Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The multiple comparison of ranked parameters

Suppose we have k normal populations with means μ1, …, μk and common variance σ2 (known or unknown). The ordered values of μi are denoted by . Lam(1986) obtained confidence intervals for all pairwise comparison of the ranked parameters for i ≠ j. This paper deals with the multiple comparison of specific pairs of ranked parameters. In particular, upper as well as lower confidence bounds for are derived. The results are applied to obtain a confidence interval for the true achieved probability of correct selection under the indifference-zone approach of Bechhofer (1954) and the subset selection approach of Gupta (1965).
Study on Er3+ emission from the erbium-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon suboxide film

The erbium-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon suboxide films containing amorphous silicon clusters were prepared. The samples exhibited photoluminescence peaks at around 750 nm and 1.54 mum, which could be assigned to the electron-hole recombination in amorphous silicon clusters and the intra-4f transition in Er3+, respectively. Correlations between the intensities of these two photoluminescence peaks and oxidation and dehydrogenation of the films during annealing were studied. It was found that the oxidation is triggered by dehydrogenation of the films even at low annealing temperatures, which decisively changes the intensities of the two photoluminescence peaks. On the other hand, the increase of Er content in the erbium-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon suboxide film will enhance Er3+ emission at 1.54 mum, while quench amorphous silicon cluster emission at 750 nm, such a competitive relationship, was also observed in the erbium-doped silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 matrix. Moreover, we found that Er3+ emission is not sensitive to whether silicon clusters are crystalline or amorphous. The amorphous silicon clusters can be as sensitizer on Er3+ emission as that of silicon nanocrystals. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
Effect of silica fumes on the permeability of fiber cement composites

Abstract In this study, the pore systems of cement‐based composites were investigated using absorption, rapid chloride penetration, rapid migration, ponding, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Direct current polarization resistance and other permeability parameters were used as indices to justify the effects of fiber and silica fume addition on the permeability of cover concrete. Cement‐based composites containing 10% silica fumes were found to have higher compressive strength, lower absorption, lower coefficient of chloride ion diffusion, lower penetration of chloride ions and higher polarization resistance than those of control specimens. Composites with a combined addition of fiber and silica fume further increased polarization resistance and compressive strength. Addition of silica fumes further improves the permeability of fiber cement composites due to the positive effect from pozzolanic reaction, which produces denser and more homogeneous structures in the matrix. Use of silica fumes or lower w/cm ratio instead of adding fiber in the composites would more effectively increase durability indices such as diffusion coefficient, penetration depth and polarization resistance.
Experimental assessment of analytical models for estimating tumor optical properties in laser pulse mammography

We analyzed measured and simulated phantom data for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of embedded spherical inhomogeneities using various analytical models, based on diffusion theory. The model of diffraction of photon density waves was found to be superior to the empirical, non-linear perturbation model (Pade approximants) whereas linear perturbation theory considerably underestimates absorption in the range of absorption coefficients and spherical volumes most relevant to tumors detected by optical mammography.
Utilization of modified polar coordinates for bearings-only tracking

Previous studies have shown that the Cartesian coordinate extended Kalman filter exhibits unstable behavior characteristics when utilized for bearings-only target motion analysis (TMA). In contrast, formulating the TMA estimation problem in modified polar (MP) coordinates leads to an extended Kalman filter which is both stable and asymptotically unbiased. Exact state equations for the MP filter are derived without imposing any restrictions on own-ship motion; thus, prediction accuracy inherent in the traditional Cartesian formulation is completely preserved. In addition, these equations reveal that MP coordinates are well-suited for bearings-only TMA because they automatically decouple observable and unobservable components of the estimated state vector. Such decoupling is shown to prevent covariance matrix ill-conditioning, which is the primary cause of filter instability. Further investigation also confirms that the MP state estimates are asymptotically unbiased. Realistic simulation data are presented to support these findings and to compare algorithm performance with respect to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (ideal) as well as the Cartesian and pseudolinear filters.
Instability process in low Reynolds number supersonic jets

The objective of the present research was to characterize the instability of supersonic jets of Mach numbers 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 in the Reynolds number range around 8000. In this Reynolds number range the jet instability has its maximum coherence so that its properties as well as the acoustic properties can be most clearly identified. Growth rate, wavelength, and wave orientation of dominant spectral components of the instability for the three Mach number jets were measured in order to characterize the instability. The saturation and subsequent decay on the instability are coincident with a drastic decrease in the coherence of the instability. Associated research shows that the phenomenon of rapid growth and decay is of fundamental importance in the noise generation process.
Nonuniform mesh diode simulation code

A new version of a diode simulation code has been written which allows for nonuniform zoning in both the r and z directions. This new flexibility enables more accurate treatment of crucial areas in the diode such as near emission surfaces and in target regions. The new code also has the ability to treat slanted surfaces such as that found in a tapered cathode diode. An interesting result of the new code is that a ’’parapotential’’ cathode pinches better than the corresponding flat cathode at the same total current.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS and DATA ANALYSIS

Random Processes Stochastic Processes in the Environment Structure of the Book Theory of Probability Probability Concepts Probability Laws Conditional Probability and Bayes' Theorem Summary Problems Probability Models Discrete Probability Models Continuous Random Variables Moments, Expected Value, and Central Tendency Variance, Kurtosis, and Skewness Analysis of Observed Data Summary Problems Bernoulli Processes Conditions for Bernoulli Process Development of Model Binomial Distribution Applications to Environmental Problems Computation of B(n,p) Problems Poisson Processes Conditions for Poisson Process Development of Model Poisson Distribution Examples Applications to Environmental Problems Computation of P(l,t) Problems Diffusion and Dispersion of Pollutants Wedge Machine Particle Frame Machine Plume Model Summary and Conclusions Problems Normal Processes Conditions for Normal Process Development of Model Confidence Intervals Applications to Environmental Problems Computation of N(m,s) Problems Dilution of Pollutants Deterministic Dilution Stochastic Dilution Applications to Environmental Problems Summary and Conclusions Problems Lognormal Processes Conditions for Lognormal Process Development of Model Lognormal Probability Model Estimating Parameters of the Lognormal Distribution Three-Parameter Lognormal Model Statistical Theory of Rollback Applications to Environmental Problems Summary and Conclusions Problems Index
Fluid–structure interaction in lower airways of CT‐based lung geometries

In this study, the deformability of airway walls is taken into account to study airflow patterns and airway wall stresses in the first generations of lower airways in a real lung geometry. The lung geometry is based on CT scans that are obtained from in vivo experiments on humans. A partitioned fluid–structure interaction (FSI) approach, realized within a parallel in‐house finite element code, is employed. It is designed for the robust and efficient simulation of the interaction of transient incompressible Newtonian flows and (geometrically) non‐linear airway wall behavior. Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian‐based stabilized tetrahedral finite elements are used for the fluid and Lagrangian‐based 7‐parametric mixed/hybrid shell elements are used for the airway walls using unstructured meshes due to the complexity of the geometry. Airflow patterns as well as airway wall stresses in the bronchial tree are studied for a number of different scenarios. Thereby, both models for healthy and diseased lungs are taken into account and both normal breathing and mechanical ventilation scenarios are studied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on Fast Codeword Search Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithm

Vector quantization technology is an efficient and competitive method for data compression, but it is not easy to be implemented because of the comparatively high computation complexity it requires during the coding and decoding process. This paper presents a method of Dual Population Ant Colony Algorithm Codeword Quick Search (DPACAS), exploiting the mechanism of ant trace the optimal path through the pheromones remained, and the behavior pattern of making objects together by picking up and putting down them. It uses Parallel Ant Colony algorithm to sufficiently accelerate the convergence of the ant colony. When the scale of the codebook becomes larger, by setting parameters reasonably and exchanging the pheromones between two species, it broadens the search space, reduces the search time and improves the algorithmic global convergence effectively.
Thermally Stimulated Current of Vacuum Deposited PbSe Films

PbSe films were oxidized at 200°C in order to increase photosensitivity. The maximum photosensitivity was obtained in the weakly p-type region. In this region the response time of the film was about 200 µ sec at liquid nitrogen temperature. On the other hand, in the p-type region a very long recovery of the photocurrent appeared after the light was turned off. This slowing-down phenomenon of the response speed may be caused by deep traps for electrons excited optically in the p-type film which are revealed by measuring the thermally stimulated current. The depth of the traps is about 0.15 eV below the bottom of the conduction band.
Acoustic Radiation Pressure of Plane‐Compressional Waves at Oblique Incidence

The forces due to acoustic radiation in a beam of finite cross section in a nonviscous medium striking a plane reflector at oblique incidence are derived from simple mechanical considerations. The formulas are applied to a wedge‐shaped vane. For a vane, the wings of which include an angle of 90°, the force turns out to be quite independent of the coefficient of reflection at the boundary between vane and medium.
Eyebrow recognition using Radon transform and sparsity preserving projections

Sparsity preserving projections (SPP) rooted in compressive sensing has already been successfully applied in face recognition. SPP is based on subspace analysis. The key of methods based on subspace analysis is seeking a good projection matrix to extract the features. It allows the desirable characteristics in the original high-dimensional space can be preserved in the low-dimensional subspace. In SPP, projection matrix is closely related to sparse weighting vector, so the key of SPP is seeking a sparse weighting vector as well as possible to describe the original signals. In order to get a better sparse weighting vector and gain a higher recognition rate, we proposed a new method integrating Radon transform and SPP (RadonSPP). In this paper, we conduct experiments on the public BJUT Eyebrow Database to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed method. In addition, the experiment results show that the method integrating Radon transform and SPP can gain a higher recognition rate than SPP, and we explain the reason.
Hill-climbing techniques as a method of calculating the optical constants and thickness of a thin metallic film

A modified form of the Nelder and Mead simplex hill-climbing technique has been applied to the calculation of n, k and d for thin metallic films from measurements of Rp, Rs, Tp and Ts. In order to obtain consistent results it was found necessary, in addition, to include an error term in the objective function so that the known approximate value of d could be used in the calculations.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the three-dimensional transition in plane wakes

The three-dimensional structure of a moderate-Reynolds-number (≈ 100) plane wake behind a flat plate subjected to periodic spanwise perturbations has been studied both experimentally and numerically. Comparisons between experimental interface visualizations and numerical calculations demonstrate that important features of the development of the three-dimensional evolution can be reproduced by numerical inviscid vortex dynamics. It is shown that the redistribution, reorientation and stretching of vorticity leads to the formation of counter-rotating pairs of streamwise vortices which superimpose onto the spanwise Kármán-like vortices. These streamwise vortices exhibit lambdashaped structures and are located in the braids connecting consecutive Kármán vortices of opposite sign. The interaction of the evolving streamwise structure with the spanwise Kármán vortices results in the formation of closed vortex loops. Depending on the orientation of the initial perturbation, the three-dimensional vorticity field of the wake acquires either a symmetric or a non-symmetric configuration. Under the effect of a periodic vertical perturbation, the wake develops a non-symmetric vorticity mode exhibiting a staggered array of closed vortex loops of alternating sign. In contrast, under the effect of a periodic horizontal perturbation, the wake acquires a symmetric vorticity mode with the closed vortex loops of alternating sign aligned in the flow direction.
Neural network-based inversion algorithms in magnetic flux leakage nondestructive evaluation

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) methods are commonly used in the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of ferromagnetic materials. An important problem in MFL NDE is the determination of flaw parameters such as the flaw length, depth, and shape (profile) from the measured values of the flux density B. Commonly used methods use a forward model in a loop to determine B for a given set of flaw parameters. This approach iteratively adjusts the flaw parameters to minimize the error between the measured and predicted values of B. This article proposes the use of neural networks as forward models. The proposed approach uses two neural networks in feedback configuration—a forward network and an inverse network. The second network is used to predict the profile given the measured value of B, and acts to constrain the solution space. Results of applying these methods to MFL data obtained from a two-dimensional finite-element model, with rectangular flaws of various dimensions, are presented.
A mean field theory of grain growth: I

The initial part of a theory of normal grain growth previously published by Saetre (2002 Acta Mater. 50 1539) contained a minimum grain size of uncertain physical interpretation. In this work, the previous derivation is modified in order to eliminate the minimum grain size. The present theory thus yields a quasi-stationary state size distribution function similar to the classical Hillert distribution in the range u [0, umax), where u is the relative grain size. This theory which, under certain conditions, is valid both for two and three dimensions, is compared to the Hillert theory and to experimental data. It is concluded that the present theory yields a size distribution, which is similar, although not identical, to the Hillert distribution. Hence, the present version of the theory fails to represent the experimental distribution in the same manner as the Hillert theory. However, the strength of the present theory is that it can be further modified, as will be shown in the accompanying paper, which is the third part of the theory. The accompanying paper offers a modification of the theory, which produces a much-improved agreement with experimental data.
On formal descriptions for knitting recursive patterns

We investigate relationships between knitting and formal systems. We show how formal languages, grammars, and algorithms give rise to powerful tools that can be used in both descriptive and prescriptive ways that have not yet been fully explored for designing, then knitting, complex patterns. In particular, we generate knitting meta charts, i.e. abstract schemes, which admit different knitting charts according to the knitting techniques chosen. We thus produce new intricate and recursive patterns which in our opinion also exhibit a sense of artistry and beauty.
Correlation between Sum of 8 Skinfolds to Predicted % Body Fat Range as a Reliable Measure of Body Composition Assessment for Well-Trained Athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine if relationship trends between the mean of 3 predicted % body fat (%BF) equations and the sum of 8 skinfold (SKF) measures existed for well-trained athletes as opposed to BMI as an assessment of body composition.Two test periods were conducted 4 months apart collecting 8 SKF measures from 35 full-time athletes (21 male 26.05 ± 5.07 and 14 female 24 ± 4.15), 17 athletes were tested at both periods. Predicted %BF calculation used was the mean score (MS) of three equation predictors – Durnin and Womersley (DW) 4 Site Skinfold Test (Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) 3.5% for female: 4.0% for male), Jackson and Pollock (JP) 3 site SKF Test (SEE 3.9% for female: 3.4% for male), and Yuhasz SKF Test (Total Error (TE) 3.5% for male). Easton et al (1995) indicated JP & DW over and underestimated %BF, which suggests the mean may reduce the error of calculation. This analysis did support Easton et al observations with mean results for male 8.71±5.11 (16.01% MS), 9.61±3.16 Yuhasz and MS of 10.37±4.55; female 17.41±6.22 (4.08% MS) DW, 13.19±7.50 Yuhasz and MS 18.15±6.72. The correlation co-efficient relationships for all equations were significant from r = 0.965 tor = 0.983 for males and r = 0.961 tor = 0.992 for female. The MS data indicated range trends to link the sum of 8 SKF measures to a prediction range of %BF. However the data sample is small in determining definitive conclusions, this warrants further data collection to validate the range trend findings. The data from the 17 subjects highlighted BMI has deficiencies in determining a true reflection of a well-trained athlete’s body composition.
In-line Variable Optical Attenuator Based on the Bending of the Tapered Single Mode Fiber

We propose a simple in-line variable optical attenuator (VOA) based on the bending effect of tapered single mode fibers. The influence of the taper structure and the reflective index of the external medium surrounding the taper region on the bending loss of the tapered fiber have been investigated experimentally. An attenuation range exceeding 35 dB and a very low excess loss of < 0.2 dB at 1550 nm were achieved. The measured polarization dependent loss of the present VOA at the attenuation level of 10 dB, 20 dB, and 30 dB were 0.1 dB, 0.2 dB, and 0.5 dB, respectively.
Simulation of ULF wave‐modulated radiation belt electron precipitation during the 17 March 2013 storm

Balloon‐borne instruments detecting radiation belt precipitation frequently observe oscillations in the millihertz frequency range. Balloons measuring electron precipitation near the poles in the 100 keV to 2.5 MeV energy range, including the MAXIS, MINIS, and most recently the Balloon Array for Relativistic Radiation belt Electron Losses balloon experiments, have observed this modulation at ULF wave frequencies. Although ULF waves in the magnetosphere are seldom directly linked to increases in electron precipitation since their oscillation periods are much larger than the gyroperiod and the bounce period of radiation belt electrons, test particle simulations show that this interaction is possible. Three‐dimensional simulations of radiation belt electrons were performed to investigate the effect of ULF waves on precipitation. The simulations track the behavior of energetic electrons near the loss cone, using guiding center techniques, coupled with an MHD simulation of the magnetosphere, using the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry code, during a coronal mass ejection (CME)‐shock event on 17 March 2013. Results indicate that ULF modulation of precipitation occurs even without the presence of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, which are not resolved in the MHD simulation. The arrival of a strong CME‐shock, such as the one simulated, disrupts the electric and magnetic fields in the magnetosphere and causes significant changes in both components of momentum, pitch angle, and L shell of radiation belt electrons, which may cause them to precipitate into the loss cone.
High-power and highly efficient diode-cladding-pumped holmium-doped fluoride fiber laser operating at 2.94 μm

A high-power diode-cladding-pumped Ho3+, Pr3+-doped fluoride glass fiber laser is demonstrated. The laser produced a maximum output power of 2.5 W at a slope efficiency of 32% using diode lasers emitting at 1150 nm. The long-emission wavelength of 2.94 μm measured at maximum pump power, which is particularly suited to medical applications, indicates that tailoring of the proportion of Pr3+ ions can provide specific emission wavelengths while providing sufficient de-excitation of the lower laser level.
A theory of broad-area semiconductor lasers with modal reflectors

This paper provides a theoretical analysis of guided lateral modes in broad-area (BA) semiconductor lasers with modal reflectors formed by patterning the reflectivity of the front facet. The analysis has been performed by using the model based on the effective-index method and the concept of the effective facet reflectivity. The numerical results include mode threshold conditions and far-field patterns of the lasing modes for various reflector configurations.
What is a statistical model

This paper addresses two closely related questions, What is a statistical model? and What is a parameter? The notions that a model must make sense, and that a parameter must have a well-defined meaning are deeply ingrained in applied statistical work, reasonably well understood at an instinctive level, but absent from most formal theories of modelling and inference. In this paper, these concepts are defined in algebraic terms, using morphisms, functors and natural transformations. It is argued that inference on the basis of a model is not possible unless the model admits a natural extension that includes the domain for which inference is required. For example, prediction requires that the domain include all future units, subjects or time points. Although it is usually not made explicit, every sensible statistical model admits such an extension. Examples are given to show why such an extension is necessary and why a formal theory is required. In the definition of a subparameter, it is shown that certain parameter functions are natural and others are not. Inference is meaningful only for natural parameters. This distinction has important consequences for the construction of prior distributions and also helps to resolve a controversy concerning the Box-Cox model.