Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The New York City High School Match

We assisted the New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE) in designing a mechanism to match over 90,000 entering students to public high schools each year. This paper makes a very preliminary report on the design process and the first year of operation, in academic year 2003–2004, for students entering high school in fall 2004. In the first year, only about 3,000 students had to be assigned to a school for which they had not indicated a preference, which is only 10 percent of the number of such assignments the previous year. New York City has the largest public school system in the country, with over a million students. In 1969 the system was decentralized into over 30 community school districts. In the 1990s, the city began to take more centralized control (Mark Schneider et al., 2000), and in 2002, a newly reorganized NYCDOE began to reform many aspects of the school system. In May 2003, Jeremy Lack, then the NYCDOE Director of Strategic Planning, contacted one of us for advice on designing a new high-school matching process. The NYCDOE was aware of the matching process for American physicians, the National Resident Matching Program (Roth, 1984; Roth and E. Peranson, 1999). They wanted to know if it could be appropriately adapted to the city’s schools. The three authors of the present paper (and, at several crucial junctures, also Tayfun Sonmez) advised (and often convinced) Lack, his colleagues (particularly Elizabeth Sciabarra and Neil Dorosin), and the DOE’s software vendor, about the design of the match. I. The Prior (2002–2003) New York City Matching Procedure
An Experimental Study of Desulphurization for Nantong Fine Coal under a Centrifugal Gravity Field

The sulfur component of Nantong fine coal and its distribution were analyzed.The pyrite inlay characteristics and desulphurization feasibility of Nantong fine coal by gravity separation were investigated by analyzing its petrographic constituents.The separation behavior of fine coal and desulphurization efficiency of different size fractions coals under the Falcon centrifugal gravity field were studied.The results indicate that the Falcon centrifugal separator can separate efficiently0.045 mm coal.A poor separation efficiency for 0.045 mm fine coal was obtained because of ultra fine coal overflow with water current during the separation process.
Enhanced Road Weather Warnings and Improved Communication Strategies within Central Europe as part of the INCA-CE project

Among the main goals of the EU-funded INCA-CE project is to improve risk management standards and methodology in the field of road safety. In a transnational Central-European cooperation the INCA analysis and forecast system is advanced and refined scientifically and for applications in different sectors. Also, communication lines between developers, weather services, stakeholders and local authorities will be improved. The INCA analyses and forecasts that are mostly widely used by Austrian road management authorities are 2m-temperature, ground temperature, precipitation and precipitation type. Moreover, criteria have been defined for automatically generated SMS warnings for snowfall and black ice. Also, INCA forecast fields have been compared to the Canadian METRo model, and it was found that INCA ground temperature fields generally meet the reality quite well. However, in case of rapidly changing road temperatures, METRo can refine the forecast quality in the first 1-12 hours.
Effect of soil microstructure on the compressibility of natural Singapore marine clay

The effect of soil microstructure on the compressibility of natural Singapore marine clay is studied in this paper. It was found that natural Singapore marine clay can sustain higher void ratio than reconstituted Singapore marine clay at the same effective stress in one-dimensional compression. This difference is most noticeable between yield stress and two times the yield stress. This void ratio difference is commonly attributed to soil microstructure, and the decrease in this difference at higher stresses is attributed to progressive destructuration. As a consequence of progressive destructuration, the virgin compression curve is nonlinear and the compression index along the virgin compression range is variable, which is only noticeable during the constant rate of strain consolidation test on high-quality samples. In the absence of high-quality samples and constant rate of strain consolidation tests, an empirical method is proposed to obtain a first-order estimation of a nonlinear virgin compression cur.
How Wages Respond to Shocks: Asymmetry in the Speed of Adjustment

The time series of various economic variables often exhibit asymmetry: decreases in the values tend to be sharp and fast, whereas increases usually occur slowly and gradually. We detect signs of an analogous asymmetry in firms' wage setting behaviour on the basis of managerial surveys, with employers tending to react faster to negative than to positive shocks in the same variables. As well as describing the presence of asymmetry in the speed of wage adjustment, we investigate which companies are more likely to demonstrate it in their behaviour. For this purpose, we apply the Heckman selection model and develop a methodology that improves identification by exploiting heteroscedasticity in the selection equation. The estimation results imply that companies operating in a more competitive environment have a higher propensity to react asymmetrically. We also find that businesses relying on labour-intensive production technology are more likely to react faster to negative shocks. Both of these findings support the hypothesis that this behaviour results from companies' attempts to protect profit margins.
Assessment of forest fire danger conditions in southern Spain from NOAA images and meteorological indices

Traditionally, the estimation of fire danger is performed from meteorological danger indices that are computed for single locations, where the weather stations are located. Frequently, these locations are far from forested areas, and there is a need to spatially interpolate danger variables. Methods for spatial interpolation are always prone to error, especially for those variables that show a greater spatial variability (wind, mainly). Satellite images may be considered a good alternative for interpolation of danger values, since they perform a spatially exhaustive observation of the territory. This paper analyses the spatial distribution of the Canadian Drought Code (DC), part of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System (CFFWIS), in the region of Andaluc{@a (south Spain) following two procedures. First, maps of DC values were obtained from spatial interpolation of a network of 30 weather stations using the squared inverse distance algorithm. These results were compared with interpolation based on linear regression analysis, using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) derived bands as independent variables. The most significant variables found for these empirical fittings were relative greenness, the ratio of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and surface temperature, and a temporal variable, which accounts for the variations in day length throughout the fire season. After several empirical fittings were obtained, the most precise estimation was found after adjusting the coefficients to the time period considered.
MATHEMATICAL LINGUISTICS

Since the time of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists in 1957 there has been a considerable growth of interest and activity in the field of mathematical linguistics, both in America and in Europe. This activity has recently spread to the Far East as well, with the establishment in Japan of a journal and a society for mathematical linguistics. In his report to the 1957 Congress, Professor Joshua Whatmough mentioned the initiation of the Seminar in Mathematical Linguistics at Harvard University two years previously – the first appearance of the subject in an academic curriculum. The intervening years have brought a significant expansion in terms of individual research and formal courses offered in mathematical linguistics, not only at Harvard, but at a number of other universities in Europe and the United States. These other academic centers include the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Michigan and the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, the University of Bonn in Germany, and also Moscow and Leningrad Universities in the Soviet Union. Of late there have been indications that mathematical linguistics is gaining still wider acceptance as an academic discipline. Courses in quantitative linguistics have been introduced at Indiana University and at the University of California, and in 1958 the Soviet Minister of Education issued an order that the rectors of Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky, Saratov and Tomsk Universities introduce elective courses in machine translation and mathematical linguistics for students of mathematics and philology. It is the purpose of this paper to review the recent developments in the field of mathematical linguistics, with emphasis on some of the major theoretical concepts and fields of application whose outlines
Subsurface and Plant Contamination During Natural Attenuation and Phytoremediation of Silt Loam Contaminated with Chlorinated Organic Compounds

Although natural attenuation and phytoremediation can be cost‐effective alternatives for the remediation of soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC), the risk of groundwater and plant contamination during the remediation process cannot be disregarded. In this study, the potential for subsurface contamination during natural attenuation as well as for plant contamination and recovery during phytoremediation in soils contaminated with 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) were investigated using a total of 56 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns filled with soil freshly contaminated by TCA, TCE, and PCE. Contaminant concentrations of soil gas, leachate, plant roots and shoots, and soil microbial biomass were monitored. The impact of easily degradable microbial substrate addition during natural attenuation on subsurface contamination was also examined. The results showed that VOCs migrated into deep soil or groundwater during natural attenuation and phytoremediation, and hence, the manner in which a site is initially managed is important for the effective application of natural attenuation and phytoremediation of VOC‐contaminated soil. In addition, the use of plant species that are fast growing under local environmental conditions was an effective technique for reducing the release of VOC into deep soil. The addition of substrate during natural attenuation helped to reduce subsurface contamination for all three VOC‐contaminated soil systems, particularly PCE. The VOC were first detected in root and then in shoot samples as the experiment progressed. The VOC in plant shoots, unlike those in roots, still remained after the soil was cleaned. Thus, careful plant management should be considered during VOC phytoremediation.
Seasonal and interannual variability of sea‐air CO2 fluxes in the tropical Atlantic affected by the Amazon River plume

CO2 fugacities obtained from a merchant ship sailing from France to French Guyana were used to explore the seasonal and interannual variability of the sea‐air CO2 exchange in the western tropical North Atlantic (TNA; 5–14°N, 41–52°W). Two distinct oceanic water masses were identified in the area associated to the main surface currents, i.e., the North Brazil Current (NBC) and the North Equatorial Current (NEC). The NBC was characterized by permanent CO2 oversaturation throughout the studied period, contrasting with the seasonal pattern identified in the NEC. The NBC retroflection was the main contributor to the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC), thus spreading into the central TNA, the Amazon River plume, and the CO2‐rich waters probably originated from the equatorial upwelling. Strong CO2 undersaturation was associated to the Amazon River plume. Total inorganic carbon drawdown due to biological activity was estimated to be 154 µmol kg−1 within the river plume. As a consequence, the studied area acted as a net sink of atmospheric CO2 (from −72.2 ± 10.2 mmol m−2 month−1 in February to 14.3 ± 4.5 mmol m−2 month−1 in May). This contrasted with the net CO2 efflux estimated by the main global sea‐air CO2 flux climatologies. Interannual sea surface temperature changes in the TNA caused by large‐scale climatic events could determine the direction and intensity of the sea‐air CO2 fluxes in the NEC. Positive temperature anomalies observed in the TNA led to an almost permanent CO2 outgassing in the NEC in 2010.
Comparison of GPS slant wet delays acquired by different techniques

This paper discusses the quality of slant wet delays (SWD) computed from GPS measurements. The SWDs are generally used as input data for GPS tomography, which allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of water vapour distribution in the atmosphere. The research presented is based on a comparison of slant wet delays acquired by different strategies based on double-differenced Global Positioning System (GPS) data. The GPS-derived SWDs were compared with those directly measured by a water vapour radiometer (WVR). The best results from the applied GPS strategies were achieved by a simple mapping of GPS-derived zenith total delays into SWD without adding horizontal gradients or post-fit residuals.
Quantification of sand bar morphology: A video technique based on wave dissipation

A technique is presented to remotely measure the scales and morphology of natural sand bars based on the preferential dissipation of wind waves and swell over the crests of the bar. Photographic or video images are recorded and statistical uncertainties associated with incident wave height modulations removed by averaging (time exposures). Ground truth testing of the technique was carried out as part of the SUPERDUCK experiment in October 1986. The time exposures generally provided a good mapping of underlying morphology, allowing detection of the bar and determination of cross-shore and longshore length scales. However, during high waves, persistent surface foam obscures the relationship of image intensity to local dissipation (modeled theoretically by dissipation of a random wave field), and an enhancement technique of image differencing must be done to remove the bias. Errors in the estimate of bar crest distance from the shoreline are generally less than 35%, but this value depends on the geometry of the particular bar. Logistic simplicity and quantitative capabilities make this technique very attractive.
Model Evaluation and Projection on the Linkage between Hadley Circulation and Atmospheric Background Related to the Tropical Cyclone Frequency over the Western North Pacific

Abstract The performance of climate models in simulating the linkage of the spring Hadley circulation (HC) to the vertical zonal wind shear and atmospheric divergence in the lower and upper troposphere, which are related to the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific (WNPTCF) during June–September (JJAS), is evaluated on the basis of the 20th century climate simulations (20C3M). It is found that four models can simultaneously reproduce the pattern revealed in the observation, with the spring HC in the Northern Hemisphere being positively correlated to the vertical zonal wind shear in the major tropical cyclone (TC) genesis region and negatively (positively) correlated to the atmospheric divergence in the upper (lower) troposphere over the western North Pacific (WNP) in the following JJAS. These four models are further used to project their relationship in the late 21st century under the A1B scenario. The results show that the association of spring HC with the vertical zonal wind shear and the upper- and lower-tropospheric divergence over the WNP will weaken in the late 21st century, thereby resulting in a weak relationship between the spring HC and the JJAS WNPTCF.
Landscape of TB Infection and Prevention among People Living with HIV

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and contributes to up to a third of deaths in this population. The World Health Organization guidelines aim to target early detection and treatment of TB among PLHIV, particularly in high-prevalence and low-resource settings. Prevention plays a key role in the fight against TB among PLHIV. This review explores TB screening tools available for PLHIV, including symptom-based screening, chest radiography, tuberculin skin tests, interferon gamma release assays, and serum biomarkers. We then review TB Preventive Treatment (TPT), shown to reduce the progression to active TB and mortality among PLHIV, and available TPT regimens. Last, we highlight policy-practice gaps and barriers to implementation as well as ongoing research needs to lower the burden of TB and HIV coinfection through preventive activities, innovative diagnostic tests, and cost-effectiveness studies.
Interior Communication from the Subtropical to the Tropical Oceans

Abstract The communication from the subtropical gyre interior to the Tropics is examined using wind stress datasets and results from an ocean data assimilation system. It is shown that the interior communication can be clarified by a simple interior mass communication rate (IMCR), which can be easily calculated from the Sverdrup function. For the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere the IMCR can be defined as the meridional minimum (maximum) of the Sverdrup function maximum (minimum) at each latitude. The interior communication is closely related to the ENSO cycle, and its rate and pathway have strong interannual–decadal variability.
Increased aeolian activity during climatic regime shifts as recorded in a raised bog in south-west Sweden during the past 1700 years

Increased aeolian activity during climatic regime shifts as recorded in a raised bog in south-west Sweden during the past 1700 years R. de Jong, K. Schoning, and S. Björck Geobiosphere Science Centre, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, Sweden Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden Received: 19 February 2007 – Accepted: 21 February 2007 – Published: 27 February 2007 Correspondence to: R. de Jong (rixt.de jong@geol.lu.se)
Mathematical Biology

Recent developments in the static theory of evolutionarily stable sets (ESSets) are applied to the single-locus frequency-dependent model of natural selection. Particular emphasis is paid to the ESSet properties of the preimage of an ESS (or ESSet) under the genotype-phenotype map. When an ESS is realized in genetic equilibrium with redundancy in a diploid sexual population, the basic problem in biological terms is whether the corresponding set of allele frequencies is an evolutionarily stable set. The interesting question of the dynamic stability of this preimage is also discussed and a geometric condition developed which implies its evolutionary and dynamic stability.
Asking different questions

This article discusses the study of motives of serial murderers using the method of empirical phenomenology. Departing from a traditional clinical approach in terms of diagnostic categorizations of serial killers and from a conventional descriptive study in which generic aspects of serial murder such as modus operandi are described and interpreted, a qualitative approach is presented as essential to a more comprehensive understanding of the perpetrators of serial murder. Specifically, learning about murderers’ personal constructions of meaning in their own lives positions us to be able to identify the motivations underlying their repeated acts of killing. Results obtained using this approach raise concerns regarding the validity of conclusions drawn from studies that rely upon more traditional methods of inquiry into motive. Researchers who apply conventional methods are cautioned regarding implied meanings of their data.
Interactive comment on "Agnotology: learning from mistakes" by R. E. Benestad et al.

At the surface of things, the conceptually simplest approach to detection of anthropogenic global warming should be the estimation of trends in global surface t mperature throughout the instrumental observation era starting in the mid-nineteenth century. These kinds of estimates, however, are subject to deep controversy and confusion. The authors of Agnotology contribute to this confusion by their shallow statements about ”circular reasoning. ” The only evidence offered is an R-script which shows that the autocorrelation function (ACF) develops an LTP-like tail if one adds a trend to a stationary, noisy, non-LTP signal. This is known to anyone who works seriously with LTP, and is a major reason why the ACF is never used to demonstrate LTP in short time records.
A state-of-the-art review

To be cross-cultural, the marketing research project must be conducted across nations or culture groups, rather than across provinces or ethnic groups (Berry, 1980). For the purpose of this review, international marketing research (research dealing with international issues), foreign research (research conducted in a country other than the country of the research-commissioning organization), or multinational research (research conducted in all or all important countries where the company is represented), and other similar terms, will be subsumed under the rubric of cross-cultural research. We do not deny the fine distinctions that can be made among these concepts (e.g. Terpstra and Sarathy, 1990). However, it is not necessary to make these distinctions as the methodological issues we consider apply in varying degrees to all of these types of research. In recent years cross-cultural marketing research has assumed great importance in the academic and business worlds. Academically, cross-cultural research has gained wide acceptance both in international business journals and in specialized journals. A recent review identified 720 articles on the subject that were published in various academic journals between 1980 and 1990 (Aulakh and Kotabe, 1993). Businesswise, the USA accounts for only 39 per cent of the marketing research expenditures worldwide. About 40 per cent of all marketing research is conducted in Western Europe and 9 per cent in Japan. Most of the research in Europe is done in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain (Demby, 1990). With the globalization of markets, marketing research has assumed a truly international character and this trend is likely to continue (e.g. Malhotra et al., 1994). Despite its burgeoning growth in recent years, further expansion and development of cross-cultural marketing research is being hampered by