Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population-wide linkage disequilibrium and its uses in QTL mapping and estimation of ancestral population size

Trait loci mapping methods have traditionally been performed by following the cosegregation of marker loci and trait values within families (i.e. linkage methods). However, these methods have poor resolution and power. Alternative methods based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) at the population level have been advocated to overcome these limitations. The feasibility of LD mapping methods relies on population parameters such as allele frequencies at the trait and marker loci and the extent of LD. The extent of LD was studied in two populations, a dairy cattle population from the United Kingdom (UK) and a human isolated Sardinian population. For the dairy cattle population, data from 50 young bulls were available. These bulls were typed at 6 markers on chromosome 2 and 7 markers on chromosome 6, spanning 38 and 20 cM, respectively. Two different methods, that do not require family information, were used to estimate population haplotype frequencies. LD extended to about 10 cM between pairs of loci in syntenic groups. Given the observed level of LD, mapping methods based upon population-wide association might provide better resolution than linkage methods in the UK dairy cattle population, as well as reduce the required sample sizes of the experiments. For the human population, 381 individuals typed at 22 markers on chromosome 19 were studied. High levels of disequilibrium were found that extended to 8 cM, when based on the LD measure D', and 11 cM when based on the significance level of the allelic association. It was also shown, using bootstrapping, that small sample sizes can overestimate both the mean value of D' and its variance by up to factors of about 3 and 23, respectively, when the sample size decreases from 381 to 25 individuals. Due to the high sampling variance of LD measures, the use of at least 200 unrelated individuals when characterizing the extent of LD is recommended. Three different strategies and study designs to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) using LD were studied using analytical methods and computer simulation. First, a strategy that involved phenotyping a large number of unrelated individuals and genotyping only selected individuals from the two tails of the trait distribution was considered. Power to detect trait-marker association was derived as a function of the number of QTL and marker alleles. Two patterns of LD were used to assess their influence on power. When the frequency of the QTL allele with the largest effect and that of the marker allele linked in coupling were equal, power was maximum. In this case, increasing the number of QTL alleles reduced the power. The maximum difference in power between the two LD patterns studied was about 30%. For low QTL heritabilities and single trait studies, selecting around 5% of both tails of the trait distribution is recommended. Secondly, two approaches for mapping QTL using LD were compared. In the trait-based (TB) approach, the frequencies of
Federalism as state form to overcome violent conflict in Ethiopia

Abstract This article explores how federalism and conflict management are linked and the management of violent conflicts in Ethiopia. Drawing from literature reviews, reports, constitutions and other legal documents, the article argues that Ethiopia has experienced an outburst in violent conflicts over the past few years. An increase in radical, rival ethnic nationalisms in the situation of apparent brittleness of government structures created favorable environment for the violent conflicts in the country. Although federalism could help in managing conflict and protect minorities when supported by other power sharing arrangements, in Ethiopia it has not led to fair distribution of power and has not ended the past dominance of the center. Government and party brittleness have also resulted in a favorable environment to the spread of violent conflicts. In addition, opposing views of the ethno-nationalists and the Ethio-nationalists camps on the federal system the country should build also complicated the problem. This may hamper building democratic multinational federation. Thus, to manage the conflicts that erupt in the regions, building local institutions, proportional representations at different levels, and adequate representation of public interests in government policy making and the implementation process are crucial factors.
NH3 FLUX MEASUREMENTS AT SCHAGERBRUG AND OOSTVAARDERSPLASSEN, THE DUTCH CONTRIBUTION TO THE GRAMINAE EXPERIMENT

Ammonia concentration gradients at a grassland in an agricultural region were measured from July 1998 to July 2000 by three annular denuders (AMANDA) at the location Schagerbrug in the Netherlands. Concentration gradients were used to calculate the surface-atmosphere exchange of ammonia by means of the aerodynamic gradient technique. Measurements of the ammonia exchange were also performed at a grassfield that is part of a major wetland reserve in the centre of the Netherlands (Oostvaardersplassen), during the period June 1994-September 1995. At Schagerbrug, low net emissions or small depositions were measured during the winter months, with a net emission per month up to 5 kg NH3.ha in summer. The net annual emission was 23 kg N/ha, with manure application contributing for about 50% to this level. At the Oostvaardersplassen mainly deposition occurs, but large emissions were measured in autumn. The measured exchange fluxes are compared to model evaluations that take into account plant physiological data like apoplast NH4 concentrations and pH. Results show a good agreement between field observations and model simulations, although some improvements have to be made during nighttime periods.
AFTERSHOCKS STUDY OF THE 26 DECEMBER 2003 BAM EARTHQUAKE

From 29 December to 30 January, a dense seismological network of 20 stations surrounding the epicentral area of the 26 December 2003 Bam earthquake was installed to study the seismic activity that took place after the main shock. The aftershock distribution is consistent with a 30 km north-south striking fault. The focal depths distribution shows a nearly vertical alignment of aftershocks located between 6 to 20 km depth. The focal mechanism solutions indicate right lateral strike slip faulting on N-S trending fault, parallel to the Bam fault trace. However, there is a small offset of about 5km westward between the Bam fault trace and the aftershocks distribution.
Growth Mechanism of Matricaria chamomilla Plant Under Space Lighting System: Induction of Pigment Synthesis, Enzyme Defense System, and Antioxidant Metabolites

Light is a vital factor for plant cultivation in space. In this research, the impact of light spectrums was studied on the growth mechanisms through chlorophyll pigments, enzyme defense system, and antioxidant metabolite analyses. Seeds were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and exposed to different light spectrums of white, red, blue, and red-blue. Results showed that red-blue lights induced the fresh and dry weight, root length, adventitious roots, relative water content, chlorophyll content, protein, flavonoids, and antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Moreover, the highest amount of hydrogen peroxide was observed in seedlings treated with red light. It seems that red-blue light is a suitable lighting spectrum for M. chamomilla cultivation in the closed life support system.
Validation of the Identification of Medication Adherence Barriers Questionnaire (IMAB-Q); a Behavioural Science-Underpinned Tool for Identifying Non-Adherence and Diagnosing an Individual’s Barriers to Adherence

Purpose To validate the Identification of Medication Adherence Barriers Questionnaire (IMAB-Q) as a tool to guide practitioners to identify patients who require support to take their medicines as prescribed, their key barriers to adherence and select relevant behaviour change techniques. Patients and Methods Adults prescribed medication for cardiovascular disease prevention were recruited from nine community pharmacies in England. Participants completed the IMAB-Q comprising 30 items representing potential barriers to adherence developed from our previous mixed methods study (scoping review and focus groups) underpinned by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Participants also self-reported their adherence on a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from perfect adherence (100) to non-adherence (1). A subgroup of 30 participants completed the IMAB-Q twice to investigate test-retest reliability using weighted Kappa. Mokken scaling was used to investigate IMAB-Q structure. Spearman correlation was used to investigate IMAB-Q criterion validity compared to the VAS score. Results From 1407 invitations, 608 valid responses were received. Respondents had a mean (SD) age of 70.12 (9.9) years and were prescribed a median (IQ) 4 (3, 6) medicines. Worry about unwanted effects (n = 212, 34.5%) and negative emotions evoked by medicine taking (n = 99, 16.1%) were most frequently reported. Mokken scaling did not organise related IMAB-Q items according to the TDF domains (scalability coefficient H = 0.3 to 0.6). Lower VAS self-reported adherence correlated with greater IMAB-Q reported barriers (rho = −0.14, p = 0.001). Test-retest reliability of IMAB-Q items ranged from kappa co-efficient 0.9 to 0.3 (p < 0.05). Conclusion The IMAB-Q is valid and reliable for identifying people not adhering and their barriers to adherence. Each IMAB-Q item is linked to a TDF domain which in turn is linked to relevant behaviour change techniques. The IMAB-Q can therefore guide patients and practitioners to select strategies tailored to a patient’s identified barriers.
Description of New Zealand's shallow-set longline fisheries

The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission is tasked with managing the largest industrial tuna fishery in the world. This includes a multi-nation fleet of 4-5,000 longline vessels fishing throughout (but not evenly distributed in) the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. Interactions with sea turtles include incidental bycatch during longline operations, particularly when turtles actively take bait, or become entangled in the fishing gear. In the context of the concerns surrounding sea turtle conservation, and the extent of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission's longline fleets, the Commission has recognised mitigation measures may reduce sea turtle captures. The Commission has attempted to reduce sea turtle capture in the fisheries under its jurisdiction, through resolution RES2005-04 and conservation and management measure CMM2008-04. highlights longline vessels that fish for swordfish in a shallow-set manner as a particular potential risk to turtles. As part of the measure, Commission Members, Cooperating non-Members and participating Territories (CCMs) are required to establish their own operational definition of " longline vessels that fish for swordfish in a shallow-set manner ". This paper tables New Zealand's definition for longline vessels that fish for swordfish in a shallow-set manner. The paper also provides information on New Zealand's sea turtle interaction rates for these vessels.
Depletion Events, Nature of Metasomatizing Agent and Timing of Enrichment Processes in Lithospheric Mantle Xenoliths from the Veneto Volcanic Province

analogues of the modelled metasomatizing agent/s occur in the Mantle xenoliths included in the alkaline basic lavas from the South Alpine domain as late Cretaceous lamprophyric dykes, as Paleogene Veneto Volcanic Province (VVP) consist of predominant well as VVP alkaline basic lavas. An estimate of timing of the spinel lherzolites (21–6% clinopyroxene) and minor spinel harzenrichment processes was achieved by a REE inward diffusion burgites (4–2% clinopyroxene), mainly protogranular textured. Most model in primary and spongy clinopyroxenes, assuming LREEof the xenoliths show superimposed textural evidence of metasomatic enriched secondary clinopyroxenes as the boundary surface comprocesses, consisting of reaction patches and spongy clinopyroxenes, position. Model calculations imply a complete chemical revariably associated with glass and secondary olivine, clinopyroxene, homogenization of a 1 mm crystal in a time span of 4·8–16 kyr. spinel and feldspar. Whole-rock and mineral major and trace element Consequently, the observed REE zoning of clinopyroxenes, together data indicate a complex history of depletion and enrichment processes with the presence of glassy patches, indicates that the most recent undergone by the continental lithospheric mantle beneath a withinmetasomatic processes occurred shortly before the entrainment of plate region. Protogranular-textured clinopyroxenes from lherzolites mantle xenoliths by the host lavas. show heavy rare earth element (HREE) contents >10 times chondrite and strong light REE (LREE) depletion [(La/Yb)N = 0·002–0·025)], whereas those in harzburgites vary from slightly LREE depleted to LREE enriched [(La/Yb)N = 0·64–4·00],
A study of self-perceived change in CBT competence among Norwegian therapists undertaking a 2-year CBT training for working with young people

Abstract The rising prevalence of mental illness among youth has underscored the critical need for proficient therapists trained in effective methods for treating prevalent mental disorders. As mental health services grapple with resource constraints, the demand for shorter training programs has increased. This study aimed to investigate whether therapist competence improves continuously over a two-year cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) training course, whether specific CBT skills show greater improvement than generic skills, and whether self-perceived competence varies based on therapist characteristics. Data were gathered from seven different CBT training courses spanning the years 2013–2021 involving a total of 151 Norwegian therapists. Therapist self-assessed their CBT competence using the Cognitive Therapy and Adherence Scale (CTACS). The collected data were analysed using mixed effects models using the R program. The findings revealed a significant increase in self-reported competence throughout the two-year training period. Notably, skills related to case formulation and CBT techniques displayed the most substantial improvements, indicating a high level of competence attained by the conclusion of training. No significant interactions were identified between time and therapist characteristics. The outcomes of this study support the efficacy of in-depth training through an extended CBT course spanning multiple semesters. The observed progress in CBT skills suggests that investments in therapist training can yield high levels of competence. Furthermore, this investment appears warranted regardless of therapists’ individual characteristics. Key learning aims (1) To gain insight into the differential development of generic and CBT specific competence during CBT training. (2) To reflect on the significance of therapist characteristics in the training process. (3) To reflect on the possible importance of reaching a high level of CBT competence during CBT training.
Optimisation of the blood supply at the flap donor site through the application of cutaneous negative pressure

At present, perforator flaps are a very popular technique in reconstructive surgery. However, in spite of the fact that perforator flaps provide favourable aesthetic results, their use is often related to complications in the form of transplanted tissue perfusion disorders. Objective — to investigate the possibility of optimising the blood supply at the flap donor site through the application of cutaneous negative pressure (NP). Materials and methods. The study was carried out from 2019 to 2021. A single‑arm clinical trial consisted of 20 individuals who presented with deep wound defects requiring flap coverage. A dynamic thermography study was conducted to examine the chosen donor site before and after dressing with NP. Results. The temperature measurements obtained from the two selected warm perforator points and the point in the cool area between perforators prior to the application of NP showed a steady downward trend in temperature. Specifically, the temperature in the cool area was observed to be lower by an average of –1.89 °С and –2.12 °С as compared to warm points. The application of local NP had an impact on trend analysis of skin temperature, which demonstrated a significant decrease in the differences between values seen in the cool and warm areas. This effect was already noted after the first day of the NP system application, as evidenced by the everyday data collection. The «levelling» of temperature curves was associated with temperature rises both in the cool area and at the perforator exit points. Conclusions. The findings obtained from thermography analysis suggest that the application of NP has the potential to enhance blood circulation in the intended donor area. Therefore, it is plausible to discuss the possibility of improved microcirculation in the skin and the beneficial effect of local cutaneous NP application on the state of anastomoses between perforators.
Decibel Decisions: The Concept of Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery With a Decibel Meter on Two Surgical Cases

The present cases were used to investigate the reliability of the intraoperative decibel meter as an objective method of clipping efficiency in cerebral aneurysm surgery and to assess the impact of this method on the surgical procedure itself. Different methodologies have been developed and applied to directly or indirectly evaluate the placement of a clip, for example, intraoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA), intraoperative micro-Doppler ultrasonography, and, more recently, indocyanine green (ICG). We included two patients with a previously non-treated unruptured brain aneurysm. In both patients, intraoperative micro-Doppler was used in combination with a decibel meter app. Here, we present the cases of two patients. In patient one, the pre-clipping average sound level/equivalent continuous sound pressure level (Avg/Leq) was 96.7 dB, while the post-clipping Avg/Leq was 94.4 dB, indicating a reduction in sound level after clipping. Similarly, the pre-clipping time-weighted average noise level (TWA) was 1.2%, while the post-clipping TWA was 0.5%, indicating a decrease in exposure dose after clipping. In patient two, the average sound level for the post-clipping measurement (94.2 dB) was higher than the pre-clipping measurement (93.5 dB), but the difference was not statistically significant. These cases indicate the potential for using sound measurements as a reliable indicator of adequate aneurysm occlusion during clipping procedures. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.
Myrrh protects against IL-13-induced epithelial barrier breakdown in HT-29/B6 cells

The oleoresin myrrh has been used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory remedy for a variety of diseases and is said to have a protective effect on the intestinal epithelium. An intact epithelial barrier function is the prerequisite for a healthy gut. Inflammatory and infectious diseases of the intestine, in particular, lead to barrier impairment resulting in leak-flux diarrhea and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of myrrh in an experimental inflammatory situation, namely, under the influence of IL-13, one of the key cytokines in ulcerative colitis. We used human intestinal epithelial HT-29/B6 cell monolayers for functional and molecular assessment of the epithelial barrier under IL-13 and myrrh treatment. IL-13 induced a loss in barrier function that was fully restored with myrrh treatment, as shown by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements. The molecular correlate of the IL-13-mediated barrier dysfunction could be assigned to an upregulation of the channel-forming tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-2 and to a subcellular redistribution of the TJ protein tricellulin, loosening the sealing of tricellular TJs. Moreover, IL-13 exposure leads to an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, contributing to the leak pathway of barrier dysfunction. Myrrh protected against changes in TJ deregulation and decreased the elevated apoptotic ratio under IL-13. The protective effects are mediated through the inhibition of the STAT3 and STAT6 pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that myrrh exhibits antagonizing effects against IL-13-induced barrier impairment in a human intestinal cell model. These data suggest the use of myrrh as a promising option in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Infrared UAV Target Detection Based on Continuous-Coupled Neural Network

The task of the detection of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is of great significance to social communication security. Infrared detection technology has the advantage of not being interfered with by environmental and other factors and can detect UAVs in complex environments. Since infrared detection equipment is expensive and data collection is difficult, there are few existing UAV-based infrared images, making it difficult to train deep neural networks; in addition, there are background clutter and noise in infrared images, such as heavy clouds, buildings, etc. The signal-to-clutter ratio is low, and the signal-to-noise ratio is low. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the UAV detection task using traditional methods. The above challenges make infrared UAV detection a difficult task. In order to solve the above problems, this work drew upon the visual processing mechanism of the human brain to propose an effective framework for UAV detection in infrared images. The framework first determines the relevant parameters of the continuous-coupled neural network (CCNN) through the image’s standard deviation, mean, etc. Then, it inputs the image into the CCNN, groups the pixels through iteration, then obtains the segmentation result through expansion and erosion, and finally, obtains the final result through the minimum circumscribed rectangle. The experimental results showed that, compared with the existing most-advanced brain-inspired image-understanding methods, this framework has the best intersection over union (IoU) (the intersection over union is the overlapping area between the predicted segmentation and the label divided by the joint area between the predicted segmentation and the label) in UAV infrared images, with an average of 74.79% (up to 97.01%), and can effectively realize the task of UAV detection.
Identification and physiological activity of (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride as a new phytotoxin isolated from Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 TB

Rhizoctonia solani as a cosmopolitan fungus is the causative agent of many crop diseases and leads to significant economic losses in crop production. To explore the toxin structure and physiological activity of R. solani AG-3 TB, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared absorption spectrum (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR) were required. Here, the compound (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride (MMC) with the molecular formula C20H20ClOP was purified and identified from R. solani AG-3 TB. The pure compound MMC treated at 20 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL can cause obvious necrosis on leaves, increase active oxygen species (AOS), decrease chlorophyll content, and damage cellular structure. The results enrich the understanding of toxin compounds for R. solani and provide valuable insights into the toxicology of R. solani AG-3 TB.