Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Contributions to Control : The Third Way – Supporting Material –

Our aim is to derive analytical approximations for the performance of a modelbased controller in tree-structured Markov decision processes. 1 Paradigm for analysis A controller navigating an initially unknown environment (defined as a Markov decision process, MDP) needs to have two component algorithms: a learning algorithm that defines a mapping from the history of experienced state-action transitions and obtained rewards to some internal representation (eg a value function), and an action selection algorithm (policy) that defines a mapping from this internal representation and the current state to an action (or, in the case of stochastic action choice, a distribution over actions). 1 Thus, the performance of a controller depends on how close to optimal its two component algorithms are: how efficiently it uses sample data points when learning, and how accurately it selects actions based on the knowledge it acquired about its environment so far. There is a theoretically optimal, but of course hugely impractical, solution to this problem: a controller which has an explicit statistical model of its environment, learns it by Bayesian updating (assuming it has the correct priors), and then uses this model to exhaustively simulate all possible outcomes of its actions. Here we analyse the performance of such a controller to derive upper bounds on the performance of any other controller, and also investigate how the performance of this model-based controller breaks down if action selection (but not learning! ) involves approximations rendering it imperfect – which is one obvious way to approach practicality. Since our ultimate interest lies in analyzing the trade-offs between multiple alternative controllers that might be available to the same agent, we consider off-policy controllers that are able to learn from experience even if it was gathered while following a policy other than the controller’s own. For a general introduction to the topic and definitions of all terms not defined here see [1]. Direct policy improvement algorithms are also possible and if the authors were hard-pressed those would be considered as a special case of this general scheme, in which the ‘policy’ that is being improved is the internal representation in our terms, and action selection just looks up the action for the current state.
A Translation Method from Natural Language Specifications of Communication Protocols into Algebraic Specifications Using Contextual Dependencies

SUMMARY This paper presents a method of translating natural language specifications of communication protocols into algebraic specifications. Such a natural language specification specifies action sequences performed by the protocol machine (program). Usually, a sentence implicitly specifies the state of the protocol machine at which the described actions must be performed. The authors propose a method of analyzing the implicitly specified states of the protocol machine taking the OSI session protocol specification (265 sentences) as an example. The method uses the following properties: (a) syntactic properties of a natural language (English in this paper); (b) syntactic properties introduced by the target algebraic specifications, e.g., type constraints; (c) properties specific to the target domain, e.g., properties of data types. This paper also shows the result of applying this method to the main part of the OSI session protocol specification (29 paragraphs, 98 sentences). For 95 sentences, the translation system uniquely determines the states specified implicitly by these sentences, using only (a) and (b) described above. By using (c) in addition, each implicitly specified state in the remaining three sentences is uniquely determined. -3
Pre-Service Social Studies Teachers’ Views About Teacher Training (Focus Group Interviews)

The purpose of this study is to reveal the pre-service social studies teachers’ opinions about teacher training. This study is carried out via qualitative research method. The study group consisted of 6 4th year students studying in the department of social studies teaching in Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty of Ataturk University in 2018-2019 academic year. The data obtained with focus group interview technique was analysed via content analysis.Considering the results, the pre-service teachers argued that the purposes of the education faculties were to graduate students or only tell subjects based on memorization. According to the pre-service teachers, education faculties generally fail in teacher training. They stated that only existing applied courses would make contributions to their professional experience. In addition to this, they mentioned focusing more attention on practices and stated that the training practices should be increased. They determined that the courses in social studies program should be redesigned according to their functionality.
INDUCED RESPONSES TO HERBIVORY IN WILD RADISH: EFFECTS ON SEVERAL HERBIVORES AND PLANT FITNESS

Induced responses to herbivory are changes in plant quality following initial damage by herbivores. These changes can negatively affect subsequent herbivores. I studied induced responses in annual wild radish plants, Raphanus raphanistrum and R. sativus (Brassicaceae), which included increased density and total number of setose trichomes on newly formed leaves of previously damaged plants compared to undamaged controls. I also characterized the effects of induced responses on the preference and performance of several herbivores and the net consequences for plant performance in the field. Wild radish plants damaged by caterpillars or sprayed with a natural plant response elicitor, jasmonic acid, supported reduced growth of generalist noctuid larvae compared to unmanipulated control plants. Induced responses did not affect the growth of specialist Pieris rapae larvae. In choice and no-choice experiments, induction reduced the feeding by noctuid larvae but did not reduce gross growth efficiency, an indicator.
Mercado spot de energía y modelo alternativo para la fijación de un precio eficiente

The CREG Resolution 051 of 2009 is the final act regarding the ideal dispatch of the wholesale energy market, besides the electricity spot price. This methodology indicates that compensation of testing of thermal plants is remunerated at a higher price than the marginal system price, which generates increases in the electricity spot price. An alternative methodology for the remuneration of this generation tests, in order to generate the right incentives and get efficient market prices arises.
ERK5 and Cell Proliferation: Nuclear Localization Is What Matters

ERK5, the last MAP kinase family member discovered, is activated by the upstream kinase MEK5 in response to growth factors and stress stimulation. MEK5-ERK5 pathway has been associated to different cellular processes, playing a crucial role in cell proliferation in normal and cancer cells by mechanisms that are both dependent and independent of its kinase activity. Thus, nuclear ERK5 activates transcription factors by either direct phosphorylation or acting as co-activator thanks to a unique transcriptional activation TAD domain located at its C-terminal tail. Consequently, ERK5 has been proposed as an interesting target to tackle different cancers, and either inhibitors of ERK5 activity or silencing the protein have shown antiproliferative activity in cancer cells and to block tumor growth in animal models. Here, we review the different mechanisms involved in ERK5 nuclear translocation and their consequences. Inactive ERK5 resides in the cytosol, forming a complex with Hsp90-Cdc37 superchaperone. In a canonical mechanism, MEK5-dependent activation results in ERK5 C-terminal autophosphorylation, Hsp90 dissociation, and nuclear translocation. This mechanism integrates signals such as growth factors and stresses that activate the MEK5-ERK5 pathway. Importantly, two other mechanisms, MEK5-independent, have been recently described. These mechanisms allow nuclear shuttling of kinase-inactive forms of ERK5. Although lacking kinase activity, these forms activate transcription by interacting with transcription factors through the TAD domain. Both mechanisms also require Hsp90 dissociation previous to nuclear translocation. One mechanism involves phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of ERK5 by kinases that are activated during mitosis, such as Cyclin-dependent kinase-1. The second mechanism involves overexpression of chaperone Cdc37, an oncogene that is overexpressed in cancers such as prostate adenocarcinoma, where it collaborates with ERK5 to promote cell proliferation. Although some ERK5 kinase inhibitors have shown antiproliferative activity it is likely that those tumors expressing kinase-inactive nuclear ERK5 will not respond to these inhibitors.
High-energy neutrino as observational signature of massive black hole formation

We describe the formation of a seed massive black hole (MBH) inside a supermassive star (SMS) in a distant galactic nucleus. The short-lived SMS is naturally formed due to collision destructions of normal stars in the evolving galactic nucleus. The neutron stars (NSs) and stellar-mass black holes form a compact self-gravitating subsystem deep inside a SMS. This subsystem is shortlived in comparison with a host SMS and collapses finally into the MBH. Just before gravitational collapse of compact subsystem the frequent NS collisions are accompanied by the generation of numerous ultra-relativistic fireballs. A combined ram pressure of multiple coexisting fireballs produces a quasi-stationary rarefied cavity in the central part of SMS. The protons are accelerated in the fireballs and by relativistic shocks in the cavity. All secondary particles, produced in collisions, except the high-energy neutrinos are absorbed in the SMS interiors. An estimated high-energy neutrino signal from this hidden source can be detected by the neutrino telescope with an effective area S ∼ 1k m 2 providing the evidence for MBH formation in a distant galactic nucleus. A corresponding lifetime of this high-energy hidden neutrino source is ∼0.1− 1y r.
The Relationship Between Active Learning and Long-Term Retention in an Introductory Statistics Course

1. Active Learning Methods In statistics, active learning (AL) methods include projects with class participation and hands-on experiments. Projects might involve sampling, regression analysis, experimental design and the analysis of variance. Cooperative learning is a form of AL in which small group interaction leads learning via peer instruction. Johnson and Johnson (1975) discuss various situations in which cooperative learning helps to create an environment where students are more inclined to question the concepts that appear unclear to them. It is not fully known how AL methods effect long-term memory. Current beliefs about long-term memory are based models for which the meaningful stimuli are processed by the brain at a deep level. These models attribute long-term memory to our ability to process semantic knowledge deeply by associating the recalled items according to their meaning, rather than the frequency it was reinforced. Craik and Tulving (1975) showed that deeper processing of a memorized word occurred when the subject was asked about the word’s meaning versus being asked about the word. This suggests that long-term memory is enhanced by using methods where the student is familiarized with the material through understanding real examples, rather than studying only mathematical concepts. We compare the effects of cooperative learning methods to the effects of traditional learning methods in teaching two sections of an undergraduate statistics course. Student projects were the main application of AL methods into the lectures, and are further detailed in Kvam (1998). The first class was taught using traditional lecture-style learning methods, while the next class was taught stressing AL methods. We investigate the teaching effect on the students’ long-term ability to retain the material learned in class by testing students immediately after the course concluded, and then having them return eight months later to be tested again, to see retention. Details of the 18-point test are discussed in Kvam (1998), and the results of the experiment are listed in Table 1 below:
Individual Monitoring of Vocal Effort With Relative Fundamental Frequency: Relationships With Aerodynamics and Listener Perception.

PURPOSE The acoustic measure relative fundamental frequency (RFF) was investigated as a potential objective measure to track variations in vocal effort within and across individuals. METHOD Twelve speakers with healthy voices created purposeful modulations in their vocal effort during speech tasks. RFF and an aerodynamic measure of vocal effort, the ratio of sound pressure level to subglottal pressure level, were estimated from the aerodynamic and acoustic signals. Twelve listeners also judged the speech samples for vocal effort using the visual sort and rate method. RESULTS Relationships between RFF and both the aerodynamic and perceptual measures of vocal effort were weak across speakers (R2 = .06-.26). Within speakers, relationships were variable but much stronger on average (R2 = .45-.56). CONCLUSIONS RFF showed stronger relationships between both the aerodynamic and perceptual measures of vocal effort when examined within individuals versus across individuals. Future work is necessary to establish these relationships in individuals with voice disorders across the therapeutic process.
Performance Evaluation of Graphite Thin Slabs for Induction Heating Domestic Applications

Suitable utensils for induction heating appliances are mainly made of good conductor ferromagnetic materials. In this paper, the use of alternative materials is investigated by means of an analytical model of the impedance of the induction system. The results reveal that the electromagnetic properties of graphite are appropriate to design convenient loads for this application. The performance of both bulk graphite and slabs of finite thickness is evaluated and compared with the conventional ferromagnetic materials by means of a figure of merit, consisting of the induction efficiency of the power transference. The comparison shows that the induction efficiency of a graphite slab of appropriate thickness is similar to the efficiency of conventional ferromagnetic materials. Results are experimentally validated by measuring the equivalent resistance of a spiral inductor loaded with graphite slabs of different thicknesses.
Chinese Event Extraction Using DeepNeural Network with Word Embedding

A lot of prior work on event extraction has exploited a variety of features to represent events. Such methods have several drawbacks: 1) the features are often specific for a particular domain and do not generalize well; 2) the features are derived from various linguistic analyses and are error-prone; and 3) some features may be expensive and require domain expert. In this paper, we develop a Chinese event extraction system that uses word embedding vectors to represent language, and deep neural networks to learn the abstract feature representation in order to greatly reduce the effort of feature engineering. In addition, in this framework, we leverage large amount of unlabeled data, which can address the problem of limited labeled corpus for this task. Our experiments show that our proposed method performs better compared to the system using rich language features, and using unlabeled data benefits the word embeddings. This study suggests the potential of DNN and word embedding for the event extraction task.
A flexible wireless backhaul solution for emerging small cells networks

This paper introduces a novel backhaul architecture for LTE small cells, where the macro eNB transports backhaul traffic wirelessly to a small cell through a new type of backhauling component, referred to as Type-A Relay. Equipped solely with UE modules, a Type-A relay is capable of communicating simultaneously with two eNBs by leveraging the downlink resource of one as well as the uplink resource of the other, which effectively increases spectral efficiency and addresses the issue of DL/UL traffic asymmetry, a major challenge identified for future small cell networks. Compared with conventional LTE R10 Type 1 relays, Type-A offers increased architectural flexibility as well as significant backhaul throughput enhancement in typical small cell settings. Simulation results are provided to corroborate the merits of the proposed approach.
RhoGTPases as Key Players in Mammalian Cell Adaptation to Microgravity

A growing number of studies are revealing that cells reorganize their cytoskeleton when exposed to conditions of microgravity. Most, if not all, of the structural changes observed on flown cells can be explained by modulation of RhoGTPases, which are mechanosensitive switches responsible for cytoskeletal dynamics control. This review identifies general principles defining cell sensitivity to gravitational stresses. We discuss what is known about changes in cell shape, nucleus, and focal adhesions and try to establish the relationship with specific RhoGTPase activities. We conclude by considering the potential relevance of live imaging of RhoGTPase activity or cytoskeletal structures in order to enhance our understanding of cell adaptation to microgravity-related conditions.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Infectious Disease Risks from Bathing in Fresh Recreational Waters in Relation to the Concentration of Escherichia coli, Intestinal Enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Somatic Coliphages

We performed epidemiologic studies at public freshwater bathing sites in Germany to provide a better scientific basis for the definition of recreational water quality standards. A total of 2,196 participants were recruited from the local population and randomized into bathers and non-bathers. Bathers were exposed for 10 min and had to immerse their head at least three times. Water samples for microbiological analysis were collected at 20-min intervals. Unbiased concentration–response effects with no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) were demonstrated for three different definitions of gastroenteritis and four fecal indicator organisms. Relative risks for bathing in waters with levels above NOAELs compared with nonbathing ranged from 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2–2.6) to 4.6 (95% CI, 2.1–10.1), depending on the definition of gastroenteritis. The effect of swallowing water provided additional evidence for true dose–response relationships. Based on the NOAELs, the following guide values for water quality are suggested: 100 Escherichia coli, 25 intestinal enterococci, 10 somatic coliphages, or 10 Clostridium perfringens per 100 mL. Recreational water quality standards are intended to protect the health of those consumers who are not already immune or resistant to pathogens that may be associated with indicator organisms. In contrast to current World Health Organization recommendations, we concluded that standards should be based on rates of compliance with NOAELs rather than on attributable risks determined above NOAELs, because these risks depend mainly on the unpredictable susceptibility of the cohorts. Although in theory there is no threshold in real concentration–response relationships, we demonstrated that a NOAEL approach would be a more robust and practical solution to the complex problem of setting standards.
Sequential signals toward podosome formation in NIH-src cells

Podosomes (also termed invadopodia in cancer cells) are actin-rich adhesion structures with matrix degradation activity that develop in various cell types. Despite their significant physiological importance, the molecular mechanism of podosome formation is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of podosome formation. The expression of various phosphoinositide-binding domains revealed that the podosomes in Src-transformed NIH3T3 (NIH-src) cells are enriched with PtdIns(3,4)P2, suggesting an important role of this phosphoinositide in podosome formation. Live-cell imaging analysis revealed that Src-expression stimulated podosome formation at focal adhesions of NIH3T3 cells after PtdIns(3,4)P2 accumulation. The adaptor protein Tks5/FISH, which is essential for podosome formation, was found to form a complex with Grb2 at adhesion sites in an Src-dependent manner. Further, it was found that N-WASP bound all SH3 domains of Tks5/FISH, which facilitated circular podosome formation. These results indicate that augmentation of the N-WASP–Arp2/3 signal was accomplished on the platform of Tks5/FISH-Grb2 complex at focal adhesions, which is stabilized by PtdIns(3,4)P2.
My Neighbor: Children’s Perception of Agency in Interaction with an Imaginary Agent

Children may treat an invisible entity as a live and thinking entity, known as an imaginary companion (IC). Some researchers suggest that this is simply pretend play, but it is possible that children experience agency in their interactions with ICs. Given the literature on cognitive science and social brain research, we hypothesize that young children may have an agent-perception system that responds to an invisible agent by which they may experience realistic agency in their interactions with ICs. In this study, children were introduced to an invisible agent and an invisible stone. However, they assigned biological and psychological properties to the agent but not the stone. The tendency of assigning such properties was stronger in children with ICs than in those without ICs. These results contribute to our understanding of cognitive and neural development in typical and atypical children.
Psychometric Properties of Korean Version of Modified Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (KMLSEQ)

Purpose: The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) translated into Korean was modified to easily apply and reduce respondents" confusion and was evaluated for psychometric properties and discriminant ability. Methods: A total of 960 Korean adults aged 45 years and older participated in this cross-sectional survey. To test reliability, validity and discriminant ability, Cronbach"s alpha, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, simple regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were used. Results: Item-total correlations ranged between . 62~. 85 and Cronbach"s alpha was . 95. Area under ROC was . 86 (95% CI: .83~.90) and the optimal cutoff score was identified as ≤ 66 (sensitivity, .77; specificity, .84; positive/negative predictive values, .49/.95). Using this cutoff score, the prevalence of insomnia in the study sample was 25.8% and tended to be more common in female and older groups. Conclusion: The data supported the psychometric properties of Korean Modified Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (KMLSEQ) as an acceptable sleep measurement. In addition, KMLSEQ is likely to be a useful screening tool for insomnia.