Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Machine Translation Evaluation by Document Classification and Clustering

We propose a Machine Translation evaluation system which does not require human-translated reference texts. The system makes use of a comparison between the performance of a computer’s execution of NLP tasks on source text and on translated text to judge how effective the translation is. The difference in accuracy of the NLP task exectutions is used as a gauge for judging the competence of the Babelfish online translation system.
Two stems with different characteristics and an internal loop in an RNA aptamer contribute to spermine-binding

Though polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) bind to the specific position in RNA molecules, interaction mechanisms are poorly understood. SELEX procedure has been used to isolate high-affinity oligoribonucleotides (aptamers) from randomized RNA libraries. Selected aptamers are useful in exploring sequences and/or structures in RNAs for binding molecules. In this study, to analyze the interaction mechanism of polyamine to RNA, we selected RNA aptamers targeted for spermine. Two spermine-binding aptamers (#5 and #24) were obtained and both of them had two stem-loop structures. The 3′ stem-loop of #5 (SL_2) bound to spermine more effectively than the 5′ stem-loop of #5 did. A thermodynamic analysis by an isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that the dissociation constant of SL_2 for spermine was 27.2 μM and binding ratio was nearly 1:1. Binding assay with base-pair replaced variants showed that two stem regions and an internal loop in SL_2 were important for their spermine-binding activities. NMR analyses proposed that a terminal-side and a loop-side stem in SL_2 take a loose and a stable structure, respectively and a conformational change of SL_2 is induced by spermine. It is conclusive that two stems with different characteristics and an internal loop in SL_2 contribute to the specific spermine-binding.
Biases in Measuring the Brain: The Trouble with the Telencephalon

When correlating behavior with particular brain regions thought responsible for the behavior, a different region of the brain is usually measured as a control region. This technique is often used to relate spatial processes with the hippocampus, while concomitantly controlling for overall brain changes by measuring the remainder of the telencephalon. We have identified two methods in the literature (the HOM and TTM) that estimate the volume of the telencephalon, although the majority of studies are ambiguous regarding the method employed in measuring the telencephalon. Of these two methods, the HOM might produce an artificial correlation between the telencephalon and the hippocampus, and this bias could result in a significant overestimation of the relative hippocampal volume and a significant underestimation of the telencephalon volume, both of which are regularly used in large comparative analyses. We suggest that future studies should avoid this method and all studies should explicitly delineate the procedures used when estimating brain volumes.
2. Scientific Part 2.1. Summary and Key-words

Modern-day applications are increasingly built from ready-made software components of both fine and coarse granularity. These components typically make architectural assumptions about how communication takes place with other software components. Unfortunately one is often required to integrate components that make different kinds of assumptions, leading to the so-called architectural mismatch problem. Presently there exists a variety of tools, languages and techniques for building systems from components: object-oriented languages, frameworks, 4GLs, scripting languages, user interface builders, middleware, meta-object protocols and so on. There exists also a considerable body of " best practice " , such as design patterns, standard software architectures, and various reflective techniques. Much of this work, however, has been produced in different communities, and it is not clear how, if at all, these techniques can be productively combined in a disciplined way to build heterogeneous software systems. We propose an approach in which five of these techniques are combined, namely: • Black-box frameworks provide software components that encapsulate useful function-ality • Scripting languages allow one to specify compactly and declaratively how software components are plugged together to achieve some desired result • Architectural description languages are used to explicitly specify architectural styles in terms of the interfaces, contracts and composition rules that components must adhere to in order to be composed • Glue agents adapt components that need to bridge architectural styles • Coordination models provide the coordination media that allow distributed glue agents and components to communicate We expect to achieve results in the following areas: 1. Identify, specify and implement glue and coordination abstractions for composing heterogeneous software components 2. Catalogue and analyse architectural mismatch (glue) problems; experimentally apply our techniques to selected case studies 3. Develop formal models to reason about aspects of type (interface) matching, architectural styles (contracts) and coordination (implementation correctness and optimization) 4. Further develop and refine our experimental languages and tools (Piccola, FLO, Co-Co)
A recursive Bayesian filter for landmark-based localisation of a wheelchair robot

An odometry model, represented by a set of nodes (waypoints), is considered to be the infrastructure of any probabilistic-based localisation method. Gaussian and nonparametric filters utilise an odometry model to localise robots, while predictions are made by the filters to actively correct the robot's location and coordination. In this work, we present a recursive Bayesian filter for landmark recognition, which is used to verify the pose of a robotic wheelchair at a certain node location. The Bayesian rule in the proposed method does not incorporate a control action to rectify the robot's pose (passive localisation). The filter approximates the robot's pose based on a feature extraction sensor model. Features are extracted from local environmental regions (landmarks), and each landmark is assigned with a distinct posterior probability (signature), at each node location. A node is verified by the robot when the covariance between the posterior and prior probability falls bellow a threshold. We tested the proposed method in an indoor environment where accurate localisation results have been obtained. The experimentation demonstrated the robustness of the filter to work for passive localisation.
A Novel Monostable Multivibrator Circuit

This article represents a novel monostable multivibrator circuit in which width and height of the pulse output can be independent electronically adjusted. In addition, the pulse width of output is not restricted to be wider or narrower than that of input pulse as conventionally employed. Namely, there is no restriction on the width of input and output pulse, the circuit's implementation is thus more convenient. The proposed circuit is composed of three OTAs, two resistors and one capacitor, basically constructed a simple pulse generator (Schmitt-trigger circuit). Therewith the compactness of the circuit, it is thus suitable to be fabricated for integrated circuit. The results of circuit simulation is accordance well with theoretical analysis.
A highly efficient path-restoration protocol for management of optical network transport integrity

Distributed path restoration based on optical cross-connects can provide highly capacity-efficient real-time restoration for WDM-based optical networking. However, to obtain an assured restoration level with the theoretically very low amounts of spare capacity that path restoration allows, one must solve, or closely approximate a solution to, the integer multicommodity maximum flow (MCMF) problem, MCMF is, however a hard combinatorial optimization problem due to what is called the "mutual capacity" aspects of the problem: which of many competing origin-destination pairs should be allowed paths over the finite spares on each span? Integer MCMF is further complicated by the nonunimodular nature of the problem, i.e., fractional flows are forbidden but would arise if solved by linear programming. This paper presents a heuristic principle that tests well against integer programming solutions of MCMF routing. The heuristic is first characterized in a centralized program, then adapted for use in a distributed path restoration protocol. In all test cases, the protocol obtains over 97% of the paths found in an optimal MCMF solution in the same network. Via OPNET simulation it is also predicted that the protocol will run in well under 2 seconds which means it could be used directly in real-time, or in distributed prefailure self-planning, for restoration. The significance is that network operators could aggressively optimize their spare capacity, toward theoretical minimums, while still assuring 100% restorability.
Phase 2 of CATALISE: a multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development: Terminology

Background Lack of agreement about criteria and terminology for children's language problems affects access to services as well as hindering research and practice. We report the second phase of a study using an online Delphi method to address these issues. In the first phase, we focused on criteria for language disorder. Here we consider terminology. Methods The Delphi method is an iterative process in which an initial set of statements is rated by a panel of experts, who then have the opportunity to view anonymised ratings from other panel members. On this basis they can either revise their views or make a case for their position. The statements are then revised based on panel feedback, and again rated by and commented on by the panel. In this study, feedback from a second round was used to prepare a final set of statements in narrative form. The panel included 57 individuals representing a range of professions and nationalities. Results We achieved at least 78% agreement for 19 of 21 statements within two rounds of ratings. These were collapsed into 12 statements for the final consensus reported here. The term ‘Language Disorder’ is recommended to refer to a profile of difficulties that causes functional impairment in everyday life and is associated with poor prognosis. The term, ‘Developmental Language Disorder’ (DLD) was endorsed for use when the language disorder was not associated with a known biomedical aetiology. It was also agreed that (a) presence of risk factors (neurobiological or environmental) does not preclude a diagnosis of DLD, (b) DLD can co‐occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. ADHD) and (c) DLD does not require a mismatch between verbal and nonverbal ability. Conclusions This Delphi exercise highlights reasons for disagreements about terminology for language disorders and proposes standard definitions and nomenclature.
Translating genomics to the clinic: implications of cancer heterogeneity.

BACKGROUND Sequencing of cancer genomes has become a pivotal method for uncovering and understanding the deregulated cellular processes driving tumor initiation and progression. Whole-genome sequencing is evolving toward becoming less costly and more feasible on a large scale; consequently, thousands of tumors are being analyzed with these technologies. Interpreting these data in the context of tumor complexity poses a challenge for cancer genomics. CONTENT The sequencing of large numbers of tumors has revealed novel insights into oncogenic mechanisms. In particular, we highlight the remarkable insight into the pathogenesis of breast cancers that has been gained through comprehensive and integrated sequencing analysis. The analysis and interpretation of sequencing data, however, must be considered in the context of heterogeneity within and among tumor samples. Only by adequately accounting for the underlying complexity of cancer genomes will the potential of genome sequencing be understood and subsequently translated into improved management of patients. SUMMARY The paradigm of personalized medicine holds promise if patient tumors are thoroughly studied as unique and heterogeneous entities and clinical decisions are made accordingly. Associated challenges will be ameliorated by continued collaborative efforts among research centers that coordinate the sharing of mutation, intervention, and outcomes data to assist in the interpretation of genomic data and to support clinical decision-making.
Explanation in Science

Scientific explanation is an important goal of scientific practise. Philosophers have proposed a striking diversity of seemingly incompatible accounts of explanation, from deductive-nomological to statistical relevance, unification, pragmatic, causalmechanical, mechanistic, causal intervention, asymptotic, and model-based accounts. In this dissertation I apply two novel methods to reexamine our evidence about scientific explanation in practise and thereby address the fragmentation of philosophical accounts. I start by collecting a data set of 781 articles from one year of the journal Science. Using automated text mining techniques I measure the frequency and distribution of several groups of philosophically interesting words, such as “explain”, “cause”, “evidence”, “theory”, “law”, “mechanism”, and “model”. I show that “explain” words are much more common in scientific writing than in other genres, occurring in roughly half of all articles, and that their use is very often qualified or negated. These results about the use of words complement traditional conceptual analysis. Next I use random samples from the data set to develop a large number of small case studies across a wide range of scientific disciplines. I use a sample of “explain” sentences to develop and defend a new general philosophical account of scientific explanation, and then test my account against a larger set of randomly sampled sentences and abstracts. Five coarse categories can classify the explanans and explananda of my cases: data, entities, kinds, models, and theories. The pair of the categories of the explanans and explanandum indicates the “form” of an explanation. The explain-relation supports counterfactual reasoning about the dependence of qualities of the explanandum on qualities of the explanans. But for each form there is a different “core relation” between explanans and explanandum that supports the explain-relation. Causation, modelling, and argument are the core relations for different forms of scientific explanation between different categories of explanans and explananda. This flexibility allows me to resolve some of the fragmentation in the philosophical literature. I provide empirical evidence to show that my general philosophical account successfully describes a wide range of scientific practise across a large number of scientific disciplines.
CDK4 is a probable target gene in a novel amplicon at 12q13.3–q14.1 in lung cancer

Several chromosomal regions are recurrently amplified or deleted in lung tumors, but little is known about the underlying genes, which could be important mediators in tumor formation or progression. In lung cancer, the RB1–CCND1–CDKN2A pathway, involved in the G1–S transition, is damaged in nearly all tumors. In the present study, we localized a novel amplicon in lung tumors to a fragment of less than 0.5 Mb at 12q13.3–q14.1 by using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on cDNA microarrays. This approach enabled us to identify 10–15 genes with the most consistent amplifications. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR analyses of 13 genes in this region showed that four of them (CDK4, CYP27B1, METTL1, and TSFM) were also highly up‐regulated. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of 141 tumor samples on a tissue microarray showed that CDK4 was expressed at a high level in 23% of lung tumors. Six (21.4%) of the tumors with high CDK4 expression (n = 28) were shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to contain the 12q13.3–q14.1 amplification. For CDK4, a positive correlation was found between gene copy number (FISH and CGH array), mRNA expression (RT‐PCR), and level of protein expression (IHC). CDK4 expression did not correlate with CDKN2A methylation status. Amplification of CDK4 has been described in other tumor types, but its role in lung cancer remains to be elucidated. Although CDK4 amplification seems to be a relatively rare event (4.3%) in lung tumors, it indicates the significance of the RB1–CCND1 pathway in lung tumorigenesis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
32-Bit NxN Matrix Multiplication: Performance Evaluation for Altera FPGA, i5 Clarkdale, and Atom Pineview-D Intel General Purpose Processors

Nowadays mobile devices represent a significant portion of the market for embedded systems, and are continuously demanded in daily life. From the end-user perspective size, weight, features are the key quality criteria. These benchmarks criteria became the usual design constraints in the embedded systems design process and put a high impact on the power consumption. This paper survey and explore different low power design techniques for FPGA and processors. We compare, evaluate, and analyze, the power and energy consumption in three different designs namely, Altera FPGA Cyclone II which has a systolic array matrix multiplication implemented, i5 Clarkdale, and Atom Pineview-D Intel general purpose processors, which multiply two nxn 32-bit matrices and produce a 64-bit matrix as an output. We concluded that FPGA is a more power and energy efficient on low matrix size. However, general purpose processor performance is close to FPGA on larger matrix size as the larger cache size in general purpose processor help in reducing latency. We also concluded that the performance of FPGA can be improved in terms of latency if more systolic array processing elements are implemented in parallel to allow more concurrency.
Cooperative planning for coupled multi-agent systems under timed temporal specifications

This paper presents a fully automated procedure for controller synthesis for multi-agent systems under coupling constraints. Each agent has dynamics consisting of two terms: the first one models the coupling constraints and the other one is an additional bounded control input. We aim to design these inputs so that each agent meets an individual high-level specification given as a Metric Interval Temporal Logic (MITL). First, a decentralized abstraction that provides a time and space discretization of the multi-agent system is designed. Second, by utilizing this abstraction and techniques from formal verification, we provide an algorithm that computes the individual runs which provably satisfy the high-level tasks. The overall approach is demonstrated in a simulation example.
Three-dimensional positioning and structure of chromosomes in a human prophase nucleus

High-resolution three-dimensional structure of chromosomes in a human prophase nucleus from electron microscopy. The human genetic material is packaged into 46 chromosomes. The structure of chromosomes is known at the lowest level, where the DNA chain is wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Around a million of these nucleosomes, each about 11 nm in diameter and 6 nm in thickness, are wrapped up into the complex organelle of the chromosome, whose structure is mostly known at the level of visible light microscopy to form a characteristic cross shape in metaphase. However, the higher-order structure of human chromosomes, between a few tens and hundreds of nanometers, has not been well understood. We show a three-dimensional (3D) image of a human prophase nucleus obtained by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, with 36 of the complete set of 46 chromosomes captured within it. The acquired image allows us to extract quantitative 3D structural information about the nucleus and the preserved, intact individual chromosomes within it, including their positioning and full spatial morphology at a resolution of around 50 nm in three dimensions. The chromosome positions were found, at least partially, to follow the pattern of chromosome territories previously observed only in interphase. The 3D conformation shows parallel, planar alignment of the chromatids, whose occupied volumes are almost fully accounted for by the DNA and known chromosomal proteins. We also propose a potential new method of identifying human chromosomes in three dimensions, on the basis of the measurements of their 3D morphology.
Environmental education for the 21st century : international and interdisciplinary perspectives

This volume offers many entry points for environmental teaching. Its scope and range provide a stimulating overview of the state of the art in the environmental curriculum in the humanities, the social sciences, teacher education, family and consumer sciences, business, and journalism as well as perspectives on creating a green academic environment through teaching, administration, and media relations.
HabaneroUPC++: a Compiler-free PGAS Library

The Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming models combine shared and distributed memory features, providing the basis for high performance and high productivity parallel programming environments. UPC++ [39] is a very recent PGAS implementation that takes a library-based approach and avoids the complexities associated with compiler transformations. However, this implementation does not support dynamic task parallelism and only relies on other threading models (e.g., OpenMP or pthreads) for exploiting parallelism within a PGAS place. In this paper, we introduce a compiler-free PGAS library called HabaneroUPC++, which supports a tighter integration of intra-place and inter-place parallelism than standard hybrid programming approaches. The library makes heavy use of C++11 lambda functions in its APIs. C++11 lambdas avoid the need for compiler support while still retaining the syntactic convenience of language-based approaches. The HabaneroUPC++ library implementation is based on a tight integration of the UPC++ library and the Habanero-C++ library, with new extensions to support the integration. The UPC++ library is used to provide PGAS communication and function shipping support using GASNet, and the Habanero-C++ library is used to provide support for intra-place work-stealing integrated with function shipping. We demonstrate the programmability and performance of our implementation using two benchmarks, scaled up to 6K cores. The insights developed in this paper promise to further enhance the usability and popularity of PGAS programming models.
KCL-MTH-03-09 hep-th//0307098 E11, SL(32) and Central Charges

We show that the E 11 representation that contains the space-time translation generators also contains the rank two and five totally anti-symmetric representations of A 10. By studying the behaviour of these latter A 10 representations under SL(32), which we argue is contained in the Cartan involution invariant sub-algebra of E 11 , we find that the rank two and five totally anti-symmetric representations must be identified with the central charges of the eleven dimensional supersymmetry algebra.