Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limited Liability Non-Bank Government Debt for the Euro Zone

The European sovereign debt crisis has triggered debate between self-styled ‘fiscal federalists’ – urging loans and transfers amongst Euro area member states to support adjustment of unsustainable deficits – and ‘fiscal hawks’ – proposing stronger and more rigorously enforced central rules on debts and deficits. This paper argues that it will be much better to accept stronger market disciplines on fiscal policy, avoiding an unnecessary loss of national sovereignty that could ultimately lead to the break up the single currency. Concrete proposals are made, including a form of limited liability ensuring that unsustainable government debt is restructured in an orderly and predictable manner.
The Braiding Histories Story

BRAIDING HISTORIES: Learning From the Life Stories of First Nations People is the title of a writing project that we have been working on for the past eight years. Michael and I are brother and sister. We are (re)telling the stories of our ancestors in response to the need for ‘tellings’ that will disrupt the taken for granted way of knowing about First Nations people that we see produced and reproduced in educational sites. Michael and I are of mixed Aboriginal (Leni Lenape/Potawatami) and non-Aboriginal (Irish/French) ancestry. We are (re)telling the stories of our ancestors while conscious of our pedagogical and political responsibilities. Through our (re)tellings we hope to contribute to an alternative way of knowing about First Nations people and the relationship between First Nations people and Canadians, a way of knowing that will engage our readers in a rethinking of their current understanding.
Understanding Global Health Policy

Global health policy comprises the goals, rules, and actions that address or have an impact on the health challenges and priorities that transcend individual countries and regions. This introductory chapter outlines some of the major events, contexts, processes, and actors (the people and organizations) that have contributed to what is a fluid and fast changing global health policy environment. The chapter charts the transformation of global health policy over the twientieth century, including the changing role of the state and traditional multilateral institutions, along with the rise and increasing power of new global health actors. Drawing on the examples of the GAVI Alliance and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the authors discuss how non-state actors and new forms of global partnerships have become increasingly important players alongside states and traditional multilateral agencies in global health policy processes. Case studies are used to outline key concepts and foundational theories for understanding policy-making and policy implementation. The case study on nutrition and obesity illustrates a failure to tackle vested food industry interests, preventing a coherent and coordinated global health policy response. New global partnerships involving non-state actors, global efforts to strengthen health systems, and global agreement on an international code of practice on health worker recruitment illustrate diverse policy processes, solutions, and instruments. Common to most global health policy issues is the political nature of policy-making, where recognition of actors’ interests, power, and ability to mobilize resources are central. The chapter concludes with pointers for policy practitioners, researchers, and students when conducting health policy analyses. Analysts may be actors in policy processes and need to consider how their own institutional positions, resources, and values may influence their analyses.
Holiday Trading in Futures Markets

In this paper, the authors find significantly higher preholiday returns in futures contracts compared to nonholiday returns. The findings are consistent with the inventory adjustment hypothesis, since higher preholiday returns associated with lower trading volume are most pronounced for exchange-closed holidays. There is evidence of positive postholiday returns associated with higher trading volume for exchange-open holidays. This is consistent with positive holiday sentiments. The holiday effect is uniquely independent: the magnitude of excess holiday returns is the largest among all seasonal variations. Copyright 1994 by American Finance Association.
The factor content of U.S. foreign trade and the heckscher-ohlin theory

Analysis of the total factor requirements of U.S. foreign trade for 64 industries based on the Leontief-type method suggests the presence of factor intensity reversal for each year of the 1958-1981 period when all industries are included in factor-content calculations. The omission of natural resources from the calculations, however, leads to the complete elimination of the Leontief paradox in each year. The same conclusion is reached when the factor requirements of net exports are compared to consumption based on the generalization of the Heckscher-Ohlin model to the many-commodity case.
Vitamin D receptor binding to the negative human parathyroid hormone vitamin D response element does not require the retinoid x receptor.

An important physiological control of PTH gene expression is its transcriptional repression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)]. The mechanism of this 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated transcriptional repression is poorly understood. Previous investigations have identified a DNA sequence in the 5'-regulatory region of the human PTH (hPTH) gene that binds the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and mediates transcription repression in response to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in GH4CI cells. The hPTH gene sequence does not mediate transcriptional repression in ROS 17/2.8 cells, even though up-regulatory vitamin D response elements (VDREs) are active in these cells. The hPTH DNA sequence differs from the upregulatory VDREs in that it contains a single copy of a hexameric motif (AGGUC) homologous to those repeated in the up-regulatory VDREs. The protein-DNA interactions of this sequence were examined using nuclear extracts from bovine parathyroid, GH4CI, and ROS 17/2.8 cells. In bovine parathyroid nuclear extracts, the VDR binds the down-regulatory hPTH DNA sequence independently of the retinoid X receptor (RXR). In GH4C1 nuclear extracts, two VDR-containing complexes are observed: one lacking RXR and one containing RXR. In ROS 17/2.8 nuclear extracts, a single VDRdependent complex containing RXR is observed. When the up-regulatory rat osteocalcin VDRE is used as a probe, only VDR-RXR-containing complexes are generated using nuclear extracts from all three cell types. These results demonstrate that the sequence that mediates transcriptional repression in response to 1 ,25-(OH)(2)D(3) differs from the up-regulatory response elements both in sequence composition and in its ability to bind VDR independently of RXR.
The EU Conciliation Committee

Since the introduction of the co-decision legislative procedure, the EU has had the possibility to resort to a Conciliation Committee made up of representatives from the European Parliament and the Council to reconcile differences between the two bodies. This article assesses whether the members of this committee have an incentive to take advantage of their ability to present take-it-or-leave-it offers to their parent bodies by examining whether they are representative of their full body and/or whether they represent other interests inside or outside their legislative body. It concludes that the EU Conciliation Committee is generally representative of its parent bodies and that the option to go to conciliation is not a risky tool for them to reach agreement.
A 30GHz linear-to-circular polarization conversion using two-layer FSS

This paper suggests a two-layer linear-to-circular polarizer based on frequency selective surface (FSS) in millimeter-wave applications. The polarizer is able to decompose the incident linear polarization wave into two components of approximately equal amplitude with a phase difference of 90°, resulting in a transmitted circularly polarized wave in a frequency band from 28GHz to 33GHz. The simulated results show that the proposed polarizer is approximately less sensitive under oblique incident angles.
Industrial strength software - effective management using measurement

Will reading habit influence your life? Many say yes. Reading industrial strength software effective management using measurement is a good habit; you can develop this habit to be such interesting way. Yeah, reading habit will not only make you have any favourite activity. It will be one of guidance of your life. When reading has become a habit, you will not make it as disturbing activities or as boring activity. You can gain many benefits and importances of reading.
Mammalian achaete–scute and atonal homologs regulate neuronal versus glial fate determination in the central nervous system

Whereas vertebrate achaete–scute complex (as‐c) and atonal (ato) homologs are required for neurogenesis, their neuronal determination activities in the central nervous system (CNS) are not yet supported by loss‐of‐function studies, probably because of genetic redundancy. Here, to address this problem, we generated mice double mutant for the as‐c homolog Mash1 and the ato homolog Math3. Whereas in Mash1 or Math3 single mutants neurogenesis is only weakly affected, in the double mutants tectal neurons, two longitudinal columns of hindbrain neurons and retinal bipolar cells were missing and, instead, those cells that normally differentiate into neurons adopted the glial fate. These results indicated that Mash1 and Math3 direct neuronal versus glial fate determination in the CNS and raised the possibility that downregulation of these bHLH genes is one of the mechanisms to initiate gliogenesis.
Migration and Development: Focus on Turkey

During March 29-31 2001 the 9th Migration Dialogue seminar was held in Istanbul Turkey. It provided an opportunity for 40-45 opinion leaders to discuss the major immigration and integration issues facing emigration transit and immigration countries. It is noted that in the 60s the Turkish government began to export surplus labor in the hopes that sending workers abroad from less-developed parts of the country would hasten the country’s process of modernization and ultimately its full membership into the European Union (EU). However none of these expectations have been realized which has led to widespread frustration with migration’s actual effects in Turkey. This report summarizes the issues discussed at the conference. These issues include: a comparison of the role of migration in the efforts of Turkey and Mexico to integrate with larger economies; an overview of Turkeys current economy and labor market; and a history of its migration policies and relationship with the EU. The report also includes a brief look at migration and development issues within Turkey as well as its own policies towards immigrants and asylum-seekers from other countries.
Neural Mechanism of Propofol Anesthesia in Severe Depression: A Positron Emission Tomographic Study

Background The precise neural mechanisms of propofol anesthesia in humans are still unknown. The authors examined the acute effects of propofol on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using positron emission tomography in patients with severe depression. Methods In six severely depressed patients (mean age, 55.0 yr) scheduled for electroconvulsive therapy, anesthetic levels were monitored by electroencephalography, and rCBF was serially quantified in the awake, sedated, and anesthetized states. The authors used high-resolution positron emission tomography with 15O-labeled water and statistical parametric mapping 99 for imaging and analysis of the data. Results Global cerebral blood flow showed sharp decreases from the awake level during the administration of propofol, decreasing 26.8% in the sedated state and 54.4% in the anesthetized state. Moreover, a dose effect was seen in both parietal cortices and the left lateral prefrontal region with larger regions of relative decrease in rCBF at higher propofol doses. At the higher dose, the values of rCBF in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, the pontine tegmentum, and the cerebellar cortex were also affected. Meanwhile, there were few changes of relative rCBF in the basal frontal lobes during both sedated and anesthetized states. Conclusions As in earlier studies using normal subjects, pronounced suppression in rCBF in the brain stem reticular formation, the thalamus, and the parietal association cortex occurred even in severely depressed patients. However, previously reported decreases in rCBF in the basal frontal lobe were absent in depressed patients.
Vertebroplasty, first 1000 levels of a single center: evaluation of the outcomes and complications.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) vertebroplasty has become a common procedure for treatment of pain and disability associated with vertebral compression fractures. We reviewed the experience with our first 1000 consecutively treated vertebral compression fractures in an attempt to demonstrate both the short- and long-term safety and efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first 1000 compression fractures treated by vertebroplasty at our institution were identified from a comprehensive prospectively acquired vertebroplasty data base. All patients treated with vertebroplasty were included, regardless of the underlying pathologic cause. Chart reviews of the procedure notes, imaging studies, clinical visits, and follow-up telephone interviews were performed for each patient. Evaluation at each follow-up time point included pain response (subjective and visual analog pain score), change in mobility, change in pain medication usage, and modified Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed on the pain response and change in the Roland-Morris score at each follow-up time point. Significant procedure-related complications that occurred from the time of the procedure were also specifically extracted from the patients' charts. RESULTS There was a dramatic improvement in all the evaluated parameters following percutaneous vertebroplasty. The improvement in pain, mobility, medication usage, and Roland-Morris score was noticed immediately after the procedure and persisted through the 2-year follow-up. There was a low rate of complications from the procedure, the most common being rib fractures. CONCLUSION According to our results, practitioners can quote a high success rate and low complication rate for vertebroplasty when making treatment recommendations for painful spinal compression fractures.
The Demand for and Return to Education When Education Outcomes are Uncertain

This article treats education as a sequential choice that is made under uncertainty. A simple model is used to explore the effects of ability, high school preparation, preferences for schooling, the borrowing rate, and ex post payoffs to college on the probability of various post-secondary college outcomes and the ex ante return to starting college. The model motivates an empirical method of accounting for uncertainty about educational outcomes and for nonlinearity in the relationship between years of education and earnings when estimating the expected return to the first year of college.
NSI‐189, a small molecule with neurogenic properties, exerts behavioral, and neurostructural benefits in stroke rats

Enhancing neurogenesis may be a powerful stroke therapy. Here, we tested in a rat model of ischemic stroke the beneficial effects of NSI‐189, an orally active, new molecular entity (mol. wt. 366) with enhanced neurogenic activity, and indicated as an anti‐depressant drug in a clinical trial (Fava et al., , Molecular Psychiatry, DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.178) and being tested in a Phase 2 efficacy trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, , ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02695472) for treatment of major depression. Oral administration of NSI‐189 in adult Sprague–Dawley rats starting at 6 hr after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and daily thereafter over the next 12 weeks resulted in significant amelioration of stroke‐induced motor and neurological deficits, which was maintained up to 24 weeks post‐stroke. Histopathological assessment of stroke brains from NSI‐189‐treated animals revealed significant increments in neurite outgrowth as evidenced by MAP2 immunoreactivity that was prominently detected in the hippocampus and partially in the cortex. These results suggest NSI‐189 actively stimulated remodeling of the stroke brain. Parallel in vitro studies further probed this remodeling process and demonstrated that oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) initiated typical cell death processes, which were reversed by NSI‐189 treatment characterized by significant attenuation of OGD/R‐mediated hippocampal cell death and increased Ki67 and MAP2 expression, coupled with upregulation of neurogenic factors such as BDNF and SCF. These findings support the use of oral NSI‐189 as a therapeutic agent well beyond the initial 6‐hr time window to accelerate and enhance the overall functional improvement in the initial 6 months post stroke.
Treatment Outcomes of Injection Laryngoplasty Using Cross-Linked Porcine Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid

Objective To investigate the treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of injection laryngoplasty (IL) using cross-linked porcine collagen (PC) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting A tertiary teaching hospital. Subjects and Methods This study reviewed 60 consecutive patients with UVFP who underwent IL with PC (n = 33) or HA (n = 27). Objective evaluations included maximal phonation time (MPT) and 10-item voice handicap index (VHI-10). Kaplan-Meier method was applied to evaluate the subjective treatment outcomes according to the patients’ self-assessment of symptom recurrence via chart review for the follow-up period of 15 months. Log-rank tests were applied to evaluate the association between clinical factors and subjective treatment outcomes. Results Objective outcome measurements revealed significantly improved MPT and VHI-10 at 1, 3, and 6 months posttreatment, with nonsignificant differences between the PC and HA groups. Subjective treatment outcomes also revealed a nonsignificant difference between the 2 groups. The median symptom-free durations were 10.9 and 14.4 months for the PC and HA groups, respectively. Subsequent analyses failed to identify prognostic significance of sex, time to treatment, etiology, side, injection approaches, and the presence of aspiration. No significant adverse effects occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusion This study demonstrated comparable subjective and objective improvements following IL using PC or HA in patients with UVFP. No significant prognostic factor of IL was discovered in the present research. Porcine collagen and HA as medium duration materials might play a role in the future of IL.
Vaccine Misconceptions and Low HPV Vaccination Take-up Rates in Singapore.

BACKGROUND HPV vaccination in Singapore is voluntary and physician prescription-based. This study investigated the current status and intention for HPV vaccination among Singapore nurses. MATERIALS AND METHODS All female nurses in a general hospital were given an anonymous questionnaire on HPV vaccination experience and intention of vaccinating their daughters. The influence of age, knowledge and perceived-risk of cervical cancer, and cultural background on mother's intention of vaccinating their daughters was analyzed. RESULTS Of 2,000 nurses, 1,622 (81.1%) responded and analysis was performed on 1,611 with valid data. They showed good awareness on association of cervical cancer with multiple sexual partners (81.9%), history of sexually transmissible diseases (78.2%), and history of genital warts/HPV infection (73.5%), and on cervical cancer preventive effects of HPV vaccination (54.6%). The prevailing misconceptions of the vaccines were: investigational nature (38.9%), side effects (27.9%) and indicated for women at high risk for cervical cancer (20.5%). CONCLUSIONS Misconceptions on the nature, role and safety of HPV vaccines low vaccine up-take rates and daughters. Dissemination of adequate and accurate HPV vaccine information and a review for school-based vaccination are needed for optimal delivery of HPV vaccines in Singapore.
The Adoption of Internet Commerce by SMEs in the South of Italy: An Environmental, Technological and Organizational Perspective

Abstract This study is an investigation of the environmental, organizational and technological drivers of Internet commerce adoption and implementation in small businesses. To conduct the study, the Tornatsky and Fleischer model was adopted and tested in seven small businesses located in Southern Italy. The main contribution of the study lies in the fact that it shows that the environmental context has a key role in the adoption and implementation of e-commerce in SMEs. This is over and above factors related to technology characteristics (e.g. benefits and barriers) and organizational characteristics (e.g. slack resources) that have been extensively investigated elsewhere. Environmental factors of special importance are government intervention, public administration and external pressure from competitors, suppliers and buyers.
The Non-mevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Precursor Biosynthesis*

The recently discovered non-mevalonate biosynthetic route to isoprenoid precursors is an essential metabolic pathway in plants, apicomplexan parasites, and many species of bacteria. The pathway relies on eight enzymes exploiting different cofactors and metal ions. Structural and mechanistic data now exist for most components of the pathway though there remain some gaps in our knowledge. The individual enzymes represent new, validated targets for broad spectrum antimicrobial drug and herbicide development. Detailed knowledge of the pathway may also be exploited to genetically modify microorganisms and plants to produce compounds of agricultural and medical interest.
State-Level Centralization and Policy Innovation in U.S. Postsecondary Education

This article examines the emergence of innovative policies in public postsecondary education systems. The findings, based on an analysis of recent data, suggest that states' postsecondary governance structures have influences on innovation that are independent of the other social, educational, and economic factors included in the model. For example, states with relatively centralized governance arrangements were found to be more likely than other states to impose mandatory student assessment. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.