Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lighting Invariance through Joint Color Change Models

In [9], we introduced a linear statistical model of joint color changes in images due to variation in lighting and certain non-geometric camera parameters. We did this by measuring the mappings of colors in one image of a scene to colors in another image of the same scene under different lighting conditions. In this paper, we extend our model in several ways and examine its applicability to several important problems in machine vision. The extensions to our model include incorporating a model of image noise and a prior on the color flows used to explain a particular image difference. In addition, we increase the flexibility of our model by allowing color flow coefficients to vary according to a low order polynomial over the image. This allows us to better fit smoothly varying lighting conditions as well as curved surfaces without endowing our model with too much capacity. The problems we explore include shadow removal and detection as well as inference of scene geometry.
Collaboration in psychiatry between Archangelsk and Northern Norway.

The historical roots of international cooperation in the Barents Region reach back to Viking times. From the 1740s, the Pomor trade between Northern Norway and NorthWestern Russia constituted a necessary as well as a natural exchange between neighbouring peoples in the North. A separate language, Russo-Norwegian, was developed to promote communication and cooperation. The Russian Revolution put a temporary stop to this interchange. Towards the end of World War II, however, The Red Army came as the liberators of Finnmark. Later, perestroika and the fall of the Iron Curtain spelled the end of Soviet isolationism. Since then, Norwegian-Russian collaboration has gained new momentum. The Kirkenes Declaration, which formalized Norwegian-Russian international cooperation in the Euro-Arctic Region, was signed in 1993 (1). Since 1999, project funding has been available through the Barents Health Programme. Collaboration on health between Tromsø and North-Western Russia dates back to the early 1990s. Since then, the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority has signed general agreements on cooperation with Murmansk and Archangelsk oblasts, in which the parties commit themselves to collaboration in the fields of public health, health services and networking. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought with it increasing social insecurity, inequality and unemployment. Mental health problems have become widespread, including a high incidence of depressive disorders, suicides and high mortality from alcohol-related diseases (2). Psychiatry was regarded as a medical field in which the need for renewal was most prominent.
Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function.

At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate concentrations, however, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion, and related reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role as regulatory mediators in signaling processes. Many of the ROS-mediated responses actually protect the cells against oxidative stress and reestablish "redox homeostasis. " Higher organisms, however, have evolved the use of NO and ROS also as signaling molecules for other physiological functions. These include regulation of vascular tone, monitoring of oxygen tension in the control of ventilation and erythropoietin production, and signal transduction from membrane receptors in various physiological processes. NO and ROS are typically generated in these cases by tightly regulated enzymes such as NO synthase (NOS) and NAD(P)H oxidase isoforms, respectively. In a given signaling protein, oxidative attack induces either a loss of function, a gain of function, or a switch to a different function. Excessive amounts of ROS may arise either from excessive stimulation of NAD(P)H oxidases or from less well-regulated sources such as the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. In mitochondria, ROS are generated as undesirable side products of the oxidative energy metabolism. An excessive and/or sustained increase in ROS production has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, obstructive sleep apnea, and other diseases. In addition, free radicals have been implicated in the mechanism of senescence. That the process of aging may result, at least in part, from radical-mediated oxidative damage was proposed more than 40 years ago by Harman (J Gerontol 11: 298-300, 1956). There is growing evidence that aging involves, in addition, progressive changes in free radical-mediated regulatory processes that result in altered gene expression.
Papillomavirus DNA replication

The capacity for bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) to transform rodent cells in tissue culture has provided a system for studying regulated replication of a small DNA virus. In these cells, the double-stranded, circular, viral DNA genome stably persists as a multicopy nuclear plasmid (see reference 13 for a review). Both transand cis-acting viral elements are required for plasmid replication. During the past year, many important contributions have been made which have enhanced and changed our outlook on many aspects of papillomavirus replication. This review presents a synopsis of these new findings in the context of earlier studies.
Know Thy Impact

Many years ago, I made a claim about the importance of giving students "dollops of feedback" (1999). This endorsement of giving great amounts of feedback was based on the finding that feedback is among the most powerful influences on how people learn. The evidence comes from many sources. My synthesis of more than 900 meta-analyses (2009, 2012) shows that feedback has one of the highest effects on student learning. These meta-analyses focused on many different influences on learning—home, school, teacher, and curriculum—and were based on more than 50,000 individual studies, comprising more than 200 million students, from 4to 20-year-olds, across all subjects. As an education researcher, I was seeking the underlying story about what separated those influences that had a greater effect on student learning from those that had a below-average effect. Feedback was a common denominator in many of the top influences. Moreover, Dylan Wiliam (2011) has argued that feedback can double the rate of learning, and an increasing number of scholars are researching this important notion (see Sutton, Hornsey, & Douglas, 2012). I've come to regret my "dollops" claim because it ignores an important associated finding: The effects of feedback, although positive overall, are remarkably variable. There is as much ineffective as effective feedback. My work over the past years has concentrated on better understanding this variability and on clarifying what makes feedback effective—or not. Some Questions to Start With
Benny Goodman and the Swing Era

The Swing Era was that magic moment in America when the popular music of the nation became virtually identical with the great new music of the period--jazz. The man most responsible for bringing this memorable music to popularity was the so-called "King of Swing"--Benny Goodman. In this controversial and widely acclaimed book, James Lincoln Collier tells the story of Goodman's life as seen through the music and social world of the years of the Great Depression in the 1930s and beyond. Born of poor Jewish immigrant parents in Chicago in 1910, Benny Goodman's career was a rags-to-riches story brought to life. When he was ten years old he joined the local synagogue band with two of his brothers, and because he was the smallest of the three was given a clarinet. Proving to be a natural clarinetist, Goodman left home at fifteen to join the famous Ben Pollack orchestra. His clarinet playing became legendary before he was twenty, and he was one of the most sought-after jazzmen for radio shows and orchestras that needed a talented player on short notice. Collier brilliantly recreates the colorful popular music world of the 1920s and 1930s, when the music industry was just expanding, radio was the great source of musical entertainment, and swing bands that had emerged out of the growth of jazz in the 1920s were first finding national audiences. He chronicles the rise and success of Goodman and his band against the social milieu and popular music of the time. Goodman's success was built largely on the arrangements of the brilliant black musician, Fletcher Henderson. He was the first leader to hire black musicians for a white band--Teddy Wilson and Lionel Hampton--and a number of major musical figures got their start in the band, among them Gene Krupa, Harry Janes, and Peggy lee. Collier also deals in detail with Goodman's simultaneous career as a classical musician. Benny Goodman was a brilliant musician but an enigmatic man. Collier's biography captures this elusive personality with great insight and understanding. Collier perceptively analyzes dozens of Goodman's significant recordings and makes the reader hear them afresh. Benny Goodman and the Swing Era is a major work about jazz and one of its most significant figures.
Testicular development in bulls treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that administering recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) would affect testicular development in Holstein bulls. From 4 until 32 wk of age, bulls received a daily injection of either placebo (C) or rbST (.2 mg/kg BW.75, i.m.; n = 10/group). At 14-d intervals, blood was obtained and assayed for testosterone (T); BW, shoulder height (SH), and testis length (TL) were recorded. At 7, 12, and 24 wk of age, bulls were bled at 10-min intervals for 6 h to determine the secretory patterns of LH, growth hormone (GH), and IGF-I. All bulls were killed at 40 wk of age. One testis was used for determination of daily sperm production (DSP), and the number of spermatids per gram of parenchyma (SP/G); the remaining testis was perfused and fixed for histological analysis of numbers of Sertoli cell nuclei (SCN/ST) and spermatids per seminiferous tubule cross-section (SP/ST). Epididymal spermatozoa were collected to test effects of rbST on the integrity of spermatozoal chromatin structure. Administration of rbST increased (P < .0001) concentrations of GH (nanograms/milliliter) in plasma at all ages (C vs rbST; wk 7, 8.9 +/- 1.0 vs 51.9 +/- 6.8; wk 12, 12.8 +/- 1.4 vs 59.2 +/- 6.4; and wk 24, 5.2 +/- 1.5 vs 42.6 +/- 12.2). There was an age x treatment interaction (P < .0183) for concentrations of IGF-I (nanograms/milliliter) in plasma (C vs rbST; wk 7, 149.7 +/- 6.1 vs 148.6 +/- 8.6; wk 12, 184.1 +/- 12.8 vs 216.6 +/- 15.9; and wk 24, 392.8 +/- 24.8 vs 484.7 +/- 19.9). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recoverable set computation for post-fault/failure quadrotors based on sum of squares (SOS)

In this paper, an evaluation approach of recoverable performance for post-fault quadrotors is investigated. Both propeller faults and failures are considered, such as loss of partial propeller effectiveness and loss of one or more propellers. The main contribution is to propose a method to compute recoverable set for different faulty conditions using sum of squares (SOS). The recoverable set is an invariant set and it is the set of initial states, which can be driven to the equilibrium point while respecting propeller faults, failures and rotating speed limits. Before computing the set, feasible equilibrium points are calculated to guarantee relaxed hover solutions against different faulty cases. Simulations illustrate the effectiveness of proposed approach with nonlinear quadrotor dynamics under various fault and failure conditions.
Silencing the Kir4.1 Potassium Channel Subunit in Satellite Glial Cells of the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion Results in Pain-Like Behavior in the Absence of Nerve Injury

Growing evidence suggests that changes in the ion buffering capacity of glial cells can give rise to neuropathic pain. In the CNS, potassium ion (K+) buffering is dependent on the glia-specific inward rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1. We recently reported that the satellite glial cells that surround primary sensory neurons located in sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system also express Kir4.1, whereas the neurons do not. In the present study, we show that, in the rat trigeminal ganglion, the location of the primary sensory neurons for face sensation, specific silencing of Kir4.1 using RNA interference leads to spontaneous and evoked facial pain-like behavior in freely moving rats. We also show that Kir4.1 in the trigeminal ganglion is reduced after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. These findings suggests that neuropathic pain can result from a change in expression of a single K+ channel in peripheral glial cells, raising the possibility of targeting Kir4.1 to treat pain in general and particularly neuropathic pain that occurs in the absence of nerve injury.
REPRESENTATION MATTERS: THE IMPACT OF DESCRIPTIVE WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION ON THE POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT OF WOMEN

In a cross-country comparison of 33 European countries, we tested whether a high degree of female representation attenuates the assumed negative impact of gender on political involvement. Our multilevel analyses show positive interactive effects of female representation: the degree to which the representation of women in a given country's national parliament was descriptively adequate was positively related to women's ratings of the importance of politics and self-reported political interest. With respect to political participation, the findings are mixed.
Challenges in the Search for Drugs to Treat Central Nervous System Disorders

The history of drug discovery spans approximately 200,000 years. For much of this time, the identification of therapeutic agents was empirical, with the shift to a more hypothesis-driven approach occurring in the late 19th century. Since then, the objective has changed from identifying an active drug and its mechanism of action to determining therapeutic potential only after identifying drug-like compounds that interact with a target site. Although the emphasis on target identification, or “targephilia,” has yielded novel drugs, overall it appears to have slowed the drug discovery process, especially for compounds used in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This is because the “targephilic” approach requires a good understanding of target physiology and its integration with the target organ, with a hierarchical integration from in vitro cellular and functional tissue studies to animal models that reasonably predict human responses. Because the majority of CNS drugs were discovered empirically, drug discovery in this area appears less amenable to target-based approaches than it seems for other types of therapeutics. Improving the success rate in CNS drug discovery requires a more pharmacometric-based approach, with a renewed emphasis on defining basic CNS function in intact animals and a more systematic in vivo screening of novel structures. Efforts must also be directed toward defining the sites of action of existing CNS drugs to aid in the design of second-generation agents with improved efficacy and safety.
The 1997 coleman roberts griffith address movement expertise: A juncture between psychology theory and practice

Abstract Two of the major distinguishing characteristics of the pioneering work of Coleman R. Griffith were his theory-practice integration through applied research and his eclectic focus not just on cognitive and emotional aspects of the psychology of sport. but also on elements related to perception, decision-making and movement control, and learning. The first part of this paper discusses the implications of these two attributes to broad issues for sport psychology related to the fragmentation-integration of knowledge, to defining the scope of the field, and to the nature of the relationship with other fields of knowledge, especially motor control and learning. The second part of the paper illustrates some of these issues through an overview of applied research on the enhancement of the perceptual skills of athletes. A critique of current understanding of the nature of perceptual skill in sport is first provided, using expert-novice comparisons as a means of uncovering the essential distinguishing attr.
Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome

The human intestinal microbiota is composed of 1013 to 1014 microorganisms whose collective genome (“microbiome”) contains at least 100 times as many genes as our own genome. We analyzed ∼78 million base pairs of unique DNA sequence and 2062 polymerase chain reaction–amplified 16S ribosomal DNA sequences obtained from the fecal DNAs of two healthy adults. Using metabolic function analyses of identified genes, we compared our human genome with the average content of previously sequenced microbial genomes. Our microbiome has significantly enriched metabolism of glycans, amino acids, and xenobiotics; methanogenesis; and 2-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway–mediated biosynthesis of vitamins and isoprenoids. Thus, humans are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of microbial and human attributes.
A Critical Assessment of Charismatic—Transformational Leadership Research: Back to the Drawing Board?

There is a widely shared consensus that charismatic–transformational leadership is a particularly effective form of leadership. In a critical assessment of the state-of-the-science in this area of research, we question the validity of that conclusion. We identify four problems with theory and research in charismatic–transformational leadership. First, a clear conceptual definition of charismatic–transformational leadership is lacking. Current theories advance multi-dimensional conceptualizations of charismatic–transformational leadership without specifying how these different dimensions combine to form charismatic–transformational leadership, or how dimensions are selected for inclusion or exclusion. Second, theories fail to sufficiently specify the causal model capturing how each dimension has a distinct influence on mediating processes and outcomes and how this is contingent on moderating influences. Third, conceptualization and operationalization confounds charismatic–transformational leadership with i.
Women Chief Executives and their Approaches Towards Equity in American Universities

This article investigates the role of equity, diversity and affirmative action in colleges and universities in the USA-all are policy and programmatic mechanisms designed to offer educational opportunities to those who have not been full participants in American higher education. A context is offered via a breakdown of relevant demographic characteristics, a review of the literature, and an examination of the evolution and current state of equity and affirmative action in American higher education. Finally, a perspective of the current climate in American academe is offered through an analysis of the results of a series of qualitative interviews with African American women university executives. General thematic policy and programmatic motifs are articulated which can help ensure post-secondary options for those who might normally be denied opportunities.
A genome‐wide scan for modifier loci in schizophrenia

The purpose of this study was to detect genetic loci that influence clinical features of, but not necessarily susceptibility to, psychotic illness. In the Irish Study of High‐Density Schizophrenia Families (n = 270 families, n = 1,408 individuals), subjects with non‐affective psychosis were rated using the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness. Factor analysis identified hallucinations, delusions, and negative, manic, and depressive symptom factors. We performed autosomal genome‐wide multipoint non‐parametric quantitative trait locus linkage analysis, in affected individuals only, using these five factors, as well as age at onset, and course of illness. Determination of empirical significance and correction for multiple testing was implemented using 200 simulated genome scans. We also tested for pleiotropic loci by examining the sums of −log10's of the empirical P values of multiple traits in selected regions. LODs of 2.42 and 2.35 were obtained near D9S934 (9q33.1) and D14S587 (14q24.2), respectively, for course of illness, and of 2.26 between D6S1040‐D6S2420 (6q23.1‐25.1) and age at onset. No other regions met criteria for suggestive linkage to any one trait. No loci were significant after correction for multiple testing. On 6q, however, the joint linkage of age of onset, course, delusions, and depressive symptoms resulted in a genome‐wide P = 0.06. We conclude that genes located near 9q33.1 and 14q24.2 may modify the clinical course and severity of schizophrenia. A gene in 6q may affect several clinical features of illness. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of stratum lacunosum moleculare interneurons of hippocampal CA1 region

Intracellular recordings were obtained from nonpyramidal neurons (interneurons) in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare (L‐M) of the CA1 region of guinea pig hippocampal slices. These interneurons had response characteristics that distinguish them from pyramidal cells and other interneuron types: the L‐M neurons had relatively broad action potentials with large spike afterhyperpolarizations, high input resistance and little spike‐firing adaptation, and low spontaneous activity. Lucifer Yellow (LY) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected intracellularly into physiologically identified L‐M interneurons, and the cells were characterized morphologically using light and electron microscopy.
BEVACIZUMAB VERSUS RANIBIZUMAB FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Purpose: To evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of bevacizumab versus ranibizumab for the treatment of the neovascular form of age-related macular degeneration. Methods: A comprehensive literature search using the Cochrane Methodology Register to identify randomized controlled trials comparing bevacizumab with ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Efficacy estimates were determined by comparing weighted mean differences in the change of best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness from baseline. Safety estimates were determined by calculating the risk ratio for rates of death, arteriothrombotic events, venous thrombotic events, and at least 1 serious systemic adverse event. Statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.1 software. Results: A total of 6 randomized controlled trials were selected for this meta-analysis, including 2,612 patients (1,292 patients in the bevacizumab group and 1,320 patients in the ranibizumab group). There were no significant differences between bevacizumab and ranibizumab in best-corrected visual acuity mean change at 1 year or 2 years (weighted mean difference = −0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.48 to 0.69, P = 0.47 and weighted mean difference = −1.16, 95% CI, −2.82 to 0.51, P = 0.17, respectively). Ranibizumab was found to be more efficacious in reducing central macular thickness at 1 year (weighted mean difference = 4.35, 95% CI, 0.92–7.78, P = 0.01). The pooled risk ratios comparing the rates of serious systemic adverse events at 1 year and 2 years were slightly in favor of ranibizumab (risk ratio = 1.24, 95% CI, 1.04–1.48, P = 0.02 and risk ratio = 1.20, 95% CI, 1.05–1.37, P = 0.008, respectively), whereas the rates of death, arteriothrombotic events, and venous thrombotic events did not differ statistically. Conclusion: Bevacizumab and ranibizumab had equivalent efficacy for best-corrected visual acuity in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ranibizumab tended to have a better anatomical outcome. There were no differences between drugs in rates of death, arteriothrombotic events or venous thrombotic events, and differences in rates of serious systemic adverse events that require further study.