Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated Test Case Generation Considering Object States in Object-Oriented Programming

Testing for object-oriented programs is complicated and burdensome. One reason is the difficulty associated with generating method sequences that create instances and change object states to achieve high branch coverage. Automated test generation using mixed static and dynamic analysis is not only an effective approach to save time and reduce the burden of testing, but also an efficient way to find bugs. Seeker is an implementation for automated test generation that includes method sequences using static and dynamic analysis. However, when we need to change several values of variables to cover branches, the technique cannot generate method sequences that achieve all of the desired object states. In this paper, we extend the technique for automated test generation when multiple object states are required for the coverage of more complicated branches. Our approach identifies all variables that are involved in uncovered branches and evaluates method sequences according to a fitness function. Then we apply a retrieval strategy to suppress combinatorial explosion. Our results show that the proposed approach achieves higher branch coverage than that used in a previous study and also suggest that the effectiveness of the proposed approach tends to vary according to the specific characteristics of different projects.
Title: Target Binding Properties and Cellular Activity of Afatinib (bibw 2992), an Irreversible

Deregulation of the ErbB receptor network is well recognized as an oncogenic driver in epithelial cancers. Several targeted drugs have been developed, including antibodies and small molecule kinase inhibitors, each of them characterized by distinct patterns of ErbB receptor interactions. Understanding the precise pharmacological properties of these compounds is important for optimal use in clinical practice. Afatinib (BIBW 2992) is an ATP-competitive anilinoquinazoline derivative harboring a reactive acrylamide group and was designed to covalently bind and irreversibly block enzymatically active ErbB receptor family members. Here we show by X-ray crystallography the covalent binding of afatinib to wild-type EGFR and by mass spectrometry the covalent interaction with EGFR, EGFR, HER2 and ErbB-4. Afatinib potently inhibits the enymatic activity of ErbB-4 (EC50 = 1 nM) and the proliferation of cancer cell lines driven by multiple ErbB receptor aberrations at concentrations below 100 nM. BI 37781, a close analog of afatinib lacking the acrylamide group and thus incapable of covalent bond formation, had similar potency on cells driven by EGFR or EGFR, but less or no detectable activity on cells expressing EGFR T790M HER2 or ErbB-4. These results stress the importance of the acrylamide group and show that afatinib differs from approved ErbB targeting agents by irreversibly inhibiting the kinase activity of all ErbB family members. This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET Fast Forward. Published on August 10, 2012 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112. 197756 at A PE T Jornals on A ril 0, 2017 jpet.asjournals. org D ow nladed from
Elections to Open Seats in the U.S. House: Where the Action Is

Chapter 1 Where the Action Is: Why Open Seats Jump-Start Congressional Careers Chapter 2 Open Seat Congressional Elections: Are These Influenced by the Same Factors as Incumbent Elections? Chapter 3 Candidates and Competition: Who Are They? Where Do They Come From? Chapter 4 Investing in the Future Chapter 5 Women and Open Seat Congressional Elections Chapter 6 Special Elections: The Other Open Seats Chapter 7 Understanding the Past, Predicting the Future Chapter 8 Appendix: Forecasting Open Seat Vote Chapter 9 Methodological Sources
Production Cell Revisited

This paper presents an analysis of the Production Cell system. We were able to model the system and verify most of its properties in Promela/SPIN. Our model is very close to the implementation level, and deriving code from it is trivial. In order to verify properties with SPIN's partial order reduction algorithms, we needed to ensure that all of our properties are closed under stuttering. We introduce the notion of logic edges and use them to show that properties of interest to us are closed under stuttering.
A framework of a mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle

Summary Problems inherent in current machine translation systems have been reviewed and have been shown to be inherently inconsistent. The present paper defines a model based on a series of human language processing and in particular the use of analogical thinking. Machine translation systems developed so far have a kind of inherent contradiction in themselves. The more detailed a system has become by the additional improvements, the clearer the limitation and the boundary will be for the translation ability. To break through this difficulty we have to think about the mechanism of human translation, and have to build a model based on the fundamental function of language processing in the human brain. The following is an attempt to do this based on the ability of analogy finding in human beings.
Estimating infection sources in a network with incomplete observations

We consider the problem of estimating infection sources based on incomplete observations of the set of infected nodes at some point in time, assuming that the infection spreading process follows an Susceptible-Infected (SI) model. We derive an estimator that finds the source nodes associated with the most likely infection path that yields the incomplete observations. Moreover, we design a heuristic algorithm to find the proposed estimator. Simulation results on geometric trees suggest that our estimator performs consistently better than the minimum distance centrality based heuristic.
NTF2 mediates nuclear import of Ran

Importin β family transport receptors shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and mediate transport of macromolecules through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). The interactions between these receptors and their cargoes are regulated by binding RanGTP; all receptors probably exit the nucleus complexed with RanGTP, and so should deplete RanGTP continuously from the nucleus. We describe here the development of an in vitro system to study how nuclear Ran is replenished. Nuclear import of Ran does not rely on simple diffusion as Ran's small size would permit, but instead is stimulated by soluble transport factors. This facilitated import is specific for cytoplasmic RanGDP and employs nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2) as the actual carrier. NTF2 binds RanGDP initially to NPCs and probably also mediates translocation of the NTF2–RanGDP complex to the nuclear side of the NPCs. A direct NTF2–RanGDP interaction is crucial for this process, since point mutations that disturb the RanGDP–NTF2 interaction also interfere with Ran import. The subsequent nuclear accumulation of Ran also requires GTP, but not GTP hydrolysis. The release of Ran from NTF2 into the nucleus, and thus the directionality of Ran import, probably involves nucleotide exchange to generate RanGTP, for which NTF2 has no detectable affinity, followed by binding of the RanGTP to an importin β family transport receptor.
Hard-disk actuators for mini-teleoperation

Hard disk drives have evolved rapidly with computer miniaturization into highly compact and integrated electromechanical systems. Hard drives contain many precision mechanical parts which may prove useful in the design of small precision robots. The advantages of parts taken from hard disks include low cost, miniaturization, high quality, and for some applications, cleanliness. We report the results of engineering tests on flat coil head positioning actuators taken from hard drives of sizes ranging from 5.25' to 1.8' media diameter. We also perform a simple analysis which suggests that requirements for torque per unit mass are lower for small robot arms. The results suggest ways that hard disk actuators can be utilized in mini robotic designs and points the way towards improved versions of these designs for robotic purposes.
Forecasts and Drivers of Health Expenditure Growth in California

California’s state government, employers and households are concerned about the future affordability of healthcare. We use health expenditure data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ Office of the Actuary to forecast California’s health expenditures from 2013 to 2022 and identify factors driving expenditure increases. Real health expenditures per capita (2013$) are forecasted to increase from $8,398 to $11,421 (or 36%), resulting in health expenditures increasing from 14.5% to 16.0% of California’s economy. Expenditure increases are mostly driven by gains in real income per capita (40-60%), followed by medical-specific inflation (23%), an aging population (14%), and insurance coverage gains (8%). The -4% to 16% residual is attributable to changes in the volume and mix of services and technology. Several innovations could potentially dampen these increases, such as shared-risk, value-based payment models, practice redesign initiatives, lower cost settings and healthcare professionals, many of which are found in accountable care organizations.
Converting EMS to EMU: Why not at Par with Sterling?

This paper considers the optimal choice of the numeraire for the curency conversion that will constitute the final step in the transition from EMS to EMU. At the moment it seems to be understood that the current basket-structured ECU will be chosen for this purpose. We argue that this choice is not justified on economic grounds and explore possible alternatives. Our major conclusions are: First, the current ECU is not the cost-minimizing choice of numeraire; it is preferable to use the national currency of an EMS member. Second, The Pound sterling should be the first choice for the numeraire currency. Third, if sterling is politically not feasible because Great Britain does not participate in EMU from the start, the only realistic choice left is the DM.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of weekly epoetin beta in lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND To assess the pharmacokinetic profile and time-course of trough concentrations and hemoglobin levels associated with subcutaneous weekly administration of epoetin beta in lung cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. METHODS Epoetin beta was subcutaneously administered to 15 anemic lung cancer patients once weekly for 8 weeks at doses of 9000, 18,000 and 36,000 IU. Pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), AUC(inf) and T(1/2)) were determined after the first single dose administration on a model-independent basis, and the relationship between the dose and these parameters was examined for linearity. RESULTS Weekly administration of epoetin beta at 9000, 18,000 and 36,000 IU produced C(max) values of 308 +/- 117 (mean +/- standard deviation), 678 +/- 86.7 and 1316 +/- 766 mIU/ml, and AUC(inf) values of 15,300 +/- 9524, 54,574 +/- 16,265 and 88,501 +/- 55,687 hr mIU/ml, respectively, showing dose-proportional increases. Trough concentrations tended to increase in the presence of severe bone marrow suppression induced by chemotherapy or other factors. Extremely high values were seen in three patients, but there was no apparent trend toward an increase with repeated doses. After 8 weeks' administration at 9000, 18,000 and 36,000 IU, hemoglobin levels were changed by -0.37 +/- 1.26, 2.15 +/- 1.36 and 2.82 +/- 2.17 g/dl, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Epoetin beta exhibited linear pharmacokinetics when administered to anemic cancer patients at weekly doses of 9000-36,000 IU and did not cause drug accumulation. Hemoglobin levels increased with weekly doses of 18,000 or 36,000 IU.
Viral pathogens in multiple sclerosis: an intriguing (hi)story.

P HYSICIANS AND PATIENTS HAVE ALWAYS HAD A great fascination with the invisible pathogen. Koch’s criteria, set out as early as 1882, have generally been ignored, that is, a microorganism must be (1) present in every case of the disease and (2) isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture, (3) the specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the microbe is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host, and (4) the pathogen must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host. In 1892, when various bacteria had already been identified, Dimitrii Ivanovsky demonstrated that an infectious agent underlying tobacco mosaic virus disease was small enough to pass through a filter that trapped all known pathogens. Based on this method, which has to be considered cutting edge for that period, a human illness with an unknown etiology was believed to be caused by an unknown blood poison: multiple sclerosis (MS). The Greek word for poison is virus, and when the invention of the electron microscope allowed the visualization of viruses in the 1930s, modern virology was born.
Analyses of Student Programming Errors In Java Programming Courses

Computing students’ difficulties in understanding Java programming provided a practical context for a critical investigation of why this continues to exist. An exploratory study was conducted by Computing department staff at the National University of Samoa to investigate what were the most common errors students made in Java programming classes. Program code from undergraduate Java programming classes were analysed for errors. Errors were categorized and the frequency of occurrence also tabled. Results of the analyses were used to form recommendations to inform course development and improve teaching practices.
Harmonic and interharmonic estimation using improved complex maximization of nongaussianity algorithm

Due to the increase of power electronic equipment installation and other harmonic and interharmonic sources, the harmonic and interharmonic estimation are of concern in power transmission and distribution networks. Conventional harmonic and interharmonic estimation directly uses the observed data, so it is not robust to outliers. In this paper, we explore the use of Complex Maximization of Nongaussianity (CMN) algorithm for harmonic and interharmonic estimation by transforming harmonic model into CMN algorithm model. CMN algorithm is robust, but it is not suitable for hardware implementation. To overcome the problem, we propose an improved CMN algorithm that can be easily realized for hardware implementation by using a simple function to instead of its complex nonlinear function, and design an interharmonic and harmonic estimation algorithm based on the improved CMN algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is valid for harmonic and interharmonic.
Paper Special Section on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Networking Implementation of a Gpu-oriented Absorbing Boundary Condition for 3d-fdtd Electromagnetic Simulation

SUMMARY In this paper, we propose and discuss efficient GPU implementation techniques of absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) for a 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic field simulation for antenna design. In view of architectural nature of GPUs, the idea of a periodic boundary condition is introduced to implementation of perfect matched layers (PMLs) as well as a transformation technique of PML equations for partial boundaries. We also present efficient implementation method of a non-uniform grid. The evaluation results with a typical simulation model reveal that our proposed technique almost double the simulation performance and eventually achieve the 55.8% of the peak memory band-width of a target GPU.
Decentral control of a robot-swarm

In this paper, we present an approach to construct a universal architecture to control a team of autonomous robots. The suggested approach is robust against communication problems and robots' hardware failures. The system profits from its decentral architecture. We present, how the control structure is designed and implemented and how basic tasks are scheduled and distributed running the approach. Thereto, we present the three modules of the architecture: A robust communication, a decentral data storage by sensor-fusion, and a decentral task-scheduling. As a matter of fact, we do not focus on a specific implementation but on the concept behind our system-wide approach. For the proof of concept, we reference to an implementation which was honored by the first place of the Open Challenge at RoboCup world championship in Lissboa 2004.
A quadratically tight partition bound for classical communication complexity and query complexity

In this work we introduce, both for classical communication complexity and query complexity, a modification of the 'partition bound' introduced by Jain and Klauck [2010]. We call it the 'public-coin partition bound'. We show that (the logarithm to the base two of) its communication complexity and query complexity versions form, for all relations, a quadratically tight lower bound on the public-coin randomized communication complexity and randomized query complexity respectively.
Modeling and Rendering of Real Environments

The use of detailed geometric models is a critical factor for achieving realism in most computer graphics applications. In the past few years, we have observed an increasing demand for faithful representations of real scenes, primarily driven by applications whose goal is to create extremely realistic experiences by building virtual replicas of real environments. Potential uses of this technology include entertainment, training and simulation, special effects, forensic analysis, and remote walkthroughs. Creating models of real scenes is, however, a complex task for which the use of traditional modeling techniques is inappropriate. Aiming to simplify the modeling and rendering tasks, several image-based techniques have been proposed in recent years. Among these, the combined use of laser rangefinders and color images appears as one the most promising approaches due to its relative independence of the sampled geometry and short acquisition time. Renderings of scenes modeled with such a technique can potentially exhibit an unprecedented degree of photorealism. But before one can actually render new views of these virtualized environments, several challenges need to be addressed. This tutorial provides an overview of the main issues associated with the modeling and rendering of real environments sampled with laser rangefinders, and discusses the main techniques used to address these challenges.
Seabirds and climate: knowledge, pitfalls, and opportunities

As a physical driver of ecosystem functioning, it is not surprising that climate influences seabird demography and population dynamics, generally by affecting food availability. However, if we zoom in ecologically, seabirds are in fact very heterogeneous, ranging in size from very small to very large species (with a difference of more than two orders of magnitude in body weight), from planktivorous forms to predators of large fish and squid, from benthic to pelagic, from species with small foraging ranges to species feeding throughout the whole circumpolar region, and from resident species (at a spatial mesoscale) to trans-equatorial migrating seabirds that travel large distances across several oceanographic systems. Due to this high variability and the difficulty in obtaining direct reliable estimates of long-term food availability, global climatic indices have been extensively used in studying seabird demography and population dynamics. However, the use made by researchers of these indices has certain conceptual and methodological pitfalls, which I shall address in this review. Other factors, such as anthropogenic impacts (including oil-spills and interaction with fisheries), may further alter or confound the association between climate and seabird demography. These pitfalls and environmental noise, together with the inability to incorporate resilience, may bias our predictions regarding the future impact of global warming on seabirds, many of which have vulnerable populations.
Electrophysiological Deficits in Schizophrenia: Models and Mechanisms

Schizophrenia a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, is characterized by core impairments including positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), negative symptoms (blunted affect, alogia, social deficits, anhedonia, avolition), as well as persistent neurocognitive deficits (memory, concentration, and learning). Positive symptoms usually show good response to currently approved medications, all of which act exclusively by blocking D2 receptors. Alternatively, the negative and neurocognitive symptoms respond poorly to D2 antagonists, and therefore persist even in treated patients. Developing new therapies to target treatment-resistant symptoms requires identification of neural endophenotypes associated with these deficits (Braff and Light, 2005). Additionally, neurophysiological biomarkers may be objective indices of prominent features in schizophrenia patients such as cognitive dysfunction (Javitt et al., 2008). The brain processes underlying neurocognitive symptoms can be investigated using various neurophysiological measures such as event related potentials (ERP) and electroencephalography (EEG). Event-related potentials and EEG oscillations represent coordinated neuronal activity and are thought to be a means to assess fundamental mechanisms of memory, attention, learning, and other cognitive functions. Consequently, these measures are likely to be an appropriate biomarker for brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. As such, great effort has been made to link particular electrophysiological features with relevant aspects of schizophrenia including psychopathology, clinical outcome, genetics, and pharmacology. First, we will introduce the reader to the human EEG by giving an overview of the different components, highlighting each component’s clinical relevance, as well as addressing its limitations. Subsequently, we highlight the characteristics of ERPs of schizophrenia. In the second part of the review, current preclinical models (i.e., transgenic, pharmacological, and environmental approaches) of EEG abnormalities in schizophrenia will be discussed. We then discuss potential requirements of future model and methods in order to provide further insight into the pathophysiological disease mechanism and thus allow the development and evaluation of new treatments.