Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of soil carbon accrual and storage in bioenergy cropping systems

Annual row cropping systems converted to perennial bioenergy crops tend to accrue soil C, likely a function of increased root production and decreased frequency of tillage; however, very little is known about the mechanisms governing the accrual and stability of this additional soil C. To address this uncertainty, we assessed the formation and stability of aggregates and soil organic C (SOC) pools under switchgrass, giant miscanthus, a native perennial grass mix and continuous corn treatments in Michigan and Wisconsin soils differing in both texture and mineralogy. We isolated different aggregate size fractions, >2 mm, 0.5–2 mm, and <0.5 mm, using a procedure intended to minimize alterations to aggregate biological and chemical properties. We determined SOC, permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), and microbial activities (i.e. enzyme activities and soil respiration rates) associated with these aggregates. Soil type strongly influenced the trajectory of aggregate formation and stabilization with differences between sites in mean aggregate size, stability, SOC and microbial activity under perennial vs. corn cropping systems. At the Michigan site, soil microbial activities were highest in the >2 mm aggregates, and higher under the perennial grasses compared to corn. Contrastingly, in Wisconsin soils, microbial activities were highest in the <0.5 mm aggregates and evidence for soil C accrual under perennial grasses was observed only in a fast turnover pool in the <0.5 mm aggregate class. Our results help explain cross‐site variability in soil C accrual under perennial bioenergy crops by demonstrating how interactions between belowground productivity, soil type, aggregation processes and microbial communities influence the rates and extent of SOC stabilization. Bioenergy cropping systems have the potential to be low‐C energy sources but first we must understand the complex interactions controlling the formation and stabilization of SOC if we are to maximize soil C accrual.
Network virtualization: a hypervisor for the Internet?

Network virtualization is a relatively new research topic. A number of articles propose that certain benefits can be realized by virtualizing links between network elements as well as adding virtualization on intermediate network elements. In this article we argue that network virtualization may bring nothing new in terms of technical capabilities and theoretical performance, but it provides a way of organizing networks such that it is possible to overcome some of the practical issues in today¿s Internet. We strengthen our case by an analogy between the concept of network virtualization as it is currently presented in research, and machine virtualization as proven useful in deployments in recent years. First we make an analogy between the functionality of an operating system and that of a network, and identify similar concepts and elements. Then we emphasize the practical benefits realized by machine virtualization, and we exploit the analogy to derive potential benefits brought by network virtualization. We map the established applications for machine virtualization to network virtualization, thus identifying possible use cases for network virtualization. We also use this analogy to structure the design space for network virtualization.
How to build a Generic Model of complete ICs for system ESD and electrical stress simulation?

For precise system ESD simulation the transient chip behavior needs to be modeled accurately. As there are several typical characteristics possible (e.g. diode breakdown, snapback-element or forward diode) a straight forward methodology to build a generic model for transient behavior with destruction limits in SPICE is presented. This enables full-system transient ESD and electrical stress simulation for system robustness evaluation.
The effect of reducing repetition time TR on the measurement of liver R2 for the purpose of measuring liver iron concentration

The effects of reducing the pulse repetition time from 2500 ms to 1000 ms when using spin‐density‐projection‐assisted R2‐magnetic resonance imaging for the purpose of measuring liver iron concentration were evaluated. Repeated liver R2 measurements were made using both protocols on 60 subjects with liver iron concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 48.6 mg Fe (g dry tissue)−1. The mean total scan time at repetition time 1000 ms was 42% of that at repetition time 2500 ms. The repeatability coefficients for the two protocols were not significantly different from each other. A systematic difference in the measured R2 using each protocol was found indicating that an adjustment factor is required when one protocol is used to replace the other. The 95% limits of agreement between the two protocols were not significantly different from their repeatability coefficients indicating that the protocols can be interchanged without any significant change in accuracy or precision of liver iron concentration measurement. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences.

BACKGROUND Domestic violence results in long-term and immediate health problems. This study compared selected physical health problems of abused and never abused women with similar access to health care. METHODS A case-control study of enrollees in a multisite metropolitan health maintenance organization sampled 2535 women enrollees aged 21 to 55 years who responded to an invitation to participate; 447 (18%) could not be contacted, 7 (0.3%) were ineligible, and 76 (3%) refused, yielding a sample of 2005. The Abuse Assessment Screen identified women physically and/or sexually abused between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1997, resulting in 201 cases. The 240 controls were a random sample of never abused women. The general health perceptions subscale of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey measured general health. The Miller Abuse Physical Symptom and Injury Scale measured abuse-specific health problems. RESULTS Cases and controls differed in ethnicity, marital status, educational level, and income. Direct weights were used to standardize for comparisons. Significance was tested using logistic and negative binomial regressions. Abused women had more (P<.05) headaches, back pain, sexually transmitted diseases, vaginal bleeding, vaginal infections, pelvic pain, painful intercourse, urinary tract infections, appetite loss, abdominal pain, and digestive problems. Abused women also had more (P< or =.001) gynecological, chronic stress-related, central nervous system, and total health problems. CONCLUSIONS Abused women have a 50% to 70% increase in gynecological, central nervous system, and stress-related problems, with women sexually and physically abused most likely to report problems. Routine universal screening and sensitive in-depth assessment of women presenting with frequent gynecological, chronic stress-related, or central nervous system complaints are needed to support disclosure of domestic violence.
Entrepreneurial cross-mentoring: experiences from German/Austrian projects

Demographic change and globalization made the “war for talents” a strategic issue in Germany and highlights the fact that women have been an underestimated potential as leaders. Concurrently the idea of supporting entrepreneurial climate gained momentum and also drew attention on women. In this context mentoring is seen as means not only to qualify female managers but also to overcome gender related disadvantages in entrepreneurial settings. We present two German/Austrian cross-mentoring projects, focusing on female mentorées in which the specific effects of cross-mentoring for both, mentors and mentorées become visible. Characteristics of entrepreneurial mentoring as a specific form of cross-mentoring are lined out and the specific potential of cross-mentoring is analyzed. Based on this we suggest “Entrepreneurial Cross Mentoring” as a fresh approach.
Dynamics of Cytokine/Chemokine Responses in Intestinal CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Loss of intestinal CD4+ T cells was associated with decreased production of several T-helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cytokines and increased production of interleukin 17 (IL-17), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), CCL4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by CD8+ T cells 21 days after simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques. Shifting of mucosal TH1 to TH2 or T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1) to TC2 cytokine profiles was not evident. Additionally, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed upregulation of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic) cytokines that have been linked to HIV disease progression.
Performance evaluation of the first commercial PUF-embedded RFID

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) generate device-unique data streams by using manufacturing variations of each LSI. High-security authentication for counterfeiting prevention and secret key generation for data encryption are provided through PUFs. Such technology is a recent innovation, and Verayo Inc. created the world's first commercially available PUF only a few years ago. Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., has since integrated Verayo's PUF ICs into radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in order to develop a new security business in the near field communication market. In collaboration with Toppan, we have conducted acceleration tests on their PUF-embedded RFID tag to evaluate its performance and reliability.
Performance Study of Graph Convolutional Networks for Medical Prediction-Based Networks

1 NOMENCLATURE . 2 LIST OF FIGURES . 3
Using events to debug Java programs backwards in time

An "Omniscient Debugger" works by recording all state changes in the run of a program, and then allowing the programmer to explore the history of that program - effectively going "backwards in time. " Event analysis debuggers work by observing events as they occur, and allowing the programmer to write queries which will pause the program when matched - effectively highly sophisticated breakpoints.Recently we have integrated the two techniques to produce an omniscient debugger which can use event queries to search the history of a program interactively. The query mechanism is designed along the lines of an EMACS incremental search, where the query is typed into a "minibuffer" at the bottom of the debugger window, and the commands "next match" and "previous match" are single keystrokes. The result is instantaneous feedback with no danger of missing an interesting state by going too far.
PERVASIVE GENETIC INTEGRATION DIRECTS THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SKULL SHAPE

It has long been unclear whether the different derived cranial traits of modern humans evolved independently in response to separate selection pressures or whether they resulted from the inherent morphological integration throughout the skull. In a novel approach to this issue, we combine evolutionary quantitative genetics and geometric morphometrics to analyze genetic and phenotypic integration in human skull shape. We measured human skulls in the ossuary of Hallstatt (Austria), which offer a unique opportunity because they are associated with genealogical data. Our results indicate pronounced covariation of traits throughout the skull. Separate simulations of selection for localized shape changes corresponding to some of the principal derived characters of modern human skulls produced outcomes that were similar to each other and involved a joint response in all of these traits. The data for both genetic and phenotypic shape variation were not consistent with the hypothesis that the face, cranial base, and cranial vault are completely independent modules but relatively strongly integrated structures. These results indicate pervasive integration in the human skull and suggest a reinterpretation of the selective scenario for human evolution where the origin of any one of the derived characters may have facilitated the evolution of the others.
Maternal autoimmune antibodies alter the dendritic arbor and spine numbers in the infragranular layers of the cortex

An association between maternal IgG antibodies reactive against proteins in fetal brain and an outcome of autism in the child has been identified. Using a mouse model of prenatal intraventricular administration of autism-specific maternal IgG, we demonstrated that these antibodies produce behavioral alterations similar to those in children with ASD. We previously demonstrated that these antibodies bind to radial glial stem cells (RG) and observed an increase in the number of divisions of translocating RG in the developing cortex. We also showed an alteration in brain size and as well as a generalized increased of neuronal volume in adult mice. Here, we used our intraventricular mouse model of antibody administration, followed by Golgi and Neurolucida analysis to demonstrate that during midstages of neurogenesis these maternal autism-specific antibodies produced a consistent decrease in the number of spines in the infragranular layers in the adult cortical areas analyzed. Specifically, in the frontal cortex basal dendrites of layer V neurons were decreased in length and volume, and both the total number of spines—mature and immature—and the spine density were lower than in the control neurons from the same region. Further, in the occipital cortex layer VI neurons presented with a decrease in the total number of spines and in the spine density in the apical dendrite, as well as decrease in the number of mature spines in the apical and basal dendrites. Interestingly, the time of exposure to these antibodies (E14.5) coincides with the generation of pyramidal neurons in layer V in the frontal cortex and in layer VI in the occipital cortex, following the normal rostro-caudal pattern of cortical cell generation. We recently demonstrated that one of the primary antigens recognized by these antibodies corresponds to stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1). Here we hypothesize that the reduction in the access of newborn cells to STIP1 in the developing cortex may be responsible for the reduced dendritic arborization and number of spines we noted in the adult cortex.
Genetic Diversity in the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex: Lessons for Vaccination Approaches to HIV Infection

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) harbours genes that have a primary function of regulating immune responsiveness. Our data on the distribution patterns of molecular subtypes of HLA class I and II extended haplotypes in India suggest that: (1) Asian Indians have extreme diversity in the MHC region, with several novel and unique alleles and disease-associated MHC haplotypes (e.g. the autoimmune-favouring A26-B8-DR3 haplotype); (2) there have been selective environmental and microbial pressures in India that directed either the generation of novel alleles through founder effect or the expansion of other alleles due to geophysical or socio-economic barriers, and (3) Asian Indians have a unique repertoire of peptide-presenting molecules to deal with pathogen-derived autoreactive antigens. This level of polymorphism concentrated within the MHC presents a formidable obstacle to the development of peptide-based vaccines, e.g. for AIDS. Further, studies conducted by us and others have provided a genetic basis for the possible predisposition and fast progression of HIV infections in the Indian population. Since there is selective predominance of different HLA alleles and haplotypes in different populations, a dedicated global screening effort is required to develop MHC-based vaccines against infectious diseases.
A model for extending the reach of the traditional dental practice: the ForsythKids program.

BACKGROUND The authors describe and evaluate the short-term effectiveness of a community-based program for dental caries prevention in children. METHODS The authors enrolled pupils in the ForsythKids program after receiving informed consent. They targeted children at six Massachusetts elementary schools, grades 1 through 3, with pupil populations at high risk of developing caries. The children underwent examination by dentists using calibrated technique and received comprehensive preventive care from dental hygienists. The authors determined effectiveness by means of comparing results of the initial examination with those of a second examination performed six months later. RESULTS At baseline, 70 percent of the 1,196 participating children had decayed or filled teeth. More troublingly, 42.1 percent of the primary teeth and 31.1 percent of the permanent teeth had untreated decay. Six months after preventive intervention, the proportion of teeth with new decay was reduced 52 percent in primary teeth and 39 percent in permanent teeth. Furthermore, the percentage of children with newly decayed or restored primary and permanent teeth was reduced by 25.4 percent and 53.2 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that this care model relatively quickly can overcome multiple barriers to care and improve children's oral health. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS If widely implemented, comprehensive caries prevention programs such as ForsythKids could accomplish national health goals and reduce the need for new care providers and clinics.
Remittances and Household Expenditures on Education in Ghana's Northern Region: Why Gender Matters

ABSTRACT Studies of the impact of migrant remittances on receiving households assume that these households act as a unit in receiving remittances and making decisions about their use. Thus, many of these studies use the gender of the household head as a key control variable. This study questions this assumption, using original qualitative and quantitative data on rural–urban migration of women in Ghana to show that gendered social norms of household provisioning influence the intrahousehold flow of remittances. Regression results indicate that migrant women are more likely to send remittances to other women, creating female-centered networks of remittance flows even within male-headed households. The implications of this for intrahousehold resource allocation are explored through an analysis of the impact of the gender of the remitter and recipient on education expenditure. The results show that regardless of the gender of the household head, households in which women are the primary recipient of remittances spend more than twice as much on education as households in which men are the primary recipient.
Severe Stroke Induces Long-Lasting Alterations of High-Mobility Group Box 1

Background and Purpose— The signals that initiate the poststroke inflammatory response are unknown. High-mobility group box (HMGB) 1 protein is a nuclear protein that is passively released from necrotic tissue and is able to activate leukocytes, which in turn secrete HMGB1. HMGB1 is also able to activate antigen-presenting cells and therefore stands at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Methods— Plasma HMGB1 concentrations were determined at multiple time points after ischemic stroke (N=110) and correlated to stroke severity and biomarkers of inflammation. The relationships between HMGB1, stroke outcome, and autoimmune responses to brain antigens were also assessed. Results— Stroke resulted in an increase in HMGB1 that persisted for 30 days. Plasma HMGB1 was correlated with the number of circulating leukocytes but was not predictive of either stroke outcome or the development of autoimmune responses to brain antigens. Patients with a TH1(+) response to myelin basic protein at 90 days after stroke, however, had higher plasma HMGB1. Conclusions— HMGB1 appears to be involved in the postischemic inflammatory response, but it remains unclear whether HMGB1 initiates this response or merely reflects activation of leukocytes by another signal.
MultiLoc 2 and SherLoc 2 : improved prediction of subcellular protein localization

The function of a protein is highly correlated with its subcellular localization. However, determining the subcellular localization of a protein experimentally can be difficult and time-consuming. Computational methods for the prediction of subcellular locations of proteins from the sequence alone are an attractive alternative. MultiLoc2 [1] and SherLoc2 [3] both significantly extend and improve upon previous high-accuracy location prediction methods. In addition to information about N-terminal sorting signals, amino acid composition, and location specific domains, both predictors integrate phylogenetic profiles and Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Moreover, SherLoc2 uses textual information from PubMed abstracts. MultiLoc2 and SherLoc2 predict all 11 main eukaryotic locations. In addition, we provide a low-resolution version of MultiLoc2, which is specialized on discriminating globular proteins from secreted proteins and, consequently, predicts only up to five key locations. MultiLoc2 and SherLoc2 perform significantly better than their previous versions [5, 9] and other state-of-the-art subcellular localization predictors. MultiLoc2 and SherLoc2 are available as free webservices: http://www-bs.informatik. uni-tuebingen.de/Services/MultiLoc2/ http://www-bs.informatik. uni-tuebingen.de/Services/SherLoc2/
Implementation of Scribes in an Academic Emergency Department: The Resident Perspective.

BACKGROUND Medical scribes have been shown to improve emergency department (ED) throughput, physician productivity metrics, and patient satisfaction by fulfilling primary documentation and nonclinical functions. Little research has been done to date to study the effect of implementing a scribe program in a residency setting. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to investigate emergency medicine residents' perception of their educational experience, including interactions with faculty, before and after the implementation of an ED scribe program. METHODS We used a pre-post design to assess residents' perceptions of their educational experience before and after implementation of the scribe program. Residents at a large, urban academic medical center with an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited, 4-year emergency medicine residency program were surveyed during August 2015 (prior to the implementation of the scribe program) and April 2016 (6 months after implementation). RESULTS Residents reported improved educational experiences with statistically significant changes in the following areas: increased interaction with faculty due to fewer documentation requirements (P = .012); more face-to-face teaching with faculty (P < .001); increased faculty supervision for procedures (P = .016); and a decrease of delays in patient disposition due to incomplete documentation (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of an ED scribe program in an urban 4-year emergency medicine residency program led to improvements in residents' perceptions of their education.