Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A baby Majorana quantum formalism

The aim of the present paper is to introduce and to discuss the most basic fundamental concepts of quantum physics by means of a simple and pedagogical example. An appreciable part of its content presents original results. We start with the Euclidean plane which is certainly a paradigmatic example of a Hilbert space. The pure states form the unit circle (actually a half of it), the mixed states form the unit disk (actually a half of it), and rotations in the plane rule time evolution through Majorana-like equations involving only real quantities for closed and open systems. The set of pure states or a set of mixed states solve the identity and they are used for understanding the concept of integral quantization of functions on the unit circle and to give a semi-classical portrait of quantum observables. Interesting probabilistic aspects are developed. Since the tensor product of two planes, their direct sum, their cartesian product, are isomorphic (2 is the unique solution to x^x= x\times x = x+x), and they are also isomorphic to C^2, and to the quaternion field H (as a vector space), we describe an interesting relation between entanglement of real states, one-half spin cat states, and unit-norm quaternions which form the group SU$(2)$. We explain the most general form of the Hamiltonian in the real plane by considering the integral quantization of a magnetic-like interaction potential viewed as a classical observable on the unit $2$-sphere. Finally, we present an example of quantum measurement with pointer states lying also in the Euclidean plane.
X-Ray Bursts from the Transient Magnetar Candidate XTE J1810–197

We have discovered four X-ray bursts, recorded with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Proportional Counter Array between 2003 September and 2004 April, that we show to originate from the transient magnetar candidate XTE J1810-197. The burst morphologies consist of a short spike or multiple spikes lasting ~1 s each, followed by extended tails of emission where the pulsed flux from XTE J1810-197 is significantly higher. The burst spikes are likely correlated with the pulse maxima, having a chance probability of a random phase distribution of 0.4%. The burst spectra are best fitted to a blackbody with temperatures 4-8 keV, considerably harder than the persistent X-ray emission. During the X-ray tails following these bursts, the temperature rapidly cools as the flux declines, maintaining a constant emitting radius after the initial burst peak. During the brightest X-ray tail, we detect a narrow emission line at 12.6 keV, with an equivalent width of 1.4 keV and a probability of chance occurrence of less than 4 × 10-6. The temporal and spectral characteristics of these bursts closely resemble the bursts seen from 1E 1048.1-5937 and a subset of the bursts detected from 1E 2259+586, thus establishing XTE J1810-197 as a magnetar candidate. The bursts detected from these three objects are sufficiently similar to one another, yet significantly different from those seen from soft gamma repeaters, that they likely represent a new class of bursts from magnetar candidates exclusive (thus far) to the anomalous X-ray pulsar-like sources.
Single-Photon-Emitting Optical Centers in Diamond Fabricated upon Sn Implantation

The fabrication of luminescent defects in single-crystal diamond upon Sn implantation and annealing is reported. The relevant spectral features of the optical centers (emission peaks at 593.5, 620.3, 630.7, and 646.7 nm) are attributed to Sn-related defects through the correlation of their photoluminescence (PL) intensity with the implantation fluence. Single Sn-related defects were identified and characterized through the acquisition of their second-order autocorrelation emission functions, by means of Hanbury-Brown and Twiss interferometry. The investigation of their single-photon emission regime as a function of excitation laser power revealed that Sn-related defects are based on three-level systems with a 6 ns radiative decay lifetime. In a fraction of the studied centers, the observation of a blinking PL emission is indicative of the existence of a dark state. Furthermore, absorption dependence on the polarization of the excitation radiation with ∼45% contrast was measured. This work shed light on th.
Comparison of Positivity in Two Epidemic Waves of COVID-19 in Colombia with FDA

We use the functional data methodology to examine whether there are significant differences between two waves of contagion by COVID-19 in Colombia between 7 July 2020 and 20 July 2021. A pointwise functional t-test is initially used, then an alternative statistical test proposal for paired samples is presented, which has a theoretical distribution and performs well in small samples. Our statistical test generates a scalar p-value, which provides a global idea about the significance of the positivity curves, complementing the existing punctual tests, as an advantage.
Oral Contraceptive Use and Alveolar Osteitis Following Third Molar Extraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose Alveolar osteitis (AO) is a common postoperative complication of third molar extractions that is thought to be associated with the intake of oral contraceptives (OCPs). This meta-analysis sought to evaluate the risk of AO associated with OCP use and sex independently and whether this risk was affected by the use of postoperative analgesics or antibiotics. Methods PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles pertaining to OCP use and the incidence of AO using MESH terms. The measured outcome was the development of AO following a third molar extraction. Additional variables such as sex, analgesic, and antibiotic use were documented and included in the analysis. The data were analyzed in R using the Mantel-Haenszel method. Results Fifteen studies with a total of 1366 female participants who were OCP users and 2919 nonuser female participants were included in this meta-analysis. OCP users were approximately twice (pooled-RR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.42–2.76) as likely to develop AO following a third molar extraction when compared to nonuser females. The increased incidence of AO in the OCP group was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The pooled-RR of AO in females not taking OCPs was not significantly different from males (p=0.45). Conclusions OCP use significantly elevated the risk of AO in females. Females who did not take OCPs had a similar risk of developing AO compared to males, suggesting that OCP use is a potential effect modifier. Neither postoperative antibiotics use nor the type of postoperative analgesic significantly affected AO incidence in those taking OCPs.
Willingness to Pay for Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato Juice: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Consumers in Kenya

ABSTRACT Bio-fortified foods including orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) have been promoted worldwide as a potential mechanism to combat Vitamin A deficiency. One of the ways to promote consumption of OFSP is to process it into less perishable products with wider geographical coverage. However, there is a dearth of empirical insights on the specific attributes that consumers desire in such value-added products; this constrains sustainable investments in such initiatives. In order to fill this knowledge gap, the current study assessed consumers’ willingness to pay for OFSP juice attributes in rural and urban areas using choice experiment approach. Results showed that on average, for each liter of OFSP juice, rural consumers were willing to pay premiums of USD0.58, 0.39, 0.66, 0.75 and 0.72 respectively for the juice with OFSP only or that with OFSP and lemon as opposed to that with OFSP and mango; OFSP juice with additives; origin labeling of the OFSP juice and; joint inspection and certification of the OFSP juice rather than public inspection and certification. On the contrary, rural consumers demanded a discount of USD0.25 for involvement of private rather than public entities in the inspection and certification process. The urban consumers on the other hand, were willing to pay USD0.93, 0.82, 2.22, 0.32, 0.54 and 0.76 respectively, for juice with OFSP only or that with OFSP and lemon instead of OFSP and mango; additives, origin labeling and; private or joint inspection and certification as opposed to public inspection of the juice. These findings should inform the design of OFSP juices that meet the heterogeneous preferences of the rural and urban consumers.
A FOUR-TIER DIAGNOSTIC TEST TO DETERMINE PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS’ MISCONCEPTION ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the most serious problem of our age. The most permanent measure to be taken against this problem is to ensure that individuals receive an effective and well-equipped education, free from misconceptions, which are obstacles to the efficiency of education. In this study, it is aimed to develop a four-stage diagnostic test that can reveal the misconceptions of pre-service science teachers about global warming. The sample of the study, in which the survey approach was used, consists of 401 pre-service teachers studying in the science teaching department at different universities in Turkey. The results show that the test is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine the misconceptions, scientific knowledge, and lack of knowledge about global warming. In the study, the factor with the highest percentage of pre-service science teachers’ scientific knowledge and misconceptions was the consequences of global warming, while the factor with the highest percentage of lack of knowledge was calculated as the greenhouse effect factor. It is recommended to use the test to determine the current situation regarding the level and areas where the misconceptions of individuals are concentrated to improve the missing or faulty areas in the science curriculum. Keywords: conceptual learning, environmental misconceptions, four-tier diagnostic test, global warming
Non-monetary Incentives: It’s Role in Enhancing Job Performance among Secondary School Teachers in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of non-monetary incentives in enhancing job performance among secondary school teachers in Kinondoni Municipality,Tanzania. The specific objectives of the study were; to investigate the types of non-financial incentive incentives provided to teachers in secondary schools, and to explore ways to enhance the provision of non-financial incentive in promoting teacher job performance in secondary schools. Human Motivation theory provided a theoretical lens to this study. A mixed method approach and a case study design were employed whereas data collection instruments included interview, documentary review, and questionnaires. The sample for this study was 42 participants -including heads of schools, teachers and Ward Education Officers. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed thematically. A synthesis of the findings revealed that secondary school teachers in Kinondoni municipality complained about the availability of non-financial incentives. The discussion is focused on five main non-financial incentives, including professional growth, a positive work environment, respect and recognition, effective communication, and teacher involvement in decision-making. The analysis confirmed that the indicated incentives were not provided to effective sample teachers. Additionally, teachers in this study specified their requirements for non-financial incentives at their workstations. The study covered four main non-incentives: respect, fair treatment, good staff offices and homes, advancement, and teacher participation in decision-making. The study came to the conclusion that teachers' claims about non-financial incentives should be considered; they play a greater role in employee job effectiveness and performance. Thus employers and school administrators were required to see to it that staff housing was built, teachers received timely promotions, and they were included in decision-making.
Acceleration of iterative tomographic image reconstruction by reference-based back projection

The purpose of this paper is to design and implement an efficient iterative reconstruction algorithm for computational tomography. We accelerate the reconstruction speed of algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), an iterative reconstruction method, by using the result of filtered backprojection (FBP), a wide used algorithm of analytical reconstruction, to be an initial guess and the reference for the first iteration and each back projection stage respectively. Both two improvements can reduce the error between the forward projection of each iteration and the measurements. We use three methods of quantitative analysis, root-mean-square error (RMSE), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and structural content (SC), to show that our method can reduce the number of iterations by more than half and the quality of the result is better than the original ART.
On the Effect of Lattice Topology on Mechanical Properties of SLS Additively Manufactured Sheet-, Ligament-, and Strut-Based Polymeric Metamaterials

Cellular lattices with architectural intricacy or metamaterials have gained a substantial amount of attention in the past decade due to the recent advances in additive manufacturing methods. The lattice topology controls its physical and mechanical properties; therefore, the main challenge is selecting the appropriate lattice topology for a desired function and application. In this work, we comprehensively study the topology–property relationship of three classes of polymer metamaterials based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) of sheet/shell and ligament types, and other types of well-known strut-based lattices. The study uses a holistic approach of designing, additive manufacturing, microstructural characterization, and compressive uniaxial mechanical testing of these polymer lattices that are 3D-printed using the laser powder bed fusion technique known as selective laser sintering (SLS). In total, 55 lattices with different topologies and relative densities were 3D-printed and tested. Printing quality was assessed using scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography. The extracted mechanical properties of elastic modulus, yield strength, plateau strength, and energy absorption are thoroughly compared between the different lattice architectures. The results show that all the investigated ligament-based TPMS polymer lattices exhibit bending-dominated elastic and plastic behavior, indicating that they are suitable candidates for energy absorbing applications. The sheet-based TPMS polymer lattices, similarly to the well-known Octet-Truss lattice, exhibited an elastic stretching-dominated mode of deformation and proved to have exceptional stiffness as compared to all other topologies, especially at low relative densities. However, the sheet-based TPMS polymer lattices exhibited a bending-dominated plastic behavior which is mainly driven by manufacturing defects. Overall, however, sheet-based TPMS polymer lattices exhibited the best mechanical properties, followed by strut-based lattices and finally by ligament-based TPMS lattices. Finally, it is depicted that at high relative densities, the mechanical properties of lattices of various architectures tend to converge, which implies that the topological effect is more significant at low relative densities. Generally, this study provides important insights about the selection of polymer mechanical metamaterials for various applications, and shows the superiority of TPMS-based polymer metamaterials as compared to several other classes of polymer mechanical metamaterials.
Gravitational wave emission from 3D explosion models of core-collapse supernovae with low and normal explosion energies

Understanding gravitational wave emission from core-collapse supernovae will be essential for their detection with current and future gravitational wave detectors. This requires a sample of waveforms from modern 3D supernova simulations reaching well into the explosion phase, where gravitational wave emission is expected to peak. However, recent waveforms from 3D simulations with multi-group neutrino transport do not reach far into the explosion phase, and some are still obtained from non-exploding models. We therefore calculate waveforms up to 0.9\,s after bounce using the neutrino hydrodynamics code \textsc{CoCoNuT-FMT}. We consider two models with low and normal explosion energy, namely explosions of an ultra-stripped progenitor with an initial helium star mass of $3.5\,M_{\odot}$, and of an $18\,M_{\odot}$ single star. Both models show gravitational wave emission from the excitation of surface g-modes in the proto-neutron star with frequencies between $\mathord{\sim}800\,\mathrm{Hz}$ and 1000\,Hz at peak emission. The peak amplitudes are about $6\, \mathrm{cm}$ and $10\, \mathrm{cm}$, respectively, which is somewhat higher than in most recent 3D models of the pre-explosion or early explosion phase. Using a Bayesian analysis, we determine the maximum detection distances for our models in simulated Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo, and Einstein Telescope design sensitivity noise. The more energetic $18 M_\odot$ explosion will be detectable to about $17.5 \,\mathrm{kpc}$ by the LIGO/Virgo network and to about $180\, \mathrm{kpc}$ with the Einstein Telescope.
Uniform ratio limit theorems for empirical processes

Analysis of non-parametric estimators is easier if one makes use of refined empirical process inequalities. These inequalities have not been widely appreciated or applied, perhaps because they lie buried quite deep in the empirical process literature. This paper seeks to explain a novel empirical process technique that might make the results more accessible. A simple method is presented for proving maximal inequalities for empirical processes indexed by unbounded classes of functions. The main result is stated in the form of a tail bound for the ratio of a centered empirical measure to a sum of various L1 norms. The method avoids the usual chaining argument. The bound delivers the correct rates of convergence for the sorts of quantities encountered in non-parametric smoothing applications.
Teaching, Learning and Assessing Anatomy with Artificial Intelligence: The Road to a Better Future

Anatomy is taught in the early years of an undergraduate medical curriculum. The subject is volatile and of voluminous content, given the complex nature of the human body. Students frequently face learning constraints in these fledgling years of medical education, often resulting in a spiraling dwindling academic performance. Hence, there have been continued efforts directed at developing new curricula and incorporating new methods of teaching, learning and assessment that are aimed at logical learning and long-term retention of anatomical knowledge, which is a mainstay of all medical practice. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained in popularity. AI uses machine learning models to store, compute, analyze and even augment huge amounts of data to be retrieved when needed, while simultaneously the machine itself can be programmed for deep learning, improving its own efficiency through complex neural networks. There are numerous specific benefits to incorporating AI in education, which include in-depth learning, storage of large electronic data, teaching from remote locations, engagement of fewer personnel in teaching, quick feedback from responders, innovative assessment methods and user-friendly alternatives. AI has long been a part of medical diagnostics and treatment planning. Extensive literature is available on uses of AI in clinical settings, e.g., in Radiology, but to the best of our knowledge there is a paucity of published data on AI used for teaching, learning and assessment in anatomy. In the present review, we highlight recent novel and advanced AI techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), or more complex Convoluted Neural Networks (CNN) and Bayesian U-Net, which are used for teaching anatomy. We also address the main advantages and limitations of the use of AI in medical education and lessons learnt from AI application during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the future, studies with AI in anatomy education could be advantageous for both students to develop professional expertise and for instructors to develop improved teaching methods for this vast and complex subject, especially with the increasing paucity of cadavers in many medical schools. We also suggest some novel examples of how AI could be incorporated to deliver augmented reality experiences, especially with reference to complex regions in the human body, such as neural pathways in the brain, complex developmental processes in the embryo or in complicated miniature regions such as the middle and inner ear. AI can change the face of assessment techniques and broaden their dimensions to suit individual learners.
Two-dimensional quantum mechanical modeling of nanotransistors

Quantization in the inversion layer and phase coherent transport are anticipated to have significant impact on device performance in “ballistic” nanoscale transistors. While the role of some quantum effects have been analyzed qualitatively using simple one-dimensional ballistic models, two-dimensional (2D) quantum mechanical simulation is important for quantitative results. In this paper, we present a framework for 2D quantum mechanical simulation of a nanotransistor/metal oxide field effect transistor. This framework consists of the nonequilibrium Green’s function equations solved self-consistently with Poisson’s equation. Solution of this set of equations is computationally intensive. An efficient algorithm to calculate the quantum mechanical 2D electron density has been developed. The method presented is comprehensive in that treatment includes the three open boundary conditions, where the narrow channel region opens into physically broad source, drain and gate regions. Results are presented for (i) dr.
Using Weak-Lensing Dilution to Improve Measurements of the Luminous and Dark Matter in A1689

The E/S0 sequence of a cluster defines a boundary redward of which a reliable weak-lensing signal can be obtained from background galaxies, uncontaminated by cluster members. For bluer colors, both background and cluster members are present, reducing the average distortion signal by the proportion of unlensed cluster members. In deep Subaru and HST/ACS images of A1689, the tangential distortion of galaxies with bluer colors falls rapidly toward the cluster center relative to lensing signal of the red background. We use this dilution effect to derive the cluster light profile and luminosity function to large radius, with the advantage that no subtraction of far-field background counts is required. The light profile declines smoothly to the limit of the data, r < 2 h-1 Mpc, with a constant slope, d log(L)/d log(r) = -1.12 ± 0.06, unlike the lensing mass profile which steepens continuously with radius, so that M/L peaks at an intermediate radius, ≃100 h-1 kpc. A flatter behavior is found for the more physically meaningful ratio of dark matter to stellar matter when accounting for the color-mass relation of cluster members. The cluster luminosity function has a flat slope, α = -1.05 ± 0.05, independent of radius and with no faint upturn to M < -12. We establish that the very bluest objects are negligibly contaminated by the cluster [(V - i′)AB < 0.2], because their distortion profile rises toward the center following the red background, but offset higher by ≃20%. This larger amplitude is consistent with the greater estimated depth of the faint blue galaxies, ⟨z⟩ ~ 2 compared to ⟨z⟩ ~ 0.85 for the red background, a purely geometric effect related to cosmological parameters. Finally, we improve on our earlier mass profile by combining both the red and blue background populations, clearly excluding low-concentration CDM profiles.