Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new magnetic coordinate system for conjugate studies at high latitudes

Studying magnetically conjugate phenomena at very high latitudes requires a magnetic coordinate system that is smooth and well defined at the geographic poles. In addition, it should provide for accurate comparisons at different altitudes. In this report the authors present a variation on the corrected geomagnetic coordinate system that is well defined and smooth over the entire globe. It provides an analytic expression relating geographic coordinates, including altitude, to the magnetic coordinates. The coordinate system is produced by tracing magnetic field lines using the IGRF85 reference magnetic field model with time derivatives updating the model to 1988. An expansion of the relationship in terms of spherical harmonics has been determined, which then provides the required well-defined and smooth relationship over the entire globe. Independent expansions for different altitudes show a smooth functional relationship of the coefficients of the expansion with altitude, and therefore simple interpolation schemes can be used to provide an appropriate expansion at any altitude between 0 km and approximately 600 km. By reversing the process, the inverse expansions relating the magnetic coordinates to geographic coordinates have also been determined. The effects of the seasonal variation in the Sun's declination along with the variation in the Sun's declinationmore » along with the variation in the Sun's apparent position due to the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit result in a variation of nearly 1 hour of magnetic local time for a fixed UT over the course of a year. In many applications this variation may be important and should be included when presenting data in terms of magnetic latitude and MLT. « less
IMMUNOTHERAPY Safety, Antitumor Activity, and T-cell Responses in a Dose-Ranging Phase I Trial of the Oncolytic Peptide LTX-315 in Patients with Solid Tumors A C

, ABSTRACT ◥ Purpose: LTX-315 is a ﬁ rst-in-class, 9-mer membranolytic peptide that has shown potent immunomodulatory properties in preclinical models. We conducted a phase I dose-escalating study of intratumoral LTX-315 administration in patients with advanced solid tumors. Patients and Methods: Thirty-nine patients were enrolled, receiving LTX-315 injections into accessible tumors. The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of this approach, with antitumor and immunomodulatory activity as secondary objectives. Tumor biopsies were collected at baseline and posttreatment for analysis of immunologic parameters. Results: The most common treatment-related grade 1 – 2 adverse events were vascular disorders including transient hypotension (18 patients,46%), ﬂ ushing(11patients,28%),andinjectionsitereactions in 38% of patients. The most common grade 3 LTX-315 – related toxicities were hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis (4 patients, 10%). Analysis of immune endpoints in serial biopsies indicated that LTX-315 induces necrosis and CD8 þ T-cell in ﬁ ltration into the tumor microenvironment. Sequencing of the T-cell receptor repertoire in peripheral blood identi ﬁ ed signi ﬁ cant expansion of T-cell clones after treatment, of which 49% were present in available tumor biopsies after treatment, suggesting that they were tumor associated. Substantial volume reduction ( ≥ 30%) of injected tumors occurred in 29% of the patients, and 86% (12/14 biopsies) had an increase in intralesional CD8 þ T cells posttreatment. No partial responses by immune-related response criteriawereseen,but evidence ofabscopal effect was demonstrated following treatment with LTX-315. Conclusions: LTX-315 has an acceptable safety pro ﬁ le, is clinically active, induces changes in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to immune-mediated anticancer activity. dose-escalating pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of single-agent intratumorally administered LTX-315 in patients Treatment-emergent AEs(TEAE)werede ﬁ nedasallAEsoccurring on or after the ﬁ rst dose of study medication up to 30 days after the last dose. Treatment-related (TR) AEs, deemed by the investigator to A vital mechanistic step underlying the activity of immune-mediated cancer therapy is effective exposure of danger-associated molecular pattern molecules and tumor antigens. LTX-315 is a membranolytic peptide that induces immunogenic cell death. It has demonstrated a marked impact on the tumor microenvironment in preclinical studies. In this phase I trial, we show that intratumoral injection of LTX-315 is well tolerated, has clinical activity including the induction of abscopal responses, and leads to intratumoral effects including an increase of in ﬁ ltrating CD8 þ T cells.
Molecular Requirements for T Cell Recognition by a Major Complex Class II–restricted T Cell Receptor: The Involvement of the Fourth Hypervariable Loop of the V (cid:97) Domain

Summary The role of two central residues (K68, E69) of the fourth hypervariable loop of the V (cid:97) domain (HV4 (cid:97) ) in antigen recognition by an MHC class II–restricted T cell receptor (TCR) has been analyzed. The TCR recognizes the NH 2 -terminal peptide of myelin basic protein (Ac1-11, acetylated at NH 2 terminus) associated with the class II MHC molecule I-A u . Lysine 68 (K68) and glutamic acid 69 (E69) of HV4 (cid:97) have been mutated both individually and simultaneously to alanine (K68A, E69A). The responsiveness of transfectants bearing wild-type and mutated TCRs to Ac1-11–I-A u complexes has been analyzed in the presence and absence of expression of the coreceptor CD4. The data demonstrate that in the absence of CD4 expression, K68 plays a central role in antigen responsiveness. In contrast, the effect of mutating E69 to alanine is less marked. CD4 coexpression can partially compensate for the loss of activity of the K68A mutant transfectants, resulting in responses that, relative to those of the wild-type transfectants, are highly sensitive to anti-CD4 antibody blockade. The observations support models of T cell activation in which both the affinity of the TCR for cognate ligand and the involvement of coreceptors determine the outcome of the T cell–antigen-presenting cell interaction. 10 5 /well in 96-well plates) were incubated with graded doses of the peptides Ac1-11 or Ac1-11[4Y] together with PL-8 cells (1 (cid:51) 10 5 /well) as APCs. No peptide was added to the control wells. For anti-CD4 or anti–I-A u inhibition, graded doses of anti-CD4 (GK1.5) or anti–I-A (Y3P, 10.2.16) mAbs were used. Appropriate isotype matched antibodies were used as controls. The responses of transfectants were measured by IL-2 production that was detected by the proliferative response of CTLL-2 cells as above. All stimulation assays were done in triplicates and data expressed as percent of response to the plate-bound anti-CD3 (cid:101) antibody, 145-2C11.
Microorganisms in Small Patterned Ground Features and Adjacent Vegetated Soils along Topographic and Climatic Gradients in the High Arctic, Canada

In this study, we determine differences in total biomass of soil microorganisms and community structure (using the most probable number of bacteria (MPN) and the number of fungal genera) in patterned ground features (PGF) and adjacent vegetated soils (AVS) in mesic sites from three High Arctic islands in order to characterize microbial dynamics as affected by cryoturbation, and a broad bioclimatic gradient. We also characterize total biomass of soil microorganisms and the most probable number of bacteria along a topographic gradient within each bioclimatic subzone to evaluate whether differences in topography lead to differences in microbial dynamics at a smaller scale. We found total microbial biomass C, the most probable number of heterotrophic bacteria, and fungal genera vary along this bioclimatic gradient. Microbial biomass C decreased with increasing latitude. Overall, microbial biomass C, MPN and the number of fungal isolates were higher in AVS than in PGFs. The effects which topographic position had on microbial biomass C varied across the bioclimatic gradient as there was no effect of topographic position in Isachsen (subzone A) and Mould Bay (subzone B), when compared to Green Cabin (subzone C, warmer site). There was no effect of topographic position on MPN counts at Mould Bay and Green Cabin. However, in Isachsen, MPN counts were highest in the wet topographic position as compared to the mesic and dry. In conclusion, PGFs seem to decouple the effect climate that might have on the total biomass of soil microorganisms along the bioclimatic gradient; and influence gets ameliorated as latitude increases. Similarly, the effect of topography on the total microbial biomass is significant at the warmest bioclimatic zone of the gradient. Thus, climate and topographic effects on total microbial biomass increase with warmer climate.
Spatially Bandgap‐Graded MoS2(1−x)Se2x Homojunctions for Self‐Powered Visible–Near‐Infrared Phototransistors Hao Xu1 *, Juntong Zhu2, Guifu Zou2 *, Wei Liu1,3, Xiao Li1, Caihong Li4, Gyeong Hee Ryu5, Wenshuo Xu5, Xiaoyu Han6, Zhengxiao Guo6,7,8, Jamie H. Warner5, Jiang Wu1,4 *, Huiyun Liu1

Ternary transition metal dichalcogenide alloys with spatially graded bandgaps are an emerging class of two-dimensional materials with unique features, which opens up new potential for device applications. Here, visible–near-infrared and self-powered phototransistors based on spatially bandgap-graded MoS2(1−x)Se2x alloys, synthesized by a simple and controllable chemical solution deposition method, are reported. The graded bandgaps, arising from the spatial grading of Se composition and thickness within a single domain, are tuned from 1.83 to 1.73 eV, leading to the formation of a homojunction with a builtin electric field. Consequently, a strong and sensitive gate-modulated 5×10−8
A Casz1 - NuRD complex regulates temporal identity transitions in neural progenitors

Neural progenitor cells alter their output over developmental time to generate different types of neurons and glia in the correct sequences and proportions. A number of ‘temporal identity factors’ that control transitions in progenitor competence have been identified, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their function remain unclear. Here, we asked how the transcription factor Casz1, the mammalian orthologue of Drosophila castor, regulates competence during retinal neurogenesis. We show that Casz1 is required to control the transition between neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Using BioID proteomics, we reveal that Casz1 interacts with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex in retinal cells. Finally, we show that both the NuRD and the polycomb repressor complexes are required for Casz1 to promote the rod fate and suppress gliogenesis. As other temporal identity factors have been found to interact with the NuRD complex in other contexts, we propose that these factors might act through a common biochemical process to regulate neurogenesis.
The morphology of Saturn's ultraviolet aurora

[1] Spectrographic images in the far ultraviolet, obtained from observations made from 2007 to 2009, are used to quantify and compare the morphology of Saturn's northern and southern aurora in local time. Made by the UVIS imager on the Cassini spacecraft, these observations differ from previous UV observations of Saturn's aurora by offering complete local time coverage of the aurora from small zenith angles. A statistical picture emerges after combining over 105 spectrographic images of the north and south aurora. From its composite, the northern aurora exhibits an intensity peak of ∼40 kR near 05 h local time, while the southern aurora peaks at ∼60 kR near the same local time. Aurora intensities in the post-noon sectors are essentially constant at ∼10 kR. The half-power points of latitudinal profiles reveal widths of ∼4° near dawn and ∼8° near dusk in both north and south. The aurora has an approximately circular shape (not oval! ), although harmonic fits suggest the northern aurora is more nearly circular than the southern. The center of the northern aurora has an offset of ∼1–2° from the pole, while the southern center is offset by ∼2–3°, with both offsets in the midnight-to-dawn quadrant. When mapped to the polar regions, precipitation of field-aligned energetic electrons (>20 keV) generally lies equatorward of the main auroral intensity at all local times.
Towards a Kalman Filter based soil moisture analysis system for the operational ECMWF Integrated Forecast System

This paper presents the future European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts soil moisture analysis system based on a point‐wise Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The performance of the system is evaluated against the current operational Optimal Interpolation (OI) system. Both systems use proxy observations, i.e., 2 m air temperature and relative humidity. The spatial structure of the analysis increments obtained from both analyses are comparable. However, the EKF‐based increments are generally higher for the top soil layers then for the bottom layer. This gradient better reflects the underlying hydrological processes in that the strongest interaction between soil moisture and bare soil evaporation and transpiration through vegetation should occur in top layers where most of the roots are located. The impact on the forecast skill, e.g., air temperature at 2 m and 500 hPa height, is neutral. The new EKF surface analysis system offers a range of further development options for the exploitation of satellite observations for the initialization of the land surface in Numerical Weather Prediction.
Hazard analysis and estimation of people exposure as contribution to tsunami risk assessment in the West Coast of Sumatra, the South Coast of Java and Bali

Summary. Th e Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 dramatically showed the catastrophic consequences when destructive tsunami waves are striking coastal areas. Moreover, it became clear that there is an urgent need for tsunami early warning systems to be set up together with appropriate awareness raising and preparedness activities. In response to this catastrophic event and under the coordination by the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission the Indian Ocean countries are jointly working on the development, implementation and operation of a tsunami early warning system and the realization of disaster risk assessment and preparedness activities. A crucial component in disaster risk management is the availability of reliable information on the population distribution in the tsunami hazard zones in order to mitigate the impact of natural disasters. Th e mapping of tsunami hazard zones and the estimation of people exposure will help the government to improve the evacuation planning and to decrease the amount of people at risk. Th is paper presents research results developed in the framework of the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System project focussing on the west coast of Sumatra, the south coast of Java, and Bali. Th e methodology for the determination of the hazard zones is based on a multiscenario approach. For the estimation of the population distribution a method is applied that combines statistical data with land use information in order to disaggregate the census data proportionally. Th is approach provides estimates for day- and night-time population in the hazard zones. Th e hazard and exposure maps are provided for the whole coastal regions and, in more detail, for the study areas Padang, Cilacap and Kuta. Moreover, essential key parameters of this analysis are integrated in the Decision Support System of the Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning Centre.
Incorporating rainfall intensity into daily rainfall records for simulating runoff and infiltration into soil profiles

Hydrological modelling often implies the use of rainfall data. Its quality and resolution directly affect the accuracy of the simulation results. This study illustrates that a simple approach of incorporating rainfall intensity information in daily rainfall records significantly improves the simulation of surface runoff and rainfall infiltration into soil profiles. The procedure is developed using a frequency analysis on rainfall data of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, collected with a resolution of 10 min and for a consecutive period of 61 years. The frequency analysis of the data allowed the incorporation of rainfall intensity information into daily rainfall records. To test the effect of this approach the surface runoff and water flow into three different soil types was simulated using the HYDRUS‐1D model for a typical dry, normal and wet year. The simulation results whereby the observed 10‐min rainfall data was used as input were considered as the reference. Comparative analysis revealed that the simulations using the 10 min rainfall data deducted from the incorporation of rainfall intensity into daily rainfall records, deviate a maximum 1·2% from the reference and produce much better results than the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff curve‐number method because rainfall intensity is considered in the procedure presented. The SCS curve‐number method typical overestimates surface runoff during periods of low rainfall intensity (winter) and underestimate runoff during periods of high rainfall intensities (summer). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The eolian landforms and sediment in the valley of River Jømna, east of Elverum, south-east Norway

Eolian landforms as sandy dunes and dune heaps were mapped by the author in 1979–1980 in a zone where vegetation had been destroyed by a forest fire on 30 June 1976, in an area to the east of Elverum, south-east Norway. The mapped eolian landforms are discussed together with information from 40 samples of the eolian sediment. Winds, mostly from the north and north-west, were responsible for the development of these eolian landforms, utilizing the fluvioglacial sediments accumulated as a sandur during the retreat of the inland ice approximately 10,000 years ago. The winds were active during a short period of time, only a century or so before the area became vegetated.
Flow Resistance Estimation in Mountain Rivers

Examination of the flow resistance of high-gradient gravel and boulder-bed rivers, using data collected in British mountain rivers with slopes of 0.4 - 4%, shows that there are differences in resistance variation between mountain and lowland rivers and that between-site variations do not necessarily reflect at-a-site variations. Comparison of data with the familiar resistance equation relating the Dracy-Weisbach friction factor to the logarithm of relative submergence shows that the equation tends to overestimate the resistance in uniform flow. The equation also tends to underestimate the rate of change of resistance at a site (as discharge varies) with high gradients. The influences of nonuniform channel profile, sediment size distribution, channel slope and sediment transport are reviewed, but the data do not allow any quantification of these effects. Instead an empirical approach based on the available data is presented, allowing the friction factor to be calculated from the relative submergence with an error of up to ±\N25% to ±\N35%. A summary of the field data is included.
SEQUESTRATION OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BY GEOSORBENTS

The chemical interactions of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) with soils and sediments (geosorbents) may result in strong binding and slow subsequent release rates that significantly affect remediation rates and endpoints. The underlying physical and chemical phenomena potentially responsible for this apparent sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents are not well understood. This challenges our concepts for assessing exposure and toxicity and for setting environmental quality criteria. Currently there are no direct observational data revealing the molecular-scale locations in which nonpolar organic compounds accumulate when associated with natural soils or sediments. Hence macroscopic observations are used to make inferences about sorption mechanisms and the chemical factors affecting the sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents. Recent observations suggest that HOC interactions with geosorbents comprise different inorganic and organic surfaces and matrices, and distinctions may be drawn along these lines,.
Cell–cell and virus–cell fusion assay–based analyses of alanine insertion mutants in the distal (cid:2) 9 portion of the JRFL gp41 subunit from HIV-1

Membrane fusion is the first essential step in HIV-1 replication. The gp41 subunit of HIV-1 envelope protein (Env), a class I fusion protein, achieves membrane fusion by forming a structure called a six-helix bundle composed of N- and C-terminal heptad repeats. We have recently shown that the distal portion of the (cid:2) 9 helix in the C-terminal heptad repeat of X4-tropic HXB2 Env plays a critical role in the late-stage membrane fusion and viral infection. Here, we used R5-tropic JRFL Env and con-structed six alanine insertion mutants, 641 (cid:3) A to 646 (cid:3) A, in the furtherdistalportionof (cid:2) 9whereseveralglutamineresiduesare conserved (the number corresponds to the position of the Env). syncytia Sequence analysis and substitution of inserted 644A with Gln revealed that the glutamine residue at position 644 that forms complex hydrogen-bond networks with other polar residues on the surface of the six-helix bundle is critical for cell–cell fusion. also developed a split NanoLuc (cid:2) (Nluc) reporter-based assay specific to the virus–cell membrane fusion step to analyze several of the mutants. Interestingly syn-cytia-competent mutants failed to display Nluc activities. into virions may to in cell and
Quantifying mixing and age variations of heterogeneities in models of mantle convection: Role of depth‐dependent viscosity

Using a two-dimensional finite element model of mantle convection containing over a million tracer particles, we examine the effects of depth-dependent viscosity on the rates and patterns of mixing. We simulate the processes of recycling crust at subduction zones and the homogenization of recycled material (by dispersion and by melting at mid-ocean ridges). Particles are continually introduced at downwellings and destroyed when they either are so thoroughly dispersed that it would be impossible to measure their presence in the geochemical signature of mid-ocean ridges or oceanic islands, or when they are close to spreading centers, at which point melting would “reset” the geochemical clock. A large number of factors influence the flow pattern and thus the rate at which heterogeneities are dispersed by convection. We examine the effect of increasing the viscosity with depth, and determine how both the residence time of heterogeneities and the extent of lateral mixing and exchange between the upper and lower mantle vary with the viscosity profile of the mantle. We determine the particle distribution resulting from convection models with three viscosity profiles: uniform viscosity, a smooth increase of viscosity with depth, and an abrupt jump in viscosity between the upper and lower mantle. We characterize the resulting distribution of heterogeneities in space and time by examining the age distribution of particles and their locations relative to others introduced into the flow at separate downwellings. Mixing rates in the three models are calculated as a function of the number of particles removed from the flow through time. We found that an increase of viscosity at depth does not induce age stratification in which older particles stagnate in the lover mantle, and it does not produce an upper layer (the source of mid-ocean ridge basalt) that is well-mixed compared to the deeper regions. However, pronounced lateral heterogeneity is evident in the distribution of particles of different ages and starting locations that is not apparent from the particle positions alone.