Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
8 A 32 kb SRAM for Error-Free and Error-Tolerant Applications with Dynamic Energy-Quality Management in 28 nm CMOS

Voltage scaling is widely used to improve SRAM energy efficiency [1-2], particularly in mobile systems with tight power budgets. The resulting energy benefits are limited by the minimum voltage ensuring error-free operation, Vmin, which has stagnated due to growing process variation in advanced technology nodes [3]. Error-tolerant applications and systems (e.g., multimedia) allow more aggressive voltage scaling by operating below Vmin, which is acceptable if errors due to bitcell write/read failures do not perceptibly reduce application quality (e.g., image quality). Unfortunately, in traditional SRAMs bit error rate degrades rapidly for VDD < Vmin [4], limiting energy gains. Under a given quality target, further energy reduction is possible through application-specific methods that exploit the features of data stored in a given application [4-5]. However, these approaches are not reusable across applications, and further the energy-quality trade-off is fixed at design time, which degrades energy savings in applications with lower quality targets and in chips near typical corner.
Bounds for the solution of discrete coupled lyapunov equation

It is well known that algebraic Lyapunov and Riccati equations are widely applied to various engineering areas including different problems in signal processing and, especially, control theory. In the area of control system analysis and design, these equations play crucial role in system stability and boundedness analysis, optimal and robust controllers and filters design, the transient behavior estimates, etc. During the past two decades many bounds for the solution of various types of algebraic Lyapunov and Riccati equation have been reported. The surveys of such results can be found in (Mori and Derese, 1984), (Komaroff, 1996), (Kwon et al., 1996), (Czornik and Nawrat, 2000). The reasons that the problem to estimate upper and lower bounds of these equations has become an attractive topic are that the bounds are also applied to solve many control problems such as stability analysis (Lee et al., 1995), (Patel and Toda, 1980), time-delay system controller design (Mori et al., 1983), estimation of the minimal cost and the suboptimal controller design (Langholz, 1979), convergence of numerical algorithms (Allwright,1980), robust stabilization problem (Boukas et al., 1997). Eigenvalue bounds can be also used to determine whether or not the system under consideration possesses the singularly perturbed structure (Gajic and Qureshi, 1995). An excellent motivation to study the bounds for Lyapunov equation is given in (Gajic and Qureshi, 1995) (Section 2.2). The authors advocated the results in this area by saying that sometimes we are just interested in the general behavior of the underlying system and then the behavior can be determined by examining certain bounds on the parameters of the solution instead of the full solution. Considering the linear dynamical systems with Markovian jumps in parameter values, which have recently attracted a great deal of interest, instead of one equation a set of coupled algebraic equations arises. They are called coupled algebraic Riccati and coupled Lyapunov equation. All the reasons mentioned above could be repeated to show how the bounds for coupled algebraic Lyapunov equations can be used. Bounds for the coupled Riccati equation have been already obtained in (Czornik and Swierniak,2001a) and (Czornik and Swierniak, 2001b). To our knowledge this paper is the first where the bounds for coupled algebraic Lyapunov equations are established. The eigenvaluesλi (X), where i = 1, . , n, of a symmetric matrixX ∈ R are assumed to be arranged such that
A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia

Abstract Patients with herpes zoster can develop persistent pain after rash healing, a complication known as postherpetic neuralgia. By preventing zoster through vaccination, the risk of this common complication is reduced. We searched MEDLINE and Embase for studies assessing risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia, with a view to informing vaccination policy. Nineteen prospective studies were identified. Meta-analysis showed significant increases in the risk of postherpetic neuralgia with clinical features of acute zoster including prodromal pain (summary rate ratio 2.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.42-3.69), severe acute pain (2.23, 1.71-2.92), severe rash (2.63, 1.89-3.66), and ophthalmic involvement (2.51, 1.29-4.86). Older age was significantly associated with postherpetic neuralgia; for individual studies, relative risk estimates per 10-year increase ranged from 1.22 to 3.11. Evidence for differences by gender was conflicting, with considerable between-study heterogeneity. A proportion of studies reported an increased risk of postherpetic neuralgia with severe immunosuppression (studies, n = 3/5) and diabetes mellitus (n = 1/4). Systemic lupus erythematosus, recent trauma, and personality disorder symptoms were associated with postherpetic neuralgia in single studies. No evidence of higher postherpetic neuralgia risk was found with depression (n = 4) or cancer (n = 5). Our review confirms a number of clinical features of acute zoster are risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia. It has also identified a range of possible vaccine-targetable risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia; yet aside from age-associated risks, evidence regarding risk factors to inform zoster vaccination policy is currently limited.
Atrial remodeling in permanent atrial fibrillation : Mechanisms and pharmacological implications

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent rhythm disorder in clinical practice, is currently significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality of the ageing population. In the past decades, a tremendous amount of research resulted in valuable insights into AF pathophysiology, with a primary focus on atrial remodeling. Defined as a persistent change in atrial function and structure, remodeling has the intrinsic properties to enhance the probability of focal (ectopic) and/or re-entrant pursuits, thus supporting AF persistence. The hallmark of structural remodeling is represented by atrial fibrosis, a multifactorial process involving an interaction between neurohormonal and cellular mediators. This paper provides a brief summary of the recent knowledge with respect to electrical and structural remodeling and novel insights into the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis. Since current drug options for AF treatment are far from being optimal we also discuss the therapeutic principles and current alternatives for counteracting atrial fibrosis, and thus preventing arrhythmia recurrence.
Natural Selection on Male Wealth in Humans

Although genomic studies suggest that natural selection in humans is ongoing, the strength of selection acting on particular characteristics in human populations has rarely been measured. Positive selection on male wealth appears to be a recurrent feature of human agrarian and pastoralist societies, and there is some evidence of it in industrial populations, too. Here we investigate the strength of selection on male wealth, first in contemporary Britain using data from the National Child Development Study and then across seven other varied human societies. The British data show positive selection on male income driven by increased childlessness among low‐income men but a negative association between personal income and reproductive success for women. Across cultures, selection gradients for male wealth are weakest in industrial countries and strongest in subsistence societies with extensive polygyny. Even the weakest selection gradients observed for male wealth in humans are as strong as or stronger than selection gradients reported from field studies of other species. Thus, selection on male wealth in contemporary humans appears to be ubiquitous and substantial in strength.
Commentary: Melanopsin Regulates Both Sleep-Promoting and Arousal-Promoting Responses to Light

The recent discovery of melanopsin (OPN4), a photopigment maximally sensitive to the blue spectrum of light (peak sensitivity ∼480 nm) and expressed in a subset of photosenstive retinal ganglional cells (pRGCs) within the eye (Berson et al., 2002; Schmidt et al., 2011), paved the ground to better understand the non-image forming (NIF) effects of light. Besides photic resetting of the circadian clock, light striking the retina between dusk and dawn impacts on neurons regulating sleep-wake cycles, by inhibiting sleep-promoting neurons and activating arousal-promoting orexin neurons in the hypothalamus (Saper et al., 2005). While the role for melanopsin in mediating light effects on sleep/arousal is known (Figure 1A; Tsai et al., 2009), it remains to be established if the spectral composition of light (i.e., wavelengths) modulates these effects. Very recently, Pilorz et al. (2016) pursued this question by investigating the effects of different light wavelengths on acute sleep and arousal induction in rodents and how melanopsin mediates these effects. Using a multimodal approach, ranging from behavior to hormonal and gene expression responses, a complex role for melanopsin in sleep-wake regulation was yielded. By exploiting the melanopsin knockout mouse (OPN4 −/−) as compared to wildtypes, the authors could convincingly show that both opposing effects of light rely on melanopsin pRCGs through potentially different pathways: blue-light active retinal projections to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN; central circadian pacemaker) and green-light active projections to the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO; major sleep promoting area) that mediate arousal and sleep induction, respectively (Figure 1B). Furthermore, glucocorticoid release by light during the night, a physiological proxy for arousal-promoting light effects, was mediated by SCN-projecting melanopsin pRCGs. The data suggest that blue light promotes a state of arousal that counteracts the sleep-promoting effects of longer wavelength light (Figure 1C). Accordingly, the ratio between the blue and green portion of the animal's light input defines the somnogenic/alerting response to a given light scenario (Figures 1A–C). The arousing effects of blue light are consistent with human data on
Fault-Scaling Relationships Depend on the Average Fault-Slip Rate

5 This study addresses whether knowing the slip rate on a fault improves es6 timates of magnitude (M W ) of shallow, continental surface-rupturing earth7 quakes. Based on 43 earthquakes from the database of Wells and Coppersmith 8 (1994), Anderson et al. (1996) previously suggested that estimates of M
REX 1 DNA exonuclease deficiency , accumulation of single tranded DNA and complex human genetic disorders ark

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) is an unusual condition that clinically mimics a congenital viral infection. Several genes have recently been implicated in the aetiology of this disorder. One of these genes encodes the DNA exonuclease TREX1. Recent work from Yang, Lindahl and Barnes has provided insight into the cellular consequence of TREX1-deficiency. They found that TREX1-deficiency resulted in the intracellular accumulation of single stranded DNA resulting in chronic activation of the DNA damage response network, even in cells from Trex1-mutated AGS patients. Here, I summarise their findings and discuss them in context with the other AGS causative genes which encode subunits of the
A REVIEW ON HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM L. ( BORAGINACEAE)

E-mail: gk_dash@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT: Heliotropium indicum Linn. , commonly known as ‘Indian heliotrope’ is very common in India with a long history of traditional medicinal uses in many countries in the world. The plant is reported to possess antibacterial, antitumor, uterine stimulant effect, antifertility, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and diuretic activities. Several pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been isolated from this species. The active principle Indicine-N-oxide has reached Phase 1 clinical trials in advanced cancer patients. But severe toxic side-effects showed that a therapy with indicine-N-oxide was not justified. Most of the alkaloids are hepatoxic and therefore internal use of Heliotropium species is not recommended. External application to promote wound healing and to fight infections seems to be less hazardous, but more research is needed. The comprehensive account of the chemical constituents and the biological activities are presented in this review such that the potential use of this plant in various traditional medicines can be systematically evaluated.
A Recommended Numbering Scheme for Influenza A HA Subtypes

Comparisons of residues between sub-types of influenza virus is increasingly used to assess the zoonotic potential of a circulating strain and for comparative studies across subtypes. An analysis of N-terminal cleavage sites for thirteen subtypes of influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) sequences, has previously been described by Nobusawa and colleagues. We have expanded this analysis for the eighteen known subtypes of influenza. Due to differences in the length of HA, we have included strains from multiple clades of H1 and H5, as well as strains of H5 and H7 subtypes with both high and low pathogenicity. Analysis of known structures of influenza A HA enables us to define amino acids which are structurally and functionally equivalent across all HA subtypes using a numbering system based on the mature HA sequence. We provide a list of equivalences for amino acids which are known to affect the phenotype of the virus.
Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Elvitegravir-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced Solubility and Dissolution Rate

Purpose: To enhance the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of elvitegravir (EVG) by formulating the drug as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using solvent injection method. Methods: EVG-loaded SLNs were prepared by solvent injection method. Four different formulations of SLN were prepared using gelucire - 44/14 as lipid core in ethanol, soya lecithin as emulsifier, and polysorbate 80 as surfactant in the aqueous phase. The SLNs were characterized for various physical properties, including particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity, release profile and entrapment efficiency. Results: The yield of SLNs was in the range 151.0 ± 2.4 to 199.1 ± 2.7 nm. Significant changes were observed in mean particle size (nm), Z - potential (mV) and polydispersity index (PDI) of the SLNs by varying the concentration of cryoprotectant. EVG – SLNs demonstrated a 800 – 1030-fold enhancement in aqueous solubility compared with plain EVG. The dissolution efficiency (DE) for SLNs was > 63 % in all cases and increased up to 83 % with increasing lipid load. Conclusion: Successful preparation and characterization of elvitegravir–loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by solvent injection method has been accomplished in this study.
A Review on EMG Signal Classification for neurological disorder using neural network

Specialists diagnose the neuromuscular diseases using visual inspection of the recorded Electromyogram (EMG) of the patients and compare their shape and key points to the standard ones. This paper represent the review on implementation of EMG classification of recorded signals from bicep muscles. The signals are collected from various patient group like normal, mayopathic and nueropathic during 25%, 50% and 75% muscles contraction. This recorded signals is then processed to extract some predefined features as input to the nueral network. The time and frequency based extracted features are use to train the nueral network. The trained nueral network will classify these signals using decompositioning the EMG signals.
The Landscape of Inappropriate Laboratory Testing: A 15-Year Meta-Analysis

Background Laboratory testing is the single highest-volume medical activity and drives clinical decision-making across medicine. However, the overall landscape of inappropriate testing, which is thought to be dominated by repeat testing, is unclear. Systematic differences in initial vs. repeat testing, measurement criteria, and other factors would suggest new priorities for improving laboratory testing. Methods A multi-database systematic review was performed on published studies from 1997–2012 using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Over- vs. underutilization, initial vs. repeat testing, low- vs. high-volume testing, subjective vs. objective appropriateness criteria, and restrictive vs. permissive appropriateness criteria, among other factors, were assessed. Results Overall mean rates of over- and underutilization were 20.6% (95% CI 16.2–24.9%) and 44.8% (95% CI 33.8–55.8%). Overutilization during initial testing (43.9%; 95% CI 35.4–52.5%) was six times higher than during repeat testing (7.4%; 95% CI 2.5–12.3%; P for stratum difference <0.001). Overutilization of low-volume tests (32.2%; 95% CI 25.0–39.4%) was three times that of high-volume tests (10.2%; 95% CI 2.6–17.7%; P<0.001). Overutilization measured according to restrictive criteria (44.2%; 95% CI 36.8–51.6%) was three times higher than for permissive criteria (12.0%; 95% CI 8.0–16.0%; P<0.001). Overutilization measured using subjective criteria (29.0%; 95% CI 21.9–36.1%) was nearly twice as high as for objective criteria (16.1%; 95% CI 11.0–21.2%; P = 0.004). Together, these factors explained over half (54%) of the overall variability in overutilization. There were no statistically significant differences between studies from the United States vs. elsewhere (P = 0.38) or among chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and molecular tests (P = 0.05–0.65) and no robust statistically significant trends over time. Conclusions The landscape of overutilization varies systematically by clinical setting (initial vs. repeat), test volume, and measurement criteria. Underutilization is also widespread, but understudied. Expanding the current focus on reducing repeat testing to include ordering the right test during initial evaluation may lead to fewer errors and better care.
Fast capacity constrained Voronoi tessellation

Capacity constrained Voronoi tessellation (CCVT) [Balzer et al. 2009] addresses a crucial quality issue of Lloyd relaxation but at the expense of slower computation, which could hinder its potential wide adoption. We present a fast capacity constrained Voronoi tessellation algorithm which is orders of magnitude faster than the original method proposed by Balzer et al. [2009] (and 10x faster than a previous accelerated implementation of the same technique) while maintaining excellent distribution quality and scaling very well as the number of points increase.
An Automatic Coffee Plant Diseases Identification Using Hybrid Approaches of Image Processing and Decision Tree

Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR), Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) and Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD) are the three main diseases that attack coffee plants. This paper presents the identification of these types diseases using hybrid approaches of image processing and decision tree. The images are taken from Southern Ethiopia, Jimma and Zegie. In this paper backpropagation artificial neural network (BPNN) and decision tree had been used as techniques; a total of 9100 images were collected. From these, 70% are used for training and the remaining 30% are used for testing. In general, 94.5% accuracy achieved when decision tree and BPNN with tanh activation function are combined.
Features of Apigenin, Luteolin, Hesperetin and Naringenin in Crop and Body

All the subgroup of flavonoids has pigment that result of these pigment are colors in fruits, vegetables, and herbs but other feature of flavonoids and subgroup of flavonoids are relevant to anti-disease property that present in all the member of flavonoids subgroups particularly in flavones and flavanones. On the other hand, subgroup of flavones and flavanones has significant advantages about anti-disease feature. This article explain role of flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, apigenin. Luteolin, hesperetin, and naringenin in nature and human body.
Measurement of delignification diversity within kraft pulping processes

The objective of this research was to measure delignification diversity within kraft pulping processes. Pulps were prepared from loblolly pine using 2.5-mm-thick chips and 10.0mm-thick chips to produce controlled pulps with narrow and broad lignin content distributions. In addition, pulps were obtained from a conventional s'mgle vessel continuous digester before and after conversion to Lo-solids TM pulping and Lo-level TM feed. Interfiber variability in density was measured and inferred to lignin content in each mill process condition and related to laboratory pulp interfiber uniformity. In addition, the application of infrared microspectroscpy in quantitative single fiber analyses was investigated. The new density gradient column designed for this project provided improved structural integrity and a near linear optical path for imaging. Cross-polarization techniques provided high contrast images of the cellulose fibers through digital image averaging. Experimental techniques were modified to increase measurement accuracy and precision. The standard error of prediction was 6.5 kappa number for single fiber kappa number analyses, and measurement error was insignificant. Density gradient column Valonia cellulose density measurements were not statistically different than X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction estimates of Valonia cellulose density. The average kraft holocellulose density was 1.5458 +0.0015 g/ml, and the calculated lignin density was ! 2719 +0.0090 g/ml. Lignin content distributions were modeled using a composite of two normal distributions termed distribution A and distribution B. Distribution A was limited to a delignification minimum of approximately 20 kappa number, whereas distribution B was limited to a delignification minimum of approximately 35 kappa number. The quantity of distribution B contributed a maximum of 35-40%, regar_ess of chip thickness or process condition. The overall standard deviation in kappa number ranged from 11.5 to 17.7 in 10.0-mm-thick chip pulps and from 2.2 to 9.0 in 2.5-mm-thick chip pulps. Standard deviations for the component distributions were statistically different for each pulp sample, and distribution B disappeared with extended delignification in 2.5-mm-thick chip pulps. Efforts to use infrared microspectroscopy were unsuccessful in determining interfiber lignin content diversity. However, difference spectra taken at each stage of delignification suggest that lignin becomes highly substituted when pulping continues beyond 30 kappa number.
Fully automated lung lobe segmentation on volumetric chest CT with 3 D U-Net

The lung function analyses based on pulmonary lobe segmentation are vital in the clinical environment, because lobe is considered as a functional unit and lung disease preferentially influences at the spatial lobe. In this regard, we presented a method for fully automated lung lobe segmentation by using 3D U-Net with convolutional neural net on the volumetric chest CT. CT scans of 352 COPD patients were divided into 252 cases for training, 40 cases for validation and 20 cases for testing. CT data was resampled into 160×160×128 for input of 3D U-Net. Dice similarity coefficient and Jaccard index were 95.6±1.8% and 91.6±3.1%, respectively. It took 21.48±3.08 and 29.89±4.61 seconds for left and right lobe segmentation, respectively. This method showed good accuracies without any interaction of operators and could be applied to the clinical environment.