Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Police Stress Research

ABSTRACT Stress in policing has been the subject of volumes of literature for several decades. The overwhelming and inconclusive nature of this literature can make the task of conceptualizing this sub-field inherently difficult. A detailed examination of the police stress literature reveals that several different types of stressors and their effects have been explored. The purpose of this article is to compartmentalize this information into four main categories, providing researchers, practitioners, managers, and policy makers with a clear analysis of the police stress literature. These categories include: (1) intra-interpersonal (i.e., personality-related stressors), (2) occupational (i.e., job-related stressors), (3) organizational (i.e., organizationally related stressors), and (4) health consequences of police stress. The article concludes with implications and suggestions for future research.
A single nucleotide polymorphism of porcine MX 2 gene provides antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus

Title A single nucleotide polymorphism of porcine MX2 gene provides antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus Author(s) Sasaki, Keisuke; Tungtrakoolsub, Pullop; Morozumi, Takeya; Uenishi, Hirohide; Kawahara, Manabu; Watanabe, Tomomasa Citation Immunogenetics, 66(1): 25-32 Issue Date 2014-01 Doc URL http://hdl.handle. net/2115/58048 Right The original publication is available at www.springerlink. com
Differential antitumor immunity mediated by NKT cell subsets in vivo

We showed previously that NKT cell–deficient TCR Jα18−/− mice are more susceptible to methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas, and that normal tumor surveillance can be restored by adoptive transfer of WT liver-derived NKT cells. Liver-derived NKT cells were used in these studies because of their relative abundance in this organ, and it was assumed that they were representative of NKT cells from other sites. We compared NKT cells from liver, thymus, and spleen for their ability to mediate rejection of the sarcoma cell line (MCA-1) in vivo, and found that this was a specialized function of liver-derived NKT cells. Furthermore, when CD4+ and CD4− liver-derived NKT cells were administered separately, MCA-1 rejection was mediated primarily by the CD4− fraction. Very similar results were achieved using the B16F10 melanoma metastasis model, which requires NKT cell stimulation with α-galactosylceramide. The impaired ability of thymus-derived NKT cells was due, in part, to their production of IL-4, because tumor immunity was clearly enhanced after transfer of IL-4–deficient thymus-derived NKT cells. This is the first study to demonstrate the existence of functionally distinct NKT cell subsets in vivo and may shed light on the long-appreciated paradox that NKT cells function as immunosuppressive cells in some disease models, whereas they promote cell-mediated immunity in others.
Toward a realistic simulation framework for large-scale neural correlates in clinical applications

Recent advances in neural engineering and mathematical methods influence more and more the way in which brain disorders and symptoms are being diagnosed and treated. In this direction, experimental findings, which emphasize on the correlation between large-scale neural correlates reflected in electroencephalographic data and neuronal mechanisms, have propelled the development of novel brain computer interfaces that represent a step ahead toward the realization of neural rehabilitation devices. In spite of this progress, a forward simulation framework that can reliably assist clinical studies in testing hypothesis related to neural correlates with respect to cognitive mechanisms and brain malfunctioning, is still in its infancy. To address this issue, we propose a cortico-subcortical simulation framework by means of the neural field approach. We show that this method allows for the consideration of relevant brain structures. We provide an instance in which our framework is successfully tested and discuss about a potential clinical application. It is concluded that our methodology represents a promising tool in assisting clinical studies for the treatment and diagnosis of brain disorders and studies concerning behavioral mechanisms.
Feature Matching with Affine-Function Transformation Models

Feature matching is an important problem and has extensive uses in computer vision. However, existing feature matching methods support either a specific or a small set of transformation models. In this paper, we propose a unified feature matching framework which supports a large family of transformation models. We call the family of transformation models the affine-function family, in which all transformations can be expressed by affine functions with convex constraints. In this framework, the goal is to recover transformation parameters for every feature point in a template point set to calculate their optimal matching positions in an input image. Given pairwise feature dissimilarity values between all points in the template set and the input image, we create a convex dissimilarity function for each template point. Composition of such convex functions with any transformation model in the affine-function family is shown to have an equivalent convex optimization form that can be optimized efficiently. Four example transformation models in the affine-function family are introduced to show the flexibility of our proposed framework. Our framework achieves 0.0 percent matching errors for both CMU House and Hotel sequences following the experimental setup in [6].
A routing algorithm for VANET based on geographic location

A routing mechanism for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), which is based on geographic location information, is presented according to its characteristics in urban environment. The algorithm reduces the number of routing hole when delivering packet through marking a section whether or not it is a hole region○ Meanwhile, the node which is located in intersection area combines greedy forwarding with directional forwarding when delivering packet○ This method ensures the reliability of the routing algorithm○ The simulation result shows that the proposed routing algorithm is more preferable for urban environment, compared with DSR, GPSR in terms of performance index like packet delivery rate and average end-to-end delay by using network simulator NCTUns.
Test of time

It is now almost half a century since Anna Freud published Normality and Pathology in Childhood. The book summed up many of the ideas she had developed in the years following her migration to Britain in 1938, and set out a blueprint for the work she did in the following 15 years of her life, up until her death in 1982. I first read the book (for reasons that I won’t go into here) when I was an undergraduate at university studying English Literature, long before I had developed any interest in (or real knowledge of) child psychology or psychoanalysis. At the time I was steeped in continental and post-structuralist philosophy, and in comparison to Sigmund Freud’s rich and multi-layered writing, which I’d already begun to read, I found his daughter’s style to be rather too plain and common-sensical for my liking. As someone going through late adolescence/young adulthood myself, I think I reacted against the apparent assumption she makes in the book that there is such a thing as “normal” development, against which each of us could be assessed; and I found some of the language rather oldfashioned and conservative (such as her off-hand remark that a large number of “delinquents and criminals”, when assessed psychologically, “are found to be of primitive, infantile mentality, retarded, deficient, defective, with low intelligence quotients”, p.178). Perhaps the aspect of the work that I liked best at the time was the apparently throw-away remarks she made about various aspects of childhood. One that stuck in my memory, long after I read the book, was a comment she makes that a “school boy’s favourite position on the football field betrays something of his intimate relations to his contemporaries in the symbolic language of attack [and] defence” (p.20)—a view which, as a left-back myself, I gradually came to see was all too true. Inevitably I returned to Anna Freud’s book a number of years later, when I began to train as a child psychotherapist at the Centre re-named in her honour (the Anna Freud Centre had been called the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic while she was alive), and this time I found that it offered a great deal of practical insight into working as a child psychotherapist. However my earlier encounter with the book made me somewhat reluctant to engage with it fully, and at the time I found my attention taken more by some of the other psychoanalytic writing I was encountering, such as the work of Fairbairn (1952), Winnicott (1947) or Shengold (1989), which seemed to speak much
Advances in the characterization of RNA‐binding proteins

From transcription, to transport, storage, and translation, RNA depends on association with different RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs). Methods based on next‐generation sequencing and protein mass‐spectrometry have started to unveil genome‐wide interactions of RBPs but many aspects still remain out of sight. How many of the binding sites identified in high‐throughput screenings are functional? A number of computational methods have been developed to analyze experimental data and to obtain insights into the specificity of protein–RNA interactions. How can theoretical models be exploited to identify RBPs? In addition to oligomeric complexes, protein and RNA molecules can associate into granular assemblies whose physical properties are still poorly understood. What protein features promote granule formation and what effects do these assemblies have on cell function? Here, we describe the newest in silico, in vitro, and in vivo advances in the field of protein–RNA interactions. We also present the challenges that experimental and computational approaches will have to face in future studies. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:793–810. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1378
Creating place identity through heritage interpretation

Abstract One of the principal functions of heritage interpretation is to enhance the visitor's sense of place and place identity. If this is to occur, the interpretation should be planned and designed with that outcome in mind. The research reported in this paper was an empirical study which, drawing on social identity theory, attempted to assess the effectiveness of a museum in contributing to visitors’ sense of place and awareness of a town's heritage. The results show that Guildford Museum was successful in this respect. However, only certain aspects of the museum displays were responsible for this effect, in particular those displays concentrating on the people and activities of the town, rather than the built heritage. The case is made for a more theory‐driven approach to research in heritage interpretation, which can suggest prescriptive roles and functions for museums and heritage sites. Heritage has been cast in the role of both saviour and sinner – saviour for spearheading the introduction of reg.
Behavioral Intentions: Which Ones Predict Fertility Behavior in Married Couples?1

The published literature on the relationship between behavioral intentions and fertility behavior exhibits four major problems: inconsistent and confusing use of theoretical constructs, limited use of different types of intentions, use of nonbehavioral outcomes, and failure to explore adequately the couple aspects of the intentions/behavior relationship. The study reported here addresses these problems by using a theoretical framework that characterizes the psychological/behavioral sequence leading to a planned conception, three different types of fertility intentions, a behavioral outcome variable, and data from 196 married couples with no children and 185 married couples with one child. Data analysis results in a simultaneous equation, constrained regression model which indicates that child-timing intentions are the most important predictors of proceptive behavior over a 3-1/2 year period and that childbearing intentions are next in importance; that behavioral intentions are the final common pathway through which fertility motivations, attitudes, beliefs, and desires affect behavior; that the use of proceptive behavior as an outcome variable improves the explanatory power of our models; and that the interaction of couple intentions do not demonstrate greater husband or wife influence over couple proceptive behavior but do demonstrate that disagreement has a delaying effect on the onset of that behavior.
Sensorimotor Control of Grasping : Physiology and Pathophysiology STROKE

Stroke results in irreversible brain damage, with the type and severity of symptoms dependent upon the location and the amount of injured brain tissue. The most common neurological impairment caused by stroke is partial weakness, called paresis, reflecting a reduced general ability to voluntarily activate spinal motoneurons. In conjunction with the reduced ability to voluntarily activate spinal motoneurons, there is often a reduced ability to selectively activate the spinal motoneurons pools, i.e. turn on some neurons while no turning on others. Together, these mechanisms result in altered movement control of many muscles, especially the contralesional hand and arm muscles used for grasping. Because of the altered muscle control, a variety of kinematic and kinetic alterations are observed during grasping in people with paresis post stroke. Impairments in grasping are related to the inability to use the hand for functional activities during daily life. In rarer instances, stroke affects the posterior parietal lobe, resulting in distinct grasping deficits that are substantially different from grasping deficits seen after corticospinal system damage. Future studies investigating grasping post stroke could include the examination of both kinematic and kinetic aspects of grasping in the same subject samples, the examination of different types of grasping (e.g. palmar, precision), and the examination of different time points post stroke. General information about stroke Stroke is an acute, neurological event that is caused by an alteration in blood flow to the brain. The alteration in blood flow can be either a deprivation of blood to the brain tissue (ischemic stroke) or a spilling of blood (hemorrhagic stroke) onto the brain tissue. Ischemic strokes account for about 85% of all strokes. Stroke is a major health problem. More than 700,000 new strokes occur each year in the United States, and stroke is the leading cause of adult disability (Kelly-Hayes et al., 1998). Stroke results in irreversible brain damage, with the type and severity of symptoms dependent upon the location and the amount of injured brain tissue. The most common neurological impairment caused by stroke is partial weakness, often called paresis, reflecting a reduced ability to activate spinal motoneurons voluntarily. Total paralysis, or plegia, is the most severe form of paresis, reflecting a complete inability to activate motoneurons voluntarily. Post stroke paresis or plegia most dramatically affects the side of the body contralateral to the damaged brain tissue. Typically, the entire contralateral half of the body is weak or paralyzed (hemiparesis or hemiplegia), although occasionally smaller strokes weaken only the contralateral arm or only the leg (monoparesis or monoplegia). Note that paresis can result from a wide range
Enhanced Learning and Memory and Altered GABAergic Synaptic Transmission in Mice Lacking the α5 Subunit of the GABAAReceptor

The α5 subunit of the GABAA receptor is localized mainly to the hippocampus of the mammalian brain. The significance of this rather distinct localization and the function of α5-containing GABAA receptors has been explored by targeted disruption of the α5 gene in mice. The α5 −/− mice showed a significantly improved performance in a water maze model of spatial learning, whereas the performance in non-hippocampal-dependent learning and in anxiety tasks were unaltered in comparison with wild-type controls. In the CA1 region of hippocampal brain slices from α5 −/− mice, the amplitude of the IPSCs was decreased, and paired-pulse facilitation of field EPSP (fEPSP) amplitudes was enhanced. These data suggest that α5-containing GABAA receptors play a key role in cognitive processes by controlling a component of synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
Neighbourhood-consensus message passing and its potentials in image processing applications

In this paper, a novel algorithm for inference in Markov Random Fields (MRFs) is presented. Its goal is to find approximate maximum a posteriori estimates in a simple manner by combining neighbourhood influence of iterated conditional modes (ICM) and message passing of loopy belief propagation (LBP). We call the proposed method neighbourhood-consensus message passing because a single joint message is sent from the specified neighbourhood to the central node. The message, as a function of beliefs, represents the agreement of all nodes within the neighbourhood regarding the labels of the central node. This way we are able to overcome the disadvantages of reference algorithms, ICM and LBP. On one hand, more information is propagated in comparison with ICM, while on the other hand, the huge amount of pairwise interactions is avoided in comparison with LBP by working with neighbourhoods. The idea is related to the previously developed iterated conditional expectations algorithm. Here we revisit it and redefine it in a message passing framework in a more general form. The results on three different benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed technique can perform well both for binary and multi-label MRFs without any limitations on the model definition. Furthermore, it manifests improved performance over related techniques either in terms of quality and/or speed.
Beyond Hybrid Regimes: More Participation, Less Contestation in Southeast Asia

Transition theory literature has been preoccupied with either identifying why democracy has not arrived or with how it can be consolidated where it has emerged. Most recently, arising out of the interest in consolidation, attention has turned to scrutinizing institutions for their democratic quality or lack thereof, not least within so-called hybrid regimes. However, such approaches obscure important political regime dynamics in Southeast Asia. This article argues that the definitive features of a political regime pertain to how social conflict is organized, managed or ameliorated through modes of political participation. Modes of participation encompass institutional structures and ideologies that shape the inclusion and exclusion of individuals and groups in the political process. The paradox in Southeast Asia over the last decade has been that increasing political participation has often been accompanied by a narrowing of the channels for political contestation. The article argues that modes of participation in the region have militated against the organization and mobilization of collective actors around socio-economic cleavages. The emergence of such modes of political participation is also related to neo-liberal globalization and late industrialization, which have been more hostile to collective class-based political mobilization than was true of the experience in Western Europe when representative democracy consolidated.
Aldosterone‐sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract: Efferent projections

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) contains a subpopulation of neurons that express the enzyme 11‐β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), which makes them uniquely sensitive to aldosterone. These neurons may drive sodium appetite, which is enhanced by aldosterone. Anterograde and retrograde neural tracing techniques were used to reveal the efferent projections of the HSD2 neurons in the rat. First, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was used to label axonal projections from the medial NTS. Then, NTS‐innervated brain regions were injected with a retrograde tracer, cholera toxin beta subunit, to determine which sites are innervated by the HSD2 neurons. The HSD2 neurons project mainly to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvl), the pre‐locus coeruleus (pre‐LC), and the inner division of the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBel). They also send minor axonal projections to the midbrain ventral tegmental area, lateral and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, central nucleus of the amygdala, and periaqueductal gray matter. The HSD2 neurons do not innervate the ventrolateral medulla, a key brainstem autonomic site. Additionally, our tracing experiments confirmed that the BSTvl receives direct axonal projections from the neighboring A2 noradrenergic neurons in the NTS, and from the same pontine sites that receive major inputs from the HSD2 neurons (PBel and pre‐LC). The efferent projections of the HSD2 neurons may provide new insights into the brain circuitry responsible for sodium appetite. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:223–250, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opportunistic Spectrum Access of Sparse Wideband in Stand-Alone and Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

Opportunistic spectrum access in wideband regime requires higher processing capabilities of digital radio front ends. An emerging signal processing approach termed compressive sensing enables estimation of the sparse wideband exploiting very few compressive measurements, thus employs relief of high-speed signal processing units. This letter proposes a novel scheme of wideband sensing for cognitive radio where sensing performance is increased with signal sparsity levels. Detection performance is again improved introducing cooperation among the radio nodes which applies well known fusion rules. Numerical simulations of the detection performance are provided for both the stand-alone and cooperative schemes.
Naming-Speed Processes and Developmental Reading Disabilities

here has been general consensus t in dyslexia research that phonoJL logical processing deficits underlie dyslexic readers’ failure to acquire adequate word recognition skills (Blachman, 1997; Bradley & Bryant, 1983; Brady & Shankweiler, 1991; Bruck & Treiman, 1990; Catts, 1996; Shankweiler & Liberman, 1972; Foorman, Francis, Shaywitz, Shaywitz, & Fletcher, in press; Kamhi & Catts, 1989; Lyon, 1995; Stanovich, 1986,1988,1992; Torgesen, Wagner, Rashotte, Burgess, & Hecht, 1997; Tunmer, 1995; Vellutino & Scanlon, 1987; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987). The assumption of
Insulin Induces the Phosphorylation of Nucleolin

Insulin induces the serine phosphorylation of the nucleolar protein nucleolin at subnanomolar concentrations in differentiated 3T3-442A cells. The stimulation is biphasic with phosphorylation reaching a maximum at 10 PM insulin and then declining to only 40% of basal levels at insulin concentrations of 1 pM. These changes are rapid, reaching half-maximal after 4 min and maximal after 15 min of incubation. The cell-permeable casein kinase I1 inhibitor 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole-riboside prevents the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of nucleolin suggesting that casein kinase I1 may mediate this effect of the hormone. Insulin-like growth factor 1 mimics the action of insulin on dephosphorylation of nucleolin at nanomolar concentrations suggesting that the latter effect may be mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. Insulin treatment of 3T3-442A cells also results in a stimulation of RNA efflux from isolated, intact cell nuclei. The dose dependence of insulin-induced nucleolin phosphorylation and insulin-stimulated RNA efflux from intact cell nuclei are almost identical. Insulin induces an increase in the RNA efflux at subnanomolar concentrations in 3T3-442A adipocytes, while high (micromolar) concentrations of insulin inhibited the efflux of RNA. These data indicate that insulin regulates the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of nucleolin, possibly via stimulation of casein kinase 11, and this may play a role in regulation of the RNA efflux from nuclei.