Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teaching complex rather than simple tasks: balancing intrinsic and germane load to enhance transfer of learning

Research indicates that effective instructional methods for practicing simple tasks differ from effective methods for complex tasks. But unfortunately, load-reducing methods that work relatively well to reach high retention performance for complex tasks, such as low variability and complete guidance and feedback, are precisely those methods that hinder transfer of learning. This article presents a training design approach aimed at high transfer performance for complex tasks. The basic idea is that learning tasks should always be combined with methods that induce germane cognitive load, such as high variability and limited guidance or feedback. However, especially for novices, this can only be realised by decreasing intrinsic load early in training by manipulating the element interactivity of the learning tasks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel RTL ATPG Model Based on Gate Inherent Faults (GIF-PO) of Complex Gates

This paper starts with a comprehensive survey on RTL ATPG. It then proposes a novel RTL ATPG model based on "Gate Inherent Faults" (GIF). These GIF are extracted from each complex gate (adder, case-statement, etc.) of the RTL source code individually. They are related to the internal logic paths of a complex gate. They are not related to any net/signal in the RTL design. It is observed, that when all GIF on RTL are covered (100%) and the same stimulus is applied, then all gate level stuck-at faults of the netlist are covered (100%) as well. The proposed RTL ATPG model is therefore synthesis independent. This is shown on ITC'99 testcases. The applied semi-automatic test pattern generation process is based on functional simulation.
A Linear Decision-Based Approximation Approach to Stochastic Programming

Stochastic optimization, especially multistage models, is well known to be computationally excruciating. Moreover, such models require exact specifications of the probability distributions of the underlying uncertainties, which are often unavailable. In this paper, we propose tractable methods of addressing a general class of multistage stochastic optimization problems, which assume only limited information of the distributions of the underlying uncertainties, such as known mean, support, and covariance. One basic idea of our methods is to approximate the recourse decisions via decision rules. We first examine linear decision rules in detail and show that even for problems with complete recourse, linear decision rules can be inadequate and even lead to infeasible instances. Hence, we propose several new decision rules that improve upon linear decision rules, while keeping the approximate models computationally tractable. Specifically, our approximate models are in the forms of the so-called second-order cone (SOC) programs, which could be solved efficiently both in theory and in practice. We also present computational evidence indicating that our approach is a viable alternative, and possibly advantageous, to existing stochastic optimization solution techniques in solving a two-stage stochastic optimization problem with complete recourse.
‘The interests of the child’ seen from the child's perspective: the case of the Netherlands

The Dutch government has decided to intervene in parents’ role in bringing up their children by imposing compulsory parenting support. As such an intervention has to be legitimatised as being ‘in the interests of the child’, it is important to take a closer look at this concept. First it is shown that it is not evident that the government has the right to intervene in this way. Within the ‘child–parents–government’ triangle three protective shells of self-determination can be distinguished. One of these three shells protects the freedom of childrearing of the parents. Second, ‘the interests of the child’ are seen from a pedagogical perspective. This concept is explored within the framework of the so-called ‘pedagogical relationship’, a core concept in the continental tradition of educational theory. It is shown that the pedagogical relationship is indeed completely ruled by the interests of the child. Third, the question is raised why the Dutch government is so eager to intervene in the parents’ role given the fact that the UNICEF overview of child well-being shows that the Netherlands leads the world ranking and scores in the top 10 of all measured dimensions. These philosophical and empirical arguments are apparently not considered to be convincing. Hopefully, the decision of the Dutch government will be reconsidered seriously if the results of the interventions prove unsatisfactory in the coming years.
A Search-Based OCL Constraint Solver for Model-Based Test Data Generation

Model-based testing (MBT) aims at automated, scalable, and systematic testing solutions for complex industrial software systems. To increase chances of adoption in industrial contexts, software systems should be modeled using well-established standards such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Object Constraint Language (OCL). Given that test data generation is one of the major challenges to automate MBT, this is the topic of this paper with a specific focus on test data generation from OCL constraints. Though search-based software testing (SBST) has been applied to test data generation for white-box testing (e.g., branch coverage), its application to the MBT of industrial software systems has been limited. In this paper, we propose a set of search heuristics based on OCL constraints to guide test data generation and automate MBT in industrial applications. These heuristics are used to develop an OCL solver exclusively based on search, in this particular case genetic algorithm and (1+1) EA. Empirical analyses to evaluate the feasibility of our approach are carried out on one industrial system.
Structural mechanisms of the degenerate sequence recognition by Bse634I restriction endonuclease

Restriction endonuclease Bse634I recognizes and cleaves the degenerate DNA sequence 5′-R/CCGGY-3′ (R stands for A or G; Y for T or C, ‘/’ indicates a cleavage position). Here, we report the crystal structures of the Bse634I R226A mutant complexed with cognate oligoduplexes containing ACCGGT and GCCGGC sites, respectively. In the crystal, all potential H-bond donor and acceptor atoms on the base edges of the conserved CCGG core are engaged in the interactions with Bse634I amino acid residues located on the α6 helix. In contrast, direct contacts between the protein and outer base pairs are limited to van der Waals contact between the purine nucleobase and Pro203 residue in the major groove and a single H-bond between the O2 atom of the outer pyrimidine and the side chain of the Asn73 residue in the minor groove. Structural data coupled with biochemical experiments suggest that both van der Waals interactions and indirect readout contribute to the discrimination of the degenerate base pair by Bse634I. Structure comparison between related enzymes Bse634I (R/CCGGY), NgoMIV (G/CCGGC) and SgrAI (CR/CCGGYG) reveals how different specificities are achieved within a conserved structural core.
Detection of seed DNA in regurgitates of granivorous carabid beetles

Abstract Granivory can play a pivotal role in influencing regeneration, colonization as well as abundance and distribution of plants. Due to their high abundance, nutrient content and longevity, seeds are an important food source for many animals. Among insects, carabid beetles consume substantial numbers of seeds and are thought to be responsible for a significant amount of seed loss. However, the processes that govern which seeds are eaten and are therefore prevented from entering the seedbank are poorly understood. Here, we assess if DNA-based diet analysis allows tracking the consumption of seeds by carabids. Adult individuals of Harpalus rufipes were fed with seeds of Taraxacum officinale and Lolium perenne allowing them to digest for up to 3 days. Regurgitates were tested for the DNA of ingested seeds at eight different time points post-feeding using general and species-specific plant primers. The detection of seed DNA decreased with digestion time for both seed species, albeit in a species-specific manner. Significant differences in overall DNA detection rates were found with the general plant primers but not with the species-specific primers. This can have implications for the interpretation of trophic data derived from next-generation sequencing, which is based on the application of general primers. Our findings demonstrate that seed predation by carabids can be tracked, molecularly, on a species-specific level, providing a new way to unravel the mechanisms underlying in-field diet choice in granivores.
Towards an interaction evaluation between dimensions and objectives of sustainable development at territorial levels

The European Union and its member states, along with governments from around the world, have affirmed support for sustainable development, recently agreeing that the developed countries must take the lead in securing a "shift towards sustainable consumption and production to promote social and economic development within the carrying capacity of ecosystems" (WSSD, 2002). In a general sense, one could say that sustainable development is concerned with "quality of life" refereeing to the needs of people regarding available territory resources. Concerned skills are world-interaction ethical development, namely involving our relationships with the non-human natural world. So, heart of this positioning involves continuing human development within the context of a living planet, where the human quest for a better life does not take place at the expense of the world's ecological resources.
Researching Under Uncertainty 1 Design Rationale : Researching Under Uncertainty

Rationale research in software development is a challenging area because while there is no shortage of advocates for its value, there is also no shortage of reasons for why rationale is unlikely to be captured in practice. Despite more than thirty years of research there still remains much uncertainty—how useful are the potential benefits and how insurmountable are the barriers? Will the value of the rationale (design and otherwise) justify the cost of collecting it? While there have been numerous rationale research projects, many, if not most, received little or no empirical evaluation. There also have not been many studies examining what the needs are of the practitioners who would be supported by the rationale. This paper discusses the “doom and gloom” predictions of rationale’s failure, provides a survey of evaluations of rationale systems, and discusses what we hope is a brighter outlook for rationale research in the future. There are development standards and synergistic research areas that may help with rationale research and its acceptance in the software community that we should be working with. This paper also presents the results of a pilot survey of software developers who were asked how they would envision using rationale and what they believe the most important barriers are. While some results were as expected, there were some surprises too. Research on technology transfer indicates that, among other things, to transition successfully from research into practice we need to understand the need that is being met and demonstrate the value of our approach. Until we have determined how our work is needed by the people we are trying to help we will remain researching under uncertainty.
Training Entrepreneurship at Universities: A Swedish Case.

In Sweden today there are many initiatives to stimulate individuals to act in an entrepreneurial manner, including professorships in entrepreneurialism at universities, new courses and training programmes, while firms such as Ericsson, Telia and Saab have established “innovation units” to stimulate new ideas and utilize the energy and ideas of their employees. The purpose of this article is to describe and analyse such an initiative: the Entrepreneurship and New Business Development Programme (the ENP‐programme) for the training of individuals in the start‐up of new technology‐based or knowledge‐intensive enterprises. The model has been developed by the Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Linkoping University and a private network of enterprises. This article begins with a comprehensive discussion on what characterises entrepreneurs and what implications this has in the training of individuals. Subsequently, the ENP‐programme, feedback from the participants in the programme, and what characterises a successful entrepreneurship programme are presented.
Humanoid Robot With Imitation Ability

This chapter designs an intelligent humanoid robot that not only can walk forward, backward, turn left, turn right, walk sideward, squat down, stand up and bow smoothly, but also can imitate several human basic motions. The robot’s structure is composed of 17 AI motors with some selfdesign acrylic sheets connections. The robot is like a human in that it also has two hands, two feet, and a head. The head is a web camera which serves as its eye of the robot. The eye can recognize the color marks pasted on the human body in any complex background. The robot can recognize and imitate human motions according to the relative positions of those marks. The imitated human motions include the various motions of the hand and the lower body, such as “raise hand”, “Stand up”, “Squat down”, and “Stand on one foot”. Furthermore, the robot can also imitate “walking forward”, “walking backward” and “walking sideways”. The webcam automatically rotates to search the marks pasted on the human when they move outside the robot’s vision. Notably, the stability and balance of the robot should be maintained, regardless of the motion performed by the robot. Humanoid biped robots have been widely studied. Those investigations always focus on keeping balance control and walking as smoothly as possible. Zero Moment Point (ZMP) concept has been used to implement the balance control for the biped robot (Erbatur et al., 2002), (Kim & Oh, 2004) and (Park & Chung, 1999). The paper (Kanehiro et al., 1996) developed a walking pattern generator and a gravity compensation function to enable the biped robot to walk and carry objects. (Grizzle et al., 2001) established the existence of a periodic orbit in a simple biped robot, and analyzed its stability properties. A biped robot has been designed in (Loffler et al., 2004) to achieve a dynamically stable gait pattern, allowing for high walking velocities. A walk control for biped robots, consisting of a feed forward dynamic pattern and a feedback sensory reflex, has also been proposed in (Huang & Nakamura, 2005). (Sias & Zheng, 1990) proposed the number of degrees of freedom corresponding to robot motions. For instance, each foot should have four degrees of freedom at least for the basic walking of a biped robot and should have five degrees of freedom at least for walking up stairs and down stairs. A robot can turn and walk smoothly on the ground with six degrees of freedom per foot, and can walk with a large step given seven degrees of freedom per foot. Furthermore, a robot needs at least eight degrees of freedom per foot to walk like a human being. The above information is helpful for the robot designers when determining the number of degrees of freedom of a robot.
Comparison of the DiagCor GenoFlow Human Papillomavirus Array Test and Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test

Persistent infection of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been widely associated with cervical cancer. Monitoring HPV infection is therefore an important step against cervical cancer development. The DiagCor GenoFlow Human Papillomavirus Array Test (GenoFlow) is a novel HPV test based on PCR and “Flow-through” hybridization that can identify 33 HPV subtypes in 3 hours. In the present study, the GenoFlow Test was evaluated by comparing the genotyping results of 100 samples with Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (LA). The tests showed good agreement in detection of HPV-positive samples (concordance rate=95%, Cohen’s Kappa=0.896), with good agreement in detection of HR HPVs (Cohen’s Kappa=0.876). The GenoFlow Test showed high sensitivity (95%), high specificity (95%), low false positive rate (3.33%) and low false negative rate (7.50%). In conclusion, the novel GenoFlow Test showed comparable clinical performance to LA test, and offers advantages of reduction in turnaround time and manpower.
Childhood Obesity: Future Directions and Research Priorities

The threat of obesity is greater than ever for US children and adolescents. All indications are that the current generation of children will grow into the most obese generation of adults in US history. Furthermore, there is every expectation that the next generation of children is likely to be fatter and less fit than the current generation. Despite the recognition of the severe health and psychosocial damage done by childhood obesity, it remains low on the public agenda of important issues facing policy makers. Perhaps this is because the most serious health effects of obesity in today's children will not be seen for several decades. Action must be taken now to stem the epidemic of childhood obesity. This action will require a prioritization of research into the etiology, treatment, and prevention of childhood obesity. It is unlikely that sufficient resources for such research will be available from public and private sources until the issue of childhood obesity is moved higher on the public agenda.
Rewarding Integration? Citizenship Regulations and the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants in the Netherlands, France and Germany

This paper compares the levels of socio-cultural integration of naturalised and non-naturalised immigrants in the Netherlands, France and Germany. Socio-cultural integration is measured by host-country identification, proficiency and use of the host-country language, and interethnic social contacts. To increase cross-national comparability, we focus on immigrants from two rural regions in Turkey who migrated before 1975. Based on the assumption that easily accessible citizenship promotes socio-cultural integration, we test two hypotheses. First, whether naturalised immigrants display higher levels of socio-cultural integration than non-naturalised immigrants. Second, whether immigrants in countries with few preconditions for naturalisation show higher levels of socio-cultural integration. We find that naturalisation is positively associated with socio-cultural integration only in those countries—France and Germany—that have traditionally required a certain degree of cultural assimilation from their new citizens. Regarding country differences, we find that Turkish immigrants in France show higher levels of socio-cultural integration on all four indicators. For host-country identification, they share this position with Dutch Turks. The results show that limited cultural assimilation conditions tied to citizenship may be helpful in promoting socio-cultural integration, but also that the allowance of dual nationality does not have the negative effects that are sometimes ascribed to it.
Effects of Religiousness on Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Persons in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different religious activities and religious coping on depressive symptoms over time among elderly persons in Taiwan. Longitudinal data for 3,537 Taiwanese elderly persons from 1999 and 2003 were used. Hierarchical linear modeling was used for analysis. The study found that some religious activities, such as praying or reading scriptures, could reduce depressive symptoms over time, but more religious coping might accompany more depressive symptoms. In conclusion, religious activities may be beneficial to mental health. The praying behaviors of religious activities and religious coping are more like a coping mechanism rather than a characteristic of spiritual well being.
Gaze-based interaction on multiple displays in an automotive environment

This paper presents a multimodal interaction system for automotive environments that uses the driver's eyes as main input device. Therefore, an unobtrusive and contactless sensor analyzes the driver's eye gaze, which enables the development of gaze driven interaction concepts for operating driver assistance and infotainment systems. The following sections present the developed interaction concepts, the used gaze tracking system, and the test setup consisting of multiple monitors and a large touchscreen as central interaction screen. Finally the comparison results of the gaze-based interaction with a more conventional touch interaction are being discussed. Therefore, well-defined tasks were completed by participants and task completion times, distraction and cognitive load were recorded and analyzed. The tests show promising results for gaze driven interaction.
Acute Endovascular Reperfusion Therapy in Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke have had inconsistent results. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of endovascular therapy in published RCTs. Methods We performed a systematic review of RCTs of endovascular therapy with thrombolytic or mechanical reperfusion compared with interventions without endovascular therapy. Primary outcome was the frequency of good functional outcome (modified Rankin scale (mRS) of 0-2 at 90 days) and secondary outcomes were mortality at 90 days and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). Random-effects meta-analysis was performed and the Cochrane risk of bias assessment was used to evaluate quality of evidence. Results Ten studies involving 1,612 subjects were included. Endovascular therapy was not significantly associated with good functional outcome (Relative Risk [RR] =1.17; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.42; p=0.10 and Absolute Risk Difference [ARD] =7%; 95%CI -0.1% to 14%; p=0.05); heterogeneity was moderate among studies (I2=30%). Mortality was unchanged with endovascular therapy (RR=0.92; 95 % CI, 0.75 to 1.13; p=0.45) and there was no difference in sICH (RR=1.20; 95 % CI, 0.79 to 1.82; p=0.39). The quality of evidence was low for all outcomes and the recommendation is weak for the use of endovascular therapy as per GRADE methodology. Conclusions Intra-arterial therapy did not show significant increase in good outcomes and no changes in either mortality or sICH in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We need further RCTs with better design and quality to evaluate the true efficacy of endovascular therapy.
Practical Rationality and the Questionable Promise of Positive Psychology

It is argued that positive psychology is committed to an ideology of technical and instrumental scientific rationality. The article describes features of this ideology, its historical emergence and adoption by disciplinary psychology, its pervasive influence across contemporary life, its problems and dangers, and the way in which it is promoted by positive psychology. By failing to grasp the extent of this influence in their practices and beliefs, it is claimed that positive psychologists inadvertently undermine the Aristotelian-inspired notion of human fulfillment they seek to advance. The upshot is that positive psychology will further reduce our horizons of reflection on human flourishing, as our ordinary capacities for practical judgment are devalued and supplanted by the presumed expertise of psychological professionals who effectively guide us toward unreflective ends.