Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Atomic Carbon in the Orion Giant Molecular Cloud 1

The large-scale distribution of the C I (3P1-3P0, 492 GHz) emission line from Orion A and B giant molecular clouds has been imaged with the Mount Fuji submillimeter-wave telescope. The total area observed is about 15 deg2. The overall spatial and velocity structure of the C I line is found to be similar to that of the 13CO (J = 1-0) line. The derived column density ratio N(C I)/N(CO) shows a large variation ranging from 0.2 to 2.9 toward the cloud edges, whereas it is relatively constant between 0.1 and 0.2 toward the interior region of the entire Orion clouds in both massive star-forming and dark cloud regions. This almost constant ratio suggests that C I can coexist with CO even in the deep inside of the molecular cloud.
The theory of the Voigt effect in ferromagnetic materials

Linear magnetic birefringence in ferromagnetic thin films in the Voigt configuration leads to intensity modulation of the transmitted radiation during hard-axis switching. Errors in the classical theory proposed by Lissberger and Parker (1971) are corrected, and the revised theory is used to calculate the magnitude of this modulation and the magneto-optic parameters Q(=Q1-iQ2) and f(=f1-if2) used in the phenomenological description of this second-order magneto-optic effect. The results are, in general, at variance with previously reported values but are both self-consistent and in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Small Reynolds number nearly isotropic turbulence in a straight duct and a contraction

Measurements have been made of nearly isotropic, low Reynolds number, grid‐generated turbulence. The decay results agree with the predictions for ’’final period’’ isotropic turbulence decay (in time) by the linear approximation of von Karman and Howarth, and Batchelor and Townsend. This agreement occurs in spite of the fact that at the smallest turbulence Reynolds number attained, Rλ≈4, the inertial (triple velocity correlation) term in the double velocity correlation equation is not negligible as assumed in the theoretical estimates. As in experiments of Batchelor and Stewart, the turbulence shows appreciable departure from isotropy, indicated by component energy inequality growth downstream. It is also shown by nonzero velocity skewness, not reported heretofore at small Rλ. Measurement of the effect of a secondary contraction on small Reynolds number turbulence indicates that the contraction has less effect than at larger Reynolds numbers.
A 32-Unit 240-GHz Heterodyne Receiver Array in 65-nm CMOS With Array-Wide Phase Locking

—This paper reports a 32-unit phase-locked dense heterodyne receiver array at f RF = 240 GHz. To synthesize a large receiving aperture without large sidelobe response, this chip has the following two features. The ﬁrst feature is the small size of the heterodyne receiver unit, which is only λ f RF / 4 × λ f RF / 2. It allows for the integration of two interleaved 4 × 4 arrays within a 1.2 mm 2 die area for concurrent steering of two independent beams. Such unit compactness is enabled by the multi-functionality of the receiver structure, which simultane-ously accomplishes local oscillator (LO) generation, inter-unit LO synchronization, input wave coupling, and frequency downconversion. The second feature is the high scalability of the array, which is based on a strongly coupled 2-D LO network. Large array size is realizable simply by tiling more receiver units. With the upscaling of the array, our de-centralized design, contrary to its prior centralized counterparts, offers invariant conversion loss and lower LO phase noise. Meanwhile, the entire LO network is also locked to a 75-MHz reference, facilitating phase-coherent pairing with external sub-terahertz transmitters. A chip prototype using a bulk 65-nm CMOS technology is implemented, with a dc power of 980 mW. Phase locking of the 240-GHz LO is achieved among all 32 units, with a measured phase noise of − 84 dBc/Hz (1-MHz offset). The measured sensitivity (BW = 1 kHz) of a single unit is 58 fW. Compared to previous square-law detector arrays of comparable scale and density, this chip provides phase-sensitive detection with ∼ 4300 × sensitivity improvement.
Electrical thermo-optic tuning of ultrahigh-Q microtoroid resonators

The ability to tune resonant frequency in optical microcavities is an essential feature for many applications. Integration of electrical-based tuning as part of the fabrication process has been a key advantage of planar microresonant devices. Until recently, the combination of these features has not been available in devices that operate in the ultrahigh-Q regime where device quality factors (Q) can exceed 100 million. In this letter, we demonstrate an electrically tunable resonator on a chip with ultrahigh-quality factors. Futhermore, the devices have demonstrated tuning rates in excess of 85 GHz/V2 and are capable of tuning more than 300 GHz.
Is there a news function for an infinite cosmic string

A special form of the Bondi news function can be associated with an infinite static cosmic string. In case of a radiaing isolated system pierced by an infinite cosmic string, the total news function will be composed of two parts — one characterizing the radiation field, the other the string. Some examples are discussed and related to a recently given solution, which was interpreted as an outgoing gravitational wave due to the splitting of an infinite cosmic string.
Effect of scanning rate on the image contrast in confocal microscopy for biological application

In this research, the method how to estimate the image quality for different scanning rate is suggested and experimentally shown with the laboratory-built confocal laser scanning microscope. The confocal microscope is designed for in vivo reflectance imaging of a biological tissue, which uses the refractive index mismatch at the boundaries of a tissue to generate an image without any additional staining process. The two-dimensional scanning mechanism is built up with a polygonal mirror and a galvanometric mirror that can be controlled to operate at a specific speed. To examine the effect of scanning rate on the image contrast, confocal scanning images of a biological specimen are acquired with various scanning rate while the other conditions are kept same. The contrast of confocal microscopic image is transformed into the numeric expression to describe the relation between image contrast and scanning rate quantitatively. Results suggest some useful methodology of how to determine the allowable maximum scanning rate for the specific application of confocal microscopy.
Infrared observations of asteroids from space: The past and future

Abstract— Infrared observations from space have large sensitivity and total instantaneous field of view advantages over ground‐based measurements. The limits to telescope performance from thermal emission from the atmosphere and sky noise are eliminated in space and the instrument can be cooled to temperatures where the photon noise from the zodiacal background provides the fundamental limit to the sensitivity of the system. Furthermore, the entire thermal infrared spectral range is available; the atmospheric is virtually opaque at the wavelengths of molecular absorption bands from water vapor and CO2 to ground‐based observations. Space‐based infrared radiometry from the experiments described in this article supplied the basis for the largest, consistent set of derived diameters and albedos of asteroids. Radiometry over a large spectral range and a large span of phase angles provides essential information of the detailed thermal properties of a body. Infrared measurements resolve the ambiguity of whether a visual observation is of a small highly reflective object or a large dark one. Infrared spectroscopy obtained by the previous space‐based experiments, and the spectral capability of two infrared missions to be flown within the next several years, is a powerful remote sensing tool to assay the mineralogy of a surface. A description is given of what knowledge has been and will be gained from past and future infrared missions on the physical characteristics of asteroids. Why the database derived from previous satellites remains the major source of new radiometric measurements is explained and the benefits to be had from a space‐based infrared spectrometer/photometer dedicated to studying small bodies in the solar system presented.
Analysis of Survival Data from a Randomized Trial with All-or-None Compliance: Estimating the Cost-Effectiveness of a Cancer Screening Program

Abstract Many randomized cancer screening trials involve all-or-none compliance. Some subjects randomized to an offer of screening refuse screening, and some subjects randomized to no offer of screening obtain screening outside the trial. The primary analysis to test whether or not cancer screening reduces cancer mortality is by intent-to-treat. To estimate the cost-effectiveness of screening, it is necessary to adjust for all-or-none compliance. Heretofore, adjustments for all-or-none compliance have been limited to a fixed-time endpoint. Estimating cost-effectiveness as dollars per life year saved requires an extension to the analysis of yearly survival data. In general, this involves modeling both the hazard for death from cancer and death from competing risk. Unconstrained estimates and variances can be written in closed-form notation. For the four yearly breast cancer screens with physical examination and mammography in the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York study, the estimated cost-effective.
Unidentified galactic x-ray sources positioned with the HEAO-1 scanning modulation collimator

Data obtained with the modulation collimator on the HEAO-1 satellite during its first year of operation yield 16 precise (10''--30'') positions of unidentified x-ray sources at low galactic latitude (.beta./sup 0/). Ten of these positions, when combined wth previous positions, yield materially reduced (factors of 2--8) celestial regions of uncertainty. Of the remaining six unidentified source positions, three confirm precise ( or approx. =100.
3D modeling of stellar atmospheres and the impact on the understanding of the reliability of elemental abundances in stars as tracers of galactic chemical evolution

Abstract We present a critical review of the construction of 3D model atmospheres with emphasis on modeling challenges. We discuss the basic physical processes which give rise to the effects which set 3D models apart from 1D standard models. We consider elemental abundances derived from molecular features, and the determination of the microturbulence with 3D models. The examples serve as illustration of the limitations inherent to 1D, however, also to 3D modeling. We find that 3D models can provide constraints on the microturbulence parameter, and predict substantial corrections for abundances derived from molecular species.
Stable low noise 1.5 µm laser generated by a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator

We present a stable low noise continuous wave (CW) single frequency 1.5 µm laser generated by an output-coupled singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) and a home-made CW single frequency Nd:YVO4 laser at 1.064 µm as the pump source. A maximum signal power of 5.3 W can be obtained at a pump power of 16 W. The long-term power stability is better than ±0.9% in a given two hours and the intensity noise reaches the shot noise limit for frequencies above 3 MHz. The signal wavelength can be tuned from 1.560 to 1.592 µm with PPLN temperature controlled from 120 to 180 °C. This kind of laser source can be used in quantum information processing research.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism for quaternion fields

In the context of quaternion valued fields spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism are investigated. In particular, for the potential −(μ2/2)φφ−(λ/4)(φφ)2, Goldstone’s theorem is studied and, for the gauge theory of automorphisms of the quaternions, a Higgs mechanism investigated.
Theory of cusped rainbows in elastic scattering: Uniform semiclassical calculations using Pearcey’s integral

The first numerical application of the uniform Pearcey asymptotic approximation to a problem in semiclassical collision theory has been carried out. The problem investigated is the calculation of the differential cross section for elastic scattering by a potential energy curve that possesses a maximum and a minimum. The corresponding classical deflection function also possesses a maximum and a minimum, which means there are three contributing saddle points in the semiclassical analysis, two of which may be complex. The collision system investigated comes from a model curve crossing study of He++Ne scattering. In order to apply the uniform approximation, it is necessary to calculate Pearcey’s integral and its derivatives for many values of their arguments. Two methods for doing this have been developed. One method uses a series representation while the second method integrates a third order differential equation. It is also necessary to calculate the arguments of Pearcey’s integral from the classical traje.
Galactic Cosmic Rays and the Evolution of Light Elements

We reevaluate the contribution of Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spallation to the abundances of the Li, Be, and B elements at various metallicities. We calculate absolute yields, as was formerly done by Reeves and collaborators in their pioneering studies. We discuss all the relevant parameters (spectrum shape and flux, escape length, cross sections, and spectral index) in the light of updated cosmic-ray data. We assume a dependence of the flux ϕ(t) on the supernova rate, ϕ(t) ∝ (dNSN/dt)x, and we introduce the calculated production rates of LiBeB in a standard model of chemical evolution of the Galaxy. We find that the light elements are overproduced by GCR spallation with respect to their solar abundances unless (1) the cosmic-ray injection spectrum strongly flattens out at low energies or (2) the dependence of the cosmic-ray flux on the supernova rate is weak, i.e., x ≤ 1. We argue that constraint (1) should be expected in nonlinear shock acceleration, and is also supported by the relatively weak ionization rate of the interstellar medium; constraint (2) could result from the fact that supernovae occur in associations in superbubbles, where cosmic-ray fluxes of different supernovae do not add linearly. We argue that even with substantial modifications, GCRs are not able to account for the BeB abundances at low metallicites. We then discuss the new mechanisms proposed to account for these abundances. When incorporating a new mechanism of spallation, the above constraints are more demanding. Finally, we propose a solution to explain all the absolute abundances of 6Li,9Be,10B, and 11B, in which Galactic cosmic ray spallation and spallation by fast C and O nuclei originating from stellar winds and/or massive star explosions each produce about half of the solar/meteoritic abundances; neutrino-driven spallation in Type II supernovae contributes to ≃15% of the 11B meteoritic abundance.
Generalisation of the Dirac-delta impulse extending Laplace and z transform domains

A generalisation of the Dirac-delta impulse and its derivatives as two generalised distributions, namely, the xi and zeta impulses, and their derivatives, defined on the complex s-plane and z-plane of continuous-time and discrete-time functions, respectively, is proposed. The generalised impulses extend the existence of Laplace and z transforms to a large class of infinite duration two-sided functions, which hitherto had no transform or had only a Fourier transform in the form of distributions. The proposed generalised impulses are shown to bridge the gap between the theory of generalised functions and both the unilateral and bilateral Laplace and z transforms. The generalised impulses extend the existence of Laplace and z transforms to include both functions that have a Fourier transform as a distribution as well as exponentially rising infinite duration two-sided functions that have no Fourier transform. It is shown that a modulation theory can now be added to the properties of bilateral transforms. No such theorem has hitherto existed for these transforms. The proposed generalised impulses and the resulting extended Laplace and z transforms are shown to lead to new complex-plane operations, such as spatial convolution, and to simplify operations such as ordinary convolution, sampling and the solution of differential and difference equations. Bilateral Laplace and z transforms may receive greater attention now that these transforms can be applied to a new, large and basic class of functions, such as two-sided infinite duration exponentials and rising trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.
Dynamic response of a monolithic master-oscillator power-amplifier at 1.5 μm

We study experimentally the dynamic properties of a fully integrated high power master-oscillator power-amplifier emitting at 1.5 μm under continuous wave and gain-switching conditions. High peak power (2.7 W) optical pulses with short duration (~ 110 ps) have been generated by gain switching the master-oscillator. We show the existence of working points at very close driving conditions with stable or unstable regimes caused by the compound cavity effects. The optical and radio-frequency spectra of stable and unstable operating points are analyzed.
The surface-brightness fluctuation distance of NGC 5128

Observations are presented of the surface-brightness fluctuations and photometry of globular clusters in the interacting galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A). It is found that the fluctuation apparent magnitudes are 26.08 and 28.12; the I band magnitude implies that NGC 5128 is 3.1 + or - 0.1 Mpc distant. This distance is in good agreement with those derived from the globular cluster luminosity function and supernovae, but is 20 percent smaller than that derived from the planetary nebula luminosity function. 29 refs.
Spot activity cycles and flip-flops on young solar analogs

We discuss activity phenomena observed in the spot distribution on young single solar-type stars LQ Hya, AB Dor and EK Dra. These include cyclic variations of the mean activity level, differential rotation, persistent active longitudes separated by 180° and flip-flop cycles. A comparison with the sunspot activity reveals many similarities between the Sun and the young solar analogs. Our results confirm the presence of cyclic activity in very young dwarfs and allow for studying evolution of the stellar magnetic activity during the main-sequence stage. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Injection lasers for multichannel optical communication

Injection lasers are suitable sources of radiation for optical communication systems. The output characteristics of III-V compound and mixed crystal III-V compound injection lasers for 0.64-1.1-\mu spectral range are described. In order to improve the spectral output (and to increase the threshold for the appearance of adjacent modes) composite cavities were successfully used. Such a cavity contains the diode and a passive transparent flat plate, which serves as an additional selective component in the feedback circuit of the laser. A 96-channel telephone link was tested in the laboratory using four lasers (wavelengths 0.74, 0.78, 0.85, and 0.91μ) in one beam. The method of combining and separating the four spectral channels at the transmitter and receiver, respectively, as well as the results of the experiments are described.
Simulation-Based Biological Fluid Dynamics in Animal Locomotion

This article presents a wide-ranging review of the simulation-based biological fluid dynamic models that have been developed and used in animal swimming and flying. The prominent feature of biological fluid dynamics is the relatively low Reynolds number, e.g. ranging from 100 to 104 for most insects; and, in general, the highly unsteady motion and the geometric variation of the object result in large-scale vortex flow structure. We start by reviewing literature in the areas of fish swimming and insect flight to address the usefulness and the difficulties of the conventional theoretical models, the experimental physical models, and the computational mechanical models. Then we give a detailed description of the methodology of the simulation-based biological fluid dynamics, with a specific focus on three kinds of modeling methods: (1) morphological modeling methods, (2) kinematic modeling methods, and (3) computational fluid dynamic methods. An extended discussion on the verification and validation problem is also presented. Next, we present an overall review on the most representative simulation-based studies in undulatory swimming and in flapping flight over the past decade. Then two case studies, of the tadpole swimming and the hawkmoth hovering analyses, are presented to demonstrate the context for and the feasibility of using simulation-based biological fluid dynamics to understanding swimming and flying mechanisms. Finally, we conclude with comments on the effectiveness of the simulation-based methods, and also on its constraints.
ON THE COMPLEXITY OF BIOMECHANICAL MODELS USED FOR NEUROPROSTHESES DEVELOPMENT

The use of mathematical models has the potential to enhance the development of lower extremity neuroprostheses (NP) based on Functional Electrical Simulation (FES). The choice of model complexity is not trivial when building a model for FES control design. On the one hand, a comprehensive model might be useful to account for the many different biomechanical and neurophysiological effects that can be observed during FES-induced movements. On the other hand, too complex models are difficult to be utilized in and identified for NP applications. In this paper we discuss the disadvantages of too complex models, and propose potential simplifications on the basis of existing models that are commonly used to describe muscle activation, muscle contraction and body-segmental motion. The obtained model approach is simple enough to be identified, and sufficiently comprehensive to describe most of the relevant effects that occur during FES-induced locomotion.
Denoising of gamma-ray signals by interval-dependent thresholds of wavelet analysis

Fast Fourier transform and wavelet analysis methods were used to denoise electrical signals by a soft thresholding technique. A neutron pulse of 14 MeV is sent over a sample; as a consequence of the interaction between the sample and the neutrons, multi-spectral gamma rays are emitted by the sample. The gamma-rays were measured using three photo multiplier tubes, which detect optical signals coming from three filtered detectors made of plastic scintillator material. Applying wavelet analysis was possible to realize that the signal can be divided into three different regions. Each region has different thresholds; therefore, different frequency components can be used independently in each region. Comparisons of this method with the fast Fourier transform are presented. In this particular application, it was found that the wavelet transform produces a much better way of denoising the signals in terms of keeping the characteristic high frequency at the start of the signals; this feature allows the differential classification of the signals and the consequent identification of the component of the sample. The preliminary results presented here are the first attempt to identify the chemical composition of samples using this method.