Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are 20 human papillomavirus types causing cervical cancer?

In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was consistent and sufficient epidemiological, experimental and mechanistic evidence of carcinogenicity to humans for 12 HPV types (HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV39, HPV45, HPV51, HPV52, HPV56, HPV58 and HPV59) for cervical cancer. Therefore, these types were considered as 1A carcinogens. They all belong to the family of the α‐Papillomaviridae, in particular to the species α5 (HPV51), α6 (HPV56), α7 (HPV18, HPV39, HPV45, HPV59) and α9 (HPV16, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV52, HPV58). Less evidence is available for a thirteenth type (HPV68, α7), which is classified as a 2A carcinogen (probably carcinogenic). Moreover, seven other phylogenetically related types (HPV26, HPV53, HPV66, HPV67, HPV68, HPV70 and HPV73) were identified as single HPV infections in certain rare cases of cervical cancer and were considered possibly carcinogenic (2B carcinogens). Recently, Halec et al [7] demonstrated that the molecular signature of HPV‐induced carcinogenesis (presence of type‐specific spliced E6*| mRNA; increased expression of p16; and decreased expression of cyclin D1, p53 and Rb) was similar in cervical cancers containing single infections with one of the eight afore‐mentioned 2A or 2B carcinogens to those in cancers with single infections with group 1 carcinogens. Ninety six percent of cervical cancers are attributable to one of the 13 most common HPV types (groups 1 and 2A). Including the additional seven HPV types (group 2B) added 2.6%, to reach a total of 98.7% of all HPV‐positive cervical cancers. From recently updated meta‐analyses, it was shown that HPV68, HPV26, HPV66, HPV67, HPV73 and HPV82 were significantly more common in cancer cases than in women with normal cervical cytology, suggesting that for these HPV types, an upgrading of the carcinogen classification could be considered. However, there is no need to include them in HPV screening tests or vaccines, given their rarity in cervical cancers. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sperm competition games: sperm size and sperm number under adult control

Evolutionary games of sperm competition in which two males mate with the same female have previously considered sperm size to be fixed at some (small) constant level. Although male gametes in multicellular organisms are typically small compared with ova, they vary greatly both between and within groups, and sperm size sometimes correlates with the probability of sperm competition. This paper examines ‘raffle principle’ sperm competition games in which both size and number of gametes can be varied strategically under control of the diploid parent. If ejaculate investment trades off against the number of matings that a male can achieve, the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) ejaculate expenditure (as a fraction of reproductive effort per mating) approximates to p/4 when the probability, p, of sperm competition is low. Sperm size may either: (i) increase a sperm’s competitive weight (a measure of its advantage in the fertilization raffle), or (ii) influence its mortality rate in the female tract. On the simplest model, size is optimized after the marginal value theorem, and may be large or small depending on how size influences competitive weight or survivorship. Further, sperm size is independent of the risk of sperm competition, and only sperm numbers increase with this risk. However, some recent studies show sperm size to increase with sperm competition. The present analysis offers the following possibilities: (i) there are unidentified constraints on sperm number, so that ejaculate mass can increase only by increase in sperm size; (ii) competitive benefits of size become more important as sperm numbers increase; (iii) size mainly increases survivorship, and sperm competition risk increases with the mean duration between mating and fertilization; and (iv) size increases competitive ability at the expense of survivorship, and sperm competition risk decreases with time between mating and fertilization. These conclusions relate to advantages conferred by size on sperm before fertilization; they do not affect the prediction of previous models that no component of sperm size should evolve for provisioning the zygote.
Herpes simplex virus 1-infected cell protein 0 contains two E3 ubiquitin ligase sites specific for different E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes

Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of herpes simplex virus 1, a multifunctional ring finger protein, enhances the expression of genes introduced into cells by infection or transfection, interacts with numerous cellular and viral proteins, and is associated with the degradation of several cellular proteins. Sequences encoded by exon 2 of ICP0 (residues 20–241) bind the UbcH3 (cdc34) ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and its carboxy terminus expresses a ubiquitin ligase activity demonstrable by polyubiquitylation of cdc34 in vitro. We report that: (i) The physical interaction of cdc34 and ICP0 leads to its degradation. Thus, substitution of ICP0 aspartate 199 with alanine attenuates the degradation of cdc34 and its binding to the ICP0 ring finger domain. (ii) Substitution of residue 620 reported to abolish the interaction with a ubiquitin-specific protease has no effect on the function of ubiquitin ligase. (iii) ICP0 contains an additional distinct E3 ligase activity specific for the UbcH5a- and UbcH6 E2-conjugating enzymes mapping to the ring finger domain. This is, to our knowledge, the first identification of a viral protein with at least two physically separated E3 ligase activities with different E2 specificities. The results suggest that each activity may target different proteins.
The pH-dependent Client Release from the Collagen-specific Chaperone HSP47 Is Triggered by a Tandem Histidine Pair*

Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident collagen-specific chaperone and essential for proper formation of the characteristic collagen triple helix. It preferentially binds to the folded conformation of its clients and accompanies them from the ER to the Golgi compartment, where it releases them and is recycled back to the ER. Unlike other chaperones, the binding and release cycles are not governed by nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis, but presumably the dissociation of the HSP47-procollagen complex is triggered by the lower pH in the Golgi (pH 6.3) compared with the ER (pH 7.4). Histidine residues have been suggested as triggers due to their approximate textbook pKa value of 6.1 for their side chains. We present here an extensive theoretical and experimental study of the 14 histidine residues present in canine HSP47, where we have mutated all histidine residues in the collagen binding interface and additionally all of those that were predicted to undergo a significant change in protonation state between pH 7 and 6. These mutants were characterized by biolayer interferometry for their pH-dependent binding to a collagen model. One mutant (H238N) loses binding, which can be explained by a rearrangement of the Arg222 and Asp385 residues, which are crucial for specific collagen recognition. Most of the other mutants were remarkably silent, but a double mutant with His273 and His274 exchanged for asparagines exhibits a much less pronounced pH dependence of collagen binding. This effect is mainly caused by a lower koff at the low pH values.
IHG-2, a Mesangial Cell Gene Induced by High Glucose, Is Human gremlin

We used cloning in silico coupled with polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate that IHG-2 is part of the 3′-untranslated region of gremlin, a member of the DAN family of secreted proteins that antagonize the bioactivities of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. Mesangial cell gremlin mRNA levels were induced by high glucose, cyclic mechanical strain, and TGF-β1 in vitro,and gremlin mRNA levels were elevated in the renal cortex of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathyin vivo. gremlin expression was observed in parallel with induction of bone morphogeneticprotein-2 (BMP-2), a target for gremlin in models of cell differentiation. Together these data indicate that (a) IHG-2 is gremlin, (b) gremlin is expressed in diabetic nephropathy in vivo, (c) both glycemic and mechanical strain stimulate mesangial cell gremlinexpression in vitro, (d) high glucose inducesgremlin, in part, through TGFβ-mediated pathways, and (e) Gremlin is a potential endogenous antagonist of BMPs within a diabetic glomerular milieu.
Reproducibility of transient elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease

Objective: Transient elastography (TE) is gaining popularity as a non-invasive method for predicting liver fibrosis, but intraobserver and interobserver agreement and factors influencing TE reproducibility have not been adequately assessed. This study investigated these aspects. Setting: Tertiary referral liver unit. Patients: Over a 4-month period, 200 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) with varying aetiology consecutively underwent TE and liver biopsy. Interventions: TE was performed twice by two different operators either concomitantly or within 3 days of the bioptic procedure (METAVIR classification). Main outcome measures: Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were analysed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and correlated with different patient-related and liver disease-related covariates. Results: 800 TE examinations were performed, with an indeterminate result rate of 2.4%. The overall interobserver agreement ICC was 0.98 (95% CI 0.977 to 0.987). Increased body mass index (>25 kg/m2), steatosis, and low staging grades (fibrosis (F) stage <2) were significantly associated with reduced ICC (p<0.05). Intraobserver agreement ICC was 0.98 for both raters. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, three diagnostic TE thresholds were identified: >7.9 kPa for F⩾2, >10.3 for F⩾3 and >11.9 for F = 4. TE values assessed by the two raters fell within the same cut-off of fibrosis in 88% of the cases for F⩾2, in 92% for F⩾3 and 91% for F = 4. Conclusions: TE is a highly reproducible and user-friendly technique for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with CLD. However, because TE reproducibility is significantly reduced (p<0.05) in patients with steatosis, increased BMI and lower degrees of hepatic fibrosis, caution is warranted in the clinical use of TE as a surrogate for liver biopsy.
Reviews, Prices and Endogenous Information Transmission

Empirical evidence suggests that online reviews are an important source of consumers information and a relevant determinant of the rms revenues. Little is known, however, about how prices and reviews a ect each other. This paper proposes a dynamic game to investigate this relationship. A long-lived monopoly faces a sequence of short-lived consumers whose only information about the value of an experience good is the one contained in the reviews completed by previous buyers. Neither the monopoly nor the consumers have private information about the value of the good. After buying the good, the consumers observe a quality realisation that is correlated with the actual value of the good and decide whether to complete reviews. The consumers complete reviews according to a social rule that maximises the present value of current and future consumers utility. It is shown that a necessary condition for the existence of reviews is that the firm cannot fully appropriate the surplus generated by this increased information. Furthermore, the reviews induce a mean preserving spread on the posterior beliefs about the value of the good which, combined with the convexity with respect to the prior of the indirect utility and profit functions, implies that reviews are valuable for both the consumers and the firm. Hence, both parties are willing to face some cost in order to increase the information available in the market. The main result of the paper is that, from the firm's perspective, this cost takes the form of a discount in the price o ered to current consumers. JEL classification: L12 ; L15; D42
Rapid Fine Strapdown INS Alignment Method under Marine Mooring Condition

In order to solve the strapdown inertial navigation system (INS) alignment problem under the marine mooring condition, the rapid strapdown INS fine alignment method is proposed. This method uses the gravity in the inertial frame to deal with the lineal and angular disturbances. Also the forward and backward processes for strapdown INS calculation and filter estimation are designed. Making use of the forward and backward processes to repeatedly process the saved inertial measurement unit (IMU) data sequence could quickly obtain the initial strapdown attitude matrix. Simulation and trial test validate the performance of the proposed rapid fine strapdown INS alignment.
Cigarette smoking and stomach cancer.

The recent letter by McLaughlin et al. (1) reported results from a large cohort study of United States veterans. They observed a statistically significant 40% excess risk of stomach cancer among current cigarette smokers, as well as an 82% increase in risk among heavier cigarette smokers. In contrast, in our cohort study we did not observe a dose-response rela tionship, even though current smokers had an elevated relative risk of 2.7 for gastric cancer (2). As pointed out in our paper and by McLaughlin et al., past studies have reported either a dose-response trend with smoking (3-5), a positive association with no dose-response trend (6-8), or no association at all (911). In this instance, it may be instructive to study the status of former cigarette smokers. Lung and urinary bladder cancer have been strongly and consistently linked to cigarette smoking. Past smokers, as a group, appear to retain an increased risk for these cancers, even though the risk diminishes the longer the interval since smoking had stopped (12, 13). Of the stomach cancer studies cited, only five specifically reported findings of past or former cigarette smokers (1, 2, 6, 9, 11). The results are summarized in Table 1. Contrary to what might be expected if cigarette smoking were etiologically related to stomach cancer, none of the listed studies showed a statistically significant positive association. There has been an increase in lung and bladder cancer inci dence rates in the United States over the past 15 years (14), most likely related to cigarette smoking. It would be of interest to see whether there will be a corresponding increase in stomach cancer rates in future years, although factors which have con tributed to the decline of stomach cancer over the past 50 years (15) may offset the effects of cigarette smoking. Even though epidemiological evidence to date does not strongly indicate that cigarette smoking is directly related to stomach cancer, we agree with McLaughlin et al. that there is still a suggestion that cigarette smoking may be causally related
Pulmonary Densities during Anesthesia with Muscular Relaxation—A Proposal of Atelectasis

Twenty patients (23–76 yr) were studied with regard to lung tissue changes prior to and following induction of general anesthesia with muscular relaxation, and another four subjects were studied for a longer period awake. The transverse thoracic area and the structure of the lung tissue were determined by computerized tomography. No abnormalities in the lung tissue were noted before anesthesia. Within 5 min after induction, including muscular relaxation, all subjects had developed crest-shaped changes of increased density in the dependent regions of both lungs. They were largest in the most caudal segment (4.8 ± 0.8% of the transverse lung area, mean ± SE) and smaller in the cephalad exposures (3.4 ± 0.7% of the transverse area). The size of the densities showed no correlation to age. The densities did not increase after a further 20 min of anesthesia and were not affected by the inspiratory oxygen fraction. When the subjects were moved from the supine to the lateral position, the crest-shaped densities disappeared in the nondependent lung and remained in the dorsal part of the dependent lung. The application of positive end-expiratory pressure of 10 cmH2O eliminated or reduced the densities. The four awake subjects showed no lung densities after 90 min in the supine position. It is suggested that these crest-shaped densities represent atelectases, which develop by compression of lung tissue rather than by resorption of gas.
Robust Minimax Probability Machine Regression Robust Minimax Probability Machine Regression

We formulate regression as maximizing the minimum probability (Ω) that the regression model is within ±2 of all future observations (i.e. outputs) of the true regression function. Our framework starts by posing regression as a binary classification problem, such that a solution to this single classification problem directly solves the original regression problem. Minimax probability machine classification (Lanckriet et al., 2002a) is used to solve the binary classification problem, resulting in a direct bound on the minimum probability Ω that the regression model is within ±2 accurate. This minimax probability machine regression (MPMR) model assumes only that the mean and covariance matrix of the distribution which generated the regression data are known; no further assumptions on conditional distributions are required. Theory is formulated for determining when estimates of mean and covariance are accurate, thus implying robust estimates of the probability bound Ω. Conditions under which the MPMR regression surface is identical to a standard least squares regression surface are given, allowing direct generalization bounds to be easily calculated for any least squares regression model (which was previously possible only under very specific, often unrealistic, distributional assumptions). We further generalize these theoretical bounds to any superposition of basis functions regression model. Experimental evidence is given supporting these theoretical results.
Impact of Imbalance Usage of Social Networking Sites on Families

With the proliferation of social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook and Google+, investigating the impact of SNSs on our lives has become an important research area in recent years. Though SNS usage plays a key role in connecting people with friends and families from distant places, SNSs also bring concern for families. We focus on imbalance SNS usage, i.e., an individual remains busy in using SNSs when her family member is expecting to spend time with her. More specifically, we investigate the cause and pattern of imbalance SNS usage and how the emotion of family members may become affected, if they use SNSs in an imbalanced way in a regular manner. This paper is the first attempt to identify the relationship between an individual's imbalance SNS usage and the emotion of her family member in the context of a developing country.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the lips, mouth, and oral region

An international group of clinicians and scientists working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we summarize the anatomy of the oral region and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the lips and mouth. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discriminative Multiple Canonical Correlation Analysis for Information Fusion

In this paper, we propose the discriminative multiple canonical correlation analysis (DMCCA) for multimodal information analysis and fusion. DMCCA is capable of extracting more discriminative characteristics from multimodal information representations. Specifically, it finds the projected directions, which simultaneously maximize the within-class correlation and minimize the between-class correlation, leading to better utilization of the multimodal information. In the process, we analytically demonstrate that the optimally projected dimension by DMCCA can be quite accurately predicted, leading to both superior performance and substantial reduction in computational cost. We further verify that canonical correlation analysis (CCA), multiple canonical correlation analysis (MCCA) and discriminative canonical correlation analysis (DCCA) are special cases of DMCCA, thus establishing a unified framework for canonical correlation analysis. We implement a prototype of DMCCA to demonstrate its performance in handwritten digit recognition and human emotion recognition. Extensive experiments show that DMCCA outperforms the traditional methods of serial fusion, CCA, MCCA, and DCCA.
Students’ Perception on Formative and Shared Assessment: Connecting two Universities through the Blogosphere

The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in physical education students’ perception on an educational innovation based on formative and peer assessment through the blogosphere. The sample was made up of 253 students from two Spanish universities. Data was collected using a self-reported questionnaire and t tests were employed in order to find differences among students’ groups. Results show significant differences in almost all of the items on which the students were questioned. Basque students were more satisfied with the assessment tool used than the Valencian students. Students found the blogosphere more active, meaningful, functional and motivating and that it made for collaborative learning in comparison to other traditional evaluation methods. They also showed disapproval related to the demands on attendance, continuity and the greater effort required. For future occasions, negotiation about assessment criteria with the students should be implemented right at the very start of the course.
PREDICTING CLUSTER C PERSONALITY DISORDERS (AVOIDANT, DEPENDENT AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE) ACCORDING TO BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION AND INHIBITION SYSTEMS

Due to the expansiveness problems caused by personality disorders in personal and familial life, recognition of predisposing factors of such diseases leads to more accurate and better understanding of them. It also helps diagnose the preventive measures in treating these disorders and because personality disorders affect all aspects of interpersonal relationships of patients, the present research was done to predict the cluster C personality disorders according to behavioral inhibition system and behavioral activation system. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-correlational research was conducted on 300 stuedents selected by multi steps cluster sampling from students of Tabriz University in 2013. They filled Millon clinical multi-axial inventory-3 (MCMI) and Behavioral activation-inhibition system scale (BIS-BAS). The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression. Results: Accordingly, only BIS was significantly helpful to predict the avoidant and dependent personality disorders. Not BIS nor BAS were significant to predict the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Conclusion: These findings can help experts to have a better and more accurate understanding of personality disorders and use proper methods to predict the probability of these diseases and expand helpful treatments.