Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3D dynamical evolution of the interstellar gas in the Gould Belt

The dynamical evolution of the Gould Belt has been modelled in 3D and compared to the spatial and velocity distributions of all HI and H 2 clouds found within a few hundred parsecs from the Sun and to the Hipparcos distances of the nearby OB associations. The model describes the expansion of a shock wave that sweeps momentum from the ambient medium. It includes the effects of the Galactic differential rotation and its gravitational torque, as well as interstellar density gradients within and away from the Galactic plane, possible fragmentation and drag forces in the late stages, and an initial rotation of the system. The evolved Belt geometry and velocity field have been fitted to the directions and velocities of the nearby clouds using a maximum-likelihood test. In order to do so, local clouds have been systematically searched for in the available HI and CO surveys. The likelihood function also included a distance estimate for a subset of well-known clouds. The best fit to the data yields values for the current Belt semi-axes of $(373 \pm 5)$ pc and $(233 \pm 5)$ pc, and an inclination of $17.2\degr \pm 0.5\degr$. These characteristics are consistent with earlier results, but a different Belt orientation has been found because of the presence of new molecular clouds and the revised distance information: the Belt centre currently lies $(104 \pm 4)$ pc away from the Sun, towards the Galactic longitude $l_{\rm centre} = 180.4\degr \pm 2.0\degr$, and the ascending node longitude is $l_{\Omega} = 296.1\degr \pm 2.0\degr$. The Belt characteristics are independent of initial rotation. The present Belt rim is found to coincide with most of the nearby OB associations and H 2 clouds, but the Belt expansion bears little relation to the average association velocities and the younger ones are surprisingly found farther out from the Belt center. An initial kinetic energy of $(1.0 \pm 0.1)$ 10 45 J and an expansion age of $(26.4 \pm 0.4)$ Myr are required, in good agreement with earlier 2D estimates. The factor of 2 discrepancy that exists between the dynamical Belt age and that derived from photometric stellar ages could not be solved by adding a vertical dimension in the expansion, nor by adding drag forces and fragmentation, nor by introducing an initial rotation. Allowing the Belt to cross the Galactic disc before reaching its present position would require a longer age of 52 Myr, but the very poor fit to the data does not support this possibility.
Na-K-Cl Cotransporter-1 in the Mechanism of Ammonia-induced Astrocyte Swelling*

Brain edema and the consequent increase in intracranial pressure and brain herniation are major complications of acute liver failure (fulminant hepatic failure) and a major cause of death in this condition. Ammonia has been strongly implicated as an important factor, and astrocyte swelling appears to be primarily responsible for the edema. Ammonia is known to cause cell swelling in cultured astrocytes, although the means by which this occurs has not been fully elucidated. A disturbance in one or more of these systems may result in loss of ion homeostasis and cell swelling. In particular, activation of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) has been shown to be involved in cell swelling in several neurological disorders. We therefore examined the effect of ammonia on NKCC activity and its potential role in the swelling of astrocytes. Cultured astrocytes were exposed to ammonia (NH4Cl; 5 mm), and NKCC activity was measured. Ammonia increased NKCC activity at 24 h. Inhibition of this activity by bumetanide diminished ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Ammonia also increased total as well as phosphorylated NKCC1. Treatment with cyclohexamide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, diminished NKCC1 protein expression and NKCC activity. Since ammonia is known to induce oxidative/nitrosative stress, and antioxidants and nitric-oxide synthase inhibition diminish astrocyte swelling, we also examined whether ammonia caused oxidation and/or nitration of NKCC1. Cultures exposed to ammonia increased the state of oxidation and nitration of NKCC1, whereas the antioxidants N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and uric acid all significantly diminished NKCC activity. These agents also reduced phosphorylated NKCC1 expression. These results suggest that activation of NKCC1 is an important factor in the mediation of astrocyte swelling by ammonia and that such activation appears to be mediated by NKCC1 abundance as well as by its oxidation/nitration and phosphorylation.
Modeling of Millimeter-Wave Modulation Characteristics of Semiconductor Lasers under Strong Optical Feedback

This paper presents modeling and simulation on the characteristics of semiconductor laser modulated within a strong optical feedback (OFB-)induced photon-photon resonance over a passband of millimeter (mm) frequencies. Continuous wave (CW) operation of the laser under strong OFB is required to achieve the photon-photon resonance in the mm-wave band. The simulated time-domain characteristics of modulation include the waveforms of the intensity and frequency chirp as well as the associated distortions of the modulated mm-wave signal. The frequency domain characteristics include the intensity modulation (IM) and frequency modulation (FM) responses in addition to the associated relative intensity noise (RIN). The signal characteristics under modulations with both single and two mm-frequencies are considered. The harmonic distortion and the third order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) are examined and the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) is calculated.
EL USO DE LA TEORÍA DE LA DESORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL PARA COMPRENDER LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE HOMICIDIOS EN BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA

Dentro de la desorganizacion social se ha identificado a la desventaja social como uno de los mas fuertes y coherentes predictores de homicidios a nivel macro en areas urbanas de los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, investigaciones llevadas a cabo en areas urbanas de America Latina sugieren que los efectos de la desventaja social y desorganizacion podrian diferir en esta ultima region. Este trabajo, mediante el estudio de datos espaciales, analiza los efectos de la desventaja social y la habilidad que poseen las comunidades para obtener recursos externos (control publico) respecto a las tasas de homicidios a nivel de barrio en Bogota, Colombia. Para este efecto se utilizan datos obtenidos de diversas fuentes, incluyendo cifras oficiales de homicidios, informacion sobre el censo 2005 y entrevistas. Estos resultados sostienen en forma parcial la teoria de la desorganizacion social: mientras la concentracion de desventajas sociales, y el aislamiento y desorden social parecieran predecir altos indices de homicidios, la disponibilidad de servicios publicos basicos (indicador de control publico) muestra un efecto negativo sobre la variable dependiente. Tambien se observan resultados inesperados: mientras la presencia de agencias de control social (policia y unidades de resolucion de conflictos) predicen altos niveles de homicidios, la proporcion de jovenes de sexo masculino y la densidad de la poblacion suponen bajos indices de delincuencia. La existencia de estructuras criminales (pandillas, milicias, organizaciones de trafico de drogas y armas) y el numero de desplazados por el conflicto no inciden mayormente en la muestra. Asimismo, este estudio discute las implicaciones de este tema en el desarrollo de teorias y politicas.
Current Issues in Providing Primary Medical Care to People with Serious Mental Illness

This article explores some of the current issues in providing primary care for people with serious mental illness. In contrast to many patients in the United States, up to half of patients with serious mental illness in the United Kingdom are seen only by the primary care team. However many General Practitioners feel that the care of this patient group is beyond their remit. In the United Kingdom during the last decade, there have been a variety of policy initiatives, influenced by the generic principle of “partnership working” and the increasing recognition of the importance of patient choice, that have aimed to increase the role of primary care in the delivery of health care to people with serious mental illness. On the ground, these policy imperatives have been realised through different models of shared care and schemes to encourage better communication across the primary/secondary interface. Most recently, and perhaps most effectively, the introduction of a type of performance related pay into primary care may lead to changes to the way in which General Practitioners think and act in terms of their roles and responsibilities with this patient group. Theoretically, therefore the United Kingdom may be entering a new “golden age” of primary care based mental health services for people with serious mental illness, where holistic care, preventive care and health promotion are increasingly seen not as the gold standard, but the norm.
DRSMS : Domain and Range Specific Multi-Keyword Search over Encrypted Cloud Data

One of the most fundamental services of cloud computing is Cloud storage service. Huge amount of sensitive data is stored in the cloud for easy remote access and to reduce the cost of storage. It is necessary to encrypt the sensitive data before uploading to the cloud server in order to maintain privacy and security. All traditional searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) schemes enable the users to search on the entire index file. In this paper, we propose the Domain and Range Specific Multikeyword Search (DRSMS) scheme that minimizes the search time and Index storage space. This scheme adopts collection sort technique to split the index file into D Domains and R Ranges. The Domain is based on the length of the keyword; the Range splits within the domain based on the first letter of the keyword. A mathematical model is used to search over the encrypted indexed keyword that eliminates the information leakage. Binary search is used to select the range within the domain with time complexity O(RlogD) and linear search is used to find the keyword within the range withO(R). The space complexity of the index storage space isO(NT × 3) and search time complexity isO(1)+O(RlogD)+O(R), while the complexity of index generation is O(NT × 3). Extensive experiments on real-world dataset validate our analysis and shows that the proposed DRSMS scheme is more efficient and secure than RSSE Scheme.
High resolution NMR microscopy of plants and fungi

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy is a completely noninvasive technique that can be used to acquire images with high spatial resolution through opaque objects such as plant organs and tissue parts. The image contrast can be chosen to represent the anatomical details or to visualize the spatial distribution of a range of physico‐chemical parameters such as the apparent diffusion constant of water or the velocity of water flow within plants in vivo. In addition, images can be generated which show the spatial distribution of metabolites. Furthermore, it is possible to detect chemical compounds labelled with the stable isotope 13C and to generate images showing the spatial distribution of the 13C label in the intact plant. The ability to monitor water flow and transport of 13C‐labelled tracer in intact plants with NMR microscopy favours the use of this technique in the investigation of long‐distance transport processes in plants. A short introduction into the technical principles of NMR microscopy is provided and the problems associated with applications to plants are summarized. The potential of the technique is explained with applications to Zinnia elegans plants, wheat grains and Brassica napus siliques.
Representation and Construction of Ontologies for Web Intelligence

Ontologies and agent technology can play a crucial role in enabling Web-based knowledge processing, sharing, and reuse between applications. The paper investigates representation and construction of ontologies for Web intelligence. Three ontology categories are suggested, some of the research and development with respect to the three categories is presented, the major ontology languages are surveyed, and a multi-phase process of automatic construction of the domain-specific ontologies is discussed.
Active gesture recognition using partially observable Markov decision processes

We present a foveated gesture recognition system that guides an active camera to foveate salient features based on a reinforcement learning paradigm. Using vision routines previously implemented for an interactive environment, we determine the spatial location of salient body parts of a user and guide an active camera to obtain images of gestures of expressions. A hidden-state reinforcement learning paradigm based on the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) is used to implement this visual attention. The attention module selects targets to foveate based on the goal of successful recognition, and uses a new multiple-model Q-learning formulation. Given a set of target and distracter gestures, our system can learn where to foveate to maximally discriminate a particular gesture.
Simultaneous speech, interruptions and dominance

Simultaneous speech and interruptions are often employed as measures of dominance in observational studies of family interaction. This paper questions the assumption that these particular features of conversation are signs of dominance. Four types of interruption or ‘speaker-switch non-fluency’ are distinguished on the basis of data drawn from 7 1/2 hours of spontaneous, experimentally unstructured conversation. Three of these non-fluencies involve simultaneous speech. It is suggested that the classification of interruptions and simultaneous speech may not be altogether satisfactory in many observational studies of family interaction. Coefficients of correlation are computed for the four types of speaker-switch non-fluency and two measures of dominance. Only two of the non-fluency types are significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with dominance. The data presented here are not final or conclusive, but it is hoped that they will stimulate critical evaluations of various behavioural measures which are used in family interaction research.
Parent–child gender interaction in the relation between retrospective self‐reports on parental love and current self‐esteem

A retrospective questionnaire study investigated the relation between current self-esteem in adult men (n=34) and women (n=99) and self-reported experience of parental “unconditional positive regard” during childhood. For both men and women the perception of the father's unconditional regard was significantly related to self-esteem. For women only a weak relation was found between the reported experience of maternal regard and self-esteem in adulthood; a comparison of younger and older women showed that this relation was weaker for younger women. The results were interpreted in terms of a greater ambivalence in women towards the mother, possibly as a result of women's more complex separation and identification processes; the difference between younger and older women could indicate that this ambivalence decreases over the years. The implications of this interpretation for the validity of retrospective accounts is discussed, suggesting that the validity could increase over the years.
Speaker recognition with rival penalized EM training

The paper considers speaker recognition with Gaussian mixture models trained by a rival penalized EM (RPEM) algorithm. Although RPEM was applied successfully to several pattern recognition problems, our attempt to apply the algorithm in its original form to speaker recognition was not successful. We modified it by adding a discriminative threshold to prevent over penalty on mixture components, and using it with batches of feature vectors rather than the original incremental mode. We applied the modified RPEM to train speaker models with the number of Gaussian mixture components adapted individually to each speaker and used it to perform some basic speaker recognition experiments. The experiments are very reassuring about using the modified RPEM as a training method for GMM based speaker recognition. In settings with limited amount of training data, not only that the algorithm showed nice convergence to reduced order speaker models, but the resulting reduced models achieved better recognition rates than the initial higher order models.
The Lateral Inframammary Fold Incision for Nipple‐Sparing Mastectomy: Outcomes from Over 50 Immediate Implant‐Based Breast Reconstructions

Nipple‐sparing mastectomy (NSM) as a therapeutic or prophylactic procedure for breast cancer is rapidly gaining popularity as the literature continues to support it safety. The lateral inframammary fold (IMF) approach provides adequate exposure and eliminates visible scars on the anterior surface of the breast, making this incision cosmetically superior to radial or periareolar approaches. We reviewed 55 consecutive NSMs performed through a lateral IMF incision with immediate implant‐based reconstruction, with or without tissue expansion, between June 2008 and June 2011. Prior to incision, breasts were lightly infiltrated with dilute anesthetic solution with epinephrine. Sharp dissection, rather than electrocautery, was used as much as possible to minimize thermal injury to the mastectomy flap. When indicated, acellular dermal matrix was placed as an inferolateral sling. Subsequent fat grafting to correct contour deformities was performed in select patients. Three‐dimensional (3D) photographs assessed changes in volume, antero‐posterior projection, and ptosis. Mean patient age was 46 years, and mean follow‐up time was 12 months. Twelve mastectomies (22%) were therapeutic, and the remaining 43 (78%) were prophylactic. Seven of the nine sentinel lymph node biopsies (including one axillary dissection) (78%) were performed through the lateral IMF incision without the need for a counter‐incision. Acellular dermal matrix was used in 34 (62%) breasts. Average permanent implant volume was 416 cc (range 176–750 cc), and average fat grafting volume was 86 cc (range 10–177 cc). In one patient a positive intraoperative subareolar biopsy necessitated resection of the nipple‐areola complex (NAC), and in two other patients NAC resection was performed at a subsequent procedure based on the final pathology report. Mastectomy flap necrosis, requiring operative debridement, occurred in two breasts (4%), both in the same patient. One of these breasts required a salvage latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap to complete the reconstruction. Three nipples (6%) required office debridement for partial necrosis and operative reconstruction later. No patient had complete nipple necrosis. No statistically significant differences existed between therapeutic and prophylactic mastectomies for developing partial skin and/or nipple necrosis (p = 0.35). Three episodes (5%) of cellulitis occurred, which responded to antibiotics without the need for explantation. Morphological outcomes using 3D scan measurements showed reconstructed breasts were larger, more projected, and less ptotic than the preoperative breasts (196 versus 248 cc, 80 versus 90 mm, 146 versus 134 mm, p < 0.01 for each parameter). Excellent results can be achieved with immediate implant‐based reconstruction of NSM through a lateral IMF incision. NAC survival is reliable, and complication rates are low.
Cathepsin L and Arg/Lys aminopeptidase: a distinct prohormone processing pathway for the biosynthesis of peptide neurotransmitters and hormones

Abstract Peptide neurotransmitters and hormones are synthesized as protein precursors that require proteolytic processing to generate smaller, biologically active peptides that are secreted to mediate neurotransmission and hormone actions. Neuropeptides within their precursors are typically flanked by pairs of basic residues, as well as by monobasic residues. In this review, evidence for secretory vesicle cathepsin L and Arg/Lys aminopeptidase as a distinct proteolytic pathway for processing the prohormone proenkephalin is presented. Cleavage of prohormone processing sites by secretory vesicle cathepsin L occurs at the NH[2]-terminal side of dibasic residues, as well as between the dibasic residues, resulting in peptide intermediates with Arg or Lys extensions at their NH[2]-termini. A subsequent Arg/Lys aminopeptidase step is then required to remove NH[2-]terminal basic residues to generate the final enkephalin neuropeptide. The cathepsin L and Arg/Lys aminopeptidase prohormone processing pathway is distinct from the proteolytic pathway mediated by the subtilisinlike prohormone convertases 1/3 and 2 (PC1/3 and PC2) with carboxypeptidase E/H. Differences in specific cleavage sites at paired basic residue sites distinguish these two pathways. These two proteolytic pathways demonstrate the increasing complexity of regulatory mechanisms for the production of peptide neurotransmitters and hormones.
Culture, Institutional Factors and Differences in Environmental Disclosure Between Canada and the United States

Abstract We explore the role of cultural and institutional factors in motivating production of mandatory and voluntary disclosure by comparing environmental disclosure produced by Canadian and US companies. We study the years 1988 and 1994 on a matched pairs basis using content analysis of annual reports, security exchange filings (the 10 K in the US and the Annual Information Form in Canada) and environmental reports. Over the time period, the disclosure produced by Canadian firms increased more dramatically than the US disclosure, which was initially greater. This might suggest that Canadian culture and institutional infrastructure is more conducive to the production of environmental disclosure than US counterparts. It would appear that the collectivistic nature of Canadian society has led, in recent years, to the production of a greater level of voluntary environmental disclosure, especially in the environmental report. However, the US, a more litigious society, produces more of the mandated disclosure in the 10 K and annual report.
In the Eye of the Beholder: Do Behavior and Character Affect Victim and Perpetrator Responsibility for Acquaintance Rape?

Acquaintance rape attributions of responsibility were investigated. In Study 1, participants viewed videotapes that varied the female victim’s resistance (verbal, physical, verbal/physical) and the reaction of the perpetrator (anger, no reaction) or a control videotape. The victim was held less responsible and the perpetrator was held more responsible when the victim resisted. In Study 2, participants viewed videotapes that manipulated victim and perpetrator reputation. Victims were held more responsible when they had a bad reputation; perpetrators were held more responsible when the victim had a good reputation or the perpetrator had a bad reputation. Hostile sexism predicted victim responsibility in both studies; rape myth predicted victim and perpetrator responsibility in Study 2. Implications for the legal system are discussed. jasp_493 1513.1535
Using Individualized Schedules as a Component of Positive Behavioral Support for Students with Developmental Disabilities

An important form of positive behavioral support is the use of predictor strategies that prevent the occurrence of problem behavior. Teaching students to follow a personalized schedule is one type of predictor strategy. This article describes how to teach students to use personalized schedules. We review relevant research, describe one method for encouraging schedule use, and recommend directions for future research about the use of schedules as a predictor strategy.