Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Brightness Highlighting on Eye Movements within a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information

Several experiments were conducted to examine the effect of brightness highlighting on search of a target aircraft among distractor aircraft within a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). The present experiment partially replicated the design of one of these experiments, adding an examination of eye movements. The display presented homogenous all bright, all dim, or mixed bright and dim aircraft. Within the mixed display, target aircraft were non-predictive and either bright or dim. Results showed that with the mixed display, participants yielded slower detection times, exhibited more eye fixations, and searched with longer paths, compared to the homogenous all bright or dim displays. The duration of the fixation and the speed of eye movements did not show any difference between the homogeneous and mixed displays. The present detection time analysis did not replicate previous experimental results and this is likely due to the fewer trials given in the current experiment. The present results demonstrated how using highlighting to segregate information domains may impose costs on visual search performance in the early stages of a search task.
Geodetic and tectonic analyses along an active plate boundary: The central Gulf of California

The Gulf of California is traversed by the shear plate boundary between Pacific and North American plates and, because of several islands in its central part, offers the possibility of direct geodetic measurements of plate motion. A geodetic network of 150 km aperture, and comprising 11 stations, was measured in 1982 and 1986 by laser trilateration methods. The deformations deduced from the comparison of the two epochs indicate right-lateral shear strain covering the entire gulf rather than localized movements. In the eastern part of the network, between the axial islands and the Sonoran coast, significant right-lateral shear deformation occurs with a relative displacement of about 23 ± 12 cm over 4 years. In the northwestern region (Canal de Ballenas) a right-lateral displacement of about 17 ± 4 cm is observed, whereas in the southwestern part of the network (Canal Sal-si-Puedes), the deformation remains very weak. This suggests that south of the Canal de Ballenas the plate boundary is locked. A tectonic analysis of Neogene and Quaternary faults in Baja California, Sonora, and the central islands of the gulf, permitted the reconstruction of the stress pattern evolution of this area. These data also indicate the predominance of right-lateral motion on a NW-SE trending zone within a regional framework characterized by an approximately N-S compression and an E-W extension. The geodetic results are discussed in comparison with the neotectonic analysis and the seismic data available in the area. The data suggest a broad strain accumulation zone covering the totality of the central Gulf of California. A NW-SE relative velocity of about 8 ± 3 cm/yr is found between the two sides of the gulf during the 1982–1986 interval.
Gravity wave packet effects on chemical exothermic heating in the mesopause region

[1] Numerical simulations of the interaction of transient, dissipating gravity wave packets with the minor species involved in the OH airglow chemistry in the mesopause region reveal large wave-driven downward fluxes of the minor species. In addition to the minor species fluctuating in response to the wave, a strong secular variation of minor species densities occurs. At 90 km altitude this secular variation becomes significant ∼80 min after the wave packet onset, and increases approximately linearly with increasing time for the following 2 hours. At later times the secular variation diminishes. Heating rates due to exothermic chemical reactions consequently exhibit a fluctuating component as well as a secular variation. When averaged over time, the net effect of each of the two waves considered is to cause large (∼22% and 37%) increases in average heating rates. This secular variation in heating rates could be more significant than the present results suggest because larger amplitude gravity waves can exist in the mesopause region.
Within Country Income Inequality in Multi-Decade Scenarios

Scenarios exploring long-term social and environmental sustainability must consider the distribution of incomes, but the theoretical basis for creating scenarios of within-country income distributions is weak. However, a recent social and political theory, developed by Chakravorty, offers a conceptual model that can be used to create compelling scenario narratives for within-country income distributions in a wide range of political and regulatory regimes. In this paper we argue that by combining this qualitative theory with a quantitative political theory (Selectorate theory), it is possible to explain quantitative changes in income distributions. We test the model against available data and apply it to some stylized global scenarios under different types of regimes. Within-Country Income Inequality in Multi-decade Scenarios WP-US-10-02 Copyright © 2010 by the Stockholm Environment Institute This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). For more information about this document, contact Eric Kemp-Benedict at erickb@sei-us.org. Stockholm Environment Institute US 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144-1224, USA www.sei-us.org and www.sei. se
Geopositional Accuracy Assessment of EarthSat GeoCover Landsat Orthorectified Imagery

NASA purchased EarthSat GeoCover orthorectified Landsat imagery of global land areas covering three historical frames: (1) mid-1970's imagery from the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS); (2) late 1980's-early 1990's imagery from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM); and (3) year 2000 imagery from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Because of the distinct time frames covered by these datasets, this imagery is valuable to land cover change research. Because geopositional accuracy plays a critical role in this area of scientific research. NASA performed an independent assessment of the geopositional accuracy of each EarthSat dataset using an independent set of government-provided ground control points (GCPs). These points were instrumental in the geopositional accuracy assessment of the TM imagery. Because of the orthorectification processes of the MSS imagery and the MSS pixel size, the aforementioned GCPs could not be used, and an alternate relative assessment procedure using the previously validated TM imagery as a "truth" dataset was used for the MSS data. Finally, the ETM data specification was defined in both an absolute sense with respect to ground coordinated and relative to the previously validated TM dataset. Therefore, two separate methods were used in validating the ETM-data. Results of the NASA independent assessments showed that the accuracies of the EarthSat GeoCover datasets met the defined specifications or were within the error and limitations of the verification methods employed.
Stereoscopic dual-energy X-ray imaging for target materials identification

An experimental stereoscopic dual-energy X-ray imaging system is employed to extract the effective atomic number from a target layer of multiple layers of different materials. Further work investigated utilising stereoscopic parallax data to calculate layer thickness which, when combined with dual-energy data, enables the mass density of the target to be established. The research is part of an ongoing programme of work in collaboration with the UK Home Office to discriminate and identify substances in X-ray security screening applications. Initial work utilised a basis materials decomposition (BMD) technique to compute the characteristic angle, an indicator of atomic composition. The problem of overlapping materials masking a target was solved by further refinement of the BMD method, which can also be used determine mass density when layer thickness is known. The empirical investigation concentrated on computing the characteristic angle for different target materials in various overlapping arrangements. Also, the results from employing manually extracted parallax data to calculate the thickness of a target material are presented together with the resultant estimation of the targets' mass density.
Phase II Study of Bortezomib in Combination with Temozolomide and Regional Radiation Therapy for Upfront Treatment of Patients with Newly-Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme: Safety and Efficacy Assessment.

Purpose/Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of upfront treatment using bortezomib in combination with standard radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide, followed by adjuvant bortezomib and temozolomide for up to 24 cycles in patients with newly-diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Patients and Methods: Twenty-four newly-diagnosed GBM patients were enrolled. Patients received standard external beam regional RT with concurrent temozolomide commencing 3–6 weeks after surgery, followed by adjuvant temozolomide and bortezomib for up to 24 cycles or until tumor progression. During RT, bortezomib was given at 1.3 mg/m 2 on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 29, 32, 36, and 39. Post RT, bortezomib was given at 1.3 mg/m 2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 every 4 weeks. Results: No unexpected adverse events occurred from the addition of bortezomib. Efficacy analysis showed median progression free survival (PFS) of 6.2 months (95% CI, 3.7–8.8) with promising PFS rates at 18 months and beyond compared to historical norms (25.0% at 18 and 24 months, 16.7% at 30 months). In terms of overall survival (OS), the median OS was 19.1 months (95% CI, 6.7–31.4) with improved OS rates at 12 months and beyond (87.5% at 12, 50.0% at 24, 34.1% at 36 throughout 60 months) compared to historical norms. Median PFS was 24.7 months (95% CI 8.5–41.0) in 10 MGMT methylated and 5.1 months (95% CI 3.9–6.2) in 13 unmethylated patients. The estimated median OS was 61 months in the methylated (the upper bound of 95% CI could not be reached) and 16.4 months (95% CI 11.8–21.0) in the unmethylated patients. Conclusion: Addition of bortezomib to current standard radio-chemotherapy in newly-diagnosed GBM patients was tolerable. The PFS and OS rates appeared promising with more benefit to MGMT methylated patients. Further clinical investigation is warranted in a larger cohort of patients.
Center of Confusion Estimation for Out-of-Focus Images Based on Bispectrum

In this paper a new method for out-of-focus blur estimation and restoration in presence of Gaussian noise is proposed. This method is based on Bispectrum transformation. It has been proved that functions with Gaussian distribution are suppressed in Bispectrum domain. The image blur criterion is estimated using information in image Bispectrum transformation. Then, an inverse filter is used for blurred image restoration. Experimental results show satisfactory performance of presented method in degradation function parameter estimation in comparison with other algorithms. This superiority is especially obvious in restoration of noisy images, since most of the methods do not take into account noise effects in estimation of out-of-focus degradation function parameters.
Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric CO2 sources and sinks. 2. Sensitivity study

Atmospheric transport models can be used to infer surface fluxes of atmospheric CO 2 from observed concentrations using inverse methods. One of the main problem of these methods is the question of their sensivity to all the parameters involved in the calculation. In this paper we study precisely the influence of the main parameters on the net CO 2 fluxes inferred by an annual Bayesian three-dimensional (3-D) inversion of atmospheric CO 2 monthly concentrations. This inversion is described as the control inversion (S 0 ) of Bousquet et al. [this issue]. Successively, at regional to global spatial scales we analyze the numerical stability of the solution to initial fluxes and errors, the influence of a priori flux scenario, the sensitivity to the atmospheric transport model used, the influence of δ 13 C measurements, and the influence of the atmospheric network. We find that the atmospheric transport model introduces a large uncertainty to the inferred budget, which overcomes our control run uncertainties. The effects of vertical transport on CO 2 concentrations appear to be a critical point that has to be investigated further. Spatial patterns of fluxes also have significant influence on a regional basis. We notice that accounting for the Baltic Sea station (BAL) deeply modifies the Europe versus Asia partition of the land uptake at mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. We also analyze the weak influence of using δ 13 C measurements as additional constraints. In the tropics we find that the low level of constraints imposed by the atmospheric network limits the analysis of fluxes to zonal means. Finally, we calculate overall estimates of CO 2 net sources and sinks at continental scale, accounting for all sensivity tests. Concerning the controversial partition of CO 2 sink at mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, we find (on average, for the 1985-1995 period) an overall partition of the sink of 0.7±0.7 Gt C yr -1 for North America, 0.2±0.3 Gt C yr -1 for the North Pacific Ocean, 0.5±0.8 Gt C yr -1 for Europe, 0.7±0.3 Gt C yr -1 for the North Atlantic Ocean, and 1.2±0.8 Gt C yr -1 for north Asia. This overall partition tends to place an important land uptake over north Asia. However, uncertainties remain large when we account for all the sensitivity tests.
Imputation methods to improve inference in SNP association studies

Missing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are quite common in genetic association studies. Subjects with missing SNPs are often discarded in analyses, which may seriously undermine the inference of SNP‐disease association. In this article, we develop two haplotype‐based imputation approaches and one tree‐based imputation approach for association studies. The emphasis is to evaluate the impact of imputation on parameter estimation, compared to the standard practice of ignoring missing data. Haplotype‐based approaches build on haplotype reconstruction by the expectation‐maximization (EM) algorithm or a weighted EM (WEM) algorithm, depending on whether case‐control status is taken into account. The tree‐based approach uses a Gibbs sampler to iteratively sample from a full conditional distribution, which is obtained from the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. We employ a standard multiple imputation procedure to account for the uncertainty of imputation. We apply the methods to simulated data as well as a case‐control study on developmental dyslexia. Our results suggest that imputation generally improves efficiency over the standard practice of ignoring missing data. The tree‐based approach performs comparably well as haplotype‐based approaches, but the former has a computational advantage. The WEM approach yields the smallest bias at a price of increased variance. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysing Mechanisms for Meeting Global Emissions Target - A Dynamical Systems Approach

Global emissions beyond 44 gigatonnes of carbondioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) in 2020 can potentially lead the world to an irreversible climate change. Employing a novel dynamical system modeling approach, we predict that in a business-asusual scenario, it will reach 61 GtCO2e by 2020. Testing estimated parameters, we nd that limiting the burden of emission reduction to the top 25 global emitters, does not increase their encumbrance. In absence of emission cuts, technology and preferences for environmental quality have to improve by at least 2.6 percent and 3.5 percent if the emission target has to be met by 2020.
Quantifying uncertainty in tracer‐based hydrograph separations

A method is presented for quantifying the uncertainty in two‐ and three‐component tracer‐based hydrograph separations. The method relates the uncertainty in computed mixing fractions to both the tracer concentrations used to perform the hydrograph separation and the uncertainties in those concentrations. A two‐component example and a three‐component example illustrate the application of the method. The three‐component example yields uncertainty results very similar to those from a previously published Monte Carlo analysis and requires less computation.
Flash floods and debris flow in the city area of Messina, north-east part of Sicily, Italy in October 2009: the case of the Giampilieri catchment

Abstract. This paper concerns the analysis of the 1 October 2009 flash flood and debris flow event caused by a very intense rainfall concentrated over the Messina area. The storm caused severe flash floods in many villages around the city of Messina, such as Giampilieri, Scaletta Zanclea, Altolia Superiore and Molino, with 38 casualties and significant damages to property, buildings, roads and bridges estimated close to 550 million Euro. The main focus of this work is to perform a post event analysis, putting together available meteorological and hydrological data in order to get better insight into temporal and spatial variability of the rain storm, the soil moisture conditions and the consequent flash flood in the Giampilieri catchment. The event was investigated using observed data from a raingauge network. Statistical analysis using GEV distribution was performed and rainfall return period (storm severity) was estimated. Further, measured rainfall data and rainfall-runoff modelling were used to estimate soil moisture conditions, to analyse the hydrological behaviour and to reconstruct flood hydrograph. With the help of GIS technology and particularly spatial analysis, the volume of debris which has gone down into the Giampilieri village was also calculated. GIS maps with landslide and material deposit areas were produced and analysed.
Generation mechanisms for magnetosphere-ionosphere current systems deduced from a three-dimensional MHD simulation of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes

Mechanisms that generate the field-aligned current (FAC) systems in the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling scheme by virtue of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction are investigated with a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. As a simulation scheme, the finite volume total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme on an unstructured grid system is employed for precise calculations of the ionospheric region. In the ionosphere, the divergence of the Pedersen and Hall currents is matched with FAC, mainly assuming uniform conductivity. The present calculation reproduces the traditional region 1 and 2 currents in the polar ionosphere, for both the northward and southward interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs). The calculated magnitude of the region 1 current becomes large on the dayside, in agreement with observational results. For the northward IMF, NBZ currents that dominate the entire polar cap are obtained, with a maximum on the dayside. This current is totally absent in the southward IMF result. Corresponding to the FACs, the northward IMF results in multicell convection in the polar ionosphere, and the southward IMF results in two-cell convection. On the evening side, the calculated region 1 currents flow almost along the field lines away from the Earth toward the magnetospheric low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL), then flow up the magnetopause across the field lines to high latitudes. The region 1 currents in the morning side are similar but opposite in direction. In the noon-midnight meridian (xz) plane, the main part of the region 1 current passes the tailward side of the cusp in the magnetosphere. The region 1 current converges to a very narrow region in the noon-midnight meridian (xz) plane when the IMF is northward, whereas it passes the noon-midnight meridian (xz) plane diverging to wide regions in the x direction when the IMF is southward. These differences are attributed to the efficient current-driving effect (J · E 0). In the evening magnetosphere, the NBZ current that flows into the dayside ionosphere passes the low-latitude side of the NBZ current that flows into the nightside ionosphere, then it turns aside to the outward (+y) direction and turns back before reaching the dayside ionosphere. Consequently, the dayside NBZ current flows from the low-latitude side of the lobe, while the nightside NBZ current flows from the high-latitude side of the lobe. Calculation assuming nonuniform ionospheric conductivity results in a wedge-current-like structure in the evening side. This result indicates that the current generated in the ionosphere cannot be ignored in the magnetosphere-ionosphere current systems.
The Appalachian Folds of Central Pennsylvania

The observational basis of this study of the Appalachian folding in central Pennsylvania was laid during a special trip on foot from Tyrone to Harrisburg during the summer of 1905. The chief purpose was to measure the dip-angles of the strata at as many stations as possible, that they might be subsequently plotted to scale as a groundwork for restoring the folded structure. Nearly 400 dips were measured, but on plotting them and attempting to restore the structure it was found that they only scantily covered several portions of the section where critical data were especially desirable. This proved to be particularly true of the neighborhood of Harrisburg, where the anticlinal arches are overturned and the shales and slates are so crumpled that, with the time available, it was not possible to trace out many of the minor, but none the less important, complications of structure. As a result it was felt that the material at hand was scarcely adequate for a serious study, and in the hope that a later opportunity might arise to make a further search for the desired data, the work was laid aside. But up to the present no opportunity to again visit this region has presented itself and it has seemed, on reflection, best to proceed with the original purpose, since this was not so much to gain a truer view of this particular case of folding, as to put to working trial certain recent suggestions as to the deductions that may be drawn from data of this sort. In Chamberlin and Salisbury's Geology, Vol. II, pp. I25-126, a method is given for deducing the thickness of the shell involved in folding. The present study is a preliminary attempt to make a special application of this method and to see what collateral suggestions might spring from it in practice. For this purpose it is not so material, though it is desirable, that the actual data be complete. In the very nature of the case, most studies of this class must, for the present, deal with incomplete data, since
Trigonelline and Stachydrine Released from Alfalfa Seeds Activate NodD2 Protein in Rhizobium meliloti'

Spectroscopic data (nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spec- trometry, ultraviolet-visible) in this study identify trigonelline and stachydrine as major components of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed rinse. Moreover, biological assays show that these natural products induce nodulation (nod) gene transcription in Rhizobium meliloti by activating the regulatory protein NodD2, but not the homologous NodDl protein. These findings contrast with the fact that the only previously identified NodD2 activator, 4,4'-dihy-droxy-2'-methoxychalcone (MCh), also activates NodDl protein. Trigonelline and stachydrine induce nod genes only at much higher concentrations than MCh, but they are released from seeds in correspondingly greater amounts. The existence of these ampho-teric, nonflavonoid nod gene inducers broadens our understanding of the biochemical processes and ecological mechanisms that a legume host uses to regulate its microbial symbiont.