Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A . I . 101 : Machine Self-Evolution

For hundreds of years mankind has been fascinated with machines that display life-like appearance and behaviour. The early robots of the 19 century were anthropomorphic mechanical devices composed of gears and springs that would precisely repeat a predetermined sequence of movements. Although a dramatic improvement in robotics took place during the 20 century with the development of electronics, computer technology, and artificial sensors, most of today robots used in factory floors are not significantly different from ancient automatic devices because they are still programmed to precisely execute a pre-defined series of actions. Are these machines intelligent? In our opinion they are not; they simply reflect the intelligence of the engineers that designed and programmed them.
Organizing the technical debt landscape

To date, several methods and tools for detecting source code and design anomalies have been developed. While each method focuses on identifying certain classes of source code anomalies that potentially relate to technical debt (TD), the overlaps and gaps among these classes and TD have not been rigorously demonstrated. We propose to construct a seminal technical debt landscape as a way to visualize and organize research on the subject.
STRATEGY WITHOUT A STRATEGISER

Abstract The key claims of left accelerationism are grounded upon a network of concepts. Crucial here have been the notions of hegemony (the genesis of which exists within the work of Antonio Gramsci); strategy (a notably polyvalent concept); and rationality (which has strong roots in the contemporary analytic tradition but which has been widely critiqued within the Continental one). Though the concepts of hegemony–strategy and strategy–rationality have received wide treatment, the hegemony and rationality pair has received minimal attention. Yet to render the core arguments of left accelerationism explicable requires that these three ideas are placed in some concrete relation. To put the issue another way: what is the relationship between power (hegemony) and rationality? This article will argue that many of the critiques which the left accelerationist position has received are bound up in misunderstanding this relationship. To remedy such misnomers, we will argue that it is a more sophisticated understanding of strategy that can help bridge these two domains. This leads us to delineate a form of strategy-without-a-strategiser, a distributed and emergent strategic orientation which mediates the power/rationality binary.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Preschool Children

Aim. To examine the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Methods. The study comprised 281 children (55.9% boys) aged from 4 to 6 years. PA was measured by accelerometer. Children were categorized as non-overweight (NOW) and overweight/obese (OW) according to the sex-adjusted BMI z-score (<1 and ≥1, resp.). Results. Total and moderate intensity PA were not associated with BMI. We observed that a higher proportion of OW children were classified as low-vigorous PA compared to their NOW peers (43.9 versus 32.1%, resp., P > .05). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with low-vigorous PA had higher odds ratio (OR) to be classified as OW compared to those with high-vigorous PA (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.4–13.4; P = .008) after adjusting for BMI at first and second years of life and other potential confounders. Conclusion. The data suggests that vigorous PA may play a key role in the obesity development already at pre-school age.
Striatofrontal Deafferentiation in MSA-P: Evaluation with [18F]FDG Brain PET

Background Although cognitive impairment is not a consistent feature of multiple system atrophy (MSA), increasing evidence suggests that cognitive impairment is common in MSA with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P). It is assumed that the cognitive impairment in MSA-P is caused by the striatal dysfunction and disruption of striatofrontal connections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between regional glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and striatum in patients with MSA-P using [18F]FDG brain PET. Methods Twenty-nine patients with MSA-P and 28 healthy controls underwent [18F]FDG brain PET scan. The [18F]FDG brain PET images were semiquantitatively analyzed on the basis of a template in standard space. The regional glucose metabolism of the cerebral cortex and striatum were compared between MSA-P and healthy control groups. The correlations between age, symptom duration, H&Y stage, UPDRS III score, MMSE score, and glucose metabolism in the cerebellum and striatum to glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Results The glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and striatum in MSA-P patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls. Glucose metabolism in the striatum was the most powerful determinant of glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex in MSA-P. Only age and glucose metabolism in the cerebellum were independent variables affecting the glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex in healthy controls. Conclusion The decrease in frontal glucose metabolism in MSA-P is related to the decrease in striatal glucose metabolism. This result provided evidence of striatofrontal deafferentiation in patients with MSA-P.
Design and implementation of real-time control system using RTAI and Matlab/RTW

In this paper, Linux-RTAI and Matlab/RTW is used to develop real-time control system for fast real-time simulation and implementation of the control algorithm. The hardware of the controller is based on PC/104 cards under Linux-RTAI operating system. The main characteristic of Matlab/RTW is that it can automatically generate the real-time simulation code for many target processors. The combination of Linux-RTAI as a controller platform and Matlab/RTW as control algorithm development environment brings the two main advantages: hard real-time capability and reduced time for control development. Moreover, online signal monitor and parameter modification is realized on the whole structure system. At last, the minimum execution time of real-time control task is determined and the application of real-time control system into flight vehicle is achieved in the work.
Initial Ph as a Determinant of Cellulose Digestion Rate by Mixed Ruminal Microorganisms in Vitro

In vitro fermentations of pure cellulose by mixed ru-minal microorganisms were conducted under conditions in which pH declined within ranges similar to those observed in the rumen. At low cellulose concentrations (12.5 g/L), the first-order rate constants (k) of cellulose disappearance were successively lower at initial pH values of 6.86, 6.56, and 6.02, but in each case the value of k was maintained over a pH range of 0.3 to 1.2 units, as the fermentation progressed. Plots of k versus initial pH were linear, and k displayed a relative decrease of approximately 7% per 0.1 unit decrease in pH. At high cellulose concentration (50 g/L) and an initial pH of 6.8, cellulose digestion was initially zero-order, the absolute rate of digestion declined with pH, and digestion essentially ceased at pH 5.3 after only 30% of the added cellulose was digested. Further incubation resulted in a loss of bound N and P, suggesting that at low pH cells lysed or detached from the undi-gested fibers. Pure cultures of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria also were able to ferment cellulose to a minimum pH of 5.1 to 5.3, but the extent of fermentation was increased by coculture with noncellulolytic bacteria. A model is proposed in which the first-order rate constant of cellulose digestion is determined by the pH at which the fermentation is initiated, and end product ratios reflect greater activity of the noncellulolytic population as pH declines. Abbreviation key: A/P = molar ratio of acetate to propionate; k = first order rate constant. 1 Mention of proprietary products is for informational purposes and does not imply endorsement by USDA over similar products not mentioned.
Transmission of Single HIV-1 Genomes and Dynamics of Early Immune Escape Revealed by Ultra-Deep Sequencing

We used ultra-deep sequencing to obtain tens of thousands of HIV-1 sequences from regions targeted by CD8+ T lymphocytes from longitudinal samples from three acutely infected subjects, and modeled viral evolution during the critical first weeks of infection. Previous studies suggested that a single virus established productive infection, but these conclusions were tempered because of limited sampling; now, we have greatly increased our confidence in this observation through modeling the observed earliest sample diversity based on vastly more extensive sampling. Conventional sequencing of HIV-1 from acute/early infection has shown different patterns of escape at different epitopes; we investigated the earliest escapes in exquisite detail. Over 3–6 weeks, ultradeep sequencing revealed that the virus explored an extraordinary array of potential escape routes in the process of evading the earliest CD8 T-lymphocyte responses – using 454 sequencing, we identified over 50 variant forms of each targeted epitope during early immune escape, while only 2–7 variants were detected in the same samples via conventional sequencing. In contrast to the diversity seen within epitopes, non-epitope regions, including the Envelope V3 region, which was sequenced as a control in each subject, displayed very low levels of variation. In early infection, in the regions sequenced, the consensus forms did not have a fitness advantage large enough to trigger reversion to consensus amino acids in the absence of immune pressure. In one subject, a genetic bottleneck was observed, with extensive diversity at the second time point narrowing to two dominant escape forms by the third time point, all within two months of infection. Traces of immune escape were observed in the earliest samples, suggesting that immune pressure is present and effective earlier than previously reported; quantifying the loss rate of the founder virus suggests a direct role for CD8 T-lymphocyte responses in viral containment after peak viremia. Dramatic shifts in the frequencies of epitope variants during the first weeks of infection revealed a complex interplay between viral fitness and immune escape.
Stream Automata as Run-Time Monitors for Open System Security Policies

Run time monitoring observes the action stream from a program either allowing a token to pass through to the operating system if the action is deemed to be safe or terminating the program on an unsafe action. Schneider evaluates the types of policies enforceable by a security automata. Edit automata enhance the security automata by incorporating edit actions on the program action stream. We develop the notion of stream automata that sit between two communicating processes (we refer to one of the processes as the program and to the other as the system). The stream automata can perform simple edit actions on the program stream before forwarding it to the system and vice versa. These edit actions include action suppression, insertion, metamorphosis, forcing and twoway forcing. We demonstrate that stream automata are strictly more powerful than either of security automata or edit automata. We show many policies enforceable by stream automata which cannot be enforced with edit automata. Moreover, stream automata allow us to model an open/reactive system, the complete interaction between a program and its environment, which was not possible with the earlier models. We implemented a security policy against buffer overflow attacks to demonstrate the power of stream automata.
Microwave-Induced Chemotoxicity of Polydopamine-Coated Magnetic Nanocubes

Polydopamine-coated FeCo nanocubes (PDFCs) were successfully synthesized and tested under microwave irradiation of 2.45 GHz frequency and 0.86 W/cm2 power. These particles were found to be non-toxic in the absence of irradiation, but gained significant toxicity upon irradiation. Interestingly, no increase in relative heating rate was observed when the PDFCs were irradiated in solution, eliminating nanoparticle (NP)-induced thermal ablation as the source of toxicity. Based on these studies, we propose that microwave-induced redox processes generate the observed toxicity.
Targets and reality: a comparison of health care indicators in the U.S. (Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study) and Hungary (DiabCare Hungary).

OBJECTIVE In the U.S., both primary care and specialist physicians share in the care of type 1 diabetic patients, often in an informal collaboration. In Hungary, however, type 1 diabetic patients are generally managed in special centralized diabetes units. These different treatment settings may lead to different health care practices and outcomes. To determine if this is true, diabetes care indicators and complications were compared across representative study populations from the 2 countries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC) is a prospective cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetic patients. DiabCare Hungary, a multicenter cross-sectional study, was developed for quality control purposes and provides a nationwide data set of diabetic patients. We identified 2 comparable populations (EDC, n = 416; DiabCare, n = 405) in terms of age (> or =14 years) and age at onset (<17 years). RESULTS EDC patients were less likely to receive diabetes education (P<0.0001), see an ophthalmologist (P<0.0001), be treated by diabetologists (P<0.0001), or perform self-monitoring of blood glucose (P<0.0001). They were more likely to use conservative insulin regimens (i.e., 1-2 injections/day, P<0.0001) and have a higher glycated hemoglobin (P< 0.0001). DiabCare patients more often experienced severe hypoglycemia (P<0.01) and had a lower prevalence of proliferative retinopathy (P<0.0001), legal blindness (P<0.05), and albuminuria (> or =30 mg/day P<0.01). No significant differences in macrovascular complications were seen, although rates were generally low CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the 2 populations differ by their diabetes care practices, degree of glycemic control, and microvascular complication status.
Collaborative Interface Agents

Interface agents are semi-intelligent systems which assist users with daily computer-based tasks. Recently, various researchers have proposed a learning approach towards building such agents and some working prototypes have been demonstrated. Such agents learn by 'watching over the shoulder' of the user and detecting patterns and regularities in the user's behavior. Despite the successes booked, a major problem with the learning approach is that the agent has to learn from scratch and thus takes some time becoming useful. Secondly, the agent's competence is necessarily limited to actions it has seen the user perform. Collaboration between agents assisting different users can alleviate both of these problems. We present a framework for multi-agent collaboration and discuss results of a working prototype, based on learning agents for electronic mail.
The Design Science Research Roadmap: In Progress Evaluation

Although Design Science Research (DSR) is now an accepted approach to research in the Information Systems (IS) discipline, consensus on the methodology of DSR has yet to be achieved. Lack of a comprehensive and detailed methodology for Design Science Research (DSR) in the Information System (IS) discipline is a main issue. Prior research (the parent-study) aimed to remedy this situation and resulted in the DSR-Roadmap (Alturki et al., 2011a). Continuing empirical validation and revision of the DSR-Roadmap strives towards a methodology with appropriate levels of detail, integration, and completeness for novice researchers to efficiently and effectively conduct and report DSR in IS. The sub-study reported herein contributes to this larger, ongoing effort. This paper reports results from a formative evaluation effort of the DSR-Roadmap conducted using focus group analysis. Generally, participants endorsed the utility and intuitiveness of the DSR-Roadmap, while also suggesting valuable refinements. Both parent-study and sub-study make methodological contributions. The parent-study is the first attempt of utilizing DSR to develop a research methodology showing an example of how to use DSR in research methodology construction. The sub-study demonstrates the value of the focus group method in DSR for formative product evaluation.
BTI-induced aging under random stress waveforms: Modeling, simulation and silicon validation

The BTI effect, which consists of both stress and recovery phases, poses a unique challenge to long-term aging prediction, because the degradation rate strongly depends on the stress pattern. Previous approaches usually resort to an average, constant stress waveform to simplify the situation. They are efficient, but fail to capture the reality, especially under dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) or in analog/mixed signal designs where the stress waveform is much more random. This paper presents a suite of solutions that enable aging simulation under all possible stress conditions. Key contributions include: (1) Compact modeling of BTI when the stress voltage is varying. The results to both reaction-diffusion (RD) and trapping/detrapping (TD) mechanisms are derived. (2) Efficient simulation under DVS, leveraging the new BTI models; (3) Silicon validation at 45nm and 65nm, at both device and circuit levels. As the results illustrate, it is necessary to combine both RD and TD mechanisms to accurately predict aging under changing stress voltages. Our proposed work provides a general and comprehensive solution to aging analysis under random stress patterns.
COMPLEXITY IN ORGANIZATIONS

Algorithmic models specifying the kinds of computations carried out by economic organizations have the potential to account for the serious discrepancies between the realworld behavior of firms and the predictions of conventional maximization models. The algorithmic approach uncovers a surprising degree of complexity in organizational structure and performance. The fact that firms are composed of networks of individual agents drastically raises the complexity of the firm’s optimization problem. Even in very simple network models, a large number of organizational characteristics, including some whose computation cannot be carried out in polynomial time, appear to influence economic performance. We explore these effects using regression analysis, and through application of standard search heuristics. The calculations show that discovering optimal network structures can be extraordinarily difficult, even when a single clear organizational objective exists and the agents belonging to the firms are homogeneous. One implication is that firms are likely to operate at local rather than global optima. In addition, if organizational fitness is a function of the ability to solve multiple problems, the structure that evolves may not solve any of the individual problems optimally. These results raise the possibility that externally-driven objectives, such as for energy efficiency or pollution control, may shift the firm to a new structural compromise that improves other objectives of the firm as well, rather than necessarily imposing economic losses.
Rule-Based Transformation of SQL Relational Databases to OWL Ontologies

This paper proposes a novel approach to automatic transformation of relational databases to ontologies, where the quality of transformation is also considered. A relational database is written in SQL, and an ontology is written in OWL. The proposed approach can be used for upgrading today’s Web to the Semantic Web. The high cost of manual building ontologies from scratch is one of the main obstacles for the development of the Semantic Web. On the other hand, the Semantic Web can benefit from reuse of the vast amount of relational database information available on the Web today.
Integrating evolutionary computation with neural networks

There is a tremendous interest in the development of the evolutionary computation techniques as they are well suited to deal with optimization of functions containing a large number of variables. This paper presents a brief review of evolutionary computing techniques. It also discusses briefly the hybridization of evolutionary computation and neural networks and presents a solution of a classical problem using neural computing and evolutionary computing techniques. <<ETX>>
Occupational Stress, Coping Strategies, and Quality of Life among Nurses in General and Psychiatric Setting in Jeddah City—KSA

Purpose: This study is aimed at comparing the level of occupational stress, ways of coping and the quality of life among nurses. Methods: Descriptive explanatory design was used with 278 nurses working in King Abdul Aziz Hospital in Jeddah, Mental Health Hospital in Jeddah, and Dr. Suleiman Fakeeh Hospital in Jeddah. Findings: Psychiatric nurses experience greater occupational stress than general nurses (p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the psychiatric and general nurses in relation to coping strategies (p = 0.38). Conclusion: Healthcare institutions should adapt stress evaluation and coping models specific to their unit. Practical Implication: Implementation of programs in each healthcare unit to educate nurses how to deal with work stressors and their negative effects.
The Effect of Recommender Systems on Users' Situation Awareness and Actions

Many organizations are implementing recommender systems with the expectation to influence users’ actions. However, research has shown that poorly designed recommender systems may be counterproductive. For instance, if a recommender system provides too many recommendations, users cannot focus on relevant recommendations anymore. Therefore, recommender systems need to be balanced and adjusted to the processes in which they shall support users. Only designed correctly, recommender systems may influence users’ situation awareness and, ultimately, enable them to perform informed actions. Research has shown that users’ situation awareness depends on users’ elaboration. Therefore, we draw on the Elaboration Likelihood Model to conceptualize recommendation velocity and recommendation faithfulness as two variables that influence users’ situation awareness. Furthermore, since research identified process automation as a major antecedent of situation awareness, we conceptualize process automation as a third influencing variable. Finally, we develop a conceptual research model and outline our intended validation and expected contributions.