Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VC-Dimension of Visibility on Terrains

A guarding problem can naturally be modeled as a set system (U,S) in which the universe U of elements is the set of points we need to guard and our collection S of sets contains, for each potential guard g, the set of points from U seen by g. We prove bounds on the maximum VC-dimension of set systems associated with guarding both 1.5D terrains (monotone chains) and 2.5D terrains (polygonal terrains). We prove that for monotone chains, the maximum VC-dimension is 4 and that for polygonal terrains, the maximum VC-dimension is unbounded. Terrain Guarding A 1.5D (resp. 2.5D) terrain is a continuous piecewise linear univariate (resp. bivariate) function. In other words, a 1.5D terrain is a simple polygonal chain that intersects any vertical line at at most one point and a 2.5D terrain is a polygonal mesh with no holes that intersects any vertical line at at most one point. On a terrain T, either 1.5- or 2.5-dimensional, we say that two points see each other if the line segment between them does not pass under T. To guard T optimally we must find a minimum set G T of points on the terrain such that every point on T is seen by a point in G. Guarding 1.5D terrains is not known to be NP-hard but no polynomial-time exact algorithm has been found. The best polynomial-time algorithm found so far is a 5approximation algorithm 1 [10]. Guarding 2.5D terrains is NP-complete, as proved by Cole and Sharir [4]. Set Cover and VC-Dimension Set Cover is a wellstudied NP-complete optimization problem. Given a universe U of elements and a collection S of subsets of U, Set Cover asks for the minimum subset C of S such that S S2C S = U. In other words, we want to cover all
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy

Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy, proteolytic systems are activated, and contractile proteins and organelles are removed, resulting in the shrinkage of muscle fibers. Excessive loss of muscle mass is associated with poor prognosis in several diseases, including myopathies and muscular dystrophies, as well as in systemic disorders such as cancer, diabetes, sepsis and heart failure. Muscle loss also occurs during aging. In this paper, we review the key mechanisms that regulate the turnover of contractile proteins and organelles in muscle tissue, and discuss how impairments in these mechanisms can contribute to muscle atrophy. We also discuss how protein synthesis and degradation are coordinately regulated by signaling pathways that are influenced by mechanical stress, physical activity, and the availability of nutrients and growth factors. Understanding how these pathways regulate muscle mass will provide new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy in metabolic and neuromuscular diseases.
The impacting cantilever: modal non-convergence and the importance of stiffness matching

The problem of an Euler–Bernoulli cantilever beam whose free end impacts with a point constraint is revisited from the point of view of modal analysis. It is shown that there is non-uniqueness of consistent impact laws for a given modal truncation. Moreover, taking an N-mode compliant, bilinear formulation and passing to the rigid limit leads to a sequence of impact models that does not converge as . The dynamics of such truncated models are studied numerically and found to give rise to quite different dynamics depending on the number of degrees of freedom taken. The simulations are compared with results from simple experiments that show a propensity for multiple-tap dynamics, in which higher-order modes lead to rapidly cycling intermittent contact. The conclusion reached is that, to derive an accurate model, one needs to avoid the impact limit altogether, and take sufficiently many modes in the formulation to match the actual stiffness of the constraining stop. mechanical engineering, applied mathematics
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene concentrations in umbilical cord of newborns and determinant maternal factors

The aim was to identify exposure levels to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and to assess maternal factors as determinants of the serum dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentration in umbilical cord in newborns from the Mexican Pacific coastal area of Oaxaca State.
Three dimensional apparel CAD system

Wearedeveloping a three dimensional ( denoted 3D, hereafter) CAD system for garments to help the process of pattern making. This is a process to create a 3D form of a garment by designing a two dimensional ( 2D, hereafter ) paper pattern that realizes the 3D form The core of the system is a simulator that estimates the 3D form of a garment put on a body from its paper pattern ( 2D~3D process ) and a developing program to obtain the 2D pattern that minimizes the energy required to deform it to the given 3D shape ( 3D ~2D process ). In both processes, the specific snisotropy of the mechanical properties of cloths is ecmsidered. In the 2D +3D process, the contact problem with body and geometrical nonlinearity are also taken into account. The preprocessor for the 2D+3D simulator is quite unique in that it converts an arbitrmy 2D paper pattern into a 3D surface, ecmaidering the topological operatiom ‘sewing’. Both the 2D~ 3D process and the 3D +2D process are formulated as nonlinear energy-minimum problems, and they are solved by our original method in about 10 minutes with our workstations. Once the 3D form is obtain~ the color pattern of a given cloth is mapped and displayed. As a consequence of the mechanical calculation, the distributions of the distortion and stress of the cloth are also visualized. Such information may contribute to the design of garments with consideration of physical attributes as well as visual beauty.
Erasure correcting to enhance data security in cloud data storage

Cloud Storage (Saas) enables user to store their data online without any constraints about the local hardware and software requirements. The security threat towards correctness of data stored in cloud must be addressed as user does not possess a local copy of the data. The fact that users no longer have physical possession of data in the cloud prohibits the direct adoption of traditional cryptographic primitives for the purpose of data integrity protection. The paper proposes a flexible distributed storage integrity auditing mechanism, utilizing the homomorphic token and distributed erasure-coded data assures a trusted and secured cloud storage service. It audits the storage integrity, using and homomorphic tokens and erasure coded data. This not only audits the correctness of data in cloud, but also on the error localization, i.e., the identification of misbehaving server. The identification of corrupted server is done instantly, which helps in easy retrieval of data. The proposed design allows users to audit the cloud storage with very lightweight communication and computation cost.
Network sum-rate maximizing power allocation over time-varying multiple-access interference channels

In this paper, power allocation over time-varying multiple-access interference channels is studied. Particularly, a stochastic network sum-rate maximizing power allocation problem is formulated, capturing the random nature of communication channels. Typically, a centralized controller must have perfect knowledge of global instantaneous channel state information (CSI) for dynamic optimal power allocation; however, this may not be possible, due to the computational complexity and communication overheads/delays involved. Based on the second-order statistics of the CSI, the stochastic problem formulation is transformed into an optimal deterministic representation in terms of ergodic capacity, while ensuring satisfactory quality of service via target outage probability. However, such deterministic reformulation happens to be non-convex and thus is computationally expensive. In turn, a sub-optimal reformulation is derived and solved via an iterative low-complexity algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed deterministic sub-optimal power allocation reformulation coincides with its optimal deterministic counterpart, with the proposed algorithm converging in a finite number of iterations.
The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: the submillimetre properties of Lyman-break galaxies at z=3-5

We present detections at 850 mu m of the Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) population at z approximate to 3, 4, and 5 using data from the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array 2 Cosmology Legacy Survey in the United Kingdom Infrared Deep Sky Survey 'Ultra Deep Survey' field. We employ stacking to probe beneath the survey limit, measuring the average 850 mu m flux density of LBGs at z approximate to 3, 4, and 5 with typical ultraviolet luminosities of L-1700 approximate to 10(29) erg s(-1) Hz(-1). We measure 850 mu m flux densities of (0.25 +/- 0.03), (0.41 +/- 0.06), and (0.88 +/- 0.23) mJy, respectively, finding that they contribute at most 20 per cent to the cosmic far-infrared (IR) background at 850 mu m. Fitting an appropriate range of spectral energy distributions to the z similar to 3, 4, and 5 LBG stacked 24-850 mu m fluxes, we derive IR luminosities of L8-1000 (mu m) approximate to 3.2, 5.5, and 11.0 x 10(11) L-circle dot [and star formation rates (SFRs) of approximate to 50-200M(circle dot) yr(-1)], respectively. We find that the evolution in the IR luminosity density of LBGs is broadly consistent with model predictions for the expected contribution of luminous-to-ultraluminous IR galaxies at these epochs. We observe a positive correlation between stellar mass and IR luminosity and confirm that, for a fixed mass, the reddest LBGs (UV slope beta -> 0) are redder due to dust extinction, with SFR (IR)/SFR (UV) increasing by about an order of magnitude over -2 < beta < 0 with SFR (IR)/SFR (UV) similar to 20 for the reddest LBGs. Furthermore, the most massive LBGs tend to have higher obscured-to-unobscured ratios, hinting at a variation in the obscuration properties across the mass range.
The rank gradient from a combinatorial viewpoint

This paper investigates the asymptotic behaviour of the minimal number of generators of finite index subgroups in residually finite groups. We analyze three natural classes of groups: amenable groups, groups possessing an infinite soluble normal subgroup and virtually free groups. As a tool for the amenable case we generalize Lackenby’s trichotomy theorem on finitely presented groups.
MdfA from Escherichia coli, a Model Protein for Studying Secondary Multidrug Transport

MdfA is a prototypic secondary multidrug transporter from Escherichia coli, which recognizes and exports a broad spectrum of structurally and electrically dissimilar toxic compounds. Here we review recent studies of MdfA, which, on the one hand, provide advanced understanding of certain aspects of secondary multidrug transport, and, on the other, address major mechanistic questions, some of which remain to be elucidated. Using biochemical, genetic, and physiological approaches, we have revealed several surprisingly promiscuous properties of MdfA including its multidrug recognition capacity, proton recognition determinants, aspects of energy utilization, and physiological role.
Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure

Although the mortality rate for cardiovascular disease is declining, the incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) is escalating. This article reviews normal cardiovascular physiology and cellular anatomy; defines CHF; explores the etiologies, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of CHF; and briefly discusses diagnostic modalities and prognostic indices.
Major Transitions in Language Evolution

Abstract: Language is the most important evolutionary invention of the last few mil-lion years. How human language evolved from animal communication is a challengingquestion for evolutionary biology. In this paper we use mathematical models to analyzethe major transitions in language evolution. We begin by discussing the evolution ofcoordinated associations between signals and objects in a population. We then analyzeword-formation and its relationship to Shannon’s noisy coding theorem. Finally, wemodel the population dynamics of words and the adaptive emergence of syntax.Keywords: Language evolution; evolutionary game theory; Shannon’s noisy codingtheorem; phoneme. ∗ The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, The Ambrose MonellFoundation, The Florence Gould Foundation, and the J. Seward Johnson Trust. J.B. P also acknowledgessupport from the National Science Foundation and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund c 2001 by the authors. Reproduction for noncommercial purposes permitted.
Clinical and Laboratory Parameters Associated With Multiple Surgeries in Children With Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

Background: In the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, surgical intervention seems to be increasingly common as an adjunct to treatment for pediatric acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO). The purpose of this study is to identify objective clinical and laboratory parameters that are associated with repeated surgical intervention during the acute phase of treatment. Methods: Fifty-seven children who were consecutively evaluated and treated for AHO at a single institution during 2009 were studied retrospectively. Objective clinical and laboratory parameters related to length of hospitalization were recorded for each child. Univariate analysis was performed with ordinal logistic regression, &khgr;2, Fisher exact, and Wilcoxon rank-sum and 2-value tests to identify independent variables associated with the occurrence of surgery in children with AHO. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify parameters associated with repeated surgical intervention. Results: Sixteen children were treated with antibiotics alone and no surgery. There were 41 children who had at least 1 surgery and 12 who underwent ≥2 surgeries. Multiple logistic regression showed that a swollen extremity (P=0.002), initial C-reactive protein (CRP) value >9.9 mg/dL (P=0.02), and respiration rate >27 breaths/min (P=0.02) were significantly associated with the occurrence of at least 1 surgery. The best model to identify the occurrence of repeated surgical intervention in children with AHO included: ≥4 febrile days on antibiotics; and the CRP values at admission (>19.8 mg/dL), 48 hours after the initial surgery (>21.5 mg/dL), and 96 hours after the initial surgery (>15.3 mg/dL). Conclusions: Children with AHO who have sustained marked elevation of CRP values during the first 96 hours after surgery and who remain febrile while on antibiotics have an increased likelihood of repeated surgical intervention and should be evaluated carefully for additional surgical treatment. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study
SUPERWOMAN1 and DROOPING LEAF genes control floral organ identity in rice

We analyzed recessive mutants of two homeotic genes in rice, SUPERWOMAN1 (SPW1) and DROOPING LEAF (DL). The homeotic mutation spw1 transforms stamens and lodicules into carpels and palea-like organs, respectively. Two spw1 alleles, spw1-1 and spw1-2, show the same floral phenotype and did not affect vegetative development. We show that SPW1 is a rice APETALA3 homolog, OsMADS16. In contrast, two strong alleles of the dl locus, drooping leaf-superman1 (dl-sup1) and drooping leaf-superman2 (dl-sup2), cause the complete transformation of the gynoecium into stamens. In these strong mutants, many ectopic stamens are formed in the region where the gynoecium is produced in the wild-type flower and they are arranged in a non-whorled, alternate pattern. The intermediate allele dl-1 (T65), results in an increase in the number of stamens and stigmas, and carpels occasionally show staminoid characteristics. In the weakest mutant, dl-2, most of the flowers are normal. All four dl alleles cause midrib-less drooping leaves. The flower of the double mutant, spw1 dl-sup, produces incompletely differentiated organs indefinitely after palea-like organs are produced in the position where lodicules are formed in the wild-type flower. These incompletely differentiated organs are neither stamens nor carpels, but have partial floral identity. Based on genetic and molecular results, we postulate a model of stamen and carpel specification in rice, with DL as a novel gene controlling carpel identity and acting mutually and antagonistically to the class B gene, SPW1.
Viral Interferon Regulatory Factors Are Critical for Delay of the Host Immune Response against Rhesus Macaque Rhadinovirus Infection

ABSTRACT Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the closely related gamma-2 herpesvirus rhesus macaque (RM) rhadinovirus (RRV) are the only known viruses to encode viral homologues of the cellular interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs). Recent characterization of a viral IRF (vIRF) deletion clone of RRV (vIRF-knockout RRV [vIRF-ko RRV]) demonstrated that vIRFs inhibit induction of type I and type II IFNs during RRV infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Because the IFN response is a key component to a host's antiviral defenses, this study has investigated the role of vIRFs in viral replication and the development of the immune response during in vivo infection in RMs, the natural host of RRV. Experimental infection of RMs with vIRF-ko RRV resulted in decreased viral loads and diminished B cell hyperplasia, a characteristic pathology during acute RRV infection that often develops into more severe lymphoproliferative disorders in immune-compromised animals, similar to pathologies in KSHV-infected individuals. Moreover, in vivo infection with vIRF-ko RRV resulted in earlier and sustained production of proinflammatory cytokines and earlier induction of an anti-RRV T cell response compared to wild-type RRV infection. These findings reveal the broad impact that vIRFs have on pathogenesis and the immune response in vivo and are the first to validate the importance of vIRFs during de novo infection in the host.
Comparison of adaptronic microsystems based on piezoelectric fibers for general use or for the utilization in prepreg FRP

The field of 'Adaptronics' combines sensor and actuator effects with electronics. The components furnished with adaptronics shall sense relevant properties and shall adapt in an intelligent way - they shall 'feel, thick and act'. For instance, one application is the active vibration compensation of dynamically stressed structures. So far, adaptronics utilizes actuators - and partly also sensors - in the mm size range which posses a substantial stiffness. If such actuators/sensors were to be integrated into light weight structures - e.g. an carbon fiber reinforced aeroplane part or a glass fiber reinforced robot arm - the light weight structures would be severely affected in their advantageous properties. If however, these specific properties are to be maintained, the actuators/sensors have to feature a small volume and stiffness. The micro manufacturing of such systems is an activity of the Fraunhofer Institute IFAM. The approach chosen includes the utilization of piezo electric fibers in the diameter range from 20 micrometers - 200 micrometers . The micro systems consist of many fibers being contacted by interdigitized electrodes made of electrically conductive adhesives. In addition, structural adhesives and casting polymers are used. These actuator/sensor modules can be both applied onto structures, or integrated into structures. The performance of the different modules will be compared. An interesting approach for the use of sensor/actuator modules especially in prepreg fiber reinforced plastics is to also make the PZT fiber modules in a prepreg state. The presentation will feature the latest result of the developments regarding both, the manufacture and the performance of cured as well as prepreg modules.
Design considerations about a photovoltaic power system to supply a mobile robot

It is desirable that robots would be, as much as possible, autonomous and self-sufficient. This requires that they can perform their duties while maintaining enough energy to operate. This paper presents the preliminary results for the design of a power supply system of an autonomous robot. Robot design is divided into four primary areas: energy storage, actuation, power and control. It is obvious that there are many relationships among these phases so as matter of fact they have to be analyzed in parallel to optimize a robot, especially from the energetic point of view. In particular, a power supply solution that utilizes solar cells and a microcontroller have been chosen to power and control an hybrid robot, named TriBot. Finally, initial tests with a probe-loaded robot prototype have demonstrated the feasibility of the solution.
Using Statistical Techniques and Web Search to Correct ESL Errors

In this paper we present a system for automatic correction of errors made by learners of English. The system has two novel aspects. First, machine-learned classifiers trained on large amounts of native data and a very large language model are combined to optimize the precision of suggested corrections. Second, the user can access real-life web examples of both their original formulation and the suggested correction. We discuss technical details of the system, including the choice of classifier, feature sets, and language model. We also present results from an evaluation of the system on a set of corpora. We perform an automatic evaluation on native English data and a detailed manual analysis of performance on three corpora of nonnative writing: the Chinese Learners' of English Corpus (CLEC) and two corpora of web and email writing.
Study on the Application of an Ultra-High-Frequency Fractal Antenna to Partial Discharge Detection in Switchgears

The ultra-high-frequency (UHF) method is used to analyze the insulation condition of electric equipment by detecting the UHF electromagnetic (EM) waves excited by partial discharge (PD). As part of the UHF detection system, the UHF sensor determines the detection system performance in signal extraction and recognition. In this paper, a UHF antenna sensor with the fractal structure for PD detection in switchgears was designed by means of modeling, simulation and optimization. This sensor, with a flat-plate structure, had two resonance frequencies of 583 MHz and 732 MHz. In the laboratory, four kinds of insulation defect models were positioned in the testing switchgear for typical PD tests. The results show that the sensor could reproduce the electromagnetic waves well. Furthermore, to optimize the installation position of the inner sensor for achieving best detection performance, the precise simulation model of switchgear was developed to study the propagation characteristics of UHF signals in switchgear by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. According to the results of simulation and verification test, the sensor should be positioned at the right side of bottom plate in the front cabinet. This research established the foundation for the further study on the application of UHF technique in switchgear PD online detection.