Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Initial result of collective Thomson scattering using 77 GHz gyrotron for bulk and tail ion diagnostics in the Large Helical Device

The collective Thomson scattering (CTS) technique has been utilized with the backscattering configuration in the collective scattering regime to diagnose the velocity distribution functions in the Large Helical Device (LHD). The receiver was equipped with 16 channels and the first test has been carried out using the eight channels for scattered radiation and these channels cover a few GHz frequency shift from the 76.95 GHz probe beam. During the discharge, the electron density and temperature at the central region of the LHD are 1×1019m−3, and 1.0 keV, respectively. The probing beam with rectangular wave modulation is injected by 50 Hz in order to be distinct from the background electron cyclotron emission (ECE). The scattered radiation is resolved successfully at each channel of CTS receiver system. The detected signals of bulk ion and electron components are by a factor of 10 ~ 102 larger than the background ECE signal. We found that the measured spectra are in reasonably agreement with the theoretical spectra calculated by using the reliable measured electron temperature and density for input parameters. The CTS receiver system will be improved to obtain more accurate velocity distributions in high temperature plasmas.
Testing lack of fit in multiple regression

SUMMARY We study lack-of-fit tests based on orthogonal series estimators. A common feature of these tests is that they are functions of score statistics that employ data-driven model dimensions. The criteria used to select the dimension are score-based versions of AIC and BIC. The tests can be applied in a wide variety of settings, including both continuous and discrete data. With two or more covariates, a model sequence, i.e. a path in the alternative models space, has to be chosen. Critical points and p-values of the lack-of-fit tests can be obtained via asymptotic distribution theory or by use of the bootstrap. Data examples and a simulation study illustrate the applicability of the tests.
Finite Element Methods for the Numerical Simulation of Incompressible Viscous Fluid Flow Modeled by the Navier-Stokes Equations. Part II.

The Navier–Stokes equations have been known for more than a century and they still provide the most commonly used mathematical model to describe and study the motion of viscous fluids, including phenomena as complicated as turbulent flow. One can only marvel at the fact that these equations accurately describe phenomena whose length scales (resp., time scale) range from fractions of a millimeter (resp., of a second) to thousands of kilometers (resp., several years). Indeed, the Navier–Stokes equations have been validated by numerous comparisons between analytical or computational results and experimental measurements; some of these comparisons are reported in Canuto et al. 1988 [1], Lesieur 1990 [2], Guyon et al. 1991 [3], and Glowinski 2003 [4]. This note does not have the pretension to cover the full field of finite element methods for the Navier–Stokes equations and is organized in sections as follows: 1. The Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible viscous flow 2. Some operator splitting methods for initial value problems and applications to the Navier–Stokes equations 3. Iterative solution of the advection–diffusion sub–problems and the wavelike equation method for the advection sub–problems 4. Iterative solution of the Stokes type sub–problem 5. Finite element approximation of the Navier–Stokes equations 6. Numerical results
The neutral atomic phases of the interstellar medium

We calculate the thermal equilibrium gas temperature of the diffuse interstellar medium. Our method incorporates a new photoelectric heating rate from small grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that accounts for a size distribution of particles extending from 100 to 3 A radius. We also include a detailed treatment of the ionization rates and heating due to the soft X-ray background and due to cosmic rays. Phase diagrams (thermal pressure P versus hydrogen density n) are presented for gas that is illuminated by local interstellar far-ultraviolet (FUV) and X-ray radiation fields. A stable two-phase medium is produced with thermal pressure in the range P/k approximately = to 10(exp 3-4) K/cc. We demonstrate that photoelectric heating from PAHs dominates in the warm neutral phase (WNM) and cold neutral phase (CNM). If the C II (158 micrometers cooling per hydrogen nucleus in the solar neighborhood represents an average value for the Galaxy, we predict L(sub CII) approximately = to 7 x 10(exp 7) solar luminosities from the CNM in the Galaxy, comparable to that observed by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE). We discuss the dependence of the results on absorbing column density, gas phase abundances, dust abundances and metallicity, FUV field, and the X-ray radiation field. These results will be useful in modeling the multiphase structure of high-velocity clouds in the halo, the interstellar matter (ISM) at other galactocentric radii, and the ISM in external galaxies and galactic nuclei.
Methods for Recovering a Random Waveform from a Finite Number of Samples

The reconstruction of a random waveform from finite data presents an interesting statistical problem, especially if practical constraints are imposed on the method of reconstruction. Consideration is given to the merits of Lagrange polynomial interpolation; RC filtering; linear, least-squares time-varying interpolation; and linear, least-squares, time-invariant interpolation. Numerical results for random waveforms having various correlation functions are presented. From these results a quantitative comparison of the merits of each of the interpolation procedures can be made. From a theoretical point of view one set of mathematical results is new, namely, those results associated with the optimum, linear, time-invariant interpolation of a finite number of samples. The analysis of this problem is complicated by the combination of the constraints of time invariance (i.e., the same interpolatory function is used for each sample) and a finite number of samples. Removal of either constraint makes the problem simpler and leads one to known results.
Responses to topographical forcing

The influence of small topographic features on the dynamic responses of an inviscid, stratified, f-plane ocean to a time-dependent upstream flow is studied. Based on the quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation we analyse a quasi-nonlinear approach, in which the horizontal currents in the advection terms are replaced by the upstream flow. It appears that the quasi-nonlinear theory is susceptible to analytical treatment and contains the essential dynamics to give a sufficient description of the response scenario. As examples, infinitely long ridges and a right-circular cylinder are considered. In the case of an infinitely long top-hat ridge closed-form expressions can be derived. In the case of a cylindrical obstable the theory gives explicit indications of which term corresponds to which of the processes involved, such as topographic waves, which are generated in the starting phase and move clockwise round the obstacle, vortex shedding, and formation of a vortex over the cylinder in the final steady state.
Dynamic domain observation in narrow thin films

We examined the domain structure of high-frequency carrier-type thin-film magnetic field sensors that consist of narrow rectangular CoNbZr thin film to clarify the magnetization process of the sensor head. Moreover, the cause of disagreement between measured and calculated sensitivities was investigated. The measured impedance change of the sensor head can be explained qualitatively by consideration of the wall displacement owing to the growth of the closure domain.
AR and ARMA identification algorithms of Levinson type: An innovations approach

Fast recursive-in-time identification procedures for both AR and ARMA processes (e.g., Chandrasekhar, square root algorithms,. ) have been available for a few years. These algorithms realize the desired transfer functions in the classical polynomial or rational form. On the other hand, the synthesis of polynomial and rational transfer functions in lattice and ladder form has fostered great interest in network theory by virtue of its pleasant properties. This type of synthesis is strongly related to the theory of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. An identification procedure with the realization of the desired whitening filter in lattice form was available for AR processes. We give here a simple approach for obtaining such algorithms, investigating furthermore the connections between the so obtained algorithms and the classical ones (least squares procedure). In the same way, we obtain identification procedures with realization of the desired filter in lattice and ladder form for ARMA processes, together with the connection with the classical extended least squares procedure. The method is based upon a fairly general Levinson orthogonalization lemma in Hilbert space, involving innovation techniques. We extend the method to various other estimation problems. The algorithms we obtain are fast (even somewhat faster than the previous fast ones) and seem to be well conditioned.
GENERALISING MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE IN YEARS 3-4: A CASE STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE OF EXPRESSION

This paper reports on a section of the Early Algebraic Thinking Project (EATP) which focused on Australian Years 3-4 (age 7-9) students’ abilities to generalise mathematical structure in relation to equivalence of expressions (with and without unknowns). It focuses on learning activities involving a sequence of representations to show that change resulting from addition-subtraction requires the performance of the opposite change (subtraction-addition respectively) by the same amount in order to return to the original state (e.g., x = x+p–p or x–q+q in algebraic symbols). It shows that children of this age can generalise this mathematical structure and that effective teaching for generalisation uses creative representation-worksheet partnerships. EATP was a five-year longitudinal project that studied a cohort of students progressively from Years 2 to 6 deriving from 5 inner city middle class state schools in Queensland. The cohort was chosen for their early algebraic thinking, particularly their ability to generalise mathematical structure in patterning, function and equation situations. For EATP, mathematical structure is built around relationship and change (Linchevski, 1995; Scandura, 1971) and is constrained by principles i.e. powerful mathematical ideas where meaning is encoded in the structure between the components not in the form of the components (Ohlsson, 1993). (Note: EATP was funded by Australian Research Council Linkage grant LP0348820.)
Scattering cross sections for composite surfaces that cannot be treated as perturbed–physical optics problems

Perturbation and physical optics theories have traditionally been used to derive the scattering cross sections for composite surfaces that can be regarded as small-scale surface perturbations that ride on filtered, large-scale surfaces. In this case, perturbation theory accounts for Bragg scattering, while physical optics theory accounts for specular point scattering. However, for a more general class of composite surfaces that cannot be decomposed in such a manner, the perturbed–physical optics approach cannot be used. In these cases, it is shown, using the full wave approach, that the specular scattering associated with a filtered surface (consisting of the larger-scale spectral components) is strongly modified and that Bragg scattering and specular point scattering begin to blend with each other. Since the full wave solution accounts for Bragg scattering as well as specular point scattering in a self-consistent manner, it is not necessary to filter (decompose) the composite surface to evaluate the scattering cross sections in the general case. However, filtering the composite surface enhances one's physical insight as to the validity (or lack thereof) of the perturbed-physical optics decomposition and also facilitates the numerical evaluation of the scattering cross sections.
Test of Random Subject Effects In Heteroskedastic Linear Models

A new test of random subject effects in linear regression models is presented. The test is robust against heteroskedasticity and its asymptotic distribution is derived under a sequence of local alternatives. The finite sample properties of the test are studied in a simulation experiment and an empirical example. The results presented show that the new test is to be preferred over earlier test proposed.
Investigations of the Electromagnetic Properties of Three-Dimensional Arbitrarily-Shaped Cloaks

We investigate the electromagnetic properties of three- dimensional (3D) arbitrarily-shaped invisible cloaks based on the analytical fleld transformation theory instead of the complicated numerical simulations. Very simple closed-form expressions for flelds and energy ∞ows have been derived for arbitrarily-shaped 3D cloak, which could help us to investigate the electromagnetic properties of the 3D cloaks rapidly and e-ciently. The difierence between 2D and 3D cloaks have been compared in detail. Distributions of the flelds, power ∞ows and wave polarizations for the 3D case have been discussed inside the cloak. Numerical results have been presented at the cutplanes of cloaks to valid the theoretical analysis, which shows clearly how the incident waves are bent at the inner boundary. In order to further reveal the physical essence of the cloaks, both 3D spherical and ellipsoidal cloaks have been considered based on the analytical method. The common features and the difierences for the two structures have been also illustrated in this paper.
Measurement of neutral strange particle production in the underlying event in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV

Measurements are presented of the production of primary K0S and Λ particles in proton-proton collisions at s√=7 TeV in the region transverse to the leading charged-particle jet in each event. The average multiplicity and average scalar transverse momentum sum of K0S and Λ particles measured at pseudorapidities |η|<2 rise with increasing charged-particle jet pT in the range 1–10 GeV/c and saturate in the region 10–50 GeV/c. The rise and saturation of the strange-particle yields and transverse momentum sums in the underlying event are similar to those observed for inclusive charged particles, which confirms the impact-parameter picture of multiple parton interactions. The results are compared to recent tunes of the pythia Monte Carlo event generator. The pythia simulations underestimate the data by 15%–30% for K0S mesons and by about 50% for Λ baryons, a deficit similar to that observed for the inclusive strange-particle production in non-single-diffractive proton-proton collisions. The constant strange- to charged-particle activity ratios with respect to the leading jet pT and similar trends for mesons and baryons indicate that the multiparton-interaction dynamics is decoupled from parton hadronization, which occurs at a later stage.
Spontaneous emission from a medium with a band spectrum

A theoretical analysis is made of the spontaneous emission from an excited atom or a molecule in a one-dimensional periodic structure formed by a screened two-conductor line filled with periodically distributed dielectric disks. It is shown that when the transition frequency lies within or close to the forbidden band of the periodic structure, the decay of an excited state of an atom or a molecule produces a characteristic long-lived dynamic state. This dynamic state is a superposition of the excited and ground states with an admixture of a photon "cloud," which surrounds the atom or molecule. A study is made of the distribution of the electromagnetic energy of the dynamic state. The energy and the decay law of the excited state are obtained and the spectrum of the emission which accompanies this decay is obtained. It is shown that the spontaneous emission can be suppressed strongly in volumes much greater than the wavelength. The possibility of the suppression of spontaneous emission from lasers is discussed.
Wolfe type duality involving nonsmooth (B, η) -invex functions for a minmax programming problem

Abstract A nonsmooth minmax programming problem, under the assumption of proper (b, η) – invexity conditions on the functions involved in the objective and in the constraints, is considered. For such a problem, a sufficient optimality theorem is proved, a Wolfe type dual is presented and duality theorems relating the primal and the dual are proved. Applications of these results to certain nonsmooth fractional and nonsmooth generalized fractional programming duality are also presented.
Frictionless multiple impacts in multibody systems. I. Theoretical framework

A new method is proposed that can deal with multi-impact problems and produce energetically consistent and unique post-impact velocities. A distributing law related to the energy dispersion is discovered by mapping the time scale into the impulsive scale for bodies composed of rate-independent materials. It indicates that the evolution of the kinetic energy during the impacts is closely associated with the relative contact stiffness and the relative potential energy stored at the contact points. This distributing law is combined with the Darboux–Keller method of taking the normal impulse as an independent ‘time-like’ variable, which obeys a guideline for the selection of an independent normal impulse. Local energy losses are modelled with energetic coefficients of restitution at each contact point. Theoretical developments are presented in the first part in this paper. The second part is dedicated to numerical simulations where numerous and accurate results prove the validity of the approach.
Low-Rank Affinity Based Local-Driven Multilabel Propagation

This paper presents a novel low-rank affinity based local-driven algorithm to robustly propagate the multilabels from training images to test images. A graph is constructed over the segmented local image regions. The labels for vertices from the training data are derived based on the context among different training images, and the derived vertex labels are propagated to the unlabeled vertices via the graph. The multitask low-rank affinity, which jointly seeks the sparsity-consistent low-rank affinities from multiple feature matrices, is applied to compute the edge weights between graph vertices. The inference process of multitask low-rank affinity is formulated as a constrained nuclear norm and -norm minimization problem. The optimization is conducted efficiently with the augmented Lagrange multiplier method. Based on the learned local patch labels we can predict the multilabels for the test images. Experiments on multilabel image annotation demonstrate the encouraging results from the proposed framework.
Control of spectral characteristics of artificial low-frequency ionosphere turbulence

A way to control the spectral characteristics of artificial low-frequency ionosphere turbulence (AITLF) in high frequency (HF) heating experiments is suggested. It is based on the experimentally established dependence of AITLF properties on the pump wave power, frequency, and polarization; on duration of powerful wave radiation; and on turbulence gyrofeatures. Creation of AITLF with given properties can be used in studies of such problems as radio wave propagation under various ionosphere conditions, influence of ionosphere disturbances on plasma-wave interactions, plasma dynamics in the upper ionosphere, generation of plasma density perturbations, and electromagnetic emissions in magnetized plasmas, etc.
High-energy photon radiography system using laser-Compton scattering for inspection of bulk materials

Transmission radiography of bulk materials using continuously energy-tunable quasimonochromatic photon beams has been performed with the photons of a few tens MeV. The photon beam is generated with the laser-Compton scattering of the 300–800 MeV electrons in the electron storage ring “TERAS” with laser lights. The present radiography system is applicable to an inspection of bulk materials and to nondestructive testing of large industrial products. The effectiveness of the method has been examined using metals, ceramics, and concrete blocks. The spatial resolution of the radiography system was measured to be 650 μm using a 1 mm collimator system.
Petri nets in the qualitative modelling of systems

The paper discusses how Petri nets may be used for the qualitative modelling of physical systems. The qualitative state of a system is represented by the marking of the net. The crossing of a landmark value corresponds to the firing of a transition. Energy constraints may be introduced in the model to avoid spurious behaviors during the qualitative simulation. Two "classical" examples are fully discussed: a spring-block system and a bouncing ball system with and without energy dissipation. <<ETX>>
Combined interpolation and maximum likelihood symbol timing recovery in digital receivers

Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation theory provides a general framework for developing optimum timing recovery schemes for digital communication systems. Feedforward schemes based on ML-theory have been shown to have rapid acquisition characteristics. Another important trend is to use digital interpolation for symbol timing adjustment. The so-called Farrow (1988) structure has become popular in this context because it offers an efficient and flexible realization structure for such an interpolation task. We propose a new feedforward timing estimation scheme which utilizes the Farrow structure efficiently. The scheme is based on a low-order polynomial approximation for the log-likelihood function and also the derivative of this function is available with a small additional computational cost. The performance of the new timing recovery technique is found to be close to ideal even with short symbol block-lengths which is very important in mobile systems.
Theory of Cyclotron Resonance of Fröhlich Polarons in High Magnetic Fields

Cyclotron resonance of polarons in ionic crystals is studied by means of a Born-Oppenheimer type method. The Lee, Low, Pines approximation is made for the electron—phonon interaction and so the translational invariance along the magnetic field direction is exploited. Our approach is therefore valid at weak and intermediate couplings and cyclotron frequencies ωc larger than the L.O. phonon frequency ω, which requires rather intense magnetic fields. For relatively large electron—phonon coupling (α ≧ 4) the results also apply qualitatively for weak magnetic fields. The ground state energy and the energy of two excited levels are obtained. The excited states which are treated here are internal excited states of the polaron system and they are different from the normal Landau levels. The stability of some of these states is enhanced under the action of the magnetic field. This leads us to predict absorption at new cyclotron frequencies in ionic crystals especially relevant for intermediate coupling strengths α ≈ 4. [Russian Text Ignored].