Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Apraxia Studies in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Proof of Concept Experiment

obtained. A continuous‐wave OxyMon fNIRS system (Artinis Medical Systems, Netherlands) with 28 active channels and a 10 Hz sampling rate was used. Measured wavelengths were 762 and 845 nm. Based on previous findings, the middle and superior parts of the temporal lobe, inferior and superior parts of the parietal lobe, and superior, middle, and inferior parts of the frontal lobe were selected as regions of interest. [9‐11] Location of optodes was determined using fNIRS Optodes’ Location Decider[12] and the most similar template was selected [Figure 2]. Raw data were processed using Homer3 in MATLAB 2021a (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). [13] After the conversion of light intensity signals to an optical density (OD), a bandpass filter of 0.01–0.1 Hz was applied and targeted principle component analysis was performed. [14] Changes in OD were then converted to concentration changes using modified Beer–Lambert Law. [15] Concentration changes within a period of‐2s before stimulus onset to 60s after stimulus onset (2s for baseline, 35s for five stimuli, and 23s for return to baseline) were averaged to obtain the hemodynamic response functions (HRF) during the task. Next, the HRF from channels within one region of interest (ROI) was averaged. Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate the HRF during the task. Overall, this experiment suggests that fNIRS can be used to study apraxia, especially in elderly patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
The Application of Fertilisers to Pines in Southern Africa

SYNOPSIS Phosphate is the major limiting element for tree growth in Southern Africa. Once phosphate requirements have been met responses to N and K may also occur. N and K applied without P will cause a growth reduction. Manganese deficiency in some areas of the Southern Cape is the only example of a trace element deficiency causing crop failure in South Africa. With the exception of P. pinaster which has not responded consistently, all the commercial pines have responded to fertiliser application. Response to fertiliser application at planting appears likely to last to the first thinning and to be economically viable. Responses in unthinned stands, unless widely spaced or clearfelled at an early age, are less likely to last to clearfelling. The application of fertiliser to older crops at time of thinning holds good promise of an economic return, but the stands must be adequately released to ensure a growth response. Research to date indicates that 10 to 25 kg P per hectare as superphosphate or 2:3:2(22) .
Postearthquake deformation analysis of wildlife site

Postearthquake deformations of the Wildlife site, Imperial Valley, Calif. , following the 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake, have been interpreted by finite-element deformation analyses. The analyses consider the stress redistribution and reconsolidation caused by the development of liquefaction. The stress redistribution analysis was conducted under fully undrained condition to consider the effects of strain-softening behavior of liquefied materials. The reconsolidation analysis was conducted using Biot's theory to consider the effects of dissipation of excess pore-water pressures. The results reveal that the delayed pore-water pressure response and deformation may be due to the redistribution of stresses and pore-water pressures.
Adjoint sensitivity of the Earth's radiation budget in the NCEP medium‐range forecasting model

We introduced an adjoint technique to study sensitivity of the Earth's radiation budget (ERB) to cloud cover, water vapor, atmospheric temperature, and the Earth's surface temperature. This technique allowed us to calculate the partial derivatives of a defined ERB function with respect to all of the above variables on the model grid points by a single calculation of the adjoint model. We employed the radiation model of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction medium-range forecasting system to perform such an adjoint sensitivity analysis. For clear sky the absorbed shortwave radiation (ASR) was much more sensitive to the water vapor in the middle troposphere at high latitudes in the summertime hemisphere than at the tropical and subtropical areas. The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) was 1 order of magnitude more sensitive to water vapor mixing ratios in the upper troposphere than to those in the middle and lower troposphere. In the tropics, more than 80% of a perturbation increase in the Earth's surface emission was trapped by the clear-sky column atmosphere, while only about 60-70% is trapped at middle and high latitudes. Rapidly decreasing latitude bands of trapping were found within the subtropics, and the semipermanent troughs over the central oceans displayed a significant effect. For the case of cloudy sky the ASR was more sensitive to low clouds than to middle and high clouds. The most sensitive low clouds tended to be located at midlatitudes rather than in the tropical regions. The OLR, as expected, was most sensitive to high clouds and displayed similar sensitivity to middle clouds. The net ERB was most sensitive to low clouds at midlatitudes in the summer hemisphere. The relationship between the results obtained and the greenhouse effect over tropical oceans as well as the influence of clouds on the climate change were explored, and some model deficiencies were discussed.
Source reconciliation of atmospheric dust causing visibility impairment in Class I areas of the western United States

[1] Aerosol data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network, air mass backward trajectories, land use maps, soil characteristics maps, diagnostic ratios of elemental composition, and multivariate linear regression were utilized as part of a semiquantitative analysis. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the types of dust-causing events that contribute to low visibility at a given site when the sum of extinction from coarse mass (CM) and fine soil (FS) was larger than any other aerosol component and the reconstructed aerosol extinction coefficient was among the 20% highest (calculated on a calendar year basis) for that site. For these “worst dust days,” the above tools were used to ascribe the cause of low visibility to one of the following types of events: (1) transcontinental transport of dust originating from Asia; (2) windblown dust events from sources located nearby the site and; (3) transport of windblown dust from sources upwind of the site. Depending on the weight of evidence, a low or high level of confidence was associated with the assignment of one of these three events. Absence of convincing evidence resulted in ascribing the worst dust day to “undetermined events. ” Of the 610 worst dust days over the 2001–2003 period, 51% were associated with one of the three event types with high confidence and an additional 30% were accounted for with low confidence. Of the 496 worst dust days associated with an event (either low or high confidence), Asian dust was the assigned event on 55 days (for 2001–2002), locally generated windblown dust on 201 days, and transport from upwind source areas susceptible to wind erosion on 240 days. Events associated with windblown episodes from source areas in the United States and Mexico exhibited the highest dust concentrations. Asian dust events were associated with lower dust concentrations and a larger FS-to-CM ratio. Some variations between Asian dust and continental North American dust were observed in organic matter (OMC), black carbon (LAC), and nitrate (NO3−) content. None of the tools used in this study was adequate for identifying events associated with mechanically released dust by anthropogenic activities including, agriculture, construction and motor vehicle travel on paved and unpaved roads. Some of the worst dust days may have been caused by these types of activities, especially in central Arizona and northern and Southern California, where the fraction of undetermined events was higher than in other regions within the western United States. All in all, the methods and results of this study can help improve the performance of large-scale dust emission models and provide insight into the distribution of the types of events that cause dust resultant haze in relatively remote areas of the western United States.
On the common solar signal in different cosmogenic isotope data sets

[1] In this article, we aim to determine frequency ranges and intervals of time in which the solar signal dominates in different cosmogenic isotope data. From a 14C-based reconstruction of cosmic ray intensity over the last millennia, we computed expected 10Be variations in two Antarctic sites (Dom Fuji and South Pole) and two Greenland sites (Dye-3 and GISP-2) and compared them with the actually measured 10Be abundance at the sites. By applying different methods of analysis, such as bivariate correlation, conventional FFT coherence, and wavelet coherence, we found the following: (1) The modeled series, on the basis of 14C data, are in good agreement with the measured 10Be data sets, on different timescales and at different locations, confirming the existence of a common solar signal in both isotope data. (2) The 10Be data are driven by the solar signal on timescales from about 100 years up to 1000 years or even to multimillennial scales (at the longer scales, paleomagnetism plays an increasingly important role). (3) The local climate dominates the 10Be data mostly on short (<100 years) timescales, but the solar signal becomes important even at short scales during periods of Grand minima of solar activity. (4) There is an indication of a possible systematic uncertainty in the early Holocene, likely due to a not-perfectly-stable thermohaline circulation, which requires additional studies. We have shown that both 14C- and 10Be-based records are consistent with each other over a wide range of timescales and time intervals. They form a robust basis for quantitative reconstructions of solar activity variations in the past.
The effect of gravity and pressure in the electrodynamics of the low‐latitude ionosphere

[1] The source of the plasma drift structure in the low-latitude ionosphere during magnetically quiet times is generally understood. Nearly all the quiet time electric field structure has been attributed to divergences in the neutral wind current dynamo. However, there are other current drivers active in the low latitude ionosphere: a gravity-driven current (g × B drift of O+) and a gradient-pressure current (∇P × B drift of e and O+). The gravity-driven current is important in the development of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and equatorial spread F (ESF) but is ignored in global dynamo electric field models. The gradient pressure and gravity terms in the ionosphere momentum equation normally oppose each other. This paper examines the magnitude of the large-scale electric fields generated by divergences in these lesser currents in a coupled ionosphere-electrodynamics model. The low-latitude electric fields generated by the neutral wind dynamo are altered only slightly by these additional terms. The resulting vertical electric fields (zonal plasma drifts) do not change significantly but the vertical plasma drifts are affected by ∼10 to 15 m/s in the hours before sunrise and after sunset. These low-latitude plasma drift differences are due entirely to the inclusion of the gravity-driven current. The gravity current term produces a downward drift after sunset, which reduces the evening prereversal enhancement. Additionally, the positive vertical drift before sunrise is sometimes large enough to cause a predawn vertical enhancement. The gradient pressure terms can be ignored for large and medium scale ionosphere features.
Related-Key Linear Hull Distinguishers for Key-Alternating Block Ciphers

In this paper, we describe work in progress on novel related-key distinguishers applicable to key-alternating block ciphers, a wide class of symmetric-key primitives. This class includes the AES ﬁnalists Rijndael and Serpent as well as many other block ciphers having SPN structure, including many Feistel networks. Unlike the known diﬀerential related-key techniques, our distinguishers are essentially of linear nature and make use of how exactly that linear hulls of key-alternating ciphers are structured when encrypting under diﬀerent keys. By partitioning the linear trails contained in these hulls into a “signal” part (known enumerated trails) and a “noise” part (the unknown remainder of the hull), we develop statistical models for diﬀerences and sums of linear hull correlations when evaluated under diﬀerent keys. We then observe that for concrete key-alternating ciphers, the diﬀerences or sums of correlations tend to diﬀer from the ideal behaviour, admitting a structural distinguisher. Unlike the key-diﬀerence invariant bias technique from ASIACRYPT 2013, our models allow for an intersection of the key diﬀerence with active bits of trails contained in the linear hull under consideration. This opens up possibilities for more powerful and generally applicable distinguishers.
An Emotion Recognition Embedded System using a Lightweight Deep Learning Model

Background: Diagnosing emotional states would improve human-computer interaction (HCI) systems to be more effective in practice. Correlations between Electroencephalography (EEG) signals and emotions have been shown in various research; therefore, EEG signal-based methods are the most accurate and informative. Methods: In this study, three Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, EEGNet, ShallowConvNet and DeepConvNet, which are appropriate for processing EEG signals, are applied to diagnose emotions. We use baseline removal preprocessing to improve classification accuracy. Each network is assessed in two setting ways: subject-dependent and subject-independent. We improve the selected CNN model to be lightweight and implementable on a Raspberry Pi processor. The emotional states are recognized for every three-second epoch of received signals on the embedded system, which can be applied in real-time usage in practice. Results: Average classification accuracies of 99.10% in the valence and 99.20% in the arousal for subject-dependent and 90.76% in the valence and 90.94% in the arousal for subject independent were achieved on the well-known DEAP dataset. Conclusion: Comparison of the results with the related works shows that a highly accurate and implementable model has been achieved for practice.
Residue analysis in linearized elastic inversion

Amplitude-versus-Offset (AVA) information is used for estimation of the elastic parameters. We introduce a method based on the linearized Zoeppritz equation to separate the linear AVA behavior from the nonlinear and noise terms, which we call the residue. This residue is used to analyze the influence of errors, noise and nonlinear terms on the resolution of the linear inversion. The problem of interference of thin layers has been addressed and a new method to avoid the apparent AVA due to this layering is shown.
Role Of Community Social Capital For Acute Food Security Following An Extreme Weather Event

Worsening climate changes effects are predicted to increase the severity and frequency of extreme weather events (EWE), which can disrupt food systems, from the local to global level, and compromise community food security. In the rural U.S., food insecurity, poverty, low economic growth, and population loss are prevalent, and rural communities often lack the physical capital to bolster community resiliency to climate change adaptation. In 2011, Tropical Storm Irene (TS Irene) in Vermont was the most damaging EWE the state’s history. Severely damaged roads, infrastructure, homes, and land, rendered many rural towns isolated for up to several days. The levels and types of social capital (bridging and/or bonding) affect social cohesion, which in turn influences how the community responds to an EWE. Rural Vermont communities isolated by TS Irene had to respond to a disruption of basic needs, including food security, without the ability to depend on outside resources. We investigate how social capital influenced these community responses to TS Irene, and how the community actions affected community food security. To better understand how social capital influences community response to food insecurity following an EWE, we created a social capital framework on food security. We then conducted thirty-three semi-structured interviews in three Vermont communities known to have been severely affected by TS Irene, and isolated for several days. Using grounded theory, analysis resulted in social capital having a profound influence on community responses to food security following an EWE. Additionally, the type of social capital – bonding and/or bridging – affected both how the community mitigated food insecurity in the short-term, and upheld food security in the weeks following TS Irene. We found that not only do high degrees of social capital affect community response to acute food security needs after an EWE, but also that a community’s sense of place is different depending on the level of community social capital present prior to an EWE. The community response also shaped the community’s perception of, and ability to creating social capital five years after the event. Previous research indicates social capital is important in both community food security and climate shock responses. We discuss the need for rural development and community social capital to build rural resilience and adaptation for future EWE. As such, we suggest that promoting the development of social capital within rural communities through community development creation of public events, investment in public infrastructure and schools, and the promotion of locally owned and operated businesses can build resiliency and adaptation to future EWE by promoting the growth of community social capital, both bonding and bridging, within rural communities.
Lateral fold growth and fold linkage

We use a three-dimensional finite element model for viscous flow to investigate the lateral linkage mode of two initially isolated fold segments. Depending on the separation distance between the fold hinge lines, four different fold linkage scenarios are observed. Linear linkage yields a sub-cylindrical fold with a saddle at the location where the two initial folds linked. Oblique linkage produces a fold resembling a type II refold structure. Oblique–no linkage results in two curved folds with fold axes plunging in opposite directions. Linear–no linkage yields a fold train of two separate subcylindrical folds with fold axes plunging in opposite directions. Representative numerical models for detachment and matrix folding for both power-law and linear viscous rheologies exhibit the same four fold linkage modes. The transition from linkage to no linkage occurs when the fold separation between the initially isolated folds is slightly larger than one-half of the low-amplitude fold wavelength. We demonstrate a natural example of lateral fold linkage from the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and point out the economic interest of saddle points linking the initially isolated fold segments.
Fault configuration produced by initial arc rifting in the Parece Vela Basin as deduced from seismic reflection data

Abstract The Parece Vela Basin (PVB), which is a currently inactive back‐arc basin of the Philippine Sea Plate, was formed by separation between the Izu‐Ogasawara Arc (IOA) and the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge (KPR). Elucidating the marks of the past back‐arc opening and rifting is important for investigation of its crustal structure. To image its fault configurations and crustal deformation, pre‐stack depth migration to multichannel seismic reflection was applied and data obtained by the Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology and Metal Mining Agency of Japan and Japan National Oil Corporation (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation). Salient results for the pre‐stack depth‐migrated sections are: (i) deep reflectors exist around the eastern margin of KPR and at the western margin of IOA down to 8 km depth; and (ii) normal fault zones distributed at the eastern margin of the KPR (Fault zone A) and the western margin of the IOA (Fault zone B) have a total displacement of greater than 500 m associated with synrift sediments. Additional normal faults (Fault zone C) exist 20 km east of the Fault zone B. They are covered with sediment, which indicates deposition of recent volcanic products in the IOA. According to those results: (i) the fault displacement of more than 500 m with respect to initial rifting was approximately asymmetric at 25 Ma based on PSDM profiles; and (ii) the faults had reactivated after 23 Ma, based on the age of deformed sediments obtained from past ocean drillings. The age of the base sediments corresponds to those of spreading and rotation after rifting in the PVB. Fault zone C is covered with thick and not deformed volcanogenic sediments from the IOA, which suggests that the fault is inactive.
Visible‐IR and Raman microspectroscopic investigation of three Itokawa particles collected by Hayabusa: Mineralogy and degree of space weathering based on nondestructive analyses

Hayabusa‐returned samples offer a unique perspective for understanding the link between asteroids and cosmomaterials available in the laboratory, and provide insights on the early stages of surface space weathering. This study characterizes the mineralogy and the extent of space weathering of the three Itokawa particles RA‐QD02‐0163, RA‐QD02‐0174, and RA‐QD02‐0213 provided by JAXA to our consortium. We report here a series of results based on nondestructive analyses through visible‐near‐infrared reflectance and Raman spectroscopy. Results were obtained on the raw particles, both in their original containers and deposited on diamond windows. Identification of the minerals, characterization of their elemental compositions, and measurements of their relative abundances were led through Raman spectroscopy in punctual and automatic mode. Reflectance spectra in the visible and near‐IR wavelengths constrain the mineralogy of the grains and allow direct comparison with the surface of Itokawa. The spectra reflect the extent of space weathering experienced by the three particles. Particle RA‐QD02‐0163 consists of a heterogeneous mixture of minerals: olivine (Fo76) dominates an assemblage with both Ca‐rich (En50, Wo50) and Ca‐poor (En85) pyroxenes. The elemental compositions of the silicates are consistent with those previously reported for distinct Hayabusa particles. Particles RA‐QD‐0174 and RA‐QD02‐0213 are solely composed of olivine, whose chemical composition is similar to that observed in RA‐QD02‐0163. It has been previously shown that the S‐type asteroid 25143 Itokawa is a breccia of poorly equilibrated LL4 and highly equilibrated LL5 and LL6 materials. The three particles studied here can be related to the least metamorphosed lithology (LL4) based on the high forsterite content of the olivine. Neither carbonaceous matter nor hydrated minerals were detected through Raman on the three allocated particles. The NIR‐VIS reflectance (incidence = 45°, light collection at e = 0°) spectra of the three particles, in particular the 1 μm band, are consistent with the presence of both olivine and pyroxene detected via Raman. The spectra of particles RA‐QD02‐0163 and RA‐QD02‐0213 are also fully compatible with the ground‐based observations of asteroid (25143) Itokawa in terms of both spectral features and slope. By contrast, particle RA‐QD02‐0174 has a similar 1 μm band depth but higher (redder) spectral slope than the surface of Itokawa. This probably reveals a variable extent of space weathering among the regolith particles. RA‐QD02‐0174 may contain a higher amount of nanophase metallic iron and nanophase FeS. Such phases are products by space weathering induced by solar wind, previously detected on other Itokawa particles.