Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
React Scatterplot Smoothers: Superefficiency through Basis Economy

Abstract REACT estimators for the mean of a linear model involve three steps: transforming the model to a canonical form that provides an economical representation of the unknown mean vector, estimating the risks of a class of candidate linear shrinkage estimators, and adaptively selecting the candidate estimator that minimizes estimated risk. Applied to one- or higher-way layouts, the REACT method generates automatic scatterplot smoothers that compete well on standard datasets with the best fits obtained by alternative techniques. Historical precursors to REACT include nested model selection, ridge regression, and nested principal component selection for the linear model. However, REACT's insistence on working with an economical basis greatly increases its superefficiency relative to the least squares fit. This reduction in risk and the possible economy of the discrete cosine basis, of the orthogonal polynomial basis, or of a smooth basis that generalizes the discrete cosine basis are illustrated by fitting scatterplots drawn from the literature. Flexible monotone shrinkage of components rather than nested 1–0 shrinkage achieves a secondary decrease in risk that is visible in these examples. Pinsker bounds on asymptotic minimax risk for the estimation problem express the remarkable role of basis economy in reducing risk.
Modeling of quantum-well lasers with electro-opto-thermal interaction

An equivalent circuit model has been developed for quantum-well (QW) lasers from the electrical and optical rate equations and thermal conduction equation. This model and its SPICE implementation allow self-consistent calculation of the electrical, optical, and thermal interactions using lumped elements, and make possible the simulation of multiple components in optoelectronic integrated circuits in the presence of these interactions. Physical effects which are strongly temperature dependent, such as gain variation, leakage current, and Auger recombination, have been incorporated. The model has been validated with measured laser characteristics. >
Evaluation of Resin Infiltration, Fluoride and the Biomimetic Mineralization of CPP-ACP in Protecting Enamel after Orthodontic Inter-Proximal Enamel Reduction

Background: This study investigated the effect of using different agents for protecting enamel proximal surfaces against acidic attack after interproximal reduction (IPR) using the trans micro radiography technique. Methods: Seventy-five sound-proximal surfaces were obtained from extracted premolars for orthodontic reasons. All teeth were measured miso-distally and mounted before being stripped. The proximal surfaces of all teeth were hand stripped with single-sided diamond strips (OrthoTechnology, West Columbia, SC, USA) followed by polishing via Sof-Lex polishing strips (3M, Maplewood, MN, USA). Three-hundred micrometers of enamel thickness was reduced from each proximal surface. The teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups: group 1 (control un-demineralized) received no treatment, group 2 (control demineralized) had their surfaces demineralized after the IPR procedure, group 3 (fluoride) specimens were treated with fluoride gel (NUPRO, DENTSPLY, Charlotte, NC, USA) after the IPR, group 4 (Icon) resin infiltration material (Icon Proximal Mini Kit, DMG, Bielefeld, Germany) was applied after IPR, group 5 (MI varnish) specimens were treated with Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) containing varnish (MI Varnish, G.C, USA, St. Alsip, IL, USA) after the IPR. The specimens in (groups 2–5) were stored in a 4.5 pH demineralization solution for 4 days. The trans-micro-radiography (TMR) technique was conducted to evaluate the mineral loss (∆Z) and lesion depth of all specimens after the acid challenge. The obtained results were analyzed statistically using a one-way ANOVA at a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: The MI varnish recorded significant ∆Z and lesion depth values compared to the other groups p > 0.05. There was no significant difference in ∆Z and lesion depth between the control demineralized, Icon, and fluoride groups p < 0.05. Conclusion: The MI varnish increased the enamel resistance to acidic attack, and thus can be considered an agent capable of protecting the proximal enamel surface after IPR.
Structural Studies of Pif1 Helicases from Thermophilic Bacteria

Pif1 proteins are DNA helicases belonging to Superfamily 1, with 5′ to 3′ directionality. They are conserved from bacteria to human and have been shown to be particularly important in eukaryotes for replication and nuclear and mitochondrial genome stability. However, Pif1 functions in bacteria are less known. While most Pif1 from mesophilic bacteria consist of the helicase core with limited N-terminal and C-terminal extensions, some Pif1 from thermophilic bacteria exhibit a C-terminal WYL domain. We solved the crystal structures of Pif1 helicase cores from thermophilic bacteria Deferribacter desulfuricans and Sulfurihydrogenibium sp. in apo and nucleotide bound form. We show that the N-terminal part is important for ligand binding. The full-length Pif1 helicase was predicted based on the Alphafold algorithm and the nucleic acid binding on the Pif1 helicase core and the WYL domain was modelled based on known crystallographic structures. The model predicts that amino acids in the domains 1A, WYL, and linker between the Helicase core and WYL are important for nucleic acid binding. Therefore, the N-terminal and C-terminal extensions may be necessary to strengthen the binding of nucleic acid on these Pif1 helicases. This may be an adaptation to thermophilic conditions.
Measurable signatures of relativistic self‐focusing in underdense plasmas

The propagation of intense, picosecond laser pulses in tenuous plasmas is studied for conditions close to those required for relativistic self‐focusing. Solutions of the steady‐state wave‐envelope equations are used to obtain experimentally measurable quantities such as the Thomson‐scattered light at 90°, and the far‐field radiation pattern. It is demonstrated that in the presence of electron cavitation, the Thomson signal has a longitudinal structure which is generally the converse of the intensity pattern. Furthermore, beam collimation in the far‐field depends on where the laser is focused in the plasma, and may actually be degraded if self‐channeling occurs.
GENETIC ALGORITHMS WITH MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES

Most optimization strategies require that there be only one objective function. When multiple objectives exist for a design problem, the objectives must be combined into a single fitness value using weighting factors for the respective objectives. It can be very difficult to decide which weighting factors should be used. A method of optimization for problems with more than one objective function which eliminates the need to weight the objectives is presented. This method uses a pareto fitness function which assigns a single fitness value to each of the designs based on all of the objective functions. A genetic algorithm is used to find the pareto optimal set of designs. The pareto optimal set contains all the designs which present the best combination of objective values regardless of weighting factors. The pareto set of designs can be presented to the decision-makers who ultimately decide the relative importance of the objectives. Two examples of this method are summarized. The first example examines the design and construction of a multi-story concrete building. The second example determines the optimal land zoning and street types for an area experiencing tremendous growth.
Proper rational matrix diophantine equations and the exact model matching problem

Relying on the theory behind the Smith-MacMillan form of a rational matrix at s = \infty , a necessary and sufficient condition is derived from the solvability of matrix Diophantine equations of the form A(s)X(s)+B(s)Y(s) = M(s) , where A(s), B(s) , and M(s) are given proper rational matrices and X(s) and Y(s) are unknown proper rational matrices. It is shown that the above result can be used in order to resolve in a new illuminating way the exact model matching problem (EMMP). If a solution to EMMP exists, then the family of all solutions is parametrized.
Calibration of the Infrared Telescope Facility National Science Foundation Camera Jupiter Galileo Data Set

The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, set aside some time on about 500 nights from 1995 to 2002, when the NSFCAM facility infrared camera was mounted and Jupiter was visible, for a standardized set of observations of Jupiter in support of the Galileo mission. The program included observations of Jupiter, nearby reference stars, and dome flats in five filters: narrowband filters centered at 1.58, 2.28, and 3.53 μm, and broader L ′ and M ′ bands that probe the atmosphere from the stratosphere to below the main cloud layer. The reference stars were not cross‐calibrated against standards. We performed follow‐up observations to calibrate these stars and Jupiter in 2003 and 2004. We present a summary of the calibration of the Galileo support monitoring program data set. We present calibrated magnitudes of the six most frequently observed stars, calibrated reflectivities, and brightness temperatures of Jupiter from 1995 to 2004, and a simple method of normalizing the Jovian brightness to the 2004 results. Our study indicates that the NSFCAM's zero‐point magnitudes were not stable from 1995 to early 1997, and that the best Jovian calibration possible with this data set is limited to about ±10%. The raw images and calibration data have been deposited in the Planetary Data System.
Co-phasing of a diluted aperture synthesis instrument for direct imaging II. Experimental demonstration in the photon-counting regime with a temporal hypertelescope

Context. Amongst the new techniques currently developed for high-resolution and high-dynamics imaging, the hypertelescope architecture is very promising for direct imaging of objects such as exoplanets. The performance of this instrument strongly depends on the co-phasing process accuracy. In a previous high-flux experimental study with an eight-telescope array, we successfully implemented a co-phasing system based on the joint use of a genetic algorithm and a sub-aperture piston phase diversity using the object itself as a source for metrology. Aims. To fit the astronomical context, we investigate the impact of photon noise on the co-phasing performance operating our laboratory prototype at low flux. This study provides experimental results on the sensitivity and the dynamics that could be reached for real astrophysical observations. Methods. Simulations were carried out to optimize the critical parameters to be applied in the co-phasing system running in the photon-counting regime. We used these parameters experimentally to acquire images with our temporal hypertelescope test bench for di erent photon flux levels. A data reduction method allows highly contrasted images to be extracted. Results. The optical path di erences have been servo-controlled over one hour with an accuracy of 22.0 nm and 15.7 nm for 200 and 500 photons/frame, respectively. The data reduction greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio and allows us to experimentally obtain highly contrasted images. The related normalized point spread function is characterized by a 1:1 10 4 and 5:4 10 5 intensity standard deviation over the dark field (for 15 000 snapshots with 200 and 500 photons/frame, respectively). Conclusions. This laboratory experiment demonstrates the potential of our hypertelescope concept, which could be directly transposed to a space-based telescope array. Assuming eight telescopes with a 30 cm diameter, the I-band limiting magnitude of the main star would be 7.3, allowing imaging of a companion with a 17.3 mag.
Observations of the Gum nebula with a Fabry-Perot spectrometer.

Scans have been made of H-alpha, 6584-A forbidden N II, 5007-A forbidden O III, and 5876-A He I emissions in selected directions in the Gum Nebula. Analyses of the line profiles and line intensities indicate that much of the emitting gas in the Gum Nebula is confined to an expanding shell which has a radius of about 125 pc, an expansion velocity of approximately 20 km/s, an emission measure which ranges from about 15 units to about 500 units, and a temperature near 11,000 K. The ultraviolet flux from zeta Pup and gamma-2 Vel appears to be capable of producing most of the observed ionization, although the origin of the shell structure and high expansion velocity is not certain. -
SMES solenoids with reduced stray field

In order to reduce the stray held of common thin walled solenoids that are used for SMES applications various methods were examined. A second solenoidal coil with the opposite dipole moment was placed within the other coil. Configurations in a single plane were regarded only. The amount of stored energy was given. Calculation methods have been found that yield the minimum geometrical dimensions. In addition, methods that determine whether the configuration can be constructed with ordinary superconductors were developed. Finally it was shown that these configurations are able to reduce the stray field remarkably compared to a common single coil solenoid. >
Optical coating on nano-optical antennas to enhance directional radiation

Abstract. A traditional high-reflection optical coating was applied to enhance the directional radiation of nanoantennas. A highly reflective multilayer upon the top lateral side of a horizontally lying silver nanorod enhances the forward scattering when an optical wave is incident on the bare bottom side of the nanorod. Enhanced forward scattering can thus be observed from a glancing deposited silver nanorod array (NRA). An effective method for coupling the energy of incident light into a NRA involves arranging the NRA in a prism coupling. The highly efficient light coupling effect over a broadband and a wide range of angles results in extra-strong forward light scattering.
Sparse alternatives to ridge regression: a random effects approach

In a calibration of near-infrared (NIR) instrument, we regress some chemical compositions of interest as a function of their NIR spectra. In this process, we have two immediate challenges: first, the number of variables exceeds the number of observations and, second, the multicollinearity between variables are extremely high. To deal with the challenges, prediction models that produce sparse solutions have recently been proposed. The term ‘sparse’ means that some model parameters are zero estimated and the other parameters are estimated naturally away from zero. In effect, a variable selection is embedded in the model to potentially achieve a better prediction. Many studies have investigated sparse solutions for latent variable models, such as partial least squares and principal component regression, and for direct regression models such as ridge regression (RR). However, in the latter, it mainly involves an L1 norm penalty to the objective function such as lasso regression. In this study, we investigate new sparse alternative models for RR within a random effects model framework, where we consider Cauchy and mixture-of-normals distributions on the random effects. The results indicate that the mixture-of-normals model produces a sparse solution with good prediction and better interpretation. We illustrate the methods using NIR spectra datasets from milk and corn specimens.
On the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal function

The function W(t)≡∑n=−∞∞[(1−eiγnt)eiϕn]γ(2−D)n(11,ϕn=arbitraryphases) is continuous but non-differentiable and possesses no scale. The graph of ReW or Im W has Hausdorff-Besicovitch (fractal) dimension D. Choosing Øn = un gives a deterministic W the scaling properties of which can be studied analytically in terms of a representation obtained by using the Poisson summation formula. Choosing Øn random gives a stochastic IF whose increments W( t +r) — W (t) are statistically stationary, with a mean square which, as a function of r, is smooth if 1.0 < D < 1.5 and fractal if 1.5 < D < 2.0. The properties of IF are illustrated by computed graphs for several values of D (including some ‘marginal’ cases = 1 where the series for W converges) and several values of y, with deterministic and random Øn, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 and the magnified range 0.30 ≤ t ≤ 0.31. The Weierstrass spectrum yn can be generated by the energy levels of the quantum-mechanical potential — A / x2,where A = 4π2/In2y.
Structural and stability characteristics of jets in crossflow

Abstract This experimental study examines the relationship between transverse jet structural characteristics and the shear layer instabilities forming on the upstream side of the jet column. Jets composed of mixtures of helium and nitrogen were introduced perpendicularly into a low-speed wind tunnel using several alternative injectors: convergent circular nozzles mounted either flush with or elevated above the tunnel floor, and a flush-mounted circular pipe. Both non-intrusive optical diagnostics (planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV)) and intrusive probe-based (hot-wire anemometry) measurements were used to explore a range of jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios and density ratios for which previous studies have identified upstream shear layer transition from convective to absolute instability. Remarkable correspondences were identified between formation of the well-known counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) associated with the jet cross-section and conditions producing strong upstream shear layer vorticity rollup, arising typically from absolute instability in the shear layer. In contrast, asymmetries in the jet mean cross-sectional shape and/or lack of a clear CVP were observed to correspond to weaker, convectively unstable jet shear layers.
Simulation studies of bifurcation and chaos in semiconductor lasers

We apply the phase portrait analysis for photon density and carrier density to analyze simulation results obtained from the rate equations for semiconductor lasers. On the two‐dimensional bifurcation diagram of modulation depth and modulation frequency, there are six regions: periodic pulse, continuous oscillation wave, chaos, period doubling of single period, period multiplying of single period, and period doubling of two period. The region of chaos is located below the region of periodic pulse. By properly choosing the modulation frequency, chaotic behavior can be avoided. A normalized two‐dimensional bifurcation diagram defining the periodic pulse region is presented for the purpose of locating the suitable region for modulation of a semiconductor laser.
Microwave imaging based on a Markov random field model

A new approach to microwave imaging of 2D inhomogeneous dielectric scatterers is presented. The method is developed in the space domain, and Markov random fields are used to obtain a model of the distributions of dielectric features in the scattering region. In this way, a-priori knowledge can be easily inserted in the imaging scheme. This stochastic approach gives rise to a functional equation that can be minimized by using a simulated annealing algorithm. An iterative scheme is derived that allows one to bypass the need for storing large matrices in the computer. Numerical simulation results, confirming the capabilities and effectiveness of the proposed method, are reported. Solutions have generally been obtained in few steps, and seem better than those obtained by other imaging techniques in the space domain. The capability of the algorithm to operate in a strongly noisy environment is also proved. >
Orbital elements for BU 1240 AB: Nature of the C and D components

New orbital parameters and masses for WDS 05386+3030 = BU 1240 AB were determined prompted by the large residuals seen in recent speckle measurements from 1985. A combined solution of graphical (to determine preliminary parameters) and analytical methods was used. The preliminary orbit was rened using the dieren tial correction method by Heintz. The physical characteristics of the C and D components were studied using BVIJHK photometry, historical astrometry and kinematical data. Several criteria indicate a physical nature for C and an optical nature for D.
Acoustic‐Radiation Force on a Solid Elastic Sphere

The acoustic radiation force on a solid sphere suspended freely in a plane progressive sound field is calculated taking into account the elasticity of the sphere. The radiation force versus ka curve, ka being the radius times the wavenumber in the surrounding medium, shows sharp maximums or minimums corresponding to resonance in every normal mode of free vibration of the sphere. The measurements made in our laboratory are in good agreement with the theory. The accuracy of absolute acoustic‐intensity determination by the radiation‐force method will be improved by the use of the present theory instead of King's.
Measuring the amount of statistical information in the EPT index

Biological monitoring is the process of measuring the effect of environmental stress on the environment. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are widely used in the monitoring of freshwater lotic systems. The macroinvertebrate fauna of a reference stream is commonly compared to the fauna of an impacted stream that is affected by an environmental stressor. The smaller the similarity between these two streams, the greater the effect of pollution or stress on the impacted stream. Many richness measures, or statistics, exist for measuring similarity. These statistics can be computed using different levels of taxonomic resolution (species, genus and family). Many aquatic biologists believe that species‐level identifications, which require exorbitant time and expertise, are needed for correct data interpretations. The actual amount of information provided by these statistics at different taxonomic levels has never been measured. This article evaluates the amount of statistical information provided by the EPT index as compared to a sufficient statistic at the various levels of taxonomic resolution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PIC simulations of an achromatic solenoidal focusing system for LMF

The nominal 1000-MJ yield of a Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) pellet requires at least a 1.5-m-radius target chamber to contain the blast. A geometry has been identified that uses an annular ion beam with a center plug, has a total transport length of 4 m, and allows no direct line of sight from the target blast to the ion diode. An analytic model for an achromatic, two-lens system that is capable of transporting a 30-MV, 1-MA Li ion beam over this distance has been developed. The system uses both self-B/sub theta / and solenoidal magnetic lenses. The beam microdivergence requirement is minimized by locating the final solenoidal lens at the target chamber wall. In the present work, the analytic model was verified by PIC (particle-in-cell) transport calculations. A realistic coil system has been designed to supply the required 2-T solenoidal fields. Simulations show that a lithium beam can be transported over the 4-m distance with better than 70% energy and power efficiency, delivering roughly 1 MJ/beam to the target if a 6-mrad microdivergence is achieved at the diode. <<ETX>>