Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Dementia Upon Residential Care for Individuals With Down Syndrome

Abstract Despite the increased prevalence of dementia in individuals with Down syndrome, relatively little is known about its impact upon care provision. Carers may be familiar with the demands of assisting a person with Down syndrome, but generally have little knowledge about the course or impact of dementia. This dissonance may lead to stress, which can have a detrimental effect on the carer and the quality of care for the recipient. In this exploratory study, the authors examined the objective and subjective impact of dementia upon paraprofessional paid carers of individuals with Down syndrome working in residential settings. The study used the Caregiver Activities Scale—Intellectual Disabilities (CAS-ID), the Caregiver Difficulties Scale—Intellectual Disabilities (CDS-ID), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Responses given for these measures by paraprofessional carers of individuals with Down syndrome and dementia (n = 9) were compared with responses from those caring for recipients with Down syndrome and no additional cognitive decline (n = 11). No significant differences were found in the responses from these sets of carers on measures of objective (CAS-ID) or subjective burden (CDS-ID). However, the MBI revealed that carers of individuals with Down syndrome and dementia reported significantly increased levels of emotional exhaustion. Findings suggested that, while even when there is little difference in the level of caregiving tasks or the subjective difficulties of caregiving, the onset of dementia in individuals with Down syndrome resulted in increased emotional exhaustion for carers. Additional factors not considered within this study, such as challenging behavior, may also be pertinent to carer burden.
Ambulatory Estimation of Knee-Joint Kinematics in Anatomical Coordinate System Using Accelerometers and Magnetometers

Knee-joint kinematics analysis using an optimal sensor set and a reliable algorithm would be useful in the gait analysis. An original approach for ambulatory estimation of knee-joint angles in anatomical coordinate system is presented, which is composed of a physical-sensor-difference-based algorithm and virtual-sensor-difference-based algorithm. To test the approach, a wearable monitoring system composed of accelerometers and magnetometers was developed and evaluated on lower limb. The flexion/extension (f/e), abduction/adduction (a/a), and inversion/extension (i/e) rotation angles of the knee joint in the anatomical joint coordinate system were estimated. In this method, since there is no integration of angular acceleration or angular velocity, the result is not distorted by offset and drift. The three knee-joint angles within the anatomical coordinate system are independent of the orders, which must be considered when Euler angles are used. Besides, since there are no physical sensors implanted in the knee joint based on the virtual-sensor-difference-based algorithm, it is feasible to analyze knee-joint kinematics with less numbers and types of sensors than those mentioned in some others methods. Compared with results from the reference system, the developed wearable sensor system is available to do gait analysis with fewer sensors and high degree of accuracy.
The evolution of novel host use is unlikely to be constrained by trade‐offs or a lack of genetic variation

The genetic and ecological factors that shape the evolution of animal diets remain poorly understood. For herbivorous insects, the expectation has been that trade‐offs exist, such that adaptation to one host plant reduces performance on other potential hosts. We investigated the genetic architecture of alternative host use by rearing individual Lycaeides melissa butterflies from two wild populations in a crossed design on two hosts (one native and one introduced) and analysing the genetic basis of differences in performance using genomic approaches. Survival during the experiment was highest when butterfly larvae were reared on their natal host plant, consistent with local adaptation. However, cross‐host correlations in performance among families (within populations) were not different from zero. We found that L. melissa populations possess genetic variation for larval performance and variation in performance had a polygenic basis. We documented very few genetic variants with trade‐offs that would inherently constrain diet breadth by preventing the optimization of performance across hosts. Instead, most genetic variants that affected performance on one host had little to no effect on the other host. In total, these results suggest that genetic trade‐offs are not the primary cause of dietary specialization in L. melissa butterflies.
To Repair or Not To Repair : Helping Routing Protocols to Distinguish Mobility from Congestion

In mobile ad hoc networks, routing protocols depend upon feedback from various mechanisms to detect a failed link. Most commonly, routing protocols use failure notification from the MAC layer, but they may also use HELLO messages or passive ACKs. In all of these cases, the routing protocol must distinguish true link failures from situations when congestion prevents frame transmission. In many cases, current routing protocols do not make this distinction; as a result, they suffer from increased overhead, leading to congestion collapse or increased routing convergence time. In this paper, we present a mobility detection algorithm, MDA, and a cross-layer mechanism for coordination between the MAC layer and the routing protocol. This approach ensures that routing protocols only react to true link failures, leading to lower overhead and increased throughput. We evaluate MDA using a simulation study, showing its effectiveness with the DSR, AODV and AODV-HELLO routing protocols, running over both CBR and congestion-controlled ATP flows.
Relationship between mode of delivery in childbirth and prevalence of allergic diseases in Korean children

Purpose We tested the hypothesis that cesarean section might increase the risk for allergic diseases compared to vaginal delivery, by depriving the newborn of exposure to maternal microflora. Methods We evaluated the prevalence of allergic diseases, allergic inflammation, and allergic sensitization according to mode of delivery for 279 Korean children aged ≤16 years. Data were extracted from medical records and a questionnaire filled out by parents. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between cesarean section and the outcomes of interest. Results Of the 279 children, 179 (62.6%) were delivered vaginally and 100 (37.4%) by cesarean section. There were no differences in the prevalence of allergic diseases, allergic inflammation, or allergic sensitization according to mode of delivery. Children born by cesarean section had no higher risk of allergic disease than those delivered vaginally, regardless of a parental history for allergic disease. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for cesarean section compared to vaginal delivery were not statistically significant for any outcome considered: asthma, 0.76 (0.37-1.57), allergic rhinitis, 1.14 (0.61-2.10), atopic dermatitis, 1.01 (0.59-1.71). Conclusions Delivery by cesarean section may not be associated with the subsequent development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis in Korean children.
Optimization design of wideband asymmetric Doherty power amplifiers with different LDMOS devices

In this paper, a wideband asymmetric Doherty power amplifier (WADPA), which has different LDMOS devices for the carrier and the peaking power amplifiers(MRF7S19080 and MRF8S19140), is designed with the stepped impedance transformer. The carrier and peaking amplifiers of the proposed Doherty amplifier operates in class-AB (2.76V) and class-C (1.3V) bias conditions, respectively, with a drain voltage of 27 V. By the help of the computer optimum design, the maximum PAE of 65.407% and the maximum output power of 54.953dBm at 1960MHz are obtained. At about 8dB back-off point, the PAE reaches 55.245%. When Pout equals to 47dBm, the wideband asymmetric Doherty power amplifier covers a bandwidth of 180MHz ranging from 1.87GHz to 2.05GHz while the gain flatness is between −0.3dB to 0.3dB, and the PAE of the whole band is more than 50%.
Degree Optimization and Stability Condition for the Min-Sum Decoder

The min-sum (MS) algorithm is arguably the second most fundamental algorithm in the realm of message passing due to its optimality (for a tree code) with respect to the block error probability [1]. There also seems to be a fundamental relationship of MS decoding with the linear programming decoder [2]. Despite its importance, its fundamental properties have not nearly been studied as well as those of the sum-product (also known as BP) algorithm. We address two questions related to the MS rule. First, we characterize the stability condition under MS decoding. It turns out to be essentially the same condition as under BP decoding. Second, we perform a degree distribution optimization. Contrary to the case of BP decoding, under MS decoding the thresholds of the best degree distributions for standard irregular LDPC ensembles are significantly bounded away from the Shannon threshold. More precisely, on the AWGN channel, for the best codes that we find, the gap to capacity is 1 dB for a rate 0.3 code and it is 0.4 dB when the rate is 0.9 (the gap decreases monotonically as we increase the rate). We also used the optimization procedure to design codes for modified MS algorithm where the output of the check node is scaled by a constant 1/alpha. For alpha = 1.25, we observed that the gap to capacity was lesser for the modified MS algorithm when compared with the MS algorithm. However, it was still quite large, varying from 0.75 dB to 0.2 dB for rates between 0.3 and 0.9. We conclude by posing what we consider to be the most important open questions related to the MS algorithm.
Obstructive sleep apnoea inhibits the recovery of left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

AIMS It has been suggested that obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSA) may be a direct cause of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. This study was designed to examine our hypothesis that OSA inhibits the recovery of LV function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS Our 86 consecutive first-AMI patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). All patients underwent polysomnography and OSA was defined as an apnoea-hypoapnoea index (AHI) > or =15 events/h, of which more than 50% were obstructive. Left ventriculograms immediately after PCI and at 21 days were used to evaluate LV ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-diastolic volume index, and regional wall motion (RWM) within the infarct area. OSA was observed in 37 patients (43%). All three indices of LV function after primary PCI were comparable between the two groups. Increases in LVEF and RWM during admission were significantly lower in OSA patients than those without OSA (delta LVEF: -0.3+/-9.6 vs. 7.4+/-7.2%, P < 0.001; delta RWM: 0.26+/-1.04 SD/chord vs. 1.16+/-1.20 SD/chord, P = 0.002). Multiple regression analysis showed that AHI correlated negatively with delta LVEF and delta RWM. CONCLUSION The novel finding is that OSA may inhibit the recovery of LV function in patients with AMI.
A short proof of HRS-tilting

We give a short proof to the following tilting theorem by Happel, Reiten and Smal{\o} via an explicit construction: given two abelian categories $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ such that $\mathcal{B}$ is tilted from $\mathcal{A}$, then $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ are derived equivalent.
Student views of peer assessment at the International School of Lausanne

This article explores student attitudes and perceptions relating to peer assessment, as observed at the International School of Lausanne, where the case study was restricted to students in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Economics course of the programme. Informed by a review of literature on the relative merits of peer assessment, this article highlights its specific strengths and weaknesses as assessment for learning and highlights specific gaps in the literature, before investigating students’ perceptions of its value and social dynamics within small student groups. The article concludes by considering the clear preference expressed by the majority of students participating in the study for anonymity in the peer assessment process. It is clear that this adds a more complex and not yet thoroughly explored set of consideration to the debate about the merits of peer assessment. Students’ preference for anonymity concurs with Falchikov’s findings that such concern was more likely to be found in relatively small, well-established groups, exactly like the one that is the focus of this study.
Extending SAT-Plan to handle iterative actions

Many real world problems have iterative behaviors, so planners should be able to tackle such problems and generate iterative plans. Iterative actions have been considered by a few of planners, and most of the efforts have been based on linear planning. In this paper, we show how SAT-Plan, which is one of the fastest existing planners, can be extended to generate recursive plans. Generated recursive plans are similar to those that are generated by humans for iterative problems. The main idea in this work is based on the mathematical induction, and has been implemented. Results obtained from testing the extended SAT-Plan on several examples from the blocks-world domain, confirms the success of the proposed idea.
Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance

Whenever a new textbook appears in an embattled market segment, one of the main questions to ask is how it compares with its established competitors and whether it is sufficiently distinct and innovative to stand a chance of breaking into occupied territory. In the present case, the answer is clearly in the affirmative. Al though there is no dearth of surveys of sociolinguistics, Chambers’s book is differ ent, and it is well worth reading and buying for at least two reasons. First, it is the matically more focused than all competing books: While in all other sociolinguistic handbooks we find chapters on “macro-sociolinguistic” topics such as accents and dialects, “language in society,” multilingualism, language policy, or even pidgins and creoles, this is the only book that concentrates exclusively upon descriptive correlational micro-sociolinguistics, the Labovian-style paradigm of variation and change in the narrow sense. Second, although this volume is clearly also conceived and structured as a textbook, it is much more than that, as is indicated by the word “theory” in its title. In addition to the overview of issues, assumptions, and problems that may be expected, the author presents pleas for new, disputed, or idiosyncratic positions, open to discussion and of substantive interest to the specialist, irrespective of whether or not one would agree. In the following discussion, I will be treating these two levels consecutively. The book is very clearly structured. After an introductory chapter with defini tions and theoretical groundwork, there are three chapters on the most important so ciological categories, class, gender, and age, respectively, before the concluding section attempts an overall explanatory account of covariation phenomena. Chapter 1, “Correlations,” explains some basic notions of sociolinguistics, including varia tion, variables, and the methodological advantages of quantification, and then sets off the variationist framework from the categorical thinking which has prevailed in linguistics outside sociolinguistic circles. A theory of parole/performance, like the sociolinguistic understanding of language, must be consistent with theories of lan guage/competence like the Chomskyan paradigm, the author claims, although he is
Identification and nucleotide sequence of the Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc trpE and trpG genes

Leptospira biflexa is a representative of an evolutionarily distinct group of eubacteria. In order to better understand the genetic organization and gene regulatory mechanisms of this species, we have chosen to study the genes required for tryptophan biosynthesis in this bacterium. The nucleotide sequence of the region of the L. biflexa serovar patoc chromosome encoding the trpE and trpG genes has been determined. Four open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in this region, but only three ORFs were translated into proteins when the cloned genes were introduced into Escherichia coli. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the ORFs allowed us to identify the trpE and trpG genes of L. biflexa. Enzyme assays confirmed the identity of these two ORFs. Anthranilate synthase from L. biflexa was found to be subject to feedback inhibition by tryptophan. Codon usage analysis showed that there was a bias in L. biflexa towards the use of codons rich in A and T, as would be expected from its G + C content of 37%. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the trpE gene product and the trpG gene product with corresponding gene products from other bacteria showed regions of highly conserved sequence.
Egg Laying Decisions in Drosophila Are Consistent with Foraging Costs of Larval Progeny

Decision-making is defined as selection amongst options based on their utility, in a flexible and context-dependent manner. Oviposition site selection by the female fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been suggested to be a simple and genetically tractable model for understanding the biological mechanisms that implement decisions [1]. Paradoxically, female Drosophila have been found to avoid oviposition on sugar which contrasts with known Drosophila feeding preferences [1]. Here we demonstrate that female Drosophila prefer egg laying on sugar, but this preference is sensitive to the size of the egg laying substrate. With larger experimental substrates, females preferred to lay eggs directly on sugar containing media over other (plain, bitter or salty) media. This was in contrast to smaller substrates with closely spaced choices where females preferred non-sweetened media. We show that in small egg laying chambers newly hatched first instar larvae are able to migrate along a diffusion gradient to the sugar side. In contrast, in contexts where females preferred egg laying directly on sugar, larvae were unable to migrate to find the sucrose if released on the sugar free side of the chamber. Thus, where larval foraging costs are high, female Drosophila choose to lay their eggs directly upon the nutritious sugar substrate. Our results offer a powerful model for female decision-making.
New Chiral Ebselen Analogues with Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential

New chiral camphane-derived benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones and corresponding diselenides have been synthetized using a convenient one-pot procedure. Se-N bond was efficiently converted to an Se-Se bond, which could also be easily re-oxidized to the initial benzisoselenazolone moiety. The antioxidant activity of camphor derivatives was evaluated and compared to the reactivity of a series of N-amino acid benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones obtained by a modified procedure involving the improved synthesis and isolation of the diseleno bis(dibenzoic) acid. The most efficient peroxide scavengers, N-bornyl and N-leucine methyl ester benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones, were further evaluated as cytotoxic agents on four cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HEP G2, HL 6, and DU 145) and normal cell line PNT1A. The highest antiproliferative potential was evaluated for two compounds bearing a 3-methylbutyl carbon chain, N-leucine methyl ester and N-3-methylbutyl benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones.
Changes in cardiac and muscle biomarkers following an uphill-only marathon

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in cardiac troponin I levels (cTnI) and the main biomarkers of skeletal muscle damage after an uphill-only marathon, along with its relationship with athletes’ physiological parameters. Twenty-two runners participated in the “Supermaratona dell’Etna” (43 km, 0–2850 m AMSL). Before and immediately after the race, body mass and hydration status were measured together with blood sampling. At the end of the race, mean cTnI increased significantly in all athletes (mean +900%), and in 52% of them the cTnI values were over the normal range. Mean creatinine and cortisol increased significantly (by 30.5% and 291.4%), while C-reactive protein levels did not change significantly. Then, an uphill-only marathon showed a significant increase in cardiac and skeletal muscle blood biomarkers of injury, and cTnI levels were not significantly correlated with age, body mass index, V̇O2max, training status, ultra-endurance training experience, race time and blood parameters.
Mayors and urban governance: discursive power, identity and local politics

This article combines political and economic geographies with social and cultural theory by reviewing structural and actor-centred approaches to urban governance alongside work on identity, community, masculinity and ‘rights to the city’. The article seeks to bring these literatures into dialogue via an analysis of mayoral politics, presenting empirical research from a UK city in order to highlight the influence of class, sexuality and racism on urban politics. It shows how theoretical and empirical engagement with unequal social relations and their discursive construction through cultural forms and practices offers fruitful avenues for geographical understanding of territorial and relational urban governance.
A novel local feature descriptor for image matching

Image matching is a fundamental task of many problems in computer vision. This paper presents a novel local feature descriptor based on the gradient distance and orientation histogram (GDOH), which can be used for reliably matching between different views of a scene for wide baseline. The proposed descriptor is invariant to image scale, rotation, illumination and partial viewpoint changes. At present, the SIFT descriptor is generally considered as the most appealing descriptor for practical uses, but the high dimensionality is a drawback of SIFT in the feature matching step. The purpose of GDOH is to reduce the dimensional size of the descriptor, yet still maintain distinctness and robustness as much as SIFT. The experimental results show that the proposed descriptor can result in effectiveness and efficiency in image matching and image retrieval application.
Influence of High-dose Aprotinin on Anticoagulation, Heparin Requirement, and Celite- and Kaolin-Activated Clotting Time in Heparin-pretreated Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study

Background Aprotinin causes a prolongation of the celite-activated clotting time (CACT), but not of the kaolin-activated clotting time (KACT). Therefore, concern has been raised regarding the reliability of CACT to monitor anticoagulation in the presence of aprotinin. The current study was designed to test the efficacy of aprotinin to improve anticoagulation, and to investigate whether the prolongation of CACT reflects true anticoagulation or is an in vitro artifact. To elucidate this antithrombotic effect of aprotinin, this study was done in patients prone to reduced intraoperative heparin sensitivity.
The psychological structure of naive impetus conceptions

Abstract The present paper analyses, on the basis of questionnaires and interviews, the various factors affecting the naive impetus interpretations in tenth and eleventh grade students. It has been found that, according to naive subjects, the action of impetus (even in the absence of any external force) depends on the shape, the weight and function of the moving body. A certain variety of naive impetus interpretations has also been found: the Marchian type‐‐the impetus is self‐expending; the Buridanian type‐‐the impetus is of a permanent nature; the transition to the Newtonian conception.