Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of Martian meteorite lithologies and mineralogies using vibrational spectroscopy

We have acquired thermal infrared emission spectra of four Martian meteorite samples, ALH77005, Nakhla, Zagami, and EET79001, representing three major lithologies (Iherzolite, clinopyroxenite, and basalt). The spectra of these meteorites are significantly different from each other, and we can distinguish the three lithologies easily on the basis of their spectral morphologies. Using a linear deconvolution model, the modal mineralogies of ALH77005, Nakhla, and Zagami were derived from their spectra to within 2–19% of the modes derived by optical methods. For Zagami and EET79001, the correct mineral types were identified as present using the linear method, although an exact spectral match using available end-member spectra was not obtained, probably due to the lack of a pigeonite end-member spectrum or shock effects in the meteorites. The meteorite spectra we have acquired will be used for comparison with data to be returned by the thermal emission spectrometer (TES) on the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter and would also be useful for comparing to future rover- or lander-based thermal IR spectra. Based on our results, comparisons of mineral end-member and meteorite spectra with TES spectra of coarse regolith and rocky regions should aid identification and mapping of Martian surface lithologies and unit mineralogy.
Solar actinic radiation (280-420 nm) in the cloud-free troposphere between ground and 12 km altitude: Measurements and model results

[1] Airborne measurements of the spectrally resolved actinic flux (280‐420 nm) between the ground and 12 km altitude have been made using a new calibrated dual-channel spectroradiometer. The measurements were made as part of the Photochemical Activity and Ultraviolet Radiation/Altitude Dependence of the Tropospheric Ozone Photolysis (PAUR/ATOP) measurement campaign in Greece during June 1996. Flights were made over the Agean Sea under cloudless conditions for various aerosol loads and solar zenith angles. The spectral actinic flux measurements are compared with radiative transfer model simulations based on the multistream discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) algorithm. All input to the radiative transfer model was provided by independent measurements performed simultaneously on the nearby island of Agios Efstratios. For altitudes between 3000‐12,000 m the agreement between the measurements and the model simulations is within ! 5% for wavelengths larger than 310 nm and within ! 10% at 295‐310 nm. For the lowest flight altitude, 108 m, the model underestimates the measured actinic flux systematically by about 12%. This may be partly explained by uncertainties in the aerosol optical properties and the surface albedo. Flights on days with small and large amounts of aerosols showed that under otherwise identical conditions the actinic flux increased by up to 10% when the aerosol amount was larger. INDEX TERMS: 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation; 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0394 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques; KEYWORDS: actinic radiation; solar ultraviolet; vertical profiles; radiative transfer; troposphere; spectroradiometry
Introduction to this special section: China

China is in an accelerating transition for exploring and developing diverse types of natural resources, including deep onshore and offshore hydrocarbons, shale gas, and coalbed methane. Complexities of these unconventional reservoirs and fluids give rise to tough problems or even unprecedented challenges for most routine practices. Nevertheless, remarkable achievements are accomplished, based on progress in theory and technology of multidisciplinary geosciences. Surely the role of geophysics is irreplaceable. Achievements have been made in almost every aspect of geophysics, including target-oriented seismic acquisition, processing, interpretation, passive seismic, OBC, VSP, EM methods, and so forth.
Outcomes of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for inherited metabolic disorders: A report from the Australian and New Zealand Children's Haematology Oncology Group and the Australasian Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Registry

We report a retrospective analysis of 53 haematopoietic stem cell transplants for inherited metabolic disorders performed at ANZCHOG transplant centres between 1992 and 2008. Indications for transplant included Hurler syndrome, ALD, and MLD. The majority of transplants utilized unrelated donor stem cells (66%) with 65% of those being unrelated cord blood. Conditioning therapy was largely myeloablative, with Bu plus another cytotoxic agent used in 89% of recipients. Primary graft failure was rare, occurring in three patients, all of whom remain long‐term survivors following the second transplant. The CI of grade II‐IV and grade III‐IV acute GVHD at day +100 was 39% and 14%, respectively. Chronic GVHD occurred in 17% of recipients. TRM was 12% at day +100 and 19% at one yr post‐transplant. OS at five yr was 78% for the cohort, 73% for patients with ALD and 83% for patients with Hurler syndrome. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between unrelated marrow and unrelated cord blood donor groups. The development of interstitial pneumonitis was an independent variable shown to significantly impact on TRM and OS. In summary, we report a large cohort of patients with inherited metabolic disorders with excellent survival post‐allogeneic transplant.
Younger Dryas deglaciation at Mt. Billingen, and clay varve dating of the Younger Dryas/Preboreal transition

A clay varve chronology has been established for the Late Weichselian ice recession east of Mt. Billingen in Vastergotland, Sweden. In this area the Middle-Swedish end moraine zone was built up as a consequence of cold climate during the Younger Dryas stadial. A change-over from rapid to slow retreat as a result of climatic deterioration at the Allerod/Younger Dryas transition cannot be traced with certainty in the varve sequences, but it seems to have taken place just before 11,600 varve years BP. The following deglaciation was very slow for about 700 years — within the Middle-Swedish end moraine zone the annual ice-front retreat was only c. 10 m on average. A considerable time-lag is to be expected between the Younger Dryas climatic event and this period of slow retreat. The 700 years of slow retreat were succeeded by 200 years of more rapid recession, about 50–75 m annually, and then by a mainly rapid and uncomplicated retreat of the ice-front by 100–200 m/year or more, characterizing the next 1500 years of deglaciation in south and central Sweden. The change from about 50–75 m to 100–200 m of annual ice-front retreat may reflect the Younger Dryas/Preboreal transition. Clay-stratigraph-ically defined, the transition is dated at c. 10,740 varve years BP, with an error of +100 to -250 years. In the countings of ice layers in Greenland ice cores (GRIP and GISP-2) the end of the Younger Dryas climatic event is 800–900 years older. However, a climatic amelioration after the cold part of the Younger Dryas and in early Preboreal should rapidly be reflected by for example chemical components and dust in Greenland ice cores, and by increasing δ13C content in tree rings. On the other hand, the start of a rapid retreat of the inland ice margin can be delayed by several centuries. This can explain at least a part of the discrepancy between the time-scales.
A Comparison of Water Quality and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Indian River Lagoon of Florida**

Abstract The lagoons that border the east coast of the Florida peninsula provide an opportunity to study water chemistry and phytoplankton characteristics over a wide range of water residence and nutrient load conditions. This article includes the results of a 2-year study of eight study sites. The northern half of the sampling range included four sampling sites within the newly established Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve. The southern half of the sampling range consisted of four study sites distributed in ecologically distinct sub-basins of the Indian River Lagoon. The Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve and Indian River Lagoon include estuaries with water residence times ranging from days to months and watersheds with widely differing nutrient load characteristics. The results of this study revealed wide temporal and spatial variability of physical and chemical characteristics. Mean salinities for the study period ranged from 9.7 to 31.5‰ over the eight sites. Mean orthophosphate and total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 1.55 μM and 1.45 to 3.00 μM, respectively. Mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen and total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.14 to 9.77 μM and 26.43 to 71.14 μM, respectively. Individual phytoplankton standing crops, in terms of chlorophyll a concentrations, ranged from less than 1 μg L−1 to more than 60 μg L−1. Comparisons of the relationships between nutrient and phytoplankton standing crops at the eight study sites indicated that water residence times and nutrient loads provided important insights into the basis for observed temporal and spatial patterns of variability. Indices for water residence time and nutrient load were determined for each site. A combination of the character of watershed inputs and residence time was most useful in interpreting patterns of nutrient concentrations, whereas water residence time appeared to be the pre-eminent factor dictating phytoplankton standing crop potential among the eight study sites.
Tanaidacea of the Amundsen and Scotia seas: an unexplored diversity

Abstract The Scotia Arc and Amundsen Sea are contrasting regions within West Antarctica. The Scotia Sea shelf is well studied and central to the origin and diversity of the Southern Ocean benthic fauna, whilst the shelf of Amundsen Sea is one of the least studied shelf areas in the world; a ‘white spot’ on the map of benthic research. Here we report on the tanaidaceans collected using an epibenthic sledge on two expeditions, BIOPEARL 1 and 2, of the RRS James Clark Ross in 2006 and 2008, respectively. This study represents the first analysis of the tanaidacean fauna of those two basins. Thirty-seven species were found in the Amundsen Sea from 500–1500 m depth and 51 species were found at depths ranging from 200–1600 m in the Scotia Sea. In the Scotia Sea, many species were unique to each of the study sites which may be evidence of allopatric speciation episodes. Site specificity was especially evident for Typhlotanais and Pseudotanais. Only three species were common to both basins. Around 90% of the species were previously undescribed. Our findings increase the number of the tanaidaceans known in the Southern Ocean by 50%.
To characterize contrast detection, noise should be extended, not localized

Adding noise to a stimulus is useful to characterize visual processing. To avoid triggering a processing strategy shift between the processing in low and high noise, Allard and Cavanagh (2011) recommended using noise that is extended as a function of all dimensions such as space, time, frequency and orientation. Contrariwise, to avoid cross-channel suppression affecting contrast detection, Baker and Meese (2012) suggested using noise that is localized as a function of all dimensions, namely “0D noise,” which basically consists in randomly jittering the target contrast (and, for blank intervals or catch trials, jittering the contrast of an identical zero-contrast signal). Here we argue that contrast thresholds in extended noise are not contaminated by noise-induced cross-channel suppression because contrast gains affect signal and noise by the same proportion leaving the signal-to-noise ratio intact. We also review empirical findings showing that detecting a target in 0D noise involves a different processing strategy than detecting in absence of noise or in extended noise. Given that internal noise is extended as a function of all dimensions, we therefore recommend using external noise that is also extended as a function of all dimensions when assuming that the same processing strategy operates in low and high noise.
Joint statement from the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS COT) and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) regarding the clinical use of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA)

Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) provides a new tool in selected patients for the management of non-compressible torso hemorrhage.1–3 Recent improvements in technology have facilitated more rapid placement through smaller femoral access sheaths, which may reduce access-related complications.4 However, high grade evidence to guide REBOA use is limited, and there is a substantial complication risk should this approach be used inappropriately.5 To address the current state of implementation of this new therapeutic strategy, the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS COT) has worked in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians to issue this joint policy statement which addresses the current practice relevant to patient indications, potential complications, implementation, patient management, and training of providers. We urge trauma centers to consider these factors in the adoption of this approach.
Loss-Modified Transformer-Based U-Net for Accurate Segmentation of Fluids in Optical Coherence Tomography Images of Retinal Diseases

Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging significantly contributes to ophthalmology in the diagnosis of retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema. Both diseases involve the abnormal accumulation of fluids, location, and volume, which is vitally informative in detecting the severity of the diseases. Automated and accurate fluid segmentation in OCT images could potentially improve the current clinical diagnosis. This becomes more important by considering the limitations of manual fluid segmentation as a time-consuming and subjective to error method. Methods: Deep learning techniques have been applied to various image processing tasks, and their performance has already been explored in the segmentation of fluids in OCTs. This article suggests a novel automated deep learning method utilizing the U-Net structure as the basis. The modifications consist of the application of transformers in the encoder path of the U-Net with the purpose of more concentrated feature extraction. Furthermore, a custom loss function is empirically tailored to efficiently incorporate proper loss functions to deal with the imbalance and noisy images. A weighted combination of Dice loss, focal Tversky loss, and weighted binary cross-entropy is employed. Results: Different metrics are calculated. The results show high accuracy (Dice coefficient of 95.52) and robustness of the proposed method in comparison to different methods after adding extra noise to the images (Dice coefficient of 92.79). Conclusions: The segmentation of fluid regions in retinal OCT images is critical because it assists clinicians in diagnosing macular edema and executing therapeutic operations more quickly. This study suggests a deep learning framework and novel loss function for automated fluid segmentation of retinal OCT images with excellent accuracy and rapid convergence result.
An ENSO signal in the North Atlantic subtropical area

Precipitation in the Canary Islands is studied from a synoptic point of view for the 1955–1998 period, using data from the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis. The use of automatic objective techniques allows the identification of five patterns leading to precipitation in the area. The influence of intense El Niño and La Niña events on these patterns is then studied. The results show that La Niña conditions are characterized by more intense and frequent precipitation episodes as result of deeper and more frequent geopotential anomalies at the 500 hPa level.
Urban irrigation effects on WRF‐UCM summertime forecast skill over the Los Angeles metropolitan area

In the current study, we explicitly address the impacts of urban irrigation on the local hydrological cycle by integrating a previously developed irrigation scheme within the coupled framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting‐Urban Canopy Models (WRF‐UCM) over the semiarid Los Angeles metropolitan area. We focus on the impacts of irrigation on the urban water cycle and atmospheric feedback. Our results demonstrate a significant sensitivity of WRF‐UCM simulated surface turbulent fluxes to the incorporation of urban irrigation. Introducing anthropogenic moisture, vegetated pixels show a shift in the energy partitioning toward elevated latent heat fluxes. The cooling effects of irrigation on daily peak air temperatures are evident over all three urban types, with the largest influence over low‐intensity residential areas (average cooling of 1.64°C). The evaluation of model performance via comparison against CIMIS (California Irrigation Management Information System) evapotranspiration (ET) estimates indicates that WRF‐UCM, after adding irrigation, performs reasonably during the course of the month of July, tracking day‐to‐day variability of ET with notable consistency. In the nonirrigated case, CIMIS‐based ET fluctuations are significantly underestimated by the model. Our analysis shows the importance of accurate representation of urban irrigation in modeling studies, especially over water‐scarce regions such as the Los Angeles metropolitan area. We also illustrate that the impacts of irrigation on simulated energy and water cycles are more critical for longer‐term simulations due to the interactions between irrigation and soil moisture fluctuations.
Characteristics of Solar Meridional Flows

We have done a ring-diagram analysis of MDI full-disc data to determine the properties of solar meridional flow in the outer 2% of the Sun over the solar cycle 23. The meridional flows show a migrating pattern with higher-velocity flows migrating toward the equator as activity increases. Additionally, we find that the migrating pattern of the meridional flow matches those of the sunspot butterfly diagram and the zonal flows in the shallow layers. A Legendre polynomial decomposition of the meridional flows shows that the latitudinal pattern of the flow was also different during the maximum as compared to that during the two minima. We also find that the dominant component of the meridional flows during solar maxima was much lower than that during the minima of solar cycles 23 and 24.
: Official Journal of Sports

Purpose: Single-leg landings are common in sport and often result in injury, however a rubric to evaluate biomechanics during single-leg jump landing (SLL) does not exist. The Single-Leg Landing Error Scoring System (SL-LESS) is a rubric developed to evaluate movement during SLL. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine inter-and intra-rater reliability of the SL-LESS, 2) and determine the content and construct validity of the SL-LESS when evaluating SLL. Method 28 healthy females completed SLL on two days while 2D and 3D data were recorded. 3D angles were trunk flexion/lateral-flexion, pelvic tilt/contralateral drop, hip flexion/adduction, and knee flexion/abduction at initial contact (IC) and maximum knee flexion (MKF). Two raters used the SL-LESS rubric to score 2D videos each day. Participants were grouped by total SL-LESS score (≤ 2 errors=good; ≥4 errors=poor landers). Kappa, prevalence-and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK), and percent agreement were calculated for inter-and intra-rater reliability between rubric items. Total score reliability was evaluated using an ICC. Differences in 3D angles, knee abduction moment(KABDM), and vertical ground reaction force(vGRF)between good and poor landers were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA (construct validity). p<. 05. Results SL-LESS item inter-rater (Average κ=0.21±0.21, PABAK=0.60±0.28, % agreement=0.78±0.13); and intra-rater (Average Κ=0.30±0.21, PABAK=0.60±0.21, %agreement= 0.79±0.12) reliability were moderate. Inter-(ICC (2,1) =0.50) and intra-rater (ICC (3,1) =0.56) reliability for total score were moderate. Good landers displayed significantly greater hip and trunk flexion at IC, and hip and knee flexion at MKF, lower KABDM at initial contact, and lower vGRF (p<.05) compared to poor landers, so it is valid to detect “stiff” landers. Conclusions The SL-LESS can reliably be used to evaluate the SLL movement and can discriminate between “stiff” landings with upright posture and high impact force from “soft” landings with flexed landing posture with lower impact force
Summertime trans‐Pacific transport of Asian dust

In mid‐August 2009, ground‐based lidar networks on both sides of the Pacific Basin detected an elevated dust layer. A combined analysis by ground‐based lidars, space‐borne lidar CALIOP, and numerical models revealed that dust particles emitted in the Taklimakan Desert were transported across the Pacific Ocean in 12 to 13 days. This was the first evidence of summertime trans‐Pacific transport of Asian dust from the Taklimakan Desert. A large‐scale dust storm occurred in the Taklimakan Desert during 12–16 August due to a strong surface wind accompanied by a cold front. Many dust particles were lifted up into the free atmosphere by the upslope wind formed by the steep slope of the surrounding mountains. This dust injection process was analogous to that for springtime cases. The Taklimakan dust was then transported eastward at 6–8 km altitude. This high transport altitude allowed the Taklimakan Dust to be transported beyond the Pacific Ocean without the effect of the southeasterly outflow of the summertime Pacific high. The wind field anomaly at 500 hPa in mid‐August 2009 shows increases of northwesterly winds driven by SE–NW pressure gradients around 110–140°E and 180–140°W, indicating that the pressure pattern during the dust event favored the trans‐Pacific transport.
Snow disappearance in Eastern Siberia and its relationship to atmospheric influences

In the present study, we examine the climatological features and interannual variations in snow disappearance within the Lena River Basin, Eastern Siberia, during a recent 15‐year period (1986–2000), and the relationship of snow disappearance to atmospheric conditions. According to the climatology of the day of the year on which snow disappears, the boundary of snow disappearance within the Lena River Basin migrates rapidly northward from mid‐April until early June, with minimum interannual variation occurring in the middle part of the basin. In addition, the preceding snow disappearance is apparent in the central Lena River Basin. Melting of snow within the Lena River Basin commonly occurs within 30 days of complete snow disappearance under certain atmospheric conditions: daily mean air temperature in excess of − 10 °C, greater than 2 hPa of water vapor pressure, and, hence, more than 170 W m−2 of downward longwave radiation under clear sky conditions. Composite analysis using a reanalysis dataset demonstrates that the increase in air temperature and water vapor that accompanies snow melting is due to wet (and warm) air advection in conjunction with enhanced water vapor convergence over the central Lena River Basin during the 30‐day period prior to snow disappearance. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.