Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Promoting social justice in schools: principals’ political strategies

This article describes a study that explores the ways in which principals use their political acumen to promote social justice in their schools. Employing face‐to‐face interviews with 28 principals who have worked in a variety of schools, the study examines the principals’ efforts to understand their political contexts, the manner in which they employ their knowledge in the strategies that they use and the ways in which they strategically monitor their actions as they work towards their equity goals. The study concludes that principals need to acknowledge the importance of engaging in political activity in their organizations. More than this, however, they need to combine their intellectual and strategic abilities with personal and social qualities like courage, boldness and care if they are to move their social justice agendas along.
An Improved Electronic Colon Cleansing Method for Detection of Polyps by Virtual Colonoscopy

Electronic colon cleansing (ECC) aims to segment the colon lumen from the patient abdominal image acquired with colonic material tagging by oral contrast and other means, so that a virtual colon model can be constructed. Virtual colonoscopy (VC) navigates through the colon model looking for polyps in a similar manner as the fiber optic colonoscopy does. We had built an ECC pipeline for the commercial VC system of Viatronix Inc. In this paper, we present an improved ECC method. It is based on a partial-volume image-segmentation framework, which is derived using the well-established statistical expectation-maximization algorithm. The presented ECC method was evaluated by both visual inspection on the cleansed colon lumens and computer-aided detection of polyps (CADpolyp) using 20 patient datasets. Compared to our previous ECC pipeline, this presented new method demonstrates improvement in both visual judgment and CADpolyp
Regular teachers’ attitudes to the need for additional classroom support for the inclusion of students with intellectual disability

This study examined regular classroom teachers' attitudes to additional classroom support, both curriculum and personnel, for students with mild and severe intellectual disability integrated into regular classrooms. The dependent variables were levels of desired curriculum and personnel support. The major independent variables were ability and effort. Seventy-two female, primary classroom teachers from eight east metropolitan Catholic primary schools in Perth, Western Australia, were interviewed. Each was randomly assigned a vignette describing a hypothetical male student. Ability (average, mild, severe) and effort (low, moderate, high) were systematically varied to create a nine-cell design. Teachers responded to a seven-point Likert scale and a magnitude scaling instrument. A multivariate analysis was completed using the seven-point scale and magnitude scale as dependent variables. The multivariate analysis yielded a main effect for ability for both dependent variables. The teachers perceived a significant difference between the need for additional personnel support for students with mild and severe intellectual disability. There was no difference between the level of required curriculum support for those with mild and severe disability. Regular classroom teachers did not perceive student effort as being important to their judgements of desired support.
The argumentative nature of holding strong views: a case study

Recently a number of critics of traditional approaches to the study of attitudes have stressed the need to study the ways in which people express views in natural discourse. The present study examines the rhetorical aspects of holding strong views by providing a detailed case study. It focuses on the discourse of a family discussing the British Royal Family, where one member of the family is recognized to hold strong views. A number of rhetorical complexities of the discourse are highlighted and particular attention is placed on the argumentative dimensions of holding strong views. It is suggested that strong views are held in relation to opposing views and in arguing about the issue of monarchy participants are also reflexively arguing about arguments. Examples are given to show that the holder of strong views, as opposed to the holder of weak views, does not necessarily have a greater opposition to the assumption of multisubjectivity, for the discourse of views is paradoxically marked by both assumptions of multisubjectivity and intersubjectivity. It is also shown that the holder of strong views may produce a variable discourse. The rhetorical nature of such variability is discussed and implications are drawn for the study of beliefs and for analysing the relations between thinking and arguing.
Depressive symptoms, depletion, or developmental change? Withdrawal, apathy, and lack of vigor in the Geriatric Depression Scale.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Researchers have posited a depletion syndrome among older adults that resembles "depression without sadness. " Disengagement-related theories such as socio-emotional selectivity and gerotranscendence also describe an adaptive narrowing of the older person's social world and decreasing investment in activities and social relationships. This study has dual goals of confirming the existence of a "Withdrawal/Apathy/[Lack of] Vigor" (WAV) dimension of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and exploring its properties for evidence that it may be descriptive of either depletion or disengagement-related change in older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS Data were obtained through a mailed survey of members 65 and older at a health maintenance organization. Respondents returned 327 completed surveys and 163 "decline" postcards. Principal-components analysis obtained a 6-item WAV factor for further analyses. RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS High endorsement rates for the items in WAV and its bivariate correlations with age and health problems suggest WAV may be congruent with disengagement or depletion and may lead to over-identification of depression in older adults. Interpretation of the GDS and similar measures may be improved by use of subscale scores and consideration of age and health status of the respondent.
Children's Knowledge of Subjunctive Clauses: Obviation, Binding, and Reference

In this article, we report results of an acquisition experiment with a group of Russian- speaking children regarding their knowledge of syntactic and discourse-related restrictions on the interpretation of pronouns in subjunctive clauses. Eighteen children (4 to 5 years old) participated in a Truth-Value Judgment Task (Crain and McKee (1985)). Consistent with previous findings in English and Russian, in those constructions in which only syntactic knowledge is implicated, children's performance is very similar to that of adults. However, in those cases in which the correct interpretation of pronouns requires the knowledge of the interaction of syntactic and discourse-related constraints, children make significantly more errors. Individual participant analyses confirm that children at this age possess the relevant syntactic knowledge of subjunctive clauses. We also provide a model that shows how children acquire the knowledge of syntactic constraints using only positive data.
Neurobiology of Periventricular Leukomalacia in the Premature Infant

Brain injury in the premature infant is a problem of enormous importance. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the major neuropathologic form of this brain injury and underlies most of the neurologic morbidity encountered in survivors of premature birth. Prevention of PVL now seems ultimately achievable because of recent neurobiologic insights into pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of this lesion relates to three major interacting factors. The first two of these, an incomplete state of development of the vascular supply to the cerebral white matter, and a maturation-dependent impairment in regulation of cerebral blood flow underlie a propensity for ischemic injury to cerebral white matter. The third major pathogenetic factor is the maturation-dependent vulnerability of the oligodendroglial (OL) precursor cell that represents the major cellular target in PVL. Recent neurobiologic studies show that these cells are exquisitely vulnerable to attack by free radicals, known to be generated in abundance with ischemia–reperfusion. This vulnerability of OLs is maturation-dependent, with the OL precursor cell highly vulnerable and the mature OL resistant, and appears to relate to a developmental window characterized by a combination of deficient antioxidant defenses and active acquisition of iron during OL differentiation. The result is generation of deadly reactive oxygen species and apoptotic OL death. Important contributory factors in pathogenesis interact with this central theme of vulnerability to free radical attack. Thus, the increased likelihood of PVL in the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage could relate to increases in local iron concentrations derived from the hemorrhage. The important contributory role of maternal/fetal infection or inflammation and cytokines in the pathogenesis of PVL could be related to effects on the cerebral vasculature and cerebral hemodynamics, to generation of reactive oxygen species, or to direct toxic effects on vulnerable OL precursors. A key role for elevations in extracellular glutamate, caused by ischemia–reperfusion, is suggested by demonstrations that glutamate causes toxicity to OL precursors by both nonreceptor- and receptor-mediated mechanisms. The former involves an exacerbation of the impairment in antioxidant defenses, and the latter, an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate receptor–mediated cell death. Most importantly, these new insights into the pathogenesis of PVL suggest potential preventive interventions. These include avoidance of cerebral ischemia by detection of infants with impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, e.g. through the use of in vivo near-infrared spectroscopy, the use of free radical scavengers to prevent toxicity by reactive oxygen species, the administration of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate receptor antagonists to prevent glutamate-mediated injury, or the use of maternal antibiotics or anticytokine agents to prevent toxicity from maternal/fetal infection or inflammation and cytokines.
Urban security in Europe: Translating a concept in public criminology

A key challenge for public criminology is the translation between concepts employed in policy discourse and those used by social scientists. Given that concepts constitute social problems and they can have multiple meanings for policy-makers and social scientists, then deliberation about what they signify matters in understanding how these actors can talk to, rather than past, one another in framing policy discourse about crime and revealing alternative policy agendas. This challenge is accentuated in the comparative context of European criminology, which is characterized by competing tendencies to generalize about problems of ‘Freedom, Security and Justice’ and to recognize the variegated problems and cultures of control across Europe. In this context, the presumption of universality can mistranslate concepts of crime and control by obscuring contextual insight, while the presumption of particularity can inhibit cross-cultural dialogue and deliberation. The paper explores this challenge in relation to the concept of ‘urban security’, which is prevalent in the policy discourse on social crime prevention, particularly in Central and Southern Europe. To establish the provenance, prevalence and significance of this concept, the paper discusses findings from a policy Delphi that structured deliberation about the meaning of urban security among criminologists sampled from the European Society of Criminology and policy-makers sampled from the European Crime Prevention Network. It concludes with reflections on the value of deliberative methods, such as the policy Delphi, for the cross-cultural validation of criminological constructs in comparative research.
Automatic information processing and social perception: The influence of trait information presented outside of conscious awareness on impression formation.

The accessibility of a category in memory has been shown to influence the selection and interpretation of social information. The present experiment examined the possibility that information relevant to a trait category (hostility) presented outside of conscious awareness can temporarily increase that category's accessibility. Subjects initially performed a vigilance task in which they were exposed unknowingly to single words. Either 0%, 20%, or 80% of these words were semantically related to hostility. In an ostensibly unrelated second task, subjects read a behavioral description of a stimulus person that was ambiguous regarding hostility, and then rated the stimulus person on several trait dimensions. The amount of processing subjects gave to the hostile information and the negativity of their ratings of the stimulus person both were reliably and positively related to the proportion of hostile words to which they were exposed. Several control conditions confirmed that the words were not consciously perceived. It was concluded that social stimuli of which people are not consciously aware can influence conscious judgments.
Online Social Interchange, Discord, and Knowledge Construction

Online forums provide potential for new forms of collaborative work, study, and community that reduce barriers of time and distance. Yet the types of interaction and means by which individuals create new knowledge in online environments are not well understood. This study presents the results of an exploratory multimethod evaluation study and transcript analysis of an online forum. The researchers used a constructivist interaction analysis model developed by Gunawardena, Lowe, and Anderson (1997) to help understand and assess online learning. The model describes the phases that are attributed to learning development in an online forum. Analysis of the transcripts revealed that most of the online interactions during the forum were at the lower phases of the interaction analysis model. In addition, the researchers studied the interaction patterns that occurred during the online forum. Social-cognitive processes were observed among participants in the forum. The processes included significant time engaged in social interchange followed occasionally by social discord. The social discord served as a catalyst to the knowledge construction process observed. The results of the study illustrate that there are many types of structures, motivations, and applications of online interaction that make the understanding of this communication medium both challenging and exciting. La conference electronique est une application technologique qui peut susciter des formes inedites de travail et d’apprentissage collaboratifs, de meme que de nouveaux types de communautes, en reduisant les obstacles que representent le temps et la distance. Cependant, les types d’interaction et les modes de construction des connaissances adoptes par les usagers des environnements virtuels sont encore mal compris. La presente etude rapporte les resultats d’une etude d’evaluation preliminaire appliquant plusieurs methodes d’analyse aux interactions et a la transcription d’une conference electronique. Les chercheurs ont applique un modele constructiviste d’analyse des processus d’interaction, propose par Gunawardena, Lowe et Anderson (1997), pour tenter de comprendre et d’evaluer l’apprentissage en milieu virtuel. Ce modele decrit les phases attribuees au developpement de l’apprentissage au cours d’une conference electronique. Une analyse des transcriptions revele que la plupart des interactions electroniques au cours de la conference se situaient aux niveaux inferieurs du modele d’analyse des interactions. Les chercheurs se sont egalement penches sur la configuration des interactions au cours de la conference electronique. On a pu observer des processus sociocognitifs entre les participants, notamment un temps significatif accorde a des echanges sociaux, suivis a l’occasion par une discorde sociale; celle-ci servait de catalyseur au processus de construction des connaissances. Nos resultats illustrent le fait que les types de structures, de motivations et d’applications de l’interaction electronique sont multiples et font de celle-ci un objet d’etude a la fois exigeant et stimulant.
Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Seizure Semiology and Presurgical Evaluation

INTRODUCTION John Hughlings Jackson reflected that the frontal lobe is the brain’s ‘most complex and least organized centre’ (Jackson 1931) and, despite subsequent advances in neuroscience, even by the late 20th century the frontal lobe was still considered to be an ‘uncharted province of the brain’ (Goldman-Rakic 1984). For epileptologists today, frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) remains the most challenging of all the epilepsies, both in terms of understanding how seizures are organized and how they should be treated. This is very evident in comparison to the now well-defined syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Important advances have been made in recent decades, especially in correlations between the clinical and electrical expression of seizures, permitting better understanding of FLE. Together with major developments in the field of neuroimaging, these advances are changing the approach to management, particularly in making curative surgery a real possibility for many more patients than ever
Platelet autoantibodies in patients with chronic liver disease

The thrombocytopenia in chronic liver disease (CLD) has been attributed mainly to hypersplenism, although other factors such as reduced mean life span with increased platelet turnover have also been demonstrated. Immunological abnormalities have been described in the pathogenesis and progression of CLD. In this sense, many studies have reported elevated levels of platelet associated IgG (PAIgG) in patients with CLD, and it has been suggested that PAIgG could represent true antiplatelet antibody. In this study we used a glycoprotein (GP)‐specific immunoassay (MACE) to determine whether PAIgG or circulating antiplatelet antibodies, reacted against the GPIIb/IIIa or GPIb/IX complexes, in patients with CLD. Thirty‐six patients with CLD of diverse etiology were studied (20 female, mean age 53 years, range 38–75 years). 23 out of 36 patients (64%) had anti‐GP antibodies in MACE. Particularly, 12 had anti‐GPIb, 4 anti‐GPIIb/IIIa, and 7 had both types of autoantibodies. The existence of these anti‐GP antibodies was not related with the blood platelet count or etiology of CLD.
To See Is to Attend

The ability of the primate brain to encode visual stimuli requires that the organism also pay attention. In his Perspective, [Yantis][1] discusses new work ([Bisley and Goldberg][2]) that identifies the parietal lobes of the primate brain as the region responsible for generating a map depicting where attention is focused during vision. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/299/5603/54 [2]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/299/5603/81
Collateral Damage from Friendly Fire?: Race, Nation, Class and the “War Against Obesity”

As the war against obesity intensifies in the United States, obesity is frequently portrayed as a problem of class, race, and nationality that has serious economic costs for a nation whose healthcare resources are already limited. The competition for resources has caused not only an economic panic but also a moral panic about who deserves available resources, and obesity has become a flashpoint for discussing concerns about the fiscal and physical health of the United States. This paper examines how the war against obesity (and especially the rhetoric employed) negatively affect a growing number of people by projecting national angst about race, class, and economics onto individual lives.
Journal‐ranking lists and the academic librarian

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the use of journal‐ranking lists for academic librarian promotion and tenure (P&T) decision.Design/methodology/approach – Using a case study, the researchers analyzed a proposed journal‐ranking list created for P&T decisions. A quantitative analysis of peer‐reviewed journal articles was performed to support this analysis.Findings – The paper shows that the use of journal‐ranking lists for P&T decisions inadequately conflates academic librarians with teaching faculty members.Research limitations/implications – The study relied primarily on a single case study, so it may not be scientifically generalized.Social implications – This study identifies journal‐ranking lists as an inadequate tool for the evaluation of academic librarians and encourages action to divorce the valuation of intellectual achievement from quantitative structures.Originality/value – The analysis of the quantitative/metric underpinnings of intellectual labor in higher education is necessar.
The case for cause: a preliminary enquiry

The formulation of this note in its present form derives from my reaction to a recent discussion (Kandiah, I968: 24I-244) of Fillmore's (I966) treatment of 'ergative verbs' (in the sense of Lyons, I968: 5 8.2.3) like open. I have chosen to comment on this here not because I have any special commitment to the precise formulations proposed by Fillmore (who is moreover capable of defending these himself), but because the problem of interpreting the phenomena concerned seems to me to be of sufficiently general interest to warrant further discussion. Thus, I want firstly to consider Kandiah's criticisms of Fillmore's suggestions, and then to review various further phenomena that require to be taken account of by any proposals in this area. Fillmore proposes (I966: 2I) that 'a natural way to describe the syntax of the verb open is to say that it requires an ergative, tolerates an instrumental and an agentive', as exemplified by the sentences in (i):
Large-scale Polish SLU

In this paper, we present state-of-the art concept tagging results on a new corpus for Polish SLU. For this language, it is the first large-scale corpus (~200 different concepts) which has been semantically annotated and will be made publicly available. Conditional Random Fields have proven to lead to best results for string-to-string translation problems. Using this approach, we achieve a concept error rate of 22.6% on an evaluation corpus. To additionally extract attribute values, a combination of a statistical and a rule-based approach is used leading to a CER of 30.2%.
Parental correlates of young children's dietary intakes: a review

Evidence suggests that parental modeling, use of feeding strategies, nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy for providing healthy foods and food availability are all likely to be important correlates in determining the dietary habits of young children. This paper reviews the literature regarding parental correlates of the dietary intakes of young children and provides insights regarding areas which may be important in early life but have as yet not been well researched.
The theoretical implications of joint-attention deficits in autism

Abstract Deficits in gestural joint-attention behaviors are a prominent feature of young autistic children. Attempts to explain these deficits have called upon the metarepresentational deficit hypothesis (Baron-Cohen, 1988; Leslie & Frith, 1988). However, developmental research suggests that joint-attention skills emerge prior to the cognitive capacity for metarepresentation. Thus, the metarepresentational hypothesis does not appear to provide a parsimonious explanation of autistic joint-attention deficits. An alternative model is proposed that attempts to explain these deficits in terms of the combined negative impact of developmental disturbances in affective, as well as cognitive, processes.