Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Underspeciication in Discourse Structure and Semantics

1 Description theory Traditionally, grammars generate concrete data structures. Typically, these are trees whose nodes are labelled with syntactic and semantic information. However, a number of approaches have questioned this basic assumption arguing that grammars should manipulate more abstract structures namely descriptions of trees. In this paper, we show that a description-based approach is also useful in discourse, supporting the incremental construction of discourse structure for monologic discourse and the semantics to be associated with such structure. In the past, descriptions have been used for at least three distinct purposes in language processing. M.P.Marcus et al.1983] used tree descriptions for deterministic parsing. Crucially, these descriptions allow statements about dominance as opposed to immediate dominance. By permitting attachment to be underspeciied, descriptions avoid local attachment ambiguities. Instead of being committed to being the daughter of some existing node, an incoming constituent can be minimally restricted to being 1
Lobbying, Trade and Renewable Resource Harvesting

Lobbying, Trade and Renewable Resource Harvesting Richard Damania and E. Barbier The over-exploitation of renewable resources has intensified international concerns over the management of these resources. This has prompted calls for the use of international policy interventions such as trade sanctions and contingent transfers, to encourage sustainable resource management practices in these countries. A growing body of literature suggests that resource harvesting in these countries is largely determined by the rent seeking activities of special interest groups This paper develops a model to assess the interaction between lobbying, trade and the incentives to extract a renewable resource. It is demonstrated that in a lobbying equilibrium trade sanctions may be counterproductive and lead to greater harvesting of the renewable resource. The paper further considers whether aid in the form of international transfers can be used to encourage more sustainable harvesting practices. We find that when resource stocks are sufficiently low, transfers may also fail to reduce over-exploitation of the resource. However, it is possible to design a transfer scheme that overcomes this problem. Thus, an appropriately designed system of transfers is likely to be more effective in promoting sustainable harvesting practices. JEL Codes: Q23, Q28, D78, F19.
Identification of Genes Involved in Wild Crucifer Rorippa indica Resistance Response on Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi Challenge

Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (L.) Kaltenbach is a perpetual annual threat in the cultivation of rapeseed- mustard (Brassica spp.) crop in tropical and sub-tropical climate. Cultivated Brassica germplasm has failed so far to provide any source of resistance. Wild germplasm is a potential source of resistance against many threatening herbivores. On wild germplasm screening, we noted that the wild crucifer Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern confers resistance against L. erysimi. In the present study L. erysimi challenged transcriptome of R. indica was compared to un-infested R. indica sample to get a molecular insight about the aphid resistance mechanism and identify the candidate defense response genes. Cloning, sequencing and in silico sequence analysis of complimentary DNA amplified fragment length polymorphism identified 116 differentially expressed transcript derived fragments revealed thirty candidates which are from different functional categories including redox regulation, signalling, photosynthesis, structure, metabolism, defense response as well as a few of unknown function. Twenty four identifications were then studied by quantitative real time RT PCR analysis at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hour time point post infestation to understand the early-to-late defense response through their relative gene expression profiles. Seventeen fragments showed significant up or down regulation at p<0.05 level. The response was influenced by different phytohormonal signalling pathways simultaneously. The candidate defense response expressed sequence tags specifically for the resistance genes identified in this study have implication in building desired mustard aphid resistance in susceptible rapeseed-mustard plants in future. This is the first molecular report on crucifer defense response against mustard aphid L. erysimi.
Hippocampal ischemia causes deficits in local field potential and synaptic plasticity

Abstract The long-term enhancement in glutamate receptor mediated excitatory responses has been observed in stroke model. This pathological form of plasticity, termed post-ischemic long-term potentiation (i-LTP), points to functional reorganization after stroke. Little is known, however, about whether and how this i-LTP would affect subsequent induction of synaptic plasticity. Here, we first directly confirmed that i-LTP was induced in the endothelin-1-induced ischemia model as in other in vitro models. We also demonstrated increased expression of NR2B, CaMKII and p-CaMKII, which are reminiscent of i-LTP. We further induced LTP of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) on CA1 hippocampal neurons in peri-infarct regions of the endothelin-1-induced mini-stroke model. We found that LTP of fEPSPs, induced by high-frequency stimulation, displayed a progressive impairment at 12 and 24 hours after ischemia. Moreover, using in vivo multi-channel recording, we found that the local field potential, which represents electrical property of cell ensembles in more restricted regions, was also dampened at these two time points. These results suggest that i-LTP elevates the induction threshold of subsequent synaptic plasticity. Our data helps to deepen the knowledge of meta-synaptic regulation of plasticity after focal ischemia.
Foot contact force of walk gait for a quadruped robot

Central Pattern Generator (CPG) can be used to generate rhythmic control signals for quadruped locomotion, such as walk, trot, and gallop gait. The walk gait is a statically stable quadruped gait, and suitable for enhancing the robustness of robots. However, as a result of lacking consideration of dynamics characteristics of robots, the swing phase of control signals generated by CPG may be not consistent with the actual phase of the quadruped limb. For example, there is a fact in walk gait that the control signal generated by CPG is in swing phase, while the quadruped limb is still in contact with the ground. So we attach the force sensor on the quadruped foot to detect the real-time foot contact force when a quadruped robot walks on the ground substrate, and the actual contact-lift state of the limb. Using the foot contact force information, we accurately obtain the difference between the theoretical-actual swing phase. Moreover, we discuss that foot-substrate contact force can be used to distinguish the ground substrate with different properties such as friction coefficient. Experiment results show the possibility to utilize force sensor information for ground substrate recognition and classification.
Content-Based Validation of Business Process Models

In this work we present a methodology for content-based validation of business process models, focusing on existing organizational policies. This methodology goes beyond structural notation and proposes to automatically extract business logic from process repositories as a basis for content validation. Each process activity is encoded automatically as a descriptor, containing objects, actions, and quali ers. The collection of all process descriptors formulates a taxonomy model of action sequence, object lifecycle and object and action hierarchies that are used to support the validation procedure. We propose a stepwise method for context-based validation that includes de ciency identi cation (using existing descriptors as a reference), validation score calculation and generation of a ranked list of corrections. We illustrate our approach using three types of validation errors that may occur as a result of an atomic change (addition or deletion) of an activity in a process model. We developed a software tool that implements the suggested methodology and we report on an empirical evaluation, showing that the utilization of the taxonomy model makes it possible to e ectively validate the design of new process models and the modi cation of existing ones. The proposed method can guide business analysts that opt to validate business process models, by marking contextually non-valid segments and suggesting possible corrections.
Unsatisfiable CNF Formulas need many Conflicts

A pair of clauses in a CNF formula constitutes a conflict if there is a variable that occurs positively in one clause and negatively in the other. A CNF formula without any conflicts is satisfiable. The Lovasz Local Lemma implies that a k-CNF formula is satisfiable if each clause conflicts with at most 2^k/e-1 clauses. It does not, however, give any good bound on how many conflicts an unsatisfiable formula has globally. We show here that every unsatisfiable k-CNF formula requires 2.69^k conflicts and there exist unsatisfiable k-CNF formulas with 3.51^k conflicts.
Urban monitoring using participatory sensing: An optimal budget allocation approach

We study a budget allocation problem for urban monitoring (e.g., pollution, litter etc.) using participatory sensing. The human participants and locations of phenomena to be sensed are modeled as Poisson point processes. The decision maker (e.g., city authority) has to decide the split of budget among strategies-advertisements to recruit participants, and providing rewards to those participants for their efforts in reporting the events. We propose and analyse three schemes for rewarding participants-equal, proportional and probabilistic. The probabilistic scheme exploits risk seeking behavior of participants, which is a typical human psychological behavior studied in the Prospect theory. Analytical and numerical study of the proposed schemes uncovers useful insights such as, for the equal reward scheme, advertisement for recruiting more individuals is preferable than increasing rewards for the recruited individuals. However, the opposite is true for the other two schemes.
Performance analysis of a resource aggregator in a grid of grids environment

In the present chapter, an analytical model for the proposed system is derived. The purpose of the model is to find an average delay incorporated in various types of resource requests under a dynamic working condition of resource aggregator, and also to estimate the cost involved in serving resource requests. The performance of the resource aggregation system is evaluated and presented the model for semantic matchmaking system based on semantic distance. The various challenges and scheduling mechanisms are discussed in the subsequent sections.
Class II-associated invariant chain peptide down-modulation enhances the immunogenicity of myeloid leukemic blasts resulting in increased CD4+ T-cell responses

Background Disease recurrence in patients with acute myeloid leukemia may be partially explained by the escape of leukemic blasts from CD4+ T-cell recognition. The current study investigates the role of aberrant HLA class II antigen presentation on leukemic blasts by determining both the clinical and functional impact of the class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP). Design and Methods The levels of expression of CLIP and HLA-DR on blood and bone marrow samples from 207 patients with acute myeloid leukemia were correlated with clinical outcome. Irradiated CLIP− and CLIP+ leukemic blasts were compared for their ability to induce CD4+ T cells during mixed leukocyte reactions. To discriminate between these blasts, we down-modulated CLIP expression on myeloid leukemic cell lines by RNA interference of the invariant chain, a chaperone protein critically involved in HLA-DR processing, and performed flow cytometric sorting for their isolation from primary acute myeloid leukemia samples. Results We found that patients with leukemic blasts characterized by a high amount of HLA-DR occupied by CLIP (relative amount of CLIP) had a significantly shortened disease-free survival. The clear reductions in amount of HLA-DR occupied by CLIP on blasts of the THP-1 and Kasumi-1 myeloid leukemic cell lines after treatment with invariant chain short interfering RNA resulted in enhanced rates of allogeneic CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Similar findings were obtained in an autologous setting, in which there were strong increases in proliferation of remission CD4+ T cells stimulated with CLIP−-sorted leukemic blasts from HLA-DR+ acute myeloid leukemia patients, in contrast to CLIP+-sorted leukemic blasts from the same patients. Conclusions These data highlight the relevance of CLIP expression on leukemic blasts and the potential of CLIP as a target for immunomodulatory strategies to enhance HLA class II antigen presentation and CD4+ T-cell reactivity in acute myeloid leukemia.
Microarray Expression Profiling of Long Non-Coding RNAs Involved in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Metastasis

Increasing evidence has demonstrated a significant role for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis. However, their functions in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis remain largely unknown. In this study, a model comparing high and low metastatic NPC cell lines (5-8F vs. 6-10B and S18 vs. S26) was constructed to determine the expression profile of lncRNAs using the microarray analysis, and we found 167 lncRNAs and 209 mRNAs were differentially expressed. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that the dysregulated mRNAs participated in important biological regulatory functions in NPC. Validation of 26 significantly dysregulated lncRNAs by qRT-PCR showed the expression patterns of 22 lncRNAs were in accordance with the microarray data. Furthermore, the expression level of ENST00000470135, which was the most upregulated lncRNA in high metastatic cell lines, was significantly higher in NPC cell lines and tissues with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and knocking down ENST00000470135 suppressed the migration, invasion and proliferation of NPC cells in vitro. In conclusion, our study revealed expression patterns of lncRNAs in NPC metastasis. The dysregulated lncRNAs may act as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NPC.
Task Mapping with Cache Reconfiguration and Partitioning for Energy Minimization on Real-Time Multicores

In this paper, we investigate the problem of task mapping with Dynamic Cache Reconfiguration (DCR) and Cache Partitioning (CP) which are promising techniques to alleviate cache energy consumption. Our goal is to obtain an optimal task mapping, L1 cache configuration and L2 cache partition factor on a target multi-core architecture such that cache energy consumption is minimized while timing constraints is satisfied. Two approaches are presented to solve this problem: the first optimal approach is based on integer linear programming (ILP), whereas the second approach is a genetic algorithm (GA) that is near-optimal, but scalable. Experimental results show that our ILP based approaches can find the optimal task mapping, leading to significant energy reduction, and the computation time is tolerable. Moreover, our GA can also find a near-optimal solution with little time overhead.
Fault Diagnosis in Scale-Free versus Random Networks

Cost-efficient problem detection and localization is one of the key requirements to a selfmanaging system. In this paper, we consider detection and diagnosis (localization) of faults in large-scale computer networks and distributed systems. Particularly, we investigate the effects of network topology (e.g., scale-free versus random graphs) on the cost-efficiency of detection and diagnosis in terms of the number of tests required and the resulting accuracy of diagnosis. Recent studies suggest that the topology of the Internet, world wide web, peer-to-peer (e.g., Gnutella) and many other real-life networks is quite far from being a random graph (i.e., classical ErdosRenyi model). Instead, such networks exhibit scale-free properties, following power-low degree distributions (e.g., a small subset of nodes hubs are connected to a very large number of nodes while the majority of nodes have quite small degree). Our studies show that the network topology dramatically influences the cost-efficiency of diagnosis, such as the number of tests necessary for problem detection and diagnosis. In our studies, we use as tests end-to-end measurements, or probes (e.g., ping or traceroute command). Scale-free networks appear to be much harder to diagnose than random networks of the same size, as they require significantly larger number of probe stations and end-to-end probes. We investigate the effect of the probe stations’ location on the necessary number of probes. We also estimate the computational complexity of multi-fault diagnosis in scale-free and random networks by Bayesian inference. Our studies provide an important information for planning and deployment of probing-based diagnosis in extremely large-scale practical networks (e.g., large corporate intranets, Internet, and GRID-computing systems).
Telemedicine in Critical Care

Critical care medicine is the specialty that cares for patients with acute life-threatening illnesses where intensivists look after all aspects of patient care. Nevertheless, shortage of physicians and nurses, the relationship between high costs and economic restrictions, and the fact that critical care knowledge is only available at big hospitals puts the system on the edge. In this scenario, telemedicine might provide solutions to improve availability of critical care knowledge where the patient is located, improve relationship between attendants in different institutions and education material for future specialist training. Current information technologies and networking capabilities should be exploited to improve intensivist coverage, advanced alarm systems and to have large critical care databases of critical care signals.
Reflection of sound from random distributions of semi-cylinders on a hard plane: models and data

A new analytical theory for multiple scattering of cylindrical acoustic waves by an array of finite impedance semi-cylinders embedded in a smooth acoustically hard surface is derived by extending previous results for plane waves (Linton and Martin 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 3413–23). Although the computational demands of the new theory increase as the number of the semi-cylinders in the arrays and/or the frequency increase, the theory offers an improvement on analytical boss theories since the latter (i) are restricted to non-deterministic (infinite) random distributions of semi-cylinders with spacing/radii small compared to the incident wavelength and (ii) are derived only for plane waves. The influence on prediction accuracy of truncation of the infinite system of equations introduced by the new theory is explored empirically. Laboratory measurements have been made over deterministic random arrays of identical varnished wooden semi-cylinders on a glass plate. The agreement between predictions and measured relative sound pressure level spectra is good both for single deterministic random distributions and for averages representing non-deterministic random distributions. The analytical theory is found to give identical results to those of a boundary element calculation but is much faster to compute.
Simulation Reductions for the Ising Model

Polynomial time reductions between problems have long been used to delineate problem classes, where an oracle for solving one problem yields a solution to another. Simulation reductions also exist, where an oracle for simulation from a probability distribution is employed in order to obtain draws from another distribution. Here linear time simulation reductions are given for: the Ising spins world to the Ising subgraphs world and the Ising subgraphs world to the Ising spins world. This answers a long standing question of whether such a direct relationship between these two versions of the Ising model existed. Moreover, these reductions result in the first method for perfect simulation from the subgraphs world and a new Swendsen-Wang style Markov chain for the Ising model. The method used is to write the desired distribution with set parameters as a mixture of distributions where the parameters are at their extreme values.
To vote or to abstain? An experimental study or first past the poste and PR elections

We examine through an experimental design how rational and non-rational considerations affect the decision to vote or to abstain in First Past the Post and PR elections. We show that in both types of elections, but particularly so under PR, a majority of subjects do not make the "right" decision, that is, they do not choose the option that is the most beneficial to them, given. We also demonstrate that a social norm such as sense of civic duty plays a bigger role, even in the lab, and particularly so in PR elections. We suggest that civic duty has a greater impact under PR because this electoral system has a more complicated formula, making it more difficult for voters to realize that their vote is unlikely to substantially affect the outcome of the election.
All rights reserved Information , Thoughts and Dark Photons Sylwester Kornowski

Information can be sent with superluminal speed between entangled particles but new entanglement is created when luminal particles are very close one from another it leads to conclusion that we cannot send information with superluminal speed because at first we must separate the entangled luminal particles. But when such separation is made then superluminal information is possible it leads to the superluminal entanglement in quantum physics. Arrangements of the entangled Einstein-spacetime components in the physical matter and mental matter are different. For example, the unitary spins of the Einstein-spacetime components on a torus/electric-charge are perpendicular to surface of the torus whereas the unitary spins of the Einstein-spacetime components in the loops the thoughts consist of are tangent to the loops. It causes that the mental matter is flexible (the mental solitons are flexible) whereas the physical matter is rigid i.e. the bare particles are rigid. It is true that the superluminal dark photons responsible for quantum entanglement mimic the electromagnetic interactions but they cannot be detected directly i.e. they are dark. The dark matter is entangled with baryonic matter due to the superluminal dark photons carried by the superluminal entanglons the luminal Einstein-spacetime components consist of. The Scale-Symmetric Theory (S-ST) follows from the succeeding phase transitions of the superluminal modified Higgs field which lead to five different size/mass scales. There is the superluminal Higgs-field scale (size about 10 m), superluminal quantum-entanglement scale (size about 10 m), luminal Planck scale (size about 10 m), quantum-physics scale (sizes about 10 to 10 m; most important is size about 10 m), and cosmological scale (size about 10 m) [1]. The quantum-physics scale (~10 m) leads to the atom-like structure of baryons whereas the cosmological scale leads to the cosmic-structure/Protoworld which appeared in the luminal Einstein spacetime after the inflation but before the expansion of the Universe [1]. Evolution of the Protoworld leads to the baryonic matter, dark matter, dark energy and CMB [1]. Dark matter consists of the additional Einstein-spacetime components (they are the luminal neutrino-antineutrino pairs) entangled with the baryonic matter – the quantum entanglement is realized due to the superluminal binary systems of closed strings (the entanglons) the Einstein-spacetime components consist of [1]. The entanglons carry the unitary spin. They can rotate so they can carry rotational energies but they have only inertial mass (their gravitational mass is equal to zero).