Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fast Semantic Relatedness: WordNet: : Similarity vs Roget's Thesaurus

A Measure of Semantic Relatedness (MSR) automatically determines how close two words are in meaning. MSRs are used in such Natural Language Processing (NLP) problems as word-sense disambiguation or text summarization. To solve such problems may require millions of relatedness scores, but MSR run-time, clearly a major concern, has rarely been considered in NLP research. To evaluate an MSR, one often assigns relatedness scores to word pairs and measures the correlation with human-assigned scores. The WordSimilarity-353 test collection [1] is a known evaluation set of 353 word pairs with given relatedness scores. Spearman’s correlation can be calculated, while Fisher’s r-z transformation can be used to measure signiﬁcance. We evaluate run-time performance of eleven MSRs previously evaluated with respect to correlation [2]. Resources like WordNet and Roget’s Thesaurus have often been used to create MSRs. Ten MSRs are implemented in the WordNet::Similarity package [3], and one MSR uses the 1911 Roget’s Thesaurus [2]. Roget’s MSR calculates relatedness between two word-senses (appearances of a word in the Thesaurus ) in constant time after ﬁnding them in an index. WordNet -based MSRs vary in complexity. A few could be implemented to run comparably fast to Roget’s MSR, but WordNet::Similarity seldom does it. Our comparison of two popular MSR packages aims to inform researchers and developers who work on time-sensitive NLP applications.
Characterization of Multi-Functional Properties and Conformational Analysis of MutS2 from Thermotoga maritima MSB8

The MutS2 homologues have received attention because of their unusual activities that differ from those of MutS. In this work, we report on the functional characteristics and conformational diversities of Thermotoga maritima MutS2 (TmMutS2). Various biochemical features of the protein were demonstrated via diverse techniques such as scanning probe microscopy (SPM), ATPase assays, analytical ultracentrifugation, DNA binding assays, size chromatography, and limited proteolytic analysis. Dimeric TmMutS2 showed the temperature-dependent ATPase activity. The non-specific nicking endonuclease activities of TmMutS2 were inactivated in the presence of nonhydrolytic ATP (ADPnP) and enhanced by the addition of TmMutL. In addition, TmMutS2 suppressed the TmRecA-mediated DNA strand exchange reaction in a TmMutL-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of dimeric TmMutS2 exhibited nucleotide- and DNA-dependent conformational transitions. Particularly, TmMutS2-ADPnP showed the most compressed form rather than apo-TmMutS2 and the TmMutS2-ADP complex, in accordance with the results of biochemical assays. In the case of the DNA-binding complexes, the stretched conformation appeared in the TmMutS2-four-way junction (FWJ)-DNA complex. Convergences of biochemical- and SAXS analysis provided abundant information for TmMutS2 and clarified ambiguous experimental results.
Application of a 3-DOF parallel manipulator for earthquake simulations

In this paper a formulation and experimental results are presented for a novel application of a 3-degree of freedom (DOF) parallel manipulator to simulate point seismograms and three-dimensional (3-D) earthquake motion. The rigid body acceleration is analyzed to simulate real 3-D earthquakes. Furthermore, first experimental results are reported to analyze earthquake effects on scaled civil structures.
Prevalence of invalid computerized baseline neurocognitive test results in high school and collegiate athletes.

CONTEXT Limited data are available regarding the prevalence and nature of invalid computerized baseline neurocognitive test data. OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of invalid baselines on the desktop and online versions of ImPACT and to document the utility of correcting for left-right (L-R) confusion on the desktop version of ImPACT. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of independent samples of high school (HS) and collegiate athletes who completed the desktop or online versions of ImPACT. Participants or Other Participants: A total of 3769 HS (desktop = 1617, online = 2152) and 2130 collegiate (desktop = 742, online = 1388) athletes completed preseason baseline assessments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Prevalence of = ImPACT validity indicators, with correction for L-R confusion (reversing left and right mouse-click responses) on the desktop version, by test version and group. Chi-square analyses were conducted for sex and attentional or learning disorders. RESULTS At least 1 invalid indicator was present on 11.9% (desktop) versus 6.3% (online) of the HS baselines and 10.2% (desktop) versus 4.1% (online) of collegiate baselines; correcting for L-R confusion (desktop) decreased this overall prevalence to 8.4% (HS) and 7.5% (collegiate). Online Impulse Control scores alone yielded 0.4% (HS) and 0.9% (collegiate) invalid baselines, compared with 9.0% (HS) and 5.4% (collegiate) on the desktop version; correcting for L-R confusion (desktop) decreased the prevalence of invalid Impulse Control scores to 5.4% (HS) and 2.6% (collegiate). Male athletes and HS athletes with attention deficit or learning disorders who took the online version were more likely to have at least 1 invalid indicator. Utility of additional invalidity indicators is reported. CONCLUSIONS The online ImPACT version appeared to yield fewer invalid baseline results than did the desktop version. Identification of L-R confusion reduces the prevalence of invalid baselines (desktop only) and the potency of Impulse Control as a validity indicator. We advise test administrators to be vigilant in identifying invalid baseline results as part of routine concussion management and prevention programs.
Underactuated bipedal walking with knees that generates measurable period of double-limb support

Through modeling and analysis of a rimless wheel with active knees and semicircular feet, we showed that measurable period of double-limb support (DLS) emerges immediately after landing of the fore leg as in the case of a telescopic-legged one. In this paper, we extend the analysis to an underactuated biped model only with revolving joints and investigate the potentiality of the emergence of DLS motion in level dynamic walking. We numerically show that non-instantaneous DLS motion emerges after the instant of landing of the swing leg if the knee-joints are free and semicircular feet have a sufficient radius. Furthermore, we numerically analyze the tendency of the emergence of DLS motion according to the robot's physical parameters and shapes.
A Mobile Agent based Sybil Attack Detection Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

In the recent years it has been a great challenge for the researchers to ensure security in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The traditional prevention based cryptographic algorithms cannot meet the security goals in a resource constrained wireless sensor network; these cannot also prevent the insider attacks. So a second line of defense called intrusion detection systems are developed to detect and alarm on various kinds of insider as well as outsider attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks. WSNs are susceptible to many kinds of attacks because of their open and harsh operating environment. Sybil attack is one of the dangerous attacks in terms of resource usages and poses threats to many security goals. In this paper, an algorithm called Sybil attack Detection Algorithm (SDA) is proposed to detect and prevent the Sybil attack in the WSNs. Our proposed SDA algorithm is dynamic and accurate in detecting the Sybil attack that uses Mobile agent, threshold value, random key pre-distribution & random password generation. We are using random password and threshold value to distinguish and then for the confirmation of a legitimate node and a Sybil node. Moreover our algorithm helps in transmission of data in a more secured way by avoiding the Sybil attacks. We have simulated the proposed algorithm in NS2. We have checked the throughput and packet delivery ratio hence verified the detection performance of SDA in wireless sensor network.
Eggshell color in brown-egg laying hens — a review

ABSTRACT The major pigment in eggshells of brown-egg laying hens is protoporphyrin IX, but traces of biliverdin and its zinc chelates are also present. The pigment appears to be synthesized in the shell gland. The protoporphyrin IX synthetic pathway is well defined, but precisely where and how it is synthesized in the shell gland of the brown-egg laying hen is still ambiguous. The pigment is deposited onto all shell layers including the shell membranes, but most of it is concentrated in the outermost layer of the calcareous shell and in the cuticle. Recently, the genes that are involved in pigment synthesis have been identified, but the genetic control of synthesis and deposition of brown pigment in the commercial laying hen is not fully understood. The brown coloration of the shell is an important shell quality parameter and has a positive influence on consumer preference. The extent of pigment deposition is influenced by the housing system, hen age, hen strain, diet, stressors, and certain diseases such as infectious bronchitis. In this article, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the brown pigment in commercial brown-egg layers are reviewed in relation to its various functions in the poultry industry.
Young at Heart: Pioneering Approaches to Model Nonischaemic Cardiomyopathy with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

A mere 9 years have passed since the revolutionary report describing the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human fibroblasts and the first in-patient translational use of cells obtained from these stem cells has already been achieved. From the perspectives of clinicians and researchers alike, the promise of induced pluripotent stem cells is alluring if somewhat beguiling. It is now evident that this technology is nascent and many areas for refinement have been identified and need to be considered before induced pluripotent stem cells can be routinely used to stratify, treat and cure patients, and to faithfully model diseases for drug screening purposes. This review specifically addresses the pioneering approaches to improve induced pluripotent stem cell based models of nonischaemic cardiomyopathy.
Modifying EDF Uniform Multiprocessors

Scheduling real-time systems on multiprocessors introduces complexities that do not arise when using uniprocessors. If the processors do not all operate at the same speed, scheduling becomes even more complex. When scheduling using EDF on multiprocessors, breaking deadline ties in different ways can change the resulting schedule dramatically. We consider methods to resolve the ambiguities in EDF priorities due to coincident deadlines. We show that no optimal ambiguity resolver can be both on-line and priority-driven. When processor speeds differ, a job’s minimum required execution rate may also be considered in the scheduling decisions. We propose a modification of existing scheduling algorithms that considers processor speed and minimum required execution rate. We show that the resulting algorithm dominates EDF on identical multiprocessors and conjecture that it dominates EDF on uniform multiprocessors as well.
Development of a Flexible Platform for Agricultural Automatic Guidance Research

This paper describes an agricultural vehicle modified to serve as a research platform for agricultural engineering. A tractor was equipped with a global positioning receiver, inertial/GPS system, geomagnetic direction sensor, and a monochrome camera for local and global sensing. For steering control, the tractor was equipped with an electro-hydraulic proportional steering valve, PWM coil valve driver, and potentiometer wheel angle sensor. The high flexibility of this platform has enabled research in the areas of row crop guidance, sensor fusion and evaluation, automation, vehicle dynamics modeling, and steering control. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks to this platform and the research made available through its development.
Deduction-based Reenement Planning

We introduce a method of deduction-based re-nement planning where prefabricated general solutions are adapted to special problems. Re-nement proceeds by stepwise transforming non-constructive problem speciications into exe-cutable plans. For each reenement step there is a correctness proof guaranteeing the soundness of reenement and with that the generation of prov-ably correct plans. By solving the hard deduction problems once and for all on the abstract level, planning on the concrete level becomes more ef-cient. With that, our approach aims at making deductive planning feasible in realistic contexts. Our approach is based on a temporal logic framework that allows for the representation of spec-iications and plans on the same linguistic level. Basic actions and plans are speciied using a programming language the constructs of which are formulae of the logic. Abstract solutions are represented as|possibly recursive|procedures. It is this common level of representation and the uid transition between speciications and plans our reenement process basically relies upon.
A Stochastic Formulation of the Gompertzian Growth Model for in vitro Bactericidal Kinetics: Parameter Estimation and Extinction Probability

Time‐kill curves have frequently been employed to study the antimicrobial effects of antibiotics. The relevance of pharmacodynamic modeling to these investigations has been emphasized in many studies of bactericidal kinetics. Stochastic models are needed that take into account the randomness of the mechanisms of both bacterial growth and bacteria‐drug interactions. However, most of the models currently used to describe antibiotic activity against microorganisms are deterministic. In this paper we examine a stochastic differential equation representing a stochastic version of a pharmacodynamic model of bacterial growth undergoing random fluctuations, and derive its solution, mean value and covariance structure. An explicit likelihood function is obtained both when the process is observed continuously over a period of time and when data is sampled at time points, as is the custom in these experimental conditions. Some asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimators for the model parameters are discussed. The model is applied to analyze in vitro time‐kill data and to estimate model parameters; the probability of the bacterial population size dropping below some critical threshold is also evaluated. Finally, the relationship between bacterial extinction probability and the pharmacodynamic parameters estimated is discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
But do they speak it? The intergenerational transmission of home-country language in migrant families in France

ABSTRACT To what extent can immigrant parents transmit their home-country language to their children? Drawing on a recent national sample of children of immigrants in France, this paper examines the effects of parental language socialisation and exposure to the parental home country on language ability and language practices of their adult children. The data show that parental efforts at transmitting the language are necessary, but ultimately insufficient especially when it comes to language practices. Almost none of those who grew up without or with only minimal exposure to the parental home-country language use it. But even among those who had extensive exposure only a minority end up using it in their daily lives. The only domain where the second-generation uses the parental home-country language to a non-trivial degree is in the family context. In addition parental resources can have contradictory effects. While successful transmission of home-country language in the immigrant context requires significant resources, those parents who have these resources are less likely to try to pass on their language.
The sub-lethal effects of repeated freezing in the woolly bear caterpillar Pyrrharctia isabella

SUMMARY Repeated freeze–thaw cycles are common and are increasing in frequency with climate change in many temperate locations, yet understanding of their impact on freeze-tolerant insects is extremely limited. We investigated the effects of repeated freezing and thawing on the freeze-tolerant final instar caterpillars of the moth Pyrrharctia isabella (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) by subjecting individuals to either a single sustained 35 h freeze or five 7 h freezes. Sub-lethal effects were quantified with changes in three broad groups of measures: (1) cold hardiness, (2) metabolic rate and energy reserves and (3) survival after challenge with fungal spores. Repeated freeze–thaw cycles increased mortality to almost 30% and increased tissue damage in Malpighian tubules and hemocytes. Repeated freezing increased caterpillar glycerol concentration by 0.82 mol l–1. There were no changes in metabolic rate or energy reserves with repeated freezing. For the first time, we report increased survival after immune challenge in caterpillars after freezing and suggest that this may be linked to wounding during freezing. We suggest that little repair of freezing damage is possible in P. isabella caterpillars and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may present significant challenges to survival in this species.
The Influence of Computer Literacy and Computer Anxiety on Computer Self-Efficacy: The Moderating Effect of Gender

Although researchers have published many studies on computer literacy and anxiety related to computer self-efficacy, there are two gaps in relevant literature. First, the effects of computer literacy and computer anxiety on computer self-efficacy are considered separately, yet their interaction effect is neglected. Second, the role of individual gender characteristics in the relationships between computer literacy and anxiety on computer self-efficacy is far from clear. To address these two concerns, this study empirically investigates the interaction effect between computer literacy and computer anxiety, and the moderating role of gender. This study tests hypotheses using survey data from people who have experience using computers in Taiwan, and uses hierarchical regression to analyze the models. Results indicate that computer literacy can help form positive computer self-efficacy more effectively for males than for females, and computer anxiety can lead to more negative computer self-efficacy for females than for males. A three-way interaction also exists among computer literacy, computer anxiety, and gender. The results, research contributions, and limitations are discussed, and implications for future studies are suggested.
Data-adaptive test statistics for microarray data

MOTIVATION An important task in microarray data analysis is the selection of genes that are differentially expressed between different tissue samples, such as healthy and diseased. However, microarray data contain an enormous number of dimensions (genes) and very few samples (arrays), a mismatch which poses fundamental statistical problems for the selection process that have defied easy resolution. RESULTS In this paper, we present a novel approach to the selection of differentially expressed genes in which test statistics are learned from data using a simple notion of reproducibility in selection results as the learning criterion. Reproducibility, as we define it, can be computed without any knowledge of the 'ground-truth', but takes advantage of certain properties of microarray data to provide an asymptotically valid guide to expected loss under the true data-generating distribution. We are therefore able to indirectly minimize expected loss, and obtain results substantially more robust than conventional methods. We apply our method to simulated and oligonucleotide array data. AVAILABILITY By request to the corresponding author.
Global chaos synchronization of Chen-Lee systems via backstepping control

This paper investigates the global chaos synchronization of chaotic systems, viz. Chen-Lee chaotic system (2004) by backstepping control method. Our theorem on synchronization for Chen-Lee chaotic system is established using Lyapunov stability theory. The backstepping scheme is recursive procedure that links the choice of a Lyapunov function with the design of a controller. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the backstepping control method is effective and convenient to synchronize identical systems. Numerical simulations are also given to illustrate and validate the synchronization result derived in this paper.
An Attempt to Define New Criteria for Model Selection in Mathematical Statistics *

We propose a new approach for model selection in mathematical statistics that is based not on the probability but on the 'waiting time' of a sample. By waiting time of a sample we understand the average time of the first appearance of the sample in a sequence of independent identically distributed random variables. In the paper we consider a few simple examples to illustrate the main idea and further mathematical problems related to the new approach.
Prevalence of TMPRSS2-ERG Fusion Prostate Cancer among Men Undergoing Prostate Biopsy in the United States

Purpose: Fusion of the TMPRSS2 prostate-specific gene with the ERG transcription factor is a putatively oncogenic gene rearrangement that is commonly found in prostate cancer tissue from men undergoing prostatectomy. However, the prevalence of the fusion was less common in samples of transurethral resection of the prostate from a Swedish cohort of patients with incidental prostate cancer followed by watchful waiting, raising the question as to whether the high prevalence in prostatectomy specimens reflects selection bias. We sought to determine the prevalence of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion among prostate-specific antigen–screened men undergoing prostate biopsy in the United States. Experimental Design: We studied 140 prostate biopsies from the same number of patients for TMPRSS2-ERG fusion status with a fluorescent in situ hybridization assay. One hundred and thirty-four samples (100 cancer and 34 benign) were assessable. Results:ERG gene rearrangement was detected in 46% of prostate biopsies that were found to have prostate cancer and in 0% of benign prostate biopsies (P < 0.0001). Evaluation of morphologic features showed that cribriform growth, blue-tinged mucin, macronucleoli, and collagenous micronodules were significantly more frequent in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion–positive prostate cancer biopsies than gene fusion–negative prostate cancer biopsies (P ≤ 0.04). No significant association with Gleason score was detected. In addition, non-Caucasian patients were less likely to have positive fusion status (P = 0.02). Conclusions: This is the first prospective North American multicenter study to characterize TMPRSS2-ERG prostate cancer prevalence in a cohort of patients undergoing needle biopsy irrespective of whether or not they subsequently undergo prostatectomy. Our results show that this gene rearrangement is common among North American men who have prostate cancer on biopsy, is absent in benign prostate biopsy, and is associated with specific morphologic features. These findings indicate a need for prospective studies to evaluate the relationship of TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement with clinical course of screening-detected prostate cancer in North American men, and a need for the development of noninvasive screening tests to detect TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement.