Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dinosaur diversity in an Early Jurassic African desert: the significance of the Etjo Sandstone ichnofauna at the Otjihaenamaparero locality (Namibia)

About 350 dinosaur footprints, including the longest dinosaur trackway currently on record in Africa, are preserved in the Lower Jurassic Etjo Formation at the Otjihaenamaparero 92 Farm in north-central Namibia. This historically significant locality was among the first dinosaur tracksites ever to be reported from the African continent and is today a National Monument and tourist destination. Nevertheless, its ichnofauna was never described in any detail. Herein we discuss its significance for southern African palaeontology. Although originally described in the 1920ies as new ichnotaxa and later compared to other ichnotaxa described from Lesotho, most tracks of the Namibian Etjo Formation are referable to the classic North American ichnogenera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus and Grallator. A single median-sized theropod trackway is cautiously assigned to Kayentapus, but shows characters that differ from North American and European Kayentapus, linking it to other “Kayentapus-like” tracks from Lesotho and Madagascar. A small-sized functionally tridactyl morphotype with posteriorly directed hallux, common at Otjihaenamaparero, appears to represent a genuinely African form that may also occur in Lesotho. This ichnofauna strengthens the assignment of an Early Jurassic age to the Etjo Formation and opens a window on the diversity of dinosaur communities in arid environments of Early Jurassic southern Gondwana.
Strategies to Reduce Phosphorus Losses from Dairy Farms

8 Limits on manure phosphorus (P) application are in place in many states and provinces, and are mandatory in the U.S. for farms receiving certain cost-share funds. All states in the US now have the authority to require these limits, depending on local and regional water quality concerns. These limits on manure P application will dramatically increase the land required to dispose of livestock manure.
A Solar Cell Characteristic Measurement Device Based on STM32

With the increasing development of the new energy photovoltaic (PV) industry and in-depth research of PV materials, it has become crucial to measure the characteristics of such materials. This enables R&D personnel to quickly iterate PV materials for further advancements. In the traditional R&D of photovoltaic materials, researchers often need to continuously iterate the materials, repeatedly measure the experimental materials, and ultimately get the best material ratio structure. Therefore, this paper designed an experimental device based on the STM32 chip for measuring solar cell characteristics. It can accurately and quickly measure the characteristics of a certain solar cell. CIGS thin-film solar cells were used as the experimental materials, and the light-dark voltammetry and temperature resistance experiments were done in turn. Therefore, it proved that the device has great commercial prospects.
Extension of primal-dual interior point method based on a kernel function for linear fractional problem

Our aim in this work is to extend the primal-dual interior point method based on a kernel function for linear fractional problem. We apply the techniques of kernel function-based interior point methods to solve a standard linear fractional program. By relying on the method of Charnes and Cooper [3], we transform the standard linear fractional problem into a linear program. This transformation will allow us to define the associated linear program and solve it efficiently using an appropriate kernel function. To show the efficiency of our approach, we apply our algorithm on the standard linear fractional programming found in numerical tests in the paper of A. Bennani et al. [4], we introduce the linear programming associated with this problem. We give three interior point conditions on this example, which depend on the dimension of the problem. We give the optimal solution for each linear program and each linear fractional program. We also obtain, using the new algorithm, the optimal solutions for the previous two problems. Moreover, some numerical results are illustrated to show the effectiveness of the method.
The Hyoid Bone - the Anatomy of a Small Bone of the Neck in Hellenic and Greco-Roman Medical Literature

Objectives. To understand the nomenclature of the hyoid bone. Materials and Methods. Hyoid, a small bone of the neck, is a bony part that is rather difficult to unearth and discover among skeletal remains. Results. The named was coined by the ancient Greeks, along with its anatomic description. Galen (2nd – 3rd c. AD) and Theophilus Protospatharius (7th century AD), facing religious and social barriers, succeeded in presenting its anatomy and suggesting its probable function in speech and swallowing, regarding the bone as a muscle pillar of the neck area. Conclusion. Authorities of Hellenic antiquity surprise us with their accuracy and the resilience of their anatomical descriptions.
Experiments with a Spectral Convection Model

In this study,we use a simple and semi-quantitative scheme to estimatethe contribution(denoted as f)of below-cloud scavenging of pollutants byraindrops,based on the precipitation chemistry collected in Taipei Cityand the cloud chemistry observed at the peak of the Mt.Bamboo(around1100m MSL)in the winters of 1996-1998.The magnitudes of f(nss(non-sea salt)-SO(superscript 2-)4),f(NO(superscript -)3)and f(NH(superscript +)4)were estimated to range between 0.31-0.88,0.25-0.88 and 0.54-96,respectively.For instance,54-96% of the NH(superscript +)4ions in rainwater arose by below-cloud scavenging,reflecting their originsfrom local sources.For most of the cases,at least 75% of the NO(superscript -)3 wasaccounted for by the same scavenging mechanism,whereas more than 25%of nss-SO(superscript 2-)4 resulted from in-cloud scavenging.In comparison with NH(superscript +)4and NO(superscript -)3,relatively higher amounts of nss-SO(superscript 2-)4 obviously derived fromlong-range transport.
Study on runoff and sediment process variation in the lower Yellow River

There existsis a temporal and spatial variability in river hydrologicaly data sequences, and variation trends in the overall distribution of data samples before and after a change often show a significant difference. To understand the variability of the lower Yellow mainstream, this study conducted a trend detection of runoff and suspended sediment load at its five hydrological stations, using the mutation detection of the Mann-Kendall trend test and the Pettit change point detection method. The results show that first change points of both annual runoff and suspended sediment load appeared in 1985 and the variation was caused by a climate change and the construction and operation of Longyangxia dam. Second change points of these two processes were not in the same year, with the one for sediment in 1996, which was later than that for runoff. The construction and operation of Sanmenxia, Liujiaxia, and Xiaolangdi reservoirs is a major factor for second change points.
Establishing Cash-Waqf Model for Infrastructure Funding: The Analytic Network Process Study

This research aims to build a cash waqf governance framework that incorporates blended finance to develop the infrastructure in Nusantara, which is the proposed future capital city of Indonesia. Data was collected through a combination of interviews with eight informants and a survey administered to thirty respondents. The acquired data was analyzed using a mixed method that included the thematic evaluation and the analytic network process. The present study posits that the utilization of cash waqf, as a form of innovative financing mandated by the government, holds potential for the development of health infrastructure in the newly established capital of the nation. The findings of this study have significant implications for the development of policies aimed at adopting the blended finance governance structure required by the government.
Are modern metaheuristics successful in calibrating simple conceptual rainfall–runoff models?

ABSTRACT In recent years sampling approaches have been used more widely than optimization algorithms to find parameters of conceptual rainfall–runoff models, but the difficulty of calibration of such models remains in dispute. The problem of finding a set of optimal parameters for conceptual rainfall–runoff models is interpreted differently in various studies, ranging from simple to relatively complex and difficult. In many papers, it is claimed that novel calibration approaches, so-called metaheuristics, outperform the older ones when applied to this task, but contradictory opinions are also plentiful. The present study aims at calibration of two simple lumped conceptual hydrological models, HBV and GR4J, by means of a large number of metaheuristic algorithms. The tests are performed on four catchments located in regions with relatively similar climatic conditions, but on different continents. The comparison shows that, although parameters found may somehow differ, the performance criteria achieved with simple lumped models calibrated by various metaheuristics are very similar and differences are insignificant from the hydrological point of view. However, occasionally some algorithms find slightly better solutions than those found by the vast majority of methods. This means that the problem of calibration of simple lumped HBV or GR4J models may be deceptive from the optimization perspective, as the vast majority of algorithms that follow a common evolutionary principle of survival of the fittest lead to sub-optimal solutions.
Ordovician chitinozoan zonation of Quebec and western Newfoundland

The purpose of this paper is to propose a chitinozoan zonation of the Ordovician of Quebec and western Newfoundland. On the basis of chitinozoan assemblages previously described from various sections, covering almost the entire Ordovician System, 22 biozones, based on first appearance of index species, are distinguished. As the strata from which the chitinozoan microfaunas were extracted are well dated by other fossils, especially graptolites, it is possible to establish a correlation between the chitinozoan and the established graptolite and conodont zonations of North America and Great Britain.
Development of Liquid-Phase Plasmonic Sensor Platforms for Prospective Biomedical Applications

Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) is an optical method for detecting changes in refractive index by the interaction between incident light and delocalized electrons within specific metal thin films’ localized “hot spots”. LSPR-based sensors possess advantages, including their compact size, enhanced sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for point-of-care applications. This research focuses on the development of LSPR-based nanohole arrays (NHAs) as a platform for monitoring probe/target binding events in real time without labeling, for low-level biomolecular target detection in biomedical diagnostics. To achieve this objective, this study involves creating a liquid-phase setup for capturing target molecules. Finite-difference time-domain simulations revealed that a 75 nm thickness of gold (Au) is ideal for NHA structures, which were visually examined using scanning electron microscopy. To illustrate the functionality of the liquid-phase sensor, a PDMS microfluidic channel was fabricated using a 3D-printed mold with a glass slide base and a top glass cover slip, enabling reflectance-mode measurements from each of four device sectors. This study shows the design, fabrication, and assessment of NHA-based LSPR sensor platforms within a PDMS microfluidic channel, confirming the sensor’s functionality and reproducibility in a liquid-phase environment.
Opening Pandora’s Box: Neglected Biochemical Potential of Permafrost-Associated Fungal Communities in a Warming Climate

Permafrost, a vast storage reservoir of frozen organic matter, is rapidly thawing due to climate change, releasing previously preserved carbon into the environment. This phenomenon has significant consequences for microbial communities, including fungi, inhabiting permafrost-associated regions. In this review, we delve into the intricate interplay between permafrost thawing and fungal diversity and functionality with an emphasis on thermokarst lakes. We explore how the release of organic carbon from thawing permafrost alters the composition and activities of fungal communities, emphasizing the potential for shifts in taxonomic diversity and functional gene expression. We discuss the formation of thermokarst lakes, as an example of permafrost thaw-induced ecological disruptions and their impact on fungal communities. Furthermore, we analyze the repercussions of these changes, including effects on nutrient cycling, plant productivity, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. By elucidating the multifaceted relationship between permafrost thaw and aquatic fungi, this review provides valuable insights into the ecological consequences of ongoing climate change in permafrost-affected regions.
MS Identification of Blood Plasma Proteins Concentrated on a Photocrosslinker-Modified Surface

This work demonstrates the use of a modified mica to concentrate proteins, which is required for proteomic profiling of blood plasma by mass spectrometry (MS). The surface of mica substrates, which are routinely used in atomic force microscopy (AFM), was modified with a photocrosslinker to allow “irreversible” binding of proteins via covalent bond formation. This modified substrate was called the AFM chip. This study aimed to determine the role of the surface and crosslinker in the efficient concentration of various types of proteins in plasma over a wide concentration range. The substrate surface was modified with a 4-benzoylbenzoic acid N-succinimidyl ester (SuccBB) photocrosslinker, activated by UV irradiation. AFM chips were incubated with plasma samples from a healthy volunteer at various dilution ratios (102X, 104X, and 106X). Control experiments were performed without UV irradiation to evaluate the contribution of physical protein adsorption to the concentration efficiency. AFM imaging confirmed the presence of protein layers on the chip surface after incubation with the samples. MS analysis of different samples indicated that the proteomic profile of the AFM-visualized layers contained common and unique proteins. In the working series of experiments, 228 proteins were identified on the chip surface for all samples, and 21 proteins were not identified in the control series. In the control series, a total of 220 proteins were identified on the chip surface, seven of which were not found in the working series. In plasma samples at various dilution ratios, a total of 146 proteins were identified without the concentration step, while 17 proteins were not detected in the series using AFM chips. The introduction of a concentration step using AFM chips allowed us to identify more proteins than in plasma samples without this step. We found that AFM chips with a modified surface facilitate the efficient concentration of proteins owing to the adsorption factor and the formation of covalent bonds between the proteins and the chip surface. The results of our study can be applied in the development of highly sensitive analytical systems for determining the complete composition of the plasma proteome.
The Diversity of Late Holocene Shellfish Exploitation in Velondriake, Southwest Madagascar

ABSTRACT Shellfish represent an important component of human diet, especially for coastal communities, and shells are integral to a wide range of activities and social interactions. In addition to providing rich information on questions of subsistence, daily and ritual practices, and trade and exchange, shellfish remains serve as sensitive paleoecological indicators of changes in climate and environment. The exploitation of shellfish by ancient communities is a well-studied field in archaeology; however, little has been published to date with regard to shellfish exploitation—either in the past or present—in Madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world. This article presents the first detailed description of archaeological shellfish assemblages from Madagascar. These assemblages were recovered from the excavation of several archaeological sites located in the southwest's Velondriake Marine Protected Area. The archaeological record of Velondriake spans the period from ca. cal AD 600 to cal AD 1900, making it one of the longest occupation sequences currently known in Madagascar. The primary objective of this article is to present the range of shellfish taxa identified in Velondriake archaeological assemblages as a baseline for future work and to offer preliminary comments on inter-site variability in taxonomic diversity, taphonomy, and Velondriake's ancient communities’ reliance on different marine habitats.
Meaning and Actualization of Jihad For Students in State Life

This research is attracted by issues where there are various views on the broad meaning of jihad in a multicultural society and the emergence of extremist groups in interpreting and actualizing jihad as a result of these different views. The study aims to analyze the meaning actualization of jihad and in the life of the state according to STAI As-Sunnah Deli Serdang students, North Sumatra. This research is qualitative with a case study approach. Conducted at As-Sunnah Islamic High School Deli Serdang, North Sumatra. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. While data analysis is done through data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions, and verification. The results of the research show that regarding the law of jihad, students agree that the law of jihad is fardhu kifayah, namely an obligation that if a group of Muslims has carried it out, then the obligations of other Muslims fall. Even so, under certain conditions, the law of jihad can become fardhu 'ain, which is an obligation for every individual Muslim. These conditions are when the enemy has attacked when meeting the enemy, and when ordered by the legitimate leadership of the State. Student jihad in the life of the state can be carried out in all areas of life, for example, ideology, politics, economy, socio-culture, and defense and security.
A Review on Optimization-Based Automatic Text Summarization Approach

The significance of automatic text summarization (ATS) lies in its task of distilling textual information into a condensed yet meaningful structure that preserves the core message of the original content. This summary generated by ATS plays a crucial role in simplifying the processing of textual information, as it captures the primary ideas of the source text while eliminating lengthy and irrelevant textual components. At present, the landscape of ATS is enriched with a multitude of innovative approaches, with a notable focus on optimization-based methods. These optimization-driven ATS techniques have introduced new perspectives, illuminating the field with their heightened accuracy in terms of metrics like ROUGE scores. Notably, their performance closely rivals other cutting-edge approaches, including various methodologies within the realm of machine learning and deep learning. The review presented in this paper delves into recent advancements in extractive ATS, centering mainly on the optimization-based approach. Through this exploration, the paper underscores the gains and trade-offs associated with adopting optimization-based ATS compared to other strategies, specifically with the application of real-time ATS. This review serves as a compass, pointing towards potential future directions that the optimization-based ATS approaches should consider traversing to enhance the field further.
The Challenges of Islamic Religious Education in the Industrial Revolution 4.0

The purpose of this research is to find out the challenges of Islamic education in facing the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. The type of research used is library research. While the data obtained is a descriptive narrative about Islamic education. The results of the study show that there are three things that must be utilized by educators in the Revolution 4.0 era, including the Internet of things in the world of Education (IoT), Virtual/Augmented reality in the world of education, and the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Islamic religious education teachers are required to have high competence to produce students who are able to answer the challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. So an Islamic religious education teacher must have principles in the learning process, including; Learning Process, Active, Innovative, Creative Effective, efficient and educative, and fun (PAIKEM) and the ability to integrate technology into learning.
S2‐Net: Machine reading comprehension with SRU‐based self‐matching networks

Machine reading comprehension is the task of understanding a given context and finding the correct response in that context. A simple recurrent unit (SRU) is a model that solves the vanishing gradient problem in a recurrent neural network (RNN) using a neural gate, such as a gated recurrent unit (GRU) and long short‐term memory (LSTM); moreover, it removes the previous hidden state from the input gate to improve the speed compared to GRU and LSTM. A self‐matching network, used in R‐Net, can have a similar effect to coreference resolution because the self‐matching network can obtain context information of a similar meaning by calculating the attention weight for its own RNN sequence. In this paper, we construct a dataset for Korean machine reading comprehension and propose an S2‐Net model that adds a self‐matching layer to an encoder RNN using multilayer SRU. The experimental results show that the proposed S2‐Net model has performance of single 68.82% EM and 81.25% F1, and ensemble 70.81% EM, 82.48% F1 in the Korean machine reading comprehension test dataset, and has single 71.30% EM and 80.37% F1 and ensemble 73.29% EM and 81.54% F1 performance in the SQuAD dev dataset.
Chemoinformatic Investigation of Antibiotic Antagonism: The Interference of Thymus glabrescens Essential Oil Components with the Action of Streptomycin

Given the importance of Thymus glabrescens as a useful antibacterial remedy, we have evaluated the antibacterial and streptomycin-modifying activity of Thymus glabrescens essential oil, geraniol, geranyl acetate and thymol. It was shown that all substance-streptomycin combinations produced predominantly antagonistic interactions. Furthermore, combinations between geraniol and thymol showed dominant additive effect. Chemoinformatics results, combined with experimental data, suggest that antagonistic interactions with streptomycin were not a consequence of the antimicrobial action at the same target, but an outcome of the membrane impairment, followed by the membrane potential/proton motive force dissipation, which decreased the streptomycin uptake. Furthermore, the membrane toxicity of geraniol and thymol was confirmed by their additive antibacterial interactions and parameters of their penetration and accumulation throughout a cell membrane. This study should greatly help in an intelligent and a controlled pharmacomodulation of antibiotics.