Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Professional Military and War Toleration

Abstract : Since the end of the Second World War, low intensity conflicts have become real issues for democratic countries. Small wars are usually low in intensity but long in duration, where not only democracies but other nation states have to face largely invisible insurgent groups, terrorist organizations, criminal networks, or rebellious bands while also facing institutional, legal, and ethical constraints. A real challenge is how long a democracy can deploy its military forces in low intensity conflict and operate in sufficient time to achieve victory. This research argues that having a professional military extends war toleration and maintains legitimacy longer than in a country with a conscript military. In order to understand the relationship between military systems and war toleration, this thesis suggests a quantitative method, including descriptive statistical comparison, survival analyses, and regression analyses. The evidence supports the hypothesis that professional military systems have higher survival probability over time, while the impact of other important variables, such as national power, military strength, regime type, and casualties, are also measured in the models.
Congenital Malformations Due to Anticonvulsive Drugs

A retrospective study of congenital malformations in the offspring of 20 women who received antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy is presented. Of 56 births, 9 children (16%) were horn with malformations. Four children were born dead or died shortly after delivery. Congenital heart disease, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, neural unbe defects, and skeletal abnormalities were the commonest anomalies found. One child had a recognizable pattern of multiple malformations. The increased peritiatal mortality was mainly due to congenital malformations and spontaneous hemorrhage. The teratogenic activity of anticonvulsant drugs is mediated by interference with folic acid' metabolism, and such activity might be influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. Hearing in mind the importance of anticonvulsant therapy in epilepsy, there is certainly need for an investigation of the problem in a larger and more representative birth population than that described.
Rapamycin-induced Gln3 Dephosphorylation Is Insufficient for Nuclear Localization

Gln3, the major activator of nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR)-sensitive transcription, is often used as an assay of Tor pathway regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gln3 is cytoplasmic in cells cultured with repressive nitrogen sources (Gln) and nuclear with derepressive ones (Pro) or after treating Gln-grown cells with the Tor inhibitor, rapamycin (Rap). In Raptreated or Pro-grown cells, Sit4 is posited to dephosphorylate Gln3, which then dissociates from a Gln3-Ure2 complex and enters the nucleus. However, in contrast with this view, Sit4-dependent Gln3 dephosphorylation is greater in Gln than Pro. Investigating this paradox, we show that PP2A (another Tor pathway phosphatase)-dependent Gln3 dephosphorylation is regulated oppositely to that of Sit4, being greatest in Pro- and least in Gln-grown cells. It thus parallels nuclear Gln3 localization and NCR-sensitive transcription. However, because PP2A is not required for nuclear Gln3 localization in Pro, PP2A-dependent Gln3 dephosphorylation and nuclear localization are likely parallel responses to derepressive nitrogen sources. In contrast, Rap-induced nuclear Gln3 localization absolutely requires all four PP2A components (Pph21/22, Tpd3, Cdc55, and Rts1). In pph21Δ22Δ, tpd3Δ, or cdc55Δ cells, however, Gln3 is dephosphorylated to the same level as in Rap-treated wild-type cells, indicating Rap-induced Gln3 dephosphorylation is insufficient to achieve nuclear localization. Finally, PP2A-dependent Gln3 dephosphorylation parallels conditions where Gln3 is mostly nuclear, while Sit4-dependent and Rap-induced dephosphorylation parallels those where Gln3 is mostly cytoplasmic, suggesting the effects of these phosphatases on Gln3 may occur in different cellular compartments.
The Co‐Movement Dynamics of European Frontier Stock Markets

We examine, through application of wavelet coherency, the co‐movement of European frontier stock markets with the USA and developed markets in Europe. We find that the strength of co‐movement varies considerably across the frontier markets, at different frequencies (time horizons), and over time. Co‐movement is relatively weaker for the frontier markets of Central and Southeastern Europe than in the Baltic region. Of the markets examined, Slovakia in particular shows low dependence, whereas Lithuania seems to be the most dependent market. Co‐movement is stronger at lower frequencies (longer horizons) and increases during the turbulent period of the global financial crisis of 2008/2009. We identify several macroeconomic factors related to variations in co‐movement at different time frequencies.
The Governance of Networks and Economic Power: The Nature and Impact of Subcontracting Relationships

Current debate on networking focuses on network structures and firm strategies. In this perspective, theoretical analysis has been concerned with allocative issues. This essay proposes a different interpretation. Starting from the existing theoretical framework, we emphasise the nature and the implications of different types of networks with respect to socio-economic development from a distributional point of view. Within this context, we develop the analysis of subcontracting starting from the concept of economic power. We then provide an analysis of governance in production by considering the attitudes and the nature of the actors involved. The externalisation of activities by large transnationals, which characterises current corporate restructuring, is often related to the search for greater flexibility, but also for greater power over governments, labour, and subcontractors. Differently, networks based on the mutual dependence of actors, which are not necessarily built around a large firm, could - under particular conditions - reach large production scales or more complex scopes without breaking the links with territorial systems, thus including local objectives in the strategic decision-making process. Our conclusion is that the impact of subcontracting networks varies enormously. This is crucial to an understanding of future trends and possibilities. Not least, firms and public policy agencies need to understand the implications of different forms of subcontracting network and how those forms actually differ in practice. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003.
Pay for Performance in Georgia State Government

In the mid-1990s, the State of Georgia launched a major reform of its personnel system. One part of the reform included a new approach to compensation called GeorgiaGain. With pay-for-performance as its centerpiece, GeorgiaGain was a comprehensive effort to modernize many of the state’s human resources management (HRM) practices. Its goals included the establishment of a state-of-the-art performance management system, implementing performance measurement and evaluation procedures that supervisors and subordinates alike trusted, setting up a competitive compensation plan, and streamlining the state’s position description and classification system. This article reports on the findings of major survey of state employees conducted early in 2000 designed to explore employees’ perceptions of the impact in areas such as job satisfaction, trust and confidence in the state’s HRM system, and the effects of pay-for-performance. Overall, employees were highly critical of the reform and believed that it had not produced the intended outcomes in most areas.
Comparison of Cyclopentolate Versus Tropicamide Cycloplegia in Children

This double masked study compares the cycloplegic effects of tropicamide 1% and cyclopentolate 1% in 20 nonstrabismic, nonamblyopic, hyperopic 6- to 12-year old children with a mean refractive error=+1.48 ± 1.10 diopters (D). Unlike previous studies which used only amplitude of accommodation to measure the depth of cycloplegia, this study compares refractive error as determined by retinoscopy, distance subjective refraction, and distance autorefraction (Canon R-1). In addition, we compare the amplitude of accommodation as measured by subjective push-up and objective autorefraction methods. There is no statistically significant difference between cyclopentolate and tropicamide for either cycloplegic retinoscopy or distance subjective refraction. Autorefraction measurement of refractive error shows a statistically significant but clinically unimportant bias (0.14 ± 0.30 D) toward more hyperopia with cyclopentolate. Both drops reveal latent hyperopia, and the mean latencies are not statistically different between the two cycloplegic agents. Latent hyperopia is not systematically related to the degree of hyperopia after tropicamide, but this relation is significant after cyclopentolate. No differences were found between refractive results with either agent at 30 min compared to 60 min after drop instillation. When measured objectively with the autorefractor, accommodation is inhibited more effectively by cyclopentolate than by tropicamide. Our results suggest that although tropicamide is not as effective as cyclopentolate in inhibiting accommodation it is, nevertheless, a useful cycloplegic agent for measuring distance refractive error of low to moderate hyperopia in school-aged children.
Emerging role of bioinformatics tools and software in evolution of clinical research

Clinical research is making toiling efforts for promotion and wellbeing of the health status of the people. There is a rapid increase in number and severity of diseases like cancer, hepatitis, HIV etc, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Clinical research involves drug discovery and development whereas clinical trials are performed to establish safety and efficacy of drugs. Drug discovery is a long process starting with the target identification, validation and lead optimization. This is followed by the preclinical trials, intensive clinical trials and eventually post marketing vigilance for drug safety. Softwares and the bioinformatics tools play a great role not only in the drug discovery but also in drug development. It involves the use of informatics in the development of new knowledge pertaining to health and disease, data management during clinical trials and to use clinical data for secondary research. In addition, new technology likes molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, proteomics and quantitative structure activity relationship in clinical research results in faster and easier drug discovery process. During the preclinical trials, the software is used for randomization to remove bias and to plan study design. In clinical trials software like electronic data capture, Remote data capture and electronic case report form (eCRF) is used to store the data. eClinical, Oracle clinical are software used for clinical data management and for statistical analysis of the data. After the drug is marketed the safety of a drug could be monitored by drug safety software like Oracle Argus or ARISg. Therefore, softwares are used from the very early stages of drug designing, to drug development, clinical trials and during pharmacovigilance. This review describes different aspects related to application of computers and bioinformatics in drug designing, discovery and development, formulation designing and clinical research.
A Conceptual Model of the Internationalization of Services Firms

Abstract In the 1990s, the global marketplace is characterized by the speed and ease with which services cross over national boundaries. As a result, service industries in many countries around the world have become extremely important in the development and socioeconomic well-being of these countries. The purpose of this paper is to understand the internationalization process of services firms. It is concluded that international operations of services firms are driven by a similar set of variables used by manufacturing firms, but the intensity and direction of some key relationships require modification and adaptation.
Socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioural, and psychological determinants of BMI among young women: differing patterns for underweight and overweight/obesity.

OBJECTIVES Underweight, overweight, and obese women aged 18-34 years were compared with normal weight women of the corresponding age according to socioeconomic, psychosocial, health behaviour, self reported global and psychological health, and locus of control characteristics. METHODS The 2000 public health survey in Scania is a cross-sectional study. A total 13,715 persons aged 18-80 years, of which 1967 were females of 18-34 years of age, were included in this study. They answered a postal questionnaire, which represents 59% of the random sample. A logistic regression model adjusted for age was used to investigate the association between socioeconomic, psychosocial, health behaviour, self reported global and psychological health, locus of control, and the BMI categories. RESULTS A 17.5% proportion of the women, aged 18-34 years, were underweight (BMI < 20.0), 18.4% were overweight, and 7.0% obese. The prevalence of underweight according to the BMI < 18.5 definition was 5.8% among women aged 18-34 years. Women who were underweight had significantly higher odds ratios for overtime work, being students, low emotional support, and poor self reported global as well as poor psychological health than normal weight women. Women who were overweight/obese were unemployed, had low education, low social participation, low emotional and instrumental support, were daily smokers, had a sedentary lifestyle, had poor self reported global health, and had lack of internal locus of control compared with normal weight women. CONCLUSIONS Underweight women are more likely to have poorer psychological health than normal weight women. In contrast, overweight and obese women are more likely to have poor health related behaviours and lack of internal locus of control compared with normal weight women. These differing patterns suggest both different etiology and different preventive strategies to deal with the health risks of people who are underweight as opposed to those who are overweight/obese.
GP frequent attendance in Liverpool and Granada: the impact of depressive symptoms.

BACKGROUND Frequent attendance in general practice increases workload and affects doctor-patient relationships. It is a complex phenomenon, but patients' psychological problems appear to be important. AIM To assess whether frequent attendance is more likely to be associated with depressive symptoms than with physical health problems. METHOD The study was carried out in two general practices: one in Liverpool and one in Granada. Subjects comprised 127 frequent attenders (FAs) plus 175 matched controls, stratified by age and sex. Measures included demographic factors, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), self-reported health, and current health problems classified by ICHPPC-2 criteria. RESULTS Seventy-five (59%) FAs had a BDI score > or = 13, compared with 9 (5%) controls (odds ratio [OR] = 26.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.4 to 56.8, P < 0.001). A total of 136 (78%) controls reported their health to be good or excellent, compared with 40 (31%) FAs (OR = 7.6, 95% CI = 4.5 to 12.7, P < 0.001). Respiratory problems were present in 50 (39%) FAs and 47 (27%) controls (chi 2 = 6.992, P < 0.03). Depression rates were similar in Liverpool and Granada, although Liverpool subjects were less likely to report good health. On logistic regression, BDI status was the major predictor of frequent attendance (OR = 17.18, 95% CI = 7.54 to 39.01). Self-reported ill health (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.40 to 5.10) and respiratory problems (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.11 to 4.37) were also associated with frequent attendance. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms were the major predictor of frequent attendance in this study. Clinical and research activity should therefore concentrate on the identification and management of psychological problems among FAs in general practice.
Human resources in the German maritime industries: ‘back-sourcing’ and ship management

In today's global shipping industry have management functions often been outsourced to separate companies and to overseas locations. With the appearance of socalled ‘flags of convenience’ the world shipping industry has increasingly registered commercial vessels overseas. Following this trend, human resource management functions have also been relocated, with the opening of recruitment offices and the use of HR agencies outside OECD countries. Recently, new German regulation has sought to attract previously outsourced HRM functions back to Germany. A case study of such a newly established firm, called ‘Reimarus’, will exemplify the impact of the new regulation on HR firms in shipping. The following paper analyses this process based on an empirical study of Germany's commercial shipping industry.
Gender Dimensions of Transport in Developing Countries: Lessons from World Bank Projects

Women in most developing countries have limited access to transport services and technology. This lack of transport imposes severe constraints on their access to health, education, and other social facilities and services, making them and their children more vulnerable to serious injury or death as a result of childbirth or another medical emergency. Understanding and responding to women's transport needs are essential for reducing poverty, as reflected in the United Nations statement of the Millennium Development Goals. Many governments and development agencies have learned much from extensive field research and case studies about women's and men's substantially different patterns of mobility needs. In recent years, the World Bank has integrated these gender concerns and needs into its policies and has encouraged borrowing countries to address the concerns of women in their national, regional, and local projects and programs. The World Bank has developed corresponding guidance for the transport sector an.
HER-2/neu in Breast Cancer: A Comparative Study Between Histology, Immunohistochemistry, and Molecular Technique (FISH)

HER-2/neu is a protooncogene frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique targeting the gene amplification, while immunohisto-chemistry detects the protein expression. Usually both are applied to paraffin-embedded tissue. The authors studied HER-2 by FISH and immunohistochemistry (HercepTest) in 81 breast carcinomas. The results showed an overall concordance (correlation coefficient 0.64). In all cases with HercepTest score 0 and 1+, nonamplification of the gene was observed. Gene amplification was found in 20% of cases with a 2+ score and in 77.78% of cases with a 3+ score. Data described in literature for 3+ carcinomas showed a 3% to 10% discrepancy between protein expression and gene amplification, while in this study this difference was up to 22.22%. As a consequence, even if it is usually considered important to analyze only 2+ cases by FISH, 3+ scores nonamplified for HER-2/neu may be a new, interesting subset. Furthermore, the authors investigated the two-variables correlation between chromosome 17 copy number, protein over-expression, gene amplification, and presence of metastatic lymph nodes. Interesting results came from the correlation between the HercepTest score and the HER-2/neu gene amplification evaluation, HercepTest and chromosome 17 aneusomy, and gene amplification and lymph nodes status. In conclusion, the FISH technique can be an important and useful diagnostic tool to integrate the results of the HercepTest and to select patients for immunotherapy.
I diffusori della fiducia

Trust diffusors are persons or institutions that are already trusted and work as advisors on the potential trustworthiness of other persons or institutions. This article aims to underline the strategic role of trust propagators for the extension of interpersonal and institutional trust in Western societies. The author claims that a trust policy has to promote trust diffusors expecially those who stimulate «active trust» and social innovation. This difficult task seems inevitable if we want to contrast the decline of generalized trust in Western societies reported in many studies and polls.
Relation of valvular lesions and of exercise to auricular pressure, work tolerance, and to development of chronic, congestive failure in dogs.

T HE PATHOGENESIS of congestive failure is still uncertain. In 1910 Bolton and Starling (I) wrote that the analysis of the factors involved in the production of the disease was rendered difficult by the impossibility of accurately reproducing these states in animals. Since that time numerous methods have been tried to precipitate congestive failure in dogs. The attempts have met with limited success despite severe injury to the myocardium by coronary ligation (2), injection of silver nitrate (3), implantation of radon seeds (4), or burning of the myocardium (5). Single valvular lesions rarely led to congestive failure (6, 7). The cardiac reserve is apparently so great that nearly lethal injury to the heart must be produced before clear evidence of congestive failure appears in the resting dog. Landis et al. (8) have suggested the importance of exercise in the pathogenesis of congestive failure, and have shown in acute experiments on dogs that minor decreases in cardiac competence, which are not apparent at rest, may lead to elevation of central venous pressure during exercise. They have postulated that these transient elevations of venous pressure during muscular activity may play an important role in the development of the signs and symptoms of congestive failure. Our purpose was I) to study the effects of valvular lesions and of exercise on auricular pressure and work tolerance of’unanesthetized dogs, and 2) to attempt to determine which lesions could produce chronic, congestive failure in the dog. The valvular lesions, limited to the right side of the heart, were: a) insufficiency of the pulmonary valve, b) stenosis of the pulmonary artery, c) the combination of pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary insufficiency, d) insufficiency of the tricuspid valve and e) combined tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary insufficiencv had little effect on auricular pressure or work tolerance over a period of months. Pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary stenosis plus pulmonary insufficiency, which elevated resting auricular pressure little or none at all, did lead to a significant rise of central venous pressure during exercise. Exercise tolerance was normal (one exception). Tricuspid insufficiency elevated resting auricular pressure moderately. Exercise further increased central venous pressure, but work capacity was normal. The combined insufficiency of the tricuspid valve and pulmonary stenosis led to a syndrome similar to right-sided congestive failure as seen in man.
A Music Similarity Function Based on the Centroid Model

SUMMARY Music-similarity computation is an essential building block for the browsing, retrieval, and indexing of digital music archives. This paper proposes a music similarity function based on the centroid model, which divides the feature space into non-overlapping clusters for the e ﬃ cient computation of the timber distance of two songs. We place particular emphasis on the centroid deviation as a feature for music-similarity computation. Experiments show that the centroid-model representation of the auditory features is promising for music-similarity computation.