Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Failure recovery using vlan-tag in SDN: High speed with low memory requirement

To achieve high availability, fault tolerance is desirable for most networks, including Software Defined Networks (SDNs). Link and switch failures are commonly observed in SDN, severely affecting the network performance and even making the whole system break down. In this paper, we propose a protection-based recovering method for link failures using vlan-tag, which is fast with low memory consumption. Inheriting from protection mechanism, our method is able to react and recover quickly without the participation of controller(s) by immediately switching to the backup path(s) precomputed when failure occurs. More importantly, it is memory efficient as it calculates the backup based on each link (instead of each flow), and simply assigns a vlan-id for each link, avoiding the high memory (TCAM used for flow table storage is costly) requirements of conventional protection methods. The simulation results expose that our method can recover from link failures within 20 ms (on the average) like other protection approaches, while the restoration needs 50 ms (on the average). Moreover, in experimental environment our method requires 100 times less flow table entries' amount than the protection method based on each flow to store backup paths.
Spectral variation of the WMAP 5-year degree scale anisotropy

The black body nature of the first acoustic peak of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was tested using foreground reduced WMAP5 data, by producing subtraction maps between pairs of cosmological bands, viz. the Q, V, and W bands, for masked sky areas that avoid the Galactic disk. The resulting maps revealed a non black body signal that has two main properties. (a) It fluctuates on the degree scale preferentially in one half of the sky, producing an extra random noise there of amplitude ≈ 3.5 µK, which is 10 σ above the pixel noise even after beam size differences between bands are taken into account. (b) The signal exhibits large scale asymmetry in the form of a dipole (≈ 3 µK) in the Q-V and Q-W maps; and (c) a quadrupole (≈ 1.5 µK) in the Q-V, Q-W, and V-W maps. While (b) is due most probably to cross-band calibration residuals of the CMB COBE dipole, the amplitude of (c) is well beyond systematics of the kind, and in any case no a priori quadrupole in the CMB exists to leave behind such a residual. The axes of symmetry of (a), (b), and (c) are tilted in the same general direction w.r. t. the axes of the Galaxy. This tilt prevents the immediate 'trivialization' of (a) and (c) in terms of known effects or anomalies, including and especially those of the foreground. In particular, should future attempts in demonstrating the non-cosmological origin of (a) continue to prove difficult, it would mean that degree scale departures from the acoustic model of perturbations is occurring on the last scattering surface at the 4 – 5 % level, and moreover the behavior varies significantly from one half of the universe to another.
Analysis of HCV Envelope Proteins Interacting with Human Proteins

Despite much progress in clinical and basic research on hepatitis C virus (HCV), interactions between HCV proteins and human proteins is not fully understood. HCV envelope proteins have many cellular targets in human proteins and affect several biological functions. From the analysis of known interactions between HCV E2 envelope proteins and human proteins, we identified a binding motif A- x(3,5)-A-x(0,2)-V-V-x[DKR]-[DS]-[AV]-[ENS]-[DEGN] in all interacting human proteins. This binding motif is essential to the interactions with HCV envelope proteins. We also found several sequence patterns in HCV E2 proteins. The binding motif and sequence patterns found in our study would be helpful in better understanding of interaction mechanisms and in design of new drugs to combat the disease.
A generalized least squares registration algorithm with Earth-centered Earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinate system [radar sensor fusion applications]

The registration problem is a prerequisite process for radar networking systems to estimate and correct systematic errors accurately. Some classical registration algorithms are all based on stereographic projection, which introduces errors to the registration of the long distance sensors. We present a generalized least squares registration algorithm (ECEF-GLS) in an Earth-centered Earth-fixed coordinate system. The new approach solves the registration between the long distance sensors, and the covariance of the estimation achieves the Cramer-Rao bound (CRLB), ignoring the errors of the linear model. Simulated data are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Comparisons are made to the ECEF-LS algorithms proposed by Zhou.
Nurse Education and the Retention of Registered Nurses in New South Wales

The retention of registered nurses (RNs) in the nursing profession has become a key issue for governments. This article examines the impact of a change in the nature of nurse education, from hospital-based to university-based training, on the labour market behaviour of RNs. The analysis indicates that RNs trained in universities are approximately 6 per cent more likely to exit the nursing workforce than hospital-trained RNs. The analysis highlights the need to develop policies to address the low retention rates for nurses in the health system such as developing clearer career paths and enhancing the non-pecuniary aspects of nursing.
Efficient large margin semisupervised learning

In classification, semisupervised learning involves a large amount of unlabeled data with only a small number of labeled data. This imposes great challenge in that the class probability given input can not be well estimated through labeled data alone. To enhance predictability of classification, this article introduces a large margin semisupervised learning method constructing an efficient loss to measure the contribution of unlabeled instances to classification. The loss is iteratively refined, based on which an iterative scheme is derived for implementation. The proposed method is examined for two large margin classifiers: support vector machines and ψ-learning. Our theoretical and numerical analyses indicate that the method achieves the desired objective of delivering higher performances over any other method initializing the scheme. ∗ This research is supported by NSF grants IIS0328802 and DMS-0604394.
iLearn on the iPhone: Real-Time Human Activity Classification on Commodity Mobile Phones

As computing moves beyond the desktop, human activity becomes an essential component of many applications. Activity classification is an active research area and several research systems have been constructed. Most have focused on fragile custom hardware only available in limited quantities. We instead seek to use commodity hardware to lower the barrier to creating activity-informed mobile applications. We describe iLearn, our system for classifying human activities using the Apple iPhone‟s three-axis accelerometer and the Nike+iPod Sport Kit. Our results suggest activities including running, walking, bicycling, and sitting can be recognized at accuracies of 97% without any training by an end-user.
Treebanking by Sentence and Tree Transformation: Building a Treebank to support Question Answering in Portuguese

This paper presents CINTIL-QATreebank, a treebank composed of Portuguese sentences that can be used to support the development of Question Answering systems. To create this treebank, we use declarative sentences from the pre-existing CINTIL-Treebank and manually transform their syntactic structure into a non-declarative sentence. Our corpus includes two clause types: interrogative and imperative clauses. CINTIL-QATreebank can be used in language science and techology general research, but it was developed particularly for the development of automatic Question Answering systems. The non-declarative entences are annotated with several layers of linguistic information, namely (i) trees with information on constituency and grammatical function; (ii) sentence type; (iii) interrogative pronoun; (iv) question type; and (v) semantic type of expected answer. Moreover, these non-declarative sentences are paired with their declarative counterparts and associated with the expected answer snippets.
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease.

T HE ETIOLOGY AND pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been much debated during the past 50 years. It is now recognized that MS is a complex disease with different clinical and pathological phenotypes, perhaps reflecting different pathways to tissue injury. Thus, MS may not be a single disease entity. Nonetheless, with recent advances in immunology and magnetic resonance imaging and the demonstration that immunomodulatory treatment can have an ameliorating effect on the disease process, it is now clear that the core process in MS is inflammatory, with T cells and their mediators triggering injury of axons and their myelin sheaths through a complex sequence of events. The Tcell–mediated inflammation is driven by an autoimmune process, which in turn can trigger a degenerative phase that is immune independent. As described below, a large body of evidence suggests there is a Th1-type bias in MS (interferon [IFN] gamma, interleukin [IL]12, IL-18, and osteopontin) and that factors associated with Th2-type (IL-4 and IL-10) or Th3-type (transforming growth factor ) responses are beneficial in MS. Immune abnormalities in MS include activated T cells in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, T-cell reactivity to myelin antigens, Th1-type inflammation in the brain (IL-12 and chemokine expression), local central nervous system (CNS) immune reaction (Ig-G), linkage of immune abnormalities to clinical course and magnetic resonance imaging, and major histocompatibility complex linkage.
Carbon markets or climate finance? : low carbon and adaptation investment choices for the developing world

Preface Axel Michaelowa 1. The Clean Development Mechanism Gold Rush Axel Michaelowa and Jorund Buen 2. Development Co-operation and Climate Change: Political-Economic Determinants of Adaptation Aid Katharina and Axel Michaelowa 3. How Brazil and China have Financed Industry Development and Energy Security Initiatives that Support Mitigation Objectives Jorund Buen, Paula Castro 4. The Adaptation Fund: Towards Resilient Economies in the Developing World Izabela Ratajczak-Juszko 5. Fast-Start Finance - Scattered Governance, Information and Programmes Martin Stadelmann, Jessica Brown and Lena Hornlein 6. New Market Mechanisms for Mitigation - Getting the Incentives Right Sonja Butzengeiger, Bjorn Dransfeld, Martin Cames, Axel Michaelowa and Sean Healy 7. Mobilising Mitigation Policies in the South through a Financing Mix Daisuke Hayashi and Stefan Wehner 8. Market Mechanisms for Adaptation - an Aberration or a Key Source of Finance? Axel Michaelowa, Michel Kohler and Sonja Butzengeiger 9. Harnessing the Financial Markets to Leverage Low Carbon Technology Diffusion Katie Sullivan 10. Climate Finance and Backstop Technologies Sonja Butzengeiger and Axel Michaelowa 11. Manouvering Climate Finance Around the Pitfalls - Finding the Right Policy Mix Axel Michaelowa
ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION, REDUCING POWER ASSAY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF EXTRACTS: EFFECT OF SOLVENT POLARITY

Moringa preparations have been cited in the scientific literature as having antibiotic, antitrypanosomal, hypotensive, and antispasmodic, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, hypo-cholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic activities, as well as having considerable efficacy in water purification by flocculation, sedimentation, antibiosis. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and their invitro antibacterial activity against four microorganisms, viz. Escherichia Coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhii. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts in solvents of varying polarity; viz., water, methanol, ethanol and acetone were also carried out. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by the reducing power assay using ascorbic acid as standard. Well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial effect of the extracts on both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms. Well known chemical procedures were used for the detection of the phytochemical components. The aqueous extract exhibited maximum antioxidant activity compared to the organic solvent extracts. Acetone extract showed broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms while the methanolic extract was active against all microorganisms used, except E. coli. The ethanolic extract was active against Salmonella typhii, and Staphylococcus aureus whereas the aqueous extract exhibited an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus only. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides etc., in the extracts. We believe that the higher reducing power of the aqueous extract could be due to the better solubility of the antioxidant components in water whereas the predominant antibacterial activity in organic solvent extracts as compared to aqueous extracts, indicates that the active components responsible for the bactericidal activity are more soluble in organic solvents. These studies provide an evidence to support traditional medicinal uses of the plant. INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, the use of medicinal plants has a revival of interest as they could provide therapeutic response and do have potential to be developed as medicines. Nowadays, the control of bacterial and fungal infections has become complicated due to the emergence of bacteria and fungi resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The involvement of free radicals has been demonstrated in many serious diseases . These free radicals generate oxidative stress and alter the overall condition of the
Cognitive Architecture with Evolutionary Dynamics Solves Insight Problem

In this paper, we show that a neurally implemented a cognitive architecture with evolutionary dynamics can solve the four-tree problem. Our model, called Darwinian Neurodynamics, assumes that the unconscious mechanism of problem solving during insight tasks is a Darwinian process. It is based on the evolution of patterns that represent candidate solutions to a problem, and are stored and reproduced by a population of attractor networks. In our first experiment, we used human data as a benchmark and showed that the model behaves comparably to humans: it shows an improvement in performance if it is pretrained and primed appropriately, just like human participants in Kershaw et al. (2013)'s experiment. In the second experiment, we further investigated the effects of pretraining and priming in a two-by-two design and found a beginner's luck type of effect: solution rate was highest in the condition that was primed, but not pretrained with patterns relevant for the task. In the third experiment, we showed that deficits in computational capacity and learning abilities decreased the performance of the model, as expected. We conclude that Darwinian Neurodynamics is a promising model of human problem solving that deserves further investigation.
Genetic and Environmental Effects on the Abdominal Aortic Diameter Development

BACKGROUND Configuration of the abdominal aorta is related to healthy aging and a variety of disorders. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess heritable and environmental effects on the abdominal aortic diameter. METHODS 114 adult (69 monozygotic, 45 same-sex dizygotic) twin pairs (mean age 43.6 ± 16.3 years) underwent abdominal ultrasound with Esaote MyLab 70X ultrasound machine to visualize the abdominal aorta below the level of the origin of the renal arteries and 1-3 cm above the bifurcation. RESULTS Age- and sex-adjusted heritability of the abdominal aortic diameter below the level of the origin of the renal arteries was 40% [95% confidence interval (CI), 14 to 67%] and 55% above the aortic bifurcation (95% CI, 45 to 70%). None of the aortic diameters showed common environmental effects, but unshared environmental effects were responsible for 60% and 45% of the traits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis documents the moderate heritability and its segment-specific difference of the abdominal aortic diameter. The moderate part of variance was explained by unshared environmental components, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle factors in primary prevention. Further studies in this field may guide future gene-mapping efforts and investigate specific lifestyle factors to prevent abdominal aortic dilatation and its complications.
From Software to Software System Products: An Add-on Process Reference Model for Enhancing ISO/IEC 12207 with Product Management and System-Level Reuse

As software is increasingly developed as part of an overall, often multidisciplinary system, traditional engineering approaches often reach their limits when faced with increasing complexity, variability, requirements, or cost and productivity pressure. Generally, reuse and product-orientation are considered promising approaches to tackle such challenges, but to fully exploit their potential require an effective product management function. Although established software process life cycle models acknowledge the importance of reuse, they do not consider appropriate product management practices, while established systems engineering life cycle models lack reuse as well as product management. - We therefore propose the integration of a process model proposal for software product management with one for enhancing system life cycle processes with reuse and product-orientation. The resulting model can be used as add-on to ISO/IEC 12207 and serve as a framework for process assessment and improvement in contexts where software is developed and evolved as a product and at the same time is part of an overall software-intensive system product.
The Rising Sea : Grothendieck on Simplicity and Generality

In 1949, Andre Weil published striking conjectures linking number theory to topology and a striking strategy for a proof [Weil, 1949]. Around 1953, Jean-Pierre Serre took on the project and soon recruited Alexander Grothendieck. Serre created aseries of concise elegant tools which Grothendieck and coworkers simplified into thousands of pages of category theory. Some have complained of this style, but Miles Reid, for exarnple, says "Grothendieck himself can't necessarily be blamed" for the growth of category theory "since his Own use of categories was very successful in solving problems" [Reid, 1990, p. 116]1 This chapter describes the methods Grothendieck made standard in algebraic geometry by 1958, pursuing the Weil conjectures: Abelian categories, derived functor cohomology, and schemes. It touches on Grothendieck topologies, toposes, and etale cohomology, which arose around 1958, to see how Grothendieck himself relates them to the earlier ideas2 Grothendieck describes two styles in mathematics. Wben he thinks of a theorem to be proved as a nut to be opened, so as to reach "the nourishing flesh protected by the shell," then the hammer and chisel principle is: "put the cutting edge of the chisel against the shell and strike hard. If needed, begin again at many different points until the shell cracks-and you are satisfied. " He goes on to say:3
A routing algorithm with Multiple Constrained Balanced Path for overlay network

QoS routing is one of the key issues in the research of the overlay network. This paper proposes a routing algorithm with Multiple Constrained Balanced Path(MCBP) based on analyzing multiple QoS constraints. It solves the weights allocation among multiple QoS constraints by introducing the methods AHP and Parameter Normalization with including multiple QoS parameters of nodes and links considered. Meanwhile, it also balanced the QoS parameters Bandwidth and Nodes Processing Capacity according to the features of the overlay network. Simulation results show that MCBP is better than other similar algorithms in balancing the network resources with all the QoS parameters are equally considered. Keywords— Overlay Network; QoS Routing; Parameter Normalization; Resource balancing
Gelatin device for the delivery of growth factors involved in endochondral ossification

Controlled release drug delivery systems are well established as oral and implantable dosage forms. However, the controlled release paradigm can also be used to present complex soluble signals responsible for cellular organization during development. Endochondral ossification (EO), the developmental process of bone formation from a cartilage matrix is controlled by several soluble signals with distinct functions that vary in structure, molecular weight and stability. This makes delivering them from a single vehicle rather challenging. Herein, a gelatin-based delivery system suitable for the delivery of small molecules as well as recombinant human (rh) proteins (rhWNT3A, rhFGF2, rhVEGF, rhBMP4) is reported. The release behavior and biological activity of the released molecules was validated using analytical and biological assays, including cell reporter systems. The simplicity of fabrication of the gelatin device should foster its adaptation by the diverse scientific community interested in interrogating developmental processes, in vivo.
The Dark Side of Emotional Intelligence

Over 300 British adults completed the Hogan Development Survey (HDS) (Hogan & Hogan, 2001), a measure of the personality disorders and the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQi) (Bar- On, 2004). Work associates known to the participants also completed an observers’ version of the EQi. The structures of both inventories were examined. The HDS factored into three clear factors (clusters A, B, C) confirming previous analyses while the EQi had a single factor structure. Cluster B disorders (labelled Moving Against People) were correlated negatively with the Stress scale on the EQi while Cluster A disorders (labelled Moving Away from People) were negatively correlated with Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Mood subscale scores on the EQi. Regressions showed that Avoidant, Schizoid and Narcissistic disorders most consistently related to the self-reported EQi subscale scores. Interestingly Paranoia was positively correlated with the total and the Intrapersonal EQi scores. Participants tended to have higher self, compared to observer scores on the EQi. Only one regression was significant: participants with lower Borderline and Schizotypal scores were seen to be better at Stress management.
The Čerenkov-Compton effect

The two-photon production by motion of a charged particle in a medium is considered. This process is called Čerenkov-Compton effect (ČCE) because the production of photons is calculated from the Feynman diagram for the Compton effect in a medium. This process is not forbidden in quantum electrodynamics of dielectric media.The cross section of this process in Mandelstam variables is calculated. The relation of this process to the CERN experiments is considered.