Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Archaeological Investigations in Central Ifugao

M OST anthropologists know at least something about the Ifugao. This knowledge is probably due in part to the fact that the Ifugao are an intrinsically interesting people whom professors find useful in their efforts to obtain the attention of undergraduates in introductory anthropology classes. More important, however, is the nature of the study which has been given Ifugao culture. Intensive investigation was begun at the start of this century by two of the most important figures in Philippine anthropology, Roy Barton and H. Otley Beyer. In 1924, Francis Lambrecht was posted to the Catholic Mission at Kiangan and afterwards was parish priest at Banaue (Fig. 1). He soon concerned himself in a highly professional manner with the tasks of understanding and reporting on Ifugao customs. Although none of these men gave his career exclusively to the Ifugao, each maintained a close association with that society over many decades. During those years they were joined from time to time by other anthropologists who pursued more limited investigations. Virtually every anthropologist who visited the Philippines found himself in Ifugao at some point during his stay. Harold Conklin's research has carried the intensive study of the Ifugao up to the present time. In brief, trained anthropologists have conducted an unusually long and competent monitoring of a single culture. Their work has produced information, understanding, and lively controversy. One of the debates has concerned the antiquity of Ifugao culture. Specifically, the discussion has turned on the question of how long the Ifugao have been in their present territory, practicing terraced agriculture. By implication, those parties to the debate would seem to have agreed upon the basic importance of the subsistenceecologic,al factors, which suggests that they feel that when these are found in a relationship like the present one, other features which characterize the culture, such as the personal kindred, headhunting, a hierarchical organization of the society
Speech Resynthesis from Discrete Disentangled Self-Supervised Representations

We propose using self-supervised discrete representations for the task of speech resynthesis. To generate disentangled representation, we separately extract low-bitrate representations for speech content, prosodic information, and speaker identity. This allows to synthesize speech in a controllable manner. We analyze various state-of-the-art, self-supervised representation learning methods and shed light on the advantages of each method while considering reconstruction quality and disentanglement properties. Specifically, we evaluate the F0 reconstruction, speaker identification performance (for both resynthesis and voice conversion), recordings' intelligibility, and overall quality using subjective human evaluation. Lastly, we demonstrate how these representations can be used for an ultra-lightweight speech codec. Using the obtained representations, we can get to a rate of 365 bits per second while providing better speech quality than the baseline methods. Audio samples can be found under the following link: speechbot.github. io/resynthesis.
Late Pleistocene pteropods, heteropods and planktonic foraminifera from the Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean

Pteropods and heteropods (holoplanktonic gastropods) are an important component of the modern oceans; however, detailed information on their distribution in the fossil record is often based on poorly preserved specimens. This study presents the micropaleontological analysis of three exceptionally well-preserved Late Pleistocene marine sediment cores from the eastern Caribbean Sea, western Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. This study presents the first stratigraphical record of heteropods in the Caribbean Sea and extends the known zonation of pteropods in the Mediterranean Sea. Distributions of pteropods, heteropods and planktonic foraminifera are presented with abundance and species richness data, as well as stratigraphical dates inferred from the oxygen isotope stratigraphy, argon-argon dating and biostratigraphy. The findings of this study greatly improve our understanding of holoplanktonic gastropod stratigraphy and ecology. Results reveal that the geographical range of heteropods, thought to be restricted to sub-tropical warm waters, may be much greater, including waters of sub-polar temperature. Heteropods were also found to be surprisingly abundant, potentially representing a more important part of the ocean food web than previously thought. Analysis revealed two species of holoplanktonic gastropod that are previously undescribed and indicate that the pteropod Heliconoides mermuysi (Cahuzac and Janssen 2010), known exclusively from the Moulin de Cabanes (Miocene), may have lived in the Caribbean Sea and Indian Ocean as recently as 4 kyr ago. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased research on holoplanktonic gastropods. The threat that current climate change and ocean acidification poses, particularly to the delicately shelled forms, means that some species may become extinct before they have even been fully ‘discovered'.
On Deciding When to Decide

We consider a decision maker who follows a status quo without reconsidering her implicit decision at every period. Only as a result of certain events will she ask herself whether she would like to change her choice. We ask when this mode of decision making is compatible with optimality. We state conditions on the set of databases that would make the decision maker take an explicit decision, which are equivalent to the following representation: the decision maker entertains a set of theories, of which one is that her current choice is the best; she is inert as long as that theory beats any alternative theory according to a maximum likelihood criterion.
A "random-walk" solute transport model for selected groundwater quality evaluations

A generalized computer code is given that can simulate a large class of solute transport problems in groundwater. The effects of convection, dispersion, and chemical reactions are included. The solutions for groundwater flow include a finite difference formulation. The solute transport portion of the code is based on a particle-in-a-cell technique for the convective mechanisms, and a random-walk technique for the dispersion effects. The code can simulate oneor two-dimensional nonsteady/steady flow problems in heterogeneous aquifers under water table and/or artesian or leaky artesian conditions. The program covers time-varying pumpage or injection by wells, natural or artificial recharge, the flow relationships of water exchange between surface waters and ground­ water, the process of groundwater evapotranspiration, the mechanism of possible conversion of storage coefficients from artesian to water table conditions, and the flow from springs. It also allows specification of chemical constituent concentrations of any segment of the model. Further features of the program include variable finite difference grid sizes and printouts of input data, time series of heads, sequential plots of solute concentration distributions, concentrations of water flowing into sinks, and the effects of dispersion and dilution or mixing of waters having various solute concentrations. Reference: Prickett, Thomas A. , Thomas G. Naymik, and Carl G. Lonnquist. A "Random-Walk" Solute Transport Model for Selected Groundwater Quality Evaluations. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Bulletin 65, 1981. Indexing Terms: Aquifers, case histories, computer codes, computer programs, contaminant plumes, contamination, convection, dispersion, distribution coefficient, finite difference theory, groundwater, groundwater flow, groundwater quality, groundwater tracers, models, pollution, program listings, random walk, solute transport.
River Channel Management: Towards sustainable catchment hydrosystems

River Channel Management is the first book to deal comprehensively with recent revolutions in river channel management. It explores the multi-disciplinary nature of river channel management in relation to modern management techniques that bear the background of the entire drainage basin in mind, use channel restoration where appropriate, and are designed to be sustainable. River Channel Management is divided into five sections: The Introduction outlines the need for river channel management. Retrospective Review offers an overview of twentieth century engineering methods and the ways that river channel systems operate. Realisation explains how greater understanding of river channel adjustments, channel hazards and river basin planning created a context for twenty-first century management. Requirements for Management explains and examines environmental assessment, restoration-based approaches, and methods that work towards 'design with nature'; Final Revision speculates about prospects for twenty-first century river channel management. River Channel Management is written for higher-level undergraduates and for postgraduates in geography, ecology, engineering, planning, geology and environmental science, for professionals involved in river channel management, and for staff in environmental agencies.
Cirrus Cloud Optical and Morphological Variations within a Mesoscale Volume

Abstract Cirrus cloud optical and structural properties were measured above southernWisconsin in two time segments between 18:07 and 21:20 GMT on December l,1989. These clouds were measured using the University of Wisconsin-MadisonVolume Imaging Lidar (VIL), the University of Wisconsin-Madison High SpectralResolution Lidar (HSRL), and the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) situatedon GOES. The VIL imaged the cirrus cloud structure within a mesoscale volumeand detected cirrus cloud cover percentages of 81.5% and 76.8% for the two timeperiods. A series of RTIs were created from the VIL cirrus scans to simulate manyvertically pointing lidars situated across the wind. The cloud cover percentagesfor the individual RTIs ranged from 54.7% to 100%. The variation of the cirruscloud features across the wind indicate the sampling errors associated with pointmeasurements when they are used to describe the mesoscale cirrus cloud structure.The average cloud length along the wind was 130 km while the average cloud lengthacross the wind was 14 km. The distance between clouds was 273 km along thewind and 24 km across the wind.A new technique was used to calculate the cirrus cloud visible aerosol backs-catter cross sections for a single channel elastic backscatter lidar. Cirrus cloudswere viewed simultaneously by the VIL and the HSRL. This allowed the HSRLaerosol backscatter cross sections to be directly compared to the VIL single channelbackscattered signal. This first attempt resulted in an adequate calibration. Thecalibration was extended to all the cirrus clouds in the mesoscale volume imagedby the VIL. This enabled the VIL backscattered signal to be converted into aerosolbackscatter cross sections at a resolution of 2 to 3 km along the wind direction anda 60 m resolution both horizontally across the wind and in the vertical. Usage of aconstant aerosol backscatter phase function (0.0499 sr -1) enabled the calculation ofextinction cross sections at each data point in the VIL observed mesoscale volume.This allowed for the cirrus cloud visible scattering optical depths to be calculatedthroughout the imaged volume. The VIL volume was viewed from the positionii
Climate change in the Pacific North America region over the past millennium : development and application of novel geochemical tracers

Decadal climate variability in the Pacific North America (PNA) region largely determines the fresh-water supply of the western United States and fisheries production of the northeast Pacific Ocean through tightly coupled ocean- atmosphere interactions. Documenting the historical manifestations of these interactions, over at least the past millennium, is an essential step towards anticipating the ramifications of future climate change on these resources. This dissertation aims to extend efforts at PNA paleoclimate reconstruction through the development of interannually resolved geochemical proxy records from annually laminated marine and lacustrine sediments. Comparison with instrumental climate measurements provides constraint on the driving mechanisms for observed geochemical variability in each record. The radiocarbon content ([Delta]¹⁴C) of benthic foraminiferal tests in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) proves a sensitive tracer for decadal fluctuations in vertical density structure along the southern California margin that are forced by north Pacific ocean-atmosphere interactions and tropical- midlatitude teleconnections. Enumeration of cosmopolitan benthic foraminifera in the SBB over the past 250 years suggests that, on decadal time scales, the overall size and distribution of the SBB benthic foraminiferal community is largely a function of benthic carbon oxidation rate --- a property previously linked to regional surface productivity. In the terrestrial realm, stable hydrogen isotope ratios ([delta]D) of plant lipid biomarkers preserved in the sediments of Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, were measured over the 20th century and late medieval period (1160-1432 A.D). Plant lipid [delta]D exhibits a complex relationship with environmental parameters but nevertheless reflects interannual to multidecadal changes in amount of wintertime precipitation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains over the 20th century. Consistent with this observation, multidecadal [delta]D variability during the late medieval generally follows that of concomitant tree ring-derived hydrologic reconstructions and captures droughts of greater severity than any witnessed in the Sierra Nevada over the past 100 years. Comparison of the two isotopic records in terms of medieval vs. modern drought severity, however, requires further constraint on the driving mechanisms for long-term shifts in plant lipid [delta]D. Overall, this dissertation documents the novel application of benthic foraminiferal [Delta]¹⁴C and plant lipid [delta]D as a means for reconstructing decadal scale PNA climate from high-resolution sedimentary archives
IDENTIFYING THE RETENTION MECHANISMS OF (BIO)COLLOIDS IN SINGLE, SATURATED, VARIABLE-APERTURE FRACTURES

The characterization of fractured aquifers is commonly limited to the methodologies developed for unconsolidated porous media aquifers, which results in many uncertainties. Recent work indicates that fractured rocks remove more particulates than they are conventionally been credited for. This research was designed to quantify the number of E. coli RS2-GFP retained in single, saturated, variable-aperture fractures extracted from the natural environment. Conservative solute and E. coli RS2-GFP tracer experiments were used to elucidate the relationships between dominant retention mechanisms, aperture field characteristics, and flow rate. A non-destructive method of determining a coefficient of variation (COV) for each fracture was used to better understand the transport behaviour of E. coli RS2-GFP. The results from this research all point to the importance of aperture field characterization in understanding the fate and transport of contaminants in fractured aquifers. The mean aperture was a very important characteristic in determining particulate recovery, so were matrix properties, COVS, and flow rate. It was also determined that attachment is a much more significant retention mechanism than straining under the conditions employed in this research. Finally, it was demonstrated that the dominant retention mechanism in a fracture varies depending on the specific discharge. An improved understanding of the mechanisms that influence the fate and transport of contaminants through fractures will lead to the development of better tools and methodologies for the characterization of fractured aquifers, as well as the ability to manipulate the relevant mechanisms to increase or decrease retention, depending on the application.
TAPS Suicide Postvention Model: A comprehensive framework of healing and growth

The TAPS Suicide Postvention Model is a three-phase approach to suicide grief that offers a framework for survivors and providers in the aftermath of a suicide. This framework proposes guidance on how to build a foundation for an adaptive grief journey and creates a research-informed, proactive, intentional pathway to posttraumatic growth. The Model follows the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors’ peer-based model of care and has supported more than 16,000 military suicide loss survivors over the past decade. The Model is applicable to anyone grieving a suicide loss or coping with any associated trauma. Incidents of suicide in the United States rose 35 percent between 1999 and 2018, making suicide America’s tenth leading cause of death (Hedegaard et al., 2020). Yet despite this and other ample reminders that suicide is a growing public health issue, there is still far too little focus on the impact these deaths have on family members. Cerel et al. (2019) demonstrated that some 135 people are affected by every suicide death, while HarringtonLaMorie and Ruocco (2011) found that these survivors are at increased risk for anxiety-related disorders, posttraumatic stress, complicated grief, depression, and suicide. The suicide problem in the military and the veteran community is especially pernicious. The suicide rate among veterans was 50 percent higher than that of non-veteran adults after adjusting for age and sex (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2018). And while suicide rates in the military are more or less on par with national averages, an alarming number of these deaths occur in places where loved ones, friends, and colleagues may be exposed. Pruitt et al. (2017) showed that almost 77 percent of all suicide deaths of active duty service members occur either at the service member’s personal residence, in the barracks, at the home of friends or family, or at the workplace or a job site, making the impact on survivors of these losses particularly acute (p. 107). For more than a decade, the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors (TAPS) has made postvention care to survivors of military and veteran suicide loss a core focus of its mission. The TAPS Suicide Postvention Model—a three-phase approach to care developed to support these survivors and the subject of this article—is broadly applicable to anyone grieving the death of a loved one to suicide.
Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems (CO2Flux) Handbook

The Southern Great Plains (SGP) carbon dioxide flux (CO2 flux) measurement systems provide half-hour average fluxes of CO2, H2O (latent heat), and sensible heat. The fluxes are obtained by the eddy covariance technique, which computes the flux as the mean product of the vertical wind component with CO2 and H2O densities, or estimated virtual temperature. A three-dimensional sonic anemometer is used to obtain the orthogonal wind components and the virtual (sonic) temperature. An infrared gas analyzer is used to obtain the CO2 and H2O densities. A separate sub-system also collects half-hour average measures of meteorological and soil variables from separate 4-m towers.
DDSGA: A Data-Driven Semi-Global Alignment Approach for Detecting Masquerade Attacks

A masquerade attacker impersonates a legal user to utilize the user services and privileges. The semi-global alignment algorithm (SGA) is one of the most effective and efficient techniques to detect these attacks but it has not reached yet the accuracy and performance required by large scale, multiuser systems. To improve both the effectiveness and the performances of this algorithm, we propose the Data-Driven Semi-Global Alignment, DDSGA approach. From the security effectiveness view point, DDSGA improves the scoring systems by adopting distinct alignment parameters for each user. Furthermore, it tolerates small mutations in user command sequences by allowing small changes in the low-level representation of the commands functionality. It also adapts to changes in the user behaviour by updating the signature of a user according to its current behaviour. To optimize the runtime overhead, DDSGA minimizes the alignment overhead and parallelizes the detection and the update. After describing the DDSGA phases, we present the experimental results that show that DDSGA achieves a high hit ratio of 88.4 percent with a low false positive rate of 1.7 percent. It improves the hit ratio of the enhanced SGA by about 21.9 percent and reduces Maxion-Townsend cost by 22.5 percent. Hence, DDSGA results in improving both the hit ratio and false positive rates with an acceptable computational overhead.
LORAKI: Autocalibrated Recurrent Neural Networks for Autoregressive MRI Reconstruction in k-Space

We propose and evaluate a new MRI reconstruction method named LORAKI that trains an autocalibrated scan-specific recurrent neural network (RNN) to recover missing k-space data. Methods like GRAPPA, SPIRiT, and AC-LORAKS assume that k-space data has shift-invariant autoregressive structure, and that the scan-specific autoregression relationships needed to recover missing samples can be learned from fully-sampled autocalibration (ACS) data. Recently, the structure of the linear GRAPPA method has been translated into a nonlinear deep learning method named RAKI. RAKI uses ACS data to train an artificial neural network to interpolate missing k-space samples, and often outperforms GRAPPA. In this work, we apply a similar principle to translate the linear AC-LORAKS method (simultaneously incorporating support, phase, and parallel imaging constraints) into a nonlinear deep learning method named LORAKI. Since AC-LORAKS is iterative and convolutional, LORAKI takes the form of a convolutional RNN. This new architecture admits a wide range of sampling patterns, and even calibrationless patterns are possible if synthetic ACS data is generated. The performance of LORAKI was evaluated with retrospectively undersampled brain datasets, with comparisons against other related reconstruction methods. Results suggest that LORAKI can provide improved reconstruction compared to other scan-specific autocalibrated reconstruction methods like GRAPPA, RAKI, and AC-LORAKS. LORAKI offers a new deep-learning approach to MRI reconstruction based on RNNs in k-space, and enables improved image quality and enhanced sampling flexibility.