Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of tropical cloud systems on the relative humidity in the upper troposphere

The influence of tropical clouds on the humidity in the upper troposphere is investigated. Upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) in the 550–200 mbar layer is retrieved from GOES 7 6.7-μm brightness temperatures and validated against humidity profiles from radio soundings and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses. UTH decreases from values of 44–74% near the edges of upper tropospheric clouds to 11–15% at a distance of about 500 km from the cloud edge and remains relatively constant for greater distances. The average UTH at the cloud edge is lower in land regions and in regions of suppressed convection than in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The spread of UTH from cloudy to clear regions is least in the regions of suppressed convection and greatest in the ITCZ. It is shown that the UTH at the cloud edge and its spread into cloud-free regions both increase with the average cloud top altitude. Using particular geographical regions as examples, it is demonstrated that UTH seems to increase linearly with the amount of upper level cloud. A diurnal cycle of UTH in cloud-free areas is observed and related to diurnal variations in cloud amount. The diurnal variation in UTH lags behind the diurnal cycle in upper tropospheric clouds by about 8 hours.
Cost-effectiveness of microscopy of urethral smears for asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium urethritis in men in England

The objective was to determine whether or not the limited use of urethral microscopy to diagnose asymptomatic and symptomatic non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU) in men is a cost-effective strategy to avert pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy or infertility in female partners. Outputs from a transmission dynamic model of NCNGU in a population of 16–30 year olds in England simulating the number of consultations, PID cases and patients treated over time amongst others, were used along with secondary data to undertake a cost-effectiveness analysis carried out from a health care provider perspective. The main outcome measure was cost per case of PID averted. A secondary outcome measure was cost per major outcome averted, where a major outcome is a case of symptomatic PID, ectopic pregnancy, or infertility. Offering a limited number of asymptomatic men urethral microscopy was more effective than the current practice of no microscopy in terms of reducing the number of cases of PID with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £15,700, meaning that an investment of £15,800 is required to avert one case of PID. For major outcomes averted, offering some asymptomatic men urethral microscopy was again found to be more effective than no microscopy, but here an investment of £49,900 is required to avert one major outcome. Testing asymptomatic men for NCNGU in a small number of genitourinary medicine settings in England is not cost-effective, and thus by maintaining the current practice of not offering this patient group microscopy, this continues to make savings for the health care provider.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of use of a polypill versus usual care or best practice for primary prevention in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease

Background Clinical trials suggest that use of fixed-dose combination therapy (‘polypills’) can improve adherence to medication and control of risk factors of people at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to usual care, but cost-effectiveness is unknown. Objective To determine whether a polypill is cost-effective compared to usual care and optimal guideline-recommended treatment for primary prevention in people already on statins and/or blood pressure lowering therapy. Methods A Markov model was developed to perform a cost-utility analysis with a one year time cycle and a 10 year time horizon to compare the polypill with usual care and optimal implementation of NICE Guidelines, using patient level data from a retrospective cross-sectional study. The model was run for ten age (40 years+) and gender-specific sub-groups on treatment for raised CVD risk with no history of CVD. Published sources were used to estimate impact of different treatment strategies on risk of CVD events. Results A polypill strategy was potentially cost-effective compared to other strategies for most sub-groups ranging from dominance to up to £18,811 per QALY depending on patient sub-group. Optimal implementation of guidelines was most cost-effective for women aged 40–49 and men aged 75+. Results were sensitive to polypill cost, and if the annual cost was less than £150, this approach was cost-effective compared to the other strategies. Conclusions For most people already on treatment to modify CVD risk, a polypill strategy may be cost-effective compared with optimising treatment as per guidelines or their current care, as long as the polypill cost is sufficiently low.
Geology of Rocky Mountain Front Ranges Near Bow River, Alberta: General Geology

The front ranges of the Rocky Mountains near the Bow River, Alberta, are a fine example of the thrust-fault type of structure which characterizes the eastern Canadian Rockies. The ranges consist largely of repeated sequences of Paleozoic strata dipping 40° W. and separated by subsequent valleys eroded in Mesozoic or Upper Paleozoic beds. Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous strata are exposed. The map area is traversed by the Calgary-Banff highway and the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway and, although visited by many geologists since the 1880's, it has not heretofore been mapped. The map area, which consists of three fault blocks that repeat most of the Paleozoic section, is bounded on the east by a major folded thrust fault which throws Middle Cambrian rocks over Upper Cretaceous strata. This fault marks the boundary between the Rocky Mountains and the foothills belt. The Cascade coal basin is the westward limit of mapping. Middle Cambrian strata along the mountain front are overlain unconformably by the Ghost River formation of questionable Devonian age. This is overlain conformably by Upper Devonian dolomites and limestones and these are followed by Lower, Middle, and Upper Mississippian shales and limestones, Pennsylvanian quartzitic and dolomitic sandstones, Permian (? ) chert and quartzite, Triassic shaly siltstone, Jurassic black shale, and Lower Cretace us or Jurassic sandstones, shales and coal. No igneous rocks are exposed in this part of the Rocky Mountains. The great thrust faults, displacements on which are measured in miles, in some places develop drag folds, but the fault planes are clean breaks with little or no gouge, and the strata on both sides approach parallelism with the fault planes.
GENESIS OF UKRAINIAN WOODEN CHURCH: WORLD CONTEXT AND ORIGINALITY

: article gives theoretical summary and new conclusion of Ukrainian wooden church genesis (origins and principles of architectural formation) scientific problem. The investigation results are achieved by the analytic of Ukrainian wooden church’s main architecture-genetic characteristics such as its space-composition and shape-construction. This analytic was fulfilled from the global position of worldwide sacral architecture developing review. The scientific results point the authentic, originality and world-cultural significance of Ukrainian wooden church’s architectural phenomenon showing the rare case of European Monotheistic temple inclining to the Eastern (Central and South Asian) compositional archetypes of Polytheistic architecture.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

Linguistic alignment—the contingent reuse of our interlocu-tors’ language at all levels of linguistic structure—pervades human dialogue. Here, we design unique measures to capture the degree of linguistic alignment between interlocutors’ linguistic representations at three levels of structure: lexical, syntactic, and semantic. We track these measures in a longitudinal dataset of early conversations between caregivers and children with and without perinatal brain injury. Speciﬁcally, we test the predictions of the well-known Interactive Alignment Model, taking advantage of the variability within our sample in terms of the strength of interlocutors’ linguistic representations, whether owed to age or injury. Ultimately, we ﬁnd inconsistent support for the (largely untested) predictions of the Interactive Alignment Model, pointing to a need for new quantitative accounts of the mechanisms underlying linguistic alignment. Our results regarding the trajectory of interactive alignment broadly replicate developmental trends documented by other researchers, though analyses linking concurrent vocabulary and child alignment, as well as caregiver alignment and later child vocabulary—defy predictions from previous work. Our goal with these analyses is to start a conversation regarding the mechanisms underlying linguistic alignment, and to inform theories of how interactive linguistic experience supports language development.
An improved return stroke model with specified channel-base current

An improved return stroke model that is both physically oriented and has a relatively straightforward mathematical basis is proposed. The current at the channel base is specified, and a time-dependent discharging of the charge stored on the leader channel determines the channel current as a function of height and time. The discharging process is separated into (1) the exponential discharge of the leader head and leader core with a relatively short time constant, less than 1 μs, which we call the “breakdown” time constant, and (2) the exponential discharge of the charge stored around the leader core with a longer time constant, of the order of microseconds. If a typical measured channel-base current is assumed and if the discharge time constants are properly chosen, electric and magnetic field wave shapes calculated with the model exhibit all the significant characteristics of measured fields. From a comparison of calculated and measured field wave shapes, we find a ratio of the breakdown time constant to the channel-base current rise time between 1 and 5. Comparison of typical characteristics of field wave shapes from natural and from artificially initiated (triggered) lightning indicates a faster discharging process for triggered lightning. Depending on the breakdown time constant, the return stroke speed determined using the well-known formula for the transmission-line model, with inputs being the peak electric field and peak current from the present model, are in the range from about 50 percent to 90 percent of the return stroke speed assumed in the present model. The corresponding transmission-line model speeds determined from the peak derivatives of the electric field and current are in the range from about 140 percent to 160 percent of the assumed return stroke speed. These results supply some indication of why transmission-line model speeds determined from the ratio of measured peak current and field derivatives in triggered lightning are greater than the speeds determined from the ratio of measured peak currents and fields. For a given channel-base current, the initial peak electric field and field derivative derived from the model increases as the height above ground of the strike point increases. The new model can therefore explain the differences in the data obtained from the triggered lightning studies at Kennedy Space Center in 1985 and in 1987 as being due to the different height of the triggering structures in those two years. If natural lightning strikes an elevated object, the increase of the initial electric field and field derivative can result in an additional substantial error in determining the peak current and peak current derivative from the transmission-line model.
Microbial Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Decolorization and Biodegradation of Azo Dye Compound

Biological approach for silver nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms like Bacteria, Fungi, algae and plants have received profound interest because of their potential to synthesize nanoparticles of various size, shape and morphology. The present research work focus on bacterial synthesis of silver nanoparticles their efficiency forbioremediation of Congo red dye. Twenty one types of different bacterial species have been isolatedfrom the different industrial waste effluent and bacterial consortium was prepared. Potential silver resistant bacteria were isolated from bacterial consortium using scale up method and identified as Bacillus pumillus by Gram staining, biochemical tests and genome sequencing method. After that Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using potential silver resistant bacteria. Silver nitrate and silver sulfate were used as precursor at different concentration for silver nanoparticle synthesis. Color change from colorless to brownwas observed synthesis of silver nanoparticles was further confirmed by UV Visible spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles formation was (5-93 nm in size) also confirmed by Transmission electron microscopy, Particle size analyzer, Dynamic light scattering depending on the concentration of silver precursor.In this research, we have shown for the first time the use of Bacillus pumillis for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Dye decolorization and biodegradation was studiedusing silver nanoparticles, silver resistant bacteria and silver resistant bacteria influced by silver nanoparticles separately. Nano based bioremediation was found 13 % efficient than the microbial remediation. Thus the developed nano-bioremediation technology is biocompatible, simple and reliable method and can be applied to decolorize dye as well as antimicrobial agent
An operational atmospheric correction algorithm for Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery over the land

An operational atmospheric correction algorithm for Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery has been developed for both sequential and parallel computer environments considering both aerosol and molecular scattering and absorption. The aerosol optical depth is estimated from the image itself using the dark object approach on a moving-window basis, and the surface reflectance is then retrieved by searching lookup tables that are created using a numerical radiative transfer code. The dark object pixels are identified and their surface reflectance estimated using TM channel 7 (2.1 μm). A variety of techniques are employed to improve computational efficiency. This method is validated by measured aerosol optical depth and extensive visual evaluations accompanied by statistical analysis. Results indicate that the approach is highly stable and useful for both qualitative imagery interpretation (haze removal) and quantitative analysis. Future research activities are also highlighted. The computer codes are available to the general scientific community.
Automated Georeferencing of Optical Satellite Data with Integrated Sensor Model Improvement

The geometric processing of remotely sensed image data is one of the key issues in data interpretation, added value product generation, and multi-source data integration. Although optical satellite data can be orthorectified without the use of Ground Control Points (GCP) to absolute geometric accuracies of some meters up to several hundred meters depending on the satellite mission, there is still a need to improve the geometric accuracy by using GCP. The manual measurement of GCP is time consuming work, and leads, especially for larger data sets with hundreds of satellite images, to a cost and time ineffective workload. To overcome these shortcomings, an autonomous processing chain to georeference and orthorectify optical satellite data is proposed which uses reference data and digital elevation models to generate GCP and to improve sensor model parameters (namely for rigorous and universal sensor models) for a series of optical Earth observation satellite systems. Using a restrictive blunder removal strategy, the proposed procedure leads to high quality orthorectified products or at least to a geometrically consistent data set in terms of relative accuracy. The geometric processing chain is validated using SPOT-4 HRVIR, SPOT-5 HRG, IRS-P6 LISS III, and ALOS AVNIR-2 optical sensor data, for which a huge amount of satellite data (3,200 scenes) has been processed. Relative and absolute geometric accuracies of approximately half the pixel size (linear Root Mean Square Error) are achieved.
Crenarchaeota in Lake Michigan Sediment †

Introduction. Marine and freshwater sediments are major sinks of both natural and anthropogenic materials (5). Although microbial activity is recognized to control the transformation of these materials and influence processes in the overlaying water, relatively little is known about the contributing populations. This is mostly a consequence of the well-recognized limitations of pure-culture methodology. A more complete understanding of sediment processes and anthropogenic influence will require methods independent of prior growth in culture. For example, the direct recovery of rRNA sequences from the environment allows uncultured forms to be cataloged within a phylogenetic framework (28). With increasing use of this and other direct methods, the pure-culture collection is now recognized to comprise a very small fraction of the natural diversity in most environments (4, 16, 27). Sediments are no exception (9, 10, 20, 23). We are employing a combination of molecular, microbiolog-ical, and chemical techniques to evaluate the contribution of different microbial groups to sediment processes at a site in Lake Michigan near Fox Point, Wis. For example, group-specific hybridization probes for the three domains (archaea, bacteria , and eucarya) are being used to measure temporal and vertical changes in abundance of the corresponding populations (18, 20). We anticipated that most of the archaea in this environment would be anaerobic methanogens. However, there were characteristically two major peaks of archaeal 16S rRNA hybrid-ization: one near the sediment surface in the oxic zone and one in the zone immediately below it. This unexpected distribution, and earlier studies showing that methanogen-specific probe hybridization could account for only a fraction of archaeal probe hybridization (1a), suggested the presence of novel ar-chaea. We evaluated this hypothesis, using selective PCR amplification of archaeal 16S rDNA. We report here that four of the archaeal sequences recovered are closely related to the recently discovered pelagic marine crenarchaeota (7, 13, 14) but that these crenarchaeota accounted for only ϳ10% of the
: REFLEXIVE TEXTUAL PRACTICES IN ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT

This paper identifies four sets of textual practices that researchers in the field of organization and management theory (OMT) have used in their attempts to be reflexive. We characterize them as multi-perspective, multi-voicing, positioning and destabilizing. We show how each set of practices can help to produce reflexive research, but also how each embodies limitations and paradoxes. Finally, we consider the interplay among these sets of practices to develop ideas for new avenues for reflexive practice by OMT researchers.
Modeling and Optimization for DAB Converter using SiC MOSFETs in Series Connection Considering Magnetizing Inductance and Voltage Ratio

In the field of medium voltage power transmission, the DAB converter using series-connected SiC MOSFETs (S-SiC) is a preferred solution for isolated bidirectional DC-DC conversion. However, S-SiC cannot achieve zero voltage switching-on (ZVS-on) under some operating conditions, which compromises the efficiency and reliability of the converter. This paper proposes an optimization scheme for a DAB converter with S-SiC by focusing on the magnetizing inductance and voltage ratio. The operational modes of the converter under various conditions are analyzed, and key characteristics are identified to guide the optimization design. Finally, experiments on the developed 4kV/200kW prototype demonstrate enhanced ZVS-on scope and voltage sharing in the S-SiC.
A statistical study on the characteristics of ionospheric storms in the equatorial ionization anomaly region: GPS‐TEC observed over Taiwan

Positive and negative signatures of the ionospheric storms caused by the penetration electric field, disturbance dynamo, neutral wind, neutral composition, etc., have been reported. In this paper, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) derived from the records of a network of ground‐based GPS receivers in Taiwan is used to statistically study the characteristics such as local time of appearance and duration of the storm signatures of various casuals in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region during 1994–2003. A bias‐corrected accelerated bootstrap method and a z test are employed for the first time to detect each event, and the overall storm signatures and characteristics, respectively. It is found that the positive signatures that appeared minutes to hours after the geomagnetic storm onset are pronounced on the storm day and the next day, while the negative signatures that started hours after the geomagnetic storm onset can last for as long as the next 4 days. The positive signature is statistically significant and most pronounced, when the intense geomagnetic storm onset occurs during local afternoon, which suggests that the signature may result from a combination of the prompt penetration electric field effect and mechanical effects of equatorward neutral wind. Additionally, the negative signature that is statistically significant and most pronounced in the local afternoon of the storm‐onset day and/or the next day may be produced by the disturbance dynamo or overshielding effects. The long‐lasting negative signature occurred in local midnight‐noon period on days 2–4 after the storm onset may result from the neutral composition disturbances.
The design and study of a new micropulse Lidar

Micro pulse lidar(MPL) is an effective tool for atmospheric aerosol and cloud detecting. In order to make the structure of the micro pulse lidar more compact, solve the problem that it always very difficult to adjust the transmitting and receiving optical paths to parallel in the traditional system, avoid the influence of the geometric overlap factor and reduce the complexity of the data processing, Anhui institute of optics and fine mechanics of the Chinese academy of sciences designs a new type of micro pulse lidar, particularly designs the followed up optical unit of the micro pulse lidar. A combination of emitting and receiving fibers in a signal bundle changes the structure of the subsequent optical unit in the traditional system to make the transmitting and receiving optical paths coaxial. The public end of the Y type optical fiber bundle is composed of a transmitting optical fiber in the center and eight receiving optical fibers in the periphery. After a brief introduction of the new system, the key parameters of the new micro pulse lidar system and the Y type optical fiber bundle were described in some detail. In order to verify the feasibility of the new structure of the micro pulse lidar system, a continuous observation experiment was carried out in Hefei area to detect the horizontal distribution of the atmospheric aerosol and pollutions. The data measured in the experiment in the November 2013 was processed with Fernald method and the profile of the atmospheric aerosol horizontal extinction coefficient distribution was inverted. The data inversion results showed that: the data acquired by the new lidar system and the extinction coefficient distribution inverted by Fernald algorithm are all very reasonable, and the time-space distribution of atmospheric aerosols extinction coefficient can reflect the distribution of the atmospheric aerosol and pollutions near the ground effectively. All of the experiment results indicate that the design of the new micro pulse lidar system is effective.