Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementation and Performance Analysis of Exponential Tree Sorting

The traditional algorithm for sorting gives a bound of expected time without randomization and with randomization. Recent researches have optimized lower bound for deterministic algorithms for integer sorting [1-3]. Andersson has given the idea of Exponential tree which can be used for sorting [4]. Andersson, Hagerup, Nilson and Raman have given an algorithm which sorts n integers in expected time but uses space [4, 5]. Andersson has given improved algorithm which sort integers in expected time and linear space but uses randomization [2, 4]. Yijie Han has improved further to sort integers in expected time and linear space but passes integers in a batch i.e. all integers at a time [6]. These algorithms are very complex to implement. In this paper we discussed a way to implement the exponential tree sorting and later compare results with traditional sorting technique. General Terms Algorithms, Data Structure.
Thalamic Stimulation as a Treatment for Primary Erythromelalgia: Technical Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: We report the use of bilateral thalamic stimulation in a case of primary erythromelalgia with immediate and important pain relief for 3 years. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 12-year-old boy experiencing primary erythromelalgia had a 4-year history of recurrent attacks of severe burning pain in both feet, accompanied by local reddening, swelling, and heating of the skin. The attacks were triggered by warmth and exercise. The pain was relieved only by elevation and cooling of the lower limbs, which he achieved by immersing his legs in a bucket of ice water, resulting in severe ulceration of the skin. INTERVENTION: Because of the gradual aggravation of the signs and symptoms and resistance of the patient’s condition to several medical therapies, the patient received spinal cord stimulation. The implants were removed twice because of recurrent infection. Finally, the patient was treated with bilateral electrical stimulation of the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, which resulted in important pain control until 3 years later. The patient was able to avoid water immersions, and all ulcerations disappeared. CONCLUSION: We conclude that thalamic stimulation was successful in this case of primary erythromelalgia.
Vegetation: a sink for atmospheric pollutants.

The possibility of vegetation being an important sink for gaseous air pollutants was investigated. Plant pollutant uptake measurements were made utilizing a typical vegetation canopy and chambers that were designed specifically for gaseous exchange studies. The data indicate that an alfalfa canopy removed gases from the atmosphere in the following order: hydrogen fluoride (HF) > sulfur dioxide (SO2) > chlorine (Cl2) > nitrogen dioxide (NO2) > ozone (O3) > peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) > nitric oxide (NO) > carbon monoxide (CO). The absorption rate of NO was low, and no absorption of CO could be detected with the methods used. In the typical ambient concentration range uptake increased linearly with increasing concentration except for O3 and Cl2 which caused partial stomatal closure at the higher concentrations. Wind velocity above the plants, height of the canopy, and light intensity were shown to affect the pollutant removal rate. A relationship between the absorption rate and solubility of the pollutant in.
Gait Changes in Response to Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation in People with Parkinson Disease: A Case Series Report

Background and Purpose For individuals with advanced Parkinson disease (PD), stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) reduces tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, but the effects of stimulation on gait and mobility are not fully understood. The purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of unilateral and bilateral STN stimulation on gait following staged stimulator implantations in a series of individuals with PD. Case Descriptions Participants were 6 individuals with PD who underwent staged stimulator implantation surgeries. The effects of stimulation on gait were assessed in the optimally medicated state using items from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) related to gait and self-reported mobility, time to complete the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and quantitative gait analysis. Gait was evaluated with stimulation turned off and with stimulation turned on after unilateral stimulator implantation and again after implantation of the second stimulator. Outcomes Variable effects of unilateral and bilateral STN stimulation on gait were observed on UPDRS self-reported mobility, TUG time, and gait velocity, but changes were not detected using the UPDRS gait item. Minimal gait changes, either positive or negative, were detected with unilateral stimulation. With bilateral stimulation, gait improved for 3 individuals but worsened for the other 3 individuals. Discussion The ability to detect changes in gait after STN stimulation using the UPDRS gait item was limited, but variable effects were detected by self-report, TUG time, and gait velocity. For half of the individuals studied, bilateral stimulation improved these measures, but gait worsened for the remaining individuals. Future research is needed to better understand factors that influence the effect of STN stimulation on walking, and assessment of gait changes in people with PD should include self-report and performance-based measures, such as the TUG test or gait velocity.
Forms of bureaucratic organization in public and industrial administration- Trends in the Federal Republic of Germany

For a good many social scientists it continues to be debatable whether the model of bureaucracy, originally oriented towards the historical case of public administration, can appropriately be applied to other organizations. The bureaucratic subtypes and the organizational models of bureaucracy developed by various authors as alternatives to the (Weberian) ideal type, however, suggest that the actual issue in this debate is to what extent (and why) particular organizations have been bureaucratized or had to be
Particle swarm optimization for energy efficient antenna selection in MIMO broadcasting channel

Active transmits antenna selection (ATAS) leads to minimize the energy consumption in MIMO transmission, via adaptively choosing the optimal active antenna configuration satisfying the capacity requirement at the same time. This paper proposes a new low complexity ATAS method in MIMO Broadcasting channels. A computationally efficient approach, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed and the particles are defined as the discrete binary antenna selection factor. The objective is to maximize energy efficiency corresponding to the specified antenna which is represented by the particles. Numerical results reveal that PSO algorithm with low complexity converges to optimal solution. Therefore, our proposed algorithm is proper for real-time applications.
Enhanced Angiotensin II Activity in Heart Failure: Reevaluation of the Counterregulatory Hypothesis of Receptor Subtypes

There are strong data favoring the pathogenic role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) activation with subsequent promotion of myocyte growth and cardiac fibrosis in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. An emerging hypothesis suggests that the activity of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) may counterregulate AT1 receptor effects during cardiac development and during the evolution of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In this review, we examine the potential role of AT2 activity in the context of this hypothesis. In contrast to the counterregulatory hypothesis, studies in mice with an overabundance of, or a deficiency in, the AT2 receptor do not suggest that AT2 signaling is essential for cardiac development. Moreover, the proposed antigrowth effects of AT2 receptor signaling in pathological cardiac hypertrophy could not be shown in two mice models both deficient in AT2 receptors. The role of AT2 receptor signaling in cardiac fibrosis is, however, still debatable because of conflicting data in the same two studies. In angiotensin II–evoked apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, the proposed proapoptotic role of AT2 activity could not be confirmed. Furthermore, in the progression from the bench to bedside, the results of two large clinical trials in heart failure, namely ELITE II and Val-HeFT, can be explained without ascribing a major protective role to the unopposed activity of the AT2 receptor in the failing myocardium. In this review, we conclude that the collective evidence does not strongly support a net beneficial effect of AT2 stimulation in the diseased myocardium.
Colors, Smiles, and Frowns: External Affective Cues can Directly Affect Responses to Persuasive Communications in a Mood-like Manner Without Affecting Mood

Abstract We argue that external affective cues provide information that directly affects processing strategy without affecting mood. Positively valenced (i.e., happy) cues lead to nonsystematic processing and negatively valenced (i.e., sad) cues lead to systematic processing. Four studies addressed this issue. In Study 1, participants were exposed to a set of strong or weak arguments, supporting comprehensive examinations for graduating students (Petty & Cacioppo, 1984) printed on either red (positively valenced external affective cue) or blue (negatively valenced external affective cue) paper. After participants read the arguments their mood and attitudes toward comprehensive exams were measured. The results showed that the blue paper participants elaborated the arguments and were persuaded by strong arguments only, while the red paper participants did not elaborate and were persuaded to the same extent by both strong and weak arguments. There were no differences in mood between the groups. In Study 2, u.
An analysis of architectural visual reasoning in conceptual sketching via Computational Sketch Analysis (CSA)

Visual reasoning in design is facilitated by sketching. This research investigates how designers sketch, specifically analysing the physical details of mark making. It relates the graphical representations to the abstract cognitive processes of architectural design. A new form of protocol analysis has been developed using video and computer records of designers' sketching activity. The analysis of the resulting data compares the designer's retrospective commentary and interpretations of the sketching activity with the computer's record of that activity. The analysis will lead to a greater understanding of the relationships between 'Design Events' and 'Graphical Events' and thus how the notational activity of sketching supports the cognitive activity of conceptual design.
SPARTA: Runtime task allocation for energy efficient heterogeneous manycores

To meet the performance and energy efficiency demands of emerging complex and variable workloads, heterogeneous manycore architectures are increasingly being deployed, necessitating operating systems support for adaptive task allocation to efficiently exploit this heterogeneity in the face of unpredictable workloads. We present SPARTA, a throughput-aware runtime task allocation approach for Heterogeneous manycore Platforms (HMPs) to achieve energy efficiency. SPARTA collects sensor data to characterize tasks at runtime and uses this information to prioritize tasks when performing allocation in order to maximize energy-efficiency (instructions-per-Joule) without sacrificing performance. Our experimental results on heterogeneous manycore architectures executing mixes of MiBench and PARSEC benchmarks demonstrate energy reductions of up to 23% when compared to state-of-the-art alternatives. SPARTA is also scalable with low overhead, enabling energy savings in large-scale architectures with up to hundreds of cores.
Frequency Effects in Lexical Decisions: A Test of the Verification Model

Lexical decisions about high-frequency words are faster than about low-frequency words. It has been suggested that the locus of this effect is in a verification stage in which a frequency-ordered comparison takes place that requires the continuous availability of a sensory representation of the stimulus. This proposal was tested in a series of four lexical decision studies. In the first, high- and low-frequency words and nonword stimuli remained visible until subjects responded. In the second, the stimuli were illuminated for only one retrace on a video monitor (16.7 ms), and in the third the single retrace was followed by a pattern mask 50 ms later. The latter two conditions have been suggested as manipulations that would eliminate the verification stage of recognition. Nevertheless, the effect of word frequency on decision latencies was comparable in all three studies. Data from a fourth study eliminated orthographic regularity as a factor contributing to the obtained frequency effect. The data suggest that frequency has its effects prior to verification and that the notion of verification as the sole basis for frequency effects needs to be revised.
Automatically Classifying Test Results by Semi-Supervised Learning

A key component of software testing is deciding whether a test case has passed or failed: an expensive and error-prone manual activity. We present an approach to automatically classify passing and failing executions using semi-supervised learning on dynamic execution data (test inputs/outputs and execution traces). A small proportion of the test data is labelled as passing or failing and used in conjunction with the unlabelled data to build a classifier which labels the remaining outputs (classify them as passing or failing tests). A range of learning algorithms are investigated using several faulty versions of three systems along with varying types of data (inputs/outputs alone, or in combination with execution traces) and different labelling strategies (both failing and passing tests, and passing tests alone). The results show that in many cases labelling just a small proportion of the test cases - as low as 10% - is sufficient to build a classifier that is able to correctly categorise the large majority of the remaining test cases. This has important practical potential: when checking the test results from a system a developer need only examine a small proportion of these and use this information to train a learning algorithm to automatically classify the remainder.
Spore Germination Determines Yeast Inbreeding according to Fitness in the Local Environment

Gene combinations conferring local fitness may be destroyed by mating with individuals that are adapted to a different environment. This form of outbreeding depression provides an evolutionary incentive for self-fertilization. We show that the yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus tends to self-fertilize when it is well adapted to its local environment but tends to outcross when it is poorly adapted. This behavior could preserve combinations of genes when they are beneficial and break them up when they are not, thereby helping adaptation. Haploid spores must germinate before mating, and we found that fitter spores had higher rates of germination across a 24-hour period, increasing the probability that they mate with germinated spores from the same meiotic tetrad. The ability of yeast spores to detect local conditions before germinating and mating suggests the novel possibility that these gametes directly sense their own adaptation and plastically adjust their breeding strategy accordingly.
3D denosing of magnetic resonance images exploiting Bayesian estimation theory

A novel denoising approach for Magnetic Resonance Images is presented within this manuscript. The method has been developed in the Bayesian statistical estimation theory framework and it is based on the Maximum A Posteriori approach. Markov Random Fields have been adopted for modeling the 3D image stack, making the proposed technique able to exploiting the spatial correlation between each pixel and its 3D neighborhood and tuning the filtering intensity according to it. First results on a simulated dataset confirm the effectiveness of the approach.
The Impact of Presentation Order on the Attraction Effect in Decision-making

The attraction effect in decision-making is a famous example of how preferences are influenced by the availability of other options. One emerging hypothesis for the effect is that biases in attention influence preferences. In the past, these ideas have been explored indirectly through computational modeling and eye tracking. In the present paper, we directly manipulate attention through presentation order, presenting choice options sequentially. Our results show that presentation order has a large impact on the effect – some presentation orders enhance the effect and other orders reverse the effect. To understand these results, we fit a dynamic model, called the Multiattribute Linear Ballistic Accumulator model, to the choice and response time data. Modeling results reveal that presentation order influences the allocation of attention on the positive and negative differences between options. In sum, our results show that attention has a direct impact on the attraction effect.
Urban Underclass: The Wayward Travels of a Chaotic Concept

This commentary critically engages with arguments made by Loïc Wacquant in his book Urban Outcasts on the nature of public discourse regarding concentrated urban poverty in the United States. In particular, it elaborates a critical reading of the international circulation of social-scientific analyses of urban poverty—in particular the concept of the "urban underclass"—which rose to prominence through research on Chicago neighborhoods. This concept has subsequently influenced scholarly and public policy approaches to characterizing and combating entrenched urban poverty and long-term unemployment in Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. I challenge the appropriateness of the concept as well as the direction of public policymaking that has downplayed, if not ignored, questions of job availability and job quality in urban areas.
Effects of Incentive on Cued Recall

Words associated with high monetary incentive were better recalled than those associated with low incentive. This effect was found to depend on differential rehearsal, since it was eliminated or markedly attenuated when manipulations designed to minimize rehearsal were used. High-incentive words are more elaborately or extensively processed than low-incentive words, but they are not processed in a qualitatively different manner. This greater elaboration of processing appears to be limited to those attributes or features believed to be relevant to the subsequent retention test. The implications of these findings for incentive theories are discussed.
Semantic overlay network for peer-to-peer hybrid information search and retrieval

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have many important advantages. However, most existing P2P systems are limited to providing resource searches based on simple keyword matching, and do not provide any semantic information about the content of the objects stored and the relationships between those objects. This paper proposes the design of a hierarchical semantic overlay network that can be used for content-based full-text search, and is part of our work to use semantics in network management. Our semantic overlay network is based on creating a semantic cluster of objects that is associated with each node in the P2P DHT to provide semantic search. We validate some research questions in our approach by conducting simulations.
The Relation of Study About Language to Language Performance: With Special Reference to Nominalization.

In order to test the hypothesis that a learner's construction of a theory of a second language can be facilitated by study about language in the form of sentence-combining exercises which focus the learner's attention on pre-selected language data, some experimental materials were prepared, and the language performance of students who studied from these materials was compared with the language performance of students who had not studied from them, on the assumption that if facilitation had occurred, it could be inferred from language performance. The particular area of competence that the experimental materials aimed to facilitate was English nominalization. Changes in the preand post-language performance of the experimental group showed a pattern of development in the direction of native speaker performance. The changes in the preand postlanguage performance of the control group, where they occurred, showed no consistent pattern. (Native speaker performance was characterized in two ways-by drawing on Hunt's findings (1965 and 1970) and by collecting samples of language performance from native speakers comparable to the ones collected from the non-native speakers who were the subjects in this study and analyzing them in the same way that the samples from the non-native speakers were analyzed. ) The number of subjects in this study was small-10 control and 10 experimental-and so the findings can be said only to be suggestive.
Control of nitric oxide and prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells produce a variety of factors involved in the control of vascular tone, platelet activation and cell growth, the most important being nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2). Although continuously produced in small amounts, synthesis and release of these autacoids are enhanced by mechanical (e.g. fluid shear stress) and humoral stimuli (e.g. acetylcholine, bradykinin, histamine). By counteracting neuro- and myogenic vasoconstriction, the continuous release of NO and PGI2 from the vascular endothelium represents a sensitive and highly effective local system for the maintenance of an adequate blood flow to the organs. This overview resumes current knowledge concerning the intracellular pathways which link endothelial cell activation by receptor-dependent and -independent stimuli to the formation of NO and PGI2.
Prevalence, gender ratio and gender differences in reading‐related cognitive abilities among Chinese children with dyslexia in Hong Kong

Based on the data of the normative study of the Hong Kong test of specific learning difficulties in reading and writing, and the Test of visual‐perceptual skills (non‐motor)—Revised, 99 children aged between 6 and 10½ years were identified as children with dyslexia out of the normative sample of 690 children. By excluding 12 children known to score below average in IQ, 87 children, including 20 children not tested for IQ, could be regarded as children with dyslexia, yielding a prevalence rate of 12.6% and a boy:girl gender ratio of 1.6 to 1. The figures would become 9.7% and 2.0 to 1 if the 20 children were omitted from computation. However, gender imbalance could not be readily explained by gender differences in reading‐related cognitive abilities, as there were only minor and subtle differences. Regression analyses to evaluate the relative contribution of different cognitive abilities to reading and writing suggested that orthographic knowledge and naming speed were most important among children with dyslexia. Implications of the findings and the need for early intervention are discussed.