Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A global sea surface carbon observing system: inorganic and organic carbon dynamics in coastal oceans

Coastal environments are an important component of the global carbon cycle, and probably more vulnerable than the open ocean to anthropogenic forcings. Due to strong spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability, carbon flows in coastal environments are poorly constrained. Hence, an integrated, international, and interdisciplinary program of ship-based hydrography, Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) lines, time-series moorings, floats, gliders, and autonomous surface vessels with sensors for pCO2 and ancillary variables are recommended to better understand present day carbon cycle dynamics, quantify air-sea CO2 fluxes, and determine future long-term trends of CO2 in response to global change forcings (changes in river inputs, in the hydrological cycle, in circulation, sea-ice retreat, expanding oxygen minimum zones, ocean acidification, ? ) in the coastal oceans. Integration at the international level is also required for data archiving, management, and synthesis that will require multi-scale approaches including the development of biogeochemical models and use of remotely sensed parameters. The total cost of these observational efforts is estimated at about 50 million US dollars per year.
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Social and Structural Constraints on a Phonetically-motivated Change in Progress: (str) Retraction in Raleigh, Nc Social and Structural Constraints on a Phonetically-motivated Change in Progress: (str) Retraction in Raleigh, Nc Social and Stru

The current project examines the status of (str) retraction, an ongoing, phonetically-motivated sound change, in the Raleigh, NC corpus of sociolinguistic interviews (Dodsworth & Kohn, 2012). Investigating the status of this sound change in apparent time, acoustic analyses of 140 Raleigh-natives was carried out. All tokens of /s/ and /S/ were automatically extracted and the spectral characteristics of the resulting 99,150 tokens were analyzed. Results demonstrate the retracted variant in the speech of the youngest Raleigh women and it is argued that the emergence of (str) retraction in the community in the 1960s corresponds with massive demographic shifts caused by urbanization and immigration from the North. While the specific causes of (str) retraction, whether it reflects a diffusion of an externally developed change or the community-internal innovation based on clear phonetic motivation, is unclear, the variant is clearly an emergent phenomenon of Raleigh speech. Additionally, it is argued that medial word position was the locus for actuation of the sound change and remains the environment which most strongly favors the retracted variants. This structural constraint has been observed in other communities but its role as the position in which change began has previously only been hypothesized. At the level of the community, (str) retraction is still heavily restricted and its spread to other linguistic environments and into the systems of other speakers is currently unfolding. These data, in addition to improving our knowledge of the sociolinguistic characteristics of Raleigh's speech, inform our understanding of the overarching principles governing the progression of sound change.
ACCE: An Adaptive Color Compensation and Enhancement Algorithm for Underwater Image

Underwater images often suffer from significant information loss in the red color channel, resulting in a predominantly bluish or greenish tone. Existing enhancement methods struggle to address this issue due to uniform enhancement applied to the bluish and greenish channels, resulting in overcompensation or under-compensation in the red channel. To address these challenges and achieve a more natural color restoration in underwater images, we propose the adaptive color compensation and enhancement (ACCE) algorithm. The ACCE algorithm comprises several essential steps. Initially, to recover the loss of red channel information more effectively, we divide the images into bluish and greenish components for preliminary color compensation (PCC) in the RGB color space. Subsequently, we introduce a novel minimum color loss (MCL) constraint to regulate the PCC, ensuring balanced histogram distributions across the RGB channels. Furthermore, for improved color balance in the enhanced underwater image, we design the fine-tuning color compensation (FCC) to the $a$ and $b$ channels of the CIELAB color space. Ultimately, we employ the Contour Bougie (CB) enhancement algorithm to restore contour details in underwater images. Experimental results validate the superiority of the proposed ACCE algorithm over state-of-the-art methods, as demonstrated through qualitative and quantitative comparisons. In addition, ACCE exhibits promising generalization and potential for broader applications, encompassing tasks such as dehazing and lowlight image enhancement.
Sedimentary environments in the south-western Barents Sea during the last deglaciation and the Holocene: a case study outside the Ingøydjupet trough

A lithological and foraminiferal study of newly acquired sediment cores outside the Ingøydjupet (Ingøy Deep) trough has been carried out to improve constraints on the last deglacial history in the south-western Barents Sea. Three lithofacies and three foraminiferal facies were identified. The lowermost lithological unit is a diamicton interpreted as glacial till. It contains a low-abundance, ecologically mixed foraminiferal assemblage, presumably resulting from glacial reworking. Above the diamicton, a layer of ice-rafted debris (IRD), likely associated with intensive iceberg production, marks the initial destabilization of the marine-based ice sheet. At this time, ca. 15.6–15.0 Ky B.P., opportunistic foraminiferal species Nonionellina labradorica and Stainforthia spp. reached peak abundance. During the south-western Barents Sea ice-margin retreat, presumably corresponding to the Bølling interstadial, a sequence of glaciomarine laminations was deposited conformably on the layer of IRD. Sedimentation rates were apparently high (estimated about 0.4 cm per year) and the foraminiferal fauna was dominated by Elphidium spp. and Cassidulina reniforme, species common for glacier-proximal environments. A hiatus at the top of the deglacial unit is likely linked to the high bottom-current activity associated with a strengthened inflow of Atlantic water masses into the Barents Sea. The uppermost lithological unit is represented by the Holocene marine sandy mud. It contains a high-abundance, high-diversity foraminiferal fauna with common cassidulinids, Cibicides spp. , Epistominella pusilla and planktic species.
Joint Low-rank and Sparse Inversion for Multidimensional Simultaneous Random/Erratic Noise Attenuation and Interpolation

Recent developments in the field of compressed sensing enable us to take a new look on Cadzow / Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) filtering and its robust and interpolation derivatives. We formulate the problem of simultaneous random plus erratic noise attenuation and interpolation as a well-posed Joint Low-Rank and Sparse Inversion (JLRSI) convex optimization program. The JLRSI problem consists in a joint minimization of a nuclear norm term and a L1 norm term to recover the low-rank signal component from incomplete and noisy data. Numerical results on field data illustrate the effectiveness of our approach at recovering missing data and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.
A detailed evaluation of the stratospheric heat budget: 2. Global radiation balance and diabatic circulations

We present a detailed evaluation of radiative heating, radiative cooling, net heating, global radiation balance, radiative relaxation times, and diabatic circulations in the stratosphere using temperature and minor constituent data provided by instruments on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) between 1991 and 1993 and by the limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) instrument which operated on the Nimbus-7 spacecraft in 1978-1979. Included in the calculations are heating due to absorption of solar radiation from ultraviolet through near-infrared wavelengths and radiative cooling due to emission by carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone from 0 to 3000 cm -1 (∞ - 3.3 μm). Infrared radiative effects of Pinatubo aerosols are also considered in some detail. In general, we find the stratosphere to be in a state of global mean radiative equilibrium on monthly timescales to within the uncertainty of the satellite-provided measurements. Radiative relaxation times are found to be larger in the lower stratosphere during UARS than LIMS because of the presence of Pinatubo aerosols. The meridional circulations in the upper stratosphere as diagnosed from the calculated fields of net heating are generally stronger in the UARS period than during the LIMS period, while the lower stratosphere meridional circulations are stronger during the LIMS period. A climatology of these calculations is available to the community via a World Wide Web interface described herein.
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports Selection Bias , Demographic Effects , and Ability Effects in Common Value Auction Experiments

We find clear demographic and ability effects on bidding in common value auctions: inexperienced women are much more susceptible to the winner's curse than men, controlling for SAT/ACT scores and college major, but they catch up quickly; economics and business majors substantially overbid relative to other majors; and those with superior SAT/ACT scores are much less susceptible to the winner's curse, with the primary effect coming from those with below median scores doing worse, as opposed to those with very high scores doing substantially better, and with composite SAT/ACT score being a more reliable predictor than either math or verbal scores by themselves. There are strong selection effects in bid estimates for both inexperienced and experienced subjects that are not identified using standard econometric techniques but rather through our experimental design effects. Ignoring these selection effects is most misleading for inexperienced bidders, as the unbiased estimates of the bid function indicate much faster learning and adjustment to the winner's curse for individual bidders than do the biased estimates.
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports the Topology of Interbank Payment Flows the Topology of Interbank Payment Flows

This paper presents preliminary findings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily reflective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. Abstract We explore the network topology of the interbank payments transferred between commercial banks over the Fedwire ® Funds Service. We find that the network is compact despite low connectivity. The network includes a tightly connected core of money-center banks to which all other banks connect. The degree distribution is scale-free over a substantial range. We find that the properties of the network changed considerably in the immediate aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System.
A comparison of single- and multi-gauge based calibrations for hydrological modeling of the Upper Daning River Watershed in China's Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Many parameters in hydrological models cannot be measured directly and should be estimated through calibration. In this study, four separate calibration schemes, including a multi-gauge and three single-gauge ones, were conducted to simulate the daily stream flow of the Upper Daning River in China9s Three Gorges Reservoir Region using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). A highly efficient calibration technique – the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting version-2 (SUFI-2) procedure – was utilized in the calibration and validation. Results indicated that all four schemes could obtain satisfactory parameter sets, and there were no obvious differences between the simulation results obtained by the multi- and single-gauge calibration schemes in terms of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency value ( E NS ). This might be attributed to the uniformly distributed land uses, similar topography variations and the low resolution of soil type map of the study area.
Immunocytochemical Characterization of the Expression of Inducible and Constitutive Isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Demyelinating Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

The cellular localization and distribution of inducible and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/cNOS) was determined in tissue sections from multiple sclerosis (MS) and control brain and spinal cord. Immunocytochemical techniques were applied using specific iNOS- and cNOS-directed antibodies. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was performed. To establish the identity of iNOS-, cNOS- and NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells single and double staining was performed on tissue sections with the macrophage marker KP1 (CD68) and with the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Areas of myelin breakdown and demyelination were determined using a staining for neutral lipids, Oil Red O (ORO). Furthermore, macrophages isolated from active demyelinating MS lesions were stained for iNOS, cNOS, KP1 and ORO. In active MS lesions strong iNOS immunoreactivity was found exclusively in perivascular and parenchymal macrophages distributed within regions of active demyelination. In these active MS lesions immunoreactivity for cNOS was also found in macrophages. Macrophages isolated from active MS lesions also showed immunoreactivity for iNOS and cNOS. Moreover, these isolated macrophages produced nitric oxide (NO; >30 μM) in vitro. NADPH-diaphorase activity was detected in KP1-positive perivascular and parenchymal macrophages and in GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes in active MS lesions and in reactive astrocytes located in the hypercellular rims of chronic active MS lesions. cNOS-positive reactive astrocytes were detected in both active and chronic active MS lesions. Inside chronic active lesions some residual macrophages were weakly iNOS-positive. In control brain and spinal cord no iNOS immunoreactivity could be detected. These results suggests an important role for human macrophages capable of producing the free radical nitric oxide (NO), which may contribute to the cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes and destruction of myelin in MS brain and spinal cord.
Exhumation of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region, Papua New Guinea

The D'Entrecasteaux Islands of eastern Papua New Guinea consist of a number of active metamorphic core complexes formed under an extensional tectonic setting related to sea-floor spreading in the west Woodlark Basin. The complexes are defined by mountainous domes (>2500 m high) of fault-bounded, high-grade metamorphic rocks (including eclogite facies) intruded by 2–4-Ma granodiorite plutons. Garnet–clinopyroxene exchange thermometers indicate that the temperature of equilibration of the eclogites was 730–900° C. The jadeite component of omphacite indicates minimum pressure of 21 kbar, suggesting depths of >70 km. The metamorphic rocks have undergone widespread retrogression to amphibolite facies. Retrogression of the metamorphic basement is associated with shearing and formation of the metamorphic core complexes. P–T conditions in the early stages of shear zone activity, determined using the garnet–biotite exchange thermometer and the GASP and GRIPS barometers, were 570–730° C and 7–11 kbar. A second phase of re-equilibration at much lower pressures appears to be related to the widespread intrusion of granodiorite plutons. One re-equilibrated gneiss indicated maximum temperature of 730° C at estimated pressures of approximately 4 kbar. This late, high-temperature metamorphism is also indicated by reactions involving the production of hercynite and corundum in aluminous gneisses and formation of sillimanite at the expense of kyanite. Two major episodes of granodiorite intrusion occurred during uplift and exhumation of the core complexes. Both closely coincide spatially with high-temperature metamorphic rocks, the onset of deformation in extensional shear zones and subsequent uplift of the metamorphic basement. These observations indicate a fundamental link between uplift and granodiorite intrusion during continental extension and the formation of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands metamorphic core complexes.
Domain Adaptive Remote Sensing Scene Classification With Middle-Layer Feature Extraction and Nuclear Norm Maximization

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods have become a research hotspot in remote sensing scene classification to reduce dependence on labeled samples. However, most current methods focus on extracting domain invariant features, ignoring the problem of large intraclass differences and the imbalanced sample numbers between categories in remote sensing images. To address these issues, we propose a remote sensing scene domain adaptive method based on middle-layer feature extraction and nuclear norm maximization (MFE-NM). In the MFE module, the middle-layer features of the feature extractor are randomly extracted and processed. Since the receptive field of the middle-layer features is smaller and the resolution is higher, the effective use of the middle-layer features can reduce the impact of image feature heterogeneity caused by large intraclass differences in remote sensing images. In addition, it can be concluded that the constrained nuclear norm can simultaneously improve the prediction diversity and discriminability of the model through theoretical derivation. Therefore, the NM module is proposed to solve the problem of reduced prediction diversity caused by entropy minimization methods when dealing with scene classification problems with imbalanced sample numbers between categories. Extensive experiments and analyses on three public remote sensing datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and competitiveness of our proposed method.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPATUHAN PENGOBATAN PADA PASIEN PENYAKIT JANTUNG KORONER (PJK) Factors Affecting Medication Adherence in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Background : Coronary heart disease is a heart disease caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to the accumulation of cholesterol, fat deposits, and other substances (plaque) on the walls of the coronary arteries which can cause atherosclerosis and ultimately hamper blood supply to the heart. The development of this disease can be prevented with proper and regular treatment management, one of which is by adhering to taking medication. Adherence to taking medication is the main aspect of the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). Objective : to determine the factors that influence medication adherence in patients with coronary heart disease . Method : This research method uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional study . The population in this study were all patients with coronary heart disease who came for routine checkups at the Cardiac Polyclinic of RSAU Dr. M. Salamun Bandung with a sample of 67 people, taking samples using a convenience sampling technique . Results : significant results were found between age (0.000), length of illness (0.004), self-efficacy (0.001)
Theoretical simulation of the multipole seismoelectric logging while drilling

This erratum corrects a type error in the text of Guan et al. (2013). The continuity condition at the borehole wall of the electric field in the r-direction Er = E O r , which was given in the eighth line of the paragraph after eq. (20) on p. 1242 of Guan et al. (2013), should be that of the electric current density Jr = J O r . The original results in Guan et al. (2013) are unchanged, because they are calculated by using the correct continuity condition of Jr = J O r .
Toward improved calibration of hydrologic models: Multiple and noncommensurable measures of information

Several contributions to the hydrological literature have brought into question the continued usefulness of the classical paradigm for hydrologic model calibration. With the growing popularity of sophisticated “physically based” watershed models (e.g., land‐surface hydrology and hydrochemical models) the complexity of the calibration problem has been multiplied many fold. We disagree with the seemingly widespread conviction that the model calibration problem will simply disappear with the availability of more and better field measurements. This paper suggests that the emergence of a new and more powerful model calibration paradigm must include recognition of the inherent multiobjective nature of the problem and must explicitly recognize the role of model error. The results of our preliminary studies are presented. Through an illustrative case study we show that the multiobjective approach is not only practical and relatively simple to implement but can also provide useful information about the limitations of a model.
DECODER OPTIMIZATION EXPLOITING SIMD INSTRUCTIONS

In this paper, H.264/AVC, the newest video coding standard, baseline profile decoder was implemented exploiting Intel MMX instructions. Both controland data-level parallel processing approaches'were applied to the kernels of the baseline subsystems for efficiently utilizing the SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) instructions. The data-level parallel approach tries to process multiple pixels at a time to fully utilize SIMD instructions. The data-level approach shows a better performance even though loop unrolling is further applied to the conlrol-level approach. The resultant implementations are also compared with the Intel Performance Primitives.
Patterns of Understory Plant Diversity in Response to Transmitted Solar Radiation in a Subtropical Forest

In order to reveal how transmitted solar radiation affects understory plant diversity patterns, we carried out plant census in a subtropical forest in south China. We determined canopy structure and understory gap light regimes using hemispherical photography. The results showed that a total of 206 species and 14489 individuals occur in the understory vegetation of the 2-ha sampling plots. Canopy openness was found to be a good predictor for transmitted direct radiation, diffuse radiation, and total radiation. Indicator species analysis detected a number of indicators to varying canopy openness. Six of these indicator species with significant indicator values are tree seedlings, shrubs, or vine, which are shade-intolerant, or frequently occur in habitats with the greatest canopy openness. Our results demonstrated that understory plant species composition and diversity are affected by transmitted gap light and different species may have varying response to the radiation gradient, which will have implications for using plants from the natural environment in landscaping.
Resolving source mechanisms of microseismic swarms induced by solution mining

J. Kinscher,1 S. Cesca,2 P. Bernard,3 I. Contrucci,1 A. Mangeney,3,4 J.P. Piguet5 and P. Bigarré1 1L’Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Nancy, France. E-mail: j.l. kinscher@gmail.com 2GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany 3Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris IPGP, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7154 CNRS, Paris, France 4University Paris Diderot, Paris and ANGE Team, INRIA, CETMEF, J.-Louis Lions, Paris, France 5Université de Lorraine, GeoRessources Lab. , Campus Artem, F-54042 Nancy, France