Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Nucleolus of a Characteristic Function Game

Introduction. The nucleolus is a solution concept for games in characteristic function form. It was introduced by D. Schmeidler in [1]. This paper is concerned with some of the properties of the nucleolus. Some of the results are new (Theorems 2, 4, 5) whereas others are known (Theorems l and 3), but the proofs given here are, in a sense, simpler than those in [1]. A characteristic function game is a pair (N, v) consisting of a set N = {1, 2, , n} of n players, and a characteristic function v, which maps each subset S of N, called a coalition, to a number v(S). In addition, it is assumed that v(N) _ 0, and that v(S) = 0 for all one-person coalitions, as well as for the empty coalition. A payoff vector is an n-tuple x = (x1, , xn) such that xi > 0 for all i = 1, , n, and x(N) = v(N), where for each coalition S, x(S) denotes Zi,eS Xi. X is the set of all payoff vectors. Of course, X depends on the particular game v. For any x in X, let q(x) be a vector in E2n, the components of which are the numbers v(S) x(S), arranged in order of decreasing magnitude, where S runs over all the coalitions of N. We shall say that x is at least as acceptable as y (with respect to v), and write x > y, if q(x) is not greater than q(y), in the lexicographical order on E2n. If q(x) is smaller than q(y), we shall say that x is more acceptable than y and write x >y. The nucleolus of the game is the set of those points in X which are "most acceptable," that is, {x E X :x > y for all y E X}. In [1], Schmeidler proved the basic result that every game possesses a nonempty nucleolus. He further showed that the nucleolus actually consists of just one point, and that-viewed as a point function of the game-it is continuous. Our aim is to give new proofs of the uniqueness and of the continuity of the nucleolus. To this end, we will have to introduce a few definitions and to prove an auxiliary theorem (Theorem 2), which may have some interest in its own right. DEFINITION. Let bo, b1, . , bp be a sequence of sets whose elements are coalitions of N. This sequence is a coalition array whenever: (i) every coalition of N is contained in exactly one of the sets b1, bp, (ii) bo contains only one-element coalitions. For every game v and payoff vector x, let b1(x, v) be the set of those S c N for which max {v(S) x(S): S c N} is attained. Similarly, b2(x, v) is the set of those S c N where max {v(S) x(S) :S ? b1(x, v)} is attained, and so on. Finally, let bo(x) = {{i} : xi = 0}. It is obvious that bo(x), b1(x, v), . , bp(x, v) is a coalition array. We shall say that it is the array that belongs to (v, x). DEFINITION 2. A coalition array bo, , bp has property I if for all k= 1,2,. ,pandanyyinE n, (1) y(S) _ 0forall Sebo, (2) y(S) ? O for all Se b1 U U bk, and (3) y(N) = 0
A new digital all-sky imager experiment for optical auroral studies in conjunction with the Scandinavian twin auroral radar experiment

Studies of the relationship between the optical aurorae and the ionospheric electric fields, as observed by the bi-static Scandinavian twin auroral coherent backscatter radar experiment (STARE) and the tri-static European incoherent backscatter radar facility (EISCAT), are to be undertaken in Scandinavia. For this purpose, an unmanned and fully automatic low-light-level television camera system, coupled to an all-sky lens, has been constructed. A personal computer controls all aspects of the instrument, operating it for all dark and moon-free periods. Monochrome optical data, usually at 557.7 nm, are pre-processed in real time at the recording site. The transformed images are stored digitally to magneto-optical disk with a temporal and spatial resolution directly compatible with the STARE radar data, thus making comparisons easy. Simultaneous TV recordings to tape may be made on a campaign basis. The camera has been calibrated for all gain settings, thereby permitting auroral images to be recalled in any .
Comparison of Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes by Gender in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (KCSG HN13-01)

Simple Summary Though women account for approximately 30% of newly diagnosed head and neck cancer, women have comprised only 17% of the study population in landmark clinical trials so far. Caution is therefore required when applying research outcomes directly to women in actual clinical practice. We hypothesized that there is no difference in treatment strategies and their effect on survival in treating locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC) in the real world. We aimed to compare multidisciplinary treatment modalities and their outcomes by sex in 445 patients with stage III to IVB LA-HNSCC. In our overall and propensity-matched cohorts, there were no significant differences in the treatment strategy or OS by gender. In the present era, in which a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized, we conclude that there is no apparent sex-based disparity in the treatment modalities and outcomes in treating LA-HNSCC. Abstract We aimed to compare treatment modalities and outcomes by gender in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC). We characterized the sex-specific differences and compared the overall survival (OS) between male and female patients in a multicenter cohort of LA-HNSCC. To minimize the observed confounding, propensity score matching was utilized. The study included 445 patients; 385 (86.5%) were men and 60 (13.5%) were women. In terms of age, smoking habits, drinking habits, and primary tumor locations, there was a significant imbalance in sex before the matching. Propensity score matching yielded 60 patient pairs, with no statistical difference between the sexes in terms of their characteristics. As for the treatment strategies, there were no significant differences between the sexes before (p = 0.260) and after (p = 0.585) the propensity score matching. When comparing the survival probabilities between the sexes, OS was not significantly different in the overall (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.59–1.76; p = 0.938) and propensity-score-matched population (HR 1.46; 95% CI 0.68–3.17; p = 0.331). These results suggest that there was no difference in prognosis by gender in the treatment modalities and outcomes of LA-HNSCC in real-world practice.
Exceptional algebraic properties of the three quadratic irrationalities observed in quasicrystals

There are only three irrationalities directly related to experimentally observed quasicrystals, namely, those which appear in extensions of rational numbers by O5, O2, O3. In this article, we demonstrate that the algebraically defined aperiodic point sets with precisely these three irrational numbers play an exceptional role. The exceptional role stems from the possibility of equivalent characterization of these point sets using one binary operation. PACS Nos.: 61.90+d, 61.50-f
A new preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules guided by mixed reality: a pilot study of an animal model

Background With the popularity of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), more and more pulmonary nodules are being discovered. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has become the first choice for surgical treatment of pulmonary nodules. The use of accurate preoperative localization is crucial for successful resection in VATS. At present, there are many kinds of preoperative localization methods, but there are certain disadvantages. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of mixed reality (MR)-guided pulmonary nodules localization, which is a new method that can benefit patients to a greater extent. Methods By constructing an animal model of pulmonary nodules localization, 28 cases of pulmonary nodules were located by MR-guided localization. We recorded the localization accuracy, localization time, insertion attempts, and incidence of complications related to localization under MR-guidance. Results All 28 nodules were successfully located: the deviation of MR-guided localization was 5.71±2.59 mm, localization time was 8.07±1.44 min, and insertion attempts was 1. A pneumothorax and localizer dislodgement occurred in 1 case, respectively. Conclusions Since preoperative localization is critical for VATS resection of pulmonary nodules, we investigated a new localization method. As indicated by our study, MR-guided localization of pulmonary nodules is feasible and safe, which is worthy of further research and promotion. We have also registered corresponding clinical trials to further investigate and help to improve our understanding of this technique.
Application of Two Polynomial Optimization Methods for Computing Robust Stability and Robust Performance Margins

Abstract In this paper, the computation of robust stability and robust performance margins for linear time invariant systems under polynomial parameter uncertainty is considered. The characteristic equations of such systems appear as polynomial functions of uncertain parameters. The problem is formulated as a polynomial optimization problem using the zero-exclusion theorem. Then, two global optimization techniques are used to solve the optimization problems. One of the algorithms is based on the Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT), and the other uses the Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) scheme. The two methods are applied to two case studies and the results are compared. The outcomes show the superiority of the RLT methodology in converging to a global solution, and in computational time.
Properties of Low-Mass Objects in NGC 2024

We have obtained deep JHK imaging of the central region of the NGC 2024 embedded cluster, allowing three-color measurements of 151 sources. We show that contamination by background sources is small, and we reject a small number of sources that are probably foreground. We use a Monte Carlo isochrone fitting technique to estimate the luminosities and masses of the low-mass members of the embedded cluster. We find that the IMF between ~0.04 and ~0.5 M☉ can be fitted within the errors with a power law of slope -1.2 in linear mass units (or -0.2 in logarithmic units). There is no indication of a turnover of the IMF at the bottom of the main sequence; it appears to continue down to ~0.04 M☉ with no significant deviation (within our moderately large errors) from the power law. This estimate of the IMF includes only the primary members of binary (or multiple) systems. Of a subset of 35 sources, 24 (69%) appear to have infrared excesses indicating possible circumstellar disks, supporting arguments that disk formation is not inhibited in high-density clusters.
Environmental Enrichment for Rainbow Trout Fingerlings: A Case Study Using Shelters in an Organic Trout Farm

Simple Summary Enriching the places were captive fish live, i.e., tanks, ponds or cages, has demonstrated potential to improve the wellbeing of the fish, which is a matter of increasing concern in the aquaculture sector. Enriching strategies are diverse but studies on the feasibility of their implementation in real farming scenarios are scarce. Here, the feasibility of using structural enrichment in the form of plastic shelters to improve the welfare of rainbow trout was studied in an organic fish farm. It was demonstrated that the use of simple plastic shelters is technically feasible, since the shelters induced little extra work in the farm routines and had no negative effects on fish performance, health or mortality. However, different to laboratory-based studies, the fish did not develop a clear shelter-seeking behavioral response when disturbed. This could be related to the short duration of the study, and therefore, it is recommended that enrichment in real scenarios should be tested covering a relevant part of the life cycle of the fish. Abstract Physical enrichment can improve the welfare of captive fish. Previous research has shown that fish often show preference for enriched environments, which can also result in improvements in growth performance. However, effects of enrichment are not always positive and the design and extent of the enrichment needs to be carefully considered. In this regard, information in real aquaculture scenarios is limited. The aim of this study was to serve as a proof of concept to test the feasibility of using simple PVC immersed shelters as a tool for better welfare in an organic rainbow trout farm. Our shelters induced little extra work in farm routines and had no negative effects on fish performance, health or mortality. The behavioral assessment pointed to a preference for sheltered areas in undisturbed conditions. However, no benefits were observed in terms of stress responses during standardized stress tests, and fish showed no obvious shelter-seeking behavior after disturbance. The results in terms of shelter-seeking behavior were probably limited by the short duration of the experiment, which was due to the farm’s routines and needs. It is recommended that strategies for enrichment in real scenarios should be tested covering a relevant part of the life cycle of the fish in captivity, to fully account for their potential to improve welfare in aquaculture.
The impact of using digital technologies on supply chain resilience and robustness: the role of memory under the covid-19 outbreak

Purpose This paper’s main aim is to check the mediating effect of supply chain memory in the relationship between using digital technologies and both supply chain resilience and robustness. In addition, the impact of the COVID-19 disruption was tested as a moderator of the impact of supply chain memory on supply chain resilience and robustness. Design/methodology/approach Altogether, 257 supply chain managers answered the questionnaire, and data were analysed through structural equation modelling. Findings This paper contributes to theory and practice by demonstrating that the experience, familiarity and knowledge to deal with disruptions partially mediate the relationship between digital technologies, resilience and robustness. Moreover, our results show that memory is less efficient for the supply chain to maintain an acceptable level of performance in case of a new extreme disruptive event like COVID-19. The full model was able to explain 36.90% of supply chain memory, 41.58% of supply chain resilience and 46.21% of supply chain robustness. Originality/value The study helps to understand how to develop supply chain memory, positioning digital technologies as an antecedent of it. The impact of supply chain memory on supply chain resilience and robustness is proved. Knowledge about the impact of industry 4.0 technologies on disruption management is quantitatively improved. It demonstrates that digital technologies impact resilience and robustness mainly through supply chain memory. The study proves that supply chain memory is less efficient for the chain remains effective when a non-routine disruptive event occurs, but it is still imperative to recover from it.
Optimally designing drone‐based surveys for wildlife abundance estimation with N‐mixture models

Hierarchical N‐mixture models have been suggested for abundance estimation from spatiotemporally replicated drone‐based count surveys, since they allow modeling abundance of unmarked individuals while accounting for detection errors. However, it is still necessary to understand how these models perform in the wide variety of contexts and species in which drone surveys are being used. This knowledge is fundamental to plan study designs with optimal allocation of scarce resources in ecology and conservation. We conduct a simulation study to address N‐mixture model (binomial and multinomial) performance and optimal survey effort allocation in different scenarios of local abundance and detectability of individuals, focusing on their application for drone‐based surveys. We also investigate the benefits of using a double‐observer protocol (either human or algorithm) in image review to decompose the detection process in availability and perception. Finally, we illustrate our simulation‐based survey design considerations by applying them to abundance estimation of marsh deer in the Pantanal wetland (Brazil). Accuracy of abundance estimation with N‐mixture models increases with local abundance in sites and especially with the availability of individuals. The optimal design requires more visits at fewer sites when the availability probability is lower, and the optimal design is more flexible as local abundance increases. Two observers checking images can increase the estimator performance even at very high perception probabilities. We quantified how much the use of a double‐observer protocol in image review can reduce fieldwork effort while achieving the same accuracy. N‐mixture models can deliver accurate abundance estimates from spatiotemporally replicated drone surveys in a wide variety of contexts while accounting for imperfect detection. The improvements achieved by a consciously planned design, rearranging survey efforts among sites and visits, as well as using a second observer in image review, can be crucial to detect trends when monitoring a population or to categorize a species as threatened or not.
Ensemble‐based data assimilation and the localisation problem

The “butterfly effect” is a popularly known paradigm; commonly it is said that when a butterfly flaps its wings in Brazil, it may cause a tornado in Texas. This essentially describes how weather forecasts can be extremely senstive to small changes in the given atmospheric data, or initial conditions, used in computer model simulations. In 1961 Edward Lorenz found, when running a weather model, that small changes in the initial conditions given to the model can, over time, lead to entriely different forecasts (Lorenz, 1963). This discovery highlights one of the major challenges in modern weather forecasting; that is to provide the computer model with the most accurately specified initial conditions possible. A process known as data assimilation seeks to minimize the errors in the given initial conditions and was, in 1911, described by Bjerkness as “the ultimate problem in meteorology” (Bjerkness, 1911).
Errors and Perturbations in Vandermonde Systems

The Bjorck-Pereyra algorithm for Vandermonde systems is known to produce extremely accurate results in some cases, even when the matrix is very ill-conditioned. Recently, Higham has produced an error analysis of the algorithm which identifies when this behaviour will take place. In this paper, we observe that this analysis also predicts the error behaviour very well in general, and illustrate this with a series of extensive numerical tests. Moreover, we relate the computational error to that caused by perturbations in the matrix elements, and show that they are not always commensurate. We also discuss the relationship between these error and perturbation estimates with the ``effective well-condition'''' of Chan and Foulser.
Measuring electrical activity in the brain during exercise: A review of methods, challenges, and opportunities

During the last decade, the use of mobile electroencephalography (EEG) devices has furthered understanding of the mechanisms that underlie psychophysical and affective responses during the execution of gross movements (e.g. walking and cycling). Such devices can also be used to shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie attention allocation, fatigue-related symptoms, emotional reactions, and behavioural outcomes associated with physical activity programmes. This advancement could, potentially, herald a new era for the field of sport and exercise psychology, wherein researchers will be able to investigate athletic performance and exercise behaviour from a different perspective.In this review, we explore some of the most recent approaches used to measure electrical activity in the brain during exercise.We provide an overview of the practical issues that researchers face in this field, such as dealing with artefacts elicited by body and cable movements and how to process the biological signal. We also review methods that researchers can employ to prevent electrical artefacts from compromising the fidelity of data. We make a case for assessing psychological and psychobiological parameters in tandem with EEG in order to arrive at a fuller understanding of exercise-related phenomena.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Chhattisgarh: Findings from National Mental Health Survey

Background: Psychiatric disorders are among the leading contributors to disability in India and worldwide. The pattern, prevalence, and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the country and its regions need to be assessed to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. No study on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders has been conducted in the Chhattisgarh state. This paper, as part of the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), discusses the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh state. Methods: A stratified random cluster sampling technique and random selection based on probability proportional to size (PPS) at each stage were adopted. Participants were from three selected districts of Chhattisgarh, such as Janjgir-Champa, Kabirdham, and Raipur. Adults (aged ≥18 years) residing in selected households were interviewed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (version 6.0), the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, the WHO-SEARO screening questionnaire for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and screening tools for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. Results: A total of 2841 individuals were interviewed. The state’s lifetime and current prevalence of psychiatric disorders for adults were 14.06% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.83–14.29] and 11.66% (95% CI = 11.45–11.87), respectively. Prevalence of substance use disorders, tobacco use disorders, schizophrenia and related disorders, and mood disorders was 32.4% (95% CI = 32.09–32.71), 29.86% (95% CI = 29.56–30.16), 0.8% (95% CI = 0.75–0.86), and 4.44% (95% CI = 4.31–4.58), respectively. High risk for suicide was detected in 0.28% (95% CI = 0.25–0.31). Psychiatric disorders were twice more common in males than in females. Conclusions: The study gives authentic data on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh. This shall pave the way for policymakers and planners to design state-specific plans for dealing with mental disorders and related issues.
Biodegradable Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes as Promising Candidates for the Development of Face Masks

Aerosol particles, such as the widespread COVID-19 recently, have posed a great threat to humans. Combat experience has proven that masks can protect against viruses; however, the epidemic in recent years has caused serious environmental pollution from plastic medical supplies, especially masks. Degradable filters are promising candidates to alleviate this problem. Degradable nanofiber filters, which are developed by the electrospinning technique, can achieve superior filtration performance. This review focuses on the basic introduction to air filtration, the general aspects of face masks, and nanofibers. Furthermore, the progress of the state of art degradable electrospun nanofiber filters have been summarized, such as silk fibroin (SF), polylactic acid (PLA), chitosan, cellulose, and zein. Finally, the challenges and future development are highlighted.