Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical Characteristics of Akathisia

Summary Assessment of drug-induced movement disorders was carried out regularly on 104 psychiatric patients requiring antipsychotic medication on admission to hospital. The data relevant to motor restlessness were subjected to a principal components' analysis. According to their component scores, patients were then classified into two main groups: an akathisia group and an illness-related-movement group, the former group showing the clinical and pharmacological characteristics expected of akathisia. Clinical features which distinguished between the two groups, and between grades of akathisia severity, were identified, so an objective, phenomenological description of the akathisia syndrome was possible. Our observations suggested two distinct types of acute akathisia; one related to severe parkinsonism and one not. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Bridging the gap in complementary and alternative medicine research: manualization as a means of promoting standardization and flexibility of treatment in clinical trials of acupuncture.

INTRODUCTION An important methodological challenge encountered in acupuncture clinical research involves the design of treatment protocols that help ensure standardization and replicability while allowing for the necessary flexibility to tailor treatments to each individual. Manualization of protocols used in clinical trials of acupuncture and other traditionally-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) systems facilitates the systematic delivery of replicable and standardized, yet individually-tailored treatments. OBJECTIVES To facilitate high-quality CAM acupuncture research by outlining a method for the systematic design and implementation of protocols used in CAM clinical trials based on the concept of treatment manualization. METHODS A series of treatment manuals was developed to systematically articulate the Chinese medical theoretical and clinical framework for a given Western-defined illness, to increase the quality and consistency of treatment, and to standardize the technical aspects of the protocol. In all, three manuals were developed for National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded clinical trials of acupuncture for depression, spasticity in cerebral palsy, and repetitive stress injury. In Part I, the rationale underlying these manuals and the challenges encountered in creating them are discussed, and qualitative assessments of their utility are provided. In Part II, a methodology to develop treatment manuals for use in clinical trials is detailed, and examples are given. CONCLUSIONS A treatment manual provides a precise way to train and supervise practitioners, enable evaluation of conformity and competence, facilitate the training process, and increase the ability to identify the active therapeutic ingredients in clinical trials of acupuncture.
Amplify and forward relaying; Channel model and outage behaviour

Characteristic of receiver output SNR associated with Source-to-Relay-to-Destination link for Amplify and forward relaying systems is studied and theoretical expressions for probability density function and cumulative distribution function are derived. Thereby, closed-form solution for outage probability of the system is derived. The analysis is then extended to a scenario where the destination combines the signals corresponding to the source and the relay transmissions using maximal ratio combining technique. The statistics of the equivalent SNR is studied and some new closed form expressions at high SNR regime are derived. The comparison of theoretical and numerical results shows that the high SNR expressions for outage probability are adequately tight in low SNR too. The performance of the AF relaying system is further investigated at low SNR regime; the results show that at low SNR regime, the relay transmission does not play role on the the performance of the overall system, therefore, spending resources (e.g. power or bandwidth) for the relay transmission is only wasting the resources whereas at high SNR regime the relay transmission provides full diversity.
Organization of microtubules in centrosome-free cytoplasm

Many different cell types possess microtubule patterns which appear to be polarized and oriented, in part, by cytoplasmic factors not directly associated with a centrosome. Recently, we demonstrated that cytoplasmic extensions ("arms") of teleost melanophores will reorganize their microtubule population outward from their centers after surgical isolation (McNiven, M. A., M. Wang, and K. R. Porter. 1984. Cell. 37:753-765). In the study reported here, we examine microtubule dynamics within the centrosome-free fragments and find that, after severing, microtubule reorganization is initiated at the proximal (cut) end of an arm and migrates distally with the aggregated pigment mass until it becomes permanently positioned at the middle of the arm. Computer-aided image analysis demonstrates that this middle position is located at the arm centroid, implicating the action of a cytoplasmic gel in this process. Morphological studies of arms devoid of pigment reveal that microtubules do not emanate from a single site or structure within the centroid area, but from a more generalized region. Taken together, these findings suggest that factors distributed throughout cytoplasm participate in microtubule assembly and organization.
Is cooking food in iron pots an appropriate solution for the control of anaemia in developing countries? A randomised clinical trial in Benin

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of two types of iron pots on haemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin (SF) concentrations in young children (6–24 months), adolescent girls (11–15 years) and women of reproductive age (15–44 years), whose households were provided with iron pots for cooking food over a period of 6 months, compared with controls. Design and methods We randomly assigned 161 households including 339 individuals from the three subgroups to cast iron pots, blue steel pots or oral iron supplements (control). In the control group, children received micronutrient Sprinkles™, and adolescent girls and women received iron tablets daily for 6 months. We measured Hb, SF and C-reactive protein concentrations at baseline and 6 months, and compared groups using regression models. Results Anaemia prevalence (Hb < 110 g l−1 in infants, Hb < 120 g l−1 in girls or women) was 47% (cast iron group), 50% (blue steel group) and 50% (control) at baseline. At 6 months, there were no significant differences in Hb concentrations among groups; however, differences in SF concentrations were significant (P < 0.0001) – the control group had higher SF concentrations compared with the groups using iron pots. Also, differences in the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA; anaemia plus SF < 15 μg l−1) were almost significant between cast iron and control groups (P = 0.08), and blue steel and control groups (P = 0.05). Conclusion There is no evidence that iron cooking pots are effective against IDA. Further research is warranted to determine whether the iron leached from the pots is bioavailable.
Children's Geographies : Playing, Living, Learning

1. Children's geographies and the new social studies of childhood Sarah L. Holloway and Gill Valentine Part I: Playing 2. Melting geography: purity, disorder, childhood and space Owain Jones 3. Children's strategies for creating playspaces: negotiating independence in rural Bolivia Samantha Punch 4. The 'street as thirdspace' Hugh Matthews, Melanie Limb and Mark Taylor 5. 'Nothing to do, nowhere to go'? : teenage girls and 'public' space in the Rhondda Valleys, South Wales Tracey Skelton 6. Time for a party! : making sense of the commercialisation of leisure space for children John H. McKendrick, Michael G. Bradford and Anna V. Fielding Part II: Living 7. Play, rights and borders: gender bound parents and the social construction of children Stuart C. Aitken 8. Home and movement: children constructing 'family time' Pia Christensen, Allison James and Chris Jenks 9. Transforming cyberspace: children's interventions in the new public sphere Gill Valentine, Sarah L, Holloway and Nick Bingham 10. Young carers in Southern Africa? Exploring stories from Zimbabwean secondary school students Elsbeth Robson and Nicola Ansell 11. Home sweet home? Street children's sites of belonging Harriet Beazley Part III: Learning 12. Playing the part: performing gender in American playgrounds Elizabeth A. Gagen 13. Walk on the left! Children's geographies and the primary school Shaun Fielding 14. 'Out of school', in school: a social geography of out of school childcare Fiona Smith and John Barker 15. Nature's dangers, nature's pleasures: urban children and the natural Lily Kong
Probability Estimation and Aggregation for Rule Learning

Rule learning is known for its descriptive and therefore comprehensible classification models which also yield good class predictions. For different classification models, such as decision trees, a variety of techniques for obtaining good probability estimates have been proposed and evaluated. However, so far, there has been no systematic empirical study of how these techniques can be adapted to probabilistic rules and how these methods affect the probability-based rankings. In this paper we apply several basic methods for the estimation of class membership probabilities to classification rules. We also study the effect of a shrinkage technique for merging the probability estimates of rules with those of their generalizations. Finally, we compare different ways of combining probability estimates from an ensemble of rules. Our results show that for probability estimation it is beneficial to exploit the fact that rules overlap (i.e., rule averaging is preferred over rule sorting), and that individual probabilities should be combined at the level of rules and not at the level of theories.
Collocation Extraction beyond the Independence Assumption

In this paper we start to explore two-part collocation extraction association measures that do not estimate expected probabilities on the basis of the independence assumption. We propose two new measures based upon the well-known measures of mutual information and pointwise mutual information. Expected probabilities are derived from automatically trained Aggregate Markov Models. On three collocation gold standards, we find the new association measures vary in their effectiveness.
Molecular Approaches to Sarcoma Therapy

Soft tissue sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of aggressive tumors that have a relatively poor prognosis. Although conventional therapeutic regimens can effectively cytoreduce the overall tumor mass, they fail to consistently achieve a curative outcome. Alternative gene-based approaches that counteract the underlying neoplastic process by eliminating the clonal aberrations that potentiate malignant behavior have been proposed. As compared to the accumulation of gene alterations associated with epithelial carcinomas, sarcomas are frequently characterized by the unique presence of a single chromosomal translocation in each histological subtype. Similar to the Philadelphia chromosome associated with CML, these clonal abnormalities result in the fusion of two independent unrelated genes to generate a unique chimeric protein that displays aberrant activity believed to initiate cellular transformation. Secondary gene mutations may provide an additional growth advantage that further contributes to malignant progression. The recent clinical success of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI571, suggests that therapeutic approaches specifically directed against essential survival factors in sarcoma cells may be effective. This review summarizes published approaches targeting a specific molecular mechanism associated with sarcomagenesis. The strategy and significance of published translational studies in six distinct areas are presented. These include: (1) the disruption of chimeric transcription factor activity; (2) inhibition of growth stimulatory post-translational modifications; (3) restoration of tumor suppressor function; (4) interference with angiogenesis; (5) induction of apoptotic pathways; and (6) introduction of toxic gene products. The potential for improving outcomes in sarcoma patients and the conceptual obstacles to be overcome are discussed.
Ecological Consequences of Clonal Integration in Plants

Clonal plants are widespread throughout the plant kingdom and dominate in diverse habitats. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of environment is pervasive at multiple scales, even at scales relevant to individual plants. Clonal integration refers to resource translocation and information communication among the ramets of clonal plants. Due to clonal integration, clonal plant species possess a series of peculiar attributes: plasticity in response to local and non-local conditions, labor division with organ specialization for acquiring locally abundant resources, foraging behavior by selective placement of ramets in resource-rich microhabitats, and avoidance of intraclonal competition. Clonal integration has very profound ecological consequences for clonal plants. It allows them to efficiently cope with environmental heterogeneity, by alleviating local resource shortages, buffering environmental stresses and disturbances, influencing competitive ability, increasing invasiveness, and altering species composition and invasibility at the community level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of research on the ecological consequences of plant clonal integration based on a large body of literature. We also attempt to propose perspectives for future research.
Load-Aware Modeling and Analysis of Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Random spatial models are attractive for modeling heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs) due to their realism, tractability, and scalability. A major limitation of such models to date in the context of HCNs is the neglect of network traffic and load: all base stations (BSs) have typically been assumed to always be transmitting. Small cells in particular will have a lighter load than macrocells, and so their contribution to the network interference may be significantly overstated in a fully loaded model. This paper incorporates a flexible notion of BS load by introducing a new idea of conditionally thinning the interference field. For a K-tier HCN where BSs across tiers differ in terms of transmit power, supported data rate, deployment density, and now load, we derive the coverage probability for a typical mobile, which connects to the strongest BS signal. Conditioned on this connection, the interfering BSs of the i^{th} tier are assumed to transmit independently with probability p_i, which models the load. Assuming — reasonably — that smaller cells are more lightly loaded than macrocells, the analysis shows that adding such access points to the network always increases the coverage probability. We also observe that fully loaded models are quite pessimistic in terms of coverage.
Untersuchung eines Publikationsbias in Meta- Analysen zur Wirksamkeit psychotherapeutischer Interventionen bei Essstörungen, Depression und Schizophrenie

Das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die umfassende statistische Prufung eines Publikationsbias in Meta-Analysen zur Wirksamkeit psychotherapeutischer Interventionen bei den Storungsbildern Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, Depression und Schizophrenie, sowie in Meta-Analysen zur Wirksamkeit von Praventionsprogrammen bei Essstorungen und Depressionen. Ein Publikationsbias ist charakterisiert als Veroffentlichung von signifikanten Studienergebnissen, im Gegensatz zu nicht-signifikanten Ergebnissen. Infolgedessen kann der Berechnung von Effektstarken in Meta-Analysen eine verzerrte Stichprobe von Primarstudien zugrunde liegen, wodurch die Wirksamkeit therapeutischer Interventionen uberschatzt wurde. Ein Publikationsbias stellt eine der grosten Bedrohungen der Validitat von Meta-Analysen dar. Empirische Belege fur die Existenz eines Publikationsbias liegen aus anderen Forschungsbereichen vor, in Meta-Analysen der Wirksamkeitsforschung psychotherapeutischer Interventionen ist eine umfassende Prufung des Vorhandenseins eines Publikationsbias und seiner Auswirkungen auf die Hohe der mittleren Effektstarken jedoch nicht durchgefuhrt worden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zu den genannten Storungsbereichen samtliche Meta-Analysen, deren statistische Daten einer Uberprufung zuganglich waren und in denen homogene Effektstarken berichtet wurden, mittels Begg und Mazumdars Rangkorrelationsmethode, Eggers Regressionsanalyse und der Trim und Fill Methode auf einen Publikationsbias untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass ein Publikationsbias nur in geringem Ausmas vorlag, und die Wirksamkeit der untersuchten Interventionen kaum uberschatzt wurde. Fur nur vier der untersuchten Interventionen anderte sich die Wirksamkeitseinschatzung nach der Korrektur um den Einfluss eines Publikationsbias. Zuvor bei Schizophrenie nicht wirksame Familieninterventionen wurden nach der Korrektur als wirksam eingeschatzt, Psychotherapie zeigte sich bei depressiven Patienten mit und ohne komorbide Personlichkeitsstorung als gleich wirksam, Psychopharmaka als ebenso wirksam bei Depression wie Psychotherapie, und kognitive Verhaltenstherapie anderen Therapien bei Essstorungen uberlegen. Mit Ausnahme einiger Interventionen fur Schizophrenie und Essstorungen, die bereits vor der Korrektur um den Einfluss eines Publikationsbias nicht-signifikant ausfielen, ist die Wirksamkeit der Therapieverfahren substantiell gegeben. Die vorliegende Arbeit tragt zu einer Erhohung der Validitat und Robustheit der empirischen Evidenzen bei. Als wichtigste Konsequenz fur die Anwendung der gepruften Interventionen in der klinischen Praxis ist eine erhohte Sicherheit und Verlasslichkeit in deren Wirksamkeit aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen abzuleiten.
Acquiring and pointing: an empirical study of pen-tilt-based interaction

Research literature has shown that pen tilt is a promising input modality in pen-based interaction. However, the human capability to control pen tilt has not been fully evaluated. This paper systematically investigates the human ability to perform discrete target selection tasks by varying the stylus' tilt angle through two controlled experiments: pen tilt target acquiring (Experiment 1) and tilt pointing (Experiment 2). Results revealed a decreasing power relationship between angular width and selection time in Experiment 1. The results of Experiment 2 confirmed that pen tilt pointing can be modeled by Fitts' law. Based on our quantitative analysis, we discuss the human ability to control pen tilt and the implications of pen tilt use. We also propose a taxonomy of pen tilt based interaction techniques and showcase a series of possible pen tilt technique designs.
Latest evidence in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor research.

Discovery of the Nature of Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor (EDHF) in Animals and Humans Endothelial cells play an essential role in the regulation of vascular structure and function. The endothelium elaborates and liberates 3 major vasodilator substances: prostacyclin (PGI2), nitric oxide (NO) and EDHF. The importance of PGI2 and NO has been widely recognized, and PGI2and NO-related therapeutic agents are already being applied in the clinical setting. The scientists who contributed to the discovery and identification of these substances were awarded the Nobel prize. On the other hand, although the existence of EDHF was proposed in 1988, advances in EDHF research have not been made until recently, because the nature of EDHF had not been identified. Although that has still not been fully elucidated, several distinct EDHFs, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, K+ ion, and gap junctions, have been suggested to exist, depending on species, vascular bed, and the size of the blood vessel being studied. In such a situation, Shimokawa and colleagues have identified, for the first time, that endothelium-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an EDHF in mice (mesenteric arteries),1 pigs (coronary microvessels),2 and, most importantly, humans (mesenteric arteries). 3 In agreement with these results, other groups have also reported that H2O2 is an EDHF in humans (coronary arterioles). 4,5 Shimokawa’s groups have further elucidated the following important findings: (1) endotheliumderived NO mediates large conduit arteries, whereas EDHF plays an important role in modulating vascular tone in small resistance arteries;6 (2) endothelium-derived NO-mediated relaxation is easily impaired in atherosclerosis, whereas EDHFmediated relaxation is fairly resistant to atherosclerosis, contributing to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis as a backup system for NO-mediated responses;7 (3) endothelial copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) synthesizes H2O2/EDHF from superoxide anions that are produced predominantly by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS);8 and (4) not only eNOS but also neuronal (nNOS) and inducible NOS (ie, all 3 NOS isoforms) are involved in the synthesis of H2O2/ EDHF under physiological conditions.9
Combined Anteversion Technique in Total Hip Arthroplasty for Crowe IV Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Background A high rate of postoperative dislocation in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has been reported, 1 of the main reasons being higher true acetabular anteversion. If the cup is fixed with normal anteversion, the anterior rim will be excessively exposed, which reduces the contact areas of the cup and bone, affects prosthesis stability, and leads to iliopsoas tendinitis and persistent hip pain after THA. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that when cup anteversion is larger, adjusting femoral anteversion to bring the combined anteversion (CA) into the “safe zone” might prevent dislocation. Methods After having fixed the cup in the acetabulum according to the patients’ native acetabular anteversion, we shortened and rotated the proximal femur to reduce femoral anteversion, adjusting the CA into the “safe zone”. The Harris Hip Score (HHS) was used to evaluate hip joint function. Computerised tomography scanning was used to measure the anteversion angles. Results All patients were followed up without any dislocation. Preoperative and 12 months after surgery, the mean HHS were 43.3 ± 2.6 (38-47) and 88.1 ± 3.3 (78-92) respectively. Pre- and post-operation, the mean CA angles were 88.6° ± 9.4° (80.3°-119.4°) and 49.2° ± 2.6° (43.4°-54.4°) respectively. The bone healing time of femoral osteotomy ranged from 4 to 14 months, with a mean time of 7.5 months. Conclusions This CA technique in THA for Crowe IV DDH can effectively prevent postoperative dislocation and provide good hip function.
The process-oriented event model (PoEM): a conceptual model for industrial events

The paper presents a comprehensive theoretical framework for modeling events and semantics of event processing at a level of abstraction that captures the different processes in industrial applications but is not limited to a specific application domain. The model, called Process-oriented Event Model (PoEM), provides a formal approach to model real-world entities and their interrelationships, and specifies the process of moving from data streams to event detection to event-based goal planning. The model links event detection to states, actions, and roles, enabling event notification, filtering, context awareness and escalation. PoEM defines event and non-event concepts and combines information from them to build an event processing workflow. Usage of the PoEM model is illustrated in case studies from the oil and gas industry and maritime piracy events.