Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying External Magnetic Field Immunity of the Write Process in Perpendicular Spin-Transfer-Torque Random Access Memory

The resilience of write operation in spin-transfer-torque random access memory (STT-RAM) under external magnetic field disturbances is often overlooked. In this work, write error rates (WERs) of STT-RAM are calculated, including the effects of magnetic field perturbation of varying magnitude and direction. WER is calculated directly from the numerical solution of the 2-D Fokker–Planck equation that enables the estimation of ultralow probability tails of WER. The results show orders of magnitude increase in WER when an external magnetic field is applied along a direction noncollinear with the easy axis of the magnet. Numerical results are explained quantitatively from an analytical theory that confirms the appearance of additional zero-torque “stagnation points” on the unit sphere’s surface representing the magnetization vector of constant magnitude. Bit error rates (BERs) are simulated under varying applied current and write pulse duration. Implications on the active write mode magnetic immunity are discussed. The results present critical insights into the switching process of perpendicular STT-RAM memory cells exposed to external magnetic field perturbation and call for a thorough characterization of such failure modes for quantifying external magnetic field tolerance.
Laser-induced periodic surface structures, modeling, experiments, and applications

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) consist of regular wavy surface structures, or ripples, with amplitudes and periodicity in the sub-micrometer range. A summary of experimentally observed LIPSSs is presented, as well as our model explaining their possible origin. Linearly polarized continuous wave (cw) or pulsed laser light, at normal incidence, can produce LIPSSs with a periodicity close to the laser wavelength, and direction orthogonal to the polarization on the surface of the material. Ripples with a periodicity (much) smaller than the laser wavelength develop when applying laser pulses with ultra-short durations in the femtosecond and picosecond regime. The direction of these ripples is either parallel or orthogonal to the polarization direction. Finally, when applying numerous pulses, structures with periodicity larger than the laser wavelength can form, which are referred to as “grooves”. The physical origin of LIPSSs is still under debate. The strong correlation of the ripple periodicity to the laser wavelength, suggests that their formation can be explained by an electromagnetic approach. Recent results from a numerical electromagnetic model, predicting the spatially modulated absorbed laser energy, are discussed. This model can explain the origin of several characteristics of LIPSSs. Finally, applications of LIPSSs will be discussed.
Mediating Effect of Motivation on the Relationship of Fitness with Volitional High-Intensity Exercise in High-School Students

We aimed to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and motivation in adolescents and analyze if the associations of physical fitness with volitional exercise intensity in adolescents are mediated by motivation. The participants were 108 adolescents (58 girls 16.0 ± 0.92 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the Yo-YoITL1, and the push-up test was used to evaluate strength. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The intervention was applied in the first 10–15 min of each Physical Education class (PEC), twice a week, for 16 weeks and ranged from 14 to 20 all-out bouts intervals, adopting a 2:1 work to rest ratio. A cut-point of ≥90% of the maximal heart rate (HR) was used as a criterion for satisfactory compliance with high-intensity exercise. Volition intensity was assessed through a forearm wearable plethysmography heart rate sensor to ensure compliance with the exercise stimulus at the predetermined target HR zone. Motivation was estimated with a validated questionnaire (BREQ-3). Mediation effects were estimated using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals and were deemed significant if zero was not included in the intervals, and values below 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. The mediation analysis revealed a non-significant indirect effect of physical fitness through motivation on exercise intensity, specifically on CRF (B = −0.0355, 95% BootCI [−0.5838; 0.4559]), muscular fitness (B = −0.7284, 95% BootCI [−2.0272; 0.2219]) and body fat (B = 0.5092, 95% BootCI [−0.4756; 1.6934]). These results suggest that high or low values of motivation did not increase or decrease volitional high-intensity exercise, and lower levels of fitness (CRF, muscular and body fat) were associated with higher volitional exercise intensity. These findings highlight the need for regular moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise for maintaining or improving physical fitness, regardless of motivation regulations, and emphasize the importance of new strategies in PEC with acute vigorous-intensity activities that retain the health-enhancing effects.
Exploring the growing forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) dietary protein requirement based on gut microbiome

It is necessary to assess the appropriate dietary protein level of the forest musk deer (FMD), as nutritional needs are unclear. The microbiome in gastrointestinal tracts plays an important role in regulating nutrient utilization, absorption and host growth or development. Thus, we aimed to evaluate growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microbiome of growing FMD supplied with different protein levels of diets. Eighteen 6-month-old male FMD with an initial weight 5.0 ± 0.2 kg were used in a 62-day trial. The animals were randomly distributed to three groups, the dietary crude protein (CP) level was 11.51% (L), 13.37% (M), and 15.48% (H). The results showed that the CP digestibility decreased as dietary CP level increased (p < 0.01). Compared with group L and H, FMD in M group has higher average daily gain, feed efficiency and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. For the fecal bacterial community, the percentage of Firmicutes was increased, Bacteroidetes was decreased and the diversity of microbiota significantly reduced (p < 0.05) with the increasing of dietary protein. The proportion of Ruminococcaceae_005, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae were significantly increased wtih rising CP, the proportions of Bacteroides and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were significantly decrease nevertheless at the genus level. The higher abundance of f_Prevotellaceae and g_Prevotellaceae_UCG_004 were found at M group by LEfSe analysis. The relative abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Ruminococcaceae was positively correlated with the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05), whereas Family_XIII_AD3011_group was negatively correlated with feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The UPGMA tree showed L and M groups were closer in clustering relationship, while H group was clustered separately into a branch, which indicated that the bacterial structure had changed greatly with protein level increased from 13.37 to 15.48%. Overall, our results indicated that the optimum dietary CP for the growing FMD was 13.37%.
The nature of SiO masers in late-type stars

It is shown that currently available theoretical models for SiO masers cannot explain all the recent observations, especially the maser emission from v=2 and v=3 states and the fact that the masers are observed in stars which cover a wide range of parameters, in particular mass loss rates. A new model for the SiO masers in late-type stars is therefore developed which differs from the commonly accepted picture in its two basic ingredients: (1) Unlike previous models, the proposed pump mechanism is based upon collisions rather than radiation and utilizes properties of the collision cross sections discussed elsewhere. (2) Rather than locating the masers in the expanding circumstellar shell, I suggest that the emission of strong maser spikes has its origin in material in the upper atmosphere of the star. This material takes part in large mass motions which have been the subject of numerous recent observational and theoretical studies, unrelated to SiO masers. Various features of the SiO maser spikes are particularly suggestive of the picture of large convective cells in the photospheres of red giants and supergiants, recently advocated by Schwarzschild. The model provides simple explanations for many of the observed features of SiO masers, in particular themore » morphology of the emission profiles, time variability, and polarization. « less
Ambipolar diffusion and star formation: Formation and contraction of axisymmetric cloud cores. I. Formulation of the problem and method of solution

We formulate the problem of the formation and contraction of axially symmetric, isothermal, self-gravitating, molecular cloud fragments (or cores) due to ambipolar diffusion in magnetically supported parent clouds. The initial reference states are taken to be static and uniform with the magnetic field parallel to the axis of symmetry. The two-fluid MHD equations describing the evolution contain three dimensionless free parameters: α 0 , the ratio of magnetic and thermal pressures in the initial state, ν ff,0 , essentially the initial ratio of the free-fall and neutral-ion collision times, and the exponent k in the relation between the ion and neutral densities n i ∞n n k
Growing underground: Development of thermogenesis in pups of the fossorial rodent Ctenomys talarum

In mammals, during the pup’s development and adult life, integrated requirements of all activities of the individual must conform to a sustained rate of metabolism. Thus, partitioning the available energy according to short-term priorities at a specific moment allows animals to survive and optimize long-term reproductive success. In altricial rodents, thermal balance is a key factor for survival. When no exogenous source of heat is present, altricial pups rapidly lose heat, reaching ambient temperature (Ta). Fossorial rodents showed a strong dependence on burrows, where Ta remains relatively stable within narrow ranges. Pups of the fossorial rodent Ctenomys talarum are altricial, making them an excellent model to evaluate the development of thermogenic capacity. In this study, the ontogeny of the thermogenic capacity of pups of C. talarum was evaluated. Using respirometry techniques, non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), total thermogenic capacity (cold-induced maximum metabolic rate, MMR), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in pups until post-weaning age (day 60) were analyzed. No NST was present in pups until day 60 despite the presence of molecular markers for NST in brown adipose tissue deposits, which became functional in adults. Although pups are altricial at birth, they maintain their thermal balance behaviorally during lactation. Total thermogenic capacity became fixed at an early age, indicating an improvement in shivering thermogenesis (ST) efficiency after day 10, which might be related to the development of musculature related to digging. Before the aboveground dispersal period (~day 60), pups gradually reached adult Tb by improving ST and thermal isolation, allowing them to confront climatic fluctuations on the surface.
The Naked Neck Gene in the Domestic Chicken: A Genetic Strategy to Mitigate the Impact of Heat Stress in Poultry Production—A Review

Simple Summary Temperature and humidity are environmental factors with significant impact on animals. This challenge is not exclusive to tropical countries, as climate change has a worldwide impact. Birds are particularly sensitive to environmental changes, and high temperature causes significant financial losses. Several strategies can be used to mitigate the impact of heat stress in poultry. The use of strains tolerant to high temperature may be an interesting solution. In this review, we address the major effects of heat stress in poultry and how the naked neck gene can be used to mitigate such adverse effects. Abstract The poultry sector is one of the most important food industries in the world. Poultry production generates high-value protein products (meat and eggs) that are produced efficiently without the need for large areas. In poultry production, especially in the tropics, environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, play a major role. Heat stress (HS) causes behavioral, physical, and physiological changes in poultry, with severe financial impacts. Therefore, it is important to find strategies to minimize it. The naked neck (Na) is an autosomal, incompletely dominant gene. Compared with normal feathered birds, these animals are known for their ability to adapt, perform, and reproduce under hot and humid climate conditions. Due to the absence of feathers on the neck, these animals increase heat dissipation, alleviating adverse heat effects, especially on productive performance. Genetic improvement of heat tolerance may provide a low-cost solution, of particular interest for developing countries in the tropics. The focus of this review is to evaluate the impact of HS in poultry with a special emphasis on the advantages of using the Na gene.
Non-contact surface profiling using optical interferometric microscopy

We report the use of non-contact optical interferometric microscopy (OIM) for surface topographic profiling. A Linnik optical configuration is used to create interferograms of an object surface. When the coherence condition between the two beams is met the phase information of the object surface can be extracted to establish its topographic contour image. Using a four-image phase-shifted algorithm with the synchronization of a piezoelectric actuator reference mirror positioning, the present single camera OIM can reconstruct a surface topography with a field of view of 312 μm × 234 μm, axial resolution of 3.31 nm, and lateral resolution of 488 nm, and an estimated maximum topography depth of 270 nm.
NETs Promote Inflammatory Injury by Activating cGAS-STING Pathway in Acute Lung Injury

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) threatens the survival of critically ill patients, the mechanisms of which are still unclear. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by activated neutrophils play a critical role in inflammatory injury. We investigated the role of NETs and the underlying mechanism involved in acute lung injury (ALI). We found a higher expression of NETs and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) in the airways, which was reduced by Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in ALI. The administration of the STING inhibitor H-151 also significantly relieved inflammatory lung injury, but failed to affect the high expression of NETs in ALI. We isolated murine neutrophils from bone marrow and acquired human neutrophils by inducing HL-60 to differentiate. After the PMA interventions, exogenous NETs were obtained from such extracted neutrophils. Exogenous NETs intervention in vitro and in vivo resulted in airway injury, and such inflammatory lung injury was reversed upon degrading NETs with or inhibiting cGAS-STING with H-151 as well as siRNA STING. In conclusion, cGAS-STING participates in regulating NETs-mediated inflammatory pulmonary injury, which is expected to be a new therapeutic target for ARDS/ALI.
Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors for HER-1 and HER-2 Analysis in Serum for Breast Cancer Patients

In this work, two human epidermal growth factor receptors, HER-1 and HER-2, were selected as biomarkers to enable the detection of breast cancer. Therefore, two biosensors were developed using gold sensor chips coupled with amperometric detection of the enzyme label horse radish peroxidase (HRP). The biosensors/immunosensors relied on indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with monoclonal antibodies (Ab) against HER-1 and HER-2 attached to the sensors to capture the biomarkers. Detection polyclonal antibodies followed by secondary anti-rabbit (for HER-1) and anti-goat (for HER-2) IgG antibody-HRP were then applied for signal generation. In buffer, the developed sensors showed limits of detections (LOD) of 1.06 ng mL−1 and 0.95 ng mL−1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 2.1 ng mL−1 and 1.5 ng mL−1 for HER-1 and HER-2, respectively. In 100% (undiluted) serum, LODs of 1.2 ng mL−1 and 1.47 ng mL−1 and LOQs of 1.5 ng mL−1 and 2.1 ng mL−1 were obtained for HER-1 and HER-2, respectively. Such limits of detections are within the serum clinical range for the two biomarkers. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) labelled with secondary anti-rabbit and anti-goat IgG antibody-HRP were then used to enhance the assay signal and increase the sensitivity. In buffers, LODs of 30 pg mL−1 were seen for both sensors and LOQs of 98 pg mL−1 and 35 pg mL−1 were recorded for HER-1 and HER-2, respectively. For HER-2 the AuNPs biosensor was also tested in 100% serum obtaining a LOD of 50 pg mL−1 and a LOQ of 80 pg mL−1. The HER-2 AuNP electrochemical immunosensor showed high specificity with very low cross-reactivity to HER-1. These findings demonstrate that the two developed sensors can enable early detection as well as monitoring of disease progression with a beneficial impact on patient survival and clinical outcomes.
Conformable Electrode Arrays for Wearable Neuroprostheses

Wearable electrode arrays can selectively stimulate muscle groups by modulating their shape, size, and position over a targeted region. They can potentially revolutionize personalized rehabilitation by being noninvasive and allowing easy donning and doffing. Nevertheless, users should feel comfortable using such arrays, as they are typically worn for an extended time period. Additionally, to deliver safe and selective stimulation, these arrays must be tailored to a user’s physiology. Fabricating customizable electrode arrays needs a rapid and economical technique that accommodates scalability. By leveraging a multilayer screen-printing technique, this study aims to develop personalizable electrode arrays by embedding conductive materials into silicone-based elastomers. Accordingly, the conductivity of a silicone-based elastomer was altered by adding carbonaceous material. The 1:8 and 1:9 weight ratio percentages of carbon black (CB) to elastomer achieved conductivities between 0.0021–0.0030 S cm−1 and were suitable for transcutaneous stimulation. Moreover, these ratios maintained their stimulation performance after several stretching cycles of up to 200%. Thus, a soft, conformable electrode array with a customizable design was demonstrated. Lastly, the efficacy of the proposed electrode arrays to stimulate hand function tasks was evaluated by in vivo experiments. The demonstration of such arrays encourages the realization of cost-effective, wearable stimulation systems for hand function restoration.
Pre-stimulus beta power varies as a function of auditory-motor synchronization and temporal predictability

Introduction Auditory-motor interactions can support the preparation for expected sensory input. We investigated the periodic modulation of beta activity in the electroencephalogram to assess the role of active auditory-motor synchronization. Pre-stimulus beta activity (13–30 Hz) has been interpreted as a neural signature of the preparation for expected sensory input. Methods In the current study, participants silently counted frequency deviants in sequences of pure tones either during a physically inactive control condition or while pedaling on a cycling ergometer. Tones were presented either rhythmically (at 1 Hz) or arrhythmically with variable intervals. In addition to the pedaling conditions with rhythmic (auditory-motor synchronization, AMS) or arrhythmic stimulation, a self-generated stimulus condition was used in which tones were presented in sync with the participants’ spontaneous pedaling. This condition served to explore whether sensory predictions are driven primarily by the auditory or by the motor system. Results Pre-stimulus beta power increased for rhythmic compared to arrhythmic stimulus presentation in both sitting and pedaling conditions but was strongest in the AMS condition. Furthermore, beta power in the AMS condition correlated with motor performance, i.e., the better participants synchronized with the rhythmic stimulus sequence, the higher was pre-stimulus beta power. Additionally, beta power was increased for the self-generated stimulus condition compared with arrhythmic pedaling, but there was no difference between the self-generated and the AMS condition. Discussion The current data pattern indicates that pre-stimulus beta power is not limited to neuronal entrainment (i.e., periodic stimulus presentation) but represents a more general correlate of temporal anticipation. Its association with the precision of AMS supports the role of active behavior for auditory predictions.
Probabilistic analysis of implicit inverse problems

Many inverse problems are most naturally formulated as implicit problems where data cannot be expressed in closed form as a function of the unknown model parameters. Notable examples are cases where the data satisfy a partial differential equation with model parameters as constants. When the problem can be recast as an ordinary explicit inverse problem the price to be paid is often that the functional relationship between data and model cannot be formulated in closed form. The consequence is typically that a computer time intensive numerical algorithm is needed to perform the forward calculation, thereby making an iterative solution of the problem unreasonably time consuming or impossible. In this paper we present a probabilistic procedure to solve rather general, implicit inverse problems through Monte Carlo sampling of feasible solutions. Our starting point is a probabilistic formulation of inverse problems, and our goal is to produce near-independent samples from the posterior distribution in model space. From these samples important information on the model and its resolution can be obtained. The proposed algorithm is applied to an implicit real-data problem involving analysis of the fluid motions at the Earth's core-mantle boundary from geomagnetic data.