Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A General Analytic Formula for the Spectral Index of the Density Perturbations Produced during Inflation.

During inflation'> vacuum fluctuations on scales less than the Hubble radius in scalar fields with effective masses much less than the Hubble parameter**> are magnified into classical perturbations in the scalar fields on scales larger than the Hubble radius. These classical perturbations in the scalar fields can then change the number of e-folds of expansion and so lead to classical curvature/density perturba­ tions after inflation. These density perturbations are thought to be responsible for the formation of galaxies and the large scale structure of the observable Universe as well as, in combination with the gravitational waves produced during inflation, for the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. The standard calculation 7 H 1 > of the spectrum of density perturbations produced during inflation assumes that there is only one real dynamical degree of freedom during inflation. Although this is the case in most of the models of inflation con­ structed up to now, it is by assumption rather than prediction. When one tries to construct models of inflation 3 >,s>. 12 > that might arise naturally in realistic models of particle physics, such as the low energy effective supergravity theories derived from superstrings, one often gets more than one dynamical degree of freedom during inflation. The standard calculation is then generally not applicable. In this paper we derive general analytic formulae for the spectrum and spectral index of the density perturbations produced during inflation. This work is based on earlier work by Starobinsky. 13 > See also Ref. 14). While this work was in slow preparation three other related papers
“It’s Like a Guy Never Lived Here!”: Reading the Gendered Domestic Spaces of Friends

This article argues that the postfeminist gender politics of Friends (NBC, 1994–2004) are played out via a series of manipulations and reversals of space and mise-en-scène. Arguing that clearly gendered domestic space forms a stable part of the sitcom’s equilibrium, it analyses instances where the mise-en-scène boldly calls attention to men’s and women’s spaces, puts the gendering of space into flux, and highlights the burden of domestic labor. It reveals through close textual analysis how space in Friends is used to offer the playful promise of freedom from restrictive gender roles, but ultimately maintains a conservative status quo of both space and gender. It also makes a case for paying close attention to the aesthetics of the traditional sitcom to appreciate the expressivity of production design offered in such texts which, although (deliberately) unspectacular, is by no means unremarkable.
Some ternary cubic two-weight codes

We study trace codes with defining set $L,$ a subgroup of the multiplicative group of an extension of degree $m$ of the alphabet ring $\mathbb{F}_3+u\mathbb{F}_3+u^{2}\mathbb{F}_{3},$ with $u^{3}=1. $ These codes are abelian, and their ternary images are quasi-cyclic of co-index three (a.k.a. cubic codes). Their Lee weight distributions are computed by using Gauss sums. These codes have three nonzero weights when $m$ is singly-even and $|L|=\frac{3^{3m}-3^{2m}}{2}. $ When $m$ is odd, and $|L|=\frac{3^{3m}-3^{2m}}{2}$, or $|L|={3^{3m}-3^{2m}}$ and $m$ is a positive integer, we obtain two new infinite families of two-weight codes which are optimal. Applications of the image codes to secret sharing schemes are also given.
Solving capture in switched two-node Ethernets by changing only one node

It is well known that the Ethernet medium access control protocol can cause significant short-term unfairness through a mechanism known as the capture effect, and that this unfairness condition is worst in heavily loaded Ethernets with a small number of active nodes. Recently, Ramakrishnan and Yang (1994) proposed capture avoidance binary exponential back-off (CABEB) to provide 1-packet-per-turn round robin service in the important special case of a 2-node collision domain. We introduce an equal time round-robin scheme, in which only one node needs to be modified. In our scheme, the modified node maintains a local copy of the attempts counter of the other node. It uses this information to trigger switching its medium access policy between the two extremes of aggressively persistent and completely passive. As a result, the modified node can control the actions of the other node in such a way that both enjoy fair, low delay, round-robin access to the shared channel.
Experimental study on ASR performance of concrete with nano-particles

ABSTRACT Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a serious durability problem, resulting in significant maintenance and reconstruction cost of concrete infrastructure all over the world, so more and more attention has been attracted to it. This paper tends to discuss whether nano-SiO2 and nano-Fe2O3 can mitigate the concrete deterioration caused by ASR. The test results show that the concretes with nano-particles have lower expansion and higher sonic velocity. Therefore, it is an available method for concrete to mix with nano-particles to mitigate ASR and the optimum content of nano-SiO2 and nano-Fe2O3 in concrete is 2.0% and 1.0%, respectively. The mitigating mechanism is revealed through the effect of mixing water on the porosity.
Preventing SQL Injection through Automatic Query Sanitization with ASSIST

Web applications are becoming an essential part of our everyday lives. Many of our activities are dependent on the functionality and security of these applications. As the scale of these applications grows, injection vulnerabilities such as SQL injection are major security challenges for developers today. This paper presents the technique of automatic query sanitization to automatically remove SQL injection vulnerabilities in code. In our technique, a combination of static analysis and program transformation are used to automatically instrument web applications with sanitization code. We have implemented this technique in a tool named ASSIST (Automatic and Static SQL Injection Sanitization Tool) for protecting Java-based web applications. Our experimental evaluation showed that our technique is effective against SQL injection vulnerabilities and has a low overhead.
Challenging information foraging theory: screen reader users are not always driven by information scent

Little is known about the navigation tactics employed by screen reader users when they face problematic situations on the Web. Understanding how these tactics are operationalised and knowing the situations that bring about such tactics paves the way towards modeling navigation behaviour. Modeling the navigation of users is of utmost importance as it allows not only to predict interactive behaviour, but also to assess the appropriateness of the content in a link, the information architecture of a site and the design of a web page. Current navigation models do not consider the extreme adaptations, namely coping tactics, that screen reader users undergo on the Web. Consequently, their prediction power is lessened and coping tactics are mistakenly considered outlying behaviours. We draw from existing navigation models for sighted users to suggest the incorporation of emerging behaviours in navigation models for screen reader users. To do so, we identify the navigation coping tactics screen reader users exhibit on the Web, including deliberately clicking on low scented links, escaping from useless or inaccessible content and backtracking to a shelter. Our findings suggest that, especially in problematic situations, navigation is not driven by information scent or utility, but by the need of increasing autonomy and the need of escaping from the current web patch.
CS-HOG: Color similarity-based HOG

Conventional object detection methods often use local features based on object shape, of which the HOG feature is typical. In recent years, Color Self-Similarity (CSS) has been proposed as a local feature that uses color information. CSS involves computing color similarity as a basis for deciding the sameness of objects, and thus represent a feature that is effective for object detection. It has also been reported that detection performance can be improved by using the CSS feature together with the HOG feature or other shape-based feature. We propose a Color Similarity-based HOG (CS-HOG) feature that is based on color similarity for object detecting shapes. The CS-HOG feature enables clarification of the object shape by using color similarity to calculate the degree of object sameness, thus achieving highly-accurate object detection. Evaluation experiments show that the CS-HOG feature improves performance from 22.5% and 27.2% compared to the HOG feature and the CSS feature, and by 4.2% compared to the HOG feature and the CSS feature used together.
HIGH RESOLUTION NEAR-INFRARED SURVEY OF THE PIPE NEBULA. I. A DEEP INFRARED EXTINCTION MAP OF BARNARD 59

We present our analysis of a fully sampled, high resolution dust extinction map of the Barnard 59 complex in the Pipe Nebula. The map was constructed with the infrared color excess technique applied to a photometric catalog that combines data from both ground and space based observations. The map resolves for the first time the high density center of the main core in the complex, which is associated with the formation of a small cluster of stars. We found that the central core in Barnard 59 shows an unexpected lack of significant substructure consisting of only two significant fragments. Overall, the material appears to be consistent with being a single, large core with a density profile that can be well fit by a King model. A series of NH3 pointed observations toward the high column density center of the core appear to show that the core is still thermally dominated, with subsonic non-thermal motions. The stars in the cluster could be providing feedback to support the core against collapse, but the relatively narrow radio lines suggest that an additional source of support, for example, a magnetic field, may be required to stabilize the core. Outside the central core our observations reveal the structure of peripheral cores and resolve an extended filament into a handful of significant substructures whose spacing and masses appear to be consistent with Jeans fragmentation.
A Novel Text Steganography Technique Based on Html Documents

The internet has grown rapidly in recent years. This growth has increased the demand for techniques that can ensure information security. In this paper, we propose a text steganography technique that uses html documents as the cover medium to hide secret messages. The use of html documents has a benefit that the existence of a secret message will not be suspicious as html documents are fundamental elements of the web and are used very commonly on the internet. We have implemented our technique using C#. net technology. The technique proposed by us also integrates cryptography with steganography by first encrypting the secret message and then hiding the encrypted secret message in html cover medium. The integration of cryptography with steganography provides an extra layer of security that ensures the safe and secure delivery of message to the intended recipient.
Ontology Based Service Discovery Method for Internet of Things

As the development of internet of things (IOT), massive sensors have been deployed as the public infrastructure. However, there is a bottleneck in state of the art IOT applications, which require sensors to response on abstract and complex requests similar to human natural languages. On the contrary, since sensors' service directories are unable to map their services on how users' abstract queries can be performed, sensors can only response to low-level queries with accurate and complete descriptions. To handle this challenge, in this paper, we proposed a novel ontology based method to improve sensor systems' reasoning. The key lies on any abstract terminologies can be understood by searching their ontologies descriptions. Therefore, by utilizing ontologies, abstract queries can be hierarchically decomposed into several simple queries handled by single sensors. Moreover, ontologies also imply the logical relations on the feedbacks from each single queries, and the answer can be carried out based on the equations and sensor outputs.
Research on object recognition using bag of word model for mobile robot navigation

Robust long term positioning for autonomous mobile robots is essential for many applications. Key to a successful visual SLAM system is correctly recognizing the objects and labeling where the robot is. Local image features are popular with constructing object recognition system, which are invariant to image scaling, translation, rotation, and partially invariant to illumination changes and affine. In this paper, we proposed an object recognition method based on the bag of word model, mainly idea includes three steps as follows: firstly, a set of local image patches are sampled using a key point detector, and each patch is a descriptor based on scale invariant feature transform. Then outliers are removed by RANSAC algorithm, and the resulting distribution of descriptors is quantified by using vector quantization against a pre-specified codebook to convert it to a histogram of votes for codebook centers. Finally, a KNN algorithm is used to classify images through the resulting global descriptor vector. The experimental results show that our proposed method has a better performance against the previous methods.
Real-Time Volumetric Rendering of Fire in a Production System : Feasibility Study

The thesis presents an effort at developing a robust, interactive framework for rendering 3-D fire in real-time in a production environment. Many techniques of rendering fire in non realtime exist and are constantly employed by the movie industry. Many of the systems developed for rendering fire in offline mode directly influenced and inspired real-time fire rendering, including this thesis. Macro-level behavior of fire is characterized by wind fields, temperature and moving sources and is currently processed on the CPU while micro-level behavior like turbulence, flickering, separation and shape is created on the graphics hardware. This framework provides a set of tools for level designers to wield artistic and behavioral control over fire as part of the scene. The resulting system is able to scale well, to use as few processor cycles as possible, and to efficiently integrate into an existing production environment. The focus in this work is on testing the feasibility of rendering fire volumetrically within the constraints of a real 3D engine production system. Performance statistics are collected, the concepts presented in previous work on volumetric fire rendering are tested and the feasibility of achieving interactive frame rates within a 3D engine framework is assessed.
Performance Analysis of Generalized Well-formed Workflow

Performance of workflow schema including overlapping patterns can not be computed by regular reducing approaches, and that excluding overlapping patterns from workflow schema will lose flexibility in schema design, introduce redundant nodes, and make it difficult to describe complex business process. To solve this problem, the concept of generalized well-formed workflow was proposed, in which overlapping patterns can appear in a workflow schema but not in any of its instance subgraphs. Further more, to meet the need of frequently re-computing of process performance after business process reengineering, methods for automatically computing routing probability and time performance of each instance subgraph are proposed, which are basis for our automatic performance analysis algorithm of whole workflow schema. Finally, an example was given to demonstrate the process of performance analysis of a generalized well-formed workflow.
Análisis del emprendedor potencial: Integración de factores socio-demográficos, cognitivos y relacionales

espanolEl emprendimiento es crucial para el crecimiento economico y el progreso social. Sin embargo, por encima del numero de emprendedores o el de nuevas empresas creadas, resulta mas indicativo de la capacidad emprendedora de una sociedad medir su emprendimiento potencial. En este trabajo nos centramos en analizar la influencia de posibles factores (socio-demograficos, cognitivos y relacionales) en la formacion de una intencion emprendedora en el individuo. Sobre una muestra espanola de 27.880 individuos aplicamos un analisis de regresion logistica, y obtenemos que todas las variables consideradas (excepto el nivel educativo) ejercen una significativa influencia sobre la probabilidad de ocurrencia de emprendimiento potencial individual. Especificamente, el grupo de variables cognitivas resulta ser el de mayor poder explicativo, en linea con una de las tendencias actuales en el area. La intencion emprendedora se compone asi tanto de factores objetivos, como subjetivos y contextuales. EnglishEntrepreneurship is crucial for economic growth and social progress. However, beyond the number of entrepreneurs or the count of new ventures, in measuring the entrepreneurial capacity of a society it is more useful to study its entrepreneurial potential. Therefore in our study we focus on analyzing the influence of different factors (socio-demographic, cognitive and relational) that can determine the formation of an individual entrepreneurial intention. We draw on a Spanish sample made up of 27.880 observations to perform a logistic regression. Our results show that all the variables considered (except level of education) have a significant effect on the probability of the individual potential entrepreneurship to occur. Specifically, cognitive variables appear to have the most explanatory power, along the lines of a recent tendency in the field. Following our findings, the entrepreneurial intention consists of objective, subjective and contextual factors.
THE IONIZING CLUSTER OF 30 DORADUS. I. INTERNAL REDDENING FROM NTT PHOTOMETRY AND MULTI-OBJECT SPECTROSCOPY

UBV profile fitting photometry is presented for 1469 stars within 90′′ of the center of the ionizing cluster of 30 Doradus (NGC 2070). A value of 0.82 ± 0.03 is found for the extinction paramete r S = E(U-B)/E(B-V), constant over almost the whole area covered by this research, with some evidence for local variations. Two reddening components can be identified: a smooth and moderate one that increases towards R136, and a clumpy one varying widely across the face of the cluster. The total–to–selective extinction parameter, R V = AV /E(B −V ), is found to be in the range of 3.0 to 3.7, consistent with previous determinations. A new visualization tool, the colour-magnitude stereogram, is introduced and used to argue that: (1) the observations imply mass segregation in a dust filled cluster; (2) that there has been continuous dust formation near the cluster core up to the present; and (3) that an insidious systematic error has plagued previous determinations of IMF slopes. A method to obtain an unbiased estimate of the slope is discussed.
A Hierarchical Unequal Packet Loss Protection Scheme for Robust H.264/AVC Transmission

In this paper, we are concerned with robust H.264/AVC video transmission over lossy packet networks and present a hierarchical unequal packet loss protection (HULP) scheme in a transmission system that efficiently combines erasure coding, H.264/AVC error resilience techniques and importance measures in video coding schemes. The importance of the video stream packets is distinguished by three criteria: the frame sequence number in a group of pictures (GOP), the per-frame bitrate and the H.264/AVC data partition type. Using a fixed amount of redundancy, more important packets of a video stream are protected with a more powerful erasure code than the less important packets. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by system implementation and performance evaluation. In the presence of packet loss, we show that the received video quality, as measured by PSNR, is significantly improved when the HULP scheme is used. More importantly, in our experiments, HULP can achieve higher PSNR values and better user perceived quality, but requiring less redundancy, than equal loss protection (ELP) schemes.
Classification of foggy images for vision enhancement

For vision enhancement and minimization of road accidents in bad weather, modern vehicles are often equipped with a camera connected to head-up display (HUD), which captures and displays the scene in front of a vehicle. Classification is a methodology to identify the type of fog and their optical characteristics for vision enhancement algorithms to make them more efficient. In this reported work, mean intensity value and the entropy are proposed for the classification of camera foggy images into homogeneous and heterogeneous nature of fog due to turbid weather. The use of average intensity along with entropy as new classification parameter of synthetic foggy images with different density of fog conditions which are taken as reference to classify camera images with fog. Classification parameters are suitable for synthetic as well as camera foggy images. This paper, therefore presents images with homogeneous fog have always higher mean intensity and lower entropy than heterogeneous fog. This knowledge will finally help to classify camera foggy images using mean intensity and entropy.
Aortic stenosis, sudden death, and the left ventricular baroceptors.

Sudden death in patients with aortic stenosis has not yet received adequate explanation and the importance of left ventricular baroceptors in this has not, to the writer's knowledge, been suggested. Nor, indeed, does the existence of left ventricular baroceptors appear to have been acknowledged in cardiology. The purpose of this editorial is to consider the magnitude and significance of the problem of sudden death in the presence of aortic valve stenosis and to suggest, from evidence already existing in the cardiological, physiological, and pharmacological literature, a new hypothesis for the mechanism of syncope and sudden death in this disease. The disordered physiology present with aortic stenosis is unique to this condition. The systolic pressures within the left ventricle and within the aorta, normally identical and controlled together by the cardiovascular reflexes, are in this disease divorced from one another haemodynamically; but the systolic e pressure in the left ventricle continues to influence the state of the peripheral vascular v bed by reflex pathways. Thus, the writer wishes to suggest that in this unique state of 8 affairs the peripheral systemic vasculature is t inappropriately affected by reflex activity arising from baroceptors situated within the left ventricular myocardium. Normally, left ventricular and aortic systolic pressures rise w and fall together and the importance of the carotid and aortic baroceptors in the regula* tion of blood pressure is well recognized. In the presence of aortic stenosis, however, a V rise of left ventricular pressure is not accompanied by a corresponding rise of aortic pressure. Impulses arising from left ventricular . baroceptors may have the same effect as those arising from the carotid and aortic baroceptors and result in bradycardia, a common and