Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
University of Birmingham ‘Home-sourcing’ and closer value chains in mature economies

This paper offers a novel perspective on manufacturing home-sourcing. We present evidence that home-sourcing occurs in the context of a new competitive environment where the relative importance of scale economies versus variety is altered, and a recoupling of innovation and production within industrial ecosystems becomes desirable. We look at the determinants of manufacturing home-sourcing. We find that R&D-intensive businesses with core non-standardized products are more likely to switch sourcing of components to the home economy from abroad. Our find- ings provide evidence in favour of increasing trends towards closer value chains for knowledge-intensive production, suggesting that the possibilities for (and potential impact of) home-sourcing have not been fully recognised as pathways to industrial and economic renewal in mature economies. The implications for industrial policy are to focus on the resilience of existing national industrial ecosystems and their attractiveness and ability to integrate incoming business opportunities.
Danish wetlands remained poor with plant species 17-years after restoration

Formorethantwodecades,wetlandrestorationhasbeensuccessfullyappliedinDenmarkasatooltoprotectwa- tercourses from elevated nutrient inputs from agriculture, but little is known about how the ﬂ ora and fauna re-spond to restoration. The main objective of this study was therefore to: (1) examine plant community characteristics in 10 wetland sites in the River Odense Kratholm catchment, restored between 2001 and 2011 byre-meanderingthestreamanddisconnectingthetiledrains,and(2)explorewhethertheeffectsofrestoration on plant community characteristics change with the age of the restoration. Speci ﬁ cally, we hypothesised that plant community composition, species richness and diversity would improve with the age of the restoration andeventuallyapproachthestateofnaturalwetlandvegetation.Wefoundthattheprevailingplantcommunities couldbecharacterisedashumidgrasslands,moistfallow ﬁ eldsandimprovedgrasslands,whereastheabundance of natural wetland plant communities (e.g., rich fens, fen-sedge beds and humid grasslands) was lower in both the recently restored as well as in older restored wetlands. Additionally, species richness and diversity did not seem to improve with the age of the restoration. We suggest that the continued high nutrient input at the re- storedsitesincombinationwithrestricteddispersalofwetlandplantspeciesmayhampertherecoveryofnatural plant communities and that the sites therefore may stay botanically poor for many decades.
Macroholes in stalagmites and the search for lost water

[1] Fluid microinclusions in stalagmites have provided samples of paleowaters present during the growth of the stalagmite, but only in microliter amounts. Genty et al. (2002) discovered much larger water-filled macroinclusions in some stalagmites. Using computerized tomographic (CT) X-ray-scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we searched for such macroinclusions in 21 stalagmites from diverse localities in North and Central America and the Caribbean. We show that most stalagmites contained numerous mm to cm-sized internal cavities (macroholes). These do not penetrate the outer surfaces which in most cases are deceptively unblemished. Some stalagmites have up to 10% average internal porosity. Two types of macroholes are distinguishable: axial holes formed during growth due to slower calcite accumulation at the axial drip site; off-axis holesformed penecontemporaneously with growth in discrete layers; these cut previous growth laminae showing that they are post-depositional. Using MRI on uncut, apparently sealed specimens, we find that very few of these cavities contain significant quantities of water although they were clearly formed while the stalagmite was being continuously bathed by drip water. Presumably, the water has escaped post-depositionally, through micro fissures, extensive connected hole system, crystal boundaries or other defects.
Position Control of a Quadrotor with a Hanging Load Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

This thesis focuses on employing deep reinforcement learning to control the position of a quadcopter carrying a hanging load. The task is approached by using proximal policy optimization to directly optimize a control policy represented as a neural network using gradient ascent on the accumulated reward. The system is both trained and evaluated using the MuJoCo physics simulator. The resulting policy is capable of successfully stabilizing the quadcopter and following the reference setpoint position. This is demonstrated by using full state information and partial state information without knowledge of the suspended load state. The latter task is tackled by using a state estimator network trained via supervised learning on the pendulum states. Additionally, the thesis investigates the ability to adapt to changing model parameters, to help mitigate the Sim-to-Real gap.
Hst Observations of New Horizontal Branch Structures in the Globular Cluster ! Centauri 1

The globular cluster ! Centauri contains the largest known population of very hot horizontal branch (HB) stars. We have used the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain a far-UV/optical color-magnitude diagram of three elds in ! Cen. We nd that over 30% of the HB objects are \extreme" HB or hot post-HB stars. The hot HB stars are not concentrated toward the cluster center, which argues against a dynamical origin for them. A wide gap in the color distribution of the hot HB stars appears to correspond to gaps found earlier in several other clusters. This suggests a common mechanism, probably related to giant branch mass loss. The diagram contains a signiicant population of hot sub-HB stars, which we 2 interpret as the \blue-hook" objects predicted by D'Cruz et al. (1996a). These are produced by late He-ashes in stars which have undergone unusually large giant branch mass loss. Cen has a well-known spread of metal abundance, and our observations are consistent with a giant branch mass loss eeciency which increases with metallicity.
Infiltration, runoff and soil loss in Andisols affected by forest fire (Canary Islands, Spain)

Depending on the severity of the fire, forest fires may modify infiltration and soil erosion processes. Rainfall simulations were used to determine the hydrological effects of fire on Andisols in a pine forest burned by a wildfire in 2007. Six burned zones with different fire severities were compared with unburned zones. Infiltration, runoff and soil loss were analysed on slopes of 10% and 30%. Forest floor and soil properties were evaluated. Unburned zones exhibited relatively low infiltration (23 and 16 mm h−1 on 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively) and high average runoff/rainfall ratios (43% and 50% on 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively), which were associated with the extreme water repellency of the forest floor. Nonetheless, this layer seems to provide protection against raindrop impact and soil losses were found to be low (8 and 16 g m−2 h−1 for 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively). Soil cover, soil structure and water repellency were the main properties affected by the fire. The fire reduced forest floor and soil repellency, allowing rapid infiltration. Moreover, a significant decrease was noted in soil aggregate stabilities in the burned zones, which limited the infiltration rates. Consequently, no significant differences in infiltration and runoff were found between the burned and the unburned zones. The decrease in post‐fire soil cover and soil stability resulted in order‐of‐magnitude increases in erosion. Sediment rates were 15 and 31 g m−2 h−1 on the 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively, in zones affected by light fire severity. In the moderate fire severity zones, these values reached 65 and 260 g m−2 h−1 for the 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the impact of riparian processes on streambank stability

The series of biennial United States (US) National Water Quality Inventory surveys shows no reduction in the percentage of degraded miles of streams since the early 1990s despite an exponential increase in river restoration projects to improve water quality, enhance in‐stream habitat and manage the riparian zone. This may suggest that many river restoration projects fail to achieve their objectives. This is partly due to a lack of understanding of the dynamics of the degraded riverine system and its interaction with the riparian zone. These projects could, therefore, benefit from using proven models of stream and riparian processes to guide restoration design and to evaluate indicators of ecological integrity. The US Department of Agriculture has developed two such models: the channel evolution computer model CONCEPTS and the riparian ecosystem model REMM. These models have been integrated to evaluate the impact of edge‐of‐field and riparian conservation measures on stream morphology and water quality. Vegetative riparian conservation measures are commonly used to stabilize failing streambanks. The shear strength of bank soils is greatly affected by the degree of saturation of the soils and root reinforcement provided by riparian vegetation. The integrated model was used to study the effectiveness of woody and herbaceous riparian buffers in controlling streambank erosion of an incised stream in northern Mississippi. Comparison of model results with observations showed that pore‐water pressures are accurately predicted in the upper part of the streambank, away from the groundwater table. Simulated pore‐water pressures deviate from those observed lower in the streambank near the phreatic surface. These discrepancies are mainly caused by differences in the simulated location of the phreatic surface and simulated evapotranspiration in case of the woody buffer. The modelling exercise further showed that a coarse rooting system, e.g. as provided by trees, significantly reduced bank erosion rates for this deeply incised stream. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying periodic components in atmospheric data using a family of minimum variance spectral estimators

Abstract This work describes the application of a recently developed signal processing technique for identifying periodic components in the presence of unknown colored noise. Specifically, the application of this technique to the identification of strongly periodic components in meteorological time series is examined. The technique is based on the unique convergence properties of the family of minimum variance (MV) spectral estimators. The MV convergence methodology and computational procedures are described and are illustrated with a theoretical example. The utility of this method to atmospheric signals is demonstrated with a 26-year (1964–1989) time series of 70-mb wind components at Truk Island in the equatorial Pacific. The MV method clearly shows that although equatorial disturbances with periods of 3–5 days have a strong signal, they do not show a strong periodic component. As expected, MV convergence illustrates that the 70-mb zonal wind series at this location has a significant periodic component .
Title : Functional traits of carabid beetles reveal seasonal variation in community assembly in 1 annual crops

24 1. Trait-based community assembly studies have mostly been addressed along spatial 25 gradients, and do not consider explicitly a fundamental dimension governing community 26 assembly, the time. Nevertheless, such consideration seems particularly necessary in systems 27 in which organisms have to face regular disturbances and rapid changes in vegetation 28 phenology, such as in intensively managed farmlands. 29 2. In this study, we aimed at understanding how the functional diversity of carabid beetle 30 communities varied across the growing season in response to crop type. We tested three 31 alternative hypotheses on mechanisms underlying the community assembly. 32 3. We used data from a long-term monitoring conducted over nine years in an intensively33 managed farmland in central western France, in a total of 625 fields. First, we measured 34 morphological traits related to body size, dispersal mode, and resource acquisition on the 13 35 dominant carabid species (> 85 % of all trapped individuals) and identified three independent 36 dimensions of functional specialization within our species pool along axes of a PCA and 37 highlighted key traits for community assembly. Second, we evaluated the community 38 assembly temporal dynamics and the impact of habitat filtering and niche differentiation in 39 the different crop types with time, using linear mixed-effects models. 40 4. We showed that functional species assembly of carabid beetle communities occurring in 41 crop fields varies importantly intra-annually, with strong variations in these dynamics 42 depending on crop type and crop phenology. Each crop acted as a filter on carabid 43 communities for body size and resource-acquisition traits, and functional differentiation 44 between crops increased with time. We did not find any evidence of habitat filtering on traits 45 related to dispersal mode. 46 5. Our results emphasize the major role of crop phenology but also disturbances involved by 47 agricultural practices such as crop harvesting on changes in community assembly, likely due 48 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted February 5, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02. 04.429696 doi: bioRxiv preprint
Technology Medicine Open Access book publisher

their possible biomechanical etiologic agents. The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress distribution in single implant-supported restorations, as well as in the peri-implant bone tissue, by means of a three-dimensional model, using the finite element method. Finite Element Analysis represents a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions to partial differential equations as well as integral equations, permitting the numerical analysis of complex structures based on their material properties. This book presents 20 different chapters in the application of Finite Elements, ranging from Biomedical Engineering to Manufacturing Industry and Industrial Developments. It has been written at a level suitable for use in a graduate course on applications of finite element modelling and analysis (mechanical, civil and biomedical engineering studies, for instance), without excluding its use by researchers or professional engineers interested in the field, seeking to gain a deeper understanding concerning Finite Element Analysis.
Limitations of Use of Organic Petrographic Techniques for Identification of Petroleum Source Rocks

Organic petrographic and organic geochemical studies have been conducted on 58 sediment samples of differing ages and depositional environments. In this study, interpretations of petroleum source-rock potential, based on data from transmitted-light microscopy, show a poor correlation with those derived from chemical data. This lack of correlation arises from the failure to distinguish consistently between hydrogen-poor and hydrogen-rich amorphous organic matter and inability to detect hydrogen-rich components (exinite and resinite) in coal fragments. Interpretations based on data from reflected-light microscopy show a better correlation with those derived from chemical studies, but difficulties still remain. These difficulties arise from inability, except on the basis of luorescence intensity, to distinguish hydrogen-rich from hydrogen-poor organic matter in a finely dispersed state.
The Response of Stratified, Frictional Flow of Shelf and Slope Waters to Fluctuating Large-Scale, Low-Frequency Wind Forcing

Abstract Numerical and analytical models are developed to discuss large-scale, low-frequency, wind-driven fluctuations over the continental shelf and slope in the presence of realistic density stratification and bottom friction. The models employ the “long-wave” assumption that frequencies are small relative to the inertial frequency and that alongshore scales are large relative to cross cross-shelf scales. An attempt is made to make the effect of bottom friction on the flow as realistic as possible by taking into account the influence of surface gravity waves on bottom stress. The results were obtained for sinusoidal wind forcing having frequency ω and alongshore wavenumber l and are described below. A general criterion for barotropic shelf water response for wind forcing frequencies ω in the “weather” band (2π/few weeks to 2π/few days) can be derived. For the purpose of rapid calculation, this criterion reduces, approximately, tohere Ns2 is a shelf-averaged value of the buoyancy frequency squared, α is .
A novel equation for determining the suction stress of unsaturated soils from the water retention curve based on wetted surface area in pores

A novel equation is proposed for the evaluation of the suction stress of an unsaturated soil. The equation, based on the assumption that suction is transmitted to soil solid particles only through their wet external surface, allows to easily derive the soil suction characteristic curve from the water retention curve. The proposed equation has been verified against published experimental data of suction stress smaller than 1 MPa for soils of various characteristics. In all cases, an excellent agreement between predicted and observed values of suction stress is achieved, showing that the proposed equation performs better than other currently adopted expressions for the evaluation of soil suction stress.
Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos

Real-time visual hand tracking is quite different from commonly tracked objects in RGB videos. Because the hand is a biological object and hence suffers from both physical and behavioral variations during its movement. Furthermore, the hand acquires a very small area in the image frame, and due to its erratic pattern of movement, the quality of images in the video is affected considerably, if recorded from a simple RGB camera. In this chapter, we propose a hybrid framework to track the hand movement in RGB video sequences. The framework integrates the unique features of the Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) built on Residual Network and ScaleInvariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm. This combination is enriched with the discriminative learning power of deep neural networks and the fast detection capability of hand-crafted features SIFT. Thus, our method online adapts the variations occurring in real-time handmovement and exhibits high efficiency in cognitive recognition of hand trajectory. The empirical results shown in the chapter demonstrate that the approach can withstand the intrinsic as well as extrinsic challenges associated with visual tracking of hand gestures in RGB videos.
Triangle Zone Geometry, Terminology and Kinematics

ABSTRACT The term "triangle zone" was first used informally in 1957 to describe the structure of the east edge of the Foothills thrust belt of the southern Canadian Cordillera. Since then, triangle zones have been recognized at the foreland margins of most of the world's thrust-and-fold belts. Variations in terminology of triangle zones reflect differences in interpretation of their internal geometry and their role in orogenesis. The principal issue is whether triangle zone formation occurs only at the final stage of evolution of a thrust belt or is a continuously regenerated tectonic process that creates deformed belts. Evidence is given to support the second interpretation, leading to a hypothetical kinematic model for the formation of thrust-and-fold belts. According to this model, emplacement of successive triangle zones creates a foreland-migrating frontal monocline. Physiographic and structural relief of this structure continuously regenerates a foreland-migrating envelope of overpressured section in the undisturbed foreland sequence ahead of it, causing continued progradation of the deformation front. In some areas gravity sliding takes place down the foreland-facing dip slope of frontal monoclines. The gravity slides themselves may have emergent or buried (triangle zone) thrust fronts. RESUME L'expression "zone triangulaire" a ete utilisee pour la premiere fois de facon informelle en 1957 pour decrire la structure de la marge est de la zone de chevauchement des avant-monts du sud de la cordillere canadienne. Depuis, des zones triangulaires ont ete identifiees aux marges des avant-pays de la plupart des zones de chevauchement et de plissement du monde entier. La terminologie des zones triangulaires se differe pour illustrer les differentes interpretations de leur geometrie interne et leur role dans l'orogenese. La question principale est si la formation de la zone triangulaire a lieu a l'etape finale de l'evolution d'une zone de chevauchement ou si elle subit un processus tectonique de regeneration continu qui cree des zones deformees. Une preuve est donnee pour appuyer la deuxieme interpretation, menant au modele cinematique hyphotetique pour la formation de zones de plissement et de chevauchement. Selon ce modele, l'emplacement de zones triangulaires successives cree un front monoclinal se dirigeant vers l'avant-pays. Le relief geomorphologique et structurel de cette structure regenere de facon continu une enveloppe qui se dirige vers l'avant-pays de la section en surpression dans la sequence qui precede l'avant-pays qui n'a pas ete perturbee, causant ainsi une progression continue du front de deformation. Dans certaines regions des phenomenes d'affaissements ont lieu a la partie inferieure des fronts monoclinaux en pente qui s'incline en faisant face a l'avant-pays. Les phenomenes d'affaissements possedent peut etre des fronts de chevauchement qui emergent ou qui sont enfouis (zone triangulaire). Traduit par Marie-Louise Tomas
The Permian-Triassic Boundary in Transcaucasia

Abstract The Claraia beds of Transcausasia have yielded Ophiceras and Gyro-nites and are thus considered to be of Lower Triassic age. The underlying strata, including the Phisonites through Paratirolites beds, are of Late Permian age and are proposed as the type section of a new stage, the Dorashamian.
Text Authorship Identified Using the Dynamics of Word Co-Occurrence Networks

Automatic identification of authorship in disputed documents has benefited from complex network theory as this approach does not require human expertise or detailed semantic knowledge. Networks modeling entire books can be used to discriminate texts from different sources and understand network growth mechanisms, but only a few studies have probed the suitability of networks in modeling small chunks of text to grasp stylistic features. In this study, we introduce a methodology based on the dynamics of word co-occurrence networks representing written texts to classify a corpus of 80 texts by 8 authors. The texts were divided into sections with equal number of linguistic tokens, from which time series were created for 12 topological metrics. Since 73% of all series were stationary (ARIMA(p, 0, q)) and the remaining were integrable of first order (ARIMA(p, 1, q)), probability distributions could be obtained for the global network metrics. The metrics exhibit bell-shaped non-Gaussian distributions, and therefore distribution moments were used as learning attributes. With an optimized supervised learning procedure based on a nonlinear transformation performed by Isomap, 71 out of 80 texts were correctly classified using the K-nearest neighbors algorithm, i.e. a remarkable 88.75% author matching success rate was achieved. Hence, purely dynamic fluctuations in network metrics can characterize authorship, thus paving the way for a robust description of large texts in terms of small evolving networks.