Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model

Global sulfate aerosol composition is simulated online in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model II′ (GISS GCM II-prime). Four sulfur species, hydrogen peroxide, gas phase ammonia, and particulate ammonium are the prognostic tracer species, the emissions, transport, and deposition of which are explicitly simulated. Nitric acid fields are prescribed based on a global chemical transport model. An online thermodynamic equilibrium calculation determines the partitioning of ammonia and nitrate between gas and aerosol phases, and the quantity of aerosol water based on the temperature, relative humidity, and sulfate concentration in each GCM grid cell. The total global burden of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and aerosol water is 7.5 Tg and is most sensitive to changes in sulfur emissions. Tropospheric lifetimes for ammonium and ammonia are 4.2 and 0.9 days, respectively; the tropospheric ammonium burden is 0.30 Tg N, compared with 0.14 Tg N for ammonia. Simulated ammonium concentrations are generally within a factor of 2 of observations. Subgrid variability in measured concentrations hinders comparison of observations to predictions. Ammonium nitrate aerosol plays an important role in determining total aerosol mass in polluted continental areas. In the upper troposphere and near the poles, cold temperatures allow unneutralized nitric acid to condense into the aerosol phase. Acidic aerosol species tend to be neutralized by ammonia to a greater degree over continents than over oceans. The aerosol is most basic and gas phase ammonia concentrations are highest over India. Water uptake per mole of sulfate aerosol varies by two orders of magnitude because of changes in relative humidity and aerosol composition. Spatial variations in aerosol composition and water uptake have implications for direct and indirect aerosol radiative forcing.
The oral microbiome in early rheumatoid arthritis patients and individuals at risk

Objective: It has been suggested that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may originate at the oral mucosa. Our aim was to assess the oral microbiome and the periodontal condition in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) and individuals at risk of RA. Methods: Three groups were recruited (50 participants each): (1) ERA patients (2010 ACR/EULAR criteria), (2) at-risk individuals (arthralgia and autoantibodies), and (3) healthy controls. A periodontal examination resulted in scores for bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket probing depth (PPD), and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). The microbial composition of subgingival dental plaque, saliva, and tongue coating was assessed using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and compared between groups with permutational multivariate analyses of variance (PERMANOVA). Results: There was no difference between the groups on the periodontal variables (BOP p=0.70; PPD p=0.30; PISA p=0.56). PERMANOVA showed a difference between the groups in the microbial composition of saliva (F=2.08, p<0.001) and tongue coating (F=2.04, p=0.008), but not plaque (p=0.51). Post-hoc tests showed no difference between the ERA group and at-risk group (saliva F=1.12, p=0.28; tongue coating F=0.834, p=0.59). Discriminative zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) were identified: in ERA patients and at-risk individuals, Prevotella in saliva and Veillonella in saliva and tongue coating were at higher relative abundance compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: The results show similarities in the oral microbiome between ERA patients and at-risk individuals, both presenting with increased relative abundance of potentially pro-inflammatory species compared to healthy controls, suggesting a possible association between the oral microbiome and RA onset.
Provenance variability along the Early Ordovician north Gondwana margin: Paleogeographic and tectonic implications of U-Pb detrital zircon ages from the Armorican Quartzite of the Iberian Variscan belt

Detrital zircon laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U-Pb age data from the Lower Ordovician Armorican Quartzite (deformed passive margin strata of Gondwanan affinity) of the Iberian Massif are presented herein. The S-shaped coupled Iberian oroclines defined within these zones palinspastically restore to a 2300 km linear Variscan orogen with a paleomagnetically constrained Late Carboniferous north-south trend. Detrital zircons are used to assess paleogeography and interpreted geometry of the Iberian portion of the Gondwana passive margin. A common signature is identified by (1) Neoproterozoic (ca. 500–850 Ma), (2) Stenian–Tonian (ca. 0.9–1.1 Ga), and lesser (3) Paleoproterozoic and (4) Archean populations (ca. 1.8–2.15 and 2.5–2.7 Ga, respectively). Minor site-to-site variation in relative proportion of widely ranging age groups suggests near-uniform distribution of a highly varied detrital input. Provenance analysis reveals strong correlations with Cambro-Ordovician clastic rocks from northeast African realms. Similarity with underlying sequences suggests a common paleogeography from the Ediacaran through early Paleozoic and persistence of a provenance distinction within the autochthonous Iberian Massif. Consistent northward paleoflow within widespread northeast African lower Paleozoic sedimentary cover suggests long-distance sedimentary transport across a North African peneplain from outlying basement terranes. We propose that the 2300-km-long Cantabrian–Central Iberian portion of the early Paleozoic Gondwana margin stretched east-west along the northern limits of the then low-lying Saharan Metacraton and Arabian-Nubian Shield. Accepting paleomagnetic constraints, a 90° counterclockwise rotation is required to reorient the Iberian portion to a pre-oroclinal (Late Carboniferous) north-south trend. The mechanisms for accommodating such a rotation are unclear.
Application of the GLEAMS model to assess groundwater pollution risk caused by animal waste land disposal

Abstract In modern intensive animal farming the disposal of a large amount of waste represents a great concern. It is commonly accepted that the utilization of this waste as a fertilizer on agricultural soil has to be preferred to a treatment process that is extremely expensive and involves problems of final sludge disposal. Both solid and liquid animal wastes are an important resource for agriculture because they can substitute for synthetic fertilizers and contribute to the improvement of the soil structure. Land disposal of animal waste, particularly from swine husbandry, if not properly performed, can pollute surface and groundwater, mainly because of the high nitrate and phosphate content. This paper presents the results of an application of the GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) model, aimed at assessing the consequences on groundwater of animal waste application on different kinds of soils and agricultural arrangements, which are typical of the Chiana River Valley in central Italy. In this area this matter is of great concern because of the high concentration of swine breeding farms affecting directly a shallow unconfined aquifer. GLEAMS model simulations were intended to assess the maximum rate of waste that can be applied on different types of soil, without exceeding in the aquifer the nitrate limit determined by law for drinking water. The results confirm that manure, although used according to regulations, in many cases does not allow such a limit to be respected, especially for the most sensitive soils. Some suggestions are given to identify a suitable quantity of animal waste for disposal that is compatible with minimizing the risk to groundwater in the area of concern.
Amazon . com Recommendations Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering

R ecommendation algorithms are best known for their use on e-commerce Web sites,1 where they use input about a customer’s interests to generate a list of recommended items. Many applications use only the items that customers purchase and explicitly rate to represent their interests, but they can also use other attributes, including items viewed, demographic data, subject interests, and favorite artists. At Amazon.com, we use recommendation algorithms to personalize the online store for each customer. The store radically changes based on customer interests, showing programming titles to a software engineer and baby toys to a new mother. The click-through and conversion rates — two important measures of Web-based and email advertising effectiveness — vastly exceed those of untargeted content such as banner advertisements and top-seller lists. E-commerce recommendation algorithms often operate in a challenging environment. For example:
An intensity ratio calibration method for the accurate determination of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca of marine carbonates by ICP‐AES

An inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) method for the accurate and precise simultaneous measurement of the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca content of carbonates was established. While a precision of <0.3% (1σ standard deviation (SD)) is easily obtainable for both Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca analysis, a Ca matrix effect complicates achieving similar levels of accuracy with conventional calibration procedures. An alternative ratio calibration procedure is proposed which overcomes the Ca matrix effects and ensures the accuracy of the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca analysis of marine carbonates to <0.3%, almost an order of magnitude better than conventional calibration methods. The longer‐term precision is <0.1% if the batch run average values are corrected for longer‐term drift. The method is suitable for analysis of foraminiferal calcite and coral aragonite and can easily be adjusted for the analysis of other carbonates or microsamples.
Biostratigraphy, microfacies and depositional environments of upper Viséan limestones from the Burren region, County Clare, Ireland

The Burren region in western Ireland contains an almost continuous record of Viséan (Middle Mississippian) carbonate deposition extending from Chadian to Brigantian times, represented by three formations: the Chadian to Holkerian Tubber Formation, the Asbian Burren Formation and the Brigantian Slievenaglasha Formation. The upper Viséan (Holkerian–Brigantian) platform carbonate succession of the Burren can be subdivided into six distinct depositional units outlined below. (1) An Holkerian to lower Asbian unit of skeletal peloidal and bryozoan bedded limestone. (2) Lower Asbian unit of massive light grey Koninckopora‐rich limestone, representing a shallower marine facies. (3) Upper Asbian terraced limestone unit with minor shallowing‐upward cycles of poorly bedded Kamaenella‐rich limestone with shell bands and palaeokarst features. This unit is very similar to other cyclic sequences of late Asbian age in southern Ireland and western Europe, suggesting a glacio‐eustatic origin for this fourth‐order cyclicity. (4) Lower Brigantian unit with cyclic alternations of crinoidal/bryozoan limestone and peloidal limestone with coral thickets. These cycles lack evidence of subaerial exposure. (5) Lower Brigantian bedded cherty dark grey limestone unit, deposited during the maximum transgressive phase of the Brigantian. (6) Lower to upper Brigantian unit mostly comprising cyclic bryozoan/crinoidal cherty limestone. In most areas this youngest unit is truncated and unconformably overlain by Serpukhovian siliciclastic rocks. Deepening enhanced by platform‐wide subsidence strongly influenced later Brigantian cycle development in Ireland, but localized rapid shallowing led to emergence at the end of the Brigantian.
A transport‐distance approach to scaling erosion rates: 1. Background and model development

The process basis of existing soil‐erosion models is shown to be ill‐founded. The existing literature builds directly or indirectly on Bennett's (1974) paper, which provided a blueprint for integrated catchment‐scale erosion modelling. Whereas Bennett recognized the inherent assumptions of the approach suggested, subsequent readings of the paper have led to a less critical approach. Most notably, the assumption that sediment movement could be approximated by a continuity equation that related to transport in suspension has produced a series of submodels that assume that all movement occurs in suspension. For commonly occurring conditions on hillslopes, this case is demonstrably untrue both on theoretical grounds and from empirical observations. Elsewhere in the catchment system, it is only partially true, and the extent to which the assumption is reasonable varies both spatially and temporally. A second ground‐breaking paper – that of Foster and Meyer (1972) – was responsible for subsequent uncritical application of a first‐order approximation to deposition based on steady‐state analysis and again a weak empirical basis. We describe in this paper an alternative model (Mahleran – Model for Assessing Hillslope‐Landscape Erosion, Runoff And Nutrients) based upon particle‐travel distance that overcomes existing limitations by incorporating parameterizations of the different detachment and transport mechanisms that occur in water erosion in hillslopes and small catchments. In the second paper in the series, we consider the sensitivity and general behaviour of Mahleran, and test it in relation to data from a large rainfall‐simulation experiment. The third paper of the sequence evaluates the model using data from plots of different sizes in monitored rainfall events. From this evaluation, we consider the scaling characteristics of the current form of Mahleran and suggest that integrated modelling, laboratory and field approaches are required in order to advance the state of the art in soil‐erosion modelling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction between gastrocnemius medialis fascicle and Achilles tendon 1 compliance: a new insight on the quick-release method. 2

245 words The insufficient temporal resolution of imaging devices has made the analysis of very 25 fast movements, such as those required to measure active muscle-tendon unit stiffness, 26 difficult. Thus, the relative contributions of tendon, aponeurosis, and fascicle to muscle- 27 tendon unit compliance remain to be determined. The present study analyzed the dynamic 28 interactions of fascicle, tendon, and aponeurosis in human gastrocnemius medialis during the 29 first milliseconds of an ankle quick-release movement, using high frame rate ultrasonography 30 (2000 frames/s). Nine subjects performed the tests in random order at six levels of maximal 31 voluntary contraction (30% to 80% of MVC). These tests were carried out with the ultrasound 32 probe placed on the muscle belly and on the myotendinous junction. Tendon, muscle fascicle, 33 and aponeurosis length changes were quantified in relation to shortening of the muscle-tendon 34 unit during the first few milliseconds following the release. The tendon was the main 35 contributor (around 72%) to the shortening of the muscle-tendon unit, while the muscle 36 fascicle and aponeurosis contributions were 18% and 10%, respectively. Since these 37 structures can be considered as in series, the quantified contributions can be regarded as 38 relative contributions to muscle-tendon compliance. These contributions were not modified 39 with the level of MVC or the time range used for the analysis between 10 and 25 ms. The 40 constant contribution of tendon, muscle fascicle, and aponeurosis to muscle-tendon unit 41 compliance may help simplify the mechanism of compliance regulation and maintain the important role of tendons in enhancing work output and movement efficiency.
Myf5 haploinsufficiency reveals distinct cell fate potentials for adult skeletal muscle stem cells

Skeletal muscle stem cell fate in adult mice is regulated by crucial transcription factors, including the determination genes Myf5 and Myod. The precise role of Myf5 in regulating quiescent muscle stem cells has remained elusive. Here we show that most, but not all, quiescent satellite cells express Myf5 protein, but at varying levels, and that resident Myf5 heterozygous muscle stem cells are more primed for myogenic commitment compared with wild-type satellite cells. Paradoxically however, heterotypic transplantation of Myf5 heterozygous cells into regenerating muscles results in higher self-renewal capacity compared with wild-type stem cells, whereas myofibre regenerative capacity is not altered. By contrast, Pax7 haploinsufficiency does not show major modifications by transcriptome analysis. These observations provide a mechanism linking Myf5 levels to muscle stem cell heterogeneity and fate by exposing two distinct and opposing phenotypes associated with Myf5 haploinsufficiency. These findings have important implications for how stem cell fates can be modulated by crucial transcription factors while generating a pool of responsive heterogeneous cells.
Early Precambrian gneiss terranes and Pan-African island arcs in Yemen: Crustal accretion of the eastern Arabian shield

Within the Precambrian of Yemen, we have identified four gneiss terranes and two island-arc terranes on the basis of existing literature, mapping, and our own field observations, together with new Sm-Nd isotopic data. The two western gneiss terranes can be correlated with well-documented terranes (Asir and Afif) in Saudi Arabia. To the east of these, the Abas and Al-Mahfid gneiss terranes yield Sm-Nd model ages ( t DM ) of 1.7–2.3 Ga and 1.3–2.7 Ga, respectively, and cannot be correlated with any documented terranes in Saudi Arabia. These two terranes are separated by a Pan-African island-arc terrane that has been obducted onto one or both of the gneiss terranes, and a second arc bounds the Al-Mahfid gneiss terrane to the east. Our discovery of extensive Proterozoic to late Archean gneisses in Yemen provides important constraints upon the much-discussed tectonic framework of northeast Gondwana and the rate of Pan-African crustal growth. The terranes in Yemen may be correlated with comparable terranes on the eastern margin of the Arabian Shield and in northern Somalia. Thus Yemen provides a link between the arc collage of the Arabian Shield and the gneissic Mozambique belt of East Africa.
Vertical distributions of lightning NOx for use in regional and global chemical transport models

We have constructed profiles of lightning NOχ mass distribution for use in specifying the effective lightning NOχ source in global and regional chemical transport models. The profiles have been estimated for midlatitude continental, tropical continental, and tropical marine regimes based on profiles computed for individual storms in each regime. In order to construct these profiles we have developed a parameterization for lightning occurrence, lightning type, flash placement, and NOχ production in a cloud-scale tracer transport model using variables computed in the two-dimensional Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model. Wind fields from the GCE model are used to redistribute the lightning NOχ throughout the duration of the storm. Our method produces reasonable results in terms of computed flash rates and NOχ mixing ratios compared with observations. The profiles for each storm are computed by integrating the lightning NOχ mass across the cloud model domain for each model layer at the end of the storm. The results for all three regimes show a maximum in the mass profile in the upper troposphere, usually within 2–4 km of the tropopause. Downdrafts appear to be the strongest in the simulated midlatitude continental systems, evidenced by substantial lightning NOχ mass (up to 23%) in the lowest kilometer. Tropical systems, particularly those over marine areas, tended to have a greater fraction of intracloud flashes and weaker downdrafts, causing only minor amounts of NOχ to remain in the boundary layer following a storm. Minima appear in the profiles typically in the 2–5 km layer. Even though a substantial portion of the NOχ is produced by cloud-to-ground flashes in the lowest 6 km, at the end of the storm most of the NOχ is in the upper troposphere (55–75% above 8 km) in agreement with observations. With most of the effective lightning NOχ source in the upper troposphere where the NOχ lifetime is several days, substantial photochemical O3 production is expected in this layer downstream of regions of deep convection containing lightning. We demonstrate that the effect on upper tropospheric NOχ and O3 is substantial when the vertical distribution of the lightning NOχ source in a global model is changed from uniform to being specified by our profiles. Uncertainties in a number of aspects of our parameterization are discussed.
LC phase bias investigation of ASG-EUPOS stations

: Monitoring of permanent stations that make up the reference frame is an integral part of the geodesists work. Selection of reference stations is based on analysis of parameters characterizing them (hardware, coordinates’ stability, mounting, location). In this paper, we took into account phase residual as an indicator of unmodelled signal. Phase residuals were computed based on ASG-EUPOS and EPN observation processing. The results show the connection between the method of mounting the antenna and the residuals. We have reviewed multipath effect at ASG-EUPOS stations, and chosen those which are characterized by the highest value of phase residual. The results show that LC phase residual is a good factor to characterize site’s solutions’ reliability. For majority of sites RMS values were less than 10 mm. Modulations associated with multipath effect were observed for few ASG-EUPOS sites only. Phase residuals are distributed speci ﬁ cally for sites, which antennas are mounted on pillars (more common for EPN sites). For majority of analysed sites phase residual distribution was similar for different days and did not depend directly on atmosphere condition.
The effects of acute interval exercise and strawberry intake on postprandial lipaemia 1

13 Purpose: Raised postprandial triglycerides (TAG) and related oxidative stresses are strongly 14 associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Acute exercise and strawberry 15 ingestion independently ameliorate postprandial lipid excursions and oxidative stress. 16 However, the combined effects of these lifestyle interventions is unknown. We investigated 17 whether acute exercise and strawberry consumption improved postprandial responses to an oral 18 fat tolerance test (OFTT) in overweight/obese males. 19 Methods: Overweight/obese adult males underwent four separate OFTT (73 g fat, 33 g 20 carbohydrate) with blood sampled at baseline and hourly for 4 h after OFTT. Two OFTT 21 contained 25 g freeze-dried strawberries and two contained strawberry flavouring (placebo). 22 Participants performed 40 min of submaximal high intensity interval cycling exercise (HIIE) 23 16 h before one strawberry and one placebo OFTT, and rested before the remaining two OFTT. 24 Serum TAG was analysed and TAG area under curve (AUC) and incremental AUC (iAUC) 25 were calculated. Oxidative stress markers were measured at baseline and 4 h. Differences 26 between conditions (strawberry/placebo and exercise/rest) were assessed using repeated 27 measures ANOVA. 28 Results: Ten males (Age, 31.5 IQR 17.8 years; BMI, 29.9 ±1.8 kgm) completed the study. 29 TAG AUC was 1.5 mmol4hL lower for the exercise conditions compared to the rest 30 conditions (95 % confidence interval [CI]= -2.3 to -0.8 mmol4hL, p= 0.001). TAG AUC 31 was not different between the strawberry and placebo conditions (CI= -1.3 to 0.6 mmol4hL 32 , p= 0.475). TAG iAUC was 0.5 mmol4hL greater for the strawberry compared to the 33 placebo conditions (CI= 0.1 to 1.0 mmol4hL, p= 0.021). There were no changes in markers 34 of lipid related oxidative stress (P> 0.05). 35 Conclusion: Acute submaximal HIIE appears effective in reducing postprandial lipaemia in 36 overweight/obese adult males. However, strawberry ingestion did not improve postprandial 37