Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Progress in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: theory and practice.

OBJECTIVE About 20 percent of patients receiving long-term treatment with neuroleptic medications develop tardive dyskinesia. A 1988 review of treatment studies for the disorder found that 40 percent of patients showed at least 50 percent improvement in symptoms. This paper reviews studies published since 1984, including those not reviewed in 1988, to learn whether new or improved treatments for the disorder have been developed. METHODS Twenty-five open, blind, or double-blind studies (with a minimum of five patients) published between 1984 and May 1992 were examined. The studies involved neuroleptics, including clozapine, dopaminergic and dopamine-depleting agents, GABAergic drugs, vitamin E, calcium channel blockers, and adrenergic drugs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Overall, only 26 percent of patients who participated in the studies reviewed had a 50 percent or greater reduction in symptoms. The authors conclude that treatment of tardive dyskinesia remains a highly individual process and recommend that future studies be more carefully designed.
Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Gene Expression and Insulin Signaling by Fatty Acid: Interplay of PKC Isoforms Therein

Fatty acids are known to play a key role in promoting the loss of insulin sensitivity causing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, underlying mechanism involved here is still unclear. Incubation of rat skeletal muscle cells with palmitate followed by I125- insulin binding to the plasma membrane receptor preparation demonstrated a two-fold decrease in receptor occupation. In searching the cause for this reduction, we found that palmitate inhibition of insulin receptor (IR) gene expression effecting reduced amount of IR protein in skeletal muscle cells. This was followed by the inhibition of insulin-stimulated IRβ tyrosine phosphorylation that consequently resulted inhibition of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS 1) and IRS 1 associated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3 Kinase), phosphoinositide dependent kinase-1 (PDK 1) phosphorylation. PDK 1 dependent phosphorylation of PKCζ and Akt/PKB were also inhibited by palmitate. Surprisingly, although PKCΕ phosphorylation is PDK1 dependent, palmitate effected its constitutive phosphorylation independent of PDK1. Time kinetics study showed translocation of palmitate induced phosphorylated PKCΕ from cell membrane to nuclear region and its possible association with the inhibition of IR gene transcription. Our study suggests one of the pathways through which fatty acid can induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cell.
Automatic code generation for many-body electronic structure methods: the tensor contraction engine

As both electronic structure methods and the computers on which they are run become increasingly complex, the task of producing robust, reliable, high-performance implementations of methods at a rapid pace becomes increasingly daunting. In this paper we present an overview of the Tensor Contraction Engine (TCE), a unique effort to address issues of both productivity and performance through automatic code generation. The TCE is designed to take equations for many-body methods in a convenient high-level form and acts like an optimizing compiler, producing an implementation tuned to the target computer system and even to the specific chemical problem of interest. We provide examples to illustrate the TCE approach, including the ability to target different parallel programming models, and the effects of particular optimizations.
Continuous gradient proximity distance for humanoids free-collision optimized-postures

This paper presents a new method for strictly convex hulls (i.e. bounding volume) generation made by assembling patches of spheres and toruses (STP-BV). This bounding volume allows to compute proximity distances with the guarantee of their gradients' continuity. This bounding volume is computed off-line; it slightly over-covers the polyhedral convex hull of the geometrical form. Given a pair of convex objects, having only one of them strictly convex (i.e. STP-BV covered) is proved to be sufficient to guarantee gradient continuity of the proximity distance. The distance computation is based on the closest features of the underlying polyhedral convex hull obtained with V-Clip or any other algorithm. The suggested algorithm is exemplified through a free-collision (including free self-collision) optimization-based humanoid posture generation.
Pseudo-LRU based Cache Partitioning Algorithms 1

The cost of exploiting the remaining instruction-level parallelism (ILP) in the applications has motivated the use of thread-level parallelism (TLP) as an effective strategy to improve processor performance. One of the most common TLP paradigms are chip multiprocessors (CMP). In most CMPs the last level cache (LLC) is shared between threads. The LLC, the L2 cache in our baseline processor setup, has been identified as one of the major sources of contention between threads. As a result, researches have proposed Cache Partitioning Algorithms (CPAs) in order to control the interaction between threads in shared caches [4]. Most CPAs partition a cache at way level and have been shown to be a flexible infrastructure to control threads’ behavior in shared caches, becoming a key element of the current QoS frameworks for CMPs [1, 2, 3]. Implementing a true LRU scheme in highly associative caches, like the L2 caches, introduces a high hardware cost. As a consequence, current high performance processors use other more simple pseudo-LRU replacement algorithms in the L2 cache. However, one of the common characteristic of the already proposed CPAs is that they are based on the stack property [4] of the true LRU replacement. In our view, a key aspect of any CPA to be considered by the industry is that it has to work with the replacement policies already implemented in the real processors. In this work, we show the required changes in the hardware components of a CPA to adapt them to pseudo-LRU algorithms. In particular, we propose a new profiling technique for the NRU replacement, already implemented in the UltraSPARC T2 [5] processor. Our results show that the MinMisses [4] CPA running on top of our proposal applied to the NRU scheme achieves similar performance as the same CPA applied to the true LRU replacement. In order to implement a CPA on a cache with the NRU replacement policy, we need to modify the profiling logic. The profiling is mainly composed by an Auxiliary Tag Directory (ATD) and a Stack Distance Histogram (SDH). The ATD is a separate tag directory. Each thread has its own ATD, accessed in parallel to the main L2 cache tag directory. By observing threads behavior in the ATDs, we are able to predict the miss rate for any number of ways assigned to each thread. The partitioning logic uses the collected data from the ATDs to assign new partitions to the running threads.
CrusView: A Java-Based Visualization Platform for Comparative Genomics Analyses in Brassicaceae Species[OPEN]

CrusView integrates karyotype information when comparing two genomes, which allows users to perform karyotype-based genome assembly and karyotype-assisted genome synteny analyses with preset karyotype patterns of Brassicaceae genomes. In plants and animals, chromosomal breakage and fusion events based on conserved syntenic genomic blocks lead to conserved patterns of karyotype evolution among species of the same family. However, karyotype information has not been well utilized in genomic comparison studies. We present CrusView, a Java-based bioinformatic application utilizing Standard Widget Toolkit/Swing graphics libraries and a SQLite database for performing visualized analyses of comparative genomics data in Brassicaceae (crucifer) plants. Compared with similar software and databases, one of the unique features of CrusView is its integration of karyotype information when comparing two genomes. This feature allows users to perform karyotype-based genome assembly and karyotype-assisted genome synteny analyses with preset karyotype patterns of the Brassicaceae genomes. Additionally, CrusView is a local program, which gives its users high flexibility when analyzing unpublished genomes and allows users to upload self-defined genomic information so that they can visually study the associations between genome structural variations and genetic elements, including chromosomal rearrangements, genomic macrosynteny, gene families, high-frequency recombination sites, and tandem and segmental duplications between related species. This tool will greatly facilitate karyotype, chromosome, and genome evolution studies using visualized comparative genomics approaches in Brassicaceae species. CrusView is freely available at http://www.cmbb. arizona.edu/CrusView/.
Physical characteristics and aerosolization performance of insulin dry powders for inhalation prepared by a spray drying method

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of formulation excipients on the physical characteristics and aerosolization performance of insulin dry powders for inhalation. Insulin dry powders were prepared by a spray drying technique using excipients such as sugars (trehalose, lactose and dextran), mannitol and amino acids (L‐leucine, glycine and threonine). High performance liquid chromatography and the mouse blood glucose method were used for determination of the insulin content. The powder properties were determined and compared by scanning electron microscopy, thermo‐gravimetric analysis and size distribution analysis by a time‐of‐flight technique. The in‐vitro aerosolization behaviour of the powders was assessed with an Aerolizer inhaler using a twin‐stage impinger. Powder yield and moisture absorption were also determined. Results showed that there was no noticeable change in insulin content in any of the formulations by both assay methods. All powders were highly wrinkled, with median aerodynamic diameters of 2–4 μm, and consequently suitable for pulmonary administration. The tapped density was reduced dramatically when glycine was added. The powders containing mannitol, with or without L‐Ieucine, were less sensitive to moisture. The highest respirable fraction of 67.3 ± 1.3% was obtained with the formulation containing L‐leucine, in contrast to formulations containing glycine and threonine, which had a respirable fraction of 11.2 ± 3.9% and 23.5 ± 2.5%, respectively. In addition, powders with good physical properties were achieved by the combination of insulin and trehalose. This study suggests that L‐leucine could be used to enhance the aerosolization behaviour of the insulin dry powders for inhalation, and trehalose could potentially be used as an excipient in the formulations.
LOS Function and Obesity: The Impact of Untreated Obesity, Weight Loss, and Chronic Gastric Balloon Distension

Background/Aims: In obesity, many gastro-oesophageal reflux promoting factors are present. Weight reduction is advised to symptomatic overweight subjects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influences of untreated obesity, weight loss, and chronic gastric balloon distension on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) function. Methods: Patients entering a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study of balloon treatment, consisting of 4 months of either sham balloon or balloon treatment followed by 4 months of balloon treatment. Manometry and 24-hour pH measurements were performed at the start of the study and after 13 and 26 weeks. Results: Before treatment, LOS dysfunction was present in 7 of 32 patients (21.9%). Increased upright and supine reflux was present in 8 patients (25%). Sham treatment resulted in a weight loss of 9.7% with improved LOS function (a significant 0.6-cm increase in LOS length and a non-significant 2.6 mm Hg higher LOS pressure) and in a significantly decreased upright reflux (acid reflux time decreasing from 8.0 to 5.5% and number of meal-related and postprandial reflux episodes decreasing from 49 to 32). These improved values deteriorated after 4 months of balloon placement, with significantly increasing total, upright, and supine reflux to 7.5, 7.6, and 6.7% of the time, respectively, with oesophageal lesions after an overall 17.8% weight loss. Four months of balloon treatment induced a similar weight loss (9.9%) with significantly increased supine reflux from 1.6 to 6.7% of the time. After a second 4-month balloon period and an overall 13.8% weight loss, LOS and reflux values returned towards baseline values. A comparison of both groups demonstrated the adverse effects of balloon positioning after a period of substantial sham-induced weight loss. Conclusions: Impaired LOS function and increased gastro-oesophageal reflux were observed in one quarter of the untreated obese subjects. Weight loss ameliorated manometry and pH values, but subsequent balloon positioning tended to counteract these beneficial changes. In patients on balloon treatment from the start, adverse effects seemed to wear off with prolonged treatment.
Endogenous Ceramide Contributes to the Transcytosis of oxLDL across Endothelial Cells and Promotes Its Subendothelial Retention in Vascular Wall

Oxidized low density of lipoprotein (oxLDL) is the major lipid found in atherosclerotic lesion and elevated plasma oxLDL is recognized to be a risk factor of atherosclerosis. Whether plasma oxLDL could be transported across endothelial cells and initiate atherosclerotic changes remains unknown. In an established in vitro cellular transcytosis model, the present study found that oxLDL could traffic across vascular endothelial cells and further that the regulation of endogenous ceramide production by ceramide metabolizing enzyme inhibitors significantly altered the transcytosis of oxLDL across endothelial cells. It was found that acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor, desipramine (DES), and de novo ceramide synthesis inhibitor, myriocin (MYR), both decreasing the endogenous ceramide production, significantly inhibited the transcytosis of oxLDL. Ceramidase inhibitor, N-oleoylethanolamine (NOE), and sphingomyelin synthase inhibitor, O-Tricyclo[5.2. 1.02,6]dec-9-yl dithiocarbonate potassium salt (D609), both increasing the endogenous ceramide production, significantly upregulated the transcytosis of oxLDL. In vivo, injection of fluorescence labeled oxLDL into mice body also predisposed to the subendothelial retention of these oxidized lipids. The observations provided in the present study demonstrate that endogenous ceramide contributes to the transcytosis of oxLDL across endothelial cells and promotes the initiating step of atherosclerosis—the subendothelial retention of lipids in vascular wall.
Helminth–host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune‐mediated diseases

Exposure to commensal and pathogenic organisms strongly influences our immune system. Exposure to helminths was frequent before humans constructed their current highly hygienic environment. Today, in highly industrialized countries, contact between humans and helminths is rare. Congruent with the decline in helminth infections is an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune and inflammatory disease. It is possible that exclusion of helminths from the environment has permitted the emergence of immune‐mediated disease. We review the protective effects of helminths on expression of inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and animal models of these and other inflammatory diseases. We also review the immune pathways altered by helminths that may afford protection from these illnesses. Helminth exposure tends to inhibit IFN‐γ and IL‐17 production, promote IL‐4, IL‐10, and TGF‐β release, induce CD4+ T cell Foxp3 expression, and generate regulatory macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Helminths enable protective pathways that may vary by specific species and disease model. Helminths or their products likely have therapeutic potential to control or prevent immune‐mediated illness.
Single-input and three-output current-mode biquadratic filters using multiple-output OMAs

A novel circuit configuration for the realization of the single-input and three-output (SITO) current-mode biquadratic filters employing only three multiple-output operational mirrored amplifiers (OMAs) is presented. The proposed circuit can simultaneously realize lowpass, bandpass and highpass filter functions at three high-impedance outputs without changing the circuit configuration and elements. Moreover, the resultant current-mode filter provides low passive and active sensitivities, uses of only grounded passive elements and can be orthogonal tuned of the parameters at and Q-factor.
In Situ Characterization of Differences in the Viscoelastic Response of Individual Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells

ABSTRACT We used a novel atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based technique to compare the local viscoelastic properties of individual gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) bacterial cells. We found that the viscoelastic properties of the bacterial cells are well described by a three-component mechanical model that combines an instantaneous elastic response and a delayed elastic response. These experiments have allowed us to investigate the relationship between the viscoelastic properties and the structure and composition of the cell envelope. In addition, this is the first report in which the mechanical role of Lpp, the major peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein and one of the most abundant outer membrane proteins in E. coli cells, has been quantified. We expect that our findings will be helpful in increasing the understanding of the structure-property relationships of bacterial cell envelopes.
Analyzing Enterprise Social Media Networks

Broadening adoption of social media applications within the enterprise offers a new and valuable data source for insight into the social structure of organizations. Social media applications generate networks when employees use features to create "friends" or "contact" networks, reply to messages from other users, edit the same documents as others, or mention the same or similar topics. The resulting networks can be analyzed to reveal basic insights into an organization's structure and dynamics. The creation and analysis of sample social media network data sets is described to illustrate types of enterprise networks and considerations for their analysis.
Remédiation des troubles de la cognition sociale dans la schizophrénie et les troubles apparentés : le programme RC2S : études de cas uniques

Les difficultes a interagir dans le monde social et a s’y adapter sont une plainte centrale des personnes souffrant de troubles psychiatriques et notamment de schizophrenie ou de troubles apparentes. Ces difficultes, qui constituent un frein au processus de rehabilitation psychosociale, pourraient en partie etre expliquees par un dysfonctionnement des processus regroupes sous le terme de cognition sociale. La cognition sociale est definie comme la capacite a construire des representations sur soi-meme et autrui, et sur les relations entre soi et les autres, ainsi qu’a utiliser ces representations de maniere flexible, afin de guider le comportement social ; et inclut des processus tels que le traitement des emotions, la theorie de l’esprit, le style attributionnel, la perception et les connaissances sociales. Des deficits concernant les differentes composantes de la cognition sociale ont ete largement mis en evidence dans la schizophrenie et les troubles apparentes, et semblent par ailleurs avoir un lien fort avec les difficultes observees dans les domaines du fonctionnement social, mais egalement des relations privilegiees avec les processus neurocognitifs, meme si ces deux composantes semblent relativement independantes. Afin de compenser ces troubles, de nombreuses prises en charge de remediation cognitive ont ete proposees ces dernieres annees. L’objectif de ce travail de these a ete d’evaluer la possibilite d’ameliorer les deficits touchant la sphere de la cognition sociale des personnes souffrant de troubles psychotiques a l’aide d’un outil de remediation specifiquement developpe a cet effet, le programme RC2S. Etant donnee l’heterogeneite des deficits touchant la sphere de la cognition sociale dans la schizophrenie, et l’importance fondamentale portee au transfert des competences dans la vie quotidienne, RC2S a ete developpe comme une therapie individualisee et flexible, qui permet aux patients de s’entrainer aux interactions sociales dans un environnement realiste, et d’adapter la prise en charge aux difficultes specifiques de la personne. Nous presenterons ici trois etudes basees sur la methodologie du cas unique, mettant en evidence l’impact de cette therapie sur les troubles de la cognition sociale de deux patients souffrant de schizophrenie et d’un patient presentant un trouble de la personnalite schizoide.
[Management of subarachnoid hemorrhages without detectable aneurysm].

In this study, 21 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) but negative angiography were evaluated. Angiography was performed twice on each patient, that is, on admission and at 2 weeks following admission. All patients had severe headache of sudden onset, a characteristic manifestation of SAH. Clinical grades on admission (Hunt and Kosnik classification) were generally good: 17 patients were in grade I or II and 4 patients were in grade III. SAH was confirmed by the presence of subarachnoid clot on CT in all cases. Based on the distribution of SAH, CT findings were classified into two patterns, i.e., perimesencephalic and non-perimesencephalic patterns. Four patients showed the perimesencephalic pattern and the remaining 17 the non-perimesencephalic. The period of follow-up ranged from 20 days to 11 years 6 months, with a mean of 6 years 10 months. Except for three recent cases, the mean follow-up period in 8 years 9 months. Exploratory craniotomies probing for aneurysms have been performed in four patients, but no aneurysms have been found in any of these cases. Clinical deterioration associated with vasospasm was observed in one patient. A communicating hydrocephalus requiring a shunting procedure was observed in three patients showing the non-perimesencephalic type CT pattern. Rebleeding occurred in one patient who subsequently died of what may be a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. One patient who was able to return to full activity experienced symptoms attributable to SAH such as frequent headaches and increased fatigability. Complete recovery was observed in the remaining 19 patients. Two of them, however, later died due to myocardial infarction and aging, respectively. Given these generally positive outcomes, it should be possible to inform such patients of the benignity of their condition. Angiography may not demonstrate a ruptured aneurysm on initial examination in all cases of aneurysmal SAH. Serial angiography, however, can provide a definite diagnosis of the dissecting aneurysm. Therefore, repeat angiography, particularly, when possible, digital subtraction angiography, is necessary to rule out aneurysmal SAH. While small aneurysms or microaneurysms are often found through exploratory craniotomy, we do not agree with the opinion that surgery may be appropriate for certain patients with SAH but with negative angiography. The natural history concerning rebleeding in such cases, as well as morbidity and mortality associated with hemorrhage, remains to be defined. Furthermore, there are reservations regarding whether coagulation of these abnormalities with bipolar cautery constitutes definitive treatment.