Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supply of Personnel in Special Education, United States: 1969-70 to 1992-93.

ABSTRACT This report presents data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System and the Division of Personnel Preparation's database of supported teacher trainees for the years 1990-91 and 1991-92, on degrees awarded in special education and related health professions. Data are reported by field of study, by level of degree, and by gender. The report is intended to offer a snapshot of the supply side of personnel potentially entering the field of special education. Analysis suggests self-selection, by gender, of students graduating in the various subfields of special education as well as a generally negative situation in the sup;ly of personnel, especially for leadership personnel in low-incidence areas. Trind data are presented to illustrate the downward spiral in total graduates in special education from 1969-70 to fewer than half that number in 1992-93. Analysis suggests the importance of increasing personnel preparation monies in the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and suggests a "payback" provision in which trainees supported with federal funds make a service commitment. Six tables present the data in detail. (DB)
An Efficient Algorithm for Cut Vertex Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to lack of precise control on network topology, cut vertices often exist in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A cut vertex is defined as a sensor node whose removal breaks network connectivity. Failures of such nodes make a network disconnected and block data transmission, hence it is vital to detect cut vertices in WSNs. This paper proposes a distributed algorithm CVD to identify cut vertices. The algorithm travels the nodes of a network in parallel, colors the edges based on the interval-coded spanning tree, and then determines the cut vertices by counting the edge colors. The parallel style of the algorithm significantly reduces the time delay. Further more, optimization strategies based on interval coding are proposed to reduce the communication cost of the algorithm. The correctness of the algorithm is proved and its performance is analyzed theoretically. Theoretical analysis shows that it requires O (dn) communication cost and has O (dn) time delay, where n is the number of nodes in a WSN, and d is the maximum degree of sensor node. Both the simulation results and the experiments on real sensor networks show that the algorithm outperforms previous algorithms with lower communication cost and shorter time delay.
Understanding the function–structure and function–mutation relationships of p53 tumor suppressor protein by high-resolution missense mutation analysis

Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 by missense mutations is the most frequent genetic alteration in human cancers. The common missense mutations in the TP53 gene disrupt the ability of p53 to bind to DNA and consequently to transactivate downstream genes. However, it is still not fully understood how a large number of the remaining mutations affect p53 structure and function. Here, we used a comprehensive site-directed mutagenesis technique and a yeast-based functional assay to construct, express, and evaluate 2,314 p53 mutants representing all possible amino acid substitutions caused by a point mutation throughout the protein (5.9 substitutions per residue), and correlated p53 function with structure- and tumor-derived mutations. This high-resolution mutation analysis allows evaluation of previous predictions and hypotheses through interrelation of function, structure and mutation.
Motor competence and physical fitness among children attending nature preschools and traditional preschools

ABSTRACT Nature provides a wide range of potential affordances for children’s play. Whether children attending nature preschools have better motor competence and physical fitness than children attending traditional preschools is not known. In a cross-sectional study, we compared the motor competence (Movement ABC-test) and physical fitness (Physical fitness test) of children in four nature preschools (N = 43) and four of their neighboring traditional preschools (N = 49). The results showed that there were no differences in the motor competence of children attending nature preschools and traditional preschools. Children in traditional preschools performed slightly better in all subtests of physical fitness and had better total scores than children in nature preschools. Similarities between preschools’ access to nature and how the potential affordances for physically active play are used may explain our results. This highlights the importance of encouraging the development of children’s motor competence and physical fitness independent of a preschools’s outdoor environment.
Efficient host based intrusion detection system using Partial Decision Tree and Correlation feature selection algorithm

System security has become significant issue in many organizations. The attacks like DoS, U2R, R2L and Probing etc., creating a serious threat to the appropriate operation of Internet services as well as in host system. In recent years, intrusion detection system is designed to prevent the intruder in the host as well as in network systems. Existing host based intrusion detection systems detects the intrusion using complete feature set and it is not fast enough to detect the attacks. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes an efficient HIDS - Correlation based Partial Decision Tree Algorithm (CPDT). The proposed CPDT combines Correlation feature selection for selecting features and Partial Decision Tree (PART) for classifying the normal and the abnormal packets. The algorithm is implemented and has been validated within KDD'99 dataset and found to give better results than the existing algorithms. The proposed CPDT model provides the accuracy of 99.9458%.
Pheromone Detection in Male Mice Depends on Signaling through the Type 3 Adenylyl Cyclase in the Main Olfactory Epithelium

Terrestrial vertebrates have evolved two anatomically and mechanistically distinct chemosensory structures: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Although it has been generally thought that pheromones are detected through the VNO, whereas other chemicals are sensed by the MOE, recent evidence suggests that some pheromones may be detected through the MOE. Odorant receptors in the MOE are coupled to the type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3), an enzyme not expressed in the VNO. Consequently, odorants and pheromones do not elicit electrophysiological responses in the MOE of AC3−/−mice, although VNO function is intact. Here we report that AC3−/−mice cannot detect mouse milk, urine, or mouse pheromones. Inter-male aggressiveness and male sexual behaviors are absent in AC3−/−mice. Furthermore, adenylyl cyclase activity in membranes prepared from the MOE of wild-type mice, but not AC3−/−mice, is stimulated by 2-heptanone, a mouse pheromone. We conclude that signaling through AC3 in the MOE is obligatory for male sexual behavior, male–male aggressiveness, and the detection of some pheromones.
A computational analysis of agenda setting

Agenda setting theory explains how media affects its audience. While traditional media studies have done extensive research on agenda setting, there are important limitations in those studies, including using a small set of issues, running costly surveys of public interest, and manually categorizing the articles into positive and negative frames. In this paper, we propose to tackle these limitations with a computational approach and a large dataset of online news. Overall, we demonstrate how to carry out a large-scale computational research of agenda setting with online news data using machine learning.
A Mixed-Effects Model for the dbh-Height Relationship of Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata MilL)

Individual tree measurements were available from over 200 permanent plots established during 1985-1987 and later remeasured in naturally regenerated even-aged stands of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. The objective of this study was to model shortleaf pine growth in natural stands for the region. As a major component of the shortleaf modeling effort, on individual tree-level dbh-total height model was developed in which plot-specific random parameters were filled using maximum-likelihood methods. The model predicts tree height on the basis of dbh and dominant stand height (which could be obtained from a site-index model). The mixed-effects model approach was found to predict the total height beller than the similar models developed previously for this species using ordinary least-squares methods. Moreover, such a model has the appeal of generalization of the results over a region from which the plots were sampled; and also of calibration of parameters for newly sampled stands with minimal measurements.
Cochlear implants for children with significant residual hearing.

BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that children with pure-tone averages of greater than 90 dB hearing level and/or open-set sentence perception of less than 30% may derive significant benefit from cochlear implantation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate postoperative speech perception benefit and bilateral-bimodal benefit for 16 children whose preimplant speech perception scores exceeded conservative candidacy guidelines. STUDY DESIGN Preimplant and postimplant repeated-measure design. METHODS Sixteen child subjects who obtained 30% or greater on preimplant open-set sentence material, presented live voice audition alone, were selected for this study. Preimplant pure-tone averages ranged from 73 to 110 dB in the better aided ear. Preimplant and postimplant open-set word and sentence testing was completed in quiet and with competing background noise for separate ear and binaural conditions. RESULTS Fourteen of 16 subjects had improved speech perception scores across all test materials after implantation. Group means were significantly higher for all test materials. Results in the bimodal-bilateral condition were significantly higher than implant alone for open-set word tests (scored for phonemes) and open-set sentences in quiet. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that, with appropriate counseling and management, some children with significant residual hearing benefit from cochlear implantation, in particular improved speech understanding due to bimodal-bilateral hearing.
"If you were attacked, you'd be sorry": Counterfactuals as security arguments

Counterfactuals (or what-if scenarios) are often employed as security arguments, but the dos and don'ts of their use are poorly understood. They are useful to discuss vulnerability of systems under threats that haven't yet materialized, but they can also be used to justify investment in obscure controls. In this paper, we shed light on the role of counterfactuals in security, and present conditions under which counterfactuals are legitimate arguments, linked to the exclusion or inclusion of the threat environment in security metrics. We provide a new paradigm for security reasoning by deriving essential questions to ask in order to decide on the acceptability of specific counterfactuals as security arguments, which can serve as a basis for further study in this field. We conclude that counterfactuals are a necessary evil in security, which should be carefully controlled.
Protein 4.1N acts as a potential tumor suppressor linking PP1 to JNK-c-Jun pathway regulation in NSCLC

Protein 4.1N is a member of protein 4.1 family and has been recognized as a potential tumor suppressor in solid tumors. Here, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanisms of 4.1N in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We confirmed that the expression level of 4.1N was inversely correlated with the metastatic properties of NSCLC cell lines and histological grade of clinical NSCLC tissues. Specific knockdown of 4.1N promoted tumor cell proliferation, migration and adhesion in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in mouse xenograft models. Furthermore, we identified PP1 as a novel 4.1N-interacting molecule, and the FERM domain of 4.1N mediated the interaction between 4.1N and PP1. Further, ectopic expression of 4.1N could inactivate JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway through enhancing PP1 activity and interaction between PP1 and p-JNK. Correspondingly, expression of potential downstream metastasis targets (ezrin and MMP9) and cell cycle targets (p53, p21 and p19) of JNK-c-Jun pathway were also regulated by 4.1N. Our data suggest that down-regulation of 4.1N expression is a critical step for NSCLC development and that repression of JNK-c-Jun signaling through PP1 is one of the key anti-tumor mechanisms of 4.1N.
Proteasome activation during cardiac hypertrophy by the chaperone H11 Kinase/Hsp22.

AIMS The regulation of protein degradation by the proteasome during cardiac hypertrophy remains largely unknown. Also, the proteasome translocates to the nuclear periphery in response to cellular stress in yeast, which remains unexplored in mammals. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative adaptation of the proteasome during stable cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured proteasome activity, expression and sub-cellular distribution in a model of chronic cardiac hypertrophy induced by the stress-response chaperone H11 Kinase/Hsp22 (Hsp22). Over-expression of Hsp22 in a transgenic (TG) mouse leads to a 30% increase in myocyte cross-sectional area compared to wild-type (WT) mice (P < 0.01). Characterization of the proteasome in hearts from TG mice vs. WT revealed an increased expression of both 19S and 20S subunits (P < 0.05), a doubling in 20S catalytic activity (P < 0.01), a redistribution of both subunits from the cytosol to the nuclear periphery, and a four-fold increase in nuclear-associated 20S catalytic activity (P < 0.001). The perinuclear proteasome co-localized and interacted with Hsp22. Inhibition of proteasome activity by epoxomicin reduced hypertrophy in TG by 50% (P < 0.05). Adeno-mediated over-expression of Hsp22 in isolated cardiac myocytes increased both cell growth and proteasome activity, and both were prevented upon inhibition of the proteasome. Similarly, stimulation of cardiac cell growth by pro-hypertrophic stimuli increased Hsp22 expression and proteasome activity, and proteasome inhibition in that setting prevented hypertrophy. Proteasome inhibitors also prevented the increase in rate of protein synthesis observed after over-expression of Hsp22 or upon addition of pro-hypertrophic stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Hsp22-mediated cardiac hypertrophy promotes an increased expression and activity, and a subcellular redistribution of the proteasome. Inhibition of the proteasome reverses cardiac hypertrophy upon Hsp22 over-expression or upon stimulation by pro-hypertrophic hormones, and also blocks the stimulation of protein synthesis in these conditions.
Cooperative Relay Selection Based UEP Scheme for 3D Video Transmission over Rayleigh Fading Channel

In this paper, we propose an unequal error protection (UEP) scheme for 3 dimensional (3D) video transmission based on dual AF-DF relay selection protocol. In the proposed scheme, we consider an Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF) cooperative diversity together with the unique properties of video plus depth format to improve 3D transmission over wireless networks. We assume that the relays have the ability to perfect error-checking and the source encoded each frame of 3D video data and classify it into two sequences. The former one is the color sequence which is relayed in high reliable scheme by using perfect DF relay and the latter is depth sequence which is transmitted through AF relay. Results show that the proposed scheme improved the quality of color and depth data by exploiting the relay selection diversity, where the color data has better performance than depth data due to channel reliability.
LOSS DIFFERENTIATION ALGORITHMS VS . CONGESTION CONTROL SCHEMES : DYNAMICS AND PERFORMANCE

This paper carefully analyzes the behaviour of different congestion control schemes when used in combination with Loss Differentiation Algorithm. Three types of congestion schemes are discussed: delay-based, bandwidth estimation and AIMD, with one TCP variant representing each congestion scheme. We simulated two network scenarios with diverse link and traffic properties and evaluated the congestion schemes with integrated Loss Differentiation Algorithm in each of them. The integrated Loss Differentiation Algorithm is ideal, i.e. it makes no errors in its judgement. The behaviour of the schemes is analyzed from aspect of: the properties of the employed mathematical functions, the effect of presence or absence of additional network load (reverse and background traffic), and the achieved throughput. The results show very diverse scene and pinpoint the importance of the careful and delicate design of the congestion avoidance action when a non-congestion loss is detected.
Life-history evolution and elevated natural mortality in a population of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Fisheries‐induced evolution has been hypothesized to delay the recovery of collapsed fish stocks through effects on their productivity. The cod stock in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (SGSL) collapsed in the early 1990s and has shown no recovery since then, due mainly to high natural mortality of adult cod. Age and size at maturation of SGSL cod decreased sharply over time in cohorts produced in the 1950s and 1960s, likely reflecting an evolutionary response to intensified fishing, and have remained low since then, despite severe reductions in fishing mortality over the past 15 years. A predicted consequence of early maturation is increased natural mortality due to higher costs to reproduction. Early maturation may be a cause of increases in natural mortality of SGSL cod in the 1970s but does not appear to be related to the much larger increases since then. Instead, the current high natural mortality of SGSL cod appears to be primarily a cause, rather than a consequence, of the continued early maturation in this population, now replacing fishing mortality as the agent of selection favouring early maturity. This striking example of the failure to reverse fisheries‐induced evolution by relaxing fishing pressure emphasizes the need for management strategies that minimize the chances of harvest‐induced genetic change.
DOTSYS III: a portable Braille translator

The subject of Braille translation is not a widely familiar one, so that a brief introduction to that topic would seem t o be in order before taking up DOTSYS III o Most people know what Braille is in general a coding system employing raise d dots so that the sense of touch alone suffices to read . However, contrary to the impression one gets from those little cards , the most widely used codes are not "substitution ciphers" that is, the Braille equivalent of a given "inkprint" text i s generally not a simple transliteration but rather a kind of translation . This is because the rules for transcription involve no t only the spelling of words, but also their syllabification and pronunciation . And since these occasionally vary with th e meaning of the word (e .g ., the verb "do" and the musical note "do") the transcriber most understand what he is transcribing , at least at a superficial semantic level . This is characteristic of translation, although of course the process is not nearl y as difficult as the translation of one natural language to another .
Lacking Power Impairs Executive Functions

Four experiments explored whether lacking power impairs executive functioning, testing the hypothesis that the cognitive presses of powerlessness increase vulnerability to performance decrements during complex executive tasks. In the first three experiments, low power impaired performance on executive-function tasks: The powerless were less effective than the powerful at updating (Experiment 1), inhibiting (Experiment 2), and planning (Experiment 3). Existing research suggests that the powerless have difficulty distinguishing between what is goal relevant and what is goal irrelevant in the environment. A fourth experiment established that the executive-function impairment associated with low power is driven by goal neglect. The current research implies that the cognitive alterations arising from powerlessness may help foster stable social hierarchies and that empowering employees may reduce costly organizational errors.
Patient Safety and Quality of Care are Everybody's Business: Evaluating the Impact of a Continuing Professional Development Program beyond Satisfaction

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background Research integrating Continuing Professional Development (CPD) with patient safety (PS) and quality improvement (QI) is still in its infancy despite advocacy by leaders in the field. Objectives This theory-driven study explored the feasibility to implement and evaluate the impact of a CPD intervention focused on teaching and practicing PS and QI at the levels of satisfaction, usefulness, knowledge, confidence, intention to change behaviour and reported changes in practice. Methods Three workshops targeting healthcare professionals were delivered live between 2014 and 2016. Data was collected longitudinally through four questionnaires and analyzed with descriptive statistics and triangulation of sources. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Results Sixty-seven healthcare professionals participated in the study. Across workshops, satisfaction was high and a significant increase in knowledge and confidence were reported immediately post-intervention. Intention to change behavior was high across workshops. ‘Moral norm’ and ‘ beliefs about consequences’ were consistently rated as the most influential factors in participants’ intention to change behavior while ‘ social influence’ was consistently rated as the least influential. At the workshops, participants anticipated improving communication, increasing their knowledge on PS-QI, applying content learned and building teamwork. Commonly anticipated barriers to implementation included lack of resources, environmental stressors, and the organizational climate/culture. These barriers were confirmed six-month post where participants reported partially implementing 78% (18/23) anticipated goals. Conclusions This study showed the feasibility to develop and implement an effective CPD intervention supporting healthcare professionals’ knowledge, confidence, and reported change in teaching and practicing PS-QI.