Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recurrent ulnar-nerve dislocation at the elbow.

1. In a survey of 2,000 supposedly normal elbows, recurrent dislocation of the ulnar nerve was found in 16.2 percent of the subjects. It occurs slightly more often in females than in males. 2. The probable cause of recurrent dislocation is congenital laxity of supporting ligaments. 3. Such nerves usually remain asymptomatic unless they are subjected to trauma; friction neuritis may develop as a result of trauma. 4. Hypermobility is classified into Type A (incomplete dislocation of the ulnar nerve) and Type B (complete dislocation of the ulnar nerve). 5. Observation of thirty-four cases of ulnar neuritis due to dislocation indicates that Type A ulnar nerves are subject to direct trauma, whereas Type B ulnar nerves are more vulnerable to friction irritation. 6. Industrial workers are more often affected than other people and their complaints are usually at the hand and not at the elbow. 7. Unnecessary and prolonged treatment could be avoided by a correct early diagnosis and by informing the patient of his anomaly. 8. In anterior transplantation, deep intramuscular placement of the nerve is superior to the subcutaneous method.
Pre-stem cell formation by non-platelet RNA-containing particle fusion

We found a group of non‐platelet RNA‐containing particles (NPRCP) in human umbilical cord blood. To understand the origin, characterization and differentiation of NPRCP, we examined cord blood‐isolated NPRCP in vitro. The NPRCP range in size from < 1 to 5 μm, have a thin bilayer membrane and various morphological features, contain short RNA and microRNA and express octamer‐binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), sex‐determining region Y 2 (SOX2) and DEAD box polypeptide 4 (DDX4). On coculture with nucleated cells from umbilical cord blood, NPRCP fuse to small, active, non‐nucleated cells called ‘particle fusion‐derived non‐nucleated cells’ (PFDNC). The PFDNC are approximately 8 μm in diameter and are characterized by their twisting movement in culture plates. They can easily move into and out of nucleated cells and finally differentiate into mesenchymal‐like cells. In addition, the larger non‐nucleated cellular structures that are derived from the aggregation and fusion of multiple NPRCP can further differentiate into large stem cells that also release OCT4‐ and SOX2‐positive non‐nucleated small cells. Our data provide strong evidence that NPRCP can fuse into PFDNC, which further differentiate into mesenchymal‐like cells. Multiple NPRCP also fuse into other types of large stem cells. We believe that stem cells are derived from NPRCP fusion. There is considerable potential for the use of NPRCP in clinical therapy.
Gene self-control: when pre-mRNA splicing variants become competing endogenous RNAs

Since Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp discovered split genes (genes are interrupted by RNA-encoding regions called exons and non-coding segments called introns in eukaryotic genome) in 1970's, scientists have been finding many genes can generate more than one mRNA transcripts through AS (alternative splicing, e.g., by different exon-exon combination). This AS strategy increases protein repertoire, encodes proteins with diverse and sometimes even antagonistic activities (Kelemen et al., 2013). A new study led by Dr. Kazuhito Tomizawa and first author Bo Zhou from Kumamoto University in Japan reports that CDKAL1-v1 (Cdk5 Regulator Subunit Associated Protein 1-Like), one splicing variant of CDKAL1, has no coding ability but acts as a miRNA sponge RNA, which regulates its full-length CDKAL1 protein (Zhou et al., 2014). Their results give us a unique paradigm of how AS possesses a regulatory role in controlling gene expression.
Synthesis of a Glucuronic Acid‐Containing Thioglycoside Trisaccharide Building Block and Its Use in the Assembly of Cryptococcus Neoformans Capsular Polysaccharide Fragments†

Abstract As part of an ongoing project aimed at identifying protective capsular polysaccharide epitopes for the development of vaccine candidates against the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, the synthesis and glycosylation properties of a naphthalenylmethyl (NAP) orthogonally protected trisaccharide thioglycoside, a common building block for construction of serotype B and C capsular polysaccharide structures, were investigated. Ethyl (benzyl 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐ uronate)‐(1→2)‐[2,3,4‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐β‐d‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐6‐O‐benzyl‐3‐O‐(2‐naphthalenylmethyl)‐1‐thio‐α‐d‐mannopyranoside was prepared and used both as a donor and an acceptor in glycosylation reactions to obtain spacer equipped hexa‐ and heptasaccharide structures suitable either for continued elongation or for deprotection and printing onto a glycan array or conjugation to a carrier protein. The glycosylation reactions proceeded with high yields and α‐selectivity, proving the viability of the building block approach also for construction of 4‐O‐xylosyl‐containing C. neoformans CPS structures.
Verbal communication of families with cancer patients at end of life: A questionnaire survey with bereaved family members

To clarify the verbal communication of feelings between families and patients in Japanese palliative care units from the perspective of bereaved family members by examining (1) proportions of families' and patients' verbalization of six feelings (gratitude, love, seeking forgiveness, giving forgiveness, wishes after death, and continuing bonds), (2) recognition of receiving these feelings through verbalization from the family's perspective, and (3) the specific attitudes of family members that influence their verbalizations.
Fault Diagnosis of Discrete-Event Systems Using Continuous Petri Nets

When discrete-event systems are used to model systems with a large number of possible (reachable) states, many problems such as simulation, optimization, and control, may become computationally prohibitive because they require some enumeration of such states. A common way to effectively address this issue is fluidization. The goal of this paper is that of studying the effect of fluidization on fault diagnosis. In particular, we focus on the purely logic Petri net (PN) model that results in the untimed continuous PN model after fluidization. In accordance to most of the literature on discrete-event systems, we define three diagnosis states, namely N, U , and F, corresponding respectively to no fault, uncertain, and fault state. We prove that, given an observation, the resulting diagnosis state can be computed solving linear programming problems rather than integer programming problems as in the discrete case. The main advantage of fluidization is that it enables to deal with much more general PN structures. In particular, the unobservable subnet needs not be acyclic as in the discrete case. Moreover, the compact representation of the set of consistent markings using convex polytopes can be seen in some cases as an improvement in terms of computational complexity.
Evidence for hydrogen oxidation and metabolic plasticity in widespread deep-sea sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Hydrothermal vents are a well-known source of energy that powers chemosynthesis in the deep sea. Recent work suggests that microbial chemosynthesis is also surprisingly pervasive throughout the dark oceans, serving as a significant CO2 sink even at sites far removed from vents. Ammonia and sulfur have been identified as potential electron donors for this chemosynthesis, but they do not fully account for measured rates of dark primary production in the pelagic water column. Here we use metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses to show that deep-sea populations of the SUP05 group of uncultured sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria, which are abundant in widespread and diverse marine environments, contain and highly express genes encoding group 1 Ni, Fe hydrogenase enzymes for H2 oxidation. Reconstruction of near-complete genomes of two cooccurring SUP05 populations in hydrothermal plumes and deep waters of the Gulf of California enabled detailed population-specific metatranscriptomic analyses, revealing dynamic patterns of gene content and transcript abundance. SUP05 transcripts for genes involved in H2 and sulfur oxidation are most abundant in hydrothermal plumes where these electron donors are enriched. In contrast, a second hydrogenase has more abundant transcripts in background deep-sea samples. Coupled with results from a bioenergetic model that suggest that H2 oxidation can contribute significantly to the SUP05 energy budget, these findings reveal the potential importance of H2 as a key energy source in the deep ocean. This study also highlights the genomic plasticity of SUP05, which enables this widely distributed group to optimize its energy metabolism (electron donor and acceptor) to local geochemical conditions.
Dendritic cell expression of the transcription factor T-bet regulates mast cell progenitor homing to mucosal tissue

The transcription factor T-bet was identified in CD4+ T cells, and it controls interferon γ production and T helper type 1 cell differentiation. T-bet is expressed in certain other leukocytes, and we recently showed (Lord, G.M., R.M. Rao, H. Choe, B.M. Sullivan, A.H. Lichtman, F.W. Luscinskas, and L.H. Glimcher. 2005. Blood. 106:3432–3439) that it regulates T cell trafficking. We examined whether T-bet influences homing of mast cell progenitors (MCp) to peripheral tissues. Surprisingly, we found that MCp homing to the lung or small intestine in T-bet−/− mice is reduced. This is reproduced in adhesion studies using bone marrow–derived MCs (BMMCs) from T-bet−/− mice, which showed diminished adhesion to mucosal addresin cellular adhesion molecule–1 (MAdCAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 (VCAM-1), endothelial ligands required for MCp intestinal homing. MCp, their precursors, and BMMCs do not express T-bet, suggesting that T-bet plays an indirect role in homing. However, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that T-bet expression by BM cells is required for MCp homing to the intestine. Furthermore, transfer of WT BM-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to T-bet−/− mice restores normal MCp intestinal homing in vivo and MCp adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 in vitro. Nonetheless, T-bet−/− mice respond vigorously to intestinal infection with Trichinella spiralis, eliminating a role for T-bet in MC recruitment to sites of infection and their activation and function. Therefore, remarkably, T-bet expression by DCs indirectly controls MCp homing to mucosal tissues.
Measurement of blood pressure in the office: recognizing the problem and proposing the solution.

The widely accepted cut-point for normal blood pressure (BP) in the office setting evolved over several decades, based on data derived from a variety of sources. The Actuarial Society of America was one of the first organizations to publish BP data on thousands of community residents, followed by other classic studies such as Framingham, Western Electric Company, Kaiser Permanente, and the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.1,2 In every instance, BP readings were based on measurements taken by specially trained health professionals following guidelines for proper BP measurement. As a result of these and other population studies examining the association between different BP levels and cardiovascular outcomes, the importance of systolic and diastolic hypertension was recognized and an office BP of 140/90 mm Hg became the universally established cut-point for separating normal BP from hypertension. There are robust scientific data to support the use of 140/90 mm Hg to define hypertension in clinical practice guidelines. However, the guidelines do not take into account widely recognized problems associated with the quality of manual BP measurement in routine clinical practice.3 More recent recommendations4 for diagnosing hypertension clearly acknowledge that an increase in BP attributable to the “white coat response” is frequently associated with manual BP recordings performed in community-based practice. In recognizing this limitation of manual office BP, some guidelines have gone so far as to recommend that home BP and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) may need to be performed to obtain an accurate measure of a patient’s BP status. The greater reliance on 24-hour ABPM and home BP in the diagnosis and management of hypertension is the result of numerous clinical outcome studies5,6 that show that these measurement techniques are better predictors of cardiovascular events when compared to manual BP readings, even when manual readings are taken …
CAFET Algorithm Reveals Wnt/PCP Signature in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

We analyzed the gene expression patterns of 138 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) samples and developed a new algorithm called Coverage Analysis with Fisher’s Exact Test (CAFET) to identify molecular pathways that are differentially activated in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) subtypes. Analysis of the lung cancer samples demonstrated hierarchical clustering according to the histological subtype and revealed a strong enrichment for the Wnt signaling pathway components in the cluster consisting predominantly of SCC samples. The specific gene expression pattern observed correlated with enhanced activation of the Wnt Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway and inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling branch. Further real time RT-PCR follow-up with additional primary tumor samples and lung cancer cell lines confirmed enrichment of Wnt/PCP pathway associated genes in the SCC subtype. Dysregulation of the canonical Wnt pathway, characterized by increased levels of β-catenin and epigenetic silencing of negative regulators, has been reported in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Our results suggest that SCC and AC utilize different branches of the Wnt pathway during oncogenesis.
Key-based consistency and availability in structured overlay networks

Structured Overlay Networks (SONs) provide a promising platform for high performance applications since they are scalable, fault-tolerant and self-managing. SONs provide lookup services that map keys to nodes that can be used as processing or storage resources. In SONs, lookups for a key may return inconsistent results. Consequently, it is difficult to provide consistent data services on top of SONs that build on key-based search. In this paper, we study the frequency of occurrence of inconsistent lookups. We show that the affect of lookup inconsistencies can be reduced by using node responsibilities. We present our results as a trade-off between consistency and availability of keys.
Predominance of a single genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in countries of east Asia

Analysis of the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from the People's Republic of China showed that the vast majority belong to a genetically closely related group. These strains shared the majority of their IS6110 DNA-containing restriction fragments, and also, the DNA polymorphism associated with other repetitive DNA elements, like the polymorphic GC-rich sequence and the direct repeat, was very limited. Because the majority of these strains originated from the province of Beijing, we designated this grouping the "Beijing family" of M. tuberculosis strains. Strains of this family were also found to dominate in neighboring countries such as Mongolia, South Korea, and Thailand, whereas a low prevalence of such strains was observed in countries on other continents. These data indicate that strains of the Beijing family recently expanded from a single ancestor which had a selective advantage. It is speculated that long-term Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination may be one of the selective forces implicated in the successful spread of the Beijing genotype.
A Red, Scaly Rash: How to Recognize and Treat

Objective:�Toreviewthediagnosis,� pathophysiology,� associatedcomorbidities,�andtreatmentofpsoriasis. •� Methods: Casepresentationandqualitativeliterature� review. •� Results:� Psoriasisisachronic,� multisystemauto-� immunedisease. � Up-regulationoftheimmunesys- tem,� primarilyTh1� andTh17� responses,� causes� cutaneousmanifestationsandplacesthepatientat�
Tranexamic acid decreases external blood loss but not hidden blood loss in total knee replacement.

BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often carried out using a tourniquet and shed blood is collected in drains. Tranexamic acid decreases the external blood loss. Some blood loss may be concealed, and the overall effect of tranexamic acid on the haemoglobin (Hb) balance is not known. METHODS Patients with osteoarthrosis had unilateral cemented TKA using spinal anaesthesia. In a double-blind fashion, they received either placebo (n=24) or tranexamic acid 10 mg kg(-1) (n=27) i.v. just before tourniquet release and 3 h later. The decrease in circulating Hb on the fifth day after surgery, after correction for Hb transfused, was used to calculate the loss of Hb in grams. This value was then expressed as ml of blood loss. RESULTS The groups had similar characteristics. The median volume of drainage fluid after placebo was 845 (interquartile range 523-990) ml and after tranexamic acid was 385 (331-586) ml (P<0.001). Placebo patients received 2 (0-2) units and tranexamic acid patients 0 (0-0) units of packed red cells (P<0.001). The estimated blood loss was 1426 (1135-1977) ml and 1045 (792-1292) ml, respectively (P<0.001). The hidden loss of blood (calculated as loss minus drainage volume) was 618 (330-1347) ml and 524 (330-9620) ml, respectively (P=0.41). Two patients in each group developed deep vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS Tranexamic acid decreased total blood loss by nearly 30%, drainage volume by approximately 50% and drastically reduced transfusion. However, concealed loss was only marginally influenced by tranexamic acid and was at least as large as the drainage volume.
The dynamic interaction of independent power producer synchronous machines connected to a distribution network in ATP-EMTP

The main task in this paper is to present a performance analysis of a distribution network in the presence of two synchronous generators in parallel, with its speed and voltage regulators modeled with TACS - Transient Analysis of Control Systems, for distributed generation studies. This type of configuration is common in systems where renewable fuels are used as sugar cane bagasse or straw. Must be highlighted that these generators are driven by steam turbines, and the whole system with regulators and the equivalent of the power authority system in the point of connection (CCP - Common Coupling Point) are modeled in the “ATP-EMTP - Alternative Transients Program”. Technical questions studied here refer to steady-state voltage profile, voltage stability, voltage dip due to a balanced three-phase fault, load rejection, distribution line outage and the behavior of machine regulators facing the aforementioned contingencies. Results show that, in some cases, the independent power producer (IPP) can be a risk to the physical integrity of the system and in other cases can be very beneficial to the distribution system in the point of connection.
Constraining cosmic microwave background consistent primordial voids with cluster evolution

Using cosmological simulations, we make predictions for the distribution of clusters in a plausible non-Gaussian model where primordial voids nucleated during inflation act together with scale-invariant adiabatic Gaussian fluctuations as seeds for the formation of large-scale structure. The parameters of the void network are constrained by the cosmic microwave background (CMB) fluctuations and by the abundance and size of the large empty regions seen in local galaxy redshift surveys. The model may account for the excess of CMB temperature anisotropy power measured on cluster scales by the Cosmic Background Imager. We show that the z = 0 cluster mass function differs little from predictions for a standard A cold dark matter cosmology with the same σ 8 , but that the evolution of the mass function at z ∼ 1 is slower than in a Gaussian model. Because massive clusters form much earlier in the 'void' scenario, we show that future integrated number counts of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich sources and simple statistics of strong lensing will provide additional constraints on this non-Gaussian model.
A theory of learning simple concepts under simple distributions and average case complexity for the universal distribution

It is pointed out that in L.G. Valiant's learning model (Commun. ACM, vol.27, p.1134-42, 1984) many concepts turn out to be too hard to learn, whereas in practice, almost nothing we care to learn appears to be not learnable. To model the intuitive notion of learning more closely, it is assumed that learning happens under an arbitrary distribution, rather than under an arbitrary simple distribution, as assumed by Valiant. A distribution is called simple if it is dominated by a semicomputable distribution. A general theory of learning under simple distributions is developed. In particular, it is shown that one can learn under all simple distributions if one can learn under one fixed simple distribution, called the universal distribution. Interesting learning algorithms and several quite general new learnable classes are presented. It is shown that for essentially all algorithms, if the inputs are distributed according to the universal distribution, then the average-case complexity is of the same order of magnitude as the worst-case complexity. <<ETX>>
Dark silicon as a challenge for hardware/software co-design

Dark Silicon refers to the observation that in future technology nodes, it may only be possible to power-on a fraction of on-chip resources (processing cores, hardware accelerators, cache blocks and so on) in order to stay within the power budget and safe thermal limits, while the other resources will have to be kept powered-off or “dark”. In other words, chips will have an abundance of transistors, i.e., more than the number that can be simultaneously powered-on. Heterogeneous computing has been proposed as one way to effectively leverage this abundance of transistors in order to increase performance, energy efficiency and even reliability within power and thermal constraints. However, several critical challenges remain to be addressed including design, automated synthesis, design space exploration and run-time management of heterogeneous dark silicon processors. The hardware/software co-design and synthesis community has potentially much to contribute in solving these new challenges introduced by dark silicon and, in particular, heterogeneous computing. In this paper, we identify and highlight some of these critical challenges, and outline some of our early research efforts in addressing them.
Black hole accretion preferentially occurs in gas-rich galaxies

We have investigated the gas content of a sample of several hundred AGN host galaxies at z < 1 and compared it with a sample of inactive galaxies, matched in bins of stellar mass and redshift. Gas masses have been inferred from the dust masses, obtained by stacked Herschel far-IR and sub-mm data in the GOODS and COSMOS fields, under reasonable assumptions and metallicity scaling relations for the dust-to-gas ratio. We find that AGNs are on average hosted in galaxies much more gas rich than inactive galaxies. In the vast majority of stellar mass bins, the average gas content of AGN hosts is higher than that in inactive galaxies. The difference is up to a factor of 10 higher in low-stellar-mass galaxies, with a significance of 6. 5σ. In almost half of the AGN sample, the gas content is three times higher than that in the control sample of inactive galaxies. Our result strongly suggests that the probability of having an AGN activated is simply driven by the amount of gas in the host galaxy; this can be explained in simple terms of statistical probability of having a gas cloud falling into the gravitational potential of the black hole. The increased probability of an AGN being hosted by a star-forming galaxy, identified by previous works, may be a consequence of the relationship between gas content and AGN activity, found in this paper, combined with the Schmidt–Kennicutt law for star formation.