Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE).

Abstract The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is the first multi-satellite system designed to measure the Earth's radiation budget. It will fly on a low-inclination NASA satellite and two Sun-synchronous NOAA satellites during the mid-1980s. Each satellite will carry two instrument packages—a scanner and a nonscanner—each package containing a complete, traceable system for inflight calibration. The nonscanner package has four Earth-viewing channels, as well as a solar monitor similar to that flown on the Solar Max Mission. The nonscanner detectors are the first Earth-viewing active cavity radiometers. The scanner package contains three thermistor bolometers which scan the Earth perpendicular to the orbital track. The data from the satellite radiometers will be brought to the top of the atmosphere using a pixel-by-pixel process for the scanner data and a numerical filter for the nonscanner. The inversion will use angular directional models based on the Nimbus 7 ERB instruments, selecting the approp.
Theoretical analysis of UHF propagation in a city street modeled as a random multislit waveguide

In this work, we perform an analysis of a channel for UHF wave propagation in the city street. The street is modeled as a planar multislit waveguide with screens and slits distributed by a Poisson law. Statistical propagation characteristics in such a waveguide can be expressed in terms of multiple ray fields approaching the observer along a direct ray and the rays reflected by the waveguide walls. The corresponding average field and intensity distributions can be transformed into the sums of mode-like solutions using the Poisson summation formula. Numerical examples are presented and compared with the experimental data.
Cotton plants as ideal models for teaching and research on inducible direct plant defenses

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) stores defensive compounds in glands covering its leaves and other tissues. The density and the chemical filling of these glands increase systematically in developing leaves in response to herbivory on older leaves. Cotton seedlings are known to respond more strongly to actual caterpillar herbivory than to mere physical damage. It is not clear whether this amplified response is linked to insect-derived elicitors or difference in damage properties. To investigate this, we assessed the effect of repeated artificial damage without and with application of regurgitant from Spodoptera exigua caterpillars. Repeated mechanical damage led to a systemic increase of gland density, gland size, and content of defensive terpenes, with no detectable additional elicitation upon regurgitant treatment. Dual choice feeding assays further showed that defense induction triggered by just physical damage made newly developing leaves far less palatable to S. exigua larvae as compared to leaves from undamaged seedlings, whereas they did not distinguish between leaves from damaged plants treated with or without regurgitant. Our study confirms that the systemic induction of cotton glands is an unspecific response to physical damage, although cotton is known to respond to caterpillar-associated elicitors for other defensive traits. Cotton glands induction can be readily visualized under modest magnification, making the experiments described in this study highly suited to teach chemical ecology and aspects of plant defense theory in practical classes.
Solar atmospheric dynamic coupling due to shear motions driven by the Lorentz force

Recent theoretical and numerical works have shown that shearing motions observed during magnetic flux emergence are driven by the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force results from the nonuniform expansion of the magnetic field in a highly pressure-stratified atmosphere. This deformation of the flux system causes the axial component of the field to become weaker (along field lines) in the corona than in the lower atmosphere, which produces the shearing Lorentz force. The shear flows result in the magnetic field being drawn parallel to the polarity inversion lines of active regions as observed at the photosphere and in filaments. In order to arrive at an equilibrium state after flux emergence, the axial field must evolve to be constant along field lines. This nonlocal requirement for force balance results in a coupling by shear flows that act to equilibrate the axial magnetic field. This paper will elaborate on the dynamic coupling such shearing flows cause between the layers of the solar atmosphere. This coupling occurs by way of self-organized flows that transport magnetic flux and energy from below the photosphere into the corona. This work explains how coronal magnetic fields become energized to produce coronal mass ejections and two-ribbon flares.
32-channel 100-GHz-spaced demultiplexer for metropolitan area networks

We report a high-density wavelength division demultiplexer (Demux) capable of demultiplexing a 32-channel 100-GHz-spaced wavelength, with a working wavelength range of operation from 1541.37 to 1565.47 nm. The design, packaging, and performance of the Demux using the 22nd diffraction order of an echelle grating is described. The typical insertion loss of the device is 23.060. 2 dB, the cross talk be- tween adjacent channels for all 32 channels is about 230 dB, and the average 1-dB optical passband is 0.256 nm. We found the experimental measurement result of the 1-dB passband to be in good agreement with the theoretical 1-dB passband as calculated. The device has single- mode fiber in and multimode fiber out, and thus can bridge the telecom- munication backbone and local area networks. © 2001 Society of Photo-
Nonlinear fuzzy logic control of a PWM inverter with a nonlinear load

Capacitor input filter loads (nonlinear) typically cause voltage distortion in DC to AC inverter waveshape. Nonlinear fuzzy logic control fields promise in reducing this compared with conventional PID control. Comparisons between nonlinear fuzzy logic proportional derivative controllers and conventional linear PID controllers are made by simulating a buck converter subjected to large step load current changes. It was found that the choice of freewheeling switch (uncontrolled diode or synchronous rectifier) is a major factor in improved output voltage control. Fuzzy Logic controllers are investigated as arbitrary transfer characteristic generators. Membership function shape, degree of overlap, and number of overlaps, are examined, along with choice of rule table values, as to the effect on the transfer characteristic of the controller. Results are presented as transfer characteristic plots, 3D control surface plots, Bode plots, and step response plots for the buck converter.
A contribution to the Taylor-Couette flow problem

The main purpose of this paper is to present some analytical solutions for the Taylor-Couette flow problem of vortex-cell formation in the gap bounded by two concentric rotating circular cylinders of finite length. The solutions are obtained by using the basic equations of the mechanical part of the theory of a Cosserat point with any number of directors, the general thermomechanical formulation of which has been given recently by Green & Naghdi (Q. Jl Mech. appl. Math 44, 335-355 (1991)). Several special solutions are given for a particular cylinder geometry and Reynolds number of flow to compare with the experimental results of Benjamin & Mullin (J. Fluid Mech. A 121, 219-230 (1982)). Flow stability and other possible types of solutions are also briefly discussed.
Non-linear inversion of scattered seismic surface waves

SUMMARY Seismic surface wave analysis has provided important insight in the Earth’s crustal and upper mantle structure and has recently become a standard tool in geotechnical engineering. Most current surface wave inversion methods are aimed at recovering near-surface (shear) velocity profiles from dispersion curves, assuming a (smoothly varying) horizontally layered Earth. In some cases, however, one is interested in the location, strength or shape of local heterogeneities in the shallow subsurface. In this paper we focus on estimating the strength of near-surface heterogeneity from scattered surface waves. This is a non-linear inversion problem as the wavefield in the scatterer also depends on the contrast. For this reason the inversion is cast as an optimization problem in which we minimize the difference between the observed data and the modelled scattered field. The minimization problem is solved using a conjugate gradient algorithm. To accurately estimate the contrast we account for non-linear interactions such as multiple scattering within the scattering domain in the forward problem. To do so, we use a domain-type integral representation to express the near-surface scattered wavefield, which is solved using the method of moments. The entire inversion is carried out in the frequency domain. This way, we may take advantage of the fact that the decay of surface waves with depth depends on frequency. We study 3-D sensitivity kernels for the given inversion problem and observe that sensitivity of the wavefield with respect to heterogeneity in depth depends on frequency in the same way. We therefore, expect to be able to constrain heterogeneity in depth. A numerical example illustrates this and we conclude that it is in principle possible to reliably resolve heterogeneities and estimate their strengths. We compare the results from our algorithm to a similar but more efficient inversion scheme based on the Born approximation and show that, for the shallowest heterogeneities, this inversion can also recover the contrast well.
Genome-Wide Gene-Set Analysis Identifies Molecular Mechanisms Associated with ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal late-onset motor neuron disease characterized by the loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. Our understanding of the molecular basis of ALS pathology remains elusive, complicating the development of efficient treatment. Gene-set analyses of genome-wide data have offered insight into the biological processes and pathways of complex diseases and can suggest new hypotheses regarding causal mechanisms. Our aim in this study was to identify and explore biological pathways and other gene sets having genomic association to ALS. Two cohorts of genomic data from the dbGaP repository were combined: (a) the largest available ALS individual-level genotype dataset (N = 12,319), and (b) a similarly sized control cohort (N = 13,210). Following comprehensive quality control pipelines, imputation and meta-analysis, we assembled a large European descent ALS-control cohort of 9244 ALS cases and 12,795 healthy controls represented by genetic variants of 19,242 genes. Multi-marker analysis of genomic annotation (MAGMA) gene-set analysis was applied to an extensive collection of 31,454 gene sets from the molecular signatures database (MSigDB). Statistically significant associations were observed for gene sets related to immune response, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, neuron differentiation, muscle cell function, synaptic plasticity and development. We also report novel interactions between gene sets, suggestive of mechanistic overlaps. A manual meta-categorization and enrichment mapping approach is used to explore the overlap of gene membership between significant gene sets, revealing a number of shared mechanisms.
The Recognition Algorithm of Two-Phase Flow Patterns Based on GoogLeNet+5 Coord Attention

The two-phase flow in a microchannel consists of liquid–liquid and gas–liquid material components. The automatic recognition of flow patterns using deep learning approaches has been emerging. This study aimed to improve the recognition accuracy of flow patterns in the two-phase flow images. The different convolutional kernels in the GoogLeNet algorithm extracted the image features with different scales. In order to strengthen the important channel and spatial features, this paper proposes the combined five-layer Coord attention and GoogLeNet algorithm to enhance the accuracy of the new algorithm. The optimized algorithm model was derived from image datasets with different liquid–liquid two-phase flows (NaAlg–Oil, GaInSn–Water), and its accuracy was 95.09% in training and 98.12% in testing. This new model was also applied to predict the flow patterns, with a recognition accuracy of more than 97% in both the liquid–liquid and gas–liquid two-phase flows (water–soybean oil, water–lubricating oil, and argon–water).
P21 Overexpression Promotes Cell Death and Induces Senescence in Human Glioblastoma

Simple Summary Current standard care for high-grade glioma involves maximal safe resection followed by chemoradiation. Recent studies showed that surviving cancer cells with an initially senescent phenotype following chemoradiation could escape senescence over time, giving rise to tumor cells that were more aggressive and resilient. Therefore, more powerful approaches are needed to either keep these glioma-initiating cells in a senescent state for longer or to eliminate these senescent cells prior to tumor recurrence. In this study, we demonstrate that P21 overexpression induces high levels of apoptosis in multiple human glioma cell lines and, in surviving cells, promotes cell cycle arrest and senescent gene expression. Additionally, we demonstrate that P21 overexpression induces senescence more rapidly and stably than the irradiation of human glioblastoma cells. Finally, we find that P21-overexpressing glioma cells selectively depend upon Bcl-xL to avoid apoptotic cell death. Abstract High-grade gliomas are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors with a median survival of only 12–15 months. Current standard therapy consists of maximal safe surgical resection followed by DNA-damaging agents, such as irradiation and chemotherapy that can delay but not prevent inevitable recurrence. Some have interpreted glioma recurrence as evidence of glioma stem cells which persist in a relatively quiescent state after irradiation and chemotherapy, before the ultimate cell cycle re-entry and glioma recurrence. Conversely, latent cancer cells with a therapy-induced senescent phenotype have been shown to escape senescence, giving rise to more aggressive stem-like tumor cells than those present in the original tumor. Therefore, approaches are needed to either eliminate or keep these glioma initiating cells in a senescent state for a longer time to prolong survival. In our current study, we demonstrate that the radiation-induced cell cycle inhibitor P21 can provide a powerful route to induce cell death in short-term explants of PDXs derived from three molecularly diverse human gliomas. Additionally, cells not killed by P21 overexpression were maintained in a stable senescent state for longer than control cells. Collectively, these data suggest that P21 activation may provide an attractive therapeutic target to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Cycles in the cataclysmic variable V795 Herculis

Aims. We investigate the photometric activity of the cataclysmic variable (CV) V795 Her. We pay attention to the time evolution of the length of its superhump cycle Psh. We investigate how well the superhump profile is reproduced in the individual phases Φsh of Psh. We also analyze the mutual relation of the intensity of the superhump light and the superimposed rapid intensity variations. Methods. We used the photometric V-band CCD observations obtained between 2008 and 2010. The observing run on a given night consisted of a dense series of V-band images (exp. time of 20 s), which enabled us to investigate the superhump profile and the superimposed rapid changes. Results. We identified several time segments characterized by a relatively stable Psh and mean intensity level. We find that inside such a segment, the smoothed profile of the intensity curve folded with Psh displays the largest scatter of the residuals of the mean profile in Φsh of the peak intensity and during the decay from this peak. A zone of quiescence occurs at Φsh ≈ 0.6−0.7. The profile of these residuals can be explained if the strength and luminosity of the spiral arms undergo large variations on a timescale much shorter than the segment’s duration, as predicted in a previously developed model, while the conditions for the disk precession remain much more stable. The formation of these arms is considerably faster than their fading. We find that the emission of the superimposed short cycle (∼0.01–0.02 d) in this CV depends on Φsh. We conclude that it does not come from pulsations of the white dwarf or, generally, from the close vicinity of this accretor. We argue that it is flickering with the site in the disk region that produces the superhump. This flickering is not located in the impact of the stream on the disk. V795 Her is a borderline case in the sense that its disk is close to the switch to the cool state. We explain the suppression of the thermal-viscous instability of the disk in V795 Her as caused by the tidal force that is also the reason for the superhumps. This tidal heating can also help to keep the accretion disks in other permanent superhumpers in the hot state.
Energy-based modelling of in-plane fragility curves for the 2D ultimate capacity of Italian masonry buildings

The high seismic hazard of the Italian territory and the vulnerability of its historic masonry heritage require the development of fragility curves that must be increasingly reliable and robustly correlated to exposure. To date, national-scale seismic risk analyses mainly use empirical curves derived from the statistical analysis of damage induced by past events. These curves have shown good reliability, but they correlate only with a few typological-structural characteristics of the building, such as the number of floors, the vertical structure typology or the construction period. The present research paper aims to overcome this limitation with a hybrid approach that provides a better exposure characterisation. Specifically, the proposed strategy integrates the SAVE and Piecewise Rigid Displacement (PRD) methods. SAVE is an empirical approach based on the damage assessment due to past seismic events used to identify a seismic behaviour of a structure, while the PRD method is a numerical approach that solves the boundary value problem for normal, rigid, no-tension material. It can model different structural typologies, and as a result, it also provides the value of the horizontal static multiplier that drives the masonry construction to collapse. An extended numerical campaign is carried out considering a sample of 750 masonry buildings distributed throughout the Italian territory and extracted from the PLINIVS typological database. Looking at each construction, first, a PRD analysis is conducted to define its seismic capacity, paying special attention to modelling construction details. After that, the SAVE method is used to classify the construction in a specific seismic vulnerability class, i.e., from A to C, with decreasing vulnerability. All the buildings belonging to the same class are then collected, and three fragility curves representative of the collapse state (one for each vulnerability class) are derived and validated against empirical and analytical ones commonly adopted in the Literature. The integrated methodology shows a good agreement between simulations and observations, confirming the viability of the proposed hybrid methodology for the large-scale assessment of masonry buildings, providing an effective strategy to plan mitigation and rehabilitation interventions.
Factors influencing Soay sheep survival

We present a survival analysis of Soay sheep mark recapture and recovery data. Unlike previous conditional analyses, it is not necessary to assume equality of recovery and recapture probabilities; instead these are estimated by maximum likelihood. Male and female sheep are treated separately, with the higher numbers and survival probabilities of the females resulting in a more complex model than that used for the males. In both cases, however, age and time aspects need to be included and there is a strong indication of a reduction in survival for sheep aged 7 years or more. Time variation in survival is related to the size of the population and selected weather variables, by using logistic regression. The size of the population significantly affects the survival probabilities of male and female lambs, and of female sheep aged 7 or more years. March rainfall and a measure of the North Atlantic oscillation are found to influence survival significantly for all age groups considered, for both males and females. Either of these weather variables can be used in a model. Several phenotypic and genotypic individual covariates are also fitted. The only covariate which is found to influence survival significantly is the type of horn of first‐year female sheep. There is a substantial variation in the recovery probabilities over time, reflecting in part the increased effort when a population crash was expected. The goodness of fit of the model is checked by using graphical procedures.
MATLAB algorithm mixed.m for solving Henderson's mixed model equations

The MATLAB algorithm mixed.m estimates the parameters of the mixed linear model by using the Henderson’s MMEs (mixed model equations) algorithm, for more details see Searle et al. (1992, pp. 275{286). The algorithm computes the BLUE or the two-stage GLSE, the BLUP or the EBLUP, and the ML, REML, MINQE(I), or MINQE(U,I) of the xed eects, the random eects, and the variance components, respectively, in the mixed linear model, together with the generalized inverse of the MMEs coecient matrix and the Fisher information matrix for the estimated variance components. This allows the user to make the statistical inference (which is at least asymptotically correct) on the set of linear combinations of the
HL-Pow: Learning-Assisted Pre-RTL Power Modeling and Optimization for FPGA HLS

High-level synthesis (HLS) enables designers to customize hardware designs without the need for delving into low-level hardware details. However, it is still challenging to establish the correlation between the power consumption and hardware designs at an early design stage such as HLS. To overcome this problem, we introduce HL-Pow, a preregister-transfer-level (pre-RTL) power modeling, and optimization framework for FPGA HLS with the aid of up-to-date artificial intelligence techniques, which features high accuracy, speed, and generalization ability. HL-Pow is comprised of a power modeling framework and a design space exploration (DSE) engine. The power modeling framework encompasses: 1) a fully customized and light-weight feature construction flow to effectively identify and capture features that exert a major influence on power consumption and 2) a modeling flow that can build an accurate, fast, and transferable pre-RTL power estimator. With HL-Pow, the power evaluation process for hardware designs with FPGA HLS can be significantly expedited by circumventing the invocation of the time-consuming logic synthesis, physical design, and gate-level simulation steps. Furthermore, we describe a novel a priori knowledge-guided DSE algorithm which can combined with our power modeling approach to jointly achieve the design optimization for latency and power consumption with high efficiency and high quality. Experimental results demonstrate that HL-Pow produces accurate power prediction that is only 4.82% away from onboard power measurement, while offering a speedup of 24– $190\times $ ( $84\times $ on avg.). In addition, HL-Pow shows high generalization ability across applications with different characteristics and from various domains. Finally, the proposed DSE algorithm can reach a close approximation of the real Pareto frontier while only requiring traversing a small subset of design points in a broad design space.