Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ARTERIAL, CEREBROSPINAL AND VENOUS PRESSURES IN MAN DURING COUGH AND STRAIN

It has been shown in scattered reports (1, 2, 3, 4) from this laboratory that sudden changes of intrathoracic and abdominal pressure such as occur in coughing and straining produce simultaneous changes in the arterial pressure and in cerebrospinal pressure. It was argued that whereas these pressure changes may strain the arteries of the arms, legs and skin, the more vital arteries of the thoracic and abdominal organs and of the central nervous system are protected against the extra strain made when the intrathoracic pressure goes up during a cough or strain. The use of the differential manometer (5) has enabled us to show in a simple graphic form the differences in pressure which bear upon the peripheral and vital arteries and to differentiate the effects of direct pressure propagation from the secondary pressure changes resulting from the effects of intrathoracic pressure upon blood flow. Technical difficulties make it hard to use the intrathoracic pressure itself to work a differential manometer. It is therefore assumed that the gross changes in the intrathoracic pressure are the same as those in the mouth when the lips and nose are closed and the glottis open. A sudden expulsive effort under these circumstances is thought to have the same effect on buccal and intrathoracic pressure and to simulate the effects of a cough upon the hemodynamics. A prolonged expiratory effort against the mouthpiece is proposed as having similar effects to a strain against a closed glottis as in a difficult bowel movement and breathing deeply through the mouthpiece against heavy resistance is thought to illustrate an exaggeration of the effects of breathing upon the blood pressure. On these assumptions the pressure relationships were recorded as follows. The manometer is of the usual differential type as described elsewhere (5). It is a simple hypodermic manometer (1) whose moving parts are enclosed in an air tight chamber fronted with an optically plane glass plate. The manometer is thus constructed to measure the difference between pressures rather than pressure per se. The buccal pressure is led from a mouthpiece to the front chamber and the arterial pressure is led in the usual way to the manometer itself. The upper record in figures 1, 2 and 3 is from the differential manometer and measures roughly the excess of the arterial pressure over the intrathoracic pressure. That is to say it measures the pressure which strains on the walls of the intrathoracic and intra-abdominal arteries. The middle record is made by a manometer which is connected by a leaden T tube to the same arterial needle
"Oxygen effect" and tumor size as related to response of C3H/Ba adenocarcinoma to local X irradiation.

The C3H/Ba mammary adenocarcinoma transplanted into the thigh muscle of the C3H/He mouse, the inbred strain of mice in which the tumor originated, was studied by irradiation in vivo with am opposed pair of 250 kv x-ray beams. Tumors 7 to 10 mm in diameter were lethally damaged by 5500 r in greater numbers than tumors 10 to 15 mm in diameter. When the treatment was given while the animals breathed 100 per oent O/sub 2/ under 2 atmospheres of pressure instead of air at 1 atmosphere of pressure, results with the small tumors indicated that the increased oxygen tension slightly enhanced the cure rate; tumors 10 to 15 mm in diameter did not show a greater cure rate if the therapy were given under increased oxygen tension. The data show that there is a rapid and progressive anemia (decrease in hematocrit) with growth of the tumor. (auth)
Confronting Momentum: Mapping the Social Appraisals of an ‘Inevitable’ Motorway Capacity Expansion

Motorway capacity expansion projects are prominent causes for contestation. From a large technical systems (LTS) perspective, the concept of ‘momentum’ can be deployed to investigate social appraisals associated with such projects. Momentum is the end stage in LTS development, designating stabilization in the coevolution of social and technical system elements. In large-scale road infrastructure planning, momentum becomes manifest in the assumed inevitability of capacity expansion. Yet, as it remains unclear how momentum is confronted by situated actors, particularly within the remit of deliberative planning, this paper investigates the manifestation of momentum in the social appraisals of civil society actors involved in deliberating a case of ‘inevitable’ large-scale infrastructure planning. By using an exemplary case of a project on motorway capacity expansion in the Netherlands, it was investigated how momentum was acknowledged by actors, but perhaps also resisted or sustained. The paper finds that actors were quite aware of momentum, but that they largely refrained from resisting it as a result of the focus on impact mitigation in the deliberation. Furthermore, this focus sustained the necessity claim and underlying rationale for the motorway capacity expansion. However, the choice of whether to resist or sustain momentum could have been strategically motivated. The paper recommends that further practice and methodological research should focus on the challenges of teasing out social appraisals on momentum in the deliberative planning context.
Teaching international business management effectively

Presents the results of a survey of young British managers studying for their MBA about their views on the knowledge and skills needed to manage effectively across international boundaries. Presents respondents′ views on learning such knowledge and skills through traditional taught courses and through experienced learning. Short immersion courses taught overseas were found to be a very effective means of preparing managers to work in an international environment. Finally, presents a number of issues and dilemmas business schools need to face concerning the preparation of managers for roles in the international marketplace.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Remote Memory Pager

Traditional operating systems use magnetic disks as paging devices, even though the cost of each page-fault measured in processor cycles continues to increase. In this paper we explore the use or remote main memory for paging. We describe the design, implementation and evaluation of a pager that uses main memory of remote workstations as a faster-than-disk paging device. Our pager has been implemented as a block device driver linked to the DEC/OSF1 operating system, without any modiications to the kernel code. Using several test applications we measure the performance of remote memory paging over an Ethernet interconnection network and nd it to be faster than traditional disk paging. We conclude that the increasing use of fast local area networks will improve the performance of remote memory paging even more.
The influence of PISA scores, schooling and social factors on pathways to and within higher education in Canada

In this article, we use data from the Canadian Youth in Transition Survey (YITS). This survey has followed longitudinally the Canadian Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) students originally surveyed in 2000. The aim of this article is to look to what extent social factors (e.g. gender, parental education and socio-economic status), previous schooling (secondary school grades, etc.), and particularly PISA scores, play a role in shaping pathways to and within higher education. We look at the influence of these factors on access to higher education (university or college), and persistence in terms of graduation or dropping out within higher education. We conclude that PISA literacy scores, schooling and social factors appear to have a much greater impact on access rather than on persistence within higher education. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research and educational policies in favour of participation and persistence.
Investigating spatiotemporal dynamics of grassland changes by using multi-temporal Landsat images: A case study in central Xilingol, China, 1985 – 2010

A case study is conducted in the central Xilingol Rangeland of China to map temporal trajectories and spatial patterns of the grassland changes by using time-series Landsat images. 9 available scenes of Landsat images without cloud cover from 1985 to 2010 are selected for the experiment. First, the object-oriented image classification using different object features is conducted on the time series Landsat images. Then a hierarchy of layers in different years for change detection is deployed to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of land cover changes. The trajectory matrices of grassland changes are also generated. Following the factor analysis is conducted on the trajectory results. The experimental results show that the grassland during the periods, 1989–1991, and 2000–2004, is improved. The changes are closely related to the interactions of human activities and climate factors (precipitation change in particular). However, in general, Xilingol grassland is degraded from 1985 to 2010. More effort should be taken to protect the Xilingol Rangeland.
Modelling of Peripheral Fluid Accumulation after a Crystalloid Bolus in Female Volunteers - A Mathematical Study

OBJECTIVE To simultaneously model plasma dilution and urinary output in female volunteers. METHODS Ten healthy female non-pregnant volunteers, aged 21-39 years (mean 29), with a bodyweight of 58-67 kg (mean 62.5 kg) participated. No oral fluid or food was allowed between midnight and completion of the experiment. The protocol included an infusion of acetated Ringer's solution, 25 ml/kg over 30 min. Blood samples (4 ml) were taken every 5 min during the first 120 min, and thereafter the sampling rate was every 10 min until the end of the experiment at 240 min. A standard bladder catheter connected to a drip counter to monitor urine excretion continuously was used. The data were analysed by empirical calculations as well as by a mathematical model. RESULTS Maximum urinary output rate was found to be 19 (13-31) ml/min. The subjects were likely to accumulate three times as much of the infused fluid peripherally as centrally; 1/μ = 2.7 (2.0-5.7). Elimination efficacy, E(eff), was 24 (5-35), and the basal elimination k(b) was 1.11 (0.28-2.90). The total time delay T(tot) of urinary output was estimated as 17 (11-31) min. CONCLUSION The experimental results showed a large variability in spite of a homogenous volunteer group. It was possible to compute the infusion amount, plasma dilution and simultaneous urinary output for each consecutive time point and thereby the empirical peripheral fluid accumulation. The variability between individuals may be explained by differences in tissue and hormonal responses to fluid boluses, which needs to be further explored.
Side Effects of Thrombolytic Treatment with Porcine Plasmin and Low Dose Streptokinase

Summary In the sequential thrombolytic therapy with porcine plasmin and low dose streptokinase side effects are mainly due to bleeding, intolerance reactions are less important. Treatment had to be prematurely stopped in 42 (37%) of 114 DVT cases because of severe bleeding and in 12 (10%) due to intolerance reactions. The corresponding figures for the 45 cases with arterial occlusions are 15 (33%) and 2 (4%) respectively. The intensity of systemic proteolysis as represented by the thromboplastin time is significantly correlated with haemorrhagic manifestations. Macrohaematuria and bleeding from puncture sites are the most frequent haemorrhagic complications followed by spontaneous bleeding into skin and muscles. Non-fatal intracranial bleeding occurred in 1 DVT case (0.9%) and in 2 patients with arterial occlusions (4.4%). The benefit of this potent thrombolytic regimen would greatly improve if a strong reduction of premature treatment stop could be achieved.
Young Children's Number Sense in China and Finland

This study examined the influence of nationality, age and gender on Chinese (N = 130) and Finnish (N = 203) pre‐schoolers' number sense. Two highly correlated aspects of number sense were extracted: one reflecting the children's ability to organise and compare quantities (i.e. relational skills), and another pertaining to their ability to operate with number‐word sequence (i.e. counting skills). The results showed a significant age‐related gain in both aspects of number sense, whereas no gender differences were found. With respect to counting skills, the Chinese children outperformed the Finnish children irrespective of age, whereas in relation to relational skills, this was true only among the older children. Differences in language, teaching and cultural ethos are considered as alternative explanations for the findings.
PapA1 and PapA2 are acyltransferases essential for the biosynthesis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor Sulfolipid-1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces numerous exotic lipids that have been implicated as virulence determinants. One such glycolipid, Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1), consists of a trehalose-2-sulfate (T2S) core acylated with four lipid moieties. A diacylated intermediate in SL-1 biosynthesis, SL1278, has been shown to activate the adaptive immune response in human patients. Although several proteins involved in SL-1 biosynthesis have been identified, the enzymes that acylate the T2S core to form SL1278 and SL-1, and the biosynthetic order of these acylation reactions, are unknown. Here we demonstrate that PapA2 and PapA1 are responsible for the sequential acylation of T2S to form SL1278 and are essential for SL-1 biosynthesis. In vitro, recombinant PapA2 converts T2S to 2′-palmitoyl T2S, and PapA1 further elaborates this newly identified SL-1 intermediate to an analog of SL1278. Disruption of papA2 and papA1 in M. tuberculosis confirmed their essential role in SL-1 biosynthesis and their order of action. Finally, the ΔpapA2 and ΔpapA1 mutants were screened for virulence defects in a mouse model of infection. The loss of SL-1 (and SL1278) did not appear to affect bacterial replication or trafficking, suggesting that the functions of SL-1 are specific to human infection.
The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: Content and Construct Validity, Factor Structure, Internal Consistency and Stability

3 Abstract: Objective International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was suggested as the instrument of physical activity international measurement by WHO and CDC. The aim of this current study was to establish content and construct validity and reliability of IPAQ based on data from female employees of Tabriz University. Setting 200 female employees of Tabriz University constituted the research sample. Design and method In this cross- sectional study, the construct validity of IPAQ was conducted using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The mean of CVI and CVR was 0.85 and 0.77 respectively and indicated a good content validity for IPAQ. Viramax rotation was used for factor analysis and five factors were defined for IPAQ. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (0.7) indicated a good internal consistency for this instrument. Spearman Brown correlation coefficient (0.9) showed good test retest reliability. The findings of current study support the face, content and construct validity and the internal consistency and stability of IPAQ-L. This scale intends to fill an important gap long existed for researching and measuring PA among Iranian women employees.
UX6-100 nm generation CMOS integration technology with Cu/low-k interconnect

UX6-100 nm generation CMOS integration technology is demonstrated. Various transistor performances (UHP, HP, MP, over-drive), yields of unit processes and 6T-SRAM operation were verified using full-integration processed wafers. To meet the various performance requirements, multi-V/sub TH/, multi-thickness gate-oxide processes and low-leakage gate dielectric are incorporated in the FEOL. To suppress RC increase compared to the previous generation, low-k (k/sub eff/=3.1) interlayer dielectric and Cu dual damascene interconnects are incorporated in the BEOL.
PSO-based receding horizon control of mobile robots for local path planning

This paper discusses the problem of local path planning in a static-obstacle environment by designing a PSO-based receding horizon control approach. In order to avoid obstacles, a virtual robot is first designed and moves along the boundary of obstacles. Then, in the framework of receding horizon control, a cost function is proposed where the virtual robot and the target position are integrated, which implies that mobile robots are controlled to keep a security distance and velocity consensus with virtual robots, and to move toward the target position. Next, the proposed cost function with constraints is processed by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm such that the PSO-based receding horizon control approach is developed. By solving the proposed cost function, a control sequence is obtained and then the first control input is used to enable the robot toward the target and avoid obstacles. Finally, the performance capabilities of the PSO-based receding horizon control approach are illustrated by simulation results.
Robust H[subscript ∞] Output Tracking Control for a Class of Nonlinear Systems with Time-Varying Delays

This paper addresses the H∞ output tracking problem for a class of nonlinear systems subjected to model uncertainties and with interval time-varying delay. The stability of the nonlinear time-delay system is analyzed with a novel delay-interval-dependent Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Compared to state-of-the-art criteria for linear and nonlinear time-delay systems, less conservative stability conditions are derived with the introduction of new delay-interval-dependent terms and the exploitation of the delay subintervals size. The proposed analysis considers that the delay derivative is either upper and lower bounded, bounded above only, or unbounded, i.e., no restrictions are cast upon the derivative. Numerical examples are provided to enlighten the importance and advantages of the present criterion which outperforms previous criteria in time-delay systems literature. Also, an additional example is provided to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed H∞ output tracking control design technique for complex nonlinear systems with time-varying delay.
Access quality of care and medical barriers in family planning programs.

This article offers a conceptual scheme that clarifies the confusion and overlap existing among the definitions of "access" "quality of care" and "medical barriers" as these terms apply to family planning (FP) programs. After an introduction the article explains that these concepts are characteristics of the supply environment and apply to any type of service delivery point. The article also bases its framework on a distinction between what happens "inside" and "outside" of the service delivery point. The article then defines the terms and discusses related issues and concerns. The next sections explore the linkages among the terms and set forth the following research priorities: 1) developing methods of "scoring" various elements of quality 2) improving methods of measuring clients perspectives of access and quality 3) verifying the population-based effects of variations among the components of the concepts and 4) validating the presumed linkages among these concepts. Finally the article enumerates the policy implications of its attempt to clarify these concepts as follows: 1) access involves more than simply geographic availability of services points 2) access and quality must be enhanced concurrently 3) quality promotion should employ a humanitarian and a demographic rationale 4) expansion of FP services to include reproductive health services will require careful consideration of medical barriers as well as monitoring of levels of quality of care and 5) that it is important to have a balanced approach.
Good Inference and Context

The theme of this paper is the relationship between what one might call ‘speech act’ or ‘token validity’ on the one hand; and ‘formal’ or ‘type validity’ on the other. The former concerns the conditions under which the inference from premisses P to conclusion Q is properly made. The latter the study of what follows from what, the implication relationships between the sentences. One might expect the two to be related. Typevalidity of the argument from Γ to φ guarantees truth-preservation in its instances: if the premisses of an argument instantiating the type are true, then the conclusion must be true too. Hence (one would think), in deducing an instance of φ from instances of Γ, the validity of the argumentform ensures you won’t ‘start to go wrong’.
Replication of Judgmental Heuristics with Simplified Items and Familiar Content

A test for the effects of framing of decisions and for biases associated with the judgmental heuristics of representativeness, anchoring, and availability was given to college students. The items were modifications of the original items reported by Kahneman and Tversky, reworded for simplicity and familiarity. The subjects were instructed to try to imagine actual situations described in problems. The framing effects and the biases were replicated except in the case of insensitivity to prior probabilities.
Gender and Age Related Modulation of Xenoestrogen-Induced Tumorigenesis

Susceptibility to environmental stressors, same as cancer incidence is both age and gender related. Understanding the complexity of responses to living environment has been impaired due to research based on reductionisms and lack of methods, models and sophisticated softwares which enable analysis of complex pathways which may be disturbed by xenobotics. Impact of estrogen on development, maturation and homeostasis of organism in both genders is now well recognised and environmental investigations are currently making major efforts to understand how xenoestrogens affect organisms at very low doses. Additionally, it is of great interest to learn possible synergistic or antagonistic effects of xenoestrogen mixtures on adult organism and during development. The aim of this paper is to review the findings on the association between cancer risk and the endocrine disrupters which directly or indirectly mimic estrogen action.