Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in the Basic Membrane Properties of Postnatal Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in the Mouse

The electrophysiological characteristics of unmodified, postnatal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the female mouse were studied using whole-cell recordings and single-cell RT-PCR methodology. The GnRH neurons of adult animals fired action potentials and exhibited distinguishable voltage–current relationships in response to hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current injections. On the basis of their patterns of inward rectification, rebound depolarization, and ability to fire repetitively, GnRH neurons in intact adult females were categorized into four cell types (type I, 48%; type II, 36%; type III, 11%; type IV, 5%). The GnRH neurons of juvenile animals (15–22 d) exhibited passive membrane properties similar to those of adult GnRH neurons, although only type I (61%) and type II (7%) cells were encountered, in addition to a group of “silent-type” GnRH neurons (32%) that were unable to fire action potentials. A massive, action potential-independent tonic GABA input, signaling through the GABAA receptor, was present at all ages. Afterdepolarization and afterhyperpolarization potentials (AHPs) were observed after single action potentials in subpopulations of each GnRH neuron type. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-independent calcium spikes, as well as AHPs, were encountered more frequently in juvenile GnRH neurons compared with adults. These observations demonstrate the existence of multiple layers of functional heterogeneity in the firing properties of GnRH neurons. Together with pharmacological experiments, these findings suggest that potassium and calcium channels are expressed in a differential manner within the GnRH phenotype. This heterogeneity occurs in a development-specific manner and may underlie the functional maturation and diversity of this unique neuronal phenotype.
SCALING, DUALITY, AND THE BEHAVIOR OF RESONANCES IN INELASTIC ELECTRON-- PROTON SCATTERING.

We propose that a substantial part of the observed behavior of inelastic electron-proton scattering is due to a nondiffractive component of virtual photon-proton scattering. The behavior of resonance electroproduction is shown to be related in a striking way to that of deep inelastic electron-proton scattering. We derive relations between the elastic and inelastic form factors and the threshold behavior of the inelastic structure functions in the scaling limit. High energy inelastic electron-nucleon scattering provides a unique way to probe the instantaneous charge distribution of the nucleon and to search for possible substructure. ' If one observes only the scattered electrons' energy and angle, then the results of such scatterings are summarized in the structure functions lV, and W " which depend on the virtual photon's laboratory energy v and invariant mass squared q'. Considered as a collision between the exchanged virtual photon and the proton, one is studying the total cross section for the process "y" +P-had
Patient ratings of dialysis care with peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis.

CONTEXT In light of conflicting evidence of differential effects of dialysis modality on survival, patient experience becomes a more important consideration in choosing between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. OBJECTIVE To compare patient satisfaction with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in a cohort of patients who have recently begun dialysis. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional survey at enrollment in a prospective inception cohort study of patients who recently started dialysis at 37 dialysis centers participating in the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for End-stage Renal Disease (CHOICE) study, a national multicenter study of dialysis outcomes, from October 1995 to June 1998. PATIENTS Of 736 enrolled incident dialysis patients, 656 (89%) returned a satisfaction questionnaire after an average of 7 weeks of dialysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Data collected from a patient-administered questionnaire including 3 overall ratings and 20 items rating specific aspects of dialysis care. RESULTS Patients receiving peritoneal dialysis were much more likely than those receiving hemodialysis to give excellent ratings of dialysis care overall (85% vs 56%, respectively; relative probability, 1.46 [95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.57]) and significantly more likely to give excellent ratings for each specific aspect of care rated. The 3 items with the greatest differences were in the domain of information provided (average of information items: peritoneal dialysis [69% excellent] vs hemodialysis [30% excellent]). The smallest differences were in ratings of accuracy of information from the nephrologist, response to pain, amount of fluid removed, and staff availability in an emergency. Adjustment for patient age, race, education, health status, marital status, employment status, distance from the center, and time since starting dialysis did not reduce the differences between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. CONCLUSIONS After several weeks of initiating dialysis, patients receiving peritoneal dialysis rated their care higher than those receiving hemodialysis. These findings indicate that clinicians should give patients more information about the option of peritoneal dialysis.
Context-aware movie recommendation based on signal processing and machine learning

Most of the existing recommendation engines do not take into consideration contextual information for suggesting interesting items to users. Features such as time, location, or weather, may affect the user preferences for a particular item. In this paper, we propose two different context-aware approaches for the movie recommendation task. The first is an hybrid recommender that assesses available contextual factors related to time in order to increase the performance of traditional CF approaches. The second approach aims at identifying users in a household that submitted a given rating. This latter approach is based on machine learning techniques, namely, neural networks and majority voting classifiers. The effectiveness of both the approaches has been experimentally validated using several evaluation metrics and a large dataset.
Adrenal steroids regulate postnatal development of the rat dentate gyrus: II. Effects of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids on cell birth

Unlike the majority of mammalian brain regions, the rat dentate gyrus undergoes maximal cell birth and cell death during the same developmental time period. Granule cell birth and death peak at the end of the first postnatal week. We have found that manipulations of glucocorticoid levels during the stress hyporesponsive period profoundly influence the density of pyknotic cells in the dentate gyrus while apparently not affecting the density of healthy cells. This raises the possibility that glucocorticoids are regulating processes in addition to cell death, i.e., cell birth. In order to determine whether increases in circulating glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids affect the birth of cells in the developing dentate gyrus, 3H‐thymidine autoradiography was performed on brains of rat pups treated with either corticosterone or aldosterone during the first postnatal week. Quantitative analysis of 3H‐thymidine‐labelled cells revealed significant decreases in the density of labelled cells in the granule cell layers with both corticosterone and aldosterone treatment. In these same brains, significant decreases in the density of pyknotic cells were also observed in the granule cell layers. However, no changes in the numbers of 3H‐thymidine‐labelled pyknotic cells were observed with any treatment. Increases in circulating corticosterone or aldosterone resulted in significant increases in the density of both 3H‐thymidine‐labelled and pyknotic cells in the hilus. These results suggest that dentate gyrus cell birth and cell death are related and that these processes are regulated by adrenal steroids.
Claudin-5 Controls Intercellular Barriers of Human Dermal Microvascular but Not Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Objective—To assess the role claudin-5, an endothelial cell (EC) tight junction protein, plays in establishing basal permeability levels in humans by comparing claudin-5 expression levels in situ and analyzing junctional organization and function in 2 widely used models of cultured ECs, namely human dermal microvascular (HDM)ECs and human umbilical vein (HUV)ECs. Methods and Results—By immunofluorescence microscopy, ECs more highly express claudin-5 (but equivalently express vascular endothelial-cadherin) in human dermal capillaries versus postcapillary venules and in umbilical and coronary arteries versus veins, correlating with known segmental differences in tight junction frequencies and permeability barriers. Postconfluent cultured HDMECs express more claudin-5 (but equivalent vascular endothelial-cadherin) and show higher transendothelial electric resistance and lower macromolecular flux than similarly cultured HUVECs. HDMEC junctions are more complex by transmission electron microscopy and show more continuous claudin-5 immunofluorescence than HUVEC junctions. Calcium chelation or dominant negative vascular endothelial-cadherin overexpression decreases transendothelial electric resistance and disrupts junctions in HUVECs, but not in HDMECs. Claudin-5 overexpression in HUVECs fails to increase transendothelial electric resistance or claudin-5 continuity, whereas claudin-5 knockdown in HDMECs, but not in HUVECs, reduces transendothelial electric resistance and increases antibody accessibility to junctional proteins. Conclusion—Claudin-5 expression and junctional organization control HDMEC and arteriolar-capillary paracellular barriers, whereas HUVEC and venular junctions use vascular endothelial-cadherin.
Role of amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear generated in the periaqueductal gray

The amygdala and ventral portion of the periaqueductal gray (vPAG) are crucial for the expression of the contextual freezing behavior. However, it is still unclear whether the amygdala also plays a role in defensive behaviors induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG). In the present study, rats were implanted with electrodes into dPAG for determination of the thresholds for freezing and escape responses before and after sham or electrolytic lesions in the amygdala. Animals were then submitted to a context fear conditioning procedure. Amygdala lesions disrupted contextual freezing but did not affect defensive behaviors induced by dPAG electrical stimulation. These results indicate that contextual and unconditioned freezing behaviors are mediated by independent neural circuits.
Lattice-Gas Simulations of Ternary Amphiphilic Fluid Flow in Porous Media

We develop our existing two-dimensional lattice-gas model to simulate the flow of single phase, binary immiscible and ternary amphiphilic fluids. This involves the inclusion of fixed obstacles on the lattice, together with the inclusion of "no-slip" boundary conditions. Here we report on preliminary applications of this model to the flow of such fluids within model porous media. We also construct fluid invasion boundary conditions, and the effects of invading aqueous solutions of surfactant on oil-saturated rock during imbibition and drainage are described.
Large-scale collection and sanitization of network security data: risks and challenges

Over the last several years, there has been an emerging interest in the development of wide-area data collection and analysis centers to help identify, track, and formulate responses to the ever-growing number of coordinated attacks and malware infections that plague computer networks worldwide. As large-scale network threats continue to evolve in sophistication and extend to widely deployed applications, we expect that interest in collaborative security monitoring infrastructures will continue to grow, because such attacks may not be easily diagnosed from a single point in the network. The intent of this position paper is not to argue the necessity of Internet-scale security data sharing infrastructures, as there is ample research [13, 48, 51, 54, 41, 47, 42] and operational examples [43, 17, 32, 53] that already make this case. Instead, we observe that these well-intended activities raise a unique set of risks and challenges. We outline some of the most salient issues faced by global network security centers, survey proposed defense mechanisms, and pose several research challenges to the computer security community. We hope that this position paper will serve as a stimulus to spur groundbreaking new research in protection and analysis technologies that can facilitate the collaborative sharing of network security data while keeping data contributors safe and secure.
Semi-supervised Multi-label Learning by Constrained Non-negative Matrix Factorization

We present a novel framework for multi-label learning that explicitly addresses the challenge arising from the large number of classes and a small size of training data. The key assumption behind this work is that two examples tend to have large overlap in their assigned class memberships if they share high similarity in their input patterns. We capitalize this assumption by first computing two sets of similarities, one based on the input patterns of examples, and the other based on the class memberships of the examples. We then search for the optimal assignment of class memberships to the unlabeled data that minimizes the difference between these two sets of similarities. The optimization problem is formulated as a constrained Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) problem, and an algorithm is presented to efficiently find the solution. Compared to the existing approaches for multi-label learning, the proposed approach is advantageous in that it is able to explore both the unlabeled data and the correlation among different classes simultaneously. Experiments with text categorization show that our approach performs significantly better than several state-of-the-art classification techniques when the number of classes is large and the size of training data is small.
Genome Update of the Dimorphic Human Pathogenic Fungi Causing Paracoccidioidomycosis

Paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM) is a clinically important fungal disease that can acquire serious systemic forms and is caused by the thermodimorphic fungal Paracoccidioides spp. PCM is a tropical disease that is endemic in Latin America, where up to ten million people are infected; 80% of reported cases occur in Brazil, followed by Colombia and Venezuela. To enable genomic studies and to better characterize the pathogenesis of this dimorphic fungus, two reference strains of P. brasiliensis (Pb03, Pb18) and one strain of P. lutzii (Pb01) were sequenced [1]. While the initial draft assemblies were accurate in large scale structure and had high overall base quality, the sequences had frequent small scale defects such as poor quality stretches, unknown bases (N's), and artifactual deletions or nucleotide duplications, all of which caused larger scale errors in predicted gene structures. Since assembly consensus errors can now be addressed using next generation sequencing (NGS) in combination with recent methods allowing systematic assembly improvement, we re-sequenced the three reference strains of Paracoccidioides spp. using Illumina technology. We utilized the high sequencing depth to re-evaluate and improve the original assemblies generated from Sanger sequence reads, and obtained more complete and accurate reference assemblies. The new assemblies led to improved transcript predictions for the vast majority of genes of these reference strains, and often substantially corrected gene structures. These include several genes that are central to virulence or expressed during the pathogenic yeast stage in Paracoccidioides and other fungi, such as HSP90, RYP1-3, BAD1, catalase B, alpha-1,3-glucan synthase and the beta glucan synthase target gene FKS1. The improvement and validation of these reference sequences will now allow more accurate genome-based analyses. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports of a fully automated and quality-assessed upgrade of a genome assembly and annotation for a non-model fungus.
A Survey on Protocols and Routing Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks

: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are networks of small and tiny lightweight nodes that are randomly deployed in a large area where it is not possible to monitor continuously. Some physical parameters such as pressure, temperature and relative humidity etc. are used for monitoring the same. Energy consumption is the most important and critical issues for WSNs. The paper classifies the routing protocols based on the basis of two criteria: layers and architecture. Further, a survey of 15 routing protocols are done with their comparison by considering the factors like energy, power consumption, latency, network life etc.
Retargetable Self-Test Program Generation Using Constraint Logic Programming

This paper presents new techniques in two different areas. Firstly, it proposes a solution to the problem of testing embedded processors. Towards this end, it discusses the automatic generation of executable test programs from a specification of test patterns for processor components. Secondly, the paper shows how constraint logic programming (CLP) improves the software production process for design automation tools. The advantages of CLP languages include: built-in symbolic variables and the built-in support for constraints over finite domains such as integers and Booleans.
Complexity of Query Answering in Logic Databases with Complex Values

This paper characterizes the computational complexity of nonrecursive queries in logic databases with complex values. Queries are represented by Horn clause logic programs. Complex values are represented by terms in equational theories ( nite sets and multisets are examples of such complex values). We show that the problem of whether a query has a nonempty answer is NEXP-hard for nonrecursive range-restricted queries. We also show that this problem is in NEXP if complex values satisfy the following condition: the solvability problem for equations in the corresponding equational theory is in NP. Since trees, nite sets and multisets satisfy this condition, the query answering problem for logic databases with trees, nite sets and multisets is shown to be NEXP-complete.2 2Copyright c 1997, 1998 Evgeni Dantsin and Andrei Voronkov. This technical report and other technical reports in this series can be obtained at http://www.csd. uu.se/papers/reports.html or at ftp.csd. uu.se in the directory pub/papers/reports. Some reports can be updated, check one of these addresses for the latest version. Evgeny Dantsin and Andrei Voronkov. Complexity of Query Answering in Logic Databases . 1
Usability concerns of android casual game applications: Analysis and improvements

For the game to be successful and for a good user experience, game usability and its interface usability is very important. Users now have a great variety of mobile game applications but their usability is not guaranteed. Among many other game applications, android casual game applications are very “in” these days. Bubble shooter concept based games are selected for this study, being the casual game applications. As there was no usability framework for these types of games, so usability questionnaire framework is developed to test their usability on android games audience. Secondly usability improvement framework is also suggested to improve these games and is also the outcome of the study along with the questionnaire framework.
A Review of Markets for Clean Air: The U.S. Acid Rain Program

The book begins with a quote from J.H. Dales’ Pollution, Property, and Prices, "If it is feasible to establish a market to implement a policy, no policy-maker can afford to do without one. " This book provides important evidence in support of Dales’ statement. The book is a thorough examination of the first several years of the U.S. Acid Rain Program. This innovative program uses a cap-and-trade approach, rather than the traditional command-and-control approach, to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. The book offers substantial evidence of the program’s success. The analysis is of both practical and scientific importance. From a practical viewpoint, the acid rain program is an ambitious effort to reduce a major pollutant. It is important for us to understand whether the program is successful and how it might be improved. From a scientific viewpoint, the authors’ analysis provides a framework and methodology for evaluating similar programs. There is much we can learn about effective regulation from the analysis.
Ground target detection in LiDAR point clouds using AdaBoost

Although substantial progress has been made in objects detecting in point clouds, the performance of most methods is limited by the accuracy of segmentation. However, accurate segmentation in complex scene is still an open problem. This paper presents a novel rotation-invariant method for object detection. It uses Adaboost to train a detector for exhaustively scaning and testing of the point cloud scene. First, to address the rotation-sensitive problem of 3D Harr-like features, we use positive training samples obtained from multiple viewpoints of the object. Then, false alarm is reduced using the prior knowledge that the confidence of false alarm distributes sparsely in the space. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a high recall on point clouds obtained from multiple viewpoints of the object at the low false alarm.
Analysis of Systolic Bulging: Mechanical Characteristics of Acutely Ischemic Myocardium in the Conscious Dog

To determine the mechanical factors affecting regional segmental motion after acute coronary occlusion, we studied seven conscious dogs, instrumented with sonomicrometers Loading conditions were changed by the withdrawal of 500 ml of blood and the transfusion of 800 ml of blood. To express segmental motion, percent systolic shortening, percent systolic elongation, and early diastolic shortening were calculated. Blood withdrawal decreased left ventricular preload, increased percent systolic elongation (from 6.9 ± 3.1% to 9.9 ± 3.5%) and early diastolic shortening (12.9 ± 5.3% to 16.6 ± 5.3%), and decreased percent systolic shortening. Blood transfusion increased left ventricular preload, decreased percent systolic elongation (to 5.2 ± 1.8%) and early diastolic shortening (8.8 ± 2.9%), and increased percent systolic shortening. Manipulation of loading did not change regional myocardial blood flow. In acutely ischemic myocardium, the tension-length loop showed an exponential upstroke during isovolumic systole and a nearly superimposed exponential downstroke during the isovolumic relaxation phase after systole, compatible with essentially passive movement as seen with an elastic material. The changes in loading conditions affected the tension-length curve to a very minor extent. The uniformity of the curve and its exponential shape explain the load-dependency of systolic bulding and segmental motion. It is concluded that systolic bulging depends on the change in the preload tension due to the compliant portion of tension-length curve, and that shortening of ischemic myocardium during the isovolumic relaxation phase is a completely passive phenomenon.