Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the $p$-adic Space

In this paper, we offer a brief introduction to the $p$-adic numbers and operations in the metric space defined under the $p$-adic norm. Specifically, we provide a clear description of the derivation of the $p$-adic number via the completion of the rationals. This work provides definitions of all required background knowledge. We discuss salient features of $p$-adic algebra and explore various properties of the $p$-adic space, proving the Strong Triangle Inequality, the Product Formula, and Ostrowski's Theorem. Finally, we discuss interdisciplinary applications of $p$-adic analysis outside of number theory to quantum mechanics and computer science. This paper is a highly accessible introduction to $p$-adic numbers, ideal for individuals with little to no background in number theory.
Estimating Orthogonal Impulse Responses via Vector Autoregressive Models

Impulse response functions from time series models are standard tools for analyzing the relationship between economic variables. The asymptotic distribution of orthogonalized impulse responses is derived under the assumption that finite order vector autoregressive (VAR) models are fitted to time series generated by possibly infinite order processes. The resulting asymptotic distributions of forecast error variance decompositions are also given.
Foreign direct investment and carbon emissions in China: “Pollution Haven” or “Pollution Halo”? Evidence from the NARDL model

Based on nonlinear autoregressive distributed lagged (NARDL) model, FDI is divided into two shocks (FDI+ and FDI−) to analyze its impacts on China’s carbon emissions. Outcomes confirm that: in the short-term, FDI+ notably promoted China’s carbon emissions, while FDI− shed no significant light on it; in the long-term, both FDI+ and FDI− significantly accelerate China’s carbon emissions, and the promoting effect from FDI− is much higher. “Pollution Haven” effect was validated in both the long- and short-term. Meanwhile, China’s carbon emissions showed a “U-shaped” relationship with economic development, and were positively related to population growth and energy intensity. Therefore, FDI should be carefully guided into energy-saving and clean-production industries and technologies, while FDI introduced into energy-intensive fields should be strictly scrutinized and higher taxes levied, to reduce carbon emissions. Policies oriented towards energy transformation, such as promoting new renewable energy and energy efficiency improvements, should be given greater priority in the future.
Intrinsic Discretization Error Bounds for Geodesic Finite Elements

The theory of finite element exterior calculus (FEEC) developed by Arnold, Falk, and Winther (2006, 2010) provides an abstract framework for the stability analysis for mixed finite element discretizations of linear PDEs that can be written as an abstract Hodge Laplacian of a closed Hilbert complex. Arnold, Falk, and Winther identify as key property for stability that the discretization spaces form a subcomplex of the continuous complex with a bounded cochain projection in between. Holst and Stern (2012) extend FEEC by weakening the subcomplex assumption, thus allowing non-conformity of the discretization methods. This in particular extends the theory to complexes on approximate domains. An application to surface finite elements for the Laplace-Beltrami operator then recovers the a priori estimates proven by Dziuk (1988) and Demlow (2009). Although the theory of Hilbert complexes and Hodge theory was developed to analyze topological invariants such as Betti numbers, the aspects used to obtain the above framework can be explained in a rather elementary, non-topological way. The aim of this talk is to do just that. Die Disputation besteht aus dem o. g. Vortrag, danach der Vorstellung der Dissertation einschließlich jeweils anschließenden Aussprachen. Interessierte werden hiermit herzlich eingeladen Der Vorsitzende der Promotionskommission Prof. Dr. R. Kornhuber
Circular Flows in Planar Graphs

For integers $a\ge 2b>0$, a \emph{circular $a/b$-flow} is a flow that takes values from $\{\pm b, \pm(b+1), \dots, \pm(a-b)\}$. The Planar Circular Flow Conjecture states that every $2k$-edge-connected planar graph admits a circular $(2+\frac{2}{k})$-flow. The cases $k=1$ and $k=2$ are equivalent to the Four Color Theorem and Gr\"otzsch's 3-Color Theorem. For $k\ge 3$, the conjecture remains open. Here we make progress when $k=4$ and $k=6$. We prove that (i) {\em every 10-edge-connected planar graph admits a circular 5/2-flow} and (ii) {\em every 16-edge-connected planar graph admits a circular 7/3-flow. } The dual version of statement (i) on circular coloring was previously proved by Dvo\v{r}\'ak and Postle (Combinatorica 2017), but our proof has the advantages of being much shorter and avoiding the use of computers for case-checking. Further, it has new implications for antisymmetric flows. Statement (ii) is especially interesting because the counterexamples to Jaeger's original Circular Flow Conjecture are 12-edge-connected nonplanar graphs that admit no circular 7/3-flow. Thus, the planarity hypothesis of (ii) is essential.
A generalized Serre’s condition

Abstract Throughout, let R be a commutative Noetherian ring. A ring R satisfies Serre’s condition if for all . Serre’s condition has been a topic of expanding interest. In this paper, we examine a generalization of Serre’s condition . We say a ring satisfies when for all . We prove generalizations of results for rings satisfying Serre’s condition.
A Numerical Simulation of the Mei-Yu Front and the Associated Low Level Jet

Abstract A two-dimensional frontal model was used to study the structure and behavior of the Mei-Yu front over East Asia. The Mei-Yu front is characterized by mixed midlatitude-baroclinic and tropical-convective properties, with frequent occurrence of a low-level jet (LLJ) that is highly correlated with heavy convective rainfall. The quasi-steady state responses to a large-scale stretching deformation forcing were obtained by integrating the perturbation equations from an initial state of seasonal-mean zonal flow. Two major sets of experiments were conducted to simulate different midlatitude and subtropical conditions. The midlatitude front extends deeply into the upper troposphere with a strong poleward tilt, whereas the subtropical front is confined to the lower troposphere with less tilt, in good agreement with observations. Along the sloping front, slantwise updrafts develop with a multiband structure. This updraft is more evident in the subtropical cases and in the more moist midlatitude cases. For t.
Representations of super deformation of Heisenberg-Virasoro type Lie conformal algebras

Abstract We introduce a class of Lie conformal superalgebra S(a, b), where a, b are complex parameters. These Lie conformal superalgebras can be viewed as the super deformation of Heisenberg-Virasoro type Lie conformal algebras. We classify the free conformal modules of rank over S(a, b) for all . Using a Cheng-Kac’s lemma, we also classify the finite irreducible conformal modules over S(a, b).
Energy Consumption of IoT Devices: An Accurate Evaluation to Better Predict Battery Lifetime

LoRa to say Long Range is one of the Low Power Wide Area Network technologies suitable for Internet of Things due to its low power consumption. In this paper we evaluate the energy consumption of a LoRa network using the LoRaWAN protocol which is based on the pure Aloha access method. We define a reference scenario (scenario 0), which consists in neglecting the energy consumption related to the different states of the end‐devices after transmission of a packet that does not require downlink acknowledgment and then we compare this scenario 0 to scenario 1, scenario 2 and scenario 3. Indeed the scenario 1 consists in considering the states of the end‐devices after transmission in uplink of a packet without acknowledgment, in the evaluation of the energy consumption. However, scenario 2 takes into account the different states of the end‐devices in scenario 1 with an acknowledgment on the first reception window. While in scenario 3 the acknowledgment is done on the second reception window always taking into account the end‐devices states. The simulation results with the LoRaSim tool have shown that the network energy consumption (NEC) increases significantly when considering the different states of the end‐device after uplink transmission of a packet without acknowledgment, but also that the increase of the NEC related to end‐device states is even more important if packets are acknowledged. Thus for a rigorous evaluation of the NEC, it is important to take into account the states of the end‐device after transmission of a packet but also the eventual acknowledgments in order to better predict the battery lifetime.
Exosomes in Genitourinary Cancers: Emerging Mediators of Drug Resistance and Promising Biomarkers

Drug resistance presents a major obstacle in the treatment of genitourinary cancers. Exosomes as the medium of intercellular communication serve important biological functions and play essential roles in pathological processes, including drug response. Through the transfer of bioactive cargoes, exosomes can modulate drug resistance via multiple mechanisms. This review attempts to elucidate the mechanisms of exosomal cargoes with reference to tumor drug resistance, their role in genitourinary cancers, and their potential clinical applications as candidate biomarkers in liquid biopsy.
Sufficiency of Deterministic Policies for Atomless Discounted and Uniformly Absorbing MDPs with Multiple Criteria

This paper studies Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with atomless initial state distributions and atomless transition probabilities. Such MDPs are called atomless. The initial state distribution is considered to be fixed. We show that for discounted MDPs with bounded one-step reward vector-functions, for each policy there exists a deterministic (that is, nonrandomized and stationary) policy with the same performance vector. This fact is proved in the paper for a more general class of uniformly absorbing MDPs with expected total costs, and then it is extended under certain assumptions to MDPs with unbounded rewards. For problems with multiple criteria and constraints, the results of this paper imply that for atomless MDPs studied in this paper it is sufficient to consider only deterministic policies, while without the atomless assumption it is well-known that randomized policies can outperform deterministic ones. We also provide an example of an MDP demonstrating that, if a vector measure is defined on a standard Borel space, then Lyapunov's convexity theorem is a special case of the described results.
On the top eigenvalue of heavy-tailed random matrices

We study the statistics of the largest eigenvalue λmax of N × N random matrices with IID entries of variance 1/N, but with power law tails P(Mij) ∼ |Mij|−1−μ. When μ > 4, λmax converges to 2 with Tracy-Widom fluctuations of order N−2/3, but with large finite N corrections. When μ < 4, λmax is of order N2/μ−1/2 and is governed by Fréchet statistics. The marginal case μ = 4 provides a new class of limiting distribution that we compute explicitly. We extend these results to sample covariance matrices, and show that extreme events may cause the largest eigenvalue to significantly exceed the Marčenko-Pastur edge.
Experimental Research on a Capsule Robot with Spring-Connected Legs

Based on a previous study of a novel capsule robot (CR) with spring-connected legs that could collect intestinal juice for biopsy, in this research, an experiment system is designed, and two experiments are carried out. One of the experiments measures the torque and cutting force of this CR, and the other experiment tests and evaluates the biopsy function of this CR. In the measuring experiment, we analyze how the magnetic torque exerted on this CR changes. In the experiment with a biopsy, we decompose the biopsy actions and select the most effective biopsy action. The result of the experiments shows that this CR can collect and store biopsy samples ideally, and the most effective biopsy action is the rotation with legs extended.
The Effects of Changing Negatively Worded Items to Positively Worded Items on the Reliability and the Factor Structure of Psychological Scales

In survey measurement, acquiescence bias is a response effect that occurs when respondents agree to the item or the question in the scale regardless of its content. It is assumed that negative items force participants not to agree with some items. Using the mixture approach, however, is not without a substantial cost on both the structure and the scale psychometric properties. The effects of including negative items in scales is what this study tried to investigate. Therefore, the aim of the study is to empirically evaluate the effects of changing negative items to their equivalent positively worded items on the reliability and the factor structure of psychological scales. It is hypothesized that this approach improves the scale factors structures and reliability. Seven commonly used psychological scales that have both negatively and positively worded items have been selected. The scales were applied on seven different samples with a total number of 4192 participants from a public university in the United Arab Emirates. The results confirmed that changing negative items to their equivalent positively directed items systematically and significantly increased the reliability values as well as improved the factor structure of psychological scales.
Basophil Activation Test with Different Polyethylene Glycols in Patients with Suspected PEG Hypersensitivity Reactions

Allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccine components are rare but should be considered. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is responsible for anaphylaxis in mRNA vaccines. Skin tests have been used in the allergological work-up programs for COVID-19 vaccine evaluation. However, the reproducibility of the skin prick test is time-dependent and the reactivity declines over time. Therefore, we combined the administration of the skin tests with the basophil activation test (BAT) using PEG2000, PEG4000 and DMG-PEG2000, where the BAT was considered positive when the percentage of activated basophils was higher than 6%, 5% and 6.5%, for PEG 4000, PEG2000 and DMG-PEG2000, respectively. To this end, among the subjects that underwent allergy counseling at the Allergy Unit of our Institution during the 2020/2021 vaccination campaign, 13 patients had a suggested medical history of PEG/drug hypersensitivity and were enrolled together with 10 healthy donors. Among the enrolled patients 2 out of 13 tested patients were positive to the skin test. The BAT was negative in terms of the percentages of activated basophils in all analyzed samples, but the stimulation index (SI) was higher than 2.5 in 4 out of 13 patients. These data evidenced that, when the SI is higher than 2.5, even in the absence of positivity to BAT, the BAT to PEG may be a useful tool to be coupled to skin tests to evidence even low-grade reactions.
Wildly Compatible Systems and Six Operations

Let $S$ be an excellent regular scheme and let $X$ be a scheme separated and of finite type over $S$. Let $K_c(X, \mathbb{F}_{\lambda})$ be the Grothendieck ring of $\mathbb{F}_{\lambda}$-constructible sheaves on $X$, where $\mathbb{F}_{\lambda}$ is the finite field with $\lambda$ elements. Given an index set $I$ and for certain $\mathbb{Q}$-vector subspaces $V\subset \prod_{i\in I}\mathbb{Q}_{\lambda_i}$, we define wildly compatible systems of virtual constructible sheaves on $X$. The main result is that for $\dim S \leq 1$, wildly compatible systems are preserved by Grothendieck's six operations and Verdier's duality, with further assumption that $V$ is a sub-algebra for derived Hom and tensor product. Finally, when $X$ is a curve over a finite field we prove all $\ell$-adic compatible systems will give wildly compatible systems.
Vasorelaxant and Antihypertensive Effects of Bergenin on Isolated Rat Aorta and High Salt-Induced Hypertensive Rats

Bergenin is a phenolic glycoside that has been reported to be present in some medicinal plants which are traditionally used for their antihypertensive actions. So, bergenin was investigated for antihypertensive and vasorelaxant experiments in a rat model. Bergenin produced a significant fall in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of rats. To explore the involvement of NO and muscarinic receptors, rats were pretreated with L-NAME and atropine in-vivo. The L-NAME did not change significantly the effect of bergenin on MAP excluding the involvement of NO. Unlike the L-NAME, atropine pretreatment reduced the effect of bergenin on MAP, indicating the role of muscarinic receptors. In in-vitro study, the bergenin produced endothelium-dependent (at lower concentrations) and independent (at higher concentrations) vasorelaxation, which was attenuated significantly in the presence of atropine and indomethacin but not with L-NAME. While a partial response was observed against K+-induced contractions. This was further confirmed when bergenin partly shifted the CaCl2-CRCs toward right. Bergenin also suppressed the PE peak formation, indicating the antagonist effect against the release of Ca2+. Moreover, the bergenin-induced vasorelaxant response was not markedly attenuated with TEA, while significantly ablated with 4-AP and BaCl2. In conclusion, the antihypertensive effects of bergenin are due to Ca2+ channel blockade, K+ channels activation, and muscarinic receptor-linked vasodilation.
Sonar pulse detection and recognition based on deep learning

Sonar pulse detection and recognition is an important research direction of national marine construction. Traditional target detection and recognition methods have insufficient feature extraction capabilities and high time complexity. To solve this problem, this paper makes full use of the strong feature expression capabilities of deep neural networks. Based on the mainstream target detection networks including Faster RCNN, SSD, and YOLOv3, the sonar pulse detection and recognition method based on deep learning are deeply studied and verified on the pulse signal generated by simulation. The experimental results and analysis show that the average detection accuracy of the YOLOv3 network for sonar pulse signals can reach 92.35%, and the detection time of a single pulse signal power spectrum is only 0.018 seconds. Compared with Faster RCNN and SSD, YOLOv3 has better practicability and robustness in the field of sonar pulse detection and recognition.
Development of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer System for Coin Classification

In this work, a method for identifying counterfeit coins based on an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) to detect the difference in the coin’s natural acoustic frequency response is presented. In the experimental system, the acoustic oscillation induced by a pulsed magnetic field is received by a microphone and recorded by an oscilloscope. The natural acoustic frequency of the coin is resolved by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method on the computer. It is found that the natural frequencies of the possible counterfeit coins deviate significantly from the standard ranges of 16.9 to 17.4 kHz for the authentic 50 New Taiwan Dollar (NTD) coins. The observed natural frequencies of the coin are consistent with the values predicted by analytical estimation. We also built a prototype EMAT coin classification system to detect the natural acoustic frequency by direct frequency counting using a microcontroller. The prototype system demonstrates that a counterfeit coin can be identified by its natural frequency in less than 30 ms using the EMAT method. The proposed technique can be applied to the vending machine to improve the accuracy in discriminating between authentic and counterfeit coins.
Topological entropy of compact subsystems of transitive real line maps

For a continuous map f from the real line (half-open interval [0, 1)) into itself let ent(f) denote the supremum of topological entropies of f| K , where K runs over all compact f-invariant subsets of ℝ ([0, 1), respectively). It is proved that if f is topologically transitive, then the best lower bound of ent(f) is (log 3, respectively) and it is not attained. This solves a problem posed by Cánovas [Topological entropy of continuous transitive maps on the real line, Dyn. Syst. 24(4) (2009), pp. 473–483]. It is also shown that for non-compact spaces the specification property is no longer a conjugacy invariant and there are mixing maps of the open and half-open interval without the specification property.
Developing an Improved Ensemble Learning Approach for Predictive Maintenance in the Textile Manufacturing Process

With the rapid development of digital transformation, paper forms are digitalized as electronic forms (e-Forms). Existing data can be applied in predictive maintenance (PdM) for the enabling of intelligentization and automation manufacturing. This study aims to enhance the utilization of collected e-Form data though machine learning approaches and cloud computing to predict and provide maintenance actions. The ensemble learning approach (ELA) requires less computation time and has a simple hardware requirement; it is suitable for processing e-form data with specific attributes. This study proposed an improved ELA to predict the defective class of product data from a manufacturing site’s work order form. This study proposed the resource dispatching approach to arrange data with the corresponding emailing resource for automatic notification. This study’s novelty is the integration of cloud computing and an improved ELA for PdM to assist the textile product manufacturing process. The data analytics results show that the improved ensemble learning algorithm has over 98% accuracy and precision for defective product prediction. The validation results of the dispatching approach show that data can be correctly transmitted in a timely manner to the corresponding resource, along with a notification being sent to users.
Detection Method of Fry Feeding Status Based on YOLO Lightweight Network by Shallow Underwater Images

Pellet feed is widely used in fry feeding, which cannot sink to the bottom in a short time, so most fries eat in shallow underwater areas. Aiming at the characteristics of fry feeding, we present herein a nondestructive and rapid detection method based on a shallow underwater imaging system and deep learning framework to obtain fry feeding status. Towards this end, images of fry feeding in shallow underwater areas and floating uneaten pellets were captured, following which they were processed to reduce noise and enhance data information. Two characteristics were defined to reflect fry feeding behavior, and a YOLOv4-Tiny-ECA network was used to detect them. The experimental results indicate that the network works well, with a detection speed of 108FPS and a model size of 22.7 MB. Compared with other outstanding detection networks, the YOLOv4-Tiny-ECA network is better, faster, and has stronger robustness in conditions of sunny, cloudy, and bubbles. It indicates that the proposed method can provide technical support for intelligent feeding in factory fry breeding with natural light.