Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A wind tunnel examination of shear stress partitioning for an assortment of surface roughness distributions

[1] Surface roughness aids to ameliorate wind erosion by extracting a portion of the wind's momentum thereby reducing the quantity of stress on the surface. This paper evaluates the effect of different spatial arrangements of surface roughness on the partition of average drag forces and distribution of stress at the surface. A new tiered force balance was used in a wind tunnel to independently and simultaneously measure the drag on arrays of roughness elements and the drag on the intervening surface. In addition, Irwin sensors recorded point measurements of surface shear stress within the arrays. Roughness arrays consisted of small cylinders in four different spatial arrangements, one being staggered and three being simplifications of natural roughness configurations, at four roughness densities. Results from the tiered force balance and Irwin sensors indicate that the roughness configuration has a small impact on the average (R) and maximum (R″) drag partition. The protection of the surface increased with roughness density regardless of the roughness arrangement. Point measurements of shear stress revealed that the roughness configuration had a small impact on the distribution of shear stress at the surface, and that the maximum shear stress scaled to the average shear stress. Drag partition measurements were compared to the ratios predicted by the Raupach et al. (1993) model and a good degree of agreement was found for all configurations when using measured values of the β and m parameter.
Organic Carbon Content in the Soil Master Horizons of South Africa

The status and spatial variability of organic C levels in soils that were never cultivated but were grazed are a function of environmental and inherent soil properties. The organic C content in South African soils was therefore quantified using existing data with reference to master horizon classification and soil‐forming factors. Data from 7079 soil profiles covering the whole of South Africa, including land type survey modal profiles and profiles from other soil surveys, were used in this study. All profiles were analyzed for physical and chemical properties including organic C. The average organic C content ranged from 16% in the O horizon to 0.3% in the C horizons and decreased in the sequence O > A > G > B > E > C. The organic C content was correlated to the soil‐forming factors climate (rainfall, evaporation, and aridity index), topography (terrain morphological units, slope percentage, slope type, and slope aspect), and soil texture (clay content). There was therefore a circular influence among topography, master horizons, and organic C contents. A regression was further done to correlate organic C per master horizon with rainfall, evaporation, slope aspect, aridity index, and clay content. Unfortunately most of the R2 values were too low for the equations to be used to estimate organic C content in the master horizons of South African soils.
Isotopic Adventures—Geological, Planetological, and Cosmic

When asked to write a summary of my professional life, I had no notion of how difficult it would be. There is the form and the substance, the remembrances and the reality, the discipline and the hope, the frustration of not finding a way, and the satisfaction of finding a trail. Of all of the experiences, the greatest one, the biggest turn-on, is the rare feeling that one has some understanding of nature. I have had the honor and privilege of receiving the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy from the King of Sweden, but my greatest occasions of excitement came when I thought I had possibly understood something. The greatest satisfaction comes in feeling that the work I have done or contributed to has some beauty. At the moment, I am finishing up a paper on groundwater transport in the Ojo Alamo aquifer, having just finished a paper with C.T. Lee and Frank Kyte on the chemistry and transport of PGE in the oceans. Just weeks earlier, I returned from an astrophysics conference on “Low Z at low z and high z,” (low chemical elemental abundances at low and high cosmological red shifts) led by Y. -Z. Qian at the University of Minnesota. It has been said that the virtue of being “old” is that you can live in the past as well as the present. Thinking about the past is not my way, except to tell old stories over good wines at dinner with friends. However, the truth is that the particular problem that I am working on at any instant is, to me, the most important thing in the world. Chasing some particular idea and some observations of nature make up the real present and govern my immediate future. In the chase, I met Devendra and Aruna Lal. He was fascinated with Indian puzzles and natural puzzles, particularly those cosmic-ray induced. Our mutual interest in natural puzzles has been a continuous source of entertainment and mutual support. Friendly interaction and critical comments on science and life and what might be true comes regularly from Karl Turekian (a Columbia product displaced to Yale). It has been my privilege to have had an exciting, productive career that continues to the present day. It is my intent to continue the exploration and the chase. The reader is warned that this report is not chronological, as the actual science in different areas often occurred concurrently.
Enteral nutrition for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND Prevention of relapse is a major issue in the management of Crohn's disease. Corticosteroids and 5-ASA preparations are not effective for the maintenance of remission. Methotrexate, infliximab, 6-mercaptopurine and its prodrug, azathioprine may be effective in maintaining remission, but these drugs may cause significant adverse events. OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of enteral nutrition for the maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. SEARCH STRATEGY MEDLINE (1966 to January 2007), EMBASE (1984 to January 2007) the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from the Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2006) and the IBD/FBD Review Group Specialized Trials Register were searched. The articles cited in each publication were hand searched. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials which compared enteral nutrition with no intervention, placebo or with any other intervention were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data extraction and assessment of methodological quality of included studies were independently performed by two authors. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of clinical or endoscopic relapse as defined by the primary studies. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for dichotomous outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Two studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Statistical pooling of the results of these studies was not possible because the control interventions, and the way outcomes were assessed differed greatly between the two studies. In one study (Takagi 2006), patients who received half of their total daily calorie requirements as elemental diet and the remaining half by normal diet had a significantly lower relapse rate compared to patients who received unrestricted normal diet (9 of 26 versus 16 of 25; OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.94). In the other study (Verma 2001), elemental and polymeric feeds (providing between 35 and 50% of patients' pretrial calorie intake in addition to unrestricted normal food) were equally effective for maintenance of remission and allowing withdrawal of steroid therapy (8 of 19 versus 6 of 14; OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.24 to 3.92). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that supplementary enteral nutritional may be effective for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Whilst larger studies are needed to confirm these findings, enteral nutritional supplementation could be considered as an alternative or as an adjunct to maintenance drug therapy in Crohn's disease.
Simulations of two Last Glacial Maximum ocean states

Two stable thermohaline circulation states were produced in simulations of the last glacial maximum (LGM) ocean, both forced by the same prescribed atmosphere. Direct application of this atmosphere led to an equilibrium state with strong North Atlantic Deep Water formation (northern sinking state (NSS)). Upon applying a weak freshwater flux anomaly to the North Atlantic for a short time a state was entered with little North Atlantic, but significant Southern Ocean, Deep Water formation (southern sinking state (SSS)). A fully dynamic and thermodynamic iceberg trajectory model was developed, and icebergs were seeded into both states. Distinctly different pathways were found, particularly in the eastern Atlantic where the SSS icebergs tend to move south along the European coast while they move north in the NSS. While neither ocean state is claimed to be a definitive model for the LGM ocean, paleoclimate data are more consistent with the characteristics of the NSS.
The fusion of animal cells to form heterokaryons and hybrids makes it possible to gain new insights into the control of nuclear and cytoplasmic func-

The fusion of animal cells to form heterokaryons and hybrids makes it possible to gain new insights into the control of nuclear and cytoplasmic functions (1-4). Through the use of Sendal virus one may fuse cell partners which differ widely in their capacity to synthesize DNA as well as in other more differentiated activities (5, 6). For the present experiments we have chosen the mouse peritoneal macrophage and a strain of mouse melanocyte. The macrophage does not synthesize DNA under a variety of cultural conditions and appears to be blocked in the Go period (7-9). The macrophage has other properties which make it a useful partner in cell fusion experiments. These include the cultivation of pure populations in vitro, the ability to ingest antibody-coated red cells, and the presence of a highly active adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) 1 which is dependent upon divalent cations (10-13). In addition the macrophage is able to synthesize significant amounts of lysosomal enzymes, e.g. acid phosphatase, providing another useful cytochemical marker (10). A mouse Inelanocyte cell line was chosen for fusion with macrophages since these cells proliferate vigorously in vitro, lack the specific macrophage markers, and fuse readily with mouse peritoneal macrophages. When macrophages are fused with melanocytes, the macrophage nuclei undergo striking changes, including the initiation of DNA synthesis. All
Feasibility of Administering Human Pancreatic Cancer Chemotherapy in 1 Spontaneous Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model 2

Spontaneous Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model 2 Abagail M. Delahoussaye, B.S., Joseph Abi Jaoude, M.D., Tara N. Fujimoto, B.S., Jessica 3 Molkentine, B.S. , Carolina J. Garcia Garcia, B.S., Jason P. Gay, B.S., B.A., Ningping Feng, 4 Ph. D. , Joe Marszalek, Ph.D. , Cullen M. Taniguchi, M.D., Ph.D. 5 Contributed equally as first authors 6 Affiliations: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. 7 Corresponding Author: 8
Hydrological Drought Analysis in Namhan River Basin, Korea

AbstractAnalysis and forecasting of droughts are important for water resources management. The objective of this study is to analyze hydrological droughts using the joint drought probability distribution derived from the copula theory and analyze drought return periods upstream of Namhan River in the upper Han River basin, Korea. Results of the study shows that the severest drought that occurred from 1981 to 1982 has a 110-year return period.
Modeling approaches to assimilating L band passive microwave observations over land surfaces

[i] L band passive microwave remotely sensed data have great potential for providing estimates of soil moisture with high temporal sampling and on a regional scale. Several studies have shown the possibility of assessing the hydrological conditions deep down in soil (in the top 1 or 2 m) from these repetitive estimates of surface soil moisture. Water availability for plants, which is related to soil moisture in the root zone, is a key variable for estimating the evapotranspiration fluxes over land surfaces. This estimation is an important issue for meteorological and hydrological modeling, since it is a basic term of land surface forcing in mesoscale atmospheric circulations. However, at the present time the assimilation approach of remotely sensed brightness temperature data for operational use in the fields of meteorology and hydrology is poorly defined and important issues remain to be addressed in order to develop an operational assimilation approach. Two important issues are to identify (1) how vegetation variables describing vegetation development can be accounted for and (2) how the attenuation effects of L band microwave radiation within the canopy layer can be computed on large spatial scales. On the basis of an exhaustive data set including multiangular and dual-polarization passive microwave measurements acquired over a wheat crop during a 3-month period in 1993, two main modeling approaches are tested in this study. The principle of both approaches was based on the use of dual-polarization and multiangular observations to discriminate between the effects of soil and vegetation on the crop microwave signature. For the two approaches, both the initial soil water reservoir R 2 (at the beginning of the crop development) and parameterizations of the crop development could be retrieved simultaneously from the assimilation of the passive microwave measurements. From these results, promising assimilation strategies can be expected from the multiangular Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) observations made over the land surface.
Large horizontal gradients in atmospheric CO at the synoptic scale as seen by spaceborne Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere

[1] We have examined the influence of synoptic processes on the distribution of atmospheric CO as observed by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. In the MOPITT data, large horizontal gradients in CO, coherent at the synoptic scale, have been observed. The concentration of CO varies rapidly by as much as 50–100% across distances of ∼100 km, forming distinct boundaries in the CO distribution. These can last one to several days and span horizontal distances of 600–1000 km. On average, such events were observed in the MOPITT CO daily images once every 3–4 days over North America in spring and summer 2000. We focused on three case studies over North America in August 2000 to understand the mechanisms responsible for the large gradients in CO. Through an analysis of meteorological data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis, parcel trajectory modeling, and global three-dimensional chemical transport modeling, we found that the large horizontal gradients typically reflect the differential vertical and horizontal transport of air with different chemical signatures. In the first case, the large gradients in CO over North Dakota resulted from the lifting ahead of a cold front that transported boundary layer air enriched with CO from forest fires in Montana, combined with the descent of clean air from the Canadian Prairies behind the front. In the second case, the large gradients over northeastern Texas were produced by the convective lifting over Arkansas of air with high concentrations of CO from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds and the onshore transport of clean air from the Gulf of Mexico. In the third case, we examined an example of outflow of surface pollution from North America by a cyclone. The largest gradients in this case were observed along the boundary between the boundary layer air transported by the warm conveyor belt ahead of the cold front and the clean air transported from the Atlantic by the semipermanent high-pressure system in the central Atlantic. Our results demonstrate that MOPITT can capture the influence of synoptic processes on the horizontal and vertical distribution of CO. The large gradients in CO observed on synoptic scales represent valuable information that can be exploited to improve our understanding of atmospheric CO. In particular, these results suggest that the MOPITT observations provide a useful data set with which to address a range of issues from air quality on local/regional scales to long-range transport of pollution on continental/global scales.
The chromatin remodeling complex NURF localizes to gene bodies and is required for mRNA processing.

Chromatin packaging restricts access to DNA and thereby contributes to transcriptional regulation and genome integrity. Major regulators of chromatin structure include chromatin-remodeling complexes that are recruited to chromatin through modified histones, DNA-binding proteins, or specific DNA sequences. Upon recruitment, they regulate accessibility to DNA by sliding or evicting nucleosomes or exchanging histone subunits. To better understand how complexes function in mouse embryonic stem cells, here we used ChIP sequencing in a genome-wide survey to determine the localization, putative sites of remodeling activity, and regulated genes for the nucleosome-remodeling factor (NURF) by focusing on its essential subunit bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF). We found that BPTF preferentially localizes to gene bodies but also occupies promoters, enhancers, and terminators; however, its chromatin-remodeling activity was constrained to the promoters. The genome-wide transcript analysis revealed that BPTF is required for exon splicing and intron removal, suggesting it has defined functional roles within the gene bodies. We also identified the mRNA-processing factor THO complex 4 (THOC4), as a factor binding to BPTF’s N-terminal PHD finger and physically linking NURF to the gene bodies and to mRNA processing. Analysis of NURF function at several BPTF-dependent genes indicated that processing of some genes is affected by loss of BPTF and that BPTF recruitment is reduced when THOC4 is absent. As previously observed for other chromatin-remodeling complexes, these findings establish NURF as having roles in promoting mRNA processing.
Stable isotopic fractionation among particles in Quaternary coccolith‐sized deep‐sea sediments

Oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios of individual grain size splits of the <38 µm fraction of deep-sea carbonate particles vary systematically with size over a range of 1.25 – 4.0‰. Most splits are dominated by just a few coccolith taxa and other types of particles. The ∂18O and ∂13C values of individual splits are linearly related to each other with a slope of 1.5 ∂13C/∂18O in all Holocene and Glacial samples analyzed. Although the observed variability is less than predicted from culture experiments of individual components, compositional variations can significantly influence the stable isotopic stratigraphies measured on the nannofossil fraction.
Net currents in the wave bottom boundary layer: on waveshape streaming and progressive wave streaming

The net current (streaming) in a turbulent bottom boundary layer under waves above a flat bed, identified as potentially relevant for sediment transport, is mainly determined by two competing mechanisms: an onshore streaming resulting from the horizontal non-uniformity of the velocity field under progressive free surface waves, and an offshore streaming related to the nonlinearity of the waveshape. The latter actually contains two contributions: oscillatory velocities under nonlinear waves are characterized in terms of velocity-skewness and acceleration-skewness (with pure velocity-skewness under Stokes waves and acceleration-skewness under steep sawtooth waves), and both separately induce offshore streaming. This paper describes a 1DV Reynolds-averaged boundary layer model withk-eturbulence closure that includes all these streaming processes. The model is validated against measured period-averaged and time-dependent velocities, from 4 different well-documented laboratory experiments with these processes in isolation and in combination. Subsequently, the model is applied in a numerical study on the waveshape and free surface effects on streaming. The results show how the dimensionless parameterskh (relative water depth) and A/kN (relative bed roughness) influence the (dimensionless) streaming velocity and shear stress and the balance between the mechanisms. For decreasing kh, the relative importance of waveshape streaming over progressive wave streaming increases, qualitatively consistent with earlier analytical modeling. Unlike earlier results, simulations for increased roughness (smaller A/kN) show a shift of the streaming profile in onshore direction for all kh. Finally, the results are parameterized and the possible implications of the streaming processes on sediment transport are shortly discussed
DEVELOPING A METHOD FOR REGIONAL FOOD SYSTEM PLANNING IN THE SEA TO SKY REGION, BRITISH COLUMBIA

This study set out to test the potential of an environmental management planning method to be adapted into a food system planning framework, referred to as a Regional Food System Management Plan (RFSMP). The RFSMP approach is a valuable and useful tool for regional food systems planning as it promotes community and environmental sustainability through enhanced food self-reliance. The RFSMP framework was developed and tested in the context of the Sea to Sky Region of British Columbia. The main components of the RFSMP framework included delineation of regional boundaries, stakeholder values identification and calculation of food self-reliance. Implementation of the RFSMP framework focused on the planning stage and the crop production components of the food system. This study recommends future work to address agricultural data gaps, complete the RFSMP framework beyond the planning phase and production component of the food system, and test the planning framework in other regions. Regional Food System Planning ii
January and July global distributions of atmospheric heating for 1986, 1987, and 1988

Abstract Three-dimensional global distributions of atmospheric heating are estimated for January and July of the 3-year period 1986–88 from the ECMWF/TOGA assimilated datasets. Emphasis is placed on the interseasonal and interannual variability of heating both locally and regionally. Large fluctuations in the magnitude of heating and the disposition of maxima/minima in the Tropics occur over the 3-year period. This variability, which is largely in accord with anomalous precipitation expected during the ENSO cycle, appears realistic. In both January and July, interannual differences of 1.07−1.5 K day−1 in the vertically averaged heating occur over the tropical Pacific. These interannual regional differences are substantial in comparison with maximum monthly averaged Heating rates of 2.0−2.5 K day−1. In the extratropics, the most prominent interannual variability occurs along the wintertime North Atlantic cyclone track. Vertical profiles of heating from selected regions also reveal large interannual variabi.
Financial distress and its associated burden in couples coping with an advanced cancer

Purpose As the economic burden and �nancial distress (FD) resulting from cancer care are increasingly recognized, FD remains inadequately understood from the perspective of patients and their spousal caregiver, the relational context where most �nancial and treatment decisions are navigated. Therefore, we assessed FD in both patients with advanced cancer and their spouses to identify symptom and QOL correlates. We additionally examined if illness communication moderated the association between FD and QOL. Methods Patients undergoing treatment for stage III/IV lung cancer or grade III/IV primary brain tumor and their spouses completed measures of their own FD, QOL, perception of their spouse’s and overall illness communication.