Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some remarks on the inverse Smoluchowski problem for cluster-cluster aggregation

It is proposed to revisit the inverse problem associated with Smoluchowski's coagulation equation. The objective is to reconstruct the functional form of the collision kernel from observations of the time evolution of the cluster size distribution. A regularised least squares method originally proposed by Wright and Ramkrishna (1992) based on the assumption of self-similarity is implemented and tested on numerical data generated for a range of different collision kernels. This method expands the collision kernel as a sum of orthogonal polynomials and works best when the kernel can be expressed exactly in terms of these polynomials. It is shown that plotting an "L-curve" can provide an a-priori understanding of the optimal value of the regularisation parameter and the reliability of the inversion procedure. For kernels which are not exactly expressible in terms of the orthogonal polynomials it is found empirically that the performance of the method can be enhanced by choosing a more complex regularisation function.
Advances in the Management of Central Nervous System Metastases from Breast Cancer

Central nervous system (CNS) metastases are common in breast cancer (BC) patients and are particularly relevant as new treatments for BC are prolonging survival. Here, we review advances in the treatment of CNS metastases from BC, including radiotherapy, systemic therapies, and the evolving role of immunotherapy. The use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for CNS metastases. However, new targeted therapies have recently been developed, including anti-HER2 agents and antibody–drug conjugates that have presented promising results for the treatment of these patients.
Assessment of the error budget for stratospheric ozone profiles retrieved from OMPS limb scatter measurements

Abstract. This study presents an error budget assessment for the ozone profiles retrieved at the University of Bremen through limb observations of the Ozone Mapper and Profiler Suite – Limb Profiler Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (OMPS-LP SNPP) satellite instrument. The error characteristics are presented in a form that aims at being compliant with the recommendations and the standardizing effort of the Towards Unified Error Reporting (TUNER) project. Besides the retrieval noise, contributions from retrieval parameters are extensively discussed and quantified by using synthetic retrievals performed with the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model. For this investigation, a representative set of OMPS-LP measurements is selected to provide a reliable estimation of the uncertainties as a function of latitude and season. Errors originating from model approximations and spectroscopic data are also taken into account and found to be non-negligible. The choice of the ozone cross section is found to be relevant, as expected. Overall, we classify the estimated errors as random or systematic and investigate correlations between errors from different sources. After summing up the relevant error components, we present an estimate of the total random uncertainty on the retrieved ozone profiles, which is found to be in the 5 %–30 % range in the lower stratosphere, 3 %–5 % in the middle stratosphere, and 5 %–7 % at upper altitudes. The systematic uncertainty is mainly due to cloud contamination and model errors in the lower stratosphere and due to the retrieval bias at higher altitudes. The corresponding total bias exceeds 5 % only above 50 km and below 20 km. After computing the estimate of the overall random and systematic error components, we also provide an ex-post assessment of the uncertainties using self-collocated OMPS-LP observations and collocated Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data in a χ2 fashion.
VLBI and Single Dish Monitoring of 3C84 in the Period of 2009-2011

The radio galaxy 3C 84 is a representative of gamma-ray-bright misaligned active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and one of the best laboratories to study the radio properties of the sub-pc jet in connection with the gamma-ray emission. In order to identify possible radio counterparts of the gamma-ray emissions in 3C 84, we study the change in structure within the central 1 pc and the light curve of sub-pc-size components C1, C2, and C3. We search for any correlation between changes in the radio components and the gamma-ray flares by making use of VLBI and single dish data. Throughout the radio monitoring spanning over two GeV gamma-ray flares detected by the {\it Fermi}-LAT and the MAGIC Cherenkov Telescope in the periods of 2009 April to May and 2010 June to August, total flux density in radio band increases on average. This flux increase mostly originates in C3. Although the gamma-ray flares span on the timescale of days to weeks, no clear correlation with the radio light curve on this timescale is found. Any new prominent components and change in morphology associated with the gamma-ray flares are not found on the VLBI images.
Measurements of the position-dependent photo-detection sensitivity of the Hamamatsu R11410 and R8520 photomultiplier tubes

The Hamamatsu R11410 and R8520 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are designed for applications in dark matter detectors using liquid xenon, featuring excellent sensitivity to VUV light and stable operability at cryogenic temperatures. For eleven R11410 and seven R8520 PMTs, we measured the relative photo-detection sensitivity at 470nm as a function of the position of the incident light on the photocathode. Considering 80% of the photocathode surfaces, the observed non-uniformity values are in the ranges of (5-10)% and (25-30)% for the R11410 and R8520 models, respectively. We found that the non-uniformity in the inner region of the photocathode surface is dominated by light reflections on the internal components of the photosensors and that the border regions contribute dominantly to the observed non-uniformity.
Amplification of high-order harmonics using weak perturbative high-frequency radiation

Focusing intense linearly polarized monochromatic IR laser pulses into a gas of atoms can lead to the emission of high-energy photons with frequencies extending into the extreme ultraviolet XUV and x-ray region by high-order harmonic generation HHG. The HHG phenomenon stands as one of the most promising methods of producing short attosecond as pulses 1. The contamination of the strong IR field with a second 2–4 or more 5–7 weak XUV fields has a dramatic effect on the dynamical behavior of the electrons, and had drawn a lot of attention in recent years. On the basis of the three-step recollision model 8–10, it had been argued that the role of the XUV field is to switch the initial step in the generation of high-order harmonics from tunnel ionization to the more efficient XUV single-photon ionization. This might explain the improved macroscopic HHG signal obtained in experiments: the XUV-assisted ionization increases the number of atoms that participate in the HHG process and improves phase matching 11. The effect at the single-atom level, however, is less clear. It has been shown that the XUV photons control the timing of ionization, and preferentially select certain quantum paths of the electron 12. While this effect may lead to the enhancement of the low-order harmonics in the plateau, it cannot account for the large enhancement in the cutoff and beyond Fig. 1. A three-step-model classical analysis of HHG suggests that the contribution of the XUV field to the kinetic energy of the returning electron is negligible. The kinetic energy of a classical free electron of charge e and mass m, driven by a linearly polarized strong IR fundamental field of frequency , amplitude 1 , and polarization ek E1t =ek1 cost is Ekt =p 2 t / 2m. pt =e 1 /sint � sinti is the momentum of the electron, and it has been assumed that the electron is freed at time ti with zero momentum. The addition of a weak harmonic XUV field of frequency q where q is a large integer and amplitude q
Linear maps on real C* - algebras and related structures

In this thesis we obtain new results on the structures of real C*-algebras and nonsurjective isometries between them. Some of the results have been published in [1]. We prove a spectral inequality for real Banach*-algebras and give characterisations of real C*-algebras among Banach*-algebras. We study the ideal and facial structures in real C*-algebras and show that there is a bijection from the class of norm-closed left ideals I of a real C*-algebra A to the class of weak*-closed faces F of the state space S(A). The bijection is given by I 7→ F = {ρ ∈ S(A) : ρ(a∗a) = 0 for all a ∈ I}, with inverse F 7→ I = {a ∈ A : ρ(a∗a) = 0 for all ρ ∈ F}. As an application, we use the structures of faces to show an algebraic property of linear maps on real C*-algebras. We prove that if T : A → B is a linear contraction between real C*-algebras A and B, then there is a projection p in the second dual B′′ of B such that T (aa∗a)p = T (a)T (a)∗T (a)p (a ∈ A). If T is an isometry, not necessarily surjective, we obtain a stronger result which also extends a celebrated result of Kadison on surjective isometries between complex C*-algebras. We prove the following theorem. Let T be a linear isometry between two real C*-algebras A and B, which can be non-surjective. Then for each a ∈ A there exists a partial isometry u ∈ B′′ and a projection p ∈ B′′ such that (i) {u, T ({f, g, h}), u} = {u, {T (f), T (g), T (h)}, u}; (ii) T ({f, g, h})p = {T (f), T (g), T (h)}p, for all f, g, h in the real JB*-triple A(a) generated by a ∈ A, where {f, g, h} is the triple product defined by 2{f, g, h} = fg∗h + hg∗f . Moreover, {u, T (·). u} : A(a)→ B′′ and T (·)p : A(a)→ B′′ are isometries.
Cascading effects of social dynamics on the reproduction, survival, and population growth of mountain gorillas

Whilst the conservation impacts of density‐dependent population effects have been well studied, the impact that socially‐driven changes (e.g. group fissions that increase group density) can have on population growth in social species have only recently come to light. An increase in group density and intergroup encounters in a subpopulation of mountain gorillas Gorilla beringei beringei was shown to have driven a more than fourfold increase in infanticide, slowing population growth. In this study, we delve deeper into the consequences of these socially‐driven changes in group density, examining how patterns of reproduction and survival have changed in this subpopulation across more than 50 years. We show that adult female survival increased with strengthening conservation efforts early in the study, then remained stable, while age at first birth remained stable across the entire study. Interbirth intervals and female reproductive success did not vary significantly across time overall. However, socially‐driven increases in group density since the mid‐2000s appear to have had a cascade of effects. In addition to the increase in infant and adult male mortality from violence during intergroup encounters, higher encounter rates, and mortality were likely responsible for an increase in female transfers, which delayed reproduction. Females faced a 7.5‐month delay when transferring once and a 1.5‐year delay when transferring twice or more between births. We show these changes correspond with a 26.63% reduction in female reproductive success in 2007 to 2018, compared to 1994 to 2006, with females taking more than 2 years longer to produce an offspring that survived infancy. These findings demonstrate that social dynamics can have consequences for population growth beyond the immediate mortality effects of violent encounters. This further highlights the critical importance of social dynamics in the conservation of social species, particularly when populations are restricted to small or fragmented regions of habitat.
Simultaneous VLBA polarimetric observations of the v = {1,2} J = 1–0 and v = 1, J = 2–1 SiO maser emission towards VY CMa II: component-level polarization analysis

This paper presents a component-level comparison of the polarized v=1 J =1-0, v=2 J=1-0 and v=1 J=2-1 SiO maser emission towards the supergiant star VY CMa at milliarcsecond-scale, as observed using the VLBA at $\lambda=7$mm and $\lambda=3$mm. An earlier paper considered overall maser morphology and constraints on SiO maser excitation and pumping derived from these data. The goal of the current paper is to use the measured polarization properties of individual co-spatial components detected across multiple transitions to provide constraints on several competing theories for the transport of polarized maser emission. This approach minimizes the significant effects of spatial blending. We present several diagnostic tests designed to distinguish key features of competing theoretical models for maser polarization. The number of coincident features is limited by sensitivity however, particularly in the v=1 J=2-1 transition at 86 GHz, and deeper observations are needed. Preliminary conclusions based on the current data provide some support for: i) spin-independent solutions for linear polarization; ii) the influence of geometry on the distribution of fractional linear polarization with intensity; and, iii) $\pi/2$ rotations in linear polarization position angle arising from transitions across the Van Vleck angle ($\sin^2{\theta}=2/3$) between the maser line-of-sight and magnetic field. There is weaker evidence for several enumerated non-Zeeman explanations for circular polarization. The expected 2:1 ratio in circular polarization between J=1-0 and J=2-1 predicted by standard Zeeman theory cannot unfortunately be tested conclusively due to insufficient coincident components.
Unlabeled level planarity

Consider a graph G with vertex set V in which each of the n vertices is assigned a number from the set {1,. ,k} for some positive integer k. This assignment p is a labeling if all k numbers are used. If p does not assign adjacent vertices the same label, then p partitions V into k levels. In a level drawing, the y-coordinate of each vertex matches its label and the edges are drawn strictly y-monotone. This leads to level drawings in the xy-plane where all vertices with label j lie along the line ej = {(x, j) : x ∈ R } and where each edge crosses any of the k horizontal lines ej for j ∈ [1. k] at most once. A graph with such a labeling forms a level graph and is level planar if it has a level drawing without crossings. We first consider the class of level trees that are level planar regardless of their labeling. We call such trees unlabeled level planar (ULP). We describe which trees are ULP and provide linear-time level planar drawing algorithms for any labeling. We characterize ULP trees in terms of two forbidden subdivisions so that any other tree must contain a subtree homeomorphic to one of these. We also provide linear-time recognition algorithms for ULP trees. We then extend this characterization to all ULP graphs with five additional forbidden subdivisions, and provide linear-time recognition and drawing algorithms for any given labeling.
Synthesis and Utilization of Tetrahydronaphthalene-1,3-dicarbonitrile as a Source of Benzo[f]quinazoline, Pyridine, Imidazole Derivatives with Antitumor Activity and Molecular Docking and Dynamics Studies

200 µL of DMSO. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a Spectra Max Paradigm Multi-Mode microplate reader. The relative cell viability was expressed as the mean percentage of viable cells compared to the untreated control cells. All experiments were conducted in triplicate and repeated on three different days. All the values were represented as mean ± SD. IC 50 s were determined by probit analysis by SPSS Inc probit analysis (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Evaluation of String Constraint Solvers Using Dynamic Symbolic Execution

Symbolic execution is a path sensitive program analysis technique used for error detection and test case generation. Symbolic execution tools rely on constraint solvers to determine the feasibility of program paths and generate concrete inputs for feasible paths. Therefore, the effectiveness of such tools depends on their constraint solvers. Most modern constraint solvers for primitive data types, such as integers, are both efficient and accurate. However, the research on constraint solvers for complex data types, such as strings, is ongoing and less converged. For example, there are several types of string constraint solvers provided by researchers. However, a potential user of a string constraint solver likely has no comprehensive means to identify which solver would work best for a particular problem. In order to help the user with selecting a solver, in addition to the commonly used performance criterion, we introduce two criteria: modeling cost and accuracy. Using these selection criteria, we evaluate four string constraint solvers in the context of symbolic execution. Our results show that, depending on the needs of the user, one solver might be more appropriate than another, yet no solver exhibits the best overall results. Hence, we suggest that the preferred approach to solving constraints for complex types is to execute all solvers in parallel and enable communication between solvers.
Nonlocal and quasilocal field theories

We investigate nonlocal field theories, a subject that has attracted some renewed interest in connection with nonlocal gravity models. We study, in particular, scalar theories of interacting delocalized fields, the delocalization being specified by nonlocal integral kernels. We distinguish between strictly nonlocal and quasi-local (compact support) kernels and impose conditions on them to insure UV finiteness and unitarity of amplitudes. We study the classical initial value problem for the partial integro-differential equations of motion in detail. We give rigorous proofs of the existence but accompanying loss of uniqueness of solutions due to the presence of future, as well as past, "delays," a manifestation of acausality. In the quantum theory we derive a generalization of the Bogoliubov causality condition equation for amplitudes, which explicitly exhibits the corrections due to nonlocality. One finds that, remarkably, for quasi-local kernels all acausal effects are confined within the compact support regions. We briefly discuss the extension to other types of fields and prospects of such theories.
Genome-Wide Identification of the AGC Protein Kinase Gene Family Related to Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa)

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, cGMP-dependent protein kinase G and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (AGC) perform various functions in plants, involving growth, immunity, apoptosis and stress response. AGC gene family is well described in Arabidopsis, however, limited information is provided about AGC genes in rice, an important cereal crop. This research studied the AGC gene family in the AA genome species: Oryza sativa ssp. japonica, Oryza sativa ssp. indica, Oryza nivara, Oryza rufipogon, Oryza glaberrima, Oryza meridionalis, Oryza barthii, Oryza glumaepatula and Oryza longistaminata were searched and classified into six subfamilies, and it was found that these species have similar numbers of members. The analysis of gene duplication and selection pressure indicated that the AGC gene family expanded mainly by segmental or whole genome duplication (WGD), with purifying selection during the long evolutionary period. RNA-seq analysis revealed that OsAGCs of subfamily V were specifically highly expressed in leaves, and the expression patterns of these genes were compared with that of photosynthesis-related genes using qRT-PCR, discovered that OsAGC9, OsAGC20, and OsAGC22 might participate in photosynthesis. These results provide an informative perspective for exploring the evolutionary of AGC gene family and its practical application in rice.
Effects of nitrogen limitation on hydrological processes in CLM4‐CN

The role of nitrogen limitation on photosynthesis downregulation and stomatal conductance has a significant influence on evapotranspiration and runoff. In the current Community Land Model with coupled Carbon and Nitrogen cycles (CLM4‐CN), however, the carbon and water coupling in stomata is not linked to nitrogen limitation. We modify the incomplete linkages between carbon, nitrogen, and water, and examine how nitrogen limitation affects hydrological processes in CLM4‐CN. We then evaluate if the modification can improve the simulation of carbon and water fluxes. Applying the effects of nitrogen limitation on stomatal conductance significantly decreases leaf photosynthesis. It leads to a reduction in canopy transpiration, thereby increasing total runoff, mainly due to increasing subsurface runoff. More available soil water for vegetation from the reduced transpiration helps increase gross primary productivity (GPP) in the relatively moisture‐limited regions of grassland/steppe and savanna. However, in the tropics and boreal forest regions, changes in soil water by nitrogen limitation are insignificant, and GPP decreases directly by down‐regulated leaf photosynthesis. Decreasing canopy transpiration and increasing runoff from nitrogen limitation improve simulating latent heat flux and runoff by reducing high biases for latent heat flux in the tropics and low biases for runoff in the tropics and northern high latitudes. In addition, the CLM4‐CN with leaf‐level nitrogen limitation reduces model biases in tropical GPP. Nitrogen limitation on the leaf‐level significantly affects hydrological processes in CLM4‐CN and improves the simulation of carbon and water fluxes. This process should be included with other recent improvements to reduce model biases as much as possible.
Galaxies undergoing ram-pressure stripping: the influence of the bulge on morphology and star formation rate

We investigate the influence of stellar bulges on the star formation and morphology of disc galaxies that suffer from ram pressure. Several tree-SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) simulations have been carried out to study the dependence of the star formation rate on the mass and size of a stellar bulge. In addition, different strengths of ram pressure and different alignments of the disc with respect to the intra-cluster medium (ICM) are applied. As claimed in previous works, when ram pressure is acting on a galaxy, the star formation rate (SFR) is enhanced and rises up to four times with increasing ICM density compared to galaxies that evolve in isolation. However, a bulge suppresses the SFR when the same ram pressure is applied. Consequently, fewer new stars are formed because the SFR can be lowered by up to 2 M_sun/yr. Furthermore, the denser the surrounding gas, the more inter-stellar medium (ISM) is stripped. While at an ICM density of 10^-28 g/cm^3 about 30% of the ISM is stripped, the galaxy is almost completely (more than 90%) stripped when an ICM density of 10^-27 g/cm^3 is applied. But again, a bulge prevents the stripping of the ISM and reduces the amount being stripped by up to 10%. Thereby, fewer stars are formed in the wake if the galaxy contains a bulge. The dependence of the SFR on the disc tilt angle is not very pronounced. Hereby a slight trend of decreasing star formation with increasing inclination angle can be determined. Furthermore, with increasing disc tilt angles, less gas is stripped and therefore fewer stars are formed in the wake. Reducing the disc gas mass fraction results in a lower SFR when the galaxies evolve in vacuum. On the other hand, the enhancement of the SFR in case of acting ram pressure is less pronounced with increasing gas mass fraction. Moreover, the fractional amount of stripped gas does not depend on the gas mass fraction.