Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy

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Natural Language Processing: Algorithms and Applications, Old and New

problem: x = 〈x [1], x [2], . , x [L]〉 ↓ C ↓ y = 〈y [1], y [2], . , y [L]〉 Simple solution: categorize each x [`] separately. But what if y [`] and y [`+ 1] depend on each other? Linear Models, Generalized to Sequences ŷ = argmax y∈Yx w>φ(x , y [1], . . . , y [L]) Linear Models, Generalized to Sequences ŷ = argmax y∈Yx w>φ(x , y [1], . . . , y [L]) ŷ = argmax y∈Yx w> ( L ∑ `=2 φlocal(x , `, y [`− 1], y [`]) ) Special Case: Hidden Markov Model HMMs are probabilistic; they define: p(x , y) = p(stop | y [L]) L ∏ `=1 p(x [`] | y [`]) } {{ } emission · p(y [`] | y [`− 1]) } {{ } transition (where y [0] is defined to be a special start symbol). Emission and transition counts can be treated as features, with coefficients equal to their log-probabilities. wφlocal(x , `, y [`− 1], y [`]) = log p(x [`] | y [`]) + log p(y [`] | y [`− 1]) The probabilistic view is sometimes useful (we will see this later). Finding the Best Sequence y : Intuition If we knew y [1 : L− 1], picking y [L] would be easy: argmax λ wφlocal(x , L, y [L− 1], λ)+ w> ( L−1 ∑ `=2 φlocal(x , `, y [`− 1], y [`]) ) Finding the Best Sequence y : Notation Let: V [L− 1, λ] = max y [1:L−2] w> ( L−2 ∑ `=2 φlocal(x , `, y [`− 1], y [`]) ) + wφlocal(x , L− 1, y [L− 2], λ) Our choice for y [L] is then: argmax λ ( max λ′ wφlocal(x , L, λ ′, λ) + V [L− 1, λ′] ) Finding the Best Sequence y : Notation Let: V [L− 1, λ] = max y [1:L−2] w> ( L−2 ∑ `=2 φlocal(x , `, y [`− 1], y [`]) ) + wφlocal(x , L− 1, y [L− 2], λ) Note that: V [L− 1, λ] = max λ′ V [L− 2, λ′] + wφlocal(x , L− 1, λ′, λ) And more generally: ∀` ∈ {2, . }, V [`, λ] = max λ′ V [`− 1, λ′] + wφlocal(x , `, λ′, λ)
Engaging domestic abuse practitioners and survivors in a review of outcome tools – reflections on differing priorities

Researchers often develop and decide upon the measurement tools for assessing outcomes related to domestic abuse interventions. However, it is known that clients, service providers and researchers have different ideas about the outcomes that should be measured as markers of success. Evidence from non-domestic abuse sectors indicates that engagement of service providers, clients and researchers contributes to more robust research, policy and practice. We reflect on what we have learnt from the engagement of practitioners and domestic abuse survivors in a review of domestic abuse measurement tools where there were clear differences in priorities between survivors, practitioners and researchers about the ideal measurement tools. The purpose of this reflective article is to support the improvement of future outcome measurement from domestic abuse interventions, while ensuring that domestic abuse survivors do not relive trauma because of measurement.
Influence of a tapered cylinder nozzle on pressure pulsations in a variable high-speed reciprocating compressor piping system

This paper investigates the influence of a tapered cylinder nozzle (TCN) on pressure pulsations in a high-speed reciprocating compressor piping system. Numerical methods, the 3D frequency-domain finite element method (FEM) and the 3D time-domain computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to separately calculate gas column natural frequencies and pressure pulsations. With favorable agreement between model predictions and experimental data, it is concluded from predictions that an installed TCN changes both the values and distribution of frequencies because installation of a TCN filter can alter gas column structure in the piping system. The order of frequency dominated by cylinder nozzle response increases sharply as the TCN diameter ratio increases and the TCN length to diameter ratio decreases. Pressure fluctuations can be effectively attenuated in piping system under different functioning conditions, e.g. variable compressor speeds and variable discharge pressures.
Single-Point Least Square Matching Embedded Method for Improving Visual SLAM

Visual simultaneous location and mapping (VSLAM) has been widely used today, but for some tough cases with insufficient feature points (such as weak texture and motion blur), it is still an ongoing challenge to further boost the corresponding robustness and accuracy. In this article, to address the problem of inadequate feature points, for conventional visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), we improve the original feature matching mechanism by providing more correspondences with higher position precision. Firstly, based on the original feature matching results in the map initialization stage, a single-point least square matching (LSM) which iteratively refines the position of the matching points by considering geometric and photometric consistency, is presented to improve the map initialization result. Secondly, to improve the tracking performance, given the motion model, the single-point LSM is again used to yield new correspondences from the unsuccessfully matched features of the original matching mechanism between the current frame and the previous frame in the tracking thread, and these extra correspondences participate in and boost the subsequent pose optimization. Lastly, for newly inserted keyframe, we focus on identifying the corresponding 3-D map points’ reprojections on relevant local neighbor keyframes, these reprojections are added in the local bundle adjustment (BA) optimization for further improving the estimation of camera pose and local map. The popular VSLAM package, oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB)-SLAM2, is used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed improvements. An ablation study on accuracy and tracking stability on public datasets are reported, furthermore, the comparisons with several state of the arts (namely, visual-inertial state estimator (VINS)-Mono, ORB-SLAM3, direct sparse odometry (DSO), point-line (PL)-SLAM) are investigated. The experimental results show that our approach can improve accuracy in weak texture scenes and motion blur cases, reduce the number of tracking loss and improve tracking robustness.
LRP1 Deficiency Promotes Mitostasis in Response to Oxidative Stress: Implications for Mitochondrial Targeting after Traumatic Brain Injury

The brain undergoes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following physiological insults such as Traumatic brain injury (TBI), ischemia-reperfusion, and stroke. Pharmacotherapeutics targeting mitochondria (mitoceuticals) against oxidative stress include antioxidants, mild uncouplers, and enhancers of mitochondrial biogenesis, which have been shown to improve pathophysiological outcomes after TBI. However, to date, there is no effective treatment for TBI. Studies have suggested that the deletion of LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in adult neurons or glial cells could be beneficial and promote neuronal health. In this study, we used WT and LRP1 knockout (LKO) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells to examine mitochondrial outcomes following exogenous oxidative stress. Furthermore, we developed a novel technique to measure mitochondrial morphometric dynamics using transgenic mitochondrial reporter mice mtD2g (mitochondrial-specific Dendra2 green) in a TBI model. We found that oxidative stress increased the quantity of fragmented and spherical-shaped mitochondria in the injury core of the ipsilateral cortex following TBI, whereas rod-like elongated mitochondria were seen in the corresponding contralateral cortex. Critically, LRP1 deficiency significantly decreased mitochondrial fragmentation, preserving mitochondrial function and cell growth following exogenous oxidative stress. Collectively, our results show that targeting LRP1 to improve mitochondrial function is a potential pharmacotherapeutic strategy against oxidative damage in TBI and other neurodegenerative diseases.
A Mouse Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Produced by Isoproterenol Acute Exposure Followed by 5-Fluorouracil Administration

Appropriate dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) animal models are highly desirable considering the pathophysiological and clinical heterogeneity of DCM. Genetically modified mice are the most widely and intensively utilized research animals for DCM. However, to translate discoveries from basic science into new and personalized medical applications, research in non-genetically based DCM models remains a key issue. Here, we characterized a mouse model of non-ischemic DCM induced by a stepwise pharmacologic regime of Isoproterenol (ISO) high dose bolus followed by a low dose systemic injection of the chemotherapy agent, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). C57BL/6J mice were injected with ISO and, 3 days after, were randomly assigned to saline or 5-FU. Echocardiography and a strain analysis show that ISO + 5FU in mice induces progressive left ventricular (LV) dilation and reduced systolic function, along with diastolic dysfunction and a persistent global cardiac contractility depression through 56 days. While mice treated with ISO alone recover anatomically and functionally, ISO + 5-FU causes persistent cardiomyocyte death, ensuing in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through 56 days. ISO + 5-FU-dependent damage was accompanied by significant myocardial disarray and fibrosis along with exaggerated oxidative stress, tissue inflammation and premature cell senescence accumulation. In conclusions, a combination of ISO + 5FU produces anatomical, histological and functional cardiac alterations typical of DCM, representing a widely available, affordable, and reproducible mouse model of this cardiomyopathy.
Flow dynamical behavior and performance of a micro viscous pump with unequal inlet and outlet areas

ABSTRACT The micro viscous pump is an important type of fluidic device. Optimizing the working performance of the pump is crucial for its wider application. A micro viscous pump design with unequal inlet and outlet areas is proposed in this paper. The flow field of the viscous pump is investigated using 2D laminar simulations. The mass flow rate and driving power are studied with different opening angles. The effects of the Reynolds number and the pressure load on the working performance are discussed in detail. Flow structures and vortex evolution are analyzed. With larger inlet and outlet areas, a higher mass flow rate is obtained and less driving power is achieved. A high pressure load results in a reduction in mass flow rate and an increase in driving power. Pumps with large opening angles are more susceptive to the Reynolds number and the pressure load. The adverse impact of the pressure load can be reduced by increasing the rotor speed. The vortex structure is affected by the geometric and operating parameters in the flow field. The flow dynamical behavior of the viscous pump exerts significant influence on its pumping ability. The present work gives rise to performance improvements for the micro viscous pump.
Multi-objective parameter optimization of distributed hydrological models based on data-poor watersheds

The distributed hydrological model's high-resolution representation of watershed heterogeneity is especially suitable for hydrological simulation in watersheds with small areas, and the hydrological model needs to use flow observation data for parameter calibration to obtain adapted parameters, but the lack of observation basins is the core problem we face in China, where there are few hydrological stations and they are concentrated in important rivers. This work attempts to optimize the parameters of the distributed hydrological model using limited flow observation data in a small watershed where flow observation is relatively scarce and to explore the value of combining multiple sources of data to optimize the parameters of the distributed hydrological model. Based on the combination of meteorological observations and remote sensing data collected, a distributed hydrological model is constructed based on the WetSpa model for the Jianshan River basin, and a multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II is applied to rate the model to predict the simulated basin runoff process. The results show that the hydrological model optimized by multi-objective parameters has good adaptability in the study area, and the simulation has certain accuracy, which can provide basic support for the simulation of the water environment in the basin and also provide a reference for hydrological simulation.
Double Positive CD4+CD8+ (DP) T-Cells Display Distinct Exhaustion Phenotype in Chronic Hepatitis C

In chronic hepatitis C (CHC), characterized by exhaustion of T-cell function, increased frequencies of double-positive (DP) (CD4+CD8+) cells are present in peripheral blood. We compared the exhaustion phenotype between DP and single positive (SP) T-cells, including HCV-specific cells, and assessed the effect of successful HCV treatment on inhibitory receptors expression. Blood samples from 97 CHC patients were collected before and six months post-treatment. PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3) expression was assessed by flow cytometry. DP T-cells displayed significantly higher PD-1 expression, lower Tim-3 expression than CD8+ SP T-cells and lower percentages of PD-1−Tim-3− cells than CD4+ SP T-cells, both before and after treatment. PD-1+Tim-3+ DP T-cells decreased following treatment. HCV-specific cells were more frequent among DP than SP T-cells, both before and after treatment. HCV-specific DP T-cells were characterized by lower PD-1 expression, higher PD-1 and Tim-3 co-expression, and lower percentages of PD-1−Tim-3− cells (both before and after treatment) and higher post-treatment Tim-3 than HCV-specific SP T-cells. Their percentages decreased following treatment, but the exhaustion phenotype remained unchanged. DP T-cells in CHC exhibit a distinct exhaustion phenotype from SP T-cells, and these changes mostly persist following successful treatment.
Stress Response Analysis via Dynamic Entropy in EEG: Caregivers in View

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), stress can be defined as any type of alteration that causes physical, emotional, or psychological tension. A very important concept that is sometimes confused with stress is anxiety. The difference between stress and anxiety is that stress usually has an existing cause. Once that activator has passed, stress typically eases. In this respect, according to the American Psychiatric Association, anxiety is a normal response to stress and can even be advantageous in some circumstances. By contrast, anxiety disorders differ from temporary feelings of anxiousness or nervousness with more intense feelings of fear or anxiety. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) explicitly describes anxiety as exorbitant concern and fearful expectations, occurring on most days for at least 6 months, about a series of events. Stress can be measured by some standardized questionnaires; however, these resources are characterized by some major disadvantages, the main one being the time consumed to interpret them; i.e., qualitative information must be transformed to quantitative data. Conversely, a physiological recourse has the advantage that it provides quantitative spatiotemporal information directly from brain areas and it processes data faster than qualitative supplies. A typical option for this is an electroencephalographic record (EEG). We propose, as a novelty, the application of time series (TS) entropies developed by us to inspect collections of EEGs obtained during stress situations. We investigated this database related to 23 persons, with 1920 samples (15 s) captured in 14 channels for 12 stressful events. Our parameters reflected that out of 12 events, event 2 (Family/financial instability/maltreatment) and 10 (Fear of disease and missing an important event) created more tension than the others. In addition, the most active lobes reflected by the EEG channels were frontal and temporal. The former is in charge of performing higher functions, self-control, self monitoring, and the latter is in charge of auditory processing, but also emotional handling. Thus, events E2 and E10 triggering frontal and temporal channels revealed the actual state of participants under stressful situations. The coefficient of variation revealed that E7 (Fear of getting cheated/losing someone) and E11 (Fear of suffering a serious illness) were the events with more changes among participants. In the same sense, AF4, FC5, and F7 (mainly frontal lobe channels) were the most irregular on average for all participants. In summary, by means of dynamic entropy analysis, the goal is to process the EEG dataset in order to elucidate which event and brain regions are key for all participants. The latter will allow us to easily determine which was the most stressful and on which brain zone. This study can be applied to other caregivers datasets. All this is a novelty.
Robust coherence and psychological validity

Phonological Typicality (PT) is a measure of the extent to which a word’s phonology is typical of other words in the lexical category to which it belongs. There is a general coherence among words from the same category in terms of speech sounds, and we have found that words that are phonologically typical of their category tend to be processed more quickly and accurately than words that are less typical. In this paper we describe in greater detail the operationalisation of measures of a word’s PT, and report validations of different parameterisations of the measure. For each variant of PT, we report the extent to which it reflects the coherence of the lexical categories of words in terms of their sound, as well as the extent to which the measure predicts naming and lexical decision response times from a database of monosyllabic word processing. We show that PT is robust to parameter variation, but that measures based on PT of uninflected words (lemmas) best predict response time data for naming and lexical decision of single words.
Description of Topological Relations Between Uncertain Linear Objects

ion: Because of notional or semantic fuzziness and imprecise measurements, many data in spatial databases are imprecise. In this case, linear objects are not crisp lines but some narrow zones that include true lines. And we must distinguish the topological relations between these linear objects. In this paper, the descriptive methods of uncertain linear objects in the present are summarized, and the 9-intersection model for describing topological relations between crisp linear objects is applied. Then the topological relations between uncertain linear objects are described and determined by a qualitative analyzing method.
Structural and biochemical characterisation of Co2+-binding sites on serum albumins and their interplay with fatty acids

Serum albumin–Co2+ interactions are of clinical importance. They play a role in mediating the physiological effects associated with cobalt toxicity and are central to the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) assay for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. To further understand these processes, a deeper understanding of albumin–Co2+ interactions is required. Here, we present the first crystallographic structures of human serum albumin (HSA; three structures) and equine serum albumin (ESA; one structure) in complex with Co2+. Amongst a total of sixteen sites bearing a cobalt ion across the structures, two locations were prominent, and they relate to metal-binding sites A and B. Site-directed mutagenesis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were employed to characterise sites on HSA. The results indicate that His9 and His67 contribute to the primary (putatively corresponding to site B) and secondary Co2+-binding sites (site A), respectively. The presence of additional multiple weak-affinity Co2+ binding sites on HSA was also supported by ITC studies. Furthermore, addition of 5 molar equivalents of the non-esterified fatty acid palmitate (C16:0) reduced the Co2+-binding affinity at both sites A and B. The presence of bound myristate (C14:0) in the HSA crystal structures provided insight into the fatty acid-mediated structural changes that diminish the affinity of the protein toward Co2+. Together, these data provide further support for the idea that ischemia-modified albumin corresponds to albumin with excessive fatty-acid loading. Collectively, our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings governing Co2+ binding to serum albumin.
Finite‐time adaptive fuzzy tracking control for stochastic nonlinear systems with time‐delay via output‐feedback

In this paper, the finite‐time adaptive fuzzy tracking control issue for stochastic nonlinear systems with time‐delay via output‐feedback is studied. Firstly, a state observer and fuzzy logic systems with infinite approximation capability are utilized to estimate the unmeasured states and identify unknown nonlinear characteristics, respectively. Then, a finite‐time adaptive fuzzy tracking controller is devised by the backstepping technology. It is shown that the presented control scheme can ensure the finite‐time square stability of the stochastic nonlinear systems with time‐delay, that is, the output tracking error converges to a sufficiently small neighborhood around the origin in finite‐time, and all signals of the closed‐loop system are bounded. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented control strategy is illustrated via two simulation examples.
FIELD EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT OF A 420M PC CONTINUOUS BEAM BRIDGE

In this paper, the practical engineering of a 420 m PC continuous beam bridge is taken as the research object, and an external prestressing reinforcement method is proposed to reinforce the damaged and cracked girder. The paper is to study the structural performance of PC continuous beam bridge before and after reinforcement. The heavy vehicle loading test of reinforced PC continuous beam bridge was carried out. A total of three test spans were selected, and each test span selected seven deflection test section and a strain test section. The corresponding finite element model was established and verified by the test results. Finally, it was concluded in this study that the external prestressing reinforcement method has a good effect on improving the loading capacity and overall performance of damaged bridges.
Gaussian Unscented Filter

In this paper, a new ﬁlter called Gaussian unscented ﬁlter (GUF) is proposed to address state ﬁltering problems for nonlinear non-Gaussian state-space models. The GUF is similar to the unscented Kalman ﬁlter (UKF) in terms of both using the unscented transformation (UT) technique, however, the GUF is not a Kalman-type ﬁlter which provides linear minimum mean state estimates. The GUF is a sigma point realization of a Bayesian ﬁlter which sequentially estimates the prior and posterior probability density functions of states. It is therefore capable of handling non-Gaussian noises while the UKF is not. The GUF is also similar to the Gaussian particle ﬁlter (GPF) but the number of samples called sigma points necessary in the GUF algo-rithm is far less than the number of particles required in the Gaussian particle ﬁlter (GPF). The GUF is therefore expected to be superior in terms of the calculation cost viewpoint. We compare the state estimation accuracy and calculation time of the GUF with those for the UKF, GPF and the other particle ﬁlter using a numerical example.