Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defending Against Replication Node Attack in Wireless Sensor Network

In Wireless Sensor network, nodes are interconnected and information is shared among them. In a situation, many attacks are involved to misuse the wireless sensor network. One of the attacks is replica node replication attack, in which the adversary can detain and conciliation of sensor nodes by hacking IP address of node to make replicas of them and then mount a variety of attacks with these replicas. Opponent controls the entire network and misuse the whole network. Our goal is to detect and block the nodes which are captured by attacker. Sequential Probability Ratio Test is a technique which is used to find the capture node by using two approaches. However, this technique is used to detect the capture node only which affects the neighbor node and have a chance to collapse the network. Blocking Technique is needed to block the particular node captured by attacker. In this work, we propose a fast and effective method for improving the detection of node using the Black Roll technique to effectively block the node by creating a blacklist table which contains block node IP address. Protowall is a tool which is used to block the IP address that is on a blacklist table. Keywords-Wireless Sensor Network, Sequential Test, Black roll, Protowall
Green luminescence in Mg-doped GaN

A majority of the point defects in GaN that are responsible for broad photoluminescence (PL) bands remain unidentified. One of them is the green luminescence band (GL2) having a maximum at 2.35 eV which was observed previously in undoped GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy in Ga-rich conditions. The same PL band was observed in Mg-doped GaN, also grown in very Ga-rich conditions. The unique properties of the GL2 band allowed us to reliably identify it in different samples. The best candidate for the defect which causes the GL2 band is a nitrogen vacancy $({V}_{\mathrm{N}})$. We propose that transitions of electrons from the conduction band to the +/2+ transition level of the ${V}_{\mathrm{N}}$ defect are responsible for the GL2 band in high-resistivity undoped and Mg-doped GaN.
Dissipation of Energy in Tissues of Berry Fruit of Selected Plants Species under Cyclic Load Conditions

Abstract Dissipation hypothesis of energy under cyclic loads conditions was used to characterize the behavior of berry fruit. The possibility of dissipation of energy as a result of plastic deformations (Dawidenkow hypothesis) or visco-elastic deformations (Voigt hypothesis) was considered. Tests of hysteresis of whole fruit squeezed among two rigid plates for various levels of load and with various speeds of deformation of samples for two directions of load application were conducted for verification of the usefulness of both hypotheses. The strength tests were preceded by the test of hysteresis, the mass and the geometry of fruit were determined additionally as well as conventional density and moisture was counted. A mutual relation of average values of the coefficients of elasticity EC was accepted as the measure of dissipation of energy as a result of changes in the angle of inclination of the curve in the springy return phase. Voigt hypothesis was confirmed as useful within the range of small speeds of deformation and lack of usefulness of the Dawidenkow hypothesis was proved.
Rooted k-connections in digraphs András Frank November 2006

The problem of computing a minimum cost subgraph D′ = (V,A′) of a directed graph D = (V,A) so that D′ contains k edge-disjoint paths from a specified root r ∈ V to every other node in V is known to be nicely solvable since it can be formulated as a matroid intersection problem. A corresponding problem when openly disjoint paths are requested rather than edge-disjoint was solved in [12] with the help of submodular flows. Here we show that the use of submodular flows is actually avoidable and even a common generalization of the two rooted k-connection problems is a matroid intersection problem. We also provide a polyhedral description using supermodular functions on bi-sets and this approach enables us to handle more general rooted k-connection problems. For example, with the help of a submodular flow algorithm the following restricted version of the generalized Steiner-network problem is solvable in polynomial time: given a digraph D = (V,A) with a root-node r, a terminal set T , and a cost function c : A → R+ so that each edge of positive cost has its head in T , find a subgraph D′ = (V,A′) of D of minimum cost so that there are k openly disjoint paths in D′ from r to every node in T .
Anthropogenic and natural CO2 exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar

The exchange of both anthropogenic and natural inorganic carbon between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea through Strait of Gibraltar was studied for a period of two years under the frame of the CARBOOCEAN project. A comprehensive sampling program was conducted, which was design to collect samples at eight fixed stations located in the Strait in successive cruises periodically distributed through the year in order to ensure a good spatial and temporal coverage. As a result of this monitoring, a time series namely GIFT (GIbraltar Fixed Time series) has been established, allowing the generation of an extensive data set of the carbon system parameters in the area. Data acquired during the development of nine campaigns were analyzed in this work. Total inorganic carbon concentration (CT ) was calculated from alkalinity-pHT pairs and appropriate thermodynamic relationships, with the concentration of anthropogenic carbon (CANT) being also computed using two methods, the 1C* and the TrOCA approach. Applying a two-layer model of water mass exchange through the Strait and using a value of −0.85 Sv for the average transport of the outflowing Mediterranean water recorded in situ during the considered period, a net export of inorganic carbon from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic was obtained, which amounted to 25±0.6 Tg C yr−1. A net alkalinity output of 16±0.6 Tg C yr−1 was also observed to occur through the Strait. In contrast, the Atlantic water was found to contain a higher concentration of anthropogenic carbon than the Mediterranean water, resulting in a net flux of CANT towards Correspondence to: I. E. Huertas (emma.huertas@icman.csic.es) the Mediterranean basin of 4.20±0.04 Tg C yr−1 by using the 1C* method, which constituted the most adequate approach for this environment. A carbon balance in the Mediterranean was assessed and fluxes through the Strait are discussed in relation to the highly diverse estimates available in the literature for the area and the different approaches considered for CANT estimation. This work unequivocally confirms the relevant role of the Strait of Gibraltar as a controlling point for the biogeochemical exchanges occurring between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and emphasizes the influence of the Mediterranean basin in the carbon inventories of the North Atlantic.
A Designing of Humanoid Robot Hands in Endo skeleton and Exoskeleton Styles

For a serious scientific interest or rather an amusing desire to be the creator like Pygmalion, human being has kept fascination to create something replicates ourselves as shown in lifelike statues and imaginative descriptions in fairy tales, long time from the ancient days. At the present day, eventually, they are coming out as humanoid robots and their brilliant futures are forecasted as follows. 1) Humanoid robot will take over boring recurrent jobs and dangerous tasks where some everyday tools and environments designed and optimised for human usage should be exploited without significant modifications. 2) Efforts of developing humanoid robot systems and components will lead some excellent inventions of engineering, product and service. 3) Humanoid robot will be a research tool by itself for simulation, implementation and examination of the human algorithm of motions, behaviours and cognitions with corporeality. At the same time, I cannot help having some doubts about the future of the humanoid robot as extension of present development style. Our biological constitution is evolved properly to be made of bio-materials and actuated by muscles, and present humanoid robots, on the contrary, are bounded to be designed within conventional mechanical and electric elements prepared for industrial use such as electric motors, devices, metal and plastic parts. Such elements are vastly different in characteristics from the biological ones and are low in some significant properties: power/weight ratio, minuteness, flexibility, robustness with selfrepairing, energy and economic efficiency and so on. So the “eternal differences” in function and appearance will remain between the human and the humanoid robots. I guess there are chiefly two considerable ways for developing a preferable humanoid robot body. One is to promote in advance a development of artificial muscle that is exactly similar to the biological one. It may be obvious that an ideal humanoid robot body will be constructed by a scheme of putting a skeletal model core and attaching the perfect artificial muscles on it (Weghel et al., 2004, e.g.). Another is to establish some practical and realistic designing paradigms within extensional technology, in consideration of the limited performance of mechanical and electric elements. In this way, it will be the key point that making full use of flexible ideas of trimming and restructuring functions on a target. For example, that is to make up an alternative function by integrating some simple methods, when the target function is too complex to be a unitary package. Since it seems to take long time until the complete artificial muscles will come out, I regard the latter way is a good prospect to the near future rather than just a compromise.
The Private and Public Economics of Renewable Electricity Generation

Generating electricity from renewable sources is more expensive than conventional approaches, but reduces pollution externalities. Analyzing the tradeoff is much more challenging than often presumed, because the value of electricity is extremely dependent on the time and location at which it is produced, which is not very controllable with some renewables, such as wind and solar. Likewise, the pollution benefits from renewable generation depend on what type of generation it displaces, which also depends on time and location. Without incorporating these factors, cost-benefit analyses of alternatives are likely to be misleading. However, other common arguments for subsidizing renewable power - green jobs, energy security and driving down fossil energy prices - are unlikely to substantially alter the analysis. The role of intellectual property spillovers is a strong argument for subsidizing energy science research, but less persuasive as an enhancement to the value of installing current renewable energy technologies.
The fundamental parameters of the roAp star α Circini

We have used the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer to measure the angular diameter of α Cir. This is the first detailed interferometric study of a rapidly oscillating A (roAp) star, α Cir being the brightest member of its class. We used the new and more accurate Hipparcos parallax to determine the radius to be 1.967 ± 0.066 R⊙ . We have constrained the bolometric flux from calibrated spectra to determine an effective temperature of 7420 ± 170 K . This is the first direct determination of the temperature of an roAp star. Our temperature is at the low end of previous estimates, which span over 1000 K and were based on either photometric indices or spectroscopic methods. In addition, we have analysed two high-quality spectra of α Cir, obtained at different rotational phases and we find evidence for the presence of spots. In both spectra we find nearly solar abundances of C, O, Si, Ca and Fe, high abundance of Cr and Mn, while Co, Y, Nd and Eu are overabundant by about 1 dex. The results reported here provide important observational constraints for future studies of the atmospheric structure and pulsation of α Cir.
Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVEHydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders, yet a reliable assessment of the global burden of disease is lacking. The authors sought a reliable estimate of the prevalence and annual incidence of hydrocephalus worldwide.METHODSThe authors performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to estimate the incidence of congenital hydrocephalus by WHO region and World Bank income level using the MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases. A global estimate of pediatric hydrocephalus was obtained by adding acquired forms of childhood hydrocephalus to the baseline congenital figures using neural tube defect (NTD) registry data and known proportions of posthemorrhagic and postinfectious cases. Adult forms of hydrocephalus were also examined qualitatively.RESULTSSeventy-eight articles were included from the systematic review, representative of all WHO regions and each income level. The pooled incidence of congenital hydrocephalus was highest in Africa and Latin America (145 and 316 per 100,000 births, respectively) and lowest in the United States/Canada (68 per 100,000 births) (p for interaction < 0.1). The incidence was higher in low- and middle-income countries (123 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 98-152 births) than in high-income countries (79 per 100,000 births; 95% CI 68-90 births) (p for interaction < 0.01). While likely representing an underestimate, this model predicts that each year, nearly 400,000 new cases of pediatric hydrocephalus will develop worldwide. The greatest burden of disease falls on the African, Latin American, and Southeast Asian regions, accounting for three-quarters of the total volume of new cases. The high crude birth rate, greater proportion of patients with postinfectious etiology, and higher incidence of NTDs all contribute to a case volume in low- and middle-income countries that outweighs that in high-income countries by more than 20-fold. Global estimates of adult and other forms of acquired hydrocephalus are lacking.CONCLUSIONSFor the first time in a global model, the annual incidence of pediatric hydrocephalus is estimated. Low- and middle-income countries incur the greatest burden of disease, particularly those within the African and Latin American regions. Reliable incidence and burden figures for adult forms of hydrocephalus are absent in the literature and warrant specific investigation. A global effort to address hydrocephalus in regions with the greatest demand is imperative to reduce disease incidence, morbidity, mortality, and disparities of access to treatment.
Fully‐automated, multi‐stage hippocampus mapping in very mild Alzheimer disease

Landmark‐based high‐dimensional diffeomorphic maps of the hippocampus (although accurate) is highly‐dependent on rater's anatomic knowledge of the hippocampus in the magnetic resonance images. It is therefore vulnerable to rater drift and errors if substantial amount of effort is not spent on quality assurance, training, and re‐training. A fully‐automated, FreeSurfer‐initialized large‐deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping procedure of small brain substructures, including the hippocampus, has been previously developed and validated in small samples. In this report, we demonstrate that this fully‐automated pipeline can be used in place of the landmark‐based procedure in a large‐sample clinical study to produce similar statistical outcomes. Some direct comparisons of the two procedures are also presented. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using approximate majorization to characterize protocol fairness

A good measure of fairness is an essential prerequisite for a systematic development of fair resource allocation protocols as well as for a systematic evaluation of the fairness of existing protocols. We propose the use of approximate majorization as a framework for quantifying the fairness of a resource allocation scheme. We demonstrate how approximate majorization subsumes and generalizes several natural measures of fairness. We then relate majorization to revenue maximization, and sketch an efficient algorithm to compute the fairness of a given allocation as well to find the fairest allocation. Our framework is quite general and can be applied to several routing, bandwidth allocation, load balancing, and clustering problems. To illustrate the framework in a concrete setting, we perform a preliminary case study of the fairness of TCP as a bandwidth allocation protocol in communication networks. We demonstrate that the fairness of both TCP Reno and TCP Vegas is incomparable to the fairness obtained by max-min fair allocation. Finally, we explore the connections between approximate majorization and the notion of proportional fairness developed by Kelly, Maulloo, and Tan.
Antitumor Properties of CLA-Enriched Food Products

ABSTRACT In this manuscript, we reviewed the available literature on the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched food products, including meat, dairy products, and eggs on cancer, both in vivo and in vitro. Based on our own studies on CLA-enriched eggs, we also identified potential molecular mechanisms by which such products may act on cancer cells. We propose the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway as mainly accountable for the reduction of cancer cells viability. Our hypothesis is supported by observed changes in expression of genes associated with downregulation of AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. In addition, we propose that CLA-enriched food products can act as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) ligands showing predominately an agonist effect on PPAR isoforms.
Sequence-Based Analysis Uncovers an Abundance of Non-Coding RNA in the Total Transcriptome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

RNA sequencing provides a new perspective on the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by revealing an extensive presence of non-coding RNA, including long 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions, antisense transcripts, and intergenic small RNA (sRNA) molecules. More than a quarter of all sequence reads mapping outside of ribosomal RNA genes represent non-coding RNA, and the density of reads mapping to intergenic regions was more than two-fold higher than that mapping to annotated coding sequences. Selected sRNAs were found at increased abundance in stationary phase cultures and accumulated to remarkably high levels in the lungs of chronically infected mice, indicating a potential contribution to pathogenesis. The ability of tubercle bacilli to adapt to changing environments within the host is critical to their ability to cause disease and to persist during drug treatment; it is likely that novel post-transcriptional regulatory networks will play an important role in these adaptive responses.
Histopathological study of gastric carcinoma with associated precursor lesions

Introduction: Gastric carcinoma is the most important and the most common of malignant tumours of stomach. Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) have been implicated as an important etiologic factor in gastric carcinoma through its role in the development of chronic gastritis. The study of gastric carcinoma with associated precursor lesion in various studies has shown variable results, our objective was to study histopathology of gastric carcinoma with regard to sex, age, anatomical location and morphology. And also to analyse association of gastric carcinoma with precursor lesions. Materials and Methods: Over 83 endoscopic gastric biopsies and gastrectomy specimens received from department of surgery of our college during the period January 2009 to May 2011 were included in the study. Results: Gastric carcinoma was most common in males and in the 7 decade. Most common histological type of tumor was intestinal type78.3%, seen in the 7decade followed by diffuse type 21.7% in the 6 decade. Precursor lesions were positive in out of 70cases of gastric carcinoma. And chronic atrophic gastritis was found in 42% of cases, dysplasia in33% and intestinal metaplasia in 36%. H. pylori were positive in 54.3% cases; among them 56.4% cases were intestinal type of carcinoma and 46.6% were diffuse type of carcinoma. Conclusion: Although series was small our findings in this study were quite prominent and therefore indicate need for further studies of histological types its association with precursor lesion and H.pylori in larger population as there is high risk of gastric carcinoma in South India.
Model Reduction for Time-Varying Descriptor Systems Using Krylov-Subspaces Projection Techniques

We will present a projection approach for model reduction of linear time-varying descriptor systems based on earlier ideas in the work of Philips and others. The idea behind the proposed procedure is based on a multipoint rational approximation of the monodromy matrix of the corresponding differential-algebraic equation. This is realized by orthogonal projection onto a rational Krylov subspace. The algorithmic realization of the method employes recycling techniques for shifted Krylov subspaces and their invariance properties. The proposed method works efficiently for macromodels, such as time varying circuit systems and models arising in network interconnection, on limited frequency ranges. Bode plots and step response are used to illustrate both the stability and accuracy of the reduced order models.
P uptake characteristics and root morphological responses in the mining ecotype of Polygonum hydropiper under high organic P media

ABSTRACT Understanding plant phosphorus (P) assimilation and its root morphological responses is important to acquire an ideal material for remediation of P-enriched environments. Pot experiments were conducted to explore P accumulation and root morphological traits in a mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME) of Polygonum hydropiper under different organic P (Po) sources (G1P, AMP, ATP, IHP) and inorganic P (Pi) source (KH2PO4), and also their responses to a high level of IHP for different growth periods. Both ecotypes showed higher biomass in Pi and IHP treatments than other Po sources. P accumulation in seedlings were in the order of Pi > IHP > other Po media. Extending the growth period increased biomass and P accumulation in both ecotypes. The ME demonstrated 1.11–1.46 times higher P accumulation than the NME. Seedlings fed with IHP demonstrated significantly greater morphological parameters of fine, medium, and thick roots compared to other Po sources. Total root length, surface area, and volume of both ecotypes significantly increased with the prolonged growth period. The ME has a higher ability to develop root system and exhibits better distribution of fine roots to enhance P accumulation from high P media, and thus it is a worthy material for P-phytoextraction.