Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The average structural evolution of massive galaxies can be reliably estimated using cumulative galaxy number densities

Galaxy evolution can be studied observationally by linking progenitor and descendant galaxies through an evolving cumulative number density selection. This procedure can reproduce the expected evolution of the median stellar mass from abundance matching. However, models predict an increasing scatter in main progenitor masses at higher redshifts, which makes galaxy selection at the median mass unrepresentative. Consequently, there is no guarantee that the evolution of other galaxy properties deduced from this selection are reliable. Despite this concern, we show that this procedure approximately reproduces the evolution of the average stellar density profile of main progenitors of M = 10^11.5 Msun galaxies, when applied to the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation. At z > 3.5 the aperture masses disagree by about a factor two, but this discrepancy disappears when we include the expected scatter in cumulative number densities. The evolution of the average density profile in EAGLE broadly agrees with observations from UltraVISTA and CANDELS, suggesting an inside-out growth history for these massive galaxies over 0 < z < 5. However, for z < 2 the inside-out growth trend is stronger in EAGLE. We conclude that cumulative number density matching gives reasonably accurate results when applied to the evolution of the mean density profile of massive galaxies.
File Id 493611 Filename Chapter 3: Inference of Surface Membrane Factors of Hiv-1 Infection through Functional Interaction Networks Source (or Part of the following Source): Type Dissertation Title the Symphony of Gene Regulation Author

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Matrix model and Holographic Baryons in the D0-D4 background

We study on the spectrum and short-distance two-body force of holographic baryons by the matrix model, which is derived from Sakai-Sugimoto model in D0-D4 background (D0-D4/D8 system). The matrix model is derived by using the standard technique in string theory and it can describe multi-baryon system. We re-derive the action of the matrix model from open string theory on the wrapped baryon vertex, which is embedded in the D0- D4/D8 system. The matrix model offers a more systematic approach to the dynamics of the baryons at short distances. In our system, we find that the matrix model describe stable baryonic states only if $\zeta=U_{Q_{0}}^{3}/U_{KK}^{3} 2$, we find that the baryon spectrum would be totally complex and an attractive force will appear in the short-distance interaction of baryons, which may consistently correspond to the existence of unstable baryonic states.
Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope detection of associated H I 21-cm absorption at z = 1.2230 towards TXS 1954+513

We have used the 610 MHz receivers of the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) to detect associated HI 21cm absorption from the $z = 1.2230$ blazar TXS1954+513. The GMRT HI 21cm absorption is likely to arise against either the milli-arcsecond-scale core or the one-sided milli-arcsecond-scale radio jet, and is blueshifted by $\approx 328$ km s$^{-1}$ from the blazar redshift. This is consistent with a scenario in which the HI cloud giving rise to the absorption is being driven outward by the radio jet. The integrated HI 21cm optical depth is $(0.716 \pm 0.037)$ km s$^{-1}$, implying a high HI column density, $N_{\rm HI} = (1.305 \pm 0.067) \times ({\rm T_s/100\: K}) \times 10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$, for an assumed HI spin temperature of 100 K. We use Nickel Telescope photometry of TXS1954+513 to infer a high rest-frame 1216 \AA\ luminosity of $(4.1 \pm 1.2) \times 10^{23}$ W Hz$^{-1}$. The $z = 1.2230$ absorber towards TXS1954+513 is only the fifth case of a detection of associated HI 21cm absorption at $z > 1$, and is also the first case of such a detection towards an active galactic nucleus (AGN) with a rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity $\gg 10^{23}$ W Hz$^{-1}$, demonstrating that neutral hydrogen can survive in AGN environments in the presence of high ultraviolet luminosities.
Book Reviews: Towards a Theory of Cognition and Computing

There is some new material, in the form of a general introduction, a paragraph or so of preface to each paper, and a brief (11-page) additional chapter. None of this supplementary material adds anything of significance to the original papers. are not included, although the work reported in them is repeatedly referred to. The addition of one or more of these earlier papers would have helped the reader considerably. The papers in the book have been reset, but otherwise reprinted verbatim. As the reader also has to struggle with the author's frequent changes of direction-and with his casual, at times slapdash, expository style-the resulting collage does not make for easy or enjoyable reading. Among computational linguists, probably only those with a special interest in grammar induction will want to know about Wolff's work, and they can limit their attention to Wolff 1982 and 1988. Wolff started his career as a psychologist with an interest in the computational modeling of first-language acquisition. He then spent four years with a commercial software house before becoming a lecturer in computer systems engineering at the University of Wales. As the title of this book suggests, his goal is to integrate this varied work experience into a general theory that could be considered a contribution to cognitive science. The actual content of the book, however, does not live up to the ambitious title. The first half (Wolff 1982, 1988) reports on the development of a grammar inference program (SNPR) based on statistics, which went through numerous versions over a period of some ten years. The program is informally analyzed in terms of data compression and offered, speculatively, as a model of first-language acquisition and concept formation. In the second half of the book, Wolff generalizes these ideas and methods in the form of a computational notation (SP) analogous to a simplified Prolog. It is this notation that is claimed to be a new language for a unified "theory of cognition and computing" (as well as a potential solution to all the problems of software engineering): but neither real evidence nor a convincing argument is offered in support. The rest of this review will therefore focus on the first half of the book, which contains all that is likely to be of interest to computational linguists. The SNPR program was built on top of an earlier algorithm (Wolff 1975). Taking an input text without spacing or …
Relativistic Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics in Dynamical Spacetimes

Many systems of current interest in relativistic astrophysics require a knowledge of radiative transfer in a magnetized gas flowing in a strongly curved, dynamical spacetime. Such systems include coalescing compact binaries containing neutron stars or white dwarfs, disks around merging black holes, core-collapse supernovae, collapsars, and gamma-ray burst sources. To model these phenomena, all of which involve general relativity, radiation (photon and/or neutrino), and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), we have developed a general relativistic code capable of evolving MHD fluids and radiation in dynamical spacetimes. Our code solves the coupled Einstein-Maxwell-MHD-radiation system of equations both in axisymmetry and in full 3 + 1 dimensions. We evolve the metric by integrating the BSSN (Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura) equations, and use a conservative, high-resolution shock-capturing scheme to evolve both the MHD and radiation moment equations. In this paper, we implement our scheme for optically thick gases and gray-body opacities. Our code gives accurate results in a suite of tests involving radiating shocks and nonlinear waves propagating in Minkowski spacetime. In addition, to test our code's ability to evolve the relativistic radiation-MHD equations in strong-field dynamical spacetimes, we study "thermal Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse" to a black hole and find good agreement between analytic and numerical solutions.
Characterization and Modeling of Contamination for Lyman Break Galaxy Samples at High Redshift

The selection of high-redshift sources from broadband photometry using the Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) technique is a well established methodology, but the characterization of its contamination for the faintest sources is still incomplete. We use the optical and near-IR data from four (ultra)deep Hubble Space Telescope legacy fields to investigate the contamination fraction of LBG samples at selected using a color–color method. Our approach is based on characterizing the number count distribution of interloper sources, that is, galaxies with colors similar to those of LBGs, but showing detection at wavelengths shorter than the spectral break. Without sufficient sensitivity at bluer wavelengths, a subset of interlopers may not be properly classified, and contaminate the LBG selection. The surface density of interlopers in the sky gets steeper with increasing redshift of LBG selections. Since the intrinsic number of dropouts decreases significantly with increasing redshift, this implies increasing contamination from misclassified interlopers with increasing redshift, primarily by intermediate redshift sources with unremarkable properties (intermediate ages, lack of ongoing star formation and low/moderate dust content). Using Monte-Carlo simulations, we estimate that the CANDELS deep data have contamination induced by photometric scatter increasing from at to at for a typical dropout color mag, with contamination naturally decreasing for a more stringent dropout selection. Contaminants are expected to be located preferentially near the detection limit of surveys, ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 contaminants per arcmin2 at = 30, depending on the field considered. This analysis suggests that the impact of contamination in future studies of galaxies needs to be carefully considered.
Universality of low-energy absorption cross-sections for black holes

In this paper we compute the low energy absorption cross section for minimally coupled massles scalars and spin- 1/2 particles into a general spherically symmetric black hole in arbitrary dimensions. The scalars have a cross section equal to the area of the black hole, while the spin- 1/2 particles give the area measured in a flat spatial metric conformally related to the true metric.
Strain-Induced Band Engineering in Monolayer Stanene on Sb(111)

Two-dimensional (2D) allotrope of tin with low buckled honeycomb structure, named as stanene, is proposed to be an ideal 2D topological insulator with a nontrivial gap larger than 0.1 eV. Theoretical works also pointed out the topological property of stanene occurs by strain tuning. In this letter, we report the successful realization of high quality, monolayer stanene film as well as monolayer stanene nanoribbons on Sb(111) surface by molecular beam epitaxy, providing an ideal platform to the study of stanene. More importantly, we observed a continuous evolution of the electronic bands of stanene across a nanoribbon, which are related to the strain field gradient in stanene. Our work experimentally confirmed that strain is an effective method for band engineering in stanene, which is important for fundamental research and application of stanene.
Towards Out-of-Lab Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Assessment: A Review of Portable Sensing Approaches

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ACL reconstruction (ACLR) surgery are common. Many ACL-injured subjects develop osteoarthritis within a decade of injury, a major cause of disability without cure. Laboratory-based biomechanical assessment can evaluate ACL injury risk and rehabilitation progress after ACLR; however, lab-based measurements are expensive and inaccessible to a majority of people. Portable sensors such as wearables and cameras can be deployed during sporting activities, in clinics, and in patient homes for biomechanical assessment. Although many portable sensing approaches have demonstrated promising results during various assessments related to ACL injury, they have not yet been widely adopted as tools for ACL injury prevention training, evaluation of ACL reconstructions, and return-to-sport decision making. The purpose of this review is to summarize research on out-of-lab portable sensing applied to ACL and ACLR and offer our perspectives on new opportunities for future research and development. We identified 49 original research articles on out-of-lab ACL-related assessment; the most common sensing modalities were inertial measurement units (IMUs), depth cameras, and RGB cameras. The studies combined portable sensors with direct feature extraction, physics-based modeling, or machine learning to estimate a range of biomechanical parameters (e.g., knee kinematics and kinetics) during jump-landing tasks, cutting, squats, and gait. Many of the reviewed studies depict proof-of-concept methods for potential future clinical applications including ACL injury risk screening, injury prevention training, and rehabilitation assessment. By synthesizing these results, we describe important opportunities that exist for using sophisticated modeling techniques to enable more accurate assessment along with standardization of data collection and creation of large benchmark datasets. If successful, these advances will enable widespread use of portable-sensing approaches to identify ACL injury risk factors, mitigate high-risk movements prior to injury, and optimize rehabilitation paradigms.
Real-world observation on response to cholinesterase inhibitors or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prescribed to outpatients with dementia using electronic medical records

Objective: Cholinesterase inhibitors (CEI) are prescribed for dementia to maintain or improve memory. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are also recognized as first-line agents for psychiatric symptoms seen in dementia. What proportion of outpatients actually respond to these drugs is still unclear. Our objective was to investigate the proportion of responders to these medications in a clinical outpatient setting. Methods: We used the Johns Hopkins Electronic Medical Record System to identify patients with dementia who were prescribed a CEI or SSRI for the first time between 2010 and 2021. Treatment effects were assessed through free-text entries in clinical notes documented by clinicians. Responses were scored using a simple three-point Likert scale named the NOte-based evaluation method for Treatment Efficacy (NOTE) in addition to the CIBIC-plus, a seven-point Likert scale that has been proven in clinical trials. To validate NOTE, the relationship between NOTE and CIBIC-plus, and between NOTE and change in MMSE (Mini-Mental State examination) before and after medication were examined. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by Krippendorff's alpha. The proportion of responders were calculated. Results: The NOTE showed excellent inter-rater reliability and correlated well with CIBIC-plus and change in MMSE scores. Out of 115 CEI cases, 27.0% reported improvement and 34.8% reported stable symptoms in cognition; out of 225 SSRI cases, 69.3% reported improvement in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Adverse events were reported in 43.5% of CEI and 23.6% of SSRI cases. Conclusion: NOTE showed high validity in measuring the pharmacotherapy effects based on unstructured clinical entries. Among outpatients, more than a quarter reported improvement and more than a third reported stable symptoms with CEI, which are consistent with what was reported in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, two-thirds responded to SSRI, which is also consistent with results reported in clinical trials of agitation or depression associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Constraining cosmology with pairwise velocity estimator

In this paper, we develop a full statistical method for the pairwise velocity estimator previously proposed, and apply Cosmicflows-2 catalogue to this method to constrain cosmology. We first calculate the covariance matrix for line-of-sight velocities for a given catalogue, and then simulate the mock full-sky surveys from it, and then calculate the variance for the pairwise velocity field. By applying the $8315$ independent galaxy samples and compressed $5224$ group samples from Cosmicflows-2 catalogue to this statistical method, we find that the joint constraint on $\Omega^{0.6}_{\rm m}h$ and $\sigma_{8}$ is completely consistent with the WMAP 9-year and Planck 2015 best-fitting cosmology. Currently, there is no evidence for the modified gravity models or any dynamic dark energy models from this practice, and the error-bars need to be reduced in order to provide any concrete evidence against/to support $\Lambda$CDM cosmology.
Implementation of a home-made high accuracy pulsimeter and oximeter

Heart rate and blood oxygen saturation level are essential medical parameters that can be measured optically by photoplethysmography. However, certain individuals present variability in skin absorption that can affect the proper quantification of both pulse and blood oxygen level. In this work, we designed an optical device capable of measuring these variables, trying to improve the accuracy by means of different electronic signal processing. A final accuracy of 0.5 beats per minute and 0.5% was determined for the heart rate and the oxygen saturation measurements, respectively. The sensor was used in one practical study with more than 100 participants where the resting heart rate and the pulse waveform were analyzed. Resting heart rate was shown to decrease with age and increase with BMI. Overall, the device performance makes it suitable to be used in the medical field and sports science.
Novel scanning system with error separation for high-accuracy profile measurement

This paper proposes a method based on a single-probe scanning system for measuring the profile error of an artifact. Our system employs the movement accuracy of a single sensor to achieve a virtual multi-sensor configuration that can function like a traditional multi-sensor. This novel virtual multi-probe scanning system and its corresponding method have the following benefits: (a) A high-accuracy profile can be reconstructed free of the guidance error of the scanning stage. The reconstructed profile has a very high lateral resolution, depending on the lateral resolution (µm level) of the probe. (b) Sensor drift can be restrained using our method, based on the principle of differential reconstruction. The high steep profile can also be measured with a scanning system moving along the measuring direction, thus extending the measuring range. We developed the measurement system and tested the effects of noise, drift, and other factors on the reconstruction results. Finally, some optical surfaces were measured, and comparisons were made between the results obtained from our method and those of a Zygo interferometer. There was high agreement between the two methods, with a deviation of approximately 0.1 μm.
Numerical study of DNA denaturation with self-avoidance: pseudo-critical temperatures and finite size behaviour

We perform an extensive numerical study of the disordered Poland–Scheraga (PS) model for DNA denaturation in which self-avoidance is completely taken into account. To complement to our previous work, we focus here on the finite size scaling in terms of pseudo-critical temperatures. Notably, we find that the mean value and the fluctuations of the pseudo-Tc scale with the same exponent, the correlation length exponent νr (for which we provide the refined evaluation νr=2.9±0.4). This result (coherent with the typical picture that describes random ferromagnets when disorder is relevant) is at variance with the numerical results reported in the literature for the PS model with self-avoidance, leading to an alternative scenario with a pseudo-first-order transition. We moreover introduce a crossover chain length N *, which we evaluate, appropriate for characterizing the approach to the asymptotic regime in this model. Essentially, below N *, the behaviour of the model in our study could also agree with such an alternative scenario. Based on an approximate prediction of the dependence of N * on the parameters of the model, we show that following the choice of such parameters it would not be possible to reach the asymptotic regime in practice. In such a context it becomes then possible to reconcile the apparently contradictory numerical studies.
Three-dimensional fractal dimension and lacunarity features may noninvasively predict TERT promoter mutation status in grade 2 meningiomas

Purpose The 2021 World Health Organization classification includes telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERTp) mutation status as a factor for differentiating meningioma grades. Therefore, preoperative prediction of TERTp mutation may assist in clinical decision making. However, no previous study has applied fractal analysis for TERTp mutation status prediction in meningiomas. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of three-dimensional (3D) fractal analysis for predicting the TERTp mutation status in grade 2 meningiomas. Methods Forty-eight patients with surgically confirmed grade 2 meningiomas (41 TERTp-wildtype and 7 TERTp-mutant) were included. 3D fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity values were extracted from the fractal analysis. A predictive model combining clinical, conventional, and fractal parameters was built using logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the ability of the model to predict TERTp mutation status. Results Patients with TERTp-mutant grade 2 meningiomas were older (P = 0.029) and had higher 3D FD (P = 0.026) and lacunarity (P = 0.004) values than patients with TERTp-wildtype grade 2 meningiomas. On multivariable logistic analysis, higher 3D FD values (odds ratio = 32.50, P = 0.039) and higher 3D lacunarity values (odds ratio = 20.54, P = 0.014) were significant predictors of TERTp mutation status. The area under the curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the multivariable model were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.71–0.93), 83.3%, 71.4%, and 85.4%, respectively. Conclusion 3D FD and lacunarity may be useful imaging biomarkers for predicting TERTp mutation status in grade 2 meningiomas.