Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formation of Primordial Protostars

The evolution of collapsing metal-free protostellar clouds is investigated for various masses and initial conditions. We perform hydrodynamical calculations for spherically symmetric clouds, taking into account radiative transfer of the molecular hydrogen lines and the continuum as well as the chemistry of molecular hydrogen. The collapse is found to proceed almost self-similarly, like the Larson-Penston similarity solution. In the course of the collapse, efficient three-body processes transform atomic hydrogen in an inner region of ~1 M☉ entirely into molecular form. However, hydrogen in the outer part remains totally atomic, although there is an intervening transitional layer of several solar masses, where hydrogen is in partially molecular form. No opaque transient core is formed, although clouds become optically thick to H2 collision-induced absorption continuum, since H2 dissociation follows successively. When the central part of the cloud reaches stellar densities (~10-2 g cm-3), a very small hydrostatic core (~5 × 10-3 M☉) is formed and subsequently grows in mass as the ambient gas accretes onto it. The mass accretion rate is estimated to be 3.7 × 10-2 M☉ yr-1 (M*/M☉)-0.37, where M* is the instantaneous mass of the central core, by using a similarity solution that reproduces the evolution of the cloud before the core formation.
Time-of-Flight Sensors in Computer Graphics

A growing number of applications depend on accurate and fast 3D scene analysis. Examples are model and lightﬁeld acquisition, collision prevention, mixed reality, and gesture recognition. The estimation of a range map by image analysis or laser scan techniques is still a time-consuming and expensive part of such systems. A lower-priced, fast and robust alternative for distance measurements are Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras. Recently, signiﬁcant improvements have been made in order to achieve low-cost and compact ToF-devices, that have the potential to revolutionize many ﬁelds of research, including Computer Graphics, Computer Vision and Man Machine Interaction (MMI). These technologies are starting to have an impact on research and commercial applications. The upcoming generation of ToF sensors, however, will be even more powerful and will have the potential to become “ubiquitous real-time geometry devices” for gaming, web-conferencing, and numerous other applications. This STAR gives an account of recent developments in ToF-technology and discusses the current state of the integration of this technology into various graphics-related applications.
Permeant Ion-Dependent Changes in Gating of Kir2.1 Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

We studied the effect of monovalent thallium ion (Tl+) on the gating of single Kir2.1 channels, which open and close spontaneously at a constant membrane potential. In cell-attached recordings of single-channel inward current, changing the external permeant ion from K+ to Tl+ decreases the mean open-time by ∼20-fold. Furthermore, the channel resides predominantly at a subconductance level, which results from a slow decay (τ = 2.7 ms at −100 mV) from the fully open level immediately following channel opening. Mutation of a pore-lining cysteine (C169) to valine abolishes the slow decay and subconductance level, and single-channel recordings from channels formed by tandem tetramers containing one to three C169V mutant subunits indicate that Tl+ must interact with at least three C169 residues to induce these effects. However, the C169V mutation does not alter the single-channel closing kinetics of Tl+ current. These results suggest that Tl+ ions change the conformation of the ion conduction pathway during permeation and alter gating by two distinct mechanisms. First, they interact with the thiolate groups of C169 lining the cavity to induce conformational changes of the ion passageway, and thereby produce a slow decay of single-channel current and a dominant subconductance state. Second, they interact more strongly than K+ with the main chain carbonyl oxygens lining the selectivity filter to destabilize the open state of the channel and, thus, alter the open/close kinetics of gating. In addition to altering gating, Tl+ greatly diminishes Ba2+ block. The unblocking rate of Ba2+ is increased by >22-fold when the external permeant ion is switched from K+ to Tl+ regardless of the direction of Ba2+ exit. This effect cannot be explained solely by ion–ion interactions, but is consistent with the notion that Tl+ induces conformational changes in the selectivity filter.
MONEY GROWTH VARIABILITY AND STOCK RETURNS: AN INNOVATIONS ACCOUNTING ANALYSIS DEWAN A, ABDULLAH*

This paper employs a seven variable vector autoregression system to analyze the effects of money growth variability on British stock returns using the London share price index. Other variables included in the model are M1 money, budget deficits and surpluses, industrial production, consumer price index, and a long term interest rate. Economic implications are assessed by computing the forecast error variance decompositions following Sims (1980). The results of the analysis suggest that money growth variability accounts for 22.82% and 19.53% of the variance of interest rates and stock returns respectively, and hence is considered to be an important influence concerning the risk and uncertainty associated with returns on investment in stocks and other financial assets. [E44]
Co-Sleeping, Breastfeeding and Sudden Infant Death syndrome

raises the possibility that widely recommended infant care practices can be at odds with the human infant’s biological, psychological and emotional needs and expectations, at least as inferred from the human infant’s evolutionary past. This mismatch between human infant biological needs and contemporary caregiving practices or contexts may be particularly heightened in western industrialized cultures within which sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and/or sudden unexpected infant death in infancy (SUID) are both more salient and prevalent.
Confidence Estimation for Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning

To select unlabeled example effectively and reduce classification error, confidence estimation for graph-based semi-supervised learning （CEGSL） is proposed. This algorithm combines graph-based semi-supervised learning with collaboration-training. It makes use of structure information of sample to calculate the classification probability of unlabeled example explicitly. With multi-classifiers, the algorithm computes the confidence of unlabeled example implicitly. With dual-confidence estimation, the unlabeled example is selected to update classifiers. The comparative experiments on UCI datasets indicate that CEGSL can effectively exploit unlabeled data to enhance the learning performance.
Prosodic Cues to Disengagement and Uncertainty in Physics Tutorial Dialogues

This paper focuses on the analysis and prediction of student disengagement and uncertainty, using a corpus of dialogues collected with a spoken tutorial dialogue system in the STEM domain of qualitative physics. We first compare and contrast the prosodic characteristics of dialogue turns exhibiting disengagement or not, and those exhibiting uncertainty or not. We then compare the utility of using multiple prosodic features to predict both disengagement and uncertainty.
The institutionalization of mediation: reflections from an expert panel

On 27 and 28 April 2017, the International Institute for the Sociology of Law held a workshop under the theme The Institutionalization of Mediation: Potentialities and Risks. The scientific coordinators of this initiative promoted a structured discussion to identify the risks and potentialities of institutionalization to further develop mediation in the region. This article intends to review some literature supporting the subject of discussions, and to report the intense final discussion within the group of 27 mediation experts (from Germany, Belgium, France, Spain and Portugal). In these final reflections, we do not want to provide definitive answers to burning questions, but we hope to shed a light on the crucial dilemmas as they were discussed in a world-café-like workshop at the end of the meeting. Some limitations and future directions are discussed in light of participatory methods and governance innovation. El 27 y 28 de abril de 2017, el Instituto Internacional de Sociología Jurídica organizó un taller sobre el tema La institucionalización de la mediación: potencialidades y riesgos. Los coordinadores científicos de esta iniciativa promovieron una discusión estructurada para identificar los riesgos y potencialidades de la institucionalización para desarrollar aún más la mediación en la región, tema de las discusiones, y para informar la intensa discusión final dentro del grupo de 27 expertos en mediación (de Alemania, Bélgica, Francia, España y Portugal). En estas reflexiones finales, no queremos dar respuestas definitivas a preguntas candentes, pero esperamos arrojar luz sobre los dilemas cruciales tal como fueron discutidos en un taller al estilo de un café mundial al final de la reunión. Las limitaciones y las direcciones futuras se discuten a la luz de los métodos participativos y la innovación de la gobernanza.
Blood lipid concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factors: distribution, prevalence, and detection in Britain

To establish the distribution of blood lipid concentrations and the prevalences of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Britain 12 092 men and women aged 25-59 in Glasgow, Leicester, London, and Oxford were studied. Subjects were selected by opportunistic case finding, in which patients consulting their general practitioner for any reason were offered a health check by appointment, or random selection from age-sex registers, in which an invitation for a health check was posted. The overall rate of response was 73%, being 91-94% by opportunistic case finding and 36-63% by random selection. At the health check subjects answered a brief questionnaire about risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and their height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded; a blood sample was taken for measuring plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose. The mean cholesterol concentrations were 5·9 (SD 1·2) and 5·8 (1·2) mmol/l in men and women, respectively. In London the mean value was 5·5 (1·2) mmol/l for both men and women and was significantly lower than mean values in the three other centres, among which there were no significant differences. In men and women aged 25-29 concentrations were similar but they increased in men until the age of 45-49, after which they showed no further increase; in women concentrations did not increase until the age of 40-44 and by the age of 50-59 values were higher than in men. Mean triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in men than in women (1·8 (1·4) v 1·3 (0·9) mmol/l, respectively), and trends with age were similar to those for cholesterol concentrations, except that at no age were values higher in women than in men. Mean triglyceride values overall were higher in Glasgow and London than in Oxford and Leicester. Body mass index was higher in Glasgow and London than in the other two centres and correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures and triglyceride concentration. In addition, subjects in Glasgow smoked significantly more than those in the other centres. These observations could contribute to the higher rate of coronary heart disease in Glasgow. Plasma lipid concentrations and the prevalences of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease were similar in subjects selected by opportunistic case finding and by random selection. In Britain cholesterol values have changed little during the past 12 years despite dietary recommendations and health education. Identifying subjects at particularly high risk of coronary heart disease is required to supplement advice to the general population to reduce the prevalence of this disease. Opportunistic case finding would be an appropriate method of identifying such subjects in general practice, although none of the potential markers for hyperlipidaemia was particularly useful in identifying all subjects at high risk.
Impact of changing communication media on conflict resolution in distributed software development projects

Distributed software development (DSD) is a setting in which geographically distributed software teams develop software. Communication plays a critical role in conflict resolution in DSD projects. Different communication media such as email, phone, instant messaging etc. are used during conflict resolution. We investigated the impact of changing sequence of communication media on conflict resolution during requirements engineering in DSD setting. A controlled experiment was conducted, in DSD setting, to see whether changing the sequence of communication media impacts conflict resolution or not? Five teams were made comprising of students from two different universities for the experiment wherein the customer team was from one university and development team from the other university. The results of the experiment show that changing sequence of communication media impacts conflict resolution. We also report in this paper the effective sequence of communication media for conflict resolution in a DSD project.
Performance Analysis for a Fully Decentralized Transmit Power Allocation Scheme for Relay-Assisted Cognitive-Radio Systems

We analyze the performance of a fully decentralized (FD) transmit power allocation (TPA) scheme for relay-assisted cognitive-radio (CR) systems. In particular, we assume that the frequency band chosen by the CR relay network for unlicensed spectrum usage overlaps with an active primary narrowband link. The considered FD-TPA scheme maximizes the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio at the destination node of the CR network according to a best-effort strategy, while limiting the interference experienced by the primary receiver. Numerical performance results show substantial improvements compared to non-cooperative transmission. Moreover, the performance of the FD-TPA scheme is close to that of the optimal centralized power allocation solution.
No association between the GSTM 1 and GSTT 1 polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk : A meta-analysis *

Purpose: A number of case-control studies have been conducted to investigate the association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genetic polymorphisms and endometrial carcinoma risk. However, these studies have yielded contradictory results. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the association between polymorphisms on GSTM1, GSTT1 and endometrial carcinoma. Methods: Identification of relevant studies was carried out through a search in the following databases Medline, EMbase and China National Knowledge International (CNKI) up to March. 2013. All case-control studies that investigated the association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms and risk of endometrial cancer were included in the study. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was used for analyses of results and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Result: Six published case-control studies of association between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk covering 3558 subjects were included in the metaanalysis, but the results indicated that the null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms were not associated with a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer (for GSTM1: OR = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.86 1.4; for GSTT1: OR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.80 1.14, respectively). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism may not be associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer. To validate the association between polymorphism and endometrial cancer, further studies with larger numbers of participants worldwide are needed.
Subjective sleep quality and ethnicity are interactively related to standard and situation-specific measures of pain catastrophizing.

OBJECTIVE Sleep quality and ethnicity are related to a host of general health outcomes including the experience of pain, yet it remains unclear whether poor sleep quality and ethnicity might interactively affect pain catastrophizing and laboratory-evoked acute pain reports. The current study examined the cross-sectional associations of subjective sleep quality, ethnicity, and their interaction with pain catastrophizing and pain reports. DESIGN Healthy (N = 149), ethnically diverse (58% Caucasian American, 23% Asian American, 19% African American) young adults were subjected to a cold pressor task (CPT). Prior to CPT, participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and a standard version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Following CPT, participants completed a situation-specific version of the PCS. RESULTS Adjusted analyses revealed a significant sleep quality by ethnicity interaction for standard catastrophizing reports. Particularly, African Americans with poor overall sleep quality reported the greatest level of catastrophizing on the standard PCS relative to their Caucasian American and Asian American counterparts. Furthermore, African Americans with poorer sleep efficiency reported greater catastrophizing on the situation-specific PCS compared with Caucasian American and Asian Americans. Catastrophizing was significantly correlated with pain reports. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that African Americans with poorer sleep quality may be at greater risk for catastrophizing, a known contributor to more intense pain and increased pain-related emotional distress. Whether interventions that improve the sleep quality of ethnic minorities affect pain catastrophizing is in need of investigation.
An urgent need for experimental animal model of autism in drug development

Construct, face and predictive validities are necessary for any disease model. Although rodent models are used to investigate the neurobiology of autism, however, till date there is no such ideal animal model which can fulfill all the above said validities. Available drug therapy to treat autism is very limited and less effective. In this review, we summarize the work done with rodent models of autism and highlight different validities. We found that, very few studies have studied all the validities in a single study and none of the study fulfilled all the validities. We also reviewed the drugs used in the treatment of autism. Here we propose the limitations of available animal models. We also propose the urgent need of additional models to fulfill all the validities and to understand autism in a better way.
SO(2) approximate identity neural networks are universal approximators

The idea of approximation functions on the rotation group has important applications in many fields of science and engineering. This study is devoted to explore the universal approximation capability of a class of three layer feedforward artificial neural networks on the special orthogonal rotation group SO(2). To do this end, we propose the concept of SO(2) approximate identity. Moreover, we prove a theorem that provides a connection between SO(2) approximate identity and uniform convergence in the space of continuous functions on the rotation group SO(2). Furthermore, we apply this theorem to set a main theorem. The main theorem shows that three layer feedforward SO(2) approximate identity neural networks are universal approximators in the space of continuous functions on the rotation group SO(2). The construction of the proof of the main theorem utilizes a method based on the notion of epsilon-net.
Social affinity filtering: recommendation through fine-grained analysis of user interactions and activities

Content recommendation in social networks poses the complex problem of learning user preferences from a rich and complex set of interactions (e.g., likes, comments and tags for posts, photos and videos) and activities (e.g., favourites, group memberships, interests). While many social collaborative filtering approaches learn from aggregate statistics over this social information, we show that only a small subset of user interactions and activities are actually useful for social recommendation, hence learning which of these are most informative is of critical importance. To this end, we define a novel social collaborative filtering approach termed social affinity filtering (SAF). On a preference dataset of Facebook users and their interactions with 37,000+ friends collected over a four month period, SAF learns which fine-grained interactions and activities are informative and outperforms state-of-the-art (social) collaborative filtering methods by over 6% in prediction accuracy; SAF also exhibits strong cold-start performance. In addition, we analyse various aspects of fine-grained social features and show (among many insights) that interactions on video content are more informative than other modalities (e.g., photos), the most informative activity groups tend to have small memberships, and features corresponding to ``long-tailed'' content (e.g., music and books) can be much more predictive than those with fewer choices (e.g., interests and sports). In summary, this work demonstrates the substantial predictive power of fine-grained social features and the novel method of SAF to leverage them for state-of-the-art social recommendation.
Myelin-associated Glycoprotein Interacts with Neurons via a Sialic Acid Binding Site at ARG118 and a Distinct Neurite Inhibition Site

Inhibitory components in myelin are largely responsible for the lack of regeneration in the mammalian CNS. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a sialic acid binding protein and a component of myelin, is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth from a variety of neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that MAG's sialic acid binding site is distinct from its neurite inhibitory activity. Alone, sialic acid–dependent binding of MAG to neurons is insufficient to effect inhibition of axonal growth. Thus, while soluble MAG-Fc (MAG extracellular domain fused to Fc), a truncated form of MAG-Fc missing Ig-domains 4 and 5, MAG(d1-3)-Fc, and another sialic acid binding protein, sialoadhesin, each bind to neurons in a sialic acid– dependent manner, only full-length MAG-Fc inhibits neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that a second site must exist on MAG which elicits this response. Consistent with this model, mutation of arginine 118 (R118) in MAG to either alanine or aspartate abolishes its sialic acid–dependent binding. However, when expressed at the surface of either CHO or Schwann cells, R118-mutated MAG retains the ability to inhibit axonal outgrowth. Hence, MAG has two recognition sites for neurons, the sialic acid binding site at R118 and a distinct inhibition site which is absent from the first three Ig domains.
Cross-Lingual Short-Text Document Classification for Facebook Comments

Document Classification (DC) is one of the fundamental problems in text mining. Plenty of works exist on DC with interesting approaches and excellent results, however, most of them focus on a long-text documents written in a single language with English being the most studied language. This work is concerned with the natural step beyond such works which is cross-lingual DC for short-text documents. Specifically, we consider two languages, Arabic and English, and compare the performance of some of the most popular document classifiers on two datasets of short Facebook comments. Apart from limited attempts, the addressed problem has not been studied well enough. The results are encouraging and new insights are obtained.
Managing Dialogue Interaction: A Multi-Layered Approach

We present evidence for the importance of low-level phenomena in dialogue interaction and use this to motivate a multi-layered approach to dialogue processing. We describe an architecture that separates content-level communicative processes from interaction-level phenomena (such as feedback, grounding, turn-management), and provide details of speci(cid:2)c implementations of a number of such phenomena.