Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transport theory of semiconductor energy conversion

A systematic analysis of all the microscopic processes corresponding to macroscopic energy conversion in semiconductors is presented. Starting from the quasi‐classical particle Boltzmann equations, a continuity equation for total energy is derived containing terms which can be identified with external electric power transfers. Similar continuity equations for internal energy and entropy are obtained, and from the latter, the irreversible entropy generation rate may be found. Using expressions for the particle and heat currents, the usual ohmic heating, thermoelectric and photoelectric effects are identified together with a new reversible effect whose magnitude is Ψ∇φ∇T/T, where Ψ=(σeσh/σ) T(Σh−Σe). Here σe,σh are partial electron and hole electrical conductivities, σ=σe +σh, Σe and Σh are the partial electron and hole Seebeck coefficients, φ is the difference between the electron and hole quasi‐Fermi levels, and T is the temperature. Similarly, a complete account is given of the heating and refrigerating .
A generalized Young’s equation to bridge a gap between the experimentally measured and the theoretically calculated line tensions

Abstract A generalized Young’s equation, which takes into account two corrections to the line tension by the curvature dependence of the liquid–vapor surface tension and by the contact angle dependence of the intrinsic line tension, is derived from the thermodynamic free-energy minimization. The correction from the curvature dependence can be qualitatively estimated using Tolman’s formula. The correction from the contact angle dependence can be estimated for nanometer-scale droplets for which the analytical formula for the intrinsic line tension determined from the van der Waals interaction is available. The two corrections to the apparent line tension of this van der Waals nano-droplets are as small as nN, and lead to either a positive or a negative apparent line tension. The gravitational line tension for millimeter-scale droplets by the gravitational acceleration is also considered. The gravitational line tension is of the order of N so that the correction from the curvature dependence can be neglected. Yet, the contact angle dependence is so large that the apparent line tension becomes always negative though the intrinsic line tension without the correction is always positive. These two examples demonstrate clear distinction between the theoretically calculated intrinsic line tension and the experimentally determined apparent line tension which includes these two corrections. Naive comparison of the experimentally determined and the theoretically calculated line tension is not always possible.
Investigating prescriptions for artificial resistivity in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics

In numerical simulations, artificial terms are applied to the evolution equations for stability. To prove their validity, these terms are thoroughly tested in test problems where the results are well known. However, they are seldom tested in production-quality simulations at high resolution where they interact with a plethora of physical and numerical algorithms. We test three artificial resistivities in both the Orszag-Tang vortex and in a star formation simulation. From the Orszag-Tang vortex, the Price et. al. (2017) artificial resistivity is the least dissipative thus captures the density and magnetic features; in the star formation algorithm, each artificial resistivity algorithm interacts differently with the sink particle to produce various results, including gas bubbles, dense discs, and migrating sink particles. The star formation simulations suggest that it is important to rely upon physical resistivity rather than artificial resistivity for convergence.
Twelve Decades: Probing the Interstellar Medium from kiloparsec to sub-AU scales

After a decade of great progress in understanding gas flow into, out of, and through the Milky Way, we are poised to merge observations with simulations to build a comprehensive picture of the multi-scale magnetized interstellar medium (ISM). These insights will also be crucial to four bold initiatives in the 2020s: detecting nanohertz gravitational waves with pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), decoding fast radio bursts (FRBs), cosmic B-mode detection, and imaging the Milky Way's black hole with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT).
You can’t just bring people here and then not feed them: A case in support of Indigenous-led training environments

By and large, academic research in geography has advanced the colonial project, and been synonymous with extractive and reductionist research practices that subjugate Indigenous people. To counteract these harmful impacts and produce research that supports the needs of communities, advancing Indigenous sovereignty over research is vital. By presenting a case study of an Indigenous research space at a Canadian University, we argue that Indigenous training environments are more than a shared, physical space; they provide essential emotive and relational spaces of collaborative learning, wherein trainees practice relationship-building, reciprocity, and accountability. This article argues that decolonizing academic spaces dedicated to Indigenous geographic research will be essential to meeting the ethical imperative of Indigenous control over knowledge production. There is a current deficit of culturally appropriate spaces that support both the whole person and their learning. We highlight the impact of Indigenous training environments in nurturing respectful, long-standing relationships with peers, community, and research partners; a critical element of Indigenous geographies, yet one of the most challenging aspects of upholding meaningful and decolonizing research. By drawing on our diverse perspectives and research projects, we reflect on how an Indigenous-led training environment, rooted in Indigenous ways of knowing, can contribute to relational accountability both within and outside of these spaces. As more communities assert their authority over these processes, the need for respectful research grows, and it is anticipated that this article will provide a useful guide and support for emerging Indigenous training environments.
Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Chinese Medicinal Herbs: Lonicerae flos, Lonicerae japonicae flos, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Forsythia suspensa

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) represents a potent, safe, and efficacious reservoir of treatment options against an array of microbial infections and inflammatory diseases. It has a long history of positive clinical outcomes with minimal or no side effects while enhancing and bolstering the host's protection against infections. With its unique ability to prevent, treat, and manage a wide range of diseased conditions, CHM has been successfully practiced in China for thousands of years. In the modern medical era, where harsh therapeutic drugs and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a significant challenge, CHM warrants further exploration. The present review highlights and focuses on 4 major CHM-based herbs, that is, (Lonicerae flos [LF], Lonicerae japonicae flos [LJF], Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [SBG], and Forsythia suspensa [FS]) in terms of their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacies. A detailed literature survey was done by the team using a systematic electronic search from PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, books, etc. This was followed by data collecting, pertinent data extraction, in-depth analysis, and composing the final review. Each herb has been discussed in detail describing its mechanism adopted and the bioactive components involved in alleviating bacterial infections and inflammatory damage. Further, proof of efficacy by detailing the major past studies and major findings has been discussed for each of the 4 herbs. This review will give the scientific community the opportunity to update their knowledge on the subject, which is crucial for heralding the process of bringing CHM-based medicines closer to clinical development given the area of alternative medicine's rapid advancements.
The existence of solitary wave solutions for the neuron model with conductance-resistance symmetry

The neuron model with conductance-resistance symmetry was recently derived by Deng, which is similar to the Hodgkin-Huxley equation, referred to as CRS neuron model. In this paper, we will consider a 2-dimensional reduction model qualitatively similar to the FitzHugh-Nagumo equation. We first give the derivation of the CRS neuron model in propagating action potential. And then we prove the existence of solitary wave solution for the 2-dimensional reduced CRS neuron model by using phase diagram analysis.
WIYN Open Cluster Study. V. Lithium Depletion and Metallicity in G and K Dwarfs of the Open Cluster M35

We present an analysis of high-quality spectra of members of the young cluster M35. By using a multifiber spectrograph, we are able to collect high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution spectra of a sample of photometric candidate members. Accurate radial velocities are used to establish the membership status, and rotational velocities are measured using cross-correlation. We also derive the metal content of the cluster, [Fe/H]M35 = -0.21 ± 0.10, based on spectral synthesis. Finally, we derive the lithium abundances of the bona fide cluster members and compare the results with members of other clusters. For example, M35 shows a smaller range in both rotation rates and lithium abundances as compared to the Pleiades. We discuss possible roles of various parameters. Our high-quality M35 database of lithium abundances and rotational velocities is perfectly suited to be used as a laboratory to test theoretical models dealing with the lithium depletion phenomenon. We discuss the role of stellar inhomogeneities and rotation on the lithium depletion phenomenon.
Perception about Health Applications (Apps) in Smartphones towards Telemedicine during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The use of health applications (apps) in smartphones increased exponentially during COVID-19. This study was conducted the with the aim to understand the factors that determine the consumer’s perception of health apps in smartphones towards telemedicine during COVID-19 and to test any relation between these factors and consumers towards Telemedicine in India. Methods: This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to December 2021 in India. Out of 600 selected participants, 594 responded and in that 535 valid questionnaires were measured. The questionnaire consists of close-ended responses, with the first part consisting of demographic information, the second part consisting of questions associated with consumers’ perceptions and the third part kept for suggestions and complaints. The questionnaire was distributed using digital platforms via WhatsApp or email. A 5-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly agree’ (5) to strongly disagree (1) was used to record responses. Results: Results revealed a high response rate of 90%. The highest score was obtained for the question assessing the satisfaction of the users towards health apps [1175 = 500 (agree-4) + 675 (Strongly agree-5)]. The interface of the app scored very low, showing disagreement (514) with app functionality, and was the most common disadvantage as perceived by patients. The mean scores of reliabilities and vicinity of health services; efficacy and comprehensive health information; development and improvement of health apps and telemedicine (3.24, 3.18, 3.62, 3.49), respectively, show the difference in attraction existing between groups. There is a strong positive correlation between the variables except for efficacy and comprehensive information about health and Telemedicine (−0.249), development and improvement of health apps, and reliability and vicinity of health services (−0.344) which have a negative correlation. Conclusions: The findings of this survey reveal a positive outlook of health apps toward telemedicine. This research also found a strong forecaster of the consumer’s perception of health apps in smartphones towards telemedicine. In the broad spectrum, the future of health app affiliates for telemedicine is better affected by the consumer’s perception of health app efficacy. This study suggests that health app marketers develop more innovative apps to increase usage and help consumers.
Structural Effects on the Antioxidant Properties of Amino Acid Betaxanthins

Betaxanthins are natural products with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we describe the semisynthesis of twenty-one betaxanthins derived from proteinogenic amino acids, including the elusive betaxanthin of l-cysteine and two betaxanthins derived from l-lysine, and rationalize their antioxidant properties in mechanistic terms. The antioxidant capacity and redox potential of these betaxanthins were compared to those of model betaxanthins derived from dopamine, l-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), and pyrrolidine and structure–property relationships were established by using matched molecular pair analysis and a model developed using a genetic algorithm. Either a phenol or indole moiety enhance the antioxidant capacity of betaxanthins, which is overall much higher than that of their amino acid precursors and standard antioxidants, except for the cysteine-betaxanthin. The one-electron oxidation of amino acid betaxanthins produces radicals stabilized in multiple centers, as demonstrated by quantum chemical calculations.
Phase-coherent transport in hybrid superconducting nanostructures

This article is an overview of recent experimental and theoretical work on transport in phase-coherent hybrid nanostructures, with particular emphasis on dc electrical conduction. A summary of multiple-scattering theory and the quasi-classical methods is presented and comparisons between the two are made. Several paradigms of phase-coherent transport are discussed, including zero-bias anomalies, re-entrant and long-range proximity effects, Andreev interferometers and superconductivity-induced conductance suppression.
Multiplexed tape-stabilized cryohistology of mineralized large animal specimens

Tape-stabilized cryohistology is a powerful histological method to reinforce tissue samples during and after sectioning, enhancing the overall image quality. This technique has widely been applied to section mineralized small animal (i.e., mice, rat, rabbit) specimens, but has only been sparsely implemented for large animal samples that have a greater tendency to tear due to their increased surface area. Here, we present an optimized protocol for tape-stabilized cryohistology of undecalcified minipig vertebral body, femoral head, and temporomandibular joint samples. This protocol further develops a pipeline for sequential staining and imaging of the tape-stabilized cryosections. Images from multiple rounds of staining (endogenous bone mineral labels, aligned collagen (polarized light), tartrate resistant phosphatase (TRAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and toluidine blue) are overlaid to provide insight into dynamic bone remodeling. Overall, the established multiplexed tape-stabilized cryohistology protocol provides step-by-step instructions and guidance to cryosection large, mineralized tissues, and maximize data output from a single histological section.
Quantifying Bell nonlocality with the trace distance.

Measurements performed on distant parts of an entangled quantum state can generate correlations incompatible with classical theories respecting the assumption of local causality. This is the phenomenon known as quantum non-locality that, apart from its fundamental role, can also be put to practical use in applications such as cryptography and distributed computing. Clearly, developing ways of quantifying non-locality is an important primitive in this scenario. Here, we propose to quantify the non-locality of a given probability distribution via its trace distance to the set of classical correlations. We show that this measure is a monotone under the free operations of a resource theory and that furthermore can be computed efficiently with a linear program. We put our framework to use in a variety of relevant Bell scenarios also comparing the trace distance to other standard measures in the literature.
Numerical Continuation and SPDE Stability for the 2D Cubic-Quintic Allen-Cahn Equation

We study the Allen--Cahn equation with a cubic-quintic nonlinear term and a $Q$-trace-class stochastic forcing in two spatial dimensions. This stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) is used as a test case to understand how numerical continuation methods can be carried over to the SPDE setting. First, we compute the deterministic bifurcation diagram for the PDE, i.e., without stochastic forcing. In this case, two locally asymptotically stable steady state solution branches exist upon variation of the linear damping term. Then we consider the Lyapunov operator equation for the locally linearized system around steady states for the SPDE. We discretize the full SPDE using a combination of finite differences and spectral noise approximation obtaining a finite-dimensional system of stochastic ordinary differential equations (SODEs). The large system of SODEs is used to approximate the Lyapunov operator equation via covariance matrices. The covariance matrices are numerically continued along the two bif.
6G Wireless Communications in 7-24 GHz Band: Opportunities, Techniques, and Challenges

The sixth generation (6G) wireless communication nowadays is seeking a new spectrum to inherit the pros and discard the cons of sub-6 GHz, millimeter-wave (mmWave), and sub-terahertz (THz) bands. To this end, an upper mid-band, Frequency Range (FR) spanning from 7 GHz to 24 GHz, also known as FR3, has emerged as a focal point in 6G communications. Thus, as an inexorable prerequisite, a comprehensive investigation encompassing spectrum utilization and channel modeling is the first step to exploit potential applications and future prospects of using this FR in the 6G ecosystem. In this article, we provide FR3 deployment insights into emerging technologies including non-terrestrial network (NTN), massive multi-input multi-output (mMIMO), reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), and joint communications and sensing (JCAS). Furthermore, leveraging ray-tracing simulations, our investigation unveils the channel characteristics in FR3 are close to those in the sub-6 GHz band. The analysis of RIS-aided communication shows a higher spectral efficiency achieved in FR3 compared to other FRs when using the same RIS size. Finally, challenges and promising directions are discussed for FR3-based communication systems.
Hydrodynamic front-like swarming of phoretically active dimeric colloids

Self-propelled phoretic colloids have recently emerged as a promising avenue for the design of artificial microswimmers. Here we show how systems of thermophobic dimeric swimmers can form swarms, in the sense of clusters with an ordered collective net motion. The interplay of attractive hydrodynamic with repulsive phoretic interactions leads to the formation of swarming structures with a flattened geometry in three-dimensional systems. The design of microfluidic devices and of bio-compatible microrobots can benefit from these dynamic and controllable systems.
Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of simulated hand joints with a 64 × 64-channel photodiodes-based optical system

A continuous-wave (CW) diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system that is specifically designed for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of hand joints is described in this paper. This DOT system consists of eight diode lasers coupled with 64 source optic fibre bundles for light excitations and 64 receiving optic fibre bundles in conjunction with 64 silicon photodiodes for light detection. It has a large dynamic range, high stability and low detective noise equivalent power. In this system, the excitation and detection fibre bundles are arranged in four layers each with 16 excitation and 16 detection fibre bundles, forming a cylindrical imaging volume where an inserted finger is supported by a solid coupling medium. A series of tissue-mimicking experiments have been conducted to evaluate the system using a simple joint model consisting of two ‘bones’ and one layer of ‘cartilage’. These experiments also serve to identify optimal experimental and computational configurations for hand joint imaging. Coupled with our 3D finite-element based reconstruction algorithm, the phantom results suggest that the supporting/coupling medium with proper absorption and scattering coefficients is one of the key factors for high quality image reconstruction. In addition, these phantom investigations show that an off-centre positioned object can be significantly better imaged than a centre placed object. Studies have also been performed to determine an optimal mesh size for 3D hand joint imaging.
Supersymmetric quantum electronic states in graphene under uniaxial strain

We study uniaxially strained graphene under the influence of non-uniform magnetic fields perpendicular to the material sample with a coordinate independent strain tensor. For that purpose, we solve the Dirac equation with anisotropic Fermi velocity and explore the conditions upon which such an equation possesses a supersymmetric structure in the quantum mechanical sense through examples. Working in a Laudau-like gauge, wave functions and energy eigenvalues are found analytically in terms of the magnetic field intensity, the anisotropy scales and other relevant parameters that shape the magnetic field profiles.
Desain Sistem Kontrol Level Cairan Dengan Metode PID Berbasis PLC

This article discusses the water level control of the tank using PID control which is implemented on PLC (Programmable Logic Control) with HMI interface. This plant system consists of a controlled tank, a sup-ply tank, a water level sensor, a water faucet in the form of a motorized valve, PLC and HMI. In previous studies, the plant system used usually only has a controlled tank without a supply tank so that the control of the system becomes simpler. However, in this study a supply tank was also used so that the flow of water flowing in controlling the water level would depend on the water level of the supply tank and the opening of the water faucet. This plant system with a tank that has an open outlet pipe is a classic system that is non-linear so linearization is needed in its control. In order for the system to be linearized, it is assumed that both the supply tank and the controlled tank only operate within a certain value range. The realiza-tion of a water level control system using a PID controller was made and tested for its effectiveness at the setpoint values of 10 cm and 20 cm. Based on the simulation and experimental results, it was found that the system worked well where the PID control was able to stabilize the system at both setpoint values where the obtained overshoot were below 10%.