Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accessing risk priority of SSL SYN attack using game theoretic attack defense tree model for VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are prone to several types of attacks due to their decentralized nature and mobility. The involvement of traffic and human beings makes it important to secure VANETs to a maximum extent. There is an urgent need to move one step ahead of just preventing the attacks. We need to have a mechanism that can access and analyze the risk priority of an attacker's way of attacking and defender's way of defending. The attacker may have several ways for achieving his goal of causing damage and every way has a different severity and impact. So, the assessment of all these ways can help the defender to get the insight into the psyche of attacker. This assessment will definitely help the society to get prevention from such unwanted attacks. In this paper, a risk priority assessment model of SSL SYN attack is designed using attack-defense tree model in VANETs. Attack-defense tree model is used to analyze and present the approaches used by attackers to achieve SSL SYN attack. A game theoretic approach is adopted by attacker and defender to maximize their objectives. The rationality of the attack defense model using game theory is investigated using risk priority number on the basis of severity, occurrence and detection ratings. The mathematical assessment shows the impact of this work.
A multichannel, multicore mm-Wave clustered VCO with phase noise, tuning range, and lifetime reliability enhancements

Clustering and multi-core transformer coupling techniques are presented to improve phase noise, tuning range, and reliability of a mm-wave VCO. A proofof-concept design targeting the WiGig protocol is shown. Each cluster of VCOs covers one channel resulting in better phase noise performance. Multicores of VCOs with uncorrelated noise are combined using transformers to further enhance phase noise and combat the voltage swing reliability issues. Furthermore, due to realization of multiple inductive elements in parallel instead of one small inductor, this approach bypasses Q-degradation of small inductors (<;50pH). The VCO achieves a phase noise of -101.8dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset with over 12.6% tuning range (50.7GHz to 57.5GHz) and an FOM of -183dB/Hz.
IGF-I: A Key Growth Factor that Regulates Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis from Embryonic to Adult Stages of the Brain

The generation of neurons in the adult mammalian brain requires the activation of quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs). This activation and the sequential steps of neuron formation from NSCs are regulated by a number of stimuli, which include growth factors. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exert pleiotropic effects, regulating multiple cellular processes depending on their concentration, cell type, and the developmental stage of the animal. Although IGF-I expression is relatively high in the embryonic brain its levels drop sharply in the adult brain except in neurogenic regions, i.e., the hippocampus (HP) and the subventricular zone-olfactory bulb (SVZ-OB). By contrast, the expression of IGF-IR remains relatively high in the brain irrespective of the age of the animal. Evidence indicates that IGF-I influences NSC proliferation and differentiation into neurons and glia as well as neuronal maturation including synapse formation. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that IGF-I not only promote adult neurogenesis by regulating NSC number and differentiation but also by influencing neuronal positioning and migration as described during SVZ-OB neurogenesis. In this article we will revise and discuss the actions reported for IGF-I signaling in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models, focusing on the maintenance and proliferation of NSCs/progenitors, neurogenesis, and neuron integration in synaptic circuits.
Staying Current PGC-1 : a key regulator of energy metabolism

Liang, Huiyun, and Walter F. Ward. PGC-1 : a key regulator of energy metabolism. Adv Physiol Educ 30: 145–151, 2006; doi: 10.1152/advan.00052. 2006. —Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorcoactivator (PGC)-1 is a member of a family of transcription coactivators that plays a central role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. It is strongly induced by cold exposure, linking this environmental stimulus to adaptive thermogenesis. PGC-1 stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes the remodeling of muscle tissue to a fiber-type composition that is metabolically more oxidative and less glycolytic in nature, and it participates in the regulation of both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is highly likely that PGC-1 is intimately involved in disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiomyopathy. In particular, its regulatory function in lipid metabolism makes it an inviting target for pharmacological intervention in the treatment of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
A case study of a rare severe thunderstorm with snowfall

On the evening of 11 February 2003, thunderstorms raced across northwest and central Illinois (IL) with winds in excess of 50 knots and heavy snowfall. Convective snowfall developed ahead of a strong synoptic-scale cold front as it pushed through the area. Severe thunderstorm warnings were issued for several counties across the Lincoln, Illinois (ILX), county warning area (CWA) due to the strong winds, which were accompanied by brief but nearly blinding snowfall. The first severe thunderstorm warning was issued at 0002 UTC 12 February 2003 for Marshall County, Illinois; within an hour, the front and convection had passed leaving wind damage, a thin blanket of snow, and an unusual phenomenon referred to as “snowrollers. ” This event was atypical of thundersnow cases. While most thundersnow events in the Midwest appear to occur in the presence of an extratropical cyclone (Market et al. 2002) resulting from some sort of elevated instability, this event maintained a unique quality more related to warm season and warm sector severe weather. Analysis of the synoptic and mesoscale features using 20-km Rapid Update Cycle (RUC20) initial fields revealed a scenario with this clipper system that led to such a severe event. Although in mid-February, insolation was strong that afternoon ahead of a well-developed synoptic-scale cold front. A well-mixed boundary layer along and just behind the frontal zone allowed for thorough mixing of strong wind to the surface. While snow accumulations were minor (< 3 cm), the whit out conditions that ensued briefly made this a dangerous system.
Automatic inversion generates divide-and-conquer parallel programs

Divide-and-conquer algorithms are suitable for modern parallel machines, tending to have large amounts of inherent parallelism and working well with caches and deep memory hierarchies. Among others, list homomorphisms are a class of recursive functions on lists, which match very well with the divide-and-conquer paradigm. However, direct programming with list homomorphisms is a challenge for many programmers. In this paper, we propose and implement a novel systemthat can automatically derive cost-optimal list homomorphisms from a pair of sequential programs, based on the third homomorphism theorem. Our idea is to reduce extraction of list homomorphisms to derivation of weak right inverses. We show that a weak right inverse always exists and can be automatically generated from a wide class of sequential programs. We demonstrate our system with several nontrivial examples, including the maximum prefix sum problem, the prefix sum computation, the maximum segment sum problem, and the line-of-sight problem. The experimental results show practical efficiency of our automatic parallelization algorithm and good speedups of the generated parallel programs.
How to use: interferon γ release assays for tuberculosis

Diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is important to reduce risk of progression to active tuberculosis (TB) disease. For the past century the tuberculin skin test (TST) has been used as a measure of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), but this test has limitations in test performance, sensitivity and specificity. Interferon γ release assays (IGRA), like TST, measure host immune response to MTB. IGRA are designed to be more specific for the diagnosis of LTBI than TST in patients with previous BCG or exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria, detecting interferon γ generated by T cells in response to antigens more specific to MTB. Although developed as an alternative to TST, recent data, particularly in children, suggest IGRA have their own limitations. Superiority to TST as a diagnostic test in children has not been demonstrated. Neither test discriminates between current or past MTB infection, or between latent infection and active disease. This article reviews the current literature on sensitivity and specificity of IGRA in the diagnosis of LTBI, and summarises current NICE recommendations for the use of IGRA in combination with TST. Although not developed for this purpose, in clinical practice IGRA have also been used as a diagnostic test for active TB. The gold standard for diagnosis of active TB disease is microbiological confirmation by culture of MTB. This article discusses the utility of IGRA as an adjunct to diagnosis of active TB disease, but emphasises that IGRA do not have sufficient sensitivity or specificity to exclude or confirm active TB disease.
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Requires Transforming Growth Factor-β for Exerting Its Full Neurotrophic Potential on Peripheral and CNS Neurons

Numerous studies have suggested that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic molecule. We show now on a variety of cultured neurons including peripheral autonomic, sensory, and CNS dopaminergic neurons that GDNF is not trophically active unless supplemented with TGF-β. Immunoneutralization of endogenous TGF-β provided by serum or TGF-β-secreting cells, as e.g., neurons, in culture abolishes the neurotrophic effect of GDNF. The dose–response relationship required for the synergistic effect of GDNF and TGF-β identifies 60 pg/ml of either factor combined with 2 ng/ml of the other factor as the EC50. GDNF/TGF-β signaling employs activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase as an intermediate step as shown by the effect of the specific PI-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin. The synergistic action of GDNF and TGF-β involves protection of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked receptors as shown by the restoration of their trophic effects after phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of GPI-anchored GDNF family receptor α. The biological significance of the trophic synergism of GDNF and TGF-β is underscored by colocalization of the receptors for TGF-β and GDNF on all investigated GDNF-responsive neuron populationsin vivo. Moreover, the in vivo relevance of the TGF-β/GDNF synergism is highlighted by the co-storage of TGF-β and GDNF in secretory vesicles of a model neuron, the chromaffin cell, and their activity-dependent release. Our results broaden the definition of a neurotrophic factor by incorporating the possibility that two factors that lack a neurotrophic activity when acting separately become neurotrophic when acting in concert. Moreover, our data may have a substantial impact on the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Type theories and object-oriented programmimg

Object-oriented programming is becoming a popular approach to the construction of complex software systems. Benefits of object orientation include support for modular design, code sharing, and extensibility. In order to make the most of these advantages, a type theory for objects and their interactions should be developed to aid checking and controlled derivation of programs and to support early binding of code bodies for efficiency. As a step in this direction, this paper surveys a number of existing type theories and examines the manner and extent to which these theories are able to represent the ideas found in object-oriented programming. Of primary interest are the models provided by type theories for abstract data types and inheritance, and the major portion of this paper is devoted to these topics. Code fragments illustrative of the various approaches are provided and discussed. The introduction provides an overview of object-oriented programming and types in programming languages; the summary provides a comparative evaluation of the reviewed typing systems, along with suggestions for future work.
Attitudes toward antipsychotic medication: the impact of clinical variables and relationships with health professionals.

CONTEXT Nonadherence to antipsychotic medication is a major cause of psychotic relapse and is strongly influenced by attitudes toward treatment. Although patient variables such as insight and symptoms that contribute toward attitudes have been identified, the contributions of relationship and service factors have not been adequately studied. OBJECTIVE To determine relations between clinical and service variables and attitudes toward medication in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. DESIGN Consecutively admitted patients were approached to take part; 23 refused. Measures included symptoms, insight, drug adverse effects, self-reported adherence, attitudes toward treatment, perceived relationship with the prescriber, ward atmosphere, and admission experience. Data were analyzed by a proportional odds model and structural equation modeling to test predicted paths between experience of admission, relationship variables, attitudes toward treatment, and self-reported adherence to medication. SETTING Twenty-eight inpatient wards at 8 hospitals in North Wales and the Northwest of England. Sites included hospitals with inner-city and rural catchment areas. Patients Two hundred twenty-eight patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, assessed during acute admission. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Attitudes toward treatment and self-reported adherence to medication. RESULTS The data fit a model in which attitudes toward treatment were predicted by insight, relationship with staff (especially the physician-prescriber), and the patient's admission experience (maximum likelihood chi(2)(49) = 89.3, P<. 001). A poor relationship with the prescriber, experience of coercion during admission, and low insight predicted a negative attitude toward treatment. CONCLUSIONS The quality of relationships with clinicians during acute admission appears to be an important determinant of patients' attitudes toward treatment and adherence to medication. Enhancing such relationships may yield important clinical benefits.
Pedagogy, Continuance Theory and Mobile Devices: Findings from a New Zealand case study

In 2010, a short-term case study project undertaken in an urban secondary school investigated various mLearning options in a range of classrooms. Mobile devices included students’ own cellphones and/or digital cameras, as well as some proprietary software and hardware. Four different classrooms, teachers, subjects and classes participated in the research evaluation, which reported on effects these digital technologies had on pedagogical practices and school infrastructure. The case study used interviews, observation and the collection of artefacts (video, still shots) to provide qualitative data for thematic analysis. The teachers and IT support were all mature professionals whose pedagogical knowledge and practices were already secure. This paper focuses primarily on discussing the pedagogical practices of the teachers and some implications of viewing their experiences through the lens of continuance theory and socio-cultural perspectives. Author
Neural alterations and depressive symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Depressive symptoms are common in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, and brain injury occurs with both OSA and depression independently. The objective was to determine whether brain alterations in OSA bear relationships to depressive symptoms. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University-based medical center. PARTICIPANTS 40 treatment-naive OSA subjects and 61 control subjects without diagnosed psychopathology. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Whole-brain maps of T2 relaxation time, a measure sensitive to injury, were calculated from magnetic resonance images, transformed to common space, and smoothed. Control and OSA groups were classified by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II scores (> or =12 symptomatic, <10 asymptomatic for depressive symptoms). The OSA group separated into 13 symptomatic (mean +/- SD: BDI-II 21 +/- 8; age 47.6 +/- 11; apnea hypopnea index [AHI] 28.3 +/- 17), and 27 asymptomatic (4 +/- 3; 47.5 +/- 8; 31.5 +/- 16) subjects. The control group included 56 asymptomatic (BDI-II 2.5 +/- 2.6; age 47.3 +/- 9) subjects. Asymptomatic OSA subjects exhibited higher AHI. T2 maps were compared between groups (ANCOVA), with age and gender as covariates. Injury appeared in symptomatic vs asymptomatic OSA subjects in the mid- and anterior cingulate, anterior insular, medial pre-frontal, parietal, and left ventrolateral temporal cortices, left caudate nucleus, and internal capsule. Relative to asymptomatic controls, symptomatic OSA patients showed damage in the bilateral hippocampus and caudate nuclei, anterior corpus callosum, right anterior thalamus, and medial pons. CONCLUSIONS Neural injury differed between OSA patients with and without depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms may exacerbate injury accompanying OSA, or introduce additional damage in affective, cognitive, respiratory, and autonomic control regions.
Cross-talk in Nerve Root Stimulator Implants

Implanted stimulators of motor nerve roots have been used for functional restoration in paraplegia since many years. While the high root density of the cauda equina limits the surgery to one field, it also presents the problem of cross-talk stimulation: unwanted activation of a root lying near an active set of electrodes. The Lumbar Anterior Root Stimulator Implant (LARSI) did exhibit cross-talk, and we have hypothesized that this is because the anodes in all the slots were connected together, causing virtual cathodes outside the active slot. In this paper, we report in vitro experiments suggesting that, with a better design, we can improve the cross-talk ratio (out-of-slot threshold/in-slot threshold) from 80.
Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change

In the coming decades and centuries, the ocean’s biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems will become increasingly stressed by at least three independent factors. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation will cause substantial changes in the physical, chemical and biological environment, which will then affect the ocean’s biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems in ways that we are only beginning to fathom. Ocean warming will not only affect organisms and biogeochemical cycles directly, but will also increase upper ocean stratification. The changes in the ocean’s carbonate chemistry induced by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) (i.e. ocean acidification) will probably affect many organisms and processes, although in ways that are currently not well understood. Ocean deoxygenation, i.e. the loss of dissolved oxygen (O2) from the ocean, is bound to occur in a warming and more stratified ocean, causing stress to macro-organisms that critically depend on sufficient levels of oxygen. These three stressors—warming, acidification and deoxygenation—will tend to operate globally, although with distinct regional differences. The impacts of ocean acidification tend to be strongest in the high latitudes, whereas the low-oxygen regions of the low latitudes are most vulnerable to ocean deoxygenation. Specific regions, such as the eastern boundary upwelling systems, will be strongly affected by all three stressors, making them potential hotspots for change. Of additional concern are synergistic effects, such as ocean acidification-induced changes in the type and magnitude of the organic matter exported to the ocean’s interior, which then might cause substantial changes in the oxygen concentration there. Ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation are essentially irreversible on centennial time scales, i.e. once these changes have occurred, it will take centuries for the ocean to recover. With the emission of CO2 being the primary driver behind all three stressors, the primary mitigation strategy is to reduce these emissions.
Thymosin From Bombyx mori Is Down-Regulated in Expression by BmNPV Exhibiting Antiviral Activity

Thymosins have been highly conserved during evolution. These hormones exist in many animal species and play an essential role in many biological events. However, little is known regarding the physiological function of silkworm Bombyx mori thymosin (BmTHY). In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of BmTHY in a Bombyx mori larval ovarian cell line (BmN) challenged with Bombyx mori nuclear polyhydrosis virus (BmNPV) and the antiviral effect of recombinant BmTHY (rBmTHY) for Bombyx mori against BmNPV. Western-blot assay and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the level of BmTHY protein expression and transcription decreased over time when BmN cells were infected by BmNPV. Treatment with endotoxin-free rBmTHY led to a significant reduction in viral titer in the supernatant of BmN cells challenged with BmNPV. The results from antiviral tests performed in vitro and in vivo showed that endotoxin-free rBmTHY improved the survival rate of Bombyx mori infected with BmNPV. These findings suggest that BmTHY exerts immunomodulatory effects on Bombyx mori, rendering them resistant to viral infection.
A Modified Locality-Preserving Projection Approach for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Locality-preserving projection (LPP) is a typical manifold-based dimensionality reduction (DR) method, which has been successfully applied to some pattern recognition tasks. However, LPP depends on an underlying adjacency graph, which has several problems when it is applied to hyperspectral image (HSI) processing. The adjacency graph is artificially created in advance, which may not be suitable for the following DR and classification. It is also difficult to determine an appropriate neighborhood size in graph construction. Additionally, only the information of local neighboring data points is considered in LPP, which is limited for improving classification accuracy. To address these problems, a modified version of the original LPP called MLPP is proposed for hyperspectral remote-sensing image classification. The idea is to select a different number of nearest neighbors for each data point adaptively and to focus on maximizing the distance between nonnearest neighboring points. This not only preserves the intrinsic geometric structure of the data but also increases the separability among ground objects with different spectral characteristics. Moreover, MLPP does not depend on any parameters or prior knowledge. Experiments on two real HSIs from different sensors demonstrate that MLPP is remarkably superior to other conventional DR methods in enhancing classification performance.