Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Paraelectric Response of Water in the Range 0–100°C

Water exhibits unique physical and chemicals properties and its low frequency dielectric response is not an exception. The large directionable dipole moment of the water molecule results in a relatively high dielectric constant whose temperature dependence above 0°C follows well a Curie-Weiss law (ɛs-ɛei)−1 = (1/C)(T-TC), with ɛei ≅ 6.6, C = 1.49 × 104 and TC = 90.4 K. The frequency dependence of the permittivity of pure water has recently been measured at various temperatures with high accuracy in the frequency range of 0 – 25 THz, showing a well-defined Debye-type relaxation behaviour, which can be described reasonably well by means of a paraelectric-like temperature dependence relaxation time given by τ−1 = υD e−ϕ/kBT [(T-TC)/T], where υD = 1.877 × 1014 and ϕ = 0.180 eV. The combined pressure and temperature dependence of the dielectric constant is described approximately by means of a generalized Curie-Weiss state-law.
Modifying the QR-Decomposition to Constrained and Weighted Linear Least Squares

A new way of looking at a class of methods for the weighted linear least squares problem $\min _x \| M^{ - ( 1/2 )} ( b - Ax ) \|_2 $ where $M = {\operatorname{diag}}(\mu _i )$ is presented by introducing a modified QR-decomposition with QM-invariant, i.e., $QMQ^T = M$. One of the main advantages with this approach is that linear constraints are easily incorporated by letting the corresponding diagonal elements in M become zero. Householder reflections are generalized to M-invariant reflections, and an algorithm for solving the constrained and weighted linear least squares problem is described. The system equations (or the augmented system equations) are used to derive condition numbers, and the connection between these condition numbers and the rounding error in the solution is investigated.
NUMERICAL RENORMALIZATION-GROUP COMPUTATION OF SPECIFIC HEATS

We extend a recently proposed numerical renormalization-group procedure to efficiently calculate specific heats. Analytically, we show that the extension yields the exact zero-temperature specific heat (C=0) for Fermi liquids. Numerically, we compute the temperature-dependent specific heat for the Anderson model. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
A mixed-model procedure for analyzing ordered categorical data

A mixed-model procedure is developed for predicting the value of an ordered categorical response from knowledge of various predictor variables. This procedure resembles the best linear unbiased procedure of Henderson (1975, Biometrics 31, 423-447) for predicting the value of a quantitative response. The approach is based on a mixed-model version of the threshold model in which it is assumed that the observed category is determined by the value of an underlying unobservable continuous response that follows a mixed linear model. The results are illustrated by an application to the problem of predicting the degree of difficulty that will be experienced by a dairy cow in the birth of her calf.
Novel external CW frequency doubling of semiconductor lasers to generate 488 nm

We report a simple and compact all-solid-state laser generating 488 nm light with continuously variable output power in the range from 1 mW to over 120 mW. We frequency double single frequency radiation from an external cavity semiconductor laser in a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 ridge waveguide. The laser maintains a high quality TEM00 circular beam with M2 < 1.1 and very low r.m.s. noise of less than 0.06% over the entire range of output power. Less than 0.1% peak-to-peak output power variation was measured during 14 hours of operation. No degradation of the conversion efficiency has been observed for operation at an output power of 70 mW for 3.5 months. The prototype laser has a small footprint of 5x8 cm.
DA 530: A Supernova Remnant in a Stellar Wind Bubble

The high-latitude supernova remnant (SNR) DA 530 (G93.3+6.9), apparently a typical shell remnant, has highly polarized radio continuum emission and a very uniform circumferential magnetic field. We present new radio continuum (408 and 1420 MHz) and H I line observations, made with the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory Synthesis Telescope, and we have made the first detection of X-ray emission from the SNR, using the ROSAT Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter. The SNR lies within a shell of H I, possibly created by an earlier stellar wind, whose kinematic distance is nominally 2.5 kpc but whose actual distance may be larger. The X-ray emission is extremely faint. A Raymond-Smith ionization-equilibrium model fits the data and suggests a very low density, ~0.05 cm-3, consistent with the occurrence of the supernova in a stellar wind cavity, but this model yields an explosion energy 100 times lower than the accepted value. A nonequilibrium shock model, incorporating a range of ionization timescales, is able to give more realistic physical parameters for the supernova remnant. On the balance of the evidence, we place DA 530 at a distance of 3.5 kpc, the largest distance permitted by the H I observations, where it lies 420 pc above the Galactic plane. The explosion, probably a Type Ia supernova, in a low-density cavity has resulted in weak X-ray emission and slow evolution. The explosion energy was 3.9 × 1050 ergs and the age is ~5000 years. The remnant, having swept up 3.9 M☉ in an ambient density of ~0.01 cm-3, is only now in the adiabatic phase, and this explains the absence of detected optical emission. Despite the low ambient density the efficiency of generation of synchrotron radio emission is ~0.4%, higher than in some historical SNRs. The ratio of radio to X-ray flux is about 100 times that for the remnant of SN 1006, which has comparable radio continuum properties. The very uniform magnetic field is not explained. DA 530 joins a small group of remnants at high Galactic latitude with unusual features, perhaps resulting from low ambient densities. Inhomogeneous nonequilibrium ionization models may be required for the interpretation of the X-ray emission from many other older SNRs.
Submonolayer molecular hydrogen on graphite: A path-integral Monte Carlo study

We have used path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) to simulate molecular hydrogen on graphite at submonolayer coverage. First we use a flat substrate and we study the first layer for various values of the coverage up to layer completion. We found that the first layer has a solid-gas coexistence phase at low densities and a triangular solid phase at and above the equilibrium density ρ 0 = 0.0705 A - 2 . We also determine that the first layer promotion coverage is at 0.094 A - 2 in agreement with experiment. Second we introduce the full H 2 -graphite interaction, i.e., we include the effects of substrate corrugations. In this case we carry our PIMC simulations on a variety of systems at and below the 1/3 coverage. We calculate the energy as a function of coverage, contour plots of the molecule probability distribution, the pair distribution function, the static structure function and the specific heat. When the substrate corrugation part of the interaction is included we find that at 1/3 coverage the system is in a √3×√3 commensurate solid phase. At coverages below that and at low enough temperature the system exists in solid clusters surrounded by vapor. At coverages below a critical density, defining a tricrical point, as the system is heated up these clusters melt into a uniform fluid phase. We find that below the commensurate density and above the tricritical point, as the clusters are heated up, first they undergo a transition into a phase where the vapor phase disappears and a commensurate phase with vacancies arises. This commensurate solid melts at higher temperature into a uniform fluid phase.
Detection of an [O III] λ5007 radiation cone in the nuclei of NGC 1365 and 7582

Using narrow-band imagery, we have detected a cone of radiation in the [O III] λ5007 line in the nuclei of NGC 1365 and 7582 with emission directed, respectively, towards the south-east and south-west. Adopting a distance of 20 Mpc to NGC 1365 and 21 Mpc to NGC 7582, with H 0 = 75 km s −1 Mpc −1 the projected dimensions of the cones are about 1.0 × 1.5 and 1.9 × 1.6 kpc, respectively. The presence of these cones had been previously suggested on the basis of images obtained withy the TAURUS Fabry-Perot interferometer and spectroscopic observations, and can be clearly seen in our images after the subtraction of the continuum emission
Computing a Classic Index for Finite-Horizon Bandits

This paper considers the efficient exact computation of the counterpart of the Gittins index for a finite-horizon discrete-state bandit, which measures for each initial state the average productivity, given by the maximum ratio of expected total discounted reward earned to expected total discounted time expended that can be achieved through a number of successive plays stopping by the given horizon. Besides characterizing optimal policies for the finite-horizon one-armed bandit problem, such an index provides a suboptimal heuristic index rule for the intractable finite-horizon multiarmed bandit problem, which represents the natural extension of the Gittins index rule (optimal in the infinite-horizon case). Although such a finite-horizon index was introduced in classic work in the 1950s, investigation of its efficient exact computation has received scant attention. This paper introduces a recursive adaptive-greedy algorithm using only arithmetic operations that computes the index in (pseudo-)polynomial time in the problem parameters (number of project states and time horizon length). In the special case of a project with limited transitions per state, the complexity is either reduced or depends only on the length of the time horizon. The proposed algorithm is benchmarked in a computational study against the conventional calibration method.
Charge‐transport physics of high‐mobility molecular semiconductors

This review is focused on understanding of the charge‐transport physics of high‐mobility organic semiconductors at a molecular level. We review recent high‐mobility small‐molecule and conjugated polymer materials with a focus on crystalline materials that have been able to exceed mobilities of 0.5–1 cm2/V s. We discuss some of the main, competing factors that govern charge transport in these materials and present theoretical approaches that have been developed to describe systems in which moderately strong intermolecular electronic interactions and strong electron–phonon interactions are present. Finally, we review recent experimental results that have aimed to address the important question of whether at room‐temperature charge carriers in these high‐mobility organic semiconductors are in fact simply extended Bloch electrons that undergo occasional scattering processes or are localized on individual molecules and move by hopping.
Airborne lidar point cloud-based below-canopy line-of-sight visibility estimator

Abstract Point cloud data collected by small-footprint lidar scanning systems have proven effective in modeling the forest canopy for extraction of tree parameters. Although line-of-sight visibility (LOSV) in complex forests may be important for military planning and search-and-rescue operations, the ability to estimate LOSV from lidar scanners is not well developed. A new estimator of below-canopy LOSV (BC-LOSV) by addressing the problem of estimation of lidar under-sampling of the forest understory is created. Airborne and terrestrial lidar scanning data were acquired for two forested sites in order to test a probabilistic model for BC-LOSV estimation solely from airborne lidar data. Individual crowns were segmented, and allometric projections of the probability model into the lower canopy and stem regions allowed the estimation of the likelihood of the presence of vision-blocking elements for any given LOSV vector. Using terrestrial lidar scans as ground truth, we found an approximate average absolute difference of 20% between BC-LOSV estimates from the airborne and terrestrial point clouds, with minimal bias for either over- or underestimates. The model shows the usefulness of a data-driven approach to BC-LOSV estimation that depends only on small-footprint airborne lidar point cloud and physical knowledge of tree phenology.
Interpretation Of Aerial Imagery Using A Constraint-Based Approach

This paper describes a constraint-based image understanding system (COBIUS) for aerial imagery interpretation. COBIUS consists of knowledge bases for domain objects, spatial and temporal constraints, control strategies, blackboard areas to instantiate hypotheses of objects and constraints, and an image feature database to fuse results from multiple image segmentation modules. Unlike previous efforts on knowledge-based image understanding where domain-specific rules are encoded for image interpretation, in COBIUS, domain-specific knowledge is represented in terms of generic temporal and spatial constraints. A set of generic constraint manipulation and hypothesis formation rules are used to perform formation, evaluation, propagation, and satisfaction of constraints and hypotheses. More importantly, constraints are represented hierarchically and are no different from the representation of domain objects. This representation avoids time-consuming graph matching processes for image interpretation and provides greater representation modularity.
Superhydrophobic Zr-based metallic glass surface with high adhesive force

Micro/nano hierarchical structures were constructed on Zr35Ti30Be26.75Cu8. 25 metallic glass surface by silicon moulding and subsequently chemical etching. The as-formed surface exhibited both superhydrophobicity and high adhesive force towards water. The superhydrophobicity is rationalized based on the modified Cassie-Baxter model [A. B. D. Cassie and S. Baxter, Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 546 (1944)]. The origin of the robust adhesion is described in terms of intermolecular capillary forces. The present results not only provide a method to fabricate superhydrophobic metallic glasses surface but also explore an important industrial application as dry adhesives and transport of liquid microdroplets.
A constitutive equation for liquid‐crystalline polymer solutions

A constitutive equation for liquid‐crystal polymer solutions is developed from phase space kinetic theory by modeling the polymer solution as a collection of rigid dumbbells suspended in a Newtonian solvent and subjected to anisotropic hydrodynamic drag. The isotropic to nematic phase transition is predicted by including polymer–polymer interaction through the Maier–Saupe mean‐field interaction potential. The diffusion equation for the configurational distribution function is the same as that used by Doi in his theory for concentrated solutions of rod‐like polymers. However, the expression obtained for the stress tensor contains an additional term involving the velocity gradient. The theory predicts the transitions to two nematic phases with prolate and oblate orientations, respectively, that evolve from the isotropic state as a transcritical bifurcation in the polymer concentration. The effects of a variety of deformations on the equilibrium phase behavior are presented. Multiple steady‐state nematic pha.
Plasticity-improved Zr–Cu–Al bulk metallic glass matrix composites containing martensite phase

Zr48.5Cu46. 5Al5 bulk metallic glass matrix composites with diameters of 3 and 4mm were produced through water-cooled copper mold casting. Micrometer-sized bcc based B2 structured CuZr phase containing martensite plate, together with some densely distributed nanocrystalline Zr2Cu and plate-like Cu10Zr7 compound, was found embedded in a glassy matrix. The microstructure formation strongly depends on the composition and cooling rate. Room temperature compression tests reveal significant strain hardening and plastic strains of 7.7% and 6.4% before failure are obtained for the 3-mm- and 4-mm-diam samples, respectively. The formation of the martensite phase is proposed to contribute to the strain hardening and plastic deformation of the materials.
Bounded rationality in repeated games and mechanism design for agents in computational settings

In Part I, we study bounded rationality in repeated two-person zero-sum games. First we investigate infinitely repeated games in which both players are restricted to pure strategies that can be executed on a finite automaton. In particular, we provide an upper bound on the number of states that Player 2 needs to defeat Player I when Player 1 is restricted to simple cycles of length m. Next we argue that the finite automaton approach to bounded rationality is not satisfactory. As an alternative, we propose limiting the number of strategies available to the players. We provide a thorough study of finitely repeatedly zero sum games in which Player 1 is restricted to mixing over a fixed number of pure strategies while Player 2 is unrestricted. We describe an optimal set of pure strategies for Player 1 and a method for describing these strategies such that any strategy from this set can be efficiently executed given its description. We develop upper and lower bounds on the value of these games and discuss how the value is related to the strategic entropy function defined by Neyman and Okada (1999). Finally, we show that an approximately optimal set can be produced in time which is linear in the size of the set. This set achieves a total expected payoff that is within an additive constant of the optimal. In Part II, we investigate the problem of designing mechanisms to control collective decisions made by self-interested autonomous agents. In particular, we examine how results in the economics literature on mechanism design apply to collective decisions involving NP-hard optimization problems. We formalize the idea of polynomial time mechanism design and investigate both dominant strategy and Nash implementation for a multiagent version of MAXSAT. In particular, we show that there exists a polynomial time mechanism for multiagent MAXSAT that guarantees the outcome to be within a factor of 1/2 of the optimal outcome. We also show that, in general, a 1/2 approximation is the best approximation possible for dominant strategy, Nash, undominated Nash and subgame perfect implementation. Our analysis highlights some of the difficulties that arise in applying results from mechanism design to computational problems.
Stochastic Processes: Problems and Solutions.

1 Markov Chains. - 1: Definition. - 2: Transition and absolute probabilities. - 3: Determination of the higher transition probabilities. - 4: Classification of states. - 5: The limit of the higher transition probabilities. - 6: Classification of Markov chains. - 7: The limiting distributions of irreducible Markov chains. - Problems. - 8: Markov chains with continuous state space. - Problems. - 9: Stationary stochastic sequences. - Problems. - 2 Markov Processes. - 1: Introduction. - 2: Definition. - 3: Poisson process. - 4: Markov process with a finite or denumerably infinite number of states. - 5: Markov process with continuous transition. - 6: Mixed Markov processes. - Problems. - 3 Non-Markovian Processes. - 1: Recurrent processes. - 2: Stationary stochastic processes. - 3: Secondary stochastic processes generated by a stochastic process. - Problems. - 4 Solutions of Problems. - 1: Markov chains. - 2: Markov processes. - 3: Non-Markovian processes. - References.
Balanced truncation preserving poles in a specified disk and it's application to the reduction H/sub /spl infin// controller

In this paper, a model reduction method for a linear time invariant stable system whose poles are located in a specified disk on the complex left half plane is considered. This method is based on the balanced truncation technique that is often used for reducing a high order stable system to low order stable one. A number of properties of the balanced truncation technique are maintained. The error bound is evaluated using Hankel singular values of the original system. As one of applications of the method, the authors tackled a reduction problem of an H/sub /spl infin// controller.
Numerical experiments with a modified regularization scheme for mathematical programs with complementarity constraints

On this paper we present a modified regularization scheme for Mathematical Programs with Complementarity Constraints. In the regularized formulations the complementarity condition is replaced by a constraint involving a positive parameter that can be decreased to zero. In our approach both the complementarity condition and the nonnegativity constraints are relaxed. An iterative algorithm is implemented in MATLAB language and a set of AMPL problems from MacMPEC database were tested.
Novel boundary element formulation in hybrid FE-BE method for electromagnetic field computations

The authors propose a novel boundary element formulation using the scalar potential in the hybrid finite element (FE) and boundary element (BE) method for electromagnetic problems. They adopt the analytical integration as much as possible in this method. This approach has the advantage of reducing the number of unknown variables and makes it easy to couple the BE region with the FE region. A practical application of the proposed method to the three-dimensional eddy current problem is presented. The calculated values agree well with experimental results. >
EUV emission from Titan's upper atmosphere: Voyager 1 encounter

Analysis of Titan's EUV emission spectra obtained at the Voyager 1 encounter demonstrates that electron impact on N2 above 3600 km accounts for the bulk of the observed emission short of Lyman α. In conjunction with the UVS solar occultation data it is concluded that N2 is the major component of Titan's upper atmosphere, with upper limit mixing ratios at 3900 km on NeI, ArI, CO, H2, and HI of 0.01, 0.06, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.1, respectively. Magnetospheric electrons interact with Titan's sunlit hemisphere to produce a power dissipation rate of ≃2 × 109 W in the exosphere and ≃3 × 109 W below the exobase, with optical signatures from numerous N2 bands, NI, and NII multiplets. The N2 C4′ (0-0) Rydberg band at 958 A acts as an optical probe of Titan's exosphere because of transmission losses caused by fluorescence and predissociation. Magnetospheric electron precipitation produces an average dayside electron density of ≃3 × 10³ cm−3 between 3600 and 4000 km, the region of bright limb emission. When Titan is within Saturn's magnetosphere, magnetospheric electron impact dissociation of N2 generates an N atom escape rate of ≃3 × 1026 s−1 from Titan's exosphere. A nonthermal H atom escape rate of ≃2 × 1026 s−1 is estimated from magnetospheric electron impact ionization of N2 followed by reactions with CH4 and H2 and recombination to produce hot H atoms.
Penetration of lower hybrid current drive waves in tokamaks

Lower hybrid (LH) ray propagation in toroidal plasma is shown to be controlled by combination of the azimuthal spectrum launched by the antenna, the poloidal variation of the magnetic field, and the scattering of the waves by the drift wave fluctuations. The width of the poloidal and radial radio frequency wave spectrum increases rapidly as the rays penetrate into higher density and scatter from the drift waves. The electron temperature gradient (ETG) spectrum is particularly effective in scattering the LH waves due to its comparable wavelengths and phase velocities. ETG turbulence is also driven by the radial gradient of the electron current profile giving rise to an anomalous viscosity spreading the LH driven plasma currents. The LH wave scattering is derived from a Fokker-Planck equation for the distribution of the ray trajectories with diffusivities derived from the drift wave fluctuations. The condition for chaotic diffusion for the rays is derived. The evolution of the poloidal and radial mode numbe.