Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract.

Anthocyanins are a group of natural antioxidants (1)(2)(3)(4) widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins have two absorbance peaks, at 270–280 nm and 510–540 nm, respectively. The intake of anthocyanins in humans has been estimated to be 180–215 mg/day in the US (5), which is much higher than the intake (23 mg/day) of other flavonoids, including quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, and luteolin (6). Various biological and pharmacological activities of anthocyanins have been reported using crude fruit extracts, which are rich in anthocyanins (7). However, the absorption of dietary anthocyanins has never been shown clearly in humans, although one substance with an absorbance spectrum similar to those of the anthocyanins was reported in the plasma of nonsupplemented human subjects (8), and anthocyanin-like compounds have been found in human urine (9). We report here direct evidence of the absorption of anthocyanins in humans, which was obtained by combining an octadecylsilane (ODS) solid-phase extraction procedure for plasma sample preparation and an HPLC system with diode array for anthocyanin separation and detection. One male subject (one of the authors), 35 years of age, consumed 25 g of elderberry extract containing 1.5 g of total anthocyanins after fasting overnight. The elderberry extract is commercially available as a nutritional supplement for humans. Its main constituents are anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-sambubioside; other polyphenols were very limited (10). Blood samples were obtained before and 30 and 60 min after anthocyanin consumption. The EDTA blood samples were centrifuged at 500 g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the plasma was quickly removed. A …
Agrileisure: re-imagining the relationship between agriculture, leisure, and social change

The role of farms and agricultural spaces is shifting and expanding. What was once primarily a space for work and production is now a de facto locus of rural and urban social change, illustrated by activities such as farm-based agritourism, home-based hobby farming, rural/urban farmers' markets and community-supported agriculture. In addition, agricultural spaces are seen by some as family-friendly places for recreation, education, small-scale production and personal growth. Much has been said to describe the importance of farming and local food as social movements, but in terms of leisure studies, current thinking leaves off after farm tourism. This suggests the need for a conceptual framework that addresses those who engage both the supply and demand sides of agriculture for the purposes of leisure and recreation. To this end, we present “Agrileisure” – an introductory framework with theoretical roots in leisure studies, ecology, sociology, psychology, social justice and geography.
Role of Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate-Binding Site in Retroviral Replication and In Vivo Fidelity

ABSTRACT Retroviral populations exhibit a high evolutionary potential, giving rise to extensive genetic variation. Error-prone DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT) generates variation in retroviral populations. Structural features within RTs are likely to contribute to the high rate of errors that occur during reverse transcription. We sought to determine whether amino acids within murine leukemia virus (MLV) RT that contact the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) substrate are important for in vivo fidelity of reverse transcription. We utilized the previously described ANGIE P encapsidating cell line, which expresses the amphotropic MLV envelope and a retroviral vector (pGA-1). pGA-1 expresses the bacterial β-galactosidase gene (lacZ), which serves as a reporter of mutations. Extensive mutagenesis was performed on residues likely to interact with the dNTP substrate, and the effects of these mutations on the fidelity of reverse transcription were determined. As expected, most substitution mutations of amino acids that directly interact with the dNTP substrate significantly reduced viral titers (>10,000-fold), indicating that these residues played a critical role in catalysis and viral replication. However, the D153A and A154S substitutions, which are predicted to affect the interactions with the triphosphate, resulted in statistically significant increases in the mutation rate. In addition, the conservative substitution F155W, which may affect interactions with the base and the ribose, increased the mutation rate 2.8-fold. Substitutions of residues in the vicinity of the dNTP-binding site also resulted in statistically significant decreases in fidelity (1.3- to 2.4-fold). These results suggest that mutations of residues that contact the substrate dNTP can affect viral replication as well as alter the fidelity of reverse transcription.
Title: Preferred locomotor phase of activity of lumbar interneurons during air-stepping

20 Spinal locomotor circuits are intrinsically capable of driving a variety of behaviors such as 21 stepping, scratching and swimming. Based on an observed rostrocaudal wave of activity in the 22 motoneuronal firing during locomotor tasks, the traveling-wave hypothesis proposes that spinal 23 interneuronal firing follows a similar rostrocaudal pattern of activation, suggesting the presence 24 of spatially organized interneuronal modules within the spinal motor system. In this study, we 25 examined if the spatial organization of the lumbar interneuronal activity patterns during 26 locomotor activity in the adult mammalian spinal cord was consistent with a traveling wave 27 organizational scheme. The activity of spinal interneurons within the lumbar intermediate zone 28 was examined during air-stepping in sub-chronic spinal cats. The preferred phase of 29 interneuronal activity during a step cycle was determined using circular statistics. We found that 30 the preferred phases of lumbar interneurons from both sides of the cord were evenly distributed 31 over the entire step cycle with no indication of functional groupings. However, when units were 32 sub-categorized according to spinal hemicords, the preferred phases of units on each side largely 33 fell around the period of extensor muscles activity on each side. In addition, there was no 34 correlation between the preferred phases of units and their rostrocaudal locations along the spinal 35 cord with preferred phases corresponding to both flexion and extension phases of the step cycle 36 found at every rostrocaudal level of the cord. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 37 interneurons operate as part of a longitudinally distributed network rather than a rostrocaudally 38 organized travelling-wave network. 39 40
The relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that self-injurious behavior (SIB) signals an attempt to cope with psychological distress that may co-occur or lead to suicidal behaviors in individuals experiencing more duress than they can effectively mitigate. DESIGN Analysis of a cross-sectional data set of college-age students. SETTING Two universities in the northeastern United States in the spring of 2005. PARTICIPANTS A random sample of 8300 students was invited to participate in a Web-based survey; 3069 (37.0%) responded. Cases in which a majority of the responses were missing or in which SIB or suicide status was indeterminable were omitted, resulting in 2875 usable cases. Exposure Self-injurious behavior. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome was suicidality; adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for suicidality by SIB status when demographic characteristics, history of trauma, distress, informal help-seeking, and attraction to life are considered. RESULTS One quarter of the sample reported SIB, suicidality, or both; 40.3% of those reporting SIB also report suicidality. Self-injurious behavior status was predictive of suicidality when controlling for demographic variables (AOR, 6.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9-7.8). Addition of trauma and distress variables attenuated this relationship (AOR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.7-4.9). Compared with respondents reporting only suicidality, those also reporting SIB were more likely to report suicide ideation (AOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.0-3.8), plan (AOR, 5.6; 95% CI, 3.9-7.9), gesture (AOR, 7.3; 95% CI, 3.4-15.8), and attempt (AOR, 9.6; 95% CI, 5.4-17.1). Lifetime SIB frequency exhibits a curvilinear relationship to suicidality. CONCLUSIONS Since it is well established that SIB is not a suicidal gesture, many clinicians assume that suicide assessment is unnecessary. Our findings suggest that the presence of SIB should trigger suicide assessment.
Genetic exchange between bacteria in the environment.

Nucleotide sequence analysis, and more recently whole genome analysis, shows that bacterial evolution has often proceeded by horizontal gene flow between different species and genera. In bacteria, gene transfer takes place by transformation, transduction, or conjugation and this review examines the roles of these gene transfer processes, between different bacteria, in a wide variety of ecological niches in the natural environment. This knowledge is necessary for our understanding of plasmid evolution and ecology, as well as for risk assessment. The rise and spread of multiple antibiotic resistance plasmids in medically important bacteria are consequences of intergeneric gene transfer coupled to the selective pressures posed by the increasing use and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and animal feedstuffs. Similarly, the evolution of degradative plasmids is a response to the increasing presence of xenobiotic pollutants in soil and water. Finally, our understanding of the role of horizontal gene transfer in the environment is essential for the evaluation of the possible consequences of the deliberate environmental release of natural or recombinant bacteria for agricultural and bioremediation purposes.
Identifying Man-Made Objects Along Urban Road Corridors From Mobile LiDAR Data

This letter is dedicated to a generic approach for the automated detection and classification of man-made objects in urban corridors from point clouds acquired by vehicle-borne mobile laser scanning (MLS). The approach is designed based on a priori knowledge in urban areas: 1) man-made objects feature geometric regularity such as vertical planar structures (e.g., building facades), whereas vegetation reveals huge diversity in shape and point distribution and 2) different types of urban man-made objects can be characterized by the point extension and the height above the ground level. Therefore, MLS-based point clouds are first divided into three layers with respect to the vertical height. In each layer, seed points of man-made objects are indicated by a line filter in the footprints of off-ground objects, which is generated by binarizing the spatial accumulation map of the point clouds. These seed points are further classified by examining in which layers the seed points of objects are found. Finally, points belonging to respective objects can be retrieved based on the classified seed points. The experiments show that various man-made objects on both sides of the street can be well detected, with a detection rate of up to 83%. For the classification of detected urban objects, overall accuracy of 92.37% can be achieved.
The prognostic significance of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) and CD133 expression in early stage non-small cell lung cancer

Background Expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) and CD133 has been functionally associated with a stem cell phenotype in normal and malignant cells. The prevalence of such cells in solid tumours should therefore correlate with recurrence and/or metastasis following definitive surgical resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of ALDH1A1 and CD133 in surgically resected, early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A retrospective analysis of ALDH1A1 and CD133 expression in 205 patients with pathologic stage I NSCLC was performed using immunohistochemistry. The association between the expression of both markers and survival was determined. Results We identified 62 relapses and 58 cancer-related deaths in 144 stage 1A and 61 stage 1B patients, analysed at a median of 5-years follow-up. Overexpression of ALDH1A1 and CD133, detected in 68.7% and 50.7% of primary tumours, respectively, was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival by multivariable Cox proportional hazard model (p=0.017 and 0.039, respectively). Overexpression of ALDH1A1, but not of CD133, predicted poor recurrence-free survival (p=0.025). When categorised into three groups according to expression of ALDH1A1/CD133, patients with overexpression of both ALDH1A1 and CD133 belonged to the group with the shortest recurrence-free and overall survival (p=0.015 and 0.017, respectively). Conclusions Expression of ALDH1A1 and CD133, and coexpression of ALDH1A1 and CD133, is strongly associated with poor survival in early-stage NSCLC following surgical resection. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that expression of stem cell markers correlates with recurrence as an indirect measure of self-renewal capacity.
Applying Critical Ethics to Educational Management

Bernard Harrison is a Professor in the Division of Education at the University of Sheffield. In this paper he examines some problems of meanings and values which can occur with regard to such widely used terms in management discourse as 'power', 'team-work', and 'quality' and does so from both a 'moral law' and a `role-theory' viewpoint. In conclusion he advocates a critical— ethical alternative to narrowly economic versions of educational management.
A Hitchhiker's Guide to Human Evolution, the Brain, and the Processing of Language When It Is "Stretched" From the Literal or Expected Usage

This article introduces the special issue on the brain and processing of nonliteral and other forms of language in which meaning is "stretched" or deviates from expectations. The introduction consists of 2 sections meant to orient the reader to the articles that follow. The first section is a brief review and commentary on recent research and theorizing into the evolution of the human brain, selected brain structures, and implications that arise for nonliteral language and thought. The second section reviews and comments on recent advances in technology in cognitive neuroscience that increasingly are being brought to bear on questions of how we process a range of language forms that deviate from literal usage. I take the evidence as indicating that normal understanding of nonliteral language is highly interactive, involving multiple parts of the brain and, based on temporal processing in the brain, these interactions occur very early in the processing of a trope.
The coaching experience of four novice principals

Purpose – This study followed four novice principals in two urban school districts through one or two years of their leadership coaching experience. The purpose of this study was to determine principals’ perceived benefits of the coaching experience, principals’ beliefs regarding the most beneficial attributes of a coach, and the match between these findings and the core leadership practices that most dramatically impact student achievement.Design/methodology/approach – This study followed four novice principals in two urban school districts through one or two years of their leadership coaching experience.Findings – Principals in this study appeared to have had a successful coaching experience in part because of: the coach's knowledge of curriculum, schools, and districts; the practicality of the experience; and the coach's ability to collaborate and shape the thinking of principals without being authoritative or intrusive. Principals experienced success on the job as identified by the student achievement.
Sport, power, and culture: A social and historical analysis of popular sports in Britain

Foreword: Stuart Hall. 1. Approaching Sport and Power. 2. The Repression and Reform of Popular Sporting Forms. 3. Consolidating the Bourgeois Model. 4. Sport and the Remaking of the Working Class. 5. Sport and the Recomposition of the Working Class in Modern Britain. 6. The Commercialization Process. 7. Media Sport. 8. Schooling the Body. 9. State Intervention. 10. Sport and Hegemony. Index.
Sinulariolide Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Apoptosis through Activation of Mitochondrial-Related Apoptotic and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP Pathway

Sinulariolide, an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, has potent anti-microbial and anti-tumorigenesis effects towards melanoma and bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of sinulariolide on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth and protein expression. Sinulariolide suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of HCC HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced both early and late apoptosis according to flow cytometry, Annexin V/PI stain and TUNEL/DAPI stain analyses. A mechanistic analysis demonstrated that sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was activated through a mitochondria-related pathway, showing up-regulation of Bax, Bad and AIF, and down- regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, MCl-1 and p-Bad. Sinulariolide treatment led to loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to the cytosol, and activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. Sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was significantly blocked by the caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Z-DEVD-FMK. The increased expression of cleaved PARP also suggested that caspase-independent apoptotic pathway was involved. In the western blotting; the elevation of ER chaperones GRP78; GRP94; and CALR; as well as up-regulations of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP; and diminished cell death with pre-treatment of eIF2α phosphatase inhibitor; salubrinal; implicated the involvement of ER stress-mediated PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP apoptotic pathway following sinulariolide treatment in hepatoma cells. The current study suggested sinulariolide-induced hepatoma cell cytotoxicity involved multiple apoptotic signal pathways. This may implicate that sinulariolide is a potential compound for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
SPARC deficiency leads to early-onset cataractogenesis.

PURPOSE To determine the role of SPARC (secreted protein, acidic, and rich in cysteine) in cataractogenesis by examining mice deficient in a matricellular protein SPARC. METHODS Mice were rendered SPARC-deficient by a targeted disruption of the gene. Slit-lamp microscopy and histology were used to examine the eyes of SPARC-null and wild-type mice from birth to 14 months of age. RESULTS SPARC-null mice developed opacities in the posterior cortex of the eye as early as 1.5 months after birth. The diffuse cataracts appeared to progress toward the anterior cortex and reached maturity in many animals by 3.5 months of age. Early stages of cataractogenesis in SPARC-null mice included inhibition of normal lens fiber cell differentiation, degeneration of fiber cells, vacuole formation at the equator, and liquefaction of the cortex. No cataracts were detected in wild-type mice up to the age of 8 months. CONCLUSIONS The early onset of cataracts in SPARC-null mice establishes that the gene is essential to the maintenance of lens transparency.
BRDF Acquisition with Basis Illumination

Realistic descriptions of surface reflectance have long been a topic of interest in both computer vision and computer graphics research. In this paper, we describe a novel and fast approach for the acquisition of bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs). We develop a novel theory for directly measuring BRDFs in a basis representation by projecting incident light as a sequence of basis functions from a spherical zone of directions. We derive an orthonormal basis over spherical zones that is ideally suited for this task. BRDF values outside the zonal directions are extrapolated by re-projecting the zonal measurements into a spherical harmonics basis, or by fitting analytical reflection models to the data. We verify this approach with a compact optical setup that requires no moving parts and only a small number of image measurements. Using this approach, a BRDF can be measured in just a few minutes.
Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007.

OBJECTIVE This report presents selected estimates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among U.S. adults and children, using data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Trends in adult use were assessed by comparing data from the 2007 and 2002 NHIS. METHODS Estimates were derived from the Complementary and Alternative Medicine supplements and Core components of the 2007 and 2002 NHIS. Estimates were generated and comparisons conducted using the SUDAAN statistical package to account for the complex sample design. RESULTS In 2007, almost 4 out of 10 adults had used CAM therapy in the past 12 months, with the most commonly used therapies being nonvitamin, nonmineral, natural products (17.7%) and deep breathing exercises (12.7%). American Indian or Alaska Native adults (50.3%) and white adults (43.1%) were more likely to use CAM than Asian adults (39.9%) or black adults (25.5%). Results from the 2007 NHIS found that approximately one in nine children (11.8%) used CAM therapy in the past 12 months, with the most commonly used therapies being nonvitamin, nonmineral, natural products (3.9%) and chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation (2.8%). Children whose parent used CAM were almost five times as likely (23.9%) to use CAM as children whose parent did not use CAM (5.1%). For both adults and children in 2007, when worry about cost delayed receipt of conventional care, individuals were more likely to use CAM than when the cost of conventional care was not a worry. Between 2002 and 2007 increased use was seen among adults for acupuncture, deep breathing exercises, massage therapy, meditation, naturopathy, and yoga. CAM use for head or chest colds showed a marked decrease from 2002 to 2007 (9.5% to 2.0%).
What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge

Social constructivism in international relations has come into its own during the past decade, not only as a metatheoretical critique of currently dominant neo-utilitarian approaches (neo-realism and neoliberal institutionalism) but increasingly in the form of detailed empirical findings and theoretical insights. Constructivism addresses many of the same issues addressed by neo-utilitarianism, though from a different vantage and, therefore, with different effect. It also concerns itself with issues that neo-utilitarianism treats by assumption, discounts, ignores, or simply cannot apprehend within its characteristic ontology and/or epistemology. The constructivist project has sought to open up the relatively narrow theoretical confines of conventional approaches—by pushing them back to problematize the interests and identities of actors; deeper to incorporate the intersubjective bases of social action and social order; and into the dimensions of space and time to establish international structure as contingent practice, constraining social action but also being (re)created and, therefore, potentially transformed by it.