Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical diagnostic criteria for premenstrual syndrome and guidelines for their quantification for research studies

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses a variety of symptoms appearing during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Although PMS is widely recognized, the etiology remains unclear and it lacks definitive, universally accepted diagnostic criteria. To address these issues an international multidisciplinary group of experts evaluated the current definitions and diagnostic criteria of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Following extensive correspondence, a consensus meeting was held with the aim of producing updated diagnostic criteria for PMS and guidelines for clinical and research applications. This report presents the conclusions and recommendations of the group. It is hoped that the criteria proposed by the group will become widely accepted and eventually be incorporated into the next edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). It is also hoped that the proposed guidelines for quantification of criteria will be used by clinicians and investigators to facilitate diagnostic uniformity in the field as well as adequate treatment modalities when warranted.
Consumer Panelist Behavior in Experimental Auctions: What Do We Learn From Their Bids?

Experimental economics procedures such as laboratory experimental auctions are increasingly being used to measure consumers' willingness-to-pay. A sealed-bid, fourth-price Vickrey-style auction was used to measure consumers' willingness-to-pay for flavor in beef steaks. Two hundred and forty-eight consumers from Chicago and San Francisco participated in the experimental auctions. The data gathered from these experimental auctions was then used to examine individual demand or utility in an experimental, uniform-price auction; and to analyze market demand and market price in an experimental auction when supply is fixed but demand varies. The results indicated that certain demographic variables may increase the probability that a participant wins or loses an experimental auction. The market price was found to be a function of the number of participants in a panel, as well as consumers' tastes and preferences. Changes in the market price of the auctions in the study appear to be more a function of the same factors that influence demand in the marketplace, rather than a wealth effect. Consumers in this research did appear to be expressing their true value for the auction product and the auction provided a valuable measure of consumers' WTP for flavor.
Rank-Revealing QR Factorizations and the Singular Value Decomposition

T. Chan has noted that, even when the singular value decomposition of a matrix A is known, it is still not obvious how to find a rank-revealing QR factorization (RRQR) of A if A has numerical rank deficiency. This paper offers a constructive proof of the existence of the RRQR factorization of any matrix A of size m x n with numerical rank r . The bounds derived in this paper that guarantee the existence of RRQR are all of order f i ,in comparison with Chan's 0(2"-') . It has been known for some time that if A is only numerically rank-one deficient, then the column permutation l7 of A that guarantees a small rnn in the QR factorization of A n can be obtained by inspecting the size of the elements of the right singular vector of A corresponding to the smallest singular value of A . To some extent, our paper generalizes this well-known result. We consider the interplay between two important matrix decompositions: the singular value decomposition and the QR factorization of a matrix A . In particular, we are interested in the case when A is singular or nearly singular. It is well known that for any A E R m X n (a real matrix with rn rows and n columns, where without loss of generality we assume rn > n) there are orthogonal matrices U and V such that where C is a diagonal matrix with nonnegative diagonal elements: We assume that a, 2 a2 2 . 2 on 2 0 . The decomposition (0.1) is the singular value decomposition (SVD) of A , and the ai are the singular values of A . The columns of V are the right singular vectors of A , and the columns of U are the left singular vectors of A . Mathematically, in terms of the singular values, Received December 1, 1990; revised February 8, 199 1. 199 1 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 65F30, 15A23, 15A42, 15A15.
International Actors on the Domestic Scene: Membership Conditionality and Socialization by International Institutions

International relations scholars increasingly debate when and how international institutions influence domestic policy. This examination of ethnic politics in four Baltic and East European countries during the 1990s shows how European institutions shaped domestic policy, and why these institutions sometimes failed. Comparing traditional rational choice mechanisms such as membership conditionality with more socialization-based efforts, I argue that conditionality motivated most behavior changes, but that socialization-based efforts often guided them. Furthermore, using new case studies, statistics, and counterfactual analysis, I find that domestic opposition posed far greater obstacles to socialization-based methods than it did to conditionality: when used alone, socialization-based methods rarely changed behavior; when they did, the domestic opposition was usually low and the effect was only moderate. In contrast, incentive-based methods such as membership conditionality were crucial in changing policy: As domestic opposition grew, membership conditionality was not only increasingly necessary to change behavior, but it was also surprisingly effective.Many panel and seminar participants have offered useful comments on this work, but my thanks goes in particular to Michael Zürn, Alexandra Gheciu, Frank Schimmelfennig, Jeff Checkel, Robert Keohane, Steven Wilkinson, Robert Putnam, Milada Vachudova, and the editors and anonymous reviewers of International Organization. I also thank Princeton University Press for allowing me to use material from my book Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives. The usual caveats apply. This research was funded by a grant from the Danish Research Academy (former Forskerakademiet), and by travel support from the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard.
Site of auditory plasticity in the brain stem (VLVp) of the owl revealed by early monaural occlusion.

1. The optic tectum of the barn owl contains a physiological map of interaural level difference (ILD) that underlies, in part, its map of auditory space. Monaural occlusion shifts the range of ILDs experienced by an animal and alters the correspondence of ILDs with source locations. Chronic monaural occlusion during development induces an adaptive shift in the tectal ILD map that compensates for the effects of the earplug. The data presented in this study indicate that one site of plasticity underlying this adaptive adjustment is in the posterior division of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VLVp), the first site of ILD comparison in the auditory pathway. 2. Single and multiple unit sites were recorded in the optic tecta and VLVps of ketamine-anesthetized owls. The owls were raised from 4 wk of age with one ear occluded with an earplug. Auditory testing, using digitally synthesized dichotic stimuli, was carried out 8-16 wk later with the earplug removed. The adaptive adjustment in ILD coding in each bird was quantified as the shift from normal ILD tuning measured in the optic tectum. Evidence of adaptive adjustment in the VLVp was based on statistical differences between the VLVp's ipsilateral and contralateral to the occluded ear in the sensitivity of units to excitatory-ear and inhibitory-ear stimulation. 3. The balance of excitatory to inhibitory influences on VLVp units was shifted in the adaptive direction in six out of eight owls. In three of these owls, adaptive differences in inhibition, but not in excitation, were found. For this group of owls, the patterns of response properties across the two VLVps can only be accounted for by plasticity in the VLVp. For the other three owls, the possibility that the difference between the two VLVps resulted from damage to one of the VLVps could not be eliminated, and for one of these, plasticity at a more peripheral site (in the cochlea or cochlear nucleus) could also explain the data. In the remaining two owls, there was no evidence of adaptive adjustment in the VLVp despite large adaptive adjustments in the optic tectum. 4. The adjustment of ILD coding in the VLVp was always substantially smaller than expected based on the adjustment of ILD tuning in the optic tectum measured in the same animals. This indicates the involvement of at least one additional site of adaptive plasticity in the auditory pathway above the level of the VLVp. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Relationship between downside risk and return: new evidence through a multiscaling approach

In the multiscaling approach, a time series is decomposed into different time horizons referred to as timescales. In this article, we investigate the risk–return relationship in a downside framework using timescales. Two measures of downside risk; downside beta and downside co-skewness are investigated. A sample of Australian industry portfolios does not reveal a positive linear relationship between downside beta and portfolio return. At a high timescale where dynamics over a longer horizon (32–64 days) is captured, a positive linear association between downside co-skewness and portfolio return is observed. Overall, our results suggest that when investigating the validity of asset pricing models whether in the downside framework or in the traditional mean-variance framework, it may be prudent to consider other horizons in addition to the usual daily and monthly frequencies.
Decomposing Promotional Effects with a Dynamic Structural Model of Flexible Consumption

In this article, the authors offer a methodology to decompose the effects of price promotions into brand switching, stockpiling, and change in consumption by explicitly allowing for consumer heterogeneity in brand preferences and consumption needs. They develop a dynamic structural model of a household that decides when, what, and how much to buy, as well as how much to consume, to maximize its expected utility over an infinite horizon. By making certain simplifying assumptions, the authors reduce the dimensionality of the problem. They estimate the proposed model using household purchase data in the canned tuna and paper towels categories. The results from the model offer insights into the decomposition of promotional effects into its components. This could help managers make inferences about which brand's sales are more responsive to stockpiling or increase in consumption expansion and how temporary price cuts affect future sales. Contrary to previous literature, the authors find that brand switching is not the dominant force for the increase in sales. They show that brand-loyal consumers respond to a price promotion mainly by stockpiling for future consumption, whereas brand switchers do not stockpile at all. The authors also find that heavy users stockpile more, whereas light users mainly increase consumption when there is a price promotion.
Fewer Monies, Better Monies

In the aftermath of emerging market crises from Russia to Asia and Latin America, there is a quest for better monetary arrangements that are more crisis-proof. Fixed rates are out, flexible rates are in with a policy focus on inflation targeting. But there is, of course, the alternative of abolishing exchange rates all together. This paper revisits the issue of dollarization or currency boards to review what arguments in the debate stand up. The case for flexible exchange rates emphasizes the need for a tool to accomplish relative price adjustment. This paper argues that in an intertemporal perspective most shocks require financing in the capital market rather than adjustment. Moreover, countries frequently do not use their flexible rate to play a cyclical role and, as a result, only a pay a premium for the option to depreciate but do not take advantage of the flexibility; on the contrary, they engineer systematic overvaluation in the context of inflation targeting.
From ‘Old’ to ‘New’ Governance in the EU: Explaining a Diagnostic Deficit

The literature is now exploring the wider implications of the governance ‘turn’ in the European Union. This article develops this work by looking at the administrative demands associated with the use of ‘new’ (and principally network-based) instruments of governance. In the past, the main instrument used to integrate environmental concerns into other sectors was regulation. But in the 1990s, the Cardiff Process was established at EU level to promote a newer and more network-based approach to delivering this objective. Drawing upon an analysis of how well national administrative systems have responded to the demands associated with networks, it argues that both the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ instruments of governance are reliant on the presence of sufficient administrative capacities. It concludes that decision-makers in the EU have traded the ‘old’ governance of regulation for the ‘new’ governance of networks without sufficiently diagnosing the administrative demands associated with either.
Why do people join trade unions? The impact of workplace union density on union recruitment

Against the background of the general decline in union membership in Western countries, this study analyses factors influencing an individual’s choice whether to join a trade union. The focus is on the effects of workplace union density and individual political attitudes. Micro data covering the entire Danish workforce combined with European Social Survey data enable for the first time the statistical analysis of the effect workplace union density has on union recruitment. Workplace union density is used to measure the power of social custom in workplace union membership, constituting an instrumental motive for joining the union. Self-placement on a political left-right scale measures political attitude which is assumed to constitute a value-rational motive. The statistical results indicate that workplace union density is the main predictor of whether or not an employee is going to join a union, even when other variables such as gender, occupation and industry worked in are taken into consideration. In addition, the results indicate that political attitude is also an important factor.
On Improving the Estimate of the Export Elasticity of Substitiution

L'amelioration de l'estimation de l'elasticite de substitution a l' exportation. Dans l'6tude bien connue d'Orcutt, les deux sources centrales de biais dans la mesure des 61asticit6s par rapport au prix en commerce international sont associ6es A la question de la simultan6it6 et aux erreurs d'observation. Bien qu'on ait tent6 d'appr6cier l'importance quantitative de ce qui se rattache A la premiere question, on a peu touche A ce qui concerne la deuxieme question. Dans cet article, l'auteur pr6sente un certain nombre d'ajustements a une grande quantit6 de donn6es utilis6es pour la mesure des dlasticit6s de substitution dans le commerce mondial, et il souligne les diff6rences que ces ajustements apportent h la mesure des 6lasticites. Les ajustements ne portent pas tous sur les donnees elles-memes. En particulier, l'auteur met en doute l'utilisation fr6quente et inappropri6e des valeurs unitaires f.a. b. (franco a bord) dans les estimations en comparant les r6sultats obtenus avec ces valeurs ,t ceux qui sont obtenus, pour les memes donn6es, avec les valeurs unitaires c.a. f. (cofit, assurance, fret). Le r6sultat de ces ajustements limites est frappant: les estimations de l'6lasticit6 de substitution sont augment6s substantiellement et deviennent plus stables. Les ordres de grandeur num6riques servent d'indication du degr6 d'imperfection que des donn6es inadequates apportent A la quantification des concepts th6oriques. IL est possible que les ajustements propos6s soient d'une grande utilite dans des etudes futures. Comme sous-produit de son etude, l'auteur apporte certains 6ld1nents A la discussion en cours sur la possibilit6 d'obtenir des valeurs chronologiques des 6lasticit6s de substitution i partir des valeurs estim6es de coupe instantan6e (6lasticit6s de substitution a par rapport au produit >)
Bringing social relations back in: (re) conceptualising the 'Bullwhip Effect' in global commodity chains

Contemporary economic globalisation is characterised by the global dispersal of production and sourcing, the spread of new 'lean' management techniques and the speeding up and expanding scale of international forms of interaction. These processes are regularly described and analysed in techno-managerial terms, especially within much global supply chain and global commodity chain literature. As a consequence, there is often an (implicit or explicit) assumption of a zero-sum relationship between capital mobility and labour's bargaining power. Within supply chain literature, the concept of the 'Bullwhip Effect' (BWE) refers to a situation where a small disruption in one part of the chain is magnified elsewhere in the chain. This article argues that the concept of the BWE can be re-conceptualised as a valuable took with which to investigate claims of labour's weakness, and that it can also help 'bring social relations back in' to much globalisation analysis.
The development and politics of tenant participation in British council housing

Abstract Since the late 1960s traditions of paternalistic management in British council housing have been challenged by calls for greater tenant involvement Such calls came first from the tenants’ movement, but during the 1970s and 1980s they have been echoed in different ways by central government. The forms, aims, advocates and development of tenant participation have varied, so that events are not well explained by functionalist theories of the state. While there have been significant economic influences, political and cultural factors (particularly the ideology of consumer expectations) have been very important in putting tenant participation on the agenda of both the tenants’ movement and the state.
Dimensions of Destination Images—The Relationship Between Specific Sites and Overall Perceptions of Place: The Example of Dubai Creek and “Greater Dubai”

ABSTRACT The current research study attempted to identify to what extent the overall, generic image of a place is determined by, or related to, site specific locations within the destination. A series of answers to open-ended questions were elicited from 102 respondents in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The data were analyzed using thematic and textual analysis using the neural network program CatPac™, a principal components analysis of dichotomous variables and Spearman rho tests of frequency ranking. The results from this study imply that two homogeneities of image are able to exist simultaneously in the visitors' minds, even though little correlation appears to exist between the images.
Application of serial in vivo magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the efficacy of endothelin receptor antagonist SB 217242 in the rat carotid artery model of neointima formation.

BACKGROUND Alleviating vascular restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty remains a formidable challenge. Although multiple factors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this vascular remodeling disorder, only limited therapeutic success has been achieved. Endothelin (ET)-1 has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of neointimal growth. We report the in vivo efficacy of SB 217242, a nonpeptide dual ET(A)/ET(B) receptor antagonist with high oral bioavailability, in the rat carotid artery balloon angioplasty model. METHODS AND RESULTS The lumen volumes of carotid arteries were estimated serially with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and at day 7 and day 14 after balloon catheter-induced denudation of the carotid arterial wall in the rat. Histomorphometric analysis was performed at day 14 after surgery to quantitate intimal hyperplasia. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA followed by post hoc Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. In comparison to vehicle-treated animals, a 20% protection (P<0.05) from reduction was shown in the estimated lumen volume with long-term administration of SB 217242 (15 mg/kg BID p.o.). Histologic analyses indicated a 42% decrease (P<0.05) in neointimal growth. The MRI lumen volumes had a significant correlation with the corresponding histologic indices. CONCLUSIONS Serial MRI provides the opportunity to assess the progression of vascular lumen volume in vivo after balloon angioplasty. MRI measurements can, in conjunction with in vitro histologic measurements, contribute to the understanding of the actions of pharmacologic agents in experimental models of neointima formation. With the use of serial MRI and histologic measurements, it is demonstrated that protection from both lumen volume reduction and neointima formation is obtained in this model by use of a potent, nonpeptide dual ET(A)/ET(B) receptor antagonist, SB 217242. Furthermore, this study provides additional support to the implication of ET-1 in the pathophysiology of neointima formation.
Econometric Models for Discrete Choice Analysis of Travel and Tourism Demand

Abstract Discrete choice analysis is theory-driven and has proved valuable in empirical applications. It is an effective way to determine preferences and assess the tradeoffs that individuals make in considering various product and services bundles. Discrete choice analysis deals with qualitative choice behaviour on discrete choice situations. In travel and tourism research, random utility models have received considerable academic and industry attention and become a well-established framework. These models relate to discrete choice behaviour and permit structural analyses of demand at the level of individual decision. This approach exploits the theoretical infrastructure of utility maximization and heterogeneity in decision-makers and choice alternatives. Applied to travel research, discrete choice analysis refers to travel mode choices that differ in their attributes such as cost, comfort, safety, and travel time. This paper focuses on the application of analysis of travel and tourism demand.
State Laws and Debt Covenants

We examine whether state laws impact the use of debt covenants by using a sample of U.S. public bond issues from 1987 to 2004. We consider variation in state laws with respect to the minimum asset‐to‐debt ratio necessary for a payout and with respect to antitakeover statutes. We find that firms incorporated in states with stricter restrictions on distributions are less likely to include debt covenants that constrain payouts, limit additional debt, or restrict the sale of assets. Thus, state payout restrictions appear to be a substitute for the use of these debt covenants. On the other hand, firms incorporated in states with stronger antitakeover statutes are somewhat more likely to use debt covenants. This finding is consistent with the notion that firms with antitakeover protection are more likely to suffer from agency problems and, thus, are more likely to use debt covenants to minimize agency costs.