Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Combined Invariant Test for a Null Variance Ratio

This paper investigates the properties of a test that combines the Wald and LMPI (locally most powerful invariant) tests of variance components in unbalanced mixed models. The combined test statistic is easily computed and its null distribution may be approximated by a central F distribution with the degrees of freedom of the numerator adjusted in accordance with the degree of imbalance of the design. Numerical methods are used to show that the approximation is accurate over a wide range of conditions and that the efficiency of the combined test, relative to the power envelope, is satisfactorily high overall.
SLC2A9 rs1014290 Polymorphism is Associated with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose To investigate the association of the A/G rs1014290 polymorphism in SLC2A9 with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes mellitus (pre-DM). Patients and Methods. We enrolled 1058 patients who attended the Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China. The patients underwent general testing and oral glucose tolerance tests and were divided into three groups: 352 patients newly diagnosed with T2DM, 358 patients with pre-DM, and 348 healthy controls. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected by ligase detection reactions. The χ2 test, one-way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the results. Results In the T2DM group, the GG genotype frequency at the rs1014290 locus was significantly lower (14.8%) than it was in the healthy controls. Furthermore, the GG genotype group was associated with a reduced risk of T2DM in unadjusted and confounder-adjusted models compared with the risk in the AA genotype group. The G allele in the SLC2A9 rs1014290 locus decreased susceptibility to T2DM. In the pre-DM group, the GG and AG genotype groups had no significant correlation with the risk of pre-DM in any of the models. In the T2DM group, the uric acid level was significantly lower in the GG genotype group. In the T2DM and pre-DM groups, the HOMA-β levels were significantly higher in the GA (P < 0.001) and GG (P < 0.001) genotype groups than it was in the AA genotype group, and HOMA-IR was significantly lower in the GA (P < 0.001) and GG (P < 0.001) genotype groups than it was in the AA genotype group. Conclusion The A/G (rs1014290) SNP in SLC2A9 is closely related to the occurrence and development of diabetes.
Numerical analysis of volume holograms with spherical reference wave based on Born approximation

Holographic Data Storage (HDS) is one of the next generation storage technologies that can actualize high data capacity and high data transfer rate. Since information is recorded 3-dimensionally in a thick medium, data capacity of the HDS is not constrained by diffraction limit. However, behavior of wavefront in an inhomogeneous thick medium is highly complex, and it is hard to handle propagation of wavefront in the medium analytically. Therefore, we establish a numerical technique for analysis of volume holograms. The proposed technique is based on the scalar diffraction theory, which is described as the volume integral equation. By applying Born approximation and angular spectrum method to the volume integral equation, the technique can be applicable for various problems. We analyze characteristics of the volume hologram with spherical reference wave, and confirm effectiveness of the proposed technique. Compared to conventional techniques such as coupled wave analysis, beam propagation method, and finite-difference time domain method, the proposed technique has application potentiality for various problems, and it is easy to implement. In this study, we show effectiveness of the proposed technique by applying to analysis of the volume hologram with spherical reference wave. It can be expected that the proposed technique may become a tool for design of HDS systems.
Resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and measurement precision

We have studied the problem of simultaneously determining the midpoint position, separation, and relative intensities of a pair of closely spaced point sources. Our objective has been to see how the signal-to-noise ratio affects the measurement precision and to determine the significance of the various optical-system design parameters, and from this to develop a concept of resolution relevant to the generalized resolution problem, as posed by Ronchi over a decade ago. General results have been obtained for a scanning sensor designed to produce a one-dimensional output signal, with additive Gaussian noise. The rms precision with which the position of a single target can be measured has been determined. From this, we have obtained a resolution scale that, when divided by the signal-to-noise (voltage) ratio, gives the noise-limited position-measurement precision. A generalized expression that allows calculations of the resolution scale from the optical-signal transfer function of the system is given. Results in generalized form are developed for the precision with which the separation, midpoint position, and relative intensity of a pair of point sources can be measured. These results are presented in terms of the modulation transfer function of the optics and of the detector, and of the noise power spectrum. Quantitative results have been calculated for a system that consists of diffraction-limited, unobscured-circular-aperture optics and a sharply delineated rectangular detector, with additive white Gaussian noise. The numerical results show that the resolution scale is apparently also a significant descriptor of the two-target measurement capabilities of the instrument. This suggests that the resolution scale ought to be considered the resolution of. an instrument—to the extent that any single number can be used to define the resolution of an instrument.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COUNT DATA MODELLING: THEORY AND APPLICATION

This paper deals with statistical methods for modelling individual behavior when the endogenous variable is a nonnegative integer. Examples are the number of children, the number of job changes or the number of shopping trips in a given period. Several approaches--Poisson, robust Poisson, negative binomial (NEGBIN), NEGBIN[subscript k], hurdle Poisson, truncated-at-zero Poisson--are discussed with a focus on specification, estimation, and testing. An application to labor mobility data illustrates the gain obtained by carefully taking into account the specific structure of the data. Copyright 1995 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd
TESTING OF SCALE PARAMETER OF THE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION WITH KNOWN COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION: CONDITIONAL APPROACH

ABSTRACT Tests of hypothesis of the parameter of the reduced exponential distribution E(aθ, θ) has been studied from a conditional viewpoint, based on the conditionality principle of R. A. Fisher. It is shown that conditionally, optimal tests are possible though unconditionally no such test exists. Some desirable properties of the conditional test and large sample approximations to the upper percentile point of the conditional test statistic are also presented. The equivalence of two ancillaries for conditioning with respect to power criterion is shown.
The world of attoseconds: where a second lasts as long as the age of the universe

The observation of ultrafast fundamental processe in real time is a key to exploring the dynamic behaviour of matter. In order to be able to do these observations, pulses shorter than the processes under scrutiny have to be generated. Over the past decade novel ultrafast optical technologies have pushed the duration of laser pulses close to its natural limit, to the wave cycle, which lasts somewhat longer than one femtosecond (1 fs = 10EXP-15 s) in the visible spectral range. About ten years ago these pulses were used to generate single isolated attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV): Atoms exposed to a few oscillation cycles of intense visible or near-infrared light are able to emit a single electron and XUV photon wavepacket of sub-femtosecond duration. Precise control of these sub-femtosecond wavepackets have been achieved by full control of the electromagnetic field in few-cycle light pulses. These XUV pulses together with the few-cycle (few-femtosecond) laser pulses used for their generation have opened the way to the development of a technique for attosecond sampling of electrons ejected from atoms or molecules and solids.
Robust optimization for simultaneous localization and mapping

SLAM (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping) has been a very active and almost ubiquitous problem in the field of mobile and autonomous robotics for over two decades. For many years, filter-based methods have dominated the SLAM literature, but a change of paradigms could be observed recently. Current state of the art solutions of the SLAM problem are based on efficient sparse least squares optimization techniques. However, it is commonly known that least squares methods are by default not robust against outliers . In SLAM, such outliers arise mostly from data association errors like false positive loop closures. Since the optimizers in current SLAM systems are not robust against outliers, they have to rely heavily on certain preprocessing steps to prevent or reject all data association errors. Especially false positive loop closures will lead to catastrophically wrong solutions with current solvers. The problem is commonly accepted in the literature, but no concise solution has been proposed so far. The main focus of this work is to develop a novel formulation of the optimization-based SLAM problem that is robust against such outliers. The developed approach allows the back-end part of the SLAM system to change parts of the topological structure of the problem’s factor graph representation during the optimization process. The back-end can thereby discard individual constraints and converge towards correct solutions even in the presence of many false positive loop closures. This largely increases the overall robustness of the SLAM system and closes a gap between the sensor-driven front-end and the back-end optimizers. The approach is evaluated on both large scale synthetic and real-world datasets. This work furthermore shows that the developed approach is versatile and can be applied beyond SLAM, in other domains where least squares optimization problems are solved and outliers have to be expected. This is successfully demonstrated in the domain of GPS-based vehicle localization in urban areas where multipath satellite observations often impede high-precision position estimates.
Can Gas-Phase Radical/Neutral Reactions Account for Observed Abundances of Propynal within Dense Interstellar Clouds?

Recent studies have suggested that the commonly accepted pathway to propynal formation within dense interstellar (IS) clouds, namely, the radiative association of C2H+3 with CO, is incapable of yielding propynal upon dissociative recombination. We propose here that the reaction of C2H + H2CO can account for propynal's presence within TMC-1 and Sgr B2. Ab initio calculations for the C3H3O potential energy surface yield information on possible product channels for the reaction of C2H with H2CO. Formation of propynal + H is expected to be a major product channel for this reaction. Implications for the IS occurrence of pentadiynal (HCCCCCHO) are also presented.
Discussion of ‘Parametric versus nonparametrics: two alternative methdologies’

We would like to thank Professor Lehmann for providing a very useful review of comparing several parametric and nonparametric tests in the two-sample problem. Such a review is timely, as many classical methods are currently being used and found to work quite well in many current applications, such as microarray and proteomic studies. For example, two-sample t-tests are commonly used in these settings. Professor Lehmann compared both finite sample and large-sample efficiency of the two-sample t-test, the t-test based permutation test, the Wilcoxon test, and the normal score test. He very nicely illustrated that compared with the t-test, the Wilcoxon test is asymptotically more powerful for data with long-tailed distributions, and the normal score test is asymptotically more powerful for data with short-tailed distributions. When the data are normal, the Wilcoxon test only has a light loss of efficiency. A major issue in many current ‘omics’ applications is that often times an investigator wishes to carry out many tests, while the sample size for each test is small. Furthermore, in some of these applications, especially proteomic applications, the data are inherently discrete and within-group variances may be substantially different. Professor Lehmann’s finite sample results illustrating that the efficiency loss of the Wilcoxon test is little compared with the t-test when data are normal are encouraging. We would be interested in Professor Lehmann’s comments on finite sample performance of the Wilcoxon test when the data are discrete, contain ties, or have different within-group variances. We would be particularly grateful for Professor Lehmann’s views on these issues in the context of large-scale multiple testing. For example, we are currently analysing protein expression data for 1450 proteins from 4 obese mice and 4 lean mice. Spectral count, a discrete measure of protein abundance, is used to measure protein expression, and we are interested in identifying proteins
Trapping of micron-sized objects at a liquid–air interface

The limited working distance of the high numerical aperture microscope objectives used in conventional optical tweezers makes it difficult to trap objects at the liquid–air interface. Since with a weakly focused optical beam the gradient forces are not sufficient to overcome the axial scattering force, we investigated the possibility of the use of surface tension forces generated when the object is pushed against the liquid–air interface by a weakly focused optical beam to balance the axial scattering force. In contrast to the expected trapping of objects at the focal point of the trap beam the objects were observed to get trapped in an annular region about the trap beam. The experimental results and their analysis reveal that, apart from optical and surface tension forces, the laser-induced heating of the interface and the resulting thermocapillary effect are responsible for the observed trapping of objects.
A New Error-Fitting Inversion Method for 2-D NMR Spectrum

Two-dimensional (2-D) inversion algorithms with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance had been intensively studied all over the world. To improve the existing method, a new Error-Fitting inversion method was proposed. The proposal algorithm consists of two steps: firstly, error extraction and estimation is implemented; the next step is to fit the measured data to such a state that the fitting residual and the estimated noise are in a comparable level. This method is applied to simulation and experiments. The results have shown great robustness and accuracy of the algorithm. In conclusion, the proposed Error-Fitting inversion method can meet different application requirements.
Analytic optical eye diagram evaluation for a system of highly mode-coupled PMD/PDL fiber and lumped sections

We give an analytical expression to evaluate the optical eye diagram due to polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), polarization-dependent loss (PDL), and chromatic dispersion (CD) for a system of highly mode coupled fiber with lumped section at any given optical pulse sequence. We found that with considering PDL and the polarization direction correlation between PMD and PDL, a system with highly mode coupled fiber and lumped section can have either higher or lower Q-factor than a highly mode coupled system with same root mean square PDL/PMD values. Also we noticed that a system of two highly mode coupled fibers connected together is not equivalent to a system of highly mode coupled fiber when fluctuation is considered.
Radio Continuum Measurements of Southern Early-Type Stars. III. Nonthermal Emission from Wolf-Rayet Stars

The Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) has been used to search for radio continuum emission at 2.4 and 1.4 GHz from a sample of 36 southern Wolf-Rayet stars. Seven Wolf-Rayet stars were detected at 2.4 GHz, of which two were also detected at 1.4 GHz. We have identified six Wolf-Rayet stars, WR 14, 39, 48, 90, 105, and 112, that have nonthermal emission. The ATCA data confirm that at least 40% of Wolf-Rayet stars with measured spectral indices have nonthermal emission at centimeter wavelengths. Properties of each of the six sources are discussed. The measured spectral indices are between 0 and -1.0, and the radio luminosities are of order 1029 ergs s-1. So far 10 confirmed sources of nonthermal emission are known, including the six ATCA detections and four previously known cases, WR 125, 140, 146, and 147. In all cases, the nonthermal radio emission almost certainly originates from an interaction between the Wolf-Rayet stellar wind and the wind from a massive companion star. The radio observations agree well with theoretical predictions for colliding winds. Synchrotron emission occurs from relativistic electrons accelerated in strong shocks. The nonthermal spectral indices are likely to be close to -0.5. For WR 39, the detected radio emission is offset by ~3'' from the optical position of WR 39 and by ~2'' from the optical position of WR 38B. We suggest that the radio emission may originate from a wind-wind interaction between WR 39 and WR 38B, although this is not confirmed. For WR 11, the radio spectral index increases from +0.3 between 3 and 6 cm to +1.2 between 13 and 20 cm. This is interpreted as evidence for a highly attenuated nonthermal component that originates well within the ionized wind of the W-R star from an interaction with the wind of the O9 companion star.
Playing Soccer with Deep Reinforcement Learning

In this thesis, we use Deep Q-Networks to learn a policy in the Half Field Oﬀense environment. Where we have to work with teammates and score goals against a team of opponents. No current solution does an extensive analysis on changing various aspects of the learning process, like changing what features to use (type of state space and feature selection) and other changes. We do this analysis, ending with a discussion on what works best in this environment. Next, we noticed that most solutions use as a metric for their success the percentage of episodes ending in goal. We wanted to be sure why that performance happened. This thesis expands on this idea of examining performance to a deeper level, where we test why the team starts scoring more goals, which team member did more in that regard. To achieve this we ran our trained agents and gathered metrics regarding the number of goals each player scores and how many passes and assists our agent has. Afterward, testing with other types of teammates, seeing if the trends stay the same. Finally, switching our agent with an NPC, to compare what kind of results were obtained with and without our agent, this way assessing if our agent has a positive eﬀect. Our results conclude that our agent at the worst performs the same as an NPC, but in most cases, he improves the team.
Master-mode set of turbulent 3D channel flow

Turbulent flow fields can be expanded into a series in a set of basic functions. Theterms of such series are often called modes. A master-mode-set is a subset of these modes, the time-history of which uniquely determines the time history of the entire turbulent flow provided that this flow is developed. In the present work the existence of the master-mode-set is demonstrated numerically for turbulent channel flow. The minimal size of a master-mode set and the rate of the process of the recovery of the entire flow from the master-mode set history are estimated. The velocity field corresponding to the minimal master-mode set is found to be a good approximation for mean velocity in the entire flow field. Mean characteristics involving velocity derivatives deviate in a very close vicinity to the wall, while master-mode two-point correlations exhibit unrealistic oscillations. This can be improved by using a larger than minimal master-mode set. The near-wall streaks are found to be contained in the velocity field corresponding to the minimal master-mode set, and the same is true at least for the large-scale part of the longitudinal vorticity structure. A database containing the time history of a master-mode set is demonstrated to be an efficient tool for investigating rare events in turbulent flows. In particular, a travelling-wave-like object was identified on the basis of the analysis of the database. Two master-mode-set databases of the time history of a turbulent channel flow are made available online at http://www.dnsdata. afm.ses. soton.ac. uk/. The services provided include the facility for the code uploaded by a user to be run on the server with an access to the data.
Estimation of the Upper Tropospheric Relative Humidity Field from METFOSAT Water Vapor Image Data

Abstract A retrieval method is described for estimating a mean column value of the upper tropospheric relative humidity (UTH) from radiance measurements in the 6.3 μm channel of the geostationary satellite METEOSAT. The physical retrieval method is based on an efficient radiative transfer scheme which uses the temperature forecast profiles from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) as ancillary data. Theoretical radiances for the given temperature profile and a set of fixed upper tropospheric humidities are employed to- relate the observed radiance to a mean humidity for a layer between 600 and 300 hPa. The retrieval is confined to areas with neither medium-nor high-level clouds. A calibration procedure of the 6.3 μm channel is described which uses the radiative transfer scheme with measured radiosonde profiles of temperature and humidity and collocated satellite measurements. An example of the UTH product and a comparison with radiosondes is presented. An estimate of the error of.
Ensemble simulations of the cold European winter of 2005‐2006

There is only limited understanding of the processes driving year‐to‐year variability in European winter climate and the skill of seasonal forecasts for Europe in winter is generally low. The winter of 2005‐2006 is a useful case‐study because it was the coldest winter in large parts of western Europe for over a decade, and the coldest in central England since 1995‐1996. Here, we present results of experiments with a range of general circulation models to investigate the importance of both the Atlantic Ocean and stratospheric circulation in producing the unusually cold winter of 2005‐2006. We use models with different combinations of horizontal and stratospheric vertical resolution, allowing the sensitivity of the response to model formulation to be tested. The response to Atlantic sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies is improved in a more recent model with higher horizontal resolution. The results show that both Atlantic SSTs and the January 2006 sudden stratospheric warming are likely to have contributed to the cold 2005‐2006 European winter. © Crown Copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Families of Baker domains: I

We show that transcendental meromorphic functions of a certain type have infinitely many invariant Baker domains, with dynamics at similar to those in Leau domains at a parabolic fixed point. We deduce, for example, that, for each p, there exists an entire function which has infinitely many p-cycles of Baker domains.
Three-wave interactions involving one whistler

Three-wave interactions in which one of the waves is a whistler and the other two are higher frequency waves are examined. The suggestion by Chiu (1970) and Chin (1972) that radio emission near the fundamental plasma frequency might arise in the solar corona from the coalescence of a whistler wave with a Langmuir wave is shown to be unacceptable because the resonance condition for the three-wave interaction cannot be satisfied.