Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re-evaluation of the 1836 “Hayward fault” and the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquakes

Current seismic hazard models include two major earthquakes (M ∼ 7) in the San Francisco Bay area that are close in space and time: an 1836 event on the northern Hayward fault and an 1838 event on the peninsula section of the San Andreas fault. Analysis and interpretation of the available historical accounts indicate that the 1836 event occurred east of Monterey Bay, far from the Hayward fault, and was of M ∼ 6¼. Also, the 1838 event was not confined to the 60-km peninsula San Andreas as current models indicate. Instead, faulting probably extended from San Francisco to San Juan Bautista (∼ 140 km), indicating a significantly larger earthquake (M ∼ 7½) than previously thought. Damaging effects of the 1836 earthquake were reported only from Santa Clara to Carmel, and no contemporary effects were reported to the north of Santa Clara or near the Hayward fault. The illusion of an “1836 Hayward earthquake” evolved from a newspaper reminiscence published following the 1868 Hayward earthquake, stating that the 1868 effects in the East Bay were similar to those of an 1836 event. The article describes various strong effects in the East Bay that differ completely from the effects recorded for the 1836 earthquake but are very similar to those documented for the major 1838 San Andreas earthquake that caused extensive damage on both sides of San Francisco Bay. Based on this and other evidence, we conclude that the reminiscence describes the destructive June 1838 effects, but it erroneously indicates the date as June 1836. There is no evidence for any major historical earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area before the 1838 earthquake, back to the founding of Mission San Francisco Dolores in 1776. During the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquake, the shaking intensity in Monterey was as strong as or stronger than during the great 1906 San Andreas fault earthquake. This suggests that the 1838 San Andreas fault rupture may have extended to San Juan Bautista as it did in 1906. Numerous probable aftershocks were felt in the area south of San Juan Bautista. These damaged Carmel and Santa Cruz in 1840, and Alisal, 16 km west of the San Andreas fault, in 1841. The northern end of the 1838 faulting was previously assumed to be 25 km south of San Francisco. However, Mission San Francisco Dolores was damaged in 1838 but not in 1906, suggesting that the 1838 faulting extended to San Francisco. Also, the 1838 aftershocks were felt in Oakland as frequently and violently as those following the major 1868 Hayward earthquake, suggesting that the 1838 faulting on the San Andreas extended to the latitude of Oakland. The 1838 fault segment ruptured again 68 years later as part of the overlapping 1906 San Andreas fault rupture. This, and similar evidence from southern California, indicates that M ∼ 7½ San Andreas fault earthquakes can recur at intervals of 68 years or less when they are followed by M ∼ 8 earthquakes on overlapping segments of the fault.
Acquisition of tonal targets in Catalan, Spanish and English

This study analyzes the distribution, scaling and alignment of low and high targets in the productions of 36 children; 12 English, 12 Catalan, and 12 Spanish, between the ages of 2 and 6 years. We have compared the intonational patterns of words controlled for number of syllables and stress position in the children's speech to the adult target provided by their mothers, both elicited with a controlled naming task. A total of 624 utterances were analyzed following the Autosegmental Metrical framework. Our results show that children as young as two can control relevant intonation parameters such as pitch height and pitch timing, although they still do not control syllabic duration and they still lengthen excessively final syllables. Even the youngest children show adult-like alignment of the low target, but their mastery of the high target increases with age. The prosodic typology of the ambient language influences the acquisition of tonal targets; young Spanish children show a more precise alignment of pitch scaling and of the alignment of the high targets than Catalan and English children.
Runoff simulations on the macroscale with the ecohydrological model SWIM in the Elbe catchment–validation and uncertainty analysis

This study presents an example where the hydrological processes of the ecohydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) are thoroughly analysed. The model integrates hydrology, vegetation, erosion and nutrient dynamics. It is process‐based and has to be calibrated. The hydrological validation of the model is of prime importance, because all other ecological processes are related to the water cycle. On the other hand, these ecological processes influence the water cycle in turn, and therefore they were considered in the modelling process and in the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.
Complex North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index signal of historic North Atlantic storm-track changes

Previous reports have suggested a link between increased storminess in the North Atlantic during recent years with a period of time during which the North Atlantic Oscillation Index has been strongly positive. New analyses of late nineteenth-century gale-day data for meteorological stations in northern Scotland and western Ireland indicate that the relatively high storminess that characterized this period was associated with monthly NAO Index values that rarely exceeded +2 and, on several occasions, were strongly negative. It is speculated that this difference may reflect the influence of an expanded sea-ice cover in the Greenland Sea that caused a considerable southward displacement of the North Atlantic storm track during the late nineteenth century. Such changes imply that the polar atmospheric and oceanic fronts in the North Atlantic were displaced southward during the late nineteenth century.
Replication-based Outer bounds and the Optimality of "Half the Cake" for Rank-Deficient MIMO Interference Networks

In order to gain new insights into MIMO interference networks, the optimality of $\sum_{k=1}^K M_k/2$ (half the cake per user) degrees of freedom is explored for a $K$-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel where the cross-channels have arbitrary rank constraints, and the $k^{th}$ transmitter and receiver are equipped with $M_k$ antennas each. The result consolidates and significantly generalizes results from prior studies by Krishnamurthy et al., of rank-deficient interference channels where all users have $M$ antennas, and by Tang et al., of full rank interference channels where the $k^{th}$ user pair has $M_k$ antennas. The broader outcome of this work is a novel class of replication-based outer bounds for arbitrary rank-constrained MIMO interference networks where replicas of existing users are added as auxiliary users and the network connectivity is chosen to ensure that any achievable scheme for the original network also works in the new network. The replicated network creates a new perspective of the problem, so that even simple arguments such as user cooperation become quite powerful when applied in the replicated network, giving rise to stronger outer bounds, than when applied directly in the original network. Remarkably, the replication based bounds are broadly applicable not only to MIMO interference channels with arbitrary rank-constraints, but much more broadly, even beyond Gaussian settings.
ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO IN MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA

A new technique has been developed which can be employed for the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio of magnetotelluric data and/or for the establishment of a confidence limit as a criterion for final data selection.This technique functions in a consecutively cyclic process which can finally remove the noise from the autopower estimates of MT data if the crosspower estimates are noise free and, consequently, the predicted coherencies can be improved. When noise exists in both autopower and crosspower estimates, the cyclic operation can establish a confidence limit which reveals a direct measure of incoherent noise content and thus is a more reliable criterion than the predicted coherency itself for data selection.The technique is tested using actual MT data and the result shows the adequacy of the technique. It selects useful data from those originally having moderate or low predicted coherencies; thus it appears to be important when the predicted coherency of the majority of the collected data is not high.
ENSO Asymmetry in CMIP5 Models

AbstractThe El Nino–La Nina asymmetry is evaluated in 14 coupled models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The results show that an underestimate of ENSO asymmetry, a common problem noted in CMIP3 models, remains a common problem in CMIP5 coupled models. The weaker ENSO asymmetry in the models primarily results from a weaker SST warm anomaly over the eastern Pacific and a westward shift of the center of the anomaly. In contrast, SST anomalies for the La Nina phase are close to observations.Corresponding Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) runs are analyzed to understand the causes of the underestimate of ENSO asymmetry in coupled models. The analysis reveals that during the warm phase, precipitation anomalies are weaker over the eastern Pacific, and westerly wind anomalies are confined more to the west in most models. The time-mean zonal winds are stronger over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific for most models. Wind-forced ocean GCM experiments suggest.
Measurement of the branching fraction of the decay $B_s^0\to K_S^0 K_S^0$

A measurement of the branching fraction of the decay $B_s^0 \to K_S^0 K_S^0$ is performed using proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $fb^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment between 2011 and 2016. The branching fraction is determined to be BR($B_s^0 \to K_S^0 K_S^0$) = [8.3 $\pm$ 1.6 (stat) $\pm$ 0.9 (syst) $\pm$ 0.8 (norm) $\pm$ 0.3 ($f_s/f_d$)] $\times 10^{-6}$ , where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third and fourth are due to uncertainties on the $B^0 \to \phi K_S^0$ branching fraction and the ratio of hadronization fractions $f_s/f_d$. This is the most precise measurement of this branching fraction to date. Furthermore, a measurement of the branching fraction of the decay $B^0 \to K_S^0 K_S^0$ is performed relative to that of the $B_s^0 \to K_S^0 K_S^0$ channel, and is found to be $\frac{BR(B^0 \to K_S^0 K_S^0)}{BR(B_s^0 \to K_S^0 K_S^0)}$ = [7.5 $\pm$ 3.1 (stat) $\pm$ 0.5 (syst) $\pm$ 0.3 ($f_s/f_d$)] $\times 10^{-2}$.
Geology and Geochemistry of the Dashuigou Tellurium Deposit, Western Sichuan, China

The Dashuigou tellurium deposit, located on the western margin of the Yangtze platform, is unique. The deposit is hosted by Triassic metabasalt 50 to 80 meters thick. The orebodies occur as a group of NNE-striking parallel veins. Mineralization developed in three stages: Stage I— pyrrhotite-pyrite, Stage II—tetradymite, and Stage III—chalcopyrite-pyrite. Stage II is the principal tellurium mineralization stage and the tellurium-bearing minerals are mainly tetradymite, tsumoite, tellurbismuth, joseite, calaverite, stuetzite, and native tellurium. The general ore grade of the tellurium in Stage II ranges from 0.2 to 5 wt%, and it reaches 15 to 25 wt% for the massive ores. The dominant gangue minerals are calcite and dolomite, with minor biotite, muscovite, albite, quartz, and chlorite. Fluid-inclusion studies of calcite, dolomite, and quartz from Stages I, II, and III yield homogenization temperatures of 356° to 260° C (mean = 320° C), 295° to 198° C (mean = 240°), and 235° to 152° C (mean = 170° C), respec.
An object-based storage model for distributed remote sensing images

It is very difficult to design an integrated storage solution for distributed remote sensing images to offer high performance network storage services and secure data sharing across platforms using current network storage models such as direct attached storage, network attached storage and storage area network. Object-based storage, as new generation network storage technology emerged recently, separates the data path, the control path and the management path, which solves the bottleneck problem of metadata existed in traditional storage models, and has the characteristics of parallel data access, data sharing across platforms, intelligence of storage devices and security of data access. We use the object-based storage in the storage management of remote sensing images to construct an object-based storage model for distributed remote sensing images. In the storage model, remote sensing images are organized as remote sensing objects stored in the object-based storage devices. According to the storage model, we present the architecture of a distributed remote sensing images application system based on object-based storage, and give some test results about the write performance comparison of traditional network storage model and object-based storage model.
Online Non-Parametric Regression

We establish optimal rates for online regression for arbitrary classes of regression functions in terms of the sequential entropy introduced in (Rakhlin et al., 2010). The optimal rates are shown to exhibit a phase transition analogous to the i.i. d. /statistical learning case, studied in (Rakhlin et al., 2014b). In the frequently encountered situation when sequential entropy and i.i. d. empirical entropy match, our results point to the interesting phenomenon that the rates for statistical learning with squared loss and online nonparametric regression are the same. In addition to a non-algorithmic study of minimax regret, we exhibit a generic forecaster that enjoys the established optimal rates. We also provide a recipe for designing online regression algorithms that can be computationally efficient. We illustrate the techniques by deriving existing and new forecasters for the case of finite experts and for online linear regression.
A Heterogeneous Out-of-Equilibrium Nonlinear q-Voter Model with Zealotry

We study the dynamics of the out-of-equilibrium nonlinear q-voter model with two types of susceptible voters and zealots, introduced in [EPL 113, 48001 (2016)]. In this model, each individual supports one of two parties and is either a susceptible voter of type $q_1$ or $q_2$, or is an inflexible zealot. At each time step, a $q_i$-susceptible voter ($i = 1,2$) consults a group of $q_i$ neighbors and adopts their opinion if all group members agree, while zealots are inflexible and never change their opinion. This model violates detailed balance whenever $q_1 \neq q_2$ and is characterized by two distinct regimes of low and high density of zealotry. Here, by combining analytical and numerical methods, we investigate the non-equilibrium stationary state of the system in terms of its probability distribution, non-vanishing currents and unequal-time two-point correlation functions. We also study the switching times properties of the model by exploiting an approximate mapping onto the model of [Phys. Rev. E 92, 012803 (2015)] that satisfies the detailed balance, and also outline some properties of the model near criticality.
NELA-GT-2018: A Large Multi-Labelled News Dataset for The Study of Misinformation in News Articles

In this paper, we present a dataset of 713k articles collected between 02/2018-11/2018. These articles are collected directly from 194 news and media outlets including mainstream, hyper-partisan, and conspiracy sources. We incorporate ground truth ratings of the sources from 8 different assessment sites covering multiple dimensions of veracity, including reliability, bias, transparency, adherence to journalistic standards, and consumer trust. The NELA-GT2018 dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ ULHLCB.
Oasis-desert landscape heterogeneity and spatial scaling of Fukang transect in Xinjiang, China

Based on aerial images the GIS technique supported by ARC/INFO software was used to analyze the oasis-desert landscape heterogeneity and its dynamics of Fukang transect with spatial scale change, using landscape structural indices to reveal and compare the structural characteristics of oasis-desert landscape heterogeneity, which was useful to study the dynamics process of landscape heterogeneity through time from different aspect in arid area, which was useful to study the dynamics process of landscape heterogeneity. The results show that oasis-desert landscape in studied area was controlled by the combination of environment heterogeneity, human dimension and activities, and natural vegetation succession. The mutation, contrast and heterogeneity of ecological interface between oasis and desert ecosystem increased. Rare natural or non-regional mosaic of patch show obvious sensitivity to spatial scale, the change ratios of theirs area and perimeter are greater than large patch. With the disturbance of moderate scale more small patchiness combines into more large patchiness. But more patchiness of mosaic will vanish with violent disturbances or isolations of scales. At the same time it has proved that the analysis of landscape heterogeneity is quite effective research means in ecology to measure and quantify the relationship, interaction and response between the structure and function, patterns and processes of oasis-desert ecosystem.
A framework for covariate balance using Bregman distances

A common goal in observational research is to estimate marginal causal effects in the presence of confounding variables. One solution to this problem is to use the covariate distribution to weight the outcomes such that the data appear randomized. The propensity score is a natural quantity that arises in this setting. Propensity score weights have desirable asymptotic properties, but they often fail to adequately balance covariate data in finite samples. Empirical covariate balancing methods pose as an appealing alternative by exactly balancing the sample moments of the covariate distribution. With this objective in mind, we propose a framework for estimating balancing weights by solving a constrained convex program, where the criterion function to be optimized is a Bregman distance. We then show that the different distances in this class render identical weights to those of other covariate balancing methods. A series of numerical studies are presented to demonstrate these similarities.
Viscous flow interpretation of comet Halley's mystery transition

A study of the solar wind within comet Halley's ionosheath is presented. It is shown that the plasma changes seen across the intermediate (“mystery”) transition, located approximately half way between the bow shock and the cometopause along the Giotto trajectory, are similar to those occurring across an equivalent transition present within the Venus ionosheath. As in Venus, the observed plasma changes are consistent with those expected from the onset of friction phenomena between the shocked solar wind and the main body of ionospheric plasma. It is suggested that the intermediate transition in comet Halley's ionosheath represents the outer boundary of a thick viscous boundary layer that develops from the nose of the cometopause and extends along the flanks of the ionosheath. On the basis of this interpretation it is concluded that the subsolar position of the cometopause may have reached ∼3.4 105 km upstream from the nucleus at the time of the Giotto measurements.
Some Comments on Regionalization in Hydrologic Studies

At the jth site, a choice must be made between yi, a statistical characteristic of the observed flows, and ŷi, a regionalized estimate of the characteristic, for use in the model for generating synthetic flows at the jth site. The regional estimate is obtained from a regression of y on a set of basin characteristics. If Vˆii/Vii < 2− ρ′, then ŷi instead of yi, is used in the generating model, where Vˆii and Vii are the variances of ŷi and yi, respectively, and ρ′ is a measure of the interstation correlations. This criterion is shown to be independent of the jth basin characteristics. The criterion is a function of the jth basin characteristics if the data at the jth site are not used in developing the regression relation. For an ungaged site, ŷi may be obtained with variance that depends upon the basin characteristics at the jth ungaged site. (Key words: Statistics; regionalization; synthesis)
The Cévennes‐Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory database

Intense rain events frequently result in devastating flash floods in Mediterranean regions. To improve the understanding and prediction of these phenomena, the Cévennes‐Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory (CVMHO) was set up in 2000. The observation strategies deployed include the detailed and long‐lasting (>10 years) observation in the Cévennes‐Vivarais region (France) using both operational observation systems and research instrumentation. The present note describes the procedures implemented by CVMHO to critically analyze and generate hydrometeorological products for research. The related data can be viewed or downloaded via the Système d'Extraction et de Visualisation des Données de l'Observatoire en Ligne (SEVnOL) interface on the CVMHO Web site.
Indo‐Asian pollution during INDOEX: Microphysical particle properties and single‐scattering albedo inferred from multiwavelength lidar observations

[1] We present for the first time a comprehensive data set of vertically resolved physical particle properties, and the single-scattering albedo at 532 nm, derived from multiwavelength lidar observations of pollution plumes advected from India and Southeast Asia out over the tropical Indian Ocean during the northeast monsoon. The parameters follow from the inversion of optical data that were obtained from six-wavelength aerosol lidar observations at Hulhule Island (4.1°N, 73.3°E), Maldives, in the framework of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) (February/March 1999) and three follow-up campaigns in July and October 1999 and in March 2000. Effective particle radii were 0.20 ± 0.08 μm for pollution plumes above 1-km height, advected during the northeast monsoon. Volume concentrations ranged from 6 to 44 μm3 cm−3, and surface-area concentrations were 95–774 μm2 cm−3. The particles showed substantial absorption when advected from northern India. The imaginary part of the wavelength-independent complex refractive index was as large as 0.045i. The respective mean value was 0.022i ± 0.014i for observations during the northeast monsoon. The mean real part was 1.54 ± 0.11. The mean single-scattering albedo at 532 nm was 0.90 ± 0.06. Values were as low as 0.8 during advection of air from northern India. On average, less absorbing particles were advected from southern India and Southeast Asia. The numbers indicate that the major contributor to the observed pollution from northern India is absorbing soot-like material from, e.g., fossil fuel and firewood burning. The effective radius was well correlated with the Angstrom exponents of the underlying extinction spectra. Strong correlation of the single-scattering albedo was found not only with respect to the imaginary part of the complex refractive index but also with respect to the particle extinction-to-backscatter ratio. A comparison to Angstrom exponents and single-scattering albedo obtained from Sun photometer and satellite observations showed good representativity of the lidar-derived quantities. Comparison with results from airborne in situ observations showed substantial deviations of Angstrom exponents and single-scattering albedo.