Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Teaching Conditions Predict Teacher Turnover in California Schools

A number of studies have found that teachers are prone to leave schools serving high proportions of low-achieving, low-income, and minority students for more economically and educationally advantaged schools. In schools with very high turnover rates, this can pose a number of challenges, including lack of continuity in instruction, lack of adequate teaching expertise for making curriculum decisions and providing support and mentoring, and lost time and resources for replacement and training. If high rates of turnover are caused largely by student characteristics, then policy strategies to correct the problem are limited. However, due to data constraints, little research has sought to disentangle the effects of student demographic factors from occupational factors such as salaries and working conditions that may also influence turnover and are amenable to policy interventions. Using California teacher survey data linked to district data on salaries and staffing patterns, this study examines a range of school conditions as well as demographic factors and finds that high levels of school turnover are strongly affected by poor working conditions and low salaries, as well as by student characteristics. Although schools' racial compositions and proportions of low-income students predict teacher turnover, salaries and working conditions-including large class sizes, facilities problems, multitrack schools, and lack of textbooks-are strong and significant factors in predicting high rates of turnover. Furthermore, when these conditions are taken into account, the influence of student characteristics on turnover is substantially reduced.
Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock Pheasant

Abstract The Hainan peacock pheasant is an endangered taxon found only on Hainan Island of China. Due to lack of detailed taxonomic studies, whether it is a subspecies of the grey peacock pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum katsumatae) or a full species (Polyplectron katsumatae) remained unclear. We used molecular markers, including the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and intron G of the nuclear ovomucoid gene, to reevaluate the taxonomy of the Hainan peacock pheasant. The results showed phylogeographic monophyly and large genetic distance between the Hainan peacock pheasant and the grey peacock pheasant. Sequence differences corroborated the species-level distinction between these two peacock pheasants, which were inferred to have diverged about 1.4±0.3 million years ago, near the time Hainan Island became separated from mainland China. Because the population density of the Hainan peacock pheasant is very low in its tropical forest on the island and the wild population is declining, it is now becoming severely endangered and should be ranked as the rarest species in the Order Galliformes in China. Our results increase the urgency of getting more morphological data to support the classification of the Hainan peacock pheasant as a distinct species and taking more conservation action immediately to protect this endangered island species.
Physical Activity and Its Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Mortality

&NA; We compared various indices for physical activity and their association with cardiovascular risk factors as well as total and cardiovascular disease mortality. We used data from three independent national representative samples in Germany, with a total of 7,689 men and 7,747 women age 25‐69 years. Persons with high conditioning physical activity had more favorable risk factor levels compared with sedentary persons, after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, survey period, and socioeconomic status. We observed a clear association with mortality only for intense physical activity. The rate ratio (RR) for total mortality was 0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16‐0.79] and 0.26 (95% CI = 0.08‐0.83) for cardiovascular disease mortality for men spending more than 2 hours per week on sports, compared with sedentary men. Among women, the corresponding RR for total mortality was 0.28 (95% CI = 0.07‐1.17). The effect of physical activity on cardiovascular disease mortality among women was not clear owing to few fatal cardiovascular events.
An embedded controller for a quadruped robot

The design of controller is of critical importance for capability of the quadruped robot. In this paper, we present an embedded controller scheme, with ARM and DSP microprocessors, to control the locomotion of a quadruped robot. The controller consists of an ARM board for planning and a DSP board for motion control. Regarding the sensor information, the ARM board is responsible for making plans about switching among gaits, speeding up and slowing down, and communicates with the DSP board via serial parallel interface (SPI). The DSP board, containing four DSP processors, takes charge of receiving ARM command, calculating to generate the motor command, and communicating with DC motor drivers via CAN bus. Finally, we implement the designed controller on a quadruped robot to control the movement of a limb. Test result demonstrates the adequacy of the controller to execute accurate and real-time control.
Corticothalamic projections from layer 5 of the vibrissal barrel cortex in the rat

This study bears on the projections of layer 5 cells of the vibrissal sensory cortex to the somatosensory thalamus in rats. Small groups of cells were labeled with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and their axonal arborizations were individually reconstructed from horizontal sections counterstained for cytochrome oxidase. Results show that the vast majority (∼95%) of layer 5 axons that innervate the somatosensory thalamus are collaterals of corticofugal fibers that project to the brainstem. The anterior pretectal nucleus, the deep layers of the superior colliculus, and the pontine nuclei are among the structures most often coinnervated. In the thalamus, layer 5 axons terminate exclusively in the dorsal part of the posterior group (Po), where they form clusters of large terminations. Because dorsal Po projects to multiple cortical areas, we sought to determine whether all recipient areas return a layer 5 projection to this part of the thalamus. Additional experiments using fluoro‐gold and BDA injections provided evidence that the primary somatosensory area is the sole source of layer 5 projections to dorsal Po but that this thalamic region receives convergent layer 6 projections from the primary and second somatosensory areas and from the motor and insular cortices. These results show that layer 5 projections do not overlap in associative thalamic nuclei, thus defining area‐related subdivisions. Furthermore, the coinnervation of brainstem nuclei by layer 5 CT axons suggests that this pathway conveys to the thalamus a copy of the cortical output aimed at brainstem structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:197–204, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The efficacy and safety of irinotecan cisplatin and mitomycin chemotherapy in sunitinib pre-treated metastatic clear cell renal cancer

Background Sunitinib is widely used as first-line treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cancer (MCRC). No reports are known of treatment after sunitinib failure. As irinotecan, cisplatin, and mitomycin-C (IPM) chemotherapy has been reported to influence MCRC after progression on cytokine therapy, we report on the outcome of 11 patients treated with IPM after sunitinib failure. Patients and methods Eleven patients with progression of disease on sunitinib therapy were treated with 4, monthly cycles of monthly IPM. Results Nine out of 11 patients progressed during IPM therapy. The median time to progression was 1.4 months (95% CI: 0.7–2.1 months), while the overall survival was 4.2 months (95% CI: 0.9–2.3). Overall 10 patients have died of progressive renal cancer. One patient had a radiological response to therapy and remains progression free 11 months after treatment. Four of the 10 patients required a dose reduction for grade 3 or 4 toxicities. Conclusions IPM alone does not appear to benefit patients with MCRC who previously progressed during sunitinib therapy. The median progression-free survival and overall survival for these patients is short.
Assessing the survival of exogenous plant microRNA in mice

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs, are important molecules that influence several developmental processes and regulate RNA interference (RNAi), and are abundant in animals, plants, and plant tissues that are traditionally consumed in the diet. The survival of plant small RNAs from the diet in animals, however, remains unclear, and the persistence of miRNAs from dietary plants in the animal gastrointestinal (GI) tract is still under debate. In this study, ICR mice were fed plant total RNAs in quantities of 10–50 μg, extracted from Brassica oleracea. Serum, feces, and various tissues were collected from the mice after RNA consumption and analyzed for several miRNAs. Exogenous plant miRNAs were present in the sera, feces, and tissues of animals and these exogenous plant miRNAs were primarily acquired orally. MiR-172, the most highly enriched exogenous plant miRNA in B. oleracea, was found in the stomach, intestine, serum, and feces of mice that were fed plant RNA extracts including miR-172. The amount of miR-172 that survived passage through the GI tract varied among individuals, with a maximum of 4.5% recovered at the stomach of one individual, and had a range of 0.05–4.5% in different organs. Furthermore, miR-172 was detected in the blood, spleen, liver, and kidney of mice.
Optimality of Myopic Policy for Multistate Channel Access

We consider the multichannel access problem in which each of N channels is modeled as a multistate Markov chain. At each time instant, a transmitter accesses M channels and obtains some reward depending on the states of those chosen channels. The considered problem can be cast into a restless multiarmed bandit (RMAB) problem. It is well-known that solving the RMAB problem is PSPACE-hard. A natural alternative is to consider the myopic policy that maximizes the immediate reward but ignores the impact of the current strategy on the future reward. In this letter, we perform an analytical study on structure, optimality, and performance of the myopic policy for the considered RMAB problem. We show that the myopic policy has a simple robust structure that reduces channel selection to a round-robin procedure. The optimality of this simple policy is established for accessing M = N - 1 of N channels and conjectured for the general case of arbitrary M based on the structure of myopic policy.
Chromosome abnormalities in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths in the United States, yet few cytogenetic studies of this tumor have been reported. We analyzed 26 primary tumors to identify which chromosome abnormalities occur most frequently in this neoplasm. One carcinoma was well differentiated and mucin producing, 18 were moderately well differentiated, and seven were poorly differentiated. Only normal karyotypes were obtained from nine carcinomas. The remaining 17 carcinomas frequently had normal metaphase cells in addition to simple to highly complex karyotypes. The modal chromosome number in 20 carcinomas was diploid or near‐diploid; four carcinomas had both a major near‐diploid and near‐triploid or near‐tetraploid component, and two were near‐tetraploid. Numerical abnormalities included loss of whole copies of chromosomes 6, 17, and 18, and gains of chromosome 20. Structural abnormalities were frequent, with 1p, 2p, 3p, 4q, 6q, 7q, 1 1q, and 17p recurrently involved. Results of this study were combined with karyotypes of 19 other primary adenocarcinomas of the pancreas reported in the literature. The combined data involving 1 17 breakpoints suggest that careful analysis of chromosome 20, proximal 1 q. 6q, proximal 8p. and proximal 17p could be productive in defining genes involved in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:93‐100 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spekulationen zum Anfang von Sprache

Abstract The article considers four scenarios along the way human language developed, the neolithic transition from nomadic to agricultural societies, the upper paleolithic revolution when a sudden proliferation of art, tools and complex social organization took place, the emergence of homo sapiens possibly supported by the rise of the vocalization ability, and the emergence of homo ergaster/erectus accompanied with a rapid growth of the brain, and discusses in what respect these different scenarios contribute to the linguistic capacity of modern man. In particular, the thesis offered within the Minimalist Program that the language faculty in the narrow sense is a product of the upper paleolithic revolution is questioned. It is argued, instead, for a different view, namely that early morphology evolved as a reinterpretation of phonological alternations just in time when phonological features were developed, whereas a considerable amount of syntax proper evolved only when the neolithic transition had changed the circumstances of communication. However, the faculty of combining meaningful elements, as well as the faculty of recursion, may well have developed quite earlier at the time of homo erectus.
Applicant Perspectives in Selection: Going Beyond Preference Reactions

In the present special issue new theoretical and empirical insights on applicant perceptions of selection procedures are provided. In this introductory editorial we address four primary goals. First, we introduce the reader to the topic of applicant perceptions and highlight key theoretical perspectives and past empirical findings. Second, we review the state of the literature and argue that research on applicant reactions has been prospering in the last two decades. Third, we summarize the six papers that have been assembled in this special issue and that are reviewed in the final paper as a discussants' commentary. We close with acknowledging and thanking all of those who have contributed to the publication of this special issue.
Adapting a Constituency Parser to User-Generated Content in Polish Opinion Mining

The paper focuses on the adjustment of NLP tools for Polish; e.g., morphological analyzers and parsers, to user-generated content (UGC). The authors discuss two rule-based techniques applied to improve their efficiency: pre-processing (text normalization) and parser adaptation (modified segmentation and parsing rules). A new solution to handle OOVs based on inflectional translation is also offered.
Effective Botulinum Toxin Injection Guide for Treatment of Temporal Headache

This study involved an extensive analysis of published research on the morphology of the temporalis muscle in order to provide an anatomical guideline on how to distinguish the temporalis muscle and temporalis tendon by observing the surface of the patient’s face. Twenty-one hemifaces of cadavers were used in this study. The temporalis muscles were dissected clearly for morphological analysis between the temporalis muscle and tendon. The posterior border of the temporalis tendon was classified into three types: in Type I the posterior border of the temporalis tendon is located in front of reference line L2 (4.8%, 1/21), in Type II it is located between reference lines L2 and L3 (85.7%, 18/21), and in Type III it is located between reference lines L3 and L4 (9.5%, 2/21). The vertical distances between the horizontal line passing through the jugale (LH) and the temporalis tendon along each of reference lines L0, L1, L2, L3, and L4 were 29.7 ± 6.8 mm, 45.0 ± 8.8 mm, 37.7 ± 11.1 mm, 42.5 ± 7.5 mm, and 32.1 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. BoNT-A should be injected into the temporalis muscle at least 45 mm vertically above the zygomatic arch. This will ensure that the muscle region is targeted and so produce the greatest clinical effect with the minimum concentration of BoNT-A.
Study of injury and illness rates in multiday ultramarathon runners.

PURPOSE This study aimed to describe injury and illness rates in runners competing in 7-d, 250-km off-road ultramarathon events. METHODS Three hundred ninety-six runners competing in the RacingThePlanet© 4 Desert Series ultramarathon races from 2005 to 2006 were prospectively followed. Descriptive analyses were used to evaluate overall injury/illness rates, types of injuries/illnesses, and diagnoses for all medical encounters. Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate the risk of number of injuries/illnesses and 95% confidence intervals associated with age, sex, and race completion time. RESULTS Eight-five percent of runners representing a total of 1173 medical encounters required medical care. The overall injury/illness rates were 3.86 per runner and 65 per 1000-h run. Almost 95% were minor in nature, owing to skin-related disorders (74.3%), musculoskeletal injuries (18.2%), and medical illnesses (7.5%). Medical illnesses were more likely on the first day of the race, whereas musculoskeletal and skin injuries were more likely on day 3 or 4. A 10-yr increase in age was associated with 0.5 fewer injuries/illnesses, and females had 0.16 more medical illnesses compared with males. CONCLUSIONS Despite the extreme nature and harsh environments of multiday ultramarathon races, the majority of injuries or illnesses are minor in nature. Future studies are needed to evaluate additional factors contributing to injuries.
A balanced view of long work hours

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the theoretical ordering of the associations between work hours, psychological demands, decision latitude, and psychological distress.Design/methodology/approach – A mediation model, predicting that the association between long work hours and psychological distress is mediated by psychological demands and decision latitude, was tested with a representative sample of 7,802 individuals in full‐time paid employment surveyed by a government agency. Structural equation modeling was used and the full mediation model was replicated for subsamples of men and women. The analysis controlled for demographic variables, work characteristics and socioeconomic status.Findings – As expected, decision latitude is associated with less and psychological demands with more psychological distress. Long work hours are associated with more decision latitude and psychological demands. The association between long work hours and psychological distress is mediated by psychological d.
Role of the New Media in the Arab Spring

This article examines the role of the new media in the ‘Arab Spring’ in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It argues that although the new media is one of the factors in the social revolution among others such as social and political factors in the region, it nevertheless played a critical role especially in light of the absence of an open media and a civil society. The significance of the globalization of the new media is highlighted as it presents an interesting case of horizontal connectivity in social mobilization as well signaling a new trend in the intersection of new media and conventional media such as television, radio, and mobile phone. One of the contradictions of the present phase of globalization is that the state in many contexts facilitated the promotion of new media due to economic compulsion, inadvertently facing the social and political consequences of the new media. Este artículo examina el papel de los nuevos medios en ‘la primavera árabe’ en la región del Medio Oriente y Norte de África (MENA, por sus siglas en inglés). Sostiene que aunque los nuevos medios hacen parte de los factores en la revolución social entre otros, como los factores sociales y políticos en la región, aun así, jugaron un papel muy importante especialmente en vista de la ausencia de medios independientes y una sociedad civil. La importancia de la globalización de los nuevos medios se hace resaltar al presentar un interesante cado de conectividad horizontal en la movilización social como también al señalar una nueva intersección de nuevos medios y medios convencionales como la televisión, la radio y el celular. Una de las contradicciones de la fase actual de la globalización es que el estado en muchos contextos, facilitó la promoción de un nuevo medio debido a la compulsión económica, afrontando inadvertidamente las consecuencias sociales y políticas de los nuevos medios. 本文考察发生在西亚北非地区的“阿拉伯之春”中新兴媒体的角色。 文章认为尽管新兴媒体同其他政治和社会的因素一样，是该地区发生社会革命的因素之一，但却扮演了至关重要的角色，尤其是在缺乏开放的媒体和公民社会的条件下。 由于代表了一种在社会动员中建立水平连通的有趣事例并同时预示着新兴媒体和传统媒体（如电视、电台和移动电话）交叉的新趋势，新兴媒体全球化的重要性被凸显出来。 全球化现阶段的矛盾之一就是，在很多不同环境下国家由于经济强制而促进了新兴媒体发展，却正无奈地面对新兴媒体带来的社会和政治后果。
“Did They Really Say That?”

This article analyzes the vulnerabilities of certain women in custodial interrogations in the United States through legal, linguistic, and discourse analysis. At special risk are the impoverished or working class, the ill educated or illiterate, those with disabilities, or those who are nonnative speakers of English. Placing custodial interrogation into its U.S. legal setting, the study examines linguistic and discourse aspects of Miranda-related decisions and confessions. Drawing on data from the 1990s “Wenatchee Sex Ring” investigation and trials, the study examines the language of four women arrested and prosecuted in the Wenatchee cases. The analysis addresses discourse-level aspects of the data, including topic management and threats during the interrogation; the production of narratives as well as statements of location, result, and duration; and the sexual language used in the confessions. The article concludes that discourse analysis may provide an additional check on rogue interrogations of vulnerable people and once again calls for consistent recording of custodial interrogations in the United States.
Power and Communication

Power and communication. Broadly defined, power exists in all forms of human communication. Yes, I recognize the irony in exercising my position of power speaking today. Oftentimes, power is perceived negatively therefore people are uncomfortable talking about it. However, avoidance is socially irresponsible. Last year for my conference theme, I encouraged people to think about and engage in the ways power is communicated and how people react to or negotiate it in everyday life. Power is certainly not confined to top down, imperializing power, but includes localized (bottom up) power through agency, subjectivity, and voice. I hope the audience doesn’t exercise their power by walking out. I have long been aware of and fascinated with the power of words and images. My scholarly attention towards power and communication began in my first graduate class. Taking an Organizational Communication seminar, I became interested in superior=subordinate relationships. The culmination of that class, which was an analysis of how organizational power was cinematically depicted in the Godfather trilogy, resulted in my WSCA debut paper. Later, a professor in my PhD program exercised his power by telling me he reviewed that paper and rejected it. More recently my interest in power resides with issues of identity (Hundley & Billings, 2010a, 2010b). I selected this theme because of its pervasiveness in our discipline and in our world. Media scholars, for instance, are often concerned about the potential power the media possess. The ideologies the media espouse can be negative (by advocating exaggerated, horrific, and excessive acts of violence), or positive (by promoting social justice, acts of kindness, compassion, morals, and life lessons). We must remember, however, that we grant the media power through passive, uncritical consumption. Power in the classroom has been the focus in communication and instruction for numerous years. Teachers, advisors, mentors, and students all possess power. As teachers and students, we understand the power of a grade, a supportive comment, and