Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Active Rule Approach for Network Intrusion Detection with Enhanced C4.5 Algorithm

Intrusion detection systems provide additional defense capacity to a networked information system in addition to the security measures provided by the firewalls. This paper proposes an active rule based enhancement to the C4.5 algorithm for network intrusion detection in order to detect misuse behaviors of internal attackers through effective classification and decision making in computer networks. This enhanced C4.5 algorithm derives a set of classification rules from network audit data and then the generated rules are used to detect network intrusions in a real-time environment. Unlike most existing decision tree based approaches, the spawned rules generated and fired in this work are more effective because the information-theoretic approach minimizes the expected number of tests needed to classify an object and guarantees that a simple (but not necessarily the simplest) tree is found. The main advantage of this proposed algorithm is that the generalization ability of enhanced C4.5 decision trees is better than that of C4.5 decision trees. We have employed data from the third international knowledge discovery and data mining tools competition (KDDcup’99) to train and test the feasibility of this proposed model. By applying the enhanced C4.5 algorithm an average detection rate of 93.28 percent and a false positive rate of 0.7 percent have respectively been obtained in this work.
Acuity Immersion with eSTAT

Acuity Immersion takes the features of sound that enhance spatial hearing and makes them accessible to hearing aid wearers with mild-tomoderate hearing loss. Access to these features is what gives listeners their perception of sound source location, as well as their physical sense of presence, or immersion, in the environment. Complete spatial immersion is not possible without the shaping of sound by the pinna. With its complex contours, the pinna makes a unique acoustic mark on every sound that enters the ear. It is these acoustic signatures that not only help to disambiguate the location of a sound source, but also allow the listener to experience the uniqueness of each sound space.
Actin is an evolutionarily-conserved damage-associated molecular pattern that signals tissue injury in Drosophila melanogaster

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules released by dead cells that trigger sterile inflammation and, in vertebrates, adaptive immunity. Actin is a DAMP detected in mammals by the receptor, DNGR-1, expressed by dendritic cells (DCs). DNGR-1 is phosphorylated by Src-family kinases and recruits the tyrosine kinase Syk to promote DC cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens. Here we report that actin is also a DAMP in invertebrates that lack DCs and adaptive immunity. Administration of actin to Drosophila melanogaster triggers a response characterised by selective induction of STAT target genes in the fat body through the cytokine Upd3 and its JAK/STAT-coupled receptor, Domeless. Notably, this response requires signalling via Shark, the Drosophila orthologue of Syk, and Src42A, a Drosophila Src-family kinase, and is dependent on Nox activity. Thus, extracellular actin detection via a Src-family kinase-dependent cascade is an ancient means of detecting cell injury that precedes the evolution of adaptive immunity. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.19662. 001
Use of a Novel Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies against CENP-F for the Analysis of Cancerous Cells

Centromere Protein F (CENP-F) is a very large (380 kilodalton) protein with multiple cellular activities including, but not restricted to, mitosis, pocket protein cycling, and Golgi function (1-3). Loss of CENPF function leads to multiple developmental defects and, in the case of the human gene, prenatal death (4,5). Additionally and important to the current study, over-expression of CENP-F is thought to be a leading indicator of poor prognosis of specific cancers (6). With this in mind, we have begun an in depth analysis of CENP-F protein expression in cancerous cells. Specifically, we generated a novel panel of 10 independent monoclonal antibody-secreting cell lines directed against CENP-F to explore variations in expression levels in various cancer settings.
Antimony in the environment: knowns and unknowns

Environmental context. Antimony first attracted public attention in the mid-1990s amid claims that it was involved in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. A substantial number of papers have now been published on the element and its behaviour in the natural environment. However, many key aspects of the environmental chemistry of antimony remain poorly understood. These include critical areas such as its ecotoxicology, its global cycling through different environmental compartments, and what chemical form it takes in different environments. More focussed research would help the situation. The present review highlights several areas of environmental antimony chemistry that urgently need to be addressed. Abstract. The objective of the present article is to present a critical overview of issues related to the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of antimony in the environment. It makes no attempt to systematically review all published data. However, it does provide a list of the main published reviews on antimony and identifies subjects where systematic reviews are needed. Areas where our knowledge is strong – and the corresponding gaps – in subjects ranging from total concentrations and speciation in the various environmental compartments, to ecotoxicity, to cycling between compartments, are discussed, along with the underlying research. Determining total antimony no longer poses a problem for most environmental samples but speciation measurements remain challenging throughout the process, from sampling to analysis. This means that the analytical tools still need to be improved but experience shows that, to be useful in practice, this should be directly driven by the requirements of laboratory and field measurements. Many different issues can be identified where further research is required, both in the laboratory and in the field, the most urgently needed studies probably being: (i) long-term spatial and temporal studies in the different environmental compartments in order to collect the data needed to establish a global biogeochemical cycle; (ii) laboratory studies of antimony interactions with potential natural binders; (iii) reliable ecotoxicological studies.
A Short Review on Ethnomedicinal Uses and Phytochemistry of Silybum marianum

Herbs have been used permanently as the major source of medicine. Medicinal plants are important by secondary metabolites such as Silymarin, it is a mixture of flavonoids. Silybum marianum is a safe herb, rare reactions were reported if the dosage is high. There are medical confirmations for anticarcinogenic and hepatoprotective activities of Milk thistle. Silybum marianum is used vigorously in cirrhosis, prostate, skin and breast cancer, cervical cells and kidney ailments. This review is about the Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicinal uses of Silybum marianum.
Longitudinal study of melanocytic nevi in adolescents.

BACKGROUND Although melanocytic nevi are the strongest known risk factors for melanoma, their etiology is not well understood. OBJECTIVES This study was performed to assess the roles of constitutional pigmentary factors and sun exposure in the development of new nevi in adolescents. METHODS A cohort of 111 school children, aged 12 and 13 years at baseline, were followed up for 5 years. Whole-body counts of nevi of all sizes and detailed sun exposure histories were updated each year. Analyses of full-body nevus counts and of nevus counts on the face and neck region and on the shoulder and back region were undertaken by means of log-linear regression, allowing for repeated measures. RESULTS Mean whole-body nevus counts were 130.1 (SD = 69.9) in 1990 and 215.5 (SD = 127.1) in 1994. Shoulder and back counts were consistently higher than face and neck counts. Subjects with heavy shoulder freckling had increased nevus counts on all sites investigated, with a means ratio for whole-body counts of 1.11 (95% CI, 1.03-1.19), compared with those with no freckling. Those who spent all of their school lunch times in the midday sun had a means ratio of 1.62 (95% CI, 1.15-2.29) compared with those who spent very little time in the sun during the lunch period. Summer holiday sun exposure was not significantly associated with development of nevi in this adolescent cohort. CONCLUSION The degree of freckling, especially on the shoulders, and habitual midday sun exposure, rather than holiday sun exposure, are significant determinants of melanocytic nevi in Queensland adolescents.
Towards a VO Intersection Trust Model for Ad hoc Grid Environment : Design and Simulation Results

— An ad hoc grid environment is a spontaneous organization of cooperating heterogeneous nodes in a logical community without a fixed infrastructure and with only minimal administrative requirements. Trust is an integral part of ad hoc grid computing systems as well. It is not possible to utilize trust principles of traditional grid environment uses various, mostly centrally oriented methods for trust establishment, e.g. certification authorities, VO management servers or credentials pools. An ad hoc grid environment demands minimal administrative requirements; especially an absence of a central trust authority, where collaborating entities must establish and maintain a trust relationship among themselves. Our article presents a design of two algorithms for a supported authorization mechanism in order to more easily form virtual organizations based on attribute certificates. Moreover, an evaluation of the two algorithms, primary and extended algorithm, based on simulation results as well as deeper insights into the configuration of such schemes in ad hoc grid environment are described.
Comparison of Three Systems for Biological Greywater Treatment

Greywater consists of household wastewater excluding toilet discharges. Three systems were compared for the biological treatment of greywater at a similar hydraulic retention time of approximately 12–13 hours. These systems were aerobic treatment in a sequencing batch reactor, anaerobic treatment in an up-flow anaerobic blanket reactor and combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment (up-flow anaerobic blanket reactor + sequencing batch reactor). Aerobic conditions resulted in a COD removal of 90%, which was significantly higher than 51% removal by anaerobic treatment. The low removal in the anaerobic reactor may have been caused by high concentration of anionic surfactants in the influent (43.5 mg/L) and a poor removal of the colloidal fraction of the COD in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Combined aerobic-anaerobic treatment accomplished a COD removal of 89%, similar to the aerobic treatment alone. Greywater methanization was 32% for the anaerobic system and 25% for the anaerobic-aerobic system, yielding a small amount of energy. Therefore, anaerobic pre-treatment is not feasible and an aerobic system is preferred for the treatment of greywater.
Assessing medical student knowledge and attitudes about shared decision making across the curriculum: protocol for an international online survey and stakeholder analysis

Introduction Shared decision making (SDM) is a goal of modern medicine; however, it is not currently embedded in routine care. Barriers include cliniciansâ€™ attitudes, lack of knowledge and training and time constraints. Our goal is to support the development and delivery of a robust SDM curriculum in medical education. Our objective is to assess undergraduate medical studentsâ€™ knowledge of and attitudes towards SDM in four countries. Methods and analysis The first phase of the study involves a web-based cross-sectional survey of undergraduate medical students from all years in selected schools across the United States (US), Canada and undergraduate and graduate students in the Netherlands. In the United Kingdom (UK), the survey will be circulated to all medical schools through the UK Medical School Council. We will sample students equally in all years of training and assess attitudes towards SDM, knowledge of SDM and participation in related training. Medical students of ages 18 years and older in the four countries will be eligible. The second phase of the study will involve semistructured interviews with a subset of students from phase 1 and a convenience sample of medical school curriculum experts or stakeholders. Data will be analysed using multivariable analysis in phase 1 and thematic content analysis in phase 2. Method, data source and investigator triangulation will be performed. Online survey data will be reported according to the Checklist for Reporting the Results of Internet E-Surveys. We will use the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research for all qualitative data. Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved for dissemination in the US, the Netherlands, Canada and the UK. The study is voluntary with an informed consent process. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will help inform the inclusion of SDM-specific curriculum in medical education worldwide.
Messages as Replications: Toward a Message-Centered Design Strategy.

Three significant points of controversy separate Hunter, Hamilton, and Allen's defense of single‐message designs from our suggestion that messages be replicated within experiments. We respond to each of these controversies. First, we examine their claim that “controlled”; single‐message designs completely eliminate all confounding of manipulated variables with other possible influences on the dependent variable and show it to rest on manifestly implausible assumptions. Second, we show why researchers should plan for the possibility of nonuniform treatment effects across messages, and so use multiple‐message designs; contrary to Hunter et al. ‘s suggestion, the available empirical evidence shows that treatment effects can and do vary across messages. Third, we discuss the advantages of having message replications both within and between studies, as opposed to Hunter et al.’s suggestion that such replication occur only between studies; multiple‐message designs provide greater reliability in estimation of tr.
Advances in endodontics: Potential applications in clinical practice

Contemporary endodontics has seen an unprecedented advance in technology and materials. This article aimed to review some of the challenges and advances in the following sections: (1) endodontic imaging, (2) root canal preparation, (3) root canal disinfection, (4) root canal filling, and (4) regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). Jointly, these advances are aimed at improving the state of the art and science of root canal treatment.
Scaling law for the radius of gyration of proteins and its dependence on hydrophobicity

The scaling law between the radius of gyration and the length of a polymer chain has long been an interesting topic since the Flory theory. In this article, we seek to derive a unified formula for the scaling exponent of proteins under different solvent conditions. The formula is obtained by considering the balance between the excluded volume effect and elastic interactions among monomers. Our results show that the scal- ing exponent is closely related to the fractal dimension of a protein's structure at the equilibrium state.Applying this formula to natural proteins yields a 2/5 law with fractal dimension 2 at the native state, which is in good agreement with other studies based on Protein Data Bank analysis. We also study the dependence of the scaling exponent on the hydrophobicity of a protein chain through a simple two-letters HP model. The results provides a way to estimate the globular structure of a protein, and could be help- ful for the investigation of the mechanisms of protein folding. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos and lead is linked to thyroid disruption

Aim: A role of thyroid disruption in developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos (MCP) and lead is studied. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 female rats after conception were randomized into four groups of six each and treated as follows: Group I - Sham was administered distilled water orally. Group II - A positive control was administered methyl methimazole at 0.02% orally in drinking water. Group III - MCP orally at 0.3 mg/kg and Group IV - Lead acetate at 0.2% orally in drinking water. The drug was administered from gestation day 3 through post-natal day 21 in all the groups. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, thyroid profile (thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 and T4), neurodevelopment (brain wet weights, DNA, RNA and protein), and neurobehavioral (elevated plus maze, photoactometry, and Morris water maze) parameters were assessed in pups. A histopathology of thyroid of dams and brain of progeny was conducted. Results: Inhibition of AChE was <20%. Thyroid profile decreased in the treatment groups. Neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral parameters did not reveal any significant changes. Thyroid architecture was affected significantly with MCP and lead. Cortical layers too were affected. The three layers of cerebellum either had abnormal arrangement or decreased cellularity in all treated groups relating to thyroid disruption. Conclusion: MCP and lead might have affected the development of cerebrum and cerebellum via thyroid disruption leading to developmental neurotoxicity.
Least squares filtering algorithm for reactive near field probe correction

The probe correction technique applied to reactive near fleld characterization is based on a deconvolution process. However, the classical deconvolution based on an inverse Fourier transform has a restrictive limitation. It is based on the use of noiseless measurement data. Consequently, measurement noise makes the result obtained by the classical deconvolution based technique ine-cient and requires an extremely low noise measurement facility. In this paper, a method to improve the probe correction stability when using corrupted measurement data is presented. The proposed constrained least squares flltering algorithm (CLSF) uses an inverse flltering approach that takes into account the statistical characteristics of the measurement noise. Computations data with electromagnetic software of two difierent structures validate this method and illustrate its reliability.
The role of gesture in designing

Abstract This paper introduces the special issue of AI EDAM on the role of gesture in designing. It starts with the context of the papers submitted and a summary of the papers accepted. We then introduce gesture studies, one of the two main domains with which this Special Issue is concerned. We do not introduce design research: we suppose the readers of AI EDAM are familiar with this domain. After this general introduction to the domain of gesture studies, we provide an overview of gestures in design, that is, the research environment of the papers in this Special Issue. We then discuss some dimensions on which these papers differ, as well as some on which they are related.
Ultra Wideband (UWB) Pulse Reflection from a Dispersive Medium Half Space

Electromagnetic wave reflection from dispersive media has been a subject of interest to researchers for many years. The advent of ultra wideband (UWB) short pulse sources has recently attracted renewed interest in this aspect. Accurate modeling and improved physical understanding of pulse reflection from dispersive media is crucial in a number of applications, including optical waveguides, UWB radar, ground penetrating radar, UWB biological effects, stealth technology and remote sensing. Numerous researchers have demonstrated that Lorentz, Debye and Cole-Cole models can be used to accurately predict dispersive properties of many media. In the seminal work of Sommerfeld (Sommerfeld, 1914) and in the subsequent refinements of Oughstun and Sherman (Oughstun & Sherman, 1988) (Oughstun & Sherman, 1989) (Oughstun & Sherman, 1990), the investigations have focused on the Lorentz material, which is a good model for many materials encountered in optics and engineering. The reflection of a short pulse by a Lorentz medium has been considered for TE (transverse electric) polarization by Gray (Gray, 1980) and for TM (transverse magnetic) polarization by Stanic et al (Stanic et al., 1991). In each of these studies, the authors find the impulse response of the reflected field by calculating the inverse transform of the frequency domain reflection coefficient as an infinite series of fractional order Bessel functions. Although this gives a convenient analytical result, the series form provides little insight into the behavior of the reflected field waveform. Cossman et al have presented a compact form for both TE (Cossman et al., 2006) and TM (Cossman et al., 2007) reflection coefficients, which provide useful intuition about the response of a Lorentz medium half space. However, the mathematical derivations are lengthy and the solutions involve exponential and modified Bessel functions and require convolution operation to evaluate. Particularly, because of the greater complexity of the TM frequency domain reflection coefficient, a more involved process is needed, including the introduction of a term that does not appear in the TE case. Under some conditions this term is noncausal, although the final expression for the impulse response is causal. Moreover, when the incident angle is equal to 450, the general expressions cannot be used directly due to singularities, and a special form of TM time domain reflection coefficient is separately achieved. The use of short pulses to probe materials has prompted the study of the reflection of transient waves from material half space of other types. The Debye model (Debye, 1945) is
Attributing human mortality during extreme heat waves to anthropogenic climate change

It has been argued that climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. The extreme high temperatures of the summer of 2003 were associated with up to seventy thousand excess deaths across Europe. Previous studies have attributed the meteorological event to the human influence on climate, or examined the role of heat waves on human health. Here, for the first time, we explicitly quantify the role of human activity on climate and heat-related mortality in an event attribution framework, analysing both the Europe-wide temperature response in 2003, and localised responses over London and Paris. Using publicly-donated computing, we perform many thousands of climate simulations of a high-resolution regional climate model. This allows generation of a comprehensive statistical description of the 2003 event and the role of human influence within it, using the results as input to a health impact assessment model of human mortality. We find large-scale dynamical modes of atmospheric variability remain largely unchanged under anthropogenic climate change, and hence the direct thermodynamical response is mainly responsible for the increased mortality. In summer 2003, anthropogenic climate change increased the risk of heat-related mortality in Central Paris by ∼70% and by ∼20% in London, which experienced lower extreme heat. Out of the estimated ∼315 and ∼735 summer deaths attributed to the heatwave event in Greater London and Central Paris, respectively, 64 (±3) deaths were attributable to anthropogenic climate change in London, and 506 (±51) in Paris. Such an ability to robustly attribute specific damages to anthropogenic drivers of increased extreme heat can inform societal responses to, and responsibilities for, climate change.