Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Nitpicker&#146;s guide to a minimal-complexity secure GUI

Malware such as Trojan horses and spyware remain to be persistent security threats that exploit the overly complex graphical user interfaces of today's commodity operating systems. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Nitpicker - an extremely minimized secure graphical user interface that addresses these problems while retaining compatibility to legacy operating systems. We describe our approach of kernelizing the window server and present the deployed security mechanisms and protocols. Our implementation comprises only 1,500 lines of code while supporting commodity software such as X11 applications alongside protected graphical security applications. We discuss key techniques such as client-side window handling, a new floating-labels mechanism, drag-and-drop, and denial-of-service-preventing resource management. Furthermore, we present an application scenario to evaluate the feasibility, performance, and usability of our approach
An obesogenic postnatal environment is more important than the fetal environment for the development of adult adiposity: a study of female twins.

BACKGROUND A relation between birth weight and adult body composition has been reported in singleton populations, especially when more accurate measures of body composition, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used. It remains uncertain whether this is mediated by a direct effect of fetal nutrition, through factors in the shared environment, or through genetic factors. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the relation between birth weight and body composition with the use of a co-twin design. DESIGN DXA measurements and birth weights were available for 2228 dizygotic and 842 monozygotic female twins aged between 18 and 80 y. Multivariate regression models were used to identify both individual specific relations and those mediated through the shared environment. RESULTS Significant relations were found between birth weight and DXA measures for individuals. A 1-kg increase in birth weight was associated with a 1.72-kg increase in lean mass, a 0.25-kg increase in fat mass, and a 0.05-unit increase in the lean:fat mass ratio. Within twin pairs, the analysis showed that associations between birth weight and absolute levels of lean and fat mass were mediated through individual-specific effects, whereas the relation between birth weight and the proportion of lean to fat mass was mediated purely through factors common to twin pairs. CONCLUSIONS A higher birth weight is associated with a higher proportion of lean to fat mass as adults. However, these analyses suggest that this association is not determined by individual specific factors in utero (eg, fetal nutrition) but through factors in the shared common environment of the twins.
The Characteristics of WWW Traffic and the Relevance to ATM

This document describes a study of the characteristics of recorded WWWtraffic. Several parameters of the traffic are investigated, The results are used to investigate a scenario where ATM is used as the underlying transport mechanism. Problems with the deployment of ATM in the approach taken are considered and suggestions for improvements are made. The high variability of the traffic implies that a fixed allocation of bandwidth between the mean and peak rate is an infeasible way to achieve a reasonable utilization of the system, since this results in tremendous buffering demands. This calls for a different view on the way to study the system under consideration. Different properties of the traffic must be taken care of by different methods. Variations over longer time-scales are dealt with by means of capacity allocation and fluctuations with shorter duration are buffered. This realistic way of looking at the system might also put different tasks, such as traffic modelling, in a new light. For instance, does a model that is to be used for buffer dimensioning have to capture traffic behavior on time-scales that are longer than reasonably can be buffered anyway?
Influence of Microneedle Structure on Improving Skin Penetration

Because of the advantages of painless and minimally invasion, it has attracted more attention. The microneedle piercing the skin's stratum corneum to deliver drugs into the skin is considered as the optimal choice. The research and development on penetration skin are reviewed. The influence factors of piecing skin are discussed including Needle insertion phases, Piecing force during insertion and microneedle geometry. The interaction between microneedles and skin is affected by many parameters including needle geometry, tissue characteristics and insertional methods. The microneedle geometry is considered as one of the main factor of affecting whether the skin can be penetrated effectively or not.
Capitalizing Implementation Cycles

Building on Shleifer (1986), capital is introduced to a world with temporary monopolies and no uncertainty, where agents share the same expectations about future and have perfect foresight. It is subsequently shown that, although firms acquire patents at an exogenous, perfectly smooth rate, they may coordinate and implement these simultaneously if their expectations are accordingly formed, due to the presence of strategic complementarities. Then the economy can still grow in cycles, although investment is fully reversible and a storable commodity present, and, despite agents being able to perfectly borrow against their future earnings. This permits the study of the evolution of aggregate economic magnitudes along the balanced growth path under temporary monopolies. Most notably, capital-specific investment is shown to be countercyclical.
Tibial articular cartilage and meniscus geometries combine to influence female risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury

Tibial plateau subchondral bone geometry has been associated with the risk of sustaining a non‐contact ACL injury; however, little is known regarding the influence of the meniscus and articular cartilage interface geometry on risk. We hypothesized that geometries of the tibial plateau articular cartilage surface and meniscus were individually associated with the risk of non‐contact ACL injury. In addition, we hypothesized that the associations were independent of the underlying subchondral bone geometry. MRI scans were acquired on 88 subjects that suffered non‐contact ACL injuries (27 males, 61 females) and 88 matched control subjects that were selected from the injured subject's teammates and were thus matched on sex, sport, level of play, and exposure to risk of injury. Multivariate analysis of the female data revealed that increased posterior‐inferior directed slope of the middle articular cartilage region and decreased height of the posterior horn of the meniscus in the lateral compartment were associated with increased risk of sustaining a first time, non‐contact ACL injury, independent of each other and of the slope of the tibial plateau subchondral bone. No measures were independently related to risk of non‐contact ACL injury among males. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1487–1494, 2014.
Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity: Target or By-Product of Selection in a Variable Environment?

Predictable changes in the values of ecologically important phenotypic characters that are induced by environmental cues (phenotypic plasticity) can provide a selective advantage in a variable environment. Classic examples of phenotypic plasticity include morphological differences between aerial and aquatic leaves in plants (Bradshaw 1965) and induction of antipredatory morphologies in invertebrates (Gilbert 1966; Harvell 1984, 1990; Dodson 1989). Basic descriptions of the phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity are not controversial, and there is general agreement that adaptive plasticity can evolve under natural selection (Schlichting 1986; Stearns 1989). However, there is disagreement about how to best measure phenotypic plasticity (Via 1987), and it has been even more difficult to reach a consensus on the mechanisms by which adaptive phenotypic plasticity might evolve (Schlichting and Levin 1984, 1986; Via and Lande 1985, 1987; Schlichting 1986, 1989; Via 1987; Scheiner and Lyman 1989, 1991; Stearns 1989). A major area of controversy that has emerged in recent studies of the evolution of phenotypic plasticity centers around the assertion that phenotypic plasticity is a character that is independent of trait means and the attendant implication that plasticity itself is the target of selection. This viewpoint has led to the twin suggestions that phenotypic plasticity evolves independently of character means and that "genes for plasticity" exist that are separate from genes that affect he mean values of quantitative characters (Schlichting and Levin 1984, 1986; Schlichting 1986; Jinks and Pooni 1988; Scheiner and Lyman 1989, 1991). This view may have its origins in Bradshaw's (1965) classic review, in which he presented a very detailed compilation of the known cases of phenotypic plasticity in plants. One of Bradshaw's major points is that plasticity isnot a property of the genome as a whole but "is a property specific to individual characters in relation to specific environmental influences" (p. 122). His review also revealed that many closely related species differ considerably in their degree of phenotypic sensitivity to the environment. From this observation, Bradshaw (1965, p. 119) concluded that "such differences are difficult toexplain unless it is assumed that the plasticity of a character is an independent property of that character and is under its own specific genetic control. " Given the absence of detailed models describing the evolutionary genetics of quantitative traits at the time, Bradshaw's interpretation fthe mechanisms of species differences in plasticity was reasonable. However, current models illustrate how phenotypic plasticity can evolve due to selection toward different phe-
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytomorphology of Mucinous Nonneoplastic Cyst of the Pancreas

Objectives Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytomorphology of mucinous nonneoplastic cyst (MNNC) of the pancreas has not been described. Methods Nineteen of 24 patients with surgically diagnosed MNNCs had presurgery endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-FNA biopsy. The FNA cytomorphology was retrospectively evaluated. Cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen and amylase concentrations were measured. Results Endoscopic US–FNA diagnoses ranged from unsatisfactory to suspicious for adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic US–FNA cytologic findings showed cuboidal or columnar cells arranged in flat "honeycomb" sheets/nests (100.0%), papillary architecture (10.5%), acini formation (10.5%), 3-dimensional cluster (5.3%), abundant single cell pattern (5.3%), goblet cells (17.4%), and delicate or vacuolated (60.9%) cytoplasm variable in amount. Nuclei were round or oval and small to slightly enlarged with 1 or 2 inconspicuous nucleoli, fine granular chromatin, and smooth nuclear contour (irregular in 1 case). Nuclear grooves (43.5%) and nuclear pseudoinclusions (26.1%) were identified. Most cases showed thin mucin and thick mucin in 4 cases. Stroma was seen in 4 cases (17.4%). Degenerated cells/necrotic material and macrophages were also seen. Carcinoembryonic antigen ranged from 75.2 to 5,488 ng/ml and amylase from 19 to 28,478 U/L. Conclusions Recognition of FNA cytomorphology of MNNC and valuable of carcinoembryonic antigen and amylase levels in cyst fluid is critical in clinical evaluation of pancreatic cysts.
Subdomain testing of units and systems with state

This paper extends basic software-testing theory to software components and adds explicit state to the theory. The resulting theory is simple enough to abstractly model the construction of systems from their parts ('units'). It provides an unconventional insight into the relationship between testing units and testing systems. Experiments exploring the theory support the following conclusions: Units should be independent, more like what are called "components" than subroutines or object-oriented classes. Units' persistent state should be local. Units should be extensively tested.A new kind of system testing is proposed: Unit-test results are combined to approximate the system behavior. Testing the approximation is cheaper and easier than testing the actual system and more likely to expose system problems.
Effect of Functionalized Graphene with Modified Clay on Flammability of Copper Clad Laminated Novolac Cured Epoxy Composites

ABSTRACT In this work, we prepared epoxy composites and a copper clad laminates (CCLs) by an introduction of modified clay with graphene to a novolac cured epoxy resin to improve the thermo-mechanical and flame retardant properties. Further, the typical important properties of synthesized CCLs were investigated. The incorporation of surface modified organographene (OG) and organomodified clay with suitable concentration can noticeably increase the storage modulus, crystallinity, the heat distortion temperature, and flame retardant of the CCLs. Moreover, these results suggest the potential of the epoxy composites for the printed circuit such as high speed IC boards. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
TDB 1.1: Extensions on Turkish Discourse Bank

This paper presents the recent developments on Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB). First, the resource is summarized and an evaluation is presented. Then, TDB 1.1, i.e. enrichments on 10% of the corpus are described (namely, senses for explicit discourse connectives, and new annotations for three discourse relation types - implicit relations, entity relations and alternative lexicalizations). The method of annotation is explained and the data are evaluated.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Aqueous Solutions

Anew spectrophotometeric method for determination of ascorbic acid(A.A) in aqueous solutions depending on its ability to reduce the colors of permanganate at (530nm) and dichromate at (350 nm). The optimum conditions such as best concentration of reactant and order of addition were studied to get the highest sensitivity (e=2355.70 and 3094.75) L.mol -1 . cm -1 with wide range of calibration curves (1-16) and (2-90) ppm good repeatability (RSD% 0.73 and 1.49), the recovery %(100.20 and 99.42), Erel% (-0.20 and 0.58) for gave, Pharmaceutically prepared tablets were measured with the new technique using Standard Addition Method given a very good recovery % (101.25 and 98.75) with a small Erel% (-1.25 and 1.25).
Exacerbation frequency and course of COPD

Background Exacerbations affect morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We sought to evaluate the association between exacerbation frequency and spirometric and health status changes over time using data from a large, long-term trial. Methods This retrospective analysis of data from the 4-year UPLIFT® (Understanding Potential Long-term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium) trial compared tiotropium with placebo. Annualized rates of decline and estimated mean differences at each time point were analyzed using a mixed-effects model according to subgroups based on exacerbation frequency (events per patient-year: 0, >0–1, >1–2, and >2). Spirometry and the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were performed at baseline and every 6 months (also at one month for spirometry). Results In total, 5992 patients (mean age 65 years, 75% male) were randomized. Higher exacerbation frequency was associated with lower baseline postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (1.40, 1.36, 1.26, and 1.14 L) and worsening SGRQ scores (43.7, 44.1, 47.8, and 52.4 units). Corresponding rates of decline in postbronchodilator FEV1 (mL/year) were 40, 41, 43, and 48 (control), and 34, 38, 48, and 49 (tiotropium). Values for postbronchodilator forced vital capacity decline (mL/year) were 45, 56, 74, and 83 (control), and 43, 57, 83, and 95 (tiotropium). The rates of worsening in total SGRQ score (units/year) were 0.72, 1.16, 1.44, and 1.99 (control), and 0.38, 1.29, 1.68, and 2.86 (tiotropium). The proportion of patients who died (intention-to-treat analysis until four years [1440 days]) for the entire cohort increased with increasing frequency of hospitalized exacerbations. Conclusion Increasing frequency of exacerbations worsens the rate of decline in lung function and health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Increasing rates of hospitalized exacerbations are associated with increasing risk of death.
Measuring the mechanical properties of living neonatal mouse skin tissue by atomic force microscopy

We measured the mechanical properties of living neonatal mouse skin tissue using atomic force microscopy. Moreover, to discriminate between the contribution of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), we treated the tissue with the bacterial collagenase to degrade the ECM and measure the mechanical properties of the exposed cells. After collagenase treatment, we could observe a softening of the tissue samples: typical elastic moduli for the intact tissue were around 10 kPa, whereas, after ECM degradation, we measured elastic moduli of about 400 Pa. Thus, while studying mechanical properties of tissues we found that the ECM plays a major role in determining the stiffness of tissues: cells are much softer than the surrounding material, emphasizing the importance of cell’s environment in tissue mechanics.
Performance Analysis of OFDM Systems with Selected Mapping in the Presence of Nonlinearity

In the presence of nonlinearity, we analyze the impact of the selected mapping (SLM) technique on bit-error-rate (BER) performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in an additive white Gaussian noise channel. The peak-to-average-ratio (PAR) reduction gain of SLM can be increased by improving the PAR statistics at the cost of complexity in the OFDM transmitter, thereby helping to decrease the required power amplifier (PA) output backoff (OBO). However, since the PAR statistics focus only on the statistical distribution of the highest peak in an OFDM symbol, the statistics cannot be used to quantify BER performance degradation in the presence of nonlinearity such as that caused by a PA or digital-to-analog converter (DAC). We first derive a closed-form expression for the envelope power distribution in an OFDM system with SLM. Then, using this derived envelope power distribution, we investigate the BER performance and the total degradation (TD) of OFDM systems with SLM under the existence of nonlinearity. We discuss peak backoff (PBO) and the clipping ratio, which determine the operating point of the PA and dynamic range of the DAC, respectively. Lastly, we consider the total degradation (TD), which indicates the tradeoff between the OBO and the E_b/N_o penalty due to nonlinearity, and numerically compute the PBO and clipping ratio that minimize the TD. The TD-minimizing PBO and clipping ratio are given as functions of the number of candidate signals in SLM.
The mammalian microRNA response to bacterial infections

MicroRNAs are small RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate eukaryotic gene expression. In addition to their involvement in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including viral infections, microRNAs are increasingly implicated in the eukaryotic response to bacterial pathogens. Recent studies have characterized changes in host microRNA expression following infection with exclusively extracellular (Helicobacter pylori) or intracellular (Salmonella enterica) Gram-negative bacteria, as well as in the response to Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes) and other pathogens (Mycobacterium and Francisella species). In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of microRNAs in mammalian host signaling and defense against bacterial pathogens.
Effect of Music Therapy on Patients’ Anxiety and Hemodynamic Parameters During Coronary Angioplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: A cardiac catheterization laboratory can be a frightening environment and music can be a supportive source of environmental sound that stimulates and maintains relaxation. However, the results of studies are conflicting in this regard. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of music therapy on patients’ anxiety and hemodynamic parameters during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Patients and Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial, conducted in the Catheterization Laboratory Unit of Baqiyatallah Hospital, in Tehran, Iran. A sample of 64 patients, who were planned to undergo coronary angioplasty, was recruited. Patients were randomly allocated to either the control or the experimental groups. In the experimental group, patients received a 20 to 40-minute music therapy intervention, consisting of light instrumental music albums by Johann Sebastian Bach and Mariko Makino. Patients in the control group received the routine care of the study setting, which consisted of no music therapy intervention. Study data were collected by a demographic questionnaire, the Spielberger’s State Anxiety Inventory, and a data sheet for documenting hemodynamic parameters. Chi-square, independent-samples t tests, paired-samples t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: Before the intervention, the study groups did not differ significantly in terms of anxiety level and hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, the differences between the two groups, regarding hemodynamic parameters, were not significant after the intervention (P > 0.05). However, the level of post-intervention anxiety in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (32.06 ± 8.57 and 38.97 ± 12.77, respectively; P = 0.014). Compared with the baseline readings, the level of anxiety in the control group did not change significantly after the study (41.91 ± 9.88 vs. 38.97 ± 12.77; P = 0.101); however, in the experimental group, the level of post-intervention anxiety was significantly lower than the pretest readings (32.06 ± 8.57 vs. 41.16 ± 10.6; P = 0.001). Conclusions: Music therapy is a safe, simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive nursing intervention, which can significantly alleviate patients’ anxiety during coronary angioplasty.
Onset rivalry: the initial dominance phase is independent of ongoing perceptual alternations

Binocular rivalry has been used to study a wide range of visual processes, from the integration of low-level features to the selection of signals that reach awareness. However, many of these studies do not distinguish between early and late phases of rivalry. There is clear evidence that the “onset” stage of rivalry is characterized by stable, yet idiosyncratic biases that are not evident in the average dominance of sustained rivalry viewing. Low-level stimulus features also have robust effects in the onset phase that are not seen in sustained rivalry, suggesting these phases may be driven at least partly by different neural mechanisms. The effects of high-level cognitive and affective factors at onset are less clear but also show differences from their effects in sustained viewing. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of any rivalry experiments using brief presentation paradigms and for understanding how the brain copes with binocular discrepancies in natural viewing conditions in which our eyes constantly move around an ever-changing environment. This review will summarize current research and explore the factors influencing this “onset” stage.