Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Un Depurador Abstracto, Inductivo y Paramétrico para Programas Multiparadigma

We present a general framework for the abstract debugging of functional logic programs which is valid for different narrowing strategies. We associate to our programs a fixpoint semantics which models computed answers. Our methodology is based on abstract interpretation and it is parametric with respect to the computation strategy.interpretation and it is parametric with respect to the computation strategy. By approximating the intended specification of the success set we derive a finitely terminating debugging method, which can be used statically. We use an implementation of our debugging system “BUGGY” which shows experimentally on a wide set of benchmarks that we are able to find some common errors in the user programs.
Optimal velocity trajectory generation for spray painting robot in offline mode

In this paper a new automated offline robot trajectory generation approach for free form surfaces is developed. The spray gun trajectory is generated from the computer aided design (CAD) model of a surface depending on the process parameters and spray gun characteristics for a structured environment. A 'section' based approach is developed where paint passes consisting of points and normals are generated from different overlapping 'sections'. The paint thickness deviation is minimized by computing an optimal spray gun velocity per paint pass. Using the pass specific paint thickness function, a global optimization problem is formulated which results into optimal velocity values for all paint passes simultaneously. The approach was implemented on test surfaces and the simulation and experimental results reveal that the approach is flexible and efficient in generating trajectories for arbitrary free form surfaces.
Differences in Cardiovascular Response to Airway Stimulation at Different Sites and Blockade of the Responses by Lidocaine

Background Mechanical stimulation of the airways elicits abrupt cardiovascular responses (CVR) in anesthetized humans. We examined a potential difference in such responses by comparing changes in heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (AP) responses to mechanical stimulation of three different parts of the airways, as well as the effects of localized airway anesthesia with lidocaine on these responses. Methods After induction of general anesthesia, the larynx under laryngeal mask insertion (L, n = 20), the trachea–carina under tracheal intubation (T, n = 20), or the bronchus under bronchial intubation (B, N = 20) of each patient was mechanically stimulated in a similar manner. The same stimulation was repeated in 15 patients in each group after 5 ml of 4% lidocaine had been sprayed onto the part of the airway being stimulated. To test the systemic effect, intravenous lidocaine 1 mg/kg was given to five patients in each group, followed by the same airway stimulation. Consequent changes in HR and AP were continuously recorded and analyzed. Results Significant increases in HR and AP in response to airway tactile stimulation differed in magnitude according to the stimulated sites (L > T ≥ B). These responses were completely blocked by topical application of lidocaine and partially blocked by intravenous lidocaine. Conclusions We found that CVRs to tactile stimulation differ in their magnitude at three different sites within the airways, and localized anesthesia with lidocaine can abolish these responses in humans. The inhibition of lidocaine could be mainly due to direct blockade of the mechanoreceptors of the airways and partly to its systemic effect.
Enhanced activity of carbosilane dendrimers against HIV when combined with reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs: searching for more potent microbicides

Self-administered topical microbicides or oral preexposure prophylaxis could be very helpful tools for all risk groups to decrease the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection rates. Up until now, antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been the most advanced microbicide candidates. Nevertheless, the majority of clinical trials has failed in HIV-1 patients. Nanotechnology offers suitable approaches to develop novel antiviral agents. Thereby, new nanosystems, such as carbosilane dendrimers, have been shown to be safe and effective compounds against HIV with great potential as topical microbicides. In addition, because most of the attempts to develop effective topical microbicides were unsuccessful, combinatorial strategies could be a valid approach when designing new microbicides. We evaluated various combinations of anionic carbosilane dendrimers with sulfated (G3-S16) and naphthyl sulfonated (G2-NF16) ended groups with different ARVs against HIV-1 infection. The G3-S16 and G2-NF16 dendrimers showed a synergistic or additive activity profile with zidovudine, efavirenz, and tenofovir in the majority of the combinations tested against the X4 and R5 tropic HIV-1 in cell lines, as well as in human primary cells. Therefore, the combination of ARVs and polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers enhances the antiviral potency of the individual compounds, and our findings support further clinical research on combinational approaches as potential microbicides to block the sexual transmission of HIV-1.
Improving WSD with Multi-Level View of Context Monitored by Similarity Measure

The approach presented in this paper for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is based on a combination of different views of the context. Semantic Classification Trees (SCT) are employed over a short and a multi-level view of context, including rough semantic features, while a similarity measure is used in some particular cases to rely on a larger view of the context. We also describe our two-step approach based on HMM for the all-word task.
Cerebral blood flow in pure dysarthria: role of frontal cortical hypoperfusion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Isolated dysarthria, termed pure dysarthria, develops rarely after stroke, and its pathophysiology remains unclear. To clarify the underlying mechanism of pure dysarthria, we investigated lesion sites and cerebral blood flow in patients with pure dysarthria. METHODS We examined 12 patients with pure dysarthria who underwent MRI and cerebral blood flow study. To visualize cortical blood flow, a three-dimensional display was generated from single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Regional cerebral blood flow of the patients was semiquantitatively measured with SPECT and N-isopropyl-p[123I]iodoamphetamine as a tracer and compared with that of 11 control subjects. RESULTS On MRI, multiple lacunar infarctions were noted bilaterally in 11 patients, all of whom had lesions involving the internal capsule or corona radiata. The other patient had a unilateral internal capsule-corona radiata infarction. Three-dimensional display showed frontal cortical hypoperfusion in 8 patients. Since interhemispheric differences of blood flow were not significant in any region of the 12 patients, the mean of left and right cortical blood flow was analyzed. Compared with the control subjects, cortical perfusion was significantly reduced in the patients' frontal regions, sparing the sensorimotor, temporal, and parietal cortices and the cerebellum. Reductions of perfusion were rather pronounced in the anterior opercular, medial prefrontal and premotor, and anterior cingulate regions. CONCLUSIONS Pure dysarthria results mainly from multiple lacunar infarctions, which induce frontal cortical hypoperfusion, probably due to interruption of corticosubcortical networks. We conclude that frontal cortical hypoperfusion, particularly in the anterior opercular and medial frontal regions, plays an important role in the development of pure dysarthria.
TOPOFIT-DB, a database of protein structural alignments based on the TOPOFIT method

TOPOFIT-DB (T-DB) is a public web-based database of protein structural alignments based on the TOPOFIT method, providing a comprehensive resource for comparative analysis of protein structure families. The TOPOFIT method is based on the discovery of a saturation point on the alignment curve (topomax point) which presents an ability to objectively identify a border between common and variable parts in a protein structural family, providing additional insight into protein comparison and functional annotation. TOPOFIT also effectively detects non-sequential relations between protein structures. T-DB provides users with the convenient ability to retrieve and analyze structural neighbors for a protein; do one-to-all calculation of a user provided structure against the entire current PDB release with T-Server, and pair-wise comparison using the TOPOFIT method through the T-Pair web page. All outputs are reported in various web-based tables and graphics, with automated viewing of the structure-sequence alignments in the Friend software package for complete, detailed analysis. T-DB presents researchers with the opportunity for comprehensive studies of the variability in proteins and is publicly available at .
About histone H1 phosphorylation during mitosis

How a cell controls its proliferation is a question of fundamental importance to both biological and medical sciences. The role of protein phosphorylation as a primary control mechanism for cell cycle progression has been demonstrated by genetic studies that have identiﬁed the family of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that are necessary for cell cycle progression. CDKs are composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits and their activity is controlled through post-translational modiﬁcation of these subunits and by association with inhibitor proteins. 1,2 Activation of CDKs requires their association with proteins, called cyclins, dephosphorylation of the neighboring T14 and Y15 (for CDK1) and phosphorylation of a T161.
Using Twitter to Identify and Respond to Food Poisoning: The Food Safety STL Project

Context: Foodborne illness affects 1 in 4 US residents each year. Few of those sickened seek medical care or report the illness to public health authorities, complicating prevention efforts. Citizens who report illness identify food establishments with more serious and critical violations than found by regular inspections. New media sources, including online restaurant reviews and social media postings, have the potential to improve reporting. Objective: We implemented a Web-based Dashboard (HealthMap Foodborne Dashboard) to identify and respond to tweets about food poisoning from St Louis City residents. Design and Setting: This report examines the performance of the Dashboard in its first 7 months after implementation in the City of St Louis Department of Health. Main Outcome Measures: We examined the number of relevant tweets captured and replied to, the number of foodborne illness reports received as a result of the new process, and the results of restaurant inspections following each report. Results: In its first 7 months (October 2015-May 2016), the Dashboard captured 193 relevant tweets. Our replies to relevant tweets resulted in more filed reports than several previously existing foodborne illness reporting mechanisms in St Louis during the same time frame. The proportion of restaurants with food safety violations was not statistically different (P = .60) in restaurants inspected after reports from the Dashboard compared with those inspected following reports through other mechanisms. Conclusion: The Dashboard differs from other citizen engagement mechanisms in its use of current data, allowing direct interaction with constituents on issues when relevant to the constituent to provide time-sensitive education and mobilizing information. In doing so, the Dashboard technology has potential for improving foodborne illness reporting and can be implemented in other areas to improve response to public health issues such as suicidality, spread of Zika virus infection, and hospital quality.
The age of impatience: optimal replication schemes for opportunistic networks

Multimedia content dissemination in mobile settings requires significant bandwidth. Centralized infrastructure is often either inadequate or overly expensive to fill the demand. Here, we study an alternative P2P content dissemination scheme for mobile devices (e.g., smart-phones), which leverages local dedicated caches on these devices to opportunistically fulfill user requests. In our model, the allocation of content in the global distributed cache comprising the union of all local caches, determines the pattern of demand fulfillment. By selectively replicating local content at node meetings, the global cache can be driven towards a more efficient allocation. However, the allocation's efficiency itself is determined by a previously overlooked factor - the impatience of content requesters. By describing user impatience in the form of any monotonically decreasing delay-utility functions, we show that an optimal allocation can be efficient computed or approximated. As users become increasingly impatient, the optimal allocation varies steadily between uniform and highly-skewed towards popular content. Moreover, in opportunistic environments, the global cache state may be difficult or impossible to obtain, requiring that replication decisions be made using only local knowledge. We develop a reactive distributed algorithm, Query Counting Replication (QCR) that for any delay-utility function drives the global cache towards the optimal allocation - without use of any explicit estimators or control channel information. We validate our techniques on real-world contact traces, demonstrating the robustness of our analytic results in the face of heterogeneous meeting rates and bursty contacts. We find QCR compares favorably to a variety of heuristic perfect control-channel competitors.
Identification of human immunodeficiency virus envelope gene sequences influencing viral entry into CD4-positive HeLa cells, T-leukemia cells, and macrophages

Infectious recombinant viruses were constructed from three molecularly cloned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains varying in cell tropism. All recombinants showed a high infectivity titer on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal T lymphocytes. However, a 120-bp region of the envelope gene including the area of the V3 hypervariable loop was found to influence infectivity titer on both clone 1022 CD4-positive HeLa cells and CD4-positive CEM leukemia cells. Infectivity for macrophages was more complex. All viruses replicated in macrophages to a low level, but viral sequences both inside and outside the V3 loop region influenced the efficiency of replication. Two experiments showed that the mechanism of restriction of infection of 1022 cells by HIV strain JR-CSF was related to lack of virus entry. First, productive virus infection occurred after transfection of 1022 cells with viral plasmid DNA. Second, the nonpermissive HIV strain JR-CSF could infect 1022 cells when pseudotyped with the envelope of other retroviruses, including human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), HTLV-II, and amphotropic murine leukemia virus. These results demonstrate the possibility that unexpected cell types might be infected with HIV in human patients coinfected with HIV and HTLV-I or HTLV-II.
Orbitofrontal cortex-related executive functions in children and adolescents: their assessment and its ecological validity

This paper discusses the ecological validity of recently proposed tasks for the assessment of executive functions related to the Orbitofrontal Cortex, in children and adolescents. This topic is discussed considering two conceptually distinct approaches to ecological validity, verisimilitude and veridicality. The issue of ecological validity has been increasingly recognized in child neuropsychology, but an attention to this topic seems to lack in studies that assessed the development of Orbitofrontal cortex-related executive functions in children and adolescents with gambling tasks or delay of gratification tasks. An exception is represented by ADHD population, where specially delay aversion tasks seem to have a good veridicality-oriented ecological validity. The weakness of literature about the ecological validity of these executive measures must encourage to keep in mind ecological validity during the development of new tasks.
New Roles for Copper Metabolism in Cell Proliferation, Signaling, and Disease*

Over the past 2 decades, the molecular mechanisms by which cells acquire, distribute, and utilize copper have been under intense investigation. Significant progress has been made in the identification of genes encoding copper homeostasis proteins and in fundamental aspects of their structure, function, and mechanisms of action in copper balance. A number of more comprehensive reviews of the field with respect to the genetics, structure, function, and physiology of copper metabolism have recently appeared elsewhere (1–4). Here, we review general mechanisms for eukaryotic copper metabolism at the cellular level in the context of recent discoveries in the field, identifying potential new functions for copper and copper metabolism proteins in cell signaling, gene expression, tumor cell metastasis, and resistance to anti-neoplastic drugs.
DTV: Detection, Tracking and Validation Framework for Unique People Count

Counting the unique number of people in a video (i.e., counting a person only once while the person is within the field of view), is required in many significant video analytical applications, such as transit passenger and pedestrian volume count in railway stations, shopping malls and road intersections and many others. In this paper, a novel framework is proposed for counting passengers, mainly in a railway station. The framework has three components: people detection, tracking and validation. In the detection step, a person is detected when he or she enters the field of view. Then, the person is tracked by optical flow based tracking until the person leaves the field of view. Finally, the trajectory generated by the tracker is validated through a spatiotemporal validation technique. The number of valid trajectories denotes the number of people. The novelty of the framework is the inclusion of the validation step, which is overlooked by the existing methods. Extensive experiments have been conducted on the datasets having both top views and whole body views of the passengers. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework generates more than 90% accuracy on both types of views. It also detects and tracks persons having different hair colors and wearing hoodies, caps, long winter jackets, carrying bags and more. The proposed algorithm shows promising results also for people moving in different directions.
Simulation based learning environments and the use of learning histories

We have developed an application framework for constructing simulation-based learning environments using dynamic simulations and visualizations to represent realistic time-dependent behavior. The development environment is described and many examples are given. In particular we will focus on the learning historian which provides users and learners with a manipulatable recording of their actions which facilitates the exchange of annotated history records among peers and mentors.
New Genes Tied to Endocrine, Metabolic, and Dietary Regulation of Lifespan from a Caenorhabditis elegans Genomic RNAi Screen

Most of our knowledge about the regulation of aging comes from mutants originally isolated for other phenotypes. To ask whether our current view of aging has been affected by selection bias, and to deepen our understanding of known longevity pathways, we screened a genomic Caenorhabditis elegans RNAi library for clones that extend lifespan. We identified 23 new longevity genes affecting signal transduction, the stress response, gene expression, and metabolism and assigned these genes to specific longevity pathways. Our most important findings are (i) that dietary restriction extends C. elegans' lifespan by down-regulating expression of key genes, including a gene required for methylation of many macromolecules, (ii) that integrin signaling is likely to play a general, evolutionarily conserved role in lifespan regulation, and (iii) that specific lipophilic hormones may influence lifespan in a DAF-16/FOXO-dependent fashion. Surprisingly, of the new genes that have conserved sequence domains, only one could not be associated with a known longevity pathway. Thus, our current view of the genetics of aging has probably not been distorted substantially by selection bias.
Cached Sufficient Statistics for Efficient Machine Learning with Large Datasets

This paper introduces new algorithms and data structures for quick counting for machine learning datasets. We focus on the counting task of constructing contingency tables, but our approach is also applicable to counting the number of records in a dataset that match conjunctive queries. Subject to certain assumptions, the costs of these operations can be shown to be independent of the number of records in the dataset and loglinear in the number of non-zero entries in the contingency table. We provide a very sparse data structure, the ADtree, to minimize memory use. We provide analytical worst-case bounds for this structure for several models of data distribution. We empirically demonstrate that tractably-sized data structures can be produced for large real-world datasets by (a) using a sparse tree structure that never allocates memory for counts of zero, (b) never allocating memory for counts that can be deduced from other counts, and (c) not bothering to expand the tree fully near its leaves. We show how the ADtree can be used to accelerate Bayes net structure finding algorithms, rule learning algorithms, and feature selection algorithms, and we provide a number of empirical results comparing ADtree methods against traditional direct counting approaches. We also discuss the possible uses of ADtrees in other machine learning methods, and discuss the merits of ADtrees in comparison with alternative representations such as kd-trees, R-trees and Frequent Sets.
Glucose and ]13C[leucine metabolism by the portal-drained viscera of sheep fed on dried grass with acute intravenous and intraduodenal infusions of glucose

The effect of exogenous glucose supply by either intrajugular (IJG) or intraduodenal (IDG) infusion at 2.0 mg glucose/kg body weight per min was investigated in four wether sheep (average weight 44 (sd 4) kg) chronically catheterized in the carotid artery and portal veins. Sheep were fed on a dried grass pellet diet hourly using continuous belt feeders. Whole-body glucose irreversible loss (IL) rate, measured with [6-3H[glucose, was increased by 0.5 and 0.8 of exogenous supply for IJG and IDG infusions respectively. Portal glucose utilization, measured by isotope dilution across the portal-drained viscera, was unaffected by additional glucose regardless of the route of glucose supply (P = 0.76 for control ν. glucose infusions) and was a constant proportion of glucose IL (0.28) for all treatments. Portal plasma flow was higher during IDG infusions compared with IJG infusions (1.65 ν. 1.44 litres/min, P=0.055). Circulating total free amino acid concentrations fell during glucose infusions (2146, 1808 and 1683 μmol/l for control, IJG and IDG treatments respectively, P=0.067 for treatment effect) but net portal absorption was not affected by increased glucose supply. Recovery in the portal vein of [1-13C[leucine infused into the duodenum averaged 0.65 and was not affected by increasing glucose supply to the gut tissues. The results show that glucose utilization by gut tissues is responsive to changes in both vascular and luminal glucose supply. The effects of changing gut tissue use of glucose and increased whole body glucose IL on metabolism of nutrients is discussed.