Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating Ocean Vector Winds and Currents Using a Ka-Band Pencil-Beam Doppler Scatterometer

Ocean surface currents and winds are tightly coupled essential climate variables, and, given their short time scales, observing them at the same time and resolution is of great interest. DopplerScatt is an airborne Ka-band scatterometer that has been developed under NASA’s Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) to provide a proof of concept of the feasability of measuring these variables using pencil-beam scanning Doppler scatterometry. In the first half of this paper, we present the Doppler scatterometer measurement and processing principles, paying particular attention to deriving a complete measurement error budget. Although Doppler radars have been used for the estimation of surface currents, pencil-beam Doppler Scatterometry offers challenges and opportunities that require separate treatment. The calibration of the Doppler measurement to remove platform and instrument biases has been a traditional challenge for Doppler systems, and we introduce several new techniques to mitigate these errors when conical scanning is used. The use of Ka-band for airborne Doppler scatterometry measurements is also new, and, in the second half of the paper, we examine the phenomenology of the mapping from radar cross section and radial velocity measurements to winds and surface currents. To this end, we present new Ka-band Geophysical Model Functions (GMFs) for winds and surface currents obtained from multiple airborne campaigns. We find that the wind Ka-band GMF exhibits similar dependence on wind speed as that for Ku-band scatterometers, such as QuikSCAT, albeit with much greater upwind-crosswind modulation. The surface current GMF at Ka-band is significantly different from that at C-band, and, above 4.5 m/s has a weak dependence on wind speed, although still dependent on wind direction. We examine the effects of Bragg-wave modulation by long waves through a Modululation Transfer Function (MTF), and show that the observed surface current dependence on winds is consistent with past Ka-band MTF observations. Finally, we provide a preliminary validation of our geophysical retrievals, which will be expanded in subsequent publications. Our results indicate that Ka-band Doppler scatterometry could be a feasible method for wide-swath simultaneous measurements of winds and currents from space.
Path Loss Model Based on Cluster at 28GHz in the Office and Corridor Environments

This paper presents 28GHz path loss model based on cluster obtained from channel measurement campaigns with rotating platforms and directional antennas in the office and corridor environments. As the sequence number of cluster increases, the path loss exponents (PLEs) increase while shadow factors also have the growing tendency. The PLE of all-clusters is the least because of multi propagation paths, and the LOS PLEs of corridor scenario are less compared with that of office scenario because of corridor's long and narrow structure. This path loss model not only contains cluster characteristics, but also unites directional and omnidirectional model into the same framework, which to some extent improves the 5G mmWave channel model.
Software radios: Survey, critical evaluation and future directions

A software radio is defined as a set of digital signal processing (DSP) primitives, a metalevel system for combining the primitives into communication system functions (transmitter, channel model, receiver, etc.), and a set of target processors on which the software radio is hosted for real-time communications. The performance of enabling hardware technologies is related to software radio requirements, portending a decade of shift from hardware radios toward software intensive approaches. Computational models and architecture are discussed, stressing the need for topological consistency of radio functions and host architectures. A layered topology-oriented design approach encapsulated in a canonical open architecture software radio model is presented. The model provides a unified mathematical framework for quantitative analysis of algorithm structures, host architectures, and system performance for CAD. <<ETX>>
New Evidence on the Capital Asset Pricing Model

THE ORIGINAL Sharpe-Lintner capital asset pricing model advanced to explain the variations in risk differentials on different risky assets has now been widely questioned on the basis of the empirical evidence, and a large number of modified theories have been proposed to explain the discrepancies between theory and observation. The evidence points to a reasonably linear relationship on the average between return and non-diversifiable risk of outstanding common stock, or at least those listed on the New York and American Stock Exchanges. However, this same return-risk linear relationship does not seem to imply a riskless market rate of return consistent with any reasonable measure of the actual risk-free rates of return. ' Moreover, while over the long-run the observed linear relationship between return and risk on individual stocks yields the expected positive sign of the risk coefficient more often than not, the shorter-term relationship has been erratic and has not been explained satisfactorily by the observed difference between the market rate of return of stocks as a whole and the risk-free rate. As a result of these findings, questions have been raised about the nature of the relationship between expected and actual rates of return, i.e., about the return generating model, as well as about the theory relating expected return to risk. A number of theoretical and empirical attempts have been made either to explain the apparent deficiencies in the original model on measurement and other statistical grounds or to modify that model to bring theory in closer conformance with reality. In our view, none of these attempts has been successful in bridging the gap between theory and measurement.2 However, four recent studies bearing on the plausability of the original or modified capital asset pricing models and on the relevance of past tests of these models merit brief mention prior to the introduction of the new tests presented in this paper. The first of these studies, based on an analysis of the stock portfolios as well as the major classes of assets and liabilities held by different individuals,3 found that a surprisingly large proportion of portfolios and assets were highly undiversified. It 1. Friend, I. and Blume, M. , "Measurement of Portfolio Performance Under Uncertainty, American Economic Review, September, 1970; Black, F. , Jensen, M. , and Scholes, M. , "The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Some Empirical Tests," in Jensen, M. (ed.), Studies in the Theory of Capital Markets, Praeger,
Omega-3 fatty acids improve glucose tolerance and components of the metabolic syndrome in Alaskan Eskimos: the Alaska Siberia project

Abstract Objectives. To test the hypothesis that the unusually low prevalences of insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes (DM) in Alaskan Eskimos, compared to American Indians, is related to the traditional Eskimo diet, high in C20-C22 ɷ-3 fatty acids (FAs). To determine if the relatively low blood pressures, low serum triglycerides and high HDL cholesterol levels in Eskimos result from high ɷ-3 FA consumption. Study Design. Cross-sectional study. Methods. We measured plasma FA concentrations in 447 Norton Sound Eskimos (35–74 years of age) and screened for DM, CHD and associated risk factors. A dietary assessment (24-hr recall) was obtained for comparison the day before the blood sampling. Results. Plasma ɷ-3 FA concentrations were highly correlated with dietary ɷ-3 FAs and HDL levels and inversely correlated with plasma levels of insulin, 2-h insulin (OGTT), HOMI-IR, 2-h glucose (OGTT), triglyceride levels and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions. High consumption of ɷ-3 FAs positively affects components of the MS, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. This finding suggests that high consumption of C20-C22 ɷ-3 FAs protects against the development of the MS and glucose intolerance. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2005; 64(4):396–408)
The Role of Recrystallization in the Failure of SnAgCu Solder Interconnections Under Thermomechanical Loading

The chip scale packaged/ball grid array component boards were thermally cycled according to the IEC 68-2-14N standard (+125°C/-45°C, 15 min dwells, 5 min ramps). The as-solidified microstructures of Sn-rich solder interconnections were composed of relatively few, typically from two to five, large tin colonies distinguished by high-angle boundaries. However, during the thermal cycling tests the as-solidified microstructures transformed gradually into more or less equiaxed grain structure by recrystallization. It is suggested that cracking of solder interconnections under thermomechanical loadings is enhanced by the recrystallization, because the network of newly formed grain boundaries extending through the interconnections provide favorable paths for cracks to propagate intergranularly. The incubation time of recrystallization was about 50% of the average cycles-to-failure. The decrease of stored energy in high-stacking fault energy metals such as Sn takes place very effective by the recovery. Therefore, microstructures recrystallize only under restricted loading conditions: dynamic loading condition where strain hardening is more effective than recovery. Therefore, the experimentally observable transformation of the microstructures by recrystallization enables us, in principle, to correlate the field use loading conditions with those produced in accelerated reliability tests. Furthermore, the recrystallization provides the means to incorporate the effects of microstructural evolution into the lifetime prediction models.
La Inteligencia Analítica y la Competitividad en las Empresas

En las empresas de hoy no es suficiente tener la mejor maquinaria, el personal mejor calificado o tecnologia actualizada si ello no apoya para que las empresas tengan una ventaja competitiva. La inteligencia analitica implica la cadena de valor de la inteligencia que trata de ir mas alla de la obtencion del conocimiento de los datos. Las empresas en la actualidad no solo compiten por segmentos de mercado ahora compiten por ser un mejor competidor analitico. Entre las herramientas mas utilizadas para la obtencion de ventajas competitivas esta la mineria de datos que apoya entre otras cosas, para una mejor toma de decisiones.
Extension of dynamic model of impulse behavior of concentrated grounds at high currents

A dynamic model which describes the impulse behavior of concentrated grounds at high currents is described in this paper. This model is an extension of previous models in that it can successfully account for the surge behavior of concentrated grounds over a much wider range of current densities. It is able to describe the well known effect of ionization of soil as well as the observed effect of discrete breakdowns and filamentary arc paths at much higher currents. Results of verification against experimental results are also presented.
EX‐DIVIDEND DAY PRICE BEHAVIOR OF EXCHANGE‐TRADED FUNDS

We document that for exchange-traded funds (ETFs), the price falls on average by the dividend amounts on the ex-dividend day, and there are significantly positive abnormal volumes. This is because trading in ETFs entails lower transaction costs and lower risk than trading in equity closed-end funds (CEFs) and individual stocks. Similar results are also found for equity CEFs. However, regression analyses indicate that transaction costs and risk are indeed negligible for ETFs but not for equity CEFs and that risk remains important for a sample of stocks matched based on transaction costs. Overall, the results support the short-term traders hypothesis.
Assessing health-related quality of life in generalized anxiety disorder using the Quality Of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic illness that leads to substantial impairments in quality of life. This post-hoc analysis used combined data from three 8-week quetiapine extended-release trials to investigate the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Short Form of the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire [Q-LES-Q (SF)] in 2588 patients with GAD. The baseline Q-LES-Q (SF) score showed a Cronbach's &agr; value of 0.86, indicative of reliability. Validity analyses for Q-LES-Q (SF) identified significant correlations with clinical efficacy measures (r>0.34 at week 8; P<0.001) and significant discrimination between patient groups categorized by symptom severity (P<0.001). Responsiveness was shown by significant differences in mean changes in Q-LES-Q (SF) scores at week 8 between patients defined according to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety response or remission criteria (P<0.001). The minimum clinically important Q-LES-Q (SF) score change was identified to be 6.80 points. Using this definition, response rates were significantly greater with quetiapine extended-release 150 mg versus placebo in individual trials and the combined population (P≤0.02). This analysis shows the overall reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Q-LES-Q (SF) as a measure of overall quality of life and satisfaction in patients with GAD.
Identification of the thromboxane A2 receptor in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and its role in Endotoxin‐induced liver injury in rats

The presence of the thromboxane A2 receptor in sinusoidal endothelial cells was investigated and its pathogenic role in endotoxin‐induced liver injury examined. The receptor was measured with a binding assay using a specific thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, [3H]S‐145. Scatchard analysis of the binding indicated the presence of a single class of high‐affinity binding sites with a dissociation constant of 5.00 ± 0.96 nmol/L, a maximal binding of 22.85 ± 2.71 fmol/106 cells and 13.80 ± 1.60 × 103 binding sites per cell. The addition of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, during the cell preparation increased the maximal binding value and the number of binding sites of 37.34 ± 3.01 and 22.50 ± 1.80 × 103 sites/cell, respectively. The binding was displaced by various thromboxane A2 analogs such as ONO‐3708 and STA2 but was not effectively competed for by other prostaglandins. Endotoxin injection reduced dissociation constant, maximal binding and the number of binding sites in sinusoidal endothelial cells to 3.49 ± 0.87 nmol/L, 6.03 ± 0.64 fmol/106 cells and 3.65 ± 0.39 × 103 sites/cell, respectively. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor and a Kupffer cell inhibitor added before endotoxin treatment significantly prevented the reduction in the number of thromboxane A2 receptors. It is possible that these effects were due to a reduction in the agonist‐induced internalization of the thromboxane A2 receptor brought about by the prevention of thromboxane A2 production. Preadministration of both a cyclooxygenase inhibitor and a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist attenuated the degree of endotoxininduced liver injury. These findings indicated that the thromboxane A2—thromboxane A2 receptor system in the hepatic sinusoids plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin‐dependent liver damage. (Hepatology 1994;20:1281–1286).
Changes in bone mineral density differ between gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone analogue‐ and surgically castrated men with prostate cancerA prospective, controlled, parallel‐group study

Objective: The effects of surgical and medical castration on bone mineral density (BMD) were compared in men receiving castration therapy as a result of prostate cancer. A control group of men of similar age was also included in the study. Material and Methods: A total of 28 men with prostatic cancer who had been selected to undergo medical or surgical castration and 10 healthy men with benign urological disorders were followed from baseline observations and BMD was assessed at 3, 6, 12 and 36 months. Serum hormone levels were also assessed. Results: Orchidectomy and treatment with gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues caused an expected rapid decrease in serum testosterone levels, with no difference between these two groups. The mean loss of BMD in the femoral neck measured by means of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in surgically castrated men and GnRH‐treated men was 0.037 g/cm 2 (4.53%; SEM 0.013 g/cm 2 ; p = 0.010) and 0.027 g/cm 2 (3.18%; SEM 0.014 g/cm 2 ; p = 0.119), respectively at 12 months, while the controls gained 0.017 g/cm 2 (1.26%; SEM 0.013 g/cm 2 ; p = 0.195). In the heel, surgically castrated men lost 9.04% of BMD (p < 0.001), the GnRH‐treated men lost 3.58% (p = NS) and the controls gained 1.26% (p = NS). Conclusion: We found a more pronounced decrease in BMD in men with metastatic prostate cancer who were treated with surgical castration than in those who were treated with GnRH analogues.
Making a cast-iron case: accountants and the Carron lawsuits of the 1850s and 1860s

The study which follows sheds light on a little-researched area of accounting history: the court work of accountants in the nineteenth century. It takes as its focus a major series of cases enacted over the 1850s and 1860s in both the English and Scottish courts and concerning the world famous Carron Company of Falkirk, Scotland, ironfounders. Prominent Scots and English accountants were employed to investigate the affairs of the company over a long period of time, providing evidence for various lawsuits involving questions of fraud, the falsification of accounts and the purchase of shares by the company at an undervalue. The paper highlights the standing of the main accountants involved, Henry Chatteris and William Quilter, and details the work they did, setting it in the context of Scots and English court procedures. It draws attention to the fact that such work could account for a substantial share of an accountancy practice’s income, as earlier studies have suggested, and further destabilises the still persistent notion that modern accountancy was founded on bankruptcy and audit work alone.
The true managerial efficiency of international tourist hotels in Taiwan: three-stage data envelopment analysis

This study uses international tourist hotels in Taiwan as samples to measure the true managerial efficiency of international tourist hotels based on the three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA). Three operation models are tested, namely, group and non-group entities, chains and independents, and large- and small-scale entities, to explore the operation factors determining the management performance. Empirical results show that group operation is not the main determinant of operation efficiency of international tourist hotels, whereas small-scale hotels (those with rooms fewer than 300) and chain hotels have significantly superior operational efficiency. By using a three-stage DEA, the management can avoid erroneous resource distribution decisions and enhance managerial efficiency.
Media ethics: from corporate governance to governance, to corporate social responsibility

This contribution develops a media ethic around three notions, borrowed from the world of business ethics: corporate governance, good governance and corporate social responsibility. Corporate governance focuses on the internal and external mechanisms that help solve the agency problem that exists between owners and controllers of the firm. Here, it is argued that internal mechanisms for corporate governance are useful and important in the world of the media and have so far been relatively neglected by media regulators. Good governance is a much looser term. We propose to reserve this concept for the political side of media regulation (media as the fourth power in a democracy). The basic ideas about what good governance entails for the media can be found in the report written by the Hutchins Commission. Looking for the best possible governance structures that help us implement the basic principles laid out by the Hutchins Commission forms the bulk of media regulation in modern democracies. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an even looser and broader concept than good governance. This contribution goes beyond the political side of the media and focuses on the impact of the media on identity and group formation. I will argue that the impact of the media in a post-modern society is potentially very large and that this justifies a different type of media regulation in which content regulation has a much bigger part to play
When Europeanisation Meets Diffusion: Exploring New Territory

The articles in this special issue find ample evidence for the EU's influence on domestic and regional institutions. Its impact is patchy, often shallow but certainly not spurious. This conclusion demonstrates that it is worthwhile to integrate the Europeanisation literature and its theoretical arguments into the larger literature on diffusion. But it also shows limits of the diffusion approaches in the social sciences which tend to privilege structure over agency and, as a result, tend to focus on institutional convergence and isomorphism rather than variation in institutional outcomes. Some general impact of the EU on domestic institutional change in its neighbourhood and beyond is found, as well as some diffusion of EU institutional models of regional integration worldwide. The approach is decidedly agency-centred in focusing on diffusion mechanism and on scope conditions.
High Throughput, Polymeric Aqueous Two‐Phase Printing of Tumor Spheroids

This paper presents a new 3D culture microtechnology for high throughput production of tumor spheroids and validates its utility for screening anti‐cancer drugs. Two immiscible polymeric aqueous solutions are used and a submicroliter drop of the “patterning” phase containing cells is microprinted into a bath of the “immersion” phase. Selecting proper formulations of biphasic systems using a panel of biocompatible polymers results in the formation of a round drop that confines cells to facilitate spontaneous formation of a spheroid without any external stimuli. Adapting this approach to robotic tools enables straightforward generation and maintenance of spheroids of well‐defined size in standard microwell plates and biochemical analysis of spheroids in situ, which is not possible with existing techniques for spheroid culture. To enable high throughput screening, a phase diagram is established to identify minimum cell densities within specific volumes of the patterning drop to result in a single spheroid. Spheroids show normal growth over long‐term incubation and dose‐dependent decrease in cellular viability when treated with drug compounds, but present significant resistance compared to monolayer cultures. The unprecedented ease of implementing this microtechnology and its robust performance will benefit high throughput studies of drug screening against cancer cells with physiologically relevant 3D tumor models.