Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid synthesis by enzyme preparations of Clostridium kluyveri; the aerobic oxidation of ethanol and butyrate with the formation of acetyl phosphate.

The anaerobic bacterium Clostdium kluyveti can catalyze the conversion of ethanol and acetate to butyrate and caproate (6). Tracer studies with growing cultures of this organism (2) have shown that this conversion involves an oxidation of ethanol to a a-carbon compound (“active” acetate) that is in approximate equilibrium with acetate. This activated a-carbon substance then condenses with ordinary acetate to form a Cd compound that is reduced to butyrate (see Scheme I, Paper I of this series). If the current idea is correct that biological oxidation-reduction reactions involve the removal or addition of only 2 electrons at a time, it follows that the conversion of alcohol and acetate to butyrate must involve a number of intermediates. For example, the oxidation of ethanol to the “active” acetate would be a two-step process involving at least one intermediate compound. Similarly, the reduction of the postulated Cd compound to butyrate should involve at least one intermediate compound in a state of oxidation corresponding to P-hydroxybutyrate. Thus it is necessary to postulate a series of reactions in which at least four intermediate compounds are formed in the conversion of alcohol to butyrate.
An Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioural Training for Acute Tinnitus: Secondary Analysis of Acceptance in Terms of Satisfaction, Trial Attrition and Non-Usage Attrition

Objectives: Recent studies on tinnitus have focused on the efficacy of Internet-based interventions. Other core features of the quality of service, e.g. acceptance and attrition, have often been overlooked. This study analyses Internet-based training regarding acceptance and attrition in a trial on minimal-contact interventions for acute tinnitus. Whenever possible, we give information on other forms of training for comparison. Methods: In a randomised controlled trial with 337 participants, 87 persons took part in the Internet training. Results: The participants were as satisfied with the Internet-based training as with a face-to-face group training. There was a 34.48% dropout from the Internet-based training (dropout attrition). The training attrition from the Internet-based training was even higher at 64.4%. Conclusions: Two out of three indicators for acceptance—satisfaction and dropout attrition—provide comparable results between the Internet-based training and a face-to-face group training. The third indicator, training attrition, shows a better result for the group training. Future research should focus on attrition in order to enhance the overall effectiveness of training.
A Relação entre Educação Pré-Primária, Salários, Escolaridade e Proficiência Escolar no Brasil

This paper examines the relations between daycare and pre-school, wages, education and school performance in Brazil using a survey with detailed information on education and earnings trajectories. We find that pre-school attendance has a positive relationship with primary, middle school, high school and college conclusion, even when we condition on parental education. Pre-schooling is associated with increases of 1.5 year in schooling and about 27% in wages. Pre-schooling is also associated with increases in standardized test scores in the 4th, 8th and 11th grades.
Yeast Ntr1/Spp382 Mediates Prp43 Function in Postspliceosomes

ABSTRACT The Ntr1 and Ntr2 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been reported to interact with proteins involved in pre-mRNA splicing, but their roles in the splicing process are unknown. We show here that they associate with a postsplicing complex containing the excised intron and the spliceosomal U2, U5, and U6 snRNAs, supporting a link with a late stage in the pre-mRNA splicing process. Extract from cells that had been metabolically depleted of Ntr1 has low splicing activity and accumulates the excised intron. Also, the level of U4/U6 di-snRNP is increased but those of the free U5 and U6 snRNPs are decreased in Ntr1-depleted extract, and increased levels of U2 and decreased levels of U4 are found associated with the U5 snRNP protein Prp8. These results suggest a requirement for Ntr1 for turnover of the excised intron complex and recycling of snRNPs. Ntr1 interacts directly or indirectly with the intron release factor Prp43 and is required for its association with the excised intron. We propose that Ntr1 promotes release of excised introns from splicing complexes by acting as a spliceosome receptor or RNA-targeting factor for Prp43, possibly assisted by the Ntr2 protein.
Gastric carcinogenesis.

Currently, gastric adenocarcinoma is still a serious healthcare concern, and the second most frequent malignancy worldwide (1). Although overall incidence has seemingly decreased, both its frequency and mortality rate show relevant geographic variability. In Eastern countries, Eastern Europe, and South America the incidence of this disease reaches epidemic proportions, and is the first cause of death from malignant growths (2). In contrast, the incidence of this disease is low in other geographic regions (North America, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Israel). Such differences have been partly attributed to both environmental and nutritional factors in terms of food preservation and preparation, and to infectious factors related to the incidence of H. pylori infection in the population. The potential influence of these factors is such that the increasingly decreased incidence and mortality rate of this disease seen from the 1930’s to the last 10 years has been attributed to dietary and food preservation changes (3-5). However, this change in environmental factors does not fully account for known geographic variations or the various progressions and prognoses this condition may entail. It is nowadays accepted that gastric carcinogenesis is a progressive process in which multiple environmental and epidemiologic, as well as genetic factors play a role, and whose interactions seem to influence not only the development but also the progression of the disease (6).
An approach for unmixing of hyperspectral imagery based on scale-space representation

This paper presents an unsupervised unmixing approach that takes advantage of multiscale representation based on nonlinear diffusion to extract the spectral endmembers from an image. The main features of the proposed approach are the use of spatial information and the avoidance of matrix rank estimation to determine the number of endmembers in the image. Multiscale representation builds a family of smoothed images where locally spectrally uniform regions can be identified. The multi-scale representation is extracted using a nonlinear diffusion PDE (partial differential equation). Locally homogeneous regions are identified by taking advantage of an algebraic multigrid method used to solve the PDE. Representative spectral signatures for each region are extracted and then clustered to build spectral endmember classes. These classes represent the different spectral components of the image as well as their spectral variability. The number of spectral endmember classes is estimated using the Davies and Bouldin validity index. Experimental results using the AVIRIS image of Fort A.P. Hill are presented which show the potential of the proposed method.
The Role of Biliodigestive Derivations in the Treatment of Choledocholithiasis

The obstructive jaundice is a complex syndrome with both benign etiology (choledocholithiasis, hydatid cyst, chronic pancreatitis) and malignant (cancer of the pancreas, cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer) and it has a special place in biliopancreatic pathology, with up most importance due to changes in local and general status of the organism, difficult etiologic diagnostic problems for the clinician and whose solution requires teamwork, which involves both the surgeon, gastroenterologist, anesthesiologist etc. The introduction of laparoscopic approach and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for gallstone disease giving the opportunity to solve choledocholithiasis only by laparoscopic approach or by combining laparoscopic cholecystectomy with extraction of the common bile duct stones using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which greatly restricted the classical surgical indications. In these circumstances, I consider appropriate to review the place and indications of biliodigestive derivations in obstructive jaundice caused by coledocholithiasis.
Semi-Supervised Overlapping Community Finding with Pairwise Constraints

In complex networks, we say that a network has community structure if subsets of its nodes form dense, highly-connected groups. Algorithms for detecting communities are generally unsupervised, relying solely on the network topology. However, such algorithms can often fail to uncover structure that reflects the underlying communities in the data, particularly when those communities are highly overlapping. One of the ways to improve accuracy is by harnessing additional background information (e.g. from domain experts), which can be used as a source of constraints to guide the community detection process. In this work, we explore the potential of semi-supervised strategies to improve algorithms for finding overlapping communities in networks. Specifically, we propose a greedy approach for finding communities using a limited number of pairwise constraints.
The Visual Analog Scale in the Immediate Postoperative Period: Intrasubject Variability and Correlation with a Numeric Scale

The visual analog scale (VAS) has been used to assess the efficacy of pain management regimens in patients with acute postoperative pain, but its usefulness has not been confirmed in postoperative pain studies.We studied 60 subjects in the immediate postoperative period. The specific data collected were: VAS scores versus an 11-point numeric pain scale; repeatability in VAS scores over a short time interval; and change in VAS scores from one assessment period to the next versus a verbal report of change in pain. The correlation coefficients for VAS scores with the 11-point pain scale were 0.94, 0.91, and 0.95. The repeatability coefficients were 17.6, 23.0, and 13.5 mm. Of the 56 patients who completed all three assessments, only 16 (29%) had repeatability within 5 mm on all three. Some of the changes in VAS scores between assessments were in the direction opposite the verbally reported changes in pain (31%); however, most (92%) were within 20 mm. There was no correlation between the level of sedation, previous pain experience, anxiety, or anticipated pain with consistency in VAS scores. We conclude that any single VAS score in the immediate postoperative period should be considered to have an imprecision of +/- 20 mm. Implications: The visual analog scale was developed for assessing chronic pain but is often used in studies of postoperative pain. This study finds that the visual analog scale correlates well with a verbal 11-point scale but that any individual determination has an imprecision of +/- 20 mm.
The Student Aid Game: Meeting Need and Rewarding Talent in American Higher Education

Figures and TablesForewordAcknowledgmentsPt. 1Introduction11Meeting Need and Rewarding Talent: Student Aid in the U.S. System of Higher Education Finance52Changing the Rules: The New Strategic Role of Student Aid15Pt. 2Student Aid and Educational Opportunity: Are We Keeping College Affordable? 233Prices and Aid: The Growing Burden on Families254Access: Student Response to Higher Prices - and Higher Returns375Choice: How Ability to Pay Affects College Options426The Future of College Affordability49Pt. 3Student Aid and Institutional Strategy537Student Aid in Institutional Finance558How Government Aid Shapes Colleges' Behavior819Student Aid as a Competitive Weapon91Pt. 4The Special Case of Merit Aid10510Merit Aid: Its Place in History and Its Role in Society10711The Institutional Perspective11612The Student Perspective12213Conclusion: Merit Aid - Good or Bad? 130Pt. VThe Future of Student Aid13314Where Do We Go from Here? 135Notes145Bibliography153Index157
Increased beta-cell secretory capacity as mechanism for islet adaptation to nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistance.

To determine whether prolonged nicotinic acid (NA) administration produces insulin resistance and, if so, how the normal pancreatic islet adapts to prolonged insulin resistance, we administered incremental doses of NA to 11 normal men for 2 wk, ending at 2 g/day. Insulin sensitivity was measured with Bergman's minimal model. Islet function was evaluated by measurement of acute insulin (AIR) and glucagon (AGR) responses to arginine at three glucose levels. Insulin resistance was demonstrated and quantified by a marked drop in the insulin sensitivity index (Sl) from 6.72 +/- 0.77 to 2.47 +/- 0.36 x 10(-5) min-1/pM (P less than .0001) and resulted in a doubling of basal immunoreactive insulin levels (from 75 +/- 7 to 157 +/- 21 pM, P less than .001) with no change in fasting glucose (5.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 5.7 +/- 0.1 mM). Proinsulin levels also increased (from 9 +/- 1 to 15 +/- 2 pM, P less than .005), but the ratio of proinsulin to immunoreactive insulin did not change (12.7 +/- 1.9 vs. 10.3 +/- 1.9%). beta-Cell changes were characterized by increases in the AIR to glucose (from 548 +/- 157 to 829 +/- 157 pM, P less than .005) and in the AIR to arginine at the fasting glucose level (from 431 +/- 54 to 788 +/- 164 pM, P less than .05). At the maximal hyperglycemia level the AIR to arginine represents beta-cell secretory capacity, and this increased with administration of NA (from 2062 +/- 267 to 2630 +/- 363 pM, P less than .05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Carbohydrate biosensors.

2.1. 1 General Procedure 5988 2.1. 2 Heparin Detection 5992 2.1. 3 Carbohydrate Structures 5994 2.2 Lectin-Based Biosensors 5995 2.3 Glycoprotein and Glycosylation Biosensors 5997 2.4 Pathogen and Cancer-Detection Assays 5999 2.4. 1 Pathogen Identification 5999 2.4. 2 LPS Biosensors 6002 2.4. 3 Cancer Diagnostics 6003 2.5 Carbohydrate Nanobiosensors 6003 2.6 Miscellaneous Carbohydrate Bioassays 6004 3. Carbohydrate Components in Biosensors 6004 3.1 Carbohydrate Recognition Elements 6004 3.2 Carbohydrate Scaffolds 6006 3.3 Biosensors Utilizing Protein−Carbohydrate Interactions 6007
Association between bilateral asymmetry of kinetic features computed from the DCE-MRI images and breast cancer

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) of breast yields high sensitivity but relatively lower specificity. To improve diagnostic accuracy of DCE-MRI, we investigated the association between bilateral asymmetry of kinetic features computed from the left and right breasts and breast cancer detection with the hypothesis that due to the growth of angiogenesis associated with malignant lesions, the average dynamic contrast enhancement computed from the breasts depicting malignant lesions should be higher than negative or benign breasts. To test this hypothesis, we assembled a database involving 130 DCE-MRI examinations including 81 malignant and 49 benign cases. We developed a computerized scheme that automatically segments breast areas depicted on MR images and computes kinetic features related to the bilateral asymmetry of contrast enhancement ratio between two breasts. An artificial neural network (ANN) was then used to classify between malignant and benign cases. To identify the optimal approach to compute the bilateral kinetic feature asymmetry, we tested 4 different thresholds to select the enhanced pixels (voxels) from DCE-MRI images and compute the kinetic features. Using the optimal threshold, the ANN had a classification performance measured by the area under the ROC curve of AUC=0.79±0.04. The positive and negative predictive values were 0.75 and 0.67, respectively. The study suggested that the bilateral asymmetry of kinetic features or contrast enhancement of breast background tissue could provide valuable supplementary information to distinguish between the malignant and benign cases, which can be fused into existing computer-aided detection schemes to improve classification performance.
Crystal Structure of the Cytosolic C 2 A-C 2 B Domains of Synaptotagmin III : Implications for Ca 1 2-independent SNARE Complex Interaction

Synaptotagmins are synaptic vesicle-associated, phospholipid-binding proteins most commonly associated with Ca 1 2 -dependent exocytotic and Ca 1 2 independent endocytotic events. Synaptotagmin III is a 63.2-kD member of the synaptotagmin homology group; one of its characteristic properties is the ability to bind divalent cations and accessory proteins promiscuously. In the cytosolic portion of this protein, a flexible seven–amino acid linker joins two homologous C2 domains. The C2A domain binds to phospholipid membranes and other accessory proteins in a divalent cation-dependent fashion. The C2B domain promotes binding to other C2B domains, as well as accessory proteins independent of divalent cations. The 3.2 Å crystal structure of synaptotagmin III, residues 295–566, which includes the C2A and C2B domains, exhibits differences in the shape of the Ca 1 2 -binding pocket, the electrostatic surface potential, and the stoichiometry of bound divalent cations for the two domains. These observations may explain the disparate binding properties of the two domains. The C2A and the C2B domains do not interact; synaptotagmin, therefore, covalently links two independent C2 domains, each with potentially different binding partners. A model of synaptotagmin’s involvement in Ca 1 2 -dependent regulation of membrane fusion through its interaction with the SNARE complex
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Three-Dimensional Miniaturized Rectangular Cavity Resonator Based on Metamaterial

In this paper, we have demonstrated that a three-dimensional (3-D) miniaturized rectangular cavity resonator (MRCR) with simultaneously shorten electric length and electric width can be designed, fabricated and tested through extending the analysis of the metamaterial-based cavity resonator to the 3-D case. Resonance equation solutions of a rectangular cavity resonator filled with anisotropic metamaterials bilayer are explored. Results show that the resonance frequency of such a cavity resonator can be simultaneously independent on the cavity width and length when the transversal components of the permeability tensors of the filled metamaterials have opposite sign. Based on the results, a 3-D MRCR is designed, fabricated, and tested by using modified SRRs with negative transversal permeability. It is shown that the electrical length and width of the designed 3-D MRCR are simultaneously reduced to 0.2 much smaller than 0.5, which is the theoretical minimum of the electric length and width of a conventional rectangular cavity resonator.
Effects of Intravitreal Ranibizumab in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Chinese Infants

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy associated with intravitreal ranibizumab in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: A retrospective case series study. Infants diagnosed with Type 1 ROP, or aggressive posterior ROP (AP-ROP) were enrolled in the study. All infants in the study received intravitreal ranibizumab (0.25 mg/0.025 ml) as the initial treatment. Follow-up examinations were performed the day after treatment, then weekly for 1 month, bi-monthly for two additional months, then monthly until vascularization of zone III occurred. Additional treatments were initiated in cases of disease recurrence. Results: Thirty-three premature infants (a total of 66 eyes) receiving intravitreal ranibizumab were included. The mean birth weight was 1291 ± 211 g (range: 650–1650 g) and the mean gestational age was 29.8 ± 1.6 weeks (range: 27.0–33.6 weeks). The mean gestational age at the time of the first injection was 35.8 ± 1.6 weeks (range: 32.7–38.4 weeks). The mean follow-up time was 12.9 ± 4.9 months (range: 6–22 months). Single injections were administered to 58 eyes (87.9%), whereas eight eyes (12.1%) received additional treatments. Recurrence was observed in eight eyes (12.1%), with a mean time to recurrence of 6.9 ± 1.8 weeks (range: 4–8 weeks). Conclusion: Intravitreal ranibizumab is effective for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity, although a small amount of patients recurred. Compared with intravitreal bevacizumab, a higher incidence and shorter time to recurrence were observed after intravitreal ranibizumab treatment, thus longer and more frequent follow-ups are needed.
Acute Health Shocks and Labour Market Outcomes

We investigate the labour supply response to acute health shocks experienced in the post-crash labour market by individuals of working age, using data from Understanding Society. Identification that exploits uncertainty in the timing of an acute health shock, defined by the incidence of cancer, stroke, or heart attack. Results, obtained through a combination of coarsened exact and propensity score matching, show acute health shocks significantly reduce participation, with younger workers displaying stronger labour market attachment. The impact on older, more educated, women suggests an important role for preferences, financial constraints, and intra-household division of labour determining labour supply decisions.
The Role of Modern Software and Applications in the Protection of Electronic Crimes

That scientific development in information and flow techniques in recent years, electronic revolution make a lot of criminals take advantage of scientific inventions and progress of advanced means in the commission of many cyber crimes, and the introduction of other forms of criminality associated with these techniques Which becomes the object of these crimes, or means to commit, and these crimes have increased in the other two, in particular, are led to the dawn of a new criminal phenomenon, known criminality informational or crime-mail, play experience significant role in the proof of cyber crime through the information network, The proof in criminal concept is all that leads to the truth, and for the judgment of the accused in the crime after provable, which means to establish a proof of the crime.
Bubbles, Food Prices, and Speculation: Evidence from the Cftc&Apos;S Daily Large Trader Data Files

The "Masters Hypothesis" is the claim that unprecedented buying pressure from new financial index investors created a massive bubble in agricultural futures prices at various times in recent years. This paper analyzes the market impact of financial index investment in agricultural futures markets using non-public data from the Large Trader Reporting System (LTRS) maintained by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The LTRS data are superior to publicly-available data because commodity index trader (CIT) positions are available on a daily basis, positions are disaggregated by contract maturity, and positions before 2006 can be reliably estimated. Bivariate Granger causality tests use CIT positions in terms of both the change in aggregate new net flows into index investments and the rolling of existing index positions from one contract to another. The null hypothesis of no impact of aggregate CIT positions on daily returns is rejected in only 3 of the 12 markets. Point estimates of the cumulative impact of a one standard deviation increase in CIT positions on daily returns are negative and very small, averaging only about two basis points. The null hypothesis that CIT positions do not impact daily returns in a data-defined roll period is rejected in 5 of the 12 markets and estimated cumulative impacts are negative in all 12 markets; the opposite of the expected outcome if CIT rolling activity simultaneously pressures nearby prices downward and first deferred prices upward. Overall, the results add to the growing body of literature showing that buying pressure from financial index investment in recent years did not cause massive bubbles in agricultural futures prices.