Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: I. The heuristic basis of feelings of familiarity.

B. W. A. Whittlesea and L. D. Williams (1998, 2000) proposed the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis to explain the source of feelings of familiarity. By that hypothesis, people chronically evaluate the coherence of their processing. When the quality of processing is perceived as being discrepant from that which could be expected, people engage in an attributional process; the feeling of familiarity occurs when perceived discrepancy is attributed to prior experience. In the present article, the authors provide convergent evidence for that hypothesis and show that it can also explain feelings of familiarity for nonlinguistic stimuli. They demonstrate that the perception of discrepancy is not automatic but instead depends critically on the attitude that people adopt toward their processing, given the task and context. The connection between the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis and the "revelation effect" is also explored (e.g., D. L. Westerman & R. L. Greene, 1996).
Hypnotist framing: hypnotic practice as a resource for poetic interaction design

Interaction design has noticed that different notions of users reflect different underlying paradigms, ranging from task-oriented operators, cognitive users, to phenomenological individuals. When exploring non-task-oriented interaction such as poetic interaction design, it would be problematic to reduce a person into a specific type of user, as well as to regard an individual as always in a fixed mental state. Hypnosis is a practice known as its ability to make suggestions and to guide imagery by deliberately changing the mental state of a subject. An apprenticeship-based activity was conducted to reveal the perspective and techniques of a hypnotist, aiming to provide a lens through which interaction designers can reframe the relation between users and artifacts. This study sensitizes poetic interaction with Chinese poetry, collects accounts in the field, draws implications, and critically reflects on poetic imagery and guided imagery in a constructive way to enrich the body of knowledge in HCI.
Synchronous pipeline with normally transparent pipeline stages

A synchronous pipeline segment and the segment comprising an integrated circuit (IC). Fragment comprises an input stage, an output stage and at least one intermediate stage. Associated with each stage place holder latch indicating whether valid stage data is in the stage. Gated local clock buffer providing a local clock corresponding stage. Input and output stages are normally opaque and normally transparent intermediate stages. Items in between input and output stage by the local asynchronous, and an opaque gated intermediate stages separated.
An Overview of Legged Robots

The objective of this paper is to present the evolution and the state-of-theart in the area of legged locomotion systems. In a first phase different possibilities for mobile robots are discussed, namely the case of artificial legged locomotion systems, while emphasizing their advantages and limitations. In a second phase an historical overview of the evolution of these systems is presented, bearing in mind several particular cases often considered as milestones on the technological and scientific progress. After this historical timeline, some of the present day systems are examined and their performance is analyzed. In a third phase are pointed out the major areas for research and development that are presently being followed in the construction of legged robots. Finally, some of the problems still unsolved, that remain defying robotics research, are also addressed.
T Cells Contribute to Disease Severity during Coxsackievirus B4 Infection

ABSTRACT By using a model of coxsackievirus B4-induced disease, the question of whether tissue damage is due to the virus or to immune-mediated mechanisms was addressed. Both viral replication and T-cell function were implicated in contributing to the severity of disease. Three stages (I to III) of disease, which correspond to periods of high viral titers, low viral titers, and no infectious virus, have been identified. Stage I disease is considered to be primarily the result of viral replication. Immunopathological mechanisms appear to contribute to the severity of stage II and III disease. To investigate the role of T cells in contributing to the severity of disease, viral infection in CD8 knockout (ko) mice and CD4 ko mice was analyzed. CD8 T-cell responses appear to be beneficial during early, viral disease but detrimental in later disease when viral titers are diminishing. CD4 ko mice, unlike the parental strain, survived infection. Viral replication was lower in the CD4 ko mice. Was survival due to decreased viral replication or to the lack of T-helper-cell function? To investigate further the role of T helper cells in contributing to tissue damage, viral infection in two additional ko strains (interleukin-4 [IL-4] ko and gamma interferon ko strains) was examined. A clear correlation between viral replication and the outcome of infection was not observed. The absence of IL-4, which may influence T-helper-cell subset development, was advantageous during early viral disease but deleterious in later disease. The results suggest that T-cell-mediated immunity is both beneficial and detrimental during coxsackievirus B4 infection.
The Simple Health System Rules That Create Value

In 1991, Plsek sought to improve the quality of health care by challenging the readers of Crossing the Quality Chasm to find the few simple rules that might guide the local development of the 21st century health system. We have analyzed our health system's activities in the context of systems science as it seeks to create value (improve population health and patient experience, and reduce costs) for its stakeholders. We have concluded that 5 rules are simultaneously necessary and sufficient for success: 1) The stakeholders agree on a set of mutual, measurable goals for the health system; 2) the extent to which the goals are being achieved is reported to the public; 3) resources are available to achieve the goals; 4) stakeholder incentives, imperatives, and sanctions are aligned with the agreed-on health system goals; and 5) leaders among all stakeholders endorse and promote the agreed-on health system goals.
Properties of DNA from some malarial parasites

The base compositions of DNA from some species of malarial parasite have been estimated by measurement of density in CsCl gradients and of thermal denaturation temperatures. Species from avian (Plasmodium gallinaceum) and rodent (P. berghei and P. vinckei) hosts – often used as model systems in malarial studies – contain single DNA components with base compositions of about 20% G + C. By contrast, species from primate hosts (P. knowlesi and P. falciparum) contain major DNA components of about 40% G + C and minor ones of about 20% G + C. These differences could be reflexions of markedly different genomes within these two groups of the genus Plasmodium. Apart from differences in base composition, the physico-chemical properties of the main components of DNA from primate and rodent malarial parasites are very similar to those of DNA from mammalian cells. DNA from avian malarial parasites appears to have some unusual properties. One of us (P.I.T.) received financial assistance from the World Health Organization. We thank Dr F. Hawking and Dr J. Williamson for many helpful discussions, Dr W. H. G. Richards, Dr A. Voller and Dr D. C. Warhurst for the provision of some of the strains and Miss Jane Dunnett, Mrs A. C. Gutteridge and Mr T. Scott-Finnigan for technical assistance.
A Fast Motion Planning Approach for Virtual Human Upper Body

Motion planning for virtual human upper body including torso and arm received continuous interest in computer graphics community in the past year. Though a variety of motion planning approaches have been proposed to address the problem of 7 DOF (degrees of freedom) arm manipulation, planning the motion of entire upper body chain for general manipulation task is remained unresolved as there is no explicit inverse kinematics (IK) solution for the redundant chain. In this paper, a novel unified framework that combines the workspace goal-oriented heuristics and a variant of random sampling strategy called Goal-oriented Rapidly-exploring random tree (Goal_RRT) planner is proposed to efficiently resolve manipulation planning problems for upper body chain without the need of explicit IK solutions. Experimental results demonstrate the method is fast and reliable.
Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation: Spiegelhalter/Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation

The Bayesian approach involves synthesising data and judgement in order to reach conclusions about unknown quantities and make predictions. Bayesian methods have become increasingly popular in recent years, notably in medical research, and although there are a number of books on Bayesian analysis, few cover clinical trials and biostatistical applications in any detail. Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation provides a valuable overview of this rapidly evolving field, including basic Bayesian ideas, prior distributions, clinical trials, observational studies, evidence synthesis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Covers a broad array of essential topics, building from the basics to more advanced techniques.
On Design of a Question-Answering Interface for Hindi in a Restricted Domain

The paper presents a schema for developing natural language interface for question-answering in Hindi in a specific domain and discusses issues involved therein. The system performs a shallow syntactic and semantic analysis of the input system. After identifying certain keywords in the query, the system triggers a reasoning process to determine the type of query and the answer slots that are required for reply generation. The reply generation is in the form of slot-fillings as identified through the reasoning process and by triggering information retrieval from the domain database. We outline strategy for incorporating inter-query contexts and for generating back-query to the user.
Temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age: prospective population based study

Abstract Objective To examine the temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age. Design Prospective, population based study with four years of follow up. Setting City of Leiden, the Netherlands. Participants 500 people aged 85 years at recruitment. Main outcome measures Annual assessments of depressive symptoms (15 item geriatric depression scale), global cognitive function (mini-mental state examination), attention (Stroop test), processing speed (letter digit coding test), and immediate and delayed recall (12 word learning test). Results At 85 years old, participants' depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment were highly significantly correlated (P < 0.001). During follow up, an accelerated annual increase of depressive symptoms was associated with impaired attention (0.08 points (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.16)), immediate recall (0.17 points (0.09 to 0.25)), and delayed recall (0.10 points (0.02 to 0.18)) at baseline. In contrast, depressive symptoms at baseline were not related to an accelerated cognitive decline during follow up (P > 0.05). Conclusion Caregivers should be aware of the development of depressive symptoms when cognitive impairment is present. However, the presence of depression only does not increase the risk of cognitive decline.
Cyclooxygenase-2, player or spectator in cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND The antitumor activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors is thought to involve COX-2 enzyme inhibition and apoptosis induction, but it is unclear whether COX-2 inhibition is required for apoptosis. Different COX-2 inhibitors have similar IC(50) values (concentration for 50% inhibition) for COX-2 inhibition but differ considerably in their abilities to induce apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of a COX-2-independent pathway in apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of COX-2 depletion on apoptosis and performed a structure-activity analysis of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib in the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line PC-3. METHODS Tetracycline-inducible (Tet-On) COX-2 antisense clones were isolated to assess the effect of COX-2 expression on cell viability and sensitivity to apoptosis induced by COX-2 inhibitors. Untreated Tet-On clones differentially expressed COX-2, and doxycycline-treated clones were depleted of COX-2. We synthesized and characterized various celecoxib derivatives with various COX-2 inhibitory activities and determined their apoptotic activity in PC-3 cells. Apoptosis was assessed with four tests. RESULTS In contrast to the effect of COX-2 inhibitors, which induced apoptosis, COX-2 depletion did not induce cell death. Susceptibility to COX-2 inhibitor-induced apoptosis was independent of the level of COX-2 expression. Structure-activity analysis found no correlation between apoptosis induction and COX-2 inhibition. Some celecoxib derivatives that lacked COX-2 inhibitory activity facilitated apoptosis and vice versa. Moreover, celecoxib and apoptosis-active celecoxib derivatives mediated cell death by inhibiting the same pathway. CONCLUSION We have dissociated the apoptosis-inducing activity from the COX-2 inhibitory activity by structural modifications of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. This separation of activities may provide a molecular basis for the development of new classes of apoptosis-inducing agents.
Time-domain measurement of fluorescence lifetime variation with pH

Advances in the design and miniaturization of the lasers and electronics required for Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) measurement of fluorescence lifetime have simplified the use of the time domain method. We have assembled a compact portable system that is capable of measuring lifetimes down to approximately 200 ps (with deconvolution) and that can operate at a range of excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation sources are pulsed LEDs and laser diodes with a maximum pulse rate of 40 MHz and are easily interchanged. Furthermore, the development of violet and blue GaN LEDs and laser diodes is expanding the range of fluorophores available for fluorescence lifetime measurement of ion concentrations. pH sensitive fluorophores have a wide range of biological and clinical applications. The use of fluorescence lifetime rather than intensity to measure pH has a number of advantages including the reduction of effects due to the photobleaching, scattering, and intensity variations in the excitation source. Using our compact TCSPC instrumentation we have measured the dependence of fluorescence lifetimes on pH for a range of dyes in phosphate buffer over the physiologically important range of 6.0 to 8.0. Most dyes exhibit only a small variation in lifetime (<1.0ns) over the 6.0 to 8.0 pH range; however, acridine exhibits a large variation in lifetime and hence shows promise as a pH indicator.
Movement-related neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson disease.

OBJECT The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a target in the surgical treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). Little is known about the neurons within the human STN that modulate movement. The authors' goal was to examine the distribution of movement-related neurons within the STN of humans by using microelectrode recording to identify neuronal receptive fields. METHODS Data were retrospectively collected from microelectrode recordings that had been obtained in 38 patients with PD during surgery for placement of STN deep brain stimulation electrodes. The recordings had been obtained in awake, nonsedated patients. Antiparkinsonian medications were withheld the night before surgery. Neuronal discharges were amplified, filtered, and displayed on an oscilloscope and fed to an audio monitor. The receptive fields were identified by the presence of reproducible, audible changes in the firing rate that were time-locked to the movement of specific joint(s). The median number of electrode tracks per patient was six (range two-nine). The receptive fields were identified in 278 (55%) of 510 STN neurons studied. One hundred one tracks yielded receptive field data. Fourteen percent of 64 cells tested positive for face receptive fields, 32% of 687 cells tested positive for upper-extremity receptive fields, and 21% of 242 cells tested positive for lower-extremity receptive fields. Sixty-eight cells (24%) demonstrated multiple-joint receptive fields. Ninety-three cells (65%) with movement-related receptive fields were located in the dorsal half of the STN, and 96.8% of these were located in the rostral two thirds of the STN. Analysis of receptive field locations from pooled data and along individual electrode tracks failed to reveal a consistent somatotopic organization. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study demonstrate a regional compartmentalization of neurons with movement-related receptive fields within the STN, supporting the existence of specific motor territories within the STN in patients suffering from PD.
Genotype calling and mapping of multisite variants using an Atlantic salmon iSelect SNP array

MOTIVATION Due to a genome duplication event in the recent history of salmonids, modern Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have a mosaic genome with roughly one-third being tetraploid. This is a complicating factor in genotyping and genetic mapping since polymorphisms within duplicated regions (multisite variants; MSVs) are challenging to call and to assign to the correct paralogue. Standard genotyping software offered by Illumina has not been written to interpret MSVs and will either fail or miscall these polymorphisms. For the purpose of mapping, linkage or association studies in non-diploid species, there is a pressing need for software that includes analysis of MSVs in addition to regular single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. RESULTS A software package is presented for the analysis of partially tetraploid genomes genotyped using Illumina Infinium BeadArrays (Illumina Inc.) that includes pre-processing, clustering, plotting and validation routines. More than 3000 salmon from an aquacultural strain in Norway, distributed among 266 full-sib families, were genotyped on a 15K BeadArray including both SNP- and MSV-markers. A total of 4268 SNPs and 1471 MSVs were identified, with average call accuracies of 0.97 and 0.86, respectively. A total of 150 MSVs polymorphic in both paralogs were dissected and mapped to their respective chromosomes, yielding insights about the salmon genome reversion to diploidy and improving marker genome coverage. Several retained homologies were found and are reported. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION R-package beadarrayMSV freely available on the web at http://cran.r-project.org/.
Historic buildings resilience: A view over envelope energy retrofit possibilities.

2018 is the European Year of Cultural Heritage, officially defined by the European Parliament and Council in May 2017. Therefore the need of defining and promoting good practices in conservation and enhancement of historic buildings in Europe is much a current issue. In the last decades, an increasing attention has been paid to the improvement of energy performances and indoor thermal comfort in existing constructions to guarantee their reuse and keep them alive. Moreover, historic buildings, by definition durable and resilient constructions, should be prepared for the new challenges of climatic changes. The present study considers strategies, technologies and materials proposed in literature for historic buildings energy and thermal retrofit, focusing particularly on envelope refurbishment interventions. The suitability of the solutions for preserving historic valuable constructions is also accounted, mainly via considering the principle of authenticity and vapour permeability for compatibility. The efficacy of the interventions, in terms of energy savings, is then investigated. Results show that existing solutions can lead to significant decreases in buildings energy consumption, 22% to 51% averagely, but only part of them appears suitable for historic buildings preservation.
An evidence‐based review of the impact of periprocedural myocardial infarction in carotid revascularization

Landmark trials comparing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with medical therapy in patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of extracranial carotid arteries have favored carotid revascularization. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has emerged as a minimally invasive option for revascularization of carotid artery stenoses and has been shown to be noninferior to CEA, regardless of patient symptom status. Debate continues regarding the importance of periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) as an endpoint in carotid revascularization trials. Recent randomized comparisons of CEA and CAS pre‐specify PMI as an endpoint. Understanding PMI in CEA and CAS, the need for routine biomarker assessment surrounding both revascularization strategies, the effect of PMI on long‐term morbidity and mortality, and the groups most at risk for PMI are of critical importance when choosing a carotid revascularization strategy for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, since decreasing the incidence of PMI will make revascularization safer. This review examines available data regarding the relevance of PMI in vascular and carotid‐specific outcomes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linking the Wasatchian / Bridgerian boundary to the Cenozoic Global Climate Optimum : new magnetostratigraphic and isotopic results from South Pass , Wyoming

New paleomagnetic and stable isotopic results from the northeastern margin of the greater Green River Basin (South Pass, Wyoming) provide a re®ned geochronological context for the Wasatchian/Bridgerian Land Mammal Age boundary and suggest the existence of large amplitude Milankovich-scale carbon and oxygen isotopic oscillations in this area during the early Eocene. Analysis of 55 paleomagnetic sites through a 310 m section of Wasatch, Green River, and Bridger Formations indicates several reversals that can be correlated to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale using radiometric age constraints. This correlation places the Wasatchian/Bridgerian boundary in Chron C23r at about 52 Ma, approximately two million years older than previous estimates. This new correlation suggests that the mammalian turnover which characterizes the Wasatchian/Bridgerian boundary is coincident with the onset of the Cenozoic Global Climate Optimum, the warmest interval of the entire Cenozoic. Intrabasinal magnetostratigraphic correlation supports earlier claims that community composition and biostratigraphic datums of basinmargin faunas can differ signi®cantly from coeval basin-center faunas. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of paleosol carbonates show in-phase cyclic variations on the order of 6 and 3.51⁄2, respectively. Based on the preferred magnetostratigraphic correlation, the four best-de®ned cycles represent 397 thousand years, indicating potential forcing by variations in orbital eccentricity. Oxygen isotopic variations may be tracking wet/dry cycles ampli®ed by adjacent changes in levels of paleolake Gosuite. Carbon isotopic variations may be tracking the vegetative response to these climate variations. Alternative interpretations involve cyclic changes in pedogenesis, driving correlated variations in isotopic inheritance from parent (Paleozoic) carbonate material and the possibility that C4 plants existed in marginal habitats earlier in geological time than previously thought. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.