Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Managing the Globalized Environment. Local strategies to secure livelihoods

Preface TiARHTTA GRANFELT vii List of contributors xi Life, livelihood, resources and security-Links, and a call for a new order 1 ANDERS HJORT-AF-ORNAS and JAN LUNDQVIST Ogoni-Oil, resource flow and conflict in rural Nigeria 9 O. OKECHUKWU IBEANU Environmental awareness and conflict genesis-People versus parks in Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania 26 PETER J. ROGERS, D. BROCKINGTON, H. KIWASILA and K. HOMEWOOD Ethnic groups and the globalization process-Reflections on the Amazonian groups of Peru from a human ecological perspective 52 MAJ-LIS FOLLER Increasing competition, expanding strategies-Wage work and resource utilization among the Paliyans of South India 66 CHRISTER NORSTROM Agroforestry intensification in the Amazon estuary 88 EDUARDO S. BRONDIZIO Rules, norms, organizations and actual practices-Land and water management in the Ruaha River basin, Tanzania 114 JANNIK BOESEN, FAUSTIN MAGANGA and RIE ODGAARD Sustainable development, industrial metabolism and the process landscape-Reflections on regional material-flow studies 133 STEFAN ANDERBERG Environmental awareness, conflict genesis and governance 150 GORAN HYDEN Culture, cultural values, norms and meanings-A framework for environmental understanding 164 UNO SVEDIN Bibliography 173
Congruence, but no cascade—Pelagic biodiversity across three trophic levels in Nordic lakes

Abstract Covariation in species richness and community structure across taxonomical groups (cross‐taxon congruence) has practical consequences for the identification of biodiversity surrogates and proxies, as well as theoretical ramifications for understanding the mechanisms maintaining and sustaining biodiversity. We found there to exist a high cross‐taxon congruence between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish in 73 large Scandinavian lakes across a 750 km longitudinal transect. The fraction of the total diversity variation explained by local environment alone was small for all trophic levels while a substantial fraction could be explained by spatial gradient variables. Almost half of the explained variation could not be resolved between local and spatial factors, possibly due to confounding issues between longitude and landscape productivity. There is strong consensus that the longitudinal gradient found in the regional fish community results from postglacial dispersal limitations, while there is much less evidence for the species richness and community structure gradients at lower trophic levels being directly affected by dispersal limitation over the same time scale. We found strong support for bidirectional interactions between fish and zooplankton species richness, while corresponding interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton richness were much weaker. Both the weakening of the linkage at lower trophic levels and the bidirectional nature of the interaction indicates that the underlying mechanism must be qualitatively different from a trophic cascade.
Dutch Vegetation Database (LVD)

The Dutch Vegetation Database (LVD) hosts information on all plant communities in the Netherlands. This substantial archive consists of over 600.000 recent and historic vegetation descriptions. The data provide information on more than 85 years of vegetation recording in various habitats covering terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from natural, semi-natural as well as cultural landscapes. For the purpose of the GBIF data-publishing vegetation plot data are converted into species occurrence data. Purpose The Dutch Vegetation Database (LVD) is used for many different purposes, e.g. vegetation classification, trend analysis, distribution maps of plant communities and Natura 2000 habitat types. The database can be searched by means of spatial queries via the web site http://www.synbiosys. alterra.nl/lvd. For each plot the information exposed concerns the assigned plant community and Natura 2000-habitat type, and the species composition.
Volcanoes of the southwestern extension of the active Mariana island arc: New swath‐mapping and geochemical studies

Until recently it was thought that the volcanoes of the Mariana island arc of the western Pacific terminated at Tracey Seamount at ∼ 14°N immediately west of Guam. Sea floor mapping in 1995 shows a series of large volcanic seamounts stretching westward for nearly 300 km beyond that point. The morphology, spacing, and composition of those sampled are consistent with their having formed as a consequence of eruption of suprasubduction zone arc magmas. The relationships of the volcanoes to the tectonic processes of subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the southern portion of the Mariana convergent plate margin are becoming increasingly clear as new bathymetry and geochemical data are amassed. The volcanoes along this trend that lie closest to Guam are forming where the center of active extension in the back‐arc basin intersects the line of arc volcanoes. They develop well‐defined rifts that are parallel to rift structures along the extension center, whereas volcanoes of the spreading axis to the north are smaller than the frontal arc volcanoes and tend to form along lineaments. Compositions of lavas from these intersection volcanoes bear some similarities to back‐arc basin basalt, but are on the whole well within the range of compositions for Mariana island arc lavas. The Pacific plate subducts nearly orthogonal to the strike of the trench along the southern part of the Mariana system and the distance to the arc line from the trench axis is only ∼ 150 km. Several deep fault‐controlled canyons on the inner slope of the southern Mariana trench indicate an enhanced tectonic extension of this plate margin. The presence of these active arc volcanoes and the existence of the orthogonal normal faulting along the southern Mariana forearc supports a model of radial extension for formation of the Mariana Trough, a model previously dismissed because of the lack of evidence of these two major geological features.
Title Interferon-gamma , a valuable surrogate marker of Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic stages protective immunity

Immunity against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria is the most promising, as it is strong and fully sterilizing. Yet, the underlying immune effectors against the human Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic stages remain surprisingly poorly known and have been little explored, which in turn prevents any rational vaccine progress. Evidence that has been gathered in vitro and in vivo, in higher primates and in humans, is reviewed here, emphasizing the significant role of IFN-g, either as a critical immune mediator or at least as a valuable surrogate marker of protection. One may hope that these results will trigger investigations in volunteers immunized either by optimally irradiated or over-irradiated sporozoites, to quickly delineate better surrogates of protection, which are essential for the development of a successful malaria vaccine.
Rapid extensional unroofing of a granite–migmatite dome with relics of high-pressure rocks, the Podolsko complex, Bohemian Massif

Abstract The Podolsko complex, Bohemian Massif, is a high-grade dome that is exposed along the suprastructure–infrastructure boundary of the Variscan orogen and records snapshots of its protracted evolution. The dome is cored by leucocratic migmatites and anatectic granites that enclose relics of high- to ultrahigh-pressure rocks and is mantled by biotite migmatites and paragneisses whose degree of anatexis decreases outwards. Our new U–Pb zircon ages indicate that the leucocratic migmatites were derived from Early Ordovician (c. 480 Ma) felsic igneous crust; the same age is inferred for melting the proto-source of the metapelitic migmatites. The relics of high- to ultrahigh-pressure rocks suggest that at least some portions of the complex witnessed an early Variscan subduction to mantle depths, followed by high-temperature anatexis and syntectonic growth of the Podolsko dome in the middle crust at c. 340–339 Ma. Subsequently, the dome exhumation was accommodated by crustal-scale extensional detachments. Similar c. 340 Ma ages have also been reported from other segments of the Variscan belt, yet the significance of this tectonothermal event remains uncertain. Here we conclude that the 340 Ma age post-dates the high-pressure metamorphism; the high temperatures required to cause the observed isotopic resetting and new growth of zircon were probably caused by heat input from the underlying mantle and, finally, the extensional unroofing of the complex requires a minimum throw of about 8–10 km. We use this as an argument for significant early Carboniferous palaeotopography in the interior of the Variscan orogen.
Constrained dynamical downscaling for assessment of climate impacts

To assess climate change impacts on hydrology, conservation biology, and air quality, impact studies typically require future climate data with spatial resolution high enough to resolve urban‐rural gradients, complex topography, and sub‐synoptic atmospheric phenomena. We present here an approach to dynamical downscaling using analysis nudging, where the entire domain is constrained to coarser‐resolution parent data. Here meteorology from the North American Regional Reanalysis and the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program data archive are used as parent data and downscaled with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model to a 12 km × 12 km horizontal resolution over the Eastern U.S. Our results show when analysis nudging is applied to all variables at all levels, mean fractional errors relative to parent data are less than 2% for maximum 2 m temperatures, less than 15% for minimum 2 m temperatures, and less than 18% for10 m wind speeds. However, the skill of representing fields that are not nudged, such as boundary layer height and precipitation, is less clear. Our results indicate that though nudging can be a useful tool for consistent, comparable studies of downscaling climate for regional and local impacts, which variables are nudged and at what levels should be carefully considered based on the climate impact(s) of study.
Bremsstrahlung Suppression due to the LPM and Dielectric Effects in a Variety of Materials

The cross section for bremsstrahlung from highly relativistic particles is suppressed due to interference caused by multiple scattering in dense media, and due to photon interactions with the electrons in all materials. We present here a detailed study of bremsstrahlung production of 200 keV to 500 MeV photons from 8 and 25 GeV electrons traversing a variety of target materials. For most targets, we observe the expected suppressions to a good accuracy. We observe that finite thickness effects are important for thin targets.
Modelling Disruption Duration for Toronto’s Subway System: An Empirical Investigation Using Lognormal Regression and Hazard Models

Most investigations of incident-related delay duration in the transportation context are restricted to highway traffic, with little attention given to delays due to transit service disruptions. Studies of transit-based delay duration are also considerably less comprehensive than their highway counterparts with respect to examining the effects of non-causal variables on the delay duration. However, delays due to incidents in public transit service can have serious consequences on the overall urban transportation system due to the pivotal and sensitive role of public transit. The ability to predict the durations of various types of transit system incidents is indispensable for better management and mitigation of service disruptions. This paper presents a detailed investigation on incident delay durations in Toronto’s subway system over the year 2013, focusing on the effects of the incident’s relative location and time, the train-type involved, and the non-adherence to proper recovery procedures. Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) Hazard models and Lognormal regression models are estimated to investigate the relationship between these factors and the resulting delay duration. The empirical investigation reveals that incident types that impact both safety and operations simultaneously generally have longer expected delays than incident types that impact either safety or operations alone. Incidents at interchange stations are cleared faster than incidents at non-interchange stations. Incidents during peak periods have nearly the same delay durations as off-peak incidents. The estimated models are believed to be useful tools in predicting the magnitude of incident delay duration for better management of subway operations.
Extraction of topographical features in a natural forest in Chichibu using DEM and distributional properties of Fagus crenata and F. japonica within a local scale.

樹木の分布や成長のパターンについては古くから地形との関連性が指摘されており (菊池, 2001),地形と樹木の分布やサイズに着目した解析が多く行われてきた(Tanaka, 1985; 杉田ら, 1995; Yamakura et al., 1995; Yamada et al., 1997; Suzuki et al., 2002; 澤田ら,2005a; Masaki et al., 2005; Noguchi et al., 2007)。 近年,GIS(= Geographic Information System)が普及し,こ れによってより精度の高い地形解析を行うことが可能になってきた。 とくに DEM(= Digital Elevation Model)はそのメッシュ解像度の再配列,すなわち 1方形枠の大きさを調節すること によって,たとえば樹木実生の発芽・定着に影響を与えるようなミクロな地形の起伏凹凸から, ある山腹斜面内における起伏といった小地形スケールの変化,また尾根-谷といった山地特性を 識別できるような大スケール(景観スケール)の地形,さらにはもっと大きく,地理的スケール の地形までを広く扱うことができ,それぞれで地表面の状態を 2次元的に表現することが可能 である。 最近では,例えば小笠原における外来木本種アカギについて,DEMを用いることで分 布に有効な地形因子を抽出し(Fukasawa et al., 2009),これによって得た分布情報を今後の順 応的管理に応用する例もみられ(田中ら,2009),非常に有用なツールとなっている。 東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科附属秩父演習林(以下,秩父演習林)ではブナ(Fagus crenata)-イヌブナ(Fagus japonica)-ツガ(Tsuga sieboldii)を優占種とした天然林が保存 されており,1994年に同林分(6.875ha)を用いて,太平洋側の山地帯天然林の動態の解明お よび森林生態系の保全のための基礎資料を得ることを目的とした大面積長期生態系調査プロッ ト(Long-Term Ecological Research site;以降,LTER-site)が設定された(梶ら,1997)。 以 降,毎木調査を基本とした大規模かつ継続的な調査と定期的な取りまとめが行われている(梶 ら, 1997; 澤田ら,2005a; 澤田ら,2005b; 澤田ら,2008)。 LTER-siteは 25× 25mのコドラー ト 110区画からなり,その設定時に各コドラートの端点の測量が行われ,格子状の測点からな DEMを用いた秩父天然林における小地形の抽出と ブナとイヌブナの分布特性
Environmental enhancements and navigation infrastructure: A study of existing practices, innovative ideas, impediments, and research needs

Abstract : The Environmental Enhancements and Navigation Infrastructure (EENI) study investigated the opportunities and challenges associated with increasing the environmental benefits of navigation infrastructure (e.g., jetties, locks, channels, and anchorages). This study sought to (1) identify existing and potential navigation project features designed with the express intent of enhancing environmental benefit; (2) identify laws, regulations, and policies (formulation boundaries) that both support and hinder such design features; (3) identify opportunities for increasing environmental benefits for navigation projects within existing formulation boundaries; (4) propose potential changes to formulation boundaries that would further increase opportunities for environmental benefits; and (5) identify potential areas where research may increase the opportunity to integrate environmental features into future projects. The study employed initial interviews, briefings, teleconferences, presentations, and the implementation of an internet-based survey and webinars to obtain the desired information. The concept of EENI was relatively new to most participants, but was viewed by 95% of the respondents as an activity for which there is considerable opportunity. Respondents provided several examples of projects designed to increase environmental benefits and they also provided numerous new ideas for possible enhancements. These ideas spanned a wide range of navigation infrastructure.
Optimal Decision Rules for Evaluating Psychophysiological 112 Detection of Deception Data : An Exploration

Testing techniques most commonly used in polygraph screening programs were adapted from protocols originally developed for event-specific investigative polygraph testing, including the examination structures and decision rules. Screening examinations are being increasingly recognized for providing a unique and powerful tool for decision-makers and with the widening demand for polygraph screening services there is a commensurate obligation for polygraph professionals to give attention to oft-neglected questions regarding the validity and reliability of the methods they employ. In that vein, the authors propose a focused approach for polygraph screening, derived from a validated polygraph screening technique developed at the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute (now the Defense Academy for Credibility Assessment). In addition, we suggest selecting investigation targets that are informed by risk prediction and risk management research, and are consistent with our present understanding of the psychological and physiological mechanisms upon which the polygraph technique depends. An example of this approach is provided.
TIMING: Sanriku network for the exchange of tsunami information

Tsunami gauges have been widely installed by local autonomies along the Sanriku coast, an area that has been stricken and damaged by tsunamis more frequently than any in the world. Since most of the tsunami gauges are installed at ports and harbors to measure the tsunami height in the shallow sea, there have been difficulties utilizing them for providing evacuation information even if they detect tsunamis. We propose a system to exchange and share information from a number of gauges in real time, and make use of it for warning and prediction. Although the measured data may not be in time for issuing a tsunami warning to a local community operating the gauge itself, its data, if transferred to the other communities in real time, will be useful for warning and evacuation in the nearby communities that may be stricken afterwards. We develop a prototype system, which is called TIMING (Tsunami Integrated Media INformation Guide), to construct a real-time network system for sharing the data measured by tsunami gauges.
Exchange Rates and Prices--An Empirical Analysis

The effects of exchange rates on domestic prices are investigated in the context of a semistructural model of exchange rate determination in which both exchange rates and prices are determined endogenously. The author assumes, and imposes for the estimation, that the exchange rate is cointegrated with its 'fundamentals. ' The central result of the paper is that exchange rates have relatively small effects on national price levels for the G7 countries. The effects are largest for the United Kingdom, followed by the United States and Canada. They are strongest when prices are measured by the producer price index. Copyright 1994 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Stratégie diagnostique du déficit en hormone de croissance : intérêt du taux d ’ IGF-1 comme test de dépistage

Background. – Adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency must be diagnosed before prescribing therapeutic recombinant human GH. We studied the clinical relevance of a diagnostic strategy for growth hormone deficiency (GHD) using IGF-1 determination as a first step. Methods. – In 2000 and 2001, we tested 142 adult patients with hypothalamo-pituitary disorders for somatotropic function using Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), the reference test for the diagnosis of GHD, with concomitant Insulin-like growth factor–1 (IGF-1) determination, a marker of somatotropic function. Patients were classified as GHD (peak GH concentration < 3 ng/ml with the ITT) or normal. Setting. – Monocenter prospective study in a tertiary referral center. Results. – GHD was diagnosed in 61 subjects. Using a ROC curve, a threshold IGF–1 concentration of 175 ng/ml yielded a negative predictive value of 89 ± 5%. A diagnostic strategy with IGF-1 determination as the first step followed by ITT for patients with an IGF-1 concentration below 175 ng/ml missed five of the 61 GHD patients, avoided 46/142 ITT and reduced the cost of diagnosis by 15%. g author. ss: s.hadjadj@chu-poitiers.fr (S. Hadjadj). e front matter © 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. o.2007. 08.004 . Tous droits réservés. Document téléchargé le 19/01/2019 Il est interdit et illégal de diffuser ce document. S. Hadjadj et al. / Annales d’Endocrinologie 68 (2007) 449–455 450 © 2019 Conclusion. – We propose the use of a strategy consisting of IGF-1 determination followed, if below 175 ng/ml by confirmatory ITT to diagnose GHD in adults. © 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Mots clés : IGF-1 ; GH ; Insuffisance somatotrope de l’adulte ; Stratégie diagnostique ; Courbe ROC
Estimating Annual Global Upper-Ocean Heat Content Anomalies despite Irregular In Situ Ocean Sampling*

The effects of irregular in situ ocean sampling on estimates of annual globally integrated upper ocean heat content anomalies (OHCA) are investigated for sampling patterns from 1955 to 2006. An analytical method is presented for computing the effective area covered by an objective map for any given in situ sampling distribution. To evaluate the method, appropriately scaled sea surface height (SSH) anomaly maps from Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data (AVISO) are used as a proxy for OHCA from 1993 to 2006. Use of these proxy data demonstrates that the simple area integral (SI) of such an objective map for sparse datasets does not agree as well with the actual integral as the weighted integral (WI), defined as the simple integral weighted by the ratio of the total area over the “observed” area. From 1955 to 1966, in situ ocean sampling is inadequate to estimate accurately annual global integrals of the proxy upper OHCA. During this period, the SI for the sampling pattern of any given year underestimates the 13-yr trend in proxy OHCA from 1993 to 2006 by around 70%, and confidence limits for the WI are often very large. From 1967 to 2003 there appear to be sufficient data to estimate annual global integrals. Limited by the constraints of this analysis, the SI for any given year’s sampling pattern still underestimates the 1993– 2006 13-yr trend in the proxy by around 30%, but the WI matches the trend well with small confidence limits. For 2004 through 2006 in situ sampling, with near-global in situ Argo data coverage, the 1993–2006 13-yr trend in the proxy is equally well represented by the SI or WI.
ASTRONOMICAL CALIBRATION OF THE UPPER LANGHIAN/LOWERSERRAVALLIAN RECORD OF RAS IL PELLEGRIN SECTION (MALTA ISLAND, CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN)

A high-resolution geochemical and micropaleontological data set has been obtained from the uppermost Langhian/lower Serravallian marly sediments of the Ras il Pellegrin section (Malta Island). A combination of the recorded stratal organization with the results of spectral analyses performed on CaCO3 data and faunal signals shows a dominance of the classic Milankovitch periodicities as modulating forcing of the studied succession. The application of band-pass filters allowed us to select the different Milankovitch frequencies (precession, obliquity and short- and long-eccentricity) from the original faunal and geochemical signals and to compare them with the same components of the astronomical curve. The reliability of the short-term astronomical tuning has been tested by using the larger-order cyclicity (100-400 kyr) as control. The good match of the different records with the selected insolation curve is consistent with the results of the cross-spectral analysis showing high coherency values in all the considered frequency bands. The calibration provided astronomical ages for the sedimentary cycles and consequently for all the bioevents recorded in the section. In particular, an age of 13.59 Ma has been obtained for the last occurrence (LO) of Sphenolitus heteromorphus , at present considered the best bioevent useful for recognizing the Langhian/Serravallian boundary. Moreover, an age of 12.62 Ma has been obtained for the first occurrence (FO) of Paragloborotalia partimlabiata .