Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Encouraging prediction during production facilitates subsequent comprehension: Evidence from interleaved object naming in sentence context and sentence reading

Many studies have shown that a supportive context facilitates language comprehension. A currently influential view is that language production may support prediction in language comprehension. Experimental evidence for this, however, is relatively sparse. Here we explored whether encouraging prediction in a language production task encourages the use of predictive contexts in an interleaved comprehension task. In Experiment 1a, participants listened to the first part of a sentence and provided the final word by naming aloud a picture. The picture name was predictable or not predictable from the sentence context. Pictures were named faster when they could be predicted than when this was not the case. In Experiment 1b the same sentences, augmented by a final spill-over region, were presented in a self-paced reading task. No difference in reading times for predictive versus non-predictive sentences was found. In Experiment 2, reading and naming trials were intermixed. In the naming task, the advantage for predictable picture names was replicated. More importantly, now reading times for the spill-over region were considerable faster for predictive than for non-predictive sentences. We conjecture that these findings fit best with the notion that prediction in the service of language production encourages the use of predictive contexts in comprehension. Further research is required to identify the exact mechanisms by which production exerts its influence on comprehension.
Saline leachate migration through clay: a comparative laboratory and field investigation

The migration of salt solutions (NaCl) through remoulded, compacted clay in a laboratory physical model is compared with field migration through a similar but undisturbed clay located below a domestic waste landfill. In both the laboratory and field systems, the salt profiles indicated that migration was dominated by diffusion.After 12 years of leachate exposure at the landfill site, both Na+ and Cl− had migrated about 1.5 m from the soil/refuse interface compared to an estimated advance of the seepage front of only 3–4 cm. The pore water Na+ and Cl− values versus depth exhibited considerable scatter, requiring data from three boreholes to delineate the concentration boundaries of the vertical migration.Diffusion coefficients, D, were obtained using an analytical solution to the one-dimensional dispersion–convection equation. Laboratory values of D, corrected to the estimated field temperature, were similar to field values. The D values of 3 to 6 × 10−6 cm2/s for Cl− and 2.5 × 10−6 cm2/s for Na+ appear su.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Data Support the General Unrelatedness of the Males in the Agricultural Health Study

Background: Farming is often a family and multigenerational business. Relatedness among farmers could bias gene–environment interaction analysis. To evaluate the potential relatedness of farmers, we used data from a nested case–control study of prostate cancer conducted in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective study of farmers in Iowa and North Carolina. Methods: We analyzed the genetic data for 25,009 SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) from 2,220 White participants to test for cryptic relatedness among these farmers. We used two software packages: (i) PLINK, to calculate inbreeding coefficients and identity-by-descent (IBD) statistics and (ii) EIGENSOFT, to perform a principal component analysis on the genetic data. Results: Inbreeding coefficients estimates and IBD statistics show that the subjects are overwhelmingly unrelated, with little potential for cryptic relatedness in these data. Conclusions: Our analysis rejects the hypothesis that individuals in the case–control study exhibit cryptic relatedness. Impact: These findings are important for all subsequent analyses of gene–environment interactions in the AHS. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(10); 2192–5. ©2014 AACR.
Evaluating Contextual Processing in Diffusion MRI: Application to Optic Radiation Reconstruction for Epilepsy Surgery

Diffusion MRI and tractography allow for investigation of the architectural configuration of white matter in vivo, offering new avenues for applications like presurgical planning. Despite the promising outlook, there are many pitfalls that complicate its use for (clinical) application. Amongst these are inaccuracies in the geometry of the diffusion profiles on which tractography is based, and poor alignment with neighboring profiles. Recently developed contextual processing techniques, including enhancement and well-posed geometric sharpening, have shown to result in sharper and better aligned diffusion profiles. However, the research that has been conducted up to now is mainly of theoretical nature, and so far these techniques have only been evaluated by visual inspection of the diffusion profiles. In this work, the method is evaluated in a clinically relevant application: the reconstruction of the optic radiation for epilepsy surgery. For this evaluation we have developed a framework in which we incorporate a novel scoring procedure for individual pathways. We demonstrate that, using enhancement and sharpening, the extraction of an anatomically plausible reconstruction of the optic radiation from a large amount of probabilistic pathways is greatly improved in three healthy controls, where currently used methods fail to do so. Furthermore, challenging reconstructions of the optic radiation in three epilepsy surgery candidates with extensive brain lesions demonstrate that it is beneficial to integrate these methods in surgical planning.
Factors Affecting the Lime Requirements of Wisconsin Soils

Soil factors which have been reported to affect lime requirement were measured on 26 Wisconsin Soils, and the importance of these factors in predicting lime requirement was determined by use of linear and multiple regression. The lime requirement was taken as the amount of < 200-mesh dolomitic limestone necessary to raise the soil pH to 6.5 after 12 months of equilibration. Organic matter (% OM) was found to be significantly related to lime requirement (r = 0.620), and a function of a pH-organic matter interaction, (pH 6.5 − soil pH) × (% OM) also correlated well (r = 0.884). Clay content, ranging from 5 to 27%, did not appear to be an important factor in determining lime requirement. Exchangeable Al contents were too low in these soils to contribute significantly, and pH 4.8 NH₄OAc-extractable Al did not appear to be an important factor. Lime requirement as indicated by the new buffer developed by Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt was very highly correlated with lime requirement (r = 0.949), while the Woodruff buffer did not correlate as well (r = 0.818).
Micromechanics-based stress-strain behaviour of soils at small strains

A model that describes the small-strain behaviour of soils is derived using micromechanics theory. The model allows examination of the effects of fabric anisotropy, stress conditions and contact characteristics on the small-strain modulus of soils. The closed-form solutions of the small-strain modulus are presented for the case of an isotropic fabric assembly under isotropic stress conditions. A fabric tensor is used to model the fabric anisotropy, and the small-strain modulus for the case of cross-anisotropic fabric assembly under general stress conditions is numerically calculated. The effect of the contact condition between soil particles is examined by incorporating three different contact laws (the linear elastic, Hertz–Mindlin and rough-surface contact models) into the model. It was found that the numerical results using the rough-surface contact model compare well with the published experimental data, and that the model provides microscopic insight into the small-strain behaviour of soils observed .
The Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Model (WEBMOD): A TOPMODEL application developed within the Modular Modeling System

WEBMOD simulates hydrologic fluxes and solute concentrations using process modules coupled within the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Modular Modeling System (MMS). For example, the hydrologic fluxes are simulated using routines developed for the USGS Precipitation Runoff Modeling System, the National Weather Service Hydro-17 snow model, and TOPMODEL, a topography-based hydrological model. PHREEQC, a lowtemperature aqueous geochemical model, was incorporated to simulate chemical reactions as waters evaporate, mix, or react with the soils. Modifications to several modules were made to simulate the heterogeneity in vertical infiltration rates, irrigation practices, lateral and vertical preferential flows through the unsaturated zone, tile-drains, and gains and losses to regional aquifer systems. This paper describes the WEBMOD algorithms that simulate these reservoirs and fluxes.
Implementation of initiatives to prevent student stress: process evaluation findings from the Healthy High School study

Abstract Process evaluation of public health interventions is important for understanding intervention results and can help explain why interventions succeed or fail. This study evaluated implementation of a school-based intervention combining educational and environmental strategies to prevent stress among Danish high school students. We investigated dose delivered, dose received, fidelity, appreciation, barriers and facilitators at the 15 intervention schools using mixed methods and multiple data sources: questionnaires among students, teachers and school coordinators; semi-structured interviews with school coordinators; telephone interviews with student counsellors; and focus group interviews with students and teachers. Implementation varied by schools and classes. Half of the intervention schools delivered the environmental strategies. For the educational strategies, dose delivered differed according to intervention provider. Students reported a lower dose received compared with dose delivered reported by school staff. Overall, student counsellors, school coordinators and students—especially those with low perceived stress—were satisfied with the stress preventive initiatives while teacher satisfaction varied. Five main barriers and three facilitators for implementation were identified. The use of multiple data sources and data methods created new knowledge of the implementation process which is important for the interpretation of effect evaluation and development of future interventions.
Combined impacts of land cover changes and large‐scale forcing on Southern California summer daily maximum temperatures

California near‐surface air temperatures are influenced by large‐scale, regional and local factors. In that sense, a numerical model experiment was carried out to analyze the contribution of large‐scale (changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions) and regional (increased urbanization) factors on the observed California South Coast Air Basin regional summer daily maximum temperature warming pattern from 1950 to 2013. The simulations were performed with past (1950–1954) and present (2009–2013) land cover and climate conditions. The past land cover was derived from historical digital maps, and the present land cover was updated with high‐resolution airborne remote sensing data. Results show that both factors contribute to the total change in daily maximum temperatures. Changes due to large‐scale climate conditions dominate in coastal (due to warming sea surface temperatures) and nonurban regions, while changes due to urbanization have an impact mainly in urban areas, especially inland where large‐scale warming weakens. Increased urbanization has also reduced sea‐breeze intensity due to changes in surface roughness. The model was able to reproduce the regional observed warming pattern, as it incorporates urban heat island effects, otherwise underestimated by large‐scale climate change only.
Sound velocities for hexagonally close‐packed iron compressed hydrostatically to 136 GPa from phonon density of states

The phonon density of states of pure iron (57Fe) was measured under hydrostatic conditions using nuclear resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (NRIXS) at pressures up to 136 GPa. Extracting shear (Vs) and compressional (Vp) wave speeds from the Debye velocity and equation of state, we find the hydrostatic shear wave speed trend above previously collected NRIXS data under nonhydrostatic conditions by roughly 5%–6% in the measured pressure range. Using the Birch Murnaghan finite strain approach to fit pressure‐dependent adiabatic bulk and shear moduli, we extrapolated our velocities to inner Earth core densities and found that our shear wave speeds are 3% higher than those in previous studies. Our results on pure iron provide a more accurate and precise baseline to which added complications (e.g., Ni concentration, inclusion of various light elements, and temperature effects) can be considered when comparing experimental elasticity measurements to inner core seismic data.
Rare gas systematics in Red Sea Ridge basalts

From south to north, the 4He/³He ratios of submarine basalts from the Red Sea and Gulf of Tadjoura increase from 45,000 (R/Ra=15) in the Gulf of Tadjoura to 84,000 (R/Ra=8.6) in the Mabahiss deep. Our helium isotopic results indicate that the mantle plume proposed in the north of the Red Sea, on the basis of the Sr and Pb isotopic ratios, does not posess a high ³He signature. The neon and Ar isotopic ratios of the Red Sea glasses are explained by mixing between AIR, MORB and a plume with a solar like isotopic Ne signature and low 40Ar/36Ar, similar to that of Loihi.
Nucleolin antagonist triggers autophagic cell death in human glioblastoma primary cells and decreased in vivo tumor growth in orthotopic brain tumor model

Nucleolin (NCL) is highly expressed in several types of cancer and represents an interesting therapeutic target. It is expressed at the plasma membrane of tumor cells, a property which is being used as a marker for several human cancer including glioblastoma. In this study we investigated targeting NCL as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this pathology. To explore this possibility, we studied the effect of an antagonist of NCL, the multivalent pseudopeptide N6L using primary culture of human glioblastoma cells. In this system, N6L inhibits cell growth with different sensitivity depending to NCL localization. Cell cycle analysis indicated that N6L-induced growth reduction was due to a block of the G1/S transition with down-regulation of the expression of cyclin D1 and B2. By monitoring autophagy markers such as p62 and LC3II, we demonstrate that autophagy is enhanced after N6L treatment. In addition, N6L-treatment of mice bearing tumor decreased in vivo tumor growth in orthotopic brain tumor model and increase mice survival. The results obtained indicated an anti-proliferative and pro-autophagic effect of N6L and point towards its possible use as adjuvant agent to the standard therapeutic protocols presently utilized for glioblastoma.
Theoretical investigation of a genetic switch for metabolic adaptation

Membrane transporters carry key metabolites through the cell membrane and, from a resource standpoint, are hypothesized to be produced when necessary. The expression of membrane transporters in metabolic pathways is often upregulated by the transporter substrate. In E. coli, such systems include for example the lacY, araFGH, and xylFGH genes, which encode for lactose, arabinose, and xylose transporters, respectively. As a case study of a minimal system, we build a generalizable physical model of the xapABR genetic circuit, which features a regulatory feedback loop through membrane transport (positive feedback) and enzymatic degradation (negative feedback) of an inducer. Dynamical systems analysis and stochastic simulations show that the membrane transport makes the model system bistable in certain parameter regimes. Thus, it serves as a genetic “on-off” switch, enabling the cell to only produce a set of metabolic enzymes when the corresponding metabolite is present in large amounts. We find that the negative feedback from the degradation enzyme does not significantly disturb the positive feedback from the membrane transporter. We investigate hysteresis in the switching and discuss the role of cooperativity and multiple binding sites in the model circuit. Fundamentally, this work explores how a stable genetic switch for a set of enzymes is obtained from transcriptional auto-activation of a membrane transporter through its substrate.
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Comorbid With Chronic Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Patients with chronic pain often experience insomnia symptoms. Pain initiates, maintains, and exacerbates insomnia symptoms, and vice versa, indicating a complex situation with an additional burden for these patients. Hence, the evaluation of insomnia-related interventions for patients with chronic pain is important. Objective This randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (ICBT-i) for reducing insomnia severity and other sleep- and pain-related parameters in patients with chronic pain. Participants were recruited from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation. Methods We included 54 patients (mean age 49.3, SD 12.3 years) who were randomly assigned to the ICBT-i condition and 24 to an active control condition (applied relaxation). Both treatment conditions were delivered via the internet. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), a sleep diary, and a battery of anxiety, depression, and pain-related parameter measurements were assessed at baseline, after treatment, and at a 6-month follow-up (only ISI, anxiety, depression, and pain-related parameters). For the ISI and sleep diary, we also recorded weekly measurements during the 5-week treatment. Negative effects were also monitored and reported. Results Results showed a significant immediate interaction effect (time by treatment) on the ISI and other sleep parameters, namely, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, early morning awakenings, and wake time after sleep onset. Participants in the applied relaxation group reported no significant immediate improvements, but both groups exhibited a time effect for anxiety and depression at the 6-month follow-up. No significant improvements on pain-related parameters were found. At the 6-month follow-up, both the ICBT-i and applied relaxation groups had similar sleep parameters. For both treatment arms, increased stress was the most frequently reported negative effect. Conclusions In patients with chronic pain, brief ICBT-i leads to a more rapid decline in insomnia symptoms than does applied relaxation. As these results are unique, further research is needed to investigate the effect of ICBT-i on a larger sample size of people with chronic pain. Using both treatments might lead to an even better outcome in patients with comorbid insomnia and chronic pain. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03425942; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03425942
Dipolarization fronts as a signature of transient reconnection in the magnetotail

[1] Dipolarization fronts (DFs), characterized by a strong and steep increase of the tail magnetic field component Bz normal to the neutral plane and preceded by a much less negative dip of Bz, are reported in many observations of bursty bulk flows and substorm activations throughout the whole Earth's magnetotail. It is shown that similar structures appear in full-particle simulations with open boundaries in a transient regime before the steady reconnection in the original Harris current sheet driven out of the equilibrium by the initial X-line perturbation is established. Being secondary reconnection structures propagating with the Alfven speed, DFs are different from the magnetic field pileup regions reported in earlier simulations with closed boundaries. They also differ from the secondary plasmoids with bipolar Bz changes reported in earlier fluid simulations and particle simulations with open boundaries. In spite of their transient nature, DFs are found to form when the force balance is already restored in the system, which justifies their interpretation as a nonlinear stage of the tearing instability developing in two magnetotail-like structures on the left and on the right of the initial central X-line. Both electrons and ions are magnetized at the front of the dipolarization wave. In contrast, in its trail, ions are unmagnetized and move slower compared to the E × B drift, whereas electrons either follow that drift being completely magnetized or move faster, forming super-Alfvenic jets. In spite of the different motions of electrons and ions, the growth of the front is not accompanied by the corresponding growth of the electrostatic field and the energy dissipation in fronts is dominated by ions.
Long‐term monitoring of creep rate along the Hayward Fault and evidence for a lasting creep response to 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

We present results from over 30 yr of precise surveys of creep along the Hayward fault. Along most of the fault, spatial variability in long‐term creep rates is well determined by these data and can help constrain 3D‐models of the depth of the creeping zone. However, creep at the south end of the fault stopped completely for more than 6 years after the M7 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake (LPEQ), perhaps delayed by stress drop imposed by this event. With a decade of detailed data before LPEQ and a decade after it, we report that creep response to that event does indeed indicate the expected deficit in creep.
Collagen Inhibitory Peptide R1R2 Mediates Vascular Remodeling by Decreasing Inflammation and Smooth Muscle Cell Activation

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major constituent of the vessel wall. In addition to providing a structural scaffold, the ECM controls numerous cellular functions in both physiologic and pathologic settings. Vascular remodeling occurs after injury and is characterized by endothelial cell activation, inflammatory cell infiltration, phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and augmented deposition of collagen-rich ECM. R1R2, a peptide derived from the bacterial adhesin SFS, with sequence homology to collagen, is known to inhibit collagen type I deposition in vitro by inhibiting the binding of fibronectin to collagen. However, the inhibitory effects of R1R2 during vascular remodeling have not been explored. We periadventitially delivered R1R2 to carotid arteries using pluronic gel in a vascular remodeling mouse model induced by blood flow cessation, and evaluated its effects on intima-media thickening, ECM deposition, SMC activation, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that R1R2 reduced intima-media thickening compared to the control groups. R1R2 treatment also decreased collagen type I deposition in the vessel wall, and maintained SMC in the contractile phenotype. Interestingly, R1R2 dramatically reduced inflammatory cell infiltration into the vessel by ∼78%. This decrease was accompanied by decreased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Our in vitro studies revealed that R1R2 attenuated SMC proliferation and migration, and also decreased monocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration through endothelial cells. Together, these data suggest that R1R2 attenuates vascular remodeling responses by decreasing inflammation and by modulating SMC proliferation and migration, and suggest that the R1R2 peptide may have therapeutic potential in treating occlusive vascular diseases.