Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maastrichtian heteromorph ammonites from the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia

A comprehensive taxonomic revision of heteromorph ammonites from the Miria Formation and the uppermost horizon, a nodule bed, of the Korojon Calcarenite is presented, with major rationalisation of earlier nomenclature and new data on the faunal sequence. Eubaculites is present throughout the succession as three biostratigraphically discrete species and Nostoceras, represented by two species, is restricted to the nodule bed. Remaining elements of the heteromorph fauna are known only from the upper part of the Miria Formation, associated with a diverse assemblage of planispiral ammonites and other molluscs. Preservation of ammonites has been strongly influenced by taphonomic factors such that the biostratigraphic pattern now apparent is largely unrelated to life assemblages. Ammonites from the upper Miria Formation are of late Maastrichtian age whereas those from the nodule bed are ascribed to the early Maastrichtian.
Evaluating the use of “goodness‐of‐fit” Measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation

Correlation and correlation‐based measures (e.g., the coefficient of determination) have been widely used to evaluate the “goodness‐of‐fit” of hydrologic and hydroclimatic models. These measures are oversensitive to extreme values (outliers) and are insensitive to additive and proportional differences between model predictions and observations. Because of these limitations, correlation‐based measures can indicate that a model is a good predictor, even when it is not. In this paper, useful alternative goodness‐of‐fit or relative error measures (including the coefficient of efficiency and the index of agreement) that overcome many of the limitations of correlation‐based measures are discussed. Modifications to these statistics to aid in interpretation are presented. It is concluded that correlation and correlation‐based measures should not be used to assess the goodness‐of‐fit of a hydrologic or hydroclimatic model and that additional evaluation measures (such as summary statistics and absolute error measures) should supplement model evaluation tools.
On the Thermal‐Diffusion Effect in the Thermosphere

Summary Fifty years ago Chapman (1917) found in the course of his work on the general kinetic theory of gases the phenomenon of thermal diffusion (earlier discovered in a special case by Enskog 1911); this is the relative motion of the components of a mixture arising from a temperature gradient. There has been much experimental study of thermal diffusion since the first experimental confirmation (Chapman & Dootson 1917). In the terrestrial atmosphere where the principal constituents of air are molecular nitrogen and oxygen the thermal-diffusion flux is practically negligible compared with the diffusive flux due to the pressure gradient. Thermal diffusion is, however, important in the thermosphere where helium and hydrogen diffuse through a region with high temperature gradients. For simplicity, consider a neutral gas of mass nz, with another neutral constituent of mass m,. The formula for molecular diffusion in this case (Chapman & Cowling 1939),
3-D gravity modeling of basement reliefs an offshore case study in the Persian gulf, Iran

In this paper we have proposed a three-dimensional approach to determine depth of basement in which the density contrast varies parabolically with depth. This program based on Newton’s forward difference formula that with optimization of gravity anomalies calculate depths of basement reliefs indeed are anticlinal and synclinal structures has been buried under sediments. This structures are the causes of the positive and negative gravity anomalies. We assume the measured gravity fields have been distributed on a horizontal plane and also sedimentary basin is combined of juxtaposition 3-D cubic prisms. The measurement stations of the gravity field (grid nodes) coincide with center blocks. The initial depth is computed using gravity data and the estimated depths are adjusted with iteration. The advantage of the method is utilization of positive and negative gravity anomalies together as two inputs for written algorithm as well as application of a coded non-linear filter. The efficiency of the code is illustrated with a set of synthetic gravity anomalies. Further, the code is exemplified with the gravity anomalies of an offshore case study in the Persian Gulf, Iran. The purpose of exploratory project in this area will include the development of Hydrocarbon Fields.
A Location-Based Personalized Focused Search System for Physically Challenged People

Physically Challenged people are a special part of society, which need more care. Because of the huge differences in physical conditions, qualities of life, locations and personal backgrounds, there exists a lot of challenges for disabled people searching related information and receive professional and personal guide. This paper proposes a novel focused search system for physically challenged people, which uses the location information and provides the more effective search results. The search system consists of two function models, one is a focused search engine, and the other is a map of the related institutions. The search engine is designed for the multimedia files of disabled recovery, including words, pictures, audios and videos. The map of related institutions offers the location-based service showing the near occasion addresses intuitively, where the physically challenged people may get professional guide. With this location-based focused search system, the special community has an easy access to the technical database and relevant information. The system is highly significant in the rehabilitation information acquisition field.
Equatorial and low latitude thermospheric winds: Measured quiet time variations with season and solar flux from 1980 to 1990

Thermospheric winds have been systematically determined at Arequipa, Peru, and Arecibo, Puerto Rico, from Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements of Doppler shifts in the nightglow 630 nm line. The wind databases (1983 - 1990 at Arequipa and 1980 - 1990 at Arecibo) have been edited to eliminate measurements during geomagnetically disturbed conditions, then sorted by season and solar flux level. Following this, they were averaged to obtain the climatological behavior of the nighttime wind variations at the two locations. A new averaging technique, multivariate regression analysis, has been applied to the data, and the results compared to our prior binning averages. The observed wind behaviors at the Arequipa and Arecibo Observatories, which are at equal geographic latitudes on opposite sides of the equator, are contrasted to establish the seasonal flow patterns. The regression analysis results have then been compared with the predicted behavior provided by the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Thermosphere-lonosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. In many cases, qualitative agreement between measurements and predictions is found as to wind directions and temporal variations, with differences in magnitude of - 0-50 m/s. However, some striking differences are found that may arise from ionosphere-thermosphere coupling effects. The overall results provide an important step in establishing the climatology of the thermospheric winds at equatorial and low-latitude sites.
Intercomparison of historical sea surface temperature datasets

Seven historical sea surface temperature (SST) datasets are compared with each other: the Hadley Center sea ice and SST dataset (HadISST), version 1; the centennial in situ observation‐based estimate of SSTs (COBE); the extended reconstruction of global SST (ERSST), version 3; the optimal smoothing analysis by the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO); the monthly summaries of the International Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set Release 2.1 (ICOADS); the second Hadley Center SST (HadSST); and SSTs by the authors at Tohoku University (TOHOKU). Differences in 30‐year climatologies and standard deviations of anomalies from the climatologies exist, especially in observation‐sparse areas and periods. Correlation among the datasets mainly depends on the number of observational data. Global means from all datasets are consistent with each other except for those from ICOADS. Signals of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) correlate highly with each other after 1880, although the durations and intensities of each event are different. Temporal variations of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) correspond well after 1950, become gradually worse backward in time and are scattered before 1880. These differences are ascribed to the use of different interpolation methods for missing grids, treatments of satellite‐derived data, instrumental bias correction methods and other factors. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Advances in cryptology : proceedings of CRYPTO 84

Public Key Cryptosystems and Signatures. - A Prototype Encryption System Using Public Key. - A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms. - A Public-Key Cryptosystem Based on the Word Problem. - Efficient Signature Schemes Based on Polynomial Equations (preliminary version). - Identity-Based Cryptosystems and Signature Schemes. - A Knapsack Type Public Key Cryptosystem Based On Arithmetic in Finite Fields (preliminary draft). - Some Public-Key Crypto-Functions as Intractable as Factorization. - Cryptosystems and Other Hard Problems. - Computing Logarithms in GF (2n). - Wyner's Analog Encryption Scheme: Results of a Simulation. - On Rotation Group and Encryption of Analog Signals. - The History of Book Ciphers. - An Update on Factorization at Sandia National Laboratories. - An LSI Digital Encryption Processor (DEP). - Efficient hardware and software implementations for the DES. - Efficient hardware implementation of the DES. - A Self-Synchronizing Cascaded Cipher System with Dynamic Control of Error Propagation. - Randomness and Its Concomitants. - Efficient and Secure Pseudo-Random Number Generation (Extended Abstract). - An LSI Random Number Generator (RNG). - Generalized Linear Threshold Scheme. - Security of Ramp Schemes. - A Fast Pseudo Random Permutation Generator With Applications to Cryptology. - On the Cryptographic Applications of Random Functions (Extended Abstract). - An Efficient Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption Scheme Which Hides All Partial Information. - Analysis and Cryptanalysis. - RSA/Rabin least significant bits are secure (Extended Abstract). - Information Theory without the Finiteness Assumption, I: Cryptosystems as Group-Theoretic Objects. - Cryptanalysis of Adfgvx Encipherment Systems. - Breaking Iterated Knapsacks. - Dependence of output on input in DES: Small avalanche characteristics. - Des has no Per Round Linear Factors. - Protocols and Authentication. - A Message Authenticator Algorithm Suitable for a Mainframe Computer. - Key Management for Secure Electronic Funds Transfer in a Retail Environment. - Authentication Theory/Coding Theory. - New Secret Codes Can Prevent a Computerized Big Brother. - Fair Exchange of Secrets (extended abstract). - Cryptoprotocols: Subscription to a Public Key, The Secret Blocking and The Multi-Player Mental Poker Game (extended abstract). - Poker Protocols. - Impromptu Talks. - A "Paradoxical" Solution to The Signature Problem. - Sequence Complexity as a Test for Cryptographic Systems. - An Update on Quantum Cryptography. - How to Keep a Secret Alive.
Modification of Tsunami Wave by Submarine Canyon: Case Study of Multiple Canyons at South East Coast of India

The behavior of natural hazards such as storm surge, tsunami on the coast depends on geomorphological settings of the coast as well as the shelf. The intensity of these events can be modified by features such as estuaries, bays and other coastal configurations. It has been observed that the maximum surge height is found in areas where the shelf is wide and shallow. While the modification of a tsunami in bays, gulfs and river mouths has been investigated, the interaction of tsunami with submarine canyons has not been studied. In this paper, numerical modeling of tsunami propagation was made for the coast wherein submarine canyons are present using nonlinear finite difference model TUNAMI—N2. The data required for the analysis were collected from various sources and a numerical model was run for the event of the December 26, 2004, tsunami. The study clearly indicates that the presence of submarine canyon reduces wave height leeward of the canyon.
Quantitative assessment of vegetation structural attributes from aerial photography

Cover of vegetation understorey and overstorey was determined from aerial photography at 1:25 000 and 1:40 000 scales by a grid sampling technique. Models were developed relating values of aerial cover to field cover as determined by intensive field measurement. The influence of photo-scale, photo colour, the angle of the image, shadow, the hiatus between aerial and field sampling, crown width, crown height, proportion of dead trees, drought prior to aerial sampling, land type, previously cleared vegetation and incline on explanatory models was also examined. The only variables that could be clearly interpreted as influencing the models were vegetation height, photo-scale and land type. Only the latter two variables are useful for predictive models. The smaller the scale of photography the greater the exaggeration of the aerial image of tree crowns. This probable result of photo graininess would be most significant when tree crowns are small, an inverse surrogate of tree height. Two-phase models were developed for predicting basal area and biomass from aerial cover. In most instances models were successful for predicting overstorey and understorey cover and for predicting total basal area and biomass. The technique offers a powerful and cost-effective method of assessing vegetation change over long time periods in a way that no other technique can duplicate.
Monitoring and modelling morphological change in a braided gravel‐bed river using high resolution GPS‐based survey

Recent research in fluvial geomorphology has emphasized the direct monitoring of channel topography as a useful tool to better understand the interrelationship between river form and process, and in particular to estimate bedload transport rates and reach-scale sediment budgets. Until recently, however, this morphometric approach has been limited to comparison of repeatedly surveyed cross-sections with the associated problems of low frequency sampling and an emphasis on cross-stream as opposed to downstream morphological dynamics. Recent advances in analytical photogrammetry have, however, permitted the acquisition of data at sufficient resolutions to represent macroform (101 m) and microform (10° m) channel geometry, in fully three dimensions. While inherently spatially distributed, the photogrammetric approach to land-surveying is, however, restricted to observable areas of the channel and is thus of limited use in the subaqueous zone, especially if flows are turbid or highly coloured. This paper presents an alternative approach to the study of three-dimensional morphological dynamics of a divided reach of the gravelly River Feshie, Scotland, in which topographic survey of both exposed and submerged areas of the reach was undertaken using the Global Positioning System (GPS). Survey results from two field programmes in 1998 and 1999 are presented in which a Geotronics Geotracer 2000, real-time kinematic GPS receiving unit was used to survey a 200 × 80 m reach. Rapid radial survey methods were employed permitting the collection of 2000 + survey points per day, giving a mean density over the 13 ha reach of 1·1 points per square metre. A detailed assessment of survey errors and DEM quality is presented and a limit of detection of c. 10 cm proposed as an upper threshold for the identification of significant change between DEMs. Preliminary interpretation of channel dynamics in 1998–99 reveals relatively little change to the overall macroscale reach structure. DEM differencing techniques, however, highlight important local changes including the progradation of submerged bar fronts, bar head aggradation and scour along major channel thalwegs and the erosion of fines from sloughs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-frequency P-wave attenuation along five teleseismic paths from central Asia

Summary A model for the attenuation of high-frequency (0.5 -8 Hz) P-waves is developed for teleseismic paths from eastern Kazakhstan to five seismic arrays. Four are the UKAEA arrays in Scotland (EKA), Canada (YKA), India (GBA) and Australia (WRA) and the attenuation effects on these paths were studied in an earlier paper (Bache, Marshall & Bache). Here we add the path to NORSAR (southern Norway) and extend the analysis by introducing explicit corrections for the source spectrum. The events are underground explosions at the Soviet Semipalatinsk test site and the source corrections are based on the Mueller & Murphy model which is normalized to US experience. Averaging spectra from many array elements and many explosions leads to smooth spectra that essentially display the effects of attenuation on each path. There are three major features. First, from 0.5 to 3 Hz the attenuation effects are nearly the same for all five paths and indicate strong frequency dependence in Q. Second, from 3 to 8 Hz the four UKAEA paths are nearly the same, but the NORSAR path is quite different in that the source-corrected spectrum is nearly flat. This means that the path-average Q is nearly proportional to frequency in this band. Finally, above 7–8 Hz some additional attenuation effects are seen in the NORSAR data. Thus, for this teleseismic P-wave path the maximum signal/noise occurs at 7 or 8 Hz. The attenuation effects from 0.5 to 8 Hz can be represented with absorption band models. For the paths to the UKAEA arrays the preferred model has t0* (travel time/Q at long periods) about 0.6 s and τ-m about 0.5 s. Superimposed on this is a frequency-independent t1* of about 0.1 s. This dominates the high-frequency (f > 3 Hz) attenuation and appears to represent attenuation primarily by scattering. For the NORSAR path a single absorption band (t0*≈ 0.7, τm≈ 0.045) is adequate for the 0.5—7 Hz band. We have no explanation for why this path is so different, but it appears to be associated with some difference in the contribution of scattering to the attenuation of the initial P-wave.
Slab Pull and the Seismotectonics of Subducting Lithosphere (Paper 6R0645)

This synthesis links many seismic and tectonic processes at subduction zones, including great subduction earthquakes, to the sinking of subducted plate. Earthquake data and tectonic modeling for subduction zones indicate that the slab pull force is much larger than the ridge push force. Interactions between the forces that drive and resist plate motions cause spatially and temporally localized stresses that lead to characteristic earthquake activity, providing details on how subduction occurs. Compression is localized across a locked interface thrust zone, because both the ridge push and the slab pull forces are resisted there. The slab pull force increases with increasing plate age; thus because the slab pull force tends to bend subducted plate downward and decrease the force acting normal to the interface thrust zone, the characteristic maximum earthquake at a given interface thrust zone is inversely related to the age of the subducted plate. The 1960 Chile earthquake (Mw 9.5), the largest earthquake to occur in historic times, began its rupture at an interface bounding oceanic plate <30 m.y. old. However, this rupture initiation was associated with the locally oldest subducting lithosphere (weakest coupling); the rupture propagated southward along an interface bounding progressively younger oceanic lithosphere, terminating near the subducting Chile Rise. Prior to a great subduction earthquake, the sinking subducted slab will cause increased tension at depths of 50–200 km, with greatest tension near the shallow zone resisting plate subduction. Plate sinking not only leads to compressional stresses at a locked interface thrust zone but may load compressional stresses at plate depths of 260–350 km, provided that the shallow sinking occurs faster than the relaxation time of the deeper mantle. This explains K. Mogi's observations of M ≥ 7 thrust earthquakes at depths of 260–350 km, immediately downdip and within 3 years prior to five great, shallow earthquakes of northern Japan. The slab pull model explains the lower layer of double seismic zones as due to tension from the deeper, sinking plate and the upper layer as due to localized in-plate compression, as plate motion is resisted by the bounding mantle. Just downdip of the interface thrust zone, there occurs an aseismic 20°–50° dip increase of subducted plate. This slab bend reflects the summed slab pull force of deeper plate and probably is at the crustal basalt to eclogite phase change. Resistance to subduction provided by a continually developing slab bend may be an important factor in the size of slab pull force delivered to an interface thrust zone.
Theoretical Frequency Distributions for the Analysis of Plains Streamflow

Several different frequency distributions are in common use in the frequency analysis of hydrologic events. Two two-parameter frequency distributions, the Normal and the Lognormal, are tested for best fit in the frequency analysis of available annual yield data series; and four two-parameter frequency distributions; the Normal, the Lognormal, the Gumbel, and the Log-Gumbel are tested in the frequency analysis of annual flood flow data series for 161 drainage basins in the Canadian Plains. The relative best fits are established by data transformation and subsequent linear correlation and regression analyses. The bases for comparison are the resulting correlation coefficients. It is demonstrated that of the distributions tested, the two-parameter Lognormal distribution provides the best fit for the frequency analysis of both the annual yield and annual flood flow data series for plains basins.
Integrating forest fuels and land cover data for improved estimation of fuel consumption and carbon emissions from boreal fires

Estimating carbon emissions from wildland fires is complicated by the large variation in both forest fuels and burning conditions across Canada’s boreal forest. The potential for using spatial fuel maps to improve wildland fire carbon emission estimates in Canada’s National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System (NFCMARS) was evaluated for select wildfires (representing a transect across western Canada) occurring in 2003 and 2004 at four study areas in western Canada. Area-normalised emission rates and total emissions differed by fuels data source, mainly as a function of the treatment of open fuels in the higher resolution spatial fuel models. The use of spatial data to refine the selection of stand types that probably burned and the use of fire weather conditions specific to the fire increased the precision of total carbon emission estimates, relative to computational procedures used by Canada’s NFCMARS. Estimates of total emissions from the NFCMARS were consistent with the regional and national data sources following the spatial approach, suggesting the two approaches had equivalent accuracies. Though it cannot be said with certainty that the inclusion of this detailed information improved accuracy, the spatial approach offers the promise or potential for more accurate results, pending more consistent fuel maps, especially at finer scales.