Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The nature of the senses

My thesis provides an account of the nature of the senses. Many philosophers have supposed that the fact that we have different senses makes the integration of the senses problematic. In this thesis I argue that introspection reveals our perceptual experience to be amodal or unitary (that is, we cannot distinguish distinct experiences associated with each of our senses) and hence that the real problem is not how the senses are integrated with one another, but how and why we distinguish five senses in the first place. What we need is an account of what our judgements are about when we judge that we are, say, seeing something or some property. I argue that such an account cannot take any of the forms commonly supposed. Philosophers often assume that an account must appeal to differences between kinds of experience, but I argue that such differences are not sufficient to explain the way that we distinguish five senses. Nor can we explain the distinction by appealing to the different kinds of mechanism involved in perceiving, since recent cognitive psychological models of the mechanisms of perception show them to be functionally diverse in a way that undermines any correspondence between them and the five senses, and our common-sense grasp of the different mechanisms involved in perception presupposes a prior understanding of the distinction between different senses. I provide and account of the distinction that we make between the five senses, according to which the senses are not substantially distinct. Although our judgements about the senses are true, they are not judgements about kinds of thing; rather, we distinguish different ways of perceiving in terms of different, conventionally determined, kinds of perceptual interaction we can have with our environment.Philosophy of Mind
Leadership Styles and its Impact on Organizational Commitment

The present study attempts to investigate the most preferred leadership behaviors among the transformational and transactional leadership styles and its impact on Employees' organizational commitment in BHEL. For this study 158 sample respondents had been drawn out from among the Senior Engineers and the Trainee Engineers group. Statistical tools like One-Way ANOVA, Correlation analysis and Regression analysis were used to find out whether there was any significant difference in the leadership styles based on the position and pay and to find out the degree of association between preferred leadership styles and organizational commitment. The results of the study concluded that while the positional identity of the respondent had some significant impact on leadership style perception and organizational commitment, salary did not seem to make a difference from among the sample respondents.
ANXIETY DISORDERS IN DEMENTIA SUFFERERS

One hundred and fifty‐eight consecutive patients attending a university memory clinic were assessed using a variety of standardized instruments. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM‐III‐R criteria. One hundred and nine patients had DSM‐III‐R dementia, of whom 22% had subjective anxiety, 11% experienced autonomic anxiety, 38% experienced tension, 13% experienced situational anxiety and 1.8% had panic attacks. Thirty‐two (29.4%) had one or more anxiety symptoms. None of the cognitive or demographic variables were significantly associated with the presence of anxiety symptoms. Three main categories of anxiety symptoms were evident—anxiety related to depression, anxiety related to psychosis and anxiety related to interpersonal situations.
Symposium on ‘Nutrition and health in children and adolescents’ Session 4: Obesity prevention in children and adolescents The effect of physical activity on body fatness in children and adolescents

With the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, there is an urgent need to identify risk factors that are amenable to preventative action. However, there is a remarkable lack of consistency between studies that have investigated the relationships between measurements of physical activity and energy expenditure and body fatness in children. This disparity could be because energy intake is a more important determinant in preventing obesity. Alternatively, some of the conflicting results could be related to methodological limitations in assessing activity and body composition. Erroneous conclusions may be drawn if physical activity energy expenditure is not adjusted for differences in body composition, or body fat is not appropriately adjusted for body size. For public health purposes it may be more informative to evaluate the amount and intensity of physical activity required to prevent fat-mass gain than to assess energy expended in physical activity. The lack of consensus in the cut-off points applied to define intensity levels is severely hindering comparisons between studies using accelerometers that have examined relationships between activity intensity and body fatness. Thus, it is not currently possible to develop a firm evidence base on which to establish physical activity recommendations until the limitations are addressed and more prospective studies undertaken. In order to turn research into effective prevention strategies a clearer understanding of the psycho-social, behavioural and environmental factors that influence activity is needed, including the interactions between physical activity and other behaviours such as time spent sedentary, sleeping and eating.
Comparing time and frequency domain estimation of neonatal respiratory rate using pressure-sensitive mats

Pressure-sensitive mats (PSM) have proved to be useful in the estimation of respiratory rates (RR) in adult patients. However, PSM technology has not been extensively applied to derive physiologic parameters in infant and neonatal patients. This research evaluates the applicability of the capacitive XSensor PSM technology to estimate a range of RR in neonatal patient simulator trials conducted under several experimental conditions. PSM data are analyzed in both the time and frequency domain and comparative results are presented. For the frequency-domain approach, in addition to estimating RR, a measure of confidence is also derived from the relative height of peaks in the periodogram. The study demonstrates that frequency domain analysis of mean-shifted PSM data achieves the best possible RR estimation, with zero percent error, as compared to the lowest achievable RMS error of 1.57 percent in the time domain. The frequency domain approach outperforms the time domain analysis whether examining raw data or those preprocessed by normalizing, detrending and median filtering.
Metal-induced neurodegeneration in C. elegans

The model species, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been used as a tool to probe for mechanisms underlying numerous neurodegenerative diseases. This use has been exploited to study neurodegeneration induced by metals. The allure of the nematode comes from the ease of genetic manipulation, the ability to fluorescently label neuronal subtypes, and the relative simplicity of the nervous system. Notably, C. elegans have approximately 60–80% of human genes and contain genes involved in metal homeostasis and transport, allowing for the study of metal-induced degeneration in the nematode. This review discusses methods to assess degeneration as well as outlines techniques for genetic manipulation and presents a comprehensive survey of the existing literature on metal-induced degeneration studies in the worm.
Knowledge of the Self-Control Benefits of High-Level Versus Low-Level Construal

Research indicates that inducing high-level construal (processing that highlights invariant, essential features) relative to low-level construal (processing that highlights idiosyncratic, peripheral features) promotes self-control (Fujita & Carnevale, 2012). In the present work, we investigate to what extent people recognize the self-control benefits of high-level construal, and explore the consequences of this knowledge. Studies 1 and 2 provide initial evidence that individuals are aware that high-level relative to low-level construal promotes self-control in the dieting domain. Studies 3 and 4 find that individual differences in this knowledge predict self-control success outcomes (i.e., body mass index) among those who are motivated by dieting goals. Examining academics as a domain of self-control, Study 5 demonstrates that those with higher knowledge of construal level’s impact on self-control earned higher end-of-semester grades to the extent that they were motivated to do well academically. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Distance Field Compression

This paper compares various techniques for compressing floating point distance fields. Both lossless and lossy techniques are compared against a new lossless technique. The new Vector Transform technique creates a predictor based upon a Vector Distance Transform and its suitability for distance field data sets is reported. The new technique produces a lossless encoding at a third of the file size of entropy encoders, and equivalent to lossy wavelet transforms, where around 75% of the coefficients have been set to zero. The algorithm predicts each voxel value linearly based upon two previous voxels chosen from one of 13 directions which have been previously computed. Those that cannot be predicted are explicitly stored.
Electrocardiographic response to enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease

Purpose: Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities are universal in infantile Pompe disease or glycogen storage disease type II, a fatal genetic muscle disorder caused by deficiency of acid α-glucosidase (GAA). Hallmarks of this disease include a shortened PR interval, an increased QT dispersion (QTd), and large left ventricular (LV) voltages. We evaluated the effect of recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) on these ECG parameters in patients with infantile-onset Pompe disease.Methods: A total of 134 ECGs were evaluated from 19 patients (5 females and 14 males) with a median age of 5.5 months at the time of enrollment in open-label clinical trials exploring the safety and efficacy of ERT at a single center from 1999 to 2004. rhGAA was purified from genetically engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells overproducing GAA and infused intravenously at doses ranging from 10 mg/kg per week to 20 to 40 mg/kg every 2 weeks in patients with infantile-onset Pompe disease. The PR interval, QTd (longest to shortest QT), and LV voltage (SV1+RV6) were blindly determined by two independent observers.Results: The median follow-up period was 6 months (range 2–30 months). The PR interval lengthened from 83 (42–110) ms to 107 (95–130) ms (P < .001), and the QTd decreased from 83 (40–125) ms to 53 (20–80) ms (P = .003). There were significant decreases in LV voltage (67 [17–83] mV vs. 48 [18–77] mV, P = .03), which correlated with decrease in LV mass on two-dimensional echocardiogram. There was no evident change in the QTc interval (429 [390–480] ms vs. 413 [370–450] ms, P = not significant). Conclusion: rhGAA ERT for infantile Pompe disease results in an increase in PR interval and a decrease in both the QTd and the LV voltage. These results suggest that these ECG parameters may be useful markers of the severity of cardiac disease and the response to ERT treatment in patients with infantile Pompe disease.
Can litheners retun e native categories acro th a t hon eme boundary ?

Lexically guided perceptual retuning studies have demonstrated that listeners use their knowledge of phonemes in words to accommodate to artificially generated sounds that are halfway between two phonemes. However, it is unknown whether listeners accommodate in the same way when words are pronounced with an incorrect native phoneme (e.g., flower pronounced as “thlower”). Monolingual Australian-English listeners completed one of two exposure phases where the /f/ or /s/ in words was pronounced as /θ/ (“th”), followed by a visual lexical decision task with cross-modal priming. If training is effective, identity-priming should be observed when a /θ/-bearing auditory prime (e.g., thoil) precedes a trainingcongruent matched visual target (e.g., foil or soil). Priming was observed for participants in the /f/-training, but not the /s/training condition. A second experiment with intact /f/or /s/primes confirmed stimulus validity by showing an identity priming pattern. We conclude that lexically-guided perceptual retuning may be possible across a category boundary, but the native phonological system and/or acoustic similarity may impose limits on which native phonemes can be substituted effectively.
Les incidences de l'engagement paternel quotidien sur les modalités d'interaction ludique père-enfant et mère-enfant

En situation de jeu libre, au niveau comportemental (interaction parent-enfant et contenu de jeu), les nouveaux peres, qui participent activement aux soins quotidiens de leurs jeunes enfants d'un an se distinguent-ils des peres traditionnels qui n'y participent guere ? Retrouve-t-on entre ces deux groupes de peres les differences generalement observees entre les peres et les meres ? Et qu'en est-il de leurs epouses ? Rien ne discrimine les deux groupes de peres. Par contre, les epouses de nouveaux peres se sont revelees significativement moins directives que les epouses de peres traditionnels. Les incidences de l'engagement paternel quotidien aupres de son jeune enfant doivent donc etre etudiees au niveau du systeme familial total et de chacune des dyades qui le composent.
An Investigation of the Cross-Age Peer Tutoring Process: Some Implications for Instructional Design and Motivation

The Elementary School Journal Volume 82, Number 5 ? 1982 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0013-5984/82/8205-0005$0 1.00 Cross-age peer tutoring, the process by which children teach younger children, has had a relatively long history. In many cultures, older children traditionally have been given the responsibility for helping their younger peers acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to become functioning members of their families, peer groups, schools, etc. Organized cross-age peer tutoring programs were used extensively in working-class English schools during the Industrial Revolution to compensate for a shortage of trained teachers. As the number of professional teachers grew through the years, it became less necessary to use peer tutoring as an instructional resource to augment schools' professional staffs. However, there has recently been a revival of interest in establishing cross-age peer tutoring programs in schools. This interest in using students as instructional resources for each other is not the result of a teacher shortage. Instead, it represents a shift in our views on students' capabilities to play an active role in their education. Students are no longer seen as passive receivers of instruction, but are viewed as active participants in the instructionallearning process. In addition, research evidence on the beneficial effects of peer tutoring has made educators come to recognize more fully the potential in using students' talents to supplement teachers' instructional and motivational efforts. School programs that aim to provide instructional experiences adaptive to individual student differences have paid increasing attention to ways of having students provide additional instructional resources and motivation for their peers.
Multivariable fractional polynomial interaction to investigate continuous effect modifiers in a meta-analysis on higher versus lower PEEP for patients with ARDS

Objectives A recent individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis suggested that patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) benefit from higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation strategies. However, thresholds for continuous variables (eg, hypoxaemia) are often arbitrary and linearity assumptions in regression approaches may not hold; the multivariable fractional polynomial interaction (MFPI) approach can address both problems. The objective of this study was to apply the MFPI approach to investigate interactions between four continuous patient baseline variables and higher versus lower PEEP on clinical outcomes. Setting Pooled data from three randomised trials in intensive care identified by a systematic review. Participants 2299 patients with acute lung injury requiring mechanical ventilation. Interventions Higher (N=1136) versus lower PEEP (N=1163) ventilation strategy. Outcome measures Prespecified outcomes included mortality, time to death and time-to-unassisted breathing. We examined the following continuous baseline characteristics as potential effect modifiers using MFPI: PaO2/FiO2 (arterial partial oxygen pressure/ fraction of inspired oxygen), oxygenation index, respiratory system compliance (tidal volume/(inspiratory plateau pressure−PEEP)) and body mass index (BMI). Results We found that for patients with PaO2/FiO2 below 150 mm Hg, but above 100 mm Hg or an oxygenation index above 12 (moderate ARDS), higher PEEP reduces hospital mortality, but the beneficial effect appears to level off for patients with very severe ARDS. Patients with mild ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 above 200 mm Hg or an oxygenation index below 10) do not seem to benefit from higher PEEP and might even be harmed. For patients with a respiratory system compliance above 40 mL/cm H2O or patients with a BMI above 35 kg/m2, we found a trend towards reduced mortality with higher PEEP, but there is very weak statistical confidence in these findings. Conclusions MFPI analyses suggest a nonlinear effect modification of higher PEEP ventilation by PaO2/FiO2 and oxygenation index with reduced mortality for some patients suffering from moderate ARDS. Study registration number CRD42012003129.
EFFECT OF MODERATE AND HIGH INTENSITY WEIGHT TRAINING ON THE BODY COMPOSITION OF OVERWEIGHT MEN

The optimal weight training intensity to improve body composition in overweight men is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity versus moderate intensity weight training of equal work output on body composition in overweight men (BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m 2 ). Twenty sedentary men (age: 27 ± 0.5 year; Body weight: 84 ± 1.43 kg; BMI: 28.23 ± 1.11 kg/m) were randomized in two equal groups (n = 10): 1) moderate intensity exercise (MI; 5sets*6reps (60% (1RM-1repetition maximum)); and 2) high intensity exercise (HI; 5sets*6reps (85% 1RM)). The weight training program was performed 3d.w . Relative body fat (% BF) was assessed by a skin-fold caliper. Significant differences between and within the groups were analyzed using a two-way split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was accepted at p<0.05. The two-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between HI and MI groups, therefore, the Scheffe Post-Hoc Test showed that there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the relative body fat (BF) (D = 27%), percent of body fat (%BF) (22%), BMI (D = 9.34%), and body weight (BW) (D = 6.51%) in the HI group during the course of the study than in the MI group Also, comparison of means between the pre/post test showed statistically significant decreases in skinfold thickness (HI = 45%, p = 0.001; MI = 25%, p = 0.02), percent of body fat (HI = 41%, p = 0.001; MI = 23%, p = 0.04), BMI (HI = 21.5%, p = 0.001; MI = 13.7%, p = 0.03), and body weight (HI = 21.58%, p = 0.001; MI = 13.82%, p = 0.01) after participation in a 12-week weight training program. It is concluded that 12 weeks of HI weight training may be more effective in improving body composition than MI weight training in overweight young men with physical characteristics similar to the ones found in the present study.
A Non‐Competitive P55 TNF Receptor Antibody Enhances the Specific Activity of Lymphotoxin‐α

In the present study the authors elucidated the involvement of the two TNF receptors (TNFR) in discriminating TNF and lymphotoxin‐α (LT‐α) effects in human SW480‐βGal and KYM‐1 cell lines. A non‐competitive p55 TNFR monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 44E strongly enhanced LT‐α‐mediated gene regulation and cytotoxicity up to the level of the responses caused by TNF. TNF‐induced biological responses were only weakly influenced by 44E. 44E did not affect both binding and the rate of dissociation of the cytokines. The combination of the two p55 TNFR MoAb 44E and Htr5 elicited strong TNF responses, while none of them were agonistic alone. When the p75 TNFR was blocked with Utr1, LT‐α was still less potent than TNF in mediating CMV promoter activation and cytotoxicity. However, the addition of 44E in the presence of Utr1 merged the LT‐α dose‐response curves with those obtained with TNF plus Utr1. Using antagonistic TNFR MoAb, the authors further showed that TNF functions through both TNFR types while LT‐α mediates its effects largely via the p55 TNFR. These data suggest that LT‐α is less potent than TNF due to its lower ability to properly trigger the p55 TNFR and because of its lack of signalling through the p75 TNFR.
Expression of alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) and their relationship to IFN-alpha/beta-induced genes in lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Expression of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha)-, IFN-beta-, and IFN-alpha/beta-induced genes was monitored during the development of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) to assess whether a restricted influence of these antiviral cytokines could be found in the central nervous system (CNS). High levels of IFN-alpha (83 +/- 42 U/ml) were present in the blood of LCM virus-infected mice 3 days postinfection, whereas IFN-beta was not detected (< 1.0 U/ml) at any time point. Spleens contained high levels of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta mRNAs at days 1 and 3 postinfection, whereas no IFN-alpha mRNA and only low levels of IFN-beta mRNA were detected in brains. In situ hybridization showed IFN-alpha mRNA-expressing cells in the marginal zones of the spleen and in the subcapsular sinus and outer cortex of cervical lymph nodes. The expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-OAS) mRNA followed the expression of IFN-beta mRNA in the brain, whereas 2',5'-OAS mRNA in the periphery was associated with systemic IFN-alpha. The localization of IFN-alpha-expressing cells in the spleen and lymph nodes in proximity to T- and B-cell compartments is consistent with a role for these cytokines in immune regulation. Furthermore, the absence of IFN-alpha and the relatively low level and delayed expression of IFN-beta in the brain suggest that the CNS is an especially vulnerable organ for virus replication. With certain strains of LCM virus, the absence of early antiviral IFN-alpha/beta activity and preferential virus growth in the brain might lead to targeted T-cell inflammation of the CNS, resulting in death of the animal.