Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Science and the major racket sports: a review

Abstract The major racket sports include badminton, squash, table tennis and tennis. The growth of sports science and the commercialization of racket sports in recent years have focused attention on improved performance and this has led to a more detailed study and understanding of all aspects of racket sports. The aim here, therefore, is to review recent developments of the application of science to racket sports. The scientific disciplines of sports physiology and nutrition, notational analysis, sports biomechanics, sports medicine, sports engineering, sports psychology and motor skills are briefly considered in turn. It is evident from these reviews that a great deal of scientific endeavour has been applied to racket sports, but this is variable across both the racket sports and the scientific disciplines. A scientific approach has helped to: implement training programmes to improve players’ fitness; guide players in nutritional and psychological preparation for play; inform players of the strategy and tactics used by themselves and their opponents; provide insight into the technical performance of skills; understand the effect of equipment on play; and accelerate the recovery from racket-arm injuries. Racket sports have also posed a unique challenge to scientists and have provided vehicles for developing scientific methodology. Racket sports provide a good model for investigating the interplay between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and the effect of nutrition, heat and fatigue on performance. They have driven the development of mathematical solutions for multi-segment interactions within the racket arm during the performance of shots, which have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of both performance and injury. They have provided a unique challenge to sports engineers in relation to equipment performance and interaction with the player. Racket sports have encouraged developments in notational analysis both in terms of analytical procedures and the conceptualization of strategy and tactics. Racket sports have provided a vehicle for investigating fast interceptive actions, hand-eye coordination and perception-action coupling in the field of motor control. In conclusion, science has contributed considerably to our knowledge and understanding of racket sports, and racket sports have contributed to science by providing unique challenges to researchers.
Effect of adulteration versus storage on volatiles in unifloral honeys from different floral sources and locations.

UNLABELLED High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) was added at 5% to 40% to Indiana wildflower honey and added at 40% to Ohio and Indiana honeys from blueberry, star thistle, clover and wildflower, and an unknown source to simulate honey adulteration. Unadulterated honeys were also stored at 37 ºC from 1 to 6 mo. The volatile composition was measured by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Most volatiles decreased in concentration with both increasing HFCS and storage time. Furfural significantly increased in concentration in all adulterated honeys and 1,3-butanediol, acetonitrile, and heptane in some adulterated honeys. During storage, the volatiles that increased were maltol, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in all honeys and also acetic acid and 1-octen-3-ol levels in some honeys. Soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) was used to differentiate the volatile profiles of adulterated honeys from fresh and stored honeys. The volatile profiles of honeys in accelerated storage for up to 4 mo and the honeys adulterated with 40% HFCS were significantly different. Acetic acid had the most discriminating power in Ohio star thistle and blueberry honeys and unknown honey while furfural had the greatest discriminating power in Indiana blueberry, star thistle, and clover honeys. Adulteration and storage of honey both reduced the volatile levels, but since they changed the volatile composition of the fresh honey differently, SIMCA was able to differentiate adulteration from storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Analysis of adulterated and stored honeys determined that both decrease volatile levels, and no clear indicator volatiles were found. However, SIMCA can be used to distinguish the volatile profiles of fresh or stored honeys, from adulterated honeys.
Modern Quaternary plant lineages promote diversity through facilitation of ancient Tertiary lineages

One of the most important floristic sorting periods to affect modern plant communities occurred during the shift from the wet Tertiary period to the unusually dry Quaternary, when most global deserts developed. During this time, a wave of new plant species emerged, presumably in response to the new climate. Interestingly, most Tertiary species that have been tracked through the fossil record did not disappear but remained relatively abundant despite the development of a much more unfavorable climate for species adapted to moist conditions. Here we find, by integrating paleobotanical, ecological, and phylogenetic analyses, that a large number of ancient Tertiary species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems appear to have been preserved by the facilitative or “nurse” effects of modern Quaternary species. Our results indicate that these interdependent relationships among plants have played a central role in the preservation of the global biodiversity and provided a mechanism for stabilizing selection and the conservation of ecological traits over evolutionary time scales.
Decoding the drivers of bank erosion on the Mekong river: The roles of the Asian monsoon, tropical storms, and snowmelt

We evaluate links between climate and simulated river bank erosion for one of the world's largest rivers, the Mekong. We employ a process‐based model to reconstruct multidecadal time series of bank erosion at study sites within the Mekong's two main hydrological response zones, defining a new parameter, accumulated excess runoff (AER), pertinent to bank erosion. We employ a hydrological model to isolate how snowmelt, tropical storms and monsoon precipitation each contribute to AER and thus modeled bank erosion. Our results show that melt (23.9% at the upstream study site, declining to 11.1% downstream) and tropical cyclones (17.5% and 26.4% at the upstream and downstream sites, respectively) both force significant fractions of bank erosion on the Mekong. We also show (i) small, but significant, declines in AER and hence assumed bank erosion during the 20th century, and; (ii) that significant correlations exist between AER and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Of these modes of climate variability, we find that IOD events exert a greater control on simulated bank erosion than ENSO events; but the influences of both ENSO and IOD when averaged over several decades are found to be relatively weak. However, importantly, relationships between ENSO, IOD, and AER and hence inferred river bank erosion are not time invariant. Specifically, we show that there is an intense and prolonged epoch of strong coherence between ENSO and AER from the early 1980s to present, such that in recent decades derived Mekong River bank erosion has been more strongly affected by ENSO.
Fractional order control - A tutorial

Many real dynamic systems are better characterized using a non-integer order dynamic model based on fractional calculus or, differentiation or integration of non-integer order. Traditional calculus is based on integer order differentiation and integration. The concept of fractional calculus has tremendous potential to change the way we see, model, and control the nature around us. Denying fractional derivatives is like saying that zero, fractional, or irrational numbers do not exist. In this paper, we offer a tutorial on fractional calculus in controls. Basic definitions of fractional calculus, fractional order dynamic systems and controls are presented first. Then, fractional order PID controllers are introduced which may make fractional order controllers ubiquitous in industry. Additionally, several typical known fractional order controllers are introduced and commented. Numerical methods for simulating fractional order systems are given in detail so that a beginner can get started quickly. Discretization techniques for fractional order operators are introduced in some details too. Both digital and analog realization methods of fractional order operators are introduced. Finally, remarks on future research efforts in fractional order control are given.
Impairment of cerebral autoregulation in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension

Aims Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity and autoregulation has been previously reported in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the contribution of cardiovascular diabetic autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension to the pathogenesis of such disturbances is not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cerebral blood flow velocity in response to standing in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy with or without orthostatic hypotension.
Hip Arthrodesis With the Dynamic Hip Screw

The authors report a series of 10 patients (4 male, 6 female) with end-stage hip degeneration who underwent unilateral hip arthrodesis at an average age of 19 years (range 14–35). Surgery was performed with the patient in the supine position through a Watson-Jones approach and fixation was stabilized with the AO Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS). After surgery, patients were mobilized in a short hip spica. Stable fixation with the DHS could not be achieved at surgery in one patient. Bony union was achieved in seven of the nine patients (78%) with a DHS after an average of 17 weeks (range 9–34). In one patient a painful nonunion developed; it was converted to a total hip arthroplasty 23 months later. Another patient obtained a painless pseudarthrosis, for which no further surgery is planned. The DHS provides a satisfactory means of stabilizing a hip arthrodesis when combined with a hip spica. This method of arthrodesis does not violate the origin or insertion of the abductor mechanism, thereby facilitating future conversion to total hip arthroplasty.
Multiple symbiosis in a leafhopper, Helochara communis Fitch (Cicadellidae: Homoptera): envelopes, nucleoids and inclusions of the symbiotes.

Mycetomes in Helochara communis are paired syncytia each enclosed by an epithelium. Adjacent are loose aggregates of mycetocytes. Mycetomes harboured 3 kinds of inclusions:companion, a - and t -symbiotes according to Buchner9s classification of homopteran symbiotes. In the mycetocytes, a fourth kind of inclusion was found and named g -symbiotes. All inclusions were Feulgen and Gram negative. Nucleoids were revealed in companion symbiotes by osmium-HCL-Giemsa; and, in some g - and t -, but not in a -, symbiotes by RNase-papain Giemsa. DNase digestion caused loss of basophilia in g - and t -, but not in a -, symbiotes. By electron microscopy, using Kellenberger9s fixative, companion, g - and t - symbiotes had lucid areas with reticular strands 4 nm thick; a -symbiotes were in general, homogeneously densely granular. Companion symbiotes had Gram-negative profiles with additional surface material; a - and t -symbiotes had 3, g -symbiotes 2, peripheral, trilaminar membranes. Parallel striations and regularly arranged granules occurred in companion symbiotes; crystalline inclusions in g - and t - symbiotes; and fibrillar elements and dense bodies in a -symbiotes. Companion symbiotes may be Gram-negative bacteria or rickettsiae; g - and t -symbiotes, L-phase bacteria; but a -symbiotes are anomalous, apparently lacking DNA, and probably being derivatives of t -symbiotes, thus requiring that Muller9s hypothesis of homopteran evolutionary pathways be rephrased.
Comparison of the Short‐Term Survival Benefit Associated With Revascularization Compared With Medical Therapy in Patients With No Prior Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Stress Myocardial Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Background The relationship between the amount of inducible ischemia present on stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (myocardial perfusion stress [MPS]) and the presence of a short‐term survival benefit with early revascularization versus medical therapy is not clearly defined. Methods and Results A total of 10 627 consecutive patients who underwent exercise or adenosine MPS and had no prior myocardial infarction or revascularization were followed up (90.6% complete; mean: 1.9 ±0.6 years). Cardiac death occurred in 146 patients (1.4%). Treatment received within 60 days after MPS defined subgroups undergoing revascularization (671 patients, 2.8% mortality) or medical therapy (MT) (9956 patients, 1.3% mortality; P=0.0004). To adjust for nonrandomization of treatment, a propensity score was developed using logistic regression to model the decision to refer to revascularization. This model (χ2=1822, c index=0.94, P<10‐7) identified inducible ischemia and anginal symptoms as the most powerful predictors (83%, 6% of overall χ2) and was incorporated into survival models. On the basis of the Cox proportional hazards model predicting cardiac death (χ2=539, P<0.0001), patients undergoing MT demonstrated a survival advantage over patients undergoing revascularization in the setting of no or mild ischemia, whereas patients undergoing revascularization had an increasing survival benefit over patients undergoing MT when moderate to severe ischemia was present. Furthermore, increasing survival benefit for revascularization over MT was noted in higher risk patients (elderly, adenosine stress, and women, especially those with diabetes). Conclusions Revascularization compared with MT had greater survival benefit (absolute and relative) in patients with moderate to large amounts of inducible ischemia. These findings have significant consequences for future approaches to post‐single photon emission computed tomography patient management if confirmed by prospective evaluations. (Circulation. 2003;107:2900‐2906.)
PIDGIN: privacy-preserving interest and content sharing in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks have recently received considerable attention from both industry and researchers. These networks can be used for many applications without the need for a dedicated IT infrastructure. In the context of opportunistic networks, content sharing in particular has attracted significant attention. To support content sharing, opportunistic networks often implement a publish-subscribe system in which users may publish their own content and indicate interest in other content through subscriptions. Using a smartphone, any user can act as a broker by opportunistically forwarding both published content and interests within the network. Unfortunately, opportunistic networks are faced with serious privacy and security issues. Untrusted brokers can not only compromise the privacy of subscribers by learning their interests but also can gain unauthorised access to the disseminated content. This paper addresses the research challenges inherent to the exchange of content and interests without: (i) compromising the privacy of subscribers, and (ii) providing unauthorised access to untrusted brokers. Specifically, this paper presents an interest and content sharing solution that addresses these security challenges and preserves privacy in opportunistic networks. We demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the solution by implementing a prototype and analysing its performance on smart phones.
Extending Existing Dependency Theory to Temporal Databases

Normal forms play a central role in the design of relational databases. Several normal forms for temporal relational databases have been proposed. These definitions are particular to specific temporal data models, which are numerous and incompatible. The paper attempts to rectify this situation. We define a consistent framework of temporal equivalents of the important conventional database design concepts: functional dependencies, primary keys, and third and Boyce-Codd normal forms. This framework is enabled by making a clear distinction between the logical concept of a temporal relation and its physical representation. As a result, the role played by temporal normal forms during temporal database design closely parallels that of normal forms during conventional database design. These new normal forms apply equally well to all temporal data models that have timeslice operators, including those employing tuple timestamping, backlogs, and attribute value timestamping. As a basis for our research, we conduct a thorough examination of existing proposals for temporal dependencies, keys, and normal forms. To demonstrate the generality of our approach, we outline how normal forms and dependency theory can also be applied to spatial and spatiotemporal databases.
The effects of trait anxiety, potentially traumatic events, and psychological adjustment on attentional threat bias in college students

Attentional biases towards threatening information are considered a highly adaptive process(e.g., Boyer & Bergstrom, 2011). However, differential processing of threat as a result ofindividual differences can result in attentional mechanisms that are biased towards threateninginformation at a level that is considered maladaptive. Previous research has suggested that individuals with high levels of trait anxiety and individuals who exhibit trauma symptomatology as a result of a potentially traumatic event (PTE) exhibit this maladaptive level of attentional threat bias that may in turn result in the maintenance of anxious states and debilitating trauma symptomatology, respectively (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Kimble et al., 2014). The present study aimed to further explore trait anxiety and trauma symptomatology as they relate to attentional threat bias by examining trait anxiety and trauma symptomatology as predictors of attentional threat bias. A non-clinical sample was given self-report measures to assess trait anxiety, PTEs, and trauma symptomatology, and completed an eye-tracking paradigm to assess attentional threat bias. Though no relationship between trait anxiety and attentional threat bias was found, results suggest a significant relationship between trauma symptomatology and attentional threat bias.
Towards Dependability Testing of MapReduce Systems

MapReduce systems have been widely used by several applications, from search tools to financial and commercial systems. There is considerable enthusiasm around these systems due to their simplicity and scalability. However, there is a lack of a testing approach, and a framework to ensure they are dependable. The goal of this PhD is to propose a complete dependability testing solution for MapReduce systems. This solution is a model-based approach for generating representative fault cases, and a testing framework to control their execution automatically. Initial experiments demonstrate promising results with HadoopTest framework coordinating fault cases across distributed MapReduce components and identifying faulty systems.
A practical and adaptive framework for super-resolution

In this paper a novel practical and adaptive framework for super-resolution is proposed. Existing super-resolution algorithms are limited by several assumptions, fit different imaging environments; hence they may fail when facing real complex scenes. We propose to divide the target image into adaptive-sized blocks, and apply different conventional algorithms to different parts of the image with different characteristics. The proposed framework is of high extensibility and generality; various super-resolution and single frame im age enhancement technologies can be adaptively assembled to improve the robustness and result quality of SR operation. Experiments with real-life video indicate encouraging improvements.
Exploring Shallow Answer Ranking Features in Cross-Lingual and Monolingual Factoid Question Answering

Answer ranking is critical to a QA (Question Answering) system because it determines the final system performance. In this paper, we explore the behavior of shallow ranking features under different conditions. The features are easy to implement and are also suitable when complex NLP techniques or resources are not available for monolingual or cross-lingual tasks. We analyze six shallow ranking features, namely, SCO-QAT, keyword overlap, density, IR score, mutual information score, and answer frequency. SCO-QAT (Sum of Co-occurrence of Question and Answer Terms) is a new feature proposed by us that performed well in NTCIR CLQA. It is a co-occurrence based feature that does not need extra knowledge, word-ignoring heuristic rules, or special tools. Instead, for the whole corpus, SCO-QAT calculates co-occurrence scores based solely on the passage retrieval results. Our experiments show that there is no perfect shallow ranking feature for every condition. SCO-QAT performs the best in C-C (Chinese-Chinese) QA, but it is not a good choice in E-C (English-Chinese) QA. Overall, Frequency is the best choice for E-C QA, but its performance is impaired when translation noise is present. We also found that passage depth has little impact on shallow ranking features, and that a proper answer filter with fined-grained answer types is important for E-C QA. We measured the performance of answer ranking in terms of a newly proposed metric EAA (Expected Answer Accuracy) to cope with cases of answers that have the same score after ranking.
Monetary Policy and Swedish Unemployment Fluctuations

Abstract A widely spread belief among economists is that monetary policy has relatively short-lived effects on real variables such as unemployment. Previous studies indicate that monetary policy affects the output gap only at business cycle frequencies, but the effects on unemployment may well be more persistent in countries with highly regulated labor markets. We study the Swedish experience of unemployment and monetary policy. Using a structural VAR we find that around 30 percent of the fluctuations in unemployment are caused by shocks to monetary policy. The effects are also quite persistent. In the preferred model, almost 30 percent of the maximum effect of a shock still remains after ten years.
Searching for Jumbled Patterns in Strings

The Parikh vector of a string s over a finite ordered alphabet Σ = {a1, . , aσ} is defined as the vector of multiplicities of the characters, i.e. p(s) = (p1, . . . , pσ), where pi = |{j | sj = ai}|. Parikh vector q occurs in s if s has a substring t with p(t) = q. The problem of searching for a query q in a text s of length n can be solved simply and optimally with a sliding window approach in O(n) time. We present two new algorithms for the case where the text is fixed and many queries arrive over time. The first algorithm finds all occurrences of a given Parikh vector in a text (over a fixed alphabet of size σ ≥ 2) and appears to have a sub-linear expected time complexity. The second algorithm only decides whether a given Parikh vector appears in a binary text; it iteratively constructs a linear size data structure which then allows answering queries in constant time, for many queries even during the construction phase.