Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review on Materials Derived from Polystyrene and Different Types of Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are divided into different categories depending upon their significance in current research. The principle types of nanoparticles are inorganic, organic, and hybrid nanoparticles. Fabrication routes to nanoparticles play an important role to obtain the desired features. Therefore, methods and challenges in preparation of nanoparticles have been discussed. Taking polystyrene into consideration, materials derived from polystyrene and nanoparticles have also been overviewed. Nanoparticle-based nanostructures have been used in numerous technological areas, ranging from catalysis and coatings to biomedicine and optoelectronics, depending upon the final properties. Hence, recent trends and future outlook of nanoparticle-derived materials have been discussed at the end. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Bidirectional two-dimensional algorithm based on Divisor method

In recent years, the subspace learning methods based on the bidirectional two-dimensional are widely used in extracting features of face image. However, the existing bidirectional two-dimensional subspace learning methods always assume that the numbers of two mapping matrices' projection vectors are equal. Although this can simplify the computation, it will possibly cause the following two questions: (1) Get rid of information with classification properties; (2) Reserve information without classification properties. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes a method called Divisor method and use it in bidirectional two-dimensional subspace learning method. This method calculates the percentage loss of mapping matrix in both row and column directions firstly, and then use the Divisor method to select the numbers of two mapping matrices' projection vectors, which base on the principle of minimum total percentage loss. The experimental results on ORL and YALE face database show that the proposed method yields greater recognition accuracy while reduces the overall computational complexity.
A DTC Algorithm for Three-level Induction Motor Drives System Based on Discrete Space Vector Modulation

In this paper, an uniform mathematic model of three-level inverters feed induction motor drives system has been constructed. Based on the application of the discrete space vector modulation (DSVM), a DTC strategy of three-level inverters induction motor drives system is proposed. With DSVM-DTC algorithm, the neutral-point (NP) voltage balancing problem and high dv/dt of output voltage is restrained. The proposed algorithm does not deteriorate dynamic performance of traditional DTC schemes, and does not increase switching loss at the same time. The experimental results verify the correctness and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.
Three-dimensional vascular mapping of the breast by using contrast-enhanced MRI: association of unilateral increased vascularity with ipsilateral breast cancer.

PURPOSE We aimed to retrospectively compare three-dimensional vascular maps of both breasts obtained by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and determine the association of one-sided vascular prominence with ipsilateral breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI was performed using gadolinium in 194 cases. Two readers scored vascular density using maximum intensity projections (MIPs). Dynamic fat-saturated T1-weighted gradientecho MIPs were acquired. Two readers evaluated the MIPs, and vessels greater than 2 mm in diameter and longer than 3 cm were counted. The difference in vessel numbers detected in the two breasts determined the score. RESULTS A total of 54 patients had malignant lesions (prevalence, 28%), including invasive ductal carcinoma (n=40), invasive mixed ductal-lobular carcinoma (n=5), invasive lobular carcinoma (n=3), ductal carcinoma in situ (n=3), mucinous carcinoma (n=1), medullary carcinoma (n=1), and leukemic metastasis (n=1). In 62 patients, there were benign lesions (fibroadenomas, fibrocysts), and four patients had inflammation (granulomatous mastitis in two patients, breast tuberculosis in two patients). There were 78 normal cases. When a difference of at least two vessels was scored as vascular asymmetry, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR), and negative (-LR) of unilaterally increased vascularity associated with ipsilateral malignancy were 69%, 92%, 8.72, and 0.34, respectively. When four infection and three post-operative cases with vascular asymmetry were excluded; prevalence, specificity, and +LR increased to 29%, 97%, and 22.8, respectively, with the same sensitivity and -LR. Differences in mean vascularity scores were evaluated with regard to tumor size. T1 and T2 tumors were not significantly different from each other. The mean score of T3 tumors differed significantly from T1 and T2 tumors. CONCLUSION MRI vascular mapping is an effective method for determining breast tissue vascularization. Ipsilateral increased vascularity was commonly associated with malignant breast lesions.
On the collaborative cellular cognitive radio networks

In this article, we evaluate the collaborative sub-channel activity index (SAI) to characterize the primary users activity in cognitive radio network. The optimal transmit power allocation policy is then formulated based on SAI as an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing the total user rate and minimizing the energy consumption at the secondary base station (SBS), subject to various constraints at the primary system. The obtained results enable to achieve a tradeoff between contradicting energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) objectives as a function of SAI which ultimately provides a quantitative insights on the system design. The simulations show the better tradeoff deal between EE and SE by tuning the sensing constraints.
Price-Based Resource Allocation Strategies for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Transmission Rate and Energy Constraints

Wireless ad hoc networks have attracted a lot of attention recently. Resource allocation in such networks needs to address both fairness and overall network performance. Pricing is a prospective direction to regulate behaviors of individual nodes while providing incentives for cooperation. In this work, we develop some pricing strategies for resource allocation by taking account of factors like multiple transmission rates and energy consumption of nodes, which have not been well studied in former works. We propose a clique-based model which allows us to achieve optimal resource utilization and fairness among network flows. We also sketch how our model can be extended to incorporate energy consumptions of flows. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of these strategies.
A new scheme for downlink MIMO-OFDMA resource allocation with proportional fairness

A new scheme for MIMO-OFDMA (Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) downlink resource allocation is presented in this paper. It has an objective of maximizing the total system capacity while having constraints on the total available power and proportional fairness. Dominant eigen-channels obtained from MIMO state matrix are used to formulate this scheme with low complexity. It gives a tradeoff strategy among system capacity, computational complexity and proportional fairness. Simulation results show that this new adaptive allocation scheme can provide much better capacity gain than static allocation methods while achieve near optimal fairness of rate distribution with a linear complexity. As a result, it may be suitable for fulfilling diverse QoS requirements of MIMO-OFDMA systems.
Characterization of PM25 and PM10 in the South Coast Air Basin of Southern California: Part 1—Spatial Variations

ABSTRACT In December 1994, the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) initiated a comprehensive program, the PM10 Technical Enhancement Program (PTEP), to characterize fine PM in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB). A 1-year special particulate monitoring project was conducted from January 1995 to February 1996 as part of the PTEP. Under this enhanced monitoring, HNO3, NH3, and speciated PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were measured at five stations (Anaheim, downtown Los Angeles, Diamond Bar, Fontana, and Rubidoux) in the SCAB and at one background station at San Nicolas Island. PM2.5 and PM10 mass and 43 individual species were analyzed for a full chemical speciation of the particle data. The PTEP data indicate that the most abundant chemical components of PM10 and PM25 in the SCAB are NH4+ (8-9% of PM10 and 14-17% of PM25), NO3 - (23-26% of PM10 and 28-41% of PM25), SO4= (6-11% of PM10 and 9-18% of PM2 5), organic carbon (OC) (15-19% of PM10 and 18-26% of PM2.5), and elemental carbon (EC) (5-8% of PM10 and 8-13% of PM25). On an annual average basis, PM25 comprises 52-59% of the SCAB PM10. Annual average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations showed strong spatial variations, low at coastal sites and high at inland sites. Annual average PM10 concentrations varied from 40.8 ug/m3 at Anaheim to 76.8 ug/m3 at Rubidoux, while annual average PM2.5 concentrations varied from 21.7 ug/m3 at Anaheim to 39.8 ug/m3 at Rubidoux. The chemical characterizations of the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, as well as their spatial variations, were examined; the important findings are summarized in this paper, and the temporal variations are discussed in the companion paper.1
Evaluation of a Bladder Cancer Cluster in a Population of Criminal Investigators with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives—Part 2: The Association of Cancer Risk and Fire Scene Investigation

This study evaluated the association of bladder cancer risk and fire scene investigation within a cohort of white male criminal investigators with the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives that was found to be at increased risk for bladder cancer. Medical surveillance data were used in a nested case-control study to determine odds ratios (ORs) estimating the relative risk of the cancer associated with post-fire investigation. The study comprised seven bladder cancer cases and 1525 controls. Six of the cases reported holding assignments associated with post-fire investigation. The OR for bladder cancer was 19.01 (95% confidence interval = 1.94–186.39) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for one to four years versus zero years and 12.56 (1.14–138.58) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for five or more years versus zero years. The risk for bladder cancer is significantly elevated for those holding post-fire investigation assignments compared to those not holding these assignments.
Cellulolytic Bacteria in the Foregut of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

ABSTRACT Foregut digesta from five feral dromedary camels were inoculated into three different enrichment media: cotton thread, filter paper, and neutral detergent fiber. A total of 283 16S rRNA gene sequences were assigned to 33 operational taxonomic units by using 99% species-level identity. LIBSHUFF revealed significant differences in the community composition across all three libraries.
Air drawing of polymers in the melt blowing nonwoven process: mathematical modelling

An air drawing model of polymers and a model of the air jet flow field in the melt blowing process are established. The flow field model is solved using the finite difference method. The numerical computation results of distributions of the air velocity and air temperature coincide with the experimental data. The air drawing model of polymers is solved with the aid of the distributions of the air velocity and air temperature. The predicted fibre diameter tallies well with the experimental data. It is found that a higher initial air velocity can produce finer fibres, while the effect of the initial air temperature is not significant. The results show great prospects for this research in the field of computer assisted design of melt blowing technology and equipment.
Effect of high temperature compression deformation strain rate on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel

Purpose – The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of strain rate on microstructure and corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel, after high-temperature compression tests. Design/methodology/approach – The specimens were prepared using a Gleeble3800 thermo-simulation machine over a range of temperatures from 850 to 1,250°C and strain rates from 0.005 to 5 s−1, and the corresponding flow curves and deformation microstructure obtained were further analyzed. To evaluate the effect of strain rate on corrosion behavior, potentiodynamic polarization tests and double-loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (DL-EPR) were used to characterize the electrochemical performance. Findings – Compared with strain rate of 0.5 s−1, the worst corrosion resistance behavior from the potentiodynamic polarization test results after deformation at 0.005 s−1 was attributed to more austenite (γ) and ferrite (δ) grain boundaries or δ/γ phase interface formation due to the better effect of γ dynamic rec.
Selective buckling via states of self-stress in topological metamaterials

Significance An ongoing challenge in modern materials science is to create artificial structures, termed metamaterials, with an unconventional response that can be programmed by suitable design of their geometry or topology. We demonstrate a novel metamaterial in which small structural variations single out regions that buckle selectively under external stresses. Surprisingly, these regions are at first glance indistinguishable from the rest of the structure. Our samples are examples of topological metamaterials that are the mechanical analogues of topologically protected electronic systems. As a result, the buckling response is robust against structural perturbations yet tunable without affecting secondary physical properties in the buckling region. This feature is desirable for optomechanical or thermomechanical metamaterials in which multiple characteristics need to be tuned simultaneously. States of self-stress—tensions and compressions of structural elements that result in zero net forces—play an important role in determining the load-bearing ability of structures ranging from bridges to metamaterials with tunable mechanical properties. We exploit a class of recently introduced states of self-stress analogous to topological quantum states to sculpt localized buckling regions in the interior of periodic cellular metamaterials. Although the topological states of self-stress arise in the linear response of an idealized mechanical frame of harmonic springs connected by freely hinged joints, they leave a distinct signature in the nonlinear buckling behavior of a cellular material built out of elastic beams with rigid joints. The salient feature of these localized buckling regions is that they are indistinguishable from their surroundings as far as material parameters or connectivity of their constituent elements are concerned. Furthermore, they are robust against a wide range of structural perturbations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this topological design through analytical and numerical calculations as well as buckling experiments performed on two- and three-dimensional metamaterials built out of stacked kagome lattices.
Spectroscopy of Cu(II)-PcoC and the multicopper oxidase function of PcoA, two essential components of Escherichia coli pco copper resistance operon.

The plasmid-encoded pco copper resistance operon in Escherichia coli consists of seven genes that are expressed from two pco promoters in response to elevated copper; however, little is known about how they mediate resistance to excess environmental copper. Two of the genes encode the soluble periplasmic proteins PcoA and PcoC. We show here that inactivation of PcoC, and PcoA to a lesser extent, causes cells to become more sensitive to copper than wild-type nonresistant strains, consistent with a tightly coupled detoxification pathway. Periplasmic extracts show copper-inducible oxidase activity, attributed to the multicopper oxidase function of PcoA. PcoC, a much smaller protein than PcoA, binds one Cu(II) and exhibits a weak electronic transition characteristic of a type II copper center. ENDOR and ESEEM spectroscopy of Cu(II)-PcoC and the (15)N- and Met-CD(3)-labeled samples are consistent with a tetragonal ligand environment of three nitrogens and one aqua ligand "in the plane". A weakly associated S-Met and aqua are likely axial ligands. At least one N is a histidine and is likely trans to the in-plane aqua ligand. The copper chemistry of PcoC and the oxidase function of PcoA are consistent with the emerging picture of the chromosomally encoded copper homeostasis apparatus in the E. coli cell envelope [Outten, F. W. , Huffman, D. L. , Hale, J. A. , and O'Halloran, T. V. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 30670-30677]. We propose a model for the plasmid system in which Cu(I)-PcoC functions in this copper efflux pathway as a periplasmic copper binding protein that docks with the multiple repeats of Met-rich domains in PcoA to effect oxidation of Cu(I) to the less toxic Cu(II) form. The solvent accessibility of the Cu(II) in PcoC may allow for metal transfer to other plasmid and chromosomal factors and thus facilitate removal of Cu(II) from the cell envelope.
Quantifying the Modern City: Emerging Technologies and Big Data for Active Living Research

Opportunities and infrastructure for active living are an important aspect of a community’s design, livability, and health. Features of the built environment influence active living and population levels of physical activity, but objective study of the built environment influence on active living behaviors is challenging. The use of emerging technologies for active living research affords new and promising means to obtain objective data on physical activity behaviors and improve the precision and accuracy of measurements. This is significant for physical activity promotion because precise measurements can enable detailed examinations of where, when, and how physical activity behaviors actually occur, thus enabling more effective targeting of particular behavior settings and environments. The aim of this focused review is to provide an overview of trends in emerging technologies that can profoundly change our ability to understand environmental determinants of active living. It discusses novel technological approaches and big data applications to measure and track human behaviors that may have broad applications across the fields of urban planning, public health, and spatial epidemiology.
A comparative study of the preventive effect of chlorhexidine o. 12% and nano zinc oxide particles on the distraction of collagen scaffolding of the hybrid layer by two immunohistochemistry and microleakage tests

Introduction: Hybrid layer degradation is mainly attributed to matrix metalo proteinases (MMP) activity. In this study, we compare inhibitory effect of nano zinc oxide with chlorhexidine (0.12%) on distraction of collagen scaffolding of the hybrid layer by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and microleakage tests. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 extracted molars and premolar teeth with no caries and visible anatomic defects were selected. Class 5 cavities with dimensions of 2 × 2 × 2 mm was performed for each tooth on the buccal surface 1 mm above cemento enamel junction. Results: In microleakage test, there was no significant difference in the result for groups pretreated with nano zinc oxide mixed with single bond (C), pretreated with chlorhexidine (0.12%) applied before bonding (B) and not pretreated with these agents (A) whether in 24 h or 1-week. in IHC test, there was a significant difference ( P Conclusion: (1) The inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine and nano zinc oxide on MMPs activity is different. (2) Microleakage amount is different in composite resin restoration used in a cavity pretreated with nano zinc oxide contained bonding or chlorhexidine 24 h and 1-week later.
Understanding fracture behaviour of PGA reactor core graphite: perspective

Abstract Magnox reactors are cooled by carbon dioxide gas. The pile grade A (PGA) graphite moderator bricks in the reactor core loose mass and become more porous during service due to the radiolytic oxidation caused by energy deposition, mainly gamma radiation. In addition, neutron irradiation brings about strengthening by irradiation hardening and dimensional change. In this perspective, experimental data related to the attendant microstructural changes and the associated initiation and propagation of cracks within the graphite are revisited. These results are compared with the predictions of multiscale finite element modelling based upon an idealised microstructure. The discussion considers the quasi-brittle characteristics of the PGA graphite over a range of service exposure conditions.
Software Infrastructure for Delivering and Supporting Distributed Applications Enhanced with Awareness

Last technological advances have brought drastic changes affecting the way distributed systems are conceived. Designers have to tackle the fact that applications could be controlled by different end users on diverse computing platforms in assorted environments. However, these kinds of facilities only make sense when they are ruled by the well-known group awareness. It is necessary to devise new mechanisms to support and automate the creation of distributed applications flexible enough to cope with the increasing diversity of contexts and able to deal with different group situations. In this paper we present how the guidelines and software support defined in the Dichotomic View of Plasticity can be applied to develop components for particular systems aimed at providing and maintaining group awareness. The aim is to promote distributed interaction and real time coordination among remote users, contributing to real collaboration and a deeper understanding in multi-environment groupware scenarios. This approach includes some innovations that make it different from conventional groupware design methods in some important aspects. A case study is presented in order to show how the approach works.