Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Missing Data—Prevention and Analysis

Missing data is a problem that is ubiquitous to all clinical trials and medical research, and is a fundamental component for measuring the quality of clinical trials. It has proven to be one of the most challenging issues to deal with both practically and analytically. With increased attention from regulatory authorities, clinical investigators, and research sponsors, the field is rapidly evolving in developing approaches for both missing data prevention and analysis. Addressing the missing data issue involves two efforts: missing data reduction and missing data analysis. Reducing missing data is the best way to address this. It requires efforts from protocol design, investigator training, community involvement, proper subject consent, good record keeping, selecting the most informative information to collect, right incentives and penalties to subjects and investigators, proper equipment and facilities, patient self-reporting to supplement clinician records, adequate auditing from sponsors and regulatory agencies, and proper reporting and labeling that do not give incentives for missing data or penalize trials with less missing data. Reducing missing data is possible, as reflected by examples in literature and regulatory experiences, and should be a priority for every trial. This will lead to reduced biases, increased efficiency, less reliance on modeling assumptions, and less need for sensitivity analyses. However, missing data cannot be totally avoided, either due to factors beyond the control of patients and investigators, or due to other necessary clinical decisions like discontinuation of treatment due to adverse events. In such cases one may question the existence of the measure of the original endpoint, and therefore the existence of missing data problem, but nevertheless there is a need to define the patient’s outcome. Depending on how the clinical question is asked, the approaches will differ. In the regulatory setting, the primary question is often about drug approval, which requires benefit/risk assessment; missing data can be handled in a framework of individual benefit/risk. For example, discontinuation due to lack of efficacy and discontinuation due to adverse events are sometimes considered failures and are used together with the success/failure criteria defined on the original endpoints of some laboratory measurements. This may often be sufficient to address the approval question; however, further characterization of benefit/risk in drug labels may require separation of the components and therefore some imputation on the efficacy and safety endpoints. This leads to description of benefits and risks separately on a population level, and combining these analyses yields population benefit/risk approaches. Missing data can be cast in a broader framework of incomplete data, which would include censored and truncated data. In this special issue, the 13 invited papers cover both missing data prevention and incomplete data modeling.
The social roles and functions of emotions

(from the chapter) discuss the ways in which the sociocultural environment can be expected to influence the emotional processes, the roles and functions of these processes in social interaction, and the influences of the sociocultural environment upon those roles and functions / discuss the modes of influence on emotions of the immediate context of social interaction in which emotions arise and of the values, norms, and cognitive customs prevalent in a given culture / briefly outline the conception of emotions that guides our analysis
Causal Attributions

The concept of objective self-awareness (Duval & Wicklund, 1973) has been found to affect the attributions regarding causality of an event. Another body of research has shown that attributions are affected by the need to protect or enhance one's self-esteem so that positive outcomes will be attributed internally and negative outcomes externally. The present research factorially combined these two factors (focus of attention and self-esteem) to ascertain their effects on the attribution process. The subjects, 119 undergraduates, were given feedback concerning their performance on a simulated intelligence test in the presence or absence of a mirror in the experimental room. After receiving the feedback, subjects were asked to respond to an attributional questionnaire assessing their perceptions of their performance as being caused by internal factors (effort, ability) or external factors (difficulty of questions, luck). Results indicated that the type of feedback (negative, none, or positive) interacted with the presence or absence of the mirror in affecting self-attributions of ability. This finding is discussed in terms of how the process of self-awareness may intensify the arousal of self-esteem.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Lactational Transfer of Methylmercury

The developmental neurotoxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) in humans has been described following catastrophic events in Minamata Bay, Japan and in Iraq, and following the exposure to lower doses elsewhere in the world. The most common route of MeHg exposure in humans is through the intake of contaminated food, especially fish. Although the precautions against the ingestion of potentially contaminated food during pregnancy are well recognized, precautions against the ingestion of MeHg during lactation are not so uniformly recognized. However, the continued development of the central nervous system during the early postnatal period serves to prolong the period during which this critical system is susceptible to the toxic insult of MeHg. Because no direct method is available to quantitatively assess the lactational transfer of MeHg to humans, a computer‐aided simulation method was developed. An available gestational physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was refined and expanded to include parameters and algorithms specific for the elimination of MeHg in breast milk. The predictions of the completed model were compared with experimental data obtained from rodents, and the model parameters were allometrically scaled to humans. Finally, the model was validated by comparing its predictions against the available clinical data for MeHg distribution and elimination in mothers and their nursing infants. This model incorporated current and previous maternal exposures to MeHg to accurately predict the kinetics of MeHg excretion in breast milk and the daily intake by the nursing infant. This model may be used to quantify MeHg intake by the nursing infant, under different rates of maternal MeHg ingestion.
Predicting Protein Subcellular Localization Using Abstract Sequential Features

Determination of protein subcellular localization plays an important role in understanding protein function [1]. Knowledge of subcellular localization is also essential for genome annotation and drug discovery. Moreover, abnormal subcellular localization has been correlated with several diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Experimental determination of protein subcellular localization is expensive and laborious. Hence, there is significant interest in the development of computational methods for reliable prediction of protein subcellular localization.
Integrated Models of Judicial Dissent

This paper presents the first integrated models of judicial dissent at the individual level. The models synthesize elements derived from attitudinal, jurisprudential, and contextual approaches to the study of judicial behavior by application of a neo-institutional perspective. The neo-institutional approach emphasizes the interaction of individual preferences, case facts, and environmental forces with institutional rules and structures. Individual judicial votes on death penalty cases from 1980 through 1988 in six state supreme courts are examined employing pooled PROBIT analysis. The results indicate that justices' decisions to dissent reflect significantly more than mere attitudinal disagreement, reactions to various types of case facts or responses to contextual forces. Rather, dissents are the product of all of these types of variables interacting with institutional rules and arrangements. As neo-institutionalism suggests, institutional arrangements serve to condition the effects of personal attributes, case characteristics and contextual variables on judicial choice and as such are critical determinants of the judicial vote.
Induction of Drought Tolerance in Cucumber Plants by a Consortium of Three Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium Strains

Our previous work showed that a consortium of three plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) strains (Bacillus cereus AR156, Bacillus subtilis SM21, and Serratia sp. XY21), termed as BBS for short, was a promising biocontrol agent. The present study investigated its effect on drought tolerance in cucumber plants. After withholding watering for 13 days, BBS-treated cucumber plants had much darker green leaves and substantially lighter wilt symptoms than control plants. Compared to the control, the BBS treatment decreased the leaf monodehydroascorbate (MDA) content and relative electrical conductivity by 40% and 15%, respectively; increased the leaf proline content and the root recovery intension by 3.45-fold and 50%, respectively; and also maintained the leaf chlorophyll content in cucumber plants under drought stress. Besides, in relation to the control, the BBS treatment significantly enhanced the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and mitigated the drought-triggered down-regulation of the expression of the genes cAPX, rbcL, and rbcS encoding cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxy/oxygenase (Rubisco) large and small subunits, respectively, in cucumber leaves. However, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity was undetected in none of the culture solutions of three BBS constituent strains. These results indicated that BBS conferred induced systemic tolerance to drought stress in cucumber plants, by protecting plant cells, maintaining photosynthetic efficiency and root vigor and increasing some of antioxidase activities, without involving the action of ACC deaminase to lower plant ethylene levels.
Team Pay for Performance

Education policymakers have shown increased interest in incentive programs for teachers based on the outcomes of their students. This article examines a program in which bonuses were awarded to teams of middle school teachers based on their collective contribution to student test score gains. The study employs a randomized controlled trial to examine effects of the bonus program over the course of an academic year, with the experiment repeated a second year, and finds no significant effects on the achievement of students or the attitudes and practices of teachers. The lack of effects of team-level pay for performance in this study is consistent with other recent experiments studying the short-term effects of bonus awards for individual performance or whole-school performance.
Quelle place pour les hommes dans les programmes de prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH? Revue de la littérature et étude de cas dans les Pays en Développement

La prevention de la transmission mere-enfant du VIH est une priorite de sante publique a l'echelle mondiale. Cette intervention biomedicale souleve des enjeux socioculturels lies a l'infection par le VIH et aux relations de couple. Mais la prise en compte des hommes dans cette prevention de la transmission du VIH a l'enfant est encore largement insuffisante. Ce papier presente tout d'abord une revue de la litterature sur l'implication des hommes dans la prevention de la transmission mere-enfant du VIH dans les pays a ressources limitees puis les resultats d'une enquete transversale et qualitative conduite dans le cadre d'un essai d'intervention dans quatre pays a ressources limitees. Les hommes jouent un role non negligeable sur l'acceptabilite et l'utilisation des services de prevention de la transmission mere-enfant du VIH. Neanmoins, la place accordee dans ces services aux hommes et prise par les hommes est faible. Ce manque d'implication s'explique notamment par la base conceptuelle et structurelle de la prevention de la transmission mere-enfant du VIH focalisee sur la mere et l'enfant, par le manque de communication au sein du couple et par les constructions sociales du role de l'homme dans la sphere reproductive. Il est plus que jamais necessaire de documenter et de mettre en place une approche de la prevention de la transmission mere-enfant du VIH, et a fortiori de la prise en charge globale du VIH/SIDA, qui soit orientee vers le couple.
Characteristics of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Eyes With Myopic Optic Disc Tilt and Rotation

Purpose:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of myopic optic disc tilt and rotation on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness characteristics measured by Cirrus HD spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD OCT). Methods:A total of 93 right eyes from 93 healthy young male individuals with myopia underwent ophthalmic examinations, including refractive error, axial length, and optic disc area measurements. The superior/inferior peak locations, RNFL thickness, and horizontal/vertical optic disc tilt were evaluated using the Cirrus HD OCT. The optic disc rotation was assessed by the angle between the long axis of the optic disc and the vertical meridian. The patients were divided into the tilted group and the non-tilted group; the tilted group was further divided into the rotated group and the nonrotated group. Results:The eyes in the tilted group (n=47) had a greater axial length and thicker temporal RNFL and more temporally positioned superior/inferior peak locations than the non-tilted group (n=46) (all P <0.05). Among the eyes in the tilted group, the eyes in the rotated group (n=23) had a thicker temporal RNFL and a more temporally positioned superior peak location than the eyes in the nonrotated group (n=24) (all P <0.05). Conclusions:The eyes with a myopic temporal optic disc tilt and counterclockwise rotation had a thicker temporal RNFL and more temporally positioned superior peak location. The characteristics of the RNFL thickness in eyes with myopic optic disc tilt and rotation should be considered when interpreting the RNFL thickness measured by the Cirrus HD OCT.
Revealing the inner worlds of young children : the MacArthur story stem battery and parent-child narratives

1. Early Narratives: A Window to the Child's Inner World 2. Making Meaning From Emotional Experience in Early Narratives 3. The MacArthur Story Stem Battery: Development, Administration, Reliability, Validity and Reflections about Meaning 4. The MacArthur Narrative Coding System: One Approach to Highlighting Affective Meaning Making in the MacArthur Story Stem Battery 5. Narrative Emotion Coding System (NEC) 6. The Structure of 5-Year-Old Children's Play Narratives within the MacArthur Story Stem Methodology 7. Temperament and Guilt Representations in Children's Narratives 8. Children's Emotional Resolution of MSSB Narratives: Relations with Child Behaviour Problems and Parental Psychological Distress 9. An Attachement Perspective on Children's Emotion Narratives: Links across Generations 10. Emotional Apprenticeships: The Development of Affect Regulation During the Pre-School Years 11. Portrayals in Maltreated Children's Play Narratives: Representations or Emotion Regulation? 12. Narratives in Risk and Clinical Populations 13. Mental Representations and Defences in Severely Maltreated Children: A Story Stem Battery and Rating System for Clinical Assessment and Research Applications 14. The Mother-Child Co-Construction of an Event Lived by the Pre-school Child: The Role of the Mother's Knowledge of "What Happened" 15. Patterns of Maternal Affect Regulation During the Co-construction of Preschoolers' Autobiographical Narratives 16. Relationships and Interactions of Mothers and Metaplot with 3-Year Old Kibbutz Children in Two Functional Contexts 17. Dialogues of 7-Year-Olds with their Mothers about Emotional Events: Development of a Typology 18. Affective Meaning Making among Young Peers in Narrative Co-Constructions
Technical Communication across Cultures

Technical communication, to be more effective in international business, must attempt to be culture free (without cultural impediments and irrelevancies) and culture fair (adjusted to meet local cultural expectations and communication styles). Both requirements raise serious philosophical questions of strategy and style: (1) Are the principles associated with North American-style technical writing in any sense universal? (2) Is it possible to write natural English documents that are univocal and reliably translatable? (3) Does the characterization of cultural differences lead inevitably to stereotyping and condescending tolerance? (4) Does the business motivation driving much international communication promote situations that may be exploitative of, and disadvantageous to, the targeted cultures? and (5) Does a postmodern approach to technical communication undervalue Western methods and the English language?
Managing risk when contemplating multiple relationships

Entering into dual relationships with psychotherapy patients has been a topic of significant controversy in professional psychology. Although these types of extratherapeutic alliances have generally been considered to be unethical conduct, some authors recently have supported their development as both ethical and, in some cases, even therapeutic (A. Lazarus & O. Zur, 2002). In this article, the authors briefly review the general literature regarding dual relationships and offer the reader guidelines in applying an ethically based, risk-managed, decision-making model that could be helpful when a practitioner is considering entering into such relationships or when such relationships inadvertently develop.
Authenticating Ethnic Tourism: Li Dancers' Perspectives

Authenticity is a negotiated rather than an absolute attribute of tourism phenomena. A large number of stakeholders is involved in the negotiation of authenticity, including the state, the business community, tourists and, in the case of ethnicity, representatives of minority groups. Each of these is likely to hold its own perspectives on authenticity. This presentation focuses upon the latter group and examines the perceptions of tourism and culture of Li dancers who perform for tourists in purpose-built folk villages in the island of Hainan, China. In order to structure perspectives on authenticity, survey responses of Li dancers are arrayed upon five constructs that can be viewed as representing different dimensions of the authentic. These constructs are: commodification versus spontaneity (non-commercialization), cultural evolution versus museumification, economic development versus cultural preservation, ethnic autonomy versus state regulation, and mass tourism development versus sustainable cultural tourism. It is demonstrated that there is tension both within and between each of these constructs. Furthermore, the perspectives of Li dancers on tourism and culture are formulated and reformulated within the context of the perspectives of other stakeholders who may hold different positions related to authenticity.
Hippocampus, aging, and segregating memories

Rats use time‐of‐day cues to modulate learned taste aversion memories. If adult rats are accustomed to drinking saline in the evening and they receive a lithium chloride injection after drinking saline in the morning, they form a stronger aversion to saline than rats that were conditioned after drinking saline at the familiar time. The difference indicated that the rats formed segregated representations of saline taste and the time of day the saline was consumed. This was inferred because the modulation of learning by time of day was observed when the aversions were tested at the familiar evening drinking time. If the rats had formed a compound representation of saline taste and the time of day it was consumed, the opposite pattern of differences would be expected. We used this modulation of learning by time of day to assay whether aged rats have an impaired ability to form segregated representations of experience. We find that aged rats had similar saline aversions if they were conditioned at either the familiar or the unfamiliar time of day. Furthermore, dorsal hippocampal lesions affecting also the overlying parietal cortex in the aged rats caused greater saline aversions if the rats were conditioned after drinking saline at the familiar time of day. This indicated that aged rats are aware of the time of day but after the lesion, they act as if they do not segregate saline taste from the time of day it was consumed. The results suggest that the ability to form segregated representations of a complex experience is impaired in aging and abolished by hippocampal lesions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On Correcting Misspelled Queries in Email Search

We consider the problem of providing spelling corrections for misspelled queries in Email Search using user’s own mail data. A popular strategy for general query spelling correction is to generate corrections from query logs. However, this strategy is not effective in Email Search for two reasons: 1) query log of any sin- gle user is typically not rich enough to provide potential corrections for a new query 2) corrections generated us- ing query logs of other users are not particularly useful since the mail data as well as search intent are highly specific to the user. We address the challenge of design- ing an effective spelling correction algorithm for Email Search in the absence of query logs. We propose SpEQ, a Machine Learning based approach that generates cor- rections for misspelled queries directly from the user’s own mail data.
The Effects of Anxiety on Motor Performance: A Test of the Conscious Processing Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to examine the conscious processing hypothesis as an explanation of the anxiety/performance relationship. The study was designed to identify conscious processing performance effects while controlling for an alternative attentional threshold explanation identified in previous research. Participants completed 60 golf putts. They completed 3 blocks of 10 putts in single task, task-relevant shadowing, and task-irrelevant tone-counting conditions. Each set of 3 × 10 putts was completed in low and high anxiety conditions. Anxiety was elevated using an instructional set. Self-reported effort and spectral analysis of heart rate variability were used to examine the patterning of effort across the different putting conditions. Findings indicated that performance was impaired in the high anxiety shadowing and tone-counting conditions, supporting an attentional threshold interpretation. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability indicated that potential compensatory increases in spectral po.
The induction-deduction asymmetry : Fact or artifact?

Abstract Five studies are reported that test the hypothesis that inductive inferences from behaviors to traits are performed more frequently than deductive inferences from traits to behaviors—a phenomenon referred to as the Induction–Deduction Asymmetry (I.D.A., Maass et al., 2001). In Exp. 1 (n = 320) participants read a recommendation letter that contained verb and adjective information about a job candidate. A free recall test shows that information originally presented in verb form was falsely remembered as adjectives whereas the opposite kind of memory distortion occurred much less frequently. In Exp. 2 (n = 52) participants received information about a target person, either presented in trait form (e.g. dominant) or in behavior form (e.g. dominates), with adjectives and verbs sharing the same word–stem. A free recall test confirmed the asymmetrical memory pattern of study 1. In Exp. 3 (n = 52), using the same–word stem paradigm, the verb tense (past vs. present) of verbs was varied. A recognition te.