The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Gravitational Lensing Map and Cosmological Parameters

<jats:p>We present cosmological constraints from a gravitational lensing mass map covering 9400 deg<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> reconstructed from measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 2017 to 2021. In combination with measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and big bang nucleosynthesis, we obtain the clustering amplitude <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic> <jats:sub>8</jats:sub> = 0.819 ± 0.015 at 1.8% precision, <jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math> <? CDATA ${S}_{8}\equiv {\sigma }_{8}{({{\rm{\Omega }}}_{{\rm{m}}}/0.3)}^{0.5}=0.840\pm 0.028$? > </jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.840</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.028</mml:mn> </mml:math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3. org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="apjacff5fieqn1.gif" xlink:type="simple" /> </jats:inline-formula>, and the Hubble constant <jats:italic>H</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> = (68.3 ± 1.1) km s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> Mpc<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> at 1.6% precision. A joint constraint with Planck CMB lensing yields <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic> <jats:sub>8</jats:sub> = 0.812 ± 0.013, <jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math> <? CDATA ${S}_{8}\equiv {\sigma }_{8}{({{\rm{\Omega }}}_{{\rm{m}}}/0.3)}^{0.5}=0.831\pm 0.023$? > </jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.831</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.023</mml:mn> </mml:math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3. org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="apjacff5fieqn2.gif" xlink:type="simple" /> </jats:inline-formula>, and <jats:italic>H</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> = (68.1 ± 1.0) km s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> Mpc<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. These measurements agree with ΛCDM extrapolations from the CMB anisotropies measured by Planck. We revisit constraints from the KiDS, DES, and HSC galaxy surveys with a uniform set of assumptions and find that <jats:italic>S</jats:italic> <jats:sub>8</jats:sub> from all three are lower than that from ACT+Planck lensing by levels ranging from 1.7<jats:italic>σ</jats:italic> to 2.1<jats:italic>σ</jats:italic>. This motivates further measurements and comparison, not just between the CMB anisotropies and galaxy lensing but also between CMB lensing probing <jats:italic>z</jats:italic> ∼ 0.5–5 on mostly linear scales and galaxy lensing at <jats:italic>z</jats:italic> ∼ 0.5 on smaller scales. We combine with CMB anisotropies to constrain extensions of ΛCDM, limiting neutrino masses to ∑<jats:italic>m</jats:italic> <jats:sub> <jats:italic>ν</jats:italic> </jats:sub> < 0.13 eV (95% c.l.), for example. We describe the mass map and related data products that will enable a wide array of cross-correlation science. Our results provide independent confirmation that the universe is spatially flat, conforms with general relativity, and is described remarkably well by the ΛCDM model, while paving a promising path for neutrino physics with lensing from upcoming ground-based CMB surveys. </jats:p>