Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The spectral sequence of an equivariant chain complex and homology with local coefficients

We study the spectral sequence associated to the filtration by powers of the augmentation ideal on the (twisted) equivariant chain complex of the universal cover of a connected CW-complex X. In the process, we identify the d 1 differential in terms of the coalgebra structure of H * (X, k) and the kπ 1 (X)-module structure on the twisting coefficients. In particular, this recovers in dual form a result of Reznikov on the mod p cohomology of cyclic p-covers of aspherical complexes. This approach provides information on the homology of all Galois covers of X. It also yields computable upper bounds on the ranks of the cohomology groups of X, with coefficients in a prime-power order, rank one local system. When X admits a minimal cell decomposition, we relate the linearization of the equivariant cochain complex of the universal abelian cover to the Aomoto complex, arising from the cup-product structure of H* (X, k), thereby generalizing a result of Cohen and Orlik.
Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Heart with Emphasis on E11.5 to E18.5

In humans, congenital heart diseases are common. Since the rapid progression of transgenic technologies, the mouse has become the major animal model of defective cardiovascular development. Moreover, genetically modified mice frequently die in utero, commonly due to abnormal cardiovascular development. A variety of publications address specific developmental stages or structures of the mouse heart, but a single reference reviewing and describing the anatomy and histology of cardiac developmental events, stage by stage, has not been available. The aim of this color atlas, which demonstrates embryonic/fetal heart development, is to provide a tool for pathologists and biomedical scientists to use for detailed histological evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections of the developing mouse heart with emphasis on embryonic days (E) 11.5–18.5. The selected images illustrate the main structures and developmental events at each stage and serve as reference material for the confirmation of the chronological age of the embryo/early fetus and assist in the identification of any abnormalities. An extensive review of the literature covering cardiac development pre-E11.5 is summarized in the introduction. Although the focus of this atlas is on the descriptive anatomic and histological development of the normal mouse heart from E11.5 to E18.5, potential embryonic cardiac lesions are discussed with a list of the most common transgenic pre- and perinatal heart defects. Representative images of hearts at E11.5–15.5 and E18.5 are provided in Figures 2–4, 6, 8, and 9. A complete set of labeled images (Figures E11.5–18.5) is available on the CD enclosed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. All digital images can be viewed online at https://niehsimages.epl-inc.com with the username “ToxPath” and the password “embryohearts. ”
An Investigation Of The Relationship Between Students’ Views On Homework And Their Learning Styles

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between students’ views on homework and their learning styles. The study follows a descriptive survey model. It is also an example of descriptive study in relational screening model. Target population is all first, second, third, and fourth year students who are enrolled in Cukurova University Primary School Classroom Teaching Department. The participants are 443 students who volunteered to fill in the data collection forms used in the study. Of the participants, 90 were first year, 103 were second year, 140 were third year, and 110 were fourth year students. 275 of the students participating in the study were female (62.1%) and 168 were male (37.9%). The data were collected through “Homework Attitudes Scale” developed by Gunduz (2005), Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory (LSI) which was first examined for its applicability in Turkey by Askar and Akkoyunlu (1993), “Homework Purpose Scale”, “Homework Management Scale” and “Personal Information Form” developed by the researcher. No instruments were used to measure students’ academic success levels; their academic success was identified according to the overall mean score obtained from the scores they received from all lessons. Findings show that 141 students (31.8%) preferred assimilating learning style while 133 students (30%) preferred converging learning style. Dominant learning style was found to differ according to grade level and grade point average. The difference in terms of homework attitudes, homework purpose, and homework management scale mean scores was in favour of mostly students who have converging learning style. Besides, there was a significant difference in terms of doing homework on time in favour of students who have converging learning style, and there was a significant difference in terms of coming to class without homework in favour of students who have diverging learning style.
Lay theories of smoking and young adult nonsmokers’ and smokers’ smoking expectations

This study investigated the relationship between lay theories of cigarette smoking and expectations to smoke. An incremental lay theory of smoking entails the belief that smoking behavior can change; an entity theory entails the belief that smoking behavior cannot change. Undergraduate nonsmokers and smokers completed a survey that assessed lay theories of smoking and smoking expectations. Results demonstrated that lay theories of smoking were differentially associated with smoking expectations for nonsmokers and smokers: stronger incremental beliefs were associated with greater expectations of trying smoking for nonsmokers but lower expectations of becoming a regular smoker for smokers. Implications for interventions are discussed.
Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens extracellular glutamate and glucose during motivated glucose‐drinking behavior: dissecting the neurochemistry of reward

While motivated behavior involves multiple neurochemical systems, few studies have focused on the role of glutamate, the brain's excitatory neurotransmitter, and glucose, the energetic substrate of neural activity in reward‐related neural processes. Here, we used high‐speed amperometry with enzyme‐based substrate‐sensitive and control, enzyme‐free biosensors to examine second‐scale fluctuations in the extracellular levels of these substances in the nucleus accumbens shell during glucose‐drinking behavior in trained rats. Glutamate rose rapidly after the presentation of a glucose‐containing cup and before the initiation of drinking (reward seeking), decreased more slowly to levels below baseline during consumption (sensory reward), and returned to baseline when the ingested glucose reached the brain (metabolic reward). When water was substituted for glucose, glutamate rapidly increased with cup presentation and in contrast to glucose drinking, increased above baseline after rats tasted the water and refused to drink further. Therefore, extracellular glutamate show distinct changes associated with key events of motivated drinking behavior and opposite dynamics during sensory and metabolic components of reward. In contrast to glutamate, glucose increased at each stimulus and behavioral event, showing a sustained elevation during the entire behavior and a robust post‐ingestion rise that correlated with the gradual return of glutamate levels to their baseline. By comparing active drinking with passive intra‐gastric glucose delivery, we revealed that fluctuations in extracellular glucose are highly dynamic, reflecting a balance between rapid delivery because of neural activity, intense metabolism, and the influence of ingested glucose reaching the brain.
A Randomized Phase II Presurgical Trial of Transdermal 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Gel versus Oral Tamoxifen in Women with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast

Purpose: Local transdermal therapy to the breast may achieve effective target-organ drug delivery, while diminishing systemic effects. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial comparing transdermal 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel (4-OHT) to oral tamoxifen (oral-T) in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Methods: Twenty-seven pre- and postmenopausal women were randomized to 4-OHT (4 mg/day) or oral-T (20 mg/day) for 6 to 10 weeks before surgery. Plasma, nipple aspirate fluid, and breast adipose tissue concentrations of tamoxifen and its major metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The primary endpoint was Ki67 labeling in DCIS lesions, measured by immunohistochemistry. In plasma, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGFI), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and coagulation protein concentrations were determined. Results: Posttherapy Ki67 decreased by 3.4% in the 4-OHT and 5.1% in the oral-T group (P ≤ 0.03 in both, between-group P = 0. 99). Mean plasma 4-OHT was 0.2 and 1.1 ng/mL in 4-OHT and oral groups, respectively (P = 0.0003), whereas mean breast adipose tissue concentrations of 4-OHT were 5.8 ng/g in the 4-OHT group and 5.4 ng/g in the oral group (P = 0.88). There were significant increases in plasma SHBG, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor and a significant decrease in plasma IGFI with oral-T, but not with 4-OHT. The incidence of hot flashes was similar in both groups. Conclusions: The antiproliferative effect of 4-OHT gel applied to breast skin was similar to that of oral-T, but effects on endocrine and coagulation parameters were reduced. These findings support the further evaluation of local transdermal therapy for DCIS and breast cancer prevention. Clin Cancer Res; 20(14); 3672–82. ©2014 AACR.
Effective Reading Comprehension in EFL Contexts: Individual and Collaborative Concept Mapping Strategies

The present study attempted to investigate the possible impacts of Individual Concept Mapping (ICM) and Collaborative Concept Mapping (CCM) strategies on Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension. For this purpose, 90 pre-intermediate female language learners ranged between 12 to 17 years of age were selected to randomly assign into ICM, CCM and Control groups in this study. After taking Key English Test (KET), the ICM and CCM groups received EFL reading materials presented and practiced with ICM and CCM strategies, respectively, while the Control group received only conventional instructions to reading comprehension. After conducting the treatment, all participants took a Concept Mapping post-test constructed by the researchers. The hypothetical assumptions in this study were in favor of ICM and CCM strategies to improve the Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension. Statistics supported the outperformance of the ICM and CCM groups comparing to Control group who received convention PPP teaching techniques on Concept Mapping post-test. However, the superiority of neither strategies was statistically proved so that no meaningful difference between the reading comprehension of the ICM and CCM groups were detected. Therefore, the researchers failed to determine which strategy caused a better or higher impact. Some pedagogical implications and recommended topics for further research were provided to the motivated researchers.
Simplified method for modeling the impact of arbitrary partial shading conditions on PV array performance

It is often difficult to model the effects of partial shading conditions on PV array performance, as shade losses are nonlinear and depend heavily on a system's particular configuration. This work describes and implements a simple method for modeling shade loss: a database of shade impact results (loss percentages), generated using a validated, detailed simulation tool and encompassing a wide variety of shading scenarios. The database is intended to predict shading losses in crystalline silicon PV arrays and is accessed using basic inputs generally available in any PV simulation tool. Performance predictions using the database are within 1-2% of measured data for several partially shaded PV systems, and within 1% of those predicted by the full, detailed simulation tool on an annual basis. The shade loss database shows potential to considerably improve performance prediction for partially shaded PV systems.
Alignment of Multiple Ontologies of Anatomy: Deriving Indirect Mappings from Direct Mappings to a Reference

OBJECTIVE To investigate the indirect alignment of two anatomical ontologies through a reference ontology and to compare it to direct alignment between these two ontologies. The ontologies under investigation are the Adult Mouse Anatomical Dictionary (MA) and the NCI Thesaurus (NCI). The Foundational Model of Anatomy serves as reference ontology. METHODS The direct alignment employs a combination of lexical and structural similarity. The indirect alignment simply derives mappings from direct alignments to the reference ontology. RESULTS The indirect MA-NCI alignment yielded 703 mappings and the direct alignment 715, 654 of which are common to both. The mappings specific to one approach were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS When a reference ontology exists, indirect alignment of multiple ontologies through a reference represents a valid, cost-effective alternative to pairwise alignment.
Atrial stretch, not pressure, is the principal determinant controlling the acute release of atrial natriuretic factor.

The current studies were designed to investigate the mechanisms in the intact anesthetized dog that control the release of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). In vitro, mechanical stretch of atrial tissue produces an increased release of ANF. In vivo, changes in atrial pressure correlate positively with circulating ANF levels. The present investigations used 6 open-chest anesthetized dogs to evaluate the role of atrial pressure versus atrial stretch, the latter determined by atrial transmural pressure, in the release of ANF. In a paired design, animals underwent cardiac tamponade followed by constriction of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Tamponade produces a balanced increase in intra-atrial and pericardial pressures. Thus, despite an elevated atrial pressure, there is no increase in transmural pressure producing atrial stretch. Great artery constriction increases intra-atrial but not pericardial pressure, resulting in an increase in atrial transmural pressure and atrial stretch. Cardiac tamponade increased right atrial pressure (0.8 +/- 0.3 to G.6 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (3.7 +/- 0.6 to 8.8 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Constriction of the aorta and pulmonary artery also increased right atrial pressure (1.5 +/- 0.8 to 6.3 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (4.6 +/- 0.3 to 7.8 +/- 1.0 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Atrial transmural pressure increased only during great artery constriction. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Child and adolescent inpatient restraint reduction: a state initiative to promote strength-based care.

OBJECTIVE To reduce the use of restraint and seclusion with children and adolescents in psychiatric inpatient units by promoting a preventive, strength-based model of care. METHOD The State Mental Health Authority used data analysis, quality improvement strategies, regulatory oversight, and technical assistance to develop and implement system change over a 22-month period. No changes in regulation or policy were undertaken. RESULTS Comparative data collected before and after the interventions demonstrated substantial reductions in the use of restraint and seclusion. Child units (age 5-12) decreased from 84.03 to 22.78 episodes per 1,000 patient days (72.9%), adolescent units from 72.22 to 37.99 episodes (47.4%), and mixed child/adolescent units from 73.37 to 30.08 episodes (59%). CONCLUSIONS The use of restraint and seclusion in child and adolescent inpatient settings can be reduced through a systems approach, which may have applicability to other settings and systems.
Overall Diet Quality and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose: To examine overall diet quality in relation to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: This case-control study identified 437 advanced AMD patients and 259 unrelated controls using stereoscopic color fundus photographs. Participants were predominantly non-Hispanic White men and women from North Carolina and Tennessee. A 97-item Block food frequency questionnaire was used to gather diet information, and overall diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI). Results: Participants in the highest quartile of diet quality had significantly reduced odds of AMD according to the AHEI score (0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.99) and non-significantly reduced odds of AMD according to the HEI (0.75, 0.41–1.38). Odds of AMD were also 51% lower in the highest quartile of fish intake compared to the lowest quartile (odds ratio = 0.49, 0.26–0.90). Conclusions: We found that advanced AMD was significantly related to overall diet quality. The AHEI score may be a useful instrument for assessing AMD risk due to diet, and it could potentially be improved by incorporating more specific information regarding micronutrient intake.
Pathogen-Sensing and Regulatory T Cells: Integrated Regulators of Immune Responses

We present the concept that pathogen-sensing and regulatory T cells (Treg) mutually regulate immune responses to conventional and tumor antigens through countervailing effects on dendritic cells (DC). Normally, conventional CD4 T cells recognizing their cognate antigen presented by a DC will respond only if the DC also receives a signal through its pathogen-sensing/danger/adjuvant recognition systems (the pathogen-sensing triad). However, in the absence of Tregs capable of interacting with the same DC, DCs are competent to present antigens, both foreign and self, even without the stimulation provided by the pathogen-sensing triad. Tregs recognizing an antigen presented by the DC that is also presenting antigen to a conventional CD4 T cell will prevent the activation of the CD4 T-cell responses, but a signal delivered by a member of the pathogen-sensing triad will overcome the inhibitory action of Tregs, thus allowing CD4 T-cell responses to go forward. These considerations take on special meaning for responses to “weak antigens” such as many of the antigens displayed by spontaneous human tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(6); 503–9. ©2014 AACR.
GATA2 deficiency

Purpose of reviewGATA2 deficiency is a germline disease that causes a wide spectrum of phenotypes including viral and bacterial infections, cytopenias, myelodysplasia, myeloid leukemias, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphedema. The age of clinical presentation ranges from early childhood to late adulthood, with most occurring in adolescence to early adulthood. We review the expanding GATA2-deficient phenotype, molecular genetics of disease and developments in treatment. Recent findingsGATA2 mutations have been found in up to 10% of those with congenital neutropenia and/or aplastic anemia. Heterozygous mutations appear to cause haploinsufficiency due to either protein dysfunction or uniallelic reduced transcription. Disease-associated mutations in intronic regulatory elements or variations within the 5’ leader exons indicate that regulation of GATA2 is critical. Those with GATA2 mutations are at high risk for myelodysplasia, cytogenetic abnormalities, acute myeloid leukemia or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Bone marrow transplantation has been successful for both hematopoietic and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis repair. SummaryGATA2 is a zinc finger transcription factor essential for embryonic and definitive hematopoiesis as well as lymphatic angiogenesis. GATA2 deficiency is caused by a variety of mutations in the GATA2 gene and can have variable presentation, onset and outcome. Patients are susceptible to mycobacterial, viral and fungal infections and can develop myelodysplasia, acute or chronic leukemias, lymphedema and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation reverses most of the clinical phenotype with good long-term outcomes.
High field structural MRI in the management of degenerative cervical myelopathy

Abstract Introduction: This is a narrative overview of the pathophysiology, investigation and management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM). This review article also takes a look ahead to the impact high resolution MRI may have on treatment. Background: DCM is the most common cause of spinal dysfunction and yet it remains poorly understood. It is becoming increasingly common in our ageing population. Disc and facet joint abnormalities, osteophytes, spondylothisthesis and ligamentous hypertrophy all act together to produce spinal canal and neuronal foramina stenosis which in turn causes neural compromise. Its impact on the quality of life of this patient group and the wider economy is vast. Some patients with overt cord compression and MRI signal change in their cervical cord may only have subtle clinical signs whilst others with less striking imaging may be profoundly myelopathic. Who to operate on and when remains a neurosurgical dilemma in this group of patients. Methods: A number of articles with a broad variation in methodology were reviewed and referenced during the production of this paper. Results: This paper is a narrative review. The results presented in all the referenced articles were considered. Conclusion: The process of developing new imaging techniques will give a greater understanding of the causes of the symptoms of DCM and in a wider context facilitate further surgical and medical strategies that are more cost effective and beneficial to patients. The advent of 7T MRI or further optimisation of safer 3T MRI sequences may soon provide this opportunity and the diagnostic gap in spinal cord imaging can begin to close.
Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of antinuclear antibodies in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence, types, and sociodemographic and biobehavioral correlates of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in the US. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 4,754 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. ANAs were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. In ANA-positive individuals, cellular staining patterns were determined, and specific autoantibody reactivities were assessed by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The ANA prevalence in the US population of individuals ages 12 years and older was 13.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 12.2-15.5%). ANA prevalence increased with age (P=0.01), and ANAs were more prevalent among females than males (17.8% versus 9.6%; P<0.001), with the female-to-male ratio peaking at 40-49 years of age. ANA prevalence was modestly higher in African Americans compared with whites (age-adjusted prevalence odds ratio [POR] 1.30, 95% CI 1.00-1.70). Remarkably, ANAs were less common in overweight and obese individuals (age-adjusted POR 0.74) than in persons of normal weight. No significant associations of ANA with education, family income, alcohol use, smoking history, serum levels of cotinine, or C-reactive protein were observed. In ANA-positive individuals, nuclear patterns were seen in 84.6%, cytoplasmic patterns were seen in 21.8%, and nucleolar patterns were seen in 6.1%; the most common specific autoantibodies were anti-Ro (3.9%) and anti-Su (2.4%). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that more than 32 million persons in the US have ANAs, and that the prevalence is higher among females, older individuals, African Americans, and those with a normal body weight. These data will serve as a useful baseline for future investigations of predictors and changes in ANA prevalence over time.