Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biochemical homeostasis and body growth are reliable end points in clinical nutrition trials

Studies of biochemical homeostasis and/or body growth have been included as outcome variables in most nutrition trials in paediatric patients. Moreover, these outcome variables have provided important insights into the nutrient requirements of infants and children, and continue to do so. Examples of the value of such studies in improving parenteral nutrition, in defining essential fatty acid metabolism and requirements of infants and in defining the protein and energy needs of low-birth-weight infants are discussed. Data from such studies have helped to define the mechanism of metabolic acidosis and hyperammonaemia associated with the use of early crystalline amino acid mixture and, hence, how to prevent these disorders. Such studies have allowed the development of parenteral amino acid mixtures that circumvent grossly abnormal plasma concentrations of most amino acids and appear to be utilized more efficiently. These studies have also helped define micronutrient requirements, including requirements for several such nutrients that had not been previously recognized as essential (e.g. Cr, Se, Mo, α-linolenic acid). Studies of body growth have been particularly valuable in defining the nutritional requirements of low-birth-weight infants. Finally, studies of metabolic homeostasis coupled with more sophisticated metabolic studies have provided considerable insight into the metabolism of the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). Although such studies have not defined the amount of the longer-chain PUFA synthesized from each of these essential fatty acids, i.e. arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and DHA (22:6n-3), they have shown that the rates of conversion are extremely variable from infant to infant, suggesting a possible explanation of why some studies show developmental advantages from intake of these fatty acids while others do not.
High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete with High Strength and Low Drying Shrinkage

In this work, a laboratory investigation was carried out to evaluate the strength and particularly the shrinkage properties of concrete containing high volumes of fly ash. The concrete mixtures made with 50 and 70% replacement (by mass) of ordinary portland cement (OPC) with fly ash were prepared. Water-cementitious material ratios ranged from 0.28 to 0.34. Some concrete mixtures were also made with superplasticizer. The strength and shrinkage properties of the concrete mixtures cured at 20°C temperature with 65% relative humidity are reported. The laboratory test results show that high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete attained satisfactory compressive and tensile strength at 1 day of age. It also showed that 50% replacement HVFA concrete developed higher strength than OPC concrete at 28 days and beyond. The inclusion of high volumes of fly ash in concrete with a low water-cementitious material ratio resulted in a reduction in the shrinkage values of up to 30% when compared to OPC concrete. The concrete mixtures made with superplasticizer showed higher shrinkage values of up to 50% when compared to the concrete made with no superplasticizer.
Oral and Gastrointestinal Sensing of Dietary Fat and Appetite Regulation in Humans: Modification by Diet and Obesity

Dietary fat interacts with receptors in both the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to regulate fat and energy intake. This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of fat, through its digestive products, fatty acids (FAs), on GI function and energy intake, the role of oral and intestinal FA receptors, and the implications that changes in oral and small intestinal sensitivity in response to ingested fat may have for the development of obesity.
Antigenic and genetic analyses of human rotavirus with dual subgroup specificity

In our previous study (S. Urasawa, T. Urasawa, K. Taniguchi, F. Wakasugi, N. Kobayashi, S. Chiba, N. Sakurada, S. Morita, O. Morita, M. Tokieda, T. Kawamoto, K. Minekawa, and M. Oseto, J. Infect. Dis. 160:44-51, 1989) of antigenic characterization of about 300 human rotavirus (HRV) isolates collected at different localities in Japan, we found 4 HRV isolates having unique antigenic and genetic constructions. The four strains possessed both subgroup I and subgroup II antigens, serotype 3 antigen, and a long RNA electropherotype. The reactivity pattern of these four HRV isolates with three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to an outer capsid protein, VP4, and with one MAb directed to an inner capsid protein, VP2, was clearly different from those of usual subgroup II HRVs having serotype 1, serotype 3, or serotype 4 specificity and a long RNA pattern, whereas their reactivity pattern was similar to that of strain K8 (subgroup II, serotype 1), which possessed unique VP4 and VP2 proteins. RNA-RNA cross-hybridization analysis indicated that while the four isolates were genetically distinct from the two genetic groups of HRV reported previously, i.e., the Wa family (strains KU, S3, and YO) and the DS-1 family (strain S2), they were closely related to strain K8, a strain having unique antigenic and genetic properties (K. Taniguchi, K. Nishikawa, T. Urasawa, S. Urasawa, K. Midthun, A. Z. Kapikian, and M. Gorziglia, J. Virol. 63:4101-4106, 1989).
Exploitation of Host Cell Biology and Evasion of Immunity by Francisella Tularensis

Francisella tularensis is an intracellular bacterium that infects humans and many small mammals. During infection, F. tularensis replicates predominantly in macrophages but also proliferate in other cell types. Entry into host cells is mediate by various receptors. Complement-opsonized F. tularensis enters into macrophages by looping phagocytosis. Uptake is mediated in part by Syk, which may activate actin rearrangement in the phagocytic cup resulting in the engulfment of F. tularensis in a lipid raft rich phagosome. Inside the host cells, F. tularensis resides transiently in an acidified late endosome-like compartment before disruption of the phagosomal membrane and escape into the cytosol, where bacterial proliferation occurs. Modulation of phagosome biogenesis and escape into the cytosol is mediated by the Francisella pathogenicity island-encoded type VI-like secretion system. Whilst inside the phagosome, F. tularensis temporarily induce proinflammatory cytokines in PI3K/Akt-dependent manner, which is counteracted by the induction of SHIP that negatively regulates PI3K/Akt activation and promotes bacterial escape into the cytosol. Interestingly, F. tularensis subverts CD4 T cells-mediated killing by inhibiting antigen presentation by activated macrophages through ubiquitin-dependent degradation of MHC II molecules on activated macrophages. In the cytosol, F. tularensis is recognized by the host cell inflammasome, which is down-regulated by F. tularensis that also inhibits caspase-1 and ASC activity. During late stages of intracellular proliferation, caspase-3 is activated but apoptosis is delayed through activation of NF-κB and Ras, which ensures cell viability.
Signed distance transform using graphics hardware

This paper presents a signed distance transform algorithm using graphics hardware, which computes the scalar valued function of the Euclidean distance to a given manifold of co-dimension one. If the manifold is closed and orientable, the distance has a negative sign on one side of the manifold and a positive sign on the other. Triangle meshes are considered for the representation of a two-dimensional manifold and the distance function is sampled on a regular Cartesian grid. In order to achieve linear complexity in the number of grid points, to each primitive we assign a simple polyhedron enclosing its Voronoi cell. Voronoi cells are known to contain exactly all points that lay closest to its corresponding primitive. Thus, the distance to the primitive only has to be computed for grid points inside its polyhedron. Although Voronoi cells partition space, the polyhedrons enclosing these cells do overlap. In regions where these overlaps occur, the minimum of all computed distances is assigned to a grid point. In order to speed up computations, points inside each polyhedron are determined by scan conversion of grid slices using graphics hardware. For this task, a fragment program is used to perform the nonlinear interpolation and minimization of distance values.
Long-Term Risk of Mortality Associated With Selective and Combined Elevation in Office, Home, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure

In the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study, office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) values were measured contemporaneously between 1990 and 1993 in a large population sample (n=2051). Cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV death certificates were collected over the next 148 months, which allowed us to assess the prognostic value of selective and combined elevation in these 3 BPs over a long follow-up. There were 69 CV and 233 all-cause deaths. Compared with subjects with normal office and 24-hour BP, the hazard ratio for CV death showed a progressive increase in those with a selective office BP elevation (white-coat hypertension), a selective 24-hour BP elevation (masked hypertension), and elevation in both office and 24-hour BP. This was the case also when the above conditions were identified by office versus home BP values. Selective elevation in home versus ambulatory BP or vice versa also carried an increased risk. There was indeed a progressive increase in both CV and all-cause mortality risk from subjects in whom office, home, and ambulatory BP were all normal to those in whom 1, 2, or all 3 BPs were elevated, regardless of which BP was considered. The trends remained significant after adjustment for age and gender, as well as, in most instances, after further adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, white-coat hypertension and masked hypertension, both when identified by office and ambulatory or by office and home BPs, are not prognostically innocent. Indeed, each BP elevation (office, home, or ambulatory) carries an increase in risk mortality that adds to that of the other BP elevations.
Zero-Voltage-Switching PWM Full-Bridge Converter Employing Auxiliary Transformer to Reset the Clamping Diode Current

Introducing clamping diodes into the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) full-bridge (FB) converters can eliminate the voltage oscillation across the output rectifier diodes; however, the clamping diodes result in increase in conduction loss and suffer from serious reverse recovery at light load. In order to solve these problems, the clamping diode current should be reset rapidly. This paper proposes a scheme of resetting the clamping diode current over the full-load range by introducing an auxiliary transformer into the ZVS PWM FB converter. The operation principles of the proposed scheme under heavy-load and light-load conditions are analyzed in details. The design considerations of the introduced auxiliary transformer are also given. A performance comparison among the proposed scheme of resetting the clamping diode current and other ones are addressed. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the analysis and prove that the proposed converter has improved reliability and reduced conduction loss compared with the classical one.
B‐cell receptor signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in normal and malignant cells

The physiology of B cells is intimately connected with the function of their B‐cell receptor (BCR). B‐cell lymphomas frequently (dys)regulate BCR signalling and thus take advantage of this pre‐existing pathway for B‐cell proliferation and survival. This has recently been underscored by clinical trials demonstrating that small molecules (fosfamatinib, ibrutinib, idelalisib) inhibiting BCR‐associated kinases (SYK, BTK, PI3K) have an encouraging clinical effect. Here we describe the current knowledge of the specific aspects of BCR signalling in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and normal B cells. Multiple factors can contribute to BCR pathway (dys)regulation in these malignancies and the activation of ‘chronic’ or ‘tonic’ BCR signalling. In lymphoma B cells, the balance of initiation, amplitude and duration of BCR activation can be influenced by a specific immunoglobulin structure, the expression and mutations of adaptor molecules (like GAB1, BLNK, GRB2, CARD11), the activity of kinases (like LYN, SYK, PI3K) or phosphatases (like SHIP‐1, SHP‐1 and PTEN) and levels of microRNAs. We also discuss the crosstalk of BCR with other signalling pathways (NF‐κB, adhesion through integrins, migration and chemokine signalling) to emphasise that the ‘BCR inhibitors’ target multiple pathways interconnected with BCR, which might explain some of their clinical activity.
A 4.1 unequal Wilkinson power divider

This letter presents the design and measured performances of a microstrip 4:1 unequal Wilkinson power divider. The divider is designed using the conventional Wilkinson topology with the defected ground structure (DGS). The DGS on the ground plane provides an additional effective inductive component to the microstrip line. This enables the microstrip line to be realized with very high impedance of over 150 /spl Omega/. By employing the DGS to the unequal Wilkinson topology, 4:1 power dividing ratio can be obtained easily without any problem in realization, while it has been impractical to fabricate a 4:1 divider using the conventional microstrip line because of very thin conductor width and extremely low aspect ratio (W/H). As an example, a 4:1 divider has been designed and measured at 1.5 GHz in order to show the validity of the proposed DGS and unequal divider. The measured performances of the 4:1 unequal power divider well agree with the exactly same dividing ratio as that expected.
Performance Metrics of Collective Coordinated Motion in Flocks

Measurements of coordinated motion in flocks are necessary to evaluate their performance. In this work, a set of quantitative metrics to evaluate the performance of the spatial features exhibited by flocks are introduced and applied to the well-known boids of Reynolds. Our metrics are based on quantitative indicators that have been used to evaluate fish schools. These indicators are revisited and extended as a set of three new metrics that can be used to evaluate and design flocks.
Measurement and QCD-analysis of the proton structure function F2(x,Q**2) at HERA

New results on measurements of the proton structure function F 2 (x;Q 2) from H1 and ZEUS at HERA are presented. The data were collected in 1995 and 1996 covering the range 0:16 Q 2 90 GeV 2 and reaching values of x down to 210 ? 6. Contrary to observations at values of Q 2 10 GeV 2 , the rise in F 2 with decreasing x is found to be weaker at low Q 2. Conventional NLO QCD evolution equations provide a good description of the data down to Q 2 of 1.5 GeV 2. From scaling violations a gluon density is derived, which rises strongly towards small x. In addition, cross section measurements from H1 at high y allow a determination of F L in the HERA range.
Decreased Presynaptic Sensitivity to Adenosine after Cocaine Withdrawal

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a site mediating the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, amphetamine, opiates, nicotine, and alcohol (Wise and Bozarth, 1987; Koob, 1992; Samson and Harris, 1992; Woolverton and Johnson, 1992; Self and Nestler, 1995;Pontieri et al., 1996). Acute cocaine has been shown to decrease excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by the cortical afferents to the NAc (Nicola et al., 1996), but the effects of long-term cocaine treatment and withdrawal have not been explored. Here, we report that long-term (1 week) withdrawal from chronic cocaine reduced the potency of adenosine to presynaptically inhibit glutamate (Glu) release by activating adenosine A1 receptors. Adenosine A1 receptors were not desensitized, because the potency of the metabolically stable adenosine analog N6-cyclopentyl-adenosine was unchanged after chronic cocaine withdrawal. When adenosine transporters were blocked, the potency of adenosine to inhibit Glu release from naive and cocaine-withdrawn NAc slices was similar. These results suggest that one of the long-term consequences of cocaine withdrawal is an augmented uptake of adenosine. This long-lasting change expressed at the presynaptic excitatory inputs to the medium spiny output neurons in the NAc may help identify new therapeutic targets for the treatment of drug abuse.
O-MINIMALITY AS AN APPROACH TO THE ANDRÉ-OORT CONJECTURE

— Employing a proof technique suggested by Zannier and first successfully implemented by Pila and Zannier to give a reproof of the Manin-Mumford conjecture on algebraic relations on torsion points of an abelian variety, Pila presented an unconditional proof of the André-Oort conjecture when the ambient Shimura variety is a product of modular curves. In subsequent works, these results have been extended to some higher dimensional Shimura and mixed Shimura varieties. With these notes we expose these methods paying special attention to the details of the Pila-Wilkie counting theorem. Résumé (O-minimalité comme approche à la conjecture d’André-Oort) En utilisant une technique de preuve, suggérée par Zannier et utilisée avec succès par Pila et Zannier, pour prouver la conjecture de Manin-Mumford sur les relations algébriques sur les points de torsion d’une variété abélienne, Pila a présenté une preuve inconditionnelle de la conjecture de André-Oort, lorsque la variété de Shimura ambiante est un produit de courbes modulaires. Ces résultats ont ensuite été étendus à d’autres variétés de Shimura et variétés de Shimura mixtes. Nous exposons ici ces méthodes, en accordant une attention particulière aux détails du théorème de comptage de Pila et Wilkie.
A Deadline and Cost Constrained Optimization Algorithm for Scheduling Applications in Grids Based on Proportional Share Systems

Since computation of grids enable the sharing, selection, query and aggregation of geographically distributed resources for solving large-scale problems, developing mechanisms for grid resource scheduling is a complex undertaking problem. We had investigated several famous schedule methods proposed by Nimrod-G, a famous computational economy framework for regulating the supply and demand for resources. In this paper, we propose a novel scheduling algorithm, called deadline and cost constrained optimization algorithm, which extends Buyyapsilas cost optimization and time optimization algorithm, keeping the cost and time optimization at same time. Our optimization algorithm, which is based on proportional share (PS), allows users to bid higher in order to gain more resource shares. Therefore, this algorithm adjusts a user bid periodically on these systems in order to finish the application on time. Empirical results show that the algorithm had better performance than with conventional algorithms.
Managing the transition from OBO to OWL : The COBrA-CT Bio-Ontology Tools

This paper presents the COBrA-CT ontology tools, which include an ontology server database and version manager client tool for collaborative ontology development, and an editor for bioontologies that are represented in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) format. The ontology server uses OGSA-DAI Grid technology to provide access to the ontology server database. These tools implement the agreed standard for representing Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) in OWL and interoperate with other tools developed for this standard. Such tools are essential for the uptake of OWL in the biomedical ontology community.
Tyrosine kinases and their substrates in B lymphocytes

Summary: Gene‐targeting experiments have highlighted the importance of the intracellular protein tyrosine kinases, Lyn, Syk, and Btk, in B‐cell receptor‐mediated phospholipase Cγ2 and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase activation. In linking such tyrosine kinases with effector enzymes, an important role has emerged for adapter molecules. Adapter proteins nucleate formation of distinct signaling complexes in a specific location within the cell and facilitate the interaction between these signaling components in this particular subcellular compartment, which, in turn, contribute to the qualitative and quantitative control of B‐cell signaling.
Non-convex Economic Dispatch using Trelea Particle Swarm Optimization

Based in the importance of the Economic Dispatch for operation and planning of power systems, this paper presents the Trelea Particle Swarm Optimization method (Trelea-PSO) applied to this issue. In this paper the ED problem is modeled considering the valve-point effects and multiple fuels, though a non-convex function. Study cases composed of two 10 thermal generators systems are presented to validate the proposed methodology. The results obtained was compared to others presented in literature.
Degradation analysis of insulation used in high power transformers by means of polarization/depolarization currents

One of the most important ageing indicators in transformers is the water content in the solid part of the insulation. The water reduces dramatically the dielectric strength of the solid insulation, accelerates ageing in paper and can cause water vapor bubbles. The paper ages too due to contaminants build up in the oil deposited in the paper. When the paper insulation is in high level of ageing, any winding movement caused by short circuit current or surge loading may result in short circuit between windings. The Polarization/Depolarization Currents (PDC) analysis is a nondestructive method in time domain for evaluation of dielectric response and conductivity of insulation. PDC measurements contain informations about ageing processes. The paper presents the physical principle and the mathematical description of measuring PDC technique. Measurements on two aged high power transformers are presented. The structure of the software program is presented and the water content in solid insulation is determined. On the basis of this analysis one can decide about actions like on-site drying of the active part of the transformer or replacement of the transformer.
Hydrologic prediction for urban watersheds with the Distributed Hydrology–Soil–Vegetation Model

Some relatively straightforward modifications to the Distributed Hydrology–Soil–Vegetation Model (DHSVM) are described that allow it to represent urban hydrological processes. In the modified model, precipitation that falls on impervious surfaces becomes surface runoff, and a spatially varying (depending on land cover) fraction of surface runoff is connected directly to the stream channel, with the remainder stored and slowly released to represent the effects of stormwater detention. The model was evaluated through application to Springbrook Creek watershed in a partially urbanized area of King County, Washington. With calibration, the modified DHSVM simulates hourly streamflow from these urbanized catchments quite well. It is also shown how the revised model can be used to study the effects of continuing urbanization in the much larger Puget Sound basin. Model simulations confirm many previous studies in showing that urbanization increases peak flows and their frequency, and decreases peak flow lag times. The results show that the urbanization parameterizations for DHSVM facilitate use of the model for prediction and/or reconstruction of a range of historic and future changes in land cover that will accompany urbanization as well as other forms of vegetation change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.