Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 60GHz digitally controlled phase shifter in CMOS

This paper presents a 60 GHz digitally controlled phase shifter in the 65 nm CMOS technology. Using a differential varactor-loaded transmission-line architecture, the phase shifter achieves a phase resolution of 22.5deg, an average insertion loss of 8.5 to 10.3 dB and a return loss of better than 10 dB from 55 to 65 GHz. The phase shifter occupies an area of only 0.2 mm2. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first 60 GHz digitally controlled phase shifter with a phase resolution of 22.5deg in silicon reported to date. It is well suited for a 60 GHz phased array.
Energy and Growth Under Flexible Exchange Rates: A Simulation Study

This paper offers a theoretical framework for studying the inter-actions of energy prices and economic growth. The incorporation of energy prices and quantities in a macroeconomic setting focuses on (1)the aggregate technology; (2) the interdependence of energy producers and consumers in the world economy; and (3) the asset markets as the channel through which energy price changes affect output and capital accumulation. While several existing studies consider aspects of these issues, none provides a synthesis. In this analysis, a theoretically sound model of an oil price increase in the world economy is presented, carefully treating topics (1) - (3). The model is solved with computer simulation, as it is far too complex to yield analytical solutions.
GyPSuM: A joint tomographic model of mantle density and seismic wave speeds

[1] GyPSuM is a 3-D model of mantle shear wave (S) speeds, compressional wave (P) speeds, and density. The model is developed through simultaneous inversion of seismic body wave travel times (P and S) and geodynamic observations while using realistic mineral physics parameters linking wave speeds and density. Geodynamic observations include the global free air gravity field, divergence of the tectonic plates, dynamic topography of the free surface, and the flow-induced excess ellipticity of the core-mantle boundary. GyPSuM is built with the philosophy that heterogeneity that most closely resembles thermal variations is the simplest possible solution. Models of the density field from Earth's free oscillations have provided great insight into the density configuration of the mantle but are limited to very long wavelength solutions. Alternatively, scaling higher-resolution seismic images to obtain density anomalies generates density fields that do not satisfy geodynamic observations. The current study provides a 3-D density model for the mantle that directly satisfies geodynamic and seismic observations through a joint seismic-geodynamic inversion process. Notable density field observations include high-density piles at the base of superplume structures, supporting the general results of past normal mode studies. However, we find that these features are more localized and have lower amplitude than past studies would suggest. When we consider both fast and slow seismic anomalies in GyPSuM, we find that P and S wave speeds are strongly correlated throughout the mantle. However, we find a low correlation of fast S wave zones in the deep mantle (>1500 km depth) with the corresponding P wave anomalies, suggesting a systematic divergence from simplified thermal effects in ancient subducted slab anomalies. The cratonic lithosphere and D″ regions are shown to have strong compositional signatures. However, we argue that temperature variations are the primary cause of P wave speed, S wave speed, and density anomalies throughout most of the mantle.
The Risk of Residential Peak Electricity Demand: A Comparison of Five European Countries

The creation of a Europe-wide electricity market combined with the increased intermittency of supply from renewable sources calls for an investigation into the risk of aggregate peak demand. This paper makes use of a risk model to assess differences in time-use data from residential end-users in five different European electricity markets. Drawing on the Multinational Time-Use Survey database, it assesses risk in relation to the probability of electrical appliance use within households for five European countries. Findings highlight in which countries and for which activities the risk of aggregate peak demand is higher and link smart home solutions (automated load control, dynamic pricing and smart appliances) to different levels of peak demand risk.
Prediction of pregnancy complications by first‐trimester maternal serum PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG and with second‐trimester uterine artery Doppler

Previous studies have shown an association between low first trimester maternal serum free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A and subsequent development of pregnancy complications. Similarly, uterine artery Doppler in the late second trimester has shown that high impedance to flow is associated with increased risk for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. The objective of this study is to determine whether there is an association between the maternal serum concentration of PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG at 11–13+6 weeks with the uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) at 22–24 weeks, and secondly, to compare the screening characteristics of the two methods in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome.
Reconfigurable On-Chip SIMD Processor Architectures for Intelligent CMOS Camera Chips

We present results of an investigation concerning the appropriateness of different parallel SIMD architectures based on reconfigurable approaches for an integration in an one-chip high speed smart CMOS camera. The processing elements (PEs) of the architecture combine parallel analogue optical signal detection and parallel digital signal processing to meet real-time requirements. However, the parallel architecture puts some constraints on the PE architecture. To achieve reasonable pixel resolutions and fill factors the PE area has to be as low as possible. Additionally a single PE must also offer sufficient functional flexibility. We show by a logic synthesis that reconfigurable architectures based on morphological operations are the best solution to fulfill these constraints. Furthermore we present simulation results of a first test chip which we designed as an OPTO-ASIC with a simple SIMD chip architecture.
Visual Domain Adaptation Using Regularized Cross- Domain Transforms

We introduce a method that adapts object models acquired in a particular visual domain to new imaging conditions by learning a transformation which minimizes the effect of domain-induced changes in the feature distribution. The transformation is learned in a supervised manner, and can be applied to categories unseen at training time. We prove that the resulting model may be kernelized to learn non-linear transformations under a variety of regularizers. In addition to being one of the first studies of domain adaptation for object recognition, this work develops a general theoretical framework for adaptation that could be applied to non-image data. We present a new image database for studying the effects of visual domain shift on object recognition, and demonstrate the ability of our method to improve recognition on categories with few or no target domain labels, moderate to large changes in the imaging conditions, and even changes in the feature representation.
Molecular Characterization of Three Canine Models of Human Rare Bone Diseases: Caffey, van den Ende-Gupta, and Raine Syndromes

One to two percent of all children are born with a developmental disorder requiring pediatric hospital admissions. For many such syndromes, the molecular pathogenesis remains poorly characterized. Parallel developmental disorders in other species could provide complementary models for human rare diseases by uncovering new candidate genes, improving the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and opening possibilities for therapeutic trials. We performed various experiments, e.g. combined genome-wide association and next generation sequencing, to investigate the clinico-pathological features and genetic causes of three developmental syndromes in dogs, including craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO), a previously undescribed skeletal syndrome, and dental hypomineralization, for which we identified pathogenic variants in the canine SLC37A2 (truncating splicing enhancer variant), SCARF2 (truncating 2-bp deletion) and FAM20C (missense variant) genes, respectively. CMO is a clinical equivalent to an infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey disease), for which SLC37A2 is a new candidate gene. SLC37A2 is a poorly characterized member of a glucose-phosphate transporter family without previous disease associations. It is expressed in many tissues, including cells of the macrophage lineage, e.g. osteoclasts, and suggests a disease mechanism, in which an impaired glucose homeostasis in osteoclasts compromises their function in the developing bone, leading to hyperostosis. Mutations in SCARF2 and FAM20C have been associated with the human van den Ende-Gupta and Raine syndromes that include numerous features similar to the affected dogs. Given the growing interest in the molecular characterization and treatment of human rare diseases, our study presents three novel physiologically relevant models for further research and therapy approaches, while providing the molecular identity for the canine conditions.
MOTOR-EVOKED POTENTIALS FOLLOWING IMAGERY AND LIMB DISUSE

This article investigated whether mental imagery training could reduce the detrimental effects produced by limb disuse. Subjects learned a task requiring fifth finger abduction. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained from the abductor digiti minimi muscle using transcranial magnetic stimulation. The arm was casted and the experimental group then practiced using imagery. After seven days, variable error scores increased. The immobilization treatment decreased MEP scores in both groups, with no difference between groups. It is concluded that limb immobilization produces a decrement in the area of motor cortex dedicated to this muscle as a result of disuse. Imagery failed to ameliorate the disuse-related changes.
Intracisternal cyclodextrin prevents cerebellar dysfunction and Purkinje cell death in feline Niemann-Pick type C1 disease

Intracisternal injection of cyclodextrin into cats with Niemann-Pick type C1 disease results in Purkinje cell survival and normal neurological function, suggesting its usefulness for treating the human disease. Cyclodextrin to the rescue Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC) disease is a severe hereditary nervous system disorder associated with the storage of cholesterol and other lipids inside nervous tissue. In new work, Vite et al. show that injection of the pharmaceutical excipient cyclodextrin into the spinal fluid of cats with naturally occurring NPC disease prevented lipids from accumulating and prevented nervous system disease from developing. The only side effect found was a loss of hearing acuity associated with therapy. This study in the cat model provides critical data on efficacy and safety of cyclodextrin administration directly into the spinal fluid that will be important for advancing this drug into clinical trials. Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, leading to an increase in unesterified cholesterol and several sphingolipids, and resulting in hepatic disease and progressive neurological disease. We show that subcutaneous administration of the pharmaceutical excipient 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) to cats with NPC disease ameliorated hepatic disease, but doses sufficient to reduce neurological disease resulted in pulmonary toxicity. However, direct administration of HPβCD into the cisterna magna of presymptomatic cats with NPC disease prevented the onset of cerebellar dysfunction for greater than a year and resulted in a reduction in Purkinje cell loss and near-normal concentrations of cholesterol and sphingolipids. Moreover, administration of intracisternal HPβCD to NPC cats with ongoing cerebellar dysfunction slowed disease progression, increased survival time, and decreased the accumulation of brain gangliosides. An increase in hearing threshold was identified as a potential adverse effect. These studies in a feline animal model have provided critical data on efficacy and safety of drug administration directly into the central nervous system that will be important for advancing HPβCD into clinical trials.
Effects of the Training Dataset Characteristics on the Performance of Nine Species Distribution Models: Application to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Many distribution models developed to predict the presence/absence of invasive alien species need to be fitted to a training dataset before practical use. The training dataset is characterized by the number of recorded presences/absences and by their geographical locations. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of the training dataset characteristics on model performance and to compare the relative importance of three factors influencing model predictive capability; size of training dataset, stage of the biological invasion, and choice of input variables. Nine models were assessed for their ability to predict the distribution of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a major pest of corn in North America that has recently invaded Europe. Twenty-six training datasets of various sizes (from 10 to 428 presence records) corresponding to two different stages of invasion (1955 and 1980) and three sets of input bioclimatic variables (19 variables, six variables selected using information on insect biology, and three linear combinations of 19 variables derived from Principal Component Analysis) were considered. The models were fitted to each training dataset in turn and their performance was assessed using independent data from North America and Europe. The models were ranked according to the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and the likelihood ratio. Model performance was highly sensitive to the geographical area used for calibration; most of the models performed poorly when fitted to a restricted area corresponding to an early stage of the invasion. Our results also showed that Principal Component Analysis was useful in reducing the number of model input variables for the models that performed poorly with 19 input variables. DOMAIN, Environmental Distance, MAXENT, and Envelope Score were the most accurate models but all the models tested in this study led to a substantial rate of mis-classification.
30 years after HIV identification: where to from here?

Since HIV was first identified 30 years ago it has become one of the most significant health challenges the world has faced. In 2009 over 33 million people were infected with HIV worldwide. Each year there are 2.6 million new infections and 1.8 million deaths [1]. The global response to the epidemic has been unprecedented in many ways but still falls short of what is required to stop the epidemic.
Rejection of mouse sarcoma cells after transfection of MHC class II genes.

Th cells are stimulated by peptide Ag presented in the context of MHC class II molecules. We have reasoned that immune responses against tumors may be more efficient if tumor cells were class II Ag positive, and thereby able to directly function as APC to stimulate tumor-specific Th cell proliferation. We have tested this hypothesis by using DNA-mediated gene transfer to generate syngeneic MHC class II Ag-expressing mouse Sal sarcoma cells (Sal/Ak transfectants). Autologous A/J mice challenged i.p. or s.c. with Sal/Ak transfectants do not develop tumors, whereas A/J mice challenged with the class II negative parental Sal tumor have a high tumor incidence. Furthermore, immunization of the autologous host with Sal/Ak transfectants completely protects against subsequent challenge with wild-type Sal cells. MHC class II-expressing tumor cells, therefore, stimulate an improved tumor-specific immune response, and the immunity is cross-reactive with the class II negative tumor. Inasmuch as the transfected MHC class II gene product is not functioning as a target molecule for autologous tumor rejection, the improved immunogenicity of the Sal/Ak cells is probably due to stimulation of a tumor-specific Th cell population. The increased immunogenicity of Sal/Ak cells is, therefore, probably the result of direct presentation of Sal tumor-associated Ag in the context of tumor cell MHC class II molecules to Th lymphocytes. These studies demonstrate that induction of tumor cell MHC class II Ag expression is a potential strategy for tumor-specific immunotherapy, and suggest that tumor immunity may be enhanced by improved Th cell generation.
The Surgical Management of Skeletal Disproportion with Lingual Orthodontics and Three-dimensional Planning

This case report describes the successful treatment of a 26-year-old Caucasian male with skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion associated with mild maxillary and mandibular crowding. The patient had anteroposterior and transverse discrepancies with a reverse overjet and bilateral posterior crossbites. The nonextraction treatment plan included aligning and leveling of the teeth in both arches, Le Fort I and bilateral sagittal split osteotomies, and postsurgical correction of the malocclusion. Orthodontic treatment was initiated with custom lingual appliances followed by orthognathic surgery planned with virtual surgical planning. Treatment was concluded with detailed orthodontic finishing, achieving optimum esthetics and function.
Identifying Martian gully evolution

Abstract Martian gullies are small-scale, geologically recent features characterized by the alcove-channel-apron morphology associated with flows with a component of liquid water. Theories advanced to explain Martian gully formation include groundwater processes and melting of near-surface ice due to climate variation. Gullies are often associated with ‘mantling terrain’ that drapes topography at mid to high latitudes and which has been proposed to be ice-rich. We have morphologically classified Martian gullies into four groupings according to whether they form solely within the mantle (Type A), erode into ‘bedrock’ (Type B), and by how well developed they appear (1 or 2). Orientation, length, geological setting and latitude were also recorded, as well as whether more than one generation of gullies formed on a given slope (labelled ‘reactivated’). About 25% of gullies form solely within the mantle; these are generally shorter than gullies that erode bedrock and the morphologically simplest gullies (A1) are the shortest. We present latitude and orientation trends for the most recent episode of gully formation. We suggest that this recent activity is probably controlled by either deposition of ice-rich material or degradation of pre-existing ice-rich material.
Satellite imagery as a resource in the prospection for archaeological sites in central Syria

Both IKONOS and CORONA satellite imagery are currently being employed by the research project Settlement and Landscape Development in the Homs Region, Syria, as the primary deskbased means of detecting non‐tell archaeological sites, a category that has generally been underrepresented in traditional tell‐centered surveys in the Middle East. Satellite imagery provides a highly effective means of prospecting for ancient settlement remains on the marl geologies of the project's Southern Study Area. The recent intense agricultural development of the area and a largely erosive landscape history since the Bronze Age mean that ancient settlements survive as “lags” in the present soils that display either highly reflective or (more rarely) absorptive signatures in the imagery. As a result, many previously unknown archaeological sites have been detected by the project. Laboratory analysis of transects of samples taken across four sites detected in the satellite imagery suggests that the reflectance/absorption spectra of the archaeological sites is largely a product of the grain‐size variations that result from occupation activities; geochemical and magnetic properties play a lesser role. The grain‐size properties of the site locations are likely to reflect the decomposition of mud‐brick, the dominant building material in the area for much of the past. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Energy efficient power allocation for MIMO multihop networks

We present a transmission energy efficient power allocation method for different end-to-end rates in a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) multihop network. This method is intended for a network consisting of MIMO nodes that use simple time division scheduling. We formulate the power allocation problem for the various degrees of freedom of MIMO hops as an energy minimization problem and present our iterative solution. Our method calculates the power allocations to the known routes for a requested data transmission time and takes the quality of the channels into account. We perform simulations to show the energy efficiency of these routes.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR SHARP-CRESTED SIDE WEIR IN SUBCRITICAL FLOW

To estimate the outflow over a rectangular sharp-crested side weir, the discharge coefficient in the weir equation needs to be known. Although this type of structure has been designed and used extensively by hydraulic engineers, a universally acceptable discharge coefficient does not exist. In this study over 250 laboratory tests were conducted, and the results were analyzed to find the influence of the flow hydraulics and the geometric, channel, and weir shapes on the coefficient. The results show that for subcritical flow the De-Marchi assumption of constant energy is acceptable, and the weir discharge can therefore be used. Furthermore, it was discovered that the De-Marchi coefficient of discharge is a function of the upstream Froude number and the ratios of weir height to upstream depth and weir length to channel width, whereas the channel slope in subcritical flow can be ignored. Hence, an accurate equation for the coefficient of discharge is introduced.
An application of graph coloring to printed circuit testing

A proposed method for testing printed circuit boards for the existence of possible (undesired) short circuits transforms the test minimization problem into one of finding minimum vertex colorings of certain special graphs, called line-of-sight graphs. Under certain assumptions on the possible types of short circuits, we analyze the structure of such graphs and show that a well-known and efficient algorithm can be used to color them with a small number of colors. In particular, we show that no more than 5, 8, or 12 colors (depending on the particular assumptions) will ever be required for such a graph, independent of the number of vertices. Thus, in such cases, the potential advantage of the proposed method over exhaustive testing could be considerable.
Combining LT codes and XOR network coding for reliable and energy efficient transmissions in wireless sensor networks

This paper tackles the problem of providing end to end reliable transmissions in a randomly deployed wireless sensor network. To this aim, we investigate the simultaneous use of gradient broadcast routing (for its inherent adaptability to any network topology and its changes), fountain codes (for their universal property) and intra-flow network coding (to introduce packet diversity in redundant copies). We present the impact of the proposed XLT-GRAB strategy on a realistic network. This work permits to highlight that, compared to basic gradient broadcast routing, the strategy not only improves the reliability and the delay in the network but also clearly increases its lifetime.