Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimistic Peripheral Devices Performance by Virtual Regionalized Network-on-Chip

The multi-core has become inevitable and on-chip communications network to replace the traditional structure of the shared bus architecture has become the trend of the computer science development. Obverse that a general router in mesh NoC have four access interfaces, at the border of the chip does not take full advantage of these interfaces, that is say, only router in middle of chip fully utilized. Hence, we have the main peripheral controllers are directly connected to the router of these unutilized interfaces, means border unutilized routing interface. Then the paper proposes an architecture that the NoC mesh network is divided into several virtual regions which take advantage of applications characteristics to adapt the IO external communication requirements and of the applications self internal communication patterns. Suit for parallel programming model, high I/O demanding system and utilize the existing hardware resources, our scheme is promising.
Correlating models and silicon for improved parametric yield

This paper discusses one of the key challenges of design-for-yield: namely, the difficulty in correlating observed behavior with modeled behavior. In order to achieve good parametric yield, the design process must account for a large number of sources of variability in the silicon, ranging from those inherent in the device and wire models themselves through approximations made in library modeling, extraction, tool algorithms and so on. The problem is further complicated by defects and systematic errors that can be present in early silicon but are expected to be fixed as part of the volume ramp. In addition, environmental factors such as temperature and power delivery must be understood, and variation in the measurement equipment must also be correctly accounted for. Examples are given for validating standard cell and memory based designs as well as a general methodology that can be used to enable chip bring-up.
REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

A study has been made of the time variations in the susceptibility of albino mice to experimental infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Susceptibility to infection was determined by two criteria: (a) mortality rates following intravenous injection of a known infective dose; (b) numbers of bacterial colonies that could be recovered from the tissues of the infected animals at various times after infection. When measured in terms of either one of these two criteria, susceptibility was consistently modified by temporary deprivation of food, and by various changes in the composition of the diet. Increase in susceptibility to infection could be detected within a few hours to a few days depending upon the nature and intensity of the nutritional disturbance imposed upon the animal. Under the proper conditions, return to a normal state of resistance could also occur within a very short time. There was commonly observed an explosive bacterial multiplication in mice receiving the infective dose shortly after being subjected to nutritional disturbances. In the case of infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, however, this phase of increased susceptibility was often followed a few hours later by one during which the numbers of living bacteria that could be recovered from the various organs fell to a very low level. Many of the animals which had exhibited severe but transient bacteriemia recovered rapidly and survived the infection. Mice rendered more susceptible to infection by being fed deficient diets progressively recovered their normal resistance while being kept on the same inadequate regimens. This adaptation occurred even though the weight of the animals on these regimens remained much lower than the weight of the animals fed a complete diet ad lib. The weight of the animal at the time of infection appeared to have little bearing on susceptibility. However, susceptibility consistently increased during the periods while the animals were losing weight—whatever the cause of the weight loss. The facts disclosed in the present study, as well as findings reported by other investigators, make clear that profound changes in susceptibility to infection can be brought about by varied non-specific procedures. These changes can occur within very short periods of time and are often rapidly reversible.
Genetic Basis of Hypersusceptibility to Protease Inhibitors and Low Replicative Capacity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains in Primary Infection

ABSTRACT The initial virus strains from as many as 12% of individuals with primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have a 50% inhibitory concentration ≤0.4-fold that of HIV type 1NL4-3 (HIV-1NL4-3) to ritonavir (hypersusceptibility [HS]). There is also substantial variation in replicative capacity (RC) or an in vitro assay of the contributions of protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase to viral fitness. In chronically infected antiretrovirally treated patients, amprenavir HS has been associated with the mutation N88S in PR, but this mutation is not seen in untreated patients. In this study, virus strains from 182 cases of primary HIV infection were analyzed, and a highly significant association between HS and low RC (≤10% that of HIV-1NL4-3) was observed (P < 10−6). Multivariate analysis was used to determine the genotypic basis of ritonavir HS, analyzing all polymorphic amino acid sites and insertions from p7gag through PR. Decision tree models developed on the entire Gag-plus-PR data set and on PR alone gave overall correct classifications of 73 and 72%, respectively, on cross-validation. They were also able to predict low RC, with sensitivities of 69 and 62% and specificities of 84 and 70%, respectively. The analysis shows that ritonavir HS in untreated primary HIV infection is not associated with single mutations but with combinations of amino acids at polymorphic sites and that the same genotypes which confer HS to PR inhibitors confer low RC. This supports the view that variation in PR function is directly responsible for variation in fitness among strains in primary infection.
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts: Practitioners' beliefs about deception

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of research on beliefs about deception – especially practitioners' beliefs. Specifically, we will outline which beliefs on deception professionals hold and compare these with what is known about actual (objective) differences between liars and truth-tellers. Then we will discuss how these beliefs have arisen, why they survive, how they spread, and to what they might lead. Finally, we will suggest how one might come to terms with misconceptions and false beliefs. In the present chapter we define belief as a (strong or weak) feeling or conviction that something is true or real. The beliefs that a person holds, irrespective of whether these are correct or not, are often reflected in his or her behavioural disposition (Eichenbaum and Bodkin, 2000). Since beliefs often guide action, it is important to study people's beliefs about deception in order to learn more about why people fail and succeed in their endeavour to catch lies. In the deception literature, there are an abundance of studies on deception detection accuracy. Many studies report low accuracy in human lie detection (Kraut, 1980; Vrij, 2000). The most commonly given reason for the low accuracy is that there is a mismatch between what actually is indicative of deception and what people believe is indicative of deception (Vrij, 2000). Beliefs about deception How does one find out people's beliefs about deception?
Design and evaluation of load control in Web server systems

Nonlinear discrete-time modeling of a Web server system is investigated. Server systems typically contain nonlinearities such as saturations and bounded queue lengths. The incoming traffic and service rates are best modeled by stochastic processes, well described and analyzed by queuing theory. Here, we develop and validate a control theoretic model of a general single server queue, a so-called G/G/1-system. Based on the nonlinear system model, design of admission controllers are presented and the closed loop stability is analyzed. The behavior of the server model is verified with respect to queue theoretic models. Finally, experimental evaluation is performed on an Apache Web server in a laboratory network. A traffic generator is used to represent client requests. The control of the Apache server has been re-written to implement our algorithms. We show that the control theoretic model aligns well with the experiments on the Web-server. Measurements in the laboratory setup show the robustness of the implemented controller, and how it corresponds to the results from the theoretical analysis and the simulations.
From Intracellular Signaling to Population Oscillations: Bridging Scales in Collective Behavior

Collective behavior in cellular populations is coordinated by biochemical signaling networks within individual cells. Connecting the dynamics of these intracellular networks to the population phenomena they control poses a considerable challenge because of network complexity and our limited knowledge of kinetic parameters. However, from physical systems we know that behavioral changes in the individual constituents of a collectively-behaving system occur in a limited number of well-defined classes, and these can be described using simple models. Here we apply such an approach to the emergence of collective oscillations in cellular populations of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Through direct tests of our model with quantitative in vivo measurements of single-cell and population signaling dynamics, we show how a simple model can effectively describe a complex molecular signaling network and its effects at multiple size and temporal scales. The model predicts novel noise-driven single-cell and population-level signaling phenomena that we then experimentally observe. Our results suggest that like physical systems, collective behavior in biology may be universal and described using simple mathematical models.
Type III and spectral triples

We explain how a simple twisting of the notion of spectral triple allows to incorporate type III examples, such as those arising from the transverse geometry of codimension one foliations. Since the twisting of the commutators turns the usual hypertrace constructed out of the Dixmier trace into a twisted trace on the coordinate algebra, one would be tempted to interpret that as a manifestation of twisting at the level of cyclic cohomology, akin to that introduced by the authors in the context of Hopf cyclic cohomology. The main point of this note, besides giving simple natural examples of the general notion and developing the first basic steps of the theory, is to show that contrary to the initial expectations no cohomological twisting is in fact required. The Chern character of finitely summable spectral triples extends to the twisted case, and lands in fact in ordinary (untwisted) cyclic cohomology. The same holds true for the local Hochschild character. The index pairing with ordinary (untwisted) K-theory continues to make sense and the index formula is still given by the pairing of the corresponding Chern characters. This opens the road to extending the local index formula, as well as the analogue of the hypoelliptic construction on the dual system together with the corresponding Thom isomorphism, to the context of twisted spectral triples of type III.
The Globe Distribution Network

The goal of the Globe project is to design and build a middleware platform that facilitates the development of large-scale distributed applications, such as those found on the Internet. To demonstrate the feasibility of our design and to test our ideas, we are currently building a new Internet application: The Globe Distribution Network. The Globe Distribution Network, or GDN, is an application for the efficient, worldwide distribution of free software and other free data. The GDN can be seen as an improvement to anonymous FTP and the World Wide Web due to its flexibility and extensive support for replication. This paper describes the design of the GDN. We start by explaining how the replication facilities of the Globe middleware are used to make the GDN efficient, and how these facilities are implemented. Next, we present the architecture of the GDN and discuss how the Domain Name System can be used as a first approach towards a worldwide service for naming software packages and other entities. This is followed by an analysis of the security requirements for the GDN and measures taken to satisfy these requirements. We hope to make Globe and GDN itself available for free under the BSD license by 2001.
Nonlinear Diffusive Shock Acceleration with Magnetic Field Amplification

We introduce a Monte Carlo model of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration that allows for the generation of large-amplitude magnetic turbulence, i.e., ΔB ≫ B0, where B0 is the ambient magnetic field. The model is the first to include strong wave generation, efficient particle acceleration to relativistic energies in nonrelativistic shocks, and thermal particle injection in an internally self-consistent manner. We find that the upstream magnetic field B0 can be amplified by large factors and show that this amplification depends strongly on the ambient Alfvén Mach number. We also show that, in the nonlinear model, large increases in B do not necessarily translate into a large increase in the maximum particle momentum a particular shock can produce, a consequence of high-momentum particles diffusing in the shock precursor where the large amplified field converges to the low ambient value. To deal with the field growth rate in the regime of strong fluctuations, we extend to strong turbulence a parameterization that is consistent with the resonant quasi-linear growth rate in the weak turbulence limit. We believe our parameterization spans the maximum and minimum range of the fluctuation growth, and within these limits we show that the nonlinear shock structure, acceleration efficiency, and thermal particle injection rates depend strongly on the yet to be determined details of wave growth in strongly turbulent fields. The most direct application of our results will be to estimate magnetic fields amplified by strong cosmic-ray modified shocks in supernova remnants.
Children of immigrants in central Athens at the turn of the 21st century : a study of inferiorisation, ethnicised conflict, criminalisation, and substance misuse

This study examines the adaptation pathways followed by the children of immigrants who arrived in Greece in the 1990s. Its main objective is to assess these youths' vulnerability to assimilation into the marginalised and deviant segments of the host-society. It draws primarily from a inner-city school-survey, interviews with secondary-school students of immigrant parentage, and young defendants of foreign nationality who were contacted at the Juvenile Court of Athens. The research examines, first, the extent to which immigrant-origin youths experience segregation along 'ethnic' lines, the gravity of ethnicised conflict in inner-city milieus, and the impact of victimisation by violent racism. Second, it explores young newcomers' involvement in violence, delinquency and drug use. Finally, it considers their treatment by the police, and their processing by the youth justice system. The study finds that the most serious forms of ethnicised violence and aggressive racism were related to an initial phase of contact, which was marked by widespread xenophobia and conflict between indigenous and foreign-born youths. Despite the hostile elements of the reception regime, there is no evidence that any sizeable group of immigrant-origin youths has adopted an 'adversarial outlook' which might resist interaction with broader society. By contrast, among the main determinants of immigrant-origin youths' over-involvement in some forms of property and violent offending - as suggested by data from both police records and self-report surveys - are their fast assimilation into the norms of the majority society, and their close and antagonistic interaction with same-age nationals. However, the research findings also suggest that the overrepresentation of foreign-born youth in official crime statistics is also due to the 'targeted' over-policing of delinquents with specific migrant-ethnic background. Overall, the findings indicate areas of concern but paint a rather different picture from that suggested by negative stereotypes. In practice, the risk that immigrant youths will become assimilated into marginalised segments of the host society is effectively limited by both the relatively small extent of migrants' residential segregation in Athens, and the small size of the criminal underworld.
Phthalate esters as peroxisome proliferator carcinogens.

The phthalate ester di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is both a peroxisome proliferator and a hepatic carcinogen. Peroxisome proliferators as a class are hepatocarcinogenic in rodent species. However, none of the peroxisome proliferators tested to date including the phthalate esters and related alcohol and acid analogs have demonstrated mutagenic or DNA-damaging activity in the in vitro Salmonella typhimurium/microsomal or the lymphocyte 3H-thymidine assays. A working hypothesis is proposed that peroxisome proliferation itself initiates neoplastic transformation of hepatic parenchymal cells by increasing intracellular rates of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen production. Evidence which supports such a hypothesis includes increased fatty acid beta-oxidation, elevated H2O2 levels, accumulation of peroxidized lipofuscin, disproportionately small increase in catalase, and elevated peroxisomal uricase activity which accompany peroxisome proliferation in hepatocytes. Direct testing of this hypothesis will provide insight into mechanisms of phthalate ester carcinogenicity and cytotoxicity. ImagesFIGURE 1.
Perception, diagnosis and management of BK polyomavirus replication and disease in paediatric kidney transplant recipients in Europe.

BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy remains a challenge to the success of kidney transplantation, but its impact varies in different transplant programmes. METHODS We investigated current practice through a web-based questionnaire made available by the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN). RESULTS A total of 90 physicians (23% of 391 active members) from 27 countries participated in the study. BKPyV-associated nephropathy is seen in 1-5% of patients annually with treatment success in 30-60%, and graft loss in 10%. Quantitative BKPyV load testing is available to >90% of physicians. Screening is performed in urine alone in 26%, in urine and blood in 37% and in blood alone in 37%. Most physicians (47%) screen at month 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 post-transplant. For patients with baseline renal function and plasma BKPyV loads of 10 000-1 000 000 copies/mL, 50% report performing renal biopsies prior to intervention. Intervention consists of reducing immunosuppression first with mycophenolate (Myc) in 40%, first with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in 29% or with both in 31%. Changing immunosuppressive drugs is considered mainly for biopsy-proven nephropathy consisting of discontinuation of Myc in 75%, and switching from CNI to mTOR inhibitors (52%). Cidofovir, intravenous immunoglobulin G, leflunomide and fluoroquinolones are used in less than one-third of this group. Furthermore, 66% of participants see a need for new antiviral drugs and new immmunosuppressive strategies, and almost 90% are willing to participate in future observational and interventional trials. CONCLUSION This ESPN survey suggests that prompt translation of a positive screening test into reducing immunosuppression could improve outcomes.
MT using RNNs enriched with Universal Dependencies

Sutskever et al. (2014) popularized a simple NN model for machine translation that encodes a sentence of the target language into a vector space with an LSTM, then decodes the vector into a sentence of the target language with another one. This paper explores the effect of replacing the LSTMs with GRUs, and whether augmenting the input word vectors with dependency labels from improves performance. It finds that GRUs optimized for speed substantially outperform LSTMs with the same number of parameters and identical optimization. The dependency information seems to help the GRUs, but less so with the LSTMs, possibly owing to the reduced hidden state size of the LSTMs.
Using Twitter to Predict Voting Behavior

Mike Chrzanowski mc2711@stanford.edu Daniel Levick dlevick@stanford.edu December 14, 2012 Background: An increasing amount of research has emerged in the past few years using social media to either predict the outcomes of elections or, in the case of the United States, to classify users as Democrat or Republican. While predictions based on social media are not representative of the voting population, they have been shown to compete with surveys in accuracy and can be done in real time to provide instantaneous feedback to political events (Tweetminster, 2010). Twitter provides an excellent platform for solving political classification problems. The realtime availability of large amounts of data as well as built-in content sorting mechanisms (e.g., hashtags, retweets, followers) are major advantages over using other forms of social media. If these advantages can be leveraged to predict how Twitter users will vote, this information could be used to predict an election outcome or predict the likely impact of real-time events on voting patterns.
Changes in pain behavior and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn after pulsed radiofrequency current administration to the dorsal root ganglion in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation: laboratory investigation.

OBJECT Herniated discs can induce sciatica by mechanical compression and/or chemical irritation caused by proinflammatory cytokines. Using immunohistochemistry methods in the dorsal horn of a rat model of lumbar disc herniation, the authors investigated the effects of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) current administration to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) on pain-related behavior and activation of microglia, astrocytes, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. METHODS A total of 33 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a sham-operated group (n = 10) or a nucleus pulposus (NP)-exposed group (n = 23). Rats in the NP-exposed group were further subdivided into NP exposed with sham stimulation (NP+sham stimulation, n = 10), NP exposed with PRF (NP+PRF, n = 10), or euthanasia 10 days after NP exposure (n = 3). The DRGs in the NP+PRF rats were exposed to PRF waves (2 Hz) for 120 seconds at 45 V on postoperative Day 10. Rats were tested for mechanical allodynia 10 days after surgery and at 8 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 10 days, 20 days, and 40 days after PRF administration. Immunohistochemical staining of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglia (OX-42), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pERKs) in the spinal dorsal horn was performed at 41 days after PRF administration. RESULTS Starting at 8 hours after PRF administration, mechanical withdrawal thresholds dramatically increased; this response persisted for 40 days (p < 0.05). After PRF administration, immunohistochemical expressions of OX-42 and pERK in the spinal dorsal horn were quantitatively reduced (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Pulsed radiofrequency administration to the DRG reduced mechanical allodynia and downregulated microglia activity and pERK expression in the spinal dorsal horn of a rat model of lumbar disc herniation.