Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatically Generating Problems and Solutions for Natural Deduction

Natural deduction, which is a method for establishing validity of propositional type arguments, helps develop important reasoning skills and is thus a key ingredient in a course on introductory logic. We present two core components, namely solution generation and practice problem generation, for enabling computer-aided education for this important subject domain. The key enabling technology is use of an offline-computed data-structure called Universal Proof Graph (UPG) that encodes all possible applications of inference rules over all small propositions abstracted using their bitvector-based truth-table representation. This allows an efficient forward search for solution generation. More interestingly, this allows generating fresh practice problems that have given solution characteristics by performing a backward search in UPG. We obtained around 300 natural deduction problems from various textbooks. Our solution generation procedure can solve many more problems than the traditional forward-chaining based procedure, while our problem generation procedure can efficiently generate several variants with desired characteristics.
Revolutionizing Dentistry with 3D Printing: Exploring its Benefits and Opportunities

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is an exciting new technology that promises to facilitate the creation of complex and one-of-a-kind designs with little resource use and environmental impact. Two common methods of 3D printing are fused deposition modelling (FDM) and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). Researchers in the dental field have found that Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a waste-free choice, and that Stereolithography (SLA) results in the smoothest models. It is projected that as 3D printing develops and gains popularity, it will be used in an increasingly diverse set of businesses. Research of this nature is essential for guiding the direction of this field into the future.
Barriers to HPV vaccination in marginalized Roma communities in Slovakia

Introduction Limited access to healthcare services leads to lower vaccination rates in marginalized Roma communities (MRCs). This study aimed to explore health system barriers to HPV vaccination faced by people from MRCs from multiple perspectives. Methods The qualitative study was conducted in Slovakia in 2021/22 with 43 community members and health professionals. Data were analyzed using a combination of content analysis and consensual qualitative research. Results A substantial barrier to vaccination is limited coverage of vaccination expenses for certain age categories by health insurance. Moreover, Slovakia faces a significant shortage of healthcare personnel, leading to work overload and a lack of capacity and motivation to address HPV vaccination. Impaired relationships between health care providers and people from MRCs lead to the avoidance of healthcare services, which contributes to insufficient delivery of information and a lack of awareness regarding HPV-related diseases and vaccination. Conclusion Strengthening the capacities of health care providers, expanding the age group covered by health insurance and providing tailored information to people from MRCs are necessary prerequisites to increase the availability of HPV vaccination and enable people to make informed decisions about HPV vaccination.
Identification and classification of geographically isolated wetlands in North Alabama using geographic object based image analysis (GeOBIA)

Abstract Due to recent Supreme Court rulings, there has been an increased interest in the isolated wetlands of the United States. These types of wetlands serve vital ecological roles such as water quality regulation and as a habitat of biological diversity. This study focuses specifically on mapping of geographically isolated wetlands, or those that are separated from traditional wetlands by a given spatial extent, using Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GeOBIA). GeOBIA is a type of remote sensing analysis that identifies objects and features in data-sets via automated methodologies. This type of analysis offers the opportunity to increase the efficiency of what has traditionally been a very labour intensive process of manual photo-interpretation. This analysis resulted in the delineation of 26,424 areas as geographically isolated wetlands. These results were assessed for accuracy through both manual inspection of aerial imagery and field verification which yielded accuracies of 83.7 and 87.7%, respectively.
The quantitative estimate of bioavailable inorganic phosphorus content in forest soils by the modification of the anion-exchange resin method.

The anion-exchange resin (AER) method for the estimation of bioavailable phosphorus was slightly optimised for soils with high contents of readily soluble organic compounds as well as for those having very different clay and sand contents. The method based on a strong base anion exchanger, the active group of trimethyl benzyl ammonium, the field moist soil, and the enclosure of resin beds in a bag was very different soils under relatively uniform outer conditions where the determination of the absorbance of (blue) phosphate-molybdate complex at 870 nm is used. The motivation of the proposed method comes from distinctive features of forest soils where marked differences are commonly encountered between clay/silt/sand contents, pH-values, and the contents of organic substances. A modestly new methodology was applied for the evaluation of seasonal phosphorus dynamics in a forest environment. The recommended rapid assay for available phosphorus was statistically compared with other procedures. Considerable seasonal effects on the bioavailable P contents were demonstrated.
Focusing of baroclinic tidal energy in a canyon

Strong three-dimensional focusing of internal tidal energy in the Petite Sole Canyon in the Celtic Sea is analyzed using observational data and numerical modeling. In a deep layer (500–800 m) in the center of the canyon, shear variance was elevated by an order of magnitude. Corresponding large vertical oscillations of deep isotherms and a local maximum of horizontal velocity were replicated numerically using the MITgcm. The elevated internal tidal activity in the deep part of the canyon is explained in terms of the downward propagation and focusing of multiple internal tidal beams generated at the shelf break. The near-circular shape of the canyon head and steep bottom topography throughout the canyon (steeper than the tidal beam) create favorable conditions for the lens-like focusing of tidal energy in the canyon's center. Observations and modeling show that the energy focusing greatly intensifies local diapycnal mixing that leads to local formation of a baroclinic eddy.
Expert Systems With Applications

Current emotion recognition computational techniques have been successful on associating the emotional changes with the EEG signals, and so they can be identiﬁed and classiﬁed from EEG signals if appropriate stimuli are applied. However, automatic recognition is usually restricted to a small number of emotions classes mainly due to signal’s features and noise, EEG constraints and subject-dependent issues. In order to address these issues, in this paper a novel feature-based emotion recognition model is proposed for EEG- basedBrain–ComputerInterfaces.Unlikeotherapproaches,ourmethodexploresawidersetofemotiontypes and incorporates additional features which are relevant for signal pre-processing and recognition classiﬁca- tion tasks, based on a dimensional model of emotions: Valence and Arousal . It aims to improve the accuracy of the emotion classiﬁcation task by combining mutual information based feature selection methods and ker- nel classiﬁers. Experiments using our approach for emotion classiﬁcation which combines eﬃcient feature selection methods and eﬃcient kernel-based classiﬁers on standard EEG datasets show the promise of the approach when compared with state-of-the-art computational methods.
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Analgesics for Osteoarthritis

1. What are the comparative benefits and harms of treating osteoarthritis with oral medications or supplements? How do these benefits and harms change with dosage and duration of treatment, and what is the evidence that alternative dosage strategies, such as intermittent dosing and drug holidays, affect the benefits and harms of oral medication use? (Note: The only benefits considered under this question are improvements in osteoarthritis symptoms from long-term use. Evidence of harms associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use include long-term studies of these drugs for treating osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis and for cancer prevention.
The biogeochemistry of lipid derived infochemical signals in the ocean

The role of oxylipins in ocean biogeochemistry was investigated using microcosm amendment experiments, environmental lipidomics, and culture based studies. Oxylipins are a bioactive class of secondary metabolites produced by diatoms and other eukaryotic phytoplankton. Previous research has focused mainly on one class of oxylipins, polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), and their impacts on copepods. And few studies have looked at the impacts of oxylipins in situ. Here I show that oxylipins have the potential to impact carbon flux attenuation, oxylipin production in situ is linked to diatom bloom decline and viruses, and oxylipins deter microzooplankton grazing. Sinking particles collected in the North Atlantic were determined to be hot spots for PUAs with concentrations in the micromolar range. Natural particle associated microbial communities exhibited a dose dependent response to PUAs. Stimulatory PUA concentrations ranged from 1-10 ptM, resulting in enhanced remineralization of organic matter by particle associated microbes. Thus, PUAs produced during bloom decline may lead to greater flux attenuation and nutrient recycling. A novel lipidomics approach was applied along a cruise track in the California Coastal System revealing that canonical diatom free fatty acids and oxylipins dominated the dissolved lipidome and oxylipin abundance was correlated with diatom bloom demise as assessed by phaeophytin and biogenic Si. RNA viruses were likely the cause of diatom bloom demise and may have induced oxylipin production. The link between viruses and oxylipins represents a new infochemical signaling pathway in the ocean. Many oxylipins that are novel to the marine environment were also identified. The dissolved lipidome was sampled during grazing experiments with the microzooplankton grazer Oxyrrhis marina and both wild type Phaeodactylum tricornutum and a chronically stressed, transgenic strain (PtNOA). Grazing was suppressed in the PtNOA treatments compared to the WT, likely due to upregulation of small unknown lipophilic molecules. This suggests that cellular stress and oxylipin production may deter microzooplankton grazing in the environment potentially altering the transfer of energy through the microbial food web. By employing interdisciplinary approaches, we have learned that oxylipins production in situ is linked to bloom decline and the bioactivity of these compounds has significant implications for ocean biogeochemical cycles.
Zwei markante Stauchmoränen: Peski/Belorussland und Jasmund, Ostseeinsel Rügen/Nordostdeutschland - Gemeinsame Merkmale und Unterschiede

Strukturen, Architektur und Genese der Stauchmorane Peski/ Belorussland werden beschrieben und mit der Stauchmorane Jasmund/Rugen verglichen. In beiden Stauchmoranen sind Oberkreide- und Pleistozanfolgen, bei Peski zusatzlich tertiare Sande, glazigen gefaltet und verschuppt worden. Die Falten und Schuppen gleichen sich in beiden Stauchzonen in den Formen und Ausmasen weitgehend. In ihrer Architektur unterscheiden sich beide Grosstrukturen jedoch prinzipiell voneinander: Bei Peski ist eine bogenformige Stauchzone an der Stirn eines ausgedehnten Eislobus entstanden; auf Jasmund ist der Eisstrom, der der Ostseesenke gefolgt war, durch ein hoher liegendes Areal zweigeteilt worden und hat dieses samt den ersten Stauchwallen zunachst umflossen. Hier ist die Stauchung von den Flanken zweier Eiszungen ausgegangen. Der Interpretation als einer spitzwinkligen Kerbstauchung wird die Vorstellung einer in der Anlage schlingenformig gerafften Stauchung gegenubergestellt, die spater vom Eis uberpragt worden ist. Die Lagebeziehungen beider Stauchmoranen zu den Bruchstrukturen im praquartaren Untergrund der Region und zu deren neotektonischen Mobilitat werden diskutiert. Die glazigene Stauchung bei Peski wird dem Sosch-(Warthe-)eis zugeschrieben, die auf Jasmund der Weichselvereisung. Beide Stauchungen sind nach dem Hohepunkt einer Vereisung, nach der maximalen Eisausbreitung, erfolgt. Diese rucklaufigen Kalteperioden boten besonders gunstige Voraussetzungen fur Einwirkungen des Inlandeises auf den Untergrund.
Current distribution in MOV element stressed by 4/10 μs impulse current

This study focuses on current distribution in a metal oxide varistor (MOV) element stressed by 4/10 μs impulse current studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. After 100 kA shots, V1mA/mm values, which indicate deterioration of nonlinear characteristics of MOV, in edge parts of MOV elements decreased more than those in center parts. FDTD analysis was conducted in two ways, namely 1-D and 3-D models. The varistor is represented with many nonlinear cubic cells of 3 mm × 3 mm 0× 3 mm It turns out from the 3-D FDTD analyses that the skin effect is insignificant for a lightning current having a rise time of 4 μs. However, if there is small difference in the nonlinear characteristic of a ZnO element between its periphery and other parts, the distributions of current density are considerably affected, which may result in enhanced degradation of a varistor element in its periphery.
"Keep Calm and Carry On": The Challenges of International Field-based Practice and Research for Graduate Students of Educational Leadership

This qualitative study explores the challenges of an inaugural short-term study abroad program in the United Kingdom for American doctoral students of Educational Leadership. Findings, interpreted from an action learning perspective, demonstrate the opportunities for faculty seeking to expand perspectives of school leaders by visiting systems in other countries. Interviews with program participants were coded to reveal a complex interplay of factors impacting professional and academic growth. The results offer support for international programs to promote individual, group, and organizational learning.
Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Early Prediction of Cancer

A deadly and occasionally fatal condition, cancer may have a number of detrimental effects on the body, represents one among the main causes of death, and is getting harder and harder to diagnose. Every type of cancer involves a unique group of characteristics, signs, and treatments, and early detection and care are crucial for a good prediction. On the basis of the type as well as position of the tumor, doctors employ a range of methods to diagnose cancer. One among the methods doctors utilize to identify cancer is imaging testing, like MRI scans, CT scans, X-rays, and PET scans, which may offer exact images of the body's internal components to notice any discrepancies. By emphasizing the importance of ML and DL methods like KNN, SVM, NB, DT, Deep Boltzmann machine, DNN, and others, this survey determines computational-intelligence techniques and offers a way to influence future work.
Hearing Loss

Hearing loss is a common problem caused by aging, noise exposure, ototoxic medications, and illness. Given their frequent contact with older adults, home care clinicians are uniquely positioned to recognize the adverse effects of hearing loss on physical, social, and cognitive health. This article explores the factors that contribute to hearing loss, highlighting their cumulative effects on overall hearing ability. The consequences of untreated hearing loss support the urgency of early identification, prompt intervention, and proper management of hearing disability. This article also provides an overview of available treatment options, including traditional prescription hearing aids and recently approved over-the-counter devices. By incorporating components of awareness, treatment, and effective communication strategies, healthcare clinicians can take an integrated approach to improve the overall well-being and quality of life of individuals struggling with hearing loss.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor promotes lung metastasis through mobilization of Ly6G+Ly6C+ granulocytes

Priming of the organ-specific premetastatic sites is thought to be an important yet incompletely understood step during metastasis. In this study, we show that the metastatic tumors we examined overexpress granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), which expands and mobilizes Ly6G+Ly6C+ granulocytes and facilitates their subsequent homing at distant organs even before the arrival of tumor cells. Moreover, G-CSF–mobilized Ly6G+Ly6C+ cells produce the Bv8 protein, which has been implicated in angiogenesis and mobilization of myeloid cells. Anti–G-CSF or anti-Bv8 antibodies significantly reduced lung metastasis. Transplantation of Bv8 null fetal liver cells into lethally irradiated hosts also reduced metastasis. We identified an unexpected role for Bv8: the ability to stimulate tumor cell migration through activation of one of the Bv8 receptors, prokineticin receptor (PKR)-1. Finally, we show that administration of recombinant G-CSF is sufficient to increase the numbers of Ly6G+Ly6C+ cells in organ-specific metastatic sites and results in enhanced metastatic ability of several tumors.
Beamforming in 3G and 4G Mobile Communications: The Switched-Beam Approach

The technology and deployment of modern mobile communications systems, should adapt to the continuous and rapid growth of wireless data traffic. Besides the increase in bandwidth, the addition of cell sites and sectors, and the enhancement of air interface capabilities, smart antennas play also a substantial role in the improvement of wireless systems’ performance. When we refer to smart antennas, we mean structures of multiple antenna elements at the transmitting and/or the receiving side of the radio link, whose signals are properly processed, in order to better exploit the mobile radio channel and enhance the communications performance. During the last decade there has been intensive research on Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, which are antenna formations that involve processing at both sides of the link (Jensen & Wallace, 2004). Depending on the signal processing methods and the adaptive schemes used, smart antenna techniques can be separated into three broad categories: a) Diversity, b) Spatial Multiplexing (SM), and c) Beamforming. Roughly speaking, beamforming aims at improving Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), diversity aims at reducing the variations in the SINR experienced by the receiver, while SM aims at sharing SINR in high SINR scenarios (3G-Americas, 2009). Transmit and receive diversity are used in order to mitigate the problem of multipath fading, enhancing the reliability of a wireless link. In SM, which is the most popular transmission scheme of MIMO systems, multiple data streams are transmitted in parallel, increasing the data transmission rate. Beamforming uses an antenna array1 to transmit/receive energy in a specific direction, increasing the cellular capacity and coverage. Although it is an early smart antenna technology, beamforming is still supported by the latest 3GPP releases (3rd Generation Partnership Project www.3gpp.org), namely the LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE advanced. Operators though seem reluctant to incorporate smart beamforming techniques into base stations, mainly due to the cost and complexity of such implementations. The current research concerning 4G mobile systems is mostly concentrated on MIMO processing and space-time coding algorithms. However, antenna arrays and beamforming have still the potential to contribute in the enhancement of modern cellular systems.
Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Athens insomnia scale for non-clinical application in Chinese athletes

Purpose This study aimed to revise and examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale for Non-clinical Application (AIS-NCA) among Chinese athletes. Additionally, the study tested the scale in non-athlete individuals with similar sleep management practices to further analyze its cultural specificity among Chinese athletes and make preliminary inferences about its applicability in other Chinese populations. Methods Four hundred twenty-six Chinese professional athletes and 779 high school students participated in this research. Both athletes and students were divided into two parallel groups for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Additionally, three athlete samples and one student sample were established for reliability and validity assessments. Among athletes, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale were employed to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity. Re-test reliability was evaluated at intervals of 1 and 2 weeks. In the case of students, convergent and discriminant validity were tested using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the General Self-Efficacy Scale, with re-test reliability assessed at two-week intervals. Results The Chinese version of the AIS-NCA consists of six items, categorized into two dimensions: sleep problems and daytime functioning. This structure explained 65.08% (athletes) and 66.22% (students) of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good model fit, with values of χ2/df = 2.217, CFI = 0.975, AGFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.953, and RMSEA = 0.076 among athletes, and χ2/df = 3.037, CFI = 0.979, AGFI = 0.947, TLI = 0.961, and RMSEA = 0.072 among students. The scale demonstrated a reasonable degree of measurement invariance. The overall scale and two subscales exhibited strong reliability and validity among athletes. Similar results in terms of reliability and validity were also observed within the student sample. Conclusion The Chinese version of the AIS-NCA shows promise as an assessment tool for evaluating the sleep quality of Chinese athletes. It effectively captures both sleep-related concerns and daytime functionality within the athlete population. The scale demonstrates solid reliability and validity in professional athletes and holds potential for application across various other demographic groups in China.
Intrusion detection: Forensic computing insights arising from a case study on SNORT

Vlasti Broucek, MSc has been working in the computer industry since 1985 in various research and industry positions. Currently, he is a researcher at the School of Information Systems, University of Tasmania and a network administrator at the School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia. His current research interest is in Forensic Computing – Legal and Technical Issues. He has an extensive knowledge of systems administration on a range of systems (Novell Netware, Microsoft Windows and UNIX flavours), computer security, mathematics and Expert Systems. He has an MSc degree from the Czech Technical University in Prague where he worked with Professor Vladimir Ma
ES Books: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution.

Air Pollutants Effects of Air Pollution Sources of Pollutants in Combustion Processes Gas-Phase Atmospheric Chemistry Aqueous-Phase Atmospheric Chemistry Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry Properties of Aerosols Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles Thermodynamics of Aerosols and Nucleation Theory Dynamics of Aerosol Population Air Pollution Meteorology Micrometeorology Atmospheric Diffusion Theories The Gaussian Plume Equation The Atmospheric Diffusion Equation and Air Quality Models Atmospheric Removal Processes and Residence Times Air Pollution Statistics Acid Rain Index.