Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increasing hyperspectral image classification accuracy for data sets with limited training samples by sample interpolation

This paper proposes to improve classification accuracy of hyperspectral images by using sample interpolation when limited training samples are available. The training data size is artificially increased by adding training samples that have been interpolated from the original training data. Two approaches are presented with different number of training patterns being considered in the interpolation process. In the first approach, the number of samples is approximately doubled, by adding the average of each training sample with another randomly selected training sample of the same class, to the training set. In the second approach, the averages of each sample with each of all other samples of the same class are added to the training set. This approach is referred to as the limit case. For classification, initially, Support Vector Machine (SVM) training is applied to the new and larger sized training data. These support vectors are then used in the classification step. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides increased classification accuracy if a limited number of training samples are available using a simple and effective training data interpolation approach.
A Metaheuristic ACO to Solve the Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls

In this paper, a metaheuristic algorithm based on the ant colony optimization is presented to solve the multi-depot vehicle routing problem with delivery and collection of package. Each performed route consists of one sub-route in which only the delivery task is done, in addition to one sub-route in which only the collection process is performed. The proposed algorithm tries to find the best order to visit the customers at each performed route. In addition, the proposed approach determines the best connection between the sub-routes of delivery and collection, in order to obtain a global solution with the minimum travelling cost. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated by considering a set of instances adapted from the literature. The computational results have been compared with a greedy heuristic algorithm based on the nearest neighborhood approach. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for future works are presented.
Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission

The tumorvirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a member of the delta-retrovirus family, is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk. In vivo, HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent, CD8+ T-cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. Efficient infection of CD4+ T-cells requires cell-cell contacts while cell-free virus transmission is inefficient. Two types of cell-cell contacts have been described to be critical for HTLV-1 transmission, tight junctions and cellular conduits. Further, two non-exclusive mechanisms of virus transmission at cell-cell contacts have been proposed: (1) polarized budding of HTLV-1 into synaptic clefts; and (2) cell surface transfer of viral biofilms at virological synapses. In contrast to CD4+ T-cells, dendritic cells can be infected cell-free and, to a greater extent, via viral biofilms in vitro. Cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1 requires a coordinated action of steps in the virus infectious cycle with events in the cell-cell adhesion process; therefore, virus propagation from cell-to-cell depends on specific interactions between cellular and viral proteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 transmission with a focus on the HTLV-1-encoded proteins Tax and p8, their impact on host cell factors mediating cell-cell contacts, cytoskeletal remodeling, and thus, virus propagation.
The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake in Fish: A Review of Current Knowledge

Fish are the most diversified group of vertebrates and, although progress has been made in the past years, only relatively few fish species have been examined to date, with regards to the endocrine regulation of feeding in fish. In fish, as in mammals, feeding behavior is ultimately regulated by central effectors within feeding centers of the brain, which receive and process information from endocrine signals from both brain and peripheral tissues. Although basic endocrine mechanisms regulating feeding appear to be conserved among vertebrates, major physiological differences between fish and mammals and the diversity of fish, in particular in regard to feeding habits, digestive tract anatomy and physiology, suggest the existence of fish- and species-specific regulating mechanisms. This review provides an overview of hormones known to regulate food intake in fish, emphasizing on major hormones and the main fish groups studied to date.
Purinergic receptor antagonists inhibit odorant‐induced heat shock protein 25 induction in mouse olfactory epithelium

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) accumulate in cells exposed to a variety of physiological and environmental factors, such as heat shock, oxidative stress, toxicants, and odorants. Ischemic, stressed, and injured cells release ATP in large amounts. Our hypothesis is that noxious stimulation (in this case, strong odorant) evokes the release of ATP in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Extracellular ATP, a signal of cellular stress, induces the expression of HSPs via purinergic receptors. In the present study, in vivo odorant exposure (heptanal or R‐carvone) led to a selective induction of HSP25 in glia‐like sustentacular cells in the Swiss Webster mouse OE, as previously shown in rats (Carr et al., 2001). Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo administration of purinergic receptor antagonists suramin and pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic acid (PPADS) blocked the expression of HSP25 immunoreactivity in sustentacular cells. ATP released by acutely injured cells could act as an early signal of cell and tissue damage, causing HSP expression and initiating a stress signaling cascade to protect against further damage. Sustentacular cells have a high capacity to detoxify xenobiotics and thereby protect the olfactory epithelium from airborne pollutants. Thus, the robust, rapid induction of HSPs in sustentacular cells may help maintain the integrity of the OE during exposure to toxicants. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement Guidelines for the Sequestration of Forest Carbon

Measurement guidelines for forest carbon sequestration were developed to support reporting by public and private entities to greenhouse gas registries. These guidelines are intended to be a reference for designing a forest carbon inventory and monitoring system by professionals with a knowledge of sampling, statistical estimation, and forest measurements. This report provides guidance on defining boundaries; measuring, monitoring, and estimating changes in carbon stocks; implementing plans to measure and monitor carbon; and developing quality assurance and quality control plans to ensure credible and reproducible estimates of the carbon credits. Expected users include entities, e.g., individual landowners, industrial forestry companies and managers of utility company lands, within the United States who are interested in implementing forestry activities and projects designed to generate carbon credits that could be traded as an offset, or for registering carbon dioxide reductions using the U.S. Department of Energy 1605(b) voluntary reporting registry.
Distribution of a putative kainic acid receptor in the frog central nervous system determined with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies: evidence for synaptic and extrasynaptic localization

A frog brain kainic acid receptor (KAR) was studied using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the affinity-purified receptor. Immunocytochemistry was done on sections of the frog CNS, and the distribution of immunostaining was compared with the distribution of high- and low-affinity 3H-kainic acid (3H-KA) binding sites determined with in vitro receptor autoradiography. These studies showed (1) similar distributions of high- and low-affinity 3H-KA binding sites, (2) identical patterns of immunostaining with the polyclonal antibodies and 2 monoclonal antibodies, and (3) an antibody binding distribution which closely matched that of 3H-KA binding, suggesting that the antibodies recognize the primary KAR in frog brain. In the frog brain, an anteroposterior gradient of immunostaining was observed, with the telencephalon intensely and uniformly immunoreactive. Other areas intensely immunoreactive included the cerebellum, the infundibulum, the tectal and posterior commissures, and the laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis. The optic tectum showed selective staining of the plexiform layers 3 and 5–7. The pattern of staining was punctate and appeared to be associated with nerve fibers, among them dendritic arborizations. Electron microscopic observations showed staining at the cytoplasmic side of postsynaptic membranes. Extra-synaptic staining was observed as patches on the surface of unmyelinated nerve processes.
‘My independent streak may get in the way’: how older adults respond to falls prevention education in hospital

Objectives The aim of the study was to determine how providing individualised falls prevention education facilitated behaviour change from the perspective of older hospital patients on rehabilitation wards and what barriers they identified to engaging in preventive strategies. Design A prospective qualitative survey. Methods Older patients (n=757) who were eligible (mini-mental state examination score>23/30) received falls prevention education while admitted to eight rehabilitation hospital wards in Western Australia. Subsequently, 610 participants were surveyed using a semistructured questionnaire to gain their response to the in-hospital education and their identified barriers to engaging in falls prevention strategies. Deductive content analysis was used to map responses against conceptual frameworks of health behaviour change and risk taking. Results Participants who responded (n=473) stated that the education raised their awareness, knowledge and confidence to actively engage in falls prevention strategies, such as asking for assistance prior to mobilising. Participants’ thoughts and feelings about their recovery were the main barriers they identified to engaging in safe strategies, including feeling overconfident or desiring to be independent and thinking that staff would be delayed in providing assistance. The most common task identified as potentially leading to risk-taking behaviour was needing to use the toilet. Conclusions Individualised education assists older hospital rehabilitation patients with good levels of cognition to engage in suitable falls prevention strategies while on the ward. Staff should engage with patients to understand their perceptions about their recovery and support patients to take an active role in planning their rehabilitation.
Using FIRE & ICE for Detecting and Recovering Compromised Nodes in Sensor Networks

Abstract : This paper presents a suite of protocols called FIRE (Forgery-resilient Intrusion detection, Recovery, and Establishments of keys), for detecting and recovering compromised nodes in sensor networks. FIRE consists of two protocols: an intrusion detection and code update protocol, and a cryptographic key update protocol. In concert, the FIRE protocols enable us to design a sensor network that can always detect compromised nodes (no false negatives), and either repair them through code updates and set up new cryptographic keys, or revoke the compromised nodes from the network. The FIRE protocols are based on ICE (Indisputable Code Execution), a mechanism providing externally verifiable code execution on off-the-shelf sensor nodes. ICE gives the following two properties: 1) the locations in memory from where the code is currently executing on a sensor node, matches memory locations being verified and 2) the memory contents being verified are correct. Together, these two properties guarantee that the code currently executing on the sensor node is correct. The FIRE protocols represent a significant step towards designing secure sensor networks. As far as we are aware, there are no techniques for intrusion detection in adhoc and sensor networks that do make any false negative claims. Also, we do not know of any existing techniques that can automatically recover compromised sensor nodes. We present an implementation of our FIRE protocols and ICE on current off-the-shelf sensor devices.
Fibronectin and serum amyloid P component stimulate C3b- and C3bi- mediated phagocytosis in cultured human monocytes

Fibronectin (FN) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) markedly enhance phagocytosis mediated by the C3b and C3bi receptors of cultured human monocytes but not of granulocytes. (The C3b and C3bi receptors of granulocytes can be activated by treatment of these phagocytes with PMA.) Activation of monocyte C3 receptors by FN is developmentally regulated: Freshly explanted monocytes respond to FN with a small increase in C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis while monocytes matured in culture exhibit a much greater response. The mechanism of action of FN on C3 receptors of cultured monocytes is unique in two respects. First, while substrate-bound FN or SAP activate monocyte C3 receptors, soluble FN does not. Second, stimulation of the basal surface of monocyte plasma membranes by substrate-bound FN activates C3b and C3bi receptors on the apical surface of the plasma membrane, i.e., at sites remote from the segments of membrane in contact with the FN or SAP.
Detection of Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia amblyommii in Amblyomma longirostre (Acari: Ixodidae) from Bahia state, Northeast Brazil

Studies investigating rickettsial infections in ticks parasitizing wild animals in the Northeast region of Brazil have been confined to the detection of Rickettsia amblyommii in immature stages of Amblyomma longirostre collected from birds in the state of Bahia, and in immatures and females of Amblyomma auriculariumcollected from the striped hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus semistriatus) and armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus) in the state of Pernambuco. The current study extends the distribution of R. amblyommii (strain Aranha), which was detected in A. longirostre collected from the thin-spined porcupine Chaetomys subspinosus and the hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou insidiosus. In addition, we report the first detection of Rickettsia bellii in adults of A. longirostre collected from C. insidiosus in the state of Bahia.
A corrective method for image completion based on SPBP and SP

In this paper a novel approach to image completion is introduced, which based on algorithm of Structure Priority Belief Propagation (SPBP) and Structure Propagation (SP). It is to use the user input line segment as auxiliary and use other one kind of distribution to source patches and destination patches. Namely in the auxiliary line source part which shows the belt-shaped discrete distribution, to destination patches which needs to complete, So each destination patch, which containing auxiliary line segment, is the similar overlap scheme for SPBP algorithm. The experimental results indicated that this optimized method surpasses the first two algorithms obviously in the image completion effect, and enhances the operation efficiency as well.
Distance-based control of formations with hybrid communication topology: Three-agent case

In this paper, we focus on the control of triangular multi-agent formations with hybrid communication topology though distance-based approach. By saying hybrid topology, we mean that the communication topology contains both undirected and directed links, or in other words, the underlying graph of the formation contains both undirected and directed edges. A new type of graph, namely hybrid graph, is introduced. We discuss the persistence of a hybrid graph and present the persistence verification strategy for hybrid graphs. It is proved that all the persistent hybrid graphs can be obtained from persistent directed graphs by the operation of edge transformation. As the main result, it is shown that triangular multi-agent formations modelled by hybrid graphs can be stabilized locally under distance-based controllers.
End-to-End Crowdsourcing Approach for Unbiased High-Quality Transcription of Speech

We present an end-to-end implementation of a crowdsourcing speech transcription pipeline that aims at achieving multiple goals including high transcription fidelity, minimal bias towards machine-generated recognition hypotheses and low cost. Our approach consists of two stages: unassisted transcription and variant selection. Each stage is realized as an iterative process where opinions are solicited from judges as long as no reliable decision regarding final utterance transcription can be made. Acknowledging possible ambiguity of the hypothesis space, our final consensus hypotheses can comprise several alternative transcriptions for each utterance merging them into a single word confusion network. Using lexicographic transcription task for Microsoft Cortana, we show that our approach produces low cost transcriptions that are superior even to the professional transcriptions in terms of exposure bias, accu-
Opportunistic spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems

This paper proposes an opportunistic spectrum sensing scheme where a single secondary user with the highest channel condition is selected for spectrum sensing. Contrary to the MRC-based sensing scheme, the proposed sensing scheme is efficient in terms of energy consumption and signaling overheads. We show that the proposed opportunistic sensing scheme achieves comparable throughput efficiency to the MRC based cooperative sensing while it significantly reduces power consumption and signaling overheads.
The Usefulness of Process Models: A Lifecycle description of how Process Models are used in Modern Organisations

Considerable attention has been given to the development of process modelling methodology over a number of years. As well as being used for the traditional concerns of analysis and design, executable process models have been developed in order to facilitate the implementation and evolution of systems. This paper investigates whether and how process models are useful. To answer this question a simple system development life cycle is set out, and at each stage the use of process models is described from accounts given in the literature and from practical experience. The process models considered in these accounts are both the conceptual forms and the executable forms of models. Our conclusions are that process models are still best understood and most successfully used as traditional analysis and design tools. Their usefulness in implementation is less obvious even in projects where the transfer of these technologies was a specific aim. We propose that further research should be done and we advocate the rigorous reporting of process modelling projects.
Using a Bottom-Up Approach to Design Computers as Metacognitive Tools to Enhance Learning of History

A seminal study conducted by Greene, Bolick, and Robertson (2010) showed that learners do not always engage in appropriate metacognitive and self-regulatory processes while learning about history. However, little research exists to guide the design of technology-rich learning environments (TRLEs) as metacognitive tools in social sciences education. In order to address this issue, we designed a metacognitive tool using a bottom-up approach (Poitras, 2010; Poitras, Lajoie, & Hong, in prep). Thirty-two undergraduate students read an historical narrative text either with or without the benefit of the metacognitive tool. Results from process and product data suggest that learners had better recall because the metacognitive tool assisted learners to (a) notice that particular events are unexplained in the circumstances described in an historical narrative text, and (b) generate hypothetical causes to explain the occurrence of such events. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of the MetaHistoReasoning Tool, a TRLE that assists learners’ historical reasoning while they accomplish authentic tasks of historical inquiry.
A 3D Driver Head Pose Estimation Method Based on Depth Image

The driver's head pose is an indicator of driver's attention and plays a significantly role in driving safety. Traditional 2D color image processing method has disadvantage due to its vulnerability under poor environmental lighting conditions in vehicle. In this paper, we propose a novel method with calibrated gaze zone to estimate the driver head pose combining RGB and depth data. The head rotation can be calculated by Iterative Closest Point algorithm in 3D point cloud. In order to reduce the amount of calculation of ICP for head pose estimation, particle filter is used to track and learn the status of head movement. The head templates of different gaze zones and their neighbors for ICP also make contribution to an accurate result. The experimental results show that our approach has a low error rate and is acceptable in real driving environment.
subsalt imaging via regularized inversion with model preconditioning

Subsalt imaging is a difficult but increasingly important pr oblem. The poor illumination that occurs when seismic energy is affected by the complex su bsurface at and around salt bodies causes significant shadow zones in migration res ults. These shadow zones may contain real signal, but it is weak compared to the artifa cts caused by multipathing and poor illumination. To reduce artifacts and recover this energy, thereby improving the image, we use an imaging (migration) operator in a regulariz ed least-squares inversion. The regularization operator acts on the offset ray paramete r (reflection angle) axis of the model space. Performing several iterations of regularized nversion that penalize large changes along the offset ray parameter axis results in an ima ge with recognizable events in the shadow zones and fewer artifacts. We perform regulari zed nversion with model preconditioning on real 2-D and 3-D data to obtain seismic im ages that are better in poorly illuminated areas than migration results.
Road pricing design based on game theory and multi-agent consensus

Consensus theory and noncooperative game theory respectively deal with cooperative and noncooperative interactions among multiple players/agents. They provide a natural framework for road pricing design, since each motorist may myopically optimize his or her own utility as a function of road price and collectively communicate with his or her friends and neighbors on traffic situation at the same time. This paper considers the road pricing design by using game theory and consensus theory. For the case where a system supervisor broadcasts information on the overall system to each agent, we present a variant of standard fictitious play called average strategy fictitious play (ASFP) for large-scale repeated congestion games. Only a weighted running average of all other players' actions is assumed to be available to each player. The ASFP reduces the burden of both information gathering and information processing for each player. Compared to the joint strategy fictitious play (JSFP) studied in the literature, the updating process of utility functions for each player is avoided. We prove that there exists at least one pure strategy Nash equilibrium for the congestion game under investigation, and the players' actions generated by the ASFP with inertia (players' reluctance to change their previous actions) converge to a Nash equilibrium almost surely. For the case without broadcasting, a consensus protocol is introduced for individual agents to estimate the percentage of players choosing each resource, and the convergence property of players' action profile is still ensured. The results are applied to road pricing design to achieve socially local optimal trip timing. Simulation results are provided based on the real traffic data for the Singapore case study.