Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Bumble-Bees Fly: Accounting for Public Interest Participation

This paper confirms the existence of public interest groups as a theoretical puzzle for an Olson type (economically-driven) rational choice explanation. It systematically reviews different theoretical approaches that challenge this appearance of paradox. The paper also introduces some British survey data. It concludes that rational choice analysis must subsume non-material incentives, but shows that discussions predicated on conceptions of rationality other than that used by Olson do not imply that participation is a problem to be explained. It also points to the importance of group activity in shaping the preferences of potential members and in stimulating membership.
CD36 mRNA and Protein Expression Levels Are Significantly Increased in the Heart and Testis of apoE Deficient Mice in Comparison to Wild Type (C57BL/6)

CD36, an 88kd-adhesion molecule, plays a major role as a scavenging receptor implicated in cellular lipid metabolism. Secretory mammary epithelium, microvasculature endothelium, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and platelets express CD36. In addition, CD36 expression is significantly enhanced in macrophages differentiating into foam cells. The effect of pathological levels of cholesterol, as observed in apoE−/−, on vascular CD36 expression is, at this stage, not known. In this study, a quantitative analysis of CD36 transcription and protein expression levels, present in tissues of male C57BL/6 and apolipoprotein-E (apoE) deficient mice was carried out by Northern and Western blots. Four-week-old animals were fed a chow diet over different periods of time (0, 6, 16, or 20 weeks). Immunohistochemistry was used to localize CD36 protein expression in the heart and testis. Results indicate that CD36 transcription is increased in hearts of apoE deficient animals (100% higher at 6 weeks, and 30% higher at 16 and 20 weeks) in comparison to wild type. This was confirmed at the protein level, which showed an increase of at least 100% at 6 weeks, and between 40% to 50% increase at 16 and 20 weeks of apoE−/− mice compared to controls. In addition, CD36 transcription levels were significantly increased in testis of apoE animals (at least 100% at 6, 16, and 20 weeks) compared to C57BL/6 wild type. Such an increase was also confirmed at the protein level (65% increase at 16 weeks in apoE mice compared to control). Finally, localization of CD36 protein expression by immunohistochemistry showed that it was expressed in the capillaries of heart and testis endothelial cells and also at the head of spermatozoid during spermatogenesis. These results indicate that high circulating cholesterol levels, in apoE deficient mice, significantly enhance the expression of CD36 in the heart and testis. Such enhanced CD36 expression might lead to organ remodeling and/or dysfunction.
Rural Tourism Development

Cultural characteristics that make rural destinations appealing to visitors could limit local engagement in rural tourism development as well. So, the paper looked at St. Thomas in Jamaica to determine the elements of their culture on which a strong rural tourism product could be built but could also limit local participation in the development of their rural tourism industry. St. Thomas is a rural island community with a rich history steeped in colonialism. Interviews and radio program transcripts as well as notes from a town hall meeting of residents were analyzed. Fifteen elements were identified in this community’s culture that explain their traditional, conservative, close to nature, and spiritual way of life; five were identified as possible drivers of community members’ nonengagement behaviors. A holistic approach to resolving cultural dichotomies in rural tourism communities that would preserve cultural characteristics treasured locally and improve local engagement behaviors was proposed.
Random Projection

Random projection is a powerful technique behind compressive sensing and matrix completion. When n points in some high dimensional space are randomly projected down to O(log n 2) dimensions, with large probability the pairwise squared distances between the points change by a factor of no more than 1 ±. Note the original dimensionality does not matter. This is a statistical property based on concentration of measure. It is useful as an efficient dimension reduction tool. The following theorem considers projecting a random vector onto a fixed subspace, which is equivalent to projecting a fixed vector onto a random subspace. Lemma 1 Let Y ∈ R d be chosen uniformly from the surface of the d-dimensional sphere. Let Z = (Y 1 , Y 2 ,. . , Y k) be the projection onto the first k coordinates, where k < d. Then for any α < 1 and β > 1, P r d k Z 2 ≤ α ≤ exp k 2 (1 − α + log α) (1) P r d k Z 2 ≥ β ≤ exp k 2 (1 − β + log β). (2) With this, one can prove the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma.
The analysis of research fields of chinese natural science funds based on text classification

This paper applies text classification to mining research proposals for Chinese natural science funds. By using vector-space model to represent the proposals, the centroid-based classification has been carried out. And then the change of category members is analyzed through three variables defined to measure the stability, variability and overlapping of research fields, as the research field management science and engineering is taken as a case study. The resulting figures give a direct representation of characteristics of research fields, which are helpful to find out the interrelationship of research fields and to adjust the field code system to reflect the real status more accurately.
Transfiguring of an Android App Using Reverse Engineering

Today in this webbed world, smartphones have conquered a major part in human’s life. An android application is an assemblage of Java which is edited from the source code, to . class file, further to . dex files to execute on the Dalvik virtual machine. Here, in this paper we have implemented the reverse engineering principle on an android app which is responsible for leaking the personal information from your smartphone such as IMEI, IMSI etc. Our research includes and emphasizes the misuse of personal/phone identifiers as well as the physical location. This paper seeks better to analyse over more than 1000 android applications which are free for the user. We have carried out the analysis i.e. static as well as dynamic. Keywords— Android; IMEI; IMSI; Reverse engineering, Dalvik
Differential Effects of Amygdala, Orbital Prefrontal Cortex, and Prelimbic Cortex Lesions on Goal-Directed Behavior in Rhesus Macaques

We assessed the involvement of the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo), the prelimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex (PL), and the amygdala in goal-directed behavior. Rhesus monkeys were trained on a task in which two different instrumental responses were linked to two different outcomes. One response, called “tap,” required the monkeys to repeatedly touch a colored square on a video monitor to produce one kind of food reward. The other response, called “hold,” required persistent contact of an identical stimulus, and it produced a different kind of food reward. After training, we assessed the effects of sensory-specific reinforcer devaluation as a way to probe each monkey's use of goal-directed behavior. In this procedure, monkeys were allowed to consume one of the two foods to satiety and were then tested for tap/hold preference under extinction. Unoperated control monkeys showed a reduction in the response associated with obtaining the devalued food, called the “devaluation effect,” a hallmark of goal-directed behavior. Monkeys with bilateral lesions of PFo or the amygdala exhibited significantly reduced devaluation effects. Results from monkeys with PL lesions were equivocal. We conclude that both PFo and the amygdala play a significant role in goal-directed behavior in monkeys. Notably, the findings for PFo challenge the idea that orbital and medial prefrontal regions are exclusively dedicated to object- and action-based processes, respectively.
What does it mean to be a girl? Implications of girls' and boys' experiences of gender roles in rural Lesotho primary schools

Abstract A doctoral study on constructions of gender has found that meanings attached to children's identities play a role in their experiences of gender in schools. From the view of the sociological theory of social constructionism the data were analysed to search for everyday gendered experiences of female and male children in a primary school. Drawing from ethnographic data (conversations, observations and informal discussions), this article discusses girls' and boys' experiences of gender in three co-educational rural primary schools in Lesotho. Analysis denotes experiences of sexual violence and gender-motivated fights as predominant in girls' and boys' experiences of gender, and that these had inequitable effects that militated against girls more than boys. These painful experiences occurred against the backdrop of high female enrolment in Lesotho primary schools (Unicef 2008). The article cautions that statistics on increased girls' school attendance might create a false impression concerning gende.
This Number Just Feels Right: The Impact of Roundedness of Price Numbers on Product Evaluations

This research proposes that because rounded numbers are more fluently processed, rounded prices (e.g., $200.00) encourage reliance on feelings. In contrast, because nonrounded numbers are disfluently processed, nonrounded prices (e.g., $198.76) encourage reliance on cognition. Thus, rounded (nonrounded) prices lead to a subjective experience of "feeling right" when the purchase decision is driven by feelings (cognition). Further, this sense of feeling right resulting from the fit between the roundedness of the price number and the nature of decision context can make positive reactions toward the target product more positive and negative reactions more negative, a phenomenon referred to as the rounded price effect in the current research. Results from five studies provide converging evidence for the rounded price effect. Findings from the current research further show that merely priming participants with rounded (nonrounded) numbers in an unrelated context could also lead to the rounded price effect. Finally, this research provides process support by showing that the rounded price effect is mediated by a sense of feeling right. This is the first research examining the differential impact of roundedness of prices on product purchase decisions, based on whether the purchase decision is driven by feelings versus cognition.
Apical surgery of a maxillary molar creating a maxillary sinus window using ultrasonics: a clinical case.

AIM To describe a method of carrying out apical surgery of a maxillary molar using ultrasonics to create a lateral sinus window into the maxillary sinus and an endoscope to enhance visibility during surgery. SUMMARY A 37-year-old female patient presented with tenderness to percussion of the maxillary second right molar. Root canal treatment had been undertaken, and the tooth restored with a metal-ceramic crown. Radiological examination revealed an apical radiolucency in close proximity to the maxillary sinus. Apical surgery of the molar was performed through the maxillary sinus, using ultrasonics for the osteotomy, creating a window in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. During surgery, the lining of the sinus was exposed and elevated without perforation. The root-end was resected using a round tungsten carbide drill, and the root-end cavity was prepared with ultrasonic retrotips. Root-end filling was accomplished with MTA(®) . An endoscope was used to examine the cut root face, the prepared cavity and the root-end filling. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. At the 12-month follow-up, the tooth had no clinical signs or symptoms, and the radiograph demonstrated progressing resolution of the radiolucency. KEY LEARNING POINTS When conventional root canal retreatment cannot be performed or has failed, apical surgery may be considered, even in maxillary molars with roots in close proximity to the maxillary sinus. Ultrasonic sinus window preparation allows more control and can minimize perforation of the sinus membrane when compared with conventional rotary drilling techniques. The endoscope enhances visibility during endodontic surgery, thus improving the quality of the case.
Resolution of Quadruplex Polymorphism by Size‐Exclusion Chromatography

This unit describes a method for separation of quadruplex species formed from the same sequence via size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). Polymorphism is inherent to quadruplex formation, and even relatively simple quadruplex‐forming sequences, such as the human telomere sequence d(GGG(TTAGGG)3), can form a myriad of possible configurations. HPLC, especially using reversed‐phase and anion‐exchange methods, has been a mainstay of nucleic acids research and purification for many decades. These methods have been applied for separation of individual quadruplex species formed in a mixture from the same parent sequence. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 45:17.3. 1‐17.3. 18. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scheduling of frequently communicating tasks

Gang scheduling is an efficient resource management scheme for distributed systems which combines elements of time sharing and space sharing. It is a suitable technique particularly in the case when parallel tasks have to be running concurrently to make progress in communication. This paper studies the impact on scheduling performance when dynamically generated sequential gangs exist in the workload. In the case of sequential gangs, a subsequent gang can be dynamically generated after the execution of the initial gang based on affinity information which resides on the caches of the previously seized processors. The performance of different gang‐scheduling algorithms is examined for various cases of workload compositions which range from cases with a low demand for dynamically generated gangs to cases with a high ratio of sequential gangs to solitary gangs. A simulation model is implemented to address associated performance issues. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making sense out of taste: A study on listeners' preferences of performed tonal music

Prior investigation by the author shows Lerdahl’s concepts of tension and attraction to be an efficient tool for understanding performed expressive deviations. This paper reports a follow-up perceptual investigation of that study in which listener’s preferences are examined in the light of the performance expressive strategies previously identified. University students were asked to rate on a seven-point scale the coherence, control of timing, control of dynamics, expressivity, tension, fluency, and global evaluation of recorded interpretations of Beethoven’s Op. 53 (nine initial measures of the second movement) in which the existence or not of significant correlations between timing and dynamics as well the existence or not of significant correlations between expressive deviations and music structure had been identified in prior research. Results show that interpretations in which such correlations occur are rated systematically higher than interpretations in which such correlations are not the case.
Students & Learners: a Conceptual Distinction To Share During First Class Sessions

The initial class meeting of a course often sets the tone and should prefigure the &dquo;learning culture&dquo; that the professor desires to establish in the course. The learning culture required for success in many management and organizational behavior courses is based on participants engaging in experientially based learning. For some students, this presents an unconventional learning atmosphere. OB and management teachers who want to help students assimilate the potentially foreign learning expectations of such a course, must carefully consider how to structure the opening class exercise. One approach common to opening class sessions is sharing expectations. Pedagogies for doing this range from more traditional methods (e.g., reviewing the syllabus; answering questions) to more experientially based approaches such as using one of a number of &dquo;ice-breaker&dquo; exercises (such
Naive CD4 T Cell Proliferation Is Controlled by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Regulation of GRAIL Expression1

In this study, we demonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL) is expressed in quiescent naive mouse and human CD4 T cells and has a functional role in inhibiting naive T cell proliferation. Following TCR engagement, CD28 costimulation results in the expression of IL-2 whose signaling through its receptor activates the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Activation of mTOR allows selective mRNA translation, including the epistatic regulator of GRAIL, Otubain-1 (Otub1), whose expression results in the degradation of GRAIL and allows T cell proliferation. The activation of mTOR appears to be the critical component of IL-2R signaling regulating GRAIL expression. CTLA4-Ig treatment blocks CD28 costimulation and resultant IL-2 expression, whereas rapamycin and anti-IL-2 treatment block mTOR activation downstream of IL-2R signaling. Thus, all three of these biotherapeutics inhibit mTOR-dependent translation of mRNA transcripts, resulting in blockade of Otub1 expression, maintenance of GRAIL, and inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation. These observations provide a mechanistic pathway sequentially linking CD28 costimulation, IL-2R signaling, and mTOR activation as important requirements for naive CD4 T cell proliferation through the regulation of Otub1 and GRAIL expression. Our findings also extend the role of GRAIL beyond anergy induction and maintenance, suggesting that endogenous GRAIL regulates general cell cycle and proliferation of primary naive CD4 T cells.
The small GTPase Rab27B regulates amylase release from rat parotid acinar cells

Small GTPase Rab is a large family of putative membrane trafficking proteins, and each member is thought to regulate a specific type(s) of membrane trafficking. However, little is known about the involvement of Rab protein(s) in secretory granule exocytosis in exocrine cells or the molecular mechanism underlying this process. We show that Rab27B, a closely related isoform of Rab27A that regulates lysosome-related granule exocytosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, is abundantly expressed on amylase-containing secretory granules in rat parotid gland acinar cells. We also identify the putative Rab27B effector protein, Slac2-c (Slp homologue lacking C2 domains-c)/MyRIP, which was originally described as a myosin Va/VIIa and actin binding protein, in rat parotid glands. The results of subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical studies indicate that the Rab27B–Slac2-c complex is formed on secretory granules in vivo. The introduction of either a specific Rab27 binding domain (i.e. a recombinant Slp homology domain of Slac2-b that specifically binds Rab27A/B but not other Rabs) or functionally blocking antibodies that specifically disrupt Rab27B–Slac2-c complex in vitro strongly inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated amylase release from streptolysin O-permeabilized parotid acinar cells. Our results indicate that the Rab27B–Slac2-c complex is an important constituent of secretory granule exocytosis in parotid acinar cells.
Integrating cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in safety pharmacology: has the time come?

Cardiotoxicity is a severe side effect of drugs that induce structural or electrophysiological changes in heart muscle cells. As a result, the heart undergoes failure and potentially lethal arrhythmias. It is still a major reason for drug failure in preclinical and clinical phases of drug discovery. Current methods for predicting cardiotoxicity are based on guidelines that combine electrophysiological analysis of cell lines expressing ion channels ectopically in vitro with animal models and clinical trials. Although no new cases of drugs linked to lethal arrhythmias have been reported since the introduction of these guidelines in 2005, their limited predictive power likely means that potentially valuable drugs may not reach clinical practice. Human pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC‐CMs) are now emerging as potentially more predictive alternatives, particularly for the early phases of preclinical research. However, these cells are phenotypically immature and culture and assay methods not standardized, which could be a hurdle to the development of predictive computational models and their implementation into the drug discovery pipeline, in contrast to the ambitions of the comprehensive pro‐arrhythmia in vitro assay (CiPA) initiative. Here, we review present and future preclinical cardiotoxicity screening and suggest possible hPSC‐CM‐based strategies that may help to move the field forward. Coordinated efforts by basic scientists, companies and hPSC banks to standardize experimental conditions for generating reliable and reproducible safety indices will be helpful not only for cardiotoxicity prediction but also for precision medicine.
Comparing ease of intubation in obese and lean patients using intubation difficulty scale

Background: Difficult tracheal intubation contributes to significant morbidity and mortality during induction of anesthesia. There are divided opinions regarding ease of intubation in obese patients. Moreover, the definition of difficult intubation is not uniform; hence we have use the Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS) to find the incidence of difficult intubation in obese patients. Aims: The primary aim of the following study is to find out the incidence of difficult intubation in obese and lean patients using IDS and secondary aim is to assess the performance of bedside screening tests to predict difficult intubation, mask ventilation and laryngoscopy in obese and lean patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational cohort study of 200 patients requiring general anesthesia were categorized into 100 each based on body mass index (BMI) into lean (BMI <25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) groups. IDS score ≥5 was termed as difficult intubation. Pre-operative airway assessment included Mallampati score, mouth opening, neck circumference (NC), upper lip bite test, thyromental distance, sternomental distance (SMD) and head neck mobility. Patients having difficulty in mask ventilation and laryngoscopy was recorded. Results: Over all in 200 patients the incidence of difficult intubation was 9%. Obese patients were slightly more difficult to intubate than lean (11% vs. 7%, P = 0.049). Age >40 years, NC >35 cm, SMD <12.5 cm and restricted head neck mobility were factors which were associated with IDS ≥5. Multivariate analysis revealed SMD <12.5 cm to predict difficult intubation in obese patients. Obese patients were difficult to mask ventilate (6% vs. 1%, P = 0.043). There was no difference regarding grading of laryngoscopy between the two groups. Conclusion: Obese patients are difficult to mask ventilate and intubate. During intubation of obese patients who is more than 40 years age and SMD <12.5 cm, it is preferable to have a second skilled anesthesiologist.
Differences in Worldviews of Japanese and Americans in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Cohorts

In this study, the worldviews of 127 young, middle-aged, and older Japanese adults were compared with those of 121 young, middle-aged, and older American adults. As expected, the worldviews of Japanese adults were significantly more organismic than those of American adults. Contrary to expectation, older adults in both cultures were significantly more mechanistic in their worldviews than middle-aged and young adults. Results were discussed in terms of differences between cultures and cohorts.