Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Banning Hate Speech and the Sticks and Stones Defense

Black college students are the targets of racial epithets from fellow students. Members of the American Nazi Party march through the heavily Jewish Chicago suburb of Skokie, wearing brownshirts and swastikas. Female employees encounter various expressions of misogynistic or otherwise female-degrading views from fellow employees or supervisors in the workplace. What these events have in common is that in all of them, the targets of the speech claim that the speech is harmful to them. Moreover, in all of them, the targets have sought to have the hateful speech legally suppressed through injunction (in Skokie),I campus hate speech codes,2 or Title VII's ban on various types of job discrimination.3 Finally, in all of them, the speakers have raised a first amendment defense against the attempts at legal suppression. A lot of recent scholarly attention has been focused on these and similar events, most of it concerned with whether and when the first amendment should bar suppression of this "hate speech. "4 In addressing this issue, I, like most of the scholars, shall take "hate speech" to mean epithets conventionally understood to be insulting references to characteristics such as race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, religion, and sexual preference. Such epithets are the central targets of most campus speech codes; and speech codes are unlikely to be drafted or interpreted to apply to more measured expressions of views about race and
Droop control in a mechanical power grid simulator

Teaching electrical network control problems, such as droop control in power systems, is challenging (in part) because electrical systems are difficult to effectively visualize. Existing approaches do not generally provide students with an effective, intuitive understanding of the concepts. To address this problem, this paper describes a mechanical power grid simulator, MechGrid, and the development of a distributed primary frequency (droop) control system for MechGrid. This system provides the opportunity for hands-on and exploratory lab experiments for students learning frequency droop control. The paper presents the design of a motor controller board based on the Arduino platform, which implements a droop control system with adjustable parameters. An example laboratory experiment is then presented to demonstrate the operation of the control system and its usefulness as a teaching tool. Learning objectives for this lab are also discussed with emphasis on the benefits of the MechGrid platform for teaching droop control concepts.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass for a Patient With Congenital Hyperinsulinemia

Congenital hyperinsulinism is a clinical syndrome of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction characterized by failure to suppress insulin secretion in the presence of hypoglycemia. Here, we describe the concerns, the techniques used to ameliorate these potential problems, and the outcomes for a child with this condition undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for correction of an atrial septal defect.
YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS, SEROGROUP O:1A, INFECTION IN TWO AMAZON PARROTS (AMAZONA AESTIVA AND AMAZONA ORATRIX) WITH HEPATIC HEMOSIDEROSIS

Abstract: Necropsies were conducted on a female blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva) and a female yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) that died after depression, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, and biliverdin in the urine. Gross and microscopic examinations revealed multifocal necrosis in the liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, intestines, and heart caused by acute bacteremia. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, serogroup O:1a, was isolated by culturing from the visceral lesions in the liver, intestines, and spleen. Virulence gene analysis showed the presence of the inv gene and the complete pathogenicity island: IS100, psn, yptE, irp1, irp2 ybtP-ybtQ, ybtX-ybtS, and int asnT-Int. Histopathologic findings and chemical analysis also demonstrated hepatic hemosiderosis. As has been demonstrated in other species, hemosiderosis may predispose Amazona spp. to systemic infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis after enteric disease.
Nutrient concentration, resorption and lifespan: leaf traits of Australian sclerophyll species

Summary 1. Most plants withdraw nutrients from leaves as they age, and redeploy them elsewhere in the plant. The proportion of nutrients resorbed and the residual nutrient concentration in senesced leaves are different but complementary indices of nutrient conservation via this process. A major spectrum of strategic variation runs from plant species with typically long leaf lifespan (LL), high leaf mass per area (LMA), low leaf nutrient concentrations, and low photosynthetic capacity, to species with the opposite characteristics. It is unknown to what extent either facet of resorption covaries with the LL‐LMA spectrum. 2. Green-leaf and senesced-leaf N and P concentrations were quantified for 73 evergreen species from four sites in eastern Australia (nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor sites in each of two rainfall zones). Leaf nutrient concentrations in green and senesced leaves were negatively correlated with LL across all species and at most sites, especially if N 2 fixing species were excluded from analyses involving leaf N. 3. Proportional resorption did not differ with soil nutrients, as has been found elsewhere, nor was it correlated with LL. Green-leaf and senesced-leaf nutrient concentrations were lower for species on poorer soils. A simple model was described in which the proportion of resorbed vs soil-derived nutrients deployed in new leaves is set by the relative cost of nutrients from the two sources. The model provides a prospective explanation for the observed differences between species from nutrient-rich and nutrientpoor habitats. 4. The results from this study provide support for the argument that selection to minimize nutrient losses has affected the residual nutrient concentration in senesced leaves, rather than proportional resorption per se . Further, variation among species in residual nutrient concentration was correlated with one of the key spectra of strategic variation between plant species, the leaf lifespan‐LMA axis of variation.
The cytotoxic protein YopE of Yersinia obstructs the primary host defence

It has previously been shown that the plasmid‐encoded YopE protein of Yersinia pseudotubercuiosis is a virulence determinant. In this study, HeLa cells, macrophages and mice were used as different model systems to determine the actual role of YopE in the virulence process. The YopE protein mediates a cytotoxic response on a confluent layer of HeLa cells. A prerequisite of this activity is that the pathogen binds to the cell surface. YopE also induces a cytotoxic response on mouse macrophages where it influences the ability of the pathogen to resist phagocytosis. Bacterial mutants defective in their ability to express YopE are avirulent after oral or Intra peritonea I infection but virulent following intravenous injection. On the basis of these results, we propose a role for YopE in the virulence process of Yersinia.
Sustainable operation and management of data center chillers using temporal data mining

Motivation: Data centers are a critical component of modern IT infrastructure but are also among the worst environmental offenders through their increasing energy usage and the resulting large carbon footprints. Efficient management of data centers, including power management, networking, and cooling infrastructure, is hence crucial to sustainability. In the absence of a 'first-principles' approach to manage these complex components and their interactions, data-driven approaches have become attractive and tenable. Results: We present a temporal data mining solution to model and optimize performance of data center chillers, a key component of the cooling infrastructure. It helps bridge raw, numeric, time-series information from sensor streams toward higher level characterizations of chiller behavior, suitable for a data center engineer. To aid in this transduction, temporal data streams are first encoded into a symbolic representation, next run-length encoded segments are mined to form frequent motifs in time series, and finally these metrics are evaluated by their contributions to sustainability. A key innovation in our application is the ability to intersperse "don't care" transitions (e.g., transients) in continuous-valued time series data, an advantage we inherit by the application of frequent episode mining to symbolized representations of numeric time series. Our approach provides both qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the sensor streams to the data center engineer, to aid him in tuning chiller operating characteristics. This system is currently being prototyped for a data center managed by HP and experimental results from this application reveal the promise of our approach.
Corrigendum: Nogo-A-deficient transgenic rats show deficits in higher cognitive functions, decreased anxiety, and altered circadian activity patterns

1 Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic 2 First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 3 Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic 4 Social Psychology, Department of Psychology II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany 5 Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany 6 Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 7 Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 8 Division of Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Invasion, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Leptin-Promoted Human Extravillous Trophoblast Invasion Is MMP14 Dependent and Requires the Cross Talk Between Notch1 and PI3K/Akt Signaling1

ABSTRACT The overexpression of leptin is a crucial feature for the maintenance of pregnancy. The effects of leptin on trophoblast invasion are important to its reproductive function, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. MMP14 is a member of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family that is closely involved in the invasion process. Here, we characterized the importance of MMP14 in the proinvasion effect of leptin on EVT cells and elucidated its molecular mechanisms. Transwell assay revealed that leptin promoted invasion of the immortalized EVT cell line HTR-8/SVneo in a dose- and time-related fashion. Further studies suggested that leptin enhanced HTR-8/SVneo cell invasion by up-regulating MMP14 expression and that knockdown of MMP14 by small interference RNA (siRNA) blocked the proinvasion effect of leptin. Notably, leptin promoted the expression of Notch1 receptor and activated its signaling in HTR-8/SVneo cells, and blocking this pathway by siRNA inhibited both leptin-enhanced MMP14 expression and invasiveness of HTR-8/SVneo cells. Such effects of Notch1 signaling were related with the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which was significantly activated after leptin stimulation and was interfered by Notch1 signaling perturbation. Taken together, our observations suggest that leptin is an effective regulator of MMP14 expression, which consequently plays critical roles in invasion of EVT cells. The promoting effects of leptin on MMP14 require the cross talk between Notch1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
Reduction of latency and resource usage in bit-level pipelined data paths for FPGAs

Pipelining of data path structures increases the throughput rate at the expense of enlarged resource usage and latency unless architectures optimised towards specifice applications are used. This paper describes a novel methodology for the design of generic bit-level pipelined data paths that have the low resource usage and latency of specifically tailored architectures but still allow the fexiable trade-off between speed and resource requirements inherent in generic circuits. This is achieved through the elimination of all skew and alignment flip-flops from the data path whilst still maintaining the original pipelining scheme, hence allowing more compact structures with decreased circuit delays. The resulting low latency is beneficial in the realisation of all recursive signal processing applications and the reduced resource usage enables particularly the efficient FPGA realisation of high performance signal processing functions. The design process is illustrated through the high level-based FPGA realisation of a 9th-order wave digital filter, demonstrating that high performance and efficient resource usage are possible. For example, the implementation of a digital filter with 10-bit signal word length and 6-bit coefficients using a Xilinx XC4013XL-1 device supports sample rates of 2.5MHz
STOCHASTIC TECHNIQUES FOR MODELLING BRAIN CONNECTIVITY IN NEUROIMAGING

A fundamental question in neuroscience is how different brain areas communicate with each other. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) is a generic formalism to study effective brain connectivity based on neuroimaging data, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The interactions between neuronal activity at different brain areas areas are modelled as a first-order differential equation which also incorporates a generative model of how the neuronal activity is transformed into the measured haemodynamic fMRI response the haemodynamic response function (HRF). The problem of discriminating between different structures of connectivity can be solved by state-of-the-art Bayesian methods, whereby parameter estimation is followed by model selection. These methods are computationally expensive and may converge to parameter values that are valid only for a particular dataset. In this thesis, the well-known multiple-model kalman filter (MMKF) is applied in a number of different ways to perform model selection in an efficient manner, upon simulated data from models with different connectivity structures. The problem of estimating the haemodynamic response function (HRF) is first addressed and the methodology is then extended to the full problem of estimating the DCM. The results show that the MMKF seems to be very accurate at choosing the correct connectivity structure between two parametrized models, even taking into account the output non-linearity (the HRF). In conclusion, this work provides the first demonstration of the applicability of MMKF approaches to the problem of estimating effective brain connectivity based on DCM for fMRI.
Spatial coherence in human tissue: implications for imaging and measurement

The spatial coherence properties of the signal backscattered by human tissue and measured by an ultrasound transducer array are investigated. Fourier acoustics are used to describe the propagation of ultrasound through a model of tissue that includes reverberation and random scattering in the imaging plane. The theoretical development describes how the near-field tissue layer, transducer aperture properties, and reflectivity function at the focus reduce the spatial coherence of the imaging wave measured at the transducer surface. Simulations are used to propagate the acoustic field through a histologically characterized sample of the human abdomen and to validate the theoretical predictions. In vivo measurements performed with a diagnostic ultrasound scanner demonstrate that simulations and theory closely match the measured spatial coherence characteristics in the human body across the transducer array's entire spatial extent. The theoretical framework and simulations are then used to describe the physics of spatial coherence imaging, a type of ultrasound imaging that measures coherence properties instead of echo brightness. The same echo data from an F/2 transducer was used to generate B-mode and short lag spatial coherence images. For an anechoic lesion at the focus, the contrast-to-noise ratio is 1.21 for conventional B-mode imaging and 1.95 for spatial coherence imaging. It is shown that the contrast in spatial coherence imaging depends on the properties of the near-field tissue layer and the backscattering function in the focal plane.
SEED: Public Energy and Environment Dataset for Optimizing HVAC Operation in Subway Stations

For sustainability and energy saving, the problem to optimize the control of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems has attracted great attentions, but analyzing the signatures of thermal environments and HVAC systems and the evaluation of the optimization policies has encountered inefficiency and inconvenient problems due to the lack of public dataset. In this paper, we present the Subway station Energy and Environment Dataset (SEED), which was collected from a line of Beijing subway stations, providing minute-resolution data regarding the environment dynamics (temperature, humidity, CO2, etc.) working states and energy consumptions of the HVAC systems (ventilators, refrigerators, pumps), and hour-resolution data of passenger flows. We describe the sensor deployments and the HVAC systems for data collection and for environment control, and also present initial investigation for the energy disaggregation of HVAC system, the signatures of the thermal load, cooling supply, and the passenger flow using the dataset.
Pedagogy and the shaping of consciousness : linguistic and social processes

Society, language and the mind - the meta-dialogism of Basil Bernstein's theory, Ruqaiya Hasan context for learning, Carmel Cloran preparing for school - developing a semantic style for educational knowledge, Clare Painter the pedagogic device and the production of pedagogic discourse - a case example in early literacy education, Geoff Williams mentoring semogenesis - "genre-based" literacy pedagogy, J.R. Martin the pedagogic device and the teaching of English, Frances Christie language, knowledge and authority in school mathematics, Robert Veel culture, competence and schooling -approaches to literacy teaching in indigenous school education, David Rose official knowledge and pedagogic identities, Basil Bernstein pedagogic identities and educational reform in the 1990s - the cultural dynamic of national curricula, William Tyler.
Response to “Older Cancer Patients’ User Experiences With Web-Based Health Information Tools: A Think-Aloud Study”

We read with great interest the paper by Bolle et al that highlights the important determinants of usability and perceived usefulness of Web-based health information among older adults [1]. This paper is both timely and important. Web-based health information is increasingly being seen as an efficient means of patient education; however, the health information needs of older adults are often neglected [2]. Therefore, understanding how to improve Web-based tools for older adults would be hugely beneficial.
Barbiturate coma in severe hemispheric stroke

Barbiturates are administered in a variety of clinical conditions to control elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). However, their routine use to treat elevated ICP has been questioned because it may cause severe side effects. We therefore investigated the effect of high-dose barbiturate therapy on ICP and outcome in patients with severe brain edema after severe middle cerebral artery (MCA) or hemispheric infarction. Barbiturate coma was induced with thiopental infusion in 60 patients with critically increased ICP due to large hemispheric or MCA territory infarction, defined by CT. ICP was monitored in all patients during barbiturate therapy. Barbiturate coma was induced after a standardized treatment protocol for increased ICP after failure of osmotherapy and mild hyperventilation. During barbiturate administration, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and mean arterial pressure were recorded. Clinical outcome of these patients and the individual effect on ICP were analyzed. Only five of 60 patients who were treated with barbiturate coma survived (8%). All other patients died after transtentorial herniation with subsequent brain death. Barbiturate infusion was followed by a drop in ICP in 50 patients and showed no effect on ICP values in 10 patients. CPP decreased with a mean of 9 mm Hg (range, 5 to 20 mm Hg). Although barbiturates were initially effective, only in some patients was ICP control sustained. Severe side effects of barbiturate therapy, besides arterial hypotension, were seen in 15 patients (25%). Barbiturate coma in the therapy of increased ICP after severe ischemic hemispheric stroke can lower critically elevated ICP levels. However, it seems to have no positive effect on neurologic outcome.
Natuurbeelden. Publieke visies op natuur en de consequenties voor het natuurbeheer; Samenvatting van het proefschrift "Public Natures. Social representations of nature and local practices"

Voor u ligt de Nederlandstalige en verkorte versie van het proefschrift over de natuurbeelden van burgers en de implicaties van dergelijke beelden voor natuurbeleid en natuurbeheer (Buijs, 2009). In het proefschrift is geprobeerd twee ambities te combineren: een wetenschappelijke ambitie om het onderzoek naar burgers en natuur theoretisch te versterken en een beleidsmatige ambitie om bij te dragen aan de vermaatschappelijking van het natuurbeleid en het natuurbeheer, vooral gericht op het betrekken van de visies van de Nederlandse burgers bij beleid en beheer. Omdat deze versie vooral gericht is op de uitkomsten die relevant zijn voor professionals uit de dagelijkse praktijk, is slechts een selectie van de resultaten uit de dissertatie opgenomen. In verband met de leesbaarheid zijn ook slechts een zeer beperkt aantal literatuurverwijzingen opgenomen
Family Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

This chapter reviews the extant literature on the interpersonal aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a focus on couple and family models of PTSD. Topics include the association of PTSD with a variety of family relationship problems in a range of traumatized populations. The role of relevant interpersonal constructs in the onset and maintenance of PTSD (e.g., social support, communication patterns) and the psychological effects of PTSD symptoms on family members and their interactions are discussed. In addition, models that take into account a range of relationship variables and the likely bidirectional association between individual and family functioning in PTSD are presented. Future directions for theory and research, as well as the clinical implications of this work, are outlined.
A DNASE-SENSITIVE TWISTED STRUCTURE IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX OF POLYSIPHONIA (RHODOPHYTA)

In the course of observations concerning ultrastructural alterations in cellular organelles during the life cycle of red algae, our attention was attracted by a feature shown by mitochondria during the cell division which gives rise to young carpospores in Polysiphonia . In this note we will describe an interesting twisted structure in the mitochondrial matrix, which seems to differ from the helices seen in the intracristal space by several other authors (2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10) .