Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved Algorithms for Unique Games via Divide and Conquer

We present two new approximation algorithms for Unique Games. The first generalizes the results of [2, 15] who give polynomial time approximation algorithms for graphs with high conductance. We give a polynomial time algorithm assuming only good local conductance, i.e. high conductance for small subgraphs. The second algorithm runs in mildly exponential time, e, but makes no assumptions about the underlying constraint graph. As the completeness approaches 1 (completeness 1 − ), the constant α in the running time rapidly approaches 0 (α = exp(−Ω (1/ )). ) The value of the solutions returned by these algorithms depend only on the completeness of the Unique Game and either the local conductance or the allowed running time respectively. In particular, the performance of these algorithms does not depend on the number of labels in the Unique Game. Both algorithms are based on new methods for partitioning graphs by cutting small fractions of edges when the graph can be embedded in a suitable metric space. ∗Work supported by NSF grant CCF-0832797 †Work supported by the Simonyi Fund, The Bell Company Fellowship and Fund for Math, and NSF grants DMS083573 and CCF-0832797. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. ‡This research is supported by NSF grant CCF-0947262 from the Division of Computing and Communication Foundations. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. §Work supported by NSF grant CCF-0832797
Genome sequences of siphoviruses infecting marine Synechococcus unveil a diverse cyanophage group and extensive phage-host genetic exchanges.

Investigating the interactions between marine cyanobacteria and their viruses (phages) is important towards understanding the dynamic of ocean's primary productivity. Genome sequencing of marine cyanophages has greatly advanced our understanding about their ecology and evolution. Among 24 reported genomes of cyanophages that infect marine picocyanobacteria, 17 are from cyanomyoviruses and six from cyanopodoviruses, and only one from cyanosiphovirus (Prochlorococcus phage P-SS2). Here we present four complete genome sequences of siphoviruses (S-CBS1, S-CBS2, S-CBS3 and S-CBS4) that infect four different marine Synechococcus strains. Three distinct subtypes were recognized among the five known marine siphoviruses (including P-SS2) in terms of morphology, genome architecture, gene content and sequence similarity. Our study revealed that cyanosiphoviruses are genetically diverse with polyphyletic origin. No core genes were found across these five cyanosiphovirus genomes, and this is in contrast to the fact that many core genes have been found in cyanomyovirus or cyanopodovirus genomes. Interestingly, genes encoding three structural proteins and a lysozyme of S-CBS1 and S-CBS3 showed homology to a prophage-like genetic element in two freshwater Synechococcus elongatus genomes. Re-annotation of the prophage-like genomic region suggests that S. elongatus may contain an intact prophage. Cyanosiphovirus genes involved in DNA metabolism and replication share high sequence homology with those in cyanobacteria, and further phylogenetic analysis based on these genes suggests that ancient and selective genetic exchanges occurred, possibly due to past prophage integration. Metagenomic analysis based on the Global Ocean Sampling database showed that cyanosiphoviruses are present in relatively low abundance in the ocean surface water compared to cyanomyoviruses and cyanopodoviruses.
Observation of magnetic ordering in superconducting La2-xSrxCuO4 by muon spin rotation.

Muon spin rotation experiments performed on superconducting ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ samples clearly show that internal magnetic fields coexist at low temperatures ($Tl2$ K) with superconductivity for $x\ensuremath{\le}0.15$. The magnetic fields in the superconducting state are an order of magnitude smaller than the corresponding fields in undoped ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The data are discussed in the context of a magnetic pairing mechanism in high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors.
Two Illustrations of the Quantity Theory of Money: Breakdowns and Revivals

By extending his data, we document the instability of low-frequency regression coefficients that Lucas (1980) used to express the quantity theory of money. We impute the differences in these regression coefficients to differences in monetary policies across periods. A DSGE model estimated over a subsample like Lucas's implies values of the regression coefficients that confirm Lucas's results for his sample period. But perturbing monetary policy rule parameters away from the values estimated over Lucas's subsample alters the regression coefficients in ways that reproduce their instability over our longer sample. (JEL C51, E23, E31, E43, E51, E52)
Varicella‐zoster virus immune evasion

Summary: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play dual roles in varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) pathogenesis. The first role is to deliver the virus to cutaneous sites during primary VZV infection, permitting replication at these sites and the successful transmission of the virus to other susceptible individuals. The second contribution of T cells is to provide the critical antigen‐specific adaptive immunity needed to stop viral replication and maintain VZV latency in sensory ganglia. The equilibrium between VZV and the host can be predicted co be served by immune evasion mechanisms in at least two important ways, including the facilitation of cell‐associated viremia during primary VZV infection and silent persistence in dorsal root ganglia. Interference with antigen presentation by MHC class I downregulation may be expected to play a role in both circumstances. Transient interference with MHG class II expression in varicella skin lesions should facilitate local replication and transmission. In addition, when VZV reactivates, the capacity of viral gene produces to block the upregulation of MHC class II expression triggered by interferon‐y should permit a sufficient period of viral replication to cause the lesions of herpes zoster, despite the presence of VZV‐specific T cells, and to allow transmission of the virus to susceptible individuals. Although the effort is at an early stage compared to studies of other viral pathogens, identifying the VZV gene products that exert these effects and their mechanisms of interference has the potential to reveal novel aspects of MHG class I and class II antigen processing and presentation.
Distribution of cardiac output during pentobarbital versus midazolam/fentanyl/fluanisone anaesthesia in the rat

Differences in effects on central haemodynamics, organ blood flow, and serum corticosterone were studied in 11 rats anaesthetized with midazolam/fentanyl/fluanisone (MFF) and 11 other rats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Compared with pentobarbital, MFF reduced aortic blood pressure by 25%, increased heart rate by 20%, and increased cardiac output by 80%. Unlike most tissues, MFF produced a fivefold increase in blood flow to skeletal muscle, and decreased adrenal blood flow compared to pentobarbital anaesthesia. Initial serum corticosterone levels were lower in rats given MFF anaesthesia, indicating better stress protection. This study also indicates that MFF anaesthesia is preferable to pentobarbital because tissue perfusion generally was better preserved.
Practical Software Measurement: Measuring for Process Management and Improvement,

Abstract : This guidebook shows how well-established principles and methods for evaluating and controlling process performance can be applied in software settings to help achieve an organization's business and technical goals. Although the concepts that are illustrated are often applicable to individual projects, the primary focus is on the enduring issues that enable organizations to improve not just today's performance, but the long-term success and profitability of their business and technical endeavors.
Academic procrastination: the roles of self-efficacy, perfectionism, motivation, performance, age and gender

The aim of this study was to look at the roles that self-efficacy, perfectionism, motivation, performance, age and gender play in academic procrastination. Participants, undergraduate psychology students (N = 95), were administered a self-report questionnaire with both quantitative and qualitative components. The analyses showed that self-efficacy and adaptive perfectionism were negatively related to academic procrastination. No relationship was found between motivation and academic procrastination. There were no significant gender differences in academic procrastination. Younger students were found to procrastinate more than older students. Procrastination resulted in poorer academic performance. Adaptive perfectionism was found to be the biggest predictor of academic procrastination. Academic procrastination is prevalent and troublesome. Research into procrastination should be ongoing, especially because its prevalence appears to be growing.
Remote access laboratories enhancing STEM education

Remote Access Laboratories (RAL) have potential as a vehicle to influence pre-service teachers' self-efficacy to teach STEM subjects. This research is investigating ways in which engagement with RAL influences pre-service teachers' self-efficacy. Bandura's self-efficacy theory is the conceptual framework in this research. Mixed methods approach will be used. Surveys will trace changes in their self-efficacy to investigate in what ways engagement with RAL influences their self-efficacy. Interviews will be used to investigate why their self-efficacy changed. The outcome of this research is to find out ways to impact on pre-service teachers' self-efficacy to teach STEM.
Teeth shape optimization of surface and interior permanent-magnet motors with concentrated windings to reduce magnet eddy current losses

The teeth shapes of permanent-magnet motors with concentrated windings are optimized in order to reduce the eddy-current losses of magnets. First, the main factors that cause the magnet eddy-current losses in surface and interior permanent-magnet motors are discussed by analyzing the variation in flux distributions. Next, automatic optimizations are carried out for each motor by using the adaptive finite element method. The validity of the calculation is confirmed by the experiment of prototype motors. It is clarified that the optimized teeth shapes of the surface and interior permanent-magnet motors are significantly different from each other because of the difference in the main factors that cause the magnet eddy-current losses.
Analysis of Adenovirus Sequestration in the Liver, Transduction of Hepatic Cells, and Innate Toxicity after Injection of Fiber-Modified Vectors

ABSTRACT After intravenous administration, adenovirus (Ad) vectors are predominantly sequestered by the liver. Delineating the mechanisms for Ad accumulation in the liver is crucial for a better understanding of Ad clearance and Ad-associated innate toxicity. To help address these issues, in this study, we used Ad vectors with different fiber shaft lengths and either coxsackievirus-Ad receptor (CAR)-interacting Ad serotype 9 (Ad9) or non-CAR-interacting Ad35 fiber knob domains. We analyzed the kinetics of Ad vector accumulation in the liver, uptake into hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, and induction of cytokine expression and release in response to systemic vector application. Immediately after intravenous injection, all Ad vectors accumulated equally efficiently in the liver; however, only genomes of long-shafted Ads were maintained in the liver tissue over time. We found that Kupffer cell uptake of long-shafted Ads was mediated by the fiber knob domain and was CAR independent. The short-shafted Ads were unable to efficiently interact with hepatocellular receptors and were not taken up by Kupffer cells. Moreover, our studies indicated that Kupffer cells were not the major reservoir for the observed accumulation of Ads (used in this study) in the liver within the first 30 min after virus infusion. The lower level of liver cell transduction by short-shafted Ads correlated with a significantly reduced inflammatory anti-Ad response as well as liver damage induced by the systemic administration of these vectors. This study contributes to a better understanding of the biology of systemically applied Ad and will help in designing safer vectors that can efficiently transduce target tissues.
Hydrodynamic function of dorsal and anal fins in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

SUMMARY Recent kinematic and hydrodynamic studies on fish median fins have shown that dorsal fins actively produce jets with large lateral forces. Because of the location of dorsal fins above the fish's rolling axis, these lateral forces, if unchecked, would cause fish to roll. In this paper we examine the hydrodynamics of trout anal fin function and hypothesize that anal fins, located below the fish's rolling axis, produce similar jets to the dorsal fin and help balance rolling torques during swimming. We simultaneously quantify the wake generated by dorsal and anal fins in brook trout by swimming fish in two horizontal light sheets filmed by two synchronized high speed cameras during steady swimming and manoeuvring. Six major conclusions emerge from these experiments. First, anal fins produce lateral jets to the same side as dorsal fins, confirming the hypothesis that anal fins produce fluid jets that balance those produced by dorsal fins. Second, in contrast to previous work on sunfish, neither dorsal nor anal fins produce significant thrust during steady swimming; flow leaves the dorsal and anal fins in the form of a shear layer that rolls up into vortices similar to those seen in steady swimming of eels. Third, dorsal and anal fin lateral jets are more coincident in time than would be predicted from simple kinematic expectations; shape, heave and pitch differences between fins, and incident flow conditions may account for the differences in timing of jet shedding. Fourth, relative force and torque magnitudes of the anal fin are larger than those of the dorsal fin; force differences may be due primarily to a larger span and a more squarely shaped trailing edge of the anal fin compared to the dorsal fin; torque differences are also strongly influenced by the location of each fin relative to the fish's centre of mass. Fifth, flow is actively modified by dorsal and anal fins resulting in complex flow patterns surrounding the caudal fin. The caudal fin does not encounter free-stream flow, but rather moves through incident flow greatly altered by the action of dorsal and anal fins. Sixth, trout anal fin function differs from dorsal fin function; although dorsal and anal fins appear to cooperate functionally, there are complex interactions between other fins and free stream perturbations that require independent dorsal and anal fin motion and torque production to maintain control of body position.
Three design principles learned through developing a series of 3D sketch systems: “Memory Capacity”, “Cognitive Mode”, and “Life-size and Operability”

We have been studying the creativity-centered media to ensure that systems truly support creative and intelligent human activities. However, it has gradually become obvious that current advanced support systems have a serious drawback: instead of promoting creative work, they often discourage creativity or let us stop thinking. In this paper, we focus on the 3D sketch system that supports the design of 3D objects by drawing them in the 3D space directly, because they are not used by designers in real fields but are just treated as a mere attraction in an amusement park. We propose three design principles, “Memory Capacity”, “Cognitive Mode”, and “Life-size and Operability”, which make the 3D sketch system truly useful for the designer. They have been gradually derived in the accordance with our cognitive experiment and developing series of 3D sketch system.
Role of the prostanoid EP4 receptor in iloprost-mediated vasodilatation in pulmonary hypertension.

RATIONALE Iloprost is effective for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. It acts through elevation of cAMP by binding to the prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor). However, there is evidence that patients with severe pulmonary hypertension have decreased expression of the IP receptor in the remodeled pulmonary arterial smooth muscle. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that prostanoid receptors other than the IP receptor are involved in signal transduction by iloprost. METHODS Immunoblotting was used to detect the IP and prostanoid EP4 receptor in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect these receptors in lung sections from rats treated with monocrotaline (MCT28d). Protein and mRNA were isolated from pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from control and MCT28d rats treated with AH6809 (an EP2 receptor antagonist) and AH23848 (an EP4 receptor antagonist) in combination with iloprost. Intracellular cAMP was also assessed in these tissues. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS IP receptor expression was reduced in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patient lung samples and MCT28d rat lungs compared with the controls. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting of MCT28d rat PASMC extracts revealed scant expression of the IP receptor but stable expression of EP4 receptor, compared with controls. Iloprost-induced elevation in intracellular cAMP in PASMCs was dose-dependently reduced by AH23848, but not by AH6809. CONCLUSIONS Iloprost mediates vasodilatory functions via the EP4 receptor in the case of low IP receptor expression associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. This is a previously unrecognized mechanism for iloprost, and illustrates that the EP4 receptor may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Multiterminal HVDC Networks—What is the Preferred Topology?

This paper investigates the influence of dc network topology with respect to two important aspects: the steady-state losses and the transient fault currents. For this, optimal power flow in a combined ac-dc multiterminal HVDC cable system based on voltage-source converters and the development of prospective fault currents during a pole-to-ground fault is simulated. The results prove that an evaluation of grid topologies must include both of the aforementioned aspects and that no network topology can optimize both at the same time.
Sex Difference of Radiation Response in Occupational and Accidental Exposure

Ionizing radiation is a well-established cause of deleterious effects on human health. Understanding the risks of radiation exposure is important for the development of protective measures and guidelines. Demographic factors such as age, sex, genetic susceptibility, comorbidities, and various other lifestyle factors influence the radiosensitivity of different subpopulations. Amongst these factors, the influence of sex differences on radiation sensitivity has been given very less attention. In fact, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has based its recommendations on a population average, rather than the data on the radiosensitivity of distinct subpopulations. In this study, we reviewed major human studies on the health risks of radiation exposure and showed that sex-related factors may potentially influence the long-term response to radiation exposure. Available data suggest that long-term radiosensitivity in women is higher than that in men who receive a comparable dose of radiation. The report on the biological effects of ionizing radiation (BEIR VII) published in 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences, United States emphasized that women may be at significantly greater risk of suffering and dying from radiation-induced cancer than men exposed to the same dose of radiation. We show that radiation effects are sex-specific, and long-term radiosensitivity in females is higher than that in males. We also discuss the radiation effects as a function of age. In the future, more systematic studies are needed to elucidate the sex differences in radiation responses across the life continuum – from preconception through childhood, adulthood, and old age – to ensure that boys and girls and men and women are equally protected across ages.
Equations in oligomorphic clones and the Constraint Satisfaction Problem for $ω$-categorical structures

There exist two conjectures for constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) of reducts of finitely bounded homogeneous structures: the first one states that tractability of the CSP of such a structure is, when the structure is a model-complete core, equivalent to its polymorphism clone satisfying a certain nontrivial linear identity modulo outer embeddings. The second conjecture, challenging the approach via model-complete cores by reflections, states that tractability is equivalent to the linear identities (without outer embeddings) satisfied by its polymorphisms clone, together with the natural uniformity on it, being nontrivial. We prove that the identities satisfied in the polymorphism clone of a structure allow for conclusions about the orbit growth of its automorphism group, and apply this to show that the two conjectures are equivalent. We contrast this with a counterexample showing that [Formula: see text]-categoricity alone is insufficient to imply the equivalence of the two conditions above in a model-complete core. Taking another approach, we then show how the Ramsey property of a homogeneous structure can be utilized for obtaining a similar equivalence under different conditions. We then prove that any polymorphism of sufficiently large arity which is totally symmetric modulo outer embeddings of a finitely bounded structure can be turned into a nontrivial system of linear identities, and obtain nontrivial linear identities for all tractable cases of reducts of the rational order, the random graph, and the random poset. Finally, we provide a new and short proof, in the language of monoids, of the theorem stating that every [Formula: see text]-categorical structure is homomorphically equivalent to a model-complete core.
Ignorant and impatient internationalization?: The Uppsala model and internationalization patterns for Internet‐related firms

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent classical models of firms' internationalization process can explain behavior among totally new types of firms. More specifically, we confront the traditional so‐called Uppsala model of internationalization with data and experiences from such firms in order to analyze and discuss some basic elements in the model.Design/methodology/approach – Case studies of newly established and fast growing Internet‐related firms – rather dissimilar to the firms on which the Uppsala model was originally based – are examined.Findings – The paper finds that, first, incremental behavior does not seem to be of major concern for our Internet‐related firms, at least not in comparison with factors related to first‐mover‐advantage or following‐the‐herd behavior. Second, stakeholders other than those included in the Uppsala model seemed to have a profound influence on the studied firms, forcing them to go abroad much faster than the model would predict. Third, relate.