Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities at forest edges

1 Ectomycorrhizal fungi are spatially associated with established ectomycorrhizal vegetation, but the influence of distance from established vegetation on the presence, abundance, diversity and community composition of fungi is not well understood. 2 We examined mycorrhizal communities in two abandoned agricultural fields in Minnesota, USA, using Quercus macrocarpa seedlings as an in situ bioassay for ectomycorrhizal fungi from 0 to 20 m distance from the forest edge. 3 There were marked effects of distance on all aspects of fungal communities. The abundance of mycorrhiza was uniformly high near trees, declined rapidly around 15 m from the base of trees and was uniformly low at 20 m. All seedlings between 0 and 8 m distance from forest edges were ectomycorrhizal, but many seedlings at 16–20 m were uninfected in one of the two years of the study. Species richness of fungi also declined with distance from trees. 4 Different species of fungi were found at different distances from the edge. ‘Rare’ species (found only once or twice) dominated the community at 0 m, Russula spp. were dominants from 4 to 12 m, and Astraeus sp. and a Pezizalean fungus were abundant at 12 m to 20 m. Cenococcum geophilum, the most dominant species found, was abundant both near trees and distant from trees, with lowest relative abundance at intermediate distances. 5 Our data suggest that seedlings germinating at some distance from established ectomycorrhizal vegetation (15.5 m in the present study) have low levels of infection, at least in the first year of growth. Distance from established vegetation represents an important gradient for ectomycorrhizal fungi, with different species occupying distinct niches along this gradient. This provides support for niche differentiation as a factor contributing to ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity. 6 Ectomycorrhizal infection of seedlings is spatially complex, with high infection and high fungal diversity near trees, high infection but lower diversity at intermediate distances, and low infection and low fungal diversity distant from trees. This spatial complexity should be considered as a factor potentially influencing the establishment of ectomycorrhizal vegetation.
Mirror neurons and imitation learning in early motor development

The paper reviews research on imitation learning. The development of the nervous system is a reciprocal process where the neural networks are formed as a result of motor action produced by the individual. Review research further shows that plasticity is an important quality of the brain that helps in the formation of neural structures based on the individual’s interaction with the environment where imitation is an important learning mechanism. A review of literature shows that the human mirror neuron system (hMNS) is involved in imitation learning and motor imagery. The research review comes to the conclusion that the development of hMNS is a significant factor in facilitating imitation learning. Stimuli from the environment and the adequate response from the nervous system are crucial factors for the proper development of the central nervous system. This makes the development of hMNS and the development of movements’ reciprocative process. Review Article
Use of a neural-network-based approach for a reliable modelling of a distillation column

Process development and continuous request for productivity led to an increasing complexity of industrial units. The main aim of this paper is to establish a reliable model of process behaviour both for the steady-state and unsteady-state regimes. Multilayer feedforward neural network in the form of non-linear-auto-regressive with exogenous input (MFNN-NARX) was proposed to predict the product quality of a distillation column. This study shows also another technique for neural model reduction into account the physical knowledge of the process. It shows the choice and the performance of the neural network in the training and test phases. An analysis of the inputs choice, time delay, hidden neurons and their influence on the behaviour of the neural estimator is carried out. Three statistical criteria are used for the validation of the experimental data. Based on these results, the best network MFNN-NARX is composed of one hidden layer of eight nodes and six exogenous inputs. This result shows the good generalisation of the developed reliable model.
ATMEN: a triggered network measurement infrastructure

Web performance measurements and availability tests have been carried out using a variety of infrastructures over the last several years. Disruptions in the Internet can lead to Web sites being unavailable or increase user-perceived latency. The unavailability could be due to DNS, failures in segments of the physical network cutting off thousands of users, or attacks. Prompt reactions to network-wide events can be facilitated by local or remote measurement and monitoring. Better yet, a distributed set of intercommunicating measurement and monitoring entities that react to events dynamically could go a long way to handle disruptions.We have designed and built ATMEN, a triggered measurement infrastructure to communicate and coordinate across various administrative entities. ATMEN nodes can trigger new measurements, query ongoing passive measurements or historical measurements stored on remote nodes, and coordinate the responses to make local decisions. ATMEN reduces wasted measurements by judiciously reusing measurements along three axes: spatial, temporal, and application.We describe the use of ATMEN for key Web applications such as performance based ranking of popular Web sites and availability of DNS servers on which most Web transactions are dependent. The evaluation of ATMEN is done using multiple network monitoring entities called Gigascopes installed across the USA, measurement data of a popular network application involving millions of users distributed across the Internet, and scores of clients to aid in gathering measurement information upon demand. Our results show that such a system can be built in a scalable fashion.
Design and Implementation of Signatures for Transactional Memory Systems

Transactional Memory (TM) systems ease multithreaded application development by giving the programmer the ability to specify that some regions of code, called transactions, must be executed atomically. To achieve high efficiency, TM systems optimistically try to execute multiple transactions concurrently and either stall or abort some of them if a conflict occurs. A conflict happens if two or more transactions access to the same memory address, and at least one of the accesses is a write. TM systems must track the read and write sets —items read and written during a transaction— to detect possible conflicts. Several TMs, including Bulk, LogTM-SE, BulkSC, and SigTM, represent read and write sets with signatures, which allow unbounded read/write sets to be summarized in bounded hardware at a performance cost of false positives (conflicts detected when none actually existed). This study addresses the aspects of signature design and implementation for conflict detection in TM systems. We first cover the design of Bloom signatures (i.e. signatures implemented with Bloom filters), identifying their three design dimensions: size, number of hash functions, and type of hash functions. We find that true Bloom signatures, implemented with a k hash function Bloom filter, require k-ported SRAMs, which are not area efficient (for k ≥ 2). Instead, parallel Bloom signatures, which consist of k parallel Bloom filters with one hash function each, and the same total state, can be implemented with inexpensive single-ported memories, being about 8×more area-efficient for typical signature designs. Furthermore, we show that true and parallel Bloom signatures perform asymptotically the same in theory, and approximately the same in a practical setting with LogTM-SE under a variety of benchmarks. We perform a thorough evaluation of different Bloom signatures and find designs that achieve both higher performance than the previously recommended ones (reducing the execution time by a factor of two in some benchmarks), and are more robust, by exploiting the type of hash functions used. Additionally, we describe, analyze and evaluate three novel signature designs. First, Cuckoo-Bloom signatures adapt cuckoo hashing for hardware implementation and build an accurate hash-table based representation of small read/write sets (an important and common case), and morph dynamically into a Bloom filter as the sets get large, but do not support set intersection or union. Second, Hash-Bloom signatures use a simpler hash-table based representation and morph into a Bloom filter more gradually than Cuckoo-Bloom signatures, outperforming similar Bloom signature designs for both small and large read/write sets. And third, adaptive Bloom signatures, which use predictors to determine the optimal number of hash functions to use in a Bloom signature dynamically.
The role of ethnicity, gender, emotional content, and contextual differences in physiological, expressive, and self-reported emotional responses to imagery

Cardiovascular responses, skin conductance, corrugator ("frown"), and zygomaticus ("smile") electromyographic activity, and self-reported emotional responses were examined in response to scenarios that varied in emotional content and whether they involved interacting with a Black or White person. Black (33 women, 25 men) and White (28 women, 26 men) students imagined joy, neutral, fear, and anger situations. Emotional contents replicated patterns of physiological and self-reported emotion found in other studies, although gender differences in emotion found in other studies were evident only in White participants. Blacks exhibited more positive facial expressions, while Whites were more negatively expressive. Blacks, and particularly Black men, exhibited greater blood pressure reactivity to the emotional contexts. For both White and Black participants, imagined interactions with Blacks increased both positive and negative facial expression. Results suggest that, compared to Whites, Blacks are both more autonomically reactive to emotional interactions and may be responded to more emotionally. The results are discussed in terms of the need to study specific contextual factors rather than broad cross-cultural characterisations.
FETAL BLOOD VELOCITY WAVEFORMS IN NORMAL PREGNANCY

A combination of pulsed echo and continuous wave Doppler ultrasound was used to obtain blood flow velocity signals from the umbilical arteries of 18 normal patients from the 16th until the 40th week of pregnancy. Audio frequency analysis of these signals yielded fetal blood velocity waveforms. Analysis of these waveforms demonstrated that the placenta is an organ of low vascular resistance and that placental resistance to blood flow declines with advancing gestational age in normal pregnancy.
De l'affliction à la prédication: quand les souffrants parlent à la communauté

Comment les fidèles confrontés à la souffrance peuvent-ils se présenter à leurs coreligionnaires, dans les milieux charismatiques, où prédomine l'idée du juste béni par le bien-être et la santé? C'est ce que l'auteur a entrepris d'élucider au travers d'une enquête ethnographique dans une communauté évangélique charismatique, à Genève. Il a focalisé son attention sur les témoignages de souffrants prononcés lors d'un même culte—la particularité étant de relever les interactions d'individus s'expliquant à d'autres membres dans un contexte habituel. À vrai dire, ces personnes malades, que les prières de guérison n'ont pu aider efficacement, se trouvent dans une position de légitimation difficile face à leur environnement de croyance. L'auteur montre que, au-delà de leur justification, l'argumentaire implique une explication de la souffrance endurée, laquelle provoque du même coup un renversement de statut des intervenants. De stigmatisées, les personnes souffrantes deviennent des figures charismatiques priant pour les autres membres de la communauté. How can charismatic believers speak about their suffering to religious peers when charismatic groups are influenced by the idea that the righteous are blessed with wellbeing and health? The author tries to understand this issue through the analysis of four testimonies given by sufferers during an evangelical worship service in Geneva, focusing on the interactions between these individuals and the group as they explained their trials in an otherwise normal worship context. From a stigmatised or discredited condition they arrived at an authoritative charismatic status, which allowed them to teach and explain the reasons for their suffering to the congregation. This status improvement was complete when the pastor, in his authoritative position, asked them to pray for the sick at the end of the service. For the first time, this study reveals the believers' performance behind the curtain of the common idea of “healing centrality” in Pentecostal theology.
AMELIORATION OF LUNG ISCHEMIC INJURY WITH PROSTACYCLIN

The single-flush technique of lung preservation is thought to be enhanced by prostaglandin treatment. In order to test this hypothesis, ten beagle dogs underwent thoracotomy and in situ flush perfusion of the excluded left lung with 30 ml/kg of cold, modified Euro-Collins' solution. Group 1 (n=5) received pretreatment with 30 ng/kg/min of PGI2 by infusion and as an additive to the flush (20 μg/L). Group 2 (n=5) received no PGI2 and served as controls. Following 60 min of warm ischemia, the left lung was reperfused, the contralateral lung excluded, and the animal ventilated at a fixed FiO2 of 0.4 for 4 hr. The severity of reperfusion injury was assessed by arterial oxygenation and hemodynamic measurements and, following sacrifice, by lung weight gain and bronchoalveolar lavage and ultrastructural studies. PGI2 therapy resulted in significant amelioration of reperfusion injury, with superior oxygenation at both 1 and 4 hr (PaO2 at 1 and 4 hr, respectively; PGI2: 145 mmHg ± 17.0 and 114 ± 11.2; no PGI2: 59 mmHg ± 5.8 and 51 ± 4.5; P<0.01 at both times), lower pulmonary vascular resistance index at 4 hr (PVRI; PGI2: 913 dynes sec cm-5m-2 ± 91; no PGI2: 1239 ± 68; P<0.05) and lower lung weight (PGI2: 76 g ± 4; no PGI2: 146 ± 10; P<0.001). Bronchoalveolar lavage studies revealed an influx of neutrophils following reperfusion that was less marked in the PGI2 group (increase in % neutrophils; PGI2: 50.4 ± 6.7; no PGI2: 76.9 ± 6.0; P<0.05). Lung injury score assessed by electron microscopy was lower in the PGI2 group (PGI2: 5.2 ± 1.1; no PGI2; 8.1 ± 0.5; P<0.05). It is concluded that PGI2 treatment is protective against ischemic lung injury in this model.
Can Victims’ Compensation Reduce Revictimization Risk? Examining the Role of Victims’ Compensation and Satisfaction

Stemming from the victims’ rights movement and the restorative justice movement, victims’ compensation is a program established to aid in addressing victims’ rights and needs. Much of the existing research on victims’ compensation programs has been descriptive and comparative in nature. Although newer studies on these programs have examined victims’ compensation and its relationship to other variables, research has not explored the effects of victims’ compensation has on negative outcomes, specifically revictimization. This dissertation will examine the possible link between victims’ compensation applicants’ satisfaction with the criminal justice system and its actors/programs and revictimization. Utilizing survey data from the Voice of the Victim: Statewide Analysis of Victim Compensation research project derived from the victims’ compensation program through the Criminal Justice Coordinating Counsel in the state of Georgia, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted regarding victims’ compensation applicants’ satisfaction with victims’ compensation and other entities in the criminal justice system and their relationship to revictimization. The findings suggest that applicants’ satisfaction with the police and victims’ specialists are important in reducing revictimization risk. In addition, being unemployed and drinking alcohol were found to be risk factors for experiencing revictimization among victims’ compensation applicants. Implications for policy and future research will be discussed. CAN VICTIMS’ COMPENSATION REDUCE REVICTIMIZATION RISK? EXAMINING THE ROLE OF VICTIMS’ COMPENSATION AND SATISFACTION
Incarceration and Social Inequality

t dramatic rise in mass incarceration in the united States, which began in the mid1970s and has continued mostly unabated, means that incarceration is a commonly experienced life course event for an increasing number of individuals. Indeed, about 3 percent of adults in the united States currently endure some form of correctional supervision, including the 2.3 million individuals incarcerated and the additional 4.9 million individuals on probation or parole (Glaze 2011). though the historically unprecedented rates of incarceration are remarkable, one of the most striking facets of mass incarceration is its unequal distribution across the population. Incarceration is concentrated among poorly educated minority men living in disadvantaged communities, and even within demographic groups, incarceration results from social forces such as differential involvement in crime and variation in exposure to police surveillance (Wakefield and uggen 2010). though about only 3 percent of white men born between 1965 and 1969 were incarcerated by their mid-30s, this was true of about one-fifth (21 percent) of black men and nearly three-fifths (59 percent) of black men without a high school diploma or GeD (Pettit and Western 2004).
Easy to Dance To: Solving the Problems of Teacher Evaluation with Peer Assistance and Review

Scholars and practitioners have long criticized teacher evaluation as ineffective. Peer assistance and review (PAR) alters traditional teacher evaluation, as master teachers conduct summative as well as formative assessment of beginning teachers and veteran teachers in need of intervention. Relying on data from a longitudinal case study of one urban district, this article describes key components of teacher evaluation with PAR, in particular how it differs from teacher evaluation as typically conducted by principals. Findings are reported across six key factors: time, professional development, transparency, labor relations, decision making, and accountability. Notably, a substantially higher level of accountability appeared present with PAR than prior to program implementation. In contrast to popular opinion, this study provides an example of teachers willing and able to engage in the summative evaluation of their peers, a key component of professionalism and professionalization. Implementation challenges and areas for future research are addressed.
The role of nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease: epidemiological evidence

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases exponentially with age but there is limited knowledge of the modifiable risk factors for AD. However, there is growing evidence for possible dietary risk factors in the development of AD and cognitive decline with age, such as antioxidant nutrients, fish, dietary fats, and B‐vitamins. Numerous animal and laboratory studies have shown that antioxidant nutrients can protect the brain from oxidative and inflammatory damage, but there are limited data available from epidemiological studies. There is more substantial epidemiological evidence from a number of recent studies that demonstrate a protective role of omega‐3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, in AD and cognitive decline. This review will focus on epidemiological evidence investigating the relationship between nutrition and AD, focusing particularly on the roles of dietary fats and antioxidants.
Authors ’ Electronic Copy PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED DATA PIPELINING WITH KNIME

In recent years a new category of data analysis applications have evolved, known as data pipelining tools, which enable even nonexperts to perform complex analysis tasks on potentially huge amounts of data. Due to the complex and computing intensive analysis processes and methods used, it is often neither sufficient nor possible to simply rely on the increase of performance of single processors. Promising solutions to this problem are parallel and distributed approaches that can accelerate the analysis process. In this paper we discuss the parallel and distribution potential of pipelining tools by demonstrating several parallel and distributed implementations in the open source pipelining platform KNIME. We verify the practical applicability in a number of real world experiments.
Technological Artifacts as Moral Carriers and Mediators

In recent times, non-human beings, objects, and structures ‐ for example computational tools and devices ‐ have acquired new moral worth and intrinsic values. Kantian tradition in ethics teaches that human beings do not have to be treated solely as “means”, or as “things”, that is in a merely instrumental way, but also have to be treated as “ends”. I contend that human beings can be treated as “things” in the sense that they have to be “respected” as things are sometimes (sections 1-2). People have to reclaim instrumental and moral values already dedicated to external things and objects. To the aim of reconfiguring human dignity in our technological world I introduce the concept of moral mediator (section 3), which takes advantage of some suggestions deriving from my previous research on epistemic mediators and on manipulative abduction. I contend that through technology people can simplify and solve moral tasks when they are in presence of incomplete information and possess a diminished capacity to act morally. Many external things, usually inert from the moral point of view, can be transformed into what we call moral mediators. Hence, not all of the moral tools are inside the head, many of them are shared and distributed in “external” objects and structures which function as ethical devices.
High density microwave packaging program phase 1-Texas Instruments/Martin Marietta team

On the ARPA sponsored High Density Microwave Packaging (HDMP) program, a team composed of Texas Instruments (TI), Martin Marietta, and General Electric (GE) is developing a packaging system to support tile conformal phased arrays. Significant volume and weight reductions are projected relative to today's microwave module technology. The team's approach utilizes a stacked module configuration, with a surface contact vertical interconnect between module layers. The module layers are built on a metal matrix composite AlSiC substrate with silicon and MMIC devices mounted face-up in substrate wells. Chip-to-chip interconnect is provided by an enhanced version of Martin Marietta's Microwave High Density Interconnect (MHDI) process. Stacked module assemblies are surface mounted on an RF/DC manifold on the back of the conformal array surface. Incremental technology demonstrations are planned as part of the program, culminating in a 96-element brassboard array demonstration. <<ETX>>