Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finding Optimal Bayesian Network Given a Super-Structure

Classical approaches used to learn Bayesian network structure from data have disadvantages in terms of complexity and lower accuracy of their results. However, a recent empirical study has shown that a hybrid algorithm improves sensitively accuracy and speed: it learns a skeleton with an independency test (IT) approach and constrains on the directed acyclic graphs (DAG) considered during the search-and-score phase. Subsequently, we theorize the structural constraint by introducing the concept of super-structure S, which is an undirected graph that restricts the search to networks whose skeleton is a subgraph of S. We develop a super-structure constrained optimal search (COS): its time complexity is upper bounded by O(γm n ), where γm < 2 depends on the maximal degree m of S. Empirically, complexity depends on the average degree ˜ m and sparse structures allow larger graphs to be calculated. Our algorithm is faster than an optimal search by several orders and even finds more accurate results when given a sound super-structure. Practically, S can be approximated by IT approaches; significance level of the tests controls its sparseness, enabling to control the trade-off between speed and accuracy. For incomplete super-structures, a greedily post-processed version (COS+) still enables to significantly outperform other heuristic searches.
A Platform for Searching UI Component of Android Application

Android applications are becoming increasingly popular in digital home nowadays. Building high quality application is still one of biggest changes for Android developer community. The search service in current Android application market can't meet the needs of developers when trying to find the user interface design in other applications. In this paper, we introduce a platform to query the runtime user interfaces of Android applications, which can help developers to reuse the design components to improve their applications. Based on the description information of 8,456 Android applications in Android market and the information of runtime 313,820 UI elements, we implement the platform providing search service for developers to find specified runtime user interfaces in our Android software repository. Our experiment for the quality of search result shows that 76.7% of top-10 search result contains the relevant UI components that are valuable for users.
Optimal FEC code concatenation for unequal error protection in video streaming applications

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for constructing an Unequal Error Protection (UEP) FEC code targeted towards video streaming applications. A concatenation of a set of parallel outer block codes followed by a packet interleaver and an inner block code is presented. The algorithm calculates on the fly the optimal allocation of the code rates of the inner and outer codes. When applied to video streaming applications using H.264, the discussed UEP framework achieves gains of up to 5dB in video quality compared to equal error protection (EEP) FEC at the same code rate.
Distance indexing on road networks

The processing of kNN and continuous kNN queries on spatial network databases (SNDB) has been intensively studied recently. However, there is a lack of systematic study on the computation of network distances, which is the most fundamental difference between a road network and a Euclidean space. Since the online Dijkstra's algorithm has been shown to be efficient only for short distances, we propose an efficient index, called distance signature, for distance computation and query processing over long distances. Distance signature discretizes the distances between objects and network nodes into categories and then encodes these categories. To minimize the storage and search costs, we present the optimal category partition, and the encoding and compression algorithms for the signatures, based on a simplified network topology. By mathematical analysis and experimental study, we showed that the signature index is efficient and robust for various data distributions, query workloads, parameter settings and network updates.
Dark matter candidates

An overview is given of various dark matter candidates. Among the many suggestions given in the literature, axions, inert Higgs doublet, sterile neutrinos, supersymmetric particles and Kaluza–Klein particles are discussed. The situation has recently become very interesting with new results on antimatter in the cosmic rays having dark matter as one of the leading possible explanations. Problems arising from this explanation and possible solutions are discussed, and the importance of new measurements is emphasized. If the explanation is indeed dark matter, a whole new field of physics, with unusual although not impossible mass and interaction properties, may soon open itself to discovery.
Neo-sex Chromosomes in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus

We report the discovery of a neo-sex chromosome in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and several of its close relatives. Z-linked scaffolds in the D. plexippus genome assembly were identified via sex-specific differences in Illumina sequencing coverage. Additionally, a majority of the D. plexippus genome assembly was assigned to chromosomes based on counts of one-to-one orthologs relative to the butterfly Melitaea cinxia (with replication using two other lepidopteran species), in which genome scaffolds have been mapped to linkage groups. Sequencing coverage-based assessments of Z linkage combined with homology-based chromosomal assignments provided strong evidence for a Z-autosome fusion in the Danaus lineage, involving the autosome homologous to chromosome 21 in M. cinxia. Coverage analysis also identified three notable assembly errors resulting in chimeric Z-autosome scaffolds. Cytogenetic analysis further revealed a large W chromosome that is partially euchromatic, consistent with being a neo-W chromosome. The discovery of a neo-Z and the provisional assignment of chromosome linkage for >90% of D. plexippus genes lays the foundation for novel insights concerning sex chromosome evolution in this female-heterogametic model species for functional and evolutionary genomics.
Differential localization of a male and a female hypothalamic mating centre.

Implantation of testosterone propionate (tp) in the pre-optic-anterior hypothalamic region produced predominantly male, i.e. homosexual behaviour in female spayed rats. On the other hand, tp implants in the central hypothalamus induced mainly female behaviour, as did subcutaneous tp injections in these animals (D\l=o"\rner,D\l=o"\cke& Moustafa, 1968). Therefore, it was assumed that two different hypothalamic mating centres are responsible for the male and female mating activity. In the following study this hypothesis was reinvestigated by means of intra-hypothalamic implantations of oestradiol benzoate (ob) in rats. Precise quantities of crystalline ob were implanted stereotaxically into the anterior or central hypothalamus of post-puberally spayed female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. The stereotaxic implantations were performed according to a method described recently (D\l=o"\cke,D\l=o"\rner& Voigt, 1968). ob was dissolved in alcohol, the solution was aspirated into calibrated glass capillary tubes, and the hormone was implanted after evaporation of the alcohol and recrystallization. The implants were introduced bilaterally anterior or posterior to the bregma according to the stereotaxic atlas of Szent\l=a'\gothai,Flerk\l=o'\,Mess & Hal\l=a'\sz(1968) (A 0\m=.\5for implantations in the anterior and P 2\m=.\5in the central (middle) hypothalamus). After autopsy each hypothalamus was frozen, serially sectioned at 15 \g=m\and stained with haematoxylin and eosin to verify the exact localization of the implants. Tests for sexual behaviour were performed on Days 3, 5 and 7 following the implantation. In the mating tests each rat was exposed for 5 min to (1) a vigorous male, and (2) an oestrous female (Dörner, 1967). Animals with intra¬ hypothalamic cholesterol implants or subcutaneous ob implants served as controls in order to compare the behavioural patterns. The rats of all groups
Extensions to PEPA to simplify the creation ofcomponent librariesP

PEPA is a stochastic process algebra (SPA) used for performance modelling. SPAs allow both functional and performance measures to be derived from the same model. In addition, SPAs are compositional in that they allow complex components to be created from simpler ones. For wider use and acceptance of SPAs it is essential that it is possible to create a library of reusable components. This paper proposes a number of extensions to the PEPA language that simpliies the creation of a library. Extensions are proposed that allow renaming of components, a distinguished name for probabilistic choices and a minor extension to the basic language that allows the use of general probability distribution functions.
Emerging concepts in the physiological basis of dystonia

Work over the past 2 decades has led to substantial changes in our understanding of dystonia pathophysiology. Three general abnormalities appear to underlie the pathophysiological substrate. The first is a loss of inhibition. This makes sense considering that it may be responsible for the excess of movement and for the overflow phenomena seen in dystonia. A second abnormality is sensory dysfunction which is related to the mild sensory complaints in patients with focal dystonias and may be responsible for some of the motor dysfunction. Third, evidence from animal models of dystonia as well as from patients with primary dystonia has revealed significant alterations of synaptic plasticity characterized by a disruption of homeostatic plasticity, with a prevailing facilitation of synaptic potentiation, together with the loss of synaptic inhibitory processes. We speculate that during motor learning this abnormal plasticity may lead to an abnormal sensorimotor integration, leading to consolidation of abnormal motor engrams. If so, then removing this abnormal plasticity might have little immediate effect on dystonic movements because bad motor memories have already been ‘‘learned'' and are difficult to erase. These considerations might explain the delayed clinical effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with generalized dystonia. Current lines of research will be discussed from a network perspective. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
A TREE STRUCTURED-BASED CAPTION TEXT DETECTION APPROACH

Nowadays superimposed text in both images and video sequences provides useful information about their contents. The aim of this paper is to introduce a method, which allows us to extract this kind of information, focused on working as independently as possible from the content, quality or font. Some pre-processing tools can be applied in order to reduce the number of false positives as well as the computational cost. The input image is represented by means of a Max-tree. This structure allows us to perform text localisation as a tree pruning. The pruning is performed applying connected operators based on geometric features of the letters. As a result, a set of potential text regions are obtained. The output of this first stage shows promising results. A second stage will be necessary to extract text as a whole, a set of unconnected regions with a unique meaning, allowing us to discard those regions not accomplishind text features.
Revised-Attitudes toward Research Scale (R-ATR); A First Look at Its Psychometric Properties.

The purpose of this study was to establish the psychometric properties of the Attitudes Toward Research scale (ATR), including the validity of the scale through confirmatory factor analysis. After slightly altering the scale by deleting 19 items, and by narrowing down the subscales to four, the fit of the model was established. The revised version of the ATR scale (R-ATR) includes 13 items, which measure Research usefulness, Research anxiety, and Positive predisposition towards research. Overall, the analyses performed on the R-ATR suggest that it has strong psychometric properties, and that it can prove helpful to researchers interested in examining issues related to research methods attitudes, as well as to practitioners to be used for evidence-based practice.
Migratory navigation in birds: new opportunities in an era of fast-developing tracking technology

Summary Birds have remained the dominant model for studying the mechanisms of animal navigation for decades, with much of what has been discovered coming from laboratory studies or model systems. The miniaturisation of tracking technology in recent years now promises opportunities for studying navigation during migration itself (migratory navigation) on an unprecedented scale. Even if migration tracking studies are principally being designed for other purposes, we argue that attention to salient environmental variables during the design or analysis of a study may enable a host of navigational questions to be addressed, greatly enriching the field. We explore candidate variables in the form of a series of contrasts (e.g. land vs ocean or night vs day migration), which may vary naturally between migratory species, populations or even within the life span of a migrating individual. We discuss how these contrasts might help address questions of sensory mechanisms, spatiotemporal representational strategies and adaptive variation in navigational ability. We suggest that this comparative approach may help enrich our knowledge about the natural history of migratory navigation in birds.
Topology-Aware Simulated Annealing

Simulated annealing is one of the most known and successful algorithms for global optimization. It is widely used in discrete optimization and has also been successfully used for continuous optimization. In this paper, we propose a variation of simulated annealing that takes into consideration the state space topology by making the probability of uphill moves dependent on state degrees. The performance of the proposed strategy is evaluated experimentally. The influence of the topology of the state space and the landscape of the objective function on performance is explored. The results show that the proposed method outperforms classical simulated annealing in state spaces with a purely random network structure. Another interesting result is found in state spaces with a scale-free structure. It is observed that, whereas classical simulated annealing outperforms the proposed method in landscape with shallow minima, the latter gives better results for landscapes with dense and deep local minima, a type of landscapes known to be particularly challenging for simulated annealing.
Changing the camera-to-screen angle to improve AR browser usage

Mobile devices are currently the most commonly used platform to experience Augmented Reality (AR). Nevertheless, they typically provide a less than ideal ergonomic experience, requiring the user to operate them with arms raised. In this paper we evaluate how to improve the ergonomics of AR experiences by modifying the angle between the mobile device's camera and its display. Whereas current mobile device cameras point out vertically from the back cover, we modify the camera angle to be 0, 45 and 90 degrees. In addition, we also investigate the use of the smartwatch as an AR browser form factor. Key findings are, that whilst the current approximately see-through configuration provides the fastest task completion times, a camera offset angle of 45° provides reduced task load and was preferred by users. When comparing different form factors and screen sizes, the smartwatch format was found to be unsuitable for AR browsing use.
Patterns of Change within a Tundra Landscape: 22-year Landsat NDVI Trends in an Area of the Northern Foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska

Abstract NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) calculated from coarse-resolution sensors has shown strong increases since the 1980s on Alaska's North Slope. Finer-resolution satellite data and ground studies are needed to understand the changes in the vegetation that are causing these increases. Analysis of an 823 km2 area using a Landsat NDVI time series showed that the homogeneous greening at coarser scales was very heterogeneous at 30-m pixel resolution, with a strong influence due to glacial history. Small scattered patches of pixels with significant increases in NDVI occurred throughout the younger, late Pleistocene glacial deposits. On older, mid-Pleistocene deposits, increases occurred in few, larger patches of mostly tussock-sedge, dwarf-shrub, moss tundra, possibly a result of release of nutrients from thawing of ice-rich permafrost. Five percent of pixels had significant linear increases in NDVI from 1985 to 2007 (n = 6, p < 0.05), while 0.4% showed significant decreases, in small patches whose causes were evident when sampled on the ground. Trends in NDVI varied by glacial history, elevation, slope, and the resulting vegetation conditions. This heterogeneity in response to climate change can be expected throughout much of the Arctic, where complex glacial histories determine existing soil and vegetation characteristics.
G1-4A, a Polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia Inhibits the Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Modulating Host Immune Responses in TLR4 Dependent Manner

Rapid emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a major health concern and demands the development of novel adjunct immunotherapeutic agents capable of modulating the host immune responses in order to control the pathogen. In the present study, we sought to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of G1-4A, a polysaccharide derived from the Indian medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia, in in-vitro and aerosol mouse models of MTB infection. G1-4A treatment of MTB infected RAW264.7 macrophages significantly induced the surface expression of MHC-II and CD-86 molecules, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ) and nitric oxide leading to reduced intracellular survival of both drug sensitive (H37Rv) as well as multi drug resistant strains (Beijing and LAM) of MTB, which was partially attributed to G1-4A induced NO production in TLR4-MyD88 dependent manner. Similarly, bacillary burden was significantly reduced in the lungs of MTB infected BALB/c mice treated with G1-4A, with simultaneous up-regulation of the expression of TNF-α, INF-γ and NOS2 in the mouse lung along with increased levels of Th1 cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-12 and decreased levels of Th2 cytokine like IL-4 in the serum. Furthermore, combination of G1-4A with Isoniazid (INH) exhibited better protection against MTB compared to that due to INH or G1-4A alone, suggesting its potential as adjunct therapy. Our results demonstrate that modulation of host immune responses by G1-4A might improve the therapeutic efficacy of existing anti-tubercular drugs and provide an attractive strategy for the development of alternative therapies to control tuberculosis.
A Review on Stress Analysis of an Infinite Plate with Cut-outs

In this paper an effort is made to review the investigations that have been made on the "stress analysis of an infinite plate with cut-outs". A number of analytical and experimental techniques are available for stress analysis around the different types of cut- outs for different condition in an infinite plate, made up of different materials under different loading condition has been reported in this article. The methods compared are tabulated with their findings. Singularities of circular hole in rectangular plate and elliptical hole in rectangular plate are considered in present study. Openings/cut-outs are made into structures in order to satisfy some service requirements, results in strength degradation. In practice different shape of holes are used for different applications for example manhole of any pressure vessel is either circular or elliptical while the window or door of an airplane is rectangular hole having chamfer of some radius at corners. The stress analysis of infinite plate with openings is interesting field of investigation. Many researchers have contributed in this area by taking different hole geometry and loading pattern. Here, an attempt is made to solve elastostatic problem of infinite plate subjected to different type of loading, with different shape of cutouts. This hole/opening works as stress raisers and may lead to the failure of the structure/machine component. Hence it is an important aspect of stress analysis to predict stress concentration for regular or irregular holes. The irregularity in the hole shape may be because of chemical degradation. Under the effect of external loading and chemical process some irregular shapes may evolved. It is necessary to know stress distribution around such irregular shaped hole which may be useful to know hole shape evolution.
Interpersonal Consequences of Seeking Self-Esteem

This study examines the interactive effects of self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, and ego threat on supportiveness and liking. Targets high or low in self-esteem and academic contingency receive failure test feedback or no evaluative feedback. Then, targets interact with another participant who discloses a personal problem; afterward, both participants complete questionnaires assessing targets’ supportiveness and liking. High self-esteem, highly contingent targets feel less supportive and like partners less after interacting under threat than under no threat. Partners, in turn, perceive these targets to be less supportive and less likeable. Low self-esteem, highly contingent targets show the reverse pattern, although these findings do not reach statistical significance. Further analyses reveal that the interpersonal effects of ego threat were caused by threats in a specific domain of contingency (e.g., academics) rather than being a contingent person in general or having external or internal contingent self-worth. Implications for self-esteem and interpersonal processes are discussed.
Specification of force-controlled actions in the "task frame formalism"-a synthesis

Autonomous robot tasks involving contacts with the environment must be performed under active force control if the geometric uncertainties in the task models are too large to cope with by means of passive compliance only. In practice, task specification of force-controlled actions is closely linked to the task frame formalism (TFF), also known as the compliance frame formalism. The TFF is a very intuitive and controller-independent approach to model a motion constraint, and to specify the desired forces and motions compatible with this constraint. However, it has never been defined clearly and unambiguously, and it cannot cope with all possible constrained motion tasks. This paper provides, for the first time, a formal definition of what makes up a TFF task specification. It gives also a synthesis of which tasks the TFF can cope with, and proposes a generic textual task specification formalism. Finally, it describes an example constrained motion task that the TFF cannot handle.