Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional boundary layer flow with streamwise adverse pressure gradient

The present study examines the effects of a strong adverse pressure gradient on a 3D turbulent boundary layer in an axisymmetric spinning cylinder geometry. Velocity measurements made with a three-component laser Doppler velocimeter include all three mean flow components, all six Reynolds stress components, and all ten triple-product correlations. Total Reynolds shear stress diminishes as the flow becomes 3D. Lower levels of shear stress were found to persist under adverse pressure gradient conditions. This low stress level was observed to roughly correlate with the magnitude of the crossflow. Variations in the pressure gradient do not alter this correlation. It is inferred that a 3D boundary layer is more prone to separate than a 2D boundary layer.
Restoration of forests attacked by mountain pine beetle: Misnomer, misdirected, or must-do?

Much of the forest killed by the current mountain pine beetle outbreak in British Columbia will never be salvaged for commercial purposes. It has been suggested that large areas will need “restoration” to secure future timber supplies and habitat values in a timely manner. I argue that restoration is not the most appropriate term to apply to this scenario, as beetle-impacted forests generally are not ecologically degraded. Furthermore, available data indicate that pure pine stands constitute a minority of the forest area affected by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosaeem>), and that more than 40% of stands dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) have adequately stocked understories. This implies that much of the affected area will recover on its own and can provide mid-term and long-term forest values without human intervention. While prescribed fire may be an appropriate tool for ecological restoration and stand renewal in selected landscapes, perpetuation of even-aged stands of lodgepole pine may not be prudent. It would be more appropriate to call stand conversion and accelerated regeneration activities “stand rehabilitation” when enhanced timber values are the goal. Ecological restoration may be needed to repair critical habitats or to safeguard aquatic resources in the wake of the pine beetle outbreak. However, restoration must be done with clear objectives, and is likely to be a minor component of the overall management picture. In all cases, an objective assessment should assure that intervention will not do more harm than good, and actions should be evaluated against the alternative of no treatment.
Climate change effects on vegetation in the Pacific Northwest: a review and synthesis of the scientific literature and simulation model projections

The purpose of this study was to review scientifi c knowledge and model projections on vegetation vulnerability to climatic and other environmental changes in the Pacifi c Northwest, with emphasis on fi ve major biome types: subalpine forests and alpine meadows, maritime coniferous forests, dry coniferous forests, savannas and woodlands (oak and juniper), and interior shrub-steppe. We started by reviewing and synthesizing the scientifi c literature on past and projected changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate for the Pacifi c Northwest (and globally), and how these changes are likely to infl uence snowpack dynamics, soil water availability, and selected disturbance regimes. We also reviewed and synthesized the scientifi c literature on plant growth, reproduction, and mortality in response to changing climate and disturbance regimes, and on the ability of plants to adapt to these changes through phenotypic plasticity, local adaptation, and migration. We then reviewed the strengths and weaknesses of several types of simulation models commonly used to project vegetation responses to climate change and discussed recent model projections of vegetation responses to future climate change scenarios in the Pacifi c Northwest, as well as how these projections might best be used in developing management plans for forests and rangelands. We next reviewed the existing scientifi c literature on plant sensitivity and adaptation to changing climate and disturbance regimes for fi ve major vegetation biomes in the Pacifi c Northwest. We concluded with a discussion of current approaches and resources for developing climate change adaptation strategies, including restoring historical vegetation structure and composition, promoting resistance to change, promoting resilience to change, and facilitating anticipated responses to change.
Tobacco and alcohol: complements or substitutes?

The question of whether alcohol and tobacco are consumed as complements or substitutes is crucial for determining the side-effects of anti-smoking policies. Numerous papers have empirically addressed this issue by estimating demand systems for alcohol and tobacco, and subsequently calculating cross-price effects. However, this traditional approach is often seriously hampered by insufficient price variation observed in survey data. We, therefore, suggest an alternative instrumental variables approach that statistically mimics an experimental study and does not rely on prices as explanatory variables. This approach is applied by means of German survey data. Our estimation results suggest that a reduction in tobacco consumption results in a moderate reduction in alcohol consumption. It is demonstrated that this implies that alcohol and tobacco are complements. Hence, we conclude that successful anti-smoking policies will not result in the unintended side-effect of an increased (ab)use of alcohol.
The Interannual Variability of East Asian Winter Monsoon and Its Relation to the Summer Monsoon

把数据基于 NCEP/ NCAR 分析东方亚洲冬季季风(EAWM ) 的 interannual 可变性与一个最新定义的 EAWM 紧张索引被学习。 显著特征为一强壮(弱)冬季季风包括强壮(弱)沿着沿海的东亚的在北方的风，冷(温暖)东方亚洲大陆和包围的海并且温暖(寒冷)从副热带的中央太平洋的海洋到热带西方的太平洋，高(低)在东方亚洲大陆的压力并且低(高度)在邻近的海洋并且深迫使(弱)在 500 hPa 的东方亚洲马槽。 这些 interannual 变化被显示仔细在热带太平洋，被连接到 SST 异例两个在西方、东方的太平洋。 结果建议 EAWM 的力量被在热带太平洋上与 SST 异例联系的过程主要影响。 当在热带东方太平洋有一个积极 SST 异例时， EAWM 通常变得弱(El Ni ? o ) ，并且当有一个否定 SST 异例时，它变得强壮(La Ni ? 一) 。 而且，在华南海的 SST 异例被发现是仔细与 EAWM 有关并且可以坚持到下列夏天。 两在在中国的 850 hPa 和降雨的发行量证实在 EAWM 和下列东方亚洲人之间的连接夏天季风。 可能的原因为最近在中国的 1998 夏天洪水也简短被讨论。 关键词东方亚洲冬季季风 - Interannual 可变性 - SST - 夏天季风这研究被鈥 ? 公民钥匙计划，并且由中国科学院的关键工程(KZ 952-S1-404 ) 为开发第 1 部分基本科学鈥 ? G1998040900 支持。
INTEGRATING NASA SATELLITE DATA INTO USDA WORLD AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK BOARD DECISION MAKING ENVIRONMENT TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL ESTIMATES

The USDA World Agricultural Outlook Board (WAOB) is responsible for monitoring weather and climate impacts on domestic and foreign crop development. One of WAOB’s primary goals is to determine the net cumulative effect of weather and climate anomalies on final crop yields. To this end, a broad array of information is consulted. The resulting agricultural weather assessments are published in the Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin, to keep farmers, policy makers, and commercial agricultural interests informed of weather and climate impacts on agriculture. The goal of the current project is to improve WAOB estimates by integrating NASA satellite precipitation and soil moisture observations into WAOB’s decision making environment. Precipitation (Level 3 gridded) is from the TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA). Soil moisture (Level 2 swath and Level 3 gridded) is generated by the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) and operationally produced by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). A root zone soil moisture (RZSM) product is also generated, via assimilation of the Level 3 LPRM data by a land surface model (part of a related project). Data services to be available for these products include GeoTIFF, GDS (GrADS Data Server), WMS (Web Map Service), WCS (Web Coverage Service), and NASA Giovanni. Project benchmarking is based on retrospective analyses of WAOB analog year comparisons. The latter are between a given year and historical years with similar weather patterns and estimated crop yields. An analog index (AI) was developed to introduce a more rigorous, statistical approach for identifying analog years. Results thus far show that crop yield estimates derived from TMPA precipitation data are closer to measured yields than are estimates derived from surface-based precipitation measurements. Work is continuing to include LPRM surface soil moisture data and model-assimilated RZSM.
Refining the Committee Approach and Uncertainty Prediction in Hydrological Modelling

Due to the complexity of hydrological systems a single model may be unable to capture the full range of a catchment response and accurately predict the streamflows. The multi modelling approach opens up possibilities for handling such difficulties and allows improve the predictive capability of models. One of multi modelling approaches called "committee modelling" is one of the topics in part of this study. Special attention is given to the so-called “fuzzy committee” approach to hydrological modelling. The comparative interpretation of the resulting uncertainty statistics from different sampling schemes (MCS, GLUE, MCMC, SCEMUA, DREAM, PSO, and ACCO) for uncertainty estimations of hydrological model is presented. The uncertainty statistics are considerably depending on the sampling method used. Another aspect of uncertainty analysis relates to predicting uncertainty (rather than its analysis). Machine learning techniques were proposed to build model of probability distribution function as predictive uncertainty models, which allows adequate uncertainty estimation for hydrological models. In flood modelling hydrological models are typically used in combination with hydraulic models forming a cascade, often supported by geospatial processing. SWAT hydrological and SOBEK hydrodynamic models are integrated for uncertainty analysis of flood inundation modelling of the Nzoia catchment (Kenya), and the parametric uncertainty of the hydrological model is allowed to propagate through the model cascade using Monte Carlo simulations, leading to the generation of the probabilistic flood maps. Due to the high computational complexity of these experiments, the high performance (cluster) computing framework is designed and used. Overall, this thesis presents research efforts in: (i) committee modelling of hydrological models, (ii) hybrid committee hydrological models, (iii) influence of sampling strategies on prediction uncertainty of hydrological models, (iv) uncertainty prediction using machine learning techniques, (v) committee of predictive uncertainty models and (vi) uncertainty in flood inundation extent. This study refined a number of hydroinformatics techniques, thus enhancing uncertainty-based hydrological and integrated modelling.
Depths and focal mechanisms of crustal earthquakes in the central Andes determined from teleseismic waveform analysis and InSAR

We investigate the depths of crustal earthquakes (<80 km depth) of the central Andes (5°S to 35°S) to constrain the relationship between earthquake locations and inferred faults. We assemble parameters from 138 moderate‐sized (7.0 > Mw ≳ 5.5) earthquakes from the Global CMT catalog and previous work spanning 1944–2007. For 38 well‐recorded events, we use teleseismic P and SH waveforms to model the strike, dip, rake, focal depth, and source time function. We use InSAR observations of surface deformation from 9 earthquakes to compare inferred fault parameters with the waveform inversions and global catalogs to assess their accuracies. While the depths from the InSAR and waveform analyses generally agree within error, horizontal and depth errors in global catalogs are 10 to 50 km, as found elsewhere. As noted in previous work, the majority of crustal earthquakes occur in the Eastern Cordillera and foreland regions of the central Andes, although a few normal and strike‐slip earthquakes occur beneath the Altiplano plateau and in the forearc in southern Peru and northernmost Chile. We propose a new interpretation of one of the basement thrusts (Shira Mountain, Peru) as a pop up block on the basis of our new earthquake depths. We confirm that earthquakes in the flat slab areas of Peru and Argentina are within the sometimes aseismic lower crust. Lower crustal earthquakes are globally found in all types of tectonic settings only when the thermal lithosphere is more than 80 km thick and the amount of recent shortening/extension is <30%.
The State of Earth Science Outreach in Canada and an Action Plan for the Future: Results of a Session and Workshop Held in Yellowknife, N.W.T., May 24-27, 2007

This report outlines the nature and content of a major session on geoscience outreach held at the annual meeting of the Geological Association of Canada and the Mineralogical Asso ciation of Canada (GAC 7 -MAC) in Yellowknife in May 2007 and the out put of a workshop aimed at developing a clear framework for the planning of geoscience outreach activities in Cana da, which took place on the weekend following the sessions.
Inherited strike‐slip faults as an origin for basement‐cored uplifts: Example of the Kungey and Zailiskey ranges, northern Tian Shan

Basement‐cored uplifts bounded by steeply dipping reverse faults are mechanically difficult to explain. Reactivation of strike‐slip faults that aid the formation of new, high‐angle reverse faults in the surrounding crust may provide one origin for these structures. This hypothesis is explored by examining the late Miocene to Quaternary evolution of the Kungey and Zailiskey ranges in the northern Tian Shan. These ranges are cored by the Kemin‐Chilik fault (KCF), an inherited Paleozoic structure with sinistral separation of basement terranes. Range growth in response to northward propagation of the Tian Shan has taken place along a network of steeply dipping reverse and oblique‐slip faults surrounding the KCF. Deformation of a low relief unconformity separating Neogene strata from Paleozoic basement records structural growth in response to fault slip. Deformed river terraces surrounding the ranges are correlated to a well preserved chronosequence in the southern Kungey Range. Cosmogenic10Be dating of this chronosequence combined with offset measurements yields slip rates ranging from 0.07 to 0.37 mm/yr for dip‐slip faults, and 1.1 to 1.5 mm/yr for strike‐slip faults Late Quaternary activity in the Kungey‐Zailiskey ranges is consistent with the longer‐term, outward stepping pattern of range growth. Based on cross sections constrained from the folded unconformity surface, deformed Neogene strata and Quaternary terraces, faults building the Kungey Range are inferred to steepen at depth and emanate from a shear zone co‐located with the reactivated KCF. This geometry is consistent with a slip partitioned system developed by an obliquely slipping reactivated fault at depth.
Options and Determinants of Rice Residue Management Practices in the South-West Region of Bangladesh

This study examines options for managing rice residue and the factors that determine its management in the south-west region of Bangladesh. Study results indicate that while straw length, low-elevation land and distance of the plot from the homestead positively and significantly influence the decision to burn rice residue, residue price has a negative effect. [SANDEE Working Paper, No 71â€“12]. URL:[http://www.sandeeonline. org/uploads/documents/publication/988_PUB_Working_Paper_71_Ziaul_Haider. pdf].
Global glacial isostatic adjustment: palaeogeodetic and space‐geodetic tests of the ICE‐4G (VM2) model

Analyses of the global process of glacial isostatic adjustment and post‐glacial relative sea‐level change continue to deliver important insights into Earth system form and process. One successful model of the related phenomenology is based upon a spherically symmetric internal viscoelastic structure for the solid Earth, which has been denoted VM2, and a model of the most recent deglaciation event of the current ice‐age, denoted ICE‐4G. The primary purpose of this paper is to describe several new a posteriori tests that have recently been performed to further investigate the quality of this global ‘solution’ to the inverse problem for both mantle viscosity and deglaciation history that is posed by the observables associated with this large‐scale geodynamic phenomenon. I focus especially upon the ‘misfits’ of observations to the theoretical predictions of this model, which I am currently using to further refine its properties, and upon predictions made using it of geophysical signals that should soon become visible in the context of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Among the required refinements to ICE‐4G, one that is necessary to eliminate a recently revealed misfit to space geodetic constraints on the present‐day rate of radial motion at the Yellowknife location well to the west of Hudson Bay, and a similar misfit to absolute gravity measurements to the southwest of the Bay, is the insertion of a ‘Keewatin Dome’ of thick ice centred over Yellowknife with a ridge of ice extending to the south east. In the geomorphological literature, the existence of such a Keewatin Dome previously has been hypothesised but chronological control was lacking on the surface features that suggested its former existence. An important additional constraint that requires the late glacial existence of this important feature consists of new inferences of the Last Glacial Maximum lowstand of the sea from sites in the far field of the main concentrations of land ice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the feasibility of a community-based strength training program for older people with depressive symptoms and its impact on depressive symptoms

Background: Depression is a disabling, prevalent condition. Physical activity programs may assist depression management in older people, ameliorate co-morbid conditions and reduce the need for antidepressants. The UPLIFT pilot study assessed the feasibility of older depressed people attending a community-based progressive resistance training (PRT) program. The study also aimed to determine whether PRT improves depressive status in older depressed patients. Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted. People aged ≥ 65 years with depressive symptoms were recruited via general practices. Following baseline assessment, subjects were randomly allocated to attend a local PRT program three times per week for 10 weeks or a brief advice control group. Follow-up assessment of depressive status, physical and psychological health, functional and quality of life status occurred post intervention and at six months. Results: Three hundred and forty six people responded to the study invitation, of whom 22% had depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS-30 score ≥ 11). Thirty two people entered the trial. There were no significant group differences on the GDS at follow-up. At six months there was a trend for the PRT intervention group to have lower GDS scores than the comparison group, but this finding did not reach significance (p = 0.08). More of the PRT group (57%) had a reduction in depressive symptoms post program, compared to 44% of the control group. It was not possible to discern which specific components of the program influenced its impact, but in post hoc analyses, improvement in depressive status appeared to be associated with the number of exercise sessions completed (r = -0.8, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The UPLIFT pilot study confirmed that older people with depression can be successfully recruited to a community based PRT program. The program can be offered by existing community-based facilities, enabling its ongoing implementation for the potential benefit of other older people. Published: 30 November 2006 BMC Geriatrics 2006, 6:18 doi:10.1186/1471-2318-6-18 Received: 29 May 2006 Accepted: 30 November 2006 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2318/6/18 © 2006 Sims et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Social administration of juvenile hormone to larvae increases body size and nutritional needs for pupation

Social insects often display extreme variation in body size and morphology within the same colony. In many species, adult morphology is socially regulated by workers during larval development. While larval nutrition may play a role in this regulation, it is often difficult to identify precisely what larvae receive from rearing workers, especially when larvae are fed through social regurgitation. Across insects, juvenile hormone is a major regulator of development. In the ant Camponotus floridanus this hormone is present in the socially regurgitated fluid of workers. We investigated the role the social transfer of juvenile hormone in the social regulation of development. To do this we administered an artificial regurgitate to larvae through a newly developed handfeeding method that was or was not supplemented with juvenile hormone. Orally administered juvenile hormone increased the nutritional needs of larvae, allowing them to reach a larger size at pupation. Instead of causing them to grow faster, the juvenile hormone treatment extended larval developmental time, allowing them to accumulate resources over a longer period. Handfeeding ant larvae with juvenile hormone resulted larger adult workers after metamorphosis, suggesting a role for social transferred juvenile hormone in the colony-level regulation of worker size over colony maturation.
Facial Emotion Recognition System Using Deep CNN For Rehabilitation With Hardware Integration

This research paper presents a novel approach to real-time emotion detection using a neural network based on the FER2013 dataset. The proposed system is designed to help in monitoring the behavior of patients and assist in their mental health management. The accuracy of the proposed model is evaluated through extensive experiments and comparisons with other state-of-the-art models. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in accurately detecting emotions in real-time. This paper provides a detailed description of the proposed system, the experimental setup, and the obtained results, and concludes with a discussion of the potential applications and future work. Overall, this research contributes to the development of a practical and effective system for real-time emotion detection and monitoring.
Poster: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Security for Reduced Speed Work Zone

We consider the cybersecurity challenges arising from communications between autonomous vehicles and smart infrastructures. In particular, we consider coordination between vehicles and Reduced Speed Work Zones (RSWZ). Malicious or tampered communications between these entities can have catastrophic consequences. We discuss methods for the analysis of such attacks. In particular, we show how to generate configurable, effective vehicular trajectories for exploring such attacks and how to utilize such trajectories in identifying impactful attacks and evaluating defenses.