Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 64-bit , Scalable File System for Storage Area Networks

By merging network and channel interfaces, resulting interfaces allow multiple computers to physically share the storage devices in storage area network (SAN). In SAN, computers service local file requests directly from shared storage devices. Direct device access eliminates the server machines as bottlenecks to performance and availability. Communication is unnecessary between computers, since each machine views the storage as being locally attached. SAN provides us to very large physical storage up to 64-bit address space, but traditional file systems can’t adapt to the file system for SAN because they have the limitation of scalability. In this paper, we describe the architecture and design features of a new scalable file system, SANtopia, which is being developed at ETRI as global shared cluster file system for 64-bit address space file in the SAN environment. SANtopia manages to deal in large file, large directories, and the large number of files using new metadata structure. SANtopia will perform well as a local file system as a traditional network file system, and as a high performance cluster file system running over SAN. SANtopia provides a key cluster enabling technology for Linux, helping to bring the availability, scalability, and load balancing benefits of clustering to Linux. Key-Words: Global File System, Storage Area Network, Cluster File System, Linux, SANtopia
A Global Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Management Practices on Net Global Warming Potential and Greenhouse Gas Intensity from Cropland Soils

Management practices, such as tillage, crop rotation, and N fertilization, may affect net global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), but their global impact on cropland soils under different soil and climatic conditions need further evaluation. Available global data from 57 experiments and 225 treatments were evaluated for individual and combined effects of tillage, cropping systems, and N fertilization rates on GWP and GHGI which accounted for CO2 equivalents from N2O and CH4 emissions with or without equivalents from soil C sequestration rate (ΔSOC), farm operations, and N fertilization. The GWP and GHGI were 66 to 71% lower with no-till than conventional till and 168 to 215% lower with perennial than annual cropping systems, but 41 to 46% greater with crop rotation than monocroppping. With no-till vs. conventional till, GWP and GHGI were 2.6- to 7.4-fold lower when partial than full accounting of all sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs) were considered. With 100 kg N ha-1, GWP and GHGI were 3.2 to 11.4 times greater with partial than full accounting. Both GWP and GHGI increased curvilinearly with increased N fertilization rate. Net GWP and GHGI were 70 to 87% lower in the improved combined management that included no-till, crop rotation/perennial crop, and reduced N rate than the traditional combined management that included conventional till, monocopping/annual crop, and recommended N rate. An alternative soil respiration method, which replaces ΔSOC by soil respiration and crop residue returned to soil in the previous year, similarly reduced GWP and GHGI by 133 to 158% in the improved vs. the traditional combined management. Changes in GWP and GHGI due to improved vs. traditional management varied with the duration of the experiment and inclusion of soil and climatic factors in multiple linear regressions improved their relationships. Improved management practices reduced GWP and GHGI compared with traditional management practices and combined management practices were even more effective than individual management practices in reducing net GHG emissions from cropland soils. Partial accounting overestimated GWP and GHGI values as sinks or sources of net GHGs compared with full accounting when evaluating the effect of management practices.
An Empirical Investigation of Gaming Responses to Explicit Performance Incentives

This article studies a particular kind of gaming responses to explicit incentives in a large government organization. The gaming responses we consider occur when agents strategically report their performance outcomes to maximize their awards. An important contribution of this work is to examine whether this behavior diverts resources (e.g., agents’ time) from productive activities or whether it simply reflects an accounting phenomenon. We evaluate the efficiency impact of the behavior we identify and find that it has a negative impact on the true goal of the organization.
Efficacy of Surgical Resection for Pulmonary Metastases from Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background The lung is one of the most common sites for extrahepatic metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of surgical resection for pulmonary metastases from HCC. Material/Methods The medical records of 9 patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy from HCC at 2 institutions were retrospectively studied, together with a review of studies reporting the outcomes of at least 5 patients in the Chinese and English languages. Results There were no perioperative deaths or major complications. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rate after surgery was 100%, 44.4%, and 33.3%, respectively. A total of 19 studies involving 443 patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy for metastasis of HCC were included in the literature review. The median mortality rate was 0% (range, 0–7.1%). The median survival ranged from 10.7 to 77 (median=33.2) months, and the 5-year overall survival rate ranged from 11.5% to 75% (median=36%). Conclusions Surgical resection is a safe and effective treatment in selected patients with pulmonary metastases from HCC.
On-Line Analytical Processing ( OLAP ) on Networks

We propose a framework for efficient OLAP on netwo rks with a focus on the most interesting kind, the topo l gical OLAP (called “TOLAP”), which incurs topological changes in the underlying networks. Topological OLA P operations generate new networks from the original o es by rolling up a subset of nodes chosen by certain cons trai t criteria. The key challenge is to efficiently compu te measures for the newly generated networks and handl e user queries with varied constraints. The effective computational techniques, Topological-Distributiven ess is proposed to achieve efficient query processing and cube materialization. We also provide a Topological OLAP query processing framework into which this techniqu e is weaved.
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS L 1287 ( H 2 O ) : accretion disk-impinging-clumps traced by masers ?

An earlier multi-epoch high angular resolution study of the 22 GHz H2O maser emission from the dark cloud core L 1287 presented an unusual position-velocity distribution of the identified masers. Since the observational results could only unsatisfactorily be modeled in terms of an outflow association, the alternative interpretation of a disk origin is investigated in some more detail. Clumpy mass infall onto the accretion disk around the embedded protostar in L 1287 is identified as the hydrodynamic trigger mechanism for the maser excitation. Shock compressed clump layers are found likely to have the required density, temperature and column density for detectable 22 GHz H2O maser emission. A simplified model of the velocity field in the shocked clump layers leads to a remarkable agreement with the position-velocity distribution of the observed masers.
The prevalence and distribution pattern of hypodontia among orthodontic patients in Southern Iran

Objectives: To evaluate the pattern and prevalence of hypodontia and its association with different malocclusions among orthodontic patients in southern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 494 records of orthodontic patients (162 males, 332 females) were evaluated. To investigate percent of hypodontia pertinent information of patients was evaluated. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of tooth agenesis was 7.66%. Thirty-eight patients were found to have at least one tooth missing. Number of patients having hypodontia was the most in class III patients, whereas the number of missing teeth was more in class II sample. However, it was not statistically significant (P = 0.569). Upper lateral incisor (27.95%), lower second premolar (21.51%), and upper first premolar (12.9%) were respectively the most frequently absent teeth. There was not statistically significant difference between sexes (P = 0.580). Hypodontia observed to be more bilaterally, in the upper arch and in the left side. Conclusion: The pattern and prevalence of hypodontia is different among races and ethnic groups. In our study population, hypodontia was found to be 7.66%. Higher prevalence of hypodontia in the maxillary arch and in class III patients may be considered as an etiologic factor.
Risk Factors for Addiction and Their Association with Model-Based Behavioral Control

Addiction shows familial aggregation and previous endophenotype research suggests that healthy relatives of addicted individuals share altered behavioral and cognitive characteristics with individuals suffering from addiction. In this study we asked whether impairments in behavioral control proposed for addiction, namely a shift from goal-directed, model-based toward habitual, model-free control, extends toward an unaffected sample (n = 20) of adult children of alcohol-dependent fathers as compared to a sample without any personal or family history of alcohol addiction (n = 17). Using a sequential decision-making task designed to investigate model-free and model-based control combined with a computational modeling analysis, we did not find any evidence for altered behavioral control in individuals with a positive family history of alcohol addiction. Independent of family history of alcohol dependence, we however observed that the interaction of two different risk factors of addiction, namely impulsivity and cognitive capacities, predicts the balance of model-free and model-based behavioral control. Post-hoc tests showed a positive association of model-based behavior with cognitive capacity in the lower, but not in the higher impulsive group of the original sample. In an independent sample of particularly high- vs. low-impulsive individuals, we confirmed the interaction effect of cognitive capacities and high vs. low impulsivity on model-based control. In the confirmation sample, a positive association of omega with cognitive capacity was observed in highly impulsive individuals, but not in low impulsive individuals. Due to the moderate sample size of the study, further investigation of the association of risk factors for addiction with model-based behavior in larger sample sizes is warranted.
Towards a Formal Framework for Utility-oriented Measurements of Retrieval Effectiveness

In this paper we present a formal framework to define and study the properties of utility-oriented measurements of retrieval effectiveness, like AP, RBP, ERR and many other popular IR evaluation measures. The proposed framework is laid in the wake of the representational theory of measurement, which provides the foundations of the modern theory of measurement in both physical and social sciences, thus contributing to explicitly link IR evaluation to a broader context. The proposed framework is minimal, in the sense that it relies on just one axiom, from which other properties are derived. Finally, it contributes to a better understanding and a clear separation of what issues are due to the inherent problems in comparing systems in terms of retrieval effectiveness and what others are due to the expected numerical properties of a measurement.
Development of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ; A brief overview

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are characterized by the usage of state of the art technology, such as powerful embedded controllers, vast arrays of sensors, and advanced robotic systems. From the early years building underwater vehicles to the latest developments, there has been an increasing interest in the potential applications of these marine platforms. Oceanographers, oil companies, and even naval associations have found in the autonomous underwater vehicle an opportunity to explore the deepest parts of the oceans. This growing interest has triggered different efforts around the world to design and develop unmanned underwater vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to describe and provide an overview of the benefits, challenges and risks of using autonomous systems for ocean exploration. Furthermore, the article describes the main components involved in the correct operation of an autonomous underwater system.
Swarm Intelligence: Agents for Adaptive Web Search

In this paper, we present an adaptive and scalable Web search system, based on a multi-agent reactive architecture, which drew inspiration from biological researches on the ant foraging behavior. Its target is to search autonomously information on particular topics, in huge hypertextual collections, such as the Web, exploiting the outstanding properties of the agent architectures. The algorithm has proven to be robust against environmental alterations and adaptive to user's information need changes, discovering valuable evaluation results from standard Web collections.
Studying individual vocal communication in group-living songbirds

To understand both proximate and ultimate factors shaping vocal communication, it is fundamental to obtain reliable information of participating individuals on different levels: Firstly, it is necessary to separate and assign the individuals’ vocalisations. Secondly, the precise timing of vocal events needs to be retained. Thirdly, vocal behaviour should be recorded from undisturbed animals in meaningful settings. A growing number of studies used animal-attached microphones to tackle these issues, but the implications for the study species and the research question often receded into the background. Here we aim to initiate a discussion about the limitations, possible applications and the broader potential of such methods. Using lightweight wireless microphone backpacks (0.75 g including customised leg-loop harness) combined with multi-channel recording equipment we captured vocal behaviour of small songbirds. We evaluated the effect of the devices at various levels, including an assessment of how vocal and locomotor activities were affected by initial device attachment and battery exchange. We compared our approach to existing studies and identified suitable research examples. We acquired continuous vocalisation recordings of zebra finches, and unequivocally assigned them to interacting individuals, with system-based synchrony, irrespective of background noise. We found effects of initial backpack attachment and of battery replacement on vocal and locomotor activity, but they were minimised through the extended recording duration (ca. 16 days) that outlasted habituation effects (ca. 3 days). This method provides the tools to integrate individual vocal communications into a group setting, while enabling animals to behave freely in undisturbed, structured and acoustically complex environments. By minimising the effects on the animals, the behaviour under study, and ultimately on the research question, this approach will revolutionize the ability to capture individual-level vocalisations in a variety of communication contexts, opening up many new opportunities to address novel research questions.
Decayless low-amplitude kink oscillations: a common phenomenon in the solar corona?

We investigate the decayless regime of coronal kink oscillations recently discovered in the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/AIA data. In contrast to decaying kink oscillations that are excited by impulsive dynamical processes, this type of transverse oscillations is not connected to any external impulsive impact, such as a flare or CME, and does not show any significant decay. Moreover the amplitude of these decayless oscillations is typically lower than that of decaying oscillations. The aim of this research is to estimate the prevalence of this phenomenon and its characteristic signatures. We analysed 21 active regions (NOAA 11637--11657) observed in January 2013 in the 171 A channel of SDO/AIA. For each active region we inspected six hours of observations, constructing time-distance plots for the slits positioned across pronounced bright loops. The oscillatory patterns in time-distance plots were visually identified and the oscillation periods and amplitudes were measured. We also estimated the length of each oscillating loop. Low-amplitude decayless kink oscillations are found to be present in the majority of the analysed active regions. The oscillation periods lie in the range from 1.5 to 10~minutes. In two active regions with insufficient observation conditions we did not identify any oscillation patterns. The oscillation periods are found to increase with the length of the oscillating loop. The considered type of coronal oscillations is a common phenomenon in the corona. The established dependence of the oscillation period on the loop length is consistent with their interpretation in terms of standing kink waves.
Viral Micro RNA Transcriptomics (miRNAomics)

In an era of small RNA (sRNA) transcriptomics, microRNAs (miRNAs) require little introduction. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that play vital role in post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in nucleotide sequence dependent manner either by cleaving target mRNA or by repressing cognate mRNA translation. In plants, miRNAs have been implicated in regulating the expression of target mRNAs including transcriptional factors (TFs).
MRR K-SRPT : a Scheduling Policy for Parallel Servers

For a system with a dispatcher and several identical servers in parallel, we propose a policy consisting of modified multi-layered round robin routing followed by shortest remaining processing time scheduling. We show that this policy has a heavy traffic limit that is identical to one in which there is a single queue (no routing) and optimal scheduling. Under light traffic, this policy is asymptotically optimal in the sense that it minimizes the first two terms of the Taylor series expansion for the waiting time. Additional simulation results show that this policy performs well under various conditions and that using policies other than shortest remaining processing time may yield reasonable performance.
Temporal Codes for Amplitude Contrast in Auditory Cortex

The encoding of sound level is fundamental to auditory signal processing, and the temporal information present in amplitude modulation is crucial to the complex signals used for communication sounds, including human speech. The modulation transfer function, which measures the minimum detectable modulation depth across modulation frequency, has been shown to predict speech intelligibility performance in a range of adverse listening conditions and hearing impairments, and even for users of cochlear implants. We presented sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) tones of varying modulation depths to awake macaque monkeys while measuring the responses of neurons in the auditory core. Using spike train classification methods, we found that thresholds for modulation depth detection and discrimination in the most sensitive units are comparable to psychophysical thresholds when precise temporal discharge patterns rather than average firing rates are considered. Moreover, spike timing information was also superior to average rate information when discriminating static pure tones varying in level but with similar envelopes. The limited utility of average firing rate information in many units also limited the utility of standard measures of sound level tuning, such as the rate level function (RLF), in predicting cortical responses to dynamic signals like SAM. Response modulation typically exceeded that predicted by the slope of the RLF by large factors. The decoupling of the cortical encoding of SAM and static tones indicates that enhancing the representation of acoustic contrast is a cardinal feature of the ascending auditory pathway.
Exact power constraints in smart grid control

This paper deals with hierarchical model predictive control (MPC) of smart grid systems. The objective is to accommodate load variations on the grid, arising from varying consumption and natural variations in the power production e.g. from wind turbines. This balancing between supply and demand is performed by distributing power to consumers in an optimal manner, subject to the requirement that each consumer receives the specific amount of energy the consumer is entitled to within a specific time horizon. However, in order to do so, the high-level controller requires knowledge of how much energy the consumers can receive within a given time horizon. In this paper, we present a method for computing these bounds as convex constraints that can be used directly in the optimisation. The method is illustrated on a simulation example that uses actual wind data as load variation, and fairly realistic consumer models. The example illustrates that the exact bounds computed by the proposed method leads to a better power distribution than a conventional, conservative approach in case of fast changes in the load.
Cognitive Radio Game: A Framework for Efficiency, Fairness and QoS Guarantee

In this paper we develop a framework for resource allocation in a secondary spectrum access scenario where a group of cognitive radios (CR) access the resources of a primary system. We assume the primary system is a cellular OFDM-based network. We develop the optimum resource allocation strategies which guarantee a level of QoS, defined by minimum rate and the target bit error rate (BER), for the primary system. Using the game theoretic axiom of fairness, i.e., Nash bargaining solutions (NBS), we show that by allocating a priority factor to all players an efficient and fair resource allocation can be achieved. We show how the priority factors are assigned in this scheme and outline a method to select the users who are allowed to share a specific sub-channel.
The Mini Paddle Apparatus–a Useful Tool in the Early Developmental Stage? Experiences with Immediate-Release Dosage Forms

Introduction In recent years,there has been a strong push to identify bioavailability problems of a drug formulation based on the results of appropriately designed dissolution experiments. Particularly for immediate release (IR) dosage forms, the paddle apparatus has evolved as the method of choice for this purpose (1,2). However,standard paddle experiments require both large volumes of test media which, particularly when using biorelevant media,can be cost intensive and large sample sizes that are typically not available in the early stage development when the main objective is to characterize the physicochemical properties of the active ingredient and the final formulation has not been established. Therefore, it would be very helpful to use a test system that requires smaller sample sizes and smaller volumes of media but has the same reliability and predictivity as the standard test apparatus. The objective of the present series of tests was to determine if standard paddle experiments could be scaled down without losing the reliability and the predictivity of the standard method. Of particular concern are the hydrodynamic conditions, since these are known to influence in vivo dissolution of drugs after their oral administration (3, 4). However, provided suitable in vitro test conditions are chosen, it is often possible to predict dissolution limitations to oral absorption of drugs and to reflect variations in hydrodynamic conditions in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract (5). For this purpose, drug release profiles of four IR dosage forms containing drugs that belong to the BCS classes I, II, and III (6–8) were compared in the paddle and the mini paddle under different hydrodynamic conditions.