Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intramuscular Nerve Distribution of the Masseter Muscle as a Basis for Botulinum Toxin Injection

The aim of this study was to determine intramuscular distribution pattern of the masseteric nerve, thus providing information regarding the most efficient and safe site for botulinum toxin (BTX) injection for conventional BTX intervention therapy in the treatment of masseteric hypertrophy.Twelve masseter muscles were dissected, and the pattern of innervation of the masseteric nerve was observed in the superficial, middle, and deep layers. We also analyzed 10 muscles that had been stained using Sihler's staining technique.The nerve branches from the posterosuperior and posteroinferior groups innervating the deep and middle layers of the masseter muscle, respectively. Among the nerve twigs originating from the anteroinferior nerve group, 2 or 3 perforated the superficial layer of the muscle. Observation of stained specimens revealed that all perforating branches innervating the superficial layer were mainly confined to and distributed within areas V or VI.Between 2 and 4 perforating branches supply the superficial layer of the masseter muscle. In addition, the richest arborization of the perforating masseteric nerve branches is confined mostly to area V, approximately in accordance with the BTX injection point that is currently used clinically. Area V is thus strongly recommended as the most efficient and safe BTX injection area for the treatment of masseteric hypertrophy.
Negative Life Events and Cognitive Performance in a Population of Older Adults

Objectives: This study examined the association between negative life events in the past year and cognitive performance in a population of older adults. Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted on 428 participants from the Charlotte County Healthy Aging Study. Participants completed tests of episodic memory, attention, and psychomotor speed and endorsed the presence and severity of 24 life events. Life events were examined in the aggregate as well as individually. Results: Hierarchical multiple regression results suggest no significant relationship between the aggregate frequency and severity measures of negative life events and cognitive performance. At the individual-event level, individuals who experienced the injury or illness of a friend during the past year and rated it as having more of an effect on their lives performed better on all three cognitive tasks. However, individuals who reported having less money to live on over the past year and rated the event as having more of an effect on their lives performed more poorly on the psychomotor speed tasks. Discussion: The findings support previous research indicating that using estimates of individual stressors rather than aggregate stress measures increases the predictive validity of stress measurement. Furthermore, the individual negative life events can have both a positive and a negative effect, which nullify one another when using the sum score of events.
SEX‐DEPENDENT SELECTION DIFFERENTIALLY SHAPES GENETIC VARIATION ON AND OFF THE GUPPY Y CHROMOSOME

Because selection is often sex‐dependent, alleles can have positive effects on fitness in one sex and negative effects in the other, resulting in intralocus sexual conflict. Evolutionary theory predicts that intralocus sexual conflict can drive the evolution of sex limitation, sex‐linkage, and sex chromosome differentiation. However, evidence that sex‐dependent selection results in sex‐linkage is limited. Here, we formally partition the contribution of Y‐linked and non‐Y‐linked quantitative genetic variation in coloration, tail, and body size of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata)—traits previously implicated as sexually antagonistic. We show that these traits are strongly genetically correlated, both on and off the Y chromosome, but that these correlations differ in sign and magnitude between both parts of the genome. As predicted, variation in attractiveness was found to be associated with the Y‐linked, rather than with the non‐Y‐linked component of genetic variation in male ornamentation. These findings show how the evolution of Y‐linkage may be able to resolve sexual conflict. More generally, they provide unique insight into how sex‐specific selection has the potential to differentially shape the genetic architecture of fitness traits across different parts of the genome.
Financial Crises and Money Demand in Jamaica

This paper estimates the money demand function for Jamaica using a Structural co-integrating VAR. This approach provides estimates of the long run structural relations and also reveals the complex short run feedbacks of monetary policy on key macro variables. In recent years Jamaican governments have adopted an inflation targeting framework for policy and have moved towards reliance on interest rates rather than direct money control as the primary instrument. This policy presumes that monetary transmission runs from the interest rate to directly affect the level of output which then feeds into the inflation process. However, in an economy with limited financial sector development interest rate transmission may be more circumspect, having a strong direct affect on money demand which then influences aggregate demand and output and hence inflation. These feedbacks are investigated within the error correction model. Stability of Money demand is vital for predictable policy, and is investigated using CUSUM tests for parameter stability. The Jamaican financial sector suffered a major crisis in the mid 1990’s, the paper considers whether the stability of money demand was compromised. It is argued that the finding of stable money demand suggests that the specific policy responses may have successfully bolstered confidence and prevented financial implosion.
Racial Differences in Heart Rate Variability During Sleep in Women: The Study of Women Across the Nation Sleep Study

Background Heart rate variability (HRV) differs markedly by race, yet few studies have evaluated these relationships in women, and none have done so during sleep (sHRV). Methods We addressed these gaps by examining sHRV in women of African American, Chinese American, or European American origin or descent (mean [standard deviation] age = 51.2 [2.2] years). Results HRV during Stage 2 non–rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep differed significantly by race after adjusting for possible confounders. Normalized high-frequency HRV was significantly lower in European American compared with African American and Chinese American participants (European American NREM = 0.35 [0.01], REM = 0.23 [0.01]; African American NREM = 0.43 [0.02], REM = 0.29 [0.02]; Chinese American NREM = 0.47 [0.03], REM = 0.33 [0.02]; p values <.001). European Americans also exhibited higher low-to-high-frequency HRV ratios during sleep compared with African American and Chinese American women (European American NREM = 2.42 [1.07], REM = 5.05 [1.07]; African American NREM = 1.69 [1.09], REM = 3.51 [1.09]; Chinese American NREM = 1.35 [1.07], REM = 2.88 [1.13]; p values <.001). Conclusions Race was robustly related to sHRV. Compared with women of African American or Chinese American origin or descent, European American women exhibited decreased vagally mediated control of the heart during sleep. Prospective data are needed to evaluate whether sHRV, including race differences, predicts cardiovasular disease.
The Global and Regional Dispersion of Publishing in the Field of International Marketing

ABSTRACT This paper empirically examines the research productivity of academic institutions in the leading international marketing journals, leading generalist marketing journals, and leading international business journals between the years 1999 and 2003 from a regional and country-specific perspective. The research found that across the three groups of journals, the majority of works were authored by academics at institutions located in North America, although North Americans contribute significantly less in the international marketing and international business journals than leading generalist marketing journals. The findings suggest that there is a broadening of non-U.S. influence within the international marketing and international business journals, which should lead to a broadening of international marketing theory.
An integrated filtering antenna array with 180 degree hybrid for SiP front end module

A new technique for the design of integrated filtering antenna array with 180 degree hybrid in the multilayer low-temperature co-fired ceramics technology is presented. The TE102 and TE201 cavity modes can provide even- and odd-symmetric field distributions, respectively, for the coupler. By using these two orthogonal modes, the in-phase and out-of-phase responses are accomplished due to the induced mode. Therefore, the sum and difference patterns of the two antenna array can be achieved by in-phase and out-of-phase operation. With the degenerate, but orthogonal cavity modes, a fewer number of resonators are required and the circuit size can be miniaturized.
An Overlapping Generations Model of Wage Determination

This paper provides a novel explanation of rising wage profiles and seniority rules. It is argued that whenever a firm bargains over a wage-employment package with its whole work force, a steady-state contract favors older workers. The reason is that old workers have no interest in improving the conditions of "young workers," while young workers do care about the treatment given to "old workers. " Therefore, the work force as a whole displays a bias toward older workers, giving them higher wages as well as more job security. These results are derived in an n-period overlapping generations model and the effects of a shock to the firm's revenue function are analyzed. Copyright 1990 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
TemPerf: temporal correlation between performance metrics and source code

Today's rapidly evolving software systems continuously introduce new changes that can potentially degrade performance. Large-scale load testing prior to deployment is supposed to avoid performance regressions in production. However, due to the large input space in parameterized load testing, not all performance regressions can be prevented in practice. To support developers in identifying the change sets that had an impact on performance, we present TemPerf, a tool that correlates performance regressions with change sets by exploiting temporal constraints. It is implemented as an Eclipse IDE plugin that allows developers to visualize performance developments over time and display temporally correlated change sets retrieved from version control and continuous integration platforms.
Reovirus-based therapy for cancer

Reovirus is an oncolytic virus that is not associated with significant disease in humans, but is selectively able to replicate in cancer cells through exploitation of abnormal Ras signaling. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that treatment with reovirus is associated with significant anticancer activity across a range of tumor types. Reolysin is a proprietary formulation of the human reovirus developed by Oncolytics Biotech. Clinical evaluation of reovirus therapy has shown that it is well tolerated when administered locally or systemically. Encouraging anticancer efficacy has been observed with single-agent treatment and in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Phase II studies are currently evaluating reovirus alone and in combination with standard therapy in an array of tumor types. While immune sensitization hinders the anticancer efficacy of reovirus, it is important in preventing systemic toxicity. Immunosuppressive strategies are being developed that reduce immune neutralization of the virus to allow for improved tumor penetration, but retain sufficient antibody levels to protect normal tissues. The lack of toxicity and promising efficacy of reovirus has raised hopes that it will become an established anticancer agent.
A Simple Multifactor Term Structure Model

MAXWELL SMITH is a senior associate in the Capital Management Group of Prudential Insurance Company of America in Newark. ver the past fifteen years many term structure models have been introduced. Articles by Brennan and Schwartz [1979]; Cox, Ingersoll, and ' 0 Ross [1985]; and Vasicek [1977] are examples of the research that has had a great influence on fkedincome portfolio management. Such practical term structure models are now used both to price callable bonds and to measure their risk through the calculation of option-adjusted durations and scenario analysis. One-factor 'models clearly do not represent reality, because they assume the returns on default-free bonds of all maturities are perfectly correlated. For analyzing portfolio risk actual correlations are important, so better models are necessary. It is for this reason that portfolio managers are turning to multifactor term structure models. Many multifactor term structure models are now available. For example, the Brennan and Schwartz [1979] article presents a two-factor model, and the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross [1985] article includes twofactor models. More recent multifactor models that have influenced practitioners include Constantinides [1992]; Longstaff and Schwartz [1992]; and Heath, Jarrow, and Morton [1992]. A term structure model must represent the uncertainty or randomness that affects bond prices some way. This is done by introducing one or more factors whose changes in value are random and determine bond prices. Once the nature of the uncertainty has been specified, one can impose the condition that risk-free arbitrage is not possible to develop equations that allow one to solve for the term structure as well as the prices of derivative assets. The term structure, i.e., the prices of zero-
Switched Oscillators and Their Integration Into Helical Antennas

In this paper, the problem of designing switched oscillators at four different frequencies (200, 300, 400, and 500 MHz) has been addressed. These oscillators are quarter-wavelength long coaxial transmission lines with a nitrogen spark gap switch at one end. Two of these switched oscillators at 200 and 500 MHz with a charge voltage of 30 kV have also been fabricated. These two oscillators are modeled using PSpice and their output into a 100 Ω load is estimated and tested by fabricating a 100 Ω transmission line. Use is made of a modified commercial helical antenna with a bandwidth of 400-600 MHz and a switched oscillator has been integrated into this helical antenna. Measurements have been made of the S11 , the voltage into the antenna, and also the transient fields at two distances. Indeed, starting from electrical power from a 12 V battery, electrical field strengths in excess of 10 kV/m with damped sinusoidal waveforms at 500 MHz (for example) have been demonstrated.
Dynamical consensus of second-order multi-agent systems in cooperation-competition network with Markov jumping delays

This paper investigates the dynamical consensus problem of second-order multi-agent systems subject to Markov jumping delays. In this study, agents not only collaborate but also compete with each other, which is ubiquitous in real-world scenarios. Antagonistic interactions of the agents are considered, and modeled as negative weights on the communication graph. We first derive sufficient conditions for consensus in terms of matrix inequalities. Thereafter, a cone complementarity linearization (CCL) based algorithm is proposed for the delay-dependent controller design. The method's framework is formulated in sampled-data settings, to be more realistic and applicable. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
ART-XC: a medium-energy x-ray telescope system for the Spectrum-R-Gamma mission

The ART-XC instrument is an X-ray grazing-incidence telescope system in an ABRIXAS-type optical configuration optimized for the survey observational mode of the Spectrum-RG astrophysical mission which is scheduled to be launched in 2011. ART-XC has two units, each equipped with four identical X-ray multi-shell mirror modules. The optical axes of the individual mirror modules are not parallel but are separated by several degrees to permit the four modules to share a single CCD focal plane detector, 1/4 of the area each. The 450-micron-thick pnCCD (similar to the adjacent eROSITA telescope detector) will allow the detection of X-ray photons up to 15 keV. The field of view of the individual mirror module is about 18×18 arcminutes2 and the sensitivity of the ART-XC system for 4 years of survey will be better than 10-12 erg s-1 cm-2 over the 4-12 keV energy band. This will allow the ART-XC instrument to discover several thousands new AGNs.
On the Rate of Return to Schooling Quality

Empirical evaluation of the effect of school quality, or type and amount of resources per student, on adult earnings requires a conceptual framework. A model of the returns to schooling in a simple human capital growth context is extended to illustrate how factors such as consumption benefits of students, parental concern over equity between siblings, and use of schools to facilitate parental labor supply can alter the apparent return to school quality. The need for microlevel time diary and other data on human capital formation in both classrooms and families is highlighted. Copyright 1996 by MIT Press.
Short Run Pricing in Competitive Electricity Markets

In recent years there has been an international trend towards the creation of competitive and deregulated electricity markets. These trends stem from industry frustration with regulation, the technological ability to decentralise power system control, and a political interest in increasing the scope and efficiency of the market, capitalising on the economies of trade and innovation. This trend has given rise to a need for more responsive, competitive, and decentralised pricing strategies. In this article we review the type of electricity pricing required to coordinate a competitive wholesale electricity market over time periods typically of the order of one hour. In a competitive electricity market, generators and power buyers should be free to enter the market and trade as they please, at a price of their choosing, without threat of regulation. In contrast, transmission networks are natural monopolies and hence, if competition is to be possible, it is essential that the transmission network operators not artificially restrict access to the grid. In the short run this implies that the prices for using the network must be fair and beyond manipulation. In the longer term, new entrants to the market must also be able to acquire access to the transmission grid at a fair price. These conditions are unlikely to be achieved if the market is vertically integrated, with generating companies, or regional wholesalers/retailers/distributors controlling all, or parts, of the transmission system. For this reason it is widely argued that transmission systems should either be publicly owned, or regulated, or be operated by a group representative of the whole range of market participants.
Ventilatory Thresholds Determined from HRV: Comparison of 2 Methods in Obese Adolescents

Abstract The development of personalised training programmes is crucial in the management of obesity. We evaluated the ability of 2 heart rate variability analyses to determine ventilatory thresholds (VT) in obese adolescents. 20 adolescents (mean age 14.3±1.6 years and body mass index z-score 4.2±0.1) performed an incremental test to exhaustion before and after a 9-month multidisciplinary management programme. The first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds were identified by the reference method (gas exchanges). We recorded RR intervals to estimate VT1 and VT2 from heart rate variability using time-domain analysis and time-varying spectral-domain analysis. The coefficient correlations between thresholds were higher with spectral-domain analysis compared to time-domain analysis: Heart rate at VT1: r=0.91 vs. =0.66 and VT2: r=0.91 vs. =0.66; power at VT1: r=0.91 vs. =0.74 and VT2: r=0.93 vs. =0.78; spectral-domain vs. time-domain analysis respectively). No systematic bias in heart rate at VT1 and VT2 with standard deviations <6 bpm were found, confirming that spectral-domain analysis could replace the reference method for the detection of ventilatory thresholds. Furthermore, this technique is sensitive to rehabilitation and re-training, which underlines its utility in clinical practice. This inexpensive and non-invasive tool is promising for prescribing physical activity programs in obese adolescents.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is vital to sperm fertilizing capacity and male fertility

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel, mutations of which cause cystic fibrosis, a disease characterized by defective Cl− and HCO3− transport. Although >95% of all CF male patients are infertile because of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), the question whether CFTR mutations are involved in other forms of male infertility is under intense debates. Here we report that CFTR is detected in both human and mouse sperm. CFTR inhibitor or antibody significantly reduces the sperm capacitation, and the associated HCO3−-dependent events, including increases in intracellular pH, cAMP production and membrane hyperpolarization. The fertilizing capacity of the sperm obtained from heterozygous CFTR mutant mice is also significantly lower compared with that of the wild-type. These results suggest that CFTR in sperm may be involved in the transport of HCO3− important for sperm capacitation and that CFTR mutations with impaired CFTR function may lead to reduced sperm fertilizing capacity and male infertility other than CBAVD.
Recovering Sku-Level Preferences and Response Sensitivities from Market Share Models Estimated on Item Aggregates

We propose an alternative approach to obtaining SKU-level preferences and response sensitivities. An attribute-level model in which the unit of analysis is the market share for an alternative created by aggregation e.g., Colgate toothpaste) is distinguished from a truly disaggregate SKU-level model and develop an analytical relationship between parameters obtained from these two models is established. We show that the researcher can recover SKU-level parameters via calculation from estimated attribute-level parameters, circumventing the need for direct estimation of the more complex true SKU-level model. Our market share model is calibrated using 98 weeks of data for 10 brands and 168 SKUs in the toothpaste category. We show that instead of estimating 168 preference parameters (when we have an outside alternative in addition to the 168 inside ones), one need only estimate 10 brand preference parameters from which the 168 parameters can be computed as long as share and marketing mix data are available at the SKU level. Marketing mix response parameters can be recovered in a similar fashion. Estimation on holdout samples demonstrates superior predictive performance compared with other available methods. Implications for the derivation of SKU-level elasticities and forecasts of market share and response sensitivity for new items introduced to the category are discussed.