Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population growth and economic growth: some more correlations.

Julian Simon in 1989 observed that two-variable correlations between the rate of population growth and the rate of growth of per capita income usually show no significant relationship. This anti- Malthusian result has been obtained in both cross-sectional and time-series analyses. Such two-variable analyses however may be too primitive to justify the conclusion that changes in population growth rates have no effect upon economic growth. Simon agrees that the absence of correlation between two variables is usually a strong indication that neither variable is influencing the other thus that slower population growth does not cause faster economic development but argues that including one or more variables which have been otherwise left out of the analysis will lead to a negative partial relationship between population growth and economic development. These variables must however be named by any critic and be reasonable. Barlow accepts this challenge and names lagged fertility as a potentially omitted variable producing the result described by Simon. It is reasonable to add this variable to the current rate of population growth as a predictor of current per capita income growth because it enables one to disentangle short-run and long-run effects of population growth. It is argued that an increase in fertility over the short run tends to negatively affect economic growth but its partial effects over the long term tend to be positive. Since current fertility is highly correlated with past fertility current population growth rates capture both the short-run negative and long-run positive effects. Therefore in a two-variable correlation current population growth appears to have no effect upon current per capita income growth even when it does. This position is illustrated with a data set related to 86 countries at all levels of per capita income over the periods 1968-74 and 1977-83.
The Effects of Postpartum Depression on Maternal‐Infant Interaction: A Meta‐Analysis

A meta-analysis of 19 studies was conducted to determine the magnitude of the effect ofpostpartum depression on maternal-infant interaction during the first year after delivery. Maternal-infant interaction was divided into three subcategories: maternal interactive behavior, infant interactive behavior, and dyadic interactive behavior. Substantive, methodological, and miscellaneous variables were extracted and coded by both the researcher and two research assistants. Combinations were calculated as unweighted, weighted by sample size, and weighted by the quality index score. Effects for maternal interactive behavior ranged from . 32 to . 36 for the r index, . 68 to . 78 for the d index, and . 33 to . 38 for the Fisher's Z. For infant interactive behavior, effects ranged from . 35 to . 38, . 75 to . 83, and . 37 to . 41 for the r, d, and Fisher's Z indexes, respectively. Effects for dyadic interactive behavior ranged from . 47 to . 50 for the r index, 1.07 to 1.15 for the d index, and . 51 to . 55 for Fisher's Z. Results of the meta-analysis indicate that postpartum depression has a moderate to large effect on maternal-infant interaction. Nursing interventions for depressed mother-infant dyads during the first year after delivery are addressed.
Selection, training, and support of relief workers: an occupational health issue

> Courage rather than cowardice, compassionate human concern of one for the other; and resilience in the face of overwhelming stress.1 Many of today's violent conflicts can be characterised as “complex humanitarian emergencies. ” Complex humanitarian emergencies are defined by Leaning as “Crises in life support and security that threaten large civilian populations with suffering and death and impose severe constraints on those who would seek to offer help. ”2 Lauttze interprets these emergencies as “complicated disaster situations that have political, military and humanitarian dimensions and are often associated with natural disasters, especially drought. ”3 Kosovo, Rwanda, Sudan, and Afghanistan are recent examples. The rapid growth, in capacity and number, of humanitarian relief organisations in response to complex humanitarian emergencies has created concern about the professionalism of their relief workers. The risk to the psychological wellbeing of relief workers caused by exposure to traumatic events is a particular worry and has been studied little.4 Research on the psychological sequelae to trauma has focused on primary victims,5–7 domestic rescue workers, 8 9 military personnel,10 and psychologists.11 Complex humanitarian emergencies may generate more stress among relief workers than “natural” disasters for several reasons. Firstly, an element of physical insecurity, with the risk of violent personal assault or injury, is increasingly present.12 Secondly, work in these situations necessarily involves moral and ethical dilemmas—for example, negotiating with warlords; witnessing human rights abuses, but being constrained from responding by operational considerations; and concern that humanitarian aid may perpetuate conflicts.13–16 Finally, caring for people with serious injuries caused by violence, witnessing unnatural deaths, and handling dead bodies or body parts are highly traumatic experiences in themselves.17 #### Summary points
Transcription factor FOXM1c is repressed by RB and activated by cyclin D1/Cdk4

Abstract The proliferation-stimulating transactivator FOXM1c (MPP2) is repressed by RB and activated by cyclin D1/Cdk4 and therefore behaves like E2F. Despite its strong transactivation domain, FOXM1c is kept almost inactive by two different inhibitory domains, the N-terminus and the central domain. The tumor suppressor RB binds directly to the central domain of FOXM1c and thereby indirectly represses the transactivation domain, so that the central domain of FOXM1c functions as an RB-recruiting negative-regulatory domain. Cyclin D1/Cdk4 releases FOXM1c from this repression by RB and from the repression by its own inhibitory N-terminus, thereby strongly activating FOXM1c. However, cyclin D1/Cdk4 does not directly affect the transactivation domain or the DNA-binding domain. By phosphorylation of RB, but not FOXM1c, cyclin D1/Cdk4 interrupts their direct interaction and thus abrogates the repression of FOXM1c by RB. Cyclin D1/Cdk4 also eliminates the inhibition of the transactivation domain by the N-terminus of FOXM1c, probably by interruption of their direct interaction. Consequently, the G1-phase proliferation signal cyclin D1/Cdk4 converts FOXM1c from an almost inactive form into a strong transactivator in G1-phase, i.e., just at the time point at which the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 is required for stimulation of the G1/S-transition.
Two-track diffusion and central bank embeddedness: the politics of Euro adoption in Hungary and the Czech Republic

ABSTRACT Post-communist Europe's increasing convergence with the European Union has generated contentious debate over the underlying impetus for this change. Did the material incentives and implicit coercion inherent in the EU accession process prod East Central European leaders onwards in their reform efforts, or did they adopt new institutions because of the deeper effects of persuasion and socialization? This article uses central banking to make two arguments in relation to this debate. First, differently situated domestic actors may support EU-style institutional convergence in the same issue-area for different reasons; while external incentives may primarily motivate one group, another may fully accept and internalize the underlying EU norms. Such two-track diffusion is more likely to occur when an epistemic community drives the domestic socialization process, because under these conditions socialization can advance within a small group or single institution without requiring active encouragement from other domestic actors. Second, problematic consequences of two-track diffusion appear only after EU accession becomes assured, relaxing or removing external incentives for compliance. At that point, socialized actors may find that they no longer enjoy wider domestic support. I demonstrate this through an examination of Czech and Hungarian central bankers' efforts to adopt the Euro quickly despite the potential risks involved. The socialized central bankers took this position out of weakness, not strength, viewing the external constraint of Euro adoption as the only way to ensure conservative fiscal and monetary policies after EU accession.
IFRS: On the Docility of Sophisticated Users in Preserving the Ideal of Comparability

This paper questions the ideal of comparability, which is often mobilized by standard setters when justifying new – or ‘improvement’ to existing – accounting standards. The target of our analysis is constituted by the thoughts of sophisticated users of financial statements when reflecting about International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) implementation in Europe. Drawing on the work of Mary Douglas on purity and Michel Foucault on docility, it is argued and shown that sophisticated users tend to interpret aberrations – that is to say indications of incomparability which confront users in the flow of their professional lives – in ways that allow the ideal of comparability to be preserved. Important consequences ensuing from the docility of users in purifying aberrations are discussed.
AKS method: a new image compression by gradient Haar wavelet

With the development of human communications the usage of Visual Communications has also increased. The advancement of image compression methods is one of the main reasons for the enhancement. This paper first presents main modes of image compression methods such as JPEG and JPEG2000 without mathematical details. Also, the paper describes gradient Haar wavelet transforms in order to construct a preliminary image compression algorithm. Then, a new image compression method is proposed based on the preliminary image compression algorithm that can improve standards of image compression. The new method is compared with original modes of JPEG and JPEG2000 (based on Haar wavelet) by image quality measures such as MAE, PSNAR, and SSIM. The image quality and statistical results confirm that can boost image compression standards. It is suggested that the new method is used in a part or all of an image compression standard.
Genetic Association and Altered Gene Expression of Osteoprotegerin in Otosclerosis Patients

Otosclerosis (OTSC) is a late‐onset hearing disorder characterized by increased bone turnover in the otic capsule. Disturbed osteoprotegerin expression has been found in the otosclerotic foci which may have an important role in the pathogenesis of OTSC. To identify the genetic risk factors, we sequenced the coding region and exon‐intron boundaries of the OPG gene in 254 OTSC patients and 262 controls. Sequence analysis identified five known polymorphisms c.9C>G, c.30+15C>T, c.400+4C>T, c.768A>G, and c.817+8A>C. Testing of these SNPs revealed sex specific association with c.9C>G in males and c.30+15C>T in females after multiple correction. Furthermore, meta‐analysis provided evidence of association of the c.9C>G polymorphism with OTSC. In secondary analysis, we investigated the mRNA expression of OPG and associated genes RANK and RANKL in otosclerotic tissues compared to controls. Expression analysis revealed significantly missing/reduced OPG expression only in otosclerotic tissues. However, the signal sequence polymorphism c.9C>G has shown no effect on OPG mRNA expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that the risk of OTSC is influenced by variations in the OPG gene along with other factors which might regulate its altered expression in otosclerotic tissues. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these observations.
A DISTRIBUTED BAYESIAN FRAMEWORK FOR BODY SENSOR NETWORKS

Due to the dynamic nature of Body Sensor Networks (BSNs), both sensor nodes and communication links are prone to noise interference and failure. This makes integration of multi-sensory data for BSNs a significant technical challenge. The purpose of this paper is to describe a noise resilient distributed Bayesian framework for robust distributed sensing. The method relies on the introduction of hidden nodes to incorporate intrinsic redundancies of the sensor network and provides a way of node failure detection. The strength of the framework is demonstrated by experiments on context aware activity recognition.
The Quest for More Efficient R&D Subsidies

We study the dynamic effects of research and development (R&D) subsidies on private R&D spending in Slovenia and examine the changes in corporate R&D spending behavior due to R&D subsidies by applying propensity score matching methodology. Taking the difference-in-differences approach, we evaluate how much the supported firm would have spent on R&D if it had not received the subsidy. The results confirm the complementary effect of public subsidies on private R&D spending and prove that R&D subsidies are an influential variable for the increase in private R&D spending. The results also point to three sources of subsidized firms' heterogeneity that have significant effects on the scope of R&D subsidies: (1) the larger the previous private R&D spending of firms, the smaller the increase in current R&D spending of subsidized firms; (2) the larger the sales, the higher the increase in private R&D spending of subsidized firms; and (3) the effect of R&D subsidies decreases with persistency of subsidizing. Firms that had received subsidies more than twice previously increased their R&D expenditures more slowly than nonsubsidized and less frequently subsidized firms.
A new algorithm for computing the projection matrix between a LIDAR and a camera based on line correspondences

In this paper, we present a new algorithm to directly calculate the projection matrix between a camera and a LIDAR. Since Line correspondences are used to construct the geometric constraint in our algorithm, the calibration target is flexible and any object with straight line boundary can be an appropriate calibration target. The algorithm has two stages. Firstly, the linear solution is estimated by minimizing the algebraic error. Then it is refined by optimizing the geometric error. Two different kinds of geometric distance are discussed and the one using the distance from a laser point to the plane, which is formed by back-projecting from an image line, is chosen. Because the quality of the measurements impacts on the accuracy of the final result, a sampling strategy is also given to obtain high quality measurements and avoid overfitting. Simulation and experimental results validate the proposed algorithm and sampling strategy.
Metabolic and ionic responses of trout hepatocytes to anisosmotic exposure

SUMMARY Trout hepatocytes exposed to hypo- or hyperosmotic conditions respond by swelling and shrinking, respectively, followed by regulatory volume changes that almost, although not completely, restore cell volume. These anisosmotic conditions have a significant impact on metabolic functions. In hyposmotic medium, oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and glucose production rates were significantly reduced, whereas lactate accumulation was not significantly affected. By contrast, hyperosmotic conditions did not affect V̇O2 and lactate production but caused a sustained reduction in glucose production. Volume changes were also accompanied by alterations in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i). At the cell population level, hyposmotic exposure evoked a moderate and slowly developing increase in [Ca2+]i, whereas hyperosmolarity caused a pronounced and sustained increase, which peaked at the time of maximum cell shrinkage but clearly exceeded a mere concentration effect due to volume reduction. Responses of individual cells were highly variable in hyposmotic medium, with only 60% showing a clear increase in [Ca2+]i, while in hyperosmotic conditions all cells displayed elevated [Ca2+]i levels. A decrease in intracellular pH (pHi) observed in hyposmotic medium was insensitive to EIPA, an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchange, and SITS, an inhibitor of Cl–/HCO3– exchange, but was prevented in Cl–-free medium. In hyperosmotic medium, pHi increased. This alkalinization did not occur under conditions of blocked Na+/H+ exchange and was significantly diminished upon inhibition of Cl–/HCO3– exchange, suggesting an important role of these ion transporters in regulatory volume increase of trout hepatocytes.
Identifying Structural Equations with Single Market Data

This paper demonstrates that the data from a single market with nonlinear prices are consistent with a large set of underlying structural equations. By restricting the permitted functional form of the structural equations, the nonlinearity of marginal prices can be used to identify the price and shift parameters of a single member from the set. The identification approach must be used with great caution, however, because the true shape of supply and demand functions is often unknown and so the necessary restrictions may be unjustified.
Institutional Structure and Program Choices in Television Markets

Introduction, 15. —The welfare criterion, 16. —Assumptions, 18. —Calculating program patterns, 21. —Counterexamples to Steiner's result, 23. —Ownership structure, channel capacity, and program patterns, 26. —Consumer surplus and total surplus, 31. —Welfare conclusions and policy implications, 35.
The efficient multiple scan chain architecture reducing power dissipation and test time

The efficient use of unspecified bit in input test cube and its response test cube (henceforth, test set) reduces power dissipation and test time in the multiple scan chain architecture. First, unspecified bits in test set are clustered by reordering scan latches, and then the multiple scan chain architecture is modified by inserting multiplexers (MUXes) in each scan chain in order to implement the reordering for reduction of power and test time. Results with ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show a good improvement in both power dissipation and test time.
The effect of long-term bisphosphonate therapy on trabecular bone strength and microcrack density

Objectives Bisphosphonates (BP) are the first-line treatment for preventing fragility fractures. However, concern regarding their efficacy is growing because bisphosphonate is associated with over-suppression of remodelling and accumulation of microcracks. While dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning may show a gain in bone density, the impact of this class of drug on mechanical properties remains unclear. We therefore sought to quantify the mechanical strength of bone treated with BP (oral alendronate), and correlate data with the microarchitecture and density of microcracks in comparison with untreated controls. Methods Trabecular bone from hip fracture patients treated with BP (n = 10) was compared with naïve fractured (n = 14) and non-fractured controls (n = 6). Trabecular cores were synchrotron scanned and micro-CT scanned for microstructural analysis, including quantification of bone volume fraction, microarchitecture and microcracks. The specimens were then mechanically tested in compression. Results BP bone was 28% lower in strength than untreated hip fracture bone, and 48% lower in strength than non-fractured control bone (4.6 MPa vs 6.4 MPa vs 8.9 MPa). BP-treated bone had 24% more microcracks than naïve fractured bone and 51% more than non-fractured control (8.12/cm2 vs 6.55/cm2 vs 5.25/cm2). BP and naïve fracture bone exhibited similar trabecular microarchitecture, with significantly lower bone volume fraction and connectivity than non-fractured controls. Conclusion BP therapy had no detectable mechanical benefit in the specimens examined. Instead, its use was associated with substantially reduced bone strength. This low strength may be due to the greater accumulation of microcracks and a lack of any discernible improvement in bone volume or microarchitecture. This preliminary study suggests that the clinical impact of BP-induced microcrack accumulation may be significant. Cite this article: A. Jin, J. Cobb, U. Hansen, R. Bhattacharya, C. Reinhard, N. Vo, R. Atwood, J. Li, A. Karunaratne, C. Wiles, R. Abel. The effect of long-term bisphosphonate therapy on trabecular bone strength and microcrack density. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:602–609. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.610. BJR-2016-0321.R1.
[Progression of leukoplakia is associated with changes in apoptotic and mitotic index as well as in p53 and Ki-67 expression].

INTRODUCTION Leukoplakia is the most frequent preblastomatous alteration in the oral cavity. Its potential for malignant transformation is unpredictable. The aim of the present study was to provide data to the prognosis and molecular genetic background of this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsy material from 15 leukoplakia patients and three oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated at the Department of Periodontology, Semmelweis University were studied with histological and immunohistochemical methods. Hemotoxylin and eosin staining, Apop-Detect kit (for TUNEL reaction), immunohistochemical reactions for Ki-67 and p53 were applied. The severity of dysplasia, mitotic and apoptotic index and expression as well as distribution of Ki-67 and p53 were examined and related to the clinical appearance of leukoplakia. RESULTS Mitotic and apoptotic index, Ki-67 expression increased significantly in parallel with the severity of dysplasia and also with the clinical stage (homogenous, nodular erythroleukoplakia). Positivity and intracellular localisation of mutant p53 varied according to the clinical forms of leukoplakia. Homogenous and nodular forms showed cytoplasmic while erythroleukoplakia and carcinoma were characterized by nuclear positivity. CONCLUSION Increased mitotic, apoptotic and Ki-67 index may indicate unfavourable prognosis of leukoplakia. The expression of Ki-67 and p53 in various forms of leukoplakia varies in parallel with the severity of leukoplakia.
Double‐stranded DNA induces the phosphorylation of several proteins including the 90 000 mol. wt. heat‐shock protein in animal cell extracts.

Double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) induces the transfer of phosphate from ATP to several proteins in extracts of widely divergent eukaryotic cells. Extracts of HeLa cells, rabbit reticulocytes, Xenopus eggs and Arbacia eggs all show dsDNA‐dependent protein phosphorylation. The mechanism is specific for dsDNA and will not respond to either RNA or single‐stranded DNA. One of the proteins which is phosphorylated in response to dsDNA has a subunit mol. wt. of 90 000 and has been identified as a heat‐shock protein (hsp90). Although mouse cell extracts were shown to contain hsp90, they failed to show a dsDNA‐dependent protein phosphorylation. The observation that dsDNA can modulate the phosphorylation of a set of proteins raises the possibility that dsDNA may play a role as a cellular regulatory signal.