Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cretaceous plant fossils of Pitt Island, the Chatham group, New Zealand

Pitt Island, a part of the Chathams Islands group, lies 700 km east of New Zealand. Its geology includes the Tupuangi Formation, dated as Motuan to Teratan (late Albian to Santonian) on the basis of palynology. Samples of Tupuangi Formation mudstone yielded leaf cuticle assemblages dominated by araucarian and podocarp conifers and locally by angiosperms. The 12 distinguishable conifer taxa include a new species of Araucaria, A. rangiauriaensis, and the extinct genera Eromangia, Kakahuia (both Podocarpaceae), Otwayia (Cheirolepidiaceae), Paahake (Taxodiaceae or Taxaceae) and possibly Katikia (Podocarpaceae). Ginkgo and two types of dicotyledonous angiosperm cuticle are present. Based on the absence of bennettitaleans and rarity of Ginkgo, a Turonian or slightly younger age is inferred, making the Pitt Island assemblage the first Turonian plant macrofossils documented from New Zealand. The fossils provide a window into southern high-latitude (polar) vegetation of the mid-Cretaceous. Conifer charcoal (probably of Podocarpaceae) is locally abundant and suggests that fire was an important part of the ecosystem. A broad analogy with modern boreal conifer-deciduous angiosperm forests is suggested although clearly with warmer temperatures.
Anisotropy and depth‐related heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity in a bog peat. I: laboratory measurements

Anisotropy and heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity (K) are suspected of greatly affecting rates and patterns of ground‐water seepage in peats. A new laboratory method, termed here the modified cube method, was used to measure horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kh and Kv) of 400 samples of bog peat. The new method avoids many of the problems associated with existing field and laboratory methods, and is shown to give relatively precise measurements of K. In the majority of samples tested, Kh was much greater than Kv, indicating that the bog peat was strongly anisotropic. Log10Kh, log10Kv, and log10 (Kh/Kv) were found to vary significantly with depth, although none of the relationships was simple. We comment on the scale dependency of our measurements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MYELOID NEOPLASIA Acute myeloid leukemia ontogeny is de ﬁ ned by distinct somatic mutations

after leukemogenic therapy (therapy-related AML [t-AML]), or without an identifiable prodrome or known exposure (de novo AML). The genetic basis of these distinct pathways of AML development has not been determined. We performed targeted mutational analysis of 194 patients with rigorously defined s-AML or t-AML and 105unselectedAMLpatients.Thepresenceofamutationin SRSF2 , SF3B1 , U2AF1 , ZRSR2 , ASXL1 , EZH2 , BCOR , or STAG2 was > 95% specific forthediagnosis of s-AML. Analysis of serial samples from individual patients revealed that these mutations occur early in leukemogenesis and often persist in clonal remissions. In t-AML and elderly de novo AML populations, these alterations define a distinct genetic subtype that shares clinicopathologic properties with clinically confirmed s-AML and highlights a subset of patients with worse clinical outcomes, including a lower complete remission rate, more frequent re-induction,anddecreasedevent-freesurvival.Thistrialwasregisteredatwww. clinicaltrials.gov
An Assessment of Human Vulnerability to Hazards in the US Coastal Northeast and mid-Atlantic

The US coastal Northeast and mid-Atlantic region is a densely populated urban corridor that is susceptible to a variety of natural hazards, including hurricanes, nor’easters, and flooding. Climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels, further exacerbate the vulnerability of this region. Given the region’s exposure to natural hazards and its importance as a population core, it is imperative to assess the vulnerability of the population that resides here. This paper examines the human vulnerability of 184 counties based on demographic, social and economic factors. Data from the American Community Survey (2005 to 2009) is used for analysis. Results indicate that 7 of the 15 most vulnerable counties have population sizes of more than half a million each. Most counties at the bottom end of vulnerability spectrum have low populations. The most vulnerable counties are located along the Atlantic coast. Economic and social conditions correlate more highly with vulnerability than does demographics.
The anatomical relationship between the axillary arch of Langer and sentinel lymph node in breast cancer surgery.

DISCUSSION Damage of the trunnion can lead to accelerated wear and early failure of the retained hip. David et al have described a technique wherein they used barrel of the syringe to protect the trunnion. This barrel can move and the inelastic hard consistency can damage the trunnion. There is no other recommended technique in the literature. Our technique is simple, safe and effective. As the Foley’s sleeve is made of silicone elastomer, it conforms to the shape of trunnion and securely grips it. This prevents dislodgement of the sleeve. It occupies less space, thus making exposure easier.
Using nontargeted LC-MS metabolomics to identify the association of biomarkers in pig feces with feed e�ciency

Background: Improving feed e�ciency is economically and environmentally bene�cial in the pig industry. A deeper understanding of feed e�ciency is essential on many levels for its highly complex nature. The aim of this project is to explore the relationship between fecal metabolites and feed e�ciency-related traits, thereby identifying metabolites that may assist in the screening of the feed e�ciency of pigs. Result: We performed fecal metabolomics analysis on 50 individuals selected from 225 Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire) (DLY) commercial pigs, 25 with an extremely high feed e�ciency and 25 with an extremely low feed e�ciency. A total of 6,749 and 5,644 m/z features were detected in positive and negative ionization modes by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Through weighted coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), we found that one module in each positive and negative mode was related to residual feed intake (RFI), and six and three metabolites were further identi�ed. The nine metabolites were found to be involved in multiple metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism (primary bile acid synthesis, linoleic acid metabolism), vitamin D, glucose metabolism, and others. In parallel, the expression patterns of seven genes involved in lipid metabolism were illuminated by real-time qPCR. Then, Lasso regression analysis was used to evaluate the importance of nine metabolites obtained by the annotation process. Conclusions: Altogether, this study can not only provide new insights for the subsequent evaluation of commercial pig feed e�ciency through small molecule metabolites, but also provide a reference for the development of new feed additives.
Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992

Human activities over the last three centuries have significantly transformed the Earth's environment, primarily through the conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture. This study presents a simple approach to derive geographically explicit changes in global croplands from 1700 to 1992. By calibrating a remotely sensed land cover classification data set against cropland inventory data, we derived a global representation of permanent croplands in 1992, at 5 min spatial resolution [Ramankutty and Foley, 1998]. To reconstruct historical croplands, we first compile an extensive database of historical cropland inventory data, at the national and subnational level, from a variety of sources. Then we use our 1992 cropland data within a simple land cover change model, along with the historical inventory data, to reconstruct global 5 min resolution data on permanent cropland areas from 1992 back to 1700. The reconstructed changes in historical croplands are consistent with the history of human settlement and patterns of economic development. By overlaying our historical cropland data set over a newly derived potential vegetation data set, we analyze our results in terms of the extent to which different natural vegetation types have been converted for agriculture. We further examine the extent to which croplands have been abandoned in different parts of the world. Our data sets could be used within global climate models and global ecosystem models to understand the impacts of land cover change on climate and on the cycling of carbon and water. Such an analysis is a crucial aid to sharpen our thinking about a sustainable future.
Analytical study of turbidites, Otadai Formation, Boso Peninsula, Japan

On the Boso Peninsula, southeast of Tokyo, individual turbidite layers have been traced over about 38 km with the aid of tuff marker-beds. Sandstones are generally much more variable in thickness than the interbedded mudstones, showing lenticular shapes with great lateral continuities up to 30 km or more. But the latter have greater extents than the former, forming extensive sheets with a slight upslope thickening. Most sandstones show vertical and lateral grading, while mudstones gradually coarsen upslope. Sandstones have a variety of sedimentary structures typical of turbidites, whereas mudstones are virtually devoid of them throughout. Sandstones contain intensely abraded shallow-water fauna in contrast with mudstones with well-preserved deep-water fauna. Thus, mudstones are mostly of hemipelagic origin, and turbiditic mudstones, if present, are of negligible amounts. In general, individual sandstone beds are much more variable in thickness on the upstream side than on the downstream side. This is probably because of the existence of some minor channels and the adjacent levee-like embankments on the upslope side. At the base of thicker sandstone beds local penecontemporaneous erosion has usually taken place, giving rise to a few minor channels bordered by small levee-like embankments on both sides. The downslope side of the largest channel is commonly flanked by the greatest embankment that is coincident with the thickest part of each sandstone layer. Sandstones in the minor channels and levee-like embankments contain a lot of mud lumps torn out of the substratum, which decrease in size and amount and improve in roundness with increasing distance from the channels. In general, thicker sandstones show Bouma abcde sequences around the thickest part. Bouma d-division and convolution are developed preferentially on the downstream side of the thickest part. With decreasing bed thickness laterally, the complete depositional sequences arc successively replaced by Bouma bcde, then cde, and de sequences downslope, while by Bouma bc/c and then c/e sequences upslope. The facies transition of the horizon studied probably represents a section extending from the downslope end of the channelized portion of a suprafan to the outer portion with a smooth surface.
Psychophysiological Assessment of Stress Under Ecological Settings A Systematic Review

Abstract. Stress can negatively impact one’s health and well-being, however, despite the recent evolution in stress assessment research methodologies, there is still little agreement about stress conceptualization and assessment. In an attempt to summarize and reflect on this evolution, this paper aims to systematically review research evidence of ecological approaches on psychophysiological stress assessment. Thus, a literature search of electronic databases was conducted spanning 22 years (1990–2012) and 55 studies were reviewed. Studies were considered for inclusion if they contemplated both psychological and physiological measures of stress under ecological settings. This review focuses on five themes: methodology terminology, research population, study design, measurement, and technology. Findings support the need to use a common methodology terminology in order to increase scientific rigor. Additionally, there seems to be an increasing tendency for the use of these methods by multidisciplinary teams.
Aversive Conditioning of Spatial Position Sharpens Neural Population-level Tuning in Visual Cortex and Selectively Reduces Alpha-band Activity

Processing capabilities for many low-level visual features are experientially malleable, aiding sighted organisms in adapting to dynamic environments. Explicit instructions to attend a specific visual field location influence retinotopic visuocortical activity, amplifying responses to stimuli appearing at cued spatial positions. It remains undetermined, however, both how such prioritization affects surrounding non-prioritized locations, and if a given retinotopic spatial position can attain enhanced cortical representation through experience rather than instruction. This work examined visuocortical response changes as human observers learned, through differential classical conditioning, to associate specific on-screen locations with aversive outcomes. Using dense-array EEG and pupillometry, we tested the pre-registered hypotheses of either sharpening or generalization around an aversively associated location following a single conditioning session. Specifically, competing hypotheses tested if mean response changes would take the form of a gaussian (generalization) or difference-of-gaussian (sharpening) distribution over spatial positions, peaking at the viewing location paired with a noxious noise. Occipital 15 Hz steady-state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) responses were selectively heightened when viewing aversively paired locations and displayed a non-linear, difference-of-gaussian profile across neighboring locations, consistent with suppressive surround modulation of non-prioritized positions. Measures of alpha band (8 – 12.8 Hz) activity and pupil diameter also exhibited selectively heightened responses to noise-paired locations but did not evince any difference across the non-paired locations. These results indicate that visuocortical spatial representations are sharpened in response to location-specific aversive conditioning, while top-down influences indexed by alpha power reduction exhibit all-or-none modulation. Significance Statement It is increasingly recognized that early visual cortex is not a static processor of physical features, but is instead constantly shaped by perceptual experience. It remains unclear, however, to what extent the cortical representation of many fundamental features, including visual field location, is malleable by experience. Using EEG and an aversive classical conditioning paradigm, we observed sharpening of visuocortical responses to stimuli appearing at aversively associated locations along with location-selective facilitation of response systems indexed by pupil diameter and EEG alpha power. These findings highlight the experience-dependent flexibility of retinotopic spatial representations in visual cortex, opening avenues towards novel treatment targets in disorders of attention and spatial cognition.
Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems

We welcome you to the 2007 International Conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis for Embedded Systems, the premier technical forum for the embedded system research community. We have again joined CODES+ISSS and EMSOFT for Embedded Systems Week (ESWEEK), this time in beautiful Salzburg, Austria in early October. We hope that you will take the opportunity to enjoy this beautiful historic city while you are here. The Program Committee this year consisted of 29 experts from academic and industrial research institutions around the world. We received 77 excellent submissions. As always, the success of the selection process demands a great deal of work on the part of the committee members. Over the course of several weeks spent reviewing and obtaining outside reviews from the community, the committee produced a total of 360 reviews. We are pleased to say that the vast majority of papers received five reviews, and that all papers received at least three. On 10 June, we met in San Diego, California with 21 of the program committee members (as well as three more by phone) to select the final program. We chose to accept 22 papers as full papers, and to accept another 11 as short papers, continuing the tradition started last year to recognize the breadth of the embedded systems community. Based on the number of submissions focusing on memory systems and particularly on scratchpad memories, we decided to invite Kevin O'Brien to give a talk on these aspects of IBM's Cell chip. In addition to the CASES papers, the ESWEEK forum includes many exciting keynotes, tutorials, workshops, and panels, and we encourage you to take this opportunity to expand your horizons. Our keynote speaker is Trevor Mudge from The University of Michigan. His talk will be on ultra low power servers. The other keynote speakers include Jane Liu of Academica Sinica and Hermann Eul of Infineon. We are also excited that Walid Najjar has agreed to give a tutorial on compiling code accelerators on to FPGAs and that CASES will once again host the Compiler Assisted SoC Assembly (CASA) workshop, this year organized by Sri Parameswaran.
Immiscible Displacement in Porous Media: Stability Analysis of Three‐Dimensional, Axisymmetric Disturbances With Application to Gravity‐Driven Wetting Front Instability

As water infiltrated downward into an air-filled, water wettable porous medium, the wetting front which forms may become unstable and allow the formation of downward moving fingers within the vadose zone. In this paper the authors first review stability criteria and estimated finger widths determined from linear stability theory in two-dimensional systems. Two approaches reported in the literature which employ different formulations for the interfacial boundary conditions, yield different estimated of the finger width. They extend the analyses to investigate finger diameter in three-dimensional systems by considering axisymmetric disturbances. Results of the three-dimensional analyses are illustrated through comparison to previously reported experimental results in three-dimensional systems. Because either approach gives similar results for low system fluxes, in practice, if probably will not matter which formulation is used. However, one approach represents the data better and contains only traditionally measured porous media properties.
Annual layers in river-bed sediment of a stagnant river-mouth area of the Kitagawa Brook, Central Japan

The river mouth of Kitagawa Brook is normally stagnant because it is easily closed by sand and gravel transported by littoral currents of Biwa Lake, Japan. A new urban area exists in the basin and sewerage works were constructed in the early 1990s, so contaminated water with a bad odour had flowed into the brook before the sewerage works. To reduce the smell, the river mouth was excavated to narrow the channel in the early 1980s. Thus, river-bed sediment after this excavation only occurs at the river mouth. From the upper 24 cm of a sediment core, we found 19 strata of leaves which were supplied from deciduous trees in autumn. We also found several gravel layers which were supplied from the lake during severe storms. The combination of veins and gravel layers were reconstructed for about 20 years of sediment records with an error of two to three years.
Heat flow and heat production in the Arkoma Basin and Oklahoma Platform, southeastern Oklahoma

Subsurface temperature and thermal gradients along a north-south cross section through the Arkoma Basin and the Oklahoma Platform in southeastern Oklahoma were estimated from 345 bottom hole temperatures from 199 oil and gas wells. The average geothermal gradient in the southern part of the basin near the Ouachita Front is 20°C/km, exceeds 30°C/km in the middle part of the basin, and is 24°C/km on the Oklahoma Platform to the north. Drill cuttings obtained from 11 oil and gas wells were used for 843 thermal conductivity measurements. Thermal conductivity data, corrected to in situ conditions, were used to estimate heat flow. Estimated heat flow (±20%) in the deep part of the Arkoma Basin near the Ouachita Front is 35–40 mW/m2 and increases systematically northward to 60–65 mW/m2 on the Oklahoma Platform. Average heat production, estimated from gamma ray logs, is 2.3 ± 0.2 μW/m3 for basement rocks underlying the Arkoma Basin and 2.8 ± 0.1 μW/m3 for basement rocks in the Oklahoma Platform area. Numerical models show that heat refraction from the less conductive sedimentary rocks (∼1.6 W/m°K) of the Arkoma Basin to the more conductive crystalline rocks (∼3.0 W/m°K at 25°C) of the Oklahoma Platform and the Ouachita Mountains accounts for about 5–10 mW/m2 of the observed 20–30 mW/m2 decrease in heat flow from north to south. Changes in crustal heat production related to compositional changes and crustal thinning account for another 5–15 mW/m2 of the observed heat flow change. If the remaining 0–20 mW/m2 difference in heat flow is attributed to heat transport by topographically driven groundwater flow, the average basin-scale permeability of the Arkoma Basin and the Oklahoma Platform can be no greater than 10−15 m2. Results of this study are not generally supportive of theories which invoke topographically driven regional groundwater flow from the Arkoma Basin in Late Pennsylvanian–Early Permian time (∼290 Ma) to explain the genesis of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits, paleothermal anomalies, and regional diagenesis in the North American midcontinent.
Short Paper: Movement on proposed terrane boundaries in northern Britain: constraints from Ordovician–Devonian igneous rocks

Regional chemical and isotopic differences seen in Ordovician–Devonian igneous rocks of northern Britain are thought to be due to subduction-related and collision magmatism tapping a variety of mantle and crustal sources. Matching of spatial chemical variation across major fault zones restricts post-magmatic transcurrent movement north of the Southern Upland Fault (SUF) to a few tens of kilometres on each fault. A unique mantle isotopic signature present in the same area may restrict post-1.5 Ga movement to less than a few hundred kilometres. No such restrictions exist on displacement across the SUF, to the south of which all magmas show a Pb isotopic component derived from southern sources.
Labor Market Effects of School Quality: Theory and Evidence

This paper presents an overview and interpretation of the literature relating school quality to students' subsequent labor market success. We begin with a simple theoretical model that describes the determination of schooling and earnings with varying school quality. A key insight of the model is that changes in school quality may affect the characteristics of individuals who choose each level of schooling, imparting a potential selection bias to comparisons of earnings conditional on education. We then summarize the literature that relates school resources to students' earnings and educational attainment. A variety of evidence suggests that students who were educated in schools with more resources tend to earn more and have higher schooling. We also discuss two important issues in the literature: the tradeoffs involved in using school-level versus more aggregated (district or state-level) quality measures; and the evidence on school quality effects for African Americans educated in the segregated school systems of the South.