Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prospective Real-Time Validation of a Lung Ultrasound Deep Learning Model in the ICU

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of a bedside, real-time deployment of a deep learning (DL) model capable of distinguishing between normal (A line pattern) and abnormal (B line pattern) lung parenchyma on lung ultrasound (LUS) in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study evaluating the performance of a previously trained LUS DL model. Enrolled patients received a LUS examination with simultaneous DL model predictions using a portable device. Clip-level model predictions were analyzed and compared with blinded expert review for A versus B line pattern. Four prediction thresholding approaches were applied to maximize model sensitivity and specificity at bedside. SETTING: Academic ICU. PATIENTS: One-hundred critically ill patients admitted to ICU, receiving oxygen therapy, and eligible for respiratory imaging were included. Patients who were unstable or could not undergo an LUS examination were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 100 unique ICU patients (400 clips) were enrolled from two tertiary-care sites. Fifty-six patients were mechanically ventilated. When compared with gold standard expert annotation, the real-time inference yielded an accuracy of 95%, sensitivity of 93%, and specificity of 96% for identification of the B line pattern. Varying prediction thresholds showed that real-time modification of sensitivity and specificity according to clinical priorities is possible. CONCLUSIONS: A previously validated DL classification model performs equally well in real-time at the bedside when platformed on a portable device. As the first study to test the feasibility and performance of a DL classification model for LUS in a dedicated ICU environment, our results justify further inquiry into the impact of employing real-time automation of medical imaging into the care of the critically ill.
Mortality As a Measure of Treatment Effect in Clinical Trials Recruiting Critically Ill Patients*

OBJECTIVES: All-cause mortality is a common measure of treatment effect in ICU-based randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We sought to understand the performance characteristics of a mortality endpoint by evaluating its temporal course, responsiveness to differential treatment effects, and impact when used as an outcome measure in trials of acute illness. DATA SOURCES: We searched OVID Medline for RCTs published from 1990 to 2018. STUDY SELECTION: We reviewed RCTs that had randomized greater than or equal to 100 patients, were published in one of five high-impact general medical or eight critical care journals, and reported mortality at two or more distinct time points. We excluded trials recruiting pediatric or neonatal patients and cluster RCTs. DATA EXTRACTION: Mortality by randomization group was recorded from the article or estimated from survival curves. Trial impact was assessed by inclusion of results in clinical practice guidelines. DATA SYNTHESIS: From 2,592 potentially eligible trials, we included 343 RCTs (228,784 adult patients). While one third of all deaths by 180 days had occurred by day 7, the risk difference between study arms continued to increase until day 60 (p = 0.01) and possibly day 90 (p = 0.07) and remained stable thereafter. The number of deaths at ICU discharge approximated those at 28–30 days (95% [interquartile range [IQR], 86–106%]), and deaths at hospital discharge approximated those at 60 days (99% [IQR, 94–104%]). Only 13 of 43 interventions (30.2%) showing a mortality benefit have been adopted into widespread clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a conceptual framework for choosing a time horizon and interpreting mortality outcome in trials of acute illness. Differential mortality effects persist for 60 to 90 days following recruitment. Location-based measures approximate time-based measures for trials conducted outside the United States. The documentation of a mortality reduction has had a modest impact on practice.
Drosophila melanogaster as a model for unraveling unique molecular features of epilepsy elicited by human GABA transporter 1 variants

Mutations in the human γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (hGAT-1) can instigate myoclonic-atonic and other generalized epilepsies in the afflicted individuals. We systematically examined fifteen hGAT-1 disease variants, all of which dramatically reduced or completely abolished GABA uptake activity. Many of these loss-of-function variants were absent from their regular site of action at the cell surface, due to protein misfolding and/or impaired trafficking machinery (as verified by confocal microscopy and de-glycosylation experiments). A modest fraction of the mutants displayed correct targeting to the plasma membrane, but nonetheless rendered the mutated proteins devoid of GABA transport, possibly due to structural alterations in the GABA binding site/translocation pathway. We here focused on a folding-deficient A288V variant. In flies, A288V reiterated its impeded expression pattern, closely mimicking the ER-retention demonstrated in transfected HEK293 cells. Functionally, A288V presented a temperature-sensitive seizure phenotype in fruit flies. We employed diverse small molecules to restore the expression and activity of folding-deficient hGAT-1 epilepsy variants, in vitro (in HEK293 cells) and in vivo (in flies). We identified three compounds (chemical and pharmacological chaperones) conferring moderate rescue capacity for several variants. Our data grant crucial new insights into: (i) the molecular basis of epilepsy in patients harboring hGAT-1 mutations, and (ii) a proof-of-principle that protein folding deficits in disease-associated hGAT-1 variants can be corrected using the pharmacochaperoning approach. Such innovative pharmaco-therapeutic prospects inspire the rational design of novel drugs for alleviating the clinical symptoms triggered by the numerous emerging pathogenic mutations in hGAT-1.
The magnetic field problem: A graph-theoretic model

A numerical model for two-dimensional magnetic field problems called the graph-theoretic field model is presented. The theoretical framework of the model places the finite difference and Finite element method in a unifying perspective and brings the solution of magnetic field problems into the well-proven realm of computer-aided design of discrete physical systems. The field distribution in a transformer core is obtained to illustrate the modeling procedure.
Multiple-beam x-ray diffraction near exact backscattering in silicon

We examined multiple-beam effects accompanying a backscattering Bragg reflection from a silicon crystal. Silicon crystals are frequently used in x-ray diffraction applications due to their high degree of perfection. Backscattering Bragg reflections have been employed for x-ray monochromatization, energy analysis, and other tasks. Multiple-beam effects have been found to be unavoidable for backscattering of hard x-rays from silicon, but little experimental data had previously been collected on these effects. Detailed rocking curves of the ~ 12 40 ! Bragg reflection near backscattering are included and compared to the predictions of the dynamical diffraction theory. Intensity data of the accompanying reflected beams are also provided.
Shorted Pin Circular Axe-Shaped Patch Antenna for Compact and Dual Band Applications

A shorted pin circular axe-shaped antenna is analyzed for compact and dual band applications. Removing two symmetric arc-shaped areas from a simple circular patch lengthens the current path thus reduces the antenna size. Embedding and adjusting a shorting pin further shifts the resonance to a lower frequency and excites another high order mode. The frequency ratio varies between 1.639 ∼ 2.616. The patch size is about 51% of the circular axe-shaped patch without shorting pin, and 85% of the simple circular patch antenna. Parametric analyses of the antenna model are presented in detail and a prototype is fabricated for experiment.
Compton and Thomson scattering in strong magnetic fields

The differential cross section for scattering of photons by electrons in a strong magnetic field is calculated. The relativistic treatment is performed for electrons in the lowest Landau level. By specializing to the nonrelativistic region, cross sections for Thomson scattering are given for an arbitrary direction of the photon with respect to the magnetic field. These results are in agreement with previous calculations. The relativistic cross sections are numerically calculated to compare them explicitly with the nonrelativistic case and to present numerical values which can be used, for instance, in practical applications to neutron stars.
Stochastic integrodifferential equations in Hilbert spaces with applications in electromagnetics

In this work we present some results on deterministic and stochastic integrodifferential equations in Hilbert spaces, motivated from and applied to problems arising from the mathematical modeling of electromagnetics fields in complex random media. We examine the mild, strong and classical well posedness for the Cauchy problem of the integrodifferential equation which describes Maxwell’s equations complemented with the general (and therefore nonlocal in time) linear constitutive relations describing such media, with either additive or multiplicative noise.
Integration in Functional Spaces and its Applications in Quantum Physics

This translation of the survey article by I. M. Gel'fand and A. M. Yaglom on the theory and applications of integration in functional spaces in problems of quantum physics was prepared because it was felt that such a review would be of interest and of use to mathematical physicists working in several different fields.The article begins with a discussion of Wiener measure, after which the extension is made to the complex measure introduced by Feynman in his formulation of quantum mechanics, and examples are given of the use of these methods in quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and quantum statistical physics. A comprehensive bibliography of works devoted to the theory and applications of functional integration methods is included.
Transient Dynamics of Nonsymmetric Perturbations versus Symmetric Instability in Baroclinic Zonal Shear Flows

Abstract The linear dynamics of symmetric and nonsymmetric perturbations in unbounded zonal inviscid flows with a constant vertical shear of velocity, when a fluid is incompressible and density is stably stratified along the vertical and meridional directions, is investigated. A small–Richardson number Ri ≲ 1 and large–Rossby number Ro ≳ 1 regime is considered, which satisfies the condition for symmetric instability. Specific features of this dynamics are closely related to the nonnormality of linear operators in shear flows and are well interpreted in the framework of the nonmodal approach by tracing the linear dynamics of spatial Fourier harmonics (Kelvin modes) of perturbations in time. The roles of stable stratification, the Coriolis parameter, and vertical shear in the dynamics of perturbations are analyzed. Classification of perturbations into two types or modes—vortex (i.e., quasigeostrophic balanced motions) and inertia–gravity wave—is made according to the value of potential vorticity. The emergi.
Double White Dwarf Merger Rates

Abstract Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are very successfully used as standard candles on cosmological distance scales, but so far the nature of the progenitor(s) is unclear. A possible scenario for SNe Ia are merging carbon/oxygen white dwarfs with a combined mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar mass. We determine the theoretical rates and delay time distribution of these mergers for two different common envelope prescriptions and metallicities. The shape of the delay time distributions is rather insensitive to the assumptions. The normalization is a factor ~3–13 too low compared to observations.
The galactic fountain of high-velocity clouds.

We examine whether high-velocity clouds of neutral hydrogen (not the Magellanic Stream), observed in every longitude quadrant of the sky, can condense from a hot, dynamic corona above the plane of the Galaxy. Supernova-heated gas that arises above the disk must either flow outward as a wind or remain bound to the Galaxy in a dynamic corona in which gas is constantly in motion: a static corona is not stable. Since clouds cannot condense in a wind, we favor a corona and show that it is consistent with current values for the supernova heating rate above the disk. Gas continuously entering the corona from the disk rises up (in Z) and outward (in .omega.) in an attempt to reach static equilibrium with the corona. The gas behaves adiabatically until radiative losses become important. Then, coronal gas is susceptible to thermal instabilities and neutral clouds condense from the corona. Clouds form toward the top of the corona at about one density scale height because thermal instabilities grow most rapidly there. After formation, clouds fall ballistically toward their point of origin.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF BYPASS TRANSITION

A large‐eddy simulation has been performed of a flat‐plate boundary layer undergoing transition to turbulence under free‐stream turbulence at a level of 6%. The properties of the simulated transition match those found experimentally: not only is the position and length of transition in agreement with available data, but the mechanism of transition also appears to correspond closely, since disturbances seen in the laminar layer prior to transition are found in the simulation. Statistical data have been gathered that allow the computation of all terms in the derived equations for the Reynolds stresses at four x stations. Aspects of these balances are presented that allow new insights into the physical mechanisms at work. The importance of the wall‐normal component of free‐stream turbulence and the timing of the redistribution of energy into this component through the fluctuating pressure field are revealed.
Comparative study of the influence of the aspect ratio of trapezoidal index profiles on the performance of a fiber Raman amplifier

We have sought a suitable coaxial refractive index profile with dispersion-flattened and dispersion-shifted criteria in the context of a single-mode Raman gain amplifier. We present a novel comparative study based on the effective core area and Raman gain coefficient in relation to the effect of aspect ratios of trapezoidal index profiles in the inner core on the Raman gain.
Magnetopause structure and attitude from Explorer 12 observations.

It is shown how satellite magnetometer data at a magnetopause penetration can be used to determine the vector normal to the magnetopause current layer and the magnetic-field component along this normal. According to theory such a component is a measure of the amount of field reconnection at magnetopause. Results from 22 Explorer 12 boundary penetrations are presented indicating normal-field components of less than 5 γ in two-thirds of the cases. Measured field variations within the current layer are presented to demonstrate the existence of two fundamentally different types of boundary structure, the rotational and the tangential discontinuity. The former of these permits a nonzero normal field component, whereas the latter does not. The rotational discontinuity seems to occur predominantly during magnetic storms and two of these cases, involving substantial normal-field components, provide compelling evidence that field reconnection takes place during the storm main phase. Finally, the calculated normal vector is compared with the normal to the surface of the Mead-Beard magnetosphere model.
Multistep damage evolution process in cubic zirconia irradiated with MeV ions

This work reports the study, via the combination of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and channeling, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy experiments, of the damage formation in cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia single crystals irradiated with medium-energy (4 MeV) heavy (Au) ions. The damage buildup, which is accounted for in the framework of the multistep damage accumulation model, occurs in three steps. The first step at low fluences (up to 1015 cm−2), characterized by a regular increase in both the damage yield and the elastic strain, is related to the formation of small defect clusters. The second step in the intermediate fluence range (from 1015 to 5×1015 cm−2) leads to a sharp increase in the damage yield and to a large drop of the strain due to the formation of dislocation loops which collapse into a network of tangled dislocations. The third step at high fluences (above 5×1015 cm−2) exhibits a surprising decrease in the damage yield, which may be attributed to the reorgani.
Dry etching challenges for patterning smooth lines: LWR reduction of extreme ultra violet photo resist

We have investigated a H2 plasma smoothing process that improves the Line-Width-Roughness (LWR) and Line-Edge- Roughness (LER) of the EUV PR at 30 nm half pitch. This process reduces the LWR from ~5.8 to ~3.7 nm, a ~30% improvement. The main responsible for improving the LER/LWR under H2 plasma seems to be the vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) below 120 nm together with the low energy hydrogen ions and radicals. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and liquid proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses suggest a depletion of oxygen containing groups and reduction of the aromatic groups in the PR. XPS revealed that the PR surface is rapidly modified by the H2 plasma compared with the bulk (FTIR). Thus a cross-linked top surface is created which seems to be the limiting step for further LER/LWR improvement. The main challenge for dry etching is the EUV PR height which after lithography exposure and plasma smoothing, is less than 40 nm, provoking a low process window for subsequent etching steps. One strategy to open the process window is to encapsulate the PR with a more resistant material without destroying the lithography pattern. For this purpose a process was developed where 5-7nm of SiO2-like layer was deposited on top of the PR at low temperature (50 degrees Celsius). The main advantage of this deposited layer is that it is thicker on the top of the lines than in between them.
Probability Density Function of the Tidal Residuals in the Korean Coast

Tidal residual is being an important factor by the influence of the climate change in terms of the coastal safety and defense. It is one of the most important factor for the determination of the reference sea level in order to check the safety and performance of the coastal structures in company with the typhoon intensity variation. The probability density function (pdf) of tidal residuals in the Korean coasts have a non-ignorable skewness and high kurtosis. It is highly restricted to the application of the normal pdf assumption as an approximated pdf of tidal residuals. In this study, the pdf of tidal residuals estimated using the Kernel function is suggested as a more reliable and accurate pdf of tidal residuals than the normal function. This suggested pdf shows a good agreement with the empirical cumulative distribution function and histogram. It also gives the more accurate estimation result on the extreme values in comparison with the results based on the normal pdf assumption.
Neoclassical transport theory of a multispecies plasma in the low collision frequency regime

A comprehensive neoclassical transport theory for a multispecies plasma in the low collision frequency banana regime is developed. A recently developed approximate collision operator is used to analytically calculate the transport coefficients in a nonisothermal, finite beta plasma for arbitrary mass ratios and all values of the aspect ratio. The physical effects of collisions in the large and small aspect ratio limits are discussed in detail. The bootstrap current is expressed in terms of the parallel friction forces, and an explicit calculation of the current is performed for the case of two ion species in which one is a heavy impurity ion.
Contractive relaxation systems and the scalar multidimensional conservation law

It is a classical result, Kruzhkov, that the Cauchy problem for the scalar multidimensional conservation law, with u{sub 0} {element_of} L{sup 1}(R{sup n}) {intersection} L{sup {infinity}}(R{sup n}) has a unique global weak solution u(x, t) satisfying the Kruzhkov entropy conditions Weak solutions of are constructed via finite difference approximations, Conway and Smoller, or as zero-viscosity limits of parabolic regularizations, Volpert and Kruzhkov, and the solution operator defines a contraction semigroup in L{sup 1}(R{sup n}), Crandall. 28 refs.
Rigid representations of a double quiver of type A, and Richardson elements in seaweed Lie algebras

In this paper, we show that there is always an open adjoint orbit in the nilpotent radical of a seaweed Lie algebra in gln(k), thus answering positively in this gln(k) case to a question raised independently by Michel Duflo and Dmitri Panyushev. The proof gives an explicit construction, using Δ‐filtered modules of quasi‐hereditary algebras arising from quotients of the double of quivers of type A. An example of a seaweed Lie algebra in a simple Lie algebra of type E8 not admitting an open orbit in its nilpotent radical is given.
The diffusive strip method for scalar mixing in two dimensions

We introduce a new numerical method for the study of scalar mixing in two-dimensional advection fields. The position of an advected material strip is computed kinematically, and the associated convection–diffusion problem is solved using the computed local stretching rate along the strip, assuming that the diffusing strip thickness is smaller than its local radius of curvature. This widely legitimate assumption reduces the numerical problem to the computation of a single variable along the strip, thus making the method extremely fast and applicable to any large Péclet number. The method is then used to document the mixing properties of a chaotic sine flow, for which we relate the global quantities (spectra, concentration probability distribution functions (PDFs), increments) to the distributed stretching of the strip convoluted by the flow, possibly overlapping with itself. The numerical results indicate that the PDF of the strip elongation is log normal, a signature of random multiplicative processes. This property leads to exact analytical predictions for the spectrum of the field and for the PDF of the scalar concentration of a solitary strip. The present simulations offer a unique way of discovering the interaction rule for building complex mixtures which are made of a random superposition of overlapping strips leading to concentration PDFs stable by self-convolution.
Time Sharing with Priorities

Two priority rules are analyzed which give preferential treatment to short jobs over long jobs. Both rules treat the central processor as a single channel queue and allocate a positive block of time to each job as it enters the processor. The job is either completed during the block of time or it is interrupted. For the feedback rule, an interrupted job joins a queue of lower priority. For the round robin rule, there is only one queue; interrupted jobs join the end of the queue. The stochastic model (without priorities) is that of an $M/G/ 1$ queue. For the feedback rule, explicit expressions for expected delay are obtained. For the round robin rule, the corresponding expected delays are determined implicitly as a solution of a set of linear equations. Conditions under which the solution is unique are determined.