Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Quantifying the Relationship between Medications and Suicidal Behaviour What Has Been Learned? Population-based Changes in Suicide Rates May Quantifying the Relationship between Medications and Suicidal Behaviour 377

In recent years there has been considerable concern that certain classes of drugs, for example antidepressants, may increase the risk of suicide. In this current opinion article, we examine the literature on methodological and statistical approaches to the design and analysis of suicidal event studies. Experimental , ecological and observational studies of the relationship between drugs and suicidal events (thoughts, attempts and completion) are discussed. Areas considered include analysis of spontaneous reporting system data, ecological trends in national and/or small area (e.g. county) suicide rates, meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials, and large-scale medical claims data. New statistical and experimental strategies for investigating possible associations between drugs and suicide are highlighted, and we suggest directions for future statistical/methodological research. To put this into context, we then review the most recent literature on the relationship between drugs (antidepressants, anti-epileptics, varenicline, montelukast and antipsychotics) and suicidal events. Overall, there appears to be little evidence that drugs increase the risk of suicide and related behaviour. Numerous lines of evidence in adults clearly demonstrate that inadequate treatment of depression (pharmacotherapy and/ or psychotherapy) is associated with increased risk of suicidal behaviour. In children, the results are less clear and further study is required to better de-lineate which children benefit from treatment and who may be at increased risk as a consequence of treatment. From a statistical and methodological perspective, the field of pharmacoepidemiology is a fertile area for statistical research, both in theory and in application. In general, methods have been adopted from other areas such as general epidemiology, despite the singular nature of many of the problems that are unique to drug safety in general, in particular the study of rare events. Finally, there is considerable debate concerning the communication of risk. For suicide, regulatory action has been taken largely on the basis of evidence suggesting increased risk of suicidal CURRENT OPINION thoughts. However, suicidal thoughts are quite common, particularly among patients with depression, and may have little relationship to suicidal behaviour and/or completion. The enormous human cost of suicide makes research and prevention of suicide a national priority. [1] Worldwide, there are about 1 million suicides annually. In the last 25 years, approximately 750 000 people committed suicide in the US, and suicides outnumber homicides by at least a 3 : 2 ratio. Deaths from suicide exceeded deaths from AIDS by 200 000 in the past 20 years, and four times as many …
Structural segments and residue propensities in protein-RNA interfaces: Comparison with protein-protein and protein-DNA complexes

The interface of a protein molecule that is involved in binding another protein, DNA or RNA has been characterized in terms of the number of unique secondary structural segments (SSSs), made up of stretches of helix, strand and non-regular (NR) regions. On average 10-11 segments define the protein interface in protein-protein (PP) and protein-DNA (PD) complexes, while the number is higher (14) for protein-RNA (PR) complexes. While the length of helical segments in PP interaction increases with the interface area, this is not the case in PD and PR complexes. The propensities of residues to occur in the three types of secondary structural elements (SSEs) in the interface relative to the corresponding elements in the protein tertiary structures have been calculated. Arg, Lys, Asn, Tyr, His and Gln are preferred residues in PR complexes; in addition, Ser and Thr are also favoured in PD interfaces.
Snapshot of the Eukaryotic Gene Expression in Muskoxen Rumen—A Metatranscriptomic Approach

Background Herbivores rely on digestive tract lignocellulolytic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa, to derive energy and carbon from plant cell wall polysaccharides. Culture independent metagenomic studies have been used to reveal the genetic content of the bacterial species within gut microbiomes. However, the nature of the genes encoded by eukaryotic protozoa and fungi within these environments has not been explored using metagenomic or metatranscriptomic approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, a metatranscriptomic approach was used to investigate the functional diversity of the eukaryotic microorganisms within the rumen of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), with a focus on plant cell wall degrading enzymes. Polyadenylated RNA (mRNA) was sequenced on the Illumina Genome Analyzer II system and 2.8 gigabases of sequences were obtained and 59129 contigs assembled. Plant cell wall degrading enzyme modules including glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases and polysaccharide lyases were identified from over 2500 contigs. These included a number of glycoside hydrolase family 6 (GH6), GH48 and swollenin modules, which have rarely been described in previous gut metagenomic studies. Conclusions/Significance The muskoxen rumen metatranscriptome demonstrates a much higher percentage of cellulase enzyme discovery and an 8.7x higher rate of total carbohydrate active enzyme discovery per gigabase of sequence than previous rumen metagenomes. This study provides a snapshot of eukaryotic gene expression in the muskoxen rumen, and identifies a number of candidate genes coding for potentially valuable lignocellulolytic enzymes.
Optimization of modulator and circuits for low power continuous-time Delta-Sigma ADC

This paper presents a new optimization method for achieving a minimum current consumption in a continuous-time Delta-Sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The method is applied to a continuous-time modulator realised with active-RC integrators and with a folded-cascode operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). Based on a detailed circuit analysis of the integrator and the OTA, key expression are derived relating the biasing current of the OTA to the noise requirements of the integrator. In the optimization the corner frequency of the modulator loop filter and the number of quantizer levels are swept. Based on the results of the circuit analysis, for each modulator combination the summed current consumption of the 1st integrator and quantizer of the ADC is determined. By also sweeping the partitioning of the noise power for the different circuit parts, the optimum modulator and circuit solution that fulfils a predefined set of performance requirements at minimum current is found. A design example is provided for a 3rd order modulator, achieving for the OTA of the 1st integrator and the quantizer a summed current consumption of 28 μA. An SNR of 84.3 dB in the 20 kHz audio band was achieved, when considering the noise from the 1st integrator and the quantizer.
Continuing Bonds : New Understandings of Grief

Acknowledgments Contributors Preface PART ONE: Examining the Dominant Model Chapter 1 Introduction: What's the Problem? , Phyllis R. Silverman and Dennis Klass PART TWO: Setting the Stage Chapter 2 Broken Hearts or Broken Bonds? , Margaret Stroebe, Mary Gergen, Kenneth Gergen and Wolfgang Stroebe Chapter 3 Grief That Does Not End, Paul C. Rosenblatt Chapter 4 Grief in an Eastern Culture: Japanese Ancestor Worship,Dennis Klass PART THREE: Bereaved Child Chapter 5 Children's Construction of Their Dead Parents, Phyllis R. Silverman and Steven L. Nickman Chapter 6 Bereaved Children's Changing Relationships with the Deceased, Claude L. Normand, Phyllis R. Silverman and Steven L. Nickman Chapter 7 Remembering a Parent Who Has Died: A Developmental Perspective, Betty C. Buchsbaum Chapter 8 Relationship and Heritage: Manifestations of Ongoing Attachment Following Father Death, Kirsten Tyson-Rawson PART FOUR: Spousal Bereavement Chapter 9 Widowhood and Husband Sanctification, Helena Znaniecka Lopata Chapter 10 Remarriage of Widowed Persons: A Triadic Relationship, Miriam S. Moss and Sidney Z. Moss Chapter 11 Memories of the Death and Life of a Spouse: The Role of Images and Sense of Presence in Grief, Roberta Dew Conant PART FIVE: Parental Bereavement Chapter 12 The Deceased Child in the Psychic and Social Worlds of Bereaved Parents During the Resolution of Grief, Dennis Klass Chapter 13 The Wounded Family: Bereaved Parents and the Impact of Adult Child Loss, Simon Shimshon Rubin PART SIX: Bereaved Siblings Chapter 14 Basic Constructs of a Theory of Adolescent Sibling Bereavement, Nancy Hogan and Lydia DeSantis PART SEVEN: Adoptee Losses Chapter 15 Retroactive Loss in Adopted Persons, Steven Nickman Chapter 16 Grief and the Birth Origin Fantasies of Adopted Women, Susan Miller-Havens PART EIGHT: Meanings and Implications Chapter 17 Grief and the Role of the Inner Representation of the Deceased, Samuel J. Marwit and Dennis Klass Chapter 18 Attachment and the Reactions of Bereaved College Students: A Longitudinal Study, David E. Balk Chapter 19 Dilemmas in Identification for the Post-Nazi Generation: "My Good Father Was a Bad Man? ", Lora Heims Tessman PART NINE: Conclusion Chapter 20 Concluding Thoughts, Phyllis R. Silverman and Steven L. Nickman Index
F ¨ Ur Mathematik in Den Naturwissenschaften Leipzig Function, Gradient and Hessian Recovery Using Quadratic Edge-bump Functions Function, Gradient and Hessian Recovery Using Quadratic Edge-bump Functions *

An approximate error function for the discretization error on a given mesh is obtained by projecting (via the energy inner product) the functional residual onto the space of continuous, piecewise quadratic functions which vanish on the vertices of the mesh. Conditions are given under which one can expect this hierarchical basis error estimator to give efficient and reliable function recovery , asymptotically exact gradient recovery and convergent Hessian recovery in the square norms. One does not find similar function recovery results in the literature. The analysis given here is based on a certain superconvergence result which has been used elsewhere in the analysis of gradient recovery methods. Numerical experiments are provided which demonstrate the effectivity of the approximate error function in practice. 1. Introduction. Hierarchical basis a posteriori error estimators were introduced in the early 1980s [22], and a general framework for the analysis of their effectivity and computational cost has been given by Bank [1, 3] and others. The basic idea behind such methods is that the base space of functions V h , in which we wish to find our finite element approximation u h , is augmented by a complementary space˜V h such that the composite space V h ⊕ ˜ V h provides an improved finite element approximation ¯ u h. In symbols, |||u − ¯ u h ||| ≤ β|||u − u h ||| for some β ∈ [0, 1), where ||| · ||| is the energy norm associated with the underlying bilinear form. This improved approximation assumption is referred to as a saturation assumption. An approximate error function ε h ≈ u − u h is computed in the space˜V h. Using the saturation assumption and strengthened Cauchy inequalities between the spaces V h and˜V h , effectivity estimates of the form
Possible drug-induced thrombocytopenia secondary to tiagabine

Tiagabine is an antiepileptic drug (AED) authorized for use in Germany since 1996 as an adjunctive therapy in adults and children (12 years of age and older) to treat partial seizures. Common side effects include dizziness, asthenia, tremor, diarrhea, nervousness, depression, and emotional lability.1 No clinically relevant hematologic effects have been reported.2 We describe a case of severe thrombocytopenia associated with tiagabine adjunctive therapy. The patient was a 42-year-old woman with intractable cryptogenic focal epilepsy and without other neurologic findings. She was treated with carbamazepine since 1979; since 1995, in a delayed-release preparation of 700 mg twice daily. From August until December 1996, combination therapy with lamotrigine (maximum dose of 400 mg/d) was used; this dose was gradually reduced to 50 mg twice daily. Routine laboratory diagnostics showed no hematologic alterations over 20 years of observation. After a strumectomy in 1977, the patient took 50 mg/d …
ICDAR 2011 - Arabic Recognition Competition: Multi-font Multi-size Digitally Represented Text

This paper describes the Arabic Recognition Competition: Multi-font Multi-size Digitally Represented Text held in the context of the 11$^{th}$ International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR2011), during September 18-21, 2011, Beijing, China. This first competition used the freely available Arabic Printed Text Image (APTI) database. Several research groups have started using the APTI database and this year, 2 groups with 3 systems are participating in the competition. The systems are compared using the recognition rates at the character and word levels. The systems were tested on one test dataset which is unknown to all participants (set 6 of APTI database). The systems are compared on the most important characteristic of classification systems, the recognition rate. A short description of the participating groups, their systems, the experimental setup, and the observed results are presented.
Physiological and Morphological Aspects of Aedes aegypti Developing Larvae: Effects of the Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Novaluron

Population control of the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is difficult due to many reasons, one being the development of resistance to neurotoxic insecticides employed. The biosynthesis of chitin, a major constituent of insect cuticle, is a novel target for population control. Novaluron is a benzoylphenylurea (BPU) that acts as a chitin synthesis inhibitor, already used against mosquitoes. However, information regarding BPU effects on immature mosquito stages and physiological parameters related with mosquito larval development are scarce. A set of physiological parameters were recorded in control developing larvae and novaluron was administered continuously to Ae. aegypti larvae, since early third instar. Larval instar period duration was recorded from third instar until pupation. Chitin content was measured during third and fourth instars. Fourth instars were processed histochemically at the mesothorax region, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for assessment of internal tissues, and labeled with WGA-FITC to reveal chitinized structures. In control larvae: i) there is a chitin content increase during both third and fourth instars where late third instars contain more chitin than early fourth instars; ii) thoracic organs and a continuous cuticle, closely associated with the underlying epidermis were observed; iii) chitin was continuously present throughout integument cuticle. Novaluron treatment inhibited adult emergence, induced immature mortality, altered adult sex ratio and caused delay in larval development. Moreover, novaluron: i) significantly affected chitin content during larval development; ii) induced a discontinuous and altered cuticle in some regions while epidermis was often thinner or missing; iii) rendered chitin cuticle presence discontinuous and less evident. In both control and novaluron larvae, chitin was present in the peritrophic matrix. This study showed quantitatively and qualitatively evidences of novaluron effects on Ae. aegypti larval development. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing histological alterations produced by a BPU in immature vector mosquitoes.
Supporting participation in physical education at school in youth with type 1 diabetes

It is not clear how best to support youth with type 1 diabetes to participate in physical education (PE) at school. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of facilitators and barriers to PE in youth with type 1 diabetes and to determine how schools can help these individuals to be physically active. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with youth with type 1 diabetes aged 7–9 (n = 8) and 12–14 (n = 8) years with type 1 diabetes, their parents (n = 16), diabetes professionals (n = 9) and schoolteachers (n = 37). Data were thematically analysed. Four main themes were identified relating to support needs of youth with diabetes in school in general and specifically in PE lessons: (1) differences between primary and secondary schools; (2) areas requiring address in all schools; (3) what teachers can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes; and (4) what schools can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes support varied across schools. Primary schools in particular could improve communication between schools and primary specialist PE teachers regarding youth with type 1 diabetes to aid participation in PE. Diabetes knowledge was limited among all teachers. Participants felt that diabetes could be used as an excuse to sit out of PE and that teachers’ fears could facilitate this. Improved and consistent diabetes management training and guidance on the responsibilities of teachers is necessary. Better communication between schools, teachers, parents, youth with type 1 diabetes and diabetes professionals is also required. The findings have helped produce suggestions for practice and research on how to improve support for youth with type 1 diabetes in schools in general and specifically in PE lessons.
Perceptions of Schizophrenia in Multi-Cultural Britain

Objectives: The importance of perceptions of mental health problems from the perspectives of different ethnic populations is especially pertinent within a society such as Britain, which is culturally diverse, but employs a classification of psychopathology which is based upon western models. This study aimed to investigate differences in the lay perceptions of mental health problems, particularly schizophrenia, across different ethnic populations living in Britain. Further it aimed to look at the influence ethnic background had in relation to other variables such as age, gender, religion and contact with people with mental health problems. Design: 190 participants from five broad ethnic groups (Afro-Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Indian, Sub-Saharan African and White British) reported their perceptions of schizophrenia symptoms using the Perceptions of Mental Health Problems Questionnaire. Results: Differences were found across ethnic groups in participants' perceptions of schizophrenia symptoms. Differences were consistently shown across the specific symptoms of hallucinatory behaviour, suspiciousness, unusual thought content and alogia. In particular, in comparison with the white British group, Bangladeshi participants were less likely to view suspiciousness or hallucinatory behaviour as indicative of mental health problems, and the Afro-Caribbean participants were less likely to view unusual thought content as a symptom. As expected, differences in perceptions were also associated with religion, education, gender and contact with people with mental health problems. However, ethnicity was the best predictor of perceptions of schizophrenia symptoms. Conclusion: Ethnicity was found to be an important factor in influencing perceptions of schizophrenia. The specific differences found across ethnic groups are useful in beginning to understand more fully public perceptions of mental health problems in Britain today. The findings raise interesting discussion in relation to ethnic and cultural factors in planning services for people from ethnic minorities, and considering in more detail issues concerning diagnosis and engagement.
What Is Your Diagnosis?

A 6-month-old, 112-g sun conure ( Aratinga solstitialis) was presented by a pet store manager immediately after it had been attacked by a dog. The bird’s condition warranted a quick external examination before it was placed into an incubator. The physical examination revealed a poor response to stimuli, moderate weakness, and lethargy. The bird had drooped wings but was able to perch with a widened stance. Respiratory rate at rest was normal (40 breaths per minute; reference range, 40–52/ min), and heart rate was low normal (240 beats per minute; reference range, 206/min at rest, or 500– 600/min under restraint). 1 Thoracoabdominal auscultation was unremarkable and no abnormalities of the skin or feathers were observed. The basilic vein was moderately turgid and refilled instantly. The initial therapeutic plan included piperacillin (80 mg/ kg intramuscular [IM] q8h; Piperacil, 200 mg/ml, Lederle Inc, Carolina, PR), lactated Ringer’s solution (50 ml/kg subcutaneous [SC]), supplemental oxygen, and placement into an infant incubator at 30 C (86 F). After 10 hours of observation, the bird was more responsive and had a normal posture on the perch. Venous blood was collected for a complete blood count. Abnormal results of the diagnostic tests were (reference ranges in parentheses): total white blood cell count, 27.0 103 cells/ l (4.0–11.0 x 103 cells/ l); heterophils, 84% (55–75%); and lymphocytes, 15% (25–45%). 2 No abnormal cell morphology was observed. Physical examination at this time revealed 2 small (1to 2-cm) bilateral areas of subcutaneous gas along the caudoventral aspect of the pectoral muscles. Radiographs were attempted, but when the bird was placed in dorsal recumbency, audible sounds of fluid were heard on inspiration and expiration. The respiratory noises subsided quickly when the bird was placed on a low perch in the incubator. The therapeutic plan was then altered to include amikacin (15 mg/kg IM q12h; Amiglyde-V; Fort Dodge Laboratories, Fort Dodge, IA, USA), lactated Ringer’s solution (30 ml/kg SC), furosemide (2 mg/kg SC q12h); calcium gluconate (30 mg/kg IM; Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, St Joseph, MO, USA), and vitamin B complex (0.3 ml/kg IM; Butler, Columbus, OH, USA). Nutritional support (Emeraid I and II, 1 ml of each product per os; Lafeber Company, Cornell, IL, USA) was initiated by gavage at 24 hours after the bird was presented because of minimal appetite and weight loss of 6 g. Thirty-six hours after presentation, the bird was alert and responsive with diffuse areas of subcutaneous emphysema on the ventral and lateral torso. Because the bird still exhibited gurgling rales when placed in dorsal recumbency, radiographs were taken by using a horizontal beam and manual restraint (Figures 1 and 2).