Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FINE‐SCALE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF WHITEBARK PINE (PINUS ALBICAULIS): ASSOCIATIONS WITH WATERSHED AND GROWTH FORM

The fine‐scale genetic structure of a subalpine conifer, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), was studied at nested geographic levels from watershed to adjacent stems in the eastern Sierra Nevada Range of California. A combination of several characteristics contributed to unpredicted genetic structure in this species. This includes being one of only 20 pine species worldwide with wingless, bird‐dispersed seeds; having the reputed capacity to reproduce vegetatively; and forming distinct growth morphologies at different elevations in this part of its natural range. Genetic differentiation, as measured with 21 allozyme loci, among the three studied watersheds is virtually negligible (FST = 0.004). This is a surprising result because the upper‐elevation sites vary somewhat in slope aspect; thus, aspect was confounded with watershed effect. Differentiation between the upper‐elevation prostrate krummholz thickets and lower‐elevation upright tree clump growth forms is modest (FST = 0.051). Much stronger differentiation was measured among the individual thickets and clumps within their sample sites (FST = 0.334). Within krummholz thickets, multiple individuals are present and genetic relationships often resemble half‐ to full‐sibling family structure (mean r = 0.320). Canonical trend surface analysis in two intensively sampled thickets indicates greatest genotypic variation in the direction of the prevailing wind. At lower elevations, most (72%) of the tree clumps contained more than one genotype; the remaining clumps are probably multistemmed trees. Within tree clumps, family relationships are closer than those for krummholz thickets—commonly full‐sibling to selfed structure (mean r = 0.597). Genetic structure is apparently profoundly influenced by the seed‐caching behavior of Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana Wilson). Western pine species typically show little among‐population differentiation and high levels of within‐population genetic variation. In whitebark pine in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California, genetic variation is highly structured, especially within the natural groupings—krummholz thickets and upright tree clumps.
Port choice behaviour--from the perspective of the shipper

A good or bad points of ports service system may affect the user's port choice behaviour, or even influence the cost of the whole fleet or shipper, so port choice is an important part of port transportation demand behaviour. There are three regions from north, centre to south in the west coast of Taiwan. There are three international container ports (northern, central and southern) on the west coast of Taiwan, with 229 kilometres between the northern and southern ones. This paper focuses one aspect of shippers' port choice behaviour. Through the collection and analysis of data and setting up the model, one knows the preference of shippers' choice. In the past, the method of research on port choice behaviour can be divided into four types, namely descriptive statistics analysis, multi-objective decision analysis, multi-variate analysis and multiple choice analysis. Each method has its characteristics and restriction to make the analysis research differently. This paper first describes the methodology and brings the result of port choice. Using the revealed preference multinomial logical model, the writer proceeds to the analysis of shippers' choice behaviour. In the analysis model, not only the basic choice model was set up, but also the experienced and competitive port choice models were derived. So, it will be easier to understand the affection of the past and present time experience on port choice. It will also know whether the differences of routes, frequencies and port service will make a competition.
Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia.

PURPOSES To determine axial, vertical, and horizontal eye dimensions in myopic and emmetropic eyes by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to relate these to different ocular expansion models of myopia development. METHODS The internal length (cornea to retina), height and width (both retina to retina) were measured in emmetropic and myopic eyes (up to -12 D) of 88 participants aged 18 to 36 years. Participants were positioned supine in a clinical MRI scanner. The fixation target was imaged straight ahead of the subject by an overhead 45 degrees inclined mirror. Eye images were acquired with a 7.5-cm receive-only radio frequency surface coil. Axial (horizontal through middle of eye) and sagittal (vertical through visual axis) sections were taken with a T(1)-weighted fast spin-echo sequence. RESULTS With an increase in myopic refractive correction, myopic eyes became much larger in all three dimensions, but more so in length (0.35 mm/D, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.40) than in height (0.19 mm/D, 95% CI 0.09-0.29) and more so in height than in width (0.10 mm/D, 95% CI 0.01-0.20). Based on height and length dimensions, 25% and 29% of myopic eyes exclusively fitted global expansion and axial elongation models, respectively. Based on width and length dimensions, 17% and 39% of myopic eyes exclusively fitted the global expansion and axial elongation models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although there are considerable individual variations, in general myopic eyes are elongated relative to emmetropic eyes, more in length than in height and even less in width. Approximately a quarter of the myopic participants fitted each of the global expansion or axial elongation model exclusively. The small proportions are due primarily to the large variability in the dimensions of emmetropic eyes.
Heparin selectively affects the quantification of microRNAs in human blood samples.

To the Editor: MicroRNAs (miRNAs)1 are noncoding RNA molecules that either inhibit translational processing or mediate degradation of target mRNAs in various physiological and pathophysiological processes (1). miRNAs have been detected in several body fluids, such as blood plasma, and have emerged as potentially suitable biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer and myocardial infarction (2). Heparin is commonly used as an anticoagulant in cardiovascular diagnostics and interventions. Previous studies have demonstrated that heparin can inhibit RNA quantification in vitro by interfering with the DNA polymerase used in the quantitative PCR (qPCR) reaction (3). It is unclear, however, whether the biologically active concentrations of heparin achieved after treatment of patients influences the quantification of miRNAs in blood samples. We therefore assessed the effect of systemic application of heparin on the measurement of endogenous circulating miRNAs in plasma samples. Blood samples from 11 patients were obtained before the cardiac catheterization procedure and at 10 and 60 min after heparin was administered (bolus, 5000 IU heparin; maintenance dose, 2500–5000 IU). We isolated RNA from EDTA-treated plasma with a TRIzol-based miRNA-isolation protocol (miRNeasy; Qiagen). We used a hydrolysis probe–based quantitative PCR method to measure …
POLITICAL ASPECTS OF INNOVATION IN AN ECOLOGICALLY UNSUSTAINABLE WORLD

A theoretical approach is developed to examine the problem of why it is difficult to shift away from the current ecologically unsustainable technological systems. The aim is to identify within capitalism the "political aspects" that enhance, but also undermine, the positive transformational power of innovation policies. As such, this paper follows the approach of Michal Kalecki that identified within capitalism the "political aspects" that enhanced and undermined the positive transformational power of Keynesian full employment policies. That analysis provided the basis for heterodox economists to analyse post-World War II economic policies from a political economy perspective. Using critical realism ontology, this paper provides a heterodox analysis of an economic policy framework that identifies what government and business support as "innovation policies". From this emerges a critique to assist in developing public innovation policies to produce an effective innovation system with ecological sustainability. Three papers that follow this one in this session are case study applications of this approach. I. INTRODUCTION This paper details the Political Aspects of Innovation (PAI) thesis in Courvisanos (2009) and uses this approach to examine the problem of why it is difficult to shift away from the current ecologically unsustainable technological system. The aim is to identify within capitalism the "political aspects" that enhance, but also undermine the positive transformational power of innovation policies. As such, this paper follows the approach of Kalecki (1943) that identified within capitalism the "political aspects" that enhanced and undermined the positive transformational power of Keynesian full employment policies. That analysis provided the basis for heterodox economists to analyse post-World War II economic policies from a political economy perspective. Similarly, this paper provides a heterodox theoretical analysis of an economic policy framework that identifies what business implements as innovation strategies and governments support as innovation policies, in the context of providing concrete benefits to a community. The Australian political economy milieu (as at the late 2000s) has been exemplary of how the PAI approach can be used to appreciate the undermining of the transformational power of innovation towards an ecologically sustainable economy. As a result, examples from Australia will illustrate the propositions in this paper.
The theory of unemployment reconsidered

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Environmental Responsibility in a Transition Context: Russian NGO Perception and Response

In this paper we examine the issue of environmental responsibility in the Russian Federation by engaging in responsibility narratives with environmental nongovernmental organisations (NGOs). We do so to examine in more depth the impact of the deinstitutionalisation of environmental responsibility in Russia throughout the transition period. We find that while NGOs regard the state and other key actors to have abdicated in their responsibility for protecting the natural environment, Russian environmental NGOs appear unable to substitute for these actors. Consequently, the Russian environment remains largely unprotected and thus subject to continuing irresponsibility in the field of environmental protection and pollution control.
Randomized Trial of the Shang Ring for Adult Male Circumcision With Removal at One to Three Weeks: Delayed Removal Leads to Detachment

Objectives:To assess healing with Shang Ring removal at different prespecified times; whether spontaneous detachment occurs with delayed removal; problems, complaints, and acceptability of wearing the device; satisfaction among participants; and acceptability of the procedure among providers. Methods:Fifty HIV-negative men underwent a Shang Ring circumcision in Kenya. Men were randomly assigned for device removal at 7 (15 men), 14 (15 men), or 21 days (20 men). Follow-up visits were at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days after circumcision and 2 days after removal. Results:Circumcision and device removal were conducted without significant problems. Mean times for circumcision and device removal were 6.5 (SD = 2.4) and 2.5 (SD = 0.8) minutes, respectively. Complete detachment of the device occurred in 22 (66.7%) men who wore it more than 7 days. Seven men (14.0%) with partial detachments requested removal 8–14 days postcircumcision due to pain/discomfort. Healing progressed normally in all participants; cumulative probabilities of complete healing were similar across groups. No severe or serious adverse events occurred. Acceptability among participants was high. Providers reported that Shang Ring circumcision was “very easy” compared with the forceps-guided procedure. Conclusion:The Shang Ring is safe and easy to use according to label instructions (7 day removal). Detachments occurred without significant problems, although some men requested removal of partially detached rings. Removal time had little effect on healing. These data help allay concerns about men not returning for ring removal and expand the evidence base suggesting the Shang Ring could facilitate rapid male circumcision rollout in sub-Saharan Africa.
How Product Newness Influences 'Learning and Probing' and the Linearity of its Development Process

In this paper, the relationship between product newness and non-linearity of new product development processes has been examined in the context of the UK? s information and communications technology industry. The results showed that new product development and implementation are contingent on the should be aware of such differences in order to avoid costly iterations when they are not necessary, and accept them when they are. Such knowledge may encourage managers to consider the scope for deliberately introducing feedback/iteration processes when they lead to more effective new product development.
Capital Market Imperfections, International Credit Markets, and Nonconvergence

Abstract We consider a two country growth model with international capital markets. These markets fund capital investment in both countries, and operate subject to a costly state verification (CSV) problem. Investors in each country require some external finance, but also provide internal finance, which mitigates the CSV problem. When two identical (except for their initial capital stocks) economies are closed, they necessarily convergemonotonicallyto the same steady state output level. Unrestricted international financial tradeprecludesotherwise identical economies from converging, and poor countries are necessarily net lenders to rich countries. Oscillation in real activity and international capital flows can occur.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: E00, F00, F34, G14.
Role of the Intramolecular Disulfide Bond in FlgI, the Flagellar P-Ring Component of Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT The P ring of the bacterial flagellar motor consists of multiple copies of FlgI, a periplasmic protein. The intramolecular disulfide bond in FlgI has previously been reported to be essential for P-ring assembly in Escherichia coli, because the P ring was not assembled in a dsbB strain that was defective for disulfide bond formation in periplasmic proteins. We, however, found that the two Cys residues of FlgI are not conserved in other bacterial species. We then assessed the role of this intramolecular disulfide bond in FlgI. A Cys-eliminated FlgI derivative formed a P ring that complemented the flagellation defect of our ΔflgI strain when it was overproduced, suggesting that disulfide bond formation in FlgI is not absolutely required for P-ring assembly. The levels of the mature forms of the FlgI derivatives were significantly lower than that of wild-type FlgI, although the precursor protein levels were unchanged. Moreover, the FlgI derivatives were more susceptible to degradation than wild-type FlgI. Overproduction of FlgI suppressed the motility defect of ΔdsbB cells. Additionally, the low level of FlgI observed in the ΔdsbB strain increased in the presence of l-cystine, an oxidative agent. We propose that intramolecular disulfide bond formation facilitates the rapid folding of the FlgI monomer to protect against degradation in the periplasmic space, thereby allowing its efficient self-assembly into the P ring.
Industry Clusters and Sydney's ITT Sector: northern Sydney as ‘Australia's Silicon Valley’?

Abstract This paper examines the claim that the North Ryde–North Sydney arc is Australia's ‘Silicon Valley’, seeking firstly to identify the empirical validities behind the claim, and secondly to ask how the documented patterns might be explained. The paper evidences the fact that this area indeed provides the pre-eminent site for Australia's information technology and telecommunications (ITT) sector. However, examination of this industry suggests that its expansion in Sydney has been motivated primarily by the increasing centrality of advanced producer services within the high-order business sector. It is Sydney's attributes for multinational business, as opposed to the propulsive dynamics of local clustering per se, which appears to explain the spatial concentration of these activities. Thus, it is the urbanisation economies of Sydney more than the localisation economies of the ITT sector which account for the growth of this sector in the city. Nevertheless, localisation economies are sporadically significant, suggesting that Sydney's ITT sector is to a certain extent a hybrid product of the two types of economies.
Heart failure in the elderly: advances and challenges

The elderly population (age ≥65 years) is increasing, and with it the prevalence of heart failure and associated morbidity, hospitalizations and costs. Despite advances, clinical trial data on heart failure therapy exclusively for elderly patients are lacking. However, trials of therapy for heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction or low ejection fraction in primarily non-elderly patients showed mortality benefit in elderly patients. By contrast, trials for heart failure with normal left ventricular systolic function or preserved ejection fraction have not shown mortality benefit in elderly or non-elderly patients. Heart failure pharmacotherapy in the elderly is challenging; it needs to be individualized and consider aging-specific changes in physiology, drug metabolism, drug pharmacokinetics and tolerance, comorbidities, polypharmacy and drug–drug interactions that can contribute to adverse effects. More research into the biology of aging and clinical trials in elderly patients may lead to the discovery of new therapies for heart failure in the elderly.
The Role of Systematic International Market Selection on Small Firms’ Export Performance

This article hypothesizes that, on average, small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) that use a systematic methodology in selecting foreign target markets (what we call systematic market selection) perform better than SMEs using an ad hoc international market selection methodology. Using a sample of Greek exporting firms, we found that systematic international market selection is a significant determinant of export performance, even when controlling for decision‐maker and firm‐specific characteristics previous studies found to be related to export success. Implications for managers, trade promotion agencies, and future research are discussed.
Using Program MARK for assessing survival in cryptic threatened species Case study using long-tailed bats ( Chalinolobus tuberculatus )

Program MARK is a sophisticated computer program that can analyse markrecapture data and produce survival and population estimates which can then be used in a population viability analysis. The ability to detect trends in survival and population size over time enables conservation managers to make good decisions in species management. This report is a step-by-step guide to the basics of the MARK program using an analysis of long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) data as a case study. It is intended as a template to encourage more conservation managers to apply these techniques to monitoring threatened species. It is designed to be used in-conjunction with the MARK users guide. Analyses using MARK can quickly become complicated, so expert advice should be sought before using it.
Robust estimation of cerebral hemodynamics in neonates using multilayered diffusion model for normal and oblique incidences

Abstract. The diffusion approximation is useful for many optical diagnostics modalities, such as near-infrared spectroscopy. However, the simple normal incidence, semi-infinite layer model may prove lacking in estimation of deep-tissue optical properties such as required for monitoring cerebral hemodynamics, especially in neonates. To answer this need, we present an analytical multilayered, oblique incidence diffusion model. Initially, the model equations are derived in vector-matrix form to facilitate fast and simple computation. Then, the spatiotemporal reflectance predicted by the model for a complex neonate head is compared with time-resolved Monte Carlo (TRMC) simulations under a wide range of physiologically feasible parameters. The high accuracy of the multilayer model is demonstrated in that the deviation from TRMC simulations is only a few percent even under the toughest conditions. We then turn to solve the inverse problem and estimate the oxygen saturation of deep brain tissues based on the temporal and spatial behaviors of the reflectance. Results indicate that temporal features of the reflectance are more sensitive to deep-layer optical parameters. The accuracy of estimation is shown to be more accurate and robust than the commonly used single-layer diffusion model. Finally, the limitations of such approaches are discussed thoroughly.
Intelligent sound field tuning system for home theater systems

In this paper, we propose an intelligent sound field tuning system for home theater systems that includes room acoustic compensation and additive artificial sound field processing. Room acoustic compensation is performed based on the information about room transfer characteristics measured by a three-channel microphone array. With a three-channel microphone array, we estimate the exact angular position, distance, level, and frequency response of loudspeakers. Using this information, the proposed system can compensate the degradation induced by non-ideal loudspeaker arrangement with virtual loudspeaker positioning and binaural energy level alignment algorithm. After room acoustic compensation, additive artificial sound field processing is performed for more realistic spacious impression. For artificial sound field processing, directional impulse responses are measured in real acoustic space by three-channel microphone array.
Phosphorylation‐dependent Effects of Synapsin IIa on Actin Polymerization and Network Formation

The synapsins are a family of synaptic vesicle phosphoproteins which play a key role in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and synapse formation. In the case of synapsin I, these biological properties have been attributed to its ability to interact with both synaptic vesicles and the actin‐based cytoskeleton. Although synapsin II shares some of the biological properties of synapsin I, much less is known of its molecular properties. We have investigated the interactions of recombinant rat synapsin Ila with monomeric and filamentous actin and the sensitivity of those interactions to phosphorylation, and found that: i) dephosphotylated synapsin II stimulates actin polymerization by binding to actin monomers and forming actively elongating nuclei and by facilitating the spontaneous nucleation/elongation processes; ii) dephosphorylated synapsin II induces the formation of thick and ordered bundles of actin filaments with greater potency than synapsin I; iii) phosphorylation by protein kinase A markedly inhibits the ability of synapsin II to interact with both actin monomers and filaments. The results indicate that the interactions of synapsin II with actin are similar but not identical to those of synapsin I and suggest that synapsin II may play a major structural role in mature and developing nerve terminals, which is only partially overlapping with the role played by synapsin I.