.2 m.
The MIT-Green Bank (MG) 5 GHz survey

The catalog yielded by the MIT-Green Bank 5-GHz survey contains 5974 sources with S/N ratio greater than 5; a supplemental catalog contains 3836 possible detections with S/N of less than 5. The reliability of the main list is measured to be about 96 percent, with a completeness of about 95 percent. Flux density errors are a function of flux density. A comparison is presently made of survey sources from the Douglas et al. (1980) 365-MHz Texas survey; spectral indices are computed for coincident sources, and the distribution of spectral indices is discussed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shock Waves in Mixtures of Noble Gases

We study the structure of a normal shock wave in noble gas mixtures (Xe-He and Ar-He) of various compositions using molecular dynamics and direct simulation Monte Carlo. The molecular dynamics simulations are first validated against experimental data. Good agreement is found between the molecular dynamics solutions and the experimental measurements, with the exception of the parallel temperature profile in the 24.7% Ar-He mixture, despite the satisfactory agreement between the parallel velocity profiles. Secondly, a validation against direct simulation Monte Carlo solutions obtained with the accurate generalized hard sphere model is presented. As expected, the generalized hard sphere direct simulation Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics solutions are in near-perfect agreement. Finally, molecular dynamics results are compared to those obtained with the lower fidelity variable hard sphere model, which, if inappropriately parametrized, fails to describe the shock wave structure. This work exemplifies how full.
AN AUTOMATIC NON-PARAMETRIC SPECTRUM ESTIMATOR

An estimator of the spectral density of a stationary process is obtained by approximating it with a step function. The positions of the level changes are determined using partitioning algorithms. The algorithms are stopped by using criteria such as AIC. In examples, the resulting estimates are shown to be good representations of the true spectra in most circumstances, even when the series are fairly short. In particular the estimates highlight spikes in the spectral density that are caused by periodicities.
A Simulation Study of the Powers of Three Multiple Comparison Statistics

Summary A normal-theory and two distribution-free statistics used for multiple comparisons of homogeneity of location are compared on simulated data generated from six distributions. The normal-theory statistic is found to be fairly robust to departures from the assumption of normally distributed data of the types considered. The Steel-Dwass statistic is generally more powerful than a Kruskal-Wallis range statistic.
Mathematical analysis of random noise

In this section we use the representations of the noise currents given in section 2.8 to derive some statistical properties of I(t). The first six sections are concerned with the probability distribution of I(t) and of its zeros and maxima. Sections 3.7 and 3.8 are concerned with the statistical properties of the envelope of I(t). Fluctuations of integrals involving I2(t) are discussed in section 3.9. The probability distribution of a sine wave plus a noise current is given in 3.10 and in 3.11 an alternative method of deriving the results of Part III is mentioned. Prof. Uhlenbeck has pointed out that much of the material in this Part is closely connected with the theory of Markoff processes. Also S. Chandrasekhar has written a review of a class of physical problems which is related, in a general way, to the present subject.22
Numerical study of electronic transport in gated graphene ribbons

Electron transport and current profiles through gated graphene ribbons are addressed within the tight-binding Keldysh formalism. Conductance, conductivity, and current quantum shot noise are studied numerically as functions of the width of the ribbons, length of the gated region, and strength of the gate potential. Crossover between pseudodiffusive and ballistic transport regimes is examined in detail. In particular, around the energy of the gate potential, it is shown that the pseudodiffusive regime occurs even for moderate potential strengths, well below the onset of the $s{p}^{2}$ hybridized bands of graphene. These findings are supported by the evaluation of current profiles of the massless Dirac fermions throughout graphene ribbons.
Wave-equation tomography

The relation between ray‐trace and diffraction tomography is usually obscured by formulation of the two methods in different domains: the former in space, the latter in wavenumber. Here diffraction tomography is reformulated in the space domain, under the title of wave‐equation tomography. With this transformation, wave‐equation tomography projects monochromatic, scattered wavefields back over source‐receiver wavepaths, just as ray‐trace tomography projects traveltime delays back over source‐receiver raypaths. Derived under the Born approximation, these wavepaths are wave‐theoretic back‐projection patterns for reflected energy; derived under the Rytov approximation, they are wave‐theoretic back‐projection patterns for transmitted energy. Differences between ray‐trace and wave‐equation tomography are examined through comparison of wavepaths and raypaths, followed by their application to a transmission‐geometry, synthetic data set. Rytov wave‐equation tomography proves superior to ray‐trace tomography in de.
Three-Apogee 16-h Highly Elliptical Orbit as Optimal Choice for Continuous Meteorological Imaging of Polar Regions

AbstractA highly elliptical orbit (HEO) with a 16-h period is proposed for continuous meteorological imaging of polar regions from a two-satellite constellation. This orbit is characterized by three apogees (TAP) separated by 120°. The two satellites are 8 h apart, with repeatable ground track in the course of 2 days. Advantages are highlighted in comparison to the Molniya 12-h orbit described in detail in a previous study (Trishchenko and Garand). Orbital parameters (period, eccentricity, and inclination) are obtained as a result of an optimization process. The principles of orbit optimization are based on the following four key requirements: spatial resolution (apogee height), the altitude of crossing the trapped proton region at the equator (minimization of radiation doze caused by trapped protons), imaging time over the polar regions, and the stability of the orbit, which is mostly defined by the rotation of perigee. The interplay between these requirements points to a 16-h period with an eccentricity.
Structural Investigation of Copper Phthalocyanine Thin Films Using X‐Ray Diffraction, Raman Scattering and Optical Absorption Measurements

Structural properties of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) powder and its thin films coated on glass plate are investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and optical absorption techniques. These experiments are carried out at room temperature on CuPc powder and as-coated, 320 °C and 520 °C annealed, CuPc thin films. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD), we find that the CuPc powder exists in monoclinic phase, as-coated film is in orthorhombic α-phase and the film annealed at 320 °C exists in monoclinic β-phase with different lattice parameters as compared to those of the powder phase. The XRD peaks in 520 °C annealed film do not show the presence of CuPc but indicate the presence of copper oxide (CuO) nanoclusters of approximately 15 nm size. The optical Raman phonon frequencies of CuPc powder, as-coated and 320 °C annealed CuPc films show a slight shift in the intramolecular high frequency modes. Whereas, their low frequency Raman spectra from intermolecular modes are characteristically different indicating different phases. The different characteristic behavior of the optical absorption spectra of the as-coated and 320 °C annealed CuPc films corroborate the structural changes in the annealed film.
A hyperelliptic smoothness test. I

This series of papers is concerned with a probabilistic algorithm for finding small prime factors of an integer. While the algorithm is not practical, it yields an improvement over previous complexity results. The algorithm uses the jacobian varieties of curves of genus 2 in the same way that the elliptic curve method uses elliptic curves. In this first paper in the series a new density theorem is presented for smooth numbers in short intervals. It is a key ingredient of the analysis of the algorithm.
Simultaneous satellite and radar studies of the D region ionosphere during the intense solar particle events of August 1972

During the intense solar particle events of August 3–11, 1972, 28 cases of simultaneous data were obtained between the polar-orbiting satellite 1971-089A and the incoherent scatter radar at Chatanika, Alaska. Effective electron loss rates (ψ) in the D region ionosphere have been derived as a function of altitude, solar zenith angle (χ), and the magnitude of the production rate (Q). Production rate profiles extending from 3 × 10² to 3 × 104 ion pairs/cm³ s were calculated for the 40- to 90-km region. Electron density profiles extending from 5 × 10³ to 105 el/cm³ were measured, useful data being obtained down to altitudes as low as 50 km. Values of ψ were obtained for daytime and sunrise/sunset conditions over a range of solar zenith angles from 50.4° to 98.6°. A strong diurnal dependence in ψ was observed only at altitudes below 80 km. Twilight values of ψ at the lower altitudes were over an order of magnitude larger than the daytime values. Between 70- and 90-km altitude the present polar summer daytime values of ψ are significantly larger than those obtained in the winter daytime event of November 2, 1969. Near 80-km altitude the present results are consistent with the dominant ions being the hydrated ions H3O+ (amu = 19) and H3O+·H2O (amu = 37). A strong seasonal dependence in the effective loss rates has therefore been established. A pronounced asymmetry in ψ and Ne between the sunrise and sunset twilights was measured at altitudes <80 km, the electron density at sunset being larger than at sunrise at the same solar zenith angle. The altitude behavior of ψ and the temporal leads and lags measured in the transitions between twilight and day were found to be consistent with the interaction of the solar visible and ultraviolet wavelengths with the ozone layers above the earth, leading to the sunrise increase and sunset decay of O and O2(¹Δ). The dependence of ψ on the magnitude of the production rate during the day was found to be weak, a slight positive dependence being measured at altitudes <63 km.
Icex: Advances in the automatic extraction and volume calculation of cranial cavities

The use of non‐destructive approaches for digital acquisition (e.g. computerised tomography—CT) allows detailed qualitative and quantitative study of internal structures of skeletal material. Here, we present a new R‐based software tool, Icex, applicable to the study of the sizes and shapes of skeletal cavities and fossae in 3D digital images. Traditional methods of volume extraction involve the manual labelling (i.e. segmentation) of the areas of interest on each section of the image stack. This is time‐consuming, error‐prone and challenging to apply to complex cavities. Icex facilitates rapid quantification of such structures. We describe and detail its application to the isolation and calculation of volumes of various cranial cavities. The R tool is used here to automatically extract the orbital volumes, the paranasal sinuses, the nasal cavity and the upper oral volumes, based on the coordinates of 18 cranial anatomical points used to define their limits, from 3D cranial surface meshes obtained by segmenting CT scans. Icex includes an algorithm (Icv) for the calculation of volumes by defining a 3D convex hull of the extracted cavity. We demonstrate the use of Icex on an ontogenetic sample (0–19 years) of modern humans and on the fossil hominin crania Kabwe (Broken Hill) 1, Gibraltar (Forbes' Quarry) and Guattari 1. We also test the tool on three species of non‐human primates. In the modern human subsample, Icex allowed us to perform a preliminary analysis on the absolute and relative expansion of cranial sinuses and pneumatisations during growth. The performance of Icex, applied to diverse crania, shows the potential for an extensive evaluation of the developmental and/or evolutionary significance of hollow cranial structures. Furthermore, being open source, Icex is a fully customisable tool, easily applicable to other taxa and skeletal regions.
Radio and White-Light Coronal Signatures Associated with the RHESSI Hard X-Ray Event of 2002 July 23

Simultaneous radio, white-light, and hard X-ray (HXR) observations for the 2002 July 23 γ-ray flare event are used to establish the relationship of a complex type III-like burst to the corresponding coronal mass ejection (CME) and the coronal electron acceleration signatures observed in the decimeter/microwave (dm-cm) emissions and X-rays. We find that the onset of the type III-like emissions for this event is coincident with the impulsive RHESSI HXR event, the dm-cm radio emissions and with the linearly extrapolated liftoff time of the CME. The overall intensity-time characteristics of the complex type III-like burst resembles that of both the dm-cm flux and the HXR light curve that correspond to an electron acceleration event deep in the corona. Furthermore, the complex radiation characteristics of the type III-like emissions are found to be directly related to the CME kinematics, which is directly related to the frequency drift of the associated low-frequency (kilometric) type II emissions. The frequency-drift characteristics of the high-frequency (metric) type II emissions observed for this event, on the other hand, are not clearly related to the kilometric type II emissions and therefore to the observed CME height-time characteristics, indicating that these emissions may correspond to an independent coronal shock wave.
An infrared study of the bipolar outflow region GGD 12-15

Infrared observations from 1 to 100 microns are presented for the region associated with a bipolar CO outflow source near the nebulous objects GGD 12 to 15. A luminous far-infrared source was found associated with a radio-continuum source in the area. This object appears to be a compact HII region around a nearly main-sequence BO star. A faint 20 micron source was also discovered at the position of an H2O maser 30 deg northwest of the HII region. This object appears to be associated with but not coincident with a 2 micron reflection nebula. This structure serves as evidence for a non-spherically symmetric, possibly disk-like dust distribution around the exciting star for the maser. This object probably powers the bi-polar CO outflow although its luminosity is less than 10 percent that of the star which excites the compact HII region. A number of other 2 micron sources found in the area are probably members of a recently formed cluster.
Trends in Monthly Tropopause Characteristics Observed over Taipei, Taiwan

AbstractThis study presents monthly trends in the cold-point tropopause (CPT), calculated using three decades of radiosonde data from 1981 to 2010 over Taipei, Taiwan (25°01′N, 121°27′E). Multivariate regression analysis has been used to suppress the effect of natural variations, such as quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), ENSO, solar cycle, and volcanic eruptions. From the continuous time series, statistically insignificant heating and a decrease in the height of CPT are observed. However, the trends estimated using individual monthly time series revealed new features with statistically significant increasing trends in CPT temperature at a rate of approximately 0.03°C yr−1 and statistically significant decreasing trends in CPT height at a rate of approximately 4.7 m yr−1 during summer months. An enhanced heating rate in the upper troposphere along with a suppressed cooling rate in the lower stratosphere observed over Taipei might have caused the tropopause heating trend during summer. The possible relation.
q-Dependence of magnetic turbulence in a tokamak

Low‐frequency (ω≪ωci) radial magnetic field turbulence has been measured over the full minor radius for discharges in the Tokapole II tokamak [Nucl. Fusion 9, 1509 (1979)], and scaled over the range of edge safety factor 0.6≤qa≤5.0. It was found that qa served as a control parameter for both the magnetic fluctuation amplitude and the global confinement time. As qa is reduced from 5 to 0.6 the turbulence level increases by a factor of 50 while the confinement time decreases by more than a factor of 10. At qa≤1, the full fluctuation amplitude is roughly large enough to account for the global confinement using simple estimates of collisionless stochastic magnetic transport. At high qa, the turbulence is too small to account for transport using these estimates. Frequency spectra have been obtained from 10 to 400 kHz. For all qa most of the fluctuation power appears below 100 kHz. This low‐frequency structure changes as the safety factor is varied. Although broadband in frequency, the long radial coherence len.
A comparison of methods for increasing power in randomized between-subjects designs.

Power in a randomized between-subjects design can be enhanced by increasing sample size or increasing alpha level. This article compares 2 other methods of increasing power by reducing within-group error. (a) by adding a pretest to the design and using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and (b) by increasing the length of the posttest and using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Regularization for Strategy Exploration in Empirical Game-Theoretic Analysis

In iterative approaches to empirical game-theoretic analysis (EGTA), the strategy space is expanded incrementally based on analysis of intermediate game models. A common approach to strategy exploration, represented by the double oracle algorithm, is to add strategies that best-respond to a current equilibrium. This approach may suffer from overfitting and other limitations, leading the developers of the policy-space response oracle (PSRO) framework for iterative EGTA to generalize the target of best response, employing what they term meta-strategy solvers (MSSs). Noting that many MSSs can be viewed as perturbed or approximated versions of Nash equilibrium, we adopt an explicit regularization perspective to the specification and analysis of MSSs. We propose a novel MSS called regularized replicator dynamics (RRD), which simply truncates the process based on a regret criterion. We show that RRD is more adaptive than existing MSSs and outperforms them in various games. We extend our study to three-player games, for which the payoff matrix is cubic in the number of strategies and so exhaustively evaluating profiles may not be feasible. We propose a profile search method that can identify solutions from incomplete models, and combine this with iterative model construction using a regularized MSS. Finally, and most importantly, we reveal that the regret of best response targets has a tremendous influence on the performance of strategy exploration through experiments, which provides an explanation for the effectiveness of regularization in PSRO.
The distribution of leaf depths in trees

We explore a generating function trick which allows us to keep track of inﬁnitely many statistics using ﬁnitely many variables, by recording their individual distributions rather than their joint distributions. We apply it to study the depth distributions of individual nodes (e.g., the r th leaf from the left) in binary trees, plane trees, noncrossing trees, and increasing trees; the height distributions of individual vertices and individual steps in Dyck paths; and the number of diagonals separating two ﬁxed sides of a convex polygon in a triangulation or dissection. We obtain both exact and asymptotic results, which sometimes reﬁne known formulas (e.g
Channel Modeling and Multi-User Precoding for Tri-Polarized Holographic MIMO Communications

This paper studies the exploitation of triple polarization (TP) for multi-user (MU) holographic multiple-input multiple-output surface (HMIMOS) wireless communication systems, aiming at capacity boosting without enlarging the antenna array size. We specifically consider that both the transmitter and receiver are equipped with an HMIMOS comprising compact sub-wavelength TP patch antennas. To characterize TP MU-HMIMOS systems, a TP near-field channel model is proposed using the dyadic Green's function, whose characteristics are leveraged to design a user-cluster-based precoding scheme for mitigating the cross-polarization and inter-user interference contributions. A theoretical correlation analysis for HMIMOS with infinitely small patch antennas is also presented. According to the proposed scheme, the users are assigned to one of the three polarizations, which is easy to implement, at the cost, however, of reducing the system's diversity. Our numerical results showcase that the cross-polarization channel components have a non-negligible impact on the system performance, which is efficiently eliminated with the proposed MU precoding scheme.