Ceramic Processing and Sintering

CERAMIC FABRICATION PROCESSES: AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW Introduction Ceramic Fabrication Processes Production of Polycrystalline Ceramics from Powders: An Overview A Case Study in Processing: The Fabrication of TiO 2 from Powders SYNTHESIS OF POWDERS Introduction Desirable Powder Characteristics Powder Synthesis Methods Powder Preparation by Mechanical Methods Powder Synthesis by Chemical Methods POWDER CHARACTERIZATION Introduction Physical Characterization Chemical Composition Crystal Structure and Phase Composition Surface Characterization SCIENCE OF COLLOIDAL PROCESSING Introduction Types of Colloids Attractive Surface Forces Stabilization of Colloidal Suspensions Electrostatic Stabilization Steric Stabilization Electrosteric Stabilization Structure of Consolidated Colloids Rheology of Colloidal Suspensions SOL-GEL PROCESSING Introduction Types of Gels Sol-Gel Processing of Aqueous Silicates Metal Alkoxides Sol-Gel Processing of Silicon Alkoxides Sol-Gel Preparation Techniques Applications of Sol-Gel Processing POWDER CONSOLIDATION AND FORMING OF CERAMICS Introduction Packing of Particles Additives and Ceramic Forming Forming of Ceramics Drying of Granular Ceramics Binder Removal Green Microstructures and Their Characterization SINTERING OF CERAMICS: FUNDAMENTALS Introduction Driving Force for Sintering Defects in Crystalline Solids Diffusion in Crystalline Solids Chemical Potential Diffusional Flux Equations Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface Diffusion in Ionic Crystals: Ambipolar Diffusion THEORY OF SOLID-STATE AND VISCOUS SINTERING Introduction Mechanisms of Sintering Effects of Grain Boundaries Theoretical Analysis of Sintering Scaling Laws Analytical Models Numerical Simulation of Sintering Phenomenological Sintering Equations Sintering Diagrams Sintering with an Externally Applied Pressure The Stress Intensification Factor The Sintering Stress Measurement of the Sintering Stress and Stress Intensification Factor Alternative Derivation of the Sintering Equations GRAIN GROWTH AND MICROSTRUCTURE CONTROL Introduction General Features of Grain Growth Ostwald Ripening: The LSW Theory Topological and Interfacial Tension Requirements Normal Grain Growth in Dense Solids Abnormal Grain Growth in Dense Solids Mechanisms Controlling the Boundary Mobility Grain Growth and Pore Evaluation in Porous Solids Simultaneous Densification and Grain Growth Fabrication Principles for Ceramics with Controlled Microstructure LIQUID-PHASE SINTERING Introduction Elementary Features of Liquid-Phase Sintering Stages of Liquid-Phase Sintering Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors Grain Boundary Films The Basic Mechanisms of Liquid-Phase Sintering Hot Pressing with a Liquid Phase Use of Phase Diagrams in Liquid-Phase Sintering Activated Sintering Vitrification SPECIAL TOPICS IN SINTERING Introduction Rayleigh Instability and Microstructural Evolution Inhomogeneities and Their Effects on Sintering Constrained Sintering I: Rigid Inclusions Constrained Sintering II: Adherent Thin Films and Multilayers Thin Films: Grain Growth and Dimensional Stability Solid Solution Additives and the Sintering of Ceramics Sintering with Chemical Reaction: Reaction Sintering Viscous Sintering with Crystallization DENSIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES AND DENSIFICATION PRACTICE Introduction Conventional Sintering Microwave Sintering Pressure Sintering Appendix A: Physical Constants Appendix B: SI Units-Names and Symbols Appendix C: Conversion of Units and Decimal Fractions and Multiples Appendix D: Ionic Crystal Radii (in units of 10-10 m) Appendix E: Density and Melting Point of Some Elements, Ceramics, and Minerals Appendix F: Aperture Size of U.S. Standard Wire Mesh Sieves (ASTM E 11:87) Index *All chapter contain Concluding Remarks, Problems, and References