Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Do Internal Medicine Residency Programs Evaluate Their Resident Float Experiences?

Objectives: We surveyed the nation's internal medicine residency training program directors to determine the range and frequency of existing methods by which float experiences are evaluated. Methods: We sent questionnaires to the program directors of all 396 internal medicine residency training program sites in the country. Information requested included program characteristics, months devoted to float experiences in each year of training, and the location and purpose of the rotation. Program directors were also asked to choose among descriptors characterizing the evaluative process. Results: There were 139 responding programs (39%), 134 with data that could be aggregated. Responding programs were similar to all programs nationally in the distributions of size and university sponsorship. Overall, 76% of programs employed a night float for any period of time, and 71% currently had one, on average for 6.7 years. Mean months of float experience during residency was 2.4 months, significantly longer in programs that were not university based. Float experiences were evaluated in 89% of those programs who employed them, with ten different methods reported. University-based programs were significantly less likely to use chart review as a method of evaluation, but no other differences in methodology were significant. Conclusions: Float rotations are common among internal medicine residency training programs. Evaluative methods vary, but one or more are applied in the vast majority of programs.
Temperature-Dependent Utilization of meso-Inositol: a Useful Biotyping Marker in the Genealogy of Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella typhimurium strains from natural sources either ferment or do not ferment meso-inositol in peptone water in 24 hr at 37 C. Ninety-five percent of the strains that are designated inositol-nonfermenting on the basis of their phenotype at 37 C ferment inositol when incubated at 25 C. Two classes of temperature-sensitive mutants were detected among the 712 strains of S. typhimurium examined. The occurrence of low-temperature fermentation of inositol among wild-type strains of S. typhimurium from biotypes 10 through 13 and FIRN suggested a genealogical relationship between these two groups, and that FIRN strains (fim−inltsrha−) might have descended from ancestral types like biotype 10 through 13 strains (fim+inltsrha+).
Thermomechanical and electrochemical reliability of fine-pitch through-package-copper vias (TPV) in thin glass interposers and packages

This paper reports reliability of copper-plated through-package-vias (TPVs) in glass interposer by modeling and experimental validation using accelerated life tests. In this paper, both thermomechanical reliability and electrochemical reliability of fine-pitch TPVs in glass interposer were investigated. Thermomechanical reliability was investigated by developing finite element models to calculate the thermomechanical stresses and strains inside TPVs during thermal cycling tests with several glass and polymer liner combinations. Fatigue lifetime of TPVs in glass is predicted based on these simulation results and then validated using experiments. Test samples with daisy chains of TPVs are fabricated with different glass and polymer material combinations and subjected to accelerated temperature cycling tests to assess the thermomechanical reliability of TPVs in glass interposer. Resistance of each daisy chain is monitored using 4-point probe during cycling. It is observed that majority of test samples passed 1000 thermal cycles without any significant changes in electrical resistance. Cross-sectioning of TPV daisy chains that showed significant changes in resistance, revealed that failures were related to defects induced during copper plating in TPV side walls. Electrochemical migration reliability of TPVs in glass was investigated to study conductive anodic filament (CAF) resistance of glass at very small via spacing. Test samples with different material combinations were subjected to biased and highly accelerated stress temperature-humidity test (HAST) to assess electrochemical migration reliability of TPVs. After biased-HAST for 100 hours at 130°C, 85% relative humidity (RH) and 5 V DC, no CAF failures were detected in either of the two material combinations, indicating good insulation reliability under high temperature and humidity conditions.
Review: The ATPase mechanism of myosin and actomyosin

Myosins are a large family of molecular motors that use the common P‐loop, Switch 1 and Switch 2 nucleotide binding motifs to recognize ATP, to create a catalytic site than can efficiently hydrolyze ATP and to communicate the state of the nucleotide pocket to other allosteric binding sites on myosin. The energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to do work against an external load. In this short review I will outline current thinking on the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis and how the energy of ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a series of protein conformational changes that allow a myosin, with the cytoskeleton track actin, to operate as a molecular motor of distinct types; fast movers, processive motors or strain sensors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 483–491, 2016.
Exploiting the cointegration properties of the US soy-based market system

Abstract Perhaps for the first time, this paper applies Johansen and Juselius’ methods of the cointegrated vector autoregression (VAR) model to a monthly US system of markets for soybeans, soy meal, and soy oil. Analysis of the error correction or cointegration space illuminates the empirical nature of policy-relevant market elasticities, and of effects of important policy, market, and institutional events on US soy-related markets. A statistically strong US demand for soybeans emerged as the primary cointegrating relation in the error-correction space.
Can Emerging Markets Float? Should They Inflation Target?

The crises of the 1990s convinced many observers that intermediate exchange rate arrangements are fragile and crisis prone. But advising emerging markets to abandon the exchange rate as an anchor for policy compels those issuing the call to offer an alternative. This paper asks whether inflation targeting is a viable alternative for emerging markets. It focuses on the distinctive characteristics of the policy environment that bear on its feasibility: fast pass through, the difficulty of forecasting inflation, liability dollarization, and imperfect credibility.
Democratizing Corporate Governance

This article addresses the democratic deficit that emerges when private corporations engage in public policy, either by providing citizenship rights and global public goods (corporate citizenship) or by influencing the political system and lobbying for their economic interests (strategic corporate political activities). This democratic deficit is significant, especially when multinational corporations operate in locations where national governance mechanisms are weak or even fail, where the rule of law is absent and there is a lack of democratic control. This deficit may lead to a decline in the social acceptance of the business firm and its corporate political activities and, thus, to a loss of corporate legitimacy. Under these conditions corporations may compensate for the emerging democratic deficit and reestablish their legitimacy by internalizing democratic mechanisms within their organizations, in particular in their corporate governance structures and procedures. The authors analyze the available corporate governance models with the help of a typology and discuss the possible contributions of a new form of democratic corporate governance.
A Business Cycle Model with Private Information

A real business cycle model is constructed in which workers are heterogeneous and privately informed about their own productive abilities. The model is structured so that interesting cycles cannot arise in the absence of the informational asymmetry. In the presence of this asymmetry, the model produces cyclical fluctuations that are consistent with features of observed business cycles. Hours behavior of individuals is also consistent with micro evidence. In addition, the model gives rise to equilibrium unemployment of labor. The determination of equilibrium unemployment rates, hours levels, and output are integrally related in the analysis.
Bone cell function, regulation, and communication: A role for nitric oxide

A large array of factors serve as vital communication links between cells and the characterization, regulation, and mechanisms of action of such factors are topics of intense research efforts. Most intercellular messenger molecules which have been described over the years are represented by proteins, small peptides, amino acids or their derivatives, ions, lipid metabolites, or steroids. However, a small uncharged free radical, nitric oxide, has recently garnered much attention as a potent multifunctional signal molecule with widespread actions within and between diverse tissues. Biochemical, molecular, and regulatory studies of the family of enzymes responsible for nitric oxide synthesis, nitric oxide synthases, have established that there are at least three distinct isoforms of this enzyme which are differentially expressed and regulated in various cells or tissues. Modulation of these isoenzyme levels or activities by diverse signals is mediated via transcriptional, translational, and/or post‐translational mechanisms, and consequently, alterations in such control may influence normal or pathological processes. Nitric oxide appears to exert pronounced effects on skeletal physiology and its production by various bone cells, elicited target cell responses, modulation by other signalling molecules (e.g., cytokines, hormones, fatty acid derivatives), and chemical interactions with other free radicals (e.g., superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals) may form one important facet of the many complicated communication pathways controlling bone cell physiology and remodeling. Further cell and molecular studies are needed to address the precise roles that nitric oxide plays in bone development and in the formation and degradation of bone during ordinary bone metabolism. In addition, alterations in the regulation and action of the bone nitric oxide system as a function of certain bone disorders may be manifested by perturbations in bone integrity or mineral homeostasis. In this article, we review the current evidence implicating nitric oxide as an important messenger molecule in bone intercellular communication, speculate on potential roles for this radical in bone biology, and discuss possible future directions for advanced research into the function of nitric oxide in skeletal physiology.
Impact of axis II comorbidity on the course of bipolar illness in men: a retrospective chart review.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the presence of comorbid personality disorder influences the course of bipolar illness. METHODS Fifty-two euthymic male bipolar I out-patients were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID II). Bipolar patients with an axis II diagnosis were compared with those without an axis II diagnosis on retrospectively obtained demographic, clinical and course of illness variables. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent of the bipolar patients met criteria for an axis II diagnosis. Two (4%) met criteria for (only) a Cluster A disorder, four (8%) for (only) a Cluster B, and six (12%) for (only) a Cluster C disorder. One (2%) bipolar patient met criteria a disorder in both Clusters A and B, and one (2%) for a disorder in Clusters B and C. Five (10%) met criteria for at least one disorder in Clusters A and C, and one met criteria for disorders in Clusters A, B, and C. The presence of a personality disorder was significantly associated with a lower rate of current employment, a higher number of currently prescribed psychiatric medications, and a higher incidence of a history of both alcohol and substance use disorders compared with the bipolar patients without axis II pathology. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend previous findings of an association between comorbid personality disorder in bipolar I patients and factors that suggest a more difficult course of bipolar illness.
Culture and Design in Web-Communication A cross-cultural study of Iranian and Swedish websites

Nowadays, e-marketing through websites is one of the most essential factors in presenting new products to the consumers and potential buyers. So an effective website should consider understanding of interconnected business environment and intercultural or cross-cultural differences while it is presenting a product to the globalized marketing atmosphere. The purpose of this study is to identify the cultural similarities and differences between Iran and Sweden in web design. In order to accomplish this goal, the writer used qualitative descriptive comparative inductive method through content analysis as primary and literature review as secondary data collection. As theoretical framework, the study is presented some definitions of Hofstede and Hall’s cultural dimensions. Besides, it defines some features of web design and the interrelation of cultural markers and web design’s features based on previous studies. The research is conducted through comparing websites related to the food industry from Iran and Sweden. The writer selects two beverage companies and two mineral water firms as the most common products in both countries. The results revealed that the websites manifest some similarities in using images and colors as well as lay out presentation. They show many differences in corporate information, communication and language usage in their websites. The author believes in some limitations of the study such as lack of study in LTO dimension in Iran and lack of communication between the writer and either the selected websites’ web designers or customers which might affect the outcomes of the exploration. She trusts having the users and web designers as well as marketers’ perspectives will improve the result of the study. This study can be useful for both small and big companies to increase the public awareness of their existence in the recent world globalized marketing atmosphere. Moreover, suggestions are given for future studies considering marketers, customers and web designer’s point of views to investigate in what extent the result will be different from the presented study.
Effects of bicarbonate ingestion on the respiratory compensation threshold and maximal exercise performance.

Six males performed cycle ergometer exercise on two occasions in random order. Each exercise was preceded by a 2-h period in which matched capsules were administered orally, containing either starch (C) or NaHCO3 (E) in a dose of a 0.2 g.kg-1 body wt; pre-exercise blood pH and [HCO3-] were 7.34 +/- 0.01 and 23.7 +/- 0.5 mM (mean +/- S.E.) for the C study, and 7.41 +/- 0.01 and 28.6 +/- 1.3 mM for the E study (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01, respectively). Exercise was continuous and maintained for 10 min at 40% of maximal oxygen uptake (40% VO2max), followed by 15 min at 12 W above the respiratory compensation threshold ([+RCT]) which was determined by the increase of the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE.VCO2(-1)), and for as long as possible at 95% VO2max. Endurance time at 95% VO2max was significantly longer in E than in C (2.98 +/- 0.64 min vs. 2.00 +/- 0.44 min, p less than 0.05). The rate of increase in arterialized venous lactate (LA) was higher in E than in C from rest to exercise at [+RCT], while there was no significant difference in the hydrogen ions ([H+]). Consequently, [H+]. LA-1 (nM.mM-1) was significantly lower in E than in C. The change of VE.VCO2(-1) was shifted downward in E compared to C during exercise with the lowest value being observed at the same exercise stage. These results suggest that the respiratory responses to exercise are not affected by the higher level of [HCO3-] induced by NaHCO3 ingestion, and appear to reflect the net change of plasma [HCO3-] or [H+]. Also, induced metabolic acidosis has little effect on [H+] appearance in blood.
Impact of closed versus open venous reservoirs on patient outcomes in isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Data were collected retrospectively on 1681 consecutive isolated coronary artery bypass graft patients at Millard Fillmore Hospital (Buffalo, New York, USA) undergoing coronary artery bypass. No patients were excluded. There were 616 patients in the open circuit group and 1065 in the closed circuit group. Patients in the closed circuit group exhibited a trend towards a higher incidence of most pre-existing comorbidities, with acute myocardial infarction, pre-existing cerebrovascular disease and the incidence of extensively calcified aortas all being significantly higher. Significantly different postbypass outcomes favored the closed circuit group, with levels of sepsis of 1% for open and 0% for closed and respiratory failure of 4% for open and 1% for closed. The length of stay approached significance with a p-value of 0.057 (open 9.85 days and closed 7.53). Use of an open circuit was a significant, independent predictor for increased use of units of packed red blood cells and total units of blood products. This study provides evidence that closed venous reservoirs can favorably impact surgical outcomes and reduce resulting healthcare costs.
Is failure to meet spiritual needs associated with cancer patients' perceptions of quality of care and their satisfaction with care?

PURPOSE Few studies regarding patients' views about spirituality and health care have included patients with cancer who reside in the urban, northeastern United States. Even fewer have investigated the relationship between patients' spiritual needs and perceptions of quality and satisfaction with care. PATIENTS AND METHODS Outpatients (N = 369) completed a questionnaire at the Saint Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center in New York, NY. The instrument included the Quality of End-of-Life Care and Satisfaction with Treatment quality-of-care scale and questions about spiritual and religious beliefs and needs. RESULTS The participants' mean age was 58 years; 65% were female; 67% were white; 65% were college educated; and 32% had breast cancer. Forty-seven percent were Catholic; 19% were Jewish; 16% were Protestant; and 6% were atheist or agnostic. Sixty-six percent reported that they were spiritual but not religious. Only 29% attended religious services at least once per week. Seventy-three percent reported at least one spiritual need; 58% thought it appropriate for physicians to inquire about their spiritual needs. Eighteen percent reported that their spiritual needs were not being met. Only 6% reported that any staff members had inquired about their spiritual needs (0.9% of inquiries by physicians). Patients who reported that their spiritual needs were not being met gave lower ratings of the quality of care (P = .009) and reported lower satisfaction with care (P = .006). CONCLUSION Most patients had spiritual needs. A slight majority thought it appropriate to be asked about these needs, although fewer thought this compared with reports in other settings. Few had their spiritual needs addressed by the staff. Patients whose spiritual needs were not met reported lower ratings of quality and satisfaction with care.
Research Methodologies for Planning Ecotourism and Nature Conservation

Ecotourism is an important niche market in the world tourism industry. It is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to mass tourism. The emergence of ecotourism was facilitated by the environmental damage associated with mass tourism. Ecotourism is defined in many ways and there is no consensus as to its exact meaning. However, a number of salient elements, such as environmental conservation, maintenance of biodiversity, a satisfying experience for the visitors, study and appreciation of nature and sustainable community development, are included in many definitions. Tourism creates negative environmental externalities in the form of environmental damage. Such adverse effects can have serious implications for the tourism industry because they damage the very natural resource that forms the raw material for ecotourism. Ecotourism ventures should thus be properly planned and implemented and carefully monitored. Proper planning of ecotourism is hampered by the paucity of relevant qualitative and quantitative information. The use of analytical tools such as the Contingent Valuation Method, carrying capacity, decision analysis techniques with which multi-objective and uncertain consequences can be analysed, and other management strategies, such as the Safe Minimum Standard, can be useful in enabling better planning of ecotourism. Ecotourism can thus enhance the opportunities for better management of natural resources while providing a satisfying experience for the visitor.
Students' Perceptions of Ethical Issues in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry

From six different hospitality and tourism programs, 349 students responded to a survey asking them to identify what they consider to be the most important ethical issues confronting the hospitality and tourism industry today. Generally, they perceived solid waste disposal, conditions of employment, a variety of employment discrimination issues, employee theft, false advertising, vendor honesty, sanitation violations, and AIDS in foodservice to be today's most compelling issues in this industry. The data collected did not permit many conclusions to be drawn in regard to possible associations between the issues identified and various demographic variables. Key Words: ethical issue, students, perception.
Chain reaction: A strategic approach to addressing employment noncompliance in complex supply chains

There is an emerging consensus that targeting the direct employer of workers in enforcement action may be both inefficient and ineffective in achieving compliance with employment standards. This article explores some new and innovative ways that the Australian employment standards enforcement agency – the Office of the Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO) – has sought to address the problem of employment non-compliance in complex supply chains. In particular, we examine three distinct mechanisms used by the FWO, namely: supply chain litigation, enforceable undertakings and proactive compliance deeds. We argue that these initiatives illustrate the way in which regulatory agencies can better target their resources and maximise the general deterrence of enforcement action by focusing not only on the direct employer, but on those firms which are in a position to influence compliance behaviour more broadly.
Climate Shocks, State Capacity and Peasant Uprisings in North China During 25–1911 CE

China provides an interesting case study of civil conflict because of her long history and rich records. Using a unique dynastic panel dataset for north China during 25-1911 CE, this study finds that severe famines and dynastic age were positively correlated with peasant uprisings, whereas government disaster relief as a proxy for state capacity played a significant mitigating role. Negative climate shocks (e.g., severe drought, locust plagues) affected peasant uprisings primarily through the channel of severe famines. The effects of population density, temperature, and other climate shocks (e.g., flood, levee breaches, snow disasters, and frost) were either not robust or insignificant.