Inside the social studies classroom

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Need for Improving Primary Social Studies Our Partnership Searching for a Feasible Method Barbara Joins the Team Negotiating Understandings and Inducing Principles Focus of the Book CHAPTER 2. PRIOR RESEARCH ON PRIMARY SOCIAL STUDIES The Need for a Powerful Content Base In Early Social Studies The Expanding Communities Sequence Cultural Universals as Unit Topics Teaching Cultural Universals for Understanding, Appreciation, and Life Application Topical Organization of Curriculum Teaching for Conceptual Change Addressing Prior Knowledge and Misconceptions NCSS Standards Other Research CHAPTER 3. GENERIC ASPECTS OF OUR INSTRUCTIONAL UNITS Our Approach Compared to Alternatives Developing the Unit Plans Sequencing the Lessons Pilot Testing and Revisions Key Characteristics of the Units Example Unit Outline: Shelter Incorporating the Units Within the Larger Curriculum CHAPTER 4 USING NARRATIVE TO BUILD A CONTENT BASE The Special Challenges of Teaching Young Children Narrative Structures as Teaching Tools Barbara's Use of Narrative Clothing in the Past The Story of Bananas Concluding Observations CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURING THE CURRICULUM AROUND BIG IDEAS Focus on Powerful Ideas Three Layers of Powerful Ideas for Teaching Barbara's Focus on Big Ideas Maintaining Focus on Big Ideas without Getting Sidetracked Techniques for Focusing Students' Attention on Big Ideas Cultural Universals Food Clothing Transportation Communication CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPING BIG IDEAS ABOUT HISTORY Teaching History for Understanding, Appreciation, and Life Application Barbara's History Teaching Countering Presentism Co-constructing Timelines An Example Adapting Timelines to the Content CHAPTER 7 DEVELOPING BIG IDEAS: GEOGRAPHY The Five Fundamental Themes of Geography NCSS Standards Relating to Geography Teaching Geography for Understanding, Appreciation, and Life Application Barbara's Geography Teaching A Map Lesson Incorporating Geographic Context Into Other Lessons CHAPTER 8 DEVELOPING BIG IDEAS: THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Anthropology (Cultural Studies) Barbara's Teaching About Culture Economic Development Cultural Differences Economics Barbara's Teaching About Economics Political Science (Civics and Government) Barbara's Teaching About Civics and Government CHAPTER 9: USING INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES Teaching with Visuals Books Photos and Illustrations Video and Other Technology Constructed Learning Resources Charts Lists An Example Word Webs Graphs Barbara's Nine Principles CHAPTER 10 MAKING CONNECTIONS AND AVOIDING UNDESIRED CONTENT Making Connections Foreshadowing Tie-backs Integrating Across Subjects Controlling Students' Exposure to Anomalies and Misconceptions Anomalies Misconceptions Controlling Students' Exposure to Undesired Content Economic Disparities Taboo Topics Negative Emotions Magic Words Developing Big Ideas CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCING NEW KNOWLEDGE BASES Adapting and Elaborating Lesson Plans Choosing Physical Settings Choosing Instructional Resources Developing Skills Starting by Eliciting Wonders Establishing the Initial Knowledge Base Starting with the Prototypical Building on Prior Knowledge An Example Alternative Topic Introductions Building on Previous Lessons Starting with a Question Addressing Strong Interests First Purposeful Sets of Examples Introducing and Controlling Vocabulary Deciding Which Terms and Distinctions to Teach Tailoring Definitions to Instructional Goals Enriching Understandings Planned Redundancy Other Vocabulary Teaching Techniques Dropping in Definitions and Explanations on the Fly CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE BASES THROUGH STRUCTURED DISCOURSE Supporting Learning Through Focused Content and Planned Redundancy Sustaining Lesson Flow via Elaborations Graduated Questioning Scaffolding Learning and Retention Establishing Prototype Images to Anchor Networks of Content Reviewing Earlier Lessons to Set Up Today's Lesson Reviewing to Consolidate Before Moving Forward Modeling of Interior Dialogue Scaffolding Students' Thinking and Information Processing From Transmission to Construction: A Gradual Shift Shifting From Presenting to Eliciting Information Reverting from Eliciting to Presenting Opening to Student Questions and Comments CHAPTER 13 USING QUESTIONS TO DEVELOP CONTENT WITH THE WHOLE CLASS Timing and Frequency of Questions Types and Functions of Questions Socializing Students' Attention and Participation Calling for Choral Responses Protecting Individuals' Response Opportunities Juggling Whole-Class and Individual-Student Agendas Maintaining the Flow During Questioning Segments Increasing the Probability of Desired Responses Embedding Scaffolding Within Questions Maintaining the Flow When Questions Do Not Elicit Desired Responses Undesired but Usable Responses Inability to Respond Correctly Responding to Answers that Are Correct But Undesired in the Context Responding to Unexpected Problems During Questioning Sequences Summary: Maintaining the Flow Interruption and Shifts in Anticipated Lesson Flow Adapting Scaffolding Routines to Students and Situations CHAPTER 14 SCAFFOLDING FOR INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS WITHIN WHOLE-CLASS LESSONS Scaffolding to Elicit Improved Responses Students' Questions and Comments Teachable Moments Responding to Unhelpful Student Questions and Comments When Barbara Has to Stop and Regroup CHAPTER 15 ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENTS Barbara's Use and Adaptation of Suggested Activities Pair-Share Activities Other Review Activities Ticket-Out Activities Writing Activities Other Common Activities Less Frequent Activities Home Assignments Assessment Barbara's Approach to Assessment Formal and Informal Assessment Conclusion