Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rat Race and Internal Labor Markets

The labor market is viewed as a market for labor contracts. A firm is identified as having an internal labor market if the efficient mode of production requires that it employ heterogeneous worker types by offering a wage structure as a set of subsidizing contracts. If the firm is free to offer its choice of wage structures, and if the Wilson notion of equilibrium is considered, then certain irreducible combinations of wage-job contracts will obtain. Depending upon the distribution of worker types, wages in these equilibrium wage structures may not correspond to the marginal productivities of individual workers, but the firm breaks even because the wages of high productivity types subsidize low productivity types within the firm. The theoretical framework of our model is based on recent contributions to the theory of self-selection screening.
A dynamic voltage restorer equipped with a high-frequency isolated dc-dc converter

This paper presents a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) that is characterized by the use of a high-frequency unidirectional isolated dc-dc converter. A traditional DVR has a large and bulky series transformer even for low-voltage (200 or 400 V) applications because the transformer operates at the line frequency (50 or 60 Hz). The emergence of the state-of-the-art semiconductor devices and magnetic cores has driven power electronics engineers to develop compact high-frequency isolated dc-dc converters. This paper discusses control and performance of a DVR including a high-frequency isolated dc-dc converter intended for 200 or 400-V applications. The high-frequency (20 kHz) transformer in the dc-dc converter is much smaller, say one-hundredth, in volume than the line-frequency transformer. Moreover, connecting the shunt converter to the load side brings a significant reduction in energy-storage capacity to the DVR. Experimental results obtained from a 200-V 5-kW laboratory system confirm the viability and effectiveness of the system configuration.
Assessing Assessments: A Survey of Efforts to Measure Countries’ Compliance with Freedom of Association Standards

Excerpt] This article surveys efforts by governmental and nongovernmental organizations to assess countries' compliance with core labor standards on workers' freedom of association. The relevant standards are Conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the ILO's 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Part II sets out key conceptual issues, particularly the distinction between "negative" and "positive" rights. Part III discusses the challenge of generating and getting accurate information about workers' freedom of association, especially when so much subjective judgment is inherent in the effort. Part IV reviews and summarizes the work of several organizations that evaluate countries' compliance with core labor standards on workers' freedom of association. Part V offers a conclusion and recommendations.
Parametric Variations in NPI-Licensing and the Role of LF X 0

The goal of this paper is to elucidate some mechanisms behind NPIlicensing in the recent minimalist framework, especially focusing on crosslinguistic differences between English NPIs and Korean/Japanese NPIs. As is well known, there are at least two apparent discrepancies between them. First, English NPIs allow long-distance licensing, while Korean and Japanese NPIs cannot be separated from Neg across a clause boundary (clausemate condition). Second, Korean and Japanese NPIs can appear at the subject position. Meanwhile, English NPIs such as "any" is never allowed to occur in the subject position. Various attempts have been done to explicate these parametric variations. Lee (1993) suggests that NPIs move to [Spec,NegP] to get licensed and that those parametric variations in NPIlicensing are imputable to a ban on improper movement induced from Condition C violation in accordance with May (1973), assuming that [Spec,NegP] is an A-position in Korean and Japanese and an A'-position in English. In this paper, we will show that, although this line of analysis might be tenable for other Korean/Japanese NPIs, it cannot be extended to the Japanese NPI "sika". Instead, we suggest that parametric variations can be induced from types of LF movement involved in NPI-licensing: phrasal movement for "any" vs. head movement for "sika". A piece of evidence in favor of the head movement analysis for "sika" lies in the fact that "sika" can be attached to heads such as V, which indicates that the resulting composition is not always a phrase but a head. As a consequence of our analysis, it is implied that there is "syntactic" head movement. That is, head movement is not necessarily PF-movement. (cf. Chomsky, 2001, Boeckx
IC Design of a Low-Power Analog LDPC Decoder Employing New Stopping Iteration Method

This paper proposes an analog LDPC decoder employing new stopping iteration method. It is based on the min-sum algorithm and by checking parity H-matrix to decide iteration termination. The proposed method not only can increase the decoding throughput but also decrease the power consumption. Experimental results show that this decoder can save 90% power consumption speed ratio compared with traditional decoders. Finally, an analog (32, 8) min-sum decoder with new stopping iteration method is implemented by TSMC 0.18&mu;m 1P6M CMOS technology. When the data throughput and supply voltage is 216 Mb/s and 1.8V respectively, the power consumption is only 4.98 mW. This analog decoder has low power and small area characteristics that can be applicable to green communication devices.
A rural autonomous grid delivering quality power to its loads

Renewable energy potential in the form of wind or micro hydro are available in abundance at rural locations far away from city habitat. To harness this green energy the rugged induction generator has come up as a viable option. However, induction generator has change in reactive power requirement with change in load. This dynamic reactive power requirement is proposed to be met by a DSTATCOM and thereby achieve voltage regulation, load balancing and harmonic elimination. Further these small generators can provide full benefit to rural customers if they are connected on a grid. An autonomous rural grid with induction generators in parallel is proposed for reliable supply of power and to harness the benefits of the grid. A rural autonomous grid has been simulated in this paper using induction generators and a DSTATCOM on a MATLAB platform and study is made regarding the performance of the rural autonomous grid under linear and nonlinear loads and under varying load conditions.
Genes Coding for a New Pathway of Aerobic Benzoate Metabolism in Azoarcus evansii

ABSTRACT A new pathway for aerobic benzoate oxidation has been postulated for Azoarcus evansii and for a Bacillus stearothermophilus-like strain. Benzoate is first transformed into benzoyl coenzyme A (benzoyl-CoA), which subsequently is oxidized to 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA and then to 3-ketoadipyl-CoA; all intermediates are CoA thioesters. The genes coding for this benzoate-induced pathway were investigated in the β-proteobacterium A. evansii. They were identified on the basis of N-terminal amino acid sequences of purified benzoate metabolic enzymes and of benzoate-induced proteins identified on two-dimensional gels. Fifteen genes probably coding for the benzoate pathway were found to be clustered on the chromosome. These genes code for the following functions: a putative ATP-dependent benzoate transport system, benzoate-CoA ligase, a putative benzoyl-CoA oxygenase, a putative isomerizing enzyme, a putative ring-opening enzyme, enzymes for β-oxidation of CoA-activated intermediates, thioesterase, and lactone hydrolase, as well as completely unknown enzymes belonging to new protein families. An unusual putative regulator protein consists of a regulator protein and a shikimate kinase I-type domain. A deletion mutant with a deletion in one gene (boxA) was unable to grow with benzoate as the sole organic substrate, but it was able to grow with 3-hydroxybenzoate and adipate. The data support the proposed pathway, which postulates operation of a new type of ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase acting on benzoyl-CoA and nonoxygenolytic ring cleavage. A β-oxidation-like metabolism of the ring cleavage product is thought to lead to 3-ketoadipyl-CoA, which finally is cleaved into succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA.
A Hybrid Approach to Real-Time Abstraction

To faithfully represent a scene through non-photorealistic rendering (NPR), it is vital that all available scene data be taken into account. We present an automatic hybrid framework for creating abstractions of 3D scenes in real-time. Our approach uses a combination of object-space and image-space information to produce stylistic and reliable results. Calculations using scene vertex data are combined with image processing abstraction methods to create temporally coherent renderings in real-time. The abstraction approach can be extended to emphasize specific features of a scene by using object-space information to create stylised focus on particular objects within the scene. The hybrid abstraction techniques are evaluated using a short perceptual experiment which shows that the styles created using the framework can improve recognition times. We believe the techniques described could be of use in interactive applications to stylise renderings and better communicate scene information. CR Categories: I.3. 7 [Computer Graphics]: Three Dimensional Graphics and Realism—Colour, shading, shadowing and texture;
Enhancement and Use of a Mathematical Ontology in a Tutorial Dialog System

Despite empirical evidence that natural language dialog capabilities are necessary for the success of tutorial sessions, only few state-of-the-art tutoring systems use natural-language style interaction. Since domain knowledge, tutoring and pedagogical knowledge, and dialog management are tightly intertwined, the modeling and integration of proper natural language dialog capabilities in a tutoring system turns out to be barely manageable. In the DIALOG project, we aim at a mathematical tutoring dialog system that employs an elaborate natural language dialog component. To tutor naive set theory, we use a formally encoded mathematical theory including definitions and theorems along with their proofs. In this paper we present how we enhance this ontology by making relations explicit and we show how these relations can be used by the socratic tutoring strategy, which we employ, in planning the next system utterance. The decisive characteristic of the socratic strategy is the use of hints in order to achieve self-explanation.
INTERVAL CRITERIA FOR FORCED OSCILLATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH p-LAPLACIAN AND NONLINEARITIES GIVEN BY RIEMANN-STIELTJES INTEGRALS

We consider forced second order differential equation with p -Laplacian and nonlinearities given by a Riemann-Stieltje integrals in the form of ( p ( t ) ϕ ( x ' ( t ) ))' + q 0 ( t ) ϕ ( x ( t )) + ∫ b 0 q ( t; s ) ϕ (s) ( x ( t )) d� ( s ) = e ( t ) ; where ϕ ( u ) := ju j sgn u , ; b 2 (0 ; 1) ; � 2 C (0 ; b ) is strictly increasing such that 0 � (0) 0 on ( t 0; 1), q 2 C ((0 ; 1) (0 ; b )), and � : (0 ; b ) ! R is nondecreasing. Interval oscillation criteria of the El-Sayed type and the Kong type are obtained. These criteria are further extended to equations with deviating arguments. As special cases, our work generalizes, unies, and improves many existing results in the literature.
The value of low cost technologies: proposing a business model for SMS-based government services

Mobile government could be conceptualized as the use of diverse mobile technologies to provide information and services to citizens, businesses, and other stakeholders. Governments around the world, particularly in developing countries are finding mobile strategies to be useful ways to reach to their citizens, including disadvantaged groups. In fact, individuals are increasingly using mobile phones for accessing information and this trend is becoming stronger with the improvement of long-range technologies and the high penetration of mobile devices in developing countries. However, their use to deliver government services to citizens remains generally low. This research argues that the government use of Short Message Service to offer information and services to citizens is low because of a lack of a clear and actionable business model for this technology. So, it proposes a conceptual business model for SMS-based government services.
Evolution of Male-Killer Suppression in a Natural Population

Male-killing bacteria are widespread in arthropods, and can profoundly alter the reproductive biology of their host species. Here we detail the first case of complete suppression of a male killer. The nymphalid butterfly Hypolimnas bolina is infected with a strain of the bacterium Wolbachia, wBol1, which kills male host embryos in Polynesian populations, but does not do so in many areas of Southeast Asia, where both males and female adults are naturally infected, and wBol1-infected females produce a 1:1 sex ratio. We demonstrate that absence of male killing by wBol1 is associated with dominant zygotic suppression of the action of the male killer. Simulations demonstrate host suppressors of male-killer action can spread very rapidly, and historical data indicating the presence of male killing in Southeast Asia in the very recent past suggests suppressor spread has been a very recent occurrence. Thus, male killer/host interactions are much more dynamic than previously recognised, with rapid and dramatic loss of the phenotype. Our results also indicate that suppression can render male killers completely quiescent, leading to the conclusion that some species that do not currently express a male killer may have done so in the past, and thus that more species have had their biology affected by these parasites than previously believed.
Cooperation based multihop relaying for IEEE 802.16

With the increasing use of wireless infrastructures, multimedia applications over wireless mobile networks become more popular. IEEE 802.16 standard has become a promising technology to support broadband access and Quality of Service (QoS) for real-time multimedia applications over wireless networks. However for real-time applications having explicit rate and delay necessities, choosing an appropriate path between any mobile station and the base station becomes a must. This paper highlights the characteristics and importance of utilization of relaying in future wireless systems. The focus of this paper is mainly on the cooperative relay selection in the case of mobile multihop relay structures for IEEE 802.16J, i.e., multihop relay specification for 802.16 (WiMAX) standards.
Collateral Circulation in Ischemic Stroke: Assessment Tools and Therapeutic Strategies

Revascularization encompasses all treatment-related improvements in blood flow, including recanalization of the proximal arterial occlusion and reperfusion of the downstream territory. Recanalization is required for antegrade tissue reperfusion, but recanalization may not necessarily lead to reperfusion in regions where distal emboli or established infarctions are present.1,2 On the contrary, acute reperfusion without recanalization may occur in patients who received or did not received endovascular therapies, and reperfusion ≤6 hours was consistently superior to recanalization in predicting tissue and clinical outcome.3 The cerebral collateral circulation refers to the subsidiary network of vascular channels that stabilize cerebral blood flow when principal conduits fail. Collateral status differs among patients with acute ischemic stroke. Relatively sparse attention has been devoted to the role of baseline collateral circulation in patients with acute ischemic stroke who are candidates for revascularization. The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III,4 Mechanical Retrieval and Recanalization of Stroke Clots Using Embolectomy (MR RESCUE),5 and Intra-Arterial Versus Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SYNTHESIS EXP) trials6 were 3 multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trials, which failed to show a benefit from endovascular intervention for acute ischemic stroke. In addition, successful recanalization failed to improve the functional outcome in a significant proportion of patients, ranging from 26% to 49% (futile and dangerous recanalization), stimulating the need to improve the selection of patients based on individual pathophysiology.7,8 Among neuroimaging parameters, a large core and poor collaterals are demonstrated to be strong predictors of both response to endovascular therapy and functional outcome,9–13 and excluding patients with large core and poor collateral circulation may improve the therapeutic benefit from endovascular therapy. In the subgroup analysis of the IMS III trial, more robust collateral grade was associated with better clinical outcomes.14 Adequate collateral circulation …
Chemoattractant stimulation of TORC2 is regulated by receptor/G protein–targeted inhibitory mechanisms that function upstream and independently of an essential GEF/Ras activation pathway in Dictyostelium

Protein kinase TORC2 is regulated by Ras response to distinct stimulatory ligands. Cells insensitive to one chemoattractant for TORC2 activation remain fully responsive to other ligands. Receptor-specific inhibitory circuits in Dictyostelium are found upstream and independent of GEF/Ras and downstream, feedback, or feedforward responses.
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR CHILDCARE ROBOTS WITH AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DUAL INCOME AND SINGLE INCOME FAMILIES

As childcare has become a serious social concern in Korea, the development of a childcare robot is of great interest. In particular, with the increase of dual-income families, designing childcare robots for respective dual and single income households is needed. This paper presents an ethnographic study of dual and single income families with a child to develop design guidelines for childcare robots for those respective groups. We use in-depth interviews, home tours and a oneweek journal written by mothers to gather the requirements during interaction between mother and child, and user and product. A total of 6 primary requirements and each with their respective secondary requirements were gathered. By analyzing the frequency of the primary and secondary requirements we were able to find both similarities and differences between dual and single income households. By quantifying the importance of robot design issues based on frequency of
Cold elicits the simultaneous induction of fatty acid synthesis and β‐oxidation in murine brown adipose tissue: prediction from differential gene expression and confirmation in vivo

A survey of genes differentially expressed in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice exposed to a range of environmental temperatures was carried out to identify novel genes and pathways associated with the transition of this tissue toward an amplified thermogenic state. The current report focuses on an analysis of the expression patterns of 50 metabolic genes in BAT under control conditions (22°C), cold exposure (4°C, 1 to 48 h), warm acclimation (33°C, 3 wk), or food restriction/meal feeding (animals fed the same amount as warm mice). In general, expression of genes encoding proteins involving glucose uptake and catabolism was significantly elevated in the BAT of cold‐exposed mice. The levels of mRNAs encoding proteins critical to de novo lipo‐genesis were also increased. Gene expression for enzymes associated with procurement and combustion of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) was increased in the cold. Thus, a model was proposed in which coordinated activation of glucose uptake, fatty acid synthesis, and fatty acid combustion occurs as part of the adaptive thermogenic processes in BAT. Confirmation emerged from in vivo assessments of cold‐induced changes in BAT 2‐deoxyglucose uptake (increased 2.7‐fold), BAT lipogenesis (2.8‐fold higher), and incorporation of LCFA carboxyl‐carbon into BAT water‐soluble metabolites (elevated ~twofold). It is proposed that temperature‐sensitive regulation of distinct intracellular malo‐nyl‐CoA pool sizes plays an important role in driving this unique metabolic profile via maintenance of the lipogenic pool but diminution of the carnitine palmi‐toyltransferase 1 inhibitory pool under cold conditions. —Yu X. X. , Lewin, D. A. , Forrest, W. F. , Adams S. H. Cold elicits the simultaneous induction of fatty acid synthesis and β‐oxidation in murine brown adipose tissue: prediction from differential gene expression and confirmation in vivo. FASEB J. 16, 155–168 (2002)
Temporal constraints and pulsed Late Cenozoic deformation during the structural disruption of the active Kashi foreland, northwest China

In response to the ongoing Indo‐Asian collision, structural deformation has encroached into the Tian Shan foreland in western China since the early Miocene. In order to reconstruct a detailed history of foreland deformation along the southern margin of the Tian Shan, we have synthesized extensive mapping, analysis of seismic sections, magnetostratigraphy of the foreland fill and associated growth strata, apatite fission track dating, changes in sediment accumulation rates, and geodetic surveys of deformed fluvial terraces. Across an area exceeding 6500 km2 that spans the Kashi foreland in the northwestern Tarim Basin, we use these data to place temporal constraints on individual structures that delineate at least 4 distinct stages of deformation. Stage 1 involved initial uplift of hinterland structures beginning at 20–25 Ma. Stage 2 began at ∼16.3 Ma when the basement‐involved deformation front stepped south to the Kashi Basin Thrust that bounds the foredeep strata. Stage 3 occurred from 13.5 to 4 Ma, as the deformation front migrated south in episodic steps above thin‐skinned detachment and ramp‐flat folding. Finally, stage 4 began after 4 Ma with growth of the Keketamu Anticline followed by rapid southward migration of the deformation front to the Atushi and then Kashi detachment anticlines. On the basis of the deformed Tertiary strata and available seismic data, calculations of the minimum magnitude of shortening yield totals ranging from 10 to 32 km since the early Miocene, of which 7–12 km occurred since ∼4 Ma. Although average shortening rates since 16.3 Ma were 0.8–1.3 mm/a, rates were faster from 16.3 to 13.5 Ma (1.1–3.2 mm/a), after which they decreased to 0.5 mm/a between 13.5 and 4 Ma before increasing to 2.2–2.7 mm/a after 4 Ma. Similarly, the rate of southward propagation of the deformation front was initially 3–7 mm/a for the first 10 Ma of basin development, slowed to 1.5 mm/a between 13.5 and 4 Ma, and increased to more than 10 mm/a since 4 Ma. These changes in shortening and structural migration rates over time suggest that the loci of orogenic deformation shifted in and out of the foreland during the Neogene. Surveyed stream terraces suggest that, although most current deformation is located along the southern front of the foreland, modest deformation and shortening continue in the hinterland. Structural style within the foreland has also changed over time from imbricate thrust faults with hanging wall folds along the northern margin, to ramp‐flat faults and detachment folds along the southern margin. Where the basement rocks are previously deformed, such as in the hinterland of the Kashi foreland, thick‐skinned fault ramps and related fault propagation folds dominate the structural style. As syntectonic sedimentation within the foreland produced thick, subhorizontal stratigraphy, the structural style evolved to detachment and fault bend folding above these footwall flats within the Neogene strata.