Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE EPR–CHAMELEON EXPERIMENT

We construct a family of classical deterministic dynamical systems (triples formed by a state space, an initial distribution, a dynamics) parametrized by pairs of vectors (a,b) in the unit circle in ℝ2. The systems describe pairs of particles and the dynamics is strictly local, i.e. the dynamics of particle j=1,2 depends only on one of the two unit vectors, but not the other. To each particle one associates a family of ± 1-valued observables (j = 1,2), also parametrized by vectors a in the unit circle in ℝ2. Moreover we assume that, if observable is measured on particle j=1,2, then the dynamics of this particle will be (chameleon effect). Using these ingredients we prove that the dynamics and the initial distributions of the given systems can be chosen in such a way that, if the observable is measured on particle j=1,2, then the EPR correlations -cos(a1-a2) are reproduced. This theoretical construction is then used to realize the following experiment: a central computer S (source) sends the same signal to two local computers A and B. After receiving the signal A (resp. B), chooses one vector a (resp. b) in the unit circle in ℝ2 and computes the value of the corresponding observable (resp. ). These values are uniquely defined by the deterministic dynamics and the choices are independent of one another. The local computers send back to the central one the results of the evaluation of these ±1-valued functions and the central computer evaluates the empirical correlations according to the usual statistical rules. As a result the EPR correlations are reproduced with very good approximation and the Bell inequality is violated by a classical, macroscopic deterministic system performing purely local choices. The program to run the experiment is available from http://volterra.mat. uniroma2.it
Low-density framework form of crystalline silicon with a wide optical band gap

Synthesis of a guest-free clathrate form of crystalline silicon was achieved by successive vacuum treatment and density separation of NaxSi136-based materials. The new allotrope of silicon has an open framework structure based upon slightly distorted tetrahedral atoms bound into five- and six-membered ring structures, and corresponds to a fully saturated and condensed fullerane-type solid. Theoretical calculations indicate that the new form of silicon should be a wide bandgap semiconductor. This prediction is borne out by experiment: electrical conductivity and optical absorption measurements yield a band gap of 1.9 eV, approximately twice the value of ‘‘normal’’ semiconducting silicon. The important semiconductor silicon shares the same dense tetrahedral structure with diamond, and has an indirect bandgap of 1.12 eV. Upon high pressure treatment, silicon transforms into the metallic b-Sn structure, which is octahedrally coordinated. Diamond itself is a high pressure form of carbon, and has a very large band gap ~5.5 eV! At ambient pressure, low-density carbon exists as semimetallic graphite, with a planar sheet structure. Pure silicon has not yet been observed to take such an sp 2 -bonded structure. However, low-density silicon frameworks have been reported to form as clathrates, in which networks of slightly distorted silicon tetrahedra encapsulate alkali or alkaline earth metal atoms, that are thought to act as ‘‘templates’’ in their synthesis. These materials are structurally analogous to the ice clathrate hydrates ~structures I and II! The structure II silicon clathrate structure has the formula MxSi136 (x<24; M is usually an alkali metal! , and contains fused fullerane-like cages: eight hexakaidecahedral (Si28) structural elements are linked by sharing hexagonal faces, and also by 16 dodecahedral (Si20) units. First-principles calculations carried out on the Na-free end member, that corresponds to a new expanded form of crystalline silicon, suggest that the band gap should be wide (’1.9 eV! and indirect. 1 Here we report synthesis and basic electric and optical properties of this material.
A Resilient European Food Industry in a Challenging World

Direct Selling: a Marketing Strategy to Shorten Distances between Production & Consumption Consumer behaviour & attitudes towards healthy food products: organic & functional foods The resilient character of PDO/PGI products in dynamic food markets: the Italian case Fruit production forecasting by neuro-fuzzy techniques Household Food Expenditure Behaviour & Socioeconomic Welfare In Italy: A Microeconometric Analysis An investigation of current & upcoming developments affecting Spanish wine exportation Credibility of Collective Brand as a Source of Equity: An Empirical Application for the Spanish Wine Market Consumer Motivations & Cognitive Structures behind Quality Food Purchasing Investigating consumer knowledge & Behaviour in the context of functional foods Is retailing really unique? Insights into retail internationalization using business theories Does infant industry argument justify diversification policy in Argentinean wine sector? Assessing Competitiveness Relations for the Greek ? eat ? rocessing ? nterprises Testing market efficiency of crude palm oil futures for European participants Traceability & the new CAP Hungarian consumer behavior analysis in terms of healthy nutrition Speciality food segments in Great Britain Supply chain of organic products in Bulgaria Characteristics of loyal customers for food retail chains in Germany Consumers' Perceptions of Novel Process Technologies: The Case of High Pressure Processed Chilled Ready Meals Leading producer-owned marketing organisations in a transition country: Two case studies from Hungarian agribusines Designing market-oriented beta-glucan enriched functional foods through conjoint analysis: evidence of differing consumer preferences Index.
Manipulating the Subcellular Localization and Anticancer Effects of Benzophenothiaziniums by Minor Alterations of N-Alkylation

Cationic, water-soluble benzophenothiaziniums have been recognized as effective type I photosensitizers (PSs) against hypoxic tumor cells. However, the study of the structure–property relationship of this type of PS is still worth further exploration to achieve optimized photodynamic effects and minimize the potential side effects. Herein, we synthesized a series of benzophenothiazine derivatives with minor N-alkyl alteration to study the effects on the structure–property relationships. The cellular uptake, subcellular organelle localization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and photocytotoxicity performances were systematically investigated. NH2NBS and EtNBS specifically localized in lysosomes and exhibited high toxicity under light with a moderate phototoxicity index (PI) due to the undesirable dark toxicity. However, NMe2NBS with two methyl substitutions accumulated more in mitochondria and displayed an excellent PI value with moderate light toxicity and negligible dark toxicity. Without light irradiation, NH2NBS and EtNBS could induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), while NMe2NBS showed no obvious damage to lysosomes. After irradiation, NH2NBS and EtNBS were released from lysosomes and relocated into mitochondria. All compounds could induce mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) loss and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) consumption under light to cause cell death. NMe2NBS exhibited remarkable in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy in a xenograft mouse tumor (inhibition rate, 89%) with no obvious side effects. This work provides a valuable methodology to investigate the structure–property relationships of benzophenothiazine dyes, which is of great importance in the practical application of PDT against hypoxia tumor cells.
Accelerant method for Green's function of horizontal dipole in parallel plate waveguide

An accelerant method is proposed to calculate Green's function for a horizontal dipole in a parallel plate waveguide. The expression in the spatial domain is simple and easily coded. It is advantageous in a wide frequency range and for a larger ratio of distance over height. For a small ratio of distance over height, the computing efficiency is comparable with the complex image method without the need for complex mathematical pretreatment.
Differences between Radiosonde and Dropsonde Temperature Profiles over the Arctic Ocean

Abstract The boundary layer structure measured by 402 pairs of approximately collocated radiosonde and dropsonde temperature profiles over the Arctic Ocean during the period 1957–61 is examined. The radiosonde profiles were obtained at the Russian drifting ice camps “North Pole 7” and “North Pole 8,” and the dropsonde profiles were measured during the United States Air Force “Ptarmigan” series of weather reconnaissance flights. The boundary layer structure is characterized by the features of the low-level tropospheric temperature inversion. The results indicate that the dropsonde soundings, although containing relatively few measurement levels, contain sufficient vertical resolution to characterize the temperature inversion. Systematic differences were noted in wintertime inversion features and near-surface temperatures as measured by dropsondes and radiosondes. These differences are attributed to contrasting temperature lag errors accompanying ascending and descending sensors.
Microfluidic application-specific integrated device for monitoring direct cell-cell communication via gap junctions between individual cell pairs

Direct cell-cell communication between adjacent cells is vital for the development and regulation of functional tissues. However, current biological techniques are difficult to scale up for high-throughput screening of cell-cell communication in an array format. In order to provide an effective biophysical tool for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of gap junctions that underlie intercellular communication, we have developed a microfluidic device for selective trapping of cell-pairs and simultaneous optical characterizations. Two different cell populations can be brought into membrane contact using an array of trapping channels with a 2μm by 2μm cross section. Device operation was verified by observation of dye transfer between mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) placed in membrane contact. Integration with lab-on-a-chip technologies offers promising applications for cell-based analytical tools such as drug screening, clinical diagnostics, and soft-state biophysical devices for the study of gap junction protein.
A Relativistic Model of Fluids Motion

The paper suggests a relativistic model of fluids motion combining the conventional formulation of the relativistic fluid mechanics with the “Maxwell’s formulation” of equations of the relativistic flow field, following from application of the 4D formalism in deducing Maxwell’s equations with the 4-potential replaced by the 4-momentum flux. The model is formulated to demonstrate a possibility of an alternative interpretation of viscosity effects in non-relativistic and relativistic situations. The model complements also the similarities in mathematical formulation of fluid mechanics and electrodynamics addressed in different contexts.
Some Numerical Methods for Solving Stochastic Impulse Control in Natural Gas Storage Facilities

The valuation of gas storage facilities is characterized as a stochastic impulse control problem with finite horizon resulting in Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations for the value function. In this context the two catagories of solving schemes for optimal switching are discussed in a stochastic control framework. We reviewed some numerical methods which include approaches related to partial differential equations (PDEs), Markov chain approximation, nonparametric regression, quantization method and some practitioners’ methods. This paper considers optimal switching problem arising in valuation of gas storage contracts for leasing the storage facilities, and investigates the recent developments as well as their advantages and disadvantages of each scheme based on dynamic programming principle (DPP).
Antimalarial Activity of Tri- and Tetra-Substituted Anilino Pyrazoles

Pyrazole core represents a privilege scaffold in medicinal chemistry; a number of pyrazole compounds are endowed with various pharmacological activities in different therapeutic areas including antimalarial treatment. Supported by this evidence, a series of 5-anilino-3-(hetero)arylpyrazoles were evaluated for their antiplasmodial activity in in vitro assays. The compounds were synthesized according to regioselective and versatile protocols that combine active methylene reagents, aryl isothiocyanates and (substituted)hydrazines. The considered derivatives 2 allowed the definition of consistent structure–activity relationships and compounds 2b,e,k,l were identified as the most interesting derivatives of the series showing micromolar IC50 values against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium strains. Additionally, the most active anilino-pyrazoles did not show any cytotoxicity against tumor and normal cells and were predicted to have favorable drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties.
Homocysteine level at the acute stage of ischemic stroke as a biomarker of poststroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Studies on the association of homocysteine level with poststroke depression (PSD) have yielded conflicting results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the elevated homocysteine level at the acute stage of ischemic stroke in predicting PSD. Methods Two authors systematically searched articles indexed in PubMed and Embase databases up to 31 January 2022. Studies evaluating the association of homocysteine level with the development of PSD in patients with acute ischemic stroke were selected. Results A total of 10 studies involving 2,907 patients were identified. The pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) of PSD was 3.72 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.03–6.81] for the top vs. bottom homocysteine level. The value of elevated homocysteine level in predicting PSD was stronger in ≥6-month follow-up (OR 4.81; 95% CI 3.12–7.43) than those in ≤ 3-month follow-up subgroup (OR 3.20; 95% CI 1.29–7.91). Moreover, a per unit increase in homocysteine level conferred a 7% higher risk of PSD. Conclusion Elevated homocysteine level in the acute stage of ischemic stroke may be an independent predictor of PSD.
Identifying Bioactive Ingredients and Antioxidant Activities of Wild Sanghuangporus Species of Medicinal Fungi

Sanghuangporus refers to a group of rare medicinal fungi with remarkable therapeutic properties. However, current knowledge on the bioactive ingredients and antioxidant activities of different species of this genus is limited. In this study, a total of 15 wild strains from 8 species of Sanghuangporus were selected as the experimental materials for identification of the bioactive components (polysaccharide, polyphenol, flavonoid, triterpenoid, and ascorbic acid) and antioxidant activities (scavenging activities against hydroxyl, superoxide, DPPH, and ABTS radicals; superoxide dismutase activity; and ferric reducing ability of plasma). Notably, individual strains contained different levels of various indicators, among which Sanghuangporus baumii Cui 3573, S. sanghuang Cui 14419 and Cui 14441, S. vaninii Dai 9061, and S. zonatus Dai 10841 displayed the strongest activities. The correlation analysis of bioactive ingredients and antioxidant activities revealed that the antioxidant capacity of Sanghuangporus is mainly associated with the contents of flavonoid and ascorbic acid, followed by polyphenol and triterpenoid, and finally, polysaccharide. Together, the results obtained from the comprehensive and systematic comparative analyses contribute further potential resources and critical guidance for the separation, purification, and further development and utilization of bioactive agents from wild Sanghuangporus species, as well as the optimization of their artificial cultivation conditions.
Mode-matching analysis of top-hat monopole antennas loaded with radially layered dielectric

A top-hat monopole antenna with homogeneous or inhomogeneous dielectric loading over a ground plane is considered. Mode-matching analysis with proper enforcement of edge conditions is applied to the problem. The results of this technique are verified through independent calculations of admittance as well as by comparison of fields across matching regions. Measurements were also taken for comparison with the results from the model. It is shown that dielectric loading can reduce the electrical size necessary for self resonance, but only at the expense of a large increase in radiation Q.
The Electronic Mental Wellness Tool as a Self-Administered Brief Screening Instrument for Mental Disorders in the General Spanish Population during the Post-COVID-19 Era

(1) Background: In the “post-COVID-19 era”, there is a need to focus on properly assessing and addressing the extent of its well-established mental health collateral damage. The “Electronic Mental Wellness Tool” (E-mwTool) is a 13-item validated stepped-care or stratified management instrument that aims at the high-sensitivity captures of individuals with mental health disorders to determine the need for mental health care. This study validated the E-mwTool in a Spanish-speaking population. (2) Methods: It is a cross-sectional validation study using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview as a criterion standard in a sample of 433 participants. (3) Results: About 72% of the sample had a psychiatric disorder, and 67% had a common mental disorder. Severe mental disorders, alcohol use disorders, substance use disorders, and suicide risk had a much lower prevalence rate (6.7%, 6.2%, 3.2%, and 6.2%, respectively). The first three items performed excellently in identifying any mental health disorder with 0.97 sensitivity. Ten additional items classified participants with common mental disorders, severe mental disorders, substance use disorders, and suicide risk. (4) Conclusions: The E-mwTool had high sensitivity in identifying common mental disorders, alcohol and substance use disorders, and suicidal risk. However, the tool’s sensitivity in detecting low-prevalence disorders in the sample was low. This Spanish version may be useful to detect patients at risk of mental health burden at the front line of primary and secondary care in facilitating help-seeking and referral by their physicians.
The Value of Deep Learning in Gallbladder Lesion Characterization

Background: The similarity of gallbladder cancer and benign gallbladder lesions brings challenges to diagnosing gallbladder cancer (GBC). This study investigated whether a convolutional neural network (CNN) could adequately differentiate GBC from benign gallbladder diseases, and whether information from adjacent liver parenchyma could improve its performance. Methods: Consecutive patients referred to our hospital with suspicious gallbladder lesions with histopathological diagnosis confirmation and available contrast-enhanced portal venous phase CT scans were retrospectively selected. A CT-based CNN was trained once on gallbladder only and once on gallbladder including a 2 cm adjacent liver parenchyma. The best-performing classifier was combined with the diagnostic results based on radiological visual analysis. Results: A total of 127 patients were included in the study: 83 patients with benign gallbladder lesions and 44 with gallbladder cancer. The CNN trained on the gallbladder including adjacent liver parenchyma achieved the best performance with an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI 0.71–0.92), being >10% better than the CNN trained on only the gallbladder (p = 0.09). Combining the CNN with radiological visual interpretation did not improve the differentiation between GBC and benign gallbladder diseases. Conclusions: The CT-based CNN shows promising ability to differentiate gallbladder cancer from benign gallbladder lesions. In addition, the liver parenchyma adjacent to the gallbladder seems to provide additional information, thereby improving the CNN’s performance for gallbladder lesion characterization. However, these findings should be confirmed in larger multicenter studies.
The Two-Direction Neutral-Particle Transport Model: A Useful Tool for Research and Education

The two-direction transport model limits the transport of neutrons and photons to the +X and –X directions, resulting in a diffusion-type differential equation for the total flux. Anisotropic scattering can easily be incorporated. Analytical solutions of this equation can easily be obtained, as well as for the flux in either direction. This may help students to better understand transport and diffusion theory and the continuity or discontinuity of transport quantities and their derivatives at internal medium boundaries. As the two-direction transport model is a simplified but true transport model, it can easily be incorporated in a Monte Carlo code, and can then be used to test the operation and performance of the Monte Carlo code—especially to test methods for variance reduction, including zero-variance schemes. The adjoint equations for two different types of importance functions are derived, for which analytical solutions are possible. The less well-known importance function for particles entering a collision is essential in constructing Monte Carlo zero-variance sampling schemes. Several examples are worked out with analytical and numerical solutions, which demonstrate the use of the two-direction model; the application of the various boundary, interface, and source conditions; and the application of the adjoint functions. It also shows the unusual solution of an eigenfunction problem with anisotropic fission. The numerical results from analytical solutions are confirmed by Monte Carlo and discrete ordinates calculations.
A study on the stability of laminar open-channel flow over a sandy rippled bed

The bed of a river often features some kinds of bedform, such as sand ripples, dunes, and so on. Even if the bed is smooth initially, disturbances arising from the bed or other external sources will cause the laminar flow in an open channel to become unstable as soon as the flow develops, thereby leading to the formation of sand ripples on the bed. In return, the formation of the sand ripples will modfy the instability path of the laminar flow passing over them. The wavy character of the bed will induce further instability of the flow, which is essentially different from that on a smooth bed: the neutral curve will move forward and the critical Reynolds number will decrease. The flow is unstable in response to a wider range of the disturbance wave number, or the laminar flow instability can happen more easily. The propagation speed of the sand ripples also affects the flow instability, since the stability of open channel flow over a movable bed is fundamentally different from that on a rigid bed. These instability effects are discussed in detail in this paper.