Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Posture to Gait : Feature-based Gait Classification

This report describes the design of a feature-based gait classification system. The system is an extension to an existing posture analysis system, and is designed to be implemented using FPGA architecture. The gait matching algorithm is based on extracting a skeleton that corresponds to a blob, and analysing various cues in the movement of the skeleton through a sequence of frames. The project has three main contributions: 1. The design of a new skeletonisation system, based on an enhanced radial projection algorithm, which builds on earlier work on gait classification. The skeletonisation algorithm uses low-pass filtering of the radial projection to extract a subject from the frame, and generates a corresponding skeleton with a centroid and three extremities. 2. A gait classifier that uses multiple cues of the moving skeleton to decide which of the reference gait types most closely matches the current gait sequence. This includes analysing the sequences to select cues that best distinguish between the different gait types, devising a formula to give match scores to different gaits and cues, and bringing these scores together into a combined match score. 3. Evaluation of the accuracy of the gait classification algorithm. Tests were done using the UbiSense dataset featuring two subjects and five gait types. The system is able to classify 79.8% of the test sequences into the correct gait types. When deciding whether the gait is normal or abnormal, the classifier achieves a 98.4% accuracy.
Speech Content of Selected Groups of Orphanage and Non-Orphanage Preschool Children

In the field of child development there have been numerous research studies on the lan guage development of young children. Some research has dealt with the relation of envi ronment to language development but there have been few studies in which specific envi ronmental factors which influence language have been singled out and studied. There is evidence to indicate a close relationship be tween the richness of a child's environment in certain language-stimulating materials and experiences and the size of his vocabulary. Studies such as those of Williams (8), Mc Carthy (3), and Smith (5) show that children from the higher socio-economic levels are superior in language development to children from the lower socio-economic levels. How ever, in these studies specific environmental variables were not considered.
Resilience and Impairment: An Exploratory Study of Resilience Factors and Situational Impairment

The purpose of this study was to begin to examine the relationships between social emotional factors related to resilience as measured by the Devereux Student Strengths Assessment (DESSA) and the degree of impairment as reflected in problem behaviors reported by parents according to the Home Situations Questionnaire (HSQ). A second goal was to study the relationships between impairment as measured by the HSQ with intelligence as measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). The participants were 49 children (76% males; all White; aged 6-14 years; mean = 8.9, SD = 2.0), evenly distributed among those diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) Inattentive, ADHD Combined type, ADHD Not Otherwise Specified, learning disabilities, mild mental retardation, depression, and combined depression and ADHD. The DESSA T score was 38.6, suggesting that this group of referred children were low in social-emotional protective factors. The WISC-IV Full Scale IQ was 96.8, with scores ranging from 87.7 on Processing Speed to 102.5 on Verbal Comprehension, and the CAS Full Scale was 94.5, with scores ranging from 90.9 in Planning to 100.4 in both Simultaneous and Successive processing abilities. Seven of the eight DESSA scales correlated significantly with the HSQ, as did the Social-Emotional Composite (r = -.53); lower social-emotional competence scores DESSA were associated with higher degrees of impairment in home situations. In contrast, none of the WISC-IV or CAS scales were significantly correlated with the HSQ.
Nonphotochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching: Mechanism and Effectiveness in Protecting Plants from Photodamage1

Knowledge about the mechanism of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching adds to an understanding of its effectiveness at protecting plants from photodamage. We review the mechanism underlying nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) and its role in protecting plants against photoinhibition. This review includes an introduction to this phenomenon, a brief history of major milestones in our understanding of NPQ, definitions, and a discussion of quantitative measurements of NPQ. We discuss the current knowledge and unknown aspects in the NPQ scenario, including the following: ΔpH, the proton gradient (trigger); light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), PSII light harvesting antenna (site); and changes in the antenna induced by ΔpH (change), which lead to the creation of the quencher. We conclude that the minimum requirements for NPQ in vivo are ΔpH, LHCII complexes, and the PsbS protein. We highlight the most important unknown in the NPQ scenario, the mechanism by which PsbS acts upon the LHCII antenna. Finally, we describe a novel, emerging technology for assessing the photoprotective “power” of NPQ and the important findings obtained through this technology.
Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach

This book is comprised of six essays, published over a decade, and now brought together to promote an evolution ary approach to culture. The author, an anthropologist by training, is Directeur de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. The present offering comple ments previous books on symbolism, communication, and epistemology. Its objectives are to "rethink anthropology" to give it a naturalistic basis; to generate the framework for describing and explaining the spread ofbeliefs and practices; and to promote collaboration between anthropology and evolutionary psychology.
[Heart failure mortality in Spain, 1977-1998].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Heart failure is now the third leading cause of cardiovascular death in developed countries and is also an important cause of morbidity and hospitalization that now represents the main cause of admissions among the elderly. In this study we present heart failure mortality trends in Spain developing over the last 20 years. METHODS Data on deaths due to heart failure were obtained from files supplied by the Spanish National Institute for Statistics. We present age-adjusted specific mortality rates over time analyzed by sex and geographic area. Poisson regression models were used to estimate trends. RESULTS Heart failure is responsible for 4 to 8% of all-cause mortality in men and women, and for 12 to 20% of cardiovascular mortality overall, the the highest rates seen among the elderly and in Andalusia. The lowest rates are found in the Basque Country and some provinces of Castilla-Leon. Rates have tended to decrease over the last 20 years, but the rate of decrease has been slower in women, such that their mortality began to exceeded that of men from 1990 onwards. Mortality among the elderly has not changed significantly but the total number of deaths and morbidity are both increasing. CONCLUSIONS Because the Spanish population is aging, we can foresee that chronic heart failure will require greater attention in the future.
ProActive routing in scalable data centers with PARIS

Modern data centers must scale to a large number of servers, while offering flexible placement and migration of virtual machines. The traditional approach of connecting layer-two pods through a layer-three core constrains VM placement. More recent 'flat' designs are more flexible but have scalability limitations due to flooding/broadcasting or querying directories of VM locations. Rather than reactively learn VM locations, our PARIS architecture has a controller that pre-positions IP forwarding entries in the switches. Switches within a pod have complete information about the VMs beneath them, while each core switch maintains complete forwarding state for part of the address space. PARIS offers network designers the flexibility to choose a topology that meets their latency and bandwidth requirements. We evaluate our PARIS prototype built using OpenFlow-compliant switches and NOX controller. Using PARIS we can build a data center network that supports up to 100K servers.
Effects of Choline Administration on In Vivo Release and Biosynthesis of Acetylcholine in the Rat Striatum as Studied by In Vivo Brain Microdialysis

The purpose of the present study is to clarify the effects of the administration of choline on the in vivo release and biosynthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. For this purpose, the changes in the extracellular concentration of choline and ACh in the rat striatum following intracerebroventricular administration of choline were determined using brain microdialysis. We also determined changes in the tissue content of choline and ACh. When the striatum was dialyzed with Ringer solution containing 10 μM physostigmine, ACh levels in dialysates rapidly and dose dependently increased following administration of various doses of choline and reached a maximum within 20 min. In contrast, choline levels in dialysates increased after a lag period of 20 min following the administration. When the striatum was dialyzed with physostigmine‐free Ringer solution, ACh could not be detected in dialysates both before and even after choline administration. After addition of hemicholinium‐3 to the perfusion fluid, the choline‐induced increase in ACh levels in dialysates was abolished. Following administration of choline, the tissue content of choline and ACh increased within 20 min. These results suggest that administered choline is rapidly taken up into the intracellular compartment of the cholinergic neurons, where it enhances both the release and the biosynthesis of ACh.
Rapid HIV-1 Disease Progression in Individuals Infected with a Virus Adapted to Its Host Population

HIV-1 escape from CTL is predictable based on the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I alleles expressed by the host. As such, HIV-1 sequences circulating in a population of hosts will harbor escape mutations specific to the HLA alleles of that population. In theory, this should increase the frequency of escape mutation transmission to persons expressing the restricting HLA allele, thereby compromising host immunity to the incoming HIV-1 strain. However, the clinical impact of infection with HIV-1 containing immune escape mutations has not conclusively been demonstrated. Japan’s population features limited HLA diversity which is driving population-level HIV adaptation: for example, >60% of Japanese express HLA-A*24:02 and its associated Nef-Y135F escape mutation represents the population consensus. As such, Japan is an ideal population in which to examine this phenomenon. Here, we combine genetic and immunological analyses to identify A*24:02-positive individuals likely to have been infected with Y135F-containing HIV-1. Over a ~5 year follow-up, these individuals exhibited significantly lower CD4 counts compared to individuals inferred to have been infected with wild-type HIV-1. Our results support a significant negative clinical impact of pathogen adaptation to host pressures at the population level.
Inferior vena cava diameter as a marker of early hemorrhagic shock: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND We determined the value of the inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter for predicting acute blood loss in control and blunt trauma patients and compared this with other parameters of hemorrhagic shock. METHODS Fifty volunteers and 28 consecutive hemorrhagic shock patients were recruited prospectively to participate in the study. Vital signs, blood lactate, and serum bicarbonate were measured, and shock index and base excess were calculated. Anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) IVC diameters during inspiration and expiration were measured in the right subcostal region. IVC diameters in hemorrhagic shock patients were compared with those of controls and were also compared with other hemorrhagic shock parameters. RESULTS A significant relationship was determined between mean IVC AP and ML diameters during expiration and inspiration on admission in the study group and in the control group (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.000). Serum lactate levels correlated significantly with all IVC diameters (r=55), especially the IVC ML diameter during expiration. CONCLUSION IVC diameter, as measured by transabdominal ultrasound, was more accurate than the shock index and other commonly used non-invasive predictors of acute blood loss (blood pressure, heart rate per minute, serum lactate level, base deficit).
Mothering or Auditing? The Case of Two Big Four in France

Women in public accounting firms are still proportionally much fewer in number in the highest levels of the hierarchy than men, whereas recruitment at junior level tends to be increasingly gender-balanced. This paper aims to analyse the relationships between the glass ceiling and motherhood. The mechanisms explaining the difficulties encountered by auditor mothers in their hierarchical progression within the Big Four in France are identified.
Mental illness and suicide. A case-control study in east Taiwan.

BACKGROUND As part of the Taiwan Aboriginal Study Project, a case-control study of suicide among two aboriginal groups and the Han Chinese was carried out in East Taiwan. METHODS Biographical reconstructive interviews were conducted for consecutive suicides from each of the three ethnic groups (a total of 116 suicides), 113 of whom were matched with two controls for age, sex, and area of residence. RESULTS In all three groups, a high proportion of suicides suffered from mental illness before committing suicide (97% to 100%). The two most prevalent psychiatric disorders were depression and alcoholism, and the most common comorbid pattern was depression with substance use disorders. The risk for suicide was significantly associated with all of these psychiatric conditions, previous suicide attempts, and a family history of suicide and depression. Fifty-one percent of all suicides had consulted medical professionals in the previous month. CONCLUSION Despite the widely different rates of depressive illness and alcoholism in different cultures previously reported, the psychiatric antecedents of suicide are the same in the West and the East.
The Impact of Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Prediction of Extraprostatic Extension and Prostatectomy Outcome in Patients with Low-, Intermediate- and High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Try to Find a Standard.

PURPOSE To investigate the value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and to predict extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle (SV) infiltration, and a negative surgical margin (SM) status at radical prostatectomy (RP) for different prostate cancer (PC) risk groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the study, 805 men underwent 3 tesla mpMRI without endorectal coil before MRI/transrectal ultrasonography-fusion guided prostate biopsy. MRIs were analyzed using the prostate imaging reporting and data system. The cohort was classified into risk groups according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria. Of 132 men who subsequently underwent RP, pathologic stage and SM status at RP were used as reference. Retrospectively, we investigated a European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) score for ECE and SV-infiltration. Statistical analyses included regression analyses, receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and Youden Index to assess an ESUR-score cutoff. RESULTS Area under the curve in ROC curve analyses was 0.82 for ESUR-ECE score to detect pT(3a)-disease and 0.77 for ESUR-SV score for pT(3b). Using a cutoff of 4 for ECE and of 2 for SV, the positive predictive value of the ECE-score for harboring pT(3) was 50.0%, 90.0%, and 88.8% for the low-, intermediate- and high-risk cohort. Retrospectively, the use of the ESUR-ECE score preoperatively would have changed the initial surgical plan, according to NCCN criteria, in 31.1% of patients. In the high-risk subgroup, 9/35 (25.7%) patients were correctly assessed as not harboring pT(3) by imaging (ECE score <4), and would have allowed secure robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and nerve-sparing surgery (NSS). When T3 suspicion on preoperative MRI would be taken into account, intraoperative frozen-sections (IFS) might avoid positive SM in 12/18 high-risk patients and an oncologic secure NSS in 8/20 intermediate-risk patients. CONCLUSION Prediction of pT(3) disease is crucial to plan NSS and to achieve negative SM in RP. Standardized ECE scoring on mpMRI is an independent predictor of pT(3) and may help to plan RP with oncologic security, even in high-risk patients. In addition, it allows more accurate selection of a subgroup of patients for systematic and MRI-guided IFS.
The contributions of encoding, retention, and recall to the Hebb effect

The article reports an experiment testing whether the Hebb repetition effect—the gradual improvement of immediate serial recall when the same list is repeated several times—depends on overt recall of the repeated lists. Previous reports which suggest that recall is critical confound the recall manipulation with retention interval. The present experiment orthogonally varies retention interval (0 or 9 s) and whether the list is to be recalled after the retention interval. Hebb repetition learning is assessed in a final test phase. A repetition effect was obtained in all four experimental conditions; it was larger for recalled than non-recalled lists, whereas retention interval had no effect. The results show that encoding is sufficient to generate cumulative long-term learning, which is strengthened by recall. Rehearsal, if it takes place in the retention interval at all, does not have the same effect on long-term learning as overt recall.
Effects of Various Antibiotics Alone or in Combination with Doripenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated in an Intensive Care Unit

Colistin, tigecycline, levofloxacin, tobramycin, and rifampin alone and in combination with doripenem were investigated for their in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects (PAEs) on Klebsiella pneumoniae. The in vitro activities of tested antibiotics in combination with doripenem were determined using a microbroth checkerboard technique. To determine the PAEs, K. pneumoniae strains in the logarithmic phase of growth were exposed for 1 h to antibiotics, alone and in combination. Recovery periods of test cultures were evaluated using viable counting after centrifugation. Colistin, tobramycin, and levofloxacin produced strong PAEs ranging from 2.71 to 4.23 h, from 1.31 to 3.82 h, and from 1.35 to 4.72, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. Tigecycline and rifampin displayed modest PAEs ranging from 1.18 h to 1.55 h and 0.92 to 1.19, respectively. Because it is a beta-lactam, PAEs were not exactly induced by doripenem (ranging from 0.10 to 0.18 h). In combination, doripenem scarcely changed the duration of PAE of each tested antibiotic alone. The findings of this study may have important implications for the timing of doses during K. pneumoniae therapy with tested antibiotics.
The Impact of Spot Size and Location on Current Density

The impact of spot size and location within a contact zone was evaluated using a formulation provided by Greenwood which utilizes the interaction of the current in each spot with all the other current carrying spots. The results indicate that both spot size and position affect the average current density through each spot. Moreover, a random variation in spot size appears to mask some of the effects from size and position. However, it was seen that significant variation in current density across the contact region suggests, that as a contact degrades, there will be a non uniform degradation and failure of the contact spots as aging progresses. This is thought to produce a cascade effect where the spots carrying the highest current density begin to fail causing the remaining spots to carry greater current loads and subsequently age faster towards failure.
A review of human factors principles for the design and implementation of medication safety alerts in clinical information systems

The objective of this review is to describe the implementation of human factors principles for the design of alerts in clinical information systems. First, we conduct a review of alarm systems to identify human factors principles that are employed in the design and implementation of alerts. Second, we review the medical informatics literature to provide examples of the implementation of human factors principles in current clinical information systems using alerts to provide medication decision support. Last, we suggest actionable recommendations for delivering effective clinical decision support using alerts. A review of studies from the medical informatics literature suggests that many basic human factors principles are not followed, possibly contributing to the lack of acceptance of alerts in clinical information systems. We evaluate the limitations of current alerting philosophies and provide recommendations for improving acceptance of alerts by incorporating human factors principles in their design.
Household Saving in LDCs: Credit Markets, Insurance and Welfare

Some ways in which farmers in LDCs can protect their living standards against fluctuations in income are discussed. After considering the theory of consumption under uncertainty when there is no or limited borrowing, the case where some borrowing is allowed is also examined. Empirical evidence from some LDCs is used to look at (1) household borrowing and lending, their importance and timing, and their role in smoothing consumption, and (2) the life-cycle behavior of consumption and income. The results suggests that "hump" life-cycle saving is not likely to be a very important generator of wealth in LDCs and provide further evidence on the limited role of credit markets. Copyright 1992 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Is Required for Maintaining the Neural Stem Cell Pool in the Mouse Brain Subventricular Zone

Cells within the subventricular zone (SVZ) express basic Fgf (Fgf2) and Fgf receptor proteins. We show that the absence of Fgf2 gene products reduces by 50% the dividing progenitor population of the anterior SVZ (SVZa) without changing their cell cycle time. Every 2–3 cell cycles of the SVZa progenitor cell population, 30,000 newly generated neurons capable of long-term survival are added to the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Fgf2 knockout mice have smaller olfactory bulbs due to decreased output of these newly generated cells into the bulbs. A population of slow-dividing neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in the SVZa is identified by its slow cell cycle kinetics (cell cycle approx. 20 days); these cells, called ‘S’ cells, are negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein and occasionally express brain-lipid-binding protein, a molecular marker of radial glia. The number of these dividing NSCs is reduced from about 13,000 in wild-type to 8,500 cells in Fgf2 knockout mice. Thus, FGF2 regulates the number of proliferative cells and olfactory bulb neurogenesis by maintaining a slow-dividing stem cell pool within the SVZa.