Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis 56–Amino Acid Serine Palmitoyltransferase-Interacting Proteins Stimulate Sphingolipid Synthesis, Are Essential, and Affect Mycotoxin Sensitivity[W][OPEN]

Ser palmitoyltransfersase (SPT) regulation of sphingolipid homeostasis is critical for mediating plant growth and programmed cell death (PCD). As key components of this regulation, two 56–amino acid SPT-interacting proteins are shown to be essential for male gametophyte viability, and altered expression strongly affects SPT activity and sensitivity to the PCD-inducing mycotoxin fumonisin B1. Maintenance of sphingolipid homeostasis is critical for cell growth and programmed cell death (PCD). Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), composed of LCB1 and LCB2 subunits, catalyzes the primary regulatory point for sphingolipid synthesis. Small subunits of SPT (ssSPT) that strongly stimulate SPT activity have been identified in mammals, but the role of ssSPT in eukaryotic cells is unclear. Candidate Arabidopsis thaliana ssSPTs, ssSPTa and ssSPTb, were identified and characterized. Expression of these 56–amino acid polypeptides in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT null mutant stimulated SPT activity from the Arabidopsis LCB1/LCB2 heterodimer by >100-fold through physical interaction with LCB1/LCB2. ssSPTa transcripts were more enriched in all organs and >400-fold more abundant in pollen than ssSPTb transcripts. Accordingly, homozygous ssSPTa T-DNA mutants were not recoverable, and 50% nonviable pollen was detected in heterozygous ssspta mutants. Pollen viability was recovered by expression of wild-type ssSPTa or ssSPTb under control of the ssSPTa promoter, indicating ssSPTa and ssSPTb functional redundancy. SPT activity and sensitivity to the PCD-inducing mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) were increased by ssSPTa overexpression. Conversely, SPT activity and FB1 sensitivity were reduced in ssSPTa RNA interference lines. These results demonstrate that ssSPTs are essential for male gametophytes, are important for FB1 sensitivity, and limit sphingolipid synthesis in planta.
Attention and Other Constructs: Evolution or Revolution?

This article provides a review of the construct of attention from a non-traditional standpoint. Attention is conceptualized by focusing on the categorical concept of the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, large-scale brain network models of functional neuroanatomy, and implications for understanding lateralized hemispheric brain organization. Cortical systems are multifunctional, with certain degrees of specialization, but no cortical region or network supports only one, specific, isolated cognitive process, such as attention. Future implications for clinical practice must focus on connectivity patterns rather than the idea of “domains” or “constructs” when considering attention and other cognitive processes. This has significant implications for the future of neuropsychological assessment and intervention.
Hidden yet happening: the epidemics of sexually transmitted infections and HIV among men who have sex with men in developing countries

Evidence from a range of studies, reports and surveillance systems suggests that epidemics of sexually transmitted infections (STI), most prominently HIV infection, are underway in 2008 among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a wide range of developing countries. Although a lack of surveillance and research data limit our understanding of too many of these diverse epidemics, what data are available among MSM in south and central America, the Caribbean, Asia, the former Soviet Union and Africa are remarkably consistent in finding MSM at substantial risk.1–6 In a recent systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2006 on HIV among MSM in low and middle income countries, our group found an overall adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 19.3 (95% CI 18.8 to 19.8) for MSM compared with general population reproductive age adults.1 HIV risks were markedly elevated for MSM in the Americas (OR 33.3, 95% CI 32.3 to 34.2), Asia (OR 18.7, 95% CI 17.7 to 19.7) and for Africa (OR 3.8, 95% CI 3.3 to 4.3). 1 The high rates of prevalent and incident STI and HIV reported among gay, bisexual and MSM from the USA, western Europe and Australia have been described as resurgent epidemics—and in some settings, these incidence densities rival or exceed those seen among gay men in the 1980s.7 8 For much of the developing world, however, little work was done among MSM in the 1980–90s and indeed the data remain sparse in 2008. Whether the epidemics we are now seeing among developing country MSM are due to resurgent spread, ongoing spread that has long gone undocumented, or represent newly emerging epidemic patterns is thus difficult to ascertain. Nevertheless, there is enough evidence to assert that epidemic spread of HIV and other STI is occurring in previously …
Disparities in Hospitalizations of Rural American Indians

Background. Disparities in hospitalization rates, particularly rates for avoidable hospitalizations, are indicators of potentially unmet health needs and inefficient use of health resources. Hospitalization rates that the Indian Health Service (IHS) can report underestimate disparities for American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs) relative to other Americans, because the IHS cannot track all hospitalizations of AIs/ANs in their user population. Objectives. To compare hospitalization and avoidable hospitalization rates for a rural AI/AN user population with those of non-Indians living in the same counties where both groups use the same hospital system, regardless of the expected source of payment. Research Design. Retrospective analysis of California hospital discharge data for 1996 linked to rural IHS user data for 1995 and 1996 (3920 hospitalizations) compared with a random sample of discharge data for the rest of the non-Indian population in the 37 counties of the IHS Contract Health Service delivery area (7840 hospitalizations). Measures. Hospitalization and avoidable hospitalization rates and risk ratios (RRs). Results. Hospitalization and avoidable hospitalization rates were both higher for the AI/AN user population than for the non-Indian general population. The age-adjusted hospitalization ratios were 72% higher for men (RR 1.72, confidence interval [CI] 1.40–2.12) and 52% higher for women (RR 1.52, CI 1.36–1.92). The comparable ratios for avoidable hospitalizations were 136% higher for men (RR 2.36, CI 1.52–3.29) and 106% higher for women (RR 2.06, CI 1.32–3.50). Conclusions. Disparities in both hospitalization and avoidable hospitalization rates of rural AIs/ANs in California were previously undetected by either federal IHS or state hospital discharge data alone. At least some of the disparities are likely reducible with improved access to care.
The design of a 3-V 900-MHz CMOS bandpass amplifier

A new bandpass amplifier which performs both functions of low-noise amplifier (LNA) and bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed for the application of 900-MHz RF front-end in wireless receivers. In the proposed amplifier, the positive-feedback Q-enhancement technique is used to overcome the low-gain low-Q characteristics of the CMOS tuned amplifier. The Miller-capacitance tuning scheme is used to compensate for the process variations of center frequency. Using the high-Q bandpass amplifier in the receivers, the conventional bulky off-chip filter is not required. An experimental chip fabricated by 0.8-/spl mu/m N-well double-poly-double-metal CMOS technology occupies 2.6/spl times/2.0 mm/sup 2/ chip area. Under a 3 V supply voltage, the measured quality factor is tunable between 2.2 and 44. When the quality factor is tuned at Q=30, the measured center frequency of the amplifier is tunable between 869-893 MHz with power gain 17 dB, noise figure 6.0 dB, output 1 dB compression point at -30 dBm, third-order input intercept point at -14 dBm, and power dissipation 78 mW.
Tourist activity extraction from text

Easy information sharing and open resources on the web motivate information extraction in growing sectors like the Tourism industry. Tourism data resources are precompiled, focused on specialized services for tourists. This paper presents an uncomplicated definition of `Activity', provides methods to extract tourist activities as `Entities', and gives case studies with certain encountered limitations. It also explains the simple and fast prototyping of an extraction method, based on an entity from the `tourism' concept corpus. The extraction method uses `Wordnet' as a knowledge base.
The identification and internal validation of a preoperative serum biomarker panel to determine extracapsular extension in patients with prostate cancer

Accurate preoperative staging of prostate cancer (PCa) is important but current diagnostic methods cannot accurately determine extracapsular extension (ECE), resulting in the possible triage of patients towards a less appropriate arm of therapy. This has consequences to patient care and better methods of preoperatively determining ECE are required.
Tissue Architecture in the Caenorhabditis elegans Gonad Depends on Interactions Among Fibulin-1, Type IV Collagen and the ADAMTS Extracellular Protease

Molecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulate cellular behavior in both development and pathology. Fibulin-1 is a conserved ECM protein. The Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog, FBL-1, regulates gonad-arm elongation and expansion by acting antagonistically to GON-1, an ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family protease. The elongation of gonad arms is directed by gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs). Here we report that a dominant mutation in the EMB-9/type IV collagen α1 subunit can compensate for loss of FBL-1 activity in gonadogenesis. A specific amino acid substitution in the noncollagenous 1 (NC1) domain of EMB-9 suppressed the fbl-1 null mutant. FBL-1 was required to maintain wild-type EMB-9 in the basement membrane (BM), whereas mutant EMB-9 was retained in the absence of FBL-1. EMB-9 (either wild type or mutant) localization in the BM enhanced PAT-3/β-integrin expression in DTCs. In addition, overexpression of PAT-3 partially rescued the DTC migration defects in fbl-1 mutants, suggesting that EMB-9 acts in part through PAT-3 to control DTC migration. In contrast to the suppression of fbl-1(tk45), mutant EMB-9 enhanced the gonadal defects of gon-1(e1254), suggesting that it gained a function similar to that of wild-type FBL-1, which promotes DTC migration by inhibiting GON-1. We propose that FBL-1 and GON-1 control EMB-9 accumulation in the BM and promote PAT-3 expression to control DTC migration.
Chapter 28 Processing

Although not much psycholinguistic research has been carried out in the framework of HPSG, the architecture of the theory fits well with what is known about human language processing. This chapter enumerates aspects of this fit. It then discusses two phenomena, island constraints and relative clauses, in which the fit between experimental evidence on processing and HPSG analyses seems particularly good.
The Path Forward for Biofuels and Biomaterials

Biomass represents an abundant carbon-neutral renewable resource for the production of bioenergy and biomaterials, and its enhanced use would address several societal needs. Advances in genetics, biotechnology, process chemistry, and engineering are leading to a new manufacturing concept for converting renewable biomass to valuable fuels and products, generally referred to as the biorefinery. The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.
Chapter 2 Haptics as an Interaction Modality

This chapter focuses on the biological and behavioral basics of the haptic modality. On one side, several concepts for describing interaction are presented in Sect. 2.2, and on the other side, the physiological and psychophysical bases of haptic perception are discussed in Sect. 2.1. The goal of this chapter is to provide a common basis to describe interactions and to convey a basic understanding of perception, and the description via psychophysical parameters. Both aspects are relevant to the formal description of the purpose of a haptic system and the derivation of requirements, which are further explained in Chap. 5. Several conclusions arising from the description of perception and interaction are given in Sect. 2.4. 2.1 Haptic Perception This section give a brief summary of relevant topics from the scientific disciplines dealing with haptic perception. It is intended to reflect the current state of the art as a necessary extension for an engineer designing a haptic system. Physiologists and psychophysicists are therefore asked to forgive simplifications and impreciseness. For all engineers, Fig. 2.1 gives a general block diagram of haptic perception that forms a conscious ↪→ percept from a ↪→ stimulus. Analyzing each block of this diagram, the mechanical properties of the skin as stimuli transmitting apparatus are dealt with in Chap. 3. Section 2.1. 1 deals with the characteristics of mechanoreceptors in the skin and locomotion system, while Sect. 2.1. 2 introduces the psychophysical methods used to evaluate these characteristics. In Sects. 2.1. 3 and 2.1. 4, threshold and super-threshold parameters of human haptic perception are presented. C. Hatzfeld (B) Institute of Electromechanical Design, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany e-mail: c.hatzfeld@hapticdevices.eu © Springer-Verlag London 2014 C. Hatzfeld and T.A. Kern (eds.), Engineering Haptic Devices, Springer Series on Touch and Haptic Systems, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6518-7_2 29
AN ANALYSIS OF SUB-STRATEGIES OF POSITIVE POLITENESS FOUND IN THE DISNEY CARTOONS MOVIES SCRIPTS

This paperaims to describe positive politeness especially focus on the sub-strategies of positive politeness based on conceptual theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). Data were taken from two Disney cartoons movies scripts. The cartoons are called “Finding Nemo and Cars”. The method used is qualitative method stated by Moleong (2006). From the data analysis, the writer finds nine sub-strategies of positive politeness. They are (1) exaggerate, (2) intensify interest to hearer, (3) use in-group identity makers,(4) include both speaker and hearer in the activity, (5) give (or ask for) reasons, (6) assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern for hearers wants, (7) be optimistic, (8) avoid disagreement, and (9) presuppose/ raise/assert common ground.In addition, the writer also finds the substrategies of positive politeness that often exist in Disney cartoons movies scripts such as exaggerate and interest to hearer.All of the findings will be discussed in this paper. Keywords : politeness principles, communication strategies, sub-strategies of positive politeness
On the existence of shadow price processes in utility maximization

Im Bereich der Nutzenmaximierung mit Transaktionskosten bezeichnet ein Schattenpreis einen Prozess, der Werte innerhalb des Bid-Ask Spreads annimmt und zum selben maximalen Erwartungsnutzen wie der ursprungliche Preisprozess mit Transaktionskosten fuhrt. Dieser Begriff kann dafur benutzt werden, das Problem der Nutzenmaximierung mit Transaktionskosten auf den ausfuhrlich erforschten Fall ohne Transaktionskosten zu reduzieren. Es ist jedoch noch recht unklar unter welchen Bedingungen ein solcher Prozess existiert. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit liegt darin, eine Antwort fur diese Existenzfrage zu finden. Dazu wird zuerst das Problem der Nutzenmaximierung ohne Transaktionskosten und in diskreter Zeit prasentiert und anhand eines Dualitatsprinzips der konvexen Optimierung gelost. Dann werden Transaktionskosten zum Modell hinzugefugt und es wird erlautert wie diese Veranderung den Losungsprozess des Problems der Nutzenmaximierung beeinflusst. Nach dieser Vorbereitung kann der Begriff des Schattenpreises in diskreter Zeit exakt definiert werden. Es wird bewiesen, dass ein Schattenpreis in ein-periodigen Modellen existiert. In mehr-periodigen Modellen kann die Existenz im Allgemeinen fehlschlagen, wie zwei Gegenbeispiele zeigen. Wenn jedoch der zugrunde liegende Wahrscheinlichkeitsraum endlich ist, ist die Existenz garantiert, wofur ein Beweis prasentiert wird. Daruber hinaus werden Verbindungen zur Dualitatstheorie erarbeitet. Dies ermoglicht weitere Einblicke in die Existenz von Schattenpreisen. Der letzte Teil widmet sich der Analyse von Schattenpreisen in stetiger Zeit. Dafur wird ein stetiges Finanzmarktmodell entwickelt und das Problem der Nutzenmaximierung in selbigem definiert. Darauf aufbauend kann die Definition der Schattenpreise in stetiger Zeit erlautert werden. Es werden zwei Existenzresultate vorgestellt. Wahrend das erste notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen fur die Existenz liefert, garantiert das zweite, dass ein Schattenpreis immer existiert, wenn das Modell keine Leerverkaufe zulasst.
The Mental Health Consequences of Sexual Violence , Rape , and Child Rape In the Context of Child Rape in Fiji

This report was created by the Human Rights in Trauma Mental Health Program (HRTMHP), an interdisciplinary program based at Stanford University and comprising members of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the School of Law, the WSD Handa Center for Human Rights and International Justice, and the Palo Alto University Clinical Psychology graduate program. The program faculty and staff include clinical-academic psychiatrists, professors of medicine, private treating psychotherapists and social workers, human rights lawyers, law professors, and graduate and undergraduate students. The members of this program have amassed considerable expertise in trauma mental health from a range of disciplinary perspectives that render us qualified to submit this report.
Heritability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Heritability is the proportion of observed differences on a trait among individuals of a population that are due to genetic differences. Factors including genetics, environment and random chance can all contribute to the variation between individuals in their observable characteristics (in their "phenotypes"). [1] Heritability thus analyzes the relative contributions of differences in genetic and non-genetic factors to the total phenotypic variance in a population. For instance, some humans in a population are taller than others; heritability attempts to identify how much genetics play a role in part of the population being taller.
Effects of re-feeding on metabolic fuels and enzyme activities in starved Broadhead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Gunther, 1864)

A study of the effects of re-feeding on metabolic fuels and enzyme activities in starved Broadhead catfish was conducted using 30 aquarium tanks with 3 fish per tank. They were divided into 2 groups a control group, and a re-fed group, which were starved (not fed) for 4 weeks and were then re-fed in weeks 5 8. According to the re-fed group, the results showed that the HSI, serum glucose, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, muscle protein, and muscle lipids had significantly increased in the 5th week (P<0.05). Hexokinase (HK) activity had significantly increased in the 5th week and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity had significantly decreased in the 5th and 6th week (P<0.05). Additionally, a comparison made between the re-fed and control group during each week showed that muscle protein level had been significantly higher in the 7th week in the re-fed group compared to control group (P<0.05). The muscle lipid level had been significantly lower in the 6th week in the re-fed group as compared to control group (P<0.05), whereas the AST activity had been significantly lower in the 7th week in the re-fed group compared to the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, 4 weeks of starvation followed by 1 week of re-feeding had shown complete compensatory metabolic fuel levels, as well as HK and AST activities when compared with the control group of Broadhead catfish.
Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, the hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the cause-effect relationship remains to be fully elucidated. Compelling evidence suggests that boosting mitochondrial function may represent a valuable therapeutic tool to improve insulin sensitivity. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, which adapt to short- and long-term metabolic perturbations by undergoing fusion and fission cycles, spatial rearrangement of the electron transport chain complexes into supercomplexes and biogenesis governed by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC 1α). However, these processes appear to be dysregulated in type 2 diabetic individuals. Herein, we describe the mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle alongside the intracellular pathways orchestrating mitochondrial bioenergetics. We then review current evidence on nutritional tools, including fatty acids, amino acids, caloric restriction and food bioactive derivatives, which may enhance insulin sensitivity by therapeutically targeting mitochondrial function and biogenesis.
Experimental Glomerular Endothelial Injury In Vivo

The microvascular endothelium of the kidney glomerulus is injured in Shiga-like toxigenic bacterial infection, genetic or acquired loss of complement regulatory protein function, and allo-immune responses of solid-organ or bone marrow transplantation. Existing models of diseases with glomerular endothelial cell (EC) injury, collectively grouped as thrombotic microangiopathies, are problematic, impeding investigation of the mechanisms of microvascular defense and repair. To develop a model of glomerular endothelial injury in the mouse, we conjugated the M. oreades lectin to the cytotoxin, saporin, (LS) to selectively injure the glomerular endothelium. Injury of the microvasculature was evaluated by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy, and by quantitative RT-PCR of cell-type specific transcripts. Renal function was evaluated by quantitation of serum creatinine. The toxin conjugate induced apoptosis of microvascular ECs in vitro, and subtle histologic features of thrombotic microangiopathy in vivo that were enhanced by co-injection of 50 μg/kg LPS. Among LS/LPS-treated animals, loss of glomerular EC staining correlated with decreased expression of EC-specific transcripts, and impaired kidney function. Selective injury of the glomerular microvasculature with LS toxin conjugate and LPS elicits histologic features of thrombotic microangiopathy and acute kidney failure.