Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remote Control of Neuronal Signaling

A significant challenge for neuroscientists is to determine how both electrical and chemical signals affect the activity of cells and circuits and how the nervous system subsequently translates that activity into behavior. Remote, bidirectional manipulation of those signals with high spatiotemporal precision is an ideal approach to addressing that challenge. Neuroscientists have recently developed a diverse set of tools that permit such experimental manipulation with varying degrees of spatial, temporal, and directional control. These tools use light, peptides, and small molecules to primarily activate ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that in turn activate or inhibit neuronal firing. By monitoring the electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral effects of such activation/inhibition, researchers can better understand the links between brain activity and behavior. Here, we review the tools that are available for this type of experimentation. We describe the development of the tools and highlight exciting in vivo data. We focus primarily on designer GPCRs (receptors activated solely by synthetic ligands, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) and microbial opsins (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, halorhodopsin, Volvox carteri channelrhodopsin) but also describe other novel techniques that use orthogonal receptors, caged ligands, allosteric modulators, and other approaches. These tools differ in the direction of their effect (activation/inhibition, hyperpolarization/depolarization), their onset and offset kinetics (milliseconds/minutes/hours), the degree of spatial resolution they afford, and their invasiveness. Although none of these tools is perfect, each has advantages and disadvantages, which we describe, and they are all still works in progress. We conclude with suggestions for improving upon the existing tools.
Risk Factors for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE An estimated 20–30% of patients with primary Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) develop recurrent CDI (rCDI) within 2 weeks of completion of therapy. While the actual mechanism of recurrence remains unknown, a variety of risk factors have been suggested and studied. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate current evidence on the risk factors for rCDI. DESIGN We searched MEDLINE and 5 other databases for subject headings and text related to rCDI. All studies investigating risk factors of rCDI in a multivariate model were eligible. Information on study design, patient population, and assessed risk factors were collected. Data were combined using a random-effects model and pooled relative risk ratios (RRs) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 33 studies (n=18,530) met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent independent risk factors associated with rCDI were age≥65 years (risk ratio [RR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–2.14; P=.0005), additional antibiotics during follow-up (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.52–2.05; P<.00001), use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) (RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13–2.21; P=.008), and renal insufficiency (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14–2.23; P=.007). The risk was also greater in patients previously on fluoroquinolones (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28–1.57; P<.00001). CONCLUSIONS Multiple risk factors are associated with the development of rCDI. Identification of modifiable risk factors and judicious use of antibiotics and PPI can play an important role in the prevention of rCDI. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–9
Understanding and Treating Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Clinician's Handbook

1. The History of Cognition and Schizophrenia 2. Cognitive Deficits as a Core Feature of Schizophrenia 3. Learning and Memory in Schizophrenia 4. Working Memory in Schizophrenia 5. Executive Functioning in Schizophrenia 6. Attention Deficits in Schizophrenia 7. Functional Deficits and Cognition 8. The Cost of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia 9. Cognitive and Functional Changes with Aging 10. The Neuroimaging Correlates of Cognitive Deficits 11. Conventional Antipsychotic Medications and Cognition in Schizophrenia 12. Novel Antipsychotics as Cognitive Enhancers 13. Alternative Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers 14. Behavioural Cognitive Enhancement 15. Functional Neuroimaging of Effects of Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia
Expression Studies of Gibberellin Oxidases in Developing Pumpkin Seeds1

Two cDNA clones, 3-ox and 2-ox, have been isolated from developing pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) embryos that show significant amino acid homology to gibberellin (GA) 3-oxidases and 2-oxidases, respectively. Recombinant fusion protein of clone 3-ox converted GA12-aldehyde, GA12, GA15, GA24, GA25, and GA9 to GA14-aldehyde, GA14, GA37, GA36, GA13, and GA4, respectively. Recombinant 2-ox protein oxidized GA9, GA4, and GA1 to GA51, GA34, and GA8, respectively. Previously cloned GA 7-oxidase revealed additional 3β-hydroxylation activity of GA12. Transcripts of this gene were identified in endosperm and embryo of the developing seed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and localized in protoderm, root apical meristem, and quiescent center by in situ hybridization. mRNA of the previously cloned GA 20-oxidase from pumpkin seeds was localized in endosperm and in tissues of protoderm, ground meristem, and cotyledons of the embryo. However, transcripts of the recently cloned GA 20-oxidase from pumpkin seedlings were found all over the embryo, and in tissues of the inner seed coat at the micropylar end. Previously cloned GA 2β,3β-hydroxylase mRNA molecules were specifically identified in endosperm tissue. Finally, mRNA molecules of the 3-ox and 2-ox genes were found in the embryo only. 3-ox transcripts were localized in tissues of cotyledons, protoderm, and inner cell layers of the root apical meristem, and 2-ox transcripts were found in all tissues of the embryo except the root tips. These results indicate tissue-specific GA-biosynthetic pathways operating within the developing seed.
Failure analysis on gate-driven ESD clamp circuit after TLP stresses of different voltage steps in a 16-V CMOS process

The ESD robustness of gate-driven ESD clamp circuit in a 16-V CMOS process was investigated by the stresses of transmission line pulse (TLP), human-body-model ESD test, and machine-model (MM) ESD test. After TLP stresses of different voltage steps, the same ESD clamp circuit got different secondary breakdown currents (It2). In order to understand such unusual phenomenon, the failure analysis on the TLP-stressed ESD clamp circuits was performed to find the failure mechanism.
Scaling all-pairs overlay routing

This paper presents and experimentally evaluates a new algorithm for efficient one-hop link-state routing in full-mesh networks. Prior techniques for this setting scale poorly, as each node incurs quadratic (n2) communication overhead to broadcast its link state to all other nodes. In contrast, in our algorithm each node exchanges routing state with only a small subset of overlay nodes determined by using a quorum system. Using a two round protocol, each node can find an optimal one-hop path to any other node using only n1.5 per-node communication. Our algorithm can also be used to find the optimal shortest path of arbitrary length using only n1.5 logn per-node communication. The algorithm is designed to be resilient to both node and link failures. We apply this algorithm to a Resilient Overlay Network (RON) system, and evaluate the results using a large-scale, globally distributed set of Internet hosts. The reduced communication overhead from using our improved full-mesh algorithm allows the creation of all-pairs routing overlays that scale to hundreds of nodes, without reducing the system's ability to rapidly find optimal routes.
An Integrated Platform for Dynamic Cardiac Simulation and Image Processing: Application to Personalised Tetralogy of Fallot Simulation

Processing and visualisation of dynamic data is still a common challenge in medical imaging, especially as for many applications there is an increasing amount of clinical data as well as generated data, such as in cardiac modelling. In this context, there is a strong need for software that can deal with dynamic data of different kinds (i.e. images, meshes, signals, etc.). In this paper we propose a platform that aims at helping researchers and clinicians to visualise and process such dynamic data, as well as evaluate simulation results. To illustrate this platform we chose to follow a concrete clinical application, the personalised simulation of the Tetralogy of Fallot. We show that the software provides the user with a significant help in the assessment and processing of the 3D+t raw data, as well as an adapted framework for visualisation and evaluation of various dynamic simulation results.
Regulation of Regenerative Periodontal Healing by NAMPT

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. Obese individuals have an increased risk of periodontitis, and elevated circulating levels of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) may be a pathomechanistic link between both diseases. Recently, increased levels of NAMPT have also been found in patients with periodontitis, irrespective of the presence of obesity. This in vitro study sought to examine the effects of NAMPT on the regenerative capacity of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and, thereby, periodontal healing. PDL cells treated with enamel matrix derivative (EMD), which was used to mimic regenerative healing conditions in vitro, were grown in the presence and absence of NAMPT for up to 14 d. EMD stimulated significantly (P < 0.05) the expression of growth factors and their receptors, matrix molecules, osteogenesis-associated factors, and wound closure and calcium accumulation. In the presence of NAMPT, all these stimulatory effects were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of EMD on a number of PDL cell functions critical for periodontal regeneration are counteracted by NAMPT. Enhanced levels of NAMPT, as found in obesity and periodontal inflammation, may compromise the regenerative capacity of PDL cells and, thereby, periodontal healing in the presence of EMD.
Body-mass index and mortality among adults with incident type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND The relation between body weight and mortality among persons with type 2 diabetes remains unresolved, with some studies suggesting decreased mortality among overweight or obese persons as compared with normal-weight persons (an "obesity paradox"). METHODS We studied participants with incident diabetes from the Nurses' Health Study (8970 participants) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (2457 participants) who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at the time of a diagnosis of diabetes. Body weight shortly before diagnosis and height were used to calculate the body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters). Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for mortality across BMI categories. RESULTS There were 3083 deaths during a mean period of 15.8 years of follow-up. A J-shaped association was observed across BMI categories (18.5 to 22.4, 22.5 to 24.9 [reference], 25.0 to 27.4, 27.5 to 29.9, 30.0 to 34.9, and ≥35.0) for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.29 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.05 to 1.59]; 1.00; 1.12 [95% CI, 0.98 to 1.29]; 1.09 [95% CI, 0.94 to 1.26]; 1.24 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.42]; and 1.33 [95% CI, 1.14 to 1.55], respectively). This relationship was linear among participants who had never smoked (hazard ratios across BMI categories: 1.12, 1.00, 1.16, 1.21, 1.36, and 1.56, respectively) but was nonlinear among participants who had ever smoked (hazard ratios across BMI categories: 1.32, 1.00, 1.09, 1.04, 1.14, and 1.21) (P=0.04 for interaction). A direct linear trend was observed among participants younger than 65 years of age at the time of a diabetes diagnosis but not among those 65 years of age or older at the time of diagnosis (P<0.001 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS We observed a J-shaped association between BMI and mortality among all participants and among those who had ever smoked and a direct linear relationship among those who had never smoked. We found no evidence of lower mortality among patients with diabetes who were overweight or obese at diagnosis, as compared with their normal-weight counterparts, or of an obesity paradox. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the American Diabetes Association.).
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—A novel method for Electric Shock Protection by automatic disconnection of supply is presented. Contact currents, which occur when a person touches a conducting surface at higher potential, are used to detect if the person is receiving a shock. In case of shock, contact currents flow through various paths in the body including the skin surface, creating a potential difference on the skin surface. The circuit presented here, to be worn on human body just like a wristwatch, monitors this potential difference and signals another circuit through wireless communication to disconnect the power supply thus saving the person's life. It also provides protection when the person touches both the power conductors simultaneously, the case where GFCI fails. It performs satisfactorily for electrical shocks both with ac and dc power supplies.
Speech chunks in conversation: syntactic and prosodic aspects

﻿The paper reports on syntactic and prosodic analyses of speech chunks - the sequences of speech between perceived boundaries - in conversation. Comparisons with read-aloud speech are also included. The data analysis shows that of the total number of chunks in the conversation, almost 80% had endings coinciding with a syntactic boundary, while about 20% violated syntactic continuity by the occurrence of a boundary occurring in syntactically unmotivated positions. Suspension mainly occurred after initial function words close to the beginning of the constituent in accordance with the hypothesis of initial commitment. The results are discussed in terms of the commit-and-restore model developed by Clark & Wasow (1998), offering a linguistic-cognitive approach to speech processing. ﻿
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil in Patients with Severe Alzheimer’s Disease: Results from a 52-Week, Open-Label, Multicenter, Extension Study in Japan

Background/Aims: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was extended to evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in community-dwelling Japanese patients with severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: 189 patients were enrolled from the double-blind study into a 52-week, open-label extension study. After a 2- to 8-week washout, donepezil was escalated within 6 weeks to 10 mg/day. Main outcomes were Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living scale for severe AD (ADCS-ADL-sev) and Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD). Safety parameters were monitored throughout. Results: Overall, mean change from extension study baseline in SIB scores improved until week 24; however, scores were influenced by prior treatment during the double-blind study and by length of washout. Patients treated with donepezil retained some treatment benefits after a washout of 2–4 weeks but lost all treatment benefits after a washout of 4–8 weeks. There was no change in ADCS-ADL-sev or BEHAVE-AD scores. Adverse events were consistent with the known donepezil safety profile. Conclusion: Donepezil is effective and safe for symptomatic treatment of severe AD for at least 1 year. Patients who receive donepezil 10 mg daily with little or no interruption achieve the best long-term outcome.
Performance modeling of virtualized custom logic computations

Virtualization of custom logic computations (i.e, by sharing a fixed function across distinct data streams) provides a means of computing multiple streams using shared hardware resources. The hardware can be context-switched to support virtualization using C-slow techniques (fine-grained context-switching) or by adding a secondary memory (coarse-grained context-switching). The performance of these computations depends on the circuit, technology, number of pipeline stages, number of streams, cost of a context switch, scheduling period, and arrival rate. In this paper, we analyze a virtualized hardware design and develop a set of analytic modeling equations for predicting the performance of these circuits. We then validate the model equations using a discrete-event simulation.
A Specialised Verb Lexicon as the Basis of Fact Extraction in the Biomedical Domain

The BioLexicon is a standardised, reusable, lexical and conceptual resource suitable for advanced biomedical text mining. One of the unique features of the BioLexicon is the incorporation of rich syntactic and semantic patterns for a wide range of domain-relevant verbs, which have been acquired semiautomaticallyfrom biomedical corpora. Such types of information can be highly beneficialfor information and fact extraction applications. In this paper, we describe the collection of the verb-specific information for inclusion in the BioLexicon, and explain how it is being employed in a specific scenario (the UKPMC project) to leverage fact-based information extraction on a large collection ofbiomedical papers.
Entanglement in channel discrimination with restricted measurements

We study the power of measurements implementable with local quantum operations and classical communication (LOCC) measurements in the setting of quantum channel discrimination. More precisely, we consider discrimination procedures that attempt to identify an unknown channel, chosen uniformly from two known alternatives, that take the following form: (i) the input to the unknown channel is prepared in a possibly entangled state with an ancillary system, (ii) the unknown channel is applied to the input system, and (iii) an LOCC measurement is performed on the output and ancillary systems, resulting in a guess for which of the two channels was given. The restriction of the measurement in such a procedure to be an LOCC measurement is of interest because it isolates the entanglement in the initial input-ancillary systems as a resource in the setting of channel discrimination. We prove that there exist channel discrimination problems for which restricted procedures of this sort can be at either of the two extremes: they may be optimal within the set of all discrimination procedures (and simultaneously outperform all strategies that make no use of entanglement), or they may be no better than unentangled strategies (and simultaneously suboptimal within the set of all discrimination procedures).
Counting factorizations of Coxeter elements into products of reflections

In this paper, we count factorizations of Coxeter elements in well‐generated complex reflection groups into products of reflections. We obtain a simple product formula for the exponential generating function of such factorizations, which is expressed uniformly in terms of natural parameters of the group. In the case of factorizations of minimal length, we recover a formula due to P. Deligne, J. Tits and D. Zagier in the real case and to D. Bessis in the complex case. For the symmetric group, our formula specializes to a formula of D. M. Jackson.
Supra-Acetabular Brown Tumor due to Primary Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Chronic Renal Failure

A 63-year-old woman presented to the Orthopedic Unit of our hospital complaining of right hip pain of 6 months'duration associated with a worsening limp. Her past medical history included chronic renal insufficiency. Physical examination revealed deep pain in the iliac region and severe restriction of the right hip's articular function in the maximum degrees of range of motion. X-rays and CT scan detected an osteolytic and expansive lesion of the right supra-acetabular region with structural reabsorption of the right iliac wing. 99mTc-MDP whole-body bone scan showed an abnormal uptake in the right iliac region. Bone biopsy revealed an osteolytic lesion with multinucleated giant cells, indicating a brown tumor. Serum intact PTH was elevated (1020 pg/ml; normal values, 12 62 pg/ml), but her serum calcium was normal (total = 9.4 mg/dl, nv 8.5–10.5; ionized = 5.0 mg/dl, nv 4.2–5.4) due to the coexistence of chronic renal failure. 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy revealed a single focus of sestamibi accumulation in the left retrosternal location, which turned out to be an intrathoracic parathyroid adenoma at surgical exploration. After surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma, PTH levels decreased to 212 pg/ml. Three months after parathyroidectomy, the imaging studies showed complete recovery of the osteolytic lesion, thus avoiding any orthopedic surgery. This case is noteworthy because (1) primary hyperparathyroidism was not suspected due to the normocalcemia, likely attributable to the coexistence of chronic renal failure; and (2) it was associated with a brown tumor of unusual location (right supra-acetabular region).
Limit cycles in Digital Bang-Bang PLLs

This paper examines the nonlinear dynamics of a model of a second order Digital Bang-Bang Phase-Locked Loop (DBB-PLL). A continuous model of the DBB-PLL is developed. This paper focuses on the occurrence and behaviour of limit cycles. In particular, limit cycle trajectory equations are determined. The parameter space boundary for this class of limit cycles is then found. A further theorem extends this analysis to the case of the discrete system, where a continuum of cycles is found to occur. A direct relationship between the input phase deviation amplitude and the occurrence of limit cycles is observed.
Active learning based on support vector machines

Active learning is mainly to select a part of unlabelled samples from a big dataset. The selected samples are then submitted to domain experts to label and added to the training set. Suppose that the price of labeling samples is far more than the computational cost of training algorithms, we propose a scheme of active learning based on support vector machines, which follows the traditionally inductive learning model of general-specific. In terms of the number of selected samples, the training cost, and the generalization ability, a comparison with some existing active learning algorithms is conducted. The advantages and disadvantages are demonstrated experimentally.
A 500Mbps 60GHz-Band Transceiver for IEEE 1394 Wireless Home Networks

This paper presents 500Mbps 60GHz-band ASK transceivers as the first wireless transmission system for IEEE 1394 multimedia home networks. Direct ASK modulation and demodulation adopting heterojunction FET MMIC switch and detector enable a simple transceiver configuration. Error-free transmissions have been realized for higher than ¿47dBm received power. A couple of IEEE 1394 S400 (400Mbps) wireless adapters have demonstrated 12m line-of-sight transmission and room-to-room connections.
Labral injuries: accuracy of detection with unenhanced MR imaging of the shoulder.

PURPOSE To prospectively assess the accuracy of unenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the detection and localization of labral injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred three patients with clinically suspected shoulder injuries were prospectively examined with unenhanced MR imaging. A combination of gradient-echo and high-resolution fast-spin-echo axial pulse sequences were used. Surgical correlation was obtained in all patients. RESULTS At surgery, 37 torn anterior, 36 torn superior, and 19 torn posterior labral were identified. The sensitivity for detection of these tears with MR imaging was 100%, 86%, and 74%, respectively; the specificity was 95%, 100%, and 95%, respectively. Overall, unenhanced MR imaging was 95% accurate in the detection of labral injuries. CONCLUSION With appropriate pulse sequences, unenhanced MR imaging of the shoulder is an accurate technique for the detection and localization of labral injuries.