Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-fulfilling Prophecies: a Theoretical and Integrative Review

Self-fulfilling prophecies have become a major area of research for social, personality, developmental, and educational psychologists. This article reviews classroom self-fulfilling prophecies in terms of three sequential stages: (a) Teachers develop expectations, (b) teachers treat students differently depending on their expectations, and (c) students react to this treatment in expectancy-confirming ways. The focus of the review is on the social and psychological events occurring at each of these stages, the causal processes linking one stage to the next, and the conditions limiting the occurrence of self-fulfilling prophecies. Finally, it provides a theoretical framework for both understanding past research and guiding future research on self-fulfilling prophecies. This article presents a model of the social and psychological processes underlying self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom. In general, the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy refers to situations in which one person's expectations about a second person lead the second person to act in ways that confirm the first per-son's original expectation. When applied to classrooms, the self-fulfilling prophecy refers to situations in which a teacher's expectations about a student's future achievement evoke from the student performance levels consistent with the teacher's expectations. Over the last 20 years, self-fulfilling prophecies have generated a tremendous amount of empirical research and several theoretical reviews. The ongoing interest in this area attests to both its theoretical and practical importance. Two rather similar descriptive models of the stages occurring in self-fulfilling prophecies exist (Brophy & Good, 1974; Darley & Fazio, 1980). Both models incorporate six or seven steps in a sequence of psychological and behavioral events, and both agree on three broad and general stages: Teachers develop expectations , teachers treat students differently depending on their expectations , and students react to this differential treatment in ways that confirm the expectations (Darley & Fazio's model would refer to the teacher and student as, respectively, "per-ceiver" and "target"). This sequence of three stages will serve as the general framework for the present review. In this article it is proposed that self-fulfilling prophecies incorporate a broad array of complex social and psychological processes. Perhaps because of this complexity, previous reviews have not provided a comprehensive perspective on self-fulfilling prophecy processes. Some reviews have described empirical findings without clearly delineating underlying causal mechanisms Finn, 1972). To deal with such complex processes more thoroughly , some previous theorists have limited their perspectives to a single stage of the self-fulfilling prophecy process. Rosen-thai (1974) focused …
IS THE LINK BETWEEN HEALTH AND WEALTH CONSIDERED IN DECISION MAKING? RESULTS FROM A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore whether wealth effects of health interventions, including productivity gains and savings in other sectors, are considered in resource allocations by health technology assessment (HTA) agencies and government departments. To analyze reasons for including, or not including, wealth effects. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with decision makers and academic experts in eight countries (Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, South Korea, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Results: There is evidence suggesting that health interventions can produce economic gains for patients and national economies. However, we found that the link between health and wealth does not influence decision making in any country with the exception of Sweden. This is due to a combination of factors, including system fragmentation, methodological issues, and the economic recession forcing national governments to focus on short-term measures. Conclusions: In countries with established HTA processes and methods allowing, in principle, the inclusion of wider effects in exceptional cases or secondary analyses, it might be possible to overcome the methodological and practical barriers and see a more systematic consideration of wealth effect in decision making. This would be consistent with principles of efficient priority setting. Barriers for the consideration of wealth effects in government decision making are more fundamental, due to an enduring separation of budgets within the public sector and current financial pressures. However, governments should consider all relevant effects from public investments, including healthcare, even when benefits can only be captured in the medium- and long-term. This will ensure that resources are allocated where they bring the best returns.
Composable Controllers for a Virtual Stuntman

The implementation of a multi-talented, dynamic virtual ac tor is a significant challenge given the difficulty of designing con tr llers even for very specific motions. Divide-and-conquer methods are a logical approach to this problem, but this requires a commun ity of control practitioners as well as a means of integrating the f ruits of their labor. We propose a framework for composable controll e s to address the latter requirement, which in turn is also an impo rtant prerequisite for the former. The composition framework is t e ted on two novel families of controllers. The first is aimed at the basic motions which need to be at the core of any skill repertoire, s uch as balance and fall recovery. The second explores a practical a pplic tion of a synthetic actor, namely the execution of dangerous st nts by a dynamic digital stuntman.
A comparative analytical approach for gate leakage current optimization in silicon MOSFET: A step to more reliable electronic device

A comparative analytical approach for performance evaluation of direct tunneling gate leakage current of ultrathin silicon MOS device has been introduced. Direct tunnel characteristics in NMOSFET with different gate dielectric material (fifth, SiCh and AI2O3) at nanoscale regime has been analyzed. The variations of direct tunneling current with gate length, gate width, oxide thickness and various dielectric materials has been investigated in depth. Thus, scaling limit of gate dimension and choice of alternative gate dielectric for MOSFET is explored based on the direct tunnel characteristics for gate leakage current optimization.
Survey of Time Preference, Delay Discounting Models

The paper surveys over twenty models of delay discounting (also known as temporal discounting, time preference, time discounting), that psychologists and economists have put forward to explain the way people actually trade off time and money. Using little more than the basic algebra of powers and logarithms, I show how the models are derived, what assumptions they are based upon, and how different models relate to each other. Rather than concentrate only on discount functions themselves, I show how discount functions may be manipulated to isolate rate parameters for each model. This approach, consistently applied, helps focus attention on the three main components in any discounting model: subjectively perceived money; subjectively perceived time; and how these elements are combined. We group models by the number of parameters that have to be estimated, which means our exposition follows a trajectory of increasing complexity to the models. However, as the story unfolds it becomes clear that most models fall into a smaller number of families. We also show how new models may be constructed by combining elements of different models.The surveyed models are: Exponential; Hyperbolic; Arithmetic; Hyperboloid (Green & Myerson, Rachlin); Loewenstein and Prelec Generalized Hyperboloid; quasi-Hyperbolic (also known as β-δ discounting); Benhabib et al’s fixed cost; Benhabib et al’s Exponential / Hyperbolic / quasi-Hyperbolic; Read’s discounting fractions; Roelofsma’s exponential time; Scholten and Read’s discounting-by-intervals (DBI); Ebert and Prelec’s constant sensitivity (CS); Bleichrodt et al.’s constant absolute decreasing impatience (CADI); Bleichrodt et al.’s constant relative decreasing impatience (CRDI); Green, Myerson, and Macaux’s hyperboloid over intervals models; Killeen’s additive utility; size-sensitive additive utility; Yi, Landes, and Bickel’s memory trace models; McClure et al.’s two exponentials; and Scholten and Read’s trade-off model.For a convenient overview, a single “cheat sheet” table captures the notation and essential mathematics behind all but one of the models.
Dorsal and Ventral Parietal Contributions to Spatial Orienting in the Human Brain

Influential functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based models have involved a dorsal frontoparietal network in the orienting of both endogenous and exogenous attention, and a ventral system in attentional reorienting to task-relevant events. Nonetheless, given the low temporal resolution and susceptibility to epiphenomenal activations of fMRI, such depictions remain highly debated. We hereby benefited from the high temporal resolution and causal power of event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation to explore the implications of key dorsal and ventral parietal regions in those two types of attention. We provide for the first time causal evidence of right intraparietal sulcus involvement in both types of attentional orienting, while we link the temporoparietal junction with the orienting of exogenous but not endogenous spatial attention.
Identification of sensorless rotor temperature estimation technique for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Reversible demagnetization effects due to temperature increase is a common problem in rare-earth magnets widely used in Permanent Magnets Synchronous Machines (PMSM). Variation of the magnetization level of the magnets leads to different saturation levels in the steel stator core of the machine. The paper proposes a simple method to detect magnetization variation by an intermittent injection of a voltage pulse in the d-axis of the motor, while the q-current is kept zero. The slope of the resulted d-current response reflects a given saturation level which is distinctive for a given magnet temperature. Since this is a strongly non-linear relationship, a look-up-table (LUT) for the motor is required. The paper proposes a procedure where the identification of the LUT without measuring directly the rotor temperature can be achieved at standstill.
The endocytosis gene END3 is essential for the glucose-induced rapid decline of small vesicles in the extracellular fraction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Background Protein secretion is a fundamental process in all living cells. Gluconeogenic enzymes are secreted when Saccharomyces cerevisiae are grown in media containing low glucose. However, when cells are transferred to media containing high glucose, they are internalized. We investigated whether or not gluconeogenic enzymes were associated with extracellular vesicles in glucose-starved cells. We also examined the role that the endocytosis gene END3 plays in the internalization of extracellular proteins/vesicles in response to glucose addition. Methods Transmission electron microscopy was performed to determine the presence of extracellular vesicles in glucose-starved wild-type cells and the dynamics of vesicle transport in cells lacking the END3 gene. Proteomics was used to identify extracellular proteins that associated with these vesicles. Results Total extracts prepared from glucose-starved cells consisted of about 95% small vesicles (30–50 nm) and 5% large structures (100–300 nm). The addition of glucose caused a rapid decline in small extracellular vesicles in wild-type cells. However, most of the extracellular vesicles were still observed in cells lacking the END3 gene following glucose replenishment. Proteomics was used to identify 72 extracellular proteins that may be associated with these vesicles. Gluconeogenic enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, as well as non-gluconeogenic enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and cyclophilin A, were distributed in the vesicle-enriched fraction in total extracts prepared from cells grown in low glucose. Distribution of these proteins in the vesicle-enriched fraction required the integrity of the membranes. When glucose was added to glucose-starved wild-type cells, levels of extracellular fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and cyclophilin A were reduced. In contrast, in cells lacking the END3 gene, levels of these proteins in the extracellular fraction remained high. Conclusion The END3 gene is required for the rapid decline of extracellular proteins and vesicles in response to glucose addition.
Design of floating point units for interval arithmetic

In this paper, hardware units for interval addition, multiplication and divide-add fused are presented. Regarding interval addition, a new architecture of double path adder, is presented. This architecture exploits the parallel structure of double path adder. Regarding multiplication, the proposed architecture is based on a dual result multiplier (floating point multiplication unit with two differently rounded results for the same pair of operands) and two floating point comparators. The goal of the divide-add fused unit is to increase the performance of the interval Newton's method. Algorithm and architecture for this operation, inspired by the ones used for multiply-add fused, are proposed.
Tumorigenicity and metastasis of human breast carcinoma cell lines in nude mice.

There are few reports describing experimental models of the growth and metastasis of human breast carcinomas. This article discusses the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of two estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinomas injected into nude mice. Tumor growth in the mammary fatpad (m.f.p.) and the subcutis was compared in female nude mice. The injection of 10(5) viable cells of two human breast carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435) gave a 100% tumor take rate in the m.f. p., whereas only 40% of the s.c. injections produced tumors and these occurred several weeks after the appearance of the m.f. p. tumors. Thus, the m.f. p. of nude mice is a favorable site for the growth of human breast carcinomas. MDA-MB-435 tumors produced distant metastases in 80% to 100% of recipients. The most common sites for metastasis were the lymph nodes and lungs, with a lower incidence of metastases in muscle (chest wall and thigh), heart, and brain. New variant cell lines were isolated from metastases in the lungs, brain, and heart. All the cell lines were tumorigenic in the m.f. p., and the lung- and heart-derived metastasis lines produced slightly more lung metastases than the original cell line. However, the brain metastasis variant produced significantly fewer lung metastases. Intravenous inoculation of the spontaneous metastasis-derived cell lines produced few lung colonies. Only cell variants isolated from experimental lung metastases showed enhanced lung colonization potential when reinjected i.v. Our results suggest that the estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435 cell line injected in the m.f. p. of nude mice could be a valuable tool for analysis of the cellular and molecular basis of the metastasis of advanced breast cancer.
Automatic Analysis of Medical Images Using a

Unlike traditional atlases which describe a single anatomy, a deformable textbook is a digitized anatomic atlas that is made subject-speciic by transforming its coordinate system to match that of another individual. The transformations accommodate both global and local shape variations while maintaining the topology of the textbook, i.e., the transformation preserves the connectivity of the textbook anatomy and the neighborhood structure. Quantitative shape analysis, automatic segmentation, and mapping brain function between individual anatomies are a few of the important applications of this research.
Classification of circular and lobulated masses in mammograms using fractal analysis

Fractal analysis can be used for the detection of masses exhibiting circular and lobulated shape margins in screening mammograms. Currently, mammograms have been one of the most versatile methods for the early detection of breast cancer. However, one of the characteristic lesions of breast cancer appears as dense regions of breast sizes and properties known as breast masses. To classify these breast masses into benign and malignant, fractal analysis can be used. The most versatile method for fractal analysis is based on Power Spectral Analysis (PSA) using the signatures of contours. The experimental results using fractal analysis provides an accuracy of 82% for circular and lobulated margin breast masses.
SPACE STRUCTURE AND QUANTUM MECHANICS

A new concept of the constitution of Nature is considered. The constructed submicroscopic quantum mechanics is deterministic and is characterised by elementary excitations of the space net that is treated as the tesselation of balls, or superparticles. Said excitations called ”inertons” accompany any canonical particle when it moves. It is shown theoretically that the introduction of inertons obviates all conceptual diculties of orthodox quantum mechanics. The theory has been verified experimentally. It is argued that just inertons play the role of real carriers of the gravitational interaction.
Group purchase customer satisfaction research by structural equation modeling

China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC)'s report shows e-commerce develops fast in recent years. And the group purchase rose by 244.8% as an emerging market. But there are many commercial disputes and consumer complaints show the immature of this e-commerce mode. Therefore, this article proposed a customer satisfaction model of group purchase with the customer satisfaction degree theory and collected the data by questionnaire; used the structural equation modeling to verify the validity of the assumption and the model.
Patch Growing: Object segmentation using spatial coherence of local patches

Object segmentation is a challenging and important problem in computer vision. The difficulties to obtain accurate segmentations using only the traditional Top-down or Bottom-up approaches have introduced new proposals based on the idea of combining them in order to obtain better results. In this paper we present a novel approach for object segmentation based on the following two steps: 1) oversegment the image in homogeneous regions using a Region Growing algorithm (Bottom-up), and 2) use prior knowledge about the object appearence (local patches and spatial coherence) from annotated images to validate and merge the regions that belong to the object (Top-down). Our experiments using different object classes from the well-known TUD and the Weizmann databases show that we are able to obtain good object segmentations from a generalistic segmentation method.
Dynamic and reversible restructuring of the ER induced by PDMP in cultured cells

In many cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains segregated smooth and rough domains, but the mechanism of this segregation is unclear. Here, we used a HeLa cell line, inducibly expressing a GFP fusion protein [GFP-b(5)tail] anchored to the ER membrane, as a tool to investigate factors influencing ER organisation. Induction of GFP-b(5)tail expression caused proliferation of the ER, but its normal branching polygonal meshwork architecture was maintained. Experiments designed to test the effects of drugs that alter ceramide levels revealed that treatment of these cells with Phenyl-2-decanoyl-amino-3-morpholino-1-propanol-hydrocholride (PDMP) generated patches of segregated smooth ER, organised as a random tubular network, which rapidly dispersed after removal of the drug. The effect of PDMP was independent of its activity as sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor, but could be partially reversed by a membrane-permeant Ca2+ chelator. Although the smooth ER patches maintained connectivity with the remaining ER, they appeared to represent distinct domains differing in protein and lipid composition from the remaining ER. PDMP did not cause detachment of membrane-bound ribosomes, indicating that smooth ER patch generation was due to a reorganisation of pre-existing ribosome-free areas. Our results demonstrate a dynamic relationship between smooth and rough ER and have implications for the mechanisms regulating ER architecture.
The Structure and Dynamics of Liquefied Natural Gas Pricing in Asia and the Pacific and Implications for Australia

The Asia-Pacific gas market is the biggest and fastest growing LNG market in the world. In the past is has been dominated by the JCC oil linked pricing mechanism. However, given the recent challenges facing this mechanism, especially since 2008, there is a growing concern that the JCC pricing mechanism no longer reflects prevailing market conditions. This paper provides a modelling approach for analysing the structure and dynamics of LNG pricing in the Asia and the Pacific region over the past decades. Econometric estimations for the period of 1989-2014 indicate that the JCC linked mechanism remains important, but its contribution to LNG pricing is becoming less significant. The role of the base price and non-oil linked factors in LNG price formation are instead becoming more important. Applying the econometric results, future LNG prices in the Asia-Pacific are projected for the period of 2015 Ð 40 based on three different scenarios for long term crude oil prices. Over the short term, the LNG price is expected to ease due to decreasing crude oil prices and increasing LNG supply. Over long term, LNG prices are expected to increase due to increasing crude oil prices and LNG demand. Given substantial gas resources, and its advantageous location, AustraliaOs LNG market has been expanding significantly, with Australian to soon be potentially the largest LNG exporter in the world. Trade liberalisation implies that eastern Australia is most likely to be affected by LNG pricing in the Asia and Pacific region. This paper provides a projection scenario for AustraliaOs netback prices, which is essential for eastern AustraliaOs future gas development and LNG export revenues. Export revenue from eastern Australia is projected to increase from about A$8 billion in 2015 to A$24 billion in 2030.