Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of Microstrip patch Antenna Arrays for 2.4 GHz Applications

The main objective of the paper is to design and implement the microstrip antenna arrays for 2.4 GHz applications. Initially we design and implement single element antenna and analyse outcomes of its features such as operating frequency, return loss, gain, VSWR and radiation patterns. Later the single element is converted to 2x1 patch antenna array. Finally to increase gain, bandwidth and to have better radiation patterns it is transformed to 4x1 patch antenna array. The detailed procedure of design and obtained results of single component, 2x1 microstrip patch antenna array and 4x1 microstrip patch antenna array are discussed. The FR4 substrate material was used in our design and to fabricate the prototype of the antenna. The obtained result of both simulated and measured indicates that they are comparable with one another.
Magnetic excitations of the charge stripe electrons below half doping in La

P. G. Freeman,1,2,3,4,* S. R. Giblin,5,6 K. Hradil,7,8 R. A. Mole,9,10 P. Cermak,11 and D. Prabhakaran12 1Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom 2Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH/1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 3Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany 4Institute Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CedeX 9, France 5ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom 6School of Physics and Astronomy, Queens Building, The Parade, Cardiff University, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom 7Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammanstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 8T.U Wien, X-ray Centre, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria 9Forschungs-Netutronquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II), Lichtenbergstraße, 1 85747 Garching, Germany 10Bragg Institute, ANSTO, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia 11Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße, 1 85748 Garching, Germany 12Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom (Received 19 November 2015; revised manuscript received 28 December 2016; published 3 February 2017)
Evidence for P′P′ asymmetrical scattering at near podal distances

We report strong short period (0.5–1.2 Hz) precursors to P′P′df at podal to short distances (0–50°) with advance time around 60s. From FK analysis, we find that the precursors at epicentral distance of ∼35° arrive along back‐azimuth about +/−120° off the great circle paths (asymmetrical path) with slowness between 2–4 sec/deg, arguing against propagation path in the inner core. Polarization analysis also supports wave propagation in the outer core. Timing and shape of the precursors' waveform envelopes are well matched with synthetic envelopes taking into account the scattering from the rough free surface and volumetric heterogeneities inside the Earth along asymmetrical propagation path. Therefore the precursors are very probably generated with asymmetrical scattering mechanism. This interpretation does not require extra discontinuities or a layer of strong small scale heterogeneities in the upper mantle, which are inferred from P′P′ precursors when only symmetrical scattering is assumed.
The impact of a very weak and thin upper 1 asthenosphere on subduction motions

• Numerical models show that a very weak and thin upper asthenosphere 10 layer can alone reduce trench retreat and enhance plate motion 11 • The impact of this eﬀect depends on the relative contrast between the 12 eﬀective stiﬀness of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle 13 • This regional mechanism explains the high convergence and low trench 14 migrations rates observed globally at natural subduction zones
Kinematics of transpressional deformation in the eastern San Francisco Bay region, California

Inversions of earthquake focal mechanisms for brittle strain show that the dextral Hayward fault forms the western boundary of a distinct seismotectonic domain in the eastern San Francisco Bay region. East of the Hayward fault, the seismogenic strain field is characterized by subhorizontal extension oriented northwest-southeast and subhorizontal shortening oriented northeast-southwest. Major folds and thrust faults east of the Hayward fault are oriented normal to the direction of maximum shortening, but have formed in a predominantly strike-slip tectonic setting and exhibit a right-stepping, en echelon geometry typical of dextral wrench folds. The direction of maximum right-lateral shear strain in this domain is ∼N20°W, which generally is parallel to the strike of the dextral Calaveras, Greenville, and Concord faults, but oriented ∼15°–25° more northerly than the strike of the San Andreas and Hayward faults to the west. The clockwise rotation of maximum right-lateral shear strain from west to east across the Hayward fault is confirmed by geodetic measurements. The kinematic consequences of this variation in regional strain for deformation east of the Hayward fault include the following. (1) Dextral faults must form left-restraining contractional stepovers in order to maintain continuity and conserve slip along strike, thus creating localized fold-and-thrust belts. (2) Dextral faulting accommodates a component of shortening normal to the boundary between the Pacific plate and the Sierra Nevada–Central Valley microplate, thus obviating the need for a laterally continuous, boundary-parallel zone of thrust faulting along the eastern margin of the Coast Range (Coast Ranges–Sierran block boundary zone) to accommodate plate-normal motion at the latitude of the East Bay domain. The transpressional kinematics of the East Bay domain may be present in other obliquely convergent orogenic belts, and they have implications for seismic hazard assessment in the highly urbanized San Francisco Bay area.
Analytical Expressions of the Magnetic Field Created by Tile Permanent Magnets of Various Magnetization Directions

— This paper presents a thorough study of the magnetic ﬁeld created by tile permanent magnets uniformly magnetized in air. To do so, we use the coulombian model for determining the analytical expressions of the three magnetic ﬁeld components created by the tile magnets. Moreover, various magnetization directions are considered. Indeed, the direction of the magnetization can be radial, tangential or intermediate between radial and tangential. Thus, this analytical study encompasses most of the magnetization possibilities generally encountered in electrical engineering applications.
Aggregate Stability and Erosion Response to Antecedent Water Content of a Loess Soil

Soil erosion processes are affected by the erodibility of the soil and by the erosivity of the rain. The effects of rain characteristics and invariant soil properties such as texture and organic matter content on soil erosion processes are well documented. However, the effect of antecedent soil-water content (θa) on aggregate breakdown, seal formation and subsequent soil erosion is much more disputable as opposing effects have been reported. We conducted lab experiments with a rainfall simulator on a Belgian silt loam soil. The objectives were to determine the effect of θa on seal formation, runoff and soil loss and to evaluate its effect on an empirical sediment transport equation. Air-dried soil aggregates were subjected to antecedent soil-water contents of 0.04 (air-dry aggregates), 0.12 and 0.19 m3 m-3. No runoff occurred on the soils with highest antecedent soil-water content, highest total runoff values were observed for the intermediate θa, while intermediate amounts of total runoff were noticed for the air-dry aggregates. Soil loss, however, showed a different trend: highest values were found for the lowest θa, intermediate values for the intermediate θa and no soil loss for the highest θa. We further observed that θa had no influence on the final runoff rates and on the final infiltration rate through the soil surface. In using a water discharge and stream power equation to predict sediment transport, the intercept and exponent of the regression equations were found to be lower for θa of 0.19 m3 m-3 compared to θa of 0.12 m3 m-3, indicating a decreasing erodibility with increasing θa. We therefore suggest including θa as an additional variable to assess soil erodibility in deterministic event-based water erosion models.
Roads to Prosperity or Bridges to Nowhere ? Theory and Evidence on the Impact of Public Infrastructure Investment

We examine the dynamic macroeconomic effects of public infrastructure investment both theoretically and empirically, using a novel data set we compiled on various highway spending measures. Relying on the institutional design of federal grant distributions among states, we construct a measure of government highway spending shocks that captures revisions in expectations about future government investment. We find that shocks to federal highway funding has a positive effect on local GDP both on impact and after 6 to 8 years, with the impact effect coming from shocks during (local) recessions. However, we find no permanent effect (as of 10 years after the shock). Similar impulse responses are found in a number of other macroeconomic variables. The transmission channel for these responses appears to be through initial funding leading to building, over several years, of public highway capital which then temporarily boosts private sector productivity and local demand. To help interpret these findings, we develop an open economy New Keynesian model with productive public capital in which regions are part of a monetary and fiscal union. We show that the presence of productive public capital in this model can yield impulse responses with the same qualitative pattern that we find empirically. *We thank Brian Lucking and Elliott Marks for superb and tireless research assistance. We are grateful to John Fernald, Bart Hobijn, Òscar Jordà, John Williams and seminar attendees at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the University of Nevada, and the SEEK/CEPR Workshop on “News, Sentiment, and Confidence in Fluctuations,” for helpful comments. We thank the many transportation officials who improved our understanding of the institutional complexities of highway financing and spending, especially Ken Simonson (Associated General Contractors of America), Nancy Richardson (formerly of Iowa DOT), Jack Wells (U.S. DOT), and Alison Black and William Buechner (both of American Road and Transportation Builders Assn.) Finally, we are grateful to the editors of the 2012 NBER Macroeconomic Annual for excellent guidance. The views expressed in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, or of any other person associated with the Federal Reserve System.
Shocking rocks by cavitation and bubble implosion

Cavitation is proposed as a mechanism for the discrete generation of high-pressure–high-temperature polymorphs in veins within meteorites and hypervelocity impact structures. Cavitation involves the inception, isothermal growth, and adiabatic implosion of bubbles; their collapse has the potential of generating ultrahigh temperatures and pressures. The formation of pseudotachylytic melt veins within the shocked target is critical to the cavitation process. These veins facilitate bubble growth on decompression and subsequent bubble collapse on relaxation within the liquid. Asymmetric bubble implosion can lead to the rapid inrush of liquid to form a supersonic jet. If the liquid jet strikes a solid surface (i.e., melt-vein walls or suspended clasts) at high velocities, then temperatures of several thousand kelvin and pressures of 10 GPa or more can be realized in the area of jet impact. These conditions are capable of generating high-pressure phases, such as ringwoodite, the spinel-structured polymorph of olivine, which requires formation pressures of >50 GPa. These extreme effects are transient and localized, being restricted to microscopic regions of liquid-solid impact within the cavitating melt vein. The presence of high-pressure polymorphs in meteorites and impact structures does not necessarily imply that the primary shock event attained the conditions necessary for polymorph formation. Instead, the presence of polymorphs may be the result of extreme pressure-temperature excursions due to cavitation.
Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging of ocean waves from an airborne platform: Focus and tracking issues

There has been a controversial issue of many years standing in airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ocean imaging which this paper addresses and resolves. Investigators have been strongly divided on the reasons for apparent improvement in wave contrast in response to processor focus adjustment. The dispute has centered on two parameters of wave dynamics: orbital velocity and phase velocity. This paper shows that both orbital velocity and phase velocity are of fundamental importance in the SAR wave imaging problem. The first affects the phase of the received signal, leads to velocity bunching, and is scaled by the ratio of sensor altitude to sensor velocity. The second affects the magnitude of the received signal, leads to translation of wave features during image formation (observed as blurring in the image), and is scaled by the ratio of wave phase velocity to sensor velocity, thus becoming significant for airborne radars. This treatment of the phase velocity parameter is new. It is shown that focus adjustment, as a side effect, shifts image position. This explains why experiments have appeared to “prove” that focus adjustment may be optimised for wave movement. The paper shows that better performance is obtained by compensating individual looks for wave movement before look summation, while using nominal perfect focus just as for static scatterers. The work is applicable to a full ocean wave spectrum and does not depend on the details of the scattering mechanism itself.
Quaternary calc-alkaline and alkaline volcanism in an hyper-oblique convergence setting, central Myanmar and western Yunnan

Quaternary to recent volcanic centres located in Central Myanmar basin and in western Yunnan (Tengchong rift) display contrasted geochemical signatures. Mt. Popa lavas range in composition from calc-alkaline to potassic calc-alkaline and derive from partial melting of a subduction-modified mantle. The Monywa Holocene maars are made up of absarokites thought to result from low degrees of melting of a similar source. The Tengchong rift potassic calc-alkaline andesites and dacites also display typical subduction-related imprints. On the contrary, the geochemical signature of the Singu alkaline mafic basaltic trachyandesites which are offset by the Sagaing Fault suggests that they derive from the melting of deep enriched intraplate-type mantle, similar to the source of common Plio-Quaternary alkali basalts and related rocks from the Sundaland. The origin of this uncommon spatial and temporal magmatic association is connected to an unusual tectonic setting of hyper-oblique convergence. The collision between India and the Sundaland is marked by shear partitioning within Myanmar, a significant part of the right lateral motion being accommodated by the Sagaing Fault. Rapid uprise of high temperature alkaline magmas derived from the melting of enriched Sundaland-type mantle and channelled by Neogene fault planes parallel to the Sagaing Fault led to the emplacement of the Singu lavas. Active subduction of the Gulf of Bengal oceanic lithosphere resulted in the development of a Wadati-Benioff plane located 100 to 140 km beneath Mt. Popa and Monywa. The dehydration of this slab led to metasomatism and subsequent melting of the Central Myanmar mantle wedge, and finally to the emplacement of calc-alkaline and shoshonitic magmas in those volcanoes. The origin of the subduction-related signature of the Tengchong lavas has to be related to an older subduction event.
Multidirectional Visibility Index for Analytical Shading Enhancement

Abstract A novel method called multidirectional visibility index (MVI) has been developed and verified. The MVI improves standard cartographic analytical shading with a number of enhancements to topographic detail and prominent structures, i.e. the portrayal of flat areas in lighter tones, the accentuation of morphologic edges, and the multiscale visualisation of morphologic terrain features. The procedure requires a digital elevation model (DEM) and involves the following steps: visibility mask computation; the respective multidirectional altering of the azimuth and elevation angle; the generation of continuous grid MVIs that indicate upper/lower views, quasi-slope, and relative relief; and an appropriate visualisation of the relevant MVI as a standalone technique or in combination with standard hill-shaded relief. The modelling parameters are robust and therefore highly adaptive to different landforms.
Women of the Forest

Foreword to the Thirtieth Anniversary EditionPreface to the First EditionPreface to the Second Edition1. Woman's Day2. The Land and the People3. Beyond the Looking Glass4. Munduruc Culture5. Women in Myth and Symbol6. The Woman's World7. Women and Married Life8. Women and Social Change9. Women and MenBibliographyIndex03/12/0405 Murphy 00_toc. doc: viivii
The data base for migration analysis in developing countries: with an emphasis on India

A framework is presented which may enhance the discussion of the data base for migration analysis in developing countries. The framework integrates the temporal and spatial dimensions of the migration concept. After a brief review of the types of migration data collected tabulated and published in developing countries this paper discusses the migration data in India. The emphasis is on the temporal and spatial dimensions of the migration concepts used in the National Censuses and in the National Sample Surveys. (EXCERPT)
Advanced Learning

Course Description: Learning can be defined as "the acquisition of information, based on successful or unsuccessful experiences, that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior potential". Thus, learning may be conceived of as the process by which we acquire knowledge; in contrast, memory involves the subsequent use of that knowledge. Memory on the other hand, is an aspect of “cognition” which includes not only memory but such topics as problem solving, concept formation, language, attentional processes, and decision making. This course will review theories of classical and instrumental conditioning, biological constraints on learning and memory, memory formation, and thinking and language.
Use of advanced SAR monitoring techniques for the assessment of the behaviour of old embankment dams

The need of reliable monitoring of old embankment dams is rapidly increasing since a large number of these structures are still equipped with old monitoring devices, usually installed some decades ago, which are generally capable to provide only localized information on specific areas of the embankment. This work discusses the use of Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR) interferometry technique to observe and control the structural behavior of earthfill or rockfill embankments for dam impoundments. This non-invasive technique provides displacements patterns measured with sub-millimeter precision. Monitoring strategies of earthfill dam embankment in Southern Italy are presented.
Assessing multi-year-drought vulnerability in dense Mediterranean-climate forests using water-balance-based indicators

This study reports on a blending approach using snowpack measurements from a wireless-sensor network, gauge precipitation, and atmospheric-moisture data to estimate mountain precipitation amount and phase. We applied the approach in California’s American River basin, using dense measurements from a network consisting of over 130 sensor nodes distributed across the upper, more snow-dominated part of the basin (≥ 1500 m elevation). Analysis of 60 precipitation events in water years 2014-2017 showed that the approach provides estimates of precipitation and orographic enhancement that reduce uncertainty from apparent snow undercatch by limited gauges. This approach also infers total precipitation based on snow measurements during rain-on-snow events. The sensor network and blending approach yielded median upper-basin Orographic Precipitation Gradients (OPGs) of 0.57 km –1 , smaller than the also-positive lower-basin (< 1500 m) medians OPGs from precipitation gauges and a gauge-based gridded dataset of 1.23 and 1.00 km –1 , respectively. However, during 73% of the events, both gauges and the gridded product showed negative OPGs in the upper basin, inconsistent with typically positive values from the distributed sensor network. Upper-basin OPGs from gauges and the gridded product were more negative (p-values < 0.03) during heavy events related to atmospheric rivers and Sierra barrier jets than during milder events, revealing the challenges for gauges to reliably measure precipitation from large moisture transport by strong winds. In snow-dominated headwater areas, precipitation from the blending approach is recommended as being more accurate for decision support, providing critical rain-versus-snow amounts and complementing precipitation-gauge data.
Volcanic tremors and magma wagging: gas flux interactions and forcing mechanism

Volcanic tremor is an important precursor to explosive eruptions and is ubiquitous across most silicic volcanic systems. Oscillations can persist for days and occur in a remarkably narrow frequency band (i.e. 0.5–7 Hz). The recently proposed magma-wagging model of Jellinek & Bercovici provides a basic explanation for the emergence and frequency evolution of tremor that is consistent with observations of many active silicic and andesitic volcanic systems. This model builds on work suggesting that the magma column rising in the volcanic conduit is surrounded by a permeable vesicular annulus of sheared bubbles. The magma-wagging model stipulates that the magma column rattles within the spring like foam of the annulus, and predicts oscillations at the range of observed tremor frequencies for a wide variety of volcanic environments. However, the viscous resistance of the magma column attenuates the oscillations and thus a forcing mechanism is required. Here we provide further development of the magma-wagging model and demonstrate that it implicitly has the requisite forcing to excite wagging behaviour. In particular, the extended model allows for gas flux through the annulus, which interacts with the wagging displacements and induces a Bernoulli effect that amplifies the oscillations. This effect leads to an instability involving growing oscillations at the lower end of the tremor frequency spectrum, and that drives the system against viscous damping of the wagging magma column. The fully non-linear model displays tremor oscillations associated with pulses in gas flux, analogous to observations of audible ‘chugging’. These oscillations also occur in clusters or envelopes that are consistent with observations of sporadic tremor envelopes. The wagging model further accurately predicts that seismic signals on opposite sides of a volcano are out of phase by approximately half a wagging or tremor period. Finally, peaks in gas flux occur at the end of the growing instability several tens of seconds after the largest tremors, which is consistent with observations of a 30- to 50-s lag between major tremor activity and maximum gas release. The extended magma-wagging model, thus, predicts tremor frequency and its evolution before and during an eruption, as well as a driving mechanism to keep the tremor excited for long periods.