Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRACERS OF CHROMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. I. OBSERVATIONS OF Ca ii K AND Hα IN M DWARFS

We report on our observing program44 This paper is based on observations obtained with the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m telescope, which is owned and operated by the Astrophysical Research Consortium. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. to capture simultaneous spectra of Ca ii and Balmer lines in a sample of nearby M3 dwarfs. Our goal is to investigate the chromospheric temperature structure required to produce these lines at the observed levels. We find a strong positive correlation between instantaneous measurements of Ca ii K and the Balmer lines in active stars, although these lines may not be positively correlated in time-resolved measurements. The relationship between Hα and Ca ii K remains ambiguous for weak and intermediate activity stars, with Hα absorption corresponding to a range of Ca ii K emission. A similar relationship is also observed between Ca ii K and the higher-order Balmer lines. As our sample consists of a single spectral type, correlations between these important chromospheric tracers cannot be ascribed to continuum effects, as suggested by other authors. These data confirm prior nonsimultaneous observations of the Hα line behavior with increasing activity, showing an initial increase in the Hα absorption with increasing Ca ii K emission, prior to Hα filling in and eventually becoming a pure emission line in the most active stars. We also compare our optical measurements with archival UV and X-ray measurements, finding a positive correlation between the chromospheric and coronal emission for both high and intermediate activity stars. We compare our results with previous determinations of the active fraction of low-mass stars, and discuss them in the context of surface inhomogeneity. Lastly, we discuss the application of these data as empirical constraints on new static models of quiescent M dwarf atmospheres. This paper is based on observations obtained with the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m telescope, which is owned and operated by the Astrophysical Research Consortium. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.
Packet Filtering and Stateful Firewalls

T he f irewall is a cru cial comp onent in the d ef ense mechanisms of ev ery network that is connected to the I nternet. I n this chap ter we shall f irst su rv ey what f irewalls are, what it means f or them to be “ statef u l” , and why this is imp ortant to the org aniz ation’ s secu rity. T hen we shall g o into some more ad v anced material: H ow f irewalls work “ u nd er the hood ” , how p oorly conf ig u red typ ical f irewalls are, why sp oof ing attack s are so d if f icu lt to combat at the f irewall, and f inally we d iscu ss some recent research d irections concerning f irewall manag ement.
Integrating WordNet for Multiple Sense Embeddings in Vector Semantics

—Popular distributional approaches to semantics allow for only a single embedding of any particular word. A single embedding per word conﬂates the distinct meanings of the word and their appropriate contexts, irrespective of whether those usages are related of completely disjoint. We compare models that use the graph structure of the knowledge base WordNet as a post-processing step to improve vector-space models with multiple sense embeddings for each word, and explore the application to word sense disambiguation.
Delegation-based semantics for modularizing crosscutting concerns

We describe semantic mappings of four high-level programming languages to our delegation-based machine model for aspect-oriented programming. One of the languages is a class-based object-oriented one. The other three represent extensions thereof that support various approaches to modularizing crosscutting concerns. We explain informally that an operational semantics expressed in terms of the model's concepts preserves the behavior of a program written in one of the high-level languages. We hence argue our model to be semantically sound in that sense, as well as sufficiently expressive in order to correctly support features such as class-based object-oriented programming, the open-classes and pointcut-and-advice flavors of aspect-oriented programming, and dynamic layers. For the latter, being a core feature of context-oriented programming, we also provide a formal semantics.
Power allocation for two different traffics in layered MIMO systems

In multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relay networks, an MIMO node can relay different traffics from multiple MIMO source nodes. Thus, an MIMO relay node has to allocate the power across multiple channels to relay different traffics. In this paper, we consider the power allocation across multiple layers of MIMO channel when two different traffics, real-time and best-effort traffics, are presented. Generally, realtime traffics have stringent delay constraints and their data streams could not be multiplexed with the data streams from best-effort traffics due to different quality of service (QoS). Since MIMO channels can provide multiple parallel channels, we are able to transmit both different traffics separately (and simultaneously). For efficient power use, we investigate the power allocation across multiple parallel channels in presence of two different traffics with different performance index for each traffic. Performance analysis is carried out for uncorrelated Rayleigh-fading MIMO channels.
Perivascular nerves and the regulation of cerebrovascular tone.

Brain perfusion is tightly coupled to neuronal activity, is commonly used to monitor normal or pathological brain function, and is a direct reflection of the interactions that occur between neuronal signals and blood vessels. Cerebral blood vessels at the surface and within the brain are surrounded by nerve fibers that originate, respectively, from peripheral nerve ganglia and intrinsic brain neurons. Although of different origin and targeting distinct vascular beds, these "perivascular nerves" fulfill similar roles related to cerebrovascular functions, a major one being to regulate their tone and, therein, brain perfusion. This utmost function, which underlies the signals used in functional neuroimaging techniques and which can be jeopardized in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and migraine headache, is thus regulated at several levels. Recently, new insights into our understanding of how neural input regulate cerebrovascular tone resulted in the rediscovery of the functional "neurovascular unit. " These remarkable advances suggest that neuron-driven changes in vascular tone result from interactions that involve all components of the neurovascular unit, transducing neuronal signals into vasomotor responses not only through direct interaction between neurons and vessels but also indirectly via the perivascular astrocytes. Neurovascular coupling is thus determined by chemical signals released from activated perivascular nerves and astrocytes that alter vascular tone to locally adjust perfusion to the spatial and temporal changes in brain activity.
Modelling environment and poverty factors for sustainable agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions of China

Modelling is a good tool for understanding the complex interactions of the agricultural systems; however, few studies have used a combined method of text mining and system dynamics to analyse and simulate the agricultural system. We propose the topic modelling–system dynamics modelling (TM‐SDM) analytical framework to extract, synthesise, and dynamically simulate the factors of land management, disaster, pollution, and poverty in the system. Specifically, 1,598 English language publications were collected to analyse the main concerns and conceptual structure of the sustainable development in the case study area based on topic modelling. Historical data from 2000 to 2014 are used for simulation and prediction based on system dynamics modelling, exploring and comparing different policy scenarios. The results show that policies about education and training, sewage treatment, infrastructure construction, and soil erosion control would help poverty reduction significantly. Sewage treatment policy reduces the incidence of human disease and sewage discharge significantly. Education and training policy has the greatest impact on the improvement of poverty reduction and yield of crops, and the environmental protection scenario has the best performance on maintaining the cultivated land. The balanced development scenario benefits both the poverty reduction and environmental protection concurrently. Focussing on a systems approach to improve the sustainability of agriculture, this paper could have a positive impact on the development and implementation of sustainable agricultural systems. The TM‐SDM analysis and modelling framework that we proposed has a generic nature, which could be applied to the further research and decision‐making on sustainable agriculture and other fields involving complex systems.
Movement Disorders and Psychosis, a Complex Marriage

Most clinicians relate parkinsonism and dyskinesia directly to acute and tardive drug-induced movement disorders. However, parkinsonism and dyskinesia are also present in antipsychotic-naive patients with psychotic disorders. In this paper, we want to highlight the clinical value of these spontaneous movement disorders and want to discuss the concept of “non-mental signs. ”
Pre-pregnancy obesity and maternal nutritional biomarker status during pregnancy: a factor analysis

Abstract Objective Pre-pregnancy obesity has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. Poor essential fatty acid (EFA) and micronutrient status during pregnancy may contribute to these associations. We assessed the associations between pre-pregnancy BMI and nutritional patterns of maternal micronutrient and EFA status during mid-pregnancy. Design A cross-sectional analysis from a prospective cohort study. Women provided non-fasting blood samples at ≤20 weeks’ gestation that were assayed for red cell EFA; plasma folate, homocysteine and ascorbic acid; and serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, α-tocopherol, soluble transferrin receptors and carotenoids. These nutritional biomarkers were employed in a factor analysis and three patterns were derived: EFA, Micronutrients and Carotenoids. Setting The Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy Study, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Subjects Pregnant women (n 129). Results After adjustment for parity, race/ethnicity and age, obese pregnant women were 3·0 (95 % CI 1·1, 7·7) times more likely to be in the lowest tertile of the EFA pattern and 4·5 (95 % CI 1·7, 12·3) times more likely to be in the lowest tertile of the Carotenoid pattern compared with their lean counterparts. We found no association between pre-pregnancy obesity and the Micronutrient pattern after confounder adjustment. Conclusions Our results suggest that obese pregnant women have diminished EFA and carotenoid concentrations.
Xpert CARBA-R Assay for the Detection of Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms in Intensive Care Unit Patients of a Korean Tertiary Care Hospital

Carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO) are rapidly disseminating worldwide, and their presence in tertiary care hospitals poses a significant threat to the management of nosocomial infections. There is a need to control CPO, especially in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, because these organisms are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics and are easily transmitted. At present, the identification of CPO is time-consuming; hence, this study focused on the use of the Xpert CARBA-R assay (Cepheid, USA) to determine intestinal colonization rates of CPO in patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary care hospital in Korea. Forty clinical stool samples were collected and inoculated both in a CARBA-R cartridge and in conventional culture plates. The CARBA-R assay required only ~one hour to screen CPO, while the time required for conventional culture was over three days. We also found that the prevalences of intestinal colonization by carbapenem-resistant organisms and Enterobacteriaceae were 17.5% (7 out of 40) and 7.5% (3 out of 40), respectively. Among the colonizing strains, three that contained carbapenemase, including Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase (KPC), and imipenem (IMP) and Verona integron-mediated metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) were found. With its convenience, the Xpert CARBA-R assay can be included in CPO surveillance strategies.
Addressing odour abatement and assessment knowledge gaps using PTR–ToFMS

Odour emissions from meat chicken sheds sometimes impact the surrounding community. These odour impacts and associated concerns present an ongoing challenge to the chicken meat industry in Australia. At present, the effectiveness of various odour abatement strategies being used by the industry is poorly understood. Defensible odour measurement and abatement data is necessary to justify the cost, and support the uptake, of odour abatement techniques. This report builds on previous odour research funded by AgriFutures Australia to find ways to assess and measure poultry odour more objectively, conveniently and cost-effectively. It describes the use of state-of-the-art, high-resolution mass spectrometry (PTR–ToFMS) to determine the chemical composition of odour emissions from meat chicken sheds, and evaluate odour abatement strategies in terms of reductions in the compounds that contribute to odour impacts. This research provides deeper insight into the key odorants that abatement methods should be targeting and demonstrates the use of high-resolution mass spectra data for predicting odour concentration.
Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: Tonotopic organization of N. magnocellularis and N. laminaris

Extracellular recordings of responses to tone‐burst stimulation were used to determine the tonotopic organization of n. magnocellularis (NM) and n. laminaris (NL) in hatchling chickens. NM cells show “primary‐like” response patterns to ipsilateral stimulation, and are arranged in dorso‐ventral isofrequency columns. Units responding to the highest frequency tones (about 4,100 Hz) are situated at the rostromedial pole of the medial division. Units with lower characteristic frequencies (CF's) are found at successively caudal and lateral sites, until extremely low CF's (<500 Hz) are represented dorsoventrally in the caudolateral tail of the lateral division. No evidence was found of auditory input to the region which receives projections from the macula lagena. NL receives polarized, binaural, excitatory input. Units have similar CF's and thresholds to tones presented to either ear. The tonotopic organization in NL matches that found in NM — high CF's rostromedially and low CF's caudal and lateral. Quantitative procedures were developed for relating CF to the position of a unit within either nucleus. These analyses account for 79% and 89% of the frequency variance found within NM and NL, respectively, and predict the CF of a neuron by its position within each nucleus.
Improved Localization of Coronary Stents Based on Image Enhancement

Stent thrombosis remains a life threatening complication of percutaneous coronary interventions. The angiographic result of stent implantation is a high predictive factor of stent thrombosis. Nevertheless accurate placement of stents is hindered by the fact that most stents are only slightly radiopaque and hence difficult to see in typical coronary X-ray images. In this work, we propose a simple image guidance approach, making it easier to achieve optimum and complete intracoronary stent deployment. The main idea is to enhance the visibility of stents using an iterative landmark-based registration. After frame averaging over the series of registered frames, the resultant stent image is post processed to increase the contrast visibility. Preliminary simulation results show that despite its low computational cost, our method significantly improves the visibility of stent edge struts.
Heuristics for the Gene-duplication Problem : A Θ ( n ) Speed-up for the Local Search

The gene-duplication problem is to infer a species supertree from a collection of gene trees that are confounded by complex histories of gene duplications. This problem is NP-hard and thus requires efficient and effective heuristics. Existing heuristics perform a stepwise search of the tree space, where each step is guided by an exact solution to an instance of a local search problem. We show how this local search problem can be solved efficiently by reusing previously computed information. This improves the running time of the current solution by a factor of n, where n is the number of species in the resulting supertree solution, and makes the gene-duplication problem more tractable for large-scale phylogenetic analyses. We verify the exceptional performance of our solution in a comparison study using sets of large randomly generated gene trees. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of our solution by incorporating large genomic data sets from GenBank into a supertree analysis of
Scholarlycommons Psc Working Paper Series Population Studies Center Discrete Games in Endogenous Networks: Theory and Policy Discrete Games in Endogenous Networks: Theory and Policy Discrete Games in Endogenous Networks: Theory and Policy * I Have Benefited from Discussions With

This paper develops a framework for analyzing individuals' choices in the presence of endogenous social networks and implements it with data on teen smoking decisions and friendship networks. By allowing actions and friendships to be jointly chosen, the framework extends the literature on social interactions, which either models choices, taking the social network as given, or which models friendship selection without incorporating additional choices. In the context of a large population network game, this paper also introduces the notion of k-player Nash stability. This solution concept subsumes the Nash equilibrium and, as k decreases, gradually relaxes the assumptions of rationality and coordination underlying the Nash play. I show how the strategic interactions of the static one-shot play are embedded in an evolutionary model of network formation, which I estimate with social network data from United States high schools. The empirical analysis demonstrates the importance of modeling the joint decisions of friendships and smoking in evaluating existing and proposed new policies targeting teen smoking prevalence. These include policies related to school racial desegregation, separating middle and high school grades, and anti-smoking campaigns. Neglecting the endogeneity of the friendship network leads to a downward bias of 10% to 15% on the predicted effect of these policies on adolescent smoking rates. Abstract. This paper develops a framework for analyzing individuals' choices in the presence of endogenous social networks and implements it with data on teen smoking decisions and friendship networks. By allowing actions and friendships to be jointly chosen, the framework extends the literature on social interactions, which either models choices, taking the social network as given, or which models friendship selection without incorporating additional choices. In the context of a large population network game, this paper also introduces the notion of k-player Nash stability. This solution concept subsumes the Nash equilibrium and, as k decreases, gradually relaxes the assumptions of rationality and coordination underlying the Nash play. I show how the strategic interactions of the static one-shot play are embedded in an evolutionary model of network formation, which I estimate with social network data from United States high schools. The empirical analysis demonstrates the importance of modeling the joint decisions of friendships and smoking in evaluating existing and proposed new policies targeting teen smoking prevalence. These include policies related to school racial desegregation, separating middle and high school grades, and anti-smoking campaigns. Neglecting the endogeneity of the friendship network leads to a …
14 Tracking of Moving Coronary Artery Segment in Sequence of X-Ray Images

The variety of motion artefacts like situations when the patient is not able to hold his or her breath, natural organ movements and others cause great problems in current medical imaging techniques, such as image subtraction technique (eg. Digital Subtraction Angiography), registration technique, morphological and functional analysis, e.g. flow or perfusion estimation, and support of therapeutic intervention, eg. surgical tools and organ movement tracking. There are numerous reports in the literature mentioning possible types of motion artefacts. Many techniques are described to avoid and to correct such artefacts by means of digital image processing. The most important tasks utilized in all these techniques are the construction of a 2D geometrical transformation, which refers to original 3D deformation, finding correspondence between two images using only grey-level information, and efficient computer application of this correspondence [Meijering, 2000; Wang et al., 1999]. The procedure of finding the correspondence or estimation of the level of similarity between two images is the most important part of the above mentioned techniques, which has been applied either in static or dynamic approaches. This work presents an application of a correspondence finding technique to the densitometric analysis performed for coronary flow estimation on the image of a moving artery segment in X-ray image sequences of coronary arteries (Fig. 1).
ChronoView: Visualization Technique for Many Temporal Data

This paper presents a method of visualizing data that contains temporal information, such as a human's behavior and the time at which it occurs. A feature of the data is that each event may have one or more time-stamps. By analyzing this kind of data, we are able to find some behavioral patterns and obtain knowledge applicable to many fields, such as marketing research and security. We develop ChronoView, a visualization technique to support the analysis of data with temporal information. ChronoView represents an event with a set of time-stamps as a position inside a circle, similar to the dial of an analog clock. By representing each event as a position on a two-dimensional plane, we can simultaneously visualize many events and easily compare their occurrence patterns. We implement a tool based on ChronoView, which is enriched with additional functions and overcomes the drawbacks of the original system. A use case involving tweet data from Twitter illustrates the use and practicality of ChronoView.
Requirements Determination is Unstoppable: An Experience Report

The paper describes the quotations gathered during interviews and focus groups during a consulting engagement to help the client improve its requirements engineering (RE) process. The paper describes also a model of the software lifecycle derived from a Michael Jackson quotation, a model that explains about 95% of the quotations that we gathered. In particular, it explains why basic requirements determination is unstoppable and how management attempts to stop RE lead to the phenomena that are described by the quotations and less than optimal requirements specifications.