Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BRDF Effects in Satellite Retrieval of Surface Spectral Reflectance in Solar Spectral Region

Surface reflectance/albedo is important for many geophysical applications, atmospheric circulation, and climate modeling (Henderson-Sellers et al. 1993). It is a key input parameter for land type classification and serves as a major boundary condition in surface-atmosphere radiative transfer modeling, which determines the distribution of solar energy between the surface and the atmosphere. Surface reflective properties can be retrieved from satellite observations. A surface target may be observed by satellite from different viewing directions. Due to the anisotropy of surface reflection, this leads to diversity of surface properties retrieved from satellite composite images (Li et al. 1996). To address this problem, one needs to determine the surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) properties and correct for them in the final product. Integrals of BRDF functions result in the so-called black-sky and white-sky albedos that convey important information concerning the inherent properties of surface albedo (Wanner et al. 1997).
First report of

Oil-tea camellia (Camellia drupifera) is an economically important woody plant indigenous to southern China that produces edible oil. In January 2017, leaf spots were observed on about 60% of 3000 3-year-old oil-tea camellia in Hainan Province, China. Infected leaves exhibited gray necrotic lesions surrounded by watery borders. From 45 leaves of 15 diseased plants 27 same fungal colonies were consistently isolated. Colonies were initially pale to white on PDA, with diffuse yellow pigment observed in the agar 5 days later. After 10 days, the aerial mycelium became gray, and the substrate mycelium became black. Conidia were hyaline, nonseptate, and fusiform. They maeasured 19.9 ± 2.1 × 8.0 ± 0.8 μm (n = 100). These morphological characteristics are consistent with the genus Neofusicoccum. ITS region of rDNA and part of beta-tubulin gene were amplified using ITS1, ITS4 and Bt1a, BT1b primers (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. The sequence data were deposited in GenBank. BLAST analysis identified the fungus as Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A. J. L. Phillips. Based on the ITS sequence, the tested isolate (GenBank Accession No. MH265978) showed 99.63% indentity with the isolate P24 (KX648517). Based on the beta-tubulin sequence, the tested isolate (MZ439862) showed 99.51% identity with the isolate p24 (KX648460). Hence, both morphological and molecular characteristics comfirmed the fungus as N. parvum. The pathogenicity of the fungus was tested by inoculating surface-sterilized leaf wounds of three 13-month-old seedling of C. drupifera with a mycelial plug. Sterile PDA plugs were used as control. Plants were moved into a greenhouse at 25 °C ± 1 °C. Three days after inoculation, symptoms observed on inoculated leaves were similar to those in field, while the control still remained symptomless. N. parvum was recovered from the inoculated leaves but not from the control leaves, confirming Koch’s postulates. This fungus is the pathogen of many economic crops in China (Li et al. 2020; Yu et al. 2015), but this is the first report of leaf spot on oil-tea camellia caused by N. parvum in China.
Mathematical Analysis of Super Low Frequency Ground Loop Receiving Antennas

A compact super low frequency receiving antenna in the form of a loop can be built for which the induced atmospheric noise voltage dominates both the antennas thermal noise voltage and preamplifier noise. Air-core and ferromagnetic-core ground loop receiving antennas were introduced, and mathematical calculation methods to analyse the ENF spectrum of the atmospheric noise and thermal noise were derived. The research identified the roles played by the various contributing factors such as antenna dimensions, wire conductivity, ferromagnetic-core permeability, etc. One air-core and three ferromagnetic-core antennas were designed, and a compromise core design was recommend, which takes advantage of the improvement that ferromagnetic cores can provide while largely avoiding the disadvantages.
Two-component periodic layered structures for elastic wave attenuation

Using remarkable properties of Chebyshev polynomials and assumptions concerning impedances of input media, output media and layers, a special approximation for the normalized transmittance of two-component periodic layered structures is derived. This approximation allows predicting attenuation properties of such structures in a rather wide spectral region. Analytical formulas enabling estimations of positions of transmittance maxima and the low-frequency boundary of attenuation spectral region are obtained. One of the applications of the results of this paper might be in the protection of human body against blasts. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 74J05; 74K35
Calculating the mean and variance of power sums with two log-normal components

An efficient method for accurately calculating the mean and variance of power sums with two log-normal components is presented. It involves numerical quadrature with integrands consisting of Gaussian probability density functions. Only the technique of transformation and the trapezoidal rule are used in the evaluation. The whole computational work and roundoff error are much lower than the one by Schwartz and Yeh (1982). Because of its high efficiency, no least-squares fit is necessary. >
Nonlinear mountain waves in two and three spatial dimensions

A three-dimensional, time-dependent, anelastic model is employed to simulate the evolution of nonlinear internal waves which are forced by stratified flow over isolated topography. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows are considered. In the former case the discussion focusses upon the development of the wave field induced by a uniform mean flow with constant stability. The full three-dimensional model is employed to study the nonlinear development of atmospheric ‘ship-waves’ which have recently been observed in satellite photographs to the lee of oceanic islands in the Norwegian and Barents seas. The model is able to reproduce the characteristics of the observed wave patterns rather nicely when it is initialized with vertical profiles of wind and stability obtained through upper air ascents from stations located on the islands themselves. Detailed comparisons of the output of the nonlinear model with the results of three-dimensional linear steady state theory are also provided. As is found to be the case in two-dimensional analyses, linear theory may considerably underestimate the forced wave amplitude for symmetric topographic excitation.
Semi-Supervised Metric Learning Using Pairwise Constraints

Distance metric has an important role in many machine learning algorithms. Recently, metric learning for semi-supervised algorithms has received much attention. For semi-supervised clustering, usually a set of pairwise similarity and dissimilarity constraints is provided as supervisory information. Until now, various metric learning methods utilizing pairwise constraints have been proposed. The existing methods that can consider both positive (must-link) and negative (cannot-link) constraints find linear transformations or equivalently global Mahalanobis metrics. Additionally, they find metrics only according to the data points appearing in constraints (without considering other data points). In this paper, we consider the topological structure of data along with both positive and negative constraints. We propose a kernel-based metric learning method that provides a non-linear transformation. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world data sets show the effectiveness of our metric learning method.
Use of a ferrofluid as the heat‐exchange fluid in a magnetic refrigerator

The use of a ferrofluid is proposed as the heat‐exchange fluid in a wheel‐type magnetic refrigerator in order to avoid flow‐control problems. An equivalent‐circuit analysis of the ferrofluid flow path with several different magnetic field profiles indicates that it is possible to obtain the desired flow control in at least one case. Sample design calculations for the revised wheel‐type refrigerator are presented. In addition, the results of heat‐transfer measurements from kerosene to a stainless‐steel screen and from a kerosene‐base ferrofluid to the same screen in and out of an 8‐T magnetic field are described.
Construction Grammar in the twenty-first century

Adele Goldberg, Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. vii + 280. Goldberg's new work ‘investigates the nature of our knowledge of language, how that knowledge is acquired by children, and how crosslinguistic and language-internal generalizations can be explained’. It builds on earlier research on Construction Grammar (CxG) by Fillmore (1986), Lakoff (1987), Fillmore, Kay & O'Connor (1988), and Goldberg (1995), among others. Since the mid-1990s constructions have become more and more popular as an alternative to Chomsky's (1995) Minimalist Program, but it was not until the new millennium that CxG reached a new level of interest that resulted in an ever-growing body of research (for an overview, see Fried & Östman 2004). Besides numerous articles and monographs, the increased interest in CxG is evidenced by a book series and an e-journal devoted to constructional research, as well as the bi-annual International Conference on Construction Grammar (ICCG). The publication of Goldberg (1995) inspired much constructional research over the past decade, most notably Croft's (2001) typologically oriented approach to CxG and Tomasello's (2003) constructional account of language acquisition.
A fault diagnosis approach for roller bearing based on improved intrinsic timescale decomposition de-noising and kriging-variable predictive model-based class discriminate

The measured vibration signal of roller bearings has noise signals, which will largely influence the accuracy of roller bearing fault diagnosis. This paper puts forward a vibration signal de-noising method based upon improved intrinsic timescale decomposition (ITD); fuzzy entropy is then extracted as the fault feature of the roller bearing. Essentially the fault diagnosis of roller bearings is a process of pattern recognition. Targeting the limitation of existing pattern recognition methods, a new pattern recognition method – variable predictive model-based class discriminate (VPMCD) – is introduced into roller bearing fault identification. In the original VPMCD classifier, however, only the regression model could be used to predict, which will reduce the prediction’s accuracy when the relation between features is complicated. Aimed at this defect, a kriging-variable predictive model-based class discriminate (KVPMCD) pattern recognition method is presented in this paper. The kriging model is composed of a regression model and a correlation model, of which the correlation model is a local deviation that is created on the basis of a global model, to make up for the shortcomings of the simple regression model in the original VPMCD. Therefore, a fault diagnosis approach for roller bearing based on improved ITD de-nosing and KVPMCD is proposed in this paper. The analysis results from experimental signals with normal and defective roller bearings indicate that the proposed fault diagnosis approach can accurately and effectively distinguish the status of roller bearings with or without fault and fault patterns.
Wakes behind blunt bodies

years. These results are based on further research into the existen ce of absolutely unstable regions in the near-wake region and the reformulation of the classical von Karman stability theory on near and far fields in the von Karman vortex street. The existence of absolutely unstable regions at supercritical Reynolds numbers makes effcctivc wake control accessible. Figure I explains the differing instabilities in shear layers. The top diagram shows a classical example of a shear layer that was formed by the velocities uland U2 at the upper and lower sides of a splitter plate. The unstable waves of the shear layer traveling downstream have different characteristic phase velocities C1• In general, the shear layer is convectively unstable. Perturbations that are introduced at specific locations in the shear layer then move downstream. The waves do not, with increasing time, influence the source of the disturbances. A hydroacoustical resonance results when a second body is introduced into the shear layer, producing compression waves that travel upstream (middle diagram), so that self­ sustained oscillations can be achieved. For particular distances between the two objects a resonance can be triggercd, which induccs an acoustical wake tone. The shear flow is still locally convectively unstable, but the
Filling boxes with bricks

• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Silicon levitation in chemically peculiar stars and the oblique rotator model

The radiation force on silicon in chemically peculiar stars has been carefully computed (for T/sub eff/=14,000 K and T/sub eff/=12,000 K) including the effect of Si I. A total of 126 lines have been introduced in the computations, and gathered into 30 groups of similar lines. The equation of transfer has been solved for each group of lines, and non-LTE effects have been taken into account. It is found that in the absence of a magnetic field the radiation force is able to support an abundance of silicon within a factor of 2 of the normal abundance as observed in Hg-Mn stars. However, in the case of horizontal magnetic lines, the diffusion of the ionized silicon is slowed down, especially in the outer parts of the atmosphere. There silicon diffuses upward due to the effect of Si I lines, leading to an overall increase of silicon in the line-forming region. In the lower atmosphere, silicon first falls and leaves an amount of about one-half of the normal value, which is then ''aspirated'' up to the upper atmosphere. Diffusion processes provide a natural explanation for the silicon overabundance observed in magnetic peculiar stars, and for their range in effective temperature.
Particle encapsulation due to thread breakup in Stokes flow

The capillary instability of a liquid thread containing a regular array of spherical particles along the centreline is considered with reference to microencapsulation. The thread interface may be clean or occupied by an insoluble surfactant. The main goal of the analysis is to illustrate the effect of the particle spacing on the growth rate of axisymmetric perturbations and identify the structure of the most unstable modes. A normal-mode linear stability analysis based on Fourier expansions for Stokes flow reveals that, at small particle separations, the interfacial profiles are nearly pure sinusoidal waves whose growth rate is nearly equal to that of a pure thread devoid of particles. Higher harmonics suddenly enter the normal modes for moderate and large particle separations, elevating the growth rates and yielding a stability diagram that consists of a sequence of superposed pure-thread lobes. A complementary numerical stability analysis based on the boundary integral formulation for Stokes flow reveals the strong stabilizing effect of particles whose radius is comparable to the thread radius. Numerical simulations of the finite-amplitude motion based on the boundary integral method demonstrate that thread breakup leads to particles coated with annular layers of different thicknesses.
Quasi-Newton full-waveform inversion with a projected Hessian matrix

ABSTRACTWe present a method, in realistic-size full-waveform inversion (FWI), to explicitly construct a projected Hessian matrix and its inverse matrix, which we subsequently used to solve FWI with a quasi-Newton method. Newton’s method is practically unfeasible in solving realistic-size FWI problems because of the prohibitive cost (computing time and memory consumption) of calculating the Hessian matrix and the inverse Hessian. Therefore, the Gauss-Newton method and various quasi-Newton methods are proposed to approximate a Hessian matrix. Particularly, current quasi-Newton FWI (QNFWI) commonly uses the limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS) method, which, however, only implicitly approximates an inverse Hessian. We repose FWI as a sparse optimization problem in a sparse model space, which contains substantially fewer model parameters that are constrained by structures of the model. With respect to fewer parameters in the sparse model, we can avoid the “limited-memory” approximation and are able to explicitly comp.
On the strong maximum principle for parabolic differential equations

In a recent paper [2], D. Colton has given a new proof for the strong maximum principle with regard to the heat equation ut = Δu. His proof depends on the analyticity (in x) of solutions. For this reason it does not carry over to the equation or to more general equations. But in order to tread mildly nonlinear equations such asut = Δu + f(u) which are important in many applications, it is essential to have the strong maximum principle at least for equation (*). It should also be said that this proof uses nontrivial facts about the heat equation.
Thomson’s monopoles

The angular momentum L of the electromagnetic field due to an electric point charge e, and a magnetic point charge (pole) g, is calculated by several methods to obtain J. J. Thomson’s result that L=eg/c, and L is directed along the line joining the electric monopole to the magnetic monopole. The relation to Dirac’s monopoles is discussed, and particle size is considered.
Optical-fiber based all-optical 3D photoacoustic imaging system

We developed an all-optical 3D photoacoustic imaging probe consisting of an optical fiber probe for ultrasound detection and a bundle of hollow optical fibers for excitation of photoacoustic waves. The fiber probe for ultrasound is based on a single-mode optical fiber with a thin polymer film attached to the output end surface that works as a Fabry Perot etalon. The input end of the hollow fiber bundle is aligned so that each fiber in the bundle is sequentially excited. A thin and flexible probe can be obtained because the probe system does not have a scanning mechanism at the distal end.
On the Korteweg—de Vries equation for a gradually varying channel

Two integral invariants of Shuto's (1974) generalization of the Korteweg—de Vries equation for a unidirectional wave in a channel of gradually varying breadth b and depth d are derived. The second-order (in amplitude) invariant measures energy, as expected, but the first-order invariant measures mass divided by b½d¼; accordingly, mass is conserved only if either the mean free-surface displacement vanishes or bd½ is constant. This difficulty is associated with the reflected wave that is excited by the channel variation but neglected in the KdV approximation. The total mass flux is resolved into a primary (KdV) flux and a residual flux that is proportional to the mean displacement of the primary wave. The reflected wave associated with the residual flux is constructed by neglecting both nonlinearity and dispersion (even though both are significant for the primary wave). The results are applied to a slowly varying cnoidal wave, which is fully determined by conservation of mass and energy and the known results for a uniform channel, and to a slowly varying solitary wave, for which mass is not conserved and both trailing and reflected residuals are excited. The development of the Boussinesq equations for a gradually varying channel and their reduction to Shuto's equation are sketched in an appendix.
Endothelial gene regulatory elements associated with cardiopharyngeal lineage differentiation

Endothelial cells (EC) differentiate from multiple sources, including the cardiopharyngeal mesoderm, which gives rise also to cardiac and branchiomeric muscles. Here, we used a cardiogenic mesoderm cell differentiation model that also activates an endothelial transcription program to identify endothelial regulatory elements activated in early cardiogenic mesoderm. Integrating our chromatin remodeling and gene expression data with available single-cell RNA-seq data from mouse embryos, we identified 101 putative regulatory elements of EC genes. We then applied a machine-learning strategy, trained on validated enhancers, to predict the probability of the sequences to function as enhancers. The computational assay determined that 50% of these sequences were likely enhancers, some of which have been previously reported. We also identified a smaller set of regulatory elements of well-known EC genes and validated them using genetic and epigenetic perturbation. Finally, we used the integration of multiple data sources and computational tools to search for transcriptional factor binding motifs. In conclusion, we identified novel EC regulatory sequences with a high likelihood to be enhancers, and we validated a subset of them using computational and cell culture models. Motif analyses revealed that the core EC transcription factors GATA/ETS/FOS is a likely driver of EC differentiation in cardiopharyngeal mesoderm.
MHD simulations of star-disk magnetospheres and the formation of outflows and jets

Abstract In this review the recent development concerning the large-scale evolution of stellar magnetospheres in interaction with the accretion disk is discussed. I put emphasis on the generation of outflows and jets from the disk and/or the star. In fact, tremendous progress has occurred over the last decade in the numerical simulation of the star-disk interaction. The role of numerical simulations is essential in this area because the processes involved are complex, strongly interrelated, and often highly time-dependent. Recent MHD simulations suggest that outflows launched from a very concentrated region tend to be un-collimated. I present preliminary results of simulations of large-scale star-disk magnetospheres loaded with matter from the stellar, resp. the disk surface demonstrating how a disk jet collimates the wind from the star and also how the stellar wind lowers the collimation degree of the disk outflow.
Quantum full adder and subtractor

The designs of quantum full adder (QFA) and quantum full subtractor (QFS) are investigated. First, the 1-bit QFA and 1-bit QFS are designed according to the classical truth tables. The adder and subtractor for two n-bits numbers are then separately constructed from n 1-bit QFAs and QFSs. The number of elementary quantum gates to accomplish the design of n-bits adder and subtractor are 4n and 8n, respectively.
Influence of network connection and synchronisation for Hindmarsh–Rose model

In recent years, the chaotic synchronisation of neural networks has been an urgent problem. In this paper, a kind of small parameter r unmatched neuron network is considered. At first, the dynamical behaviours of the HR neuron model are analysed by the ISI diagram. A change of parameter r in small range will result in great change in the size of the chaos attractor and so, the significance of parameter r in the dynamic behaviour of neuron can be shown. Meanwhile, we also study the role of network connection types and coupling strength in the synchronisation of neuron network. It may play a significance role to neuroscience and clinical medicine research in the future.