Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The standard circular gait of a quadruped walking vehicle

A quadruped walking vehicle has the potential capability of being developed into a vehicle of high mobility and adaptability to terrain by making use of its high degree of motion freedom. The authors have investigated the gait control problems of a walking vehicle, i.e. the straightforward or crab walk of the vehicle on rough terrains. This paper introduces a more generalized gait, namely, a circular gait around an arbitrarily located turn center, and discusses a standard circular gait. The standard circular gait is the one which maximizes the speed of walking and the rotational angle in a circular walk, and this consideration forms the basis of the discussion on advanced gait control problems. This paper formalizes the problems and analyses them by using mathematical optimization methods such as non-linear programming. Computations are carried out on a TITAN III, the quadruped walking vehicle model constructed by the authors. Several characteristics of the optimum gait and the final gait selection chart .
Molecular dynamics studies of the energetics of translocation in model T7 RNA polymerase elongation complexes

Translocation in the single subunit T7 RNA polymerase elongation complex was studied by molecular dynamics simulations using the posttranslocated crystal structure with the fingers domain open, an intermediate stable in the absence of pyrophosphate, magnesium ions, and nucleotide substrate. Unconstrained and umbrella sampling simulations were performed to examine the energetics of translocations. The extent of translocation was quantified using reaction coordinates representing the average and individual displacements of the RNA‐DNA hybrid base pairs with respect to a reference structure. In addition, an unconstrained simulation was also performed for the product complex with the fingers domain closed, but with the pyrophosphate and magnesium removed, in order to examine the local stability of the pretranslocated closed state after the pyrophosphate release. The average spatial movement of the entire hybrid was found to be energetically costly in the post‐ to pretranslocated direction in the open state, while the pretranslocated state was stable in the closed complex, supporting the notion that the conformational state dictates the global stability of translocation states. However, spatial fluctuations of the RNA 3′‐end in the open conformation were extensive, with the typical range reaching 3–4 Å. Our results suggest that thermal fluctuations play more important roles in the translocation of individual nucleotides than in the movement of large sections of nucleotide strands: RNA 3′‐end can move into and out of the active site within a single conformational state, while a global movement of the hybrid may be thermodynamically unfavorable without the conformational change. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
English-Language Learners

Since its inception, America’s system of public education has faced many challenges. One of its more important challenges has been how to teach children from diverse backgrounds and cultures. As a society that prides itself on a democratic ideology, cultural diversity and schooling are not trivial issues. One of the more significant diversity topics has been the presence of English-language learners (ELL) in American public schools. This article introduces the topic of ELL students and the education and education-related issues surrounding ELL students. For researchers and policy makers deeply steeped in the issues surrounding ELL students, the issues and concerns raised in this article are familiar. However, for the vast majority of other researchers and policy makers, these issues are not familiar and may have important impact on their own research agendas.
Model Predictive Control of (15N) Isotope Separation Column

The chemical processes developed in the 15N-isotope separation plant are very complex and many details are not yet known in totality. The authors are concerned with the problem of developing effective and readily implemental techniques for modelling and control of the isotope separation plant. In the present paper are presented a variant of model predictive control (MPC) of the isotope separation plant. The results are validated by simulation, based on a lot of experiments
Effect of Soluble CD4 on Exposure of Epitopes on Primary, Intact, Native Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions of Different Genetic Clades

ABSTRACT We have used a virus-binding assay to examine conformational changes that occur when soluble CD4 (sCD4) binds to the surface of intact, native, primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions. The isolates examined belong to seven genetic clades (A to H) and are representative of syncytium-inducing and non-syncytium-inducing phenotypes. Conformational changes in epitopes in the C2, V2, V3, C5, and CD4 binding domain (CD4bd) of gp120 and the cluster I and II regions of gp41 of these viruses were examined using human monoclonal antibodies that are directed at these regions. The studies revealed that sCD4 binding causes a marked increase in exposure of epitopes in the V3 loop, irrespective of the clade or the phenotype of the virus. Sporadic increases in exposure were observed in some epitopes in the V2 region, while no changes were observed in the C2, C5, or CD4bd of gp120 or the cluster I and II regions of gp41.
Improving person name recognition quality in Chinese text with reinforced processing of ambiguities

In this paper, we focus on the task of person name recognition (PNR) in Chinese text, which is an important part of Named entity recognition (NER). Chinese word segmentation makes the sequence tagging of PNR more accurate than character-based PNR, but it also brings more word-level ambiguities. For reducing the negative effect of word segmentation for PNR, we reinforce the analysis of ambiguities and propose a model to deal with them. Experimental results on People's Daily corpus show that the proposed model is effective in PNR.
Performance of indoor MIMO optical wireless system using linear receiver with prism array

In this paper, we analyze the performance of an indoor MIMO optical wireless system with a linear receiver. The receiver uses an array of prisms to form channel matrices that can achieve angular diversity within a compact receiver structure. The transmission of light through a prism onto a photodetecting surface is analyzed showing that the channel gain depends on the orientation of the prisms. Thus, by arranging the prisms carefully, channel matrices with full rank can be formed in a multiple LED scenario, which facilitates the use of low complexity linear de-multiplexing algorithms, including zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE). We present bit error rate (BER) results in a typical indoor scenario. It is shown that the BER varies with the position of the receiver, with relatively high values for the receiver located at the center and near the corners of the room.
Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard

Bullying in a school setting is an important social concern that has received increased scholarly attention in recent years. Specifically, its causes and effects have been under investigation by a number of researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. A new permutation of bullying, however, has recently arisen and become more common: Techsavvy students are turning to cyberspace to harass their peers. This exploratory article discusses the nature of bullying and its transmutation to the electronic world and the negative repercussions that can befall both its victims and instigators. In addition, findings are reported from a pilot study designed to empirically assess the nature and extent of online bullying. The overall goal of the current work is to illuminate this novel form of deviance stemming from the intersection of communications and computers and to provide a foundational backdrop on which future empirical research can be conducted.
Occurrence of antibody to salivary duct epithelium in Sjogren's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and other arthritides. A clinical and laboratory study.

Sj0gren's disease, first described in 1933 (Sj0gren, 1933), consists of chronic inflammation of the lacrimal and salivary glands leading to dryness of the eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dryness of the mouth (xerostomia); in a proportion of patients lacrimal and salivary gland enlargement may also be present (Bloch, Buchanan, Wohl, and Bunim, 1965; Talal, 1966). In 50 to 60 per cent. of patients the disease may be associated with a connective tissue disorder, usually rheumatoid arthritis, but occasionally also with polymyositis, polyarteritis nodosa, progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), and systemic lupus erythematosus. The term "sicca syndrome" or "sicca complex" is applied to those cases of Sj0gren's disease not associated with rheumatoid arthritis or other connective tissue disorders.
La conformación de una ruta alimentaria como estrategia de desarrollo turístico rural para el municipio de Ures, Sonora, México

El turismo rural, mediante una ruta alimentaria fundamentada en la valoracion de los productos primarios que sustentan la elaboracion de platillos tipicos y productos alimentarios identitarios, tiene grandes posibilidades de implementarse en Ures, Sonora, Mexico. Ello como resultado de su cultura y medio ambiente. Este trabajo analiza las bases turisticas, desde el sector primario, necesarias para proponer una ruta alimentaria que beneficie e involucre efectivamente a la comunidad. Las tecnicas de investigacion utilizadas incluyen la aplicacion de encuesta a visitantes, entrevistas semiestructuradas a pequenos productores y actores clave del turismo, asi como la realizacion de un taller comunitario. Ciertos alimentos regionales y platos tipicos locales pudieran transformarse en productos turisticos porque los mismos ya se han constituido en articulos representativos de la comunidad. Ures es, principalmente, ganadero, por lo que el estudio plantea la realizacion de una ruta alimentaria sustentada en productos emblematicos como el queso y el jamoncillo, que involucre a productores y residentes locales.
Automated decision making based on weak orderings

Ranking of help functions with respect to their usefulness is in the main focus of this work. A help function is regarded as useful to a student if the student has succeeded to solve a problem after using it. Methods from the theory of partial orderings are further applied facilitating an automated process of suggesting individualised advises on how to proceed in order to solve a particular problem. The decision making process is based on the common assumption that if given a choice between two alternatives, a person will choose one. Thus, obtained partial orderings appeared to be all linear orders since each pair of alternatives is compared. In this paper, we propose ranking help functions in an intelligent tutoring system with respect to their usefulness.
Preparing Latinos/as for a Flat World

Thomas Friedman's 2006 book, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, has caused both dialogue and controversy. This article explores implications of Friedman's ideas for the education of Latinos/as in American community colleges. A review of current literature addresses Hispanic demographics, workforce projections, the role of community colleges in workforce education, access and success issues, and strategies for serving Latinos/as effectively. Federal, state, and institutional policy changes are proposed.
Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more vulnerable than the East?

Levels of unrealistic optimism were compared for Canadians (a culture typical of an independent construal of self) and Japanese (a culture typical of an interdependent construal of self). Across 2 studies, Canadians showed significantly more unrealistic optimism than Japanese, and Canadians' optimism bias was more strongly related to perceived threat. Study 2 revealed that Japanese were even less unrealistically optimistic for events that were particularly threatening to interdependent selves. The authors suggest that self-enhancing biases (such as unrealistic optimism) are, for the most part, absent from the motivational repertoire of the Japanese because the consequent attention to the individual that self-enhancement engenders is not valued in interdependent cultures
The Political Economy of the Media in Kenya: From Kenyatta’s Nation-Building Press to Kibaki’s Local-Language FM Radio

This article teases out some of the key drivers that have shaped the character and development of Kenya’s news media over four constructed phases since independence. The article demonstrates how Kenya’s news media are entangled in a complex power structure, which has enabled but also constrained its development. Mapped against the country’s political and economic history, the article disaggregates and traces the development of these media, from their cooption by the Kenyatta state in the 1960s through Moi’s Nyayo republic to the narrowcasting of the polity in Kenya’s 2007 elections and its subsequent role in the reinvention of the nation through its negotiation of an elusive new discourse of political consensus.
Enhanced G protein‐dependent modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the cerebellum of the Ca2+ channel‐mutant mouse, tottering

Tottering, a mouse model for absence epilepsy and cerebellar ataxia, carries a mutation in the gene encoding class A (P/Q‐type) Ca2+ channels, the dominant exocytotic Ca2+ channel at most synapses in the mammalian central nervous system. Comparing tottering to wild‐type mice, we have studied glutamatergic transmission between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices. Results from biochemical assays and electrical field recordings demonstrate that glutamate release from parallel fibre terminals of the tottering mouse is controlled largely by class B Ca2+ channels (N‐type), in contrast to the P/Q‐channels that dominate release from wild‐type terminals. Since N‐channels, in a variety of assays, are more effectively inhibited by G proteins than are P/Q‐channels, we tested whether synaptic transmission between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells in tottering mice was more susceptible to inhibitory modulation by G protein‐coupled receptors than in their wild‐type counterparts. GABAB receptors and α2‐adrenergic receptors (activated by bath application of transmitters) produced a three‐ to fivefold more potent inhibition of transmission in tottering than in wild‐type synapses. This increased modulation is likely to be important for cerebellar transmission in vivo, since heterosynaptic depression, produced by activating GABAergic interneurones, greatly prolonged GABAB receptor‐mediated presynaptic inhibition in tottering as compared to wild‐type slices. We propose that this enhanced modulation shifts the balance of synaptic input to Purkinje cells in favour of inhibition, reducing Purkinje cell output from the cerebellum, and may contribute to the aberrant motor phenotype that is characteristic of this mutant animal.
Deliberative Discourse between Citizens and Administrators

This article examines the potential for discourse between citizens and front-line administrators—those who directly deal with citizens. Critics of technical rational organizations question the ability and willingness of administrators to act on citizen feedback. Therefore, the article explores theoretical arguments about organizational rationality and the effect of the “bureaucratic experience,” resulting from administrator-bureaucracy interaction, on administrator ability and willingness to be responsive to citizens. Data from a survey of 147 front-line administrators are analyzed using structural equation modeling.
Bringing Up Baby with Baby Signs: Language Ideologies and Socialization in Hearing Families

This article presents an analysis of the functional roles of "baby signing" in three hearing families in the United States, as well as a discussion of the social and ideological implications of the practice. Baby signing fits neatly into the parenting ideologies prevalent in the professional class in the United States that value early communication with infants and promote the adaptation of the physical, social, and linguistic environment to their perceived needs. In the details of everyday interaction, these baby-signing families used signs to socialize their children into particular interaction rituals. Although the practice of baby signing is based on a positive view of sign language, the relatively quick disappearance of signing from the family discourse as the children grow older will most likely limit any long-term impact on the hearing community's views of sign language.
Genomic prediction of complex human traits: relatedness, trait architecture and predictive meta-models

We explore the prediction of individuals' phenotypes for complex traits using genomic data. We compare several widely used prediction models, including Ridge Regression, LASSO and Elastic Nets estimated from cohort data, and polygenic risk scores constructed using published summary statistics from genome-wide association meta-analyses (GWAMA). We evaluate the interplay between relatedness, trait architecture and optimal marker density, by predicting height, body mass index (BMI) and high-density lipoprotein level (HDL) in two data cohorts, originating from Croatia and Scotland. We empirically demonstrate that dense models are better when all genetic effects are small (height and BMI) and target individuals are related to the training samples, while sparse models predict better in unrelated individuals and when some effects have moderate size (HDL). For HDL sparse models achieved good across-cohort prediction, performing similarly to the GWAMA risk score and to models trained within the same cohort, which indicates that, for predicting traits with moderately sized effects, large sample sizes and familial structure become less important, though still potentially useful. Finally, we propose a novel ensemble of whole-genome predictors with GWAMA risk scores and demonstrate that the resulting meta-model achieves higher prediction accuracy than either model on its own. We conclude that although current genomic predictors are not accurate enough for diagnostic purposes, performance can be improved without requiring access to large-scale individual-level data. Our methodologically simple meta-model is a means of performing predictive meta-analysis for optimizing genomic predictions and can be easily extended to incorporate multiple population-level summary statistics or other domain knowledge.
A Nonparametric Approach to the Analysis of Dichotomous Item Responses

An item response theory is discussed which is based on purely ordinal assumptions about the probabilities that people respond positively to items. It is considered as a natural generalization of both Guttman scaling and classical test theory. A distinction is drawn between construction and evaluation of a test (or scale) on the one hand and the use of a test to measure and make decisions about persons' abilities on the other. Techniques to deal with each of these aspects are described and illustrated with examples.
Comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analysis of the human blastocyst stage.

BACKGROUND The high frequency of chromosomal abnormalities observed in human gametes and embryos is unlike that seen in other mammalian species and is of great clinical significance, leading to high rates of pregnancy loss, and live-born children with aneuploid syndromes. Although much is known concerning the aneuploidy rates of oocytes, cleavage stage embryos and fetuses during pregnancy, the chromosomal status of blastocysts has been relatively little investigated. METHODS A total of 158 good quality blastocysts were examined using micromanipulation, whole genome amplification and comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS From the obtained data, it was evident that the aneuploidy rate (38.8%) is significantly lower for blastocysts than for embryos at earlier stages (51%). However, in many cases, chromosome errors, including monosomy, imbalance affecting the larger chromosomes and complex aneuploidy persisted to this final stage of preimplantation development. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first attempt to gain a detailed insight into the extent and type of chromosome errors seen at the blastocyst stage, using a comprehensive molecular cytogenetic method. Our data suggest that the blastocyst stage does not represent an absolute selective barrier, and that the majority of aneuploid embryos are lost at the time of implantation or shortly thereafter.
The International Law Classification as an Understanding of the Built of International Law

Talking about the structure of international law as part of interior system, for accuracy and determined its rules we have to classify the international law rules completely. The main problems which face the international law rules for the purpose of searching the modern international law's structure are being included in the similarity and the classification of regularity side, to permute clearness a group of interior organization processes for international law system. Besides the most benefits classification will be built on an understanding on how will join law as are built by the understood classification, according there is reaction of standard unit to determine it.
Cultural and Universal Routes to Authorship Ascription: Effects of Outcome Priming on Experienced Self-Agency in the Netherlands and Japan

The experience of self-agency is a fundamental feature of human experience. Recent research has suggested that self-agency experiences are driven by an unconscious authorship ascription process that relies on an online match between accessible outcome representations and the production of the outcome. Extending this work, this study explores the role of culture in the manifestation of this unconscious authorship ascription process by testing whether subliminal priming of the outcome of an action prior to occurrence increased experiences of self-agency in Dutch and Japanese participants. Results show that outcome priming enhances the experience of self-agency independently of cultural background. However, Dutch participants experienced higher levels of self-agency than did Japanese participants, and this cultural effect was mediated by differences in beliefs of self-determination.These findings suggest that the experience of self-agency has a universal, nonconscious component that operates independently from a more cultural one, reflecting differences in conscious beliefs about the role of the self in choice and control.