Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eating in the absence of hunger in adolescents: intake after a large-array meal compared with that after a standardized meal.

BACKGROUND Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) is typically assessed by measuring youths' intake of palatable snack foods after a standard meal designed to reduce hunger. Because energy intake required to reach satiety varies among individuals, a standard meal may not ensure the absence of hunger among participants of all weight strata. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare adolescents' EAH observed after access to a very large food array with EAH observed after a standardized meal. DESIGN Seventy-eight adolescents participated in a randomized crossover study during which EAH was measured as intake of palatable snacks after ad libitum access to a very large array of lunch-type foods (>10,000 kcal) and after a lunch meal standardized to provide 50% of the daily estimated energy requirements. RESULTS The adolescents consumed more energy and reported less hunger after the large-array meal than after the standardized meal (P values < 0.001). They consumed ≈70 kcal less EAH after the large-array meal than after the standardized meal (295 ± 18 compared with 365 ± 20 kcal; P < 0.001), but EAH intakes after the large-array meal and after the standardized meal were positively correlated (P values < 0.001). The body mass index z score and overweight were positively associated with EAH in both paradigms after age, sex, race, pubertal stage, and meal intake were controlled for (P values ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION EAH is observable and positively related to body weight regardless of whether youth eat in the absence of hunger from a very large-array meal or from a standardized meal. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00631644.
Characterization of the homo‐ and heterotypic immune responses after natural norovirus infection

Noroviruses (NoV) are a genetically and antigenically diverse group of viruses that are common causes of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans of all ages. Limited information has been obtained on type specificity of the NoV immune response. In this study, we characterized the homologous and heterologous antibody responses in adults from 13 outbreaks, representing 4 different NoV genotypes. NoV specific IgG and IgA antibodies were determined as well as the increase of antibody avidity. In addition, antibody‐mediated blocking of NoV binding to its putative receptor was evaluated. Both homologous and heterologous serological responses were detected after NoV infection. The avidity of antibodies could not be used to distinguish between homologous and heterologous antibody responses. However, a homologous blocking response but not a heterologous response was detected after infection with NoV belonging to genogroup II.4 by a NoV ligand binding inhibition assay. Infection with NoV induces antibodies that can block virus ligand interactions. In contrast with all currently known antibody detection assays for NoV, this can be used as a type specific assay and may be an alternative for studying neutralizing antibodies. J. Med. Virol. 77:439–446, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successive interference cancellation for cooperative communication systems

In this paper, we analyze and simulate a successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme for cooperative communication systems in wireless communication network. In the interference cancellation strategy, co-channel interference (CCI) is mitigated by zero forcing (ZF) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) receivers. Moreover, successive interference cancellation (SIC) with optimal ordering algorithm is applied for rejecting CCI efficiently. And we analyzed and simulated the proposed system performance in Rayleigh fading channel. In order to justify the benefit of the proposed strategy, the overall system performance is illustrated in terms of bit error rate and compared with that of conventional interference cancellation receiver.
Adding magic to an optimising datalog compiler

The magic-sets transformation is a useful technique for dramatically improving the performance of complex queries, but it has been observed that this transformation can also drastically reduce the performance of some queries. Successful implementations of magic in previous work require integration with the database optimiser to make appropriate decisions to guide the transformation (the sideways information passing strategy, or SIPS). This paper reports on the addition of the magic-sets transformation to a fully automatic optimising compiler from Datalog to SQL with no support from the database optimiser. We present an algorithm for making a good choice of SIPS using heuristics based on the sizes of relations. To achieve this, we define an abstract interpretation of Datalog programs to estimate the sizes of relations in the program. The effectiveness of our technique is evaluated over a substantial set of over a hundred queries, and in the context of the other optimisations performed by our compiler. It is shown that using the SIPS chosen by our algorithm, query performance is often significantly improved, as expected, but more importantly performance is never significantly degraded on queries that cannot benefit from magic.
Seasonal Variations in the Use of Profundal Habitat among Freshwater Fishes in Lake Norsjø, Southern Norway, and Subsequent Effects on Fish Mercury Concentrations

This study is based on monthly sampling of fish from grates mounted at an industrial water intake, located at a depth of 50 m in Lake Norsjo (Southern Norway) during the year 2014, to investigate seasonal variations in the use of the profundal habitat and subsequent variations in total Hg-concentrations in profundal fish. Data on various fish present in a cold and dark hypolimnion of a large, deep, dimictic lake within the upper temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere are rare. While predominant species such as A. charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and E. smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) were continuously present in this habitat, whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) occupied this habitat primarily during wintertime, while other common species like brown trout (Salmo trutta), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and northern pike (Esox lucius) were almost absent. Besides stomach analyses (diet) and biometry, stable isotope analyses (δ15N and δ13C) and total mercury (Tot-Hg) analyses were carried out on the caught fish. The δ13C signature and stomach analyses revealed a combined profundal-pelagic diet for all three species, A. charr with the most profundal-based diet. Length was the strongest predictor for Hg in whitefish and A. charr, while age was the strongest explanatory variable for Hg in E. smelt. A. charr was the only species exhibiting seasonal variation in Hg, highest during winter and spring.
Effects of dietary factors on levodopa pharmacokinetics

Importance of the field: Levodopa is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, so it is important to understand the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of this drug. Considering the pharmacokinetics of levodopa and the factors that can modify it are essential for the clinician when prescribing levodopa products in order to maximize their therapeutic effects. Areas covered in this review: This paper reviews the studies carried out evaluating the interaction between levodopa and dietary factors. What the reader will gain: The reader will gain a greater understanding of the different dietary factors that can affect levodopa pharmacokinetics and, thus, the therapeutic response that is obtained with this drug in several situations. Take home message: An understanding of the pharmacokinetics of any drug is crucial for the establishment of its optimal therapeutic regimen, but this assumes a special importance with levodopa, due to its extensive presystemic metabolism, rapid absorption in the proximal small intestine and short plasma half-life. Major problems with levodopa treatment are the fluctuations in clinical response experienced in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease that sometimes are related to the peripheral pharmacokinetics of levodopa. Studies of levodopa interactions are very important to improve patient response to this drug.
Comprehensive History and Physical Examination of the Throwing Shoulder

The shoulder is subject to tremendous stress during the throwing motion, which creates the opportunity for injury and disability. Understanding the potential causes of injury in the overhead athlete can be challenging in and of itself; however, placing those diagnoses in the clinical context of an injured athlete can be even more challenging. In a world of advancing technology and increasing dependence on magnetic resonance imaging, the art of history taking and physical examination can be easily forgotten.
Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Version of the painDETECT Questionnaire: A Multicenter Observational Study

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the painDETECT questionnaire (PDQ-J). Materials and Methods The translation of the original PDQ into Japanese was achieved according to the published guidelines. Subsequently, a multicenter observational study was performed to evaluate the validity and reliability of PDQ-J, including 113 Japanese patients suffering from pain. Results Factor analysis revealed that the main component of PDQ-J comprises two determinative factors, which account for 62% of the variance observed. Moreover, PDQ-J revealed statistically significant correlation with the intensity of pain (Numerical Rating Scale), Physical Component Score, and Mental Component Score of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The Cronbach alpha for the total score was 0.78 and for the main component was 0.80. In the analysis of test–retest method, the intraclass correlation coefficient between the two scores was 0.94. Conclusions We demonstrated the validity and reliability of PDQ-J. We encourage researchers and clinicians to use this tool for the assessment of patients who suffer suspected neuropathic pain.
Long-Term in vitro Expansion of Retinal Progenitor Cells by Culturing Intact Neurospheres in Monolayer

This study developed a modified monolayer culture technique for expansion of retinal progenitor cells in vitro. Using this method, spheres collected by low centrifugation from free floating cultures were re-seeded onto poly-D-lysine pre-coated flasks, and cultured in the retinal progenitor cells medium (including fibrous growth factor, epidermal growth factor and leukemia inhibitor factor) plus 5% FBS for the first 24 h, then FBS was removed. These cultured cells were proliferative, and in addition to expressing the neuroectodermal marker nestin they were multipotential. By immunocytochemistry and FACS analysis, we demonstrated that the percentage of nestin-expressing cells in passage 2 and passage 8 was 92.5 and 85.5%, respectively, which was greater than the percentage of their counterparts, 81.9 and 76.2%, in simple adhesive cultures (p < 0.05). Moreover, these cells preferentially differentiated into retinal neurons rather than glial cells.
Clinical Relevance of Targeting the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor, Somatostatin Receptor 2, or Chemokine C-X-C Motif Receptor 4 in Breast Cancer for Imaging and Therapy

Imaging and therapy using radioligands targeting receptors overexpressed on tumor cells is successfully applied in neuroendocrine tumor patients. Because expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), and chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been demonstrated in breast cancer, targeting these receptors using radioligands might offer new imaging and therapeutic opportunities for breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to correlate messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of GRPR, SSTR2, and CXCR4 with clinicopathologic and biologic factors, and with prognosis and prediction to therapy response, in order to identify specific breast cancer patient groups suited for the application of radioligands targeting these receptors. Methods: First, we studied GRPR and SSTR2 expression in 13 clinical breast cancer specimens by in vitro autoradiography and correlated this with corresponding mRNA levels to investigate whether mRNA levels reliably represent cell surface expression. Next, GRPR, SSTR2, and CXCR4 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 915 primary breast cancer tissues and correlated with known clinicopathologic and biologic factors, disease-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival (DFS, MFS, and OS, respectively). In 224 adjuvant hormonal treatment–naïve estrogen receptor (ER, ESR1)–positive patients who received tamoxifen as first-line therapy for recurrent or metastatic disease, the expression levels of the receptors were correlated with progression-free survival. Results: Our results showed a significant positive correlation between GRPR and SSTR2 expression analyzed by in vitro autoradiography and by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [Rs] = 0.94, P < 0.001, and Rs = 0.73, P = 0.0042, respectively). Furthermore, high GRPR and SSTR2 mRNA levels were observed more frequently in ESR1-positive specimens, whereas high CXCR4 expression was associated with ESR1-negative specimens. Also, high mRNA expression of CXCR4 was associated with a prolonged DFS, MFS, and OS (multivariate hazard ratio MFS = 0.76 [95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.90], P = 0.001), whereas high mRNA levels of GRPR were associated with a prolonged progression-free survival after the start of first-line tamoxifen treatment (multivariate hazard ratio = 0.68 [95% confidence interval, 0.48–0.97], P = 0.031). Conclusion: Our data indicate that imaging and therapy using GRPR or SSTR2 radioligands might especially be beneficial for ESR1-positive breast cancer and CXCR4 radioligands for ESR1-negative breast cancer.
Random walks on simplicial complexes and harmonics†

In this paper, we introduce a class of random walks with absorbing states on simplicial complexes. Given a simplicial complex of dimension d, a random walk with an absorbing state is defined which relates to the spectrum of the k‐dimensional Laplacian for 1 ≤ k ≤ d. We study an example of random walks on simplicial complexes in the context of a semi‐supervised learning problem. Specifically, we consider a label propagation algorithm on oriented edges, which applies to a generalization of the partially labelled classification problem on graphs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 49, 379–405, 2016
Memory Profiles in Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Comparison with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Previous research has demonstrated various neuroanatomical and neuropsychological abnormalities in schizophrenia. Although results vary depending on population characteristics, medication status, imaging methodology, and choice of cognitive assessment measures, overall results suggest decreased cerebral volume within frontal and temporal lobes and in individual structures, particularly hippocampus, within these regions; abnormal connectivity within fronto-temporal networks; and deficits in executive function, working memory, processing speed, and memory, with verbal memory deficits more reliably demonstrated than non-verbal impairment. In particular, left-hemisphere hippocampal-dependent verbal memory impairments have been proposed to be a core feature of schizophrenia, as these deficits are reliably demonstrated in firstepisode, medication-naive patients, chronic inand outpatients, and at-risk populations such as individuals with prodromal schizophrenia symptoms and first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Verbal memory deficits have also been reliably demonstrated in patients with left-hemisphere temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and those who have undergone temporal lobe resection (TLR). Given the known localization of structural abnormalities in TLR groups and their relation to deficits in memory, it seemed reasonable to compare memory and other neuropsychological functions in schizophrenia
GABAergic synaptic transmission modulates swimming in the ascidian larva

To examine the role of the amino acid GABA in the locomotion of basal chordates, we investigated the pharmacology of swimming and the morphology of GABA‐immunopositive neurones in tadpole larvae of the ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi. We verified that electrical recording from the tail reflects alternating muscle activity during swimming by correlating electrical signals with tail beats using high‐speed video recording. GABA reversibly reduced swimming periods to single tail twitches, while picrotoxin increased the frequency and duration of electrical activity associated with spontaneous swimming periods. Immunocytochemistry for GABA revealed extensive labelling throughout the larval central nervous system. Two strongly labelled regions on either side of the sensory vesicle were connected by an arc of labelled fibres, from which fibre tracts extended caudally into the visceral ganglion. Fibre tracts extended ventrally from a third, more medial region in the posterior sensory vesicle. Two rows of immunoreactive cell bodies in the visceral ganglion extended neurites into the nerve cord, where varicosities were seen. Thus, presumed GABAergic neurones form a network that could release GABA during swimming that is involved in modulating the time course and frequency of periods of spontaneous swimming. GABAergic and motor neurones in the visceral ganglion could interact at the level of their cell bodies and/or through the presumed GABAergic fibres that enter the nerve cord. The larval swimming network appears to possess some of the properties of spinal networks in vertebrates, while at the same time possibly showing a type of peripheral innervation resembling that in some protostomes.
Are virtual-machine monitors microkernels done right?

A paper by Hand et al. at the recent HotOS workshop re-examined microkernels and contrasted them to virtual-machine monitors (VMMs). It found that the two kinds of systems share architectural commonalities but also have a number of technical differences which the paper examined. It concluded that VMMs are a special case of microkernels, "microkernels done right". A closer examination of that paper shows that it contains a number of statements which are poorly justified or even refuted by the literature. While we believe that it is indeed timely to reexamine the merits and issues of microkernels, such an examination needs to be based on facts.
Performance comparison of vertical handover between WCDMA/WLAN and TD-SCDMA/WLAN interworking systems

A study of the vertical handover between WLAN and TD-SCDMA is carried out in this paper and the results compared with a WCDMA/WLAN interworking system are discussed. Through the study, the performance of TD-SCDMA, which is a new 3G technology, is compared with the widely used technology, WCDMA in one aspect. Two criteria used for the comparison are dropping probability and blocking probability, which can present the seamless roaming ability. Through the simulation, we show that a TD-SCDMA/WLAN interworking system can provide better performance for the existed users.
Business Familiarity as Risk Mitigation in Software Development Outsourcing Contracts

This study examines the role of business familiarity in determining how software development outsourcing projects are managed and priced to address risks. Increased business familiarity suggests both more prior knowledge, and hence reduced adverse selection risk, and increased implied trust about future behavior, and hence implied reduced moral hazard risk. Preferring high business familiarity partners may also alleviate concerns about incomplete contracts. By reducing these risks, higher business familiarity is hypothesized to be associated with higher priced projects, reduced penalties, and an increased tendency to contract on a time and materials rather than a fixed price basis. These hypotheses were examined with objective contractual legal data from contracts made by a leading international bank. Integrating trust theory into agency theory and into incomplete contract theory and examining unique contract data, the contribution of the study is to show that the premium on business familiarity and the trust it implies is not in directly affecting price, but, rather, in changing how the relationship is managed toward a tendency to sign time and materials contracts. Implications about integrating trust into agency theory and incomplete contract theory, as well as implications regarding trust premiums and software development outsourcing, are discussed.
Composition of Total and Cell-Proliferating Bacterioplankton Community in Early Summer in the North Sea – Roseobacters Are the Most Active Component

Heterotrophic bacterioplankton communities play an important role in organic matter processing in the oceans worldwide. In order to investigate the significance of distinct phylogenetic bacterial groups it is not only important to assess their quantitative abundance but also their growth dynamics in relation to the entire bacterioplankton. Therefore bacterial abundance, biomass production and the composition of the entire and cell-proliferating bacterioplankton community were assessed in North Sea surface waters between the German Bight and 58°N in early summer by applying catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD-FISH) and bromodeoxyuridine fluorescence in situ hybridization (BrdU-FISH). Bacteroidetes and the Roseobacter group dominated the cell-proliferating fraction with 10–55 and 8–31% of total BrdU-positive cells, respectively. While Bacteroidetes also showed high abundances in the total bacterial fraction, roseobacters constituted only 1–9% of all cells. Despite abundances of up to 55% of total bacterial cells, the SAR11 clade constituted <6% of BrdU-positive cells. Gammaproteobacteria accounted for 2–16% of the total and 2–13% of the cell-proliferating cells. Within the two most active groups, BrdU-positive cells made up 28% of Bacteroidetes as an overall mean and 36% of roseobacters. Estimated mean growth rates of Bacteroidetes and the Roseobacter group were 1.2 and 1.5 day-1, respectively, and much higher than bulk growth rates of the bacterioplankton whereas those of the SAR11 clade and Gammaproteobacteria were 0.04 and 0.21 day-1, respectively, and much lower than bulk growth rates. Only numbers of total and cell-proliferating roseobacters but not those of Bacteroidetes and the other groups were significantly correlated to chlorophyll fluorescence and bacterioplankton biomass production. The Roseobacter group, besides Bacteroidetes, appeared to be a major player in processing phytoplankton derived organic matter despite its low partitioning in the total bacterioplankton community.