Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Ultra-Wide-Band Systems With MIMO

Ultra-wide-band (UWB) technology combined with multiple transmit and receive antennas (MIMO) is a viable way to achieve data rates of more than 1 Gb/s for wireless communications. UWB is typically applied to short-range and therefore mainly indoor communications in environments characterized usually by dense multipath propagation. For this type of environment, MIMO systems allow for a substantial increase of spectral efficiency by exploiting the inherent array gain and spatial multiplexing gain of the systems. In this paper, we provide a brief overview for UWB-MIMO wireless technology. The overview covers channel capacity, space-time coding (STC), and beamforming. It is shown that the spectral efficiency is increased logarithmically and linearly, respectively, for single transmit and multiple receive antennas (SIMO) and MIMO systems. For multiple transmit and single receive antenna (MISO) systems, a threshold for the data transmission rate exists such that the spatial multiplexing gain can be obtained if the data rate is lower than this threshold, but it is not beneficial to deploy multiple transmit antennas if the required data rate is higher than the threshold. Two STC schemes for UWB-MIMO are briefly discussed, and their performance comparison is presented. A discussion about antenna selection is also presented, and the performance comparison between antenna selection and equal gain combiner is provided showing the diversity gain for some scenarios. For the beamforming, it is shown that the optimal beamformer is obtained if all the weighting filters in each antenna branch are identical. About the optimal beamformer, it is found that the amplitude of the side lobe is independent of the ray incidence angle, and the amplitude of the main lobe is increased by a fold of the element number in the array. Three kinds of beam patterns are defined, and the beamwidth of the main lobe is given. Experimental results based on an offline testbed are provided to verify some analytical results presented in this paper. Since UWB-MIMO is still in its research infancy, the aim of this paper is to present some first results on spatial multiplexing, STC, and beamforming to illustrate the potential of UWB-MIMO.
The formation of molecular clouds in spiral galaxies

ABSTRACT We present Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of molecular cloudformation in spiral galaxies. These simulations model the response of a non-self-gravitating gaseous disk to a galactic potential. The spiral shock induces high densitiesin the gas, and considerable structure in the spiral arms, which we identify as molec-ular clouds. We regard the formation of these structures as due to the dynamics ofclumpy shocks, which perturb the ﬂow of gas through the spiral arms. In addition, thespiral shocks induce a large velocity dispersion in the spiral arms, comparable with themagnitude of the velocity dispersion observed in molecular clouds. We estimate theformation of molecular hydrogen, by post-processing our results and assuming the gasis isothermal. Provided the gas is cold (T 6 100 K), the gas is compressed suﬃcientlyin the spiral shock for molecular hydrogen formation to occur in the dense spiral armclumps. These molecular clouds are largely conﬁned to the spiral arms, since mostmolecular gas is photodissociated to atomic hydrogen upon leaving the arms.Key words: galaxies: spiral – hydrodynamics – ISM: clouds – ISM: molecules – stars:formation
MOSFET Power Loss Estimation in LLC Resonant Converters: Time Interval Analysis

In the past ten years, <italic>LLC</italic> resonant converters have become a mainstream topology for dc/dc power conversion, and multiple design tools have been developed for this topology, including controllers, regulators, soft-switching techniques, etc. While many tools are available for designing this converter, techniques for accurately determining power losses in the inverter <sc>mosfet</sc>s of the topology based on time-domain analysis have not been fully explored yet. Precise power loss estimation is fundamental to determine the thermal behavior of the switches before the converter is built, which accelerates and optimizes the thermal management design process. In addition, accurate methods of estimating conduction losses, which are dominant in this topology, switching losses, and body diode losses are lacking in the literature. This paper proposes a method for enhancing power loss estimation in <italic>LLC</italic> inverter <sc>mosfet</sc>s based on time-domain analysis of the converter. Moreover, a detailed characterization of <sc>mosfet</sc>'s conduction losses (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\text{cond}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), switching losses (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\text{sw}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), and body diode losses (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\text{diode}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), including the effects of different parameters such as gate-source voltage (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\text{GS}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), junction temperature (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{j}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), drain current (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\displaystyle I_{D}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), and drain-source voltage (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\text{DS}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), is presented, which can further improve power loss assessment in this topology. The developed method based on time interval analysis replaces the simplistic first-harmonic approximation (FHA), which allows for improved power loss calculations. Further improvement is obtained with the detailed characterization of the switching device. As verified by simulation and experimental results, the proposed estimation tool provides a significant boost in accuracy for power loss determination when compared to the existing method for power loss estimation using FHA.
Information Processing

Letters Approximating optimally discrete probability distribution with kth-order dependency for combining multiple decisions ' Abstract A probabilistic combination of K classifiers' decisions obtained from samples needs a (K + &t-order probability distribution. Chow and Liu (1968) as well as Lewis (1959) proposed an approximation scheme of such a high-order distribution with a product of only first-order tree dependencies. However, if a classifier follows mom than two classifiers, such first-order dependency does not estimate adequately a high-order distribution. Therefore, a new method is proposed to approximate optimally the (K + l)st-order distribution with a product set of M-order dependencies where 1 Q k Q K, which are identified by a systematic dependency-directed approach. And also, a new method is presented to combine probabilisti-tally multiple decisions with the product set of the M-order dependencies, using a Bayesian formalism.
Elevated extracellular calcium concentrations induce type X collagen synthesis in chondrocyte cultures

Chondrocytes at different stages of cellular differentiation were isolated from the tarsal element (immature chondrocytes) and zones 2 and 3 (mature chondrocytes) of 12-d chick embryo tibiotarsus. The chondrocytes from the two sources differed in their cell morphologies, growth rate and production of type X collagen. In 24 h, zone 2 and 3 chondrocytes synthesized 800 times more type X collagen than tarsal chondrocytes. The effect of exogenous CaCl2 (5 and 10 mM) on the synthesis of type X collagen by both mature and immature chondrocytes was tested. After a 72-h incubation of zone 2 and 3 chondrocytes with CaCl2 type X collagen increased 8-fold with 5 mM and 10-fold with 10 mM Ca2+. [3H]Proline incorporation into culture medium and matrix macromolecules increased 11 and 32% with 5 and 10 mM CaCl2, respectively. Type II collagen synthesis was not affected by elevated extracellular Ca2+ during this 72-h period. Similar studies with tarsal chondrocytes demonstrated a time- and dose-dependent response to CaCl2 with type X collagen levels reaching a 4-fold and 15-fold increase over controls with 5 and 10 mM Ca2+, respectively, at 48 h. Elevated extracellular Ca2+ had no effect on cell proliferation. These observations offer the first direct evidence of the induction of type X collagen synthesis with elevated extracellular Ca2+.
A bank of protein family patterns for rapid identification of possible functions of amino acid sequences

A method and software tool to develop patterns of protein families has been designed. These patterns are intended for the identification of local similarities in arbitrary amino acid sequences with proteins of the SWISS-PROT bank. The method is based on the physical, chemical and structural properties of amino acids. It assembles a 'best set' of elements (a pattern) for a given group of aligned related proteins. These elements provide discrimination between proteins of a family and representatives of other families or random sequences. The method combines the advantages of BLOCKS (automatic generation of multiple elements for protein groups), PROSITE (simplicity of element presentation) and matrices/profiles (different distinctions between amino acids for different positions of aligned sequences). Using our method, a data bank of protein family patterns, PROF_PAT, is produced. This data bank is based on the 27,752 amino acid sequences of SWISS-PROT bank release 24. The characteristics of patterns of 743 related protein groups are described. The results of comparisons of PROF_PAT patterns with the proteins of the SWISS-PROT bank are discussed.
Benefits of Demand-Side Response in Providing Frequency Response Service in the Future GB Power System

The demand for ancillary service is expected to increase significantly in the future GB electricity system due to high penetration of wind. In particular, the need for frequency response, required to deal with sudden frequency drops following a loss of generator, will increase because of the limited inertia capability of wind plants. This paper quantifies the requirements for primary frequency response and analyses the benefits of frequency response provision from DSR. The results show dramatic changes in frequency response requirements driven by high penetration of wind. Case studies carried out by using an advanced stochastic generation scheduling model suggest that the provision of frequency response from DSR could greatly reduce the system operation cost, wind curtailment and carbon emissions in the future GB system characterised by high penetration of wind. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the benefit of DSR shows significant diurnal and seasonal variation, whereas an even more rapid (instant) delivery of frequency response from DSR could provide significant additional value. Our studies also indicate that the competing technologies to DSR, namely battery storage and more flexible generation could potentially reduce its value by up to 35%, still leaving significant room to deploy DSR as frequency response provider.
Serum Sphingolipid Variations Associate with Hepatic Decompensation and Survival in Patients with Cirrhosis

Background Sphingolipids constitute bioactive molecules with functional implications in liver homeostasis. Particularly, ablation of very long chain ceramides in a knockout mouse model has been shown to cause a severe hepatopathy. Methods We aimed to evaluate the serum sphingolipid profile of 244 patients with cirrhosis prospectively followed for a median period of 228±217 days via mass spectrometry. Results We thereby observed a significant decrease of long and very long chain ceramides, particularly of C24ceramide, in patients with increasing severity of cirrhosis (p<0.001). Additionally, hydropic decompensation, defined by clinical presentation of ascites formation, was significantly correlated to low C24ceramide levels (p<0.001) while a significant association to hepatic decompensation and poor overall survival was observed for low serum concentrations of C24ceramide (p<0.001) as well. Multivariate analysis further identified low serum C24ceramide to be independently associated to overall survival (standard beta = -0.001, p = 0.022). Conclusions In our current analysis serum levels of very long chain ceramides show a significant reciprocal correlation to disease severity and hepatic decompensation and are independently associated with overall survival in patients with cirrhosis. Serum sphingolipid metabolites and particularly C24ceramide may constitute novel molecular targets of disease severity, hepatic decompensation and overall prognosis in cirrhosis and should be further evaluated in basic research studies.
Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence

“Research results should be easily accessible to people who need to make decisions about their own health. Why was I forced to make my decision knowing that information was somewhere but not available? Was the delay because the results were less exciting than expected? Or because in the evolving fi eld of myeloma research there are now new exciting hypotheses (or drugs) to look at? How far can we tolerate the butterfl y behaviour of researchers, moving on to the next fl ower well before the previous one has been fully exploited? ”
Avoidance of Confusion between Similar looking Characters in Neuro-fuzzy based License Plate Recognition

This paper presents a new methodology for the image segmentation and character recognition from standard Indian License number plates. Firstly it gets input of the segmented characters that is partitioned by our pixel Clustering partitioning method, in which we eliminate similar part from the character and match it by judging template and return identified character. This partitioning may be applied horizontally or vertically. Decision that the characters are partitioned horizontally or vertically depends on their subgroup. Before sub grouping we have to group the characters on the basis of the number of holes in it and then we subgroup on the basis of some similar features like | , / , \ , _ , ( , - , etc. If we have alphabet T and I where similar portion is I then both will go to same subgroup and we partition it horizontally. This method eliminates the problem of confusion between similar looking elements like C, G and T, I, 1, J etc by exploiting the small but important differences among them.
Reactivity to a 35% CO(2) challenge in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder.

To the Editor: The article by van Beek and Griez (2000) contains what appear to be some errors. On page 832, the first item in the first column in Table 4 says “VAS-A mean $ 25,” but presented are means 6 SDs. I presume this is a typesetting error of some kind. More concerning, however, are the results for the x tests reported by the authors. In the section VAS-A Post Score, they report a x value of 4.46 with a p of ,. 05. My calculation yields a x value of 3.61 with a “trend” level value of significance of p , . 06. The next section, CO2-Induced Panic Attacks, states that panic attacks occurred in “twenty-one first-degree relatives (44%) and 12 control subjects (12%). ” Clearly 12/50 is not 12%, so this must be wrong. Then, a x value identical to that reported in the above paragraph (i.e., 4.46, p , .05) is reported here. But this cannot be correct. My calculation yields a x value of 2.895 with a “trend” level of significance of p , . 09. These are two critical values upon which hinge the “take home message” from this study. It would be helpful to the field if the authors could clarify these inconsistencies in the presentation of the data.
Type I enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in the colon of a 29-year-old patient and a brief literature review

Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is a rare gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, originating from intraepithelial T-lymphocyte, which is specifically associated with celiac disease. EATL most commonly presents in the sixth and seventh decades of life. We report a unique case of type I EATL in the colon with liver metastasis, which was presented with nonspecific radiological findings and at a very young age (29 years old) compared with previously published data. We suggest that EATL should be regarded as part of differential diagnosis in any patient presenting with abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and malabsorption because delay in treatment can result in an irreversible clinical outcome.
A 0.01%THD, 70dB PSRR Single Ended Class D using variable hysteresis control for headphone amplifiers

Switching audio amplifiers are widely used in HBridge topology thanks to their high efficiency; however low audio performances in single ended power stage topology is a strong weakness leading to not be used for headset applications. This paper explains the importance of efficient error correction in Single Ended Class-D audio amplifier. A hysteresis control for Class-D amplifier with a variable window is also presented. The analyses are verified by simulations and measurements. The proposed solution was fabricated in 0. 13µm CMOS technology with an active area of 0.2mm2. It could be used in single ended output configuration fully compatible with common headset connectors. The proposed Class-D amplifier achieves a harmonic distortion of 0.01% and a power supply rejection of 70dB with a quite low static current consumption.
Derandomizing Chernoff Bound with Union Bound with an Application to k-wise Independent Sets

Derandomization of Chernoff bound with union bound is already proven in many papers. We here give another explicit version of it that obtains a construction of size that is arbitrary close to the probabilistic nonconstructive size. We apply this to give a new simple polynomial time constructions of almost $k$-wise independent sets. We also give almost tight lower bounds for the size of $k$-wise independent sets.
Nucleotide‐dependent conformational changes of the AAA+ ATPase p97 revisited

The ubiquitous AAA‐ATPase p97 segregates ubiquitylated proteins from their molecular environment. Previous studies of the nucleotide‐dependent conformational changes of p97 were inconclusive. Here, we determined its structure in the presence of ADP, AMP‐PNP, or ATP‐γS at 6.1–7.4 Å resolution using single particle cryo‐electron microscopy. Both AAA domains, D1 and D2, assemble into essentially six‐fold symmetrical rings. The pore of the D1‐ring remains essentially closed under all nucleotide conditions, whereas the D2‐ring shows an iris‐like opening for ADP. The largest conformational changes of p97 are ‘swinging motions’ of the N‐terminal domains, which may enable segregation of ubiquitylated substrates from their environment.
The Arabidopsis minE mutation causes new plastid and FtsZ1 localization phenotypes in the leaf epidermis

Plastids in the leaf epidermal cells of plants are regarded as immature chloroplasts that, like mesophyll chloroplasts, undergo binary fission. While mesophyll chloroplasts have generally been used to study plastid division, recent studies have suggested the presence of tissue- or plastid type-dependent regulation of plastid division. Here, we report the detailed morphology of plastids and their stromules, and the intraplastidic localization of the chloroplast division-related protein AtFtsZ1-1, in the leaf epidermis of an Arabidopsis mutant that harbors a mutation in the chloroplast division site determinant gene AtMinE1. In atminE1, the size and shape of epidermal plastids varied widely, which contrasts with the plastid phenotype observed in atminE1 mesophyll cells. In particular, atminE1 epidermal plastids occasionally displayed grape-like morphology, a novel phenotype induced by a plastid division mutation. Observation of an atminE1 transgenic line harboring an AtMinE1 promoter::AtMinE1-yellow fluorescent protein fusion gene confirmed the expression and plastidic localization of AtMinE1 in the leaf epidermis. Further examination revealed that constriction of plastids and stromules mediated by the FtsZ1 ring contributed to the plastid pleomorphism in the atminE1 epidermis. These results illustrate that a single plastid division mutation can have dramatic consequences for epidermal plastid morphology, thereby implying that plastid division and morphogenesis are differentially regulated in epidermal and mesophyll plastids.
Developing programming skills by using interactive learning objects

After several years of teaching programming using an active learning approach, we present our Interactive Learning Objects (ILOs) as one of the components that reinforce our pedagogical model, by supporting the generation of high-level programming skills. In this paper, we suggest a multi-dimension taxonomy for ILOs and present the experimentation developed to evaluate the impact of these objects within our CS courses
Uterine sarcoma: a clinical case and a literature review.

Background Uterine sarcomas are rare gynaecologic tumours representing 3-7% of all uterine malignancies. The aetiology of sarcomas is still unclear: it is thought, that chromosomal translocations have influence on wide histological variety of sarcomas. Presenting symptoms are vague and nonspecific. Usually sarcoma causes abnormal vaginal bleeding, can cause abdominal or pelvic pain, or manifests as a rapidly growing uterine tumour. The diagnosis of sarcoma is often made retrospectively after surgical removal of a presumed benign uterine neoplasm, because imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging cannot yet accurately and reliably distinguish between benign leiomyoma and malignant pathology. If there are certain clinical features that raise a suspicion of malignancy in the uterus, it is recommended to avoid the use of power morcellation through laparoscopic surgery in order to prevent disease dissemination. Materials and methods We present a clinical case of a 64-year-old patient, who was referred to hospital due to abdominal pain and tenesmus that lasted for two days. From a past medical history it was known that previously the patient had been diagnosed with uterine myoma. Transvaginal ultrasonography showed a 10.4 cm × 9.8 cm uterine tumour of nonhomogeneous structure with signs of necrosis and good vascularization. The patient refused urgent hysterectomy, that was advised to her. The patient was operated on one month later and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooforectomy was performed. Postoperative histological evaluation showed undifferentiated sarcoma uterus pT1b L/V0. Imaging modalities were made to evaluate possible dissemination of the disease. In the absence of signs of disease progression, the patient received radiotherapy and brachytherapy and was followed-up by doctors. Results and conclusions Uterine sarcomas are highly malignant tumours that originate from smooth muscles and connective tissue elements of the uterus and make up 1% of all malignant gynaecological tumours and about 3-7% of all malignant uterine tumours. Imaging modalities cannot yet reliably distinguish benign myomas from malignant sarcomas. It is important not to damage the wholeness of uterus during operation in order to prevent dissemination of the disease in the abdominal cavity. The low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma has the best survival prognosis, while carcinosarcoma and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma have the lowest survival rates.