Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HOW DO LEARNERS PERCEIVE INTERACTIONAL FEEDBACK?

Theoretical claims about the benefits of conversational interaction have been made by Gass (1997), Long (1996), Pica (1994), and others. The Interaction Hypothesis suggests that negotiated interaction can facilitate SLA and that one reason for this could be that, during interaction, learners may receive feedback on their utterances. An interesting issue, which has challenged interactional research, concerns how learners perceive feedback and whether their perceptions affect their subsequent L2 development. The present research addresses the first of these issues–learners' perceptions about interactional feedback. The study, involving 10 learners of English as a second language and 7 learners of Italian as a foreign language, explores learners' perceptions about feedback provided to them through task-based dyadic interaction. Learners received feedback focused on a range of morphosyntactic, lexical, and phonological forms. After completing the tasks, learners watched videotapes of their previous interactions and were asked to introspect about their thoughts at the time the original interactions were in progress. The results showed that learners were relatively accurate in their perceptions about lexical, semantic, and phonological feedback. However, morphosyntactic feedback was generally not perceived as such. Furthermore, the nature as well as the content of the feedback may have affected learners' perceptions.
An exact analytical relation among recall , precision , and classification accuracy in information retrieval

From a machine learning perspective, information retrieval may be viewed as a problem of classifying items into one of two classes corresponding to interesting and uninteresting items respectively. A natural performance metric in this context is classification accuracy, defined as the fraction of the system’s interesting/uninteresting predictions that agree with the user’s assessments. On the other hand, the field of information retrieval has two classical performance evaluation metrics: precision, the fraction of the items retrieved by the system that are interesting to the user, and recall, the fraction of the items of interest to the user that are retrieved by the system. In the present paper we present for the first time a general mathematical relation linking classification accuracy with precision and recall. Our relation provides an analytical tool that promises to be useful in theoretical and applied work in information retrieval. As a significant example in this direction, we show that our relation implies a trade-off between recall and precision under certain conditions on the accuracy.
Moderate Hyperglycemia Worsens Acute Blood‐Brain Barrier Injury After Forebrain Ischemia in Rats

Background and Purpose Clinical and experimental data indicate that hyperglycemia can aggravate the consequences of stroke and cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of moderate hyperglycemia on the response of the blood-brain barrier to normothermic (37°C) and hypothermic (30°C) global forebrain ischemia. Methods Sixteen rats underwent 20 minutes of four-vessel occlusion followed by 30 minutes of postischemic recirculation. We used the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase as an indicator of increased vascular permeability, and rats were perfusion-fixed for microscopic analysis. To produce moderate hyperglycemia, we gave an intraperitoneal injection of 50% dextrose 15 minutes before the ischemic insult. Results After normothermic brain ischemia, normoglycemico rats (plasma glucose level, 115 ± 3 mg/dl) demonstrated extravasated horseradish peroxidase mainly restricted to the cerebral cortex. In contrast, more severe and widespread protein extravasation was documented throughout the neuraxis of hyperglycemic (plasma glucose level, 342 ± 27) rats. Sites of protein leakage included the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. Foci of protein extravasation were associated with pial and large penetrating vessels. Intraischemic hypothermia significantly attenuated the blood-brain barrier consequences of hyperglycemic brain ischemia. Conclusions Under normothermic ischemic conditions, hyperglycemia significantly worsens the degree of acute blood-brain barrier breakdown compared with normoglycemia. Postischemic blood-brain barrier disruption may play an important role in the pathogenesis of increased brain damage associated with systemic hyperglycemia.
Survey of Injuries in Seattle Area Levels 4 to 10 Female Club Gymnasts

ObjectiveTo evaluate incidence, distribution, and contributing factors of injury in club gymnastics. DesignCross-sectional survey. SettingFive randomly selected gymnastics clubs near Seattle, WA. ParticipantsNinety-six club gymnasts from competitive levels 4 to 10. InterventionsThe participants completed a questionnaire regarding demographics, injuries and contributing factors, and exposure time in the last competitive season. Main Outcome MeasuresAcute and overuse injury incidence rates stratified by practice and competition, age categories, and level using relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Chi-square testing was used to compare demographic-specific and gymnastic-specific variables between injured and uninjured. Multivariate regression modeling was used to assess independent risk factors for risk of acute and overuse injuries. ResultsAcute injury rate was 1.3 per 1000 hours and in univariate, but not multivariate analysis, it was 3.6-fold greater (95% CI, 1.6-9.1) among 10 to 12 year olds and 3.1-fold greater (95% CI, 1.3-8.0) among 13 to 17 year olds compared with 7 to 9 year olds. The most common acutely injured body parts were foot (21.0%), ankle (19.3%), knee (14.0%), and wrist (8.8%). The majority of injuries occurred in practice, but the meet injury rate was higher. Most injuries occurred on floor exercise (32.1%), beam (20.7%), and bars (17.0). Injury was most common during landing. The overuse injury rate was 1.8 per 1000 hours. During their gymnastics careers, concussions occurred in 30.2% and stress fractures affecting mostly low back and foot occurred in 16.7% of the gymnasts. ConclusionsGymnasts are at similar risk of acute and overuse injuries, and acute injury rates were greater among older gymnasts. However, this predictor did not remain significant in multivariate analysis. Concussions and stress fractures are common. Gymnastics injury prevention studies should focus on older gymnasts, concussion education, and landing after a skill.
Acute impact of upper and lower limb resistance training on common carotid arterial stiffness and local hemodynamics

Increase in common carotid arterial stiffness is a risk factor for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. It has been reported that resistance training (RT) may increase or decrease the arterial stiffness. In this paper, acute impacts of upper and/or lower limb RT on common carotid arterial stiffness and local hemodynamics were investigated. Twenty two healthy subjects were randomly assigned to upper limb RT group (m = 12) and lower limb RT group (m = 10). The upper limb group underwent two groups of upper limb RT by dumbbells with different workload (5 kg and 7 kg). The lower limb group underwent two groups of exercise trainings on an anaerobic fitness bicycle, of which each group included four times of 20 s trainings with the workload 225 W. The waveforms of arterial diameter and center-line velocity in the right common carotid artery were recorded by an ultrasonic Doppler before and right after treatments. The arterial stiffness and associated hemodynamic parameters were calculated and analyzed. The statistical results demonstrated that there existed no significant differences in the systolic, mean, diastolic blood pressure and the heart rate for the upper limb group before and after training. For the lower limb group, however, the systolic blood pressure and the heart rate significantly increased from baseline after training while the mean blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure remained not significantly changed. The pressure-strain elastic modulus and the arterial stiffness beta-index significantly increased right after high intensity of upper limb RT. On the contrary, the lower limb RT had no effect on pressure-strain elastic modulus and the arterial stiffness beta-index. It was concluded that an acute high intensity of upper limb RT increased the carotid arterial stiffness in young healthy male subjects, but moderate intensity of upper limb RT and lower limb RT had no effect.
Effects of ionised or chelated water-soluble mineral mixture supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality and intestinal microbiota in broilers

Abstract An experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation of water-soluble ionised or chelated mineral mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, relative organ weight, meat quality and excreta microflora in broilers. A total of 408 Arbor Acres broilers (17 birds in 8 replicate pens) were randomly allocated into one of the following three treatments: (1) Control/basal diet (CON), (2) T1 (basal diet + 0.5% ionised mineral mixture solution, pH 3.0) and (3) T2 (basal diet + 0.5% chelated mineral mixture solution, pH 3.0). The body weight gain was greater and feed conversion ratio was lower in broilers supplemented with ionised or chelated mineral liquid complex compared to CON during the grower and overall phase of the experiment. No significant effect in the concentration of Ca and P in the blood was observed in birds supplemented with ionised or chelated mineral mixture solution. No adverse effects were observed in organ weight and meat quality with ionised or chelated mineral mixture supplementation. Regarding intestinal microbiota counts there was a reduction of Escherichia coli counts in the small intestine in ionised mineral supplemented birds. In the large intestine, E. coli as well as Salmonella populations were reduced in ionised mineral supplemented birds. In conclusion, ionised or chelated minerals have partial positive effects in improving growth performance and reducing pathogenic bacteria load in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Software evolution observations based on product release history

Large software systems evolve slowly but constantly. In this paper, we examine the structure of several releases of a telecommunication switching system (TSS) based on information stored in a database of product releases. We tracked the historical evolution of the TSS structure and related the adaptations made (e.g. addition of new features, etc.) to the structure of the system. Such a systematic examination can uncover potential shortcomings in the structure of the system and identify modules or subsystems that should be subject to restructuring or reengineering. Further, we have identified additional information that would be useful for such investigations but is currently lacking in the database
On the decidability of semigroup freeness

This paper deals with the decidability of semigroup freeness. More precisely, the freeness problem over a semigroup S is defined as: given a finite subset X ⊆ S, decide whether each element of S has at most one factorization over X. To date, the decidabilities of two freeness problems have been closely examined. In 1953, Sardinas and Patterson proposed a now famous algorithm for the freeness problem over the free monoid. In 1991, Klarner, Birget and Satterfield proved the undecidability of the freeness problem over three-by-three integer matrices. Both results led to the publication of many subsequent papers. The aim of the present paper is three-fold: (i) to present general results concerning freeness problems, (ii) to study the decidability of freeness problems over various particular semigroups (special attention is devoted to multiplicative matrix semigroups), and (iii) to propose precise, challenging open questions in order to promote the study of the topic.
Effective diffusion of scalar fields in a chaotic flow

The advection of a tracer field in a fluid flow can create complex scalar structures and increase the effect of weak diffusion by orders of magnitude. One tool to quantify this is to measure the flux of scalar across contour lines of constant scalar. This gives a diffusionequation in area coordinates with an effective diffusion that depends on the structure of the scalar field and, in particular, takes large values when scalar contours become very extended. The present paper studies the properties of this effective diffusion using a mixture of analytical and numerical tools. First the presence of hyperbolic stationary points, that is, saddles, in the scalar concentration field is investigated analytically, and it is shown that these give rise to singular spikes in the effective diffusion. This is confirmed in numerical simulations in which complex scalar fields are generated using a time-periodic flow. Issues of numerical resolution are discussed and results are given on the dependence of the effective diffusion on grid resolution and discretization in area or scalar values. These simulations show complex dependence of the effective diffusion on time as saddle points appear and disappear in the scalar field. It is found that time averaging (in the presence of an additional scalar source term) removes this dependence to leave robust results for the effective diffusion.
Disease progression, adherence, and response to protease inhibitor therapy for HIV infection in an Urban Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

Indinavir therapy has demonstrated promise in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in clinical trials; however, its efficacy in a U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, where access to therapy is generally unimpeded, is unknown. A review of the Miami cohort was conducted for the year beginning May 1996 to evaluate response to indinavir plus two nucleoside analogues. Of 483 HIV-1-positive patients (97% male; mean age, 46.7+/-9.7 years), 266 were offered indinavir based on their having CD4 counts <200 cells/microl or viral loads >10,000 copies/ml. Of these patients, 36% were adherent and experienced significant reductions in viral loads (-93,325+/-147,911 copies/ml) and elevations in CD4+ (111+/-103 cells/microl) and CD8+ (225+/-338 cells/microl) T cell counts. Adherent patients with baseline CD4 counts <100 cells/microl were 4.5 times more likely to have follow-up viral loads >10,000 copies/ml than those with CD4 >200 cells/microl. Adherent patients with CD4 counts <100 cells/microl did not show evidence of immune "exhaustion" because they were equal to those with CD4 counts >200 cells/microl in their capacity to replenish CD4 cells. Nonadherence to the regimen resulted in loss of therapeutic benefit and suggested that strategies to enhance adherence may become an essential component of treatment.
Roots of Empathy.

The Roots of Empathy is a classroombased parenting program designed for elementary school students. The program, developed and written by Mary Gordon, has as its cornerstone a monthly classroom visit by an infant and parent. Bi-monthly class visits from a Roots of Empathy instructor foster empathy skills through discussion and activities which are based on the infantparent visit. During these visits, the baby becomes the focus of the class activities in which students learn from guided observation how to read a baby’s cues and respond appropriately. In addition, students chronicle the baby’s physical growth and milestones. Through interaction with the baby, students learn to develop their own sense of taking another person’s perspective (empathy).
Towards Business Process Management in Networked Ecosystems

Managing and supporting the collaboration between different actors is key in any organizational context, whether of a hierarchical or a networked nature. In the networked context of ecosystems of service providers and other stakeholders, BPM is faced with different challenges than in a conventional hierarchical model, based on up front consolidation and consensus on the process flows used in collaboration. In networked ecosystems of potential business partners, designing collaboration upfront is not feasible. Coalitions are formed situationally, and sometimes even ad-hoc. This paper presents a number of challenges for conventional BPM in such environments, and explores how declarative process management technology could address them, indicating topics for further research.
Mechanics of Blood Vessels

Philip B. Dobrin Hines VA Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center 57.1 Assumptions . 57-1 Homogeneity of the Vessel Wall • Incompressibility of the Vessel Wall • Inelasticity of the Vessel Wall • Residual Stress and Strain 57.2 Vascular Anatomy . 57-2 57.3 Axisymmetric Deformation . 57-3 57.4 Experimental Measurements . 57-5 57.5 Equilibrium . 57-5 57.6 Strain Energy Density Functions . 57-6 Isotropic Blood Vessels • Anisotropic Blood Vessels References . 57-12
Belief Tracking for Planning with Sensing: Width, Complexity and Approximations

We consider the problem of belief tracking in a planning setting where states are valuations over a set of variables that are partially observable, and beliefs stand for the sets of states that are possible. While the problem is intractable in the worst case, it has been recently shown that in deterministic conformant and contingent problems, belief tracking is exponential in a width parameter that is often bounded and small. In this work, we extend these results in two ways. First, we introduce a width notion that applies to non-deterministic problems as well, develop a factored belief tracking algorithm that is exponential in the problem width, and show how it applies to existing benchmarks. Second, we introduce a meaningful, powerful, and sound approximation scheme, beam tracking, that is exponential in a smaller parameter, the problem causal width, and has much broader applicability. We illustrate the value of this algorithm over large instances of problems such as Battleship, Minesweeper, and Wumpus, where it yields state-of-the-art performance in real-time.
Dictionary learning via projected maximal exploration

This work presents a geometrical analysis of the Large Step Gradient Descent (LGD) dictionary learning algorithm. LGD updates the atoms of the dictionary using a gradient step with a step size equal to twice the optimal step size. We show that the large step gradient descent can be understood as a maximal exploration step where one goes as far away as possible without increasing the error. We also show that the LGD iteration is monotonic when the algorithm used for the sparse approximation step is close enough to orthogonal.
Contribution of Antigen-Primed CD8+ T Cells to the Development of Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation Is Associated with IL-131

The role of Th2/CD4 T cells, which secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, in allergic disease is well established; however, the role of CD8+ T cells (allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation) is less clear. This study was conducted to define the role of Ag-primed CD8+ T cells in the development of these allergen-induced responses. CD8-deficient (CD8−/−) mice and wild-type mice were sensitized to OVA by i.p. injection and then challenged with OVA via the airways. Compared with wild-type mice, CD8−/− mice developed significantly lower airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine and lung eosinophilia, and exhibited decreased IL-13 production both in vivo, in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and in vitro, following Ag stimulation of peribronchial lymph node (PBLN) cells in culture. Reconstitution of sensitized and challenged CD8−/− mice with allergen-sensitized CD8+ T cells fully restored the development of AHR, BAL eosinophilia, and IL-13 levels in BAL and in culture supernatants from PBLN cells. In contrast, transfer of naive CD8+ T cells or allergen-sensitized CD8+ T cells from IL-13-deficient donor mice failed to do so. Intracellular cytokine staining of lung as well as PBLN T cells revealed that CD8+ T cells were a source of IL-13. These data suggest that Ag-primed CD8+ T cells are required for the full development of AHR and airway inflammation, which appears to be associated with IL-13 production from these primed T cells.
Edgar Salin and his Concept of 'Anschauliche Theorie' ('Intuitive Theory') During the Interwar Period

The economist Edgar Salin (1892-1974) was a brilliant homme de lettres, who used his exceptional political perspicacity, his knowledge of facts and of economic history to advise governments and industry, to educate generations of students, who became influential in their turn, and to influence public opinion. He was one of the founders of the List society in 1925 and helped to recreate it in 1954, he founded the successful international journal Kyklos and a flourishing economic research institute ("Prognos"). He was a Jew, of German origin, who had the luck to be offered a chair in economics in the University of Basel in Switzerland in 1927 which he kept for all his life (he had the insight not to accept a good offer from the government of Prussia in 1928). He was actively involved with Swiss economic and political affairs, especially during the war, and with German and European affairs afterwards he was an ardent supporter of European integration -, and he visited Israel often, overseeing various research projects there (Bombach and Frey, 1975; Follmi 2002). Salin's deepest commitment was to humanism, to German and ancient literature and philosophy, and to the German poet Stefan George2) in particular ; they were friends during seven years at the time when Salin was a student and young teacher at the University of Heidelberg, and during the first world war. At the same time, Salin was a student of Alfred Weber, an admirer of Max Weber and served as an assistant of the economist and economic historian Eberhard Gothein. He was thus exposed to contradictory cultural and intellectual influences. For Stefan George and the circle of friends around him were opposed to the prevailing trends of modernity and cultivated a community of friends dedicated to art and to the Good Life, while the brothers Weber saw the disenchantment by rationalisation, the growth of industrial civilisation and a democratisation associated with cultural levelling as inevitable trends, which were not to be rejected and which political action only was able to modify Alfred Weber, for instance, favoured an agrarian policy which would somewhat counterbalance the problematic of industrial mass society (A. Weber 1960; 1979). The idea of progress had become problematic (Norr, Schefold and Tenbruck 1994) it reappeared forcefully around 1960 (Acham, Norr and Schefold 1998). Edgar Salin reacted to these conflicting influences and interests by working in several different fields (Salin 1963) : He was not only