Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of integrated profiling techniques for studying cloud-radiation interactions

ABSTRACT The accurate knowledge of the atmospheric state, i.e.temperature, humidity, cloud liquid water and cloud iceproﬁles is needed for a number of applications - the cal-culation of radiative ﬂux proﬁles being a particularly de-manding one. In order to study cloud-radiation interac-tions the atmospheric state has been derived for a ninemonth period of the Atmospheric Radiation Measure-ment (ARM) programs mobile facility in the Black For-est, Germany, using the Integrated Proﬁling Techniqueand the Cloudnet retrieval algorithms. The derived pro-ﬁles are subsequently used as input data for radiativetransfer calculations to estimate the cloud radiative ef-fect and forcing. 1. INTRODUCTION The spatial and temporal inhomogeneity of the incom-ing solar radiation is the driving mechanism for thewhole weather system. To understand the variability inthe surface radiation budget, it is necessary to obtainconcurrent measurements of atmospheric state param-eters that affect this budget. The temporal and spatialdistribution of clouds is of particular interest becauseclouds are the most signiﬁcant modulator for the sur-face radiation budget and the vertical distribution of en-ergy in the atmosphere. To assess the cloud radiativeeffects, a data set is needed which describes the atmo-spheric state as accurately as possible. In this respect,the synergy of different active and passive remote sens-ing instruments for various wavelengths offers a uniqueopportunity, since the strengths of the individual mea-surement systems are combined.In particular, the Integrated Proﬁling Technique (IPT;[1],[2]) has been successfully used to derive proﬁles oftemperature, humidity and liquid water content (LWC)and corresponding error estimates. The IPT usesa combination of ground-based microwave radiome-ter (MWR) and cloud radar measurements and a pri-ori information in the framework of the optimal estima-tion equations [3]. This method has been applied tothe measurements of the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF),which has been deployed in the Black Forest, Ger-many, between April and December 2007. The mea-surements by the AMF were complemented by the Uni-versity of Colognes multispectral microwave radiome-ters HATPRO and DPR.Given the IPT proﬁles, radiative transfer calculations areperformed to asses the cloud radiative effect and forc-ing. Two radiative transfer schemes are applied. Theﬁrst one is the radiative transfer scheme of the numeri-cal weather prediction model COSMO of the DeutscherWetterdienst [4]. The second one is the rapid radiativetransfer model RRTMG by the Atmospheric and Envi-ronmental Research, Inc., which is implemented in theECMWF Integrated Forecast System. First, we presentthe retrieval technique and the resulting cloud proﬁles,followed by ﬁrst results of the radiative transfer calcula-tions.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: new insights into the tumor microenvironment and sensitivity to rationally selected compounds

La leucemia linfocitica cronica (LLC) es una enfermedad que presenta unas caracteristicas unicas en comparacion con otros tipos de cancer. La mayoria de las celulas tumorales se encuentran arrestadas en fase G0/G1 y solo se observa un pequeno numero de celulas que proliferan en estructuras anatomicas especiales localizadas en los ganglios linfaticos de pacientes conocidas como centros de proliferacion (CP). De ahi nuestro interes en estudiar los CPs en muestras incluidas en parafina. Asi, hemos descrito por primera vez dos tipos de poblaciones del estroma dentro de los CPs que hemos denominado Celulas Dendriticas que expresan Actina (CDA) y macrofagos con STAT1 nuclear (macrofagos STAT1). Ademas, hemos identificado los CPs como el lugar donde tiene lugar la activacion de NF-? B (definida por la localizacion nuclear de p50, p52 y Rel B), que es una de las vias de senalizacion comunmente alteradas en LLC. Por otro lado, aunque la mayoria de los pacientes alcanzan una respuesta completa con los tratamientos actuales, muchos de ellos desarrollaran resistencias, por lo que la LLC sigue siendo una enfermedad incurable. En este trabajo, hemos extrapolado nuestro conocimiento de los mecanismos implicados en la patogenesis de LLC al campo de la identificacion de nuevas dianas terapeuticas. Con este objetivo, hemos probado cuatro compuestos escogidos racionalmente (calmidazolium, R406, TW-37 y ETP-39010) en cultivos de LLC ex vivo. Hemos observado una variabilidad en la sensibilidad a estos compuestos que refleja la heterogeneidad de las muestras. Ademas, hemos identificado una serie de posibles biomarcadores y mecanismos de resistencia que podrian ayudar a predecir la sensibilidad a estos compuestos. Brevemente, nuestros datos indican que la inhibicion de la via del receptor de celulas B tiene un efecto negativo sobre la viabilidad celular. Ademas, las muestras sensibles a R406 (inhibidor de SYK) presentan niveles de expresion mas altos de MUM1/IRF4, mientras que las muestras resistentes tienen un enriquecimiento de las vias de senalizacion relacionadas con las interacciones con el entorno tumoral. Tambien hemos identificado Mcl-1 como un posible marcador de la sensibilidad a TW-37 (inhibidor de la familia de Bcl-2) mostrando que las muestras mas sensibles presentan niveles de proteina mas altos. Finalmente, observamos que ETP-39010 (inhibidor de la familia de quinasas PIM) induce apoptosis en las muestras que presentaban marcadores de mal pronostico (IGHV no mutada, ZAP70 positivas y niveles mas altos de expresion de la lipoproteina lipasa). La inhibicion de estas quinasas afecta a procesos relacionados con la transcripcion genica y el metabolismo. En definitiva, este tipo de estudios pueden contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de las caracteristicas moleculares individuales que subyacen a la sensibilidad a diferentes compuestos activos.
The Harra and the Hamad : excavations and explorations in Eastern Jordan

Eastern Jordan is divided environmentally into two sectors: the rocky basalt Harra to the west and the open gravel plains of the Hamad to the east. This is the first in a series of three reports on fieldwork carried out in this region from 1979 to 1991, presenting evidence for the Epipalaeolithic periods and Neolithic hunting stations in the Harra associated with the use of desert 'kites'. This volume also includes an edited summary of work by Uzbek and Russian scholars on hunting traps and animal migration patterns on the Ustiurt plateau in Uzbekistan, which lies between the Aral and the Caspian Seas.
Percolation on random networks with proliferation

The literature on growing network models, exemplified by the preferential attachment model and the copying model, has followed an exponential growth in the last few years. In many real-life scenarios, however, the adding of new nodes and edges is not an exogenous process, but involves inheritance and sharing of the local environment of the existing ones. In this paper, we develop a mathematical framework to analytically and numerically study the percolation properties of the random networks with proliferation. We compare random attack (RA) and localized attack (LA) on benchmark models, including Erdős–Rényi (ER) networks, random regular (RR) networks, and scale-free (SF) networks, with proliferation mechanism. Our results highlight the nonmonotonic connections with robustness and growth, and unravel an intriguing opposite effect for RA and LA. In particular, it is shown that unbalanced proliferation enhances robustness to RA while it mitigates robustness to LA, both independent of the network degree distribution.
Examining the Relationship between Religious Spirituality and Psychological Science

Scientific interest in religious spirituality and mental health has increased dramatically. However, many researchers have tended to ignore the historic incompatibility between spirituality and traditional science. A review of the spirituality research suggests that important themes of this historic incompatibility persist in contemporary theories of spirituality. Yet, many spirituality researchers have proceeded as if this incompatibility does not exist. Indeed, there is evidence that spiritual conceptions have been altered to fit the requirements of science. No alteration would seem necessary if scientific method were a neutral tool of investigation that did not affect the conceptions themselves. However, if method has philosophical commitments, and if these commitments are incompatible with the conceptual foundations of spirituality, then spirituality researchers may be undermining their own conceptions in science. We outline the philosophical commitments of traditional scientific methods and the philosophical commitments of contemporary conceptions of spirituality to begin a conversation about this possibility.
Statistical Computing: An Introduction to Data Analysis using S-Plus

Preface.Statistical methods. Introduction to S Plus. Experimental design Central tendency. Probability. Variance. The Normal Distribution. Power calculations. Understanding data: graphical analysis. Understanding data: tabular analysis. Classical tests. Bootstrap and jackknife. Statistical models in S Plus. Regression. Analysis of variance. Analysis of covariance. Model criticism. Contrasts. Split plot Anova. Nested designs and variance components analysis. Graphs, functions and transformations. Curve fitting and piecewise regression. Non linear regression. Multiple regression. Model simplification. Probability distributions. Generalised linear models. Proportion data: binomial errors. Count data: Poisson errors. Binary response variables. Tree models. Non parametric smoothing. Survival analysis. Time series analysis. Mixed effects models. Spatial statistics. Bibliography. Index.
Tourism in frontier areas

Part 1 Issues and Approaches Chapter 2 The Development of Tourism in Frontier Regions: Issues and Approaches Chapter 3 Time Dimension and Tourism Development in Peripheral Areas Chapter 4 Sustainable Tourism Development in South Africa: From Policy to Delivery Part 5 Economic Aspects of Tourism in Frontier Areas Chapter 6 The Economic Impact of Tourism in Central and Outlying Regions of Israel: A Multiregional Input-Output Model Chapter 7 Legalization of Casino Gambling in a Frontier Region: The Israeli Experience Chapter 8 Gambling on the Border: Casinos, Tourism Development and the Prisoners' Dilemma Part 9 Tourism Frontiers in Rural Areas Chapter 10 The Training Needs of Small Rural Tourism Operators in Frontier Regions Chapter 11 Small Tourism Ventures in Peripheral Areas: The Impact of Environmental Factors on Performance Chapter 12 Agricultural Land in Frontier Areas: Conflict Between Urban Development and Tourism and Recreation Activities Part 13 Tourism Frontiers in Urban Areas Chapter 14 Tourism Development and Environmental Implications for the Indian Frontier Region: A Study of Himachal Himalaya Chapter 15 Tourism Development in a Desert Frontier Town Chapter 16 Tourism Infrastructure in Frontier Regions: An Analytical Framework of the Public, Social, and Political Context Part 17 Tourism Frontiers in Borderlands Chapter 18 Tourism in Borderlands: Competition, Complementarity, and Cross-Frontier Cooperation Chapter 19 Tourism and Culture Clash in Indian Country Chapter 20 The Changing Cultural Geography of the Frontier: National Parks and Wilderness as Frontier Remnant
Road Impact on Deforestation and Jaguar Habitat Loss in the Mayan Forest

ROAD IMPACT ON DEFORESTATION AND JAGUAR HABITAT LOSS IN THE MAYAN FOREST by Dalia Amor Conde Ovando University Program in Ecology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Norman L. Christensen, Supervisor ___________________________ Alexander Pfaff ___________________________ Dean L. Urban ___________________________ Randall A. Kramer An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University Program in Ecology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2008
Analysis and comparison of software supporting roads projecting and designing in land surveying

Poland has experienced dramatic road building increase in the second half of 20th century. While in the seventies we became obsessed by automobiles, it turned out that financially and organizationally we were not able to build highways [3, 9]. As a result, we are far away behind West European countries when it comes to both quality and roads length. Due to that fact, our economy and tourism is negatively affected by the lack of highways. The strong impulse to start realizing new investments in the field of roads designing and building was the European Union access and winning the UEFA EURO 2012 football championship organization [1, 10]. Thanks to present-day technology development and common access to computer equipment road projects are no longer prepared by traditional methods. The most elementary requirement for every road design is nowadays preparation of digital terrain model (DTM) [7]. It is stored in the computer memory as X, Y, Z coordinates of terrain points. On the basis of these points, terrain surface is approximated, what then helps to calculate height of every surface point. On the market we can find a wide range of software both for designers and land surveyors. One of the most popular application is Bentley System Inc. packet. It consists of group of applications used to support designing in the field of civil engineering. At the moment InRoads Suite V8i is available on the software market [6, 12]. The newest edition enables its user to load files of competitory formats, load and process data downloaded from total stations, levelling instruments, GPS receivers, ground laser scanners, LIDAR aerial laser scanners and every ASCII files with text data. What is more, the newest solution is the common data source for all InRoads products. InRoads application does not have its own graphic interface and, therefore, it has to work together with AutoCAD or MicroStation application [13].
Effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions on physical activity outcomes in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Rationale The effect of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions on physical activity (PA) outcomes is not fully elucidated in patients with COPD. The objectives of the present study were to provide estimation of treatment effects of all available interventions on PA outcomes in patients with COPD and to provide recommendations regarding the future role of PA outcomes in pharmacological trials. Materials and methods This review was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and reported in line with PRISMA. Records were identified through searches of 12 scientific databases; the most updated search was performed in January 2023. Results 74 studies published from 2000 to 2021 were included, with a total of 8140 COPD patients. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted ranged between 31% and 74%, with a mean of 55%. Steps/day constituted the most frequently assessed PA outcome in interventional studies. Compared to usual care, PA behavioural modification interventions resulted in improvements in the mean (95% CI) steps/day when implemented alone (by 1035 (576–1493); p<0.00001) or alongside exercise training (by 679 (93–1266); p=0.02). Moreover, bronchodilator therapy yielded a favourable difference of 396 (125–668; p=0.004) steps/day, compared to placebo. Conclusions PA behavioural modification and pharmacological interventions lead to significant improvements in steps/day, compared to control and placebo groups, respectively. Compared to bronchodilator therapy, PA behavioural modification interventions were associated with a 2-fold greater improvement in steps/day. Large-scale pharmacological studies are needed to establish an intervention-specific minimal clinically important difference for PA outcomes as well as their convergent validity to accelerate qualification as potential biomarkers and efficacy end-points for regulatory approval. Tweetable abstract Physical activity (PA) behavioural modification and pharmacological interventions lead to significant and clinically meaningful improvements in PA. Monitoring of PA outcomes in COPD may constitute a useful biomarker in research and medicine development. https://bit.ly/45pHGoX
Broadband waveform modeling of deep mantle structure

The lowermost 200 300 km of the mantle, known as the D" region, exhibits some of the strongest seismic heterogeneity in the Earth and plays a crucial role in thermal, chemical and dynamic processes in the mantle. Hot spot volcanism may originate from the deep mantle in regions exhibiting the Earth’s most pronounced lateral shear (S)-wave velocity gradients. These strong gradient regions display an improved geographic correlation over S-wave velocities to surface hot spot locations. The origin of hot spot volcanism may also be linked to ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) structure at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). Anomalous boundary layer structure at the CMB is investigated using a global set of broadband SKS and SPdKS waves from permanent and portable seismometer arrays. The wave shape and timing of SPdKS data are analyzed relative to SKS, with some SPdKS data showing significant delays and broadening. We produce maps of inferred boundary layer structure from the global data and find evidence for extremely fine-scale heterogeneity where our wave path sampling is the densest. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ULVZ presence (or absence) correlates with reduced (or average) heterogeneity in the overlying mantle. In order to further constrain deep mantle processes, synthetic seismograms for 3-D mantle models are necessary for comparison with data. We develop a 3-D axi-symmetric finite difference (FD) algorithm to model SH-wave propagation (SHaxi). In order to demonstrate the utility of the SHaxi algorithm we apply the technique to whole mantle models with random heterogeneity applied to the background model producing whole mantle scattering. We also apply SHaxi to model SH-wave propagation through cross-sections
Fibroblast growth factors are necessary for neural retina but not pigmented epithelium differentiation in chick embryos

During eye development, optic vesicles evaginate laterally from the neural tube and develop into two bilayered eye cups that are composed of an outer pigment epithelium layer and an inner neural retina layer. Despite their similar embryonic origin, the pigment epithelium and neural retina differentiate into two very distinct tissues. Previous studies have demonstrated that the developmental potential of the pigmented epithelial cells is not completely restricted; until embryonic day 4.5 in chick embryos, the cells are able to switch their phenotype and differentiate into neural retina when treated with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) (Park, C. M., and Hollenberg, M. J. (1989). Dev. Biol. 134, 201-205; Pittack, C. , Jones, M. , and Reh, T. A. (1991). Development 113, 577-588; Guillemot, F. and Cepko, C. L. (1992). Development 114, 743-754). These studies motivated us to test whether FGF is necessary for neural retina differentiation during the initial stages of eye cup development. Optic vesicles from embryonic day 1.5 chick were cultured for 24 hours as explants in the presence of FGF or neutralizing antibodies to FGF2. The cultured optic vesicles formed eye cups that contained a lens vesicle, neural retina and pigmented epithelium, based on morphology and expression of neural and pigmented epithelium-specific antigens. Addition of FGF to the optic vesicles caused the presumptive pigmented epithelium to undergo neuronal differentiation and, as a consequence, a double retina was formed. By contrast, neutralizing antibodies to FGF2 blocked neural differentiation in the presumptive neural retina, without affecting pigmented epithelial cell differentiation. These data, along with evidence for expression of several FGF family members and their receptors in the developing eye, indicate that members of the FGF family may be required for establishing the distinction between the neural retina and pigmented epithelium in the optic vesicle.
The impacts of climate change and agricultural activities on water cycling of Northern Eurasia

Liu, Yaling. Ph.D., Purdue University, December 2014. The Impacts of Climate Change and Agricultural Activities on Water Cycling of Northern Eurasia. Major Professor: Qianlai Zhuang. The ecosystems in Northern Eurasia (NE) are important due to their vast land coverage, high rate of observed and projected warming, and the potential feedbacks they can cause on the global climate system. To understand the impacts of climate change and agricultural activities on water cycling in NE, I analysed a variety of datasets and conducted series of studies by applying a combination of modeling, in-situ observations and remote sensing data, uncertainty analysis, and model-data fusion. Long-term unique in-situ measurements on soil moisture across multiple stations and discharge records at the outflow basins in Northern China (NC) provide us robust evidence to assess the trends of soil moisture and discharge in this region (Chapter 2). NC overlaps with NE and is one of the hot-spots experiencing the most severe water shortage in the world. Declines in soil moisture and stream flow detected via in-situ measurements in the last three decades indicate that water scarcity has been exacerbated. Multiple linear regression results indicate that intensification of agricultural activities including increase in fertilizer use, prevalence of water-expensive crops and cropland expansion appear to have aggravated these declines in this region.
Newton projection with proportioning using iterative linear algebra for model predictive control with long prediction horizon

ABSTRACT This paper presents an algorithm to solve a sparse Quadratic Programming (QP) problem. The QP problem is suitable for Model Predictive Control (MPC) applications in particular. MPC is a modern multivariable control method which requires the solution to a quadratic programming problem at each sampling instant. The proposed algorithm is an active-set based strategy which uses the proportioning test for the selection of the active-set reduction and expansion while utilizing the sparse nature of the problem by the preconditioned MINRES algorithm to solve the face problem. Numerical experiments illustrate the performance of the algorithm, and the results are compared with the state-of-the-art solvers.
PREVALENCE OF MICROALBUMINURIA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE I

Persistent microalbuminuria is predictive of nephropathy in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (DM) and has led to the development of screening programs and intervention studies. We report a longitudinal evaluation of urinary albumin excretion in 118 children with type I DM, attending a single clinic over a period of seven years. Collected blood and urine samples were analyzed for glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), creatinine and for 12 h urinary albumin and creatinine concentrations. Blood pressures were recorded and clinical data collected. Twenty– three (19.5%) children had persistent microalbuminuria (urine albumin 30-300 mg/24 h) on at least three consecutive occasions. Factors associated with microalbuminuria in diabetic children included longer duration of DM, higher mean age, higher mean Hb A1c, higher mean arterial blood pressure and higher cholesterol and TG levels (P < 0.001). Significantly more girls than boys and more pubertal and post pubertal patients had microalbuminuria but one patient developed microalbuminuria under the age of 11 years. In conclusion, microalbuminuria may appear as early as the prepubertal period, suggesting that metabolic control of DM is an important factor of diabetic nephropathy.