Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of Anti-Islanding Algorithms for PV Systems. Part I: Passive Methods

This paper offers an overview of the passive methods used for islanding detection. A monitoring PLL has been adopted for the estimation of the voltage amplitude and frequency. Passive inverter resident methods discussed are the over/under voltage (OUV), over/under frequency (OUF), the voltage harmonic monitoring (with a study on the effects of the grid impedance value and of the inverter DC voltage ripple) and the phase monitoring (different from the classical phase jump method). A harmonic synchronization PLL is used to monitor the 3 rd, 5th and 7th harmonics. All the proposed algorithms are validated by simulations and experimental results obtained in accordance with the IEEE Std. 929-2000 procedure
The Analysis-by-synthesis Approach in Human Motion Capture: a Review

Human motion capture has become a large research area in recent years. Many diierent devices have been suggested and/or produced. They are, however, cumbersome for the user to use, especially due to wiring. Therefore computer vision researchers have aimed at a more 'pure' solution to the motion capture problem, using cameras. When the motion of a human is to be captured by a computer vision system the model-based approach seems to be the preferred one. One way of using a human model is to use the analysis-by-synthesis approach. In this paper the analysis-by-synthesis approach to human motion capture is explained and a review of the diierent types of data and their level of abstraction is presented. These are edges, silhouettes/contours, stick-gures/joints, motion, and low level data.
Living under the Strategy: Do Outcomes for Users of Welsh Community Residential Services Live up to the All Wales Strategy's Underlying Principles?

The results of a two-year study which assessed quality of life outcomes for residents of fourteen small-scale staffed houses in Wales are discussed in the context of the principles which underlie the All Wales Strategy for the Development of Services for Mentally Handicapped People. Housing quality and location, levels of community participation, individualisation and autonomy were generally found to be reasonably high. In contrast, levels of social participation and support for resident involvement in activity were typically low. Furthermore, it was found that people with more substantial disabilities tended to fair worse than others. These results are compared with outcomes reported for users of earlier ‘demonstration’ projects and brief suggestions for service development are made.
Practical throughput estimation for parallel databases

Methods for estimating the performance of database management systems can aid the design of database systems by identifying potential performance bottle-necks or by predicting the relative performance of different designs. Performance estimation is critical in parallel database systems with distributed memory, where an effective overall performance depends on a good choice among a wide range of ways of placing data. An approach is described for performance estimation for shared-nothing parallel database systems. It estimates system throughput for a given benchmark or set of queries, and can exercise different data placement schemes to determine the data layout that provides the best throughput value.
Meritocracy through education and social mobility in post‐war Britain: a critical examination

After the Second World War, education in advanced capitalist societies has been perceived as the main ‘saviour’ of the meritocratic ideal. In this paper I will investigate some of the implications of the lasting emphasis that has been placed upon education in Britain, in the pursuit of a more just and equal society. Initially, I will present two main strands of thought vis‐à‐vis meritocracy. I will then show how these different approaches have shaped the pertinent debate. The main line of reasoning will be that the ‘meritocracy through education’ discourse can potentially conceal inequalities and injustices in contemporary market‐driven British society. This contention will be supported by evidence from social mobility research, which clearly indicates that the expansion of educational provision and the increase in educational qualifications of the past 60 years has done little to eliminate social class differences and associated privileges.
The ideal employee: context and leaders’ implicit follower theories

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between leaders’ work context and their prototypical implicit follower theories (pIFT). The authors assume a dual structure of pIFT and argue that leader preferences for certain employee traits and behaviours are influenced by their perception of the prevailing market conditions and organizational coordination mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach – This study was conducted via an online-questionnaire with 182 US leaders from different industries. It surveyed leader's preferences for abstract and specific employee traits and behaviours, as well as their perceptions of the explorative and exploitative elements in their work context. To test for associations of corresponding variables representing leaders’ context and their employee prototype, data analysis was performed via multiple linear regression analysis. Findings – The paper provides evidence for associations between leaders’ pIFT and their work context. The data suggest that le.
A Review of Particulate Matter and Health: Focus on Developing Countries

The burden of ill human health attributable to particulate air pollution is a critical problem of growing concern. In developing countries it is not uncommon to experience today the same particulate matter levels that characterized the devastating "London fog episodes" of the 1950s which resulted in over 4000 cases of premature mortality and countless cases of exacerbated morbidity related health endpoints. This literature review gives an overview of the situation in developing countries by synthesizing the pertinent information relating to source and concentration of particulate matter, to exposure-response curves, the observed health effects, the plausibility of biological mechanisms, and health related costs. The feasibility of extrapolating data derived from developed countries to estimate health effects for developing countries is briefly considered. There is little doubt that particulate matter causes or contributes to premature mortality and morbidity related health endpoints in developing countries. Only the most easily observed and quantified health effects have been identified to date. There is increasing proof that the most harmful effects of particulate matter are related to the size of the particle, as particles decrease in size, they are hypothesized to either increase in acidity or in their ability to penetrate into the lower airways. Even more than in developed countries, personal exposure to particulate matter in developing countries has been found to be badly represented by ambient monitors. Additionally, it may be much more depending on indoor sources and housing types than in developed countries. Previous studies on costs of particulate air pollution to society in developing countries are rare, and many different approaches have been used. They do not account for loss of welfare, disutility or loss of productivity, which may cause the greatest costs. Thoughts have been given to use the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) to assess health costs for a certain disease and for a given population. DALYs would allow for comparable measures of health costs or or benefits to be quantified and compared across populations and regions of the world.
THE RESPONSE OF INBRED RABBITS TO VACCINIA VIRUS INFECTION.

The nature of the cutaneous lesion following infection with vaccinia virus has been studied, using the cutaneous lesion of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection for a reference. Rabbits inbred for susceptibility and resistance to tuberculosis were infected with vaccinia virus, and 1 week later with BCG. The vaccinia lesion and BCG lesions behaved similarly with respect to timing, magnitude and severity within each rabbit strain. Rabbits resistant to tuberculosis rapidly developed severe BCG and vaccinia lesions which healed readily; susceptible rabbits slowly developed smaller lesions which healed with difficulty. Delayed hypersensitivity to vaccinia virus antigens and O.T. appeared early in the resistant rabbits, late or not at all in susceptible ones. In spite of the variation in size and severity of the cutaneous vaccinia lesions among the strains of rabbits, there was no significant difference in the titer of virus recovered from the inoculation sites. The similarity in development of cutaneous lesions and delayed hypersensitivity in inbred strains of rabbits following infection with BCG and vaccinia virus was considered to support the hypothesis that delayed hypersensitivity contributes to the pathogenesis of the primary vaccinia lesion.
The Conceptual Construction of Altruism

I offer an appreciation and critique of Ernst Fehr’s altruism research in experimental economics that challenges the “selfishness axiom” as an account of human behavior. I describe examples of Fehr’s experiments and their results and consider his conceptual terminology, particularly his “biological” definition of altruism and its counterintuitive implications. I also look at Fehr’s experiments from a methodological perspective and examine his explanations of subjects’ behavior. In closing, I look at Fehr’s neuroscientific work in experimental economics and question his adherence to a subjective expected utility interpretation of subjects’ behavior.
Emerging Themes on the Efficacy of Ballet Barre Work and Its Connection to Center Work: An Investigatory Study

Abstract Research on the effcacy of traditional ballet barre exercises in relation to student learning and performance in technique class essentially is non-existent. This research explored how students described their experiences with barre work as well as how they saw these experiences as developing desired skills for moving in the center work. Interviews were conducted with seven intermediate level collegiate ballet students. Three themes emerged from the students' responses: psychological and physiological benefts of preparing at the barre, students' desires to sense and perceive the barre exercises' purpose, and issues with transferring stability. Further research is proposed to explore how teachers might design and communicate an effective and effcient series of barre exercises. These areas include: inner focus connected to outer spatial awareness, student understanding of how an exercise connects to specifc skills, repetition as a tool for awareness and skill development, and techniques for stability acquisition and sustainment.
Implications of ABO Error Rates in Proficiency Testing for Solid Organ Transplantation

ABO poses an important histocompatibility barrier in solid organ transplantation. The classical ABO blood group barrier is defined by isoagglutinins that are naturally present in A, B, and O patients. The antibodies are directed respectively, to the blood group antigens, B, A, and A and B, which are located on the vascular endothelium of the transplanted organ. Without therapy to lower the isoagglutinin levels, ABO incompatible transplantation usually results in hyperacute or accelerated acute rejection of the organ (1–3) as the result of antibody binding to the blood group antigen on the graft vascular endothelium, complement fixation, and, ultimately, graft thrombosis. Such an event was brought to national attention by the media in 2003 when a patient died due to complications of receiving an ABO-incompatible heart/lung transplant. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) responded by mandating that when any patient was added to the waiting list they must be ABO typed two times and two people must separately enter the patient’s results into the UNOS computer (UNOS Policy 3.1.4.2, www. unos.org). UNOS also mandated that deceased donors from whom organs are transplanted must be typed twice and their blood type entered into the UNOS system by two individuals (UNOS Policy 5.0). Those changes were warranted, but at and since that time, no ABO discrepancy data have been published so the relative risk of ABO typing errors cannot be assessed. The true incidence of errors in ABO typing of transplant donors and recipients is not known. We know that errors do occur throughout the complex process of transplantation, which have resulted in ABO-incompatible transplantation (1–3). Due to the many points in that process’ error continuum, such uncertainties due to under-reporting, undetected cases in which an error occurred without ABO incompatibility, an ABOincompatibility occurred but was not recognized as such, verbal mis-communication of ABO results, among others, the true frequency of errors is practically impossible to measure. The primary aim of this study was to examine the ABO typing error rate of the laboratories’ analytical and postanalytical phases of ABO typing. We did that by evaluating the ABO discrepancy data from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) HLAS and J Transfusion medicine proficiency testing surveys. If performed in accord with CAP standards, these survey data should closely approximate the actual ABO error rate, or discrepancy rate for routine laboratory ABO testing for solid organ transplantation, since this is a large collection of ABO proficiency testing data ( 116,000 tests) that were blindly tested by more than 3,000 labs over a four year time period (2000 to 2004). The second aim was to evaluate discrepancy rates for A subgrouping (A1 and A2) since more centers are transplanting kidneys and other organs from blood group A2 and A2B donors into blood group B patients (3–5) who wait longer for a kidney than any other blood group (6).
Investigating query bursts in a web search engine

The Internet has become for many the most important medium for staying informed about current news events. Some events cause heightened interest on a topic, which in turn yields a higher frequency of the search queries related to it. These queries are going through a “query burst”. In this paper we examine the behavior of search engine users during a query burst, compared to before and after the burst. We are interested in how this behavior changes, and how it affects other stake-holders in web search.We analyze one year of web-search and news-search logs, looking at query bursts from multiple perspectives. First, we adopt the perspective of search engine users, describing changes in their effort and interest while searching. Second, we adopt the perspective of news providers by comparing web search and news search query bursts. Third, we look at the burst from the perspective of content providers.We study the conditions under which content providers can “ride” a wave of increased interest on a topic, and obtain a share of the user's increased attention. We do so by identifying the class of queries that can be considered as an opportunity for content providers that are “late-comers” for a query, in the sense of not being among the first to write about its topic. We also present a simple model for predicting the click share content providers could obtain if they decide to provide content about these queries.
Elterliches Erziehungsverhalten und Sozialverhalten im Grundschulalter

Zusammenfassung. Differenzielle Zusammenhange zwischen sieben verschiedenen Varianten des Erziehungsverhaltens (inkonsistentes, positives, verantwortungsbewusstes Elternverhalten, Involviertheit, geringes Monitoring, Machtausubung, korperliches Strafen) und vier Varianten des kindlichen Sozialverhaltens (sozial-emotionale Kompetenz, oppositionell-aggressives Verhalten, Hyperaktivitat, emotionale Auffalligkeiten) werden untersucht. Dazu wurden 373 Eltern von Kindern im Grundschulalter mittels einer deutschsprachigen erweiterten Version des Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) zu ihrem Erziehungsverhalten und mittels des Verhaltensbeurteilungsbogens fur Vorschulkinder (VBV, Kurzform) zum Sozialverhalten ihrer Kinder befragt. Die Auswertungen wurden fur Vater und Mutter getrennt durchgefuhrt. Es zeigen sich die erwarteten Zusammenhange: Die Kinder werden als umso sozial kompetenter eingeschatzt, je positiver der elterliche Erziehungsstil ist. Auf Seiten der Mutter besteht ein zusatzlicher positiver Zusammen.
A multichannel CSMA MAC protocol for multihop wireless networks

We describe a new carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol for multihop wireless networks, sometimes also called ad hoc networks. The CSMA protocol divides the available bandwidth into several channels and selects an idle channel randomly for packet transmission. It also employs a notion of "soft" channel reservation as it gives preference to the channel that was used for the last successful transmission. We show via simulations that this multichannel CSMA protocol provides a higher throughput compared to its single channel counterpart by reducing the packet loss due to collisions. We also show that the use of channel reservation provides better performance than multichannel CSMA with purely random idle channel selection.
Automatic adaptive onset detection using an electromyogram with individual difference for control of a meal assistance robot

The onset detection of muscle activation is an essential issue in electromyogram (EMG) control. In this paper, a novel approach based on EMG power with automatic adaptive threshold is proposed to address this issue. The purpose is to develop an effective EMG-controlled meal assistance robot. Taking into account the individual difference such as contraction power and resting power, the threshold of onset detection is set with respect to the latest EMG signal. The results show the method is able to adjust automatically to avoid false alarms, and works well when the contraction power varies. Implementation of this EMG-controlled meal assistance robot may provide limb-deficient patients with an effective and comfortable human–machine assistance interface.
Enteric commensal bacteria potentiate epithelial restitution via reactive oxygen species-mediated inactivation of focal adhesion kinase phosphatases

The mechanisms by which enteric commensal microbiota influence maturation and repair of the epithelial barrier are relatively unknown. Epithelial restitution requires active cell migration, a process dependent on dynamic turnover of focal cell-matrix adhesions (FAs). Here, we demonstrate that natural, commensal bacteria stimulate generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in intestinal epithelia. Bacteria-mediated ROS generation induces oxidation of target cysteines in the redox-sensitive tyrosine phosphatases, LMW-PTP and SHP-2, which in turn results in increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key protein regulating the turnover of FAs. Accordingly, phosphorylation of FAK substrate proteins, focal adhesion formation, and cell migration are all significantly enhanced by bacterial contact in both in vitro and in vivo models of wound closure. These results suggest that commensal bacteria regulate cell migration via induced generation of ROS in epithelial cells.
The Disruptive Effect of Self-Objectification on Performance

Self-objectification is the act of viewing the self, particularly the body, from a third-person perspective. Objectification theory proposes numerous negative consequences for those who self-objectify, including decreased performance through the disruption of focused attention. In the current study, we examined whether women in a state of self-objectification were slower to respond to a basic Stroop color-naming task. Results showed that regardless of the type of word (color words, body words, or neutral words), participants in a state of self-objectification exhibited decreased performance. This study lends further evidence to objectification theory and highlights the negative performance ramifications of state self-objectification.
Information About Information: A Taxonomy of Views

"Information" is poorly defined in the Information Systems research literature, and is almost always unspecified, a reflexive, all-purpose but indiscriminant solution to an unbounded variety of problems. We present a taxonomy of four views-token, syntax, representation, and adaptation-to enable scholars and practitioners to specify their concept of information. This taxonomy is normative, but we also provide a background review of the etymology and chronology of information, and we sample uses of the term in current IS research. IS research will improve as the term information, via the taxonomy we contribute, is employed more explicitly and consistently.
U-Shaped Changes in Behavior: A Dynamic Systems Perspective

The traditional view of development is stage-like progress toward increasing complexity of form. However, the literature cites many examples in which children do worse before they do better. A major challenge for developmental theory, therefore, is to explain both global progress and apparent regression. In this article, we situate U-shaped development as a special case of the nonlinearity that is characteristic of all developmental process. We use dynamic systems theory to show how behavioral regression can be understood as part of the ordinary mechanisms of change. Examples from our work in infant motor and language development illustrate the ways that U-shaped behavior arises from continuous changes in the collective dynamics of multiple, contingent processes. A central claim is that true regression is not possible because behavior exists continuously in time. Thus the current state of the system always depends on its past history. Instead, the appearance of regression reflects the concept of softly assembled behavior, or the ability of contributing components to self-organize in different configurations that depend upon the status of the components, the environment, and the task.
Effect of malocclusion or orthodontic treatment on oral health-related quality of life in adults

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of malocclusion or orthodontic treatment on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in adults. Methods The sample consisted of 860 adults (378 men and 482 women, aged 18-39 years) who were clinically evaluated for malocclusion or orthodontic treatment experience. Participants were divided into 4 groups as follows: normal occlusion, malocclusion, fixed treatment, and retention. OHRQoL was assessed with the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ). Results The malocclusion group and the fixed treatment group had significantly higher OHIP-14 scores than the normal occlusion group and the retention group (p < 0.001). The malocclusion group had the highest PIDAQ score, while the normal occlusion group and the retention group had the lowest PIDAQ score (p < 0.001). Women had higher OHIP-14 and PIDAQ scores than men. A significant positive correlation was found between OHIP-14 and PIDAQ scores (p < 0.01). Conclusions Malocclusion has a negative impact on OHRQoL, but this could be improved in adults through orthodontic treatment. These OHRQoL questionnaires can provide additional useful information on specific aspects of orthodontic patients' psychological state.