Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Underlay/Overlay Transmission Mode for Cognitive Radio Networks with Statistical Quality-of-Service Provisioning

In order to achieve better statistical Quality-of-Service (QoS) provisioning for cognitive radio networks (CRN), in this paper, we develop a hybrid underlay/overlay transmission mode for CRNs. Specifically, by applying the theory of effective capacity and taking PN's activity statistics into consideration, we first analyze the maximum achievable throughput of the CRN under two dominant transmission modes, namely underlay and overlay, respectively, and provide efficient algorithms to derive optimal transmission strategies for the two modes. Following the analyses, we then propose a hybrid underlay/overlay transmission mode, through which the cognitive users' QoS requirements can be better guaranteed and network throughput can be further improved. Moreover, we analyze the optimal transmission strategies for both underlay and overlay modes under two limiting cases. Analyses indicate that 1) for the loose QoS requirement, optimal transmission strategies for both underlay and overlay modes become the water-filling algorithm; and 2) for the stringent QoS requirement, the cognitive user will transmit with constant rate. Furthermore, the impact of imperfect channel estimations on our proposed transmission mode is discussed. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the impacts of delay QoS requirements and PN's activity statistics on maximizing the delay-constrained throughput for both underlay and overlay modes and verify the effectiveness of our proposed transmission mode. Moreover, for the overlay mode, we observe that 1) a unique optimal sensing time exists under the given QoS constraint; and 2) the optimal sensing time surprisingly increases as the QoS constraint gets more stringent.
Labor Supply and Retirement Policy in an Overlapping Generations Model with Stochastic Fertility

Using a stochastic general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, this paper studies a policy rule for the retirement age aiming at offsetting the effects on the supply of labor following fertility changes. The authors find that the retirement age should increase more than proportionally to the direct fall in labor supply caused by a fall in fertility. The robustness of this result is checked against alternative model specifications and parameter values. The efficacy of the policy rule depends crucially on the link between the preference for leisure and the response of the intensive margin of labor supply to changes in the statutory retirement age. The model has subsequently been calibrated for Brazil by Jorgensen (2010), in the context of the Brazil Aging Study.
Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

BACKGROUND Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was reported to have developed in three patients treated with natalizumab. We conducted an evaluation to determine whether PML had developed in any other treated patients. METHODS We invited patients who had participated in clinical trials in which they received recent or long-term treatment with natalizumab for multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, or rheumatoid arthritis to participate. The clinical history, physical examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and testing of cerebrospinal fluid for JC virus DNA were used by an expert panel to evaluate patients for PML. We estimated the risk of PML in patients who completed at least a clinical examination for PML or had an MRI. RESULTS Of 3417 patients who had recently received natalizumab while participating in clinical trials, 3116 (91 percent) who were exposed to a mean of 17.9 monthly doses underwent evaluation for PML. Of these, 44 patients were referred to the expert panel because of clinical findings of possible PML, abnormalities on MRI, or a high plasma viral load of JC virus. No patient had detectable JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. PML was ruled out in 43 of the 44 patients, but it could not be ruled out in one patient who had multiple sclerosis and progression of neurologic disease because data on cerebrospinal fluid testing and follow-up MRI were not available. Only the three previously reported cases of PML were confirmed (1.0 per 1000 treated patients; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 2.8 per 1000). CONCLUSIONS A detailed review of possible cases of PML in patients exposed to natalizumab found no new cases and suggested a risk of PML of roughly 1 in 1000 patients treated with natalizumab for a mean of 17.9 months. The risk associated with longer treatment is not known.
Labour Market Flexibility in the UK: Regional Variations and the Role of Global/Local Forces

Despite the interest in the issue of labour market flexibility, there is markedly little research attempting to measure, let alone evaluate, the extent to which flexible labour arrangements have penetrated labour relations in the UK and elsewhere. One of the implications of this is that little is known about the specific forms that labour market flexibility takes across and within each country. Given this, it comes as little surprise that the discussion about the link between globalization and flexibility has remained largely theoretical, with only a few references to usually incidental anecdotal evidence. This article exploits a unique set of labour market flexibility indicators that have been developed at the regional level for the UK over the period 1979-98 and examines empirically the relationship between globalization and flexibility. Through a spatial-temporal exploratory analysis, significant patterns of geographical and functional specialization (in levels and types of flexibility) are identified and then related to local structural factors and demand conditions and to global influences. Global forces are found to have played a significant role for the patterns observed. The implications of this finding are discussed in the concluding section.
Probabilistic Approaches to Population Forecasting

ON AVERAGE people live long lives, have a long lag between birth and childbearing, and experience demographic rates with highly regular age patterns. These patterns generally change quite slowly. For these reasons, population is reliably predictable over fairly long periods compared to economic performance or the weather. Nonetheless, demographic forecasting does involve a good deal of uncertainty. We know that the US population will age rapidly between 2010 and 2035 as the huge baby boom generations move into old age; but we do not know what share of these generations will survive to old age, or how many potential workers will be born and survive throughout their working years to help support the elderly. We all know that demographic forecasts are often seriously wrong, and realize that forecasting errors are inevitable. It is generally agreed that demographers have a responsibility to indicate how certain or uncertain their forecasts may be. Traditional forecasts assess and communicate the uncertainty surrounding the middle, or preferred, forecast through the use of high and low versions. Each scenario, or set of assumptions underlying one of these three versions, contains an assumed trajectory for fertility, another for mortality, and another for migration. These scenario-based indications of uncertainty are of some use, but they have certain serious problems: no probability is attached to their high-low ranges, and they are internally inconsistent in the sense that they misrepresent the relative uncertainty in different measures such as population size, fertility, and old-age dependency ratios, for reasons that will be explained later. One visible and inevitable sign of this problem is that when the high-low scenarios are chosen to bracket the long-term population growth or age distribution, the annual values of fertility or births often fall outside the high-low range soon after the forecasts are published, making the forecasters appear (unjustly) to be incompetent. Probabilistic population forecasts offer an alternative approach to assessing and communicating uncertainty. "Probabilistic forecasts" can be un-
The discrepancy between maturation of visual-evoked potentials and cognitive outcome at five years in very preterm infants with and without hemodynamic signs of fetal brain-sparing.

OBJECTIVE After intrauterine growth restriction we found at the age of 6 months an acceleration of neurophysiologic maturation. However, at later ages impaired cognitive outcome has been reported. Therefore, we investigated in children with and without fetal hemodynamic adaptation to intrauterine growth restriction whether the accelerated neurophysiologic maturation in infancy might be associated with impaired cognitive outcome at preschool age. DESIGN At 5 years of age cognitive function was assessed using the Revision of the Amsterdam Children's Intelligence Test in 73 preterm infants (26-33 weeks) who were prospectively followed from the antenatal period up to the age of 5 years. Maternal educational level was used as a background variable to estimate the confounding effects of socioeconomic status on cognitive function. Fetal Doppler studies were performed and the umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) divided by the middle cerebral artery PI ratio (U/C ratio) was calculated. A U/C ratio >0.725 was considered as an indication of fetal cerebral hemodynamic adaptation to a compromised placental perfusion, ie, fetal brain-sparing. Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded at 6 months and 1 year of age. In addition, data on neurologic status at 3 years were available. RESULTS Mean IQ score was significantly lower for children born with a raised U/C ratio (87 +/- 16) compared with children with a normal U/C ratio (96 +/- 17). VEP latencies decreased significantly in infants with a normal U/C ratio, whereas no decrease was found in infants with a raised U/C ratio. Variables contributing significantly to the variance of cognitive function were: U/C group, VEP latency maturation, level of maternal education, and neurodevelopmental outcome at 3 years. The linear regression model explained 33% of the variance in cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Both being born with a raised U/C ratio and an acceleration of VEP latencies are negatively associated with cognitive outcome at 5 years of age. Fetal brain-sparing, although a seemingly beneficial adaptive mechanism for intact neurologic survival, is, however, later associated with a poorer cognitive outcome.
A qualitative analysis of implementing shared decision making in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in the United Kingdom: Stages and facilitators

Objectives: To explore the implementation of shared decision making (SDM) in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), and identify clinician-determined facilitators to SDM. Methods: Professionals from four UK CAMHS tried a range of tools to support SDM. They reflected on their experiences using plan-do-study-act log books. A total of 23 professionals completed 307 logs, which were transcribed and analysed using Framework Analysis in Atlas.Ti. Results: Three states of implementation (apprehension, feeling clunky, and integration) and three aspects of clinician behavior or approach (effort, trust, and flexibility) were identified. Conclusions: Implementation of SDM in CAMHS requires key positive clinician behaviors, including preparedness to put in effort, trust in young people, and use of the approach flexibly. Practice implications: Implementation of SDM in CAMHS is effortful, and while tools may help support SDM, clinicians need to be allowed to use the tools flexibly to allow them to move from a state of apprehension through a sense of feeling “clunky” to integration in practice.
Spatiotemporal Fusion of Multisource Remote Sensing Data: Literature Survey, Taxonomy, Principles, Applications, and Future Directions

Satellite time series with high spatial resolution is critical for monitoring land surface dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes. Although remote sensing technologies have experienced rapid development in recent years, data acquired from a single satellite sensor are often unable to satisfy our demand. As a result, integrated use of data from different sensors has become increasingly popular in the past decade. Many spatiotemporal data fusion methods have been developed to produce synthesized images with both high spatial and temporal resolutions from two types of satellite images, frequent coarse-resolution images, and sparse fine-resolution images. These methods were designed based on different principles and strategies, and therefore show different strengths and limitations. This diversity brings difficulties for users to choose an appropriate method for their specific applications and data sets. To this end, this review paper investigates literature on current spatiotemporal data fusion methods, categorizes existing methods, discusses the principal laws underlying these methods, summarizes their potential applications, and proposes possible directions for future studies in this field.
Distributed antenna system-based millimeter-wave mobile broadband communication system for high speed trains

This paper proposes a distributed antenna system (DAS)-based millimeter-wave mobile broadband communication system for HSTs in order to meet the growing demand of high-speed communication services in HSTs. Based on the proposed network structure taking advantages of DAS and millimeter-wave, we present a proper design of physical layer (PHY) such as frame structure. Throughout the paper, we show the feasibility of the system with moderate implementation complexity, and the simulation results also demonstrate that it is possible to provide gigabit-per-second (Gbps) data services for HSTs.
Heat is in the eye of the beholder: Towards better authenticating on smartglasses

Smart and wearable devices are trendy electronic objects that have become increasingly popular in recent years. Those devices are, by definition, tightly connected with the user's personal activities. Authentication is therefore a critical feature for both identifying users and personalizing the services on the device. In particular, the emergence of smartglasses changed the way we thought a wearable could assist users in their daily activities. As designed by commercial providers, smartglasses are sold with a very specific set of interactions capabilities. These capabilities have a strong impact on how comfortably or safely users may authenticate to their smartglasses. For this reason, we investigate in this paper the different authentication methods available for smartphones and we comparatively position the smartglasses in the design space of authentication methods. We propose a new approach based on touch input on an arbitrary surface using thermal camera input. This approach aims to circumvent the lack of touch surface provided by smartglasses, while maintaining an acceptable level of security.
Improving capacity for physical network coding with lattice strategies in two-way fading channels

In this study, the capacity problem in a two-way fading channel is considered. The authors propose amplify-and-forward with lattice codes (AF&LC), exploiting a modulo operation at the relay. Without destroying the construct of codebook, the modulo operation reduces the power of the received signals, and thus achieves a larger power-scaled gain than the amplified-and-forward with random codes (AF&RC). It is proved that AF&LC outperforms AF&RC in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime by employing theoretical analyses. By simulating one-dimension lattice codes, AF&LC achieves about 1.5 dB SNR gain over AF&RC with error probability 10−2. Compared with decode-and-forward with lattice codes (DF&LC) and fixed modulo-and-forward (FMF), AF&LC achieves larger rate region which is closer to upper bound in some scenarios. Moreover, AF&LC can work in fading two-way channels without feedback schemes, which is easier to be implemented than DF&LC, FMF and compress-and-forward.
Output‐inflation and unemployment‐inflation trade‐offs under inflation targeting: Evidence from Brazil

Purpose - This article aims to analyze if the adoption of inflation targeting in Brazil contributed to an improvement in the conduction of monetary policy capable of increasing credibility and reducing inflation without an increase in the sacrifice rate. Design/methodology/approach - Considering the Brazilian experience, this article estimates, through GMM and VAR methods, the offsetting effects of a monetary policy change on the output-inflation and unemployment-inflation trade-offs. Findings - The findings denote that the disinflationary process implemented in Brazil, after the adoption of inflation targeting, is not associated with the emergence of the above-mentioned trade-offs. Furthermore, the development of credibility in the conduction of monetary policy is an important element responsible for the achievement of this result. Practical implications - Development of credibility is an important strategy for improving the conduction of the monetary policy. Originality/value - The results of the paper give some new insights about the conduction of monetary policy for developing countries, which have adopted inflation targeting.
Paradigms in migration research: exploring 'moorings' as a schema

"When considering where migration research interests may proceed, this article suggests much could be gained by considering theories of human motivation which, in the field of social psychology, represents a theoretical progression from the behavioural and cognitive approaches. The article suggests that combining theories of human motivation with the developing understanding of cultural influences may provide linkages between, on the one hand, the personal realm of migration and, on the other, the regional institutional framework of politicoeconomic structure within which people make their decisions. The focus is on the migrant who remains within the same broad cultural context (such as within the same nation or ethnic group), but travels away from the confines of the general area in which he or she previously resided. Thus a person undertaking intraurban relocation is not regarded here as a 'migrant', and the schema proposed will probably not apply to international migration. "
GLP-2 receptor localizes to enteric neurons and endocrine cells expressing vasoactive peptides and mediates increased blood flow.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a nutrient-responsive hormone that exerts diverse actions in the gastrointestinal tract, including enhancing epithelial cell survival and proliferation, mucosal blood flow, and nutrient uptake and suppressing gastric motility and secretion. These actions are mediated by the G-protein-coupled receptor, GLP-2R. Cellular localization of the GLP-2R and the nature of its signaling network in the gut, however, are poorly defined. Thus, our aim was to establish cellular localization of GLP-2R and functional connection to vascular action of GLP-2 in the gut. METHODS Intestinal cellular GLP-2R localization was determined with real-time, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of laser capture microdissected subtissue and fluorescence in situ hybridization and also with double and/or triple immunostaining of human and pig tissue using a validated GLP-2R polyclonal antibody. Superior mesenteric arterial blood flow and intestinal eNOS expression and phosphorylation were measured in TPN-fed pigs acutely (4 h) infused with GLP-2. RESULTS We show that the porcine GLP-2R mRNA was expressed in the villus epithelium and myenteric plexus. GLP-2R protein was co-localized by confocal immunohistochemistry with serotonin in enteroendocrine cells and also with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-expressing and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive enteric neurons. In neonatal pigs, GLP-2 infusion dose-dependently stimulated intestinal blood flow and coordinately upregulated the expression of intestinal eNOS mRNA, protein, and phosphorylation (eNOS-Ser1117). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the GLP-2-induced stimulation of blood flow is mediated by vasoactive neurotransmitters that are colocalized with GLP-2R in 2 functionally distinct cell types within the gastrointestinal tract.
Community Support and Adolescent Girls’ Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS

Girls are vulnerable to HIV in part because the social systems in which they live have failed to support and protect them. The goal of this research was to develop a viable supportive community index and test its association with intermediate variables associated with HIV risk across 16 communities in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique. This cross-sectional survey with separate samples randomly drawn in each country (2010) yielded a total sample of 1,418 adolescent girls (aged 11–18). Multilevel, multivariate logistic regression, while controlling for vulnerability, age, religion, and residence, found that an increase in supportive community index is positively associated with the odds of indicating improved community support for girls and with the confidence to refuse unwanted sex with a boyfriend across the three countries, as well as with self-efficacy to insist on condom use in Botswana and Mozambique. Program implementers and decision makers alike can use the supportive community index to identify and measure structural factors associated with girls’ vulnerability to HIV/AIDS; this will potentially contribute to judicious decision making regarding resource allocation to enhance community-level, protective factors for adolescent girls.
On the Complexity of Extended and Proportional Justified Representation

We consider the problem of selecting a fixed-size committee based on approval ballots. It is desirable to have a committee in which all voters are fairly represented. Aziz et al. (2015a; 2017) proposed an axiom called extended justified representation (EJR), which aims to capture this intuition; subsequently, Sanchez-Fernandez et al. (2017) proposed a weaker variant of this axiom called proportional justified representation (PJR). It was shown that it is coNP-complete to check whether a given committee provides EJR, and it was conjectured that it is hard to find a committee that provides EJR. In contrast, there are polynomial-time computable voting rules that output committees providing PJR, but the complexity of checking whether a given committee provides PJR was an open problem. In this paper, we answer open questions from prior work by showing that EJR and PJR have the same worst-case complexity: we provide two polynomial-time algorithms that output committees providing EJR, yet we show that it is coNP-complete to decide whether a given committee provides PJR. We complement the latter result by fixed-parameter tractability results.
Patenting in the Shadow of Competitors

This article empirically examines the patenting behavior of new biotechnology firms that have different litigation costs. I show that firms with high litigation costs are less likely to patent in subclasses with many other awards, particularly those of firms with low litigation costs. This pattern is consistent with the literature on costly litigation, which suggests that firms that have high litigation costs will take greater precautions to avoid litigation. These results are robust to a variety of control variables and modifications that seek to test alternative explanations.