Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Facial expression and pain assessment in the pediatric patient: the primal face of pain.

PURPOSE This paper aims to explore the role of facial expression in pediatric pain assessment. A comparison of tools employing facial expression methodology is presented. The concept of the primal face of pain (PFP) is introduced. CONCLUSION The PFP offers an explanation to the utility and deficiency of facial pain scales and facial expression in pain assessment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The complexities of pain measurement should preclude the clinical application of untested instruments. For reported tools, a careful evaluation of the psychometric properties and the clinical context must precede application. The concept of the PFP warns against the application of facial pain scales as proxy measures in their intended population. Reliance on facial expression to assess pain in the school-age child is imprecise.
Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Inhibits Norepinephrine Secretion in PC12 Cells at an Intracellular Membranous or Cytoskeletal Site

Botulinum neurotoxin (NT) is a potent inhibitor of neurotransmitter secretion, but its intracellular mechanism and site of action are unknown. In this study, the intracellular action of NT was investigated by rendering the secretory apparatus of PC12 cells accessible to macromolecules by a recently described “cell cracking” procedure. Soluble cytoplasmic factors were depleted from permeabilized cells by washing to generate cell “ghosts” which retained cellular structural components and intracellular organelles (including secretory granules). The PC12 cell ghosts exhibited Ca2+‐activated [3H] nuorepinephrine release which was enhanced by cytosolic proteins and MgATP. PC12 cell ghosts provide the opportunity to distinguish the intracellular action of NT on soluble cytoplasmic components versus structural cellular components. The 150‐kDa NT and the 50‐kDa light chain of serotypes E and B, and to a lesser extent type A, inhibited Ca2+‐activated [3H] norepinephrine release in PC12 ghosts, but not in intact PC12 cells. The 100‐kDa heavy chain had no effect. This indicates that NT acts at an intracellular site in these cells permeabilized by “cell cracking. ” The inhibition of secretion by NT was rapid and irreversible under the incubation conditions used. NT inhibition of [3H]‐ norepinephrine release from PC12 ghosts occurred in the absence of cytosolic proteins and MgATP and was not reversed by the addition of cytosolic proteins and MgATP, indicating that NT acts at an intracellular membranous or cytoskeletal site.
The effectiveness of domiciliary health visiting: a systematic review of international studies and a selective review of the British literature.

1 School of Nursing, Postgraduate Division, University of Nottingham, UK 2 Division of General Practice, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK 3 Evaluation,Audit and Research Department, Kings Mill Centre for Health Care Services, Sutton-in-Ashfield, UK 4 Emeritus professor, School of Nursing, Postgraduate Division, University of Nottingham, UK 5 Central Research, Pfizer Limited, Sandwich, UK 6 Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park and St Mark’s Hospitals (North-West London Hospitals NHS Trust), Harrow, UK 7 Trent Institute for Health Services Research, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK 8 Cotgrave Health Centre, Nottingham Community Health NHS Trust, UK 9 Nottingham City Central Primary Care Group, UK
Neonatal septicemia and meningitis in Gottingen, West Germany

Data were analyzed from 181 infants treated for neonatal septicemia and/or meningitis between 1962 and 1974 (n = 88) and between 1975 and 1982 (n = 93). In addition to an increase in the incidence of septicemia (1962 to 1974, 0.88 case/1000 live births (LB)/year; 1975 to 1982, 2.0 cases/1000 LB/year), there was also a change in the pattern of infection. Group B streptococcal infections were first observed in 1975. Infections with Escherichia coli increased (1962 to 1974, 0.25 case/1000 LB; 1975 to 1982, 0.75 case/1000 LB), while those with Pseudomonas aeruginosa decreased (1962 to 1974, 0.15 case/1000 LB; 1975 to 1982, 0.1 case/1000 LB). Although the incidence of meningitis was similar in both time periods (0.5 case/1000 LB), the relative number of cases declined (1962 to 1974, 51 of 88 patients; 1975 to 1982, 23 of 93 patients). Case fatality also decreased during the second time period (1962 to 1974, 53%; 1975 to 1982, 29%). The most common predisposing factors for septicemia were prolonged rupture of membranes (21 of 93 cases) and prematurity (41 of 93). Blood analysis showed that the immature/total neutrophil ratio was more consistently abnormal (60% of the cases) than were total counts of white blood cells, neutrophils or immature neutrophils.
A Plant snoRNP Complex Containing snoRNAs, Fibrillarin, and Nucleolin-Like Proteins Is Competent for both rRNA Gene Binding and Pre-rRNA Processing In Vitro

ABSTRACT In eukaryotes the primary cleavage of the precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) occurs in the 5′ external transcribed spacer (5′ETS). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and animals this cleavage depends on a conserved U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP), including fibrillarin, and on other transiently associated proteins such as nucleolin. This large complex can be visualized by electron microscopy bound to the nascent pre-rRNA soon after initiation of transcription. Our group previously described a radish rRNA gene binding activity, NF D, that specifically binds to a cluster of conserved motifs preceding the primary cleavage site in the 5′ETS of crucifer plants including radish, cauliflower, and Arabidopsis thaliana (D. Caparros-Ruiz, S. Lahmy, S. Piersanti, and M. Echeverria, Eur. J. Biochem. 247:981-989, 1997). Here we report the purification and functional characterization of NF D from cauliflower inflorescences. Remarkably NF D also binds to 5′ETS RNA and accurately cleaves it at the primary cleavage site mapped in vivo. NF D is a multiprotein factor of 600 kDa that dissociates into smaller complexes. Two polypeptides of NF D identified by microsequencing are homologues of nucleolin and fibrillarin. The conserved U3 and U14 snoRNAs associated with fibrillarin and required for early pre-rRNA cleavages are also found in NF D. Based on this it is proposed that NF D is a processing complex that assembles on the rDNA prior to its interaction with the nascent pre-rRNA.
Long-term complications of critical care

Objectives:As critical care advances and intensive care unit mortality declines, the number of survivors of critical illness is increasing. These survivors frequently experience long-lasting complications of critical care. As a result, it is important to understand these complications and implement evidence-based practices to minimize them. Data Sources:Database searches and review of relevant medical literature. Data Synthesis:Critical illness and intensive care unit care influence a wide range of long-term patient outcomes, with some impairments persisting for 5–15 yrs. Impaired pulmonary function, greater healthcare utilization, and increased mortality are observed in intensive care survivors. Neuromuscular weakness and impairments in both physical function and related aspects of quality of life are common and may be long-lasting. These complications may be reduced by multidisciplinary physical rehabilitation initiated early and continued throughout the intensive care unit care stay and by providing patient education for self-rehabilitation after hospital discharge. Common neuropsychiatric complications, including cognitive impairment and symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, are frequently associated with intensive care unit sedation, delirium or delusional memories, and long-term impairments in quality of life. Conclusions:Survivors of critical illness are frequently left with a legacy of long-term physical, neuropsychiatric, and quality of life impairments. Understanding patient and intensive care risk factors can help identify patients who are most at risk of these complications. Furthermore, modifiable risk factors and beneficial interventions are increasingly being identified to help inform practical management recommendations to reduce the prevalence and impact of these long-term complications.
[Expression of Cdc7 and mcm2 as a marker for proliferation and prognosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma].

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the expression of cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7) kinase and minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and explore their relationship with prognosis of DLBCL patients. METHODS Clinical data of 60 DLBCL patients treated in our hospital from 2008.1 to 2010.1 were collected. The expression levels of Cdc7 and MCM2 in peripheral blood and bone marrow were determined by real-time PCR. A statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate their association with prognosis in DLBCL patients. RESULTS The 2-year survival rate of patients with high expression of peripheral blood Cdc7 was 38.3% and those with low expression 65.4% (P = 0.001). The 2-year survival rate of patients with high expression of bone marrow Cdc7 was 37.2% and those with low expression was 75.5% (P = 0.032). The 2-year survival rate of patients with high expression of MCM2 in peripheral blood was 44.0% and those with low expression was 68.2% (P = 0.025). The 2-year survival rate of patients with high expression of MCM2 in bone marrow was 39.0% and those with low expression was 63.4% (P = 0.007). A poor disease specific survival was observed in DLBCL patients with high level expression of Cdc7 and MCM2. CONCLUSIONS Cdc7 and MCM2 expression can be used to assess tumor proliferation and may be useful as an additional marker in combination with conventional markers in prediction of the outcome of DLBCL patients. Moreover, the Cdc7 and MCM2 signal pathway might be useful as a new approach in the treatment of refractory DLBCL lymphoma patients.
Coping in sport: A systematic review

Abstract The aim of this paper was to systematically review the literature on coping in sport, examining evidence for both the trait and process perspectives, the types of coping strategies used by athletes, gender differences, age-related differences, and coping effectiveness. A comprehensive literature search of SPORTdiscus, PsychLIT, and PsychINFO in November 2004 yielded 64 studies spanning 16 years (1988 – 2004). The results indicated that athletes use a variety of coping strategies. Forty-six papers supported or adopted the process perspective (Lazarus, 1999; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). There were also gender and age-related differences. Evidence was found to support three of the different models of coping effectiveness (goodness-of-fit approach, choice of coping strategy, and automacity). Based on this evidence, future research should address some of the methodological and measurement limitations of the sport psychology coping literature. In particular, prospective research designs that minimize the time delay between recall and the stressful experience are required to assess how coping changes over time. More attention to developmental issues to guide the formulation of sport-specific models to enhance our theoretical understanding is also required. Finally, coping effectiveness should be examined both in the short and long term, as a greater understanding of coping effectiveness has the potentional to make a significant impact on applied practice.
Commentary regarding the article: “Lifestyle mediates seasonal changes in metabolic health among the Yakut (Sakha) of Northeastern Siberia”

Dear Editor-in-Chief: In the June 13, 2016, release of early view of the American Journal of Human Biology, Levy et al. published an interesting article about the relationship between lifestyle factors as number of hunting and fishing days and the seasonal change in metabolic risk factors among indigenous circumpolar populations (Yakut) of Northeastern Siberia. The authors found a relationship between lifestyle activities that indigenous typically do in the summer and metabolic health. We recognize the author’s merit and would just like to point out one important point that should be reviewed. The use of the term mediation or moderation requires specific methods of analyses, as were described by Baron and Kenny (1986). Mediation, for example, requires three steps of regression models: (a) in the first instance, the mediator variable is regressed onto the independent variable; (b) in the second equation, the dependent variable is regressed onto the independent variable; and (c) finally, in the third equation, the dependent variable is regressed into the independent variable, adjusted for the mediator. Thus mediating effect is identified if the following criteria are met: (a) in the first equation the independent variable has to be a significant predictor of the mediator; (b) in the second equation the independent variable has to be a significant predictor of the dependent variable; and (c) in the third equation, the mediator has to be a significant predictor of the dependent variable, and the association between the dependent and independent variable (from second equation) is either partially or fully removed (Baron and Kenny, 1986). In the same way, the indication of moderation requires specific methods that could be through the creation of dummy variables or ANOVA 2x2 and others, depending of the characteristics of the independent and moderator variables (Baron and Kenny, 1986). These methods are largely used in the literature (DíezFern andez et al. 2014; Gubbels et al. 2011; Gubbels, Van Kann, de Vries, Thijs, & Kremers 2014; Richiardi, Bellocco, & Zugna, 2013; Werneck et al. 2016), so this is a necessary caution on the interpretation of associations. Finally, we again highlight the author’s merit. This letter aims simply to contribute to interpretation issues and consequently a better comprehension of the paper.
Correlation between the nucleation of a Griffiths-like Phase and Colossal Magnetoresistance across the compositional metal-insulator boundary in La1-xCaxMnO3

Detailed measurements of the magnetic and transport properties of single crystals La1−xCaxMnO3 (0.18 ≤ x ≤ 0.27) are summarized; comparisons between which (i) not only confirm that Griffiths Phase-like(GP) features are not a prerequisite for CMR, but also demonstrate that the presence of GP-like characteristics do not guarantee the appearance of CMR; (ii) indicate that whereas continuous magnetic transitions occur for 0.18 ≤ x ≤ 0.25, the universality class of these transitions belongs to that of nearest-neighbour 3D Heisenberg model only for x ≤ 0.20, beyond which complications due to GP-like behaviour occur.
Capillary Basement Membrane Thickness and Capillary Density in Sedentary and Trained Obese Zucker Rats

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the obese Zucker rat (OZR) develops diabeteslike peripheral vascular disease and evaluate the effects of exercise training (treadmill running, 15 m/min, 17% grade, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, for 6 or 12 wk) on skeletal muscle vascular disease. Capillary density (CD) and capillary basement membrane (CBM) thickness were measured in the plantar muscle of sedentary and trained OZR and sedentary lean Zucker rats (LZRs). At 11 wk old, when profoundly obese, hyperinsulinemic, and insulin resistant, OZRs had lower CD and thicker CBM than LZRs. These characteristics are consistent with the expression of human diabetic microangiopathy and imply altered diffusion capacity due to increased diffusion distance and changes in the capillary wall. Between 11 and 18 wk of age, OZRs became hyperglycemic. No age-related changes in CD were observed in lean or obese animals, and OZRs had lower CDs than LZRs at 18 wk of age. CBM thickness decreased from 11 to 18 wk of age in both lean and obese animals, but the decline was proportionally greater in OZRs, and the CBM of obese animals was only slightly thicker than in lean 18-wk-old animals. Exercise training did not alter CD or CBM thickness in 11-wk-old animals. In contrast, training for 6 or 12 wk increased both CD and CBM thickness in 18-wk-old animals, normalizing CD but further increasing CBM thickness relative to LZRs. Correlational analysis revealed that CBM thickness is related to basal insulin concentration (r = .29, P <.05) but not to basal glucose (r = .12, P >.05). No relationship was evident for CD. OZRs have fewer capillaries and thicker CBM in skeletal muscle at 11 and 18 wk of age. In addition, exercise training may improve skeletal muscle diffusion capacity in OZRs by stimulating capillary proliferation; however, microvascular function may be further compromised by additional thickening of the CBM. The effects of exercise training on CBM thickness may depend on the corresponding changes in the basal insulin concentration.
Surface Tension of Biological Polyelectrolyte Solutions.

Surface tensions, gamma, of biological polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions are studied systematically as possible at the air-water interface by the Wilhelmy method. The polyelectrolytes measured are sodium chondroitin sulfates A (NaCRA) and C (NaCRC), sodium poly-alpha,l-glutamate (NaPGA), poly-l-lysine hydrobromide (PLL . HBr), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lysozyme (LZ), and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Linear-type macroions such as NaCR, NaPGA, PLL . HBr, and DNA have no surface activity in a wide range of polymer concentrations below the critical polymer concentration, m*, and increases as the concentration increases above m*. Surface activity of the undissociated state of macroions is rather high in general. Globule-like macroions such as LZ and BSA show high surface activity at isoelectric point above m* accompanied with orientation of the molecules along the air-water interface. Separation into the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts at the interface and balancing in their strength are important for appearance of surface activity. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
An adaptive gaze stabilization controller inspired by the vestibulo-ocular reflex

The vestibulo-ocular reflex stabilizes vision in many vertebrates. It integrates inertial and visual information to drive the eyes in the opposite direction to head movement and thereby stabilizes the image on the retina. Its adaptive nature guarantees stable vision even when the biological system undergoes dynamic changes (due to disease, growth or fatigue etc), a characteristic especially desirable in autonomous robotic systems. Based on novel, biologically plausible neurological models, we have developed a robotic testbed to qualitatively evaluate the performance of these algorithms. We show how the adaptive controller can adapt to a time varying plant and elaborate how this biologically inspired control architecture can be employed in general engineering applications where sensory feedback is very noisy and/or delayed.
The oligodendroglial precursor cell line Oli-neu represents a cell culture system to examine functional expression of the mouse gap junction gene connexin29 (Cx29)

The potential gap junction forming mouse connexin29 (Cx29) protein is concomitantly expressed with connexin32 (Cx32) in peripheral myelin forming Schwann cells and together with both Cx32 and connexin47 (Cx47) in oligodendrocytes of the CNS. To study the genomic structure and functional expression of Cx29, either primary cells or cell culture systems might be selected, from which the latter are easier to cultivate. Both structure and expression of Cx29 is still not fully understood. In the mouse sciatic nerve, brain and the oligodendroglial precursor cell line Oli-neu the Cx29 gene is processed in two transcript isoforms both harboring a unique reading frame. In contrast to Cx32 and Cx47, only Cx29 protein is abundantly expressed in undifferentiated as well as differentiated Oli-neu cells but the absence of Etbr dye transfer after microinjection concealed the function of Cx29-mediated gap junction communication between those cells. Although HeLa cells stably transfected with Cx29 or Cx29-eGFP neither demonstrated any permeability for Lucifer yellow nor for neurobiotin, blocking of Etbr uptake from the media by gap junction blockers does suppose a role of Cx29 in hemi-channel function. Thus, we conclude that, due to its high abundance of Cx29 expression and its reproducible culture conditions, the oligodendroglial precursor cell line Oli-neu might constitute an appropriate cell culture system to study molecular mechanisms or putative extracellular stimuli to functionally open Cx29 channels or hemi-channels.
A Tale of Two Fibrillations

Sudden cardiac death remains a major public health problem in the United States. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most common arrhythmia that directly leads to sudden cardiac death. However, the mechanisms of VF are unclear. Recently,1 2 different types of VF have been demonstrated in isolated, perfused rabbit hearts linked to the electrical restitution properties of the heart (ie, the dynamic dependence of action potential duration [APD] or conduction velocity [CV] on the previous diastolic interval). Type I (fast) VF is associated with a steep APD restitution, flat CV restitution, and multiple wandering wavelets. Type II (slow) VF is associated with flat APD restitution, broad CV restitution, decreased excitability, and spatiotemporal periodicity in activation maps. Our goal in this article is to explain how this new knowledge about the 2 types of VF can account for seemingly contradictory experimental findings by different investigators, and to speculate on the relevance to patient care. In normal hearts, physiological triggers such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) usually do not have the ability to generate an initial wavebreak causing sustained ventricular reentry. If such an event occurs, however, practically all normal hearts can fibrillate.2 In contrast, physiological triggers can sometimes induce wavebreak, initiating reentry in diseased hearts, as a result of increased structural and electrophysiological heterogeneity caused by the disease. Wiggers et al2 reported that VF occurred in 4 distinct stages visible by cinematography. The first (tachysystolic) stage lasts no more than a few seconds, characterized by either a single spiral wave or a figure-of-eight reentry.3 A second premature stimulus given during the protective zone can terminate this reentry and prevent the induction of VF.4 The second (convulsive incoordination) stage lasts for 15 to 40 seconds. Multiple wavelets and organized reentry coexist.5,6 The third (tremulous incoordination) stage lasts …
New Therapeutic Strategies for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Abstract Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease, which in the majority of patients progresses to liver transplantation or death. To date, no medical treatment has been proven to be of benefit, although ursodeoxycholic acid is widely used. The etiopathogenesis of PSC is unclear, although it is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Various hypotheses have been suggested, which have led to different therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have suggested that the microbiome may play a role in PSC, raising the possibility of efficacy of antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. Gut-homing T cells may be important in the pathogenesis of PSC, and several agents are in development, targeting various receptors, integrins, and ligands on this pathway, including VAP-1, MAdCAM-1, α4β7, and CCR9. Nuclear receptor agonists such as obeticholic acid and fibrates hold promise, as do other therapies that alter bile acid composition such as norUDCA. Antifibrotic agents such as Loxl2 inhibitors are also being assessed. In conclusion, it is likely that an effective drug therapy for PSC will become available over the next decade.