Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DICHOTOMY OF SOLAR CORONAL JETS: STANDARD JETS AND BLOWOUT JETS

By examining many X-ray jets in Hinode/X-Ray Telescope coronal X-ray movies of the polar coronal holes, we found that there is a dichotomy of polar X-ray jets. About two thirds fit the standard reconnection picture for coronal jets, and about one third are another type. We present observations indicating that the non-standard jets are counterparts of erupting-loop Hα macrospicules, jets in which the jet-base magnetic arch undergoes a miniature version of the blowout eruptions that produce major coronal mass ejections. From the coronal X-ray movies we present in detail two typical standard X-ray jets and two typical blowout X-ray jets that were also caught in He ii 304 Å snapshots from STEREO/EUVI. The distinguishing features of blowout X-ray jets are (1) X-ray brightening inside the base arch in addition to the outside bright point that standard jets have, (2) blowout eruption of the base arch's core field, often carrying a filament of cool (T ∼ 104 − 105 K) plasma, and (3) an extra jet-spire strand rooted close to the bright point. We present cartoons showing how reconnection during blowout eruption of the base arch could produce the observed features of blowout X-ray jets. We infer that (1) the standard-jet/blowout-jet dichotomy of coronal jets results from the dichotomy of base arches that do not have and base arches that do have enough shear and twist to erupt open, and (2) there is a large class of spicules that are standard jets and a comparably large class of spicules that are blowout jets.
A polytropic model of an accretion disk, a boundary layer, and a star

A model of a thin polytropic disk accretion onto a polytropic star through a polytropic boundary layer is analyzed and a one-parameter series of models is calculated with the stellar angular velocity varying from small to somewhat supercritical values along the series. It is demonstrated that there is no limit to the amount of mass that can be accreted from a disk onto a star. The dimensionless accretion rate of angular momentum changes sign when the rotation becomes somewhat supercritical. As long the rotation is subcritical, this rate is almost constant, but when the angular velocity of the star exceeds the critical value by just 0.5 percent, its value drops dramatically. 10 refs.
ROS2: a multichannel vision for the robotic REM telescope

During 2013, a new visible camera has been finally installed and tested at the 60cm, robotic REM telescope in the la Silla Observatory. REM is an Italian, fast-reacting telescope initially designed and built for the immediate response to GRB automatic alerts, but since the first light in 2003 its usage has been covering a wider range of astronomical interests. While the IR camera REMIR was reaching the expected limiting magnitudes, the original ROSS visible camera suffered, since the beginning, of a rather poor performance. We set therefore to implement a newer optical camera, leading to the design, tests and integration of ROS2, a dichroic-based four channels imaging camera. The four Sloan-like pass bands are imaged, at the same time, in four quadrants of the CCD, an Andor multilevel Peltier detector. The tests during the science commissioning show an impressive improvement in the limiting magnitudes, reaching two magnitudes fainter than ROSS. Here we show the concept, the tests and the user level product we are now offering at REM.
Fast Estimators of the Jackknife

Abstract The jackknife is a reliable method for estimating standard error nonparametrically. The method is easy to use, but is computationally intensive. The time required to compute the jackknife standard error for an estimator will depend on the time required to compute itself. For some estimators the required time is prohibitive. This may be especially true in simulation studies where and its standard error are computed for a large number of datasets. Let X 1, X 2, …, XN be a random sample and the estimator computed with Xi removed. Then is the jackknife estimator of the variability of where . In this paper estimators of are defined that can be computed quickly while sacrificing little precision or accuracy. The method requires that random variables are available that can be computed quickly and are strongly correlated with . It is described how can generally be obtained, and the method is illustrated with two examples. The paper focuses on the jackknife estimator for standard error, but the method can.
In-beam {gamma}-ray spectroscopy of Pt isotopes located at the proton drip line

In-beam \ensuremath{\gamma} rays have been observed in the neutron-deficient isotopes ${}^{170,171,172}\mathrm{Pt}$ using the recoil-decay tagging technique. The yrast transition sequence proposed for ${}^{172}\mathrm{Pt}$ indicates that the ${0}^{+}$ bandhead of the deformed intruder band is situated about 900 keV above the weakly deformed ground state, i.e., its excitation energy has risen by about 300 keV compared to ${}^{174}\mathrm{Pt}. $ The measured energy of the ${2}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$ transition in ${}^{170}\mathrm{Pt}$ supports an even larger increase in the excitation energy of the intruder configuration with the departure from the middle of the 82--126 major neutron shell. Furthermore, a band with transition energies almost identical to those found in ${}^{172}\mathrm{Pt}$ has been assigned to ${}^{171}\mathrm{Pt}$ and was interpreted as corresponding to a rotationally aligned ${i}_{13/2}$ neutron orbital coupled to the core excitations.
The everyday effects of wind drag on people

Like so many meteorological phenomena, the press of the wind on our bodies is so familiar that we tend not to think of it except when it becomes troublesome. In the following I hope to show that the force of wind on our bodies is interesting to examine and occasionally very important. My interest was reignited by the experience mentioned at the end of this note: of the great difference in walking the dog against a moderate breeze and then with it. As wind blows toward a human body, its constituent air parcels slow and swerve, and thereby exert equal and opposite forces on the wind and body according to Newton’s second and third laws of motion. For realistic wind speeds and body dimensions the deceleration and swerving is about a million times larger than the decelerations caused by viscous friction in the air close to the body, and this very large Reynolds number implies that the force between wind and body is completely dominated by the obstructing effect of the body ± so-called bluff body drag (see Fig. 1). This figure and simple dynamic analysis show that if all the approaching air decelerates to a standstill in a straight line (dashed) from an initial speed, V, then the drag force is given by (r/2) AV , where A is the cross-sectional area of the obstructing body, and r is air density. Because some air always swerves past our bodies (solid lines) and virtually none comes to a complete halt, the actual drag is less than this by a numerical factor called the drag coefficient, Cd, of the body, which must be found by experiment for all realistically complex bodies and flows, and which I will simply take to be a constant 0.6 in the following (see Appendix):
A Simulation Study of the Analysis of Sets of 2 × 2 Contingency Tables under Cluster Sampling: Estimation of a Common Odds Ratio

Abstract This article presents the results of a simulation study of the estimation of a common odds ratio in multiple-contingency tables when the data are correlated within clusters. The correlation is modeled by the beta-binomial distribution. The three objectives of the study were to determine (a) the variances, biases, and relative efficiencies of the beta-binomial maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), the binomial MLE, and the Mantel-Haenszel estimator of the common odds ratio; (b) the variances and biases of two estimators of the intracluster correlation coefficient, ρ; and (c) the effectiveness of adjusting variance estimates of the binomial and Mantel-Haenszel estimators using the two estimators of ρ. The simulation shows that increasing the size of the intracluster correlation coefficient increases the variance and the positive bias of all three estimators of the odds ratio. The Mantel-Haenszel estimator displays less variance and bias than the MLE except for large values of Ψ and ρ. An unexpected b.
Markov chain Monte Carlo Using an Approximation

This article presents a method for generating samples from an unnormalized posterior distribution f(·) using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in which the evaluation of f(·) is very difficult or computationally demanding. Commonly, a less computationally demanding, perhaps local, approximation to f(·) is available, say f**x(·). An algorithm is proposed to generate an MCMC that uses such an approximation to calculate acceptance probabilities at each step of a modified Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. Once a proposal is accepted using the approximation, f(·) is calculated with full precision ensuring convergence to the desired distribution. We give sufficient conditions for the algorithm to converge to f(·) and give both theoretical and practical justifications for its usage. Typical applications are in inverse problems using physical data models where computing time is dominated by complex model simulation. We outline Bayesian inference and computing for inverse problems. A stylized example is given of recovering resistor values in a network from electrical measurements made at the boundary. Although this inverse problem has appeared in studies of underground reservoirs, it has primarily been chosen for pedagogical value because model simulation has precisely the same computational structure as a finite element method solution of the complete electrode model used in conductivity imaging, or “electrical impedance tomography. ” This example shows a dramatic decrease in CPU time, compared to a standard Metropolis–Hastings algorithm.
Studies of cluster X-ray sources, energy spectra for the Perseus, Virgo, and Coma clusters

Final Uhuru X-ray differential-energy spectra are presented for the Perseus, Virgo, and Coma clusters. Power-law and isothermal bremsstrahlung model spectra with low-energy cutoffs are given, and the energy-dependent Gaunt factor is calculated for the bremsstrahlung. The spectra, which are best fits to the Uhuru data between 2 and 10 keV, are compared with previous observations of these sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 100 keV. The problem of parameter estimation is discussed, error bars with 68% confidence are given for the independently determined slope and cutoff parameters, and the 68% confidence limits are plotted for the fitted spectral functions. The data for Perseus above 20 keV marginally favor the bremsstrahlung fit, those for Virgo between 0.25 and 1.0 keV clearly favor that curve, and those for Coma indicate a low-energy turnover or cutoff. Implications of such a cutoff are briefly discussed.
Integration of multiple neural classifiers for heart beat recognition

Purpose – This paper presents new approach to the integration of neural classifiers. Typically only the best trained network is chosen, while the rest is discarded. However, combining the trained networks helps to integrate the knowledge acquired by the component classifiers and in this way improves the accuracy of the final classification. The aim of the research is to develop and compare the methods of combining neural classifiers of the heart beat recognition.Design/methodology/approach – Two methods of integration of the results of individual classifiers are proposed. One is based on the statistical reliability of post‐processing performance on the trained data and the second uses the least mean square method in adjusting the weights of the weighted voting integrating network.Findings – The experimental results of the recognition of six types of arrhythmias and normal sinus rhythm have shown that the performance of individual classifiers could be improved significantly by the integration proposed in t.
Dynamics of electron emission in double photoionization processes near the krypton 3d threshold

Two-electron emission following photoabsorption near the Kr 3d threshold is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. On the experimental side, electron/electron coincidences using a magnetic bottle time-of-flight spectrometer allow us to observe the complete double photo ionization (DPI) continua of selected Kr2+ final states, and to see how these continua are affected by resonant processes in the vicinity of the Kr 3d threshold. The analysis is based on a quantum mechanical approach that takes into account the contribution of three different processes: (A) Auger decay of the inner 3d vacancy with the associated post-collision interaction (PCI) effects, (B) capture of slow photoelectrons into discrete states followed by valence multiplet decay (VMD) of the excited ionic states and (C) valence shell DPI. The dominant process for each Kr2+(4p−2) final state is the photoionization of the inner shell followed by Auger decay of the 3d vacancies. Moreover, for the 4p−2(3P) and 4p−2(1D) final ionic states an important contribution comes from the processes of slow photoelectron capture followed by VMD as well as from double ionization of the outer shell involving also VMD.
Optimal open- and closed-loop control of singularly peturbed linear systems

A simple method is given to obtain either an approximate open- or closed-loop control or an approximate solution to the linear quadratic fixed and free endpoint optimal control problems. This approximation is valid over the entire time interval, or with further computational reduction, only on the open interval. Emphasis is placed on use of control-oriented hypotheses, practical aspects of implementing the approximate controls, and interpretation of these controls. The approximating design procedure given is illustrated through examples which clarify and demonstrate it.
Optical and Near-IR Imaging of the Dark Globule CB 52

The internal structure of the dark globule CB 52 is investigated by means of broadband imaging in the optical and near-IR spectral range. By exploiting the extinction of the stellar light within this object, we derive observational parameters suitable to infer the internal structure of this cloud. Extinction maps were obtained at different wavelengths by using both stellar counts and two-color diagrams. While in the optical region the extinction is better evaluated at the cloud boundaries, the internal regions are more conveniently probed in the near-IR, so a combined map was derived. The total-to-selective extinction ratio RV was also observed to increase toward the inner regions, and a plot versus the extinction AV suggests that grain growth processes are active in this cloud. The statistical fluctuation of the AV, estimated in the line of sight of the background stars, is investigated by comparing the observed stellar colors with those of the unreddened stars. The dispersion σAV, derived from optical observations, is found to be almost independent of the mean extinction, AV, while by using near-IR data we find a more complex behavior: the σAV versus AV relation increases until AV ~ 6 and then decreases for larger extinctions. This is discussed in the framework of a simple model, suggesting that a clumpy and clustered structure can explain the observations in the inner regions, while outside the cloud the mass distribution remains more homogeneous.
Thermal damage of silicon wafer in thermal cleaving process with pulsed laser and CW laser

The laser cleaving process is a new method to cut brittle materials such as glass, silicon and ceramics. In this dry process, the material is diced only by the thermal stress induced by the laser irradiation. Therefore, the material is not contaminated with the coolant generally used in the mechanical dicing process, but teh thermal damages are caused on the irradiated surface. The objective of this paper is the prevention of thermal damages in the laser cleaving process of silicon wafer. The cleavin experiments are conducted with pulsed ND:YAG laser and cw Nd:YAG laser. In the cleaving with pulsed laser, the temperature required for crack propagation is investigated by measuring with a two-color pyrometer developed. The critical temperature at which the stress intensity factor slightly exceeds the fracture toughness depends on the pulse frequency, the pulse width, the scanning velocity of laser spot and the material properties. The temperature is also confirmed by the thermal stress analysis. And then, for the cleaving with cd laser, a refrigerating-chuck system is developed to reduce the thermal damage of workpiece. The system refrigerates the working table below the freezing point of water, and the material is fixed on the table by the frozen water between the material and the table. While the silicon oxide is caused on the surface of wafer in the room temperature, the refrigerating-chuch can prevent the thermal damage and improve the linearity of the cleaving trajectory and the reliability of the cleaving process.
Scattering of an acoustic Gaussian beam from a fluid‐solid interface

The reflection and refraction of a three‐dimensional acoustic beam, whose amplitude is Gaussian in cross section, at a fluid‐solid interface is studied. The acoustic Gaussian beam is constructed by assigning complex values to the source coordinates of an acoustic monopole, a technique used in optics to model coherent light beams. The incident beam is specularly reflected except at certain critical angles of incidence of which the Rayleigh angle is the most important. Near this angle the incident beam excites both a leaky Rayleigh wave and a reflected beam, and the interference between these two disturbances produces a shifted and distorted reflected wavefield. The incident beam, near normal incidence, is refracted into a compressional beam and a shear beam, both of whose amplitudes are Gaussian in cross section. Whereas the incident beam has a circularly shaped cross section, both transmitted beams have elliptically shaped cross sections. [Work supported by NSF. ]
VBYH-BETA CCD PHOTOMETRY OF MELOTTE 66: A DISK ANALOG OF OMEGA CENTAURI

A CCD study of the peculiar open cluster, Melotte 66, on the vbyH-beta system is presented. The V, (b-y) color-magnitude diagram of this metal-deficient, old disk cluster confirms the anomalous features found in photographic BV studies and extends the main sequence to V = 20. The main sequence exhibits a (b-y) color rang significantly larger than expected from photometric errors alone; the (b-y) colors are correlated with H-beta implying that the dispersion is real and not the result of variable reddening across the cluster. The m1 indices for the turnoff stars imply a spread in [Fe/H] too small to explain the color range. Though the subgiant region is poorly defined, the region above the turnoff in the Hertzsprung gap is richly populated by a group of yellow stragglers whose membership is confirmed by radial star counts and radial velocities. The giant branch is richly populated but shows a smaller spread in color at a given V than one would expect from the turnoff region. More important, the giants exhibit a large scatter in m1, in contradiction with the turnoff observations. Various explanations for these observations are discussed, including CN variations among the gaints triggered by either binary evolution or rapid rotation among the main sequence stars.
High-velocity OH in absorption : a new tracer of shocked gas in outflows ?

VLA observations of the 1667 MHz transition of OH and of the adjacent continuum toward the galactic star-forming regions NGC 2071 and S255 are reported. In NGC 2071 bipolar, high-velocity OH was mapped in absorption and its morphology compared with that of the CO and H 2 bipolar outflows previously detected in the region. The maxima of high-velocity OH absorption appear to correlate better with the maxima of the H 2 emission, and it is suggested that the OH may trace shocked gas
Doubly Deuterated Molecular Species in Protostellar Environments

We report the detection of the doubly deuterated forms of ammonia (ND2H) and formaldehyde (D2CO) toward 16293E, a newly identified low-luminosity protostar in the ρ Ophiucus molecular complex. The abundances of ND2H and D2CO compared with their hydrogenated counterparts NH3 and H2CO are ~3% and 40% ± 20%, respectively. To date, 16293E is thus the source with the highest levels of multiple deuteration: [ND2H]/[NH3] is 5-6 times larger there than in the only other astronomical source where ND2H has ever been found, the dense ammonia core of L134N; and [D2CO]/[H2CO] is more than 5 times higher than in the proto-binary system IRAS 16293-2422. The relative abundances of doubly deuterated molecules in low-luminosity protostars are much higher than their current gas-phase [D]/[H] ratios would suggest and, therefore, likely reflect active grain surface chemistry followed by some desorption process.
Design and Development of a High-Speed and High-Rotation Robot With Four Identical Arms and a Single Platform

In this paper, a novel parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) with Schonflies motion has been proposed under the guidance of a graphical type synthesis method. This PKM is composed of four identical arms and a single platform and has high rotational capability. The single-platform structure used in the proposed PKM can reduce structural complexity, increase dynamic response. In addition, the composite parallelogram structure in each arm brings in better limb stiffness. Based on the proposed concept, optimal design is carried out to make the PKM realize its high rotational potential. In this process, an input transmission index (ITI) and an output transmission index (OTI) (the two indices can be used to numerically evaluate motion and force transmission performance of PKMs, respectively) are taken as the performance evaluation criteria. On this basis, some other indices are defined and the corresponding performance atlases are also plotted to investigate the potential workspace. Consequently, dimensional parameters of the discussed PKM are derived on the precondition that the rotational capability should reach at least ±90 deg, and the workspace has also been identified. Based on these foundations, a parallel robot X4 has been developed which can realize high-speed pick-and-place manipulation in industrial lines.
The Scientist as Child

This paper argues that there are powerful similarities between cognitive development in children and scientific theory change. These similarities are best explained by postulating an underlying abstract set of rules and representations that underwrite both types of cognitive abilities. In fact, science may be successful largely because it exploits powerful and flexible cognitive devices that were designed by evolution to facilitate learning in young children. Both science and cognitive development involve abstract, coherent systems of entities and rules, theories. In both cases, theories provide predictions, explanations, and interpretations. In both, theories change in characteristic ways in response to counterevidence. These ideas are illustrated by an account of children's developing understanding of the mind.
Interactive image segmentation by constrained spectral graph partitioning

This paper proposed an interactive image segmentation algorithm that can tolerate slightly incorrect user constraints. Interactive image segmentation was formulated as a constrained spectral graph partitioning problem. Furthermore, it was proven to equal to a supervised classification problem, where the feature space was formed by rows of the eigenvector matrix that was computed by spectral graph analysis. ν-SVM (support vector machine) was preferred as the classifier. Some incorrect labels in user constraints were tolerated by being identified as margin errors in ν-SVM. Comparison with other algorithms on real color images was reported.