Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Architectural Complexity of Large-Scale Software Systems

Today companies apply software systems with more than 14 million Lines of Code (LOC), which are still maintainable and expandable in spite of their size. On the other hand, you will find smaller software systems (≫200,000 LOC), which can either only be adapted with considerable effort, or which cannot be adapted at all. Why are some software systems fraught with maintenance problems while others remain manageable? Based on twenty-four industrial case studies on object-oriented Java projects, this paper identifies aspects of architectural complexity and describes which route should be taken to keep the architectural complexity of large-scale software systems controllable. In this context it becomes clear that in every case the architectural style is pivotal in determining whether the software system will be maintainable over a longer period and thus prevent software erosion.
A Firewall Network System for Worm Defense in Enterprise Networks

From a security point of view, the Internet is too open. The central idea of a traditional “firewall” is to constrain service requests from the Internet to a local network. As an enterprise network becomes larger and more flexible, an Internet worm can easily find a way to enter it. Based on the “defense-in-depth” principle, we present a “Firewall Network System” for worm defense in an enterprise network that uses internal firewalls to divide the network into many isolated subnetworks. Computers in an enterprise network are classified as either clients or servers: all service requests sent to internal IP addresses of an enterprise network will be blocked by internal firewalls if they target non-server computers or servers that do not provide the corresponding service. In this way, the Firewall Network System removes most worm infection paths in an enterprise network, making worm detection much easier. All internal firewalls are designed to have the same set of firewall rules, which means the Firewall Network System is scalable and easily managed. In addition, we propose a five-level feedback worm defense strategy and present models of several worm defenses based on either active patching or quarantine.
Temporal abstract interpretation

We study the abstract interpretation of temporal calculi and logics in a general syntax, semantics and abstraction independent setting. This is applied to the @@@@-calculus, a generalization of the μ-calculus with new reversal and abstraction modalities as well as a new time-symmetric trace-based semantics. The more classical set-based semantics is shown to be an abstract interpretation of the trace-based semantics which leads to the understanding of model-checking and its application to data-flow analysis as incomplete temporal abstract interpretations. Soundness and incompleteness of the abstractions are discussed. The sources of incompleteness, even for finite systems, are pointed out, which leads to the identification of relatively complete sublogics, à la CTL.
Body image in men with HIV.

OBJECTIVE To determine body image among HIV-infected men and to determine the relationship of lipodystrophy on body image. METHODOLOGY Self-report questionnaires on body image were distributed to HIV-infected men at the university-based HIV clinic. Two previously validated instruments, the Body Image Quality of Life (BIQLI) scale and the Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria Short Form (SIBID-S) were used to measure body image effects. The presence of lipodystrophy was determined by both self-report and physician examination. Demographic characteristics, disease stage, health status, and quality of life were also ascertained. Analysis of responses was performed via both group comparisons and linear regression analyses. RESULTS One hundred ten men responded. Seventy-one percent identified their sexual orientation as men having sex with men (MSM). Forty-eight reported the presence of lipodystrophic characteristics; 62 reported no lipodystrophic changes. Agreement regarding the presence of lipodystrophy between physician and subject was 0.80 as measured by the kappa coefficient of agreement. Compared to HIV-infected men who denied lipodystrophy, HIV-infected men with self-reported lipodystrophy demonstrated poor body image as measured by BIQLI (p < 0.0001) and SIBID-S scales (p = 0.0001). Similarly, physician rated lipodystrophy was significantly associated with both body image subscale scores. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that lipodystrophy among HIV-infected men is associated with poor body image.
Softening of the H2+ molecular bond in intense laser fields.

We report a new kind of multiphoton dissociation in intense laser fields. H{sub 2}{sup +} molecular ions were formed in above-threshold ionization of H{sub 2} gas by intense 532-nm, 100-ps laser pulses. Observations suggest that multiphoton couplings soften the molecular bond, resulting in dissociation at laser intensities over 50 TW/cm{sup 2}. The ion-dissociation spectra have multiple peaks caused by multiphoton transitions during dissociation of H{sub 2}{sup +}.
Natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 is an H+/bivalent cation antiporter.

In mammals, natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) regulates macrophage activation and is associated with infectious and autoimmune diseases. Nramp2 is associated with anaemia. Both belong to a highly conserved eukaryote/prokaryote protein family. We used Xenopus oocytes to demonstrate that, like Nramp2, Nramp1 is a bivalent cation (Fe2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+) transporter. Strikingly, however, where Nramp2 is a symporter of H+ and metal ions, Nramp1 is a highly pH-dependent antiporter that fluxes metal ions in either direction against a proton gradient. At pH 9.0, oocytes injected with cRNA from wild-type murine Nramp1 with a glycine residue at position 169 (Nramp1(G169); P=3.22x10(-6)) and human NRAMP1 (P=3.87x10(-5)) showed significantly enhanced uptake of radiolabelled Zn2+ compared with water-injected controls. At pH 5.5, Nramp1(G169) (P=1.34x10(-13)) and NRAMP1 (P=1.09x10(-6)) oocytes showed significant efflux of Zn2+. Zn2+ transport was abolished when the proton gradient was dissipated using carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Using pre-acidified oocytes, currents of 130+/-57 nA were evoked by 100 microM Zn2+ at pH 7.5, and 139+/-47 nA by 100 microM Fe2+ at pH 7.0, in Nramp1(G169) oocytes; currents of 254+/-49 nA and 242+/-26 nA were evoked, respectively, in NRAMP1 oocytes. Steady-state currents evoked by increasing concentrations of Zn2+ were saturable, with apparent affinity constants of approx. 614 nM for Nramp1(G169) and approx. 562 nM for NRAMP1 oocytes, and a curvilinear voltage dependence of transporter activity (i.e. the data points approximate to a curve that approaches a linear asymptote). In the present study we propose a new model for metal ion homoeostasis in macrophages. Under normal physiological conditions, Nramp2, localized to early endosomal membranes, delivers extracellularly acquired bivalent cations into the cytosol. Nramp1, localized to late endosomal/lysosomal membranes, delivers bivalent cations from the cytosol into this acidic compartment where they may directly affect antimicrobial activity.
Epilesy in Saudi children with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics, electroencephalographic and computerized axial tomography profile in Saudi children with cerebral palsy who suffer epilepsy in a university referral center. METHODS A total of 113 patients with cerebral palsy and epilepsy was seen (67 boys, 46 girls) with an over all mean age 5.3 years (range .2-12 years) during the study period (January 1998 - December 1999). They all had clinical evaluation and standardized electroencephalographic studies interpreted by the same examiner. RESULTS The main clinical features were language delay (61%), hypotonia (45%), hypertonia (38%), and behavioral abnormalities (41%). Seizure types included generalized in 96 (85%), and partial and complex partial with or without secondary generalization in 17 (15%). None of the patients had simple partial seizures. The generalized seizures were non-convulsive in 4 patients (3.5%), tonic/clonic 73 (65%), atonic 3 (3%), myoclonic 16 (14%), and mixed 2 (2%). Inter-ictal electroencephalographic abnormalities were epileptiform activity, generalized in 65 (57.5%) and focal 18 (16%), slow-wave activity in 58 (51%) and hypsarrythmia pattern in 6 (5%). Only 9 patients had normal electroencephalogram. The cranial computerized tomography findings were normal in 11.5%. The main abnormalities were cerebral atrophy (65%), hydrocephalus (8%) and agenesis of the corpus callosum (8%). CONCLUSION The pattern of seizure type in patients with cerebral palsy and types of electroencephalogram abnormalities electroencephalogram and cranial computerized tomography are comparable to the results from studies in other clinical settings and environments.
Tools for Stability of Switching Linear Systems: Gain Automata and Delay Compensation

The topic of this paper is the analysis of stability for a class of switched linear systems, modeled by hybrid automata. In each location of the hybrid automaton the dynamics is assumed to be linear and asymptotically stable; the guards on the transitions are hyperplanes in the state space. For each location an estimate is made of the gain via a Lyapunov function for the dynamics in that location, given a pair of ingoing and outgoing transitions. It is shown how to obtain the best possible estimate by optimizing the Lyapunov function. The estimated gains are used in defining a so-called gain automaton that forms the basis of an algorithmic criterion for the stability of the hybrid automaton. The associated gain automaton provides a systematic tool to detect potential sources of instability as well as an indication on to how to stabilize the hybrid systems by requiring appropriate delays for specific transitions.
Delta hepatitis: molecular biology and clinical and epidemiological features

Hepatitis delta virus, discovered in 1977, requires the help of hepatitis B virus to replicate in hepatocytes and is an important cause of acute, fulminant, and chronic liver disease in many regions of the world. Because of the helper function of hepatitis delta virus, infection with it occurs either as a coinfection with hepatitis B or as a superinfection of a carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen. Although the mechanisms of transmission are similar to those of hepatitis B virus, the patterns of transmission of delta virus vary widely around the world. In regions of the world in which hepatitis delta virus infection is not endemic, the disease is confined to groups at high risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection and high-risk hepatitis B carriers. Because of the propensity of this viral infection to cause fulminant as well as chronic liver disease, continued incursion of hepatitis delta virus into areas of the world where persistent hepatitis B infection is endemic will have serious implications. Prevention depends on the widespread use of hepatitis B vaccine. This review focuses on the molecular biology and the clinical and epidemiologic features of this important viral infection.
ADENOSINE REGULATES VIA TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF RECEPTORS, THE ACCUMULATION OF CYCLIC AMP IN CULTURED BRAIN CELLS

Abstract— In cell cultures of glial character derived from perinatal mouse brain adenosine elicits two effects. (a) At submicromolar concentrations It inhibits the increase in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP caused by β‐adrenoceptor agonists. (b) At concentrations above micromolar it increases the level of cyclic AMP in the cultures. These two effects are mediated by two different adenosine receptors present on the outer surface of the cells. This is concluded from the following evidence. (a) Both effects are antagonized by methylxanthines but not by blockage of adenosine uptake or inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity. (b) In both cases activity depends on the integrity of the ribose moiety of the nucleotide. Substituents of the purine system are tolerated comparatively well. (c) The order of potency of adenosine analogues is different for the two effects. We suggest the name A1 receptors for those that mediate the inhibition and A2 for those that mediate the stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation.
The significance of mandatory data breach warnings to identity crime

The relationship between data breaches and identity crime has been scarcely explored in current literature. However, there is an important relationship between the misuse of personal identification information and identity crime as the former is in many respects the catalyst for the latter. Data breaches are one of the ways in which this personal identification information is obtained by identity criminals, and thereby any response to data breaches is likely to impact the incidence of identity crime. Initiatives around data breach notification have become increasingly prevalent and are now seen in many State legislatures in the United States and overseas. The Australian Government is currently in the process of introducing mandatory data breach notification laws. This paper explores the introduction of mandatory data breach notification in Australia, and lessons learned from the experience in the US, particularly noting the link between data breaches and identity crime. The paper proposes that through the introduction of such laws, identity crimes are likely to be reduced. Keywords—identity crime; data breaches; mandatory breach reporting; privacy
How the Benefits of Disfluency in Education Vary with Ability and Dyslexia

Previous research has shown that presenting educational materials in slightly harder to read (disfluent) fonts than is typical engenders deeper processing. This leads to better retention and subsequent recall of information. Before this extremely simple to implement and cost-effective adaptation can be made routinely to educational materials, it needs to shown to benefit all pupils, or at the very least not to hinder any particular group. This study found that pupils across the ability spectrum demonstrate a significant improvement in retention and recall when presented with information in a disfluent font. Significantly, those pupils with dyslexia are also found to greatly benefit.
Transition Cow Research - What Makes Sense Today?

The transition period for a dairy cow is from 3 to 2 wk prepartum until 2 to 3 wk postpartum. The term transition is to underscore the important physiological, metabolic, and nutritional changes occurring in this time frame. It constitutes a turning point in the productive cycle of the cow from one lactation to the next. The manner in which these changes occur and how they are managed are of great importance as they are closely linked to lactation performance, clinical and subclinical postpartum diseases, and reproductive performance that can significantly affect profitability.
ENSURE: Long term digital preservation of Health Care, Clinical Trial and Financial data

This paper presents the initial results of the ENSURE (Enabling kNowledge Sustainability, Usability and Recovery for Economic value) project, which focuses on the challenges associated with the long-term preservation of data produced by organisations in the health care, clinical trials and financial sectors. In particular the project has looked at the economic implications of long-term preservation for business, how to maintain the accessibility and confidentiality of sensitive information in a changing environment, and how to detect and respond to such environmental changes. The project has developed a prototype system, which is based around a lifecycle manager and makes use of ontologies to identify and trigger necessary transformations of the data objects in order to ensure their longterm usability. It also uses cloud technology for its flexibility, expansibility, and low start-up costs. This paper presents one of the use cases: the health care as a way to illustrate some of the challenges addressed by the ENSURE system.
The Gradual Deterioration of Syntax and Semantics in a Patient with Progressive Aphasia

FM is a progressive aphasic patient whose language comprehension we studied over a 4-year period. We developed a variety of implicit and explicit tasks to chart progressive changes in the representation of linguistic knowledge (in particular, syntax and semantics) and the automatic and controlled processes which operate on that knowledge. The representation of FM's semantic knowledge remained essentially intact over the years, but she became increasingly impaired at combining the meanings of words. She also showed progressive impairments in the processes of syntactic combination. Thus, FM's disease resulted in a progressive inability to engage in those combinatorial processes necessary for the normal comprehension of a spoken utterance. This is not a selective deficit in the traditional sense of the term, since aspects of both syntax and semantics are implicated; but it is selective in the sense that other aspects of language comprehension remain intact.
Reduction of iron stores and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT Accumulation of iron in excess of physiologic requirements has been implicated in risk of cardiovascular disease because of increased iron-catalyzed free radical-mediated oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that reducing body iron stores through phlebotomy will influence clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Multicenter, randomized, controlled, single-blinded clinical trial based on the Iron (Fe) and Atherosclerosis Study (FeAST) (VA Cooperative Study #410) and conducted between May 1, 1999, and April 30, 2005, within the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program and enrolling 1277 patients with symptomatic but stable PAD. Those with conditions likely to cause acute-phase increase of the ferritin level or with a diagnosis of visceral malignancy within the preceding 5 years were excluded. Analysis was by intent-to-treat. INTERVENTION Patients were assigned to a control group (n = 641) or to a group undergoing reduction of iron stores by phlebotomy with removal of defined volumes of blood at 6-month intervals (avoiding iron deficiency) (n = 636), stratified by hospital, age, and baseline smoking status, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, ratio of high-density to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and ferritin level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was all-cause mortality; the secondary end point was death plus nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke. RESULTS There were no significant differences between treatment groups for the primary or secondary study end points. All-cause deaths occurred in 148 patients (23%) in the control group and in 125 (20%) in the iron-reduction group (hazard ratio (HR), 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67-1.08; P = . 17). Death plus nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke occurred in 205 patients (32%) in the control group and in 180 (28%) in the iron-reduction group (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72-1.07; P = .20). CONCLUSION Reduction of body iron stores in patients with symptomatic PAD did not significantly decrease all-cause mortality or death plus nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00032357.
Submission to HICSS-35 Title : Requirements for software tools supporting project-based learning

Project teams have become an important element in teaching informatics topics. Web-based groupware systems are increasingly used in such teaching settings to help building communicational competence and working with different kinds of material. This kind of educational teamwork and computational support compares well to project work observed in industrial settings. In our paper, we present the design principles for a web-based community system called ’CommSy’ which has successfully been applied in a number of educational projects. We outline the didactic aims which lead to the particular design of the system as well as the special characteristics the system provides. Further, we provide some anecdotal evidence as to how the design principles helped the project teams and whether or not the teams felt the systems adhered to the principles discussed.
Transfer Between Picture Naming and Translation: A Test of Asymmetries in Bilingual Memory

A transfer paradigm was used to investigate the relationship between picture naming and translation English-Spanish bilniguals first named pictures and subsequently translated words in both their first (LI) and second (L2) languages Some words in the translation task were repetitions of concepts that had previously been named as pictures Whereas picture naming produced reliable transfer to translation from L1 to L2, it produced no transfer to translation from L2 to L1 The results support the claim that connections in bilingual memory are asymmetric Translation is conceptually mediated from L1 to L2 but lexically mediated from L2 to L1
Control strategies and perception effects in co-located and large workspace dynamical encountered haptics

The present work focuses on perceptual control of haptic manipulation during high frequency interaction with mobile objects. In particular in this work we focused on the analysis of the control and perceptual issues in the throwing and catching in juggling. A training multimodal system that exploits the concepts of co-located visuo-haptic feedback and encountered interfaces was implemented. Using such a system the user juggles with a number of virtual balls that are in contact with him from catch to throw. The control design of the system has been supported by a psychometric validation of the catch contact.
Actin-independent association of vinculin with the cytoplasmic aspect of the plasma membrane in cell-contact areas

We investigated the mode of association of vinculin with areas of contact between the termini of microfilament bundles and the cell membrane in sites of focal contact with the substrate by selective removal of actin from these areas. Opened-up substrate-attached membranes of chick fibroblasts as well as detergent-permeabilized cells were treated with fragmin from Physarum in the presence of Ca+2. This treatment removed actin filaments from the cytoplasmic faces of the membranes, along with several actin-associated proteins (alpha-actinin, tropomyosin, myosin, and filamin). Vinculin distribution was not affected by treatment. Moreover, rhodamine- or fluorescein-conjugated vinculin, when added to these preparations, became specifically associated with the focal contacts regardless of whether the latter were pretreated with fragmin or not. We conclude that the association of vinculin with focal contacts is largely actin-independent. We discuss the implications of these findings in the molecular mechanisms of microfilament membrane association in areas of cell contact.
A Methodology to Evaluate Wireless Technologies for the Smart Grid

This paper presents a methodology for assessing the suitability of various wireless technologies for meeting the communication requirements of Smart Grid applications. It describes an approach for translating application requirements to link traffic characteristics, determining the transmission range or coverage area of a wireless technology, and modeling the link layer to obtain performance measures such as message reliability, delay, and throughput. To illustrate the use of this approach, we analyze the performance of three representative application use cases over an IEEE 802.11 link.