Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergency Contraception: History, Methods, Mechanisms, Misconceptions and a Philosophical Evaluation

Humans have attempted to disrupt the progression of pregnancy for a very long time. This dates back to the realization that it was a sexual activity which started the reproductive cycle. Folk methods for preventing pregnancy after unprotected sexual activity are physiologically unable to be effective and we now have chemical, mainly hormonal methods, and a mechanical method the intrauterine device which do work in the very early stages before conception can be diagnosed with certainty. These methods are impeded by those who worry that fertilisation of the ovum may have occurred, and that the method may then be abortifacient. Considering that it is possible to easily disrupt an established pregnancy by medical or surgical means depending on the duration, this would be no different than any other means of abortion induction. This evaluation takes the approach of viewing pregnancy as a 40 week continuum and that the approach to halting it after it has begun should simply be chemical or mechanical depending on duration and subject preference and clinical suitability as appropriate. There is no clinical reason to not be able to act in the early stages before the diagnosis of pregnancy is determinable. Clinicians may want to use the duality of conceived and non-conceived simultaneously if it helps to take action to interrupt the pregnancy continuum so that they may view their client as pregnant or is not pregnant enabling them to act accordingly. This could be viewed as the ‘uncertainty principle’ of emergency contraception. The methods available and their historical context and limitations are presented and examined.
Occipital Activation by Pattern Recognition in the Early Blind Using Auditory Substitution for Vision

This PET study aimed at investigating the neural structures involved in pattern recognition in early blind subjects using sensory substitution equipment (SSE). Six early blind and six blindfolded sighted subjects were studied during three auditory processing tasks: a detection task with noise stimuli, a detection task with familiar sounds, and a pattern recognition task using the SSE. The results showed a differential activation pattern with the SSE as a function of the visual experience: in addition to the regions involved in the recognition process in sighted control subjects, occipital areas of early blind subjects were also activated. The occipital activation was more important when the early blind subjects used SSE than during the other auditory tasks. These results suggest that activity of the extrastriate visual cortex of early blind subjects can be modulated and bring additional evidence that early visual deprivation leads to cross-modal cerebral reorganization.
The Creation of Homeownership: How New Deal Changes in Banking Regulation Simultaneously Made Homeownership Accessible to Whites and out of Reach for Blacks

The Federal Government, in creating the section 203(b) mortgage insurance program during the New Deal, transformed homeownership in America into the main way that middle-class households build wealth. In the first three decades of the program’s existence, however, this wealth-building opportunity was not shared with African-Americans. This Note reveals a pervasive, previously ignored regulatory system at both the state and federal level that gave the section 203(b) program a monopoly in offering the kinds of loans that first-time homebuyers needed. These statutes meant that even nongovernmental entities could not offer most African-Americans the opportunity to become homeowners. author. Thanks very much to Joseph Altonji, Richard Brooks, Terrence Dinnean, Cynthia Farrar, Owen Fiss, Jay Gitlin, Eric Hangen, Tad Heuer, Laura Lovett, Nancy Lyon, Jonathan Macey, Lisa Marshall, Michael Piscitelli, Doug Rae, Stuart Rosenthal, Katherine Scharf, Tom Skinner, the Olin Fellowship program at Yale Law School, and the research staff at the Seeley Mudd Library and Lillian Goldman Law Library for their invaluable help in researching and revising this Note. Thanks also to Marah Stith, my excellent editor, and Aaron Crowell, Alison Egan, and Paige Herwig for making the Note publishable. And thanks especially to Robert Ellickson, who pushed me to ask the questions that this Note begins to answer. GORDON OCT 19 NO HEADER 11/1/2005 5:16:23 PM the creation of homeownership
Wordnet-Based Cross-Language Identification of Semantic Relations

We propose a method for cross-language identification of semantic relations based on word similarity measurement and morphosemantic relations in WordNet. We transfer these relations to pairs of derivationally unrelated words and train a model for automatic classification of new instances of (morpho)semantic relations in context based on the existing ones and the general semantic classes of collocated verb and noun senses. Our experiments are based on Bulgarian-English parallel and comparable texts but the method is to a great extent language-independent and particularly suited to less-resourced languages, since it does not need parsed or semantically annotated data. The application of the method leads to an increase in the number of discovered semantic relations by 58.35% and performs relatively consistently, with a small decrease in precision between the baseline (based on morphosemantic relations identified in wordnet) ‐ 0.774, and the extended method (based on the data obtained through machine learning) ‐ 0.721.
Atmospheric electric field anomalies associated with solar flare/coronal mass ejection events and solar energetic charged particle

Abstract. We discuss the fair weather atmospheric electric field signatures of three major solar energetic charged particle events which occurred in on 15 April 2001, 18 April and 4 November, and their causative solar flares/coronal mass ejections (SF/CMEs). Only the 15 April 2001 shows clear evidence for Ez variation associated to SF/CME events and the other two events may support this hypothesis as well although for them the meteorological data were not available. All three events seem to be associated with relativistic solar protons (i.e. protons with energies >450 MeV) of the Ground Level Event (GLE) type. The study presents data on variations of the vertical component of the atmospheric electric field (Ez) measured at the auroral station Apatity (geomagnetic latitude: 63.8°, the polar cap station Vostok (geomagnetic latitude: −89.3°) and the middle latitude stations Voyeikovo (geomagnetic latitude: 56.1°) and Nagycenk (geomagnetic latitude: 47.2°). A significant disturbance in the atmospheric electric field is sometimes observed close to the time of the causative solar flare; the beginning of the electric field perturbation at Apatity is detected one or two hours before the flare onset and the GLE onset. Atmospheric electric field records at Vostok and Voyeikovo show a similar disturbance at the same time for the 15 April 2001 event. Some mechanisms responsible for the electric field perturbations are considered.
Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle induce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

AIM To investigate whether the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) with the cell debris and cell extraction of different probiotic strains is similar or species specific. METHODS Three strains of bifidobacteria, 4 strains of lactobacilli, and E. coli nissle were sonicated and centrifuged in order to divide them into cell extract and cell debris. PBMNC were separated by density gradient and incubated for 36 h with either the cell debris or the cell extract of single strains of probiotic bacteria in doses from 10(2) to 10(8) CFU/mL. Cell supernatants were taken and interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Depending on the species super-family, the strains had different stimulation patterns. Except for both L. casei strains, the cell extract of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli had less stimulating capacity than cell debris, whereas the cell extract of E. coli nissle had similar stimulating properties to that of the cell debris of the strain and significantly more stimulating capacity than that of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. The cell debris of bifidobacteria stimulated more cytokine release than the cell debris of lactobacilli. The cell debris of lactobacilli did not have a stimulating capacity when lower concentrations were used. Neither cell extraction nor cell debris had an inhibitory effect on the production of the tested cytokines by stimulated PBMNC. CONCLUSION The incubation of probiotic strains, which have been used in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases, with immunocompetent cells leads to different species specific reactions. High IL-10 response to cell debris of bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle can be found. This corresponds to positive effects of bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle in clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease compared to negative outcomes obtained with lactobacilli.
Vestibular loss promotes procedural response during a spatial task in rats

Declarative memory refers to a spatial strategy using numerous sources of sensory input information in which visual and vestibular inputs are assimilated in the hippocampus. In contrast, procedural memory refers to a response strategy based on motor skills and familiar gestures and involves the striatum. Even if vestibular loss impairs hippocampal activity and spatial memory, vestibular‐lesioned rats remain able to find food rewards during complex spatial memory task. Since hippocampal lesions induce a switch from declarative memory to procedural memory, we hypothesize that vestibular‐lesioned rats use a strategy other than that of hippocampal spatial response to complete the task and to counterbalance the loss of vestibular information. We test, in a reverse T‐maze paradigm, the types of strategy vestibular‐lesioned rats preferentially uses in a spatial task. We clearly demonstrate that all vestibular‐lesioned rats shift to a response strategy to solve the spatial task, while control rats use spatial and response strategies equally. We conclude that the loss of vestibular informations leading to spatial learning impairments is not offset at the hippocampus level by integration process of other sense mainly visual informations; but favors a response strategy through procedural memory most likely involving the striatum, cerebellum, and motor learning. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New lattice attacks on DSA schemes

Abstract We prove that a system of linear congruences of a particular form has at most a unique solution below a certain bound which can be computed efficiently. Using this result, we develop attacks against the DSA schemes which, under some assumptions, can provide the secret key in the case where one or several signed messages are available.
Investigation of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation by various “omics” approaches

In the lung, Aspergillus fumigatus usually forms a dense colony of filaments embedded in a polymeric extracellular matrix called biofilm (BF). This extracellular matrix embeds and glues hyphae together and protects the fungus from an outside hostile environment. This extracellular matrix is absent in fungal colonies grown under classical liquid shake conditions (PL), which were historically used to understand A. fumigatus pathobiology. Recent works have shown that the fungus in this aerial grown BF-like state exhibits reduced susceptibility to antifungal drugs and undergoes major metabolic changes that are thought to be associated to virulence. These differences in pathological and physiological characteristics between BF and liquid shake conditions suggest that the PL condition is a poor in vitro disease model. In the laboratory, A. fumigatus mycelium embedded by the extracellular matrix can be produced in vitro in aerial condition using an agar-based medium. To provide a global and accurate understanding of A. fumigatus in vitro BF growth, we utilized microarray, RNA-sequencing, and proteomic analysis to compare the global gene and protein expression profiles of A. fumigatus grown under BF and PL conditions. In this review, we will present the different signatures obtained with these three “omics” methods. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of each method and their complementarity.
Human basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein: a 467-kD protein containing multiple domains resembling elements of the low density lipoprotein receptor, laminin, neural cell adhesion molecules, and epidermal growth factor

The primary structure of the large human basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) core protein was determined from cDNA clones. The cDNA sequence codes for a 467-kD protein with a 21-residue signal peptide. Analysis of the amino acid sequence showed that the protein consists of five domains. The amino-terminal domain I contains three putative heparan sulfate attachment sites; domain II has four LDL receptor-like repeats; domain III contains repeats similar to those in the short arms of laminin; domain IV has lg-like repeats resembling those in neural cell adhesion molecules; and domain V contains sequences resembling repeats in the G domain of the laminin A chain and repeats in the EGF. The domain structure of the human basement membrane HSPG core protein suggests that this mosaic protein has evolved through shuffling of at least four different functional elements previously identified in other proteins and through duplication of these elements to form the functional domains. Comparison of the human amino acid sequence with a partial amino acid sequence from the corresponding mouse protein (Noonan, D. M., E. A. Horigan, S. R. Ledbetter, G. Vogeli, M. Sasaki, Y. Yamada, and J. R. Hassell. 1988. J. Biol. Chem. 263:16379-16387) shows a major difference between the species in domain IV, which contains the Ig repeats: seven additional repeats are found in the human protein inserted in the middle of the second repeat in the mouse sequence. This suggests either alternative splicing or a very recent duplication event in evolution. The multidomain structure of the basement membrane HSPG implies a versatile role for this protein. The heparan sulfate chains presumably participate in the selective permeability of basement membranes and, additionally, the core protein may be involved in a number of biological functions such as cell binding, LDL-metabolism, basement membrane assembly, calcium binding, and growth- and neurite-promoting activities.
The power of single and error annotations in category partition testing: an experimental evaluation

Category Partition (CP) is a black box testing technique that formalizes the specification of the input domain in a CP specification for the system under test. A CP specification is driven by tester's expertise and bundles parameters, categories (characteristics of parameters) and choices (acceptable values for categories) required for extensively testing the system. For completeness the choices correspond to permitted input values as well as some values to account for boundaries or robustness. These choices are then combined to form test frames on the basis of various criteria such as each choice or pairwise. To ensure that the combinations of choices are feasible and account for valid sets of user requirements, constraints are introduced to specify permitted combinations among choices, and to specify single or error choices. In a typical development environment where testing is driven by stringent deadlines a tester might have to decide how many constraints are enough to attain the maximum level of test completeness. The present work will assist a test engineer in making this decision. We conclude, on the basis of our experimental evaluation on academic and industrial case studies, that an equally effective test suite can be attained by meticulously defining error and single annotations in a CP specification while ignoring other constraints among choices.
Age-Dependent Effect of Cyclic Feeding Regimen on the Level of Serum Apolipoproteins in Young and Old Rats.

Aims: the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of intermittent fasting (IF) on the content of blood serum apolipoproteins in young and old animals and to ascertain whether there exist adaptation mechanisms to this dietary regimen. Study design: young (3-month) and old (20-month) rats were individually housed and randomly assigned to one of five groups (with 10 rats per group): (AL) fed ad libitum; (IF1) provided access to a limited amount of food (4g/100g and 2g/100g of food/body weight for young and old rats, respectively) every other day for 10 days; (R1) refeeded ad libitum for 20 days after IF1; (IF2) provided the same regimen as for IF1, but after successive IF1 and R1; (R2) refeeded ad libitum for 10 days after IF2. Methodology: plasma proteins were separated by one dimensional SDS-PAGE using a 7.5-15% gradient separating gel. Results: IF1 with 30% weight loss resulted in ~28% and ~24% decrease and ~121% increase in serum apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), and apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels of young rats, respectively, and after R1 the level of these Original Research Article International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 4(6): 593-606, 2014 594 proteins was characterized by ~37%, ~66%, ~22% increase in comparison with control. IF1 and R1 in old animals were followed by ~53% increase in apoE content and ~13% decrease in the amount of apoB. IF2 was coupled with ~32% decrease in apoA-I level and ~133% increase in apoE concentration in young animals and ~39% and ~38% decrease in apoA-I and apoB-100 level in old animals, respectively. R2 produced ~48% and ~49% increase in apoA-I and apoE levels of young rats, respectively, and to ~31% increase in apoA-I content of old rats. Conclusion: the main outcome reached is the identification of differences in the effects of the dietary regimen during reapplication on apoE and apoB-100 serum levels in old animals and on apoA-I level in the case of young animals.
Dramatherapy for People with Learning Disabilities: A World of Difference

1. Introduction - A World of Difference. 2. Preliminary Processes - From Referral to Goal Setting. 3. Dramatherapy and Profound Learning Disability. 4. Movement and Dance in Dramatherapy. 5. Games in Dramatherapy. 6. One-to-One Dramatherapy: A Journey with Lucy. 7. Group Dramatherapy. 8. The Use of Fairytales in Group Dramatherapy: A Dramatherapy and Music Therapy Collaboration. 9. Psychodrama and Learning Disability. References.
Adjustment after Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship to Participation in Employment or Educational Activities.

Compares the life adjustment of participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) who were either employed; unemployed, but attending school; or unemployed. RESULTS show that the employed and student participants reported superior adjustment scores compared to the unemployed/nonstudents. FINDINGS reveal the importance of work and education following SCI. (RJM) Language: en
Rat Model of Hindlimb Ischemia Induced via Embolization with Polyvinyl Alcohol and N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate

Objective To investigate the feasibility of a rat model on hindlimb ischemia induced by embolization from the administration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles or N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA). Materials and Methods Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by embolization with NBCA (n = 4), PVA (n = 4) or surgical excision (n = 4) in a total of 12 Sprague-Dawley rats. On days 0, 7 and 14, the time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) and enhanced MRI were obtained as scheduled by using a 3T-MR scanner. The clinical ischemic index, volume change and degree of muscle necrosis observed on the enhanced MRI in the ischemic hindlimb were being compared among three groups using the analysis of variance. Vascular patency on TOF-MRA was evaluated and correlated with angiographic findings when using an inter-rater agreement test. Results There was a technical success rate of 100% for both the embolization and surgery groups. The clinical ischemic index did not significantly differ. On day 7, the ratios of the muscular infarctions were 0.436, 0.173 and 0 at thigh levels and 0.503, 0.337 and 0 at calf levels for the NBCA, PVA and surgery groups, respectively. In addition, the embolization group presented increased volume and then decreased volume on days 7 and 14, respectively. The surgery group presented a gradual volume decrease. Good correlation was shown between the TOF-MRA and angiographic findings (kappa value of 0.795). Conclusion The examined hindlimb ischemia model using embolization with NBCA and PVA particles in rats is a feasible model for further research, and muscle necrosis was evident as compared with the surgical model.
Analysis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and PCR of Human Liver Abscess Aspirates from Patients in China forEntamoeba histolytica

ABSTRACT Aspirates of liver abscesses were analyzed for Entamoeba histolytica. PCR detected a gene encoding a 30-kDa protein in all samples but detected the ribosomal DNA gene in only 14 (33.3%) samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected antigen in 41 (97.6%) samples. PCR analysis of a strain-specific antigen (SSG) revealed that abscesses were caused by various strains.
Snoring and sleep apnoea in men: association with central obesity and hypertension.

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between sleep apnoea, measures of obesity and blood pressure. The study was cross-sectional in design, involving 1464 consecutive men undergoing sleep studies at two non-hospital sleep laboratories. Detailed sleep studies, body mass index (BMI), neck, hip and waist circumferences and morning and evening blood pressures were measured in each patient. Twenty-eight per cent of patients were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and 47% were overweight (BMI 26-30 kg/m2). Body fat distribution in these patients was typically central with a mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) for the entire group of 0.99 with over 80% of patients having a WHR more than 0.94. Increasing severity of sleep apnoea measured either by respiratory disturbance index (RDI) or minimum oxygen saturation in sleep (MOS) was associated with increasing central obesity and morning but not evening blood pressure. Normal weight patients (BMI < 25 kg/m2) with sleep apnoea were characterized by increased waist and hip circumferences and increased morning diastolic blood pressure compared to patients without sleep apnoea. The best explanatory variables for sleep apnoea were waist (r2 = 0.156, P < 0.001) and age (r2 = 0.013, P = 0.003) only. Morning but not evening blood pressure was related to sleep apnoea independently of obesity and age. We concluded that patients with sleep apnoea are centrally obese. Waist circumference is a better predictor for sleep apnoea than neck circumference or BMI suggesting that the link between obesity and sleep apnoea cannot be explained solely by neck fat deposition. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)