Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) provides safe and effective anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND The immunological type of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is the most frequent drug-induced thrombocytopenia. This study evaluated the efficacy of recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin or lepirudin), a potent thrombin inhibitor, for anticoagulation in patients with confirmed HIT. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-two patients in this prospective, multicenter study received 1 of 4 intravenous r-hirudin regimens: A1, HIT patients with thrombosis (n=51), 0.4-mg/kg bolus and then 0.15 mg. kg-1. h-1; A2, HIT patients with thrombosis receiving thrombolysis (n=5), 0. 2-mg/kg bolus and then 0.1 mg. kg-1. h-1; B, HIT patients without thrombosis (n=18), 0.1 mg. kg-1. h-1; and C, during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (n=8), 0.25-mg/kg bolus and then 5-mg boluses as needed. Response criteria were increase in platelet count by >/=30% to >10(9)/L and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values 1.5 to 3.0 times baseline values achieved with a maximum of 2 dose increases. No placebo control was used for ethical reasons. Outcomes of a subset of r-hirudin-treated patients who met predefined inclusion criteria (n=71) were compared with those of a historical control group (n=120) for combined and individual incidences of death, amputations, new thromboembolic complications, and incidences of bleeding. Platelet counts increased rapidly in 88.7% of r-hirudin-treated patients with acute HIT. In regimens A1 and A2, the 25% and 75% quartiles of the aPTT were within the target range at all but 1 time point. The incidence of the combined end point (death, amputation, new thromboembolic complications) was significantly reduced in r-hirudin patients compared with historical control patients (P=0.014). During first selected treatment, the adjusted hazard ratio for r-hirudin patients versus historical control was 0.279 (95% CI, 0.112 to 0.699; P=0.003). Bleeding rates were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS r-Hirudin treatment is associated with a rapid and sustained recovery of platelet counts, sufficient aPTT prolongations, and true clinical benefits for patients with HIT.
Counterexample-Guided Abstraction Refinement for POMDPs

Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) is widely used to model probabilistic behavior for complex systems. Compared with MDPs, POMDP models a system more accurate but solving a POMDP generally takes exponential time in the size of its state space. This makes the formal verification and synthesis problems much more challenging for POMDPs, especially when multiple system components are involved. As a promising technique to reduce the verification complexity, the abstraction method tries to find an abstract system with a smaller state space but preserves enough properties for the verification purpose. While abstraction based verification has been explored extensively for MDPs, in this paper, we present the first result of POMDP abstraction and its refinement techniques. The main idea follows the counterexample-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) framework. Starting with a coarse guess for the POMDP abstraction, we iteratively use counterexamples from formal verification to refine the abstraction until the abstract system can be used to infer the verification result for the original POMDP. Our main contributions have two folds: 1) we propose a novel abstract system model for POMDP and a new simulation relation to capture the partial observability then prove the preservation on a fragment of Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL); 2) to find a proper abstract system that can prove or disprove the satisfaction relation on the concrete POMDP, we develop a novel refinement algorithm. Our work leads to a sound and complete CEGAR framework for POMDP.
Inverse theorems and the number of sums and products

— Let e > 0. Erd<5s and Szemeredi conjectured that if A is a set of k positive integers which large k, there must be at least k~ integers that can be written as the sum or product of two elements of A. We shall prove this conjecture in the special case that the number of sums is very small. 1. A conjecture of Erdos and Szemeredi Let A be a nonempty, finite set of positive integers, and let \A\ denote the cardi­ nality of the set A. Let 2A = {a 4a' : a, a' E A} denote the 2-fold sumset of A, and let A = {aa' : a,a e A} denote the 2-fold product set of A. We let E2(A) = 2AU A denote the set of all integers that can be written as the sum or product of two elements of A. If Ml = fc, then \2A\^ k+ 1 2 and \A\< Jfc + 1" 2 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. — Primary 11B05, 11B13, 11B75, 11P99, 05A17.
Mastrovito Form of Non-Recursive Karatsuba Multiplier for All Trinomials

We present a new type of bit-parallel non-recursive Karatsuba multiplier over <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$GF(2^m)$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="li-ieq1-2677913.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> generated by an arbitrary irreducible trinomial. This design effectively exploits Mastrovito approach and shifted polynomial basis (SPB) to reduce the time complexity and Karatsuba algorithm to reduce its space complexity. We show that this type of multiplier is only one <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $T_X$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="li-ieq2-2677913.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> slower than the fastest bit-parallel multiplier for all trinomials, where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_X$ </tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="li-ieq3-2677913.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> is the delay of one 2-input XOR gate. Meanwhile, its space complexity is roughly 3/4 of those multipliers. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that our scheme has reached such a time delay bound. This result outperforms previously proposed non-recursive Karatsuba multipliers.
Partnering to Translate Evidence-Based Programs to Community Settings

Implementing evidence-based programming in diverse community settings is an essential translational research step to make effective programs widely accepted and accessible and thereby improve public health. This process is challenging and complex, yet there are few examples to guide the efforts. The authors present their experience as an example of using a university–community partnership approach to aid in translating an evidence-based program (EBP) into a small community setting as a resource for researchers and community partners wishing to implement evidence-based programming in community settings. The authors review the steps of systematic planning and client needs assessment to decide on an EBP: adapting the EBP to appeal to the community while maintaining program fidelity, building staff and organizational capacity, arranging for implementation and family engagement, and carrying out program evaluation. The study focuses on research-to-practice links and highlights each partner’s role and activities in facilitating successful translation of an EBP to this community setting. The lessons learned and recommendations are also presented. Using partnerships to prepare community-based organizations to implement EBPs is a vital mechanism for bridging the discovery–delivery gap and moving toward real-world applications of research discoveries.
Neurochemical Characterization of a Neuroprotective Compound from Parawixia bistriata Spider Venom That Inhibits Synaptosomal Uptake of GABA and Glycine

The major contribution of this work is the isolation of a neuroprotective compound referred to as 2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide (FrPbAII) (Mr = 174) from Parawixia bistriata spider venom and an investigation of its mode of action. FrPbAII inhibits synaptosomal GABA uptake in a dose-dependent manner and probably does not act on Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels, GABAB receptors, or γ-aminobutyrate:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase enzyme; therefore, it is not directly dependent on these structures for its action. Direct increase of GABA release and reverse transport are also ruled out as mechanisms of FrPbAII activities as well as unspecific actions on pore membrane formation. Moreover, FrPbAII is selective for GABA and glycine transporters, having slight or no effect on monoamines or glutamate transporters. According to our experimental glaucoma data in rat retina, FrPbAII is able to cross the blood-retina barrier and promote effective protection of retinal layers submitted to ischemic conditions. These studies are of relevance by providing a better understanding of neurochemical mechanisms involved in brain function and for possible development of new neuropharmacological and therapeutic tools.
Alternative Greenhouse Gas Accounting Systems for Bioenergy: Descriptions and Evaluations

Pressure is rising to alter the accounting system used to calculate emissions due to bioenergy under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme because it does not capture the full extent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from bioenergy use. Both the European Union (EU) and United States (U.S.) are engaged in consultation processes targeted on how to treat emissions connected with use of biomass for energy within regulatory systems hence this discussion of accounting options is timely. The paper first classifies alternative accounting systems into the following three basic approaches: 1) CO2 emissions produced when biomass is burnt for energy are not counted at the point of combustion but are accounted for in the land use sector as carbon stock losses (a combustion factor = 0 approach);. 2) CO2 emissions produced when biomass is burnt for energy are accounted for in the energy sector; uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere by plants and soils may, or may not, be accounted for (a combustion factor = 1 approach); 3) End users are responsible for all or a specified subset of emissions that occur along the bioenergy value chain regardless of where these emissions occur (a value chain approach). The paper then evaluates these approaches against general criteria, and assesses their impacts on a selected set of stakeholder goals. The general criteria are: (a) comprehensiveness; (b) simplicity; and (c) scale independence. Stakeholder goals to be examined are: (a) stimulation of rural economies (b) food security, (c) GHG reductions, and (d) preservation of forests. Given that it is unlikely that all countries will accept greenhouse gas emission targets in the future, we find that: 0-combustion factor accounting systems rank low on comprehensiveness but are relatively simple and scaleindependent. Systems with a 1-combustion factor tend to be more comprehensive, and can be both simple and scaleindependent. End-user systems vary in comprehensiveness, tend to be complicated and are scale-dependent. While stimulating rural economies, the current system (0-combustion factor) does not foster food security, reduce GHG emissions or preserve forests. 1-combustion factor approaches can support rural economies and food security but tend not to preserve forest. In value-chain approaches, mandates to use biofuels determine impacts on rural economies and food security. These systems can be effective in forest preservation and achieving GHG reductions.
Design methodology for area and energy efficient OxRAM-based non-volatile flip-flop

With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT), power consumption became a major design issue in modern system-on-chips. In advanced technologies, leakage power has become a dominant component, especially during sleep periods. Leakage mainly comes from volatile memory elements, e.g., flip-flops that cannot be power-gated in order to retain their states. Non-Volatile Flip-Flop (NVFF) using emerging memory technologies, such as Resistive Random Access Memories (RRAM), are popular solutions to address this issue. In NVFF design, the resistance values of the memory element have a direct impact on the area and energy overhead of the structure. In this paper, we present a design methodology for area and energy efficient RRAM-based NVFF. By characterizing the optimal lower bound of the RRAM resistance ratio required for properly restoring the FF, the store and restore operations can be performed using optimal programming circuit area and energy. Four Transmission-Gate (TG) NVFF topologies implemented in 180nm CMOS technology were analyzed using the proposed methodology. The presented methodology shows that differential NVFF provides minimum restore resistance ratio down to 1.02 considering CMOS and RRAM variability. This enables improvements in terms of store energy (34%) and area overhead (40%) compared to reported state-of-the-art NV-TGFFs design approaches.
Acoustic analysis of bangla consonants

This paper describes the acoustic characteristics of Bangla consonants, obtained by analyzing the recordings of male and female voices. First, the duration of each phoneme was identified by averaging both the male and female voice data; then, formant were measured and formant comparison was made for controversial phonemes, which also served to resolve the controversies in the existing phoneme inventories; and finally, a consonant phoneme inventory was designed.
BRIEF REPORT Interpreting Infant Vocal Distress: The Ameliorative Effect of Musical Training in Depression

cries, as manipulated by changes in pitch. Depressed participants with musical training demonstrated better discriminative acuity of distress in infant cry bursts compared to those without. Non-depressed participants, with and without musical training, had levels comparable to musicians with depression. We suggest that previous musical training may act as a protective factor that maintains auditory perceptual abilities in the context of depression. These findings have potential implications for the development of novel training interventions to maintain sensitivity to infant vocal cues in individuals with postnatal depression.
From the Administrator Co-occurrence of Delinquency and Other Problem Behaviors

Seriously delinquent youth often exhibit other problem behaviors. Understanding the extent of overlap between delinquency and these other problem behaviors is important for developing effective prevention strategies and targeted interventions. Using data from the first 3 years of OJJDP's Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency , this Bulletin examines the co-occurrence of serious delinquency with specific problem areas: school behavior, drug use, mental health, and combinations of these behaviors. Preliminary findings show that a large proportion of serious delinquents are not involved in persistent drug use, nor do they have persistent school or mental health problems; that the problem that co-occurs most frequently with serious delinquency is drug use; and that, for males, as the number of problem behaviors other than delinquency increases, so does the likelihood that an individual will be a serious delinquent. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying and addressing the unique needs of individual youth, rather than proceeding under the assumption that all offenders require similar treatment, to most effectively prevent and reduce serious, chronic delinquency. Some studies of youth who have been incarcerated or arrested suggest that the overlap of these problems is substantial (see references in Huizinga and Jakob-Chien, 1998). However, not all youth involved in illegal behaviors are arrested or come in contact with the juvenile justice system. Understanding the extent of overlap of these problem behaviors requires studies based on representative samples drawn from complete populations of youth, where the examination of overlap is not limited to particular subgroups defined by official delinquency, school issues, or mental health status. However, there are only a few studies of national or community samples that examine these issues. 1 Answers to the questions posed above are important because a large overlap may indicate general risk factors that prevention and intervention initiatives should address. On the other hand, a small overlap may indicate that prevention and intervention initiatives should be more tailored to risk factors related to the specific problem behaviors of individual youth. teams have interviewed 4,000 participants at regular intervals for a decade, recording their lives in detail. Findings to date indicate that preventing delinquency requires accurate identification of the risk factors that increase the likelihood of delinquent behavior and the protective factors that enhance positive adolescent development. This Bulletin examines the co-occurrence or overlap of serious delinquency with drug use, problems in school, and mental health problems. Many …
Android platform based linux kernel rootkit

Android with linux kernel is on its way to be a standard platform of various smart devices. Therefore, Android platform based linux kernel rootkit will be a major security threat to smart phones, tablet PCs, smart TVs and so on. Although there is an urgent need of remedy for this threat, no solution or even a suitable study has been announced. In this paper, we are going to depict some rootkits which exploit android kernel by taking advantage of LKM(loadable kernel module) and /dev/kmem device access technology and discuss the danger the rootkit attack would bring.
Removing phosphate from wastewater : evaluation of the performance of duckweed (Lemna minor) operating under cool temperate conditions

Reserves of rock phosphate are expiring, increasing the pressure on global agriculture already under stress from growing populations and unsustainable water supplies. The UK imports phosphate for agriculture and primary industries, but subsequently returns much of what it has imported after use as wastes to watercourses through diffuse discharges from agricultural runoff and point discharges from wastewater treatment works. It proves costly to control phosphorus to the low discharge concentrations required in order to avoid eutrophication in water courses. Duckweed is a free floating macrophyte that has been shown to remove large quantities of nutrients from wastewater under tropical and sub-tropical conditions, but its potential for wastewater remediation and nutrient recovery in cool temperate countries is largely unknown. This thesis explores that potential, by exposing the duckweed Lemna minor to simulated and real wastewater treatment conditions of a cool temperate climate, while observing the influence of process variables controlling biomass growth and phosphorus uptake from both growth solution and wastewater. Under controlled microcosm experiments, it was found that the most influential variables controlling biomass growth and phosphorus uptake were photoperiod and acclimation to phosphorus respectively. When duckweed was acclimated to low phosphorus concentrations, cellular phosphate reduced, causing subsequent periods of rapid phosphate uptake when the inoculum was resupplied with higher phosphorus concentrations. As a result, phosphate in solution was removed from 15 mg P L-1 to <0.1 mg L-1 in four days while under simulated UK summer and winter conditions. In mesocosm experiments conducted under continual flow conditions with a hydraulic retention time of two days, it was found that two duckweed tanks in series were able to remove phosphate from wastewater at 10 mg P L-1 to concentrations similar to that achieved by large wastewater treatment works in the UK (< 0.2 mg P L-1). Preliminary results using an outdoor pilot-scale system helped to better understand the challenges of operating within more realistic conditions, as the entire process is profoundly affected by changes in wastewater characteristics feeding the system; however, time constraints prevented a full study to assess the magnitude of such impacts on phosphorus uptake and biomass growth.
Petri Nets and Fuzzy Sets in Hybrid Controllers Synthesis: The Discrete-Event Aspect

This paper presents a design approach intended for the modeling and synthesis of discrete-event modules of hybrid controllers by combining a model of computation and a soft computing synthesis approach. The model of computation is based on coloured Petri nets (CPNs) and the soft computing method uses fuzzy logic. The design approach converts Petri net models into their equivalent fuzzy sets for rapid prototyping on embedded controllers or programmable Logic devices. The Petri net model of a discrete-event controller is captured and modeled using DesignCPN software tool whose latest version is called CPNTool. Design/CPN (CPNTool) uses colored Petri nets (CPNs) in model representation. Fuzzy sets generated in the conversion process are compatible inputs (fuzzy sets) to the Xfuzzy software, which is a fuzzy logic software for the design of fuzzy controllers. Xfuzzy can generate equivalent C and VHDL codes from fuzzy sets.
Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain.

palatability to avian predators, and because of the close larval food plant association of the entire subfamily, Danainae, with the classically poisonous plant families, Asclepiadaceae and Apocyanaceae.1-3 These plants contain digitalis-like cardiac glycosides which are of extreme potency as vertebrate heart toxins.1 4-6 In order to test the molecular-sequestering hypothesis, it is of great importance that the insect be holomettabolous to show definitively that the plant poisons are assimilated by the adult. In contrast, hemimetabolous insects such as grasshoppers could utilize gut storage of the plant material. Furthermore, in the absence of complete metamorphosis in terrestrial insects, the adult food is likely to be the same as or similar to that of the nymph, with the result that the imago is not a pristine entity as far as food intake is concerned. Use of the monarch butterfly avoided
Pituitary Dysfunction after Blast Traumatic Brain Injury: The UK BIOSAP Study

Pituitary dysfunction is a recognized consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that causes cognitive, psychological, and metabolic impairment. Hormone replacement offers a therapeutic opportunity. Blast TBI (bTBI) from improvised explosive devices is commonly seen in soldiers returning from recent conflicts. We investigated: (1) the prevalence and consequences of pituitary dysfunction following moderate to severe bTBI and (2) whether it is associated with particular patterns of brain injury.