Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The eIF4G-eIF4E complex is the target for direct cleavage by the rhinovirus 2A proteinase

The 2A proteinases (2Apro) of certain picornaviruses induce the cleavage of the eIF4G subunit of the cap-binding protein complex, eIF4F. Several reports have demonstrated that 2Apro of rhinovirus and coxsackievirus B4 cleave eIF4G directly. However, it was suggested that in poliovirus infection, the 2Apro induces the activation of a cellular proteinase which in turn cleaves eIF4G. Furthermore, it is not clear whether eIF4G is cleaved as part of the eIF4F complex or as an individual polypeptide. To address these issues, recombinant eIF4G was purified from Sf9 insect cells and tested for cleavage by purified rhinovirus 2Apro. Here we report that eIF4G alone is a relatively poor substrate for cleavage by the rhinovirus 2Apro. However, an eIF4G-eIF4E complex is cleaved efficiently by the 2Apro, suggesting that eIF4F is a preferred substrate for cleavage by rhinovirus 2Apro. Furthermore, 2Apr drastically reduced the translation of a capped mRNA. An eIF4G-eIF4E complex, but not eIF4G alone, was required to restore translation.
Learning Priors for Bayesian Computations in the Nervous System

Our nervous system continuously combines new information from our senses with information it has acquired throughout life. Numerous studies have found that human subjects manage this by integrating their observations with their previous experience (priors) in a way that is close to the statistical optimum. However, little is known about the way the nervous system acquires or learns priors. Here we present results from experiments where the underlying distribution of target locations in an estimation task was switched, manipulating the prior subjects should use. Our experimental design allowed us to measure a subject's evolving prior while they learned. We confirm that through extensive practice subjects learn the correct prior for the task. We found that subjects can rapidly learn the mean of a new prior while the variance is learned more slowly and with a variable learning rate. In addition, we found that a Bayesian inference model could predict the time course of the observed learning while offering an intuitive explanation for the findings. The evidence suggests the nervous system continuously updates its priors to enable efficient behavior.
Evolution of hypsodonty in equids: testing a hypothesis of adaptation

Abstract The independent acquisition of high-crowned cheek teeth (hypsodonty) in several ungulate lineages (e.g., camels, equids, rhinoceroses) in the early to middle Miocene of North America has classically been used as an indication that savanna vegetation spread during this time. Implicit in this interpretation is the untested assumption that hypsodonty was an evolutionary response to feeding in open habitats, either due to a change in food source (from browse to graze) or to increased incorporation of airborne grit in the diet. I examined the adaptive explanation for hypsodonty in equids using criteria pertaining to process and pattern of adaptations set up in the comparative-methods literature. Specifically, I tested whether hypsodonty appeared coincident with or just after the spread of open, grass-dominated habitats in the Great Plains of North America. Phytolith (plant opal) analysis of 99 phytolith assemblages extracted from sediment samples from Montana/Idaho, Nebraska/Wyoming, and Colorado were used to establish the first continuous record of middle Eocene–late Miocene vegetation change in the northern to Central Great Plains. This record was compared with the fossil record of equids from the same area in a phylogenetic framework. The study showed that habitats dominated by C3 grasses were established in the Central Great Plains by early late Arikareean (≥21.9 Ma), at least 4 Myr prior to the emergence of hypsodont equids (Equinae). Nevertheless, the adaptive hypothesis for hypsodonty in equids could not be rejected, because the earliest savanna-woodlands roughly co-occurred with members of the grade constituting the closest outgroups to Equinae (“Parahippus”) showing mesodont dentition. Explanations for the slow evolution of full hypsodonty may include weak and changing selection pressures and/or phylogenetic inertia. These results suggest that care should be taken when using functional morphology alone to reconstruct habitat change.
Simulation of Electron Transport in InGaAs/AlGaAs HEMTs Using an Electrothermal Monte Carlo Method

The electrothermal simulator developed in this work uses an iterative procedure that self-consistently couples a Monte Carlo electronic trajectory simulation with a fast Fourier series solution of the heat diffusion equation. Results presented in this paper are obtained from the simulation of In0.15Ga0. 85As/Al 0.28Ga0. 72As HEMTs. The negative differential output conductance (thermal droop) is observed in the electrothermal I ds-Vds characteristics of the simulated devices. Temperature profiles across the simulated region corresponding to different heat generation distributions are shown to be nonuniform with peak temperature and temperature range values dependent upon the device bias. The microscopic details of charge transport are studied, and the relationship between the thermal droop and the microscopic velocity properties is analyzed. The reduction in the length of the semiconductor die is shown to affect the peak temperature values without significantly altering the temperature range. The distribution of heat generation across the devices is simulated using a microscopic level count of phonon emission and absorption events and compared with that obtained using the current density-electric field (JmiddotE) dot product. The J middot E calculation was found to overestimate the local heat generation in the most electrically active regions of the device
Waiting Time Analysis for Delay Sensitive Traffic in Internet of Things

In this paper, waiting time analysis for the delay sensitive traffic especially in Internet of things (IoT) is performed. The analysis is based on probabilistic prediction approach for providing Quality of Service (QoS). A dynamic packet scheduling scheme is considered to provide service differentiation and preferential treatment to delay sensitive traffic. The scheduler focuses on reducing the waiting time of high priority delay sensitive services in the queue and simultaneously keeping medium and low priority services within tolerable limits. The scheme uses the difference in probability of average queue length of high priority packets at previous cycle and current cycle to determine the probability of average weight required in the current cycle. This offers optimized bandwidth allocation to all the services. The performance of the algorithm is investigated using MPEG-4 traffic traces under different system loadings. The results show the improved performance with respect to waiting time for scheduling high priority packets.
Regulatory T Cells in Allergy and Asthma

The immune system’s correct functioning requires a sophisticated balance between responses to continuous microbial challenges and tolerance to harmless antigens, such as self-antigens, food antigens, commensal microbes, allergens, etc. When this equilibrium is altered, it can lead to inflammatory pathologies, tumor growth, autoimmune disorders, and allergy/asthma. The objective of this review is to show the existing data on the importance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on this balance and to underline how intrauterine and postnatal environmental exposures influence the maturation of the immune system in humans. Genetic and environmental factors during embryo development and/or early life will result in a proper or, conversely, inadequate immune maturation with either beneficial or deleterious effects on health. We have focused herein on Tregs as a reflection of the maturity of the immune system. We explain the types, origins, and the mechanisms of action of these cells, discussing their role in allergy and asthma predisposition. Understanding the importance of Tregs in counteracting dysregulated immunity would provide approaches to diminish asthma and other related diseases in infants.
Motion Picture Performance: A Review and Research Agenda

This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of empirical studies of motion picture performance published from 1977 to 2006 inclusive in the following five disciplines of the social sciences: strategy, organization theory, marketing, cultural economics and sociology. It introduces a novel framework which organizes the various dimensions and explanatory factors of movie performance into five distinct categories and underscores their relationships. The paper, which uses this model as a roadmap for discussions of film success, serves two complementary purposes. First, it clarifies the current state of the literature, stresses core contributions and exposes limitations in existing research by emphasizing hitherto neglected independent explanatory factors, dependent dimensions and correlations between them. Second, it introduces five conceptual, methodological and empirical suggestions for further cinema performance research aimed at addressing these limitations and, accordingly, at providing better accounts of motion picture performance in view of the fast-changing conditions of cinema production, marketing and consumption.
Norovirus diarrhea in Bangladesh, 2010–2014: prevalence, clinical features, and genotypes

Norovirus infections in diarrhea patients attending an urban and a rural hospital in Bangladesh were investigated. A total of 953 fecal specimens from both children and adults collected during 2010–2014 were tested for the presence of norovirus using real time PCR. One fourth (25%) of the specimens were positive for norovirus RNA which was identified both in children and adults. Norovirus was associated with short duration of diarrhea, high abdominal pain, and more moderate to severe dehydration when compared with rotavirus infections. Norovirus GII (69%) was the most prevalent genogroup followed by GI (18%), mixed GI/GII/GIV (11%), and GIV (2%). Among GII genogroup, GII.4 (42%) was the most prevalent genotype followed by GII.3 (21%), GII.6 (7%), GII.7 (6%), and GII.21 (6%). GII.4 and GII.3 strains were frequently identified (82% and 75%, respectively) in children <2 years of age and less commonly (16% and 15%) in adults more than 18 years of age. The present study reinforces the importance of norovirus‐associated hospitalizations both in children and adults. The dynamic molecular epidemiology of norovirus requires routine strain surveillance to identify changes in prevailing strains. J. Med. Virol. 88:1742–1750, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An improved IPv6 routing lookup algorithm of WSN

The research in WSN has become more and more active and its applications are also extending. However, many of the IPv6 routing lookup algorithms used nowadays cannot adapt to the new requirements of IPv6 and impact the performance of WSN. An improved longest prefix matching routing algorithm based on IPv6 is proposed in this paper. The network prefixes and the destination addresses are transformed into the decimal system, then the network prefixes are stored using Scalable Bloom Filter and the destination addresses are stored segmentally to reduce the number of filters. Fast lookup speed is achieved by equitable distribution of the address prefixes. Simulation results show that the improved algorithm has better performance in time efficiency and storage efficiency.
The Exchange Value of Housework

Explaining persistent inequalities in the division of household labor amid secular change in women's employment patterns and in sex-role attitudes remains a challenge for sociologists and economists. The predominant conceptual solutions draw from a unifying paradigm of genderneutral exchange, and furthermore align with economic or quasi-economic images of purposive action. This article analyzes three models from this class of explanations—the human capital theory of household time allocation, the resource-bargaining perspective on marital power, and the economic dependency model—using data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households. The results fail to support any of the three variations on the theme of gender neutrality in the principles governing the division of household labor. Instead, the pattern of negative findings provokes consideration of how husbands' and wives' housework behavior might serve as a vehicle of symbolic display. Evidence is presented suggesting that among couples whose earnings arrangement seriously deviates from the gender norm, housework is used symbolically to reassert one's “essential” masculinity or femininity. Overall, the results support a more expansive view of spousal exchange as a means of addressing the puzzle of why housework remains “women's work. ”
Self-esteem and optimal experience.

One of the most intriguing aspects of flow theory concerns the effects of the experience on the sense of self. On the one hand, a person in flow is supposed to be unself-conscious. On the other hand, the self is said to emerge strengthened from the experience (Csikszentmihalyi & Graef 1980; Csikszentmihalyi 1982a, 1985b). Presumably, even though the self need not be in the focus of awareness during optimal experience – when rules and goals are clear – the positive feedback obtained from it stays on and contributes to a more sturdy self-concept after the flow episode is over and self-consciousness returns. The first aspect of this apparently paradoxical relationship has been documented empirically by previous studies. It seems clear that when people report being self-conscious, their subjective states are less positive than when they are unself-conscious (Wicklund 1975; Csikszentmihalyi & Figurski 1982). Thus on a moment-to-moment basis, flow and a sense of self appear to be mutually exclusive. However, the second aspect, namely the relationship between flow and a person's overall sense of self-esteem, has not been approached empirically before. The present study addresses this question: Is there a positive association between flow and self-esteem? Wells (1985, 1986) used the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to study variations in the self-esteem of 49 mothers and found several factors that were significantly related to fluctuations in self-esteem as the women went about their daily lives (e.g., presence vs. absence of their children, aspects of the interpersonal situation).
Help along the way.

HIGHWAY INDEX. 10 George Parks Highway (AK 3). 10 Denali Highway (AK 8). 11 Denali Park Road . 12 Richardson Highway (AK 4) . 12 Edgerton Highway (AK 10) & McCarthy Road. 13 Klondike Hwy 2 or Skagway/Carcross Road. 13 (AK 98, BC 2, & Yukon 2) Yukon Highway 2 . 14 Yukon Highway 9 or Top of the World Highway. 14 (Yukon 9) Taylor Highway (AK 5). 14 Haines Highway (AK 7, BC 4 & & Yukon 3). 15 Alaska Highway (BC 97, Yukon 1, & AK 2). 15 Chena Hot Springs Road. 17 Steese Highway (AK 6) . 17 Elliott Highway (AK 2) . 18 Dalton Highway or North Slope Haul Road. 18 Old Glenn Highway . 18 Glenn Highway . 18 Tok Cut-Off (AK 1) . 19 Nabesna Road. 19 Seward Highway (AK 9) . 20 Sterling Highway (AK1). 21 Kenai Spur Road . 22
Unraveling Comparative Anti-Amyloidogenic Behavior of Pyrazinamide and D-Cycloserine: A Mechanistic Biophysical Insight

Amyloid fibril formation by proteins leads to variety of degenerative disorders called amyloidosis. While these disorders are topic of extensive research, effective treatments are still unavailable. Thus in present study, two anti-tuberculosis drugs, i.e., pyrazinamide (PYZ) and D-cycloserine (DCS), also known for treatment for Alzheimer’s dementia, were checked for the anti-aggregation and anti-amyloidogenic ability on Aβ-42 peptide and hen egg white lysozyme. Results demonstrated that both drugs inhibit the heat induced aggregation; however, PYZ was more potent and decelerated the nucleation phase as observed from various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Furthermore, pre-formed amyloid fibrils incubated with these drugs also increased the PC12/SH-SY5Y cell viability as compare to the amyloid fibrils alone; however, the increase was more pronounced for PYZ as confirmed by MTT assay. Additionally, molecular docking study suggested that the greater inhibitory potential of PYZ as compare to DCS may be due to strong binding affinity and more occupancy of hydrophobic patches of HEWL, which is known to form the core of the protein fibrils.
Genetic characterization and protein stability analysis of a Chinese family with Von Hippel‐Lindau disease

Background Von Hippel‐Lindau disease (VHL), a heritable autosomal dominant disease characterized by neoplasia in multiple organ systems, has rarely been reported in Asia. We genetically investigated a unique Chinese family with VHL disease and performed an analysis of the VHL protein stability. Methods Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from peripheral blood was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to three exons of the VHL gene in 9 members of the Chinese family with VHL disease. PCR products were directly sequenced. We estimated the effects of VHL gene mutation on the stability of pVHL, which is indicated by the free energy difference between the wild‐type and the mutant protein (&Dgr;&Dgr;G). Results The Chinese family was classified as VHL type 1. Three family members, including two patients and a carrier, had a T to G heterozygotic missense mutation at nucleotide 515 of the VHL gene exon 1. This missense mutation resulted in the transition from leucine to arginine in amino acid 101 of the VHL protein. There was low stability of the VHL protein (the &Dgr;&Dgr;G was 12.71 kcal/mol) caused by this missense mutation. Conclusions We first reported a family with this VHL gene mutation in Asia. This missense mutation is predicted to significantly reduce the stability of the VHL protein and contribute to the development of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) phenotype displayed by this family. The genetic characterization and protein stability analysis of families with VHL disease are important for early diagnosis and prevention of the disease being passed on to their offspring.
Electronic health record functionality needed to better support primary care

Electronic health records (EHRs) must support primary care clinicians and patients, yet many clinicians remain dissatisfied with their system. This article presents a consensus statement about gaps in current EHR functionality and needed enhancements to support primary care. The Institute of Medicine primary care attributes were used to define needs and meaningful use (MU) objectives to define EHR functionality. Current objectives remain focused on disease rather than the whole person, ignoring factors such as personal risks, behaviors, family structure, and occupational and environmental influences. Primary care needs EHRs to move beyond documentation to interpreting and tracking information over time, as well as patient-partnering activities, support for team-based care, population-management tools that deliver care, and reduced documentation burden. While stage 3 MU's focus on outcomes is laudable, enhanced functionality is still needed, including EHR modifications, expanded use of patient portals, seamless integration with external applications, and advancement of national infrastructure and policies.
Pattern alignment method based on consistency among local registration candidates for LSI wafer pattern inspection

This paper reports an image-processing algorithm for robust inspection of LSI wafer patterns using SEM. In order to detect defects in a regular LSI pattern, a pair of long patterns are compared, blocked images are aligned, and defects are judged using the aligned images. The LSI wafer pattern is defined to consist of blank space, fine repetitive patterns, and unique patterns. Distortion of the SEM image is larger than the repetitive pattern pitch, requiring the system to keep track of the alignment in areas without pattern information or in blank space and mitigate the indeterminacy of repetitive patterns. To satisfy these requirements, a two-layer algorithm is proposed. The lower layer calculates registration candidates in each block, and the upper layer determines the correct registration route, i.e. the chain of the correct registration, using candidate information in all the related blocks. Experimental evaluations confirm that most pattern cases can be inspected correctly using the proposed SEM inspection system.
When Does FDI Have Positive Spillovers? Evidence from 17 Emerging Market Economies

We use firm-level data and national input-output tables from 17 countries over the 2002-2005 period to test new and existing hypotheses about the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the efficiency of domestic firms in the host country (i.e., spillovers). Providing evidence from a larger sample of countries and greater variety of firms than existing studies, with separate estimates by firm size, age, and sector, we show: a) backward spillovers (stemming from supplying a foreign firm in the host country or exporting to a foreign firm) are consistently positive; b) horizontal spillovers are mostly insignificant but positive for older firms and firms in the service sector; d) forward spillovers (from purchasing from foreign firms or importing) are also positive only for old and service sector firms. We find no support for the hypothesis that spillovers are greater for FDI with more advanced technology. While efficiency of domestic firms’ is affected by the business environment, the strength of FDI spillovers is not, either when measured by the degree of corruption, bureaucratic red tape or by differences across regions that vary in terms of development. Testing whether spillovers vary with the firm’s “absorptive capacity” we find: i) distance from the efficiency frontier tends to dampen horizontal spillovers in manufacturing and backward spillovers among old firms; ii) whereas firms with a larger share of university educated workforce are more productive, they do not enjoy greater FDI spillovers than firms with less educated workers. FDI spillovers hence vary by sectors and types of firms.
CS 3110 Spring 2017 Lecture 22 : Distributed Computing with Functional Processes continued

Topics 1. Message sequence diagrams and event structures. 2. A General Process Model (GPM) for asynchronous distributed computing. 3. Coding 2/3 consensus as a functional process. 4. A Logic of Events for reasoning about protocols. Reminders 1. Dr. Yaron Minksy will give the next lecture on Tuesday May 3. 2. PS6 is about distributed computing in OCaml, in particular implementing the 2/3 simple consensus protocol. The staff has created a substantial new software system for your use.