Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interannual precipitation controls on soil CO2 fluxes in high elevation conifer and aspen forests

Long-term soil CO2 emission measurements are necessary for detecting trends and interannual variability in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Such records are becoming increasingly valuable as ecosystems experience altered environmental conditions associated with climate change. From 2013 to 2021, we continuously measured soil CO2 concentrations in the two dominant high elevation forest types, mixed conifer and aspen, in the upper Colorado River basin. We quantified the soil CO2 flux during the summer months, and found that the mean and total CO2 flux in both forests was related to the prior winter’s snowfall and current summer’s rainfall, with greater sensitivity to rainfall. We observed a decline in surface soil CO2 production, which we attributed to warming and a decrease in amount and frequency of summer rains. Our results demonstrate strong precipitation control on the soil CO2 flux in mountainous regions, a finding which has important implications for carbon cycling under future environmental change.
Comparison and analysis of modern combustion powertrain systems of rail vehicles

The article presents the currently used technologies and solutions for rail vehicle drive systems that can be used in the future. The most popular systems used in locomotives and multiple units are described. In addition, modern solutions such as bi-mode locomotives and hybrid vehicles are shown. The article also discusses the possibility of using ultracapacitors, batteries or fuel cells in order to increase the efficiency of the powertrain of a rail vehicle. The selection of the appropriate solution depends on the intended use of the vehicle and the assumed traction characteristics and requires a thorough analysis including, among others, modeling of the drive system and its management.
PCO2, chemical properties, and estimated new production in the equatorial Pacific in January–March 1991

Measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) at the sea surface, dichlorodifluoromethane (F12), salinity, temperature, oxygen, nutrients, wind, and current velocities were made during a cruise (January–March 1991) in the equatorial Pacific from Panama to Noumea via Tahiti. In the western Pacific (140°W to 165°E) the westward South Equatorial Current is well established. Distributions of tracers show extrema near the equator in the eastern Pacific (from 95°W to 140°W), indicating that the upwelling is especially active in this area. The zonal distribution of chemical tracers is not regular because of intrusions of warmer water from the north associated with equatorial long waves. The temporal changes in PCO2 result from thermodynamic changes, biological activity, and gas exchange with the atmosphere. In order to compare the magnitude of these processes, we assess the variations of PCO2 (dPCO2) between two stations as the sum of thermodynamic changes driven by temperature and salinity changes, air-sea exchange computed from observed wind and difference of PCO2 between the sea and the atmosphere, and the biological activity estimated from the nitrate decrease and C:N ratio (106:16). The resulting assessed change in PCO2 is in agreement with the observed change for 42 pairs of stations. Each of these pairs of stations is thus considered as representing a simple water mass advected by the measured currents between the two stations so that daily fluxes can be estimated. The contribution of CO2 outgassing to dPCO2 is low, between −0.2 to −0.0 μatm d−1. The thermodynamical dPCO2 averages 0.7±0.2 μatm d−1 in the mixed layer. The biological dPCO2 (-1.5±0.5 μatm d−1) is the highest in absolute value implying an average value of new production along the equator of 72±25 mmolC m−2 d−1 (0.9±0.3 gC m−2 d−1) for the equatorial Pacific (130°W-165°E). This value is very high and the overestimation could result from the simplistic description of the advection and mixing of water. An attempt to account for these processes by constraining the net heat flux to 100 W m−2 [Weare et al., 1981] reduces the estimate of new production to 58 mmolC m−2 d−1 (0.7 gC m−2 d−1 ). A mean upwelling velocity of 0.5±0.1 m d−1 east of 140°W is calculated, based on F12 undersaturations.
Building Urban Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: The Case of Russian Arctic Cities

: Russian Arctic is a highly urbanized region, with most towns built in the Soviet era to facilitate extraction industries and provide provision and maintenance to military facilities. Global environmental and development changes, as well as national political decisions open up Russia’s Arctic to massive investment, industrial and socioeconomic development. How do Russian Arctic cities, towns
Comprehensive and Topical Evaluations of Earthquake Forecasts in Terms of Number, Time, Space, and Magnitude

Among scoring methods employed to determine the performance of probability predictions, the log‐likelihood method is the most common and useful. Although the log‐likelihood score evaluates the comprehensive power of forecasts, we need to further evaluate the topical predictive powers of respective factors of seismicity, such as total numbers, occurrence times, locations, and magnitudes. For this purpose, we used the conditional‐ or marginal‐likelihood function based on the observed events. Such topical scores reveal both strengths and weaknesses of a forecasting model and suggest the necessary improvements. We applied these scores to the probability forecasts during the devastating period of March 2011, during which the M w 9.0 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku‐Oki earthquake struck. However, the evaluations did not suggest that any of the prospective forecast models were consistently satisfactory. Hence, we undertook two additional types of retrospective forecasting experiments to investigate the reasons, including the possibility that the seismicity rate pattern has changed after the M 9 mega‐earthquake. In addition, our experiments revealed a technical difficulty in the one‐day forecasting protocol adopted by the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP). Results of further experiments lead us to recommend specific modifications to the CSEP protocols, leading to real‐time forecasts and their evaluations.
Research on mechanism of solution mining for building underground gas storage in salt cavern

Process of salt cavern dissolution is a dynamic process of material balance between cavern surface and solution. Based on the theory of hydrodynamics, convection-diffusion and material balance, the mathematics model for solute transmission and liquid flowage was established to evaluate the field of consistence and velocity in the salt cavern. According to the solution mining mechanism, a dissolution velocity equation for halite was derived to describe the development of salt cavern. The numerical simulating result and the physical simulating result were in good agreement, suggesting that the mathematics model will be able to describe the pattern of solution mining and direct the engineering.
Effectiveness of Blended Learning Web-Based Model in Students’ Listening Skill

The purpose of this study was to determine the significant impact of utilizing a Blended Learning Web-Based Model on students' listening skills. The specific quasi-experimental design employed in this study was the Time Series design, which involved a single group and did not require a control group. The research included 28 students from the second semester in a listening class as participants, who received instruction using the blended learning web-based model. For data collection, the researcher administered a listening test at the beginning of the study and after the treatment. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The findings of this research indicated a significant improvement in students' listening skills after implementing the Blended Learning Web-Based Model for teaching listening. It was observed that the average score on the post-test (58.79) was higher than the average score on the pre-tests (43.79). Furthermore, the result of the T-test (3.586) exceeded the critical T-table value (2.052), leading to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (H1) and rejection of the null hypothesis (H0).
The Evolution of a Microstructure during Tempering and Its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of AerMet 100 Steel

In order to provide guidance for furthering the balance of strength and toughness of AerMet 100 steel through tempering treatment, the effects of the tempering time on microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. The microstructure evolution, especially M2C precipitates and austenite in AerMet 100 tempered at 482 °C for 1~20 h, was characterized, and its influences on the mechanical properties were studied. The tensile strength decreases gradually, the yield strength increases first and then decreases, and the fracture toughness KIC increases gradually with an increasing tempering time. The strength and toughness matching of AerMet 100 steel is achieved by tempering at 482 °C for 5~7 h. Without considering the martensitic size effect, the influence of the dislocation density on the tensile strength is more significant during tempering at 482 °C. The precipitation strengthening mechanism plays a dominant role in the yield strength when tempering for 5 h or less, and the combined influence of carbide coarsening and a sharp decrease in the dislocation density resulted in a significant decrease in tensile strength when tempering for 8 h or more. The fracture toughness KIC is primarily influenced by the reverted austenite, so that KIC increases gradually with the prolongation of the tempering time. However, a significant decrease in the dislocation density resulting from long-term tempering has a certain impact on KIC, giving rise to a decrease in the rising amplitude in KIC after tempering for 8 h or more.
The role of corporate governance mechanisms on equity overvaluation

This study investigates how corporate governance mechanisms, particularly board characteristics, influence equity overvaluation. We use secondary data of 4,185 firm-year observations spanning 2009 to 2015 across 1,351 publicly listed U.S. firms to estimate a logistic regression model. We focus on governance metrics such as gender diversity, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) duality, independent board members, and board size in relation to overvaluation, primarily measured using the price-to-intrinsic-value ratio. We test Jensen’s (2005) proposition that the solution to overvaluation lies in the board of directors or the governance system of firms. In line with our hypothesis, our results present evidence to show that the governance system, specifically board gender diversity, has a significant and negative relationship with the overvaluation of equity. We do not find any significant association between other governance metrics and overvaluation. Equity overvaluation misinforms investors (Eisdorfer et al., 2019), prompting further examination of firm value factors. This study underscores the significance of governance mechanisms, particularly gender diversity, for equity value. Future research should expand governance metrics and explore diverse contexts to enhance the results’ robustness and applicability across industries and contexts.
Lenvatinib and selpercatinib successfully treated RET fusion gene-positive papillary thyroid carcinoma cardiac metastases: a case report

Background Cardiac metastasis from thyroid cancer is rare and has an extremely poor prognosis. Although some patients who undergo heart surgery survive, the therapeutic effectiveness of systemic therapy is limited. Case Description A 53-year-old woman with a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) presented with cough and right chest discomfort. She underwent total thyroidectomy, followed by three rounds of radioactive iodine therapy, to treat pulmonary metastasis. Metastases to the lung, chest wall, liver, heart, and lymph nodes were observed on computed tomography. Core needle biopsy of the tumor in the right chest wall revealed the recurrence of PTC. Cardiac metastasis was discovered by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and blood test indicated a thyroglobulin level of 851 ng/mL. Based on the presence of cardiac metastasis and strong clinical symptoms, the condition was assumed to be fatal, and lenvatinib was started right away. Three weeks after starting lenvatinib, every metastatic lesion shrank. Once the ERC1-RET fusion gene was identified, we switched to selpercatinib therapy. Ten weeks after starting selpercatinib, every tumor shrank and blood thyroglobulin dropped to 68.1 ng/mL. Initial symptoms such as cough and right chest pain improved. Lenvatinib- and selpercatinib-related adverse effects can be managed with supportive care. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of successful systemic therapy for cardiac metastasis from PTC. Conventionally, cardiac surgery is the main treatment for cardiac metastasis, but now systemic therapy is also an important alternative.
of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth Full-waveform inversion of the Japanese Islands region

We present a full-waveform tomographic model of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Japanese Islands region. This is based on the combination of GPU-accelerated spectral-element wavefield simulations, adjoint techniques, and nonlinear optimization. Our model explains complete seismic waveforms of events not used in the inversion in the period range from 20 to 80 s. Quantitative resolution analysis indicates that resolution lengths within the well-covered areas are around 150 km in the horizontal and around 30 km in the vertical directions. In addition to the high-velocity signatures of known lithospheric slabs in the region, our model reveals a pronounced low-velocity anomaly beneath the volcanic island of Ulleung in the Sea of Japan, reaching −19% around 100 km depth. The Ulleung anomaly originates at or above the Pacific slab, rises vertically upward to the base of the Philippine Sea slab at ∼200 km depth, circumvents it in NW direction, and then significantly strengthens in the uppermost mantle above the Philippine Sea slab. Among the numerous hypotheses for the generation of low-velocity anomalies in subduction systems, those invoking instabilities before or when a slab enters the transition zone seem most likely. The age and fast subduction of the Pacific slab may facilitate the transport of fluids into the transition zone. This may promote the reduction in viscosity and the onset of convective upwelling, aided by ambient mantle flow, such as return flow within the mantle wedge.
Study of the relationship between smartphone addiction and head and shoulder posture curvatures in adolescent individuals

This study aims to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and head and shoulder posture curvatures in adolescents. The sample group consisted of a total of 408 participants, 284 male and 124 female students studying at the secondary level in Elazığ, while the population of the study consisted of adolescents between the ages of 14-17. Before the research, a voluntary consent form signed by their parents was obtained from the participants. "Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Form (SAS-SF)" and "Posturescreen" mobile applications were used as data collection tools. Independent-sample T-tests and One Way Anova tests were applied In the statistical review of the obtained data. Pearson Correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship between smartphone dependency level and posture curvatures. The data obtained from the participants were examined in terms of gender, age, daily phone usage time, and phone usage history variables. There were no significant differences in gender, age, and usage history variables. A significant difference was found between the groups using between 1-3 hours, 3-5 hours, and over 5 hours in the daily usage time variable. It has been determined that as the daily usage time increases, smartphone addiction and head and shoulder curvatures increase. A moderate positive relationship was found between smartphone addiction and head and shoulder posture curvatures. As the participants' smartphone addiction increased, so did their head and shoulder curvatures. As a result; A significant relationship was found between smartphone addiction and head and posture curvatures. The increase in smartphone addiction also increases posture curvatures. In addition, the increase in smartphone daily usage time has increased the level of addiction and posture curvatures.
Cancer vaccines in the clinic

Abstract Vaccines are an important tool in the rapidly evolving repertoire of immunotherapies in oncology. Although cancer vaccines have been investigated for over 30 years, very few have achieved meaningful clinical success. However, recent advances in areas such antigen identification, formulation development and manufacturing, combination therapy regimens, and indication and patient selection hold promise to reinvigorate the field. Here, we provide a timely update on the clinical status of cancer vaccines. We identify and critically analyze 360 active trials of cancer vaccines according to delivery vehicle, antigen type, indication, and other metrics, as well as highlight eight globally approved products. Finally, we discuss current limitations and future applications for clinical translation of cancer vaccines.
Reverse time migration of marine models with elastic wave equation and amplitude preservation

Summary Reverse time migration has become a standard technique for imaging in complex geological areas. It is based upon the solution of two-way acoustic wave equation and therefore for an elastic earth, it has limitations on the amplitude preservation. An elastic wave equation based algorithm would be more appropriate for this purpose. For marine models the upper water layer is acoustic, and therefore we need a solution of elastic wave equation which is valid in both acoustic and elastic media. Here we present a methodology for elastic wave propagation, which remains valid in acoustic media by making poisson’s ratio equal to 0.5. A reverse time migration algorithm based on this methodology is developed and implemented. The results are shown by applying it to elastic Marmousi-II model. A comparison of the elastic and acoustic RTM is carried out for a simple flat layer marine model. It is demonstrated that acoustic RTM algorithm over-predicts the amplitude for large angles of incidence, whereas elastic RTM algorithm correctly predicts the amplitudes.
An integrated approach to grazingland ecological assessments and management interpretations

In the United States, grazinglands have been separated into categories such as rangelands and pasturelands and have traditionally been assessed using different methods and indicators. The term grazingland refers to areas producing forage from native or introduced plants and harvested directly by animals without reference to land tenure or other land uses (Allen et al. 2011). The largest area of grazingland in the United States occurs west of the 100th meridian, in water-limited rangelands (Briske 2011). The eastern portion of the country, where water is not a limiting factor, contains substantial areas of improved pastures (Sanderson et al. 2012). Together, these grazinglands represent a substantial proportion, nearly 22% (Jin et al. 2013), of agricultural lands in the United States (figure 1) and contribute many ecosystem goods and services that help support human well-being (Nelson et al. 2012). When taking into account the dichotomy in grazingland terminology, it is important to note that for some parts of the United States, and many parts of the world, the difference between pasturelands and grazinglands is less clear and land considered a pasture to some might be considered an intensively managed rangeland to others. Here we follow the Allen et al. (2011) definitions for…
Deep and adaptive feature extraction attention network for single image super‐resolution

Single image super‐resolution (SISR) has been revolutionized by convolutional neural networks (CNN). However, existing SISR algorithms have feature extraction and adaptive adjustment limitations, leading to information duplication and unsatisfactory image reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a deep and adaptive feature extraction attention network (DAAN), which first fully extracts shallow features and then adaptively captures precise and fine‐scale features by a deep feature extraction block (DFEB). It includes multi‐dimensional feature extraction blocks (MFEBs) that combine large kernel and dynamic convolution layers to improve large‐scale information utilization effectively. Finally, an enhanced spatial attention block (ESAB) to further selectively reinforce the transmission of details. A large number of experimental results show that our proposed model reconstruction performance is superior to existing classical methods.
NEW FULL-SEASON COUNT SITES FOR RAPTOR MIGRATION IN TALAMANCA, COSTA RICA

With the help of volunteers and the local community, standardized counts of migrating raptors were made at watchsites in Talamanca, Costa Rica, during the autumns of 2000 and 2001. The counts demonstrate a major autumn raptor migration convergence in the area. Talamanca is second only after Veracruz, Mexico, in recording the most concentrated flight of migratory raptors in the world. Close to three million individuals, representing 17 species, were counted during autumn 2001. Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura), Broad-winged Hawks (Buteo platypterus), Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni), and Mississippi Kites (Ictinia mississippiensis) represent more than 98% of the total count in both years. Daily migration activity peaks around mid-day, and no noon-lull has been observed for any species. Even so, unlike flights in the temperate zone, passage begins early in the day and ends late in the afternoon, and the flight contin- ues during light and moderate rain. Accepted 13 February 2004.
Homography augmented particle filter SLAM

The article presents a comprehensive study of a visual-inertial simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm designed for aerial vehicles. The goal of the research is to propose an improvement to the particle ﬁlter SLAM system that allows for more accurate and robust navigation of unknown environments. The authors introduce a modiﬁcation that utilizes a homography matrix decomposition calculated from the camera frame-to-frame relationships. This procedure aims to reﬁne the particle ﬁlter proposal distribution of the estimated robot state. In addition, the authors implement a mechanism of calculating a homography matrix from robot displacement, which is utilized to eliminate outliers in the frame-to-frame feature detection procedure. The algorithm is evaluated using simulation and real-world datasets, and the results show that the proposed improvements make the algorithm more accurate and robust. Speciﬁcally, the use of homography matrix decomposition allows the algorithm to be more eﬃcient, with a smaller number of particles, without sacriﬁcing accuracy. Furthermore, the incorporation of robot displacement information helps improve the accuracy of the feature detection procedure, leading to more reliable and consistent results. The article concludes with a discussion of the implemented and tested SLAM solution, highlighting its strengths and limitations. Overall, the proposed algorithm is a promising approach for achieving accurate and robust autonomous navigation of unknown environments.