Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Large-scale sophisticated linguistic monitoring

A key means of monitoring current and evolving events is through their linguistic signatures in text-based information sources (e.g, social media like Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit). Given the vast quantities of available data, reliable automated analysis is vital for assisting human intelligence in detecting credible threats. This is especially true given both (i) the complexity of information communicated via language, and (ii) the complexity of the human communication process. Currently, automated analysis software capable of operating over large-scale datasets in real time is limited in its ability to both (i) reliably detect sophisticated non-linguistic information communicated via the linguistic signal, and (ii) reliably decipher the true meaning underlying a particular linguistic signal. As one example, consider subtle linguistic cues that communicate bias: one post may describe a group as “freedom fighters” while another describes them as “terrorists”. The connotation of the first expression communicates something quite different from the second, indicating the writer’s bias for or against the group, which itself may indicate sympathies or group affiliations. The emerging field of computational sociolinguistics (Nguyen, Doğruöz, Rosé, & de Jong, 2016) tackles the automatic detection of this kind of non-linguistic information from the linguistic signal (e.g., connotations: Rashkin, Singh, & Choi, 2015; identity: Pearl & Steyvers, 2012; Pearl, Lu, & Haghighi, 2017; mental state: Pearl & Steyvers, 2010, 2013; Pearl & Enverga, 2015; perspectives: Hardisty, Boyd-Graber, & Resnik, 2010; Card, Boydstun, Gross, Resnik, & Smith, 2015). As another example, consider the complex reasoning process people use to understand language in context: if someone posts “oh yeah, i just want to murder that guy”, there are several possible interpretations. First, this post may be an example of hyperbole or exaggeration, with the writer negatively disposed towards the person in question but without plans to actually murder him. Second, this post may be an example of sarcasm or irony, with the writer positively inclined towards the person in question but using this expression to make a rhetorical point. Third, this post is literal truth and so is a legitimate death threat that should be monitored. Recent approaches in the field of computational pragmatics draw on shared context and human processes of social reasoning (Frank & Goodman, 2012; Goodman & Stuhlmüller, 2013; Goodman & Frank, 2016) to identify the true interpretation behind a particular linguistic expression (hyperbole: Kao, Wu, Bergen, & Goodman, 2014; irony: Kao & Goodman 2015; resolving ambiguity: Savinelli, Scontras, & Pearl, 2017; politeness: Yoon, Tessler, Goodman, & Frank, 2016; metaphor: Kao, Bergen, & Goodman, 2014; humor: Kao, Levy, & Goodman, 2015).
Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: How the Patient Followed the Doctor's Orders

O ne of the dangers with ivory tower theorizing is that it is easy to lose sight of the actual set of problems which need to be solved, and the range of potential solutions. As one who frequently engages in this exercise, I can attest to this fact. In my view, this loss of sight has become increasingly evident in the theoretical structure underlying environmental economics, which often emphasizes elegance at the expense of realism. In this paper, I will argue that both normative and positive theorizing could greatly benefit from a careful examination of the results of recent innovative approaches to environmental management. The particular set of policies examined here involves two tools which have received widespread support from the economics community: marketable permits and emission charges (Pigou, 1932; Dales, 1968; Kneese and Schultze, 1975). Both tools represent ways to induce businesses to search for lower cost methods of achieving environmental standards. They stand in stark contrast to the predominant "command-and-control" approach in which a regulator specifies the technology a firm must use to comply with regulations. Under highly restrictive conditions, it can be shown that both of the economic approaches share the desirable feature that any gains in environmental quality will be obtained at the lowest possible cost (Baumol and Oates, 1975). Until the 1960s, these tools only existed on blackboards and in academic journals, as products of the fertile imaginations of academics. However, some countries have recently begun to explore using these tools as part of a broader strategy for managing environmental problems.
Why real estate values decline with leverage: a Modigliani–Miller example

This article shows that, because real estate investors borrow at an interest rate that is greater than the rate at which they can lend, the reservation value of real estate investments declines with the amount borrowed. The proof is a modified version of the home-made leverage examples introduced by Modigliani and Miller (1958). Market value is established as the reservation value of the marginal investor.
Size of Audit Fees and Perceptions of Auditors'Ability to Resist Management Pressure in Audit Conflict Situations

Using a multi-factor ANOVA design and forty-nine bankers as subjects, this study examined the effects of audit fee size, management advisory services, audit firm size and competition on perceptions of the auditors'ability to resist management pressure in an audit conflict situation. It postulates that size of the audit fee is a major explanatory factor regardless of the provision of management advisory services, audit firm size or level of competition. Results supported the hypothesized effects of these variables and, in particular, that size of audit fee affects perceptions of the auditors'ability to resist management pressure regardless of the other variables.
Selecting, Preparing And Developing The School District Superintendent

Smoke, mirrors of reality - another instructional leader, Shirley Hord beyond the looking glass, Tom Glass point and counterpoint - what is in the context of what might be? exemplary superintendents - do they fit the model? , Tom Glass superintendent selection and success, Shirley Hord and Norman Estes diagnosis, self-prescription and treatment, David Carter and Ben Harris assessment-based models for learning and growth, Judith Loredo et al enter the neophyte - preparing administrators for leadership roles, Judith Loredo and David Carter leadership for learning - learning for leadership epilogue - mapping the multisite executive development centre.
Cost-Reducing and Demand-Creating R&D with Spillovers

This paper analyzes R&D policies when the returns to cost-reducing and demand-creating R&D are imperfectly appropriable and market structure is endogenous. Previous characterizations of appropriability are generalized to permit the possibility that own and rival R&D are imperfect substitutes. We also describe how. equilibrium expenditures on process and product R&D, as well as equilibrium market structure, depend on technological opportunities and spillovers. In contrast to previous work, diminished appropriability does not necessarily reduce R&D expenditures. For example, under some conditions, an increase in the extent of process (product) spillovers will lead to an increase in product (process) R&D. We estimate several variants of the model using manufacturing line of business data and data from a survey of R&D executives.
An Efficient Relay–Destination Selection Scheme for Multiuser Multirelay Downlink Cooperative Networks

In this correspondence, we propose an efficient low-complexity relay-destination selection scheme for multiuser multirelay downlink cooperative networks comprised of one source node (base station), L destination nodes (mobile terminals), and N relay nodes. Our scheme first selects the best destination node based on the channel quality of the direct links and then selects the best relay that yields the best path from the source to the selected destination. Assuming both decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying strategies, the outage performance of the considered system is studied. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability are derived and validated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. For the AF case, both variable-gain relaying and fixed-gain relaying are examined. In our analysis, the source node may be equipped with either a single antenna or M multiple antennas. An asymptotic analysis is carried out, and it reveals that, regardless of the relaying strategy employed, the diversity order reduces to L + N for the single-antenna source case, whereas it is equal to ML + N for the multiple-antenna source case. The effects of the number of relay and destination nodes on the system performance and its influence on the best relay position are examined. In addition, a tradeoff concerning the system performance and spectral efficiency is observed when multiple antennas are employed at the base station. More specifically, on one hand, by increasing the number of antennas, the outage performance is increased. On the other hand, the system loses in terms of spectral efficiency.
Carotid Plaque Surface Irregularity Predicts Ischemic Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study

Background and Purpose— There is scant population-based evidence regarding extracranial carotid plaque surface irregularity and ischemic stroke. Using a prospective cohort design, we evaluated the association of carotid plaque surface irregularity and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. Methods— High-resolution B-mode ultrasound of the carotid arteries was performed in 1939 stroke-free subjects (mean age 69±10.0 years; 59% women; 53% Hispanic, 25% black, 22% white). Plaque was defined as a focal protrusion 50% greater than the surrounding area and localized along the extracranial carotid tree (internal carotid artery/bifurcation vs common carotid artery). Plaque surface was categorized as regular or irregular. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association of surface characteristics and the risk of ischemic stroke. Results— Among 1939 total subjects, carotid plaque was visualized in 56.3% (1 plaque: 21.6%, >1 plaque: 34.7%, irregular plaque: 5.5%). During a mean follow up of 6.2 years after ultrasound examination, 69 ischemic strokes occurred. Unadjusted cumulative 5-year risks of ischemic stroke were: 1.3%, 3.0%, and 8.5% for no plaque, regular plaque, and irregular plaque, respectively. After adjusting for demographics, traditional vascular risk factors, degree of stenosis, and plaque thickness, presence of irregular plaque (vs no plaque) was independently associated with ischemic stroke (Hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 8.5). Conclusions— The presence of irregular carotid plaque independently predicted ischemic stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Plaque surface irregularities assessed by B-mode ultrasonography may help identify intermediate- to high-risk individuals beyond their vascular risk assessed by the presence of traditional risk factors.
Macroeconomics of twin‐targeting in Turkey: analytics of a financial computable general equilibrium model

The paper provides an overview of the post‐1998 Turkish economy and constructs a macroeconomic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to illustrate the real and financial sectoral adjustments of the Turkish economy under the conditionalities of the ‘twin targets’: on primary surplus to gross national product (GNP) ratio and on the inflation rate. We further utilize the model to study three sets of issues: (i) the critical role of the expanded foreign capital inflows in resolving the macroeconomic impasse between the disinflation motives of the central bank and imperatives of debt sustainability and fiscal credibility of the ministry of finance; (ii) reduction of the central bank's interest rates, and (iii) a labor market reform of reducing payroll taxes. Our simulation results suggest that the current monetary strategy, which involves a heavy reliance on foreign capital inflows along with a relatively high real rate of interest, is effective in bringing inflation down; yet it suffers from increased cost of interest burden to the public sector, and strains fiscal credibility. In contrast, given the ex ante constraints of the domestic economy in the short run, an alternative heterodox policy of reduction of the central bank interest rate and lowering of the payroll tax burden in labor markets indicate strong employment and growth effects along with strengthened fiscal credibility.
Proof and extension of “proportional sharing principle” on energy market

Based on network theory, this paper theoretically proves and extends the proportional sharing principle. With this, the employment of transmission lines by different generators and loads can be confirmed theoretically, while energy consumers can be impartially, rationally charged, and fleetly and truly ascertained according to the actual utilization of the network. Also based on this principle many problems in energy market field can be settled.
Local Labor Markets, Job Matching, and Urban Location

We present a new way of modelling local labour markets by linking the space of workers' skills and the physical space of cities. The key lesson of our analysis is that firms exploit workers in these two spaces by setting wages that are below the competitive level. The degree of monopsony power depends on the elasticity of the firm's labour pool, which is inversely related to the costs workers incur in commuting and acquiring skills. Our analysis thus shows how socioeconomic ghettos emerge as workers with poor skill matches are also those who incur the highest commuting costs.
Helping Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants to Use Their Wealth of Talents and Experience

Refugee Arts Initiative set up in 1999 by the London Arts Board. Recognising the wealth of creative talent amongst refugees and asylum seekers in London, the Initiative was set up to operate as a network building upon the experience of existing refugee arts projects and individua l artists to help groups from other communities to establish themselves. This is done by holding ‘‘artist exchange days’’ bringing together artists, actors and musicians from a wide variety of refugee communities to learn from each other, about funding, about access to training and about the wider community arts scene in London. This New Initiative section concludes with a list illustrating a further selection of initiatives designed to support refugees and asylum seekers  nd employment.
Water and Sustainable Development in Ghana

Abstract Water is vital for the survival and development of every community or society. The health of a given community is reflected to a large extent in the water quality of the community's available water resources. In Ghana, efforts have been made since colonial days to supply both the urban and the rural communities with potable water to enhance the rapid socio-economic development of the country. It is economically viable due to the remoteness of most of the rural communities to supply them with potable water from local sources such as groundwater. The urban water supply systems are mainly based on surface water sources. With the ever-expanding population, there is a need to improve freshwater resources conservation and management in order to avoid impending shortages. To ensure the total coverage of all rural and urban communities by the year 2020, a huge capital outlay of $1 billion and 51.5 billion, respectively, is needed. Most of these funds are expected to come from the private sector, both loc.
Differences in Speed and Duration of Bird Migration between Spring and Autumn

It has been suggested that birds migrate faster in spring than in autumn because of competition for arrival order at breeding grounds and environmental factors such as increased daylight. Investigating spring and autumn migration performances is important for understanding ecological and evolutionary constraints in the timing and speed of migration. We compiled measurements from tracking studies and found a consistent predominance of cases showing higher speeds and shorter durations during spring compared to autumn, in terms of flight speeds (airspeed, ground speed, daily travel speed), stopover duration, and total speed and duration of migration. Seasonal differences in flight speeds were generally smaller than those in stopover durations and total speed/duration of migration, indicating that rates of foraging and fuel deposition were more important than flight speed in accounting for differences in overall migration performance. Still, the seasonal differences in flight speeds provide important support for time selection in spring migration.
The Analytics of the Intervaling Effect on Skewness and Kurtosis of Stock Returns

This paper analyzes how the skewness and kurtosis of securities' returns are affected by the length of the differencing interval over which returns are measured. Hawawini's previous analysis of this "intervaling effect" on log returns is shown to be incorrect, and the correct effects are derived. While Hawawini only considered log returns, we also derived the intervaling effect on the skewness and kurtosis of "simple" returns. Our results show that the length of differencing interval has very different effects on log and simple returns, but in both cases the effects on the returns' skewness and kurtosis are substantial and also quite tractable. These results also enable us to reconcile some of the contradictory results published earlier on the intervaling effect. Copyright 1989 by MIT Press.
Special Issues Raised by Rape Trials

Rape cases reveal core conflicts in the space where evidence, law, and ethics intersect. Such conflicts include the tension between victim protection and the rights of the accused, the challenges attorneys face trying to negotiate the demands of sensitive and emotionally difficult cases, and the role of the law in counteracting stereotypes and bias.In this essay, I will begin by presenting the cultural milieu surrounding rape allegations, briefly reviewing attitudes towards perpetrators and victims. Next, I will attempt to capture the legal zeitgeist concerning rape, focusing on two recent phenomena: the reversal of false rape convictions based on DNA evidence and the advent of big-media rape trials involving various celebrities. After establishing this groundwork, I will turn to three separate issues of ethics and evidence that arise regularly in rape trials: (1) naming the victim, (2) shielding the victim's sexual history, and (3) civil settlements of rape charges. I will use the fairly recent case of Kobe Bryant, a famous basketball player accused of rape, to illustrate the evidence and ethical issues in all three of these discrete categories.My examination of the intersection between evidence law and ethics in rape trials demonstrates the limits of the law to effectuate practical change or to transcend, let alone improve, social attitudes. Many have observed that the legal solutions to problems inherent in rape trials, such as rape shield laws and rules against disclosing victims' names, have had only limited effect. Because the issues raised here implicate entrenched social attitudes, legal solutions are bound to be incomplete. Such beliefs are filtered through a legal system that is structured around competition and legal gamesmanship. Therefore, the defense lawyer's strategy must be understood within the context of social beliefs about rape as transmitted by the adversary system. We can limit evidence, but we cannot legislate attitudes, and playing upon prejudices, particularly those of the American juror, is the trial attorney's bread and butter. Therefore, to analyze the role of evidence and ethics in a rape trial, we must understand rape myths and the cultural baggage that comes with our notions of rape. Also, we must analyze assumptions about victims and perpetrators, men and women, and the chaste and the deviant.
Utility of Palmtop Computers in a Residency Program: A Pilot Study

Background. With advancing technology and flourishing medical information on the Internet, we studied the use of palmtop (handheld) computers by internal medicine residents. Methods. At a university-community hospital consortium, nine internal medicine residents and their program director participated in an 8-month cohort pilot study using palmtop computers with desktop synchronization and Internet access capabilities. Results. After 2 months of use, the residents had found a variety of uses for palmtop computers, such as the calendar, downloading residency-provided medical information, taking lecture notes, using a spreadsheet for common formulas, Internet/MEDLINE searching with modem access, infrared file transfer, downloading call schedules, and patient tracking. At 8 months, the residents were comfortable using palmtops on a daily basis. Technical difficulties included cumbersome modem cords, incompatible platforms and difficult Internet access at times, finding analog telephone lines in the hospital, and synchronization with home computers. Conclusion. Palmtop computers are useful in the residency setting, and residents are capable of devising ways to use palmtops to suit their individual needs.
Effects of mentoring on customer orientation: the moderating role of gender

This study investigates the effects of mentoring on employees' customer orientation in a Chinese setting by focusing on the moderating role of gender. The results from a survey of 280 employees indicate that proteges have higher levels of customer orientation than non-proteges. Moreover, proteges who receive higher levels of career and psychosocial support exhibit higher levels of customer orientation than those who receive lower levels of such support. The effects of the mentoring relationship and career support on customer orientation are stronger for women than for men. The findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and practical implications for human resource management.
Namibian Foreign Exchange Market: The Degree of Sterilisation

This paper examines the size of the degree of sterilization in Namibia. The study uses the ordinary least squares method to estimate the regression based on monthly data covering the period 2000:01 to 2013:03. The variables, net foreign assets and money supply were use in the OLS estimation. The results of this study show an almost near full sterilization with the value of 0.211. This suggests that monetary authorities do intervene in the foreign exchange markets to correct for the deviations in money stock, as this is important for monetary policy actions.