Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research Division Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis Working Paper Series Monetary Policy , Judgment and Near-Rational Exuberance

We study how the use of judgement or “add-factors” in macroeconomic forecasting may disturb the set of equilibrium outcomes when agents learn using recursive methods. We examine the possibility of a new phenomenon, which we call exuberance equilibria, in the New Keynesian monetary policy framework. Inclusion of judgement in forecasts can lead to self-fulfilling fluctuations in a subset of the determinacy region. We study how policymakers can minimize the risk of exuberance equilibria. JEL codes: E520, E610.
Remote Sensing Monitoring Research of Mine Geological Environment in Southeastern Heilongjiang, China

Southeastern Heilongjiang is abundant in mineral resources, among which coal mine is the most prominent one and is mainly underground mining, which has caused a series of geological environment problems. In order to find out the distribution and hidden dangers of mine geological hazards, land occupation from mining activities and the sources of environmental pollution in the mining area, the environmental investigation and monitoring of mine geological hazards were carried out based on remote sensing technology at Shuangyashan, Qitaihe, Jixi and Mudanjiang areas in southeastern Heilongjiang. The main mine geological environment problems in the study area are ground depression, collapse, landslide, debris flow, land occupation from mining activities, water pollution and solid waste pollution. The environmental investigation and monitoring of mine geological hazards based on remote sensing is obviously feasible. The results can provide decision support services for management departments to deal with sudden and major geological hazards.
Impact of manuring and fertilization over long term on soil available plant nutrients in eastern dry zone of Karnataka

The soils collected after 31 cropping cycles (2017) from ongoing long term fertilizer experiment under finger millet-maize cropping system at GKVK, Bengaluru were studied for its available nutrients status. In long term manurial soils under finger millet and maize cropping system plant available nutrient status such as nitrogen, potassium and sulphur were maintained sustainability in all treatments, except treatment receiving 100 per cent NP and only 100% N respectively. There was high build up of available phosphorus in soil due to continuous application of phosphatic fertilizers. Calcium and magnesium content was recorded higher in lime and FYM applied treatment along with 100% NPK It was noticed that the DTPA extractable micronutrients like zinc, copper, iron and manganese status was maintained in the treatments received FYM in combination with inorganic fertilizer. Hence, application of recommended doses of fertilizer in combination with FYM helps in maintaining soil health as well as available nutrient status of soil.
PERSISTENT POVERTY AND EXCESS INEQUALITY : LATIN AMERICA , 1970-1995

This work assesses the changes in aggregate poverty and inequality that have taken place in Latin America during the past 26 years. With this objective, we put together the largest number of observations on income distribution for the region for the period 1970-1995. We find that poverty and inequality have not declined during the 1990s in spite of improvements at the macroeconomic level. The characteristics of our data allow us to perform various comparisons between countries. Our results show that even though there are differences in levels across countries, inequality and poverty in most of them follow similar trends during the period under study.
A rose by any other name: On basic scores from the 2x2 table and the plethora of names attached to them

Forecast evaluation metrics have been discovered and rediscovered in a variety of contexts, leading to confusion. We look at measures from the 2x2 contingency table and the history of their development and illustrate how different fields working on similar problems has led to different approaches and perspectives of the same mathematical concepts. For example, Probability of Detection is a quantity in meteorology that was also called Prefigurance in the field, while the same thing is named Recall in information science and machine learning, and Sensitivity and True Positive Rate in the medical literature. Many of the scores that combine three elements of the 2x2 table can be seen as either coming from a perspective of Venn diagrams or from the Pythagorean means, possibly weighted, of two ratios of performance measures. Although there are algebraic relationships between the two perspectives, the approaches taken by authors led them in different directions, making it unlikely that they would discover scores that naturally arose from the other approach. We close by discussing the importance of understanding the implicit or explicit values expressed by the choice of scores. In addition, we make some simple recommendations about the appropriate nomenclature to use when publishing interdisciplinary work.
A Genome Wide CRISPR Profiling Approach Identifies Mechanisms of Cisplatin Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a lethal disease with poor survival rates, especially for cancers arising in the oral cavity or larynx. Cisplatin is a key chemotherapeutic for HNSCC; however poor survival rates may be partially due to cisplatin resistance observed in some HNSCCs. Here, we examined the utility of genome-wide CRISPR knockout profiling for nominating pivotal mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in HNSCC models. Methods We characterized the cisplatin sensitivity of 18 HNSCC cell lines. Next, we used a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library to identify genes involved in cisplatin resistance. We next performed validation assays in the UM-SCC-49 cell line model. Results Our data prioritized 207 genes as pivotal for cisplatin resistance in HNSCC, including novel genes VGLL3, CIRHA1, NCOR1, SPANXA1, MAP2K7, ULK1, and CDK16. Gene set enrichment analysis identified several NOTCH family genes comprising the top pathway driving cisplatin resistance, which we then validated using a targeted NOTCH1 knockout model. Interestingly, we noted that HNSCC models with natural NOTCH pathway alterations including single allele mutations and/or frameshift alterations had diverse responses to cisplatin treatment suggesting that complex and multi-faceted mechanisms contribute to cisplatin resistance in HNSCC. Conclusions Collectively, our study validates a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 approach for the discovery of resistance mechanisms in HNSCC, adds to the growing evidence that NOTCH1 status should be evaluated as a biomarker of cisplatin response and provides a framework for future work aimed at overcoming cisplatin resistance.
Feasibility of safe outpatient treatment in pediatric patients following intraventricular radioimmunotherapy with 131I-omburtamab for leptomeningeal disease

Background Radiolabeled antibody 131I-omburtamab was administered intraventricularly in patients with leptomeningeal disease under an institutionally approved study (#NCT03275402). Radiation safety precautions were tailored for individual patients, enabling outpatient treatment based on in-depth, evidence-based recommendations for such precautions. The imperative advancement of streamlined therapeutic administration procedures, eliminating the necessity for inpatient isolation and resource-intensive measures, holds pivotal significance. This development bears broader implications for analogous therapies within the pediatric patient demographic. Methods Intraventricular radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 925–1850 MBq (25–50 mCi) of 131I-omburtamab was administered via the Ommaya reservoir, in designated rooms within the pediatric ambulatory care center. Dosimeters were provided to staff involved in patient care to evaluate exposure during injection and post-administration. Post-administration exposure rate readings from the patient on contact, at 0.3 m, and at 1 m were taken within the first 30 minutes, and the room was surveyed after patient discharge. Duration of radiation exposure was calculated using standard U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) regulatory guidance recommendations combined with mean exposure rates and whole-body clearance estimates. Exposure rate measurements and clearance data provided patient-specific precautions for four cohorts by age: < 3 y/o, 3–10 y/o, 10–18 y/o, and 18+. Results Post-administration exposure rates for patients ranged from 0.16–0.46 μSv/hr/MBq at 1 ft and 0.03–0.08 μSv/hr/MBq at 1 m. Radiation exposure duration ranged from 1–10 days after release for the four evaluated cohorts. Based on the highest measured exposure rates and slowest whole-body clearance, the longest precautions were approximately 78% lower than the regulatory guidance recommendations. Radiation exposure to staff associated with 131I-omburtamab per administration was substantially below the annual regulatory threshold for individual exposure monitoring. Conclusion 131I-omburtamab can be administered on an outpatient basis, using appropriate patient-based radiation safety precautions that employ patient-specific exposure rate and biological clearance parameters. This trial is registered with the National Library of Medicine’s ClinicalTrials.gov. The registration number is NCT03275402, and it was registered on 7 September 2017. The web link is included here. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03275402.
The Mechanism of Pyroptosis and Its Application Prospect in Diabetic Wound Healing

Abstract Pyroptosis defines a form of pro-inflammatory-dependent programmed cell death triggered by gasdermin proteins, which creates cytoplasmic pores and promotes the activation and accumulation of immune cells by releasing several pro-inflammatory mediators and immunogenic substances upon cell rupture. Pyroptosis comprises canonical (mediated by Caspase-1) and non-canonical (mediated by Caspase-4/5/11) molecular signaling pathways. Numerous studies have explored the contributory roles of inflammasome and pyroptosis in the progression of multiple pathological conditions such as tumors, nerve injury, inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that the activation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome results in the activation of pyroptosis and inflammation. Current evidence suggests that pyroptosis-dependent cell death plays a progressive role in the development of diabetic complications including diabetic wound healing (DWH) and diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This review presents a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and addresses the current research on pyroptosis-dependent signaling pathways in the context of DWH. In this review, we also present some prospective therapeutic compounds/agents that can target pyroptotic signaling pathways, which may serve as new strategies for the effective treatment and management of diabetic wounds.
Subcellular functions of tau mediates repair response and synaptic homeostasis in injury

Injury responses in terminally differentiated cells such as neurons is tightly regulated by pathways aiding homeostatic maintenance. Cancer patients subjected to neuronal injury in brain radiation experience cognitive declines similar to those seen in primary neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of radiation in proliferating cells of the brain, yet the impact in differentiated, post-mitotic neurons, especially the structural and functional alterations remain largely elusive. We identified that microtubule-associated tau is a critical player in neuronal injury response via compartmentalized functions in both repair-centric and synaptic regulatory pathways. Ionizing radiation-induced injury acutely induces increase in phosphorylated tau in the nucleus and directly interacts with histone 2AX (H2AX), a DNA damage repair (DDR) marker. Loss of tau significantly reduced H2AX after irradiation, indicating that tau may play an important role in neuronal DDR response. We also observed that loss of tau increases eukaryotic elongation factor levels after irradiation, the latter being a positive regulator of protein translation. This cascades into a significant increase in synaptic proteins, resulting in disrupted homeostasis. Consequently, novel object recognition test showed decrease in learning and memory in tau-knockout mice after irradiation, and electroencephalographic activity showed increase in delta and theta band oscillations, often seen in dementia patients. Our findings demonstrate tau’s previously undefined, multifunctional role in acute responses to injury, ranging from DDR response in the nucleus to synaptic function within a neuron. Such knowledge is vital to develop therapeutic strategies targeting neuronal injury in cognitive decline for at risk and vulnerable populations.
Establishing Evidence Criteria for Implementation Strategies: A Delphi Study for HIV Services

Background. There are no criteria specifically for evaluating the quality of implementation research and recommend implementation strategies likely to have impact to practitioners. We describe the development and application of the Best Practices Rubric, a set of criteria to evaluate the evidence supporting implementation strategies, in the context of HIV. Methods. We developed the Best Practices Rubric from 2022–2023 in three phases. (1) We purposively selected and recruited by email participants representing a mix of expertise in HIV service delivery, quality improvement, and implementation science. We developed a draft rubric and criteria based on a literature review and key informant interviews. (2) The rubric was then informed and revised through two e-Delphi rounds using a survey delivered online through Qualtrics. The first and second round Delphi surveys consisted of 71 and 52 open and close-ended questions, respectively, asking participants to evaluate, confirm, and make suggestions on different aspects of the rubric. After each survey round, data were analyzed and synthesized as appropriate, and the rubric and criteria were revised. (3) We then applied the rubric to a set of research studies assessing 18 implementation strategies designed to promote the adoption and uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, an HIV prevention medication, to assess reliable application of the rubric and criteria. Results. Our initial literature review yielded existing rubrics and criteria for evaluating intervention-level evidence. For a strategy-level rubric, additions emerged from interviews, for example, a need to consider the context and specification of strategies. Revisions were made after both Delphi rounds resulting in the confirmation of five evaluation domains – research design, implementation outcomes, limitations and rigor, strategy specification, and equity – and four evidence levels – best practice, promising practice, more evidence needed, and harmful practices. For most domains, criteria were specified at each evidence level. After an initial pilot round to develop an application process and provide training, we achieved 98% reliability when applying the criteria to 18 implementation strategies. Conclusions. We developed a rubric to evaluate the evidence supporting implementation strategies for HIV services. Although the rubric is specific to HIV, this tool is adaptable for evaluating strategies in other health areas.
Changes in Psychosocial Variables Among Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Short-Term Follow-Up Study

Background and aims: Caring for a person with schizophrenia entails considerable effort. The caregiving experience while caring for a person with schizophrenia has been described as both stressful and enriching. The literature on changes in caregiving experience with time has been fairly limited. The present analysis looks at the change in the caregiving experience of caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Method: This study had a sample of 50 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia who were followed up after a period of 6 to 10 months. Caregiving experience, knowledge of the mental illness, family functioning, coping, social support, psychological distress, quality of life, and spiritual, religious, and personal beliefs were assessed at the two time points. Results: Among the negative caregiving experiences, caregivers' need for back-up and patient dependency reduced significantly at follow-up as compared to baseline, though total negative or positive experiences of caregiving did not show a significant difference. Knowledge about mental illness did not significantly increase at follow-up, though issues related to poor communication and affective involvement in family functioning reduced over the period of time. Coping and social support remained largely the same, while psychological distress was reduced. All domains of quality of life improved over the follow-up period, while the hope, optimism, and inner peace aspects of spiritual, religious, and personal beliefs improved with time. Conclusion: Some aspects of caregiving experiences may change with time. As caregivers become more adjusted to caregiving roles, their distress may reduce, and their quality of life may improve.
Leakage Position of Pipeline on the Underground Diffusion of Crude Oil

Although underground pipeline transportation of crude oil is critical, very few studies have been found in the literature addressing the effects of the pipeline leakage position. To fill the gap, in this study, the influences of the leakage position of a pipeline on the underground diffusion of crude oil were investigated numerically. The results showed that the leakage position largely affects the shape of crude oil diffusion. The diffusion contour of the crude oil changes from shapes of inverted U and ellipse to circle when the leakage positions are located at the top, side and bottom sections of the pipeline. It was known based on numerical results that the leakage position shows limited influence on axial diffusion width and radial diffusion depth of crude oil. Empirical relationships were developed to predict the axis diffusion width and radial diffusion depth. The outcomes of this study provide a technical guidance for the underground pipeline transportation safety and the related emergency management.
Knockout of SlDCL2b attenuates the resistance of tomato to potato spindle tuber viroid infection

Abstract RNA interference, or RNA silencing, is an important defence mechanism against viroid infection in plants. Plants encode multiple DICER‐LIKE (DCL) proteins that are key components of the RNA silencing pathway. However, the roles of different DCLs in defence responses against viroid infection remain unclear. Here, we determined the function of tomato DCL2b (SlDCL2b) in defence responses against potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) infection using SlDCL2b loss‐of‐function tomato mutant plants. Compared with wild‐type plants, mutant plants were more susceptible to PSTVd infection, developing more severe symptoms earlier and accumulating higher levels of PSTVd RNAs. Moreover, we verified the feedback mechanism for the regulation of SlDCL2b expression by miR6026. Functional blocking of tomato miR6026, by expressing its target mimics, can enhance resistance to PSTVd infection in tomato plants. These findings deepen the current understanding of RNAi‐based resistance against viroid infection and provide a potentially new strategy for viroid control.
Bridging Glaciological and Hydrological Trends in the Pamir Mountains, Central Asia

With respect to meteorological changes and glacier evolution, the southern Pamir Mountains are a transition zone between the Pamirs, Hindu Kush and Karakoram, which are water towers of Central Asia. In this study, we compare runoff and climate trends in multiple time periods with glacial changes reported in the literature. Recent glacier evolution in the Southern Pamirs and its contribution to river runoff are studied in detail. Uncertainties of estimating glacier retreat contribution to runoff are addressed. Runoff trends in the Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakoram region appear to be a strong proxy for glacier evolution because they exhibit the same spatial pattern as glacial change. There is an anomaly in the North-West Pamirs and Northern Karakoram, showing decreasing runoff trends. In the opposite way, there is a glacier and hydrological change experienced in the Southern Pamirs and Hindu Kush. The prevailing hypothesis for the Karakoram Anomaly, decreasing summer temperatures along with increasing precipitation rates, seems to be valid for the North-Western Pamirs, as well. In the Southern Pamirs, temperature trends have been rising since 1950. Here, the unique water cycle of exclusively winter precipitation does not protect glaciers from accelerated retreat. Snow cover is preset to melt within the seasonal water cycle, due to much lower precipitation amounts falling on glaciers. Therefore, a probable increase in westerly precipitation in both regions causes glacier mass gain in the Northern Pamirs and rising river flows in the Southern Pamirs.
Streptomyces‐triggered coordination between rhizosphere microbiomes and plant transcriptome enables watermelon Fusarium wilt resistance

Abstract The use of microbial inoculant is a promising strategy to improve plant health, but their efficiency often faces challenges due to difficulties in successful microbial colonization in soil environments. To this end, the application of biostimulation products derived from microbes is expected to resolve these barriers via direct interactions with plants or soil pathogens. However, their effectiveness and mechanisms for promoting plant growth and disease resistance remain elusive. In this study, we showed that root irrigation with the extracts of Streptomyces ahygroscopicus strain 769 (S769) solid fermentation products significantly reduced watermelon Fusarium wilt disease incidence by 30% and increased the plant biomass by 150% at a fruiting stage in a continuous cropping field. S769 treatment led to substantial changes in both bacterial and fungal community compositions, and induced a highly interconnected microbial association network in the rhizosphere. The root transcriptome analysis further suggested that S769 treatment significantly improved the expression of the MAPK signalling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction and plant–pathogen interactions, particular those genes related to PR‐1 and ethylene, as well as genes associated with auxin production and reception. Together, our study provides mechanistic and empirical evidences for the biostimulation products benefiting plant health through coordinating plant and rhizosphere microbiome interaction.