Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Relaying Protocol Design and Analysis for Short-Packet Cooperative NOMA

This paper designs and characterizes an adaptive relaying protocol in a short-packet cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network. Particularly, a base station broadcasts a superposed signal to a strong user and a weak user with the help of a dedicated relay. Compared with the conventional fixed decode-and-forward relaying protocol (DFRP) and amplified-and-forward relaying protocol (AFRP), we propose a novel adaptive hybrid relaying protocol (AHRP) for a short-packet cooperative NOMA network, in which the dedicated relay chooses the transmission modes adaptively to help the information transmission of the weak user according to the comparison between the achievable data rates and the target data rates. Moveover, the ergodic rates of the two users are approximated with closed-form expressions and an asymptotic performance comparison among the DFRP, AFRP, and AHRP is also provided. Simulation results indicate that the proposed AHRP outperforms the DFRP and AFRP in terms of users' ergodic rates. Furthermore, the AHRP can achieve higher user rate and robustness than the DFRP, AFRP, and cooperative orthogonal multiple access under various network settings.
Conditions for Convective Deep Inflow

Observations and cloud‐resolving simulations suggest that a convective updraft structure drawing mass from a deep lower‐tropospheric layer occurs over a wide range of conditions. This occurs for both mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and less‐organized convection, raising the question: is there a simple, universal characteristic governing the deep inflow? Here, we argue that nonlocal dynamics of the response to buoyancy are key. For precipitating deep‐convective features including horizontal scales comparable to a substantial fraction of the troposphere depth, the response to buoyancy tends to yield deep inflow into the updraft mass flux. Precipitation features in this range of scales are found to dominate contributions to observed convective precipitation for both MCS and less‐organized convection. The importance of such nonlocal dynamics implies thinking beyond parcel models with small‐scale turbulence for representation of convection in climate models. Solutions here lend support to investment in parameterizations at a complexity between conventional and superparameterization.
Spin ordering induced by lattice distortions in classical Heisenberg antiferromagnets on the breathing pyrochlore lattice

We theoretically investigate effects of lattice distortions on the spin ordering of classical Heisenberg antiferromagnets on the breathing pyrochlore lattice. In the model, local lattice distortions originating from the site vibration are taken into account to yield effective spin interactions via the spin-lattice coupling (SLC). The breathing lattice-alternation is characterized by the ratio of the nearest-neighbor interaction for large tetrahedra to that for small ones, J'/J. It is found by Monte Carlo simulations that the system exhibits a first-order transition into four different types of collinear magnetic ordered states. In the uniform case (J'/J=1), the state realized at stronger SLC is cubic-symmetric characterized by the (1/2,1/2,1/2) magnetic Bragg peaks, while the one at weaker SLC is tetragonal-symmetric characterized by the (1,1,0) ones. With increasing the breathing distortion (decreasing J'/J), the ordering pattern of the (1/2,1/2,1/2) state becomes non-cubic with its magnetic Bragg reflections almost unchanged, while the (1,1,0) state is robust. The non-cubic state peculiar to the breathing pyrochlores is further categorized into two types. We demonstrate that these two non-cubic orderings result in the massive degeneracy of the ground state and that the associated residual entropy per spin takes characteristic values of k_B ln(4)/16 and k_B ln(6)/16. Experimental implications of the results are discussed.
The Foundations of Mathematics

concepts all reduce to set theory. For example, consider the notion of function. Informally, a function gives you a specific way of corresponding y’s to x’s (e.g., the function y = x + 1), but to make a precise definition of “function”, we identify a function with its graph. That is, f is a function iff f is a set, all of whose elements are ordered pairs, such that ∀x, y, z[(x, y) ∈ f ∧ (x, z) ∈ f → y = z]. This is a precise definition if you know what an ordered pair is. Informally, (x, y) is a “thing” uniquely associated with x and y. Formally, we define (x, y) = {{x}, {x, y}}. In the axiomatic approach, you have to verify that the axioms let you construct such a set, and that ZFC ⊢ “unique” , that is (see Exercise I.6.14): ZFC ⊢ ∀x, y, x, y[(x, y) = (x, y)→ x = x ∧ y = y] . Then, a group is a special kind of pair (G, ·) where · is a function from G × G into G. G×G is the set of all ordered pairs from G. So, we explain everything in terms of sets, pairs, and functions, but it all reduces to sets. We shall see this in more detail later, as we develop the axioms. An example of concrete object is a specific number, like: 0, 1, 2,−2/3, π, e. Informally, 2 denotes the concept of twoness – containing a thing and another thing and that’s all. We could define two(x) ↔ ∃y, z[x = {y, z} ∧ y 6= z], but we want the official object 2 to be a specific set, not a logical formula. Formally, we pick a specific set with two distinct things in it and call that 2. Following von Neumann, let 2 = {0, 1}. Of course, you need to know that 0 is a specific set with zero elements – i.e. 0 = ∅ and 1 = {0} = {∅} ( a specific set with one element), which makes 2 = {∅, {∅}}. You can now verify two(2). The set of all natural numbers is denoted by N = ω = {0, 1, 2, 3, . }. Of course, 3 = {0, 1, 2}. Once you have ω, it is straightforward to define the sets Z,Q,R,C. The construction of Z,Q,R,C will be outlined briefly in Section I.15, with the details left to analysis texts. You probably already know that Q is countable, while R and C are not.
Shearlets: Theory and Applications

Many important problem classes are governed by anisotropic features such as singularities concentrated on lower dimensional embedded manifolds, for instance, edges in images or shock fronts in solutions of transport dominated equations. While the ability to reliably capture and sparsely represent anisotropic structures is obviously the more important the higher the number of spatial variables is, the principal difficulties arise already in two spatial dimensions. Since it was shown that the well‐known wavelets are not capable of efficiently encoding such anisotropic features, various directional representation systems were suggested during the last years. Of those, shearlets are the most widely used today due to their optimal sparse approximation properties in combination with their unified treatment of the continuum and digital realm, leading to faithful implementations. This article shall serve as an introduction to and a survey about shearlets. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detecting Structural Damage Using Holder Continuity and Chaotic Forcing

We describe an experiment using a chaotically driven metal plate with incremental damage. Damage in the plate is manifested as a local change in the plate’s response (loss of stiffness). We develop a statistical test for Holder continuity and demonstrate its use by examining the map between responses of the undamaged plate and responses of the damaged plate at various damage levels. We show that the statistical Holder test indicates loss of differentiable synchronization between responses as the plate is damaged and can thereby serve as a detector of structural damage in similar scenarios.
Creating an Interactive Environment for Learning Microplastics VIA a Board Game at the Museum

A Museum is an important place to promote science literacy for people. Recently, museums have developed educational materials and exhibits for learning and raising awareness of global issues. Microplastics have become a global environmental issue. A board game has been used to implement many environmental problems effectively. This study, therefore, aimed to develop a board game with simple simulation in a spreadsheet to create an interactive environment to learn about microplastics and their impact on the environment. The developed board game was implemented at the natural history museum in Thailand with six undergraduates studying life science who voluntarily participated in the study. The multi-answer questions, mind map, and worksheet were used to assess the understanding of microplastics when the participants completed the first game. Data from observation of the participants’ interaction during the game was also used to support the result. Data pointed that the participants gained some information from the action and information provided in the board game. Participants could clearly state the sources of microplastics. They also demonstrated the knowledge of microplastics’ cause and effect on living organisms and how to manage microplastics concentrations in the environment. However, the concept of a microplastic pathway was missing, which would be discussed.
Multi-coil magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction with a Markov random field prior

Recent improvements in reconstructing Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) from partial data have been reported using spatial context modelling with Markov Random Field (MRF) priors. However, these algorithms have been developed only for magnitude images from single-coil measurements. In practice, most of the MRI images today are acquired using multi-coil data. In this paper, we extend our recent approach for MRI reconstruction with MRF priors to deal with multi-coil data i.e., to be applicable in parallel MRI (pMRI) settings. Instead of reconstructing images from different coils independently and then obtaining final image using sum of squares method, we consider recovery of MRI image using undersampled measurements from all coils jointly with their estimated sensitivity maps. The proposed method is derived from a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) formulation of the reconstruction problem on which is then applied an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Therefore, an algorithms steps of the proposed method can be divided in two blocks. The first one contains few iterations (up to 10) of conjugate gradient (CG) method for obtaining a temporary image estimate from multi-coil measurements which although are undersampled significantly overlap at low frequencies. The second block contains steps which refer to applications of MRF regularizations on temporary image estimate obtained from the first block. This procedure is repeated through iterations until some stopping criterion is satisfied (e.g. number of iterations). Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in comparison to some well-adopted methods for accelerated pMRI reconstruction from undersampled data.
Evaluation of Adverse Reactions to Influenza Vaccination: A Prospective Cohort Study

This study aimed to investigate the influence of sex, age, and quadrivalent vaccination history on adverse reactions (ARs) to influenza vaccines and the relationship between the occurrence of ARs and the risk of influenza infection. Study participants were employees of three hospitals in the Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, who received the influenza vaccine in 2019. Data were collected using questionnaires. The main factors were age, sex, and history of influenza vaccination as a control. The primary outcomes were the incidence of local and systemic ARs attributable to the vaccine and positive influenza cases among the participants during the influenza season. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Among the 1493 participants, 80% experienced either local or systemic ARs. ARs were less common among men than among women (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.21–0.37) and less common among those aged ≥60 years (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26–0.89). ARs were significantly more likely to occur in those with a history of influenza vaccination (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.15–3.33). Those who had ARs, notably localized ones, were significantly more likely to incur influenza infection. Individuals who report ARs to influenza vaccination should strictly adopt non-pharmaceutical preventive measures in the hospital, community settings, and at home.
Expression Activity of Artificial Promoters for Disease Resistance in Transgenic Eucalyptus urophylla

The transcriptional properties of artificial promoters are closely related to the type and arrangement position of cis-elements. GWSF (374-bp) was an effective SPIP with four cis-element dimers. There were four pathogen-inducible cis-elements in the GWSF promoter (GST1-boxes, W-boxes, S-boxes, and F-boxes) and a minimal cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. V-element dimers were inserted into the upstream (VGWSF), midstream (GWVSF), and downstream (GWSFV) regions of the original GWSF promoter sequence to examine their affect on the position. The expression activity of promoters was analyzed and estimated using the histochemical staining of leaf discs of eucalyptus with transient expression, an image digitization method to extract the color features, and the induction treatment by a plant pathogenic microorganism/inducer and qPCR assays. The histochemical staining results of the adventitious buds indicated that the promoters had been successfully integrated into the E. urophylla genome and that they drove the expression of the gus gene. There was a noticeable difference in the intensity of color between the adventitious buds on the same callus block, as well as the intensity of color within the same adventitious bud. According to the established two-factor model of blue value, there was a greater difference between the levels of the genotype factor than the promoter factor in eucalyptus leaf discs. Further, the basal and inducible transcriptional levels of the three improved promoters were investigated by qPCR. With the basal transcriptional level of the GWSF promoter normalized to one, the relative basal levels of VGWSF, GWVSF, and GWSFV were 1.40, 1.45, and 4.15, respectively. The qPCR results were consistent with the staining results of GUS histochemical staining. The three improved promoters all had the properties of being induced by salicylic acid, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Phytophthora capsici. The three improved promoters demonstrated a significantly higher TMV induction activity: their induction activity from high to low was GWSFV > GWVSF > VGWSF. The findings will be beneficial to the construction and optimization of artificial promoters for transgenic plants.
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure during Exercise Is Prognostic for Long-Term Survival in Patients with Symptomatic Heart Failure

Aims: Exercise stress testing can stratify specific populations of heart failure patients for mortality risk, but is not universally applied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic capabilities of invasive exercise testing in a real-world cohort of suspected heart failure patients in whom non-cardiac causes of dyspnea were excluded. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the survival of 682 patients who underwent right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise between 2007 and 2017 for dyspnea and expected heart failure. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) at rest and the PCWP response to exercise, expressed as the ratio of PCWP at peak exercise to workload normalized to body weight (PCWL (mmHg/W/kg)), were determined. Mortality data were retrieved from the official German death registry. Results: Over a median follow-up period of 8.5 years, PCWL is a stronger predictor of all-cause mortality than PCWP. Patients featuring a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; <50%), but favorable response to exercise (PCWL <34.7 mmHg/W/kg), have a similar mortality risk to patients with a normal LVEF and low PCWL (hazard ratio (HR) 1.180, 95% CI 0.48–2.91, p = 0.719). Irrespective of LVEF, an increased PCWL during exercise was associated with a significantly increased mortality (HR 1.950 with preserved LVEF, 95% CI 1.12–3.34, p = 0.018; and HR 3.212 with impaired LVEF, 95% CI 1.75–5.70, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with clinical heart failure, invasive exercise testing improves the prediction of mortality. Subjects with a favorable response to exercise have a relatively low mortality irrespective of left ventricular systolic function.
Coalitional Game Theory for Cooperative Interference Management in Femtocell Networks

Dense deployment of femtocells can cause serious intra-tier interference in femtocell networks. In this paper, a new cooperative interference management approach which allows the femtocell user equipment (FUE) to merge into cooperative groups, that is, coalitions, for the uplink transmissions in a femtocell network is proposed, so as to reduce the intra-tier interference and improve the system performance. Taking into account the power cost for cooperation, we claim that all the FUEs are impossible to merge together, and we formulate the proposed cooperative problem as a coalitional game in partition form with an externality due to the interference between the formed coalitions. To get the solution, a novel distributed coalition formation algorithm that takes advantage of the characteristics of femtocell network and allows the FUEs to interact and individually decide on which coalitions to participate in is proposed. Furthermore, we analyze the convergence and stability of the proposed algorithm. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the behavior and the performance of the proposed coalition formation algorithm among FUEs. Results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the system performance with much lower complexity than some previously proposed coalition formation algorithms.
Thermal conduction by dark matter with velocity and momentum-dependent cross-sections

We use the formalism of Gould and Raffelt [1] to compute the dimensionless thermal conduction coefficients for scattering of dark matter particles with standard model nucleons via cross-sections that depend on the relative velocity or momentum exchanged between particles. Motivated by models invoked to reconcile various recent results in direct detection, we explicitly compute the conduction coefficients α and κ for cross-sections that go as vrel2, vrel4, vrel−2, q2, q4 and q−2, where vrel is the relative DM-nucleus velocity and q is the momentum transferred in the collision. We find that a vrel−2 dependence can significantly enhance energy transport from the inner solar core to the outer core. The same can true for any q-dependent coupling, if the dark matter mass lies within some specific range for each coupling. This effect can complement direct searches for dark matter; combining these results with state-of-the-art solar simulations should greatly increase sensitivity to certain DM models. It also seems possible that the so-called Solar Abundance Problem could be resolved by enhanced energy transport in the solar core due to such velocity- or momentum-dependent scatterings.
The biodeposition process in native mammals: spatial distribution and influence of waste products on soil fertility in restored and grazed woodland

Mammals have been widely recognized as mobile link species that can vectorize resources across the landscape. In this study, we analyze the biodeposition of waste products egested by native herbivorous mammals of the Monte Desert to document for the first time the implications of the restoration of a native forest on this process. We compared a restored native woodland an adjacent grazing field in terms of the spatial distribution of waste products, the biodiversity of trophic items stored in fecal pellets, and the C:N ratio as a predictor of nutrients supplied to the soil. We found that fecal pellets of mammal species were intermingled and spatially distributed throughout the entire landscape, but they were more abundant in the restoration area, indicating the influence of land management types on the distribution process. The two mammal species presented different feeding strategies; however, the plant species consumed in the grazing field indicate decreased food options for native mammals, meaning a smaller amplitude of their trophic niches under this land management. The low C:N ratio and the high nitrogen pool provided by the pellets in the restoration area suggest a potential benefit to plant communities. However, the higher organic C jointly with the lower C:N ratio observed in fecal pellets of grazing field indicate a low decomposability which could promote the conservation of C in the soil.
ECG Markers of Acute Melatonin Treatment in a Porcine Model of Acute Myocardial Ischemia

In myocardial ischemia, melatonin confers antiarrhythmic action, but its electrocardiographic expression is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin treatment on electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters reflecting major arrhythmogenic factors and to test the association of these parameters with ventricular fibrillation (VF) incidence. Myocardial ischemia was induced by 40 min coronary artery occlusion in 25 anesthetized pigs. After induction of ischemia, 12 and 13 animals were given melatonin or placebo, respectively. Twelve-lead ECGs were recorded and durations of QRS, QT, Tpeak-Tend intervals and extrasystolic burden were measured at baseline and during occlusion. During ischemia, VF episodes clustered into early and delayed phases (<10 and >20 min, respectively), and QRS duration was associated with VF incidence. QT interval and extrasystolic burden did not differ between the groups. The Tpeak-Tend interval was progressively prolonged, and the prolongation was less pronounced in the treated animals. QRS duration increased, demonstrating two maxima (5–10 and 25 min, respectively). In the melatonin group, the earlier maximum was blunted, and VF development in this period was prevented. Thus, acute melatonin treatment prevented excessive prolongation of the QRS and Tpeak-Tend intervals in the porcine myocardial infarction model, and QRS duration can be used for the assessment of antiarrhythmic action of melatonin.
Partial covariance two-dimensional mass spectrometry for determination of biomolecular primary structure

Mass spectrometry (MS) is used widely in biomolecular structural analysis and is particularly dominant in the study of proteins. Despite its considerable power, state-of-the-art protein MS frequently suffers from limited reliability of spectrum-to-structure assignments. This could not be solved fully by the dramatic increase in mass accuracy and resolution of modern MS instrumentation or by the introduction of new fragmentation methods. Here we present a new kind of two-dimensional mass spectrometry for high fidelity determination of a biomolecular primary structure based on partial covariance mapping. Partial covariance two-dimensional mass spectrometry (pC-2DMS) detects intrinsic statistical correlations between biomolecular fragments originating from the same or consecutive decomposition events. This enables identification of pairs of ions produced along the same fragmentation pathway of a biomolecule across its entire fragment mass spectrum. We demonstrate that the fragment-fragment correlations revealed by pC-2DMS provide much more specific information on the amino acid sequence and its covalent modifications than the individual fragment mass-to-charge ratios on which standard one-dimensional MS is based. We illustrate the power of pC-2DMS by using it to resolve structural isomers of combinatorially modified histone peptides inaccessible to standard MS.