Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Capacity Steganography Using Multi-Channel Architecture

Image Steganography is the popular method to hide sensitive information behind image and that is not the only reason, the hidden information is invisible to naked eyes so that no one can easily predict the secret information behind the image. In this paper we are introducing a new technique for image stenography which increases the capacity of information carried by image. Image stenography was the research trend among researcher to secure and increase the capacity of transferring information. Here we are exploiting the multi channel architecture of RGB colour image to increase capacity. The idea behind the proposed approach is to embed information in all three channels of image instead of one channel of RGB image to hide information. Proposed approach significantly increased the information embedding capacity of cover image with losing the invisibility of secret information.
Supersonic motions of galaxies in clusters

We study motions of galaxies in galaxy clusters formed in the concordancecold dark matter cosmology. We use high-resolution cosmological simulations that follow the dynamics of dark matter and gas and include various physical processes critical for galaxy formation: gas cooling, heating and star formation. Analysing the motions of galaxies and the properties of intracluster gas in a sample of eight simulated clusters at z = 0, we study the velocity dispersion profiles of the dark matter, gas and galaxies. We measure the mean velocity of galaxy motions and gas sound speed as a function of radius and calculate the average Mach number of galaxy motions. The simulations show that galaxies, on average, move supersonically with the average Mach number of ≈1.4, approximately independent of the cluster-centric radius. The supersonic motions of galaxies may potentially provide an important source of heating for the intracluster gas by driving weak shocks and via dynamical friction, although these heating processes appear to be inefficient in our simulations. We also find that galaxies move slightly faster than the dark matter particles. The magnitude of the velocity bias, bv ≈ 1.1, is, however, smaller than the bias estimated for subhaloes in dissipationless simulations. Interestingly, we find velocity bias in the tangential component of the velocity dispersion, but not in the radial component. Finally, we find significant random bulk motions of gas. The typical gas velocities are of order ≈20-30 per cent of the gas sound speed. These random motions provide about 10 per cent of the total pressure support in our simulated clusters. The non-thermal pressure support, if neglected, will bias measurements of the total mass in the hydrostatic analyses of the X-ray cluster observations. Ke yw ords: methods: numerical - galaxies: clusters, general - intergalactic medium - galaxies: kinematics and dynamics - cosmology: theory.
Binary Activity Chain Modes for Compositional Web Service and Its Compliance Verification

requirement-driven behavior verification for compositional Web service is one of hot research issues for Web computing. Modeling and analysis of the behavior requirements of compositional Web service plays an important role in behavioral verification.Traditional methods are expressing requirements as LTL like logic specifications which are based on activities or as MSC like graph forms which are based scenarios. In this paper, w e propose the concept of behavior specification based on activity chain in which its atomic granularity is between activity and scenario. F our behavioral modes such as chain existence mode, chain absence mode, chain precondition mode and chain response mode are adopted to express usual requirement specifications. Encode them on Labeled Transition System LTS and then give them operation semantics. Check compositional Web services based on LTS corresponds with behavior modes or not. Give the sufficient, necessary condition and algorithm for checking .
'Cause I'm strong enough: Reasoning about consistency choices in distributed systems

Large-scale distributed systems often rely on replicated databases that allow a programmer to request different data consistency guarantees for different operations, and thereby control their performance. Using such databases is far from trivial: requesting stronger consistency in too many places may hurt performance, and requesting it in too few places may violate correctness. To help programmers in this task, we propose the first proof rule for establishing that a particular choice of consistency guarantees for various operations on a replicated database is enough to ensure the preservation of a given data integrity invariant. Our rule is modular: it allows reasoning about the behaviour of every operation separately under some assumption on the behaviour of other operations. This leads to simple reasoning, which we have automated in an SMT-based tool. We present a nontrivial proof of soundness of our rule and illustrate its use on several examples.
Survival of Eclipse third-party plug-ins

Today numerous software systems are being developed on top of frameworks. In this study, we analyzed the survival of 467 Eclipse third-party plug-ins altogether having 1,447 versions. We classify these plug-ins into two categories: those that depend on only stable and supported Eclipse APIs and those that depend on at least one of the potentially unstable, discouraged and unsupported Eclipse non-APIs. Comparing the two categories of plug-ins, we observed that the plug-ins depending solely on APIs have a very high source compatibility success rate compared to those that depend on at least one of the non-APIs. However, we have also observed that recently released plug-ins that depend on non-APIs also have a very high forward source compatibility success rate. This high source compatibility success rate is due to the dependency structure of these plug-ins: recently released plug-ins that depend on non-APIs predominantly depend on old Eclipse nonAPIs rather than on newly introduced ones. Finally, we showed that the majority of plug-ins hosted on SourceForge do not evolve beyond the first year of release.
L-Carnitine Prevents Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in a Mouse Model with Upregulation of Mitochondrial Pathway

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease characterized by lobular inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning, and fibrosis with an inherent risk for progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mitochondrial dysfunction appears to play a role in the progression from simple steatosis to NASH. L-carnitine (L-b-hydroxy-g-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid), an essential nutrient that converts fat into energy in mitochondria, has been shown to ameliorate liver damage. The aim of the present study was to explore the preventive and therapeutic effect of L-carnitine in NASH model mice. Eight-week-old male STAM mice, a NASH-cirrhosis-hepatocarcinogenic model, were divided into 3 experimental groups and fed as follows: 1) high-fat diet (HFD) (control group); 2) HFD mixed with 0.28% L-carnitine (L-carnitine group); and 3) HFD mixed with 0.01% α-tocopherol (α-tocopherol group). After 4 or 8 weeks, mice were sacrificed. Blood samples and livers were collected, and hepatic tumors were counted and measured. Livers were subjected to histological study, immunohistochemical staining of 4-hydroxynonenal and ferritin, determination of 8-OHdG levels, mRNA and protein expressions for multiple genes, and metabolomic analysis. The intestinal microbiome was also analyzed. L-carnitine increased hepatic expression of genes related to long-chain fatty acid transport, mitochondrial β-oxidation, and antioxidant enzymes following suppression of hepatic oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines in NASH, and mice treated with L-carnitine developed fewer liver tumors. Although α-tocopherol resulted in NASH improvement in the same manner as L-carnitine, it increased periodontitis-related microbiotic changes and hepatic iron transport-related gene expression and led to less effective for anti-hepatocarcinogenesis. Conclusion L-carnitine prevents progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a mouse model by upregulating the mitochondrial β-oxidation and redox system.
A Swedish child-friendly pilot version of the EQ-5D instrument--the development process.

BACKGROUND Revising existing health related-quality of life (HRQoL) instruments used among adults with the intention of making them child-friendly enables the collection of similar HRQoL data in children, adolescents and adults. The aim of this article is to describe and discuss the development process of a Swedish child-friendly pilot version of the EQ-5D instrument. METHODS We modified the existing Swedish EQ-5D adult version to make it child-friendly. Within a multidisciplinary research group, we investigated linguistic and interpretation issues by performing face-to-face and group interviews with children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. RESULTS The first modification of the adult language was to change single words into words intelligible to and used by children [e.g. changing 'depression' (depression) into 'ledsen' (sad)]. The second related to whole expressions (using verb-form in the headings of dimensions). CONCLUSION The advantage of being able to collect much the same data from children and adolescents, for example in population surveys covering all ages and in chronic childhood diseases, as for adults might outweigh possible disadvantages of modifying existing HRQoL instruments. The Swedish child-friendly EQ-5D pilot version resulting from this development process is further tested for feasibility and construct validity in a clinical interview study; initial results are reported in a subsequent paper.
Seiberg-Witten-type maps for currents and energy momentum tensors in noncommutative gauge theories

We derive maps relating the currents and energy-momentum tensors in noncommutative (NC) gauge theories with their commutative equivalents. Some uses of these maps are discussed. Especially, in NC electrodynamics, we obtain a generalization of the Lorentz force law. Also, the same map for anomalous currents relates the Adler-Bell-Jackiw type NC covariant anomaly with the standard commutative-theory anomaly. For the particular case of two dimensions, we discuss the implications of these maps for the Sugawara-type energy-momentum tensor.
Privacy in Context

Context-aware computing offers the promise of significant user gains-the ability for systems to adapt more readily to user needs, models, and goals. Dey, Abowd, and Salber (2001 [this special issue]) present a masterful step toward understanding context-aware applications. We examine Dey et al. in the light of privacy issues-that is, individuals' control over their personal data-to highlight some of the thorny issues in context-aware computing that will be upon us soon. We argue that privacy in context-aware computing, especially those with perceptually aware environments, will be quite complex. Indeed, privacy forms a co-design space between the social, the technical, and the regulatory. We recognize that Dey et al. is a necessary first step in examining important software engineering concerns, but future research will need to consider how regulatory and technical solutions might be co-designed to form a public good.
In search of perceptual priming in a semantic classification task.

Four experiments tested for perceptual priming for written words in a semantic categorization task. Repetition priming was obtained for low-frequency words when unrelated categorizations were performed at study and test (Experiment 1), but it was not orthographically mediated given that written-to-written and spoken-to-written word priming was equivalent (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, no priming was obtained between pictures and words (Experiment 4), suggesting that the nonorthographic priming was largely phonological rather than semantic. These results pose a challenge to standard perceptual theories of priming that should expect orthographic priming when words are presented in a visual format at study and test.
On Degenerate Nonmetric Unfolding Solutions

Loss functions proposed for nonmetric unfolding are discussed critically. Practical experience suggests that they do not work, mathematical reasons are sought why this is. Although the loss functions are constructed in such a way that they are ill-behaved at trivial solutions, it is shown that they are rather well-behaved along differentiable paths to trivial solutions. It is shown that in the neighborhood of trivial solutions we can find infinitely many nonmetric unfolding solutions which cannot be distinguished from stationary points, and which can differ very considerably in loss function value. The conclusion is that nonmetric unfolding, as currently formalized, is an inherently ill-posed problem and that a different approach is called for.
Type IV collagenase (M(r) 72,000) expression in human prostate: benign and malignant tissue.

The expression of type IV collagenase (M(r) 72,000) has been examined in tissues from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (6 patients) and varying Gleason grades of malignant prostate cancer (18 patients). Immunoperoxidase labeling indicated that expression of the type IV collagenase was weak or nonexistent in benign tissue but consistently strong in the glandular and ductal epithelial cells of prostate tumors diagnosed at Gleason grades 1-8. In moderate to advanced cancer (i.e., Gleason grades 2 to 8), invasive tumor foci in the stromal tissue produced relatively modest amounts of type IV collagenase. The normal stromal tissue (i.e., fibroblasts) uniformly failed to produce detectable levels of type IV collagenase in the 24 patients examined. Northern and quantitative slot blot hybridization assays demonstrated that collagenase type IV mRNA levels were low in benign tissue and high in malignant tumors. In contrast, the stromal cells did not express significant amounts of type IV collagenase mRNA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that the amounts of type IV collagenase protein correlated directly with the mRNA levels in the tumor tissue. The studies suggest that type IV collagenase may be selectively overexpressed by malignant, preinvasive prostatic epithelial cells.
Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Detection Using Constrained GMM and Curve Evolution

This paper focuses on the detection and segmentation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions in magnetic resonance (MRI) brain images. To capture the complex tissue spatial layout, a probabilistic model termed Constrained Gaussian Mixture Model (CGMM) is proposed based on a mixture of multiple spatially oriented Gaussians per tissue. The intensity of a tissue is considered a global parameter and is constrained, by a parameter-tying scheme, to be the same value for the entire set of Gaussians that are related to the same tissue. MS lesions are identified as outlier Gaussian components and are grouped to form a new class in addition to the healthy tissue classes. A probability-based curve evolution technique is used to refine the delineation of lesion boundaries. The proposed CGMM-CE algorithm is used to segment 3D MRI brain images with an arbitrary number of channels. The CGMM-CE algorithm is automated and does not require an atlas for initialization or parameter learning. Experimental results on both standard brain MRI simulation data and real data indicate that the proposed method outperforms previously suggested approaches, especially for highly noisy data.
A Novel Complex Event Mining Network for RFID-Enable Supply Chain Information Security

This paper presents a novel complex event mining network (CEMN) and defines the fundamentals of radio-frequency identification (RFID)-enabled supply chain event management and discusses how an complex event processing (CEP) can be used to resolve the underlying architecture challenges and complexities of integrating real-time decision support into the supply chain. The proposed CEP architecture is a distributed event processing networks (EPNs) capable middleware infrastructure which enables automatic and real-time routing, caching, filtering, aggregation and processing of RFID events. It provides a global platform for distributed execution and management of RFID-enabled supply chain data. It enables a federated control over supply chain nodes deployed in many different organizations, respecting diverse security requirements while supporting centralized deployment and management of processes and rules. Finally, a distributed complex event detection algorithm based on Master-workers pattern is proposed to detect complex events and trigger correlation actions. The results showed that our proposed approach has more robust and scaleable in large-scale RFID applications.
The Relationship Between Intelligibility and Length and Complexity of Language in a Group of 4- and 5-Year-Old Children

An abstract of the thesis of Susan Fodell for the Master of Science in Speech Communication: Speech and Hearing Sciences presented November 2, 1994. Title: The Relationship Between Intelligibility and Length and Complexity of Language in a Group of 4and 5-Year-Old Children. Previous research has indicated that speech and linguistic variables develop concurrently. When one aspect of speech and linguistic development is delayed, there are typically associated delays in another area as well. This interactive relationship has been studied extensively in the context of phonological and syntactical development, as well as fluency and syntactical development. The relationship between intelligibility and linguistic proficiency has not been studied as extensively. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between varying levels of intelligibility and length and complexity of language in preschool-aged children. Mean length of utterance was correlated with the mean percentage of intelligible words in a continuous speech
Alcohol Exposure Alters Mouse Lung Inflammation in Response to Inhaled Dust

Alcohol exposure is associated with increased lung infections and decreased mucociliary clearance. Occupational workers exposed to dusts from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are at risk for developing chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Agricultural worker co-exposure to alcohol and organic dust has been established, although little research has been conducted on the combination effects of alcohol and organic dusts on the lung. Previously, we have shown in a mouse model that exposure to hog dust extract (HDE) collected from a CAFO results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), elevated lavage fluid cytokines/chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the development of significant lung pathology. Because alcohol blocks airway epithelial cell release of IL-6 in vitro, we hypothesized that alcohol exposure would alter mouse lung inflammatory responses to HDE. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice were fed 20% alcohol or water ad libitum for 6 weeks and treated with 12.5% HDE by intranasal inhalation method daily during the final three weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tracheas and lungs were collected. HDE stimulated a 2–4 fold increase in lung and tracheal PKCε (epsilon) activity in mice, but no such increase in PKCε activity was observed in dust-exposed mice fed alcohol. Similarly, alcohol-fed mice demonstrated significantly less IL-6 in lung lavage in response to dust than that observed in control mice instilled with HDE. TNFα levels were also inhibited in the alcohol and HDE-exposed mouse lung tissue as compared to the HDE only exposed group. HDE-induced lung inflammatory aggregates clearly present in the tissue from HDE only exposed animals were not visually detectable in the HDE/alcohol co-exposure group. Statistically significant weight reductions and 20% mortality were also observed in the mice co-exposed to HDE and alcohol. These data suggest that alcohol exposure depresses the ability of the lung to activate PKCε-dependent inflammatory pathways to environmental dust exposure. These data also define alcohol as an important co-exposure agent to consider in the study of inhalation injury responses.
Barrier Method for GPS Multipath Estimation

In this paper, a barrier method for GPS positioning and multipath mitigation is proposed. The present method can effectively eliminate the NLOS (non-line-ofsight) delay errors and is also able to improve the location accuracy of a satellite navigation receiver. A constrained WLS (weighted least-squares) estimator is derived based on the proposed algorithm, which is able to properly estimate and eliminate the multipath error contained in each satellite’s pseudorange. In our experimental result, it is demonstrated that the proposed estimator can compute the coordinate of a user location in an accurate fashion after estimating and removing the measurement biases. This is done by suitably choosing the barrier functions. The proposed method is well suitable in the positioning domain in contrast with traditional GPS multipath mitigation methods which usually apply in the signalprocessing domain. Furthermore, it can be used to identify the NLOS signal where the LOS signal may not present in the received signal.
On the cost efficiency of flexible optical networking compared to conventional SLR/MLR WDM networks

Flexible optical networking solutions try to utilize the available amplifier's bandwidth/spectrum more effectively (compared to the fixed-grid WDM counterparts) by properly adapting the channel capacity to the actual traffic requirements of each connection at any given point in time (as this is the case in wireless networks where bandwidth was always considered as a scarce resource). The flexibility in dynamic bandwidth allocation is enabled by novel physical layer technologies and advanced algorithms that take advantage of the new capabilities of the optical layer. In this paper we provide detailed justification on the cost-benefits introduced in core networks due to the added flexibility from elastic software-defined network technologies.
Pedagogical Practices for Social Justice: A Movement Approach

This article describes the structure and social justice orientation of Gonzaga University's Leadership Formation Program, an innovative, nontraditional graduate program preparing principals, program administrators, and superintendents. Highlighting the virtual school district and complex case study approach used in the program, the article details three pedagogical practices central to preparing leaders to engage issues of social justice. Through the use of seminar readings, rigorous coaching of specific skill capacities, and case study simulations, the faculty engage candidates in the program to understand their roles as educational leaders and work as activists for social justice. The program teaches educational leaders that the answer does not lie “out there” but rather “inside” and that individuals committed to collectively reducing injustice can be a powerful force. Finally, a movement approach to confronting issues of social justice and taking action underscores the program's mandate that justice demands transforming the system.
An SLA-based Framework for Estimating Trustworthiness of a Cloud

In cloud computing consumers often seek some assurance from cloud service providers (CSPs) that services will be provided according to consumers' requirements. The ''service-level-agreement'' (SLA) between a CSP and a consumer solves this issue to an extent and provides some level of assurance. However, SLAs alone do not solve the issue entirely as there is no unique rule to create an SLA. They vary in description, length, and types of information released. Therefore, consumers need a better way of estimating 'trustworthiness' of a cloud (CSP). In this work we propose a framework to alleviate the above issue. Our framework estimates trustworthiness of a cloud using a quantitative model of trust. We identified and formalized several parameters that can be extracted from SLA or retrieved during the sessions and are used to estimate trust.