Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Water Flooding and Carbonated Water Injection ( CWI ) in a Fractured Porous Media

Carbonated water injection (CWI) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been investigated in several studies. Vertical and horizontal displacements are affected by heterogeneity especially fractures in porous media. This work is part of a comprehensive study on how the fracture geometry affects the performance of carbonated water injection in presence of gravity. It is motivated from previous work where we observed increased recovery using CWI compared to water flooding in homogenous media. In this study, a fractured porous medium was fabricated in a glass micromodel for medium pressure (ambient to 1000 psi (6.89 MPa) experiments. Simple water flooding and CWI were performed in a fractured medium with vertical fractures at 305 psi (2.1 MPa) and 69.8°F (21°C). This study analyzes the effects of CWI on sweep efficiency and pore scale recovery. The results show that CWI is more effective in fracture oil recovery, trapped oil extraction than simple water flooding in vertically oriented fractured porous media. CWI displaces oil in the entire micromodel as well as around fractures, whereas in water flooding, water is not being able to distribute evenly in porous media and recover oil in narrow pores, throats and fractures. We observed better sweep efficiency in the lower part of the porous media when vertical fractures were present. The mechanistic study of macroscale displacement revealed that reduced oil viscosity controls the oil displacement in fractures. Fracture-matrix interaction was enhanced under CWI. Fractures were observed to conduct the oil extensively. The effect of gravity was verified by performing CWI injection in vertically oriented fractured micromodel. A quantitative analysis confirmed higher performance of CWI than water flooding in the presence of gravity by an additional 10.8% compared to water flooding. INTRODUCTION Gas injection is a potential method to improve sweep efficiency [Cotter 1962, Holm and Josendal 1974]. The challenge with every CO2-based EOR process is to increase both micro and macro scale displacement efficiencies. The oil swelling and partial miscibility phenomenon still plays an important role in an immiscible CO2 injection where sufficient CO2 transfers to the oil phase swelling the oil helping reconnect immobilized oil ganglia. Reducing the oil viscosity and increasing oil swelling are two active mechanisms in CO2
ACS imaging of star clusters in M 51. I. Identification and radius distribution

Context. Size measurements of young star clusters are valuable tools to put constraints on the formation and early dynamical evolution of star clusters. Aims. We use HST/ACS observations of the spiral galaxy M51 in F435W, F555W and F814W to select a large sample of star clusters with accurate effective radius measurements in an area covering the complete disc ofM51.We present the dataset and study the radius distribution and relations between radius, colour, arm/interarm region, galactocentric distance, mass and age. Methods. We select a sample of 7698 (F435W), 6846 (F555W) and 5024 (F814W) slightly resolved clusters and derive their effective radii (Reff) by fitting the spatial profiles with analytical models convolved with the point spread function. The radii of 1284 clusters are studied in detail. Results. We find cluster radii between 0.5 and ∼10 pc, and one exceptionally large cluster candidate with Reff = 21.6 pc. The median Reff is 2.1 pc. We find 70 clusters in our sample which have colours consistent with being old GC candidates and we find 6 new “faint fuzzy” clusters in, or projected onto, the disc of M51. The radius distribution can not be fitted with a power law similar to the one for star-forming clouds. We find an increase in Reff with colour as well as a higher fraction of clusters with B−V >∼ 0.05 in the interarm regions. We find a correlation between Reff and galactocentric distance (RG) of the formReff ∝ R0.12±0.02 G , which is considerably weaker than the observed correlation for old Milky Way GCs. We find weak relations between cluster luminosity and radius: Reff ∝ L0.15±0.02 for the interarm regions and Reff ∝ L−0.11±0.01 for the spiral arm regions, but we do not observe a correlation between cluster mass and radius. Conclusions. The observed radius distribution indicates that shortly after the formation of the clusters from a fractal gas, the radii of the clusters have changed in a non-uniform way. We find tentative evidence suggesting that clusters in spiral arms are more compact.
Heart rate variability during hemodialysis is an indicator for long-term vascular access survival in uremic patients

Background Vascular access (VA) is the lifeline of hemodialysis patients. Although the autonomic nervous system might be associated with VA failure (VAF), it has never been addressed in previous studies. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive values of the heart rate variability (HRV) indices for long-term VA outcomes. Methods This retrospective study was conducted using a prospectively established cohort enrolling 175 adult chronic hemodialysis patients (100 women, mean age 65.1 ± 12.9 years) from June 2010 to August 2010. Each participant received a series of HRV measurements at enrollment. After a 60-month follow-up period, we retrospectively reviewed all events and therapeutic procedures of the VAs which existed at the enrollment and during the follow-up period. Results During the 60-month follow-up period, 37 (26.8%) had VAF but 138 (73.2%) didn’t. The values of most HRV indices were statistically increased during hemodialysis since initiation in the non-VAF group, but not in the VAF group. Among all participants, the independent indicators for VAF included higher normalized high-frequency (nHF) activity [hazard ratio (HR) 1.04, p = 0.005], lower low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio (HR 0.80, p = 0.015), experience of urokinase therapy (HR 11.18, p = 0.002), percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (HR 2.88, p = 0.003) and surgical thrombectomy (HR 2.36, p = 0.035), as well as higher baseline serum creatinine (HR 1.07, p = 0.027) and potassium level (HR 1.58, p = 0.037). In subgroup analysis, a lower sympathetic activity indicated by lower LF/HF ratio was an independent indicator for VAF (HR 0.61, p = 0.03) for tunneled cuffed catheter, but conversely played a protective role against VAF (HR 1.27, p = 0.002) for arteriovenous fistula. Conclusions HRV is a useful tool for predicting long-term VAF among hemodialysis patients.
Tiger Salamander Lakes , Ponds Yes 1 BT , BrT , RT CO Corn

Intentional introductions of nonnative trout into headwater lakes and streams can have numerous effects on the receiving ecosystems, potentially threatening native species and disrupting key ecological processes. In this perspective, we focus on seven key issues for assessing the biological and economic consequences of nonnative trout in headwater ecosystems: (1) effects of nonnative trout can span multiple biological domains, (2) effects of nonnative trout can extend beyond waters where they are introduced, (3) nonnative trout do not travel alone, (4) not all habitats are equal, (5) ecosystems vary in their resistance and resilience to nonnative trout, (6) prioritization can improve management of nonnative trout, and (7) economic costs of recreational fisheries in headwater ecosystems can be substantial. Assessments that address these issues could provide more effective guidance for determining where recreational fisheries for nonnative trout are justified in headwater ecosystems and where they might be terminated to support other ecosystem values.
Brain readiness and the nature of language

To identify the neural components that make a brain ready for language, it is important to have well defined linguistic phenotypes, to know precisely what language is. There are two central features to language: the capacity to form signs (words), and the capacity to combine them into complex structures. We must determine how the human brain enables these capacities. A sign is a link between a perceptual form and a conceptual meaning. Acoustic elements and content elements, are already brain-internal in non-human animals, but as categorical systems linked with brain-external elements. Being indexically tied to objects of the world, they cannot freely link to form signs. A crucial property of a language-ready brain is the capacity to process perceptual forms and contents offline, detached from any brain-external phenomena, so their “representations” may be linked into signs. These brain systems appear to have pleiotropic effects on a variety of phenotypic traits and not to be specifically designed for language. Syntax combines signs, so the combination of two signs operates simultaneously on their meaning and form. The operation combining the meanings long antedates its function in language: the primitive mode of predication operative in representing some information about an object. The combination of the forms is enabled by the capacity of the brain to segment vocal and visual information into discrete elements. Discrete temporal units have order and juxtaposition, and vocal units have intonation, length, and stress. These are primitive combinatorial processes. So the prior properties of the physical and conceptual elements of the sign introduce combinatoriality into the linguistic system, and from these primitive combinatorial systems derive concatenation in phonology and combination in morphosyntax. Given the nature of language, a key feature to our understanding of the language-ready brain is to be found in the mechanisms in human brains that enable the unique means of representation that allow perceptual forms and contents to be linked into signs.
Light Emission Properties of a Cross-Conjugated Fluorene Polymer: Demonstration of Its Use in Electro-Luminescence and Lasing Devices

Light emission properties of a fluorene cross-conjugated polymer (PF–1) based on the monomer 4,7-bis[2-(9,9-dimethyl)fluorenyl] benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole are reported. This polymer exhibits solubility at high concentrations, good processability into thin solid films of good quality and a broad emission band with a fluorescence quantum yield of approximately 1. Based on these features, in this paper we implemented the use of PF–1 as an active layer in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) and as a laser gain medium in solution. To get insight on the conducting properties of PF–1, two different electron injectors, poly [(9,9-bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamino) propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9–dioctylfluorene)] (PFN) and lithium fluoride (LiF), were used in a simple PLED architecture. PLEDs with the PFN film were found to exhibit better performance with a maximum luminous efficiency of 40 cd/A, a turn-on voltage (Von) of approximately 4.5 V and a luminance maximum of 878 cd/m2 at 5.5 V, with a current density of 20 A/m2. For the lasing properties of PF–1, we found a lasing threshold of around 75 μJ and a tunability of 20 nm. These values are comparable with those of rhodamine 6G, a well-known laser dye.
Resilience of Small Banks compared with Large Banks: Evidence From the 2007-2013 U.S. Financial Crisis

Understanding how bank profitability factors differentially affect small banks and large banks can help explain why small banks are so resilient compared with large banks. This paper determined the differential effects of bank specific, market related and macroeconomic/locational factors on bank profitability in the United States during the 2007-2013 financial crisis. The results, estimated by using generalized least square, showed that the factors considered explained ninety four percent of the variability in profitability of large banks and only sixty five percent of the variability in profitability in small banks. Interest rate risk, liquidity risk and capitalization risk, lending rate, product specialization, bank location and scale of banking operation had positive effects on small bank profitability. Product specialization, credit risk and bank location and scale of banking operation had a stronger differential impact on the profitability of small bank compared with large bank. Large-bank profitability showed a comparatively stronger positive correlation with the market related factors, loan creation and portfolio diversification, and a stronger negative correlation with credit risk. The scale and geographic location of banking operation has no significant effect on the profitability of large bank.
From depression to where are my keys: unlocking the behavioral disorders of old age.

Word Count: 2,179 Corresponding Author Tel: 310-206-0086 From depression to where are my keys: unlocking the behavioral disorders of old age Desmond J. Smith, Ph.D. From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Address correspondence to Dr. Smith, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 23-151 CHS, Box 951735, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735. e-mail: DSmith@mednet.ucla. edu Running title: Unlocking the behavioral disorders of old age Keywords: Alzheimer disease, APOE, depression, diabetes, insulin, normal age- related cognitive decline, vitamin D This work was supported by the NIH (DA15802, MH71779 and NS050148).
Optimized Small-Scaled Hybrid Energy Management of a Smart House Based on Genetic Algorithm

Renewable energy sources provide both electricity and heating for experimental smart house located at renewable energy test site at Nazarbayev University. Smart house's electric and heating subsystems are supplied by PV cells and solar thermal heater respectively. Partially the system consumes the electricity from utility grid. The dynamics of the system consists of electrical and thermal parts based on the state of charge of accumulator battery stack and temperatures of the heating system and smart house itself. The goal of designed control is to maintain the states of the system inside of required ranges and simultaneously to minimize the expenses for power consumption from utility grid. The task of minimization is solved using genetic algorithm. The simulation results are obtained in MATLAB and confirm the efficiency of designed control.
1 On Facilitating Human-Computer Interaction via Hybrid Intelligence Systems

What does the perfect interaction between a human and a computer look like? This question has driven much work in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) over the past several decades, and while the answer (either explicitly or implicitly) typically ranges from “interaction should be natural” to “technology should be invisible” [Weiser 1999], there remains general consensus that a “socio-technical” gap will always remain a between the capabilities of systems, and the varied needs of people [Ackerman 2000]. This position paper suggests that Collective Intelligence (CI), in the form of Crowdsourcing for Human Computation (HCOMP), has the potential to bridge this socio-technical gap while enabling users to attain super-human performance on a wide range of tasks that they may seek to accomplish. In this paper, I outline possible intellectual directions for work in this space, and hope for this to act as a call-to-action for both crowdsourcing and interaction researchers.
Cavernous Sinus Tumor Model in the Canine: A Simulation Model for Cavernous Sinus Tumor Surgery

OBJECTIVE: The recent limitations of working hours for neurosurgical trainees carry the risk of decreasing the amount of microsurgical experience. In the absence of enough surgical exposure to some pathological states, an alternative option of a more continuous source of tactile and visual experience that simulates the real-life state is needed. To help with this problem, we established a cavernous sinus tumor model in the canine. METHODS: A gliosarcoma cell line that was harvested from a tumor model in nude mice was implanted in six mongrel dogs. In the first group (two dogs), the cell line was implanted in the dural leaflets of the cavernous sinus. (Immunosuppression was used in one dog.) In the second group (four dogs), the cell line was implanted in the region of the gasserian ganglion. (Immunosuppression was used in all four dogs.) The condition of each dog was followed through neurological examinations and serial magnetic resonance imaging. The cavernous sinus region later was explored, after which the dogs were later killed and histopathological evaluations of the cavernous sinus region was carried out. RESULTS: The initial cell line implanted within the dural leaflets of the cavernous sinus showed no evidence of tumor growth. The tumor grew in all four dogs that had the gliosarcoma cell line implanted in the region of the gasserian ganglion. The clinical and radiological features as well as the experience of the surgical dissection of these tumors simulated cavernous sinus tumors in humans. CONCLUSION: We established the first cavernous sinus tumor model in the canine. This model simulates the real-life pathological state, and it can be used as an alternative source of surgical experience to advance surgical skills.
Neuroscience, Atomic Physics, and the Human Person

This article is an integration of the contents of three talks and one text that I have prepared and delivered during the past year. They were aimed at four different audiences. The first talk was at a small conference in Philadelphia of scientists who are leading proponents of various diverse efforts to further develop and understand quantum theory. The second talk was at a public event in Switzerland where a number of scientists, and several artists, described to a general audience recent developments aimed at a better understanding the nature of the human person. The third talk was at a conference in Tucson entitled " Quantum Approaches to the Understanding of Consciousness " attended mainly by physicists, psychologists, and neuroscientists. The 'text' was a section of a chapter of a book aimed at neuroscientists. Although the details of these four presentations were different, the essential content was the same: an explanation of the enormous difference in the scientific conception of the connection between mind and brain brought about by the replacement of the essentially seventeenth century classical physical theory of Newton, Galileo, and Descartes by the twentieth century quantum physics of The orientations of the four presentations were varied. I began my talk in Switzerland with the words: This talk is about you as a human person. It is about science's conception of you as a human person. It is about what makes you different from a machine. It is about your mind, and how your mind influences your bodily actions. The talk in Philadelphia began with the words: This talk has five closely related themes. 1. The most important development in science in the twenty-first century will be a deepening of our understanding of the nature of human beings.
DYSLEXIA AND SPELLING IN TWO DIFFERENT ORTHOGRAPHIES (GREEK VS. ENGLISH): A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS.

In our study spelling skills of 40 dyslexic (mean age 13,2 years) and 40 non dyslexic children (mean age 10,9 years) matched on the basis of their general level of language proficiency and foreign language acquisition, were assessed through a dictation passage spelling test and the composing of picture elicited narratives, in both Greek (L1) and English (L2). Results indicate that spelling performance is affected by the distinct nature of each orthographic system. In both groups, phonological errors were the least frequent type of spelling errors, while the predominance of morphological and etymological errors indicates both groups' persistent difficulties with applying linguistic rules and systematicities. As expected, dyslexics made more errors of all types despite the fact that the two groups' error profiles did not differ qualitatively. Finally, both groups’ revising and pausing behaviour indicated that spelling has been the main concern for both dyslexic and non dyslexic writers and confirmed the dyslexics' deficient error detection mechanism.
Extracting EEG rhythms using ICA-R

Extracting brain rhythms from EEG signals has many applications including Brain Computer Interfacing. Here, we demonstrate how ICA with Reference (ICA-R) is used to extract brain rhythms, using appropriate reference signals. In particular, we evaluate four criteria for generating reference signals to use with ICA-R. We demonstrate the performance of these techniques in extracting mu and beta rhythms from two real EEG datasets. The results indicate that ICA-R can be effectively used for extracting brain rhythms. The blind source separation technique decomposing autocorrelation for extracting reference signals outperformed other methods.
File S1 Details of the genealogy simulation

To simulate a genealogy, we start with the n s = 10 individuals sampled at generation T z and then trace their ancestry 2 backward in time generation by generation until we arrive at the most recent common ancestor of all the genetic material in the sample. At time t + 1, for example, we may have n a individuals that carry genetic material ancestral to the sample. 4 To trace the ancestry back to generation t, we make use of the family-size vector F t+1 stored during the forward-in-time simulation stage. We first assign each of the n a individuals to a family by letting them successively pick one of the families 6 in proportion to their sizes, i.e. the entries f i of the family-size vector. After a family has been picked, the corresponding entry in the family-size vector is reduced by 1 to avoid that the same individual is picked twice. 8 After all n a individuals have been assigned, all families that have been chosen at least once draw parents in generation t. Here, the models differ. In the Poisson-Poisson and Poisson-geometric model, each family picks two parents independently, 10 with replacement, and uniformly over all individuals in the parent generation. That is, parents can be picked by several families, and they can even be picked twice by the same family, corresponding to selfing. In the binomial model, on 12 the other hand, parents are chosen without replacement. Each parent can only be picked by one family and selfing is not possible. From there on, everything works as described in Wittmann et al. (2014): The two genome copies of each 14 ancestral individual split and each of the two parents (or possibly the same individual in the case of selfing) receives one genome copy. A coalescent event happens if the same genome copy in a parent receives genetic material from several 16 children. At time 0, i.e. at the time of the introduction, all remaining ancestors are transferred (backwards in time) to the source 18 population, which is of large but finite size k 0 at all times. We assume that the mechanism of pair formation and the distribution of the number of offspring per pair are the same in the source population and in the newly founded population. 20 Therefore, we still need to take into account family-size information to simulate the genealogy backward in …