Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture.

Almost everyone who has a limb amputated will experience a phantom limb--the vivid impression that the limb is not only still present, but in some cases, painful. There is now a wealth of empirical evidence demonstrating changes in cortical topography in primates following deafferentation or amputation, and this review will attempt to relate these in a systematic way to the clinical phenomenology of phantom limbs. With the advent of non-invasive imaging techniques such as MEG (magnetoencephalogram) and functional MRI, topographical reorganization can also be demonstrated in humans, so that it is now possible to track perceptual changes and changes in cortical topography in individual patients. We suggest, therefore, that these patients provide a valuable opportunity not only for exploring neural plasticity in the adult human brain but also for understanding the relationship between the activity of sensory neurons and conscious experience. We conclude with a theory of phantom limbs, some striking demonstrations of phantoms induced in normal subjects, and some remarks about the relevance of these phenomena to the question of how the brain constructs a 'body image. '
Transcriptional Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Different Nitrogen Concentrations during Alcoholic Fermentation

ABSTRACT Gene expression profiles of a wine strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC4072 were monitored during alcoholic fermentations with three different nitrogen supplies: (i) control fermentation (with enough nitrogen to complete sugar fermentation), (ii) nitrogen-limiting fermentation, and (iii) the addition of nitrogen to the nitrogen-limiting fermentation (refed fermentation). Approximately 70% of the yeast transcriptome was altered in at least one of the fermentation stages studied, revealing the continuous adjustment of yeast cells to stressful conditions. Nitrogen concentration had a decisive effect on gene expression during fermentation. The largest changes in transcription profiles were observed when the early time points of the N-limiting and control fermentations were compared. Despite the high levels of glucose present in the media, the early responses of yeast cells to low nitrogen were characterized by the induction of genes involved in oxidative glucose metabolism, including a significant number of mitochondrial associated genes resembling the yeast cell response to glucose starvation. As the N-limiting fermentation progressed, a general downregulation of genes associated with catabolism was observed. Surprisingly, genes encoding ribosomal proteins and involved in ribosome biogenesis showed a slight increase during N starvation; besides, genes that comprise the RiBi regulon behaved distinctively under the different experimental conditions. Here, for the first time, the global response of nitrogen-depleted cells to nitrogen addition under enological conditions is described. An important gene expression reprogramming occurred after nitrogen addition; this reprogramming affected genes involved in glycolysis, thiamine metabolism, and energy pathways, which enabled the yeast strain to overcome the previous nitrogen starvation stress and restart alcoholic fermentation.
Neonatal Oral Imitation in Patients with Severe Brain Damage

Background Neonates reproduce facial movements in response to an adult model just after birth. This neonatal oral imitation usually disappears at about 2- to 3-months of age following the development of cortical control. There is controversy relating to the nature and neural basis of such neonatal imitation. To address this issue, we studied the relationship between oral imitation, primitive reflexes, and residual voluntary movement in patients with severe brain damage. Methods Six male and six female patients with cerebral palsy, from 4 to 39 years, were included in this study. Oral imitation was examined when they were awake and looked at the experimenter. Patients were evaluated as performing oral imitation when they opened their mouth repeatedly without visual feedback regarding their own behavior in response to the experimenter's oral movement. Tongue or lip protrusion was not examined because none of patients were able to do those behaviors due to their physical disability. Rooting and sucking reflexes were also investigated as representatives of primitive reflexes. Results Six patients (50%) performed oral imitation. Mouth opening was not observed repeatedly in response to other facial expression without opening the mouth such as surprise or smile, excluding the possibility of nonspecific oral reaction. They exhibited little voluntary movement of their extremities. Half of them also manifested at least one primitive reflex. No patients exhibiting residual voluntary movements of their extremities performed oral imitation or primitive reflexes. Conclusions Oral imitation reappears in a similar way to primitive reflexes in patients showing severely impaired cortical function and little voluntary movement of their extremities due to severe brain damage, suggesting that neonatal oral imitation is mainly controlled by the subcortical brain region.
Molecular Simulation of Ligand‐Binding with DNA: Implications for 125I‐Labeled Pharmaceutical Design

Purpose: By using computer‐assisted molecular modeling software, to assess the effects of structural modification on the interaction of 125I‐labeled iodoHoechst ligands and DNA and to design new analogs with specified distances between the Auger‐electron‐emitting 125I atom and the DNA central axis. Materials and methods: The Lamarckian genetic algorithm (AutoDock 3.0) was used to model the interaction between DNA and m‐iodo‐p‐methoxyHoechst (IMH), a ligand whose binding to the minor groove of DNA has been demonstrated (crystal structure) and which is available in the Protein Data Bank. m‐Iodo‐p‐ethoxyHoechst (IEH), a radioligand we had previously synthesized and characterized, was then docked onto DNA, the IEH–DNA complex minimized, and the binding free energy and inhibition constant (Ki) estimated and compared with those for IMH–DNA. Using the protocol, several novel iodoHoechst analogs (IH‐A and IH‐B) were designed. Finally, Insight II was used to measure the distances between the iodine atom (e.g. 125I) of these Hoechst analogs and of 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (IdUrd) and the central axis of the targeted DNA, and these values were correlated with the expected/measured DSB yield following 125I decay. Results: The docking of IMH and DNA leads to a ligand–DNA complex approximately 1 Å RMSD (root mean square deviation) from the crystal‐structure position, and the IEH–DNA complex also has a small RMSD (1.27 Å). The distances between the 125I atom and the DNA central axis are estimated as 8.61 Å for IMH, 9.20 Å for IEH and 5.7 Å for IdUrd. For the newly designed analogs, the distances from the 125I atom to the central DNA axis are 10.92 Å for IH‐A and 16.39 Å for IH‐B. Conclusion: These software programs can predict the reactivity of newly designed radiolabelled molecules with their targeted DNA molecules by molecular modeling prior to their chemical synthesis.
Coping with breast cancer in newly diagnosed Iranian women.

AIM This paper reports a study exploring how Iranian women coped with newly diagnosed breast cancer and provides a foundation for cultural-based care. BACKGROUND Although research has indicated that coping strategies are associated with adaptation to breast cancer, and despite the number of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer increasing each year, there is no information on how Iranian women cope with breast cancer when compared with women of other cultures. METHOD In this qualitative study, 19 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer were interviewed during the period May-September 2004 about coping with their disease. Interviews were analysed using a content analysis method. FINDINGS The main themes emerging from this qualitative study included coping using a religious approach (acceptance of disease as God's will; spiritual fighting), thinking about the disease (positive thinking: positive suggestion, hope, intentional forgetfulness; negative thinking: hopelessness, fear, impaired body image), accepting the fact of the disease (active acceptance; passive acceptance), social and cultural factors and finally finding support from significant others. CONCLUSION Understanding how Iranian women cope with diagnosis of breast cancer is important to nurses involved in the process of healing. The majority of strategies used by Iranian women were positive, and religious faith played a major role in this. The findings of the study can be used to design a nursing approach to improve successful coping in Iranian women suffering from breast cancer, and can provide nurses and other healthcare professionals with deeper understanding of these women as they face this diagnosis.
Revisión Effect of beta-glucans in the control of blood glucose levels of diabetic patients : a systematic review

Introduction: Functional foods have been widely utilized to reduce the symptoms of various diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Among the foods used to combat these effects are soluble fibres, mainly those rich in beta-glucans (BGs). Objective: To review the effects of beta-glucans (BGs) on glucose plasmatic levels of diabetic individuals. Design: A search was conducted using the Pubmed, Science Direct and Scielo databases using the keywords: diabetes mellitus and beta-glucan and glucose and glycaemia. As inclusion criteria, only studies on diabetic human individuals (type 1 or type 2) who consumed BGs were selected. Results and Discussion: Of the 819 initial articles retrieved, only 10 fit the inclusion criteria and were used in the study. It was observed that doses around 6.0g/person/ day, for at least 4 weeks were sufficient to provoke improvements in the blood glucose levels and also lipid parameters of individuals with DM. However, glucose levels do not reach normal levels using BG alone. Low doses of BG for at least 12 weeks were also reported to promote metabolic benefits. Conclusions: Based on previous research, it was concluded that the ingestion of BGs was efficient in decreasing glucose levels of diabetic patients. The consumption of greater doses or smaller doses for longer periods of time produced better results. (Nutr Hosp. 2015;31:170-177) DOI:10.3305/nh.2015. 31.1. 7597
FCM-Based RBF Network in Identifying Concrete Slab Surface Cracks

In this paper, we propose a novel method that automatically extracts characteristics of cracks such as length, thickness and direction, etc., from a concrete surface image with a series of image processing techniques. We use the closing morphologic operation to adjust the effect of light extending over the whole concrete surface image. After applying the high-pass filtering operation to sharpen boundaries of cracks, we classify intensity values of the image into 8 groups and remove intensity values that belong to the highest frequency group among them for the removal of background. Then, we binarize the preprocessed image. The auxiliary lines used to measure cracks of concrete surface are removed from the binarized image with position information extracted by the histogram operation. Then cracks broken by the removal of background are extended to reconstruct an original crack with the 5times5 masking operation. We remove unnecessary information by applying three types of noise removal operations successively and extract areas of cracks from the binarized image. At last, the opening morphologic operation is applied to compensate extracted cracks for measuring characteristics of cracks correctly. We also propose a method that automatically recognizes the directions (horizontal, vertical, -45 degree, 45 direction degree) of the cracks with the FCM-based RBF(radial basis function) neural network. The proposed RBF neural network applied FCM to the learning between the input layer and the middle layer and the Delta learning method to the learning between the middle layer and the output layer. Experiments using real images of concrete surface showed that the proposed method extracts cracks fairly well and measures characteristics of cracks precisely. Also, The proposed FCM-based RBF neural network was effective in recognizing the direction of the extracted cracks.
Fake malaria and hidden parasites-the ambiguity of malaria.

Lay perspectives and health-seeking behaviour for malaria were investigated in an ethnographic study carried out in a village in south-eastern Tanzania. The inhabitants have easy access to hospital services and education programmes, and as a result, biomedical knowledge on malaria is comparatively high. However, the cultural model of malaria does not always explain all the events that occur during an actual illness episode, e.g. when the disease cannot be detected at the hospital or the symptoms persist despite antimalarial treatment. Under these circumstances, the model of malaria may be complemented with the logic of witchcraft. This can lead people to consult sequentially both biomedical and traditional health services for the same illness episode. The consequences can include non-compliance with treatment or delay in seeking diagnosis or treatment. Our analysis offers elements for the understanding of aspects of the dynamics of reinterpretation and health-seeking behaviour for malaria, particularly in the phase after diagnosis and treatment at a biomedical health facility. The research is presented with an applied perspective. We propose specific recommendations that could be discussed with health promoters.
Asociación entre la concentración sérica de selenio y el perfil lipídico en una población infantil y adulta

El selenio es un elemento traza que se encuentra en el medio ambiente y que desempena funciones primordiales en el organismo humano. El selenio se encuentra en el medioambiente en la mayoria de rocas y suelos. Otras fuentes ambientales importantes de selenio son la combustion del carbon, las erupciones volcanicas y las practicas agricolas. El selenio es un elemento traza esencial porque forma parte de multiples proteinas importantes, concretamente de enzimas implicadas en mecanismos de defensa antioxidantes, en el metabolismo de hormonas tiroideas y en el control redox de reacciones intracelulares. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser un elemento esencial, la exposicion a dosis altas a traves de la inhalacion o ingestion puede producir efectos adversos en la salud. El mecanismo por el cual el selenio produce dichos efectos es desconocido, aunque se han sugerido diferentes teorias. Las principales fuentes de selenio en la poblacion general son la dieta, el agua y los suplementos alimenticios. Diversos estudios han demostrado que el deficit de selenio se asocia con un aumento de mortalidad y de riesgo de cancer. Sin embargo, otros estudios han senalado efectos adversos en poblaciones con altos niveles de selenio.
British Fertility Society Policy and Practice Committee: Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a potentially serious iatrogenic complication of supraphysiological ovarian stimulation, occurring most often in assisted conception cycles where the ovaries are stimulated to promote the development of multiple ovarian follicles and thereby increase the number of oocytes available. The incidence of moderate or severe OHSS has been reported to lie between 3.1% and 8% of IVF cycles (Delvigne & Rozenberg, 2002a). Much less commonly, OHSS may develop following ovulation induction with gonadotrophins or clomifene. A study utilising hospital discharge statistics from Finland in the period 1996 and 1998 identifi ed hospitalisation due to OHSS following 0.04% of ovulation induction cycles and 0.9% of IVF cycles (Klemetti et al., 2005). This review examines the evidence for various methods of prevention of OHSS. Awareness of the pathogenesis of OHSS underpins effective prevention – a separate review discusses pathophysiology, clinical features and management of OHSS (Tan & Mathur, 2013). In particular, the critical role of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) as the trigger for OHSS is wellrecognised. The action of HCG on ovarian granulosa cells, on a background of increased ovarian sensitivity and/or excessive ovarian response, leads to the excessive release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a variety of pro-infl ammatory cytokines, which act as effector molecules to produce the characteristic features of OHSS. Exogenous HCG is commonly used as a surrogate for luteinising hormone (LH) to achieve fi nal follicular maturation. Endogenous HCG arises from the trophoblast in cycles where conception occurs. The time of onset of OHSS refl ects the effect of hCG exposure at different stages of the treatment process and may identify two distinct clinical presentations with different predictive factors and potential for severity (Mathur et al., 2000). ‘ Early ’ OHSS occurs within 9 days of hCG administered for fi nal follicular maturation and refl ects the effect of exogenous hCG on a background of excessive ovarian response to FSH. ‘ Late ’ OHSS occurs 10 or more days after the ovulatory dose of hCG and, in the absence of luteal hCG administration, refl ects the effect of endogenous hCG from an early pregnancy. ‘ Late ’ OHSS is signifi cantly more likely to be severe than ‘ early ’ OHSS (Mathur et al., 2000).
Millimeter-wave AlGaN/GaN HEMT breakdown voltage enhancement by a recessed float field plate

We propose an innovative recessed float field plate (RFFP) structure for millimeter-wave AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The reduced peak electric field contributes to a three-terminal breakdown voltage of 122–140 V for RFFP GaN HEMTs with LGD = 1.35 μm, which is found to increase from 84 to 101 V. The current collapse characteristic is also improved significantly. No obvious increase in parasite capacitance is observed after integrating the novel RFFP, thereby maintaining the high-frequency performance of GaN HEMTs. This technique is especially attractive for HEMTs of millimeter-wave frequency and above, and has great potential for applications.
BIM adoption and implementation for architectural practices

Purpose – This paper aims to present a systematic approach for building information modelling (BIM) implementation for architectural SMEs at the organizational levelDesign/methodology/approach – The research is undertaken through a knowledge transfer partnership (KTP) project between the University of Salford and John McCall Architects (JMA) a SME based in Liverpool. The overall aim of the KTP is to develop lean design practice through BIM adoption. The BIM implementation approach uses a socio‐technical view, which does not only consider the implementation of technology but also considers the socio‐cultural environment that provides the context for its implementation. The action research oriented qualitative and quantitative research is used for discovery, comparison, and experimentation as it provides “learning by doing”. Findings – The strategic approach to BIM adoption incorporated people, process and technology equally and led to capacity building through the improvements in process, technological infr.
Assessing the contribution of the individual alpha frequency (IAF) in an EEG-based study of program comprehension

Empirical studies of programming language learnability and usability have thus far depended on indirect measures of human cognitive performance, attempting to capture what is at its essence a purely cognitive exercise through various indicators of comprehension, such as the time spent working out the meaning of code and producing acceptable solutions. We present evidence of the relative contribution of experience and the individual alpha frequency (IAF) to achieving correct performance during program comprehension tasks, specifically that more experience and higher IAF are both associated with an increased likelihood of correct task performance, with experience playing the greater part.
Strategies for improving patient safety culture in hospitals: a systematic review

Purpose To determine the effectiveness of patient safety culture strategies to improve hospital patient safety climate. Data sources Electronic search of the Cochrane Library, OVID Medline, Embase, CINAHL, proQuest and psychinfo databases, with manual searches of quality and safety websites, bibliographies of included articles and key journals. Study selection English language studies published between January 1996 and April 2011 that measured the effectiveness of patient safety culture strategies using a quantitative measure of patient safety climate in a hospital setting. Studies included were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, controlled before and after studies, interrupted time series and historically controlled studies. Data extraction Data extraction and critical appraisal were conducted by two independent reviewers. Study design, intervention, level of application, setting, study participants, safety climate outcome measures and implementation lessons were extracted from each article. Results of data synthesis Over 2000 articles were screened, with 21 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, one cluster RCT, seven controlled before and after studies, and 13 historically controlled studies. There was marked methodological heterogeneity amongst studies. Impacts of 11 different strategies were reported. There was some evidence to support that leadership walk rounds (p=0.02) and multi-faceted unit-based programmes (p < 0.05) may have a positive impact on patient safety climate. Conclusions Despite strong face validity for a variety of patient safety culture strategies, there is limited evidence to support definitive impacts on patient safety climate outcomes. Organisations are advised to consider robust evaluation designs when implementing these potentially resource intensive strategies.
Pain assessment tools for chronic lower limb wounds: A scoping review

Background Pain in chronic lower limb wounds has been identified as one of the most painful wounds and negatively impacts health-related quality of life and wound healing. In order to optimise pain management, it is necessary to accurately assess wound pain, however there is no identified reliable and valid assessment specifically for wound-related pain in the lower extremities. Objective The objective of this review was to identify how wound-related pain is assessed in people with chronic lower limb wounds. Design A scoping review of the literature was conducted. Methods A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO was undertaken of eligible studies that reported on assessment tools for pain in chronic lower limb wounds from inception 1946 to current June 2018. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, observational and qualitative studies were included. Discussion This study investigated the current assessment tools being utilised for pain in chronic lower limb wounds. Conclusion There is no validated pain assessment tool for patients with chronic lower limb wounds.