Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nicole's Father is NOT German! The Immutability of Differences, and the Social Construction of their Moral and Political Salience

Abstract Why are differences so political significant? Too often political science discussions of differences assume they are immutable. The attendant implication is that the political divisions attached to these variations—in religion, ethnicity, race, or any of the other dissimilarities that frequently enter political life—are considered rigid and inflexible. This commentary draws on recent work in moral and social psychology and evolutionary biology to suggest that the critical political factor surrounding differences is not their immutability but rather the moral and political salience we accord such differences. Simple experiments in social identity theory—and a conversation with an incensed 12-year old—demonstrate that the psychological process by which differences between people and groups become deemed ethically and politically relevant is totally socially constructed and hence can be restructured in a fashion that leads to more tolerant treatment of those judged different.
Current Methods for the Treatment of Alveolar Cleft

Alveolar cleft is a tornado-shaped bone defect in the maxillary arch. The treatment goals for alveolar cleft are stabilization and provision of bone continuity to the maxillary arch, permitting support for tooth eruption, eliminating oronasal fistulas, providing an improved esthetic result, and improving speech. Treatment protocols vary in terms of the operative time, surgical techniques, and graft materials. Early approaches including boneless bone grafting (gingivoperiosteoplasty) and primary bone graft fell into disfavor because they impaired facial growth, and they remain controversial. Secondary bone graft (SBG) is not the most perfect method, but long-term follow-up has shown that the graft is absorbed to a lesser extent, does not impede facial growth, and supports other teeth. Accordingly, SBG in the mixed dentition phase (6–11 years) has become the preferred method of treatment. The most commonly used graft material is cancellous bone from the iliac crest. Recently, many researchers have investigated the use of allogeneic bone, artificial bone, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein, along with growth factors because of their ability to decrease donor-site morbidity. Further investigations of bone substitutes and additives will continue to be needed to increase their effectiveness and to reduce complications.
Violencia entre escolares. Conceptos y etiquetas verbales que definen el fenómeno del maltrato entre iguales

El fenomeno de la violencia entre iguales ha sido objeto de interes cientifico durante las ultimas tres decadas y, durante este periodo de tiempo, se ha demostrado su presencia en un gran numero de paises (Sinith et al., 1999). Este problema tambien ha sido investigado en Espana y los resultados indican tendencias similares al resto de Europa (Ortega & Mora-Merchan, 1995, 1999). Una de las conclusiones mas importantes de estos estudios ha sido que no existe acuerdo en la comunidad cientifica sobre el termino espanol que se refiere a este fenomeno social, problema que no se presenta en otras culturas como, por ejemplo, la anglosajona. En este sentido, se ha desarrollado un estudio transcultural con el objetivo de hallar los terminos que los ninos utilizan para referirse a este tipo de situaciones y los factores que influyen en la utilizacion de uno u otro (Sinith et al., 1997). En este articulo, presentamos los resultados de una muestra de Sevilla (N=80) usando una meto-dologia disenada para examinar, en detalle, las relaciones entre situaciones tipicas de violencia entre igua-les y los terminos con los que los ninos y ninas usan para referirse a ellas. De esta manera, intentamos definir los conceptos que los alumnos usan para interpretar las situaciones de violencia entre iguales en sus centros educativos
Backscattering measurements of alpine snowcovers at 5.3 and 35 GHz

This paper describes two network-analyzer (NA)-based scatterometers at 5.3 (C-band) and 35 GHz (Ka-band) as well as snowcover measurements made in the Swiss and Austrian Alps between December 1993 and January 1996. First, the setup and the mode of operation of the scatterometers are discussed. Both instruments measure the backscattering coefficients /spl gamma/ at hh, /spl nu//spl nu/, /spl nu/h, and /spl nu/h polarizations and for incidence angles ranging from 0 to 70/spl deg/. The accuracy of /spl gamma/ is generally better than /spl plusmn/1.8 dB, and the scatterometers are well suited for signature studies of natural surfaces. During the two years, the authors performed many backscattering measurements of natural, strongly layered snowcovers and the authors investigated relationships between /spl gamma/ and physical parameters of the snowcover. All measurements were collected in a signature catalogue. They report on results at 40/spl deg/ incidence angle. They found that the combined use of active sensors at 5.3 and 35 GHz allows the discrimination of various snowcover situations, if multitemporal information is available. In addition, they observed a relationship of /spl gamma/ at 5.3 GHz with the integrated column height of liquid water and dependencies of /spl gamma/ at 35 GHz on the height of the dry snow, on the volumetric liquid water content at the snow surface, and on the thickness of the refrozen crust at the snow surface.
Collaboration and partnership: an effective response to complexity and fragmentation or solution built on sand?

Posits that collaboration in the UK is either recommended as good practice or enshrined within legislation as a necessity. Chronicles that there has been a sustained growth in the number of formal and informal collaborative relationships between state agencies and market, voluntary and community sectors, as well as within and between state agencies themselves. Uses illustrative case study materials drawn from the authors’ research and consultancy experiences, particularly in the areas of inner city community based mental health, urban regeneration, policing, and child and adolescent mental health. Concludes that research has extensively been drawn on to illustrate the dilemmas that regularly arise when attempting to implement this policy objective.
The Transition to Independent Research: Who Makes It, Who Doesn't, and Why

A critical question in doctoral education is why students who succeed in the coursework (dependent) phase of their graduate education have different fates in the independent research phase of their education. In this focus group–based study, faculty were asked to talk about students who had difficulty making the transition to independent research or who did not make it at all. They were also asked to talk about students who made the transition to independent research with relative ease. The focus group discussions were analyzed using a theoretical perspective derived from theory and research on creativity and degree completion. The descriptions of students who made the transition with relative success matched closely with characterizations of highly creative people.
Sports Medicine and Athletic Training in the 21st Century: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Clinical Practice

Sport and recreational activity is a vital part of today's society, and athletic training researchers are playing an important role in gaining a better understanding of how to promote safe and healthy participation for athletes of all ages. This article aims to illustrate the importance of research to prevent and effectively treat sport and recreational injuries. Increased physical activity among Americans is helping to combat chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, but injuries related to increased activity are on the rise. We must be responsible in our approach to promoting physical activity and participation in sport, while minimizing risk of injury. Athletic training researchers and colleagues from other disciplines within kinesiology, allied health sciences, and medicine must work collaboratively to identify predispositions to athletic injuries and illnesses. They must further conduct prospective studies that will help clinicians better manage these injuries and prevent their recurrence. This article highlights the progress that athletic training researchers have made to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice.
Shrunk-2-D: A Physical Design Methodology to Build Commercial-Quality Monolithic 3-D ICs

Monolithic 3-D (M3D) integrated circuits (ICs) are an emerging technology that offer much higher integration densities than previous 3-D IC approaches. In this paper, we present a complete netlist-to-layout design flow to design an M3D block, as well as to integrate 2-D and 3-D blocks into an M3D SoC. This design flow is based on commercial tools built for 2-D ICs, and enhanced with our 3-D specific methodologies. We use the OpenSPARC T2 SoC as a case study, implement it in a 28-nm fully depleted silicon on insulator foundry process, and demonstrate that we can achieve up to 12% and 8% power savings for a single block and SoC, respectively, when compared with their 2-D counterparts implemented using commercial tools.
Maneuver planning for highly automated vehicles

One important aspect of autonomous driving lies in the selection of maneuver sequences. Here the challenge is to optimize the driving comfort and travel-duration, while always keeping within the safety limits. Human drivers analyze and try to anticipate the traffic situation choosing their actions not only based on current information but also based on experience. The decision making process can be treated as a planning problem. Classical planning systems consider the autonomous driving task as a global numeric optimization problem, which in populated dynamic environments can become computationally intractable. In addition, purely numeric computations hamper the understanding of the decision making for the human user. We propose a planning system that presents a multi-level architecture, similar to the human reasoning process, which combines continuous planning with semantic information. This allows the planning system to deal with the complexity of the problem in a computationally efficient way and also provides an intuitive interface to communicate the decisions to the driver. We validate our approach in simulation and through a set of experiments carried out with a real vehicle and an integrated traffic simulation also known as vehicle in the loop (VIL).
The Impact of Mindful Awareness Practices on College Student Health, Well-Being, and Capacity for Learning: A Pilot Study

This preliminary study examined the feasibility and potential utility of mindful awareness practices (MAPs) in terms of enhancing student learning in the college classroom, as well as improving psychological well-being. One of two identical undergraduate psychology sections included a 10-minute MAP at the beginning of every class (mindfulness group n = 37; control group n = 23). Primary learning and secondary self-report outcomes were obtained. Controlling for significant demographic covariates, students in the mindfulness group demonstrated significant increases in mindful awareness traits and reductions in rumination and state anxiety compared with controls. While mindfulness intervention did not lead to significant improvement in academic performance across the semester, 81% of students self-reported positive effects of MAPs on their learning. It is concluded that it is feasible to incorporate MAPs into a regular college classroom. MAPs may help improve student psychological well-being. Although students perceived themselves to benefit from their mindfulness practice, further research is needed to examine the effects of MAPs on student academic performance.
Repositioning Guidance and Counselling and Curriculum Innovation in Higher Education in Nigeria.

This study focuses on repositioning guidance and counseling and curriculum innovation in higher education in Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. The study covered four Federal universities in the South-West Geopolitical zone of Nigeria, namely University of Ibadan in Oyo State; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in Oshun State; University of Lagos in Lagos State; and University of Ilorin in Kwara State. The population of the study comprised 241 made up of 195 student counselors and 46 professional counselors from the four selected federal universities in the South-West Geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The sampling for the study was drawn through simple random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher using strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed, and strongly disagreed options. The questionnaire was face-validated using five experts - two in the department of Measurement and Evaluation in University of Nigeria Nsukka, one in Curriculum in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, one in Guidance and Counseling, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka; and one in Guidance and Counseling in University of Calabar, Cross River State. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for answering the research questions. A mean of 2.5 and above was accepted while any mean less than 2.5 was rejected. The findings of the study reveal, among other things that education, sense of industry, problem solving, conducive/enabling environment, and planning are various ways professional counselors help in repositioning curriculum innovation in higher education in Nigeria. It is also recommended among other things that both expert teachers/professional counselors and student counselors should participate in the repositioning of guidance and counseling and the design and development of innovative curriculum.
A comparative study of the effects of input-based and production-based instruction on vocabulary acquisition by young EFL learners

The study reported in this article investigated the comparative effects of two types of treatment — one of which emphasized input and the other output — on the vocabulary acquisition of young EFL learners. In the input-based instruction, the students were not required to produce output whereas in the production-based instruction the students were required to produce output. Thirty-six Japanese children aged 6—8 were divided into three groups (input-based, production-based and control group), received six weeks instruction and took four types of vocabulary tests as a pre-, post- and delayed post-test. The findings provide further evidence that both input-based and production-based instruction lead to both receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge. In general, the results show similar levels of effects for input-based and production-based instruction on vocabulary acquisition. However, an examination of process features indicates that the input-based tasks provided opportunities for richer interaction for the learners than the production-based activities. This may explain the better performance of the input-based group on the task-based comprehension test and the same levels of achievement in the production tests despite relatively fewer opportunities for second language (L2) production.
A framework for evaluating software design pattern specification languages

Software design patterns are solutions to recurring problems. These solutions have been widely accepted and adopted by the software practitioners. Design Patterns were initially described informally through the use of textual descriptions or some object oriented graphical notations. However, informal descriptions of design patterns give rise to ambiguity and incorrect usage of the design pattern. Many design pattern specification languages have been proposed to address the shortcomings of informal descriptions. These design pattern formalization techniques have been developed for different intentions including verification of design patterns and detection of design patterns in source code. In this paper we provide a set of evaluation criteria to evaluate and compare the various design pattern specification languages in order to aid practitioners and researchers to select the appropriate language for their use.
A sham-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of twice-daily rTMS in major depression

Background. Studies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in depression have mostly involved once-daily treatment, with positive but modest clinical results. This study tested the efficacy and safety of twice-daily rTMS over 2 weeks. Method. Thirty-eight depressed subjects enrolled in a double-blind, sham-controlled trial of twice-daily rTMS (left prefrontal cortex, 10 Hz, 110% intensity, 1500 stimuli per session) over 2 weeks. Mood and neuropsychological functioning were assessed weekly by blind raters, using the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) as the primary outcome measure, plus the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and self-report measures. After the blind period, 22 subjects continued with once-daily rTMS to receive a total of 6 weeks of active rTMS. Results. Subjects were moderately treatment resistant. Active treatment resulted in significantly greater improvement than sham over the 2-week blind period on one outcome measure only (MADRS p<0·05). Subjects showed further improvement over the 6 weeks of active rTMS. Neuropsychological test scores did not change significantly. Conclusions. rTMS given twice daily was effective and safe, with no adverse neuropsychological effects.
Overlapping ${T}$-Block Analysis and Genetic Optimization of Rectangular Grooves in a Parallel-Plate Waveguide

Scattering characteristics of rectangular grooves in a parallel-plate waveguide are analyzed and optimized using an overlapping T-block method and a genetic algorithm. The total Ez and Hz fields for a waveguide are represented with summation of those of four overlapping T-blocks by means of superposition. Insertion loss behaviors versus frequency are computed and compared with measurement results.
Actionable knowledge discovery and delivery

Actionable knowledge has been qualitatively and intensively studied in the social sciences. Its marriage with data mining is only a recent story. On the one hand, data mining has been booming for a while and has attracted an increasing variety of increasing applications. On the other, it is a reality that the so‐called knowledge discovered from data by following the classic frameworks often cannot support meaningful decision‐making actions. This shows the poor relationship and significant gap between data mining research and practice, and between knowledge, power, and action, and forms an increasing imbalance between research outcomes and business needs. Thorough and innovative retrospection and thinking are timely in bridging the gaps and promoting data mining toward next‐generation research and development: namely, the paradigm shift from knowledge discovery from data to actionable knowledge discovery and delivery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic alterations in the RAS/RAF/mitogen‐activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt signaling pathways in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma

The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is the second most common histotype among papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). Although the prognosis of FVPTC is similar to the conventional phenotype, differential diagnostic difficulties may not be uncommon with other follicular thyroid neoplasms, and little is known about their genetic alterations. Defining these alterations may lead to the identification of diagnostic and biologic markers.
Soluble urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as an independent factor predicting worse prognosis and extra‐bone marrow involvement in multiple myeloma patients

Summary. The urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) system, which consists of a proteinase (uPA), a receptor (uPAR or CD87) and inhibitors, is involved in proteolysis, cell migration, tissue remodelling, angiogenesis and cell adhesion. Recent findings suggest that malignant plasma cells express uPA and uPAR. The expression of these factors could represent a process by which myeloma plasma cells interact with the bone marrow (BM) environment and influence important biological events such as bone matrix degradation, plasma cell invasion and homing and, possibly, clinical evolution. We evaluated uPAR (CD87) and its soluble form (suPAR) in 49 multiple myeloma (MM) patients and correlated their expression and levels with clinico‐biological characteristics of the disease. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that CD87 was expressed in all MM patients. High CD87 expression was associated with higher intensity of expression of CD56 (P = 0·038), CD38 (P = 0·058) and CD138 (P = 0·054) and CD45bright positivity (P = 0·014). suPAR levels correlated positively with soluble serum CD138 (P = 0·001), creatinine (P = 0·001), beta2‐microglobulin (P < 0·001), disease stage (P = 0·017) and extra‐BM involvement (P = 0·002). In the 46 evaluable patients, multivariate analysis showed that high levels of suPAR (P = 0·0214) and disease stage (P = 0·0064) were predictive of extra‐BM involvement. In multivariate Cox analysis, 13q deletion (P = 0·0278), high soluble serum CD138 (P = 0·0201) and high suPAR (P = 0·0229) were the only parameters that independently affected survival. We conclude that CD87 is expressed on myeloma plasma cells and that suPAR, which predicts extra‐BM involvement and poor prognosis, possibly represents a molecule with a relevant role in the biology of MM.
Random Generation of Numbers: A Search for Underlying Processes

To explicate the mechanisms which support attempts at random number production, two experiments explore the role of memory systems in random sequencing. In the first, subjects produced written random number sequences with two response vocabularies, and subjects were also required to estimate how often they had chosen particular values in their response set. Memory for responses was found to correlate with the quality of random generation, and sequences were less random with a larger response repertoire. However, memory performance did not account for the effect of response set size, suggesting different aetiologies for these effects. In a second experiment, subjects were given a concurrent memory load during random generation, and a concurrent task requiring avoidance of certain response values. Performance declined under dual-task conditions, and the avoidance requirement particularly impaired subjects' ability to inhibit prepotent responses. Findings are integrated into a view of random generation as a complex task with multiple performance constraints.
Enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and diarrheal disease in adult travelers: a prospective study.

Twenty-eight United States adult travelers to developing countries participated in a prospective study designed to determine whether there was an association between diarrheal illness and the acquisition of strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Stool specimens were collected and stored in transport media before, during, and after travel and at the onset of any diarrheal illness. From each specimen, five E. coli colonies were screened for enterotoxin production with the suckling mouse test, and three E. coli colonies were tested for penetration of epithelial cells (Ser6ny test). Positive colonies were serotyped. Eleven of 28 travelers experienced diarrheal illness. Of these, four (36%) acquired enterotoxin-producing E. coli at the time of illness. None of the 17 well travelers had identifiable enterotoxinproducing E. coli before, during, or after travel. No strains of E. coli that penetrated epithelial cells were found. Three of the four travelers with enterotoxinproducing E. coli acquired serotype 027:K -:H20, a serotype not previously recorded at the Center for Disease Control. This study suggests that enterotoxinproducing E. coli, as detected by the suckling mouse test, may be a significant cause of traveler's diarrhea in adults.