Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La motivazione ad apprendere tra ricerca psicologica e senso comune

In questi ultimi due decenni lo studio psicologico della motivazione ad apprendere ha avuto un grande sviluppo, che ha interessato filoni diversi di ricerca. Questi filoni di ricerca possono sostanzialmente essere ricondotti, sia pure con qualche semplificazione, a tre. Il primo filone ha elaborato i contributi della social cognition: esso studia i modi in cui l’allievo si rappresenta gli obiettivi e i risultati del proprio comportamento, percepisce e valuta la propria capacità di affrontare i vari compiti di apprendimento e si crea aspettative sui risultati futuri. Questo approccio, di evidente matrice cognitivista, ha posto l’accento sulla motivazione come rappresentazione: l’individuo non è motivato in quanto “spinto” da bisogni, né in quanto “oggetto” di contingenze favorevoli di rinforzo, come sosteneva il comportamentismo, ma in quanto tende a raggiungere un obiettivo che si presenta per una qualche ragione attraente, o a evitarlo se sgradevole. Un obiettivo, in questa prospettiva, è la La motivazione ad apprendere tra ric rca ps cologica e senso comune Pietro Boscolo* Considerare il problema motivazionale unicamente in
Fluid ingestion and exercise hyperthermia: Implications for performance, thermoregulation, metabolism and the development of fatigue

The development of fatigue during exercise and the subsequent onset of exhaustion occur earlier in the heat than in cooler environments. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the premature development of fatigue in the heat have yet to be clearly identified. However, the proposed mechanisms include metabolic, cardiovascular and central nervous system perturbations, together with an elevated core temperature. Fluid ingestion is one of three strategies that have been shown to be successful in enhancing the performance of endurance exercise in the heat, with the other interventions being precooling and acclimatization. However, like the development of fatigue in the heat, the mechanisms by which fluid ingestion allows for improved exercise performance remain unclear. We propose that fluid ingestion enhances exercise performance in the heat by increasing the heat storage capacity of the body. We suggest that the thermoregulatory, metabolic and cardiovascular alterations that occur as a result of this increased heat storage capacity contribute to performance enhancement when fluid is ingested during exercise heat stress.
Análisis de la Teoría de las Estrategias Sexuales en la población española

Analysis of Sexual Strategies Theory in the Spanish population.The aim of this study was to test some of the main hypotheses derived from Buss' Sexual Strategies Theory on a representative Spanish sample. These hypotheses refer to the different strategies men and woman seem to adopt when they want to engage in a short-term sexual relationship (fling), or in a long-term one (loving relationship). (The technical term "strategies", unlike its equivalent in everyday language, is not meant to imply something necessarily planned or conscious). Data was obtained by self-report from a representative sample of 1949 Spanish people. Almost all the results verify the working hypotheses, conferring some empirical support on the theory from which they were deduced, within an evolutionary Social Psychology paradigm. In any case, it is argued that socialization approaches ("double moral" and the social construction of gender role and sexual identity) can also explain most of the differences obtained, in perfect compatibility with biological perspectives.
Recruitment of the 40S Ribosome Subunit to the 3′-Untranslated Region (UTR) of a Viral mRNA, via the eIF4 Complex, Facilitates Cap-independent Translation*

Background: Barley yellow dwarf virus, a positive strand RNA virus, contains a 3′-translational enhancer element (BTE). Results: Ribosomes bind the 5′-UTR only in the presence of the 3′-element. Conclusion: The BTE is the site of initial ribosome recruitment. Significance: Ribosome recruitment to the 3′-BTE provides a feedback loop for the switch between translation and transcription of the viral mRNA. Barley yellow dwarf virus mRNA, which lacks both cap and poly(A) tail, has a translation element (3′-BTE) in its 3′-UTR essential for efficient translation initiation at the 5′-proximal AUG. This mechanism requires eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G), subunit of heterodimer eIF4F (plant eIF4F lacks eIF4A), and 3′-BTE-5′-UTR interaction. Using fluorescence anisotropy, SHAPE (selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension) analysis, and toeprinting, we found that (i) 40S subunits bind to BTE (Kd = 350 ± 30 nm), (ii) the helicase complex eIF4F-eIF4A-eIF4B-ATP increases 40S subunit binding (Kd = 120 ± 10 nm) to the conserved stem-loop I of the 3′-BTE by exposing more unpaired bases, and (iii) long distance base pairing transfers this complex to the 5′-end of the mRNA, where translation initiates. Although 3′-5′ interactions have been recognized as important in mRNA translation, barley yellow dwarf virus employs a novel mechanism utilizing the 3′-UTR as the primary site of ribosome recruitment.
Treatment for new episodes of depression.

Despite concerns regarding depression treatment in primary care settings (1), few studies have examined how receipt of recommended services may vary across settings where new episodes of depression are diagnosed. Veterans Affairs (VA) health system performance measures for new episodes of depression call for antidepressant coverage for at least 84 of the 114 days after the index prescription and at least three outpatient contacts for depression treatment during the 12week acute treatment phase. We examined VA depression treatment among all outpatients with new episodes of depression diagnosed in VA community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) or medical centers (VAMCs) during the first quarter of fiscal year 2003 (N=10,545). We assessed receipt of services overall and by clinic setting where depression was first diagnosed. A total of 6,963 patients (66%) were diagnosed in mental health clinics, and 3,582 (34%) were diagnosed in nonpsychiatric clinics. Overall, 66% of patients received sustained antidepressant coverage, 16% had adequate follow-up visits, and 12% received guideline-recommended services for both measures. For patients diagnosed in mental health clinics, 4,505 (65%) received sustained antidepressant coverage and 1,309 (19%) had adequate outpatient follow-up, whereas for those diagnosed in nonpsychiatric clinics, 2,406 (67%) received adequate antidepressant coverage and 359 (10%) had adequate follow-up. Patients diagnosed in outpatient mental health settings were 1.9 times more likely than those diagnosed in nonpsychiatric clinics to have received adequate follow-up (χ 2 =
Heteronormativity at Work: Stories From Two Lesbian Academics

Since the 1980s, in spite of societal shifts and legislation that supports women of diverse sexual identities, heterosexual norms still prevail in many workplaces. In this paper we apply Acker’s (2006a) ‘inequality regime’ as a potential framework to unravel heteronormative practices. We use snippets from our lesbian herstories to illustrate how heteronormativity has affected our lives as women in academe. Through this paper we alert lesbian colleagues to our proposed research project on heteronormativity in academic workplaces and ask that they consider participating in this research.
The Four Ws of Imagery Use: Where, When, Why, and What

The purpose of the study was to identify and describe the four Ws of athletes’ imagery use: where, when, why, and what. Due to the in-depth nature of the questions being asked, a qualitative approach was employed. The participants were 14 elite athletes (7 male and 7 female), representing 7 different sports. A constant comparative method of analysis was conducted by two investigators. A conceptual framework was developed to display the four Ws of imagery use during and outside practice, as well as for pre-competition, competition, and post competition. Results from the present study indicated where and when athletes use imagery, and extended previous findings on why and for what athletes use imagery. It was proposed that a better understanding of the athletes’ images can serve as a guide to future research and from a practical perspective, facilitate the development of more effective imagery interventions.
A Mobile Banking Model in the Cloud for Financial Inclusion in India

This paper discusses the role of Financial Inclusion in a country like India and mobile banking as a means to attain it. The paper discusses the increasing penetration of mobile phones and the key considerations of use of mobile banking. The paper proposes an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) based mobile banking model in the cloud suitable for a developing country like India. The World Development Indicators show increasing penetration of mobile phones in both the developed and the developing world. This model can perform the basic formal banking operations with less dependence on external agents or business correspondents. The model assumes the availability of Internet facility in the mobile phones. IVR based models in the cloud are very rare. Most of the existing models use mobile Short Messaging Service (SMS).
Maintaining ties: Russian-speaking communities in Germany and Norway

Russian-speaking migrant communities in Germany and Norway share a large part of a common history during the time of the Soviet Union, and each community has developed their unique ways of interaction in and with the accepting society. The article focuses on the main areas for communication between Russian-speaking migrants in Germany and Norway, as well as the wish to maintain contact with ones’ home country. As the question of maintaining ones identity as well as the vitality of these communities is strongly linked to its members’ wish to maintain their common language, these aspects were covered in particular through the study. The article uses a combined research method consisting of a quantitative and qualitative part. The findings indicate that while the groups are different from each other, particularly in their demographic composition, distribution and communication patterns, they do possess some similarities for example having common elements defining and retaining their cultural heritage and approaches towards maintaining the Russian language.
Host Defenses in Experimental Scrub Typhus: Genetics of Natural Resistance to Infection

Genetic resistance to lethal infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was studied in over 30 inbred strains, inbred hybrids, and outbred stocks of mice. Inbred mice infected intraperitoneally with the Gilliam strain of R. tsutsugamushi showed three patterns of response: susceptible (A/HeJ, C3H/HeDub, C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeN, C3H/St, CBA/J, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, and SJL/J), resistant (AKR/J, BALB/cDub, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, C57L/J, and SWR/J), and selectively resistant (A/J). The selectively resistant pattern was characterized by random deaths occurring throughout the titration range and was also observed in three of the six outbred mouse stocks surveyed. No correlation was evident between the H-2 haplotype of inbred mice and their response to Gilliam infection. The progeny from five different Gilliam-resistant by Gilliam-susceptible inbred parental crosses were all resistant. Study of F1, F2, and parental backcross generations of BALB/cDub (resistant) and C3H/HeDub (susceptible) hybrids indicated resistance was dominant and was controlled by a single gene or a closely linked cluster of genes that were autosomal and not linked to coat color. The resistance of BALB/cDub mice was not due to an inability of host cells to support rickettsial growth, since C3H/HeDub and BALB/cDub embryo cell cultures supported similar growth of Gilliam organisms. C3H/HeDub mice, although susceptible to intraperitoneal Gilliam infection, were capable of mounting an immune response to Gilliam antigens, since subcutaneous infection was not lethal and did protect animals against subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with either the Gilliam or Karp strains of R. tsutsugamushi.
Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Obesity in Adults

body fatness (3). Raised body mass index (BMI) is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as: CVD (mainly heart disease and stroke), which were the lead- ing cause of death in 2012. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 600 million were obese. Overall, about 13% of the world's adult populations (11% of men and 15% of women) were obese. In 2014, 39% of adults aged 18 years and over (38% of men and 40% of women) were overweight. The world- wide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2014. In this cross-sectional study, A total of 260 adult healthy men and women that being agreed by the chan- cellor and research deputy of Islamic Azad University of Hamadan. BMI (weight/height 2 in kg/m 2 ) was calculated for each participant. Obesity is defined as BMI 30 kg/m 2 . Blood samples were collected into the tube. CRP mea- surements were performed in the laboratory. The serum was transferred into plastic tube. Plasma CRP levels were measured by means of a colorimetric competitive enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that prevalence of overweigh was 42.4% and the relation- ship between overweigh and CRP was P = 0.006. Waist cir- cumference in excess of 89 cm in men was 12.7% and in women waist circumference in excess of 89 cm was 21%. The overall prevalence of general obesity was 16.9% and was closely linked to CRP. Subjects with elevated CRP had higher BMI, WC (Waist circumference). For elevated CRP, subjects in the highest BMI quartile had compared with subjects in the lowest BMI quartile. The result shows the re- lationship of CRP with BMI throughout the BMI spectrum (P = 0.0002). CRP levels were strongly correlated with BMI (P = 0.0002). Levels of CRP also increased steadily across WC quartiles (P = 0.0001). Waist circumference quartiles were also strongly associated with odds of elevated CRP. Men in the highest WC (91 cm) and women in the highest WC (89 cm) had an odd of elevated CRP of 5.24 (95% CI, 3.15 - 14.0). Consequently, WHO has the unique authority and the clear mandate to lead the development and implemen- tation of the global strategy for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and thereby to create a bet- ter environment for world health in 2020 and beyond.
Perspectives on Parsing Issues

Nowhere is t h e tension between the two areas of our field--computatlon and llnguistlcs--more apparent than in the issues that arise in connection with parsing natural language input. This panel addresses those issues from both computational and linguisric perspectives. Each panelist has submitted a position paper on some of the questions that appear below. The questions are loosely grouped in three sections. The first concentrates on the computational aspect, the second on the linguistic aspect, and the third on their interactions.
Interstitial pregnancies' diagnosis and management: an eleven cases series.

PRINCIPLES Interstitial pregnancy represents 2% of ectopic pregnancies, but it is a highly morbid condition with a 2.5% of maternal mortality. Its diagnostic and therapeutic management remains controversial. The aim of this review is to describe the management of interstitial pregnancy in our institution between 2001 and 2011 and to define some general rules for the clinical practice. METHODS Single institution retrospective study. RESULTS Eleven women were treated for interstitial pregnancy. The median age was 33 years and the median gestity was 4. Seven patients had a history of gynaecological surgery and four interstitial pregnancies followed in vitro fertilisation. The diagnosis was made at a median gestational age of seven weeks with a median beta-HCG level of 5,838 U/l. Six of the eleven patients received an initial treatment with intracornual methotrexate, three with intramuscular methotrexate and two with surgery. The median time to beta-HCG resolution was 58 days. Three of the eleven patients needed a second line treatment: two after intramuscular methotrexate and one after intracornual methotrexate. Six patients had further pregnancies and delivered by caesarean section. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of previous ectopic pregnancies, gynaecological surgery and of pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilisation was observed. The earliness of the diagnosis was the factor that allowed a conservative treatment in most cases. Beta-HCG level follow up was fundamental in allowing a second line therapy but beta-HCG can persist over a long period of time and this must be taken into account due to its possible psychological impact. Intracornual methotrexate seems to be more efficacious than intramuscular methotrexate in our series.
QOS modeling aware load balancing in multi-application environment in network on chip

Quality of Service (QoS) in Network-on-Chip (NoC) become an important research area. Lately, increasing demands on availability, performance and reliability of Network on Chip connectivity are driving to offer Network connections with QoS guarantees efficiency. However, until now there is no standard method of the Quality of Service (QoS) measurement and less techniques have been used to provide its definition. Therefore researchers are looking for a projection of QoS on quantifiable space, since it is qualitative, subjective and not measurable. However, a few tentatives have studied QoS parameters estimation. Many applications in Networks on Chip (NoC) present a variable QoS parameters such as Packet Loss Rate (PLR), End-to-End Delay (EED) and Throughput (Thp). However, There are a few papers that have developed different method to modelize QoS in NoC. Their QoS presentation doesn't provide a multi-application parameters arbiter. The originality of our approach is based on a proposition of a QoS IP module in NoC architecture to improve network performances. We implement an extended approach of QoS metrics modeling for Network on Chip on multi-parameters and multi-applications environment. The QoS metrics model is based on QoS parameters such as PLR, EED and Thp for different applications. In this paper, we investigated into the problem of serving multi-applications with different levels of Quality of Service. To validate this work, a dynamic routing simulation for 4×4 mesh NoC behaviour under three different applications namely Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Variable Bit Rate (VBR) and Constant Bit Rate (CBR), is considered. We propose a dynamic load balancing policy based on the principals of queuing theory to offer differentiated services to multiple concurrent applications using QoS metric measurement. The results have shown that QoS modeling approach improves load balancing on NoC and is easy to implement in hardware-software quantifiable representation. Thus, implementing a quantifiable representation of QoS can be used to provide a NoC services arbiter. QoS arbiter interacted with other routers to ensure flits flow and QoS modeling to provide a QoS value.
Integration of Multivariate Data Streams With Bandpower Signals

The urge to further our understanding of multimodal neural data has recently become an important topic due to the ever increasing availability of simultaneously recorded data from different neural imaging modalities. In case where EEG is one of the modalities, it is of interest to relate a nonlinear function of the raw EEG time-domain signal, say, EEG band power, to another modality such as the hemodynamic response, as measured with NIRS or fMRI. In this work we tackle exactly this problem defining a novel algorithm that we denote multimodal source power correlation analysis (mSPoC). The validity and high performance of the mSPoC framework is demonstrated for simulated and real-world multimodal data.
Weight loss and Alzheimer's disease: temporal and aetiologic connections

The intermediate and advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are frequently associated with weight loss (WL), but WL may even precede the onset of cognitive symptoms. This review focuses on the possible aetiologic and temporal relationships between AD and WL. When WL occurs some years before any signs of cognitive impairment, it may be a risk factor for dementia due to deficiency of several micronutrients, such as vitamins and essential fatty acids, and consequent oxidative tissue damage. The leptin reduction associated with WL may also facilitate cognitive decline. The mechanisms potentially inducing WL in AD include lower energy intake, higher resting energy expenditure, exaggerated physical activity, or combinations of these factors. A hypermetabolic state has been observed in animals with AD, but has not been confirmed in human subjects. This latter mechanism could involve amyloid assemblies that apparently increase the circulating cytokine levels and proton leakage in mitochondria. WL may be caused by patients’ increased physical activity as they develop abnormal motor behaviour (restlessness and agitation) and waste energy while trying to perform daily activities. During the course of AD, patients usually find it increasingly difficult to eat, so they ingest less food. AD-related neurodegeneration also affects brain regions involved in regulating appetite. The caregiver has an important role in ensuring an adequate food intake and controlling behavioural disturbances. In conclusion, WL is closely linked to AD, making periodic nutritional assessments and appropriate dietary measures important aspects of an AD patient's treatment.
GAPs in early life facilitate immune tolerance

Goblet cells deliver microbial antigens to generate regulatory T cells before and during weaning to induce long-term tolerance to symbionts. See the related research article by Knoop et al. Goblet cells deliver microbial antigens to generate regulatory T cells before and during weaning to induce long-term tolerance to symbionts.
Current Research on Chinese Students Studying Abroad

As a result of China's growing participation and importance in the process of internationalization and globalization a continuously rising number of Chinese students has gone abroad for further study. By the end of the last decade the number of Chinese students abroad made up the largest group of international students in the USA (surpassing those from India) and during the next decade this group will become the world's largest floating student population. Because of its size and the growing recognition of China and Chinese culture around the world, research on a wide range of problem areas among Chinese students abroad has been initiated, especially in Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, the USA and Hong Kong. This article looks at the variety of research issues and attempts to provide a first overview in the light of international and comparative research on international students, their mobility and their recognition by host countries as well as their influence as cultural ‘irritators’.