Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A matter of habit: Recognizing the multiple roles of habit in health behaviour.

Health psychology is witnessing a resurgence of interest in the concept of habit (Verplanken, 2018). Habit can be defined as a process whereby a cue automatically triggers an impulse to act, based on cue–action associations learned through repeated performance; habitual behaviour refers to action generated by this process (Gardner, 2015). Habit impulses typically translate into action efficiently, potentially without intention, awareness, or control (Bargh, 1994), and can dominate over conscious motivation in regulating behaviour (Gardner, de Bruijn, & Lally, 2011). Much interest in habit stems from its behaviour change implications. If habit can override intentions, then habit formation may sustain health‐promoting behaviours over time, even when people lose motivation (Rothman, Sheeran, & Wood, 2009). Conversely, disrupting an unhealthy habitual behaviour may require strategies that address cue dependency (Lally & Gardner, 2013). The concept of habit disruption taps into current interest in non‐conscious routes to behaviour change (Sheeran, Gollwitzer, & Bargh, 2013): recognizing the habitual nature of an unhealthy behaviour can inform the adoption of change strategies based on modifying environmental stimuli, which can be more feasible and effective than promoting consciously mediated change (Marteau, Hollands, & Fletcher, 2012). // Much research has explored the influence of habit on a multitude of health behaviours, including hand hygiene, medication adherence, dietary consumption, physical activity, and sun protection (for a review, see Gardner, 2015). Such studies have implicitly addressed similar underlying research questions, which can broadly be summarized as: ‘To what extent could Behaviour X be determined by habit? ’ If a behaviour is shown to be, or have the potential to be, habitually enacted, this will have important implications for behaviour modification. Interventions that support adoption of that behaviour might fruitfully promote context‐consistent performance so that cue–response associations may develop (Lally, Van Jaarsveld, Potts, & Wardle, 2010), while interventions that aim to discontinue habitual behaviour might focus on dismantling such associations or blocking their enactment (Lally & Gardner, 2013). In this editorial, however, we argue that a more comprehensive understanding of habitual action requires moving beyond asking only to what extent a behaviour may be habitual, and towards exploring which aspects of a behaviour could be regulated by habit.
Development and Experimental Results of a Three-Stage Induction Coilgun

In 2016, Hanwha Defense Systems Corporation commenced an electromagnetic launcher program to develop the next-generation “cold-launching” missile launcher system. This system is based on multistage induction coilguns with advantages such as controllability of energy transfer, reusability, and noncontact between the armature and the stators. The system requirement is to launch missiles to a height of 20 m with weight ranging from hundreds of kilograms to several tons. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experiment results of a laboratory-scale electromagnetic launcher to demonstrate the feasibility of an electromagnetic launcher for heavy missiles. The effectiveness and performance of an electromagnetic launcher developed to launch heavy missiles have been demonstrated by accelerating a 21.68-kg projectile to 20 m/s.
University of Lower Silesia in Wroclaw, Poland

The article compares discourses of the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) of Poland, Portugal and Slovenia concerning the role of adult learning and education for sustainable development. NECPs are analysed through a theoretical proposal based on Escobar’s (2005) and Krause’s (2010) contributions, establishing three approaches to development and adult learning and education: a) a progress-oriented and 1 Tadej Košmerl, PhD student and teaching assistant, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana (tadej.kosmerl@ff.uni-lj.si). 2 Marta Gontarska, PhD candidate, Faculty of Applied Studies, University of Lower Silesia in Wroclaw, Poland (marta.gontarska@student.dsw.edu.pl). 3 Yeonjoo Kim, PhD student, Department of Educational Studies, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (yeonjook@mail.ubc.ca). 4 Paula Cristina E. Guimarães, PhD, assistant professor, Institute of Education, University of Lisbon, Portugal (pguimaraes@ie.ulisboa.pt). Andragoške studije, issn 0354–5415, broj 1, jun 2020, str. 53–76 © Institut za pedagogiju i andragogiju; Originalan naučni rad UDK 374.7:502.131. 1(438)(469)(497.4) doi: 10.5937/AndStud2001053K 54 Tadej Košmerl, Marta Gontarska, Yeonjoo Kim & Paula Guimarães aware citizen approach; b) a global, critical and transformative approach; and c) an active global and local participatory approach. Main conclusions highlight a progress-oriented and aware citizen approach in the EU-initiated NECPs. Additionally, a top-down approach is evident in the policy documents, as well as an alignment with the liberal theory of development without a deeper reflection on local contexts, evidencing a marginal role of adult learning and education.
Lag-1 sparing in the attentional blink: Benefits and costs of integrating two events into a single episode

When people monitor a visual stream of rapidly presented stimuli for two targets (T1 and T2), they often miss T2 if it falls into a time window of about half a second after T1 onset—the attentional blink. However, if T2 immediately follows T1, performance is often reported being as good as that at long lags—the so-called Lag-1 sparing effect. Two experiments investigated the mechanisms underlying this effect. Experiment 1 showed that, at Lag 1, requiring subjects to correctly report both identity and temporal order of targets produces relatively good performance on T2 but relatively bad performance on T1. Experiment 2 confirmed that subjects often confuse target order at short lags, especially if the two targets are equally easy to discriminate. Results suggest that, if two targets appear in close succession, they compete for attentional resources. If the two competitors are of unequal strength the stronger one is more likely to win and be reported at the expense of the other. If the two are equally strong, however, they will often be integrated into the same attentional episode and thus get both access to attentional resources. But this comes with a cost, as it eliminates information about the targets’ temporal order.
Integrated lot-sizing problems in serial supply chains with production capacities

W e consider a model for a serial supply chain in which production, inventory, and transportation decisions are integrated in the presence of production capacities and concave cost functions. The model we study generalizes the uncapacitated serial single-item multilevel economic lot-sizing model by adding stationary production capacities at the manufacturer level. We present algorithms with a running time that is polynomial in the planning horizon when all cost functions are concave. In addition, we consider different transportation and inventory holding cost structures that yield improved running times: inventory holding cost functions that are linear and transportation cost functions that are either linear, or are concave with a ﬁxed-charge structure. In the latter case, we make the additional common and reasonable assumption that the variable transportation and inventory costs are such that holding inventories at higher levels in the supply chain is more attractive from a variable cost perspective. While the running times of the algorithms are exponential in the number of levels in the supply chain in the general concave cost case, the running times are remarkably insensitive to the number of levels for the other two cost structures
Excitation creates a distributed pattern of cortical suppression 1 due to varied recurrent input 2

8 Sensory cortex transforms its inputs, generating neural responses that represent features of the 9 sensory world. Dense local, recurrent connections are a major feature of cortical circuits, yet 10 how they affect these transformations is unclear, with some studies reporting that recurrent 11 circuits amplify certain excitatory inputs, and other studies showing instead local suppression. 12 Here we find that input to mouse V1 excitatory neurons generates salt-and-pepper patterns of 13 excitation and suppression. We show that neurons' responses are not strongly predicted by 14 their optogenetic input alone, suggesting that recurrent inputs nonlinearly transform the 15 population response. A balanced-state network model explains the observed dynamics, 16 suppressed responses, and long tail of excited responses, but only with substantial variance in 17 cell-to-cell connectivity. In sum, we find recurrent cortical connectivity has high variability and 18 high average strength, which can decouple individual cells' responses from the direct input each 19 cell receives, leading to substantial suppression generated by excitatory input. 20 imaging experiments, to determine if suppression arises from recurrent sources. We expressed stChrimsonR selectively in excitatory neurons in V1 (AAV-FLEX-stChrimsonR; Emx1-Cre mouse line) and used two-photon imaging, extracellular physiology, and widefield imaging to measure cortical responses to excitatory cell stimulation. These step in explaining how networks in response different of a fundamental of
Title: Self-reported confusion is related to global and regional β-amyloid: data from the Women‟s Healthy Ageing Project

INTRODUCTION: Disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer‟s disease (AD) may require implementation during early stages of β-amyloid accumulation, well before patients have objective cognitive decline. In this study we aimed to assess the clinical value of subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) by examining the cross-sectional relationship between β-amyloid load and SCI. METHODS: Cerebral β-amyloid and SCI was assessed in a cohort of 112 cognitively normal subjects. Subjective cognition was evaluated using specific questions on memory and cognition and the MAC-Q. Participants had cerebral β-amyloid load measured with 18 F-Florbetaben Positron Emission Tomography (PET). RESULTS: No associations were found between measures of subjective memory impairment and cerebral β-amyloid. However, by self-reported confusion was predictive of a higher global β-amyloid burden ( p = 0.002), after controlling for confounders. Regional analysis revealed significant associations of confusion with β-amyloid in the prefrontal region ( p = 0.004), posterior cingulate and precuneus cortices ( p = 0.004) and the lateral temporal lobes ( p = 0.001) after controlling for confounders. DISCUSSION : An in vivo biomarker for AD pathology was associated with SCI by self-reported confusion on cross-sectional analysis. Whilst there has been a large body of research on SMC, our results indicate more research is needed to explore symptoms of confusion.
Marketing Spirit: Exploration and Exploitation on Two Dimensions

This conceptual paper examines exploration and exploitation relevant for market-oriented business philosophy. Elaborating on the notion that sustained performance and success of a firm calls for balancing between the innovative activities of exploitation vs. exploration, the article clarifies how exploration and exploitation are needed on both technology/product dimension and market/customer dimension, respectively. It is argued that this exploration-exploitation on two dimensions specifies a refined market-oriented business philosophy, when dedication to the activities of generating, disseminating, and responding to intelligence on both dimensions, as well as competition orientation and coordination, are additionally emphasized. This refined philosophy is referred to as Marketing Spirit. The concept emphasizes, more than the traditional market and marketing orientation concepts, radical innovation besides incremental innovation, as well as understanding of the firm’s unique knowledge and capabilities. The notion that Marketing Spirit, involving balancing between exploration and exploitation on the two dimensions, is a driver for sustained performance and success of a firm can also accommodate the recent suggestion that highly successful firms are able to be both market-driven and market-driving at the same time.
The Motor Protein Myosin-X Transports VE-Cadherin along Filopodia To Allow the Formation of Early Endothelial Cell-Cell Contacts

ABSTRACT Vascular endothelium (VE), the monolayer of endothelial cells that lines the vascular tree, undergoes damage at the basis of some vascular diseases. Its integrity is maintained by VE-cadherin, an adhesive receptor localized at cell-cell junctions. Here, we show that VE-cadherin is also located at the tip and along filopodia in sparse or subconfluent endothelial cells. We observed that VE-cadherin navigates along intrafilopodial actin filaments. We found that the actin motor protein myosin-X is colocalized and moves synchronously with filopodial VE-cadherin. Immunoprecipitation and pulldown assays confirmed that myosin-X is directly associated with the VE-cadherin complex. Furthermore, expression of a dominant-negative mutant of myosin-X revealed that myosin-X is required for VE-cadherin export to cell edges and filopodia. These features indicate that myosin-X establishes a link between the actin cytoskeleton and VE-cadherin, thereby allowing VE-cadherin transportation along intrafilopodial actin cables. In conclusion, we propose that VE-cadherin trafficking along filopodia using myosin-X motor protein is a prerequisite for cell-cell junction formation. This mechanism may have functional consequences for endothelium repair in pathological settings.
Therapeutic efficacy of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB-Fc delivered by nonviral gene transfer in a mouse model of osteolytic osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary bone tumor that develops mainly during youth, the median age of diagnosis being 18 years. Despite improvement in osteosarcoma treatment, survival rate is only 30% after 5 years for patients with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis. This warrants exploration of new therapeutic options. The anti-bone resorption molecule receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) is very promising, as it may block the vicious cycle between bone resorption and tumor proliferation that takes place during tumor development in bone site. The cDNA encoding murine RANK-Fc (mRANK-Fc) was administered by gene transfer using an amphiphilic polymer in a mouse model of osteolytic osteosarcoma. Clinical and bone microarchitecture variables were assessed by radiography and micro-CT analyses. In vitro experiments were designed to determine the mechanism of action of RANK-Fc on tumor cell proliferation (XTT assays), apoptosis (caspase activation), cell cycle distribution (fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis), or gene expression (reverse transcription-PCR). RANK-Fc was effective in preventing the formation of osteolytic lesions associated with osteosarcoma development and in reducing the tumor incidence, the local tumor growth, and the lung metastases dissemination leading to a 3.9-fold augmentation of mice survival 28 days after implantation. On the contrary, mRANK-Fc did not prevent the development of nonosseous tumor nodules, suggesting that bone environment is necessary for mRANK-Fc therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, mRANK-Fc has no direct activity on osteosarcoma cells in vitro. mRANK-Fc exerts an indirect inhibitory effect on osteosarcoma progression through inhibition of bone resorption. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(10):3389–98]
Complexity-Theoretic Limitations on Blind Delegated Quantum Computation

Blind delegation protocols allow a client to delegate a computation to a server so that the server learns nothing about the input to the computation apart from its size. For the specific case of quantum computation we know that blind delegation protocols can achieve information-theoretic security. In this paper we prove, provided certain complexity-theoretic conjectures are true, that the power of information-theoretically secure blind delegation protocols for quantum computation (ITS-BQC protocols) is in a number of ways constrained. In the first part of our paper we provide some indication that ITS-BQC protocols for delegating $\sf BQP$ computations in which the client and the server interact only classically are unlikely to exist. We first show that having such a protocol with $O(n^d)$ bits of classical communication implies that $\mathsf{BQP} \subset \mathsf{MA/O(n^d)}$. We conjecture that this containment is unlikely by providing an oracle relative to which $\mathsf{BQP} \not\subset \mathsf{MA/O(n^d)}$. We then show that if an ITS-BQC protocol exists with polynomial classical communication and which allows the client to delegate quantum sampling problems, then there exist non-uniform circuits of size $2^{n - \mathsf{\Omega}(n/log(n))}$, making polynomially-sized queries to an $\sf NP^{NP}$ oracle, for computing the permanent of an $n \times n$ matrix. The second part of our paper concerns ITS-BQC protocols in which the client and the server engage in one round of quantum communication and then exchange polynomially many classical messages. First, we provide a complexity-theoretic upper bound on the types of functions that could be delegated in such a protocol, namely $\mathsf{QCMA/qpoly \cap coQCMA/qpoly}$. Then, we show that having such a protocol for delegating $\mathsf{NP}$-hard functions implies $\mathsf{coNP^{NP^{NP}}} \subseteq \mathsf{NP^{NP^{PromiseQMA}}}$.
What is a ‘‘good’’ result after transcatheter mitral repair? Impact of 2 þ residual mitral regurgitation

Objective: The study objective was to assess the impact on follow-up outcomes of residual mitral regurgitation 2 þ in comparison with (cid:2) 1 þ after MitraClip (Abbott Vascular Inc, Santa Clara, Calif) repair. Methods: We compared the outcomes of mitral regurgitation 2 þ and mitral regurgitation (cid:2) 1 þ groups among a population of 223 consecutive patients with acute residual mitral regurgitation (cid:2) 2 þ who underwent MitraClip implantation at San Raffaele Scientiﬁc Institute (Milan, Italy) between October 2008 and December 2014. Results: Residual mitral regurgitation 2 þ was found in 64 patients (28.7 % ). Overall actuarial survival was 63.1 % (cid:3) 4.4 % at 48 months. Cumulative incidence functions of cardiac death in patients with mitral regurgitation 2 þ was signiﬁcantly higher (Gray test P < .001) compared with the mitral regurgitation (cid:2) 1 þ group.The adjusted hazard ratio was 5.28 (95 % conﬁdence interval, 2.41-11.56, P < .001). Cumulative incidence function of mitral regurgitation (cid:4) 3 þ recurrence in patients with residual mitral regurgitation (cid:2) 1 þ and mitral regurgitation 2 þ at 48 months was 13.3 % (cid:3) 3.8 % and 45.2 % (cid:3) 6.8 % , respectively (Gray test P < .001). Multivariate model showed that mitral regurgitation 2 þ was the only factor associated with the development of mitral regurgitation (cid:4) 3 þ at follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio, 6.71; 95 %
Readout: Diffusion-tensor MR Imaging of the Human

Summary: Diffusion-tensor MR imaging of the brain is an objective method that can measure diffusion of water in tissue noninvasively. Five adult volunteers participated in this study that was performed to evaluate the potential of gradient-and spin-echo readout for diffusion-tensor imaging by comparing it with single-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging. Gradient-and spin-echo readout provides comparable measures of water diffusion to single-shot spin-echo echo-planar readout with signiﬁcantly less geometrical distortion at the expense of a longer imaging time.
Algorithmic determination of immobile indices in convex SIP problems with polyhedral index sets

Abstract The concepts of immobile indices and their immobility orders are objective and important characteristics of feasible sets of semi-infinite programming (SIP) problems. They can be used for the formulation of new efficient optimality conditions without constraint qualifications. Given a class of convex SIP problems with polyhedral index sets, we describe and justify a finite constructive algorithm (algorithm DIIPS) that allows to find in a finite number of steps all immobile indices and the corresponding immobility orders along the feasible directions. This algorithm is based on a representation of the cones of feasible directions in the polyhedral index sets in the form of linear combinations of extremal rays and on the approach proposed in our previous papers for the cases of immobile indices’ sets of simpler structures. A constructive procedure of determination of the extremal rays is described, and an example illustrating the application of the DIIPS algorithm is provided.
Supporting Forces and Stability of Snow-Slab Avalanches: A Parameter Study

The fracture of a slab avalanche is a multi-phase and progressive process. The different kinds of fracture and possible scenarios of avalanche release in the form of a zip effect are shown. In the course of investigations, most importance has so far been attached to shear failure along the sliding surface. Various cases of load and their effects on the stresses, on the changes of strength, and on the stability of the inclined snow-pack are discussed. The usual simple model of the shear-stability index is unsatisfactory. The present paper deals with the complex interaction of all supporting forces of a snow slab by means of simplified geotechnical considerations. For this purpose, the acting and reacting forces of a “standard avalanche” (i.e. dead load with driving and normal component, shear force, tensile force, compressive force, and flank force) are estimated from published boundary values. Using different combinations (e.g. hard slab with high circumferential forces on a weak shear surface with low shear force), it can be shown that suspension at the crown and lower and lateral support are of great importance. This applies especially to cases with low shear forces and, consequently, with low overall stability. Despite the fact that the circumferential area of the model avalanche is only 6% of the area of the shear surface, the circumferential force in this case is more than 150% of the shear force. In a parameter study with different avalanche sizes, these results are generalized and confirmed. For the assumed strength limits, critical areas and depths of possible slab avalanches can be derived. Although the supporting shear force is the major contributor to stability, particularly with larger slabs, it can be seen from the investigations that the redistributions of stress and spatial supports and suspensions of the whole slab avalanche must not be neglected in stability analyses.