Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive comment on “ Quantifying atmospheric nitrate formation pathways based on a global model of the oxygen isotopic composition ( ∆ 17 O ) of atmospheric nitrate ” by B .

We thank S. Morin for his careful and detailed review of our manuscript. The most significant comment, and change to the manuscript, is in the calculation of D17O(NOx) for the nighttime nitrate formation reactions. We have made this change in our calculations and the manuscript, which represents an important improvement. It does not change any of our conclusions. Details of this change and why it does not alter our conclusions are discussed in more detail below. All other comments were relatively minor, and are addressed explicitly and in detail below.
Kerguelen: Continental Fragment or Oceanic Island?

In order to contribute to resolution of the possibility that the Kerguelen-Gaussberg Ridge (in the south-central Indian Ocean) is a continental fragment remaining after separation of Gondwanaland, a series of analyses have been made on collections of igneous rock from the island of Kerguelen. Petrographic analyses and measurement of the major- and trace-element concentrations, Sr-isotopic ratios, K-Ar ages, and paleomagnetic properties of intrusive and extrusive bodies have been added to the known volcanic stratigraphy and some previously unpublished geochemical data, to arrive at a preferred origin for the island. It is concluded that Kerguelen is not older than late Oligocene to early Miocene in outcrop, and that it migrated southwest-ward to its present location, away from the southeastern branch of the Mid-Indian ridge system, during the Tertiary crustal-spreading episode. No evidence is known to suggest that the island is of continental origin. Alkali syenite bodies, some of which are rich in quartz, were intruded into shield basalt in the southwestern part of the island during late Miocene to early Pliocene time, and are late-stage differentiates, similar to those found on other oceanic islands. Even though direct sampling of unexposed parts of the ridge (during the Deep-Sea Drilling Project) may yield lower Tertiary to upper Mesozoic sedimentary and igneous rocks, it is considered unlikely that any of the samples will consist of continental material.
The Materiality of Information System Planning Maturity to Project Performance

Research for this paper suggests that there is still an alarming lack of success of IS projects in industry today. Two critical success factors that have been examined to date are project manager performance and IS planning maturity. However, the previous studies have bypassed the relative impact of the two factors in combination. This study proposes and empirically tests a model that examines the relationships between project manager performance and IS planning maturity
Essentials of Numerical Methods for Neural Modeling

NEURON uses many strategies to achieve computational accuracy and efficiency, some of which are detailed elsewhere (Hines 1984). It also draws on several numerical methods libraries for vector (Press et al. 1992) and matrix (Stewart and Leyk 1994) methods, solving systems of sparse equations (Sparse 1.3 (Kundert 1986)), and adaptive integration (CVODES (Hindmarsh and Serban 2002) and IDA (Hindmarsh and Taylor 1999)). These all make their own special contributions to NEURON's performance, but they are already well documented elsewhere so this chapter will not discuss them in any detail. Instead, the emphasis will be on how NEURON deals with the fact that neurons are distributed analog systems that are continuous in time and space, but digital computation is inherently discrete. Because of this fundamental disparity, implementing a model of a neuron with a digital computer raises many purely numerical issues that have no relationship to the biological questions that are of primary interest, yet must be addressed if simulations are to be tractable and produce reliable results. We saw in Chapter 3 that the principle of conservation of charge can be expressed with a single ordinary differential equation C dV dt I ion ¡ I inj Eq. 4.1 so long as the transmembrane current density is nearly uniform over the surface of a cell. If current density varies too much, the computational representation must consist of two or more coupled compartments. These are described by a set of equations of the form C j dv j dt I ion j ¡ £ ¢ k v k ¤ v j r jk I inj j Eq. 4.2 where the second term on the right hand side is the sum of all axial currents from neighboring compartments. Additional terms and equations are necessary if extracellular fields (the extracellular mechanism) or electronic instrumentation (linear circuits) are to be included in the simulation. Selection of a method for numerical integration of these equations is guided by concerns of stability, accuracy, and efficiency. In this chapter we review these important concepts and explain the rationale for the integrators used in NEURON. We start with a theoretical analysis of the errors that are introduced by discretizing the linear cable equation. Then we move on to a comparative analysis of methods for computing numerical solutions, which is illustrated by a series of case studies that bring up issues related to the practical concerns of empirically-based modeling.
Dynamical Role of Mode Water Ventilation in Decadal Variability in the Central Subtropical Gyre of the North Pacific

Abstract Decadal variability in the interior subtropical North Pacific is examined in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled model (CM2.1). Superimposed on a broad, classical subtropical gyre is a narrow jet called the subtropical countercurrent (STCC) that flows northeastward against the northeast trade winds. Consistent with observations, the STCC is anchored by mode water characterized by its low potential vorticity (PV). Mode water forms in the deep winter mixed layer of the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) east of Japan and flows southward riding on the subtropical gyre and preserving its low-PV characteristic. As a thick layer of uniform properties, the mode water forces the upper pycnocline to shoal, and the associated eastward shear results in the surface-intensified STCC. On decadal time scales in the central subtropical gyre (15°–35°N, 170°E–130°W), the dominant mode of sea surface height variability is characterized by the strengthening and weakening of the STCC because of variations.
Interhemispheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Tropical Precipitation Shifts during the Late Twentieth Century

AbstractThrough the latter half of the twentieth century, meridional shifts in tropical precipitation have been associated with severe droughts. Although linked to a variety of causes, the origin of these shifts remains elusive. Here, it is shown that they are unlikely to arise from internal variability of the climate system alone, as simulated by coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models. Similar to previous work, the authors find that anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols are the dominant drivers of simulated twentieth-century tropical precipitation shifts. Models that include the cloud-albedo and lifetime aerosol indirect effects yield significantly larger shifts than models that lack aerosol indirect effects and also reproduce most of the southward tropical precipitation shift in the Pacific. However, all models significantly underestimate the magnitude of the observed shifts in the Atlantic sector, unless driven by observed SSTs. Mechanistically, tropical precipitation shifts are driven by interhemispher.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Focal Articular Cartilage Lesions

 Adolescent patients should be skeletally mature with documented closure of growth plates (e.g., 15 years or older). Adult patients should be too young to be considered an appropriate candidate for total knee arthroplasty or other reconstructive knee surgery (e.g., younger than 55 years)  Focal, full-thickness (grade III or IV) unipolar lesions of the weight bearing surface of the femoral condyles or trochlea, or patella at least 1.5 cm2 in size  Documented minimal to absent degenerative changes in the surrounding articular cartilage (Outerbridge Grade II or less), and normal-appearing hyaline cartilage surrounding the border of the defect  Normal knee biomechanics, or alignment and stability achieved concurrently with autologous chondrocyte implantation
Emotion Regulation

We begin this chapter reviewing literature characterizing emotion dysregulation as a core feature of children’s and adolescents’1 externalizing problems and disruptive behavior disorders,2 emphasizing critical issues including involuntary reactivity versus voluntary control, the importance of anger, the role of effortful control, and biological correlates. Next, we consider the distinction between the reactive and proactive functions of aggression, the role and biological markers of emotion dysregulation in reactive aggression in particular, and the “unemotional” nature of proactive aggression. The third section of the chapter focuses on multiple pathways to disruptive behavior disorders and the importance of emotion dysregulation to each of these pathways. We conclude with a discussion of implications for prevention and intervention.
Using a hybrid fuzzy classifier (HFC) to map typical grassland vegetation in Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

Community ecologists and vegetation scientists in grassland research have a strong interest in quantifying biotic communities in detail. However, a satisfactory classification with fine biotic details has been challenged by the coarse resolutions of Landsat images, although they are easily accessible. In this paper, a hybrid fuzzy classifier (HFC) for vegetation classification with Landsat ETM+ imagery on the typical grassland in Xilinhe River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China has been developed. Three vegetation classification systems were created from different aspects: the botanical system (Bio‐classes, also as the final mapping units for vegetation cover), the combined botanical and spectral system (Bio‐S classes), and the spectral system (Spec‐classes). The HFC designed a fuzzy logic to measure the similarity between Spec‐classes, extracted by the unsupervised classification, and Bio‐S classes, built from the field samples, when considering the spectral variations of samples within the same Bio‐class. Then, Bio‐S classes, which served as a bridge for assigning Spec‐classes to the target Bio‐classes, were merged to restore Bio‐classes for the final mapping. To assess the classification accuracy, the HFC was compared with a conventional supervised classification (CSC). The overall result of the HFC was much better than that of the CSC, with an accuracy percentage of 80.2% as compared to 69.0% for the CSC.
Leaf and stand-level carbon uptake of a Mediterranean forest estimated using the satellite-derived reflectance indices EVI and PRI

Various aspects of global environmental change affect plant photosynthesis, the primary carbon input in ecosystems. Thus, accurate methods of measuring plant photosynthesis are important. Remotely sensed spectral indices can monitor in detail the green biomass of ecosystems, which provides a measure of potential photosynthetic capacity. In evergreen vegetation types, however, such as Mediterranean forests, the amount of green biomass changes little during the growing season and, therefore, changes in green biomass are not responsible for changes in photosynthetic rates in those forests. This study examined the net photosynthetic rates and the diametric increment of stems in a Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex using three spectral indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and photochemical reflectance index (PRI)) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors. Average annual EVI accounted for 83% of the variability of the diametric increment of Q. ilex stems over a 10 year period. NDVI was marginally correlated with the diametric increment of stems. This study was the first to identify a significant correlation between net photosynthetic rates and radiation use efficiency at the leaf level using PRI derived from satellite data analysed at the ecosystem level. These results suggest that each spectral index provided different and complementary information about ecosystem carbon uptake in a Mediterranean Q. ilex forest.
Currency Crises

A currency crisis is a speculative attack on the foreign exchange value of a currency, resulting in a sharp depreciation or forcing the authorities to sell foreign exchange reserves and raise domestic interest rates to defend the currency. This article discusses analytical models of the causes of currency and associated crises, presents basic measures of the incidence of crises, evaluates the accuracy of empirical models in predicting crises, and reviews work measuring the consequences of crises on the real economy. Currency crises have large measurable costs on the economy, but our ability to predict the timing and magnitude of crises is limited by our theoretical understanding of the complex interactions between macroeconomic fundamentals, investor expectations and government policy. *This paper has been prepared for the Encyclopedia of Financial Globalization: Evidence on Financial Globalization and Crises, edited by Gerard Caprio (with Thorsten Beck, Charles Calomiris, Takeo Hoshi, Peter Montiel and Garry Schinasi as associate editors; Stijn Claessens, Sergio Schmukler, and Thorsten Beck as section editors). The views expressed herein do not represent those of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. JEL Classifications: F3, F32, F33, F41, E58
Economic development and child nutrition in Nepal

Thapa, Ganesh. Ph.D., Purdue University, December 2015. Economic Development and Child Nutrition in Nepal. Major Professor: Dr. Gerald Shively. Child malnutrition rates in Nepal are among the highest in the world. Government and non-governmental agencies are actively seeking various pathways that might be useful to improve child nutrition outcomes in Nepal, fill gaps in understanding surrounding nutrition drivers, and shorten the time required to attain the Millennium Development Goals. This dissertation includes three essays that use a range of data, including nationally representative data on the growth of children nutrition below five years of age, to identify potential pathways for improving child nutrition in Nepal. Essay 1 focuses on food prices. The analysis seeks to explain price movements and price variances in local markets. Since a majority of Nepalese households are net-buyers of food, food prices can be expected to influence nutrition outcomes among Nepalese children. A panel GARCH approach is used. Results suggest that rice prices in regional markets and wheat prices in border markets tend to strongly influence rice and wheat prices in local markets, respectively. The density of roads and bridges, and agricultural production, not unexpectedly, are negatively correlated with local food prices and price variances. Higher fuel prices are associated with higher local rice prices.
1 Complementarities in Innovation Policy

This paper develops a framework for testing discrete complementarities in innovation policy using European data on obstacles to innovation. We propose a discrete test of supermodularity in innovation policy leading to a number of inequality constraints. We apply our test to two types of innovation decisions: to innovate or not, and if so, by how much. We find that the evidence regarding the existence of complementarity in innovation policies depends on the phase of innovation that is targeted (getting firms innovative or increasing their innovation intensity) as well as on the particular pair of policies that is being considered. The two phases of the innovation process, i.e. the probability of becoming an innovator and the intensity of innovation, are subject to different constraints. Interestingly, there seems to be a need to adopt a package of We like to thank Dietmar Harhoff, Bernard Sinclair-Desgagne, David Soskice, two anonymous referees and the editor Xavier Vives for their detailed comments. We also like to thank Susan Athey, Marcel Dagenais, Astrid Jung, Jacques Mairesse, and Franz Palm. Julio Rosa provided competent research support. We acknowledge funding by the GAAC on the project “Impediments to Innovation: A Complementarities Approach”, by the research network 'Product Markets, Financial Markets and the Pace of Innovation in Europe' (Contract no.: HPRN-CT-2000-00061) of the RTN Program of the European Commission, by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada strategic grant “Challenges and Opportunities of a Knowledge-Based Economy”, and by Statistics Canada. All remaining errors are ours.
Magnetic tunnel junctions for ultrasensitive all-oxide hybrid sensors for medical applications

Sensing of extremely weak magnetic signals, such as produced by electrical activity of the human heart and brain, still remains a challenge. A very promising alternative to established field-sensing techniques is a novel, spin electronic based, ultrasensitive device called an all-oxide mixed sensor. It is formed by a superconducting loop, acting as a flux-to-field transformer and field amplifier, combined with a magnetic tunnel junction sensing the field.Our research activities have the goal to improve the performance of the mixed sensor, focusing on its core component – the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The capability of an MTJ is predominantly determined by the quality of the tunnel barrier and by the stability of magnetization states. In this context, oxide materials, known for their remarkable physical properties, have already shown their advantages. Thus, studies on La0.7Sr0. 3MnO3/SrTi0.8Nb0. 2O3 functional oxide interfaces, exploration of SrRuO3/ La0.7Sr0. 3MnO3 exchange bias system, and the final integration of these two components into a magnetic tunnel junction form the main part of our work.In the presented thesis, oxide thin films and heterostructures used for studies were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). We fabricated electronic devices for investigations using clean room microfabrication techniques , e.g. optical lithography, chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) and sputtering. Temperature dependent magnetic and (magneto-) transport measurements were performed.Metal-semiconductor interfaces formed by the half-metallic ferromagnet La0.7Sr0. 3MnO3 (LSMO) and heavily doped semiconductor SrTi0.8Nb0. 2O3 (Nb:STO) were studied. Antiferromagnetic coupling at the interface of the LaSrMnO3 and itinerant ferromagnet SrRuO3 was explored. Magnetic tunnel junctions with Schottky barrier were investigated (MTJs with Nb:STO and LSMRO).
Facile Synthesis of Rod–Coil Block Copolymers with Chiral, Helical Polycarbodiimide Segments via Postpolymerization CuAAC “Click” Coupling of Functional End Groups

Using the living nickel(II)-mediated polymerization of carbodiimides, the chiral (R)- or (S)-N-1-phenethyl-N′-methylcarbodiimide (PMC) monomers were polymerized with a new TIPS protected alkyne functional nickel initiator forming PPMC with an excess single-handed screw sense and the alkyne moiety covalently attached to the terminus of the polymer, as confirmed by 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF MS. After deprotection, the alkyne end groups of rigid-rod PPMC-2 were coupled with azide-terminated, random-coil PS and PEG homopolymers forming a novel class of helical-b-coil block copolymers. In the thin-film, all synthesized diblock copolymers formed interesting nanofibular morphologies when subject to specific conditions. The triblock RCP-4, however, adopted unique macroporous morphology as identified by AFM and SEM with average pore diameters of ca. 832 ± 194 nm. The origin of this was found to be associated with the ordering of large, hollow vesicle aggregates upon solvent evaporation followed by the melting of these .
Deficiency of the DNA repair enzyme ATM in rheumatoid arthritis

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), dysfunctional T cells sustain chronic inflammatory immune responses in the synovium. Even unprimed T cells are under excessive replication pressure, suggesting an intrinsic defect in T cell regeneration. In naive CD4 CD45RA+ T cells from RA patients, DNA damage load and apoptosis rates were markedly higher than in controls; repair of radiation-induced DNA breaks was blunted and delayed. DNA damage was highest in newly diagnosed untreated patients. RA T cells failed to produce sufficient transcripts and protein of the DNA repair kinase ataxia telangiectasia (AT) mutated (ATM). NBS1, RAD50, MRE11, and p53 were also repressed. ATM knockdown mimicked the biological effects characteristic for RA T cells. Conversely, ATM overexpression reconstituted DNA repair capabilities, response patterns to genotoxic stress, and production of MRE11 complex components and rescued RA T cells from apoptotic death. In conclusion, ATM deficiency in RA disrupts DNA repair and renders T cells sensitive to apoptosis. Apoptotic attrition of naive T cells imposes lymphopenia-induced proliferation, leading to premature immunosenescence and an autoimmune-biased T cell repertoire. Restoration of DNA repair mechanisms emerges as an important therapeutic target in RA.
LATERAL STABILITY OF RIGID POLES SUBJECTED TO A GROUND-LINE THRUST

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE DEVELOPED FOR THE LOAD- DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF RIGID, VERTICAL POLES, EMBEDDED IN SAND, SUBJECTED TO A HORIZONTAL GROUND-LINE THRUST AND GROUND-LINE COUPLE-MOMENT. THE STUDY IS BASED ON NONDIMENSIONAL TECHNIQUES AND THE PHYSICAL VARIABLES INCLUDED IN THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ARE THE GROUND-LINE DEFLECTION, DEPTH OF EMBEDMENT, GEOMETRY OF THE POLE CROSS- SECTION, GROUND-LINE THRUST, COUPLE-MOMENT AT THE GROUND- LINE, TIME OF LOADING, AND SOIL PARAMETERS. THE SOIL PARAMETERS USED ARE THE DENSITY, ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION, AND FLOW VISCOSITY OF SAND. NONDIMENSIONAL TECHNIQUES IN CONJUNCTION WITH SMALL-SCALE MODEL STUDIES ARE USED TO DETERMINE THE INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG THESE PHYSICAL VARIABLES FOR A POLE EMBEDDED IN A DENSE, UNIFORM, FINE DUNE SAND OF CONSTANT PROPERTIES AND SUBJECTED TO A HORIZONTAL GROUND-LINE THRUST ONLY. PREDICTION EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN FROM WHICH THE LOAD-DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROTOTYPE POLE MIGHT BE DETERMINED. A FAILURE CRITERION RELATING THE ULTIMATE GROUND-LINE THRUST TO THE POLE GEOMETRY AND EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN. /AUTHOR/
Application of a Land Surface Model for Bias Correction of Runoff Generation Data from MRI-AGCM3.2S Dataset

In climate change researches, general circulation models or global climate models (GCMs) have been the most promising tools to project future changes and associated impacts in the hydrological cycle. However, there are biases in GCM outputs due to the coarse spatial resolution, simplified physics processes, numerical schemes, etc. Those biases should be corrected before using GCM data in climate change impact studies. In this study, runoff generation data from the MRI- AGCM3.2S dataset were fed into distributed flow routing model 1K-FRM to project river discharge under a changing climate. Flow routing model 1K-FRM was developed in the Hydrology and Water Resources Research Laboratory, Kyoto University. The MRI- AGCM3.2S is the latest version of super-high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model which was jointly developed by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Meteorological Research Institute (MRI). Two river basins located in Kyushu (Japan) were selected as study areas, the Chikugo river basin and the Oyodo river basin.