Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
W28 and 3C 400.2 - Two shell-like radio supernova remnants with centrally peaked X-ray morphologies

The paper describes X-ray and optical observations with the Einstein Observatory of two SNRs which are examples of a group of SNRs that have centrally peaked X-ray surface brightness distributions and limb-brightened radio morphologies. X-ray and optical spectra confirm that they are located along lines of sight with substantial intervening absorption, as is the case of other objects that have these morphological characteristics. The hydrogen column density along the line of sight to both remnants is established at (7-11) x 10 to the 21st/sq cm. A thermal origin is proposed as the most likely explanation for the X-ray morphology. It is demonstrated that these SNRs do not have a density and temperature distribution which resembles that of a point explosion in a uniform-density medium, even when the overburden of absorption is considered. 46 refs.
Massive thin accretion discs – I. Calculated spectra

Les calculs detailles de la structure et du spectre de disques d'accretion massifs et geometriquement minces sont presentes, les calculs etant realises pour un disque α avec differentes hypotheses sur la viscosite et les corrections relativistes. Les equations du transfert radiatif sont resolues avec l'approximation d'Eddington pour une atmosphere possedant un gradient vertical de temperature. Toutes les sources significatives d'opacite, pour T>10 4 K, sont inclues et tous les modeles s'averent partout optiquement epais
COI-Barcoding and Species Delimitation Assessment of Toad-Headed Agamas of the Genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae, Squamata) Reveal Unrecognized Diversity in Central Eurasia

We provide a diversity assessment of the agamid genus Phrynocephalus Kaup, 1825. We analyze COI mtDNA barcodes from 385 individuals sampled all over Phrynocephalus range. We apply the ABGD, ASAP, bGMYC, mlPTP and hsPTP species delimitation algorithms to analyze the COI gene fragment variation and assess the species diversity in Phrynocephalus. Nine species groups are revealed in Phrynocephalus in agreement with earlier studies on the phylogenetic relationships of the genus. We demonstrate that the present taxonomy likely underestimates the actual diversity of the genus. Alternative species delimitation algorithms provide a confusingly wide range of possible number of Phrynocephalus species—from 54 to 103 MOTUs (molecular operational taxonomic units). The ASAP species delimitation scheme recognizing 63 MOTUs likely most closely fits the currently recognized taxonomic framework of Phrynocephalus. We also report on 13 previously unknown Phrynocephalus lineages as unverified candidate species. We demonstrate that the ASAP and the ABGD algorithms likely most closely reflect the actual diversity of Phrynocephalus, while the mlPTP and hsPTP largely overestimate it. We argue that species delimitation in these lizards based exclusively on mtDNA markers is insufficient, and call for further integrative taxonomic studies joining the data from morphology, mtDNA and nuDNA markers to fully stabilize the taxonomy of Phrynocephalus lizards.
Matcha Tea Powder’s Antidepressant-like Effect through the Activation of the Dopaminergic System in Mice Is Dependent on Social Isolation Stress

Matcha tea powder is believed to have various physiological benefits; however, its detailed mechanism of action has been poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether the mental state of mice, due to social isolation stress, affects the antidepressant-like effect of Matcha tea powder by using the tail suspension test. Oral administration of Matcha tea powder reduced the duration of immobility in the stress-susceptible C57BL/6J strain, but not in BALB/c strain. In C57BL/6J mice, SCH23390, a dopamine D1 receptor blocker, prevented Matcha tea powder from exerting its antidepressant-like effect. Matcha tea powder also increased the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) region and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) region in C57BL/6J mice, but not in BALB/c mice. In contrast, Matcha tea powder did not change the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) region. Notably, C57BL/6J mice with a shorter immobility time had a higher number of c-Fos-positive cells in the PFC, NAc, and VTA regions. However, no such correlation was observed in the stress-tolerant BALB/c mice. These results suggest that Matcha tea powder exerts an antidepressant-like effect through the activation of the dopaminergic system including the PFC-NAc-VTA circuit and that mental states are important factors affecting the physiological benefits of Matcha tea powder.
Active substances and colour characteristics of Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) leaves influenced by different preservation methods

Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) is a well known rhizomatous perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family with significant medicinal and aromatic attributes. The most important parts of the plant are the leaves (Menthae piperitae folium) where essential oil containing glandular trichomes are present along with many other active substances. The main aim of this study was to find the best preservation methods in order to conserve the colour characteristics and the most important active substances present in peppermint leaves.
Testing for serial correlation in the presence of dynamic heteroscedasticity

Standard serial correlation tests are derived assuming that the disturbances are homoscedastic, but this study shows that asympotic critical values are not accurate when this assumption is violated. Asymptotic critical values for the ARCH(2)-corrected LM, BP and BL tests are valid only when the underlying ARCH process is strictly stationary, whereas Wooldridge's robust LM test has good properties overall. These tests exhibit similar bahaviour even when the underlying process is GARCH (1,1). When the regressors include lagged dependent variables, the rejection frequencies under both the null and alternative hypotheses depend on the coefficientsof the lagged dependent variables and the other model parameters. They appear to be robust across various disturbance distributions under the null hypothesis.
ANALYSIS OF SUBGRID SCALE MODELING APPROACHES FOR LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF TURBULENT MIXING IN SPATIALLY DEVELOPING ROUND JETS

This work involves large eddy simulations (LES) of passive scalar mixing in a round, turbulent jet. We study the effects of resolution on the resulting LES velocity and scalar concentration fields, and focus on the interaction between the modeled, subgrid, and resolved-scale quantities. The simulations are performed in spherical coordinates for Reynolds number Red =5,000 at three levels of grid resolution, and for Red =10,000 at a single resolution level. Throughout this work, the LES-filtered momentum equations are closed using a dynamic Smagorinsky model for the SGS stress. In the first part of this study, the LES-filtered scalar transport equation is closed using both the dynamic eddy diffusivity and dynamic mixed models for the SGS scalar flux. The mean velocity and scalar concentration fields and jet scaling parameters are accurately reproduced by the LES on all grid systems used. However, there are some variations observed in the mean quantities at different levels of resolution that suggest a non-monotonic influence of subgrid parameters on the resolved LES fields. The contribution from the SGS model is evaluated by comparing distributions of the modeled subgrid stress and scalar flux components, as well as the SGS and molecular ii dissipation of resolved-scale fluctuations, at different levels of resolution. Overall, the contribution from the SGS model is observed to increase as the grid is coarsened, indicating as expected that more of the smaller-scale turbulent motions are represented by models at lower levels of resolution. In the second part of this study, we investigate the effects of different modeling approaches for the SGS scalar flux. The scalar flux models evaluated in this work include, in addition to the eddy diffusivity and mixed models, the recently proposed dynamic structure and multi-fractal models. Resulting mean and fluctuating resolved concentration fields predicted by the multi-fractal model are in close agreement with those predicted by the eddy diffusivity and mixed models, which also show good agreement with available experimental results. The concentration fields predicted by the dynamic structure model differ noticeably from those for the other models in this study, particularly for fluctuating quantities. Analyses of the SGS scalar flux components show that the SGS scalar flux is overpredicted by the dynamic structure model compared to the other models, which may explain some of these trends observed in the resolved and fluctuating concentration fields. The results suggest that model performance, as assessed through the resolved-scale simulation results, is significantly more sensitive to scalar energy transfer across the resolved scale than to the structural details of model formulation. Primary Reader: Professor Lester Su Secondary Readers: Professors Charles Meneveau and Lian Shen
Parallel adaptive solution of coupled Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni problems with the Navier‐slip

This study deals with modeling certain nonlinear interactions that give rise to cellular flow in heated thin fluid layers with thermocapillary surface‐tension at the free surface. Of particular interest in these Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni (RBM) studies is the effect of varying roughness (stick and slip) on the base or sides of the fluid container. This stick‐slip behavior at container boundaries and thermocapillary shear stress at the free surface may lead to strongly varying local gradients in the solution that are addressed here using local adaptive mesh refinement. In turn, these local effects influence the global structure of cell patterns resulting from competing buoyancy, surface‐tension and stick‐slip effects. This behavior is illustrated by the results of numerical simulations of cellular flow structure in containers of varying aspect ratio and with spatially varying base boundary treatments. Details of the Navier‐slip approximation and the adaptive mesh refinement strategy are given, together with a brief description of the relevant features of the parallel adaptive software framework, LibMesh, and associated algorithms employed in the present simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High mobility organic thin-film transistors based on p-p heterojunction buffer layer

The p-p heterojunction of 5, 6, 11, 12-tetraphenylnaphthacene/vanadyl phthalocyanine, which has been used as the buffer layer, is demonstrated. The highest field-effect mobility is 5.1 cm2/Vs, which is one of the highest reported for polycrystalline rubrene thin film transistors. Current versus voltage characteristics of heterojunction diodes are utilized to investigate the charge injection mechanism, revealing the factors that bring about the improvement of carrier injection and the reduction of contact resistance. These results suggest that our approach is very promising to fabricate high performance organic thin-film transistors for practical applications in organic electronics.
Full-vectorial imaginary-distance beam propagation method based on a finite element scheme: application to photonic crystal fibers

A full-vectorial imaginary-distance beam propagation method based on a finite element scheme is newly formulated and is effectively applied to investigating the problem of leakage due to a finite number of arrays of air holes in photonic-crystal holey fibers (HFs). In order to treat arbitrarily shaped air holes and to avoid spurious solutions, a curvilinear edge/nodal hybrid element is introduced. Furthermore, in order to evaluate propagation characteristics of not only bound modes but leaky modes in HFs, an anisotropic perfectly matched layer is also employed as a boundary condition at computational window edges. It is confirmed from numerical results that the propagation loss increases rapidly with increasing wavelength, especially for HFs with one ring of smaller air holes, and that the propagation loss is drastically reduced by adding one more ring of air holes to the cladding region.
Bayesian Inversion of Finite‐Fault Earthquake Slip Model Using Geodetic Data, Solving for Non‐Planar Fault Geometry, Variable Slip, and Data Weighting

A precise finite‐fault model including the fault geometry and slip distribution is essential to understand the physics of an earthquake. However, the conventional linear inversion of geodetic data for a finite‐fault model cannot fully resolve the fault geometry. In this study, we developed a Bayesian inversion framework that can comprehensively solve a non‐planar fault geometry, the corresponding fault slip distribution with spatially variable directions, and objective weighting for multiple data types. In the proposed framework, the probability distributions of all the model parameters are sampled using the Monte Carlo method. The developed methodology removes the requirement for manual intervention for the fault geometry and data weighting and can provide an ensemble of plausible model parameters. The performance of the developed method is tested and demonstrated through inversions for synthetic oblique‐slip faulting models. The results show that the constant rake assumption can significantly bias the estimates of fault geometry and data weighting, whereas additional consideration of the variability of slip orientations can allow plausible estimates of a non‐planar fault geometry with objective data weighting. We applied the method to the 2013 Mw 6.5 Lushan earthquake in Sichuan province, China. The result reveals dominant thrust slips with left‐lateral components and a curved fault geometry, with the confidence interval of the dip angles being between 20°–25° and 56°–58°. The proposed method provides useful insights into the scope of imaging a non‐planar fault geometry, and could help to interpret more complex earthquake sources in the future.
Future Antimicrobials: Natural and Functionalized Phenolics

With incidence of antimicrobial resistance rising globally, there is a continuous need for development of new antimicrobial molecules. Phenolic compounds having a versatile scaffold that allows for a broad range of chemical additions; they also exhibit potent antimicrobial activities which can be enhanced significantly through functionalization. Synthetic routes such as esterification, phosphorylation, hydroxylation or enzymatic conjugation may increase the antimicrobial activity of compounds and reduce minimal concentrations needed. With potent action mechanisms interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, DNA replication or enzyme production, phenolics can target multiple sites in bacteria, leading to a much higher sensitivity of cells towards these natural compounds. The current review summarizes some of the most important knowledge on functionalization of natural phenolic compounds and the effects on their antimicrobial activity.
ECG database of short fragments with arrhythmias classification according to the degree of danger to the patient’s life

Studying is devoted to the development of a new database of short ECG fragments designed to solve the problems of recognizing dangerous arrhythmias during monitoring cardiological control. The database contains various types of rhythm disturbances, including extremely dangerous arrhythmias. It includes one thousand sixteen 2-second ECG fragments. This database allows to classify cardiac arrhythmias and determine the degree of danger to the patient’s life. The database contains six classes of ECG signals, the first three classes including the most dangerous forms of disorders: 1) ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation, 2) ventricular tachycardia torsade de pointes, 3) high-rate ventricular tachycardia. The remaining classes represent arrhythmias that are not fatal. Ventricular and supraventricular disorders were classified into different classes according to the degree of danger to the patient’s life. In addition to 2-second fragments, this database contains the full spectrum of ECG fragments (0-180 Hz) and smoothed spectrums (0-15 Hz). This representation allows to study the frequency properties of certain types of ECG signals and build algorithms for arrhythmia recognition in the spectral region. The description of the database structure is given, the content of each of the considered classes is considered. The proposed database of ECG signals can evaluate the effectiveness of your own or existing algorithms for recognizing life-threatening arrhythmias.
Silk Fibroin Bioink for 3D Printing in Tissue Regeneration: Controlled Release of MSC extracellular Vesicles

Sodium alginate (SA)-based hydrogels are often employed as bioink for three-dimensional (3D) scaffold bioprinting. They offer a suitable environment for cell proliferation and differentiation during tissue regeneration and also control the release of growth factors and mesenchymal stem cell secretome, which is useful for scaffold biointegration. However, such hydrogels show poor mechanical properties, fast-release kinetics, and low biological performance, hampering their successful clinical application. In this work, silk fibroin (SF), a protein with excellent biomechanical properties frequently used for controlled drug release, was blended with SA to obtain improved bioink and scaffold properties. Firstly, we produced a printable SA solution containing SF capable of the conformational change from Silk I (random coil) to Silk II (β-sheet): this transition is a fundamental condition to improve the scaffold’s mechanical properties. Then, the SA-SF blends’ printability and shape fidelity were demonstrated, and mechanical characterization of the printed hydrogels was performed: SF significantly increased compressive elastic modulus, while no influence on tensile response was detected. Finally, the release profile of Lyosecretome—a freeze-dried formulation of MSC-secretome containing extracellular vesicles (EV)—from scaffolds was determined: SF not only dramatically slowed the EV release rate, but also modified the kinetics and mechanism release with respect to the baseline of SA hydrogel. Overall, these results lay the foundation for the development of SA-SF bioinks with modulable mechanical and EV-release properties, and their application in 3D scaffold printing.
Fuzzy ellipsoidal shell clustering algorithm and detection of elliptical shapes

Fuzzyc-Efflpsoidal Shell (FCES) algorithm that utilizes hyper-ellipsoidal-shells as cluster prototypes is proposed. FCES is a generalization of the Fuzzy Shell Clustering (FSC) algorithm. The generalization is achieved by allowing the distances measured through a norm inducing matrix that is symmetric positive definite. In case offixed known norms the extension of FcS to FCS is straightforward. Two different strategies are recommended when the norm is unknown. The first strategy considers use of non-linear least-squared fit approach with fuzzy memberships as weights. The second approach considers norm inducing matrix as a variable of optimization thus making FCES an adaptive norm type algorithm. An adaptive norm theorem is presented. The results of first approach is used to detect ellipses having unequal sizes and orientations in two-dimensional data-sets. Non-linear equations of the FCES algorithm are more complex than those of the FSC algorithm. Numerical issues related to both the FCES algorithm and the FSC algorithm are discussed.
The Modified Nystrom Method: Theories, Algorithms, and Extension

Many kernel methods suffer from high time and space complexities, so they are prohibitive in big-data applications. To tackle the computational challenge, the Nystr\"om method has been extensively used to reduce time and space complexities by sacrificing some accuracy. The Nystr\"om method speedups computation by constructing an approximation of the kernel matrix in question using only a few columns of the matrix. Recently, a variant of the Nystr\"om method called the modified Nystr\"om method has demonstrated significant improvement over the standard Nystr\"om method in approximation accuracy, both theoretically and empirically. In this paper we provide theoretical analysis, efficient algorithms, and a simple but highly accurate extension for the modified Nystr\"om method. First, we prove that the modified Nystr\"om method is exact under certain conditions, and we establish a lower error bound for the modified Nystr\"om method. Second, we develop two efficient algorithms to make the modified Nystr\"om method efficient and practical. We devise a simple column selection algorithm with a provable error bound. With the selected columns at hand, we propose an algorithm that computes the modified Nystr\"om approximation in lower time complexity than the approach in the previous work. Third, the extension which we call {\it the SS-Nystr\"om method} has much stronger error bound than the modified Nystr\"om method, especially when the spectrum of the kernel matrix decays slowly. Our proposed SS-Nystr\"om can be computed nearly as efficiently as the modified Nystr\"om method. Finally, experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed column selection algorithm is both efficient and accurate and that the SS-Nystr\"om method always leads to much higher kernel approximation accuracy than the standard/modified Nystr\"om method.
Charts for the Interpretation and Estimation of the Second Order Autoregressive Model

The second order autoregressive model (AR(2)) is examined to cast light on its physical interpretation and to facilitate its use. A number of AR(2) series are simulated and charts are presented which relate the characteristics of these series to the parameters of the model and their roots and the associated correlation, partial correlation and forecast functions. Charts are also developed for the estimation of the parameters of the model and the construction of confidence regions for the estimates. An example is given to demonstrate the use of the charts.
The determination of magnetic moments of extended samples in a SQUID magnetometer

A method is developed for the extraction, from SQUID magnetometer data, of a value for the total magnetic moment of an extended sample. Background drift associated with the superconducting magnet is usually a serious problem in these experiments and the authors show, using computer simulations, that their method deals successfully with this. Reasonably good estimates are required of the length of the sample and of the number of readings over which the background drift is correlated. The method uses a matched filter to carry out deconvolution in the presence of correlated noise. The approach is illustrated for a wire sample of Ni-Cr alloy in extended and compressed forms. Results are analysed for pure water and oxidized human blood, giving volume susceptibility values of (-9.060+or-0.003)*10-6 and (-7.390+or-0.003)*10-6 respectively.
Unsteady characteristics of a hypersonic type IV shock interaction

The unsteady characteristics of a Mach 8 type IV shock interaction are numerically studied using a timeaccurate total variation diminishing scheme for solving the thin layer approximation to the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in conservative form. The calculations show that the peak surface pressure, the impingement location of the supersonic jet, and the time required for the development of the interaction are strong functions of the impinging shock location. For a range of impinging shock locations the interaction is found to be unsteady. In addition, this unsteady phenomena is shown to be related to the transients of the interaction and to the orientation of the terminating shock associated with the supersonic jet. The frequency of oscillation of the supersonic jet, as described by the location of the peak surface pressure, is shown to be proportional to the location of the impinging shock.