Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Path Constraints for Databases With or Without Schemas

PATH CONSTRAINTS FOR DATABASES WITH OR WITHOUT SCHEMAS Wenfei Fan Advisors: Peter Buneman and Scott Weinstein This dissertation introduces a path constraint language and investigates its associated implication and nite implication problems. This path constraint language has proven useful in a variety of database contexts, ranging from semistructured data as found for instance on the Web, to structured data such as data in object-oriented databases. It is capable of expressing natural integrity constraints that are not only a fundamental part of the semantics of the data, but are also important in query optimization. Path constraint implication is investigated for two models for semistructured data: the semistructured data model and the deterministic data model. Databases in these models are unconstrained by any type system or schema. For the semistructured data model, it is shown that, despite the simple syntax of the constraint language, its associated implication problem is r.e. complete and its nite implication problem is co-r.e. complete. However, in light of these undecidability results, several decidable fragments of the constraint language are identi ed. These fragments su ce to express many important integrity constraints such as referential integrity, inverse relationships and local database constraints. For the deterministic data model, it is shown that the implication and nite implication problems for the path constraint language are nitely axiomatizable and decidable in cubic-time. Path constraint implication is also studied for structured data, i.e., data constrained by a schema. In the context of three practical object-oriented data models, a number of complexity results on the implication and nite implication problems for the path constraint language are established. In addition, the interaction between path constraints and type systems is investigated. It is demonstrated that adding a type to the data may in some cases simplify the analysis of path constraint implication, and in other cases make it harder.
The Late Phase of Preconditioning

Unlike the early phase of preconditioning (PC), which lasts 2 to 3 hours and protects against infarction but not against stunning, the late phase of PC lasts 3 to 4 days and protects against both infarction and stunning, suggesting that it may have greater clinical relevance. It is now clear that late PC is a polygenic phenomenon that requires the simultaneous activation of multiple stress-responsive genes. Chemical signals released by a sublethal ischemic stress (such as NO, reactive oxygen species, and adenosine) trigger a complex cascade of signaling events that includes the activation of protein kinase C, Src protein tyrosine kinases, and nuclear factor &kgr;B and culminates in increased synthesis of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, aldose reductase, Mn superoxide dismutase, and probably other cardioprotective proteins. An analogous sequence of events can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, such as heat stress, exercise, and cytokines. Thus, late PC appears to be a universal response of the heart to stress in general. Importantly, the cardioprotective effects of late PC can be reproduced pharmacologically with clinically relevant agents (eg, NO donors, adenosine receptor agonists, endotoxin derivatives, or opioid receptor agonists), suggesting that this phenomenon might be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this review is to summarize current information regarding the pathophysiology and mechanism of late PC.
Message delivery in heterogeneous networks prone to episodic connectivity

We present an efficient message delivery framework, called MeDeHa, which enables communication in an internet connecting heterogeneous networks that is prone to disruptions in connectivity. MeDeHa is complementary to the IRTF’s Bundle Architecture: besides its ability to store messages for unavailable destinations, MeDeHa can bridge the connectivity gap between infrastructure-based and multi-hop infrastructure-less networks. It benefits from network heterogeneity (e.g., nodes supporting more than one network and nodes having diverse resources) to improve message delivery. For example, in IEEE 802.11 networks, participating nodes may use both infrastructureand ad-hoc modes to deliver data to otherwise unavailable destinations. It also employs opportunistic routing to support nodes with episodic connectivity. One of MeDeHa’s key features is that any MeDeHa node can relay data to any destination and can act as a gateway to make two networks inter-operate or to connect to the backbone network. The network is able to store data destined to temporarily unavailable nodes till the time of their expiry. This time period depends upon current storage availability as well as quality-of-service needs (e.g., delivery delay bounds) imposed by the application. We showcase MeDeHa’s ability to operate in environments consisting of a diverse set of interconnected networks and evaluate its performance through extensive simulations using a variety of scenarios with realistic synthetic and real mobility traces. Our results show significant improvement in average delivery ratio and a significant decrease in average delivery delay in the face of episodic connectivity. We also demonstrate that MeDeHa supports different levels of qualityof-service through traffic differentiation and message prioritization.
Deposits of the manganese oxides; supplement

In an earlier paper by 2 of the authors the conclusion was reached that the 33 recognized species of oxides of Mn could be separated into 3 groups: 1) those which appeared to be persistently supergene in origin, 2) those which appeared to be persistently hypogene, and 3) those which were supergene in some localities and hypogene in other localities. When that paper was written, there were available about 250 X-ray diffraction analyses of mineral specimens, also 35 complete and about 150 partial chemical analyses. The conclusions of that paper were based upon the interpretation of the geologic conditions under which these specimens occurred. Late in the preparation of that paper, it seemed worthwhile to make numerous semiquantitative analyses of specimens, largely from 9 western [U.S.] states, selected carefully from 5 groups of geologic environments, in the hope that the frequency and percentages of some elements might be distinctive of the several geologic groups. For this purpose, 95 specimens were selected from the 5 groups, as follows: 19 specimens interpreted as supergene oxides by the geologists who collected them, 35 specimens of hypogene vein oxides, 22 specimens of Mn-bearing hot spring aprons, 9 specimens of stratified oxides, and 10 specimens of deep-sea nodules. The spectrographic analyses here recorded indicate that a group of elements - W, Ba, Sr, Be, As, Sb, Tl, and Ge - are present more commonly, and largely in higher percentages, in the hypogene oxide than in the supergene oxides and thus serve to indicate different sources of the Mn. Also, the frequency and percentages of some of these elements indicate a genetic relation of the manganese oxides in hypogene veins, hot spring aprons, and stratified deposits. The analyses indicate a declining percentage of some elements from depth to the surface in these 3 related groups and increasing percentages of some other elements. It is concluded that some of the elements in deep-sea nodules indicate that sources other than rocks decomposed on the continents, probably vulcanism on the floors of the seas, have contributed to their formation.
Home-brewed alcohol as a public health problem in Greater Tzaneen Municipality, Mopani District of Limpopo Province : a social work perspective

The study aimed at exploring and describing the effects home brewed alcohol has in the impoverished rural communities. The researcher has envisaged that the study would create a dialogue as well as awareness among consumers, brewers and the entire general public on the effects home brewed alcohol has on its users. Ecosystems theory was applied to explore the relationship and link the environment has on consumers and the brewers. The theory assisted also in clarifying the benefits each derived from this mutual relationship. With regard to methodology, exploratory-descriptive design was implemented to both guide and facilitates the research project. Exploratory research design was helpful in getting much needed information in the home brewed alcohol cycles that has remained unknown for many years, particularly concoctions that are added to the brews to fasten fermentation and increase sharpness of the brews to the users. The population was consisted of brewers and consumers of home brewed alcohol from the Greater Tzaneen Municipality. Judgemental sampling was used for sampling purposes and one-on-one interviews were used for data collection. Literature reviews focused on history and purpose for which home brewed alcohol was initially intended for and the developments up to where we find ourselves today. Literature revealed that the brew which was initially meant for libations for the gods, cultural ceremonies and celebrations after good harvests has turned deadly. Data gathered is presented, analysed and interpreted in its true expressions as derived from the research participants without any alterations. The study revealed the following:
Mass Segregation in Star Clusters: Analytic Estimation of the Timescale

Mass segregation in a star cluster is studied in an analytical manner. We consider a two-component cluster, which consists of two types of stars with different masses. Plummer's model is used for the initial condition. We trace the overall behaviors of the probability distribution functions of the two components and obtain the timescale of mass segregation as a simple function of the cluster parameters. The result is used to discuss the origin of a black hole with mass of ≳ 103 M☉ found in the starburst galaxy M82.
THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF BEING UNINSURED

I estimate the impact of being diagnosed with a serious new health condition (cancer, diabetes, heart attack, chronic lung disease, or stroke) on household wealth, food consumption and total household income for households with and without health insurance at baseline, using data from the first four waves of the Health and Retirement Study. I find that health shocks do not have a significant effect on consumption; households are able to smooth the impact of these shocks. Whether they deplete wealth in order to do so is not entirely clear; the estimated effect of a health shock on wealth is large (about $28,000) for both insured and uninsured households, but is not statistically significant. The proportional effect on wealth is estimated to be larger for uninsured households (a drop of 20 percent) than for insured households (a drop of about 2 percent), but again, neither effect is significantly different from zero. Health shocks reduce household income by about $9,000 and reduce the probability of work by about ten percentage points; the labor supply response to a shock is about the same whether or not a household has insurance. There is no evidence that the uninsured face significantly higher economic risks than the insured in the event of a health shock.
Pollution effect of pit latrines on shallow wells at Isale-Igbehin community, Abeokuta, Nigeria

The study examined the pollution effect of pit latrine on shallow wells at Isale-Igbehin community, Abeokuta, Nigeria. The study was carried out in September, 2007. Both the bacteriological and physiochemical components of the water were analyzed. These include the total coliform count, fecal coliform, taste, odour, colour, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity, total titratable acidity, chloride and nitrate. The samples were analyzed using titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Correlation analysis was applied as part of analytical tool in this study. Findings showed that all the 12 samples tested positive to coliform count while 5 of the samples tested positive to fecal coliform. Half of the samples produced foul odour as 4 samples tasted sour. Most of the physico-chemical parameters fell within World Health Organization and European Union permissible standard for potable water. Significant relationship exists between the bacteriological and some of the physico-chemical parameters. The polluted water in most of the locations is capable of resulting in health problems, therefore not good for human consumption. Key words: Pollution, pit latrine, shallow well, bacterial, potable water.
N-Cyclopropyl-N-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-2-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)acetamide dichloromethane 0.62-solvate

In the title compound, C21H22F2N6O4·0.62CH2Cl2, the difluoro-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 54.6 (3)° with the mean plane of the thymine ring and 50.9 (2)° with the triazole ring. The dihedral angle between the thymine and triazole rings is 7.4 (3)°. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the main molecules into chains along [10]. The CH2Cl2 solvent molecule was refined as partial occupancy over two sets of sites with refined occupancies of 0.308 (9) and 0.310 (8).
The necessity of cloud feedback for a basin‐scale Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), characterized by basin‐scale multidecadal variability in North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs), has traditionally been interpreted as the surface signature of variability in oceanic heat convergence (OHC) associated with the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This view has been challenged by recent studies that show that AMOC variability is not simultaneously meridionally coherent over the North Atlantic and that AMOC‐induced low‐frequency variability of OHC is weak in the tropical North Atlantic. Here we present modeling evidence that the AMO‐related SST variability over the extratropical North Atlantic results directly from anomalous OHC associated with the AMOC but that the emergence of the coherent multidecadal SST variability over the tropical North Atlantic requires cloud feedback. Our study identifies atmospheric processes as a necessary component for the existence of a basin‐scale AMO, thus amending the canonical view that the AMOC‐AMO connection is solely attributable to oceanic processes.
Estimating proximity to the asymmetric reconnection X-line

Magnetic reconnection is a process that changes magnetic topology, allows plasma transport across boundaries, and converts field potential energy to particle kinetic energy. All of these processes are tied to the X-line, or site of reconnection, yet current methods of locating the reconnection site either do not uniquely identify the the X-line or have not been tested when asymmetries in field strength and plasma density and temperature are present. Furthermore, identification of spacial structures (such as the X-line) as they traverse satellites is limited by hardware constraints. This thesis proposes a new method of locating the reconnection site for asymmetric magnetic reconnection (AMR), and an algorithm for merging fluxgate and searchcoil magnetometer datasets to improve data fidelity in a specific frequency range. Cluster observations show that asymmetries present during reconnection cause a variety of transitions in the reconnecting component of the magnetic field, ion density, ion outflow jets, and the normal component of the electric field across the magnetopause. Simulations in 2D and 3D and a laboratory experiment, both with and without guide field, contain similar offsets. Only within 5 electron inertial lengths of the X-line do transitions occur simultaneously. Farther away, transitions offset from one another in a systematic way. Electron distribution functions serve as an independent check of the method, as they take on a triangular shape that is unique to the X-line. Normal electric field offsets and outflow upstream from the X-line are linked to the presence of a guide field. This new methodology is applied to Cluster AMR events to demonstrate its use. One Cluster event in close proximity to the X-line exhibits triangle-shaped distributions and enhanced currents.
Flood frequency analysis at ungauged sites using artificial neural networks in canonical correlation analysis physiographic space

Models based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are developed to obtain improved flood quantile estimates at ungauged sites. CCA is used to form a canonical physiographic space using the site characteristics from gauged sites. Then ANN models are applied to identify the functional relationships between flood quantiles and the physiographic variables in the CCA space. Two ANN models, the single ANN model and the ensemble ANN model, are developed. The proposed approaches are applied to 151 catchments in the province of Quebec, Canada. Two evaluation procedures, the jackknife validation procedure and the split sample validation procedure, are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed models. Results of the proposed models are compared with the original CCA model, the canonical kriging model, and the original ANN models. The results indicate that the CCA‐based ANN models provide superior estimation than the original ANN models. The ANN ensemble approaches provide better generalization ability than the single ANN models. The CCA‐based ensemble ANN model has the best performance among all models in terms of prediction accuracy.
Paste Fills Technology in Condition of Estonian Oil Shale Mine

Oil shale mining and processing industry in Estonia produce a wide assortment of waste could be considered as available fill materials. Waste rock which is not usable in civil engineering and road building may be used for backfilling underground mines. Paste fills technology, which has several benefits, requires careful selection of oil shale waste rock aggregates and other carbonate stones. The laboratory tests and theoretical investigations were made for determination the applicability of limestone and dolostone aggregates as backfill material. It enables to determine the feasible parameters of aggregates from oil shale mining waste rock. Analysis showed that limestone aggregates of Estonian oil shale mines suit best for backfill technology in conditions.
WATER RESOURCE SCARCITY AND CONFLICT: REVIEW OF APPLICABLE INDICATORS AND SYSTEMS OF REFERENCE

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This article is a contribution from UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme to the World Water Assessment Programme. It was prepared within the framework of the joint UNESCO–Green Cross International project entitled " From Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential (PCCP): Water for Peace, " and was made possible by the generous financial assistance of the Japanese government.
Geosynclinal sequences of the Cordillera de Guaniguanico in western Cuba; their lithostratigraphy, facies development, and paleogeography

Jurassic to Paleogene lithostratigaphic units of the Cardillera de Guaniguanico, western Cuba, are formally described. The lithostratigraphic pattern includes ViOales Group subdivided into 5 formations; 9 other formations have not been clustered into any groups. Some formations are further subdivided. The new lithostratigraphic units are correlated with those recognized previously by other authors. The formations are considered within a framework of 4 stratigraphic sequence. One of these sequences occurs in the Sierra de los Organos, the others are in the Sierra del Rosario. The sequences correspond to distinct facies belts of the western part of Greater Antilles geosyncline. In the sequence of Sierra de los Organos, deltaic sedimentation was followed by Late Jurassic shallow-water carbonate sedimentation. The latter sedimentation type influenced also the southern sequence of Sierra del Rosario. The carbonate bank submerged in the Tithonian. Then, carbonate pelagic facies spread throughout; the Cordillera de Guaniguanico. During the Early Cretaceous, the facies development in particular stratigraphic sequences became again variable. Deep-water sedimentation started in the Sierra del Rosario; in the northern sequence, it persisted up to the end of the Cretaceous. Pelagic, flysch, and rudaceous sediments were deposited in various facies belts during the Cretaceous. In the sequence of Siena de los Organos, the Late Paleocene to Erly Eocene sedimentation took place under the conditions of an increasing tectonic activity. Relation of the stratigraphic sequences of Cordillera de Guaniguanico to tectonic processes is also considered.
The rise of physiography

INTRODUCTION It might be expected that the earth’s surface would be studied before the deeper crust. This may be true if the word “studied” is not used critically. That the surface would be observed, talked about, written about, and even to some degree thought about, is a fairly safe expectation and seems to agree with the historical facts. When it comes to what may be called study in a scientific sense, we find that things taken for granted when civilization was young are about the last things to be investigated critically. The result was that mineralogy, paleontology, and even microscopic petrography began their careers as critical sciences in advance of systematic physiography. It was only when present-day processes became the key to unlock the past that critical study was really demanded. This was not much before the nineteenth century. And it was not until the late decades of that century .
Mineral maps of the Moon

Global maps of the distribution of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and olivine on the Moon were derived from radiative transfer analysis of 400,000 Clementine UVVIS spectra. Plagioclase inversely correlates with iron while clinopyroxene positively correlates with iron showing these are the major carriers of aluminum and iron respectively. The distribution of olivine in the maria agrees with previous studies; in the highlands the abundance of olivine is low but ubiquitous at a few percent, except within the South Pole‐Aitken basin where it is only present in very small exposures. In the very anorthositic farside highlands, olivine is often the sole mafic mineral. The abundance of orthopyroxene is generally low, excepting elevated abundances in the nearside highlands and in areas near and within South Pole‐Aitken basin. Mare units with elevated abundances of orthopyroxene are found in some mare and cryptomare deposits distant from the sample return sites.
A machine-learning approach to finding weather regimes and skillful predictor combinations for short-term storm forecasting [presentation]

A major challenge for efficient flight planning and air traffic management is the accurate forecasting of weather that poses a danger to aviation. In support of the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) vision of a single, authoritative source of weather information for all users, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has mandated research and development to combine the best available technologies used by several FAA-sponsored convective nowcast and forecast products into a single Consolidated Storm Prediction for Aviation (CoSPA, Wolfson et al. 2008). To achieve this goal, an objective technique is needed to compare the utility of various predictors and identify a subset that may be utilized in an efficient, skillful algorithm for storm prediction.