Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Oral to Moral

bulk of the sample is not visible in most STM images and is thus typically neglected in the analysis of STM experiments. The situation changes dramatically when a point defect is incorporated under the surface. Such a defect can scatter the electron waves emanating from the tunneling tip. The reflected wave can interfere with the incoming wave, giving rise to a standing-wave pattern that can be seen at the surface. For the case of a spherical Fermi surface, the amplitude of the scattered electron wave decays rapidly, and only a very weak interference pattern can be expected on the surface (see the figure, panel D). Weismann et al. see a dramatic increase of this interference pattern at the surface for Co atoms buried several layers underneath (see the figure, panel E), and argue that this can be understood from the shape of the Fermi surface: Along certain spatial directions, the amplitude of the scattered wave decays very slowly (arrows in panel B; see supplementary movies S1 and S2). In essence, the electrons are scattered along beams of electron waves, a phenomenon referred to as electron focusing. When these beams intersect the surface of the material, a strong and characteristically shaped interference pattern is observed. This interference pattern reflects information about the propagation of electrons through the bulk of the material—and hence on the shape of the Fermi surface—and the strength and type of scattering potential below the surface. Weismann et al. show that these interference patterns can be accurately calculated by incorporating a very large number of atoms in the sample. The observation of electron interference patterns on surfaces with STM goes back to the beautiful standing-wave patterns of electrons confined to the inside of a quantum corral on copper (4). More recently, the wave nature of electrons in two-dimensional electron gases at surfaces has been used to perform electron holography (5) and to study the electron propagation in high-temperature superconductors (6). In the latter case, one can deduce a plethora of spatially resolved information on the electron behavior in such partially disordered systems with complex electron-electron interactions. Weismann et al. also use their calculational approach to highlight a wide range of exciting future experiments. They discuss the fact that electrons of different spin character in magnetic materials generally have differing Fermi surfaces. This should enable the observation of separate interference patterns for injecting minority spin versus majority spin electrons (see the figure, panel F). The technique may also be used to study buried interfaces with high spatial resolution. The system used in the present study is a prototypical Kondo system—a single magnetic impurity in a sea of electrons—and one should be able to obtain deeper insights into electron scattering above and below its characteristic magnetic transition temperature. Interpreted correctly, one can therefore judge a book by its cover.
Airborne SAR Tomographic Ice Sheet Sounding

A new tomographic ice sounding method is introduced to provide airborne swath measurements of ice sheet thickness and basal scattering properties. Two major challenges have been solved: left-right signal separation; and surface clutter rejection. The new technique was demonstrated using data we collected in 2006 and 2008 from a VHF-band, multiple phase-center radar system flown in Greenland. For the first time we were able to “see” radar images of the base of the ice sheet.
Prognostic importance of measuring early clearance of leukemic cells by flow cytometry in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Early clearance of leukemic cells is a favorable prognostic indicator in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, identification of residual leukemic cells by their morphologic features is subjective and lacks sensitivity. To improve estimates of leukemia clearance, we applied flow cytometric techniques capable of detecting 1 leukemic cell in 10,000 or more normal cells and prospectively measured residual leukemia in bone marrow samples collected on day 19 of remission-induction chemotherapy from 248 children with newly diagnosed ALL. In 134 samples (54.0%), we identified at least 0.01% leukemic cells (0.01%-< 0.1% in 51 samples [20.6%], 0.1%-< 1% in 36 [14.5%], and > or = 1% in 47 [19.0%]). Among 110 children treated within a single chemotherapy program, the 5-year mean +/- SE cumulative incidence of relapse or failure to achieve remission was 32.2% +/- 6.5% for the 59 patients with 0.01% residual leukemic cells or greater on day 19 and 6.0% +/- 3.4% for the 51 patients with less than 0.01% leukemic cells (P <.001). The prognostic value of day-19 bone marrow status defined by flow cytometry was superior to that defined by morphologic studies and remained significant after adjustment for other clinical and biologic variables. Lack of detectable leukemic cells on day 19 was more closely associated with relapse-free survival than was lack of detectable residual disease at the end of remission induction (day 46). Thus, approximately half of the children with ALL achieve profound clearance of leukemic cells after 2 to 3 weeks of remission-induction chemotherapy, and these patients have an excellent treatment outcome.
New Therapies for Dedifferentiated Papillary Thyroid Cancer

The number of thyroid cancers is increasing. Standard treatment usually includes primary surgery, thyroid-stimulating hormone suppressive therapy, and ablation of the thyroid remnant with radioactive iodine (RAI). Despite the generally good prognosis of thyroid carcinoma, about 5% of patients will develop metastatic disease, which fails to respond to RAI, exhibiting a more aggressive behavior. The lack of specific, effective and well-tolerated drugs, the scarcity of data about the association of multi-targeting drugs, and the limited role of radioiodine for dedifferentiated thyroid cancer, call for further efforts in the field of new drugs development. Rearranged during transfection (RET)/papillary thyroid carcinoma gene rearrangements, BRAF (B-RAF proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) gene mutations, RAS (rat sarcoma) mutations, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 angiogenesis pathways are some of the known pathways playing a crucial role in the development of thyroid cancer. Targeted novel compounds have been demonstrated to induce clinical responses and stabilization of disease. Sorafenib has been approved for differentiated thyroid cancer refractory to RAI.
A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment

More than 2,100 chemically defined organic chemicals are listed in the Research Institute of Fragrance Materials/Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (RIFM/FEMA) Database that are used as ingredients of fragrances for consumer products. An approach was developed for prioritizing these fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment by first estimating the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of these fragrance materials in the aquatic environment based upon their physicochemical properties and annual volume of use. Subsequently, an effect level was predicted with a general quantitative structure—activity relationship (QSAR) for aquatic toxicity, and a predicted no‐effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated from this effect level by using an assessment factor (AF) that accounts for uncertainty in the toxicity QSAR prediction. A conservative AF of 106 was applied to the endpoint predicted by the QSAR to provide an adequate margin of safety in the calculation of the PNEC. The PEC was compared to the PNEC to characterize the risk to freshwater aquatic organisms (e.g., Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). If the ratio of PEC to PNEC was below one, the material was considered to have negligible environmental risk and to be acceptable for the aquatic environment at current use levels. If this ratio exceeded one, the PNEC was refined by using more specific QSAR models (Ecological Structure—Activity Relationships [ECOSAR]). If the ratio continued to exceed one, the material became a candidate for further aquatic risk assessment procedures, which involve iterative steps to refine the PEC, the PNEC, or both by using measured ecotoxicological endpoints. Prioritization for this latter process can be based upon the magnitudes of the estimated PEC:PNEC ratios. When using the first tier of this approach, only 568 of 2,141 fragrance materials (26.5%) in the RIFM/FEMA Database had PEC:PNEC ratios greater than one. This percentage decreased to only 164 materials (7.7%) when PNECs were derived with ECOSAR. Comparison of predicted PECs and PNECs with those based upon measured data confirmed the conservatism and low risk for type I errors associated with the framework. These combined exercises demonstrated the ability of this highly precautionary risk‐based screening approach to quickly prioritize a large number of materials without benefit of experimental ecotoxicological or fate data.
International collaboration in science : a new dynamic for knowledge creation

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ASSESSING TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK PERCEPTION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS AND CREATING HEALTH EDUCATION TOOLS USING THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

Background: Studies (Amuta et al., 2016; Reyes-Velazquez et al., 2011) have shown that male and female students differ in health behaviors and have low perceptions of type 2 diabetes (T2D), although illness prevalence is rising within this age group (CDC, 2017). Objective: To understand MTSU students’ view of T2D and to provide relevant health education tools to students. Questions: This project asked, ‘Are any specific health behaviors associated with low risk perceptions of T2D? ’ and ‘Does college students’ responsiveness to gender-based health education tools differ by gender? ’. Methodology: a) illustrating eight gender-based health education tools and b) administering an electronic survey. Results: Fast food intake was significantly associated with low risk perceptions of T2D. Posters 5-8 found significance in responses among male and female students. Conclusion: MTSU students have relatively low health behavior and risk perceptions of T2D. Results should be used to target specific genders and their health behaviors.
Linear-Regression Model Based Wavelet Filter Evaluation for Image Compression

In current wavelet-based still image compression, the choice of wavelet filter is of great importance, and many issues relating to it remain unresolved. This paper presents a method on linear-regression model based wavelet filter evaluation for image compression. This method analyses several factors (including image’s brightness, image’s contrast, filter’s ability to concentrate energy, and entropy distribution on bit-plane of wavelet transform coefficients), and evaluates wavelet filters by predicting the quality of restored images. In this way, it provides an accurate and objective way to evaluate wavelet filter for image compression without encoding or decoding, and has certain significance on the study of evaluation and choice of wavelet filters.
Bargaining Power and the Impact of Gender Differences - An Experimental Investigation on Retailer-Manufacturer Bargaining

One of the recurring topics in retailing is the power shift in the supply channel toward the retailers. Several studies focus on the reasons for the power shift rather than highlighting the consequences for the retailer-manufacturer relationship. Despite a considerable amount of literature about gender, the intersection of power and gender is seldom challenged. In this paper, we combine both research fields and analyze the force of gender differences and bargaining power on the success in the domain of retailer-manufacturer negotiations.In our experiment, which is a modified version of Gupta’s (1989) negotiation task with 72 negotiators, we consider the issue authority as a proxy of bargaining power. Differences in issue authority allocation turn out to have a significant impact on negotiation success. In scenarios with substantial differences in bargaining power, particularly female and mixed dyads failed to achieve a mutually satisfactory result.We learn that an increase in issue authority for one of the two parties does not necessarily lead to an increase in negotiation efficiency. Female negotiators rely on their bargaining power, rather than systematically improving mutual utilities whereas masculine dyads negotiate on a consistently higher, but still inefficient level. In the light of these differences, we argue that bargaining power in commercial negotiations does not compensate for insufficient negotiation skills or efforts. On the contrary, unbalanced bargaining power decreases the likelihood of success.
Minimally Invasive Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Description A variety of minimally invasive/minimal access procedures are being investigated to perform interbody fusion, with the intent of limiting iatrogenic damage to muscular, ligamentous, neural, and vascular structures. Minimally invasive techniques are being studied for anterior lumbar fusion (ALIF), posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), lateral interbody fusion (e.g., Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion [XLIF] or Direct Lateral Interbody Fusion [DLIF]), and para-axial interbody fusion (AxiaLIF). Interbody fusion of the lumbar spine can be approached from an anterior, lateral, or posterior direction. (1) Anterior or posterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF/PLIF) are traditionally performed with an open approach (long incision with wide retraction of the musculature), but can also be performed through minimally invasive/minimal access procedures. Procedures described as minimally invasive range from percutaneous techniques to minimal open access approaches that decrease the size of the incision and reduce muscle retraction. For example, minimally invasive/minimal access PLIF uses tubular retractors (e.g., METRxTM, LuxorTM) to allow access and open visualization of the surgical area. (PLIF is differentiated from instrumented or noninstrumented posterolateral intertransverse fusion, which fuses the transverse processes alone). Additional minimally invasive approaches that use specialized retractors are lateral transpsoas interbody fusion (LTIF), lateral interbody fusion (e.g., XLIF, DLIF), and transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF). An axial approach (AxiaLIF), which is performed perpendicular to the long axis of the spine with access through the sacrum, is also being investigated. Interbody fusion surgeries may also include decompression of the spinal canal, use of interbody cages, bone grafts and osteoinductive agents (e.g., recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein), and insertion of pedicle screws and rods to increase stability of the spine. Minimally invasive procedures may include percutaneous placement of pedicle screws and rods and/or use of bone morphogenetic protein in place of autograft bone harvested from the iliac crest. Open and Minimally Invasive (MI) Approaches to Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LIF) Procedure Access Approach Visualization
Risks Associated with High-Dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus in an Escherichia coli Model of Piglet Diarrhoea: Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Imbalances

Probiotic could be a promising alternative to antibiotics for the prevention of enteric infections; however, further information on the dose effects is required. In this study, weanling piglets were orally administered low- or high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus ACTT 7469 (1010 CFU/d or 1012 CFU/d) for 1 week before F4 (K88)-positive Escherichia coli challenge. The compositions of faecal and gastrointestinal microbiota were recorded; gene expression in the intestines was assessed by real-time PCR; serum tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and intestinal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were detected by ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Unexpectedly, high-dose administration increased the incidence of diarrhoea before F4+ETEC challenge, despite the fact that both doses ameliorated F4+ETEC-induced diarrhoea with increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts accompanied by reduced coliform shedding in faeces. Interestingly, L. rhamnosus administration reduced Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts in the colonic contents, and the high-dose piglets also had lower Lactobacillius and Bacteroides counts in the ileal contents. An increase in the concentration of serum TNF-α induced by F4+ETEC was observed, but the increase was delayed by L. rhamnosus. In piglets exposed to F4+ETEC, jejunal TLR4 expression increased at the mRNA and protein levels, while jejunal interleukin (IL)-8 and ileal porcine β-defensins 2 (pBD2) mRNA expression increased; however, these increases were attenuated by administration of L. rhamnosus. Notably, expression of jejunal TLR2, ileal TLR9, Nod-like receptor NOD1 and TNF-α mRNA was upregulated in the low-dose piglets after F4+ETEC challenge, but not in the high-dose piglets. These findings indicate that pretreatment with a low dose of L. rhamnosus might be more effective than a high dose at ameliorating diarrhoea. There is a risk that high-dose L. rhamnosus pretreatment may negate the preventative effects, thus decreasing the prophylactic benefits against potential enteric pathogens. Our data suggest a safe threshold for preventative use of probiotics in clinical practice.
Identification of Balance Deficits in People with Parkinson Disease; is the Sensory Organization Test Enough?

Background and Purpose Balance deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease can affect any of the multiple systems encompassing balance control. Thus, identification of the specific deficit is crucial in customizing balance rehabilitation. The sensory organization test, a test of sensory integration for balance control, is sometimes used in isolation to identify balance deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease. More recently, the Mini-Balance Evaluations Systems Test, a clinical scale that tests multiple domains of balance control, has begun to be used to assess balance in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The purpose of our study was to compare the use of Sensory Organization Test and Mini-Balance Evaluations Systems Test in identifying balance deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease. Methods 45 participants (27M, 18F; 65.2 ± 8.2 years) with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease participated in the cross-sectional study. Balance assessment was performed using the Sensory Organization Test and the Mini-Balance Evaluations Systems Test. People were classified into normal and abnormal balance based on the established cutoff scores (normal balance: Sensory Organization Test >69; Mini-Balance Evaluations Systems Test >73). Results More subjects were classified as having abnormal balance with the Mini-Balance Evaluations Systems Test (71% abnormal) than with the Sensory Organization Test (24% abnormal) in our cohort of people with Parkinson’s disease. There were no subjects with a normal Mini-Balance Evaluations Systems Test score but abnormal Sensory Organization Test score. In contrast, there were 21 subjects who had an abnormal Mini-Balance Evaluations Systems Test score but normal Sensory Organization Test scores. Discussion and Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that investigation of sensory integration deficits, alone, may not be able to identify all types of balance deficits found in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Thus, a comprehensive approach should be used to test of multiple balance systems to provide customized rehabilitation.
Extracting Classical Correlations from a Bipartite Quantum System

In this paper, we discuss the problem of splitting of the total correlations for a bipartite quantum state described by the Von Neumann mutual information into classical and quantum parts. We propose a measure of the classical correlations as the difference between the Von Neumann mutual information and the relative entropy of entanglement. We compare this measure with different measures proposed in the literature.
On the Synthesis of Distributed SynchronousProcesses ?

We propose an architecture for distributed control systems of synchronous components. The architecture is based on blackboards as an abstraction of shared memory. We propose to synthesise global control from indepently developed components using the blackboard architecture. An implementation of the architecture is sketched using the synchronous object-oriented language sE. A tentative strategy for formally proving properties of such distributed control systems is proposed.
On estimating the determinants of yearling thoroughbred prices

Using information for 3,562 thoroughbreds listed in Keeneland's 2011 September yearling sale, hedonic pricing models were estimated using both ordinary least squares regression and a Heckman selection model to test the adverse selection hypothesis that vertically integrated sellers whom breed and race are penalised with bid shading relative to sellers whom only breed, ceteris paribus. Though the null hypothesis of no adverse selection was not rejected in the standard regression model, when taking into account censoring due to sellers withdrawing listed yearlings prior to the auction the null hypothesis was rejected. However, the impact of adverse selection was greatly attenuated by bid shading associated with the reputation effect of sellers, both those whom are vertically integrated and those whom just breed horses, willing to accept final bids less than the stud fee further lessening the winner's curse in the auction. This seller type is new to the literature and as such is a key innovation of this research. The models controlled for other observable characteristics of the yearlings as well as those of the seller and the design of the auction.
Facial Feature Extraction on Fiducial Points and Used in Face Recognition

One of the main issues of face recognition is to decide what features to represent a face. In this paper, we present a new algorithm that extracts facial features on some fiducial points. 17 fiducial points are automatically located by Active Appearance Models (AAMs) and characterized with Gabor wavelet analysis. The features are evaluated by a face database, which includes more than 400 images of 40 persons. Experimental results show the algorithm is effective and robust under some conditions.
Improving TCP/IP performance over wireless networks

TCP is a reliable transport protocol tuned to perform well intraditional networks made up of links with low bit-error rates.Networks with higher bit-error rates, such as those with wirelesslinks and mobile hosts, violate many of the assumptions made byTCP, causing degraded end-to-end performance. In tbis paper, wedescribe the design and implementation of a simple protocol, calledthe snoop protocol, that improves TCP performance in wirelessnetworks. The protocol modifies network-layer software mainly at abase station and preserves end-to-end TCP semantics. The main ideaof the protocol is to cache packets at the base station and performlocal retransmissions across the wireless link. We have implementedthe snoop protocol on a wireless testbed consisting of IBM ThinkPadlaptops and i486 base stations communicating over an AT&TWavelan. Our experiments show that it is significantly more robustat dealing with unreliable wireless links as compared to normalTCP; we have achieved throughput speedups of up to 20 times overregular TCP in our experiments with the protocol.