Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Leaf Area Index from Satellite Data and a Dynamic Vegetation Model

Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies (GIMMS) data, leaf area index (LAI) has been compared with the simulated results by a recently developed dynamic vegetation model, Interactive Canopy Model (ICM), which includes the carbon and nitrogen cycling processes of the ecosystem. Results show that ICM has the capability of reproducing the seasonal and interannual variations of the global vegetation. However, LAI was generally overestimated in the high and low latitudes but underestimated in the middle latitudes. The underestimations in mid-latitude are always followed by the vegetation sprout for the reason that modeled growth period lag behind the observed. The significant interannual variabilities and the spatial distributions of LAI are well captured by the model. But the simulated LAI exhibits larger variabilities than the observations in most areas except for some tropical regions. The temporal and spatial evolutions of the observed LAI are well simulated in low-latitudes. The bimodal distributions in seasonal variations of the tropical evergreen broadleaf trees and crops have not been well simulated. In addition, the model gives better results in the interannual variations of the boreal shrubs, savanna and deciduous needleleaf trees than other types of vegetation. And the simulated LAI in natural vegetation cases is better than that of crop in both seasonal and interannual time scales, which suggests that it is very important to incorporate the human interferences into the dynamic vegetation model.
Optimal Transport for Deep Joint Transfer Learning

Training a Deep Neural Network (DNN) from scratch requires a large amount of labeled data. For a classification task where only small amount of training data is available, a common solution is to perform fine-tuning on a DNN which is pre-trained with related source data. This consecutive training process is time consuming and does not consider explicitly the relatedness between different source and target tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel method to jointly fine-tune a Deep Neural Network with source data and target data. By adding an Optimal Transport loss (OT loss) between source and target classifier predictions as a constraint on the source classifier, the proposed Joint Transfer Learning Network (JTLN) can effectively learn useful knowledge for target classification from source data. Furthermore, by using different kind of metric as cost matrix for the OT loss, JTLN can incorporate different prior knowledge about the relatedness between target categories and source categories. We carried out experiments with JTLN based on Alexnet on image classification datasets and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed JTLN in comparison with standard consecutive fine-tuning. This Joint Transfer Learning with OT loss is general and can also be applied to other kind of Neural Networks.
Functions definable by numerical set-expressions

A numerical set-expression is a term specifying a cascade of arithmetic and logical operations to be performed on sets of non-negative integers. If these operations are confined to the usual Boolean operations together with the result of lifting addition to the level of sets, we speak of additive circuits. If they are confined to the usual Boolean operations together with the result of lifting addition and multiplication to the level of sets, we speak of arithmetic circuits. In this article, we investigate the definability of sets and functions by means of additive and arithmetic circuits, occasionally augmented with additional operations.
On the glass transition temperature and the elastic properties in Zr-based bulk metallic glasses

The temperature dependence of the elastic moduli was estimated from ultrasound time of flight measurements performed on bulk metallic glasses of composition Zr63− x Cu24Al x Ni10Co3. Using the corresponding values at the glass transition temperature, the local atomic strain was determined. The obtained values for the critical atomic strain calculated for 8 at% < x < 15 at% are close to the predicted universal criterion derived from a topological model, but may also reflect the difference in the chemical interaction that are not accounted by a topological approach.
Twins' Early Development Study (TEDS): A Multivariate, Longitudinal Genetic Investigation of Language, Cognition and Behavior Problems from Childhood Through Adolescence

Abstract The Twins' Early Development Study (TEDS) is a large-scale longitudinal study of twins from early childhood through adolescence. Since its conception, TEDS has had as its focus the study of problematic development within the context of normal variation, mainly in the development of language, cognitive and academic abilities and behavior problems from multivariate quantitative and molecular genetic perspectives. TEDS twins have been assessed at 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10 and (currently) 12 years of age, and DNA collected from more than 12,000 children. Identified from birth records of twins born in the United Kingdom between 1994 and 1996, more than 15,000 pairs of twins originally enrolled in TEDS, and well over 13,000 pairs — representative of the UK population — remain involved in the study to date. Similar to many other twin and adoption studies, TEDS data indicate that both genetic and environmental influences are important in nearly all areas of behavioral development. Multivariate genetic analyses allow researchers to go beyond this basic nature–nurture question, and TEDS results suggest that, especially in the area of learning abilities and disabilities, genes are generalists and environments are specialists. That is, genes largely contribute to similarity in performance within and between learning abilities and disabilities and across age, whereas the environment contributes to differences in performance. Quantitative genetic findings such as these chart the course for molecular genetic research. The TEDS dataset is proving valuable in genome-wide association research that tries to identify some of the many genes responsible for the ubiquitous heritability of behavior.
Data acquisition system using six degree-of-freedom inertia sensor and Zigbee wireless link for fall detection and prevention

Fall detection and prevention require logged physiological activity data of a patient for a long period of time. This work develops a data acquisition system to collect motion data from multiple patients and store in a data base. A wireless sensor network is built using high precision inertia sensors and low power Zigbee wireless transceivers. Testing results prove the system function properly. Researchers and physicians can now retrieve and analyze the accurate data of the patient movement with ease.
The random planar graph process

We consider the following variant of the classical random graph process introduced by Erdős and Rényi. Starting with an empty graph on n vertices, choose the next edge uniformly at random among all edges not yet considered, but only insert it if the graph remains planar. We show that for all ε > 0, with high probability, θ(n2) edges have to be tested before the number of edges in the graph reaches (1 + ε)n. At this point, the graph is connected with high probability and contains a linear number of induced copies of any fixed connected planar graph, the first property being in contrast and the second one in accordance with the uniform random planar graph model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 2008
Group-Sequential Strategies in Clinical Trials with Multiple Co-Primary Outcomes

We discuss the decision-making frameworks for clinical trials with multiple co-primary endpoints in a group-sequential setting. The decision-making frameworks can account for flexibilities, such as a varying number of analyses, equally or unequally spaced increments of information, and fixed or adaptive Type I error allocation among endpoints. The frameworks can provide efficiency, that is, potentially fewer trial participants, than the fixed sample size designs. We investigate the operating characteristics of the decision-making frameworks and provide guidance on constructing efficient group-sequential strategies in clinical trials with multiple co-primary endpoints.
The Postischemic Environment Differentially Impacts Teratoma or Tumor Formation After Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitors

Background and Purpose— Risk of tumorigenesis is a major obstacle to human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell therapy. Likely linked to the stage of differentiation of the cells at the time of implantation, formation of teratoma/tumors can also be influenced by factors released by the host tissue. We have analyzed the relative effects of the stage of differentiation and the postischemic environment on the formation of adverse structures by transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors. Methods— Four differentiation stages were identified on the basis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression of pluripotency, proliferation, and differentiation markers. Neural progenitors were transplanted at these 4 stages into rats with no, small, or large middle cerebral artery occlusion lesions. The fate of each transplant was compared with their pretransplantation status 1 to 4 months posttransplantation. Results— The influence of the postischemic environment was limited to graft survival and occurrence of nonneuroectodermal structures after transplantation of very immature neural progenitors. Both effects were lost with differentiation. We identified a particular stage of differentiation characterized in vitro by a rebound of proliferative activity that produced highly proliferative grafts susceptible to threaten surrounding host tissues. Conclusion— The effects of the ischemic environment on the formation of teratoma by transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors are limited to early differentiation stages that will likely not be used for stem cell therapy. In contrast, hyperproliferation observed at later stages of differentiation corresponds to an intrinsic activity that should be monitored to avoid tumorigenesis.
Ultrasonic scattering by a fluid cylinder of elliptic cross section, including viscous effects

This paper analyzes acoustic scattering by a viscous compressible fluid cylinder of elliptic cross section submerged in an unbounded viscous nonheat-conducting compressible fluid medium. The classical method of eigen- function expansion along with the appropriate wave field expansions and the pertinent boundary conditions are used to develop a solution in the form of infinite series involving Mathieu and modified Mathieu functions of complex arguments. The complications arising due to the nonorthogonality of angular Mathieu functions corresponding to distinct wave numbers in addition to the problems associated with the appearance of additional angular-dependent terms in the boundary conditions are all avoided in an elegant manner by expansion of the angular Mathieu functions in terms of transcendental functions and subsequent integration, leading to a linear set of independent equations in terms of the unknown scattering coefficients. A multi- precision code was developed for computing the Mathieu functions of complex argument in terms of complex Fourier coefficients that are themselves calculated by numerically solving appropriate sets of eigen-systems. The numerical results point to the imperative influence of fluid viscosity in notable reduction of pressure amplitudes at intermediate and high frequencies. They also reveal the central role of the cross sectional ellipticity in conjunction with the angle of incidence in altering the pressure directivities. Limiting cases are considered, and fair agreements with well-known solutions are obtained.
Active Photonic crystal fibers for high power applications

The photonic crystal fiber technology provides means to realize fibers optimized for high power operation, due to the large single-mode cores and the unique design flexibility of the microstructure. The work presented in this thesis focuses on improving the properties of active photonic crystal fibers for high power fiber lasers and amplifiers, and on adding new functionality to the fibers – all with the purpose of pushing the technology towards high powers. The first part of the work has been to investigate photo darkening, the mitigation of which is crucial in the quest for higher powers. The work has contributed to the compounding of new and improved material compositions. The second part is an investigation of pump absorption in photonic crystal fibers, demonstrating that the microstructure in photonic crystal fibers improves the pump absorption by up to a factor of two compared to step-index fibers. This plays an important role in high power lasers and amplifiers with respect to efficiency, packaging, and thermal handling. The third part of the work has involved developing tools for characterizing the mode quality and stability of large core fibers. Stable, single-mode fibers with larger cores are essential to the pursuit for higher powers and the tools have enabled the development of one of the largest and most stable flexible large core fibers on the market. The forth, and largest part of the work, has focused on developing a fiber amplifier with gain shaping for high power amplification at 1178 nm. Several high power records have been set using this fiber. An output power of 167 W has been achieved, which, at the time of writing, is the highest output power generated from ytterbium fibers in this wavelength region and from photonic bandgap fibers in general. The 1178 nm light has subsequently been frequency doubled to 589 nm with high efficiency. Finally, the last part of the work has been the development of the first ever tunable fiber laser based on a liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fiber for operation at 1040–1065 nm.
Enhancing the familiarity for humanoid robot pepper by adopting customizable motion

Most of the works use sensor to recognize human gesture and teleoperate robot in real time for different usage. One of the purpose is social learning which human learn behavior and take place in the social context. Our research aims to let user create customizable gesture and motion for proper condition. This paper presented the method to replicates human gesture for robot imitation. If robot can adapt human like behavior to interact with human, it is potentially helpful to build intimate between human and robot. Human gesture were recorded and unnecessary noise was removed to smooth robot's motion. Furthermore, by changing motion speed it is possible to create different feeling so that it might be arouse human's interest and spice up the interaction. The experiment results show the parameter pair to implement motion on robot.
Polyubiquitination of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Occurs at the Plasma Membrane upon Ligand-induced Activation*

We have previously shown that, although overexpression of mutant dynamin inhibits clathrin-dependent endocytosis and disrupts high affinity binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the EGF receptor (EGFR), it does not inhibit ligand-induced translocation of the EGFR into clathrin-coated pits. In the present study, we demonstrate that, upon ligand binding and incubation at 37 °C, the EGFR was polyubiquitinated regardless of overexpression of mutant dynamin. In cells not overexpressing mutant dynamin, the EGFR was rapidly internalized and deubiquitinated. In cells being endocytosis-deficient, due to overexpression of mutant dynamin, however, the EGFR was upon prolonged chase first found in deeply invaginated coated pits, and then eventually moved out of the coated pits and back onto the smooth plasma membrane. Polyubiquitination occurred equally efficiently in cells with or without intact clathrin-dependent endocytosis, while the kinetics of ubiquitination and deubiquitination was somewhat different. We further found that the EGF-induced ubiquitination of Eps15 occurred both in the absence and presence of endocytosis with the same kinetics as polyubiquitination of the EGFR, but that the EGF-induced monoubiquitination of Eps15 was somewhat reduced upon overexpression of mutant dynamin. Our data show that EGF-induced polyubiquitination of the EGFR occurs at the plasma membrane.
A dislocation density based crystal plasticity model for simulation of deformation behavior of nickel based superalloys

Nickel-based super-alloys such as Alloy-600 find wide applications in nuclear industry as materials for steam generator tubes, through-wall nozzles and welds, due to their superior strength and corrosion resistance properties. The micro-structure of these alloys consists of the primary γ -phase; secondary and tertiary γ ′ precipitates. It is computationally prohibitive to incorporate the explicit finite element model of the γ γ ′ − microstructure in a crystal-plasticity based constitutive framework to simulate the response of the polycrystalline microstructure of these alloys. Hence, a physically-motivated multi-scale approach has been developed in this work for simulation of response of these types of alloys. In the lower length-scale, a dislocation-density based crystal plasticity formulation has been used to simulate the responses of various types of micro-structures. A new model for simulation of the mechanism of anti-phase-boundary shearing of the γ ′ precipitates, by the matrix dislocations, is developed in this work. The lower-scale model is homogenized as a function of various micro-structural parameters and the homogenized model is used in the next level of crystal-plasticity based multi-scale framework. The homogenized crystal-plasticity model has been used to simulate the creep response of a single crystal nickel-based super-alloy and the results have been compared with those of experiment from literature. It was observed that the new model has been able to model the tension-compression asymmetry (due to the presence of micro-twin) as observed in single crystal experiments.
Four-Day-Old Human Neonates Look Longer at Non-Biological Motions of a Single Point-of-Light

Background Biological motions, that is, the movements of humans and other vertebrates, are characterized by dynamic regularities that reflect the structure and the control schemes of the musculo-skeletal system. Early studies on the development of the visual perception of biological motion showed that infants after three months of age distinguished between biological and non-biological locomotion. Methodology/Principal Findings Using single point-light motions that varied with respect to the “two-third-power law” of motion generation and perception, we observed that four-day-old human neonates looked longer at non-biological motions than at biological motions when these were simultaneously presented in a standard preferential looking paradigm. Conclusion/Significance This result can be interpreted within the “violation of expectation” framework and can indicate that neonates' motion perception — like adults'—is attuned to biological kinematics.
Feeding rainbow trout with a lipid-enriched diet: effects on fatty acid sensing, regulation of food intake and cellular signaling pathways

ABSTRACT Using rainbow trout fed with low-fat or high-fat diets, we aimed to determine whether the response of food intake, mRNA abundance of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the metabolic regulation of food intake and fatty acid sensing systems in the hypothalamus and liver are similar to results previously observed when levels of specific fatty acids were raised by injection. Moreover, we also aimed to determine if the phosphorylation state of intracellular energy sensor 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and proteins involved in cellular signaling such as protein kinase B (Akt) and target of rapamycin (mTOR) display changes that could be related to fatty acid sensing and the control of food intake. The increased levels of fatty acids in the hypothalamus and liver of rainbow trout fed with a high-fat diet only partially activated fatty acid sensing systems and did not elicit changes in food intake, suggesting that the fatty acid sensing response in fish is more dependent on the presence of specific fatty acids, such as oleate or octanoate, rather than to the global increase in fatty acids. We also obtained, for the first time in fish, evidence for the presence and function of energy sensors such as AMPK and proteins involved in cellular signaling, like mTOR and Akt, in the hypothalamus. These proteins in the hypothalamus and liver were generally activated in fish fed the high-fat versus low-fat diet, suggesting that cellular signaling pathways are activated in response to the increased availability of fatty acids. Summary: Feeding rainbow trout with a lipid-enriched diet affects fatty acid sensing and intracellular signaling pathways in the hypothalamus, suggesting an interaction that controls food intake.
Total Power Minimization for Multiuser Video Communications Over CDMA Networks

In this work, we consider a CDMA cell with multiple terminals transmitting video signals. We adapt the system parameters to minimize the sum of compression powers and transmitter powers of all users while guaranteeing the received video quality at each terminal. The adjustable parameters at user i include the transmitter power P<sub>t,i</sub>, the video coding bit rate R<sub>s,i</sub>, and video encoder parameters that control the complexity and hence power consumption of the video coder (referred simply as complexity beta<sub>i</sub>). Instead of determining P<sub>t,i</sub> directly, we first determine the desired signal to interference-noise ratio (SINR) gamma<sub>i</sub>. Based on the optimal gamma<sub>i</sub> and R<sub>s,i</sub>, we then determine P <sub>t,i</sub>. Our analysis shows that the product of R<sub>s,i</sub> and gamma<sub>i</sub> is an important quantity. Given the complexity beta<sub>i</sub> (i.e., given the compression power) and quality constraint, in order to reduce the transmission power, one should choose R<sub>s,i</sub> and gamma<sub>i</sub> to minimize their product. When only the total transmission power is concerned, the optimal operating points can be determined at individual users separately: each user should run the encoder to minimize the product of R<sub>s,i</sub> and gamma<sub>i</sub>. When the objective is to minimize the sum of compression and transmission powers of all users, the optimal solution can be found in two steps. The first step searches the optimal R<sub>s,i </sub> and gamma<sub>i</sub> that minimize R<sub>s,i</sub>timesgamma<sub>i</sub> for each video category and each possible beta<sub>i</sub> while satisfying the quality constraint at user i. The second step searches the optimal {beta<sub>i</sub>}<sub>i=1,. ,N</sub> for all users jointly, that minimizes the sum of transmission and compression powers of all users. The first step can be completed offline in advance, only the second step needs to be computed in real time based on channel conditions of the users. Our results indicate that for the same class of video users, the one who is closer to the base station compresses at a lower complexity. Simulation results show that significant power savings are obtained by our adaptive algorithms over nonadaptive approaches, where {R<sub>s,i </sub>,beta<sub>i</sub>,gamma<sub>i</sub>} are fixed regardless the channel conditions