Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of age, breast density, and family history on the sensitivity of first screening mammography.

OBJECTIVE To determine factors that influence the sensitivity of modern first screening mammography. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Nine counties in northern California. PARTICIPANTS A total of 28 271 women aged 30 years and older referred for first screening mammography to the Mobile Mammography Screening Program of the University of California, San Francisco, from April 1985 to March 1992, of whom 238 were subsequently diagnosed as having breast cancer. MEASUREMENTS Breast cancer risk profile, 2 standard mammographic views per breast, breast density, and follow-up of abnormal and normal mammography by contacting women's physicians and by linkage to the regional Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registry to determine the occurrence of any invasive cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ. RESULTS For women aged 50 years and older, the sensitivity of first screening mammography was relatively high and decreased slightly with increasing length of follow-up after mammography: 98.5% for 7 months of follow-up, 93.2% for 13 months, and 85.7% for 25 months. Sensitivity was higher among women aged 50 years and older when breast density was primarily fatty rather than primarily dense (98.4% vs 83.7%; P < .01). For women younger than 50 years, the sensitivity of first screening mammography also decreased with increasing length of follow-up but was significantly lower than for older women: 87.5% for 7 months of follow-up, 83.6% for 13 months, and 71.4% for 25 months. For women younger than 50 years, breast density did not affect the sensitivity of mammography (81.8% for those with primarily fatty breasts vs 85.4% for those with primarily dense breasts) and was lower among those with a family history of breast cancer (68.8%). CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity of modern mammography is highest among women aged 50 years and older who have primarily fatty breast density. Sensitivity is lowest among women younger than 50 years and particularly low when the time between screenings is about 2 years or when women have a family history of breast cancer, possibly because of rapid tumor growth.
Statistical and neuro-computing channel equalization approaches for MIMO

The performance comparison of two different channel estimation techniques for Rayleigh flat fading time varying Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels are reported in this work. The first technique discussed here is the Autoregressive (AR) model, a statistical method of channel estimation and the second scheme is the channel estimation based on a dynamic class of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the Focussed Time Delay Neural Network (FTDNN). Zero-forcing (ZF), Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) and Maximum Likehood (ML) channel equalization techniques are employed for both the estimation techniques separately to investigate the performance of the system. Simulations are performed for different International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specified channel conditions and certain conclusions are drawn from them.
Free viewpoint image generation with super resolution

In this paper, we propose a method of free viewpoint image generation with super resolution. In the conventional approaches, such as nearest neighbor and linear interpolation, the synthetic image on zoomed virtual view tends to have low resolution, because the reference images do not have enough textures. To overcome this problem, we reconstruct the image with super resolution. Super resolution can generate higher image resolution than the input image one, and then we combine super resolution with free viewpoint image generation. In the experiment, we use a camera array which contains 11 × 11 aligned cameras and use 4 × 4 cameras subset per pixel to reconstruct image by means of super resolution. The experimental results show that synthesized image in the effective range has about 4.5 dB higher PSNR than ones created by the nearest neighbor and 2.5 dB higher than ones created by the linear interpolation.
Surface circulation at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula from drifters

An array of 40 surface drifters, drogued at 15-m depth, was deployed in February 2007 to the east of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula as part of the Antarctic Drifter Experiment: Links to Isobaths and Ecosystems (ADELIE) project. Data obtained from these drifters and from a select number of local historical drifters provide the most detailed observations to date of the surface circulation in the northwestern Weddell Sea. The Antarctic Slope Front (ASF), characterized by a ~20 cm s^(−1) current following the 1000-m isobath, is the dominant feature east of the peninsula. The slope front bifurcates when it encounters the South Scotia Ridge with the drifters following one of three paths. Drifters (i) are carried westward into Bransfield Strait; (ii) follow the 1000-m isobath to the east along the southern edge of the South Scotia Ridge; or (iii) become entrained in a large-standing eddy over the South Scotia Ridge. Drifters are strongly steered by contours of f /h (Coriolis frequency/depth) as shown by calculations of the first two moments of displacement in both geographic coordinates and coordinates locally aligned with contours of f /h. An eddy-mean decomposition of the drifter velocities indicates that shear in the mean flow makes the dominant contribution to dispersion in the along-f /h direction, but eddy processes are more important in dispersing particles across contours of f /h. The results of the ADELIE study suggest that the circulation near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula may influence ecosystem dynamics in the Southern Ocean through Antarctic krill transport and the export of nutrients.
A New Early Stopping Algorithm for Improving Neural Network Generalization

As generalization ability of neural network was restricted by overfitting problem in the network’s training. Early stopping algorithm based on fuzzy clustering was put forward to solve this problem in this paper. Subtractive clustering and Fuzzy C-Means clustering (FCM) were combined to realize optimal division of training set, validation set and test set. How to realize this algorithm in backpropagation (BP) network by utilizing neural network toolbox and fuzzy logic toolbox in MATLAB was dwelled on. Early stopping algorithm based on fuzzy clustering and other early stopping algorithms were applied in function approximation and pattern recognition problems in validation experiments. Experiments results indicate that early stopping algorithm based on fuzzy clustering has higher precision in comparison to other early stopping algorithms. Outputs of training set, validation set and test set are more accordant.
Music and Adolescent Identity

Abstract This paper reports four studies which investigated the function of musical preference as an identifying ‘badge’ by which adolescents express their own self‐concepts and make judgements of others. Studies 1 and 2 indicated that older and younger adolescents, respectively, hold normative expectations about the values and characteristics of fans of particular musical styles. Study 3 showed that 13‐14‐ and 18‐19‐year‐olds hold normative expectations which influence their perception of the likely social consequences (e.g. having fewer friends) of being a fan of particular musical styles. The final study investigated hypotheses generated by the results of Studies 1‐3. It demonstrated a positive relationship between adolescents’ musical preference, self‐concept, self‐esteem, and normative expectations of the ‘typical’ fans of musical styles. This study also indicated that adolescents favour people who like the same musical style as they do, without necessarily denigrating those who do not. In conjunctio.
Epitope Switching as a Novel Escape Mechanism of HIV to CCR5 Monoclonal Antibodies

ABSTRACT In passaging experiments, we isolated HIV strains resistant to MAb3952, a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) monoclonal antibody (MAb) that binds to the second extracellular domain (extracellular loop 2 [ECL-2]) of CCR5. MAb3952-resistant viruses remain CCR5-tropic and are cross-resistant to a second ECL-2-specific antibody. Surprisingly, MAb3952-resistant viruses were more susceptible to RoAb13, a CCR5 antibody binding to the N terminus of CCR5. Using CCR5 receptor mutants, we show that MAb3952-resistant virus strains preferentially use the N terminus of CCR5, while the wild-type viruses preferentially use ECL-2. We propose this switch in the CCR5 binding site as a novel mechanism of HIV resistance.
The penetration of catechol and pyrogallol into mouse brain and the effect on cerebral monoamine levels

The penetration of catechol and pyrogallol into mouse brain and the effect on cerebral monoamine levels SiR,--It has previously been reported (Angel & Rogers, 1968) that catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene), when administered parenterally to mice readily evokes convulsions, whereas pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) does so only in near lethal doses. Since Matsuoka, Yoshida & Imaizumi (1962) have suggested that pyrogallol does not pass the blood-brain barrier, we decided to measure the penetration of both pyrogallol and catechol into the brain and also to investigate the effect of these compounds on the levels of cerebral monoamines, as both have been shown to inhibit cerebral catechol-0-methyl transferase in v i w (Crout, Crevelin & Udenfriend, 1961; Ross & Haljasmaa, 1964). Male mice (18-22 g) of an inbred strain were decapitated at suitable times after the intraperitoneal injection of catechol (60 mg/kg) or pyrogallol (120 mg/kg). The phenols in trichloroacetic acid brain extracts were estimated by a modification of the method of Swain & Hillis (1959). The solvent system described by Shore & Olin (1958) was used in the determination of cerebral noradrenaline (Shore & O h , 1958), dopamine (Carlsson & Waldeck, 1958) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (Weigand & Perry, 1961). Two mouse brains were pooled for each determination. Groups of 10 mice (5 pairs) were used at each dose level. Spontaneous motor activity of the mice in a container was measured by suspending it from a strain gauge, the output of which was rectified and integrated over time intervals of 2 sec. The integrated activity at the end of each 2 sec period was sampled, stored in a digital computer (Biomac Data Laboratories) and transferred to paper tape for subsequent analysis. The time course of changes in motor activity and in the cerebral concentration of the phenolic compounds are represented in Figs 1 and 2. Catechol (Fig. 1) elicits convulsions consisting of violent jerks and tremors, which commence within 15-20 sec of injection. The duration of this convulsive activity is transient, lasting approximately 8 min and the peak convulsive activity occurs at 2-3 min. It can be seen that the time course of catechol penetrations into the brain follows closely the time course of the convulsive activity. Mice receiving 120 mg/kg of pyrogallol show no change in motor activity (Fig. 2) even though this dose of pyrogallol is sufficient to produce cerebral concentrations which are about the same as those produced by the convulsive dose of catechol.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor–Bradykinin B2 Receptor Functional Heterodimerization

Angiotensin II type 2 (AT2R) or bradykinin B2 (B2R) receptor activation enhances NO production. Recently, we demonstrated enhancement of NO production when AT2R and B2R are simultaneously activated in vivo. However, the mechanism involved in this enhancement is unknown. Using confocal fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, we report the distance between the AT2R and B2R in PC12W cell membranes to be 50±5 Å, providing evidence and quantification of receptor heterodimerization as the mechanism for enhancing NO production. The rate of AT2R–B2R heterodimer formation is largely a function of the degree of AT2R–B2R expression. The physical association between the dimerized receptors initiates changes in intracellular phosphoprotein signaling activities leading to phosphorylation of c-Jun terminal kinase, phosphotyrosine phosphatase, inhibitory protein &kgr;B&agr;, and activating transcription factor 2; dephosphorylation of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and signal transducer inhibitor of transcription 3; and enhancing production of NO and cGMP. Controlling the expression of AT2R–B2R, consequently influencing their biologically active dimerization, presents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular and renal disorders.
When Will They Ever Learn?

A set of hypotheses derived from experiential learning and a realpolitik orientation to crisis bargaining are employed to investigate the bargaining behavior of pairs of states embroiled in recurring crises. It is proposed that in crisis bargaining, experiential learning focuses on the outcome of the preceding crisis, and the lessons drawn from that experience are interpreted in accordance with a realpolitik orientation that stresses the importance of a credible demonstration of power and resolve. The hypotheses predict that in crises between states of relatively equal military capabilities, successful outcomes encourage policymakers to repeat the bargaining strategy employed in the previous crisis, while failures lead to more coercive bargaining in the next crisis. Employing events data from a sample of 18 disputes among 6 pairs of states, each pair having been engaged in three successive crises, a significant pattern of shifts to more coercive bargaining following crises with unsuccessful outcomes was found.
"Semi-straight sort of sex": class and gay community attachment explored within a framework of older homosexually active men.

Gay Community Attachment has proved a significant predictor of successful behavior change among gay-identifying men in response to HIV/AIDS. Related work at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, indicated that attachment to gay community is not a simple issue; rather, complex issues of sexual identity formation, the constraints of social inequality and localized sexual cultures inhibit the process of attachment and, therefore, successful HIV prevention. This paper discusses some of the findings from close-focus (qualitative) research on older homosexually active men which explore in depth the dynamic whereby these men attached themselves to gay community in terms of an analysis of class, generation, and the interplay with self-construction and masculinity.
Noise–mean relationship in mutated promoters

Gene expression depends on the frequency of transcription events (burst frequency) and on the number of mRNA molecules made per event (burst size). Both processes are encoded in promoter sequence, yet their dependence on mutations is poorly understood. Theory suggests that burst size and frequency can be distinguished by monitoring the stochastic variation (noise) in gene expression: Increasing burst size will increase mean expression without changing noise, while increasing burst frequency will increase mean expression and decrease noise. To reveal principles by which promoter sequence regulates burst size and frequency, we randomly mutated 22 yeast promoters chosen to span a range of expression and noise levels, generating libraries of hundreds of sequence variants. In each library, mean expression (m) and noise (coefficient of variation, η) varied together, defining a scaling curve: η2 = b/m + ηext2. This relation is expected if sequence mutations modulate burst frequency primarily. The estimated burst size (b) differed between promoters, being higher in promoter containing a TATA box and lacking a nucleosome-free region. The rare variants that significantly decreased b were explained by mutations in TATA, or by an insertion of an out-of-frame translation start site. The decrease in burst size due to mutations in TATA was promoter-dependent, but independent of other mutations. These TATA box mutations also modulated the responsiveness of gene expression to changing conditions. Our results suggest that burst size is a promoter-specific property that is relatively robust to sequence mutations but is strongly dependent on the interaction between the TATA box and promoter nucleosomes.
Safety and efficacy of transradial versus transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

BackgroundThe transradial approach has gained increasing popularity for elective percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the safety and feasibility of transradial coronary intervention (TRI) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains uncertain. Hence, a meta-analysis of randomized trials was performed to compare outcomes of TRI with transfemoral coronary intervention (TFI) in patients with AMI. MethodsA systematic review of the literature revealed seven randomized trials involving 1306 patients. Endpoints extracted were access site complications, major adverse cardiovascular events, major bleeding, and procedural success. Combined relative risks (RRs) across all studies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. A two-sided &agr; error of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. ResultsBaseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Compared with patients undergoing TFI, risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (RR: 0.83, CI: 0.51–1.35; P=0.45) and major bleeding (RR: 0.51, CI: 0.20–1.26; P=0.14) was similar in patients undergoing TRI. The procedural success was similar with both approaches (RR: 0.99, CI: 0.96–1.02; P=0.59). However, incidence of access site complications was significantly lower in the TRI group (RR: 0.31, CI: 0.17–0.58; P<0.001). ConclusionThe meta-analysis suggests that TRI may be superior to TFI in reducing access site complications in patients with AMI. However, there is no difference in procedural success and major bleeding between the two groups.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus nsp1 Facilitates Efficient Propagation in Cells through a Specific Translational Shutoff of Host mRNA

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SCoV) is an enveloped virus containing a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. Nine mRNAs carrying a set of common 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) are synthesized from the incoming viral genomic RNA in cells infected with SCoV. A nonstructural SCoV nsp1 protein causes a severe translational shutoff by binding to the 40S ribosomal subunits. The nsp1-40S ribosome complex further induces an endonucleolytic cleavage near the 5′UTR of host mRNA. However, the mechanism by which SCoV viral proteins are efficiently produced in infected cells in which host protein synthesis is impaired by nsp1 is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the viral UTRs in evasion of the nsp1-mediated shutoff. Luciferase activities were significantly suppressed in cells expressing nsp1 together with the mRNA carrying a luciferase gene, while nsp1 failed to suppress luciferase activities of the mRNA flanked by the 5′UTR of SCoV. An RNA-protein binding assay and RNA decay assay revealed that nsp1 bound to stem-loop 1 (SL1) in the 5′UTR of SCoV RNA and that the specific interaction with nsp1 stabilized the mRNA carrying SL1. Furthermore, experiments using an SCoV replicon system showed that the specific interaction enhanced the SCoV replication. The specific interaction of nsp1 with SL1 is an important strategy to facilitate efficient viral gene expression in infected cells, in which nsp1 suppresses host gene expression. Our data indicate a novel mechanism of viral gene expression control by nsp1 and give new insight into understanding the pathogenesis of SARS.
An active role for endogenous β‐1,3‐glucanase genes in transgene‐mediated co‐suppression in tobacco

Post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is characterized by the accumulation of short interfering RNAs that are proposed to mediate sequence‐specific degradation of cognate and secondary target mRNAs. In plants, it is unclear to what extent endogenous genes contribute to this process. Here, we address the role of the endogenous target genes in transgene‐mediated PTGS of β‐1,3‐glucanases in tobacco. We found that mRNA sequences of the endogenous glucanase glb gene with varying degrees of homology to the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia gn1 transgene are targeted by the silencing machinery, although less efficiently than corresponding transgene regions. Importantly, we show that endogene‐specific nucleotides in the glb sequence provide specificity to the silencing process. Consistent with this finding, small sense and antisense 21‐ to 23‐nucleotide RNAs homologous to the endogenous glb gene were detected. Combined, these data demonstrate that a co‐suppressed endogenous glucan ase gene is involved in signal amplification and selection of homologous targets, and show that endogenous genes can actively participate in PTGS in plants. The findings are introduced as a further sophistication of the post‐transciptional silencing model.
Same Time, Same Place, New Friend

Im Tourismus erschließen mobile Kommunikationsgeräte das Potential, „flüchtige Communities“ bei der Kommunikation und bei der Organisation von Reisen mit mobilen Geräten zu unterstützen. In diesem Artikel werden der FlashTourism-Prototyp vorgestellt und die Ergebnisse der Nutzerevaluation diskutiert. Die Unterstützung der profilbasierten Suche nach anderen interessanten Reisenden und die abgestuften Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten wurden gut akzeptiert. Die Publikation von Reiseplanungsinformationen wurde zurückhaltender beurteilt, weil sie die Akteure zu stark bindet. Wir schließen daraus, dass bei flüchtigen Reise-Communities die abgestufte, teilweise unscharfe Bereitstellung von persönlichen Daten eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Akzeptanz ist.
A Protective Role of Glibenclamide in Inflammation-Associated Injury

Glibenclamide is the most widely used sulfonylurea drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent studies have suggested that glibenclamide reduced adverse neuroinflammation and improved behavioral outcomes following central nervous system (CNS) injury. We reviewed glibenclamide's anti-inflammatory effects: abundant evidences have shown that glibenclamide exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in respiratory, digestive, urological, cardiological, and CNS diseases, as well as in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Glibenclamide might block KATP channel, Sur1-Trpm4 channel, and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, decrease the production of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and reactive oxygen species), and suppress the accumulation of inflammatory cells. Glibenclamide's anti-inflammation warrants further investigation.
Losing Consciousness: Automatic Influences on Consumer Judgment, Behavior, and Motivation

Consumer research has largely missed out on two key developments in social cognition research: the growing evidence that much of social judgment and behavior occur without conscious awareness or intent and the substantial moderating influence of social- and self-related goal pursuits on basic cognitive and reasoning processes. This evidence is described and its implications are drawn for nonconscious--including subliminal--influences on consumer behavior. The consumer research domain appears ideal for the necessary next wave of this research: the assessment of how much of a role nonconscious influences play in real life in decisions and behavior that are of real consequence to the individual. Copyright 2002 by the University of Chicago.