Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La generacion de lenguaje natural: análisis del estado actual

El ser humano se comunica y expresa atrav´es del lenguaje. Para conseguirlo, ha de desarrollaruna serie de habilidades de alto nivel cognitivo cuyacomplejidad se pone de manifiesto en la tarea de automatizarel proceso, tanto cuando se trata de producirlenguaje como de interpretarlo. Cuando la acci ´on comunicativaocurre entre una persona y un ordenador y´este ´ ultimo es el destinatario de la acci ´on, se empleanlenguajes computacionales que, como norma general,est ´an sujetos a un conjunto de reglas fuertemente tipadas,acotadas y sin ambig¨uedad. Sin embargo, cuandoel sentido de la comunicaci ´on es el contrario y lam´aquina ha de transmitir informaci´on a la persona, si elmensaje se quiere transmitir en lenguaje natural, el procedimientopara generarlo debe lidiar con la flexibilidad yla ambig¨uedad que lo caracterizan, dando lugar a una tareade alto nivel de complejidad. Para que las m´aquinassean capaces de manejar el lenguaje humano se hacennecesarias t ´ecnicas de Ling¨u´istica Computacional. Dentrode esta disciplina, el campo que se encarga de creartextos en lenguaje natural se denomina Generaci ´on deLenguaje Natural (GLN). En este art´iculo se va a hacerun recorrido exhaustivo de este campo. Se describen lasfases en las que se suelen descomponer los sistemas deGLN junto a las t ´ecnicas que se aplican y se analiza condetalle la situaci ´on actual de esta ´area de investigaci ´ony su problem´ atica, as´i como los recursos m´as relevantesy las t ´ecnicas que se est ´an empleando para evaluar lacalidad de los sistemas.
Mobility, Migration and Seasonal Tourism Employment: Evidence from Swedish Mountain Municipalities

In recent research it has been shown that a large share of the tourism work force in the Swedish mountain municipalities have their permanent place of residence outside of daily commuting distance from the municipality where they work. In this study, tourism labour mobility and migration to two Swedish mountain municipalities, Åre and Malung, is examined. The principal question addressed is whether temporal tourism labour migration leads to permanent migration of tourism workers or not. The research is based on a longitudinal database material including individual observations between the years 1991–2001. It is shown that the case municipalities have a higher propensity than the rest to employ in‐migrants in tourism. Results also show that relatively few people involved in temporary labour migration to tourism employment in the case municipalities later will permanently migrate to the mountain municipalities but that tourism sector employment is important for the in‐migration of long distance commuters to the case municipalities. The reason for this it is argued is that the motive to seasonally migrate to tourism employment is lifestyle‐related and not meant to be permanent. The seasonality of tourism employment has implications for the local and regional development through tourism.
Adaptive Fuzzy Decentralized Output Stabilization for Stochastic Nonlinear Large-Scale Systems With Unknown Control Directions

In this paper, an adaptive decentralized fuzzy output feedback stabilization problem is investigated for a class of uncertain stochastic nonlinear large-scale systems. The addressed stochastic nonlinear systems contain unknown nonlinear functions, unknown control direction, and without the measurements of the states. Fuzzy logic systems are used to identify the unknown nonlinear functions, and a fuzzy state filter observer is designed to estimate the unmeasured states. To solve the problem of the unknown control direction in decentralized control design, Nussbaum-type functions are introduced and new property on Nussbaum-type function is proved. Based on the backstepping recursive design technique and the established Nussbaum function property, a new robust stabilization control approach is developed. It is proved that the proposed control approach can guarantee that all the signals of the resulting closed-loop system are bounded in probability, and the observer errors and system output converge to a small neighborhood of the origin. A simulation example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Social Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Cross Cultural Lessons from Denmark to the United States

With increased coastal flooding, severe storms, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, concerns over anthropogenic climate change have truly risen to the forefront of our collective global consciousness. In response, the international community has begun to formulate comprehensive climate change legislation. Failing to recognize the root of the problem, however, most environmental policies, industry regulations and international protocols have fallen short of achieving their stated goals. The struggle to implement and enforce effective climate change legislation is compounded by conflicting public opinion, a long history of energy dependency, notions of progress tied to technology, and cultural values. Solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation require a major shift in prevailing social attitudes regarding our relationship to fossil fuels, and must therefore focus efforts on encouraging individuals to change their behavior and values. Policymakers must in turn recognize the role of social capital, individual responsibility, and public participation. A critical and interdisciplinary examination of two case studies with stark contrasts in government legislation and social action serves to illuminate the factors that directly influence the efficacy of mitigation and adaptation efforts.
Timing and drivers of management control systems in joint ventures: The effect on JV survival

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the timing of management control systems (MCS) implementations, their drivers and effect on joint venture (JV) survival.Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on case study data (archival data, interviews, and site visits) collected at three JVs in the automotive industry. Contingency theory is used to define Cartesian relationships.Findings – A description of the timing and reasons for MCS implementation in JVs is provided. Initially, environment, strategy, and partner culture are considered to implement governance mechanisms and transfer prices/cost allocations for long‐term transfers of technology and corporate services. Later, structural and technological factors are considered to implement operative MCS such as budgeting, transfer prices/cost allocations of manufactured parts and performance measurement.Research limitations/implications – All three JVs studied: belong to the automotive industry (SIC 3174); have balanced ownership (50/50); and.
IMPERFECT INFORMATION AND PRICE RIGIDITY

The purpose of this paper is to present a microeconomic model of pricing behavior that is consistent with macroeconomic theory and evidence. The essential ingredient in the model is the hypothesis that imperfect information implies that firms face kinked demand curves. I provide a detailed analysis of this hypothesis and develop its empirical implications. The model provides a microeconomic rationale for the price stickiness assumed in disequilibrium macroeconomic models.
Longitudinal trajectories of parental involvement in Type 1 diabetes and adolescents' adherence.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine longitudinal trajectories of parental involvement and adolescent adherence to the Type 1 diabetes regimen, to determine whether changes in multiple facets of parental involvement over time predicted subsequent changes in adolescents' adherence, and to examine whether adolescent self-efficacy mediated the effect of parental involvement on adherence. METHOD Two hundred fifty-two adolescents (M age = 12.49 years, SD = 1.53; 53.6% females) diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, their mothers, and 188 fathers were enrolled in a 2.5-year longitudinal study. Across 5 time points, up to 252 adolescents and their parents completed measures of adherence, parental involvement (diabetes monitoring, behavioral involvement in diabetes management, and acceptance), and adolescent diabetes self-efficacy. RESULTS Using multilevel modeling, analyses indicated significant average declines over time in adherence and most indicators of parental involvement. Lagged multilevel models indicated that declines in mothers' and fathers' acceptance and diabetes monitoring predicted subsequent declines in adolescents' adherence. Additional analyses revealed that longitudinal associations between both maternal acceptance and diabetes monitoring and subsequent adolescent adherence were mediated by adolescents' self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study, which were largely consistent across reporters, highlight the importance of maintaining parental involvement in diabetes across adolescence and suggest that parental involvement is beneficial for adolescents' adherence, in part, because it contributes to higher self-efficacy for diabetes management among adolescents.
Substrate interactions of the electroneutral Na+‐coupled inorganic phosphate cotransporter (NaPi‐IIc)

The SLC34 solute carrier family comprises the electrogenic NaPi‐IIa/b and the electroneutral NaPi‐IIc, which display Na+ : Pi cotransport stoichiometries of 3 : 1 and 2 : 1, respectively. We previously proposed that NaPi‐IIc lacks one of the three Na+ interaction sites hypothesised for the electrogenic isoforms, but, unlike NaPi‐IIa/b, its substrate binding order is undetermined. By expressing NaPi‐IIc in Xenopus oocytes, isotope influx and efflux assays gave results consistent with Na+ being the first and last substrate to bind. To further investigate substrate interactions, we applied a fluorometry‐based technique that uses site‐specific labelling with a fluorophore to characterize substrate‐induced conformational changes. A novel Cys was introduced in the third extracellular loop of NaPi‐IIc that could be labelled with a reporter fluorophore (MTS‐TAMRA). Although labelling resulted in suppression of cotransport as previously reported for the electrogenic isoforms, changes in fluorescence were induced by changes in extracellular Na+ concentration in the absence of Pi and by changes in extracellular Pi concentration in presence of Na+. These data, combined with 32P uptake data, also support a binding scheme in which Na+ is the first substrate to interact. Moreover, the apparent Pi affinity from fluorometry agreed with that from 32P uptake, confirming the applicability of the fluorometric technique for kinetic studies of electroneutral carriers. Analysis of the fluorescence data showed that like the electrogenic NaPi‐IIb, 2 Na+ ions interact cooperatively with NaPi‐IIc before Pi binding, which implies that only one of these is translocated. This result provides compelling evidence that SLC34 proteins share common motifs for substrate interaction and that cotransport and substrate binding stoichiometries are not necessarily equivalent.
A student vote for alignment in experiential placements: Curriculum design to meet the challenge

There is little literature available to describe student evaluation of clinical practice and the determinants of quality experiential learning. Consultations with key stakeholders interviewed in an Australian Learning and Teaching Council (formerly Carrick Institute) grant, indicated qualitatively considerable agreement among various stakeholder groups about indicators for quality experiential placements. Quality indicators were ranked during a student workshop. Students value placement sites which provide sufficient, varied and ethical learning experiences, which involve a patient centred approach and positive working relationships. The site should offer high professional and ethical standards and value their educative role. Preceptors should be enthusiastic and welcoming and facilitate learning. They should also encourage questioning and the student’s own pursuit of learning, allowing students to have a go and assign time for discussion and feedback, which should be honest and constructive. The students should have a positive, professional and ethical attitude and enthusiasm to learn from the placement situation to maximise learning. To facilitate students being able to engage in a quality placement the university needs to ensure students are well prepared for the placement. Clear placement outcomes and clear aims linked to assessment tasks were also viewed by students as essential aspects of quality placements.
Roadblocks on the Road to Grandma's House: Fertility Consequences of Delayed Retirement

We investigate the role of grandparental childcare for fertility decisions of their offspring. Exploiting pension reforms in Italy, we argue that delayed retirement represents a negative shock to the supply of informal childcare for the next generation. We show that, when the maternal grandmother is not available, motherhood after age 30 is less likely. This effect persists as the woman ages, and parallels that on number of children. We argue that these are permanent changes to completed fertility for many cohorts in our data. Consistent with our interpretation, we show that results are limited to the most familistic close-knits where the role of grandparents is more important, and that are not the mechanical consequence of changes of living arrangements and labor supply. Given the Italian lowest low fertility, we conclude that pension reforms may have had unintended inter-generational effects.
Liberalisation of Trade in Renewable-Energy Products and Associated Goods: Charcoal, Solar Photovoltaic Systems, and Wind Pumps and Turbines

Numerous studies and events over the past several years have stressed the importance of eliminating barriers to trade in renewable forms of energy and the technologies used to exploit them, as part of a broader strategy to reduce dependence on more-polluting and less secure energy sources. This paper examines the implications of liberalising trade in renewable energy, focussing on several representative fuels and technologies (charcoal, solar photovoltaic systems and their complements, and wind turbines and wind pumps). Eliminating tariffs on renewable energy and associated goods — which are 15% or higher on an ad valorem basis in many developing countries — would reduce a burden on consumers of energy, particularly people living in rural areas of developing countries, as it is in such areas that many renewableenergy technologies are making, and are likely to make, their greatest contribution. Manufacturers located in OECD countries would benefit from increased trade in renewable-energy technologies and components, but so would a growing number of companies based in developing countries. The elimination of tariffs would also help to level the playing field between aid-financed goods, which often benefit from tariff waivers, and goods imported through normal market transactions, which often do not. For the maximum benefits of trade liberalisation in renewable-energy technologies to be realised, however, additional reforms may be required in importing countries’ domestic policies, especially those affecting the electricity sector in general, rural electrification in particular, and the environment.
Local Officials' and Citizens' Views on Freshwater Wetlands

This article explores wetlands knowledge, support, and management views of citizens and municipal officials in a New Jersey (U.S.) watershed. Surveys found local officials were more knowledgeable about wetlands' regulatory definitions, functions, and regulations, more positive about functions, and more supportive of preservation. However, citizens also strongly supported preservation and averaged weakly positive views of functions. Support for preservation stemmed from personal importance of wetlands, support for positive claims about wetlands, and knowledge of wetlands definitions. Many citizens did not know whether there were wetlands in their towns, believed permanent standing water defines wetlands, and knew little about water quality functions. These results extend earlier findings to underscore potential softness of public support if wetlands not recognized as such, or as yielding valuable services, are at issue in a development–preservation conflict. Yet they also suggest public education could help. Ways to improve research on wetlands knowledge and attitudes are discussed.
Asynchronous Arbiters

When two or more processors attempt to simultaneously use a functional unit (memory, multiplier, etc.), an arbiter module must be employed to insure that processor requests are honored in sequence. The design of asynchronous arbiters is complicated because multiple input changes are allowed, and because inputs may change even if the circuit is not in a stable state. A practical arbiter and its implementation are presented. Implementation of various priority rules (linear, ring, mixed) is discussed, and building large arbiters with trees of two-user arbiters is considered.
COKO III and the future of inter-snap judgment communication

A grandmaster usually spends a lifetime collecting knowledge or information about the game. Some of this knowledge is given to COKO in the form of a 12,000 line FORTRAN program. Using this knowledge COKO plays very poorly but at the super rate of approximately one move/sec. The use of a brute force selective tree searching procedure yields an order of magnitude improvement in performance at the standard rate of 3 min./move. Perhaps three orders of magnitude additional improvement is needed to defeat the world champion, a gap which must be bridged, if ever, by programming more chess knowledge into the machine. In addition “inter-snap judgment communication” is described as a natural, powerful procedure frequently used by humans to guide their selective search and as a point of emphasis for future development.
Skewness Preference and Portfolio Choice

One of the virtues of parameter preference models (presented in general form in Rubinstein [23]) is their empirical content. Applied models of financial theory rely heavily on the mean variance (MV) version of parameter preference. As spelled out in Samuelson [25], MV models are adequate with compact distributions of returns and when portfolio decisions are made frequently so that the risk parameter becomes sufficiently small.
Offsetting Benefits? Analyzing Access to Forest Carbon

Emissions trading has created new forms of exchangeable property which become commodities when traded in markets designed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and mitigate climate change. This paper analyzes a set of social processes which influence who benefits from reductions in emissions generated by primary production from forest ecosystems. Informed by commodification literature, and property and access theory, we suggest that farmers and rural communities cannot derive full benefits from carbon sequestration because they lack key structural and relational mechanisms, such as capital, knowledge, expertise, technology, and, in some cases, even labour. We illustrate this argument by examining three ongoing carbon-forestry projects in China, Ecuador, and Mexico and we highlight its implications for future forestry mitigation projects and programmes.
Hearing "Lady Game Creators" Tweet: #1ReasonWhy, Women and Online Discourse in the Game Development Community

This paper examines the rise of the #1ReasonWhy hashtag on Twitter during November 2012. It looks at how the @replies and RTs used within the hashtag built a picture of the issues facing women within the field of game development. The discourse and sharing of experiences amplified through the hashtag provide a broad picture of gender discrimination and sexism within the industry’s culture, along with potential community-driven methods for confronting these entrenched traditions of harassment. In particular this paper uses the conversations developed by women during this period to understand how Twitter acted as a tool to build solidarity and amplify the message of gender discrimination within the industry.
Several Explicit Constructions for (3,L) QC-LDPC Codes with Girth at Least Eight

Some explicit constructions for exponent matrices which correspond to Tanner graphs with girth at least eight are proposed. From these results, for any row weight of L>3, (3,L) quasi-cyclic LDPC codes with girth at least eight are constructed for any circulant permutation matrix (CPM) size P>L(L+mod(L,2))/2.
Financing in the Eurosystem: Fixed Versus Variable Rate Tenders

In a three-stage game in which banks can obtain liquidity through open market operations, interbank transactions or standing facilities we compare the equilibrium outcomes of fixed and variable rate tenders in the primary market. We focus on bidding behavior, induced allotment ratios, functioning of the secondary market and resorting to standing facilities, under several scenarios, among which collateral shortage and credit rationing. It is shown that overbidding is inherent to the fixed rate auction, but can be very mitigated under a variable rate procedure. Due to the existence of a finite number of equilibria, variable rate tenders allow keeping the informational content of quantity bids, as opposed to fixed rate tenders.
Devolution and the Poverty Reduction Effectiveness of Canada's Provincial Social Welfare Programs: Results from a Time-Series Investigation of a Canadian National Survey

The process of devolution initiated in the mid-1990s dramatically changed the landscape of social welfare policy within Canada. This study assesses the impact of devolution on the poverty reduction effectiveness of Canada's provincial social welfare programs by analyzing data obtained from a series of nationally representative surveys for the years 1996 to 2005. The primary finding was that the overall poverty reduction effectiveness of the provinces declined during a decade of devolution. The implications of the study's findings are discussed, including their relevance for advocacy efforts aimed at reducing poverty and the future direction of research on social welfare policy.
Arenas of Development

In this paper the notion 'development arena' is presented and discussed. The notion is suggested to function as a cognitive space for research. It seeks to catch and describe the relational, unstable and heterogeneous character of the development process. It should sensitize both researchers and managers towards processes of technology development that are poorly accounted for in economic and management theory. Thereby, we wish to contribute to critical discussions about the role of management and the directions it chooses for development of technologies and products. The elements and transformations involved in shaping and restructuring activities in a development arena are described and discussed based on a case study of the development of HDTV as the next generation television. It exemplifies different moments and aspects of technology development. A number of configurations of specific processes in a development arena are used to exemplify the strengths of this notion. The notion is compared with othe.