Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An efficient data structure for decision rules discovery

The increasing amount of information available is encouraging the search for efficient techniques to improve the data mining methods, especially those which consume great computational resources. We present a novel structure, called EES, which helps the data mining algorithms which generate decision rules to reduce the aforementioned cost. Given that decision rules establish conditions for database attributes, EES stores the information in such a way that the search can be carried out by attributes instead of by examples. EES could be useful for any method which generates decision rules. Moreover, it is of particular interest when the search for the solution involves a great many hypothetical solutions. Thus, this structure is designed for speeding up the rule-evaluation process in methods based on Evolutionary Algorithms. The traditional structure, based on vectors of examples (in which the database is stored) is evaluated and compared with EES, including the costs for a stratified set of cases. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the quality of our proposal, reducing the computational cost by approximately 50%.
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall...

This analysis compares the incidence of war involvement by countries with comparatively more and less political freedom. It examines the proposition that political freedom promotes peace, as suggested by R. J. Rummel, in its monadic form. Its results indicate that this proposition tends to be contradicted or unsupported, if we focus only on monadic relationships, if we refer to wars from a more distant past, if we include wars of an extrasystemic nature (i.e., colonial and imperialist wars) or if we assess political freedom cross-sectionally (i.e., comparing a country's political conditions with those of its contemporaries). On the other hand, it is suggested that this proposition tends to be confirmed, if we focus only on dyadic relationships, if we refer to the more recent past, if we exclude extrasystemic wars, or if we assess political freedom longitudinally for each country (i.e., comparing a country's freedom status in terms of its own present or past political conditions). Thus some of the discrepant findings in the literature can be explained by these different analytic choices.
A Novel Technique of Steganalysis in Uncompressed Image through Zipf's Law

this paper, we present a Novel method to detect the existence of hidden message in LSB steganography. The key element of the proposed method is the power Law: Zipf's law.The detection theory is based on statistical analysis of pixel patterns using a Zipfness measure between successive bit planes. The basic idea is that, the correlation between bit planes as well as the binary texture characteristics within the bit planes will differ between a stego image and a cover image. The seventh and eighth bit planes, and possibly others, are used to calculate the Zipf Quality (ZQ) measure. The proposed technique does not need a reference image and it works with spatial transform-domain embedding. The method is similar to steganalysis in (12); it exploits Binary Similarity measures of images to reveal the presence of steganographic content.
Persistent homology analysis of protein structure, flexibility, and folding

Proteins are the most important biomolecules for living organisms. The understanding of protein structure, function, dynamics, and transport is one of the most challenging tasks in biological science. In the present work, persistent homology is, for the first time, introduced for extracting molecular topological fingerprints (MTFs) based on the persistence of molecular topological invariants. MTFs are utilized for protein characterization, identification, and classification. The method of slicing is proposed to track the geometric origin of protein topological invariants. Both all‐atom and coarse‐grained representations of MTFs are constructed. A new cutoff‐like filtration is proposed to shed light on the optimal cutoff distance in elastic network models. On the basis of the correlation between protein compactness, rigidity, and connectivity, we propose an accumulated bar length generated from persistent topological invariants for the quantitative modeling of protein flexibility. To this end, a correlation matrix‐based filtration is developed. This approach gives rise to an accurate prediction of the optimal characteristic distance used in protein B‐factor analysis. Finally, MTFs are employed to characterize protein topological evolution during protein folding and quantitatively predict the protein folding stability. An excellent consistence between our persistent homology prediction and molecular dynamics simulation is found. This work reveals the topology–function relationship of proteins. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Teacher Induction on Beginning Teachers' Teaching

Drawing on literature since 1997, this review explores the effects of teacher induction on beginning teachers' conceptions and practice of teaching, and it identifies three approaches to understanding such effects, as found in the literature. The first approach addresses the assumed effects of teacher induction components on beginning teachers' teaching using theoretical assumptions as a base. The second approach analyzes the effects through teachers' self-reports. The third explores the effects of using multiple data sources. Although teacher induction affects beginning teachers' ideas about teaching, few studies capture its effects on teaching practice and student achievement. Thus, this review suggests directions for future research.
KAPOSI SARCOMA HERPESVIRUS Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus was considered by a previous

First detected by Chang et al. (1994) in Kaposi sarcomas associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (see IARC, 1996) by representational difference analysis, this virus was termed Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV. KSHV is also associated with primary effusion lymphoma and some cases of multicentric Castleman disease (see Section 2). In keeping with the systematic nomenclature adopted for all human herpesviruses, the formal designation human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) was proposed by the herpesvirus subcommittee of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. In this Monograph, the term KSHV is used throughout. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses (Moore et al., 1996a; Russo et al., 1996), KSHV is a gamma-2 herpesvirus (rhadinovirus), and represents the first ‘human’ member of this group. There are many more gamma-2 herpesvirus species in old and new world non-human primates. 1.1. 2 Structure of the virion
Humoral Immunity to Commensal Oral Bacteria in Human Infants: Salivary Antibodies Reactive with Actinomyces naeslundii Genospecies 1 and 2 during Colonization

ABSTRACT The secretory immune response in saliva to colonization byActinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 was studied in 10 human infants from birth to 2 years of age. Actinomycesspecies were not recovered from the mouths of the infants until approximately 4 months after the eruption of teeth. However, low levels of secretory immunoglobulin A1 (SIgA1) and SIgA2 antibodies reactive with whole cells of A. naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 were detected within the first month after birth. Although there was a fivefold increase in the concentration of SIgA between birth and age 2 years, there were no differences between the concentrations of SIgA1 and SIgA2 antibodies reactive with A. naeslundiigenospecies 1 and 2 over this period. When the concentrations of SIgA1 and SIgA2 antibodies reactive with whole cells of A. naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 were normalized to the concentrations of SIgA1 and SIgA2 in saliva, the A. naeslundii genospecies 1- and 2-reactive SIgA1 and SIgA2 antibodies showed a significant decrease from birth to 2 years of age. The fine specificities of A. naeslundiigenospecies 1- and 2-reactive SIgA1 and SIgA2 antibodies were examined by Western blotting of envelope proteins. Similarities in the molecular masses of proteins recognized by SIgA1 and SIgA2 antibodies, both within and between subjects over time, were examined by cluster analysis and showed considerable variability. Taken overall, our data suggest that among the mechanismsActinomyces species employ to persist in the oral cavity are the induction of a limited immune response and clonal replacement with strains differing in their antigen profiles.
Nonlinearity of Pancharatnam's geometric phase in polarizing interferometers.

Earlier investigations show a time-variable nonlinear shift of the fringe pattern in a polarizing interferometer while rotating a polarizer at the exit. This effect was identified as Pancharatnam's geometrical phase and proposed for applications in interferometry and fast optical switching devices. A heterodyne analysis attributes moving fringes to a frequency difference between the interfering beams; thus changing fringe velocities point to a dynamic frequency development within the period of the uniformly rotating analyzer. This explanation offends the intuition and we undertake an experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect to solve the paradox. We determine, e.g., the complete frequency and mode spectrum of an arbitrary state of polarization P0 behind a rotating linear analyzer and behind a rotating arbitrary linear birefringent plate. We find that, in spite of a fast changing phase in the interferometer, no other (higher) frequency components appear in the spectral distribution of the intensity at the exit than the double of the rotary frequency of the analyzer: phase nonlinearities are compensated for by intensity changes. Only a phase-sensitive detector like an array of photodetectors is able to observe the nonlinearity of Pancharatnam's geometrical phase. A single detector only finds a sinusoidal intensity variation. Our insight into these relations leads us to two new applications of Pancharatnam's phase: supersensitivity of a polarizing double beam interferometer with a video camera acting as a phase detector and external tuning of a Fizeau interferometer.
Co-operating a blind robot teammate through vision based real-time communication

In this paper a scheme for multi-robot co-operation in a real time environment is presented which is undertaken using robot-to-robot communication through Data Terminating Equipments. Two mobile agents are considered in the workspace one of which is fully functional while the data acquiring functionalities of the other are impaired. The former is known as the Co-operating robot, while the latter as Blind robot. The data acquisition tools like camera and IR sensors are embedded in the co-operating robot. On the contrary, the blind robot is devoid of any such data acquisition tools. Thus the co-operating robot, in motion, gathers the necessary information about its environment using the camera and conveys the same to the blind robot. This is how the blind robot comes to know about any approaching obstacle or its ki n and in course of time deviates from its position. The novelty of this work lies in the use of wireless communication for data transfer from one robot to the other through the data terminal to support twin robot co-operation.
Semi-supervised dimensionality reduction based on kernel marginal fisher analysis and sparsity preserving

Considering the limit that marginal fisher analysis(MFA) can't take advantage of the discriminant information in the training samples, this paper proposed a semi-supervised dimensionality reduction based on kernel marginal fisher analysis and sparsity preserving. The new algorithm firstly gets the sparse reconstruction of the samples. Secondly it uses the samples with labels to construct the intra-class `similarity' graph and inter-class `penalty' graph. Then the algorithm uses all of the samples to get the global information. At last, we make it nonlinearized. The algorithm takes advantage of the information in both the label samples and unlabel samples. Experiments with the proposed algorithm were conducted on YALE and ORL, our algorithm outperforms based on traditional dimensionality reduction algorithms with maximum average recognition rate by 2.48% and 4.88% respectively.
Working Locally Thinking Globally: Theoretical Guarantees for Convolutional Sparse Coding

The celebrated sparse representation model has led to remarkable results in various signal processing tasks in the last decade. However, despite its initial purpose of serving as a global prior for entire signals, it has been commonly used for modeling low dimensional patches due to the computational constraints it entails when deployed with learned dictionaries. A way around this problem has been recently proposed, adopting a convolutional sparse representation model. This approach assumes that the global dictionary is a concatenation of banded circulant matrices. While several works have presented algorithmic solutions to the global pursuit problem under this new model, very few truly-effective guarantees are known for the success of such methods. In this paper, we address the theoretical aspects of the convolutional sparse model providing the first meaningful answers to questions of uniqueness of solutions and success of pursuit algorithms, both greedy and convex relaxations, in ideal and noisy regimes. To this end, we generalize mathematical quantities, such as the $\ell _0$ norm, mutual coherence, Spark and restricted isometry property to their counterparts in the convolutional setting, intrinsically capturing local measures of the global model. On the algorithmic side, we demonstrate how to solve the global pursuit problem by using simple local processing, thus offering a first of its kind bridge between global modeling of signals and their patch-based local treatment.
A smooth adaptive RED gateway for congestion control with TCP-friendly multimedia applications

For TCP-friendly multimedia applications, congestion control may bring about disadvantages such as the variability of sending rate and Round Trip Time although it helps to improve robustness of Internet. Aiming at alleviating this variability and further guaranteeing the user-perceived service quality in the aspect of network layer, this paper proposes a smooth adaptive adjustment mechanism for Random Early Detection (RED) gateway. By decomposing the adjustment of packet dropping probability into two orthogonal sections, each section is triggered differentially according to different sensitivity to influence on multimedia traffic. And thus the adaptivity and smoothness can be ensured in providing steady packet dropping probability and queuing time. Numerical results show that, our work can not only fit RED to different network loads, but also keep the queue size and packet dropping probability waving steadily even faced with short-lived bursty traffic.
What If the End Systems Knew the Bandwidth Available in the Network?

In this paper we propose Open Box Transport Protocol (OBP), a mechanism that provides information to the end systems about the current state of the network path. With this information (essentially the available bandwidth and the most restricted link capacity) the end systems can efficiently use the network resources. OBP is easy to implement because the intermediate nodes only have to provide information about the current network state to the end systems, and don't have to estimate the transmission rate of the flows. The coexistence of flows from OBP and other transport protocols in the same link does not introduce additional problems because the transmission rate of OBP flows is estimated at the sender end system. In this paper we present the new algorithm to estimate the transmission rate of each flow at the end systems. Moreover, we present the evaluation results in fat networks based on NS2 simulations. The results show that OBP can outperform current transport protocols and achieve results as good as XCP (Explicit Congestion Notification Protocol), using a simpler model.
The Design and Evaluation of a Large-Scale Real-Walking Locomotion Interface

Redirected Free Exploration with Distractors (RFEDs) is a large-scale real-walking locomotion interface developed to enable people to walk freely in Virtual Environments (VEs) that are larger than the tracked space in their facility. This paper describes the RFED system in detail and reports on a user study that evaluated RFED by comparing it to Walking-in-Place (WIP) and Joystick (JS) interfaces. The RFED system is composed of two major components, redirection and distractors. This paper discusses design challenges, implementation details, and lessons learned during the development of two working RFED systems. The evaluation study examined the effect of the locomotion interface on users' cognitive performance on navigation and wayfinding measures. The results suggest that participants using RFED were significantly better at navigating and wayfinding through virtual mazes than participants using walking-in-place and joystick interfaces. Participants traveled shorter distances, made fewer wrong turns, pointed to hidden targets more accurately and more quickly, and were able to place and label targets on maps more accurately, and more accurately estimate the virtual environment size.
Categorizing and differencing system behaviours

Making request flow tracing an integral part of software systems creates the potentialto better understandtheir operation. The resulting traces can be converted to perrequest graphs of the work performed by a service, representing the flow and timing of each request’s processing. Collectively, these graphs contain detailed and comprehensive data about the system’s behavior and the workload that induced it, leaving the challenge of extracting insights. Categorizing and differencing such graphs should greatly improve our ability to understand the runtime behavior of complex distributed services and diagnose problems. Clustering the set of graphs can identify common request processing paths and expose outliers. Moreover, clustering two sets of graphs can expose differences between the two; for example, a programmer could diagnose a problem that arises by comparing current request processing with that of an earlier non-problem period and focusing on the aspects that change. Such categorizing and differencing of system behavior can be a big step in the direction of automated problem diagnosis.
Mathematics anxiety and mental arithmetic performance: An exploratory investigation

Abstract Two exploratory studies were conducted to determine if mathematics anxiety, as assessed by the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS), is related to the underlying mental processes of arithmetic performance. MARS scores were higher when the test was administered by computer, vs. the standard paper-and-pencil format, and were higher for female than male college students. Small but significant processing differences in simple addition and multiplication were found when subjects were divided by quartiles into anxiety groups. Much larger differences in processing speed and accuracy were found with complex addition problems and a set of difficult problems (e.g. 9 × 16 = 134, true or false) that tested all four arithmetic operations. Overall, the low anxiety group was consistently the most rapid and accurate, the medium high was consistently the slowest, and the high anxiety group the most prone to errors. The results suggest that genuine performance differences exist among the several levels of mathe.
Can Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7 (mGluR 7) be a Novel Target for Analgesia?

INTRODUCTION The present study was carried out to study the role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) using its agonist, N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)-1,-ethanediamine (AMN082) for nociceptive stimuli, in animal models. By conducting this research, we aim to introduce a novel target for acute pain management. OBJECTIVE To study the role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7), in analgesia, using mGluR7 agonist AMN082 in animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss albino mice of either sex, weighing 20-30gm were used for the study. The animals were divided into 3 groups with 6 mice in each group: Control or Normal group received 0.5% methylcellulose in normal saline; Standard group received the drug tramadol HCl at 40mg/kg; and test group received drug AMN 082 at 5mg/kg. All the drugs were administered by intraperitoneal route. Hot plate test and Tail flick test were done to evaluate the analgesic effect of the drug. Reaction time for the end points in both the models were noted before drug administration at 0 min and after drug administration at 15, 30,60,90 and 120 min. Statistical analysis was done using One-Way-ANOVA followed by Tukeys post hoc test. p-value was considered significant at ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The group that received AMN082 showed significantly lesser reaction time compared to normal and standard groups in both the analgesia models. CONCLUSION The mGluR 7 stimulation by an agonist AMN082, did not show analgesic effect but induced hyperalgesia in response to thermal nociceptive stimuli.
Applying Production Concepts over Borders: Good Intentions and the Limits of Foreign Culture Understanding

Successful production concepts are a challenge for every production company. Such concepts are typically seen as free of individual or normative implications. According to common opinion, they follow a strict formal logic in analogy to mathematical algorithms. Optimizing production processes is, at the end of the day, the quest for the perfect non-judgemental formula. The following case shows that this opinion is not applicable. Organizational production structures, even if they follow a strict formal logic, have always to be applied in a certain context. This context is not value free but brings its own understandings, visions, interpretations, and so on. To explain this, the case shows the effort made to transfer a working production concept of a German company to a subsidiary in India. The goal is to illustrate the importance of culture to even rational processes. The focus is on how teamwork is bounded to cultural aspects.
Improving schools in difficult and challenging contexts: strategies for improvement

This paper outlines the contemporary research evidence concerning school improvement in challenging contexts. Drawing upon findings from recent studies in the UK funded by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) and the National College for School Leadership (NCSL) the paper outlines some of the improvement strategies that have been successful in raising achievement in schools in challenging contexts. It argues that school improvement interventions must offer differential strategies for change that fit the particular developmental stage of the school. The paper concludes by suggesting that more fine-grained and differentiated approaches to school improvement are needed that offer more flexibility and choice, particularly for those schools facing difficult or challenging circumstances.