Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Language of First Generation Bulgarian Immigrants to Canada

This study describes the specific linguistic and sociolinguistic features of code-switching that are detected in the speech of first generation Bulgarian immigrants to Canada. The aim is to reveal the extent to which a change in the cultural, social, and economic environment exerts impact on the language behaviour of immigrants and, thus, brings about changes of attitude toward the native language and the degree to which it is used. It also discusses the importance and role of the methodological ways and means of data collection and touches upon several theoretical issues related to the necessity of adopting a more suitable approach to multilingualism in modern globalized societies as well as to problems associated with the consequences of having only monolingual or bilingual nation state language policies.Cette étude décrit les caractéristiques linguistiques et sociolinguistiques spécifiques de la commutation de code (code-switching) qui sont détectés dans le discours de la première génération d’immigrants bulgares au Canada. Le but est de révéler la mesure dans laquelle un changement dans l’environnement culturel, social et économique exerce une influence sur le comportement linguistique des immigrants et, par conséquent, apporte des changements dans l’attitude envers la langue maternelle et la mesure dans laquelle elle est utilisée. L’étude aborde également l’importance et le rôle des moyens de collecte de données méthodologiques et touche à plusieurs questions théoriques, liées à la nécessité d’adopter une approche plus appropriée pour le multilinguisme dans les sociétés mondialisées modernes, ainsi qu’à des problèmes liés aux conséquences des politiques linguistiques seulement monolingues ou bilingues, issues de l’Etat-nation.
Real-time classification of multi-modal sensory data for prosthetic hand control

Recent work on myoelectric prosthetic control has shown that the incorporation of accelerometry information along with surface electromyography (sEMG) has the potential of improving the performance and robustness of a prosthetic device by increasing the classification accuracy. In this study, we investigated whether myoelectric control could further benefit from the use of additional sensory modalities such as gyroscopes and magnetometers. We trained a multi-class linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier to discriminate between six hand grip patterns and used predictions to control a robotic prosthetic hand in real-time. We recorded initial training data by using a total number of 12 sEMG sensors, each of which integrated a 9 degree-of-freedom inertial measurement unit (IMU). For classification, four different decoding schemes were used; 1) sEMG and IMU from all sensors 2) sEMG from all sensors, 3) IMU from all sensors and, finally, 4) sEMG and IMU from a nearly optimal subset of sensors. These schemes were evaluated based on offline classification accuracy on the training data, as well as with task-related metrics such as completion rates and times for a pick-and-place real-time experiment. We found that the classifier trained with all the sensory modalities and sensors (condition 1) attained the best decoding performance by achieving a 90.4% completion rate with an average completion time of 41.9 sec in real-time experiments. We also found that classifiers incorporating sEMG and IMU information outperformed on average the ones that only used sEMG signals, even when the amount of sensors used was less than half in the former case. These results suggest that using extra modalities along with sEMG might be more beneficial than including additional sEMG sensors.
Rad52 forms ring structures and co‐operates with RPA in single‐strand DNA annealing

The RAD52 epistasis group in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in various types of homologous recombination including recombinational double‐strand break (DSB) repair and meiotic recombination. A RecA homologue, Rad51, plays a pivotal role in homology search and strand exchange. Genetic analysis has shown that among members of its epistasis group, RAD52 alone is required for recombination between direct repeats yielding deletions. Very little has been discovered about the biochemical roles and structure of the Rad52 protein.
Site Mutation in the Rat μ‐Opioid Receptor Demonstrates the Involvement of Calcium/Calmodulin‐Dependent Protein Kinase II in Agonist‐Mediated Desensitization

Abstract: The rat μ‐opioid receptor (rMOR1), expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, shows a desensitization to the inhibitory effect of the μ agonist DAMGO on adenylate cyclase activity within 4 h of DAMGO preincubation. To investigate the role of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) on μ‐opioid receptor desensitization, we coexpressed rMOR1 and constitutively active CaM kinase II in HEK293 cells. This coexpression led to a faster time course of agonist‐induced desensitization of the μ‐opioid receptor. The increase of desensitization could not be observed with a μ‐opioid receptor mutant (S261A/S266A) that lacks two putative CaM kinase II phosphorylation sites in the third intracellular loop. In addition, injection of CaM kinase II in Xenopus oocytes led only to desensitization of expressed rMOR1, but not of an S261A/S266A receptor mutant. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Ser261 and Ser266 by CaM kinase II is involved in the desensitization of the μ‐opioid receptor.
Extraintestinal manifestations in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: results from a prospective, population-based European inception cohort

Abstract Background. In chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]), symptoms from outside the gastrointestinal tract are frequently seen, and the joints, skin, eyes, and hepatobiliary area are the most usually affected sites (called extraintestinal manifestations [EIM]). The reported prevalence varies, explained by difference in study design and populations under investigation. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of EIM in a population-based inception cohort in Europe and Israel. Methods. IBD patients were incepted into a cohort that was prospectively followed from 1991 to 2004. A total of 1145 patients were followed for 10 years. Results. The cumulative prevalence of first EIM was 16.9% (193/1145 patients) over a median follow-up time of 10.1 years. Patients with CD were more likely than UC patients to have immune-mediated (arthritis, eye, skin, and liver) manifestations: 20.1% versus 10.4% (p < 0.001). Most frequently seen was arthritis which was significantly more common in CD (12.9%) than in UC (8.1%), p = 0.01. Pan-colitis compared to proctitis in UC increased the risk of EIM. Conclusion. In a European inception cohort, EIMs in IBD were consistent with that seen in comparable studies. Patients with CD are twice as likely as UC patients to experience EIM, and more extensive distribution of inflammation in UC increases the risk of EIM.
Robust periodic observer-based control for periodic discrete-time LTV systems

New conditions for the design of robust periodic observer-based controllers for periodic discrete-time linear time-varying (LTV) systems are proposed in this paper. The control system is designed to be robust to external noises, and such robustness is achieved by minimizing the ℋ∞ norm from the input noise to the error output in the observer design, and the ℋ∞ norm from the error and disturbance signal to the output in the control design. Concerning the observer, two LMI (Linear Matrix Inequality) conditions are proposed. As part of the main contribution, an LMI condition, based on a dual representation of the LTV system, is also proposed for the synthesis of a robust state-feedback controller that makes use of the observed states rather than the actual states. A numerical example illustrates the validity of the proposed technique.
Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and carotid wall thickness: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

OBJECTIVE To assess whether people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) exhibit an increased risk of atherosclerosis as measured by the thickness of the carotid artery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the relationship between glucose tolerance status and subclinical atherosclerosis in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). The IRAS is an epidemiological study of 1,625 Hispanic, African-American, and white men and women, with approximately equal numbers of subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), IGT, and type 2 diabetes as assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test. Half of those with diabetes were previously unaware of their condition and were defined as having new diabetes. Persons using insulin were excluded. The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) was measured as an index of subclinical atherosclerosis using B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS Adjusted for demographics and smoking, CCA-IMT increased most notably at the level of established diabetes (802, 822, 831, and 896 microm for NGT, IGT, new diabetes, and established diabetes, respectively). Adjustment for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, which tended to worsen across glucose tolerance category, further minimized the slightly graded relationship. The relationship with the ICA-IMT was steeper and again suggested that the increased wall thickness is associated with diabetes, not with IGT. The relationship between glucose tolerance category and IMT was similar in men and women. CONCLUSIONS We observed considerably greater IMT among persons with established diabetes but no significant increase in persons with IGT. These data suggest that the increased risk of CHD observed in persons with diabetes may largely develop after the onset of overt diabetes.
Fast Kernel Sparse Representation

Two efficient algorithms are proposed to seek the sparse representation on high-dimensional Hilbert space. By proving that all the calculations in Orthogonal Match Pursuit (OMP) are essentially inner-product combinations, we modify the OMP algorithm to apply the kernel-trick. The proposed Kernel OMP (KOMP) is much faster than the existing methods, and illustrates higher accuracy in some scenarios. Furthermore, inspired by the success of group-sparsity, we enforce a rigid group-sparsity constraint on KOMP which leads to a noniterative variation. The constrained cousin of KOMP, dubbed as Single-Step KOMP (S-KOMP), merely takes one step to achieve the sparse coefficients. A remarkable improvement (up to 2,750 times) in efficiency is reported for S-KOMP, with only a negligible loss of accuracy.
Sequence Heterogeneity in Parkinsonian Speech

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder primarily due to basal ganglia dysfunction. While much research has been conducted on Parkinsonian deficits in the traditional arena of musculoskeletal limb movement, research in other functional motor tasks is lacking. The present study examined articulation in PD with increasingly complex sequences of articulatory movement. Of interest was whether dysfunction would affect articulation in the same manner as in limb-movement impairment. In particular, since very similar (homogeneous) articulatory sequences (the tongue twister effect) are more difficult for healthy individuals to achieve than dissimilar (heterogeneous) gestures, while the reverse may apply for skeletal movements in PD, we asked which factor would dominate when PD patients articulated various grades of artificial tongue twisters: the influence of disease or a possible difference between the two motor systems. Execution was especially impaired when articulation involved a sequence of motor program heterogeneous in terms of place of articulation. The results are suggestive of a hypokinesic tendency in complex sequential articulatory movement as in limb movement. It appears that PD patients do show abnormalities in articulatory movement which are similar to those of the musculoskeletal system. The present study suggests that an underlying disease effect modulates movement impairment across different functional motor systems.
Modern Molecular Photochemistry of Organic Molecules

1. Molecular Photochemistry of Organic Compounds: An Overview 2. Electronic, Vibrational, and Spin Configurations of Electronically Excited States 3. Transitions between States: Photophysical Processes 4. Radiative Transitions between Electronic States 5. Photophysical Radiationless Transitions 6. A Theory of Molecular Organic Photochemistyr 7. Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer 8. Mechanistic Organic Photochemistry 9. Photochemistry of Carbonyl Compounds 10. Photochemistry of Olefins 11. Photochemistry of Enones and Dienones 12. Photochemistry of Aromatic Molecules 13. Supramolecular Organic Photochemistry 14. Molecular Oxygen and Organic Photochemistry 15. A Generalization of the Photochemistry of Organic Molecules Index
Mediating effect of social support in relation between stress of golfers and exhaustion of exercise

A purpose of this study is to verify mediating effect of social support which is social psychological variable in relation between golf stress and exhaustion of exercise. In order to achieve above mentioned purpose, data were collected from golfers and verification of structural model was conducted by using scales of golf stress, exhaustion of exercise and social support. This study found that golf stress has an influence on exhaustion of exercise and social support is a variable that reduces exhaustion in relation between golf stress and exhaustion of exercise. In conclusion, stress that golfers experience and resulting exhaustion of exercise can be eased by various support behaviors of others.
The recipient CYP2D6 allele 4‐associated poor metabolizer status correlates with an early fibrosis development after liver transplantation

CYP2D6 is part of the cytochrome P450 system, which catalyzes biotransformation of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. Approximately 10% of the Caucasian population has two null alleles, resulting in a poor metabolizer (PM) status. Mostly, allele four (CYP2D6*4) is responsible for the PM status, which is suspected to be associated with an accelerated fibrosis progression (FP). The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of the CYP2D6*4 genotype for FP after liver transplantation (LT). Genotypes were determined in liver biopsies (donor) and peripheral blood (recipient) by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Data were correlated with clinical variables and risk factors for fibrosis. We analyzed 517 LTs performed between 1997 and 2009. Overall donor and recipient allele frequencies were comparable (18.0%, 20.5%; P = 0.43). The donor genotype did not correlate with FP. In contrast, recipients carrying CYP2D6*4, showed a significant higher risk for an accelerated FP (P = 0.011) in HCV positive (P = 0.038) and HCV negative patients (P = 0.033). Results were confirmed by multivariate analysis (Hazard ratio 1.65; P = 0.001). The CYP2D6*4‐associated PM status of the donor liver seems to have no influence on FP after LT. Recipients, carrying the allele, have an elevated risk for an accelerated FP.
FACEBOOK ADDICTION AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TURKEY

The social networks such as Facebook and MySpace provide opportunity to individuals for presenting themselves, develop relations with other people and also offer ability to continue of them. Furthermore, social networks are used to interact with the people they know and also the new people they want to meet. By naturally Facebook is a very helpful social networking when it is used consciously. But use of excessive and pointless of it carries with the problem of addiction. Facebook addiction is a fairly common problem among young people. Addiction may lead an experience of erosion in social relations. Facebook addicts may experience problems with their families, friends, at work or in school. Addicted people may pass less time outside of their home and may spend less time with their friends. They may be insensitive to the happenings around while they are with computer. They may prefer to meet their friends on computer to face to face relations outside. Here, in the sample of the area survey conducted with the high school students in Konya City tries to reveal the addiction profiles of students. The data of research are collected by questionnaire technique based on the face to face interviews with 494 participants. In the results it is found that, the addiction levels of female students are higher than the levels of male students. The Facebook addiction level increase when the time passing in using of Facebook in a session and weekly using of the frequency of Facebook increase. Also results show us the using experience of Facebook has a significant positive correlation with Facebook addiction.
Parallels in Visual Art, Nature and Human Societies: A Proposed Interdisciplinary Secondary-School Art Program

Interdisciplinary programs often are unsatisfactory because, in looking for common principles, their developers fail to note that specific subject interests will cause individuals to interpret these principles in ways that differ significantly. This article discusses several principles underlying natural processes that might serve as a common base for interdisciplinary studies. Visual art is the subject chosen to test the strength and flexibility of that base. Parallels are developed between natural processes and artistic acts, and the limitations of these analogies are explored.
Leaving the godfather to follow God the father: successor generation conversion in a mob family

How does conversion happen when one is part of a family involved in organized crime? We consider this question through in-depth study of the Christian conversion of the “Yuppie Don”, Michael Franzese. The paper begins with a review of religion, spirituality, and conversion literatures and the emerging area of family business research. Drawing on the posthumous published testament of a former member of the Bonanno crime Family, a brief overview of the history of “La Cosa Nostra” is then presented. Next, we review the life history of former Colombo Family “made man” Michael Franzese with special focus on his conversion experience. Using Lewin’s three-stage process model of change, we reflect on Franzese’s conversion experience. The paper concludes with discussion of the limitations of this effort and also identifies avenues for further research on spiritual individuation in family enterprises.
The Simple Chemostat with Wall Growth

A model of the simple chemostat which allows for growth on the wall (or other marked surface) is presented as three nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The organisms which are attached to the wall do not wash out of the chemostat. This destroys the basic reduction of the chemostat equations to a monotone system, a technique which has been useful in the analysis of many chemostat-like equations. The adherence to and shearing from the wall eliminates the boundary equilibria. For a reasonably general model, the basic properties of invariance, dissipation, and uniform persistence are established. For two important special cases, global asymptotic results are obtained. Finally, a perturbation technique allows the special results to be extended to provide the rest point as a global attractor for nearby growth functions.
Medical students' note‐taking in a medical biochemistry course: an initial exploration

Beginning medical students spend numerous hours every week attending basic science lectures and taking notes. Medical faculty often wonder whether they should give students pre‐printed instructors' notes before lectures. Proponents of this strategy argue that provided notes enhance learning by facilitating the accurate transmission of information, while opponents counter that provided notes inhibit students' cognitive processing or even discourage students from attending lectures. Little if any research has directly addressed medical students' note‐taking or the value of providing instructors' notes. The educational literature does suggest that taking lecture notes enhances university students' learning. 1, 2 University students perform best on post‐lecture testing if they review a combination of provided notes and their own personal notes, 3 particularly if the provided notes follow a `skeletal' format that encourages active note‐taking. 4, 5
Integration of the Warehousing and Transportation Functions in the Supply Chain

This paper examines the total cost benefits that can be achieved by suppliers and warehouses through the increased global visibility provided by an integrated system. A discrete event simulation model of a multi-product supply chain was developed to examine the potential benefits to be gained from global inventory visibility and trailer yard dispatching and sequencing techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the potential for this integrated paradigm to improve customer service through improved efficiencies, reduced costs, and reduced lead-time variability.
Difference troubles: Postmodern anxiety: the politics of epistemology

My programmatic postmodern polemic, "The End of Sociological Theory," received four provocative replies. Lemert and Richardson are clearly friends of the postmodern intervention. They each advance their own novel theses, and their contributions merit a close reading on their own terms. I trust that readers will consult their essays to find variant concepts of a postmodern social inquiry. Given the intended audience of this discussion-a sociological theory crowd either ignorant or anxious about post-modernism-I have decided to focus my reply on clarifying the social meaning of postmodernism and further articulating its significance, as I see it, for sociology. Accordingly I will attend at least to the key objections raised by Alexander and Antonio, whereas I must wait for another occasion to address the postmodern variations offered by Lemert and Richardson.
Offense-Defense Theory

Proponents of offense-defense theory (ODT) contend that the offense-defense balance (ODB) forms the “master key” to understanding the question of peace and war. Time-series event count models of war and militarized interstate disputes at the systemic level are used to test the theory’s claims that shifts in the ODB have an important effect on the likelihood of internationalwar and militarized disputes and thatODToffers a more powerful explanation for conflict than other explanations in the international relations (IR) literature. Results cast doubt on the empirical validity of the ODT and indicate that other IR theories have important explanatory power.
Technology Education as ‘controversy celebrated’ in the cause of democratic education

This paper is motivated by the challenge that Technology Education seems to encounter in the area of curriculum stability and identity. The search for ‘common ground’ amongst colleagues, theorists, or governments would suggest that finding agreement is an almost impossibility. The position is developed that, when Technology Education is viewed from a range of perspectives, controversy is an ever-present phenomenon. The spirit of the paper sees this phenomenon as an asset to the field and to society in general and, as such, it is something to be celebrated. The paper discusses the role of controversy in democratic and educational life using the notion of democracy-as-controversy. In turn, technologies are framed as sites of controversy and the concept of technologies as ‘controversial propositions’ is offered. The paper illustrates the range of sites of controversy present in Technology Education itself, including: competing stakeholder claims, curricular and epistemological contestations, professional values differences, and pedagogical genres. In ‘celebrating controversy’, it is argued that, despite systemic and governmental pressures toward conformity, controversy as core phenomenon of Technology Education should be embraced. This can be seen as (assertively) the emergence of ‘technology wars’ or (benignly) as Technology’s own complicated curriculum conversation (after Pinar et al. 1995).