Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐velocity frictional properties of gabbro

High‐velocity friction experiments have been performed on a pair of hollow‐cylindrical specimens of gabbro initially at room temperature, at slip rates from 7.5 mm/s to 1.8 m/s, with total circumferential displacements of 125 to 174 m, and at normal stresses to 5 MPa, using a rotary‐shear high‐speed friction testing machine. Steady‐state friction increases slightly with increasing slip rate at slip rates to about 100 mm/s (velocity strengthening) and it decreases markedly with increasing slip rate at higher velocities (velocity weakening). Steady‐state friction in the velocity weakening regime is lower for the non‐melting case than the frictional melting case, due perhaps to severe thermal fracturing. A very large peak friction is always recognized upon the initiation of visible frictional melting, presumably owing to the welding of fault surfaces upon the solidification of melt patches. Frictional properties thus change dramatically with increasing displacement at high velocities, and such a non‐linear effect must be incorporated into the analysis of earthquake initiation processes.
Geochemical evolution in an advancing, periodically replenished, periodically tapped, continuously fractionated magma chamber

A summary of the development of ideas concerning geochemical evolution in periodically replenished, periodically tapped, continuously fractionated magma chambers lists 28 main conclusions or observations. The main body of the paper presents the derivations of the relationships which underpin these conclusions and lead on to a further 10 observations about the likely behaviour of such systems. If periodically replenished, periodically tapped, continuously fractionated magma chambers exist, they will evolve products whose phase petrology and trace element chemistry appear (in hitherto conventional interpretations) to require variable degrees of partial melting of in homogeneous source regions for their petrogenesis. When the additional effects arising from assimilation by the magma of the roof of the chamber and from variation of mineralogy at the solidus of even a chemically homogeneous peridotite mantle are added, the scope for confusion is greatly increased. Moreover, these relationships cannot be inverted in order to deduce uniquely the magma chamber parameters or mantle source compositions from a knowledge of the erupted products. Available evidence suggests that interpretation of many igneous provinces, especially that of the mid-ocean ridges, will be complicated by these considerations.
Achieving High Strength and Creep Resistance in Inconel 740H Superalloy through Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing and Thermodynamic-Guided Heat Treatment

Inconel 740H superalloy is commonly used in advanced ultra-supercritical power plants since it possesses excellent strength and creep resistance. This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 740H superalloy fabricated using wire-arc additive manufacturing. The as-printed microstructure consisted of columnar γ grains with the Laves phase and (Nb, Ti)C carbides as secondary phases. The anisotropy in grain structure increased from the bottom to the top regions, while the hardness was highest in the middle portion of the build. To guide the post-heat treatment design, thermodynamic and kinetic simulations were employed to predict the temperature and time. Complete recrystallization with the Laves phase dissolution occurred throughout the build after homogenization at 1200 °C for 2 h. The peak hardness was achieved after aging at 760 °C for 12 h with the M23C6 carbides decorating the grain boundaries and γ’ precipitates in the grain interior. The yield strength (655 MPa) and ductility (29.5%) in the post-heat treated condition exceeded the design targets (620 MPa, 20%). Stress rupture tests at 750 °C showed that the high-temperature performance was at par with the wrought counterparts. The fracture mode after rupture was identified to be intergranular with the presence of grain boundary cavities along with grain boundary sliding.
A Single-Controller-Four-Output Digital LDO With Priority-Time-Multiplexing Scheme and Clamping Loops in 65-nm CMOS

This brief presents an improved single-controller-multiple-output (SCMO) digital LDO regulating four separate outputs with only one digital controller. The shared digital controller employs a priority-time-multiplexing scheme for optimal performance. The area of the digital controller is reduced by 25% compared to the sum of four separate controllers. Dead-zone control is utilized to save quiescent power during steady state. Two 2-level comparators are employed to generate a 4-bit signal with minimum quiescent current. Clamping loops are also implemented to reduce the undershoot/overshoot. This SCMO digital LDO is verified in a 65-nm CMOS process. There is no cross regulation, and the proposed priority-time-multiplexing scheme ensures an efficient assignment of clock cycles to the most needed output.
High-power and single-frequency quantum cascade lasers for gas sensing

The quantum cascade laser is an unipolar semiconductor laser source emitting in the mid-infrared range between 3.5 and 25 μm. During the past ten years after their invention, this technology has reached the level of maturity required for commercialization, and QC lasers have thus become very attractive for a large number of applications, including gas sensing, pollution detection, atmospheric chemistry, detection of compounds, non-invasive medical diagnostics, free-space optical data transmission or even LIDAR. Most common requirements are single-mode operation on thermoelectric cooler, high power and/or continuous-wave. Nowadays several high-power single-mode QC lasers are available at Alpes Lasers in the range from 4.3 to 16.5 μm, with a side-mode suppression ratio larger than 30 dB. We present here a specific high-average power Fabry-Perot quantum cascade laser and a distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser operating near 8 μm.
The nature of soil particles particularly those reacting with arsenate in a series of chemically treated samples

Arsenate uptake by a surface sample of a lateritic podzol was controlled mainly by iron oxide particles in a very finely divided state of about 50 A in diameter. Despite their size, these particles had some crystalline characteristics - they had semi-regular appearance; had limited solubility in ammonium oxalate (in darkness) and in sodium pyrophosphate; and sometimes gave ring-type electron diffraction patterns identifiable as goethite. The particles contained a high degree of substitution of aluminium for iron. They associated with other soil components, for example, forming surface deposits upon larger kaolin flakes or else microaggregates with smaller ones. They reacted with soil organic matter, which caused marked inhibition of arsenate uptake. Titanium oxides competed with iron oxides for arsenate, and were able to dominate uptake when iron oxides were removed chemically. The behaviour of other components towards arsenate was described, together with their appearance, composition and stability during a series of successive chemical treatments. No iron-organic complexes nor poorly crystalline aluminosilicates appeared to be present. Some reputedly selective reagents extracted excess aluminium, most of it coming from chloritized vermiculite. Small kaolin particles were also dissolved and, in some cases,. this caused fresh precipitation of iron oxides from iron previously held within the clay lattice.
The jökulhlaup from Katla in 1918

The greatest event in the 20th-century glaciological history of Iceland has been the glacier burst of Katla on Saturday 12 October 1918. Several cubic kilometres of water and ice were transported by the burst, and over 0.5 km3 of magma surfaced from the Katla caldera. The volcanic material was transported by air and water, and part of it probably formed pillow lava at the eruption site. The volcanic material transported by water was deposited mostly on the Mýrdalssandur plain and at the coast, but part of it was probably carried out to greater depths by gravity currents as the water entered the sea. The peak flow rate during the jökulhlaup was probably over 3 × 105 m3 s−1 of water, with a further 25 Kt s−1 of ice and a similar amount of sediment.
Identification of geometrically consistent interest points for 3D scene reconstruction

The use of EM methods in the Malin sea has increased our knowledge of the sediment layer in this area. From EM data we have extracted a regional map of porosities, showing higher porosities in deep of the basin, probably due to more unconsolidated sediments. The anomalies observed when crossing pockmarks can be used with acoustic data and ground-truthing to trace the path of gas seepage and map gas accumulations.
Computer Vision for Bioacoustics: Detection of Bearded Seal Vocalizations in the Chukchi Shelf Using YOLOV5

Year-round recordings of bearded seal calls were collected in the northeastern edge of the Chukchi Continental Slope (Alaska, within the Arctic Circle) in 2016–2017, 2018–2019, and 2019–2020. While the underwater vocalizations of bearded seals are often analyzed manually or using automatic detections manually validated, in this article, a detection and classification system (DCS) based on the You Only Look Once Version 5 (YOLOV5) algorithm is proposed. With YOLOV5, the network learns how to detect and classify these marine mammals' calls using the principle of computer vision for object detection in images where bounding boxes enclose the objects of interest. During training, validation, and testing, YOLOV5 achieved an accuracy of 96.54%, 93.36%, and 93.87%, respectively. The DCS was applied to the three-year-long dataset, and an analysis of the vocal behavior of the bearded seals showed that there exists a geographical dependence where this species prefers shallower water depths in the Chukchi Continental Slope. Another advantage of using YOLOV5 over other typical DCS is that the predicted bounding boxes have embedded statistical information about the vocalization, such as the duration, bandwidth, and center frequency of the signals. This additional information equips biologists with statistical data that facilitate the analysis of animal vocal behavior.
DECADAL CHANGES IN THE HADLEY CIRCULATION

The Hadley circulation is one of the most important atmospheric circulations. The main goal of this paper is to investigate whether the Hadley circulation has changed in the past few decades as an integral part of global climate change. We focus on two key points: one is the horizontal scale of the Hadley circulation, and the other one is its strength. Using three meteorological reanalyses, we show that the Hadley circulation has a significant expansion of about 2 to 4.5 degrees of latitude in autumn for both hemispheres since 1979, and that two of the three reanalysis datasets show strengthening of the Hadley circulation in Northern-Hemisphere winter. Trends derived from general circulation model simulations are compared with observed changes in the Hadley circulation. It is found that most simulations show poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation, with weaker magnitudes. However, most simulations display weakening of the Hadley circulation, rather than strengthening
City Structure and Congestion Costs

This paper presents a model and an automated methodology for decomposing congestion costs in cities. We model a city as a directed graph and define the planner’s problem of finding the subgraph minimizing the congestion costs (latency) of endogenously-routing traffic flowing through the subgraph. We show that the minimal total latency subnetwork displays congestion directly proportional to city population. By applying an automated search algorithm on a widely available Internet mapping application, and hence sampling from the empirically implemented subgraphs, the paper estimates the congestion-minimizing distortions of city transit networks in a large sample of United States and Italian cities.
The Adriatic Sea general circulation. Part I: Air-sea interactions and water mass structure

Abstract A comprehensive historical hydrographic dataset for the overall Adriatic Sea basin is analyzed in order to define the open ocean seasonal climatology of the basin. The authors also define the regional climatological seasons computing the average monthly values of heat fluxes and heat storage from a variety of atmospheric datasets. The long term mean surface heat balance corresponds to a heat loss of 19–22 W m−2. Thus, in steady state, the Adriatic should import about the same amount of heat from the northern Ionian Sea through the Otranto Channel. The freshwater balance of the Adriatic Sea is defined by computing the average monthly values of evaporation, precipitation, and river runoff, obtaining an annual average gain of 1.14 m. The distribution of heat marks the difference between eastern and western Adriatic areas, showing the winter heat losses in different parts of the basin. Climatological water masses are defined for three regions of the Adriatic: (i) the northern Adriatic where seasonal .
Perceptions of Climate Change, Weather Shocks, and Impacts on Households in the MENA region

What are the perceptions of households in the Middle East and North Africa Region regarding changes in the climate of the areas where they live? To what extent are households affected by extreme weather events such as droughts or floods? And who tends to suffer the most from such events when they occur? This chapter suggests answers to these questions on the basis of new household survey data collected in 2011 in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and Yemen. The household surveys were implemented in two climate affected areas in each country. Overall, households in these areas do perceive important changes in the climate, for example with droughts becoming more frequent. While many households declare being affected by extreme weather events, with resulting losses in income, crops, livestock, or fish catchment, this is especially the case of the poor who appear to suffer the most from extreme weather events.
A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-l-carnitine in early-onset AD

Objective: To determine the efficacy of acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) on the rate of decline in early-onset AD patients. Methods: A 1-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted. Subjects were 45 to 65 years old, with a diagnosis of probable AD according to National Institute of Neurological Communicative Disorders–Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria and had a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 12 and 26. They were treated with ALCAR (1 g tid) or placebo. Primary outcome measures were the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Component and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Secondary measures included the ADAS Non-Cognitive Subscale, the MMSE, an Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL), and a Clinician-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC). Results: Two-hundred twenty-nine patients were enrolled and randomized to drug treatment, with 117 taking placebo and 112 taking ALCAR. There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. For the primary outcome measures, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups on the change from baseline to endpoint in the intent-to-treat analysis. In the completer sample only, there was less deterioration in the MMSE for the ALCAR-treated subjects. There was no difference in rate of decline on the CIBIC and the ADL scale. There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events by treatment arm. Conclusion: Overall, in a prospectively performed study in young-onset AD patients, ALCAR failed to slow decline. Less decline was seen on the MMSE in the completer sample only, with the difference being mediated by reducing decline in attention. A combination of ALCAR and a cholinesterase inhibitor should be tested for additivity.
Experimental Characterization of a Helical Antenna Integrated in the Rear of a Vehicle for C-V2X Communications

A helical antenna for Cellular-Vehicle To Everything (C-V2X) communications is manufactured and integrated around the car high mount stop light (CHMSL) area of a Ford SUV vehicle. The antenna performance is measured on a foam pillar, on a ground plane and on the vehicle, inside a near field measurement system. The antenna consists of three helical arms wrapped around a 3D-printed hemisphere with a radius of 4.8 mm. The helical arms are built using commercial wire with a radius of 0.127 mm. It operates in a monopole configuration, has an omni-directional radiation pattern and vertical polarization. The maximum measured realized gain of the antenna when integrated on the vehicle is 2.5 dBi at 5.9 GHz.
Improvement in the prediction of solar wind conditions using near‐real time solar magnetic field updates

The Wang-Sheeley model is an empirical model that can predict the background solar wind speed and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) polarity. We make a number of modifications to the basic technique that greatly improve the performance and reliability of the model. First, we establish a continuous empirical function that relates magnetic expansion factor to solar wind velocity at the source surface. Second, we propagate the wind from the source surface to the Earth using the assumption of radial streams and a simple scheme to account for their interactions. Third, we develop and apply a method for identifying and removing problematic magnetograms from the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO). Fourth, we correct WSO line-of-sight magnetograms for polar field strength modulation effects that result from the annual variation in the solar b angle. Fifth, we explore a number of techniques to optimize construction of daily updated synoptic maps from the WSO magnetograms. We report on a comprehensive statistical analysis comparing Wang-Sheeley model predictions with the WIND satellite data set during a 3-year period centered about the May 1996 solar minimum. The predicted and observed solar wind speeds have a statistically significant correlation (∼0.4) and an average fractional deviation of 0.15. When a single (6-month) period with large data gaps is excluded from the comparison, the solar wind speed is correctly predicted to within 10–15%. The IMF polarity is correctly predicted ∼75% of the time. The solar wind prediction technique presented here has direct applications to space weather research and forecasting.
Preserving Digital Public Television: Not Just an Archive, but a New Attitude to Preserve Public Broadcasting

Television production has shifted rapidly from an analog process to one where virtually all programs are created and finalized as digital files. Such productions in public television are at great risk of being lost, because practices for long-term preservation of digital video are just now emerging, and because there is no mandate for preservation within the public broadcasting system. NDIIPP funded Preserving Digital Public Television, a partnership between WNET-TV in New York, WGBH-TV in Boston, PBS and New York University, to build a model preservation repository for digital video files and to examine the broader issues related to operating such a repository. In addition to designing the repository itself, the project became a lead advocate for adopting technical and metadata standards across the television field. The project also successfully challenged the public television system to recognize that preservation is necessary to keep digital productions alive. This resulted in public broadcasting allocating money for the first time to launch an initiative with a goal of properly managing its collective archival holdings.
Phenology-based classification of vegetation cover types in Northeast China using MODIS NDVI and EVI time series

Remotely sensed data have been widely used for classification of land-use and land-cover (LULC) types. However, classifying different forest types in Northeast China using satellite images is still a great challenge because of the similar spectral reflectances of different tree species. The differences of vegetation phenological characteristics provide the potential of classifying the types using time series of spectral variables derived from images. In this study, time series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images obtained in 2012 for Northeast China were used to calculate various phenological metrics and to further derive amplitude and phase information of harmonic components using Fourier transforms. The separability of eight vegetation cover types plus water and built-up areas was then analysed using phenological metrics, and amplitude and phase of harmonic components. Moreover, a phenology-based decision tree classifier was developed to classify the types in this area. Out of 4900 national forest inventory plots, 3700 plots were used to train the decision tree classifier and 1200 plots to assess the accuracy of classification by combining the plots’ observations with the values of a published LULC map that had a higher spatial resolution and accuracy of classification using a window majority rule. In addition, three data sets from different temporal resolution MODIS NDVI and EVI time series and two similarity measures were compared for separability and classification of the types. The results showed that (1) Fourier transforms of NDVI and EVI time series led to the first four harmonic components (including component 0, average annual NDVI, and EVI) that captured the phenological characteristics of the cover types; (2) compared to those using only NDVI, the separability values of the classes using NDVI, amplitude, and phase increased from 1.71 to 1.95, implying the potential improvement of classification; (3) the data set from 10-day NDVI time series had higher classification accuracy than those from 16-day NDVI and EVI time series, although the EVI time series performed slightly better than the NDVI time series at the same temporal resolution; and (4) a classification accuracy of 83.8% with a kappa coefficient of 0.79 was finally obtained. This study implied that this method is applicable for classification of vegetation cover types for large areas.