Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Harmonic-Gaussian Symmetric and Asymmetric Double Quantum Wells: Magnetic Field Effects

In this study, we considered the linear and non-linear optical properties of an electron in both symmetrical and asymmetrical double quantum wells, which consist of the sum of an internal Gaussian barrier and a harmonic potential under an applied magnetic field. Calculations are in the effective mass and parabolic band approximations. We have used the diagonalization method to find eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the electron confined within the symmetric and asymmetric double well formed by the sum of a parabolic and Gaussian potential. A two-level approach is used in the density matrix expansion to calculate the linear and third-order non-linear optical absorption and refractive index coefficients. The potential model proposed in this study is useful for simulating and manipulating the optical and electronic properties of symmetric and asymmetric double quantum heterostructures, such as double quantum wells and double quantum dots, with controllable coupling and subjected to externally applied magnetic fields.
Optimal Exponential Synchronization of Chaotic Systems with Multiple Time Delays via Fuzzy Control

This study presents an effective approach to realize the optimal <path id="x1D43B" d="M865 650q-1 -4 -4 -14t-4 -14q-62 -5 -77 -19.5t-29 -82.5l-74 -394q-12 -61 -0.5 -77t75.5 -21l-6 -28h-273l8 28q64 5 82 21t29 76l36 198h-380l-37 -197q-11 -64 0.5 -78.5t79. 5 -19.5l-6 -28h-268l6 28q60 6 75.5 21.5t26. 5 76.5l75 394q13 66 2 81.5t-77 20.5l8 28 h263l-6 -28q-58 -5 -75.5 -21t-30.5 -81l-26 -153h377l29 153q12 67 2 81t-74 21l5 28h268z" /> <path id="x221E" d="M983 225q0 -112 -67 -174.5t-150 -62.5q-91 0 -154.5 43.5t-113.5 129.5q-49 -85 -104 -129t-138 -44q-98 0 -158.5 66t-60.5 154q0 59 21 106.5t54. 5 75.5t70.5 43t73 15q90 0 152.5 -43.5t112. 5 -128.5q48 84 104.5 128t140.5 44q93 0 155 -65t62 -158zM478 196 q-27 49 -47 80t-50 67t-64 54t-73 18q-48 0 -81.5 -47t-33.5 -128q0 -96 37.5 -157.5t99.5 -61.5q68 0 117.5 47t94.5 128zM889 204q0 91 -35.5 151t-99.5 60q-68 0 -119 -47t-95 -127q27 -49 47 -80.5t50 -67.5t65 -54t74 -18q113 0 113 183z" /> exponential synchronization of multiple time-delay chaotic (MTDC) systems. First, a neural network (NN) model is employed to approximate the MTDC system. Then, a linear differential inclusion (LDI) state-space representation is established for the dynamics of the NN model. Based on this LDI state-space representation, this study proposes a delay-dependent exponential stability criterion of the error system derived in terms of Lyapunov’s direct method to ensure that the trajectories of the slave system can approach those of the master system. Subsequently, the stability condition of this criterion is reformulated into a linear matrix inequality (LMI). Based on the LMI, a fuzzy controller is synthesized not only to realize the exponential synchronization but also to achieve the optimal performance by minimizing the disturbance attenuation level. Finally, a numerical example with simulations is provided to illustrate the concepts discussed throughout this work.
EMPIRICAL LIKELIHOOD‐BASED KERNEL DENSITY ESTIMATION

summary This paper considers the estimation of a probability density function when extra distributional information is available (e.g. the mean of the distribution is known or the variance is a known function of the mean). The standard kernel method cannot exploit such extra information systematically as it uses an equal probability weight n-1 at each data point. The paper suggests using empirical likelihood to choose the probability weights under constraints formulated from the extra distributional information. An empirical likelihood-based kernel density estimator is given by replacing n-1 by the empirical likelihood weights, and has these advantages: it makes systematic use of the extra information, it is able to reflect the extra characteristics of the density function, and its variance is smaller than that of the standard kernel density estimator.
Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics of pH-Sensitive Lipids

pH-sensitive lipids represent a class of lipids that can be protonated and destabilized in acidic environments, as they become positively charged in response to low-pH conditions. They can be incorporated into lipidic nanoparticles such as liposomes, which are able to change their properties and allow specific drug delivery at the acidic conditions encountered in some pathological microenvironments. In this work, we used coarse-grained molecular-dynamic simulations to study the stability of neutral and charged lipid bilayers containing POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and various kinds of ISUCA ((F)2-(imidazol-1-yl)succinic acid)-derived lipids, which can act as pH-sensitive molecules. In order to explore such systems, we used a MARTINI-derived forcefield, previously parameterized using all-atom simulation results. We calculated the average area per lipid, the second-rank order parameter and the lipid diffusion coefficient of both lipid bilayers made of pure components and mixtures of lipids in different proportions, under neutral or acidic conditions. The results show that the use of ISUCA-derived lipids disturbs the lipid bilayer structure, with the effect being particularly marked under acidic conditions. Although more-in depth studies on these systems must be carried out, these initial results are encouraging and the lipids designed in this research could be a good basis for developing new pH-sensitive liposomes.
The prospects for very high energy gamma ray astronomy

Very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays, with energies . <: 1 TeV = 1012 eV, are observed with ground-based telescopes using the atmospheric Cerenkov technique. This field of astronomy has recently experienced its coming of age, opening a new observational window on the universe after efforts spanning almost 30 years. Recent advances in this field have been aided by the results from satellite detectors with high-energy (HE) gamma ray 'eyes'. Satellite detectors are sensitive to HE gamma rays, up to energies of about 10 GeV = 1010 eV. In this paper, VHE gamma ray astronomy is reviewed, and the 3·8 m diameter telescope of the Japanese-Australian CANGAROO project is used to illustrate the detection techniques. As VHE gamma ray astronomy is closely related to observations in the HE region, results from recent satellite experiments are also discussed.
Mobile coded caching in small cell networks: Algorithm design and performance analysis

In coded caching, users cache pieces of files under a specific arrangement so that the server can satisfy their requests simultaneously in the broadcast scenario via eXclusive OR (XOR) operation and therefore reduce the amount of transmission data. However, when users' locations are changing, the uploading of caching information is frequent and extensive that the traffic increase outweighed the traffic reduction that the traditional coded caching achieved. In this paper, we propose mobile coded caching schemes to reduce network traffic in mobility scenarios, which achieve a lower cost on caching information uploading. In the cache placement phase, the proposed scheme first constructs caching patterns, and then assigns the caching patterns to users according to the graph coloring method and four color theorem in our centralized cache placement algorithm or randomly in our decentralized cache placement algorithm. Then users are divided into groups based on their caching patterns. As a benefit, when user movements occur, the types of caching pattern, rather than the whole caching information of which file pieces are cached, are uploaded. In the content delivery phase, XOR coded caching messages are reconstructed. Transmission data volume is derived to measure the performance of the proposed schemes. Numerical results show that the proposed schemes achieve great improvement in traffic offloading.
The Impact of Campus Outdoor Space Features on Students’ Emotions Based on the Emotion Map

To explore the influence of campus public space characteristics on students’ emotions, we investigated the association mechanism between public space characteristics and students’ emotions concerning the distribution of students’ emotions in public spaces. The present study used photographs of facial expressions taken over two consecutive weeks as a source of data regarding the students’ affective reactions. The collected facial expression images were analyzed using facial expression recognition. Values were assigned to the expression data, combined with geographic coordinates to create an emotion map of the campus public space using GIS software. Then, spatial feature data via emotion marker points were collected. We used smart wearable devices to combine the ECG data with spatial characteristics and took SDNN and RMSSD as ECG indicators to assess mood changes. We analyzed the correlation between these spatial features and heart rate variability and developed regression models for the ECG data. The findings show that sky visibility, space D/H, green visibility, skyline change index, and boundary permeability can engage students’ positive emotions in a meaningful way. On the other hand, paving visibility and road linearity tends to induce negative emotions in students’ minds.
Symmetric Multiwavelet Frames with General Lattice

The multiwavelet has more desired properties than any single wavelet, such as short support, symmetry, and smoothness. In this paper, symmetric multiwavelet frames with general lattice and with any symmetric points are constructed from multiwavelet frames given. The existing result is generalized to the case of general lattice.
A review on graph isomorphism identification of mechanism kinematic chain for intelligent and digital manufacturing

The graph theory is an important method to achieve conceptual design for mechanism. During the process of kinematic structures enumeration using graph theory, isomorphism identification of graphs is an NP-complete problem. So, the graph isomorphism identification is a crucial problem in mechanism creative design. In this paper, some recent literatures are introduced to demonstrate some method to solve this NP-hard problem. These approaches are all proved to be effective in some cases. The purpose of this paper is to provide references and helps for researchers.
Acoustic emission and transient waves in an elastic plate

To study the mechanism of the source of acoustic emission, we analyze the transient waves which are generated by four kinds of point sources, a single force, double force, and center of dilatation, all inside an infinite plate, and a single force on the surface of the plate. Some of these forces or a combination of them could be used to model the dynamic process of material defects. The analysis is based on the generalized ray theory and Cagniard’s method. Transient solutions are obtained by evaluating the ray integrals with a complex algorithm. Numerical results are shown for receivers that are located at a distance up to six plate thickness, and for a duration less than ten transit time for a P‐wave to cross the thickness of a plate.
Selection and Validation of Reference Genes in Different Tissues of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under Different Abiotic Stresses

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a particular vegetable with both edible and medicinal values. However, the expression pattern of the okra reference genes in response to abiotic stress has not been explored. In the present study, 18 potential reference genes were selected from okra in various tissues and abiotic stress conditions, and their expression levels were detected by Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Their expression stabilities were calculated by four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). Under cold stress, the most stable genes included GAPC1 and CYP (leaf), CYP and ACT7 (root), HIS6 and GAPC1 (stem), and HIS6 and 60s (different tissues). Under salt stress, EF-1α and UBQ (leaf), EF-1α and UBQ (root), TUA4 and Eif (stem), and HIS6 and Eif (different tissues) were the most stable genes. Under drought stress, UBQ and Eif in the leaf, HIS6 and Eif in the root, TUA4 and HIS6 in the stem, and UBQ and Eif in different tissues were most stably expressed in okra. In addition, complete sequencing results by RefFinder showed that HIS6 and ACT7 in the leaf, HIS6 and Eif in the root, UBC5B and 60s in the stem, and HIS6 and Eif in different tissues, were most the suitable reference genes for okra. Furthermore, AeMYB1R1 transcription factor was used to verify the reliability of RT-qPCR values. In summary, this study was carried out to demonstrate the potential reference genes of okra under abiotic stress, aiming to provide a molecular basis for functional gene analysis and regulatory mechanism research of okra.
COURBOTREE : UNE METHODE DE CLASSIFICATION DE COURBES APPLIQUEE AU LOAD PROFILING

Since July 2004, industrial and professional sector can choose their electric power supplier. For the most part of these customers, load curves aren’t enabled and EDF just has a total load consumption over a large period. A load profiling appproach, which consists in estimating customer load curve, is therefore necessary. This technique may be performed taking into account business knowledge and analyzing data from telemetered customers. Faced to new marketing challenges, dedicated needs in clustering techniques appear. This article details a curves clustering technique, called Courbotree, integrated in a global load profiling approach. We present how applying multivariate regression trees meets these aims. These ones answer both problems of clustering and prediction applied to curves. Considering multivariate regression trees, tree building is performed in a similar way than AID and CART methods do. The main difference lies in the cutting criterion which is based on inertia computed on the curve components. Applied to a sample of customers, which are described by a load curve and a set of characteristics, Courbotree offers both a curve sample partition and a set of identification rules to affect a curve profile to a new individual according to his explanatory values. Key-Words : curves partitioning, regression trees, AID method, divisive partitionning.
Supersonic CO Laser with RF-Excitation.

A supersonic CO laser with a maximum output power of 990 W has been developed. The gas is excited in a dielectrically stabilized radio‐frequency discharge before it is cooled to a temperature of 90 K by the adiabatic expansion in a supersonic nozzle. After extraction of laser power the gas is recompressed by a supersonic diffuser and a Roots‐pump system. No liquid nitrogen is needed for the operation of the laser. At a pressure of 500 mbar the rf discharge could be operated homogeneously with a specific input power of 180 W/cm3. It could be shown that the length of the discharge region and the distance between the discharge and the supersonic nozzle should be rather short. By this the vibrational relaxation of the carbon monoxide is reduced and more laser power can be obtained. The laser power can be increased by using a folded resonator system. If the laser is operated at a low Fresnel number by inserting an aperture inside the cavity, a nearly diffraction limited beam quality can be obtained. Using a su.
Role of Diurnal Warm Layers in the Diurnal Cycle of Convection over the Tropical Indian Ocean during MISMO

The role of air‐sea interaction in the diurnal variations of convective activity during the suppressed and developing stages of an intraseasonal convective event is analyzed using in situ observations from the Mirai Indian Ocean cruise for the Study of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO)-convection Onset (MISMO) experiment. For the whole period, convection shows a clear average diurnal cycle with a primary maximum in the early morning and a secondary one in the afternoon. Episodes of large diurnal sea surface temperature (SST) variations are observed because of diurnal warm layer (DWL) formation. When no DWL is observed, convection exhibits a diurnal cycle characterized by a maximum in the early morning, whereas when DWL forms, convection increases around noon and peaks in the afternoon. Boundary layer processes are found to control the diurnal evolution of convection. In particular, when DWL forms, the change in surface heat fluxes can explain the decrease of convective inhibition and the intensification of the convection during the early afternoon.
Ionic Liquid Thin Film Fabrication Using Nano-Inkjet Printing Method

Nanometer-scale liquid droplets and a liquid film patterned with a controlled thickness using an ionic liquid thin film were successfully deposited by a newly developed nanoinkjet printing method based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). Liquid droplets were locally deposited through an aperture with a diameter of 200 nm adjacent to an AFM tip by applying an electric field between a cantilever backside coating and a conductive substrate. The liquid film was fabricated by depositing an array of droplets with a spacing smaller than 70 nm and by the AFM tip effect. The deposited thin film has a layer-by-layer structure with a layer thickness of 4 nm. In addition, we also succeeded in the deposition of yoctoliter-scale liquid droplets, having only several tens of the liquid molecules inside, by applying an AC voltage.
Statistical foundation for hypothesis testing of image data

Abstract A statistical foundation is given to the problem of hypothesizing and testing geometric properties of image data heuristically derived by Kanatani (CVGIP: Image Understanding54 (1991), 333-348). Points and lines in the image are represented by "N-vectors" and their reliability is evaluated by their "covariance matrices". Under a Gaussian approximation of the distribution, the test takes the form of a χ2 test. Test criteria are explicitly stated for model matching and testing edge groupings, vanishing points, focuses of expansion, and vanishing lines.
ML 3.1 smoothed aggregation user's guide.

ML is a multigrid preconditioning package intended to solve linear systems of equations Ax = b where A is a user supplied n x n sparse matrix, b is a user supplied vector of length n and x is a vector of length n to be computed. ML should be used on large sparse linear systems arising from partial differential equation (PDE) discretizations. While technically any linear system can be considered, ML should be used on linear systems that correspond to things that work well with multigrid methods (e.g. elliptic PDEs). ML can be used as a stand-alone package or to generate preconditioners for a traditional iterative solver package (e.g. Krylov methods). We have supplied support for working with the Aztec 2.1 and AztecOO iterative package [16]. However, other solvers can be used by supplying a few functions. This document describes one specific algebraic multigrid approach: smoothed aggregation. This approach is used within several specialized multigrid methods: one for the eddy current formulation for Maxwell's equations, and a multilevel and domain decomposition method for symmetric and nonsymmetric systems of equations (like elliptic equations, or compressible and incompressible fluid dynamics problems). Other methods exist within ML but are not described in this document. Examples are given illustrating the problem definition and exercising multigrid options.
Non-linear dynamic system identification: A multi-model approach

We are concerned with models which are able to describe multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) non-linear dynamic systems. These models are represented in the form of rules and are known as Tagaki-Sugeno models. An identification algorithm for these models based on input and output data is presented. Parameter estimation is based on the calculation of model sensitivity functions with respect to their parameters. Some aspects of structure identification are also tackled, i.e. determination of local model orders and number of rules.
Direct Determination of the Exciton Binding Energy of Conjugated Polymers Using a Scanning Tunneling Microscope

We report scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements of the threshold energy for injecting electrons or holes into thin, conjugated polymer films deposited on Au(111) substrates. Combining these results with optical absorption measurements, we estimate an exciton binding energy of ${E}_{b}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10\mathrm{eV}$ for poly[(2-methoxy-5-dodecyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene-co-1,4-phenylenevinylene] and ${E}_{b}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10\mathrm{eV}$ for poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene). In addition, we determine the alignment of the electronic levels of the polymers relative to the substrate.
A Risk Governance Approach to Mitigating Food System Risks in a Crisis: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Five Low- And Middle-Income Countries

Research on food system responses to COVID-19 has remained largely disconnected from the broader risk governance scholarship. We connect both literatures by adopting a risk governance lens to study how governments have dealt with COVID-19 induced food system risks across different phases of the crisis. Studying responses in five low-and middle-income countries – Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mexico, Nigeria and Vietnam – we find that food system risks and actors related to the food system were largely absent from initial risks assessment and policy responses, leading to growing food insecurity risks for vulnerable groups. Feedback and involvement from local governments and societal actors improved the capacities to assess and mitigate food system risks. We suggest developing future arrangements that involve actors with knowledge on food system risks to allow for more adequate responses.
A high-gain 58-GHz box-horn array antenna with suppressed grating lobes

A low-profile high-gain antenna array of box horns for the frequency band 57.2-58.2 GHz is presented. The antenna consists of 256 radiating elements divided into two subgroups of 128 elements fed by a rectangular waveguide feed network. The radiating elements are fed in parallel and the waveguides are connected with T-junctions. The matching of the T-junctions is improved with a matching pin and a splitter. Because of the waveguide feed network, the element spacing is larger than one wavelength, which causes grating lobes. The grating lobes and sidelobes in the H-plane have been suppressed by the use of a combination of subarrays, a special characteristic of the box horn, and an array amplitude tapering. The measured sidelobe levels in the H-plane are below -30 dB at angles larger than 8/spl deg/ from boresight. A gain higher than 35.7 dBi and a return loss higher than 14.4 dB have been measured for the antenna over the band 57.2-58.2 GHz.