Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability Matters: Exploring the Effect of AI Explanations on Misinformation Detection With a Warning

To mitigate misinformation on social media, platforms such as Facebook have offered warnings to users based on the detection results of AI systems. With the evolution of AI detection systems, efforts have been devoted to apply explainable AI (XAI) to further increase the transparency of AI decision-making. Nevertheless, few factors have been considered to understand the effectiveness of a warning with AI explanations in helping humans detect misinformation. In this study, we report the results of three online human-subject experiments ( N = 2 , 692 ) investigating the framing effect and the impact of an AI system’s reliability on the effectiveness of a warning with AI explanations. Our findings show that the framing effect is effective for participants’ misinformation detection, whereas the AI system’s reliability is critical for humans’ misinformation detection and participants’ trust in the AI systems. Adding the explanations can potentially increase participants’ suspicions on miss errors (i.e., false negatives) of the AI systems. Furthermore, more trust is shown in the warning without explanations condition. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.
The physical geography of northern Eurasia

1. Tectonics and Geology 2. Climatic Change and the Development of Landscapes 3. Climate at Present and in the Historical Past 4. Soils 5. Rivers, Lakes, Inland Seas, and Wetlands 6. Permafrost 7. Biodiversity and Productivity of Ecosystems 8. The Arctic Environments 9. Boreal Forests 10. Mixed and Deciduous Forests 11. Steppe and Forest-steppe 12. Arid Environments 13. The Mountains of Northern Russia 14. The Mountains of Southern Siberia 15. The Caucasus 16. The Mountains of Central Asia and Kazakhstan 17. Lake Baikal 18. The Far East 19. Radioactive Contamination 20. Environmental Impact of Oil and Gas Development 21. Air Pollution 22. The Aral Sea 23. Deforestation and Degradation of Forests 24. Nature Protection and Conservation List of Plant Names in Latin and English
Shor’s Algorithm for Polynomial-time integer factorization

—Modern computer security systems are built upon one-way or trap-door functions. Such one-way functions have given birth to a class of protocols known as asymmetric cryptographic systems. One-way functions are “easy” to compute in one direction while being “hard” or computationally very expensive to compute in the other. Integer factorization is an example of such a problem i.e., it is very efﬁcient to multiply two numbers to get a product but factoring that product is computationally difﬁcult. Numerous cryptographic systems rely on integer factorization belonging to the Nondeterministic Polynomial time (NP) class of computational problems. Shor’s algorithm, published in 1994, presents a Quantum Algorithm to factorize an integer in polynomial time. In this paper, Shor’s algorithm and its implications will be discussed. First, the paper will provide motivation for studying Shor’s algorithm from a security perspective. After which, the paper will introduce some necessary background in the analysis of algorithms and the notion of computational difﬁculty. The Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) and the Quantum Phase Estimation (QPE) will be discussed at length. In section VI, the paper will explain how Shor’s algorithms leverages the QPE to factor in polynomial time. The paper will conclude by presenting the results from some recent quantum implementations of the algorithm. This paper attempts to describe the physics and the importance of Shor’s algorithm for integer factorization.
Searching for High-energy Neutrinos from Supernovae with IceCube and an Optical Follow-up Program

In violent astrophysical processes high-energy neutrinos of TeV to PeV energies are expected to be produced along with the highest energy cosmic rays. The acceleration of nuclei to very high energies is assumed to takes place in astrophysical shocks and neutrinos are produced in the interaction of these cosmic rays with ambient baryons or photons. The neutrinos then escape the acceleration region and propagate through space without interaction, while the nuclei are deflected in magnetic fields and no longer carry information about their source position. Unlike gamma-rays, neutrinos are solely produced in hadronic processes and can therefore reveal the sources of charged cosmic rays. The IceCube neutrino detector, which is located at the geographical South Pole, has been build to detect these high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The deep clear Antarctic ice is instrumented with light sensors on a grid, thus forming a Cherenkov particle detector, which is capable of detecting charged particles induced by neutrinos above 100GeV. Transient neutrino sources such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and Supernovae (SNe) are hypothesized to emit bursts of high-energy neutrinos on a time-scale of . 100 s. While GRB neutrinos would be produced in the high relativistic jets driven by the central engine, corecollapse SNe might host soft-relativistic jets which become stalled in the outer layers of the progenitor star and lead to an efficient production of high-energy neutrinos. This work aims for an increased sensitivity for these neutrinos and for a possible identification of their sources. Towards this goal, a low-threshold optical follow-up program for neutrino multiplets detected with IceCube has been implemented. If a neutrino multiplet – i.e. two or more neutrinos from the same direction within 100 s – is found by IceCube a trigger is sent to the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE). The 4 ROTSE telescopes immediately start an observation program of the corresponding region of the sky in order to detect a possible optical counterpart to the neutrino events. Complementary to previous transient neutrino searches, which have been performed offline on IceCube data on source regions and time windows provided by gamma-ray satellites, this neutrino search is applied – for the first time – in real time to neutrino data at the South Pole. It is sensitive to transient objects, including those which are gamma-ray dark or not detected by gamma-ray satellites. In addition to a gain in sensitivity, the optical observations may allow the identification of the transient neutrino source, be it a SN, a GRB or any other transient phenomenon producing an optical signal. Hence, it enables to test the hypothesis of soft relativistic jets in SNe and may shed light on the connection between GRBs, SNe and relativistic jets.
NisT, the Transporter of the Lantibiotic Nisin, Can Transport Fully Modified, Dehydrated, and Unmodified Prenisin and Fusions of the Leader Peptide with Non-lantibiotic Peptides*

Lantibiotics are lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics. Nisin, encoded by nisA, is a pentacyclic lantibiotic produced by some Lactococcus lactis strains. Its thioether rings are posttranslationally introduced by a membrane-bound enzyme complex. This complex is composed of three enzymes: NisB, which dehydrates serines and threonines; NisC, which couples these dehydrated residues to cysteines, thus forming thioether rings; and the transporter NisT. We followed the activity of various combinations of the nisin enzymes by measuring export of secreted peptides using antibodies against the leader peptide and mass spectroscopy for detection. L. lactis expressing the nisABTC genes efficiently produced fully posttranslationally modified prenisin. Strikingly, L. lactis expressing the nisBT genes could produce dehydrated prenisin without thioether rings and a dehydrated form of a non-lantibiotic peptide. In the absence of the biosynthetic NisBC enzymes, the NisT transporter was capable of excreting unmodified prenisin and fusions of the leader peptide with non-lantibiotic peptides. Our data show that NisT specifies a broad spectrum (poly)peptide transporter that can function either in conjunction with or independently from the biosynthetic genes. NisT secretes both unmodified and partially or fully posttranslationally modified forms of prenisin and non-lantibiotic peptides. These results open the way for efficient production of a wide range of peptides with increased stability or novel bioactivities.
LAPS DIABATICALLY-INITIALIZED MM5 FOR THE IHOP_2002 CAMPAIGN

The NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory’s (FSL) Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS, Albers et al. 1996) has been enhanced over the last few years to provide a capability to initialize mesoscale numerical weather prediction models with clouds and precipitation present in the initial conditions (Shaw et al. 2001a). This diabatic initialization procedure has been referred to as the “hot start” technique. The basic technique involves the use of the three-dimensional LAPS cloud analysis which includes all microphysical species to diagnose estimated vertical velocity profiles based on cloud type, depth, horizontal scale, and stability criteria (Schultz and Albers 2001). These estimates are then used as constraints in a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) step along with a first-guess field, the LAPS univariate temperature, moisture, height, and wind analyses to develop model initial conditions that are in dynamic balance with the observed cloud field while maintaining consistency with the observations. This “balance” step of LAPS is more fully described in McGinley and Smart (2001). What makes LAPS unique in this application is its ability to use virtually all operationally-available sources of meteorological information, including wideband WSR-88D data and GOES imagery, in a computationally efficient manner. This technique has been used to improve explicit short-range forecasts of clouds and precipitation using mesoscale NWP models at FSL since the summer of 2000 (Shaw et al. 2001a, Shaw et al. 2001b). During the summer of 2002, this technique was used to initialize a nested MM5 domain using 12-km grid spacing for the outer grid and 4-km grid spacing for the inner grid (Figure 1). The grids were made available to forecasters supporting the IHOP field operations via FSL’s FX-Net client software. Additionally, the quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) were verified against point observations and the NCEP Stage IV precipitation analyses via FSL’s Real-Time Verification System (RTVS, Mahoney et al. 2002).
Simplified stochastic soil moisture models : a look at infiltration

Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Full Screen / Esc Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion EGU Abstract A simplified, vertically averaged model of soil moisture interpreted at the daily time scale and forced by a stochastic process of instantaneous rainfall events is compared with a model which uses a non-overlapping rectangular pulse rainfall model and a more physically based description of infiltration. The models are compared with respect to 5 the importance of short timescale (intra-storm) variable infiltration in determining soil moisture dynamics at the daily timescale. Differences in approach to infiltration modelling show only minor effects on the probabilistic structure of soil moisture dynamics as simulated in the two models. Examining closely the partitioning of losses during a rainfall event reveals that losses to percolation are significantly greater than that of 10 Hortonian runoff. A possible improvement of the instantaneous rainfall model to incorporate a jump distribution with a state dependent mean is also discussed.
HARP: Personalized Hand Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos

In this section, we describe the details of each dataset used in the experiments. We reiterate that our goal is to propose a scalable and robust system that can create faithful hand avatars given a short video sequence that is captured by commodity hardwares, such as a smartphone. Such setup facilitates the utility of our method in downstream applications, e.g., personalized hand avatar creation for end-users of AR/VR devices. Unfortunately, there is no existing dataset designed and captured for this scenario. Therefore we capture the Hand Appearance Dataset with a smartphone in a room with common lighting conditions (e.g., light bulbs on the ceiling). To demonstrate that HARP is robust to different capture setups, we additionally test HARP on sequences from the InterHand2.6M [12] and HanCo [17] datasets. To supplement the lack of accurate ground truth to evaluate the pose refinement results, we create our Synthetic Dataset using a ray tracing engine. The details of each dataset are as follows:
Non-chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for soil-borne pest control.

A brief description of non-chemical alternatives to MB as a soil fumigant is given. There are various useful alternatives: soilless substrates, hot water steam, biological control agents, which include various pathogen antagonists, resistant cultivars and grafting, organic amendments and biofumigation, soil solarization and use of plant covers. Most of these alternatives are able to suppress the growth and development of several pests in soil. The application of these control strategies may be technically effective and economically feasible; however, they cannot exert action over the whole set of pathogens, nematodes and weed seeds in soil. Their successful application requires an integrated approach involving the application of combined control strategies according to the pest presence/abundance in soil. This integration is achievable by implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which should take into consideration the presence of main pests in soil and guide the application of available alternatives when required. IPM for soil-borne pest control is likely to be improved with more data and knowledge of ecological behaviour of soil-borne pests. Hence, more basic research is required in this area for better understanding of the behaviour of soil pests and possible natural mechanisms for their suppression.
Optimal DG allocation by Garra Rufa optimization for power loss reduction

The rapid growth of distributed generation (DG) units has necessitated their optimization to address the increasing complexity of power grids and reduce power losses. The need for optimization of distributed generation (DG) units has been growing rapidly over the past few years. To minimize such losses, the optimal allocation of DG units needs to be correctly identified and applied. On the other hand, Garra Rufa optimization (GRO) is a mathematical optimization technique that is used to determine the high effective and efficient way to solve very complex problems to achieve optimal results. In this work, Garra Rufa optimization is used to identify the optimal placement and size of DG units in order to meet specific power loss requirements. A comparison between genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and GRO is done using MATLAB to validate the proposed method. The comparison shows that GRO is better than the other methods in DG allocation, especially in more than two DGs. The optimization techniques are evaluated using the IEEE standard power system case, specifically the 30-bus configuration.
Prairie Fire

Prairie fires have always been a spectacular and dangerous part of the Great Plains. Nineteenth-century settlers sometimes lost their lives to uncontrolled blazes, and today ranchers such as those in the Flint Hills of Kansas manage the grasslands through controlled burning. Even small fires, overlooked by history, changed lives--destroyed someone's property, threatened someone's safety, or simply made someone's breath catch because of their astounding beauty. Julie Courtwright, who was born and raised in the tallgrass prairie of Butler County, Kansas, knows prairie fires well. In this first comprehensive environmental history of her subject, Courtwright vividly recounts how fire--setting it, fighting it, watching it, fearing it--has bound Plains people to each other and to the prairies themselves for centuries. She traces the history of both natural and intentional fires from Native American practices to the current use of controlled burns as an effective land management tool, along the way sharing the personal accounts of people whose lives have been touched by fire. The book ranges from Texas to the Dakotas and from the 1500s to modern times. It tells how Native Americans learned how to replicate the effects of natural lightning fires, thus maintaining the prairie ecosystem. Native peoples fired the prairie to aid in the hunt, and also as a weapon in war. White settlers learned from them that burns renewed the grasslands for grazing; but as more towns developed, settlers began to suppress fires--now viewed as a threat to their property and safety. Fire suppression had as dramatic an environmental impact as fire application. Suppression allowed the growth of water-wasting trees and caused a thick growth of old grass to build up over time, creating a dangerous environment for accidental fires. Courtwright calls on a wide range of sources: diary entries and oral histories from survivors, colorful newspaper accounts, military weather records, and artifacts of popular culture from Gene Autry stories to country song lyrics to Little House on the Prairie . Through this multiplicity of voices, she shows us how prairie fires have always been a significant part of the Great Plains experience--and how each fire that burned across the prairies over hundreds of years is part of someone's life story. By unfolding these personal narratives while looking at the bigger environmental picture, Courtwright blends poetic prose with careful scholarship to fashion a thoughtful paean to prairie fire. It will enlighten environmental and Western historians and renew a sense of wonder in the people of the Plains.
Influence of High-Intensity Ultrasound on Characteristics and Bioaccessibility of Pea Protein in Fiber-Enriched Suspensions

Pea protein is of high interest for the food industry owing to its low allergenicity and high nutritional value. However, it often exhibits poor functionality, such as low solubility. The presence of dietary fiber in food products is beneficial for human health but may decrease the bioaccessibility of nutrients. Ultrasound, as a promising green technology, may influence properties of fibers and proteins and, thus, bioaccessibility. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of high-intensity ultrasound on the characteristics and protein bioaccessibility of protein–fiber suspensions. Suspensions containing different fiber compounds (1 wt.%) and pea protein (5 wt.%) were homogenized using high-intensity ultrasound (amplitude 116 µm, t = 150 s, energy density = 225 kJ/L, P¯ = 325 W). Owing to sonication-induced cavitation, the dispersibility of the protein was enhanced, and the viscosity of solutions containing citrus or apple fiber was increased. FE-SEM revealed the formation of different fiber–protein networks during sonication. Even if viscosity is known to have an impact on the bioaccessibility of nutrients, no restrictions on the digestibility of protein were detected during an in vitro digestion. Thus, protein uptake is probably not affected, and ultrasound can be used to modify the technofunctionality of fibers and proteins without any nutritional disadvantages.
A rigorous technique for forensic measurement of surveillance video footage

A technique using a mono-view video frame to make accurate measurement of physical features of a crime suspect is discussed. The technique uses a portable control frame to calibrate the surveillance video cameras lens in situ. The control frame is also used to provide object-space control for the computation of exterior orientation parameters of the photography. The technique removes lens distortion, x-tilt, y-tilt, and PPA offset from the video frame coordinates. Surveillance video camera lens calibration and the laboratory testing of the technique are discussed in detail. In addition, an argument is provided to examine the uncertainties in the forensic measurement using mono-view video footage. A case study involving a short clip of bank surveillance video footage is used to demonstrate the use of this technique in a photogrammetrically unfriendly situation. Trials show that height measurement accuracy using this technique exceeds the police specification of 30 mm for a suspect standing upright.
Hannibal ad portas: predicting the potential distribution of the exotic wood decay fungus Coniophora olivacea, new in Patagonia

Coniophora olivacea has been traditionally considered as an important decay agent of building timbers of broadleaf and conifer woods, and causes significant damage on doors, window frames and other wood structures exposed to the environment. A more restricted role as tree pathogen has been also reported in cold climates. Studies of the predicted distribution of potentially invasive species are a useful tool to focus management efforts. Maximum-Entropy models allow predictions based on climatic and altitudinal layers as well as on previous data on the occurrence of species. The aim of this work is to report the presence of this wood decay fungus for the first time in Patagonia, and also to predict the potential spread pattern of this species using Maximum-Entropy.
Moral repair versus punishment: influences on managerial responses

Purpose The current management literature suggests that when employees engage in wrongdoing, managers typically respond with punishment. The emerging moral repair literature suggests an alternative to punishment: a reparative response that focuses on repairing harm and restoring damaged relationships. However, little is currently known about restorative managerial responses, including why managers respond to employee wrongdoing in a reparative versus punitive manner. The purpose of this paper is to examine a variety of cognitive and emotional influences on this managerial decision. Design/methodology/approach This study used a scenario-based survey methodology. The authors gathered data from 894 managers in sales and financial services contexts to test a set of hypotheses regarding individual-level influences on managers’ punitive versus restorative responses. Findings This study found that managers’ restorative justice orientation, retributive justice orientation, social considerations (e.g. when employees are relatively interdependent versus independent), instrumental considerations (e.g. when the offender is highly valuable to the organization) and feelings of anger influenced their reparative versus punitive responses. Research limitations/implications Data are cross-sectional, so causality inferences should be approached with caution. Another potential limitation is common method bias due to single-source and single-wave data. Practical implications The findings of this study show that managers often opt for a restorative response to workplace transgressions, and this study surfaces a variety of reasons why managers choose a restorative response instead of a punitive response. Social implications This study focuses on social order and expectations within the workplace. This is important to victims, offenders, observers, managers and other stakeholders. This study seeks to emphasize the importance of social factors, a shared social identity, social bonds and other relationships within this manuscript. This is an important component of organizational-focused restorative justice research. Originality/value This is the first study, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to explicitly test individual-level influences on managers’ reparative versus punitive responses to employee wrongdoing.