Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF ACUTE AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISE ON BLOOD MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS

The purpose of this study was to compare oxidative modification of blood proteins, lipids, DNA, and glutathione in the 24 hours following aerobic and anaerobic exercise using similar muscle groups. Ten cross-trained men (24.3 ± 3.8 years, [mean ± SEM]) performed in random order 30 minutes of continuous cycling at 70% of VO2max and intermittent dumbbell squatting at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), separated by 1–2 weeks, in a crossover design. Blood samples taken before, and immediately, 1, 6, and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for plasma protein carbonyls (PC), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and whole-blood total (TGSH), oxidized (GSSG), and reduced (GSH) glutathione. Blood samples taken before and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for serum 8-hydroxy-29-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). PC values were greater at 6 and 24 hours postexercise compared with pre-exercise for squatting, with greater PC values at 24 hours postexercise for squatting compared with cycling (0.634 ± 0.053 vs. 0.359 ± 0.018 nM·mg protein-1). There was no significant interaction or main effects for MDA or 8-OHdG. GSSG experienced a shortlived increase and GSH a transient decrease immediately following both exercise modes. These data suggest that 30 minutes of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performed by young, cross-trained men (a) can increase certain biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood, (b) differentially affect oxidative stress biomarkers, and (c) result in a different magnitude of oxidation based on the macromolecule studied. Practical applications: While protein and glutathione oxidation was increased following acute exercise as performed in this study, future research may investigate methods of reducing macromolecule oxidation, possibly through the use of antioxidant therapy.
Scenic Spots: Chinese Tourism, the State, and Cultural Authority

Preface1. What's in a Site? : The Making of "Scenic Spots"2. Two Sites and a Non-Site: Mounts Emei, Jiuzhaigou, and Songpan3. Making Sense of Scenic Spots4. Scenic Spots Beyond the Border: Migration, Tourism, and Cultural AuthorityNotesBibliographyIndex
Inventory sharing under decentralized preventive transshipments

We consider preventive transshipments between two stores in a decentralized system with two demand subperiods. Replenishment orders are made before the first subperiod, and the stores may make transshipments to one another between the subperiods. We prove that the transshipment decision has a dominant strategy, called a control‐band conserving transfer policy, under which each store chooses a quantity to transship in or out that will keep its second‐subperiod starting inventory level within a range called a control band. We prove that the optimal replenishment policy is a threshold policy in which the threshold depends on the capacity level at the other store. Finally, we prove that there does not exist a transfer price that coordinates the decentralized supply chain. Our research also explains many of the differences between preventive and emergency transshipments, including differences in the optimal transfer policies and the existence or nonexistence of transfer prices that coordinate the system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Detection of vessel anomalies - a Bayesian network approach

In this paper we describe a data mining approach for detection of anomalous vessel behaviour. The suggested approach is based on Bayesian networks which have two important advantages compared to opaque machine learning techniques such as neural networks: (1) possibility to easily include expert knowledge into the model, and (2) possibility for humans to understand and interpret the learned model. Our approach is implemented and tested on synthetic data, where initial results show that it can be used for detection of single-object anomalies such as speeding.
An Efficient and Effective Framework for Eye Region Detection and Eye State Recognition

This paper proposes a framework to treat the eye information in a face image including the eye region detection and the eye state recognition. In order to make it possible to employ our approach to a real application in practice, our goal in this paper is to design not only a fast enough but also a high performance framework for the eye region detection and the eye state recognition. Our proposed framework mainly contains two parts: the first is to locate the eye regions in a face image, and the second is to recognize the states, either open or closed, of the eye regions. When a frame is captured from a video sequence, a face detection method is first performed to determine the positions of face regions. Next, face regions are converted into binary images and then we perform the horizontal and the vertical projections to locate the eye regions. Two visual features containing the intensity values of pixels and local binary pattern (LBP) are extracted from eye regions to classify the eye states with the support vector machine (SVM) approach. This paper also demonstrates a several experiments to present the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed framework.
Expression of Cytolethal Distending Toxin and Hemolysin Is Not Required for Pustule Formation by Haemophilus ducreyi in Human Volunteers

ABSTRACT Haemophilus ducreyi makes cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and hemolysin. In a previous human challenge trial, an isogenic hemolysin-deficient mutant caused pustules with a rate similar to that of its parent. To test whether CDT was required for pustule formation, six human subjects were inoculated with a CDT mutant and parent at multiple sites. The pustule formation rates were similar at both parent and mutant sites. A CDT and hemolysin double mutant was constructed and tested in five additional subjects. The pustule formation rates were similar for the parent and double mutant. These results indicate that neither the expression of CDT, nor that of hemolysin, nor both are required for pustule formation by H. ducreyi in humans.
Strategies for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Effects †

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for the selective destruction of cancerous and nonneoplastic pathologies that involves the simultaneous presence of light, oxygen and a light‐activatable chemical called a photosensitizer (PS) to achieve a cytotoxic effect. The photophysics and mechanisms of cell killing by PDT have been extensively studied in recent years, and PDT has received regulatory approval for the treatment of a number of diseases worldwide. As the application of this treatment modality expands with regard to both anatomical sites and disease stages, it will be important to develop strategies for enhancing PDT outcomes. This article focuses on two broad approaches for PDT enhancement: (1) mechanism‐based combination treatments in which PDT and a second modality can be designed to either increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to PDT or nullify the treatment outcome‐mitigating molecular responses triggered by PDT of tumors, and (2) the more recent approaches of PS targeting, either by specific cellular function‐sensitive linkages or via conjugation to macromolecules.
Raised concentrations of aldehyde lipid peroxidation products in premature infants with chronic lung disease

AIM To indicate the extent of lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress, by measuring aldehyde end products in biological samples. METHODS A highly specific gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was used to measure plasma concentrations of aliphatic aldehydes within the first week of life in 13 premature infants who subsequently developed chronic lung disease (CLD) and 11 infants without CLD (non-CLD). The oxime-tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of aldehydes were analysed using 2,2,6,6-d4-cyclohexanone as the internal standard. RESULTS All of the aldehydes measured were raised in those infants with CLD compared with non-CLD infants. Plasma concentrations of heptanal, 2-nonenal, and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) were significantly increased in CLD infants on the day of birth, while the differences in all aldehydes between the two groups were not significant at 4–6 days of age. Logistic regression analysis showed that the increase in these three aldehydes within the first 24 hours of life independently showed significant associations with the development of CLD. In particular, an HNE concentration of ⩾ 200 nM on day 0 was the best predictor for the early detection of CLD (odds ratio = 32.0), followed by a 2-nonenal concentration of ⩾ 150 nM (odds ratio = 16.0). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that lipid peroxidation may have a role in the pathogenesis of neonatal CLD.
An impact plume model for atmospheric holes in the FUV dayglow

A transient decrease in FUV dayglow emission from a ∼ 10³ km² region of Earth's upper atmosphere is one expected outcome of the collision of a stony meteoroid as small as 50 cm in diameter. Computational models of the entry of projectiles between 210 and 21,000 kg predict the ejection of low‐density plumes of air from the stratosphere and mesosphere at velocities of up to 5 km/s. The plumes reach an altitude of over 1000 km, displacing the atomic O‐rich thermosphere, and replacing it with photoelectron‐ and O‐poor air from beneath 80 km. The FUV dayglow is normally dominated by O emissions so the plume appears as a dark spot when viewed from above. FUV dayglow holes are reported at rates ∼ 104–106 larger than the impact flux of objects in the size range modeled here, suggesting either 1) the observed rate is greatly overestimated, 2) there is an additional mechanism, or 3) much smaller impactors (which we have not modeled) can also generate FUV darkening plumes.
Granular Data Description: Designing Ellipsoidal Information Granules

Granular computing (GrC) has emerged as a unified conceptual and processing framework. Information granules are fundamental constructs that permeate concepts and models of GrC. This paper is concerned with a design of a collection of meaningful, easily interpretable ellipsoidal information granules with the use of the principle of justifiable granularity by taking into consideration reconstruction abilities of the designed information granules. The principle of justifiable granularity supports designing of information granules based on numeric or granular evidence, and aims to achieve a compromise between justifiability and specificity of the information granules to be constructed. A two-stage development strategy behind the construction of justifiable information granules is considered. First, a collection of numeric prototypes is determined with the use of fuzzy clustering. Second, the lengths of the semi-axes of ellipsoidal information granules to be formed around such prototypes are optimized. Two optimization criteria are introduced and studied. Experimental studies involving synthetic data set and data sets coming from the machine learning repository are reported.
mtDNA Haplogroup Analysis of Black Brazilian and Sub-Saharan Populations: Implications for the Atlantic Slave Trade

ABSTRACT Seventy individuals from two African and four black Brazilian populations were studied for the first hypervariable segment of mtDNA. To delineate a more complete phylogeographic scenario of the African mtDNA haplogroups in Brazil and to provide additional information on the nature of the Atlantic slave trade, we analyzed our data together with previously published data. The results indicate different sources of African slaves for the four major Brazilian regions. In addition, the data revealed patterns that differ from those expected on the basis of historical registers, thus suggesting the role of ethnic sex differences in the slave trade.
The Interpretation of Cholesterol Balance Derived Synthesis Data and Surrogate Noncholesterol Plasma Markers for Cholesterol Synthesis under Lipid Lowering Therapies

The cholesterol balance procedure allows the calculation of cholesterol synthesis based on the assumption that loss of endogenous cholesterol via fecal excretion and bile acid synthesis is compensated by de novo synthesis. Under ezetimibe therapy hepatic cholesterol is diminished which can be compensated by hepatic de novo synthesis and hepatic extraction of plasma cholesterol. The plasma lathosterol concentration corrected for total cholesterol concentration (R_Lath) as a marker of de novo cholesterol synthesis is increased during ezetimibe treatment but unchanged under treatment with ezetimibe and simvastatin. Cholesterol balance derived synthesis data increase during both therapies. We hypothesize the following. (1) The cholesterol balance data must be applied to the hepatobiliary cholesterol pool. (2) The calculated cholesterol synthesis value is the sum of hepatic de novo synthesis and the net plasma—liver cholesterol exchange rate. (3) The reduced rate of biliary cholesterol absorption is the major trigger for the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism under ezetimibe treatment. Supportive experimental and literature data are presented that describe changes of cholesterol fluxes under ezetimibe, statin, and combined treatments in omnivores and vegans, link plasma R_Lath to liver function, and define hepatic de novo synthesis as target for regulation of synthesis. An ezetimibe dependent direct hepatic drug effect cannot be excluded.
Modelling short‐ and long‐term characteristics of follicle stimulating hormone as predictors of severe hot flashes in the Penn Ovarian Aging Study

The Penn Ovarian Aging Study tracked a population‐based sample of 436 women aged 35–47 years to determine associations between reproductive hormone levels and menopausal symptoms. We develop a joint modelling method that uses the individual level longitudinal measurements of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to predict the risk of severe hot flashes in a manner that distinguishes long‐term trends of the mean trajectory, cumulative changes captured by the derivative of mean trajectory and short‐term residual variability. Our method allows the potential effects of longitudinal trajectories on the health risks to vary and accumulate over time. We further utilize the proposed methods to narrow the critical time windows of increased health risks. We find that high residual variation of FSH is a strong predictor of hot flash risk, and that the high cumulative changes of the FSH mean trajectories in the 52.5–55‐year age range also provides evidence of increased risk over that of short‐term FSH residual variation by itself.
Classification of Individuals with Complex Structure

This paper introduces a foundation for inductive learning based on the use of higher-order logic for knowledge representation. In particular, the paper (i) provides a systematic individuals-as-terms approach to knowledge representation for inductive learning, and demonstrates the utility of types and higher-order constructs for this purpose; (ii) introduces a systematic way to construct predicates for use in induced definitions; and (iii) widens the applicability of decision-tree algorithms beyond the usual attribute-value setting to the classification of individuals with complex internal structure. The paper contains several illustrative applications. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by applying the decision-tree learning system to two benchmark problems.
Ground-penetrating radar velocity tomography in heterogeneous and anisotropic media

A ray series solution for Maxwell's equations provides an efficient numerical technique for calculating wavefronts and raypaths associated with electromagnetic waves in anisotropic media. Using this methodology and assuming weak anisotropy, we show that a perturbation of the anisotropic structure may be related linearly to a variation in the traveltime of an electromagnetic wave. Thus, it is possible to infer lateral variations in the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability matrices. The perturbation approach is used to analyze a series of crosswell ground-penetrating radar surveys conducted at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Several important geological features are imaged, including a rubble zone at the interface between two basalt flows. Linear low-velocity anomalies are imaged clearly and are continuous across well pairs.
Scalable accelerated decentralized multi-robot policy search in continuous observation spaces

This paper presents the first ever approach for solving continuous-observation Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (Dec-POMDPs) and their semi-Markovian counterparts, Dec-POSMDPs. This contribution is especially important in robotics, where a vast number of sensors provide continuous observation data. A continuous-observation policy representation is introduced using Stochastic Kernel-based Finite State Automata (SK-FSAs). An SK-FSA search algorithm titled Entropy-based Policy Search using Continuous Kernel Observations (EPSCKO) is introduced and applied to the first ever continuous-observation Dec-POMDP/Dec-POSMDP domain, where it significantly outperforms state-of-the-art discrete approaches. This methodology is equally applicable to Dec-POMDPs and Dec-POSMDPs, though the empirical analysis presented focuses on Dec-POSMDPs due to their higher scalability. To improve convergence, an entropy injection policy search acceleration approach for both continuous and discrete observation cases is also developed and shown to improve convergence rates without degrading policy quality.
Implementation of a Worksite Wellness Program Targeting Small Businesses

Objective: To assess small business adoption and need for a worksite wellness program in a longitudinal study of health risks, productivity, workers' compensation rates, and claims costs. Methods: Health risk assessment data from 6507 employees in 260 companies were examined. Employer and employee data are reported as frequencies, with means and standard deviations reported when applicable. Results: Of the 260 companies enrolled in the health risk management program, 71% continued more than 1 year, with 97% reporting that worker wellness improves worker safety. Of 6507 participating employees, 34.3% were overweight and 25.6% obese. Approximately one in five participants reported depression. Potentially modifiable conditions affecting 15% or more of enrollees include chronic fatigue, sleeping problems, headaches, arthritis, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. Conclusions: Small businesses are a suitable target for the introduction of health promotion programs.
The impact of computerized physician order entry on medication error prevention.

BACKGROUND Medication errors are common, and while most such errors have little potential for harm they cause substantial extra work in hospitals. A small proportion do have the potential to cause injury, and some cause preventable adverse drug events. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of computerized physician order entry (POE) with decision support in reducing the number of medication errors. DESIGN Prospective time series analysis, with four periods. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS All patients admitted to three medical units were studied for seven to ten-week periods in four different years. The baseline period was before implementation of POE, and the remaining three were after. Sophistication of POE increased with each successive period. INTERVENTION Physician order entry with decision support features such as drug allergy and drug-drug interaction warnings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Medication errors, excluding missed dose errors. RESULTS During the study, the non-missed-dose medication error rate fell 81 percent, from 142 per 1,000 patient-days in the baseline period to 26.6 per 1,000 patient-days in the final period (P < 0.0001). Non-intercepted serious medication errors (those with the potential to cause injury) fell 86 percent from baseline to period 3, the final period (P = 0.0003). Large differences were seen for all main types of medication errors: dose errors, frequency errors, route errors, substitution errors, and allergies. For example, in the baseline period there were ten allergy errors, but only two in the following three periods combined (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Computerized POE substantially decreased the rate of non-missed-dose medication errors. A major reduction in errors was achieved with the initial version of the system, and further reductions were found with addition of decision support features.
Global energy cycle between land and ocean in the simulated 20th century climate systems

The global energy cycle between the land and the ocean has been studied with simulations of the 20th century performed with coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate models. The energy cycle consists of the net energy fluxes at the top‐of‐the‐atmosphere (TOA) and the surface, the atmospheric energy storage rates over the global land and ocean, and the atmospheric energy transport between the land and ocean. The energy cycle was investigated using a multi‐model ensemble for its centennial mean, climatological annual variation and long‐term trend. Some distinctive features of the cycle were revealed: (1) the ocean‐to‐land atmospheric energy transport plays a key role in partitioning the global net TOA flux between the ocean and land, (2) the annual variation of the global net TOA flux is primarily attributed by the ocean surface flux, and (3) it is ascertained that the planetary energy imbalance on the long‐term period is induced by the ocean's heat uptake.
Hearing help-seeking and rehabilitation: Perspectives of adults with hearing impairment

Abstract Objective: This study investigated the perspectives of adults with hearing impairment on hearing help-seeking and rehabilitation. Design: Individual semi-structured interviews were completed. Study sample: In total, 34 adults with hearing impairment in four countries (Australia, Denmark, UK, and USA) participated. Participants had a range of experience with hearing help-seeking and rehabilitation, from never having sought help to being satisfied hearing-aid users. Results: Qualitative content analysis identified four main categories (‘perceiving my hearing impairment’, ‘seeking hearing help’, ‘using my hearing aids’, and ‘perspectives and knowledge’) and, at the next level, 25 categories. This article reports on the densest categories: they are described, exemplified with interview quotes, and discussed. Conclusions: People largely described hearing help-seeking and rehabilitation in the context of their daily lives. Adults with hearing impairment rarely described clinical encounters towards hearing help-seeking and rehabilitation as a connected process. They portrayed interactions with clinicians as isolated events rather than chronologically-ordered steps relating to a common goal. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.