Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Science Perspectives on Psychological

Dual-process and dual-system theories in both cognitive and social psychology have been subjected to a number of recently published criticisms. However, they have been attacked as a category, incorrectly assuming there is a generic version that applies to all. We identify and respond to 5 main lines of argument made by such critics. We agree that some of these arguments have force against some of the theories in the literature but believe them to be overstated. We argue that the dual-processing distinction is supported by much recent evidence in cognitive science. Our preferred theoretical approach is one in which rapid autonomous processes (Type 1) are assumed to yield default responses unless intervened on by distinctive higher order reasoning processes (Type 2). What defines the difference is that Type 2 processing supports hypothetical thinking and load heavily on working memory.
Decline in Physical Performance Among Women With a Recent Transient Ischemic Attack or Ischemic Stroke: Opportunities for Functional Preservation A Report of The Women's Estrogen Stroke Trial

Background and Purpose— Physical performance for walking, reaching, turning, and other common tasks is a major determinant of functional independence after stroke. Current strategies to preserve physical performance focus on prevention of recurrent stroke. Loss of physical performance, however, may occur in the absence of recurrence. To examine this possibility, we measured change in physical performance, independent of subsequent stroke, among women with a recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods— Among 664 postmenopausal women who participated in a clinical trial of estrogen therapy after stroke or TIA, we administered the Physical Performance Test (PPT) at baseline (mean 58 days from the cerebrovascular event) and annually. Women who died or had a stroke during follow-up were censored. Decline or improvement in physical performance was defined as a change in the PPT score from baseline of at least 3 points. Sustained decline or improvement was defined as 2 consecutive years during which the score had declined or improved, respectively, relative to the baseline score. Results— With each year of follow-up, a smaller proportion of the cohort demonstrated improvement (16% in year 1, 6% in year 5) and a larger proportion demonstrated decline (15% in year 1, 35% in year 5). In an analysis restricted to 259 women with 3 years of follow-up, 46 (18%) experienced a nonsustained decline in physical performance, and 39 (15%) experienced a sustained decline. Conclusions— Decline in physical performance is common after an ischemic stroke or TIA even in the absence of a recurrent neurological event. Our findings suggest that specific interventions to maintain and improve physical performance may be important for reducing long-term disability.
Complex nonlinear autonomic nervous system modulation link cardiac autonomic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease

Background Physiological interactions are abundant within, and between, body systems. These interactions may evolve into discrete states during pathophysiological processes resulting from common mechanisms. An association between arterial stenosis, identified by low ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) as been reported. Whether an association between vascular calcification—characterized by high ABPI and a different pathophysiology—is similarly associated with CVD, has not been established. The current study aims to investigate the association between ABPI, and cardiac rhythm, as an indicator of cardiovascular health and functionality, utilizing heart rate variability (HRV). Methods and Results Two hundred and thirty six patients underwent ABPI assessment. Standard time and frequency domain, and non-linear HRV measures were determined from 5-min electrocardiogram. ABPI data were divided into normal (n = 101), low (n = 67) and high (n = 66) and compared to HRV measures. (DFAα1 and SampEn were significantly different between the low ABPI, high ABPI and control groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion A possible coupling between arterial stenosis and vascular calcification with decreased and increased HRV respectively was observed. Our results suggest a model for interpreting the relationship between vascular pathophysiology and cardiac rhythm. The cardiovascular system may be viewed as a complex system comprising a number of interacting subsystems. These cardiac and vascular subsystems/networks may be coupled and undergo transitions in response to internal or external perturbations. From a clinical perspective, the significantly increased sample entropy compared to the normal ABPI group and the decreased and increased complex correlation properties measured by DFA for the low and high ABPI groups respectively, may be useful indicators that a more holistic treatment approach in line with this more complex clinical picture is required.
The psychosocial functioning and family environment of depressed adolescents.

OBJECTIVE This study examined measures of functional impairment and family relations in a sample of 62 adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 38 normal controls with no history of psychiatric illness. METHOD Ratings of the following domains were obtained: mother-child relations, father-child relations, spousal relations, sibling relations, peer relations, and school performance. Ratings of each domain for the 3-month period preceding the assessment were derived from information obtained using a semistructured interview administered independently to the adolescents and one of their parents. RESULTS Adolescents with MDD were found to have severe difficulties in all areas. Ninety percent of the depressed adolescents had scores greater than 2 SD above the mean of the normal controls on one or more of the domain ratings. In addition, adolescents with difficulties in parent-child relations were more likely than those adolescents without problems in family relations to have difficulties in peer relations and school performance. CONCLUSIONS The authors discuss the importance of systematically examining psychosocial variables in future studies of the etiology, course, and treatment of MDD in adolescents.
Differential Axonal Conduction Patterns of Mechano-Sensitive and Mechano-Insensitive Nociceptors – A Combined Experimental and Modelling Study

Cutaneous pain sensations are mediated largely by C-nociceptors consisting of both mechano-sensitive (CM) and mechano-insensitive (CMi) fibres that can be distinguished from one another according to their characteristic axonal properties. In healthy skin and relative to CMi fibres, CM fibres show a higher initial conduction velocity, less activity-dependent conduction velocity slowing, and less prominent post-spike supernormality. However, after sensitization with nerve growth factor, the electrical signature of CMi fibres changes towards a profile similar to that of CM fibres. Here we take a combined experimental and modelling approach to examine the molecular basis of such alterations to the excitation thresholds. Changes in electrical activation thresholds and activity-dependent slowing were examined in vivo using single-fibre recordings of CM and CMi fibres in domestic pigs following NGF application. Using computational modelling, we investigated which axonal mechanisms contribute most to the electrophysiological differences between the fibre classes. Simulations of axonal conduction suggest that the differences between CMi and CM fibres are strongly influenced by the densities of the delayed rectifier potassium channel (Kdr), the voltage-gated sodium channels NaV1.7 and NaV1.8, and the Na+/K+-ATPase. Specifically, the CM fibre profile required less Kdr and NaV1.8 in combination with more NaV1.7 and Na+/K+-ATPase. The difference between CM and CMi fibres is thus likely to reflect a relative rather than an absolute difference in protein expression. In support of this, it was possible to replicate the experimental reduction of the ADS pattern of CMi nociceptors towards a CM-like pattern following intradermal injection of nerve growth factor by decreasing the contribution of Kdr (by 50%), increasing the Na+/K+-ATPase (by 10%), and reducing the branch length from 2 cm to 1 cm. The findings highlight key molecules that potentially contribute to the NGF-induced switch in nociceptors phenotype, in particular NaV1.7 which has already been identified clinically as a principal contributor to chronic pain states such as inherited erythromelalgia.
Relying on Trust in Cooperative Inter-Organizational Relationships

This chapter responds to an invitation from the Handbook editors, Aks Zaheer and Reinhard Bachmann. More specifically, we were asked to reflect on our companion papers dealing with the structuring and developmental processes of cooperative inter-organizational relationships (Ring and Van de Ven 1992; 1994). We summarize the prominent role that reliance on trust played in our initial framework, review the subsequent literature that has cited our papers, and then propose an agenda for research and policy that is undertaken to advance the scholarship and practice of relying on trust in managing cooperative inter-organizational relationships.
A novel discriminative method for pruning pronunciation dictionary entries

In this paper we describe a novel discriminative method for pruning pronunciation dictionary. The algorithm removes those entries from the dictionary that affect negatively on speech recognition word error rate. The implementation is simple and requires no tunable parameters. We have carried out preliminary speech recognition experiments, pruning multiword pronunciations created by a phonetician. With the task in hand, we achieved only minimal improvements in recognition results. We are optimistic that the algorithm will prove to be useful in pruning larger dictionaries containing automatically generated pronunciations.
Reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum content of releasable Ca2+ in rat soleus muscle fibres after eccentric contractions

Aim: The purpose was to evaluate the effects of fatiguing eccentric contractions (EC) on calcium (Ca2+) handling properties in mammalian type I muscles. We hypothesized that EC reduces both endogenous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) content of releasable Ca2+ (eSRCa2+) and myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity.
Derandomizing homomorphism testing in general groups

The main result of this paper is a near-optimal derandomization of the affine homomorphism test of Blum, Luby and Rubinfeld [11]. We show that for any groups G and Γ, and any expanding generating set S of G, the natural deramdomized version of the BLR test in which we pick an element x randomly from G and y randomly from S and test whether f(x) · f(y)=f(x · y), performs nearly as well (depending of course on the expansion) as the original test. Moreover we show that the underlying homomorphism can be found by the natural local "belief propagation decoding". We note that the original BLR test uses 2 log2 |G| random bits, whereas the derandomized test uses only (1+o(1)) log2 |G| random bits. This factor of 2 savings in the randomness complexity translates to a near quadratic savings in the length of the tables in the related locally testable codes (and possibly probabilistically checkable proofs which may use them). Our result is a significant generalization of the recent result of [12], who proved such a result only for the groups G=Zpm and Γ=Zp. It is also an explicit version of the nonconstructive result of [18]. We use a simple combinatorial arguments and the transitivity of Cayley graphs (and this analysis gives optimal results up to constant factors). Previous techniques used the Fourier transform, a method which seems unextendable to general groups (and furthermore gives suboptimal bounds). Finally, we provide a polynomial time (in |G|) construction of a (somewhat) small (|G|ε) set of expanding generators for every group G, which yield efficient testers of randomness (1+ε) log |G| for G. This follows a simple derandomization of the probabilistic construction of [5], who showed that almost all logarithmic-size sets are expanding. Our work motivates further study of similar derandomizations of other natural property testing procedures, especially those more relevant to the local testing of better codes and to PCPs.
An Ultradian Biologic Rhythm Associated With Perceptual Deprivation and REM Sleep

&NA; To demonstrate that the 10 to 20 cycle/day oscillations expressed during sleep by the cyclic occurrence of rapid‐eye‐movement periods may be present during wakefulness, 6 normal subjects were isolated for 36 hours. The electroencephalogram and several physiologic and behavioral indices were continuously recorded. After 8 hours of sleep, subjects attempted to remain awake and perform consistent behavioral tasks for 24 hours, but no subject could remain awake this entire interval. Data were analyzed with spectral analyses. Both during sleep and when the subjects were almost continuously awake, the 10 to 20 cycle/day frequency range was the predominant source of variance, indicating that a discrete 10 to 20 cycle/day oscillatory mechanism may modulate physiologic systems and behavior throughout the 24 hours.
Pilot study of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for treating psoriasis in children.

Based on evidence that calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) inhibits proliferation and induces differentiation of epidermal cells,1this hormone and its analogues have been used successfully in the treatment of adult psoriasis.2,3However, its clinical use in children has been limited because of concern that cutaneous absorption of this hormone may cause toxic effects. In this pilot study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and safety of topical calcitriol in four children with psoriasis. Subjects and Methods. Two boys and two girls, whose ages ranged from 13 to 17 years, were enrolled in this double-blind intrapatient comparison after a 2-month washout period for the use of systemic antipsoriatic agents. The two boys were 175 and 160 cm tall and weighed 74.25 and 58.5 kg; the two girls were 152.5 and 142.5 cm tall and weighed 44 and 40 kg. All patients had at least 10% and up to 45% body
Arrest of Myelination and Reduced Axon Growth When Schwann Cells Lack mTOR

In developing peripheral nerves, differentiating Schwann cells sort individual axons from bundles and ensheath them to generate multiple layers of myelin. In recent years, there has been an increased understanding of the extracellular and intracellular factors that initiate and stimulate Schwann cell myelination, together with a growing appreciation of some of the signaling pathways involved. However, our knowledge of how Schwann cell growth is regulated during myelination is still incomplete. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a core kinase in two major complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, that regulate cell growth and differentiation in a variety of mammalian cells. Here we show that elimination of mTOR from murine Schwann cells prevented neither radial sorting nor the initiation of myelination. However, normal postnatal growth of myelinating Schwann cells, both radially and longitudinally, was highly retarded. The myelin sheath in the mutant was much thinner than normal; nevertheless, sheath thickness relative to axon diameter (g-ratio) remained constant in both wild-type and mutant nerves from P14 to P90. Although axon diameters were normal in the mutant at the initiation of myelination, further growth as myelination proceeded was retarded, and this was associated with reduced phosphorylation of neurofilaments. Consistent with thinner axonal diameters and internodal lengths, conduction velocities in mutant quadriceps nerves were also reduced. These data establish a critical role for mTOR signaling in both the longitudinal and radial growth of the myelinating Schwann cell.
Audio Chord Recognition with Recurrent Neural Networks

In this paper, we present an audio chord recognition system based on a recurrent neural network. The audio features are obtained from a deep neural network optimized with a combination of chromagram targets and chord information, and aggregated over different time scales. Contrarily to other existing approaches, our system incorporates acoustic and musicological models under a single training objective. We devise an efficient algorithm to search for the global mode of the output distribution while taking long-term dependencies into account. The resulting method is competitive with state-of-the-art approaches on the MIREX dataset in the major/minor prediction task.
Rapid Generation of Human-Like Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies in Urgent Preparedness for Influenza Pandemics and Virulent Infectious Diseases

Background The outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases caused by pathogens such as SARS coronavirus, H5N1, H1N1, and recently H7N9 influenza viruses, have been associated with significant mortality and morbidity in humans. Neutralizing antibodies from individuals who have recovered from an infection confer therapeutic protection to others infected with the same pathogen. However, survivors may not always be available for providing plasma or for the cloning of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Methodology/Principal Findings The genome and the immunoglobulin genes in rhesus macaques and humans are highly homologous; therefore, we investigated whether neutralizing mAbs that are highly homologous to those of humans (human-like) could be generated. Using the H5N1 influenza virus as a model, we first immunized rhesus macaques with recombinant adenoviruses carrying a synthetic gene encoding hemagglutinin (HA). Following screening an antibody phage display library derived from the B cells of immunized monkeys, we cloned selected macaque immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain variable regions into the human IgG constant region, which generated human-macaque chimeric mAbs exhibiting over 97% homology to human antibodies. Selected mAbs demonstrated potent neutralizing activities against three clades (0, 1, 2) of the H5N1 influenza viruses. The in vivo protection experiments demonstrated that the mAbs effectively protected the mice even when administered up to 3 days after infection with H5N1 influenza virus. In particular, mAb 4E6 demonstrated sub-picomolar binding affinity to HA and superior in vivo protection efficacy without the loss of body weight and obvious lung damage. The analysis of the 4E6 escape mutants demonstrated that the 4E6 antibody bound to a conserved epitope region containing two amino acids on the globular head of HA. Conclusions/Significance Our study demonstrated the generation of neutralizing mAbs for potential application in humans in urgent preparedness against outbreaks of new influenza infections or other virulent infectious diseases.
Some contributions to the cell biology of photoreceptors. Proctor lecture.

If one takes on the task of studying the biochemistry of defined regions of photoreceptors, the first problem is how to gain access to all distinctive regions of these cells since, as shown in the human retina of Figure 1, substantial parts of these cells are buried in the retina vitread to the external limiting membrane. When a retina is detached from the pigment epithelium, access is obtained to the photoreceptor outer and inner segments, the regions protruding into the retinal ventricle (ie, the clinician's sub-retinal space), but such important regions as the cell bodies and synaptic terminals remain inaccessible. Moreover, mass isolations of inner segments have not been accomplished. However, some thirty years ago, the biochemist Oliver Lowry described" a means of sampling distinctive levels of the brain or retina for biochemistry. For eyes, this system consisted of rapidly removing and rapidly freezing an eye in liquid nitrogen near its freezing point, and then cutting 6-Aim frozen tangential sections from the eye, serially cutting through the retina. Such sections could be stained for orientation or freeze-dried. Because the sections are tangential and the eye spherical, the distinctive retinal layers are spread out in the sections like broad bands of a bulls-eye target, with the composition and width of particular bands varying with the depth within the retina represented by the center of the section (Fig. 2). As the banding remains discernable and their identity known in freeze-dried sections with guidance from occasional stained sections, one can cut pieces from known retinal layers in freeze-dried sections, weigh these on quartz-fiber, fish-pole balances, and carry out assays for substrates or enzymes on these pieces using the elegant cycling techniques originally introduced by Dr. Lowry.
Thoughts on the Chicago Legacy in U.S. Antitrust

In preparation for writing this paper, I re-read Robert BorkA¢â‚¬â„¢s The Antitrust Paradox , and I thoroughly enjoyed doing so. Not because I agree with everything in it, though there is much with which to agree. And not only because I enjoy Judge BorkA¢â‚¬â„¢s writing, though it is always a pleasure to see a sledgehammer used with such precision.
Photoreceptors in diabetic retinopathy

Although photoreceptors account for most of the mass and metabolic activity of the retina, their role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy has been largely overlooked. Recent studies suggest that photoreceptors might play a critical role in the diabetes‐induced degeneration of retinal capillaries, and thus can no longer be ignored. The present review summarizes diabetes‐induced alterations in photoreceptor structure and function, and provides a rationale for further study of a role of photoreceptors in the pathogenesis of the retinopathy.
An EEG blind source separation algorithm based on a weak exclusion principle

The question of how to separate individual brain and non-brain signals, mixed by volume conduction in electroencephalographic (EEG) and other electrophysiological recordings, is a significant problem in contemporary neuroscience. This study proposes and evaluates a novel EEG Blind Source Separation (BSS) algorithm based on a weak exclusion principle (WEP). The chief point in which it differs from most previous EEG BSS algorithms is that the proposed algorithm is not based upon the hypothesis that the sources are statistically independent. Our first step was to investigate algorithm performance on simulated signals which have ground truth. The purpose of this simulation is to illustrate the proposed algorithm's efficacy. The results show that the proposed algorithm has good separation performance. Then, we used the proposed algorithm to separate real EEG signals from a memory study using a revised version of Sternberg Task. The results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively separate the non-brain and brain sources.
Hormonal contraception and risk of HIV-1 acquisition: results of a 10-year prospective study

The use of hormonal contraception has been associated with an increased risk of HIV-1 in some studies but not in others. We analysed data from a 10-year prospective cohort study of female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. In multivariate analysis, women using the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and women using oral contraceptive pills were at increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition compared with women using no contraceptive method.