Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scan Design and Secure Chip

Testing a secure system is often considered as a severebottleneck. While testability requires to an increase inboth observability and controllability, secure chips aredesigned with the reverse in mind, limiting access to chipcontent and on-chip controllability functions. As a result,using usual design for testability techniques whendesigning secure ICs may seriously decrease the level ofsecurity provided by the chip. This dilemma is even moresevere as secure applications need well-tested hardwareto ensure that the programmed operations are correctlyexecuted. In this paper, a security analysis of the scantechnique is performed. This analysis aims at pointing outthe security vulnerability induced by using such a DfTtechnique. A solution securing the scan is finally proposed.
Efficient Line-Based VLSI Architecture for 2-D Lifting DWT

DWT has been the basis of image compression, such as in JPEG2000. This paper proposes a novel VLSI architecture that performs line-based DWT using a lifting scheme. The architecture consists of row processors, column processors, an intermediate buffer and a control module. The intermediate buffer is composed of FIFOs to store temporary results of horizontal filters. The control module schedules the output of wavelet coefficients to external memory with the priority from high to low. Horizontal filtering and vertical filtering are simultaneous, and all levels of DWT are processed parallel. The presented architecture finishes multi levels of 9/7 DWT in one image transmission time. Meanwhile, it decreases significantly memory used and hardware resource required. This architecture is suitable for various real-time image/video applications.
Fault Modeling and Detection for Drowsy SRAM Caches

Due to the spatial-locality property of data caches and the temporal-locality property of instruction caches, significant leakage reduction can be achieved by switching a large number of cache lines into the low-power standby or drowsy mode. It has been shown that 80%-90% of the data cache lines can be maintained in drowsy state without affecting the performance by more than 0.6% (IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. , vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 167-184, Feb. 2004). However, with the introduction of the drowsy-cache design technique, new fault behaviors appear and more restrictive design rules must be applied to the chip fabrication process. In this paper, we simulate all possible spot defects (SDs) under normal mode and drowsy mode in different resistance regions using HSpice. Six new fault models appear with the introduction of drowsy mode for memory arrays. When we derive a march algorithm for the new fault models of this low-power cache, several simplification rules are utilized to reduce the test complexity. According to these simplification rules, each of these new faults has its equivalent counterpart existent in both data caches and instruction caches. As a result, we develop a march algorithm which can detect all SDs in either data caches or instruction caches. Since some faults occur only in drowsy mode, a built-in self-repair (BISR) scheme is developed. By utilizing BISR, the cache can still work even if some cache lines fail to work in drowsy mode
Comparison between immunoturbidimetry, size-exclusion chromatography, and LC-MS to quantify urinary albumin.

BACKGROUND The accurate and precise measurement of urinary albumin is critical, since even minor increases are diagnostically sensitive indicators of renal disease, cardiovascular events, and risk for death. To gain insights into potential measurement biases, we systematically compared urine albumin measurements performed by LC-MS, a clinically available immunoturbidimetric assay, and size-exclusion HPLC. METHODS We obtained unused clinical urine samples from 150 patients who were stratified by degrees of albuminuria (<20 mg/L, 20-250 mg/L, >250 mg/L) as determined by the immunoturbidimetric assay used in our clinical laboratory (Roche Hitachi 912). Urine albumin was then remeasured via LC-MS and HPLC (Accumin) assays. RESULTS The immunoturbidimetric assay, calibrated using manufacturer-supplied serum-derived calibrators (Diasorin), underestimated albumin compared with LC-MS. After calibration with purified HSA, this immunoturbidimetric assay correlated well with LC-MS. HPLC overestimated albumin compared with both LC-MS and immunoturbidimetry. The current LC-MS and HPLC assays both performed poorly at concentrations <20 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS Efforts are needed to establish gold-standard traceable calibrators for clinical assays. LC-MS is a specific method to quantify albumin in native urine when concentrations exceed 20 mg/L, and therefore could be employed for standardization among assays.
Teachers’ Perceptions about Political Commitment

The main function of teaching is to enable behavioral change in individuals. In this change process, personal traits of teachers, the level of correspondence of these traits with the requirements of teaching, their knowledge and skills level and their attitudes and behaviors during teaching process all play important roles. On the other hand, cultural values of teachers, beliefs and the political paradigms that form these are important elements that determine teachers’ teaching behaviors. All these elements have important effects on forming teachers’ teaching behaviors. This study aims to determine teachers’ opinions concerning their political levels of attachments and to what extent they reflect their political beliefs to their teaching activities. In order to achieve this aim, the data collecting instrument was applied to the sample consisting of 760 primary school teachers working in Izmit/ Kocaeli. Two data collecting instruments were used: Teachers’ Political Commitment Scale and Teacher’s Multiple Political Commitment Scale. The findings suggest that despite the fact that teachers’ level of political commitment in general is low, political Islamic thought and nationalist thought are the two most committed types of political commitment. The findings also suggest that political focus of commitment differs according to the union membership and teachers place education values in the first place in their teaching activities.
Implicit motor learning in discrete and continuous tasks: Toward a possible account of discrepant results

Can one learn implicitly, that is, without conscious awareness of what it is that one learns? Daily life is replete with situations where our behavior is seemingly influenced by knowledge to which we have little access. Riding a bicycle, playing tennis or driving a car, all involve mastering complex sets of motor skills, yet we are at a loss when it comes to explaining exactly how we perform such physical feats. Thus, while it is commonly accepted and hence unsurprising that we have little access to the cognitive processes involved in mental operations, it also appears that knowledge itself can remain inaccessible to report yet influence behavior. Reber, who coined the expression " implicit learning " in 1967, defined it as " the process whereby people learn without intent and without being able to clearly articulate what they learn " (Cleeremans, Destrebecqz, & Boyer, 1998). The research described in this chapter is positioned at the confluence of two different domains: Implicit Learning on the one hand, and Skill Acquisition on the other. The two domains have remained largely independent from each other, but their intersection nevertheless constitutes a field of primary import: the implicit motor learning field. The hallmark of implicit motor learning is the capacity to acquire skill through physical practice without conscious recollection of what elements of performance have improved.
Second wavelet transform automated threshold for partial discharge signal extraction

Automated threshold algorithm of second wavelet transform is used in extraction of partial discharge. Exponential damping or exponential damping oscillating etc. two kinds of partial discharges are used in numeric simulation, and effectiveness of extraction of partial discharge is studied. Simulation results show that wavelet transform can effectively extract partial discharge from random noise because it has multi-resolution, and second wavelet transform reserves more features of original partial discharge than conventional de-noise method of first wavelet transform. The method process swift, and it is adaptive to dispose on line.
Title Do Directors Perform for Pay ?

Many corporations reward their outside directors with a modest fee for each board meeting they attend. Using two non-overlapping data sets on director attendance behavior, we provide robust evidence that directors are less likely to have attendance problems at board meetings when board meeting fees are higher. This is suprising since meeting fees, on average roughly $1,200, represent an arguably small fraction of the total wealth of a representative director in our samples. Thus, corporate directors appear to perform for even very small financial rewards. We also find that firms that do not pay meeting fees appear to pay each of their directors approximately $40,000 more than firms that pay meeting fees. This suggests that firms that ignore meeting fees as an incentive device have a tendency to overpay their directors. JEL classification: G34; J41; M52
Abundance Anomalies and Rotational Evolution of Low-Mass Red Giants: A Maximal Mixing Approach

We use a fully self-consistent evolutionary code to follow the rotational evolution of low-mass red giants, making a comprehensive attempt to assess the role of rotationally induced mixing in the development of abundance anomalies in giants with a range of masses and metallicities in stellar clusters and the field. We adopt a maximal mixing approach with reasonable initial conditions of angular momentum distribution and main-sequence rotation rates as a function of stellar type. Unlike most previous work, we do not focus on the determination of combinations of mixing rate and depth that reproduce the data on a particular stellar type. Instead, we concentrate on the more fundamental problem of the simultaneous reproduction of the patterns of CNO surface abundances in both Population I and Population II giants using the same physics and models. We follow and discuss the essential physics of rotational mixing in terms of the structural and angular momentum evolution along the red giant branch (RGB). A general result of all our models is that rotational mixing, although present in small amounts, is inefficient on the lower RGB independently of any inhibiting effect of μ-barriers. Therefore, the lack of well-mixed stars before the luminosity of the RGB bump in globular clusters and the field does not constitute unquestionable evidence for the inhibition of mixing by μ-barriers. Instead, we argue that the rapid disappearance of the RGB bump as soon as mixing is allowed to penetrate μ-barriers is what actually constitutes the first solid evidence of such inhibition. Maximal mixing models with differentially rotating envelopes are able to reproduce the 12C/13C data on M67 giants with initial rotation rates adequate to their progenitors but fail to do so for open clusters of larger turnoff mass and for metal-poor giants in the field and globular clusters. Possible solutions are discussed. Our favored scenario is one in which the overall strength of canonical extra mixing has been underestimated by existent derivations, but which additionally needs to be coupled with a much lower efficiency for rotational mixing among the rapidly rotating open cluster giants than in the slowly rotating ones in the field and globular clusters. We hypothesize that this last requirement is provided by the interaction between convection and rotation in the envelopes of giants, in the sense that rapidly rotating stars would develop much shallower angular velocity profiles in their envelopes than do slowly rotating stars.
Mathematical difficulties as decoupling of expectation and developmental trajectories

Recent years have seen an increase in research articles and reviews exploring mathematical difficulties (MD). Many of these articles have set out to explain the etiology of the problems, the possibility of different subtypes, and potential brain regions that underlie many of the observable behaviors. These articles are very valuable in a research field, which many have noted, falls behind that of reading and language disabilities. Here will provide a perspective on the current understanding of MD from a different angle, by outlining the school curriculum of England and the US and connecting these to the skills needed at different stages of mathematical understanding. We will extend this to explore the cognitive skills which most likely underpin these different stages and whose impairment may thus lead to mathematics difficulties at all stages of mathematics development. To conclude we will briefly explore interventions that are currently available, indicating whether these can be used to aid the different children at different stages of their mathematical development and what their current limitations may be. The principal aim of this review is to establish an explicit connection between the academic discourse, with its research base and concepts, and the developmental trajectory of abstract mathematical skills that is expected (and somewhat dictated) in formal education. This will possibly help to highlight and make sense of the gap between the complexity of the MD range in real life and the state of its academic science.
Interleukin-6-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection: correlation with inefficient neutrophilia

We have produced interleukin-6 (IL-6)-deficient mice to examine, in vivo, the wide variety of biological activities attributed to this multifunctional cytokine. To investigate the role of IL-6 during infectious disease, IL-6-deficient mice were challenged with sublethal doses of Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular bacterium. While normal control animals were able to clear the infection, mutant animals exhibited a high mortality rate and showed uncontrolled replication of the bacteria in the spleen and liver at 2 and 3 days postinfection. Sections of infected tissues showed an increase in the number and severity of inflammatory foci. All aspects of this phenotype in the mutant animals were completely reverted upon administration of recombinant murine IL-6 (rIL-6). Various parameters of natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage function were unaffected in the challenge of the mutant animals. However, IL-6-deficient animals failed to mount peripheral blood neutrophilia in response to listeriosis, whereas control animals displayed a prominent neutrophilia in the blood at 24 and 48 h postinfection. Additionally, we analyzed the efficacy of rIL-6 in protecting animals devoid of lymphocytes or devoid of neutrophils during listeriosis. Administration of rIL-6 was protective to animals devoid of lymphocytes, suggesting that the rIL-6 protective effect was not mediated through lymphocytes. In contrast, control and mutant animals depleted of neutrophils were refractory to the rIL-6 protective effect. These data suggest that IL-6 is critical early during listeriosis, perhaps acting by stimulating neutrophils either directly or indirectly. Additionally, these data show a promising therapeutic potential for rIL-6 administration during opportunistic infection.
Keefektifan Model Pembelajaran PjBL (Project Based Learning) terhadap Kemampuan Kreativitas dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas XI

Telah dilakukan Penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh model PjBL (Project Based Learning) terhadap kemampuan kreativitas dan hasil belajar siswa kelas XI. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Quasi Experiment dalam bentuk Pretest-Posttest Kelompok Kontrol Subjek Random. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 1 Gubug. Sampel penelitian dipilih secara random. Didapatkan kelas XI IPA 6 sebagai kelas Eksperimen dan XI IPA 5 sebagai kelas Kontrol. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa metode tes, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Pada uji normalitas dan homohenitas diperoleh pada kelas eksperimen dan kontrol, populasi normal dan homogen. Pada uji t hasil belajar siswa diperoleh thitung> ttabel, sehingga disimpulkan model pembelajaran PjBL efektif terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Sedangkan uji gain diperoleh kesimpulan yaitu ada perbedaan antar model PjBL dengan konvensional dengan kategori sedang. Pada uji persen diperoleh %eks > %kon pada kreativitas siswa. Dari hasil analisis ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa model PjBL efektif terhadap kreativitas dan hasil belajar siswa. Kata Kunci : PjBL (Project Based Learning), kreativitas, hasil belajar
Relationships Between Motor Unit Anatomical Characteristicsand Motor Unit Potential Statistics in Healthy Muscles

The main goal of this thesis was to discover the relationships between MU characteristics and MUP features. To reach this goal, several features explaining the anatomical structure of the muscle were introduced. Additionally, features representing specific properties of the EMG signal detected from that muscle, were defined. Since information regarding the underlying anatomy was not available from real data, a physiologically based muscle model was used to extract the required features. This muscle model stands out from others, by providing similar acquisition schemes as the ones utilized by physicians in real clinical settings and by modelling the interactions among different volume conductor factors and the collection of MUs in the muscle in a realistic way. Having the features ready, several relationship discovery techniques were used, to reveal relationships between MU features and MUP features. To interpret the results obtained from the correlation analysis and pattern discovery techniques properly, several algorithms and new statistics were defined. The results obtained from correlation analysis and pattern discovery technique were similar to each other, and suggested that to maximize the inter-relationships between MUP features and MU features, MUPs could be filtered based on their slope values, specifically MUPs with slopes lower than 0.6 v/s could be excluded. Additionally PDT results showed that high slope MUPs were not as informative about the underlying MU and could be excluded to maximize the relationships between MUP features and MU characteristics. Certain MUP features were determined to be highly related to certain MU characteristics. MUP area and duration were shown to be the best representative feature for the MU size and average fiber density, respectively. For the distribution of fiber diameter in the MU, duration and number of turns were determined to reflect mean fiber diameter and stdv of fiber diameter the best, correspondingly.
Design of HEMT GaN power amplifiers with wideband control of 2nd harmonic impedances in S-Band

This paper reports the design and measurement of a GaN power amplifier whose output loads are optimised at fundamental and 2nd harmonic over a wide bandwidth (20%) in S-Band to reach maximum power added efficiency (PAE). The design methodology is described in the paper. Two power amplifiers have been built. The first one is optimized at fundamental and 2nd harmonic while the other one is only optimised at fundamental. Comparisons of power measurement results demonstrate the interest of optimising load impedances at the 2nd harmonic over large bandwidths for GaN HEMTs. When loaded by the matching circuit optimised at the 2nd harmonic, the packaged GaN exhibits 23.4Watts (9.7W/mm) output power associated to 15.2dB power gain and 69% PAE at the low frequency of the bandwidth (fmin). The paper also proposes a new matching architecture at 2nd harmonic frequency.
Novel Differential Neuroproteomics Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats*

Approximately two million traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidents occur annually in the United States, yet there are no specific therapeutic treatments. The absence of brain injury diagnostic endpoints was identified as a significant roadblock to TBI therapeutic development. To this end, our laboratory has studied mechanisms of cellular injury for biomarker discovery and possible therapeutic strategies. In this study, pooled naïve and injured cortical samples (48 h postinjury; rat controlled cortical impact model) were processed and analyzed using a differential neuroproteomics platform. Protein separation was performed using combined cation/anion exchange chromatography-PAGE. Differential proteins were then trypsinized and analyzed with reversed-phase LC-MSMS for protein identification and quantitative confirmation. The results included 59 differential protein components of which 21 decreased and 38 increased in abundance after TBI. Proteins with decreased abundance included collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, microtubule-associated proteins MAP2A/2B, and hexokinase. Conversely C-reactive protein, transferrin, and breakdown products of CRMP-2, synaptotagmin, and αII-spectrin were found to be elevated after TBI. Differential changes in the above mentioned proteins were confirmed by quantitative immunoblotting. Results from this work provide insight into mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and yield putative biochemical markers to potentially facilitate patient management by monitoring the severity, progression, and treatment of injury.
The Evolution and Dynamics of Research Networks

Existing collaboration and innovation in scientic commu- nities can be enhanced by understanding the underlying patterns and hidden relations. Social network analysis is an appropriate method to reveal such patterns. Nevertheless, research in this area is mainly fo- cused on social networks. One promising approach is to use homophily networks as well. Furthermore, extending the static to a dynamic net- work model enables to understand existing interdependencies in these networks. A mathematical description of possible analyses is given. Fi- nally, resulting research questions are illustrated and the necessity of an interdisciplinary research approach is pointed out.
Climate Sensitivity of Thinleaf Alder Growth on an Interior Alaskan Floodplain

Abstract: This study examined the climate sensitivity of the growth of riparian Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (thinleaf alder), a keystone nitrogen-fixer, on the Tanana River floodplain of interior Alaska. We investigated correlations between alder radial growth and inter-annual variation in monthly meteorology and hydrology, spatial patterns of alder climate sensitivity in relationship to depth of subsurface water, and long-term climatic trends. Annual radial growth of alder was positively correlated with June precipitation, river discharge, and Palmer Drought Severity Index values and was negatively correlated with June temperature, suggesting a susceptibility of growth to early-season moisture limitation, due to the co-occurrence of dry meteorological conditions and low levels of hyporheic flow. Alder radial growth was positively correlated with August discharge and July temperature, suggesting that moisture may also be limiting in August, but not in July. The sensitivity of alder growth to variation in temperature and precipitation was greater on higher terraces where depth to water table was greater, while the sensitivity to variation in river level was greater on lower terraces, suggesting that subsurface water more strongly influences moisture availability at these sites. Long-term climatic trends in this region suggest increasing drought conditions; however, the overall influence on alder growth and associated rates of nitrogen fixation are uncertain due to the contrasting relationship of growth with climate in June/August versus July.