Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Housing and social theory

Part I: Housing and Metatheory 1. The Disciplinary basis of Housing Studies 2. The Epistemological Grounds of Housing Studies Part II: Bringing Theory Back In 3. Returning to the State in Housing Research 4. A Critique of Uniliniealism in Comparative Housing 5. Comparative Welfare and Housing Part III: Toward a Divergence Thesis in Comparative Housing 6. Ideology and Divergent Social Structures 7. Divergent Social Structures and Residence 8. The Political Construction of Collective Residence: the Case of Sweden Part IV: Toward a Theoretically Anchored Sociology of Housing 9. Residence and Social Structure
Cognitive architectures need compliancy, not universality

The criterion of computational universality for an architecture should be replaced by the notion of compliancy, where a model built within an architecture is compliant to the extent that the model allows the architecture to determine the processing. The test should be that the architecture does easily – that is, enables a compliant model to do – what people do easily.
Cutting Force and EMG Recordings for Ergonomics Assessment of Meat Cutting Tasks: Influence of the Workbench Height and the Cutting Direction on Muscle Activation Levels

Repetitive arm movement and force exertion are common in meat cutting tasks and often lead to musculosketal disorders. In this study, the effects of the workbench height and the cutting direction on the levels of muscular activation of the upper extremity during meat cutting tasks were investigated. Seven subjects performed 4 trials of 20s each at the 4 different heights (0cm, -10cm, -20cm and -30cm below the elbow height), alternating two cutting directions. Activation levels of upper extremity muscles (biceps brachii, triceps long head, deltoideus anterior, deltoideus medialis and upper trapezius) and cutting forces were recorded synchronously. Then the trends of the normalized activations with regard to the workplace design parameters (table height and cutting direction) were computed. Results showed that the optimal configuration is a partially related to the task, whereas motor control strategies have also an influence on it. The present results provide new key information about the effects of workbench heights during a repetitive meat cutting task and a complete assessment protocol to analyse workstation design parameters influence on muscles activation levels.
Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the natural course of frailty. We performed a prospective study to determine the transition rates between frailty states and to evaluate the effect of the preceding frailty state on subsequent frailty transitions. METHODS We studied 754 community-living persons, aged 70 years or older, who were nondisabled in 4 essential activities of daily living. Frailty, assessed every 18 months for 54 months, was defined on the basis of weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, muscle weakness, and slow walking speed. Participants were classified as frail if they met 3 or more of these criteria, as prefrail if they met 1 or 2 of the criteria, and as nonfrail if they met none of the criteria. RESULTS Of the 754 participants, 434 (57.6%) had at least 1 transition between any 2 of the 3 frailty states during 54 months. The rates were 36.8%, 21.5%, and 9.2% for 1, 2, and 3 transitions, respectively. During the 18-month intervals, transitions to states of greater frailty were more common (rates up to 43.3%) than transitions to states of lesser frailty (rates up to 23.0%), and the probability of transitioning from being frail to nonfrail was very low (rates, 0%-0.9%), even during an extended period. The likelihood of transitioning between frailty states was highly dependent on one's preceding frailty state. CONCLUSIONS Frailty among older persons is a dynamic process, characterized by frequent transitions between frailty states over time. Our findings suggest ample opportunity for the prevention and remediation of frailty.
Precise Localization of an Autonomous Car Based on Probabilistic Noise Models of Road Surface Marker Features Using Multiple Cameras

This paper presents a Monte Carlo localization algorithm for an autonomous car based on an integration of multiple sensors data. The sensor system is composed of onboard motion sensors, a low-cost GPS receiver, a precise digital map, and multiple cameras. Data from the onboard motion sensors, such as yaw rate and wheel speeds, are used to predict the vehicle motion, and the GPS receiver is applied to establish the validation boundary of the ego-vehicle position. The digital map contains location information at the centimeter level about road surface markers (RSMs), such as lane markers, stop lines, and traffic sign markers. The multiple images from the front and rear mono-cameras and the around-view monitoring system are used to detect the RSM features. The localization algorithm updates the measurements by matching the RSM features from the cameras to the digital map based on a particle filter. Because the particle filter updates the measurements based on a probabilistic sensor model, the exact probabilistic modeling of sensor noise is a key factor to enhance the localization performance. To design the probabilistic noise model of the RSM features more explicitly, we analyze the results of the RSM feature detection for various real driving conditions. The proposed localization algorithm is verified and evaluated through experiments under various test scenarios and configurations. From the experimental results, we conclude that the presented localization algorithm based on the probabilistic noise model of RSM features provides sufficient accuracy and reliability for autonomous driving system applications.
Feature Selection With Redundancy-Constrained Class Separability

Scatter-matrix-based class separability is a simple and efficient feature selection criterion in the literature. However, the conventional trace-based formulation does not take feature redundancy into account and is prone to selecting a set of discriminative but mutually redundant features. In this brief, we first theoretically prove that in the context of this trace-based criterion the existence of sufficiently correlated features can always prevent selecting the optimal feature set. Then, on top of this criterion, we propose the redundancy-constrained feature selection (RCFS). To ensure the algorithm's efficiency and scalability, we study the characteristic of the constraints with which the resulted constrained 0-1 optimization can be efficiently and globally solved. By using the totally unimodular (TUM) concept in integer programming, a necessary condition for such constraints is derived. This condition reveals an interesting special case in which qualified redundancy constraints can be conveniently generated via a clustering of features. We study this special case and develop an efficient feature selection approach based on Dinkelbach's algorithm. Experiments on benchmark data sets demonstrate the superior performance of our approach to those without redundancy constraints.
Psychiatrische Diagnosen von Sexualstraftätern

Übersicht: In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die psychiatrischen Diagnosen von 807 Sexualstraftätern ausgewertet, die zwischen 2002 und 2009 in Strafhaft genommen wurden. Wie bereits früher berichtet, zeigt sich eine hohe Prävalenz sexueller Störungen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Substanzproblematiken. Bei einem Vergleich verschiedener Tätergrup-pen spielen die sexuellen Störungen in der Gruppe der Kindesmissbrauchs-täter die größere Rolle, in der Gruppe der Vergewaltiger liegt eine höhere Rate an Persönlichkeitsstörungen vor. Eine weitere Differenzierung der Kin-desmissbrauchstäter nach vorwiegenden Opfertypen zeigt eine Zunahme der psychiatrischen und sexologischen Pathologie bei geringerer Bekannt-heit des Opfers. Abschließend wird die Relevanz der Ergebnisse für die forensisch-psychiatrische Praxis diskutiert.
Hierarchical private/shared classification: The key to simple and efficient coherence for clustered cache hierarchies

Hierarchical clustered cache designs are becoming an appealing alternative for multicores. Grouping cores and their caches in clusters reduces network congestion by localizing traffic among several hierarchical levels, potentially enabling much higher scalability. While such architectures can be formed recursively by replicating a base design pattern, keeping the whole hierarchy coherent requires more effort and consideration. The reason is that, in hierarchical coherence, even basic operations must be recursive. As a consequence, intermediate-level caches behave both as directories and as leaf caches. This leads to an explosion of states, protocol-races, and protocol complexity. While there have been previous efforts to extend directory-based coherence to hierarchical designs their increased complexity and verification cost is a serious impediment to their adoption. We aim to address these concerns by encapsulating all hierarchical complexity in a simple function: that of determining when a data block is shared entirely within a cluster (sub-tree of the hierarchy) and is private from the outside. This allows us to eliminate complex recursive operations that span the hierarchy and instead employ simple coherence mechanisms such as self-invalidation and write-through - now restricted to operate within the cluster where a data block is shared. We examine two inclusivity options and discuss the relation of our approach to the recently proposed Hierarchical-Race-Free (HRF) memory models. Finally, comparisons to a hierarchical directory-based MOESI, VIPS-M, and TokenCMP protocols show that, despite its simplicity our approach results in competitive performance and decreased network traffic.
Differential Equation Modeling of HIV Viral Fitness Experiments: Model Identification, Model Selection, and Multimodel Inference

Summary Many biological processes and systems can be described by a set of differential equation (DE) models. However, literature in statistical inference for DE models is very sparse. We propose statistical estimation, model selection, and multimodel averaging methods for HIV viral fitness experiments in vitro that can be described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE). The parameter identifiability of the ODE models is also addressed. We apply the proposed methods and techniques to experimental data of viral fitness for HIV‐1 mutant 103N. We expect that the proposed modeling and inference approaches for the DE models can be widely used for a variety of biomedical studies.
Error awareness data mining

Real-world data mining applications often deal with low-quality information sources where data collection inaccuracy, device limitations, data transmission and discretization errors, or man-made perturbations frequently result in imprecise or vague data. Two common practices are to adopt either data cleansing to enhance data consistency or simply take noisy data as quality sources and feed them into the data mining algorithms. Either way may substantially sacrifice the mining performances. In this paper, we consider an error awareness data mining framework, which takes advantage of statistical error information (such as noise level and noise distribution) to improve data mining results. We assume such noise knowledge is available in advance, and propose a solution to incorporate it into the mining process. More specifically, we use noise knowledge to restore original data distributions, and then use the restored information to modify the model built from noise corrupted data. We present an Error Awareness Naive Bayes (EA_NB) classification algorithm, and provide extensive experimental comparisons to demonstrate the effectiveness of this effort.
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) learn to discriminate the smell of organic compounds from their respective deuterated isotopomers

The understanding of physiological and molecular processes underlying the sense of smell has made considerable progress during the past three decades, revealing the cascade of molecular steps that lead to the activation of olfactory receptor (OR) neurons. However, the mode of primary interaction of odorant molecules with the OR proteins within the sensory cells is still enigmatic. Two different concepts try to explain these interactions: the ‘odotope hypothesis’ suggests that OR proteins recognize structural aspects of the odorant molecule, whereas the ‘vibration hypothesis’ proposes that intra-molecular vibrations are the basis for the recognition of the odorant by the receptor protein. The vibration hypothesis predicts that OR proteins should be able to discriminate compounds containing deuterium from their common counterparts which contain hydrogen instead of deuterium. This study tests this prediction in honeybees (Apis mellifera) using the proboscis extension reflex learning in a differential conditioning paradigm. Rewarding one odour (e.g. a deuterated compound) with sucrose and not rewarding the respective analogue (e.g. hydrogen-based odorant) shows that honeybees readily learn to discriminate hydrogen-based odorants from their deuterated counterparts and supports the idea that intra-molecular vibrations may contribute to odour discrimination.
Muscle stiffness, strength loss, swelling and soreness following exercise‐induced injury in humans.

1. In order to study injury‐related changes in muscle stiffness, injury to the elbow flexors of thirteen human subjects was induced by a regimen of eccentric exercise. 2. Passive stiffness over an intermediate range of elbow angles was measured with a device which held the relaxed arm of the subject in the horizontal plane and stepped it through the range of elbow angles from 90 deg to near full extension at 180 deg. The relation between static torque and elbow angle was quite linear over the first 50 deg and was taken as stiffness. 3. Stiffness over this range of angles more than doubled immediately after exercise and remained elevated for about 4 days, and may result from low level myofibrillar activation induced by muscle stretch. 4. Arm swelling was biphasic; arm circumference increased by about 3% immediately after exercise, fell back toward normal, then increased by as much as 9% and remained elevated for as long as 9 days. 5. Ultrasound imaging showed most of the swelling immediately following the exercise to be localized to the flexor muscle compartment; subsequent swelling involved other tissue compartments as well. 6. Muscle strength declined by almost 40% after the exercise and recovery was only slight 10 days later; the half‐time of recovery appeared to be as long as 5‐6 weeks.
The effects of e-commerce websites colors upon consumer trust

This article aims to study the impact of the colors of e-commerce websites as an atmospheric variable of the interface, on customer trust. The effect of the colors of e-commerce websites on customer trust has only been indirectly examined in terms of website characteristics, such as web site quality and usability, where color is viewed as a key interface attribute. Thus, the relationship between color itself and trust remains largely unaddressed. Relying on a literature review as well as on investigations provided by an exploratory qualitative analysis, we wish to introduce the theoretical and methodological bases addressing this issue.
B-IRP: An Improving Integrity Report Protocol for Remote Attestation

Trusted platform module (TPM) has little computation capability, and it is the performance bottleneck of remote attestation. In the scenario where the server is the attestation-busy entity which answers attestation requirement frequently, the massive delay is inevitable. Without the modification to TPM, we propose Batch Integrity Report Protocol (BIRP) to overcome the performance bottleneck. B-IRP bundles these requirements in interval as a batch requirement, and creates the response messages for these requirements with one expensive TPM operation. Discussion shows that B-IRP has improved the performance without loss of security.
Two Target Detection Algorithms for Passive Multistatic Radar

This paper considers the problem of passive detection with a multistatic radar system involving a noncooperative illuminator of opportunity (IO) and multiple receive platforms. An unknown source signal is transmitted by the IO, which illuminates a target of interest. These receive platforms are geographically dispersed, and collect independent target echoes due to the illumination by the same IO. We consider a generalized canonical correlation (GCC) detector for passive detection which requires the knowledge of the noise power. We derive closed-form expressions for the probabilities of false alarm and detection of this detector. For the case where the noise power is unknown, we propose a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector to deal with the passive detection problem. Moreover, a closed-form expression for the probability of false alarm of this GLRT detector is given, which shows that the proposed GLRT detector exhibits a constant false alarm rate property with respect to the noise power. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed GLRT detector generally outperforms the generalized coherence detector, a previous popular passive detector that neither requires the knowledge of the noise power. In addition, the GLRT also outperforms the GCC detector when the latter has an uncertainty in its knowledge of the noise power.
Crystal structures of bis(phenoxy)silicon phthalocyanines: increasing π–π interactions, solubility and disorder and no halogen bonding observed

We report the syntheses and characterization of three solution-processable phenoxy silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs). The π–π interactions between the aromatic SiPc cores were studied. In all three cases, the solubility of the molecules was increased by the addition of phenoxy groups while maintaining π–π interactions between the aromatic SiPc groups.
Thermoregulation in pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana Ord) in the summer

SUMMARY We have used thermistor/data logger assemblies to measure temperatures in the brain, carotid artery, jugular vein and abdominal cavity, and subcutaneously, in five pronghorn antelope over a summer in Wyoming. Globe and air temperature varied by up to ∼50°C daily during the summer and maximum solar radiation was ∼900 W m–2. Brain temperature (38.9±0.3°C) was consistently ∼0.2–0.5°C higher than carotid blood temperature (38.6±0.3°C), which was the same as abdominal temperature (38.8±0.4°C). Jugular blood temperature (38.0±0.4°C) varied, probably because of changes in Respiratory Evaporative Heat Loss (REHL), and was lower than other temperatures. Subcutaneous temperature (38.3±0.6°C) varied, probably because of peripheral vasoactivity, but on average was similar to other temperatures. Carotid blood temperature had a circadian/nycthemeral rhythm weakly but significantly (r=0.634) linked to the time of sunrise, of amplitude 0.8±0.1°C. There were daily variations of up to 2.3°C in carotid body temperature in individual animals. An average range of carotid blood temperature of 3.1±0.4°C over the study period was recorded for the group, which was significantly wider than the average variation in brain temperature (2.3±0.6°C). Minimum carotid temperature (36.4±0.8°C) was significantly lower than minimum brain temperature (37.7±0.5°C), but maximum brain and carotid temperatures were similar. Brain temperature was kept relatively constant by a combination of warming at low carotid temperatures and cooling at high carotid temperatures and so varied less than carotid temperature. This regulation of brain temperature may be the origin of the amplitude of the average variation in carotid temperature found, and may confer a survival advantage.
The outer-inner city: urbanization, migration and ‘race’ in London and New York

This article explores the emergence of ‘outer-inner cities’ located on the periphery of London and New York. As traditional ‘zones in transitions’ and inner city districts of both cities have gentrified, these neighbourhoods no longer offer an affordable entry point to the low-waged immigrants whose work is necessary to keep the global city working. Moreover neoliberal practices of immigrant and working class dispersal in addition to the manipulation of fear regarding the ethnic and ‘racial’ other and the threat of deportation exert considerable centrifugal pressure making the central an increasingly hostile environment for immigrants. As such devalued sections of the periphery, such as suburbs suffering from disinvestment, are emerging as unlikely meeting points for new immigrants, those displaced from the central city and descendents of previous waves of suburbanisation. Common to both forms of inner city is the racialization of antagonistic community relations. Yet in contrast to the ‘inner city’ of the Fordist metropolis the outer-inner city is more fragmented, characterized by informal and flexible arrangements of labour and dwelling and most crucially lacks symbolic resonance on a government and policy level.
Sense Disambiguation in Information Retrieval

Ambiguity is the main problem faced by the search engines. User while performing the search does not bother about the ambiguity that lies in search terms and expects the relevant result. Hence it is required by the search engine to resolve such ambiguities. In this paper we have discussed methods to solve ambiguity and resolve it. Also we have proposed an algorithm Dynamic Page Rank which is not only resolving the ambiguities but also rearranging the results according to user.
The Influence of a Muscle Relaxant Bolus on Bispectral and Datex-Ohmeda Entropy Values During Propofol-Remifentanil Induced Loss of Consciousness

Studies investigating the influence of muscle relaxants on the bispectral index have yielded contradictory results. In our prospective, randomized, double-blind experiments, patients received a fixed target concentration of remifentanil along with a target-controlled infusion of propofol, titrated until loss of consciousness. Two minutes after loss of consciousness, the study group received a bolus injection of atracurium, whereas the control group received a placebo. The following variables were recorded: bispectral index, spectral edge frequency, electromyographic activity, state entropy, and response entropy provided by the Datex-Ohmeda Entropy monitor. Similar values were obtained in both groups at loss of consciousness. Placebo administration induced a decrease in bispectral index (P < 0.002), spectral edge frequency (P < 0.05), electromyographic activ-ity (P < 0.02), state entropy (P < 0.05), and response entropy (P < 0.01) compared with the values measured at loss of consciousness. Atracurium administration induced a decrease in bispectral index (P < 0.0001), spectral edge frequency (P < 0.01), electromyographic activity (P < 0.0001), state entropy (P < 0.0001), and response entropy (P < 0.0001) values. Decreases in bispectral index (P < 0.05), electromyographic activity (P < 0.0001), and response entropy (P < 0.01) were larger after atracurium than placebo injection. In lightly anesthetized patients, myorelaxant administration decreases bispectral index and response entropy, but not state entropy values.