Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Augmenting Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams with Conjunctive Decomposition

This paper augments OBDD with conjunctive decomposition to propose a generalization called OBDD[^]. By imposing reducedness and the finest^-decomposition bounded by integer i (^b -decomposition) on OBDD[^], we identify a family of canonical languages called ROBDD[^bi ], where ROBDD[^b ] is equivalent to ROBDD. We show that the succinctness of ROBDD[^bi ] is strictly increasing when i increases. We introduce a new time-efficiency criterion called rapidity which reflects that exponential operations may be preferable if the language can be exponentially more succinct, and show that the rapidity of each operation on ROBDD[^bi ] is increasing when i increases; particularly, the rapidity of some operations (e.g., conjoining) is strictly increasing. Finally, our empirical results show that: a) the size of ROBDD[^bi ] is normally not larger than that of its equivalent ROBDD[^[+1 ]; b) conjoining two ROBDD[^b ]s is more efficient than conjoining two ROBDD[^b]s in most cases, where the former is NP-hard but the latter is in P; and c) the space-efficiency of ROBDD[^c 1] is comparable with that of d-DNNF and that of another canonical generalization of ROBDD called SDD.
A Graphical Interface for MT Evaluation and Error Analysis

Error analysis in machine translation is a necessary step in order to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of the MT systems under development and allow fair comparisons among them. This work presents an application that shows how a set of heterogeneous automatic metrics can be used to evaluate a test bed of automatic translations. To do so, we have set up an online graphical interface for the Asiya toolkit, a rich repository of evaluation measures working at different linguistic levels. The current implementation of the interface shows constituency and dependency trees as well as shallow syntactic and semantic annotations, and word alignments. The intelligent visualization of the linguistic structures used by the metrics, as well as a set of navigational functionalities, may lead towards advanced methods for automatic error analysis.
MMPs in unusual places.

Enzymes typically function either intracellularly or extracellularly, but not at both locations. In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Si-Tayeb and colleagues demonstrate that an active form of the well-known extracellular protease matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, also known as stromelysin-1) is also present in the nuclear compartment of malignant and nontransformed hepatocytes.1 Although at first this finding might be dismissed as sloppy protein targeting, the identification of a nuclear localization signal in MMP-3 suggests that this alternate localization represents an important, heretofore underappreciated, aspect of MMP-3 function.
Language Choice, Linguistic Capital and Symbolic Domination in the European Union

The current linguistic regime in the institutions of the European Union is highly complex. The EU considers that equal status for its official languages goes to the heart of what the Union is all about. Actually, the member states are not willing to grant another language recognition. Bourdieu’s publication Language and Symbolic Power (1992) helps explain this unwillingness: an official language can be considered as “linguistic capital” which affords its holders “symbolic power”. On the other hand, when new countries join the European Union it is not inconceivable that, for reasons of a utilitarian and financial-economic nature, there will be a shift in favour of the exclusively institutional use of English in the long term. Bourdieu’s analysis of the mechanisms which underlie the process of linguistic unification during the construction of the French nation state in the nineteenth century answers the question whether the mechanisms which led to the use of French as common language for France also apply to the language choice in the EU.
The Changing Basis of Competition in Organizational Populations: The Manhattan Hotel Industry, 1898–1990

Density-dependence theory cannot account for the widely observed pattern of proliferation and concentration in organizational populations. Although density dependence provides an explanation for initial proliferation, it cannot explain subsequent concentration because it does not allow some organizations to become dominant competitors. To address this basic limitation, I combine density dependence with three ecological models that permit size-based competitive asymmetries among a population's members and let the intensity of competitive processes vary over time. My analysis shows that Manhattan hotels of different sizes generate and experience different strengths of competition and that size-based competitive processes increase in strength over time, contrbuting to industry concentration. Separating empirically the effects of low-density conditions that occur early and late in a population's history also clarifies tests of density dependence in populations that have evolved beyond their peak density. The evolutionary trajectories of diverse organizational populations appear to follow a common path. The number of organizations grows slowly initially, then increases rapidly to a peak. Once the maximum is reached, the number of organizations declines as one or a few large organizations come to dominate a much larger number of small organizations. Populations of newspaper publishers, labor unions, breweries, and banks, to list only a few, follow this basic pattern (Hannan & Carroll 1992). The application of ecological models of competition to explain this pattern has been a frequent topic in recent research in organizational sociology. An impressive array of evidence has been assem
Time-of-Day-Dependent Enhancement of Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus

Background Adult neurogenesis occurs in specific regions of the mammalian brain such as the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In the neurogenic region, neural progenitor cells continuously divide and give birth to new neurons. Although biological properties of neurons and glia in the hippocampus have been demonstrated to fluctuate depending on specific times of the day, it is unclear if neural progenitors and neurogenesis in the adult brain are temporally controlled within the day. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, the number of M-phase cells shows a day/night variation throughout the day, with a significant increase during the nighttime. The M-phase cell number is constant throughout the day in the subventricular zone of the forebrain, another site of adult neurogenesis, indicating the daily rhythm of progenitor mitosis is region-specific. Importantly, the nighttime enhancement of hippocampal progenitor mitosis is accompanied by a nighttime increase of newborn neurons. Conclusions/Significance These results indicate that neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus occurs in a time-of-day-dependent fashion, which may dictate daily modifications of dentate gyrus physiology.
Semantic MediaWiki as an Integration Platform for IT Service Management

We describe our work on using Semantic MediaWiki as a central platform for managing IT services and the underlying technical components within an organization. We present our toolkit of MediaWiki extensions which add ITSM-specific functionalities to Semantic MediaWiki and describe their interactions. We also outline the benefits gained by using Semantic Technologies in IT Service Management.
Improvement in Capacity and Efficiency of Network Storage by Configuring Hard Disk Drives on Nodes of a LAN

Storage on Network has, always, been a key feature of the success of the network design. Various methods are in practice. Two techniques are suggested in this paper. Disk Clustering and a technique to have Uniform namespace KINDFS is a distributed file storage system designed to provide cost-effective storage service utilizing idle disk space on workstation clusters. The system responsibilities are evenly distributed across a group of collaborating workstations; the proposed architecture provides improved performance, reliability and scalability. Workstation uptime data varies from system to system. KINDFS prototype implementation and measurement of its performance is suggested. Preliminary results indicate that KINDFS performance is comparable to that of commonly used distributed file systems, such as NFS, Samba and Windows 2000 Server.
Increased heme oxygenase‐1 gene expression in liver cells and splanchnic organs from portal hypertensive rats

Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the conversion of heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). Two isoforms of HO have been identified: the inducible HO‐1 and the constitutive HO‐2. CO, like nitric oxide, is an endogenous vasodilator that could contribute to modulation of systemic and local vascular tone. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of HO isoforms in liver cells and splanchnic organs from portal hypertensive (PH) and sham‐operated (SO) rats. Liver cells (hepatocytes, Kupffer and stellate cells), and splanchnic organs (liver, mesentery, intestine, colon, and spleen) were isolated from PH and SO rats. Expression of HO mRNA and protein was assessed by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. In SO rats, HO‐1 mRNA expression was only detected in spleen. In contrast, in PH rats, HO‐1 mRNA was expressed in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and in all the splanchnic organs studied. Moreover, levels of HO‐1 protein in splanchnic organs were significantly higher in PH rats than in SO animals. In addition, HO‐2 expression was observed in all liver cell types and splanchnic organs studied from both PH and SO rats. These results indicate that HO‐2 is expressed in parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells, as well as splanchnic organs, of both PH and SO rats. In addition, HO‐1 is up‐regulated in hepatocytes and splanchnic organs of PH rats, compared with SO animals, suggesting a possible pathophysiological role of HO‐1 in chronic portal hypertension.
Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography

A method is presented for fabricating high-quality ridge waveguide gratings by combining conventional mask lithography with laser interference lithography. The method, which allows for apodization functions modulating both amplitude and phase of the grating is demonstrated by fabricating a grating that is chirped by width-variation of the grated ridge waveguide. The structure was optically characterized using both an end-fire and an infrared camera setup to measure the transmission and to map and quantify the power scattered out of the grating, respectively. For a uniform grating, we found a Q value of ~8000 for the resonance peak near the lower wavelength band edge, which was almost completely suppressed after apodization
Object-based urban detailed land cover classification with high spatial resolution IKONOS imagery

Improvement in remote sensing techniques in spatial/spectral resolution strengthens their applicability for urban environmental study. Unfortunately, high spatial resolution imagery also increases internal variability in land cover units and can cause a ‘salt-and-pepper’ effect, resulting in decreased accuracy using pixel-based classification results. Region-based classification techniques, using an image object (IO) rather than a pixel as a classification unit, appear to hold promise as a method for overcoming this problem. Using IKONOS high spatial resolution imagery, we examined whether the IO technique could significantly improve classification accuracy compared to the pixel-based method when applied to urban land cover mapping in Tampa Bay, FL, USA. We further compared the performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) and a minimum distance classifier (MDC) in urban detailed land cover classification and evaluated whether the classification accuracy was affected by the number of extracted IO features. Our analysis methods included IKONOS image data calibration, data fusion with the pansharpening (PS) process, Hue–Intensity–Saturation (HIS) transferred indices and textural feature extraction, and feature selection using a stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). The classification results were evaluated with visually interpreted data from high-resolution (0.3 m) digital aerial photographs. Our results indicate a statistically significant difference in classification accuracy between pixel- and object-based techniques; ANN outperforms MDC as an object-based classifier; and the use of more features (27 vs. 9 features) increases the IO classification accuracy, although the increase is statistically significant for the MDC but not for the ANN.
Oxidative folding in chloroplasts.

SIGNIFICANCE Disulfide-bonded proteins in chloroplasts from green plants exist in the envelope and the thylakoid membrane, and in the stroma and the lumen. The formation of disulfide bonds in proteins is referred to as oxidative folding and is linked to the import and folding of chloroplast proteins as well as the assembly and repair of thylakoid complexes. It is also important in the redox regulation of enzymes and signal transfer. RECENT ADVANCES Green-plant chloroplasts contain enzymes that can form and isomerize disulfide bonds in proteins. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four proteins are identified that are relevant for the catalysis of disulfide bond formation in chloroplast proteins. The proteins' low quantum yield of Photosystem II 1 (LQY1, At1g75690) and snowy cotyledon 2 (SCO2, At3g19220) exhibits protein disulfide isomerase activity and is suggested to function in the assembly and repair of Photosystem II (PSII), and the biogenesis of thylakoids in cotyledons, respectively. The thylakoid-located Lumen thiol oxidoreductase 1 (LTO1, At4g35760) can catalyze the formation of the disulfide bond of the extrinsic PsbO protein of PSII. In addition, the stroma-located protein disulfide isomerase PDIL1-3 (At3g54960) may have a role in oxidative folding. CRITICAL ISSUES Research on oxidative folding in chloroplasts plants is in an early stage and little is known about the mechanisms of disulfide bond formation in chloroplast proteins. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The close link between the import and folding of chloroplast proteins suggests that Hsp93, a component of the inner envelope's import apparatus, may have co-chaperones that can catalyze disulfide bond formation in newly imported proteins.
Rutenberg and the Jordan River: A Revolution in Hydro-electricity

The first practical scheme of Jordan River development is intimately connected with the name of one man: Pinchas Rutenberg. The succession of events that led to the approval of the massive hydroelectric scheme for Palestine was not his doing alone, but his actions helped make things happen and therefore the focus is on his activities. Rutenberg formulated the idea of Jordan River development, but without a power figure in government ready to push the idea through, the plan would have floundered. The influential figure in this case was Winston S. Churchill, then Colonial Secretary of Great Britain (1921-22). What we have therefore is the conjunction of two needs and two men, each with his own agenda. To add to the complexity, all this took place within the context of a double government bureaucracy, the mandatory government in Palestine and the Colonial Office in London. Within the Colonial Office, Rutenberg found other backers, although on a lower political level and on a more hesitant level of commitment than the Colonial Secretary. Some senior members of the Middle East Department saw the promise in Rutenberg's plan. Their expert and detailed minutes played a strong part in influencing Churchill. They also remained in their positions after Churchill lost his, and so could continue to influence the future Colonial Secretaries. The primary documents on which this study is based are mostly from the British Colonial Office, supplemented by the Zionist Archives. The task of sifting through the voluminous and often tediously repetitive material confirmed for this researcher that, without the perseverance of Rutenberg, the revolution of hydroelectricity in Palestine would never have occurred. This article proposes to trace Rutenberg's activities and to analyse his contributions to modernizing the British mandate. Pinchas Rutenberg was born in the Ukraine, studied engineering in St. Petersburg (Leningrad) and joined the revolutionary underground. After graduating, he worked in an armaments plant. He took a prominent part in the uprising of 1905, the abortive trial run of the Russian Revolution, by diverting weapons from his plant to the underground. After the failure of the uprising, he went back to university, specializing in hydro-technology and dam construction. After graduating he built water reservoirs and dams in Italy.
Camelina sativa cake improved unsaturated fatty acids in ewe's milk.

BACKGROUND Camelina sativa cake (CSC), a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, in the case of ruminants, may improve the energy value of a diet and also increase the unsaturated fatty acid content in milk. Effects of basal diet (control), basal diet plus 30 g kg(-1) of CSC in dietary dry matter (DM), basal diet plus 60 g kg(-1) of CSC in dietary dry matter on milk production and the fatty acid composition of ewe's milk with particular emphasis on the monoenes and conjugated isomers of linoleic acid content were examined. RESULTS Elevated concentration of total monounsaturated fatty acids, the effect of an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids in the trans configuration, as well as the increased content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulted from CSC supplementation. Total saturated fatty acid concentration was decreased. CONCLUSION Milk from CSC-supplemented ewes was characterized by increased levels of beneficial nutritional factors, including mono- and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and was also by lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Taking into consideration all the obtained results and recommended fat concentrations in a daily ruminant ration, we recommend supplementing a dairy ewe's diet with 30 g kg(-1) DM of CSC cake in practice.
CCL2 as a potential therapeutic target for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

We previously reported that the pVHL‐atypical PKC‐JunB pathway contributed to promotion of cell invasiveness and angiogenesis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and we detected chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand‐2 (CCL2) as one of downstream effectors of JunB. CCL2 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis in other types of cancer, but its role in ccRCC remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles and therapeutic potential of CCL2 in ccRCC. Immunohistochemical analysis of CCL2 expression for ccRCC specimens showed that upregulation of CCL2 expression correlated with clinical stage, overall survival, and macrophage infiltration. For functional analysis of CCL2 in ccRCC cells, we generated subclones of WT8 cells that overexpressed CCL2 and subclones 786‐O cells in which CCL2 expression was knocked down. Although CCL2 expression did not affect cell proliferation in vitro, CCL2 overexpression enhanced and CCL2 knockdown suppressed tumor growth, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration in vivo. We then depleted macrophages from tumor xenografts by administration of clodronate liposomes to confirm the role of macrophages in ccRCC. Depletion of macrophages suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis. To examine the effect of inhibiting CCL2 activity in ccRCC, we administered CCL2 neutralizing antibody to primary RCC xenografts established from patient surgical specimens. Inhibition of CCL2 activity resulted in significant suppression of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration. These results suggest that CCL2 is involved in angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration in ccRCC, and that CCL2 could be a potential therapeutic target for ccRCC.
Selecting software phase markers with code structure analysis

Most programs are repetitive, where similar behavior can be seen at different execution times. Algorithms have been proposed that automatically group similar portions of a program's execution into phases, where samples of execution in the same phase have homogeneous behavior and similar resource requirements. In this paper, we present an automated profiling approach to identify code locations whose executions correlate with phase changes. These ''software phase markers" can be used to easily detect phase changes across different inputs to a program without hardware support. Our approach builds a combined hierarchical procedure call and loop graph to represent a program's execution, where each edge also tracks the max, average, and standard deviation in hierarchical execution variability on paths from that edge. We search this annotated call-loop graph for instructions in the binary that accurately identify the start of unique stable behaviors across different inputs. We show that our phase markers can be used to accurately partition execution into units of repeating homogeneous behavior by counting execution cycles and data cache hits. We also compare the use of our software markers to prior work on guiding data cache reconfiguration using data-reuse markers. Finally, we show that the phase markers can be used to partition the program's execution at code transitions to pick accurately simulation points for SimPoint. When simulation points are defined in terms of phase markers, they can potentially be re-used across inputs, compiler optimizations, and different instruction set architectures for the same source code.
Imaging with 99mTc ECDG targeted at the multifunctional glucose transport system: feasibility study with rodents.

PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of technetium 99m ((99m)Tc) ethylenedicysteine-deoxyglucose (ECDG) imaging in tumor-bearing rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS ECDG was synthesized by means of reacting ethylenedicysteine with glucosamine, with carbodiimide as the coupling agent. Hexokinase assays were performed at an ultraviolet wavelength of 340 nm. To determine whether blood glucose level could be altered, ECDG or glucosamine was injected into six rats. In a separate study, ECDG followed by insulin was administered to three rats. To determine biodistribution, lung tumor cells were intramuscularly injected into the hind legs of 18 nude mice. The animals were then injected with (99m)Tc ECDG or fluorine 18 ((18)F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) (0.037-0.074 MBq per mouse). Radioactivity was measured in tissue excised from the animals. Scintigraphy was performed in three groups: in group 1 to demonstrate that different-sized tumors could be imaged after (99m)Tc ECDG administration, in group 2 to ascertain whether tumor uptake of (99m)Tc ECDG was perfusion related, and in group 3 to demonstrate that tumor uptake of (99m)Tc ECDG occurred by means of a glucose-mediated process. RESULTS ECDG was positive for phosphorylation at hexokinase assay. Blood glucose level increased with ECDG injection and decreased with insulin administration. Tumor-to-brain tissue and tumor-to-muscle tissue ratios of (99m)Tc ECDG uptake were higher than those of (18)F FDG uptake. Scintigraphic results demonstrated the feasibility of (99m)Tc ECDG imaging. CONCLUSION There are similarities between (99m)Tc ECDG uptake and (18)F FDG uptake in tumors, and study findings supported the potential use of (99m)Tc ECDG as a functional imaging agent.