Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Concern Based Approach to Generating SCR Requirement Specification: A Case Study

SCR is a mature and widely used document driven requirement method, which emphasizes creating strict and complete formal requirement documents during software requirement analysis to serve the whole life circle. However, due to the big gap between textual requirement description and formal requirement document, how to obtain formal SCR requirements specification from informal textual description becomes an obstacle of applying SCR to real projects. In this paper, a concern based approach to generating SCR requirement specification from textual requirement document is proposed. The requirement analysis process includes concerns elicitation, specification of concerns and their relationship, identification of concepts, definition and classification of variables, derivation of SCR requirement specification, and validation of requirement specification. The method introduced in this paper has been applied to a classical case – Light Control System by documenting the requirements of hallway section. It is indicated that our approach bridges the gap between textual requirement description and formal SCR requirement document.
Präventive Gruppenmusiktherapie-Programme in Schulen: Umgang mit Gewalt und Förderung eines friedlichen Miteinanders (Preventative group music therapy programs in schools: Promoting being peace together and addressing violence)

Zusammenfassung Obwohl Musik Gefuhle wie Aggression und Wut sowohl verstarken als auch beruhigen kann und dadurch uber grose Potentiale fur praventive Masnahmen verfugt, sind in der Literatur kaum ausgearbeitete Programme zur Gewaltpravention mit Musik zu finden. Zwei musiktherapeutische Ansatze aus Australien und aus Deutschland werden vorgestellt, die auf unterschiedliche Weise gewaltpraventive Wirkungen erzielen. Die Darstellung erlautert methodische, kulturelle und kontextbezogene Aspekte einer effektiven Gewaltpravention. Abschliesend werden die Ahnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Programmen beschrieben und die Frage gestellt, wie sich die verschiedenen Ansatze in der Praxis erganzen konnen.
An Architecture for Semi-Automatic Collaborative Malware Analysis for CIs

Critical Infrastructures (CIs) are among the main targets of activists, cyber terrorists and state sponsored attacks. To protect itself, a CI needs to build and keep updated a domestic knowledge base of cyber threats. It cannot indeed completely rely on external service providers because information on incidents can be so sensible to impact national security. In this paper, we propose an architecture for a malware analysis framework to support CIs in such a challenging task. Given the huge number of new malware produced daily, the architecture is designed so as to automate the analysis to a large extent, leaving to human analysts only a small and manageable part of the whole effort. Such a non-automatic part of the analysis requires a wide range of expertise, usually contributed by more analysts. The architecture enables analysts to work collaboratively to improve the understanding of samples that demand deeper investigations (intra-CI collaboration). Furthermore, the architecture allows to share partial and configurable views of the knowledge base with other interested CIs, in order to collectively obtain a more complete vision of the cyber threat landscape (inter-CI collaboration).
Sensor Noise Modeling by Stacking Pseudo-Periodic Grid Images Affected by Vibrations

This letter addresses the problem of noise estimation in raw images from digital sensors. Assuming that a series of images of a static scene are available, a possibility is to characterize the noise at a given pixel by considering the random fluctuations of the gray level across the images. However, mechanical vibrations, even tiny ones, affect the experimental setup, making this approach ineffective. The contribution of this letter is twofold. It is shown that noise estimation in the presence of vibrations is actually biased. Focusing on images of a pseudo-periodic grid, an algorithm to discard their effect is also given. An application to the generalized Anscombe transform is discussed.
Approximate Planning in the Probabilistic-Planning-as-Stochastic-Satisfiability Paradigm

zander is a state-of-the-art probabilistic planner that extends the probabilistic-planning-as-stochastic-satisfiability paradigm to support contingent planning in domains where there is uncertainty in the effects of the agent’s actions and where the scope and accuracy of the agent’s observations may be insufficient to establish the agent’s current state with certainty (Majercik & Littman 1999). We describe zander and then discuss an approximation technique we are developing that will help us to scale up our SSat-based technique to large planning problems. We report results using this approximation algorithm on random SSat problems and discuss issues that arise in the application of this algorithm to SSat encodings of planning problems.
Preliminary Version Weak Probabilistic Anonymity 1

Anonymity means that the identity of the user performing a certain action is maintained secret. The protocols for ensuring anonymity often use random mechanisms which can be described probabilistically. In this paper we propose a notion of weak probabilistic anonymity, where weak refers to the fact that some amount of probabilistic information may be revealed by the protocol. This information can be used by an observer to infer the likeliness that the action has been performed by a certain user. The aim of this work is to study the degree of anonymity that the protocol can still ensure, despite the leakage of information. We illustrate our ideas by using the example of the dining cryptographers with biased coins. We consider both the cases of nondeterministic and probabilistic users. Correspondingly, we propose two notions of weak anonymity and we investigate their respective dependencies on the biased factor of the coins.
Systems for Offering Concurrent Enrollment at High Schools and Community Colleges. New Directions for Community Colleges, Number 113. The Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series.

1. State Policy and Postsecondary Enrollment Options: Creating Seamless Systems Katherine Boswell. 2. A Model for Implementing a Concurrent Enrollment Program Brian G. Chapman. 3. Designing an Effective Concurrent Enrollment Program: A Focus on Quality of Instruction and Student Outcomes Margaret K. Peterson, John Anjewierden, Cris Corser. 4. Concurrent Enrollment in Arizona: Encouraging Success in High School Donald E. Puyear, Linda M. Thor, Karen L. Mills. 5. Concurrent Enrollment and More: Elements of a Successful Partnership Steven R. Helfgot. 6. Dual Enrollment in Virginia Rhonda K. Catron. 7. New World School of the Arts: Creativity Across the Curriculum Nancy M. Wolcott. 8. Dual Enrollment for Underrepresented Student Populations Esther B. Hugo. 9. Dual Enrollment Options: Columbus State Community College Model for Successful Implementation Tammi C. Jordan. 10. Sources and Information: Creating Effective Collaboration Between 81 High Schools and Community Colleges Gigi G. Gomez.
How fragmentation and corridors affect wind dynamics and seed dispersal in open habitats

Significance Understanding how widespread human-induced global changes are affecting the movement and dispersal of organisms is critical for maintaining species diversity and making sound land management decisions. In contrast with animal-dispersed species, little is known about how wind-dispersed species are affected by conservation strategies such as corridors. We use a combination of mechanistic models and field data to show that habitat corridors alter wind dynamics in a way that promotes seed dispersal and appears to increase plant diversity. Wind direction also interacts with landscape orientation to determine when corridors can provide connectivity. Determining how widespread human-induced changes such as habitat loss, landscape fragmentation, and climate instability affect populations, communities, and ecosystems is one of the most pressing environmental challenges. Critical to this challenge is understanding how these changes are affecting the movement abilities and dispersal trajectories of organisms and what role conservation planning can play in promoting movement among remaining fragments of suitable habitat. Whereas evidence is mounting for how conservation strategies such as corridors impact animal movement, virtually nothing is known for species dispersed by wind, which are often mistakenly assumed to not be limited by dispersal. Here, we combine mechanistic dispersal models, wind measurements, and seed releases in a large-scale experimental landscape to show that habitat corridors affect wind dynamics and seed dispersal by redirecting and bellowing airflow and by increasing the likelihood of seed uplift. Wind direction interacts with landscape orientation to determine when corridors provide connectivity. Our results predict positive impacts of connectivity and patch shape on species richness of wind-dispersed plants, which we empirically illustrate using 12 y of data from our experimental landscapes. We conclude that habitat fragmentation and corridors strongly impact the movement of wind-dispersed species, which has community-level consequences.
Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood.

CONTEXT Evidence suggests that early adverse experiences play a preeminent role in development of mood and anxiety disorders and that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems may mediate this association. OBJECTIVE To determine whether early-life stress results in a persistent sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to mild stress in adulthood, thereby contributing to vulnerability to psychopathological conditions. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective controlled study conducted from May 1997 to July 1999 at the General Clinical Research Center of Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga. PARTICIPANTS Forty-nine healthy women aged 18 to 45 years with regular menses, with no history of mania or psychosis, with no active substance abuse or eating disorder within 6 months, and who were free of hormonal and psychotropic medications were recruited into 4 study groups (n = 12 with no history of childhood abuse or psychiatric disorder [controls]; n = 13 with diagnosis of current major depression who were sexually or physically abused as children; n = 14 without current major depression who were sexually or physically abused as children; and n = 10 with diagnosis of current major depression and no history of childhood abuse). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels and heart rate responses to a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor compared among the 4 study groups. RESULTS Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. Women with a history of childhood abuse and a current major depression diagnosis exhibited a more than 6-fold greater ACTH response to stress than age-matched controls (net peak of 9.0 pmol/L [41.0 pg/mL]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.7-13.3 pmol/L [21.6-60. 4 pg/mL]; vs net peak of 1.4 pmol/L [6.19 pg/mL]; 95% CI, 0.2-2.5 pmol/L [1.0-11.4 pg/mL]; difference, 8.6 pmol/L [38.9 pg/mL]; 95% CI, 4.6-12.6 pmol/L [20.8-57.1 pg/mL]; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system hyperreactivity, presumably due to CRF hypersecretion, is a persistent consequence of childhood abuse that may contribute to the diathesis for adulthood psychopathological conditions. Furthermore, these results imply a role for CRF receptor antagonists in the prevention and treatment of psychopathological conditions related to early-life stress. JAMA. 2000;284:592-597
The psychological influences on participation in Wheelchair Rugby: a social relational model of disability

Sport and exercise psychology research in disability sport seldom engages with social models of disability. As a result, the socio-historical landscape of disability is underrepresented in sport psychology research. The aim of this study is to interpret influences on participation in disability sport through the conceptual lens of the social relational model (SRM) of disability (Thomas, 1999, 2004, 2007). Ten Irish adult male athletes with physical disabilities participated in semi-structured interviews exploring the barriers and facilitators that influence participation in Wheelchair Rugby. Deductive thematic analysis produced four themes influenced by the social relational model: impairment effects; societal attitudes and discourse; opportunities and access; and psychological well-being. Links were made to the experience of embodied impairment, classification, oppression, inequality, media, independence, and self-efficacy. The analysis illustrates how cultural constructions of disability are inextricably linked to individual influences on participation in Wheelchair Rugby. The results indicate that in disability sport participation, the experience of social oppression, inequality and cultural stereotypes of disability can be synonymous with the personal experience of physical impairment. The implication of this research is that there is a value in sport and exercise psychology practitioners utilising the social relational model as a tool to conceptualise the lived experience of physical disability.
Extent Mapping Scheme for Flash Memory Devices

Flash memory devices commonly rely on traditional address mapping schemes such as page mapping, block mapping or a hybrid of the two. Page mapping is more flexible than block mapping or hybrid mapping without being restricted by block boundaries. However, its mapping table tends to grow large quickly as the capacity of flash memory devices does. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel mapping scheme that is fundamentally different from the existing mapping strategies. We call this new scheme Virtual Extent Trie (VET), as it manages mapping information by treating each I/O request as an extent and by using extents as basic mapping units rather than pages or blocks. By storing extents instead of individual addresses, VET consumes much less memory to store mapping information and still remains as flexible as page mapping. We observed in our experiments that VET reduced memory consumption by up to an order of magnitude in comparison with the traditional mapping schemes for several real world workloads. The VET scheme also scaled well with increasing address spaces by synthetic workloads. With a binary search mechanism, VET limits the mapping time to O(log log|U |), where U denotes the set of all possible logical addresses. Though the asymptotic mapping cost of VET is higher than the O(1) time of a page mapping scheme, the amount of increased overhead was almost negligible or low enough to be hidden by an accompanying I/O operation.
Increasing Use of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation Arrest: Survival Implications of Guideline Changes

Background— The most recent resuscitation guidelines have sought to improve the interface between defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; the survival impact of these changes is unknown, however. A year before issuance of the most recent guidelines, we implemented protocol changes that provided a single shock without rhythm reanalysis, stacked shocks, or postdefibrillation pulse check, and extended the period of cardiopulmonary resuscitation from 1 to 2 minutes. We hypothesized that survival would be better with the new protocol. Methods and Results— The present study took place in a community with a 2-tiered emergency medical services response and an established system of cardiac arrest surveillance, training, and review. The investigation was a cohort study of persons who had bystander-witnessed out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation arrest because of heart disease, comparing a prospectively defined intervention group (January 1, 2005, to January 31, 2006) with a historical control group that was treated according to previous guidelines of rhythm reanalysis, stacked shocks, and postdefibrillation pulse checks (January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2004). The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. The proportion of treated arrests that met inclusion criteria was similar for intervention and control periods (15.4% [134/869] versus 16.6% [374/2255]). Survival to hospital discharge was significantly greater during the intervention period compared with the control period (46% [61/134] versus 33% [122/374], P=0.008) and corresponded to a decrease in the interval from shock to start of chest compressions (28 versus 7 seconds). Adjustment for covariates did not alter the survival association. Conclusions— These results suggest the new resuscitation guidelines will alter the interface between defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation and in turn may improve outcomes.
Structure-Function Analyses of the Interactions between Rab11 and Rab14 Small GTPases with Their Shared Effector Rab Coupling Protein (RCP)*

Background: Rab14 regulates endosomal trafficking; however, its binding to Rab11-FIP effectors is a source of conflicting data. Results: Rab14 interacts with the canonical Rab-binding domain of RCP, and both Rab14 and RCP function in neuritogenesis. Conclusion: Rab11-RCP complex formation may precede recruitment of RCP by Rab14. Significance: This study provides a conceptual framework for Rab14 and RCP in health and disease. Rab GTPases recruit effector proteins, via their GTP-dependent switch regions, to distinct subcellular compartments. Rab11 and Rab25 are closely related small GTPases that bind to common effectors termed the Rab11 family of interacting proteins (FIPs). The FIPs are organized into two subclasses (class I and class II) based on sequence and domain organization, and both subclasses contain a highly conserved Rab-binding domain at their C termini. Yeast two-hybrid and biochemical studies have revealed that the more distantly related Rab14 also interacts with class I FIPs. Here, we perform detailed structural, thermodynamic, and cellular analyses of the interactions between Rab14 and one of the class I FIPs, the Rab-coupling protein (RCP), to clarify the molecular aspects of the interaction. We find that Rab14 indeed binds to RCP, albeit with reduced affinity relative to conventional Rab11-FIP and Rab25-FIP complexes. However, in vivo, Rab11 recruits RCP onto biological membranes. Furthermore, biophysical analyses reveal a noncanonical 1:2 stoichiometry between Rab14-RCP in dilute solutions, in contrast to Rab11/25 complexes. The structure of Rab14-RCP reveals that Rab14 interacts with the canonical Rab-binding domain and also provides insight into the unusual properties of the complex. Finally, we show that both the Rab coupling protein and Rab14 function in neuritogenesis.
On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q10

Respiration, which is the second most important carbon flux in ecosystems following gross primary productivity, is typically represented in biogeochemical models by simple temperature dependence equations. These equations were established in the 19th century and have been modified very little since then. Recent applications of these equations to data on soil respiration have produced highly variable apparent temperature sensitivities. This paper searches for reasons for this variability, ranging from biochemical reactions to ecosystem‐scale substrate supply. For a simple membrane‐bound enzymatic system that follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics, the temperature sensitivities of maximum enzyme activity (Vmax) and the half‐saturation constant that reflects the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate (Km) can cancel each other to produce no net temperature dependence of the enzyme. Alternatively, when diffusion of substrates covaries with temperature, then the combined temperature sensitivity can be higher than that of each individual process. We also present examples to show that soluble carbon substrate supply is likely to be important at scales ranging from transport across membranes, diffusion through soil water films, allocation to aboveground and belowground plant tissues, phenological patterns of carbon allocation and growth, and intersite differences in productivity. Robust models of soil respiration will require that the direct effects of substrate supply, temperature, and desiccation stress be separated from the indirect effects of temperature and soil water content on substrate diffusion and availability. We speculate that apparent Q10 values of respiration that are significantly above about 2.5 probably indicate that some unidentified process of substrate supply is confounded with observed temperature variation.
Compression for visual pattern recognition

To date, computer science solves pattern recognition problems by highly task specific algorithms. Searching for a generic, unifying principle of pattern recognition, Benedetto et al. showed that compression is a good candidate: For the domain of text, approximating the mutual information of patterns by the achievable compression factors allows to detect similarity with surprising accuracy. Here we show that this principle is much more general than expected, since the common compressor gzip is able to solve a major computer vision problem, the classification of image categories. This result is remarkable for three reasons: Firstly, the applied compression programs were never designed for pattern recognition tasks of any kind; secondly, hardly any other method is able to deal with patterns as different as text and pixel images alike without any modification; thirdly, compression solves the entire task in a single step, without any data preprocessing, feature extraction or the need for parametrization. We will discuss the theoretical background of this finding and point out the role of compression in a yet to develop general theory of pattern recognition.