Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sulfur chelllistry in the National Center for Atlllospheric Research Community Climate Model : Description , evaluation , features , and sensitivity to aqueous chelllistry

Sulfur chemistry lIas been incorporated in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model in an internally consisterlt manner with other parameterizations in the nlodel. The model predicts mixing ratios of dimethylsulfide (DMS), S02, SO~-, H20 2. Processes tllat control the mixing ratio of these species include the emissions of DMS aIld S02, transport of each species, gasand aqueous-phase chemistry, wet deposition, and dry deposition of species. Modeled concentrations agree qllite well with observations for DMS and H20 2, fairly well for S02, and not as well for SO~-. The modeled SO~tends to lln(lerestimate observed SO~at the surface and overestimate observations in tIle upper troposphere. 'TIle S02 and SO~species were tagged according to the chemical production pathway and whether the sulfur was of anthropogenic or biogenic origin. Although aqueous-phase reactions in cloud accounted for 81% of the sulfate production rate, only f'. J50-60% of the sulfate burden in the troposphere was derived from cloud chemistry. Because cloud chenlistry is an important source of sulfate in the troposphere, the importance of H20 2 concentratioIls and pH values was investigated. When prescribing H20 2 concentrations to clear-sky values iIlstead _of predicting 1120 2, the global-averaged, annual-averaged ill-cloud production of sulfate increased. Setting the pH of the drops to 4.5 also increased the in-cloud production of slilfate. In both sensitivity simulations, the increased ill-cloud production of sulfate decreased the burden of sulfate because less S02 was available for gas-phase conversion, wIlich contributes more efficiently to the troposplleric sulfate burden than does aqueous-phase conversion.
The Study on Estimate of College Information Management System

This article uses the estimate methods of famous international awards in developed countries for reference to study the estimate of college information management system in the viewpoint of practical application. To study the estimate of college information management system is significant not only for theory of estimate but also for practical worth. Carrying out the estimate on the designing developing applying and updating at the right time is a meaningful method for improving the quality of college information management system. Assessing the domain application of college information manage system will promote the progress of college information management system technology and exchange of college information management system application experience.
Enzymatic saccharification and lactic acid production from banana pseudo-stem through optimized pretreatment at lowest catalyst concentration

This work estimates the potential of banana pseudo-stem with high cellulosic content 42.2-63 %, for the production of fermentable sugars for lactic acid production through statistically optimized pretreatment method. To evaluate the catalyzed pretreatment efficiency of banana pseudo stem based on the enzymatic digestibility, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed for the optimization of pretreatment temperature and time using lowest concentrations of H2SO4, NaOH, NaOH catalyzed Na2S and Na2SO3 that seemed to be significant variables with P<0.05. High F and R2 values and low p-value for hydrolysis yield indicated the model predictability. The optimized condition for NaOH was determined to be conc. 1 %, temperature 130 oC for 2.6 hr; Na2S; conc. 1 %, temperature 130 oC for 2.29 hr; Na2SO3; conc. 1 %, temperature 130 oC for 2.41 hr and H2SO4; conc. 1 %, temperature 129.45 oC for 2.18 hr, produced 84.91 %, 85.23 %, 81.2 % and 76.02 % hydrolysis yield, respectively. Sulphuric acid provided 33+1 gL-1 reducing sugars in pretreatment step along with 38+0.5 gL-1 during enzymatic hydrolysis. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation of resulting sugars showed that the conversion of glucans into lactic acid reached 92 % of the theoretical yield of glucose.
Identity-Based Broadcast Group-Oriented Encryption from Pairings

In this paper, we formalize the notion of identity-based broadcast group-oriented encryption scheme and present a construction for it based on Gentry¿s IBE scheme. In our new scheme, the broadcaster could encrypt the message using the designated receive group¿s identity and any receiver in the designated group can independently decrypt the ciphertext. The newly proposed scheme has the following merits: Every member of the receiving group needs to keep only one private key; Both ciphertexts and system parameters are of constant size; A sender can send a secure message just by using the receive group's identity information, even before the receiver in the designated group obtains his private key from a PKG.
An Age‐Stratified Poisson Model for Comparing Trends in Cancer Rates Across Overlapping Regions

The annual percent change (APC) has been used as a measure to describe the trend in the age‐adjusted cancer incidence or mortality rate over relatively short time intervals. The yearly data on these age‐adjusted rates are available from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute. The traditional methods to estimate the APC is to fit a linear regression of logarithm of age‐adjusted rates on time using the least squares method or the weighted least squares method, and use the estimate of the slope parameter to define the APC as the percent change in the rates between two consecutive years. For comparing the APC for two regions, one uses a t‐test which assumes that the two datasets on the logarithm of the age‐adjusted rates are independent and normally distributed with a common variance. Two modifications of this test, when there is an overlap between the two regions or between the time intervals for the two datasets have been recently developed. The first modification relaxes the assumption of the independence of the two datasets but still assumes the common variance. The second modification relaxes the assumption of the common variance also, but assumes that the variances of the age‐adjusted rates are obtained using Poisson distributions for the mortality or incidence counts. In this paper, a unified approach to the problem of estimating the APC is undertaken by modeling the counts to follow an age‐stratified Poisson regression model, and by deriving a corrected Z ‐test for testing the equality of two APCs. A simulation study is carried out to assess the performance of the test and an application of the test to compare the trends, for a selected number of cancer sites, for two overlapping regions and with varied degree of overlapping time intervals is presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Enduring Appeal of Community Schools

Suggested Citation:Lee Benson, Ira Harkavy, Michael C. Johanek, and John Puckett. "The Enduring Appeal of Community Schools" American Educator 33.2 (2009):22-47.This title is also available at: http://www.aft. org/pdfs/americaneducator/summer2009/enduringappeal.pdfThis paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn. edu/gse_pubs/209For more information, please contact repository@pobox.upenn. edu.
Fast Traffic Sign Detection on greyscale images

This paper describes a traffic sign detection framework for greyscale images. The system is a heterogeneous cascade classifier formed by a rectangle features cascade followed by specific filters for each shape. We define two types of filters: The first one is based on local changes of the gradient direction and the second one is based on the idea of radial symmetry and gives us the centre of circular shapes. The filters use the position and the aspect ratio of the detected features to differentiate between real objects and false alarms of the rectangle cascade. At the end we use the PCA to eliminate the remaining false alarms.
Synthesis of multi-observers for discrete-time nonlinear systems with delayed output

Abstract. This paper deals with the state estimation of discrete-time nonlinear systems subject to delayed output measurements. These systems are represented in each operating zone by a specific model with the appropriate dimension that describes accurately the system behavior. The simulation results show clearly that the proposed multi-observer leads to satisfactory results of the estimation error convergence.
Overview of the UGV / Demo II Program

The UGV / Demo II program, begun in 1992, developed and matured those navigation and automatic target recognition technologies critical for the development of supervised, autonomous ground vehicles capable of performing military scout missions with a minimum of human oversight. The program culminated with a highly successful series of field exercises performed by soldiers at Ft. Hood, Texas over three weeks in May/June 1996. This paper provides an introduction to the UGV / Demo II program.
UX Heatmaps: Mapping User Experience on Visual Interfaces

In this paper, we present an off-the-shelf UX evaluation tool which contextualizes users' physiological and behavioral signals while interacting with a system. The proposed tool triangulates users' gaze data with inferred users' cognitive and emotional states to produce user experience (UX) heatmaps, which show where users were looking when they experienced specific cognitive and emotional states. Results show that for a given cognitive state (i.e., cognitive load), the proposed UX heatmap was able to effectively highlight the areas where users experienced different levels of cognitive load on an interface. The proposed tool enables the visual analysis of users' various emotional and cognitive states for specific areas on a given interface, and also to compare users' states across multiple interfaces, which should be useful for both UX researchers and practitioners.
Video Denoising Based on a Spatiotemporal Kalman-Bilateral Mixture Model

We propose a video denoising method based on a spatiotemporal Kalman-bilateral mixture model to reduce the noise in video sequences that are captured with low light. To take full advantage of the strong spatiotemporal correlations of neighboring frames, motion estimation is first performed on video frames consisting of previously denoised frames and the current noisy frame by using block-matching method. Then, current noisy frame is processed in temporal domain and spatial domain by using Kalman filter and bilateral filter, respectively. Finally, by weighting the denoised frames from Kalman filtering and bilateral filtering, we can obtain a satisfactory result. Experimental results show that the performance of our proposed method is competitive when compared with state-of-the-art video denoising algorithms based on both peak signal-to-noise-ratio and structural similarity evaluations.
A new genus of highly specialized ants in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

A new genus of ants, Zigrasimecia Barden and Grimaldi, is described for a new and uniquely specialized species, Z. tonsora Barden and Grimaldi n.sp. , preserved in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. The amber is radiometrically dated at 99 myo. Zigrasimecia is closely related to another basal genus of ants known only in Burmese and French Cretaceous amber, Sphecomyrmodes Engel and Grimaldi, based in part on the shared possession of a comb of pegs on the clypeal margin, as well as mandible structure. Highly specialized features of Zigrasimecia include extensive development of the clypeal comb, a thick brush of setae on the oral surface of the mandibles and on the labrum, and a head that is broad, flattened, and which bears a crown of blackened, rugose cuticle. Mouthparts are hypothesized to have functioned in a unique manner, showing no clear signs of dentition representative of "chewing" or otherwise processing solid food. Although all ants in Burmese amber are basal, stem-group taxa, there is an unexpected diversity of mouthpart morphologies and probable feeding modes.
Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease and Oxidative Stress

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly adults. It is estimated that 10% of the world's population aged more than 60–65 years could currently be affected by AD, and that in the next 20 years, there could be more than 30 million people affected by this pathology. One of the great challenges in this regard is that AD is not just a scientific problem; it is associated with major psychosocial and ethical dilemmas and has a negative impact on national economies. The neurodegenerative process that occurs in AD involves a specific nervous cell dysfunction, which leads to neuronal death. Mutations in APP, PS1, and PS2 genes are causes for early onset AD. Several animal models have demonstrated that alterations in these proteins are able to induce oxidative damage, which in turn favors the development of AD. This paper provides a review of many, although not all, of the mutations present in patients with familial Alzheimer's disease and the association between some of these mutations with both oxidative damage and the development of the pathology.
Study of Active Queue Management Using OPNET

Improving the quality of service (QoS) of Internet traffic is widely recognized as a critical issue for next-generation networks. To address this issue, we are using OPNET to help us to conceive, develop, and test new schemes, models, and algorithms for improving the performance of active queue management. Different proposed schemes, models, and algorithms are implemented in OPNET, and are evaluated by simulations. This paper presented our works in proposing new active queue management scheme and the simulation evaluation in heterogeneous network environment. The simulated results will enable us to validate different active queue management schemes and algorithms, in order to gain valuable insights for developing and deploying active buffer management schemes in next-generation networks. Introduction Today's Internet is moving toward providing quality capable service to increasing traffic volume with multiple traffic types such as ftp, email, http, video, voice, etc. Each different traffic type requires its corresponding quality of service (QoS). For example, interactive video requires low delay/jitter transmission, while ftp cares about packet loss. To achieve these goals, the Internet Engineer Task Force recommended the deployment of active queue management in an Internet router [1]. Today, several models of the Internet router with active queue management capable are commercially available [2].
An 850-μm SCUBA map of the Groth Strip and reliable source extraction

We present an 850-μm map and list of candidate sources in a subarea of the Groth Strip observed using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA). The map consists of a long strip of adjoining jiggle-maps covering the southwestern 70 arcmin2 of the original Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 Groth Strip to an average 1σ rms noise level of ≃3.5 mJy. We initially detect seven candidate sources with signal-to-noise ratios between 3.0 and 3.5σ and four candidate sources with signal-to-noise ratio ≥3.5. Simulations suggest that on average in a map this size one expects 1.6 false positive sources ≥3.5σ and 4.5 between 3 and 3.5σ. Flux boosting in maps is a well-known effect and we have developed a simple Bayesian prescription for estimating the unboosted flux distribution and used this method to determine the best flux estimates of our sources. This method is easily adapted for any other modest signal-to-noise survey in which there is prior knowledge of the source counts. We performed follow-up photometry in an attempt to confirm or reject five of our source candidates. We failed to significantly redetect three of the five sources in the noisiest regions of the map, suggesting that they are either spurious or have true fluxes close to the noise level. However, we did confirm the reality of two of the SCUBA sources, although at lower flux levels than suggested in the map. Not surprisingly, we find that the photometry results are consistent with and confirm the de-boosted map fluxes. Our final candidate source list contains three sources, including the two confirmed detections and one further candidate source with signal-to-noise ratio >3.5σ which has a reasonable chance of being real. We performed correlations and found evidence of positive flux at the positions of XMM–Newton X-ray sources. The 95 per cent lower limit for the average flux density of these X-ray sources is 0.8 mJy.
Signaling Strategies of Malaria Parasite for Its Survival, Proliferation, and Infection during Erythrocytic Stage

Irrespective of various efforts, malaria persist the most debilitating effect in terms of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the existing drugs are also vulnerable to the emergence of drug resistance. To explore the potential targets for designing the most effective antimalarial therapies, it is required to focus on the facts of biochemical mechanism underlying the process of parasite survival and disease pathogenesis. This review is intended to bring out the existing knowledge about the functions and components of the major signaling pathways such as kinase signaling, calcium signaling, and cyclic nucleotide-based signaling, serving the various aspects of the parasitic asexual stage and highlighted the Toll-like receptors, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling, and molecular events in cytoadhesion, which elicit the host immune response. This discussion will facilitate a look over essential components for parasite survival and disease progression to be implemented in discovery of novel antimalarial drugs and vaccines.
Practical Authentication in Distributed Environments

Authentication is one of the biggest issues concerning information security in the context of distributed environments. Actually, this crucial step enables both to authorize (or not) a user to access a resource and to define different classes of users on the system. Many papers, like [16], [17], expound various solutions to provide authentication in distributed environments. Our contribution in this article consists in drawing a general overview of current authentication solutions in such context, while providing a classification of computing grids based on administrative heterogeneity. With this intention, this paper details successively authentication aspects regarding the main operating systems, some widespread protocols and the integration of physical media.
Time domain channel estimation for amplify-and-forward relay in OFDM systems

In this paper, we consider an amplify-and-forward (AF) OFDM relaying system without direct channel between the source node and the destination node. Different from the traditional frequency domain channel estimation, we utilize the special comb-type pilots to perform the time domain processing, and estimate the equivalent end-to-end channel impulse response. Simulation results show that our proposed method can obtain satisfactory performance while it has relatively low complexity.
Soft Tissue Balancing of Varus Arthritic Knee in Minimally Invasive Surgery Total Knee Arthroplasty: Comparison between Posterior Oblique Ligament Release and Superficial MCL Release

Purpose To assess proper soft tissue balancing of the varus arthritic knee between posterior oblique ligament (POL) release group and superficial medial collateral ligament (SMCL) release group. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was performed on 186 patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery (MIS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from January 2011 to December 2011. Eighty-three patients were in the group of SMCL release and 103 patients were in the POL release group. We intended to use a 10 mm polyethylene insert (PE) during TKA, and retrospectively compared the actual thickness of PE between POL release group and SMCL release group. Results The mean PE thickness was 10.59±1.3 mm (range, 8 to 15 mm) in POL group and 11.88±1.8 mm (range, 10 to 18 mm) in SMCL group (p=0.001). We found a significant difference in the mean PE thickness between POL release group and SMCL release group. Conclusions POL and deep MCL releases in MIS-TKA would be beneficial for varus deformity correction in the osteoarthritic knee.
Overview of the Alcator C-Mod Research Program

This paper summarizes highlights of research results from the Alcator C-Mod tokamak covering the period 2006–2008. Active flow drive, using mode converted ion cyclotron waves, has been observed for the first time in a tokamak plasma, using a mix of D and 3He ion species; toroidal and poloidal flows are driven near the location of the mode conversion layer. ICRF induced edge sheaths are implicated in both the erosion of thin boron coatings and the generation of metallic impurities. Lower hybrid range of frequencies (LHRF) microwaves have been used for efficient current drive, current profile modification and toroidal flow drive. In addition, LHRF has been used to modify the H-mode pedestal, increasing temperature, decreasing density and lowering the pedestal collisionality. Studies of hydrogen isotope retention in solid metallic plasma facing components reveal significantly higher retention than expected from ex situ laboratory studies; a model to explain the results, based on plasma/neutral induced lattice damage, has been developed and tested. During gas-puff mitigation of disruptions, induced MHD instabilities cause the magnetic field to become stochastic, resulting in reduction of halo currents, spreading of plasma power loading and loss of runaway electrons before they cause damage. Detailed pedestal rotation profile measurements have been used to infer Er profiles, and correlation with global H-mode confinement. An improved L-mode regime, obtained at q95 ⩽ 3 with ion drift away from the active X-point, shows very good energy confinement with a strong temperature pedestal, a weak density pedestal, and no evidence of particle or impurity accumulation, without the need for ELMs or any additional edge density regulation mechanism.
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