Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Response of Equatorial Waves to Thermal Forcing

The response of the stratospheric equatorial waves to thermal forcing is theoretically discussed, taking into account various factors such as the meridional distribution of heating and the vertical shear of the mean zonal wind. First we discuss analytically these effects based on normal mode models and then we treat a realistic three-dimensional model by numerical method. The horizontal structure of waves obtained in the models including the above effects indicates that the dominant wave modes are identified as Kelvin waves, mixed Rossby-gravity waves and n=1 Rossby waves, and that gravity waves are not prominent. The coexistence of gravity waves with the dominant modes, however, in the realistic model with maximum heating near the ITCZ makes the heating and vertical motion to be in phase, in agreement with observations, while in the single-component normal mode model they are in quadrature. It is concluded that mixed Rossby-gravity waves have the maximum response at wavenumbers 4-5 as observed, in view of the effect of vertical shear of the mean zonal wind on the selectivity of wavenumbers. In normal mode models hitherto treated the vertical wavelength of the dominant waves (resonant waves) was somewhat longer and hence the period was shorter, compared with observations. The defect still remains in the present model, though improved to some extent by introducing the realistic distribution of heating. Vertical structure of wind and temperature for predominant waves also shows different features from observed ones in the troposphere. Although some characteristics of observed equatorial waves are accounted for in light of the present model, these results suggest that the observed waves cannot be interpreted merely as the resonant waves by thermal forcing.
The Exploration of Effect of Model Misspecification and Development of an Adequacy-Test for Substitution Model in Phylogenetics

It is possible that the maximum likelihood method can give an inconsistent result when the DNA sequences are generated under a tree topology which is in the Felsentein Zone and analyzed with a misspecified model. Therefore, it is important to select a good substitution model. This thesis first explores the effects of different degrees and types of model misspecification on the maximum likelihood estimates. The results are presented for tree selection and branch length estimates based on simulated data sets. Next, two Pearson’s goodness-of-fit tests are developed based on binning of site patterns. These two tests are used for testing the adequacy of substitution models and their performances are studied on both simulated data sets and empirical data.
FERMILAB NEUTRON THERAPY FACILITY / NEUTRON SPECTRUM DETERMINATION BY THRESHOLD FOILS

The Fermilab Neutron Therapy Facility produces neutrons by bombarding a 2.21-cm-thick beryllium target with 66-MeV protons. The neutron beam is collimated to produce a desired field size and is monitored using dual parallel-plate ionization chambers. The neutron spectrum of this beam was determined by unfolding bare and moderated foil activation data and an MCNPX calculation of the spectrum was also performed. Aluminium and copper activation foils were selected for the neutron fluence measurement. The activation products in the foils were measured for various levels of moderation using polymethylmethachrylate (PMMA) slabs. Five reactions were considered in the experiment: 27 Al(n,γ) 28 Al, 27 Al(n,p) 27 Mg, 27 Al (n,α) 24 Na, 65 Cu(n,γ) 66 Cu and 63 Cu(n,2n) 62 Cu. The activities of these end products after the irradiation period were used to compute their production rates during irradiation. Responses as a function of neutron energy were generated for the production of 28 Al, 27 Mg, 24 Na, 66 Cu and 62 Cu using MCNPX and the LA150N library. The resulting response matrix was binned into 49 energy groups from 10 -10 MeV to 70 MeV and includes responses both for bare foils and moderated foils. The PTB code MXD_FC33 code was used to unfold the activation data. The resulting spectrum is compared to both the MCNPX-computed spectrum as well as a previous measurement by Cupps and Elwyn
Application of the Heath-Platen Estimator in Pricing Barrier and Bond Options

In this thesis, we focus on the application of the Heath-Platen (HP) estimator in option pricing. In particular, we extend the approach of the HP estimator for pricing path dependent options under the Heston model. The theoretical background of the estimator was first introduced by Heath and Platen [32]. The HP estimator was originally interpreted as a control variate technique and an application for European vanilla options was presented in [32]. For European vanilla options, the HP estimator provided a considerable amount of variance reduction. Thus, applying the technique for path dependent options under the Heston model is the main contribution of this thesis. The first part of the thesis deals with the implementation of the HP estimator for pricing one-sided knockout barrier options. The main difficulty for the implementation of the HP estimator is located in the determination of the first hitting time of the barrier. To test the efficiency of the HP estimator we conduct numerical tests with regard to various aspects. We provide a comparison among the crude Monte Carlo estimation, the crude control variate technique and the HP estimator for all types of barrier options. Furthermore, we present the numerical results for at the money, in the money and out of the money barrier options. As numerical results imply, the HP estimator performs superior among others for pricing one-sided knockout barrier options under the Heston model. Another contribution of this thesis is the application of the HP estimator in pricing bond options under the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model and the Fong-Vasicek (FV) model. As suggested in the original paper of Heath and Platen [32], the HP estimator has a wide range of applicability for derivative pricing. Therefore, transferring the structure of the HP estimator for pricing bond options is a promising contribution. As the approximating Vasicek process does not seem to be as good as the deterministic volatility process in the Heston setting, the performance of the HP estimator in the CIR model is only relatively good. However, for the FV model the variance reduction provided by the HP estimator is again considerable. Finally, the numerical result concerning the weak convergence rate of the HP estimator for pricing European vanilla options in the Heston model is presented. As supported by numerical analysis, the HP estimator has weak convergence of order almost 1.
Calcium Borohydride Ca(BH4)2: Fundamentals, Prediction and Probing for High-Capacity Energy Storage Applications, Organic Synthesis and Catalysis

Calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4)2) is a complex hydride that has been less investigated compared to its lighter counterpart, magnesium borohydride. While offering slightly lower hydrogen storage capacity (11.5 wt% theoretical maximum, 9.6 wt% under actual dehydrogenation conditions), there are many improvement avenues for maximizing the reversible hydrogen storage that have been explored recently, from DFT calculations and polymorph investigations to reactive hydride composites (RHCs) and catalytic and nanosizing effects. The stability of Ca(BH4)2, the possibility of regeneration from spent products, and the relatively mild dehydrogenation conditions make calcium borohydride an attractive compound for hydrogen storage purposes. The ionic conductivity enhancements brought about by the rich speciation of borohydride anions can extend the use of Ca(BH4)2 to battery applications, considering the abundance of Ca relative to alkali metal borohydrides typically used for this purpose. The current work aims to review the synthetic strategies, structural considerations of various polymorphs and adducts, and hydrogen storage capacity of composites based on calcium borohydrides and related complex hydrides (mixed anions, mixed cations, additives, catalysts, etc.). Additional applications related to batteries, organic and organometallic chemistry, and catalysis have been briefly described.
Multiwavelength based on nonlinear optics of intensity and phase modulators

Abstract. This paper presents a simple method for generating multiwavelength using a nonlinear effect of cascaded intensity and phase modulators. Both of the modulators are driven by sinusoidal waveform. The multiwavelength lasing can be achieved by setting the ideal value of the amplitude of the sinusoidal waveform, and the flatness of the generated wavelengths can be improved by setting an optimum value of the direct current (DC) bias of intensity modulator. Moreover, single-mode fiber along with Raman scattering effect is needed to amplify and suppress the side bands; hence, a customized number of wavelengths can be achieved. Results show that more flatness wavelengths could be achieved when the DC bias to amplitude ratio is within the range (α=0.1 to 0.14). Moreover, α to phase modulator’s voltage ratio should be 0.1.
On the Neighbourhood Polynomial

vi List of Abbreviations and Symbols Used . vii Acknowledgements . ix Chapter
Model of tunnelling through double quantum layer in a magnetic field

Since the publication of famous Hofstadter paper [1], research interest in the spectral properties of twodimensional periodic arrays in a magnetic field has greatly increased. The fractal structure of the spectrum has been a theoretical result for long time, but subsequently, experimental confirmation was obtained. Electron tunneling through periodic array of quantum dots in a homogeneous magnetic field has been intensively investigated over the last few years because it can be relevant for nanotechnology applications [2–4]. There are several different approaches for building models of quantum dot arrays. In this paper, the zero-range potential model [5,6] based on the theory of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators is used (see, e.g., [7–12] and references in [13]). One of its benefits is that the model is explicitly solvable. In double-layer lattices, the layer number provides an additional degree of freedom, which leads to some interesting experimentally measurable physical effects [14]. We suggest several explicitly solvable models for double two-dimensional layer of quantum dots using the approach described in [15]. Because of high quality of nanostructure devices, large Fermi wave length (i.e. the de Broglie wavelength of electrons with energy close to the Fermi energy) (4×10−8 m) and long mean free path of electron (10−5 m) can be observed. Therefore, one deals with the ballistic regime of electron transport. In this case, the Landauer-Buttiker formalism can be used to derive the conductivity σ for the nanostructure with several leads from the transmission coefficient T (E)|E=EF (here EF is the Fermi energy). In the simplest case (one incoming and one outgoing channel), the Landauer formula has the form σ = e T h̄(1−T ) [16]. Here, e is the electron charge, h̄ is the Planck’s constant. The geometry of a nanostructure can influence transmission coefficient significantly [17]. In this article we, consider tunneling in the system consisting of double two-dimensional periodic array (with square or hexagonal (honeycomb) lattices in each layer) of quantum dots with two connected semi-infinite leads orthogonal to the plane of the array. We study the influence of the magnetic field and tunneling electron energy on the transmission coefficient and compare our results with the tunneling through the corresponding singlelayer periodic arrays studied earlier [18, 19]. The main ideas of the present paper was described in an extended abstract [20]. We start from the Hamiltonian of a single particle in constant homogeneous magnetic field B. Let us assume that particle has mass m and electric charge e. Since the space is R, we choose a standard basis i, j,k such that B is collinear to k: B = Bk, B 6= 0. Then, the particle can move freely along z axis, and the state space of the model is L(R), where R is the plane based on vectors i, j. The Hamiltonian H0 has the following form:
Assessment of the Microbial Communities in Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Using Next-Generation Sequencing Tools

Microbial communities are known to play a principal role in petroleum degradation. This study tries to determine the composition of bacteria in selected crude oil-contaminated soil from Tabasco and Tamaulipas states, Mexico. We determined the microbial populations living under these conditions. We evaluated the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the contaminated soil samples. The most abundant phylum is proteobacteria. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis of the sampled soils from both states revealed that this phylum has the most relative abundance among the identified bacteria phyla. The heatmap represented the relative percentage of each genus within each sample and clustered the four samples into two groups. Moreover, this allowed us to identify many genera in alkaline soil from Tamaulipas, such as Skermanella sp. , Azospirillum sp. and Unclassified species from the Rhodospirillaceae family in higher abundance. Meanwhile, in acidic soil from Tabasco, we identified Thalassospira, Unclassified members of the Sphingomonadaceae family and Unclassified members of the Alphaproteobacteria class with higher abundance. Alpha diversity analysis showed a low diversity (Shannon and Simpson index); Chao observed species in both Regions. These results suggest that the bacteria identified in these genera may possess the ability to degrade petroleum, and further studies in the future should elucidate their role in petroleum degradation.
Nobeyama 45m CO Galactic Plane Survey: Filament properties and star formation in M17

Abstract We present the 12CO J=1–0, 13CO J=1–0, and C18O J=1–0 maps of the M17 giant molecular clouds (GMCs) obtained as a part of the Nobeyama 45m CO Galactic Plane Survey. The observations cover the entire area of M17 SW and M17 N clouds at an angular resolution of ~ 15″ which corresponds to ~ 0.15 pc. We found that the N cloud consists of a couple of twisted filaments, they are extended in parallel toward the Hii region. The typicall width of the filaments is ~0.5 pc in 13CO intensity map. Most of young stellar objects (YSOs) are located on the filaments which have a bright rim structure in 8μm at the filament edge facing the Hii region. Furthermore, the time scale of the YSOs formation on the bright rim is comparable with that of NGC 6618 cluster which provides UV photons for the region. This fact indicates that the cluster triggered to form YSOs in N cloud. We also investigated the geometry of the Hii region and GMCs by comparing spatial distribution of 12CO velocity channel map and infrared dark cloud, and then found that NGC 6618 is possibly formed by the cloud cloud colision.
Religious life in schooled society? A global study of the relationship between schooling and religiosity in 76 countries

The thesis that schooling inevitably leads to secularization continues to be debated. Indeed, while education has become a central and authoritative institution across the world, religiosity seems to persist. An alternative hypothesis proposes that recognizing the cultural aspects of the growth of “schooled societies” may reveal unexpected compatibilities between education and religiosity. However, research that both empirically integrates these aspects and examines their relationship with religiosity from a global perspective remains scarce. Against this background, this article first constructs a macro-level indicator that taps into cross-national variation in the different dimensions of “schooled societies. ” Subsequently, we examine its relationship with the subjective importance of religion in people’s lives and individual-level educational differences in religiosity. Results based on data from 94,011 respondents across 76 countries show that in societies that are more “schooled,” people generally tend to be less religious. Moreover, the development of a schooled society moderates the relationship between educational attainment and religiosity. In societies that show more characteristics of a schooled society, especially less educated people are likely to remain religious. Finally, we found that our new indicator for the schooled society explained more variance than other, less fine-grained indicators of this concept. This illustrates the added value of a more comprehensive indicator for the role of schooling as an institution. In the conclusion, we use our findings to outline a research agenda.
Land use influence on ambient PM2.5 and ammonia concentrations: Correlation analyses in the Lombardy region, Italy

Abstract. Air pollution is identified as the primary environmental risk to health worldwide. Although most of the anthropic emissions are due to combustion processes, intensive farming activities may also contribute significantly, especially as a source of particulate matter 2.5 and ammonia. Investigations on particulate matter and precursors dynamics, identifying the most relevant environmental factors influencing their emissions, are critical to improving local and regional air quality policies. This work presents an analysis of the correlation between particulate matter 2.5 and ammonia concentrations, obtained from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, and local land use characteristics, to investigate the influence of agricultural activities on the space-time pollutant concentration patterns. The selected study area is the Lombardy region, northern Italy. Correlation is evaluated through Spearman’s coefficient. Agricultural areas resulted in a significant factor for high ammonia concentrations, while particulate matter 2.5 was strongly correlated with built-up areas. Natural areas resulted instead a protective factor for both pollutants. Results provide data-driven evidence of the land use effect on air quality, also quantifying such effects in terms of correlation coefficients magnitude.
Models Comparison Based On Intrusion Detection Using Machine Learning

Network security is the greatest challenges in our current generation. Network intrusion detection (NID) is one of the fundamental techniques used to protect computer networks from threads. However, there is contemplation on the possibility and sustainability of the traditional approaches employed especially with the current modern networks. Recently, majority of the researchers employ the application of machine learning models such as logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) among others to address the NID problem. In this research, the Network intrusion classification system has been analyzed based on KDD Cup ’99 data set. In the classifier implementation section, the three most widely used models were employed; K-nearest neighbor, random forest and logistic regression as our classification algorithms. The attack detection accuracy and training time was used to evaluate the models. The random forest provides the best detection accuracy of 99.5% and 74 second training time provide by logistic regression
How does people's trust in automated vehicles change after automation errors occur? An empirical study on dynamic trust in automated driving

When errors of automated vehicles (AVs) occur, drivers' trust can easily be destroyed, resulting in the reduction of the use of AVs. This study aims to examine how error of AVs declines driver's trust by impacting their subjective perceptions. A driving simulator experiment is conducted, in which 104 participants (male = 58; female = 46) experienced automated driving with automation errors and rated their trust. The results indicate that automation error will affect the driver's perceived predictability, perceived reliability, and perceived safety, which will lead to the decline of trust and abandonment of automated driving. With the occurrence of automation error of AVs, perceived safety plays a more critical role in drivers' trust. In addition, when automation errors occur in specific tasks with low risk, the trust of drivers will drop faster than that in high‐risk tasks. This paper has explored the internal effects of the decline of driver's trust after automation errors of AVs, and further considers the influence of different external risks on these perception factors and trust. This study can help AVs manufacturers to formulate different degrees of trust repair strategies according to different driving tasks and accident severity.
The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Performance of Higher Education Institutions: The Mediation Role of Performance Measurement Systems

Higher education institutions (HEIs) have a key role in developing a country by improving the quality of human resources. Thus, this study aims to empirically examine the determinants of HEI performance, i.e., intellectual capital and performance measurement systems. This study also investigates the mediating effect of the performance measurement system itself. This quantitative study used a questionnaire survey distributed to private higher education institutions (PHEIs) located in several provinces on Java Island, Indonesia. This study employed a purposive sampling technique with respondents' criteria of structural officials in the financial sector at private higher education institutions (PHEIs) on Java Island. The questionnaire responses obtained were 186 samples, and Partial Least Square was utilized to test the hypothesis. The results exhibited that the performance measurement systems mediated the relationship between intellectual capital and HEI performance. Further, this research contributes theoretically and practically, especially in implementing intellectual capital mobilized in the performance measurement system to improve the performance of HEIs.
Optimalisasi K-MEDOID dalam Pengklasteran Mahasiswa Pelamar Beasiswa dengan CUBIC CLUSTERING CRITERION

Beasiswa merupakan salah satu bantuan belajar yang diberikan kepada mahasiswa. Salah satu beasiswa yang ada adalah beasiswa yang diberikan oleh negara dengan nama Bantuan Belajar Mahasiswa (BBM). Pengelompokan data mahasiswa penerima beasiswa berguna untuk menentukan mahasiswa yang berhak, dipertimbangkan atau tidak berhak. Dengan pengelompokan mahasiswa penerima beasiswa ini dapat memudahkan pihak tata usaha dalam menentukan penerima beasiswa khususnya beasiswa BBM. Pengelompokan tersebut dalam dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik klustering berbasis partisi yaitu dengan algoritma K-Medoids. Data-data yang didapat untuk dilakukan pengelompokan terdiri dari atribut SKS, IPK, Tanggungan orang tua dan jumlah penghasilan orang tua. Dari data-data yang didapat memiliki nilai yang beragam dan memiliki rentang satu dengan yang lainnya berjauhan. Maka dilakukan tiga buah skenario, yaitu 1: semua data yang didapat dilakukan pengelompokan dengan K-Medoids, 2 : sebagian data yang didapat dilakukan kodefikasi, 3 : semua data yang ada dilakukan kodefikasi. Dari ketiga skenario yang dilakukan didapat nilai Cubic Clustering Criterion (CCC). Dataset kodifikasi keseluruhan menunjukkan nilai CCC berada diantara 2 sampai 3 ini menunjukkan bahwa dataset kodifikasi keseluruhan mempunyai keseragaman yang baik. Hal ini dikarenakan semua nilai pada setiap atribut memiliki nilai yang hampir sama.