Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Evaluation of Auditory Icons as Informative Warning Signals

Auditory icons – caricatures of everyday sounds – have the potential to convey information by non-verbal means quickly and accurately. Two experiments investigated the application of auditory icons as warning signals to the civil aviation cockpit environment. Warning signals that are iconic and that stand in a direct relation to the event being signalled, such as the sound of coughing to signal the presence of carbon monoxide, should convey information about the nature of the critical event as well as alerting the operator that there is a problem. By contrast, signals that are arbitrarily associated with an event, such as a beep to signal the presence of carbon monoxide, provide little information about the nature of the event. Speed and accuracy of recognition in response to these different types of warnings may also be influenced by modality (visual, auditory, auditory + visual) and by task demand (low, high). Experiment 1 investigated effects of signal iconicity (iconic, abstract), modality, and task demand on warning recognition speed and accuracy. One-hundred and seventy-eight participants completed a computer-based training session and test task that involved responding to warnings associated with nine critical events while completing low- and high-demand concurrent tasks. As hypothesized, fewer training trials were required to learn iconic warnings compared with abstract warnings. During the test phase, the effect of iconicity, as hypothesized, was influenced by modality and task demand. Bimodal (auditory + visual) warnings were recognized with the greatest consistency and accuracy. Auditory abstract warnings elicited slow reaction times and poor accuracy. Auditory iconic warnings, under conditions of high demand, evoked levels of accuracy comparable with bimodal warnings. Experiment 2 investigated recognition speed and accuracy in response to four auditory iconic and four abstract warnings in an Advanced Aviation Training Device. As hypothesized, accuracy was greater in response to auditory iconic than abstract warnings and recognition accuracy and reaction time were unaffected by level of flying experience. Reaction times in the Advanced Aviation Training Device were approximately 1 second. These initial experiments suggest that there is potential for the use of auditory iconic warnings and bimodal warnings as the means, not only to alert, but also inform pilots about the nature of a critical incident.
Semantics for Disjunctive Logic Programs with Explicit and Default Negation

The use of explicit negation enhances the expressive power of logic programs by providing a natural and unambiguous way to assert negated information about the domain being represented. We study the semantics of disjunctive programs that contain both explicit negation and negation-by-default, called extended disjunctive logic programs. General techniques are described for extending model, fixpoint, and proof theoretic characterizations of an arbitrary semantics of normal disjunctive logic programs to cover the class of extended programs. Illustrations of these techniques are given for stable models, disjunctive well-founded and stationary semantics. The declarative complexity of the extended programs, as well as the algorithmic complexity of the proof procedures and fixpoint operators, are discussed.
Tsunami Evacuation Route Modeling (Study in Karang City and Karang Raya Village City)

Kota Karang Village and Kota Karang Raya Village are two urban villages located in the coastal city of Bandar Lampung and are vulnerable to tsunami threats. The tsunami threat comes from the possible subduction of the Indo Australia Plate and the Eurasian Plate as well as the volcanic activity of Mount Anak Krakatau. The two villages are inhabited by 16.726 people with a high density of 29.344 people per km2 and occupy an area of 0,57 km2 with an average height of 10 meters. The dense population and moderate contours left both villages potentially causing casualties in the event of a tsunami disaster. Therefore, a study on the optimization of the tsunami evacuation route in both urban villages is needed. The method used in this research is to conduct a review of the tsunami evacuation route through analysis of population data and topographic data which will then become evacuation simulation input using Evacuware software. The data included in the form of population data by sex and age and topographic data in the form of situation map and evacuation route map. The simulation is done with two scenarios, the first scenario uses two Temporary Evacuation Sites namely Mount Mastur and Dwipangga Park. The second scenario conducted by placing four additional vertical shelter using three reconstructed primary schools and one reconstructed community health center
Practice and principles of pharmacodynamic determination of HISS‐dependent and HISS‐independent insulin action: Methods to quantitate mechanisms of insulin resistance

Injection of insulin causes release of HISS (hepatic insulin sensitizing substance) from the liver in the fed state. HISS action accounts for 50–60% of the glucose disposal produced by a wide range of insulin doses (5–100 mU/kg). Although the chemical nature of HISS is unknown, precluding pharmacokinetic studies, the pharmacodynamics of HISS has advanced because of the use of the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST) which is a transient euglycemic clamp used following a bolus of insulin. HISS action can be blocked by hepatic denervation and restored by intraportal but not intravenous infusion of acetylcholine or a nitric oxide donor. HISS release is prevented by blockade of hepatic muscarinic receptors, nitric oxide synthase blockers, indomethacin, and animal models of insulin resistance, including chronic liver disease, sucrose feeding, hypertension, aging, obesity, and fetal alcohol exposure. HISS acts on skeletal muscle but not liver, gut, or adipose tissue. HISS is released by insulin in the fed state but decreases to insignificance after 24‐hr fasting in rats. Cats and dogs appear to require a longer period of fasting to prevent HISS action. Lack of HISS action is suggested to be the cause of post‐meal hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes and other disease states with similar metabolic dysfunction. The RIST can be carried out up to six times in the same animal, is not affected by pentobarbital anesthesia, and can readily differentiate HISS‐dependent and HISS‐independent insulin action. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 1, 1–14, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10022
Description logics: foundations for class-based knowledge representation

Class-based languages express knowledge in terms of objects and classes, and have inspired a huge number of formalisms in computer science. Description logics forma family of both class-based and logic-based knowledge representation languages which allow for modeling an application domain in terms of objects, classes and relationships between classes, and for reasoning about them. This paper presents an overview of the research carried out in the last years in description logics, with the main goal of illustrating how these logics provide the foundations for class-based knowledge representation formalisms.
Dimensions and elements of people's mental models of an information-rich Web space

Although considered proxies for people to interact with a system, mental models have produced limited practical implications for system design. This might be due to the lack of exploration of the elements of mental models resulting from the methodological challenge of measuring mental models. This study employed a new method, concept listing, to elicit people’s mental models of an information-rich space,MedlinePlus,after they interacted with the system for 5 minutes. Thirty-eight undergraduate students participated in the study.The results showed that, in this short period of time, participants perceived MedlinePlus from many different aspects in relation to four components: the system as a whole, its content, information organization, and interface. Meanwhile, participants expressed evaluations of or emotions about the four components. In terms of the procedural knowledge, an integral part of people’s mental models, only one participant identified a strategy more aligned to the capabilities of MedlinePlus to solve a hypothetical task; the rest planned to use general search and browse strategies. The composition of participants’ mental models of MedlinePlus was consistent with that of their models of information-rich Web spaces in general.
A clinical tool for predicting survival in ALS

Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and usually fatal neurodegenerative disease. Survival from diagnosis varies considerably. Several prognostic factors are known, including site of onset (bulbar or limb), age at symptom onset, delay from onset to diagnosis and the use of riluzole and non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Clinicians and patients would benefit from a practical way of using these factors to provide an individualised prognosis. Methods 575 consecutive patients with incident ALS from a population-based registry in South-East England register for ALS (SEALS) were studied. Their survival was modelled as a two-step process: the time from diagnosis to respiratory muscle involvement, followed by the time from respiratory involvement to death. The effects of predictor variables were assessed separately for each time interval. Findings Younger age at symptom onset, longer delay from onset to diagnosis and riluzole use were associated with slower progression to respiratory involvement, and NIV use was associated with lower mortality after respiratory involvement, each with a clinically significant effect size. Riluzole may have a greater effect in younger patients and those with longer delay to diagnosis. A patient's survival time has a roughly 50% chance of falling between half and twice the predicted median. Interpretation A simple and clinically applicable graphical method of predicting an individual patient's survival from diagnosis is presented. The model should be validated in an independent cohort, and extended to include other important prognostic factors.
Evidence for scale‐dependent topographic controls on wildfire spread

Wild ﬁ re ecosystems are thought to be self-regulated through pattern – process interactions between ignition frequency and location, and patterns of burned and recovering vegetation. Yet, recent increases in the frequency of large wild ﬁ res call into question the application of self-organization theory to landscape resilience. Topography represents a stable bottom-up template upon which ﬁ re interacts as both a physical and an ecological process. However, it is unclear how topographic control changes geographically and across spatial scales. We analyzed ﬁ re perimeter and topography data from 16 Bailey ecoregions across the State of California to identify spatial correspondence between ecoregional ﬁ re event and topographic patch size distributions. We found both sets of distributions followed a power-law form and were statistically similar across several orders of magnitude, for most ecoregions. As a direct test of topographic controls on ﬁ re event perimeters, we used a paired t -test across ~ 11,000 ﬁ res to identify differences in topographic attributes at ﬁ re boundaries versus ﬁ re interiors. Statistical signi ﬁ cance was determined using 500 iterations of a neutral landscape model. Level of topographic control varied signi ﬁ cantly by ecoregion and across topographic features. For example, north – south aspect breaks, valley bottoms, and roads showed a consistently high degree of spatial control on wild ﬁ re perimeters. Topographic controls were most pronounced in mountainous ecoregions and were least in ﬂ uential in arid regions. Ridgetops provided a low-level control across all ecoregions. Spatial control was strongest for small (10 0 – 10 2 ha) to medium (10 3 – 10 4 ha) ﬁ re sizes, suggesting that controls were scale-dependent rather than scale-invariant. Roads were the dominant control across all ecoregions; however, removing roads from the analyses had no signi ﬁ cant effect on the overall role of topography on wild ﬁ re extinguishment in this analysis. This result suggested that certain topographic settings show strong spatial control on ﬁ re growth, despite the presence of roads. Our results support the observation that both bot-tom-up and top-down factors constrain ﬁ re sizes and that there are likely scaling regions within ﬁ re size distributions wherein the dominance of these spatial controls varies. Human in ﬂ uences on ﬁ re spread may either diminish or enhance the role of some bottom-up and top-down factors, adding further complexity.
Monotherapy versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination treatment for gram-negative bacteremia: a prospective, observational study

The aim of the present study was to test whether the combination of a beta-lactam drug plus an aminoglycoside has advantage over monotherapy for severe gram-negative infections. Of 2,124 patients with gram-negative bacteremia surveyed prospectively, 670 were given inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment and the mortality rate in this group was 34%, whereas the mortality rate was 18% for 1,454 patients given appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment (P = 0.0001). The mortality rates for patients given appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment were 17% for 789 patients given a single beta-lactam drug, 19% for 327 patients given combination treatment, 24% for 249 patients given a single aminoglycoside, and 29% for 89 patients given other antibiotics (P = 0.0001). When patients were stratified according to risk factors for mortality other than antibiotic treatment, combination therapy showed no advantage over treatment with a single beta-lactam drug except for neutropenic patients (odds ratio [OR] for mortality, 0.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.2 to 1.3) and patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.8). On multivariable logistic regression analysis including all risk factors for mortality, combination therapy had no advantage over therapy with a single beta-lactam drug. The mortality rate for patients treated with a single appropriate aminoglycoside was higher than that for patients given a beta-lactam drug in all strata except for patients with urinary tract infections. When the results of blood cultures were known, 1,878 patients were available for follow-up. Of these, 816 patients were given a single beta-lactam drug, 442 were given combination treatment, and 193 were given a single aminoglycoside. The mortality rates were 13, 15, and 23%, respectively (P = 0.0001). Both on stratified and on multivariable logistic regression analyses, combination treatment showed a benefit over treatment with a single beta-lactam drug only for neutropenic patients (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.7). In summary, combination treatment showed no advantage over treatment with an appropriate beta-lactam drug in nonneutropenic patients with gram-negative bacteremia.
Whiteite-(CaMgMg), CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O, A New Jahnsite-Group Mineral From the Northern Belle Mine, Candelaria, Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract Whiteite-(CaMgMg), CaMg 3 Al 2 (PO 4 ) 4 (OH) 2 ·8H 2 O, is a new mineral from the Northern Belle mine, Candelaria, Nevada, U.S.A. It is a low temperature, secondary mineral presumed to have formed as a result of hydrothermal alteration. It is associated with crandallite, fluorwavellite, montgomeryite, and variscite/metavariscite. The mineral occurs as colorless tapering blades, elongated parallel to [100], flattened on {001} and exhibiting the forms {100}, {010}, {001}, , and . The streak is white, the luster is vitreous, and crystals are transparent. The Mohs hardness is about 4. The tenacity is brittle, the fracture is irregular and stepped, and there is one perfect cleavage on {001}. The measured density is 2.48(1) g/cm 3 . The mineral is very slowly soluble in dilute HCl and slowly soluble in concentrated HCl. Whiteite-(CaMgMg) is biaxial (+), with α = 1.564(1), β = 1.565(1), γ = 1.575(1) (white light). The measured 2 V is 24(1)°. No dispersion or pleochroism were observed. The optical orientation is X = b ; Z ^ a = 41° in obtuse β. Electron-microprobe analyses gave the empirical formula Ca 1.07 Mg 2.99 Fe 0.01 Al 1.91 P 4 O 26 H 18.11 . The mineral is monoclinic, space group P 2/ a , with unit-cell parameters a 14.8237(19), b 7.0302(3), c 9.946(3) A, β 110.115(12)°, V 973.3(3) A 3 , and Z = 2. The five strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction patterns are [ d obs A( I )( hkl )]: 9.20(82)(001), 4.88(64)(210,,111), 2.936(40)(401), 2.849(45), and 2.805(100)(022). The structure ( R 1 = 4.36% for 1401 reflections with F o > 4σ F ) is the same as that of other jahnsite-group minerals.
Comprehensive evaluation of multiple methods for assessing water resources variability of a lake–river system under the changing environment

The inherent regularities of hydrological processes will not be stationary under the changing environment, making the evaluation of hydrological characteristics and trend forecasting face great uncertainty. Based on the observed streamflow series in the Poyang Lake catchment during the period 1960–2013, this study investigated the evolution characteristics and future trend of water resources. The extracted trend component by wavelet decomposition and the reliability of trend forecasting by rescaled range analysis (R/S analysis) were verified and assessed by a non-parametric statistical test. Results indicate a change point at 1995 when the trend of annual streamflows across the catchment changed. Periodic components indicated that the lake basin seems to enter into an increasing process under inter-decadal scale, while decreasing under inter-annual scale in the near future. R/S analysis revealed that annual streamflow series of most stations in Poyang Lake show ‘weaker’ or ‘very weak’ persistence. For the whole study period, Hurst exponents of most stations are less than 0.5 (0.224–0.339), therefore, opposite from the increasing trend of historical series, decreasing trend is forecasted for the basin. However, due to the effect of intensified human activities in the Fuhe sub-basin, the reliability of R/S analysis on trend forecasting is disturbed at Lijiadu station.
Incidence and 30-day case fatality for acute myocardial infarction in England in 2010: national-linked database study

Background: There are limited national population-based epidemiological data on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in England, making the current burden of disease, and clinical prognosis, difficult to quantify. The aim of this study was to provide national estimates of incidence and 30-day case fatality rate (CFR) for first and recurrent AMI in England. Methods: Population-based study using person-linked routine hospital and mortality data on 79 896 individuals of any age, who were admitted to hospital for AMI or who died suddenly from AMI in 2010. Results: Of 82 252 AMI events in 2010, 83% were first. Age-standardized incidence of first AMI per 100 000 population was 130 (95% CI 129–131) in men and 55.9 (95% CI 55.3–56.6) in women. Age-standardized 30-day overall CFRs including sudden AMI deaths for men and women, respectively, were 32.4% (95% CI 32.0–32.9) and 30.3% (95% CI 29.8–30.9) for first AMI and 29.7% (95% CI 28.7–30.7) and 26.7% (95% CI 25.5–27.9) for recurrent AMI. Age-standardized hospitalized 30-day CFR was 12.0% (95% CI 11.6–12.3) for men and 12.3% (95% CI 11.9–12.7) for women. Conclusions: While the majority of AMIs are not fatal, of those that are, two-thirds occur as sudden AMI deaths. About one in six of all AMIs are recurrent events. These findings reinforce the importance of primary and secondary prevention in reducing AMI morbidity and mortality.
Using linguistic features longitudinally to predict clinical scores for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

We use a set of 477 lexicosyntactic, acoustic, and semantic features extracted from 393 speech samples in DementiaBank to predict clinical MMSE scores, an indicator of the severity of cognitive decline associated with dementia. We use a bivariate dynamic Bayes net to represent the longitudinal progression of observed linguistic features and MMSE scores over time, and obtain a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.83 in predicting MMSE, comparable to within-subject interrater standard deviation of 3.9 to 4.8 [1]. When focusing on individuals with more longitudinal samples, we improve MAE to 2.91, which suggests at the importance of longitudinal data collection. Index Terms- Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), dynamic Bayes network, feature selection
Oklahoma Oil and Natural Gas Severance Taxes: A Comparative Analysis

Oklahoma assesses a production tax of seven percent on the extraction of oil,natural gas, and other minerals. However, since July 2002, it has taxed productionfrom horizontal wells at one percent for the first 48 months of production. This isa significant tax incentive relative to the neighboring state of Texas, particularlyconsidering the limited evidence of the effectiveness of severance tax incentivesfor increasing in-state development of immobile resources. This paper examineswhether the tax incentive encouraged horizontal development in Oklahoma relativeto Texas. Our findings indicate that the incentive is not associated with an increasein development.
Research on Diesel Engine Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Based on Air System and NOx Virtual Sensor Model

As of the beginning of 2017, the number of motor vehicles in our country exceeded 300 million. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the most important sources of atmospheric haze. Therefore, vehicle emissions and energy consumption have always been important research directions for emission reduction and energy saving. In this paper, IOC (intake oxygen concentration) observer and feedforward controller of EGR and VGT are designed based on diesel engine air model. NOx virtual sensor model is designed to detect NOx emission as the feedback variable of IOC observer, and achieve the purpose of accurately measuring the amount of NOx, controlling the EGR valve and the VGT blade in real time, reducing the NOx emission of various diesel engines, improving the fuel economy of the engine and reducing the source of the haze, and there is an important reality in this research and the later promotion and social significance.
A Multidomain Fusion Protein in Listeria monocytogenes Catalyzes the Two Primary Activities for Glutathione Biosynthesis

ABSTRACT Glutathione is the predominant low-molecular-weight peptide thiol present in living organisms and plays a key role in protecting cells against oxygen toxicity. Until now, glutathione synthesis was thought to occur solely through the consecutive action of two physically separate enzymes, γ-glutamylcysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase. In this report we demonstrate that Listeria monocytogenes contains a novel multidomain protein (termed GshF) that carries out complete synthesis of glutathione. Evidence for this comes from experiments which showed that in vitro recombinant GshF directs the formation of glutathione from its constituent amino acids and the in vivo effect of a mutation in GshF that abolishes glutathione synthesis, results in accumulation of the intermediate γ-glutamylcysteine, and causes hypersensitivity to oxidative agents. We identified GshF orthologs, consisting of a γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GshA) domain fused to an ATP-grasp domain, in 20 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Remarkably, 95% of these bacteria are mammalian pathogens. A plausible origin for GshF-dependent glutathione biosynthesis in these bacteria was the recruitment by a GshA ancestor gene of an ATP-grasp gene and the subsequent spread of the fusion gene between mammalian hosts, most likely by horizontal gene transfer.