Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Education, Income, and Ability

Current estimates of the contribution of education to economic growth have been questioned because they ignore the interaction of education with ability. Whether the neglect of ability differences in the analyses of the income-education relationship results in estimates that are too high was considered in an earlier paper by one of the authors (Griliches 1970), and a negative answer was conjectured. In this paper, we pursue this question a bit further, using a new and larger body of data. Unfortunately, a definitive answer to this question is hampered both by the vagueness and elasticity of "education" and "ability" as analytical concepts and by the lack of data on early (preschooling) intelligence. The data examined in this paper are based on a 1964 sample of U.S. military veterans. The variables measured include scores on a mental ability test, indicators of parental status, region of residence while growing up, school years completed before service, and school years completed during or after service. These have allowed us to inquire into the separate effects of parental background, intelligence, and schooling. The basic problem and analytical framework can be set out very simply. Let income be a linear function of education and ability, or, Y a + P1E + P(2G + u, where Y is income, E is education, G is ability,
BREEDING SYSTEMS AND THE EVOLUTION OF DIOECY IN NEW ZEALAND APIOID UMBELLIFERAE

Darwin (1877) restricted Linnaeus' term polygamous to species with hermaphrodite, male, and female plants or hermaphrodite, male, and female flowers on a single plant, and termed as gynodioecious species which have two forms of plant, hermaphrodites and females. Recent work on those angiosperm breeding systems involving two, sometimes variable, sex forms emphasizes the value of a functional rather than a morphological approach to their definition (Vaarama and Jiiiiskelainen, 1967; Connor, 1974; Arroyo and Raven, 1975; Lloyd, 1976). The distinction between gynodioecy and dioecy, while supposedly clear-cut in terms of morphological flower type (female and hermaphrodite plants vs. female and male ones), is much less so in functional terms, for the so-called hermaphrodites have many functionally male flowers and have been shown in many gynodioecious species to contribute many more genes via pollen than ovules. These plants are more appropriately considered as inconstant males (see Lloyd, 1974a) and are treated as such herein. Lewis (1942) viewed gynodioecy and dioecy as independent outbreeding systems and suggested that gynodioecy was unlikely to be a step towards dioecy. However, an opposite view, that gynodi-oecy is one of the pathways from hermaphroditism to dioecy, has been expressed in general terms by Darwin (1877), and explicitly postulated for particular genera by subsequent authors (e.g., Correns, 1916; Love, 1943). In spite of a large theoretical literature on the maintenance and evolution of gynodioecious breeding systems (e.g., Lewis, 1941; Ho and Ross, 1973; Valdeyron et al., 1973; Lloyd, 1974a, 1974b, 1975, 1976; Ross and Weir 1976; Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 1978) there are few detailed studies of groups of related gynodioecious species. Consequently, conclusive evidence of the evolution of dioecy from hermaphroditism via gynodioecy in any one taxonomic group is lacking. A promising source of such evidence is provided by a group of apioid Umbelliferae endemic to or centered in New Zealand. These genera show a range of sexual dimorphism (Dawson, 1967; Lloyd, 1973). The genera considered are Aciphylla (ca. 40 spp. N.Z., 2 spp. Australia); Anisotome (15 spp. N.Z., 1 sp. Australia); Gingidia (5 spp. N.Z., 2 spp. Australia, 1 sp. Australia and N.Z.); Scandia (2 spp. N.Z.); and Lignocarpa (2 spp. N. Z.). Webb (1976) described differences in flowering periods between males and females, and Lloyd and Webb (1977) discussed secondary sex characters in these genera. The maintenance of females in populations, sex ratios, and other aspects of the breeding system will be considered in detail elsewhere. This paper assesses the evolution and nature of the breeding systems in the five genera.
literature as some of the authors report responses on growth performance and nutrient availability to mash diets

Experimental comparisons of the nutritional value of different wheat cultivars commonly use feeds in meal form even though the largescale broiler producers use steam pelleted feeds. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of steam pelleting on the performance, dietary N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), total tract dry matter retention (DMR), nitrogen retention (NR) and fat digestibility (FD) coefficients, and digestive tract development of broilers fed four different wheat samples in complete diets. Four European wheat samples, with different chemical composition and endosperm characteristics, were used in a broiler experiment. The wheat samples were milled through a 5 mm screen and four basal feeds containing 670 g/kg of each selected wheat sample were mixed. The basal feeds were then split into two batches and one of them was steam pelleted resulting in eight experimental diets. Each diet was fed ad libitum to eight pens of two male Ross 308 broilers from 10 to 24 days of age. Feeding pelleted diets improved ( P< 0.001) feed intake and weight gain, and daily water intake of the birds. Pelleting also improved dietary AMEn and FD ( P< 0.001) and DMR ( P< 0.05). An interaction ( P< 0.05) was observed between wheat samples and steam pelleting for NR. Steam pelleting improved ( P< 0.05) NR in the wheat sample with high starch and protein and hard endosperm but not in the rest of the wheat samples. Similar interactions ( P< 0.05) were also observed between wheat sample and steam pelleting for gain to feed (G : F) and water to feed (W : F) ratios. Pelleting improved G : F ratio the greatest in the wheat sample with high starch and protein and hard endosperm. Feeding the same wheat sample also decreased ( P< 0.05) W : F but only in the mash diets. Regardless of the wheat sample the values of dietary AMEn did not differ ( P> 0.05). Feeding different wheat types and pelleting did not ( P> 0.05) change the development of the gastrointestinal tract of the birds. The study showed that there were differences between four wheat samples when they were fed in pelleted complete feed, but no differences were observed when fed in mash form complete diets. Research on the interaction between pelleting and wheat chemical and quality characteristics is warranted.
Differences in Aggression, Attitudes Toward Women, and Distrust as Reflected in Popular Music Preferences

This article examines the complex relationship between dispositions, popular music preferences, and attitudes. In accordance with selective-exposure and excitation-transfer theories, it was expected that anger and self-esteem dispositions would influence popular-music preferences and attitudinal differences. Using a sample of 243 persons, we examined hypotheses and research questions seeking to link music preferences with three attitudes: aggression, attitudes toward women, and trust/distrust. Anger and self-esteem were treated as covariates. Multivariate analysis of covariance showed significant attitudinal differences among those who preferred different music genres. As compared with most other genres, heavy-metal music listeners exhibited more aggression and lesser regard for women, and rap listeners showed more aggression and distrust. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Evolution of Diaschisis in a Focal Stroke Model

Background and Purpose— Stroke produces diaschisis in adjacent and connected regions. The sequential changes in diaschisis over time and the relationship of regions of diaschisis to functional cortical areas and regions of poststroke neuroplasticity have not been determined. Methods— Small cortical strokes were produced in the barrel cortex of rats. Relative glucose metabolism was determined in vivo over time with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose small-animal positron emission tomography. Cerebral blood flow was measured with [14C]iodoantipyrine. Regions of hypometabolism and hypoperfusion were compared with histological damage in the same animals. Results— Small cortical strokes produce an initial network of hypometabolism in a broad region of cortex adjacent to the stroke and in the striatum and thalamus on day 1. Cerebral blood flow is diminished only immediately around the cortical infarct on day 1. A substantial area of cortex adjacent to the stroke remains hypometabolic on day 8. This persistent cortical hypometabolism occupies the somatosensory cortex, forelimb motor cortex, and second somatosensory area. Conclusions— Focal stroke produces ipsilateral diaschisis in connected cortical regions that is clearly distant from subtotal damage and may play a role in poststroke neuroplasticity.
Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment

At the request of the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Research Council (NRC) recently completed a major report entitled Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. The terms of reference for this report were to develop a long‐range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental agents. The report describes how current and anticipated scientific advances can be expected to transform toxicity testing to permit broader coverage of the universe of potentially toxic chemicals to which humans may be exposed, using more timely and more cost‐effective methods for toxicity testing. The report envisages greatly expanded use of high‐ and medium‐throughput in vitro screening assays, computational toxicology, and systems biology, along with other emerging high‐content testing methodologies, such as functional genomics and transcriptomics. When fully implemented, the vision will transform the ways toxicity testing and chemical risk assessment are conducted, moving away from measuring apical health endpoints in experimental animals toward identification of significant perturbations of toxicity pathways using in vitro tests in human cells and cell lines. Population‐based studies incorporating relevant biomarkers will also be useful in identifying pathway perturbations directly in humans and in interpreting the results of in vitro tests in the context of human health risk assessment. The present article summarizes and extends the NRC report and examines its implications for risk assessment practice.
Attitudes and Expectations: A Profile of Female and Male Students of College French, German, and Spanish

Dans quelle mesure les etudiants inscrits a des enseignements de francais allemand et espagnol souscrivent-ils aux stereotypes courants concernant les caracteristiques supposees de ces langues etrangeres? Un instrument psychometrique nouveau, le Language Learner Profile permet de comparer les expectations, attitudes et statuts culturels des etudiants en langues, filles et garcons
Open Access RESEARCH

Background: Injection drug users continue to be at high risk of HIV and HCV. Research has shown that needle exchange programs (NEP) decrease injection frequency, reduce syringe reuse, and reduce needle sharing, though some results have been mixed. Methods: This evaluation of a small, peri-urban, legal NEP near Ypsilanti, Michigan describes the operation of the NEP and its clients. It uses interviews conducted with NEP participants between 2003 and 2006, describing the population served by the program, and draws on limited comparisons between matched baseline and follow-up measures as well as aggregate baseline and follow-up comparisons. Results: The HIV/AIDS Resource Center (HARC) Harm Reduction NEP serves a diverse population from a wide geographical area. NEP participants at follow-up reused their syringes significantly fewer times before getting new ones, were significantly less likely to report giving another IDU a previously used syringe, and were more likely to clean their skin with alcohol either before or after injecting than the baseline comparison group. Conclusions: The limited data presented here suggest that a NEP can be an effective method of harm reduction even in low-volume, non-urban settings and are an important venue for intervention in peri-urban areas.
Oligodendrocyte Precursors on the Move: Mechanisms Directing Migration

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells traverse long distances to reach their axonal targets. The molecules that influence their migration include a combination of short-range attractants and repellents and long-range chemoattractants and chemorepellents. Here, the authors review mechanisms that direct oligodendrocyte precursor cells as they migrate throughout the developing CNS.
Associations of baseline characteristics with evolution of eGFR in a referred chronic kidney disease cohort.

BACKGROUND Currently, most chronic kidney disease (CKD) classifications identify patients at different stages of CKD but do not identify risk of progression or adverse outcome. This analysis aims to describe associations between baseline characteristics and the evolution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and identify threshold values for clinical parameters that maximally discriminate progression to renal replacement therapy (RRT) in a referred cohort of patients with CKD stages 3-5. DESIGN AND METHODS A longitudinal mixed-effect model was used to determine annualized estimated change in eGFR and classification tree analysis to identify threshold values that maximally discriminate progression to RRT. RESULTS A total of 1316 patients were available for analysis with median follow-up of 33 months (interquartile range 20-60). Mixed model analysis suggested that the underlying diagnoses of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy exhibited on average a 2.7 (0.3) and 0.7 (0.3) ml/min/year faster rate of decline in eGFR, respectively, compared to those patients with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis. In the regression tree analysis, we attempted to identify threshold values for clinical parameters that maximally discriminate progression to RRT. eGFR ≤24 ml/min was the first ranked discriminator, diastolic blood pressure appeared in the second and fourth rounds, eGFR appeared again in the third round together with cholesterol and systolic blood pressure, with basal metabolic index in the fourth. CONCLUSION This analysis highlights risk factors for progressive kidney disease and demonstrates the variability in evolution of eGFR across the cohort as well as the importance of underlying renal disease type on the progression of CKD.
Genotypic Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance

SUMMARY There are 16 approved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drugs belonging to three mechanistic classes: protease inhibitors, nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors. HIV-1 resistance to these drugs is caused by mutations in the protease and RT enzymes, the molecular targets of these drugs. Drug resistance mutations arise most often in treated individuals, resulting from selective drug pressure in the presence of incompletely suppressed virus replication. HIV-1 isolates with drug resistance mutations, however, may also be transmitted to newly infected individuals. Three expert panels have recommended that HIV-1 protease and RT susceptibility testing should be used to help select HIV drug therapy. Although genotypic testing is more complex than typical antimicrobial susceptibility tests, there is a rich literature supporting the prognostic value of HIV-1 protease and RT mutations. This review describes the genetic mechanisms of HIV-1 drug resistance and summarizes published data linking individual RT and protease mutations to in vitro and in vivo resistance to the currently available HIV drugs.
Sedation of Patients With Disorders of Consciousness During Neuroimaging: Effects on Resting State Functional Brain Connectivity

BACKGROUND: To reduce head movement during resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, post-coma patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) are frequently sedated with propofol. However, little is known about the effects of this sedation on the brain connectivity patterns in the damaged brain essential for differential diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to assess these effects. METHODS: Using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging 3T data obtained over several years of scanning patients for diagnostic and research purposes, we employed a seed-based approach to examine resting state connectivity in higher-order (default mode, bilateral external control, and salience) and lower-order (auditory, sensorimotor, and visual) resting state networks and connectivity with the thalamus, in 20 healthy unsedated controls, 8 unsedated patients with DOC, and 8 patients with DOC sedated with propofol. The DOC groups were matched for age at onset, etiology, time spent in DOC, diagnosis, standardized behavioral assessment scores, movement intensities, and pattern of structural brain injury (as assessed with T1-based voxel-based morphometry). RESULTS: DOC were associated with severely impaired resting state network connectivity in all but the visual network. Thalamic connectivity to higher-order network regions was also reduced. Propofol administration to patients was associated with minor further decreases in thalamic and insular connectivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that connectivity decreases associated with propofol sedation, involving the thalamus and insula, are relatively small compared with those already caused by DOC-associated structural brain injury. Nonetheless, given the known importance of the thalamus in brain arousal, its disruption could well reflect the diminished movement obtained in these patients. However, more research is needed on this topic to fully address the research question.
W-band SiGe power amplifiers

This paper presents W-band cascode power amplifiers implemented in a 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The one-way cascode PA achieves a saturated output power of 18.0 dBm with 17.2% peak PAE at 93 GHz. The two-way power-combined cascode PA achieves a saturated output power of 20.8 dBm with 14.5% peak PAE at 93 GHz. The one-way PA and two-way power-combined SiGe PAs occupy an area of 0.29 mm2 and 0.57 mm2 without pads, respectively. To the authors' best knowledge, this work demonstrates the highest PAEs and associated output powers achieved by W-band PAs in any silicon-based technology to date.
Buttercup: on network-based detection of polymorphic buffer overflow vulnerabilities

Attack polymorphism is a powerful tool for the attackers in the Internet to evade signature-based intrusion detection/prevention systems. In addition, new and faster Internet worms can be coded and launched easily by even high school students anytime against our critical infrastructures, such as DNS or update servers. We believe that polymorphic Internet worms will be developed in the future such that many of our current solutions might have a very small chance to survive. In this paper, we propose a simple solution called "Buttercup" to counter against attacks based on buffer-overflow exploits (such as CodeRed, Nimda, Slammer, and Blaster). We have implemented our idea in SNORT, and included 19 return address ranges of buffer-overflow exploits. With a suite of tests against 55 TCPdump traces, the false positive rate for our best algorithm is as low as 0.01%. This indicates that, potentially, Buttercup can drop 100% worm attack packets on the wire while only 0.01% of the good packets will be sacrificed.
Disrupting Effect of Drug-Induced Reward on Spatial But Not Cue-Guided Learning: Implication of the Striatal Protein Kinase A/cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Pathway

The multiple memory systems hypothesis posits that different neural circuits function in parallel and may compete for information processing and storage. For example, instrumental conditioning would depend on the striatum, whereas spatial memory may be mediated by a circuit centered on the hippocampus. However, the nature of the task itself is not sufficient to select durably one system over the other. In this study, we investigated the effects of natural and pharmacological rewards on the selection of a particular memory system during learning. We compared the effects of food- or drug-induced activation of the reward system on cue-guided versus spatial learning using a Y-maze discrimination task. Drug-induced reward severely impaired the acquisition of a spatial discrimination task but spared the cued version of the task. Immunohistochemical analysis of the phosphorylated form of the cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein and c-Fos expression induced by behavioral testing revealed that the spatial deficit was associated with a decrease of both markers within the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, drug reward potentiated the cued learning-induced CREB phosphorylation within the dorsal striatum. Administration of the protein kinase A inhibitor 8-Bromo-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate Rp isomer (Rp-cAMPS) into the dorsal striatum before training completely reversed the drug-induced spatial deficit and restored CREB phosphorylation levels within the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, drug-induced striatal hyperactivity may underlie the declarative memory deficit reported here. This mechanism could represent an important early step toward the development of addictive behaviors by promoting conditioning to the detriment of more flexible forms of memory.
Context-Dependent Lexical Paraphrasing Based on Web Mining

Lexical paraphrasing is the task of extracting word-level paraphrases. Lexical paraphrases should be context dependent since a word may have different paraphrases in distinct contexts. This paper investigates a framework for acquiring context-dependent lexical paraphrases, in which a web mining method is developed for extracting candidate paraphrases and a classification method is introduced in paraphrase validation. Evaluations are carried out on the People’s Daily corpus and the results show that: (1) the web mining method performs well in candidate paraphrase extraction, which extracts 2.3 correct paraphrases on average for each test word in each given context sentence; (2) the classifier for paraphrase validation is effective, which achieves an f-measure of 0.6023; (3) 75.11% and 98.31% of the paraphrases extracted by our method cannot be recognized by the two widely used context-independent methods, i.e., the thesaurus-based and clustering-based methods respectively. This indicates that the presented context-dependent method is a considerable supplement to the context-independent ones.
Ecosystem services related to oyster restoration

The importance of restoring filter-feeders, such as the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, to mitigate the effects of eutrophication (e.g. in Chesapeake Bay) is currently under debate. The argument that bivalve molluscs alone cannot control phytoplankton blooms and reduce hypoxia oversimplifies a more complex issue, namely that ecosystem engineering species make manifold contributions to ecosystem services. Although further discussion and research leading to a more complete understanding is required, oysters and other molluscs (e.g. mussels) in estuarine eco- systems provide services far beyond the mere top-down control of phytoplankton blooms, such as (1) seston filtration, (2) benthic-pelagic coupling, (3) creation of refugia from predation, (4) creation of feeding habitat for juveniles and adults of mobile species, and for sessile stages of species that attach to molluscan shells, and (5) provision of nesting habitat.