Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associations of Unilateral Whisker and Olfactory Signals Induce Synapse Formation and Memory Cell Recruitment in Bilateral Barrel Cortices: Cellular Mechanism for Unilateral Training Toward Bilateral Memory

Somatosensory signals and operative skills learned by unilateral limbs can be retrieved bilaterally. In terms of cellular mechanism underlying this unilateral learning toward bilateral memory, we hypothesized that associative memory cells in bilateral cortices and synapse innervations between them were produced. In the examination of this hypothesis, we have observed that paired unilateral whisker and odor stimulations led to odorant-induced whisker motions in bilateral sides, which were attenuated by inhibiting the activity of barrel cortices. In the mice that showed bilateral cross-modal responses, the neurons in both sides of barrel cortices became to encode this new odor signal alongside the innate whisker signal. Axon projections and synapse formations from the barrel cortex, which was co-activated with the piriform cortex, toward its contralateral barrel cortex (CBC) were upregulated. Glutamatergic synaptic transmission in bilateral barrel cortices was upregulated and GABAergic synaptic transmission was downregulated. The associative activations of the sensory cortices facilitate new axon projection, glutamatergic synapse formation and GABAergic synapse downregulation, which drive the neurons to be recruited as associative memory cells in the bilateral cortices. Our data reveal the productions of associative memory cells and synapse innervations in bilateral sensory cortices for unilateral training toward bilateral memory.
A Human-Centered Design and Evaluation Framework for Information Search

Information search in a distributed environment is an interactive process between the user and the artifact. How the information is distributed across the user and the artifact determines the efficacy of information search. Using a human-centered method, UFuRT, we developed an information search model and a taxonomy of search tasks. Further, we developed prototypes to investigate the relationship between search tasks and interface types. Preliminary results of analysis reveal the requirement of distributed information for search tasks and help understand the complexity of the tasks in different types of interfaces.
Aerobic degradation and photolysis of tylosin in water and soil

Veterinary antibiotics enter the environment through the application of organic fertilizers to cropland. In this study, the aerobic degradation of tylosin, a widely used antibiotic in the production of livestock and poultry, was conducted in water and in soil in an effort to further investigate its environmental fate. Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic, which consists of four factors (A, B, C, D). Water and soil were sampled at selected times and analyzed for tylosin and its degradation products by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with product identification confirmed by HPLC‐mass spectrometry. Tylosin A is degraded with a half‐life of 200 d in the light in water, and the total loss of tylosin A in the dark is 6% of the initial spiked amount during the experimental period. Tylosin C and D are relatively stable except in ultrapure water in the light. Slight increases of tylosin B after two months and formation of two photoreaction isomers of tylosin A were observed under exposure to light. However, tylosin probably would degrade faster if the experimental containers did not prevent ultraviolet transmission. In soil, tylosin A has a dissipation half‐life of 7 d, and tylosin D is slightly more stable, with a dissipation half‐life of 8 d in unsterilized and sterilized soil. Sorption and abiotic degradation are the major factors influencing the loss of tylosin in the environment, and no biotic degradation was observed at the test concentration either in pond water or in an agronomic soil, as determined by comparing dissipation profiles in sterilized and unsterilized conditions.
Deficiency of c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase-1 in mice enhances skin tumor development by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) has been implicated in regulating cell survival, apoptosis, and transformation. However, the distinct role of JNK isoforms in regulating tumor development is not yet clear. We have found previously that skin tumor formation induced by the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), is suppressed in JNK2-deficient (Jnk2(-/-)) mice. Here, we show that JNK1-deficient (Jnk1(-/-)) mice are more susceptible to TPA-induced skin tumor development than wild-type mice. The rate of tumor development in Jnk1(-/-) mice was significantly more rapid than that observed in wild-type mice (P < 0.0001). At the end of 33 weeks of TPA promotion, the number of skin tumors and tumors >1.5 mm in diameter per mouse in Jnk1(-/-) mice was significantly increased by 71% (P < 0.03) and 82% (P < 0.03), respectively, relative to the wild-type mice. Furthermore, the carcinoma incidence and the number of carcinomas per mouse were also higher in Jnk1(-/-) mice. Strikingly, Jnk1(-/-) mouse skin was more sensitive to TPA-induced AP-1 DNA binding activity and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Akt, which are two important survival signaling components. These results suggest that JNK1 is a crucial suppressor of skin tumor development.
Replication timing is regulated by the number of MCMs loaded at origins

Replication timing is a crucial aspect of genome regulation that is strongly correlated with chromatin structure, gene expression, DNA repair, and genome evolution. Replication timing is determined by the timing of replication origin firing, which involves activation of MCM helicase complexes loaded at replication origins. Nonetheless, how the timing of such origin firing is regulated remains mysterious. Here, we show that the number of MCMs loaded at origins regulates replication timing. We show for the first time in vivo that multiple MCMs are loaded at origins. Because early origins have more MCMs loaded, they are, on average, more likely to fire early in S phase. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed heterogeneity in origin firing and help to explain how defined replication timing profiles emerge from stochastic origin firing. These results establish a framework in which further mechanistic studies on replication timing, such as the strong effect of heterochromatin, can be pursued.
Towards a richer model of cloud app markets

Major cloud providers have recently been building cloud markets, which serve as a hosting platform for VMs pre-installed with a variety of software stacks. Clients of cloud computing leverage such markets by downloading and instantiating the VMs that best suit their computing needs, thereby saving the effort needed to configure and build VMs from scratch. This vision paper argues for a richer model of cloud markets. We envision a market of VM apps that can interact with client VMs in a rich set of ways to provide a number of services that are currently supported only by cloud providers. For example, clients can use VM apps to deploy virtual machine introspection-based security tools and various network middleboxes on their work VMs without requiring the cloud provider to deploy these services on their behalf. This paper presents a taxonomy of VM apps, analyzes the key requirements needed to realize such VM apps, and explores the design and trade-offs of various options to implement VM apps.
restraints to improve the solution quality . Another approach with a similar flavor

We revisit the established problem of protein structure determination from geometrical restraints from NMR, using convex optimization. It is well-known that the NP-hard distance geometry problem of determining atomic positions from pairwise distance restraints can be relaxed into a convex semidefinite program (SDP). However, in practice the distance restraints are imprecise, and sometimes sparse, for accurate structure determination. Residual dipolar coupling (RDC) measurements provide additional geometric information on the angles between atom-pair directions and axes of the principal-axis-frame. The optimization problem involving RDC is highly non-convex and requires a good initialization even within the simulated annealing framework. In this paper, we model the protein backbone as an articulated structure composed of rigid units. We estimate the rotation of each rigid unit using SDP relaxation that incorporates chirality constraints. The two SDP based methods we propose RDCSDP and RDC-NOE-SDP have polynomial time complexity in the number of amino-acids and run efficiently on a regular PC. We further introduce a statistical tool, the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) to provide an information theoretic bound on the highest resolution one can hope to achieve when determining protein structure from noisy measurements. Our simulation results show that when the RDC measurements are Y. Khoo Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA E-mail: ykhoo@princeton.edu A. Singer Department of Mathematics and PACM, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA E-mail: amits@math.princeton.edu D. Cowburn Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA E-mail: david.cowburn@einstein.yu. edu corrupted by Gaussian noise, for realistic noise magnitude our SDP algorithm attains the CRB. Through such comparison, the utility of CRB for benchmarking other procedures for structure determination in NMR is demonstrated. Finally, we apply our proposed method in a divide-andconquer fashion to determine the structure of ubiquitin from experimental distance restraints and RDC measurements obtained in two alignment media.
Medication Errors in the Emergency Department: Need for Pharmacy Involvement?

Of all care areas mentioned in medication error reports submitted from August 1, 2009, through July 31, 2010, to the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority, the emergency department (ED) is the third most commonly mentioned, appearing in 6% of all medication error reports. The predominant medication error event types in the ED include wrong dose/ overdosage, drug omission, and wrong drug. The predominant classes of drugs mentioned in wrong-dose/overdosage error reports include antibiotics, steroids, anticoagulants/antithrombotics, opioids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Possible risk reduction strategies include expanding the role of the pharmacy department in the ED’s medication-use process, limiting the number and variety of medications and concentrations available in the ED, and incorporating redundancies (e.g., order read-back) throughout the medicationuse process. (Pa Patient Saf Advis 2011 Mar;8[1]:1-7.) R E V I E W S & A N A LY S E S
Refractoriness to inductive day lengths terminates the breeding season of the Suffolk ewe.

The ambient photoperiod was recorded over an 8-yr period at the beginning and end of the breeding season in a flock of Suffolk ewes maintained outdoors. The transition into the breeding season in this short-day breeder occurred at a day length which was much longer (14.0 h, Sept. 3 +/- 5 days) than that at the onset of anestrus (11.5 h, Feb. 15 +/- 3 days). This produced a marked asymmetry of the annual cycles of photoperiod and reproduction. In an attempt to explain this asymmetry, we determined if ewes enter anestrus because increasing day lengths curtail breeding or because ewes lose the ability to respond to prevailing short day lengths (i.e., become photorefractory). On the winter solstice, 3 groups of 6 ovariectomized ewes bearing s.c. Silastic implants of estradiol were placed on different day length treatments: 1) natural environment; 2) artificial day length which simulated natural photoperiod; or 3) artificial day length equivalent to that of the winter solstice (10L). Transition into anestrus was determined from the precipitous drop in serum luteininzing hormone (LH) concentrations. The breeding season was not prolonged in ewes held on the winter solstice day length; LH did not remain elevated beyond the time that it plummeted in the other groups. These findings lead to the conclusion that Suffolk ewes normally cease breeding, not because they are actively inhibited by increasing day lengths, but because they become photorefractory. This can account, at least in part, for the asymmetry between the annual cycle of photoperiod and reproduction in this short-day breeder.
Thyroid Function in Extremely Premature Neonates: A Reference Database

Although thyrotropin releasing hormone is identifiable in the hypothalamus of the normal human fetus approximately seven weeks after conception and thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) are measurable in serum by approximately the tenth week of gestation, their concentrations remain low until the middle of the second trimester (18-20 weeks gestation) when vascular connections are established between the hypothalamus and pituitary. Levels of T4 then rise until approximately 3537 weeks gestation when they average 10 μg/dl. Because the gene encoding type I monodeiodinase (an enzyme that converts T4 to triiodothyronine [T3]) is not expressed to a great extent in utero while that encoding type III monodeiodinase (an enzyme that converts T4 to reverse T3) is, fetal serum levels of T3 are low during most of gestation and increase slightly in the last trimester; on the other hand, concentrations of reverse T3 are high in the fetus. Upon delivery and transition to the cool extra-uterine environment there is an abrupt increase in the secretion of TSH in response to the decline in core body temperature. In the normal full term neonate, the peak serum TSH concentration (about 70 μΐυ/ml) is achieved approximately 30-60 minutes after delivery; the TSH level then declines to values from 10-20 μΐυ/ml by 48 hours. The rise in TSH secretion stimulates a slower but more prolonged increase in serum concentrations of T4 and T3 (as the type I monodeiodinase is rapidly
Fetal and Neonatal Programming : Epigenetic Modification of Phenotype High-fat / fructose feeding during prenatal and postnatal development in female rats increases susceptibility to renal and metabolic injury later in life

Flynn ER, Alexander BT, Lee J, Hutchens Jr ZM, MaricBilkan C. High-fat/fructose feeding during prenatal and postnatal development in female rats increases susceptibility to renal and metabolic injury later in life. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 304: R278–R285, 2013. First published December 19, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00433. 2012. —Accumulating evidence suggests that both an adverse prenatal and early postnatal environment increase susceptibility to renal and metabolic dysfunction later in life; however, whether exposure to adverse conditions during both prenatal and postnatal development act synergistically to potentiate the severity of renal and metabolic injury remains unknown. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a standard diet or a diet high in fat/fructose throughout pregnancy and lactation. After being weaned, female offspring were randomized to either standard diet or the high-fat/high-fructose diet, resulting in the following treatment groups: NF-NF, offspring of mothers fed a standard diet and fed a standard diet postnatally; NF-HF, offspring of mothers fed a standard diet and fed a high-fat/ fructose diet postnatally; HF-NF, offspring of mothers fed a high-fat/ fructose diet and fed a standard diet postnatally; HF-HF, offspring of mothers fed a high-fat/fructose diet and fed a high-fat/fructose diet postnatally. At the time of euthanasia (17 wk of age), HF-HF offspring weighed 30% more and had 110% more visceral fat than NF-NF offspring. The HF-HF offspring also had elevated blood glucose levels, glucose intolerance, 286% increase in urine albumin excretion, and 60% increase in glomerulosclerosis compared with NF-NF. In addition, HF-HF offspring exhibited a 100% increase in transforming growth factorprotein expression and 116% increase in the abundance of infiltrated macrophages compared with the NF-NF offspring. These observations suggest that high-fat/fructose feeding during prenatal and throughout postnatal life increases the susceptibility to renal and metabolic injury later in life.
Polarized actin bundles formed by human fascin‐1: their sliding and disassembly on myosin II and myosin V in vitro

Fascin‐1 is a putative bundling factor of actin filaments in the filopodia of neuronal growth cones. Here, we examined the structure of the actin bundle formed by human fascin‐1 (actin/fascin bundle), and its mode of interaction with myosin in vitro. The distance between cross‐linked filaments in the actin/bundle was 8–9 nm, and the bundle showed the transverse periodicity of 36 nm perpendicular to the bundle axis, which was confirmed by electron microscopy. Decoration of the actin/fascin bundle with heavy meromyosin revealed that the arrowheads of filaments in the bundle pointed in the same direction, indicating that the bundle has polarity. This result suggested that fascin‐1 plays an essential role in polarity of actin bundles in filopodia. In the in vitro motility assay, actin/fascin bundles slid as fast as single actin filaments on myosin II and myosin V. When myosin was attached to the surface at high density, the actin/fascin bundle disassembled to single filaments at the pointed end of the bundle during sliding. These results suggest that myosins may drive filopodial actin bundles backward by interacting with actin filaments on the surface, and may induce disassembly of the bundle at the basal region of filopodia.
Formation of Glasses from Liquids and Biopolymers

Glasses can be formed by many routes. In some cases, distinct polyamorphic forms are found. The normal mode of glass formation is cooling of a viscous liquid. Liquid behavior during cooling is classified between "strong" and "fragile," and the three canonical characteristics of relaxing liquids are correlated through the fragility. Strong liquids become fragile liquids on compression. In some cases, such conversions occur during cooling by a weak first-order transition. This behavior can be related to the polymorphism in a glass state through a recent simple modification of the van der Waals model for tetrahedrally bonded liquids. The sudden loss of some liquid degrees of freedom through such first-order transitions is suggestive of the polyamorphic transition between native and denatured hydrated proteins, which can be interpreted as single-chain glass-forming polymers plasticized by water and cross-linked by hydrogen bonds. The onset of a sharp change in ddT( is the Debye-Waller factor and T is temperature) in proteins, which is controversially indentified with the glass transition in liquids, is shown to be general for glass formers and observable in computer simulations of strong and fragile ionic liquids, where it proves to be close to the experimental glass transition temperature. The latter may originate in strong anharmonicity in modes ("bosons"), which permits the system to access multiple minima of its configuration space. These modes, the Kauzmann temperature TK, and the fragility of the liquid, may thus be connected.
Elevated Serum Uric Acid Levels Are Related to Cognitive Deterioration in an Elderly Japanese Population

Aims: The association between serum uric acid (UA) levels and cognitive function is controversial since UA can be a risk factor for cerebral ischemia as well as acting as a neuroprotective antioxidant. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 228 elderly participants and examined neuropsychological test results, clinical data as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging data. Patients: Overall, 64 participants were diagnosed with cognitive deterioration. To control for the effect of sex differences, 2 independent sets of single-variable and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with quartiles divided into non-sex-specific and sex-specific cutoff values for UA. Results: In non-sex-specific quartiles, the participants in the highest quartiles of UA levels were found to be at a significantly higher risk of cognitive deterioration than those in the lowest quartiles. In sex-specific quartiles, the highest quartile showed an increased risk of cognitive deterioration, and a greater than fourfold increase in the risk in the highest quartiles was confirmed using multivariate regression models. However, no significant association was observed between serum UA levels and the presence of white matter lesions. Conclusions: Elevated serum UA levels were independently associated with cognitive deterioration. UA might have unknown adverse effects on cognitive function, other than causing vascular pathology.
New Indices for Selection of Carbohydrate Foods in the Diabetic Diet: Hopes and Limitations

Throughout the world, dietary prescriptions for patients with diabetes mellitus utilize food exchange systems. ' Total energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat are the major dietary factors taken into account in calculating daily menus. However, emphasis is usually given to the carbohydrate composition of each meal and to the need to interchange carbohydrate foods on the basis of portions calculated to be equivalent in terms of carbohydrate content. This has been considered to be the major determinant of the postprandial blood glucose response which, in turn, is regarded as a powerful influence on the overall metabolic control in diabetic patients. * Several controlled studies have shown clearly that dietary components other than carbohydrate affect the metabolic control in diabetic patients, thus weakening the foundations on which the food exchange system i s based. Fat, protein, and in particular vegetable fibre have profound effects on blood glucose and lipoprotein metab~lism. '-~ Increasing the amount of digestible carbohydrate in the diabetic diet without an increase in dietary fibre has a deleterious effect on postprandial blood glucose concentrations in patients with insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulindependent diabetes (NIDDM). '-' However, if dietary carbohydrate as well as fibre are increased in parallel, a remarkably consistent pattern emerges: the high carbohydratelhigh fibre diet improves all aspects of diabetic control, shifting downward the entire 24-hour blood glucose curve^. ^^^^^"" The recognition of the metabolic effects of dietary fibre raises new questions about the use of the food exchange system: should carbohydrate exchanges also take into account the amount of fibre? If carbohydrate and fibre have separate metabolic effects should they fluctuate
N-scheme model: An approach towards reducing Arabic language sparseness

In addition to traditional characteristics of natural languages like implicitly or ambiguity or imprecision, Arabic is known by its sparseness which explains the difficulty of its automatic processing. But on the other hand, Arabic language is characterized by an interesting property; lemmas are generated by derivation based on roots and schemes. Schemes are kinds of molds allowing changing the form of root by actions involving elongation, or repetition, or even adding characters. Schemes can also give meaning to generated word. In this work we have studied the statistical characteristics of the Arabic language at the level of schemes; we have emphasized the attenuation of the sparseness at this level. Then we explored the possibility of building natural language processing tools for Arabic by relying on schemes. We discovered that schemes have great potential in building accurate natural language processing tools for Arabic. Based entirely or partially on schemes we built an n-scheme statistical model and a text classification system.