Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A psycholinguistic perspective on the acquisition of phonology

This paper discusses the target articles by Fikkert, Vihman, and Goldrick and Larson, which address diverse aspects of the acquisition of phonology. These topics are examined using a wide range of tasks and experimental paradigms across different ages. Various levels of processing and representation are thus involved.The main point of the present paper is that such data canbe coherently interpreted only within a particular information-processing model that specifies in sufficient detail the different levels of processing and representation. In this paper, we first present the basic architecture of a model of speech perception and production, justifying it withpsycholinguistic andneuropsychological data. We then use this model to interpret data from the target articles relative to the acquisition of phonology. One recurrentproblem inlinguistic andpsycholinguistic researchisthatdata are often taken to reflect one or two particularly prominent levels of representation or processing, whereas many more are potentially involved. Different datasets sometimes appearto becontradictory because they arethought to reflectincompatible properties of one particular level of representation. But a full analysis of the tasks and of the levels of representation involved may reveal that such datasets actually reflect properties of different levels of representation. Therefore they are not necessarily in conflict, but the theoretical interpretation of the data may need to be revised. In this paper, we discuss what we call the “standard model” of phonological theory. This model basically distinguishes two levels of mental representation, anunderlyingandasurfacelevel.Theformerisalevelofrepresentationinwhich words are represented as a sequence of abstract units (phonemes, features .),
What Teachers Need to Know About Language （I）

Today's teachers need access to a wide range of information to function in the classroom. They need a thorough understanding of how language figures in education, and for that reason they must receive systematic and intensive preparation in educational linguistics. A thorough grounding in linguistics would support teachers' undertakings overall, and in particular in teaching literacy skills and working with English language learners. If approached coherently, such preparation would also cover many of the desired teacher competencies, relating to skills in assessing children, in individualizing instruction, and in respecting diversity. This paper lays out a rationale for why current and prospective teachers need to know more about language, and what specific sorts of knowledge they need. Requisite knowledge about oral language, oral language used in formal and academic contexts, and written language is discussed. In the final section, courses are suggested that teacher preparation programs should offer to teacher candidates. This course list may also be seen as specifying aspects of an integrated, in-depth professional development program for inservice teachers. A glossary is appended. (Contains 53 references.)
D‐Serine differently modulates NMDA receptor function in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells and interneurons

The organization of the neuronal hippocampal network depends on the tightly regulated interaction between pyramidal cells (PCs) and interneurons (Ints). NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation requires the binding of glutamate and co‐activation of the ‘glycine site’. It has been reported that d‐serine is a more potent endogenous agonist than glycine for that site. While many studies have focused on NMDAR function in PCs, little is known regarding the modulation of NMDARs in Ints. We studied the modulatory effect of d‐serine on NMDAR EPSCs in PCs and in stratum radiatum Ints using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording in rat acute hippocampal slices. We found that d‐serine enhances NMDAR function and differently modulates NMDAR currents in both cell types. The augmentation of NMDAR currents by d‐serine was significantly larger in PCs compared with Ints. Moreover, we found differences in the kinetics of NMDAR currents in PCs and Ints. Our findings indicate that regulation of NMDAR through the ‘glycine site’ depends on the cell types. We speculate that the observed differences arise from assemblies of diverse NMDAR subunits. Overall, our data suggest that d‐serine may be involved in regulation of the excitation‐inhibition balance in the CA1 hippocampal region.
Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe sepsis: a multicenter double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Beta-lactam antibiotics are a commonly used treatment for severe sepsis, with intermittent bolus dosing standard therapy, despite a strong theoretical rationale for continuous administration. The aim of this trial was to determine the clinical and pharmacokinetic differences between continuous and intermittent dosing in patients with severe sepsis. METHODS This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus dosing of piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and ticarcillin-clavulanate conducted in 5 intensive care units across Australia and Hong Kong. The primary pharmacokinetic outcome on treatment analysis was plasma antibiotic concentration above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on days 3 and 4. The assessed clinical outcomes were clinical response 7-14 days after study drug cessation, ICU-free days at day 28 and hospital survival. RESULTS Sixty patients were enrolled with 30 patients each allocated to the intervention and control groups. Plasma antibiotic concentrations exceeded the MIC in 82% of patients (18 of 22) in the continuous arm versus 29% (6 of 21) in the intermittent arm (P = .001). Clinical cure was higher in the continuous group (70% vs 43%; P = .037), but ICU-free days (19.5 vs 17 days; P = .14) did not significantly differ between groups. Survival to hospital discharge was 90% in the continuous group versus 80% in the intermittent group (P = .47). CONCLUSIONS Continuous administration of beta-lactam antibiotics achieved higher plasma antibiotic concentrations than intermittent administration with improvement in clinical cure. This study provides a strong rationale for further multicenter trials with sufficient power to identify differences in patient-centered endpoints.
Testing association for markers on the X chromosome

Test statistics for association between markers on autosomal chromosomes and a disease have been extensively studied. No research has been reported on performance of such test statistics for association on the X chromosome. With 100,000 or more single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available for genome‐wide association studies, thousands of them come from the X chromosome. The X chromosome contains rich information about population history and linkage disequilibrium. To identify X‐linked marker susceptibility to a disease, it is important to study properties of various statistics that can be used to test for association on the X chromosome. In this article, we compare performance of several approaches for testing association on the X chromosome, and examine how departure from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium would affect type I error and power of these association tests using X‐linked SNPs. The results are applied to the X chromosome of Klein et al. [ 2005 ], a genome‐wide association study with 100K SNPs for age‐related macular degeneration. We found that a SNP (rs10521496) covered by DIAPH2, known to cause premature ovarian failure (POF) in females, is associated with age‐related macular degeneration. Genet. Epidemiol. 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facial Self Similarity for Sketch to Photo Matching

Automatic recognition of suspects from forensic sketches is of considerable interest to the law enforcement agencies. However, this task is complex due to the heterogenous nature of face sketches and photographs. To address this challenge, previous approaches generally learn a transformation of a sketch to photo or a photo to sketch at the image or feature level in order to reduce the modality gap. Such a transformation may be indeterministic and if learned from training data, is likely to over-fit the sketch artist's drawing technique. Instead, we formulate the problem in the context of matching local self similarities which are independently computed from a face sketch and a photo. The proposed Facial Self Similarity (FSS) descriptor is obtained by correlation of a small face patch with its local neighborhood. Thus, our approach avoids the need of a modality transformation, while implicitly reducing the inter-modality gap. The proposed FSS descriptor is evaluated on the CUHK Face Sketch database using sketch-photo pairs of 311 subjects. The FSS descriptor demonstrates high recognition accuracy of 99.53% and outperforms current techniques. We also evaluate the robustness of the descriptor to anomalies such as matching sketches to blurred photographs.
Automated Resolution Selection for Image Segmentation

It is well-known in image processing that computational cost increases rapidly with the number and dimensions of the images to be processed. Several fields, such as medical imaging, routinely use numerous very large images, which might also be 3D and/or captured at several frequency bands, all adding to the computational expense. Multiresolution analysis is a method of increasing the efficiency of the segmentation process. One multiresolution approach is the coarse-to-fine segmentation strategy, whereby the segmentation starts at a coarse resolution and is then fine-tuned during subsequent steps. The starting resolution for segmentation is generally selected arbitrarily with no clear selection criteria. The research reported in this paper showed that starting from different resolutions for image segmentation results in different accuracies and computational times, even for images of the same category (depicting similar scenes or objects). An automated method for resolution selection for an input image would thus be beneficial. This paper introduces a framework for the automated selection of the best resolution for image segmentation. We propose a measure for defining the best resolution based on user/system criteria, offering a trade-off between accuracy and computation time. A learning approach is then introduced for the selection of the resolution, whereby extracted image features are mapped to the previously determined best resolution. In the learning process, class (i.e., resolution) distribution is generally imbalanced, making effective learning from the data difficult. Experiments conducted with three datasets using two different segmentation algorithms show that the resolutions selected through learning enable much faster segmentation than the original ones, while retaining at least the original accuracy.
Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Expressed emotion (EE) is a measure of the family environment that has been demonstrated to be a reliable psychosocial predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. However, in recent years some prominent nonreplications of the EE-relapse relationship have been published. To more fully address the question of the predictive validity of EE, we conducted a meta-analysis of all available EE and outcome studies in schizophrenia. We also examined the predictive validity of the EE construct for mood disorders and eating disorders. METHODS An extensive literature search revealed 27 studies of the EE-outcome relationship in schizophrenia. Using meta-analytic procedures, we combined the findings of these investigations to provide an estimate of the effect size associated with the EE-relapse relationship. We also used meta-analysis to provide estimates of the effect sizes associated with EE for mood and eating disorders. RESULTS The results confirmed that EE is a significant and robust predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. Additional analyses demonstrated that the EE-relapse relationship was strongest for patients with more chronic schizophrenic illness. Interestingly, although the EE construct is most closely associated with research in schizophrenia, the mean effect sizes for EE for both mood disorders and eating disorders were significantly higher than the mean effect size for schizophrenia. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of EE in the understanding and prevention of relapse in a broad range of psychopathological conditions.
Reliability challenges of real-time systems in forthcoming technology nodes

Forthcoming technology nodes are posing major challenges on the manufacturing of reliable (real-time) systems: process variations, accelerated degradation aging, as well as external and internal noise are key examples. This paper focuses on real-time systems reliability and analyzes the state-of-the-art and the emerging reliability bottlenecks from three different perspectives: technology, circuit/IP and full system.
Etiology and weekly occurrence of alcohol-related seizures.

OBJECTIVES 1) To determine the prevalence of identifiable causes of alcohol-related seizures other than alcohol withdrawal. 2) To test the hypothesis that patients with alcohol-related seizures present with greater frequency following Sundays when alcohol is not commercially available. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of 140 consecutive patients presenting with alcohol-related seizures during a six-month period. Identifiable causes of seizures other than alcohol withdrawal and the day of the week of presentation were documented. RESULTS One hundred forty individual patients were eligible for study. Identifiable causes of seizures other than alcohol withdrawal were found in 53.6% of patients, and they were distributed as follows: 1) current or past history of significant head trauma 25.7%, 2) idiopathic seizure disorder 15.7%, 3) cerebrovascular accident 5.7%, 4) nontraumatic intracranical lesion 3.6%, and 5) toxic/metabolic abnormalities 2.9%. Alcohol is not available for purchase on Sundays because of the "Blue Laws" in Massachusetts. A total of 34.5% of patients with alcohol withdrawal seizures presented on Mondays (p < 0.001). Of patients with identifiable causes of seizures other than alcohol withdrawal, only 16% presented on Mondays (p > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS Approximately 50% of seizures in alcohol-dependent patients are potentially unrelated to alcohol withdrawal. Patients with alcohol withdrawal seizures presented with greater frequency on Mondays following the 24-hour period when alcohol was not commercially available in Boston. This suggests that patients with alcohol withdrawal seizures may present with greater frequency following periods of decreased availability of alcohol.
Isolation of Bacteriophages Specific to a Fish Pathogen, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, as a Candidate for Disease Control

ABSTRACT Two types of bacteriophage specific to Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, the causative agent of bacterial hemorrhagic ascites disease in cultured ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis), were isolated from diseased ayu and the rearing pond water. One type of phage, which formed small plaques, was tentatively classified as a member of the familyMyoviridae, and the other type, which formed large plaques, was classified as a member of the family Podoviridae. All 27 strains of P. plecoglossicida examined, which were isolated from diseased ayu from geographically different areas in 1991 to 1999, exhibited quite similar sensitivities to either type of phage. One strain of P. plecoglossicida was highly virulent for ayu, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) when intramuscular injection was used was 101.2 CFU fish−1; in contrast, phage-resistant variants of this organism were less virulent (LD50, >104 CFU fish−1). Oral administration of phage-impregnated feed to ayu resulted in protection against experimental infection with P. plecoglossicida. After oral administration of P. plecoglossicida cells of this bacterium were always detected in the kidneys of control fish that did not receive the phage treatment, while the cells quickly disappeared from the phage-treated fish. Bacterial growth in freshwater was lower in the presence of phage, and the number of phage PFU increased rapidly. These results suggest that it may be possible to use phage to control the disease caused by P. plecoglossicida.
A robust F-measure for evaluating discovered process models

Within process mining research, one of the most important fields of study is process discovery, which can be defined as the extraction of control-flow models from audit trails or information system event logs. The evaluation of discovered process models is an essential but difficult task for any process discovery analysis. With this paper, we propose a novel approach for evaluating discovered process models based on artificially generated negative events. This approach allows for the definition of a behavioral F-measure for discovered process models, which is the main contribution of this paper.
A Note on the Probabilistic Analysis of Patricia Trees

We consider random PATRICIA trees constructed from n i.i. d. sequences of independent equiprobable bits. We study the height Hn (the maximal distance between the root and a leaf), and the minimal fill‐up level Fn (the minimum distance between the root and a leaf). We give probabilistic proofs of **image** and **image**. © 1992 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Based Strategy for Active Suspension Control

Suspension system of a vehicle is used to minimize the effect of different road disturbances on ride comfort and to improve the vehicle control. A passive suspension system responds only to the deflection of the strut. While, the semi active system setup can dissipate energy from the system at an appropriate time, in a way or amount that is right for all the variables in the system. The main objective of this work is to design an efficient active suspension control for full car model with 8-Degrees of Freedom (DOF) using adaptive soft computing technique. So, in this study, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy based Sliding Mode Control (ANFSMC) is used for full car active suspension system to improve the ride comfort and vehicle stability. ANFSMC is adapted in such a way as to estimate online the unknown dynamics and provide feedback response. The detailed mathematical model of ANFSMC has been developed and successfully applied to a full car model. The robustness of the presented ANFSMC has been proved on the basis of different performance indices. The analysis of MATLAB/SMULINK based simulation results reveals that the proposed ANFSMC has better ride comfort and vehicle handling as compared to passive or semi-active suspension systems.
Breast cancer in young women and its impact on reproductive function

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in developed countries, and 12% of breast cancer occurs in women 20–34 years. Survival from breast cancer has significantly improved, and the potential late effects of treatment and the impact on quality of life have become increasingly important. Young women constitute a minority of breast cancer patients, but commonly have distinct concerns and issues compared with older women, including queries regarding fertility, contraception and pregnancy. Further, they are more likely than older women to have questions regarding potential side effects of therapy and risk of relapse or a new primary. In addition, many will have symptoms associated with treatment and they present a management challenge. Reproductive medicine specialists and gynaecologists commonly see these women either shortly after initial diagnosis or following adjuvant therapy and should be aware of current management of breast cancer, the options for women at increased genetic risk, the prognosis of patients with early stage breast cancer and how adjuvant systemic treatments may impact reproductive function. METHODS No systematic literature search was done. The review focuses on the current management of breast cancer in young women and the impact of treatment on reproductive function and subsequent management. With reference to key studies and meta-analyses, we highlight controversies and current unanswered questions regarding patient management. RESULTS Chemotherapy for breast cancer is likely to negatively impact on reproductive function. A number of interventions are available which may increase the likelihood of future successful pregnancy, but the relative safety of these interventions is not well established. For those who do conceive following breast cancer, there is no good evidence that pregnancy is detrimental to survival. We review current treatment; effects on reproductive function; preservation of fertility; contraception; pregnancy; breastfeeding and management of menopausal symptoms following breast cancer. CONCLUSION This paper provides an update on the management of breast cancer in young women and is targeted at reproductive medicine specialists and gynaecologists.
The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 Channel in Thermoregulation: A Thermosensor It Is Not

The development of antagonists of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channel as pain therapeutics has revealed that these compounds cause hyperthermia in humans. This undesirable on-target side effect has triggered a surge of interest in the role of TRPV1 in thermoregulation and revived the hypothesis that TRPV1 channels serve as thermosensors. We review literature data on the distribution of TRPV1 channels in the body and on thermoregulatory responses to TRPV1 agonists and antagonists. We propose that two principal populations of TRPV1-expressing cells have connections with efferent thermoeffector pathways: 1) first-order sensory (polymodal), glutamatergic dorsal-root (and possibly nodose) ganglia neurons that innervate the abdominal viscera and 2) higher-order sensory, glutamatergic neurons presumably located in the median preoptic hypothalamic nucleus. We further hypothesize that all thermoregulatory responses to TRPV1 agonists and antagonists and thermoregulatory manifestations of TRPV1 desensitization stem from primary actions on these two neuronal populations. Agonists act primarily centrally on population 2; antagonists act primarily peripherally on population 1. We analyze what roles TRPV1 might play in thermoregulation and conclude that this channel does not serve as a thermosensor, at least not under physiological conditions. In the hypothalamus, TRPV1 channels are inactive at common brain temperatures. In the abdomen, TRPV1 channels are tonically activated, but not by temperature. However, tonic activation of visceral TRPV1 by nonthermal factors suppresses autonomic cold-defense effectors and, consequently, body temperature. Blockade of this activation by TRPV1 antagonists disinhibits thermoeffectors and causes hyperthermia. Strategies for creating hyperthermia-free TRPV1 antagonists are outlined. The potential physiological and pathological significance of TRPV1-mediated thermoregulatory effects is discussed.
Directed Animals, Quadratic Systems and Rewriting Systems

A directed animal is a percolation cluster in the directed site percolation model. The aim of this paper is to exhibit a strong relation between the problem of computing the generating function G of directed animals on the square lattice, counted according to the area and the perimeter, and the problem of solving a system of quadratic equations involving unknown matrices. We present some solid evidence that some infinite explicit matrices, the fixed points of a rewriting like system are the natural solutions to this system of equations: some strong evidence is given that the problem of finding G reduces to the problem of finding an eigenvector to an explicit infinite matrix. Similar properties are shown for other combinatorial questions concerning directed animals, and for different lattices.