Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Burden of Severe Periodontitis in 1990-2010

We aimed to consolidate all epidemiologic data about severe periodontitis (SP) and, subsequently, to generate internally consistent prevalence and incidence estimates for all countries, 20 age groups, and both sexes for 1990 and 2010. The systematic search of the literature yielded 6,394 unique citations. After screening titles and abstracts, we excluded 5,881 citations as clearly not relevant to this systematic review, leaving 513 for full-text review. A further 441 publications were excluded following the validity assessment. A total of 72 studies, including 291,170 individuals aged 15 yr or older in 37 countries, were included in the metaregression based on modeling resources of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. SP was the sixth-most prevalent condition in the world. Between 1990 and 2010, the global age-standardized prevalence of SP was static at 11.2% (95% uncertainty interval: 10.4%-11.9% in 1990 and 10.5%-12.0% in 2010). The age-standardized incidence of SP in 2010 was 701 cases per 100,000 person-years (95% uncertainty interval: 599-823), a nonsignificant increase from the 1990 incidence of SP. Prevalence increased gradually with age, showing a steep increase between the third and fourth decades of life that was driven by a peak in incidence at around 38 yr of age. There were considerable variations in prevalence and incidence between regions and countries. Policy makers need to be aware of a predictable increasing burden of SP due to the growing world population associated with an increasing life expectancy and a significant decrease in the prevalence of total tooth loss throughout the world from 1990 to 2010.
Colloidal osmotic pressure in chronic subdural hematoma.

The colloidal osmotic and hydrostatic pressure of chronic subdural hematomas were measured with a manometer in 35 patients. Manometric measurement showed an increase in the hematoma fluid corresponding to 5% of the total hematoma volume. The maximum colloidal osmotic pressure of the hematoma fluid, as measured with a transducer, was 23 ± 12 mmHg (mean ± standard deviation). Hemorrhage occurs continuously or intermittently within a subdural hematoma, accompanied by red cell hemolysis and hemoglobin degradation. The colloidal osmotic pressure within a subdural hematoma is higher than that in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid, so that the hematoma is able to absorb water through semipermeable membranes or capillaries. However, since the absorption force can transport only 5% of the hematoma volume, the colloidal osmotic pressure is a contributory process rather than a primary etiologic factor.
Using passtones instead of passwords

As computers progressively dominate our everyday lives, the issue of security becomes increasingly more important. Every electronic account opened has a user name and password attached to it. Usually the password assigned is an arbitrary, random number given by the entity that issues the account. That means the more accounts we have, e.g. e-mail, bank account, office intranets, etc., the more passwords we must remember. Each of these passwords is an alphanumeric sequence. Since it is also recommended that we change passwords every three to six months, it could rapidly become burdensome to remember, not only all the passwords but which password goes with which account. In an effort to simplify the process, many computer users tend to select one generic password and apply it to all accounts. This then becomes a very high security risk since it becomes relatively simple to access all accounts once the first one has been breached. Using the concept that it is easier for the human brain to remember faces than it is to remember alphanumeric sequences; Real User developed an alternative called "Passface". This concept requires users to remember a sequence of five faces as their password rather than alphanumeric characters. Although this may be eminently suitable for the general public, it would be difficult for persons with visual disabilities to use this type of system. The goal of this research effort is to demonstrate that a similar, yet effective, concept can be implemented using sounds instead of faces.
Nonlinear pitch and roll estimation for walking robots

We study a nonlinear pitch and roll estimation problem for a 4-rigid body, aiming at a walking robot application. The approach taken is that sensor data from rate gyros and inclinometers are combined using a high-gain observer that can be proven to be exponentially convergent. The algorithm has successfully been evaluated experimentally during conditions resembling walking robot motion and has been compared with the more standard extended Kalman filter (EKF). It is shown that the much simpler high-gain observer performs slightly better than the EKF and that both algorithms provide small and bounded estimation errors.
Association mining

The task of finding correlations between items in a dataset, association mining, has received considerable attention over the last decade. This article presents a survey of association mining fundamentals, detailing the evolution of association mining algorithms from the seminal to the state-of-the-art. This survey focuses on the fundamental principles of association mining, that is, itemset identification, rule generation, and their generic optimizations.
A Simple Dynamic Model of Uneven Development and Overtaking

This paper extends the Brezis, Krugman and Tsiddon (1993) Ricardian leapfrogging model, allowing for a wider variety of development patterns. In a two-region two-sector economy localized leaming-by-doing causes specialization and uneven development. Technological change reverses the existing development pattern if the new technology locates in the lowwage region. However, in contrast to Brezis et al., the development pattern may also get reinforced if spillovers between the old and the new technology make the leading region a more attractive location. The results are not affected by including capital and extending the model to a two-factor Heckscher-Ohlin framework.
Antibody engineering by codon-based mutagenesis in a filamentous phage vector system.

A novel codon-based mutagenesis procedure is described that allows rapid and efficient modification of antibody amino acid sequences expressed as F(ab) fragments in M13. The procedure succeeded in generating a library of mutations in the complementarity-determining regions of chimeric L6, an antibody against a tumor-associated Ag. A set of anti-Id antibodies (anti-Id 1, 3, and 7) that bind near the L6 Ag-binding site served as model Ag. The goal was to select mutant antibody sequences that altered the L6 reactivity with the anti-Id in subtle ways, i.e., to eliminate the binding to one anti-Id while preserving other reactivities or to identify mutants with increased binding. A high frequency of variant M13 phage clones exhibiting altered specificity for the anti-Id were identified. Codon-based mutagenesis in conjunction with the M13 antibody expression and screening system should provide an efficient and general approach for redirecting the specificity and potentially improving the affinity of antibodies in vitro.
DFKI's LT-lab at the CLEF 2005 Multiple Language Question Answering Track

This report describes the work done by the QA group of the Language Technology Lab at DFKI for the 2005 edition of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF). We describe the extensions made to our 2004 QA@CLEF German/English QA‐system, especially the question‐type driven selection of answer strategies. Furthermore, details concerning the processing of definition and temporal questions are described, as well as the results obtained in the monolingual German, bilingual English/German, and bilingual German/English tasks are presented and discussed throughout the paper.
Diagnosis of hydatidiform moles using p57 immunohistochemistry and HER2 fluorescent in situ hybridization.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for HER2 performed on paraffin-embedded tissue samples and immunohistochemical analysis for p57 may be useful ancillary studies to aid in the diagnosis and classification of hydatidiform moles (HMs). HER2 FISH was validated against 24 paraffin-embedded sections of HMs and hydropic abortions and showed an 85% concordance rate. A morphologic assessment based on 44 cases showed 25% disagreement between original and consensus diagnosis based on H&E-stained slides, all of which involved the differential diagnosis of partial mole and hydropic abortion. Immunohistochemical analysis for p57 and HER2 FISH were performed, and a final diagnosis was assigned by using the results from all ancillary studies. p57 staining was absent in 11 of 13 complete moles, and HER2 was triploid in 8 of 10 partial moles . HER2 FISH and immunohistochemical analysis for p57 are useful ancillary techniques in the evaluation of HM, especially when triploid content is seen.
Analysis of Bartonella Adhesin A Expression Reveals Differences between Various B. henselae Strains

ABSTRACT Bartonella henselae causes cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis in humans. One of the best known pathogenicity factors of B. henselae is Bartonella adhesin A (BadA), which is modularly constructed, consisting of head, neck/stalk, and membrane anchor domains. BadA is important for the adhesion of B. henselae to extracellular-matrix proteins and endothelial cells (ECs). In this study, we analyzed different B. henselae strains for BadA expression, autoagglutination, fibronectin (Fn) binding, and adhesion to ECs. We found that the B. henselae strains Marseille, ATCC 49882, Freiburg 96BK3 (FR96BK3), FR96BK38, and G-5436 express BadA. Remarkably, BadA expression was lacking in a B. henselae ATCC 49882 variant, in strains ATCC 49793 and Berlin-1, and in the majority of bacteria of strain Berlin-2. Adherence of B. henselae to ECs and Fn reliably correlated with BadA expression. badA was present in all tested strains, although the length of the gene varied significantly due to length variations of the stalk region. Sequencing of the promoter, head, and membrane anchor regions revealed only minor differences that did not correlate with BadA expression, apart from strain Berlin-1, in which a 1-bp deletion led to a frameshift in the head region of BadA. Our data suggest that, apart from the identified genetic modifications (frameshift deletion and recombination), other so-far-unknown regulatory mechanisms influence BadA expression. Because of variations between and within different B. henselae isolates, BadA expression should be analyzed before performing infection experiments with B. henselae.
Assessment of clinical outcomes in acute stroke trials.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adequate outcome assessment is crucial to randomized trials. We wished to assess the types of outcomes used in acute stroke trials and the appropriateness of these outcomes and their analyses. METHODS Acute stroke trials from the Cochrane Stroke Group's database were included from 1955 to 1995 if they were published in full text in English. For each trial we collected year of publication, number of patients randomized, blinding of outcome assessment, the specific outcome instruments used, the statistical methods used for analysis, and the significance of the results. The validity and reliability of each outcome measure were assessed by review of the literature. RESULTS Our study included 174 trials. Outcomes were assessed blindly in 69%. Death was recorded in only 76% of trials, impairment in 76%, disability in 42%, and handicap or quality of life in only 2%. Of the trials that measured impairment, 35% used a measure of established validity or reliability. For disability and handicap, the proportions with valid or reliable measures were 70% and 25%, respectively. Impairment and handicap measures were primarily analyzed as continuous variables, while disability was mainly analyzed as a dichotomous variable. Continuous data were usually analyzed with inappropriate parametric statistics. There was no relationship between the method of analysis, the type of outcome, and the statistical significance of results. CONCLUSIONS Most acute stroke trials up to 1995 have used clinical outcome measures that were inadequate in terms of their content, reliability, validity, blinded assessment, and statistical analysis. This has important implications for future stroke research.
A simple and efficient hidden Markov model scheme for host-based anomaly intrusion detection

Extensive research activities have been observed on network-based intrusion detection systems (IDSs). However, there are always some attacks that penetrate traffic-profiling-based network IDSs. These attacks often cause very serious damages such as modifying host critical files. A host-based anomaly IDS is an effective complement to the network IDS in addressing this issue. This article proposes a simple data preprocessing approach to speed up a hidden Markov model (HMM) training for system-call-based anomaly intrusion detection. Experiments based on a public database demonstrate that this data preprocessing approach can reduce training time by up to 50 percent with unnoticeable intrusion detection performance degradation, compared to a conventional batch HMM training scheme. More than 58 percent data reduction has been observed compared to our prior incremental HMM training scheme. Although this maximum gain incurs more degradation of false alarm rate performance, the resulting performance is still reasonable.
Look Before You Leap : Predictive Sensing and Opportunistic Navigation

This paper describes a novel method for identifying multiple targets with multiple robots in a partially known environment. Two main issues are addressed. The first relates to the use of motion planning algorithms to determine whether robots can reach “good” positions that offer the most informative measurements. The second concerns the use of predictive sensing to decide where sensor measurements should be taken. The problem is formulated similar to a next-best-view problem with differential constraints on the robots’ motion, with additional layers of complexity due to visual occlusions as well as navigational obstacles. We propose a new distributed sensing strategy that exploits the structure of image manifolds to predict the utility of the measurements at a given position. This information is encoded in a cost map that guides a motion planning algorithm. Coordination among robots is achieved by incorporating additional information in each robot’s cost map. A range of simulations indicates that our approach outperforms current approaches and demonstrates the advantages of predictive sensing and accounting for reachability constraints.
Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe (Introduction to special issue of Demographic Research)

This special collection of Demographic Research is devoted to the issue of how economic and employment uncertainties relate to fertility and family dynamics in Europe. The collection is based on contributions to a workshop held in Berlin in July 2009, which in turn was stimulated by the onset of the economic recession in 2008. The collection comprises studies on how various dimensions of employment uncertainty, such as temporary working contracts and individual and aggregate unemployment, are related to the fertility and family formation of women and men in contexts across Europe. It covers studies on Germany, the U.K., France, Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Italy, Spain, and Israel.
Correlations between the stellar, planetary, and debris components of exoplanet systems observed byHerschel

Context. Stars form surrounded by gas- and dust-rich protoplanetary discs. Generally, these discs dissipate over a few (3–10) Myr, leaving a faint tenuous debris disc composed of second-generation dust produced by the attrition of larger bodies formed in the protoplanetary disc. Giant planets detected in radial velocity and transit surveys of main-sequence stars also form within the protoplanetary disc, whilst super-Earths now detectable may form once the gas has dissipated. Our own solar system, with its eight planets and two debris belts, is a prime example of an end state of this process. Aims. TheHerschel DEBRIS, DUNES, and GT programmes observed 37 exoplanet host stars within 25 pc at 70, 100, and 160 μm with the sensitivity to detect far-infrared excess emission at flux density levels only an order of magnitude greater than that of the solar system’s Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. Here we present an analysis of that sample, using it to more accurately determine the (possible) level of dust emission from these exoplanet host stars and thereafter determine the links between the various components of these exoplanetary systems through statistical analysis. Methods. We have fitted the flux densities measured from recent Herschel observations with a simple two parameter (Td, LIR/L� ) black-body model (or to the 3σ upper limits at 100 μm). From this uniform approach we calculated the fractional luminosity, radial extent and dust temperature. We then plotted the calculated dust luminosity or upper limits against the stellar properties, e.g. effective temperature, metallicity, and age, and identified correlations between these parameters. Results. A total of eleven debris discs are identified around the 37 stars in the sample. An incidence of ten cool debris discs around the Sun-like exoplanet host stars (29 ± 9%) is consistent with the detection rate found by DUNES (20.2 ± 2.0%). For the debris disc systems, the dust temperatures range from 20 to 80 K, and fractional luminosities (LIR/L� ) between 2.4 ×10 −6 and 4.1 ×10 −4 . In the case of non-detections, we calculated typical 3σ upper limits to the dust fractional luminosities of a few ×10 −6 . Conclusions. We recover the previously identified correlation between stellar metallicity and hot-Jupiter planets in our data set. We find a correlation between the increased presence of dust, lower planet masses, and lower stellar metallicities. This confirms the recently identified correlation between cold debris discs and low-mass planets in the context of planet formation by core accretion.
Evolution of the human brain: when bigger is better

Comparative studies of the brain in mammals suggest that there are general architectural principles governing its growth and evolutionary development. We are beginning to understand the geometric, biophysical and energy constraints that have governed the evolution and functional organization of the brain and its underlying neuronal network. The object of this review is to present current perspectives on primate brain evolution, especially in humans, and to examine some hypothetical organizing principles that underlie the brain's complex organization. Some of the design principles and operational modes that underlie the information processing capacity of the cerebral cortex in primates will be explored. It is shown that the development of the cortex coordinates folding with connectivity in a way that produces smaller and faster brains, then otherwise would have been possible. In view of the central importance placed on brain evolution in explaining the success of our own species, one may wonder whether there are physical limits that constrain its processing power and evolutionary potential. It will be argued that at a brain size of about 3500 cm3, corresponding to a brain volume two to three times that of modern man, the brain seems to reach its maximum processing capacity. The larger the brain grows beyond this critical size, the less efficient it will become, thus limiting any improvement in cognitive power.
Chromosome changes (trisomy 15) in murine T‐cell leukemia induced by 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)

The banding pattern of DMBA‐induced leukemias in C57BL/6 mice revealed a very constant chromosome pattern: the presence of trisomy 15 in almost all leukemic cells. This finding strongly suggests that chromosome 15 trisomy is the first detectable specific chromosome change associated with the development of DMBA‐induced T‐cell lymphomas. A similar association was previously shown with regard to development of radiation‐leukemia‐virus‐induced T‐cell lymphoma. It is conceivable that in tumors of diverse etiologies common cytogenetic changes may appear in the same common target‐cell precursor, by a process of the “convergent microevolution” type.
Monte Carlo MCMC: Efficient Inference by Approximate Sampling

Conditional random fields and other graphical models have achieved state of the art results in a variety of tasks such as coreference, relation extraction, data integration, and parsing. Increasingly, practitioners are using models with more complex structure---higher tree-width, larger fan-out, more features, and more data---rendering even approximate inference methods such as MCMC inefficient. In this paper we propose an alternative MCMC sampling scheme in which transition probabilities are approximated by sampling from the set of relevant factors. We demonstrate that our method converges more quickly than a traditional MCMC sampler for both marginal and MAP inference. In an author coreference task with over 5 million mentions, we achieve a 13 times speedup over regular MCMC inference.
Relationships Between Eight Measures of Suspect Effort

Previous studies have recommended that multiple measures be employed concurrently to provide converging evidence regarding the presence of suspect effort during neuropsychological assessment. However, if the tests are highly correlated they do not represent independent sources of information. To date, no study has examined correspondence between effort tests. The present study assessed the relationships between eight measures which can be used to assess effort (Rey 15-item, Rey Dot Counting Test, Rey Word Recognition Test, RAVLT recognition trial, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test effort equation, Digit Span, Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words, and “b” Test) in a sample of 105 patients in litigation or attempting to obtain/maintain disability compensation and who displayed noncredible symptoms based on psychometric performance and behavioral criteria. Modest to moderate correlations were observed between test summary scores with only two measures sharing more than 50% score variance (Digit Span and Dot Counting). Moderate correlations were also observed between individual test scores reflecting indices of response time, free recall, recognition, and false positive errors, providing possible evidence that patients may use specific strategies when producing noncredible performances. Overall the results suggest that the use of these various tests generally provides nonredundant data regarding patient credibility in neuropsychological evaluations.