Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Missing Publics in Digital Public Goods: The Need to Build Technologies for Communities

1 WHO CONSTITUTES THE PUBLIC IN DIGITAL PUBLIC GOODS? Digital Public Goods (DPGs)1 are understood as digital artifacts such as software, platforms, datasets, machine learning models, etc. which are made available as public goods in a universally accessible manner and are meant for public welfare. In India, most discussions of DPGs refer to examples such as Aadhaar, the India Stack, and UPI [1–3], and I therefore restrict this current analysis to such platforms and to tools built on these platforms and interfaces. As any other public good in a country, the “public” in DPGs refers to the citizens of the country, thereby implying that the goods should be accessible to everybody and should have secured a basic democratic consensus about the utility of the goods. Much has been written, however, about gaps in the accessibility and purpose of these goods which raises a question about who is the public afterall for which these goods have been built? Biometric failures, network connectivity issues, and other problems such as incorrect spellings of names continue to hamper Aadhaar-based authentication to access social welfare benefits and lead to unfair exclusions of specifically marginalized publics who stay in remote locations or are unable to easily rectify their registration errors [4]. Grievance redressal procedures for services that use such DPGs remain hard to diagnose to identify the exact cause of failure, either because the technological interfaces between different components do not cleanly handle exceptions, or the institutions responsible to act upon the exceptions do not follow appropriate procedures [5]. Some publics are able to deal with these issues but many others cannot. The stated purpose of many DPGs is also debatable. For example, the role of Aadhaar based authentication to reduce inclusion errors at the cost of causing exclusion errors is clearly a priority imposed to reduce leakages under the assumption that leakages happen due to identity fraud. This view does not attach a negative value to the hardship caused to mostly marginalized publics when unfair exclusions occur due to a failure of these DPGs [6]. Such assumptions and priorities clearly emerged from a top-down agenda of the state to formulate technologies for social control and to prevent misuse of public funds, but neither were the assumptions adequately tested nor were other goals debated in a democratic manner for which altogether different technology infrastructures may have been required. The focus to reduce leakages in fact strengthens the neoliberal narrative to cut down on welfare expenditure rather than to universalize and improve the inclusivity of welfare services. Similarly, the purpose of the India Stack to build eKYC procedures, or the purpose of UPI to improve interoperability for financial
Biallelic Inactivation of Retinoic Acid Receptor (cid:2) 2 Gene by Epigenetic Change in Breast Cancer

A growing body of evidence supports the hypotheses that retinoic acid receptor (cid:2) 2 ( RAR (cid:2) 2) is a tumor suppressor gene. Although the loss of RAR (cid:2) 2 expression has been reported in many malignant tumors, including breast cancer
Behavior change approaches for cyber security and the need for ethics.

Humans are reportedly exploited as the main attack vector for security breaches. In order to minimize the susceptibility of humans to security attacks, it is not sufficient for individuals to just be aware, but they need to change their behavior as well. Such behavior change, that is, the modification of user behavior, can occur via targeted interventions, which are gradually being introduced in cyber security. In this paper, we identify and categorize the main approaches used to change user behavior and portray the main limitations of these approaches. Other fields, like health sciences, psychology and economics, have been traditionally more mature in ethics-related considerations. We suggest that although individual behavior change is increasingly being embraced by security practitioners and professionals, ethical aspects of the accompanied interventions are by large neglected in the field. We explore the ethical traditions of utilitarian, deontological and virtue ethics and their relations with security. We posit that ethical frameworks are needed for cyber behavior change interventions as a means to enhance security hygiene on both an individual and an organizational level.
A solvable model for the basic properties of a simple magnetized plasma torus

A simple magnetized plasma torus is modeled by using a ‘top-hat’ density variation. The benefit of this simplification is an exactly solvable model, allowing for a few additions, such as an externally maintained parabolic steady state potential variation imposed on the plasma. The combined effects of the resulting plasma rotation and the plasma polarization due to magnetic field gradient particle drifts can be described. The stabilizing and confining effects of plasma rotation are explicitly demonstrated. In a special high plasma density limit the results are confirmed by a more general model, indicating that the results of the top-hat model can be used with confidence in more general cases. A small vertical magnetic field component can be included for a plasma with neutral collisions and its influence on the electron dynamics studied. The effects of ion–neutral collisions are also included. The rotation and polarization of the plasma has different effects on the time variations of the plasma density and potential. As a reference we use data from the Blaamann device at the University of Tromsø obtained by a movable multi-probe, measuring variations in density, floating potential and an electric field component. The fluctuations in the plasma are characterized by auto-correlations and by cross-correlations between the signal from a fixed reference probe and data. The model accounts adequately for the phase variations of the signals for varying spatial multi-probe positions.
Integrated Angle-Insensitive Nanoplasmonic Filters for Ultraminiaturized Fluorescence Microarray in a 65 nm Digital CMOS Process

In this work, we demonstrate for the first time massively parallelizable nanoplasmonic structures and integration of electronics in the same substrate in CMOS. We adopt the same “fabless” approach in today’s semiconductor industry with absolutely “no change” of either fabrication or processing and show that copper interconnects in an industry standard digital CMOS process (65 nm node) can be exploited to allow subwavelength optical field processing in a massively scalable fashion. We demonstrate this in the context of eliminating all external optics and enabling the first optics-free fully integrated CMOS fluorescence-based biosensor array. The system has massively multiplexed biomolecular sensing capability for DNAs with surface sensitivity comparable to commercial fluorescence readers. The angle and scattering insensitive nature of the filter, relying on coupled surface-plasmon polariton modes, allows us to eliminate all external optics and miniaturize the entire 96-sensor array system (including a LED .
Space Debris Braking System using derivative SRM for Just-In Time Collision Avoidance Maneuver

This paper presents the modelling methodology and t he results of a feasibility study of a device for Just -In Time Collision Avoidance (JCA). The main principle of th e proposed system is to generate a cloud intercepting the object trajectory and locally increasing the densit y, causing an aerodynamic drag force acting on the obj ct itself. The debris, passing through the cloud, will experience a slight decrease of its orbital velocit y, sufficient to result, after several revolutions, in to a deviation from its nominal trajectory ensuring a sa fe reduction of any collision risk with other objects.
Friction of atomically stepped surfaces

The friction behavior of atomically stepped metal surfaces under contact loading is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. While real rough metal surfaces involve roughness at multiple length scales, the focus of this paper is on understanding friction of the smallest scale of roughness: atomic steps. To this end, periodic stepped Al surfaces with different step geometry are brought into contact and sheared at room temperature. Contact stress that continuously tries to build up during loading, is released with fluctuating stress drops during sliding, according to the typical stick-slip behavior. Stress release occurs not only through local slip, but also by means of step motion. The steps move along the contact, concurrently resulting in normal migration of the contact. The direction of migration depends on the sign of the step, i.e., its orientation with respect to the shearing direction. If the steps are of equal sign, there is a net migration of the entire contact accompanied by significant vacancy generation at room temperature. The stick-slip behavior of the stepped contacts is found to have all the characteristic of a self-organized critical state, with statistics dictated by step density. For the studied step geometries, frictional sliding is found to involve significant atomic rearrangement through which the contact roughness is drastically changed. This leads for certain step configurations to a marked transition from jerky sliding motion to smooth sliding, making the final friction stress approximately similar to that of a flat contact.
Green Brand Positioning and Attitude towards Green Brands: Mediating Role of Green Brand Knowledge among Green Consumers in the Kathmandu Valley

Background- The issue of sustainability has attracted global brands to take initiatives in green concerns. Following the footsteps of global brands, Nepali brands have designed their products to address such green concerns. As a result, green consumers' behaviors have gained the attention of different streams of researchers and practitioners. Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of Green Brand Knowledge (GBK) on Green Brand Positioning (GBP) and Attitude towards Green Brands (ATGB). Research Methodology- This paper adopted a quantitative approach to achieve the research objective. A cross-sectional survey research design and purposive sampling technique were employed to collect data from 201 green-aware customers of the Kathmandu Valley. The process macro was applied to test the mediated hypotheses. Results- The result revealed that GBP significantly influences GBK and ATGB, and GBK partially mediates the relationship between GBP and ATGB. Conclusion- This paper concluded that the GBP and GBK of customers could change the ATGB. Since ATGB is a significant variable, Nepali green brands could invest in a promotional campaign, as a result, GBK and GBP could change the positive attitude toward green brands. Implications: This paper could provide two significant implications. First, it can help to enrich the existing body of literature on green branding by drawing from signaling theory (ST) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Second, this paper could help managers and marketers to design GBP strategy as it is regarded as a critical aspect of green brands. Originality: This paper is among the earliest work to explain green attitude by applying the ST and TPB in the Nepali context.
How to Progressively Build Thai Spelling Correction Systems?

Neural-based sequence-to-sequence methods (Seq2Seq) have proven to be highly effective for Context-sensitive Thai spelling correction. However, they also inherit the drawbacks of Seq2Seq, such as a fixed vocabulary and large data requirements. However, dictionary-based methods and their typical applications are insufficiently robust to produce corrections with reduced error rates. These drawbacks inhibit the application of these methods in a broader range of use cases. In this paper, we provide a practical guide on how to build correction systems progressively and efficiently with three main contributions. First, we present a process for efficiently and progressively producing training data for both neural-based and dictionary-based methods. Our annotation process enables existing methods to be trained with only two percent of the data hand annotated. Second, we propose the Extendable Neural Contextual Corrector (XNCC), a novel text correction approach that decouples the dictionary from the neural model. This enables the dictionary to be extended post-training. Finally, we compare text correction systems with various configurations to demonstrate how these systems can be effectively used to produce corrections. Our experiments show that 1) minor changes to dictionary-based methods can significantly improve correction performance, 2) neural-based correction systems can be trained using a fraction of the data, and 3) XNCC can have the dictionary extended to generalize to new data without re-training. Lastly, we provide recommendations for progressively building text correction systems at multiple levels of implementation effort based on our findings.
Functional Linear Regression

This article presents a selected bibliography on functional linear regression (FLR) and highlights the key contributions from both applied and theoretical points of view. It first defines FLR in the case of a scalar response and shows how its modelization can also be extended to the case of a functional response. It then considers two kinds of estimation procedures for this slope parameter: projection-based estimators in which regularization is performed through dimension reduction, such as functional principal component regression, and penalized least squares estimators that take into account a penalized least squares minimization problem. The article proceeds by discussing the main asymptotic properties separating results on mean square prediction error and results on L2 estimation error. It also describes some related models, including generalized functional linear models and FLR on quantiles, and concludes with a complementary bibliography and some open problems.
Effects of different temperatures on growth and intestinal microbial composition of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis

The change in temperature will change the composition of intestinal microorganisms of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis, and the composition of intestinal microorganisms will affect the growth and development of juvenile crabs. In order to explore the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and growth of E. sinensis at different temperatures, the status of growth and intestinal microflora of juvenile E. sinensis reared at different water temperatures (15 °C, 23 °C, and 30 °C) were compared in this study. The results showed that the respective survival rate of juvenile E. sinensis in the three water temperature groups was 100%, 87.5%, and 64.44%. Moreover, the molting rate increased with an increase in water temperature, which was at 0%, 10%, and 71.11% for the three respective temperature groups. The average weight gain rate showed an overall increasing trend with the increase of water temperature. Moreover, the final fatness of the crabs in the 30 °C water temperature group was significantly lower than that in the 15 °C and 23 °C groups (p < 0.05); there was no significant difference in the liver-to-body ratio among the three groups. The results of the alpha diversity analysis of the 16S rRNA data revealed that there was no significant difference in the intestinal microbial abundance among the three water temperature groups; however, the intestinal microbial diversity in the 23 °C water temperature group was significantly lower than that in the 15 °C and 30 °C groups. At the phylum level, the dominant flora of the three groups was Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. At the genus level, the abundance of Parabacteroides and Aeromonas in the intestine of the crabs in the 30 °C water temperature group was significantly higher than that in the 15 °C and 23 °C groups (p < 0.05). The function prediction showed that the main functional diversity of intestinal microflora of juvenile E. sinensis in the three water temperature groups was similar and mainly involved in metabolic-related functions, but there were still differences in the effects of water temperature on functional pathways such as metabolism, immunity, and growth among each group, either promoting or inhibiting. In conclusion, different water temperatures can affect the composition and function of intestinal flora of E. sinensis, and 23 °C–30 °C is the optimal water temperature for the growth of juvenile E. sinensis.
Simulation of secondary emission calorimeter for future colliders

We present updated results from a simulation study of a conceptual sampling electromagnetic calorimeter based on secondary electron emission process. We implemented the secondary electron emission process in Geant4 as a user physics list and produced the energy spectrum and yield of secondary electrons. The energy resolution of the SEE calorimeter was σ/E = (41%) GeV1/2/√E and the response linearity to electromagnetic showers was to within 1.5%. The simulation results were also compared with a traditional scintillator calorimeter.
Water use efficiency and climate legacies dominate beech growth at its rear edge

Rear‐edge tree populations are experiencing a combination of higher temperatures and more intense droughts that might push individuals beyond their tolerance limits. This trend towards rising atmospheric [CO2] is concurrent with an increase in intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), which theoretically enhances photosynthesis and decrease evapotranspiration rates, consequently improving tree resistance to drought. However, it remains unclear whether iWUE is favouring tree growth under current climate conditions, particularly when climate and iWUE legacy effects are simultaneously considered. We evaluated this question with an extensive sampling along Iberian rear‐edge (dry) populations comprising four mountain ranges and two distinct altitudes. We simultaneously examined the effects of climate and iWUE on secondary growth using annually resolved basal area increments (BAIs) for the period 1901–2017. We used linear mixed models including second‐order autocorrelation and 1‐year legacy effects of iWUE and summer drought. BAI and iWUE increased across the studied period. iWUE increase was driven by changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and water availability during the growing season. Climate and iWUE exerted direct and lagged effects on beech growth. Water availability during growing season was the main driver of tree growth, combining direct and indirect effects through its impact on iWUE. Legacy effects of water availability and iWUE were more important than growing season conditions. The net effect of iWUE shifted when lagged effects were considered, resulting in a net negative impact on tree growth. Synthesis: Our results reveal that climate and iWUE legacy effects must be considered to assess the net iWUE effect on secondary growth. Considering lagged effects, the current increase in iWUE is constraining tree growth. Modelling efforts of tree growth response to climate warming should include climate and iWUE legacy effects to adequately assess terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance.
Nanoscale ice-type structural fluctuation in spinel titanates

To explore the structural ice-type state, we substituted nonmagnetic Mg ions for Ti ions in spinel titanates MgTi2O4 and measured the X-ray diffraction, neutron atomic pair distribution function, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure. We found that a tiny amount of Mg substitution caused the sudden collapse of the tetragonal phase and resurrection of the cubic phase. An analysis of the two-body correlation revealed that the displacement-type ice state, in which two Ti atoms are displaced inward and the other two Ti atoms are displaced outward in the tetrahedra in the pyrochlore lattice, is created during the cubic phase. Nanoscale Ice-Type Structural Fluctuation in Spinel Titanates
Deriving microphysical parameters of snow with a vertically pointing Doppler radar

Large uncertainties remain on the retrieval of the snow microphysical characteristics by radar due to the natural variability of the drop size distribution and of the bulk density of ice particles. In this context, a Z-R relationship may not represent this natural variability. In this paper, the Snow Profiling Algorithm (SPA) is proposed in order to derive snow microphysical characteristics from vertical profile of reflectivity (Z) as input. SPA models the aggregation, which is a major process in the stratiform precipitation. Retrieval of SPA using X-band radar data from McGill University (Montreal, Canada) are presented and compared with co-located drop size distribution measurements. The Doppler measurement is used to validate the retrieval profiles and in particular the bulk density hypothesis.
Gamification in The Workplace: A Conceptual Paper

Training and development are essential for an organization to achieve its goals. Thus, the organization's leader must ensure practical tools are applied in their training and development program. Nowadays, many organizations prefer gamification methods for employee training and development. This study examines the factors influencing employees' acceptance of gamification in their training and development, specifically focusing on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and social influence. The researchers plan to distribute questionnaires randomly to white-collar workers in Malaysia. All collected data will be analyzed using Smart PLS, utilizing techniques such as frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis.
The B3-VLA CSS sample

We present the results of VLBA observations at 6 and 3.6 cm for eighteen Compact Steep Spectrum radio sources (CSS) from the B3-VLA CSS sample. In most cases these VLBA images display a "Double/Triple" morphology, and the core is unambiguously detected in seven sources. Multifrequency images allow us to study the spectral properties of the individual source components and to constrain the spectral age. In lobe-dominated sources the radiative ages deduced from the synchrotron theory are in the range of up 5 × 10 3 years, if equipartition magnetic field is assumed. Polarized emission is detected at a few percent level for two sources only. They were the only two sources displaying polarized emission in VLA A configuration data, and this implies that beam depolarization is not effective in reducing the integrated fractional polarization for these sources.
A Robust Biplot for Compositional Data

Compositional data represent multivariate observations where all the relevant information is contained in the ratios between the components (Aitchison, 1986). As a consequence, the components (usually called parts) can sum up to an arbitrary constant κ (usually chosen as 1 or 100 in the case of percentages) without loss of information and the set of all D-part compositions x = (x1, . . . , xD) ′