Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Precipitation of hydrothermal sediments on the active TAG mound: implications for ochre formation

Abstract Submersible and drilling studies of the active TAG hydrothermal mound (26°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) have led to new models of fluid flow and evolution within an active mineral deposit which has implications for Fe-oxide and ochre precipitation. Metalliferous sediments from the top of the hydrothermal mound accumulate from a combination of processes including slumping and oxidation of chimney material and in situ precipitation of low-temperature phases from fluids that percolate through the mound. Geochemical proxies of hydrothermal processes allow identification of the mode of formation of one sediment core from the southeastern periphery of the TAG mound. The Fe rich sediment is capped with a ∼5 cm thick kaolinite, illite, chlorite, smectite layer which formed from alteration and replacement of basalt and diagenetic reactions within the hydrothermal sediment. Underlying this layer is a ∼10 cm thick zone of Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb enrichment which is controlled by the sharp redox gradients in the core. The base of the core is characterized by Mn-poor, Fe-rich oxide that is dominated by goethite, haematite and amorphous Fe oxides equivalent to ochreous and gossan material. Rare earth element (REE) patterns from the different layers within the core allow interpretation of the modes of formation of sediment in the light of existing fluid flow models for TAG. The basal layer is dominated by in situ precipitation of Fe oxide phases from evolved fluids that result from significant within-mound anhydrite precipitation. The REE data for the upper part of the core demonstrate mixing with sea water which provides the oxidizing conditions for Mn precipitation along with Cu, Zn and Pb enrichment from the evolved fluid. Sea water ingress results in higher V/Fe and P/Fe ratios in the upper part of the core but no enhanced U/Fe ratio. The uppermost clay-rich layer hosts the majority of the REE inventory for the core and the significant positive Eu anomaly indicates recrystallisation of the phyllosilicate phases from the ochreous material during diagenesis. REE data from land-based ochre and gossan sediments demonstrate that the TAG model may be applicable to a wide variety of sites throughout the geological record.
Evidence for human-centric in-vehicle lighting: part 3—Illumination preferences based on subjective ratings, eye-tracking behavior, and EEG features

Within this third part of our mini-series, searching for the best and worst automotive in-vehicle lighting settings, we aim to extend our previous finding about white light illumination preferences by adding local cortical area activity as one key indicator. Frontal electrical potential asymmetry, measured using an electroencephalogram (EEG), is a highly correlated index for identifying positive and negative emotional behavior, primarily in the alpha band. It is rarely understood to what extent this observation can be applied to the evaluation of subjective preference or dislike based on luminaire variations in hue, chroma, and lightness. Within a controlled laboratory study, we investigated eight study participants who answered this question after they were shown highly immersive 360° image renderings. By so doing, we first subjectively defined, based on four different external driving scenes varying in location and time settings, the best and worst luminaire settings by changing six unlabeled luminaire sliders. Emotional feedback was collected based on semantic differentials and an emotion wheel. Furthermore, we recorded 120 Hz gaze data to identify the most important in-vehicle area of interest during the luminaire adaptation process. In the second study session, we recorded EEG data during a binocular observation task of repeated images arbitrarily paired by previously defined best and worst lighting settings and separated between all four driving scenes. Results from gaze data showed that the central vehicle windows with the left-side orientated colorful in-vehicle fruit table were both significantly longer fixed than other image areas. Furthermore, the previously identified cortical EEG feature describing the maximum power spectral density could successfully separate positive and negative luminaire settings based only on cortical activity. Within the four driving scenes, two external monotonous scenes followed trendlines defined by highly emotionally correlated images. More interesting external scenes contradicted this trend, suggesting an external emotional bias stronger than the emotional changes created by luminaires. Therefore, we successfully extended our model to define the best and worst in-vehicle lighting with cortical features by touching the field of neuroaesthetics.
Transition Supply Chain 4.0 to Supply Chain 5.0: Innovations of Industry 5.0 Technologies Toward Smart Supply Chain Partners

Industry 4.0 provides businesses with the tools they need to meet difficulties such as fluctuating demand and unstable markets. Additionally, Industry 4.0 refers to the connectivity of computers, various materials, and artificial intelligence (AI) with minimum involvement from humans in the decision-making process. Although Industry 4.0 has a significant potential for the expansion of the industrial sector, it faces several hurdles, including integration of technology, problems with human resources, problems with supply chains, and data security concerns. The human-centered approach that Industry 5.0 took meant that many of the problems that plagued Industry 4.0 could finally be solved. In the previous generation, known as Industry 4.0, the emphasis was placed on scalability and volume of production; however, in the next generation, known as Industry 5.0, human centricity is the key focus. We have included a list of the different technical improvements that are part of Industry 5.0 as well as the technological advancements that are part of Industry 4.0. The problems that plagued Industry 4.0 have been addressed head-on in Industry 5.0, including concerns over data protection and the integration of new technologies. This study would serve as a foundation for academics and companies to learn about the technologies of Industry 4.0, their obstacles, the technical advancements, and the methods by that Industry 5.0 addressed the issues of Industry 4.0. Also, we constructed an appraiser model to appraise manufacturers as partner in supply chain. We selected manufacturers which are interested in deploying Industry 5.0 in their operation. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) are contributed to construct appraiser model under authority of uncertainty theory entailed in single value neutrosophic sets (SVNSs) to support AHP and COPRAS in ambiguity situations.
Reconstructing the lost eastern Tethys Ocean Basin: Convergence history of the SE Asian margin and marine gateways

Plate tectonic reconstructions for the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Tethyan Ocean Basin, separating eastern Gondwanaland from Proto- Southeast Asia, are usually based on geological data gathered from the different tectonic blocks accreted to Southeast Asia. However, this approach only provides few constraints on the reconstruction of the eastern Tethys Ocean and the drift path of various terranes. We have used marine magnetic anomalies in the Argo and Gascoyne Abyssal Plains off the Australian Northwest Shelf, jointly with published geological data, to reconstruct the seafloor spreading history and plate tectonic evolution of the eastern Tethys and Proto-Indian Ocean basins for the time between 160 Ma and the present. Based on the assumption of symmetrical seafloor spreading and a hotspot-track-based plate reference frame, we have created a relative and absolute plate motion model and a series of oceanic paleo-age grids that show the evolution of Tethyan mid-ocean ridges and the convergence history along the southeast Asian margin through time. A thermal boundary layer model for oceanic lithosphere is used to compute approximate paleo-depths to oceanic basement to predict the opening and closing of oceanic gateways. The proposed model not only provides improved boundary conditions for paleoclimate reconstructions and modelling of oceanic currents through time, but also for understanding stress changes in the overriding plate and the formation of new accretionary crust along the Southeast Asian margin, driven by changing subduction parameters like hinge rollback and slab dip.
The locations of stroke lesions next to the posterior internal capsule may predict the recovery of the related proprioceptive deficits

Background Somatosensory deficits after stroke correlate with functional disabilities and impact everyday-life. In particular, the interaction of proprioception and motor dysfunctions affects the recovery. While corticospinal tract (CST) damage is linked to poor motor outcome, much less is known on proprioceptive recovery. Identifying a predictor for such a recovery could help to gain insights in the complex functional recovery processes thereby reshaping rehabilitation strategies. Methods 50 patients with subacute stroke were tested before and after neurological rehabilitation. Proprioceptive and motor impairments were quantified with three clinical assessments and four hand movement and proprioception measures using a robotic device. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) to median nerve stimulation and structural imaging data (MRI) were also collected. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) along with a region of interest (ROI) analysis were performed for the corticospinal tract (CST) and for cortical areas. Results Before rehabilitation, the VLSM revealed lesion correlates for all clinical and three robotic measures. The identified voxels were located in the white matter within or near the CST. These regions associated with proprioception were located posterior compared to those associated with motor performance. After rehabilitation the patients showed an improvement of all clinical and three robotic assessments. Improvement in the box and block test was associated with an area in anterior CST. Poor recovery of proprioception was correlated with a high lesion load in fibers towards primary sensorymotor cortex (S1 and M1 tract). Patients with loss of SSEP showed higher lesion loads in these tracts and somewhat poorer recovery of proprioception. The VSLM analysis for SSEP loss revealed a region within and dorsal of internal capsule next to the posterior part of CST, the posterior part of insula and the rolandic operculum. Conclusion Lesions dorsal to internal capsule next to the posterior CST were associated with proprioceptive deficits and may have predictive value. Higher lesion load was correlated with poorer restoration of proprioceptive function. Furthermore, patients with SSEP loss trended towards poor recovery of proprioception, the corresponding lesions were also located in the same location. These findings suggest that structural imaging of the internal capsule and CST could serve as a recovery predictor of proprioceptive function.
Urea-Self Powered Biosensors: A Predictive Evolutionary Model for Human Energy Harvesting

The objective of this study is to create a reliable predictive model for the electrochemical performance of self-powered biosensors that rely on urea-based biological energy sources. Specifically, this model focuses on the development of a human energy harvesting model based on the utilization of urea found in sweat, which will enable the development of self-powered biosensors. In the process, the potential of urea hydrolysis in the presence of a urease enzyme is employed as a bioreaction for self-powered biosensors. The enzymatic reaction yields a positive potential difference that can be harnessed to power biofuel cells (BFCs) and act as an energy source for biosensors. This process provides the energy required for self-powered biosensors as biofuel cells (BFCs). To this end, initially, the platinum electrodes are modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes to increase their conductivity. After stabilizing the urease enzyme on the surface of the platinum electrode, the amount of electrical current produced in the process is measured. The optimal design of the experiments is performed based on the Taguchi method to investigate the effect of urea concentration, buffer concentration, and pH on the generated electrical current. A general equation is employed as a prediction model and its coefficients calculated using an evolutionary strategy. Also, the evaluation of effective parameters is performed based on error rates. The obtained results show that the established model predicts the electrical current in terms of urea concentration, buffer concentration, and pH with high accuracy.
Partial Siamese With Multiscale Bi-Codec Networks for Remote Sensing Image Haze Removal

Recently, the U-shaped networks have been widely explored in remote sensing image dehazing and obtained promising performance. However, most of the existing dehazing methods based on U-shaped framework lack the reconstruction constraints of haze areas, which is particularly important to restore haze-free images. Moreover, their encoding and decoding layers cannot effectively fuse multiscale features, resulting in deviations in the color and texture of the dehazing image. To address these issues, in this article, we propose a partial Siamese with multiscale bi-codec dehazing network (PSMB-Net), which is mainly composed of a partial Siamese framework (PSF) and a multiscale bi-codec information fusion (MBIF) module. Specifically, the PSF is proposed to create dehazing prior information to guide the network to build Siamese constraints and achieve improved dehazing results. Furthermore, we design an MBIF module which can enhance feature extraction (FE), and the multiscale information is used to improve the reconstruction ability of the network for the color and texture of the dehazing image. Experimental results on challenging benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of our PSMB-Net over state-of-the-art image dehazing methods. The source code is available at https://github.com/thislzm/PSMB-Net.
Shear localization in solids: insights for mountain building processes from a frame-indifferent ideal material model

Abstract Tectonic and orogenic processes, reflecting the dynamic nature of the planet, provide myriad examples of the failure of Earth materials under load. Despite this wealth of data, the shear localization process remains a difficult physical modelling problem, lying at the frontiers of complex and non-linear systems research. We present a non-conventional continuum-physics approach to address this problem, based on the mathematical properties of differential grade-2 (DG-2) materials. We choose this material because it is both frame-indifferent, and general enough to include other, simpler materials as special cases. DG-2 materials in pure shear exhibit a dynamic rescaling mechanism, associated with localized shearing, which links the spatial and temporal scales of this process in a self-consistent manner, independent of the observer. On typical thermal timescales, the thermomechanical competence of DG-2 materials depends on the ratio of thermal to mechanical diffusivities, κ/χ. On this basis, we hypothesize the effective rigidity of Earth materials, pertaining when the thermomechanical competence is greater than unity. This theory, applied to the whole Earth, suggests the existence of isopycnal ‘detachment’ zones at systematic, globally correlated depths beneath orogens, consistent with a variety of geological data.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Pelvis in Children and Adolescents: Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment with Curettage, Cryotherapy and Bone Grafting

Background: Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign but locally aggressive cystic lesions of the bone. Pelvic ABCs are extremely rare and hard to treat due to their high risk of local recurrence and the tough access to pelvic bones. Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluated pediatric cases with pelvic ABC treated with curettage, cryotherapy and bone grafting treated in our institution between 2016 and 2022. Complications were recorded, as well as local recurrences. Patients’ post-operative functionality was assessed with the MSTS score. Results: Fourteen consecutive cases were included in our study. Their mean age at surgery was 13.5 years. The mean lesion size was 55 mm. The mean follow-up was 38 months. Two cases (11.8%) had local recurrences, which were successfully treated with further curettage. At their latest FU, 13 cases were continuously disease free (CDF), and one had no evidence of disease (NED). Only one case had a post-operative compilation (wound dehiscence). Patients’ mean post-operative MSTS score was 29.6. Conclusions: Pelvic ABCs are a challenge, even for the most experienced orthopedic surgeon. Our study suggests that the association of an accurate curettage, intraoperative cryotherapy and bone grafting can be a reliable and effective therapeutic option for large-sized ABCs of the pelvis.
Deep Learning for Positioning with MUSIC

Estimating an object’s position can be of great interest in several applications, and there exists many di ﬀ erent methods to do so. One approach is with Direction of Arrival (DOA) measurements from receivers to use the triangulation technique to estimate one or more transmitter’s position. One algorithm which can ﬁnd the DOA measurements from several transmitters is the MUltiple SIgnal Classiﬁcation (MUSIC) algorithm. However, this still leaves a ambiguity problem which gives false solutions, so called ghost points, if the number of receivers is not su ﬃ cient. In this report solving this problem with the help of deep learning is studied. The thesis’s main objective is to investigate and study whether it is possible to perform positioning with measurements from the MUSIC-algorithm using deep learning and image processing methods. A deep neural network is built in TensorFlow and trained and tested using data generated from MATLAB. This thesis’s setup consists of two receivers, which are used to locate two transmitters. The network uses two MUSIC spectra from the two receivers, and returns a probability distribution of where the transmitters are located. The results are compared with a traditional method and are analysed. The results presented in this thesis show that it is possible to perform positioning using deep learning methods. However, there is a lot of room for improvement with accuracy, which can be an important future research direction to explore.
Effect of spectral‐dependent surface albedo on Saharan dust direct radiative forcing

Direct radiative forcing (DRF) due to mineral dust has quite large uncertainty. Surface albedo is one of the most important factors affecting dust radiative forcing and climate. Here we investigate the effect of spectral‐dependent surface albedo on dust DRF over the Saharan desert region using MODIS surface albedo data and a size‐resolved global aerosol model. In one simulation, surface albedo in 7 wavebands from MODIS‐retrieved data is interpolated to the corresponding 4 solar wavebands of the radiation transfer model (case 1). In another simulation, surface albedo for visible wavebands is applied to all 4 solar spectral‐bands (case 2), which was previously used by many global model simulations. Our results show that the annual averaged DRF for all sky over the Saharan dust is −2.4 W m−2 and −5.6 W m−2 at TOA, and −9.9 W m−2 and −12.9 W m−2at surface for cases 1 and 2, respectively. Such a large difference highlights the importance of using accurate spectral‐dependent surface albedo, and implies that previous studies employing only visible‐band surface albedo might have significantly overestimated the dust cooling effect over the Saharan dust.
Cycling between the traffic: mobility, identity and space

Cycling in London is firmly back on the agenda in a drive to ease congestion and pollution, and encourage a healthier population. But the substantial recent increase in cycling as a form of urban mobility is not without problems. Cyclists’ re-readings of streets often contravene road traffic laws and ignore the spatial prescriptions of kerbs, lane markings, junction signalling, one way systems, bike lanes and pedestrian areas. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork with London cyclists and in-depth interviews with local planners, engineers, cycling officers and activists, this article moves beyond simplistic and sensationalist readings of such practices as the actions of pathological risk takers and criminals, and calls for a more nuanced understanding of urban cyclists’ use of space based upon a knowledge of the embodied experiences of cycling. Much of their ‘inappropriate’ use of space can be explained by the significant differences between official conceptions of cyclists’ needs and cycling’s manifold experiential affordances. The spaces that planners and engineers have traditionally created for cyclists are very different to the spaces cyclists are creating for themselves. After decades of urban design and highways engineering favouring the private automobile, the urban landscape has become polarised, separating cars from pedestrians; cycling currently inhabits a nuisance grey area in between. The unique capacities of the cyclist have increasingly become conflated with those of motor vehicles, leading to inappropriate design.
Maqāṣid Entrepreneurial Finance: An Islamic Approach to Small Business Capital Structure Theory

\ Purpose — This research aims to develop a novel construct, maqāṣid entrepreneurial finance (MEF), based on an Islamic perspective to measure small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs) capital structure. Design/Methodology/Approach — The MEF construct was developed using indicators based on maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (the objectives of Islamic law) and entrepreneurial finance. A series of empirical studies were conducted to develop and validate an instrument to capture the MEF and its parameters. The development stages involved two steps: the item development and scale measurement stages. Findings — The results of the factor analysis showed that five factors make up the MEF. These factors are generating and distributing profit, interest-free source of capital, distribution of income for the payment of zakat (compulsory alms) and ṣadaqah (optional alms), the provision from income for reinvestment, and avoiding haram (prohibited) investment. Originality/Value — The paper’s overarching contributions are: first, it contributes to the development of the capital structure theory based on the Sharīʿah perspective; second, it contributes to the advancement of the capital structure theory for SMEs; third, it provides policy input to stakeholders in the SME field; and fourth, it provides practical guidelines relevant to SMEs. Practical Implications — This research provides insight to academicians and managers on how MEF is constituted. For SME owners, the results of this study confirmed that maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah can be integrated into the capital structure decision of SMEs.