Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diabetes-related behaviours among elderly people with pre-diabetes in rural communities of Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study

Objective To explore diabetes-related behaviours and their influencing factors among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural areas of China. Design, setting and participants A cross-sectional survey was conducted among elderly individuals (≥60 years) in rural communities in Yiyang City of China. Multistaged cluster random sampling was carried out to select 42 areas, and interviews were conducted among 434 elderly individuals with pre-diabetes (fasting plasma glucose 6.1–7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-hour post-glucose load of 7.8–11.1 mmol/L) using questionnaires on diabetes-related behaviours. The diabetes-related behaviours included eight categories: average daily sedentary time; frequency of physical activities per week; regular or irregular diet; whether paying attention to diet control or not; daily dietary preferences; frequency of physical examinations per year; current smoking status; and current consumption of alcohol. Each of the risky behaviours was scored −1 and each of the healthy behaviours was scored +1. Each individual’s score of diabetes-related behaviours was the sum of the score for all behaviours. Main outcome measures Participants were asked about general information (age, gender, marital status, history of hyperglycaemia, family history of diabetes mellitus, presence of other diseases, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and education) and their diabetes-related behaviours. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for diabetes-related behaviour among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes. Results The average score of diabetes-related behaviours of elderly individuals with pre-diabetes in rural China was 2.7. The prevalences of risky diabetes-related behaviours were as follows: <1 physical examination per year (57.6%), insufficient physical activities (55.3%), lack of attention paid to diet control (51.4%), high-salt and high-fat diets (41.0%), sedentary lifestyle (35.9%), smoking (22.8%), regular alcohol uptake (15.0%) and irregular diet (3.9%). Gender and a history of hyperglycaemia were found to be influencing factors of the diabetes-related behaviour score. Conclusions The prevalence of risky diabetes-related behaviours was high among pre-diabetic elderly individuals in rural China. More effort should be made to promote the prevention and control of diabetes in rural China. Future studies should be undertaken on diabetes prevention strategies tailored specially for this population. Trial registration number ChiCTR-IOR-15007033; Results.
Teaching Money Skills to Individuals with Mental Retardation

A review of the research literature was conducted for all studies that taught money skills or the use of money to individuals with mental retardation. From this review, 43 studies were identified that provided instruction for individuals with mild, moderate, or severe mental retardation. Most studies taught money skills in the context of making purchases or classroom instruction on money computation. From this research synthesis, guidelines are offered for research and practice.
Reconfiguration of Photovoltaic Arrays Based on a GPU-Accelerated Exhaustive Search Algorithm

This paper proposes a parallel exhaustive search algorithm to find the best electrical configuration of PV arrays. This information is required to reconfigure, in real-time, the PV array in order to mitigate the power losses caused by partial shading and other mismatching conditions. The algorithm is based on a parameterized model of the PV system, and it is designed to run in commercial graphic processing units (GPU). This GPU-accelerated approach provides a significant reduction in the processing time compared with the classical CPU-only serial algorithm. Hence, the proposed GPU-based reconfiguration enables to reconfigure, in real-time, PV systems much larger contrasted with the CPU-only approach.
Health literacy screening of geriatric monolingual Spanish-speaking patients using single-item literacy screening questions and education

Objective: We describe the performance of Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS) questions, and educational attainment, as screening for inadequate health literacy (IHL) in older monolingual Spanish speakers. Design: We used a cross-sectional design, interviewing participants once at the time of their arrival for a clinic appointment. Setting: We conducted this study in primary care and geriatrics clinics in an urban US safety-net hospital. Method: We conducted in-person interviews with older monolingual Spanish-speaking diabetes patients, comparing responses to three SILS questions, and education, to shortened Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (sTOFHLA) scores. We calculated sensitivities, specificities and areas under the receiving–operator characteristic (AUROC) curve. Results: We interviewed 160 patients – 134 (84%) had IHL by sTOFHLA scores. The best performing SILS question, ‘How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself? ’ had an AUROC curve of 0.82 (95% CI 0.75–0.89). Using this question’s most stringent cut-off, sensitivity was 0.93 (95% CI 0.89–0.97); specificity was 0.27 (95% CI 0.20–0.34). The other two SILS questions had AUROC curves less than 0.50. The educational achievement AUROC curve was 0.88 (95% CI 0.78–0.97); using an education cut-off of six years or less had a specificity to 0.81 (95% CI 0.75–0.87) and sensitivity of 0.83 (95% CI 0.77–0.89). Conclusion: Clinicians and investigators considering using single items as screeners for IHL in older US monolingual Spanish speakers should either use the ‘confidence with forms’ SILS, being aware of its specificity limitations, or a single question assessing educational achievement.
Infant Cardiac Activity: Developmental Changes and Relations with Attachment.

In this study the stability over the first 13 months of life of measures of infant cardiac activity (heart period and heart-period variability), their relations with each other, and their relations with a continuous-variable index of infant-mother attachment were investigated. The indexes of cardiac activity changed in an orderly way with development (increasing heart-rate variability, decreasing heart rate). There were moderate to high intercorrelations among the cardiac measures, particularly those indexing heart-rate variability (i. e., vagal tone, heart-period variance, and heart-period range)
Source specificity of early calcium neurotoxicity in cultured embryonic spinal neurons

To examine the role of Ca2+ in early neuronal death, we studied the impact of free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) on survivability in populations of cultured mouse spinal neurons. We asked whether early neurotoxicity was triggered by Ca2+ influx, whether elevated [Ca2+]i was a predictive indicator of impending neuronal death, and whether factors other than [Ca2+]i increases influenced Ca2+ neurotoxicity. We found that when neurons were lethally challenged with excitatory amino acids or high K+, they experienced a biphasic [Ca2+]i increase characterized by a primary [Ca2+]i transient that decayed within minutes, followed by a secondary, sustained, and irreversible [Ca2+]i rise that indicated imminent cell death. We showed that in the case of glutamate-triggered neurotoxicity, processes triggering eventual cell death required Ca2+ influx, and that neurotoxicity was a function of the transmembrane Ca2+ gradient. Fura-2 Ca2+ imaging revealed a “ceiling” on measurable changes in [Ca2+]i that contributed to the difficulty in relating [Ca2+]i to neurotoxicity. We found, by evoking Ca2+ influx into neurons through different pathways, that the chief determinants of Ca2+ neurotoxicity were the Ca2+ source and the duration of the Ca2+ challenge. When Ca2+ source and challenge duration were taken into account, a statistically significant relationship between measured [Ca2+]i and cell death was uncovered, although the likelihood of neuronal death depended much more on Ca2+ source than on the magnitude of the measured [Ca2+]i increase. Thus, neurotoxicity evoked by glutamate far exceeded that evoked by membrane depolarization with high K+ when [Ca2+]i was made to increase equally in both groups. The neurotoxicity of glutamate was triggered primarily by Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptor channels, and exceeded that triggered by non-NMDA receptors and Ca2+ channels when [Ca2+]i was made to rise equally through these separate pathways. The greater neurotoxicity triggered by NMDA receptors was related to some attribute other than an ability to trigger greater [Ca2+]i increases as compared with other Ca2+ sources. We hypothesize that this represents a physical colocalization of NMDA receptors with Ca(2+)-dependent rate-limiting processes that trigger early neuronal degeneration.
Distribución sociométrica en las aulas de chicos y chicas a lo largo de la escolaridad

ResumenLa muestra esta formada por 2173 alumnos escolarizados (45.7% eran chicas y el 54.3% chicos) en 92 aulas de todos los cursos desde el segundo ciclo de infantil al primer ciclo de secundaria, de 24 colegios publicos de Castellon, Valladolid y Palma de Mallorca.Chicos y chicas son sociometricamente diferentes en todos los ciclos. Ellos son mas rechazados y controvertidos y ellas mas ignoradas y promedio. Solo la proporcion entre chicos-controvertidos y chicas-controvertidas varia en la escolaridad. La distribucion sociometrica de los chicos es estable durante toda la escolaridad, la de las chica cambia (menos preferidas al principio y final de la escolaridad y mas controvertidas en secundaria). El rechazo esta asociado al genero masculino. Hay variaciones en la distribucion sociometrica de un aula a otra.
Differentially private combinatorial optimization

Consider the following problem: given a metric space, some of whose points are "clients," select a set of at most k facility locations to minimize the average distance from the clients to their nearest facility. This is just the well-studied k-median problem, for which many approximation algorithms and hardness results are known. Note that the objective function encourages opening facilities in areas where there are many clients, and given a solution, it is often possible to get a good idea of where the clients are located. This raises the following quandary: what if the locations of the clients are sensitive information that we would like to keep private? Is it even possible to design good algorithms for this problem that preserve the privacy of the clients? In this paper, we initiate a systematic study of algorithms for discrete optimization problems in the framework of differential privacy (which formalizes the idea of protecting the privacy of individual input elements). We show that many such problems indeed have good approximation algorithms that preserve differential privacy; this is even in cases where it is impossible to preserve cryptographic definitions of privacy while computing any non-trivial approximation to even the value of an optimal solution, let alone the entire solution. Apart from the k-median problem, we consider the problems of vertex and set cover, min-cut, k-median, facility location, and Steiner tree, and give approximation algorithms and lower bounds for these problems. We also consider the recently introduced sub-modular maximization problem, "Combinatorial Public Projects" (CPP), shown by Papadimitriou et al. [28] to be inapproximable to subpolynomial multiplicative factors by any efficient and truthful algorithm. We give a differentially private (and hence approximately truthful) algorithm that achieves a logarithmic additive approximation.
Ambulatory Esophageal pH Monitoring: New Directions

pH testing remains a commonly used evaluative tool in clinical practice. However, the original tool that included a nasally placed pH catheter was plagued with a variety of shortcomings, primarily the effect of the procedure on patients’ lifestyle and thus on reflux-provoking activities. The miniaturization of evaluative techniques in gastroenterology was the impetus for the development of the wireless pH capsule and the SmartPill. These modalities improve patients’ tolerability of the required test and provide a unique opportunity for expansion of indications and data collection. The introduction of the multichannel intraluminal impedance with a pH sensor allowed the detection of gastroesophageal reflux that is non-acidic. However, the value of the technique beyond the realm of academic gastroenterology remains to be elucidated. Recently, there was a renewal of interest in Bilitec 2000. The technique, which has never found a clear clinical role, has been recommended as an important tool in evaluating patients who failed proton pump inhibitor therapy. However, data to support its clinical value in this situation have remained scant.
The time-course of inflexional morphological priming*

In Spanish. the contrast between the suffixes -a and -o in pairs of words such as loc-a/loc-o 'mad woman'/'madman' has a morphological value because it allows the gender selection of the stem loc. However, in pairs such as rat-a/rat-o 'rat'/'moment' this contrast has a lexical value, permit- ting the selection of two different words. The use of these two classes of word relationship, together with semantically related pairs such as sana- odio 'anger'-'hate', permits the study of the time course of morphological, orthographic, and semantic priming at 32, 64, and 250 ms. SOAs. Two experiments were carried out in which the priming effects for the previous categories were compared with unrelated priming and identity priming in a lexical-decision task. Morphological facilitation was obtained with 32 ms. and 64 ms. masked presentations of the prime word and with a 250 ms. unmasked prime. However, semantic facilitation occurred only with the unmasked prime and orthographic facilitation occurred only for the masked primes. Morphological, orthographic, and identity priming effects were of comparable magnitudes for the 32 ms. masked primes, whereas for the 64 ms. masked priming, orthographic priming was half the magnitude of morphological and identity priming. To what extent the facilitation for morphological pairs is due to a morphological stage of processing or, rather, to the summed effects of orthographic and semantic features is discussed. Agreements and differences with some recent studies in other languages are considered (Drews and Zwitserlood 1995; Frost et al. 1997; Rastle et al. 2000).
Defining Agency: Individuality, Normativity, Asymmetry, and Spatio-temporality in Action

The concept of agency is of crucial importance in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, and it is often used as an intuitive and rather uncontroversial term, in contrast to more abstract and theoretically heavily weighted terms such as intentionality , rationality, or mind. However, most of the available definitions of agency are too loose or unspecific to allow for a progressive scientific research program. They implicitly and unproblematically assume the features that characterize agents, thus obscuring the full potential and challenge of modeling agency. We identify three conditions that a system must meet in order to be considered as a genuine agent: (a) a system must define its own individuality, (b) it must be the active source of activity in its environment (interactional asymmetry), and (c) it must regulate this activity in relation to certain norms (normativity). We find that even minimal forms of proto-cellular systems can already provide a paradigmatic example of genuine agency. By abstracting away some specific details of minimal models of living agency we define the kind of organization that is capable of meeting the required conditions for agency (which is not restricted to living organisms). On this basis, we define agency as an autonomous organization that adaptively regulates its coupling with its environment and contributes to sustaining itself as a consequence. We find that spatiality and temporality are the two fundamental domains in which agency spans at different scales. We conclude by giving an outlook for the road that lies ahead in the pursuit of understanding, modeling, and synthesizing agents.
Author ' s response to reviews Title : Ambient pollutants , polymorphisms associated with microRNA processing and adhesion molecules : the Normative Aging Study

**Tables/Additional files: The 'supplementary tables' are currently placed within the manuscript file. Please remove these from the manuscript and upload each them as separate Additional files, via the submission system. Please then add a section titled "Additional files" at the end of the manuscript (after the tables) listing the following for each file uploaded: the title of the data, and a short description of the data. An example is given below: Additional files Additional file 1 Title: A title to explain what is in the file. Description: A description of what the file contains.
Safe adjustment regions for legged locomotion paths

Balance and stability are critical issues for a humanoid robot, and various different strategies have been employed to increase their robustness and respond to disturbances while walking, such as adjusting the torso’s trajectory, or changing the foot’s touchdown location. In the presence of obstacles or rough terrain, however, changing the touchdown location can be dangerous, causing collisions or unstable support configurations. This paper describes the a method for integrating this sort of touchdown location adjustment with foothold evaluation from footstep planning approaches. We compute safe adjustment regions, which inform the walking controller of a legged robot how much a particular step through rough terrain can be adjusted yet remain safe. Results are demonstrated on a prototype humanoid robot.
Inclusive education for pupils with autistic spectrum disorders in secondary mainstream schools: teacher attitudes, experience and knowledge

The aim of the current study was to examine the experience, attitudes and knowledge of school staff in relation to inclusive education for pupils with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) in mainstream secondary schools. Fifty-three participants from 11 secondary schools in the north-west of England completed a survey that covered socio-demographic information and teaching experience, perceptions of inclusion within their school, experience and knowledge of ASDs, influences on integration of pupils with ASDs, ability to cope with behaviours associated with ASDs and benefits and problems associated with integration of pupils with ASD in mainstream schools. Respondents tended to indicate positive attitudes towards inclusion. Our analysis also showed that senior managers and Special Educational Needs Co-ordinators reported greater self-efficacy in teaching pupils with ASD and in coping with behaviours associated with ASD than did subject teachers. Finally, respondents reported social inclusion as both a potential benefit and challenge for pupils with ASD. The implications of these findings for future training and practice are discussed.
Orthopaedic surgeons and fragility fractures. A survey by the Bone and Joint Decade and the International Osteoporosis Foundation.

K. E. Dreinhofer, MD, Deputy Head Department of Orthopaedics, Rehabilitationskrankenhaus, Ulm University, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany. J.-M. Feron, MD, Professor, Chef de Service Service de Chirurgie Orthopedique et Traumatologique, Hopital Tenon, 4 rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France. A. Herrera, MD, PhD, Professor, Chief Service of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, University Hospital “Miguel Servet”, P° Isabel la Catolica 1-3, 5009 Zaragoza, Spain. R. Hube, MD, PhD, Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University, Magdeberge Strasse 22, 06122 Halle, Germany. O. Johnell, MD, PhD, Professor Department of Orthopaedics, Malmo General Hospital, 20520 Malmo, Sweden. L. Lidgren, MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden. K. Miles, BSc, Chief Executive New Zealand Orthopaedic Association, 43 Kent Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand. L. Panarella, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rome, “Tor Vergata”, 130, Via Chiala, 00139 Rome, Italy. H. Simpson, FRCS, Professor of Orthopaedics and Trauma University of Edinburgh, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh at Little France, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK. W. A. Wallace, FRCS, FRCS ED (Orth), Professor of Orthopaedics and Trauma University Hospital, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. Correspondence should be sent to Dr K. E. Dreinhofer.
Transcriptional control in myelinating glia: The basic recipe

Development of myelinating glia and the myelination process both require dramatic changes in the pattern of gene expression. During these processes, cells of the oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell lineages have to alter the transcription rates of numerous genes in a highly coordinated manner. This is made possible by the combined action of a set of transcription factors with preferential expression in these cells. Recent years have seen the identification of such glial transcription factors, including several homeodomain proteins, zinc finger proteins and HMG‐domain proteins. Understanding their mode of action will help to unravel the molecular basis of myelination and will provide insights into the causes of myelinopathies and related diseases. GLIA 29:118–123, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RGS4 Inhibits Signaling by Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) couple to heterotrimeric G-proteins and regulate cell excitability and synaptic transmission in the CNS. Considerable effort has been focused on understanding the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that underlie regulation of signaling by G-proteins and their linked receptors, including the mGluRs. Recent findings demonstrate that regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins act as effector antagonists and GTPase-activating proteins for Gα subunits to inhibit cellular responses by G-protein-coupled receptors. RGS4 blocks Gq activation of phospholipase Cβ and is expressed broadly in rat brain. The group I mGluRs (mGluRs 1 and 5) couple to Gq pathways to regulate several effectors in the CNS. We examined the capacity of RGS4 to regulate group I mGluR responses. InXenopus oocytes, purified RGS4 virtually abolishes the mGluR1a- and mGluR5a-mediated but not the inositol trisphospate-mediated activation of a calcium-dependent chloride current. Additionally, RGS4 markedly attenuates the mGluR5-mediated inhibition of potassium currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons. This inhibition is dose-dependent and occurs at concentrations that are virtually identical to those required for inhibition of phospholipase C activity in NG108–15 membranes and reconstituted systems using purified proteins. These findings demonstrate that RGS4 can modulate mGluR responses in neurons, and they highlight a previously unknown mechanism for regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in the CNS.