Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Game Theory Lecture Notes by Chapter 1: Introduction to Game Theory

Note: This is a only a draft version, so there could be flaws. If you find any errors, please do send email to hari@csa.iisc. ernet.in. A more thorough version would be available soon in this space. In this chapter, we will introduce a classical and well studied form of games called strategic form games and expose the readers to key notions in game theory such as utilities, rationality, intelligence, and common knowledge. We also present a brief discussion on different types of games. Game theory may be defined as the study of mathematical models of interaction between rational, intelligent decision makers [1]. The decision makers are usually referred to as players or agents. The interaction may include both conflict and cooperation. Game theory provides general mathematical techniques for analyzing situations in which two or more players make decisions that influence one another's welfare. There are many categories of games that have been proposed and discussed in game theory. We first introduce a class of games called strategic form games or normal form games, which are perhaps the most commonly studied among all types of games. The strategies are also called actions or more specifically pure strategies. We denote by S, the Cartesian product S 1 × S 2 × · · · × S n. The set S is the collection of all strategy profiles of the players. It is important to note that the utility of an agent depends not only on its own strategy but also on the strategies of the rest of the agents. Every profile of strategies produces or induces an outcome in the game. A strategic form game is said to be finite if N and all the strategy sets S 1 ,. , S n are finite. A strategic form game captures each agent's decision problem of choosing a strategy that will counter the strategies adopted by the other agents. Each player is faced with this problem and therefore the players can be thought of as simultaneously choosing their strategies from the respective sets S 1 , S 2 ,. , S n. We can view the play of a strategic form game as follows: each player simultaneously writes down a chosen strategy on a piece of paper and hands it over to a referee who then computes the 1
A ring-HEMT for improved GaN MMIC thermal dissipation

A novel GaN HEMT which reduces the junction temperature is presented. The new structure uses a ring-like layout for the gate stripes, aimed at increasing the separation between stripes. Simulation and experimental results indicate improved performance of the Ring-HEMT, stemming from thermal effects and their interaction with device parameters. Compared to a regular HEMT, the new HEMT showed a decrease in junction temperature of 40°C from 178 °C resulting in a significant improvement in output power, and 43× fold increase in lifetime.
Insulin regulates circulating insulin-like growth factors and some of their binding proteins in lactating cows.

Four lactating Holstein cows were subjected to a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to evaluate the effects of insulin on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and their binding proteins (IGFBP). Baseline blood samples were taken every 4 h for 2 days. For the 4-day clamp, insulin was infused (1 microgram.kg body wt-1.h-1) into the jugular vein and exogenous glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia. Circulating insulin was increased approximately fivefold, while glucose was maintained within 10% of baseline concentrations by infusion of 0.15 g.kg body wt-1.h-1 glucose. Hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia approximately doubled IGF-I (145 vs. 286 ng/ml, SE = 20) while decreasing circulating IGF-II (285 vs. 180 ng/ml, SE = 32). Densitometry of Western blots demonstrated no change in IGFBP-3 or a 30,000 relative molecular weight (M(r)) band during the clamp. However, IGFBP-2 decreased 73% and a 26,000 M(r) band decreased 58% by the end of the clamp. Therefore, insulin, directly or via secondary changes, increased circulating concentrations of IGF-I while decreasing concentrations of IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and a 26,000 M(r) IGFBP in lactating cows.
Analysis of Taxi Drivers' Behaviors Within a Battle Between Two Taxi Apps

A battle between two Chinese taxi booking mobile apps, namely, Didi and Kuaidadi, had recently occurred in early 2014. These two apps, which are backed by Internet giants Tencent and Alipay, gave promotion fees to taxi drivers for each deal made and also allowed each taxi passenger to save some money, when a customer had taken a taxi through the app and paid the fare through the mobile payment method. As expected, the taxi service pattern had been greatly changed during this battle. To address the debates on social justice, equity, and improvements of taxi service, we collect 37-day trip data of over 9000 taxis in Beijing to study the influence of this pattern change. In the first 18 days, the battle had not occurred and in the remaining 19 days, the battle is white-hot. We quantitatively demonstrate how several important service indices (e.g., the traveling distances and idle time lengths) of taxi drivers had been changed. The spatial-temporal traveling patterns of taxis are then studied. Based on comprehensive analysis, the benefits and drawbacks brought by money promotion are finally discussed. The obtained results indicate that productively employing big data can help answer some important questions attracting the interest of the whole society.
Advanced Optimization by PMSM of PSO and Neural Network

This paper suggests novel optimal approach by progressive mapping search method (PMSM) of neural network aided particle swarm optimization (PSO) that can obtain global optimal solution easily and speed searching time up by PMSM. The PMSM by NN and PSO has an important role as navigation when PSO is going to search all areas to have an optimal solution, it can help to increase searching capability of PSO. That is, the PMSM by NN and PSO is also trained to capture the PSO-searched data in system. To prove the method, we use four test function: De Jong’s function-1, Rosenbrock’s valley (De Jong’s function-2), Himmelblau function, Rastrigin’s function-6. The PMSM method suggested in this paper is faster than the traditional PSO method in four test function. We also apply this optimal approach into AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) system in thermal power plant. The response is quite faster and more stable. Key-Words: PSO, Neural Network, Hybrid system, Optimization, Learning system, Artificial intelligence.
Nocturnal tarsier retina has both short and long/medium‐wavelength cones in an unusual topography

The evolutionary position of tarsiers with respect to primates is still debated. The type of photoreceptors in the nocturnal Tarsius spectrum retina has been compared with the nocturnal New World monkey Aotus trivulgaris and the Old World monkey Macaca nemestrina by using immunocytochemical labeling for antisera known to be specific for primate cone and rod proteins. In all three species, antisera to long/medium (L/M) ‐wavelength specific cone opsin and cone‐specific α‐transducin detected a single row of cones. Only Macaca and tarsier retina contained cones labeled by antiserum to short (S) ‐wavelength specific cone opsin. Tarsier rod cell bodies were 6–12 deep, depending on retinal eccentricity. Tarsier central cones had 2‐μm‐wide outer (OS) and inner segments, which came straight off the cell body. Cone morphology differed little from rods except OS were shorter. Macaca cones labeled for 7G6 and calbindin, Aotus cones did not label for calbindin, and Tarsius cones did not label for 7G6 or calbindin. In tarsier retinal whole‐mounts, peak cone density ranged from 11,600–14,200/cones mm2. The 11‐ to 12‐mm‐wide peak region centered roughly on the optic disc, although foveal counts remain to be completed. Density decreased symmetrically to a far peripheral band of 4,200–7,000/cones mm2. In contrast, S cone density was very low in central retina (0–300/mm2), rose symmetrically with eccentricity, and peaked at 1,100–1,600/mm2 in a 2‐ to 3‐mm‐wide zone in the far periphery. In this zone, S cones were 9–14% of all cones. L/M cones were regularly spaced, whereas S cones showed no regular distribution pattern. Although the functional characteristics of the tarsier S and L/M cone systems are yet to be determined, tarsier cone proteins and distribution have some similarities to both New and Old World monkey retinas. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:718–730, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of protein pockets and cavities: Measurement of binding site geometry and implications for ligand design

Identification and size characterization of surface pockets and occluded cavities are initial steps in protein structure‐based ligand design. A new program, CAST, for automatically locating and measuring protein pockets and cavities, is based on precise computational geometry methods, including alpha shape and discrete flow theory. CAST identifies and measures pockets and pocket mouth openings, as well as cavities. The program specifies the atoms lining pockets, pocket openings, and buried cavities; the volume and area of pockets and cavities; and the area and circumference of mouth openings. CAST analysis of over 100 proteins has been carried out; proteins examined include a set of 51 monomeric enzyme‐ligand structures, several elastase‐inhibitor complexes, the FK506 binding protein, 30 HIV‐1 protease‐inhibitor complexes, and a number of small and large protein inhibitors. Medium‐sized globular proteins typically have 10‐20 pockets/cavities. Most often, binding sites are pockets with 1‐2 mouth openings; much less frequently they are cavities. Ligand binding pockets vary widely in size, most within the range 102‐103 Å3. Statistical analysis reveals that the number of pockets and cavities is correlated with protein size, but there is no correlation between the size of the protein and the size of binding sites. Most frequently, the largest pocket/cavity is the active site, but there are a number of instructive exceptions. Ligand volume and binding site volume are somewhat correlated when binding site volume is < 700 Å3, but the ligand seldom occupies the entire site. Auxiliary pockets near the active site have been suggested as additional binding surface for designed ligands (Mattos C et al., 1994, Nat Struct Bid 1:55‐58). Analysis of elastase‐inhibitor complexes suggests that CAST can identify ancillary pockets suitable for recruitment in ligand design strategies. Analysis of the FK506 binding protein, and of compounds developed in SAR by NMR (Shuker SB et al., 1996, Science 274:1531‐1534), indicates that CAST pocket computation may provide a priori identification of target proteins for linked‐fragment design. CAST analysis of 30 HIV‐1 protease‐inhibitor complexes shows that the flexible active site pocket can vary over a range of 853‐1,566 Å3, and that there are two pockets near or adjoining the active site that may be recruited for ligand design.
Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma and its variants—a report on 32 cases

This paper reports on 32 chromophobe cell renal carcinomas observed in 697 renal cell cancers (RCC) of adults (peak in the sixth decade of life). The chromophobe cell‐type differs from other types of RCC macroscopically, the cut‐surface being predominantly of grey‐beige colour. Histologically, there are two variants: one is the typical (light) variant (n=22) and the other is eosinophilic (n=10). Both variants have in common (a) reaction of the cytoplasm with Hale's acid iron colloid; (b) electron microscopic detection of cytoplasmic microvesicles (150–300 nm), frequently with ‘inner vesicles’, and (c) low glycogen content in comparison with the clear cell carcinoma. Immunocytochemical investigations on the intermediate filaments show a positive reaction for cytokeratins No. 18 (uniformly) and Nos. 7 and 19 (to varying extents) for both variants, whereas vimentin was not found in any of these carcinomas, in contrast to the clear‐cell type. The cytomorphological grading revealed predominantly G II tumours. A lymph node metastasis was found in one patient.
Generation of reactive oxygen species is not involved in idarubicin‐induced apoptosis in human leukaemic cells

The anthracycline antibiotic idarubicin (IDA) induces double‐stranded DNA breaks, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in human leukaemic cells. It is unclear whether the generation of ROS is associated with the apoptotic process. Using the T‐lymphoblastic leukaemic CEM cell line, we found that IDA‐induced DNA breaks were correlated with final cell death. The reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the generation of ROS occurred simultaneously with IDA‐induced activation of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3. Inhibition of caspases by a pan‐caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl‐Val‐Ala‐Asp‐fluoromethyl ketone (Z‐VAD‐fmk) completely blocked IDA‐induced reduction of ΔΨm, apoptosis and final cell death. Interestingly, ROS generation was significantly enhanced by Z‐VAD‐fmk. ROS generation was neither caspase dependent nor part of the apoptotic process. IDA‐mediated reduction in ΔΨm is caspase dependent and is not a consequence of the generation of ROS. These results indicate that IDA‐induced generation of ROS and apoptosis are separate events. Inhibition of caspases facilitates IDA‐mediated generation of ROS.
Emotional processing and brain activity in youth at high risk for alcoholism.

BACKGROUND Even in the absence of heavy alcohol use, youth with familial alcoholism (family history positive [FHP]) exhibit atypical brain functioning and behavior. Although emotional and cognitive systems are affected in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), little attention has focused on whether brain and behavior phenotypes related to the interplay between affective and executive functioning may be a premorbid risk factor for the development of AUDs in FHP youth. METHODS Twenty-four FHP and 22 family history negative (FHN) 12- to 16-year-old adolescents completed study procedures. After exclusion of participants with clinically significant depressive symptoms and those who did not meet performance criteria during an Emotional Go-NoGo task, 19 FHP and 17 FHN youth were included in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses. Resting state functional connectivity MRI, using amygdalar seed regions, was analyzed in 16 FHP and 18 FHN youth, after exclusion of participants with excessive head movement. RESULTS fMRI showed that brain activity in FHP youth, compared with FHN peers, was reduced during emotional processing in the superior temporal cortex, as well as during cognitive control within emotional contexts in frontal and striatal regions. Group differences in resting state amygdalar connectivity were seen bilaterally between FHP and FHN youth. In FHP youth, reduced resting state synchrony between the left amygdala and left superior frontal gyrus was related to poorer response inhibition, as measured during the fMRI task. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine emotion-cognition interactions and resting state functional connectivity in FHP youth. Findings from this research provide insight into neural and behavioral phenotypes associated with emotional processing in familial alcoholism, which may relate to increased risk of developing AUDs.
Combinatorial TGF-β attenuation with paclitaxel inhibits the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and breast cancer stem-like cells

Distant relapse after chemotherapy is an important clinical issue for treating breast cancer patients and results from the development of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) during chemotherapy. Here we report that blocking epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) suppresses paclitaxel-induced CSCs properties by using a MDA-MB-231-xenografted mice model (in vivo), and breast cancer cell lines (in vitro). Paclitaxel, one of the cytotoxic taxane-drugs such as docetaxel, increases mesenchymal markers (Vimentin and Fibronectin) and decreases an epithelial marker (Zo-1). Blocking TGF-β signaling with the TGF-β type I receptor kinase (ALK5) inhibitor, EW-7197, suppresses paclitaxel-induced EMT and CSC properties such as mammosphere-forming efficiency (MSFE), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, CD44+/CD24− ratio, and pluripotency regulators (Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, Myc, and Sox2). The combinatorial treatment of EW-7197 improves the therapeutic effect of paclitaxel by decreasing the lung metastasis and increasing the survival time in vivo. We confirmed that Snail is increased by paclitaxel-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and EW-7197 suppresses the paclitaxel-induced Snail and EMT by attenuating paclitaxel-induced intracellular ROS. Knock-down of SNAI1 suppresses paclitaxel-induced EMT and CSC properties. These data together suggest that blocking the Snail-induced EMT with the ALK5 inhibitor attenuates metastasis after paclitaxel-therapy and that this combinatorial approach could prove useful in treating breast cancer.
Assessment of Genetic Associations between Common Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in RIG-I-Like Receptor and IL-4 Signaling Genes and Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children: A Candidate Gene Case-Control Study

The majority of cases of severe pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection occur in otherwise healthy infants who have no identifiable risk factors, suggesting that additional subclinical factors, such as population genetic variation, influence the course of RSV infection. The objective of this study was to test if common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding for immune signalling components of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) and IL-4-signalling pathways affect the outcome of RSV infection in early life. We genotyped 8 SNPs using allele-specific probes combined with real-time PCR. Each of the SNPs tested had previously been established to have a functional impact on immune responsiveness and two of the SNPs in the IL4 and IL4R genes had previously been associated with severe RSV bronchiolitis. Association with susceptibility to severe RSV infection was tested by statistically comparing genotype and allele frequencies in infants and young children hospitalized with severe RSV bronchiolitis (n = 140) with two control groups—children who tested positive for RSV but did not require hospitalization (n = 100), and a general population control group (n = 285). Our study was designed with sufficient power (>80%) to detect clinically-relevant associations with effect sizes ≥1.5. However, we detected no statistically significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of the investigated SNPs between the inpatient and control groups. To conclude, we could not replicate the previously reported association with SNPs in the IL4 and IL4R genes in our independent cohort, nor did we find that common SNPs in genes encoding for RLRs and the downstream adapter MAVS were associated with susceptibility to severe RSV infections. Despite the existing evidence demonstrating a functional immunological impact of these SNPs, our data suggest that the biological effect of each individual SNP is unlikely to affect clinical outcomes of RSV infection.
Weight by height and age for adults 18-74 years. United States, 1971-74.

The height and weight measurements ob­ tained as a part of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics April 1971 through June 1974 were used to present height and weight findings among men and women aged 18-74 years in the United States. 1 HANES is a program in which measures of nutritional status are collected for a scientif­ ically designed sampIe representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States in a broad range of ages. These HANES findings are based on the 0
One-year, low-dose neuroleptic study of in-patients with chronic schizophrenia characterised by persistent negative symptoms

Background Amisulpride is a potent substituted benzamide antipsychotic drug claimed to improve the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly at low dosage. Method Sixty long-term in-patients with schizophrenia and selected for predominant negative symptoms were randomised to receive either haloperidol or amisulpride. Over a year there was systematic dose reduction, as symptoms allowed. Results There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in the proportion receiving low-dose treatment, the control of positive symptoms, or ratings of social behaviour, side-effects or tardive dyskinesia. For negative symptoms, there were consistent but non-significant trends in favour of amisulpride. The amisulpride patients required significantly less anticholinergic medication. Conclusions In chronically-hospitalised in-patients with schizophrenia characterised by persistent negative symptoms, amisulpride was a well-tolerated maintenance antipsychotic medication. The drug had only a limited effect in reducing negative symptoms, which were relatively stable, enduring phenomena in this sample, despite dosage reduction.
Approximation Algorithms for Temporal Reasoning

We consider a representation for temporal relations between intervals introduced by James Allen, and its associated computational or reasoning problem: given possibly indefinite knowledge of the relations between some intervals, how do we compute the strongest possible assertions about the relations between some or all intervals. Determining exact solutions to this problem has been shown to be (almost assuredly) intractable. Allen gives an approximation algorithm based on constraint propagation. We giv e new approximation algorithms, examine their effectiveness, and determine under what conditions the algorithms are exact.
Continuous pH monitoring in a perfused bioreactor system using an optical pH sensor.

Monitoring and regulating the pH of the solution in a bioprocess is one of the key steps in the success of bioreactor operation. An in-line optical pH sensor, based on the optical absorption properties of phenol red present in the medium, was developed and tested in this work for use in NASA space bioreactors based on a rotating wall-perfused vessel system supporting a baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell culture. The sensor was tested over three 30-day and one 124-day cell runs. The pH sensor initially was calibrated and then used during the entire cell culture interval. The pH reported by the sensor was compared to that measured by a fiber optically coupled Shimadzu spectrophotometer and a blood gas analyzer. The maximum standard error of prediction for all the four cell runs for development pH sensor against BGA was +/-0.06 pH unit and for the fiber optically coupled Shimadzu spectrophotometer against the blood gas analyzer was +/-0.05 pH unit. The pH sensor system performed well without need of recalibration for 124 days.
Inhibition of Cellular Autophagy Deranges Dengue Virion Maturation

ABSTRACT Autophagy is an important component of the innate immune response, directly destroying many intracellular pathogens. However, some pathogens, including several RNA viruses, subvert the autophagy pathway, or components of the pathway, to facilitate their replication. In the present study, the effect of inhibiting autophagy on the growth of dengue virus was tested using a novel inhibitor, spautin-1 (specific and potent autophagy inhibitor 1). Inhibition of autophagy by spautin-1 generated heat-sensitive, noninfectious dengue virus particles, revealing a large effect of components of the autophagy pathway on viral maturation. A smaller effect on viral RNA accumulation was also observed. Conversely, stimulation of autophagy resulted in increased viral titers and pathogenicity in the mouse. We conclude that the presence of functional autophagy components facilitates viral RNA replication and, more importantly, is required for infectious dengue virus production. Pharmacological inhibition of host processes is an attractive antiviral strategy to avoid selection of treatment-resistant variants, and inhibitors of autophagy may prove to be valuable therapeutics against dengue virus infection and pathogenesis.