Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Promising Fuel-Biobutanol

In recent years, two problems roused peoples’ concern. One is energy crisis caused by the depleting of petroleum fuel. The other is environmental issues such as greenhouse effect, global warming, etc. Therefore, renewable sources utilization technology and bioenergy pro‐ duction technology developed fast for solving such two problems. Bioethanol as one of the biofuel has been applied in automobiles with gasoline in different blending proportions (Zhou and Thomson, 2009; Yan and Lin, 2009). Biobutanol is one of the new types of biofuel. It continuously attracted the attention of researchers and industrialists because of its several distinct advantages.
Groundwater protection in shale gas exploration areas - a Polish perspective

A necessary element during unconventional gas exploration is the identification of possible environmental hazards. These hazards require quantitative and qualitative assessment to ensure groundwater protection. This is realized using legal-administrative and technical tools. In shale gas exploration areas, the most important method of groundwater protection is groundwater monitoring. Correct design of a monitoring system is based on studies allowing for early recognition of the real impact on groundwater. An optimally operating monitoring network should allow explicit determination of the direction, range and area of water pollution during shale gas exploration. In Poland and other countries, the existing solutions and legal regulations related to water monitoring are generalized and usually not specifically dedicated to assessment of hazard caused by shale gas exploration. There is a need for an individual approach to the concept and design of the monitoring network for each specific investment.
Sea‐ice feedbacks on the climatic response to precession and obliquity forcing

The possible role of sea‐ice feedbacks in the climatic response to orbital forcing at high northern latitudes is studied with a coupled climate model (ECBilt‐CLIO). It is found that boreal summer insolation is critical for the sea‐ice response. When summer insolation is high (low) the sea‐ice fraction decreases (increases) at the margins of the permanent sea‐ice cover during the whole year. More importantly, rapid shifts in GIN (Greenland‐Iceland‐Norway) Sea ice cover are found to be less (more) frequent for relatively high (low) summer insolation. These events, which are characterized by a sudden expansion in sea‐ice cover, result in reduced GIN Sea convection, a reduction of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation by 5–10 Sverdrups and decreased air temperatures at high latitudes.
Observations of Antarctic Polynya With Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Working in the polar environment is always challenging, particularly during the winter, when environmental conditions are harshest. With hurricane force winds, frigid temperatures, and the potential to alter the global thermohaline circulation, the Terra Nova Bay region of Antarctica in the western Ross Sea is an environment where acquiring observations of local atmospheric and oceanic interactions is critical and also extremely challenging. An important feature of Terra Nova Bay is a recurring polynya—an area of nearly ice-free water surrounded by sea ice and land. Strong katabatic winds (cold, negatively buoyant air that flows downslope under the influence of gravity) drain from the interior of the continent and blow over the open water of the polynya, resulting in large upward fluxes of heat and moisture. Sea ice production occurs as a result of the large transfer of heat from sea to air, with the newly formed sea ice blown offshore, effectively removing freshwater from the coastal ocean. The high-salinity water created through this process becomes part of the global thermohaline circulation as Antarctic bottom water. Coastal polynyas, such as the one in Terra Nova Bay, are of interest to atmospheric scientists and oceanographers due to the intense air-sea coupling and the impact of these fluxes on the state of the atmosphere and ocean.
Bioenergy and Biofuel from Biowastes and Biomass

This book attempts to provide an in-depth compilation of relevant technical information on several aspects of biofuel and bioenergy production . it can serve as a useful quick reference for consulting engineers. It is also a good introductory resources for advanced students, researchers, instructors, decision makers, and professionals in the biofuel and bioenergy field. Recommended. —A.C. Sheth, emeritus, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, December 2010.
Global all‐sky shortwave direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols from combined satellite observations and GOCART simulations

Estimation of aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) from satellite measurements is challenging because current satellite sensors do not have the capability of discriminating between anthropogenic and natural aerosols. We combine 3‐hourly cloud properties from satellite retrievals with two aerosol data sets to calculate the all‐sky aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE), which is the mean radiative perturbation due to the presence of both natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The first aerosol data set is based upon Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Model for Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) assimilation model and is largely constrained by MODIS aerosol optical depth, but it does not distinguish between anthropogenic and natural aerosols. The other aerosol data set is based upon the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model, which does not assimilate aerosol observations but predicts the anthropogenic and natural components of aerosols. Thus, we can calculate the aerosol DRF using GOCART classifications of anthropogenic and natural aerosols and the ratio of DRF to DRE. We then apply this ratio to DRE calculated using MODIS/MATCH aerosols to partition it into DRF (MODIS/MATCH DRF) by assuming that the anthropogenic fractions from GOCART are representative. The global (60°N~60°S) mean all‐sky MODIS/MATCH DRF is −0.51 Wm−2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), 2.51 Wm−2 within the atmosphere, and −3.02 Wm−2 at the surface. The GOCART all‐sky DRF is −0.17 Wm−2 at the TOA, 2.02 Wm−2 within the atmosphere, and −2.19 Wm−2 at the surface. The differences between MODIS/MATCH DRF and GOCART DRF are solely due to the differences in aerosol properties, since both computations use the same cloud properties and surface albedo and the same proportion of anthropogenic contributions to aerosol DRE. Aerosol optical depths simulated by the GOCART model are smaller than those in MODIS/MATCH, and aerosols in the GOCART model are more absorbing than those in MODIS/MATCH. Large difference in all‐sky TOA DRF from these two aerosol data sets highlights the complexity in determining the all‐sky DRF, since the presence of clouds amplifies the sensitivities of DRF to aerosol single‐scattering albedo and aerosol vertical distribution.
Assessing the Vulnerability of Water Supply to Changing Streamflow Conditions

Natural streamflows are major water supplies globally and are sensitive to climate change. This has serious implications for water resource management: While changes in climate perturb water availability, human activities are developed around certain streamflow characteristics, such as flow seasonality and volume. Therefore, any shifts in streamflow regime can greatly affect human livelihoods.
Can a Regional Ocean–Atmosphere Coupled Model Improve the Simulation of the Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon?

AbstractA flexible regional ocean–atmosphere–land system coupled model [Flexible Regional Ocean Atmosphere Land System (FROALS)] was developed through the Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil, version 3 (OASIS3), coupler to improve the simulation of the interannual variability of the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM). The regionally coupled model consists of a regional atmospheric model, the Regional Climate Model, version 3 (RegCM3), and a global climate ocean model, the National Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG)/Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) Climate Ocean Model (LICOM). The impacts of local air–sea interaction on the simulation of the interannual variability of the WNPSM are investigated through regionally ocean–atmosphere coupled and uncoupled simulations, with a focus on El Nino’s decaying summer. Compared with the uncoupled simulation, the regionally coupled simulation exhibits improvements in both the climatology and the .
What Drives Warming Trends in Streams? A Case Study from the Alpine Foothills

We investigated the effects of climate warming and land‐use changes on the temperature and discharge of seven Swiss and Italian streams in the catchment of Lake Lugano. In addition, we attempted to predict future stream conditions based on regional climate scenarios. Between 1976 and 2012, the study streams warmed by 1.5–4.3 °C, whereas discharge showed no long‐term trends. Warming trends were driven mainly by catchment urbanization and two large‐scale climatic oscillations, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In comparison, independent influences by radiative forcing due to increased atmospheric CO2 were uncertain. However, radiative forcing was predicted to further increase stream temperature (to +3–7 °C), reduce summer discharge (to −46%) and increase winter discharge (to +96%) between the present and 2070–2099. These results provide new insights into the drivers of long‐term temperature and discharge trends in European streams subject to multiple impacts. The picture emerging is one of transition, where greenhouse‐gas forcing is gaining ground over climate oscillations and urbanization, the drivers of past trends. This shift would impress a more directional nature upon future changes in stream temperature and discharge, and extend anthropogenic warming to rural streams. Diffusing future impacts on stream ecosystems would require adaptation measures at local to national scales and mitigation of greenhouse‐gas emissions at the global scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ocean tomography with acoustic daylight

Ambient noise in the ocean provides acoustic illumination, which can be used, similarly to daylight in the atmosphere, to visualize objects and characterize the environment. It has been shown theoretically that deterministic travel times between any two points in a moving or motionless, inhomogeneous, time‐independent medium can be retrieved from the cross‐correlation function of diffuse acoustic noise recorded at the two points, without a detailed knowledge of the noise field's sources or properties. In this paper, techniques are developed to account for receiver motion and suppress contributions due to powerful transient localized noise sources, such as nearby shipping, in order to enhance noise diffusivity. The data‐processing techniques are applied to ambient noise recordings of opportunity, which were obtained as a by‐product of a long‐range sound propagation experiment in the Pacific Ocean. The feasibility of passive ocean acoustic tomography with ambient noise recorded at two vertical line arrays is demonstrated successfully.
Revised plate tectonic history of the west Australian margin reveals how the Gascoyne Terrane docked at West Burma

Summary Southeast Asia contains various continental fragments that sequentially rifted from East Gondwana. A number of these fragments were sourced from the northern margin of East Gondwana. East Gondwana's fragmentation was initialised with Late Jurassic rifting along the northwest Australian margin, forming the Argo Abyssal Plain, and followed by Early Cretaceous N-S oriented rifting along the entire western Australian margin, forming the Gascoyne, Cuvier and Perth Abyssal Plains. In a comprehensive study to address the issue of margin formation and terrane drift and docking, we revised the tectonic formation of the entire margin using an integrated analysis of marine magnetic and gravity anomaly data from all abyssal plains involved. Our model highlights the necessity for a new continental fragment, the Gascoyne Terrane, due to the presence of tectonic features, such as margin age offsets, spreading rates, ridge jumps and isochron orientations, that are distinctly different north and south of the Wallaby Zenith Fracture Zone (WZFZ). Our model suggests that the northern extent of Greater India was limited by the WZFZ. The relative motion between Greater India and Australia formed the Perth Abyssal Plain, while motion of the Gascoyne block, located north of the WZFZ, formed the Cuvier and Gascoyne Abyssal Plains. Following rifting from the northwest margin north of the Exmouth Plateau, Argoland accreted to Burma at ~75 Ma. Our model suggests that in contrast the Gascoyne Terrane was accreted to West Burma at ~55 Ma, following about 20 million years of Tethys seafloor subduction after Argoland's accretion. Our model also suggests that the eastern tip of Greater India collided with West Burma at around 35 Ma. This is consistent with the onset of extrusion of the North Indochina Block around 34 Ma, expressed by leftlateral strike-slip along the Ailao Shan - Red River shear zone between 34 and 17 Ma. Burma is rich in gems, lead, zinc, iron, tin, chromium, nickel and tungsten deposits, and has oil-bearing fields in its forearc basin. Our model has implications for the formation of the West Burmese margin, as it would also be comprised of a continental terrane once conjugate to the Bernier Platform and Exmouth Plateau, both proven hydrocarbon-rich resources. Advances in modelling the accretion history of Burma will help to distinguish possible continental fragments, which may reveal new resources.
The strategy of building a flood forecast model by neuro‐fuzzy network

A methodology is proposed for constructing a flood forecast model using the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). This is based on a self‐organizing rule‐base generator, a feedforward network, and fuzzy control arithmetic. Given the rainfall‐runoff patterns, ANFIS could systematically and effectively construct flood forecast models. The precipitation and flow data sets of the Choshui River in central Taiwan are analysed to identify the useful input variables and then the forecasting model can be self‐constructed through ANFIS. The analysis results suggest that the persistent effect and upstream flow information are the key effects for modelling the flood forecast, and the watershed's average rainfall provides further information and enhances the accuracy of the model performance. For the purpose of comparison, the commonly used back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) is also examined. The forecast results demonstrate that ANFIS is superior to the BPNN, and ANFIS can effectively and reliably construct an accurate flood forecast model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate Change and Texas Water Planning: an Economic Analysis of Inter-basin Water Transfers

Panel models with random effects are used to estimate how climate influences in-stream surface water supply, municipal water demand, crop yields and irrigation water use. The results are added into TEXRIVERSIM, a state wide economic, hydrological, environmental and inter-basin water transfer (IBTs) investment model, through the objective function and hydrological constraints. A climate change related scenario analysis from the Global Circulation Models (GCMs)--Hadley, Canadian, BCCR and NCAR with SRES scenarios A1B, B1, and A2 indicates that inter-basin water transfers not only greatly relax water scarcity problems for major cities and industrial counties, but also create growth opportunity for Houston. However, while destination basins receive the benefits, source basins will experience dramatic reduction in in-stream flow and water flows to bays and estuaries. Climate change requires accelerated water development with more IBTs proving economically feasible depending on the GCMs and SRES scenarios.
Depth and source mechanism estimation for special event analysis, event screening, and regional calibration

We have summarized the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of techniques for depth and mechanism estimation and suggest that significant work remains to be done for events with magnitudes of interest for test ban monitoring. We also describe a new, waveform modeling-based tool for fast and accurate, high-resolution depth and mechanism estimation. Significant features of this tool include its speed and accuracy and its applicability at relatively high frequencies. These features allow a user to rapidly determine accurate, high-resolution depth estimates and constraints on source mechanism for relatively small magnitude (mb-4.5) events. Based on the accuracy of depth estimates obtained with this tool, we conclude it is useful for both the analysis of unusual or suspect events and for event screening. We also find that this tool provides significant constraints on source mechanism and have used it to develop ''ground-truth'' estimates of depth and mechanism for a set of events in the Middle East and North Africa. These ''ground-truth'' depths and mechanisms should be useful for regional calibration.
Observations of total peroxy nitrates and aldehydes : measurement interpretation and inference of OH radical concentrations

1 Dept. of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 2 Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 3 Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 4 Environment Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA * now at: Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ** now at: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Neotectonics of the Sumatran fault and paleogeodesy of the Sumatran subduction zone

Under the Sumatran plate boundary the Australian-Indian plate is subducting at about 60 mm/yr in the direction N110E. The oblique convergence is partitioned into trench-parallel slip? accommodated largely by the Sumatran fault zone and trench-perpendicular slip? accommodated by the subduction zone. Our detailed map of the Sumatran fault zone (SFZ) shows that the Sumatran fault is highly segmented. The influence of these fault segmentations on historical seismic source dimensions suggests that the dimensions of future events will also be influenced by fault geometry. The largest geomorphic offsets along the Sumatran fault zone are about 20 km, and may represent the total offset across the fault. The shape and location of the Sumatran fault and the active volcanic arc are highly correlated with the shape and character of the underlying subducting oceanic lithosphere. We utilize coral microatolls in west Sumatra to document evidence for deformation of the underlying subduction interface. Microatolls are very sensitive to fluctuations in sea level, and thus act as natural tide gauges. They record not only the magnitude of vertical deformation associated with earthquakes (paleoseismic data), but also continuously track long-term aseismic deformation that occurs during intervals between earthquakes (paleogeodetic data). Numerous microatolls from the region around the equator record a simple pattern of tilt away from the trench axis in 1935 related to an Mw7.7 earthquake. About 115 km from the trench axis, uplift was nil. Nearer to the trench, uplift progressively increased trench-ward to at least 90 cm. Farther than 115 km from the trench, submergence of up to 35 cm occurred. We model these paleogeodetic data by a 2.3 m slip event on the interface between 88 and 125 km from the trench axis. A large aseismic event or ? silent earthquake? in 1962 is among the most interesting phenomena discovered in the coral record, and is the second largest short-lived event recorded throughout the equatorial region. Furthermore, paleogeodetic data reveal that the interseismic deformation rates have varied both temporally and spatially.
Impact of Simulated Grazing on the Recovery, Production and Modular Dynamic of the White Wormwood Artemisia herba-alba Asso.

One of the species candidates to rehabilitate arid rangelands of Morocco is Artemisia herba-alba Asso. (white Wormwood). Unfortunately, overgrazing is by far the most important factor causing the reduction of cover and disappearance of this plant. In order to assess the effect of season and grazing on the recovery of A. herba-alba Asso. , plants of similar size were collected from Gourrama region and transplanted in the Experimental Station of Errachidia. These plants were submitted to different clipping heights (C1 = 8 cm, C2 = 15 cm, C3 = 25 cm) during two growing periods: autumn (stage of seed filling) and spring (before the starting of flowering). Mean results show highly significant (P < 0.01) differences between the three treatments during the two periods. The increase of the plant volume clipped influences the performances of production and regrowth, the study has shown that the cutting level C1 affect negatively the Artemisia performances, in fact 60% of plants cut at this height have died after the second clipping against 25% for C2 and 4.2% for C3. The parameters of growth and modular dynamic of branches are also affected by the cutting height C1. The phytomass produced after the first cutting results in highly significant differences (P < 0.01) between the three cutting heights. Finally, the study demonstrated that for better regrowth, the taller height C3 is the most convenient for white Wormwood during the two periods, but the cutting height C2 can also be adopted for the autumn period.
Palaeolake Shoreline Sequencing Using Ground Penetrating Radar: Lake Alvord, Oregon, and Nevada

Field, map, and aerial photoreconnaissance in the Lake Alvord basin has focused on identifying late Pleistocene depositional shoreline features (e.g., tombolos, spits, barriers). Features in different areas of the basin are well defined, and their spatial extents are easily mapped; however, absolute—or even relative—ages of shoreline features are not clear. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to distinguish between intermediate and highstand stage shorelines during what is thought to have been the latest Pleistocene, threshold-controlled lake cycle. Radar transects of 280 and 600 m imaged a spit and a baymouth barrier at sites in the northeastern quadrant of the basin where transects were aligned normal to the strike of each depositional geomorphic feature. Signal penetration with 100 MHz antennas was shallow (� 4 m), but resolution was sufficient to locate and identify gross morphostratigraphic features. Flooding surfaces are shown to correspond to intermediate stage lake surface elevations, and the absence of a flooding surface at the elevation of the highest shoreline indicates this to be the maximum lake surface elevation during this cycle. Elevations of intermediate lake stage elevations and highstand stage elevations were consistent at the two sites, with the highstand elevations corresponding closely to the basin threshold at Big Sand Gap. These data provide a firstorder approximation of lake stage sequence and the degree of postdepositional neotectonic activity and illustrate the utility of GPR when used in context with field measurements in distinguishing transgressive and highstand features.