Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming

Abstract Recently analyzed satellite-derived global precipitation datasets from 1987 to 2006 indicate an increase in global-mean precipitation of 1.1%–1.4% decade−1. This trend corresponds to a hydrological sensitivity (HS) of 7% K−1 of global warming, which is close to the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate expected from the increase in saturation water vapor pressure with temperature. Analysis of two available global ocean evaporation datasets confirms this observed intensification of the atmospheric water cycle. The observed hydrological sensitivity over the past 20-yr period is higher by a factor of 5 than the average HS of 1.4% K−1 simulated in state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models for the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. However, the analysis shows that the interdecadal variability in HS in the models is high—in particular in the twentieth-century runs, which are forced by both increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) and tropospheric aerosol concentrations. About 12% of the 20-yr time inte.
Dynamics on fractal spaces

We study the dynamics of a particle in a space that is non-differentiable. Non-smooth geometrical objects have an inherently probabilistic nature, and consequently introduce stochasticity in the motion of a body that lives in their realm. We use the mathematical concept of fiber bundle in order to characterize the multivalued nature of geodesic trajectories going through a point that is non-differentiable. Then, we generalize our concepts to everywhere non-smooth structures. The resulting theoretical framework can be considered a hybridization of the theory of surfaces and the theory of stochastic processes. We keep the concepts as general as possible, in order to allow for the introduction of other fundamental processes capable of modeling the fractality or the fluctuations of any conceivable continuous, but non-differentiable space.
Diurnal and seasonal characteristics of precipitation at an upland site in Scotland

The diurnal and seasonal characteristics of precipitation at Eskdalemuir, in southern Scotland, were studied by representing the hour of rainfall as a circular variable and applying statistical methods for directional data. Hourly precipitation data for 1970–86 were analysed for four different precipitation intensities. Concurrent observations of wind direction and speed were used to help in the interpretation of the results.
A study of the decoherence correction derived from the exact factorization approach for non-adiabatic dynamics

We present a detailed study of the decoherence correction to surface-hopping that was recently derived from the exact factorization approach. Ab initio multiple spawning calculations that use the same initial conditions and same electronic structure method are used as a reference for three molecules: ethylene, methaniminium cation, and fulvene, for which non-adiabatic dynamics follows a photo-excitation. A comparison with the Granucci-Persico energy-based decoherence correction, and the augmented fewest-switches surface-hopping scheme shows that the three decoherence-corrected methods operate on individual trajectories in a qualitatively different way, but results averaged over trajectories are similar for these systems.
Location of snipers using three-dimensional infrared/laser tracking

We present a summary of the top level design of and recent imagery and analysis made with components of the TTC fast infrared sniper tracker (FIRST) system. The FIRST instrument will utilize a 7 cm aperture optical system, a 3 - 5 micron imaging camera, and a pulsed, eye-safe laser radar in order to detect, track, and range upon high angular velocity targets, especially bullets. The optical system is based on an ultra low inertia, high acceleration gimbal which enables large area step and star bullet detection at high coverage rates. Three dimensional track files generated by the FIRST system will be used to accurately back-project to the bullet's origin.
Monthly distributions of precipitable water from the NIMBUS 7 SMMR data

The first year of data from the NIMBUS 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), covering the period December 1978 through November 1979, was used to study the monthly mean distributions of precipitable water over the global oceans. The water vapor algorithm is based on a multiple regression technique, utilizing three of the higher frequency channels on SMMR. The results obtained are in good agreement with other independent studies. They reveal features associated with other independent studies. They reveal features associated with the general circulation of the atmosphere and the ocean currents. Samples of monthly and annual distributions of precipitable water over oceans are presented, and their characteristics are discussed.
Multi-information fusion based localization algorithm for Mars rover

High-precision autonomous localization technique is essential for future Mars rovers. This paper addresses an innovative integrated localization algorithm using a multiple information fusion approach. Firstly, the output of IMU is employed to construct the two-dimensional (2-D) dynamics equation of Mars rover. Secondly, radio beacon measurement and terrain image matching are considered as external measurements and included into the navigation filter to correct the inertial basis and drift. Then, extended Kalman filtering (EKF) algorithm is designed to estimate the position state of Mars rovers and suppress the measurement noise. Finally, the localization algorithm proposed in this paper is validated by computer simulation with different parameter sets.
OLD PUZZLE, NEW INSIGHTS: A LITHIUM-RICH GIANT QUIETLY BURNING HELIUM IN ITS CORE

About 1% of giant stars have been shown to have large surface Li abundances, which is unexpected according to standard stellar evolution models. Several scenarios for lithium production have been proposed, but it is still unclear why these Li-rich giants exist. A missing piece in this puzzle is the knowledge of the exact stage of evolution of these stars. Using low- and-high-resolution spectroscopic observations, we have undertaken a survey of lithium-rich giants in the Kepler field. In this Letter, we report the finding of the first confirmed Li-rich core-helium-burning giant, as revealed by asteroseismic analysis. The evolutionary timescales constrained by its mass suggest that Li production most likely took place through non-canonical mixing at the RGB tip, possibly during the helium flash.
The Effect of Confinement on Capillary Phase Transition In Granular Aggregates

Utilizing a 3D mean-field lattice-gas model, we analyze the effect of confinement on the nature of capillary phase transition in granular aggregates with varying disorder and their inverse porous structures obtained by interchanging particles and pores. Surprisingly, the confinement effects are found to be much less pronounced in granular aggregates as opposed to porous structures. We show that this discrepancy can be understood in terms of the surface-surface correlation length with a connected path through the fluid domain, suggesting that this length captures the true degree of confinement. We also find that the liquid-gas phase transition in these porous materials is of second order nature near capillary critical temperature, which is shown to represent a true critical temperature, i.e. independent of the degree of disorder and the nature of solid matrix, discrete or continuous. The critical exponents estimated here from finite-size scaling analysis suggest that this transition belongs to the 3D random field Ising model universality class as hypothesized by P.G. de Gennes, with the underlying random fields induced by local disorder in fluid-solid interactions.
Speeding up enclave transitions for IO-intensive applications

Process-based confidential computing enclaves such as Intel SGX can be used to protect the confidentiality and integrity of workloads, without the overhead of virtualisation. However, they introduce a notable performance overhead, especially when it comes to transitions in and out of the enclave context. Such overhead makes the use of enclaves impractical for running IO-intensive applications, such as network packet processing or biological sequence analysis. We build on earlier approaches to improve the IO performance of work-loads in Intel SGX enclaves and propose the SGX-Bundler library, which helps reduce the cost of both individual single enclave transitions well as of the total number of enclave transitions in trusted applications running in Intel SGX enclaves. We describe the implementation of the SGX-Bundler library, evaluate its performance and demonstrate its practicality using the case study of Open vSwitch, a widely used software switch implementation.
Interaction of pulsed CO and CO2 laser radiation with rocks typical of an oil field

Experiments on laser-rock-fluid interactions have been carried out by using pulsed CO and CO2 lasers which irradiated rocks typical for oil field: sandstone, limestone, shale and granite. Energy fluence and laser intensity on rock surface were up to 1.0 kJ/cm2 and 107 W/cm2, respectively. The dependencies of specific energy consumption (i.e. energy per volume needed for rock excavation) on energy fluence, the number of pulses, saturated fluid, rock material and irradiation conditions have been obtained for various rock samples. The dependencies of momentum transferred to the rock on energy fluence for dry rocks and rocks with surface saturated by water or mineral oil have been measured. High-speed photography procedure has been used for analyzing laser plasma plume formation on a rock surface. Infrared spectra of reflectivity and absorption of rocks before and after irradiation have been measured.
Deformation Transfer for Detail-Preserving Surface Editing

Recent detail-preserving shape deformation techniques are either based on a combination of multiresolution decomposition and variational bending energy minimization, or they manipulate differential coordinates and solve a Poisson system to obtain the deformed surface. We establish an explicit connection between the two approaches and discuss their inherent limitations, such as local selfintersections for the former and translation insensitivity of the latter. Based on these new insights we combine both methods into a novel shape editing technique that does not suffer from previous limitations, while retaining editing flexibility and efficiency.
The Role of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Sugarcane Root Biomass under Field Conditions

Sugarcane is used worldwide for sugar, ethanol and energy production. In Brazil, the shift from burned to unburned harvest systems resulted in increases in nitrogen fertilization rates, which can impact root architecture and biomass. The expectation is also an increase in sugarcane biomass. The study hypothesized that high N rates applied to sugarcane fields increases root growth and N stored in roots, promoting higher biomass and N accumulated in shoots. Two experiments were set up in Southeastern Brazil, on a Typic Kandiudox (TK) and Rhodic Eutrudox (RE). Four treatments were studied 1) N application in the plant-cane (0 and 120 kg·ha-1 N) and 2) N application in the ratoon (0 and 150 kg·ha-1 N). The shoot biomass and the root density (by the core method up to 0.6 m) were evaluated over the first ratoon crop cycle, and the N content in those compartments was also examined. There was no carry over effect on N applied at planting in root and shoot biomass in the ratoon crop cycle. At the RE site, the ratoon N fertilization increased root density in the superficial soil layer (0 - 0.2 m) and close to the plants (<0.3 m). The effect of N addition on root biomass, and biomass and N accumulated in shoot was limited in both sites. Increasing N rates in unburned sugarcane fields do not consistently increases root and shoot biomass under Brazilian field conditions.
"The Perfect Slope": A new robust low-scatter X-ray mass indicator for clusters of galaxies

This presentation is a Moriond version of our recent paper (Kravtsov, Vikhlinin & Nagai astro-ph/0603205) where we discussed X-ray proxies for the total cluster mass, including the spectral temperature (Tx), gas mass measured within r500 (Mg), and the new proxy, Yx, which is a simple product of Tx and Mg. We use mock Chandra images constructed for a sample of clusters simulated with high resolution in the concordance LambdaCDM cosmology. The simulated clusters exhibit tight correlations between the considered observables and total mass. The normalizations of the M500-Tx, Mg-Tx, and M500-Yx relations agree to better than =~ 10-15% with the current observational measurements of these relations. Our results show that Yx is the best mass proxy with a remarkably low scatter of only =~ 5-7% in M500 for a fixed Yx, at both low and high redshifts and regardless of whether clusters are relaxed or not. In addition, we show that redshift evolution of the Yx-M500 relation is close to the self-similar prediction, which makes Yx a very attractive mass indicator for measurements of the cluster mass function from X-ray selected samples.
Prediction of mechanical properties of non-equiatomic high-entropy alloy by atomistic simulation and machine learning

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) with multiple constituent elements have been extensively studied in the past 20 years due to their promising engineering application. Previous experimental and computational studies of HEAs focused mainly on equiatomic or near equiatomic HEAs. However, there is probably far more treasure in those non-equiatomic HEAs with carefully designed composition. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation combined with machine learning (ML) methods were used to predict the mechanical properties of non-equiatomic CuFeNiCrCo HEAs. A database was established based on a tensile test of 900 HEA single-crystal samples by MD simulation. We investigated and compared eight ML models for the learning tasks, ranging from shallow models to deep models. It was found that the kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM) model outperformed others for the prediction of yield stress and Young's modulus. The accuracy of the KELM model was further verified by the large-sized polycrystal HEA samples.
Modeling Penetration Testing with Reinforcement Learning Using Capture-the-Flag Challenges: Trade-offs between Model-free Learning and A Priori Knowledge

Penetration testing is a security exercise aimed at assessing the security of a system by simulating attacks against it. So far, penetration testing has been carried out mainly by trained human attackers and its success critically depended on the available expertise. Automating this practice constitutes a non-trivial problem, as the range of actions that a human expert may attempts against a system and the range of knowledge she relies on to take her decisions are hard to capture. In this paper, we focus our attention on simplified penetration testing problems expressed in the form of capture the flag hacking challenges, and we analyze how model-free reinforcement learning algorithms may help to solve them. In modeling these capture the flag competitions as reinforcement learning problems we highlight that a specific challenge that characterize penetration testing is the problem of discovering the structure of the problem at hand. We then show how this challenge may be eased by relying on different forms of prior knowledge that may be provided to the agent. In this way we demonstrate how the feasibility of tackling penetration testing using reinforcement learning may rest on a careful trade-off between model-free and model-based algorithms. By using techniques to inject a priori knowledge, we show it is possible to better direct the agent and restrict the space of its exploration problem, thus achieving solutions more efficiently.
Right‐Angle Rooftop Polygon Extraction in Regularised Urban Areas: Cutting the Corners

Rapid urban development is achieved in some areas by the application of industrialized construction techniques. This approach creates extensive ‘‘regularised’’ urban areas, which are governed by a small set of building models. This paper describes a scheme for building rooftop extraction from aerial and high resolution satellite imagery that makes use of the characteristics of regularised urban areas. As the scheme is based on a bottom‐up approach, emphasis is put on reducing the number of low‐level features that should be considered during the polygon rooftop extraction. This is achieved with a set of geometric rules, which are defined based on the geometry of the building model. Experiments with real‐world imagery show that this basis provides efficient filtering of the right‐angle corners, thus improving the overall extraction performance.
A positive proportion of cubic fields are not monogenic yet have no local obstruction to being so

We show that a positive proportion of cubic fields are not monogenic, despite having no local obstruction to being monogenic. Our proof involves the comparison of $2$-descent and $3$-descent in a certain family of Mordell curves $E_k \colon y^2 = x^3 + k$. As a by-product of our methods, we show that, for every $r \geq 0$, a positive proportion of curves $E_k$ have Tate--Shafarevich group with $3$-rank at least $r$.
A geogrid reinforced embarkment on peat over organic silt: a case history

The behaviour of an instrumented section of a full-scale geogrid reinforced embarkment constructed on a very soft deposit of peat overlying organic silt is examined. The results of field monitoring are reportd together with engineering properties of the soils obtained from laboratory tests. The behaviour was analyzed using the finite element method, and the calculated performance is shown to be in good agreement with that observed. Key words: geogrid, reinforcement, embankment, peat, organic silt.
The MC@NLO 2.3 event generator.

This is the user's manual of MC@NLO 2.3. This package is a practical implementation, based upon the HERWIG event generator, of the MC@NLO formalism, which allows one to incorporate NLO QCD matrix elements consistently into a parton shower framework. Processes available in this version include the hadroproduction of single vector and Higgs bosons, vector boson pairs, heavy quark pairs, and lepton pairs. This document is self-contained, but we emphasise the main differences with respect to previous versions.
Warming and oxygen decrease of intermediate water in the northwestern North Pacific, originating from the Sea of Okhotsk, 1955–2004

On the basis of all available data, it is found that intermediate water temperature on the 26.8–27. 4σθ isopycnals in the northwestern North Pacific has significantly increased during the past 50 years. The largest warming area exists in the western part of the Sea of Okhotsk with a 0.68°C/50‐yr temperature increase observed at 27. 0σθ. The warming in the Pacific is found over the Oyashio and Subarctic Current regions, where the Okhotsk water extends along the subarctic gyre. This suggests that the warming originates from the Sea of Okhotsk. The warming trend is also accompanied by the significant decreasing trend of dissolved oxygen content, suggesting the weakening of overturning in the northwestern North Pacific. We propose that these trends of the water mass property are caused by a decrease in dense shelf water production in the northwestern shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk, which is a sensitive area to the current global warming.
Antihydrogen

Future precision experiments with trapped cold antihydrogen promise to provide extremely stringent tests of the fundamental symmetry between matter and antimatter (CPT symmetry) in the hadron as well as in the lepton sector. Ultrahigh-resolution Doppler-free two-photon laser-spectroscopy of ordinary hydrogen and antihydrogen might be used to compare matter and antimatter at unprecedented levels of experimental precision. In addition, there is the fascinating prospect to directly observe the gravitational force on antimatter, because antihydrogen is a pure antimatter system which is both stable and electrically neutral.
Conditional Super Learner

In this article we consider the Conditional Super Learner (CSL), an algorithm which selects the best model candidate from a library conditional on the covariates. The CSL expands the idea of using cross-validation to select the best model and merges it with meta learning. Here we propose a specific algorithm that finds a local minimum to the problem posed, proof that it converges at a rate faster than Op(n^-1/4) and offers extensive empirical evidence that it is an excellent candidate to substitute stacking or for the analysis of Hierarchical problems.
Astrophysics Weak Lensing Mass Reconstruction Using Wavelets

This paper presents a new method for the reconstruction of weak lensing mass maps. It uses the multiscale entropy concept, which is based on wavelets, and the False Discovery Rate (FDR) which allows us to derive robust detection levels in wavelet space. We show that this new restoration approach outperforms several standard techniques currently used for weak shear mass reconstruction. This method can also be used to separate E and B modes in the shear field, and thus test for the presence of residual systematic effects. We concentrate on large blind cosmic shear surveys, and illustrate our results using simulated shear maps derived from N-Body ΛCDM simulations (Vale & White 2003) with added noise corresponding to both ground-based and space-based observations.
Reconstruction of the Laurasian and Gondwanan segments of Permian Pangaea

Abstract A reappraisal of the geological and geometrical constraints on the fits of the continents around the Atlantic, Indian and circum-Antarctic oceans is used as a base upon which to re-examine Early and Late Permian palaeomagnetic data. The palaeomagnetic poles from each of the three main Late Palaeozoic palaeo-continents: Eurasia, North America, and Gondwana define statistically well determined means for the Early and Late Permian. When these poles are reconstructed, the means, and their associated A95 cones of confidence do not superimpose. The lack of superposition of Late Palaeozoic palaeomagnetic poles on Wegener-style Pangaea reconstructions based on Mesozoic and younger seafloor spreading geometries has been noted for some time. Most solutions to this problem have involved alternative 'tight fits' of the Pangaean continents for the Late Palaeozoic. Solutions invoking the non-dipole behaviour of the magnetic field have also been proposed. We examine the geometric consequences of the 'tight fit' Mesozoic-based Pangaean reconstructions that allow better fit of the palaeomagnetic data and conclude that the magnitudes of overlap (650-950 km) required by these modifications are not compatible with the geological and tectonic evidence from these regions. We prefer to use a 'looser' Pangaea fit that does not necessarily result in the superposition of palaeomagnetic poles. However, when the individual poles from Europe, North America, and Gondwana are combined into a global mean pole, it is observed that both the 'tight' and the 'loose' fit yield virtually indistinguishable mean pole positions. Considering the strong geological and geometrical arguments against the palaeomagnetically derived fits and the lack of a clear statistical difference between the two we use our revised Pangaean reconstruction to determine palaeo-latitudinal framework of the Eurasian, North American, and Gondwanan segments of Pangaea for the Early and Late Permian. The validity of these palaeo-latitudinal reconstructions is tested with climatically sensitive floristic and lithological data by Ziegler, and found to be satisfactory.