Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3D Mosaic from Images

This paper presents a tool for 3D object mosaic. Given a set of background removed input images, we first compute a 3D reconstructed volumetric model body using shape from silhouette. The granularity of a volumetric body is the user input. Voxel center coordinates, voxel color, and surface normal of the voxel are computed for 3D mosaic. The voxels of reconstructed volumetric body are replaced by primitive shapes such as sphere, cylinder, cone, etc. We call this process as a 3D mosaic. The background-eliminated input images may contain information on body parts supplied by a user. Using information on body parts, only a part of 3D reconstructed volumetric body is replaced by a new shape while the rest of body retains voxel information. The surface normal values are used for primitive shapes with direction such as a cone. 3D mosaic can be used for emphasizing or deemphasizing a part of 3D reconstructed model body, similar to the function of a 2D image mosaic. Emphasizing and deemphasizing is done by resolution, surface normal, size of body parts, color and/or shape of the 3D primitive object.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Profiling of Steep Ridges Using Metal-Coated Carbon Nanotube Tip

We demonstrated the accurate imaging of steep ridges by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with a carbon nanotube (CNT) tip coated with a PtIr thin layer. Compared with the conventional tungsten tip, the PtIr-coated CNT tip could trace the shape of steep ridges (140 nm in width, 50 nm in height) more precisely with reduced artifacts originating from the finite shape of the tips. We also estimated the tip radius from the line profiles in the STM image, and proved that the tunneling current exactly flowed through the apex of the PtIr-coated CNT without bending or tilting of the tip during STM.
Search for Molecular Clouds toward Intermediate-to-High Latitude IRAS Sources in the Southern Sky

We have conducted a search for molecular clouds toward southern IRAS point sources at intermediateto-high galactic latitude (|6| > 10°) in CO (J = 1-0) emission with the NANTEN telescope. The main purpose of the survey was to find a new sample of star-forming clouds unknown to date. Of the 29 targets, we detected CO emission toward 5 IRAS sources, i.e., 04591-0856, 05044-0325, 05050-0614, 06345-3023, and 13543—3941. Among 5 detections, the molecular cloud associated with 06345—3023 (G 239.2—16.3) was detected for the first time. If we assume the distance as being 1.5 kpc, this source is ~ 430 pc away from the galactic plane. Three sources 04591-0856 (G 208.3-28.4), 05044-0325 (G 203.5-24.7), and 05050-0614 (G 206.4-25.9) are located west to the Orion molecular clouds, and 13543-3941 (G 316.4+21.2) is located in the cometary globule CG 12. Four of the 5 clouds show a cometary shape with a "head-tail" distribution, and three of them have the IRAS source located at the edge opposite to the tail. We find that all of the CO clouds are associated with the optical nebulosities, which are likely to be reflection nebulae. A comparison of the present CO clouds with those in Ophiuchus, Taurus, Chamaeleon, and L 1333 indicates that starforming clouds tend to have a high column density, as well as a smaller ratio of the virial mass to the LTE mass.
Equation for optimal power-limited spacecraft trajectories

References Lupash, L. O. , "A New Algorithm for Computation of the Geodetic Coordinates as a Function of Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Coordinates," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 8, No. 6, 1985, pp. 787-789. Nautiyal, A. , "Algorithm to Generate Geodetic Coordinates from Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Coordinates," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1988, pp. 281-283. Olson, D. K. , "Calculation of Geodetic Coordinates from EarthCentered Earth-Fixed Coordinates," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1988, pp. 188-190. Levin, J. zev, "A Rational Parametric Approach to Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude," Navigation: Journal of The Institute of Navigation, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1988, pp. 361-370. 5 Jones, B. W. , An Introduction to Modern Algebra, Macmillan, New York, 1975, pp. 301-311. The limit on power available to the engine from a separate power source is usually prescribed as an upper bound on the exhaust power:
High-precision wavefront sensor for the SUNRISE Telescope

SUNRISE is a 1m solar telescope for the visible and near UV wavelength range. It will be flown in long duration stratospheric balloon flights in Antarctica, with a first scientific flight in 2007. In this paper, we describe the development of a wave-front sensing system that will be used for the automatic in-flight alignment of the SUNRISE telescope and for high-precision tracking. The system is based on the principles of an adaptive optics system. A 19-element wavefront sensor is used to determine low order aberrations of the telescope, including defocus and spherical aberrations. The correction is achieved by controlling the position of the telescope secondary and a focusing mirror in closed-loop. In addition to these quasi-static aberrations, the system will also measure image motion with a dynamical range of at least 30 Hz and with a precision of about 0.005 arcs. To this end, the image displacement measured in all sub-apertures is averaged and used as tip-tilt correction signal. This signal will feed a second closed-loop system that drives the tip-tilt mirror assembly. The tip-tilt mirror unit is designed as a dual-stage system that consists of a slow component with a large range of 60 arcs and a fast component with high bandwidth.
On Spinning Propagation of Combustion Waves

We consider a system of reaction-diffusion equations describing the propagation of combustion waves along a thermally insulated cylindrical sample of solid fuel. Uniform propagation of a plane combustion wave is subjected to a linear stability analysis. It is shown that, if the activation energy is sufficiently high and the diameter of the sample sufficiently large, then the experimentally observed spinning propagation of combustion waves appears as a Hopf-type bifurcation of the solution corresponding to a plane wave.The possibility of similar phenomena in gas combustion is discussed.
Ultraviolet comparisons of normal outbursts and a supermaximum in two dwarf novae

IUE spectra of AY Lyr obtained shortly after supermaximum and normal maximum and of RX And after normal maximum are compared. All spectra are compatible with steady state disk models in the ultraviolet while the declining stages show an upturn in flux longward of 2500 A which indicates the presence of a cool component. For the same optical magnitude, the ultraviolet flux of AY Lyr is a factor of two higher after supermaximum than normal maximum, implying a larger accretion rate during supermaximum. The lines of RX And exhibit P Cyg profiles which diminish during the decline. The terminal velocities right after maximum are greater than the escape velocity but then decrease rapidly along with the column density by the third day after maximum light has ended.
Autonomously aided strapdown attitude reference system

The feasibility of an autonomously aided strapdown attitude reference system, based solely on the measurements of an orthogonal triad of rate gyros and conventional air data, is explored. The aiding is provided by the aerodynamic model of the aircraft and a reduced-order multirate extended Kalman filter (EKF). It is demonstrated that the EKF provides on-line attitude estimates with bounded errors not exceeding 0.5 deg at output rates on the order of 20 Hz. On-line simulation tests, incorporating low-cost rate gyros mounted on a high-precision three-axis flight table, validate the feasibility of the concept.
Design of Trapezoidal Cavity-Backed Resistance Loaded Bow Tie Antenna with Ultra-Wideband and High Directivity

Aiming to develop an antenna with very low tailing and high directivity for transmitting and receiving time-domain pulse, a new type of trapezoidal cavity-backed resistance loaded bow tie antenna has been designed. In order to improve the tailing feature of the signal, resistance loaded bow tie antenna has been used. And in order to enhance the radiation pattern in the desired direction, the technique with backing cavity is always applied. But for an ultraband time-domain pulse, backing cavity may not match the required band which induces distortions in the transmitted signal. In this paper, a trapezoidal backing cavity is proposed for the first time. This kind of design can not only improve the radiation pattern, but also increases the band of the antenna. Simulation results show that the trapezoidal backing cavity has better performance in antenna gain across the frequency band than the rectangular backing cavity. The trapezoidal cavity-backed resistance loaded bow tie antenna has the advantages of easy manufacturing, good radiation pattern and very small tailing. Measured results validate the good performance of the design.
The impact of a digital filter finalization technique in a global data assimilation system

The ability of a digital filter technique to control high-frequency gravity wave noise in numerical weather forecasts based on the primitive equations is examined in the context of a global data assimilation system. The method uses a 12-h forward integration of the complete model to generate a time series that is filtered to give a balanced model state valid 6 h into the integration. This state is free of high-frequency noise and serves as a background field for the next analysis. The technique is referred to as digital filter finalization. The technique is first applied to a long model run in order to identify the impact of the chosen cutoff period in the design of the filter on a properly balanced model state. The robustness of the technique to typical imbalances between the mass and wind fields produced by an operational statistical interpolation procedure is also examined. Results of data assimilation experiments performed with the digital filter finalization and with the currently-operational adiabatic nonlinear normal mode initialization scheme are compared. The digital filter finalization technique examined here is shown to be an accurate, consistent and very simple way to remove the undesirable high-frequency noise from a global model forecast. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995. t01-2-00002.x
Achievement of Record β in the START Spherical Tokamak

Values of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{T}\ensuremath{\ge}30%$ have been achieved and sustained for several confinement times on the START spherical tokamak using additional heating provided by neutral beam injection. These values are more than twice the highest value previously obtained in a tokamak, and correspond to normalized $\ensuremath{\beta}$ values of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{N}\ensuremath{\ge}4$. In these shots values of ${I}_{p}g{I}_{\mathrm{rod}}$ (where ${I}_{\mathrm{rod}}$ is the current flowing in the central toroidal field rod) have been obtained, which are considered to be necessary for spherical tokamak power plant. The results are compared with ideal-MHD stability theory.
Driven diffusion in solid media: a matrix formalism

We develop a model of driven diffusion using a lattice approach in which the site-to-site pathways through the medium are represented as edges in a graph connecting vertices representing the medium. The movement of particles is accomplished using a column stochastic matrix to advance the state of the system. The method has computational advantages relative to Monte Carlo, and is less difficult to implement than continuum methods. Moreover, the formulation allows for the analytical computation of mean crossing times, which in turn shows that there are optimal values of the bias that lead to minimal mean crossing times.
Modes in square resonators

Modes in square resonators are analyzed and classified according to the irreducible representations of the point group C/sub 4v/. If the mode numbers p and q that denote the number of wave nodes in the directions of two orthogonal square sides are unequal and have the same even-odd characteristics, the corresponding double modes are accidentally degenerate and can be combined into two new distributions with definite parities relative to the square diagonal mirror planes. The distributions with odd parities belong to the whispering-gallery-like modes in square resonators. The mode frequencies and quality factors are also calculated by the finite-difference time-domain technique and Pade/spl acute/ approximation method. The numerically calculated mode frequencies agree with the theoretical ones very well and the whispering-gallery-like modes have quality factors much higher than other modes, including their accidentally degenerate counterparts in square resonators.
Remanent states and magnetization reversal of nanopatterned spin-valve elements using off-axis electron holography

Remanent states and reversal behavior of nanopatterned spin-valve elements have been investigated using off-axis electron holography and Lorentz microscopy. Arrays of 30-nm-thick Co∕Cu∕Py (12, 6, and 12nm, respectively) slotted rings with typical outer diameters ranging from 300to600nm and slot angles of 30°, 60°, and 90° were fabricated by electron-beam lithography. Flux-closure configurations, with zero or one vortex, were the most common remanent states when magnetic fields were applied perpendicular to the slot direction. More complex configurations were introduced for fields parallel to the slot direction. Slotted nanorings with 300∕100nm of outer or inner diameter had the most uniform remanent configuration of fully closed flux. Holographic phase images confirmed that the Co and Py layers were coupled in opposite directions at remanence to minimize demagnetization energy. Magnetization reversal processes were investigated: the in-plane switching fields needed to fully reverse both ferromagnetic laye.
A phenomenological differential‐relation‐based vector hysteresis model

A phenomenological inherently vector hysteresis model employing simple differentials as a means of keeping track of the past history of the magnetic field is proposed. This results in a simple and computationally fairly efficient formulation for vector hysteresis of any dimension. An expression for determining model parameters from experimental data or from the Preisach function is given. The model exhibits rotational hysteresis and reduction of remanent magnetization by an orthogonal field and reduces to the classical Preisach model in one dimension. Details concerning the numerical implementation are discussed and computational examples demonstrating model properties are presented.
Diffuse optical tomography and spectroscopy performance assessment: phantoms and methodology

This study describes the process of design, development and validation of phantoms that mimic the optical properties of human tissue that could be used for performance verification of Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) and Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) instruments. The process starts with choosing and qualifying the ingredients (hosting matrix, scatterers and absorbers) that allow adjusting of the scattering and absorption coefficients independently and linearly scalable. Results of the evaluation of liquid and solid phantoms are presented. In addition, the study evaluates the reproducibility and long-term stability of the designed phantoms. The results show that some of the phantoms could be reliable references for performance assessment and periodic calibration-validation of the systems, during pre-clinical and clinical stages.
Diagnostic Verification of Temperature Forecasts

Abstract A diagnostic approach to forecast verification is described and illustrated. This approach is based on a general framework for forecast verification. It is “diagnostic” in the sense that it focuses on the fundamental characteristics of the forecasts, the corresponding observations, and their relationship. Three classes of diagnostic verification methods are identified: 1) the joint distribution of forecasts and observations and conditional and marginal distributions associated with factorizations of this joint distribution; 2) summary measures of these joint, conditional, and marginal distributions; and 3) performance measures and their decompositions. Linear regression models that can be used to describe the relationship between forecasts and observations are also presented. Graphical displays are advanced as a means of enhancing the utility of this body of diagnostic verification methodology. A sample of National Weather Service maximum temperature forecasts (and observations) for Minneapolis, .
A probability distribution for the complex field of waves propagating in random media

A model for the joint probability density function is proposed for the quadrature components of waves propagating in random media (WPRM). The model is based on a further generalization of the model for the intensity distribution for WPRM proposed by Ewart [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1490–1498 (1989)]. Both this distribution model and the intensity distribution model apply to the full range of scattering strengths and ranges. That is, from short ranges where the intensity probability density function (pdf) is lognormal, through the region of the medium focus, where the intensity moments 〈Iq〉 can be well above q! , to the saturation regime, where the moments approach exponential. Simulation of the complex fields used to test the model was accomplished by parabolic wave equation marching of the field through a medium with a fourth‐order power law transverse spectrum (usually termed the modified exponential). The fourth moment of the fields are accurately predicted using parabolic fourth moment theory—giving some.
Wideband subsurface radar for bridge structural health monitoring and nondestructive evaluation

The nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspection for building and bridge structures has attracted a lot of attentions for the fundamental research and the sensor system development. In this paper, development of a distant subsurface imaging radar is reported. Theoretical background of subsurface radar imaging is first provided. Experimental laboratory measurements using radar signals in the frequency range of 1-18 GHz were conducted. From the theoretical analysis and the initial experimental results on a laboratory reinforced concrete specimens, it is proved that the proposed subsurface imaging radar system can detect the location of steel reinforcement inside a concrete cylinder and identify the material property of panel specimens. Range-dependent attenuation of radar signals is experimentally studied using different materials. Findings are reported in the summary.
Acoustic and musical features of emotional response to orchestral gestures

Recent empirical research indicates the impact of prominent changes in instrumentation on the listening experience: several studies suggest that timbral changes evoke music-induced emotions. However, orchestration remains an underdeveloped area of music theory. A model of orchestral gestures defined by changes in instrumentation in terms of time course (gradual or sudden) and direction (addition or reduction) is presented. An exploratory behavioral study that tested the perceptual relevance of orchestral gestures on listeners’ continuous ratings of emotional intensity was conducted. We demonstrate a new type of visualization that illustrates the relative textural density of each instrument family over time combined with other time-varying parameters extracted from the signal (loudness, spectral centroid, tempo, and roughness) and calculated from the score (instrumental texture, melodic range, and attack density). In addition to quantitative and qualitative comparison of similar orchestral gestures across .
Chebyshev polynomial solutions of linear differential equations

A matrix method, which is called the Chebyshev‐matrix method, for the approximate solution of linear differential equations in terms of Chebyshev polynomials is presented. The method is based on first taking the truncated Chebyshev series of the functions in equation and then substituting their matrix forms into the given equation. Thereby the equation reduces to a matrix equation, which corresponds to a system of linear algebraic equations with unknown Chebyshev coefficients. To illustrate the method, it is applied to certain linear differential equations under the given conditions and the results are compared.
Spin waves and small intrinsic damping in an in-plane magnetized FePt film

Laser-induced spin-wave dynamics in an in-plane magnetized FePt film is studied using all-optical pump-probe magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy under different external fields and pump fluences. Uniform precession spin wave is observed. Nonlinear external field dependence of its frequency is found and well explained by the macrospin model of uniform precession. The effective damping shows a significant external-field dependence. Calculation taking account for magnetic inhomogeneity fits the external-field dependence well, revealing main magnetic inhomogeneity origin of the extrinsic damping. An intrinsic Gilbert damping parameter of <0.028 is inferred and shows potential applications of this film in magnonics.
Interstellar extinction toward the Cas OB6 association: Where is the dust?

We have completed a multiband (ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared) study of the interstellar extinction properties of nine massive stars in IC 1805 and IC 1848, which are both part of Cas OB6 in the Perseus spiral arm. Our analysis includes determination of absolute extinction over the wavelength range from 3 micrometers to 1250 A. We have attempted to distinguish between foreground dust and dust local to Cas OB6. This is done by quantitatively comparing extinction laws of the least reddened sightlines (sampling mostly foreground dust) versus the most reddened sightlines (sampling a larger fraction of the dust in the Cas OB6 region). We have combined previous investigations to better understand the evolution of the interstellar medium in this active star forming region. We found no variation of extinction curve behavior between moderately reddend and heavily reddened Cas OB6 stars. None of the curves show any significant deviation from the Cardelli-Clayton-Mathis (CCM) R(sub upsilon)-dependent extinction. They are all consistent with that seen from diffuse dust. Most or all of the dust along the line of sight may be foreground to Cas OB6. Massive star forming regions can show significant deviations from CCM behavior which have been attributed to processing of the dust grains. Any dust local to the association must exist far from the hot stars in IC 1805 and IC 1848. A previous episode of star formation may have already cleared out the region of most of the gas and dust. Evidence for this can be seen in H I and IRAS data of the region.
On the temporal and spatial fourth‐order finite volume velocity de‐averaging for unsteady incompressible flows simulation

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the temporal and spatial fourth‐order finite volume discretization of the incompressible form of the Navier‐Stokes equations on structured uniform grids. The main purpose of the paper is to assess the accuracy enhancement with the inclusion of a high‐order reconstruction of the point‐wise velocity field on a fourth‐order accurate numerical scheme for the solution of the unsteady incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations.Design/methodology/approach – The present finite volume method uses a fractional time‐step for decoupling velocity and pressure. A Runge‐Kutta integration scheme is implemented for integrating the momentum equation along with a polynomial interpolation and Simpson formula for space‐integration. The formulation is based on step‐by‐step de‐averaging process applied to the velocity field.Findings – The reconstruction of the point‐wise velocity field on a higher‐order basis is essential to obtain solutions that effectively stand for a fourth‐order approximati.