Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVE ELASTIC PARAMETERS OF CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES WITH NON-ELLIPSOIDAL PORES

We present a homogenization procedure to predict the effective elastic properties of materials containing randomly distributed non-ellipsoidal pores. Such materials can be either isotropic or anisotropic depending on the elastic symmetry of matrix material and orientational distribution of defects. The approach is based on the evaluation of compliance contribution tensor of each pore type [1]. For some pore types this can be done analytically utilizing existing elasticity solution [2, 3]. The examples of such geometries are 3D ellipsoids, 2D ellipses and equilateral polygons. However, there are no convenient analytical solutions for irregular pore shapes, so that numerical techniques, e.g. finite element method (FEA), have to be used. The FEA procedure to determine the cavity compliance contribution tensor of an arbitrarily shaped cavity in some isotropic or anisotropic matrix is presented in section 2. The fourth rank compliance contribution tensor H of an individual cavity is defined as a set of proportionality coefficients between remotely applied homogeneous stress field ( ) 0 σ and the additional strain ∆ε generated in the material due to the presence the cavity:
What is your husband's name?: sociological dimensions of internet banking authentication

First order authentication of the privacy and security of Internet banking rests mainly on distinctive user names and passwords. Our qualitative study of banking, security and privacy shows it is common for married and de facto couples in Australia to access each other's individual Internet and phone banking accounts through shared user names and PINs. This sharing happens when the couple has joint accounts, and both persons also have individual accounts, but only one person manages the money. Individual accounts appear to remain important for their symbolic meanings in a marriage, even though online money management may negate access and privacy boundaries between individual and joint accounts. This study thus finds that first order authentication policies go against social practice in some important domestic contexts. Our work points to the importance of sociological empirical user centred security study in order that security design can be built on social practice.
State-of-the-art - Cardiac general Quality of life after cardiac surgery: underresearched research

Improved quality of life is a major goal for cardiac surgery. This review concerns 29 articles published between January 2004 and December 2010. Only nine studies present preoperative and postoperative registered quality of life data. These studies have a short follow-up and a limited number of patients included. Most other studies starts at a certain point in the follow-up and compare different patient groups or techniques, but do not evaluate postoperative vs. preoperative quality of life. In an era of evidence-based medicine, there is a lack of major and well-organized clinical studies dealing with quality of life after cardiac surgery. Based on this review, five requirements for ‘good’ studies on this subject can be formulated: information about the total number of patients that could be included; the number of patients actually included; information about preoperative quality of life; information on what was done about patients with missing data; and at least minimum information about demographics, co-morbidity and the cardiac risk of patients who were not included or who dropped out. These points seem to us to be essential for validation of the results presented.  2011 Published by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF SKELETAL EVOLUTION IN EUROPEAN LAKE AND STREAM STICKLEBACK

Advances in genomic techniques are greatly facilitating the study of molecular signatures of selection in diverging natural populations. Connecting these signatures to phenotypes under selection remains challenging, but benefits from dissections of the genetic architecture of adaptive divergence. We here perform quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using 488 F2 individuals and 2011 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to explore the genetic architecture of skeletal divergence in a lake‐stream stickleback system from Central Europe. We find QTLs for gill raker, snout, and head length, vertebral number, and the extent of lateral plating (plate number and height). Although two large‐effect loci emerge, QTL effect sizes are generally small. Examining the neighborhood of the QTL‐linked SNPs identifies several genes involved in bone formation, which emerge as strong candidate genes for skeletal evolution. Finally, we use SNP data from the natural source populations to demonstrate that some SNPs linked to QTLs in our cross also exhibit striking allele frequency differences in the wild, suggesting a causal role of these QTLs in adaptive population divergence. Our study paves the way for comparative analyses across other (lake‐stream) stickleback populations, and for functional investigations of the candidate genes.
Avian superior olivary nucleus provides divergent inhibitory input to parallel auditory pathways

The avian auditory brainstem displays parallel processing, a fundamental feature of vertebrate sensory systems. Nuclei specialized for temporal processing are largely separate from those processing other aspects of sound. One possible exception to this parallel organization is the inhibitory input provided by the superior olivary nucleus (SON) to nucleus angularis (NA), nucleus magnocellularis (NM), and nucleus laminaris (NL) and contralateral SON (SONc). We sought to determine whether single SON neurons project to multiple targets or separate neuronal populations project independently to individual target nuclei. We introduced two different fluorescent tracer molecules into pairs of target nuclei and quantified the extent to which retrogradely labeled SON neurons were double labeled. A large proportion of double‐labeled SON somata were observed in all cases in which injections were made into any pair of ipsilateral targets (NA and NM, NA and NL, or NM and NL), suggesting that many individual SON neurons project to multiple targets. In contrast, when injections involved the SONc and any or all of the ipsilateral targets, double labeling was rare, suggesting that contralateral and ipsilateral targets are innervated by distinct populations of SON neurons arising largely from regionally segregated areas of SON. Therefore, at the earliest stages of auditory processing, there is interaction between pathways specialized to process temporal cues and those that process other acoustic features. We present a conceptual model that incorporates these results and suggest that SON circuitry, in part, functions to offset interaural intensity differences in interaural time difference processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:6–18, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visualization of crowd flow in large-scale facility using agent-based simulation

To prevent crowd accidents in large-scale facilities that are available to the general public, it is important to share information on safety measures among organizers, the police, the fire department, and government officials. In this study, we present a crowd simulation system that is capable of sharing visual information on the estimated flow of the crowd and that can be used when the safety plan for a facility is being developed. The simulation is agent based and aims to reproduce the macroscopic phenomena of a crowd flow, especially in a queue, by modeling the microscopic interactions between the agents. This crowd behavior model is divided into three parts: route choice, crowd movement, and queue formation. Route choice is implemented using a simple graphical user interface (GUI) - this enables the choice of an arbitrary route to guide each agent. Crowd movement is based on a social force model. In addition, we implement a queue formation model in which the route to a destination is changed according to the length of the queue in a specific area. The results are as follows. We calibrated the parameter of the simulation and reproduced the density of a crowd flow based on empirical observations. Queuing behavior was also verified for the emergence of the macroscopic phenomena of stop-and-go waves. Moreover, we applied this simulation to evaluate crowd safety for a special event held in a large-scale commercial facility. We propose a new method for safety experts and non-experts to share visual information about the flow of crowds.
The effect of orthodontic treatment on salivary flow, pH, buffer capacity, and levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli

Abstract Fixed orthodontic treatment has been shown to cause an increased incidence of enamel demineralisation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in stimulated salivary flow role, pH, buffer capacity, and the levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli in patients undergoing therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances. Saliva samples, plaque index scores and dietary histories were token from 21 sequential patients before the start of treatment, and one month and three months after placement of brackets and bands. There was a statistically significant increase in stimulated salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, plaque index scores, and in the levels of MS and lactobacilli after three months of active treatment. It is postulated that the bolonce between the cariogenic challenge posed by high levels of MS and lactobacilli, and the reparative effects of concurrent increases in salivary flow role, pH and buffer capacity, determines the likelihood of minerał loss or gain over time. A failure to follow basie preventive measures may increase the risk for some patients of enamel decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
Dissection of the phenotypic and genotypic associations with nicotinic dependence.

INTRODUCTION Strong evidence demonstrates that nicotine dependence is associated with 4 genetic variants rs16969968, rs6474412, rs3733829, and rs1329650 in large-scale Genome-Wide Association Studies. We examined how these identified genetic variants relate to nicotine dependence defined by different categorical and dimensional measures. METHODS Four genetic variants were analyzed in 2,047 subjects of European descent (1,062 cases and 985 controls). Nicotine dependence was assessed with multiple smoking measures, including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) nicotine dependence, the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. Single-item measures of cigarettes per day (CPD) and time to first cigarette (TTF) in the morning were also examined. RESULTS Among the variants, association effect sizes were largest for rs16969968, with measures of craving and heavy smoking, especially cigarettes smoked per day, showing the largest effects. Significant but weaker associations were found for rs6474412 and rs3733729 but not for rs1329650. None of the more comprehensive measures of smoking behaviors yielded stronger genetic associations with these variants than did CPD. CONCLUSIONS CPD is an important simple measure that captures in part the genetic associations of CHRNA5 and nicotine dependence, even when other more comprehensive measures of smoking behaviors are examined. The CHRNA5 gene is associated with heavy compulsive smoking and craving; this should inform the mission to improve the diagnostic validity of DSM-V.
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN A STATUS ON THE DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION OF GOBLET CELLS IN THE RAT INTESTINE *

The prevalence of goblet cells in duodenal crypts decreased to 60% of normal at day 4 of deficiency. Villus and crypt length, total mucosal cell number, cell cycle time, and migration rate were unaffected at day 8 of deficiency. The carbohydrate content, protein content, and molecular size of high molecular weight glycoproteins (peak I) were unaffected at day 8 of deficiency. The incorporation of L-[3H]threonine (G) into proteins of all peaks were reduced to 60% of normal at day 8 of deficiency. The incorporation of L-[1-14C]fucose into glycoprotein fell to 25% of normal in peak I, and to 70 to 90% of normal in other peaks at day 8 of deficiency. In vitamin A deficiency, a defect seems to exist either in the rate of differentiation of intestinal goblet cells at a critical period, or in the differentiation of a subclass of vitamin A-sensitive goblet cells. Some possible explanations for the decreased synthetic rate of some glycoproteins in the presence of normal steady-state concentrations in A- rats are discussed.
The Neuropsychiatry of Multiple Sclerosis

This review describes the many neuropsychiatric abnormalities associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). These may be broadly divided into 2 categories: disorders of mood, affect, and behaviour and abnormalities affecting cognition. With respect to the former, the epidemiology, phenomenology, and theories of etiology are described for the syndromes of depression, bipolar disorder, euphoria, pathological laughing and crying, and psychosis attributable to MS. The section discussing cognition reviews the prevalence and nature of cognitive dysfunction, with an emphasis on abnormalities affecting multiple domains of memory, speed of information processing, and executive function. The detection, natural history, and cerebral correlates of cognitive dysfunction are also discussed. Finally, treatment pertaining to all these disorders is reviewed, with the observation that translational research has been found wanting when it comes to providing algorithms to guide clinicians. Guidelines derived from general psychiatry still largely apply, although they may not always be most effective in patients with neurologic disorders. The importance of future research addressing this imbalance is emphasized, for neuropsychiatric sequelae add significantly to the morbidity associated with MS.
Inshore Ship Detection in Remote Sensing Images via Weighted Pose Voting

Inshore ship detection from high-resolution satellite images is a useful yet challenging task in remote surveillance and military reconnaissance. It is difficult to detect the inshore ships with high precision because various interferences are present in the harbor scene. An inshore ship detection method based on the weighted voting and rotation–scale-invariant pose is proposed to improve the detection performance. The proposed method defines the rotation angle pose and the scaling factor of the detected ship to detect the ship with different directions and different sizes. For each pixel on the ship template, the possible poses of a detection window are estimated according to all possible pose-related pixels. To improve robustness to the shape-similar distractor and various interferences, the score of the detection window is obtained by designing a pose weighted voting method. Moreover, the values of some parameters such as similarity threshold and the weight of “V” are investigated. The experimental results on actual satellite images demonstrate that the proposed method is invariant to rotation and scale and robust in the inshore ship detection. In addition, better detection performance is observed in comparison with the existing inshore ship detection algorithms in terms of precision rate and recall rate. The target pose of the detected ship can also be obtained as a byproduct of the ship detection.
A Unified Network Coordinate System for Bandwidth and Latency

Network coordinate systems, such as GNP and Vivaldi, provide virtual positions for networked hosts, which enable the hosts to connect to nearby peers, find the closest server, or organize themselves in a topologically-aware manner. Current network coordinate systems, however, only use latency to compute the positions, leaving out an important network metric—namely bandwidth. In this paper, we present a unified approach that provides virtual positions based on both bandwidth and latency. The key intuition is that network latency and bandwidth are approximate tree metrics, that is, a set of distances that can be embedded in a tree. We first argue based on intuition and analysis of three real-world datasets why bandwidth and latency can be represented as tree metrics. Then, we present Sequoia, an accurate and light-weight system that provides virtual network positions by embedding bandwidth or latency on trees; the network positions computed by Sequoia are as easy to use as a set of coordinates. Finally, we present an evaluation based on the three datasets showing that: 1) Sequoia represents latency as accurately as Vivaldi in addition to being the first ”coordinate” system for bandwidth; 2) it enables selection of the closest and the most-provisioned (highest bandwidth) server with low error and overhead; and 3) it computes topologically-aware trees, which can be used to organize a networked system efficiently.
Is TGF-β playing a role in ectopic neuromuscular junction formation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans?

The neuromuscular junction (nmj) is a commonly studied synapse, used often to investigate reciprocal signaling between a motor neuron and the appropriate target muscle. In Caenorhabditis elegans, ectopic nmjs can be created by eliminating selected embryonic muscle cells that act as guideposts for the migration of post-embryonic muscles. The ectopic muscles are required to induce sprouting from DD motor neurons, indicating the presence of a muscle derived signaling molecule that interacts with the neurons. A TGF-β homolog, unc-129, is reported to be transiently expressed in the dorsal body wall muscles. The timing of the expression of TGF-β coincides with the time that the DD motor neurons respecify their synapses. In this study, we show that TGF-β is expressed by the ectopic muscle and that in unc-129 mutant animals, the ectopic muscle is unable to induce sprouting from the DD motor neurons. Therefore, we conclude that TGF-β is necessary for ectopic nmj formation in C.elegans. INDEX WORDS: Caenorhabditis elegans, Synaptogenesis, Retrograde signaling, TGF-β, Neuromuscular junction, Netrin, Axon guidance IS TGF-β PLAYING A ROLE IN ECTOPIC NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION FORMATION IN THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS?
The statistical power of [15O]‐water PET activation studies of cognitive processes

[15O]-Water positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is an important means of investigating the neural correlates of cognitive processes. This study analyses the statistical power of these experiments under usual experimental conditions. Eleven subjects were scanned repeatedly while they undertook an active-baseline task. Using an empirically derived estimate of variance, the statistical power to detect task-induced increases in regional cerebral blood flow was calculated for different values of magnitude of change, number of subjects and probability of Type I error. The results (a) provide an empirical basis for selecting the number of subjects for cognitive studies using [15O]-water PET; (b) illustrate the importance of considering the statistical power of the test, while making a physiological interpretation of the results; and (c) highlight the problems in concluding the non-involvement of a given brain region in a cognitive task, based solely on the results of a PET study.
Native Language Transfer in Target Language Usage: An Exploratory Case Study

In this case study carried out at the University of California, Los Angeles, we explore Second Language Acquisition theory as it relates to negative transfer, apply these principles to three groups of second language learners at the university level, and analyze error types and their frequencies in order to improve our understanding of the transfer process that is occurring in our lower-level classrooms. While results show that transfer errors do not become less relevant as student proficiency increases, the most frequent error types change from level to level. The acquisition patterns identified in this study serve to improve our understanding of the second language-learning process and help us to implement effective changes in our lower-level classrooms.
3D printed auto-mixing chip enables rapid smartphone diagnosis of anemia.

Clinical diagnosis requiring central facilities and site visits can be burdensome for patients in resource-limited or rural areas. Therefore, development of a low-cost test that utilizes smartphone data collection and transmission would beneficially enable disease self-management and point-of-care (POC) diagnosis. In this paper, we introduce a low-cost iPOC3D diagnostic strategy which integrates 3D design and printing of microfluidic POC device with smartphone-based disease diagnosis in one process as a stand-alone system, offering strong adaptability for establishing diagnostic capacity in resource-limited areas and low-income countries. We employ smartphone output (AutoCAD 360 app) and readout (color-scale analytical app written in-house) functionalities for rapid 3D printing of microfluidic auto-mixers and colorimetric detection of blood hemoglobin levels. The auto-mixing of reagents with blood via capillary force has been demonstrated in 1 second without the requirement of external pumps. We employed this iPOC3D system for point-of-care diagnosis of anemia using a training set of patients (nanemia = 16 and nhealthy = 6), which showed consistent measurements of blood hemoglobin levels (a.u.c. = 0.97) and comparable diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, compared with standard clinical hematology analyzer. Capable of 3D fabrication flexibility and smartphone compatibility, this work presents a novel diagnostic strategy for advancing personalized medicine and mobile healthcare.
A reappearance of antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous enterocolitis.

Four proved cases of pseudomembranous enterocolitis are presented. In each case either lincomycin or clindamycin (a derivative of lincomycin) was given. Use of such broad spectrum antibiotics appears to be related to the increased incidence of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Roentgen findings include thickening of the mucosal folds of the small intestine and pseudomembrane formation. When the colon is involved, it may also show thickening and dilatation. With use of contrast medium, expected radiographic findings are edema, shaggy appearance of the mucosa and/or ulceration, findings similar to those seen in inflammatory colitis.
Children exploring a 'fun' web-site: sites of learning and roles of being

This paper draws on the evaluation of an 'edutainment' web-site for seven to eleven year old children. Learning Indicators were developed from recent research and used as a framework for data collection to 'track' learning. The paper discusses the nature of children's learning, GridClub and the impact of teachers and parents in mediating (enabling or constraining) their experience.