Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forces acting on superconductors in magnetic fields

The forces acting on a superconducting body in a magnetic field may be obtained by analogy with hydro‐dynamics, considering the similarity of the force field around a perfect diamagnetic with the flow field of an ideal liquid past an impermeable body of the same shape. The translation is provided by replacing ½ρv2 by (⅛π)μH2. As a practical application of the repulsive forces acting on superconductors in a diverging magnetic field, design of two types of magnetic supports for a sphere is described. In the coil‐type support, two coils with opposed currents are necessary to provide stable equilibrium. Similarly, the permanent‐magnet‐type support requires two transversely magnetized rings with opposed polarity. The dissipation of energy in a rotating sphere by eddy currents and by viscous drag of the surrounding gas was studied. The nonexistence of any torque on a freefloating, superconducting sphere in a rotating, transverse field indicates absence of interaction between the superconducting electrons and th.
A finite element formulation of muscle contraction : implementation in DIANA

The ability to contract is a unique feature of muscular material, as compared to technical materials. The contractile stress generated by muscle cells, acts along the muscle fibre direction, and has been shown to depend on time, elapsed since activation of the cell, on fibre strain and on fibre strain rate. In this paper we combine the equation of conservation of momentum with an existing description of the constitutive behaviour of myocardial tissue and convert the resulting equations into a numerical formulation, which is implemented in DIANA. Results of simulations of several contraction experiments are shown.
Computing probabilites of rectangles in case of multinormal distribution

In several stochastic programming models and statistical problems the computation of probabilities of n-dimensional rectangles is required in case of n-dimensional normal distribution. A recent simulation technique presented by the author for computing values of the distribution function can be modified to yield appropriate procedure for computing probabilities of rectangles. Some numerical work is provided to illustrate the use of the new algorithm.
An Estimate of Quiet Time Plasmaspheric Electric Fields from Whistler Observations at Low Latitude

Particular emphasis is laid on the application of whistlers recorded at low latitude ground station, Nainital during magnetically quiet times to estimate the eastward/westward electric field in the plasmasphere. The east-west components of electric field during quiet magnetic (average Kp = 1) are obtained for the first time from low latitude station on the basis of the available whistler data on March 7, 1971 (ΣKp = 8) in the 01:22 to 03:21 IST sector and 22:10 to 23:20 IST sector, April 18, 1971 (ΣKp = 19-) in the 22:15 to 23:44 IST sector and April 19, 1971 (ΣKp = 15) in the 01:26 to 03:31 IST sector. During above quiet times in the whistler activity period, a decrease in dispersion with time is observed. The method of measuring electric field from the observed cross-L motion of whistler ducts within the plasmasphere, indicated by changes in nose frequency of whistlers has been outlined. The nose frequency of the non-nose whistlers under consideration have been deduced by means of an accurate curve fitting method as developed by Tarcsai (1975). Our measurements demonstrate an average estimated electric field of ∼0.06 mVm-1 in the premidnight local time sector and an average westward electric field of ∼0.05 mVm-1 in the post-midnight local time sector. These values are in good agreement with similar results reported by earlier workers. Near midnight there is a sharp transition from eastward field to westward electric field. The electric fields during quiet days at low latitudes are thought to be generated by the dynamo mechanism.
Research and Application of the Improved DST New Method Based on Fuzzy Consistent Matrix and the Weighted Average

Aiming at the existing defects of evidence dempster-shafer theory (DST) in dealing with high conflict evidence, we proposed a new method to improve DST. By introducing concept of fuzzy consistent matrix, calculate the weights of factors, and put different sources of evidence into distinguish, and finally cast more than one vote to prevent the phenomenon, the average convergence of evidence. What’s more, the improved DST new method is applied to the rolling bearing fault diagnosis of CNC machine workbench . The test results show that the improved new synthetic formula increases the accuracy of fault diagnosis Ball, the conflict of evidence synthesis results better, to achieve better results.
Divalent-to-trivalent transition of Sm in SmS: Implications for the high-pressure magnetically ordered state

We present a resonant x-ray emission study of the pressure-induced valence transition of $\mathrm{SmS}$. Spectra excited at the ${L}_{3}$ absorption edge of Sm ions were recorded at applied pressures ranging from 1 to $18\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, at room temperature. Thanks to its extreme sensitivity to the electronic configuration, resonant inelastic x-ray emission is well suited to follow precisely the small valence changes in the high pressure region. The Sm valence is found to increase from 2.7 at $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ to 3 at $18\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, and the trivalent state is reached at ${p}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}13\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Our results imply that the transition to the trivalent state at ${p}_{c}$ is not accompanied by any detectable change of the magnetic properties, as inferred from the nuclear forward scattering measurements, with respect to those of the intermediate valent state $(pg2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa})$.
Prediction of breeding values with a mixed model with heterogeneous variances for large-scale dairy data

Evaluation of Dutch dairy data showed serious discrepancies between predicted breeding values based on all records and values based on parent averages. Heterogeneity of variances between herds offered a possible explanation for these differences. This paper describes the development of a national breeding evaluation method for Dutch dairy cattle based on a mixed model with multiplicative scaling factors that correct for variance heterogeneity. Random breeding values are defined for scaled observations and will be predicted by their approximate expected values conditional upon observed milk yields. Estimating equations for fixed effects and dispersion parameters are approximate maximum likelihood equations. The method is computationally feasible for the large-scale data sets that are commonly used in the dairy industry. Problems with application to Dutch milk yield data, comprising 12,629,403 records, are discussed. Simulation results will be presented.
Model for InGaP/GaAs/InGaP double heterojunction bipolar transistor

The current–voltage characteristics of an InGaP/GaAs/InGaP double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) are modeled where the tunneling effect at the base–collector (B–C) junction and base–emitter (B–E) junction is taken into account. Therefore, this model can be applied to both conventional DHBT and composite collector heterojunction bipolar transistor. The role of the n−GaAs layer and n+InGaP layer are discussed and the effects of variation in the doping level and thickness of these layers are considered in the model. Good agreement between our predictions of the model and reported experimental results is achieved.The current–voltage characteristics of an InGaP/GaAs/InGaP double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) are modeled where the tunneling effect at the base–collector (B–C) junction and base–emitter (B–E) junction is taken into account. Therefore, this model can be applied to both conventional DHBT and composite collector heterojunction bipolar transistor. The role of the n−GaAs layer and n+InGaP layer are discussed and the effects of variation in the doping level and thickness of these layers are considered in the model. Good agreement between our predictions of the model and reported experimental results is achieved.
The Arithmetic Brownian Motion in Corporate Valuation

In this paper we expand the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) framework for the valuation of an unlevered fi rm when the free cash flows are modeled by an arithmetic Brownian motion (ABM). We approximate the ABM by a binomial lattice in order to keep the typical time discrete framework of the DCF methodology. In contrast to the typical multiplicative process assumption for modeling earnings figures and free cash flows the ABM implied additive process admits for possible negative free cash flow values and grows by an absolute amount rather than a growth rate. But this process assumption has important implications on firm valuation. After the binomial lattice approximation we derive valuation formulas based upon an additive process assumption, touch the topic of the determination of CAPM consistent cost of capital and show a possible equivalence between the multiplicative and additive process assumption. We fi nish our analysis by calculating some numerical examples.
Impression creep of a Sn60Pb40 alloy: the effect of electric current

Solder joints provide electrical and mechanical interconnections in microelectronic circuits and devices. The mechanical behaviour of the solder joints plays an important role in determining the reliability and lifetime of microelectronic devices. Using the impression technique, the effect of electric current on the creep deformation of a Sn60Pb40 alloy was studied in the temperature range of 323–383 K and under the punching stress of 9.7–110 MPa. During the test, a constant dc electric current was passed through the sample, which introduced electromechanical interaction. A steady state creep was observed under the action of the dc electric current and punching stress. The steady state impression velocity increased with the increase in the electric current for the same punching stress, and the stress dependence of the impression velocity followed Eyring's relation. The apparent activation energy decreased linearly with the square of the electric current due to the increase in atomic mobility driven by the electric current.
Effect of hydrogenation on minority carrier lifetime in low-grade silicon

Silicon p–n junctions for solar cell applications were prepared by growing thin n-type films on p-type metallurgical-grade silicon (MG-Si) substrate in a liquid solution of arsenic-doped gallium/indium solution. MG-Si has much higher impurity concentrations than traditional solar-grade silicon, but is here being used as a low-cost alternative. The as-grown film showed negligible photovoltaic response. A post-growth exposure of the as-grown p–n junctions to a H2/Ar plasma resulted in an active photovoltaic device with VOC of up to several hundred mV. Furthermore, a significant increase in the minority carrier lifetime was observed. The short-circuit current density indicated low efficiency in accordance with the high defect concentration of the impure substrate. An x-ray diffraction study of MG-Si prior to and after film growth revealed textured crystal structure that diminished during film growth, indicating that the film is more homogeneous than the substrate.
Phase and amplitude wave front sensing and reconstruction with a modified plenoptic camera

A plenoptic camera is a camera that can retrieve the direction and intensity distribution of light rays collected by the camera and allows for multiple reconstruction functions such as: refocusing at a different depth, and for 3D microscopy. Its principle is to add a micro-lens array to a traditional high-resolution camera to form a semi-camera array that preserves redundant intensity distributions of the light field and facilitates back-tracing of rays through geometric knowledge of its optical components. Though designed to process incoherent images, we found that the plenoptic camera shows high potential in solving coherent illumination cases such as sensing both the amplitude and phase information of a distorted laser beam. Based on our earlier introduction of a prototype modified plenoptic camera, we have developed the complete algorithm to reconstruct the wavefront of the incident light field. In this paper the algorithm and experimental results will be demonstrated, and an improved version of this modified plenoptic camera will be discussed. As a result, our modified plenoptic camera can serve as an advanced wavefront sensor compared with traditional Shack- Hartmann sensors in handling complicated cases such as coherent illumination in strong turbulence where interference and discontinuity of wavefronts is common. Especially in wave propagation through atmospheric turbulence, this camera should provide a much more precise description of the light field, which would guide systems in adaptive optics to make intelligent analysis and corrections.
Three-dimensional point spread function of multilayered flat lenses and its application to extreme subwavelength resolution

The three-dimensional (3D) point spread function (PSF) of multilayered flat lenses was proposed in order to characterize the diffractive behavior of these subwavelength image formers. We computed the polarization-dependent scalar 3D PSF for a wide range of slab widths and for different dissipative metamaterials. In terms similar to the Rayleigh criterion we determined unambiguously the limit of resolution featuring this type of image-forming device. We investigated the significant reduction of the limit of resolution by increasing the number of layers, which may drop nearly 1 order of magnitude. However, this super-resolving effect is obtained in detriment of reducing the depth of field. Limitations exist on the formation of 3D images.
Teaching algebraic coding: Stakes, difficulties, and suggestions

This article is focused on elementary algebra in physics. After a brief recall of what should be understood in this topic, the paper examines common difficulties. Results of inquiries conducted with students at university level (first to fourth year) and with trainee teachers are presented and discussed. The authors point to the advantages of using schemes that explicitly specify two different kinds of indications: coding arrows, on the one hand, and realistic arrows on the other. Some examples of questions suitable for an interactive work with students are proposed.
Dynamics of mechanical systems with nonlinear nonholonomic constraints – III Analysis of motion

The paper analyzes the motion of nonholonomic mechanical systems composed of two particles with imposition of various nonlinear limitations to the velocities of the particles – parallelism of velocities, equality of the intensities of velocities and perpendicularity of velocities. The analysis for such systems includes: equations of constraints, reactions of constraints, i.e. the mode of variations of such constraints, trajectories of the points of the systems, linear integrals for generalized velocities, i.e. cyclical coordinates. It is clearly demonstrated on these models that in the case of nonlinear nonholonomic constraints the Hamiltonian effect, in the general case, has no stationary value. Lastly, the equations of brachistochronic motion of described systems are derived and the brachitochrones of specified points are determined.
Parameter–identification of macroscopic material models based on virtual testing of given material mesostructures

For many heterogeneous materials such as composites and polycrystals, the material modeling for the constituents on a representative mesoscale can be considered as known, including concrete values of their inherent material parameters. Typical examples are isotropic elastic–plastic models for the constituents of composites or anisotropic crystal–plasticity models for the grains of polycrystals. This knowledge can be exploited with regard to the modeling of the homogenized macroscopic response. In particular, parameters in macroscopic models may be identified by virtual experiments provided by a computational deformation–driving of representative mesostructures. This paper outlines the general concept for the parameter–identification of macroscopic materialmodels based on the virtual testing of given material mesostructures. The virtual test data are obtained in the form of multi–dimensional stress–strain paths by applying different deformation gradients to a given mesostructure. After specifying a corresponding macroscopic material model covering the observed effects on the macroscale, the material parameters are identified by a least–square–type optimization procedure that optimizes the macroscopic material parameters. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Upper Limit on the Power-Law Index of the Radio Spectrum of Geminga

Among the ~20 isolated neutron stars that emit in more than one energy band, only Geminga was radio quiet. Very recently, three groups at the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory reported independently the detection of a weak pulsed radio emission from this source at ~100 MHz, bringing Geminga back into the standard group of radio-loud, isolated neutron stars. Here we report a series of observations of Geminga performed with the Arecibo radio telescope at various frequencies between 318 and 1400 MHz, performed from 1982 to 1984. No pulsed emission was detected. The high sensitivity of the Arecibo telescope allowed us to put a stringent upper limit to the spectral index in the radio band: α≤-3.6. If the 100 MHz pulsed emission is confirmed, Geminga will retain its peculiar nature of a radio pulsar with an extremely steep radio spectrum. This would severely constrain the models for the radio emission from isolated rotating neutron stars.
Determination of the magnetic polarizability tensor and three dimensional object location for multiple objects using a walk-through metal detector

A previously reported tomographic metal detector which is capable of inverting the location and magnetic polarizability tensor for a single object has been modified such that it is capable of inverting the location and magnetic polarizability tensor for multiple objects. In this paper, the term ‘multiple objects’ refers to up to three independent metallic objects. The results from this paper show that the algorithm works well for objects vertically separated by greater than 40 cm, however the reliability varies as objects are brought closer together, or are at the same vertical height; the estimation of position for multiple objects tends to perform well, but the estimation of the magnetic polarizability tensor becomes poorer. Interactions taking place between objects is presented as one possible explanation for this.
ANALYTIC ROTATION TO SIMPLE STRUCTURE, II: EXTENSION TO AN OBLIQUE SOLUTION

RB-53-10 describes a method for fitting an orthogonal simple structure to a sample of vectors in k-space. The method is based upon maximizing the function Figure 1. Download figure to PowerPoint where aij is a loading in the simple structure factor matrix. This report extends the solution to the fitting of an oblique simple structure. Exactly k distinct oblique factors are obtained, and the contribution of each to K is at a relative maximum. The solution should be computationally feasible for moderately large values of k, given the resources of a digital computer like Illiac or the IBM 701. A numerical example is included in which k = 2. A generalized computer routine for a single-address, stored-program machine is also included.
Marine Observations of Old Weather

Weather observations are vital for climate change monitoring and prediction. For the world's oceans, there are many meteorological and oceanographic observations available back to the mid-twentieth century, but coverage is limited in earlier periods, and particularly also during the two world wars. Before 1850 there are currently very few instrumental observations available. Consequently, detailed observational estimates of surface climate change can be made only back to the mid-nineteenth century. To improve and extend this early coverage, scientists need more observations from these periods. Fortunately, many such observations exist in logbooks, reports, and other paper records, but their inclusion in the climatic datasets requires that these paper records be abstracted from the world's archives, digitized into an electronic form, and blended into existing climate databases. As a first step in this direction, selected Royal Navy logbooks from the period of 1938–47, kept in the U.K. National Archives, ha.
A Model Predicting the Evolution of Ice Particle Size Spectra and Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds. Part II: Dependence of Absorption and Extinction on Ice Crystal Morphology.

Abstract This study builds upon the microphysical modeling described in Part I by deriving formulations for the extinction and absorption coefficients in terms of the size distribution parameters predicted from the microphysical model. The optical depth and single scatter albedo of a cirrus cloud can then be determined, which, along with the asymmetry parameter, are the input parameters needed by cloud radiation models. Through the use of anomalous diffraction theory, analytical expressions were developed describing the absorption and extinction coefficients and the single scatter albedo as functions of size distribution parameters, ice crystal shapes (or habits), wavelength, and refractive index. The extinction coefficient was formulated in terms of the projected area of the size distribution, while the absorption coefficient was formulated in terms of both the projected area and mass of the size distribution. These properties were formulated as explicit functions of ice crystal geometry and were not bas.
Removal and sterilization of biofilms and planktonic bacteria by microwave-induced argon plasma at atmospheric pressure

Microbial biofilms are a functional matrix of microbial cells, enveloped in polysaccharides, enzymes and virulence factors secreted by them that can develop on indwelling medical devices and biomaterials. Plasma sterilization has been widely studied in recent years for biological applications. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of removal and anti-recovery of biofilms by microwave-induced argon plasma at atmospheric pressure. We observed that all bacterial biofilms formatted by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are removed in less than 20 s, and the growth inhibitions of planktonic bacteria within biofilms are also confirmed by plasma exposure for 5 s. These results suggest that our plasma system can be applied to medical and biological fields where the removal of biofilms and their debris is required.
Neutron Star and Black Hole Binaries in the Galaxy

We present a statistical analysis of the number and birthrate of double neutron star (NS-NS) binaries. We estimate that there are ∼10 4.5 z 0 such systems in the Galaxy, with a birthrate ∼10 −5 z 0 /yr, where z 0 (kpc) is their scale height; we expect z 0 ∼ few kpc. We find that mergers of NS-NS binaries through gravitational radiation losses should be occurring roughly once a year in galaxies within 200/h Mpc. Also, we estimate that one out of ∼10 2 /z 0 massive stars in close binaries ends up in a NS-NS system
Single-friction-surface triboelectric generator with human body conduit

We present a transparent single-friction-surface triboelectric generator (STEG) employing human body as the conduit, making the applications of STEG in portable electronics much more practical and leading to a significant output improvement. The STEG with micro-patterned polydimethylsiloxane surface achieved an output voltage of over 200 V with a current density of 4.7 μA/cm2. With human body conduit, the output current increased by 39% and the amount of charge that transferred increased by 34% compared to the results with grounded electrode. A larger increment of 210% and 81% was obtained in the case of STEG with a large-size flat polyethylene terephthalate surface.