Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The origin of plants: body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation.

Plants (land plants, embryophytes) are of monophyletic origin from a freshwater ancestor that, if still extant, would be classified among the charophycean green algae. Plants, but not charophyceans, possess a life history involving alternation of two morphologically distinct developmentally associated bodies, sporophyte and gametophyte. Body plan evolution in plants has involved fundamental changes in the forms of both gametophyte and sporophyte and the evolutionary origin of regulatory systems that generate different body plans in sporophytes and gametophytes of the same species. Comparative analysis, based on molecular phylogenetic information, identifies fundamental body plan features that originated during radiation of charophycean algae and were inherited by plants. These include, in probable evolutionary order: cellulosic cell wall, multicellular body, cytokinetic phragmoplast, plasmodesmata, apical meristematic cell, apical cell proliferation (branching), three-dimensional tissues, asymmetric cell division, cell specialization capacity, zygote retention, and placenta. Body plan features whose origin is linked to the dawn of plants include: multicellular sporophyte body, histogenetic apical meristem in the gametophyte body, and capacity for tissue differentiation in both sporophyte and gametophyte. Origin of a well-defined sporophytic apical stem cell and a system for its proliferation, correlated with capacity for organ production and branching, occurred sometime between the divergence of modern bryophytes and vascular plant lineages. Roots and their meristem and a multilayered tunica-corpus shoot apical meristem arose later. Regulatory genes affecting shoot meristems, which have been detected by analysis of higher plant mutants, may be relevant to understanding early plant body plan transitions. Fundamental aspects of the plant body plan are remarkably consistent within the plant kingdom and are different from metazoans. All plants exhibit at least one form of apical meristem consisting of one or more cells that are …
Location and mobility of ubiquinones of different chain lengths in artificial membrane vesicles.

Ubiquinone (UQn with n = 2, 3, or 10 isoprenoid groups) was incorporated into small, sonicated vesicles made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). (1) The accessibility of oxidized UQ in DPPC or DMPC vesicles to the reductant sodium borohydride (NaBH4), measured by UV spectroscopy, was UQ2 greater than UQ3 greater than UQ10 (DPPC) and UQ2 greater than UQ3 approximately UQ10 (DMPC). (2) Catalysis of the reduction of entrapped ferricyanide by exogenous NaBH4 was more effective with UQ2 than UQ10 but was slower with all quinones than reduction by added dithionite. (3) The methoxy protons of UQ2 and UQ3 in DPPC and DMPC vesicles exhibited a single NMR resonance centered at approximately 3.95 ppm, whereas the methoxy groups of UQ10 gave rise to two separate proton resonances, at 3.93 ppm and a more narrow resonance at 3.78 ppm. The UQ10 population characterized by the 3.78 ppm resonance was present at a higher concentration in DPPC than in DMPC vesicles and was relatively insensitive to reduction by NaBH4. (4) UQ10 perturbed the melting temperature (Tm) of DPPC vesicles to a smaller extent (delta Tm = -1 degrees C) than did UQ2 and UQ3 (delta Tm = -3 to -4 degrees C). The combined UV and NMR data imply the following: The UQ10 pool characterized by the 3.78 ppm peak corresponds to a more mobile UQ10 fraction that is not reduced by NaBH4 in 2-3 min and is thought to be localized close to the center of the DPPC bilayer since it has little effect on the DPPC Tm. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CHEMOKINE EXPRESSION IN NERVE ALLOGRAFTS

OBJECTIVE:Chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) play a major role in trafficking of cells to areas of inflammation. Infiltration of allograft tissues by immunocompetent cells is critical for rejection of donor tissues. The role of chemokines in nerve allograft rejection is not clear. We hypothesized that chemokines are responsible for attracting macrophages and T lymphocytes into nerve allograft tissue, initiating the graft rejection process. METHODS:Lewis rats received 4-cm-long peroneal nerve allografts and isografts from ACI and Lewis rats, respectively. Twelve hours to 10 days after transplantation, grafts were removed and total cellular ribonucleic acid was extracted. Intragraft gene expression of several chemokines (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1α, and regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted [RANTES]) were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS:The cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant was expressed in allografts and isografts at early time points (12 h to 6 d). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was similarly high in both isografts and allografts from 12 hours until 8 days after transplantation. MIP-1α, MIP-2, and RANTES were expressed only in allografts. Kinetics of the neutrophil (MIP-2) and macrophage (MIP-1α) chemokines revealed an early onset (12–24 h), a plateau from 1 to 4 days, and expression abruptly declining by Day 6. The lymphocyte chemoattractant RANTES had delayed kinetics, with a rise at Day 3, a peak at Day 4, and a gradual decline. CONCLUSION:Induction of specific chemokine genes precedes nerve allograft infiltration by immunocompetent cells. MIP-1α, MIP-2, and RANTES may be responsible for recruiting macrophages, granulocytes, and lymphocytes, respectively, to the rejecting allograft. In future studies, blockade of these specific chemokines or their receptors may prove to delay or prevent nerve allograft rejection.
Hypnosis and Experience: The Exploration of Phenomena and Process

Consciousness and Altered Awareness. The Assessment of Hypnosis: A Survey of Measuring Instruments. The Experiential Analysis Technique. Ideomotor Response in Hypnosis. Age Regression and Tolerance of Incongruity in Hypnosis. Hypnotic Dreams and Hallucinations. Posthypnotic Amnesia. Cognitive Persistence: A Case Analysis. Modified Applications of EAT. Overview and Conclusions: Towards the Understanding of Phenomena and Processes.
Face Recognition Using L-Fisherfaces

An appearance-based face recognition approach called the L-Fisherfaces is proposed in this paper, By using Local Fisher Discriminant Embedding (LFDE), the face images are mapped into a face subspace for analysis. Different from Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), which effectively sees only the Euclidean structure of face space, LFDE finds an embedding that preserves local information, and obtains a face subspace that best detects the essential face manifold structure. Different from Locality Preserving Projections (LPP) and Unsupervised Discriminant projections (UDP), which ignore the class label information, LFDE searches for the project axes on which the data points of different classes are far from each other while requiring data points of the same class to be close to each other. We compare the proposed L-Fisherfaces approach with PCA, LDA, LPP, and UDP on three different face databases. Experimental results suggest that the proposed L-Fisherfaces provides a better representation and achieves higher accuracy in face recognition.
Chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy in term and near-term infants.

CONTEXT Half of all cases of cerebral palsy (CP) occur in term infants, for whom risk factors have not been clearly defined. Recent studies suggest a possible role of chorioamnionitis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether clinical chorioamnionitis increases the risk of CP in term and near-term infants. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Case-control study nested within a cohort of 231 582 singleton infants born at 36 or more weeks' gestation between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1998, in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, a managed care organization providing care for more than 3 million residents of northern California. Case patients were identified from electronic records and confirmed by chart review by a child neurologist, and comprised all children with moderate to severe spastic or dyskinetic CP not due to postnatal brain injury or developmental abnormalities (n = 109). Controls (n = 218) were randomly selected from the study population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Association between clinical chorioamnionitis and increased risk of CP in term and near-term infants. RESULTS Most CP cases had hemiparesis (40%) or quadriparesis (38%); 87% had been diagnosed by a neurologist and 83% had undergone neuroimaging. Chorioamnionitis, considered present if a treating physician made a diagnosis of chorioamnionitis or endometritis clinically, was noted in 14% of cases and 4% of controls (odds ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-10.1; P =.001). Independent risk factors identified in multiple logistic regression included chorioamnionitis (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.6-10.1), intrauterine growth restriction (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.3-12.0), maternal black ethnicity (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.4-9.3), maternal age older than 25 years (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.2), and nulliparity (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0). The population-attributable fraction of chorioamnionitis for CP is 11%. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that chorioamnionitis is an independent risk factor for CP among term and near-term infants.
When Do Mountain Whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) Spawn? A Comparison of Estimates Based on Gonadosomatic Indices and Spawner and Egg Counts

Determining when fish spawn has major implications for effective fisheries management, particularly in dam-controlled rivers where reproductive potential may be affected by an altered hydrograph. Three methods for estimating spawn timing in riverine broadcast spawners were compared for their precision, effort and potential impact on a population of Mountain Whitefish in the regulated Lower Duncan River, Canada. The first method is based on the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), which is a measure of the relative mass of an individual’s gonads. The second method is based on counts of aggregating adults, while the third method is based on passive egg collection using egg mats. Analysis of the GSI data provided the most precise estimates. It estimated that spawning occurred between October 30th and November 26th in 2010 and between November 8th and November 27th in 2011. Collection of GSI data required moderate effort and had some impact due to the need for lethal harvest. Analysis of the spawner counts using a simple Bayesian Area-Under-the-Curve model provided less precise estimates of spawn timing but the method likely had negligible impact on the population and required only moderate effort. Deployment of egg mats required high effort and collected insufficient information to derive statistical estimates of spawn timing. We discuss how information from different methods could be combined together into a single integrated model to maximize the precision while minimizing the effort and impact.
Het nut van huiswerk: theorie & praktijk

Huiswerk. waarom geven wij als docenten eigenlijk huiswerk op? Heeft dit wel nut? Dit hebben wij onderzocht voor ons PGO. De vraag die hierin centraal staat is: In hoeverre komen bestaande theorieen over het fenomeen huiswerk overeen met de visie en het huiswerkbeleid van docenten in VWO bovenbouw? We hebben geprobeerd een brug te slaan tussen theorie en praktijk door op basis van een theorieonderzoek diverse stellingen in een enquete te verwerken en deze af te nemen onder docenten in VWO bovenbouw. Tot slot hebben we interviews gehouden met de conrector van het Hervormd Lyceum Zuid en met de voorzitter van de werkgroep Montessorionderwijs over het huiswerkbeleid wat zij daar voeren.
Rapid improvement in academic grades following methylphenidate treatment in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract In the present study a 16 week comparison study was conducted of behavioral, cognitive and educational measures in school‐age Taiwanese children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) receiving open‐label methylphenidate (MPH). Subjects include 14 male and five female ADHD children. They received MPH twice per day continuously for 16 weeks. Measures of behavior, cognitive function (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of London and Continuous Performance Test), Chinese and arithmetic learning achievement were compared with those of their baseline condition. After MPH, 68–78% of children showed improving behavior in classroom and at home. Among the neuropsychological tests, only the percentage of preservative error was improved (P = 0.022). Approximately 61–66% of children had improvement in academic learning (P = 0.013 for Chinese, 0.004 for arithmetic). The MPH treatment demonstrated improvement in domains of classroom/home behaviors and academic performance, but showed minimal change on neuropsychological functioning in Taiwanese ADHD children. The finding of academic gain was unexpected, which might be due to the greater interest in achievement and better compliance to cultural expectations by Taiwanese versus Western students, which translated into more rapid improvement in academic performance.
Stability analysis for feedforward approximations in the control of flexible joint robots

For the case of a controller composed of a model-dependent feedforward and a model-independent feedback for flexible joint robots, a stability analysis for different types of feedforward is presented. For feedforwards which differ in the amount of required model information and state measurements, and from the knowledge of a Lyapunov function for a specific choice of the feedforward, it is possible to deduce the type of stability, local exponential or Lagrange, of the other forms of feedforward without explicitly searching for new Lyapunov functions. These results, together with the asymptotic (global) stabilization results constitute a step in the control of flexible joint robots. <<ETX>>
A framework for comparing language experiences: (with particular emphasis on: the effect of audience on discourse models)

Those of us who have been involved in the study of language have often thrown up our hands in dismay at the complexity of the problem (at least I have, almost daily) and tried somewhat desperately to find some facet of the many-faced gem we confront which appears manageable. This desire to focus to train the flashlights we use to illuminate the problem on a well-circumscribed area led, for example, to the early transformational grammarians' separation of syntax from the rest of language. Many researchers have since discarded that particular focus and attempted to integrate syntax, semantics and pragmatics in a single theory. Yet, even they end up focusing on a particular kind of linguistic interaction. Many study oral conversations, some look at computer-person dialogues, some study newspaper articles. These limitations in scope are often not explicit, but are reflected in the examples they choose and discuss. Very few people study more than one communicative situation and even if they do, they do not usually analyze the similarities and differences among them.
[The relationship between muscle tension dysphonia type 1 and soft phonation index and the effectiveness of voice therapy].

OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) type 1 and soft phonation index (SPI) and evaluated the effect of voice therapy on MTD type 1. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 20 patients (all females; mean age 27+/-6 years) whose diagnosis was made as MTD type 1 on videolaryngostroboscopic examination. Acoustic analysis was performed before and after voice therapy using the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program. Acoustic parameters were compared with those of a control group comprising 20 females (mean age 28+/-4 years) without any voice problem. RESULTS In the patient group, 19 patients exhibited a significantly increased SPI compared to two subjects in the control group (p<0.05). The most significant improvements were seen in SPI, jitter, and PPQ following voice therapy, which was found to be effective in 19 patients. CONCLUSION Our findings showed a close relationship between MTD type 1 and SPI. Voice therapy improves parameters of amplitude and frequency perturbations, in particular SPI.
Comparison of the Utility of Preoperative versus Postoperative B-type Natriuretic Peptide for Predicting Hospital Length of Stay and Mortality after Primary Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Background:Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is known to predict adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. The value of postoperative BNP for predicting adverse outcomes is less well delineated. The authors hypothesized that peak postoperative plasma BNP (measured postoperative days 1–5) predicts hospital length of stay (HLOS) and mortality in patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting, even after adjusting for preoperative BNP and perioperative clinical risk factors. Methods:This study is a prospective longitudinal study of 1,183 patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Mortality was defined as all-cause death within 5 yr after surgery. Cox proportional hazards analyses were conducted to separately evaluate the associations between peak postoperative BNP and HLOS and mortality. Multivariable adjustments were made for patient demographics, preoperative BNP concentration, and clinical risk factors. BNP measurements were log10 transformed before analysis. Results:One hundred fifteen deaths (9.7%) occurred in the cohort (mean follow-up = 4.3 yr, range = 2.38-5.0 yr). After multivariable adjustment for preoperative BNP and clinical covariates, peak postoperative BNP predicted HLOS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.002-1.64, P = 0.049) but not mortality (HR = 1.62, CI = 0.71-3.68, P = 0.25), whereas preoperative BNP independently predicted HLOS (HR = 1.09, CI = 1.01-1.18, P = 0.03) and approached being an independent predictor of mortality (HR = 1.36, CI = 0.96-1.94, P = 0.08). When preoperative and peak postoperative BNP were separately adjusted for within the clinical multivariable models, each independently predicted HLOS (preoperative BNP HR = 1.13, CI = 1.05-1.21, P = 0.0007; peak postoperative BNP HR = 1.44, CI = 1.15-1.81, P = 0.001) and mortality (preoperative BNP HR = 1.50, CI = 1.09-2.07, P = 0.01; peak postoperative BNP HR = 2.29, CI = 1.11-4.73, P = 0.02). Conclusions:Preoperative BNP may be better than peak postoperative BNP for predicting HLOS and longer term mortality after primary coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.
The category-theoretic solution of recursive domain equations

The solution of a recursive domain equation, of the form D ~= F(D) may be viewed as the finding of a fixpoint (up to isomorphism) of the functor F. This has led to the idea of formulating a category-theoretic analogue of Tarski's fixpoint theorem for lattices, as a basis for a general method of solution for this kind of equation; see especially Reynolds [1], Wand [2], Plotkin [3].
CTSS: A Tool for Efficient Information Extraction with Soft Matching Rules for Text Mining

The abundance of information available digitally in modern world had made a demand for structured information. The problem of text mining which dealt with discovering useful information from unstructured text had attracted the attention of researchers. The role of Information Extraction (IE) software was to identify relevant information from texts, extracting information from a variety of sources and aggregating it to create a single view. Information extraction systems depended on particular corpora and were poor in recall values. Therefore, developing the system as domain-independent as well as improving the recall was an important challenge for IE. In this research, the authors proposed a domain-independent algorithm for information extraction, called SOFTRULEMINING for extracting the aim, methodology and conclusion from technical abstracts. The algorithm was implemented by combining trigram model with softmatching rules. A tool CTSS was constructed using SOFTRULEMINING and was tested with technical abstracts of www.computer. org and www.ansinet. org and found that the tool had improved its recall value and therefore the precision value in comparison with other search engines.
Depression During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Among HIV-Infected Women on Antiretroviral Therapy in Uganda

Background:Among HIV-infected women, perinatal depression compromises clinical, maternal, and child health outcomes. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with lower depression symptom severity but the uniformity of effect through pregnancy and postpartum periods is unknown. Methods:We analyzed prospective data from 447 HIV-infected women (18–49 years) initiating ART in rural Uganda (2005–2012). Participants completed blood work and comprehensive questionnaires quarterly. Pregnancy status was assessed by self-report. Analysis time periods were defined as currently pregnant, postpartum (0–12 months post-pregnancy outcome), or non–pregnancy-related. Depression symptom severity was measured using a modified Hopkins Symptom Checklist 15, with scores ranging from 1 to 4. Probable depression was defined as >1.75. Linear regression with generalized estimating equations was used to compare mean depression scores over the 3 periods. Results:At enrollment, median age was 32 years (interquartile range: 27–37), median CD4 count was 160 cells per cubic millimeter (interquartile range: 95–245), and mean depression score was 1.75 (s = 0.58) (39% with probable depression). Over 4.1 median years of follow-up, 104 women experienced 151 pregnancies. Mean depression scores did not differ across the time periods (P = 0.75). Multivariable models yielded similar findings. Increasing time on ART, viral suppression, better physical health, and “never married” were independently associated with lower mean depression scores. Findings were consistent when assessing probable depression. Conclusions:Although the lack of association between depression and perinatal periods is reassuring, high depression prevalence at treatment initiation and continued incidence across pregnancy and non–pregnancy-related periods of follow-up highlight the critical need for mental health services for HIV-infected women to optimize both maternal and perinatal health.
Neoplastic Meningitis Due to Lung, Breast, and Melanoma Metastases.

BACKGROUND Neoplastic meningitis, a central nervous system (CNS) complication of cancer metastatic to the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is relevant to oncologists due to the impact of the disease on patient quality of life and survival rates. METHODS A review of the literature of articles published in English was conducted with regard to neoplastic meningitis. RESULTS The incidence of neoplastic meningitis is increasing because patients with cancer are surviving longer in part because of the use of novel therapies with poor CNS penetration. Up to 5% of patients with solid tumors develop neoplastic meningitis during the disease course (breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma being the predominantly causative cancers). The rate of median survival in patients with untreated neoplastic meningitis is 1 to 2 months, although it can be as long as 5 months in some cases. Therapeutic options for the treatment of neoplastic meningitis include systemic therapy (cancer-specific, CNS-penetrating chemotherapy or targeted therapies), intra-CSF administration of chemotherapy (methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa) and CNS site-specific radiotherapy. Determining whom to treat with neoplastic meningitis remains challenging and, in part, relates to the extent of systemic disease, the neurological burden of disease, the available systemic therapies, and estimated rates of survival. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of neoplastic meningitis remains poor. The increasing use of novel, targeted therapies and immunotherapy in solid tumors and its impact on neoplastic meningitis remains to be determined and is an area of active research. Thus, well conducted trials are needed.