Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Daily Use of Reappraisal Decreases Negative Emotions Toward Daily Unpleasant Events

Previous research has demonstrated that using adaptive cognitive strategies reduces negative emotions, although high-neuroticism individuals are unable to use these adaptive strategies as effectively as low-neuroticism individuals. This diary study explored whether daily use of adaptive strategies would improve their effectiveness. Results suggest that with regular practice, participants (including those high in neuroticism) could effectively use reappraisal to reduce their negative emotions. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that individuals who reappraised daily experienced less negative emotions toward unpleasant events than those who did not use any strategy or who focused on the unpleasant events. This research suggests that daily use of adaptive strategies could help people reduce negative emotions.
Climate Change and Morality: Students' perspectives on the individual and society

There is a growing interest in addressing moral aspects in the research and education of socio‐scientific issues. This paper investigates students' interpretations of climate change from a moral perspective. The students were 14 years old, studying at Green Schools in the Beijing area, China. The study was based on semi‐structured group interviews and the data were analysed from an intentional perspective, which means that both cognitive and situational aspects were taken into consideration in the analysis. Previous research has revealed a close relation between morality and socio‐scientific issues and also advocated the need for addressing ethical aspects in science education. However, empirical studies exploring the question of what students' moral reasoning might look like at the individual level have not yet generated enough attention. In this study this is the core focus of interest. The findings show that the students conceptualise the solutions to mitigating climate change in relation to two different stances. That is, they contextualise the problems and solutions by addressing the individual, where the individual is either ‘myself’ or ‘someone else’. The different notions of the individual become crucial as the students' views and considerations for the environment, as well as society, change according to the different contexts. From a moral point of view, the students seem quite unaware of their varying consideration for others, the environment and society. The paper ends with a discussion of implications for practice and research.
Screening and case finding tools for the detection of dementia. Part I: evidence-based meta-analysis of multidomain tests.

AIM To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of all brief multidomain alternatives to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the detection of dementia. METHODS A literature search, critical appraisal, and meta-analysis were conducted of robust diagnostic validity studies involving cognitive batteries. Twenty-nine distinct brief batteries were tested in 44 large-scale analyses. Twenty studies took place in specialist settings (11 in memory clinics and 9 in secondary care), ten studies were conducted in primary care, and 14 in the community. RESULTS In community settings with a low prevalence of dementia, short screening methods of no more than 10 minutes had an overall sensitivity of 72.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 60.4%-82.3%) and a specificity of 88.2% (95% CI = 83.0%-92.5%). The optimal individual tests were the Telephonic interview based on MSQ, Category fluency/Memory impairment screen-Telephonic interview and 6 item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT), but data were limited by the absence of multiple independent confirmation for any individual test. In primary care where the prevalence of dementia is usually modest, the optimal individual tools were the Abbreviated mental test score/Mental status questionnaire (MSQ), and Prueba cognitive de leganes (PCL). Furthermore, the Abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) was superior to the MMSE for case finding, but for screening the MMSE was optimal. If length is not a major consideration, the MMSE may remain the best tool for primary care clinicians who want to rule in and rule out a diagnosis. In specialist settings where the prevalence of dementia is often high, the optimal individual tools were the DEMTECT, Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA), Memory Alteration test, and MINI-COG. Two tools were potentially superior to the MMSE for rule in and rule out, namely the 6-CIT and MINI-COG. Only four analyses looked specifically at accuracy in early-stage dementia, and each showed at least equivalent diagnostic accuracy, suggesting these methods might be applicable to early identification. CONCLUSION A large number of alternatives to the MMSE have now been validated in large samples with favorable rule-in and rule-out accuracy. Evidence to date suggests for those wishing to use brief battery tests then the original MMSE or the AMTS should be considered in primary care and either the 6-CIT or the MINI-COG should be considered in specialist settings.
Letter-by-letter Reading: Psychological Descriptions of a Neurologial Syndrome

Following a general description of the characteristics of letter-by-letter reading and a summary of previous explanations of this reading deficit in both neurological and psychological models, four single-case studies of patients with this syndrome are presented. One central topic, addressed by experimental investigation, concerns comprehension of written words. Despite the use of multiple techniques, no evidence was obtained for the hypothesis that comprehension of a word could occur prior to or in the absence of the letter-by-letter analysis required for oral reading. It appears that these patients must do sequential letter identification of a word in order both to understand it and to report it. A second central topic, addressed through analysis of reading errors, concerns procedures for word recognition. Two of the four patients showed a “pure” letter-by-letter syndrome, with no difficulty in word recognition once the component letters had been identified. For the other two patients, an additional lexical deficit often prevented a correctly identified sequence of letters from achieving recognition as the correct word. Alternative interpretations of these patterns are discussed in terms of a process model.
Novel hybrid antenna design having a shaped reflector for mobile satellite communication applications

This paper presents novel hybrid antenna (HA) design based on shaped reflector for mobile satellite communications. HA is composed of a shaped reflector and the feeder having a 1×8 linear phased array, and reflector shaping method is applied for the performance optimization with minimum aperture size. And, in the feeder design, HA has another merit to minimize the manufacturing cost by optimizing the number of element. Proposed HA is designed at Ka-band and can electrically control a beam pattern within ±3° in the basic angle of +45° in elevation. This antenna is designed to meet the international regulations for very small aperture terminals (VSAT) including ITU-R S.465-5 for beam pattern including side-lobe level.
Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES To improve the bioavailability of antitubercular drugs (ATDs) as well as to assess the feasibility of administering ATDs via the respiratory route, this study reports the formulation of three frontline ATDs, i.e. rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide encapsulated in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles suitable for nebulization. METHODS Drug-loaded nanoparticles were prepared by the multiple emulsion technique, vacuum-dried and nebulized to guinea pigs. The formulation was evaluated with respect to the pharmacokinetics of each drug and its chemotherapeutic potential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected guinea pigs. RESULTS The aerosolized particles exhibited a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.88 +/- 0.11 microm, favourable for bronchoalveolar lung delivery. A single nebulization to guinea pigs resulted in sustained therapeutic drug levels in the plasma for 6-8 days and in the lungs for up to 11 days. The elimination half-life and mean residence time of the drugs were significantly prolonged compared to when the parent drugs were administered orally, resulting in an enhanced relative bioavailability (compared to oral administration) for encapsulated drugs (12.7-, 32.8- and 14.7-fold for rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide, respectively). The absolute bioavailability [compared to intravenous (i.v.) administration] was also increased by 6.5-, 19.1- and 13.4-fold for rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide, respectively. On nebulization of nanoparticles containing drugs to M. tuberculosis infected guinea pigs at every 10th day, no tubercle bacilli could be detected in the lung after five doses of treatment whereas 46 daily doses of orally administered drug were required to obtain an equivalent therapeutic benefit. CONCLUSIONS Nebulization of nanoparticles-based ATDs forms a sound basis for improving drug bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency for better management of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Reevaluating the slip paradigm: A research note

The present study is a critical reevaluation of data obtained using the SLIP paradigm. The results from three studies utilizing this experimental technique differed from those in the original study (Baars, Motley & MacKay, 1975); namely, the speech errors obtained were of many different types, of which spoonerisms represent only a small percentage. It is suggested that many of these speech errors result from memory confusions rather than from the elicitation of true “spoonerisms. ”
Social Work at the Crossroads

Summary The contribution of social work to society has always been contested. Social workers work with some of the most psychologically damaged and socially disadvantaged people, and are susceptible to public devaluing of the services they provide. Indeed, social work has been subjected to an ever-increasing volume of public debate and criticism, and its claims to professional status are under threat. Recent years have seen a constant attack on its values and principles, which has taken place at political, organ izational and professional levels. Social work practice has been subjected to increased managerial control and social workers' levels of autonomy have been reduced. This has created a sense,of crisis, which has been experienced particularly within social services departments (SSDs), the main source of employment for social workers. The paper will argue that its survival as a recognizable professional activity is dependent on the extent to which it can redefine its role within society, and re-establish clarity about its overall purpose and function.
Dynamic Shape and Appearance Models

We propose a model of the joint variation of shape and appearance of portions of an image sequence. The model is conditionally linear, and can be thought of as an extension of active appearance models to exploit the temporal correlation of adjacent image frames. Inference of the model parameters can be performed efficiently using established numerical optimization techniques borrowed from finite-element analysis and system identification techniques
An Optimization Model for Allocation of Network Users in Macro-femto Networks - An Approach based on Energy Efficiency and Quality of Service

The femtocell concept aims to combine fixed-line broadband access with mobile telephony using the deployment of low-cost, low-power third generation (3G) base stations in the subscribers' homes. While the self-configuration of femtocells is a plus, it can limit the quality of users and reduce the efficiency of the network, based on outdated allocation parameters such as signal power level. To this end, this paper presents a proposal for optimized allocation of users on a macro-femto network, aiming to minimize the consumption of battery without affecting the quality of service of applications. Markov Decision Process Theory is used to model the system, which is modeled as observed by the user’s side. So, when the user needs to connect to make a voice call or a data call, the mobile phone has to decide in which network to connect, using the information of number of connections, the quality of service parameters and the signal power level of each network.
“Spirit of Place” as Process: Archaeography, Dowsing and Perceptual Mapping at Belas Knap

Abstract “Spirit of place,” or genius loci, is both an abstract concept and a profoundly personal experience of relationship with place. Each place and district and region has its own characteristics, both explicit and implicit, that make it “locally distinctive,” to use the term coined by the English charity Common Ground. As such, it provides a rich seam of interest for archaeography—archaeology's artistically-oriented cousin. Using examples from a long-term archaeography project at and around the Belas Knap long-barrow in south-west England, this paper explores an approach in which, by combining the formal rigor of archaeology with disciplines from a variety of other sources, “spirit of place” can be transformed from metaphor to method, yielding not only new insights about past and present, but also concrete archaeological evidence about habitation and use.
Association of recombinant murine leukemia viruses of the class II genotype with spontaneous lymphomas in CWD mice

We determined the phenotype and genotype of murine leukemia viruses associated with the development of spontaneous nonthymic lymphomas in the high-leukemia mouse strain CWD/J. By T1 oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of the viral RNA, the ecotropic viruses recovered from the spleen or thymus of preleukemic CWD/J mice were found to represent the progeny of the two endogenous ecotropic proviruses present in this strain. Polytropic murine leukemia viruses were produced by tissues from one-half of the leukemic mice, and fresh tumor cells from one of the two animals tested expressed recombinant envelope glycoproteins. The genomic structure of the recombinant viruses resembled those of class II polytropic viruses of NFS X Akv mice and differed from those of class I recombinant viruses that are commonly isolated from other high-leukemia strains such as AKR and HRS. Acquired retroviral sequences with the structural features of class II recombinant proviruses were detected in the DNA from each CWD/J tumor by the Southern blot technique. Finally, the injection of a mixture of CWD/J ecotropic and class II recombinant polytropic viruses into neonatal CWD/J mice accelerated the onset of lymphoma, whereas the endogenous ecotropic virus was inactive in these assays.
Meta-Analyses of the Effectiveness of Warning Labels

The authors use a series of meta-analyses to demonstrate the impact of warning labels across five dimensions of effectiveness: attention, reading and comprehension, recall, judgments, and behavioral compliance. Subsequent moderator analyses indicate that attention is moderated by vividness-enhancing characteristics, warning location, and familiarity but not by product type. None of the moderating variables affect either reading and comprehension or recall. Product type moderates judgments, and familiarity and cost of compliance moderate behavioral compliance. The authors discuss public policy implications and avenues for further research.
International Crises and Domestic Politics

Audience costs enable leaders to make credible commitments and to communicate their intentions to their adversaries during a crisis. I explain audience costs by simultaneously modeling crisis behavior and the domestic reelection process. I assume that a leader's ability influences the outcome of a crisis. As such, voters use outcomes as a signal of their leaders' quality. Leaders have incentives to make statements that deter their enemies abroad, since these statements also enhance their standing at home. Yet, such “cheap talk” foreign policy declarations are only credible when leaders suffer domestically if they fail to fulfill their commitments. In equilibrium, false promises are only made by the least competent types of leaders. Leaders that break their promises suffer electorally. Because initial domestic conditions and institutional arrangements affect the vulnerability of leaders to these domestic costs, such factors influence the credibility of policy declarations and, therefore, the crisis outcome.
Image representation for object recognition: Utilizing overlapping windows in Spatial Pyramid Matching

Image representation holds a very important role in object recognition, as the choice of image representation directly affects the training process and recognition rate. Among many representation technique, Spatial Pyramid Matching (SPM) has been a major breakthrough in the field of object and scene recognition. Expanding from the normal bag-of-words approach, an image is viewed as a pyramid of L + 1 level, where the lth layer of a pyramid is divided into 2l × 2l disjoint sub-windows, and a histogram is extracted from each. In SPM, each image is represented by the concatenation of such histograms. This paper proposes an extension to the normal SPM framework by introducing overlapping sub-windows to replace the disjoint sub-windows of SPM. Two frameworks are proposed in an effort to increase discriminability: rectangular overlapping windows (OW) and circular overlapping windows (CW). We found that the introduction of overlapping sub-windows led to better performances in Caltech 101, Caltech 256 and 15-Scene databases by up to 3.68% under ScSPM and LLC algorithm. Furthermore, it was found that using only the 2nd overlapping layer directly enables us to reduce the memory consumption by 24% while still achieving better recognition rate than traditional SPM.
Factors Affecting Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Responses to Tilting in Infants Aged 1 and 3 Months

Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR) responses following a 60° head-up tilt were measured in 60 infants at 1 and 3 mo of age to investigate the effects on these of age, sleep state, sleep position, and mother's smoking status. HRV was determined from Poincaré plots of 500 sequential RR intervals to measure overall variability derived from the SDRR of this plot, and instantaneous variability derived from the SDΔRR. HR responses to the tilt were measured as changes in RR interval length from rest to immediately following the tilt and again once a stable pattern was reached. SDRR and SDΔRR increased 20 and 40%, respectively, with age (p < 0.0001), SDRR was higher in active sleep (AS) than quiet sleep (QS, +72%, p < 0.0001)) but both measures of variability (SDRR and SDΔRR) were lower in the prone position compared with supine (−18%, p < 0.0001). However, several findings were dependent on the basal RR interval, thus the age effect disappeared once RR interval was taken into account, sleep state remained an important factor and the lower variability when prone now became a difference of −3% (p = 0.034). The tilt generally provoked a reflex tachycardia followed by a bradycardia and settling to a stable HR level below, at, or above baseline within 30 s. The more unusual responses were no HR change, sustained tachycardia or sustained bradycardia (15% of total). These were more likely to occur in younger infants (p = 0.008) and in AS (p < 0.0001). No changes were seen in any of the cardiac indices related to maternal smoking status. The findings confirm several reports indicating that prone sleeping damps some physiologic responses. The data emphasize the need to consider basal heart rate, and sleep position as well as sleep state in autonomic function testing during infant sleep.
Design-based research - the educational technology variant of design research: illustrated by the design of an m-learning environment

This paper, a meta-research study, focuses on design-based research (DBR), the educational technology variant of design science research (DSR). DBR is applied to develop and evaluate an m-learning environment, Mobile Learning Research (m-LR) delivered by mobile handheld devices. The emergence and evolution of DSR in the information systems discipline and, similarly, DBR in educational technology are overviewed, noting similarities and differences. The development of an m-learning application for a South African tertiary education context, illustrates DBR. The development and research process involved six iterations, comprising four evaluations and two digital profile studies. The study reflects on the nature and extent of the conformance of m-LR to the features and tenets of DBR. In line with the characteristic dual-outcomes of DBR, the development process not only generated the designed artifact, m-LR, but also produced theoretical contributions.
Relationships and traders in Madagascar

This article documents the role that personal relationships play in economic exchange. Original survey data show that agricultural traders in Madagascar perceive relationships as the most important factor for success in their business. Evidence details the extent to which relationships are used to serve a variety of purposes such as: the circulation of information about prices and market conditions; the provision of trade credit; the prevention and handling of contractual difficulties; the regularity of trade flows; and the mitigation of risk. Of these, the regularity of supply and demand and the sharing of risk appear particularly important. Larger and more prosperous traders are those with quantitatively and qualitatively better relationships. Family plays little role in business beyond assistance at start‐up.
Perivitelline space: Does it play a role in blocking polyspermy in mammals?

The perivitelline space of mammalian oocytes changes in size and composition during preimplantation development. Often overlooked in the past, this space contains a hyaluronan‐rich extracellular matrix prior to fertilization and a cortical granule envelope following release of the cortical granules at fertilization. The hyaluronan‐containing matrix of unfertilized oocytes is well developed in some species such as opossums and humans but is scant in rodents including the hamster and mouse. The significance of the hyaluronan‐rich matrix, which attaches to the plasma membrane of the oocytes, is not fully understood. However, hyaluronan, which can inhibit membrane fusion, is present in the perivitelline space (PVS) of unfertilized oocytes and must be negotiated by the fertilizing sperm. Following fertilization, the cortical granule envelope forms as the cortical granules disperse, thereby causing the PVS to increase significantly in size. Calcium is important in the dispersion of the cortical granules following exocytosis. Once formed, the cortical granule envelope in some species is about the same thickness as the zona pellucida, but it is not readily visualized unless it is stained with fluorescent probes or examined ultrastructurally after following stabilization with ruthenium red. The envelope contains proteins that remain in the PVS until the time of blastocyst hatching. Although little work has been done on the functions of the cortical granule envelope, several studies are consistent with the idea that it plays a role in blocking polyspermy. While nicotine increases polyspermy in sea urchins, its effects on polyspermy in human smokers have not been characterized, but could be addressed in human in vitro fertilization labs. Microsc. Res. Tech. 61:349–357, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.