Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human immunodeficiency virus, DNA and statistics

Understanding the causes and consequences of genetic variation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most important tasks facing medical and evolutionary biologists alike. A powerful analytical tool which is available to those working in this field is the phylogenetic tree, which describes the evolutionary relationships of the sequences in a sample and the history of the mutational events which separate them. Although phylogenetic trees of HIV are becoming commonplace, their use can be improved by tailoring the underlying statistical models to the idiosyncrasies of viral biology. The design and refinement of phylogenetic analyses consequently represents an important practical use of statistical methods in HIV research.
Surface approximation of complex multipart objects

Deformable models can be widely used to approximate object;. from collected data points, but most algorithms can only handle geometrically and topologically simple objects. They are inadequate for objects with deep cavities or multi- part objects, or when more than one object is in the scene. We propose an approach which can fit simultaneously more than one surface to approximate multiple topological- ly complex objects. We use (I) the residual data points, (2) the bad parts of the fitting surface, and (3) appropriate Boolean operations. We then present an algorithm to con- struct an analytical surface representation, based on the el- ements detected. The global representation of an object, in terms of elements and their connection, takes the form of B- spline ad Btzier surfaces. A Btzier surface is employed to connect different elements, and the connecting surjiace itserf conforms to the data points nearby through energy minimi- zation. This way, we achieve G' continuity surfaces even for multipart objects. We present results on complex synthetic and real da- ta. The system proceeds automatically without human in- teraction or any prior knowledge on the topology of the underlying object. eywords snakes, range image, deformable model, B-spline, Bkz- ier surface, blending surface, segmentation.
Adaptive output feedback control of synchronous motors

This paper solves the problem of position tracking for a permanent magnet synchronous motor when the angular velocity is not measured and all the parameters of the dynamic equations are unknown. The mathematical model is expressed in the reference fixed to the stator. The adaptation algorithm gives a degree of robustness to the control scheme since it enables one to identify the motor's parameters under the hypothesis of persistent excitation, which is always satisfied when the unknown parameters are only the stator resistance and the load torque. The identification is exponential in these cases. Moreover, it is shown that the closed-loop trajectory corresponding to the nominal parameter values is not influenced by variations of stator resistance and load torque. The performances of the proposed controller are compared with those of a controller which solves the tracking problem with an observer for the angular velocity, designed on the basis of the motor's nominal parameters.
OSA-a topological algorithm for constructing two-layer neural networks

Presents a constructive training algorithm for supervised neural networks: OSA (Oil-Spot Algorithm). It builds a two-layer neural network by involving successively binary examples. Its main learning rule, based on topological theorems on the cuts of a binary hypercube, is discussed. A convenient treatment of real-valued data is possible by means of a suitable real-to-binary codification. For binary target functions that have efficient halfspace union representations, the constructed networks are optimized in terms of number of neurons with respect to other constructive algorithms, as shown. <<ETX>>
On Nonparametric Maximum Likelihood Estimations of Multivariate Distribution Function Based on Interval-Censored Data

This article considers the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) of a joint distribution function when the multivariate failure times of interest are interval-censored. With different types of interval censoring mechanism, the NPMLE's of the multivariate distribution function are studied and the strong consistency for the NPMLEs is obtained in terms of a self-consistency equation. Furthermore, the convergence rate of the estimator is given, which depends on the types of interval censoring mechanism.
An Estimation Method of the Relative Dielectric Constant of Liquid Materials

It is diﬃcult to analyze the eﬀectiveness of shielding sheets theoretically and to derive numerical values which are close to the measurement values. When calculating a numerical values, we have to consider the location of the observation point, because the distance from the source is suﬃciently small in comparison with the wave length. In this research, we used a small electric dipole as the source and measured the shielding eﬀectiveness ( SE ) with a shield box. For the numerical analysis, we modeled the material and shield box as thin homogeneous layers. Then, for calculating the electromagnetic ﬁeld, we used the Sommerfeld integral that expresses a spherical wave as a composition of cylindrical waves. Using this numerical calculation, we estimated the relative dielectric constant of liquid materials. We evaluted the estimated electric parameters of liquid materials, comparing them with nominal values.
Special Coordinates Associated With Recursive Forward Dynamics Algorithm for Open Loop Rigid Multibody Systems

The recursive forward dynamics algorithm (RFDA) for a tree structured rigid multibody system has two stages. In the first stage, while going down the tree, certain equations are associated with each node. These equations are decoupled from the equations related to the node’s descendants. We refer them as the equations of RFDA of the node and the current paper derives them in a new way. In the new derivation, associated with each node, we recursively obtain he coordinates, which describe the system consisting of the node and all its descendants. The special property of these coordinates is that a portion of the equations of motion with respect to these coordinates is actually the equations of RFDA associated with the node. We first show the derivation for a two noded system and then extend to a general tree structure. Two examples are used to illustrate the derivation.While the derivation conclusively shows that equations of RFDA are part of equations of motion, it most importantly gives the associated coordinates and the left out portion of the equations of motion. These are significant insights into the RFDA.
Extended Kasami algorithm for cyclic codes

This paper describes a new block code decoding algorithm which is an extension of Kasami decoding and is accordingly named the extended Kasami algorithm. This algorithm is shown to be attractive for linear cyclic block codes of rates ranging from 1/t to 2/t because of the low decoding complexity and consistency of decoding time regardless of the value of E/sub b//N/sub 0/. The algorithm is comparable with another algorithm known as minimum weight decoding (MWD), but is of lower complexity at low values of E/sub b//N/sub 0/. The paper also describes a non-mathematical approach to determination of the best cover positions and suggests possible soft decision schemes.
Confidence intervals in ridge regression by bootstrapping the dependent variable: a simulation study

As it is well known, Ridge Regression can be a useful technique for estimating the coefficients of a Multiple Regression Model in the presence of multicollinearity. It has, however, the drawback that the distribution of the estimator is unknown, so that only asymptotic confidence intervals may be obtained. The aim of this paper is to report on the use of a technique that combines the Bootstrap and the Edgeworth Expansion to obtain an approximation to the distribution of some Ridge Regression estimators. Some simulation experiments were carried out to compare the asymptotic confidence intervals with those obtained with this technique
Advanced analytical model for the effective recombination velocity of locally contacted surfaces

In this paper an analytical model of the effective recombination (Seff) on the back surface of locally contacted solar cell is developed. We justify this approach by first showing that the three-dimensional (3D) problem can be reduced to a one-dimensional (1D) problem by calculating Seff. The values of Seff calculated with our model and two existing models are compared to finite element simulations. A large range of cases from high to low scale structures, including variation in the surface recombination velocity at the passivated area are investigated. The model presented in this paper is in good agreement with finite element simulations. Existing models from literature are also compared to finite element simulations, showing some of their limitations. In addition, we propose a method, not restricted to dark conditions, that simulates the 3D locally contacted structures by means of two 1D simulations.
Approximation Analysis of Margin-Based Ranking Algorithm

Ranking data points with respect to a given preference criterion is an example of a preference learning task. In this paper, we investigate the generalization performance of the regularized ranking algorithm associated with least square ranking loss in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, and use the method of computing hold-out estimates for the proposed algorithm. Based on using the hold-out method, we obtain fast learning rate for this algorithm.
Compact Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter Based on SIW and DGS Technology with a Notch Band

A novel compact ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with a notch band is proposed and implemented. The filter is realized by using a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) and two tapered defected ground structures (DGS). An L-resonator bandstop filter is integrated with the UWB filter to reject the undesired wireless local-area network (WLAN) radio signals. The UWB filter has a very compact size of 13 mm by 11 mm. The measured BPF insert loss is less than 1.2 dB throughout the pass band from 3.0 GHz to 11.1 GHz, the variation of group delay less than 0.15 ns except for the notch band, and a stop band with 20 dB attenuation up to at least 14 GHz.
Geometrical modeling of optical phase difference for analyzing atmospheric turbulence

Ways of calculating phase shifts between laser beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence can give us insight towards the understanding of spatial diversity in Free-Space Optical (FSO) links. We propose a new geometrical model to estimate phase shifts between rays as the laser beam propagates through a simulated turbulent media. Turbulence is simulated by filling the propagation path with spherical bubbles of varying sizes and refractive index discontinuities statistically distributed according to various models. The level of turbulence is increased by elongating the range and/or increasing the number of bubbles that the rays interact with along their path. For each statistical representation of the atmosphere, the trajectories of two parallel rays separated by a particular distance are analyzed and computed simultaneously using geometrical optics. The three-dimensional geometry of the spheres is taken into account in the propagation of the rays. The bubble model is used to calculate the correlation between the two rays as their separation distance changes. The total distance traveled by each ray as both rays travel to the target is computed. The difference in the path length traveled will yield the phase difference between the rays. The mean square phase difference is taken to be the phase structure function which in the literature, for a pair of collimated parallel pencil thin rays, obeys a five-third law assuming weak turbulence. All simulation results will be compared with the predictions of wave theory.
Non-destructive Characteristics of Ultrasonic Waves in 1018 Low Carbon Steel

In this paper, the dependences of the velocities and the absorption coefficients of ultrasonic waves transmitted in 1018 low carbon steel on temperature ranging from 0 ̊C to 50 ̊C were investigated. It was shown that the velocities of the ultrasonic longitudinal wave and ultrasonic shear wave were decreased when the temperature increased. The transportation of the ultrasonic longitudinal wave and ultrasonic shear wave depends on temperature and its coefficient in a temperature range of (0 – 50 ̊C) was estimated about 0.8 m/s. ̊C and 0.44 m/s. ̊C, respectively. These obtained results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. Furthermore, the absorption coefficients of the ultrasonic longitudinal wave were also studied.
Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature Forecasts and the Influence of Snow Cover

Abstract Research into the relationship between snow cover and observed maximum and minimum temperature is reviewed. An example of the importance of snow cover and forecasting max/min temperatures is presented for this past winter (1976–77). It is shown that there was a warm bias in the MOS temperature forecasts for the northern Great Plains following the receipt of a fresh cover of snowfall. It is proposed that snow cover be incorporated as a conditional predictor to be used only during specific synoptic conditions.
The influence of notches on domain dynamics in ferroelectric nanowires

The extent to which notches inhibit axial switching of polarization in ferroelectric nanowires was investigated by monitoring the switching behavior of single crystal BaTiO3 wires before and after patterning triangular notches along their lengths. Static zero-field domain patterns suggested a strong domain-notch interaction, implying that notches should act as pinning sites for domain wall propagation. Surprisingly though, notches appeared to assist, rather than inhibit, polar switching. The origin of this effect was rationalized using finite element modeling of the electric field distribution along the notched wire; it was found that the air gap associated with the notch acted to enhance the local field, both in the air, and in the adjacent region of the ferroelectric. It seems that this local field enhancement outweighs any pinning interactions.
Investigation of Bending Stability of Amorphous Zn–In–Sn-O Thin Films on Flexible Poly(ether sulfone) Substrates

Zn–In–Sn-O (ZITO) and ITO thin films were fabricated on flexible poly(ether sulfone) (PES) substrates by RF magnetron cosputtering. The bending stability of the films was investigated by employing a dynamic bending tester and monitoring the resistance change (ΔR) of the films. The resistance of the polycrystalline ITO films increased more than eightfold after 600 cycles of dynamic bending, while the resistance of the amorphous ZITO thin films remained constant. Internal stress measurements and microscopic images revealed that the significant increase in the resistance of the polycrystalline ITO films was mainly attributed to the large compressive stress of the polycrystalline ITO films and the large quantity of cracks or delaminations generated as the films were bent, while the amorphous ZITO films remained substantially intact. These results showed that the amorphous ZITO thin films had high mechanical durability against external dynamic stress and the possible application of flexible optoelectronic devices.
CCD photometry of the Large Magellanic Cloud cluster NGC 1866 - Observational results

La phometrie CCD des etoiles de l'amas globulaire NGC 1866, du Grand Nuage de Magellan, est presentee. La magnitude, la couleur B-V et la position des etoiles du champ observe sont tabulees. Les diagrammes V versus B-V sont analyses. Une simulation numerique de l'amas est realisee. Les predictions sont comparees aux observations pour le diagramme M v versus (B-V) 0 et la fonction de luminosite
A Monte Carlo Study of Analysis of Covariance Under Violations of the Assumptions of Normality and Equal Regression Slopes

The present study indicates that ANCOVA is robust with respect to dual violations of the assumptions of equal regression slopes and normality of distributions provided that group sizes are equal. In ad dition, when regression slopes are equal, ANCOVA appears to be robust to violations of the assumption of normality whether group sizes are equal or not. In the present study ANCOVA did display disruptions of empirical significance levels when unequal regression slopes and unequal group sizes were coupled with nonnormal distri butions.
Evolving Networks with Enhanced Stability Properties

We use a search algorithm to identify networks with enhanced linear stability properties in this account. We then analyze these networks for topological regularities that explain the source of their stability/instability. Analysis of the structure of networks with enhanced stability properties reveals that these networks are characterized by a highly skewed degree distribution, very short path-length between nodes, little or no clustering, and dissasortativity. By contrast, networks with enhanced instability properties have a peaked degree distribution with a small variance, long path-lengths between nodes, a high degree of clustering, and high assortativity. We then test the topological stability of these networks and discover that networks with enhanced stability properties are highly robust to the random removal of nodes, but highly fragile to targeted attacks, while networks with enhanced instability properties are robust to targeted attacks. These network features have implications for the physical and biological networks that surround us.
Influence of mobile 90? domains on the complex elastic modulus of PZT ceramics

Measurements of the complex elastic Young's modulus of PZT ceramics as a function of the frequency of a triangular switching electric field and of an ac dynamic mechanical stress were performed. The results show that the electrostrictive character of the ceramics provides a complex elastic Young's modulus, which depends on the 90° domains reorientation velocity which, in turn, is driven by the low-frequency switching electric field. This dependence has a relaxational character with a τ = 30 s relaxation time. For a given frequency of the switching electric field, the behaviour of Young's modulus as a function of the frequency of the mechanical stress is quite similar to that corresponding to point defects that are pinning the ferroelectric 90° immobile domain walls: it is relaxational with a relaxation time τ = 0.04 s.
On the nitrogen budget for the United Kingdom and north‐west Europe

The application of a simple trajectory model approach to the emission, transformation and deposition of a coupled series of atmospheric pollutants including SO2, NOx and ammonia is described. A detailed comparison of the model results with observations is provided using United Kingdom monitoring data. Whilst reasonable agreement can justifiably be claimed for some species, whether in the gas phase, aerosol or precipitation, it is clear that for the others there are either severe disagreements or a lack of suitable data for comparison purposes. Background sources of these pollutants are assessed by applying wind sector analysis to precipitation measurements at remote sites. The budgets for the United Kingdom and north-west Europe have a similar balance between wet and dry deposition to that given in the literature for the global nitrogen budget. This is in conflict with some literature budgets for Europe as a whole which have apparently overestimated the dry deposition terms.
A NEWTON-MULTIGRID METHOD FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SLIDER AIR BEARING

In this paper, a Newton-Multigrid method is presented to solve the numerical simulation of the slider air bearing. For each fixed attitude in the specified grid, the Newton method is used to achieve the pressure distribution of the slider by solving the generalized Reynolds equations discretized by the least square finite difference (LSFD) method. Between the different sizes of grids, full approximation multigrid method is used to accelerate the convergence rate by eliminating the dominating low frequency error mode in the late stages of convergence. From the case study of the slider air bearing, it shows that the Newton-Multigrid method is accurate and efficient for the numerical simulation problem.
Monte Carlo simulation of a two dimensional anisotropic plane rotator model

Abstract We have studied a classical system, consisting of two-component unit vectors (plane rotators) associated with a two dimensional square lattice, and interacting via the nearest neighbour pair potential(s) where m is a positive integer and {φ k } are the angles defining the orientation of the plane rotators in an arbitary reference frame. The two potential models Wm and – Wm possess essentially the same properties in the absence of an external field (spin-flip symmetry); moreover, for given values of a and b, all of the potential models Wm have the same partition function, and several mean values can be defined in a way which is independent of m. This model has been proven rigorously to possess a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition when a = b, and to possess a low temperature order-disorder transition when 0 ≤ |b| < a; when m = 2, this entails the existence of nematic- or antinematic- like order, depending on the sign of c. We have chosen b = 0, and characterized the system quntitatively by Monte Carlo .
THE ACTION OF AN ALGEBRAIC TORUS ON THE AFFINE PLANE

Denote by k an algebraically closed field, by A2 the affine plane over k, by Gm the multiplicative group of the universal domain. Our purpose in this paper is to study by elementary means the regular operation of Gm on A2. We shall denote by a a regular operation of Gm on A2 which is not the identity on A2, a: Gm x A2 A2, and by Q(t) the restriction of this map given by cr(t): t x A2 -A2, where t EGm. We recall that an algebraic torus is the direct product of a finite number of multiplicative groups.
Theory of Electrostatic Probe Microscopy: A Simple Perturbative Approach

A theoretical approach to electrostatic scanning probe microscopy is presented. We show that a simple perturbation formula, originally derived in the context of scattering theory of electromagnetic waves, can be used to obtain the capacitance and the electrostatic force between a metallic tip and an inhomogeneous dielectric sample. For inhomogeneous thin dielectric films, the scanning probe signal is shown to be proportional to the convolution between an effective surface profile and a response function of the microscope. This provides a rigorous framework to address the resolution issue and the inverse problem.
Orientations and Geometrisations of Compact Complex Surfaces

Every complex manifold carries a canonical orientation, and it is natural to wonder when the underlying topological or smooth manifold carries a complex structure compatible with the other orientation. In [2], Beauville raised this question for compact complex surfaces. He noted that there are a lot of examples, like products of curves, or Hopf surfaces, where the underlying manifold admits an orientation‐reversing selfdiffeomorphism. This implies that the signature is zero. Beauville asked if there are any examples of non‐zero signature. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 14J99, 53C55, 53C15.
New Approach to Non-Fragile Control of Uncertain Fuzzy Systems with Time-Delay

This paper focuses on the delay-dependent stability analysis and stabilization for T-S fuzzy system systems with state and input delays. Some new and less conservative delay-dependent small stability conditions are explicitly obtained. The upper bounds of time-delays are obtained by using small convex optimization.Finally, a numerical example is included to show the effectiveness.