Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An implicit body representation underlying human position sense

Knowing the body's location in external space is a fundamental perceptual task. Perceiving the location of body parts through proprioception requires that information about the angles of each joint (i.e., body posture) be combined with information about the size and shape of the body segments between joints. Although information about body posture is specified by on-line afferent signals, no sensory signals are directly informative about body size and shape. Thus, human position sense must refer to a stored body model of the body's metric properties, such as body part size and shape. The need for such a model has long been recognized; however, the properties of this model have never been systematically investigated. We developed a technique to isolate and measure this body model. Participants judged the location in external space of 10 landmarks on the hand. By analyzing the internal configuration of the locations of these points, we produced implicit maps of the mental representation of hand size and shape. We show that this part of the body model is massively distorted, in a reliable and characteristic fashion, featuring shortened fingers and broadened hands. Intriguingly, these distortions appear to retain several characteristics of primary somatosensory representations, such as the Penfield homunculus.
Modulation Doping for Repetition Coded BICM-ID with Irregular Degree Allocation

A new BICM-ID technique that makes efficient use of a mixture of standard Gray and anti-Gray extended mapping, combined with irregular degree-allocated repetition code with check nodes. It is shown that with the proposed technique, very low rate codes that can achieve turbo cliff at a very low Es/N0 value range can well be designed, and that the EXIT chart analysis and chain simulation results are exactly consistent with each other. Index terms extended mapping; repetition code; irregular node allocation; EXIT analysis; turbo cliff; capacity;
Recurrent vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in a leukemia patient who was persistently colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococci for two years.

the risk of tuberculous infection is high [8, 9]. Our patient, and others described in previous reports [2-4], were in environments where they were heavily exposed to M. tuberculosis. In addition to varying degrees of immunosuppression, high levels of exposure to M. tuberculosis likely contributed to their risk of reinfection. The case described herein illustrates that diabetes may be a risk factor for exogenous reinfection in patients with prior tuberculous infection. To what extent, if any, exogenous reinfection occurs in immunocompetent hosts is unknown. Stead [10] suggested that healthy tuberculin reactors are at very low risk of reinfection when they are again exposed to M tuberculosis. Shafer et al. [5] presented a case of exogenous reinfection in an immunocompetent woman who had previously used alcohol heavily. However, it is not clear how previous heavy alcohol use affects the immune system. The number of cases of tuberculosis resulting from exogenous reinfection is undoubtedly underestimated since the cases described to date have involved only reinfection with isolates resistant to multiple drugs. Perhaps, when molecular epidemiological tools are more broadly used to analyze M. tuberculosis isolates, we will have a truer sense of the role reinfection plays in tuberculosis.
The gene of an archaeal α-l-fucosidase is expressed by translational frameshifting

The standard rules of genetic translational decoding are altered in specific genes by different events that are globally termed recoding. In Archaea recoding has been unequivocally determined so far only for termination codon readthrough events. We study here the mechanism of expression of a gene encoding for a α-l-fucosidase from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (fucA1), which is split in two open reading frames separated by a −1 frameshifting. The expression in Escherichia coli of the wild-type split gene led to the production by frameshifting of full-length polypeptides with an efficiency of 5%. Mutations in the regulatory site where the shift takes place demonstrate that the expression in vivo occurs in a programmed way. Further, we identify a full-length product of fucA1 in S.solfataricus extracts, which translate this gene in vitro by following programmed −1 frameshifting. This is the first experimental demonstration that this kind of recoding is present in Archaea.
Sports forecasting: a comparison of the forecast accuracy of prediction markets, betting odds and tipsters

This article compares the forecast accuracy of different methods, namely prediction markets, tipsters and betting odds, and assesses the ability of prediction markets and tipsters to generate profits systematically in a betting market. We present the results of an empirical study that uses data from 678-837 games of three seasons of the German premier soccer league. Prediction markets and betting odds perform equally well in terms of forecasting accuracy, but both methods strongly outperform tipsters. A weighting-based combination of the forecasts of these methods leads to a slightly higher forecast accuracy, whereas a rule-based combination improves forecast accuracy substantially. However, none of the forecasts leads to systematic monetary gains in betting markets because of the high fees (25%) charged by the state-owned bookmaker in Germany. Lower fees (e.g., approximately 12% or 0%) would provide systematic profits if punters exploited the information from prediction markets and bet only on a selected number of games. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-Adjusting Distributed Trees

An object retrieval protocol that enforces mutually exclusive access to a shared object is an important primitive employed by many distributed applications including distributed directories, d stributed resource sharing systems and ordered multicast protocols, to name a few. Most existing impleme ntations of this object retrieval primitive use a tree as the underlying communication structure due to th simple acyclic nature of trees. The worst case performance of this primitive and of the large body of applications built upon it, is O(n) for n nodes sharing the object. In this paper, we present a novel distributed s elf-adjusting tree for object retrieval protocols that guarantees the message complexity per retr i val, averaged over the worst case sequence of retrievals, to be O(log n). In addition, our algorithm adjusts only portions of the tree in which retrievals occur; this is advantageous when the tree structure reflects ne twork proximity. We implement best known techniques from the centralized setting and compare their performan ce with our algorithm. Results are presented from experiments carried out on PlanetLab to evaluate the p rformance of different schemes under different workloads. We also present extensions to our basic p rotocol allowing a wide range of distributed applications including atomic broadcast and content discovery to ac hieve better performance using our techniques. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to reduce acces s osts in a distributed tree where the tree dynamically adjusts itself during use to achieve O(log n) performance for worst case workloads.
Founders, Families, and Futures: Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds

This research explores perspectives on the accountability of Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs), a type of Australian endowed philanthropic foundation. PAFs are relatively new giving structures that have experienced strong growth over the past 15 years. With limited regulatory obligations and exemptions available from public reporting, PAFs have discretion in various forms of public accountability. Using Ebrahim’s conceptual framework of nonprofit accountability, this study explores PAF accountability in terms of to whom, for what, how, and why, examining tensions between PAFs’ private form and public purpose. Through in-depth interviews with managers and trustees of 10 PAFs, findings reveal that PAFs engage in accountability for internal reasons relating to their mission and purpose, and their desire to lead others in philanthropy. PAFs are influenced by philanthropic peers, in particular other PAFs; but their accountability does not necessarily include public disclosure or transparency. Four variations to Ebrahim’s accountability framework are proposed.
Control of coupling mass balance error in a process‐based numerical model of surface‐subsurface flow interaction

A process‐based numerical model of integrated surface‐subsurface flow is analyzed in order to identify, track, and reduce the mass balance errors affiliated with the model's coupling scheme. The sources of coupling error include a surface‐subsurface grid interface that requires node‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐node interpolation of exchange fluxes and ponding heads, and a sequential iterative time matching procedure that includes a time lag in these same exchange terms. Based on numerical experiments carried out for two synthetic test cases and for a complex drainage basin in northern Italy, it is shown that the coupling mass balance error increases during the flood recession limb when the rate of change in the fluxes exchanged between the surface and subsurface is highest. A dimensionless index that quantifies the degree of coupling and a saturated area index are introduced to monitor the sensitivity of the model to coupling error. Error reduction is achieved through improvements to the heuristic procedure used to control and adapt the time step interval and to the interpolation algorithm used to pass exchange variables from nodes to cells. The analysis presented illustrates the trade‐offs between a flexible description of surface and subsurface flow processes and the numerical errors inherent in sequential iterative coupling with staggered nodal points at the land surface interface, and it reveals mitigation strategies that are applicable to all integrated models sharing this coupling and discretization approach.
La útil relación entre el diálogo de saberes, la traducción y la hegemonía

In this text we intend to briefly analyze the notions of dialogue of knowledge, translation and hegemonic articulation, in order to detect some of their scopes and explore possible development possibilities, when we proceed to an exercise of critical relationship between them. The central thesis is that they are notions that do not exclude each other but are not equivalent either, but correspond to different levels of contact and articulation between sociocultural differences. The recognition of both the differences and the possible relations between these proposals could provide fertile clues in the work of reflection and collective construction of alternative forms of intercultural contact, more just, equitable and democratic, at a time when globalized neoliberal capitalism acquires increasingly expansive, colonialist and predatory expressions.
Interdisciplinary Management of Maxillary Canine Buccal Ectopia Associated with Peg Shaped Lateral Incisor

Aligning a displaced maxillary canine into the dental arch is one of the most complicated problems in orthodontics. In cases of extremely high displacement, the tooth is frequently removed surgically. Because of the upper canines' significance to dental esthetics and functional occlusion, such a decision is a very serious one. The purpose of this report is to illustrate an interdisciplinary approach involving both orthodontic management and conservative tooth restoration. The case was treated through an orthodontic nonextraction fixed appliance mechanotherapy for successful alignment of buccally ectopic upper left canine followed by a conservative direct composite tooth buildup of peg lateral incisor associated with the upper left ectopic canine in a 16-year-old adolescent North Indian female. Posttreatment records demonstrated good alignment of the displaced tooth and restoration of normal anatomy of the peg shaped lateral incisor.
Automatic synthesis of gated clocks for power reduction in sequential circuits

With the proliferation of portable devices and increasing levels of chip integration, reducing power consumption is becoming of paramount importance. We describe a technique to automatically synthesize gated clocks for nite-state machines (FSMs) to reduce power in the nal implementation. This technique recognizes self-loops in the FSM (either from the state diagram or from a synchronous network) and uses the function described by the self-loops to gate the clock. The clock activation function is then used as don't-care information to minimize the logic in the FSM for additional power savings. We applied these techniques to standard MCNC benchmarks and found an average reduction in power dissipation of 25%, at the cost of a 5% increase in area.
Regulatory Reform of the Gas Market The Case of the Storage Auction

The UK gas industry has undergone major changes since it was privatised in 1986 as a fully integrated monopoly. The most significant of these have occurred not as an outworking of the privatisation legislation but by the intervention of the ordinary competition authorities in support of an active industry regulator. While price capping continues to be used as the primary instrument for welfare protection against the still substantial monopolistic powers of the incumbent, new competition which has been positively encouraged, has had the greater impact on prices and choice. Recently, however, the regulator has encouraged the use of auctions for the sale of storage capacity. This paper considers the merits of auctions and makes a tentative evaluation of their effectiveness. Further use of auctions is recommended but reserve prices are considered inappropriate where monopoly power still remains.
Elastic anisotropy of FeSiO3 end‐members of the perovskite and post‐perovskite phases

The athermal elastic constants of the perovskite and post‐perovskite polymorphs of pure end‐member FeSiO3 were calculated from ab initio calculations. We predict that incorporating ten mole percent FeSiO3 together with four mole percent Al2O3 into MgSiO3 reduces the perovskite to post‐perovskite phase transition pressure by 5 GPa. Small changes in the seismic properties of the post‐perovskite phase due to the incorporation of iron and alumina are compatible with observations for the lower mantle. MgSiO3 post‐perovskite enriched in fifty percent or more iron may be responsible for ultra‐low velocity zones at the base of the mantle.
An introduction to the evolutionary modelling of conflict

Offer a "how-to" approach to the evolutionary analysis of conflict. Make you understand why the methods introduced by Steve Frank are more powerful than both game theory and inclusive fitness theory why the use of classical inclusive fitness theory (i.e. Hamilton's rule) requires much caution and why some of its assumptions are often violated; you will see that Frank’s methods can solve problems where Hamilton’s rule fails why the concept of relatedness may have several meanings Illustrate Frank’s approach using several real-life problems : social interactions between two players (e.g. siblicide in parasitoid wasps, Section 1) worker reproduction (Section 2) conflict over caste fate in social insects (Section 3) Each section of this handout is accompanied by a Mathematica sheet that offers easy analysis of each problem. These are available at http://www.shef. ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/twpub.html#courses
Similarity-based supervisory control of discrete-event systems

Due to the appearance of uncontrollable events in discrete-event systems, one may wish to replace the behavior leading to the uncontrollability of pre-specified language by some quite similar one. To capture this similarity, we introduce metric to traditional supervisory control theory and generalize the concept of original controllability to /spl lambda/-controllability, where /spl lambda/ indicates the similarity degree of two languages. A necessary and sufficient condition for a language to be /spl lambda/-controllable is provided. We then examine some properties of /spl lambda/-controllable languages and present an approach to optimizing a realization.
Caudal Epidural Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

Caudal epidural block is a commonly used technique for surgical anesthesia in children and chronic pain management in adults. It is performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus to gain entrance into the sacral epidural space. Using conventional blind technique, the failure rate of caudal epidural block in adults is high even in experienced hands. This high failure rate could be attributed to anatomic variations that make locating sacral hiatus difficult. With the advent of fluoroscopy and ultrasound in guiding needle placement, the success rate of caudal epidural block has been markedly improved. Although fluoroscopy is still considered the gold standard when performing caudal epidural injection, ultrasonography has been demonstrated to be highly effective in accurately guiding the needle entering the caudal epidural space and produce comparative treatment outcome as fluoroscopy. Except intravascular and intrathecal injection, ultrasonography could be as effective as fluoroscopy in preventing complications during caudal epidural injection. The relevant anatomy and techniques in performing the caudal epidural block will be briefly reviewed in this article.
A REVERSIBLE SYNAPTIC DEPRESSION IN DEVELOPING RAT CA3 – CA1 SYNAPSES EXPLAINED BY A NOVEL CYCLE OF AMPA SILENCING - UNSILENCING Abbreviated title: Inactivity produces AMPA unsilencing

In the developing hippocampus experiments using whole-cell recordings have shown that a small number of synaptic activations can convert many glutamate synapses to AMPA silent synapses. This depression of AMPA signaling is induced by low frequency (0.05 – 0.2 Hz) activation, does not require NMDA or metabotropic glutamate receptor activation for its induction, and does not readily reverse following stimulus interruption. Here we show, using field recordings and perforated patch-clamp recordings of transmission in developing CA3-CA1 synapses, that this synaptic depression also can be observed under more non-invasive recording conditions. Moreover, under these conditions the synaptic depression spontaneously recovers within 20 minutes by the absence of synaptic activation alone, with a time constant of about 7 minutes as determined by field EPSP recordings. Thus, as for the expression of long-term potentiation, recovery from this depression is susceptible to whole-cell dialysis (" wash-out "). In contrast to LTP-induced unsilencing, the AMPA signaling following stimulus interruption was again labile, resumed stimulation resulted in renewed depression. The present study has thus identified a novel cycle for AMPA signaling in which the nascent glutamate synapse cycles between an AMPA silent state, induced by a small number of synaptic activations, and a labile AMPA signaling, induced by prolonged inactivity.
Tracking control for multiple Lagrangian systems using neural networks without relative velocity information

This paper presents a distributed leader-following control approach for a group of uncertain Euler-Lagrange systems in the absence of the neighbors' velocity information under an undirected communication graph. We study the dynamic leader case. The Euler-Lagrange systems' unknown dynamics and external disturbances are compensated by the function approximation technique of neural networks (NN). Combining a kind of low-pass filter with the Lyapunov method facilitates the whole control system design and analysis. A distributed adaptive controller is designed so that the tracking errors of each follower converge to an adjustable neighbourhood of the origin considering unknown dynamics and external disturbances regardless of the lack of relative velocity information. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Pipelined maximal size matching scheduling algorithms for CIOQ switches

In this paper, we propose new pipelined request-grant-accept (RGA) and request-grant (RG) maximal size matching (MSM) algorithms to achieve speedup in combined input and output queueing (CIOQ) switches. To achieve a speedup factor S, in the proposed pipelined RGA/RG MSM algorithms, we pipeline operations of finding S matching in S scheduling cycles based on the observation that all matched inputs/outputs will not be used in later iterations in the same scheduling cycle. We show that our pipelined RGA/RG MSM algorithms reduce the scheduling time constraint by SI/(I+S-1), where I is the number of iterations allowed in each scheduling cycle. Taking the example of pipelined PIM, we evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms by simulation. Simulation results have shown that pipelined PIM for CIOQ switches with speedup of 2 under both Bernoulli and bursty arrivals.
A Fuzzy C – Means Clustering Based on Density Sensitive Distance Metric with a Novel Penalty Term

: A cluster is a group of objects which are similar to each other within a cluster and are dissimilar to the objects of other clusters. The major objective of clustering is to discover collection of comparable objects based on similarity metric. A similarity metric is generally specified by the user according to the requirements for obtaining better results. The distance between the measures of two objects in a particular cluster should be well defined using effective distance measures. There are several approaches available for clustering objects. The clustering approaches are, Penalty Fuzzy C-Means. But these techniques are not suitable for all applications and huge data collections. In the proposed approach an effective fuzzy clustering technique is used. Fuzzy Possibilistic C-Means (FPCM) is the effective clustering algorithm available to cluster unlabeled data that produces both membership and typicality values during clustering process. Penalized and Compensated terms are embedded with the Modified fuzzy positivistic clustering method’s objective function to construct the Penalized based FPCM (PFPCM). In order to improve the clustering accuracy, third proposed approach uses the Improved Penalized Fuzzy C-Means (IPFCM). The penalty term takes the spatial dependence of the objects into consideration, which is inspired by the Neighborhood Expectation Maximization (NEM) algorithm and is modified according to the criterion of FCM. The proposed Improved Penalized for Fuzzy C-Means (IPFCM) clustering algorithm, uses improved penalized constraints which will help in better calculation of distance between the clusters and increasing the accuracy of clustering. The performance of the proposed approaches is evaluated on the University of California, Irvine (UCI) machine repository datasets such as Iris, Wine, Lung Cancer and Lymphograma. The parameters used for the evaluation is Clustering accuracy, Mean Squared Error (MSE), Execution Time and Convergence behavior.
Distributed clock generator for synchronous SoC using ADPLL network

This paper presents a novel architecture of on-chip clock generation employing a network of oscillators synchronized by the distributed all-digital PLLs (ADPLLs). The implemented prototype has 16 clocking domains operating synchronously in a frequency range of 1.1-2.4 GHz. The synchronization error between the neighboring clock domains is less than 60 ps. The fully digital architecture of the generation offers flexibility and efficient synchronization control suitable for use in synchronous SoCs.