Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Topographical effects of D1-like dopamine receptor agonists on orofacial movements in mice and their differential regulation via oppositional versus synergistic D1-like: D2-like interactions: cautionary observations on SK&F 82958 as an anomalous agent

Using a novel procedure, the regulation of individual topographies of orofacial movement in the mouse by oppositional versus cooperative/synergistic D1-like: D2-like dopamine receptor interactions was studied. The D1-like agonists SK&F 38393 and SK&F 83959 each induced vertical, but not horizontal, jaw movements, together with tongue protrusions and incisor chattering; however, SK&F 82958 induced a different profile which, consistent with other neurochemical and neurophysiological studies, suggests that this agent shows anomalous properties relative to other D1-like agonists. When given alone, the D2-like agonist quinpirole reduced horizontal jaw movements and incisor chattering. On coadministration, both SK&F 38393- and SK&F 83959-induced vertical jaw movements and tongue protrusions were inhibited by quinpirole, while SK&F 82958 again showed an anomalous profile. These findings indicate that, in the mouse, vertical jaw movements and tongue protrusions are regulated by oppositional D1-like: D2-like interactions, and appear to involve a D1-like receptor that is not coupled to adenylyl cyclase, whereas horizontal jaw movements are inhibited by D2-like receptors. Additionally, results obtained using SK&F 82958 as a probe for D1-like mechanisms should be treated with considerable caution until they are confirmed using other D1-like agonists.
Experimental Infections of Dogs with Type C Influenza Virus

A study was performed to determine if type C influenza infection could be established in dogs as a model for human cases. Mongrel dogs were infected with the Ann Arbor/1/50 strain of type C influenza virus and were examined for clinical symptoms, virus isolation and antibody response. After the first exposure to the virus, all infected animals developed nasal discharge and some of them also showed swelling of the eyelids, and suffusion of the eyes with tears and eye mucus, within 1 to 4 days. The animals showed an increase in hemagglutination‐inhibiting (HI) serum antibody, and recovery of the agent from the nasal swabs was successful. The symptoms lasted for as long as 10 days in most infected dogs, which was comparable to our human cases reported previously (Katagiri, S., Ohizumi, A., and Homma, M. 1983. J. Infect. Dis. 48: 51–56). After the second and third virus exposures at intervals of 50 days, all animals developed the same symptoms as those described above and the rise in antibody titer was evident. The virus could be recovered from four of the six dogs 2 to 5 days after the second exposure and from one dog as late as 10 days after the third exposure. Increases in antibody titer in the IgM fraction were observed after every infection. In control dogs which were mock‐infected with UV‐inactivated virus, no symptoms were evident and recovery of the virus was not successful although an increase in HI serum antibody titer was seen. These results show that mongrel dogs are sensitive to type C influenza virus and that repeated infections characteristic of human influenza C can be experimentally produced in dogs.
Measuring the Limit of Semantic Divergence for English Tweets.

In human language, an expression could be conveyed in many ways by different people. Even that the same person may express same sentence quite differently when addressing different audiences, using different modalities, or using different syntactic variations or may use different set of vocabulary. The possibility of such endless surface form of text while the meaning of the text remains almost same, poses many challenges for Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems like question-answering system, machine translation system and text summarization. This research paper is an endeavor to understand the characteristic of such endless semantic divergence. In this research work we develop a corpus of 1525 semantic divergent sentences for 200 English tweets.
Identification of Strong Edges in AMP Chain Graphs

The essential graph is a distinguished member of a Markov equivalence class of AMP chain graphs. However, the directed edges in the essential graph are not necessarily strong or invariant, i.e. they may not be shared by every member of the equivalence class. Likewise for the undirected edges. In this paper, we develop a procedure for identifying which edges in an essential graph are strong. We also show how this makes it possible to bound some causal effects when the true chain graph is unknown.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell microchimerism in Turkish female patients with systemic sclerosis

ObjectivesTo investigate microchimerism (Mc) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) taken from female patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and healthy females. We also intended to research the association between Mc and the clinical subsets.MethodsThis study included 50 females with lcSSc, 30 females with dcSSc and 40 healthy females. The Y-chromosome sequences were studied by RT-PCR in DNA obtained from PBMC.ResultsMc was found in 28 (35 %) patients and 8 (20 %) healthy controls as well as in 6 dcSSc patients with son(s) (27.3 %), 10 lcSSc patients with son(s) (32.3 %) and 7 control females with son(s) (18.9 %) (p > 0.05). Mc was detected in 6 nulliparous lcSSc patients (31.6 %) and in 1 nulliparous dcSSc patient (11.1 %) (p > 0.05). The mean time elapsed between the first pregnancy and the diagnosis of SSc was 3.5 (0–49) years in the Mc-positive patients and 14 (0–55) years in the negative patients (p = 0.020). The mean modified Rodnan skin scores (ModRSS) of the patients with and without Mc was 10 (4–24) and 13 (4–26), respectively (p = 0.038). The relationship between Mc and the system involvement, disease severity, autoantibody profile, number of children and age of children was not found.ConclusionsVarious etiological factors rather than just one play a role in the development of scleroderma. Mc is thought to be one factor that shortens the elapsed time of disease development in SSc. Mc is inversely related to the ModRSS, and no association was detected between Mc and autoantibodies or the clinical subsets.
Segmenting the Netherlands' pleasure travel markets by expenditures

This paper provides a profile of Dutch outbound travellers by the volume of expenditure segments including light, medium and heavy spenders. Significant differences are found among the spender categories in the descriptive variables which include sociodemographics, travel characteristics, travel philosophies, participated travel activites, and travel benefits sought. Based on the results, suggestions are given on targeting different spender groups for international travel marketers.
Cigarette and Tobacco Consumption: Have Anti-Smoking Policies Made a Difference?

The consumption of cigarette and tobacco products in Australia is modelled using the rational addiction theory of Becker and Murphy. The model incorporates information on advertising by cigarette and tobacco producers and by anti-smoking organisations, measures of anti-smoking policies such as advertising prohibitions and workplace bans, and demographic factors. Our result show that the Becker-Murphy model works well.
Evidence on the Tradeoff Between Real Manipulation and Accrual Manipulation

I study whether managers use real and accrual manipulations as substitutes in managing earnings, and I study the order that managers make these decisions. I find that managers determine real manipulation before accrual manipulation. Based on this result, I use an empirical model that captures the sequentiality of real and accrual manipulations to test the tradeoffs between the two. The results of the broad sample tests are consistent with managers using real and accrual manipulations as substitutes. In a small sample test examining firms subject to securities class action lawsuits, I examine whether real and accrual manipulations change over time with changes in litigation risk. Consistent with managers using real and accrual manipulations as substitutes, I find that managers switch from accrual manipulation to real manipulation after lawsuit filings.
Injuries in women’s professional soccer

Objective: The injury data from the first two seasons of the Women’s United Soccer Association (WUSA) were analysed to determine the injury incidence, anatomic location of injuries, and relation of player position. Methods: Injury data on 202 players from eight teams during the first two seasons of the WUSA were prospectively collected and analysed. Results: A total of 173 injuries occurred in 110 players with an overall injury incidence rate of 1.93 injuries per 1000 player hours. The incidence of injury during practice and games was 1.17 and 12.63 per 1000 player hours, respectively. Of the injuries 82% were acute and 16% were chronic. Most of the injuries (60%) were located in the lower extremities. Strains (30.7%), sprains (19.1%), contusions (16.2%), and fractures (11.6%) were the most common diagnoses and the knee (31.8%) and head (10.9%) were the most common sites of injury. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries accounted for 4.6% of all injuries and the incidence of ACL tears was 0.09 per 1000 player hours (practice 0.04, game 0.90). Midfielders suffered the most injuries (p<0.007). Conclusion: We conclude that the injury incidence in the WUSA is lower than the 6.2 injuries per 1000 player hours found in the corresponding male professional league (Major League Soccer); however, knee injuries predominate even in these elite female athletes.
Simulation of the gasdynamic and electromagnetic processes in low voltage switching arcs

The switching arc in a low voltage circuit breaker is a very complex phenomenon, which is determined by the interaction between heat conduction, gas flow, current flow, and magnetic forces. A realistic simulation of the switching arc must consider all these effects. In this paper a three-dimensional simulation model is described, which is based on the differential equations for the mass, momentum, and heat balance. Furthermore, it contains a differential equation for the calculation of the current flow and the resulting magnetic field. This set of equations is solved by the finite volume method. First results are presented, which show the shape of the arc and the gas flow while the arc is moving between rail electrodes in a simple arc chamber.
Potential Demand for Drought Insurance in Burkina Faso and its Determinants

The objectives of this paper are twofold: (a) to estimate demand for formal drought insurance using farm household data in Burkina Faso and (b) to find what determines insurance demand. The following findings are salient. First, effective demand is found in all zones, which implies inadequacies in households' current self-insurance strategies. Second, there is much heterogeneity in the strategies to self-insure even within zones. Third, the expectation of public food aid decreases demand for drought insurance, which suggests that food aid is causing moral hazard. Fourth, households with large livestock holdings can reduce the size of herd by substituting drought insurance for livestock holdings. Copyright 1997, Oxford University Press.
Application of Marxist Economic Thought by the Government of Nepal after 2006

This paper aims to discuss the application of Marxist Economic thought by the government of Nepal after the second popular movement of 2006. The paper is based on documents published by the government, publication from National Planning Commission. The paper finds that most of the policies and programs adopted by Nepal Government after 2006 are influenced by Marxist Economic Thought. Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 11 & 12 No. 1-2 (2010) Combined Issue Page: 21-32 Uploaded date: 10 April, 2012
Assessing the labor supply and demand missmatch by skills in the Uruguay labor market

This article examines the mismatch between labor supply and demand for educational qualificationsin the Uruguayan labor market during 2000-2009. It attempts to measure the phenomenonof under-qualification and overqualification by occupation type based on educational requirementfor each occupation. Following the previous literature, the empirical work concentrates onthe determinants of over-education and its impact on wages.
Salvianolic acid B attenuates cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in vitro in LPS‐treated human aortic smooth muscle cells and in vivo in the apolipoprotein‐E‐deficient mouse aorta

Inflammation plays an essential role in atherosclerosis and post‐angioplasty restenosis and the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines from vascular smooth muscle cells is an important contributor to these pathologies. It is assumed that drugs that prevent the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines may inhibit cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, the effects of a water‐soluble antioxidant, salvianolic acid B (Sal B), derived from a Chinese herb, on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and in the aortas of cholesterol‐fed apoE deficient mice were investigated. In unstimulated HASMCs, COX‐2 mRNA and protein were almost undetectable, but were strongly upregulated in response to LPS. In contrast, HASMCs with or without LPS treatment showed constitutive expression of COX‐1 mRNA and protein. The activation of COX‐2 protein synthesis in LPS‐stimulated HASMCs was shown to involve the activation of the extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. Incubation of HASMCs with Sal B before LPS stimulation resulted in pronounced downregulation of COX‐2 expression. Sal B treatment suppressed ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and attenuated the increase in prostaglandin E2 production and NADPH oxidase activity in LPS‐treated HASMCs. When apoE‐deficient mice were fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet with or without supplementation with 0.3% Sal B for 12 weeks, the intima/media area ratio in the thoracic aortas was significantly reduced in the Sal B group (0.010 ± 0.009%) compared to the apoE‐deficient group (0.114 ± 0.043%) and there was a significant reduction in COX‐2 protein expression in the thickened intima. These results demonstrate that Sal B has anti‐inflammatory properties and may explain its anti‐atherosclerotic properties. This new mechanism of action of Sal B, in addition to its previously reported inhibition of LDL oxidation, may help explain its efficacy in the treatment of atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 618–631, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supply-Driven Input-Output Multipliers

The paper raises and discusses issues related to the derivation, behaviour and characteristics of input‐output multipliers where the exogenous changes are not assumed in elements of final demand but in total outputs of sectors and commodities. These multipliers are more appropriate for use in impact analysis of policies which influence farm outputs, than the traditional final demand multipliers. The paper estimates also such “supply‐driven” multipliers for 16 farm commodities of US agriculture. The empirical analysis shows that despite the variability in the multipliers' values, two rather solid groups of commodities which feel the strongest impacts of different crop and livestock output changes respectively, can be found. Several commodities are common to both groups, verifying also the significance of some indirect linkages between farm and non‐farm commodities. However, the final demand sectors absorb the largest part of the initial exogenous change itself.
Assessment of the Bulk Current Injection test procedure based on the substitution method

In this work, the Bulk Current Injection (BCI) test procedure based on the substitution method is simulated with the objective to quantify the differences between the RF current level theoretically and actually injected into the equipment under test (EUT). Standard injection profiles are considered, and a virtual procedure for calibration is exploited to retrieve the forward power required for the test. It is shown that the difference between expected and actually injected RF current levels is significantly influenced by both EUT (input impedance and balancing) and setup characteristics (e.g., length of the cable harness). Additionally, comparison of theoretical power levels with those measured during real calibration of the injection device allowed for excluding the occurrence of non-linear effects due to probe saturation.
East African climate: 1880–1980

The paper attempts to scan the East African climate during the period 1880–1980 to find any evidence for climatic change. Four indicators of climatic change were investigated: atmospheric temperature, rainfall, mountain glaciers and lake level fluctuations. Available evidence tends to indicate that there is no conclusive evidence that the East African climate has changed over the last century. What can be observed are short‐term climatic fluctuations without long‐term trends.
CORRELATION BETWEEN INDIAN & US STOCK MARKET RETURNS-BEFORE AND DURING THE SUBPRIME CRISIS

Global financial situation was triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, which became apparent from mid-2007. Financial crises are characterized by the sudden and simultaneous materialization of risks that, during normal times, seemed independent. This paper examines the structure of linkages and causal relationship between the selected developed country U.S., and selected developing country India during financial crisis. The leading indices of these stock markets are used as proxies of the market. The period of analysis is being divided into two sample period; the pre-crisis period spans from April 2005 – June 2007 during the crisis period spans from July 2007 – March 2012. This study develops a framework for assessing interdependence and contagion of return shocks for partially-overlapping and non-overlapping markets. The results show that all the stock markets under study are co integrated in pre-crisis, during crisis and post crisis period. However, increasing causalities are recorded among stock markets in the crisis period as compared to pre- and post-crisis period. The interdependence is driven more by U.S. shocks, whereas contagion is driven more by emerging market shocks in India. There is interdependence and contagion between the U.S. and frontier markets, although small, driven primarily by U.S. shocks. U.S. shocks affect frontier markets more during crisis than in stable times.
Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout: Who Votes? 1984

While Wolfinger and Rosenstone's (1980) analysis of turnout in presidential elections focused on individual demographic characteristics, several scholars (Patterson and Caldeira 1983; Cox and Munger 1989) have emphasized the importance of state-level systemic variables (e.g., per capita income, party competition, and campaign spending) in predicting turnout. This paper addresses three main questions. First, are individual demographic characteristics as influential in predicting turnout in 1984 as Wolfinger and Rosenstone found they were in 1972? Second, do individual characteristics lessen in importance when systemic factors are controlled for? And, third, to what extent does the effect of individual characteristics vary across different regions? Data on individual demographic characteristics are taken from the Census Bureau's November 1984 Current Population Survey and merged with systemic data. We find that race and sex have become much stronger predictors of turnout than they were in 1972, though education is still the primary determinant of voting. These relationships hold even when systemic variables are included in the turnout model.
Programmed to Fail? Development Projects and the Politics of Participation

The Eastern India Rainfed Farming Project is in many respects a model development project. A joint venture of the governments of India and the UK, the EIRFP has been successful in improving farm-based livelihoods in Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal. But the Project might yet be considered a failure. It has not persuaded the poorest villagers in Jharkhand (our study area) to join or manage the self-help groups that are called for by the Project's Logical Framework. We show why this has been the case, and why such an outcome was entirely predictable. Development projects cannot be expected to change local systems of politics or stratification. But this does not mean that the EIRFP is a failure. It means that a development project will be destined to 'fail' when it is judged against unrealistic assumptions about the possibilities and merits of 'participation'.
The Evolution of Technology Licensing Management: Identifying Five Strategic Approaches

Besides applying technology in new products inside the organization, industrial firms may actively license technology to external partners. There is anecdotal evidence that firms have increasingly licensed technology in recent years in order to achieve monetary and non-monetary benefits. However, prior research into the evolution of licensing activities and into the management of these activities is relatively limited. Therefore, we rely on an exploratory research design and collect unique data by means of 57 interviews in 25 industrial firms over a 5-year period. On this basis, we identify five different strategic approaches to licensing management. In addition, we examine the relationship between the firms' licensing management and licensing activity. Finally, we analyze the development of the firms' licensing management over the 5-year period. The results considerably deepen our understanding of licensing management, and they provide new insights into interfirm differences in the success of active licensing programs. The findings have major implications for research into technology licensing, knowledge exploitation, open innovation, and markets for technology.
Characterization of Nano-Sized SrTi/sub 1/spl plusmn/X/O/sub 3-/spl delta// Metal Oxide Semiconducting Oxygen Gas Sensors for Near Human-Body Temperature Application

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results show that nano-sized SrTi1plusmnxO3-delta material series (27 nm) with perovskite structure can be synthesized using the high-energy ball milling technique. The thick-film screen printed nano-sized SrTi1plusmnxO3-delta-based sensor series with annealing temperature of 400 degC are found to have good oxygen sensing property at near-human body temperature for the first time for such a low temperature. The effect of the deviating stoichiometry of the nano-sized SrTi1plusmnxO3-delta-based sensors on their sensing properties was also investigated. The optimal relative resistance (Rnitrogen/R20% oxygen) value of 6.35 was obtained by nano-sized SrTi1plusmnxO3-delta-based sensor at 40 degC operating temperature. Their near-human body operating temperature is much lower than that of the conventional low temperature semiconducting oxygen gas sensors (300-500 degC) and SrTiO3 oxygen sensors (<700 degC). This can extend the application of the semiconducting oxygen gas sensors from the conventional high and medium temperature to the lower operating temperature areas such as the medical, environmental and domestic fields etc
Governance change and its impact on board decision-making

This study analysed how a new Korean Government regulation influenced the public enterprise board's structures, processes, and decision-making. Furthermore, this research examines factors influencing board's decision-making. To undertake these board studies, meeting minutes which had been recorded in stenographic form were used. The analyses demonstrated that the number of directors increased after enacting the regulation, especially the percentage of outside directors, as did the annual number of board meetings. However, board meeting attendance rate and the number of decisions with amendment did not change. The number of agenda items, both reporting and decision-making types increased.