Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
E-Type Asteroids: Spectroscopic Investigation on the 0.5μm Absorption Band☆

Abstract Visible spectra of five E-type asteroids have been obtained at the European Southern Observatory with the 1.5-m telescope. Three of these objects reveal a peculiar absorption band centered around 0.5μm whose origin is not easily attributable. A possible source might be troilite, which is also a known constituent of aubrite meteorites, as it has a spectral behavior consistent with the visible and near infrared spectrum of these objects and may be responsible not only for the 0.5-μm band but probably also for the 3-μm band observed on the surface of these objects. We report in this paper the results of our investigation and a discussion regarding the possible composition of E-type asteroids.
On the Problem of Equilibrium Length of a Bridged Crack

A solution is given for a partially bridged straight crack in orthotropic elastic material in particular unidirectionally fiber-reinforced brittle composite. The problem of crack with constant bridging forces is solved by use the complex potentials. By use of Novogilov's fracture criterion the estimation of the bridged part of crack and full length of equilibrium crack is obtained.
Multi-parametric imaging of tumor spheroids with ultra-bright and tunable nanoparticle O2 probes

Multi-modal probes allow for flexible choice of imaging equipment when performing quenched-phosphorescence O2 measurements: one- or two-photon, PLIM or intensity-based ratiometric read-outs. Spectral and temporal (e.g. FLIMPLIM) discrimination can be used to image O2 together with pH, Ca2+, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell death markers or cell/organelle specific markers. However, the main challenge of existing nanoparticle probes is their limited diffusion across thick (> 20-50 μm) 3D cell models such as tumor spheroids. Here, we present new class of polymeric nanoparticle probes having tunable size, charge, cell-penetrating ability, and reporter dyes. Being spectrally similar to the recently described MM2, PA2 and other O2 probes, they are 5-10 times brighter, demonstrate improved ratiometric response and their surface chemistry can be easily modified. With cultures of 2D and 3D cell models (fibroblasts, PC12 aggregates, HCT116 human colon cancer spheroids) we found cell-specific staining by these probes. However, the efficient staining of model of interest can be tuned by changing number of positive and negative surface groups at nanoparticle, to allow most efficient loading. We also demonstrate how real-time monitoring of oxygenation can be used to select optimal spheroid production with low variability in size and high cell viability.
On a Theorem in Geometry

A statement of this theorem, without proof, but with a descriptive poem attached, appeared in Nature, an English scientific journal, in 1936 [12]. The author was Frederick Soddy, distinguished by his pioneering work on isotopes. A year later a generalization of the theorem to n+2 spheres in mutual contact, lying in Euclidean space of n dimensions, was published by Thorold Gossett in the same journal [7]. Again, no proof was given, but an extra verse for the Soddy poem was suggested. The title of the Soddy poem, "The kiss precise," is probably enough to indicate its flavour. Coxeter [3 p. 15] quotes a complete verse. (It is perhaps worth noting, as a warning to aspiring poetasters, that Nature is averse to belles lettres these days. A few years ago Sir Alexander Oppenheim submitted the statement of an attractive theorem in geometry, accompanied by a graceful descriptive poem which my wife had written at his suggestion, but Nature rejected the joint offering.) Two proofs of what, for the moment, we shall call the Soddy theorem have appeared in textbooks. One is elementary, uses trigonometry, and does not lend itself to a possible generalization [Coxeter, 3, p. 15]. The second is apparently simple, but it is not elementary, and uses the methods of the Grassmann calculus as applied to circles by Homersham Cox in 1883 [2]. But this proof in Forder's book [6] can be generalized. We shall return to it later. There is no reference to Soddy in the Forder proof, and in fact the theorem just occurs as one of a number of worked examples, on p. 339. The Soddy theorem is an interesting one because it can be viewed from a number of different mathematical angles. We approach it heuristically in the first instance, using arguments which may need amplification, but which do suggest possible lines of attack on the proof. We do not know a priori that a relationship of the Soddy type holds between four circles which touch each other. We do know, from the Apollonius theorem, that eight circles touch three given circles in general position [Pedoe, 11, p. 23]. When these circles are specialized, some of the eight touching circles may coincide, and, as in all enumerative problems, the coincident solutions of the problem must be counted with a certain multiplicity [Hodge and Pedoe, 9, vol. II, p. 1271. Suppose now that the three given circles C1, C2, C3 all touch each other. Then since C1 touches itself, it is a solution of the Apollonius problem. So is C2, and
Solar Protocol: Exploring Energy-Centered Design

Solar Protocol is an experimental web platform hosted across a network of solar-powered servers, installed and maintained by volunteers in different locations around the planet. Although a solar-powered server’s connectivity is intermittent as it is powered by available sunlight, when connected in a network, the network can be designed to direct web traffic to whichever server is enjoying the most sunshine at the time. In doing this, Solar Protocol uses the distribution of sunshine across the planet as a form of logic that determines where computational work is done. By automating decisions according to environmental dynamics, the project explores a kind of "natural" intelligence rather than artificial intelligence. Solar Protocol works in concert with limits defined by local energy availability and thereby explores an energy-centered design. We sketch out six principles of energy-centered design, offering these as provocations for further work.
Quantum computing, phase estimation and applications

In this thesis, attention is paid to small experimental testbed applications with respect to the quantum phase estimation algorithm, the core approach for finding energy eigenvalues. An iterative scheme for quantum phase estimation (IPEA) is derived from the Kitaev phase estimation, a study of robustness of the IPEA utilized as a few-qubit testbed application is performed, and an improved protocol for phase reference alignment is presented. Additionally, a short overview of quantum cryptography is given, with a particular focus on quantum steganography and authentication.
A Direct Spectral Collocation Poisson Solver in Polar and Cylindrical Coordinates

In this paper, we present a direct spectral collocation method for the solution of the Poisson equation in polar and cylindrical coordinates. The solver is applied to the Poisson equations for several different domains including a part of a disk, an annulus, a unit disk, and a cylinder. Unlike other Poisson solvers for geometries such as unit disks and cylinders, no pole condition is involved for the present solver. The method is easy to implement, fast, and gives spectral accuracy. We also use the weighted interpolation technique and nonclassical collocation points to improve the convergence.
Dissipative models of spiral galaxies

Self-consistent N-body experiments have been performed for a galactic disk containing both stars and a dissipative gas component. The gas is treated with a simple sticky particle scheme, which maintains the gas at a low velocity dispersion and results in continuous dynamical cooling of the disk. The disks exhibit dramatic activity, with both the stars and the gas showing large-scale spiral structure. The gas arms generally overlie the stellar arms but are much narrower and show structure on smaller scales than the stars. The number of spiral arms m is found to be strongly correlated with the fraction of the total mass in the disk f, such that m is approximately equal to 1/f, as expected from swing amplification theory. A population of disk stars with a large velocity dispersion (Qroughly-equal2.5) is shown to be so ''stiff'' that is effectively in the halo, as far as spiral activity is concerned. The gas loses angular momentum to the stars, resulting in a slow inward radial flow on a time scale of about 100 revolutions.
Robust Estimators for the Parameters of Multivariate Lognormal Distribution

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a class of location and scale estimators for the p-variate lognormal distribution. These estimators are obtained by applying a log transform to the data, computing robust Fisher consistent estimators for the obtained Gaussian data and transforming those estimators for the lognormal using the relationship between the parameters of both distributions. We prove some of the properties of these estimators, such as Fisher consistency, robustness and asymptotic normality.
Research for TCM Prescription Compatibility Chemical Components Dose-Response Relationship Using MSC-PLS

Study traditional Chinese medicine prescription compatibility chemical components Dose-response relationship based on multiplicative signal correction and partial least squares (MSC-PLS). Method: mathematical modeling base on MSC-PLS. Results: study the compatibility chemical components of the dachengqi decoction; mining the regression coefficient and equation, VIP sorting, loadings Bi plot base on the method. Conclusion: the method mining the data information and optimization the compatibility of the dachengqi decoction cure ileus rats is feasible and effective.
Physical modeling of program and erase speeds of metal–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon cells with three-dimensional gate-all-around architecture

We present an investigation of the program and erase speed characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) gate-all-around (GAA) metal–oxide–SiNX–oxide–silicon (MONOS) cells. The effect of the tunneling oxide layer thickness in 3D GAA MONOS cells has been experimentally investigated and studied by 3D technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation. In particular, we considered physical parameters such as trap density, capture cross section, and trap level in order to analyze the physical properties of the silicon nitride layer. Simulation results indicated that the trap density significantly affects the program efficiency compared with other physical parameters, and the trap level mainly affects the erase efficiency. From these simulation results, we confirmed from the experimental results that the modeling accuracy is about 80%. Moreover, the simulation results for the program and erase speeds of the GAA MONOS cells were in reasonable agreement with experimental results.
Sampling with Probabilities Proportional to Size: Adjustment for Changes in the Probabilities

W E CONSIDER a simplified area sample consisting of one primary sampling unit chosen from each of a number of strata; each such selected unit is to be enumerated completely. The sample "take" (i.e., the total in the sample of whatever is being surveyed) can be converted to an estimate of the population in each stratum simply by multiplying by the number of units in the stratum; and this is, for practical purposes, the only method of estimating if no information about the unsampled units other than their number is on hand. If, however, some evidence is available on the relative "sizes" of the units in a stratum one would like to incorporate this in the estimating procedure. In an application which has now become fairly common, a number of different characteristics are to be estimated by a uniform procedure from a single survey, and the measure of size related to all characteristics is the number of persons in the several units at a precedingcensus. The Canadian Labor Force sample, like that used for the Monthly Report on the Labor Force of the United States, consists of up to four successive stages;' the theory here considered is applicable to the first stage. In the first stage the entire rural territory of Canada was divided into about 500 areas constituting primary sampling units, and these were assembled into strata each containing between 5 and 10 units. There was no requirement that the units comprising a stratum were to be contiguous; but only that they be as similar as possible in respect of type of farming, density of population etc.; nor was any attempt made to assemble into one stratum those units similar in the numbers of people they contained at the preceding census. The sub-sampling within selected primary sampling units was arranged so that multiplication of the sample take by 100 furnished an unbiased estimate of the stratum total; this was accomplished, following the suggestion of Hansen and Hurwitz, by sub-sampling in a ratio which depended on which unit was selected, so as to give a fixed expected number in the sample, i.e., 0.01 of the measure of size of the stratum. The application of the theorem of this paper, however, is not affected by sub-sampling; we may think of the estimating procedure as a matter of multiplying
Causal Models in Educational Research: Nonrecursive Models

This paper extends the causal modelling technique described in an earlier article (Anderson and Evans, 1974) to nonrecursive causal models that involve feedback and/or reciprocal causation. The problem of identification is discussed and a rule provided that can be used to determine whether or not a unique set of parameter estimates can be found for each equation that makes up the model. Three different procedures are described for estimating the parameters of these equations, namely, ordinary least squares, indirect least squares, and two-stage least squares. A formula is provided for the derivation of the reduced form of the model. The reduced form provides information concerning the total effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables in the model. Data from an empirical study have been used to illustrate the causal modelling technique that is described.
Biaxial and uniaxial strain effects on the ultraviolet emission efficiencies of AlxGa1−xN films with different Al concentrations

The influences of biaxial and uniaxial strain on the ultraviolet emission efficiencies of both c- and m-plane AlxGa1−xN films with different Al concentrations are investigated under the framework of k⋅p perturbation theory. The optimal high efficiency windows, for ultraviolet light emissions are quantitatively estimated. c-plane AlxGa1−xN modified by uniaxial strain, shows more advantages over biaxial-strained AlxGa1−xN. This is due to the relatively more flexible tuning range and the advantage of obtaining pure linear polarization, which can be utilized to design polarized emission devices. For m-plane AlxGa1−xN, there are always in-plane polarized emissions under both biaxial and uniaxial strain conditions, thus, it is more likely to obtain high surface emission efficiency.
Photodetector for microwave signals based on the synchronous drift of photogenerated carriers with a moving interference pattern

We present the principle of a new photodetector based on the synchronous drift in a semiconductor of photogenerated carriers with a moving interference pattern. It provides a large detection volume which could be suitable for the optical generation of microwave signals. A theoretical analysis is detailed and followed by an experimental demonstration in a MBE grown GaAs layer illuminated with a moving interference pattern. We study the evolution of the detected signal at frequency f=1.6 GHz as a function of applied electric field, carrier lifetime, and fringe period.
Exponential stabilisation of periodic orbits for running of a three-dimensional monopedal robot

This study presents a motion planning algorithm to generate a feasible periodic solution for a hybrid system describing running by a three-dimensional (3-D), three-link, three-actuator, monopedal robot. In order to obtain a symmetric running gait along a straight line, the hybrid system consists of two stance phases and two flight phases. The motion planning algorithm is developed on the basis of a finite-dimensional optimisation problem with equality and inequality constraints. By extending the concept of hybrid zero dynamics to running, the authors propose a time-invariant control scheme that is employed at two levels to locally exponentially stabilise the generated periodic solution for running of the monopedal robot. The first level includes stance and flight phase feedback laws as within-stride controllers to create attractive parameterised zero dynamics manifolds. In order to render the zero dynamics manifolds hybrid invariant and stabilise the desired periodic orbit for the closed-loop hybrid system, takeoff and impact event-based controllers update the parameters of the within-stride controllers at the second level. This strategy results in a reduced-order hybrid system for which the stability analysis of the periodic orbit can be performed by a 5-D restricted Poincare return map.
On the Period-Adding Phenomena at the Frequency Locking in a One-Dimensional Mapping

In recent years, various routes to chaos and their critical phenomena have been extensively studied. 1)-4) Previously4) we studied a 2-dimensional mapping and found a period-adding phenomenon at the frequency locking in the transition from torus to chaos. In this short note we show similar phenomena in a I-dimensional mapping and give a simple explanation for the critical exponent. We take the following map5)
Soliton formation and evolution in passively-mode-locked lasers with ultralong anomalous-dispersion fibers

The soliton formation and evolution are numerically and experimentally investigated in passively-mode-locked lasers where pulses encounter ultralong anomalous-dispersion fibers. The pulse formation and evolution in lasers are determined by two balances, namely, nonlinearity and anomalous-dispersion balance and intracavity filtering and self-amplitude modulation balance. It is numerically found that a higher-energy soliton can be split into identical lower-energy multisolitons with exactly the same physical properties. Simulation results show that the separation of neighboring solitons is variational in the temporal domain. The temporal and spectral characteristics of solitons have large variations throughout the laser cavity, qualitatively distinct from the steady state of conventional solitons. The experimental observations confirm the theoretical predictions.
Vacuum polarization in laser fields

According to quantum electrodynamics the vacuum shows polarization properties because of the presence of virtual electron-positron pairs. These properties are investigated in the presence of an intense plane wave field, such as is produced by a laser. The laser wave is considered as an external prescribed field and its interaction with the electron-positron field is treated without reference to perturbation theory. The vacuum polarization tensor is computed to second order in the fine structure constant in the form of a double integral. For a Dyson equation for the photon propagator is solved by an eigenfunction expansion. For a plane laser wave of infinite extent and circular polarization the results are relatively simple and explicit. Analytical properties of the photon propagator are discussed. The effects of vacuum polarization on an additional weak wave field (a non-laser photon) can be described approximately by two complex indices of refraction.
Dysfunctional whole brain networks in mild cognitive impairment patients: an fMRI study

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was recognized as the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent researches have shown that cognitive and memory decline in AD patients is coupled with losses of small-world attributes. However, few studies pay attention to the characteristics of the whole brain networks in MCI patients. In the present study, we investigated the topological properties of the whole brain networks utilizing graph theoretical approaches in 16 MCI patients, compared with 18 age-matched healthy subjects as a control. Both MCI patients and normal controls showed small-world architectures, with large clustering coefficients and short characteristic path lengths. We detected significantly longer characteristic path length in MCI patients compared with normal controls at the low sparsity. The longer characteristic path lengths in MCI indicated disrupted information processing among distant brain regions. Compared with normal controls, MCI patients showed decreased nodal centrality in the brain areas of the angular gyrus, heschl gyrus, hippocampus and superior parietal gyrus, while increased nodal centrality in the calcarine, inferior occipital gyrus and superior frontal gyrus. These changes in nodal centrality suggested a widespread rewiring in MCI patients, which may be an integrated reflection of reorganization of the brain networks accompanied with the cognitive decline. Our findings may be helpful for further understanding the pathological mechanisms of MCI.
A Multipath Planner for UAV Based on Pareto Optimization

A multipath planner for UAV based on Pareto optimization is proposed to overcome the disadvantage of planners existed. Multipath planning is modeled as a constrained multiobject optimization problem. A Pareto solution of multipath for UAV is generated by optimizing several object functions at the same time. The simulation results demonstrated the feasibility of the approach.
Shear viscoelasticity of ultrasonic couplers by broadband reflectivity measurements

The acoustic shear wave velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic couplers were investigated by broadband reflectivity measurements at around room temperature and 15–30 MHz. The feature of the present technique is to use impulsive pulse and normal incident waves against a reflective interface. Its characteristics are compared with the inclined incident wave technique used so far. It is found that the normal incident wave technique is nearly free from the effects of diffraction in contrast with the inclined incident wave technique. In the present work, the acoustic shear properties and their temperature dependence were investigated for nine commercial couplers at 15, 25, and 35 °C. The shear wave velocity dispersion was clearly observed in every measurement in the investigated frequency range; these data are useful for design in ultrasonic shear wave experiments. Furthermore, a linear relationship was found between the rigidity and Q value for hydroxyl carbons and naphten oils. The difference in the physical .
On the use of the unitarised Born approximation in electron collisions with polar molecules

The validity of the unitarised Born (B 11) approximation for representing the T-matrix elements for electron-polar-molecule collisions is investigated for a number of polar systems. For intermediate and high values of the angular momentum (usually I2 5), the B 11 results are in excellent agreement with those of a more elaborate close-coupling calculation. The method provides an efficient, economical means for calculating the higher angular momenta T-matrix elements that are needed in the completion formulae for polar-molecule cross sections. The methods have an advantage over such comparable schemes as the fixed-point-dipole technique in that contributions from potential moments above the dipole can be simply included.