Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
10-µm imaging of the bipolar protoplanetary nebula Mz-3

A 10-µm image is presented of the bipolar protoplanetary nebula Mz-3 made at the 3.9-m Anglo-Australian Telescope using the NIMPOL mid-infrared imaging polarimeter. The image shows extended emission from warm (110–130 K) dust both to the north and to the south of the central star, which correlates well with the visible bipolar lobes. The observed surface brightness of this emission is consistent with radiative heating of the dust by both direct stellar illumination and trapped Lyman α photons. Emission in excess of the point-source profile indicates that there is also an extended shell of dust surrounding the central star.
THE PHYSICS OF DNA ELECTROPHORESIS

An area that has seen much fruitful collaboration between biologists and physicists in recent years is the development of the gel electrophoresis technique for separating DNA fragments. To some extent, the success achieved is due to the artificial nature of the system, which makes it more immediately amenable to theoretical treatment than most of the naturally occurring systems discussed in this Workshop, where the degree of complexity is far greater. The process involved here is straightforward and essentially physical - charged DNA molecules are forced to migrate through a gel by the application of an electric field - but it is of immense importance to biologists, as the efficient separation of different fragments is an inevitable requirement for the manipulation of DNA performed in molecular genetics, cancer research and, more recently, the human genome project. The physics turns out to be rather interesting, with a rich variety of dynamical behaviour displaying some unusual and unexpected features. More generally, gel electrophoresis is a good example of a driven diffusive system, many types of which are currently under investigation.
Nurses’ Work Concerns and Disenchantment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Machine Learning Analysis of Web-Based Discussions

Background Web-based forums provide a space for communities of interest to exchange ideas and experiences. Nurse professionals used these forums during the COVID-19 pandemic to share their experiences and concerns. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the nurse-generated content to capture the evolution of nurses’ work concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We analyzed 14,060 posts related to the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to April 2021. The data analysis stage included unsupervised machine learning and thematic qualitative analysis. We used an unsupervised machine learning approach, latent Dirichlet allocation, to identify salient topics in the collected posts. A human-in-the-loop analysis complemented the machine learning approach, categorizing topics into themes and subthemes. We developed insights into nurses’ evolving perspectives based on temporal changes. Results We identified themes for biweekly periods and grouped them into 20 major themes based on the work concern inventory framework. Dominant work concerns varied throughout the study period. A detailed analysis of the patterns in how themes evolved over time enabled us to create narratives of work concerns. Conclusions The analysis demonstrates that professional web-based forums capture nuanced details about nurses’ work concerns and workplace stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Monitoring and assessment of web-based discussions could provide useful data for health care organizations to understand how their primary caregivers are affected by external pressures and internal managerial decisions and design more effective responses and planning during crises.
Target Trial Emulation: A Design Tool for Cancer Clinical Trials

PURPOSE To apply target trial emulation to explore the potential impact of eligibility criteria on the primary outcome of a randomized controlled trial. METHODS Simulations of a real-world explanatory trial of transarterial radioembolization for advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion were performed to examine the effects of cohort specification on survival outcomes and patient sample size. Simulations comprised 24 different permutations of the trial varied on three disease nonspecific eligibility parameters. Treatment and control arms for these emulated trials were drawn from the National Cancer Database and matched by treatment propensity. Target trial emulation served as the causal framework for this analysis, allowing the architecture of a true controlled experiment to address forms of bias routinely encountered in comparative effectiveness studies involving real-world observational data. RESULTS Twenty-four propensity score–matched cohorts comprising a wider clinical spectrum of patients than specified by the original target trial were successfully generated using the National Cancer Database. The arms for each of the emulated trials demonstrated exchangeability across all eligibility criteria and other clinical covariates. Significant treatment benefits were associated with only a narrow range of eligibility criteria, indicating that the original target trial was well specified. CONCLUSION The impact of patient selection on treatment outcomes can be studied using target trial emulation. This analytical framework can furthermore serve to leverage existing real-world data to inform the task of cohort specification for a randomized controlled trial, facilitating a more data-driven approach for this important step in clinical trial design.
Instabilities and mixing in stellar radiation zones

Abstract The standard model of stellar structure is unable to account for various observational facts, and there is now a large consensus that some ‘extra mixing’ must occur in the radiation zones. The possible causes for such mixing are briefly reviewed. The most efficient among them is probably the shear-turbulence generated by the differential rotation, which itself results from the transport of angular momentum that can be mediated through the large-scale circulation induced by structural adjustments or by the applied torques (stellar wind, accretion, tides). In solar-type stars this angular momentum transport is ensured mainly by internal gravity waves that are excited at the boundary with convection zones. Another cause of mixing manifests itself in the red giant phase, namely the thermohaline instability due to an inversion of the molecular weight gradient. The implementation of these processes in stellar evolution codes is giving rise to a new generation of stellar models, which are in much better agreement with the observational constraints.
Near-field imaging of mid-infrared surface phonon polariton propagation

We demonstrate that mid-infrared surface phonon polariton propagation on a SiC crystal can be imaged by scattering-type near-field optical microscopy. From the infrared images, we measure the wave vector and the propagation length of locally excited surface phonon polaritons. Our method can be also applied to surface plasmon polaritons and allows to study surface polaritons in subwavelength-scale structures.
A Real–Time Global Half–Hourly Pixel–Resolution Infrared Dataset and Its Applications

A system has been developed and implemented that merges pixel resolution (~4 km) infrared (IR) satellite data from all available geostationary meteorological satellites into a global (60°N–60°S) product. The resulting research-quality, nearly seamless global array of information is made possible by recent work by Joyce et al., who developed a technique to correct IR temperatures at targets far from satellite nadir. At such locations, IR temperatures are colder than if identical features were measured at a target near satellite nadir. This correction procedure yields a dataset that is considerably more amenable to quantitative manipulation than if the data from the individual satellites were merely spliced together. Several unique features of this product exist. First, the data from individual geostationary satellites have been merged to form nearly seamless maps after correcting the IR brightness temperatures for viewing angle effects. Second, with the availability of IR data from the Meteosat-5 satellite.
Improvement of SNR by temporal filtering method in LADAR system using two Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

In this paper, a new method to improve the SNR by temporal filtering method in LADAR system using two Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GmAPDs) is proposed. The new method is implemented by using two GmAPDs with beam splitter and employing AND process to their ends. Then, timing circuitry receives the electrical signals only if each GmAPDs generates the electrical signals simultaneously. Though this method decreases the energy of a laser-return pulse scattered from the target, it is highly effective in reducing the false-alarm probability because of the randomly distributed noise on the time domain. Then it needs not any image processing steps. The experiments are performed to prove the advantage of the new method proposed with varying the time bin size. The experimental results represent that the improvement of SNR.
Formation of low-speed ribbons in turbulent channel flow subject to a spanwise travelling wave

Turbulent flow control with skin-friction drag reduction subject to spanwise travelling wave (STW) induced by Lorentz force is investigated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in a channel. The results show that STW produces a set of distinct longitudinal vortices, suppressing the regeneration of near-wall turbulence structures. It is also shown that the formation of low-speed ribbons by STW is associated with these longitudinal vortices, which weaken the sweep and ejection events in the near-wall region. At the same time, the production of counter-gradient Reynolds stresses is increased, leading to up to 30% of turbulent drag reduction by STW.
Quasi-Latin designs

This paper gives a general method for constructing quasi-Latin square, quasi-Latin rectangle and extended quasi-Latin rectangle designs for symmetric factorial experiments. Two further methods are given for parameter values satisfying certain conditions. The construction of designs for a range of numbers of rows and columns is discussed so that the different C. J. Brien and R. A. Bailey received funding from EPSRC to attend the 2011 Programme on Design and Analysis of Experiments at the Isaac Newton Institute for the Mathematical Sciences where part of the work was carried out. R. A. Bailey undertook work while on a Sir Frederick McMaster Fellowship funded by CSIRO, Australia. T. T. Tran received a studentship from Co-operative Research Centre of Railway Engineering and Technologies (Rail CRC), Australia.
Behavior of the Electronic Dielectric Constant in Covalent and Ionic Materials

Refractive-index dispersion data below the interband absorption edge in more than 100 widely different solids and liquids are analyzed using a single-effective-oscillator fit of the form ${n}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1=\frac{{E}_{d}{E}_{0}}{({E}_{0}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2})}$, where $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the photon energy, ${E}_{0}$ is the single oscillator energy, and ${E}_{d}$ is the dispersion energy. The parameter ${E}_{d}$, which is a measure of the strength of interband optical transitions, is found to obey the simple empirical relationship ${E}_{d}=\ensuremath{\beta}{N}_{c}{Z}_{a}{N}_{e}$, where ${N}_{c}$ is the coordination number of the cation nearest neighbor to the anion, ${Z}_{a}$ is the formal chemical valency of the anion, ${N}_{e}$ is the effective number of valence electrons per anion (usually ${N}_{e}=8$), and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is essentially two-valued, taking on the "ionic" value ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{i}=0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ eV for halides and most oxides, and the "covalent" value ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{c}=0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ eV for the tetrahedrally bonded ${A}^{N}{B}^{8\ensuremath{-}N}$ zinc-blende- and diamond-type structures, as well as for scheelite-structure oxides and some iodates and carbonates. Wurtzite-structure crystals form a transitional group between ionic and covalent crystal classes. Experimentally, it is also found that ${E}_{d}$ does not depend significantly on either the bandgap or the volume density of valence electrons. The experimental results are related to the fundamental ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ spectrum via appropriately defined moment integrals. It is found, using relationships between moment integrals, that for a particularly simple choice of a model ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ spectrum, viz., constant optical-frequency conductivity with high- and low-frequency cutoffs, the bandgap parameter ${E}_{a}$ in the high-frequency sum rule introduced by Hopfield provides the connection between the single-oscillator parameters (${E}_{0},{E}_{d}$) and the Phillips static-dielectric-constant parameters (${E}_{g},\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$), i.e., ${(\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p})}^{2}={E}_{a}{E}_{d} \mathrm{and} {E}_{g}^{2}={E}_{a}{E}_{0}$. Finally, it is suggested that the observed dependence of ${E}_{d}$ on coordination number and valency implies that an understanding of refractive-index behavior may lie in a localized molecular theory of optical transitions.
Predicting equilibrium states with Reynolds stress closures in channel flow and homogeneous shear flow

Turbulent channel flow and homogeneous shear flow have served as basic building block flows for the testing and calibration of Reynolds stress models. In this paper, a direct theoretical connection is made between homogeneous shear flow in equilibrium and the log layer of fully developed turbulent channel flow. It is shown that if a second‐order closure model of the standard type is calibrated to yield good equilibrium values for homogeneous shear flow, it will also yield good results for the log layer of channel flow provided that the Rotta coefficient is not too far removed from one. Most of the commonly used second‐order closure models introduce an ad hoc wall reflection term in order to mask deficient predictions for the log layer of channel flow that arise either from an inaccurate calibration of homogeneous shear flow or from the use of a Rotta coefficient that is too large. Illustrative model calculations are presented to demonstrate this point which has important implications for turbulence modeli.
Melatonin ameliorates arsenic‐induced cardiotoxicity through the regulation of the Sirt1/Nrf2 pathway in rats

Chronic arsenic (As) exposure, mainly as a result of drinking contaminated water, is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy have been suggested as the molecular etiology of As cardiotoxicity. Melatonin (Mel) is a powerful antioxidant. Mel improves diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. Following pre‐treatment with Mel (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg/day i.p.), rats were orally gavaged with As (15 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Electrocardiographic findings showed that Mel decreased the As‐mediated QT interval prolongation. The effects of As on cardiac levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reversed by Mel pretreatment. Mel also modulated the Sirt1 and Nrf2 expressions promoted by As. Mel down‐regulated autophagy markers such as Beclin‐1 expression and the LC3‐II/I ratio. Moreover, the cardiac expression of cleaved‐caspase‐3 and Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio was decreased by Mel pretreatment. Reduced expression of miR‐34a and miR‐144 by As were reversed by Mel. The histopathological changes of cardiac injury associated with As exposure was moderated by Mel. Mel may improve As‐induced cardiac dysfunction through anti‐oxidative, anti‐apoptotic, and anti‐autophagic mechanisms.
Pattern of Driver-Like Input onto Neurons of the Mouse Ventral Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Abstract The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) is a retinorecipient region of thalamus that contributes to a number of complex visual behaviors. Retinal axons that target vLGN terminate exclusively in the external subdivision (vLGNe), which is also transcriptionally and cytoarchitectonically distinct from the internal subdivision (vLGNi). While recent studies shed light on the cell types and efferent projections of vLGNe and vLGNi, we have a crude understanding of the source and nature of the excitatory inputs driving postsynaptic activity in these regions. Here, we address this by conducting in vitro whole-cell recordings in acutely prepared thalamic slices and using electrical and optical stimulation techniques to examine the postsynaptic excitatory activity evoked by the activation of retinal or cortical layer V input onto neurons in vLGNe and vLGNi. Activation of retinal afferents by electrical stimulation of optic tract or optical stimulation of retinal terminals resulted in robust driver-like excitatory activity in vLGNe. Optical activation of corticothalamic terminals from layer V resulted in similar driver-like activity in both vLGNe and vLGNi. Using a dual-color optogenetic approach, we found that many vLGNe neurons received convergent input from these two sources. Both individual pathways displayed similar driver-like properties, with corticothalamic stimulation leading to a stronger form of synaptic depression than retinogeniculate stimulation. We found no evidence of convergence in vLGNi, with neurons only responding to corticothalamic stimulation. These data provide insight into the influence of excitatory inputs to vLGN and reveal that only neurons in vLGNe receive convergent input from both sources.
Incidence of self‐harm after bariatric surgery: A nationwide registry‐based matched cohort study

The aims of this study were to evaluate the longitudinal risk of self‐harm and the risk factors for self‐harm after bariatric surgery in patients and control subjects without prior self‐harm. This observational cohort study was based on prospectively registered data. Patients 18–70 years at time of surgery, body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2, who underwent a primary Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedure or a primary sleeve gastrectomy between 2007 and 2019 were considered for inclusion. All patients who met the inclusion criteria were matched 1:10 to the general population in Sweden (69 492 patients vs. 694 920 controls). After excluding patients and controls with previous self‐harm, a self‐harm event occurred in 1408 patients in the surgical group (incidence rate (IR) 3.54/1000 person‐years, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.36–3.73) versus in 3162 patients in the control group (IR 0.81/1000 person‐years, 95% CI 0.78–0.84), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.38 (95% CI 4.11–4.66, p < .001). Median follow‐up time was 6.1 years. Risk factors were younger age, lower BMI, cardiovascular, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, all aspects of psychiatric comorbidities (except neuropsychiatric disorder), lower socioeconomic status, RYGB, lower health‐related quality of life, lower postoperative weight loss, and not attending postoperative follow‐up visits. Self‐harm is clearly higher after bariatric surgery than in the general population. A qualitative follow‐up may be particularly important for patients at increased risk.
Oscillator strength distribution in the alkaline-earth elements

The oscillator strength distribution between the discrete and continuous regions of the spectra of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba has been obtained. Computations have been carried out through the Quantum Defect Orbital (QDO) method, with explicit introduction of the two-electron transitions that lead to resonances in the spectra of the last three elements. Interference effects between excitations to autoionizing levels and to the continuum have been ignored.
Automatic design of fuzzy rule base for modelling and control using evolutionary programming

In designing a fuzzy model and a fuzzy controller, we encounter a major difficulty in the identification of an optimised fuzzy rule base, which is traditionally achieved by a tedious trial and error process. The paper presents an approach to automatic design of optimal fuzzy rule bases for modelling and control using evolutionary programming. Such programming simultaneously evolves the structure and the parameter of fuzzy rule base for a given task. To check the effectiveness of the suggested approach, five examples for modelling and control are examined. The performance of the identified fuzzy models and fuzzy controllers is demonstrated.
Damping of CoxFe80−xB20 ultrathin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We use vector network analyzer ferromagnetic resonance to study the perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB films. We report the dependence of the anisotropy, the g-factor, and the damping upon the Fe-Co compositional ratio in the amorphous and crystalline states. The damping and the anisotropy increase upon crystallization but vary little with composition on the Fe-rich side. At high cobalt content, the anisotropy lowers while the damping and the sample inhomogeneity increase. The compositional dependences seem to extrapolate from the properties of bulk CoFe alloys, with differences that can be understood from the correlated impacts of spin-orbit interaction on anisotropy, g-factor, and damping.
Simple approximations to the behrens—fisher distribution

Dayal and Dickey (1977) have published in this journal a rather efficient numerical integration procedure for the product of k Student t-densities, and point out the evaluation of Behrens-Fisher (BF) densities as an important special case. The present note adds to this three simple normal approximations to Behrens-Fisher tail probabilities, that will save computer time for someone using the Dayal-Dickey results, and even allow evaluation on a desk calculator for moderately large degrees of freedom. A direct normal approximation (method U) will be too coarse unless both degrees of freedom are large. A combination of the Peizer-Pratt (1968) approximation to the t-distribution and the Patil (1965) t-approximation to the BF distribution turns out to be very accurate. For very small degrees of freedom it may still be refined by an adhoc correction presented below. Other approximations and expansions turn out to be less satisfactory than the present trio. It facilitates a quick evaluation of BF probabilities an.
Phase coupling in Langmuir wave packets: Possible evidence of three-wave interactions in the upstream solar wind

Some theories of the generation of 2ωpe radiation, in the upstream solar wind, invoke the notion of nonlinear wave-wave interactions. We present observations, from the WIND spacecraft, of an event in the upstream solar wind with first and second harmonic emissions. The bicoherence spectrum of this event shows coherence amongst components that suggest three-wave interactions of the type described in (Cairns and Melrose, 1985). We discuss this result and its theoretical context.
Corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A pictorial review of the imaging features

Abstract Corrosive ingestion is a common form of poisoning. Corrosive agents cause severe damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The most severe forms of injury can lead to mortality; however, the major concern with this type of injury is life-long morbidity. Upper GI endoscopy is the test of choice for assessing severity in the acute phase of the disease. The long-term management is based on the site, length, number, location, and tightness of the stricture. This information is best provided by the barium contrast studies. In this pictorial review, a spectrum of findings in patients with corrosive injuries of the esophagus and stomach is illustrated. The role of various imaging modalities including barium studies, endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging is discussed.