Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Central Origin of the Pitch of Complex Tones: Evidence from Musical Interval Recognition

The human auditory system's ability to recognize simple melodies that correspond to fundamental periods in sequences of periodic sounds devoid of fundamental energy was studied through musical interval identification experiments. Stimuli comprising two randomly chosen successive upper harmonics were presented both monotically (two harmonics to one ear) and dichotically (one harmonic to each ear). Subjects could recognize melodies equally well with both modes of stimulus presentation. The results imply that the pitch of these complex tones is mediated by a central processor operating on neural signals derived from those effective stimulus harmonics that are tonotopically resolved.
A network of oscillators

A model of neuronal behaviour capable of accounting for the oscillatory, plateau and rebound properties of biological neurons is derived, discussed and analysed. The model is based on a piecewise linear form of the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations, but reduces to a set of maps very similar to those of the Hopfield model (1982). In particular, the binary description of individual neurons and the well studied form of the synaptic current Sigma JijSj are preserved, although the model is capable of reproducing behaviours on the slow timescales characteristic of plateau and oscillation. By coupling two model cells together a mutually inhibitory or half-centred oscillator and an oscillator, fixed-phase follower pairs are constructed.
Hydrology and the Environment

The theme for the papers in the issue is “Hydrology and the Environment”. There is a mix of review papers and research papers. Climate change and water are very important subjects in these times. Hydrology is the science of water, and the environment has water as one of the three principal earthly components, the other two being the air and the earth. Hence, hydrology and the environment would be a good focus at this time.
Face Identi cation and Feature Extraction Using Hidden Markov Models

This paper details work done on automatic face identi cation. A new approach to the problem is proposed involving the use of Hidden Markov Models. We illustrate how these models allow the automatic extraction of facial features and the classi cation of face images. Some experiments are presented to support the plausibility of this approach. Successful results were obtained under the constraints of homogeneous lighting and constant background.
An eﬀicient data structure to solve front propagation problems

In this paper, we are interested in some front propagation problems coming from control problems in d -dimensional spaces, with d ≥ 2. As opposed to the usual level set method, we localize the front as a discontinuity of a characteristic function. The evolution of the front is computed by solving an Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation with discontinuous data, discretized by means of the antidissipative Ultra Bee scheme. We develop an eﬃcient dynamic storage technique suitable for handling front evolutions in large dimension. Then we propose a fast algorithm, showing its relevance on several challenging tests in dimension d = 2 , 3 , 4. We also compare our method with the techniques usually used in level set methods. Our approach leads to a computational cost as well as a memory allocation scaling as O ( N nb ) in most situations, where N nb is the number of grid nodes around the front.
The power-tethered UAV-UGV team: A collaborative strategy for navigation in partially-mapped environments

This paper presents the concept of an unmanned robotic team, consisting of an aerial and a ground vehicle, and a power-tethering physical link between them, and proposes a strategy that addresses their collaborative navigation problem. The purpose of such a team is to exploit the technical advantages of differentiated unmanned vehicle classes in an approach that benefits the global navigation objective, but with each agent also directly benefiting from the capabilities of the other at an operational level. This conceptual team aims to address the challenge of prolonged autonomous navigation within environments, for which a limited amount of information is available prior to deployment. To this end, the team works its way through the map, while incrementally exploring and rebuilding the actual environment structure, relying on sampling-based trajectory planning techniques and a 2×2-Dimensional decomposed manifold model of its workspace. A challenging environment model is formulated for simulation purposes of the proposed approach, and the respective results are provided.
Transformational Leadership: An Evolving Concept Examined through the Works of Burns, Bass, Avolio, and Leithwood

Over the past four decades, the concept of leadership has become increasingly more complex and elaborate. Considerable debate has emerged over the most suitable model for educational leadership. Dominating the literature are two conceptual models: instructional leadership and transformational leadership. This paper will review the conceptual and empirical development of transformational leadership as it evolved through the work of James MacGregor Burns, Bernard M. Bass, Bruce J. Avolio, and Kenneth Leithwood. Moreover, the paper will discuss some of the conflicting opinions and diverging perspectives from many of the critics of transformational leadership. The author argues that transformational leadership will continue to evolve in order to adequately respond to the changing needs of schools in the context of educational accountability and school reform.
Target localization in wireless sensor networks based on received signal strength

We consider the problem of localizing a target taking the help of a set of anchor beacon nodes. A small number of beacon nodes are deployed at known locations in the area. The target can detect a beacon provided it happens to lie within the beacon’s transmission range. Thus, the target obtains a measurement vector containing the readings of the beacons: ‘1’ corresponding to a beacon if it is able to detect the target, and ‘0’ if the beacon is not able to detect the target. The goal is twofold: to determine the location of the target based on the binary measurement vector at the target; and to study the behaviour of the localization uncertainty as a function of the beacon transmission range (sensing radius) and the number of beacons deployed. Beacon transmission range means signal strength of the beacon to transmit and receive the signals which is called as Received Signal Strength (RSS). To localize the target, we propose a gridmapping based approach, where the readings corresponding to locations on a grid overlaid on the region of interest are used to localize the target. To study the behaviour of the localization uncertainty as a function of the sensing radius and number of beacons, extensive simulations and numerical experiments are carried out. The results provide insights into the importance of optimally setting the sensing radius and the improvement obtainable with increasing number of beacons.
Organizational Change: Creating Change Through Strategic Communication

Introduction. 1 Defining Organizational Change. 2 Processes of Communication During Change. 3 A Stakeholder Communication Model of Change. 4 Outcomes of Change Processes. 5 Communication Approaches and Strategies. 6 Power and Resistance. 7 Antecedents to Strategies, Assessments, and Interactions. 8 Stakeholder Interactions: Storying and Framing. 9 Applying the Model in Practice. Glossary. Index.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Acts as a Chemoattractant Factor for 5 T 2 Multiple Myeloma Cells

The chemotactic and growth-stimulatory effect of insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was investigated in the experimental mouse 5T2 multiple myeloma (MM) model. Chemotaxis was analyzed by classical checkerboard analysis. Bone marrow fibroblasts–conditioned medium exhibited a chemotactic effect on 5T2 MM cells that could be neutralized by adding a blocking antibody to IGF-1. On the other hand, exogenously added IGF-1 also had a chemotactic effect on the 5T2 MM cells. Moreover, in vitro analysis demonstrated that transmigrated 5T2 MM cells have a higher expression of IGF-1 receptor, both in bone marrow–conditioned medium and in IGF-1–induced chemotaxis, in comparison to cells before migration. When analyzed in vivo, 18 hours after injection of the heterogeneous 5T2 MM population, 5T2 MM cells present in the bone marrow show a higher expression of the IGF-1 receptor than their counterparts before injection. When the proliferative effect of IGF-1 was analyzed, no stimulation was observed, which is in contrast to the influence of bone marrow–conditioned medium and interleukin-6. Our results suggest a causal relationship between the presence of IGF-1 in the bone marrow and the chemotaxis of MM cells to and their subsequent presence in the bone marrow. r 1999 by The American Society of Hematology.
Effective species count and motif efficiency : The value of comparative genomics in characterizing conserved sequence positions

Background: The identification and characterization of functional, non-coding DNA sequence elements is key to the understanding of cell function, differentiation, and pathology because the elements affect when and to what extent nearby genes are expressed. The proliferation of completed genomic sequences during the past few years has provided impetus for numerous comparative-genomics efforts to identify such elements, while simultaneously underscoring the profound difficulty of accurate and exhaustive identification. In particular, when there is little evolutionary separation between the species, the data from phylogenetically related sites are significantly correlated, and the advantage of having multiple genomes is significantly diminished. Little work has been done to quantify the utility of obtaining additional genomes for the characterization of a DNA motif. Results: We provide a mathematical formalism and an algorithm for evaluating a phylogenetic tree in terms of its utility for constructing a nucleotide equilibrium probability distribution for each multiply aligned DNA sequence position. “Motif efficiency” is measured via Fisher Information and the Cramér-Rao Inequality, and is scaled so that a set of indistinguishable genomes is deemed to have a 0% motif efficiency, and a set of well-separated genomes is deemed to have 100% motif efficiency. We analyze several standardized phylogenetic trees and several phylogenetic trees from the literature. Conclusions: In our analysis of the standardized phylogenetic trees, we find that inadequate species separation is a particular matter for concern when the number of species is large or when the DNA sequence positions to be characterized have ∗Also: The Center for Bioinformatics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208-3425, USA. a nucleotide equilibrium probability distribution that is dominated by a pair of nucleotides. In our analysis of phylogenetic trees from the literature, we find that for a phylogenetic tree of nine mammals and for a phylogenetic tree of 45 vertebrates, motif efficiency is around 10%, and that, for a set of 14 prokaryotes, motif efficiency is around 33%. Availability: A web server that analyzes phylogenetic trees for their effective species count and motif efficiency is available at http://bayesweb.wadsworth. org/ cgi-bin/Effective.pl.
Ieee Transactions on Affective Computing Music-induced Emotions Can Be Predicted from a Combination of Brain Activity and Acoustic Features

It is widely acknowledged that music can communicate and induce a wide range of emotions in the listener. However, music is a highly-complex audio signal composed of a wide range of complex time-and frequency-varying components. Additionally, music-induced emotions are known to differ greatly between listeners. Therefore, it is not immediately clear what emotions will be induced in a given individual by a piece of music. We attempt to predict the music-induced emotional response in a listener by measuring the activity in the listeners electroencephalogram (EEG). We combine these measures with acoustic descriptors of the music, an approach that allows us to consider music as a complex set of time-varying acoustic features, independently of any specific music theory. Regression models are found which allow us to predict the music-induced emotions of our participants with a correlation between the actual and predicted responses of up to r = 0.234, p < 0.001. This regression fit suggests that over 20 % of the variance of the participant's music induced emotions can be predicted by their neural activity and the properties of the music. Given the large amount of noise, non-stationarity, and non-linearity in both EEG and music, this is an encouraging result. Additionally, the combination of measures of brain activity and acoustic features describing the music played to our participants allows us to predict music-induced emotions with significantly higher accuracies than either feature type alone (p < 0.01).
Molecular Gas and Star Formation in the Host Galaxy of the QSO I Zw 1

We have investigated the ISM of the I Zw 1 QSO host galaxy with Plateau de Bure millimeter interferometry and high angular resolution near-infrared imaging spectroscopy. We have detected a circumnuclear gas ring of diameter ~1. ″5 (1.8 kpc) in its millimetric CO line emission and have mapped the disk and the spiral arms of the host galaxy in the 12CO(1-0) line at 115 GHz as well as in the H- (1.65 μm) and K- (2.2 μm) bands. Combining our new millimeter and NIR data with available estimates of the radio and far-infrared contributions to the nuclear emission, we find strong evidence for a nuclear starburst ring. A comparison to other sources with nuclear activity indicates that these rings may be a common phenomenon and may contribute a large fraction of the central luminosity. Both the CO rotation curve as well as the NIR and optical images are consistent with an inclination of 38° ± 5°. Using this, we obtain a total dynamical mass of (3.9 ± 1.6) × 1010 M☉ and a cold molecular gas mass of (7.5 ± 1.5) × 109 M☉ for the inner 3.9 kpc. With an estimate of the nuclear stellar contribution to the mass and light from NIR spectroscopy and assuming that the contribution of the H I gas to the overall mass of the inner 3.9 kpc is small, we derive an NH2/ICO conversion factor close to 2 × 1020 cm-2 K-1 km-1 s found for molecular gas in our Galaxy and many nearby external galaxies. A comparison to broadband spectra of spiral galaxies, ellipticals, and the nucleus and disk in NGC 7469 suggests bluer disk colors for I Zw 1 and that star formation in the host galaxy and the western companion of I Zw 1 is enhanced. This is also supported by a starburst analysis using all available data on the northwestern spiral arm. The presence of molecular material within the disk and on the arm indicates that, at least in this region 12 kpc from the nucleus, star formation, and not scattered light from the QSO nucleus, is responsible for the blue disk colors.
ID-based communication framework for new generation networks

The current Internet follows a location-based communication paradigm, thus is being insufficient to satisfy lately emerged communication services requirements, namely mobility, security, and scalability. Therefore, the new-generation network or future Internet architectures research has been pursuing the identifier (ID)-based communication paradigm where the locations of communicating devices that are requesting for services or that are providing the requested services do not have any significant role in the network protocol. The communication objects such as devices, contents, users, and services are assigned with IDs, which are used for identification, authentication, discovery, and delivery of services. In this paper, we first present a generalized ID-based communication framework and then show how the recently proposed ID/locator split-based networking and information-centric networking architectures fit into the framework. We then summarize the features and challenges brought about by the new proposal as well as some possible solutions to address the challenges.
Low complexity truncated Gray-coded bit plane matching based multiple candidate motion estimation

In this paper, we propose a low complexity truncated Gray-coded (TGC) bit plane matching (BPM) based multiple candidate motion estimation algorithm. We can efficiently determine two best motion vectors according to the respective matching criteria and can enhance the overall motion estimation accuracy by exploiting almost the identical operations in two different matching error criteria. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) gains about 0.63dB on average compared with the conventional 2BT-based motion estimation with negligible complexity increase.
Creating the Future School

1.The myth of the unchanging school Part I: The big picture: why schools are being compelled to change their ways 2.From an old world-view to a new 3.From a society of factories to a society of knowledge workers 4.New ways of knowing: implications for curriculum 5.The networked universe 6.From bureaucracy to enterprise networks Part II: Looking at the practicalities: how will schooling change? 7.Schools which break the mould 8.Choosing what future to have 9.Building a manifesto for the school as a provider 10.On reporting outcomes 11.Reworking the curriculum within a new mindset 12.Teachers for the school of the future 13.A new kind of school
A Gammaherpesvirus Bcl-2 Ortholog Blocks B Cell Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis and Promotes the Survival of Developing B Cells In Vivo

Gammaherpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, HHV-8) establish lifelong latency in their hosts and are associated with the development of several types of malignancies, including a subset of B cell lymphomas. These viruses are thought to co-opt the process of B cell differentiation to latently infect a fraction of circulating memory B cells, resulting in the establishment of a stable latency setpoint. However, little is known about how this infected memory B cell compartment is maintained throughout the life of the host. We have previously demonstrated that immature and transitional B cells are long-term latency reservoirs for murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), suggesting that infection of developing B cells contributes to the maintenance of lifelong latency. During hematopoiesis, immature and transitional B cells are subject to B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated negative selection, which results in the clonal deletion of autoreactive B cells. Interestingly, numerous gammaherpesviruses encode homologs of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, suggesting that virus inhibition of apoptosis could subvert clonal deletion. To test this, we quantified latency establishment in mice inoculated with MHV68 vBcl-2 mutants. vBcl-2 mutant viruses displayed a marked decrease in the frequency of immature and transitional B cells harboring viral genome, but this attenuation could be rescued by increased host Bcl-2 expression. Conversely, vBcl-2 mutant virus latency in early B cells and mature B cells, which are not targets of negative selection, was remarkably similar to wild-type virus. Finally, in vivo depletion of developing B cells during chronic infection resulted in decreased mature B cell latency, demonstrating a key role for developing B cells in the maintenance of lifelong latency. Collectively, these findings support a model in which gammaherpesvirus latency in circulating mature B cells is sustained in part through the recurrent infection and vBcl-2-mediated survival of developing B cells.
Sister Mary Joseph's Nodule as a First Manifestation of Primary Peritoneal Cancer

Sister Mary Joseph's nodule metastasis is a rather rare finding. The primary malignancy in women is usually ovarian, endometrial, gastric, or pancreatobiliary tree cancer. We present a case of an 87-year-old patient with Sister Mary Joseph's nodule metastasis caused by a primary peritoneal malignancy. Through a literature search, we also discuss the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, management, and prognosis of such a condition.
Steps Towards Semantically Annotated Language Resources

The use of textual resources such as text corpora, tree banks, large-scale lexica etc., has become a widely accepted commitment in the field of computational linguistics. However the scope of the annotations proposed has been unbalanced towards the ’surface’ level. Only recently corpora with a deeper level of annotations have started to emerge. In this paper we describe a machine learning approach aimed at learning transformational rules that would allow the (partial) generation of semantic annotations starting from syntactic annotations generated by a parser (or created manually).
TFT-LCD Mura Defect Detection Based on ICA and Multi-channels Fusion

Mura defect is a kind of common defects in thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT-LCD). This paper proposes an effective detection method for mura defects based on background reconstruction and multi-channels fusion detection. Independent component analysis (ICA) is used to get a group of basis images from a set of faultless images for background reconstruction which will reserve the background information as much as possible and is not affected by target region at the same time. A multi-thresholds segmentation model which can reduce noise and reserve mura regions simultaneously is proposed to segment the difference image which is calculated by subtracting the reconstructed back-ground from the TFT-LCD images to be detected. Considering the color information of mura defects, multi-channels detection method is constructed to detect mura defects both in color space and gray space. The experimental results show that the proposed method can detect different types of mura defects accurately.
A New Pricing Model for Competitive Telecommunications Services Using Congestion Discounts

We propose a two-stage pricing approach that enables providers of telecommunications services to guarantee quality of service (QoS) to their customers. The scheme is intended to shift demand during congestion periods to periods of lower demand by offering price discounts as an incentive to users to delay service during the high-demand periods. The price-discount offers act as a congestion-avoidance scheme that also balances communication traffic across different time periods. To get the scheme to work, we provide methods to evaluate when to offer the discounting scheme, estimate what proportion of customers accept the discounts, and how much the price discounts should be. In addition to offering a novel pricing structure, we show the optimal solution to the problem can be computed in a sequential manner from one period to the next, greatly simplifying implementation. Furthermore, we develop the model under uncertainty to emphasize the key implementation features of simple computations that can be performed in real time using sampled information online. We use simulations to demonstrate the scheme's usefulness in regulating peak period demand.