Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy and ecology of metazoan parasites of otariids from Patagonia, Argentina : adult and infective stages

We report on the intestinal helminth fauna of 56 South American sea lions, Otaria flavescens, and 5 South American fur seals, Arctocephalus australis, from northern Patagonia, Argentina. A total of 97,325 helminth specimens were collected from sea lions. Gravid individuals were represented by 6 species of parasites: 1 digenean (Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) patagoniensis), 1 cestode (Diphyllobothrium spp.), 3 nematodes (Uncinaria hamiltoni, Contracaecum ogmorhini s.s., Pseudoterranova cattani) and 1 acanthocephalan (Corynosoma australe). In addition, third-stage larvae of 2 nematodes (Contracaecum sp. and Anisakis sp. type I) and 3 juvenile acanthocephalans (Andracantha sp., Profilicollis chasmagnathi and Corynosoma cetaceum) were also collected. Andracantha sp. , C. ogmorhini s.s. and P. chasmagnathi represent new host records. A total of 1516 helminth specimens were collected from fur seals. Gravid individuals were represented by three species of parasites, namely, Diphyllobothrium spp. , C. ogmorhini s.s. and C. australe. In addition, larvae of Contracaecum sp. and P. cattani, juveniles of C. cetaceum and immature cestodes (Tetrabothriidae gen. sp.) were also collected. Corynosoma australe was the most prevalent and abundant parasite in both hosts, accounting for . 90% of all specimens. Sea lions and furs seals from northern Patagonia harbour the intestinal helminth communities that could be predicted for otariids, i.e. the combination of species of the genera Corynosoma, Diphyllobothrium, Pseudoterranova, Contracaecum and, in pups, Uncinaria. Additionally, both species of otariid are apparently unsuitable hosts (i.e. nonhosts) for as many as five parasite taxa. The inclusion or exclusion of these species affects estimation of species richness at both component community (11 versus 6 species in sea lions; 7 versus 3 species in fur seals) and infracommunity (mean: 3.1 versus 2.6 in sea lions; 2.2 versus 1.7 species) levels. Information about the reproductive status of helminth species is often lacking in parasitological surveys on otariids and other marine vertebrates, but it is of significance to improve precision in parascript studies or ecological meta-analyses. *Fax þ 34 963543733 E-mail: jesus.s. hernandez@uv.es Journal of Helminthology, page 1 of 12 doi:10.1017/S0022149X12000454 q Cambridge University Press 2012
Lack of Peripheral Analgesic Effect of Low-dose Morphine During Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Objective. To determine whether 1 mg morphine injected intravenously in conjunction with prilocaine has any effect on postoperative pain and analgesic requirement during intravenous regional anesthesia. Methods. This was a randomized, double-blind study that included 37 patients undergoing carpal tunnel operations of the hand under intravenous regional anesthesia. Either 1 ml of morphine or 1 ml of physiologic saline diluted to 5 ml with 5% glucose was injected into the isolated exsanguinated arm. This was followed by 3 mg/kg of 0.5% prilocaine (total volume, 30-50 ml). Pain was assessed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, and 8, 24, and 48 hours after the end of the operation using a linear visual analog scale (VAS). The total number of analgesic tablets consumed in the first 48 hours were also counted. Results. No difference was found in the VAS pain scores between the groups at any of the time periods studied. The postoperative analgesic requirement was similar in both groups. Conclusion. The authors conclude that 1 mg morphine showed no effect on postoperative pain or analgesic requirements when given in conjunction with prilocaine during intravenous regional anesthesia.
Economic Analysis and Application Practice of Outsourcing of Human Resources Management

This paper studied the outsourcing of human resources management from economic view. The theory of transaction cost, game theory and the principal-agent theory were used to study decision making, monitoring and incentive compensation of the outsourcing for the service provider. The essentials of human resources management outsourcing were analyzed and summarized. The aim of this study is to provide some reference of human resources management for increasingly internationalized Chinese enterprises.
Two Distinct Factor-binding DNA Elements in Cardiac Myosin Light Chain 2 Gene Are Essential for Repression of Its Expression in Skeletal Muscle

The expression of the cardiac myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) gene is repressed in skeletal muscle as a result of the negative regulation of its transcription. Two regulatory elements, the cardiac specific sequence (CSS) located upstream (−360 base pairs) and a downstream negative modulatory sequence (NMS), which function in concert with each other, are required for repression of the MLC2 promoter activity in skeletal muscle. Individually, CSS and NMS have no effect. Transient transfection analysis with recombinant plasmids indicated that CSS- and NMS-mediated repression of transcription is position- and orientation-dependent and is transferable to heterologous promoters. A minimal conserved motif, GAAG/CTTC, present in both CSS and NMS, is responsible for repression as the mutation in the core CTTC sequence alone was sufficient to abrogate its repressor activity. The DNA binding assay by gel mobility shift analysis revealed that one of the two complexes, CSSBP2, is significantly enriched in embryonic skeletal muscle relative to cardiac muscle. In extracts from adult skeletal muscle, where the cardiac MLC2 expression is suppressed, both complexes, CSSBP1 and CSSBP2, were present, whereas the cardiac muscle extracts contained CSSBP1 alone, suggesting that the protein(s) in the CSSBP2 complex accounts for the negative regulation of cardiac MLC2 in skeletal muscle. A partial cDNA clone (Nished) specific for the candidate repressor factor was isolated by expression screening of the skeletal muscle cDNA library by multimerized CSS-DNA as probe. The recombinant Nished protein binds to the CSS-DNA, but not to ΔCSS-DNA where the core CTTC sequence was mutated. The amino acid sequence of Nished showed a significant structural similarity to the sequence of transcription factor “runt,” a known repressor of gap and pair-rule gene expression in Drosophila.
miR-122 activates hepatitis C virus translation by a specialized mechanism requiring particular RNA components

In animals, microRNAs (miRNAs) generally repress gene expression by binding to sites in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs. miRNAs have also been reported to repress or activate gene expression by binding to 5′-UTR sites, but the extent of such regulation and the factors that govern these different responses are unknown. Liver-specific miR-122 binds to sites in the 5′-UTR of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA and positively regulates the viral life cycle, in part by stimulating HCV translation. Here, we characterize the features that allow miR-122 to activate translation via the HCV 5′-UTR. We find that this regulation is a highly specialized process that requires uncapped RNA, the HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and the 3′ region of miR-122. Translation activation does not involve a previously proposed structural transition in the HCV IRES and is mediated by Argonaute proteins. This study provides an important insight into the requirements for the miR-122–HCV interaction, and the broader consequences of miRNAs binding to 5′-UTR sites.
Methods to Design and Synthesize Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become a promising targeted therapy strategy that combines the specificity, favorable pharmacokinetics and biodistributions of antibodies with the destructive potential of highly potent drugs. One of the biggest challenges in the development of ADCs is the application of suitable linkers for conjugating drugs to antibodies. Recently, the design and synthesis of linkers are making great progress. In this review, we present the methods that are currently used to synthesize antibody-drug conjugates by using thiols, amines, alcohols, aldehydes and azides.
Code-Specific Learning Rules Improve Action Selection by Populations of Spiking Neurons

Population coding is widely regarded as a key mechanism for achieving reliable behavioral decisions. We previously introduced reinforcement learning for population-based decision making by spiking neurons. Here we generalize population reinforcement learning to spike-based plasticity rules that take account of the postsynaptic neural code. We consider spike/no-spike, spike count and spike latency codes. The multi-valued and continuous-valued features in the postsynaptic code allow for a generalization of binary decision making to multi-valued decision making and continuous-valued action selection. We show that code-specific learning rules speed up learning both for the discrete classification and the continuous regression tasks. The suggested learning rules also speed up with increasing population size as opposed to standard reinforcement learning rules. Continuous action selection is further shown to explain realistic learning speeds in the Morris water maze. Finally, we introduce the concept of action perturbation as opposed to the classical weight- or node-perturbation as an exploration mechanism underlying reinforcement learning. Exploration in the action space greatly increases the speed of learning as compared to exploration in the neuron or weight space.
Towards Meaningful Medication-Related Clinical Decision Support: Recommendations for an Initial Implementation

Summary Clinical decision support (CDS) can improve safety, quality, and cost-effectiveness of patient care, especially when implemented in computerized provider order entry (CPOE) applications. Medication-related decision support logic forms a large component of the CDS logic in any CPOE system. However, organizations wishing to implement CDS must either purchase the computable clinical content or develop it themselves. Content provided by vendors does not always meet local expectations. Most organizations lack the resources to customize the clinical content and the expertise to implement it effectively. In this paper, we describe the recommendations of a national expert panel on two basic medication-related CDS areas, specifically, drug-drug interaction (DDI) checking and duplicate therapy checking. The goals of this study were to define a starter set of medication-related alerts that health-care organizations can implement in their clinical information systems. We also draw on the experiences of diverse institutions to highlight the realities of implementing medication decision support. These findings represent the experiences of institutions with a long history in the domain of medication decision support, and the hope is that this guidance may improve the feasibility and efficiency CDS adoption across healthcare settings.
Statistical Models for Deep-structure Disambiguation

In this paper, an integrated score function is proposed to resolve the ambiguity of deepstructure, which includes the cases of constituents and the senses of words. With the integrated score function, different knowledge sources, including part-of-speech, syntax and semantics, are integrated in a uniform formulation. Based on this formulation, different models for case identification and word-sense disambiguation are derived. In the baseline system, the values of parameters are estimated by using the maximum likelihood estimation method. The accuracy rates of 56.3% for parse tree, 77.5% for case and 86.2% for word sense are obtained when the baseline system is tested on a corpus of 800 sentences. Afterwards, to reduce the estimation error caused by the maximum likelihood estimation, the Good-Turing's smoothing method is applied. In addition, a robust discriminative learning algorithm is also derived to minimize the testing set error rate. By applying these algorithms, the accuracy rates of 77% for parse tree, 88,9% for case, and 88.6% for sense are obtained. Compared with the baseline system; 17.4% error reduction rate for sense discrimination, 50.7% for case identification, and 47.4% for parsing accuracy are obtained. These results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed models for deep-structure disambiguation.
Electrical colored wires inspection algorithm for automatic connector producing machines

This paper proposes a method for inspecting the order of electrical colored wires in industrial connector cables manufacture. The key idea of the algorithm are threefold: First, the rectangle connector parts of sample image and test image of product are analyzed and detected by using shape and region properties. The region of connectors are then extracted and rectified to horizontal direction. Second, the pair images are aligned using features based method. The robust features are detected and the matching process is combined with outlier removal using Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. This step is really necessary when the products appear with arbitrary geometric shapes in the images. Third, the region of wires under connector parts of both image are determined. The difficult problem is the displacement and deformation of wires. To detect the positions of each wires exactly, a histogram of a horizontal scanline of the region under connector part is built. To find the exact position of wires, the peaks of horizontal histogram of the scanlines are detected. When the central of wires are detected, a square patch surround the central of each wire is extracted. The Color Structural Similarity Index Metric (CSSIM) is applied to compare the similarity of sample patches and test patches. The simulation results will demonstrate efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method for color wires inspection using vision system.
Prior Art Search in Chemistry Patents Based On Semantic Concepts and Co-Citation Analysis

Prior Art Search is a task of querying and retrieving the patents in order to uncover any knowledge existing prior to the inventor’s question or invention at hand. For addressing this task, we present a contemporary approach that has been evaluated during Trecchem for its ability to adapt to text containing chemistry-based information. The core of the framework is an index of 1.3 million chemistry patents provided as a data set by Trecchem. For the prior art search task, the information of normalized noun phrases, biomedical and chemical entities are added to the full text index. Altogether, 7 runs were submitted for this task that were based on automatic querying with tokens, noun phrases and entities. In addition, the co-citation information was exploited in a systematic way to generate ranked citation sets from the retrieved documents. Querying with noun phrases and entities coupled with co-citation based post-processing performed considerably well with the best MAP score of 0.23.
Time budgeting in a wireplanning context

Wireplanning is an approach in which the timing of input-output paths is planned before modules are specified, synthesized or sized. If these global wires are optimally segmented and buffered, their delay is linear in the path length and independent of the position of the modules along these paths. From timing requirements, the total budget left to modules after allocating the appropriate delay to the wires can be determined. This paper describes how this budget can be optimally divided amongst the modules. A novel, static timing-like, mathematical programming formulation is introduced such that the total module area is minimized. Instead of only the worst delay, all pin-to-pin delays are implicitly taken into account. If area-delay tradeoffs are convex, a reasonable approximation in practice, the program can be solved efficiently. Further, efficiency of different formulations is discussed, and a low-cost method of making the budget relatively immune to downstream uncertainties and surprises is presented. The efficiency of the formulation is clear from benchmarks with over 2000 nodes and 5e19 paths.
The Neuropsychology of Memory: New Links between Humans and Experimental Animals

Study of how memory is organized in the brain has taken a major forward step in the last few years. As several articles in this volume describe, animal models of human amnesic syndromes have now been achieved. This new and tighter link between work on humans and animals is going to make potentially solvable certain problems that previously could not be addressed systematically. The description of what particular function, what aspect of memory, is damaged in amnesia is continually improving14 and animal models should permit these ideas about function to be linked to anatomy and structure. I n addition, some questions about function can be explored more thoroughly in behavioral studies of animals who are amnesics-' than in humans. This chapter illustrates the utility of this new link between human and animal studies by considering three topics that have figured prominently in recent discussions of the neuropsychology of memory: the concept of memory consolidation; the idea that there are two different kinds of memory, only one of which is affected in amnesia; and the question of which structures in the medial temporal region must be damaged to produce the strikingly selective deficit that is termed amnesia. Amnesia is characterized by an impaired ability to acquire new information and by difficulty remembering at least some information that was acquired prior to the onset of amnesia. Patients who develop an amnesic syndrome can be disabled in their daily lives to the point of requiring supervisory care. Their deficiency in new learning isolates them from most kinds of social activity, and makes them unable to engage effectively in many of the normal activities of daily living. Cooking a simple meal, for example, places enough burden on memory that the amnesic patient cannot accomplish the required steps without losing his way and forgetting what has already been done, what needs to be done next, what the ringing of the timer was supposed to mean, and so on. Yet despite this severe disability, amnesia is often under-appreciated in the clinic because the impairment can be so pure. For example, case N.A. ,8.9 became amnesic following an accident with a miniature fencing foil that resulted in damage to his left dorsal thalamus. He has a full-scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) IQ of 124, a Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) of 97 and has no noticeable defect of higher mental function other than a severe verbal memory problem. Indeed, now at the age of 46, 24 years after his injury in 1960, he is an agreeable and well-mannered gentleman with a pleasant sense of humor who would probably be accepted into any circle of conversation without special recognition. Eventually, however, observers would notice
Changed Hub and Corresponding Functional Connectivity of Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders. In the brain, the hubs of the brain network play a key role in integrating and transferring information between different functional modules. However, whether the changed pattern in functional network hubs contributes to the onset of MDD remains unclear. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and graph theory methods, we investigated whether alterations of hubs can be detected in MDD. First, we constructed the whole-brain voxel-wise functional networks and calculated a functional connectivity strength (FCS) map in each subject in 34 MDD patients and 34 gender-, age- and education level-matched healthy controls (HCs). Next, the two-sample t-test was applied to compare the FCS maps between HC and MDD patients and identified significant decrease of FCS in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) in MDD patients. Subsequent functional connectivity analyses of sgACC showed disruptions in functional connectivity with posterior insula, middle and inferior temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus and cerebellum in MDD patients. Furthermore, the changed FCS of sgACC and functional connections to sgACC were significantly correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores in MDD patients. The results of the present study revealed the abnormal hub of sgACC and its corresponding disrupted frontal-limbic-visual cognitive-cerebellum functional networks in MDD. These findings may provide a new insight for the diagnosis and treatment of MDD.
Intracellular Signals for Skeletal Muscle Adaptation Leucine and mTORC 1 : a complex relationship

Dodd KM, Tee AR. Leucine and mTORC1: a complex relationship. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 302: E1329–E1342, 2012. First published February 21, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00525. 2011. —Amino acid availability is a rate-limiting factor in the regulation of protein synthesis. When amino acid supplies become restricted, mammalian cells employ homeostatic mechanisms to rapidly inhibit processes such as protein synthesis, which demands high levels of amino acids. Muscle cells in particular are subject to high protein turnover rates to maintain amino acid homeostasis. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is an evolutionary conserved multiprotein complex that coordinates a network of signaling cascades and functions as a key mediator of protein translation, gene transcription, and autophagy. Signal transduction through mTORC1, which is centrally involved in muscle growth through enhanced protein translation, is governed by intracellular amino acid supply. The branched-chain amino acid leucine is critical for muscle growth and acts in part through activation of mTORC1. Recent research has revealed that mTORC1 signaling is coordinated primarily at the lysosomal membranes. This discovery has sparked a wealth of research in this field, revealing several different signaling molecules involved in transducing the amino acid signal to mTORC1, including the Rag GTPases, MAP4K3, and Vps34/ULK1. This review evaluates the current knowledge regarding cellular mechanisms that control and sense the intracellular amino acid pool. We discuss the role of leucine and mTORC1 in the regulation of amino acid transport via the system L and system A transporters such as LAT1 and SNAT2, as well as protein degradation via autophagic and proteasomal pathways. We also describe the complexities of energy homeostasis via AMPK and cell receptormediated growth signals that also converge on mTORC1. Leucine is a particularly potent regulator of protein turnover, to the extent where leucine stimulation alone is sufficient to stimulate mTORC1 signal transduction. The significance of leucine in this context is not yet known; however, recent advancements in this area will also be covered within this review.
The substitution interpretation of the quantifiers

I The basic formal ideas of this interpretation were in a certain sense anticipated by E. W. Beth with his "reduced logic" in [3]. We are grateful to Professor Bas C. van Fraassen for bringing this to our attention. The idea has also been employed by P. T. Geach in his "Quantification theory and the problem of identifying objects of reference" in Acta Philosophica Fennica, 1963, and by Henry S. Leonard in his "Essences, attributes, and predicates" in the Proceedings of the American Philisophical Association, 1963-64. Further, H. Leblanc has studied the interpretation in a pair of forthcoming papers, "A simplified strong completeness proof for QC=," and "A simplified account of validity and implication for quantification logic. "