Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type

HPV is the cause of almost all cervical cancer and is responsible for a substantial fraction of other anogenital cancers and oropharyngeal cancers. Understanding the HPV‐attributable cancer burden can boost programs of HPV vaccination and HPV‐based cervical screening. Attributable fractions (AFs) and the relative contributions of different HPV types were derived from published studies reporting on the prevalence of transforming HPV infection in cancer tissue. Maps of age‐standardized incidence rates of HPV‐attributable cancers by country from GLOBOCAN 2012 data are shown separately for the cervix, other anogenital tract and head and neck cancers. The relative contribution of HPV16/18 and HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 was also estimated. 4.5% of all cancers worldwide (630,000 new cancer cases per year) are attributable to HPV: 8.6% in women and 0.8% in men. AF in women ranges from <3% in Australia/New Zealand and the USA to >20% in India and sub‐Saharan Africa. Cervix accounts for 83% of HPV‐attributable cancer, two‐thirds of which occur in less developed countries. Other HPV‐attributable anogenital cancer includes 8,500 vulva; 12,000 vagina; 35,000 anus (half occurring in men) and 13,000 penis. In the head and neck, HPV‐attributable cancers represent 38,000 cases of which 21,000 are oropharyngeal cancers occurring in more developed countries. The relative contributions of HPV16/18 and HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 are 73% and 90%, respectively. Universal access to vaccination is the key to avoiding most cases of HPV‐attributable cancer. The preponderant burden of HPV16/18 and the possibility of cross‐protection emphasize the importance of the introduction of more affordable vaccines in less developed countries.
Composition of public expenditures and macroeconomic performance in the European Union

The objective of the paper is to test the existence of a relationship between the composition of public expenditures and the macroeconomic outcomes (GDP rate of growth, and unemployment and inflation rates) of the European Union member states during the period 1995-2007. We study the existence of clusters of countries with similar structures of public expenditure using multiple factorial analysis and principal component analysis techniques, and we compare the macroeconomic outcomes of the clusters obtained using statistics test of equality of means. The outcomes show that there is no evidence of the existence of a relationship between the structures of the public expenditure and the macroeconomic performances. This leads us to conclude that there is no single optimum model of public spending that warrants the best macroeconomic performance
Plasmids encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 epitopes elicited immune responses in mice and swine and protected swine against viral infection.

VP1 is a capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and contains epitopes of the virus. Plasmids encoding two VP1 epitopes (amino acid residues 141-160 and 200-213) and a host-self immunoglobulin molecule were constructed to produce a new type of FMD DNA vaccine. Two plasmids, namely, pCEIM and pCEIS, containing mouse immunoglobulin (IgG) or swine IgG were subjected to immunogenicity testing in mice and swine, respectively. In mice administrated pCEIM in the abdomen using a genegun, both FMDV-specific T-cell proliferation and neutralizing antibodies were detected. In swine immunized with pCEIS at the back of the ear, immune responses were achieved after the second administration. Swine showed a T-cell proliferative response with a stimulation index (SI) of up to 8.1 and a neutralizing antibody response that was able to protect suckling mice from 10(2) LD(50) (lethal dose 50) FMDV challenge. To compare the immunogenicity of the DNA-based vaccine candidate, versus the protein-based vaccine candidates, a second group of swine was immunized with the protein F1-scIgG, which was encoded by the plasmid pCEIS. Injection with F1-scIgG elicited a T-cell proliferative response of SI < 1.7 and a neutralizing antibody response that protected suckling mice from up to 10(5) LD(50) FMDV challenge. In the challenge test, three of three swine immunized with pCEIS were fully protected from FMDV challenge.
Measuring Media Exposure and the Effects of Negative Campaign Ads

Recent controversy over negative television campaign commercials has focused on their effects on voters. Proponents of the demobilization hypothesis claim that negative ads undermine political efficacy and depress voter turnout. Others have suggested a stimulation hypothesis, arguing that such advertising may have an invigorating effect on the electorate. Empirical tests of competing claims demand improved measures of real voters' exposure to real ads in the context of real campaigns. We develop a new approach to estimating exposure outside the lab that combines respondent viewing behavior and the strategic decisions of campaigns. Using this combined measure, we find no evidence that exposure to negative advertising depresses turnout. Instead exposure to negative ads appears to increase the likelihood of voting. We find this effect when we estimate exposure with our new measure, as well as when we use a very different perceptual measure of ad tone.
A Rho-related GTPase Is Involved in Ca2+-dependent Neurotransmitter Exocytosis*

Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 monomeric GTPases are well known regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and phosphoinositide metabolism and have been implicated in hormone secretion in endocrine cells. Here, we examine their possible implication in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitters. Using subcellular fractionation procedures, we found that RhoA, RhoB, Rac1, and Cdc42 are present in rat brain synaptosomes; however, only Rac1 was associated with highly purified synaptic vesicles. To determine the synaptic function of these GTPases, toxins that impair Rho-related proteins were microinjected into Aplysia neurons. We used lethal toxin from Clostridium sordellii, which inactivates Rac; toxin B from Clostridium difficile, which inactivates Rho, Rac, and Cdc42; and C3 exoenzyme from Clostridium botulinum and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 from Escherichia coli, which mainly affect Rho. Analysis of the toxin effects on evoked acetylcholine release revealed that a member of the Rho family, most likely Rac1, was implicated in the control of neurotransmitter release. Strikingly, blockage of acetylcholine release by lethal toxin and toxin B could be completely removed in <1 s by high frequency stimulation of nerve terminals. Further characterization of the inhibitory action produced by lethal toxin suggests that Rac1 protein regulates a late step in Ca2+-dependent neuroexocytosis.
Training Outdoor Educators: Integrating Academic and Professional Demands

In the United Kingdom, outdoor educators have varied backgrounds in terms of academic versus professional outdoor training, and the profession has not agreed upon required qualifications. Multiple influences in the historical development of outdoor education have contributed to this situation. Since the 1970s, several U.K. colleges and universities have offered degree courses for outdoor educators. Such courses must address not only academic and technical skills training, but also the need to develop educators' professionalism and sound judgment. Moray House Institute of Education (Scotland), now part of the University of Edinburgh, has addressed this issue. Since its inception in 1972, Moray's outdoor education degree evolved from a Diploma to a Postgraduate Diploma, which was subsequently modularized, and now a Postgraduate Certificate-Diploma-Master's pathway is available. The program draws upon outdoor activities to enhance environmental education and personal and social development, all within a framework of safe professional practice. A practical, experiential approach is emphasized. The following program areas are described: academic modules; a competency program covering technical skills, instructional skills, planning and organizational skills, and sound judgment; and extended study and dissertation required at the master's level. (SV) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Training Outdoor Educators: Integrating Academic and Professional Demands by Peter Higgins and Alastair Morgan U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement jUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 1 2 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Declining State Capacity, Voluntarism, and the Globalization of the Not-for-Profit Sector

Since the 1970s, a profound shift has taken place in the roles of the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors. In the wake of fiscal crisis, ideological attacks, and privatization, the scope and capacity of governments has declined. A growing global not-for-profit sector has emerged, which has begun to fill the humanitarian vacuum left by the corporate sector and the nation-state. Changes have been profound, raising new issues about the role and future of voluntarism in a world where governments retreat from their social welfare responsibilities and where the solutions to global poverty continue to elude us. This article explores the rapid growth and internationalization of the NGO sector and addresses why the rapid growth of this sector is taking place, the structural forms this process is taking, and what future structural forms may emerge. In addition, the author analyzes issues that arise as the NGO sector globalizes, and discusses recommendations for constructive roles for policy makers and the northern international not-for-profit sector for promoting global voluntarism in the future.
Factors Inhibiting Simple Commodity Production in Rural India

In post-independent India, the simple commodity production (SCP) that had been halted by the transplantation of the British colonial mode of production is said to have been invoked with the spirit of revivalism and growth. In order to make SCP growth effective, the government appears to be trying to insulate a sort of competitive and technoeconomically viable process of production into SCP since India's Second Year Plan (1956-61). Such an insulation process is effected through the formation of boards and commissions, e.g., the Coir Board, Silk Board, Handloom and Handicraft Board, and the Khadi and Village Industries Commission. In order to streamline the developmental inputs and organize the production activities of the small and rural household industries for the districts, the District Industries Centre was formed in the late 1970s. Financial institutions have been established to supply credit to SCP to bridge the supply and demand gap. Such government intervention, which has taken place in all possible ways, seems to corroborate what some argue, that "the LDCs would have to follow the European trajectory to modernization via the capital intensification of industry, though some of them emphasized that this would not be a step-by-step replication (of English trajectory) and [would] only proceed through a combination of outside help (e.g., technical assistance credit) and self-help (e.g., internal capital formation). "' The English trajectory of industrial growth is identified as the transition from household to workshop to "putting out" system to manufacturing to factory. The interven-
Margin Based PU Learning

The PU learning problem concerns about learning from positive and unlabeled data. A popular heuristic is to iteratively enlarge training set based on some margin-based criterion. However, little theoretical analysis has been conducted to support the success of these heuristic methods. In this work, we show that not all margin-based heuristic rules are able to improve the learned classifiers iteratively. We find that a so-called large positive margin oracle is necessary to guarantee the success of PU learning. Under this oracle, a provable positive-margin based PU learning algorithm is proposed for linear regression and classification under the truncated Gaussian distributions. The proposed algorithm is able to reduce the recovering error geometrically proportional to the positive margin. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets verify our theory and the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed PU learning algorithm.
Timing of Intra-Arterial Neural Stem Cell Transplantation After Hypoxia–Ischemia Influences Cell Engraftment, Survival, and Differentiation

Background and Purpose— Intra-arterial neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation shows promise as a minimally invasive therapeutic option for stroke. We assessed the effect of timing of transplantation on cell engraftment, survival, and differentiation. Methods— Mouse NSCs transduced with a green fluorescent protein and renilla luciferase reporter gene were transplanted into animals 6 and 24 hours and 3, 7, and 14 days after hypoxia–ischemia (HI). Bioluminescent imaging was used to assess cell survival at 6 hours and 4 and 7 days after transplantation. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess NSC survival and phenotypic differentiation 1 month after transplantation. NSC receptor expression and brain gene expression were evaluated using real-time reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction to elucidate mechanisms of cell migration. Boyden chamber assays were used to assess cell migratory potential in vitro. Results— NSC transplantation 3 days after HI resulted in significantly higher cell engraftment and survival at 7 and 30 days compared with all other groups (P<0.05). Early transplantation at 6 and 24 hours after HI resulted in significantly higher expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (P=0.0140), whereas late transplantation at 7 and 14 days after HI resulted in higher expression of &bgr;-tubulin (P<0.0001). Corroborating the high cell engraftment 3 days after HI was robust expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, CCL2, and CXCL12 in brain homogenates 3 days after HI. Conclusion— Intra-arterial transplantation 3 days after HI results in the highest cell engraftment. Early transplantation of NSCs leads to greater differentiation into astrocytes, whereas transplantation at later time points leads to greater differentiation into neurons.
Clinical Outcome After Structural Failure of Rotator Cuff Repairs*

Background: The clinical outcome for patients with documented rerupture after open repair of one or more rotator cuff tendons is not well known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of a consecutive series of rotator cuff reruptures after repair and to provide information concerning the advisability of rotator cuff repair in situations in which there may be a high probability of rerupture. Methods: During prospective follow-up after rotator cuff repairs, we detected, with magnetic resonance imaging, structural failure of the repair in twenty patients, who had a mean age of fifty-nine years at the time of the rotator cuff repair. All patients were clinically examined for the purpose of this report at a mean of thirty-eight months. Results: The reruptures invariably involved the originally torn tendon but were smaller than the original tear in sixteen of the twenty patients. Fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, atrophy of the supraspinatus muscle, and glenohumeral osteoarthritis progressed significantly from the preoperative state (p < 0.05). At the time of the most recent follow-up, the subjective shoulder value averaged 75 percent of the value for a normal shoulder. Eleven patients were very satisfied with the result, six were satisfied, two were disappointed, and one was dissatisfied. The mean relative score according to the system of Constant and Murley had increased from 49 percent of the score for a normal shoulder preoperatively to 83 percent postoperatively (p = 0.0001). Pain had decreased significantly, and the ranges of active, pain-free forward elevation and abduction as well as the abduction strength had improved significantly (p < 0.05). The clinical outcome was significantly correlated with the size of the postoperative tear, the stage of postoperative fatty muscle degeneration of the infraspinatus and subscapularis, the postoperative acromiohumeral distance, and the degree of postoperative glenohumeral osteoarthritis (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study documents that an attempt at rotator cuff repair significantly decreases pain (p = 0.0026) and significantly improves function (p = 0.0005) and strength (p = 0.0137) even if magnetic resonance imaging documents that the repair has failed. This finding suggests that the potential for rerupture should not be considered a formal contraindication to an attempt at repair if optimal functional recovery is the goal of treatment.
Major histocompatibility complex genes and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in southern Chinese.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the predisposing role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Chinese population. METHODS Polymorphism in the HLA-DRB, DQB, complement component C4, and 21-hydroxylase genes was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and oligonucleotide probing of in vitro-amplified DNA from 88 Chinese patients with SLE and 69 matched control subjects. RESULTS HLA-DRw15 and DQw1 were significantly more frequent in patients (corrected P less than 0.006, relative risk 5.2), but none of the 9 sequence variants of DQw1 were increased. The C4A gene deletion usually associated with SLE in Caucasoid and black patients was absent from all Chinese subjects, but possession of other C4 deletions and of DRw15 conferred the greatest risk (relative risk = 8.3). CONCLUSION Different MHC haplotypes predispose to lupus in Chinese than in other ethnic groups. Our data suggest that the susceptibility lies at, or telomeric to, the DR locus, and that DRw15 and C4 deletions may act synergistically in conferring disease susceptibility.
Mental Health Consequences of Intimate Partner Abuse

Battered women are exposed to multiple forms of intimate partner abuse. This article explores the independent contributions of physical violence, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, and stalking on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among a sample of 413 severely battered, help-seeking women. The authors test the unique effects of psychological abuse and stalking on mental health outcomes, after controlling for physical violence, injuries, and sexual coercion. Mean scores for the sample fall into the moderate to severe range for PTSD and within the moderate category for depression scores. Hierarchical regressions test the unique effects of stalking and psychological abuse, after controlling for physical violence, injuries, and sexual coercion. Psychological abuse and stalking contribute uniquely to the prediction of PTSD and depression symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of physical violence, injuries, and sexual coercion. Results highlight the importance of examining multiple dimensions of intimate partner abuse.
Proposal of Standardization to Assess Adherence With Medication Records

Background: Medication adherence is the process by which patients take their medication as prescribed and is an umbrella term that encompasses all aspects of medication use patterns. Ambiguous terminology has emerged to describe a deviation from prescribed regimen, forcing the European ABC Project to define 3 phases of medication use: initiation, implementation, and discontinuation. However, different measures of medication adherence using medication records are currently available that do not always distinguish between these phases. The literature is lacking standardization and operationalization of the assessment methods. Objective: To propose a harmonization of standards as well as definitions of distinct measures and their operationalization to quantify adherence to medication from medication records. Methods: Group discussions and consensus process among all coauthors. The propositions were generated using the authors’ experiences and views in the field of adherence, informed by theory. Results: The concepts of adherence measures within the new taxonomy were harmonized, and the standards necessary for the operationalization of adherence measures from medication records are proposed. Besides percentages and time-to values, the addition of a dichotomous value for the reinitiation of treatment is proposed. Methodological issues are listed that should be disclosed in studies on adherence. Conclusions: The possible impact of the measures in adherence research is discussed. By doing this, the results of future adherence research should gain in accuracy. Finally, studies will become more transparent, enabling comparison between studies.
Employment relationships within European airport retailing

Despite undergoing major strategic change, airport retailing has remained a neglected area of academic study. As a consequence, the structure and operation of labour market operations within airport retailing remains largely undocumented. This article attempts to redress this issue by providing an examination of the factors that influence the employment relationship within an airport environment. Using a qualitative research methodology, it details the means by which airport authorities and retailers have attempted to restructure their employment relations in response to changing market conditions. The article takes the concepts of labour market segmentation and flexibility and examines the applicability of ‘dualist’ theory to airport retailing.
Stability, Asymmetry and Seasonality of Fund Performance: An Analysis of Australian Multi-Sector Managed Funds

Using a sample of Australian Multi-sector trusts we examine selectivity and market timing performance and extend the analysis to include the relatively new measure of volatility timing. This is of particular relevance to our data set, as high levels of volatility persistence are prevalent in Australia. In addition we consider the stability, asymmetry and seasonality of the various performance and risk measures. A survivorship adjustment procedure is also employed in order to assess the impact of survivorship on selectivity, market timing and volatility timing performance.