Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resisting the influence of outliers in radial basis function neural networks

Radial basis function (RBF) neural networks have been shown to be a promising network model in function approximation. Training an RBF network is usually approached using a least square criterion, accompanied with an adaptive growing technique to determine the optimal size of network. With this approach, two problems usually arise when the training patterns contain outliers. Firstly, the least square would cause the network to incorrectly interpolate the outliers. Secondly, because of the interference of outliers, the number of nodes determined by the traditional growing algorithm will stick at a certain number, meaning that the proper network size cannot be reached. In order to cope with the first problem, this paper proposes a method to construct a robust criterion function to replace the least square criterion. For solving the second problem, the paper introduces a memory mechanism into the adaptive growing technique to restrain the influence of outliers. Simulation results indicate that the robust criterion function obtained using our method can effectively reduce the influence of outliers. Furthermore, with the incorporation of the memory mechanism, a better size of network can be obtained.
Critical angle measurement of elastic constants in composite material

Application of critical angle measurement for determination of elastic constants of composite materials is described. For general orientation of the composite material relative to the plane of incidence, three critical angles exist, for quasilongitudinal and fast and slow quasitransverse waves. It is shown that, for any two‐dimensional composite material, the critical angles are directly related to the phase velocities of bulk waves in the sample plane. A simple and novel type of goniometer is developed for these measurements which utilize a cylindrical reflector for measurement of the double reflection coefficient. The values of the elastic constants are reconstructed from the measured velocity surfaces by using nonlinear least‐squares optimization fitting. Analytical relations between ultrasonic velocity and elastic constants valid for arbitrary anisotropy are implemented in the fitting optimization.
Optical scattering measurement instrument for the design of machine vision illumination

In this report we describe an optical scattering measurement instrument developed for the design of machine vision illumination. The instrument can measure the radiance of surfaces as a function of the illumination and viewing angles and it can be used to measure relative bidirectional reflectance (BRDF) characteristics of materials. The constructions used were the traditional mechanically scanned single detector based solution and a new video camera based solution. The benefits of the video camera based solution are the rapid measurement of a large scattering angle range and the possibility of viewing scattering patterns on a monitor in real time. The experimental results of the BRDF measurements on copper and galvanized steel are modeled by using reflectance models based on geometrical optics and wave theory.
DETECTINON OF THE STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY THE ORIENTED NUCLEI OF OPTICALLY PUMPED $sup 3$He GAS.

A new type of very sensitive low-field magnetometer is used to detect the static magnetic field produced by optically pumped $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ nuclei in a vapor. Various signals (pumping and relaxation transients) are obtained in this way. This magnetostatic detection allows a direct study of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ nuclear polarization without perturbing the spins.
An evaluation of worker cross training and flexible workdays in job shops

Capacity flexibility is becoming increasingly important as a means for reducing inventory while maintaining customer service levels. We examine two means to increase capacity flexibility. In particular, we examine an environment where both cross training and flexible workdays are available to respond to workload variability. Flexible workdays are under consideration in the US Legislature. This proposed legislation provides the opportunity for workers to exchange overtime for time off. From a managerial perspective, flexible workdays allow management to shift capacity from periods of light load to periods of heavy load. We simulate the operation of a job shop with both cross training and flexible workdays. Our results indicate that cross training is a far more effective tool for improving performance as compared to flexible workdays. Flexible workdays can be valuable particularly in volatile conditions. However, our results indicate that the degree of cross training is a critical consideration in determining the impact of flexible workdays.
THE CRITICAL MASS OF COMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS GAS-STARS

Let $\gamma $ be the adiabatic index of self-gravitating, spherically symmetric motion of compressible viscous gas-star. When $\gamma \in (1,2]$, we prove the existence of nonisentropic equilibrium. Furthermore, at the adiabatic index $\gamma = \frac {4}{3}$, we found a family of particular solutions which corresponds to an expansive (contractive) gaseous star. Moreover, we find that there is a critical total mass $M_0$. If the total mass $M$ of star is less than $M_0$, then the star expands infinitely. However, if $M \geq M_0$, then there is an ``escape velocity'' $v_er$ associated with $M$ and the initial configuration of the star. If $v(0,r) \geq v_er$, then the star will expand infinitely. If $v(0,r) < v_er$, then it will collapse after a finite time.
Basic standards and fundamental constants

The importance of precision electromagnetic measurements to the fundamental constants, and vice versa is examined. The idea that recent advances in the determination of a number of constants may have made future least-squares adjustments of the constants unnecessary is also discussed. Some of the fundamental constants considered are: the vacuum speed of light, the gas constant, Avogadro's constant, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, and Rydberg's constant for infinite mass. >
Quasar Variability and Gravitational Microlensing

In this Letter we examine the claim by Baganoff & Malkan that the timescale of brightness variations of quasars increases with decreasing optical wavelength, and that this effect can offset a time dilation effect at high redshift. They base their case on a thin accretion disk model that implies that timescales become shorter as the observed passband becomes bluer. We show that light curves of both Seyfert galaxies and quasars conflict with the predictions of their model and that neither the timescale nor the structure of AGN light curves changes with color. We discuss the consequences of this result for accretion disk models of quasars and the relation of our result to the microlensing mechanism for quasar variability. We also look at the implications of quasar microlensing for the nature of dark matter, and use some recent results on quark masses to support the idea that the dark matter is in the form of primordial black holes.
Functional imaging of muscle oxygenation and oxygen consumption in the knee extensor muscles during isometric contractions by spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy

In this study, we showed that exercise type- and intensity-dependent regional differences in muscle oxygenation and oxygen consumption rate (Vo2) of the knee extensor muscles could be imaged in real time with a multi-channel spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (SR-NIRS) imaging device. Healthy subjects performed isometric knee extension exercise for 30 s (without- or with-leg-press action) at different exercise intensities [10%, 40% and 70% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)]. "Separation-type" probes were attached to the skin over the major knee extensor muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM). Placement of the probes enabled simultaneously measurement of 12 sites over a skin area of about 30 cm2 (temporal resolution = 0.25 s). Local Vo2 of each muscle, resting Vo2 (Vo2, rest) and recovery Vo2 (Vo2, rec ), were determined with arterial occlusion before the start and after the end of contraction, respectively. There was no significant difference between the values of Vo2 rest, in the muscles. However, during knee extension exercise without-leg-press action, Vo2 rec, value of the RF was significantly greater than the values of the VL and VM at all exercise intensities. In contrast, during exercise with-leg-press action, Vo2 rec, values of the RF and VM were greater than those of the VL, especially during exercise at 40% and 70% MVC. In summary, the regional differences in muscle oxygenation and Vo2 of the knee extensor muscles, probably due to the differences in relative contributions of muscles to exercise and in muscle architecture, were imaged using SR-NIRS.
The High-Resolution Spectra of the ν11 Band of Triacetylene near 622 cm−1: Revised Assignments for Hot Bands

Abstract The rovibrational spectra of triacetylene (C6H2) were recorded for the ν11 band in high resolution by FTIR spectroscopy. The assignments for the hot-band system (v11, v13) = (1, 1) ← (0, 1) have been fully revised, and reliable molecular parameters have been determined including the rotational and vibrational l-type doubling constants. The assignments have been confirmed by a simulation of the absorption profile in the Q-branch region. The intensity perturbation caused by the l-type resonance in the (v11, v13) = (1, 1) state has been observed and discussed.
Protein Sequence and Structure Comparison based on vectorial Representations

Proteins are very complex physical objects consisting of thousands of atoms and hundreds of amino acids with complicated local and global interactions on length scales ranging from the microscopic neighbourhood of atoms to the macroscopic size of organisms. The spatial configuration, in spite of that, is encoded into one single character per amino acid using a twenty character alphabet, an apparent contradiction that is not fully understood to date. This thesis is concerned with problems of protein structure and the relationship of protein sequence and structure. It is tried to integrate the different approaches typically carried out by physicists in the field that investigate very simplified model systems, e.g. single helices, with the bioinformatics approach to build powerful analysis tools. The first approach often leads to oversimplified systems that do not describe native proteins as a whole, while the second can be too heuristic and too involved to answer fundamental questions. We start from defining vectorial descriptions of protein structure, similar in form to sequence descriptions, to firstly compare protein structures, i.e. to perform structure alignments, and discuss several measures for structural similarity. From these we derive a statistical structural similarity score for pairs of protein structure based on their spatial superimposition. Then we utilize a previously known ansatz to exploit the sequence to structure correlation in order to predict vectorial structure descriptions from protein sequence. These predicted profiles are then used within the same alignment framework to align protein sequences. For these alignments a basic evolutionary similarity measure between protein sequences is derived. Large part of this thesis is dedicated to the objective assessment of alignment methods including the new method presented and a number of establish programs. A commonly used measure of structural similarity, the Percentage of Structural Identity (PSI), is discussed and generalized to cover an internal degree of freedom in structure that was ignored formerly. The improvement is achieved by very simple but powerful reasoning. The resulting scheme is also applicable to detect hinges in protein structures. Concluding, we state that protein structure, despite its complexity, is indeed to a large extent one-dimensional. The unification of structure and sequence alignments under a single formalism gives some insight into the relation of sequence and structure in proteins.
Nucleation and growth kinetics of nanocrystals formed upon pulsed-laser ablation in liquid

To have a clear physical insight into the nanocrystal formation upon pulsed-laser ablation in liquid, we proposed a theoretical kinetic approach to elucidate the nucleation and growth of nanocrystals with respect to the capillary effect of the nanometer-sized curvature of crystalline nuclei. Taking the nanodiamond synthesis by pulsed-laser ablating a graphite target in water as an example, we predicted the nucleation time, growth velocity, and the grown size of nanodiamonds on the basis of the proposed kinetic model, and found that these theoretical results are in well agreement with our experiment cases. We expected that the kinetic approach is generally applicable to understanding the basic physics of nanocrystal formation in pulsed-laser ablation in liquid.
Sharelatex Example

Emotion recognition is crucial in human-computer interaction as emotions are what makes human interaction flawless and natural. In this project, the focus is on emotion recognition from speech. A review of previously used datasets, features and models is performed. The experiments are performed using The Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture (IEMOCAP) database. Two different input feature types are extracted from the speech in the database – the eGeMAPS and spectrograms. The models used in the experiments are fully connected feedforward neural network, convolutional neural network and Long Short Term Memory networks. The eGeMAPS consistently outperform spectrograms on the task. While studying the discrepancy between the two feature types, we have shown that it appears as pitch of the voice(F0) cannot be extracted from the spectrograms.
Anova of Residuals and Ancova: Correcting an Illusion by Using Model Comparisons and Graphs

Analysis of covariance is often conceptualized as an analysis of variance of a single set of residual scores that are obtained by regressing the dependent variable on the covariate. Although this conceptualization of an equivalence between the two procedures may be intuitively appealing, it is mathematically incorrect. If residuals are obtained from the pooled within-groups regression coefficient (bw ), an analysis of variance on the residuals results in an inflated α-level. If the regression coefficient for the total sample combined into one group (bT ) is used, ANOVA on the residuals yields an inappropriately conservative test. In either case, analysis of variance of residuals fails to provide a correct test, because the significance test in analysis of covariance requires consideration of bothbw andbT , unlike analysis of residuals. It is recommended that the significance test of treatment effects in analysis of covariance be conceptualized, not as an analysis of residuals, but as a comparison of models whose parameters are estimated by the principle of least squares. Focusing on model comparisons and their associated graphs can be used effectively here as in other cases to teach simply and correctly the logic of the statistical test.
Low-power low-latency MAC protocol for aeronautical applications

This paper describes asynchronous MAC (Medium Access Control) strategies based on the IEEE 802.15. 4 physical layer for wireless aeronautical applications where low power and low latency are important requirements as well as security and data integrity. Sensor data is acquired and collected on request, by means of a mobile device, and later stored in a centralized database. In order to have the smallest power consumption the wireless sensor has to remain in deep sleep mode as long as possible and wake up and listen periodically for RF activity. If its unique ID is mentioned in the destination address field, the complete frame is received, processed and replied if necessary. If the detected packet is addressed to another sensor the reception will stop immediately and the wireless sensor will go into deep sleep mode again. Listening instead of sending actively does not 'pollute' the already crowded 2.45GHz spectrum, reduces collisions and increases security. The mobile data concentrator can not be synchronized with all the sensors installed in a distributed environment, therefore smart asynchronous data transmission strategies are needed to reduce latencies and increase throughput. For the considered application, sensors are independent of each other, simply share the medium and together with the data concentrator are organized in a star network topology. The centre of the star is the concentrator which is rarely in range. It coordinates and activates the wireless sensor nodes to collect the measured data.
Stable determination of conductivity by boundary measurements

We consider the problem of determining the scalar coefficient γ in the elliptic equation div(γ grad u) = 0 in ω when, for every Dirichlet datum u = ∅ on ∂ω , the Neumann datum γ(∂/ ∂ n)u = ∧. γ∅ is known. We prove a continuous dependence result
An asymptotic theory for the linear stability of a core–annular flow in the thin annular limit

We study the linear stability of a vertical, perfectly concentric, core–annular flow in the limit in which the gap is much thinner than the core radius. The analysis includes the effects of viscosity and density stratification, interfacial tension, gravity and pressure-driven forcing. In the limit of small annular thicknesses, several terms of the expression for the growth rate are found in order to identify and characterize the competing effects of the various physical mechanisms present. For the sets of parameters describing physical situations they allow immediate determination of which mechanisms dominate the stability. Comparisons between the asymptotic formula and available full numerical computations show excellent agreement for non-dimensional ratio of undisturbed annular thickness to core radius as large as 0.2. The expansion leads to new linear stability results (an expression for the growth rate in powers of the capillary number to the $\frac{1}{3}$ power) for wetting layers in low-capillary-number liquid–liquid displacements. The expression includes both capillarity and viscosity stratification and agrees well with the experimental results of Aul & Olbrich (1990). Finally, we derive Kuramoto–Sivashinsky-type integro-differential equation for the later nonlinear stages of the interfacial dynamics, and discuss their solutions.
Relationship between Field Emission Properties and Material Characteristics of Diamond-Like Carbon Fabricated by Focused-Ion-Beam Chemical Vapor Deposition

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) deposited by focused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition (FIB-CVD) contains gallium (Ga) when a Ga ion beam is used. Therefore, DLC deposited by FIB-CVD (FIB-DLC) has specific material characteristics that differ from those of typical DLC. In this study, FIB-DLC's annealing-temperature dependence of field emission properties, work functions, and surface conditions were measured to understand its material characteristics. The results show that Ga incorporation is required in order to obtain a sufficient electric conductivity for the field emission. Furthermore, we found that the work function is increased by the graphitization of the FIB-DLC surface caused by the annealing treatment.
Galaxy group around giant radio galaxy NGC 315

We have investigated the environment of the giant radio galaxy NGC 315 with its associated group of galaxies selected by their spectroscopic redshifts. Observations were made with the 2.16-m optical telescope at Xinglong Station of the National Astronomical Observatories of China. In addition to 25 galaxies near NGC 315 with published redshifts, we have successfully determined 21 new redshifts of candidates, five of which are previously unknown members of the NGC 315 galaxy group. We examine and discuss the spatial structure and kinematics of this group (which is part of the PerseusPisces filament). Nearly 40 per cent of its members are concentrated near NGC 315, close to the emission from its brighter radio jet. The X-ray luminosity implied by the optical velocity dispersion is higher than that derived empirically from observations of other groups, suggesting that X-ray-emitting gas within the NGC 315 group has a low density. This may be one reason for the size of the radio source.
Optimum plate-fin heat sinks by using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm

This article demonstrates the practical applications of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) namely population-based incremental learning (PBIL) for an automated shape optimization of plate-fin heat sinks. The computational procedure of multi-objective PBIL is detailed. The design problem is posed to find heat sink shapes which minimize the junction temperature and fan pumping power while meeting predefined constraints. Three sets of shape design variables used in this study are defined as: vertical straight fins with fin height variation, oblique straight fins with steady fin heights, and oblique straight fins with fin height variation. The optimum results obtained from using the various sets of design variables are illustrated and compared. It can be said that, with this sophisticated design system, efficient and effective design of plate-fin heat sinks is achievable and the best design variables set is the oblique straight fins with fin height variation.
Dynamics and Thermodynamics of a Warming Event in a Coupled Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Model

Abstract A simple coupled ocean–atmosphere model, similar to that of Zebiak and Cane, is used to examine the dynamic and thermodynamic processes associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The model is run for 300 years. The interannual variability which results is regular, with a period of either 3 or 4 years, quantized by the annual cycle. The amplitude (∼1.5 m s−1 wind and 2°C SST anomalies), period and structure of the interannual variability compare well with observations. The model warm event is initiated in the spring prior to the event peak, and is well described as an instability of the coupled system. During instability growth, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly is primarily generated by vertical upwelling processes. The SST anomaly can be approximately described by the expression ∂T/∂t = KTh − α*T, where T is the SST anomaly, t time, h the upper layer thickness (pycnocline) perturbation and α* an effective damping time which includes heat loss to the atmosphere. KT parameterizes.
Planar model correlation functions

Correlation functions are calculated on the critical line of the two-dimensional planar or XY model. A crossover is found between simple scaling behaviour for 2 pi Keff>4, and more complex scaling behaviour for 2 pi Keff=4. At the Kosterlitz-Thouless critical point, 2 pi Keff=4, logarithmic factors appear in the correlation functions. These corrections to simple scaling behaviour are calculated for many correlation functions, including correlation functions not previously studied.
Consideration of Effective Acoustic Rendering of Spatialized Ambient Sound

Three-dimensional sound auralization systems have been developed actively in the last few decades. Such systems are called virtual auditory displays (VADs). In conventional VADs based on head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), a sound source position alone is rendered by disregarding other acoustical phenomena. However, because various sounds surround us in our daily life, we usually hear not only a targeted direct sound but also ambient sounds in an actual sound space. A lack of ambient sound often engenders an unnatural perception of the virtual auditory space presented by VAD based on HRTFs. Therefore, ambient sounds should be included in the VAD system auralization. We investigated an eﬀective rendering method of ambient sound using ordinary colored noise. Furthermore, using subjective evaluations, we discuss the relation between the realism of sound space with ambient sounds and a listener’s head movement.