Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal variations of the ichthyofaunal structure accompanying the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Crustacea: Penaeidae), fishery in important fishery areas of the Santa Catarina shore, Brazil

The present study analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively the temporal and spatial changes in the fish assemblages present in seabob shrimp distribution sites in two important fishing areas of the Santa Catarina coast. Monthly bottom trawls, conducted between March 2007 and February 2008 in Balneario Barra do Sul and Penha, yielded a total of 38,608 specimens belonging to 54 species, of which 35 occurred in both regions. The Sciaenidae was the most represented family in both number of species and abundance of individuals. The dominant species were Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889), S. brasiliensis (Schultz, 1945), Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1875), Isopisthus parvipinnis (Cuvier, 1830), Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Pellona harroweri (Fowler, 1917). The ichthyofaunal structure showed a spatiotemporal dependence with significant differences in March 2007 and January and February 2008 between Balneario Barra do Sul and Penha. The main differences were attributed to dominant species, which were responsible for significantly altering the abundance of the assemblages. The species richness was similar in both sites, whereas the diversity and equitability indices showed monthly fluctuation patterns that differed between Balneario Barra do Sul and Penha. The Shannon index differed in August, September and November 2007 and January and February 2008, with an H' ranging from 0.74 to 1.98 influenced by dominant species, whereas significant variations were observed for the Pielou index in November 2007 and February 2008. The Berger-Parker index demonstrated a clear dominance pattern where the monthly numeric contribution of a single species ranged from approximately 30 to 80%. Although the results showed differences between fishing grounds 25% of the time, we conclude that fish assemblies captured as accompanying fauna in artisanal seabob shrimp fisheries showed statistically similar characteristics for most of the year, although Balneario Barra do Sul and Penha are 35 km away from each other.
Revisiting global diversity and biogeography of freshwater diatoms: New insights from molecular data

The distribution of microorganisms has long been assumed to be cosmopolitan and primarily controlled by the environment, but recent studies suggest that microbes may also exhibit strong biogeographical patterns driven by dispersal limitation. Past attempts to study the global biogeography of freshwater diatoms have always encountered the great difficulty of collecting taxonomically harmonized large‐scale data. However, developments in molecular techniques and DNA metabarcoding provide a unique opportunity to overcome these limitations and to disclose diatom biodiversity at an unprecedented scale and resolution. Here, we assembled DNA metabarcoding data of freshwater benthic diatom communities sampled in seven geographic regions across the world to investigate how diatom diversity varies along latitude and to assess the proportion of genetic variants of these microorganisms which are exclusive or shared across regions. We observed significant differences in assemblages among climate zones and found that genetic richness is not affected by latitude, but by an island effect. The genetic resolution directly impacts the proportion of variants shared across regions; however, the majority of taxa remained specific to a single geographic region. Freshwater diatoms disperse over long distances and across oceans but at rates that allow the appearance of local genetic variants and the regionalization of assemblages. Future work should focus on putting these diversity dynamics into a temporal context, an approach that should be possible by bringing together new sequencing techniques and phylogeography.
Finite-Element Analysis on the Stability of Geotextile Tube–Reinforced Embankments under Scouring

AbstractScouring is a significant problem on river bank and coastal protection systems. Severe scouring can cause damaging consequences to geotextile tube embankment structures. In this study, five case scenarios of an embankment system supported by stacked geotextile tubes were analyzed using a commercially available finite-element analysis software. These case scenarios include (1) conventional geotextile tube stacking on ground base foundation; (2) geotextile tube stacking on gravel bedding foundation; (3) geotextile tube stacking on excavated foundation; (4) geotextile tube stacking on excavated foundation with gravel bedding; and (5) fortification of stacked geotextile tubes by riprap protection. Each case scenario is simulated under normal loading and critical loading conditions with and without scouring at the base toe of the embankment system. Results suggest that the potential problems that occur during scouring and critical states of the embankment system instigate failures that could destabiliz.
An evaluation of a general circulation model (GCM) and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for winter precipitation in Greece

In this study, an attempt is made to evaluate winter precipitation data derived from the general circulation model (GCM)—HadAM3P (atmospherical circulation model—Hadley Center) and from the National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis project for the period 1960–1990. These data sets are compared on a seasonal basis (winter) with observational data derived from stations over Greece. More specifically, the suitability of their average distributions and their spatial and temporal variability is examined. The methods used are principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The connection between the precipitation data sets and five cyclonic circulation types, from a daily catalogue, is also studied. With respect to the spatial distribution of the mean precipitation amounts, NCEP data show better agreement with the observational data compared to the modeled data. However, both NCEP and HadAM3P values are generally underestimated. Moreover, it seems that the HadAM3P is able to capture and reproduce quite satisfactorily the relationship between the precipitation data and the circulation types, but inadequately simulates the impact of orography and the Aegean Sea. Finally, the links between the precipitation variability in Greece and the European 500 hPa variability given by CCA seem to be fairly well reproduced by the model. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Investigation of the 2011 Eruption of Shinmoedake Volcano, Kirishima Volcanic Group, Japan, Using RADARSAT-2 SAR Data

In January 2011, a magmatic eruption occurred in Shinmoedake Volcano, which is part of the Kirishima volcanic group and is located in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. We employed C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired by RADARSAT-2 to examine ground surface changes caused by the volcanic activities (ash fall and volcanic bombs) for the prediction of sediment-related disaster. Change detection images recorded by the before-eruption and after-eruption SAR data revealed regional and local changes, especially around the craters and distribution area of volcanic ejecta. The Pauli color-coded image was classified into bare ground, forest area, and built-up area on the basis of the differences in the reflecting features, enabling us to detect a distribution of volcanic ejecta. Although our method cannot yield quantitative features, it is suitable for mapping widely distributed volcanic ejecta. Because SAR is an all-weather sensor, we found that our method of using SAR data was more efficient for investigating the volcanic eruption than image comparison using optical sensor data.
Long-term mitigation of drought changes the functional potential and life-strategies of the forest soil microbiome involved in organic matter decomposition

Climate change can alter the flow of nutrients and energy through terrestrial ecosystems. Using an inverse climate change field experiment in the central European Alps, we explored how long-term irrigation of a naturally drought-stressed pine forest altered the metabolic potential of the soil microbiome and its ability to decompose lignocellulolytic compounds as a critical ecosystem function. Drought mitigation by a decade of irrigation stimulated profound changes in the functional capacity encoded in the soil microbiome, revealing alterations in carbon and nitrogen metabolism as well as regulatory processes protecting microorganisms from starvation and desiccation. Despite the structural and functional shifts from oligotrophic to copiotrophic microbial lifestyles under irrigation and the observation that different microbial taxa were involved in the degradation of cellulose and lignin as determined by a time-series stable-isotope probing incubation experiment with 13C-labeled substrates, degradation rates of these compounds were not affected by different water availabilities. These findings provide new insights into the impact of precipitation changes on the soil microbiome and associated ecosystem functioning in a drought-prone pine forest and will help to improve our understanding of alterations in biogeochemical cycling under a changing climate.
Botrallin from the endophytic fungus Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12 and its antimicrobial activity

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of the mycelia from the endophytic fungus Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12, associated with the hybrid 'Neva' of Populus deltoides Marsh × P. nigra L. , led to the isolation of one compound coded as P12-1 which was identified as botrallin (1,7dihydroxy-3,9dimethoxy-4a-methyl-6Hdibenzo [b,d] pyran-2,6 (4aH) -dione) by spectroscopic and physicochemical means. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of botrallin against Bacillus subtilis were 98.47 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 values of botrallin against spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzae and Botryosphaeria dothidea were 81.62 μg/ml and 110.02 μg/m, respectively. This is the first report about botrallin and its antimicrobial activity from the endophytic fungus Hyalodendriella sp. Ponipodef12 derived from Populus species.
COMPARISON OF EDGE DETECTION METHODS USING ROBERTS AND LAPLACIAN OPERATORS ON MANGO LEAF OBJECTS

Edge detection is a technique to find the outlines of an object in an image by detecting significant changes in brightness or discontinuities. This study discusses the comparison of edge detection using Roberts operators and Laplacian operators. The object used in edge detection is four types of mango leaves (Golek, Arum Manis, Madu, and Kuweni) with the *. jpeg format that has been pre-processed with 1000 x 278 pixels. The test used in this study compared the results of White Pixel values, MSE, and PSNR with test data as many as 24 data samples from four types of mango leaves. The results of the comparison of edge detection methods using the Laplacian operator get the lowest MSE value of 7.8577, the highest PSNR value of 39.2119, and the white pixel value of 164951, while the Roberts operator gets the lowest MSE value of 8.9723, the highest PSNR value of 38.6358, and the white pixel value of 155889.
The Relationship Between Close-Range Shooting Distance and Nitrite Patterns on Cotton and Polyester Clothing

At a crime scene, the presence and pattern of gunshot residue can help forensic scientists piece together the events that occurred. To assist this, we determined the relationship between shooting distance and nitrite residue patterns left on fabric targets. Using the Modified Griess Test, we also investigated whether fabric type plays a role in gunshot residue (GSR) amounts. Cotton and polyester targets were shot from five different distances, and the targets were processed using the Modified Griess Test to measure the nitrite components of the GSR particles. An image processing program called ImageJ was used to approximate the total area of the residue. Results show that from 0 cm to 25 cm away, there was a rapid increase in GSR, but beyond 25 cm, there was a decrease in GSR, which is consistent with previous studies. Also, fabric type played a significant role in GSR patterns, with polyester fabrics holding more GSR on average than cotton at 25 cm, but less than cotton at 0 cm. The results of this study can potentially provide new and innovative ways to determine shooting distances and GSR patterns on different fabric types.
Three new lobarioid lichens (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) from Colombia, honoring Enrique Forero

We describe three new species of lobarioid Peltigeraceae from Colombia, honoring our mentor, colleague, and friend, Prof. Dr. Enrique Forero González, one of the most outstanding Colombian scientists, for his contributions to botany, plant conservation, and science policy in Colombia. The three new species belong to Lobariella, Sticta, and Yoshimuriella, respecticely, the three most species-rich genera of lobarioid Peltigeraceae in Colombia. Lobariella foreroana B. Moncada & Lücking sp. nov., from Nariño, is similar to L. reticulata in overall morphology, including the loosely attached thallus, but is overall more delicate, with much narrower, apically partly dissected lobes and with methyl-gyrophorate as additional secondary substance. Sticta henrici B. Moncada, D. Rincón & Lücking sp. nov., from Tolima, is similar to S. granatensis Nyl. , but deviates in the distinctly pilose apothecial margins. Finally, Yoshimuriella enfogoa B. Moncada & Lücking sp. nov., from Cundinamarca, is similar to Y. subcorrosa, but differs in the continuous lower tomentum and is phylogenetically distinct. The distinctiveness of the new species is based on diagnostic morphological features, supported by molecular data of the fungal ITS barcoding marker.
Validation of MODIS and AVHRR sea surface temperature using bulk measurements

The development of algorithms for the production of reliable Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data sets from space borne infrared radiometers has been pursued by different agencies since late 1960's. The current state of the art in SST retrieval from space is limited by radiometer window placement, radiometer noise, quality of pre-launch characterization, in-flight calibration quality, viewing geometry and, mainly, atmospheric correction.The correction to eliminate the atmospheric effects is a critical and complicated step in the validation process, because although the satellite observations are approaching sufficient quality for routine use, unfortunately the thermal structure in the upper 10 m of the ocean is complex and highly variable, so SST may be significantly different depending on the vertical depth of the in situ measurement, the local time of day, local conditions at the air-sea interface and the instrument used; so in order to properly merge skin and bulk temperatures, daytime match-ups have been excluded from the validation process. In this context, the validation of the NOAA-AVHRR/3 and TERRA-MODIS atmospheric correction algorithms for the retrieval of sea surface temperature from the Canary Islands-Azores-Gibraltar area is performed by using more than 1500 in situ temperature measurements, derived from the ARGO Data Collection System and by the Oceanographic Service of the University of Las Palmas Gran Canaria, over the period from December 2000 to September 2003.
Sepia bandensis ink inhibits polymerase chain reactions

While cephalopods serve critical roles in ecosystems and are of significant interest in scientific studies of the nervous system, medicinal toxins, and evolutionary diversification. The absence of a genomic library and the lack of comprehensive gene analysis present challenges to conducting efficient and thorough research. One difficulty in advancing cephalopod genomics is the presence of inhibitors (such as ink) that impede the amplification of DNA samples with PCR. We tested the hypothesis that Sepia bandensis (dwarf cuttlefish) ink inhibits PCR by running PCR reactions with and without the back addition of ink to Turbo fluctuosus (marine sea snail) DNA with the inclusion of the appropriate positive and negative controls. The experimental results show that ink added to T. fluctuosus DNA extracted using two kit-based extraction methods or phenol chloroform extraction prevents the amplification of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene. Also, while modern extraction methods like quaternary amine resin and silica column isolation failed to produce genomic products viable for PCR from S. bandensis, phenol chloroform extraction eliminated the inhibitors and resulted in successful amplification. The results of this investigation could further cephalopod genomic studies and serve as a model for experiments aiming to determine the cause of PCR inhibition.
Effect of concurrent mitral valve surgery for secondary mitral regurgitation upon mortality after aortic valve replacement or coronary artery bypass surgery

Objectives It is uncertain whether concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement for moderate or greater secondary mitral regurgitation at the time of coronary artery bypass graft or aortic valve replacement surgery improves long-term survival. Methods Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and/or aortic valve replacement surgery with moderate or greater secondary mitral regurgitation were reviewed. The effect of concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement upon long-term mortality was assessed while accounting for patient and operative characteristics and mitral regurgitation severity. Results Of 1,515 patients, 938 underwent coronary artery bypass graft or aortic valve replacement surgery alone and 577 underwent concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement. Concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement did not alter the risk of postoperative mortality for patients with moderate mitral regurgitation (hazard ratio = 0.93; 0.75–1.17) or more-than-moderate mitral regurgitation (hazard ratio = 1.09; 0.74–1.60) in multivariable regression. Patients with more-than-moderate mitral regurgitation undergoing coronary artery bypass graft-only surgery had a survival advantage from concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement in the first two postoperative years (P = 0.028) that did not persist beyond that time. Patients who underwent concurrent mitral valve repair or replacement had a higher rate of later mitral valve operation or reoperation over the five subsequent years (1.9% vs. 0.2%; P = 0.0014) than those who did not. Conclusions These observations suggest that mitral valve repair or replacement for more-than-moderate mitral regurgitation at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting may be reasonable in a suitably selected coronary artery bypass graft population but not for aortic valve replacement, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. Our findings are supportive of 2021 European guidelines that severe secondary mitral regurgitation “should” or be “reasonabl[y]” intervened upon at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting but do not support 2020 American guidelines for performing mitral valve repair or replacement concurrent with aortic valve replacement, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting.
Białowieża Forest (Ne-Poland) and Valday Np ( Nw-Russia) – Biogeographical Characteristics of Eutrophic Deciduous Forests

Abstract During geobotanical studies in the north-eastern border of hemi-boreal zone, in Valday (NW Russia), rare eutrophic deciduous forests dominated by oak Quercus robur were observed. A comparison of these forests with the model of European deciduous forest in Białowieża National Park (NE-Poland) indicates a great similarity. Therefore, eutrophic deciduous forests in Valday can be classified to the Querco-Fagetea class, the Fagetalia sylvaticae order and to the Capinion betuli alliance, despite the absence of hornbeam Carpinus betulus in the region. Rarity of eutrophic deciduous forests in Valday region results probably from strong anthropogenic pressure in the past.
Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Southern Europe Water Distribution: Insights from Geodetic Data

AbstractFrom space gravity and station position data over southern Europe from 2002 to 2010, this study investigates the interannual mass redistributions using principal component analysis. The dominant mode, which appears both in gravity and positioning, results from the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This analysis allows us to isolate and characterize the NAO impact on the mass distribution, which appears centered over the Black Sea and its two main catchment basins, the Danube and Dnieper.
Impact of outcrop area on estimates of Phanerozoic terrestrial biodiversity trends

Abstract Studies of biodiversity through time have primarily focused on the marine realm which is generally considered to have a more complete record than terrestrial environments. Recently, this assumption has been challenged, and it has been argued that the record of life on land is comparable or even more robust than that of the shallow oceans. Moreover, it has been claimed that terrestrial successions preserve an exponential rise in diversity, even when corrected for sampling biases such as changes in continental rock volume through time. We evaluate relations between terrestrial diversity and exposed areas of terrestrial sediments using our compiled data on areas of global continental outcrops and generic diversity from the Paleobiology Database. Terrestrial global generic diversity and terrestrial outcrop area are highly correlated following a linear relation. No significant correlation is observed between habitat area and either outcrop area or biodiversity, suggesting that the observed relation between diversity and outcrop area is not driven by a common cause, such as eustasy. We do find evidence for a small residual increase in diversity through time after removing the effect of outcrop area, but caution that this may be driven by an increased proportion of terrestrial fauna with high preservation potential.
Transport of Middle Atlantic Bight shelf water to the Gulf Stream near Cape Hatteras

Flowing along the U.S. eastern seaboard from Nantucket Shoals to Cape Hatteras is a low-salinity (<34 practical salinity units) water mass known as Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf water. It has long been recognized that a large quantity of this water is entrained into the Gulf Stream near Cape Hatteras. We examine this process using moored instrument, hydrographic, and drifter track data acquired in the Cape Hatteras region over 1992–1994. These measurements reveal that the cross section and volume transport of MAB shelf water tend to shrink considerably going southward toward and past Cape Hatteras. In particular, our hydrographic data show shelf water cross section to be reduced by about a factor of 8 over a region stretching 80 km north of Diamond Shoals (between 35° 20′N and 36°10′N). There appear to be two fairly distinct zones of export in this region. Our data suggest that shelf water loss in the northern zone, over 35°40′N–36°10′N, occurs principally seaward of the shelf edge. Seaward movement of shelf water into Gulf Stream meanders and into the circulation of water discharged from the Gulf Stream are identified as important agents effecting this loss. Export of shelf water in the southern zone occurs over middle and outer shelf, as indicated by 5–10 cm s−1 mean off shelf velocities measured by moored current meters. Contributing to this export is a seaward flow of shelf water in a strong current at the edge of the front separating MAB shelf water from the more saline shelf water of the South Atlantic Bight. The offshore transport of shelf water at the edge of this front is principally observed when the front is migrating shoreward across the shelf. This intermittency in the seaward transport of shelf water at the front may be partly responsible for the variability of the presence and transport of shelf water seen at the edge of the Gulf Stream.