Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wetlands as Climate Mitigation Infrastructure: A Carbon Footprint Assessment of the Wetlands of Kanton Zürich

4 INTRODUCTION . 4 GLOBAL CONTEXT . 4 THE ROLE OF NATURAL INFRASTRUCTURE . 5 WETLANDS AS INFRASTRUCTURE . 6 Nutrient Reduction . 6 Water Temperature Reduction . 6 Flood Abatement . 7 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation . 7 THE PROMISE, AND PITFALLS, OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES . 8 PROBLEM STATEMENT . 10 THE TROUBLE WITH WETLANDS & CARBON . 11 IPCC & SWITZERLAND PROVIDE GUIDANCE . 11 CASE STUDY SITE: KANTON ZÜRICH . 12 METHODOLOGY . 13 WETLAND SITE IDENTIFICATION . 13 WETLAND CHARACTERISTICS . 15 QUALITY CONTROL . 18 SUMMARY . 18 EMISSIONS FACTOR SELECTION . 19 Croplands with organic soil . 20 Wetlands with organic soil . 21 Mineral soil . 22 CARBON FOOTPRINT CALCULATION . 22 Total carbon footprint . 22 Individual wetlands areas . 23 Restoration Scenario Analysis . 24 RESULTS . 24 WETLAND CHARACTERIZATION . 24 TOTAL CARBON FOOTPRINT . 26 INDIVIDUAL WETLAND CARBON FOOTPRINTS . 27 SCENARIO ANALYSES . 29 DISCUSSION . 30 STATE OF THE WETLANDS . 30 UNCERTAINTY WITHIN CARBON FOOTPRINT CALCULATIONS . 31 Benchmarking . 33 WETLANDS AND METHANE . 34 WETLANDS AS CLIMATE MITIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE . 35 CONCLUSIONS . 37 RECOMMENDATIONS . 39 REFERENCES . 41
3D structure extraction for flying platforms with IR cameras

We propose a method for 3D-structure extraction from the image data of a flying platform equipped with an IR-camera. Due to the large distance of the camera to the target, trajectories with limited perspective variation and low resolution cameras the task is challenging. Our method is based on the extraction and tracking of line segments together with junction points of line segments. These tracks are afterwards used for 3D-reconstruction. In a second step knowledge about typical properties of man made objects is incorporated in the reconstruction results to generate intrinsically consistent structures.
Theory of inception mechanism and growth of defect-induced damage in polyethylene cable insulation

We have investigated theoretically the inception mechanism and growth of the damage inside the insulation system of a polymeric cable under working conditions. We focused, in particular, our attention on damage originating from microscopic defects such as voids. In order to clarify the implications of these defects for cable failure, we have developed a theoretical model based on the theory of electrical avalanche solving numerically its basic equations. Calculations of the ionization rates of atmospheric gas filling the voids are done as a function of the applied electric stress and void dimensions. Estimates of the energy release and local damage in polyethylene produced by the resulting hot-electron discharge are given. The developed physical model of damage growth compares reasonably well with known experimental data.
Synoptic‐scale variability of the polar and subpolar tropopause: Data analysis and idealized PV inversions

The synoptic‐scale variability of the polar and subpolar tropopause is investigated based on radiosonde and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis data in combination with idealized potential vorticity (PV) inversions. A regression analysis is performed to examine the relationship between the relative vorticity at tropopause level, the tropopause displacement, the static stability above the tropopause, and the anomalies of tropopause temperature and potential temperature. The results are compared with regression coefficients computed from a large number of PV inversions. Generally, a cyclonically influenced tropopause is lower, warmer and potentially colder than average, and the static stability above the tropopause is reduced. The opposite is true under anticyclonic influence. Typically, a cyclonic vorticity of 10−5s−1 is associated with a decrease of the tropopause height by 150–200 m. Correspondingly, the mean vertical temperature gradient in the lowermost 2 km above the tropopause decreases by 0.2– 0.3 K km−1. Moreover, an increase of the tropopause height by 1 km is associated with a temperature decrease by 3–5 K and an increase of the potential temperature by 6–8 K. Except for the last one, these values do not depend significantly on the strength and the sign of the tropopause anomaly. Distinct annual cycles are observed in parts of the polar regions. Most of the relations found in the data can be reproduced with the PV inversions, except for the observed linearity for large tropopause displacements which is not always reproduced very well. The annual cycles can be partly explained with the aid of the PV inversions. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
H- shape-resonance studies in an arc plasma

Calculation by Macek have shown that the H$sup -$ photoabsorption cross section should be affected by a shape resonance at 1129.5 A. This experiment is an attempt to observe the resonance in emission according to the reaction e + H $Yields$ H$sup -$* $Yields$ H$sup -$ + h$nu$. The plasma is in a condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium and is generated by a stationary wall-stabilized hydrogen arc. With an axis temperature of 14 000 K and 1 atm pressure, the H$sup -$ free-bound continuum contributes only about 2% of the total radiation which is dominated in the 1130-A region by the Ly-$alpha$ wing. However, the peak of the shape resonance, according to Macek, should have a cross section about 25 times greater than the continuous free-bound cross section; therefore, it should appear as a very noticeable 50% structure superimposed on the Ly-$alpha$ wing. Except for some small features which are attributed to weak molecular emission, there is no obvious indication of the shape resonance in either deuterium or hydrogen spectra between 1105 and 1135 A. It is estimated that the minimum feature which could have been detected at 1129 A was about 2% of the total signal. (AIP)
A New Look at Eddy Diffusivity as a Mixing Diagnostic

Abstract It is shown that the Eulerian-mean advection–diffusion equation for a passive tracer, q, can be cast, uniquely and exactly into where the bar denotes an arbitrary Eulerian average (spatial, temporal, or both), v* is a nondivergent effective transport velocity, and K* is a scalar that varies in space and time. Furthermore, K* = Kk + Km, where Kk represents (possibly nonlocal) along-gradient dispersion of tracer isosurface, whereas represents local mixing due to diffusion at unresolved scales (D) amplified by resolved (but averaged) fluid dynamical stirring. The amplifying factor, |∇q|2/|∇q|2, measures local roughness of tracer field and determines the spatiotemporal structure of Km. This factor is called “mixing efficiency” and it is proposed as a diagnostic of mixing. The mixing efficiency diagnostic is demonstrated using potential vorticity and nitrous oxide from the outputs of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) SKYHI general circulation model (GCM) analyzed on the 320-K isentropic.
Homeotropic nematics heated from above under magnetic fields: convective thresholds and geometry

The thermal convective instability of a nematic layer aligned perpendicular to horizontal plates displays original characteristics, due to the coupling of the nematic distortion with the temperature gradient; in particular the adverse temperature gradient threshold ΔTc can be modified by the application of a vertical (stabilizing) or horizontal (destabilizing) magnetic field. In addition, the application of a magnetic field H controls both the threshold of this instability and the geometric form of the instabilities above ΔTc.
LONG CARBON-CHAIN MOLECULES AND THEIR ANIONS IN THE STARLESS CORE, LUPUS-1A

We have recently discovered a new starless core with bright radio emissions of long carbon-chain molecules in the Lupus molecular cloud, which we have named as Lupus-1A. Toward this source, the peak intensities of the C6H and C8H lines are found to be higher than toward TMC-1 by a factor of 2–3. Even the lines of their anions, C6H− and C8H−, are also brighter than in TMC-1. Moreover, the line of C4H− has been detected for the first time in a starless core. The column densities of these long carbon-chain molecules are almost comparable to those in TMC-1, and hence, this source can be regarded as the second “TMC-1 like cloud. ” TMC-1 has long been an outstanding molecular cloud with rich carbon-chain molecules since its discovery in 1976. In spite of extensive efforts, no comparable sources have been found so far. Lupus-1A will be used for hunting of new interstellar molecules as well as understanding of carbon-chain chemistry through critical comparison of physical and chemical properties with TMC-1. This source is important not only for astronomy but also for molecular science as an ideal spectroscopic laboratory because of narrow line shapes and bright intensities.
Resampling Plans for Frailty Models

ABSTRACT Obtaining the standard error of the estimated heterogeneity in shared frailty models is in general difficult. Klein and Moeschberger (1997) show that the use of the observed information matrix is often not feasible because of its high dimension. Therneau and Grambsch (2000) use a nonparametric bootstrap algorithm to obtain standard errors for the estimated parameters in a shared frailty model. For parametric shared frailty models we define two model-based resampling schemes and use them to obtain standard errors. Based on a simulation study, we show that model-based resampling compares favorable to nonparametric resampling and that for all resampling schemes robustness is an issue of concern.
Implementation of the Semi-Lagrangian Method in a High-Resolution Version of the ECMWF Forecast Model

Abstract In this article the implementation of the semi-Lagrangian method in a high-resolution version of the ECMWF forecast model is examined. Novel aspects include the application of the semi-Lagrangian scheme to a global model using the ECMWF hybrid coordinate in the vertical and its use in a baroclinic spectral model in conjunction with a reduced Gaussian grid in the horizontal. The former Eulerian vorticity-divergence formulation is first converted into a momentum-equation formulation that is considerably more economical, thanks in part to the incorporation of Legendre transform efficiencies that were previously demonstrated for the shallow-water equations. The semi-Lagrangian formulation is presented in detail, together with a discussion of computational aspects that are relevant for executing the high-resolution model efficiently on a modestly parallel supercomputer. The impact of formulation changes is assessed via numerical experiments on a set of 12 independent cases. In particular it is shown t.
Research on evaluation and prediction method of consumer satisfaction based on convolutional neural networks

Perceived value of knowledge-based payment plays a decisive role in consumer behavior and decision-making. Studying the "black box" effect mechanism of perceived value of knowledge-based payment on consumer purchasing intention can help optimize marketing strategies of knowledge payment platforms. In this paper, we propose a method for evaluating and predicting consumer satisfaction based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Firstly, we collected and preprocessed a large amount of consumer review data and transformed it into a form that could be processed by our CNN model. Secondly, we designed a CNN model that combined convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers, and trained it using backpropagation algorithm. Finally, we used this model to evaluate and predict new consumer review data. Experimental results showed that our method effectively identified sentiment information in reviews, accurately evaluated user satisfaction, and predicted future satisfaction trends with relatively high precision. This proposed method can provide a more reliable means of evaluating and predicting consumer satisfaction for businesses, and has the potential for widespread application in the commercial sector.
ANALYSIS AND FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR A FLUID-SOLID INTERACTION PROBLEM IN ONE DIMENSION

In this paper we study a time-harmonic fluid-solid interaction model problem in one dimension. This is a Helmholtz-type system equipped with boundary and transmission conditions. We show the existence of a unique solution to this problem and study its stability and regularity properties. We analyze the convergence of finite element methods with respect to appropriate energy norms. Computational results are also presented.
An expert system for forming quadrilateral finite elements

A knowledge‐based system for forming quadrilateral finite elements, XFORMQ, was developed at the Centre of Flexible Manufacturing Research and Development of McMaster University, Canada. It automatically forms quadrilateral elements of good quality in conjunction with existing triangular mesh generators. XFORMQ can model geometries as complicated as those handled by triangular mesh generators. It allows for pre‐specified element sizes and rapid transition of element density. The concepts of ‘layer’ and ‘polygon patterns’, which considerably simplify the mesh generation rules and ensure the quality of formed elements, are introduced. Several test cases with different degrees of difficulties were used to evaluate XFORMQ's capabilities with satisfactory results. XFORMQ has the potential of generating meshes arising from the adaptive finite element analysis with quadrilateral elements.
A methodology to quantify the nonlinearity of the Reynolds stress tensor

Turbulent models provide closure equations that relate the Reynolds stress with kinematic tensors. In this study, we present a methodology to quantify the dependence of the Reynolds stress tensor on mean kinematic tensor basis. The methodology is based upon tensor decomposition theorems which allow to extract from the anisotropic Reynolds stress tensor the part that is linear or nonlinear in the strain rate tensor D, and the parts that are in-phase (sharing the same eigenvectors) and out-of-phase with the strain rate. The study was conducted using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for turbulent plane channel (from Reτ=180 to Reτ=1000) and square duct flows (Reτ=160). The results have shown that the tensorial form of the linear Boussinesq hypothesis is not a good assumption even in the region where production and dissipation are in equilibrium. It is then shown that the set of tensor basis composed by D, D2 and the persistence-of-straining tensor D·(W-ΩD)-(W-ΩD)·D, where W is the vorticity tensor and ΩD is the rate of rotation of the eigenvectors of D, is able to totally reproduce the anisotropic Reynolds stress. With the proposed methodology, the scalar coefficients of nonlinear algebraic turbulent models can be determined, and the adequacy of the tensorial dependence of the Reynolds stress can be quantified with the aid of scaled correlation coefficients.
The formation of elliptical galaxies by tidal interactions.

We examine the suggestion that elliptical galaxies result from the collisional heating of initially flat galaxies. We adopt a Maclaurin spheroid model for a rotating galaxy and investigate the rate at which galaxies are thickened by tidal encounters (including interpenetrations) in the isothermal cores of rich clusters of galaxies. The heating rate of galaxies in the cores of the densest clusters (e.g., Coma) is sufficiently high to explain the observation that elliptical galaxies are concentrated in such regions. Collisional heating also places an upper limit to the typical masses of black holes assumed to be isothermally distributed and sufficiently numerous to account for the nonluminous (''missing'') mass of the Coma cluster.
Piezoelectric Properties near the Tricritical Point on KF-Doped BaTiO3 Single Crystal

The temperature dependence of the piezoelectric constant d33, electromechanical coupling factor k33, dielectric constant ε33T and elastic compliance s33E for a single crystal of KF-doped barium titanate with a KF content near the tricritical point (TCP), Ba0.91K0.09TiO2.91F0.09 (KF-BT/0.09), was measured by a resonance–antiresonance method in a temperature range between 270 and 340 K. The single crystals used were grown by a KF-flux method and the largest single crystal was a cube of 5 mm size. A large piezoelectric constant and a large dielectric constant were obtained at 300 K: d33 = 300 pC/N, k33 = 0.59, and ε33T = 3,000. As the temperature increases, ε33T gradually increases toward TC but does not show any discontinuous changes at TC = 329 K; moreover, s33E and d33 increase with temperature between 270 and 310 K. However, above 310 K, they decrease toward TC. The fluctuation of the order parameter near the TCP induces these peculiar behaviors.
Discovering Causal Structure

The intended audience for this book, as stated by the author, is "industrial practitioners (managers, engineers, and scientists) involved in product or process experimentation and development" (p. xi). The author notes the scarcity of information for nonstatisticians on Taguchi methods and states that the book should be "useful to the statistically inexperienced engineer who would have some difficulty understanding and utilizing a traditional text concerning designed experiments" (p. xii). Most readers of Technometrics do not fit this last description, so this review will be oriented to those with statistical experience who may wish to consider recommending Taguchi literature to statistically inexperienced colleagues. The scope of the book is limited to basic "cookbook" applications involving product design and process development (offline quality control) as opposed to process monitoring (on-line quality control), as presented by Taguchi. There are eight chapters and seven appendixes, as follows: 1. The Economics of Variation 2. Introduction to the Analysis of Variance 3. Introduction to Orthogonal Arrays 4. Multiple Level Experiments 5. Interpretation of Experimental Results 6. Special Designs 7. Attribute Data
Damage evolution and recovery on both Si and C sublattices in Al-implanted 4H–SiC studied by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and nuclear reaction analysis

Damage evolution and subsequent recovery in 4H–SiC epitaxial layers irradiated with 1.1 MeV Al22+ molecular ions at 150 K to ion fluences from 1.5×1013 to 2.25×1014 Al cm−2 were studied by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and 12C(d,p)13C nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using a 0.94 MeV deuterium (D+) beam in channeling geometry. Disorder on both the Si and C sublattices was measured simultaneously from the RBS scattering and NRA reaction yields. The relative disorder on both sublattices follows a nonlinear dependence on ion fluence that is consistent with a model based on simple defect accumulation and a direct-impact, defect-stimulated process for amorphization. At low ion fluences, the relative disorder on the C sublattice is higher than that on the Si sublattice. Isochronal annealing up to 870 K revealed the existence of three distinct recovery stages at ∼350, 520, and 650 K for low to intermediate damage levels. In highly damaged samples, where a buried amorphous layer is produced, the ons.
Statistical model-based speech enhancement systems

This paper deals with the problem of enhancing speech signals that have been degraded by statistically independent quasistationary noise. The estimation of the clean speech waveform, and of the parameters of autoregressive (AR) models for the clean speech, given the noisy speech, is considered. The two problems are demonstrated to be closely related in the sense that a good solution to one of them can be used for achieving a satisfactory solution for the other. The difficulties in solving these estimation problems are mainly due to the lack of explicit knowledge of the statistics of the clean speech signal and of the noise process. Maximum likelihood estimation solutions that are based upon the E–M algorithm and its derivatives are proposed. For estimating the speech waveform, the statistics of the clean speech signal and of the noise process are first estimated by training a pair of Gaussian AR hidden Markov models, one for the clean speech and the other for the noise, using long training sequences from .
Quadratic Stability methodology by parameter dependent state feedback for LPV systems

This paper presents an alternative methodology to solve the quadratic stabilization problem via parameter dependent state feedback. Sufficient conditions for Quadratic Stability by parameter dependent state feedback are given, the LPV control law is gotten by a parameter dependent interpolation of LTI controllers (one for each vertex) solving the regulation problem. This technique is proved using an upper bound of the parameter dependent Lyapunov function of the system. The results are illustrated by a simulation example of a two-cart system.
Tracking the course of the manufacturing process in selective laser melting

An innovative optical train for a selective laser melting based manufacturing system (SLM) has been designed under the objective to track the course of the SLM process. In this, the thermal emission from the melt pool and the geometric properties of the interaction zone are addressed by applying a pyrometer and a camera system respectively. The optical system is designed such that all three radiations from processing laser, thermal emission and camera image are coupled coaxially and that they propagate on the same optical axis. As standard f-theta lenses for high power applications inevitably lead to aberrations and divergent optical axes for increasing deflection angles in combination with multiple wavelengths, a pre-focus system is used to implement a focusing unit which shapes the beam prior to passing the scanner. The sensor system records synchronously the current position of the laser beam, the current emission from the melt pool and an image of the interaction zone. Acquired data of the thermal emission is being visualized after processing which allows an instant evaluation of the course of the process at any position of each layer. As such, it provides a fully detailed history of the product This basic work realizes a first step towards self-optimization of the manufacturing process by providing information about quality relevant events during manufacture. The deviation from the planned course of the manufacturing process to the actual course of the manufacturing process can be used to adapt the manufacturing strategy from one layer to the next. In the current state, the system can be used to facilitate the setup of the manufacturing system as it allows identification of false machine settings without having to analyze the work piece.
Application of the Schur algorithm to the inverse problem for a layered acoustic medium

The Schur algorithm is a signal processing algorithm which works on a layer‐stripping principle. Its time‐domain version, the fast Cholesky recursion, is a fast and efficient algorithm well‐suited for high‐speed data processing. In this paper, these algorithms are applied to the inverse problem for a continuous layered acoustic medium. Three different excitations of the medium are considered: impulsive plane waves at normal incidence, impulsive plane waves at oblique incidence, and spherical waves emanating from an impulsive point source. The fast algorithms obtained for each of these problems seem to be computationally superior to past work done on these problems that employed Gelfand–Levitan theory to reconstruct the potential of a Schrodinger equation.