Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Design of Pulsed Neutron Reservoir Monitoring Programs

The use of pulsed-neutron logs to infer fluid saturations behind casing in both stand-alone and time-lapse modes depends on the reproducibility of the intrinsic cross-section measurement. Experimental and field results from North Sea and North Slope fields show how imprecision and inaccuracy vary with conditions. A general design checklist is presented
Comparison of TRMM rainfall retrievals with rain gauge data from the TAO/TRITON buoy array

Long‐term mean rainfall rates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) are compared with in situ measurements by rain gauges on the NOAA TAO/TRITON buoy array in the tropical Pacific. The buoy rain gauges have an advantage over most of the available ground truth data in that they are not influenced by the local meteorological effects of islands. Instantaneous TRMM retrievals averaged over 1° × 1° longitude‐latitude boxes are matched with 12‐hour‐averaged buoy rain amounts centered on the TRMM overpasses. The TMI has near‐zero bias with respect to the gauges when compared across climatologically different gauge locations (dry to wet). The PR is biased about 30% low relative to the gauges. These results are consistent with other ground truth studies and the known biases between the TMI and PR in the TRMM version 5 algorithms. Because rain gauges are thought to underestimate rainfall during windy conditions, further study of gauge biases would be useful.
Performance of Scores Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Procurement Kidney Biopsies From Deceased Donors With Organs of Lower-Than-Average Quality

Several scores have been devised for providing a prognosis of outcomes after kidney transplantation. This study is a comprehensive test of these scores in a cohort of deceased donors with kidneys of lower-than-average quality and procurement biopsies. In total, 15 scores were tested on a retrospective cohort consisting of 221 donors, 223 procurement biopsies, and 223 recipient records for performance on delayed graft function, graft function, or death-censored graft loss. The best-performing score for DGF was the purely clinical Chapal score (AUC 0.709), followed by the Irish score (AUC 0.684); for graft function, the Nyberg score; and for transplant loss, the Snoeijs score (AUC 0.630) and the Leuven scores (AUCs 0.637 and 0.620). The only score with an acceptable performance was the Chapal score. Its disadvantage is that knowledge of the cold ischemia time is required, which is not known at allocation. None of the other scores performed acceptably. The scores fared better in discarded kidneys than in transplanted kidneys. Our study shows an unmet need for practical prognostic scores useful at the time of a decision about discarding or accepting deceased donor kidneys of lower-than-average quality in the Eurotransplant consortium.
Extended sulfuric acid vapor concentration measurements in the stratosphere

The recent measurements of stratospheric H2SO4 vapor concentrations using passive chemoionisation mass spectrometry are continued. This work extends the altitude range of the measurements from 23.8 to 38.9 km. The results indicate a low concentration below approximately 30 km, followed by a sharp rise to a maximum value of 1 × 107 molecules cm−3 at 35 km. The concentration then decreases slowly with increasing height. The results are compared with previous measurements and theoretical models.
Variability in atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentrations in the southern Pacific Ocean and their comparison with model estimates

[1] We examine ship-based observations of atmospheric O2 and CO2 in the southern Pacific Ocean made during two voyages: in February 2003 and in April 2004. We found, for the Austral late summer to autumn, evidence of a maximum in Atmospheric Potential Oxygen (APO) (an atmospheric tracer that is conservative with respect to terrestrial biological activity, APO ≈ O2 + CO2) centered around 50°S owing to biologically driven O2 outgassing (associated with strong productivity in the Sub-Tropical Convergence Zone) and evidence in the February voyage of a decreasing APO trend from 57°S south toward the Antarctic coast. The observed APO variability appears to be primarily determined by the interplay between atmospheric transport and the spatial distribution of O2 air-sea flux resulting from regional differences in biological production. Comparisons of these observations with APO derived from coupling the TM3 atmospheric transport model with flux estimates from (1) the PISCES-T ocean biogeochemistry model, and (2) O2 and CO2 climatologies, show that both PISCES-T and the climatology reproduce the observed gradient and curvature of APO but underestimate the magnitude of the observed APO maximum in the mid southern latitudes. Although the temporal limitation of our data does not permit us to calculate the annual mean APO gradient, the results support previous model predictions of a decreasing APO trend from the mid to high southern latitudes.
Seasonal and intraseasonal surface chlorophyll-a variability along the northwest African coast

[1] Five years of SeaWiFS ocean color data are used to characterize the variability of surface chlorophyll (SCHL) over seasonal and intraseasonal timescales along the northwest African coast (between 10°N and 33°N). This variability is interpreted in regards of remotely sensed wind stress and sea surface temperature and of climatological surface nitrate concentration. Three regions with fairly different behaviors are identified: the region of the subtropical gyre (24°N–33°N) is characterized by a weak seasonality and chlorophyll confined at the coast. The inter-gyre region off Cape Blanc (19°N–24°N) is characterized by a weak seasonality and a persistent large offshore extension of chlorophyll. The region of the recirculation gyre (10°N–19°N) is characterized by a strong seasonality and a large offshore extension of chlorophyll from February to May followed by an abrupt chlorophyll drop that propagates northward from May to June. The seasonal variability is well explained by the seasonal variability in wind-forcing. Nutrient limitation is the key factor that explains the weak offshore extension of chlorophyll in the North. The chlorophyll drop in the South is attributed to the weakening of the wind-forcing and the simultaneous advection of warm water from the South by a coastal and seasonal branch of the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC). Intraseasonal variability is present in all regions. The cases of good correlation between the intraseasonal variability of the chlorophyll and of the wind-forcing are found to be associated with weak chlorophyll offshore extension and large nutrient limitation.
The Okélobondo natural fission reactor, southeast Gabon: Geology, mineralogy, and retardation of nuclear-reaction products

Nuclear fission reactors occur in the Oklo-Okelobondo uranium deposit in southeast Gabon. The Okelobondo reactor zone (RZOKE, ∼310 m depth) was the last reactor zone to be excavated before mining was terminated in December 1997. RZOKE is situated at the base of a 2.5 m deep and 2.7 m wide reactor synform located between the FA sandstone and hydrothermally altered black shales—argile de pile—of the FB Formation. The reactor synform developed by hydrothermal dissolution of the FA sandstone during criticality at ca. 2 Ga. The core of RZOKE is up to ∼55 cm thick and contains ≤90 vol% uraninite (≤91.24 ± 0.91 wt% UO 2 and ≤7.22 ± 0.53 wt% PbO) embedded in a matrix of Si-rich illite (6.08 to 7.91 Si per formula unit [p.f.u.]). The argile de pile (typically ≤60 cm) consists mainly of donbassitic chlorite (7.84 to 8.07 octahedrally coordinated Al p.f.u.) cut by fine illite veinlets. Fe-rich chlorite (0.708 to 1.427 Fe p.f.u.) is abundant at the edges of the reactor zone. Organic matter in both the reactor zone and near-field surroundings played an important role in the enhancement of porosity and stabilization of U during formation and operation of RZOKE. Fissiogenic Zr, Ce, Nd, and Th (daughter of 240 Pu and 236 U generated by neutron-capture reactions) are well retained in uraninite and (U,Zr)-silicate. The (U,Zr)-silicate formed during local migration of Zr, Sr, U, Pu, and lanthanide fission products during reactor criticality. Fissiogenic Ru, including 99 Ru—a daughter of 99 Tc, was mainly retained as ruthenium arsenide (± Pb, Co, Ni, and S). Although RZOKE generally appears well preserved, partially dissolved galena and uraninite, as well as the presence of accessory anglesite(? ) and lead-uranyl sulfate hydroxide hydrate, suggest that recently observed deep, oxidized groundwaters have begun to interact with RZOKE.
Deciphering sources and processing of dissolved black carbon in coastal seas

Dissolved black carbon (DBC) is the largest known slow‐cycling organic carbon pool in the ocean; yet, its sources and processing in the coastal seas remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a study in the East China Sea and South Yellow Sea to quantify and molecularly characterize DBC using benzene polycarboxylic acids (DBCBPCA) and ultra‐high resolution mass spectrometry (DBCFT), respectively. The concentration of DBCBPCA was 0.70–1.9 μmol C L−1 and exhibited a significant negative correlation with salinity. Significant correlations were also observed between salinity and molecular characters (oxygen‐to‐carbon ratio; double bond equivalent; molecular weight) of DBCFT. These findings collectively suggest that mixing processes primarily control the concentration and composition of DBC. A two‐end‐member mixing model revealed that riverine input and offshore water contributed ~ 22% and 63%, respectively, to the DBCBPCA in the study region. Additionally, atmospheric deposition and potentially other unidentified sources contributed at least ~ 15% DBCBPCA, assuming no removal. Furthermore, ~ 70% of DBCFT in the coastal seawater could be found in the river water, and aerosols, which was in line with the information from DBCBPCA. Our study provides the first comprehensive assessment of both the sources and influential processes of DBC in coastal seas, highlighting the importance of additional sources, such as atmospheric deposition, and emphasizing the need to identify previously unknown sources of DBC.
Study on enhancing dynamic range of CCD imaging based on digital micro-mirror device

DMD used as SLM modulation area array CCD design is proposed in the paper. It can Solve a problem in exposing high-contrast scenes by ordinary CCD camera, with images appearing over-exposure or under exposure, bringing a loss of the details of the photo. The method adoptes a forecast imaging scene, CCD is purposely designed by way of more exposure regions and exposure times. Through modulation function of DMD micro-mirror, CCD is exposed with sub-region and time-sharing, at the same time a purposely designed structure of image data enhances the area CCD dynamic range. Experiments shows: This method not only improves visible quality of an image and clear details in the backlighting or highlight, but also enhances the dynamic range of image data. The high-quality image and high dynamic range data are real-time captured, the "fused" software is no longer required.
Development of a Multifunctional Oral Dosage Form via Integration of Solid Dispersion Technology with a Black Seed Oil-Based Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System

Lansoprazole (LZP) is used to treat acid-related gastrointestinal disorders; however, its low aqueous solubility limits its oral absorption. Black seed oil (BSO) has gastroprotective effects, making it a promising addition to gastric treatment regimens. The present study aims to develop a stable multifunctional formulation integrating solid dispersion (SD) technology with a bioactive self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) based on BSO to synergistically enhance LZP delivery and therapeutic effects. The LZP-loaded SNEDDS was prepared using BSO, Transcutol P, and Kolliphor EL. SDs were produced by microwave irradiation and lyophilization using different polymers. The formulations were characterized by particle apparent hydrodynamic radius analysis, zeta potential, SEM, DSC, PXRD, and in vitro dissolution testing. Their chemical and physical stability under accelerated conditions was also examined. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the dispersed systems were in the nanosize range (<500 nm). DSC and PXRD studies revealed that lyophilization more potently disrupted LZP crystallinity versus microwave heating. The SNEDDS effectively solubilized LZP but degraded completely within 1 day. Lyophilized SDs with Pluronic F-127 demonstrated the highest LZP dissolution efficiency (3.5-fold vs. drug) and maintained chemical stability (>97%) for 1 month. SDs combined with the SNEDDS had variable effects suggesting that the synergistic benefits were dependent on the formulation and preparation method. Lyophilized LZP-Pluronic F127 SD enabled effective and stable LZP delivery alongside the bioactive effects of the BSO-based SNEDDS. This multifunctional system is a promising candidate with the potential for optimized gastrointestinal delivery of LZP and bioactive components.
Variable Leakage Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine PM Temperature Estimation Based on PM Flux Linkage

The performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) is significantly influenced by the temperature of the Permanent Magnets (PMs). Therefore, accurate knowledge of PM temperature is necessary for control and monitoring purposes. As temperature rises, the magnetic flux strength of PMs, and consequently the torque production capability of PMSMs, diminishes. Moreover, there is a risk of irreversible demagnetization of the PMs. In the case of Variable Leakage Flux PMSMs (VLF-PMSMs), the temperature impacts the machine’s variable leakage property, potentially compromising the accuracy of torque control. The current state-of-the-art PM temperature estimation methods are unsuitable for VLF-PMSMs due to their variable leakage PM flux characteristics. This paper addresses the limitations of existing PM temperature estimation methods by incorporating the variable leakage PM flux property of VLF-PMSMs. The proposed method utilizes PM flux linkage derived from the machine’s response to a small-amplitude, low-frequency, quasi-square-wave current signal. This signal is superimposed onto the fundamental excitation, enabling online temperature estimation without altering the machine’s operation.
Nondestructive prediction of physicochemical properties of kimchi sauce with artificial and convolutional neural networks

ABSTRACT This study presents a comparison of prediction performances by an artificial neural network (ANN), well-known deep convolutional neural network (D-CNN) models, and four proposed shallow convolutional neural network (S-CNN) models to forecast three key physicochemical properties (PCPs): salinity, °Brix, and moisture content of kimchi sauce (KS). The S-CNN models effectively minimized underfitting issues found in D-CNN models, predicting PCPs with a low error rate even with small image datasets. Furthermore, the ANN model using color values also allowed for competitive predictions. We used two nondestructive prediction strategies: (i) using color values with ANNs for immediate application in small-scale enterprises and (ii) using photographs as input for S-CNN models, allowing for faster and more accurate quality prediction. These results highlight the potential for image-based quality prediction in food science, possibly enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of real-time quality control. Future enhancements could incorporate additional data sources for improved predictive performance.
A modified method for detecting incipient bifurcations in a dynamical system

We assess the proximity of a system to a bifurcation point using a degenerate fingerprinting method that estimates the declining decay rate of fluctuations in a time series as an indicator of approaching a critical state. The method is modified by employing Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) which improves the estimation of short‐term decay, especially in climate records which generally possess power‐law correlations. When the modified method is applied to GENIE‐1 model output that simulates collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, the bifurcation point is correctly anticipated. In Greenland ice core paleotemperature data, for which the conventional degenerate fingerprinting is not applicable due to the short length of the series, the modified method detects the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions. The technique could in principle be used to anticipate future bifurcations in the climate system, but this will require high‐resolution time series of the relevant data.
Two case studies of winter continental‐type water and mixed‐phase stratocumuli over the sea 1. Microphysical and optical properties

[1] Collocated aircraft observations of microstructure and radiative properties of winter boundary layer clouds over the East China Sea and the Japan Sea have been carried out in January 1999 within the Japanese Cloud and Climate Study (JACCS) program. The first part of the paper describes the in situ measured microphysical and optical properties for two cases of boundary layer winter stratocumulus clouds, which concern, first, a rather uniform, supercooled water cloud contaminated by aerosols and, second, a highly heterogeneous, mixed-phase stratiform cloud. Using the Polar Nephelometer, a new instrument for measuring, in situ, the scattering phase function of cloud droplets and ice particles, the polluted, continental-type stratocumulus cloud can be optically regarded as a liquid water cloud because the measured scattering phase functions fitted very well with those calculated from Mie theory for the directly measured FSSP size distributions. In mixed-phase cloud, the measured scattering phase function shows that ice particles strongly affect optical properties of the cloud, where large number of liquid water droplets with higher extinction coefficient and asymmetry factor values were converted into a much smaller number of large ice crystals with lower extinction coefficient and asymmetry factor. Furthermore, a quasi-stable liquid-topped cloud layer with precipitating ice particles was noticed; the layer may, first, affect the cloud radiative properties and, second, seriously restrict the interpretation of satellite cloud composition retrievals.
On the Link between Arctic Sea Ice Decline and the Freshwater Content of the Beaufort Gyre: Insights from a Simple Process Model

AbstractRecent satellite and hydrographic observations have shown that the rate of freshwater accumulation in the Beaufort Gyre of the Arctic Ocean has accelerated over the past decade. This acceleration has coincided with the dramatic decline observed in Arctic sea ice cover, which is expected to modify the efficiency of momentum transfer into the upper ocean. Here, a simple process model is used to investigate the dynamical response of the Beaufort Gyre to the changing efficiency of momentum transfer, and its link with the enhanced accumulation of freshwater. A linear relationship is found between the annual mean momentum flux and the amount of freshwater accumulated in the Beaufort Gyre. In the model, both the response time scale and the total quantity of freshwater accumulated are determined by a balance between Ekman pumping and an eddy-induced volume flux toward the boundary, highlighting the importance of eddies in the adjustment of the Arctic Ocean to a change in forcing. When the seasonal cycle i.
Validation of general circulation model radiative fluxes using surface observations

Abstract The surface radiative fluxes of the ECHAM3 General Circulation Model (GCM) with T2 1, T42, and T 106 resolutions have been validated using observations from the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA, World Climate Program-Water Project A7). GEBA contains the most comprehensive dataset now available for worldwide instrumentally measured surface energy fluxes. The GCM incoming shortwave radiation at the surface has been compared with more than 700 long-term monitoring stations. The ECHAM3 models show a clear tendency to overestimate the global annual-mean incoming shortwave radiation at the surface due to an underestimation of atmospheric absorption. The model-calculated global-mean surface shortwave absorption around 165 W m−2 is estimated to be too high by 10–15 W m−2. A similar or higher overestimate is present in several other CYCMS. Deficiencies in the clear-sky absorption of the ECHAM3 radiation scheme are proposed as a contributor to the flux discrepancies. A stand-alone validation of the radi.
A new perspective on the proper timing of radiotherapy during CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy in patients with “bone-only” metastatic breast cancer

The vast majority of hormone positive and HER2 negative advanced breast cancers can be controlled well by endocrine therapy combined with the groundbreaking use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the metastatic first-line setting. Approximately 50%–60% of these patients have “bone-only” metastatic disease. In oligometastatic cases or if a certain number of uncontrolled lesions develop during the aforementioned therapy, ablative radiotherapy can be delivered or, in symptomatic cases, urgent irradiation is needed with palliative intent. To achieve the most effective results, parallel with good quality of life, the timing of radiotherapy must be determined precisely, taking into account that different cell cycles are involved during different treatment modalities; therefore, optimization of treatment schedules ensures longer and safer post-progression overall survival. The key question is whether the two treatment modalities are safe concurrently or whether they should be administered separately, and if so, what is the optimal sequence and why? This manuscript aims to answer this important question, with a focus on quality of life. Existing publications focus on safety and toxicity profiles, and efficacy is detailed only tangentially and minimally.
Spatial‐temporal rainfall simulation using generalized linear models

We consider the problem of simulating sequences of daily rainfall at a network of sites in such a way as to reproduce a variety of properties realistically over a range of spatial scales. The properties of interest will vary between applications but typically will include some measures of “extreme” rainfall in addition to means, variances, proportions of wet days, and autocorrelation structure. Our approach is to fit a generalized linear model (GLM) to rain gauge data and, with appropriate incorporation of intersite dependence structure, to use the GLM to generate simulated sequences. We illustrate the methodology using a data set from southern England and show that the GLM is able to reproduce many properties at spatial scales ranging from a single site to 2000 km2 (the limit of the available data).
LIMBTRAN: A pseudo three‐dimensional radiative transfer model for the limb‐viewing imager OSIRIS on the ODIN satellite

A new pseudo three-dimensional radiative transfer model has been written to calculate scattered light radiances required by inversion algorithms to retrieve minor species profile and column amount information from limb measurements. Stratospheric and mesospheric UV-visible limb radiances will be measured by the ODIN/OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System) satellite instrument to be launched in November 2000. This information will be used to study ozone depletion processes and transport dynamics in the Earth's atmosphere through the study of trace species. Model limb radiance simulations have been carried out for a suite of solar zenith and azimuthal angles and lambertian surface albedos over a broad spectral range. The effects of Rayleigh and aerosol scattering as well as ozone absorption have been modeled. Comparisons with a spherical 3-D Monte-Carlo model show that there is generally less than 3–4% difference for single-scattering and less than 10–15% and often significantly better for multiple scattering radiances at a fraction of the computational cost.