Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Method of separation of variables and Hamiltonian system

In the theory of mechanics and/or mathematical physics problems in a prismatic domain, the method of separation of variables ususally leads to the Sturm–Liouville-type eigenproblems of self-adjoint operators, and then the eigenfunction expansion method can be used in equation solving. However, a number of important application problems cannot lead to self-adjoint operator for the transverse coordinate. From the minimum potential energy variational principle, by selection of the state and its dual variables, the generalized variational principle is deduced. Then, based on the analogy between the theory of structural mechanics and optimal control, the present article leads the problem to the Hamiltonian system. The finite-dimensional theory for the Hamiltonian system is extended to the corresponding theory of the Hamiltonian operator matrix and adjoint symplectic spaces. The adjoint symplectic orthonormality relation is proved for the whole state eigenfunction vectors, and then the expansion of an arbitrary whole state function vector by the eigenfunction vectors is established. Thus the range of classical method of separation of variables is considerably extended. The eigenproblem derived from a plate bending problem in a strip domain is used for illustration. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Computing with motile bio-agents

We describe a model of computation of the parallel type, which we call 'computing with bio-agents', based on the concept that motions of biological objects such as bacteria or protein molecular motors in confined spaces can be regarded as computations. We begin with the observation that the geometric nature of the physical structures in which model biological objects move modulates the motions of the latter. Consequently, by changing the geometry, one can control the characteristic trajectories of the objects; on the basis of this, we argue that such systems are computing devices. We investigate the computing power of mobile bio-agent systems and show that they are computationally universal in the sense that they are capable of computing any Boolean function in parallel. We argue also that using appropriate conditions, bio-agent systems can solve NP-complete problems in probabilistic polynomial time.
The metal–insulator transition: a perspective

The metal–insulator transition, a quantum phase transition signifying the natural transformation of a metallic conductor to an insulator, continues to be the focus of intense inquiry and debate. The first discussion of the heuristic differences between metals and insulators, and implicitly the critical conditions for the transition between these canonical electronic regimes, dates back to the dawn of the twentieth century. As we approach the end of the century, the precise nature of the metal–insulator transition remains one of the major intellectual challenges in condensed matter science. In this article we present a brief introduction to just some of the key underlying features of this enduring physical phenomenon. The following articles and discussion present a detailed current account of the many facets of the science of the metal–insulator transition.
An improved metal abundance calibration for the Washington system

A revised metal abundance calibration for the Washington photometric system is presented which represents a significant improvement over previous calibrations in several respects. The abundance sensitivity of various indices is investigated as a function of temperature. The dependence of the various abundance indices on reddening and photometric error is investigated and these open and globular abundance scales are compared to other work.
A two-component variant of the Douglas–Kroll relativistic linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals density-functional method: Spin–orbit effects in atoms and diatomics

The scalar relativistic variant of the linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals—fitting functions—density-functional (R-LCGTO-FF-DF) method is extended to a two-component scheme which permits a self-consistent treatment of the spin–orbit interaction. The method is based on the Douglas–Kroll transformation of the four-component Dirac–Kohn–Sham equation. The present implementation in the program PARAGAUSS neglects spin–orbit effects in the electron–electron interaction. This approximation is shown to be satisfactory as long as bonding is restricted to s, p, and d orbitals. The method is applied to the diatomics Au2, Bi2, Pb2, PbO, and TlH using both a local density (LDA) and a gradient-corrected approximation (GGA) of the exchange-correlation functional. At the LDA level, bond lengths and vibrational frequencies are reproduced with high accuracy. For the determination of binding energies the open-shell reference atoms Au, Tl, Pb, Bi have been treated by a jj coupling approach based on a self-consistent .
Designs for two‐colour microarray experiments

Summary. Designs for two‐colour microarray experiments can be viewed as block designs with two treatments per block. Explicit formulae for the A‐ and D‐criteria are given for the case that the number of blocks is equal to the number of treatments. These show that the A‐ and D‐optimality criteria conflict badly if there are 10 or more treatments. A similar analysis shows that designs with one or two extra blocks perform very much better, but again there is a conflict between the two optimality criteria for moderately large numbers of treatments. It is shown that this problem can be avoided by slightly increasing the number of blocks. The two colours that are used in each block effectively turn the block design into a row–column design. There is no need to use a design in which every treatment has each colour equally often: rather, an efficient row–column design should be used. For odd replication, it is recommended that the row–column design should be based on a bipartite graph, and it is proved that the optimal such design corresponds to an optimal block design for half the number of treatments. Efficient row–column designs are given for replications 3–6. It is shown how to adapt them for experiments in which some treatments have replication only 2.
Method and apparatus for interrupted transit time transient photoconductivity measurements

The authors describe a simple and economic but versatile time-of-flight (TOF) transient photoconductivity apparatus which enables RC transient-free interrupted transit time (ITT), as well as delayed and advanced photoexcitation mode measurements, to be carried out on high resistivity solids. The apparatus uses a short (130 ns) intense light pulse from a xenon flash bulb for photogeneration and high voltage complementary HEXFETS to apply the bias voltage. The ITT method was applied to examine charge trapping kinetics in vacuum-deposited amorphous Se layers suitable for X-ray medical imaging. It is shown that the ITT technique was successful in identifying two species of traps and extracting the hole trapping and release times, which are much longer than the transit times, even when the conventional TOF signal showed very little evidence of trapping.
Taming spatial dispersion in wire metamaterial

Thin wire structures are commonly used as ‘metamaterials’ for simulating the negative electrical response of a plasma. In this they are only partially successful: transverse modes are convincingly reproduced but problems arise from highly dispersive longitudinal modes which can be excited by externally incident radiation and impair the validity of the simple local plasma model. We show how modified designs can essentially eliminate the longitudinal dispersion and restore the simple local model.
Multiple sensor estimation using a high-degree cubature information filter

In this paper, a high-degree cubature information filter (CIF) is proposed for multiple sensor estimation. Astatistical linear error propagation method incorporates the high-degree cubature integration rule into the extended information filtering (EIF) framework such that more accurate estimation can be achieved than the extended information filter as well as the unscented information filter (UIF). In addition, the high-degree CIF maintains close performance to the Gauss-Hermite Quadrature information filter (GHQIF) but uses significantly fewer quadrature points. As a result, the curse of dimensionality problem existing in the tensor product based GHQIF can be greatly alleviated. Besides the improved estimation accuracy and computational efficiency, the high-degree CIF also exhibits the desirable robustness under unknown noise statistics. The proposed CIF is compared with other information filters (e.g., EIF, UIF, GHQIF) via a target tracking problem and demonstrates the best performance.
The Choice of α for One-Sided Tests

The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) E9 guideline recommends using a significance level of α/2 for one-sided tests in regulatory sellings. Two arguments are presented to demonstrate that this approach may not be universally sensible. First, a two-sided p-value is not always twice the minimum of the two tail probabilities, that is, the two possible one-sided p-values. Based on Fisher’s exact test, examples are presented in which the one-sided p-value is larger than α/2 although the corresponding two-sided p-value is smaller than α. Second, the choice between one- and two-sided tests is an artificial dichotomy since there is a continuum of choices when using asymmetrical critical regions. Such an unequal split of α is implicitly used when Fisher’s exact test is applied two-sided. Furthermore, a test intermediate to one- and two-sided tests is sometimes appropriate in group sequential designs.
International comparisons to establish the traceability in the global network of geomagnetic observatories to SI units

The international comparisons in the field of earth-level dc magnetic flux density measurements with the participation of six National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and four geomagnetic observatories (GMOs) have been carried out in 2013 and 2014 under the auspices of the Regional Metrology Organization Asia Pacific Metrology Programme (APMP). The obtained expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the weighted mean value of correction values does not exceed 0.1 nT in the range of 20 μT to 100 μT, which was one of the main aims of this comparison. VNIIM (D I Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology) was the pilot laboratory for this comparison registered in the Key Comparison Data Base (KCDB) under index APMP.EM-S14. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm. org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Ohmic contact technology in III nitrides using polarization effects of cap layers

A technology for low-resistance ohmic contacts to III nitrides is presented. The contacts employ polarization-induced electric fields in strained cap layers grown on lattice-mismatched III-nitride buffer layers. With appropriate choice of the cap layer, the electric field in the cap layer reduces the thickness of the tunnel barrier at the metal contact/semiconductor interface. Design rules for polarization-enhanced contacts are presented giving guidance for composition and thickness of the cap layer for different III-nitride buffer layers. Experimental results for ohmic contacts with p-type InGaN and GaN cap layers are markedly different from samples without a polarized cap layer thus confirming the effectiveness of polarization-enhanced ohmic contacts.
Magnetic-field-induced liquid metal droplet manipulation

We report magnetic-field-induced liquid metal droplet on-demand manipulation by coating a liquid metal with ferromagnetic materials. The gallium-based liquid metal alloy has a challenging drawback that it is instantly oxidized in ambient air, resulting in surface wetting on most surfaces. When the oxidized surface of the droplet is coated with ferromagnetic materials, it is non-wettable and can be controlled by applying an external magnetic field. We coated the surface of a liquid metal droplet with either an electroplated CoNiMnP layer or an iron (Fe) particle by simply rolling the liquid metal droplet on an Fe particle bed. For a paper towel, the minimum required magnetic flux density to initiate movement of the ~8 μL Fe-particle-coated liquid metal droplet was 50 gauss. Magnetic-field-induced liquid metal droplet manipulation was investigated under both horizontal and vertical magnetic fields. Compared to the CoNiMnP-electroplated liquid metal droplet, the Fe-particle-coated droplet could be well controlled because Fe particles were uniformly coated on the surface of the droplet. With a maximum applied magnetic flux density of ~1,600 gauss, the CoNiMnP layer on the liquid metal broke down, resulting in fragmentation of three smaller droplets, and the Fe particle was detached from the liquid metal surface and was re-coated after the magnetic field had been removed.
Time-varying modeling using the Wold-Cramer representation

In this paper, we present a new method for identifying the time-varying parameters of a linear, time-varying (LTV) system. This method is based on the Wold-Cramer, representation of a non-stationary signal. In LTV systems, it is very important to be able to go from the impulse response sequence to its corresponding generalized transfer function and vice versa. Under the assumption that the characteristics of the unknown system ore slowly varying with time, we first derive a simple relationship between the system generalized transfer function and the time-varying parameters of the system. Then we use the MLS algorithm to solve for the system parameters. Computer simulations illustrating the effectiveness of our algorithm are also presented.
Asymptotics for Unit Root Tests Under Markov Regime-Switching

processes observationally equivalent and that unit root tests virtually have no power to detect stationary processes around switching trends, although autocorrelation-robust unit root tests are not affected by size distortions. Conversely, Markov switches in the mean of the transitory components do not change the usual asymptotic properties of the tests. Finally, it is shown that in large samples Markov-switching variances cause neither size distortions nor inconsistency of the tests. Copyright Royal Economic Society, 2003
Rheological Equations from Molecular Network Theories

Lodge's molecular network theories are quite successful in describing the linear viscoelastic behavior of polymer solutions and melts, but cannot account for the rate‐of‐strain dependence of various material functions. By allowing the junction‐creation rate and the probability of loss of junctions to depend on the second invariant of the rate‐of‐strain tensor, more realistic constitutive equations were obtained. Two rheological models are proposed by assuming two different mechanisms for the effect of the rate of strain on the kinetics of the network. The experimental data on three fluids (representative of eight viscoelastic fluids) are used to test the models in various flow situations. For steady simple shearing and small‐amplitude, sinusoidal simple shearing, both model A and model B are capable of fitting the four functions η, −(τ11−τ22), η′, and G′ rather well over many decades of shear rate or frequency. For suddenly changing flow experiments model A is inadequate. Model B however appears to be the.
A surface-electrode quadrupole guide for electrons

This thesis reports on the design and first experimental realization of a surface-electrode quadrupole guide for free electrons. The guide is based on a miniaturized, planar electrode layout and is driven at microwave frequencies. It confines electrons in the near-field of the microwave excitation, where strong electric field gradients can be generated without resorting to resonating structures or exceptionally high drive powers. The use of chip-based electrode geometries allows the realization of versatile, microstructured potentials with the perspective of novel quantum experiments with guided electrons. I present the design, construction and operation of an experiment that demonstrates electron confinement in a planar quadrupole guide for the first time. To this end, electrons with kinetic energies from one to ten electron-volts are guided along a curved electrode geometry. The stability of electron guiding as a function of drive parameters and electron energy has been studied. A comparison with numerical particle tracking simulations yields good qualitative agreement and provides a deeper understanding of the electron dynamics in the guiding potential. Furthermore, this thesis gives a detailed description of the design of the surface-electrode layout. This includes the development of an optimized coupling structure to inject electrons into the guide with minimum transverse excitation. I also discuss the extension of the current setup to longitudinal guide dimensions that are comparable to or larger than the wavelength of the drive signal. This is possible with a modified electrode layout featuring elevated signal conductors. Electron guiding in the field of a planar, microfabricated electrode layout allows the generation of versatile and finely structured guiding potentials. One example would be the realization of junctions that split and recombine a guided electron beam. Furthermore, it should be possible to prepare electrons in low-lying quantum mechanical oscillator states of the transverse guiding potential by matching an incoming electron beam to the wave functions of these states.
Interfacial Phenomena in Boltzmann Cellular Automata

A two-dimensional two-colour, nonlinear, Galilean-invariant, Boltzmann cellular automaton is developed and used to study two-fluid hydrodynamics and to model fluid interfaces. The interfacial tension and interface width are flexibly controlled by the parameters defining collision rules for the colored particles. Results of studies of both the static and dynamical relaxation of the surface tension and wetting properties are presented.
An Algorithm for Solving Reactive Advection-Dispersion Problems

The physical problem of advection, dispersion, and reaction of a suite of chemicals is formulated mathematically as a set of coupled time-dependent nonlinear partial differential equations. Partially based on the Gear scheme for time discretization, the algorithm developed in this paper decouples equations into separate linearized problems. Then, using finite element approximation, these resulting linear advection-dispersion equations are further transformed, via a re-assembling of variational formulation, into an elliptic Stokes-like problem, which can be solved by an existing Stokes solver previously employed when solving the flow problem to produce a velocity background. The methodology is implemented in the simulation of transport and transformations of an electron donor, an electron acceptor, and active biomass. This application provides insights into biofilm evolution and pore clogging, and demonstrates mesh self-adjustment in the process of biofilm growth.
Laser resonator modeling by field tracing: a flexible approach for fully vectorial transversal eigenmode calculation

In this work we generalize the scalar Fox and Li algorithm for the dominant transversal resonator eigenmode calculation to a fully vectorial field tracing concept. Therefore we reformulate Fox and Li’s scalar integral equation to a set of coupled operator equations. The introduction of a field tracing round trip operator concept shows that, in principle, any modeling technique which can be formulated to operate for electromagnetic fields can be used to simulate light propagation through the different subdomains of the resonator. This allows a flexible, fast, and accurate simulation of the fully vectorial dominant transversal resonator eigenmode. An example is presented to demonstrate the flexibility and accuracy of the field tracing approach.
A two‐time‐level semi‐Lagrangian global spectral model

A three‐time‐level semi‐Lagrangian global spectral model was introduced operationally at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts in 1991. This paper first documents some later refinements to the three‐time‐level scheme, and then describes its conversion to a two‐time‐level scheme. Experimental results are presented to show that the two‐time‐level scheme maintains the accuracy of its three‐time‐level predecessor, while being considerably more computationally efficient.
Gravitational field of the homogeneous rotational ellipsoidal body: a simple derivation and applications

Gravitational field of the homogeneous rotational ellipsoidal body: a simple derivation and applications We calculate the gravitational intensity and potential of a homogeneous body with the shape of the rotational ellipsoid. The calculation is performed in ellipsoidal coordinates and uses the properties of harmonic functions expressed as ellipsoidal harmonics. The resulting formulae for the internal and external fields are expressed in ellipsoidal coordinates and (in the case of external field) also in spherical coordinates. The results are used in the calculation of the gravitational field of a layered body whose layer boundaries are rotational ellipsoids with common centre and rotational axis; the density in each layer is constant. The equilibrium of such a layered rotating body is examined: it is found that there is no equilibrium for such a body except the case that the body is homogeneous (thus proving once more the important, but rarely mentioned, fact).
On the theory of mortality measurement

Abstract 2.1. Limitations of the parametric methods. In the previous sections we have studied the efficiency of various methods of estimating the force of mortality. The most efficient of these is, at least for large samples, the one given by the maximum likelihood method, and the rest of them have to be compared to this best estimate. However in this discussion the notion of efficiency is based on the assumption that the mortality intensity can be expressed by Makeham’s formula. How realistic is this in practice?
Profit optimization for cattle growing in a randomly fluctuating environment

A class of stochastic differential equation models was applied to describe the evolution of the weight of Mertolengo cattle. We have determined the optimal mean profit obtained by selling an animal at the cattle market, using two approaches. One consists in determining the optimal selling age (independently of the weight) and the other consists in selling the animal when a fixed optimal weight is achieved for the first time (independently of the age). The profit probability distribution can be computed for such optimal age/weight. For typical market values, we observed that the second approach achieves a higher optimal mean profit compared with the first one, and, in most cases, even provides a lower standard deviation.
Transactions Make Debugging Easy

We propose TROD, a novel transaction-oriented framework for debugging modern distributed web applications and online services. Our critical insight is that if applications store all state in databases and only access state transactionally, TROD can use lightweight always-on tracing to track the history of application state changes and data provenance, and then leverage the captured traces and transaction logs to faithfully replay or even test modified code retroactively on any past event. We demonstrate how TROD can simplify programming and debugging in production applications, list several research challenges and directions, and encourage the database and systems communities to drastically rethink the synergy between the way people develop and debug applications.