Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical Vibratory Rate Gyroscopes Fabricated in Conventional CMOS

This paper introduces two microelectromechanical vibratory rate gyroscope designs implemented using a conventional CMOS process that uses the metallization and dielectric layers as both electrical interconnect and a microstructural layer. One gyroscope design, the three-fold symmetric gyroscope matches the resonant frequencies of both the driven and the sensed oscillation modes using a highly symmetric suspension. The sensor gain attributable to the device’s quality factor is then maximized. A second design, the elastically gimbaled gyroscope, takes advantage of the multiconductor structural layers available in the fabrication process. This design cancels out second-order effects by completely decoupling the drive and sense modes through nesting a proof mass within an outer movable cage. The sensitivity of both designs beneﬁts from the ability to integrate CMOS electronics alongside the mechanical structure.
Exploring ‘New Space’ positioning using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites

This bachelor thesis “Exploring ‘New Space’ positioning using low earth o rbit (LEO) satellites” consists of two main parts. The first part of this thesis is a comprehensive state of the art study (SOTA) about positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) in LEO. This SOTA study was a collaboration of multiple parties. Foregoing the simulation, this study is concerned with the latest research and developments on PNT using LEO satellites as well as other contributing factors. Our literature study answers the question: “What are the possib le satellite constellations which could be used for positioning? ” as well as “What are the signals of opportunity provided by satellite constellations? ” . This study also provides the reader with the necessary context of why PNT using LEO satellites is important. The second part consists of a simulation. This simulation regards localization using pseudoranges. This simulation provides an insight into how pseudoranging works and answers the question: ”What are the differences between LEO satellites and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) when calculating pseudoranges? ” and explores the possibilities of localization using LEO satellites.
Investigation of the effect of nucleus temperature on proton decay half-lives of deformed nuclei using proximity potential

Proton decay occurs through the emission of a proton from the nucleus, resulting in a decrease in the atomic number of the parent nucleus of a unit. This decay occurs mainly in proton-rich nuclei. The proton emission mechanism is based on the quantum tunneling phenomenon and is expressed in the nuclei by Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin or WKB approximations. The potential considered here includes the Coulomb potential for deformed nuclei, the centrifugal potential, and the nuclear potential. The nuclear potential was approximated by the proximity potential. The probability of the penetration from the potential barrier and the WKB approximation was obtained based on the half-lives of the proton decay. The effect of temperature on the surface tension of the hot nucleus was studied and a proportional relationship was considered by comparing it with the surface tension of liquids. By applying changes in the proximity potential, the logarithm of the proton-decay and temperature-dependent decay logarithms were calculated indicating better agreement with the experimental data. Then, in order to obtain the better comparison, the root of the mean square deviation was calculated indicating a good agreement between the laboratory and computational data in both cases.
Radio detection of atmospheric air showers of particles

Since 2002, the CODALEMA experiment located within the Nan\c{c}ay Radio Observatory studies the ultra-high energy cosmic rays (above 10^{17} eV) arriving in the Earth atmosphere. These cosmic rays interact with the component of the atmosphere, inducing an extensive air shower (EAS) composed mainly of charged particles (electrons and positrons). During the development of the shower in the atmosphere, these charged particles in movement generate a fast electric field transient (a few nanoseconds to a few tens of ns), detected at ground by CODALEMA with dedicated radio antennas over a wide frequency band (between 20 MHz and 200 MHz). The study of this electric field emitted during the shower development aims to determine the characteristics of the primary cosmic ray which has induced the particle shower: its nature, its arrival direction and its energy. After some theoretical considerations and a short description of the SELFAS simulation code, we will present the CODALEMA experiment, its performances and main results. At last, we will show how the EAS radio-detection technique could be used to observe very high energy gamma rays sources, with the NenuFAR radio telescope.
Perception Test : A Diagnostic Benchmark for Multimodal Models

We propose a novel multimodal benchmark – the Perception Test – that aims to extensively evaluate perception and reasoning skills of multimodal models. The Perception Test introduces real-world videos designed to show perceptually interesting situations and defines multiple tasks that require understanding of memory, abstract patterns, physics, and semantics – across visual, audio, and text modalities. The benchmark consists of 11.6k videos, 23s average length, filmed by around 100 participants worldwide. The videos are densely annotated with six types of labels: object and point tracks, temporal action and sound segments, multiple-choice video question-answers and grounded video question-answers. The benchmark probes pre-trained models for their transfer capabilities, in a zero-shot / few-shot or finetuning regime. Evaluation results are provided as a multi-dimensional diagnostic report, detailing models’ strengths and weaknesses on various perception skills, computational tasks, and types of reasoning. Preliminary results from a human baseline compared to state-of-the-art video question answering models show a significant gap in performance (91.4 % vs 36 % ) suggesting that perception is far from being solved. The training and validation splits of the benchmark are publicly available for download at https://github.com/deepmind/perception_test , under CC-BY license, together with per-task baseline results. We hope that the Perception Test will inspire and contribute to progress towards more
X-Ray/Gamma-Ray Observations of the PSR B1259–63/SS 2883 System near Apastron

We report the results from X-ray and hard X-ray observations of the PSR B1259-63/SS 2883 system with ASCA and the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), performed between 1995 February and 1996 January when the pulsar was near apastron. The system was clearly detected in each of the two ASCA observations with luminosity in the 1-10 keV band of LX = (9 ± 3) × 1032 (d/2 kpc)2 ergs s-1, while CGRO/OSSE did not detect significant hard X-rays from the system. X-ray spectra obtained with ASCA are well fitted by a single power-law spectrum with a photon index of 1.6 ± 0.3. No pulsations were detected in either the ASCA or the OSSE data. We combine all existing X-ray and hard X-ray observations and present the orbital modulation in the luminosity and photon index for the entire orbit. The results are in agreement with predictions based on a synchrotron emission model from relativistic particles in a shocked pulsar wind interacting with the gaseous outflow from the Be star.
The rotationally modulated polarization of ξ Boo A

We have observed the active star ξ Boo A (HD 131156A) with high precision broadband linear polarimetry contemporaneously with circular spectropolarimetry. We find both signals are modulated by the 6.43 d rotation period of ξ Boo A. The signals from the two techniques are 0.25 out of phase, consistent with the broadband linear polarization resulting from differential saturation of spectral lines in the global transverse magnetic field. The mean magnitude of the linear polarization signal is 4 ppm G-1 but its structure is complex and the amplitude of the variations suppressed relative to the longitudinal magnetic field. The result has important implications for current attempts to detect polarized light from hot Jupiters orbiting active stars in the combined light of the star and planet. In such work stellar activity will manifest as noise, both on the time-scale of stellar rotation, and on longer time-scales - where changes in activity level will manifest as a baseline shift between observing runs.
Isotropy analyses of the Planck convergence map

The presence of matter in the path of relic photons causes distortions in the angular pattern of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature fluctuations, modifying their properties in a slight but measurable way. Recently, the Planck Collaboration released the estimated \textit{convergence map}, an integrated measure of the large-scale matter distribution that produced the weak gravitational lensing (WL) phenomenon observed in Planck CMB data. We perform exhaustive analyses of this convergence map calculating the variance in small and large regions of the sky, but excluding the area masked due to galactic contaminations, and compare them with the features expected in the set of simulated convergence maps, also released by the Planck collaboration. Our goal is to search for sky directions or regions where the WL imprints anomalous signatures to the variance estimator revealed through a $\chi^2$ analyses at a statistically significant level. In the local analysis of the Planck convergence map we identified 8 patches of the sky in disagreement, in more than 2$\sigma$, with what is observed in the average of the simulations. In contrast, in the large regions analysis we found no statistically significant discrepancies, but, interestingly, the regions with the highest $\chi^2$ values are surrounding the ecliptic poles. Thus, our results show a good agreement with the features expected by the $\Lambda$CDM concordance model, as given by the simulations. Yet, the outliers regions found here could suggest that the data still contain residual contamination, like noise, due to over- or under-estimation of systematic effects in the simulation data set.
Predicting Restaurant Ratings using Back Propagation Algorithm

Restaurants or any other shopping websites are growing their business these days. And the mass group of costumers tend to trust on ratings given to the products. Prior prediction of rating the product before launching, with the help of product features, would be beneficial for the business firm. Here restaurant ratings are predicted with the Back propagation neural network model. For experimental results three different optimizers are used. The proposed model shows 70% of the accuracy.
Electron demagnetization and heating in quasi‐perpendicular shocks

Field and plasma measurements made during a quasi‐perpendicular terrestrial bow shock crossing by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) E spacecraft on 21 August 2010 show that the measured electric field, being as great as 300 mV/m in the ramp, produced potential fluctuations over an electron gyrodiameter, which were as much as 15 times greater than the electron temperature. This fact requires that the electrons were unmagnetized in the ramp as a result of being scattered many times in a single gyroperiod by the fluctuating electric field. Supporting observations include the facts that the perpendicular electron heating and the parallel electron heating were equal in magnitude and simultaneous in time within experimental uncertainties and a factor of about five smaller than expected for perpendicular adiabatic heating of magnetized electrons. The conclusion that the electrons were unmagnetized is generalized through observations of 70 bow shock crossings on THEMIS and 140 shock crossings on Cluster to conclude that electrons are at least frequently unmagnetized in shock ramps such that their trajectories are more random than adiabatic and that they are energized during their chaotic traversal of the shock by the cross‐shock quasi‐DC electric field in the Normal Incidence Frame.
The Effects of Ram-pressure Stripping and Supernova Winds on the Tidal Stirring of Disky Dwarfs: Enhanced Transformation into Dwarf Spheroidals

A conclusive model for the formation of dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies still remains elusive. Owing to their proximity to the massive spirals Milky Way (MW) and M31, various environmental processes have been invoked to explain their origin. In this context, the tidal stirring model postulates that interactions with MW-sized hosts can transform rotationally supported dwarfs, resembling present-day dwarf irregular (dIrr) galaxies, into systems with the kinematic and structural properties of dSphs. Using N-body+SPH simulations, we investigate the dependence of this transformation mechanism on the gas fraction, fgas, in the disk of the progenitor dwarf. Our numerical experiments incorporate for the first time the combined effects of radiative cooling, ram-pressure stripping, star formation, supernova (SN) winds, and a cosmic UV background. For a given orbit inside the primary galaxy, rotationally supported dwarfs with gas fractions akin to those of observed dIrrs (fgas ≳ 0.5), demonstrate a substantially enhanced likelihood and efficiency of transformation into dSphs relative to their collisionless (fgas = 0) counterparts. We argue that the combination of ram-pressure stripping and SN winds causes the gas-rich dwarfs to respond more impulsively to tides, augmenting their transformation. When fgas ≳ 0.5, disky dwarfs on previously unfavorable low-eccentricity or large-pericenter orbits are still able to transform. On the widest orbits, the transformation is incomplete; the dwarfs retain significant rotational support, a relatively flat shape, and some gas, naturally resembling transition-type systems. We conclude that tidal stirring constitutes a prevalent evolutionary mechanism for shaping the structure of dwarf galaxies within the currently favored CDM cosmological paradigm.
Crystalline splitting of 
d
 orbitals in two-dimensional regular optical lattices

In solids, crystal field splitting refers to the lifting of atomic orbital degeneracy by the surrounding ions through the static electric field. Similarly, we show that the degenerated $d$ orbitals, which were derived in the harmonic oscillator approximation, are split into a low-lying ${d}_{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}$ singlet and a ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}/xy}$ doublet by the high-order Taylor polynomials of triangular optical potential. The low-energy effective theory of the orbital Mott insulator at $2/3$ filling is generically described by the Heisenberg-compass model, where the antiferro-orbital exchange interactions of compass type depend on the bond orientation and are geometrically frustrated in the triangular lattice. While, for the square optical lattice, the degenerated $d$ orbitals are split into a different multiplet structure, i.e., a low-lying ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{y}^{2}}$ doublet and a ${d}_{xy}$ singlet, which has its physical origin in the ${C}_{4v}$ point group symmetry of square optical potential. Our results build a bridge between ultracold atom systems and solid-state systems for the investigation of $d$-orbital physics.
SUN POSITION ESTIMATION ON TIME-LAPSE VIDEOS FOR AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS

SUN POSITION ESTIMATION ON TIME-LAPSE VIDEOS FOR AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS Hasan Balcı M.S. in Computer Engineering Advisor: Prof. Dr. Uğur Güdükbay July, 2015 Realistic illumination of virtual objects on Augmented Reality (AR) environments is important in terms of achieving visual coherence. This thesis proposes a novel approach that facilitates the illumination estimation on time-lapse videos and gives the opportunity to combine AR technology with time-lapse videos in a visually consistent way. The proposed approach works for both outdoor and indoor environments where the main light source is the Sun. We first modify an existing illumination estimation method that aims to obtain sparse radiance map of the environment in order to estimate the initial Sun position. We then track the hard ground shadows on the time-lapse video by using an energy-based pixelwise method. The proposed method aims to track the shadows by utilizing the energy values of the pixels that forms them. We tested the method on various time-lapse videos recorded in outdoor and indoor environments and obtained successful results.
The Local Spiral Arm in the LAMOST-Gaia Common Stars?

Using the LAMOST-Gaia common stars, we demonstrate that the in-plane velocity fields for the nearby young stars are significantly different from those for the old ones. For the young stars, the probably perturbed velocities that are similar to the old population are mostly removed from the velocity maps in the X–Y plane. The residual velocity field shows that the young stars consistently move along Y with faster vϕ at the trailing side of the local arm, while at the leading side, they move slower in the azimuth direction. At both sides, on average the young stars move inward with a vR of km s−1. The divergence of the velocity in the Y direction implies that the young stars are associated with a density wave near the local arm. We therefore suggest that the young stars may reflect the formation of the local spiral arm by correlating themselves with a density wave. The range of the age for the young stars is around 2 Gyr, which is sensible since the transient spiral arm can persist for that long. We also point out that alternative explanations of the peculiar velocity field for the young population cannot be ruled out if solely using this observed data.
Maximal Reliability and Composite Reliability: Examining Their Difference for Multicomponent Measuring Instruments Using Latent Variable Modeling

A latent variable modeling method for examining the difference between maximal reliability and composite reliability for homogenous multicomponent measuring instruments is outlined. The procedure allows point and interval estimation of the discrepancy between the reliability coefficients associated with the optimal linear combination and with the popular unit-weighted sum of the scale components. The approach permits a researcher to make an informed choice if needed between the maximal reliability and composite reliability coefficients and concepts in an empirical setting as indexes of quality of measurement with an instrument under consideration. The discussed method is illustrated using numerical data.
Whole-brain structural and functional neuroimaging of individuals who attempted suicide and people who did not: a systematic review, exploratory coordinate-based meta-analysis and seed-based connectivity study

Introduction Suicide is the cause of death of approximately 800.000 people a year. Despite the relevance of this behaviour, risk assessment tools rely on clinician experience and subjective ratings. Methods Given that previous suicide attempts are the single strongest predictors of future attempts, we designed a systematic review and coordinate-based meta-analysis to evince if any neuroimaging features can help distinguish individuals who attempted suicide from subjects who did not. Out of 5659 publications from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, we summarised 102 experiments and meta-analysed 23 of them. Results A cluster in the right Superior Temporal Gyrus, a region implicated in emotional processing, might be functionally hyperactive in individuals who attempted suicide. Furthermore, we used JuSpace and the Human Brain Connectome dataset to show that this cluster is enriched in 5-HT1A heteroreceptors, and its connectivity with the left central operculum is significantly correlated with loneliness scores. Conclusions This evidence provides a putative neural substrate for suicidal thought-to-attempt transition as hypothesised by Joiner's Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Heterogeneity in the analytical techniques and weak or absent power analysis of the studies included in this review currently limit the applicability of the findings, the replication of which should be prioritised.
Analysis of Dual-Based PID Controllers through Convolutional Mirror Descent

Dual-based proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are often employed in practice to solve online allocation problems with global constraints, such as budget pacing in online advertising. However, controllers are used in a heuristic fashion and come with no provable guarantees on their performance. This paper provides the first regret bounds on the performance of dual-based PID controllers for online allocation problems. We do so by first establishing a fundamental connection between dual-based PID controllers and a new first-order algorithm for online convex optimization called \emph{Convolutional Mirror Descent} (CMD), which updates iterates based on a weighted moving average of past gradients. CMD recovers, in a special case, online mirror descent with momentum and optimistic mirror descent. We establish sufficient conditions under which CMD attains low regret for general online convex optimization problems with adversarial inputs. We leverage this new result to give the first regret bound for dual-based PID controllers for online allocation problems. As a byproduct of our proofs, we provide the first regret bound for CMD for non-smooth convex optimization, which might be of independent interest.
An approach to the Gaussian RBF kernels via Fock spaces

We use methods from the Fock space and Segal–Bargmann theories to prove several results on the Gaussian RBF kernel in complex analysis. The latter is one of the most used kernels in modern machine learning kernel methods and in support vector machine classification algorithms. Complex analysis techniques allow us to consider several notions linked to the radial basis function (RBF) kernels, such as the feature space and the feature map, using the so-called Segal–Bargmann transform. We also show how the RBF kernels can be related to some of the most used operators in quantum mechanics and time frequency analysis; specifically, we prove the connections of such kernels with creation, annihilation, Fourier, translation, modulation, and Weyl operators. For the Weyl operators, we also study a semigroup property in this case.
PALT: Parameter-Lite Transfer of Language Models for Knowledge Graph Completion

This paper presents a parameter-lite transfer learning approach of pretrained language models (LM) for knowledge graph (KG) completion. Instead of finetuning, which modifies all LM parameters, we only tune a few new parameters while keeping the original LM parameters fixed. We establish this via reformulating KG completion as a"fill-in-the-blank"task, and introducing a parameter-lite encoder on top of the original LMs. We show that, by tuning far fewer parameters than finetuning, LMs transfer non-trivially to most tasks and reach competitiveness with prior state-of-the-art approaches. For instance, we outperform the fully finetuning approaches on a KG completion benchmark by tuning only 1% of the parameters. The code and datasets are available at \url{https://github.com/yuanyehome/PALT}.
Whitening Convergence Rate of Coupling-based Normalizing Flows

Coupling-based normalizing flows (e.g. RealNVP) are a popular family of normalizing flow architectures that work surprisingly well in practice. This calls for theoretical understanding. Existing work shows that such flows weakly converge to arbitrary data distributions. However, they make no statement about the stricter convergence criterion used in practice, the maximum likelihood loss. For the first time, we make a quantitative statement about this kind of convergence: We prove that all coupling-based normalizing flows perform whitening of the data distribution (i.e. diagonalize the covariance matrix) and derive corresponding convergence bounds that show a linear convergence rate in the depth of the flow. Numerical experiments demonstrate the implications of our theory and point at open questions.