Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mirage of An Economics of Knowledge

1 Once upon a time, say around the era of David Ricardo and Karl Marx, political economy was primarily concerned with the production of national wealth. This ―classical‖ notion tended to hang on long into the 20 th century, well after the invention of neoclassical economics in the 1870s (Mirowski, 1989, chap. 7). Nevertheless, there was no denying that within neoclassical economics, exchange had displaced production as the primary topic of interest; this informed the definition of economics articulated by Lionel Robbins that its proper subject was the ―allocation of scarce means among given ends‖. But subsequently something rather extraordinary happened around the middle of the 20 th century, gaining momentum as the century waned. More and more, economics at the cutting edge (as opposed to the textbooks) became relatively cavalier about treating trade as static allocation, and instead became all wrapped up in the image of the market (or the agent) as a processor of information or knowledge. I am not just referring here simply to or assertions that knowledge was the source of all economic growth (Romer, 1990), or endless arguments over whether rationality is ―bounded‖ or not (Conlisk, 1996). I mean instead that, if your goal in life was to get published in a highly-ranked economics journal, you could no longer safely cast your analysis in terms of the old familiar trope of static allocation. As Kenneth Arrow (in Colander et al, 2004, p.292) put it: ―one of the biggest differences between 1950 and 2000 is the much greater role now given to the role of knowledge and information. ‖ Economists now bandy about the term ‗information' in their papers almost as freely as they had once resorted to the term ‗prices'. Clearly something epoch-making had happened to economics, but what precisely was it? Had the avant-garde imperiously consigned all that had gone before to a bonfire of the vanities? Sometimes the more impetuous amongst the cognoscenti wrote as though it did: There is no single new Law of Economics… The world is not convex; the behavior of the economy cannot be described as if it were solving a (simple) maximization problem; the law of supply and demand has been repealed (Stiglitz, 1985, p.22) 2 In other instances, various notables hastened to reassure the rest of us that nothing had really changed at all, and that, contrary to most impressions, the info-fascination was just a minor variation on …
Real time object detection using Hopfield neural network for Arabic printed letter recognition

In this work, a new technique of improving Hopfield model for object edge detection of Arabic letters recognition is proposed. In conventional methods, different trends for object segmentation are used to split cursive letters individually for recognition. The presented technique differentiates only letters with no maintain of background data. Each letter is a set of clustered small weights distributed according to its shape within the word. The average of Total Letter Weight is a special property for each form of the letters. Preliminary experimental tests show positive performance of the proposed system.
The Myth of “Cry Wolof”: The Wolof Provenance of African American Language

The term “Cry Wolof” is a disparaging catchphrase first introduced by U.S. linguist Laurence Horn as a dismissal of Wolof etymologies in African American language. The cogency of this catchphrase is largely dependent on the circa-1970s argument that the African American term hip meaning (among other things) “in fashion” or “to inform” is derived from the Wolof term xippi meaning, “to open the eyes. ” This study aims to demonstrate that while the Wolof term xippi is not the proper etymology of hip, the etymology of hip is indeed Wolof. More broadly, this study aims to demonstrate the Wolof presence in African American language.
Triangle Formation of Multi-Agent Systems with Leader-Following on Fuzzy Control

In recent years, there have been an increasing number of achievements dealing with the control of agent formations (Olfati-Saber, 2006; Tanner & Jadbabaie, 2007; Fax & Murray, 2004; Jadbabaie et al., 2003; Lin et al., 2004; Olfati-Saber & Murray, 2004). The formation control of multiple moving agents has emerged as a topic of widespread interest due to its broad range of applications in military missions, environmental surveying, and space missions. Multiple mobile autonomous agents coupled with each other through interactions can generate certain ordered behaviors, such as aggregation, cohesion, alignment, rotation and synchronization (Fax & Murray, 2004; Jadbabaie et al., 2003; Lin et al., 2004; Olfati-Saber & Murray, 2004). Among the typical approaches to formation control, distributed control strategies have aroused researchers’ outstanding attention because there is no centralized supervisor and only a little sense of communication information is needed. Recently, there has been a tendency to deal with the formation control as a consensus problem. In the multiagent systems, consensus means to reach an agreement by means of an interaction rule that specifies the information exchange between an agent and its neighbors (Fax & Murray, 2004; Jadbabaie et al., 2003; Lin et al., 2004; Olfati-Saber & Murray, 2004). Fax & Murry (Fax & Murray, 2004) analyzed the stability of the formation control with first-order consensus protocols based on the graph Laplacian. Jadbabaie et al. (Jadbabaie et al., 2003) demonstrated the results of the alignment problem which is concerned with reaching an agreement without computing any objective functions. Lin et al. (Lin et al., 2004) studied three formation strategies for groups of mobile autonomous agents with local communication topology. Moreover, by using a Lyapunov-based approach, Olfati-Saber & Murry (Olfati-Saber & Murray, 2004) solved the consensus problems in networks of agents with directed interconnection graphs and time delays. The key idea involved in nonlinear formation control is to preserve the inter-agent distances from decaying to zero during the motion for the purpose of collision avoidance. In the formation control, tracking control problems of multi-agent systems are studied increasingly, and many results have been obtained with nearest neighbor-based rule (Hong et al., 2006; Anderson et al., 2007; Chen & Tian, 2009). Hong et al. (Hong et al., 2006)
Structures of apo- and ssDNA-bound YdbC from Lactococcus lactis uncover the function of protein domain family DUF2128 and expand the single-stranded DNA-binding domain proteome

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding proteins are important in basal metabolic pathways for gene transcription, recombination, DNA repair and replication in all domains of life. Their main cellular role is to stabilize melted duplex DNA and protect genomic DNA from degradation. We have uncovered the molecular function of protein domain family domain of unknown function DUF2128 (PF09901) as a novel ssDNA binding domain. This bacterial domain strongly associates into a dimer and presents a highly positively charged surface that is consistent with its function in non-specific ssDNA binding. Lactococcus lactis YdbC is a representative of DUF2128. The solution NMR structures of the 20 kDa apo-YdbC dimer and YdbC:dT19G1 complex were determined. The ssDNA-binding energetics to YdbC were characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry. YdbC shows comparable nanomolar affinities for pyrimidine and mixed oligonucleotides, and the affinity is sufficiently strong to disrupt duplex DNA. In addition, YdbC binds with lower affinity to ssRNA, making it a versatile nucleic acid-binding domain. The DUF2128 family is related to the eukaryotic nuclear protein positive cofactor 4 (PC4) family and to the PUR family both by fold similarity and molecular function.
2012 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering Empirical Research about Taxpayers' Behavior Influence on Individual Income Tax Levying and Collection

Although the individual income tax adjustment brings huge attraction to economics theory and empirical studies, the current discussion focuses on individual income tax and economic factors adjustment, system design operation, levying and collection areas, while the research on the cognitive and social public perception for individual income tax is less. On the basis of Mr. Liao Chuhui (2009) and others' study, this paper carries out subvision and empirical research on taxpayers' behavior variables and influence on individual income tax levying and collection.
Drosophila CORL is required for Smad2-mediated activation of Ecdysone Receptor expression in the mushroom body

CORL proteins (FUSSEL/SKOR proteins in humans) are related to Sno/Ski oncogenes but their developmental roles are unknown. We have cloned Drosophila CORL and show that its expression is restricted to distinct subsets of cells in the central nervous system. We generated a deletion of CORL and noted that homozygous individuals rarely survive to adulthood. Df(4)dCORL adult escapers display mushroom body (MB) defects and Df(4)dCORL larvae are lacking Ecdysone Receptor (EcR-B1) expression in MB neurons. This is phenocopied in CORL-RNAi and Smad2-RNAi clones in wild-type larvae. Furthermore, constitutively active Baboon (type I receptor upstream of Smad2) cannot stimulate EcR-B1 MB expression in Df(4)dCORL larvae, which demonstrates a formal requirement for CORL in Smad2 signaling. Studies of mouse Corl1 (Skor1) revealed that it binds specifically to Smad3. Overall, the data suggest that CORL facilitates Smad2 activity upstream of EcR-B1 in the MB. The conservation of neural expression and strong sequence homology of all CORL proteins suggests that this is a new family of Smad co-factors.
Racial and Ethnic Infant Mortality Gaps and the Role of SES

We assess the extent to which differences in socio-economic status are associated with racial and ethnic gaps in a fundamental measure of population health: the rate at which infants die. Using micro-level Vital Statistics data from 2000 to 2004 for whites, blacks, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Asians, and Native Americans, we first examine how infant mortality and its subcomponents are associated with background characteristics. Although the racial and ethnic groups differ along several observable dimensions, each of the between-group mortality gaps is strongly associated with three background characteristics: maternal marital status, education, and age. For example, if whites had the distribution of these three characteristics found among the high-IMR groups, we estimate that the white infant mortality rate would increase by about 1.9 deaths per 1000 live births, roughly one-third of the actual white infant mortality rate. Using data on new mothers from the Census, we further show that these three characteristics are each strongly associated with income and poverty. Overall, these results suggest that SES differences play a substantial role in the IMR gaps across these groups.
Synthetic Voice Forgery in the Forensic Context: a short tutorial

Technical voice forgery in the forensic area has led to several studies, mainly dealing with voice conversion. In the last decade, latests developments around voice synthesis have reached satisfactory intelligibility and quality levels. Moreover several web-based or standalone apps can be used for TTS. Nowadays, HMM-based synthetic voices can be built to fool biometric systems. Several authors reported FARs as high as 70 to 80% when TTS voices where used. Nevertheless, the forensic context is quite different since the human ear might be able to detect a synthetic voice, thus leading to a case discarding. We used the MARY TTS platform in order to produce a speakerdependent synthetic target voice sample. Given a single synthetic trial, our very preliminary work is to show how feasible and successful such an attack is. Further work is needed to build other voices and provide accurate statistics. Our aim is to confirm a criminal opportunity and to show that synthetic voice detection might become mandatory in a near future.
Optimization of Variability in Software Product Lines

The widespread use of the product line approach allows companies to realize significant improvements in time-to- market, cost, productivity, and quality. However, a fundamental problem in software product line engineering is that a product line of industrial size can easily incorporate several thousand variable features. The complexity caused by this amount of variability makes variability management and product derivation tasks extremely difficult. To address this problem, we present a new method to optimize the variability provided in a software product line. Our method constructs a visualization that provides a classification of the usage of variable features in real products derived from the product line. We show how this classification can be used to derive restructuring strategies for simplifying the variability. The effectiveness of our work is demonstrated by presenting a case study of optimizing the variability in a large industrial software product line.
A study of configuration management in open source software projects

Projects where developers are geographically distributed and with high personnel turnover are usually considered to be hard to manage. Any organisation that successfully handles such projects merits closer analysis so that lessons can be learned and good practice disseminated. Open source software projects represent such a case. One important factor is good configuration management practices. In this paper, the authors examine the configuration management process for some open source software projects and analyse how process, tool support, and people aspects of configuration management contribute to this success. Finally, we discuss best practices and how lessons learned from open source software can be transferred to more traditional ways of developing software.
Interactive Rhythmic Cue Facilitates Gait Relearning in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

To develop a method for cooperative human gait training, we investigated whether interactive rhythmic cues could improve the gait performance of Parkinson's disease patients. The interactive rhythmic cues ware generated based on the mutual entrainment between the patient's gait rhythms and the cue rhythms input to the patient while the patient walked. Previously, we found that the dynamic characteristics of stride interval fluctuation in Parkinson's disease patients were improved to a healthy 1/f fluctuation level using interactive rhythmic cues and that this effect was maintained in the short term. However, two problems remained in our previous study. First, it was not clear whether the key factor underpinning the effect was the mutual entrainment between the gait rhythms and the cue rhythms or the rhythmic cue fluctuation itself. Second, it was not clear whether or not the gait restoration was maintained longitudinally and was relearned after repeating the cue-based gait training. Thus, the present study clarified these issues using 32 patients who participated in a four-day experimental program. The patients were assigned randomly to one of four experimental groups with the following rhythmic cues: (a) interactive rhythmic cue, (b) fixed tempo cue, (c) 1/f fluctuating tempo cue, and (d) no cue. It has been reported that the 1/f fluctuation of stride interval in healthy gait is absent in Parkinson's disease patients. Therefore, we used this dynamic characteristic as an evaluation index to analyze gait relearning in the four different conditions. We observed a significant effect in condition (a) that the gait fluctuation of the patients gradually returned to a healthy 1/f fluctuation level, whereas this did not occur in the other conditions. This result suggests that the mutual entrainment can facilitate gait relearning effectively. It is expected that interactive rhythmic cues will be widely applicable in the fields of rehabilitation and assistive technology.
Fair Matching Algorithm : An Optimal Scheduling Algorithm for the AAPN network

The internal switches in all-photonic networks do not perform data conve rsion into the electronic domain, thereby eliminating a potential capacity bottleneck, but the inability to perform ef ficient optical buffering introduces network scheduling challenges. In this technical report we f ocus on the problem of scheduling fixed-length frames in all-photonic star-topology networks with the goal of min imizing rejected demand. We describe the Fair Matching Algorithm, a novel scheduling technique for fi xed-length frames. FMA guarantees 100 % throughput provided the arrivals to the network induce an admissible deman d trix, and results in an allocation that is weighted max-min fair. We compare through OP NET simulation the delay and throughput performance of FMA with the less computationally-comp lex Minimum Cost Search algorithm. We also describe the Minimum Rejection Algorithm (MRA), which minimizes to tal rejection, and demonstrate that the Fair Matching Algorithm (FMA) minimizes the maximum perce ntag rejection of any connection. We analyze through simulation the rejection and delay perfo rmance.
Experimental Assessment of Moringa oleifera Leaf and Fruit for Its Antistress, Antioxidant, and Scavenging Potential Using In Vitro and In Vivo Assays

We have investigated effect of Moringa oleifera leaf and fruit extracts on markers of oxidative stress, its toxicity evaluation, and correlation with antioxidant properties using in vitro and in vitro assays. The aqueous extract of leaf was able to increase the GSH and reduce MDA level in a concentration-dependent manner. The ethanolic extract of fruit showed highest phenolic content, strong reducing power and free radical scavenging capacity. The antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract of both fruit and leaf was higher in the in vitro assay compared to aqueous extract which showed higher potential in vivo. Safety evaluation studies showed no toxicity of the extracts up to a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Our results support the potent antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera which adds one more positive attribute to its known pharmacological importance.
A Lack of Sexual Dimorphism in Width-to-Height Ratio in White European Faces Using 2D Photographs, 3D Scans, and Anthropometry

Facial width-to-height ratio has received a great deal of attention in recent research. Evidence from human skulls suggests that males have a larger relative facial width than females, and that this sexual dimorphism is an honest signal of masculinity, aggression, and related traits. However, evidence that this measure is sexually dimorphic in faces, rather than skulls, is surprisingly weak. We therefore investigated facial width-to-height ratio in three White European samples using three different methods of measurement: 2D photographs, 3D scans, and anthropometry. By measuring the same individuals with multiple methods, we demonstrated high agreement across all measures. However, we found no evidence of sexual dimorphism in the face. In our third study, we also found a link between facial width-to-height ratio and body mass index for both males and females, although this relationship did not account for the lack of dimorphism in our sample. While we showed sufficient power to detect differences between male and female width-to-height ratio, our results failed to support the general hypothesis of sexual dimorphism in the face.
Submitted for Review to Ieee Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Estimation of Model Parameters and Boundaries by Minimizing a Joint, Robust Objective Function

This paper introduces a new robust technique that simultaneously estimates model parameters and the domain over which the model applies. It removes the implicit assumption of an innnite domain in standard estimation techniques, and is useful in several computer vision problems. Examples include curve tting, image segmentation, and estimating image-to-image transforms. This new technique , called the \Domain Bounding M-Estimator" (DBM-Estimator) is a generalization of ordinary M-Estimators deened in the statistics literature. The DBM-Estimator objective function combines two error measures on each data point: one is the usual population model t residual and the other is a \do-main distance" residual. Minimizing the objective function yields simultaneous estimates of population model parameters and region (domain) boundary parameters. Representations are developed for boundaries of one-dimensional and two-dimensional domains. The latter is similar to active contour models. The DBM-Estimator has been applied to estimating line segments, surfaces, and the symmetry transformation between two edgel chains. The DBM-Estimator is un-aaected by outliers and prevents boundary estimates from crossing all but the smallest magnitude discontinuities.
Inactivation of a Novel FGF23 Regulator, FAM20C, Leads to Hypophosphatemic Rickets in Mice

Family with sequence similarity 20,-member C (FAM20C) is highly expressed in the mineralized tissues of mammals. Genetic studies showed that the loss-of-function mutations in FAM20C were associated with human lethal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia (Raine Syndrome), implying an inhibitory role of this molecule in bone formation. However, in vitro gain- and loss-of-function studies suggested that FAM20C promotes the differentiation and mineralization of mouse mesenchymal cells and odontoblasts. Recently, we generated Fam20c conditional knockout (cKO) mice in which Fam20c was globally inactivated (by crossbreeding with Sox2-Cre mice) or inactivated specifically in the mineralized tissues (by crossbreeding with 3.6 kb Col 1a1-Cre mice). Fam20c transgenic mice were also generated and crossbred with Fam20c cKO mice to introduce the transgene in the knockout background. In vitro gain- and loss-of-function were examined by adding recombinant FAM20C to MC3T3-E1 cells and by lentiviral shRNA–mediated knockdown of FAM20C in human and mouse osteogenic cell lines. Surprisingly, both the global and mineralized tissue-specific cKO mice developed hypophosphatemic rickets (but not osteosclerosis), along with a significant downregulation of osteoblast differentiation markers and a dramatic elevation of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in the serum and bone. The mice expressing the Fam20c transgene in the wild-type background showed no abnormalities, while the expression of the Fam20c transgene fully rescued the skeletal defects in the cKO mice. Recombinant FAM20C promoted the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. Knockdown of FAM20C led to a remarkable downregulation of DMP1, along with a significant upregulation of FGF23 in both human and mouse osteogenic cell lines. These results indicate that FAM20C is a bone formation “promoter” but not an “inhibitor” in mouse osteogenesis. We conclude that FAM20C may regulate osteogenesis through its direct role in facilitating osteoblast differentiation and its systemic regulation of phosphate homeostasis via the mediation of FGF23.
Interlinking English and Chinese RDF Data Using BabelNet

Linked data technologies make it possible to publish and link structured data on the Web. Although RDF is not about text, many RDF data providers publish their data in their own language. Cross-lingual interlinking aims at discovering links between identical resources across knowledge bases in different languages. In this paper, we present a method for interlinking RDF resources described in English and Chinese using the BabelNet multilingual lexicon. Resources are represented as vectors of identifiers and then similarity between these resources is computed. The method achieves an F-measure of 88%. The results are also compared to a translation-based method.