Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unified analytical modeling of the error rates and the ergodic channel capacity in η-μ generalized fading channels with integer μ and maximal ratio combining receiver

In this paper, we introduce a novel performance analysis of the η-μ generalized radio fading channels with integer value of the μ fading parameter, i.e. with even number of multipath clusters. This fading model includes other fading models as special cases such as the Nakagami-rn, the Hoyt, and the Rayleigh. We obtain novel unified and generic simple closed-form expressions for the average bit error rates and ergodic channel capacity in the additive white generalized Gaussian noise (AWGGN), which includes the additive Gaussian, the gamma, the Laplacian, and the impulsive noise as special cases. The receiver is assumed to be an L-branch maximal ratio combiner where we study the effect of having more deployed receiver antenna. Numerical evaluation as well as results from technical wireless literature validate the generality and the accuracy of the derived unified expressions under the studied test cases.
Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis

Abstract Oral infections caused by yeast of the genus Candida and particularly Candida albicans (oral candidoses) have been recognised throughout recorded history. However, since the 1980s a clear surge of interest and associated research into these infections have occurred. This has largely been due to an increased incidence of oral candidosis over this period, primarily because of the escalation in HIV-infection and the AIDS epidemic. In addition, changes in medical practice leading to a greater use of invasive clinical procedures and a more widespread use of immunosuppressive therapies have also contributed to the problem. Whilst oral candidosis has previously been considered to be a disease mainly of the elderly and very young, its occurrence throughout the general population is now recognised. Candida are true ‘opportunistic pathogens’ and only instigate oral infection when there is an underlying predisposing condition in the host. Treatment of these infections has continued (and in some regards continues) to be problematic because of the potential toxicity of traditional antifungal agents against host cells. The problem has been compounded by the emergence of Candida species other than C. albicans that have inherent resistance against traditional antifungals. The aim of this review is to give the reader a contemporary overview of oral candidosis, the organisms involved, and the management strategies that are currently employed or could be utilised in the future.
Cell recognition and entry by rhino- and enteroviruses.

Unlike plant viruses, most mammalian, insect, and bacterial viruses attach to specific cellular receptors that, in part, determine host range and tissue tropism. Viruses have evolved to utilize a wide variety of cellsurface molecules as their receptors, which include proteins, carbohydrates, and glycolipids. Some viruses recognize very specific molecules, such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54), the receptor recognized by a large group of rhinoviruses, whereas other viruses recognize widely distributed chemical groups, such as sialic acid moieties by influenza viruses. The tissue distribution of the receptor, in part, determines virus tropism and, hence, the symptoms of the infection. Similarly, species differences between receptor molecules can limit host range. For instance, only humans and apes are susceptible to rhinovirus infections, a property correlated with the inability of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) to bind to the receptor ICAM-1 molecule in other species. Despite extensive similarities in sequence, structure, and physical properties among picornaviruses, suggesting evolution from a common ancestor (Rossmann et al., 1985; Palmenberg, 1989; Rueckert, 1990), they nevertheless recognize a variety of receptors. Possibly a primordial virus was able to bind weakly to a large number of different molecules. Subsequently, different viruses evolved that were progressively more efficient at recognizing particular molecules as a means to infect specific cells. Indeed, the grouping of picornaviruses might sug-
Perivascular Inflammation After Balloon Angioplasty of Porcine Coronary Arteries

Background—Inflammation has been suggested to play a role in vascular lesion formation after angioplasty. Whereas previous studies have focused on inflammatory reactions in the intima and media, less attention has been paid to adventitial and perivascular responses and their potential role in vascular remodeling. Methods and Results—Balloon overstretch injury of porcine coronary arteries was performed with standard clinical angioplasty catheters. Vessels were examined from 0.5 hour to 14 days after injury by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH) for neutrophil and macrophage markers, cell adhesion molecules (P-selectin, E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), and neutrophil-specific CXC chemokines (alveolar macrophage–derived neutrophil chemotactic factor [AMCF]-I/interleukin-8 and AMCF-II). Neutrophils accumulated in the adventitia surrounding the injury site from 2 hours to 3 days, followed by macrophages from 1 to 7 days after angioplasty. Inflammation was associated temporally with the expression of mRNAs encoding cell adhesion molecules and chemokines. The main inflammatory and proliferative foci were not limited to the adventitia but rather extended many millimeters away from the injured vessel throughout the surrounding adipose and myocardial tissues. Conclusions—Inflammatory responses after angioplasty of porcine coronary arteries occurred throughout the entire perivascular tissue. We hypothesize that perivascular inflammatory cells play a role in the recruitment and/or proliferation of adventitial myofibroblasts, possibly through the release of reactive oxygen species and/or cytokines, and thus contribute to vascular remodeling associated with postangioplasty restenosis.
Parents' Reports of the School Readiness of Young Children from the National Household Education Surveys Program of 2007. First Look. NCES 2008-051.

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to
Similarity, Induction, Naming and Categorization: A Bottom-up Approach

People are remarkably smart: they know language, possess complex skills, and function in a complex dynamic environment. However, they do not exhibit evidence of this knowledge at birth and one of the central and most interesting issues in the study of human cognition is the question of how people acquire this knowledge in the course of development. One possibility is that sensory and cognitive systems have the capacity to extract regularities from structured input. However, this possibility has been frequently criticized as an untenable candidate for a complete story. In particular, it has been often argued that input data are severely underdetermined: the same data are compatible with multiple possibilities. Consider a visual occlusion phenomenon presented in Figure 14.1: the same event presented in Figure 14.1A is compatible with events presented in Figures 14.1B, C, D, and E, or an infinite number of other possibilities, and there is not enough information in the input to decide among these possibilities. However, under many conditions, even very early in development, people are more likely to expect the situation presented in Figure 14.1B than situations presented in Figure 14.1C and 14.1D (Kellman & Spelke, 1983; Spelke, 1990, but see Johnson, 2003).
Signaling Pathways Related to Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Concentration in Pig Skeletal Muscles Depend on the Dietary Protein Level, Genotype and Developmental Stages

Muscle growth is regulated by the homeostatic balance of the biosynthesis and degradation of muscle proteins. To elucidate the molecular interactions among diet, pig genotype, and physiological stage, we examined the effect of dietary protein concentration, pig genotype, and physiological stages on amino acid (AA) pools, protein deposition, and related signaling pathways in different types of skeletal muscles. The study used 48 Landrace pigs and 48 pure-bred Bama mini-pigs assigned to each of 2 dietary treatments: lower/GB (Chinese conventional diet)- or higher/NRC (National Research Council)-protein diet. Diets were fed from 5 weeks of age to respective market weights of each genotype. Samples of biceps femoris muscle (BFM, type I) and longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM, type II) were collected at nursery, growing, and finishing phases according to the physiological stage of each genotype, to determine the AA concentrations, mRNA levels for growth-related genes in muscles, and protein abundances of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Our data showed that the concentrations of most AAs in LDM and BFM of pigs increased (P<0.05) gradually with increasing age. Bama mini-pigs had generally higher (P<0.05) muscle concentrations of flavor-related AA, including Met, Phe, Tyr, Pro, and Ser, compared with Landrace pigs. The mRNA levels for myogenic determining factor, myogenin, myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2 A, and myostatin of Bama mini-pigs were higher (P<0.05) than those of Landrace pigs, while total and phosphorylated protein levels for protein kinase B, mTOR, and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinases (p70S6K), and ratios of p-mTOR/mTOR, p-AKT/AKT, and p-p70S6K/p70S6K were lower (P<0.05). There was a significant pig genotype-dependent effect of dietary protein on the levels for mTOR and p70S6K. When compared with the higher protein-NRC diet, the lower protein-GB diet increased (P<0.05) the levels for mTOR and p70S6K in Bama mini-pigs, but repressed (P<0.05) the level for p70S6K in Landrace pigs. The higher protein-NRC diet increased ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR in Landrace pigs. These findings indicated that the dynamic consequences of AA profile and protein deposition in muscle tissues are the concerted effort of distinctive genotype, nutrient status, age, and muscle type. Our results provide valuable information for animal feeding strategy.
Chinese Herb and Formulas for Promoting Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis and Antiplatelet Therapies

Atherothrombosis, which directly threatens people's health and lives, is the main cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Platelets play a key role in the development of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) and contribute to cardiovascular events. Oral antiplatelet drugs are a milestone in the therapy of cardiovascular atherothrombotic diseases. In recent years, many reports have shown the possibility that “resistance” to oral anti-platelet drugs and many adverse reactions, such as serious bleeding risk, which provides an impetus for developing new anti-platelet drugs possesses highly efficiency and fewer adverse effects. Study on the blood stasis syndrome and promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis is the most active field of research of integration of traditional and western medicine in China. Blood-stasis syndrome and platelet activation have close relationship, many Chinese herb and formulas for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis possess definite anti-platelet effect. This paper covers the progress of anti-platelet mechanism of Chinese herb and formulas for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and is to be deeply discussed in further research.
Rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex make dissociable contributions during antisaccade error commission

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in both performance optimization and evaluation, with dissociable contributions from dorsal (dACC) and rostral (rACC) regions. Deactivation in rACC and other default-mode regions is important for performance optimization, whereas increased rACC and dACC activation contributes to performance evaluation. Errors activate both rACC and dACC. We propose that this activation reflects differential error-related involvement of rACC and dACC during both performance optimization and evaluation, and that these two processes can be distinguished by the timing of their occurrence within a trial. We compared correct and error antisaccade trials. We expected errors to correlate with an early failure of rACC deactivation and increased activation of both rACC and dACC later in the trial. Eighteen healthy subjects performed a series of prosaccade and antisaccade trials during event-related functional MRI. We estimated the hemodynamic responses for error and correct antisaccades using a finite impulse-response model. We examined ACC activity by comparing error and correct antisaccades with a fixation baseline and error to correct antisaccades directly. Compared with correct antisaccades, errors were characterized by an early bilateral failure of deactivation of rACC and other default-mode regions. This difference was significant in rACC. Errors also were associated with increased activity in both rACC and dACC later in the trial. These results show that accurate performance involves deactivation of the rACC and other default mode regions and suggest that both rACC and dACC contribute to the evaluation of error responses.
Why do insects enter and recover from chill coma? Low temperature and high extracellular potassium compromise muscle function in Locusta migratoria

When exposed to low temperatures, many insect species enter a reversible comatose state (chill coma), which is driven by a failure of neuromuscular function. Chill coma and chill coma recovery have been associated with a loss and recovery of ion homeostasis (particularly extracellular [K+], [K+]o) and accordingly onset of chill coma has been hypothesized to result from depolarization of membrane potential caused by loss of ion homeostasis. Here, we examined whether onset of chill coma is associated with a disturbance in ion balance by examining the correlation between disruption of ion homeostasis and onset of chill coma in locusts exposed to cold at varying rates of cooling. Chill coma onset temperature changed maximally 1°C under different cooling rates and marked disturbances of ion homeostasis were not observed at any of the cooling rates. In a second set of experiments, we used isolated tibial muscle to determine how temperature and [K+]o, independently and together, affect tetanic force production. Tetanic force decreased by 80% when temperature was reduced from 23°C to 0.5°C, while an increase in [K+]o from 10 mmol l−1 to 30 mmol l−1 at 23°C caused a 40% reduction in force. Combining these two stressors almost abolished force production. Thus, low temperature alone may be responsible for chill coma entry, rather than a disruption of extracellular K+ homeostasis. As [K+] also has a large effect on tetanic force production, it is hypothesized that recovery of [K+]o following chill coma could be important for the time to recovery of normal neuromuscular function.
The case for summer: Conceptualizing the Summer Divide in higher education

Students’ summer experiences during college potentially influence their postsecondary outcomes and job placement. Little is known, however, about how college students spend their summers. Drawing from prior research, current strands of literature, and Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of societal reproduction, the author suggests that scholars explore the possibility of a Summer Divide. The author’s argument is twofold: (1) focusing on the summer might provide further insight to students’ postsecondary outcomes and (2) class hierarchies might be further reified during the summer.
Instance Cooperative Memory to Improve Query Expansion in Information Retrieval Systems

The main goal of this research is to improve Information Retrieval Systems by enabling them to generate search outcomes that are relevant and customized to each specific user. Our proposal advocates the use of Instance Based Reasoning during the information retrieval process. When conducting a search, the system retrieves a previous similar search experience and traces back previous human reasoning and behavior and then replicates it in the current situation. Thus, user information retrieval experiences or instances are saved to be reused in future similar cases. The resulting cooperative memory is used for user query expansion. In order to improve the information retrieval experience, we propose to conceptualize and model both the user profile, and the information retrieval process. This leads us to define some similarity functions between user profiles and information retrieval situations. The reuse of past experiences serves to enrich the initial user query by words from documents found in similar cases. Unlike the classical Rocchio method, these documents are those already judged as valid by users with similar profile and in similar search situation. The value this method brings to the user is an increasing relevance of the search outcomes while reducing user interaction with the system. This method has been implemented in the COSYDOR (Cooperative System for Document Retrieval) prototype based on (Oracle 8i). Tests and evaluations have been performed on the COSYDOR prototype using the test corpus of TREC (Text Retrieval Conference) and its standard procedures for performance analysis and benchmarking. The results of these analyses show a significant improvement of performance in the first search iterations compared to the benchmark.
Synchronization of two Hindmarsh-Rose neurons with unknown parameters through adaptive output feedback controller

This paper introduces a new adaptive output feedback control scheme to synchronize two Hindmarsh-Rose neurons while all of the parameters of neural model are considered to be unknown. The controller signal will be only applied to the membrane potential of neuron and it is possible to measure this mentioned potential as the other states are not physical states. The adaptive controller will be proposed for two different kinds of synaptic connection in two separate cases since two distinct types of synapse exist. Strength of synaptic connection is considered unknown in both electrical and chemical synapse between two neurons. Using Lyapunov function, asymptotic synchronization of two coupled chaotic Hindmarsh-Rose Neurons will be proved. The performance of suggested adaptive controller will be validated through simulating in MATLAB.
mcr-1 identified in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)

Antimicrobial resistance associated with colistin has emerged as a significant concern worldwide threatening the use of one of the most important antimicrobials for treating human disease. Here, we examined a collection (n = 980) of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from poultry with colibacillosis from the US and internationally for the presence of mcr-1 and mcr-2, genes known to encode colistin resistance. Included in the analysis was an additional set of avian fecal E. coli (AFEC) (n = 220) isolates from healthy birds for comparative analysis. The mcr-1 gene was detected in a total of 12 isolates recovered from diseased production birds from China and Egypt. No mcr genes were detected in the healthy fecal isolates. The full mcr-1 gene from positive isolates was sequenced using specifically designed primers and were compared with sequences currently described in NCBI. mcr-1 positive isolates were also assessed for phenotypic colistin resistance and extended spectrum beta lactam phenotypes and genotypes. This study has identified mcr-1 in APEC isolates dating back to at least 2010 and suggests that animal husbandry practices could result in a potential source of resistance to the human food chain in countries where application of colistin in animal health is practiced.
Epidemiology of Malaria in Endemic Areas

Malaria infection is still to be considered a major public health problem in those 106 countries where the risk of contracting the infection with one or more of the Plasmodium species exists. According to estimates from the World Health Organization, over 200 million cases and about 655.000 deaths have occurred in 2010. Estimating the real health and social burden of the disease is a difficult task, because many of the malaria endemic countries have limited diagnostic resources, especially in rural settings where conditions with similar clinical picture may coexist in the same geographical areas. Moreover, asymptomatic parasitaemia may occur in high transmission areas after childhood, when anti-malaria semi-immunity occurs. Malaria endemicity and control activities are very complex issues, that are influenced by factors related to the host, to the parasite, to the vector, to the environment and to the health system capacity to fully implement available anti-malaria weapons such as rapid diagnostic tests, artemisinin-based combination treatment, impregnated bed-nets and insecticide residual spraying while waiting for an effective vaccine to be made available.
Positive-Unlabeled Demand-Aware Recommendation

Recommendation for e-commerce with a mix of durable and nondurable goods has characteristics that distinguish it from the well-studied media recommendation problem. The demand for items is a combined effect of form utility and time utility, i.e., a product must both be intrinsically appealing to a consumer and the time must be right for purchase. In particular for durable goods, time utility is a function of inter-purchase duration within product category because consumers are unlikely to purchase two items in the same category in close temporal succession. Moreover, purchase data, in contrast to ratings data, is implicit with non-purchases not necessarily indicating dislike. Together, these issues give rise to the positive-unlabeled demand-aware recommendation problem that we pose via joint low-rank tensor completion and product category inter-purchase duration vector estimation. We further relax this problem and propose a highly scalable alternating minimization approach with which we can solve problems with millions of users and items. We also show superior prediction accuracies on multiple real-world data sets.
Model Based Analysis of Soft State Signaling Protocols

The concept of soft state was introduced in the late 1980s and has been widely used in various Internet protocols. However, there is still no comprehensive understanding or well-accepted models on performance (resilience, robustness etc.) of soft state protocols. This paper presents a model based analysis on resilience of soft state signalling protocols based on probability theory. The model could be used to evaluate failure recovery time in the presence of state inconsistency for protocols such as RSVP. This work in progress aims towards an accurate and comprehensive model for signalling protocols.