Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phonetic Disambiguation of Syntactic Ambiguity

It has been frequently claimed that the meaning of syntactically ambiguous sentences (such as “Visiting relatives can be a nuisance”) can be made explicit by phonetic means such as stress and intonation. This study describes some ways in which such disambiguation can be accomplished. Fifteen ambiguous sentences were first read by four speakers. The ambiguities were then pointed out, and each speaker stated which meaning he had intended to produce. Each sentence was then produced again twice, the speaker making a conscious effort to differentiate between the two potential meanings. Thirty listeners tried to identify the meaning which the speakers had intended. In 10 out of 15 cases, listeners performed at better than chance level, which implies that the intention of the speakers was successfully communicated to the listeners. The suprasegmental patterns employed by the speakers in successful disambiguation were established by acoustic analysis. While stress and intonation play a part, timing seems to have .
H3+ recombination and bistability in the interstellar medium

H3+ has recently been detected using infrared absorption towards several dense clouds. We have already shown that models of interstellar chemistry can exhibit several stable steady states, due to the nonlinear behaviour of chemical equations in which H3+ plays a major role. We investigate the influence of various astrophysical parameters that control the evolution and the final state of the gas, such as the density, the cosmic–ray ionization rate, the elemental depletions, and the H3+ dissociative recombination rate (which is a key reaction). We show that these parameters lead to bistability for a range of physical conditions appropriate to interstellar clouds and discuss more specifically their influence on the H3+ abundance in dark clouds. Both steady-state and evolutionary aspects are discussed.
Simultaneous optimization of tracking performance and accommodation of sensor faults

Sensor performance can be monitored using SElf-VAlidating (SEVA) devices. These supply the user with an estimate of the measurement reliability as well as the measurement value. This paper presents a sensor fault-accommodation strategy exploiting information regarding the measurements quality, such that indices of dynamic performance and noise rejection are continuously optimized as the sensor reliabilities vary. An important result proved in this paper is that the minimization of these two indices is completely decoupled and hence noise rejection can be maximized without trading-off dynamic performance. Two further fault-accommodation strategies based on interpolation are then derived with the intent of trading-off optimality for computational simplicity and transparency. Numerical examples are provided showing that one of these ( stabilizing interpolation ) is particularly attractive, being only negligibly suboptimal for the examples considered and much better than a 'do-nothing' strategy.
Low Gate-Induced Drain Leakage and Its Physical Origins in Si Nanowire Transistors

Gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) in Si nanowire transistors fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrates is systematically studied. In narrow nanowire transistors, GIDL current is obtained by relatively small potential difference between the gate and the drain due to the superior electrostatic control by gate voltage. On the other hand, variation of GIDL current with gate voltage is drastically reduced in nanowire transistors with the wire width of around 10 nm, which realizes devices with extremely small off-current. The reduction of local electric field around the drain junction due to low impurity concentration in source/drain extensions and the relatively large source/drain parasitic resistance are identified as the main mechanisms of small GIDL current.
X‐ray instrumentation for a focused wiggler beamline at the EMBL Outstation Hamburg

A flexible setup consisting of two independent water‐cooled X‐ray monochromators providing radiation for two separate beamlines (A and B) has been installed on the multipole wiggler BW7 at the DORIS III storage ring. The first optical element of both lines is a Rh‐coated SiC mirror that reduces the heat load on subsequent energy defining elements. Line B, which will be predominantly used for protein crystallography, is optimized for flux and employs a triangular monochromator and segmented glass mirror for horizontal and vertical focusing, respectively; it can be operated in a wavelength range from 0.5 to 1.8 A. Line A features a high‐energy resolution fixed exit, nondispersive double monochromator, optimized for accurate and fast energy scans. It will mainly be used for anomalous scattering, EXAFS, and small‐angle scattering. The use of encoders, intelligent stepper/dc‐motor controllers, and position sensitive beam monitors allow a comfortable and fast alignment of all axes. Both experimental hutches are.
Effects of polarization in low-level laser therapy of spinal cord injury in rats

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a promising approach to treat the spinal cord injury (SCI). Since nerve fibers have optical anisotropy, propagation of light in the spinal tissue might be affected by its polarization direction. However, the effect of polarization on the efficacy of LLLT has not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of polarization on the efficacy of near-infrared LLLT for SCI. Rat spinal cord was injured with a weight-drop device. The lesion site was irradiated with an 808-nm diode laser beam that was transmitted through a polarizing filter immediately after injury and daily for five consecutive days. The laser power at the injured spinal cord surface was 25 mW, and the dosage per day was 9.6 J/cm2 (spot diameter, 2 cm; irradiation duration, 1200 s). Functional recovery was assessed daily by an open-field test. The results showed that the functional scores of the SCI rats that were treated with 808-nm laser irradiation were significantly higher than those of the SCI alone group (Group 1) from day 5 after injury, regardless of the polarization direction. Importantly, as compared to the locomotive function of the SCI rats that were treated with the perpendicularly-polarized laser parallel to the spinal column (Group 2), that of the SCI rats that were irradiated with the linearly aligned polarization (Group 3) was significantly improved from day 10 after injury. In addition, the ATP contents in the injured spinal tissue of Group 3, which were measured immediately after laser irradiation, were moderately higher than those of Group 2. These observations are attributable to the deeper penetration of the parallelpolarized light in the anisotropic spinal tissue, suggesting that polarization direction significantly affects the efficacy of LLLT for SCI.
Observation of microstructure and damage in materials by phase sensitive radiography and tomography

The novel possibilities of phase feature detection in radiography at a third generation synchrotron radiation source are used to image, both in projection and in computed tomography, a cracked silicon single crystal and metal matrix composites strained in tension. Through an instrumentally very simple technique, based on Fresnel diffraction, phase jumps related to the interface between the matrix and the reinforcing phases of the composites are detected even when these phases show very similar x-ray attenuation. Strain-induced cracks with openings below the micrometer range are also visible through the phase modulation they introduce, illustrating the potential of the technique for assessing damage in materials with improved resolution and sensitivity.
Fast Bayesian approach for parameter estimation

This paper presents two techniques, i.e. the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and the stochastic collocation method (SCM), for constructing surrogate models to accelerate the Bayesian inference approach for parameter estimation problems associated with partial differential equations. POD is a model reduction technique that derives reduced‐order models using an optimal problem‐adapted basis to effect significant reduction of the problem size and hence computational cost. SCM is an uncertainty propagation technique that approximates the parameterized solution and reduces further forward solves to function evaluations. The utility of the techniques is assessed on the non‐linear inverse problem of probabilistically calibrating scalar Robin coefficients from boundary measurements arising in the quenching process and non‐destructive evaluation. A hierarchical Bayesian model that handles flexibly the regularization parameter and the noise level is employed, and the posterior state space is explored by the Markov chain Monte Carlo. The numerical results indicate that significant computational gains can be realized without sacrificing the accuracy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluations of the Spheroidal Particle Model for Describing Cloud Radar Depolarization Ratios of Ice Hydrometeors

AbstractInformation on ice cloud particle nonsphericity is important for many practical applications ranging from modeling the cloud radiation impact to remote sensing of hydrometeor microphysical properties. Scanning cloud radars, which often measure depolarization ratio as a sole polarization variable, can provide a means for retrieving this information. The applicability of a spheroidal particle model (i.e., a regular ellipsoid that has two principal axes of the same length) is evaluated for describing depolarization properties of ice particles. It is shown that this simple model, which uses an aspect ratio as a single parameter characterizing particle nonsphericity, explains reasonably well the scatter of slant 45° linear depolarization ratio (SLDR) measurements versus direct estimates of the zenith direction backscatter enhancement observed during the Storm Peak Laboratory Cloud Property Validation Experiment (StormVEx) with the scanning W-band cloud radar (SWACR). Observed SLDR elevation angle patte.
Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of in-Line Impinging Jets With Cross-Flow At Short Jet-To-Plate Distance

The aim of this research is to numerically and experimentally study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of in-line impinging jets in cross-flow. The jets from a row of round orifices are perpendicularly impinged on the inner surface of a rectangular wind tunnel at a short distance between the orifice plate and impinged surface (H) of 2D, where D is a diameter of the orifice. The jet velocity was fixed corresponding to Re = 13,400 for all experiments, and the cross-flow velocity was varied at three different velocity ratios (velocity ratio, jet velocity/cross-flow velocity) of 3, 5, and 7. The heat transfer characteristic was visualized using a thermochromic liquid crystal sheet, and the Nusselt number distribution was evaluated by an image processing technique. The flow pattern on the impinged surface was also visualized by an oil film technique. The numerical simulation was used to explore a flow interaction between the impinging jets and cross-flow. The results indicated that Nusselt number peak increased by the increasing cross-flow velocity for short jet-to-plate distance. For the range determined, the maximum local Nusselt number peak was obtained at VR = 3 as the consequence of high velocity and high turbulence kinetic energy of jet impingement.
Automated Star-Galaxy Discrimination for Large Surveys

The size of survey data is increasing rapidly, and the automatic classification of objects is becoming more important. The classification is traditionally based, e.g., on point-spread function (PSF) fitting. Recently, several different neural network approaches have been introduced for classification. In this paper we use both self-organized map and learning vector quantization based neural networks for star-galaxy separation. Finally, we test a hybrid algorithm using fuzzy classifier and back-propagation neural networks. We show that different methods give relatively similar results. The classification accuracy is good enough for real data analysis, and selection between different methods must be done based on algorithmic complexity and availability of preclassified training sets.
Measurement of profiles of the space potential in JIPP T-IIU tokamak plasmas by slow poloidal and fast toroidal sweeps of a heavy ion beam

By the use of simultaneous fast toroidal and slow poloidal sweeps of a heavy ion beam, plasma potential profiles in the JIPP T-IIU tokamak are measured at the rate of 120 spatial profiles per second. A new method to eliminate the error due to the change of out-of-plane entrance angle caused by large plasma current is successfully applied. One of the key factors is the very homogeneous characteristics of the energy analyser along the wide slit length. A shaped electrode system, instead of guard rings with a resistor chain, successfully increases the homogeneity of the analyser. Error due to the significant change of in-plane entrance angle during a poloidal sweep is carefully minimized and calibrated by a secondary beam ionized by neutral gas introduced in the vacuum vessel. The depth of the measured potential at the plasma centre reaches more than 1.5 keV in ohmic plasmas with an ion temperature of 600 eV. In some cases, a rather wide region of positive potential and a sharp decrease of the potential in the centre of the plasma are observed.
Tensor Products of Modules Over a Certain Class of Quantum Doubles

The quantum doubles of a certain class of rank two pointed Hopf algebras are considered. The socle of the tensor product of two such modules is computed, and formulas similar to the ones in [4] are obtained. Cases when such a tensor product is completely irreducible are also given in the last section.
Spatial optimum collocation model of urban land and its algorithm

Optimizing the allocation of urban land is that layout and fix position the various types of land-use in space, maximize the overall benefits of urban space (including economic, social, environment) using a certain method and technique. There is two problems need to deal with in optimizing the allocation of urban land in the technique: one is the quantitative structure, the other is the space structure. In allusion to these problems, according to the principle of spatial coordination, a kind of new optimum collocation model about urban land was put forward in this text. In the model, we give a target function and a set of "soft" constraint conditions, and the area proportions of various types of land-use are restricted to the corresponding allowed scope. Spatial genetic algorithm is used to manipulate and calculate the space of urban land, the optimum spatial collocation scheme can be gradually approached, in which the three basic operations of reproduction, crossover and mutation are all operated on the space. Taking the built-up areas of Jinan as an example, we did the spatial optimum collocation experiment of urban land, the spatial aggregation of various types is better, and an approving result was got.
AKARI infrared bright source catalogues

Bright source catalogues based on the new mid- and far-infrared all-sky survey by the infrared astronomical satellite AKARI were released into the public domain in March 2010. The mid-infrared catalogue contains more than 870 thousand sources observed at 9 and 18 μm, and the far-infrared catalogue provides information of about 427 thousand sources at 65, 90, 140, and 160 μm. The AKARI catalogues will take over the IRAS catalogues and will become one of the most important catalogues in astronomy. We present the characteristics of the AKARI infrared source catalogues as well as current activity for the future versions.
IDC: a system for automatically detecting and classifying manmade objects in overhead imagery

The automatic detection and classification of manmade objects in overhead imagery is key to generating geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) from today's high space-time bandwidth sensors in a timely manner. A flexible multi-stage object detection and classification capability known as the IMINT Data Conditioner (IDC) has been developed that can exploit different kinds of imagery using a mission-specific processing chain. A front-end data reader/tiler converts standard imagery products into a set of tiles for processing, which facilitates parallel processing on multiprocessor/multithreaded systems. The first stage of processing contains a suite of object detectors designed to exploit different sensor modalities that locate and chip out candidate object regions. The second processing stage segments object regions, estimates their length, width, and pose, and determines their geographic location. The third stage classifies detections into one of K predetermined object classes (specified in a models file) plus clutter. Detections are scored based on their salience, size/shape, and spatial-spectral properties. Detection reports can be output in a number of popular formats including flat files, HTML web pages, and KML files for display in Google Maps or Google Earth. Several examples illustrating the operation and performance of the IDC on Quickbird, GeoEye, and DCS SAR imagery are presented.
A New Model for the Representation of the ISO 2859 Standard

In order to carry out acceptance sampling, companies often use sampling schemes recommended by easy-to-use quality standards. These standards, however, do not take quality costs directly into account. This research proposes a new model for the representation of the use of ISO 2859–1 (1999) standard. Using this new model, it is feasible to evaluate economically the use of the standard. A real case example is presented and the quality cost of the standard's implementation is evaluated.
Moving particle semi-implicit method for fluid simulation with implicitly defined obstacles

We developed a particle-based fluid simulation method with obstacles defined in implicit form. Our fluid simulation is based on the Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method, a typical particle-based algorithm achieving incompressible flow. In general, the particle-based fluid simulation is performed with obstacles that are defined as a set of particles located along the boundaries. We employ the implicit representation for the geometric information of obstacles which requires a new formulation of particle motion at the vicinity of boundaries. The main difficulty of MPS-based simulation with implicit obstacles is the lack of boundary particles that are required for the computation of two quantities: particle number density and particle force determined by pressure field. In our formulation, new definitions of the two quantities giving good estimation of the original ones is developed and incorporated in the MPS algorithm. In addition, we provide a modified algorithm for the construction of discrete linear system specific to the implicit representation for the computation of particle pressure. Our numerical tests show that the proposed approximation techniques provide adequate particle motion at the vicinity of the implicitly defined obstacles.
Ultrafast laser processing and metrology for consumer applications

High-intensity, blue LEDs have attracted interest because of their wide applications. Dicing method using tightly focused ultra-fast laser beam inside the sapphire substrate is one of the remarkable processing method in terms of high yield and LED performance. In this paper, we would like to introduce the polarization controlled laser processing technique in which laser beam is focused tightly inside the sapphire substrate. The morphology of a cut line can be controlled by changing the direction of laser polarization to an orientation at of the substrate. We, moreover, found that the crack inside the sapphire substrate can be elongated by using the double pulse train for 20 % larger than the single pulse when the pulse interval was 20 nsec. The crack was fabricated effectively by shorter pulse interval.
NEW VERSIONS OF REVERSE YOUNG AND HEINZ MEAN INEQUALITIES WITH THE KANTOROVICH CONSTANT

We show new versions of reverse Young inequalities by virtue of the Kantorovich constant, and utilizing the new reverse Young inequalities we give the reverses of the weighted arithmetic-geometric and geometric-harmonic mean inequalities for two positive operators. Also, new versions of reverse Young and Heinz mean inequalities for unitarily invariant norms are established.
SL-MAC: A Joint TDMA MAC Protocol for LEO Satellites Supported Internet of Things

LEO Satellites, which can provide Internet access points for IoT devices deployed in areas without infrastructure, will play an important role in the IoT area. In this paper, we propose a joint TDMA MAC protocol SL-MAC for LEO satellite supported IoT, which can reduce network delay and improve the energy efficiency. Specifically, we design a continuous forward time slot allocation strategy, which guarantees real-time data while reducing the utilization of satellite resources. Then we design two algorithms based on the forward time slot allocation strategy, which can effectively reduce network delay. The simulation experimental results are consistent with the theoretical results, which embodies the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Zonai harmonic functions from two dimensional analogs of jacobi polynomials

The Class I orthogonal polynomials in the complex variables z and are reviewed [7]. These polynomials are two dimensional analogs of the Jacobi polynomials and are orthogonal on the unit disk with respect to the weight function The polynomials are then shown to be eigenfunctions of a certain partial differential operator. Using these polynomials class of zonal, harmonic, homogeneous polynomials is defined in . In the case that n-2, applications to electrostatic potentials are given.
MULTI-EPOCH MULTI-WAVELENGTH STUDY OF AN ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE IN M101: THE NATURE OF THE SECONDARY

Ultraluminous X-ray sources are non-nuclear point sources in external galaxies with LX = 2 × 1039–1041 erg s−1, and thus are possibly stellar black holes with special radiation mechanisms or intermediate mass black holes of 100–105 M☉. To measure their dynamical mass, one needs to identify the secondary in the optical followed by photometric and spectroscopic monitoring. The counterpart light is usually contaminated, sometimes even dominated, by the X-ray irradiated accretion disk, which complicates the derivation of the properties of the secondary itself. Here, we report a study on M101-ULX1 with 26 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations and 33 X-ray observations over 16 years. There were three multi-band HST observations at different optical states over eight years, the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of which cannot be fitted by the previously claimed secondary of a B supergiant or any other single star. All SEDs can be decomposed into the same stellar component plus a second component due to X-ray irradiation with different contributions at different optical states. The secondary in ULX1 is most likely a WR star as revealed by the SED decompositions and confirmed by the presence of He ii λ4686 emission in the counterpart spectrum. Five X-ray outbursts and two optical peaks are revealed from X-ray and optical light curves, and optical peaks are identified as the optical response to X-ray outbursts. The correlated optical and X-ray variability analysis is suggestive of ellipsoidal modulation with a half-amplitude of 0.05 mag and a period in the range of 1.5–4.5 days. Future photometric and spectroscopic observations are required to confirm the orbital period and measure the dynamical mass for ULX1.