Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rodney L . White Center for Financial Research Can Time-Varying Risk of Rare Disasters Explain Aggregate Stock Market Volatility ?

This paper introduces a model in which the probability of a rare disaster varies over time. I show that the model can account for the high equity premium and high volatility in the aggregate stock market. At the same time, the model generates a low mean and volatility for the government bill rate, as well as economically significant excess stock return predictability. The model is set in continuous time, assumes recursive preferences and is solved in closed-form. It is shown that recursive preferences, as well as time-variation in the disaster probability, are key to the model’s success. ∗Department of Finance, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and NBER; Tel: (215) 898-7634; Email: jwachter@wharton.upenn.edu; http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/~ jwachter. I am grateful for helpful comments from Robert Barro, John Campbell, Gregory Duffee, Xavier Gabaix, Francois Gourio, Christian Juillard, Bruce Lehmann, Nikolai Roussanov, Pietro Veronesi and seminar participants at the NBER Summer Institute and at the Wharton School. Thomas Plank and Leonid Spesivtsev provided excellent research assistance. Can time-varying risk of rare disasters explain aggregate stock market volatility? Abstract This paper introduces a model in which the probability of a rare disaster varies over time. I show that the model can account for the high equity premium and high volatility in the aggregate stock market. At the same time, the model generates a low mean and volatility for the government bill rate, as well as economically significant excess stock return predictability. The model is set in continuous time, assumes recursive preferences and is solved in closedform. It is shown that recursive preferences, as well as time-variation in the disaster probability, are key to the model’s success.This paper introduces a model in which the probability of a rare disaster varies over time. I show that the model can account for the high equity premium and high volatility in the aggregate stock market. At the same time, the model generates a low mean and volatility for the government bill rate, as well as economically significant excess stock return predictability. The model is set in continuous time, assumes recursive preferences and is solved in closedform. It is shown that recursive preferences, as well as time-variation in the disaster probability, are key to the model’s success.
Isolated Pico-Hydropower Generation Using Asynchronous Generator for Power Quality Improvement

A comparative study between the topologies consisting of the Conventional Electronic Load Controller and the Proposed Electronic Load controller (ELC)has been carried out in this paper for the power Quality Improvement in a conventional Electronic Load controller used for Isolated pico- hydropower generation using Asynchronous generator (AG). A polygon wound autotransformer with reduced KiloVolts ampere rating is employed in the proposed ELC for reducing the harmonic current reduction inorder to meet the power quality requirements as prescribed by IEEE standard-519. The conventional ELC employs six-pulse-bridge-rectifier and the Proposed ELC employs twenty four -pulse-bridge-rectifier. The study is carried out in MATLAB using SIMULINK and power system blockset toolboxes. Experimental validation is carried out for both ELCs for regulating the voltage and frequency of an isolated Asynchronous generator driven by uncontrolled pico-hydroturbine.
Ambiguity in Mind and Nature: Multistable Cognitive Phenomena

I Basic Concepts. - The Function of Meaning in Cognitive Order Formation. - Some Basic Concepts of Synergetics with Respect to Mult ist ability in Perception, Phase Transitions and Formation of Meaning. - II Psychophysical and Phenomenological Approaches. - Multistability as a Research Tool in Experimental Phenomenology. - The Significance of Perceptual Multistability for Research on Cognitive Self-Organization. - Task, Intention, Context, Glofcality, Ambiguity: More of the Same. - Multistability - More than just a Freak Phenomenon. - Recognition of Dynamic Patterns by a Synergetic Computer. - III Attractors in Behavior. - Multistability and Metastability in Perceptual and Brain Dynamics. - Self-Organizational Processes in Animal Cognition. - Dynamic Models of Psychological Systems. - IV Semantic Ambiguity. - Ambiguity in Linguistic Meaning in Relation to Perceptual Multistability. - The Emergence of Meaning by Linguistic Problem Solving. - V Models of Multistability. - A Synergetic Model of Multistability in Perception. - Concepts for a Dynamic Theory of Perceptual Organization: An Example from Apparent Movement. - Artificial Neural Networks and Haken's Synergetic Computer: A Hybrid Approach for Solving Bistable Reversible Figures. - Multistability in Geometrical Imagination: A Network Study. - VI Brain Processes. - A Psychophysiological Interpretation of Theta and Delta Responses in Cognitive Event-Related Potential Paradigms. - Slow Positive Potentials in the EEG During Multistable Visual Perception. - Brain Electric Microstates, and Cognitive and Perceptual Modes. - The Creation of Perceptual Meanings in Cortex Through Chaotic Itinerancy and Sequential State Transitions Induced by Sensory Stimuli. - VII Symmetry Breaking in Nature. - Multistability in Molecules and Reactions. - Perception of Ambiguous Figures: A Qualitative Model Based on Synergetics and Quantum Mechanics. - Name Index.
Does age matter? Comparing post‐treatment psychosocial outcomes in young adult and older adult cancer survivors with their cancer‐free peers

Adolescents and young adult cancer survivors (AYA) are a unique subpopulation with high levels of distress and unmet need. To date, studies have not disentangled distress due to developmental life stage from distress due to cancer survivorship. This population‐based study allowed a direct comparison between AYA cancer survivors, older adult (OA) cancer survivors, and their cancer‐free peers.
Symptom Profile of Postoperative Delirium in Patients With and Without Dementia

This study compares the symptom profile of patients with postoperative delirium after femoral neck fracture surgery in those with and without dementia. In this study, 129 patients of age ≥70 years (mean age ±SD, 86±6 yr, 72% women) with postoperative delirium, were included. Delirium and dementia were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) criteria. Of the 129 patients with delirium, 54 (42%) had a dementia disorder. Patients with delirium superimposed on dementia more often had any hyperactive and pure emotional delirium. Communication difficulties and symptoms such as restlessness/agitation, aggressive behavior, and irritability were more commonly found in the dementia group. In contrast, patients with delirium but without dementia were more often diagnosed with pure hypoactive and any psychotic delirium. The symptom profile of postoperative delirium varies according to whether it occurs in patients with or without dementia. This may indicate that postoperative delirium among patients with hip fracture differs based on the presence or absence of dementia.
Autoantibodies Produced at the Site of Tissue Damage Provide Evidence of Humoral Autoimmunity in Inclusion Body Myositis

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) belongs to a group of muscle diseases known as the inflammatory myopathies. The presence of antibody-secreting plasma cells in IBM muscle implicates the humoral immune response in this disease. However, whether the humoral immune response actively contributes to IBM pathology has not been established. We sought to investigate whether the humoral immune response in IBM both in the periphery and at the site of tissue damage was directed towards self-antigens. Peripheral autoantibodies present in IBM serum but not control serum recognized self-antigens in both muscle tissue and human-derived cell lines. To study the humoral immune response at the site of tissue damage in IBM patients, we isolated single plasma cells directly from IBM-derived muscle tissue sections and from these cells, reconstructed a series of recombinant immunoglobulins (rIgG). These rIgG, each representing a single muscle-associated plasma cell, were examined for reactivity to self-antigens. Both, flow cytometry and immunoblotting revealed that these rIgG recognized antigens expressed by cell lines and in muscle tissue homogenates. Using a mass spectrometry-based approach, Desmin, a major intermediate filament protein, expressed abundantly in muscle tissue, was identified as the target of one IBM muscle-derived rIgG. Collectively, these data support the view that IBM includes a humoral immune response in both the periphery and at the site of tissue damage that is directed towards self-antigens.
The meeting graph: a new model for loop cyclic register allocation

Register allocation is a compiler phase in which the gains can be essential in achieving performance on new architectures exploiting instruction level parallelism. We focus our attention on loops and improve the existing methods by introducing a new kind of graph. We model loop unrolling and register allocation together in a common framework, called the meeting graph. We expect that our results improve signiicantly loop register allocation while keeping the amount of code replication low. As a byproduct, we present an optimal algorithm for allocating loop variables to a rotating register le, as well as a new heuristic for loop variables spilling.
A Ferrous-triapine complex mediates formation of reactive oxygen species that inactivate human ribonucleotide reductase

Ribonucleotide reductase plays a central role in cell proliferation by supplying deoxyribonucleotide precursors for DNA synthesis and repair. The holoenzyme is a protein tetramer that features two large (hRRM1) and two small (hRRM2 or p53R2) subunits. The small subunit contains a di-iron cluster/tyrosyl radical cofactor that is essential for enzyme activity. Triapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, 3-AP) is a new, potent ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor currently in phase II clinical trials for cancer chemotherapy. Ferric chloride readily reacts with Triapine to form an Fe(III)-(3-AP) complex, which is reduced to Fe(II)-(3-AP) by DTT. Spin-trapping experiments with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide prove that Fe(II)-(3-AP) reduces O2 to give oxygen reactive species (ROS). In vitro activity assays show that Fe(II)-(3-AP) is a much more potent inhibitor of hRRM2/hRRM1 and p53R2/hRRM1 than Triapine. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements on frozen solutions of hRRM2 and p53R2 show that their tyrosyl radicals are completely quenched by incubation with Fe(II)-(3-AP). However, the enzyme activity is maintained in protein samples supplemented with catalase alone or in combination with superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, catalase alone or in combination with superoxide dismutase markedly decreases the antiproliferative effect of Triapine in cytotoxicity assays. These results indicate that Triapine-induced inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase is caused by ROS. We suggest that ROS may ultimately be responsible for the pharmacologic effects of Triapine in vivo. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(3):586–92]
Immediate Reconstruction After Removal of Nasal Prosthesis Using Diced Cartilage Wrapped With Temporal Fascia

AbstractVarious materials are used for nasal augmentations. Silicone is the most prevalent because it is durable and facilitates sculpturing. However, the unfortunate patient who presents with complication of the nasal implants and wants to remove them is vexed with a significant resultant cosmetic defect if the implant is removed. However, the patients who have some troubles after augmentation by the implants tend to hate the use of the prosthesis again. Ideally, immediate reconstruction would be offered to the patient, sparing him/her the deformity left by removal of the implant. We treated 16 patients who had undergone immediate nasal reconstruction after removal of foreign body. We reconstructed nasal deformity by diced cartilage wrapped with temporal fascia. The cartilage harvested from the ear concha was finally diced into 1- to 2-mm cubes. A bag was made from deep or superficial temporal fascia, and diced cartilage cubes were placed in the bag, which was grafted onto the nasal dorsum. This procedure had several advantages including getting natural contouring and enough volume and absence of foreign body reaction. It was also soft to the touch compared with prosthesis. The fascia could support the thin dorsum skin. The nasal augmentation effect of this procedure was comparable with that of prosthesis methods. It had lower risks for infection and exposure and provided more psychologic comfort. The nasal deformities were successfully reconstructed using diced cartilage wrapped with temporal fascia. We believe that this is the good method for the immediate nasal reconstruction after the removal of foreign body.
Cdc42 and Rac1 Signaling Are Both Required for and Act Synergistically in the Correct Formation of Myelin Sheaths in the CNS

The formation of myelin sheaths in the CNS is the result of a complex series of events involving oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation, directed migration, and the morphological changes associated with axon ensheathment and myelination. To examine the role of Rho GTPases in oligodendrocyte biology, we have used a conditional tissue-specific gene-targeting approach. Ablation of Cdc42 in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage did not affect OPC proliferation, directed migration, or in vitro differentiation, but it led to the formation of a unique and stage-specific myelination phenotype. This was characterized by the extraordinary enlargement of the inner tongue of the oligodendrocyte process and concomitant formation of a myelin outfolding as a result of abnormal accumulation of cytoplasm in this region. Ablation of Rac1 also resulted in the abnormal accumulation of cytoplasm in the inner tongue of the oligodendrocyte process, and we provide genetic evidence that rac1 synergizes with cdc42 in a gene dosage-dependent way to regulate myelination.
The effect of transforming growth factor beta1 gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether genetic polymorphisms in or near the transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFB1) locus were associated with susceptibility to or severity of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS Five intragenic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and three microsatellite markers flanking the TGFB1 locus were genotyped. Seven hundred and sixty-two individuals from 184 multiplex families were genotyped for the microsatellite markers and two of the promoter SNPs. One thousand and two individuals from 212 English and 170 Finnish families with AS were genotyped for all five intragenic SNPs. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the age of symptom onset, disease duration and disease severity scores, including the BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) and BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index). RESULTS A weak association was noted between the rare TGFB1 +1632 T allele and AS in the Finnish population (P = 0.04) and in the combined data set (P = 0.03). No association was noted between any other SNPs or SNP haplotype and AS, even among those families with positive non-parametric linkage scores. The TGFB1 +1632 polymorphism was also associated with a younger age of symptom onset (English population, allele 2 associated with age of onset greater by 4.2 yr, P = 0.05; combined data set, allele 2 associated with age of onset greater by 3.2 yr, P = 0.02). A haplotype of coding region SNPs (TGFB1 +869/+915+1632 alleles 2/1/2) was associated with age of symptom onset in both the English parent-case trios and the combined data set (English data set, haplotype 2/1/2 associated with age of onset greater by 4.9 yr, P = 0.03; combined data set, haplotype 2/1/2 associated with greater age of onset by 4.2 yr, P = 0.006). Weak linkage with AS susceptibility was noted and the peak LOD score was 1.3 at distance 2 cM centromeric to the TGFB1 gene. No other linkage or association was found between quantitative traits and the markers. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the polymorphisms within the TGFB1 gene play at most a small role in AS and that other genes encoded on chromosome 19 are involved in susceptibility to the disease.
The Role of Circulating Glucose and Triglyceride Concentrations and Their Interactions with Other “Risk Factors” as Determinants of Arterial Disease in Nine Diabetic Population Samples from the WHO Multinational Study

In 9 of the 14 national samples of diabetic patients assembled for the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes additional laboratory data made it possible to relate manifestations of macrovascular disease to blood glucose concentrations as well as to diabetes duration and to other potential determinants. In five of the samples, serum triglyceride concentrations were also measured and were included in simple and multivariate analyses. Ischemic heart disease defined from Minnesota-coded EKGs and standardized WHO questionnaires was more strongly associated with serum triglyceride concentrations than with serum cholesterol concentrations, an association less notable in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Ischemic heart disease was not related to the single fasting plasma glucose estimated for this study. Stroke and amputation were much more strongly related to the known duration of diabetes than was ischemic heart disease, and they were both related to blood glucose concentration measured at the time of study. Despite major variation in arterial disease prevalence rates between collaborating centers, risk for diabetic women appeared to equal that for diabetic men. The major variation in arterial disease prevalence between national groups could be accounted for only in part by the risk factors studied. Other factors, genetic or more likely environmental, are likely to contribute to the variation in arterial disease susceptibility and, if definable, may be potentially preventable.
Impact of maternal depression on infant nutritional status and illness: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND The risk for emotional and behavioral problems is known to be high among children of depressed mothers, but little is known about the impact of prenatal and postnatal depression on the physical health of infants. OBJECTIVE To determine whether maternal depression is a risk factor for malnutrition and illness in infants living in a low-income country. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Rural community in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred thirty-two physically healthy women were assessed in their third trimester of pregnancy to obtain at birth a cohort of 160 infants of depressed mothers and 160 infants of psychologically well mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All infants were weighed and measured at birth and at 2, 6, and 12 months of age, and they were monitored for episodes of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. The mothers' mental states were reassessed at 2, 6, and 12 months. Data were collected on potential confounders of infant outcomes, such as birth weight and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Infants of prenatally depressed mothers showed significantly more growth retardation than controls at all time points. The relative risks for being underweight (weight-for-age z score of less than -2) were 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 7.7) at 6 months of age and 2.6 (95% CI, 1.7 to 4.1) at 12 months of age, and the relative risks for stunting (length-for-age z score of less than -2) were 4.4 (95% CI, 1.7 to 11.4) at 6 months of age and 2.5 (95% CI, 1.6 to 4.0) at 12 months of age. The relative risk for 5 or more diarrheal episodes per year was 2.4 (95% CI, 1.7 to 3.3). Chronic depression carried a greater risk for poor outcome than episodic depression. The associations remained significant after adjustment for confounders by multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Maternal depression in the prenatal and postnatal periods predicts poorer growth and higher risk of diarrhea in a community sample of infants. As depression can be identified relatively easily, it could be an important marker for a high-risk infant group. Early treatment of prenatal and postnatal depression could benefit not only the mother's mental health but also the infant's physical health and development.
On the area of the symmetry orbits in T2 symmetric spacetimes with Vlasov matter

This paper treats the global existence question for a collection of general relativistic collisionless particles, all having the same mass. The spacetimes considered are globally hyperbolic, with the Cauchy surface a 3-torus. Furthermore, the spacetimes considered are isometrically invariant under a two-dimensional group action, the orbits of which are spacelike 2-tori. It is known from previous work that the area of the group orbits serves as a global time coordinate. In the present work it is shown that the area takes on all positive values in the maximal Cauchy development.
Improving the k-nearest neighbour rule: using geometrical neighbourhoods and manifold-based metrics

Sample weighting and variations in neighbourhood or data-dependent distance metric definitions are three principal directions considered for improving the k-NN classification technique. Recently, manifoldbased distance metrics attracted considerable interest and computationally less demanding approximations have been developed. However, a careful comparison of these alternative approaches is missing. In this study, an extensive comparison is firstly performed for three alternative neighbourhood definitions and four manifoldbased distance measures. Then, a novel computationally less demanding feature line-based method is proposed, which exploits geometrical neighbourhoods of test samples for feature line construction. Experimental results have shown that the improvements achieved by the majority of the existing schemes are not considerable. It is also verified that the proposed scheme surpasses other computationally less demanding manifold-based schemes.
Human cloning 2001

This review summaries human cloning from a clinical perspective. Natural human clones, that is, monozygotic twins, are increasing in the general community. Iatrogenic human clones have been produced for decades in infertile couples given fertility treatment such as ovulation induction. A clear distinction must be made between therapeutic cloning using embryonic stem cells and reproductive cloning attempts. Unlike the early clinical years of in vitro fertilization, with cloning there is no animal model that is safe and dependable. Until there is such a model, ‘Dolly’-style human cloning is medically unacceptable.