Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disjunctive eye movements

Eye movements may be described in terms of two components: conjugate and disjunctive. A pure conjugate eye movement is one in which the two eyes move in a parallel fashion, while in a disjunctive movement changes occur in the orientation of one eye with respect to the other. A typical situation calling for a disjunctive movement is the change in binocular observation from a far to a near target, when the fixation lines of the two eyes have to converge. Recordings of eye movement responses to the presentation of targets requiring convergence show the movements to be slow compared with their reaction time (Westheimer &AMitchell, 1956). In this respect they differ from the most commonly occurring conjugate eye movements, the saccadic movements. It is clear now that saccadic eye movements are not guided, in that no adjustments in response to visual clues are made during the movement (Westheimer, 1954). The time characteristics of disjunctive movements, on the other hand, would theoretically allow correction of movements during their course on the basis of visual information. That the elements for such a control system exist is evidenced by the following two facts: (1) the sensory system on which such a control system would depend is capable of making very fine discriminations-retinal disparities of less than a minute of arc can be detected-and (2) the muscular system is quite fast and capable of making fine gradations in response. The experiments reported in this paper fall into two groups. Those describing the eye movement responses to simple types of convergence stimuli are given in Part I, and those in which responses are studied to special stimulus situations designed to elucidate the properties of the control mechanism for disjunctive eye movements are contained in Part II.
The Achilles' Heel of Liberal IR Theory? Globalization and Conflict in the Pre–World War I Era

Despite substantial evidence that international trade has promoted peace in the post–World War II era, the commercial peace research program still faces an important historical challenge. Dramatic economic integration in the nineteenth century failed to prevent the increasing interstate hostilities that culminated in the outbreak of war in 1914. This article uses a theoretical revision grounded in standard trade theory to reexamine the relationship between commerce and peace in the fifty years before World War I, a period often referred to as the first era of globalization. The article focuses on domestic conflict over commercial policy rather than on interdependence to understand the conditions under which globalization promotes peace. In a sample dating from 1865 to 1914, the authors find that lower regulatory barriers to commerce reduce participation in militarized interstate disputes. Contradicting conventional wisdom, this evidence affirms a basic premise of commercial liberalism during the first era of globalization—free trade promotes peace.
Dense stereo-based real-time ROI generation for on-road obstacle detection

The use of 3D visual information has become widespread as an essential cue for detecting on-road obstacles in ADAS. In this paper, we propose an accurate dense-stereo-based system for the generation of on-road obstacle ROIs. To balance the concerns of computation overhead and algorithm accuracy, this paper presents an efficient depth map generation that combines global stereo matching with depth up-sampling. The entire system has been implemented with a hardware and software partitioning method running on an FPGA and embedded CPU for real-time processing. The implementation results verify that the proposed stereo vision system efficiently outputs accurate ROI candidates for on-road obstacle detection.
The third way for pensions (by way of Thatcherism and avoiding today's pensioners)

This article consists of a critique of New Labour's pension policies as set out in the Green Paper Partnership in Pensions. It outlines the key developments in pensions policy over the last 20 years and describes the review process that Labour started in Opposition. It ends by showing the extent to which New Labour's policies in this field continue those of the previous Conservative governments.
Institutional Logics in Global Accounting Standard Setting

The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics of organizational change and institutional logics in global accounting standard setting. In particular, with applying the institutional logics approach, I investigate what kind of changes were occur in the transformation of the IASC to the IASB and their theoretical implications, and the significance of the further organizational changes in the IASB after 2000. First, I inductively develop two ideal types of organizational-level competing logics in global accounting standards setting i.e., the representation and expertise logic. Then I discuss the consecutive revisions of the constitution and consequent organizational changes of the IASB from 2000 onward with using these two ideal types. Findings show that the IASB revised the constitution and further clarify its accountability to the G20 major economies as a quasi-world government; and enabled to avert its legitimacy crisis. This organizational change may also suggest the possible emergence of new logic in which re-blends democratic representation and/or personal expertise as sources of legitimacy and emphasizes accountability to the legitimacy-granting authority.
α‐Linolenic acid does not contribute appreciably to docosahexaenoic acid within brain phospholipids of adult rats fed a diet enriched in docosahexaenoic acid

Adult male unanesthetized rats, reared on a diet enriched in both α‐linolenic acid (α‐LNA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were infused intravenously for 5 min with [1‐14C]α‐LNA. Timed arterial samples were collected until the animals were killed at 5 min and the brain was removed after microwaving. Plasma and brain lipid concentrations and radioactivities were measured. Within plasma lipids, > 99% of radioactivity was in the form of unchanged [1‐14C]α‐LNA. Eighty‐six per cent of brain radioactivity at 5 min was present as β‐oxidation products, whereas the remainder was mainly in ‘stable’ phospholipid or triglyceride as α‐LNA or DHA. Equations derived from kinetic modeling demonstrated that unesterified unlabeled α‐LNA rapidly enters brain from plasma, but that its incorporation into brain phospholipid and triglyceride, as in the form of synthesized DHA, is ≤ 0.2% of the amount that enters the brain. Thus, in rats fed a diet containing large amounts of both α‐LNA and DHA, the α‐LNA that enters brain from plasma largely undergoes β‐oxidation, and is not an appreciable source of DHA within brain phospholipids.
Strategic effectiveness and success: the learning challenge

Reinforces the argument that strategic and competitive success demands competence at three levels: content, change and learning. Notes that to achieve this, organizations must draw on a range of generic competences and develop an appropriate mix and measure, and that if they can achieve this they can become both competent and conscious of why they are competent and successful. Points out that this demands effective information management at a number of distinct levels, and the ability of the organization to manage both continuous and discontinuous change. Comments that the latter requires double‐loop learning and involves all members of the organization together with its external stakeholders, and that strategy, structure and style may need to be changed simultaneously. Concludes that the process of competence management must be underpinned by robust measurement, and that while organizations actively measure resource efficiencies, the extent to which they seek to measure all their strategic competences remains an issue.
Bias and precision in the DEA two-stage method

In Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the two-stage method is a popular procedure for accounting for exogenous influences on efficiency. With the conventional two-stage method, a DEA is first conducted using only traditional (endogenous) inputs and outputs. Then, the first-stage DEA scores are regressed on the environmental/contextual (exogenous) inputs of interest. The regression outcomes are used to identify exogenous inputs that influence the first-stage DEA scores to a statistically significant degree, and to adjust DEA scores to account for these influences. Herein, it is demonstrated empirically that the conventional method exhibits substantial bias and low precision, with the degree of bias and precision affected by input variance and correlation. A reverse two-stage procedure that yields estimates without the bias and precision problems that compromise the validity of the conventional method's estimates is suggested.
DNA Protecting Activities of Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f) Flower Extract Attenuate t-BHP-Induced Oxidative Stress Cell Death through Nrf2-Mediated Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression by Activating MAP-Kinases

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activities of Nymphaea nouchali flower (NNF) extract and the underlying mechanism using RAW 264.7 cells. The presence of gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, caffeic acid, quercetin, and apigenin in the NNF was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extract had a very potent capacity to scavenge numerous free radicals. NNF extract was also able to prevent DNA damage and quench cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) with no signs of toxicity. The NNF extract was able to augment the expression of both primary and phase II detoxifying enzyme, resulting in combat the oxidative stress. This is accomplished by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) (p38 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) followed by enhancing the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This attenuates cellular ROS generation and confers protection from cell death. Altogether, the results of current study revealed that Nymphaea nouchali flower could be a source of natural phytochemicals that could lead to the development of new therapeutic agents for preventing oxidative stress associated diseases and attenuating disease progression.
Molecular Biology and Pharmacology of Galanin Receptors

Abstract: Galanin was first isolated 15 years ago. Diversity of galanin receptors has been suspected from the study of native tissues and functional responses to galanin and galanin‐like peptides in vitro and in vivo. The recent application of molecular biologic techniques to clone galanin receptors has extended this diversity. So far, three galanin receptor subtypes, GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3, have been cloned from both human and rat. Their molecular structure, pharmacologic profiles, tissue distribution, and signal transduction properties have been partially elucidated.
Putting employee involvement in context: a cross-level model examining job satisfaction and absenteeism in high-involvement work systems

The current study examines how high-involvement work systems (HIWS) influence employee responses to involvement initiatives. While existing research has linked HIWS to individual attitudes, we predict that an organization's HIWS moderate the relationship between employee involvement and job satisfaction and absenteeism. Using multilevel data (8454 employees from 1429 workplaces), we found that employee involvement and HIWS are positively related to employee job satisfaction. Additionally, the results support a cross-level interaction: at high levels of HIWS, employee involvement is negatively related to absenteeism, whereas at low levels of HIWS, the negative relationship is weaker. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Marketing Financial Services to the African-American Consumer: A Comparative Analysis of Investment Portfolio Composition

This study profiles the changing demographics and unique consumption patterns of the African-American consumer segment of the financial services market. When it comes to the selection and purchase of financial products and services, African-American consumers differ markedly from their white counterparts. This is especially apparent in the case of relatively high-risk, high-return financial assets, resulting in a diminished rate of wealth accumulation over time in black households. This article offers suggestions to marketers seeking to render more effective service to this attractive and growing segment of the financial services marketplace. For example, promotional materials should reflect the key role of African-American women in determining household consumption patterns. Moreover, successful marketing to African-American households requires a strong educational component.
Perceived supervisor support climate, perceived investment in employee development climate, and business‐unit performance

Perceived supervisor support (PSS) has been found to predict employee in-role and extra-role performance at the individual level of analysis. With respect to the unit level of analysis, the research on the predictive role of PSS remains limited. In particular, calls have been made for research on the role of leadership in facilitating perceived HR practices at the business-unit level and on the role of line managers as implementers of such systems. In response to such calls, this study investigated the associations between PSS climate, perceived investment in employee development (PIED) climate, and business-unit performance among 75 gas stations located in Norway. The results showed that the PSS climate was positively related to both the PIED climate and the business-unit performance. This study contributes to research on PSS by extending the prior findings at the individual level to the unit level of analysis. Also, the study contributes to the research on perceived HR practices by demonstrating the facilitative role of the PSS climate. Finally, the study contributes to the research on shared perceptions of HR practices generally and the concept of the “strength” of the HRM system in particular. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abnormal Papanicolaou Smears And Colposcopic Follow-up Among American Indian And Alaska Native Women In The Pacific Northwest

Background: Mortality that is due to cervical cancer among American Indian and Alaska Native women in the Pacific Northwest exceeds that among women of other races. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding the prevalence and follow-up of abnormal Papanicolaou smears among American Indian and Alaska Native women in the region. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of American Indian and Alaska Native women seen at 12 Indian Health Service and tribally operated clinics in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho who had an abnormal Papanicolaou smear in 1992. Results: Of 4547 Papanicolaou smear results reviewed, 280 (6.2 percent) had an abnormal result (dysplasia or carcinoma in situ). Of the recommended colposcopies, 167 of 224 (75 percent) were completed. Women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were more likely to obtain recommended colposcopy than were women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Women treated at clinics that referred patients to outside providers for colposcopy were more likely to have colposcopy than were those who were offered the procedure on site. Conclusions: The proportion of Pacific Northwest American Indian and Alaska Native women in Indian Health Service and tribal clinics with abnormal Papanicolaou smears and the proportion who receive colposcopy are similar to those in other populations. The higher rate of cervical cancer mortality among American Indian and Alaska Native women could be due to failure to screen high-risk women. Cytologic screening rates, methods to improve adherence to colposcopy recommendations, and the contribution of other factors to the cause of cervical cancer mortality need to be characterized in this population.
Towards an Improved Understanding of Industrial Buying Behavior: Determinants of the Number of Suppliers

ABSTRACT The article investigates determinants of the number of suppliers that a firm has for a given product in its purchasing portfolio. Based on economic arguments we hypothesize that this number is negatively influenced by the degree of complexity of the purchasing situation and positively influenced by the financial importance of the product. The hypotheses derived from the theoretical model are tested empirically by using cross-sectional data. Results confirm the model. From a theoretical point of view, the study reveals that economic reasoning is suitable for predicting outcomes of industrial buying behavior. At the end of the article, the model is used as a basis for developing a purchasing portfolio.
Education: High Potential Not Yet Realized

Knowledge is not easily plucked from the stream of existence and social scientists have to offer the sobering suggestion that while ‘What matters is what works’, what matters first is how we find out what works. If a blind lurching from one good idea to yet another fashion is to be avoided, the task of finding out what works must be central. The widespread use of systematic monitoring (performance indicators) in education in England provides the kind of data stream needed to make it likely that the occasional dramatic outcome will be noticed, particularly by teachers. This article explains the problems and possibilities of using evidence-based information to improve education.
The common sense of European integration

Abstract The rejection of the Constitutional Treaty and the various events following the negative referenda provide an excellent occasion for reconsidering the real meaning of European integration. Paradoxically, the integration process is often praised for its clumsy and ultimately unsuccessful attempts to mimic the nation state, while its truly important contribution to European civilization – the establishment of a supranational constitutional order – is belittled or even ignored. An example of this distorted vision is the debate on the so-called democratic deficit – a condition which could be easily corrected if a majority of Europeans supported a supranational federal state. Since it is obvious that no such majority exists, now or in the foreseeable future, the ‘democratic deficit’, however defined, is the price we pay for wishing to integrate our national economies while preserving the core of national sovereignty. The current crisis is methodological rather than systemic: it amounts to a rejection of the stealthy approach to European integration – cryptofederalism – which has entailed the triumph of process over outcome. The legitimacy problem of the EU can be solved by limiting, rather than continuously expanding, the competences of the supranational institutions.The institutional system established by the founding fathers was not designed for effective policy-making, but largely to pursue objectives of negative integration.
Application of Autoregressive Moving Average Parametric Modeling in Magnetic Resonance Image Reconstruction

The modeling of data is an alternative to conventional use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm in the reconstruction of magnetic resonance (MR) images. The application of the FFT leads to artifacts and resolution loss in the image associated with the effective window on the experimentally-truncated phase encoded MR data. The transient error modeling method treats the MR data as a subset of the transient response of an infinite impulse filter (H(z) = B(z)IA(z)). Thus, the data are approximated by a deterministic autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. The algorithm for calculating the filter coefficients is described. It is demonstrated that using the filter coefficients to reconstruct the image removes the truncation artifacts and improves the resolution. However, determining the autoregressive (AR) portion of the ARMA filter by algorithms that minimize the forward and backward prediction errors (e.g., Burg) leads to significant image degradation. The moving average (MA) portion is determined by a computationally efficient method of solving a finite difference equation with initial values. Special features of the MR data are incorporated into the transient error model. The sensitivity to noise and the choice of the best model order are discussed. MR images formed using versions of the transient error reconstruction (TERE) method and the conventional FFT algorithm are compared using data from a phantom and a human subject. Finally, the computational requirements of the algorithm are addressed.
The Port Network as a New Stage in Port Development: The Case of Rotterdam

As a result of fundamental developments in economy, technology, and society the location behaviour of economic actors is changing. Traditional boundaries no longer hold. One category of locations confronted with these changes is seaports. Port-related activities are increasingly located in secondary centres at a distance from the port, resulting in the development of a 'port network'. The rise of port networks is considered a new stage in the development of ports. To cope with the transition towards the new stage, port authorities need to revise their strategy. In this paper, the development of port networks is considered as an example of new spatial patterns and organisational structures in a borderless world. The factors behind the rise of port networks are identified and the contours of a new port strategy outlined. The theoretical model is illustrated by the case of Rotterdam.
Determinants of environmental disclosures by Indian industrial listed companies: empirical study

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing the level of environmental disclosure information from a sample of 45 Indian industrial listed companies in their websites. In order to explain the reasons for the disclosure of environmental information by the companies, legitimacy theory is applied in this paper. The evidence shows that there is a tendency to disclose the environmental protection information but the level of disclosures is still low. Multiple regression analysis shows a positive association between size, and industry type with the disclosure index. Large sized firms, which are heavily polluted, tend to disclose higher level of information. However, profitability and financial leverage have no impact on the disclosure level. The study's findings help understand Indian industrial listed firms' behaviour in terms of environmental disclosure.
Effects of Distant Reiki On Pain, Anxiety and Fatigue in Oncology Patients in Turkey: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND Fatigue, stress and pain are common symptoms among cancer patients, affecting the quality of life. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of distant Reiki on pain, anxiety and fatigue in oncology patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants in the control group received usual medical and nursing care during their stay. The intervention group received usual care plus five distant Reiki sessions, one each night for 30 min. A face to face interview was performed and patient personal and illness related characteristics were evaluated using the Patient Characteristics form. Pain, stress and fatigue were evaluated according to a numeric rating scale. RESULTS The experimental group was predominantly composed of women (71.4%), married individuals (40%), and primary school graduates (40%). The control group was predominantly male (72.7%), married (60%), and primary school graduates (60%). The control group demonstrated greater levels of pain (p=0.002), stress (p=0.001) and fatigue (p=0.001). The Reiki group pain score (p<0.0001), stress score (p<0.001) and fatigue score were also significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that Reiki may decreasepain, anxiety and fatigue in oncology patients.