Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dust energetics in the gas phases of the interstellar medium - The origin of the Galactic large-scale far-infrared emission observed by IRAS

The large-scale Galactic properties within the most massive gas phases of the ISM are derived along with the distribution of total Galactic FIR luminosity among the three phases. Most of the Galaxy's total FIR luminosity is found to be emitted by cold dust associated with diffuse H I clouds and molecular gas. The total FIR luminosity of dust associated with extended low-density H II regions accounts for less than 10 percent of the Galaxy's total FIR output. The absence of a significant variation with longitude in the observed temperature of the dust associated with H I gas suggests that diffuse neutral clouds contain very small dust grains that are stochastically heated by the interstellar radiation field. The results are consistent with a model in which most of the FIR luminosity of molecular clouds arises from dust that is associated with giant molecular clouds and heated by embedded and nearby OB stars. H II regions in the inner Galaxy have a mean IR excess ratio of about 2.5, suggesting that the dust in these regions is heated primarily by directly absorbed stellar photons.
Pressure Signal-Based Analysis of Anomalies in Switching Behavior of a Two-Way Directional Control Valve

Solenoid operated direction control valves, responsible for regulating the flow of fluid in hydraulic circuit highly relies on the control current for their actuation. The control currents supplied to the solenoid generate the electromagnetic force required for switching of valves by mechanical movement of spools inside. The deterioration in control current leads to the degradation in electromagnetic force and thus the spool takes longer to initiate as well as terminate the switching phenomenon. This delay or lag potentially causes the pressure, flow and power fluctuation, and unintended impacts on the system. This article presents a comparative analysis of detecting these anomalies by acquiring pressure signals across the valve using extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and one-dimensional convolution neural network (CNN). Four handcrafted statistical features and four fractal dimensions train XGBoost whereas 1D CNN with six hidden layers utilizes the raw signal of net pressure change across the valve. XGBoost predicts the switching behavior at an accuracy of 99.68%, and 1D CNN performs at its maximum possible accuracy (100%). The very narrow gap signifies the nearly equal significance of both of these different category classifiers. As XGBoost cannot handle the raw signals, the pre-processing increases the time consumption while 1D CNN does not require deep architecture and efficiently maps the complexity of the hydraulic system using pressure signals.
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the plasma depletion layer

We have studied the theoretical properties of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves which occur in the plasma depletion layer. Our analysis assumes a homogeneous plasma with the characteristics which were measured by the AMPTE/CCE satellite at 1450-1501 UT on October 5, 1984. During this time, waves were observed in the Pc 1 frequency range (0.2-5 Hz) below the hydrogen gyrofrequency, and we identify these waves as EMIC waves. In agreement with observations, the theory predicts two frequency bands of waves, above and below about 0.4 ΩH, where ΩH is the hydrogen gyrofrequency. The higher-frequency instability is driven by the temperature anisotropy of the H+ ions, while the lower-frequency instability is driven by the temperature anisotropy of the He2+ ions. These two frequency bands occur on the same dispersion surface. The EMIC waves tend to quasi-linearly control the value of the proton temperature ratio T⊥/T∥ by an increase in T∥ due to scattering so that the bulk plasma stays near marginal stability. Here, T∥ (T⊥) is the temperature parallel (perpendicular) to B0. Without convective effects, the nonlinear wave amplitude tends to be large over the entire angular range 0 ≤ θkB ≤ 75°, where θkB is the angle between the wave vector and the background magnetic field (B0). However, waves for which the perpendicular (to B0) group velocity υg⊥ is large, are likely to be convectively limited in growth. Within the higher-frequency band, υg⊥ is small only for wave vectors k which are close to parallel to B0. Within the lower-frequency band, υg⊥ is small only for oblique k. Therefore, it is likely that the higher-frequency waves will have k roughly parallel to B0 and will be left-hand polarized, while the lower-frequency wave band will have k oblique to B0 and will be linearly polarized, in agreement with observations.
Self-sensing and self-healing smart fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite embedded with CNT film

Impacts can degrade the strength of composite structures; thus, impact damages should be monitored and repaired. In this study, a novel composite consisting of carbon nanotube film and glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastic was thermoformed. The fabricated smart composite demonstrated self-sensing and self-healing capabilities for damage caused by low-energy impacts. Elastic deformation of the composite caused by a 0.5-J impact was monitored from the immediate change in resistance of approximately 0.25 Ω. Internal damage such as tears and debonding was detected in real time by monitoring the permanent resistance variation of approximately 0.4 Ω using a Wheatstone bridge with a 3-J impact on the smart composite. This difference occurs because a 3-J impact discontinues the conductive path of the carbon nanotubes and changes the total resistance of the smart composite. The internal damage caused by a 3-J impact was repaired through the Joule heat effect when 0.7 MPa and 55 V were applied to heat the composite to 330°C. A three-point bending test demonstrated that the self-healing efficiency of the smart composite reached 87% in terms of flexural strength.
Minimal Adjustment of Hydrographic Profiles to Achieve Static Stability

Abstract Hydrographic data, be it raw or highly averaged observational data, contain substantial regions having vertical density inversions. An algorithm is described that minimally modifies such data so that the resulting hydrographic casts have vertical buoyancy frequency profiles larger than a specified lower bound. The method underlying the algorithm is based on the solution of a constrained weighted least-squares problem and maximizes the smoothness of the resulting salinity-potential temperature diagram. Examples are provided that demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in minimally altering hydrographic data only in the immediate vicinity of the data that do not already satisfy the buoyancy frequency constraint. A modified equation of state, identical in form to the international equation of state of seawater but written in terms of potential rather than in situ temperature, is also provided, enabling rapid computation of the thermal expansion and saline contraction coefficients.
Excess-rate queuing theory for M/M/1/RED with application to VoIP QoS

Random early detection (RED) was developed to improve the congestion avoidance behaviour of TCP/IP traffic, but can also benefit real-time interactive applications. A novel solution is developed for a RED controlled buffer, modelled as an M/M/1 queue. This gives explicit formulas relating load, performance, and RED configuration parameters. Results for VoIP demonstrate that RED regulates the mean delay and delay variation under congested conditions, and that the new analysis accurately bounds performance.
Lucent Microstar micromirror array technology for large optical crossconnects

Electrostatically actuated, 500micrometers diameter, Si surface micromachined 2-axis tilting micromirrors were designed and fabricated in a 2 structural + 1 interconnect layer polysilicon process. The mirrors are capable of large, continuous, controlled, DC tilt in any direction at moderate actuation voltages. The lowest-mode resonance frequency is sufficiently high to decouple from the ambient vibration noise and allow setting times of less than a few milliseconds. The Au- coated reflectors, suspended in gimbal mounts via torsional springs and bearings, are tilted by applying voltage to four electrically independent sets of fixed electrodes on the substrate. The electrodes and the springs are designed to optimize actuation voltages, resonance frequencies and the deflection range. To achieve the range, the mounts are lifted and fixed fifty microns above the substrate surface during the release process by a self-assembly mechanism powered by tailored residual stress in a separate metalization layer. Square arrays with 1 mm pitch containing independently addressable identical 16, 64 and 256 mirrors were fabricated and hermetically packaged. Based on these devices, fully functional, bitrate and wavelength independent, single stage, low insertion loss, single mode fiber optical crossconnect system are built.
Finite macro‐element‐based volume grid deformation for large moving boundary problems

Finite macro‐element‐based grid deformation has been developed to improve efficiency and robustness of a finite element‐based grid deformation. However, conventional stiffness determination based on distance between macro‐element and moving boundary is not sufficient for a large moving boundary with a solid deformation included. The Jacobian option that uses element size is applied and a first macro‐element layer (FML) is introduced based on the idea of solid‐extension mesh moving for a finite macro‐element model. Heave, pitch, chord flexure, and span flexure are employed for the verification of grid quality by using some sophisticated measures. Through the verification, the Jacobian option with FML improves the grid quality as compared with the conventional way, and its parameters can be chosen considering the grid quality near the moving boundary and the robustness of overall grid quality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DL-Net: Sparsity Prior Learning for Grasp Pattern Recognition

The purpose of grasp pattern recognition is to determine the grasp type for an object to be grasped, which can be applied to prosthetic hand control and ease the burden of amputees. To enhance the performance of grasp pattern recognition, we propose a network DL-Net inspired by dictionary learning. Our method includes two parts: 1) forward propagation for sparsity representation learning and 2) backward propagation for dictionary learning, which utilizes the sparsity prior effectively and learns a discriminative dictionary with stronger expressive ability from a mass of training data. The experiment was performed on two household object datasets, the RGB-D Object dataset, and the Hit-GPRec dataset. The experimental results illustrate that the DL-Net performs better than traditional deep learning methods in grasp pattern recognition.
Channel Training & Estimation for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Exposition of Principles, Approaches, and Open Problems

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) are passive controllable arrays of small reflectors that direct electromagnetic energy towards or away from the target nodes, thereby allowing better management of signals and interference in a wireless network. The RIS has the potential for significantly improving the performance of wireless networks. Unfortunately, RIS also multiplies the number of Channel State Information (CSI) coefficients between the transmitter and receiver, which magnifies the challenges in estimating and communicating the channel state information. Furthermore, the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the passive RIS also implies that the incoming links are not locally estimated at the RIS, and fresh pilots are not inserted into outgoing RIS links. This introduces new challenges for training and estimation of channel state information. The rapid growth of the literature on CSI acquisition in RIS-aided systems has been accompanied by variations in the underlying assumptions, models, and notation, which can obscure the similarities and differences of various techniques, and their relative merits. This paper presents a comprehensive exposition of principles and approaches in RIS channel estimation. The basic ideas underlying each class of techniques are reduced to their simplest form under a unified model and notation, and various approaches within each class are discussed. Several open problems in this area are identified and highlighted.
Plier Ligands for Trapping Neurotransmitters into Complexes for Sensitive Analysis by SERS Spectroscopy

Catecholamines–dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline are important biomarkers of neurotransmitter metabolism, indicating neuroendocrine tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising analytical technique with unprecedented multiplexing capabilities. However, not all important analytes exhibit strong SERS signals on stable and robust nanostructured substrates. In this work, we propose a novel indicator system based on the formation of mixed ligand complexes with bispidine-based bis-azole ligands which can serve as pliers to trap Cu(II) ions and stabilize its complexes with catecholamines. Four synthesized ligands with different functional groups: carboxyl, amino, benzyl, and methoxybenzyl, were applied for forming stable complexes to shift maximum absorbance of catecholamines from the ultraviolet region to 570–600 nm. A new absorbance band in the visible range resonates with the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of metal nanoparticles and most used laser wavelengths. This match allowed use of Molecular Immobilization and Resonant Raman Amplification by Complex-Loaded Enhancers (MIRRACLE) methodology to measure intense Raman signals on a nanostructured silver-based SERS-active substrate. The synthesized plier-like ligands fixed and stabilized catecholamine complexes with Cu(II) on the SERS sensor surface, which facilitated the determination of dopamine in a 3.2 × 10−12–1 × 10−8 M concentration range.
Microparticles as Viral RNA Carriers from Stool for Stable and Sensitive Surveillance

Since its discovery, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as an important technology for the diagnosis and identification of infectious diseases. It is a highly sensitive and reliable nucleic acids (NA) detection tool for various sample types. However, stool, which carries the most abundant micro-organisms and physiological byproducts, remains to be the trickiest clinical specimen for molecular detection of pathogens. Herein, we demonstrate the novel application of hydrogel microparticles as carriers of viral RNA from stool samples without prior RNA purification for real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In each microparticle of primer-incorporated network (PIN) as a self-sufficient reaction compartment, immobilized reverse transcription (RT) primers capture the viral RNA by hybridization and directly initiate RT of RNA to generate a pool of complementary DNA (PIN-cDNA pool). Through a simple operation with a portable thermostat device, a PIN-cDNA pool for influenza A virus (IAV) was obtained in 20 min. The PIN-cDNA pools can be stored at room temperature, or directly used to deliver cDNA templates for qPCR. The viral cDNA templates were freely released in the subsequent qPCR to allow amplification efficiency of over 91%. The assay displayed good linearity, repeatability, and comparable limit of detection (LoD) with a commercialized viral RNA purification kit. As a proof of concept, this technology carries a huge potential for onsite application to improve human and animal infectious disease surveillance activities using stool samples without the need for a laboratory or centrifuge for sample preparation.
Fully integrated detection of single magnetic beads in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor

Microcoils are integrated with n-well Hall sensors in a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit for the detection of individual superparamagnetic beads. The 4.2-μm-wide microcoils, generating magnetic fields of 800μT with 10mA of current, are used to polarize beads of 2. 8μm in diameter. The resulting 10. 8μT magnetization field induced in the bead is measured by a 4. 7μm Hall sensor, stacked below the microcoil. The detection system has a sensitivity and resolution of 34V∕AT and 300nT∕√Hz, respectively. Integration of the magnetic bead detection onto a CMOS platform drastically reduces system cost, complexity, and power consumption, and marks an important milestone on the road to implementing low-cost, easy-to-use, point-of-care diagnostic assay.
X-ray spectrum unfolding using a regularized truncated SVD method

New procedures to characterize the x-ray primary beam, obtaining an accurate assessment of the actual photon spectrum, are needed for quality control of x-ray tubes for medical purposes. The Compton scattering technique is very useful for determining x-ray spectra (in the 10–150 kVp range), avoiding the pile-up effect in the detector, since usually there is insufficient space available to apply other techniques. The Compton scattering procedure was simulated using the Monte Carlo method by means of the MCNP code. In order to validate the simulation model, experimental measurements were made at the Centro Nacional de Dosimetria (CND), Valencia, Spain, using a calibrated x-ray tube. Different spectra were measured varying the operational parameters (kV, mA, Al). Furthermore, CND provided the theoretical spectra corresponding to the x-ray measurement conditions. Using the developed model, a response matrix was obtained by simulating the interactions of different monoenergetic beams. During the construction of the primary photon spectrum it is necessary to calculate the inverse of the response matrix. Because this matrix is ill-conditioned, its inversion is not a simple process. This problem was solved using a truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD), method together with variational regularization. The performance of the methodology was tested with experimental and simulated x-ray spectra. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ridge waveguides in lithium niobate fabricated by differential etching following spatially selective domain inversion

Ridge structures have been fabricated in z-cut LiNbO3 using the technique of differential etching following spatially selective domain inversion. Waveguides within these ridges have been achieved using the techniques of ion beam implantation, proton exchange, and titanium indiffusion. Using this last method, guides with losses <0.8dB/cm have been realised for light at a wavelength of 1. 3µm. We briefly discuss applications for these structures.
Topology Optimization and Digital Manufacturing of Stress-Constrained Structure Based on Level Set Method

A theoretical model of stress-constrained topology optimization is established via level set method, a novel sensitivity analysis for the mean compliance with the stress constraint of the global measure of von Mises stress is derived by the material derivative. The triangle plane method and the Delaunay triangulation are explored to extract and sort the boundary point-cloud data, respectively. Digital manufacturing of optimization result is accomplished by automatically programming technique and wire electrical-discharge machining. Numerical examples of two-dimensional cantilever beam structure show the validity of the proposed method of this present work.
Resonance phenomena observed in electron scattering from acetylene

Electron scattering from acetylene has been studied at low energies by means of an electron impact spectrometer. The 2.5 eV Pi g resonance was seen to lead to appreciable excitation of the nu 4 bending mode and the observed angular dependences of the scattered electrons could only be reconciled with angular correlation theory by assuming a bent geometry for this resonance and consequently a lowering of the molecular symmetry. A 2 Sigma +g resonance was located at 6 eV and is the analogue of that observed in isoelectronic N2 at 8 eV. Further information has been obtained on the Feshbach resonance series and assignments have been proposed based on the grandparent model.
Design of lossless anchors for microacoustic-wave resonators utilizing phononic crystal strips

In micromechanical acoustic-wave resonators, energy dissipation through the anchors into the substrates may result in a low quality (Q) factor. To eliminate the ill effect of anchor losses, a design of lossless anchor based on phononic crystal (PC) strips for the microacoustic-wave resonators is presented. PC strips with acoustic forbidden bands are introduced to suppress the anchor loss and to serve as the suspensions for bar-type resonators. Numerical analysis shows that the acoustic energy leak can be effectively suppressed and the stored energy inside the resonators can be enhanced. A high-Q resonator with minimized anchor loss is expected.
Method for registering overlapping range images of arbitrarily shaped surfaces for 3D object reconstruction

This paper presents a method to register overlapping 3-D surfaces which we use to reconstruct entire three-dimensional objects from sets of views. We use a range imaging sensor to digitize the object in several positions. Each pair of overlapping images is then registered using the algorithm developed in this paper. Rather than extracting and matching features, we match the complete surface, which we represent using a collection of points. This enables us to reconstruct smooth free-form objects which may lack sufficient features. Our algorithm is an extension of an algorithm we previously developed to register 3-D surfaces. This algorithm first creates an octree-spline from one set of points to quickly compute point to surface distances. It then uses an iterative nonlinear least squares minimization technique to minimize the sum of squared distances from the data point set to the octree point set. In this paper, we replace the squared distance with a function of the distance, which allows the elimination of points that are not in the shared region between the two sets. Once the object has been reconstructed by merging all the views, a continuous surface model is created from the set of points. This method has been successfully used on the limbs of a dummy and on a human head.
Scanning force microscopy jumping and tapping modes in liquids

In this work theoretical considerations of the performance of scanning force microscopy jumping mode and tapping mode in liquids are discussed. A priori, jumping mode should improve in a liquid environment compared to in air while the situation for tapping mode should become worse. In order to confirm this we present jumping and tapping mode images of DNA molecules absorbed on a mica substrate immersed in water. The experiments demonstrate that jumping mode is a suitable scanning force microscopy method by which to image soft samples in liquid and that it has similar or even better performance than those exhibited by tapping, but without the complex experimental requirements of this mode.