Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Free set algebras satisfying systems of equations

Abstract In this paper we introduce the notion of a set algebra satisfying a system E of equations. After defining a notion of freeness for such algebras, we show that, for any system E of equations, set algebras that are free in the class of structures satisfying E exist and are unique up to a bisimulation. Along the way, analogues of classical set-theoretic and algebraic properties are investigated.
CONSEQUENCES OF NITROGEN ADDITIONS FOR SOIL PROCESSES AND SOLUTION LOSSES FROM WET TROPICAL FORESTS

Wet tropical forests growing on highly weathered soil, depleted in rock- derived nutrients, yet rich in nitrogen (N), may respond quite differently to anthropogenic N inputs than those growing on younger soils low in N. We evaluated the effects of first- time and long-term N additions on the pattern and regulation of hydrologic N losses from wet tropical forests located at the extreme ends of a soil age and fertility gradient in the Hawaiian Islands. In contrast to our expectations that a N-limited forest on 300-year-old soils would initially retain N inputs, both forests, regardless of soil age or fertility, responded to first-time N additions with immediate and significantly elevated nitrate (NO3 ) solution losses. However, patterns of NO3 loss differed markedly between sites and largely reflected differences in hydrological processes due to soil age. In the N-limited forest on young soils, N additions to previously unfertilized soils resulted in significant microbial immobilization of ammonium (NH4) and small losses as NH4, whereas N added as NO3 appeared to be free to move in solution. Nitrogen additions to long-term N-fertilized forests (13 years) on young soils significantly increased rates of nitrification, and losses were similar to the total N added during that time period. Poor soil development, and therefore low hydraulic resistance, was a critical factor determining the low NO3-retention capacity in the young soils. In contrast, first-time N inputs to a N-rich forest on 4.1-million-year-old soils resulted in significantly elevated rates of nitrification, but NO3 losses were more delayed and lower than those from the young soils. The old, highly developed soils offered greater hydraulic resistance to leaching losses as nitrate than the young soils. High anion exchange capacity (AEC) in the subsurface clay horizon of the old soils also appeared to delay NO3 losses. Our findings suggest that responses to N additions in the tropics will vary as a function of soil age, nutrient status, and the form of N added, and that chemical and physical mechanisms may be more important than biological ones in controlling losses. While re- tention of added N will be determined by the strength of biotic demand (and the ability of plants and microbes to retain these inputs) and the relative strength of other pathways of retention (cation and anion exchange) and loss (denitrification), hydrological properties and flow paths may be the dominant controls determining the residence time and routing of water and nutrients. Nitrate adsorption on anion exchange sites may also serve as an important abiotic mechanism delaying the onset of large NO3 losses from tropical forests receiving elevated anthropogenic N inputs.
On the Possibility of Excessive Internal Forces on Manipulated Objects in Robotic Contact Tasks

In this paper, we study excessive internal forces applied to manipulated objects in robotic contact tasks. Such internal forces may cause serious damage to the objects and/or robots; thus, prior assessment of the possibility of excessive internal forces is very important. We propose a method to judge the possibility of excessive internal forces on manipulated objects. The judgment is based on rigid-body mechanics with Coulomb friction and given by solving a series of linear programming problems. We show some numerical examples of the judgment by our proposed method.
Developmental Reaction Norms for Water Stressed Seedlings of Succulent Cacti

Succulent cacti are remarkable plants with capabilities to withstand long periods of drought. However, their adult success is contingent on the early seedling stages, when plants are highly susceptible to the environment. To better understand their early coping strategies in a challenging environment, two developmental aspects (anatomy and morphology) in Polaskia chichipe and Echinocactus platyacanthus were studied in the context of developmental reaction norms under drought conditions. The morphology was evaluated using landmark based morphometrics and Principal Component Analysis, which gave three main trends of the variation in each species. The anatomy was quantified as number and area of xylem vessels. The quantitative relationship between morphology and anatomy in early stages of development, as a response to drought was revealed in these two species. Qualitatively, collapsible cells and collapsible parenchyma tissue were observed in seedlings of both species, more often in those subjected to water stress. These tissues were located inside the epidermis, resembling a web of collapsible-cell groups surrounding turgid cells, vascular bundles, and spanned across the pith. Occasionally the groups formed a continuum stretching from the epidermis towards the vasculature. Integrating the morphology and the anatomy in a developmental context as a response to environmental conditions provides a better understanding of the organism's dynamics, adaptation, and plasticity.
Provably good global routing by a new approximation algorithm for multicommodity flow

We show how that new approximation algorithms by Garg and Konemann for the multicommodity flow problem can be modified to solve the linear programming relaxation of the global routing problem. The algorithm presented here also provides a solution of the dual linear problem, thus gives a lower bound on the optimum maximum relative congestion. Our computation results with recent IBM processor chips show that this approach can be used in practice even for large chips and that it is superior on difficult instances where rip-up and reroute algorithms fail.
Feedback on SMS reminders to encourage adherence among patients taking antipsychotic medication: a cross-sectional survey nested within a randomised trial

Objectives To explore feedback on tailored SMS reminders to encourage medication adherence and outpatient treatment among patients taking antipsychotic medication, and associations related to the feedback. Design A cross-sectional survey nested within a nationwide randomised clinical trial (“Mobile.Net” ISRCTN27704027). Setting Psychiatric outpatient care in Finland. Participants Between September 2012 and December 2013, 403 of 558 adults with antipsychotic medication responded after 12 months of SMS intervention. Main outcome measure Feedback was gathered with a structured questionnaire based on Technology Acceptance Model theory. Data were analysed by Pearson's χ2 test, binary logistic regression and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Results Almost all participants (98%) found the SMS reminders easy to use and 87% felt that the SMS did not cause harm. About three-quarters (72%) were satisfied with the SMS received, and 61% found it useful. Divorced people were particularly prone to find SMS reminders useful (χ2=13.17, df=6, p=0.04), and people seeking employment were more often ‘fully satisfied’ with the SMS compared with other groups (χ2=10.82, df=4, p=0.029). People who were older at first contact with psychiatric services were more often ‘fully satisfied’ than younger groups (OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04, p=0.007). Conclusions The feedback of patients taking antipsychotic medication on SMS services was generally positive. Overall, people were quite satisfied despite considerable variation in their sociodemographic background and illness history. Our results endorse that the use of simple easy-to-use existing technology, such as mobile phones and SMS, is acceptable in psychiatric outpatient services. Moreover, people using psychiatric outpatient services are able to use this technology. This acceptable and accessible technology can be easily tailored to each patient's needs and could be customised to the needs of the isolated or jobless. This is an area in which much careful evaluation is needed.
Modes of speciation in heterogeneous space

Modes of speciation have been the subject of a century's debate. Traditionally, most speciations are believed to be caused by spatial separation of populations (allopatry). Recent observations (Meyer 1990, Schliewen 1994, Schliewen 2001, Rico 2002) and models (MaynardSmith 1966, Antonovics 1971, Dickinson 1973, Rosenzweig 1978, T urner 1995, Noest 1997, Geritz 1998, Kondrashov 1999, Dieckmann 1999, Doebeli 2000, Slatkin 1980), show that speciation can also take place in sympatry. We discuss a comprehensive model of coupled differentiation in phenotype, mating, and space, showing that spatial segregation can be an induced process following a sympatric differentiation. This is found to be a generic mechanism of adaptation to heterogeneous environments, for which we propose the term diapatric speciation (Greek). It explains the ubiquitous spatial patching of newly formed species, despite their sympatric origin (Schliewen 1994, Schliewen 2001, Rico 2002).
Texture Analysis: A Review of Neurologic MR Imaging Applications

SUMMARY: Texture analysis describes a variety of image-analysis techniques that quantify the variation in surface intensity or patterns, including some that are imperceptible to the human visual system. Texture analysis may be particularly well-suited for lesion segmentation and characterization and for the longitudinal monitoring of disease or recovery. We begin this review by outlining the general procedure for performing texture analysis, identifying some potential pitfalls and strategies for avoiding them. We then provide an overview of some intriguing neuro-MR imaging applications of texture analysis, particularly in the characterization of brain tumors, prediction of seizures in epilepsy, and a host of applications to MS.
Answering with a 'cleft': the role of the null subject parameter and the VP periphery

Why do different languages often make use of different strategies to answer the very same question concerning the subject of the clause? To what kind of analysis do the different strategies correspond? Are these strategies as different as they appear to be? These are some of the questions which I will address in this article. Without attempting at a systematic and wide overview of several languages, I will mainly focus my attention on the comparison of two quite distinct strategies that two closely related languages such as Italian and French appear to adopt in this area. Some considerations and hypotheses will also be made on the answering strategy adopted by English (and, possibly, German) in the same domain, which is different from both the one adopted by Italian and the one adopted by French. Thus, Italian, French and English appear to characteristically adopt three different strategies to answer the very same question. I assume that this provides a relatively rich spectrum of the possibilities made available through UG.
Pedestrian navigation with a mobile device: strategy use and environmental learning

This paper focuses on the strategies employed during a pedestrian navigation task with a mobile device, and the implications for environmental engagement and learning. Twenty-four participants completed a short navigation task using GPS enabled Google Maps on a smart phone. Analysis of verbal protocols and glance behaviour were combined to suggest three broad strategy groups that users fall into when navigating with a mobile device. The results have implications for both environmental learning, and the design of future systems that are sensitive to both context and individual.
Assessing Emotional Intelligence: The EQ Matrix Exercise

More than a decade ago, the concept of emotional intelligence became popularized among the business community. The theory suggests that emotion plays a significant role in management and leadership. Recent neuroscience findings support this claim with evidence of linkages between the emotion and reasoning centers of the brain. The Emotional Quotient Matrix poses a systematic means to both assess EQ and identify actions to improve it. This paper presents three possible exercises to employ the matrix in scenario, group, and self assessments. Participants use the matrix to score emotional strengths and weaknesses along an EQ scale to determine an EQ score. Controllable traits are targets for improvement, while surrogates are proposed for personality traits that are considered unchangeable.
Maîtrise des risques et prévention des crises. Anticipation, construction de sens, vigilance, gestion des urgences et apprentissage

Cet ouvrage traite des differents processus qui participent a la maitrise des risques et a la prevention des crises, en se fondant sur deux sources de connaissances : de tres nombreux travaux " de terrain " de l'auteur, realises avec des acteurs publics et prives et un ensemble de references a des resultats de recherche obtenus par les principaux scientifiques du domaine en France et a l'etranger. Cet ouvrage est destine a fournir au lecteur un tour d'horizon des theories, des modeles et des methodes qui sont mobilisables pour comprendre, evaluer ou mettre en place les differents processus de la maitrise des risques. L'ouvrage aborde le domaine du risque avec une approche par les processus, c'est-a-dire par les modes d'organisation, car c'est la que se trouvent aujourd'hui les solutions les plus efficaces pour ameliorer la securite des systemes et des organisations. Les situations de risque et notamment celles qui peuvent basculer en crise sont chaque jour un peu plus complexes a comprendre, a apprehender et a maitriser. Pour faire face a cette complexite, l'auteur a pris le parti d'aborder ce probleme de comprehension et de gestion de la complexite en apportant au lecteur les regards des differentes disciplines scientifiques qui permettent, en les combinant, d'apporter une reponse systemique a ces questions. Il permet au lecteur de s'approprier et de remettre dans un contexte d'application des connaissances scientifiques issues de la communaute internationale, souvent difficiles d'acces, qui vont lui permettre d'avoir une approche efficace dans la comprehension des nombreux problemes souleves par les risques de toutes natures qu'il a ou aura a gerer. Cet ouvrage est a la fois un guide pratique pour mettre en place ou ameliorer des modes d'organisation, a destination des cadres du secteur public comme du secteur prive, et un ouvrage scientifique a destination des etudiants, des enseignants et des chercheurs qui ne sont pas des specialistes du risque mais qui ont a integrer cette dimension dans leurs travaux.
Design and experimental validation of a low voltage high current SRM for light electric vehicles

The paper details the background of design, modeling, building and experimental validation of a low power switched reluctance machine (SRM) together with its attached custom made electronic converter. Aspects regarding the design of the machine highlight the main analytical involved procedures. The model of the machine is firstly validated through simulation wise involving two strategies, one based on finite element analysis (FEA) and one based on a complex Matlab/Simulink model. The building of the machine is also presented in the paper. In order to validate the studied system via experimental tests, a custom made electronic power converter was built based on high current MOSFET type power switches. The control of the converter was accomplished using a dSPACE 1103 board. The position and speed sensing of the machine is based on a resolver type sensor. Preliminary, simple hysteresis control was involved in order to validate the developed torque of the machine at different velocities.
The Barbell Row Exercise

INTRODUCTION The barbell row exercise is a basic multijoint upper body exercise that can be performed by athletes and nonathletes alike for improving strength of the posterior shoulder girdle, back, and elbow flexor muscles (3–8,11). It often is taught to athletes during initial stages of strength enhancement training and with novice nonathletes because of its relative simplicity. Because of relatively higher compressive loads on some lumbar spine structures than other rowing exercises, proper teaching, posture, and exercise techniques are warranted (4). Lifters should be free of back pain, and those with a history of back pain should consider an alternative exercise to the barbell row (4). The barbell row exercise appears in Figure 1.
Brain Tumor Segmentation of MRI Images using Joint Techniques of Watershed and Morphological Operations

Segmentation of brain tumor is an example of medical image segmentation that has grown as an emerging area of research in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). In biomedical imaging, accurate detection of tumor is utmost important for proper clinical practice and treatment. Several techniques have been proposed for brain tumor segmentation, but there is no perfect algorithm proposed yet to enhance tumor. Brain tumor MRI images display complicated features in appearance and boundaries. To eradicate this problem,novel methods are proposed for accurately segmentating the brain image. This research paper focus on the segmentation and detection of brain tumor using watershed and morphological operations. Results are evaluated with the implementation of the work carried out in MATLAB.In the end, conclusion and future aspects are addressed regarding brain tumor segmentation.
Ocorrência da Síndrome de Burnout em acadêmicos de medicina de instituição de ensino no interior de Minas Gerais

A sindrome de burnout e descrita como uma desordem psicologica composta por exaustao emocional, despersonalizacao e reducao da realizacao pessoal. Tal sindrome vem sendo cada vez mais diagnosticada em professores, medicos, contadores, policiais e tambem em estudantes. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da sindrome de burnout em 342 estudantes de medicina em um centro universitario do interior de Minas Gerais, relacionando a presenca da sindrome com variaveis academicas, socio-demograficas e psicologicas, bem como com fatores estressores que podem precipitar a condicao. Como instrumento para a pesquisa foi utilizado o Maslach Burnout Inventory – Student Survey (MBI-SS) e um questionario para identificacao de dados socio-demograficos e fatores estressores relacionados ao estudante de medicina. Como resultados foram encontradas relacoes entre a presenca da sindrome e variaveis socio-demograficas e academicas, como a idade e o periodo em que se encontram os pesquisados. Outro resultado interessante foi a relacao entre a presenca da sindrome e os fatores estressores, entre eles, sentimentos de perfeccionismo e auto-exigencia e o pesado fardo fisico e emocional imposto pelo curso. Por fim, a pesquisa permitiu encontrar niveis de 11,4% de burnout nos academicos em questao, os quais apresentaram altos niveis de exaustao emocional e descrenca e baixos niveis de eficacia profissional. Os resultados do presente trabalho demonstram a necessidade de realizacao de novas pesquisas direcionadas aos estudantes de medicina, preferencialmente numa abordagem longitudinal, visto que a literatura sobre o burnout nesta populacao inda e escassa. O estudo tambem aponta para a necessidade de intervencoes direcionadas principalmente aos alunos que se encontram no inicio do curso, onde os niveis de burnout se apresentaram maiores.
Robust models of human parsing

A striking property of the human parser is its efficiency and robustness. For the vast majority of sentences, the parser will effortlessly and rapidly deliver the correct analysis. In doing so, it is robust to noise, i.e., it can provide an analysis even if the input is distorted, e.g., by ungrammaticalities. Furthermore, the human parser achieves broad coverage: it deals with a wide variety of syntactic constructions, and is not restricted by the domain, genre, or modality of the input.
COMPREHENSIVE SEQUENCING PROPOSAL FOR PLASMODIUM PREPARED BY THE PLASMODIUM WRITING GROUP * Executive Summary The malaria parasite

The malaria parasite is one of the most widespread eukaryotic pathogens in the world today. Malaria remains a major global health threat with an estimated 300 – 500 million cases per year and deaths of over a million children in Africa. Resistance to currently effective drugs—including drugs given in combinations to decrease the spread of resistance—is rapidly expanding. The next five years will see billions of dollars spent implementing interventions, particularly in Africa. Past experience suggests that large scale deployment of control measures will lead to selection for drug resistance in the malaria parasite and insecticide resistance in the mosquito vector. The combined need to have genomic tools to monitor the evolutionary consequences of these large scale interventions and to discover new therapies and diagnostics provides a powerful argument to support the overall goal of this white paper to prepare for malaria disease surveillance and control in the 21 century.
On the sensitivity of the Black capital asset pricing model to the market portfolio

We show that Black Capital Asset Pricing Model (Black CAPM) is extremely sensitive to the choice of the market portfolio and becomes unstable as market portfolios approach the Global Minimum-Variance portfolio. When market portfolios approach the minimum-variance portfolio, the expected return on the zero beta asset approaches negative infinity and its variance increases rapidly. Moreover, expected return on a fixed portfolio becomes indefinite (i.e., takes infinitely many values), and betas of all portfolios approach one. Unlike the Sharpe-Lintner CAPM, the market risk premium in the Black CAPM always has a positive minimum, while beta may have a negative minimum value, dependent on the underlying covariance matrix.