Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breathing 100% oxygen during water immersion improves postimmersion cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress

Physiological compensation to postural stress is weakened after long‐duration water immersion (WI), thus predisposing individuals to orthostatic intolerance. This study was conducted to compare hemodynamic responses to postural stress following exposure to WI alone (Air WI), hyperbaric oxygen alone in a hyperbaric chamber (O2 HC), and WI combined with hyperbaric oxygen (O2 WI), all at a depth of 1.35 ATA, and to determine whether hyperbaric oxygen is protective of orthostatic tolerance. Thirty‐two healthy men underwent up to 15 min of 70° head‐up tilt (HUT) testing before and after a single 6‐h resting exposure to Air WI (N = 10), O2 HC (N = 12), or O2 WI (N = 10). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV), forearm blood flow (FBF), and systemic and forearm vascular resistance (SVR and FVR) were measured. Although all subjects completed HUT before Air WI, three subjects reached presyncope after Air WI exposure at 10.4, 9.4, and 6.9 min. HUT time did not change after O2 WI or O2 HC exposures. Compared to preexposure responses, HR increased (+10 and +17%) and systolic BP (−13 and −8%), and SV (−16 and −23%) decreased during HUT after Air WI and O2 WI, respectively. In contrast, HR and SV did not change, and systolic (+5%) and diastolic BP (+10%) increased after O2 HC. Q decreased (−13 and −7%) and SVR increased (+12 and +20%) after O2 WI and O2 HC, respectively, whereas SVR decreased (−9%) after Air WI. Opposite patterns were evident following Air WI and O2 HC for FBF (−26 and +52%) and FVR (+28 and −30%). Therefore, breathing hyperbaric oxygen during WI may enhance post‐WI cardiovascular compensatory responses to orthostatic stress.
Race, racism and systemic supervision

The idea of ‘race’ and the social reality of racism have gained increasing attention in family and systemic psychotherapy. This article seeks to extend this attention by focusing upon the influence of race and racism in the supervision of family and systemic psychotherapy. The way in which the idea of race might be conceptualized is discussed, before looking at how race and racism have been addressed in the field. Attention is then turned to systemic supervision, focusing upon the ideas generated about how supervisors might position themselves in relation to these issues, the implications this might have for the supervisory relationship and the relationships between supervisees and client families. It is proposed that by virtue of the supervisor's position of power over the supervisee, it is the supervisor's responsibility to initiate conversations about race and racism. A proposal for this task is outlined, which recognizes that these conversations are ongoing. A concluding assertion is made that such conversations should form part of the evaluative process for trainee supervisors.
On the evolution of the black‐hole/spheroid mass ratio

We present the results of a study which uses the 3CRR sample of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) to investigate the evolution of the black-hole:spheroid relation in the most massive early-type galaxies from 0 < z < 2. Radioloud unification is exploited to obtain virial (line-width) black-hole mass estimates from the 3CRR quasars, and stellar mass estimates from the 3CRR radio galaxies, thereby providing black-hole and stellar mass estimates for a single population of early-type galaxies. At low redshift (z < 1) the 3CRR sample is consistent with a black-hole:spheroid ratio ofMbh/Msph ≃ 0.002, in good agreement with that observed locally for quiescent galaxies of similar stellar mass (Msph ≃ 5 × 1011 M⊙). However, over the redshift interval 0 < z < 2 the 3CRR black-hole:spheroid ratio is found to evolve as Mbh/Msph ∝ (1 + z )2.07±0.76, reaching Mbh/Msph ≃ 0.008 by redshift z ≃ 2. This evolution is found to be inconsistent with the local black-hole:spheroid ratio remaining constant at a moderately significant level (98%). If confirmed, the detection of evolution in the 3CRR black-hole:spheroid mass ratio further strengthens the evidence that, at least for massive early-type galaxies, the growth of the central supermassive black hole may be completed before that of the host spheroid. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dust cycles and storms in a Mars GCM

A number of different dust lifting parameterizations have been used to model the injection of dust from the Martian surface into the atmosphere, and the form of the resulting dust cycles and dust storms produced are found to be highly dependent on the precise form of the parameterization used, provided that it includes some threshold dependence, and particularly where radiatively active dust transport is employed. This talk will review the most interesting results from previous work. We have recently altered a key factor which particularly affects the dust lifting due to near-surface wind stress, however, so we will also present results using the new dust lifting formulation, and make some comparisons.
Increased Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Activation and TLR Ligands in Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

OBJECTIVE Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a myriad of metabolic aberrations including increased inflammation, increasing their cardiovascular risk. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their ligands play a key role in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. However, there is a paucity of data examining the expression and activity of TLRs in type 2 diabetes. Thus, in the present study, we examined TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression, their ligands, and signaling in monocytes of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS TLR mRNA, protein expression, TLR ligands, and TLR signaling were measured in freshly isolated monocytes from healthy human control subjects (n = 23) and type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 23) using real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometric assays. RESULTS Type 2 diabetic subjects had significantly increased TLR2, TLR4 mRNA, and protein in monocytes compared with control subjects (P < 0.05). Increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression correlated with BMI, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose, A1C, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), and free fatty acid (FFA). Ligands of TLR2 and TLR4, namely, HSP60, HSP70, HMGB1, endotoxin, and hyaluronan levels, were elevated in type 2 diabetic subjects and positively correlated with TLR2 and TLR4. Type 2 diabetic subjects showed increased MyD88, phosphorylated IRAK-1, Trif, TICAM-1, IRF-3, and NF-κB p65 expression in monocytes compared with control subjects. Furthermore, TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signaling resulted in elevated levels of cytokines (P < 0.05), but increased interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, and endotoxin were not significant when adjusted for BMI. CONCLUSIONS In this comprehensive study, we make the novel observation that TLR2 and TLR4 expression and their ligands, signaling, and functional activation are increased in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and contribute to the proinflammatory state.
Oxidative tyrosylation of high density lipoproteins impairs cholesterol efflux from mouse J774 macrophages: role of scavenger receptors, classes A and B

Studies were designed to test whether tyrosylation of high-density lipoprotein (HDLT) modifies its metabolic features. HDLT was less effective than native HDL in promoting cholesterol efflux from J774-AI macrophages. Cell association with fluorescent HDLT-apolipoprotein and the uptake of HDLT-[3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether were enhanced by 50% in comparison with native HDL. In addition, neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase (nCEH) activity in J774-AI, which controls the hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester stores to provide free cholesterol for cellular release, declined in the presence of HDLT. In vitro displacement experiments revealed the ability of HDLT to compete with oxidized and acetylated LDL, known as ligands of scavenger receptor (SR) class B type I/II. Similarly, treatment with a blocking antibody to SR-BI/II reduced the cell association of HDLT and native HDL by 50%. The addition of polyinosinic acid, an inhibitor of SR class A, reduced the cell association of HDLT without affecting that of native HDL. These findings provide evidence that HDLT can compete with modified LDL, bind SR-BI/BII and internalize cholesterol ester. Furthermore, the impaired capacity of HDLT in promoting cholesterol efflux from J774-AI was accompanied by diminished nCEH and enhanced recognition by SR-AI/II, which appears to involve the transport of cholesterol into cells.
Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA in western Europe

For most of the past century, prehistorians have had to rely on the fossil and archaeological records in order to reconstruct the past. In the last few decades, this evidence has been substantially supplemented from classical human genetics. More recently, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences that incorporate geographical information have provided a high‐resolution tool for the investigation of prehistoric demographic events, such as founder effects and population expansions. These events can be dated using a molecular clock when the mutation rate and founder haplotypes are known. We have previously applied such methods to sequence data from the mitochondrial DNA control region, to suggest that most extant mitochondrial sequences in western Europe have a local ancestry in the Early Upper Palaeolithic, with a smaller proportion arriving from the Near East in the Neolithic. Here, we describe a cladistic notation for mitochondrial variation and expand upon our earlier analysis to present a more detailed portrait of the European mitochondrial record.
A novel scan segmentation design method for avoiding shift timing failure in scan testing

High power consumption in scan testing can cause undue yield loss which has increasingly become a serious problem for deep-submicron VLSI circuits. Growing evidence attributes this problem to shift timing failures, which are primarily caused by excessive switching activity in the proximities of clock paths that tends to introduce severe clock skew due to IR-drop-induced delay increase. This paper is the first of its kind to address this critical issue with a novel layout-aware scheme based on scan segmentation design, called LCTI-SS (Low-Clock-Tree-Impact Scan Segmentation). An optimal combination of scan segments is identified for simultaneous clocking so that the switching activity in the proximities of clock trees is reduced while maintaining the average power reduction effect on conventional scan segmentation. Experimental results on benchmark and industrial circuits have demonstrated the advantage of the LCTI-SS scheme.
Comparison between conventional, and advance maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic power system

In this paper conventional and advance Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are introduced and compared. Three techniques named Modified Perturb and Observe (MP&O), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic Controller are considered for comparison purpose. Comparative analysis is borne out in terms of power and voltage from photo voltaic (PV) module using various MPPT techniques under constant irradiation. The PV module is implemented using double diode for better carrying into action as compared to single diode model. DC-DC converter is employed to amend the power in load side through various MPPT techniques. This comparison technique of different MPPT will lead us to choose the best option for the innovative power system.
Modulation of the myocardial redox state by vagal nerve stimulation after experimental myocardial infarction.

AIMS Redox alteration plays a major role in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). Since vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is known to improve survival and attenuate cardiac remodelling, we hypothesized that VNS may modulate the myocardial redox state. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a chronic HF mouse model, we applied VNS for 15 min and measured myocardial redox status using in vivo electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Signal decay rate of the nitroxyl probe, an index of redox status, was enhanced in HF compared with sham (0.16 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.01 min(-1), P < 0.05; n = 6), and VNS normalized this enhancement (0.13 +/- 0.01 min(-1), P < 0.05). Atropine sulphate abolished the VNS effects, indicating that the VNS modulates myocardial redox state via muscarinic receptors. N(omega)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester treatment and fixed-rate atrial pacing showed a trend to suppress the VNS effects, suggesting the involvement of nitric oxide-based signalling and myocardial oxygen consumption. Moreover, VNS decreased the myocardial norepinephrine (NE) level (0.25 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.12 ng/mL, P < 0.05; n = 6). Reactive oxygen species production from cultured cardiomyocytes was enhanced by beta-adrenergic activation, which was partially antagonized by 10 micromol/L acetylcholine (ACh) (relative value compared with control: NE 3.7 +/- 0.5, NE + ACh 2.5 +/- 0.3, P < 0.05; n = 12). CONCLUSION The present study suggests that VNS modulates the cardiac redox status and adrenergic drive, and thereby suppresses free radical generation in the failing heart.
Comparison of the Structures and Wetting Properties of Self-Assembled Monolayers of n- Alkanethiols on the Coinage Metal Surfaces, Cu, Ag, Au'

Long-chain alkanethiols, HS(CH2),CH3, adsorb from solution onto.the surfaces of gold, silver, and copper and form monolayers. Reflection infrared spectroscopy indicates that monolayers on silver and on copper (when carefully prepared) have the chains in well-defined molecular orientations and in crystalline-like phase states, as has been observed on gold. Monolayers on silver are structurally related to those formed by adsorption on gold, but different in details of orientation. The monolayers formed on copper are structurally more complex and show a pronounced sensitivity to the details of the sample preparation. Quantitative analysis of the IR data using numerical simulations based on an average single chain model suggests that the alkyl chains in monolayers on silver are all-trans zig-zag and canted by - 12' from the normal to the surface. The analysis also suggests a twist of the plane containing the carbon backbone of -45' from the plane defined by the tilt and surface normal vectors. For comparison, the monolayers that form on adsorption of alkanethiols on gold surfaces, as judged by their vibrational spectra, are also trans zig-zag extended but, when interpreted in the context of the same single chain model, have a cant angle of -27O and a twist of the plane of the carbon backbone of -53'. The monolayers formed on copper (when they are obtained in high quality) exhibit infrared spectra effectively indistinguishable from those on silver and thus appear to have the same structure. Films on copper are also commonly obtained that are structurally ill-defined and appear to contain significant densities of gauche conformations. These spectroscopically based interpretations are compatible with inferences from wetting and XPS measurements. The structure of the substrate-sulfur interface appears to control molecular orientations of the alkyl groups in these films. An improved structural model, incorporating a two-chain unit cell and allowing for the temperature-dependent population of gauche conformations, is presented and applied to the specific case of the structures formed on gold.
Homicides of law enforcement officers responding to domestic disturbance calls

Objective To describe the law enforcement officer (LEO), encounter, perpetrator and victim characteristics of domestic disturbance-related LEO homicides in the USA from 1996 to 2010. Methods Narrative text analysis was conducted on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's annual report ‘Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted’. Potential cases were confirmed if the narrative included the term ‘domestic disturbance’ or a domestic disturbance situation was described. Results 116 LEOs were killed while responding to domestic disturbance calls. Ninety-five per cent of these homicides were committed with a firearm. Sixty-seven per cent of LEOs were wearing body armour when killed; however, 52% received the fatal wound to the head/neck. Sixty-one per cent of suspects had a criminal history mentioned within the narratives and perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) were more likely to be killed by LEOs than suspects involved in other forms of domestic violence. Victims of the domestic disturbance were killed in 21% of the IPV-related LEO homicide cases as opposed to only 5% of other domestic disturbance calls. A firearm was the most common weapon used in the murder of a domestic disturbance victim (86%). Conclusions This study describes domestic disturbance-related LEO homicides. Future research in this area should further examine the dangers unique to domestic disturbance calls. A longitudinal analysis could provide greater understanding of the injury and mortality risks faced by LEOs, in order to inform homicide prevention among law enforcement.
The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology

Preface and Introduction - Michael A Hogg and Joel Cooper PART ONE: HISTORY AND NATURE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY A Century of Social Psychology - George R Goethals Individuals, Ideas and Investigations Questions and Comparisons - Phoebe C Ellsworth and Richard Gonzales Methods of Research in Social Psychology Honoring Culture Scientifically When Doing Social Psychology - Peter B Smith and Michael Harris Bond PART TWO: INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES Social Inference and Social Memory - Steven J Sherman et al The Interplay between Systems Stereotyping and Impression Formation - Kimberley A Quinn, C Neil Macrae and Galen V Bodenhausen How Categorical Thinking Shapes Person Perception Portraits of the Self - Constantine Sedikides and Aiden P Gregg Attitudes - Russell H Fazio and Michael A Olson Foundations, Functions and Consequences Affect and Emotion - Joseph P Forgas and Craig A Smith Attribution and Person Perception - Yaccov Trope and Ruth Gaunt PART THREE: INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES Attitude Change - Penny S Visser and Joel Cooper Language and Communication Processes - Kimberly A Noels, Howard Giles and Beth Le Poire Interpersonal Attraction and Intimate Relationships - Julie Fitness, Garth Fletcher and Nickola Overall Altruism and Helping Behavior - C Daniel Batson et al Human Aggression - Craig A Anderson and L Rowell Husemann A Social-Cognitive View PART FOUR: PROCESSES WITHIN GROUPS Social Performance - Kipling D Williams Stephen G Harkins and Steve J Karau Social-Influence Processes of Control and Change - Robin Martin and Miles Hewstone Conformity, Obedience to Authority and Innovation Group Composition - Richard L Moreland and John M Levine Explaining Similarities and Differences among Group Members Group Decision Making - R Scott Tindale, Tatsuya Kameda and Verlin B Hinsz PART FIVE: INTERGROUP PROCESSES AND SOCIETY Intergroup Behavior and Social Identity - Michael A Hogg and Dominic Abrams The Social Psychology of Cultural Diversity - Stephen C Wright and Donald M Taylor Social Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination Enacting Justice - John Darley, Tom R Tyler and Kenworthey Bliz The Interplay of Individual and Institutional Perspectives Come One, Come All - Stephen Worchel Toward Understanding the Process of Collective Behavior Mental Models of Negotiation - Leigh Thompson and Jeff Loewenstein Descriptive, Prescriptive and Paradigmatic Implications
Metal oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors for flexible electronics

The field of flexible electronics has rapidly expanded over the last decades, pioneering novel applications, such as wearable and textile integrated devices, seamless and embedded patch-like systems, soft electronic skins, as well as imperceptible and transient implants. The possibility to revolutionize our daily life with such disruptive appliances has fueled the quest for electronic devices which yield good electrical and mechanical performance and are at the same time light-weight, transparent, conformable, stretchable, and even biodegradable. Flexible metal oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors (TFTs) can fulfill all these requirements and are therefore considered the most promising technology for tomorrow's electronics. This review reflects the establishment of flexible metal oxide semiconductor TFTs, from the development of single devices, large-area circuits, up to entirely integrated systems. First, an introduction on metal oxide semiconductor TFTs is given, where the history of the field is revisited, the TFT configurations and operating principles are presented, and the main issues and technological challenges faced in the area are analyzed. Then, the recent advances achieved for flexible n-type metal oxide semiconductor TFTs manufactured by physical vapor deposition methods and solution-processing techniques are summarized. In particular, the ability of flexible metal oxide semiconductor TFTs to combine low temperature fabrication, high carrier mobility, large frequency operation, extreme mechanical bendability, together with transparency, conformability, stretchability, and water dissolubility is shown. Afterward, a detailed analysis of the most promising metal oxide semiconducting materials developed to realize the state-of-the-art flexible p-type TFTs is given. Next, the recent progresses obtained for flexible metal oxide semiconductor-based electronic circuits, realized with both unipolar and complementary technology, are reported. In particular, the realization of large-area digital circuitry like flexible near field communication tags and analog integrated circuits such as bendable operational amplifiers is presented. The last topic of this review is devoted for emerging flexible electronic systems, from foldable displays, power transmission elements to integrated systems for large-area sensing and data storage and transmission. Finally, the conclusions are drawn and an outlook over the field with a prediction for the future is provided.
A study of the role of noradrenaline in behavioural changes produced in the rat by psychotomimetic drugs

1 LSD‐25, psilocybin and JB‐329 reduced the noradrenaline content of the rat hypothalamus. 2 All three drugs affected the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response, LSD‐25 and psilocybin retarding and JB‐329 enhancing the acquisition. With the exception of JB‐329, doses affecting the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response were lower than those required to decide hypothalamic noradrenaline concentrations. The time of peak drug effect on the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response occurred approximately 1.5 hr after injection as opposed to 3 hr in the case of noradrenaline content. 3 The amount of LSD‐25, psilocybin and JB‐329 necessary to elicit gross behavioural excitation was similar to the dose producing noradrenaline depletion. Here also the peak behavioural effect was detected earlier. 4 Pretreatment with reserpine and α‐MT had no effect on the intensity of gross behavioural excitation induced by LSD‐25 and psilocybin but shortened the duration of the response. The excitation induced by JB‐329 was abolished by reserpine pretreatment and was markedly reduced both in intensity and duration by the prior injection of α‐MT.