Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tomographic imaging of local earthquake delay times for three-dimensional velocity variation in western Washington

Tomographic inversion is applied to delay times from local earthquakes to image three dimensional velocity variations in the Puget Sound region of western Washington. The 37,500 square km region is represented by nearly cubic blocks of 5 km per side. P-wave arrival time observations from 4,387 crustal earthquakes, with depths of 0 to 40 km, were used as sources producing 36,865 rays covering the target region. A conjugate gradient method (LSQR) is used to invert the large, sparse system of equations. To diminish the effects of noisy data, the Laplacian is constrained to be zero within horizontal layers, providing smoothing of the model. The resolution is estimated by calculating impulse responses at blocks of interest and estimates of standard errors are calculated by the jackknife statistical procedure. Results of the inversion are correlated with some known geologic features and independent geophysical measurements. High P-wave velocities along the eastern flank of the Olympic Peninsula are interpreted to reflect the subsurface extension of Crescent terrane. Low velocities beneath the Puget Sound further to the east are inferred to reflect thick sediment accumulations. The Crescent terrane appears to extend beneath Puget Sound, consistent with its interpretation as a major accretionary unit. In themore » southern Puget Sound basin, high velocity anomalies at depths of 10-20 km are interpreted as Crescent terrane and are correlated with a region of low seismicity. Near Mt. Ranier, high velocity anomalies may reflect buried plutons. « less
Object-based classification of Worldview-2 imagery for mapping invasive common reed, Phragmites australis

Wetlands provide many environmental and societal benefits. Unfortunately, the importance of wetlands has only recently been acknowledged after centuries of drainage and conversion to other land uses. An emerging threat to North American wetlands is the introduction of invasive plant species such as Phragmites australis, a reed introduced from Europe. Previous high spatial resolution satellite imagery used for mapping Phragmites was limited spectrally to four bands (blue, green, red, and near-infrared). A recently launched satellite, Worldview-2, has four additional spectral bands that may allow for more accurate mapping of Phragmites. In this study, a single-date Worldview-2 image was used to map wetland vegetation at Walpole Island, Canada. Object-based and per-pixel maximum likelihood classifications were performed on a four-band subset simulating traditional multispectral imagery and the full eight-band set of Worldview-2. The overall classification accuracy of 94.0% achieved for the eight-band object-based method was the highest of the four classifications methods used. The accuracy achieved by the eight-band object-based classification shows that single-date Worldview-2 image is promising for distinguishing Phragmites from native wetland plant species late in the growing season in coastal Great Lakes wetlands.
Comparison of Hurst Exponent Estimates in Hydrometeorological Time Series

The Hurst exponent can be estimated by different methods. Two estimation methods are considered in this study. In the first estimate, the rescaled range of a hydrometeorological series is plotted against the lag on a logarithmic scale and the slope of the line fitted by least squares. In the second method, the Hurst exponent is estimated by characterizing the time series by a fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) model, which is a long-memory model. The FGN parameter d, which is related to the Hurst exponent, is estimated by two methods. The Hurst exponent is subsequently estimated using the relationship h = d + 0.5. The Hurst estimate based on the rescaled range is robust and is recommended for use. Estimates based on methods that characterize the hydrologic time series by the FGN model are not robust. Hence, they are not recommended.
Improvement in the Post-Processing of Wave Buoy Data

Technological development in terms of power requirement for data acquisition and processing opens new perspectives in the field of environmental monitoring. In particular, near real-time data flow about the sea condition, and a possible direct interface with applications and services devoted to marine weather networks would have a significant impact on several aspects such as, for example, safety and efficiency. In this scenario, the paper analyses the needs of buoy networks and focuses on the estimation of directional wave spectra from buoys data. Both simulated and real experimental data are considered for demonstrating the effectiveness and the potentialities of the considered estimation methods.
Thermohydrological conditions and silica redistribution near high‐level nuclear wastes emplaced in saturated geological formations

Evaluation of the thermohydrological conditions near high-level nuclear waste packages is needed for the design of the waste canister and for overall repository design and performance assessment. Most available studies in this area have assumed that the hydrologic properties of the host rock are not changed in response to the thermal, mechanical, or chemical effects caused by waste emplacement. However, the ramifications of this simplifying assumption have not been substantiated. We have studied dissolution and precipitation of silica in liquid-saturated hydrothermal flow systems, including changes in formation porosity and permeability. Using numerical simulation, we compare predictions of thermohydrological conditions with and without inclusion of silica redistribution effects. Two cases were studied, namely, a canister-scale problem, and a repository-wide thermal convection problem and different pore models were employed for the permeable medium (fractures with uniform or nonuniform cross sections). We find that silica redistribution in water-saturated conditions does not have a sizeable effect on host rock and canister temperatures, pore pressures, or flow velocities.
Field measurements of flow fields and sediment transport above mobile bed forms

[1] Field measurements of hydrodynamic conditions, bed forms, and suspended sediments, obtained using a suite of approximately colocated sensors above a mobile bed composed of coarse sand (D50 = 1.28 mm) in a strong tidal current with superimposed waves are used to investigate the mean and turbulent flow fields, bed forms, and the resuspension and transport of sediments in suspension and as bed load. While there is no evidence for flow separation, properties of the local turbulent flow field are found to vary spatially in response to the bed morphology. Time-averaged suspended sediment concentration profiles, c-profiles, are found to be spatially variable with higher concentrations observed in the trough regions between bed form crests. Well-known expressions used to predict c-profiles are found to agree well with measured time-averaged c-profiles. The instantaneous suspended sediment concentration field (SSCF) is found to comprise a series of semiperiodic resuspension events interspersed by relatively quiescent periods. Using a modified quadrant analysis scheme, these events are shown to be correlated closely with times when current and wave-induced flows combine and exceed the threshold for suspension. The effectiveness of a given combined wave-current flow event in resuspending bed sediments is found to depend upon its location relative to bed morphology. It is considered that local bed response may be influenced by spatial differences in grain size and compaction brought about by the processes of bed load transport over the bed forms. The total mass of sediment in suspension is found to be less than the potential transport capacity of the flow suggesting strongly that the supply of fine sediments is source limited. While measured bed form geometry agrees well with predicted dimensions for ripples, grain size alone suggests only dunes should be present. These were not detected. Bed load transport, Qb, calculated from measured bed form migration speeds and the measured suspended sediment flux, Qs, was found to agree favorably with empirical predictions.
Tectonics of the Helvetic Nappes

Summary This paper gives a general account of the principal major nappes, fold and fault styles, and minor structural features of the Helvetic Nappes with particular emphasis on research results over the past few years. The principal stratigraphic variations are summarized and their influence on development of tectonic structures described. Measurements of strain variations throughout the nappe pile can be used to evaluate the significance of cleavage and linear fabrics. Pressure solution is a particularly important rock deformation process throughout the whole region and provides the source for the fibrous vein fillings which characterize much of this region.
Lung Tumor Microphysiological System with 3D Endothelium to Evaluate Modulators of T-Cell Infiltration

Lung cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with only a fraction of patients responding to immunotherapy. The correlation between increased T-cell infiltration and positive patient outcomes has motivated the search for therapeutics promoting T-cell infiltration. While transwell and spheroid platforms have been employed, these models lack flow and endothelial barriers, and cannot faithfully model T-cell adhesion, extravasation and migration through 3D tissue. Presented here is a 3D chemotaxis assay, in a lung tumor on chip model with 3D endothelium (LToC-Endo), to address this need. The described assay consists of a vascular tubule cultured under rocking flow, through which T-cells are added; a collagenous stromal barrier, through which T-cells infiltrate; and a chemoattractant/tumor compartment. Here, activated T-cells extravasate and infiltrate in response to gradients of rhCXCL11 and rhCXCL12. Adopting a T-cell activation protocol with a rest period enables proliferative burst prior to introducing T-cells into chips, increases T-cell expression of CXCR3 and CXCR4 receptors, and enhances assay sensitivity. In addition, incorporating this rest recovers endothelial activation in response to rhCXCL12. As a final control, we show that blocking ICAM-1 interferes with T-cell adhesion and chemotaxis. This microphysiological system, which mimics in vivo stromal and vascular barriers, can be used to evaluate potentiation of immune chemotaxis into tumors while probing for vascular responses to potential therapeutics. Finally, we propose a translational strategy by which this assay could be linked to preclinical and clinical models to support human dose prediction, personalized medicine, and the reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal models.
Dual-well 3D vertical seismic profile enabled by distributed acoustic sensing in deepwater Gulf of Mexico

AbstractWe have acquired and processed 3D vertical seismic profile (VSP) data recorded simultaneously in two wells using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) during the acquisition of the 2012 Mars 4D ocean-bottom seismic survey in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The objectives of the project were to assess the quality of DAS data recorded in fiber-optic cables from the surface to the total depth, to demonstrate the efficacy of the DAS VSP technology in a deepwater environment, to derisk the use of the technology for future water injection or production monitoring without intervention, and to exploit the velocity information that 3D VSP data provide for evaluating and updating the velocity model. We evaluated the advantages of DAS VSP to reduce costs and intrusiveness, and we determined that high-quality images can be obtained from relatively noisy raw 3D DAS VSP data, as evidenced by the well 1 image, probably the best 3D VSP image we have ever seen. Our results also revealed that the direct arrival travelti.
Change in Global Temperature: A Statistical Analysis

Abstract This paper investigates several issues relating to global climatic change using statistical techniques that impose minimal restrictions on the data. The main findings are as follows: 1) The global temperature increase since the last century is a systematic development. 2) Short-term variations in temperature do not have long-lasting effects on the final realizations of the series; over time, stochastic perturbations dissipate and temperature reverts to trend. 3) Multivariate tests for causality demonstrate that atmospheric C02 is a significant forcing factor. The implied change in temperature with respect to a doubling of atmospheric C02 lies in a range of 2.17° to 2.57°C, with a mean value of 2.34°C. The contributions of solar irradiance and volcanic loading are much smaller. 4) In a multivariale system, shocks to forcing factors generate stochastic cycles in temperature comparable to the results from unforeed simulations of climatological models. 5) Extrapolation of regression equations predict.
Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols

The Angstrom wavelength exponent α, which is the slope of the logarithm of aerosol optical depth (τ a ) versus the logarithm of wavelength (λ), is commonly used to characterize the wavelength dependence of τ a and to provide some basic information on the aerosol size distribution. This parameter is frequently computed from the spectral measurements of both ground-based sunphotometers and from satellite and aircraft remote sensing retrievals. However, spectral variation of α is typically not considered in the analysis and comparison of values from different techniques. We analyze the spectral measurements of τ a from 340 to 1020 nm obtained from ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network radiometers located in various locations where either biomass burning, urban, or desert dust aerosols are prevalent. Aerosol size distribution retrievals obtained from combined solar extinction and sky radiance measurements are also utilized in the analysis. These data show that there is significant curvature in the In τ a versus In λ relationship for aerosol size distributions dominated by accumulation mode aerosols (biomass burning and urban). Mie theory calculations of α for biomass burning smoke (for a case of aged smoke at high optical depth) agree well with observations, confirming that large spectral variations in α are due to the dominance of accumulation mode aerosols. A second order polynomial fit to the In τ a versus In λ data provides excellent agreement with differences in τ a of the order of the uncertainty in the measurements (-0.01-0.02). The significant curvature in In τ a versus In λ for high optical depth accumulation mode dominated aerosols results in α values differing by a factor of 3-5 from 340 to 870 nm. We characterize the curvature in In τ a versus In λ by the second derivative α' and suggest that this parameter be utilized in conjunction with α to characterize the spectral dependence of τ a , The second derivative of In τ a versus In λ gives an indication of the relative influence of accumulation mode versus coarse mode particles on optical properties.
A Simple Method Using a Topography Correction Coefficient for Estimating Daily Distribution of Solar Irradiance in Complex Terrain

Accurate solar radiation data are critical to evaluate major physiological responses of plants. For most upland crops and orchard plants growing in complex terrain, however, it is not easy for farmers or agronomists to access solar irradiance data. Here we suggest a simple method using a sun-slope geometry based topographical coefficient to estimate daily solar irradiance on any sloping surfaces from global solar radiation measured at a nearby weather station. An hourly solar irradiance ratio () between sloping and horizontal surface is defined as multiplication of the relative solar intensity() and the slope irradiance ratio() at an hourly interval. The is the ratio of hourly solar radiation to the 24 hour cumulative radiation on a horizontal surface under clear sky conditions. The is the ratio of clear sky radiation on a given slope to that on a horizontal reference. Daily coefficient for slope correction is simply the sum of on each date. We calculated daily solar irradiance at 8 side slope locations circumventing a cone-shaped parasitic volcano(c.a., 570m diameter for the bottom circle and 90m bottom-to-top height) by multiplying these coefficients to the global solar radiation measured horizontally. Comparison with the measured slope irradiance from April 2007 to March 2008 resulted in the root mean square error(RMSE) of for the whole period but the RMSE for April to October(i.e., major cropping season in Korea) was much lower and satisfied the 5% error tolerance for radiation measurement. The RMSE was smallest in October regardless of slope aspect, and the aspect dependent variation of RMSE was greatest in November. Annual variation in RMSE was greatest on north and south facing slopes, followed by southwest, southeast, and northwest slopes in decreasing order. Once the coefficients are prepared, global solar radiation data from nearby stations can be easily converted to the solar irradiance map at landscape scales with the operational reliability in cropping season.
Oscillatory motion of drainage divides

A simple model of topographic ridge evolution is developed in which mass‐wasting is treated as a vectorial erosion process. Channel incision drives backcutting as well as downcutting of the connected hillslope and the result is a mobile drainage divide that exhibits sustained horizontal and vertical motions mediated by asynchronous, asymmetric channel incision rates. The model resolves a ridge cross‐section into coupled hillslope and channel links and the model equations are found to form a low‐dimensional, non‐linear dynamical system. For weak forcing of hillslope erosion the system converges to a stable, symmetric geometry, but for strong forcing a limit cycle arises and the divide oscillates back and forth over time. The lessons to draw from this model are that such low‐dimensional dynamical behavior: (i) may explain the sinuous planform of interfluves; (ii) may form a key constituent of the high‐dimensional dynamics of landscape evolution as a whole.
Spatially encoded light for Large-alphabet Quantum Key Distribution

Most Quantum Key Distribution protocols use a two-dimensional basis such as HV polarization as first proposed by Bennett and Brassard in 1984. These protocols are consequently limited to a key generation density of 1 bit per photon. We increase this key density by encoding information in the transverse spatial displacement of the used photons. Employing this higher-dimensional Hilbert space together with modern single-photon-detecting cameras, we demonstrate a proof-of-principle large-alphabet Quantum Key Distribution experiment with 1024 symbols and a shared information between sender and receiver of 7 bit per photon.
The Mediterranean Heat Storage and Israeli Precipitation

The Mediterranean winter storms are intensified by the thermal gradient between the warm sea and intrusions of cold continental air masses. The thermal gradient reflects atmospheric conditions as well as the seasonal heat which is stored in the upper sea. Atmospheric conditions are difficult to predict, yet the heat storage can be measured in the beginning of the winter season. A fair correlation (R = 0.55) was found between the heat storage in the southeast Mediterranean and winter precipitation, and remarkable correlation (R = 0.9) was found between heat storage depletion and precipitation. This allows us to consider the upper heat storage as an index for weather predictions. Small heat storage is associated with annual precipitation which does not exceed the average. Large heat storage will precede winters which are not dryer than the average.
Hydrothermal Circulation and Geochemical Flux at Mid-Ocean Ridges

The flow rate of sea water through sub-sea-floor hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges has been estimated at $$1.3-9 \times 10^{17} g/yr$$ by consideration of the rate at which circulating fluid must advect heat out of the spreading plates into the oceans. The rate of hydrothermal heat advection was obtained by computing the difference ($$40 \pm 4 \times 10^{18} cal/yr$$) between the theoretical heat production associated with sea-floor spreading and observed heat flow measurements. Effects of exothermic chemical reactions, direct heat loss from flows extruded on the ocean floor, and heat of crystallization of basalt were minor and yielded insignificant contributions to the estimate. The majority of dredged ocean-floor metamorphic rocks appear to represent the products of intensive hydrothermal reaction with hot sea water. The chemical trends (loss of Ca and K, gain of Mg, Na, and $$H_{2}O$$) and alteration mineral assemblages of these rocks closely resemble those observed in both laboratory alteration experiments and in subaerial geothermal systems where sea water circulates in hot basic rocks. Alteration of oceanic crust appears strongly dependent on the presence of permeable features, especially cracks, and may be restricted mainly within the vicinity of major fault zones. An examination of submarine weathering, volcanic effusion, and hydrothermal mass transfers between basaltic crust and sea water for silica, manganese, and iron demonstrated that the relative importance of the three processes may vary markedly from element to element. A similar examination of magnesium, calcium, oxidants-reductants, and water indicated that only about a kilometer or less of basalt actually reacts with sea water in hydrothermal systems.
Role of hydrology in managing consequences of a changing global environment

This issue ofHydrology Research brings together 14 research Framework Directive and which requires the use of the papers arising from presentations made at the 2010 international symposium of the British Hydrological Society. The theme of the symposium was ‘Role of Hydrology in Managing Consequences of a Changing Global Environment’, and the papers can be seen to illustrate the diversity of issues captured by that theme. Six main groups can be identified as encompassing all of the 14 papers presented here, and have been used to organise the papers within this issue, although inevitably there is some cross-over with some papers relating to more than one theme. The first group of papers is concerned predominantly with environmental change, both natural and anthropogenic. By far the longest timescale studied within the papers is that by Whitehead & Edmunds () who, using archaeological knowledge of a site in southern England, infer past levels of water demand and present a novel comparison of groundwater and low flow hydrology between 4,200 years ago and today. They illustrate the further potential of climate model data extending back into the quaternary period to allow palaeohydrological reconstruction of other sites. By contrast, Dunn et al. () focus on rather shorter timescales of decades, in investigating changes in nitrate concentrations in surface and groundwaters, and the role of groundwater processes in determining catchment response to management changes. They illustrate the value of catchment and groundwater modelling in providing improved predictions for the achievement of water quality targets. Finally in this group, Lázár et al. () present an original study of the phytoplankton dynamics of the Thames system, the largest river catchment in the United Kingdom, explaining observed behaviour by reference to river flow and a range of other environmental controls. This work contributes to the process of river basin management planning implemented in response to the European Water
Some results from a time‐dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice

A one-dimensional thermodynamic model of sea ice is presented that includes the effects of snow cover, ice salinity, and internal heating due to penetration of solar radiation. The incoming radiative and turbulent fluxes, oceanic heat flux, ice salinity, snow accumulation, and surface albedo are specified as functions of time. The model is applied to the central Arctic.