Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Foreign-Key Based XPath Navigation

XML Schema defines identity constraints, including key and foreign key constraints. We consider the problem of navigating from a keyed element to its referring ”children” and, conversely, from an element containing a foreign key to the ”parent” it references. Our contributions are as follows. We extend an expressive fragment of XPath, called XPath′, with navigation axes according to foreign keys, resulting in a fragment called XPath′fk. We show a polynomial time algorithm for the evaluation of XPath′fk queries. We prove that XPath ′ fk is strictly more expressive than XPath′. Finally, we show that under certain conditions, if keys are restricted to have only one field then XPath′fk is equivalent to XPath′.
Validation of the a posteriori error estimator based on polynomial preserving recovery for linear elements

The purpose of this work is to investigate the quality of the a posteriori error estimator based on the polynomial preserving recovery (PPR). The main tool in this investigation is the computer‐based theory. Also, a comparison is made between this estimator and the one based on the superconvergence patch recovery (SPR). The results of this comparison were found to be in favour of the estimator based on the PPR. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monocular-SLAM Using Floor Lines

This work proposes a SLAM technique based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to navigate a robot in an indoor environment using odometry and pre-existing lines on the floor as landmarks. The lines are identified by using the Hough transform. The prediction phase of the EKF is implemented using the odometry model of the robot. The update phase directly uses the parameters of the lines detected by the Hough transform without additional intermediate calculations. Experiments with real data are presented.
Isolation and identification of indigenous plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from Himalayan region of Kashmir and their effect on improving growth and nutrient contents of maize (Zea mays L.)

Introduction and exploitation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in agro-ecosystems enhance plant–microbes interactions that may affect ecosystems sustainability, agricultural productivity, and environmental quality. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify PGPRs associated with maize (Zea mays L.) from twenty sites of Himalayan region of Hajira-Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. A total of 100 isolates were isolated from these sites, out of which eight (HJR1, HJR2, HJR3, HJR4, HJR5, MR6, HJR7, HJR8) were selected in vitro for their plant growth promoting ability (PGPA) including phosphorus solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and N2 fixation. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique was used for molecular identity and authentication. Isolates were then further tested for their effects on growth and nutrient contents of maize (Z. mays L.) under pouch and pot conditions. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified these isolates belong to Pseudomonas and Bacillus genera. The isolates promoted plant growth by solubilizing soil P which ranged between 19.2 and 35.6 μg mL-1. The isolates HJR1, HJR2, HJR3, and HJR5 showed positive activity in acetylene reduction assay showing their N2-fixation potential. All eight isolates showed the potential to produce IAA in the range of 0.9–5.39 μg mL-1 and promote plant growth. Results from a subsequent pot experiment indicated PGPRs distinctly increased maize shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight, root surface area, leaf surface area, shoot and root N and P contents. Among the eight isolates, HR3 showed a marked P-solubilizing activity, plant growth-promoting attributes, and the potential to be developed as a biofertilizers for integrated nutrient management strategies.
Aedes aegypti Mos20 Cells Internalizes Cry Toxins by Endocytosis, and Actin Has a Role in the Defense against Cry11Aa Toxin

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins are used to control Aedes aegypti, an important vector of dengue fever and yellow fever. Bt Cry toxin forms pores in the gut cells, provoking larvae death by osmotic shock. Little is known, however, about the endocytic and/or degradative cell processes that may counteract the toxin action at low doses. The purpose of this work is to describe the mechanisms of internalization and detoxification of Cry toxins, at low doses, into Mos20 cells from A. aegypti, following endocytotic and cytoskeletal markers or specific chemical inhibitors. Here, we show that both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis are involved in the internalization into Mos20 cells of Cry11Aa, a toxin specific for Dipteran, and Cry1Ab, a toxin specific for Lepidoptera. Cry11Aa and Cry1Ab are not directed to secretory lysosomes. Instead, Mos20 cells use the Rab5 and Rab11 pathways as a common mechanism, most probably for the expulsion of Cry11Aa and Cry1Ab toxins. In conclusion, we propose that endocytosis is a mechanism induced by Cry toxins independently of specificity, probably as part of a basal immune response. We found, however, that actin is necessary for defense-specific response to Cry11Aa, because actin-silenced Mos20 cells become more sensitive to the toxic action of Cry11A toxin. Cry toxin internalization analysis in insect cell lines may contribute to a better understanding to Cry resistance in mosquitoes.
Sleep Restriction Increases the Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Diseases by Augmenting Proinflammatory Responses through IL-17 and CRP

Background Sleep restriction, leading to deprivation of sleep, is common in modern 24-h societies and is associated with the development of health problems including cardiovascular diseases. Our objective was to investigate the immunological effects of prolonged sleep restriction and subsequent recovery sleep, by simulating a working week and following recovery weekend in a laboratory environment. Methods and Findings After 2 baseline nights of 8 hours time in bed (TIB), 13 healthy young men had only 4 hours TIB per night for 5 nights, followed by 2 recovery nights with 8 hours TIB. 6 control subjects had 8 hours TIB per night throughout the experiment. Heart rate, blood pressure, salivary cortisol and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured after the baseline (BL), sleep restriction (SR) and recovery (REC) period. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected at these time points, counted and stimulated with PHA. Cell proliferation was analyzed by thymidine incorporation and cytokine production by ELISA and RT-PCR. CRP was increased after SR (145% of BL; p<0.05), and continued to increase after REC (231% of BL; p<0.05). Heart rate was increased after REC (108% of BL; p<0.05). The amount of circulating NK-cells decreased (65% of BL; p<0.005) and the amount of B-cells increased (121% of BL; p<0.005) after SR, but these cell numbers recovered almost completely during REC. Proliferation of stimulated PBMC increased after SR (233% of BL; p<0.05), accompanied by increased production of IL-1β (137% of BL; p<0.05), IL-6 (163% of BL; p<0.05) and IL-17 (138% of BL; p<0.05) at mRNA level. After REC, IL-17 was still increased at the protein level (119% of BL; p<0.05). Conclusions 5 nights of sleep restriction increased lymphocyte activation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β IL-6 and IL-17; they remained elevated after 2 nights of recovery sleep, accompanied by increased heart rate and serum CRP, 2 important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, long-term sleep restriction may lead to persistent changes in the immune system and the increased production of IL-17 together with CRP may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
Chinese Climate-Change Policy, 1988-2013: Moving On Up

Abstract:China’s domestic climate-change policy has changed remarkably since 1988. In the late 1980s, the central government viewed climate change as a highly scientific, foreign affairs issue, and any policies were limited to scientific investigations. A mere decade later, climate change was seen as a developmental issue. By 2007 climate change had become a national priority. Since then, climate-change policies have expanded in measure and in scope. In this article I employ the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) to explain the policy changes. The ACF takes into account the overall sophistication of socioeconomic conditions in China as well as the climate-change advocacy coalition’s communications and active use of their amassed knowledge to influence policy.
Deglycosylation of Glucoaurantio-Obtusin Affects its Inhibition Capability Towards Drug Metabolizing Enzymes (DMEs)

SUMMARY. Intestinal bacteria play a key role to change the properties of drugs or herbal components, including therapeutic role, toxicity and pharmacokinetic behaviour. The present study aims to investigate the role of intestinal bacteria in changing the inhibitory potential of herbal components towards drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) through comparing the inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A7 by glucoaurantio-obtusin and aurantio-obtusin. The results showed that the activity of UGT1A7-catalyzed 4-MU glucuronidation reaction was inhibited by 60.4% and 80.5% at 100 μM of glucoaurantio-obtusin and aurantio-obtusin, indicating the importance of deglycosylation process for strengthening the inhibitory effect of glucoaurantio-obtusin towards UGT1A7. Noncompetitive inhibition was demonstrated for the inhibition of aurantio-obtusin towards UGT1A7, with the inhibition kinetic parameter (Ki) to be 23.8 μM. Given that low activity of UGT1A7 was related with the occurrence of some diseases (e.g. cancer, etc.), the inhibition of aurantio-obtusin towards UGT1A7 should be given much attention in clinical application of glucoaurantio-obtusin and aurantio-obtusin.
A transit fleet replacement model for emissions reduction

Bus is the most popular public transportation mode due to high loading capacity and low infrastructure requirement. Because operation time is long, bus transit system is required to run in a green manner. In this paper a transit fleet replacement model is developed to make vehicle purchase and retirement decisions under environmental and technological constraints. The overall objective is to find cost-minimizing strategies under reduction goals for various pollutants. A case is proposed to illustrate the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the model can provide strategies for fleet owners or government administrators to deal with the issues of sustainable transit system.
Presynaptic, Activity-Dependent Modulation of Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of GABA Release

Endocannabinoid signaling couples activity-dependent rises in postsynaptic Ca2+ levels to decreased presynaptic GABA release. Here, we present evidence from paired recording experiments that cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of GABA release depends on the firing rates of the presynaptic interneurons. Low-frequency action potentials in post hoc identified cholecystokinin-positive CA1 basket cells elicited IPSCs in the postsynaptic pyramidal cells that, as expected, were fully abolished by the exogenous application of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 [R-(+)-(2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrol[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl) methanone monomethanesulfonate] at 5 μm. However, the presynaptic basket cells recovered from the cannabinoid agonist-induced inhibition of GABA release when the presynaptic firing rate was increased to ≥20 Hz. Pharmacological experiments showed that the recovered transmission was exclusively dependent on presynaptic N-type Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, the increased presynaptic firing could also overcome even complete depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, indicating that the magnitude of DSI markedly depends on the activity levels of basket cells. These results reveal a new locus of activity-dependent modulation for endocannabinoid signaling and suggest that endocannabinoid-mediated inhibition of GABA release may differ in distinct behavioral states.
Why Have U.S. Prices Become Independent of Business Cycles?

type="main"> This article analyzes the issue of price cyclicality from a Post Keynesian perspective. It shows that there are two key factors at the center of the mechanism for the sudden U.S. transition from counter-cyclical to a-cyclical price movement in the early 1980s. First, the cost pass-through policy has been changed to ensure that the cyclical changes of input prices and/or labor productivity are absorbed more thoroughly and are thus reflected more frequently in profit markups than occurred prior to 1984. This relatively increased adaptability of the profit markups in the aggregate sense between the pricing periods cushions the direct effect of cyclical changes in the cost base on price cyclicality. Second, a structural change in the U.S. labor productivity's cyclical property has generated cost-base stability during the post-1984 period. Declines in hiring and firing costs and cutbacks in social security benefits have led the labor discipline effect to dominate the labor hoarding effect. This has allowed labor productivity to increase as the unemployment rate rises; thus, the cost base cyclicality has weakened, and prices have become less cyclical since 1984.
Designing metrics for business models describing Mobile services delivered by networked organisations

Most new mobile services for 3G and beyond are developed by a network of organisations that have to work together to realise access to infrastructure, middleware (such as location based technologies), multimedia content, customer data and customers. This network of organisations and or business units within organisations adds to the value of the service as perceived by the customer. Although much is written about business models, little is known about business models used by networked organisations. Furthermore, proper performance indicators for business models are still under development. Within ongoing research projects, such as Business Models for Innovative Telematics Applications (BITA) and Business for You (B4U) we are designing an instrument to measure the performance of networks in delivering customer value. In the paper we will discuss literature with regard to business models, networked services and performance and propose a measurement instrument.
EFFECTS OF GEOMETRY ON AMPLIFICATION PROPERTY OF ERBIUM DOPED HOLEY FIBER AMPLIFIERS USING SCALAR EFFECTIVE INDEX METHOD

Holey fibers (HF) with their peculiar properties have been used in fabrication of Erbium doped holey fiber amplifiers (EDHFA) for third optical communication window. In this paper, by using scalar effective index method, the analyses are presented to investigate the effects of HF geometrical parameters on the gain performance of the EDHFAs. The hierarchical variations of the parameters, including the air-hole sizes (AHS), propagating modes of the core and cladding, mode field diameter of the signal and pump, would cause alterations in the maximum gain and the optimum lengths of the EDHFAs. By determining the normalized frequency of the HF in wide range variations of the air-hole diameter, air-hole spacing, and air-filling factor (AFF), the single-mode regions for signal and pump wavelengths are obtained, where the maximum gain and the optimum lengths are evaluated. In addition, the influence of pump power and the dopant concentration in terms of the AFF are investigated. It is shown that by using suitable AHS and AFF, one can obtain a higher gain for a shorter optimum length in the EDHFAs. The obtained results can be a useful tool for design of HF-based optical amplifiers with lesser effects of amplified spontaneous emission and nonlinearities because of shorter optimized length. Corresponding author: F. E. Seraji (feseraji@itrc.ac.ir). 386 Karimi and Seraji
A study of the performance of solar cells for indoor autonomous wireless sensors

The performances of six solar cell technologies for indoor energy harvesting are assessed under a controlled light intensity of 77.40 μW/cm2. A comparison of the calculated efficiencies of crystalline (c-Si), polycrystalline (poly-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), perovskite, gallium arsenide (GaAs) and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) shows that both DSSC and GaAs solar cells exhibit an efficiency of ~28%, whereas the efficiencies of perovskite and a-Si solar cells are 20.4% and 15.59% respectively. Considering both performance and cost, DSSC is the best choice for indoor light energy harvesting. Due to its high power density of 22.0 μW/cm2, the DSSC requires an area of 15 cm2 to charge a 3.4 mAh rechargeable battery from a nominal voltage of 2.8 to 3.0 V in 60 minutes.
Condition, prolonged swimming performance and muscle metabolic capacities of cod Gadus morhua

SUMMARY This study evaluated the link between swimming endurance and condition of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua that had been fed or starved during the 16 weeks preceding the tests, and assessed whether muscle metabolic capacities explain such links. The condition factor [(somatic mass × fork length-3)×100] of starved cod was 0.54±0.1 whereas that of fed cod was 0.81±0.1. In white and red muscle, we measured four glycolytic enzymes: phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), two mitochondrial enzymes: cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and citrate synthase (CS), a biosynthetic enzyme, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), glycogen and protein levels and water content. Muscle samples were taken at three positions along the length of the fish; starvation affected the metabolic capacities of white muscle more than those of red muscle. The levels of glycolytic enzymes and glycogen changed more in white than red muscle during starvation. Both in fed and starved cod, muscle metabolic capacities varied with position along the fish; starvation reduced this longitudinal variation more in white than red muscle. In white muscle of fed cod, the glycolytic enzyme levels increased from head to tail, while in starved cod this longitudinal variation disappeared. In red muscle mitochondrial enzyme levels were highest in the caudal sample, but fewer differences were found for glycolytic enzymes. Swimming endurance was markedly affected by fish condition, with starved fish swimming only 30% of the time (and distance) of fed fish. This endurance was closely linked with the number of burst—coast movements during the test and the activity of CCO and LDH in white muscle. The number of burst—coast movements was significantly linked with condition factor and PFK activity in caudal red muscle and gill arch mass. Our data indicated that cod use both glycolytic and oxidative capacities to support endurance swimming. Furthermore, swimming endurance is linked with the metabolic capacities of red and white muscle.
PENGARUH SIZE, LEVERAGE, PROFITABILITY, CAPITAL INTENSITY RATIO DAN KOMISARIS INDEPENDEN TERHADAP EFFECTIVE TAX RATE (ETR)(Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar Di BEI Selama Periode 2010-2012)

This study aims to examine the factors that affect the company’s effective tax rate. There are several factors used include size, leverage, profitability, capital intensity ratio and independent commissioners. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine whether the size, leverage, profitability, capital intensity ratio and independent commissioners affect the effective tax rate in manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Population taken as the object of observation amounted to 148 manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in the periode 2010-2012. Determination of the sample was made by applying purposive sampling method and obatain a sample of 75 manufacturing companies based on certain cirteria. The results showed that the size and independent commissioners significant effect on the effective tax rate. While leverage, profitability and capital intensity ratio does not signifiacantly influence the effective tax rate. In this study, there are still many limitations and shortcomings namely the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable can only explain by 4.3%. Hence more independent variables are needed
Microwave Power Harvesting for Satellite Health Monitoring

This paper addresses the microwave energy harvesting on board of geostationary satellites for health satellite monitoring. To prove the feasibility of such a concept, we investigated the electromagnetic environment existing on antenna panels. Based on established cartographic maps, three designs of rectennas are proposed. Measured dc powers ranging from 0.256 to 1.28 mW can be harvested for electric field levels ranging from 91 to 121 V/m and by using very simple and compact designs. The harvesting structures consist of only one Schottky diode per rectenna and present a total surface of 2.4 cm 2. They are suitable for powering the new generation of ultra-low power transceivers, thus enabling autonomous wireless power networks for satellite health monitoring.
Going Home: Black Representatives and Their Constituents

Thirty years ago there were nine African Americans in the US House of Representatives. Today there are four times that number. In "Going Home", the dean of congressional studies, Richard F. Fenno, explores what representation has meant -and means today - to black voters and to the politicians they have elected to office. Fenno follows the career of four black representatives - Louis Stokes, Barbara Jordan, Chaka Fattah and Stephanie Tubbs Jones - from their home districts to the halls of the Capitol. He finds that while these politicians had different visions of how they should represent their districts (in part based on their individual preferences, and in part based on the history of black politics in America), they shared crucial organizational and symbolic connections to their constituents. These connections, which draw on a sense of "linked fates" are ones that only black representatives can provide to black constituents. Fenno's detailed portraits and incisive analysis should be important for anyone interested in the workings of Congress or in black politics.
N-limited or N and P co-limited indications in the surface waters of three Mediterranean basins

The limiting nutrient for the pelagic microbial food web in the Mediterranean Sea was investigated in the nutrient manipulated microcosms during summer 2008. Surface waters were collected into 12 carboys at a center of anticyclonic eddy at the Western Basin, the Ionian Basin, and the Levantine Basin, respectively. As compared to the Redfield ratio, the ratio of N to P in the collected waters was always smaller in the dissolved inorganic fraction but higher in both dissolved and particulate organic fractions. Four different treatments in triplicates (addition of ammonium, phosphate, a combination of both, and the unamended control) were set up for the carboys. Responses of chemical and biological parameters in these different treatments were measured during the incubation (3-4 days). Temporal changes of turnover time of phosphate and ATP, and alkaline phosphatase activity during the incubation suggested that the phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes (Hprok) communities were not purely P-limited at any studied stations. Statistical comparison between the treatments for a given parameter measured at the end of the incubation did not find pure P-limitation in any chemical and biological parameters at three study sites. Primary production was consistently limited by N, and Hprok growth was not limited by N nor P in the Western Basin, but N-limited in the Ionian Basin, and N and P co-limited in the Levantine Basin. Our results demonstrated the gap between biogeochemical features and biological responses in terms of the limiting nutrient. We question the general notion that Mediterranean surface waters are limited by P alone during the stratified period.