Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of vulnerability of Indian agriculture to rainfall variability – Use of NOAA-AVHRR (8 km) and MODIS (250 m) time-series NDVI data products

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (8 km) Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (16-day, 250m) NDVI data products were considered to analyze vulnerability of Indian agriculture to rainfall variability under climate change impact studies. Predicted higher temperature and altered rainfall patterns accompanied by extreme weather events would impact vegetation growth in natural forest, open scrub, agricultural land and plantations. NDVI derived from 2-band information (Red and Near-infra Red) of multi-spectral imagery of AVHRR (1982 to 2006) and from MODIS (20002010) were analysed to understand spatial and temporal variability. Coefficient of Variation (CV) of maximum NDVI from 15-day composites for the total length of the study period was used to assess vulnerability of rain-fed agriculture and results were corroborated with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) rather than actual rainfall received during the study period. AVHRR time-series data helped to identify vulnerable areas at regional-scale, i.e., agro-ecological subregions (AESR) due to coarser ground resolution while MODIS data products with 250m pixel resolution helped identify vulnerability at the district level. It was estimated that over 241 Mha areas in the country may not be vulnerable to rainfall variability-induced climate change, whereas over 81.3 Mha in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions in the country may be vulnerable to extreme weather events. Study indicated that over 12.1 and 1.81 Mha of Kharif cropland would be mildly and severely vulnerable, whereas 6.86 and 0.5 Mha of Rabi cropland may be adversely affected in a similar manner. Of the remaining agricultural lands, 29.93 and 5.24 Mha would also be vulnerable to climate change in a similar manner. Studies also indicated a decrease in length of Kharif and Rabi seasons and a delay in the start of Kharif season based on preliminary findings.
A hydrodynamic ocean tide model improved by assimilating a satellite altimeter-derived data set

An upgraded version of the tidal solutions (FES94.1) is presented, obtained by assimilating an altimeter-derived data set in the finite element hydrodynamic model, following the representer approach. The assimilated data are drawn from the CSR2.0 Texas solutions sampled on a 5° × 5° grid. The assimilation is applied over the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. The standard release of the new FES95.2 solutions is a 0.5° × 0.5° gridded version of the full finite element solutions. The associated tidal prediction model includes 26 constituents. The eight major constituents are drawn directly from the hydrodynamic model: K1, O1, Q1, M2, S2, N2, K2, and 2N2, corrected by assimilation except K2 and 2N2. The other 18 constituents are derived by admittance. Among them are μ2, ν2, L2, T2, M1, P1, J1, and OO1. The quality of these solutions is evaluated by reference to a standard sea truth data set of 95 stations. This quality is significantly improved after the assimilation process is applied: the root-sum-square (RSS) of the differences between solutions and observations, for the eight major constituents, is reduced from 3.8 cm for FES94.1 to 2.8 cm for FES95.2, i.e., a gain of 1 cm. The performances of the prediction model are evaluated by comparing tidal predictions with observations at 59 sites distributed over the world ocean and by looking at the level of variance of the sea surface variability observed by the T/P altimeter at its cross-over track points after tidal correction. These evaluations lead to the same conclusion: this new prediction model performs much better than the one based on FES94.1, because of correction of the major constituents by T/P data assimilation and because of the increase in the number of constituents from 13 to 26. The tidal predictions are at the level of accuracy of those produced by the best recent T/P empirical models.
The origin of orthopyroxene/biotite + plagioclase coronas from the Bolangir anorthosite complex (India), and implications for reconstructing P-T paths

Abstract Mineralogical-textural analysis of a multi-layered plagioclase (Pl) + orthopyroxene/biotite (Opx/Bt) vermicular microstructure around garnet from the Bolangir anorthosite massif is presented. X-ray images demonstrate the garnet was zoned prior to decomposition, with Mg decreasing toward its rim, and Mn, Ca, and XFe [= Fe/(Fe + Mg)] increasing. On decomposition, the Ca zonations in garnet were truncated by the consuming garnet margin. By implication, the retreat velocity of the garnet margin was faster than the diffusive velocity for Ca within the garnet. By contrast, the pre-decomposition Fe, Mn, and Mg variations in garnet were considerably modified adjacent to Opx + Pl, but were unaffected adjacent to Bt + Pl intergrowths. In the corona, XFeOpx and XFeBt decrease toward garnet, whereas the An content in associated Pl increases from An50 to An80-83. Thermo-barometry involving nearest neighbor Opx, Grt, Pl, and Qtz indicate that the corona formed at 6.0 ± 1.0 kbar, 750 ± 50 °C. At the isothermal-isobaric condition of decomposition, the compositional variation across the Bt + Pl corona is explained best by the inward retreat of the garnet margin at a velocity faster than the fastest diffusing element (Fe, Mn). In zones where garnet decomposed to Opx + Pl, the velocity of the consuming garnet margin was such that the intra-garnet Fe, Mn redistribution was aborted in transit. The compositions and volume proportions of vermicular orthopyroxene and plagioclase in the multi-layered corona are best approximated by the NCFMAS reaction Grtss + Pl1 (± Qtz) → Opx + Pl2. The early formed/matrix plagioclase (Pl1) and inward-retreating garnet (Grtss) margin provided the necessary components for successive Opx + Pl2 layers to grow at Grt-Pl1 interfaces. Tie-line topology in ACFN space indicates Pl2 to be An-rich relative to Pl1. The mineralogical relations indicate the CFMAS reaction, Grtss + Qtz → Opx + An, to be an inadequate analogue of the actual decomposition. Consequently, to assume that the texture indicates near-isothermal decompression across the low-dP/dT CFMAS reaction is possibly an oversimplification.
Diagnosing long‐term trends of the water mass properties in the East Sea (Sea of Japan)

Steady changes of temperature and oxygen concentration since the 1950s have been observed in the East Sea. In addition to temperature and oxygen, this study extends the analysis to salinity observations. Salinity has increased between 300 and 1000 m and decreased below 1500 m with a trend of about 0.06 and −0.02 psu/century, respectively. A simple diagnostic inverse model indicates that the changes in the intermediate depth (300–1000 m) were primarily due to a change in salinity at the surface outcrop, and those in the deep and bottom water were due to not only a warming of the surface source water but also a circulation change in the deep and bottom water, with similar magnitudes of contributions from the two factors. Both the observations and model consistently suggest that the water mass structures have changed during the last few decades.
A high‐resolution, multi‐model analysis of Irish temperatures for the mid‐21st century

There is a paucity of dynamically downscaled climate model output at a high resolution over Ireland, of temperature projections for the mid‐21st century. This study aims to address this shortcoming. A preliminary investigation of global climate model (GCM) data and high‐resolution regional climate model (RCM) data shows that the latter exhibits greater variability over Ireland by reducing the dominance of the surrounding seas on the climate signal. This motivates the subsequent dynamical downscaling and analysis of the temperature output from three high‐resolution (4–7 km grid size) RCMs over Ireland. The three RCMs, driven by four GCMs from CMIP3 and CMIP5, were run under different Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) and representative concentration pathway (RCP) future scenarios. Projections of mean and extreme temperature changes are considered for the mid‐century (2041–2060) and assessed relative to the control period of 1981–2000.
Numerical prediction of marine fog using the coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)

Abstract : The U.S. Navy's requirement for a computer prediction system for marine fog and stratus dates back to the 1970s when meteorological models were being introduced to the fleet. The Naval Research Laboratory's Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) is a leap forward in the Navy's numerical modeling ability but it still does not show great skill in fog forecasting. COAMPS has been 'tuned', or adjusted for certain constants and parameterizations, so that it has the minimum error for the maximum area. This tuning is a common practice for all numerical models. The objective of this thesis is to determine if changes can be made to the existing COAMPS code based on reasonable physical experiments for a specific location to help solve the numerical fog forecasting problem. The effectiveness of these experiments was first measured by comparing a modeled cloud edge to satellite imagery of Monterey, California taken during a week in August 2000 under a variety of foggy conditions. Comparisons were also made with observations taken from an aircraft, land stations and a vertical profiler. The experiments, specifically those regarding changes to the autoconversion and turbulent kinetic energy schemes, showed that while a perfect solution has not been found, it is possible to modify the model physics codes and optimize its performance in a specific region.
Influence of depositional sand quality and diagenesis on porosity and permeability; examples from Brent Group reservoirs, northern North Sea

ABSTRACT Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to examine correlations between reservoir quality and petrology in two data sets from the Middle Jurassic Brent Group. One of the data sets is from relatively shallow depth and has been little affected by chemical diagenesis (Statfjord Nord and Ost Fields; 2.3-2.6 km below the sea floor), while the second data set is from a more deeply buried reservoir having an advanced degree of diagenesis (Huldra Field; 3.6-3.9 km). Much of the total variation in porosity and permeability within each data set (0.02 mD to > 7 D in both sets) can be accounted for by laboratory measurements of parameters mainly related to depositional sand quality, including "shaliness" (represented by bulk-rock alumina/silica ratio), early carbonate cement, feldspar co tent, and grain size. Despite major differences in the proportions of different sedimentary facies in the two data sets, they have similar ranges of depositional sand quality and therefore probably had similar reservoir quality early in their burial history. Deeper burial diagenesis at Huldra Field has shifted the average of both porosity and permeability to lower values and produced a bimodal permeability distribution, apparently reflecting preferential preservation of permeability in the cleaner sandstones. On the basis of these examples, we outline an approach for unmixing the diagenetic and lithologic components of variation in regional compilations of sandstone porosity-permeability data. The procedure and its consequences are illustrated using a regional compilation of core data fr m the Brent Group of the northern North Sea.
Dynamic Hydraulic Jumps InOscillating Containers

When the liquid in a tank undergoes sudden movement, as in the case of a fuel tank in an aircraft or in a marine vessel, it may be subjected to as many as 6 degrees of freedom. Three of these are in rotation; yaw, pitch and roll, and three in translation; sway, surge, and heave. Work is currently being conducted on simulating the effects of the liquid motion under roll conditions in a rectangular tank of dimensions 1.9 x 0.94 x 1.2 m located on a 6 degree of freedom simulator capable of mimicking the movements typical of an aircrafts performance. At present, water is being used to investigate the fluid motion when subjected to oscillating roll frequency of 0.35 Hz and oscillation amplitudes of 2.42, 3.50, and 4.71 for different liquid depths. It has been found that under such motions, typical of those obtained within the flight envelope of military, private and commercial aircraft, a dynamic hydraulic jump can occur. This jump is out of phase with the roll motion and is produced as the fluid abruptly changes direction within the tank. As the tank reaches its lowest rotational position in the roll manoeuvre the fluid level at this point of the tank increases rapidly against the end wall causing splashing, resulting in bubble formation and a fine spray. This change in direction increases the fluid depth and this has to move against the residual oncoming fluid that is at a much lower depth, resulting in a very dynamic, moving, wave that breaks and forms into a hydraulic jump comprised of air and liquid mixing. This preliminary investigation into the characterization of this phenomenon using water shows that the spatial characteristics of the hydraulic jump and the dynamic range of the resultant spray are affected by the amplitude of the tank oscillation.
ASI-Sistema Rischio Vulcanico SRV: a pilot project to develop EO data processing modules and products for volcanic activity monitoring based on Italian Civil Protection Department requirements and needs

The Project called Sistema Rischio Vulcanico (SRV) is funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) in the frame of the National Space Plan 2003-2005 under the Earth Observations section for natural risks management. The SRV Project is coordinated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) which is responsible at national level for the volcanic monitoring. The objective of the project is to develop a pre-operative system based on EO data and ground measurements integration to support the volcanic risk monitoring of the Italian Civil Protection Department which requirements and need are well integrated in the GMES Emergency Core Services program. The project philosophy is to implement, by incremental versions, specific modules which allow to process, store and visualize through Web GIS tools EO derived parameters considering three activity phases: 1) knowledge and prevention; 2) crisis; 3) post crisis. In order to combine effectively the EO data and the ground networks measurements the system will implement a multi-parametric analysis tool, which represents and unique tool to analyze contemporaneously a large data set of data in "near real time". The SRV project will be tested his operational capabilities on three Italian Volcanoes: Etna,Vesuvio and Campi Flegrei.
Typhoon cloud system segmentation with multichannel images using vector-valued Chan-Vese model

Cloud segmentation is an important step and a very difficult problem in typhoon image processing. There are many works on cloud image segmentation, but few are carried out on typhoon primary cloud system (galaxy) segmentation. Typhoon satellite images are always multiple channels whose properties are very different, so that the appearances of these channels are different as well. In order to segment out primary cloud systems accurately, multiple channel images are employed in this paper. The image data is from MERSI (short for MEdium Resolution Spectral Imager) of Chinese FY- 3A meteorological satellite launched on March, 2008. The scalar multiphase Chan-Vese (CV) model is extended for the vector-valued images, so as to partition out typhoon cloud systems. The experiment results show that the multi-channel segmentation is more accurate, more complete and more effective than that of usually using only one image, with multiple channel images being treated as a vector one input into the CV model. The multi-channel segmentation integrates the distribution information of cloud systems in all channels, so information fusion of multiple channels are realized when segmenting.
Antimicrobial Ointments and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300

We tested 259 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 2 USA300 ATCC type strains for susceptibility to bacitracin and neomycin contained in over-the-counter antibacterial ointments. Resistance to both bacitracin and neomycin was found only in USA300. The use of over-the counter antimicrobial drugs may select for the USA300 clone.
Lower overall survival in male patients with advanced disease undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with CYP1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism

Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is an extrahepatic key enzyme involved in estrogen metabolism, steroid synthesis, and pro-carcinogen activation. In a single-center retrospective study, 382 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation and their donors were genotyped for CYP1B1 C432G polymorphism by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and sixty-nine patients (44%) were homozygous wild-type (wt) gene CC, 157 (41%) heterozygous CG and 56 (15%) homozygous gene mutated GG. Of interest, mutated CYP1B1 was more common in male (62%) than in female patients (48%) P=0.006, unlike in donors. Five-year estimate for overall survival (OS) was 58±4% (CC) versus 48±3% (CG and GG), P=0.048. Surprisingly, this difference was only evident in males (P=0.024): OS 58±6% versus 42±4%, whereas it was virtually absent in females. Importantly, this difference was only evident in male patients with advanced disease (AD) (n=118, P=0.002): OS 44±8% (CC) versus 32±6% (CG) versus 6±6% (GG), whereas it was virtually absent in male patients with early disease. One-year non-relapse mortality in male patients with AD was 8±4% (CC) versus 21±5% (CG) versus 50±12% (GG), P=0.002. Three-year relapse rate in male patients with AD was 31±7% (wt) versus 42±6% (mut), P=0.04. Multivariate analysis for OS in male patients with AD revealed CYP1B1 polymorphism as the only prognostic factor: RR 1.78, P=0.001. In conclusion, these results suggest that male patients with AD and mutant CYP1B1 polymorphism have lower OS after allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation due to a higher non-relapse mortality and a higher relapse rate.
Remote sensing of the distribution and quality of subtropical C3 and C4 grasses.

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Remote sensing of plant functional types . 2 1.2 Role of remote sensing in vegetation-climate studie s. 2 1.3 Hyperspectral remote sensing . 4 1.4 Multivariate regression and classification techniqu es . 5 1.5 Aim and objectives . 6 1.6 Study area. 7 1.7 Outline. 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 11 Abstract . 12 2.
The influence of bottom vegetation on remote sensing bathymetry: A case study using Landsat Thematic Mapper data in the Zanzibar Channel

By using echo-sounding data and considerable local knowledge of the environment the possibility to use data from Landsat TM for bathymetric mapping is analysed in the vicinity of Zanzibar. Different TM band combinations and basic image processing techniques are evaluated against the known water depths. The limitations of remote sensing techniques for bathymetric mapping are discussed, with emphasis on the problem of differences in reflective properties of the sea bottom. A recommendation for an optimal empirical method is given.
Brain Stroke Prediction Using Machine Learning

Brain Stroke is considered as the second most common cause of death. We use a set of electronic health records (EHRs) of the patients (43,400 patients) to train our stacked machine learning model to train, test and predict with an accuracy whether the input data points towards a stroke or not. This will help the patient as well as the medical professionals to examine and streamline their work making the process efficient. This study helped us get a result score which was promising enough to continue the research on an extensive level with a professional approach taken here in this paper.
Assessing the regional disparities in geoengineering impacts

Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Geoengineering may ameliorate many consequences of global warming but also has the potential to drive regional climates outside the envelope of greenhouse‐gas induced warming, creating ‘novel’ conditions, and could affect precipitation in some regions disproportionably. Here, using a fully coupled climate model we explore some new methodologies for assessing regional disparities in geoengineering impacts. Taking a 4 × CO2 climate and an idealized ‘sunshade’ SRM strategy, we consider different fractions of the maximum theoretical, 4 × CO2‐cancelling global mean cooling. Whilst regional predictions in particularly relatively low resolution global climate models must be treated with caution, our simulations indicate that it might be possible to identify a level of SRM geoengineering capable of meeting multiple targets, such as maintaining a stable mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet and cooling global climate, but without reducing global precipitation below pre‐industrial or exposing significant fractions of the Earth to ‘novel’ climate conditions.
LASSO Regression with Multiple Imputations for the Selection of Key Variables Affecting the Fatty Acid Profile of Nannochloropsis oculata

The marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata has garnered significant interest as a potential source of lipids, both for biofuel and nutrition, containing significant amounts of C16:0, C16:1, and C20:5, n-3 (EPA) fatty acids (FA). Growth parameters such as temperature, pH, light intensity, and nutrient availability play a crucial role in the fatty acid profile of microalgae, with N. oculata being no exception. This study aims to identify key variables for the FA profile of N. oculata grown autotrophically. To that end, the most relevant literature data were gathered and combined with our previous work as well as with novel experimental data, with 121 observations in total. The examined variables were the percentages of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, and C20:5, n-3 in total FAs, their respective ratios to C16:0, and the respective content of biomass in those fatty acids in terms of ash free dry weight. Many potential predictor variables were collected, while dummy variables were introduced to account for bias in the measured variables originating from different authors as well as for other parameters. The method of multiple imputations was chosen to handle missing data, with limits based on the literature and model-based estimation, such as using the software PHREEQC and residual modelling for the estimation of pH. To eliminate unimportant predictor variables, LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) regression analysis with a novel definition of optimal lambda was employed. LASSO regression identified the most relevant predictors while minimizing the risk of overfitting the model. Subsequently, stepwise linear regression with interaction terms was used to further study the effects of the selected predictors. After two rounds of regression, sparse refined models were acquired, and their coefficients were evaluated based on significance. Our analysis confirms well-known effects, such as that of temperature, and it uncovers novel unreported effects of aeration, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. Of special interest is the negative effect of aeration on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which is possibly related to the enzymatic kinetics of fatty acid desaturation under increased oxygen concentration. These findings contribute to the optimization of the fatty acid profile of N. oculata for different purposes, such as production of, high in PUFAs, food or feed, or production of, high in saturated and monounsaturated FA methyl esters (FAME), biofuels.