Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The GeoCarb greenhouse gas retrieval algorithm: simulations and sensitivity to sources of uncertainty

Abstract. The Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCarb) was selected as NASA's second Earth Venture Mission (EVM-2). The scientific objectives of GeoCarb were to advance our knowledge of the carbon cycle, in particular, land–atmosphere fluxes of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and the effects of these fluxes on the Earth's radiation budget. GeoCarb would retrieve column-integrated dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2), CH4 (XCH4) and CO (XCO), important for understanding tropospheric chemistry), in addition to solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), from hyperspectral resolution measurements in the O2 A-band at 0.76 µm, the weak CO2 band at 1.6 µm, the strong CO2 band at 2.06 µm, and a CH4/CO band at 2.32 µm. Unlike its predecessors (OCO-2/3, GOSAT-1/2, TROPOMI), GeoCarb would be in a geostationary orbit with a sub-satellite point centered over the Americas. This orbital configuration combined with its high-spatial-resolution imaging capabilities would provide an unprecedented view of these quantities on spatial and temporal scales accurate enough to resolve sources and sinks to improve land–atmosphere CO2 and CH4 flux calculations and reduce the uncertainty of these fluxes. This paper will present a description of the GeoCarb instrument and the L2 retrieval algorithms which will be followed by simulation experiments to determine an error budget for each target gas. Several sources of uncertainty will be explored, including that from the instrument calibration parameters for radiometric gain, the instrument line shape (ILS), the polarization, and the geolocation pointing, in addition to forward model parameters including meteorology and spectroscopy, although there are some other instrument-related sources of uncertainty that are left out for this study, including that from “smile”, the keystone effect, stray light, detector persistence, and scene inhomogeneity. The results indicate that the errors (1σ) are less than the instrument's multi-sounding precision requirements of 1.2 ppm, 10 ppb, and 12 ppb (10 %), for XCO2, XCH4, and XCO, respectively. In particular, when considering the sources of uncertainty separately and in combination (all sources included), we find overall RMSEs of 1.06 ppm for XCO2, 8.2 ppb for XCH4, and 2.5 ppb for XCO, respectively. Additionally, we find that, as expected, errors in XCO2 and XCH4 are dominated by forward model and other systematic errors, while errors in XCO are dominated by measurement noise. It is important to note that the GeoCarb mission was canceled by NASA; however, the instrument is still in development and will be delivered to NASA, in full, with the hope that it will eventually be adopted in a future mission proposal.
Bayesian Distribution Regression

Distribution regression has recently attracted much interest as a generic solution to the problem of supervised learning where labels are available at the group level, rather than at the individual level. Current approaches, however, do not propagate the uncertainty in observations due to sampling variability in the groups. This effectively assumes that small and large groups are estimated equally well, and should have equal weight in the final regression. We construct a Bayesian distribution regression formalism that accounts for this uncertainty, improving the robustness and performance of the model when group sizes vary. We frame the model in a neural network style, allowing for simple MAP inference using backpropagation to learn the parameters, as well as MCMC-based inference which can fully propagate uncertainty. We demonstrate our approach on illustrative toy datasets, as well as on an astrostatistics problem in which velocity distributions are used to predict galaxy cluster masses, quantifying the distribution of dark matter in the universe.
Fibonacci shift operation on Fibonacci numbers of order m

: Fibonacci codes of diﬀerent orders are of variable length. They are used for encoding of numbers and ﬁnd applications in information and coding theory. The Fibonacci binary encoding and computation of its values are closely associated with Fibonacci shift operations. Walder et al. (2012) established a relation for k th Fibonacci left shift for Fibonacci numbers of order m = 2 , 3. In this paper, we establish a relation for k th Fibonacci left shift for Fibonacci numbers of order m = 4 and we generalize the formula for k th Fibonacci left shift for the Fibonacci numbers of all orders.
Speaker epistemic state and ad hoc quantity implicatures in children

Background Gricean and neo-gricean accounts of implicature assume that the listener takes into account the speaker’s epistemic state. For example, the listener infers from the utterance ‘John ate an apple for lunch’ that John ate only an apple if he knows or can assume that the speaker is fully informed about John’s lunch – this is known as the epistemic step (Sauerland, 2004) and has been demonstrated in studies with adults (e.g., Breheny, Ferguson & Katsos, 2013; Politzer-Ahles & Fiorentino, 2013). Children succeed with ad hoc implicatures from 3 years, where relevant information is in common ground (e.g., Stiller, Goodman, & Frank, 2015), and are able to match an under-informative utterance to a partially-knowledgeable speaker from 5 years (Hochstein, Bale, Fox & Barner, 2014; Papafragou, Friedman & Cohen, 2016). They also start to reason about others’ epistemic states relatively early, for example predicting another’s actions based on their false belief from age 3 or 4 (Wellman, Cross & Watson, 2001). Here, we present the first study to our knowledge that investigates children’s ability to take into account speaker epistemic state in ad hoc implicature derivation. Our findings support a two-step developmental trajectory: first, children learn pragmatic inferences (assuming full relevant common ground) and reasoning about epistemic states, and then, second, learn to integrate the two processes.
High power glass laser research progresses in NLHPLP

A new high power laser facility with 8 beams and maximum output energy of one beam 5kJ/3.4ns/3ω has been performed and operated since 2015. Combined together the existing facilities have constructed a multifunction experimental platform including multi-pulse width of ns, ps and fs and active probing beam, which is an effective tool for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and High Energy Density (HED) researches. In addition another peculiar high power laser prototype pushes 1ω maximum output energy to 16kJ in 5ns and 17.5kJ in 20ns in flat-in-time pulse, this system is based on large aperture four-pass main amplifier architecture with 310mm×310mm output beam aperture. Meanwhile the near field and far field have good quality spanning large energy scope by use of a wide range of technologies, such as reasonable overall design technique, the integrated front end, cleanness class control, nonlinear laser propagation control, wave-front adaptive optics and precision measurement. Based on this excellent backup, 3ω damage research project is planning to be implemented. To realize the above aims, the beam expanding scheme in final transport spatial filter could be adopted considering tradeoff between the efficient utilization of 1ω output and 3ω damage threshold. Besides for deeply dissecting conversion process for beam characteristic influence of 1ω beam, WCI (Wave-front Code Image) instrument with refined structure would be used to measure optical field with simultaneous high precision amplitude and phase information, and what’s more WCI can measure the 1ω, 2ω and 3ω optical field in the same time at same position, so we can analyze the 3ω beam quality evolution systematically, and ultimately to improve the 3ω limited output. In a word, we need pay attention to some aspects contents with emphasis for future huger laser facility development. The first is to focus the new technology application. The second is to solve the matching problem between 1ω beam and the 3ω beam. The last is to build the whole effective design in order to improve efficiency and cost performance.
High-performance ultraviolet photodetectors based on lattice-matched InAlN/AlGaN heterostructure field-effect transistors gated by transparent ITO films

We demonstrate high-performance ultraviolet photodetectors (UV-PDs) based on lattice-matched (LM) InAlN/AlGaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) gated by transparent ITO films. Low dark currents of 6.8 × 10−8 and 6.1 × 10−7 A/mm and high photocurrent gains over four and three orders of magnitude were obtained for the LM In0.12Al0. 88N/Al0.21Ga0. 79N and In0.10Al0. 90N/Al0.34Ga0. 66N HFETs, respectively. The negative threshold voltage shifts under illumination indicate that most of the photo-generated carriers are transported in the two-dimensional gas (2DEG) region around the InAlN/AlGaN interface. High peak responsivities of 2.2 × 104 and 5.4 × 104 A/W and large UV-to-visible rejection ratios greater than 104 and 103 were achieved for the LM In0.12Al0. 88N/Al0.21Ga0. 79N and In0.10Al0. 90N/Al0.34Ga0. 66N HFET-type UV-PDs, respectively. These improved performances with respect to other AlGaN UV-PDs around the same wavelength detection range may possibly be attributed to the greater contribution of t.
Isogeometric Analysis for High Order Geometric Partial Differential Equations with Applications

In this thesis, we consider the numerical approximation of high order geometric Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). We first consider high order PDEs defined on surfaces in the 3D space that are represented by single-patch tensor product NURBS. Then, we spatially discretize the PDEs by means of NURBS-based Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) in the framework of the Galerkin method. With this aim, we consider the construction of periodic NURBS function spaces with high degree of global continuity, even on closed surfaces. As benchmark problems for the proposed discretization, we propose Laplace-Beltrami problems of the fourth and sixth orders, as well as the corresponding eigenvalue problems, and we analyze the impact of the continuity of the basis functions on the accuracy as well as on computational costs. The numerical solution of two high order phase field problems on both open and closed surfaces is also considered: the fourth order Cahn-Hilliard equation and the sixth order crystal equation, both discretized in time with the generalized-alpha method. We then consider the numerical approximation of geometric PDEs, derived, in particular, from the minimization of shape energy functionals by L^2-gradient flows. We analyze the mean curvature and the Willmore gradient flows, leading to second and fourth order PDEs, respectively. These nonlinear geometric PDEs are discretized in time with Backward Differentiation Formulas (BDF), with a semi-implicit formulation based on an extrapolation of the geometry, leading to a linear problem to be solved at each time step. Results about the numerical approximation of the two geometric flows on several geometries are analyzed. Then, we study how the proposed mathematical framework can be employed to numerically approximate the equilibrium shapes of lipid bilayer biomembranes, or vesicles, governed by the Canham-Helfrich curvature model. We propose two numerical schemes for enforcing the conservation of the area and volume of the vesicles, and report results on benchmark problems. Then, the approximation of the equilibrium shapes of biomembranes with different values of reduced volume is presented. Finally, we consider the dynamics of a vesicle, e.g. a red blood cell, immersed in a fluid, e.g. the plasma. In particular, we couple the curvature-driven model for the lipid membrane with the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations governing the fluid. We consider a segregated approach, with a formulation based on the Resistive Immersed Surface method applied to NURBS geometries. After analyzing benchmark fluid simulations with immersed NURBS objects, we report numerical results for the investigation of the dynamics of a vesicle under different flow conditions.
Entropy and Young programs: relations and self-concordance

In this paper we study a special class of linearly constrained problems with convex seperable objective functions usually called entropy programming problems. Den Hertog et. al (1995) proved that the logarithmic barrier function for the extended entropy programming problems is self-concordant, hence polynomial complexity for this class of problems can be derived from the theory of Nesterov and Nemirovsky (1994) on selfconcordant functions. Furthermore, it is easy to show that the entropy optimization problem, as it is defined in the paper of Potra and Ye (1993), forms a subclass of the class of extended entropy programming problems. Another related class of problems called Youngprogramming, was introduced by Kas et. al (1999). The intersection of extended entropy programming and Young-programming contains most of the classical entropy programming problems, thus those Young-programs are polynomially solvable. However, it is shown in this paper that the symmetric difference of these problem classes is not empty (in set theoretical sense), and the structure of Youngprograms enables us to present a Young-program whose logarithmic barrier function is not self-concordant and is not known to be polynomially solvable.
Bicomplex signals with sparsity constraints

In this paper, we aim to prove the possibility to reconstruct a bicomplex sparse signal, with high probability, from a reduced number of bicomplex random samples. Due to the idempotent representation of the bicomplex algebra, this case is similar to the case of the standard Fourier basis, thus allowing us to adapt in a rather easy way the arguments from the recent works of Rauhut and Candés et al.
Numerical Investigation of Second-Mode Attenuation over Carbon/Carbon Porous Surfaces

Axisymmetric direct numerical simulations of a spatially developing hypersonic boundary layer over a sharp 7 deg half-angle cone at M∞=7.5 at Reynolds numbers Rem=1.46⋅106, 2.43⋅106, and 4.06⋅106 .
Unsteady pressure fluctuations measured on a hammerhead space vehicle and comparison with Coe and Nute's 1962 data

A detailed survey of pressure fluctuations was conducted on a replica of the generic, “hammerhead” shaped space vehicle tested more than half century ago by Coe and Nute (1962). A large number of current and past space vehicles follow this general hammerhead configuration. The present test was conducted in the 11-by-11 ft Transonic Wind Tunnel of NASA Ames Research Center over the critical transonic Mach number range of 0.6 ≤ M ≤ 1.2 where typical vehicles encounter very high levels of surface pressure fluctuations during ascent through the atmosphere. Out of the many different types of instrumentations used for this test, data from the dynamic pressure sensors are presented in this paper. In addition, shadowgraph flow visualizations, and a qualitative measure of turbulent fluctuations, estimated from high-speed photography, are also presented. The data set provided a clear insight into the local high level of fluctuations from the formation of the transonic shocks on the payload fairing and also from the impingement of the separated shear layer on the second stage. Space–time correlation showed interesting physics of upstream propagation of pressure fluctuations on the payload fairing when local shock waves were present. A comparison of the magnitude of pressure fluctuations between the present test and that done earlier by Coe and Nute showed good agreement when the limited frequency bandwidth of equipment used in the latter was accounted for. Similarly, when accounting for the differences in the free-stream dynamic pressure, the spectra of surface pressure fluctuations were in reasonable agreement between the present and Coe–Nute tests. The present test provides a far more complete picture of pressure fluctuations due to the usage of a large number of pressure transducers (216 versus 30), wider frequency bandwidth (50 kHz versus 1 kHz), and unsteady pressure-sensitive paint.
Computational modeling of impact and deformation

This thesis tackles several problems arising in robotics and mechanics: analysis and computation of twoand muti-body impacts, planning a contact velocity for robotic batting, impact of an elastic rod onto a fixed foundation, robotic pickup of soft three-dimensional objects, and recovery of their gravity-free shapes. Impact is an event that lasts a very short period of time but generates a very large interaction force. Assuming Stronge’s energy-based restitution, a formal impulse-based analysis is presented for the collision of two rigid bodies at single contact point under Coulomb friction in three dimensions (3D). Based on this analysis, we describe a complete algorithm to take advantage of fast numerical integration and closed-form evaluation. For a simultaneous collision involving more than two bodies, we describe a general computational model for predicting its outcome. Based on the impact model, we then look into the task of planning an initial contact velocity between a bat and an in-flight object to send the latter to a target. In certain situations, a closed-form solution can be found, while in others, a bounding triangle algorithm of iterative nature can be employed. An alternative way of modeling impact is to consider the engaged objects to be elastic rather than rigid. A damped one-dimensional wave equation can model an elastic rod bouncing off the ground at a given initial velocity, under the influence of gravity. We derive an explicit solution based on the Method of Descent and D’Alembert’s formula. We also obtain formulas for the time of contact and analyze the dependence of the energetic coefficient of restitution on the physical constants. I conclude the thesis with two pieces of work involving deformable objects. First, an algorithm for picking up a 3D object is introduced. Homotopy continuation method is applied to solve a non-linear system for slips between objects and fingers. Some simulation and experi-
Numerical simulation of solidification around a circular cylinder with natural convection

An analysis is carried out for solidification around a cold cylinder in a rectangular cavity using numerical simulations. The transient influences of solidification accompanied by natural convection are investigated in detail. The governing equations, in terms of one-fluid formulation, including the Navier-Stokes and energy equations for incompressible Newtonian fluids are written for the whole domain. The no-slip and Dirichlet-type isothermal temperature boundary conditions are both implemented using a linear interpolation technique (immersed boundary method). The solidification interface is represented by connected elements that move on the fixed background grid. Code validations are carried out through various problems. Finally, the temporal dependence of the solid area ratio of the solid phase to the cylinder upon various dimensionless parameters, such as Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, Stefan number, thermal property ratios as well as a parameter indicating the effect of superheat is studied.
Fast reconstruction of optical properties for complex segmentations in near infrared imaging

The intrinsic ill-posed nature of the inverse problem in near infrared imaging makes the reconstruction of fine details of objects deeply embedded in turbid media challenging even for the large amounts of data provided by time-resolved cameras. In addition, most reconstruction algorithms for this type of measurements are only suitable for highly symmetric geometries and rely on a linear approximation to the diffusion equation since a numerical solution of the fully non-linear problem is computationally too expensive. In this paper, we will show that a problem of practical interest can be successfully addressed making efficient use of the totality of the information supplied by time-resolved cameras. We set aside the goal of achieving high spatial resolution for deep structures and focus on the reconstruction of complex arrangements of large regions. We show numerical results based on a combined approach of wavelength-normalized data and prior geometrical information, defining a fully parallelizable problem in arbitrary geometries for time-resolved measurements. Fast reconstructions are obtained using a diffusion approximation and Monte-Carlo simulations, parallelized in a multicore computer and a GPU respectively.
Development of a new densimeter for the combined investigation of dew-point densities and sorption phenomena of fluid mixtures

For the determination of dew-point densities and pressures of fluid mixtures, a new densimeter has been developed. The new apparatus is based on the well-established two-sinker density measurement principle with the additional capability of quantifying sorption effects. In the vicinity of the dew line, such effects cause a change in composition of the gas mixture under study, which can significantly distort accurate density measurements. The new experimental technique enables the accurate measurement of dew-point densities and pressures and the quantification of sorption effects at the same time.
Cliffs versus plains: Can ROSINA/COPS and OSIRIS data of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in autumn 2014 constrain inhomogeneous outgassing?

Context. This paper describes the modelling of gas and dust data acquired in the period August to October 2014 from the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft when it was in close proximity to the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Aims. With our 3D gas and dust comae models this work attempts to test the hypothesis that cliff activity on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko can solely account for the local gas density data observed by the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) and the dust brightnesses seen by the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) in the considered time span. Methods. The model uses a previously developed shape model of the nucleus. From this, the water sublimation rates and gas temperatures at the surface are computed. The gas expansion is modelled with a 3D Direct Simulation Monte Carlo algorithm. A dust drag algorithm is then used to compute dust volume number densities in the coma, which are then converted to brightnesses using Mie theory and a line-of-sight integration. Furthermore we have studied the impact of topographic re-radiation on the models. Results. We show that gas activity from only cliff areas produces a fit to the ROSINA/COPS data that is as statistically good as a purely insolation-driven model. In contrast, pure cliff activity does not reproduce the dust brightness observed by OSIRIS and can thus be ruled out. On the other hand, gas activity from the Hapi region in addition to cliff activity produces a statistically better fit to the ROSINA/COPS data than purely insolation-driven outgassing and also fits the OSIRIS observations rather well. We found that topographic re-radiation does not contribute significantly to the sublimation behaviour of H₂O but plays an important role in how the gas flux interacts with the irregular shape of the nucleus. Conclusions. We demonstrate that fits to the observations are non-unique. We can conclude however that gas and dust activity from cliffs and the Hapi region are consistent with the ROSINA/COPS and OSIRIS data sets for the considered time span and are thus a plausible solution. Models with activity from low gravitational slopes alone provide a statistically inferior solution.