Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Difference of Preference versus Performance can Differ for Concurrent versus Retrospective Ratings

Several studies have found differences between subjective preference ratings and objective performance measures. Bailey [Bailey 93] summarizes several, and argues for separate treatment of these concepts. Our results in a multifactor multivariate experiment support Bailey's contention, but adds a new dimension of concern: the use of concurrent versus retrospective subjective ratings. The presentation here will focus on the relationship of performance and concurrent versus retrospective preference ratings. Retrospective ratings may represent users' lasting impressions of a system after a trial use, but may not be good predictors of performance. Concurrent ratings of confidence of accuracy were found, in this study, to be better predictors performance. We offer recommendations about how to make the best use of these different evaluation measures, particularly when they differ.
Intrahepatic and extrahepatic intraductal papillary neoplasms of bile duct

There has been an increase in the number of reported cases of biliary neoplasm of the hepatobiliary system characterized by markedly dilated and multifocal papillary epithelial lesions of the bile ducts or cystic biliary lesions with or without mucin secretion, and mucinous lesions or tumors, possibly due to recent advances in radiological diagnosis. This lesion of the bile duct is believed to show a better clinical course than non-papillary biliary neoplasm. Therefore, the early recognition and treatment is important. We report two cases of intrahepatic and extrahepatic intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct that were completely resected.
Aufgaben in unterschiedlichen Präsentationsformen zum räumlichen Vorstellungsvermögen von Kindern im vierten Schuljahr

Wenige Studien befassten sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten mit dem räumlichen Denken von Kindern im Grundschulalter (vgl. Quaiser-Pohl 2001). Auch wird das räumliche Vorstellungsvermögen der Probanden häufig nur auf einer zweidimensionalen Testebene (z.B. Paper-and-Pencil-Test) erhoben, obwohl es meist durch Handlung mit Material geschult wird. Diese Diskrepanz soll in der vorliegenden Studie aufgegriffen werden, um mit einer weiteren Präsentationsform die Forschungslücke zwischen Handlung am Material und dem Arbeiten mit Abbildungen zu schließen.
A Novel MIMO Detection Scheme Based on D-S Evidence Theory

This paper proposes a novel detection scheme based on Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The focal-element-set (FES) characterizes the uncertainty contained in the decision statistics, and the corresponding basic-probability-assignment (BPA) of FES is the likelihood measure, acting as the soft-decisions of the transmit signals. The uncertainty can be counteracted during combining the soft information sources from all receive anten- nas, so more reliable decisions are achieved. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms its conventional detection schemes counterparts with only moderate complexity increases. (9), data fusion (10), and has been shown to achieve a satis- factory performance. In MIMO systems, the communication channel constructed by each of the transmit-receive antenna pairs is independent and stochastic, and the received signal is contaminated by noise. Therefore, there is uncertainty in the local decision statistics associated with each of the receive antennas. As a theory to manage uncertainty, the D-S evidence theory is just a good choice for combining all receive antennas' soft-decision information and making reliable decisions. In MIMO systems, the local decision statistic from each of the receive antennas contains uncertainty due to channel noise, so its hard decision is unreliable. Alternatively, the decision statistics from all of the receive antennas are implemented soft- decisions in this treatise, and BPAs act as soft information. The uncertainty of statistics is characterized by the FES, and the corresponding BPA of the FES is a likelihood measure, which is assigned by the proposed probability-density function (PDF)-based approach. In the proposed detection scheme, soft information sources from all of the receive antennas are aggre- gated by invoking the Dempster's combination operator, and the uncertainty is counteracted during the combination process. Considering that the more information sources for aggregation the greater possibility in making reliable decisions, the DS detection is designed as an iterative algorithm. To examine the performance of the proposed iterative DS detection algorithm, simulations are implemented and demonstrate that compared with conventional MMSE and MMSE-SIC detection schemes, the proposed scheme significantly improves the system re- liability with only moderate complexity increase. Moreover, compared with the SD detector, the complexity of the proposed scheme is lower.
Hopelessness, Defeat, and Entrapment in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Their Association With Suicidal Behavior and Severity of Depression

Abstract Research has shown an increased frequency of suicidal behaviors in those with PTSD, but few studies have investigated the factors that underlie the emergence of suicidal behavior in PTSD. Two theories of suicide, the Cry of Pain and the Schematic Appraisal Model of Suicide, propose that feelings of hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment are core components of suicidality. This study aimed to examine the association between suicidal behavior and hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment in trauma victims with and without a PTSD diagnosis. The results demonstrated that hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment were significantly positively associated with suicidal behavior in those with PTSD. Hopelessness and defeat were also significantly positively associated with suicidal behavior in trauma victims without PTSD. In those with PTSD, the relationship between suicidal behavior and hopelessness and entrapment remained significant after controlling for comorbid depression. The findings provide support for the contemporary theories of suicidality and have important clinical implications.
Discovery of Early Optical Emission from GRB 021211

We report our discovery and early-time optical, near-infrared, and radio wavelength follow-up observations of the afterglow of the gamma-ray burst GRB 021211. Our optical observations, beginning 21 minutes after the burst trigger, demonstrate that the early afterglow of this burst is roughly 3 mag fainter than the afterglow of GRB 990123 at similar epochs, and fainter than almost all known afterglows at an epoch of 1 day after the GRB. Our near-infrared and optical observations indicate that this is not due to extinction. Combining our observations with data reported by other groups, we identify the signature of a reverse shock. This reverse shock is not detected to a 3 σ limit of 110 μJy in an 8.46 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) observation at t = 0.10 days, implying either that the Lorentz factor of the burst γ ≲ 200 or that synchrotron self-absorption effects dominate the radio emission at this time. Our early optical observations, near the peak of the optical afterglow (forward shock), allow us to characterize the afterglow in detail. Comparing our model to flux upper limits from the VLA at later times, t ≳ 1 week, we find that the late-time radio flux is suppressed by a factor of 2 relative to the ≳80 μJy peak flux at optical wavelengths. This suppression is not likely to be due to synchrotron self-absorption or an early jet break, and we suggest instead that the burst may have suffered substantial radiative corrections.
Activations of Deep Lumbar Stabilizing Muscles by Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Lumbar Paraspinal Regions

Objective To investigate changes in lumbar multifidus (LM) and deep lumbar stabilizing abdominal muscles (transverse abdominis [TrA] and obliquus internus [OI]) during transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of lumbar paraspinal L4-L5 regions using real-time ultrasound imaging (RUSI). Methods Lumbar paraspinal regions of 20 healthy physically active male volunteers were stimulated at 20, 50, and 80 Hz. Ultrasound images of the LM, TrA, OI, and obliquus externus (OE) were captured during stimulation at each frequency. Results The thicknesses of superficial LM and deep LM as measured by RUSI were greater during NMES than at rest for all three frequencies (p<0.05). The thicknesses in TrA, OI, and OE were also significantly greater during NMES of lumbar paraspinal regions than at rest (p<0.05). Conclusion The studied transcutaneous NMES of the lumbar paraspinal region significantly activated deep spinal stabilizing muscle (LM) and the abdominal lumbar stabilizing muscles TrA and OI as evidenced by RUSI. The findings of this study suggested that transcutaneous NMES might be useful for improving spinal stability and strength in patients having difficulty initiating contraction of these muscles.
Biological and environmental factors associated with the stress response in infancy : the role of attachment and genetics

The importance of understanding which environmental and biological factors are involved in determining individual differences in physiological response to stress is widely recognized, as the impact of stress on physical and mental health cannot be ignored. Many researchers believe that our ability to cope with stress originates in infancy through the interaction between our experiences and genes. Several studies have shown how attachment relationships as well as some temperamental traits play a significant role in modulating Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to the stress of separation from the mother, as indexed by salivary Cortisol. However, no published studies have investigated their effects on Sympathetic Adreno Medulla (SAM) system reactivity, as indexed by salivary alpha amylase which was recently found to be a marker of SAM activity. Moreover, the contribution of genetics in predicting salivary Cortisol and alpha amylase response to stress in infants has not been investigated yet. In the present study, the child-mother attachment relationship, some genetic polymorphisms (DRD4, DRD4/521, COMT and 5-HTT), and temperamental traits were tested as predictors of both physiological markers during the Strange Situation (SS) procedure in an Italian sample of around 70 healthy infants aged 12 to 18 months. HPA and SAM activity was predicted by a larger number of gene x environment interactions in comparison with the number of separate constitutional (genes and temperament) and environmental (attachment patterns) factors. These results help to disentangle the role played by both biological and environmental factors in determining individual differences in stress response in infancy. The results also shed light on the suggestion that HPA and SAM systems are likely to have different characteristic responses to stress and associations with behaviour.
International Trade Integration: A Disaggregated Approach

This paper investigates the sources and size of trade barriers at the industry level. We derive a micro-founded measure of industry-specific bilateral trade integration that has an in-built control for time-varying multilateral resistance. This trade integration measure is consistent with a broad range of recent trade models including the Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) framework, the Ricardian model by Eaton and Kortum (2002) and heterogeneous firms models. We use it to explore trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors such as Technical Barriers to Trade. Trade integration is generally lower for countries that opted out of the Euro or did not abolish border controls in accordance with the Schengen Agreement. Reductions in trade barriers explain about one-half of the growth in trade over the period 1999-2003 and are therefore a major driving force of the EU Single Market.
NIK1, a host factor specialized in antiviral defense or a novel general regulator of plant immunity?

NIK1 is a receptor‐like kinase involved in plant antiviral immunity. Although NIK1 is structurally similar to the plant immune factor BAK1, which is a key regulator in plant immunity to bacterial pathogens, the NIK1‐mediated defenses do not resemble BAK1 signaling cascades. The underlying mechanism for NIK1 antiviral immunity has recently been uncovered. NIK1 activation mediates the translocation of RPL10 to the nucleus, where it interacts with LIMYB to fully down‐regulate translational machinery genes, resulting in translation inhibition of host and viral mRNAs and enhanced tolerance to begomovirus. Therefore, the NIK1 antiviral immunity response culminates in global translation suppression, which represents a new paradigm for plant antiviral defenses. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses in nik1 mutant suggest that NIK1 may suppress antibacterial immune responses, indicating a possible opposite effect of NIK1 in bacterial and viral infections.
The global burden of cholera.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the global burden of cholera using population-based incidence data and reports. METHODS Countries with a recent history of cholera were classified as endemic or non-endemic, depending on whether they had reported cholera cases in at least three of the five most recent years. The percentages of the population in each country that lacked access to improved sanitation were used to compute the populations at risk for cholera, and incidence rates from published studies were applied to groups of countries to estimate the annual number of cholera cases in endemic countries. The estimates of cholera cases in non-endemic countries were based on the average numbers of cases reported from 2000 to 2008. Literature-based estimates of cholera case-fatality rates (CFRs) were used to compute the variance-weighted average cholera CFRs for estimating the number of cholera deaths. FINDINGS About 1.4 billion people are at risk for cholera in endemic countries. An estimated 2.8 million cholera cases occur annually in such countries (uncertainty range: 1.4-4.3) and an estimated 87,000 cholera cases occur in non-endemic countries. The incidence is estimated to be greatest in children less than 5 years of age. Every year about 91,000 people (uncertainty range: 28,000 to 142,000) die of cholera in endemic countries and 2500 people die of the disease in non-endemic countries. CONCLUSION The global burden of cholera, as determined through a systematic review with clearly stated assumptions, is high. The findings of this study provide a contemporary basis for planning public health interventions to control cholera.
Management of HIV infection in treatment-naive patients: a review of the most current recommendations.

PURPOSE The most current guidelines issued by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in treatment-naive patients are reviewed. SUMMARY Treatment guidelines are updated frequently because of the emergence of data demonstrating the risks and benefits of antiretroviral therapy. The DHHS guidelines strongly recommend initiating therapy in patients with certain conditions regardless of CD4 cell count and in patients with CD4 cell counts of <350 cells/mm(3). Although supporting data are less definitive, treatment is also recommended for patients with CD4 cell counts of 350-500 cells/mm(3). Treatment for patients with CD4 cell counts of >500 cells/mm(3) is controversial. Although cumulative observational data and biological evidence support treatment at higher CD4 cell counts, randomized controlled trial data to support this are not available, and the risk of antiretroviral toxicities, resistance, non-adherence, and cost should be considered in individual patients. The preferred regimens have been consolidated to four options, including a dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone (tenofovir plus emtricitabine) with a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (efavirenz), a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (atazanavir plus ritonavir or darunavir plus ritonavir), or an integrase strand-transfer inhibitor (raltegravir). Regimens are classified as alternative or acceptable when they have potential safety or efficacy concerns, have higher pill burdens, or require more-frequent administration compared with preferred regimens. CONCLUSION The DHHS 2011 guidelines advocate earlier antiretroviral therapy initiation than recommended in recent years, and preferred regimens have been refined to maximize efficacy, safety, and quality of life for treatment-naive HIV-infected patients.
Background Knowledge in Science: A Naturalistic Critique

There is a common theme in the papers by Levi (1985) and Shapere (1985). Both are much concerned with the nature and role of background knowledge in science. Yet the approaches to this common problem represented in these two papers are so different as to be almost incommensurable. This divergence, I think, is not solely the fault of the authors, both of whom are distinguished and experienced philosophers of science. It reflects widespread features of the philosophy of science as it is now practiced. I will begin by saying what I think these features are and by suggesting an alternative conception of our enterprise as philosophers of science. Then I will comment on some specific points in each of these papers from the standpoint of this alternative conception. Finally, I will give my own account of the role of background knowledge in a specific scientific case.
Mass Higher Education and the 2011 Student Movement in Chile: Material and Ideological Implications

This article analyses the material and ideological implications of a highly commodified mass higher education system on the 2011 students' mobilisations in Chile. Drawing upon quantitative and qualitative data, we show that the grievances denounced by the movement emerged from the differences in the process of socialisation/reproduction of intellectual labour among universities, which in turn correspond to forms of class exploitation. Moreover, we demonstrate that students' engagement in/with the movement varies across universities in accordance with the differentiation of these institutions along class and political cleavages. The article offers insights to understand why a sectoral conflict became the most significant challenge to the neoliberal consensus that has prevailed since the late-1980s.
D ISFLUENT L ENGTHENING IN S PONTANEOUS S PEECH

We investigate lengthening in spontaneous speech with the aim in mind to use it as a time-management strategy in incremental spoken dialogue systems. lengthening is a common feature of speech, occurring regularly near the edges of intonation phrases. It behaves similar to disfluencies when it occurs in places remote from phrasal boundaries. Disfluencies have proven useful in incremental spoken dialogue systems that require real-time interaction with human users. Previous studies suggest that lengthening might be a low-cost way for dialogue systems to buy valuable time. This is to be examined in detail, based on a corpus study of lengthening behavior in spontaneous German speech. To aid the analyses, we explore new methods of automatic lengthening detection.
AN INVESTIGATION OF PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE

1. The ease or difficulty of learning phonological categories, experienced by a speaker of language X attempting to learn language Y, has been attributed by linguists to (1) the competing phonemic categories of native language (N) and target language (T) systems, (2) the allophonic membership of these phonemic categories, and (3) the distributions of these categories within their respective systems. It has been noted that the higher the degree of similarity between the N and T phonological categories, the easier it is for the speaker to learn the T phonological categories, and the converse has been held to be true. In line with Hockett's definition of the phonological system of a language (1958:24) as 'not so much a set of sounds as it is a network of differences between sounds', it has been assumed by linguists that it is this very existence of a SYSTEM of distinctive and nondistinctive features which causes interference when the speaker of one language attempts to learn another language in which the phonological system is composed of partially similar and completely different distinctive and nondistinctive features. It has further been believed that the speakers of a language learn to attend only to those features which are distinctive and to ignore those which are redundant. Bloomfield says (1933:79), in reference to distinctive features, that 'the speaker has been trained to respond only to these features and to ignore the rest of the gross acoustic mass that reaches his ears. ' Once a speaker has learned to attend to certain features only, he supposedly approaches all other languages through his own 'grid' of distinctive versus nondistinctive features (Troubetskoy 1955:54). Since the speaker of N will interpret the phonological system of T in terms of the features of N, interference is expected. Wolff (1950:38), in discussing a hierarchy of interference encountered by speakers of Puerto Rican Spanish learning English, notes that it is easier for everyone to learn a completely new phoneme which does not exist in his native language-e.g. for a speaker of Puerto Rican Spanish to learn American English (AE) /r/ or /j/-than it is to learn a partially similar class in the target language that will involve negative transfer caused by the N system-e.g. AE /p/, with aspirated allophones, as opposed to Puerto Rican /p/, which exists only as a nonaspirated stop. Weinreich (1953), through a contrastive analysis of Romansch and
Quantification of Protozoa and Viruses from Small Water Volumes

Large sample volumes are traditionally required for the analysis of waterborne pathogens. The need for large volumes greatly limits the number of samples that can be processed. The goals of this study were to compare extraction and detection procedures for quantifying protozoan parasites and viruses from small volumes of marine water. The intent was to evaluate a logistically simpler method of sample collection and processing that would facilitate direct pathogen measures as part of routine monitoring programs. Samples were collected simultaneously using a bilayer device with protozoa capture by size (top filter) and viruses capture by charge (bottom filter). Protozoan detection technologies utilized for recovery of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were qPCR and the more traditional immunomagnetic separation—IFA-microscopy, while virus (poliovirus) detection was based upon qPCR versus plaque assay. Filters were eluted using reagents consistent with the downstream detection technologies. Results showed higher mean recoveries using traditional detection methods over qPCR for Cryptosporidium (91% vs. 45%) and poliovirus (67% vs. 55%) whereas for Giardia the qPCR-based methods were characterized by higher mean recoveries (41% vs. 28%). Overall mean recoveries are considered high for all detection technologies. Results suggest that simultaneous filtration may be suitable for isolating different classes of pathogens from small marine water volumes. More research is needed to evaluate the suitability of this method for detecting pathogens at low ambient concentration levels.