Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nori Decoding Codes on Graphs 2 . Probabilistic Decoding

Iterat ive decoding is a widely used technique in modern communications systems. The Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes of Gallager were the earliest codes for which iterat ive decoding techniques were dēned. These codes along with a simple iterat ive decoding algorithm were int roduced in the r̄st part of this art icle. Here we describe a probabilist ic iterat ive decoding scheme, also proposed by Gallager, and show how many modern iterative decoding algorithms are derived from his basic scheme.
The Emergence of Non-Match-to-Sample Behavior in the Developing Rat Pup

Between 15 and 18 days of age, rat pups develop an alternation strategy in a spatial non-match-to-sample task. Adapting the rat pups to the apparatus by housing them in it overnight, the difference in behavioral patterns can readily be observed in a single laboratory session. The opportunity of the pups to “nipple attach” to an anesthetized dam serves as the reinforcer. Discussion questions are formulated that encourage students to analyze the behaviors structurally, functionally and developmentally.
C-reactive protein and prediction of 1-year mortality in prevalent hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels remains uncommon in North America, although it is now routine in many countries. Using Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study data, our primary aim was to evaluate the value of CRP for predicting mortality when measured along with other common inflammatory biomarkers. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We studied 5061 prevalent hemodialysis patients from 2005 to 2008 in 140 facilities routinely measuring CRP in 10 countries. The association of CRP with mortality was evaluated using Cox regression. Prediction of 1-year mortality was assessed in logistic regression models with differing adjustment variables. RESULTS Median baseline CRP was lower in Japan (1.0 mg/L) than other countries (6.0 mg/L). CRP was positively, monotonically associated with mortality. No threshold below which mortality rate leveled off was identified. In prediction models, CRP performance was comparable with albumin and exceeded ferritin and white blood cell (WBC) count based on measures of model discrimination (c-statistics, net reclassification improvement [NRI]) and global model fit (generalized R(2)). The primary analysis included age, gender, diabetes, catheter use, and the four inflammatory markers (omitting one at a time). Specifying NRI ≥5% as appropriate reclassification of predicted mortality risk, NRI for CRP was 12.8% compared with 10.3% for albumin, 0.8% for ferritin, and <0.1% for WBC. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the value of measuring CRP in addition to standard inflammatory biomarkers to improve mortality prediction in hemodialysis patients. Future studies are indicated to identify interventions that lower CRP and to identify whether they improve clinical outcomes.
Saving potentials of Adiab. Logic on system level: A CORDIC-based adiabatic DCT

The energy consumption of digital systems can be greatly reduced by applying adiabatic logic (AL). Making best use of AL requires a dedicated system design regarding the inherent characteristics of AL. In this paper we investigate the CORDIC architecture, that can be used for various signal processing algorithms and is preeminently suitable for AL. For fast functional testing, we propose a methodology to describe AL in VHDL. An adiabatic CORDIC-based DCT is used as a test vehicle to demonstrate on system level the applicability of AL for ultra-low-power digital signal processing. We present an estimation method for the energy consumption and therewith compare a variety of static CMOS implementations of the DCT to our adiabatic DCT. The estimation results are verified by simulating the whole system in a 130 nm CMOS technology for various supply voltages. Even at a low supply voltage of 0.8 V the adiabatic DCT's energy consumption is less than 15% compared to the static CMOS implementation.
Object-level Vertical Search

Current web search engines essentially conduct document-level ranking and retrieval. However, structured information about realworld objects embedded in static webpages and online databases exists in huge amounts. We explore a new paradigm to enable web search at the object level in this paper, extracting and integrating web information for objects relevant to a specific application domain. We then rank these objects in terms of their relevance and popularity in answering user queries. In this paper, we introduce the overview and core technologies of object-level vertical search engines that have been implemented in two working systems: Libra Academic Search (http://libra.msra.cn) and Windows Live Product Search (http://products.live.com).
Who Works and Why

AS THE Bureau of the Census phrased it in 1940, women who work are those "in the labor force," those previously designated as "gainfully employed. " The suggestion is that women who are otherwise engaged are not working or that what they are doing differs in essential respects from the activities of other groups. Instead of inquiring, who does not work and why do they not, the question where women are concerned is, who works and why? "Working" is evidently a deviation from the norm. No such question would be asked concerning men. The expectation in their case is gainful employment. If the number of able-bodied males neither
Overcoming Barriers to Successful Environmental Advocacy Campaigns in the Organizational Context

This paper extends the scope of environmental communication studies from the public sphere to the organizational context with two main aims: first, to understand what barriers there are to individual environmental behavior and second, to suggest how these barriers can be overcome. The findings, based on 13 interviews in Finnish organizations that have implemented an environmental advocacy campaign, the WWF Green Office, support previous findings on individual and societal barriers and, in addition, suggest four barriers specific to the organizational context. To overcome different individual, organizational, and societal barriers, the findings suggest that environmental communication efforts in organizations should, for example, focus on small issues, concretize how action matters, and involve employees at all times. The paper concludes by arguing that while campaigns such as the Green Office can increase environmental awareness in organizations, they are largely ineffective in addressing the serious environmental challenges we face.
Type I IFN Modulates Host Defense and Late Hyperinflammation in Septic Peritonitis1

TLRs are considered important for the control of immune responses during endotoxic shock or polymicrobial sepsis. Signaling by TLRs may proceed through the adapter proteins MyD88 or TIR domain-containing adaptor inducinng IFN-β. Both pathways can lead to the production of type I IFNs (IFN-αβ). In the present study, the role of the type I IFN pathway for host defense and immune pathology in sepsis was investigated using a model of mixed bacterial peritonitis. Systemic levels of IFN-αβ protein were markedly elevated during septic peritonitis. More detailed analyses revealed production of IFN-β, but not IFN-α subtypes, and identified CD11b+CD11c− macrophage-like cells as major producers of IFN-β. The results further demonstrate that in IFN-αβ receptor I chain (IFNARI)-deficient mice, the early recruitment of neutrophils to the infected peritoneal cavity was augmented, most likely due to an increased local production of MCP-1 and leukotriene B4. In the absence of IFNARI, peritoneal neutrophils also exhibited enhanced production of reactive oxygen intermediates and elevated expression of Mac-1. Conversely, administration of recombinant IFN-β resulted in reduced leukotriene B4 levels and decreased peritoneal neutrophil recruitment and activation. Analysis of the cytokine response to septic peritonitis revealed that IFNARI deficiency strongly attenuated late, but not early, hyperinflammation. In accordance with these findings, bacterial clearance and overall survival of IFNARI−/− mice were improved. Therefore, the present study reveals critical functions of the type I IFN pathway during severe mixed bacterial infections leading to sepsis. The results suggest that type I IFN exerts predominantly adverse effects under these conditions.
Linking Unit Collaboration and Nursing Leadership to Nurse Outcomes and Quality of Care

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to identify the effects of unit collaboration and nursing leadership on nurse outcomes and quality of care. BACKGROUND: Along with the current healthcare reform, collaboration of care providers and nursing leadership has been underscored; however, empirical evidence of the impact on outcomes and quality of care has been limited. METHODS: Data from 29742 nurses in 1228 units of 200 acute care hospitals in 41 states were analyzed using multilevel linear regressions. Collaboration (nurse-nurse collaboration and nurse-physician collaboration) and nursing leadership were measured at the unit level. Outcomes included nurse job satisfaction, intent to leave, and nurse-reported quality of care. RESULTS: Nurses reported lower intent to leave, higher job satisfaction, and better quality of care in units with better collaboration and stronger nursing leadership. CONCLUSION: Creating a care environment of strong collaboration among care providers and nursing leadership can help hospitals maintain a competitive nursing workforce supporting high quality of care.
Differential regulation of feeding rhythms through a multiple‐photoreceptor system in an avian model of blindness

All organisms have evolved photodetection systems to synchronize their physiology and behavior with the external light‐dark (LD) cycles. In nonmammalian vertebrates, the retina, the pineal organ, and the deep brain can be photoreceptive. Inner retinal photo‐receptors transmit photic information to the brain and regulate diverse nonvisual tasks. We previously reported that even after preventing extraretinal photoreception, blind GUCY1* chickens lacking functional visual photoreceptors could perceive light that modulates physiology and behavior. Here we investigated the contribution of different photoreceptive system components (retinal/pineal and deep brain photoreceptors) to the photic entrainment of feeding rhythms. Wild‐type (WT) and GUCY1* birds with head occlusion to avoid extraocular light detection synchronized their feeding rhythms to a LD cycle with light >12 lux, whereas at lower intensities blind birds free‐ran with a period of >24 h. When released to constant light, both WT and blind chickens became arrhythmic; however, after head occlusion, GUCY1* birds free‐ran with a 24.5‐h period. In enucleated birds, brain illumination synchronized feeding rhythms, but in pinealectomized birds only responses to high‐intensity light (≥800 lux) were observed, revealing functional deep brain photo‐receptors. In chickens, a multiple photoreceptive system, including retinal and extraretinal photoreceptors, differentially contributes to the synchronization of circadian feeding behavior. —Valdez, D. J., Nieto, P. S. , Díaz, N. M. , Garbarino‐Pico, E. , Guido, M. E. Differential regulation of feeding rhythms through a multiplephotoreceptor system in an avian model of blindness. FASEB J. 27, 2702–2712 (2013). www.fasebj. org
FM Backscatter: Enabling Connected Cities and Smart Fabrics

This paper enables connectivity on everyday objects by transforming them into FM radio stations. To do this, we show for the first time that ambient FM radio signals can be used as a signal source for backscatter communication. Our design creates backscatter transmissions that can be decoded on any FM receiver including those in cars and smartphones. This enables us to achieve a previously infeasible capability: backscattering information to cars and smartphones in outdoor environments. Our key innovation is a modulation technique that transforms backscatter, which is a multiplication operation on RF signals, into an addition operation on the audio signals output by FM receivers. This enables us to embed both digital data as well as arbitrary audio into ambient analog FM radio signals. We build prototype hardware of our design and successfully embed audio transmissions over ambient FM signals. Further, we achieve data rates of up to 3.2 kbps and ranges of 5-60 feet, while consuming as little as 11.07{\mu}W of power. To demonstrate the potential of our design, we also fabricate our prototype on a cotton t-shirt by machine sewing patterns of a conductive thread to create a smart fabric that can transmit data to a smartphone. We also embed FM antennas into posters and billboards and show that they can communicate with FM receivers in cars and smartphones.
Predictors of Measurement Error in Energy Intake During Pregnancy

Nutrition plays a critical role in maternal and fetal health; however, research on measurement error of energy intake during pregnancy is limited. Data were analyzed from 1,023 women with singleton pregnancies in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Cohort Study. Second trimester diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Estimated energy requirement (EER) was calculated using IOM prediction equations with adjustment for energy costs during the second trimester. Implausible values for daily energy intake (EI) were determined using confidence limits of agreement for EI/EER. Prevalence of low energy reporting (LER) and high energy reporting (HER) was 31.8% and 12.9%, respectively. In a multivariable analysis, pre‐gravid BMI was related to both LER and HER; LER was higher in both overweight (OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.26, 3.02) and obese women (OR=3.29, 95% CI=2.33, 4.65) than in normal weight counterparts. Other predictors of LER included marriage and higher levels of physical activity. HER was higher among subjects who were underweight, African American, less educated, and had higher depressive symptom scores. Nutrient density intakes for fat, calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin C differed between LER and non‐LER subjects. LER and HER are prevalent during pregnancy. Identifying their predictors may improve data collection and analysis methods to reduce systematic bias in reproductive studies.
Iterative Node Deployment in an Unknown Environment

We consider the problem of deploying relay nodes to achieve connectivity with minimum cost in a sensor network of unknown radio propagation characteristics. For a network where a certain number of targets or sensing nodes have already been deployed in fixed and known positions, we aim at efficiently adding communication or relay nodes to guarantee connectivity with minimum cost, between any sensor node and a base station. The communication cost of a wireless link is defined as the expected number of retransmissions over that link and is modeled using an underlying Gaussian Process (GP) between the nodes. We propose an iterative sensor deployment approach that learns the parameters of the underlying GP while deploying the additional nodes in the best positions possible at each step. Our deployment algorithm is more powerful with respect to the ones found in literature since: 1) we do not assume fixed communication range, i.e., we do not assume that nodes can perfectly communicate within a fixed range and will not communicate at all outside that range (this assumption is not realistic for the wireless channel); 2) we do not assume the existence of a pilot deployment aimed at learning the radio propagation characteristics because of the high cost of the deployment process and of the sensor nodes themselves.
Expert System for Cartography Based on Ontology

The paper describes an expert system that helps in a process of a map sheet creation. The expert system is based on ontology that describes basic elements of a map sheet and geodata used for map sheet creation. The paper describes mainly how is the ontology used for building knowledge base of the expert system. The expert system is based on DROOLS software. The ontology is created in Protege software.
Automatic Identification of motion verbs in WordNet and FrameNet

This paper discusses the automatic identification of motion verbs. The context is the recovery of unrealized location roles from discourse context or “locational inference”, a special case of missing argument recovery. We first report on a small corpus study on verb classes for which location roles are particularly relevant. This includes motion, orientation and position verbs. Then, we discuss the automatic recognition of these verbs on the basis of WordNet and FrameNet. For FrameNet, we obtain results up to 67% F-Score.
Collective Amnesia and the Mediation of Painful Pasts: the representation of France in the Second World War

Museums and interpretation centres are one of the elements that contribute to the structuring of communal memories within societies. This article considers these processes through the specific study of the ways in which the collective memory of the Second World War in France has evolved. Emphasis is placed on an analysis of the representation of resistance in French museums and interpretation centres. An historical and spatial study of the development of these museums is also developed. This shows how the collective memory has been restructured in recent years as more and more people realise the need for a more ? honest? approach to the mediation of this difficult period in French history; a period that many would like to forget .
Structural findings in the basal ganglia in genetically determined and idiopathic Parkinson's disease

A bilateral compensatory increase of basal ganglia (BG) gray matter value (GMV) was recently demonstrated in asymptomatic Parkin mutation carriers, who likely have an increased risk to develop Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized BG morphological changes in symptomatic Parkin mutation carriers (sPARKIN‐MC) and idiopathic PD patients (iPD) after the occurrence of PD symptoms, reflecting the breakdown of compensatory mechanisms. Nine sPARKIN‐MC, 14 iPD, and 24 controls were studied clinically and with voxel‐based morphometry. Analysis of variance revealed mainly BG decrease of GMV in sPARKIN‐MC and to a lesser extent in iPD. However, a slight increase in GMV was also found in the right globus pallidus externus in sPARKIN‐MC and in the right putamen in iPD. This may reflect a structural correlate of functional compensation that can only partially be maintained when nigrostriatal neurodegeneration becomes manifest. Simple regression analyses with the UPDRS‐III and disease duration score revealed a distinct more bilateral linear decrease of BG GMV in sPARKIN‐MC than in iPD that may correspond to previous findings showing a symmetric reduction in putaminal 18F‐DOPA‐uptake and bilateral manifestation of symptoms in sPARKIN‐MC. In symptomatic PD, BG are subject to a progressive atrophy, which gradually increases with disease severity and duration. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Observatório do Trânsito: sistema para detecção e localização de eventos de trânsito no Twitter

Resumo. O Twitter se consolidou como uma plataforma popular para fornecer conteúdo gerado por usuários, que varia de simples conversação a informação em tempo real sobre eventos recentes. Muitas pesquisas demostraram que o conteúdo produzido no Twitter possui alto grau de correlação com o que ocorre no mundo real, o que levou ao desenvolvimento de aplicações em diversas áreas, abrangendo desde epidemias até eleições. Nosso trabalho é baseado no fato de que existe muita informação sobre trânsito disponível no Twitter, principalmente de per s especializados, criados para coletar e divulgar notícias sobre eventos de trânsito em algumas grandes cidades. Neste artigo, propomos um método para, dado um evento, geolocalizá-lo a partir do conteúdo dos tweets assim que são coletados. Os resultados mostram que conseguimos localizar bairros e logradouros com um grau de acerto que varia de 50 a 90%, dependendo do número de lugares mencionados nos tweets.
Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung der wahrgenommenen emotionalen Intelligenz

Zusammenfassung. Basierend auf der Trait Meta-Mood Scale (Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey & Palfai, 1995) wurde in 3 Studien fur 3 Aspekte der wahrgenommenen emotionalen Intelligenz (die Aufmerksamkeit auf sowie die Klarheit und Beeinflussbarkeit von Emotionen) ein deutschsprachiger Fragebogen konstruiert und validiert. Zwei faktorenanalytische Studien mit 341 Universitatsstudierenden fuhrten zu 3 entsprechenden Skalen hoher interner Konsistenzen (von .81 bis .88) mit hoher konvergenter und diskriminanter Validitat in Bezug auf verwandte Fragebogen. Die 3. Studie mit 95 Versuchsteilnehmern und 28 Photographien von 7 fazialen Emotionen (Freude, Angst, Ekel, Uberraschung, Wut, Trauer und Verachtung) bestatigte die Hypothese, dass Personen, die Emotionen starke Aufmerksamkeit schenken, den Emotionsausdruck bei anderen genauer wahrnehmen als Personen, die Emotionen wenig Aufmerksamkeit schenken. Abschliesend werden Fahigkeits- und Mischmodell-Konzepte der emotionalen Intelligenz diskutiert und das Verhaltnis .
The analysis of an anti‐fluorescein cytotoxic response

The detailed kinetics of the appearance of clones of anti‐fluorescein cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in a primary limiting dilution response have been examined. The addition of factors from the supernatants of concanavalin A‐stimulated rat spleen cell cultures was necessary to obtain linear dose‐response curves and strong primary responses. In a standard primary response the maximum detectable number of specific clones was found, on day 5, to be derived from precursors having a frequency of 1 in 10000 spleen cells. When limiting dilution cultures were restimulated on day 3, responses on day 5 were unaffected but new clones appeared on day 7 with a frequency of 1 in 1000. The emergence of the day‐7 response depends on the addition of factor(s) on day 3. It is proposed that the early low frequency precursors detected on day 5 and the high frequency precursors detected on days 7–9 are derived from two stages in the differentiation lineage of CTL precursors. Restimulation of limiting dilution cultures involves not only the continued clonal expansion of primary responses but also the emergence of new “clones” of specific CTL.
[The many faces of Actinomycosis. Results from a retrospective study in Iceland, 1984-2007].

INTRODUCTION Actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by Actinomyces spp. which are part of the oral, intestinal and vaginal bacterial flora. It can invade tissue through mucosal disruption and form abscesses which tend to be difficult to treat and diagnose. This population-based study explores the epidemiology and manifestations of actinomycosis in Iceland. METHODOLOGY All diagnosed cases of actinomycosis in Iceland 1984-2007 were identified by a computerised search using ICD and SNOMED codes. Clinical information was collected by chart review. The subjects were included in the study if they fulfilled two out of five diagnostic criteria. RESULTS 41 women and 25 men (mean age 45 years) met the diagnostic criteria. The incidence rate during the first half of the period was 0.86/year/100.000 and 1.17 during the second half.The cervicofacial region (42%) was most commonly affected, then the pelvis (32%), lacrimal duct (14%), abdomen (11%) and thorax (2%). Diagnostic delay was common. The longest delay from first symptoms to diagnosis was 8-9 years (median 5 months) and it was significantly shorter among patients with abdominal or pelvic infections compared to infections of the lacrimal duct (p=0.012). No significant difference was noted in diagnostic delay between other groups and no patients died from the infection. CONCLUSION This is the first population-based study of actinomycosis. The incidence rate increases with age and the time passing from first symptoms to diagnosis tends to be long.