Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Terrorist Use of the Internet by the Numbers: Quantifying Behaviors, Patterns and Processes

Public interest and policy debates surrounding the role of the Internet in terrorist activities is increasing. Criminology has said very little on the matter. By using a unique data set of 223 convicted United Kingdom–based terrorists, this article focuses on how they used the Internet in the commission of their crimes. As most samples of terrorist offenders vary in terms of capabilities (lone-actor vs. group offenders) and criminal sophistication (improvised explosive devices vs. stabbings), we tested whether the affordances they sought from the Internet significantly differed. The results suggest that extreme-right-wing individuals, those who planned an attack (as opposed to merely providing material support), conducted a lethal attack, committed an improvised explosive device (IED) attack, committed an armed assault, acted within a cell, attempted to recruit others, and engaged in nonvirtual network activities and nonvirtual place interactions were significantly more likely to learn online compared with those who did not engage in these behaviors. Those undertaking unarmed assaults were significantly less likely to display online learning. The results also suggested that extreme-right-wing individuals who perpetrated an IED attack, associated with a wider network, attempted to recruit others, and engaged in nonvirtual network activities and nonvirtual place interactions were significantly more likely to communicate online with co-ideologues.
New Upper Bounds on the Separating Redundancy of Linear Block Codes

For linear block codes correcting both errors and erasures, efficient decoding can be established by using separating parity-check matrices. For a given maximum number of correctable erasures, such matrices yield parity-check equations that do not check any of the erased symbols and which are sufficient to characterize all punctured codes corresponding to this maximum number of erasures. Typically, these parity-check matrices have redundant rows. To reduce decoding complexity, parity-check matrices with small number of rows are preferred. The minimum number of rows in a parity-check matrix separating all erasure sets of size at most l is called the lth separating redundancy. In this paper, new upper bounds on the separating redundancy are presented.
Information hiding through errors: a confusing approach

A substantial portion of the text available online is of a kind that tends to contain many typos and ungrammatical abbreviations, e.g., emails, blogs, forums. It is therefore not surprising that, in such texts, one can carry out information-hiding by the judicious injection of typos (broadly construed to include abbreviations and acronyms). What is surprising is that, as this paper demonstrates, this form of embedding can be made quite resilient. The resilience is achieved through the use of computationally asymmetric transformations (CAT for short): Transformations that can be carried out inexpensively, yet reversing them requires much more extensive semantic analyses (easy for humans to carry out, but hard to automate). An example of CAT is transformations that consist of introducing typos that are ambiguous in that they have many possible corrections, making them harder to automatically restore to their original form: When considering alternative typos, we prefer ones that are also close to other vocabulary words. Such encodings do not materially degrade the text's meaning because, compared to machines, humans are very good at disambiguation. We use typo confusion matrices and word level ambiguity to carry out this kind of encoding. Unlike robust synonym substitution that also cleverly used ambiguity, the task here is harder because typos are very conspicuous and an obvious target for the adversary (synonyms are stealthy, typos are not). Our resilience does not depend on preventing the adversary from correcting without damage: It only depends on a multiplicity of alternative corrections. In fact, even an adversary who has boldly "corrected" all the typos by randomly choosing from the ambiguous alternatives has, on average, destroyed around w/4 of our w-bit mark (and incurred a high cost in terms of the damage done to the meaning of the text).
Dendritic cells in atherosclerotic inflammation: the complexity of functions and the peculiarities of pathophysiological effects

Atherosclerosis is considered as a chronic disease of arterial wall, with a strong contribution of inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the initiation of proatherogenic inflammatory response. Mature DCs present self-antigens thereby supporting differentiation of naïve T cells to effector cells that further propagate atherosclerotic inflammation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress proinflammatory function of mature DCs. In contrast, immature DCs are able to induce Tregs and prevent differentiation of naïve T cells to proinflammatory effector T cells by initiating apoptosis and anergy in naïve T cells. Indeed, immature DCs showed tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, DCs play a double role in atherosclerosis: mature DCs are proatherogenic while immature DCs appear to be anti-atherogenic. Tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory capacity of immature DCs can be therefore utilized for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis.
International Conference on Networking and Information Technology the Arch Model Applicationon on the Securities Volatility

According to the efficient market theory, we Select the composite index from Shanghai stock market as a sample, and use random walk process of indexes to test the validity through the ARCH model which can be validated the predictability of Shanghai stock market, the empirical results shows that(l) Shanghai stock market High frequency data rate of return shows the fat-tailed distribution characteristics, as well as the normal distribution assumption: (2)the quantitative characteristics of Intraday volatility exit in Shanghai stock market (3) the leverage effect, volatility clustering and volatility persistence exist in the Shanghai stock market.
A Phase I Study of Concurrent Individualized, Isotoxic Accelerated Radiotherapy and Cisplatin–Vinorelbine–Cetuximab in Patients With Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Background: In this open-label phase I study, the maximum-tolerated dose of cetuximab with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C-CRT) in stage III non–small-cell lung cancer together with individualized, isotoxic accelerated radiotherapy (RT) was investigated. Methods: Patients with stage III non–small-cell lung cancer, World Health Organization performance status 0–1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second more than 50%, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity more than 50%, weight loss less than 10%, and no severe comorbidity were enrolled. Patients without progression after one to two cycles of gemcitabine–carboplatin were included and treated with cetuximab 400 mg/kg d7 and 250 mg/kg weekly together with RT and cisplatin (50 mg/m2 d1, 8; 40 mg/m2 d22)–vinorelbine for 5 weeks. Vinorelbine was escalated in three steps; (1) 10 mg/m2 d1, 8 and 8 mg/m2 d22, 29; (2) 20 mg/m2 d1, 8 and 8 mg/m2 d22, 29; (3) 20 mg/m2 d1, 8; 15 mg/m2 d22, 29. An individualized prescribed RT dose based on normal tissue dose constraints was applied (e.g., mean lung dose 19 Gy). The primary endpoint was the maximum-tolerated dose 3 months after the end of C-CRT; secondary endpoints were toxicity and metabolic response as assessed by positron emission tomography. Results: Between September 2007 and October 2010, 25 patients (12 men, 13 women, mean age 59 years) were included. The mean RT dose was 62 ± 6.6 Gy. The vinorelbine dose could be escalated to dose level 3. Twelve of 25 patients experienced greater than or equal to grade 3 toxicity (esophagitis 3, rash 1, diarrhea 1, cough 1, dyspnea 1, vomiting 1, and pulmonary embolism 1). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. One patient with a complete pathological response in dose level 3 developed a fatal hemoptysis 4 months after RT. Metabolic remissions were observed in 19 of 22 patients. Conclusion: C-CRT with cetuximab and cisplatin–vinorelbine is safe to deliver at full dose. The recommended phase II dose is therefore cetuximab 400 mg/m2 d7 and 250 mg/m2 weekly, cisplatin 50 mg/m2 d1, 8; 40 mg/m2 d22 and vinorelbine 20 mg/m2 d1, 8; 15 mg/m2 d22, 29 for 5 weeks together with RT.
An Initial Investigation of Multi-Cyclic Training Regimen for Collaborative Filtering Models in GraphChi

More and more outlets are utilizing collaborative filtering techniques to make sense of the sea of data generated by our hyper-connected world. How a collaborative filtering model is generated can be the difference between accurate or flawed predictions. This study is to determine the impact of a cyclical training regimen on the algorithms presented in the Collaborative Filtering Toolkit for GraphCh
Probabilistic description of hydraulic loads on sea defences

The joint probability distribution of hydraulic boundary conditions is indispensable for reliabilitybased design of sea defences. A method is outlined where knowledge of the physical processes on the North Sea is combined with the data available. The method appears to show a reasonable correspondence to the observations. The estimates of extreme values may deviate from the estimates derived by statistical estimation alone.
Towards Sentiment Orientation Data Set Enrichment

Sentiment orientation data sets referred to variously as affective word lists, opinion lexicons, sentiment lexicons, emotion lexicons or sentiment dictionaries contain a list of words scored for the degree of positive and negative emotion they exhibit. Although these lists have been used extensively for the sentiment analysis of text data, they contain a limited number of words that are often inadequate for data obtained from modern text sources dominated by the influence of social media that has resulted in the creation and coining of new words on a regular basis. In an effort to enrich these data sets with new words, we propose two methods. The first method involves the sentiment analysis of portmanteau words. We have hypothesized that the sentiment score of a portmanteau word; which is a combination of two (or more) words and their meanings into a single new word; can be determined as a function of the sentiment scores of its component words. Regression analysis has been used to determine this functional relationship and several cases arising from the above have been evaluated on a data set constructed from SentiWordNet. The second method is an in situ approach for sentiment discovery for unknown words that uses labeled tweets and words from the sentiment orientation data set as inputs to discover the sentiment score of the unknown word. In order to validate the resultant score, we have also used a novel validation-feedback mechanism akin to cross-validation. Both these methods produce acceptable levels of accuracy proving that they can be implemented in practice.
The Experience in Nicaragua: Childhood Leukemia in Low Income Countries—The Main Cause of Late Diagnosis May Be “Medical Delay”

Background. The event-free survival for pediatric leukemia in low-income Countries is much lower than in high-income countries. Late diagnosis, which is regarded as a contributing factor, may be due to “parental” or “medical” delay. Procedures. The present study analyses determinants of lag time from first symptoms to diagnosis of leukemia, comparing pediatric (0–16 years old) patients in two referral centers, one in Nicaragua and one in Italy. An observational retrospective study was conducted to assess factors influencing the time to diagnosis. Results. 81 charts of children diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoblastic leukemia were analyzed from each centre. Median lag time to diagnosis was higher in Nicaragua than in Italy (29 versus 14 days, P < 0.001) and it was mainly due to “physician delay” (16.5 versus 7 days, P < 0.001), whereas “patient delay” from symptoms to first medical assessment was similar in the two centers (7 versus 5 days, P = 0.27). Moreover, median lag time from symptoms to diagnosis was decreased in Nicaraguan districts were a specific training program upon childhood oncological diseases was carried out (20.5 versus 40 days, P = 0.0019). Conclusions. Our study shows that delay in diagnosis of childhood leukemia is mainly associated with “physician delay” and it may be overcome by programs of continuous medical education.
Graded Self-Reducibility Mitsunori Ogihara

We introduce two special kinds of self-reducible sets that we call time-graded and space-graded languages. Attaching time and space bounds to them yields a uniform, quantitative definition of resource-bounded self-reducibility that applies to all languages. We apply this to study the relationship between NSPACE[s(n)] and DSPACE[s(n)2], emphasizing the case s(n) = O(log n). We show that the class of logspace-graded languages, which is contained in DSPACE[log n], contains not only NL and uniform NC, but also a class of Aux-PDA languages that is not known to be a subclass of P. We also prove that many-one space-graded classes are many-one equivalent to the special case in which the self-reduction makes one query to a string of strictly shorter length. For this latter idea of “instance contraction,” we note that some NL-complete problems admit n-to-n/2 contraction in logspace, and prove that some NC-complete problems are n-to-n/2 contractible by finite automata that involve only parity counting. 1 Time and Space Graded Languages A language Z is autoreducible if there is an oracle Turing machine M such that for all x, M(x) decides whether x ∈ Z without querying x itself. Placing time and/or space bounds (etc.) on M , and perhaps imposing standard truth-table, disjunctive, conjunctive, many-one (etc.) restrictions on the way M treats its queries, together define kinds of autoreductions. A self-reduction is the special case where all queries y made by M(x) are below x in some partial order. Complexity-bounded self-reductions are commonly defined by placing conditions on the partial order as well as on M . These two concepts—mostly the latter, recently the former—have had wide importance and application in complexity theory. ∗Supported by a US-Japan Co-operative Research grant from the National Science Foundation, NSF Grant INT-9726724. Also partly supported by NSF Grants CCR-9701911 and CCR-9725021. †Also partly supported by NSF grant INT-9726724. Corresponding author—contact: regan@cse.buffalo. edu ‡Also partly supported by NSF grant INT-9726724
pH sensing and regulation in cancer

Cells maintain intracellular pH (pHi) within a narrow range (7.1–7.2) by controlling membrane proton pumps and transporters whose activity is set by intra-cytoplasmic pH sensors. These sensors have the ability to recognize and induce cellular responses to maintain the pHi, often at the expense of acidifying the extracellular pH. In turn, extracellular acidification impacts cells via specific acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review, we will discuss some of the major players in proton sensing at the plasma membrane and their downstream consequences in cancer cells and how these pH-mediated changes affect processes such as migration and metastasis. The complex mechanisms by which they transduce acid pH signals to the cytoplasm and nucleus are not well understood. However, there is evidence that expression of proton-sensing GPCRs such as GPR4, TDAG8, and OGR1 can regulate aspects of tumorigenesis and invasion, including cofilin and talin regulated actin (de-)polymerization. Major mechanisms for maintenance of pHi homeostasis include monocarboxylate, bicarbonate, and proton transporters. Notably, there is little evidence suggesting a link between their activities and those of the extracellular H+-sensors, suggesting a mechanistic disconnect between intra- and extracellular pH. Understanding the mechanisms of pH sensing and regulation may lead to novel and informed therapeutic strategies that can target acidosis, a common physical hallmark of solid tumors.
Machine translation using corpus-based acquisition of transfer rules

In this paper we present a Japanese-English transfer- based machine translation system. Our main research contribution is that the transfer rules are not handcrafted but are learnt automatically from a parallel corpus. We learn specific transfer rules from sentence pairs, which are then generalized in a consolidation phase to avoid overtraining. The system has been implemented in Amzi! Prolog, which offers scalability for large rule bases, full Unicode support for Japanese characters, and several APIs for the seamless integration of the translation functionality into common office environments, e.g. Microsoft Word. The dynamic nature of our system allows for an easy customization of the rule base according to the user's personal preferences.
ONEMercury: Towards Automatic Annotation of Environmental Science Metadata

The rapid growth of diverse data types and greater volumes available to environmental sciences prompts the scientists to seek knowledge in data from multiple places, times, and scales. To facilitate such need, ONEMercury has recently been implemented as part of the DataONE project to serve as a portal for accessing environmental and observational data across the globe. ONEMercury harvests metadata from the data hosted by multiple repositories and makes it searchable. However, harvested metadata records sometimes are poorly annotated or lacking meaningful keywords, and hence would unlikely be retrieved during the search process. In this paper, we develop an algorithm for automatic metadata annotation. We transform the problem into a tag recommendation problem, and propose a score propagation style algorithm for tag recommendation. Our experiments on four data sets of environmental science metadata records not only show great promises on the performance of our method, but also shed light on the different natures of the data sets.
Identification and characterization of cerebral-to-buccal interneurons implicated in the control of motor programs associated with feeding in Aplysia

We identified candidate neurons in the cerebral ganglion that regulate feeding responses mediated by the buccal ganglion. Backfilling the cerebral-buccal connectives revealed that each cerebral hemi-ganglion contains approximately 20 neurons that project axons to the buccal ganglion. Three M-cluster neurons (CBI-1, CBI-2, CBI-3) and one E- cluster neuron (CBI-4) were identified as cerebral-to-buccal interneurons (CBIs) based on position, morphology, synaptic connections, and ability to drive buccal motor programs (BMPs). CBI-1 responds to touch of the tentacles, lips, and buccal mass. It receives monosynaptic EPSPs from interganglionic, cerebral-to-buccal mechanoafferent (ICBM) neurons and monosynaptically excites buccal cells, some of which are also excited by the ICBMs. Tonic firing of CBI- 1 usually evokes a single cycle of BMP activity. CBI-1 phase-shifts the rhythmic BMP driven by firing a dopaminergic neuron in the buccal ganglion. CBI-1 itself exhibits dopamine-like histofluorescence following formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixation. CBI-2 is excited by food stimuli applied to the lips. Constant-current intracellular stimulation of CBI-2 produces phasic firing of the cell that reliably evokes a rhythmic BMP that incorporates buccal and cerebral motor neurons, putative pattern-generating and pattern-initiating neurons, and neuromodulatory cells (metacerebral cells). CBI-4 also evokes a rhythmic BMP, but the details of its actions and synaptic effects differ from that of CBI-2. CBI-3 does not evoke a BMP, even though it is excited by food stimuli applied to the lips, and it makes monosynaptic connections (both excitatory and inhibitory) to many follower cells of the other CBIs. Firing of CBI-3 phase-delays the BMP driven by CBI-2. Since its activity is incorporated into BMPs and it provides direct inputs to elements of the feeding circuitry, it may play a role in pattern generation. The distinctive features of the CBIs suggest that the consummatory phase of feeding may be controlled by a population of interneurons that subserve different roles.
Statistical properties of the LMS fourier analyzer in the presence of frequency mismatch

The statistical performances of the conventional adaptive Fourier analyzers, such as the least mean square (LMS), the recursive least square (RLS) algorithms, and so forth, may degenerate significantly, if the signal frequencies given to the analyzers are different from the true signal frequencies. This difference is referred to as frequency mismatch (FM). We analyze extensively the performance of the conventional LMS Fourier analyzer in the presence of FM. Difference equations governing the dynamics and closed-form steady-state expression for the estimation mean square error (MSE) of the algorithm are derived in detail. It is revealed that the discrete Fourier coefficient (DFC) estimation problem in the LMS eventually reduces to a DFC tracking one due to the FM, and an additional term derived from DFC tracking appears in the closed-form MSE expression, which essentially deteriorates the performance of the algorithm. How to derive the optimum step size parameters that minimize or mitigate the influence of the FM is also presented, which can be used to perform robust design of step size parameters for the LMS algorithm in the presence of FM. Extensive simulations are conducted to reveal the validity of the analytical results.
Consumer effects decline with prey diversity

While consumer species diversity is known to influence the capture of limited resources, little is known about how prey diversity impacts the transfer of energy and matter among trophic levels. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of experiments that have examined the impact of grazers on the biomass of periphytic algae to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of consumer (grazer) effects on prey (algae) depends on the species diversity of the prey assemblage. The analysis reveals that consumer effects tend to decrease as the diversity of a prey assemblage increases. This trend is robust for several different, yet complementary indices of grazer effect size and algal diversity. The trend also remains significant after statistically controlling for a variety of factors that can covary with prey diversity among studies. We discuss several possible mechanisms for the documented pattern, such as diversity enhancing the probability of inedibility and of positive interactions.
Reducing quantization error and contextual bias problems in software development processes by applying fuzzy logic

Object-oriented methods define a considerable number of rules, which are generally expressed using two-valued logic. For example, an entity in a requirement specification is either accepted or rejected as a class. There are two major problems of how rules are defined and applied in current methods. Firstly, two-valued logic cannot effectively express the approximate and inexact nature of a typical software development process. Secondly, the influence of contextual factors on rules is generally not modeled explicitly. We term these problems as quantization error and contextual bias problems, respectively. To reduce these problems, we adopt fuzzy logic-based methodological rules. This approach is method independent and is useful for evaluating and enhancing current methods. In addition, the use of fuzzy logic increases the adaptability and reusability of design models.
A Machine Learning Approach to Finding Bugs

Recently a number of tools have been developed for finding bugs in programs without executing the programs. While these tools are helpful, they often report too many false alarms, false negatives or both. This paper does not present any new such tools. Rather, it is focused on providing a machine learning approach for integrating existing bug finding tools into a practical and adaptive toolset.