Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Code Management Xianglong

Poor code locality degrades application performance, especially for large programs such as server applications, by increasing the memory stalls caused by instruction TLB and instruction cache misses. This locality problem is a particular issue for languages such as Java and C# that provide just-in-time (JIT) compilation, dynamic class loading, and dynamic recompilation. Managed runtimes for these languages offer the opportunity to dynamically profile an application’s execution and adapt that execution to improve performance. This paper describes the dynamic code management system (DCM) of our managed runtime that uses dynamic profile information to reorder JIT-compiled code when necessary to improve locality. To place method code, our DCM system supports the widely-used Pettis-Hansen procedure placement algorithm. In addition to this algorithm, we also developed and implemented three new placement algorithms. Our new algorithms can run up to 6000 times faster than the Pettis-Henson algorithm and still achieve the same or better performance improvement, which makes them more suitable for use in high-performance managed runtimes. The new algorithms specifically target ITLB misses, which typically have the greatest impact on performance. Using the DCM, we demonstrate a 6% performance improvement with our new Graph-Walking layout algorithm for the large MiniBean benchmark, a single-process version of the SPECjAppServer2002 1 enterprise application server benchmark. This performance is 4% better than that provided by Pettis-Hansen placement. Furthermore, instead of the prohibitively expensive 35 minutes Pettis-Hansen layout requires, Graph-Walking layout needs just 0.35 second (6000 times faster). ∗This work is supported by NSF ITR CCR-0085792, NSF CCR0311829, NSF EIA-0303609, DARPA F33615-03-C-4106, ARC DP0452011 and Intel. Any opinions, findings and conclusions expressed herein are the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsors. 1We use the SPEC benchmarks only as benchmarks to compare the performance of the various techniques within our own VM. We are not using them to compare our VM to any other VM and are not publishing SPEC metrics of any kind. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. VEE’06,June 14-16, 2006, Ottawa, Canada. Copyright 2006 ACM . $5.00.
Improving the Peer-review Process for Grant Applications

Peer review is a gatekeeper, the final arbiter of what is valued in academia, but it has been criticized in relation to traditional psychological research criteria of reliability, validity, generalizability, and potential biases. Despite a considerable literature, there is surprisingly little sound peer-review research examining these criteria or strategies for improving the process. This article summarizes the authors' research program with the Australian Research Council, which receives thousands of grant proposals from the social science, humanities, and science disciplines and reviews by assessors from all over the world. Using mul-tilevel cross-classified models, the authors critically evaluated peer reviews of grant applications and potential biases associated with applicants, assessors, and their interaction (e.g., age, gender, university, academic rank, research team composition, nationality, experience). Peer reviews lacked reliability, but the only major systematic bias found involved the inflated, unreliable, and invalid ratings of assessors nominated by the applicants themselves. The authors propose a new approach, the reader system, which they evaluated with psychology and education grant proposals and found to be substantially more reliable and strategically advantageous than traditional peer reviews of grant applications. T he purpose of this article is to critically evaluate and propose strategies to improve the peer-review process for grant applications. The peer-review process is highly valued but widely criticized as the primary basis for evaluating what is good in academic settings. In psychology departments and other academic settings, peer review is used to evaluate grant proposals, journal submissions , job applications, promotions, tenure, monographs, textbooks, doctoral theses, doctoral and postdoctoral applications , and other academic products In addition, peer review provides constructive feedback to authors that is useful in revising or implementing their work (Nickerson, 2005). More broadly, this process serves a gatekeeper role, acting as the final arbiter of what is valued and acceptable, a filtering system to establish what research findings are trustworthy—a seal of approval. Here we briefly consider previous research on peer review as a generic process, and then we present results from our research program, which focuses specifically on the peer review process for reviewing grant proposals. Despite the importance of peer review and its long history of controversy, there is surprisingly little empirically rigorous research in this area. For example, on the basis of experience with the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health in the United States, Chubin (1994) claimed that the peer-review process is so highly valued …
Determination of Soil Damage by Fuzzy Analysis

We analyse three soil horizons in each square kilometre of certain local area. The goal of the work is to determine the degree of damage to soil horizons by cluster analysis. From these analyses we constructed RGB maps that show areas with the same or similar damage of soil horizons in the whole area and we also tried to determine the degree of soil damage. We applied cluster analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis.
Technological innovation: Galbraith, the Post Keynesians, and a heterodox future

Galbraith, in his work on The New Industrial State, provides the crucial institutional base from which to appreciate corporate technological innovation. This approach is modified by the work of other institutional writers in the context of changing industrial realities, including the rise of start-up entrepreneurs. Post Keynesians have developed a monopoly capitalist research agenda that implies certain important elements of human agency that institutionalists have left unstated. Finally, this paper sketches important elements of a future heterodox analytical framework on innovation that incorporates Galbraithian and Post Keynesian features for understanding corporate business strategy and public policy management.
Effects of Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation on the Severity of Myocardial Ischemic Injury following Acute Coronary Occlusion: Counterpulsation and Myocardial Injury

The effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) on the magnitude and severity of myocardial ischemic injury were studied in 19 dogs following acute coronary occlusion and in two patients with cardiogenic shock. In the experimental group, epicardial electrocardiograms were taken from 10-14 sites on the anterior surface of the left ventricle following occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery or its apical branch. The average S-T-segment elevation ([see Equation in PDF File]) was used as an index of the magnitude of myocardial ischemic injury. In six dogs, two successive 20-min occlusions were performed, and IABC was started prior to the second occlusion. [see Equation in PDF File] 15 min following occlusion decreased from 3.3 ± 0.9 mv after the control occlusion to 1.4 ± 0.4 mv (P < 0.01) after the occlusion with IABC. In three dogs in which the occlusion was maintained and IABC initiated 30 min later, [see Equation in PDF File] decreased from 1.2 to 0.6 mv. In six dogs in which IABC was started 3 hours after occlusion, it induced a reduction of [see Equation in PDF File] from 4.2 ± 1.1 to 2.8 ± 1.0 mv (P < 0.01). In four dogs, ischemic injury was augmented by isoproterenol infusion (0.25 μg/kg/min), and while continuing the infusion IABC was initiated. It reduced [see Equation in PDF File] from 8.0 ± 1.9 to 5.7 ± 1.8 mv (P < 0.05). Thus, IABC reduced the magnitude and extent of myocardial ischemic injury after experimental coronary occlusion, both when IABC was employed prior to, and 3 hours following, coronary occlusion. IABC was also effective in reducing myocardial ischemic injury which had been increased by isoproterenol infusion. Employing a noninvasive technic, which utilizes 35 electrodes on the thorax, the effects of IABC were examined in two patients with cardiogenic shock associated with acute myocardial infarction. Preliminary observations in these patients confirmed the experimental results indicating that IABC reduced myocardial ischemic injury.
Cancer mortality among French Atomic Energy Commission workers.

BACKGROUND All causes and cancer mortality of 58,320 workers employed at the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) between 1946 and 1994 were compared with that of the general population in a retrospective cohort study. METHODS Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) were computed with reference to the French national population. RESULTS Between 1968 and 1994, 4,809 deaths occurred. A healthy worker effect is observed for men (SMR = 0.57, CI(90%) = [0.56;0.59]) and for women (SMR = 0.72, CI(90%) = [0.67;0.77]). Nine sites of cancer death were found to be in statistically significant deficit among men, none among women. An excess of pleural cancers is observed among men (SMR = 1.79, CI(90%) = [1.27;2.45]) and of malignant melanoma (SMR = 1.50, CI(90%) = [1.04;2.11]). An excess of breast cancer is observed among women on the borderline of significance (SMR = 1.14, CI(90%) = [0.94;1.37]). CONCLUSIONS Excesses observed will have to be related to occupational exposures in the on-going cohort study on French nuclear workers which includes a retrospective exposures assessment.
Word sense disambiguation for Turkish

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is the core and one of the hardest problems of many Natural Language Processing tasks. WSD is considered as an AI-complete problem. Although there are many approaches trying to solve this problem, many of them are not adequate to solve WSD problem for Turkish. Dealing with sense ambiguity for Turkish also requires dealing with stemming ambiguity as well as polysemy, homonymy and categorical ambiguity. In this study, largely known Lesk and Simplified Lesk methods are modified and adapted to Turkish. The main aim of this project is to minimize the word sense ambiguity for Turkish and this is performed by eliminating the incorrect senses as much as possible by applying proposed methods.
Searchers Seeking: What Happens When you Frustrate Searchers?

People searching for information occasionally experience difficulties finding what they want on the Web. This might happen if they cannot quite come up with the right search terms. What do searchers do when this happens? Intuitively one imagines that they will try a number of associated search terms to zero in on their intended search target. Certainly the provision of spelling suggestions and related search terms assume that frustrated searchers will use these to implement this strategy. Is this assumption correct? What do people really do? We ran an experiment where we asked people to find some relevant links, but we prevented them from using the most obvious search terms, which we termed taboo words. To make the experiment more interesting we also provided the traditional forms of assistance: spelling suggestions and related search suggestions. We assigned participants using a magic square to get no assistance, one kind of assistance, or both. Forty eight people participated in the experiment. What emerged from the analysis was that when people are frustrated in their searching attempts, a minority soldier on, attempting to find other terms, but the majority will stick with their original query term and simply progress from page to page in a vain attempt to find something relevant. This confirms findings by other researchers about the difficulties of query re-formulation. Our finding will serve to inform the developers of user interfaces to search engines, since it would be helpful if we could find a better way of supporting frustrated searchers.
The Predictive Power of Community, Family, and School Variables on Student Achievement on the NJ Ask Language Arts Literacy in New Jersey in Grades 6 and 7

THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF COMMUNITY, FAMILY, AND SCHOOL VARIABLES ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT ON THE NJ ASK LANGUAGE ARTS LITERACY IN NEW JERSEY IN GRADES 6 AND 7 This non-experimental, correlational, explanatory, cross-sectional study using quantitative methods sought to determine which combination of 20 out-of-school community demographic factors, while controlling for two school level variables, predicted and accounted for the most variance in New Jersey schools’ percentages of students scoring Proficient or above on the 2010 NJ ASK Language Arts Literacy in sixth and seventh grades. This study focused on both community variables and school level variables to determine whether the current federal and state evaluation policies in place for schools and school personnel that utilize student outcomes on high-stakes standardized assessments are reasonable. The study examined over 300 schools in New Jersey. Using simultaneous and hierarchical linear regression, two community variables, households over $200,000 and female households in poverty, were identified as statistically significant predictors at both grade levels. The contribution of households over $200,000 ranged between 1.2% and 44%. Although statistically significant in both grades, female households in poverty contributed a small amount of variance, ranging from 1% to 1.8%. Two other variables that represent poverty, all families in poverty and all people under poverty for 12 months, were also present in both grades, contributing from 3% to 48% of the variance in the models. These findings illustrated that family and community variables influence student achievement on high-stakes assessments in Grades 6 and 7. At the Grade 6 level, 76% of schools’ percentage of students scoring Proficient or above on the 2010 NJ ASK LAL were accurately predicted. At the Grade 7 level, 71.76% of schools’ percentage of students scoring Proficient or above on the NJ ASK LAL 2010 were accurately predicted.
Differentiated roles for MreB-actin isologues and autolytic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis morphogenesis

Cell morphogenesis in most bacteria is governed by spatiotemporal growth regulation of the peptidoglycan cell wall layer. Much is known about peptidoglycan synthesis but regulation of its turnover by hydrolytic enzymes is much less well understood. Bacillus subtilis has a multitude of such enzymes. Two of the best characterized are CwlO and LytE: cells lacking both enzymes have a lethal block in cell elongation. Here we show that activity of CwlO is regulated by an ABC transporter, FtsEX, which is required for cell elongation, unlike cell division as in Escherichia coli. Actin‐like MreB proteins are thought to play a key role in orchestrating cell wall morphogenesis. B. subtilis has three MreB isologues with partially differentiated functions. We now show that the three MreB isologues have differential roles in regulation of the CwlO and LytE systems and that autolysins control different aspects of cell morphogenesis. The results add major autolytic activities to the growing list of functions controlled by MreB isologues in bacteria and provide new insights into the different specialized functions of essential cell wall autolysins.
Optimal Monetary Policy with Sticky Nominal Debt Contracts

In this paper, in contrast to the standard "Optimising IS-LM" framework, the monetary policy problem arises from within the model. I consider the impact on the monetary policy transmission mechanism, and on the objectives of policy itself, when some consumers are subject to credit constraints, and debt contracts are sticky in nominal terms. The consumption of this group will respond both to fluctuations in output, and in the nominal interest rate. Monetary policy can be seen as a mechanism to achieve a more socially desirable outcome by redistributing consumption variance between constrained and unconstrained consumers. Assuming some positive weight is given to the welfare of both groups, a number of general features of optimal monetary policy can be derived. Most notably, that the real interest rate should optimally fall in the face of inflation shocks; and that the impact of demand shocks on output should never be fully eliminated.
Multi‐Hamiltonian structure of the Born–Infeld equation

The multi‐Hamiltonian structure, conservation laws, and higher order symmetries for the Born–Infeld equation are exhibited. A new transformation of the Born‐Infeld equation to the equations of a Chaplygin gas is presented and explored. The Born–Infeld equation is distinguished among two‐dimensional hyperbolic systems by its wealth of such multi‐Hamiltonian structures.
ON THE GRADIENT DESCENT IN BACKPROPAGATION AND ITS SUBSTITUTION BY A GENETIC ALGORITHM

Backpropagation is the standard training procedure for Multiple Layer Perceptron networks. It is based on the gradient descent to minimize the network error. However, using the gradient descent algorithm leads to some problems with the convergence of the training at all and to restrictions concerning applicable transfer functions as well. This paper describes a complete substitution of the gradient descent by a genetic algorithm, its implementation and practical results. By means of some benchmark applications characteristic features of both the genetic algorithm and the modified neural network are explained.
The photospheric abundances of active binaries I. Detailed analysis of HD 113816 (IS Vir) and HD 119285 (V851 Cen)

The high-resolution optical spectra of the two X-ray active binaries RS CVn stars HD113816 (IS Vir) and HD119285 (V851 Cen) are analysed and their Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Co and Ni contents determined, in the framework of a larger program of chemical analysis of RS CVn stellar atmosphere. The analysis of IS Vir and V851 Cen is performed with three different LTE methods. In the first one, abundances are derived for a large set of transitions (among which 28 Fe  lines, span- ning a broad interval in excitation potential and equivalent width, and 6 Fe  transitions) using measured equivalent widths and Kurucz LTE model atmospheres as input for the MOOG software package. The input atmospheric parameters and abundances are iteratively modified until (i) the Fe  abundances exhibit no trend with excitation potential or equivalent width, (ii) Fe  and Fe  average abundances are the same and (iii) Fe and Alpha elements average abundances are consistent with the input values. The second method follows a similar approach, but uses a restricted line list (without the Fe  "low excitation potential" transitions) and relies on the B − V and V − I colour indices to determine the temperature. The third method uses the same restricted line list as the second method and relies on fitting the 6162 A Ca  line wing profiles to derive the surface gravity. The reliability of these methods is investigated in the context of single line RS CVn stars. It is shown that the V − I photometric index gives, on a broader sample of stars, significantly cooler estimates of the effective temperature than the B − V index. All approaches give results in good agreement with each other, except the V −I based method. The analysis of IS Vir and V851 Cen results in both cases in their primaries being giant stars of near-solar metallicity. Their parameters as derived with the first method are respectively Teff = 4720 K, log g = 2.65, (Fe/H) =+ 0.04 and Teff = 4700 K, log g = 3. 0a nd (Fe/H) = −0.13. In the case of V851 Cen the derived iron content is significantly higher than a previous determination in the literature. Both stars exhibit relative overabundances of several elements (e.g. Ca) with respect to the solar mix.
The Einstein Telescope: a third-generation gravitational wave observatory

Advanced gravitational wave interferometers, currently under realization, will soon permit the detection of gravitational waves from astronomical sources. To open the era of precision gravitational wave astronomy, a further substantial improvement in sensitivity is required. The future space-based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and the third-generation ground-based observatory Einstein Telescope (ET) promise to achieve the required sensitivity improvements in frequency ranges. The vastly improved sensitivity of the third generation of gravitational wave observatories could permit detailed measurements of the sources' physical parameters and could complement, in a multi-messenger approach, the observation of signals emitted by cosmological sources obtained through other kinds of telescopes. This paper describes the progress of the ET project which is currently in its design study phase.
Contribution of the mGluR 7 receptor to antiparkinsonian-like effects in rats : a behavioral study with the selective agonist AMN 082

Background: Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been shown to be potential targets for numerous neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). We previously reported that ACPT-1, a non-selective group III mGluRs agonist, injected locally into the globus pallidus, striatum or substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), significantly attenuated the haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. N,N’-dibenzhydryl-ethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (AMN082) is a potent, brain penetrating mGluR7 agonist, selective over other mGluRs. Methods: The aim of the present study was to determine whether (1) activation of mGluR7 by systemic administration of AMN082 may produce antiparkinsonian-like effects in the haloperidol-induced catalepsy and reserpine-induced akinesia models in rats; (2) striatal and nigral mGluR7 is likely to contribute to such an effect. Results: We found that AMN082 (1 and 3 mg/kg) decreased the haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg)-induced catalepsy, but was not efficient in attenuating the reserpine (2.5 mg/kg)-induced akinesia. When given locally, AMN082 also significantly diminished catalepsy in rats; however, its effective striatal doses were 10-fold lower than those used in the SNr (2.5 and 7.5 pmol/0.5 μl/ side vs. 25 and 75 pmol/0.5 μl/side, respectively). Conclusion: The above findings support the idea that the activation of mGluR7 can produce antiparkinsonian-like effects in rats. Furthermore, our results indicate contribution of both striatal and nigral mGluR7 to the anticataleptic effects of AMN082.
Evaluation of the Gini‐index for Studying Branch Prediction Features

Predicting future outcomes based on past observational data is a common application in data mining. While the primary goal is usually to achieve the highest possible prediction accuracy, the interpretation of the resulting prediction model is important to understand its shortcomings for further improvements.Throughout this paper we focus on branch prediction, where the (binary) outcome of a test is needed for enhancing the performance of pipelined computer architectures. Many research has been done in this domain and different branch prediction solutions are described in the literature.The quality of a prediction model is highly dependent on the quality of the available data. Especially the choice of the related variables or features to base the prediction on is important. In this paper we evaluate the predictive power of different branch prediction features using the metric Gini‐index, which is used as feature selection measure in the construction of decision trees. We observe that through this Gini‐metr.