Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Optimization for the Double-Sided Ring Structure of the Collector System Planning of Large Offshore Wind Farms

High reliability double-sided ring collector systems have been applied in practice for long distance and off the coast large-capacity offshore wind farms. To reduce investment and improve reliability, it is important to optimize and evaluate the double-sided ring collector systems. In this paper, a capital cost optimization model is developed to solve the mutual coupling effects among the system structure, power flow, and short circuit current in the collector system constraints. Based on the characteristics of the offshore electrical collector systems, the optimization model is divided into the offshore substation layer, the wind turbine layer, and the submarine cable layer. The fuzzy clustering algorithm, single parent genetic algorithm, and multiple traveling salesman solution technique are integrated and applied to solve the hierarchical optimization model. Finally, the proposed model and the optimization algorithms are tested in a real, large-scale offshore wind farm. The simulation results are compared with the radial collector systems from an economics and reliability point of view. The simulation results show that the double-sided ring design will achieve more profit with higher reliability in the long run. The results can also provide a benchmark for the collector system design of large-scale offshore wind farms.
Selective expression of Gi/o‐coupled ATP receptor P2Y12 in microglia in rat brain

Extracellular nucleotides, including ATP, have been demonstrated to transmit important physiological signals in the brain through either G‐protein‐coupled P2Y receptors or P2X receptors, which are ligand‐gated ion channels. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the expression of the Gi/o‐coupled receptor P2Y12 in the brain. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that P2Y12 is expressed predominantly in the brain, and to a lesser extent in the spleen. The cellular localization of P2Y12 was investigated by in situ hybridization, and P2Y12 mRNA was detected in small cells distributed throughout the brain, including the hippocampus. Expression of P2Y12 was also observed in naive and axotomized facial nuclei, and the number of P2Y12‐expressing cells increased following facial nerve axotomy. Selective expression of P2Y12 mRNA in microglia was confirmed by double‐label in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with antibodies against NeuN and Iba1 as an immunohistochemical marker for neurons and microglia, respectively. Hardly any P2Y12 mRNA was detected in macrophages obtained from the spleen and abdominal cavity, which share many surface molecules with microglia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between gestational transient thyrotoxicosis and vitamin D.

BACKGROUND/AIM Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis (GTT) is a transient, mild hyperthyroidism that occurs early in pregnancy and is due to human chorionic gonadotropin. There is no clear information about why only some pregnant women develop GTT. Previous papers stated that vitamin D plays a role in thyroid functions. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and GTT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-three patients diagnosed with GTT at the 6th to 10th weeks of gestation were included in the study (GTT group). Thirty-five pregnant women with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels served as a control group. Vitamin D, TSH, fT3, and fT4 levels were followed during entire the pregnancy. RESULTS TSH levels had been normalized at the 20th week of gestation in all patients with GTT (mean TSH: 0.56 ± 0.2 μIU/mL). Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the GTT group than the controls (11.1 ± 7.7 and 16.5 ± 0.5 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.008). CONCLUSION Pregnant women who are diagnosed with GTT should be evaluated for possible vitamin D deficiency.
Remaking macroeconomic policy after the global financial crisis: a balance-sheet approach

This paper describes the origins of the global financial crisis and how the prevailing New Keynesian macroeconomic orthodoxy failed to anticipate its severity. This failure, we argue, stemmed from an incomplete understanding of the pivotal role of financial institutions in the amplification of the crisis and its transmission to the wider economy. Low global interest rates and a consequent 'search for yield' in the pre-crisis period encouraged financial institutions to build highly leveraged balance sheets which, in turn, generated extremely large asset-price movements when a 'small event'--the downturn in the US sub-prime mortgage market--triggered the worldwide crisis. The paper then briefly describes the element of the broadly successful and coordinated macroeconomic policy response to the crisis before turning to the medium-term challenges facing policy-makers in sustaining global recovery. At the national level, we focus on the resolution of fiscal imbalances which contributed, in part, to the crisis, and which then worsened because of the policy actions which have been taken to deal with it. At the international level, we emphasize the need to rectify the imbalances between savings and investment in many significant countries. This will require greater coordination of macroeconomic policy across the world's major economies. It will also involve strengthening the role, and the governance, of the International Monetary Fund. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Two Tales of Privacy on Online Social Network

Privacy is one of the points that emerges when communication get mediated in Online Social Networks (OSN) different privacy problems have been emerged in the online social network ,this paper explains about the privacy in online social network about how to protect the personal information ,sensitive data , photos etc. . from the hackers or the unknown person, three approaches are used for privacy they are social network , surveillance and privacy. We then juxtapose the differences between these two approaches in order to understand their complementarity and to identify potential integration challenges as well as research questions that so far have been left unanswered.
Phase I Study of GRN1005 in Recurrent Malignant Glioma

Purpose: GRN1005 is a peptide–drug conjugate with the ability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and tumor cells by targeting the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1. We conducted a first-in-human phase I trial of GRN1005 in patients with recurrent glioma. Methods: Patients received GRN1005 by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks. Doses were escalated using a modified Fibonacci scheme. Study objectives included safety, tolerability, identification of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and preliminary evidence of efficacy. Tumor extracted from patients undergoing surgery following administration of GRN1005 was analyzed to determine whether therapeutic concentrations of GRN1005 were achieved. Results: Sixty-three patients received GRN1005 at doses of 30 to 700 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Therapy was well tolerated with neutropenia, leucopenia, and fatigue as the most frequent drug-associated grade 3/4 or higher toxicities. The MTD was 650 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicities were grade 3 mucositis and grade 4 neutropenia. There was no evidence of central nervous system toxicity or antibody production. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that exposure to GRN1005 was dose proportional. We observed one complete and two partial responses. Eight of 27 patients dosed ≥420 mg/m2 had stable disease, which lasted a median of 51 days. Therapeutic concentrations of GRN1005 and free paclitaxel were shown in tumor tissue of surgical patients dosed with ≥200 mg/m2. Conclusion: GRN1005 delivers paclitaxel across the BBB and achieves therapeutic concentrations in tumor tissue. It has similar toxicity to paclitaxel and appears to have activity in recurrent glioma. The recommended phase II dose is 650 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Clin Cancer Res; 19(6); 1567–76. ©2013 AACR.
Cardiovascular comorbidity in COPD: systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common among patients with COPD. However, it is not clear whether this is due to shared risk factors or if COPD increases the risk for CVD independently. This study aimed to provide a systematic review of studies that investigated the association between COPD and CVD outcomes, assessing any effect of confounding by common risk factors. METHODS A search was conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed) for observational studies published between January 1990 and March 2012 reporting cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with COPD (or vice versa). RESULTS Of the 7,322 citations identified, 25 studies were relevant for this systematic review. Twenty-two studies provided an estimate for CVD risk in COPD, whereas four studies provided estimates of COPD risk in CVD. The crude prevalence for the aggregate CVD category ranged from 28% to 70%, likely due to differences in populations studied and CVD definitions; unadjusted rate ratio (RR) estimates of unspecified CVD among patients with COPD compared with patients without COPD ranged from 2.1 to 5.0. The association between COPD and CVD persisted after adjustment for shared risk factors in the majority of the studies. Two studies found a relationship between the severity of airflow limitation and CVD risk. Increased RRs were observed for individual CVD types, but their estimates varied considerably for congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, stroke, arterial hypertension, and peripheral arterial disease. CONCLUSIONS Available observational data support the hypothesis that COPD is associated with an increased risk of CVD.
Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance

The efficient markets hypothesis has been the central proposition in finance for nearly thirty years. It states that securities prices in financial markets must equal fundamental values, either because all investors are rational or because arbitrage eliminates pricing anomalies. This book describes an alternative approach to the study of financial markets: behavioral finance. This approach starts with an observation that the assumptions of investor rationality and perfect arbitrage are overwhelmingly contradicted by both psychological and institutional evidence. In actual financial markets, less than fully rational investors trade against arbitrageurs whose resources are limited by risk aversion, short horizons, and agency problems. The book presents and empirically evaluates models of such inefficient markets. Behavioral finance models both explain the available financial data better than does the efficient markets hypothesis and generate new empirical predictions. These models can account for such anomalies as the superior performance of value stocks, the closed end fund puzzle, the high returns on stocks included in market indices, the persistence of stock price bubbles, and even the collapse of several well-known hedge funds in 1998. By summarizing and expanding the research in behavioral finance, the book builds a new theoretical and empirical foundation for the economic analysis of real-world markets.
Response to comments on my article: Levinthal’s question revisited and answered. Ben-Naim, A. (2012), Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 30, 113–124

Reading through the articles that were written in response to my article (Ben-Naim, 2012a), I felt a deep sense of satisfaction that the points I raised in my article were largely understood and accepted. There were a few exceptions, however. A few authors misunderstood my main message. I hope that my response will clarify the misunderstanding. A more detailed discussion is also provided in the two monographs: Ben-Naim (2011) and Ben-Naim (2013).
Endothelium‐Derived Vasoactive Factors: II Endothelium‐Dependent Contraction

Endothelial cells may produce and release vasoconstrictor substances in response to a number of agents and physical stimuli. In this brief review, current understanding of the mechanisms of endothelium-dependent contractions will be discussed. Cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism including thromboxane A2, prostaglandin H2, superoxide anions, vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1, and unidentified factor released from endothelium by hypoxia may mediate these contractions. The physiological role of endothelium-dependent contractions in regulation of the cardiovascular system is unknown. Existing evidence supports the concept that contracting factors may become important regulators of vascular tone under pathological conditions. We speculated about the possible importance of endothelium-dependent contractions for venous graft function, development of vasospasm, increased vascular resistance in hypertension, and vascular complications in diabetes.
Master and slave transluminal endoscopic robot (MASTER) for natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES)

Although the flexible endoscopy has been widely used in the medical field for many years, there is still great potential in improving the endoscopist's capability to perform therapeutic tasks. Tentatively, tools for the flexible endoscope have poor maneuverability and limited Degree Of Freedom (DOF). In this paper, we propose a surgical robotic system MASTER (Master And Slave Transluminal Endoscopic Robot). MASTER is a dexterous and flexible master-slave device which can be used in tandem with a conventional flexible endoscope. Using this robotic system, ESD (Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection) and NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery) have been conducted on in vivo and ex vivo animal trials with promising results.
Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Report of Three Cases

Three cases of an unusual diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary carcinoma were found among 370 consecutive malignant tumors of the thyroid gland retained in the surgical pathology files of Kanazawa University Hospital over the last 10 years. The tumors were characterized by diffuse involvement of one or both lobes of the thyroid, dense fibrosis, papillary carcinoma with marked squamous metaplasia and abundant psammoma bodies, heavy lymphocytic infiltration and extensive lymphatic permeation. In two cases, the neoplasms showed more aggressive regional lymph node metastases and local invasion; the patient in the first case underwent surgery three times after initial radical surgery because of regional lymph node recurrences, and the second case showed direct invasion of the thyroid tumor to the larynx and distant metastasis to the lungs. Although the number of examined cases was small, the findings suggest that the diffuse sclerosing variant type has a less favorable prognosis and should be differentiated from papillary carcinomas with excellent prognosis.
The split entrepreneurial identity of the farmer

Purpose – This research shows that entrepreneurship is currently at the focus of much theoretical, practical and political interest. In Europe, agriculture has faced increasing pressures for restructuring: facilitation of marketing and entrepreneurial skills of farmers and a stronger entrepreneurial orientation have been suggested as a possible solution for the emerging problems. The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of entrepreneurial capability of farmers to diversify. The central focus of this article is on the entrepreneurial identity of portfolio farmers in Finland and the extent to which the differences between portfolio farmers, other farmers, and non‐farm rural businesses can be explained.Design/methodology/approach – The subjects of the study were rural small‐business owner‐managers and farmers in Finland. The authors carried out a survey of random samples from three populations, each representing a broad cross‐section of relevant industries, including a sample of non‐farm rural ent.
Oil Price Shocks and the Stock Market: Evidence from Japan

Abstract We study, using a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model, the relationship between oil price shocks and the Japanese stock market. We find that oil price shocks that arise from changes in aggregate global demand are positively correlated to returns on the Japanese stock market. Thus, in contrast to the conventional wisdom, a rise in oil price is not always bad news for the Japanese stock market. On the other hand, the Japanese stock market reacts negatively to oil price increases related to oil-market specific demand shocks. Finally, different from prior research using U.S. stock market data, we find that supply and demand shocks in the global crude oil market affect returns to the Japanese stock market index through changes to expected real cash flows rather than to changes to expected returns.
Earnings Management During Lockup in Explaining IPO Operating Underperformance

This study examines the relationship between initial public offering (IPO) managers' earnings management behavior during lockup (measured with discretionary accruals, DAs) and operating performance following lockup expiration (measured with operating return on assets, OPROAs). Based on a U.S. IPO sample, the results indicate that DAs during lockup are significantly higher than after lockup expiration. In addition, the reversal effect of DAs results in a negative association of DAs in lockup with post-lockup OPROAs. This negative relation is primarily concentrated in small-sized, non-venture backed, high-tech, and hot-market issued IPOs and is consistent with prior findings that such IPO firms have poorer post-issue performance. The overall evidence supports the role of managerial earnings management behavior during lockup in explaining post-IPO operating underperformance.
Sharia governance in Islamic banks: effectiveness and supervision model

Purpose - The Sharia governance is topic that has generated much interest in the literature of Islamic banking industry. The Sharia supervision plays an essential role in the governance of Islamic banks. The Sharia Board (SB) which is peculiar to Islamic banks is considered as the principal component of the Sharia governance framework. The purpose of this paper is to examines the link between Sharia compliance, the form of Sharia supervision and the effectiveness of Sharia governance. Design/methodology/approach - This paper compares two model of Sharia governance framework, the first is the decentralized model in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the second is the centralized model in Malaysia. Findings - The independence of the SB in their mission of supervision and the consistency of Sharia ruling are the principal components of an efficient Sharia governance structure. Centralized Sharia governance system, basically in Malaysia, seems to be beneficial to the industry in term of effectiveness and credibility of the Islamic banks. Research limitations/implications - The research focuses exclusively on the qualitative analysis about the SB and Sharia governance in Islamic countries. Practical implications - The model of centralization is able to strengthen the position and the independence of SB and can better examine the subjects of divergences between the whole of the SB in order to promote, in the long term, the consistency of Fatwas and interpretations between banks and regions. Originality/value - To the best of our knowledge few studies have examined this subject in a comparative discussion between MENA and Southeast Asia region. This paper contributes to the literature on Sharia governance by considering the difference between these two regions in term of supervision model of Sharia rules and principles and its application in Islamic banking.
Regulation of the Tertiary Structure and Function of Coagulation Factor IX by Magnesium(II) Ions (*)

The indispensable role of Ca2+ ions in the maintenance of the functional tertiary structures of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors has been definitively established but the participation of Mg2+ ions, another alkaline-earth metal that is present abundantly in blood plasma, in such a process is not yet understood. We show here that the Ca2+-stabilized conformation of coagulation factor IX undergoes a further conformational change upon binding of Mg2+ ions using three independent structural probes. The probes we used were (i) IX/X-bp, a snake venom anticoagulant that recognizes the Gla domains in coagulation factors IX and X, (ii) conformation-specific polyclonal antibodies against bovine factor IX, and (iii) monoclonal antibodies against the Gla domain of human factor IX. The binding of all these probes had an absolute requirement for Ca2+ ions, and Mg2+ ions alone were ineffective. However, when added together with Ca2+ ions, Mg2+ ions at physiological concentrations greatly augmented the binding of these probes to factor IX; the required concentration of Ca2+ ions was much reduced, and the affinity of each probe for factor IX was increased even in the presence of an excess of Ca2+ ions. These results suggest the presence of a Mg2+-specific binding site that does not interact with Ca2+ ions in factor IX. Furthermore, Mg2+ ions potentiated the susceptibility of factor IX to activation by factor XIa, concomitant with their effect on the conformation. Similarly, the required Ca2+ concentration was reduced by Mg2+ ions, and the rate of conversion to factor IXa was increased by Mg2+ ions in the presence of an excess of Ca2+ ions. At a saturating concentration of Ca2+ ions (5 mM), addition of 1 mM Mg2+ reduced the apparent Km value for factor IX from 0.31 to 0.18 μM, and in the presence of a physiological concentration of Ca2+ ions (1 mM), the reduction in Km by Mg2+ ions was far more striking (from 0.91 to 0.24 μM). The apparent Vmax values were hardly affected by Mg2+ ions. Our present data reveal a hitherto novel physiological role of the Mg2+ ions in plasma. Not only Ca2+ ions but also Mg2+ ions are important regulators of the stabilization of the native conformation of factor IX as well as of its efficient activation.
Quadriceps Muscle Fatigue in Trained and Untrained Boys

Abstract This study aimed to explore muscle oxygen extraction and muscle activation pattern during bilateral intermittent submaximal isometric knee-extensions by combining Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Electromyography (EMG) measurements from the M. Vastus Lateralis. A group of highly specifically trained boys (youth sailors) (n=10) and untrained matched controls (n=10) performed 12 bouts of 90 s bilateral submaximal (30–40% MVC) isometric knee-extension interspersed with 6 s recovery-periods. Patterns of deoxygenated haemoglobin and myoglobin concentration (Deoxy[Hb+Mb]) were observed during each bout and the entire protocol. Reoxygenation Index (RI) was assessed for each recovery period as the amplitude of Deoxy[Hb+Mb]-decrease relative to amplitude of Deoxy[Hb+Mb]-increase during each bout. Root Mean Square (RMS) and Mean Power Frequency (MPF) were calculated for each bout as an average of the final 60 s. Deoxy[Hb+Mb], RI, RMS and MPF were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Results indicated significantly higher Deoxy[Hb+Mb]-increase and lower RI in specifically trained boys compared to untrained controls. These differences are presumably related to the differences in EMG-measurements which demonstrated lower RMS-increase and MPF-decrease for trained compared to untrained boys. In conclusion, specifically trained boys indicate delayed onset of muscle fatigue in comparison to untrained controls, which might be associated with the different pattern of muscle O2-extraction or muscle activation pattern (i. e., a more accurate recruitment of slow-twitch fibres).