Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN ON WILD TURKEY POULTS

Aflatoxins, toxic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus, cause poor feed utilization, decreased weight gains, depressed immune function, liver dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, and death in a wide variety of species including humans. Conservationists have become concerned that increasingly popular wildlife feeding or baiting practices could expose wildlife to toxic amounts of aflatoxin-contaminated grains. In particular, the effects of aflatoxins on the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopova silvestris) are of concern because the conspecific domestic turkey is highly susceptible to aflatoxins. To evaluate the effect of dietary aflatoxin on wild turkeys, four groups of 4-mo-old wild turkeys were fed diets containing either 0, 100, 200, or 400 μg aflatoxin/kg feed for 2 wk in September and October 1996. Aflatoxin-fed poults had decreased feed consumption and weight gains as compared with control poults. Decreased liver-to-body weight ratios, liver enzyme alterations, slightly altered blood coagulation patterns, and mild histologic changes indicated low-level liver damage. Compromise of cell-mediated immunity was indicated by decreased lymphoblast transformation. The effects were apparent in all treatment groups to variable levels, but significant differences most often were found at 400 μg aflatoxin/kg feed. This study shows that short-term aflatoxin ingestion by wild turkeys can induce undesirable physiologic changes; therefore, exposure of wild turkeys to feeds containing aflatoxin levels of 100 μg aflatoxin/kg feed or more should be avoided.
Is There Any Scientific Basis for Accounting? Implications for Practice, Research and Education

This essay is based on a keynote speech at the 2014 Journal of International Accounting Research (JIAR) Conference. That talk was built upon a 2009 American Accounting Association (AAA) annual meeting panel presentation titled “Is there any scientific legitimacy to what we teach in Accounting 101? ” I evaluate whether accounting practice, regulation, research and teaching have a strong underlying scientific basis. I argue that recent accounting research, regulation and teaching are often based on unscientific ideology but that evolved accounting practice embeds scientific laws even if accountants are largely unaware of them. Accounting researchers have an opportunity to expand scientific inquiry in accounting by improving their research designs and exploring uses of accounting outside formal capital markets using field studies and experiments.
Chondroitin Sulfate Perlecan Enhances Collagen Fibril Formation

Inactivation of the perlecan gene leads to perinatal lethal chondrodysplasia. The similarity to the phenotypes of the Col2A1 knock-out and the disproportionate micromelia mutation suggests perlecan involvement in cartilage collagen matrix assembly. We now present a mechanism for the defect in collagen type II fibril assembly by perlecan-null chondrocytes. Cartilage perlecan is a heparin sulfate or a mixed heparan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. The latter form binds collagen and accelerates fibril formation in vitro, with more defined fibril morphology and increased fibril diameters produced in the presence of perlecan. Interestingly, the enhancement of collagen fibril formation is independent on the core protein and is mimicked by chondroitin sulfate E but neither by chondroitin sulfate D nor dextran sulfate. Furthermore, perlecan chondroitin sulfate contains the 4,6-disulfated disaccharides typical for chondroitin sulfate E. Indeed, purified glycosaminoglycans from perlecan-enriched fractions of cartilage extracts contain elevated levels of 4,6-disulfated chondroitin sulfate disaccharides and enhance collagen fibril formation. The effect on collagen assembly is proportional to the content of the 4,6-disulfated disaccharide in the different cartilage extracts, with growth plate cartilage glycosaminoglycan being the most efficient enhancer. These findings demonstrate a role for perlecan chondroitin sulfate side chains in cartilage extracellular matrix assembly and provide an explanation for the perlecan-null chondrodysplasia.
Quantitative Analysis of Replication and Tropisms of Dengue Virus Type 2 in Aedes albopictus

Mosquitoes used in this study were reared at a constant temperature of 27°C and a relative humidity of 80% in an insectary under a 16-hour:8-hour (light:dark) photoperiod. Adult mosquitoes were provided with 10% glucose solution, and the females were allowed to feed on healthy Bal b/c mice to produce eggs. The New Guinea C strain of DENV-2 was propagated in C6/36 cells. Infected cells were incubated for 3–5 days in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Gibco, New York, NY ) with 2% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (ExCell, Shanghai, China) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco). Viruses were harvested and stored as individual 1-mL aliquots in freezing tubes at −80°C. Virus titer was determined by tissue-culture infectious dose 50 (TCID 50 ) to be 1 × 10 7.67 /mL on C6/36 cells. Abstract. Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) RNA replication profiles and tropisms were studied by using quantita- tive RT-PCR (q-RTPCR) in intrathoracically infected Aedes albopictus . The virus RNA replication profiles were diverse in mosquito organs. In fat body, brain, salivary gland, and malpighian tubes, it peaked at 8, 23, 23, and 27 days post-infec- tion, respectively, and then, all declined. In midgut, it increased all the time and had no trend of decline. In ovary, it had no apparent increase. Subsequent Western blotting of DENV-2 E protein had similar results. Using ribosomal protein 7 (rpS7) as an internal control, we found that, in salivary gland, brain, fat body, and midgut, the average DENV-2 RNA levels (DENV-2 RNA/rpS7 mRNA) were 1,028, 464, 5.6, and 6.2, respectively; in malpighian tubes, it was 1, and in ovary, it was far less than 1. These results suggest that infection profiles and tropism of DENV-2 RNA in Ae. albopictus organs are significantly different.
Experimental Investigation of Hole Transport in Strained  $\hbox{Si}_{1 - x}\hbox{Ge}_{x}/\hbox{SOI}$ pMOSFETs: Part II—Mobility and High-Field Transport in Nanoscaled PMOS

We experimentally studied the high-field transport and mobility in nanoscaled Si1 -xGex/silicon on insulator (SOI) PMOSFETs with gate length down to 17 nm. The study relies on the electrical characterization performed from room temperature down to 20 K. Strain relaxation in short channel has been evidenced by nanobeam electron diffraction, which explains the decrease of hole velocity and mobility with gate length. Despite this strain relaxation, a mobility gain is nevertheless preserved in sub-100-nm SiGe PMOS, with a maximum gain for 20% Ge in the layer. Short-channel mobility extraction reveals a lower contribution of Coulomb scattering for SiGe channel PMOS, which may explain this mobility improvement. We also demonstrate that the short-channel transport is governed by the Ge composition in the SiGe layer, with an optimum concentration of 20% Ge. We have finally evidenced a different temperature dependence of the limiting velocity at high field between SiGe and Si PMOS, suggesting that SiGe transport will be governed by inelastic scattering instead of ballisticity as L is shrunk.
Representation of strong baseline contributions in 1H MR spectra

A comparison is made between two optimization procedures and two data models for automated analysis of in vivo proton MR spectra of brain, typical of that obtained using MR spectroscopic imaging at 1.5 Tesla. First, a shift invariant wavelet filter is presented that provides improved performance over a conventional wavelet filter method for characterizing smoothly varying baseline signals. Next, two spectral fitting methods are described: an iterative spectral analysis method that alternates between optimizing a parametric description of metabolite signals and nonparametric characterization of baseline contributions, and a single‐pass method that optimizes a complete spectral and baseline model. Both methods are evaluated using wavelet and spline models of the baseline function. Results are shown for Monte Carlo simulations of data representative of both long and short TE, in vivo 1H acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 45:966–972, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social Exchange Relations at Work: A Knowledge Sharing and Learning Perspective

3 Abstract: This research endeavor is a theoretical focuses on the outcomes of social exchange relations at work. The main outcomes and advances directed by this research are knowledge sharing behavior and development of learning culture in organization. This study shows that provision of support at work: managerial support, supervisory support (LMX) and co-worker support (positive exchange relations) can increase the strength of social bindings of employees, which ultimately can increase knowledge sharing amongst various internal stakeholders (employees, supervisors and management) and how this knowledge sharing can becomes base for learning culture and organization becomes learning organization.
Effects of glutaraldehyde fixative osmolarities on smooth muscle cell volume, and osmotic reactivity of the cells after fixation

The contribution of glutaraldehyde (GA) to the effective osmolarity of GA fixatives, the osmotic reactivity of the cells after fixation in GA, and also the duration of fixation in GA on cell volume, were investigated using cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) and spiral aortic strips. Four fixation procedures were studied. We found that GA contributes to the total effective osmolarity of the fixatives, and that the type of buffers used for the fixatives can also affect the cell volume differently during GA fixation. After GA fixation, the cells were still osmotically reactive, regardless of the buffer types for making up the GA fixatives, so that the osmolarity of the wash buffer after GA fixation is important. However, OsO4 eliminates osmotic responses, thus the osmolarity of OsO4 fixative and wash buffer have negligible influence on the cell volume. Longer fixation time up to 4 h had no effect on the cell volume.
Fund substitution and the incentive effect of public investment subsidies

This paper analyzes the observed phenomenon of public for private fund substitution in industrial assistance by examing the public and private sector funding of investment under different assumptions about the nature of the private capital market. This bears on the effectiveness of industrial subsidies but also has implications for welfare and the design of optimal assistance contracts. The assistance contract involves both assistance rate and amount constraints, and it is shown that fund substitution depends crucially on the nature of these constraints and on the elasticity of investment with respect to the user cost of capital in the without-subsidy position. Copyright 1996 by Scottish Economic Society.
HOW SHOULD PENSION FUNDS MANAGE RISK

Despite recent advances in risk management techniques, pension funds are still struggling with the concept of risk and with the practical challenges of managing and measuring it in useful ways. This article addresses this problem by showing that pension fund managers must manage two types of risk that affect a pension fund balance sheet's funded ratio. The most important of the two is asset policy risk, which arises from the choice of an asset mix policy that does not match the accrued pension liabilities. The other risk results from the decision to implement the chosen asset mix using active rather than passive management strategies. 1998 Morgan Stanley.
Electricity Market Design for Germany

Germany has two ambitious goals: It wants to generate 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020; and it wants to reach its nuclear phase-out target by 2021, according to the Atomic Energy Law of 2002. To be successful, it needs a strong transmission network that connects the offshore wind parks at the North and Baltic Sea with regions of high population and industry densities. At the same time it has to be keeping its generation capacity at a high enough level. This paper describes recent reforms in the electricity sector and makes suggestions on how to improve the current state of market performance in the industry .
Trade Liberalisation, Closer Economic Relations and Intra-Industry Specialisation

Abstract Much of the growth in trade among the industrialised countries, and more recently among countries in the Asia‐Pacific region, has taken the form of intra‐industry trade (HT). Australia has historically had one of the lowest shares of IIT among OECD countries. This article examines how Australia's IIT has changed in the 1980s in response to the process of trade liberalisation and completion of the Closer Economic Relations (CER) pact with New Zealand. HT indexes are estimated for Australia's multilateral and trans‐Tasman trade for 1981 and 1991 for 132 industries using data at the 3 and 4‐digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). The results point to a sharp increase in the share of IIT for both multilateral and trans‐Tasman trade. Industries that have undergone the largest reductions in protection levels have increased their shares of IIT quite considerably. Increased intra‐industry specialisation suggests that the short‐run adjustment costs associated with trade liberalisation are likely to be lower. If IIT continues to grow in response to the ongoing process of internationalisation of the Australian economy, then Australia's prospects for expanding its share of world trade are good.
Unrepaired clustered DNA lesions induce chromosome breakage in human cells

Clustered DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation is refractory to repair and may trigger carcinogenic events for reasons that are not well understood. Here, we used an in situ method to directly monitor induction and repair of clustered DNA lesions in individual cells. We showed, consistent with biophysical modeling, that the kinetics of loss of clustered DNA lesions was substantially compromised in human fibroblasts. The unique spatial distribution of different types of DNA lesions within the clustered damages, but not the physical location of these damages within the subnuclear domains, determined the cellular ability to repair the damage. We then examined checkpoint arrest mechanisms and yield of gross chromosomal aberrations. Induction of nonrepairable clustered damage affected only G2 accumulation but not the early G2/M checkpoint. Further, cells that were released from the G2/M checkpoint with unrepaired clustered damage manifested a spectrum of chromosome aberrations in mitosis. Difficulties associated with clustered DNA damage repair and checkpoint release before the completion of clustered DNA damage repair appear to promote genome instability that may lead to carcinogenesis.
Delegation and Threat in Bargaining

Abstract Two principals (“nations”) appoint one agent each to bargain over the provision of a public good. Two institutional set-ups are studied, each with a different level of authority given to the agents. Here authority means the right to decide the own side's provision if negotiations break down. In equilibrium the principals choose agents with preferences differing from their own. The low-authority equilibrium Pareto dominates (with regard to the principals) the case of the principals deciding on the provisions simultaneously (autarchy). The high-authority equilibrium is Pareto dominated by the low-authority equilibrium and it may even be dominated by autarchy.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C71, and C72.
Cardiovascular Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: From Risk Factors to Clinical Outcomes

Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (gliptins) are oral incretin-based glucose-lowering agents with proven efficacy and safety in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, preclinical data and mechanistic studies suggest a possible additional non-glycemic beneficial action on blood vessels and the heart, via both glucagon-like peptide-1-dependent and glucagon-like peptide-1-independent effects. As a matter of fact, DPP-4 inhibitors improve several cardiovascular risk factors: they improve glucose control (mainly by reducing the risk of postprandial hyperglycemia) and are weight neutral; may lower blood pressure somewhat; improve postprandial (and even fasting) lipemia; reduce inflammatory markers; diminish oxidative stress; improve endothelial function; and reduce platelet aggregation in patients with T2DM. In addition, positive effects on the myocardium have been described in patients with ischemic heart disease. Results of post hoc analyses of phase 2/3 controlled trials suggest a possible cardioprotective effect with a trend (sometimes significant) toward lower incidence of major cardiovascular events with sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, or alogliptin compared with placebo or other active glucose-lowering agents. However, the definite relationship between DPP-4 inhibition and better cardiovascular outcomes remains to be proven. Major prospective clinical trials involving various DPP-4 inhibitors with predefined cardiovascular outcomes are under way in patients with T2DM and a high-risk cardiovascular profile: the Sitagliptin Cardiovascular Outcome Study (TECOS) on sitagliptin, the Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (SAVOR-TIMI) 53 trial on saxagliptin, the Cardiovascular Outcomes Study of Alogliptin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome (EXAMINE) trial on alogliptin, and the Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (CAROLINA) on linagliptin. If these trials confirm that a DPP-4 inhibitor can reduce the cardiovascular burden of T2DM, it would be major progress that would dramatically influence the management of the disease.
Selective transfer of exosomes from oligodendrocytes to microglia by macropinocytosis

The transfer of antigens from oligodendrocytes to immune cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that oligodendrocytes secrete small membrane vesicles called exosomes, which are specifically and efficiently taken up by microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Internalisation of exosomes occurs by a macropinocytotic mechanism without inducing a concomitant inflammatory response. After stimulation of microglia with interferon-γ, we observe an upregulation of MHC class II in a subpopulation of microglia. However, exosomes are preferentially internalised in microglia that do not seem to have antigen-presenting capacity. We propose that the constitutive macropinocytotic clearance of exosomes by a subset of microglia represents an important mechanism through which microglia participate in the degradation of oligodendroglial membrane in an immunologically ‘silent’ manner. By designating the capacity for macropinocytosis and antigen presentation to distinct cells, degradation and immune function might be assigned to different subtypes of microglia.
Projects without Project Ecologies: Experiments in Regional Governance from the Netherlands to Bulgaria and Back

Projects without Project Ecologies: Experiments in Regional Governance from the Netherlands to Bulgaria and Back Elena Boyanova Krumova This dissertation investigates the efforts of a temporary organization, or a project, to assemble a set of diverse stakeholders to deliberate and chart a territorial plan for the Black Sea coastal region in Bulgaria. The project lasted two years and tried to apply the integrated method of regional planning developed in the area around the port of Rotterdam. It was led by a Dutch consultant and a team of Dutch and Bulgarian environmental experts. The main question the dissertation addresses is how a temporary organization operates in an environment that provides little support for its actions. All new organizations, but temporary ones in particular, have a high risk of failure due to limited time to set roles for their members, establish trust among them, and build a common identity. Temporary organizations have been shown to rely on role structures, identities, and sources of trust outside of the organization itself. Project ecologies comprised of personal and organizational ties built around industries and geographical areas facilitate their work. Usually the existence of such ecologies is assumed in research on organizations. There are few studies addressing the question how such ecologies might come into being or how an organization that lacks the support of ecologies might try to survive. Following one such case, this dissertation details the turning points in the project's strategy as its leader consecutively attempted to play the role of facilitator, recruiter, and finally, supporter of other organizations. In the process, he abandoned the associational governance model which relies on assembling "the public" through representative organizations. Instead, connections were made and mutual support was extended to organizations on the periphery – small entrepreneurial NGOs and municipalities lacking many investment opportunities. In this sense, the project leader acted as an institutional entrepreneur trying to carve institutional space for this and other similar projects and organizations. He tried to employ coalition building tactics based on common goals and current opportunities for exchange. The project’s connection to previous similar projects even if they are in a geographically different region, as well as its efforts to link itself to ongoing and future similar projects, is what we call a projective path. It is through its temporal embeddedness in this chain of previous and future projects that a temporary organization can hope to achieve results and survive the slow and difficult process of organizing.
Prostitutes, Pimps, and Brothels: Intermediaries, Information, and Market Structure in Prostitution Markets

Prostitution is a multi-billion dollar, globally distributed, low-concentration service industry that is receiving increasing attention in the economics literature. This article focuses on a widespread, but little studied, feature of this environment—the role of intermediaries (pimps or brothel owners) on market outcomes. Prostitution laws and markets are perhaps unique in that transactions between principals (prostitutes and johns) are egal in many countries, while intermediary activity (pimping) is illegal. After surveying the varying cross-country legality of agents we develop a simple theoretical model to analyze how the presence or absence of intermediaries shifts the distribution of market surplus. We show that eliminating pimps and brothels may shift surplus in non-obvious ways, depending on the precise function they perform and on whether equilibrium is pooling or separating across “high quality” and “low quality” market segments. The implications of alternative policy regimes (intermediaries legal or illegal) are considered.