Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal Control of Partial Differential Equations: Theory, Methods and Applications

Optimal control theory is concerned with finding control functions that minimize cost functions for systems described by differential equations. The methods have found widespread applications in aeronautics, mechanical engineering, the life sciences, and many other disciplines. This book focuses on optimal control problems where the state equation is an elliptic or parabolic partial differential equation. Included are topics such as the existence of optimal solutions, necessary optimality conditions and adjoint equations, second-order sufficient conditions, and main principles of selected numerical techniques. It also contains a survey on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theory of nonlinear programming in Banach spaces. The exposition begins with control problems with linear equation, quadratic cost function and control constraints. To make the book self-contained, basic facts on weak solutions of elliptic and parabolic equations are introduced. Principles of functional analysis are introduced and explained as they are needed. Many simple examples illustrate the theory and its hidden difficulties. This start to the book makes it fairly self-contained and suitable for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students. Advanced control problems for nonlinear partial differential equations are also discussed. As prerequisites, results on boundedness and continuity of solutions to semilinear elliptic and parabolic equations are addressed. These topics are not yet readily available in books on PDEs, making the exposition also interesting for researchers. Alongside the main theme of the analysis of problems of optimal control, Troltzsch also discusses numerical techniques. The exposition is confined to brief introductions into the basic ideas in order to give the reader an impression of how the theory can be realized numerically. After reading this book, the reader will be familiar with the main principles of the numerical analysis of PDE-constrained optimization.
Sublogarithmic behaviour of the entanglement entropy in fermionic chains

In this paper, we discuss the possibility of unexplored behaviours for the entanglement entropy in extended quantum systems. Namely, we study the Rényi entanglement entropy for the ground state of long-range Kitaev chains with slow decaying couplings. We obtain that, under some circumstances, the entropy grows sublogarithmically with the length of the subsystem. Our result is based on the asymptotic behaviour of a new class of Toeplitz determinants whose symbol does not lie within the application domain of the Strong Szegő theorem or the Fisher–Hartwig conjecture.
Generalized space and linear momentum operators in quantum mechanics

We propose a modification of a recently introduced generalized translation operator, by including a q-exponential factor, which implies in the definition of a Hermitian deformed linear momentum operator pq, and its canonically conjugate deformed position operator xq. A canonical transformation leads the Hamiltonian of a position-dependent mass particle to another Hamiltonian of a particle with constant mass in a conservative force field of a deformed phase space. The equation of motion for the classical phase space may be expressed in terms of the generalized dual q-derivative. A position-dependent mass confined in an infinite square potential well is shown as an instance. Uncertainty and correspondence principles are analyzed.
Temperature Profiles and Spectra of Accretion Disks Around Rapidly Rotating Neutron Stars

We calculate temperature profiles and X-ray spectra of accretion disks around rapidly rotating neutron stars considering the full effect of general relativity. Computed disk temperatures and luminosities are compared with the EXOSAT data to constrain the properties of five low-mass-X-ray-binary sources. We fit our model-spectra with an analytical function, which can in turn be used for routine spectral fitting work. Our equation-of-state dependent spectral model may be useful to constrain the equation-of-state models of neutron stars. We also compare the properties of a rotating neutron star with those of a rotating strange star with the hope of giving a possible way to identify a strange star, which will be important for the verification of strange-quark-matter hypothesis.
Risk factors for venous thromboembolism following surgical treatment of fractures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

This study aimed to determine the risk factors for postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients treated surgically for fractures using a meta‐analytic approach. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library from inception until February 2022. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to calculate the pooled effect estimate using the random‐effects model. Sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias tests were also performed. Forty‐four studies involving 3 239 291 patients and reporting 11 768 VTE cases were selected for the meta‐analysis. We found that elderly (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.38‐2.15; P < .001), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) ≥ 3 (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.46‐2.29; P < .001), blood transfusion (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.14‐2.92; P = .013), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.22‐1.61; P < .001), elevated D‐dimer (OR: 4.55; 95% CI: 2.08‐9.98; P < .001), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.19‐1.54; P < .001), hypertension (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.09‐1.56; P = .003), immobility (OR: 3.45; 95% CI: 2.23‐5.32; P < .001), lung disease (LD) (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.29‐4.47; P = .006), obesity (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.27‐1.82; P < .001), peripheral artery disease (PAD) (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.21‐3.73; P = .008), prior thromboembolic event (PTE) (OR: 5.17; 95% CI: 3.14‐8.50; P < .001), and steroid use (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.73‐3.24; P < .001) were associated with an increased risk of VTE. Additionally, regional anaesthesia (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45‐0.96; P = .029) was associated with a reduced risk of VTE following surgical treatment of fractures. However, alcohol intake, cancer, current smoking, deep surgical site infection, fusion surgery, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, liver and kidney disease, sex, open fracture, operative time, preoperative anticoagulant use, rheumatoid arthritis, and stroke were not associated with the risk of VTE. Post‐surgical risk factors for VTE include elderly, ASA ≥ 3, blood transfusion, CVD, elevated D‐dimer, DM, hypertension, immobility, LD, obesity, PAD, PTE, and steroid use.
The association between physical activity and erectile dysfunction: A cross-sectional study in 20,789 Brazilian men

Introduction Erectile dysfunction, defined as the inability to achieve and/or maintain a penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse is associated with impaired quality of life and cardiovascular diseases in men older than 40 years. Objective To evaluate the association between erectile dysfunction and physical activity levels in a large cohort of men. Methods Data from 20,789 males aged 40 years and over who participated in the check-up screening between January of 2008 and December of 2018 were included in this study. In this sample, data about erectile dysfunction, physical activity levels, clinical profile and laboratory exams were obtained. Logistic regression models were performed. Results Individuals with erectile dysfunction were older (49.1 ±6.9 vs. 54.8±8.8 years old, p<0.001), had a higher body mass index (27.6 ±3.9 vs. 28.5 ± 4.3 kg/m2, p<0,001), and presented with a higher prevalence of physical inactivity (25 vs. 19%, p<0.001) than individuals without erectile dysfunction. The multivariate model revealed that age (p<0.001), hypertension (p = 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p<0.001), high body mass index (p<0.001), lower urinary tract symptoms and depressive symptoms (p<0.001) were independent risk factors for erectile dysfunction. Low or high physical activity levels (OR = 0.77; CI95%: 0.68–0.87, p<0.001 and OR = 0.85; CI95%: 0.72–0.99, p = 0.04 respectively) were protective factors against erectile dysfunction. Conclusion Low and high physical activity levels were associated with more than 20% reduction in the risk of erectile dysfunction in men aged 40 years or older.
Endogenous attention biases transformational apparent motion based on high-level shape representations

When two pre-existing, separated squares are connected by the sudden onset of a bar between them, viewers do not perceive the bar to appear all at once. Instead, they see an illusory morphing of the original squares over time. The direction of this transformational apparent motion (TAM) can be influenced by endogenous attention deployed before the appearance of the connecting bar. Here, we investigated whether the influence of endogenous attention on TAM results from operations over high-level feature-independent shape representations, or instead over lower level shape representations defined by specific visual features. To do so, we tested the influence of endogenous attention on TAM in first- and second-order displays, which shared common shapes but had different shape-defining attributes (luminance and texture contrast, respectively). In terms of both the magnitude of directional bias and timing, we found that endogenous attention exerted a similar influence on both first- and second-order objects. These results imply that endogenous attention biases the perceived direction of TAM by operating on high-level shape representations that are invariant to the low-level visual features that define them. Our results support a four-stage model of TAM, where a feature encoding stage passes a features-specific layout to a parsing stage that forms discrete, high-level meta-featural shapes, which are then matched and visually interpolated over time.
Reliability of corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition in biceps femoris during different contraction modes

This study aimed to determine the test–retest reliability of a range of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) outcomes in the biceps femoris during isometric, eccentric and concentric contractions. Corticospinal excitability (active motor threshold 120% [AMT120%] and area under recruitment curve [AURC]), short‐ and long‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed from the biceps femoris in 10 participants (age 26.3 ± 6.0 years; height 180.2 ± 6.6 cm, body mass 77.2 ± 8.0 kg) in three sessions. Single‐ and paired‐pulse stimuli were delivered under low‐level muscle activity (5% ± 2% of maximal isometric root mean squared surface electromyography [rmsEMG]) during isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions. Participants were provided visual feedback on their levels of rmsEMG during all contractions. Single‐pulse outcomes measured during isometric contractions (AURC, AMT110%, AMT120%, AMT130%, AMT150%, AMT170%) demonstrated fair to excellent reliability (ICC range, .51 to .92; CV%, 21% to 37%), whereas SICI, LICI and ICF demonstrated good to excellent reliability (ICC range, .62 to .80; CV%, 19 to 42%). Single‐pulse outcomes measured during concentric contractions demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC range, .75 to .96; CV%, 15% to 34%), whereas SICI, LICI and ICF demonstrated good to excellent reliability (ICC range, .65 to .76; CV%, 16% to 71%). Single‐pulse outcomes during eccentric contractions demonstrated fair to excellent reliability (ICC range, .56 to .96; CV%, 16% to 41%), whereas SICI, LICI and ICF demonstrated good to excellent (ICC range, .67 to .86; CV%, 20% to 42%). This study found that both single‐ and paired‐pulse TMS outcomes can be measured from the biceps femoris muscle across all contraction modes with fair to excellent reliability. However, coefficient of variation values were typically greater than the smallest worthwhile change which may make tracking physiological changes in these variables difficult without moderate to large effect sizes.
Frederick William Gehring, Life and Mathematics

Frederick William Gehring was a hugely influential mathematician who spent most of his career at the University of Michigan. Gehring's major research contributions were to Geometric Function Theory, particularly in higher dimensions $\IR^n$, $n\geq 3$. This field he developed in close coordination with colleagues, primarily in Finland, over three decades 1960 -- 1990. Gehring's seminal work drove this field forward initiating important connections with geometry and nonlinear partial differential equations, while addressing and solving major problems. During his career Gehring received many honours from the international mathematical community. He was invited three times to address the International Congress of Mathematicians, at Moscow in 1966, at Vancouver in 1974, and at Berkeley (a plenary lecture) in 1986. He was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Helsinki (1979), the University of Jyv\"askyl\"a (1990), and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (1997). In 1989, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. This is an extended obituary of his life and mathematical contributions.
Large N{sub c}, constituent quarks, and N, {Delta} charge radii

The authors show how one may define baryon constituent quarks in a rigorous manner, given physical assumptions that hold in the large-N{sub c} limit of QCD. This constituent picture gives rise to an operator expansion that has been used to study large-N{sub c} baryon observables; here they apply it to the case of charge radii of the N and {Delta} states. For example, one finds the relation r{sub p}{sup 2} {minus} r{sub {Delta}{sup +}}{sup 2} = r{sub n}{sup 2} {minus} r{sub {Delta}{sup 0}}{sup 2} to be broken only by three-body, O(1/N{sub c}{sup 2}) effects for any N{sub c}.
Covariant action and equations of motion for the eleven dimensional multiple M0-brane system

We study the properties of the covariant supersymmetric and kappa-symmetric action for a system of N nearly coincident M0-branes (mM0 system) in flat eleven dimensional (11D) superspace and obtain supersymmetric equations for this dynamical system. Although a single M0-brane is the massless 11D superparticle, center of energy motion of the mM0 system is characterized by a nonnegative constant mass M constructed from the matrix fields describing the relative motion of mM0 constituents. We show that a bosonic solution of the mM0 equations can be supersymmetric iff this effective mass vanishes, M=0, and that all the supersymmetric bosonic solutions preserve just one half of the 11D supersymmetry.
Spin and quadrupole couplings for high spin equatorial intermediate mass-ratio coalescences

Intermediate mass-ratio coalescences are potential signals of ground-based and space-based gravitational observatories. Accurate modeling of their waveforms within general relativity can be achieved within black hole perturbation theory including self-force and finite size effects. In this paper, we present analytic results to the Teukolsky perturbation of equatorial orbits in the near-horizon region of an extremely high spin black hole including spin coupling and finite size effects at leading order in the high spin limit while neglecting the self-force. We detail the critical behavior occuring close to the smallest specific angular momentum, and we discuss features of spin and quadrupole couplings.
The IMG/M data management and analysis system v.7: content updates and new features

The Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes system (IMG/M: https://img.jgi.doe.gov/m/) at the Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) continues to provide support for users to perform comparative analysis of isolate and single cell genomes, metagenomes, and metatranscriptomes. In addition to datasets produced by the JGI, IMG v.7 also includes datasets imported from public sources such as NCBI Genbank, SRA, and the DOE National Microbiome Data Collaborative (NMDC), or submitted by external users. In the past couple years, we have continued our effort to help the user community by improving the annotation pipeline, upgrading the contents with new reference database versions, and adding new analysis functionalities such as advanced scaffold search, Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) for high-quality metagenome bins, new cassette search, improved gene neighborhood display, and improvements to metatranscriptome data display and analysis. We also extended the collaboration and integration efforts with other DOE-funded projects such as NMDC and DOE Biology Knowledgebase (KBase).
The optical absorption spectra of V centers in deformed MgO under pressure

The electronic structure and optical absorption spectrum of V^{0} and V^{-} center in MgO are investigated using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. It is demonstrated that the configuration with distortion is energetically favorable in PBE0 functional. The six O atoms around Mg vacancy are non-equivalent due to the distortion. The defect states localized in the band gap are obtained by applying hybrid functional calculations, which is very important for optical properties. At ambient condition, the absorption peak at ~2.5 and ~2.6 eV is assigned to V^{0} and V^{-} center, respectively. With increasing pressure, the absorption peak shows blue shift. The trend is consistent with the experimental observation.
On an argument of J.--F. Cardoso dealing with perturbations of joint diagonalizers

B. Afsari has recently proposed a new approach to the matrix joint diagonalization, introduced by J.–F. Cardoso in 1994, in order to investigate the independent component analysis and the blind signal processing in a wider prospective. Delicate notions of linear algebra and differential geometry are involved in the works of B. Afsari and the present paper continues such a line of research, focusing on a theoretical condition which has significant consequences in the numerical applications. 1. EJD problem and relative generalizations Several branches of the digital signal processing involve linear algebra, since the empirical data are often organized in suitable matrices, which describe the properties of some signals with respect to others, rich of noise and then less significative. Roughly speaking, this idea is behind the construction of the filters, which play a fundamental role in most of the mathematical models and of the simulations, currently used in the applied sciences. Therefore it is not suprising whether some aspects of music and of acoustics are treated in [12, 13, 14] in terms of linear systems. A classical reference remains [10] for the description of the common techniques of the digital signal processing. Among these, the blind signal processing and the indipendent component analysis, more properly treated in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 6, 9], have been largely investigated in the last years for various motivations and many algorithms have been developped. A significant contribution on the blind signal processing and on the indipendent component analysis is [4], where the original ideas of J.–F. Cardoso [7, 6] have been generalized, introducing the problems of Exact Joint Diagonalization (EJD), Orthogonal Joint Diagonalization (OJD) and Non–Orthogonal Joint Diagonalization (NOJD). [4, Equation 3.1] shows that the OJD poblem, originally introduced in [7], may be reduced to a cost function for which conditions of existence and unicity (in the sense of [4, Theorem 2.4]) should be examined. A similar reduction may be done for the NOJD problem, as described in [4, §3.2. 2 and §3.2. 3], looking for conditions as in [4, Theorem 4.1]. Therefore a problem of applied science becomes a problem of optimization, which can be approached with the methods of the linear algebra, looking for suitable matrices which satisfy a prescribed equation. Analogies are very common in literature and [8, 15] illustrate the relations among riemannian geometry, topology, theory of compact Lie groups and numerical analysis, when we want to solve some problems Date: February 19, 2013.
What Were the Nursing Practices of Mental Health Nurses in Mental Institutions 1800 to 1960: A Scoping Review

Abstract This scoping literature review describes the practices of nurses working in mental asylums between 1800 and 1960 prior to the introduction of psychotropic drugs. Studies published in English from 1976 to 2021 from CINAHL, PubMed, ProQuest, PsyINFO, MEDLINE and Google were searched in August 2021. Twenty-three papers were retrieved with three distinct periods identified that shaped nursing practice. These were custodial care, moral and somatic treatment. Shifts in nursing practice were shaped by the desire of psychiatry to be recognised as a medical speciality, the feminisation of nursing and the formal development of nurse training in general hospitals.
Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 3 of the alpha-A-crystallin gene and susceptibility to age-related cataract

ABSTRACT Background The mutations in the αA-crystallin (CRYAA) gene may contribute to the development of age-related cataract (ARC). In this study, we searched for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in exons of CRYAA and investigated the associations between the identified SNPs and the subtypes of ARC. Materials and methods Peripheral venous blood was collected for the extraction of genomic DNA. Three exons of CRYAA were sequenced to detect SNPs. The frequency distributions of alleles and genotypes were compared between the ARC and control groups. Results There were 618 patients with various subtypes of ARC (nuclear cataract [NC], cortical cataract [CC], posterior subcapsular cataract [PSC]). The control group comprised 236 patients. The incidence of early-onset cataract was significantly greater in PSC patients (P = .002 for NC; P = .036 for CC). One SNP was detected in exon 3 of CRYAA (rs76740365 G>A). When the distribution of rs76740365 was compared among the ARC subtypes, only the difference between the PSC group and the control group was statistically significant (allele frequency: P = .000057, OR 2.945; genotype distribution frequency: P = .000458). The heterozygote genotype (GA) carried a significantly greater risk than the homozygous wild-type genotype (GG) by 1.742 times for all types of cataracts and 2.369 times for the PSC subtype. Conclusions The SNP rs76740365 G>A in exon 3 of the CRYAA gene is associated with greater susceptibility of ARC, particularly the PSC subtype. Individuals carrying the SNP rs76740365 G>A may be more likely to develop PSC at a younger age than other subtypes.
Mapping Chinese Personality: An Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the NEO-PI-3 in Monolingual and Bilingual Studies

The NEO-PI-3 is a fourth-generation instrument that has been shown to improve the psychometrics and readability of its immediate precedent, the NEO-PI-R. We examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese versions of the NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 using three datasets (Ns = 913, 299, 403) collected using both monolingual and bilingual designs. The Chinese NEO-PI-3 scales displayed a five-factor structure in which the facets had the highest loadings on their intended factors. The structure demonstrated strong invariance across both languages (English vs. Chinese) and gender groups, maintained high test-retest reliability, and attained slightly better internal consistency than the NEO-PI-R. We also examined the affective underpinnings of personality factors and well-being measures using the Chinese Circumplex Model of Affect. Consistent with past findings, Neuroticism and Extraversion were most related to affect, while Satisfaction with Life and Subjective Happiness shared the affective core of pleasant feelings and medium arousal. Based on these results, the Chinese NEO-PI-3 appears to be a sound instrument to measure personality in Chinese communities and to compare personality across cultures.