Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic Implications of Post‐Fire Mulching Across Different Spatial Scales

Besides direct damage, wildfires can produce striking direct and indirect impacts, including extreme runoff–erosion responses with serious negative consequences for land‐use sustainability and downstream values at risk. The best way to reduce post‐fire runoff is the rapid application of mulch: a protective cover of straw, needles, wood‐based material, or other ground cover. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of forest residue mulching for reducing post‐fire runoff across spatial scales on a logged and burnt eucalypt hillslope. Additionally, we assessed the underlying processes involved in the hydrologic responses of burnt areas in central Portugal during the first 2 years after a wildfire, with special focus on soil moisture, soil water repellency, and rainfall. Forest residue mulch reduced post‐fire runoff by 50% in both micro‐plots (0·25 m2) and hillslope scale silt fence plots (100 m2) during the first year after the wildfire. Runoff in the micro‐plots was tenfold higher than the larger plots, regardless of mulching. The main controlling factors for the volume of runoff were rainfall amount (direct correlation) and soil moisture (inverse correlation). Soil water repellency and soil moisture were not affected by the mulch but played a role in the hydrologic response. In contrast, there was no decrease in runoff rate within the first two post‐fire years. Forest residue mulching can be an effective post‐fire treatment for reducing runoff rates, and the consistent decrease in runoff rates between the two spatial scales suggests that the scaling of runoff was not affected by the mulch. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Sewage Sludge from the Middle Region (Misrata, Msallata and Tarhünah Cities) of Libya

: The concentrations of cadmium and lead in sewage sludge samples were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method. Samples of sewage sludge were obtained from three sewage treatment plants localised in Middle Region of Libya (Misrata, Msallata and Tarhünah cities). The results shows that, the mean levels of Cadmium for all regions are ranges from 81 to 123.4 ppm and these values are higher than the limitations for the international standard which are not registered more than 50 ppm (dry weight) in USA, Egypt and the EU countries. While, the lead concentrations are ranged from 8.0 to 189.2 ppm and all values are within the standard limits which graduated between (275–613) ppm.
Genotypic adaptation of Indian groundnut cultivation to climate change:an ensemble approach

Climate change has been projected to significantly affect agricultural productivity and hence food availability during the 21st century, with particularly negative effects across the global tropics. However, the uncertainty associated with projecting climate change impacts is a barrier to agricultural adaptation. The work reported in this thesis is a contribution to the understanding of genotypic adaptation to near-term (i.e. 2030s) climate change and many of the associated uncertainties, using model ensembles. This work focuses on Indian groundnut and uses the General Large Area Model for annual crops (GLAM) and the EcoCrop niche model to investigate the response of groundnut under future climate scenarios, and to develop a genotypic adaptation strategy. Under the future representative concentrations pathway (RCP) 4.5, robust positive climate change impacts on crop productivity were found in 3 (western, northern and south-eastern) out of 5 groundnut growing regions. From the remainder of regions, one presented robust negative impacts and in the other uncertainties precluded a robust statement being made about productivity changes. Yield gains were associated with seasonal precipitation increases, a lower frequency of occurrence of terminal drought and its effect on cropping season length. Yield loss in central India was associated with less radiation interception and reductions in crop duration, whereas in the south there was large uncertainty due to temperature biases in GCMs triggering (or not) heat stress during anthesis. The latter result suggests that decisions of whether to correct or not GCM biases and the method of correction may be at least as important as the choice of climate scenario, or the choice of crop model parameters. Adaptation simulations indicated that the most critical traits for groundnut adaptation under future scenarios are increases in maximum photosynthetic rates, greater partitioning to seeds and, where enough soil moisture is available, also increases in the maximum transpiration rate. Changes to crop duration were beneficial if durations did not exceed those of the baseline, and hence allowed for enough water uptake at the end of the cropping season. Yield gains in adaptation scenarios were particularly large in eastern and northern India, and more moderate across the rest of the country.
Environmental Soil-Landscape Modeling : Geographic Information Technologies and Pedometrics

History and Trends in Soil-Landscape Modeling What Do We Really Know About the Space-Time Continuum of Soil Landscapes? Sabine Grunwald Soil Survey and Soil Classification, Richard W. Arnold A Historical Perspective on Soil-Landscape Modeling, David J. Brown Geomorphological Soil-Landscape Models, Carolyn G. Olson Collection of Soil-Landscape Datasets The Impact of Emerging Geographic Information Technology on Soil-Landscape Modeling, Sabine Grunwald and Sanjay Lamsal Topographic Mapping, Scot Smith Pedometrics Digital Soil-Terrain Modeling: The Predictive Potential and Uncertainty, Thomas F.A. Bishop and Budiman Minasny Fuzzy Logic Models, A. -Xing Zhu Modeling Spatial Variation of Soil as Random Functions, Richard Webster and Margaret A. Oliver Stochastic Simulation of Soil Variations, Jean-Paul Chiles and Denis Allard Pedometrical Techniques for Soil Texture Mapping at Different Scales, Marc van Meirvenne and Ingrid van Cleemput Analysis of Complex Soil Variation Using Wavelets, R.Murray Lark Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Scientific Visualization of Soil Landscapes, Sabine Grunwald On Spatial Lattice Modeling of Soil Properties, Jun Zhu, Richard P. Wolkowski, Wei Yue, and Ruifeng Xu Multiscale Soil-Landscape Process Modeling, Jeroen M. Schoorl and Antonie Veldkamp Space-Time Geostatistics, Gerard B.M. Heuvelink and Judith J.J.C. Snepvangers
Revised Abundances and Ionizing Fluxes for [WC]-Type PN Central Stars Using Line Blanketed Models

UV (IUE) , far-UV (FUSE) and optical (INT) spectroscopy of four Galactic [WC]-type PN central stars are analysed by means of sophisticated model atmosphere codes which allow for detailed line blanketing and clumping, and make comparisons with earlier non-LTE models. Crucially, we find no systematic difference between carbon abundances amongst late and early-type [WC] stars, removing the main obstacle against evolution from [WCL] to [WCE] subtypes. Planetary Nebulae with Wolf-Rayet type central stars ([WC]-type CSPN), though small in number, represent important subset of H-deficient CSPN. Evolution is generally considered to proceed from late-type [WC] ([WCL]) through early-type [WC] ([WCE]) and subsequently PG 1159 CSPN, ultimately expiring as a H-deficient white dwarf. Although evolutionary models can now qualitatively reproduce the surface abundances of such stars (Herwig et al. 1999), there is a discrepancy between the [WCL] and [WCE] stars from spectral analyses (e.g. Koesterke & Hamann 1997) in that the derived surface carbon abundances of [WCE] stars (e.g. 31% by mass for NGC6751) are significantly lower than those of [WCL] stars (50% by mass for NGC 40: Leuenhagen, Hamann & Jeffrey 1996), contrary to expectations if these form a genuine evolutionary sequence. This paper summarises recent work based on ground(2.5m Isaac Newton Telescope) and space-based (Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, International Ultraviolet Explorer) absolutely flux calibrated datasets of two late-type (BD+30 3639, NGC 40) and two early-type (NGC 6751, NGC 6905), together with sophisticated model atmosphere codes of Hillier & Miller (1998). In contrast with earlier studies, models now account for line blanketing by heavy elements, such as iron, and the clumped nature of the stellar winds of [WC] stars. We follow the same analysis technique as discussed in Dessart et al. (2000) for massive WC stars stellar temperatures follow from simultaneous fits to lines of ReI-II, CII-IV and alII-VI, whilst EB-V is obtained from matching de-reddening observed energy distrubutions to synthetic spectra. It is only for BD+30 3639 that a reliable distance of 1.2 kpc is established (Harrington et al.,
Disasters, development and environment

The Exceptional and the Everyday - Vulnerability Analysis in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Vulnerability Analysis and the Explanation of Natural Disasters Peru's 500-Year Earthquake - Vulnerability in Historical Context Prevention and Mitigation of Disasters in Central America - Vulnerability to Disasters at the Local Level Vulnerability and Responses to Riverine Hazards in Bangladesh - a Bangladesh Case Study Political Responses to Flood Disaster - the Example of Rio de Janeiro Disaster Mitigation as a Crisis of Paradigms - Reconstructing After the Alto Mayo Earthquake, Peru Education for Sustainable Development - a Long-Term Strategy for Famine Prevention in Ethiopia AIDS as a Long Wave Disaster.
Potential Use of Archaeological Snail Shells for the Calculation of Local Marine Reservoir Effect

Shellmounds are archaeological sites found across the Brazilian coast and form an important record of the human occupation of this area during the Holocene. The presence of both terrestrial and marine remains within the same archaeological context enables the comparison of different carbon reservoirs. There is only a small number of similar studies for the coast of south-southeastern Brazil. Previous work was based on the analysis of pre-bomb shells from museum collections and paired charcoal/marine shells from archaeological sites. This article assesses the potential use of terrestrial shells as representative of atmospheric carbon reservoir in the calculation of the marine reservoir effect (MRE) of the southeastern Brazilian coast. The presence of both terrestrial and marine shells over several archaeological layers represents a great potential for calculating reservoir corrections and their temporal variation.
Recovery of corals a decade after a thermal stress event at Motobu, Okinawa, Japan: spatial variability in winners and losers

Coral communities at nine sites off the coast of Motobu, Okinawa, were examined 6 and 12 years after a 1998 mass coral bleaching event caused by anomalous seawater temperatures. Overall, mean coral coverage in­ creased from 17% in 2006 to 28% in 2010 at these sites, although these percentages were lower than the coral coverage at a nearby reef at Sesoko Island. Some of the corals that had not recovered (the “losers”) at the Sesoko reef were found at some sites in the present study. Domi­ nant coral taxa differed among sites, probably because of differences in the environmental conditions at the sites, e.g., the so­called massive­type coral Porites dominated at a protected site near a river, while branching­type Acropora was dominant at exposed sites. Acropora was one of the prominent short­term losers, but contributed significantly to coral coverage increases due to its fast growth at some exposed sites. Adjacent reefs, which may share similar environmental conditions, also showed some variability, possibly due to processes such as coral recruit­ ment and post settlement survival, which acted on a smaller spatial scale. Multivariate analyses such as multi­ dimensional scaling were more sensitive than univariate analyses. Overall, recruitment was low, especially at sites with high coral coverage, which implies that remnant corals may have contributed to the recovery of these reefs. Coral communities in this area are recovering and there has been no apparent shift to algae­dominated commu­ nities. The recovery of coral communities appears to be related to the life history traits of corals and environmental conditions.
Using geochemical fingerprinting to determine transpressive fault movement history: Application to the New Zealand Alpine Fault

Geochemical fingerprinting of conglomerate clasts from depocenters adjacent to a strike‐slip fault, and of source areas on the opposite side of the fault, provides a method of determining fault movement history in instances where potential piercing points have been removed by erosion or buried in pull‐apart or down‐warp basins. Our example demonstrating this method is the Neogene Maruia Basin adjacent to the New Zealand Alpine Fault, the on‐land Australian‐Pacific plate boundary, which shows Permian Pelorus‐Caples terrane offset by 480 km. Twenty‐six sandstone and schist conglomerate clasts from the Maruia Basin Rappahannock Group were analyzed for major elements and 18 trace elements by X‐ray fluorescence and compared to similar analyses from potential regional source areas. Significant source terranes, the Caples Group and the Torlesse terrane were identified, both located southeast of the fault. Dextral movement on the fault provided a conveyor belt of material to the Maruia Basin, first supplying (at ∼11.5 Ma) Caples sandstone, then Caples schist followed by Torlesse schist (from ∼9.5 Ma), which translates to an average Neogene movement rate of 36–37 mm yr−1. The increase in metamorphic grade reflects accelerated exhumation of source rocks as they passed through a restraining bend adjacent to the Maruia Basin and from later regional uplift from a change in the Australian Pacific plate motion vector and more transpressive movement from ∼5 Ma. This robust method of geochemical fingerprinting could be readily applied to determining movement history of transpressive faults of other regions.
The Influence Of Hydrodynamics On The Spread Of Pollutants And Sedimentation In The Confluence Of Two Rivers

Water pollution is a topic that is often discussed in international forums, because water is vital for the survival of human beings and other living beings. As happened in 1996 where the rivers that flow through Surabaya river contaminated by heavy metals, characterized by high levels of Hg (mercury) and Pb (lead) in breast milk (ASI) and in the blood of residents living in the coastal area. This has resulted in 63% of children living near the Kali Brantas River suffering from cancer and 80% of children in coastal Kenjeran experience Slow Learner Symptoms (symptoms of idiots). These harmful pollutants come from industrial, agricultural and household waste (Arisandi, 2004). The importance of maintaining water quality and reducing the impact of sedimentation become the background of this research. This research is focused on calculation of the influence of hydrodynamic factors on the spreading of pollutants and sedimentation at the confluence of two rivers using Alternating Direct Implicit (ADI) methode. The results of this research are expected to assist the authorities concerned in maintaining the water quality along the stream of Kali Brantas river and to encourage the publics to keep the water clean and consumeable, and also to reduce the occurrence of shallowing river.
The eastern termination of the Zagros Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt, Iran: Structures, evolution, and relationships between salt plugs, folding, and faulting

The Zagros Mountains result from the ongoing collision between the Arabian and central Iran plates. The main features of the eastern Zagros are (1) numerous emerged or buried salt diapirs, made up of Late Precambrian Hormuz salt and (2) the irregular along‐strike shape of the collision‐related detachment folds with frequent bending. To understand this layout, four geological cross sections have been constructed from the Persian Gulf foreland basin to the inner part of the Zagros Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt. Shortening in the deformed parts of the sections is less than 10% and is mainly accommodated by detachment folding. We show that late Cenozoic folding occurred in a region that was already punctuated by salt domes and diapirs. In fact, almost continuous halokinesis developed since the earlier Paleozoic, i.e., just short time after the deposition of the Hormuz salt, and continued up to the Present. These preexisting salt structures and their relevant local thickening strongly influenced both the localization and the direction of folds.
The impact of soil moisture availability on forest growth indices for variably layered coarse‐textured soils

The reestablishment of productive forests over mining waste and overburden is a primary reclamation goal in oil sands mining in Northern Alberta, Canada. Soil water conditions in coarse‐textured soils can be limiting to forest growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect that textural variability may have on plant‐available water and concomitant forest productivity on coarse‐textured reclamation soils. The ecophysiological and biogeochemical processes model, Biome‐BGC (Thornton et al., Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 113: 185–222, 2002), was employed to simulate forest dynamics. The water flow sub‐model in Biome‐BGC was replaced by a field‐validated physically based formulation for transient unsaturated water flow. The modified model was assessed using validated physiological parameters, and model predictions were compared with measurements of aboveground biomass dynamics for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb), white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss], and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The modified Biome‐BGC model was then used to evaluate the response of leaf area index and net primary production to available water holding capacity on texturally variable, coarse‐textured soils. The results indicate that textural variability could increase the available water holding capacity within a 1‐m profile of coarse‐textured soil by 8 to 16 mm. This enhanced available water holding capacity could increase forest leaf area index by 0·3 to 0·8 and net primary production by 14–30% depending on the specific soil texture and tree species. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trilobites del Cámbrico tardío-Ordovícico temprano del área de Alfarcito, Tilcara, Cordillera Oriental de Jujuy, Argentina

Resumen. Los trilobites del area de Alfarcito (Tilcara, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina) estan representados principalmente por olenidos, kainelidos, agnostidos, ceratopigidos, hapalopleuridos y calimenidos. Se describen por primera vez los agnostidos de esta region y, sobre la base del buen estado de preservacion del material, se discuten algunos aspectos de la morfologia de los trilobites polimeros. Los registros de Parabolinafrequens argentina (Kayser), Parabolinella y Onychopyge indican una edad cambrica tardia (parte inferior de la biozona eponima) para la Formacion Casa Colorada. Aunque la Formacion Alfarcito resulto esteril en trilobites, las faunas de conodontes y graptolitos permitieron datar su tramo superior al Tremadociano tardio bajo. Una edad similar es asignada a los estratos suprayacentes de la Formacion Rupasca, en los que se destacan los registros de Bienvilliatetragonalis (Harrington), Leptoplastidesmarianus (Hoek), Parabolinellaargentinensis Kobayashi, Peltocarenorvegicum (Moberg y Moller), Pseudokainellakeideli Harrington, Pharostominatrapezoidalis (Harrington), Hapalopleura sp. , Apatokephalus sp. , Gymnagnostus n. sp. A y Geragnostus sp. La fauna estudiada pertenece a la Provincia Paleobiogeografica Baltica, ya que la mayoria de los taxones representados muestran una fuerte afinidad con generos europeos (e.g., Parabolina, Peltocare), junto con algunas formas endemicas sudamericanas (e.g., Hapalopleura). Abstract. LATE CAMBRIAN - EARLY ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES FROM THE ALFARCITOAREA, TILCARA, ORIENTAL CORDILLERA, JUJUY, ARGENTINA.The trilobites of the Alfarcito area (Tilcara, Jujuy Province, Argentina) are mainly represented by olenids, kainellids, agnostoids, ceratopygids, hapalopleurids and calymenids. The agnostoids from this region are described for the first time. In addition, some morphological aspects of the polymerid trilobites are discussed on the basis of the good state of preservation of the material. The records of Parabolinafrequensargentina (Kayser), Parabolinella and Onychopyge indicate a Late Cambrian age (lower part of the eponymous biozone) for the Casa Colorada Formation. Although the Alfarcito Formation has no trilobites, its conodont and graptolite faunas have enabled us to date the upper part of the unit as early Late Tremadoc. A similar age is assigned to the overlying strata of the Rupasca Formation, in which Bienvilliatetragonalis (Harrington), Leptoplastidesmarianus (Hoek), Parabolinellaargentinensis Kobayashi, Peltocarenorvegicum (Moberg and Moller), Pseudokainellakeideli Harrington, Pharostominatrapezoidalis (Harrington), Hapalopleura sp. , Apatokephalus sp. , Gymnagnostus n. sp. A and Geragnostus sp. are recorded. Although the faunas studied contain some endemic forms (e.g., Hapalopleura), they show strong affinities with those from Europe (e.g., Parabolina, Peltocare) and are therefore assigned to the Baltic Province.
Strategic Behaviour in a Capacity Market? The New Irish Electricity Market Design

The transition to a low-carbon power system requires growing the share of generation from (intermittent) renewables while ensuring security of supply. Policymakers and economists increasingly see a capacity mechanism as a way to deal with this challenge. Yet this raises new concerns about the exercise of market power by large players via the capacity auction. We present a new modelling approach that captures such strategic behaviour together with a set of ex ante empirical estimates for the new Irish electricity market design (I-SEM)—in which a single firm controls 44% of generation capacity (excluding wind). We find significant costs of strategic behaviour, even with new entry: In our baseline scenarios, procurement costs in the capacity auction are around 150-400 million EUR (or 40-100%) above the competitive least-cost solution. From a policy perspective, we also examine how market power can be measured and mitigated through auction design.
Non-central sections of the $l_1$-ball

We determine the maximal non-central hyperplane sections of the n-dimensional $l_1$-ball if the fixed distance of the hyperplane to the origin is between $1 / \sqrt 3$ and $1 / \sqrt 2$. This adds to a result of Liu and Tkocz who considered the distance range between $1 / \sqrt 2$ and 1. For $n>3$, the maximal sections are parallel to the $(n-1)$-dimensional coordinate planes. We also study non-central sections of the complex $l_1^2$- and $l_\infty^2$-balls, where the formulas are more complicated than in the real case. Also, the extrema are partially different than in the real case.