Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influenza A viruses; laboratory studies, with special reference to European outbreak of 1950-1.

Influenza A was widespread in Europe between October 1950 and February 1951. A general account of the epidemic has been published by Freyche & Klimt,'1 and two of the present authors (Isaacs & Andrewes 15) have briefly described the epidemiological and laboratory findings from this epidemic. The tentative conclusion was drawn that the epidemic had a twofold origin: (a) from the activation of latent influenza in Scandinavia; and (b) from virus spreading to Europe from the southern hemisphere. In this paper fuller details will be given of the laboratory findings, and they will be further discussed in relation to the epidemiology of this visitation. The viruses characteristic of the Scandinavian focus are referred to as Scandinavian (S) subtype; those believed to have spread from the south, and to have notably attacked Liverpool, as Liverpool (L) subtype.
Understanding perceived organizational identity during crisis and change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for predicting the role and effects of perceived organizational identity (POI) on organizational members' perceptions and behaviors during crisis and change situations, and the scope of the resulting POI changes that may occur.Design/methodology/approach – The paper brings together research on crisis, change, threat/opportunity, and POI, along with case study data to create a threat/opportunity framework for making these predictions.Findings – Based on whether threat or opportunity is perceived during crisis and change situations, different aspects of individuals' POIs will become salient. In threat situations, individuals will focus on perceptions of “who we are. ” In opportunity situations, individuals will also focus on “who we could be. ” The focus of attention and the threat/opportunity context will influence organizational identification, learning, and openness to change; and whether incremental or transformational POI change occurs. The pe.
The Frequency and Immunodominance of Islet-Specific CD8+ T-cell Responses Change after Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment

OBJECTIVE—Islet-reactive CD8+ T-cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. The predominant T-cell specificities change over time, but whether similar shifts also occur after clinical diagnosis and insulin treatment in type 1 diabetic patients is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We took advantage of a recently validated islet-specific CD8+ T-cell γ-interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ISL8Spot) assay to follow responses against preproinsulin (PPI), GAD, insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) epitopes in 15 HLA-A2+ adult type 1 diabetic patients close to diagnosis and at a second time point 7–16 months later. RESULTS—CD8+ T-cell reactivities were less frequent at follow-up, as 28.6% of responses tested positive at type 1 diabetes diagnosis vs. 13.2% after a median of 11 months (P = 0.003). While GAD and IA-2 autoantibody (aAb) titers were unchanged in 75% of cases, the fraction of patients responding to PPI and/or GAD epitopes by ISL8Spot decreased from 60–67 to 20% (P < 0.02). The previously subdominant IA-2206–214 and IGRP265–273 peptides were newly targeted, thus becoming the immunodominant epitopes. CONCLUSIONS—Shifts both in frequency and in immunodominance of CD8+ T-cell responses occur more rapidly than do changes in aAb titers. These different kinetics may suggest complementary clinical applications for T-cell and aAb measurements.
In Vitro Interactions between the PII Proteins and the Nitrogenase Regulatory Enzymes Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DraT) and Dinitrogenase Reductase-activating Glycohydrolase (DraG) in Azospirillum brasilense*

The activity of the nitrogenase enzyme in the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense is reversibly inactivated by ammonium through ADP-ribosylation of the nitrogenase NifH subunit. This process is catalyzed by DraT and is reversed by DraG, and the activities of both enzymes are regulated according to the levels of ammonium through direct interactions with the PII proteins GlnB and GlnZ. We have previously shown that DraG interacts with GlnZ both in vivo and in vitro and that DraT interacts with GlnB in vivo. We have now characterized the influence of PII uridylylation status and the PII effectors (ATP, ADP, and 2-oxoglutarate) on the in vitro formation of DraT-GlnB and DraG-GlnZ complexes. We observed that both interactions are maximized when PII proteins are de-uridylylated and when ADP is present. The DraT-GlnB complex formed in vivo was purified to homogeneity in the presence of ADP. The stoichiometry of the DraT-GlnB complex was determined by three independent approaches, all of which indicated a 1:1 stoichiometry (DraT monomer:GlnB trimer). Our results suggest that the intracellular fluctuation of the PII ligands ATP, ADP, and 2-oxoglutarate play a key role in the post-translational regulation of nitrogenase activity.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Smooth Muscle Cells Promotes Atherosclerosis—Brief Report

Objective— Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is present in many cell types of atherosclerotic lesions. This study determined whether ACE activity in endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), 2 major resident cell types of the aorta, contributes to hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Approach and Results— All study mice were in low-density lipoprotein receptor−/− background. To determine the contribution of ACE on endothelial cells to atherosclerosis, female ACE floxed mice were bred to male Tie2-Cre transgenic mice. Endothelial cell–specific deletion of ACE significantly decreased serum ACE activity, but had no effect on systolic blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Because ACE protein is present on SMCs, the most abundant cell type of the aorta, we then determined whether ACE on SMCs contributes to atherosclerosis. ACE was depleted from SMCs by breeding female ACE floxed mice with male SM22-Cre transgenic mice. SMC-specific deficiency of ACE did not affect ACE activity in serum, but ablated its presence and activity in the aortic media. Although SMC-specific deficiency of ACE had no effect on systolic blood pressure, it significantly attenuated hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in both male and female mice. Conclusions— These studies provide direct evidence that ACE derived from endothelial cells does not play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Rather, SMC-derived ACE contributes to atherosclerosis, independent of circulating ACE activity and blood pressure.
Entwicklung und erste Validierung einer Kurzversion des "Fragebogens zur Erfassung von Dimensionen der Integration von Schülern (FDI 4-6)" von Haeberlin, Moser, Bless und Klaghofer

Der "Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Dimensionen der Integration von Schulern" (FDI 4-6; Haeberlin, Moser, Bless & Klaghofer, 1989) ist ein Instrument zur Selbsteinschatzung des emotionalen, sozialen und leistungsmotivationalen Integriertseins. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird anhand einer Untersuchungsstichprobe (N = 744) eine 12 Items umfassende Kurzversion entwickelt und anhand der Originalstichprobe (N = 1620) uberpruft. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen bestatigen die postulierte dreifaktorielle Struktur. Multiple Gruppenvergleiche bzgl. Schulleistungen, Verhaltenskompetenzen und sprachlicher Herkunft belegen die Messaquivalenz der Kurzform. Die internen Konsistenzen der Kurzskalen fallen zufriedenstellend aus (.80 ≤ a ≤ .91). Die Skalen weisen hypothesenkonforme Zusammenhange mit dem Wohlbefinden im Schulunterricht, Verhaltenskompetenzen (aus Sicht der Lehrperson), der Lern- und Leistungsmotivation, dem akademischen Selbstkonzept sowie den Schulleistungen auf. Mit dem Kurzfragebogen KFDI 4-6 liegt ein reliables, valides und sehr okonomisches Instrument zur Messung schulischen Integriertseins von Schulerinnen und Schulern vor. (DIPF/Orig.) The "Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Dimensionen der Integration von Schulern" (FDI 4-6; Haeberlin, Moser, Bless & Klaghofer, 1989) is a self-report questionnaire measuring educational integration of pupils from an emotional, social, and motivational perspective. A short form comprising 12 items was developed on the basis of a sample of 744 pupils, and replicated using the sample of the original study (N = 1620). Confirmatory factor analyses support the postulated three-dimensional structure. Multiple group comparisons with respect to academic achievement, behavioural competencies, and linguistic background confirm the measurement equivalence of the short form. Internal consistencies of the three scales are satisfactory (. 80 ≤ a ≤ .91). As hypothesized, the scales are correlated with wellbeing in the classroom, behavioural competencies (teacher ratings), goal orientations, academic self-concept, and academic achievement. This short form KFDI 4-6 represents a reliable, valid, and highly economical instrument measuring the educational integration of pupils. (DIPF/Orig.)
Studies on the mechanism of phagocytosis. I. Requirements for circumferential attachment of particle-bound ligands to specific receptors on the macrophage plasma membrane

These experiments were designed to evaluate the role of macrophage plasma membrane receptors for the third component of complement (C) and for the Fc portion of IgG in the ingestion phase of phagocytosis. Sheep erythrocyte (E) were coated with anti-E IgG [E(IgG)]; these E(IgG) were then attached to cultivated monolayers of mouse peritoneal macrophages under conditions which reversibly inhibit ingestion of E(IgG). The E(IgG)-macrophage complexes were further incubated under similar conditions with an antimacrophage IgG fraction which blocks Fc receptor- mediated ingestion but has no effect upon ingestion mediated by other phagocytic receptors. When these cultures were subsequently incubated under conditions optimal for particle ingestion, phagocytosis of the IgG-coated erythrocytes did not occur; the erythrocytes remained bound to the Fc receptors of the macrophage plasma membrane. To determine whether ligands must cover the entire surface of an attached particle to permit ingestion of that particle, C-coated E [E(IgM)C] were bound to the C receptors of thioglycollate-induced (activated) macrophages at 4 degrees C. E(IgM)C-macrophage complexes were then trypsinized at 4 degrees C, a procedure which resulted in cleavage of erythrocyte-bound C3b molecules to a form of C3 not recognized by the macrophage receptors for C3b. Under the conditions used, trypsin did not affect the attachment of E(IgM)C to the macrophage surface or the macrophage receptors for C3b. When these trypsin treated E(IgM)C-macrophage complexes were incubated at 37 degrees C, the bound E(IgM)C were not ingested; the erythrocytes remained attached to the macrophage plasma membrane via the macrophage's C receptors. These results indicate that attachment of a particle to specific receptors on the macrophage plasma membrane is not sufficient to trigger ingestion of that particle. Rather, ingestion requires the sequential, circumferential interaction of particle-bound ligands with specific plasma membrane receptors not involved in the initial attachment process.
Extraction of Attributes, Nature and Context of Images

In this paper a framework for deriving high- level scene attributes from low-level image features is pre- sented. Examples of attributes derived are photo-painting, indoor-outdoor, night-day and nature-city. The assignment of the attributes to images is done by a hierarchical classi- fication of the low level features, which capture colour, tex- ture and spatial information. A prototype for image classi- fication is implemented, which aids in the evaluation of the different methods available. We give a detailed analysis of the indoor-outdoor cassification.
El Patrón de Conducta Tipo C en Pacientes con Enfermedades Crónicas

The objective of the following investigation was to evaluate the construct of conduct pattern type C. We analyzed its historical background, its relation to coping strategies, the initial stages of research in this field and its association with cancer. We also considered its five dimensions: emotional control, rationality, emotional repression, need of harmony and compensation, the hypothesis of its association with chronic diseases and the constructs of acceptance/ perceived benefits. We conclude this paper with a review of current developments and evolution of research in this field.
Organizational Learning in Schools

Chapter 1: Organizational Learning in Schools: An Introduction Kenneth Leithwood and Karen Seashore Louis Part I Chapter 2: Creating Community in Reform: Images of Organizational Learning in Inner-City Schools Karen Seashore Louis and Sharon D. Kruse Chapter 3: Informal Learning Communities and their Effects Miriam Ben-Peretz and Shifra Schonmann Chapter 4: Leadership and other Conditions which Foster Organizational Learning in Schools Kenneth Leithwood, Doris Jantzi, and Rosanne Steinbach Part II Chapter 5: Talking about Restructuring: Using Concept Maps Jean A. King, Jeffrey Allen, and Khahm Nguyen Chapter 6: Organizational Consequences of Participatory Evaluation: School District Case Study J. Bradley Cousins Chapter 7: Professional Development Schools as Contexts for Teacher Learning and Leadership Linda Darling-Hammond, Velma Cobb, and Marcella Bullmaster Chapter 8: Learning about Organizational Learning Coral Mitchell and Larry Sackney Part III Chapter 9: Team Learning Processes Kenneth Leithwood Chapter 10: Intellectual Roots of Organizational Learning J. Bradley Cousins Chapter 11: School Development and Organizational Learning: Toward an Integrative Theory Janna C. Voogt, Nijs A.J. Lagerweij, and Karen Seashore Louis OL_FM 16/10/2000 10:57 Page 5 Part IV Chapter 12: Organizational Learning and Current Reform Efforts: From Exploitation to Exploration Sam Stringfield Chapter 13: From Organizational Learning to Professional Learning Communities Karen Seashore Louis and Kenneth Leithwood Author Index Subject Index
Title: Chronic Nicotine Induces Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2α 1 in Perinatal Rat Adrenal Chromaffin Cells: Role in 2 Transcriptional Upregulation of KATP channel subunit

46 Fetal nicotine exposure causes impaired adrenal catecholamine 47 secretion and increased neonatal mortality during acute 48 hypoxic challenges. Both effects are attributable to 49 upregulation of KATP channels and can be rescued by pre50 treatment with the blocker, glibenclamide. Though use of in 51 vitro models of primary and immortalized, fetal-derived rat 52 adrenomedullary chromaffin cells (i.e. MAH cells) 53 demonstrated the requirements for α7 nAChR stimulation and 54 the transcription factor, HIF-2α, the latter’s role was unclear. 55 Using western blots, we show that chronic nicotine causes a 56 progressive, time-dependent induction of HIF-2α in MAH cells 57 that parallels the upregulation of KATP channel subunit, Kir6.2. 58 Moreover, a common HIF target, VEGF mRNA, was also 59 upregulated after chronic nicotine. All the above effects were 60 prevented during co-incubation with α-bungarotoxin (100 nM), 61 a specific α7 nAChR blocker, and were absent in HIF-2α 62 deficient MAH cells. ChIP assays demonstrated binding of 63 HIF-2α to a putative HRE in Kir6.2 gene promoter. Specificity 64 of this signaling pathway was validated in adrenal glands from 65 pups born to dams exposed to nicotine throughout gestation; 66 the upregulation of both HIF-2α and Kir6.2 was confined to 67 medullary, but not cortical, tissue. This study has uncovered a 68
Circulating Antibody against Tumor Necrosis Factor–Alpha Protects Rat Brain from Reperfusion Injury

The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in brain injury is controversial. We studied the effect of anti–TNF-α antibody in a rat model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion. During focal ischemia and early reperfusion, TNF-α was rapidly and transiently released into circulation. Pretreatment with intravenous anti–TNF-α antibody reduced cortical (71%, P < 0.015) and subcortical (58%, P < 0.007) injury, enhanced the cerebral blood flow during reperfusion, and improved the neurologic outcome. This further supports the contention that TNF-α is a deleterious cytokine in stroke, whereas circulating antibody against TNF-α may protect brain from reperfusion injury.
Respiratory effort during obstructive sleep apnea: role of age and sleep state.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the patients' individual characteristics predictive of the degree of respiratory effort developed during obstructive sleep apneas (OSAs). DESIGN Prospective consecutive sample, collection of clinical and polysomnographic data. SETTING University teaching hospital. PATIENTS One hundred sixteen consecutive OSA patients with clinical symptoms of OSA and more than 20 apneas per hour of sleep. MEASUREMENTS Anthropomorphic data, daytime blood gas values, and polysomnographic data. From esophageal pressure measurements during sleep, three indexes of respiratory effort during OSAs were derived: the maximal end-apneic esophageal pressure swing (PesMax), the increase in esophageal pressure swing (deltaPes) during the apnea, and its ratio to apnea duration (RPes). RESULTS The indexes of respiratory effort were significantly lower in rapid eye movement (REM) than in non-REM sleep (PesMax: 50.9+/-2.5 vs 39.6+/-1.9 cm H2O, p<0.001; deltaPes: 30.9+/-1.7 vs 23.4+/-1.4 cm H2O, p<0.001; RPes: 1.05+/-0.05 vs 0.53+/-0.03 cm H2O/s, p<0.001); therefore, a separate analysis was conducted in non-REM and in REM sleep. Indexes were also significantly lower in subgroups of older as compared to younger patients (PesMax: 55.6+/-3.5 vs 40.0+/-2.2 cm H2O, p<0.001; deltaPes: 34.2+/-2.3 vs 24.1+/-1.6 cm H2O, p=0.001; RPes: 1.21+/-0.08 vs 0.8+/-0.05 cm H2O/s, p<0.001). The three indexes were closely correlated with each other and only PesMax correlation data are reported. In non-REM sleep, age was the most important single independent correlate of PesMax (r=-0.37, p=0.000). In REM sleep, the apnea-related hypoxemia, apnea duration, and age were the main contributors to the variance of PesMax. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory effort in response to upper airway occlusion in OSA patients is lower in REM than in non-REM sleep and decreases with increasing age.
Fairness, forgiveness and grudge-holding: experimental studies with primary school children in New Zealand : thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Fairness, forgiveness and grudge-holding are concepts which underlie many aspects of our interpersonal relationships. Fairness is the foundation of our dayto-day communication with others and forgiveness is concerned with a positive strategy used to manage negative emotional experiences of underserved unfair treatment. Grudge-holding results as an accumulation of negative feelings, which are associated with the original experience of unfairness. Two experimental studies investigated children’s perceptions of, feelings about, and reactions towards the unfair behaviour of a mother and a friend, by individually inviting the children to scenario-based interview sessions, which included three imaginary tasks. The children were asked to judge the fairness of a mother and a best friend’s treatment towards a child protagonist and to report their associated feelings, after listening to a scenario that described an interaction between a child and a mother and an interaction between a child and a friend. They further responded to three scenario-based experimental tasks, regarding their willingness to grant forgiveness, as opposed to expressions of hostility. In the first study, the children’s willingness to forgive, as a result of unfairness, was explored with 82 local primary school children in Palmerston North, New Zealand, whose ages ranged from 8to 11-years-old, in addition to 50 parents of these participating children. The parents also completed a questionnaire about their approaches to their children’s common misbehaviours. The study found that the children were typically willing to grant forgiveness to a mother, even though she had been unfair. Their forgiveness tendencies were not related to aspects of parental disciplinary behaviour. However, an examination of the
Optimum Power Allocation for Distributed Antenna Systems with Large-scale Fading-only Feedback

We propose an optimum power allocation scheme for distributed antenna systems (DAS) in time-varying Rayleigh and Ricean fading channels. In the conventional power allocation schemes for DAS, channel state information (CSI) for feedback includes the fast small-scale fading. This causes two practical problems. First, tracking fast fading requires considerable extra bandwidth and processing, which becomes even larger as the number of the distributed antennas increases. Secondly, there is non-negligible power control latency due to the high Doppler of small-scale fading and the feedback loop delay. In this paper, we consider a DAS system which determines the transmission power at each distributed base stations (antennas) only based on the slowly varying large-scale fading excluding the fast small-scale fading and we derive the optimum power allocation (PA) rule for minimum BER under total power constraint. In case of even small variation in fast fading during feedback loop delay, the conventional optimum PA scheme, which includes fast small-scale fading in CSI feedback, degrades significantly and the proposed scheme achieves much lower bit error rates. Even in the case with no latency, the proposed scheme loses only about 1dB SNR compared to the optimum scheme, which includes fast fading feedback. Finally, though the proposed power allocation formula is derived assuming Rayleigh fading, we show that it can be employed to Ricean fading channels with a small line-of-sight (LOS) component with a negligible degradation.
Box constrained l1 optimization in random linear systems - asymptotics

In this paper we consider box constrained adaptations of $\ell_1$ optimization heuristic when applied for solving random linear systems. These are typically employed when on top of being sparse the systems' solutions are also known to be confined in a specific way to an interval on the real axis. Two particular $\ell_1$ adaptations (to which we will refer as the \emph{binary} $\ell_1$ and \emph{box} $\ell_1$) will be discussed in great detail. Many of their properties will be addressed with a special emphasis on the so-called phase transitions (PT) phenomena and the large deviation principles (LDP). We will fully characterize these through two different mathematical approaches, the first one that is purely probabilistic in nature and the second one that connects to high-dimensional geometry. Of particular interest we will find that for many fairly hard mathematical problems a collection of pretty elegant characterizations of their final solutions will turn out to exist.
Shrinking to Grow? The Urban Regeneration Challenge in Leipzig and Manchester

Linked to this demographic shrinkage has been the presence of a large stock of lowdemand housing. Given this, and the potential for future population loss – especially in Leipzig, with falling birth rates nationally – in this study we asked whether these two cities could plan for an economically sound contraction in their populations. We set out scenarios for future household numbers in both cities and consider the implications of a future loss of households.