Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The case for registered routing switches in field programmable gate arrays

FPGAs are characterized by a programmable interconnect that contains highly resistive and capacitive elements. While the configurable structure of the interconnect allows for the implementation of arbitrary circuits, it has also become a significant bottleneck for high-speed circuits. Even if there are only a few signal paths that run along long stretches of interconnect, it is these paths that may determine the maximum operating frequency of the circuit. In this paper we investigate architectural features that could allow us to automatically pipeline the delay associated with long routes without an excessive area penalty. The goal is to reschedule circuit operations in such a way that a signal may use multiple clock cycles to traverse a long route, rather than requiring a single long clock period. This rescheduling would not effect the timing of the visible outputs~(~no latency is added to the overall system~). Specifically, we analyze the effects of adding a small number of registered routing switches to an FPGA architecture with segmented routing resources. A parameterized FPGA architecture is studied where the percentage of registered routing switches is varied and the speed improvement and area penalty is evaluated. Novel algorithms are presented that allow a circuit to best utilize an architecture with a given percentage of registered switches. We believe that this is the first study that attempts to evauate the tradeoffs associated with switches required in FPGA architectures. Our experiments indicate that the architectural features introduced can produce significant speedup for high speed circuits without excessive area costs. We believe that these techniques will become increasingly important in the future as deep sub-micron process technologies shrink, and wire delays become even more significant.
Predictors of Religiosity Among Youth Aged 17-22: A Longitudinal Study of the National Survey of Children

Predictors of youth religiosity were developedfrom eight domains: childhood training, religious schooling, cognitive ability, psychodynamic need, parenting style, role models, family life cycle, and background demographics. Data are from the National Survey of Children (NSC). Predictors were assessed when participants were 7-11 and 11-16 years of age. Religiosity was assessed whenparticipants were 17-22 years (N = 1,046). After identifying the best predictors within a domain, an across-domain regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors' relative contributions. The best predictors of youth religiosity were ethnicity and peers' church attendance during high school. Other predictors were, in order of decreasing magnitude: residence in the south, gendet; religious schooling during childhood, maternal religiosity, church attendance during childhood, the importance mothers placed on childhood religious training, and an interaction variable identifying religious mother-s who were very supportive. These analyses attest to the primacy of religious role models in the development of youth religiosity. In this study, we seek to advance the general understanding of religious development by comparing the relative utility of identified predictors of religiosity in eight conceptual domains. We are not so much advancing a specific theory of religious development but attempting to focus researchers' attention on key factors in religious development (e.g., parent-child relationships) that cut across many theories of religious development. Youth are an interesting test case for the study of religious development. Comparisons of religiosity across the life span suggests that religiosity declines during high school and stabilizes (at least temporarily) at relatively low levels during late adolescence (Wilson and Sherkat 1994). However, there is considerable variability among youth. Ozorak's (1989) polarization hypothesis suggests that highly religious individuals become more religious during adolescence, and those low in religiosity become less religious during adolescence. Stabilized levels of religiosity among youth are especially interesting from a socialization perspective in that many youth may be experiencing religiosity as a voluntary behavior for the first time.
Hormesis and HomeopatHy Introduction

Homeopathy is an ancient and complex therapeutic method that is rediscovering its scientific foundations. Hormesis is a frequently observed phenomenon that has been rigorously reported with precise dose-response curves. The therapeutic method based on the principle of “like cures like” should not be confused with hormesis, which has several different implications from those of homeopathy. Yet, because both these approaches to nature and medicine are very broad in scope, they do end up having some points of contact. Thus the wellestablished and consolidated field of hormesis can help cast light, through its ideas and research methods, on the possible mechanisms of action of remedies in ultralow doses.
Context influences the processing of verb transitivity in French sentences: more evidence for semantic−syntax interactions*

abstract The influence of semantic context on verb argument structure processing was investigated in two experiments using both ERP and behavioral measures. Participants were presented with sentences ending with syntactically and/or semantically congruous or incongruous noun phrases and they were asked to judge the overall acceptability of the sentences. Syntactically incongruous sentences contained an intransitive verb followed by a direct object (e.g., *L’ennemi a conspiré (INTR) un complot *‘The enemy conspired a scheme’). In line with our hypothesis, results showed that the processing of syntactic incongruities was influenced by the degree of semantic congruency between the different sentence constituents (strong in Experiment 1 and weak in Experiment 2). Thus, the same syntactic incongruity was processed differently depending upon the semantic context of the sentence, thereby demonstrating the influence of semantic context on syntactic processing. We propose a linguistic account of the differential effects of verb transitivity as a function of the semantic context based upon Cognitive Construction Grammar and Frame Semantics.
Interaction between HMGA1a and the origin recognition complex creates site-specific replication origins

In all eukaryotic cells, origins of DNA replication are characterized by the binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC). How ORC is positioned to sites where replication initiates is unknown, because metazoan ORC binds DNA without apparent sequence specificity. Thus, additional factors might be involved in ORC positioning. Our experiments indicate that a family member of the high-mobility group proteins, HMGA1a, can specifically target ORC to DNA. Coimmunoprecipitations and imaging studies demonstrate that HMGA1a interacts with different ORC subunits in vitro and in vivo. This interaction occurs mainly in AT-rich heterochromatic regions to which HMGA1a localizes. Fusion proteins of HMGA1a and the DNA-binding domain of the viral factor EBNA1 or the prokaryotic tetracycline repressor, TetR, can recruit ORC to cognate operator sites forming functional origins of DNA replication. When HMGA1a is targeted to plasmid DNA, the prereplicative complex is assembled during G1 and the amount of ORC correlates with the local concentration of HMGA1a. Nascent-strand abundance assays demonstrate that DNA replication initiates at or near HMGA1a-rich sites. Our experiments indicate that chromatin proteins can target ORC to DNA, suggesting they might specify origins of DNA replication in metazoan cells.
EMG‐driven modeling approach to muscle force and joint load estimations: Case study in knee osteoarthritis

It is important to know the magnitude and patterns of joint loading in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA), since altered loads are implicated in onset and progression of the disease. We used an EMG‐driven forward dynamics model to estimate joint loads during walking in a subject with knee OA and a healthy control subject. Kinematic, kinetic, and surface EMG data were used to predict muscle forces using a Hill‐type muscle model. The muscle forces were used to balance the frontal plane moment to obtain medial and lateral condylar loads. Loads were normalized to body weight (BWs) and the mean of three trials taken. The OA subject had greater medial and lower lateral loads compared to the control subject. Seventy‐five to 80% of the total load was borne on the medial compartment in the control subject, compared to 90–95% in the OA subject. In fact, complete lateral unloading occurred during midstance for the OA subject. Loading for the healthy subject was consistent with the data from instrumented knee studies. In the future, the model can be used to analyze the impact of various interventions to reduce the loads on the medial compartment in people with knee OA. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:377–383, 2012
Author ' s personal copy GPS orbit approximation using radial basis function networks

We present solutions for GPS orbit computation from broadcast and precise ephemerides using a group of artificial neural networks (ANNs), i.e. radial basis function networks (RBFNs). The problem of broadcast orbit correction, resulting from precise ephemerides, has already been solved using traditional polynomial and trigonometric interpolation. As an alternative approach RBFN broadcast orbit correction produces results within the accuracy range of the traditional methods. Our study shows RBFN broadcast orbit correction performs well also near the end of data intervals and for short data spans ( 20 min). Regarding limitations of polynomial and trigonometric extrapolation, the most significant advantage of using RBFNs over the traditional methods for GPS broadcast orbit approximation arises from its short time prediction capability. & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Experiences of racism and the changing nature of white privilege among lone white mothers of mixed-parentage children in the UK

Abstract In a context where mixed relationships are often seen as a visible indicator of increased tolerance, this paper holds up a lens to the particular experiences of racism negotiated by lone white mothers of mixed-parentage children. Based on qualitative interviews with thirty mothers, this paper illustrates how, through their parenting, racism and racial injustice became more visible to the mothers in the study. It is argued that, as well as experiencing racism directed at their children in a range of contexts (including the extended family, school and the local area), lone white mothers of mixed-parentage children are frequently facing social disapproval themselves. Drawing on the notion of whiteness as a seemingly unmarked and invisible category, this paper argues that mothers' experiences can challenge and complicate dominant conceptualizations of white privilege.
Aggression, depression, and stressful life events predicting peer rejection in children

Abstract This short-term prospective study examined the contribution of aggression and depression, stressful life events, and their interactions to the prediction of peer rejection. Subjects were 497 fifth- and sixth-grade children who completed questionnaires at two time points separated by approximately 3 months. Levels of peer rejection and aggression were assessed by peer nominations; level of depressive symptoms and number of stressful life events were measured by self-report questionnaires. Controlling for sex and baseline level of peer rejection, aggression directly predicted peer rejection. In contrast, depressive symptoms interacted with life stress to predict peer rejection. Examination of the Depression × Stress interaction revealed that depressive symptoms in children who had experienced high levels of life stress were not associated with increased levels of peer rejection, whereas depressive symptoms in children with low levels of stress were predictive of subsequent peer rejection. Several interpretations of these findings and directions for future research are suggested.
A Simplex Volume Maximization Framework for Hyperspectral Endmember Extraction

In the late 1990s, Winter proposed an endmember extraction belief that has much impact on endmember extraction techniques in hyperspectral remote sensing. The idea is to find a maximum-volume simplex whose vertices are drawn from the pixel vectors. Winter's belief has stimulated much interest, resulting in many different variations of pixel search algorithms, widely known as N-FINDR, being proposed. In this paper, we take a continuous optimization perspective to revisit Winter's belief, where the aim is to provide an alternative framework of formulating and understanding Winter's belief in a systematic manner. We first prove that, fundamentally, the existence of pure pixels is not only sufficient for the Winter problem to perfectly identify the ground-truth endmembers but also necessary. Then, under the umbrella of the Winter problem, we derive two methods using two different optimization strategies. One is by alternating optimization. The resulting algorithm turns out to be an N-FINDR variant, but, with the proposed formulation, we can pin down some of its convergence characteristics. Another is by successive optimization; interestingly, the resulting algorithm is found to exhibit some similarity to vertex component analysis. Hence, the framework provides linkage and alternative interpretations to these existing algorithms. Furthermore, we propose a robust worst case generalization of the Winter problem for accounting for perturbed pixel effects in the noisy scenario. An algorithm combining alternating optimization and projected subgradients is devised to deal with the problem. We use both simulations and real data experiments to demonstrate the viability and merits of the proposed algorithms.
Review on Estimation of Land Surface Radiation and Energy Budgets From Ground Measurement, Remote Sensing and Model Simulations

Land surface radiation and energy budgets are critical components of any land surface models that characterize hydrological, ecological and biogeochemical processes. The estimates of their components generated from remote sensing data or simulations from numerical models have large uncertainties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in estimating insolation, albedo, clear-sky longwave downward and upwelling radiation, all-wave net radiation and evapotranspiration from ground measurements, remote sensing algorithms and products, as well as numerical model simulations. The decadal variations of these components are also discussed.
Hierarchical Multilabel Classification Using Top-Down Label Combination and Artificial Neural Networks

Hierarchical Multilabel Classification is a classification problem where the classes of the examples are hierarchically structured and, additionally, each example can simultaneously belong to two or more classes in the same hierarchical level. This paper proposes a new Top-Down classification method based on a label combination process, using Artificial Neural Networks as base classifiers. The experimental evaluation used Bioinformatics datasets, and showed that the proposed method achieved good results in comparison with well-known methods from the literature.
NARRATIVE PROCESS AND ATTACHMENT REPRESENTATIONS: ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT

John Bowlby was a thorough and imaginative scholar. He was also farsighted in his plans for attachment theory. In evolutionary and controlsystems theories, he saw useful alternatives to psychoanalytic motivation models and conceptual foundations that had passed the test of time and could only grow stronger with succeeding generations. Moreover, he perceived how the emerging field of cognitive psychology could play a major role in his efforts to "demystify" psychoanalytic insights about attachment and adjustment. Most important for current directions in attachment theory, he saw in Craik's (1943) concept of internal working models a way of demystifying and thus preserving psychoanalytic insights about the importance of mental representations in development and adjustment. A great deal of attachment theory and research is based on the controlsystems model and the secure-base concept as developed in the first volume of Attachment and Loss (Bowlby, 1969) and in Ainsworth's empirical and theoretical papers (e.g., Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1979). Here the focus is on infancy, and any attachment representations are necessarily sensorimotor in nature. The later volumes of Attachment and Loss, several of Bowlby's later writings (e.g., Bowlby, 1988), and a great deal of recent theory and research have focused on mental representations of attachment, which Bowlby referred to as working models. One of the key differences between attachment theory and psychoanalytic theory is Bowlby's consistent emphasis on real rather than intrapsychic events and on ordinary rather than traumatic experiences as determinants of attachment relationships. Both secure-base behavior and attachment working models are said to emerge through everyday child-parent interactions and, although potentially stable, to be open to change in light of new
Structure and host-cell interaction of SH1, a membrane-containing, halophilic euryarchaeal virus

The Archaea, and the viruses that infect them, are the least well understood of all of the three domains of life. They often grow in extreme conditions such as hypersaline lakes and sulfuric hot springs. Only rare glimpses have been gained into the structures of archaeal viruses. Here, we report the subnanometer resolution structure of a recently isolated, hypersalinic, membrane-containing, euryarchaeal virus, SH1, in which different viral proteins can be localized. The results indicate that SH1 has a complex capsid formed from single β-barrels, an important missing link in hypotheses on viral capsid protein evolution. Unusual, symmetry-mismatched spikes seem to play a role in host adsorption. They are connected to highly organized membrane proteins providing a platform for capsid assembly and potential machinery for host infection.
ARTISTIC LABOR MARKETS AND CAREERS

▪ Abstract Artistic labor markets are puzzling ones. Employment as well as unemployment are increasing simultaneously. Uncertainty acts not only as a substantive condition of innovation and self-achievement, but also as a lure. Learning by doing plays such a decisive role that in many artworlds initial training is an imperfect filtering device. The attractiveness of artistic occupations is high but has to be balanced against the risk of failure and of an unsuccessful professionalization that turns ideally non-routine jobs into ordinary or ephemeral undertakings. Earnings distributions are extremely skewed. Risk has to be managed, mainly through flexibility and cost reducing means at the organizational level and through multiple job holding at the individual level. Job rationing and an excess supply of artists seem to be structural traits associated with the emergence and the expansion of a free market organization of the arts. Reviewing research done not only by sociologists, but also by economists, histo.
Vehicle control by computer vision

A method is described for guiding an autonomous vehicle along roadways based on visual signals. The vehicle follows a white guideline on a flat road sensed by a computer-controlled display (CCD) camera. The camera, mounted behind the windscreen of the vehicle, looks forward and down, detecting an area between 5 and 25 m ahead. An image processor (based on Transputers T800) scans the image for the borderline of the road. The line coordinates detected by the image processor are transmitted via transputer links to another transputer network. The implemented algorithm uses geometric coordinate-transformation and a dynamical model (Kalman filter) to identify the road curvature ahead and the relative position of the vehicle on the road. The reference angle for the electrical steering servo is computed from the lateral deviation, the yaw-angle deviation, the road-curvature, and the velocity of the vehicle. Altogether, it takes about 70 ms per image for recognition and control. Results for an experimental system are reported. >
Time course of the neural processing of spoken derived words: an event-related potential study

Event-related potentials were recorded to examine the time course of the neural processing of spoken (i) existing derived words, (ii) morphologically legal, and (iii) illegal pseudowords in the Finnish language. The stimuli were matched by (complex) uniqueness/deviation points and event-related potentials were time-locked to stimulus onset and suffix onset. Illegal pseudowords elicited a larger negativity than existing words approximately 300 ms after suffix onset, suggesting a difficulty to semantically integrate morphemes. The magnitude of the negativity effect was similar for legal pseudowords and existing words, reflecting successful licensing and integration of morphemes for legal pseudowords. The results suggest parallel full-form and morpheme-based processing of spoken derived stimuli and emphasize the role of semantic interpretability in morphological parsing.
Locally repairable codes with multiple (ri, δi)-localities

In distributed storage systems, locally repairable codes (LRCs) are introduced to realize low disk I/O and repair cost. In order to tolerate multiple node failures, the LRCs with (r, δ)-localitty are further proposed. Since hot data is not uncommon in a distributed storage system, both Zeh et al. and Kadhe et al. focus on the LRCs with multiple localities or unequal localities (ML-LRCs) recently, which said that the localities among the code symbols can be different. ML-LRCs are attractive and useful in reducing repair cost for hot data. In this paper, we generalize the ML-LRCs to the (r, δ)-locality case of multiple node failures, and define an LRC with multiple (r<inf>i</inf>, δ<inf>i</inf>)<inf>i ∊ [s]</inf> localities (s > 2), where r<inf>1</inf> < r<inf>2</inf> < ··· < r<inf>s</inf>. Such codes ensure that some hot data could be repaired more quickly and have better failure-tolerance in certain cases because of relatively smaller r<inf>i</inf> and larger δ<inf>ι</inf>. Then, we derive a Singleton-like upper bound on the minimum distance for the proposed LRCs by employing the regenerating-set technique. Finally, we obtain a class of explicit and structured constructions of optimal ML-LRCs, and further extend them to the cases of multiple (r<inf>i</inf>, δ<inf>i</inf>)<inf>i ∊ [s]</inf> localities.