Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Natural Language Processing for Identifying and Interpreting Tables in Plain Text

Figure 2:A generic table with terminology (`*' representsoptionality)3.2VariationsonTableLayoutDi erent layout arrangements can b e thought of as expressing functional asp ects of the relation, usingsomesimple heuristicsab outthewaygroupingandorderingmay b eexpressedintodimensions.Because we conventionally read tables from the left and from the top, we distinguish theleft marginandtopmarginoftablesasareasthetableinwhichhigh-precedencedomains areplaced(seeFigure 2). A given layout supp orts a certainreading order.This reading order reectsthe way inwhich domains are organised and sp eci cally thegroupsandordersin which domains can b e easilyusedaskeysin cho osing and reading/constructing a tuple from the table; the reading order is thusthe emb o diment of the decision structure we identi ed as the functional part of the table.Thus,while a single canonical form may have many layouts, a given canonical form plus functionalinformation will have a much reducedrange of felicitous layouts.These typical constraints on laoutwillb eusedlaterinourpro cessingheuristics.First,wepresentarep ertoireoftransformations ofsimple tables in terms of which we can analyse the variations in layout that o ccur.RotationThis transformation is b est describ ed by example:StandardslumpValue75mmv1ST1125mmv275mmv3ST2125mmv4! Standard75mm125mmValueST1v1v2v34
Calmodulin antagonists inhibit secretion in Paramecium

Secretion in Paramecium is Ca2+-dependent and involves exocytic release of the content of the secretory organelle, known as the trichocyst. The content, called the trichocyst matrix, undergoes a Ca2+-induced reordering of its paracrystalline structure during release, and we have defined three stages in this expansion process. The stage I, or fully condensed trichocyst, is the 4 microns-long membrane-bounded form existing prior to stimulation. Stage II, the partially expanded trichocyst, we define as an intermediate stage in the transition, preceding stage III, the fully expanded extruded form which is a 20-40 microns-long needlelike structure. These stages have been used to assay the effects of trifluoperazine (TFP) and W-7, calmodulin (CaM) antagonists, on trichocyst matrix expansion in vivo. TFP and W-7 are shown to reversibly block matrix release induced by picric acid. Ultra- structural examination reveals that one effect of this inhibition is reflected in the organelles themselves, which are prevented from undergoing the stage I-stage II transition by preincubation in 14 microM TFP or 35 microM W-7 before fixation. This inhibition of expansion by TFP can be moderated but not abolished by high extracellular Ca2+ (5 mM). The moderation by high Ca2+ can be eliminated by raising TFP concentration to 20 microM. A possible explanation for the ability to titrate the inhibition in this manner is that TFP is acting to block expansion by binding to the Ca2+-CaM complex. Brief exposure of cells to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and 5 mM Ca2+ following TFP treatment promotes matrix expansion, although in 14 microM TFP a residual level of inhibition remains. These results suggest that, following stimulation, CaM regulates secretion in Paramecium, possibly by controlling the Ca2+-dependent matrix expansion which accompanies exocytosis in these cells.
Virtual Training: Learning Transfer of Assembly Tasks

In training assembly workers in a factory, there are often barriers such as cost and lost productivity due to shutdown. The use of virtual reality (VR) training has the potential to reduce these costs. This research compares virtual bimanual haptic training versus traditional physical training and the effectiveness for learning transfer. In a mixed experimental design, participants were assigned to either virtual or physical training and trained by assembling a wooden burr puzzle as many times as possible during a twenty minute time period. After training, participants were tested using the physical puzzle and were retested again after two weeks. All participants were trained using brightly colored puzzle pieces. To examine the effect of color, testing involved the assembly of colored physical parts and natural wood colored physical pieces. Spatial ability as measured using a mental rotation test, was shown to correlate with the number of assemblies they were able to complete in the training. While physical training outperformed virtual training, after two weeks the virtually trained participants actually improved their test assembly times. The results suggest that the color of the puzzle pieces helped the virtually trained participants in remembering the assembly process.
Seasonal stability and species specificity of environmentally acquired chemical mating signals in orchid bees

Traits that mediate reproductive isolation between species, such as those involved in mate choice and/or recognition, are predicted to experience stabilizing selection towards the species mean. Male orchid bees collect chemical compounds from many sources, such as plants and fungi, which they use as a perfume signal (pheromone) during courtship display. Environmentally acquired signals are more prone to variation as source availability can vary through space and time. Here, we investigate the seasonality and species-specificity of male perfumes across an entire year in three sympatric species of Euglossa orchid bees. Our analysis revealed considerable within-species variation in perfumes. However, species-specificity was maintained consistently throughout the year, suggesting that these perfumes could play an important role in reproductive isolation. Our analysis also identified strong correlations in the abundance of some compounds, possibly due to shared collection sources between species. Our study suggests that orchid bee perfumes are robust in the face of environmental changes in resource availability.
The comparative state of entrepreneurial intent in Cameroon

Purpose – This paper aims to report on the level of entrepreneurial intent (EI) in southwestern Cameroon, by developing and using a novel scale that avoids the problems of construct confounds that exist with most EI scales currently in the literature. This scale is also used to measure EI in Canada, as a comparative example of the Western countries typical of previous EI research, to demonstrate the stability of the scale across different cultures. Design/methodology/approach – Data are collected by survey of random participants in Jamaica and Canada. Factor analysis is used to refine the choice of scale elements from this survey. Nested structural equation modelling is then used to confirm the construct validity and to demonstrate construct stability across the two populations. The population scores are then compared by t-test. Findings – A novel ten-item scale is developed and is shown to have a stable factor structure across the two populations. Using this measure, it can be newly seen that, contrary t.
Last deglaciation of northern continental Europe

Correlation of main ice sheet limits in northern continental Europe during Late Weichselian is presented, based on available data concerning occurrence of ice-marginal formations and their radiometric dating. The Late Weichselian maximum ice sheet limit was time-transgressive in this region what has been primarily caused by diversified dynamics of the ice sheet body, composed of several paleo-ice streams developed to the south of the Baltic Basin. The Late Weichselian maximum ice sheet limit was the earliest in Denmark, Germany and western Poland (24-22 cal kyrs BP) but it was younger to the east and northeast (20-17 cal kyrs BP). Such age difference resulted from demarcation of the ice sheet maximum limit by successive glacial advances. They were partly due to varied distances from the ice divide in Scandinavia, making the ice sheet margin to reach its terminal position in different time. Both during the maximum and the most deglacial phases the glacial limits indicated lobate patterns of marginal formations, reflecting outlets of paleo-ice streams within the southern and southeastern fringe of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet to the south of the Baltic Sea basin. During deglaciation numerous readvances and standstills of the ice sheet margin occurred but due to diversified structure of the ice sheet body, its peripheries behaved differently, even in neighboring regions.
Overlapping Local and Systemic Defense Induced by an Oomycete Fatty Acid MAMP and Brown Seaweed Extract in Tomato

Eicosapolyenoic fatty acids are integral components of oomycete pathogens that can act as microbe-associated molecular patterns to induce disease resistance in plants. Defense-inducing eicosapolyenoic fatty acids include arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid and are strong elicitors in solanaceous plants, with bioactivity in other plant families. Similarly, extracts of a brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, used in sustainable agriculture as a biostimulant of plant growth, may also induce disease resistance. A. nodosum, similar to other macroalgae, is rich in eicosapolyenoic fatty acids, which comprise as much as 25% of total fatty acid composition. We investigated the response of roots and leaves from AA or a commercial A. nodosum extract (ANE) on root-treated tomatoes via RNA sequencing, phytohormone profiling, and disease assays. AA and ANE significantly altered transcriptional profiles relative to control plants, inducing numerous defense-related genes with both substantial overlap and differences in gene expression patterns. Root treatment with AA and, to a lesser extent, ANE also altered both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid levels while inducing local and systemic resistance to oomycete and bacterial pathogen challenge. Thus, our study highlights overlap in both local and systemic defense induced by AA and ANE, with potential for inducing broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens.
Polarization patterns of the summer sky and its neutral points measured by full–sky imaging polarimetry in Finnish Lapland north of the Arctic Circle

Using 180° field–of–view (full–sky) imaging polarimetry, the patterns of the degree and angle of polarization of the entire summer sky were measured on 25 June 1999 at a location north of the Arctic Circle in Finnish Lapland as a function of the angular solar zenith distance. A detailed description of the used full–sky imaging polarimeter and its calibration is given. A series of the degree and angle of polarization pattern of the full sky is presented in the form of high–resolution circular maps measured in the blue (450 nm) spectral range as a function of the solar zenith distance. Graphs of the spectral dependence of the degree and angle of polarization of skylight at 90° from the Sun along the antisolar meridian are shown. The celestial regions of negative polarization and the consequence of the existence of this anomalous polarization, the neutral points, are visualized. The measured values of the angular zenith distance of the Arago and Babinet neutral points are presented as a function of the zenith distance of the Sun for the red (650 nm), green (550 nm) and blue (450 nm) ranges of the spectrum. The major aim of this work is to give a clear and comprehensive picture, with the help of full–sky imaging polarimetry, of what is going on in the entire polarized skydome. We demonstrate how variable the degree of polarization of skylight and the position of the neutral points can be within 24 h on a sunny, almost cloudless, visually clear day.
Andreev Bound States in Superconducting Films and Confined Superfluid He-3

This paper reviews the confinement-driven phase transitions, and the prediction of superfluid phases with broken time-reversal or translational symmetry in thin films. The new phases are a result of particle-hole coherent Andreev scattering processes that create quasiparticle states with energies inside the superconducting gap. These states cause profound restructuring of the low-energy spectrum in the surface region of several coherence lengths $\xi_0$ with large spatial variations of the superconducting order parameter. In confined geometry, such as slabs, films, pores, or nano-dots, with one or more physical dimensions $D \sim 10\xi_0$, Andreev bound states can dominate properties of the superfluid phases, leading to modified experimental signatures. They can dramatically change the energy landscape, and drive transitions into new superfluid phases, that are typically unstable in the bulk superfluid. On the examples of single-component singlet d-wave superconductor, and triplet multi-component superfluid $^3$He I show how properties of condensed phases in restricted geometry depend on the order parameter structure. I will highlight the connection between Andreev bound states and confinement-stabilized phases with additional broken symmetries, describe recent progress and open questions in theoretical and experimental investigation of superfluids in confined geometry.
Can we further enrich autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease clinical trials for rapidly progressive patients? Application of the PROPKD score in the TEMPO trial

Background. The PROPKD score has been proposed to stratify the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) subjects. We aimed to assess its prognostic value in a genotyped subgroup of subjects from the Tolvaptan Phase 3 Efﬁcacy and Safety Study in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (TEMPO3/4) trial. Methods. In the post hoc analysis, PKD1 and PKD2 were screened in 770 subjects and the PROPKD score was calculated in mutation-positive subjects (male: 1 point; hypertension < 35years: 2 points; ﬁrst urologic event < 35 years: 2 points; nontruncating PKD1 mutation: 2 points; truncating PKD1 mutation: 4 points). Subjects were classiﬁed into low-risk (LR; 0–3 points), intermediate-risk (IR; 4–6 points) and high-risk (HR; 7–9 points) groups. Results. The PROPKD score was calculated in 749 subjects (LR ¼ 132, IR ¼ 344 and HR ¼ 273); age was inversely related to risk (LR ¼ 43.6 years, IR ¼ 39.5years, HR ¼ 36.2years; P < 0.001). Subjects from the HR group had signiﬁcantly higher height-adjusted total kidney volume (TKV) and rates of TKV growth. While baseline renal function was similar across all risk groups, the rate of estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate (eGFR) decline signiﬁcantly increased from LR to HR in the placebo group. Tolvaptan treatment effectiveness to reduce TKV growth was similar in all three risk categories. While tolvaptan signiﬁcantly slowed eGFR decline in the IR (tolvaptan ¼ (cid:5) 2.34 versus placebo ¼ (cid:5) 3.33mL/min/1.73 m 2 /year; P ¼ 0.008) and HR groups (tolvaptan ¼ (cid:5) 2.74 versus placebo ¼ (cid:5) 3.94mL/min/ 1.73 m 2 /year; P ¼ 0.002), there was no difference in the LR group (tolvaptan ¼ (cid:5) 2.35 versus placebo ¼ (cid:5) 2.50mL/min/1.73 m 2 /year; P ¼ 0.72). Excluding the LR subjects from the analysis improved the apparent treatment effect of tolvaptan on eGFR decline. Conclusion. This study conﬁrms the prognostic value of the PROPKD score and suggests that it could reduce costs and enhance endpoint sensitivity by enriching future study popula-tions for rapidly progressing ADPKD subjects.
Molecular basis for differential activation of p101 and p84 complexes of PI3Kγ by Ras and GPCRs

Class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kγ) is activated in immune cells by diverse stimuli and can form two distinct complexes, with the p110γ catalytic subunit binding to either p101 or p84 regulatory subunits. These two complexes are differentially activated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and Ras, but the molecular details of this activation are still unclear. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography, HDX-MS, EM, molecular modeling, and biochemical assays we reveal molecular differences between the two p110γ-p84 and p110γ-p101 complexes that explain their differential activation. The structure of p110γ-p84 shows a similar assembly to p110γ-p101 at the p110γ interface, however the interface in p110γ-p84 is dynamic and is evolutionarily conserved to be less stable compared to p110γ-p101. The p110γ-p84 complex is only weakly recruited to membranes by Gβγ subunits alone and requires recruitment by Ras to allow for Gβγ activation through an interaction with the p110γ helical domain. The interfaces of the p101 GBD with Gβγ, and the p110γ helical domain with Gβγ were determined using computational alphafold2 modeling and HDX-MS. There are distinct differences in the C-terminal domain of p84 and p101, which allows p101 to bind Gβγ subunits, while p84 does not. The two Gβγ interfaces in p110γ and p101 are distinct, revealing how unique mutants of Gβγ cause differential disruption of PI3Kγ complex activation. Overall, our work provides key insight into the molecular basis for how different PI3Kγ complexes are activated.
The 2010 Volcanic Ash Cloud and Its Financial Impact on the European Airline Industry

Last April, European air traffic was heavily disrupted by the volcanic ash cloud generated by the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull. Even though the explosion was of low intensity, it produced an enormous cloud of ash moving through the European skies. The fact that the ash was much finer than usual, moving quickly and possibly affecting aircraft engines, led the aviation authorities of the concerned countries to declare most of European skies as no-fly zones (NFZs). Based on the initially available information, there were claims of a huge economic impact on the air travel industry, even bigger than the direct impact of the US air traffic halt after the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 (European Commission 2010).
Double representation of the wrist and elbow in human motor cortex

Movements of the fingers, hand and arm involve overlapping neural representations in primary motor cortex (M1). Monkey M1 exhibits a core–surround organisation in which cortical representation of the hand and fingers is surrounded by representations of the wrist, elbow and shoulder. A potentially homologous organisation in human M1 has only been observed in a single study, a functional MRI (fMRI) study by [J.D. Meier, T.N. Aflalo, S. Kastner & M.S. Graziano. (2008) J Neurophysiol, 100(4), 1800–1812]. The results of their study suggested a double representation of the wrist in human M1, an unprecedented finding. Our purpose was to document and simultaneously provide evidence that would extend the presence of double representation of the wrist to that of the elbow. Using fMRI, we observed somatotopic maps in M1 and the supplementary motor area (SMA), the only other cortical area that showed robust within-limb somatotopy during self-timed finger, wrist and elbow movements. We observed double wrist and elbow representation that bracketed finger fMRI responses in M1 and the SMA. Our results show that the cortical locations of these double representations are well predicted by local cortical anatomy. Double representation of the wrist and elbow is important because it violates the traditional somatotopic progression in M1 but it is consistent with the representation of synergistic movements involving
ANTIBODIES ARE NOT ESSENTIAL FOR THE RESOLUTION OF PRIMARY CYTOMEGALOVIRUS- INFECTION BUT LIMIT DISSEMINATION OF RECURRENT VIRUS

Source / Izvornik: Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1994, 179, 1713 1717 Journal article, Published version Rad u časopisu, Objavljena verzija rada (izdavačev PDF) https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.179. 5.1713 Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk. hr/urn:nbn:hr:184:502050 Rights / Prava: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2020-10-10
Melt conduits in a viscous porous matrix

Although melting is inferred to start at depths of 120 km or more in the mantle, little is known about the style of melt transport from the source region to the surface. Geochemical observations require the transport of melt from depth to be fast, and that melt is not in chemical equilibrium with the matrix through which it passes. We present a model which allows fast transport by an open melt conduit in a viscous permeable matrix and discuss the possibility of chemical isolation in such a conduit. We show that disturbances on the conduit surface propagate slowly upwards as solitary waves and cause melt to flow between the conduit and the surrounding porous matrix.
Health inequalities and welfare state regimes: theoretical insights on a public health ‘puzzle’

Welfare states are important determinants of health. Comparative social epidemiology has almost invariably concluded that population health is enhanced by the relatively generous and universal welfare provision of the Scandinavian countries. However, most international studies of socioeconomic inequalities in health have thrown up something of a public health ‘puzzle’ as the Scandinavian welfare states do not, as would generally be expected, have the smallest health inequalities. This essay outlines and interrogates this puzzle by drawing upon existing theories of health inequalities d artefact, selection, cultural e behavioural, materialist, psychosocial and life course d to generate some theoretical insights. It discusses the limits of these theories in respect to cross-national research; it questions the focus and normative paradigm underpinning contemporary comparative health inequalities research; and it considers the future of comparative social epidemiology.
Mobile Media in the Asia-Pacific: Gender and The Art of Being Mobile

Introduction: The Price of Being Mobile. Section 1: Mobile Media Societies 1. Locating the mobile: Mobile Communication and Gender in the Asia-Pacific 2. Paradigms of Mobility: Conceptual Tenors for Studying Mobility Today 3. Beyond "The New Rich": Consumption, Production and Gender in the Region Section 2: Mobile Media Cultures 4. Fast-forwarding to the Present: The Rise of Customised Mobile Media in Tokyo 5. Engaging Rings: The Haendupon and Intimate Communities in Seoul 6. Nostalgia Mobility: Memory and the Mobile Phone in Hong Kong 7. Postal Presence: Persistence of the Postal Metaphor in Melbourne 8. Domesticating Cartographies: Gendered Mobile Media in the Region Section 3: Mobile Media Practices 9. Domesticating New Media: A Discussion on Locating Mobile Media 10. The Big Bang: An Example of Mobile Media as New Media 11. On Hold: Reflections on a Mobile Media in the Asia-Pacific