Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multicast traffic engineering for software-defined networks

Although Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enables flexible network resource allocations for traffic engineering, current literature mostly focuses on unicast communications. Compared to traffic engineering for multiple unicast flows, multicast traffic engineering for multiple trees is very challenging not only because minimizing the bandwidth consumption of a single multicast tree by solving the Steiner tree problem is already NP-Hard, but the Steiner tree problem does not consider the link capacity constraint for multicast flows and node capacity constraint to store the forwarding entries in Group Table of OpenFlow. In this paper, therefore, we first study the hardness results of scalable multicast traffic engineering in SDN. We prove that scalable multicast traffic engineering with only the node capacity constraint is NP-Hard and not approximable within δ, which is the number of destinations in the largest multicast group. We then prove that scalable multicast traffic engineering with both the node and link capacity constraints is NP-Hard and not approximable within any ratio. To solve the problem, we design a δ-approximation algorithm, named Multi-Tree Routing and State Assignment Algorithm (MTRSA), for the first case and extend it to the general multicast traffic engineering problem. The simulation and implementation results demonstrate that the solutions obtained by the proposed algorithm outperform the shortest-path trees and Steiner trees. Most importantly, MTRSA is computation-efficient and can be deployed in SDN since it can generate the solution with numerous trees in a short time.
Creating Ad Hoc Instruments with Pin&Play&Perform

Drawing from conceptual discussions and a reflection on extended techniques in musical performance, we offer the notion of an 'ad hoc instrument' as an instrument constructed during the course of interacting with it. To concretise the idea, we explore the utility of 'Pin&Play' technology where interface elements like dials, sliders and buttons are pinned to a conductive substrate. We describe an ad hoc sound mixer and ad hoc synthesizer, and report on our performance experience with them. We conclude by discussing ad hoc instruments in relationship to physical interfaces, live coding, 'living scores', and issues in contemporary music performance.
SIASCA: Interactive System for the Symbolic Analysis of Analog Circuits

To improve analog design automation (ADA) of electronic circuits, an interactive system for symbolic analysis called SIASCA is introduced. SIASCA includes schematic capture of a more general class of analog circuits, namely: operational transconductance amplifiers and current conveyors. The options of analysis are focused on calculating simplified symbolic expressions (SEs), representing the dominant behavior of a circuit, for AC and noise analysis. To minimize complexity in manipulating SEs, all active devices are modeled at different levels of abstraction by using nullors. Several examples demonstrate the suitability and usefulness of SIASCA to be used within ADA environments.
Current Concepts in Pediatric Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The t(9;22)(q34;q11) or Philadelphia chromosome creates a BCR–ABL1 fusion gene encoding for a chimeric BCR–ABL1 protein. It is present in 3–4% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), and about 25% of adult ALL cases. Prior to the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), Ph+ ALL was associated with a very poor prognosis despite the use of intensive chemotherapy and frequently hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) in first remission. The development of TKIs revolutionized the therapy of Ph+ ALL. Addition of the first generation ABL1 class TKI imatinib to intensive chemotherapy dramatically increased the survival for children with Ph+ ALL and established that many patients can be cured without HSCT. In parallel, the mechanistic understanding of Ph+ ALL expanded exponentially through careful mapping of pathways downstream of BCR–ABL1, the discovery of mutations in master regulators of B-cell development such as IKZF1 (Ikaros), PAX5, and early B-cell factor (EBF), the recognition of the complex clonal architecture of Ph+ ALL, and the delineation of genomic, epigenetic, and signaling abnormalities contributing to relapse and resistance. Still, many important basic and clinical questions remain unanswered. Current clinical trials are testing second generation TKIs in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL. Neither the optimal duration of therapy nor the optimal chemotherapy backbone are currently defined. The role of HSCT in first remission and post-transplant TKI therapy also require further study. In addition, it will be crucial to continue to dig deeper into understanding Ph+ ALL at a mechanistic level, and translate findings into complementary targeted approaches. Expanding targeted therapies hold great promise to decrease toxicity and improve survival in this high-risk disease, which provides a paradigm for how targeted therapies can be incorporated into treatment of other high-risk leukemias.
The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male

Fifteen years ago, when it was first published, "The Transsexual Empire" challenged the medical psychiatric definition of transsexualism as a disease and sex conversion hormones and surgery as the cure. It exposed the antifeminist stereotyping that requires candidates for transsexual surgery to prove themselves by conforming to subjective, outdated and questionable feminine roles and "passing" as women. Then as now, defining and treating transsexualism as a medical problem prevents the person experiencing so-called gender dissatisfaction from seeing it in a gender-challenging or feminist framework. Transsexualism goes to the question of what gender is, how to challenge it, and what reinforces gender stereotyping in a role-defined society. In the new introduction to this feminist work, Raymond discusses how these same issues are now debated in the context of transgender. Transgenderism reduces gender resistance to wardrobes, hormones, surgery and posturing - anything but real sexual equality. It assimilates the roles and definitions of masculinity and femininity, often mixing and matching, but never really moving beyond both. In a similar way, transsexualism is thought to be a radical challenge to gender roles, breaking the boundaries of gender and transgressing its rigid lines. But if the transsexual merely exchanges one gender role for another, and if the outcome of such a sex reassignment is to endorse a femininity which, in many transsexuals, becomes a caricature of much that feminists have rejected about many-made femininity, then where is the challenge, the transgression, and the breaking of any real boundaries? This book will be used as a text in women's studies, psychology, sociology, technology and public policy, as well as by medical students, law students, and all who have an interest in feminist issues.
SUPERVISION OF SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAMS: A SYNTHESIS OF RESEARCH

This article presents a synthesis of research and identifies research deficiency on supervising supervised agricultural experience (SAE) programs during a thirty-year period, 1964 - 1993 . A library search of selected sources was used to gather data for the study . Research in this area was found to be primarily descriptive. SAE program partners (teachers, students, parents, and employers) value the supervisory role of teachers in conducting SAE programs, however, implementation of the practice varies greatly from state to state. Cumulative data are not available to guide the development of policies and standards for supervising SAE programs . Future research in this area should focus on effects of supervision on SAE programs, when in a SAE programs is supervision most critical to student learning, roles of each partner in supervising SAE programs, goals for SAE visits, strategies for planning SAE programs and recording accomplishments, extended contracts and release time for SAE supervision, and teacher education related to supervising SAE programs. Supervised agriculture experience (SAE) programs are agricultural education’s application of experiential learning. Kolb (1984) advanced that experiential learning has four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. SAE programs feature personalized learning with supervision. Phipps and Osborne (1988) explained that SAE programs provide students with practical agricultural activities of educational value, systematic instruction, and supervision by teachers, parents, employers, or others. A Committee on Agricultural Education in Secondary Schools advocated that all students enrolled in agricultural education participate in worthwhile SAE programs for the purpose of learning, with appreciation for earning (National Research Council, 1988). Dyer and Osborne (1995) advanced that SAE programs must be recognized for their value as an experiential learning tool. Supervision is needed to provide individual instruction in selecting, planning, conducting, and evaluating SAE programs. Supervision at the sites
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids: Genistein, Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Daidzein Inhibit STAT-1 and NF-κB Activations, Whereas Flavone, Isorhamnetin, Naringenin, and Pelargonidin Inhibit only NF-κB Activation along with Their Inhibitory Effect on iNOS Expression and NO Production in Activated

In inflammation, bacterial products and proinflammatory cytokines induce the formation of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and compounds that inhibit NO production have anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of 36 naturally occurring flavonoids and related compounds on NO production in macrophages exposed to an inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and evaluated the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds. Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner. All eight active compounds inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which is a significant transcription factor for iNOS. Genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein also inhibited the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1), another important transcription factor for iNOS. The present study characterises the effects and mechanisms of naturally occurring phenolic compounds on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. The results partially explain the pharmacological efficacy of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory compounds.
DMA-aware memory energy management

As increasingly larger memories are used to bridge the widening gap between processor and disk speeds, main memory energy consumption is becoming increasingly dominant. Even though much prior research has been conducted on memory energy management, no study has focused on data servers, where main memory is predominantly accessed by DMAs instead of processors. In this paper, we study DMA-aware techniques for memory energy management in data servers. We first characterize the effect of DMA accesses on memory energy and show that, due to the mismatch between memory and I/O bus band-widths, significant energy is wasted when memory is idle but still active during DMA transfers. To reduce this waste, we propose two novel performance-directed energy management techniques that maximize the utilization of memory devices by increasing the level of concurrency between multiple DMA transfers from different I/O buses to the same memory device. We evaluate our techniques using a detailed trace-driven simulator, and storage and database server traces. The results show that our techniques can effectively minimize the amount of idle energy waste during DMA transfers and, consequently, conserve up to 38.6% more memory energy than previous approaches while providing similar performance.
Testing the CMB Data for Systematic Effects

Under the assumption that the concordancecold dark matter (CDM) model is the correct model, we test the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data for systematic effects by examining the band pass temperature residuals with respect to this model. Residuals are plotted as a function of `, galactic latitude, frequency, calibration source, instrument type and several other variables that may be associated with potential systematic effects. Linear fitting to the resid- uals indicates no significant identifiable systematic errors associated with these variables, except for the case of galactic latitude. We find evidence for a trend associated with the absolute galactic latitude range at more than the 2-� level. This may be indicative of galactic contamination and may require a 2% reduction in the normalisation of low galactic latitude observations.
A Real-life Test of Face Recognition System for Dialogue Interface Robot in Ubiquitous Environments

This paper discusses a face recognition system for a dialogue interface robot that really works in ubiquitous environments and reports an experimental result of real-life test in a ubiquitous environment. While a central module of the face recognition system is composed of the decomposed eigenface method, the system also includes a special face detection module and the face registration module. Since face recognition should work on images captured by a camera equipped on the interface robot, all the methods are tuned for the interface robot. The face detection and recognition modules accomplish robust face detection and recognition when one of the registered users is talking to the robot. Some interesting results are reported with careful analysis of a sufficient real-life experiment
Quantum circuits , swap test , quantum Schur transform Lecture 10

of the n-qubit Hilbert space into irreducible representations of SU(2). We used the “Schur-Weyl toolbox” obtained in this way to solve the spectrum estimation problem, various data compression problems, and to study entanglement transformations (lectures 5, 6, 8 and 9). A fundamental role was played by the the projections Pj onto the different sectors. But how would we realize these projections in practice? Recall that the notation ≅ in eq. (10.1) refers to a unitary intertwiner (C2)⊗n →⊕ j Vj ⊗Cm(n,j).
Early Detection and Quantification of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis by Magnetic Resonance Black-Blood Thrombus Imaging

Background and Purpose— Early diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is currently a major clinical challenge. We proposed a novel magnetic resonance black-blood thrombus imaging technique (MRBTI) for detection and quantification of CVT. Methods— MRBTI was performed on 23 patients with proven CVT and 24 patients with negative CVT confirmed by conventional imaging techniques. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the duration of clinical onset: ⩽7 days (group 1) and between 7 and 30 days (group 2). Signal/noise ratio was calculated for the detected thrombus, and contrast/noise ratio was measured between thrombus and lumen and also between thrombus and brain tissue. The feasibility of using MRBTI for thrombus volume measurement was explored, and total thrombus volume was calculated for each patient. Results— In 23 patients with proven CVT, MRBTI correctly identified 113 of 116 segments with a sensitivity of 97.4%. Thrombus signal/noise ratio was 153±57 and 261±95 for group 1 (n=10) and group 2 (n=13), respectively (P<0.01). Thrombus to lumen contrast/noise ratio was 149±57 and 256±94 for group 1 and group 2, respectively. Thrombus to brain tissue contrast/noise ratio was 41±36 and 120±63 (P<0.01), respectively. Quantification of thrombus volume was successfully conducted in all patients with CVT, and mean volume of thrombus was 10.5±6.9 mL. Conclusions— The current findings support that with effectively suppressed blood signal, MRBTI allows selective visualization of thrombus as opposed to indirect detection of venous flow perturbation and can be used as a promising first-line diagnostic imaging tool.
Ca 2-mediated GTP-dependent dynamic assembly of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ into asters and polymer networks in vitro and de Boer

and de Boer, 1997), and FtsA, which also co-localizes to Xuan-Chuan Yu and William Margolin1 the FtsZ ring, but seems to act at a later step (Addinall Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of and Lutkenhaus, 1996a; Addinall et al., 1996; Ma et al., Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA 1996). However, except for FtsZ, no other homologs of 1Corresponding author essential cell division proteins have been found in the e-mail: margolin@utmmg.med.uth.tmc. edu wall-less Mycoplasma species or in the several species of archaea that have been examined. So it is likely that FtsZ FtsZ, a tubulin-like GTPase that forms a dynamic ring alone is responsible for marking the division site and marking the division plane of prokaryotic cells, is possibly for the force generation to constrict the cell at essential for cytokinesis. It is not known what triggers its midpoint. FtsZ ring assembly. In this work, we use a FtsZ– Because FtsZ has some sequence similarity to tubulin, green fluorescent protein (Gfp) chimera to assay FtsZ and it can bind and hydrolyze GTP and assemble into assembly over time by using fluorescence microscopy. polymers, it was hypothesized that it is a prokaryotic We show that FtsZ polymers can assemble dynamically homolog of tubulin (de Boer et al., 1992; Raychaudhuri in solution in a GTP-dependent manner. Initially, FtsZ and Park, 1992; Mukherjee et al., 1993; Mukherjee and nucleation centers grow into aster-like structures that Lutkenhaus, 1994; Erickson, 1995). This hypothesis has dramatically resemble microtubule organizing centers. been supported by recent electron microscope studies As assembly proceeds further, protofilament bundles which demonstrated that FtsZ assembles into sheets of emanating from different asters interconnect, mimicktubulin-like protofilaments and minirings, with the dimening the closure of the FtsZ ring in vivo. Surprisingly, sions of the minirings being closest to those made by millimolar levels of Ca2 promote FtsZ dynamic assemγ tubulin (Erickson and Stoffler, 1996; Erickson et al., bly. FtsZ can undergo repeated GTP-dependent assem1996). This resemblance to γ tubulin is further supported bly and disassembly in solution by sequential addition by phylogenetic data (Margolin et al., 1996) as well as and removal of Ca2 . In addition, GTP binding and evidence that FtsZ first nucleates at a point on the cell hydrolysis by FtsZ are regulated by Ca2 concentramembrane before polymerizing (Addinall and Lutkenhaus, tion. Although the concentration of Ca2 required for 1996b; Ma et al., 1996). However, in vitro polymerization FtsZ assembly in vitro is high, its clear and specific of FtsZ into filaments was shown to be dependent on effect on FtsZ dynamics suggests the possibility that special buffers such as DEAE–dextran or lipid monolayers, Ca2 may have a role in regulating FtsZ ring assembly and the former could be assembled with either GDP or in the cell. GTP (Mukherjee and Lutkenhaus, 1994; Erickson et al.,
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity

■ Abstract The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in different ways and, as a consequence, drawing different conclusions regarding both the magnitude and direction of its effects. Habitat fragmentation is usually defined as a landscape-scale process involving both habitat loss and the breaking apart of habitat. Results of empirical studies of habitat fragmentation are often difficult to interpret because (a) many researchers measure fragmentation at the patch scale, not the landscape scale and (b) most researchers measure fragmentation in ways that do not distinguish between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se, i.e., the breaking apart of habitat after controlling for habitat loss. Empirical studies to date suggest that habitat loss has large, consistently negative effects on biodiversity. Habitat fragmentation per se has much weaker effects on biodiversity that are at least as likely to be positive as negative. Therefore, to correctly interpret the influence of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity, the effects of these two components of fragmentation must be measured independently. More studies of the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation per se are needed to determine the factors that lead to positive versus negative effects of fragmentation per se. I suggest that the term “fragmentation” should be reserved for the breaking apart of habitat, independent of habitat loss.
Deterministic Global Optimization for Parameter Estimation of Dynamic Systems

A method is presented for deterministic global optimization in the estimation of parameters in models of dynamic systems. The method can be implemented as an e-global algorithm or, by use of the interval-Newton method, as an exact algorithm. In the latter case, the method provides a mathematically guaranteed and computationally validated global optimum in the goodness-of-fit function. A key feature of the method is the use of a new validated solver for parametric ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which is used to produce guaranteed bounds on the solutions of dynamic systems with interval-valued parameters, as well as on the first- and second-order sensitivities of the state variables with respect to the parameters. The computational efficiency of the method is demonstrated using several benchmark problems.
1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D Inhibits Foam Cell Formation and Suppresses Macrophage Cholesterol Uptake in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background— Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among those with diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in this population. To determine the mechanism by which vitamin D deficiency mediates accelerated cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus, we investigated the effects of active vitamin D on macrophage cholesterol deposition. Methods and Results— We obtained macrophages from 76 obese, diabetic, hypertensive patients with vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D <80 nmol/L; group A) and 4 control groups: obese, diabetic, hypertensive patients with normal vitamin D (group B; n=15); obese, nondiabetic, hypertensive patients with vitamin D deficiency (group C; n=25); and nonobese, nondiabetic, nonhypertensive patients with vitamin D deficiency (group D; n=10) or sufficiency (group E; n=10). Macrophages from the same patients in all groups were cultured in vitamin D—deficient or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] –supplemented media and exposed to modified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 1,25(OH)2D3 suppressed foam cell formation by reducing acetylated or oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake in diabetic subjects only. Conversely, deletion of the vitamin D receptor in macrophages from diabetic patients accelerated foam cell formation induced by modified LDL. 1,25(OH)2D3 downregulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation reduced peroxisome proliferated–activated receptor-γ expression, suppressed CD36 expression, and prevented oxidized low-density lipoprotein–derived cholesterol uptake. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 suppression of macrophage endoplasmic reticulum stress improved insulin signaling, downregulated SR-A1 expression, and prevented oxidized and acetylated low-density lipoprotein–derived cholesterol uptake. Conclusion— These results identify reduced vitamin D receptor signaling as a potential mechanism underlying increased foam cell formation and accelerated cardiovascular disease in diabetic subjects.