Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
System Design and Prototyping for the CMS Level-1 Trigger at the High-Luminosity LHC

The high-luminosity large-hadron collider (HL-LHC) is planned to offer a very ambitious physics program, with high-precision measurement and evaluation of the standard model (SM), and motivate the searches for new physics. The efficient data collection and precise events reconstruction in the harsh environment of 200 proton–proton interactions are vital for achieving the success of the HL-LHC program. To realize these requirements, the compact muon solenoid (CMS) detector has planned to completely replace the data acquisition (DAQ) and trigger system. The CMS Level-1 trigger system will handle the enormous detector input bandwidth of 63 Tb/s with a maximum output rate of 750 kHz and is desired to complete the processing within <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$12.5 \mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. For this purpose, CMS has planned to replace the Phase-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1 \mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> telecommunications computing architecture (TCA)-based processor boards and crates an advanced TCA (ATCA) form factor. Each ATCA board will host Xilinx large UltraScale/UltraScale+ family field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and support more than a hundred high-speed optical links (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim $ </tex-math></inline-formula>28 Gb/s), capable of meeting the high bandwidth and processing requirements of HL-LHC. Along with the advancement in hardware, the Level-1 trigger system will employ highly modular, flexible, and adequately sophisticated algorithms that were only possible in offline reconstruction, such as the particle-flow (PF) algorithm. The modular and flexible architecture will help address the HL-LHC dynamic physics requirements. We will discuss the details of system design, prototyping, and the algorithms employed for the Level-1 trigger system.
Castellated structures for ITER: the influence of the shape of castellation on the impurity deposition and fuel accumulation in gaps

Castellated structures are proposed for the first wall and divertor area in ITER. However, there is a concern that impurities and fuel will be deposited in the gaps of castellation leading to the undesirable tritium inventory. Optimization of the shape of cells in the castellated structures appears to be a possibility to reduce the impurity transport and fuel accumulation. A new tungsten castellated limiter has been exposed in TEXTOR. The castellation cells of the rectangular and of the roof-like geometries were exposed under the same plasma conditions, allowing a direct comparison of the carbon transport and fuel inventory in the gaps. The gaps of shaped cells contained a factor of 2–3 less carbon and deuterium, in comparison to those of rectangular cells.
Identification of Usutu Virus Africa 3 Lineage in a Survey of Mosquitoes and Birds from Urban Areas of Western Spain

Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus that has caused an increasing number of animal and human cases in Europe in recent years. Understanding the vector species and avian hosts involved in the USUV enzootic cycle in an area of active circulation is vital to anticipate potential outbreaks. Mosquitoes were captured in 2020, while wild birds were sampled in both 2020 and 2021 in Extremadura, southwestern Spain. The presence of USUV in the mosquito vectors was assessed by a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay and confirmed by sequencing amplicons from two generic RT-PCR sets for flaviviruses. Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Bird sera were screened for flavivirus antibodies with a blocking ELISA kit and subsequently tested for virus-specific antibodies with a micro-virus-neutralization test. Overall, 6,004 mosquitoes belonging to 13 species were captured, including some well-known flavivirus vectors (Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, and Cx. univittatus). Of the 438 pools tested, USUV was detected in two pools of Cx. pipiens. Phylogenetic analysis using a fragment of the NS5 gene assigned the USUV detected the Africa 3 lineage. Out of 1,413 wild birds tested, USUV-specific antibodies were detected in 17 birds (1.2%, 10 males and 7 females) from eight species. The first detection of USUV Africa 3 lineage in mosquitoes from Spain, together with serologically positive resident wild birds in urban and rural areas, indicates active circulation and a possible risk of exposure for the human population, with necessity to establish specific surveillance plans.
Alignment Error Models and Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation

Abstract The concept of alternative error models is suggested as a means to redefine estimation problems with non-Gaussian additive errors so that familiar and near-optimal Gaussian-based methods may still be applied successfully. The specific example of a mixed error model including both alignment errors and additive errors is examined. Using the specific form of a soliton, an analytical solution to the Korteweg–de Vries equation, the total (additive) errors of states following the mixed error model are demonstrably non-Gaussian for large enough alignment errors, and an ensemble of such states is handled poorly by a traditional ensemble Kalman filter, even if position observations are included. Consideration of the mixed error model itself naturally suggests a two-step approach to state estimation where the alignment errors are corrected first, followed by application of an estimation scheme to the remaining additive errors, the first step aimed at removing most of the non-Gaussianity so the second step .
Actuation and design innovations in earthworm-inspired soft robots: A review

Currently, soft robotics technologies are creating the means of robotic abilities and are required for the development of biomimetic robotics. In recent years, earthworm-inspired soft robot has garnered increasing attention as a major branch of bionic robots. The major studies on earthworm-inspired soft robots focuses on the deformation of the earthworm body segment. Consequently, various actuation methods have been proposed to conduct the expansion and contraction of the robot’s segments for locomotion simulation. This review article aims to act as a reference guide for researchers interested in the field of earthworm-inspired soft robot, and to present the current state of research, summarize current design innovations, compare the advantages and disadvantages of different actuation methods with the purpose of inspiring future innovative orientations for researchers. Herein, earthworm-inspired soft robots are classified into single- and multi-segment types, and the characteristics of various actuation methods are introduced and compared according to the number of matching segments. Moreover, various promising application instances of the different actuation methods are detailed along with their main features. Finally, motion performances of the robots are compared by two normalized metrics-speed compared by body length and speed compared by body diameter, and future developments in this research direction are presented.
Fuel processing

The technical and economic viability of the fast breeder reactor as an electricity generating system depends not only upon the reactor performance but also on a capability to recycle plutonium efficiently, reliably and economically through the reactor and fuel cycle facilities. Thus the fuel cycle is an integral and essential part of the system. Fuel cycle research and development has focused on demonstrating that the challenging technical requirements of processing plutonium fuel could be met and that the sometimes conflicting requirements of the fuel developer, fuel fabricator and fuel reprocessor could be reconciled. Pilot plant operation and development and design studies have established both the technical and economic feasibility of the fuel cycle but scope for further improvement exists through process intensification and flowsheet optimization. These objectives and the increasing processing demands made by the continuing improvement to fuel design and irradiation performance provide an incentive for continuing fuel cycle development work.
Théorie de la spéculation

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Prediction of Single-Event Effects in FDSOI Devices Based on Deep Learning

Single-event effects (SEE) are an important index of radiation resistance for fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) devices. The research into traditional FDSOI devices is based on simulation software, which is time consuming, requires a large amount of calculation, and has complex operations. In this paper, a prediction method for the SEE of FDSOI devices based on deep learning is proposed. The characterization parameters of SEE can be obtained quickly and accurately by inputting different particle incident conditions. The goodness of fit of the network curve for predicting drain transient current pulses can reach 0.996, and the accuracy of predicting the peak value of drain transient current and total collected charge can reach 94.00% and 96.95%, respectively. Compared with TCAD Sentaurus software, the simulation speed is increased by 5.10 × 102 and 1.38 × 103 times, respectively. This method can significantly reduce the computational cost, improve the simulation speed, and provide a new feasible method for the study of the single-event effect in FDSOI devices.
The digitized archive of the Arcetri spectroheliograms. Preliminary results from the analysis of Ca II K images

Context. The increasing interest in the recovery of historic data and the availability of new hardware resources is leading to projects to digitize photographic archives of astronomical observations. In addition to preservation, solar archives are digitized because the observations stored in such archives have the potential of providing unique information about solar magnetism, which can improve knowledge about long-term solar changes. Aims. The solar tower of the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory produced synoptic observations of the solar atmosphere from 1926 to 1974. The photographic archive contains about 13 000 plates of full-disk Ca II K and Hα spectroheliograms acquired during about 5000 observing days. The program for the digitization and distribution of the images of this archive was carried out at the Rome Astronomical Observatory and is now complete. Methods. Nearly 13 000 plates were scanned with a commercial device and stored on DVD, as well as in a database accessible online. Image processing was developed for the reduction of the data and their photographic calibration. Results. The obtained digital archive provides the astronomical community with the Arcetri historical solar observations and with measurements of solar features identified in such observations. As an example, we show some preliminary results concerning the temporal variability of facular regions identified in the time-series of Ca II K observations. Conclusions. Existing programs studying solar activity and variability, as well as new scientific projects, will benefit from the Arcetri digital archive, since it extends the temporal baseline of digital full-disk solar observations, and it provides data for the inter-calibration of results obtained from measurements performed in similar observations.
Intracranial pressure elevation post-stroke: Mechanisms and consequences

Intracranial pressure (ICP) elevation post-stroke has long been thought of as a cause of secondary deterioration after large, malignant infarction, and dramatic ICP elevation is frequently a pre-terminal event. However, there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that ICP also rises after small stroke, typically within 24 h of the infarct. The timing of this rise suggests that it may play an important role in the collateral failure associated with early infarct expansion. Despite its increasingly recognized importance to patient outcome, very little is currently known about the underlying mechanisms of ICP elevation post-stroke. The traditional understanding suggests ICP elevation occurs solely due to cerebral edema, however this does not seem to be the case in mild-moderate infarction. Instead, recent studies suggest a role for changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. In this article, we will discuss recent mechanistic observations, as well as the consequences of ICP elevation post-stroke.
A note on sum-free sets of integers

Let k be an integer. A set S of integers is said to be sum-free modulo k if a, b E S implies a + b _ x (mod k) has no solution in S. A set which is sum-free modulo 0 is customarily called sum-free. Let g(n, k) denote the cardinality of a largest subset of { 1, 2, . , n} that can be partitioned into k sum-free subsets, and let h(k) denote the largest integer m for which there exists some way of partitioning { 1, 2, . , m} into k subsets which are sum-free modulo m + 1. The numbers g(n, k) and h(k) were introduced in [1], where H. L. Abbott and E. T. H. Wang proved, among other things, that (1) g(n, k) > n [n/(h(k) + 1)], (2)g(n, 1) = n [n/(h(l) + 1)] = [(n + 1)/2], (3) g(n, 2) = n [n/(h(2) + 1)] = n [n/5] for n < 54. They also conjectured that the equality sign holds in (1). In this note we shall prove this conjecture for the case k = 2.
A weak invariance principle for cumulated functionals of the regressogram estimator with dependent data

We establish a weak invariance principle for certain functionals of the regressogram estimator for regression or autoregression models where the data are strongly mixing. These functionals are constructed by cumulating the local discrepancies between the regressogram estimator and the corresponding regression function. As a byproduct, we obtain the limiting distribution of these functionals. Since the limiting process turns out to be a tractable time-changed Wiener process, we can derive from our results a family of possible nonparametric goodness-of-fit tests for the restriction to any compact interval of the regression or autoregression function. We then focus on a specially interesting test within this family. Using our preceding results, we provide estimates for the asymptotic behavior of the power of this test against both fixed and local alternatives.
The nature of the objects of Joy: A study of the T Tauri phenomenon

Proper understanding of the envelope emission processes enables us to correct the observed spectral energy distributions for interstellar extinction and thus obtain reliable bolometric luminosities. These luminosities, together with effective temperatures from the photospheric spectral types, indicate that the T Tauri stars in these two clouds are relatively low-mass stars evolving toward the main sequence along quasi-static equilibrium tracks. Comparison with theoretical evolutionary tracks yields a mass range of 0.5approximately-less-thanMapproximately-less-than3M/sub sun/ and ages generally less than 10/sup 6/ years. Evidence is presented to indicate that the mass-loss rate and envelope emission decrease with time during the T Tauri phase. (AIP)
Empirical Likelihood for an Autoregressive Model with Explanatory Variables

In this article, we use the empirical likelihood method to construct the confidence region for parameters in autoregressive model with martingale difference error. It is shown that the empirical log-likelihood ratio at the true parameter converges to the standard chi-square distribution. The simulation results suggest that the empirical likelihood method outperforms the normal approximation based method in terms of coverage probability.
Accuracy of Tests for Diagnosis of Animal Tuberculosis: Moving Away from the Golden Calf (and towards Bayesian Models)

The last decades have seen major efforts to develop new and improved tools to maximize our ability to detect tuberculosis-infected animals and advance towards the objective of disease control and ultimately eradication. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty regarding test performance due to the wide range of specificity and especially sensitivity estimates published in the scientific literature. Here, we performed a systematic review of the literature on studies that evaluated the performance of tuberculosis diagnostic tests used in animals through Bayesian Latent Class Models (BLCMs), which do not require the application of a (fallible) reference procedure to classify animals as infected with tuberculosis or not. BLCM-based sensitivity and specificity estimates deviated from those obtained using a reference procedure for certain antemortem tests: an overall lower sensitivity of skin tests and serology and a higher sensitivity of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assays was reported. In the case of postmortem diagnostic tests, sensitivity estimates from BLCMs were similar to estimates from studies based on other methodologies. For specificity, the range of BLCM-based estimates was narrower than those based on a reference test, reaching values close to 100% (but lower in the case of IFN-γ assays). In conclusion, Bayesian methods have been increasingly applied for the evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostic tests in animals, yielding results that differ (sometimes substantially) from previously reported test performance in the literature, particularly for in vivo tests and sensitivity estimates. Newly developed models that allow adjustment for relevant factors (e.g., age, breed, region, and herd size) can contribute to the generation of more unbiased estimates of test performance. Nevertheless, although BLCMs for tuberculosis do not require the use of an imperfect reference procedure and are therefore not influenced by its limited performance, they require careful implementation, and transparent systematic reporting should be the norm.
Risk Efficiencies of Empirical Bayes and Generalized Maximum Likelihood Estimates for Rayleigh Model under Censored Data

The comparison of empirical Bayes and generalized maximum likelihood estimates of reliability performances is made in terms of risk efficiencies when the data are progressively Type II censored from Rayleigh distribution. The empirical Bayes estimates are obtained using an asymmetric loss function. The risk functions of the estimates and risk efficiencies are obtained under this loss function. A real data set is presented to illustrate the proposed comparison method, and the performance of the estimates is examined and compared in terms of risk efficiencies by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results indicate that the proposed empirical Bayes estimates are more preferable than the generalized maximum likelihood estimates.
Electronic structure of light-emitting porous Si

Characterization of light‐emitting porous Si films with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is reported. Only traces of O are detected on HF‐etched samples, in contradiction to an earlier report that oxides are a significant component of porous Si. Si 2p and valence‐band measurements demonstrate that the near‐surface region of high porosity films which exhibit visible luminescence consists of amorphous Si.
Substitutive proprioception feedback of a prosthetic wrist by electrotactile stimulation

Objective Sensory feedback of upper-limb prostheses is widely desired and studied. As important components of proprioception, position, and movement feedback help users to control prostheses better. Among various feedback methods, electrotactile stimulation is a potential method for coding proprioceptive information of a prosthesis. This study was motivated by the need for proprioception information for a prosthetic wrist. The flexion-extension (FE) position and movement information of the prosthetic wrist are transmitted back to the human body through multichannel electrotactile stimulation. Approach We developed an electrotactile scheme to encode the FE position and movement of the prosthetic wrist and designed an integrated experimental platform. A preliminary experiment on the sensory threshold and discomfort threshold was performed. Then, two proprioceptive feedback experiments were performed: a position sense experiment (Exp 1) and a movement sense experiment (Exp 2). Each experiment included a learning session and a test session. The success rate (SR) and discrimination reaction time (DRT) were analyzed to evaluate the recognition effect. The acceptance of the electrotactile scheme was evaluated by a questionnaire. Main results Our results showed that the average position SRs of five able-bodied subjects, amputee 1, and amputee 2 were 83.78, 97.78, and 84.44%, respectively. The average movement SR, and the direction and range SR of wrist movement in five able-bodied subjects were 76.25, 96.67%, respectively. Amputee 1 and amputee 2 had movement SRs of 87.78 and 90.00% and direction and range SRs of 64.58 and 77.08%, respectively. The average DRT of five able-bodied subjects was less than 1.5 s and that of amputees was less than 3.5 s. Conclusion The results indicate that after a short period of learning, the subjects can sense the position and movement of wrist FE. The proposed substitutive scheme has the potential for amputees to sense a prosthetic wrist, thus enhancing the human-machine interaction.
21cm RADIO CONTINUUM EMISSION SURVEY OF THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD

We present the results of a 21cm radio continuum aperture synthesis mosaic of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), made by combining data from 1344 separate pointing centers using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and the 64-m Parkes single-dish telescope. The resolution of the mosaicked images is 55` ( 10 pc, using a distance to the LMC) and a region is surveyed.
Minimax Robust Designs and Weights for Approximately Specified Regression Models With Heteroscedastic Errors

Abstract This article addresses the problem of constructing designs for regression models in the presence of both possible heteroscedasticity and an approximately and possibly incorrectly specified response function. Working with very general models for both types of departure from the classical assumptions, I exhibit minimax designs and correspondingly optimal weights. Simulation studies and a case study accompanying the theoretical results lead to the conclusions that the robust designs yield substantial gains over some common competitors, in the presence of realistic departures that are sufficiently mild so as to be generally undetectable by common test procedures. Specifically, I exhibit solutions to the following problems: P1, for ordinary least squares, determine a design to minimize the maximum value of the integrated mean squared error (IMSE) of the fitted values, with the maximum being evaluated over both types of departure; P2, for weighted least squares, determine both weights and a design to m.
Adaptive vector control for voltage source converters

In this work, an adaptive vector controller is designed for a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) to provide power factor compensation. The method relies on a third-order non-linear model of the VSC, which includes parametric uncertainty. The proposed method ensures asymptotic tracking of the q-axis current using an inner loop, which contain two proportional–integral (PI) controllers that have adaptive decoupling terms. The output of an outer loop PI controller for dc voltage defines the reference for the d-axis current control. The asymptotic stability of the closed-loop is proven using Lyapunov's method. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated in simulation and experiment, and results show improved performance and ease of controller tuning.