Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rotavirus concentration from cell culture harvests: trypsin treatment followed by hydroextraction

An 80- to 150-ml amount of calf or simian rotavirus-containing cell culture harvests of MA-104 cells were treated with 50 microgram of trypsin per ml and hydroextracted overnight (4 degrees C) with polyethylene glycol 6,000. The concentrate was resuspended in 8 to 10 ml of tryptose phosphate broth and plaque assayed. Between 85 and 97% of the input virus could be recovered with a concentration of up to 15-fold.
Signalling, Disclosure And The Implications Of Financial Structure For Uk Corporate R&D

This paper investigates the impact of R&D disclosure and finance variables on the level of R&D expenditures. The question addressed is: what is the impact of changes in disclosure requirements on the relationship between R&D expenditure and the financing of firms? The question is motivated by the possible signalling role that elective disclosure may have had prior to changes in accounting practices to ensure R&D disclosure.
Analysing the Process of EU Legislative Decision-Making

Nutzungsbedingungen: Dieser Text wird unter dem "PEER Licence Agreement zur Verfügung" gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zum PEER-Projekt finden Sie hier: http://www.peerproject. eu Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Terms of use: This document is made available under the "PEER Licence Agreement ". For more Information regarding the PEER-project see: http://www.peerproject. eu This document is solely intended for your personal, non-commercial use.All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use.
Empirical research on local government sustainability efforts in the USA: gaps in the current literature

Local governments play a vital role in fostering sustainable development. In recent years, several municipalities in the USA have launched sustainability initiatives, adding to the worldwide movement to create a more sustainable future. This article synthesises the existing literature on local government sustainability with the goal of identifying the range of knowledge and ideas as it currently exists in the field and to suggest theoretical and empirical directions for future research that will better improve our understanding. The article finds that: (1) despite a consensus in the sustainable development literature that equity, economy and environment need to be simultaneously addressed in any effort toward sustainable development, equity has been neglected in empirical research of what communities are doing to promote local sustainability; (2) research has been restricted to municipalities with well-documented sustainability plans and policies, thereby limiting our theoretical understanding of sustainability; and (3) research is in early stages of determining how well communities are implementing various sustainability policies, with the focus solely on adoption of various initiatives.
Regional and Subcellular Distribution of ATP‐Citrate Lyase and Other Enzymes of Acetyl‐CoA Metabolism in Rat Brain

The activities of ATP‐citrate lyase in frog, guinea pig, mouse, rat, and human brain vary from 18 to 30 μmol/h/g of tissue, being several times higher than choline acetyltransferase activity. Activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and acetyl coenzyme A synthetase in rat brain are 206 and 18.4 μmol/h/g of tissue, respectively. Over 70% of the activities of both choline acetyltransferase and ATP‐citrate lyase in secondary fractions are found in synaptosomes. Their preferential localization in synaptosomes and synaptoplasm is supported by RSA values above 2. Acetyl CoA synthetase activity is located mainly in whole brain mitochondria (RSA, 2.33) and its activity in synaptoplasm is low (RSA, 0.25). The activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and carnitine acetyltransferase are present mainly in fractions C and Bp. No pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is found in synaptoplasm. Striatum, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum contain similar activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, carnitine acetyltransferase, fatty acid synthetase, and acetyl‐CoA hydrolase. Activities of acetyl CoA synthetase, choline acetyltransferase and ATP‐citrate lyase in cerebellum are about 10 and 4 times lower, respectively, than in other parts of the brain. These data indicate preferential localization of ATP‐citrate lyase in cholinergic nerve endings, and indicate that this enzyme is not a rate limiting step in the synthesis of the acetyl moiety of ACh in brain.
Comparative roentgen findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic backs.

NOT LONG AGO a large industrial company (1) decided to survey a group of men who had been in its employ for ten years or more, who denied having discomfort in the back either on or off the job, and who had not asked for treatment for back disability at any time during their employment. Chosen for this survey were 200 men in the outside equipment and construction forces, including some drivers and supplymen, who had worked in these forces exclusively for not less than ten years. The average age of the group was forty years, and the average length of service was eighteen years. Anteroposterior and lateral films of the entire lumbar spine and a spot film of the fifth lumbar vertebral area were made. All abnormalities were reported in the following classifications: congenital, traumatic, degenerative, inflammatory, arthritic, neoplastic, and structural For purposes of comparison, 200 consecutive patients referred for myelography were studied. The average age was thirtyeight years. All of these patients had lo.
International Managers and Mobile Families: The Professional and Personal Dynamics of Trans‐National Career Pathing and Job Mobility in the 1990s

The rapid internationalisation of companies has been one of the most significant economic and sociological developments in domestic, European and global markets over the last forty years. Growing numbers of British companies are intent on increasing their presence in both continental European and global markets in the 1990s. For example, 62% of a group of 171 UK organisations surveyed in 1990 planned to expand their business interests into Europe. At the same time, international careers are becoming increasingly common features of the working lives of British professionals, managers and their dependants.
Relative profit maximization and irrelevance of leadership in Stackelberg model

We study the Stackelberg equilibrium in a symmetric duopoly with differentiated goods in which each firm maximizes its relative profit that is the difference between its profit and the profit of the rival firm. We show that the equilibrium output and price of the good of the leader and those of the follower are equal, that is, the role of leader or follower is irrelevant to the equilibrium, and the equilibrium outputs and prices do not change between the case where the firms are quantity setting firms and the case where the firms are price setting firms. We assume that demand functions are linear and symmetric, the marginal costs of the firms are common and constant, and the fixed costs are zero.
The Challenges for Croatia in European Social Dialogue

The paper addresses the role of social partners in the European integration process. It gives an overview of the social dialogue structures and experiences in the European Union (EU) and evaluates the achievements and experiences in developing social dialogue in the former and present candidate countries (Croatia) during the accession process. The first part of the paper is focused on the challenges that the European social dialogue is facing in terms of governance, Lisbon strategy and enlargement. It gives introduction into the role of social dialogue during the accession process. The second part of the paper deals with the social dialogue in Croatia and challenges of anticipated accession to EU. It evaluates the practice of social dialogue and leads to the conclusion that further efforts are needed to strengthen the capacities of the social partners and enhance their participation in social dialogue at national and European level. For the purpose of this paper a survey (interviews) on key social partners’ representatives and public authorities have been carried out in Croatia.
Cytoarchitecture of primitive brains: Golgi studies in flatworms

Notoplana acticola, a free‐living polyclad flatworm, has a small but well‐defined brain that controls behavior of peripherally based motoneurones. This is the most primitive brain currently being studied electrophysiologically, but little is known of its cytoarchitecture. Using a modified rapid Golgi method, we have investigated neurone configurations within this brain. Superficially the brain resembles those of other invertebrates, but its cells also possess many vertebrate features. There is a surprising diversity of cell types with complicated branching patterns. Multipolar neurones appear to be the most common type. A few typical invertebrate monopolar cells were also stained. Bipolar cells occur in the rind. Processes resembling dendritic spines were observed. Measurements of these indicate that they fall within the range found in other vertebrates and invertebrates. Small multipolar cells that could either be glial or interneurones were found scattered through the brain.
The Changing Relationship Between Housing and Inequality, 1980–2010

Inequality in both income and wealth has grown rapidly in the United States since the 1970s. Over the same period, homeownership rates increased in step with expansionist government policies and the development of subprime and other exotic loan products, and housing affordability challenges emerged as the most prevalent housing problem for owners and renters alike. The subprime lending and foreclosure crises of the 2000s stretched households financially, threatening the traditional economic benefits of homeownership, bringing into stark relief the ways in which housing and inequality mutually influence one another, and implicating homeownership, housing affordability, and subprime lending in the widening gap between the rich and the poor. This article examines the changing roles of homeownership, housing affordability, and subprime lending in contemporary U.S. inequality by, first, describing trends in county inequality and housing characteristics and, second, modeling inequality as a function of the previous decade's housing characteristics over the period of 1980–2010. We build upon past models of county inequality by more explicitly considering causal order, place characteristics, and state and regional fixed effects. The results confirm that homeownership, affordability, and subprime lending not only reflect existing inequalities but also perpetuate those inequalities over time. Homeownership promotes equality, affordability problems undermine it, and subprime lending has the potential to ameliorate inequality in certain contexts, but these effects shift significantly over time, particularly as a result of widespread foreclosures and economic recession. Our analysis establishes the importance of housing in explaining contemporary inequality, highlights how place characteristics and causal ordering may improve county inequality models, and provides a foundation for future studies examining inequality in light of the Great Recession and the foreclosure crisis.
Advancing Molecular Therapies through In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging

Effective development of therapeutics that target the molecular basis of disease is dependent on testing new therapeutic moieties and delivery strategies in animal models of human disease. Accelerating the analyses of these models and improving their predictive value through whole animal imaging methods, which provide data in real time and are sensitive to the subtle changes, are crucial for rapid advancement of these approaches. Modalities based on optics are rapid, sensitive, and accessible methods for in vivo analyses with relatively low instrumentation costs. In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is one of these optically based imaging methods that enable rapid in vivo analyses of a variety of cellular and molecular events with extreme sensitivity. BLI is based on the use of light-emitting enzymes as internal biological light sources that can be detected externally as biological indicators. BLI has been used to test spatio-temporal expression patterns of both target and therapeutic genes in living laboratory animals where the contextual influences of whole biological systems are preserved. BLI has also been used to analyze gene delivery, immune cell therapies, and the in vivo efficacy of inhibitory RNAs. New tools for BLI are being developed that will offer greater flexibility in detection and analyses. BLI can be used to accelerate the evaluation of experimental therapeutic strategies and whole body imaging offers the opportunity of revealing the effects of novel approaches on key steps in disease processes.
Clinical course of sarcoidosis in dependence on HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies, inflammatory markers, and the presence of M. tuberculosis DNA fragments.

BACKGROUND AND AIM For sarcoidosis it is generally hypothesized that inherited factors and environmental antigens may contribute to pathogenesis. Since M. tuberculosis DNA was found in a significant percentage of sarcoidosis patients, we analyzed the relationship between HLA-DRB1 alleles, inflammatory markers and the presence of M. tuberculosis DNA in sarcoidosis and its influence on clinical course. METHODS From 144 patients with sarcoidosis lung tissue, BAL and/or blood were investigated by means of PCR assays to detect an 123 bp multicopy element of M. tuberculosis DNA and HLA-DRB1 alleles, respectively. ACE was measured spectrophotometrically, sIL-2R by ELISA. Clinical data describing the disease course were available from 63 patients. RESULTS The percentage of M. tuberculosis positive sarcoidosis patients was significantly increased in the chronic patients group compared to acute disease. The percentage of HLA-DRB 1*03 positive patients was significantly higher in acute sarcoidosis, whereas in chronic disease the HLA-DRB1*11 positive patients were clearly over-represented. In addition, we found a highly significant correlation of HLA-DRB1*11 or -DRB1*15 alleles and/or the presence of M. tuberculosis DNA to a chronic disease course, whereas HLA-DRB1*03 or -DRB1*04 alleles combined with the absence of M. tuberculosis DNA were associated with an acute sarcoidosis (p = 0.009). ACE and sIL2-R serum levels were significantly higher in M. tuberculosis positive sarcoidosis independent of the HLA-DRB1 specificity, but did not differ between acute and chronic disease course alone. CONCLUSIONS The association between certain HLA-DR antigens, the presence of M. tuberculosis DNA and disease course indicates that specific antigens of M. tuberculosis may play a pathogenetic role in chronic sarcoidosis.
Strategies for DNA interstrand crosslink repair: Insights from worms, flies, frogs, and slime molds

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are complex lesions that covalently link both strands of the DNA double helix and impede essential cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription. Recent studies suggest that multiple repair pathways are involved in their removal. Elegant genetic analysis has demonstrated that at least three distinct sets of pathways cooperate in the repair and/or bypass of ICLs in budding yeast. Although the mechanisms of ICL repair in mammals appear similar to those in yeast, important differences have been documented. In addition, mammalian crosslink repair requires other repair factors, such as the Fanconi anemia proteins, whose functions are poorly understood. Because many of these proteins are conserved in simpler metazoans, nonmammalian models have become attractive systems for studying the function(s) of key crosslink repair factors. This review discusses the contributions that various model organisms have made to the field of ICL repair. Specifically, it highlights how studies performed with C. elegans, Drosophila, Xenopus, and the social amoeba Dictyostelium serve to complement those from bacteria, yeast, and mammals. Together, these investigations have revealed that although the underlying themes of ICL repair are largely conserved, the complement of DNA repair proteins utilized and the ways in which each of the proteins is used can vary substantially between different organisms. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In Vivo Killing of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Toluidine Blue-Mediated Photosensitization in an Animal Model

ABSTRACT Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major causative organisms of periodontitis and has been shown to be susceptible to toluidine blue-mediated photosensitization in vitro. The aims of the present study were to determine whether this technique could be used to kill the organism in the oral cavities of rats and whether this would result in a reduction in the alveolar bone loss characteristic of periodontitis. The maxillary molars of rats were inoculated with P. gingivalis and exposed to up to 48 J of 630-nm laser light in the presence of toluidine blue. The number of surviving bacteria was then determined, and the periodontal structures were examined for evidence of any damage. When toluidine blue was used together with laser light there was a significant reduction in the number of viable P. gingivalis organisms. No viable bacteria could be detected when 1 mg of toluidine blue per ml was used in conjunction with all light doses used. On histological examination, no adverse effect of photosensitization on the adjacent tissues was observed. In a further group of animals, after time was allowed for the disease to develop in controls, the rats were killed and the level of maxillary molar alveolar bone was assessed. The bone loss in the animals treated with light and toluidine blue was found to be significantly less than that in the control groups. The results of this study show that toluidine blue-mediated lethal photosensitization of P. gingivalis is possible in vivo and that this results in decreased bone loss. These findings suggest that photodynamic therapy may be useful as an alternative approach for the antimicrobial treatment of periodontitis.
Advocating in schools for children with disabilities: what's new with IDEA?

All social workers who work with children and families, regardless of their practice setting, should be aware of the important educational rights to which children with disabilities and their families are entitled. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (P.L. 101-476), one of the most sweeping laws protecting children with disabilities, was substantially amended in 1997, and its regulatory provisions became legally effective in October 1999. This article provides information about the requirements of the law and the impact of those changes on children's educational rights. The changes discussed and their practice implications include expansion of categories of children with disabilities; new requirements for mobile, homeless, or culturally diverse populations and participants in the individualized education program process; payment for private school placements for children with disabilities; discipline of children with disabilities; and provision of social work services in the schools.
Cancer cells metabolically "fertilize" the tumor microenvironment with hydrogen peroxide, driving the Warburg effect

Previously, we proposed that cancer cells behave as metabolic parasites, as they use targeted oxidative stress as a “weapon” to extract recycled nutrients from adjacent stromal cells. Oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts triggers autophagy and mitophagy, resulting in compartmentalized cellular catabolism, loss of mitochondrial function, and the onset of aerobic glycolysis, in the tumor stroma. As such, cancer-associated fibroblasts produce high-energy nutrients (such as lactate and ketones) that fuel mitochondrial biogenesis, and oxidative metabolism in cancer cells. We have termed this new energy-transfer mechanism the “reverse Warburg effect. ” To further test the validity of this hypothesis, here we used an in vitro MCF7-fibroblast co-culture system, and quantitatively measured a variety of metabolic parameters by FACS analysis (analogous to laser-capture micro-dissection). Mitochondrial activity, glucose uptake, and ROS production were measured with highly-sensitive fluorescent probes (MitoTracker, NBD-2-deoxy-glucose, and DCF-DA). Interestingly, using this approach, we directly show that cancer cells initially secrete hydrogen peroxide that then triggers oxidative stress in neighboring fibroblasts. Thus, oxidative stress is contagious (spreads like a virus) and is propagated laterally and vectorially from cancer cells to adjacent fibroblasts. Experimentally, we show that oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts quantitatively reduces mitochondrial activity, and increases glucose uptake, as the fibroblasts become more dependent on aerobic glycolysis. Conversely, co-cultured cancer cells show significant increases in mitochondrial activity, and corresponding reductions in both glucose uptake and GLUT1 expression. Pre-treatment of co-cultures with extracellular catalase (an anti-oxidant enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide) blocks the onset of oxidative stress, and potently induces the death of cancer cells, likely via starvation. Given that cancer-associated fibroblasts show the largest increases in glucose uptake, we suggest that PET imaging of human tumors, with Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-2-DG), may be specifically detecting the tumor stroma, rather than epithelial cancer cells.
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Is Efficiently Targeted to Rafts in Supported Lipid Bilayers*

Evidence is growing that biological membranes contain lipid microdomains or “rafts” that may be involved in processes such as cellular signaling and protein trafficking. In this study, we have used atomic force microscopy to examine the behavior of rafts in supported lipid bilayers. We show that bilayers composed of equimolar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin spontaneously form rafts, which are detectable as raised features. A comparison of the extents of protrusion of the rafts in monolayers and bilayers indicates that the rafts in the two leaflets of the bilayer coincide. The rafts were observed both in the absence and presence of cholesterol (33 mol %). Cholesterol reduced raft protrusion presumably by increasing the thickness of the non-raft bilayer. PLAP (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein placental alkaline phosphatase) was purified and shown to exist as a dimer. Following its incorporation into supported lipid bilayers, PLAP was found to be targeted efficiently to rafts, both in the absence and presence of cholesterol. We suggest that atomic force microscopy provides a powerful tool for the study of raft structure and properties.