Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Dark Side of the Mushroom Spring Microbial Mat: Life in the Shadow of Chlorophototrophs. II. Metabolic Functions of Abundant Community Members Predicted from Metagenomic Analyses

Microbial mat communities in the effluent channels of Octopus and Mushroom Springs within the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park have been extensively characterized. Previous studies have focused on the chlorophototrophic organisms of the phyla Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi. However, the diversity and metabolic functions of the other portion of the community in the microoxic/anoxic region of the mat are poorly understood. We recently described the diverse but extremely uneven microbial assemblage in the undermat of Mushroom Spring based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequences, which was dominated by Roseiflexus members, filamentous anoxygenic chlorophototrophs. In this study, we analyzed the orange-colored undermat portion of the community of Mushroom Spring mats in a genome-centric approach and discuss the metabolic potentials of the major members. Metagenome binning recovered partial genomes of all abundant community members, ranging in completeness from ~28 to 96%, and allowed affiliation of function with taxonomic identity even for representatives of novel and Candidate phyla. Less complete metagenomic bins correlated with high microdiversity. The undermat portion of the community was found to be a mixture of phototrophic and chemotrophic organisms, which use bicarbonate as well as organic carbon sources derived from different cell components and fermentation products. The presence of rhodopsin genes in many taxa strengthens the hypothesis that light energy is of major importance. Evidence for the usage of all four bacterial carbon fixation pathways was found in the metagenome. Nitrogen fixation appears to be limited to Synechococcus spp. in the upper mat layer and Thermodesulfovibrio sp. in the undermat, and nitrate/nitrite metabolism was limited. A closed sulfur cycle is indicated by biological sulfate reduction combined with the presence of genes for sulfide oxidation mainly in phototrophs. Finally, a variety of undermat microorganisms have genes for hydrogen production and consumption, which leads to the observed diel hydrogen concentration patterns.
Influences between Online–Exclusive, Conjoint and Offline–Exclusive Friendship Networks: The Moderating Role of Shyness

Prior research has indicated that shy adolescents are more motivated to form friendships online than to form friendships offline. Little is known about whether having friendships found exclusively online may impact self–esteem and forming offline friendships for these adolescents. This study therefore aimed to provide insight into the moderating role of shyness in the longitudinal interplay between friendships in online and offline contexts in early adolescence. Adolescents and their friends (193 girls, 196 boys; Mage = 13.29) were followed with three consecutive measurements with intervals of eight months. Results showed that particularly for shy adolescents, having friends exclusively online predicted increases in self–esteem. Self–esteem, in turn, was found to predict forming more friendships found both offline and online and forming more friendships found exclusively offline. Thus, findings supported the social compensation perspective that shy adolescents may benefit from having friends exclusively online, as these friendships may increase self–esteem, thereby facilitating the formation of friendships found partially and completely offline. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on the Evolutionary Model of A Kind of Vertex-splitting Network

A problem is presented about the evolutionary process of the vertex splitting complex network. The rule of the evolution is: every newly-added vertex is the copy of or is split from the existing vertex. The analytic equation set of this network evolutionary model and arithmetic of iteration are put forward. A series of simulation calculation prove that the complex network is Scale Free Network and the power-law increases along with the increment of the splitting similarity degree of λ ( t ) and even approaches to +∞. When the initial degree of each new vertex is constant, the evolutionary process of the network is similar to that of the BA model.
A study of the prevalence of systemic sclerosis in northeast England.

OBJECTIVES We aimed to obtain an estimate of the prevalence and demographics of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and its subtypes at the turn of the millennium. METHODS Case finding from multiple sources from a defined geographical area. Diagnosis confirmed by clinical examination. RESULTS The crude prevalence of SSc in northeast England was 8.8 (95% CI: 6.8-10.8) per 100,000. The prevalence when adjusted for the entire UK is 8.2 (95% CI: 6.2-9.8) per 100,000. The ratio of women to men was 5.2:1. The median age of patients was 57.1 yr. The ratio of limited cutaneous SSc to diffuse cutaneous SSc was 4.7:1. Limited cutaneous SSc is associated with the presence of anticentromere antibodies; diffuse cutaneous SSc is associated with anti-Scl 70 antibodies, but either antibody was found in either form of SSc. CONCLUSIONS SSc appears to be more common in northeast England than was found in the West Midlands in 1986. This may reflect changes in the diagnostic definition of SSc.
Document Clustering in Forensic Investigation by Hybrid Approach

Digital Forensic Investigation is the branch of scientific forensic process for investigation of material found in digital devices related to computer crimes. Digital evidence analogous to particular incident is any digital data that provides hypothesis about incident. The essential part of Digital forensic Process is to analyze the documents present on suspect‟s computer. Due to increasing count of documents and larger size of storage devices makes very difficult to analyze the documents on computer. To overcome these problems, a subject based semantic document clustering algorithm along with bisecting-kmeans has been proposed that allows the examiner to analyze and cluster the documents based on particular subject and also the terms that does not belong to any subject. The accuracy of clustering of documents has been improved by means of this hybrid approach.
Caching in the Sprite network file system

This paper describes the use of caching in the Sprite network operating system, and compares the filesystem’s semantics and performance to both tradtional local filesystems and other distributed filesystems such as AFS. As in the earlier Sprite paper, the authors make a number of tradeoffs in their design between the goals of consistency, performance, scalability, and reliability. In g eneral, they sacrifice the latter three for the first.
Intraspecific scaling of chewing cycle duration in three species of domestic ungulates

SUMMARY In mammals, chewing cycle duration (CCD) increases with various measures of size, scaling with body mass0.13–0.28 and jaw length0.55. Proposed explanations for these scaling relationships include the allometry of body size, basal metabolic rate and tooth size, on the one hand, and pendular mechanics treating the jaw as a gravity-driven pendulum, on the other. Little is known, however, about the relationship between CCD and size within species. Recent research in dogs demonstrates altogether different scaling exponents and weaker correlations. This research suggests that breed-specific growth rates influence the maturation of the neural networks generating chewing rhythm, which may be altered because of changes in jaw mass during early postnatal growth. Here, we explored the intraspecific scaling of CCD within a sample of adult horses ranging from miniatures to draft breeds and an ontogenetic sample of goats and alpacas from infants to adults. In horses, CCD scales with body mass0.19 and jaw length0.57, although in neither case is the correlation significant. In the ontogenetic samples of goats and alpacas, CCD is significantly correlated with body mass, scaling as CCD∝body mass0.37 in both species. In goats, but not alpacas, CCD is also significantly correlated with jaw length, scaling as jaw length1.032. As in dogs, the scaling of CCD in horses may reflect the influence of selective breeding on growth trajectories of different breeds, resulting in reduced body and jaw size differences among infants, when CCD is established, compared with adults. However, the allometric scaling of tooth size in horses of different breeds may be a potential influence on the scaling of CCD. The scaling of CCD with body and jaw size in goats, and to a lesser extent in alpacas, also suggests that the development of peripheral masticatory structures such as the teeth and occlusal relations may play a role in changes in CCD during the earliest stages of postnatal ontogeny.
Impact of Hindsight Bias on Interpretation of Nonenhanced Computed Tomographic Head Scans for Acute Stroke

Objective: To determine whether knowledge of the presence or the absence of acute stroke from review of follow-up studies, including diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) head scans, biases the retrospective review of a radiologist's detection of acute stroke on nonenhanced computed tomographic (CT) scans of the head. Methods: Forty-four consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction as defined by positive DW-MRI and a CT scan within 48 hours before the MRI were identified. In addition, 30 control patients with negative DW-MRI results and a head CT scan within 48 hours before the MRI were chosen. Medical records were examined, and the time from onset of symptoms was recorded when this was available. The CT examinations were shown to 6 board-certified radiologists (of which 4 were certificate of added qualification neuroradiologists). The radiologists were asked to provide a probability estimate on whether an acute stroke is present or absent, the location of the stroke if present, and the presence of early ischemic signs including parenchymal hypoattenuation, sulcal effacement, and loss of gray-white matter differentiation. The radiologists had access to the patients' age, sex, and date of study but were not provided with the presenting history. After a minimum 10-day washout period and after reshuffling the cases, the radiologists were asked to reinterpret the examination results after first being shown the DW-MRI of the study in question and allowed access to reports and other follow-up studies. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed. Results: For infarctions in the middle cerebral artery, the posterior fossa, and anterior cerebral artery territories, there was a significant increase in performance with knowledge of DW-MRI results than without prior knowledge of the DW-MRI findings. When the basal nuclei and the posterior cerebral artery were included, the difference in performance of the readers without and those with DW-MRI approached significance (t = 2.35, P = 0.0571). Conclusions: Knowledge of the presence or the absence of an acute infarct influences a radiologist's ability to detect the lesion on CT. The presence of hindsight bias may influence the testimony of expert witnesses in legal cases and have an impact on quality assurance procedures on a hospital level.
Effects of umbilical cord blood stem cells on healing factors for diabetic foot injuries

Abstract The use of stem or progenitor cells from bone marrow, or peripheral or umbilical cord blood is becoming more common for treatment of diabetic foot problems. These cells promote neovascularization by angiogenic factors and they promote epithelium formation by stimulating cell replication and migration under certain pathological conditions. We investigated the role of CD34 + stem cells from human umbilical cord blood in wound healing using a rat model. Rats were randomly divided into a control group and two groups with diabetes induced by a single dose of 55 mg/kg intraperitoneal streptozocin. Scarred areas 5 mm in diameter were created on the feet of all rats. The diabetic rats constituted the diabetes control group and a diabetes + stem cell group with local injection into the wound site of 0.5 × 106 CD34 + stem cells from human umbilical cord blood. The newly formed skin in the foot wounds following CD34 + stem cell treatment showed significantly improvement by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining, and were closer to the wound healing of the control group than the untreated diabetic animals. The increase in FGF expression that accompanied the local injection of CD34 + stem cells indicates that FGF stimulation helped prevent apoptosis. Our findings suggest a promising new treatment approach to diabetic wound healing.
DIFFEOMORPHISM GROUPS AND CURRENT ALGEBRAS: CONFIGURATION SPACE ANALYSIS IN QUANTUM THEORY

The constuction of models of non-relativistic quantum fields via current algebra representations is presented using a natural differential geometry of the configuration space Γ of particles, the corresponding classical Dirichlet operator associated with a Poisson measure on Γ, being the free Hamiltonian. The case with interactions is also discussed together with its relation to the problem of unitary representations of the diffeomorphism group on ℝd.
Character-Level Neural Translation for Multilingual Media Monitoring in the SUMMA Project

The paper steps outside the comfort-zone of the traditional NLP tasks like automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT) to addresses two novel problems arising in the automated multilingual news monitoring: segmentation of the TV and radio program ASR transcripts into individual stories, and clustering of the individual stories coming from various sources and languages into storylines. Storyline clustering of stories covering the same events is an essential task for inquisitorial media monitoring. We address these two problems jointly by engaging the low-dimensional semantic representation capabilities of the sequence to sequence neural translation models. To enable joint multi-task learning for multilingual neural translation of morphologically rich languages we replace the attention mechanism with the sliding-window mechanism and operate the sequence to sequence neural translation model on the character-level rather than on the word-level. The story segmentation and storyline clustering problem is tackled by examining the low-dimensional vectors produced as a side-product of the neural translation process. The results of this paper describe a novel approach to the automatic story segmentation and storyline clustering problem.
Reinforcement Learning with Modular Neural Networks for Control

Reinforcement learning methods can be applied to control problems with the objective of optimizing the value of a function over time. They have been used to train single neural networks that learn solutions to whole tasks. Jacobs and Jordan [5] have shown that a set of expert networks combined via a gating network can more quickly learn tasks that can be decomposed. Even the decomposition can be learned. Inspired by Boyan's work of modular neural networks for learning with temporal-di erence methods [4], we modify the reinforcement learning algorithm called Q-Learning to train a modular neural network to solve a control problem. The resulting algorithm is demonstrated on the classical pole-balancing problem. The advantage of such a method is that it makes it possible to deal with complex dynamic control problem e ectively by using task decomposition and competitive learning.
Implementation of a Hybrid Distributed/Centralized Real-Time Monitoring System for a DC/AC Microgrid With Energy Storage Capabilities

This paper proposes a combined distributed/centralized architecture for the control and monitoring of a hybrid dc/ac microgrid (MG) with energy storage capabilities. The monitoring system is based on an own developed C++ framework for the measurement and real-time state estimation of the MG. Calculations running at sampled values frequency (10 kHz) are implemented into a set of distributed measurement and processing units, which have a TCP/IP communication link with a central server running the power flow algorithm. The architecture is fully scalable, with the only restrictions of the signal processing capabilities of the distributed units, LAN bandwidth, and central server calculation capabilities. The proposed system includes the hardware and software architecture for the monitoring of the MG, the communications scheme, the implementation of real-time algorithms for grid state estimation, a graphical user interface including different visualization alternatives, and data storing/retrieving capabilities.
Locally Defect-Engineered Graphene Nanoribbon Field-Effect Transistor

In this paper, we investigate a graphene nanoribbon FET (GNRFET) with locally embedded Stone-Wales (SW) defects near its drain contact. The simulation procedure is preformed via the self-consistent solution of the full 3-D Schrödinger and Poisson equations. Localized states induced by the SW defects are able to reduce ambipolar conduction and provide higher ON-OFF ratio and attenuated kink effect. Causing outgoing carriers decelerated in the channel, the use of such defected region in the GNRFET yields less vulnerability to hot-carrier degradation than its conventional counterpart. Our proposed structure also enhances the device transconductance, making it more appealing in high-frequency applications.
A Randomized Trial of an Intervention to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Curatively Treated Patients with Early-Stage Head and Neck Cancer

The leading cause of death in patients who have had curatively treated early-stage head and neck cancer is a second primary cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract (lung, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, and oral cavity cancers). Low fruit and vegetable intake has been associated with increased risk of primary head and neck cancer and the available data suggest that increasing intake following diagnosis may reduce the risk of a second primary cancer. The goal of this study was to develop and test an easily administered intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake in these patients following diagnosis and treatment. The 6-month intervention was based on the Stage of Change model. Seventy-five early-stage head and neck cancer patients were randomized to either the intervention group or to the “blinded” control group, with diet change data available on 65 patients. Fruit and vegetable intake, assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and plasma carotenoid concentrations were measured at baseline and at the end of the study period. The change in self-reported intake of fruit and vegetables (servings per day) over the study period was significantly greater (P = 0.009) in the intervention group (n = 35; +2.1) compared with the control group (n = 30; +0.5). Total plasma carotenoids, a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake, increased by 70 nmol/L in the intervention group as compared with a reduction of 42 nmol/L in the control group, a relative difference of 12% (nonsignificant). An intervention that can be delivered in a physician's office resulted in a significant increase in intake of fruit and vegetables in early-stage head and neck cancer patients. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(12):2848-54)
Construction of Partial MDS and Sector-Disk Codes With Two Global Parity Symbols

Partial MDS (PMDS) codes are erasure codes combining local (row) correction with global additional correction of entries, while sector-disk (SD) codes are erasure codes that address the mixed failure mode of current redundant arrays of independent disk (RAID) systems. It has been an open problem to construct general codes that have the PMDS and the SD properties, and previous work has relied on Monte-Carlo searches. In this paper, we present a general construction that addresses the case of any number of failed disks and in addition, two erased sectors. The construction requires a modest field size. This result generalizes previous constructions extending RAID 5 and RAID 6.
Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop Performance

In this paper, we propose a novel forwarding technique based on geographical location of the nodes involved and random selection of the relaying node via contention among receivers. We focus on the multihop performance of such a solution, in terms of the average number of hops to reach a destination as a function of the distance and of the average number of available neighbors. An idealized scheme (in which the best relay node is always chosen) is discussed and its performance is evaluated by means of both simulation and analytical techniques. A practical scheme to select one of the best relays is shown to achieve performance very close to that of the ideal case. Some discussion about design issues for practical implementation is also given.
Stability of 15 Estrogens and Estrogen Metabolites in Urine Samples under Processing and Storage Conditions Typically Used in Epidemiologic Studies

Background In preparation for large-scale epidemiologic studies of the role of estrogen metabolism in the etiology of breast and other cancers, we examined the stability of estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM) in urine during processing and storage protocols. Methods Fifteen EM were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in first morning urines from 3 premenopausal women. Linear regression was used to model log EM concentrations for each woman, with and without adding ascorbic acid (0.1% w/v), during storage at 4°C (7–8 time points, up to 48 hours), during long-term storage at –80°C (10 time points, up to 1 year), and by freeze-thaw cycles (up to 3). Results Without ascorbic acid, concentrations (pmol/mL) of nearly all EM changed <1% per 24 hours of storage at 4°C, and <1% during storage at –80°C for 1 year; similarly, thawing and refreezing samples 3 times was not consistently associated with losses for any EM. Ascorbic acid had no clear beneficial effect on EM stability in these experiments. Conclusions Given the large inter-individual variability in urinary EM concentrations, changes of the magnitude observed here are unlikely to cause substantial misclassification. Furthermore, processing and storage conditions studied here are adequate for use in epidemiologic studies.