Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Cognition of Caching

The avian food-caching paradigm has greatly contributed to our understanding of a number of cognitive capacities. Although the early work focused on spatial memory, contemporary studies of the cognitive abilities of food-caching birds have a much broader scope, ranging from episodic-like memory and mental time travel to aspects of social cognition such as observational spatial memory of other birds' caches and elements of mental attribution. A major strength of using the food-caching paradigm to test for cognitive abilities lies in the combination of ethological validity coupled with rigorous experimental control. Thus, food-caching is a naturally occurring behavior, but one that birds will readily perform in the laboratory. And, unlike many of the standard psychological tests of animal memory, the birds do not need to be trained to cache or recover. Yet, the very fact that memory for food caches can be tested in captive birds allows a level of control that would be difficult, if not impossible, in the field. For example, we can control for the time elapsed between caching and the first opportunity to recover that cache, as well as whether or not the animal can use cues emanating directly from the caches at the time of recovery. And, we can test hand-raised birds that have spent their life in captivity, ones whose reinforcement histories are well documented and whose previous experiences can be experimentally manipulated. 2 Our current approach to the comparative cognition of caching capitalizes on an integrative knowledge of behavioral ecology and comparative psychology. An understanding of behavioral ecology allows one to pose questions about the selective pressures that drive the evolution of cognitive abilities in food-caching birds, and how a bird's decisions concerning both caching and cache-recovery are shaped by ecological factors. For example, reliance on cached food may be greater for those individuals that live in harsher environments, where access to food supplies is limited and unpredictable because failure to recover food caches in the winter may lead to death from starvation (Pravosudov & Grubb, 1997). The prediction, therefore, is that an individual living in harsh conditions should cache more food and/or show more efficient recovery of caches (e.g., fewer searches to find its cached seeds) than one that lives in a more temperate environment. Support for this claim comes from population differences in the caching behavior of black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). Alaskan chickadees that have to endure severely cold winters cache considerably …
Introduction to Special Issue on “Disaggregating Civil War”

We introduce the contributions to this special issue on “Disaggregating Civil War. ” We review the problems arising from excessive aggregation in studies of civil war, and outline how disaggregation promises to provide better insights into the causes and dynamics of civil wars, using the articles in this special issue as examples. We comment on the issue of the appropriate level of disaggregation, lessons learned from these articles, and issues for further research.
The Ability of Teachers To Identify Academically At-Risk Elementary Students

Abstract Teachers of 748 lower middle-class elementary school students (kindergarten—grade five) classified 66% of the students as academically at-risk. The three major reasons given for classification were: (a) unsupportive home environment (29%), (b) classroom attention problems (22%) and (c) poor attitude (25%). Correlations between teachers' at-risk classifications and the criterion measures for the total school population were . 79 with free lunch/no free lunch, . 47 with having been retained or not retained last year, . 40 with Iowa Test of Basic Skills Reading scores and . 46 with ITBS Composite scores. The same pattern of correlations was noted across race, grade and sex classifications. It was concluded that teachers were moderately accurate estimators of student likelihood of being academically at-risk. The data also suggest that teachers may engage in some stereotyping and that there is the potential presence of test bias.
Projections of Alice: anachronistic reading and the temporality of mediation

Anachronism is a particularly useful conceptual mechanism for unpacking the ways in which the work of a writer such as Carroll exemplifies the paradoxical temporality of representation at a transformative moment in media history. Retracing the late nineteenth-century circulatory networks in which images of Carroll's Alice moved from illustrated printed book, through the extractive distortions of a voracious reviewing system encompassing periodicals, magazines and newspapers, into the visual sphere of theatrical, magic lantern and early cinematic mediation, this article reveals the contours of a distinctively modern literary system at work. All these various media formations were governed to a greater or lesser extent by the logic of immediacy, of drawing the reader/viewer up close or projecting them into the same space as Alice, or alternatively, of projecting Alice backwards and forwards across time and space at the will of the reader. This article argues that the tantalizing prospect of bringing Alice to life that these various media promise, of literally being able to reach out and touch her as if she was there, is inherently anachronistic in it technological utopianism, that is, if we accept Gillian Rose's suggestive concept of anachronism as “the time in which we may not be, and yet we must imagine we will have been. ”
Doppler-based motion estimation for wide-band sources from single passive sensor measurements

We address the problem of estimating the motion of a wide-band source from single passive sensor measurements, for example, estimation of the speed and position of a car moving on a road from the recording of its acoustic signature at a microphone located next to the road. We present a new computationally efficient method based on a time-varying ARMA model for Doppler-shifted random processes. Unlike previously proposed approaches which rely on a "local" periodicity hypothesis for the signal source, or a cyclostationary assumption, our method assumes only that the source is stationary and admits a rational (ARMA) model. The method is tested on synthetic and real acoustic data.
Comparative Metaproteomics and Diversity Analysis of Human Intestinal Microbiota Testifies for Its Temporal Stability and Expression of Core Functions

The human intestinal tract is colonized by microbial communities that show a subject-specific composition and a high-level temporal stability in healthy adults. To determine whether this is reflected at the functional level, we compared the faecal metaproteomes of healthy subjects over time using a novel high-throughput approach based on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The developed robust metaproteomics workflow and identification pipeline was used to study the composition and temporal stability of the intestinal metaproteome using faecal samples collected from 3 healthy subjects over a period of six to twelve months. The same samples were also subjected to DNA extraction and analysed for their microbial composition and diversity using the Human Intestinal Tract Chip, a validated phylogenetic microarray. Using metagenome and single genome sequence data out of the thousands of mass spectra generated per sample, approximately 1,000 peptides per sample were identified. Our results indicate that the faecal metaproteome is subject-specific and stable during a one-year period. A stable common core of approximately 1,000 proteins could be recognized in each of the subjects, indicating a common functional core that is mainly involved in carbohydrate transport and degradation. Additionally, a variety of surface proteins could be identified, including potential microbes-host interacting components such as flagellins and pili. Altogether, we observed a highly comparable subject-specific clustering of the metaproteomic and phylogenetic profiles, indicating that the distinct microbial activity is reflected by the individual composition.
NF-κB Regulates PD-1 Expression in Macrophages

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is responsible for T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infections and is expressed on a variety of immune cells following activation. Despite its importance, the mechanisms that regulate PD-1 in cell types other than CD8 T cells are poorly defined. In this study, the molecular mechanisms for inducing PD-1 expression in CD4 T cells, macrophages, and B cells were explored. In CD4 T cells, PD-1 induction following TCR stimulation required NFAT, as the calcineurin/NFAT pathway inhibitor cyclosporin A was able to block PD-1 induction in a manner similar to that seen in CD8 T cells. In contrast, LPS but not PMA and ionomycin stimulation was able to induce PD-1 expression in macrophages in a manner insensitive to cyclosporin A–mediated inhibition. B cells could use both pathways, although the levels of PD-1 expression were highest with PMA and ionomycin. An NF-κB binding site located upstream of the gene in conserved region C was required for NF-κB–dependent PD-1 gene activation in macrophages. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed NF-κB p65 binding to this region following stimulation of macrophages with LPS. PD-1 induction was associated with histone modifications characteristic of accessible chromatin; however, in contrast to CD8 T cells, conserved region B in macrophages did not lose CpG methylation upon stimulation and PD-1 expression. The linkage of TLR/NF-κB signaling to the induction of PD-1 suggests the possibility of an opportunistic advantage to microbial infections in manipulating immune inhibitory responses.
The Roles of Exercise and Yoga in Ameliorating Depression as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline

Currently, there are no effective pharmaceutical treatments to reduce cognitive decline or prevent dementia. At the same time, the global population is aging, and rates of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are on the rise. As such, there is an increasing interest in complementary and alternative interventions to treat or reduce the risk of cognitive decline. Depression is one potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. Notably, exercise and yoga are two interventions known to both reduce symptoms of depression and improve cognitive function. The current review discusses the efficacy of exercise and yoga to ameliorate depression and thereby reduce the risk of cognitive decline and potentially prevent dementia. Potential mechanisms of change, treatment implications, and future directions are discussed.
Information Systems Security Governance Research : A Behavioral Perspective

Behavioral information systems security governance entails managing the informal structures in an organization to ensure an appropriate security environment. Informal structures in an organization comprise the individual values, beliefs and behavior prevalent in an organization guiding the norms and employee perception of job responsibilities. Five consistent themes arise from a critical review of the extant literature in this area: security culture, internal control assessment, security policy implementation, individual values, beliefs, and security training. A theoretical framework from the field of sociology is proposed to investigate the current issues in behavioral aspects of security governance. Contributions of this paper are discussed and future research directions suggested. Keywords– Information systems security, security governance, theory of anomie, behavioral aspects.
Trans-Lamina Cribrosa Pressure Difference and Open-Angle Glaucoma. The Central India Eye and Medical Study

PURPOSE To assess associations of the trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLCPD) with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. METHODS The population-based Central India Eye and Medical Study included 4711 subjects. Based on a previous study with lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) measurements, CSFP was calculated as CSFP[mmHg] = 0.44 Body Mass Index[kg/m2]+0.16 Diastolic Blood Pressure[mmHg]-0.18×Age[Years] -1.91. TLCPD was IOP-CSFP. RESULTS Mean TLCPD was 3.64±4.25 mm Hg in the non-glaucomatous population and 9.65±8.17 mmHg in the glaucomatous group. In multivariate analysis, TLCPD was associated with older age (P<0.001; standardized coefficient beta:0.53; regression coefficient B:0.18; 95% confidence interval (CI):0.17, 0.18), lower body mass index (P<0.001; beta: -0.28; B: -0.36; 95%CI: -0.38, -0.31), lower diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001; beta: -0.31; B: -0.12; 95%CI: -0.13, -0.11), higher pulse (P<0.001; beta:0.05; B:0.02; 95%CI:0.01,0.2), lower body height (P = 0.02; beta: -0.02; B: -0.01; 95%CI: -0.02,0.00), higher educational level (P<0.001; beta:0.04; B:0.15; 95%CI:0.09,0.22), higher cholesterol blood concentrations (P<0.001; beta:0.04; B:0.01; 95%CI:0.01,0.01), longer axial length (P = 0.006; beta:0.03; B:0.14; 95%CI:0.04,0.24), thicker central cornea (P<0.001; beta:0.15; B:0.02; 95%CI:0.02,0.02), higher corneal refractive power (P<0.001; beta:0.07; B:0.18; 95%CI:0.13,0.23) and presence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (P<0.001; beta:0.11; B:3.43; 95%CI:2.96,3.99). Differences between glaucomatous subjects and non-glaucomatous subjects in CSFP were more pronounced for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) than for angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) (3.0 mmHg versus 1.8 mmHg), while differences between glaucomatous subjects and non-glaucomatous subjects in IOP were higher for ACG than for OAG (8.5 mmHg versus 3.0 mmHg). Presence of OAG was significantly associated with TLCPD (P<0.001; OR:1.24; 95%CI:1.19,1.29) but not with IOP (P = 0.08; OR:0.96; 95%CI:0.91,1.00). Prevalence of ACG was significantly associated with IOP (P = 0.04; OR:1.19; 95%CI:1.01,1.40) but not with TLCPD (P = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS In OAG, but not in ACG, calculated TLCPD versus IOP showed a better association with glaucoma presence and amount of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. It supports the notion of a potential role of low CSFP in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma.
Authorization Mechanism Based on Lineage

This paper proposes a new authorization mechanism for keeping the consistency of security attributes of a file and its duplicates in coping or quoting. Like life with same lineage has same characteristics in propagating, security attributes of files with same lineage will be hold consistency in the same way. Learning from the lineage principle in the nature and the function of DNA in living creatures, treating a file as a living creature, file DNA including security attributes, security attributes of files can be kept consistency by inheriting and crossing of file DNA. A rule of accessing file is constituted according to the file DNA.
Styles of Life, the “Labour Aristocracy” and Class Relations in Later Nineteenth Century Edinburgh

The idea of a “labour aristocracy” pervades writing about the British working class of the second half, and especially the third quarter of the nineteenth century. This emphasis is, in my view, correct: the behaviour and consciousness of working people cannot be explained without some such concept of divisions within the working class. But this proposition has too often been allowed to conclude, rather than to commence the enquiry. The fragmentation of the manual working class into different strata and sub-cultures may take several forms, and is bound to have local and industrial variations. In approaching the problem it is necessary to draw a clear distinction between differences in the class situation of various groups of workers, and the formation of separate working class strata – a cultural and political process. Three main levels of analysis are relevant to this problem: the stratification within the working class, in terms of class situations (relative earnings, security, prospects and opportunities, position of subordination or autonomy in the workplace, and so on); the extent to which various strata of manual workers were distinguished by the cultivation of particular styles of life, and by commitment to particular sets of norms and values; and the consequences of these for institutions embodying the interest of manual workers as a class (unions, parties, etc.) and for the patterning of conflict and consensus in the society.
Whole-cell, multicolor superresolution imaging using volumetric multifocus microscopy

Significance A major challenge in modern biological studies is in the determination of the 3D molecular architecture of cellular organelles. In recent years, much progress in nanoscale imaging has been made because of the advent of superresolution optical microscopy. However, many superresolution techniques are still limited to 2D acquisition. Here, we show a volumetric approach for superresolution imaging based on the simultaneous imaging of multiple sample planes using multifocal microscopy. The depth over which structures can be reconstructed reaches 4 µm, comparable with the thickness of many cellular organelles or even whole cells. Single molecule-based superresolution imaging has become an essential tool in modern cell biology. Because of the limited depth of field of optical imaging systems, one of the major challenges in superresolution imaging resides in capturing the 3D nanoscale morphology of the whole cell. Despite many previous attempts to extend the application of photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) techniques into three dimensions, effective localization depths do not typically exceed 1.2 µm. Thus, 3D imaging of whole cells (or even large organelles) still demands sequential acquisition at different axial positions and, therefore, suffers from the combined effects of out-of-focus molecule activation (increased background) and bleaching (loss of detections). Here, we present the use of multifocus microscopy for volumetric multicolor superresolution imaging. By simultaneously imaging nine different focal planes, the multifocus microscope instantaneously captures the distribution of single molecules (either fluorescent proteins or synthetic dyes) throughout an ∼4-µm-deep volume, with lateral and axial localization precisions of ∼20 and 50 nm, respectively. The capabilities of multifocus microscopy to rapidly image the 3D organization of intracellular structures are illustrated by superresolution imaging of the mammalian mitochondrial network and yeast microtubules during cell division.
Inferring variability from customized standard software products

Systematic variability management is an important prerequisite for successful software reuse. However, it requires significant effort and extensive domain knowledge to document and maintain information on variability. In this paper we present a tool-supported approach which supports semi-automatically inferring variability information from customized standard software products. The approach does not only enable the identification and documentation of variability information based on existing products, it is also capable of incrementally updating this information. To guarantee quick access to reusable code artifacts (e.g. requirements, features or software components), the presented solution stores these artifacts together with related requirements and a generated variability model in an asset repository. The tool-supported approach has been applied to customizations of Microsoft Dynamics AX ERP systems. Our experiences highlight the potential and benefits of our approach compared to manually gathering information on software variability.
Cooperation between myogenic regulatory factors and SIX family transcription factors is important for myoblast differentiation

Precise regulation of gene expression is crucial to myogenesis and is thought to require the cooperation of various transcription factors. On the basis of a bioinformatic analysis of gene regulatory sequences, we hypothesized that myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), key regulators of skeletal myogenesis, cooperate with members of the SIX family of transcription factors, known to play important roles during embryonic skeletal myogenesis. To this day little is known regarding the exact molecular mechanism by which SIX factors regulate muscle development. We have conducted a functional genomic study of the role played by SIX1 and SIX4 during the differentiation of skeletal myoblasts, a model of adult muscle regeneration. We report that SIX factors cooperate with the members of the MRF family to activate gene expression during myogenic differentiation, and that their function is essential to this process. Our findings also support a model where SIX factors function not only ‘upstream’ of the MRFs during embryogenesis, but also ‘in parallel’ to them during myoblast differentiation. We have identified new essential nodes that depend on SIX factor function, in the myogenesis regulatory network, and have uncovered a novel way by which MRF function is modulated during differentiation.
The central image makes "big" dreams big: The central image as the emotional heart of the dream.

There is widespread agreement that some dreams a re “big dreams” though this term is not clearly defined. This paper considers “big” dre ams under several more easily definable and studiable subcategories: memorable dreams ( remembered for a long time); important dreams ( labeled important by the dr amer); significant dreams ( labeled significant by the dreamer); and impactful dreams ( having an impact on the dreamer’s life or work). Anecdotal, clinical and research studies are rev iewed leading to the suggestion that a powerful Central Image (CI) is what distinguishes “ big” dreams in all the subcategories. Five new preliminary studies are presented showing that 1) Dreams labeled “important” by the dreamer have higher CI intensity scores than dreams labeled “unimportant” or “less important. ” 2) Dreams labeled “especially si gnificant” have especially high CI intensity. 3) Dreams that are impactful in the sen se of having led to new scientific or artistic discoveries show a very high CI intensity . 4) The dreams of a small group of people who score very “thin” on the Boundary Ques tionnaire (BQ), especially women who score “thin” have higher CI intensity than the dr ams of people who score “thick. ” ( People with thin boundaries have been called “dre am people.”) 5) In a separate, larger group, there is a positive correlation between CI i ntensity and SumBound – the total score measuring “thinness” on the BQ. It appears that CI intensity is an important mea sure of the “bigness” of dreams in many senses. Past studies have suggested that the CI car ries the emotional power of the dream. The present results are consistent with the Contemp orary Theory of Dreaming which states that dreams involve making connections guide d by emotion, that the dream – and especially the CI of the dream – pictures or “conte xtualizes” the emotion, and that the CI intensity is a measure of the power of the underlyi ng emotion. “Big” dreams are dreams with great emotional power and have powerful Centra l Im ges.