Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compression ultrasonography for diagnostic management of patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: prospective cohort study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the safety of withholding anticoagulant treatment from patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis but normal findings on compression ultrasonography. Design: Compression ultrasonography was done with a simplified diagnostic procedure limited to the common femoral vein in the groin and the popliteal vein extending down to the trifurcation of the calf veins. Patients with normal ultrasonography findings at presentation were retested 1 week later. Main outcome measure: The incidence of venous thromboembolic complications during follow up for 6 months in patients in whom anticoagulant treatment was withheld on the basis of normal results on two ultrasonography tests 1 week apart. Setting: University research centres in four hospitals. Results: A total of 1702 patients were included in the study. Abnormal results on compression ultrasonography at presentation or at 1 week were found in 400 and 12 patients, respectively, for a prevalence of deep vein thrombosis of 24%. None of the patients were lost to follow up. Venous thromboembolic complications during the week of serial testing occurred in a single patient and in eight patients during 6 months' follow up, resulting in a cumulative rate of venous thromboembolic complications of 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.3% to 1.2%). The mean number of extra hospital visits and additional tests required per initially referred patient was 0.8. Conclusion: It is safe to withhold anticoagulant treatment from patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis who have a normal result on compression ultrasonography at the time of presentation and at 1 week. Key messages Clinical diagnosis of suspected deep vein thrombosis is notoriously unreliable and objective diagnostic tests are indicated to confirm or refute the presence of this condition Ultrasonography with vein compressibility of the common femoral and popliteal vein is the non-invasive test of choice for the diagnostic management of patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis It is safe to withhold anticoagulant treatment from patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis who have normal results on compression ultrasonography on presentation and on a single repeat test 1 week later With the simplified compression ultrasound strategy the number of repeat tests can be safely reduced to a single test performed a week after presentation Most patients with deep vein thrombosis can be identified at presentation, making this strategy convenient to patients and less costly
Evidence that Extreme Volatility in Stock Prices is Associated with Reported News Items

We examine extreme volatility events for 1987-99 in five S&P sub-aggregate indices: financial, industrial, mid-cap, transport, and utility. Identified event days are those for which the ratio of subsequent to prior return variance falls into the 1% critical range of a two-tailed F test. In sharp contrast to prior literature, 63.5% of extreme volatility increases and 53.4% of decreases are associated with extraordinary reported news items. More than half are coincident for two or more sectors, but only financials and industrials are positively correlated in event timing. Economically and statistically significant price deterioration accompanies volatility increases, consistent with investors raising required returns. Price and return patterns around volatility decreases are muted.
Two step verification system of highly secure social media: Possible to breach the security

With the increasing demand of social media, the security threats of these networks also increasing dramatically. Facebook having around 1.5 billion users are concerned with the security and privacy of its users. To make it more secure, the Facebook authority has introduced two-step verification system for login in one's account. However, the second step of verification, i.e., verification code based security, can easily be breached with a simple trick. In this paper, we will show how we breached Facebook security and hacked accounts within 6 to 10 seconds only and we will propose a solution regarding this limitation.
Jet Formation and Evolution in Baroclinic Turbulence with Simple Topography

Satellite altimetry and high-resolution ocean models indicate that the Southern Ocean comprises an intricate web of narrow, meandering jets that undergo spontaneous formation, merger, and splitting events, as well as rapid latitude shifts over periods of weeks to months. The role of topography in controlling jet variability is explored using over 100 simulations from a doubly periodic, forced-dissipative, two-layer quasigeostrophic model. The system is forced by a baroclinically unstable, vertically sheared mean flow in a domain that is large enough to accommodate multiple jets. The dependence of (i) meridional jet spacing, (ii) jet variability, and (iii) domain-averaged meridional transport on changes in the length scale and steepness of simple sinusoidal topographical features is analyzed. The Rhines scale, l_β = 2π(V_e/β)^½, where V_e is an eddy velocity scale and β is the barotropic potential vorticity gradient, measures the meridional extent of eddy mixing by a single jet. The ratio l_β /l_T, where l_T is the topographic length scale, governs jet behavior. Multiple, steady jets with fixed meridional spacing are observed when l_β ≫ l_T or when l_β ≈ l_T. When l_β < l_T, a pattern of perpetual jet formation and jet merger dominates the time evolution of the system. Zonal ridges systematically reduce the domain-averaged meridional transport, while two-dimensional, sinusoidal bumps can increase transport by an order of magnitude or more. For certain parameters, bumpy topography gives rise to periodic oscillations in the jet structure between purely zonal and topographically steered states. In these cases, transport is dominated by bursts of mixing associated with the transition between the two regimes. Topography modifies local potential vorticity (PV) gradients and mean flows; this can generate asymmetric Reynolds stresses about the jet core and can feed back on the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy through baroclinic instability. Both processes contribute to unsteady jet behavior. It is likely that these processes play a role in the dynamic nature of Southern Ocean jets.
Venous blood effects in spin‐echo fMRI of human brain

The spin‐echo response to visual activation was studied as a function of spatial resolution at a field of 1.5 T. The results showed that the increase in absolute T2 upon activation was as large as 22.8 ± 3.1% (P < 0.05) at the highest resolution (5.3 mm3), while it was as small as 3.5 ± 0.2% (P < 0.05) at the lowest resolution (42.2 mm3). In addition, upon increasing resolution, the spin‐echo signal decay as a function of echo time changed from monoexponential to nonexponential. These data indicate that, when using the standard resolution for fMRI studies at 1.5 T, the effects of spin‐echo changes in the draining veins are of major contribution to the total blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal changes measured in voxels encompassing the activated brain areas. The data can be quantitatively accounted for using a model based on the intravascular origin of the spin‐echo effect including both macrovascular and microvascular effects. Existing theories for the spin‐echo BOLD effect based on diffusion through field gradients predict negligible spin‐echo effects inside the large vessels and are therefore incompatible with the data. Magn Reson Med 42:617–626, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Counting Your Customers the Easy Way: An Alternative to the Pareto/NBD Model

Today's managers are very interested in predicting the future purchasing patterns of their customers, which can then serve as an input into "lifetime value" calculations. Among the models that provide such capabilities, the Pareto/NBD "counting your customers" framework proposed by Schmittlein et al. 1987 is highly regarded. However, despite the respect it has earned, it has proven to be a difficult model to implement, particularly because of computational challenges associated with parameter estimation. We develop a new model, the beta-geometric/NBD BG/NBD, which represents a slight variation in the behavioral "story" associated with the Pareto/NBD but is vastly easier to implement. We show, for instance, how its parameters can be obtained quite easily in Microsoft Excel. The two models yield very similar results in a wide variety of purchasing environments, leading us to suggest that the BG/NBD could be viewed as an attractive alternative to the Pareto/NBD in most applications.
Diode recovery characteristics considerations for optimizing EMI performance of continuous mode PFC converters

The design of the boost rectifier diode ratings of a continuous mode boost PFC circuit is usually straight forward but the selection of the recovery characteristics is usually always decided by the final cost and efficiency requirements of the design. This paper explores the effect of diode recovery and it's snap factor characteristics, on the overall EMI and efficiency performance of a continuous mode boost PFC converter. By making extensive measurements and comparing the results of conducted and radiated EMI for three different diode types on a 1200 W prototype operating at about 70 kHz, a systematic design approach is suggested
Takayasu's arteritis: a cause of prolonged arterial stiffness.

OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with Takayasu's arteritis (TA). Increased arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor and predictor of cardiovascular mortality in a variety of diseases. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and the augmentation index (AI) are used as clinical measurements of arterial stiffness. METHODS Data are presented from 10 patients with TA and 11 normal controls obtained between 2000 and 2004. Arterial compliance was assessed non-invasively by measurement of PWV, using the Complior system, and calculation of the aortic AI. RESULTS TA patients (mean age 40.8+/-13.2 yr) were compared with a control group of healthy women from a parallel study (mean age 32.3+/-5.5 yr). The mean carotid-femoral PWV (PWV-CF) was higher in TA patients (P = 0.03). In addition, both aortic AI derived from the radial artery (P = 0.002) and carotid AI (P = 0.03) were higher in TA patients compared with controls. PWV-CF did not correlate with CRP (r = - 0.23, P = 0.23) or ESR (r = - 0.19, P = 0.27). Similar results were obtained for the correlation of carotid-radial PWV with CRP (r = 0.15, P = 0.32) and ESR (r = 0.33, P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that TA is associated with elevated arterial stiffness in the central aorta, which may persist when the disease is quiescent. These data suggest that PWV represents a means by which cardiovascular risk can be detected and monitored in TA, and highlights the importance of effective management of cardiovascular risk factors in these patients.
Eating Behaviors and Overweight among Adolescents: A Population-Based Survey in Japan

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between eating behaviors and overweight among population-based adolescents in Japan. Methods. Study subjects comprised adolescents in the seventh grade (age range, 12–13 years) from Ina, a town in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2008. The height and weight of the subjects were measured, and information concerning eating behaviors (eating speed and eating until full) was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Results. Among boys (n = 1586), fast eating speed significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) for overweight when compared with medium eating speed, regardless of eating until full or not; moreover, a more marked increase in the OR was observed among boys eating until full (OR: 2.78, 95% confidence interval: 1.76–4.38) than among those not eating until full (2.43, 1.41–4.20). Among girls (n = 1542), fast eating speed led to a significant increase in the OR in those eating until full; however, no significant increases were observed in the OR in those eating quickly and not until full. Conclusions. Among adolescents, fast eating speed was associated with overweight; furthermore, the combination of both fast eating speed and eating until full may have a significant effect on overweight.
Culture, Chaos and Capitalism: Privitization in Kazakhstan

A critical issue in the area of corporate governance and law concerns the differences in legal regimes that arise as a result of culture. Kazakhstan in the 1990s achieved independence from the former Soviet Union and was forced in quick order to put in place a series of laws that allowed a capitalist economy to function. Yet these laws were adopted in a state that had no experience with most aspects of private property. The Kazakh people were nomadic, moving from place to place, with little experience with real property. Personal property was largely limited to what they could carry. Stalin ended their nomadic behavior at tragic cost in the 1930s, forcing the Kazakh's to become more stationary. But the Soviet system likewise put little emphasis on an economic system based upon private property. Thus, at the time of independence in 1991, the Kazakhs had little experience with a capitalist based economic system.The article examines the process of privatization that took place in Kazakhstan during the 1990s and the impact on the Kazakh people. The article emphasizes the lack of consideration of Kazakh history and culture in implementing the privatization process.
Adult obesity susceptibility variants are associated with greater childhood weight gain and a faster tempo of growth: the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study123

Background: Longitudinal growth associations with genetic variants identified for adult BMI may provide insights into the timing of obesity susceptibility. Objective: The objective was to explore associations of known BMI loci with measures of body size from birth to adulthood. Design: A total of 2537 individuals from a longitudinal British birth cohort were genotyped for 11 genetic variants robustly associated with adult BMI (in/near FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, GNPDA2, KCTD15, NEGR1, BDNF, ETV5, SEC16B, SH2B1, and MTCH2). We derived an obesity-risk-allele score, comprising the sum of BMI-increasing alleles in each individual, and examined this for an association with birth weight and repeated measures of weight, height, and BMI SD scores (SDS) at 11 time points between ages 2 and 53 y. Results: The obesity-risk-allele score showed borderline significant association with birth weight (0.019 SDS/allele; P = 0.05) and was more clearly associated with higher weight and BMI at all time points between ages 2 and 53 y; the strongest associations with weight occurred at ages 11 and 20 y (both 0.056 SDS/allele). In longitudinal analyses, the score was positively associated with weight gain only between birth and 11 y (0.003 SDS/allele per year; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.004; P = 0.001). The risk-allele score was associated with taller height at 7 y (0.031 SDS/allele; P = 0.002) and greater height gains between 2 and 7 y (0.007 SDS/allele per year; P < 0.001), but not with adult height (P = 0.5). Conclusions: The combined effect of adult obesity susceptibility variants on weight gain was confined to childhood. These variants conferred a faster tempo of height growth that was evident before the pubertal years.
Electronic nose: current status and future trends.

2.2. New Approaches 707 2.2. 1. Optical Sensor Systems 707 2.2.2. Mass Spectrometry 708 2.2.3. Ion Mobility Spectrometry 708 2.2. 4. Gas Chromatography 709 2.2. 5. Infrared Spectroscopy 709 2.2. 6. Use of Substance-Class-Specific Sensors 709 2.3. Combined Technologies 710 3. Companies 710 4. Application Areas 710 4.1. Food and Beverage 712 4.2. Environmental Monitoring 715 4.3. Disease Diagnosis 716 5. Research and Development Trends 718 5.1. Sample Handling 719 5.2. Filters and Analyte Gas Separation 719 5.3. Data Evaluation 720 6. Conclusion 721 7. References 722
When are There Natural Limits on Inequality

This paper examines Thomas Piketty's thesis that there are no natural limits on accumulation of wealth. We undertake our examination in the context of a simple general equilibrium model with infintely-lived dynasties. We show that extreme wealth accumulation does not happen in general equilibrium unless capital and labor are substitutes, an assumption which also leads to unbalanced growth. We also show that even with unbalanced growth, differences in rates of return and effective labor are not sufficient to cause unbounded inequality. Only savings rate differences can lead to extreme wealth concentration. Finally, we show that while a flat wealth tax will not eliminate extreme wealth concentration, both a graduated wealth tax and a flat income tax will.
Fibered categories and the foundations of naive category theory

Any attempt to give “foundations”, for category theory or any domain in mathematics, could have two objectives, of course related. (0.1) Noncontradiction: Namely, to provide a formal frame rich enough so that all the actual activity in the domain can be carried out within this frame, and consistent, or at least relatively consistent with a well-established and “safe” theory, e.g. Zermelo-Frankel (ZF). (0.2) Adequacy, in the following, nontechnical sense: (i) The basic notions must be simple enough to make transparent the syntactic structures involved. (ii) The translation between the formal language and the usual language must be, or very quickly become, obvious. This implies in particular that the terminology and notations in the formal system should be identical, or very similar, to the current ones. Although this may seem minor, it is in fact very important. (iii) “Foundations” can only be “foundations of a given domain at a given moment”, therefore the frame should be easily adaptable to extensions or generalizations of the domain, and, even better, in view of (i), it should suggest how to find meaningful generalizations. (iv) Sometimes (ii) and (iii) can be incompatible because the current notations are not adapted to a more general situation. A compromise is then necessary. Usually when the tradition is very strong (ii) is predominant, but this causes some incoherence for the notations in the more general case (e.g. the notation f(x) for the value of a function f at x obliges one, in category theory, to denote the composition of arrows (f, g) → g∘f, and all attempts to change this notation have, so far, failed).
The relationship between sleep disturbance and depression

This paper focuses on several aspects of the relationship between sleep and depression, with particular attention to objective factors and subjective perceptions. It does not address the effect that antidepressants have on sleep, nor does it explore the wider implications of the types and course of depression, age, or other psychiatric conditions. “Normal sleep” is explored, examining typical sleep architecture in individuals without sleep disorders, psychiatric conditions or physical illness. Sleep disorders are reviewed and examined to present the nature of the disturbance and the role that they may play in depression, with particular attention paid to insomnia. Studies have identified a sub-group of insomnia patients (highly distressed poor sleepers), who appear to be less satisfied with their sleep quality than “low distressed poor sleepers”, even though they did not differ on sleep timing perceptions. Recent work has shown that depressed individuals to be less satisfied with sleep quality than healthy controls, even though they did not differ on sleep timing perceptions. The evidence presented here supports the view that subjective sleep perceptions play an important role in depression. Poor subjective perceptions of sleep in depression may be associated with faulty cognitions. This has been found extensively in insomnia, but is under-researched in depression.
Logical Specification of the GLBA and HIPAA Privacy Laws (CMU-CyLab-10-007)

Despite the wide array of frameworks proposed for the formal specification and analysis of privacy laws, there has been comparatively little work on expressing large fragments of actual privacy laws in these frameworks. We attempt to bridge this gap by presenting what we believe to be the most complete logical formalizations of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to date. Specifically, we formalize §§6802 and 6803 of GLBA and §§164.502, 164.506, 164.508, 164.510, 164.512, 164.514, and 164.524 of HIPAA. The remaining sections of both laws are not stated in terms of operational requirements, and therefore cannot be formalized in our model. Along the way, we also give a novel extension of an existing privacy logic with real-time features and fixed point operators; these provide the expressive power necessary to capture legal clauses found in GLBA and HIPAA involving bounded-time obligations and reuse of information. This work was partially supported by the U.S. Army Research Office contract on Perpetually Available and Secure Information Systems (DAAD19-02-1-0389) to Carnegie Mellon CyLab, the NSF Science and Technology Center TRUST, the NSF CyberTrust grant “Privacy, Compliance and Information Risk in Complex Organizational Processes” and the AFOSR MURI “Collaborative Policies and Assured Information Sharing”. The first author was also supported under an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Army Research Office, National Science Foundation, or the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
The robot basal ganglia: Action selection by an embedded model of the basal ganglia

Action selection is the task of resolving conflicts between multiple sensorimotor systems seeking access to the final common motor path. Recently,1, 2 we proposed that the basal ganglia may act to provide a biological solution to the problem of selection. To test this notion we have implemented a high level computational model of intrinsic basal ganglia circuitry and its interactions with simulated thalamocortical connections.3, 4 The computational model was then exposed to the rigors of ‘real world’ action selection by embedding it within the control architecture of a small mobile robot.5 In a mock foraging task, the robot was required to select appropriate actions under changing sensory and motivational conditions, thereby generating sequences of integrated behavior. Our results demonstrate: (i) the computational model of basal ganglia switches effectively between competing channels depending on the dynamics of relative input ‘salience’; (ii) its performance is enhanced by inclusion of anatomically inspired thalamocortical circuitry; (iii) in the robot, the model demonstrates appropriate and clean switching between different actions and is able to generate coherent sequences of behavior.
Interspecific comparison of the period gene of Drosophila reveals large blocks of non‐conserved coding DNA.

We have cloned and sequenced the coding region of the period (per) gene from Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. virilis. A comparison with that of D. melanogaster reveals that the conceptual translation products consist of interspersed blocks of conserved and non‐conserved amino acid sequence. The non‐conserved portion, comprising approximately 33% of the protein sequence, includes the perfect Thr‐Gly repeat of D. melanogaster, which is absent from the D. pseudoobscura and D. virilis proteins. Based on these observations and cross‐species transformation experiments, we suggest that the interspecific variability in the per primary amino acid sequence contributes to the control of species‐specific behaviors.