Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Making Choices Depletes the Self's Resources and Impairs Subsequent Self-Regulation

among these key constructs. In addition, it also uncovers several unforeseen drawbacks associated with consumer social capital mobilization. Identification of these adverse aspects of social capital adds richness and depth to social capital theory, both inside and outside of the consumer domain. Finally, the paper integrates various findings to arrive at a dynamic conceptualization of social capital theory in the context of consumption. Doing so helps to provide new theoretical insight into this interesting and important dimension of consumer behavior.Finally, our data suggest that the outcomes derived from social capital mobilization impact other important aspects of consumer research, including: reactions to persuasion attempts, customer satisfaction and loyalty, cognitive biases, consideration and choice sets, and referral behavior. As a result, understanding the ways in which consumers utilize social capital to make purchases may illuminate other important dimensions of consumer behavior. Choice is a complex aspect of human life. Each day, consumers make choices that range from integral to trivial. Choices that at one time were fairly simple (e.g., small, medium, or large coffee) have become extremely complex (e.g., in 2003 Starbuck’s patrons could choose from 19,000 different beverage selections). Although most consumers would agree that choice, in general, is desirable, choice is not without drawbacks. For one, the information overload that accompanies large choice sets can confuse and frustrate consumers (Huffman and Kahn 1998; Maholtra 1982), even to the point of lessening the odds that consumers will purchase a product out of a large choice set, as compared to when consumers are faced with smaller choice sets (Iyengar and Lepper 2000). Our investigation provides one explanation for choice’s disadvantageous outcomes. We hypothesized that choice is costly to the executive function and can have harmful effects on subsequent tasks. Recent work has focused on an internal resource, resembling energy, upon which the self draws to power the executive function. This resource has been shown to be depleted by the executive function’s actions, showed of passivity as participants for
Expression and functional characterization of ABCG2 in brain endothelial cells and vessels

Delivery of drugs to the brain is impeded by the activity of efflux pumps expressed by endothelial cells of brain vasculature. The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, among which ABCB1/MDR1 P‐glycoprotein and ABCC1/multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 are expressed in brain endothelial cells, participate in drug efflux properties of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). Searches of the EST (expressed sequence tags) database with the conserved ABC domain, conducted to identify other ABC transporters expressed in the BBB, recovered 15 ABC transporter sequences expressed in human brain cDNA libraries. One of these sequences, identical to ABCG2, was highly expressed in cultured human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells and human brain tissue at both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of human ABCG2 in immortalized rat brain endothelial cells resulted in enhanced polarized abluminal to luminal transport of various substrates tested in the in vitro BBB model. Brain vessels extracted from tissue sections of nonmalignant human brain and glioblastoma tomors by laser capture microdissection microscopy and analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed higher expression of ABCG2 relative to ABCB1/MDR1 and ABCC1/MRP1. ABCG2 was up‐regulated in both glioblastoma vessels and parenchymal tissue. These studies suggest a role for brain endothelial ABCG2 transporter in modulating drug delivery to the brain and in conferring drug resistance to glioblastomas.
Automatically Acquiring Causal Expression Patterns from Relation-annotated Corpora to Improve Question Answering for why-Questions

This article describes our approach for answering why-questions that we initially introduced at NTCIR-6 QAC-4. The approach automatically acquires causal expression patterns from relation-annotated corpora by abstracting text spans annotated with a causal relation and by mining syntactic patterns that are useful for distinguishing sentences annotated with a causal relation from those annotated with other relations. We use these automatically acquired causal expression patterns to create features to represent answer candidates, and use these features together with other possible features related to causality to train an answer candidate ranker that maximizes the QA performance with regards to the corpus of why-questions and answers. NAZEQA, a Japanese why-QA system based on our approach, clearly outperforms baselines with a Mean Reciprocal Rank (top-5) of 0.223 when sentences are used as answers and with a MRR (top-5) of 0.326 when paragraphs are used as answers, making it presumably the best-performing fully implemented why-QA system. Experimental results also verified the usefulness of the automatically acquired causal expression patterns.
Recovery Using Backup Channels in Channel-Hopping Cognitive Networks

When a channel-hopping cognitive network experiences a collision with primary user transmission, it may re-form the network by repeating the network formation (rendezvous) procedure, which is costly and time-consuming, or attempt to recover by re-establishing operation on an idle channel from a predefined backup set. In this paper we analyze a practical recovery mechanism implemented atop the transmission tax-based MAC protocol. The recovery mechanism uses a list of backup channels obtained from sensing data. We investigate the performance of the mechanism and show that a small number of backup channels suffices to ensure speedy and reliable recovery.
Chapter 9 Security Issues Resulting from Interoperability

Once coalition networks are established, the vulnerability of information systems may increase. Internal propagation of a worm with the characteristics of, for example, “Nimbda” or “Code Red” can generate internal broadcast storms behind the network firewalls. There are significant limitations to applying simulation information security issues. Most security vulnerabilities occur at the end points and evaluating the actual systems best assesses these vulnerabilities. However, network simulation is an obvious choice for evaluating the impact of primary and secondary packet storms on large, internal networks.
Age-Related Health Hazards in Old Patients with First-Time Referral to a Rheumatologist: A Descriptive Study

Objective. To study the prevalence of generic age-related health hazards in elderly patient referred to a rheumatologist. Methods. Patients aged 75 or older referred to a specialized gerontorheumatological outpatient service over a period of 2 years were studied prospectively to determine the prevalence of comorbidities, a history of falls, inactivity, cognitive dysfunction, loneliness, and depression in this patient group. Results. A group of 154 patients were included in the study. Comorbidities were observed in 88% of the patients. At least one fall was reported in the last year by 44% of the patients; 44% of the patients reported low levels of health-enhancing physical activity. Depressed mood and loneliness were elevated in 30% and 31% of the patients, respectively. Mild or moderate cognitive impairment was observed in 13% of the patients. Conclusion. Patients in this study were characterized by poor physical ability, high levels of pain, and high prevalence of age-related health hazards.
A measure of similarity for binary programs with a hierarchical structure

Finding similar binary programs is a challenging task, as there is no best way to compute this kind of similarity. The approach in the current paper is based on the fact that some programs retain structural information from the source code, like the division into packages, classes and methods. Using such a hierarchical structure, comparison algorithms based on OpCode n-grams can be enriched in order to produce more meaningful results. The method was implemented in order to detect plagiarism cases in a collection of Android applications written in Java. By employing the new techniques, the plagiarism detector exceeded 95% in terms of both precision and recall. The algorithm performance is also better if we use the new information about the program hierarchy, as the proposed system managed to compare large applications of over 7000 methods in about 15 seconds. By automatically detecting plagiarism cases from an early stage, our framework can limit the loss in financial revenue for the legitimate developers.
String-Matching and Update through Algebraic Signatures in Scalable Distributed Data Structures

Scalable distributed data structures (SDDSs) store large scalable files over a distributed RAM of nodes in a grid or a P2P network. The files scale transparently for the applications. The prototype system was designed by CERIA, experiments with this technology for Wintel multicomputers. The application may manipulate data much faster than on local disks. We present the functions we have put into the prototype we now call SDDS-2004. We improve the searches and updates of records in our SDDS files. An original property of these functions is the use of the algebraic signatures. This technique serves the distributed non-key record search. The search may concern the entire field or a (sub)string. The algebraic properties of the signatures act similarly to hash schemes in the work of R.M. Karp and M.O. Rabin (1987). In particular, sending a few-byte signature of the searched string alone, suffices for the search. This makes the communication between the SDDS client and server more efficient. It is also more confidential, since the signature in an intercepted message does not disclose the searched string. On the other hand, we use the signatures for the update management. The clients do not need to then to send updates which in fact do not change the stored records. Finally, our signatures help managing the concurrency control. We present our architecture and design choices. Performance measures validate our implementation. It is now available for download in site of CERIA
Symptoms of anxiety and depression and risk of acute myocardial infarction: the HUNT 2 study

Aims The nature of the association of depression and anxiety with risk for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. We aimed to study the prospective association of single and recurrent self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression with a risk of AMI in a large Norwegian population based cohort. Methods and results In the second wave of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2, 1995–97) baseline data on anxiety and depression symptoms, sociodemographic variables, health status including cardiovascular risk factors and common chronic disorders were registered for 57 953 adult men and women free of cardiovascular disease. The cohort was followed up during a mean (SD) 11.4 (2.9) years for a first AMI from baseline through 2008. A total of 2111 incident AMIs occurred, either identified at hospitals or by the National Cause of Death Registry. The multi-adjusted hazard ratios were 1.31 (95% CI 1.03–1.66) for symptoms of depression and 1.25 (CI 0.99–1.57) for anxiety. Two episodes of mixed symptoms of anxiety and depression (MSAD), reported 10 years apart, increased the risk for AMI by 52% (11–108%). After exclusion of the first 5 years of follow-up, the association of depression symptoms with AMI risk was attenuated. Relative risk for AMI with anxiety symptoms and MSAD weakened when participants with chronic disorders were excluded. Conclusion Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, especially if recurrent, were moderately associated with the risk of incident AMI. We had some indications that these associations might partly reflect reverse causation or confounding from common chronic diseases.
Research on Quality Evaluation Methods of Watermarked Printing Image Based on Image Dissimilarity

The watermarked printing image is a kind of multi-source heterogeneous image, which could be divided into the watermarking embedded process, the printing stage and the authentication phase. Image quality evaluation plays various roles in different image coding stages. In three stages, its functions are in turn providing direct modify data to optimize watermarking algorithms, evaluating robustness of the attacked watermark, and judging the veracity of product packaging, respectively, The idea of image dissimilarity expounds the presentation form, the characteristic direction and the generated reasons of differences before and after images distortion. It aims at using one-dimensional, two-dimensional or multi-dimensional spatial feature to express mathematically the macroscopic or microscopic transformation of the attacked image, At present, the classification method is uncommon that image quality evaluation is divided into image dissimilarity and image similarity. The image quality evaluation methods based on image similarity is numerous, while a few methods based on image dissimilarity are only presented from the two metrics of pixels gray value and singular values. But the latter could just makes up for its some shortages. Then according to the ideal of image similarity, it is feasible to in-depth research and establish the unified quality evaluation standard of watermarked printing image base image dissimilarity.
Platelet Activating Factor Blocks Interkinetic Nuclear Migration in Retinal Progenitors through an Arrest of the Cell Cycle at the S/G2 Transition

Nuclear migration is regulated by the LIS1 protein, which is the regulatory subunit of platelet activating factor (PAF) acetyl-hydrolase, an enzyme complex that inactivates the lipid mediator PAF. Among other functions, PAF modulates cell proliferation, but its effects upon mechanisms of the cell cycle are unknown. Here we show that PAF inhibited interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM) in retinal proliferating progenitors. The lipid did not, however, affect the velocity of nuclear migration in cells that escaped IKNM blockade. The effect depended on the PAF receptor, Erk and p38 pathways and Chk1. PAF induced no cell death, nor a reduction in nucleotide incorporation, which rules out an intra-S checkpoint. Notwithstanding, the expected increase in cyclin B1 content during G2-phase was prevented in the proliferating cells. We conclude that PAF blocks interkinetic nuclear migration in retinal progenitor cells through an unusual arrest of the cell cycle at the transition from S to G2 phases. These data suggest the operation, in the developing retina, of a checkpoint that monitors the transition from S to G2 phases of the cell cycle.
XSLT by example

XQBE (XQuery By Example, [1]), a visual dialect of XQuery, uses hierarchical structures to express transformations between XML documents. XSLT, the standard transformation language for XML, is increasingly popular among programmers and Web developers for separating the application and presentation layers of Web applications. However, its syntax and its rule-based execution paradigm are rather intricate, and the number of XSLT experts is limited; the availability of easier "dialects" could be extremely valuable and may contribute to the adoption of XML for developing data-centered Web applications and services. With this motivation in mind, we adapted XQBE to serve as a visual interface for expressing XML-to-XML transformations and generate the XSLT code that performs such transformations.
Bidding Markets with Financial Constraints

We develop a model of bidding markets with financial constraints a la Che and Gale (1998b) in which two firms optimally choose their budgets. First, we provide an alternative explanation for the dispersion of markups and “money left on the table” across procurement auctions. Interestingly, this explanation does not hinge on significant private information but on di? erences, both endogenous and exogenous, in the availability of financial resources. Second, we explain why the empirical analysis of the size of markups may be biased downwards or upwards with a bias positively correlated with the availability of financial resources when the researcher assumes that the data are generated by the standard auction model. Third, we show that large concentration and persistent asymmetries in market shares together with occasional leadership reversals can arise as a consequence of the firms internal financial decisions even in the absence of exogenous shocks. JEL classification: bidding markets ; ? nancial constraints ; markups ; money left on the table ; market shares ; industry dynamics JEL codes: L13, D43, D44
A Novel Technique for Efficient Text Document Summarization as a Service

Due to an exponential growth in the generation of web data, the need for tools and mechanisms for automatic summarization of Web documents has become very critical. Web data can be accessed from multiple sources, for e.g. on different Web pages, which makes searching for relevant pieces of information a difficult task. Therefore, an automatic summarizer is vital towards reducing human effort. Text summarization is an important activity in the analysis of a high volume text documents and is currently a major research topic in Natural Language Processing. It is the process of generation of the summary of an input document by extracting the representative sentences from it. In this paper, we present a novel technique for generating the summarization of domain specific text from a single Web document by using statistical NLP techniques on the text in a reference corpus and on the web document. The summarizer proposed generates a summary based on the calculated Sentence Weight (SW), the rank of a sentence in the document's content, the number of terms and the number of words in a sentence, and using term frequency in the input corpus.
A Clarification of Link-Based Global Scheduling

The analysis of link-based global scheduling presented in [1, 2] rests on the assumptions that (i) schedulability is established using a global schedulability test assuming fully preemptive, independent tasks,1 and that (ii) any additional delays incurred due to non-preemptive sections are accounted for by inflating the worst-case execution parameter of each task prior to applying the test. We clarify these requirements, which were implicitly assumed (and met) in [1, 2], but not explicitly stated, in the following.
Resources as a Protective Factor for Negative Outcomes of Frailty in Elderly People

Background: Although frailty is often conceptualized in terms of deficits, the level of frailty can be perceived as a complex interplay between deficits and resources. Objective: We studied whether resources such as educational level, financial situation, and living-alone status moderate the negative effects of deficits on two potentially adverse consequences of frailty: self-perceived health and receiving professional care. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was performed with data from a cross-sectional survey, designed by the public health service in the south of the Netherlands. The questionnaire was completed by a representative sample of people aged 70 and over (n = 5,559). Interaction effects between deficits (multimorbidity, difficulty performing ADLs, psychological distress, loneliness) and resources (educational level, financial situation, living-alone status) were studied in relation to self-perceived health and receiving professional care. Results: We found that in males the effect of difficulty in performing ADLs on self-perceived health was modified by educational level (p < 0.05, indicating that difficulty in performing ADLs is more strongly related to moderate/bad self-perceived health for those with higher education). In females, the effect of psychological distress on self-perceived health was modified by educational level (p < 0.05, indicating that suffering from psychological distress is more strongly related to moderate/bad self-perceived health for those with higher education) and the effect of difficulty in performing ADLs on receiving professional care was modified by living-alone status (p < 0.05, indicating that difficulty in performing ADLs was more strongly related to receiving professional care for those women who lived alone). Conclusions: Resources moderate the impact of personal deficits on self-perceived health and receiving professional care. Some frail people seem to be more vulnerable as they lack resources such as a high level of education. This should be taken into account in deciding when elderly people are at risk of negative outcomes of frailty and is therefore important for health professionals and policy-makers.
Optimal clustering for wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodes

In this paper, we propose a clustering algorithm to enhance the performance of WSNs. In each cluster, a multi-level hierarchical structure can be applied to improve on throughput, delay, and energy consumption. In each cluster, besides the cluster head, some nodes can be selected as intermediate nodes according to their positions; INs are responsible for aggregating data from general nodes and sending them to the CH. Moreover, to shorten delay, simultaneous access mechanism is proposed. Simulation results indicate a promising direction in supporting real-time and save energy in high density sensor networks.
A New Stability Criterion of Fuzzy Systems with Interval Time-varying Delay

The problem of the stability of fuzzy systems with interval time-varying delay is addressed. The time-delay is assumed to belong to a given interval. The systems are approximated by Takagi–Sugeno(T–S)fuzzy models with interval time-varying delay. A Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, which is based on both the lower and upper bounds of interval time-varying delay, is proposed to derive a less conservative delay-dependent stability criteria. A numerical example is also given to show the effectiveness of the proposed stability criteria.
A Hybrid Approach at Emotional State Detection: Merging Theoretical Models of Emotion with Data-Driven Statistical Classifiers

With the rising popularity of affective computing techniques, there have been several advances in the field of emotion recognition systems. However, despite the several advances in the field, these systems still face scenario adaptability and practical implementation issues. In light of these issues, we developed a nonspecific method for emotional state classification in interactive environments. The proposed method employs a two-layer classification process to detect Arousal and Valence (the emotion's hedonic component), based on four psycho physiological metrics: Skin Conductance, Heart Rate and Electromyography measured at the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles. The first classification layer applies multiple regression models to correctly scale the aforementioned metrics across participants and experimental conditions, while also correlating them to the Arousal or Valence dimensions. The second layer then explores several machine learning techniques to merge the regression outputs into one final rating. The obtained results indicate we are able to classify Arousal and Valence independently from participant and experimental conditions with satisfactory accuracy (97% for Arousal and 91% for Valence).