Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Delirium: Economic and Societal Costs

Although a number of studies have documented the negative clinical and economic consequences of delirium, interventions to prevent and treat delirium are infrequently implemented. The importance of delirium may continue to be underestimated until its societal and economic effects are documented. The current article outlines the existing literature related to long‐term sequelae and costs associated with delirium and stresses the importance of such research in prompting recognition, prevention, and treatment efforts that could reduce the effect of delirium and improve quality of life for older adults and their caregivers.
Women into educational leadership and management: international differences?

The under‐representation of women in positions of senior management within educational institutions continues to be a matter of some concern, particularly as the teaching force is largely dominated, nationally and internationally, by women. Studies on gender and leadership have revealed a number of barriers to women seeking educational leadership and management positions. This paper is based on narratives drawn from women aspiring to leadership and management in different educational contexts, from very different parts of the world. The study examines the “glass ceilings” and “glass walls”; that is, horizontal and vertical barriers faced by each of the women within their cultures and environments.
An Incentive-Compatible Suggestion for Seigniorage Sharing With Dollarizing Countries

Sixteen countries now give the U.S. dollar legal-tender status. Although dollarizing can help emergingmarket countries gain monetary credibility and avoid currency crisis, many do not want to give up the seigniorage revenues associated with issuing their own fiat currency. This article offers a proposal for seignoirage sharing.
Inclusion in Physical Education: A review of literature

The purpose of this review was to analyse empirical studies on inclusion in physical education (PE) over the past 20 years and then propose recommendations for future research. A systematic process was used to search the literature for this review. First, a total of 75 research-based articles from computerised education databases were included in this review. Second, the publication descriptor data were summarised and analysed according to the geographic distribution, study period, research theme, and research method. Results showed that the number of studies on inclusive PE increased in the past 20 years, and most of these studies were contributed by authors in developed countries. Quantitative methods were the major research method employed in the reviewed studies. Third, we performed a content analysis on the descriptive data and identified three recurring themes from the empirical research. These included: stakeholder (e.g., teachers and parents) perspectives of inclusive PE, effective inclusive practices, and the impacts of inclusion on students with and without disabilities. Of the 75 studies reviewed, 49 (65%) focused on stakeholder perspectives on inclusive PE. The data indicated that stakeholders philosophically support inclusive PE, but numerous concerns and different opinions exist. Only 12 (16%) studies examined the effects of different inclusive strategies. The studies suggested that strategies such as peer tutoring and cooperative learning can provide useful support within inclusive PE. A total of 14 (19%) studies focused on the effect of inclusion on students with and without disabilities. The data indicated that inclusion in PE does not affect the learning outcome of students without disabilities when given support (e.g., using paraprofessionals and adapted PE specialists) or when a solid curriculum is used. However, students with disabilities experienced less motor engagement than their peers without disabilities. The findings of these studies also indicated that although students with disabilities can gain benefits from social interactions in inclusive PE, social isolation of students with disabilities also exists. In conclusion, this review has enhanced our knowledge of the type of studies undertaken in the field of inclusive PE for students with disabilities and some of the outcomes for these students.
Children's human rights education as a counter to social disadvantage: a case study from England

Background: Children's rights education in schools has many social and educational benefits. Among them are a deeper understanding of rights and social responsibility, an improved school climate, and greater school engagement and achievement. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess whether children's rights education has the power to improve educational outcomes for socially disadvantaged children in particular. Sample: A sample of three primary schools was included in the study. These were drawn from a wider sample of English schools participating in the Hampshire Education Local Authority's Rights, Respect and Responsibility initiative (RRR). Design and methods: Building on a longitudinal study, we compared Year 6 children in three schools that varied in the degree to which they had implemented RRR: one in a disadvantaged area that has fully implemented RRR (School 1); one in a disadvantaged area that is now beginning to implement RRR (School 2); and another in a relatively advantaged area that has partially implemented RRR (School 3). We assessed levels of school engagement, optimism, self-concept, parental involvement, school problems, education and career aspirations, and participation in school and community. Results: Compared with their peers in the other two schools, students attending School 1 reported significantly higher levels of school engagement, fewer social problems, greater optimism and higher self-concepts. Conclusions: The findings reported here, together with previous data, suggest that fully implemented children's human rights education, among its other benefits, may be one means of narrowing the gap between socially disadvantaged children and their more advantaged peers.
Paracrine modulation of CXCR4 by IGF-1 and VEGF: implications for choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE Modulators of angiogenesis typically work in an orchestrated manner. The authors examined the interaction between insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and stromal derived factor (SDF)-1 in vivo and in vitro using angiogenesis models. METHODS The angiogenic effect of SDF-1, alone or in combination with IGF-1 and VEGF, was assessed in human lung microvascular endothelial cells using capillary tube formation and thymidine incorporation. Immunohistochemical analysis for CD31, SDF-1, and CXCR4 was performed on mouse eyes 2 weeks after the initiation of laser rupture of Bruch's membrane, a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model. CXCR4 antagonist and CXCR4 blocking antibody were tested on inhibition of CNV lesion size in this model. Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA levels for SDF-1, VEGF, IGF-1, and their cognate receptors in the retinal pigment epithelium/choroid complex of mice that underwent this CNV model. RESULTS IGF-1 and VEGF demonstrated an additive effect on SDF-1-induced in vitro angiogenesis. CXCR4 immunoreactivity was present in both normal and laser-injured mice at the laser burn site and at the ganglion cell layer, the anterior portion of the inner nuclear layer, photoreceptors, and choroidal stroma. SDF-1 was observed in identical locations but was not seen in photoreceptors. mRNA levels for SDF-1, VEGF, and IGF-1 and their receptors were increased after laser injury. CXCR4-neutralizing antibody reduced neovascularization when injected subretinally but not intraperitoneally or intravitreally. CONCLUSIONS The potent proangiogenic factors IGF-1 and VEGF both stimulate SDF-1-induced angiogenesis. Local inhibition of CXCR4 is required for an antiangiogenic effect in CNV lesions.
Toward a Neo-Darwinian Sociology: Its Nomological Principles and Some Illustrative Applications

In a thought-provoking appraisal of the state of macrosociological theory, Gerhard Lenski argues that its shortcomings can be rectified, in part, by reference to nomological reasoning. Moreover, developments in behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, and population genetics offer interesting insights into analyses of social behavior across time and space and, in the process, reveal some useful hints about the manner in which sociocultural theorists might proceed in developing more elegant theoretical statements. With these considerations in mind, the argument elaborated in this essay suggests: (1) that contemporary sociocultural science has much to contribute to the development of a general theory of social behavior, (2) that theory refinement in the sociocultural sciences can be enhanced significantly by reference to general principles (specifically, an amended version of the “maximization principle”) developed in recent years in the evolutionary behavioral sciences; and (3) that reliance on such general analytical principles is enormously helpful in clarifying some seemingly troublesome theoretical problems in, for example, studies of social demography and human ecology and of social stratification and mobility.
Web 2.0 support for individual, group and organizational learning

This article explores how Web 2.0 interactive technologies are valuable for generative, learner-driven, instructor-facilitated virtual learning processes integrated with work tasks for solving problems and coping with challenges. This is in contrast to the earlier generation of one-way technologies that is traditionally used for adaptive, instructor-driven online learning programs for skills and knowledge training, and communicating corporate policies and procedures. Learning professionals need to be open to encourage employees' experimentation with new software tools and techniques, value technology gatekeepers in their organization and promote informal learning.
A comparison study on contextual modeling for estimating functional loads of phonological contrasts

Functional load (FL) is the quantitative measure of the importance of phonological contrasts, which stand for the differentiation of communicative linguistic units. Correct estimate of FLs is useful for the studies of speech recognition, language evolution, language teaching and etc. Conventional approaches use phonological transcriptions and unigram probabilities for the estimation, hence weak in contextual modeling. Based on the measurement of mutual information (MI) between the text and its phonological transcription, we previously proposed a novel FL measurement which utilizes n-gram word probabilities, hence owing better context modeling power. In this study, we compare the effects of different context on the estimation of FL: syllable, word, n-gram word model, and open data. Experimental results show: the wider the context modeling, the smaller the FL; FL based on MI with the trigram model achieves the best performance in modeling the context in our experiments. Compared with FL based on entropy, FL based on MI showed smaller value and is applicable to open data.
Melatonin: a well‐documented antioxidant with conditional pro‐oxidant actions

Melatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine), an indoleamine produced in many organs including the pineal gland, was initially characterized as a hormone primarily involved in circadian regulation of physiological and neuroendocrine function. Subsequent studies found that melatonin and its metabolic derivatives possess strong free radical scavenging properties. These metabolites are potent antioxidants against both ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species). The mechanisms by which melatonin and its metabolites protect against free radicals and oxidative stress include direct scavenging of radicals and radical products, induction of the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduction of the activation of pro‐oxidant enzymes, and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, melatonin has been shown to reduce oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA under a very wide set of conditions where toxic derivatives of oxygen are known to be produced. Although the vast majority of studies proved the antioxidant capacity of melatonin and its derivatives, a few studies using cultured cells found that melatonin promoted the generation of ROS at pharmacological concentrations (μm to mm range) in several tumor and nontumor cells; thus, melatonin functioned as a conditional pro‐oxidant. Mechanistically, melatonin may stimulate ROS production through its interaction with calmodulin. Also, melatonin may interact with mitochondrial complex III or mitochondrial transition pore to promote ROS production. Whether melatonin functions as a pro‐oxidant under in vivo conditions is not well documented; thus, whether the reported in vitro pro‐oxidant actions come into play in live organisms remains to be established.
Viral Replication Rate Regulates Clinical Outcome and CD8 T Cell Responses during Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Mice

Since the first recorded infection of humans with H5N1 viruses of avian origin in 1997, sporadic human infections continue to occur with a staggering mortality rate of >60%. Although sustained human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet, there is a growing concern that these H5N1 viruses might acquire this trait and raise the specter of a pandemic. Despite progress in deciphering viral determinants of pathogenicity, we still lack crucial information on virus/immune system interactions pertaining to severe disease and high mortality associated with human H5N1 influenza virus infections. Using two human isolates of H5N1 viruses that differ in their pathogenicity in mice, we have defined mechanistic links among the rate of viral replication, mortality, CD8 T cell responses, and immunopathology. The extreme pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses was directly linked to the ability of the virus to replicate rapidly, and swiftly attain high steady-state titers in the lungs within 48 hours after infection. The remarkably high replication rate of the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus did not prevent the induction of IFN-β or activation of CD8 T cells, but the CD8 T cell response was ineffective in controlling viral replication in the lungs and CD8 T cell deficiency did not affect viral titers or mortality. Additionally, BIM deficiency ameliorated lung pathology and inhibited T cell apoptosis without affecting survival of mice. Therefore, rapidly replicating, highly lethal H5N1 viruses could simply outpace and overwhelm the adaptive immune responses, and kill the host by direct cytopathic effects. However, therapeutic suppression of early viral replication and the associated enhancement of CD8 T cell responses improved the survival of mice following a lethal H5N1 infection. These findings suggest that suppression of early H5N1 virus replication is key to the programming of an effective host response, which has implications in treatment of this infection in humans.
The impact of spatial and temporal availability of alcohol on its consumption and related harms: A critical review in the context of UK licensing policies

Issues Reviews recommend controlling alcohol availability to limit alcohol-related harm. However, the translation of this evidence into policy processes has proved challenging in some jurisdictions. Approach This paper presents a critical review of empirical spatial and temporal availability research to identify its features and limitations for informing alcohol availability policies. The UK is used as an example jurisdiction. It reviews 138 studies from a 2008 systematic review of empirical availability research and our update of this to January 2014. Data describing study characteristics (settings, measures, design) were extracted and descriptively analysed. Key Findings Important limitations in current evidence were identified: (i) outlet-level temporal availability was only measured in three studies, and there has been little innovation in measurement of spatial availability; (ii) empirical analyses focus on acute harms with few studies of longer-term harms; (iii) outlets are typically classified at aggregated levels with little empirical analysis of variation within outlet categories; (iv) evidence comes from a narrow range of countries; and (v) availability away from home, online availability and interactions between availability, price and place are all relatively unexamined. Implications Greater innovation in study and measure design and enhanced data quality are required. Greater engagement between researchers and policy actors when developing studies would facilitate this. Conclusions Research and data innovations are needed to address a series of methodological gaps and limitations in the alcohol availability evidence base, advance this research area and enable findings to be translated effectively into policy processes. [Holmes J, Guo Y, Maheswaran R, Nicholls J, Meier PS, Brennan A. The impact of spatial and temporal availability of alcohol on its consumption and related harms: A critical review in the context of UK licensing policies. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:515–25]
‘Underclass’ and ‘ordinary people’ discourses: Representing/re-presenting council tenants in a housing campaign

This paper employs critical discourse analysis to examine discourses of council (public) housing tenants. It focuses upon one example of housing activism, a local campaign that mobilized in opposition to a proposed stock transfer of council housing in South East England. The hegemonic societal-wide discourse regarding council tenants is that they constitute a socially excluded ‘underclass’, as in New Labour urban policy and the mass media. In contrast, the paper demonstrates how the housing campaign presented a counter-hegemonic discourse of tenants as ‘ordinary people’. Drawing upon a textual analysis of campaign literature and letters to local newspapers, the paper illustrates how this populist discourse abjured an explicit reference to class identity, but at the same time managed to effectively signify class inequality.
“Test-Tube Baby” procedures: Stress and judgements under uncertainty

Abstract Patients participating in an in vim fertilisation with embryo transfer (IVF and ET) programme face uncertainty at each stage of the procedure. Research on heuristics and on stress lead to predictions about behaviour in situations of uncertainty. It was predicted that IVF and ET participants would overestimate the likelihood of success, due to publicity the process has received, and would underestimate the likelihood of an earlier, less publicised. stage in the procedure. Both predictions were confirmed in a total of 70 participants (26 women at out-patient clines, 23 of their partners and 21 surgical in-patients). All the men and all but one woman overestimated the likelihood of becoming pregnant and having a baby. and most of the surgical patients underestimated the likelihood of egg recovery. Estimates were not related to patients' confidence about their information, confirming previous evidence about confidence in inaccurate judgements based on heuristics. Data on patients' distress as indicat.
A balance of KIF1A‐like kinesin and dynein organizes early endosomes in the fungus Ustilago maydis

In Ustilago maydis, bidirectional transport of early endosomes is microtubule dependent and supports growth and cell separation. During early budding, endosomes accumulate at putative microtubule organizers within the bud, whereas in medium‐budded cells, endosome clusters appear at the growing ends of microtubules at the distal cell pole. This suggests that motors of opposing transport direction organize endosomes in budding cells. Here we set out to identify these motors and elucidate the molecular mechanism of endosome reorganization. By PCR we isolated kin3, which encodes an UNC‐104/KIF1‐like kinesin from U.maydis. Recombinant Kin3 binds microtubules and has ATPase activity. Kin3–green fluorescent protein moves along microtubules in vivo, accumulates at sites of growth and localizes to endosomes. Deletion of kin3 reduces endosome motility to ∼33%, and abolishes endosome clustering at the distal cell pole and at septa. This results in a transition from bipolar to monopolar budding and cell separation defects. Double mutant analysis indicates that the remaining motility in Δkin3‐mutants depends on dynein, and that dynein and Kin3 counteract on the endosomes to arrange them at opposing cell poles.
The Status of Subject and Object Markers in Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese

Subject and object markers go by a variety of names in the literature on Oceanic languages. Few authors, however, clarify the morphophonological and morpho-syntactic status of such elements. This paper investigates the status of subject and object markers in the Pakin geolect of the Lukunosh dialect of Mortlockese, a minority language spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia. Through the application of morphophonological and morphosyntactic tests established in the literature, I conclude that (i) subject markers are proclitics that have ambiguous interpretation as either anaphoric agreement (arguments) or grammatical agreement, and (ii) object markers are suffixes that show a split: (a) the third person singular object suffix behaves like a general transitivity marker when there is an overt object, and (b) both the third person singular object suffix and the other nonthird person singular object suffixes behave like anaphoric agreement when there is no overt object.
Age of obesity onset in MC4R mutation carriers.

OBJECTIVES The mutations in gene for the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are the most common etiology factors of monogenic obesity development. Recently, it has been shown that current life style has a significant impact on the phenotype of MC4R mutation carriers - increases the penetrance of the mutations. We aimed to study the impact of the current age on the time of obesity onset among MC4R mutation carriers. METHODS DNA analysis of the MC4R gene was performed in 268 unrelated Slovak and Moravian obese children and adolescents 18 years and 28 blood relatives >18 years of the probands with a mutation. RESULTS Three different previously described heterozygous loss of function MC4R mutations (p.Ser19Alafs*34, p.Ser127Leu, and p.Gly181Asp) were found in 3 <18 years probands, 3 adult probands, and 6 adult obese/overweight family relatives. The age of obesity onset in mutation carriers was 1 year in all probands in the children group and 1-35 years (median 11 years) in adults. The age of the obesity onset significantly correlated (R=0.809, p=0.028) with the current age in all of the MC4R mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS The age of obesity onset in the present child generation of MC4R mutation carriers is decreasing compared to the age of onset in their parents' generation. This is in agreement with similarly increasing penetrance of obesity in MC4R mutation carriers and it points out to escalation of obesogenic potential of environment.