Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Tax Treatment of Health Insurance and Employment-Based Health Benefits

Various proposals have been made to change the tax treatment of health coverage, which currently is tax free to both employers and workers. Proponents of these changes argue, among other things, that current tax rules are unfair and contribute to unnecessary spending for health care. This paper examines changes that policymakers are discussing, explores the history of tax laws concerning the tax treatment of health benefits and the cost to the federal government in forgone taxes because of these laws, and examines some of the advantages and disadvantages that could result from the proposed changes. Any honest debate of overhauling the federal tax treatment of health care in the United States needs to address not just what a new system might do, but what the trade-offs and unintended consequences might be, and who would be likely to be most affected by the change.
Leading organizational change; The role of top management and supervisors in communicating organizational change

In this paper two studies on the role of top management and direct supervisors on communicating organizational change are presented. The importance of leadership at all organizational levels is demonstrated and published in numerous studies, but empirically hardly tested. In this paper we will present two studies, in which we made a distinction between information and communication. Both concepts were measured, along with trust in top management, role of direct supervisors, support for change and contribution to change. Results showed that trust in top management significantly influenced employees' support for the change, and that the role of direct supervisors had a significant influence on the contribution to the change of the employees. From the first study we concluded that particularly interactions between management and employees during organizational change were troublesome in the participating organizations. To test these interactions more thoroughly we held a total of 37 interviews on line communication in two organizations. The overall conclusion is that the success of organizational change largely depends on the informative and communicative skills of managers at all levels.
Estudo sobre a dimensionalidade do teste R1 - Forma B

The possibility of unidimensionality of R1-Forma B test was analyzed by the Rasch model through the principal residual component analysis. Seven hundred and forty-five students attending a course for young people and adults were investigated. All subjects, 50.3% were females and 48.3% males, age bracket 15 - 75 years old, showed schooling discrepancy or delay. Besides other aspects, results suggested that the R1 Test is not unidimensional and that total score is insufficient to describe the cognitive behavior used to solve the issue. However, analyses of factors 1 and 2 indicated unidimensionality. Other studies with different samples are suggested so that investigations may be amplified and deepened.
An Improved Method Based on Weighted Grid Micro-structure Feature for Text-Independent Writer Recognition

Writer recognition is a very important branch of biometrics. In our previous research, a Grid Micro-structure Feature (GMSF) based text-independent and script-independent method was adopted and high performance was obtained. However, this method is sensitive to pen-width variation in practical situation. To solve this problem, an inner and inter class variances weighted high-dimensional feature matching method is proposed. The inner and inter class variances are estimated on handwriting samples with different pen-width written by different writers. Experimental results show that our method is effective.
Improving the quality of service based on route stability in MANETs Using Dynamic Source routing protocol

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of nodes or mobile devices that communicate with each other without any centralized administrator. When a route is broken in an on-demand routing protocol, route recovery and maintenance procedures are initiated and it will consume more bandwidth and the delay will be high. To improve the performance of DSR a simple stability model is used. The stability of the route is analyzed by the received signal strength. The received signal strength from a node is higher than the threshold value the signal strength value will be stored in the neighbor information table. Using this information source select the path with high stability value and thus reduce the path break in intermediate nodes. Simulation results show improved performance in the throughput and reduce the packet loss, delay.
Grand Challenges of Evolutionary Psychology

SHARED CHALLENGES Researchers in evolutionary psychology face the same grand challenges as researchers who eschew the evolutionary approach in their own fi elds of study. Why, and when, do people behave altruistically? How do people make decisions, economic or otherwise, and what role do emotions play in decisionmaking? How do people choose their mates? How do people acquire information, from basic physical knowledge about objects and forces to important local knowledge about particular people and artifacts? How do these processes differ from – or resemble – learning processes among non-humans? How do the answers to all of these questions depend on properties of the individual, such as sex, life history phase, genetic endowment, developmental history, and context? And what are the physiological and neurophysiological substrates of the mechanisms that underlie all of these processes? Evolutionary psychologists share these challenges with researchers from other disciplines because the fi eld is not, of course, distinguished from others in terms of the domain of inquiry. Evolutionary psychologists study economic decision making (like economists), interpersonal and group dynamics (like social psychologists), cultural processes (like anthropologists), and endocrine effects (like physiologists). The questions evolutionary psychologists ask are not only our questions, and the methodological hurdles we must overcome are faced by our colleagues with nonevolutionary approaches because we share the same toolkit, from ethnography to behavioral lab studies to neuroimaging. What, then, are the challenges uniquely faced by evolutionary psychology?
Transforming databases with recursive data structures

This thesis examines the problems of performing structural transformations on databases involving complex data-structures and object-identities, and proposes an approach to specifying and implementing such transformations. We start by looking at various applications of such database transformations, and at some of the more significant work in these areas. In particular we will look at work on transformations in the area of database integration, which has been one of the major motivating areas for this work. We will also look at various notions of correctness that have been proposed for database transformations, and show that the utility of such notions is limited by the dependence of transformations on certain implicit database constraints. We draw attention to the limitations of existing work on transformations, and argue that there is a need for a more general formalism for reasoning about database transformations and constraints. We will also argue that, in order to ensure that database transformations are well-defined and meaningful, it is necessary to understand the information capacity of the data-models being transformed. To this end we give a thorough analysis of the information capacity of data-models supporting object identity, and will show that this is dependent on the operations supported by a query language for comparing object identities. We introduce a declarative language, WOL, based on Horn-clause logic, for specifying database transformations and constraints. We also propose a method of implementing transformations specified in this language, by manipulating their clauses into a normal form which can then be translated into an underlying database programming language. Finally we will present a number of optimizations and techniques necessary in order to build a practical implementation based on these proposals, and will discuss the results of some of the trials that were carried out using a prototype of such a system.
Annotation and Issues in Building an English Dependency Treebank

The Paninian Grammar framework, given by Panini for his analysis of Sanskrit Language, is finding its extensive application on languages other than Sanskrit, about two thousand five hundred years after its formulation. The work presented in this paper is one such application that extends Paninian Grammar (PG or CPG: Computational Paninian Grammar) to English, a fixed word order language. It presents how CPG can account for English and makes available, a linguistically rich resource in the form of an English Dependency Treebank. At present, 2000 sentences have been annotated as part of this effort, using the Hyderabad Dependency Treebank (HyDT) Annotation Scheme for Indian languages, (modelled on CPG). In the course of this paper we talk about CPG and the annotation scheme used for this work. We then talk about the task of annotation of the English language data per the scheme and how its application to English varies from Hindi. Further, we discuss our handling of some constructions of English, and some anomalies in the language that pose a challenge to the application of this annotation scheme to English, as is.
Conformational Differences Unfold a Wide Range of Enterotoxigenic Abilities Exhibited by rNSP4 Peptides from Different Rotavirus Strains

NSP4 has been recognized as the rotavirus-encoded enterotoxin. However, a few studies failed to support its diarrheagenic activity. As recombinant NSP4 (rNSP4) peptides of different lengths were used in the limited number of studies, a comparison of relative diarrheagenic potential of NSP4 from different strains could not be possible. To better understand the diarrheagenic potential of NSP4 from different strains, in this report we have evaluated the enterotoxigenic activity of the deletion mutant ΔN72 that lacks the N-terminal 72 residues and the biologically relevant ΔN112 peptide which when derived from SA11 rotavirus strain were previously shown to be highly diarrheagenic in newborn mice. Detailed comparative analysis of biochemical and biophysical properties and diarrheagenic activity of the recombinant ΔN72 peptides from seventeen different strains under identical conditions revealed wide differences among themselves in their resistance to trypsin cleavage, thioflavin T (ThT) binding, multimerization and conformation without any correlation with their diarrhea inducing abilities. These results support our previously proposed concept for the requirement of a unique conformation for optimal biological functions conferred by cooperation between the N- and C-terminal regions of the cytoplasmic tail.
Recovering PCA from Hybrid-(ℓ1, ℓ2) Sparse Sampling of Data Elements

This paper addresses how well we can recover a data matrix when only given a few of its elements. We present a randomized algorithm that element-wise sparsifies the data, retaining only a few its elements. Our new algorithm independently samples the data using sampling probabilities that depend on both the squares ($\ell_2$ sampling) and absolute values ($\ell_1$ sampling) of the entries. We prove that the hybrid algorithm recovers a near-PCA reconstruction of the data from a sublinear sample-size: hybrid-($\ell_1,\ell_2$) inherits the $\ell_2$-ability to sample the important elements as well as the regularization properties of $\ell_1$ sampling, and gives strictly better performance than either $\ell_1$ or $\ell_2$ on their own. We also give a one-pass version of our algorithm and show experiments to corroborate the theory.
Finding Buffer Overflow Inducing Loops in Binary Executables

Vulnerability analysis is one among the important components of overall software assurance practice. Buffer overflow (BoF) is one example of the such vulnerabilities and it is still the root cause of many effective attacks. A general practice to find BoF is to look for the presence of certain functions that manipulate string buffers, like the strcpy family. In these functions, data is moved from one buffer to another, within a loop, without considering destination buffer size. We argue that similar behaviour may also be present in many other functions that are coded separately, and therefore are equally vulnerable. In the present work, we investigate the detection of such functions by finding loops that exhibit similar behaviour. We call such loops Buffer Overflow Inducing Loops (BOIL). We implemented a lightweight static analysis to detect BOILs, and evaluated it on real-world x86 binary executables. The results obtained show that this (simple but yet efficient) vulnerability pattern happens to be very effective in practice to retrieve real vulnerabilities, providing a drastic reduction of the part of the code to be analysed.
Private Troubles and Public Issues

This paper describes a course for clinical social work students which presumes social work's core commitment to work at the psychosocial interface, but addresses this commitment using the conceptual tools of social constructionism. The course is based on socia constructionist interests in the social and historical construction of professional knowledge; the value of multiple lenses to understanding any clinical phenomenon; and the inclusion of the position of the subject in the disciplined examination of any theory. We look at the social construction and location of commonly encountered psychiatric diagnoses; at the same time, we use these tools to examine the construction of the professional identities of the course participants.
Understanding the Decision-Delivery Interval in Cesarean Births

Avoiding the adverse neonatal effects of perinatal asphyxia has been one of the common indications for cesarean deliveries in current obstetric practice. Expeditious delivery is dependent on decision to perform cesarean delivery and time lines achieved. A decisiondelivery interval of 30 minutes, a concept initiated by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has open to debate as controversy reins about neonatal outcome when this time interval is considered in isolation. Time lines alone are probably not the only criteria to be employed, and may contribute to errors in interpretation by professional regulatory bodies and the society at large. Procedures prior to decision making like trial of labor, fetal scalp sampling and readily available resources for instituting emergent cesarean delivery invariably need to be considered. Though decision to delivery time is an integral component of critical conduct intervals in the acutely compromised fetus, a more pragmatic approach needs to be taken considering potential and known logistical and obstetric factors in line with good obstetric practice.
Determinants of Perceived Deficiency of Autonomy among Elementary School Administrators.

Job autonomy has been found to be an important factor in job performance and job satisfaction. However, the question of whether permitted job autonomy is related to autonomy need of the employee is less well investigated. This study was designed to assess the determinants of the perceived deficiency of autonomy (PDA) of school administrators. Using an Israeli sample, it was found that a combination of sex, professional orientation, and socioeconomic status are the best predictors of the PDA (as criterion). The educational policy implication is that job autonomy may have an effect upon job performance and satisfaction only if it is matched with perceived need of autonomy.
Historical analysis of PAI-1 from its discovery to its potential role in cell motility and disease

Summary Although plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is one of the primary regulators of the fibrinolytic system, it also has dramatic effects on cell adhesion, detachment and migration. PAI-1 also differs from other serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in that it is a trace protein in plasma, it has a short half-life in vivo, its synthesis is highly regulated, and it binds to the adhesive glycoprotein vitronectin (VN) with high affinity and specificity. These unique and diverse properties of PAI-1 probably account for the many observations in the literature that correlate abnormalities in PAI-1 gene expression with a variety of pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss the discovery, origin, properties and regulation of PAI-1, and then speculate about its potential role in vascular disease, fibrosis, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and cancer.
Automatic workarounds for web applications

We present a technique that finds and executes workarounds for faulty Web applications automatically and at runtime. Automatic workarounds exploit the inherent redundancy of Web applications, whereby a functionality of the application can be obtained through different sequences of invocations of Web APIs. In general, runtime workarounds are applied in response to a failure, and require that the application remain in a consistent state before and after the execution of a workaround. Therefore, they are ideally suited for interactive Web applications, since those allow the user to act as a failure detector with minimal effort, and also either use read-only state or manage their state through a transactional data store. In this paper we focus on faults found in the access libraries of widely used Web applications such as Google Maps. We start by classifying a number of reported faults of the Google Maps and YouTube APIs that have known workarounds. From those we derive a number of general and API-specific program-rewriting rules, which we then apply to other faults for which no workaround is known. Our experiments show that workarounds can be readily deployed within Web applications, through a simple client-side plug-in, and that program-rewriting rules derived from elementary properties of a common library can be effective in finding valid and previously unknown workarounds.
One size does not fit all: Future directions for the treatment of sexually abusive youth in New Zealand

Abstract In recent years the problem of sexually abusive youth has been increasingly recognized as a significant issue in our community. This paper provides a brief overview of the literature that shows sexually abusive youth to be a heterogeneous population. We argue for the development of typologies of adolescent sexual offenders to assist in the guiding of individualized treatment plans to suit adolescents’ and families’ needs. Further research should focus on development and interventions that are appropriate to adolescent sexual offender types. A description of how treatment issues are being addressed in New Zealand is included and recommendations are made regarding possible future directions for the treatment of sexually abusive youth.
Aging dynamics and density relaxation in kinetic lattice gases under gravity

We present an analytical approach to the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of a class of kinetic lattice gases under gravity. The location of the jamming transition, the critical exponents, and the scaling functions characterizing the relaxation processes are determined. In particular, we find that logarithmic compaction and simple aging are intimately related to the Vogel-Fulcher law, while power law compaction and super-aging behavior occur in the presence of a power law diffusion.
The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus RING Protein Z Associates with Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E and Selectively Represses Translation in a RING-Dependent Manner

ABSTRACT Only a few host cell proteins that associate with arenaviruses have been identified. To date, the arenavirus Z protein associates with the promyelocytic leukemia protein PML and the ribosomal P proteins. The majority of PML is present in nuclear bodies which are translocated to the cytoplasm by infection with the arenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The Z protein is a small zinc-binding RING protein with an unknown function which is required for the viral life cycle. Here, we demonstrate an association between Z and the host cell translation factor, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) in infected and transfected cells. Z's association with both ribosomal proteins and this translation factor led us to investigate whether Z could modulate host cell translation. In cell culture, Z selectively represses protein production in an eIF-4E-dependent manner. Specifically, we see reduction in cyclin D1 protein production with no effect on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in cells transfected with Z. Previous reports indicate that cyclin D1 is sensitive to eIF-4E levels, whereas GAPDH is not. Consistent with this, we observe preferential downregulation of cyclin D1 during infection and no effect on GAPDH. Further, no changes in RNA levels were observed for cyclin D1 or GAPDH transcripts. The interaction between eIF-4E and Z may provide a mechanism for slower growth observed in infected cells and a viral strategy for establishing chronic infection.
A High Percentage of Beef Bull Pictures in Semen Catalogues Have Feet and Lower Legs that Are Not Visible

Simple Summary When cattle breeders purchase semen from a website, the only way they can visually appraise a bull’s conformation is by looking at his photograph. Correct foot and leg structure is important to help reduce lameness. Only 19.4% of the bull pictures on four major websites had fully visible feet and lower legs. A possible explanation for this may be deliberate covering of feet and legs with photo editing software to cover up conformation defects. Visibility of feet and lower legs would help semen buyers avoid bulls with obvious feet or leg problems. Abstract A total of 1379 beef bull pictures were surveyed to determine visibility of feet and legs from four American semen company websites. Five different breeds were represented: Angus, Red Angus, Hereford (polled and horned), Simmental, and Charolais. In addition to visibility, data on other variables were collected to establish frequencies and correlations. These included breed, color, material that obscured visibility, such as grass, picture taken at livestock show or outside, semen company, photographer, video, and age of bull. A foot and leg visibility score was given to each bull picture. Only 19.4% of the pictures had fully visible feet and legs. Both the hooves and dewclaws were hidden on 32.5% of the pictures. Correlation between bull’s birthdate and the first four visibility scores was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). As age increased the feet and legs were more likely to be visible in the bull’s picture. This may possibly be due to greater availability of both photo editing software and digital photography. One positive finding was that 6% of the bulls had a video of the bull walking which completely showed his feet and legs.
Mitotic exit kinase Dbf2 directly phosphorylates chitin synthase Chs2 to regulate cytokinesis in budding yeast

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the primary septum (PS), a functional equivalent of animal ECM, is synthesized during cytokinesis by the chitin synthase Chs2. The mitotic exit kinase Dbf2 regulates PS formation by direct phosphorylation of Chs2, which triggers its dissociation from the actomyosin ring during the late stage of cytokinesis.