Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relative contribution of Ia inhibitory interneurones to inhibition of feline contralateral motoneurones evoked via commissural interneurones

The aim of the study was to examine to what extent the crossed inhibition of hindlimb lumbar alpha‐motoneurones is evoked via interneurones that mediate reciprocal inhibition between flexors and extensors (Ia inhibitory interneurones), and to what extent via other spinal interneurones. The crossed inhibition was evoked by reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tract fibres, stimulated in the contralateral medullary longitudinal fascicle and the lateral vestibular nucleus, respectively, or by group II muscle afferents in the contralateral quadriceps nerve. The components of the IPSPs recorded in motoneurones that were mediated by Ia inhibitory interneurones were identified by their depression following activation of Renshaw cells. Trisynaptic components of IPSPs of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal origin, and polysynaptic (but not trisynaptic) components of IPSPs from group II afferents were found to be depressed in the majority of the motoneurones, while disynaptic components, those due to direct actions of inhibitory commissural interneurones, were not depressed. These results indicate that the coordination of left and right hindlimb movements based on crossed inhibition from reticulospinal and vestibulospinal neurones, depends on the degree of activation of Ia inhibitory interneurones by muscle spindle afferents and on their inhibition by Renshaw cells. Our results also indicate that Ia inhibitory interneurones do not operate as last‐order inhibitory interneurones in crossed trisynaptic pathways from group II afferents, even though they mediate inhibition evoked by interneurones in shared polysynaptic pathways of crossed flexor and extensor reflexes coactivated by group II and other high‐threshold muscle, skin and joint afferents.
Domain Anomaly Detection in Machine Perception: A System Architecture and Taxonomy

We address the problem of anomaly detection in machine perception. The concept of domain anomaly is introduced as distinct from the conventional notion of anomaly used in the literature. We propose a unified framework for anomaly detection which exposes the multifaceted nature of anomalies and suggest effective mechanisms for identifying and distinguishing each facet as instruments for domain anomaly detection. The framework draws on the Bayesian probabilistic reasoning apparatus which clearly defines concepts such as outlier, noise, distribution drift, novelty detection (object, object primitive), rare events, and unexpected events. Based on these concepts we provide a taxonomy of domain anomaly events. One of the mechanisms helping to pinpoint the nature of anomaly is based on detecting incongruence between contextual and noncontextual sensor(y) data interpretation. The proposed methodology has wide applicability. It underpins in a unified way the anomaly detection applications found in the literature. To illustrate some of its distinguishing features, in here the domain anomaly detection methodology is applied to the problem of anomaly detection for a video annotation system.
Touch-based admittance control of a robotic arm using neural learning of an artificial skin

Touch perception is an important sense to model in humanoid robots to interact physically and socially with humans. We present a neural controller that can adapt the compliance of the robot arm in four directions using as input the tactile information from an artificial skin and as output the estimated torque for admittance control-loop reference. This adaption is done in a self-organized fashion with a neural system that learns first the topology of the tactile map when we touch it and associates a torque vector to move the arm in the corresponding direction. The artificial skin is based on a large area piezoresistive tactile device (ungridded) that changes its electrical properties in the presence of the contact. Our results show the self-calibration of a robotic arm (2 degrees of freedom) controlled in the four directions and derived combination vectors, by the soft touch on all the tactile surface, even when the torque is not detectable (force applied near the joint). The neural system associates each tactile receptive field with one direction and the correct force. We show that the tactile-motor learning gives better interactive experiments than the admittance control of the robotic arm only. Our method can be used in the future for humanoid adaptive interaction with a human partner.
Contextual Fear in Zebrafish 1 Contextual Fear Conditioning in Zebrafish

Zebrafish are a genetically tractable vertebrate that hold considerable promise for elucidating the molecular basis of behavior. Although numerous recent advances have been made in the ability to precisely manipulate the zebrafish genome, much less is known about many aspects learning and memory in adult fish. Here, we develop a contextual fear conditioning paradigm using an electric shock as the aversive stimulus. We find that contextual fear conditioning is modulated by shock intensity, prevented by inhibition of (N-methyl-Daspartate) NMDA receptors, lasts at least 14 days, and exhibits extinction. Furthermore, fish of various background strains (AB, Tu, and TL) are able to acquire fear conditioning, but differ in fear extinction rates. Taken together, we find that contextual fear conditioning in zebrafish shares many similarities with the widely used contextual fear conditioning paradigm in rodents. Combined with the amenability of genetic manipulation in zebrafish, we anticipate that our paradigm will prove to be a useful complementary system in which to examine the molecular basis of vertebrate learning and memory. peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi. org/10.1101/068833 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Aug. 10, 2016;
Social Organization and Determinants of Spatial Distribution of Khur (Equus hemionus khur)

Khur (Equus hemionus khur) is an endangered species for the most part restricted in little Rann of Kutch (India) and surrounding areas. We investigated factors influencing spatial distribution and social organization of Khur. The spatial distribution is largely influenced by distribution of food patches and water in this ecosystem. The inter group distances were smaller in resource rich areas in comparison to resource poor areas (p = 0.017). The group sizes are larger in areas having higher productivity (r = 0.85) and rainfall (r = 0.88). Four social units are observed in Khur (a) Family group (median = 17), (b) All male group (median = 17), (c) Territorial stallion and (d) displaced stallion. The family group and all male group are very fluid showing fission and fusion in group sizes (CV = 73 % to 63 % respectively). The maximum home range overlap was between family group and territorial stallion. The territorial stallion defends water sources, productive grassland and scrubland. Khur’s social organization is territorial harem owing to high predictive availability of resources in space and time and mares preference for areas having good resources.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia

Childhood pneumonia is the leading single cause of mortality in children aged less than 5 years. The incidence in this age group is estimated to be 0.29 episodes per child-year in developing and 0.05 episodes per child-year in developed countries. This translates into about 156 million new episodes each year worldwide, of which 151 million episodes are in the developing world. Most cases occur in India (43 million), China (21 million) and Pakistan (10 million), with additional high numbers in Bangladesh, Indonesia and Nigeria (6 million each). Of all community cases, 7–13% are severe enough to be life-threatening and require hospitalization. Substantial evidence revealed that the leading risk factors contributing to pneumonia incidence are lack of exclusive breastfeeding, undernutrition, indoor air pollution, low birth weight, crowding and lack of measles immunization. Pneumonia is responsible for about 19% of all deaths in children aged less than 5 years, of which more than 70% take place in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia. Although based on limited available evidence, recent studies have identified Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and respiratory syncytial virus as the main pathogens associated with childhood pneumonia.
The Development Model of Web2.0 Oriented Application

Web2.0 has been changing the classic model of Web applications and the development of enterprise information system architecture. In this article, with a detailed presentation of Web2.0 technologies, we represent a Web architecture Oriented Web2.0 (including the design patterns and programming model), in the end, we make comparisons between SOA and Web2.0.
Urban tribes: Analyzing group photos from a social perspective

The explosive growth in image sharing via social networks has produced exciting opportunities for the computer vision community in areas including face, text, product and scene recognition. In this work we turn our attention to group photos of people and ask the question: what can we determine about the social subculture or urban tribe to which these people belong? To this end, we propose a framework employing low- and mid-level features to capture the visual attributes distinctive to a variety of urban tribes. We proceed in a semi-supervised manner, employing a metric that allows us to extrapolate from a small number of pairwise image similarities to induce a set of groups that visually correspond to familiar urban tribes such as biker, hipster or goth. Automatic recognition of such information in group photos offers the potential to improve recommendation services, context sensitive advertising and other social analysis applications. We present promising preliminary experimental results that demonstrate our ability to categorize group photos in a socially meaningful manner.
Cell Breathing in Wireless LANs: Algorithms and Evaluation

Wireless LAN administrators often have to deal with the problem of sporadic client congestion in popular locations within the network. Existing approaches that relieve congestion by balancing the traffic load are encumbered by the modifications that are required to both access points and clients. We propose cell breathing, a well-known concept in cellular telephony, as a load balancing mechanism to handle client congestion in a wireless LAN. We develop power management algorithms for controlling the coverage of access points to handle dynamic changes in client workloads. We further incorporate hand-off costs and manufacturer specified power level constraints into our algorithms. Our approach does not require modification to clients or to the standard. It only changes the transmission power of beacon packets and does not change the transmission power of data packets to avoid the interactions with auto-rating. We analyze the worst-case bounds of the algorithms and show that they are either optimal or close to optimal. In addition, we evaluate our algorithms empirically using synthetic and real wireless LAN traces. Our results show that cell breathing significantly outperforms the commonly used fixed power scheme and performs at par with sophisticated load balancing schemes that require changes to both the client and access points
High‐resolution mapping of daily climate variables by aggregating multiple spatial data sets with the random forest algorithm over the conterminous United States

High‐resolution gridded climate data products are crucial to research and practical applications in climatology, hydrology, ecology, agriculture, and public health. Previous works to produce multiple data sets were limited by the availability of input data as well as computational techniques. With advances in machine learning and the availability of several daily satellite data sets providing unprecedented information at 1 km or higher spatial resolutions, it is now possible to improve upon earlier data sets in terms of representing spatial variability. We developed the NEX (NASA Earth Exchange) Gridded Daily Meteorology (NEX‐GDM) model, which can estimate the spatial pattern of regional surface climate variables by aggregating several dozen two‐dimensional data sets and ground weather station data. NEX‐GDM does not require physical assumptions and can easily extend spatially and temporally. NEX‐GDM employs the random forest algorithm for estimation, which allows us to find the best estimate from the spatially continuous data sets. We used the NEX‐GDM model to produce historical 1‐km daily spatial data for the conterminous United States from 1979 to 2017, including precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. In this study, NEX‐GDM ingested a total of 30 spatial variables from 13 different data sets, including satellite, reanalysis, radar, and topography data. Generally, the spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature produced were similar to previous data sets with the exception of mountain regions in the western United States. The analyses for each spatially continuous data set show that satellite and reanalysis led to better estimates and that the incorporation of satellite data allowed NEX‐GDM to capture the spatial patterns associated with urban heat island effects. The NEX‐GDM data is available to the community through the NEX data portal.
Elevated N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Is Associated with Mortality in Tobacco Smokers Independent of Airflow Obstruction

Background Tobacco use is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease. N-terminal pro-brain natiuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a widely available biomarker that is associated with cardiovascular outcomes in other conditions, has not been investigated as a predictor of mortality in tobacco smokers. We hypothesized that NT-proBNP would be an independent prognostic marker in a cohort of well-characterized tobacco smokers without known cardiovascular disease. Methods Clinical data from 796 subjects enrolled in two prospective tobacco exposed cohorts was assessed to determine factors associated with elevated NT-proBNP and the relationship of these factors and NT-proBNP with mortality. Results Subjects were followed for a median of 562 (IQR 252 – 826) days. Characteristics associated with a NT-proBNP above the median (≥49 pg/mL) were increased age, female gender, and decreased body mass index. By time-to-event analysis, an NT-proBNP above the median (≥49 pg/mL) was a significant predictor of mortality (log rank p = 0.02). By proportional hazard analysis controlling for age, gender, cohort, and severity of airflow obstruction, an elevated NT-proBNP level (≥49 pg/mL) remained an independent predictor of mortality (HR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.07–4.46, p = 0.031). Conclusions Elevated NT-proBNP is an independent predictor of mortality in tobacco smokers without known cardiovascular disease, conferring a 2.2 fold increased risk of death. Future studies should assess the ability of this biomarker to guide further diagnostic testing and to direct specific cardiovascular risk reduction inventions that may positively impact quality of life and survival.
On the Expressive Power of Sub-Propositional Fragments of Modal Logic

Modal logic is a paradigm for several useful and applicable formal systems in computer science. It generally retains the low complexity of classical propositional logic, but notable exceptions exist in the domains of description, temporal, and spatial logic, where the most expressive formalisms have a very high complexity or are even undecidable. In search of computationally well-behaved fragments, clausal forms and other sub-propositional restrictions of temporal and description logics have been recently studied. This renewed interest on sub-propositional logics, which mainly focus on the complexity of the various fragments, raise natural questions on their the relative expressive power, which we try to answer here for the basic multi-modal logic Kn. We consider the Horn and the Krom restrictions, as well as the combined restriction (known as the core fragment) of modal logic, and, orthogonally, the fragments that emerge by disallowing boxes or diamonds from positive literals. We study the problem in a very general setting, to ease transferring our results to other meaningful cases.
5 Imaging in Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is an enigmatic systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. It was first described in 1877 by Jonathon Hutchinson, an English physician (Hutchinson, 1877). Caesar Boeck used the term sarkoid originally in 1899 because he felt that the lesions resembled sarcoma (Boeck, 1899). Kuznitsky and Bittorf reported the cardinal patient with enlarged hilar nodes and pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph, describing the principle case of sarcoidosis (Kuznitsky & Bittorf, 1915). Sarcoidosis primarily affects the lung and lymphatic system. The patients are usually young to middle-aged adults, appearing more commonly in individuals of African descent. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary involvement, and ocular and cutaneous lesions are classic findings, however sarcoidosis can affect many other organs. Clinical and imaging findings are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Histologic demonstration of noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas is confirmatory for diagnosis. In 1958, Wurm and colleagues proposed a radiographic staging system, which still remains in widespread clinical use (Table 1) (Wurm et al., 1958).
Practice Parameter: Diagnosis and prognosis of new onset Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review)

Objective: To define key issues in the diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD), to define features influencing progression, and to make evidence-based recommendations. Two clinical questions were identified: 1) Which clinical features and diagnostic modalities distinguish PD from other parkinsonian syndromes? 2) Which clinical features predict rate of disease progression? Methods: Systematic review of the literature was completed. Articles were classified according to a four-tiered level of evidence scheme. Recommendations were based on the evidence. Results and Conclusions: 1. Early falls, poor response to levodopa, symmetry of motor manifestations, lack of tremor, and early autonomic dysfunction are probably useful in distinguishing other parkinsonian syndromes from Parkinson disease (PD). 2. Levodopa or apomorphine challenge and olfactory testing are probably useful in distinguishing PD from other parkinsonian syndromes. 3. Predictive factors for more rapid motor progression, nursing home placement, and shorter survival time include older age at onset of PD, associated comorbidities, presentation with rigidity and bradykinesia, and decreased dopamine responsiveness. Future research into methods for earlier and more accurate diagnosis of the disease and identification and clarification of predictive factors of rapid disease progression is warranted.
Problems associated with covered conductor fault detection

Since 1976, Finland has been engaged in the development of covered conductors. They are commonly used these days, also, in other countries such as Great Britain, Poland, Slovakia, Norway, the Baltic states as well as Czech Republic. This system was mainly designed to improve the reliability of power supplies. The covered conductor system (hereinafter referred to as the "CC system") makes it possible to construct electricity networks with a low failure frequency. The CC system does not differ from the bare conductor system. There is a significant difference in the reduction of distance between the phases to approximately 1/3 compared to distance between the phases usual for bare conductors. This distance is reduced to 40 cm and 50 cm in Finland and in the Czech Republic, respectively. The covered conductors are simply fastened to insulators for relevant voltage. It is not currently possible to detect the fault of conductor drop through the covered conductors, conductor and water level contact, and/or breaking of the conductor and its subsequent drop to the ground. Since this is not standard ground connection, the current digital protections are not able to detect such a type of faults. The selected conclusions of the analysis of operating and fault conditions of covered conductors are presented within the paper.
Nanoelectromechanical Switches for Low-Power Digital Computing

The need for more energy-efficient solid-state switches beyond complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors has become a major concern as the power consumption of electronic integrated circuits (ICs) steadily increases with technology scaling. Nano-Electro-Mechanical (NEM) relays control current flow by nanometer-scale motion to make or break physical contact between electrodes, and offer advantages over transistors for low-power digital logic applications: virtually zero leakage current for negligible static power consumption; the ability to operate with very small voltage signals for low dynamic power consumption; and robustness against harsh environments such as extreme temperatures. Therefore, NEM logic switches (relays) have been investigated by several research groups during the past decade. Circuit simulations calibrated to experimental data indicate that scaled relay technology can overcome the energy-efficiency limit of CMOS technology. This paper reviews recent progress toward this goal, providing an overview of the different relay designs and experimental results achieved by various research groups, as well as of relay-based IC design principles. Remaining challenges for realizing the promise of nano-mechanical computing, and ongoing efforts to address these, are discussed.
Buying bundles: the effects of bundle attributes on the value of bundling

We consider the situation in which a buyer has to find the optimal degree of bundling for buying goods and services. From a review of the literature we develop attributes associated with bundling. Each of these attributes has an effect on the value of a bundle. Combined, the attributes determine the value of a bundle. We describe how the various attributes of a bundle contribute to the value of a bundle given the context of the buying situation. Based on interviews, a further analysis of bundle attributes and their effects on the bundle value is provided. The results of this analysis can be used to assist in finding the optimal degree of bundling.
Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Dogs in Guangdong, China Based on Multi-Locus Sequence

This study aimed to identify the assemblages (or subassemblages) of Giardia duodenalis by using normal or nested PCR based on 4 genetic loci: glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), β-giardin (bg), and small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rRNA) genes. For this work, a total of 216 dogs' fecal samples were collected in Guangdong, China. The phylogenetic trees were constructed with MEGA5.2 by using the neighbor-joining method. Results showed that 9.7% (21/216) samples were found to be positive; moreover, 10 samples were single infection (7 isolates assemblage A, 2 isolates assemblage C, and 1 isolate assemblage D) and 11 samples were mixed infections where assemblage A was predominant, which was potentially zoonotic. These findings showed that most of the dogs in Guangdong were infected or mixed-infected with assemblage A, and multi-locus sequence typing could be the best selection for the genotype analysis of dog-derived Giardia isolates.