Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE NON-CENTRAL χ2- AND F-DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

In the Neyman-Pearson theory of testing statistical hypotheses, the efficiency of a statistical test is to be judged by its power of detecting departures from the null hypothesis. Thus besides knowing the random sampling distribution of a given statistic T under this hypothesis, say Ho, it is also necessary to know the distribution of T under admissible hypotheses alternative to Ho. Hence the power function of the test is obtained. In the case of the wellknown tests using X2, t and F, the evaluation of their power functions involves the use of what have been called non-central distributions. For example, if we are applying the t-test to examine if a sample has come from a normal population with mean # = 0(HO), we know that under Ho, t has a 5 % chance of exceeding the 5 % point of its distribution. But in order to compute the power of the test we wish to know the chance that t exceeds this point when M has alternative values, not equal to zero. This chance is given by the non-central t-integral. This distribution has been studied by Fisher (1931), Neyman (1935), Neyman & Tokarska (1936) and Johnson & Welch (1939). In a similar way, the non-central X2and F-distributions arise in consideration of the power functions of the X2and variance-ratio tests. The power function may be used either to determine the extent of the departures from Ho in a given direction, which will be detected as significant (at a prescribed level) with a given probability, or it may be used to determine in advance the size of experiment necessary to ensure that a worth-while difference will be established as significant, if it exists. But apart from its value in this connexion, the study of non-central distributions is of considerable interest. The mathematical forms of these distributions of t, x2 and F have been long known, but their use without extensive tabling has not been easy. The present paper is therefore concerned with two lines of investigation: (a) The derivation of certain approximations to the probability integrals of (i) non-central X2, and (ii) the ratio of non-central X2 to an independent central X2, which we have termed noncentral F. These approximations, depending on tabled functions, permit easy calculation. (b) Discussion of the ways in which these distributions may be used in connexion with the power functions of statistical tests.
N-Heteroacenes as an Organic Gain Medium for Room-Temperature Masers

The development of future quantum devices such as the maser, i.e., the microwave analog of the laser, could be well-served by the exploration of chemically tunable organic materials. Current iterations of room-temperature organic solid-state masers are composed of an inert host material that is doped with a spin-active molecule. In this work, we systematically modulated the structure of three nitrogen-substituted tetracene derivatives to augment their photoexcited spin dynamics and then evaluated their potential as novel maser gain media by optical, computational, and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. To facilitate these investigations, we adopted an organic glass former, 1,3,5-tri(1-naphthyl)benzene to act as a universal host. These chemical modifications impacted the rates of intersystem crossing, triplet spin polarization, triplet decay, and spin–lattice relaxation, leading to significant consequences on the conditions required to surpass the maser threshold.
Determinants and Outcomes of Food Delivery App Engagement During COVID-19

With the expansion of internet penetration and the adoption of mobile apps, usage of food delivery applications has increased significantly during the pandemic. The study's main objective was to examine the antecedents and consequences of food delivery app engagement among urban and semi-urban customers in India during COVID-19. The data were collected from 269 semi-urban respondents and 301 urban respondents. The stimulus organism and response (SOR) model has been used to understand consumers' antecedents and consequences of food delivery app engagement during the pandemic. The study used the structural equation modelling method to test the relationship between the variables. The study's findings showed that the mobile application's perceived ease of use, enjoyment, and time convenience found a significant effect among urban and semi-urban customers. This study is limited to urban and semi-urban customers with cross-sectional survey data. The study has explored a few antecedents and consequences of mobile food delivery app engagement.
Attitude reference transfer method for moving-base based on correlated frames

When the monocular visual measurement method is adopted, the initial alignment precision of the moving base tends to be easily interrupted by the surrounding environment. In order to solve this problem, in this study, the authors suggest an initial attitude reference transfer method for moving base based on correlated frames of images. This method utilizes the advantage of inertial reference, namely, high precision of relative attitude measurement within a short time period, transforms the multi-frame sequence images of the planar target to the coordinate system of the initial moment, and averagely reduces noise interruption through more than one image, so that the attitude-calculating precision could be promoted. Simulation research shows that: the attitude reference method based on correlated frames, which is put forward in this study, could effectively reduce random noise interruptions. Within the rotation scope of -1° to 1°, the precision of attitude alignment angles in three directions is better than that of 45''.
EFFECTS OF FORAGE AND GRAIN LEGUME-BASED SILAGES SUPPLEMENTED WITH FABA BEAN MEAL OR RAPESEED EXPELLER ON LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE, NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN DAIRY COWS.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of forage type [red clover (51%)-grass silage i.e., RCG vs. faba bean (66%)-grass silage i.e., FBG] and concentrate type (faba bean; FB vs. rapeseed expeller; RE) on lactational performance, milk composition and nitrogen (N) utilization in lactating dairy cows. Eight lactating multiparous Nordic Red cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment, with 21-d periods, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The experimental treatments were: 1) RCG with RE, 2) RCG with FB, 3) FBG with RE, and 4) FBG with FB. Inclusion rate of rapeseed expeller and FB was isonitrogenous. Crude protein contents of the experimental diets were 16.3, 15.9, 18.1 and 17.9% of dry matter, respectively. All diets included oats and barley and were fed ad libitum as total mixed rations with forage to concentrate ratio at 55:45. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily, and spot samples of urine, feces and blood were collected at the end of each experimental period. Dry matter intake did not differ across diets averaging 26.7 kg/d. Milk yield averaged 35.6 kg/d and was 1.1 kg/d greater for RCG vs. FBG, and milk urea N concentration was lower for RCG compared with FBG. Milk yield was 2.2 kg/d and milk protein yield 66 g/d lower for FB vs. RE. Nitrogen intake, urinary N, and urinary urea N excretions were lower, and milk N excretion tended to be lower for RCG compared with FBG. The proportion of the dietary N excreted as fecal N was larger in cows fed RCG vs. FBG, and the opposite was true for urinary N. There was an interaction for milk N as % of N intake: it increased with RE compared with FB for RCG-based diet, but only a marginal increase was observed for FBG-based diet. Plasma concentration of His and Lys were lower for RCG vs. FBG, whereas His tended to be greater and Lys lower for FB compared with RE. Further, plasma Met concentration was around 26% lower for FB vs. RE. Of milk fatty acids, saturated fatty acids were decreased by RCG and increased by FB compared with FBG and RE, respectively, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids were increased by RCG vs. FBG, and were lower for FB vs. RE. In particular, 18:1n-9 concentration was lower for FB compared with RE. Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 were greater for RCG vs. FBG, and 18:2n-6 was greater and 18:3n-3 was lower for FB vs. RE. In addition, cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid was lower for FB compared with RE. Faba bean whole crop silage and faba bean meal have potential to be used as a part of dairy cow rations, but further research is needed to improve their N-efficiency. Red clover-grass silage from a mixed sward, without inorganic N fertilizer input, combined with RE, resulted in the greatest N-efficiency in the conditions of this experiment.
Hydraulically Amplified Electrostatic Taxels (HAXELs) for Full Body Haptics

The ability to mechanically stimulate touch receptors over the entire body is a key feature for fully immersive and highly realistic virtual reality experience. Haptic stickers, flexible arrays of HAXELs (hydraulically amplified TAXels), that enable cutaneous haptics over nearly all parts of the body, are reported. HAXELs are zipping electrostatic actuators that combine stretchable elastomers and high permittivity flexible films to generate both high strains and high forces, from DC to 200 Hz. A fabrication process that enables scaling HAXELs from 2 to 15 mm in diameter is presented, allowing to tailor the actuators to different body parts and to wearables such as wrist‐watches. The different sizes of HAXELs generate blocked forces from 100 to 800 mN, with DC displacements from 100 to 850 µm, well above sensation thresholds. Haptics tests of Haptic Stickers, 5 × 5 arrays of 10 mm diameter devices, on palms, back of the hand, neck, arm, and back of a dozen volunteers, are done with users reporting high pattern recognition success on many body locations. The Haptic Stickers uniquely offer a thin and lightweight form‐factor, which does not limit the freedom of motion of the user, compatible with untethered scenarios.
Prenatal Diagnosis of an Intrathoracic Left Kidney Associated with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Case Report and Systematic Review

Introduction: A congenital intrathoracic kidney (ITK) is a rare anomaly that is recognized to have four causes: renal ectopia with an intact diaphragm, diaphragmatic eventration, diaphragmatic hernia, and traumatic diaphragmatic rupture. We report a case of a prenatal-diagnosed ITK related to a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and conducted a systematic review of all cases of the prenatal diagnosis of this association. Case presentation: A fetal ultrasound scan at 22 gestational weeks showed left CDH and ITK, hyperechoic left lung parenchyma, and mediastinal shift. The fetal echocardiography and karyotype were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging at 30 gestational weeks confirmed the ultrasound suspicion of left CDH in association with bowel and left kidney herniation. The fetal growth, amniotic fluid, and Doppler indices remained within the normal range over time. The woman delivered the newborn via an at-term spontaneous vaginal delivery. The newborn was stabilized and underwent non-urgent surgical correction; the postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusions: CDH is the rarest cause of ITK; we found only eleven cases describing this association. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 29 ± 4 weeks and 4 days. There were seven cases of right and four cases of left CDH. There were associated anomalies in only three fetuses. All women delivered live babies, the herniated kidneys showed no functional damage after their surgical correction, and the prognosis was favorable after surgical repair. The prenatal diagnosis and counseling of this condition are important in planning adequate prenatal and postnatal management in order to improve neonatal outcomes.
Skew Filtering for Online State Estimation and Control

Process control can become challenging when the measurements are affected by irregular noise. Classical approaches utilize Gaussian methods to alleviate the sensory noise. However, many industries involve skewed noise in their processes. While the closed skew-normal (CSN) distribution generalizes a Gaussian distribution with additional parameters, its dimension increases during recursive estimation, making it impractical. Even though there are some techniques for the solution, they are typically too complicated or inaccurate for higher-dimensional problems. This study proposes a novel online optimization scheme to reduce the dimensionality of a CSN distribution while considering the properties of the complete empirical distribution. Since the objective function used during the optimization step considers the geometry of the metric space, the proposed scheme achieves higher accuracy without sacrificing computational efficiency. The proposed filter is applied to two pilot-scale experiments. The results indicate that it is beneficial for recursive state estimation in the presence of skewed noise.
The Human Gastric Juice: A Promising Source for Gastric Cancer Biomarkers

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major public health problem worldwide, with high mortality rates due to late diagnosis and limited treatment options. Biomarker research is essential to improve the early detection of GC. Technological advances and research methodologies have improved diagnostic tools, identifying several potential biomarkers for GC, including microRNA, DNA methylation markers, and protein-based biomarkers. Although most studies have focused on identifying biomarkers in biofluids, the low specificity of these markers has limited their use in clinical practice. This is because many cancers share similar alterations and biomarkers, so obtaining them from the site of disease origin could yield more specific results. As a result, recent research efforts have shifted towards exploring gastric juice (GJ) as an alternative source for biomarker identification. Since GJ is a waste product during a gastroscopic examination, it could provide a “liquid biopsy” enriched with disease-specific biomarkers generated directly at the damaged site. Furthermore, as it contains secretions from the stomach lining, it could reflect changes associated with the developmental stage of GC. This narrative review describes some potential biomarkers for gastric cancer screening identified in gastric juice.
Benchmark Study of Epoxy Coatings with Selection of Bio-Based Phenalkamine versus Fossil-Based Amine Crosslinkers

The phenalkamines (PK) derived from cardanol oil can be used as a bio-based crosslinker for epoxy coatings as an alternative for traditional fossil amines (FA). First, the reaction kinetics of an epoxy resin with four PK and FA crosslinkers are compared by differential scanning calorimetry, illustrating a fast reaction rate and higher conversion of PK at room temperature in parallel with a moderate exothermal reaction. Second, the performance of coatings with various concentrations of PK and PK/FA ratios indicates good mixing compatibility between crosslinkers resulting in higher hardness, scratch resistance, hydrophobicity, and abrasive wear resistance of coatings with PK. The superior performance is confirmed over a broad range of resin/crosslinker ratios, facilitating the processing with viscosity profiles depending on the PK type. Although fossil- and bio-based crosslinkers have different chemical structures, the unique linear relationships between intrinsic mechanical properties (i.e., ductility and impact resistance) and coating performance indicate that the degree of crosslinking is a primary parameter controlling coating performance, where PK simultaneously provides high hardness and ductility. In conclusion, the optimization of the processing range for bio-based PK as a crosslinker for epoxy coatings delivers suitable processing conditions and superior mechanical performance compared to traditional amine crosslinkers.
Early detection of Parkinson’s disease based on IMU and machine learning

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most neurodegenerative disease, which results in gradual loss of movement. Early diagnosis helps to control the disease in advance and prevent the disease from getting worse. The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease in hospitals is cumbersome and expensive. IMU which is widely used in gait analysis is much cheaper and suitable for early detection. But pure gait analysis has limitations in detecting PD. In this paper, we selected a representative 10- meter folding task and a stationary standing task reflecting the gait domain, balance domain, and tremor domain from a scale commonly used in clinical Parkinson's examinations, and collected a total of 127 data from early PD patients and healthy individuals using IMU sensors. Fifteen valid features were selected using MRMR and a support vector machine was used to discriminate between early-stage patients and healthy individuals. Due to the introduction of balance and tremor features, the accuracy is improved from 88% to 96%, and reduced likelihood of healthy individuals being misclassified as PD patients.
The Importance of Measuring Mental Wellbeing in the Context of Psychological Distress: Using a Theoretical Framework to Test the Dual-Continua Model of Mental Health

The dual-continua model of mental health suggests that psychological distress and mental wellbeing operate on two distinct yet related continua, both uniquely contributing to overall mental health. Previous literature provides support for the dual-continua model; however, inconsistent methodologies lacking a common theoretical underpinning have led to findings that are difficult to compare across studies. Using archival data, this study aimed to test the following three theoretically derived criteria proposed to accurately examine the dual-continua model: (1) confirming independent existence, (2) disconfirming bipolarity, and (3) quantifying functional independence. Method: In total, 2065 participants (female n = 1193; 57.8%) completed two online assessments (minimum 30 days apart) measuring psychological distress, mental wellbeing, and demographic information. Results: In total, 1.1% of participants experienced high distress as well as mental wellbeing confirming that psychological distress and mental wellbeing exist independently (Criterion 1). Bipolarity (Criterion 2) was partly disconfirmed: mental wellbeing consistently decreased as symptom severity increased for depression; however, anxiety and stress did not meet bipolarity requirements. Functional independence (Criterion 3) was established: longitudinal analysis found that participants reliably and simultaneously increased (2.7%) or decreased (4.2%) in distress and mental wellbeing, while cross-sectional analysis showed that psychological distress only explained 38% of the variance in mental wellbeing. Discussion: Findings provide further support for the dual-continua model through analysis of the proposed assessment criteria, suggesting a further need to measure the dual-continua model at the subdomain level, e.g., depression, anxiety, and stress, as opposed to global psychological distress. Validation for the proposed assessment criteria provides important methodological foundations for future studies.
OPTIMISASI ECONOMIC DISPATCH MENGGUNAKAN IMPERIALIST COMPETITIVE ALGORITHM (ICA) PADA SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK

Komponen biaya pembangkitan energi listrik terbesar adalah bahan bakar. Penghematan biaya bahan bakar dalam prosentasi yang kecil akan memberi pengaruh yang besar dalam jumlah dollar. ED adalah suatu permasalahan dalam menentukan daya yang harus dibangkitkan pada suatu sistem tenaga listrik sehingga kebutuhan beban dapat dipenuhi dengan biaya yang minimum. Metode konvensional telah dilakukan untuk optimisasi ED tetapi performa yang ditunjukkan tidak optimal karena karakteristik pembangkit yang semakin tidak linier. Pada Tugas Akhir ini dilakukan pendekatan dengan metode artificial intelligence yaitu Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA). Kemampuan metode ICA dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan ED diuji melalui tiga kasus. Kasus pertama adalah menentukan parameter ICA yang paling optimal dalam optimisasi ED. Dari percobaan diperoleh parameter ICA yang paling optimal yaitu dengan kombinasi 100 country dan 50 imperialist, koefisien asimilasi adalah 2 dan koefisien revolusi adalah 0,3. Kasus kedua yaitu optimisasi ED menggunakan ICA pada sistem yang berbeda kemudian hasil optimisasi ICA dibandingkan dengan optimisasi menggunakan metode konvensional yaitu Lagrange. Kesimpulan dari hasil optimisasi kedua metode adalah ICA mampu menghasilkan biaya pembangkitan yang lebih murah. Kasus ketiga yaitu hasil optimisasi ICA dibandingkan dengan Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Perbandingan dari optimisasi ICA dan PSO menunjukkan bahwa metode ICA menghasilkan solusi yang lebih optimal.
The Mathematical Meaninglessness of the NASA Task Load Index: A Level of Measurement Analysis

Human mental workload can profoundly impact human performance and is thus an important consideration in the design and operation of many systems. The standard method for assessing human mental workload is the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). This involves a human operator subjectively rating a task based on six dimensions. These dimensions are combined into a single workload score using one of two methods: scaling and summing the dimensions (where scales are derived from a paired comparisons procedure) or averaging dimensions together. Despite its widespread use, the level of measurement of NASA-TLX's dimensions and its computed workload score has not been investigated. Additionally, nobody has researched whether NASA-TLX's two approaches for computing overall workload are mathematically meaningful with respect to the constituent dimensions' levels of measurement. This is a serious deficiency. Knowing what the level of measurement is for NASA-TLX scores will determine what mathematics can be meaningfully applied to them. Furthermore, if NASA-TLX workload syntheses are mathematically meaningless, then the measure lacks construct validity. The research presented in this article used a previously developed method to evaluate the level of measurement of NASA-TLX workload and its dimensions. Results show that the dimensions can, in most situations, be treated as interval in population analyses and ordinal for individuals. Our results also suggest that the methods for combining dimensions into workload scores are meaningless. We recommend that analysts evaluate the dimensions of NASA-TLX without combining them.
Inverse Kinematics Solution Method of an Adaptive Piecewise Geometry for Cable-Driven Hyper-Redundant Manipulator

Cable-driven hyper-redundant manipulator (CDHM) with flexible and compliant configuration has high maneuverability in a tight space owing to its multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs). However, an increase in the DOFs of the manipulator makes it very challenging to solve its inverse kinematics. The present work proposes a novel adaptive piecewise geometry method to solve the inverse kinematics of the CDHM. The corresponding computation efficiency will be much lower for traditional methods, i.e., the generalized inverse of the Jacobian matrix and artificial neural network method. When the end-effector of the manipulator is required to move with a larger range, Joint angle physical limit need to be considered and the proposed method can select the optimal arc configuration to solve the inverse kinematics aiming at reducing joint overrun. An adaptive adjustment coefficient is further introduced to optimize the configuration so that joint motion more reasonable as well as avoid singular configuration. The geometry and joint parameters solved with the proposed novel method are then compared to those of the existing method with the same desired target position to verify the effective of the proposed novel method. Finally, a 12-DOFs hyper-redundant manipulator physical prototype is built, and corresponding experimental results show that with the novel solution method, the manipulator end can precisely reach the expected target position with significantly less computational complexity, which is beneficial to improve real-time control efficiency of the CDHM in practical applications.