Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonholonomic Control Systems on Riemannian Manifolds

This paper gives a general formulation of the theory of nonholonomic control systems on a Riemannian manifold modeled by second-order differential equations and using the unique Riemannian connection defined by the metric. The main concern is to introduce a reduction scheme, replacing some of the second-order equations by first-order equations. The authors show how constants of motion together with the nonholonomic constraints may be combined to yield such a reduction. The theory is applied to a particular class of nonholonomic control systems that may be thought of as modeling a generalized rolling ball. This class reduces to the classical example of a ball rolling without slipping on a horizontal plane.
Mixing attractors for 3-flows

We prove that every non-trivial attractor is mixing for a generic 3-flow in 1(M), the interior of the 3-flows for which all periodic orbits and singularities are hyperbolic. This implies an extension of a result by Bowen (1976 Mixing Anosov flows Topology 15 77-9): C1 robust transitive sets with singularities for generic flows in 1(M) are mixing. In particular, generic Lorenz attractors are transitive sets for their corresponding time-t map, t≠0.
Structural Damage Detection by Genetic Algorithms

A two-stage procedure utilizing incomplete measurements to assess the location and extent of structural damage is presented. In the first stage, candidate damaged elements are identified using the residual force method. Based on a priori knowledge from the first stage, the damage extent is determined from candidate elements using a proposed optimization scheme based on the method of simulated evolution.
Effects of Inulin Propionate Ester Incorporated into Palatable Food Products on Appetite and Resting Energy Expenditure: A Randomised Crossover Study

Supplementation with inulin-propionate ester (IPE), which delivers propionate to the colon, suppresses ad libitum energy intake and stimulates the release of satiety hormones acutely in humans, and prevents weight gain. In order to determine whether IPE remains effective when incorporated into food products (FP), IPE needs to be added to a widely accepted food system. A bread roll and fruit smoothie were produced. Twenty-one healthy overweight and obese humans participated. Participants attended an acclimatisation visit and a control visit where they consumed un-supplemented food products (FP). Participants then consumed supplemented-FP, containing 10 g/d inulin or IPE for six days followed by a post-supplementation visit in a randomised crossover design. On study visits, supplemented-FP were consumed for the seventh time and ad libitum energy intake was assessed 420 min later. Blood samples were collected to assess hormones and metabolites. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetry. Taste and appearance ratings were similar between FP. Ad libitum energy intake was significantly different between treatments, due to a decreased intake following IPE-FP. These observations were not related to changes in blood hormones and metabolites. There was an increase in REE following IPE-FP. However, this effect was lost after correcting for changes in fat free mass. Our results suggest that IPE suppresses appetite and may alter REE following its incorporation into palatable food products.
A note on mixture bivariate model

L. Sendur and I. W. Selesnick suggest four jointly non-Gaussian bivariate models to characterize the dependency between a coefficient and its parent, and respectively derive the corresponding MAP estimators based on noisy wavelet coefficients in detail in [6]. Among the four models, the second is a mixture model and it is quite complicated to evaluate parameters, so L. Sendur and I.W. Selesnick didn't give a concrete method. In this letter, a concrete mixture bivariate model will be described by drawing inspiration from Model 2. Expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is employed to find the parameters of new model. The simulation results show that the values of PSNR have a bit improvement compared with Model 1. The results can be viewed as a supplementary of model 2 in [6].
A Flux Method for the Numerical Solution of the Stochastic Collection Equation

Abstract A new mass conservative flux method is presented for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation. The method consists of a two-step procedure. In the first step the mass distribution of drops with mass x′ that have been newly formed in a collision process is entirely added to grid box k of the numerical grid mesh with xk ⩽ x′ ⩽ xk+1. In the second step a certain fraction of the water mass in grid box k is transported to k + 1. This transport is done by means of an advection procedure. Different numerical test runs are presented in which the proposed method is compared with the Berry–Reinhardt scheme. These tests show a very good agreement between the two approaches. In various sensitivity studies it is demonstrated that the flux method remains numerically stable for different choices of the grid mesh and the integration time step. Since a time step of 10 s may be used without significant loss of accuracy, the flux method is numerically very efficient in comparison to the Berry–Re.
Selection of Non-Repairable Series Systems’ Components with Weibull-Life and Lognormal-Repair Distributions through Minimizing Expected Total Cost of Ownership Approach

In this paper a model for selecting Weibull-life and Lognormal-repair components for a series system using Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) approach is proposed. The model has been used for selecting the suppliers of the different components constituting the system. The TCO of the system is calculated for each possible combination of components available in the market and then the combination that gives the minimum TCO is considered for purchasing. The results have showed that the model is able to compromise between the different cost categories such that the optimal cost elements values are between the minimum and maximum values of the cost categories.
On choosing a goodness‐of‐fit test for discrete multivariate data

Goodness‐of‐fit test based on Kϕ‐divergence between observed and theoretical frequencies are considered. The asymptotic chi‐square null distribution and three alternative approximations to the exact distribution function of this family are compared in small samples. Numerical results are presented for the symmetric null hypothesis for different multinomial sample sizes with various cell numbers. Exact power under specific alternatives to the symmetric null hypothesis are calculated and a comparison with the family of power divergence statistics is made.
Curriculum reform in Vietnam: primary teachers’ views, experiences, and challenges

ABSTRACT The current study examined the beliefs, experiences, and challenges of primary school teachers in Vietnam in the first years of implementing a new curriculum. The study was conducted at five primary schools in a big city in Vietnam. The data consist of in-depth semi-structured interviews with eleven teachers. Analysis of qualitative data showed that the teachers held positive views on the new curriculum, commenting that the curriculum had many strengths and was introduced at the right time. The teachers reported that they largely understood the principles of and made attempts to realise the new curriculum. They highlighted several initial positive effects of the curriculum on students and themselves. However, the teachers also faced several challenges, especially the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which forced them to transition to online teaching. In addition, the teachers showed some difficulties in designing the long-term syllabus and the objectives for individual lessons due to the fundamental differences between the previous curriculum and the new one. Implications for teachers and policymakers for Vietnamese primary education, and possibly similar contexts, are discussed.
Sonar pulse radiation and filtering in the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus

Parnell’s mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii, uses echolocation to hunt for insects in the New World tropics. The sonar signals, which are emitted from the mouth, are long, constant‐frequency types with a ‘‘missing’’ fundamental, so that the second and third harmonics contain most of the pulse energy. This pulse structure implies that the supraglottal vocal tract acts as an acoustic notch filter for the fundamental. To investigate this possibility, light and heavy gases were used to obtain the vocal tract transfer function. The results show that a fundamental notch filter is present, and anatomical manipulations of the vocal tract suggest that this filtering is achieved by a combination of antiphasic reflections from the nasal passages and an area‐function filter in the throat. During these experiments, tracheal sound was also monitored to assess the acoustical role of the tracheal sac. This is an elastic section of the trachea, situated immediately posterior to the larynx, which inflates during vocaliza.
A design of the stopband variable FIR digital filters using spectral parameter

Several applications in digital signal processing demand variable digital filters with arbitrary variable frequency response. However, the design method of filters having variable piecewise large attenuation characteristics in the stopband is not proposed. This paper describes the design method of variable FIR digital filters having changed piecewise large attenuation characteristics in the stopband. The basic idea is to represent the coefficients of variable transfer function as the polynomials using spectral parameter. We design each filter with difference stopband attenuation by successive projections method. Then we approximate the obtained filter coefficient by the polynomials using spectral parameter in the least-square sense.
Depression, suicide risk, and workplace bullying: a comparative study of fly-in, fly-out and residential resource workers in Australia.

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to establish whether clinical depression and increased suicide risk differed between Australian fly-in, fly-out (FIFO) workers and their residential counterparts in the resources sector. We also sought to identify whether bullying and social support were associated with depression and suicide risk in this cohort.MethodsA cross-sectional survey design was used. Completed questionnaires were received from 751 respondents who were employed in the Australian resources sector. Primary outcomes were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Negative Acts Questionnaire - Revised. A general linear model was used to examine the association between depression, hopelessness and predictive factors.ResultsThe results of a general linear model analysis demonstrated that depression (partial η2 = 0.02; P = 0.01) and hopelessness (partial η2 = 0.02; P = 0.02) were significantly higher in residential than FIFO workers. In addition, bullying was significantly associated with higher levels of depression (partial η2 = 0.11; P = 0.001) and hopelessness (partial η2 = 0.04; P = 0.001). Finally, increased social support was significantly associated with lower depression rates (partial η2 = 0.13; P = 0.001) and hopelessness (partial η2 = 0.14; P = 0.001). ConclusionsInterventions should be delivered to reduce depression and hopelessness in Australian resource workers, particularly through addressing workplace bullying and enhancing social support.What is known about the topic? One-third of Australian resource workers experience psychosocial distress. Research examining factors that influence such distress is lacking.What does this paper add? The results of this study demonstrate that clinical depression and suicide risk were significantly higher in residential resource workers than in FIFO workers. Depression and suicide risk were directly associated with workplace bullying. In addition, social support was an important protective factor against depression and bullying in Australian FIFO and residential resource workers.What are the implications for practitioners? There is an urgent need to introduce interventions that reduce psychosocial distress in the resource sector, particularly through the mitigation of bullying.
Gravitational clustering of Gaussian density fluctuations and the origin of hierarchy correlations

The present theory of gravitational pulsing, which identifies galaxies and groups and clusters of galaxies with regions of assumed Gaussian primordial density fluctuations (PDFs) having a smaller turnaround time than the age of the universe, shows that the properties of the hierarchy created uniquely depend on the PDF power spectrum. The resulting distribution of galaxies and groups and clusters is non-Gaussian; the theory successfully reproduces both the observed two- and three-point correlation functions for clusters of galaxies of n = {minus}1 spectrum. The hierarchy thus constructed specifies unique higher-order correlations. 15 refs.
A High Sensitivity Temperature Sensing Probe Based on Microfiber Fabry-Perot Interference

In this paper, a miniature Fabry-Perot temperature probe was designed by using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to encapsulate a microfiber in one cut of hollow core fiber (HCF). The microfiber tip and a common single mode fiber (SMF) end were used as the two reflectors of the Fabry-Perot interferometer. The temperature sensing performance was experimentally demonstrated with a sensitivity of 11.86 nm/°C and an excellent linear fitting in the range of 43–50 °C. This high sensitivity depends on the large thermal-expansion coefficient of PDMS. This temperature sensor can operate no higher than 200 °C limiting by the physicochemical properties of PDMS. The low cost, fast fabrication process, compact structure and outstanding resolution of less than 10−4 °C enable it being as a promising candidate for exploring the temperature monitor or controller with ultra-high sensitivity and precision.
Construction of the Voronoi diagram for 'one million' generators in single-precision arithmetic

A numerically stable algorithm for constructing Voronoi diagrams in the plane is presented. In this algorithm higher priority is placed on the topological structure than on numerical values, so that, however large the numerical errors, the algorithm will never come across topological inconsistency and thus can always complete its task. The behavior of the algorithm is shown with examples, including one for as many as 10/sup 6/ generators. >
Readout Scheme by Pulsed Irradiation Center Aperture Detection on Magnetically Induced Super Resolution Magnetooptical Disks

Magnetically induced super resolution (MSR) is used to read “below-diffraction-limit” recording marks on magneto-optical (MO) media. A nanosecond-order laser pulse irradiated onto MO media can create a quasi-circular temperature profile, thereby yielding a quasi-circular sub-µ m aperture to effectively derive a readout signal from sub-µ m marks recorded on the disks. In this study, the pulsed irradiation and conventional DC readout methods are applied to a MO disk with a center aperture detection (CAD) structure to quantitatively evaluate their readout performance. The size and shape of the effective aperture, jitters due to readout parameters, and aperture wall width generated are studied. The feasibility of the pulsed irradiation readout is then assessed.
CONJNT: Program for Solving Finite Conjoint Additivity

Sherman (1977) has outlined an algorithm that (1) tests for both necessary and sufficient conditions under which an order is conjointly additive and that (2) gives a formula for all possible scales that give the required order. CONJNT implements Sherman’s algorithm for both strong and weak orders on any two-factor data set. Conjoint measurement is similar in spirit to analysis of variance. Suppose that in a two-factor
L10 FePt(111)/glassy CoFeTaB bilayered structure for patterned media

We report on the use of CoFeTaB metallic glass thin film as a soft magnetic underlayer which promotes the growth of L10 FePt along the preferred (111) crystallographic direction. The preferred oriented phase of L10 FePt is obtained by either in situ deposition upon a heated CoFeTaB/SiO2/Si or at room temperature (FePt/CoFeTaB/SiO2/Si) followed by annealing at 400–450 °C for 15 min. The latter process is shown to be advantageous in terms of the fabrication of patterned media. Pattern sizes ranging from 25–100 nm made from L10 FePt (111)/glassy CoFeTaB were fabricated by photo/electron beam lithography. The structural and magnetic characterizations strongly suggest the applicability of the present bilayered structure in the fabrication of high density bit-patterned magnetic recording media.
Sparse Regularization-Based Spatial–Temporal Twist Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection

Infrared (IR) small target detection under complex environments is an essential part of IR search and track systems. However, previously proposed IR small target detection algorithms cannot achieve complete suppression of complex and significant backgrounds. The spatial–temporal information of image sequences is not fully exploited. In this article, we present a sparse regularization-based twist tensor model for IR small target detection. First, the twist tensor model is built via perspective conversion based on the target’s local continuity in the spatial–temporal domain, which makes the original complicated background components more structured and increases the difference between the background and the target. Then, the structured sparsity-inducing norm is introduced to define the locality and continuity of the target. To further minimize the sparse background structures and global noise, the structured sparsity-inducing norm and the $l_{1}$ norm are combined as the target’s parse constraint. Experimental results on real scenes reveal that the suggested method can process images with high detection accuracy and outstanding background suppression ability compared to various state-of-the-art methods.
Optical method using fluence or radiance measurements to monitor thermal therapy

We present data from a two-region (coagulated and native tissue) Monte Carlo simulation in spherical geometry to assess the feasibility of using optical fluence and radiance information for determining the boundary of tissue coagulation during thermal therapy. Our results demonstrate that radiance offers directional sensitivity that might be useful in monitoring asymmetric coagulation growth. Preliminary experimental data from fluence monitoring of radio-frequency kidney thermal therapy further indicates that fluence information might be insufficient for determining the coagulation boundary. Therefore, in addition to optical fluence, we are also exploring the potential of radiance monitoring as a method for establishing the position of the coagulation boundary during radio-frequency thermal therapy.
Joint modelling of longitudinal biomarker and gap time between recurrent events: copula-based dependence

In this paper, we will extend the joint model of longitudinal biomarker and recurrent event via copula function for accounting the dependence between the two processes. The general idea of joining separate processes by allowing model-specific random effect may come from different families distribution. It is a main advantage of the proposed method that a copula construction does not constrain the choice of marginal distributions of random effects. A maximum likelihood estimation with importance sampling technique as a simple and easy understanding method is employed to model inference. To evaluate and verify the validation of the proposed joint model, a bootstrapping method as a model-based resampling is developed. Our proposed joint model is also applied to pemphigus disease data for assessing the effect of biomarker trajectory on risk of recurrence.
Self-Organized Percolation and Critical Sales Fluctuations

There is a discrepancy between the standard view of equilibrium through price adjustment in economics and the observation of large fluctuations in stock markets. We study here a simple model where agents decisions not only depend upon their individual preferences but also upon information obtained from their neighbors in a social network. The model shows that information diffusion coupled to the adjustment process drives the system to criticality with large fluctuations rather than converging smoothly to equilibrium.
A Decomposition Theorem for Vector Variables with a Linear Structure

A vector variable X is said to have a linear structure if it can be written as X=AY where A is a matrix and Y is a vector of independent random variables called structural variables. In earlier papers the conditions under which a vector random variable admits different structural representations have been studied. It is shown, among other results, that complete non-uniqueness, in some sense, of the linear structure characterizes a multivariate normal variable. In the present paper we prove a general decomposition theorem which states that any vector variable X with a linear structure can be expressed as the sum X 1 + X 2 of two independent vector variables X 1 , X 2 of which X 1 is non-normal and has a unique linear structure, and X 2 is multivariate normal variable with a nonunique linear structure.
Estimating the Dilution Effect Due to Unreliability of Dichotomous Outcome Variables From Kappa

If category-specific reliabilities are constant across groups, the difference in group-specific "success" probabilities estimated from an unreliable dichotomous outcome variable can be shown to be diluted. Thus, although an intervention may truly have a sizable effect, this effect may not be detectable because of unreliability of the outcome variable. This article explores the dilution effect in a latent class analysis framework in which reliability is defined as the probability with which the manifest measure and the true state correspond. The size of the dilution effect will be related to the popular kappa coefficient, which is often used to assess the reliability of dichotomous variables. Conditions will be specified under which the magnitude of the dilution effect can be estimated from kappa.
Online process mean estimation using L1 norm exponential smoothing

A basic assumption in process mean estimation is that all process data are clean. However, many sensor system measurements are often corrupted with outliers. Outliers are observations that do not follow the statistical distribution of the bulk of the data and consequently may lead to erroneous results with respect to statistical analysis and process control. Robust estimators of the current process mean are crucial to outlier detection, data cleaning, process monitoring, and other process features. This article proposes an outlier‐resistant mean estimator based on the L1 norm exponential smoothing (L1‐ES) method. The L1‐ES statistic is essentially model‐free and demonstrably superior to existing estimators. It has the following advantages: (1) it captures process dynamics (e.g., autocorrelation), (2) it is resistant to outliers, and (3) it is easy to implement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009