Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismic images of the sliver strike‐slip fault and back thrust in the Andaman‐Nicobar region

The sliver strike‐slip Great Sumatra Fault (GSF) traverses mainland Sumatra from the Sunda Strait in the southeast to Banda Aceh in the northwest, and defines the present day plate boundary between the Sunda Plate in the north and the Burmese Sliver Plate in the south. It has been well studied on mainland Sumatra but poorly north of Banda Aceh in the Andaman Sea. Here we present deep seismic reflection images along the northward extension of the GSF over 700 km until it joins the Andaman Sea Spreading Centre, and we interpret these images in the light of earthquake, gravity, and bathymetry data. We find that the GSF has two strands between Banda Aceh and Nicobar Island: a transpression in the south and a deep narrow active rift system in the north, dotted with volcanoes in the center, suggesting that the volcanic arc is coincident with rifting. Farther north of Nicobar Island, an active strike‐slip fault, the Andaman‐Nicobar Fault, cuts through a rifted deep basin until its intersection with the Andaman Sea Spreading Centre. The volcanic arc lies just east of the rift basin. The western margin of this basin seems to be a rifted continental margin, tilted westward, and flooring the Andaman‐Nicobar fore‐arc basin. The Andaman‐Nicobar fore‐arc basin is bounded in the west by back thrusts similar to the West Andaman and Mentawai faults. The cluster of seismicity after the 2004 great Andaman‐Sumatra earthquake just north of Nicobar Island coincides with the intersection of two strike‐slip fault systems.
EXAMINING SLACK - INNOVATION RELATIONSHIP: LONGITUDINAL EVIDENCE FROM THE US FARM EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY (1996-2000)

Ever since Cyert and March (1963) introduced the notion of organizational slack, its relationship to technological innovation has been a frequent topic of speculation yet an infrequent subject of empirical scrutiny. Here I argue that the relationship should be seen in a contingency perspective that not only discriminates between various types of innovations based upon boundary behavior in search processes and competence effects but also accounts for the effects of satisficing principle, models of aspiration, environmental contingencies and agency behavior. Using longitudinal data from farm equipment industry, I examine slack’s relationship to two types of patent inventions that are both technological boundary spanning but organizationally may or may not be so. Overall results prove support to the baseline prediction that slack’s relationship is not positive and linear for patents that cross both organizational and technological boundaries but of one that is inverted U-shaped and the tipping point is mediated through performance-aspiration interaction, environmental dynamism and the discipline imposed by institutional ownership. I also find that as the slack levels increase, these patents become more and more interdependent – they are being founded upon similar (if not identical) knowledge bases. Results concerning patents that are only technological boundary spanning lend weaker support to the predictions, though the very same conclusion indicates the utility of treating innovations (inventions) heterogeneously in studies of an organizational phenomenon’s association with innovations (inventions).
Testate amoebae and δ13C of Sphagnum as surface-moisture proxies in Alaskan peatlands

Testate amoebae and stable isotopes have been used as surface-moisture proxies in peatlands. However, adequate modern calibration is critical to successful application and interpretation. Testate amoebae, δ13C of Sphagnum, and environmental conditions were examined at 126 sites within 12 peatlands of south-central and central Alaska to assess the potential of testate amoebae and δ 13C as surface-moisture proxies. Results indicate that water-table depth and pH were both correlated with testate amoeba community composition. However, the relative importance of these two variables varied, with pH more important in wetter habitats and water-table depth more important in drier habitats. Cross-validation of transfer functions indicated that water-table depth and pH can be inferred from testate amoeba communities with mean errors of ~8 cm and ~0.4 pH units, respectively, an improvement over previous calibration work in the region. However, application of these transfer functions should consider potential temporal variability in the relative importance of pH and water-table depth, and we applied our calibration data set to a subfossil testate amoeba record to highlight how knowledge of changes in the relative importance of these environmental variables can inform interpretation. In contrast with testate amoebae, δ13C of Sphagnum was found to be a relatively weak indicator of water-table depth. Variable carbon sources for Sphagnum photosynthesis, such as CO2 released by methanotrophic bacteria, likely complicate the relationship between δ 13C and moisture. Although more work is needed before δ13C of Sphagnum can be used as a proxy for water-table depth, testate amoebae should be useful in paleoenvironmental studies of peatlands in Alaska.
Loading and Gravitational Effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami at Syowa Station, Antarctica

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami reached Syowa Station, Antarctica, approximately 12.5 hr after the December Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. We have analyzed the tsunami signals recorded on ocean-bottom pressure gauges, broadband seismometers (sts-1), and a superconducting gravimeter (sg). We calculated the sea level variation, tilt, and gravity changes induced by the tsunami and compared these results to observations. From this comparison we confirmed the loading and gravity effects of the tsunamis on the sts-1 (horizontal components) and the sg records at Syowa Station. The magnitudes of these effects given as root mean square amplitudes are as follows: for the tilt effects obtained from 20-hr-long sts-1 records at frequencies in the range 0.3–0.6 mHz, 5 and 8 μ Gal (10 −8 m/sec 2 ) in the east–west and north–south directions, respectively; and for the gravity effect obtained from the sg records for the same time period of 20 hr at frequencies in the range 0.1–0.2 mHz, 0.2 μ Gal. By using detailed bathymetry around Syowa Station, the synthetic amplitudes similar to the observed were obtained, although the waveforms of synthetic and observation are not always consistent.
Study on identifying deciduous forest by the method of feature space transformation

The thematic remotely sensed information extraction is always one of puzzling nuts which the remote sensing science faces, so many remote sensing scientists devotes diligently to this domain research. The methods of thematic information extraction include two kinds of the visual interpretation and the computer interpretation, the developing direction of which is intellectualization and comprehensive modularization. The paper tries to develop the intelligent extraction method of feature space transformation for the deciduous forest thematic information extraction in Changping district of Beijing city. The whole Chinese-Brazil resources satellite images received in 2005 are used to extract the deciduous forest coverage area by feature space transformation method and linear spectral decomposing method, and the result from remote sensing is similar to woodland resource census data by Chinese forestry bureau in 2004.
Hydrological model selection: A Bayesian alternative

The evaluation and comparison of hydrological models has long been a challenge to the practicing hydrological community. No single model can be identified as ideal over the range of possible hydrological situations. With the variety of models available, hydrologic modelers are faced with the problem of determining which model is best applied to a catchment for a particular modeling exercise. The model selection problem is well documented in hydrologic studies, but a broadly applicable as well as theoretically and practically sound method for comparing model performance does not exist in the literature. Bayesian statistical inference, with computations carried out via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, offers an attractive alternative to conventional model selection methods allowing for the combination of any preexisting knowledge about individual models and their respective parameters with the available catchment data to assess both parameter and model uncertainty. The aim of this study is to present a method by which hydrological models may be compared in a Bayesian framework. The study builds on previous work (Marshall et al., 2004) in which a Bayesian approach implemented using MCMC algorithms was presented as a simple and efficient basis for assessing parameter uncertainty in hydrological models. In this study, a model selection framework is developed in which an adaptive Metropolis algorithm is used to calculate the model's posterior odds. The model used to illustrate our approach is a version of the Australian Water Balance Model (Boughton, 1993) reformulated such that it can have a flexible number of soil moisture storages. To assess the model selection method in a controlled setting, artificial runoff data were created corresponding to a known model configuration. These data were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model selection method and its sensitivity to the size of the sample being used. An application of the Bayesian model identification methodology to 11 years of daily streamflow data from the Murrumbidgee River at Mittagang Crossing in southeastern Australia concludes our study.
Hydrodynamic modelling of a large flood‐prone river system in India with limited data

The article presents a detailed review on the issues and constraints of hydrodynamic modelling of floods in data‐poor countries with large flood‐prone rivers. A one‐dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic model is used to simulate the river flows with limited available data in the delta region of Mahanadi River basin in India. The shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation models (SRTM DEM) was analyzed and compared with the elevations derived from available topomaps and measured river cross‐sections. Subsequently, the SRTM‐derived river cross‐section elevation values are refined for use in the hydrodynamic model. The 1D hydrodynamic model is set up and calibrated using the refined cross‐sections derived from SRTM DEM along with the measured ones and all available river discharge as well as water‐level data at different gauging sites for the monsoon period (June–September) of the year 2004. The calibrated set up is validated using both discharge and water‐level data for the same period for the years 2001 and 2002. The performance of the calibration and validation results of the hydrodynamic model is evaluated for all the years using different performance indices. The model‐simulated discharge and water levels are found to be in close agreement with the observed ones. The study demonstrates the usefulness of using the SRTM DEM to derive river cross‐sections for use in hydrodynamic modelling studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Staple Food Market Sheds in West Africa

This paper aims to identify the geographic extent of major staple food market sheds in West Africa as well as the major trade corridors that link surplus producing areas with the deficit markets they serve. The method employed combines data on the spatial distribution of rural and urban population, maps of differing food staple zones, crop production data and consumption patterns as described in an array of recent household surveys to map major urban food markets as well as principal surplus production zones. Expert knowledge from traders and other market monitors in the region enable the authors to identify the major commodity flows linking the markets with their major supply zones. These efforts aim to summarize a large volume of information simply and clearly in market shed maps. The paper applies this method to map foodsheds for the region's major domestically produced food staple, sorghum and millet, and the major imported food, rice.
Diffraction of Continental Shelf Waves by Irregular Alongshore Geometry

Abstract Diffraction of continental shelf waves by irregular alongshore geometry, such as ridges, canyons and bumps, is examined. The full barotropic, shelf-wave equation is treated, and the solutions include forward and back scattering, and a description of the near-field circulation around the topographic feature. Reflection of long waves by the convergence/divergence of depth contours is small. On the other hand, velocity amplitude of the transmitted wave can become much larger (smaller) than the incident amplitude, in the case of convergence (divergence). Back scattering becomes important, when the incident wave approaches critical frequency (zero group speed). Above critical frequency, the incident long wave is totally reflected as a short wave. Wave diffraction by ridges or canyons leads to both forward and back scattering. Local amplitude amplification occurs near the depth convergence zone. The amplitude amplification is more intense when higher modes are excited. The reflected short wave is also .
Environmental history of the south‐eastern South Atlantic since the Middle Miocene: evidence from the sedimentological records of ODP Sites 1088 and 1092

ABSTRACT During Leg 177 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), well‐preserved Middle Miocene to Pleistocene carbonate‐rich sediment records were recovered on a north–south transect through the south‐eastern Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean at Site 1088 on the Agulhas Ridge and Site 1092 on Meteor Rise. Both sites were dominated by the deposition of calcareous nannofossil oozes through the Miocene, indicating low biological productivity in warm to temperate surface waters. A continuous increase in the proportions of foraminifera since the latest Miocene (6·5 Ma) points to enhanced nutrient supply, possibly related to the global ‘biogenic bloom’ event across the Miocene–Pliocene boundary. Since the Late Pliocene, different styles of biological productivity developed between the sites. Enhanced deposition of biosiliceous constituents at the southern Site 1092, particularly in the Early Pleistocene, is consistent with the formation of the Circum‐Antarctic Opal Belt since 2·5 Ma in a setting near the Polar Front, whereas carbonate deposition still prevailed at the northern Site 1088 situated near the Subtropical Front. Clay‐mineral tracers of water‐mass advection together with the pattern of sedimentation rates and hiatuses reflect distinct pulses in the development of regional ocean circulation between 14 and 12 Ma, around 8 Ma and since 2·8 Ma. These pulses can be related to Antarctic ice‐sheet extension that mediates the production and flow of southern source water, and stepwise increases in North Atlantic Deep Water production that drives global conveyor circulation. At Site 1088, illite chemistry and silt/clay ratios of the terrigenous sediment fraction reflect the history of terrestrial climate in southern Africa, with humid conditions prior to the Early Late Miocene (9·7 Ma), followed by a dry episode until 7·7 Ma. The latest Miocene and Early Pliocene were characterized by a humid episode until modern aridity was established in the Late Pliocene between 4·0 and 2·8 Ma. These climate changes were related to the latitudinal migration of climate belts in response to tectonically caused reorganizations in atmospheric and ocean circulation.
Haskett Spear Weaponry and Protein-Residue Evidence of Proboscidean Hunting in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah

Abstract Recent finds in the Great Salt Lake Desert provide new evidence about Haskett projectile-point technology. Haskett is a large, early representative of the Western Stemmed Tradition. The collection includes the longest Haskett specimen yet documented and another that has yielded a positive result to elephant antiserum via protein-residue analysis. Technological evidence is provided that supports the interpretation of Haskett points as sophisticated throwing/thrusting spear tips.
K0 of sand measured by a plane-strain apparatus

Experimental results are presented in this note to study the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, K0, of sand measured using a plane-strain apparatus. The data are also compared with the K0 measured by triaxial K0 consolidation tests. The test data show that the K0 values measured for specimens prepared using the water sedimentation method vary little with the void ratio of the soil, and therefore do not agree with the K0 values calculated using Jaky’s equation, which uses the peak friction angles obtained from either plane-strain or triaxial tests. The K0 values measured for specimens prepared using the moist tamping method follow a linear relationship with the void ratio. However, this relationship does not agree with Jaky’s equation either. The K0 values obtained from tests on the specimens prepared using the two different preparation methods are different, which may reflect the influence of soil fabrics or structures on the one-dimensional compression behaviour of soil.
Integrating Institutions : Rationalism , Constructivism , and the Study of the European Union

can be found at: Comparative Political Studies Additional services and information for http://cps.sagepub. com/cgi/alerts Email Alerts: http://cps.sagepub. com/subscriptions Subscriptions: http://www.sagepub. com/journalsReprints.nav Reprints: http://www.sagepub. com/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions: http://cps.sagepub. com/cgi/content/refs/36/1-2/7 SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): (this article cites 42 articles hosted on the Citations
DIVERGENCE, WAGE-GAP AND GEOGRAPHY

We develop a geographic growth model where nominal wages are allowed to diverge between the two considered countries. Removing the standard assumption entailing that both countries always own a traditional sector, we argue that, as trade gets freer, the traditional sector of one country might cease to exist so that wages increase: it gives rise to an additional dispersion force independent of trade costs. Hence, the core-periphery outcome might never be reached, which contradicts previous literature’s results. We also question a hallmark of the literature since we argue that full agglomeration of firms might actually lead to slower growth for both countries.
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION OF CHIAPA DE CORZO, CHIAPAS, MEXICO: AN ANALYSIS OF CHANGING STRATEGIES OF RULERSHIP IN A MIDDLE FORMATIVE THROUGH EARLY CLASSIC MESOAMERICAN POLITICAL CENTER

This study investigates the evolution of the early polity of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico, from its inception as a political center during the early Middle Formative Dili phase (100-750 B.C) through its apparent peak in political power during the early Terminal Formative Horcones phase (100 B.C.-100 A.D). I approach the evolution of this polity through an analysis of how eight different strategies were employed by rulers in governing the hinterland over the trajectory of Chiapa de Corzo as a political center. My evaluation of the evolution of these political strategies is based on my full coverage survey of 107 km² of Chiapa de Corzo and a portion of its southern hinterland, as well as the large body of research conducted by the New World Archaeological Foundation at Chiapa de Corzo proper. I focus on changes in the following strategies: projection of power into the hinterland; control over access to agricultural lands; control over access to obsidian; control over networks of communication; the use of warfare and coercion; the formation of elite identity, community identity and the use of feasting; and control over ritual and religion. Changes in how rulers applied different strategies suggest that political power at Chiapa de Corzo did not evolve steadily towards stronger and more integrated authority over the hinterland. In some phases increases in markers of status differentiation between rulers and subjects were accompanied by the development and strengthening of mechanisms to project power into the hinterland. However, in other phases increases in status differentiation at the center appear to have been accompanied by the atrophy of aspects of the projection of power and control over economic activities in the hinterland. While the general trend in the part of the Chiapa de Corzo trajectory covered in this study was towards greater political complexity and integration of the hinterland, a focus on the strategies utilized by rulers reveals that these processes did not proceed uniformly.
Improving the Performance of Web Search Using Users' Bookmarks

In this paper we propose using the bookmark and combination with the other feature for web search engine. As the majority of current web search engines use keyword-based method for similarity computing, they cannot discriminate important web pages among huge amount of search results. The proposed system reflects collaborative evaluation by users by accumulating the number of bookmark on a web page. In this paper we implement a user interface that helps to store bookmark count and click count separately according to pages by multiple users, and estimate a ranking function though several features on returned result page. The experimental results show that the accuracy of proposed system is improved by as much as 30.5% compared to conventional web search engines.
RUSLE APPLICATIONS ON ARIZONA RANGELANDS

The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a standardized soil erosion prediction equation that can be used for many land use situations. The USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service is the primary user of RUSLE. Because of the variable nature of rangelands and their large size, there are limitations of the use of RUSLE on rangelands. With understanding of those limitations, RUSLE can still serve as an effective and easy tool to indicate average annual soil loss per acre.
Multivariate performance measures for evaluating speckle suppression filters for multitemporal multi-incident SAR imagery

Image speckle is inherent in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data resulting in difficulty interpreting raw radar imagery and necessitating some form of image enhancement. A wide variety of filter types are available to reduce speckle and a number of univariate or subjective methods have been proposed to evaluate their efficacy. However, there are few multivariate criteria to evaluate optimal filter type and kernel size in the analysis of multi-image datasets. Optimal selection of both is especially critical when the target features approach the pixel size of the radar images. In this study, we present principal component analysis and multiple discriminate analysis as quantitative multivariate approaches to evaluate filter performance, primarily focusing on speckle suppression in multitemporal multi-incident angle SAR datasets. We also examine application of these criteria to a texture-based filter. Five common filtering techniques are evaluated to determine which filter type and size maximized the multivariate redundancy and discrimination of classes in radar data in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. We found the performance of all filters increased rapidly for small kernels, but they approach a maximum after which little improvement occurs with size. Of the filters examined, the Gamma filter (11×11 kernel size) was optimal based on the multivariate criteria and, although not statistically significant, was able to detect forest age in regenerating dry rice fields (ladang).