Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The European Respiratory Journal targets tuberculosis

In the most recent report 1, 2, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2008 9.4 million new tuberculosis (TB) cases occurred and that 1.8 million people died of TB. Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many areas of the world, ranking at the seventh position of all causes of deaths worldwide and being second only to AIDS as an infectious cause of death 3. All regions of the world are affected, with the highest per capita rates in sub-Saharan Africa and the highest absolute numbers in Asia; however, the Middle East, Europe, especially Eastern Europe, and the Americas are also paying a heavy toll to the disease. It is very likely that the number of individuals who are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis , estimated to be about a third of humanity, has never been higher during human evolution than today. In the past decades, huge efforts have been made and ambitious goals have been set, such as halving prevalence and mortality by 2015 compared to 1990 and eliminating TB by 2050 4, to combat TB at different levels: by governments, multilateral organisations ( e.g. WHO, the World Bank), new financing mechanisms ( e.g. the Global Fund, UNITAID), non-governmental organisations, foundations ( e.g. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation), civil society, the corporate sector and professional societies ( e.g. the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society (ERS)). As a result of these efforts, nearly 6 million lives have been saved compared to the standards of care before 1995 and 36 million people have been cured since 1995. Furthermore, the Millennium Development Goal-related TB target of halting the increase and beginning to make …
Novel VLSI architecture for two-dimensional radon transform computations

This paper reviews a VLSI architecture based on `Parallel Pipeline Projection Engine' (PPPE) which is composed by Forward Radon Transform and Back-projection architecture. This PPPE architecture is modified by using the theory of two-dimensional Radon Transform. The novel architecture is primarily based on analytical relationship between the pixels on horizontal and vertical raster scan line and also between the projection angles. A new concept of Processing Blocks (PB) is developed with help of the theory of Radon Transform. In this novel PPPE architecture, the PB blocks can drive a large numbers of Processing Element (PE) blocks with some limitations. This limitation is also accounted by some error function from where the correct numbers of PE blocks are derived. The top level implementations have done for both of the existing and modified architecture and compared them by using Xilinx ISE simulator. Synthesized results for both of the novel and existing PPPE architecture has been done on `Field Programmable Gate Array' (FPGA). It has been observed that novel PPPE architecture uses less numbers of hardware resources (multipliers, adders/subtractors) and as a result this modified architecture reduces the computational complexity, delay and latency as compared to the existing one.
Psychophysiology of Yoga Postures: Ancient and Modern Perspectives of Asanas

Asana (posture) is usually defined as a body posture held with stability and ease by Patanjali. Hathayoga Pradipika emphasises that asana helps bring about stability in health and suppleness of body. As intrathoracic, intra-abdominal pressure-volume changes affect internal organs and systems, it is plausible that asanas produce changes through mechanisms both local as well as general. This chapter takes a look at various studies that have explored human physiology in relation to asana. Some examples are glucose metabolism, changes in energy expenditure, ventilatory responses, oxygen consumption as well as respiratory, neuromuscular and cardiovascular parameters. It also explores the neuromuscular reflex arcs dynamics that position asana as an excellent system to restore psychosomatic harmony and balance. It needs to be stressed that the actual efforts being made in asana are of a somato-psychic nature while benefits that accrue are of a psychosomatic nature. It is suggested that Hathayoga helps us evolve out of our primitive sub-human tendencies thus developing human and humane qualities.
Long Term Outcomes in Stress Echocardiography: Ten Year Follow up of a Cohort in a Single Centre

Backgroud The high service burden for acute admissions and referrals via rapid access chest pain clinics for evaluation of possible coronary artery disease means that many patients are now undergoing an investigation such as stress echocardiography as part of their evaluation. We aimed to see if the reassurance provided by negative stress echocardiography correlates with long-term event free survival. Methods A cohort of all patients who were referred at a single centre for stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease between January 1st 1999 and December 31st 2000 were followed up at least 10 years following theirs stress echocardiogram for further major cardiovascular events and mortality. Results A total of 64 patients were identified where records could be obtained for analysis. There were 16 positive scans, 37 negative scans and 11 inconclusive scans. The indeterminacy rate of scans was 17%, the sensitivity rate for detecting significant disease as indexed to invasive angiography was 88 % and the specificity rate compared with angiography was 75%. There were no myocardial infarctions or new diagnoses of heart failure in the negative echocardiogram group. There were seven deaths in the total population and only one death from cardiovascular causes in the negative echocardiogram group. Conclusion Stress echocardiography even in this small group predicts long-term outcomes as well as invasive coronary angiography.
AttitudeBuzz: Using social media data to localize complex attitudes

AttitudeBuzz is a system that analyzes and presents complex social attitudes based on geolocated social media data. The system uses a machine learning model to apply highly domain-specific sentiment analysis to such data, specifically Twitter, by learning modulators around a configurable lexicon central to the domain of inquiry. Training data are acquired from geographical areas where a specific attitude or opinion is known to dominate. We apply AttitudeBuzz to the domain of homophobic attitudes expressed on Twitter. The resulting user interface is presented and the machine learning model described and analyzed.
Outcomes of infant sleep problems: a longitudinal study of sleep, behavior, and maternal well-being.

OBJECTIVES In a community sample of children aged 3 to 4 years with previous infant sleep problems, we aimed to 1) establish proportions with recurring, persisting, and resolving sleep problems; 2) identify early predictors of later sleep problems; and 3) identify comorbidities of persistent or recurrent sleep problems at age 3 to 4 years. METHODS A follow-up community survey was conducted of mothers of children aged 3 to 4 years who had, as 8- to 10-month-old infants with identified sleep problems, participated in a community-based, randomized, controlled trial of a brief sleep intervention from 3 middle-class local government areas in Melbourne, Australia. Infant sleep problems (standardized maternal questionnaire), maternal well-being (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), child behavior problems (Child Behavior Check List for ages 1.5 to 5 years), marital satisfaction (Dyadic Adjustment Scale), and family functioning (General Functioning Scale, McMaster Family Assessment Device) were measured. RESULTS Seventy-three percent (114 of 156) of mothers responded, 36 (32%) of whom reported a current problem with their child's sleep. Current sleep problems were similar regardless of infant sleep intervention. Twelve percent (14 of 114) reported that their child's sleep problem had persisted, and 19% (21 of 113) reported that it had recurred. Children with current sleep problems were more likely still to be nursed to sleep by an adult and had slightly higher mean scores on Child Behavior Check List subscales for Aggressive Behavior (54 vs 52) and Somatic Problems (55 vs 53). Their mothers had higher Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores (median: 8 vs 5) and more difficulties with their partner undermining the management of their child. However, early depression did not predict current sleep problems. Families of children with sleep problems were functioning as well as those without sleep problems. CONCLUSIONS Persistence or recurrence of infant sleep problems in the preschool years is common and is associated with slightly higher child behavior problems and maternal depression scores. Results suggest that depressive symptoms are a result rather than cause of sleep problems. Despite this, families of children with sleep problems are functioning well.
Long-term measurement of excitatory and inhibitory synapse densities with electrical activity during development of cultured rat cortical networks

Rat cortical neurons were cultured to investigate the long-term development of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic terminals for 35 days in vitro (DIV) and the change of spontaneous electrical activity during this process. Using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), we show that the network firing rate and synchronized burst rate became saturated toward 35 DIV after an initial increase in these rates in the early stage. Whole synapses, excitatory synapses and inhibitory synapses were detected using antibodies against synapsin 1, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) and vesicular transporter of J-amino-butyric acid (VGAT), respectively. Immunocytochemical observation revealed that synapsin 1-labeled synapse density also became saturated at 28 and 35 DIV, whereas it increased toward 21 DIV. Both VGluT1 and VGAT puncta showed a similar tendency during long-term development; however, these distributions were heterogeneous. We show the preliminary results of the developmental distribution of excitatory and inhibitory synapses during long-term culture.
Stephan Peischl that change in space and time Evolutionary rescue by beneficial mutations in environments

Supplementary data ml http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2012/11/28/rstb.2012. 0082.DC1. ht "Data Supplement" References http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/368/1610/20120082.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 49 articles, 10 of which can be accessed free Subject collections (43 articles) genetics  (589 articles) evolution  (184 articles) environmental science  (422 articles) ecology  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
Effects of information and 50 Hz magnetic fields on cognitive performance and reported symptoms

The aim of this study was to explore the role of expectancies and beliefs about the potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) (what the subject thought the effect was going to be) and the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields (400 µTrms) acute exposure on cognitive performance, the reporting of physical symptoms and some psychological and physiological parameters. Seventy‐four healthy male volunteers aged between 40 and 60 years of age were randomly assigned to one of five groups, which differed in (1) the type of information they were given concerning the expected magnetic field effect on performance in cognitive tests (positive = enhancement of the performance; negative = impairment of the performance; neutral) and (2) the type of exposure (real or sham). Three groups were sham exposed with positive (group+), negative (group−) and neutral information (group+/−); one group was really exposed with neutral information (group expo) and one group was not exposed, though they wore the helmet, and did not receive any field‐related information (control group). All the volunteers, except the control group, were led to believe that they would be exposed to a magnetic field of 400 µTrms. The experimental design respected a double blind procedure and the experimental session involved three steps (pre‐testing, exposure, and post‐testing). Various measurements were taken, including cognitive performance, psychological parameters such as mood, vigilance, and reporting of symptoms. Physiological parameters such as blood pressure and pulse rate were also recorded. The information given did not significantly modify beliefs. No significant difference was found among the five groups depending on the type of information and the type of exposure in cognitive performance, psychological and physiological parameters. In the context of the study, with our population, the type of information given failed to induce expected changes in parameters measured. Our results do not support the hypothesis that an acute exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz, 400 µTrms) affects the parameters measured. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinctively American: The Residential Liberal Arts College

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Multiple Symbol Differential Stack Algorithm for Unitary Space-Frequency Modulation

Differential unitary space-frequency modulation reduces the complexity of multiple-input multiple-output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems significantly. But the conventional single symbol differential detection (SSDD) results in a high error floor over a severe multipath spreading channel. To overcome this limitation, a multiple symbol differential stack algorithm is proposed by embedding a recursion of maximum-likelihood metric in the stack algorithm. The proposed algorithm is suitable for arbitrary nondiagonal unitary space-frequency constellations and enhances the flexibility to multipath spread compared with SSDD.
Spectral Subtraction using Modified Cascaded Median based Noise Estimation for Speech Enhancement

A modified version of the cascaded median based noise estimation for speech enhancement using spectral subtraction has been proposed. The proposed method involves less storage as compared to the original cascaded median based method reported earlier. In this method, the connection of median block is in cascaded but operation of that blocks are different from original cascaded median based method. Here, single median is calculated for each frame from samples of noisy spectra. It is simulated on MATLAB with 16 kHz sampling frequency, half-overlapped hamming window and tested through Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) measure. The perceptual speech quality gets improved with the proposed method and at the same time, simulation time is marginally less than the cascaded median based method.
The Energetic Benefit of Robotic Gait Selection—A Case Study on the Robot RAMone

Should a legged robot use different gaits at different desired speeds? If so, what constitutes these gaits? This work examines these questions through a case study on the planar bipedal robot RAMone. Using a realistic model of the robot, this paper presents the outcome of a series of trajectory optimizations which minimize the electrical cost of transport and find the associated optimal motion strategies. These optimizations show that at low speeds it is most economical to perform a ballistic walking gait with an instantaneous transfer of support. At higher speeds, spring-mass running with an extended air-phase becomes the optimal gait. Additionally, it is illustrated that the optimal running gait is conducted with the knee joints pointing away from rather than towards the direction of travel. The transition between ballistic walking and spring-mass running happens at a speed of 1.04 m/s, and switching can reduce energy expenditure by up to 259%.
A Dimensionality Reduction Approach for Modular Neural Networks

A modular neural network architecture is composed by independent neural networks that focus on different parts of the whole task. This work proposes the Intrinsic Modular Neural Networks that aims not only to reduce the number of classes and patterns in each independent neural network, but also to reduce the dimensionality of the data. The task decomposition is performed by the High-Dimensional Data Clustering algorithm. After the clustering, the training patterns are divided in groups and each group is used to train an independent neural network. Experiments on public databases show promising results.
Leverage, Volatility and Executive Stock Options

This paper studies how an optimal wage contract can be implemented using stock options, and derives the properties of the optimal contract with stock options. Specifically, we show how the exercise price and the size of the option grant should change in response to changes in exogenous parameters. First, for a fixed exercise price of executive stock options, the size of the option grant decreases in the riskiness of a desired investment policy, decreases in the volatility of return from the risky project, and increases in leverage. Second, for a fixed size of the option grant, the optimal exercise price of managerial stock options increases in the riskiness of a desired investment policy, increases in the volatility of return from the risky project, and decreases in leverage. Several empirical predictions are drawn from these conclusions regarding the pay-performance sensitivity of management compensation.
Using Sibling Designs to Understand Neurodevelopmental Disorders: From Genes and Environments to Prevention Programming

Neurodevelopmental disorders represent a broad class of childhood neurological conditions that have a significant bearing on the wellbeing of children, families, and communities. In this review, we draw on evidence from two common and widely studied neurodevelopmental disorders—autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—to demonstrate the utility of genetically informed sibling designs in uncovering the nature and pathogenesis of these conditions. Specifically, we examine how twin, recurrence risk, and infant prospective tracking studies have contributed to our understanding of genetic and environmental liabilities towards neurodevelopmental morbidity through their impact on neurocognitive processes and structural/functional neuroanatomy. It is suggested that the siblings of children with ASD and ADHD are at risk not only of clinically elevated problems in these areas, but also of subthreshold symptoms and/or subtle impairments in various neurocognitive skills and other domains of psychosocial health. Finally, we close with a discussion on the practical relevance of sibling designs and how these might be used in the service of early screening, prevention, and intervention efforts that aim to alleviate the negative downstream consequences associated with disorders of neurodevelopment.
Segmentation and Classification of MRI Brain Tumor using FLGMM Segmentation and Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier

Segmentation and Detection of Brain tumor is very vital because it provides anatomical information of tissues which helps in treatment of patient. There are number of techniques for image segmentation. Efficient segmentation methods lead to accurate diagnosis. For early diagnosis it will make sense to combine segmentation, feature extraction and classification process into one model. Taking into account this, we are proposing an approach for brain tumor identification based on Fuzzy Local Gaussian Mixture Model segmentation method by assuming local data within pixels neighborhood satisfy Gaussian Mixture Model and grey level co-occurrence is used for feature extraction. Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) characteristics features are used with the MR image for training of neural network then tumor is detected using neuro fuzzy classifier. Experimental results show promising results in terms of classification and segmentation accuracy.
Volume and rigidity of hyperbolic polyhedral 3‐manifolds

We investigate the rigidity of hyperbolic cone metrics on 3‐manifolds which are isometric gluing of ideal and hyper‐ideal tetrahedra in hyperbolic spaces. These metrics will be called ideal and hyper‐ideal hyperbolic polyhedral metrics. It is shown that a hyper‐ideal hyperbolic polyhedral metric is determined up to isometry by its curvature and a decorated ideal hyperbolic polyhedral metric is determined up to isometry and change of decorations by its curvature. The main tool used in the proof is the Fenchel dual of the volume function.
Garbage to Gasoline: Converting Municipal Solid Waste to Liquid Fuels

4 INTRODUCTION . 5 CONVERSION OF MSW TO USEFUL GAS . 7 GASIFICATION . 8 CONVERSION OF SYNGAS TO SALABLE PRODUCTS . 10 FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS . 12 ENERGY REQUIREMENT . 13 LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTS . 13 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF A MSW TO LIQUID FUEL PROJECT . 14 MODEL METHODOLOGY . 14 PLANT DESIGN . 15 CAPITAL COSTS . 18 OPERATING COSTS . 19 OTHER FINANCIAL PARAMETERS . 20 RESULTS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS . 22 BASE CASE . 22 FUEL PRICES . 23 ELECTRICITY PRICES . 24 TIPPING FEES . 26 FINANCING OPTIONS . 27 RELATIVE IMPACT OF MODEL FACTORS IN IRR. 28 BEYOND THE MODEL . 30 RELATIONSHIP WITH CONVENTIONAL FUEL PRICES . 30 POLICY IMPLICATIONS . 31 RENEWABLE FUEL STANDARDS (RFS) . 31 COMPARISON TO CORN-BASED ETHANOL PRODUCTION . 32 PRICE COMPETITIVENESS UNDER RFS . 33 CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY . 34 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES . 35 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY . 35 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . 35 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE . 36 STATE LEVEL FUNDING . 36 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH OUTCOMES. 37 MSW GASIFICATION VERSUS INCINERATION . 37 POST-CONVERSION WASTE DISPOSAL . 38 REDUCING LANDFILL MASS . 38 CARBON EMISSIONS . 39 CONCLUSION . 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 42 APPENDIX A: ALTERNATIVE MSW CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES . 46 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION . 46 OVERVIEW . 46 FUTURE DIRECTIONS . 46 PYROLYSIS . 47 OVERVIEW . 47 FUTURE DIRECTIONS . 47 ALTERNATIVE SYNTHETIC GAS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES . 47 AMMONIA SYNTHESIS . 47 METHANOL SYNTHESIS . 48 ETHANOL FERMENTATION . 49 APPENDIX B: COMPANIES CONVERTING SYNGAS TO SALABLE PRODUCTS . 51 ENERKEM INC. . 51 INEOS BIO . 51 RENTECH . 51 COSKATA INC. . 52 FULCRUM BIOENERGY . 54 LANZATECH . 54
Going after the k-SAT threshold

Random k-SAT is the single most intensely studied example of a random constraint satisfaction problem. But despite substantial progress over the past decade, the threshold for the existence of satisfying assignments is not known precisely for any k≥3. The best current results, based on the second moment method, yield upper and lower bounds that differ by an additive k ⋅ {ln2}/2, a term that is unbounded in k (Achlioptas, Peres: STOC 2003). The basic reason for this gap is the inherent asymmetry of the Boolean values 'true' and 'false' in contrast to the perfect symmetry, e.g., among the various colors in a graph coloring problem. Here we develop a new asymmetric second moment method that allows us to tackle this issue head on for the first time in the theory of random CSPs. This technique enables us to compute the k-SAT threshold up to an additive ln2-1/2+O(1/k) ~0.19. Independently of the rigorous work, physicists have developed a sophisticated but non-rigorous technique called the "cavity method" for the study of random CSPs (Mezard, Parisi, Zecchina: Science~2002). Our result matches the best bound that can be obtained from the so-called "replica symmetric" version of the cavity method, and indeed our proof directly harnesses parts of the physics calculations.