Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near-field ultraviolet photoluminescence spectroscopy for evaluating the crystallinity of polycrystalline zinc oxide

By extending the optical near-field technique to the ultraviolet region, a two-dimensional evaluation of the optical properties and crystallinity of polycrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) was carried out at room temperature. Using an ultraviolet fiber probe with an aperture diameter of 80 nm, we obtained spatially resolved photoluminescence spectra from individual ZnO nanocrystallites; the emission intensity depended on the topography and on crystal orientation.
Projective surfaces with K-very ample line bundles of degree ≤ 4K + 4

A line bundle, L, on a smooth, connected projective surface, S, is defined [7] to be k-very ample for a non-negative integer, k, if given any 0-dimensional sub-scheme with length , it follows that the restriction map is onto. L is 1-very ample (respectively 0-very ample) if and only if L is very ample (respectively spanned at all points by global sections). For a smooth surface, S, embedded in projective space by | L | where L is very ample, L being k-very ample is equivalent to there being no k-secant P k−1 to S containing ≥ k + 1 points of S.
Truly random number generation: an example

Randomness is crucial for a variety of applications, ranging from gambling to computer simulations, and from cryptography to statistics. However, many of the currently used methods for generating randomness do not meet the criteria that are necessary for these applications to work properly and safely. A common problem is that a sequence of numbers may look random but nevertheless not be truly random. In fact, the sequence may pass all standard statistical tests and yet be perfectly predictable. This renders it useless for many applications. For example, in cryptography, the predictability of a randomly" chosen password is obviously undesirable. Here, we review a recently developed approach to generating true | and hence unpredictable | randomness.
Study of the Parallax Correction Algorithm Based on the Multiple Regulatory Factors

Binocular recognition extracts bitmap information based on different viewpoints of two horizontal lines. If it is not appropriate enough to deal with the left and right images, the computation of two images' horizontal parallaxes and vertical parallax will bring on the error. This article proposes one kind of effective algorithm that adjusts the image to be right based on traditional displacement correction algorithm, and completes the image remodeling through the two pairs of matching feature points and detection of the correlation distances. Experimental results show that the method can adjust the horizontal and vertical parallax effectively, so that the displaying effect of the stereoscopic image achieves best.
An in vitro study of the microstructure, composition and nanoindentation mechanical properties of remineralizing human dental enamel

This paper describes the results of an in vitro investigation on the interrelations among microstructure, composition and mechanical properties of remineralizing human dental enamel. Polished enamel samples have been demineralized for 10 min in an acetic acid solution (at pH 3) followed by remineralization in human saliva for 30 and 120 min. Microstructure variations of sound, demineralized and remineralized enamel samples have been analysed using focused ion beam, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while their compositions have been analysed using energy dispersive x-ray. Variations in the mechanical properties of enamel samples have been assessed using nanoindentation. The results reveal that, under the selected conditions, only partial remineralization of the softened enamel surface layer occurs where some pores remain unrepaired. As a result, while the nanoindentation elastic modulus shows an improvement following remineralization, hardness does not.
Laser speckle spectral correlation and surface roughness

The topic of this paper is theoretical consideration on utilization of light scattering for measurement of surface roughness. We use correlation of laser speckle fields generated by light of two different wavelengths, which illuminates investigated randomly rough surface. We present the solution of the problem within the framework of the scalar Kirchhoff theory of wave scattering from random rough surfaces. We use the Fresnel approximation in description of the scattered wave. Our solution is a contribution to the Kirchhoff theory of electromagnetic wave scattering from random roughly rough surfaces.
Electrical resistivity and galvanomagnetic properties of evaporated nickel films

Electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistivity, Hall coefficient, and Hall mobility of nickel films were measured simultaneously in situ at temperatures ranging from 30 to 150 °C. Ordinary (R0) and extraordinary (R1) parts of Hall constant were determined from the plot of Hall electric field per unit current density per thickness versus magnetic field for various thicknesses. An oscillatory behavior in the R1‐vs‐thickness plot was observed.
On modifications of Newton's second law and linear continuum elastodynamics

In this paper, we suggest a new perspective, where Newton's second law of motion is replaced by a more general law which is a better approximation for describing the motion of seemingly rigid macroscopic bodies. We confirm a finding of Willis that the density of a body at a given frequency of oscillation can be anisotropic. The relation between the force and the acceleration is non-local (but causal) in time. Conversely, for every response function satisfying these properties, and having the appropriate high-frequency limit, there is a model which realizes that response function. In many circumstances, the differences between Newton's second law and the new law are small, but there are circumstances, such as in specially designed composite materials, where the difference is enormous. For bodies which are not seemingly rigid, the continuum equations of elastodynamics govern behaviour and also need to be modified. The modified versions of these equations presented here are a generalization of the equations proposed by Willis to describe elastodynamics in composite materials. It is argued that these new sets of equations may apply to all physical materials, not just composites. The Willis equations govern the behaviour of the average displacement field whereas one set of new equations governs the behaviour of the average-weighted displacement field, where the weighted displacement field may attach zero weight to ‘hidden’ areas in the material where the displacement may be unobservable or not defined. From knowledge of the average-weighted displacement field, one obtains an approximate formula for the ensemble averaged energy density. Two other sets of new equations govern the behaviour when the microstructure has microinertia, i.e. where there are internal spinning masses below the chosen scale of continuum modelling. In the first set, the average displacement field is assumed to be observable, while in the second set an average-weighted displacement field is assumed to be observable.
Martingale Representation and Admissible Portfolio Process with Regime Switching

We discuss the existence of an admissible investment strategy for any given consumption rate process in a Markov, regime-switching Black–Scholes–Merton economy. A martingale representation for a double martingale generated by the Brownian motion and the Markov chain is used to establish the existence of the admissible investment strategy. We also employ the martingale representation to prove the attainability of a European contingent claim in the regime-switching environment under a pricing kernel specified by the Esscher transform based on the Laplace cumulant process.
Cam A: a new dwarf low-surface-brightness galaxy on the Local Group outskirts?

We present a deep I-band image of the nearby dwarf irregular galaxy Cam A obtained with the Nordic Optical Telescope with 0.6-arcsec seeing (FWHM). The distance to Cam A, DMW=1.9 Mpc, is estimated from the tip of the red giant branch seen at I=22.8±0.2 mag. The youngest stellar population of the galaxy seems to be of age about 100 Myr. Relying on its barycentric distance, DLG=1.6 Mpc, Cam A may be considered as a new probable peripheral member of the Local Group, or a member of the small group situated between the IC 342/Maffei group and the Local Group.
Classification with reject option

The authors study binary classification that allows for a reject option in which case no decision is made. This reject option is to be used for those observations for which the conditional class probabilities are close and as such are hard to classify. The authors generalize existing theory for both plug‐in rules and empirical risk minimizers to this setting.
Impact of the GaN nanowire polarity on energy harvesting

We investigate the piezoelectric generation properties of GaN nanowires (NWs) by atomic force microscopy equipped with a Resiscope module for electrical measurements. By correlating the topography profile of the NWs with the recorded voltage peaks generated by these nanostructures in response to their deformation, we demonstrate the influence of their polarity on the rectifying behavior of the Schottky diode formed between the NWs and the electrode of measurement. These results establish that the piezo-generation mechanism crucially depends on the structural characteristics of the NWs.
Pre-low-mass X-ray binaries containing a black hole: investigating a detection mechanism

This work investigates the feasibility of detecting close, detached, black hole-red dwarf binaries, which are expected to be evolutionary precursors of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). Although this pre-low-mass X-ray binary (pre-LMXB) phase of evolution is predicted theoretically, as yet no such systems have been identified observationally. The calculations presented here suggest that the X-ray luminosity of black hole wind accretion in a pre-LMXB system could exceed the intrinsic X-ray luminosity of the red dwarf secondary star, thereby providing a detection mechanism. However, there is significant uncertainty regarding the efficiency of the conversion of gravitational potential energy to X-ray luminosity resulting from accretion onto a black hole, for example energy may be lost via advection across the event horizon. Still, sources with X-ray luminosities greater than that expected for a red dwarf star, but whose positions coincide with that of a red dwarf would represent candidate pre-LMXB systems. These candidates should be surveyed for the radial velocity shifts that would occur as a result of the orbital motion of a red dwarf star within a close binary system containing a black hole.
Numerical Investigation of Shock Wave Interference Heating in Chemical Nonequilibrium

A Navier‐Stokes solver is extended by a nonequlibrium gas model to investigate heat transfer rates in hypersonic flow. The nonequlibrium model is shortly discussed and results for a type IV interaction on a cylinder are presented and compared to experimental measurements. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymptotic Theory for the Frailty Model

The frailty model is a generalization of Cox's proportional hazards model which includes a random effect. Nielsen, Gill, Andersen and Sorensen (1992) proposed an EM algorithm to estimate the cumulative baseline hazard and the variance of the random effect. Here the asymptotic distribution of the estimators is given along with a consistent estimator of the asymptotic variance.
Towards certified program logics for the verification of imperative programs

Modern proof assistants are mature tools with which several important mathematical problems were proved correct, and which are also being used as a support for the development of program logics libraries that can be used to certify software developments. Using the Coq proof assistant we have formalised a library for regular languages, which contains a sound and complete procedure for deciding the equivalence of regular expressions. We also formalised a library for the language theoretical model of Kleene algebra with tests, the algebraic system that considers regular expressions extended with Boolean tests and that is particularly suited to the verification of imperative programs. Also using the Coq proof assistant, we have developed a library for reasoning about sharedvariable parallel programs in the context of Rely-Guarantee reasoning. This library includes a sound proof system, and can be used to prove the partial correctness of simple parallel programs. The goal of the work presented in this dissertation is to contribute to the set of available libraries that help performing program verification tasks relying in the trusted base provided by the safety of the Coq proof system.
A robust algorithm for computing fluid flows on highly non‐smooth staggered grids

A new method for computing the fluid flow in complex geometries using highly non‐smooth and non‐orthogonal staggered grid is presented. In a context of the SIMPLE algorithm, pressure and physical tangential velocity components are used as dependent variables in momentum equations. To reduce the sensitivity of the curvature terms in response to coordinate line orientation change, these terms are exclusively computed using Cartesian velocity components in momentum equations. The method is then used to solve some fairly complicated 2‐D and 3‐D flow field using highly non‐smooth grids. The accuracy of results on rough grids (with sharp grid line orientation change and non‐uniformity) was found to be high and the agreement with previous experimental and numerical results was quite good. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time Optimal Seek Control For A Coupled Dual Stage Disk Drive Actuator

A unified expression and three typical kinds of seeking trajectories of the time optimal control of a dual stage disk drive actuator with passive coupling between the two stages are presented. Necessary conditions for finding the optimal control for the problem with state-variable constraints are applied to derive the solution. Numerical calculations and computer simulations were performed to get the trajectories. The experimental trajectories of 1/3 full stroke for a disk drive are also presented. A DSP (Digital Signal Processor) based control system is used to implement the optimal control. The time optimal seek control features cooperative control of the two stages of the actuators, and seek time can decrease as compared with one-stage seeking when the fine actuator locked onto the coarse actuator.
The coupling of neural activity to muscle activity enables the transformation of motor

27 Understanding how motor plans are transformed into appropriate patterns of muscle 28 activity is a central question in motor control. While muscle activity during the delay period 29 has not been reported using conventional EMG approaches, we isolated motor unit activity 30 using a high-density surface EMG signal from the anterior deltoid muscle to test whether 31 heterogeneity in motor units could reveal early preparatory activity. Consistent with our 32 previous work (Rungta et al., 2021), we observed early selective recruitment of small33 amplitude size motor units during the delay period for hand movements like early recruitment 34 of small-amplitude motor units in neck muscles of non-human primates performing delayed 35 saccade tasks. This early activity was spatially specific and increased with time and 36 resembled an accumulation to threshold model that correlated with movement onset time. 37 Such early recruitment of ramping motor units was also observed at the single trial level as 38 well. In contrast, no such recruitment of large amplitude size motor units, called non-rampers, 39 was observed during the delay period. Instead, non-rampers became spatially specific and 40 predicted movement onset time after the delay period. Interestingly, spatially specific delay 41 period activity was only observed for hand movements but was absent for isometric force42 driven cursor movements. Nonetheless, muscle activity was correlated with the time it took to 43 initiate movements in both task conditions for non-rampers. Overall, our results reveal a 44 novel heterogeneity in the EMG activity which allows the expression of early motor 45 preparation via small amplitude size motor units which are differentially activated during 46 initiation of movements. 47 48 49 Significance statement 50 We studied the spatial and temporal aspects of response preparation in the anterior 51 deltoid muscle using high-density surface EMG. Our results show that early spatially specific 52 ramping activity that predicted reaction times could be accessed from muscle activity but was 53 absent during isometric force-driven cursor movements. Such ramping activity could be 54 quantified using an accumulator framework across trials, as well as within single trials but 55 was not observed in isometric reach tasks involving cursor movements. 56
Validating a facile approach to measuring fracture toughness by instrumented indentation without imaging crack-lengths

Probing the fracture toughness of brittle materials by measuring the crack-length generated from indentation experiments is often practiced in many areas of materials research. However, when the cracks are too small to be measured accurately, an energy-based approach has recently been proposed by several researchers. In this letter, this approach is presented and compared with the well-known crack-length method on six different materials. We found that the energy-based method and crack-length method yield significantly different results for all materials but converge if the energy method is modified with a correction factor.
Hepatocyte growth factor administration increases bone soluble phosphate and alters bone chemical structure in diabetic hypertensive rats

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a novel potential therapy for improving bone health in patients with type II diabetes and hypertension, but its effect on the bone molecular structure is not revealed yet. Here, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to explore the effects elicited by HGF on the bone chemical structure. This study assessed local calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) coordination of diabetic hypertensive rat bones, each with and without HGF treatment. Results revealed that HGF has significant effects on Ca and P coordination chemistry as confirmed by presence of more soluble phosphates in the HGT-treated groups. Data indicated that treated bones have a poorly developed phosphate structure as evidenced by drastic drop in post-edge shoulder in P L2, 3-edge compared to diabetic hypertensive and diabetic control bone. Presence of soluble Ca and P, products of bone resorption, with HGF treatment suggests unbalanced bone resorption and formation.
The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search for Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs. I. Description of Methods and Initial Results

We report here initial results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey, an ongoing new search for Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) and Centaurs using the 8K × 8K Mosaic CCD array on the 4 m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Within the interval covered in this paper, useful observations were obtained during seven nights in 1998 October and November, 1999 April, and 2000 February. We used a novel technique to efficiently find and determine positions of moving objects. Sixty-nine KBOs and Centaurs with apparent magnitudes between 20.6 and approximately the 24th magnitude were discovered. Nine or 10 of the newly discovered KBOs appear to be in the 3 : 2 mean motion resonance with Neptune, and four appear to be scattered-disk objects. Three objects were found that may be in the 4 : 3 resonance. Sixty-two of the objects reported here have been observed on at least one additional night and have received designations. Our own follow-up astrometry was done primarily with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope in queue-scheduled mode and with the Steward Observatory 90 inch (2.3 m) telescope. Others, using a variety of telescopes, recovered a significant number of our objects. Although not a primary objective of the survey, positions of all main-belt asteroids, Trojan asteroids, and nearby fast-moving asteroids seen in our data also have been determined, and most have been reported to the Minor Planet Center. Through simulations and analysis of the existing KBO database, we have investigated the uncertainty to be expected in various KBO orbital parameters as a function of the extent of the astrometric coverage. The results indicate that the heliocentric distance of an object and the inclination of its orbit can be narrowly constrained with observations from a single apparition. Accurate determination of semimajor axis and eccentricity, on the other hand, requires astrometric data extending over additional apparitions. Based on the observed distribution of orbital inclinations in our sample, we have estimated the true distribution of orbital inclinations in the Kuiper belt and find it to be similar to that of the short-period comets. This result is consistent with the commonly held belief that the Kuiper belt is the source region of the short-period comets.
The SNS Liquids Reflectometer

The SNS Liquids Reflectometer [1], installed as one of the first instruments at the Spallation Neutron Source, has now been functional for more than a year. This instrument is designed to view liquid and solid surfaces in specular, off specular, and near-surface small angle scattering geometries. The guide system supplies 2 Å < λ < 16.5 Å neutrons at vertical incident angles ranging from 0° < αi < 5.5° for free liquid surfaces and up to 45° for solid surfaces. Three bandwidth choppers, synchronized with the spallation source and operating at 15–60 Hz, provide neutrons in bandwidths ranging from 3.5–14 Å at a fixed incident angle onto a sample. The sample stage enables all of the motions necessary for positioning liquid and solid surfaces, while the detector arm directs a position-sensitive detector to view the sample at specular or off specular angles up to 90° and can scan out of the specular plane by up to 30°.
Community Noise Reduction of Supersonic Business Jet

The “low noise” aircraft-propulsion system control is defined in such a way as to achieve community noise reduction during takeoff and initial climb of supersonic business jet (SSBJ). The conducted low noise aircraft-propulsion system control contains special low noise propulsion system control to obtain a minimum of cumulative noise level and low noise aircraft control to obtain low noise initial flight path. The low noise control must take into account all airworthiness standards restrictions and provide the market demand requirements to SSBJ. The efficiency comparison of conventional aircraft-engine control, which is used for subsonic passenger jet and the low noise aircraft-propulsion system control is understood from the perspective of minimum noise in the community. The integrated aircraft-propulsion system control is applied to the SSBJ project with 6–10 passengers. Research has shown the technical feasibility of satisfaction of new stringent market demands on a community noise level of SSBJ.