Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lupus lymphadenitis simulating Kikuchi's lymphadenitis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A clinicopathological analysis of six cases and review of the literature

Kikuchi's disease (KD) or Kikuchi's lymphadenitis (KL) is a self‐limiting disease mostly affecting the cervical lymph nodes of young individuals. Whether the reported cases of KL associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were genuine KL or lupus lymphadenitis (LL) simulating KL in SLE patients is not clear. We analyzed six cases of KD‐like lymphadenitis occurring in SLE patients and 12 reported cases to clarify the relationship between KL and SLE. We found that not all cases occurred simultaneously with SLE. Eight cases occured either before or after SLE. These cases might have true KL independent of SLE with the exception of two cases that occurred after SLE, but the patients still had lupus activity. The 10 cases that coexisted with SLE most likelty had LL rather than KL. This was supported by the immunohistochemical finding of sparse cytotoxic T cells in those lymph nodes in contrast to abundant cytotoxic T cells usually seen in a typical KL. We conclude that KL is not related to SLE, and KD‐like lymphadenitis coexisting with SLE should be regarded as LL. Pathologists should be aware of the possibility that LL can mimic KL in patients with SLE, especially necrotizing‐type KL.
Care Work Migration in Germany: Semi-Compliance and Complicity1

In this article, we deal with contradictions and paradoxes of the German policies on migration and domestic care work. Although the demand for care workers in private homes is increasing, the German government has turned a blind eye to the topic of migrant care workers. As a result of the mismatch between demand and restrictive policies, a large sector of undeclared care work has come into being. This veritable ‘twilight zone’ can be coined an ‘open secret’ as it is the topic of extensive discussions among the populace and in the media. We will address various discrepancies in the debate on migrant domestic work in Germany by providing a view from multiple actors’ perspectives. Examining the intersections of gendered migration and care regimes, we assert that undeclared care migration is an integral part of German welfare state policies, which can be characterised as compliance and complicity.
The First Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing

This article is a survey on the existing versions of the First Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP). FTAP provides characterization of the existence of martingale measures in dierent settings. In the simplest case FTAP establishes the equivalence between the absence of arbitrage and the existence of equivalent martingale measures. However, in a more general setting, for example, with innite time, innite number of states of the nature, innite number of assets or in the presence of market frictions a simple version of FTAP cannot be proved since the absence of arbitrage is not sucient to construct martingale measures. Accordingly, the literature constructs martingale measures by generalizing the concept of arbitrage to free lunch, free lunch with bounded risk or free lunch with vanishing risk. Following this approach FTAP for markets with frictions is established through the martingale property of a price process lying within the bid and the ask price processes. Finally, recent studies apply the theory of projective systems of probability measures and without relying on free lunches characterize the absence of arbitrage by the existence of projectively equivalent risk-neutral probability measures.
Governing Individual Learning in the Transition Phase of Software Maintenance Offshoring: A Dynamic Perspective

Prior studies suggest that clients need to actively govern knowledge transfer to vendor staff in offshore outsourcing. In this paper, we analyze longitudinal data from four software maintenance offshore outsourcing projects to explore why governance may be needed for knowledge transfer and how governance and the individual learning of vendor engineers interact over time. Our results suggest that self-control is central to learning, but may be hampered by low levels of trust and expertise at the outset of projects. For these foundations to develop, clients initially need to exert high amounts of formal and clan controls to enforce learning activities against barriers to knowledge sharing. Once learning activities occur, trust and expertise increase and control portfolios may show greater emphases on self-control.
The Italian Administrative System: Why a Source of Competitive Disadvantage?

The Italian administrative system is currently perceived as one of the main obstacles to a higher growth of the productive system. We argue that some causes of this ineffectiveness are deeply rooted and date back at the unification: a missing strong administrative tradition; an (excessive) political influence over the administration; the relevance of the juridical culture. We discuss in detail one specific "product" of the administration, its civil justice system, its inefficiencies over time and the potential reasons behind it. We then detail how some "reactions" to these inefficiencies have been in some cases the sources of further problems: an excessive number of (often too complicated) laws and administrative acts; the growth of administrative corruption; the creation of "public" agencies formally external to the administration. It is possibly in some of these elements that the reasons for the difficulties met by the reform processes initiated since the 1990s should be searched.
Dendritic cells process synthetic long peptides better than whole protein, improving antigen presentation and T‐cell activation

The efficiency of antigen (Ag) processing by dendritic cells (DCs) is vital for the strength of the ensuing T‐cell responses. Previously, we and others have shown that in comparison to protein vaccines, vaccination with synthetic long peptides (SLPs) has shown more promising (pre‐)clinical results. Here, we studied the unknown mechanisms underlying the observed vaccine efficacy of SLPs. We report an in vitro processing analysis of SLPs for MHC class I and class II presentation by murine DCs and human monocyte‐derived DCs. Compared to protein, SLPs were rapidly and much more efficiently processed by DCs, resulting in an increased presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The mechanism of access to MHC class I loading appeared to differ between the two forms of Ag. Whereas whole soluble protein Ag ended up largely in endolysosomes, SLPs were detected very rapidly outside the endolysosomes after internalization by DCs, followed by proteasome‐ and transporter associated with Ag processing‐dependent MHC class I presentation. Compared to the slower processing route taken by whole protein Ags, our results indicate that the efficient internalization of SLPs, accomplished by DCs but not by B or T cells and characterized by a different and faster intracellular routing, leads to enhanced CD8+ T‐cell activation.
Comparative Efficiency Ratings Between Public and Private Acute Inpatient Facilities

Objectives: The aims of this study are to compare clinical outcomes and efficiency ratings in an acute psychiatric inpatient facility with findings from other studies, and to examine relationships between symptom severity, admission medico-legal status and length of stay. Method: The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales was administered at admission and discharge and analysed against admission medico-legal status and length of stay. Efficiency ratings were calculated and compared with those from other acute psychiatric inpatient settings. Results: Clinical outcomes and efficiency ratings were similar to those from other public acute inpatient facilities, with greater admission severities and higher efficiency ratings than those found in private facilities. Involuntary hospitalisation was found to be associated with higher admission severities and longer lengths of stay. Conclusions: Outcome or effect size is enhanced by higher admission severities, however, mean outcome per 10 days of stay is decreased by involuntary admission legal status. Factors unrelated to admission legal status effect differences in efficiency ratings found between public and private acute psychiatric inpatient facilities.
Three-party settlement bargaining with an insurer duty to settle: Structural model and evidence from malpractice claims

Prior efforts to specify and then empirically estimate structural models of the outcomes of tort lawsuits involve only two parties—plaintiff and defendant. We incorporate the defendant’s insurer and its "duty to settle" into a three-party settlement model. In medical malpractice cases, there is both anecdotal and quantitative evidence that policy limits and the insurer’s duty to settle are central parts of settlement bargaining. We estimate the model using a Texas database of closed, paid medical malpractice claims. Both the data and our model predict a mass of cases with a settlement offer by the plaintiff exactly at limits; a smaller but still sizeable mass of cases with payout exactly at limits (both in pre-trial settlements and after trial), and substantial haircuts (payout limits. In counterfactual analysis, we predict that, as duty-to-settle liability becomes stricter, there will be: more at-limits offers, fewer trials, fewer at-limits payments in tried cases, more insurer payments above limits, and smaller haircuts. (JEL K13, K41)
Customization and standardization in hotels - a paradox or not?

Purpose – This paper is based on the empirical study of human resources and service work and its purpose is to reveal that the international hotel industry is becoming more standardized. The argument presented here is that progressive standardization within customized service production is paradoxical. The aim here is to discuss the paradox and in so doing, to highlight the fact that control, predictability and risk minimization are just as important to hotel operations as customized service.Design/methodology/approach – The data, in the form of qualitative interviews conducted in five European capital cities, are drawn from international first class hotel groups. Three international hotel groups are represented, and four hotels have been picked out from each group. In addition to the hotel‐based interviews, head office interviews with the three hotel group directors of human resources were undertaken.Findings – Attempts to standardize service production are popular due to the unpredictable character of s.
Social Productivity, Law, and the Regulation of Conflicts of Interest in the Investment Industry

The article proposes and develops a concept - social productivity - to complement the widely used concepts of social capital and economic productivity. All three concepts are concerned with structured groups, which include organizations, institutions, and societies. However, while social capital focuses on a group's social resources and economic productivity focuses on a group's economically relevant goods and services, social productivity focuses on a group's social outputs. Four social outputs of groups are identified: (1) standards for behavior, (2) reputation, (3) symbols, and (4) trust and perceptions of fairness. These social outputs are important to a group not only because they affect the degree of commitment to the group by its participants but also because they affect the responses to the group by others. From the perspective of social productivity, government adopts law (formal standards for behavior) in order to preserve the reputation of important groups, provide symbols, and maintain or increase trust and fairness. To illustrate the concept of social productivity, the article examines ways that federal law on investment companies and investment advisers deals with conflicts of interest.
A critical review of the developmental approach to disability in South Africa

The article describes the policies, legislation, institutional structures and programmes of the developmental welfare system for physically disabled people in South Africa that have developed since 1994. In so doing, it examines resources and constraints and suggests ways in which improvements might be made following the experiences in the first 12 years of social development in South Africa. The author believes that it is timely to pursue this topic given the barriers experienced on the ground where social developers are attempting to empower and improve the circumstances of physically disabled people. Thus, this article should be of interest to policy makers, social planners, practitioners, human rights activists and disabled people alike.
Information, Flexibility, and Competition

Abstract This paper examines the effect of competitive market interaction on the flexibility choice of firms in an uncertain environment. Firms invest in capacity first, which gives them production flexibility, then receive private signals with a common precision about an uncertain demand or cost parameter, and finally compete in the marketplace. It is shown that more uncertainty in the form of more prior variability will induce the firms to invest more in flexibility but that more uncertainty in the form of more variable beliefs (that is, more precise signals for all the firms) will have an ambiguous effect in the equilibrium investment in flexibility. If the cost of flexibility is low (high) the equilibrium investment decreases (increases) with the precision of information. Furthermore, the market never attains the full information first best: it tends to overinvest in flexibility if its cost is low and to underinvest if it is high, the welfare loss decreasing in the precision of information. The market outcome is nevertheless optimally constrained when decentralized private information structure of the economy is assumed. J. Japan. Int. Econ., September 1993, 7(3), pp. 219–237. Institut d′Analisi Economica (CSIC), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
Projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei to visual cortex in the rabbit

The origin and terminations of thalamic inputs to the striate cortex and the occipital cortex of the rabbit were studied using both anterograde autoradiographic techniques and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After injections of [3H]‐leucine into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN) the transport of radiolabeled material was demonstrated in separate loci in both the striate and the occipital cortex. In both these cortical areas, the principal site of geniculocortical termination was in lamina IV with some diminished input spreading into laminae II‐III and a light termination in layer I overlying the lamina IV termination. Layer VI of striate cortex received a substantial projection from DLGN while infragranular laminae of occipital cortex received a similar although lighter and more diffuse projection. The lateral posterior nucleus (LPN) was similarly demonstrated to project to both striate and occipital cortices, the projection terminating principally in lamina IV of occipital cortex, lamina V of striate cortex, and layer I over a large, continuous area of the posterior pole of the cortex. Moreover, a projection from LPN to the retrosplenial cortex medial to the striate area was consistently seen.
The future of public pensions in the OECD

Demographic changes are often presumed to put the future of public pensions in jeopardy. However, public pension finances should be sensitive to employment, wage and inequality growth. A few macroeconomic simulations show that, given modest assumptions about long-term employment and wage growth, the selected OECD countries could continue to pay for public pensions. In particular, policies that can help to improve employment growth could be useful everywhere. Obstacles to public pensions are more likely to arise from political developments than from economic trends. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Competitive bidding prices for new generation capacity in Malaysia considering uncertainty

This paper proposes a model to find minimum bid price for a generating company to bid in electricity auction for new power plants in Malaysia considering uncertainty. The model has been used for three most common generation technologies i.e. 1) coal, 2) gas-fired (CCGT) and 3) nuclear. It is important for generating company to determine the minimum bid prices that it should submit in the auction to ensure that the investment would be profitable and meet the Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) aimed by the company. The uncertainty such as fuel cost, overnight cost, operation and maintenance (O&M) cost and utilization factor are the important factors that considered in the model. The effects of these uncertainties on the bid prices of the different technologies are studied using 1) sensitivity analysis and 2) probabilistic analysis. Results show that the bid prices of nuclear is more sensitive to the changes in investment cost, O&M cost and utilization factor and less sensitive to the fuel cost than coal and CCGT. On the other hand the bid price of CCGT is more sensitive to the fuel cost. The sensitivity of coal plant shows result somewhere in between the nuclear and CCGT.
A Servant to Many Masters: Competing Shareholder Preferences and Limits to Catering

We study what determines catering through payout policy, and how the ability to cater affects firm policies. We create a catering index, measuring the extent to which the firm caters to its investors’ payout preferences. Catering is constrained by market segmentation and dispersion in investor payout preferences. The ability to cater grants the firm better equity financing conditions: catering firms experience a smaller stock price drop when issuing equity, and a positive market reaction to dividend announcements. Investors react to an increase in catering by raising their investment in the firm. Firms that cater have lower leverage, and invest more through capital expenditures and acquisitions.
Endocytic Pathways Involved in Filovirus Entry: Advances, Implications and Future Directions

Detailed knowledge of the host-virus interactions that accompany filovirus entry into cells is expected to identify determinants of viral virulence and host range, and to yield targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics. While it is generally agreed that filovirus entry into the host cytoplasm requires viral internalization into acidic endosomal compartments and proteolytic cleavage of the envelope glycoprotein by endo/lysosomal cysteine proteases, our understanding of the specific endocytic pathways co-opted by filoviruses remains limited. This review addresses the current knowledge on cellular endocytic pathways implicated in filovirus entry, highlights the consensus as well as controversies, and discusses important remaining questions.
Stepfamily Relationship Quality and Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Problems.

The stepfamily literature is replete with between-group analyses by which youth residing in stepfamilies are compared to youth in other family structures across indicators of adjustment and well-being. Few longitudinal studies examine variation in stepfamily functioning to identify factors that promote the positive adjustment of stepchildren over time. Using a longitudinal sample of 191 stepchildren (56% female, mean age = 11.3 years), the current study examines the association between the relationship quality of three central stepfamily dyads (stepparent-child, parent-child, and stepcouple) and children's internalizing and externalizing problems concurrently and over time. Results from path analyses indicate that higher levels of parent-child affective quality are associated with lower levels of children's concurrent internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 1. Higher levels of stepparent-child affective quality are associated with decreases in children's internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 2 (6 months beyond baseline), even after controlling for children's internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 1 and other covariates. The stepcouple relationship was not directly linked to youth outcomes. Our findings provide implications for future research and practice.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta is involved in pancreatic beta-cell-specific transcription of the pdx-1 gene

The mammalian homeobox gene pdx-1 is expressed in pluripotent precursor cells in the dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud and duodenal endoderm, which will produce the pancreas and the rostral duodenum. In the adult, pdr-1 is expressed principally within insulin-secreting pancreatic islet beta cells and cells of the duodenal epithelium. Our objective in this study was to localize sequences within the mouse pdx-1 gene mediating selective expression within the islet. Studies of transgenic mice in which a genomic fragment of the mouse pdx-1 gene from kb -4.5 to +8.2 was used to drive a beta-galactosidase reporter showed that the control sequences sufficient for appropriate developmental and adult specific expression were contained within this region. Three nuclease-hypersensitive sites, located between bp -2560 and -1880 (site 1), bp -1330 and -800 (site 2), and bp -260 and +180 (site 3), were identified within the 5'-flanking region of the endogenous pdx-1 gene. Pancreatic beta-cell-specific expression was shown to be controlled by sequences within site 1 from an analysis of the expression pattern of various pdr-1-herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter expression constructs in transfected beta-cell and non-beta-cell lines. Furthermore, we also established that this region was important in vivo by demonstrating that expression from a site 1-driven beta-galactosidase reporter construct was directed to islet beta-cells in transgenic mice. The activity of the site 1-driven constructs was reduced substantially in beta-cell lines by mutating a hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3)-like site located between nucleotides -2007 and -1996. Gel shift analysis indicated that HNF3beta present in islet beta cells binds to this element. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that HNF3beta was present within the nuclei of almost all islet beta cells and subsets of pancreatic acinar cells. Together, these results suggest that HNF3beta, a key regulator of endodermal cell lineage development, plays an essential role in the cell-type-specific transcription of the pdx-1 gene in the pancreas.
The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries

The diversity of rural livelihoods in low income developing countries is receiving increased attention in discussions about rural poverty reduction. This paper explores just one facet of livelihood diversity, namely the reasons for households to adopt multiple livelihood strategies. The distinction is made between diversification of necessity and diversification by choice. Six determinants of diversification are considered in the light of that distinction, and these are seasonality, risk, labour markets, credit markets, asset strategies, and coping strategies. The paper concludes that under the precarious conditions that characterise rural survival in many low income countries, diversification has positive attributes for livelihood security that outweigh negative connotations it may possess. Policy should facilitate rather than inhibit diversity. Diverse rural livelihoods are less vulnerable than undiversified ones.