Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Velocity‐dispersed ion beams in the nightside auroral zone: AUREOL 3 observations

Two years of data from the AUREOL 3 satellite have been used to study in detail the energetic ion beams which precipitate at low altitudes (400–2000 km) near the poleward boundary of the nighttime auroral zone. Eighty 2–20 keV events have been identified and examined; they typically display an energy-latitude dispersion in the auroral projection of the boundary plasma sheet, with the more energetic ions precipitating at less than 0.5° invariant latitude from the polar cap boundary. Their occurrence maximum is found in the 20–04 MLT sector and is independent of the magnetic activity measured by the AE index. In all the events studied, the ion fluxes are less than 107 ions cm−2 s−1 sr−1 keV−1, and mass analysis demonstrates that they are mainly composed of energetic H+ ions. All the experimental facts are consistent with an ion acceleration by the dawn-dusk electric field in the neutral sheet with a weak magnetic field normal component Bz in the distant magnetotail at an inferred distance of 50–100 RE. The observed velocity-latitude ion segregation is the result of the E×B drift of the ion beams up to the ionosphere (geomagnetic filter effect) superimposed upon the intrinsic dispersive effect of the nonadiabatic energization mechanism, when a realistic dependence of Bz on downtail distance is adopted. Finally, from the striking similarity of the experimental ion distributions we believe that the ion beams observed at low altitudes close to the polar cap boundary are the signature in the auroral ion precipitation of the earthward flowing ion beams often detected along the plasma sheet boundary layer.
Accelerating Motion Planning via Optimal Transport

Motion planning is still an open problem for many disciplines, e.g., robotics, autonomous driving, due to their need for high computational resources that hinder real-time, efficient decision-making. A class of methods striving to provide smooth solutions is gradient-based trajectory optimization. However, those methods usually suffer from bad local minima, while for many settings, they may be inapplicable due to the absence of easy-to-access gradients of the optimization objectives. In response to these issues, we introduce Motion Planning via Optimal Transport (MPOT) -- a \textit{gradient-free} method that optimizes a batch of smooth trajectories over highly nonlinear costs, even for high-dimensional tasks, while imposing smoothness through a Gaussian Process dynamics prior via the planning-as-inference perspective. To facilitate batch trajectory optimization, we introduce an original zero-order and highly-parallelizable update rule: the Sinkhorn Step, which uses the regular polytope family for its search directions. Each regular polytope, centered on trajectory waypoints, serves as a local cost-probing neighborhood, acting as a \textit{trust region} where the Sinkhorn Step"transports"local waypoints toward low-cost regions. We theoretically show that Sinkhorn Step guides the optimizing parameters toward local minima regions of non-convex objective functions. We then show the efficiency of MPOT in a range of problems from low-dimensional point-mass navigation to high-dimensional whole-body robot motion planning, evincing its superiority compared to popular motion planners, paving the way for new applications of optimal transport in motion planning.
Identifying Crystal Structures Beyond Known Prototypes from X-ray Powder Diffraction Spectra

The large amount of powder diffraction data for which the corresponding crystal structures have not yet been identified suggests the existence of numerous undiscovered, physically relevant crystal structure prototypes. In this paper, we present a scheme to resolve powder diffraction data into crystal structures with precise atomic coordinates by screening the space of all possible atomic arrangements, i.e., structural prototypes, including those not previously observed, using a pre-trained machine learning (ML) model. This involves: (i) enumerating all possible symmetry-confined ways in which a given composition can be accommodated in a given space group, (ii) ranking the element-assigned prototype representations using energies predicted using Wren ML model [Sci.\ Adv. \ 8, eabn4117 (2022)], (iii) assigning and perturbing atoms along the degree of freedom allowed by the Wyckoff positions to match the experimental diffraction data (iv) validating the thermodynamic stability of the material using density-functional theory (DFT). An advantage of the presented method is that it does not rely on a database of previously observed prototypes and, therefore is capable of finding crystal structures with entirely new symmetric arrangements of atoms. We demonstrate the workflow on unidentified XRD spectra from the ICDD database and identify a number of stable structures, where a majority turns out to be derivable from known prototypes, but at least two are found to not be part of our prior structural data sets.
A comparison of FACTS integrated with battery energy storage systems

The integration of energy storage into FACTS devices lead to increased controller flexibility by providing decentralized active power capabilities. Combined FACTS/ESS can improve power flow control, oscillation damping and voltage control. This paper presents a comparison between the dynamic performance of a STATCOM, a STATCOM/BESS, an SSSC, an SSSC/BESS and a UPFC. Experimental verification is also presented.
Perception and Reality : What are Design Patterns Good For ?

We present a study of the impact of design patterns on quality attributes. An empirical study is performed by asking respondents their evaluations of the impact of all design patterns on several quality attributes. We present detailed results for three design patterns (Abstract Factory, Composite, and Flyweight) and three quality attributes (reusability, understandability, and expendability). We perform a Null hypothesis test and we conclude that, contrary to popular beliefs, design patterns do not always improve reusability and understandability, but that they do improve expandability.
Attenuation of Solitary Waves on a Smooth Bed

Mathematical analysis of attenuation process of solitary waves by viscous shear within laminar boundary layer between main potential flow under passing solitary wave and smooth horizontal channel bed; theoretical results are compared to experimental data of RUSSELL and A.T. IPPEN; kinetic energy minus potential energy is twice amount of kinetic energy of vertical motion.
The role of real estate developers in the context of land use development and transport

Sustainable development is a political goal of Switzerland. Urban development plays a crucial role in this respect, as a majority of people live in cities where most of the economic value is added. In addition, urban areas are also consuming the most resources, which suggests that an efficient organisation of urban areas is a key element of achieving this goal. The focus of this work is on the behaviour of real estate developers, who play a central role in the transformation of built space (Healey, 1991, p. 224). The goal of this research is to investigate decision-making of real estate developers and the consequences for spatial development in an urban area. A theoretical argument and empirical analysis of developers’ location choices on a micro level are the prerequisites for a behavioural simulation of spatial development on the macro level. It is investigated, how the behavioural simulation can be used to inform the stakeholders in spatial planning processes. The developer is defined as the main decision maker in connection with a potential development project. Therefore, the developer is the owner of a property or his representative in most cases. The methodology comprises a) the study of related literature, b) conducting expert interviews, c) empirical analysis of developers’ location decision with discrete choice models and d) simulation of spatial development using the estimated location choice models. A microsimulation land use transport interaction model is used to achieve a consistent linkage of developers’ decisions, spatial development patterns and transport. Literature confirms the definition of the owner as the principal decision maker and also notes heterogeneity across developers. Microsimulations on the basis of behavioural models are described as state-of-the-art land use transport interaction models. Most models use a representative agent for real estate supply. UrbanSim (Waddell, 2002) is an example of such a microsimulation model, which is very flexible and has been widely applied. In addition, it can accommodate developer type specific real estate supply models that are the focus of this research. The analysis of the expert interviews finds that decision-making varies
Impact of Hydraulic Hysteresis on the Small-Strain Shear Modulus of Low Plasticity Soils

AbstractExperimental studies have observed that the small-strain shear modulus (Gmax) of unsaturated soils measured during hydraulic hysteresis has a greater magnitude during imbibition than during drainage when plotted as a function of matric suction. To capture this behavior, a semiempirical model was developed to interpret the impacts of the stress state and hydraulic hysteresis on Gmax of low plasticity soils. Different from previous empirical relationships for Gmax, this model incorporates elastoplastic constitutive relationships, which integrate the effects of mean effective stress and hardening because of either plastic changes in volume or changes in the degree of saturation. The effective stress is defined as the sum of the net normal stress and the product of the effective saturation and matric suction, facilitating integration of the soil-water retention curve parameters into the model. An experimental testing program involving measurement of Gmax of compacted silt during hydraulic hysteresis w.
Influence Pathway Discovery on Social Media

This paper addresses influence pathway discovery, a key emerging problem in today's online media. We propose a discovery algorithm that leverages recently published work on unsupervised interpretable ideological embedding, a mapping of ideological beliefs (done in a self-supervised fashion) into interpretable low-dimensional spaces. Computing the ideological embedding at scale allows one to analyze correlations between the ideological positions of leaders, influencers, news portals, or population segments, deriving potential influence pathways. The work is motivated by the importance of social media as the preeminent means for global interactions and collaborations on today's Internet, as well as their frequent (mis-)use to wield influence that targets social beliefs and attitudes of selected populations. Tools that enable the understanding and mapping of influence propagation through population segments on social media are therefore increasingly important. In this paper, influence is measured by the perceived ideological shift over time that is correlated with influencers' activity. Correlated shifts in ideological embed dings indicate changes, such as swings/switching (among competing ideologies), polarization (depletion of neutral ideological positions), escalation/radicalization (shifts to more extreme versions of the ideology), or unification/cooldown (shifts towards more neutral stances). Case-studies are presented to explore selected influence pathways (i) in a recent French election, (ii) during political discussions in the Philippines, and (iii) for some Russian messaging during the Russia/Ukraine conflict.
Test-Case-Driven Programming Understanding in Large Language Models for Better Code Generation

Code generation is to automatically generate source code conforming to a given programming specification, which has received extensive attention especially with the development of large language models (LLMs). Due to the inherent difficulty of code generation, the code generated by LLMs may be not aligned with the specification. To improve the performance of LLMs in code generation, some thought-eliciting prompting techniques have been proposed to guide LLMs for specification understanding. However, it is still hard to produce correct understanding for complicated programming problems, leading to unsatisfactory code generation performance. Also, some feedback-based prompting techniques have been proposed to fix incorrect code using error messages produced by test execution. However, when the generated code deviates significantly from the ground truth, they encounter difficulties in improving performance based on such coarse-grained information. In this work, we propose a novel prompting technique, called {\mu}FiX, to improve the code generation performance of LLMs by devising both sophisticated thought-eliciting prompting and feedback-based prompting and making the first exploration on their synergy. It first exploits test case analysis to obtain specification understanding and enables a self-improvement process to identify and fix the misunderstanding in the thought-eliciting prompting phase. {\mu}FiX further fixes the specification understanding towards the direction reducing the gap between the provided understanding and the actual understanding implicitly utilized by LLMs for code generation in the feedback-based prompting phase. By obtaining as correct understanding as possible with {\mu}FiX, the code generation performance of LLMs can be largely improved.
MedEdit: Model Editing for Medical Question Answering with External Knowledge Bases

Large Language Models (LLMs), although powerful in general domains, often perform poorly on domain-specific tasks like medical question answering (QA). Moreover, they tend to function as"black-boxes,"making it challenging to modify their behavior. Addressing this, our study delves into model editing utilizing in-context learning, aiming to improve LLM responses without the need for fine-tuning or retraining. Specifically, we propose a comprehensive retrieval strategy to extract medical facts from an external knowledge base, and then we incorporate them into the query prompt for the LLM. Focusing on medical QA using the MedQA-SMILE dataset, we evaluate the impact of different retrieval models and the number of facts provided to the LLM. Notably, our edited Vicuna model exhibited an accuracy improvement from 44.46% to 48.54%. This work underscores the potential of model editing to enhance LLM performance, offering a practical approach to mitigate the challenges of black-box LLMs.
Continental crust in the Davis Strait: new evidence from seabed sampling

Although the structural framework of the subsurface offshore West Greenland has been well documented based on comprehensive seismic analysis (cf. Dalhoff et al. 2003), the stratigraphy of the region is less well known. The oldest documented sedimentary rocks drilled offshore West Greenland are Santonian sandstones reached at TD in the 6354/4-1 well (Fig. 1) although reworked palynomorphs of Carboniferous, Triassic and Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) age have been reported from a number of wells in the region. In order to obtain better constraints on the pre-Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, a preliminary screening was undertaken to identify inversion structures and erosional canyons where such deeper stratigraphic levels crop out at the seabed (Nielsen et al. 2001). Sea-floor sampling at selected sites between 62° and 67°N (Fig. 1) was undertaken during the summers of 2003 and 2004. Other objectives of these cruises were to seek direct evidence of active petroleum systems, to establish further constraints on tectonic and stratigraphic models, and to obtain a better understanding of the Neogene and Pleistocene history of the region (Dalhoff et al. 2005). The most promising seabed features identified by Nielsen et al. (2001) were investigated in more detail using a wide range of techniques in order to optimise sampling positions. In 2003, these techniques included echo sounder, side-scan sonar, single-channel seismic and video inspection before sampling either by dredge, gravity corer, or by video-controlled grab. In 2004, comprehensive data acquisition with a deep-water sparker system was undertaken before sampling by dredge or gravity corer, supplemented by grab samples at selected stations.
Optimizing contrast protocol for bone‐subtraction CT angiography of intracranial arteries in normal dogs using 160‐slice CT

Abstract Background Bone‐subtraction computed tomography angiography (CTA) (BSCTA) is a new technique designed to overcome the limitation of three‐dimensional CTA, where the vessels surrounded by bone and calcification can be obscured. An optimal contrast CT protocol for intracranial artery visualization with BSCTA has yet to be established in dogs. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal contrast protocol of CTA for visualizing intracranial artery using an automatic bone‐subtraction technique in dogs. Methods Brain CTA was performed four times for each of nine healthy beagle dogs to cover all the contrast protocols: two different contrast iodine concentrations (300 and 370 mgI/mL) and two different contrast media injection rates (2 and 4 mL/s). Bone removal post‐processing was performed automatically by subtracting the non‐enhanced CT data from the contrast CT data using a dedicated workstation. The bone‐subtracted intracranial vessels were analysed for quantitative and qualitative evaluation. Results Quantitative evaluation showed significantly higher CT attenuation values for the group with a 370 mgI/mL iodine content at a rate of 4 mL/s than the two groups with a 300 mgI/mL iodine content at the rates of 2 and 4 mL/s (p < 0.001). Qualitative assessment revealed significantly higher mean scores for the 370 mgI/mL groups than the 300 mgI/mL groups and significantly higher mean scores for the 4 mL/s groups than the 2 mL/s groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions The optimal contrast protocol for BSCTA suggests that high iodine material concentration and high injection rate should be used for strong arterial attenuation and great visualization of the intracranial arterial structure in dogs.
A double‐tuned 1H/31P coil for rabbit heart metabolism detection at 3 T

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) employing proton nuclear resonance has emerged as a pivotal modality in clinical diagnostics and fundamental research. Nonetheless, the scope of MRI/MRS extends beyond protons, encompassing nonproton nuclei that offer enhanced metabolic insights. A notable example is phosphorus‐31 (31P) MRS, which provides valuable information on energy metabolites within the skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues of individuals affected by diabetes. This study introduces a novel double‐tuned coil tailored for 1H and 31P frequencies, specifically designed for investigating cardiac metabolism in rabbits. The proposed coil design incorporates a butterfly‐like coil for 31P transmission, a four‐channel array for 31P reception, and an eight‐channel array for 1H reception, all strategically arranged on a body‐conformal elliptic cylinder. To assess the performance of the double‐tuned coil, a comprehensive evaluation encompassing simulations and experimental investigations was conducted. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed 31P transmit design achieved acceptable homogeneity and exhibited comparable transmit efficiency on par with a band‐pass birdcage coil. In vivo experiments further substantiated the coil's efficacy, revealing that the rabbit with experimentally induced diabetes exhibited a lower phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate ratio compared with its normal counterpart. These findings emphasize the potential of the proposed coil design as a promising tool for investigating the therapeutic effects of novel diabetes drugs within the context of animal experimentation. Its capability to provide detailed metabolic information establishes it as an indispensable asset within this realm of research.
La función semántica del complemento preposicional nocional y local

This paper deals with the analysis of the semantic function of the argumental prepositional complement in Spanish grammatical studies and, therefore, how the preposition which introduces it has been dealt. With this purpose it describes and analyzes the two basic perspectives from this issue has been studied. Thus, we can realize not only that there is no a clear semantic characterization of this syntactic function but also that such characterization cannot be a solid criterion for differentiating it from other functions, such as the adverbial.
A Method to Consider Whether Dams Mitigate Climate Change Effects on Stream Temperatures

This article provides a method for examining mesoscale water quality objectives downstream of dams with anticipated climate change using a multimodel approach. Coldwater habitat for species such as trout and salmon has been reduced by water regulation, dam building, and land use change that alter stream temperatures. Climate change is an additional threat. Changing hydroclimatic conditions will likely impact water temperatures below dams and affect downstream ecology. We model reservoir thermal dynamics and release operations (assuming that operations remain unchanged through time) of hypothetical reservoirs of different sizes, elevations, and latitudes with climate‐forced inflow hydrologies to examine the potential to manage water temperatures for coldwater habitat. All models are one dimensional and operate on a weekly timestep. Results are presented as water temperature change from the historical time period and indicate that reservoirs release water that is cooler than upstream conditions, although the absolute temperatures of reaches below dams warm with climate change. Stream temperatures are sensitive to changes in reservoir volume, elevation, and latitude. Our approach is presented as a proof of concept study to evaluate reservoir regulation effects on stream temperatures and coldwater habitat with climate change.
Roles of wind shear at different vertical levels: Cloud system organization and properties

Understanding critical processes that contribute to the organization of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is important for accurate weather forecasts and climate predictions. In this study, we investigate the effects of wind shear at different vertical levels on the organization and properties of convective systems using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with spectral bin microphysics. Based on a control run for a MCS with weak wind shear (Ctrl), we find that increasing wind shear at the lower troposphere (L‐shear) leads to a more organized quasi‐line convective system. Strong wind shear in the middle troposphere (M‐shear) tends to produce large vorticity and form a mesocyclone circulation and an isolated strong storm that leans toward supercellular structure. By increasing wind shear at the upper vertical levels only (U‐shear), the organization of the convection is not changed much, but the convective intensity is weakened. Increasing wind shear in the middle troposphere for the selected case results in a significant drying, and the drying is more significant when conserving moisture advection at the lateral boundaries, contributing to the suppressed convective strength and precipitation relative to Ctrl. Precipitation in the L‐shear and U‐shear does not change much from Ctrl. Evident changes of cloud macrophysical and microphysical properties in the strong wind shear cases are mainly due to large changes in convective organization and water vapor. The insights obtained from this study help us better understand the major factors contributing to convective organization and precipitation.