Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The source of infrasound associated with long‐period events at Mount St. Helens

[1] During the early stages of the 2004–2008 Mount St. Helens eruption, the source process that produced a sustained sequence of repetitive long-period (LP) seismic events also produced impulsive broadband infrasonic signals in the atmosphere. To assess whether the signals could be generated simply by seismic-acoustic coupling from the shallow LP events, we perform finite difference simulation of the seismo-acoustic wavefield using a single numerical scheme for the elastic ground and atmosphere. The effects of topography, velocity structure, wind, and source configuration are considered. The simulations show that a shallow source buried in a homogeneous elastic solid produces a complex wave train in the atmosphere consisting of P/SV and Rayleigh wave energy converted locally along the propagation path, and acoustic energy originating from the source epicenter. Although the horizontal acoustic velocity of the latter is consistent with our data, the modeled amplitude ratios of pressure to vertical seismic velocity are too low in comparison with observations, and the characteristic differences in seismic and acoustic waveforms and spectra cannot be reproduced from a common point source. The observations therefore require a more complex source process in which the infrasonic signals are a record of only the broadband pressure excitation mechanism of the seismic LP events. The observations and numerical results can be explained by a model involving the repeated rapid pressure loss from a hydrothermal crack by venting into a shallow layer of loosely consolidated, highly permeable material. Heating by magmatic activity causes pressure to rise, periodically reaching the pressure threshold for rupture of the “valve” sealing the crack. Sudden opening of the valve generates the broadband infrasonic signal and simultaneously triggers the collapse of the crack, initiating resonance of the remaining fluid. Subtle waveform and amplitude variability of the infrasonic signals as recorded at an array 13.4 km to the NW of the volcano are attributed primarily to atmospheric boundary layer propagation effects, superimposed upon amplitude changes at the source.
Extrusion tectonics of the Okhotsk Plate, northeast Asia

Based on focal mechanism, geologic, and lineament data, faulting in the Chersky Range, northeast Asia, changes from right-lateral transpression between North America and Eurasia to left-lateral strike-slip between North America and the Okhotsk plate. The location of the Okhotsk-Eurasia boundary is poorly constrained; available data suggest this boundary is right-lateral. The Okhotsk plate is being compressed and extruded from between North America and Eurasia resulting in high levels of microseismic activity along the southern flanks of the Chersky Range.
Exact Sensitivity Equation for One-Dimensional Steady-State Shallow Water Flow (Application to Model Calibration)

Sensitivity analysis is an important tool that can be used for calibration of river flow models. Generally, friction coefficient is used as a calibration parameter for steady-state one-dimensional shallow water flow models. In this study, the local sensitivity analysis is used to derive a general rule for calibration of prismatic open channel models. For this, the sensitivity of the water depth to the friction coefficient is analytically derived for one-dimensional steady flow conditions in a wide rectangular channel. Also, the parameter of influence distance is defined to calibrate a channel reach using stage measurement at a given location. This characteristic distance allows 90% of the maximum possible variation in the sensitivity of the water depth to the friction coefficient to be captured. This parameter estimates the optimal length of a channel reach over which the friction coefficient can be calibrated from stage measurement. This length locates downstream of the stage measurement point in subcrit.
A parameterization of momentum roughness length and displacement height for a wide range of canopy densities

Abstract. Values of the momentum roughness length, z0, and displacement height, d, derived from wind profiles and momentum flux measurements, are selected from the literature for a variety of sparse canopies. These include savannah, tiger-bush and several row crops. A quality assessment of these data, conducted using criteria such as available fetch, height of wind speed measurement and homogeneity of the experimental site, reduced the initial total of fourteen sites to eight. These datapoints, combined with values carried forward from earlier studies on the parameterization of z0 and d, led to a maximum number of 16 and 24 datapoints available for d and z0, respectively. The data are compared with estimates of roughness length and displacement height as predicted from a detailed drag partition model, R92 (Raupach, 1992), and a simplified version of this model, R94 (Raupach, 1994). A key parameter in these models is the roughness density or frontal area index, λ. Both the comprehensive and the simplified model give accurate predictions of measured z0 and d values, but the optimal model coefficients are significantly different from the ones originally proposed in R92 and R94. The original model coefficients are based predominantly on measured aerodynamic parameters of relatively closed canopies and they were fitted `by eye'. In this paper, best-fit coefficients are found from a least squares minimization using the z0 and d values of selected good-quality data for sparse canopies and for the added, mainly closed canopies. According to a statistical analysis, based on the coefficient of determination (r2), the number of observations and the number of fitted model coefficients, the simplified model, R94, is deemed to be the most appropriate for future z0 and d predictions. A CR value of 0.35 and a cd1 value of about 20 are found to be appropriate for a large range of canopies varying in density from closed to very sparse. In this case, 99% of the total variance occurring in the d-data across 16 selected canopies can be explained, whereas the analogous value for the z0-data (24 datapoints available) is 81%. This makes the R94 model, with only two coefficients and its relatively simple equations, a useful universal tool for predicting z0 and d values for all kinds of canopies. For comparison, a similar fitting exercise is made using simple linear equations based on obstacle height only (e.g. Brutsaert, 1982) and another formula involving canopy height as well as roughness density (Lettau, 1969). The fitted Brutsaert equations explain 98% and 62% of the variance in the d and z0-data, respectively. Lettau's equation for prediction of z0 performs unsatisfactorily (r2 values
Clayey materials from the Sierra de la Demanda Range (Spain): their potential as raw materials for the building ceramics industry

Abstract This work describes the possible use of thick Early Cretaceous clay deposits, which occur in the southern sector of the Sierra de la Demanda range, as raw materials in the manufacture of ceramic articles. The global mineralogical composition is characterized by high proportions of phyllosilicates and quartz with variable quantities of feldspars, carbonates and hematite. The clay mineralogy differentiates two types of raw materials: illitic clay and kaolinitic-illitic clay. A granulometric distribution in the 2-60 μm fraction, good behaviour during the drying stage and acceptable results in firing tests confirmed that most samples can be utilized as raw material in the building ceramics industry. The range of suitable firing temperatures for these materials is 950-1000°C, a temperature which needs to be raised for samples with a high percentage of kaolinite and quartz. Moreover, other materials with abundant calcite (20-30%) are suitable for use as modifiers of some properties or colour.
Long‐period regional wave moment tensor inversion for earthquakes in the western United States

Source parameters of moderate to large size (Mw > 4.5) earthquakes in the western United States from 1992 to 1994 are determined by point source moment tensor inversion of complete long-period (T > 35–50 s) ground motions recorded at regional distances (1°–12°). Stable long-period signals are obtained by low-pass filtering records from the very broadband seismometers recently deployed in several networks in the western United States. These signals are dominated by fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves, which have very simple waveforms due to the limited dispersion on the short paths to regional stations. Since long-period motions are relatively insensitive to the attenuation model and crustal structure used in the inversion, they provide robust constraints on the seismic moment and faulting geometry as long as adequate azimuthal coverage is available. Comparisons of solutions for 21 events with results of other regional and teleseismic wave inversions are made to assess the model dependence and uncertainties of our regional centroid moment tensor (RCMT) solutions. RCMT inversion has limited source depth resolution for shallow crustal events, but the focal mechanism and seismic moment determinations prove quite stable over a range of source depths in the crust, as well as over a range of crustal propagation models. Simultaneous waveform inversion of shorter-period body wave signals can improve the source depth resolution. By applying path corrections for heterogeneous crustal structure, shorter-period surface wave energy can also be inverted, allowing the methodology to be extended to lower-magnitude regional events as well. The RCMT procedure requires minimal signal processing, only a sparse broadband network, and a simple laterally homogeneous propagation model; thus it can readily be automated and applied in near real time to events in the magnitude range from 4.5 to 7.5 distributed over an area as large as the western United States.
Aberrations in Energetic Metabolism and Stress-Related Pathways Contribute to Pathophysiology in the Neb Conditional Knockout Mouse Model of Nemaline Myopathy

Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease that is diagnosed on the basis of the presence of nemaline rods on skeletal muscle biopsy. Although NM has typically been classi ﬁ ed by causative genes, disease severity or prognosis cannot be predicted. The common pathologic end point of nemaline rods (despite diverse genetic causes) and an unexplained range of muscle weakness suggest that shared secondary processes contribute to the pathogenesis of NM
A Copper-Based Metal-Organic Framework as an Efficient and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Ullmann and Goldberg Type C–N Coupling Reactions

A highly porous metal-organic framework (Cu-TDPAT), constructed from a paddle-wheel type dinuclear copper cluster and 2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (H6TDPAT), has been tested in Ullmann and Goldberg type C–N coupling reactions of a wide range of primary and secondary amines with halobenzenes, affording the corresponding N-arylation compounds in moderate to excellent yields. The Cu-TDPAT catalyst could be easily separated from the reaction mixtures by simple filtration, and could be reused at least five times without any significant degradation in catalytic activity.
The Impact of Integrated Tariff Systems on Public Transport Demand : Evidence from Italy

The increasing problems of pollution and traffic congestion requires the definition of a model of sustainable mobility, in particular in the largest urban areas. An indirect control on these negative externalities associated with private transport may be pursued by means of policies aiming at improving quality and accessibility of public transit networks. To that respect, one popular option is the design of an Integrated Tariff System (ITS): the crucial question remains if such a policy can be effective in raising the number of public transport users. In this study we use a twelve-years panel of 69 Italian public transit providers (with or without ITS) and estimate alternative specifications of the demand function. Results show that the impact due to the ITS introduction is on average quite small, but it becomes more relevant when the ITS is characterized by specific factors making it more attractive for potential users, such as the validity over an extended network, the availability of a single ticket option and the application of zonal pricing schemes.
Monetary Policy Expectations at the Zero Lower Bound

Obtaining monetary policy expectations from the yield curve is difficult near the zero lower bound (ZLB). Standard dynamic term structure models, which ignore the ZLB, can be misleading. Shadow-rate models are better suited for this purpose, because they account for the distributional asymmetry in projected short rates induced by the ZLB. Besides providing better interest rate fit and forecasts, our shadow-rate models deliver estimates of the future monetary policy liftoff from the ZLB that are closer to survey expectations. We also document significant improvements for inference about monetary policy expectations when macroeconomic factors are included in the term structure model.
The novel gene asb11: a regulator of the size of the neural progenitor compartment

From a differential display designed to isolate genes that are down-regulated upon differentiation of the central nervous system in Danio rerio embryos, we isolated d-asb11 (ankyrin repeat and suppressor of cytokine signaling box–containing protein 11). Knockdown of the d-Asb11 protein altered the expression of neural precursor genes sox2 and sox3 and resulted in an initial relative increase in proneural cell numbers. This was reflected by neurogenin1 expansion followed by premature neuronal differentiation, as demonstrated by HuC labeling and resulting in reduced size of the definitive neuronal compartment. Forced misexpression of d-asb11 was capable of ectopically inducing sox2 while it diminished or entirely abolished neurogenesis. Overexpression of d-Asb11 in both a pluripotent and a neural-committed progenitor cell line resulted in the stimulus-induced inhibition of terminal neuronal differentiation and enhanced proliferation. We conclude that d-Asb11 is a novel regulator of the neuronal progenitor compartment size by maintaining the neural precursors in the proliferating undifferentiated state possibly through the control of SoxB1 transcription factors.
EFFECT OF MULCHING ON POTATO PRODUCTION IN HIGH ALTITUDE COLD ARID ZONE OF LADAKH

The study was carried out at the research farm of Field Research Laboratory, Leh (Ladakh) during 2002 and 2003 to determine the effect of polythene mulching on growth and yield of different potato cultivars. It comprised combinations of two potato cultivars (Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Chandramukhi) and three mulching treatments (no mulching, white polythene and black polythene mulching). Mulching had significant influence on potato growth and yield. Emergence, plant height, and number of stems improved with black polythene mulching. Kufri Chandramukhi was superior to Kufri Jyoti in growth parameters. Maximum tuber yield (35.2 t/ha) was recorded with black polythene mulching followed by white polythene. Kufri Chandramukhi produced significantly higher tuber yield (32.5 t/ha) than Kufri Jyoti (29.7 t/ha).
The nightside poleward boundary of the auroral oval as seen by DMSP and the Ultraviolet Imager

A lack of reliable error estimates for poleward auroral emission (PAE) boundaries derived from satellite-borne auroral imagers has hampered the application of these instruments in quantitative magnetospheric energy balance and substorm analysis. In this study, PAE boundaries from Polar Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) images are compared with precipitation boundaries from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite spectrograms. In particular, the study quantifies the accuracy with which UVI images can be used to reproduce the DMSP poleward auroral oval (b5e) boundary. Most of the DMSP b5e boundaries were obtained in the evening sector. It has been determined that a UVI PAE boundary defined by a fixed ratio to the maximum in the auroral oval at each magnetic local time correlates better with the DMSP b5e boundary than one defined by a constant brightness threshold (0.90 versus 0.80 maximum correlation). The optimal threshold and ratio values are found to be 4.3 photons cm−2S−1 and 0.30 normalized flux, respectively. The study also reveals a systematic latitudinal offset between UVI and DMSP in the evening sector with a magnitude of approximately 1°. This offset might represent a real height-dependent geomagnetic influence (e.g., active magnetic topology) or result from systematic errors in the analysis (e.g., removal of the UVI platform wobble). It is demonstrated that the offset can be partially removed with a linear calibration model, allowing the reproduction of DMSP b5e boundaries from UVI images with a standard deviation error of approximately 1°.
Toss-It: Intuitive Information Transfer Techniques for Mobile Devices Using Toss and Swing Actions

Mobile devices have acceleratedly penetrated into our daily lives. Though they were originally designed as a communication tool or for personal use, and due to the rapid availability of wireless network technologies, people have begun to use mobile devices for supporting collaborative work and learning. There is, however, a serious problem in mobile devices related to their user interfaces. In this paper, we try to alleviate the problem and propose intuitive techniques for information transfer, which is one of the typical usages of mutually-connected computers. Our system, Toss-It, enables a user to send information from the user's PDA to other electronic devices with a "toss" or "swing" action, like a user would toss a ball or deal cards to others. The implementation of Toss-It consists of three principle parts - gesture recognition, location recognition, and file transfer. We especially describe the details of gesture recognition and location recognition. We then evaluate the practicability and usability of Toss-It through the experiments. We also discuss user scenarios describing how Toss-It can support users' collaborative activities.
First absolute dating of Miocene Langbeinite evaporites by 40Ar/39Ar laser step‐heating: [K2Mg2(SO4)3] Stebnyk Mine (Carpathian Foredeep Basin)

Four langbeinite [K2Mg2(SO4)3] single grains from the Stebnyk evaporite mine have been dated with the laser step‐heating 40Ar/39Ar method. These yield very clustered ages, including a high quality plateau age of 14.31 ± 0.06 Ma for 99.5% 39ArK released. These Middle Miocene ages disagree with the inferred Early Miocene age of the Stebnyk deposit [Peryt and Kovalevich, 1997]. Therefore, langbeinite may be formed after primary evaporite deposition in a maximum time interval around 7.5 Ma, during a diagenetic process or as a result of a fluid circulation. However the stratigraphic age may have been also overestimated due to a complicated tectonic history and the absence of clear stratigraphic markers. This work confirms the suitability of langbeinite for 40Ar/39Ar dating. Langbeinite in evaporites may thus be used for stratigraphic dating when primary, or for dating diagenesis or fluid circulation when secondary.
Geography, Rebel Capability, and the Duration of Civil Conflict

Why do some armed civil conflicts last longer than others? Drawing on a contest success function model, we show that geographic factors (such as location, terrain, and natural resources) interact with rebel fighting capacity and together play a crucial role in determining the duration of conflict. Using precisely dated duration data in event history models and geographic data for the conflict location, we find that conflicts located at considerable distance from the main government stronghold, along remote international borders and in regions with valuable minerals last substantially longer. In addition, we find that rebel military capacity in its own right increases the prospects of a civil conflict ending within a short time period. Our findings imply that the distances an army must travel to project power, rebel fighting capacity, and characteristics of conflict region affect how a civil war is fought and who will prevail.
Long‐term trends in the East Australian Current separation latitude and eddy driven transport

An observed warming of the Tasman Sea in recent decades has been linked to a poleward shift of the maximum wind stress curl, and a strengthening of the poleward flow along the coast of southeastern Australia. However, changes in the East Australian Current (EAC) separation latitude, as well as in the contribution of the EAC, the EAC extension and its eddy field to the total southward transport due to such a strengthening remain unknown. This study uses 30 years (1980–2010) of the Ocean Forecast for the Earth Simulator (OFES) sea surface height and velocity outputs to obtain a three decade long-time series of (i) the EAC separation latitude, (ii) the southward transport along the coast of southeastern Australia (28°S–39°S), and (iii) the southward transport across the EAC separation latitude. A Lagrangian approach is implemented and the spin parameter Ω is used to provide a quantitative distinction between the transports occurring outside and inside (cyclonic and anticyclonic) eddies. Significant positive trends of the low pass southward transports indicate that the intensification of the poleward flow has occurred both within the EAC and in the EAC extension. In addition, a significant increase in southward transport inside and outside eddies is found. Importantly, the contribution of eddy driven transport has a large temporal variability and shows a sharp increase from 2005 onward. Finally our results show that the EAC has not penetrated further south but it has separated more frequently at the southernmost latitudes within the region where it typically turns eastward.
Migration Artifacts And Velocity Analysis

Kirchhoff depth migration is conventionally used for large 3D marine surveys. It has advantages for both fast track imaging and velocity model building. Conventional model building requires a depth-migrated common-image gather (CIG) (Al-Yahya, 1989) in which the reflectors are migrated multiple times using a multi-channel input dataset. If the prestack migration uses the correct velocity the seismic events will focus properly in the CIG regardless of any redundant axes (offset, reflection angle etc.). Otherwise, the seismic event will appear at a different depth. The difference in depths, the so-called residual moveout, provides information to update the velocity model. Generally, the moveouts are automatically picked from coherent seismic events in CIGs and this process provides the basis for an iterative tomography algorithm for complex velocity model building.