Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distal clavicular fracture treatment with suture anchor method.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the suture anchor fixation in the treatment of distal clavicle fractures. METHODS This cross series study included 43 patients (27 males, 12 females; mean age: 40.1±10.18 years) with type II unstable distal clavicle fractures. The fractures were fixed by 2 pins and 1 suture anchor. All patients were followed at postoperative months 3, 6, and 12 and underwent clinical and radiographic evaluation after 1 year, ongoing at 6-month intervals thereafter. Demographic data were recorded on the first postoperative day. At third and 12th month follow-up, Constant-Murley Shoulder Outcome Score (CMS) was used to assess performance of the acromioclavicular joint, and Visual Analog Scale questionnaire was used to assess patient satisfaction. RESULTS Based on CMS scores 1 year after surgery, 37 patients were in excellent condition, and 2 patients were in good condition. Mean surgical case duration was 43.25±4.01 min. These results indicate that there was no significant association between CMS scores and surgical case duration. Mean time to union in our patients was 4.46±0.96 months. CONCLUSION We were able to observe optimal results in our patients by using closed reduction and suture anchors without opening the fracture site, thus allowing physiological processes in union without complications of complete union, while also preventing additional costs such as removing the device.
Industrial Relations Developments in NHS Trusts

Looks at industrial relations developments in the “first wave” of self‐governing trusts in the National Health Service. It finds that many are departing from the NHS′s traditional industrial relations model. There is a move from national to local bargaining and the predominant pattern is single table bargaining, as opposed to separate Whitley Councils for each functional group. In addition, to simplify the complex traditional model, negotiations in many trusts will be carried out effectively by representatives of only some of the staff organizations with members in the trust. Moreover unitarist exceptions to this still essentially pluralist pattern can be found in trusts, with examples of no union recognition, a single union deal and pay deals unilaterally determined by management.
Interpreting Repo Statistics in the Flow of Funds Accounts

The Flow of Funds table on federal funds and security repurchase agreements reports and attempts to balance the net lending/borrowing positions of various types of financial institutions. Prior to 2008, this table shows a huge unallocated discrepancy in the form of missing lending (i.e., reverse repo) of almost $900bn at the end of 2006, and moreover the discrepancy shrinks to almost zero during the financial crisis in 2008. Are there important and unmeasured actors in the repo market that are hiding in this discrepancy term? In this note, we show, that much of this discrepancy results from a lack of netting in the Flow of Funds' calculation of domestic and foreign banks' "net" repo position. Due to this lack of netting, banks' lending in repo markets at the end of 2006 is understated by approximately $600bn. The drop from end of 2006 to end of 2008 in net repo financing obtained by banks is overstated by approximately $300bn. There is a smaller discrepancy that remains after correcting the banking statistics which is likely due to the the absence of securities lenders' repo positions in the Flow of Funds calculations.
Is mobile banking a competitive weapon

The motivation of users to adopt mobile banking services is the key to the grasp and expansion of a bank's market share. In recent years, mobile banking service applications have been on the increase along with the trend of mobile internet, and customer demand for using mobile financial services is growing in great leaps. The mobile financial services provided by mobile financial platforms should be in line with the real needs of the users, and the service contents should be different for different user groups. According to the findings of this study, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and service quality had a positive impact on user attitude and intention to use mobile financial services. The electronic finance industry should optimise the transaction processes, ensure transaction security and help users to quickly complete mobile financial transactions to improve the efficiency and performance.
Sono-alkalization pretreatment of sewage sludge containing phthalate acid esters

This work experimentally elucidates the efficiencies of sono-alkalization treatment on municipal sewage sludge. The total solids (TS) concentration of the sewage sludge was pre-adjusted at 29.7 g/L. Two parameters such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dosage and sonication time were considered by the central composite design (CCD) program to investigate the effect on the degradation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and solubilization of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). The mean concentrations of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) in the sewage sludge were 718, 41 and 8 mg/kg dry weight sludge, respectively. Sono-alkalization process was effective on the degradation of DBP but worthless for DEHP and BBP. Overall degradation of DBP in sewage sludge was estimated to be 100% at the NaOH dosage of 68 mM and sonication time of 2.2 min. Sono-alkalization was responsible for 6,000 mg/L increase of SCOD based on the decrease of volatile solids in sewage sludge.
South Africa’s economy-wide effects as result of increased total factor productivity (TFP) on the country’s agricultural sector: a preliminary investigation

1 Is a Senior Researcher of the National Agricultural Marketing Council (South Africa) and a PhD student of the University of Stellenbosch (corresponding author bonani@namc.co.za) 2 Is a Researcher at the Institute of Food and Resource Economics (University of Copenhagen, Denmark), he also serves as an Associate of Tralac (South Africa) also member of the Board of the GTAP 3 A Professor Extraordinaire, Dept of Agr Economics, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, an Adjunct Associate Professor, Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University, New Zealand
The Economics of Television and Online Video Markets

Television is the dominant entertainment medium for hundreds of millions. This chapter surveys the economic forces that determine the production and consumption of this content. It presents recent trends in television and online video markets, both in the US and internationally, and describes the state of theoretical and empirical research on these industries. A number of distinct themes emerge, including the growing importance of the pay-television sector, the role played by content providers (channels), distributors, and negotiations between them in determining market outcomes, and concerns about the effects of market power throughout this vertical structure. It also covers important but unsettled topics including the purpose for and effects of both the old (Public Service Broadcasters) and the new (online video markets). Open theoretical and empirical research questions are highlighted throughout.
An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE To provide an estimate of growth in Class III malocclusion by means of the analysis of a large population of males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS The examined sample consisted of pretreatment lateral cephalometric records of 949 (492 females and 457 males) untreated Class III patients of Caucasian ancestry. Cephalometric dentoskeletal measurements at subsequent age periods in Class III subjects were compared with the population values from subjects included in the University of Michigan Growth Study (UMGS) at 11 consecutive age periods (from 6 through 16 years of age), in male and female groups separately. RESULTS No difference was found between the Class III and normal groups for the sagittal position of the maxilla at any of the age intervals examined. Sagittal mandibular position and dimensions in Class III subjects were consistently larger than in normal subjects, with the interval of largest "increase" in mandibular length occurring on average 1 year later in both female and male Class III subject with respect to subjects with normal occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Increases in mandibular length were substantially larger in Class III subjects than in subjects with normal occlusion even during the more mature age interval (15 to 16 years). Lower anterior facial height was significantly larger in Class III individuals during the late developmental stages.
Security Threats Recognition and Countermeasures on Smart Battlefield Environment based on IoT

In this paper, we drew new security threats on IoT (Internet of Thing) based smart battlefield environment and proposed countermeasures against them. DoD (Department of Defense) is focusing its attention on the development of unmanned combat systems (UCS) to prepare for future war. The IoT technology provides networking service to connect each other unmanned combat system. But, IoT has the security vulnerabilities of each element of the technology itself because the technology integrates several components to configure a specific service. And new security vulnerabilities will be caused when they are interconnecting. If we fail to defend the security threat that may arise from IoT based smart battlefield environment, we can’t obtain intelligence superiority and furthermore will not be able to assure the victory of the cyber war. In smart battlefield environment applied to IoT, we can draw four main security threats; illegal remote control, information leakage, false information insert, and signal disturbance. And we propose countermeasures in response to these security threats; authentication, access control, intrusion prevention, and cryptography technology.
Foreign Exchange Accumulation and the Entrapment of Chinese Monetary Power: Towards a Balanced Growth Regime?

This article criticises the notion that China's foreign exchange reserves have strengthened its monetary power. While some scholars have argued that China's international monetary influence has been ‘entrapped’ by the domestic interests of its export sector, a one-sided focus on the export sector fails to identify the significant constraints on its macroeconomic autonomy. This article proposes an extension of the concept of entrapment that draws attention to the key role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and their domestic fixed-asset investment in its growth regime: China's external monetary dependency – which is understood as both export dependency and the need to maintain foreign exchange accumulation – has been caused by a disparity between fixed-asset investment and private consumption that reflects a redistribution of income from the household sector to the SOE sector. In particular, I expose the SOE sector's rising interests in foreign exchange accumulation by uncovering a mutually reinforcing dynamic between China's external monetary dependence and the financial repression of its banking system. By entrenching an investment-led growth regime that provides key benefits the SOE sector, this dynamic is found to have seriously constrained the macroeconomic policy autonomy of Chinese authorities to rebalance growth away from investments and exports towards private consumption.
Predictability of Early Postoperative Ultrasonography After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

The predictability of early postoperative ultrasonography (USG) for evaluating the structural integrity of repaired rotator cuffs is still unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the predictability of early USG performed 3 and 6 months postoperatively with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 1 year after arthroscopic cuff repair for structural failure. Among 213 patients who had arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery in 2013, one hundred thirty-eight patients who underwent USG between 3 and 6 months postoperatively and MRI at 1 year postoperatively were enrolled; the postoperative MRI findings were the reference standard used for the comparison. One hundred one patients who were examined using USG at 3 months postoperatively were allocated to group A, and 108 patients who had USG at 6 months postoperatively were allocated to group B. All diagnostic values, including positive and negative predictabilities, were calculated by 2-way tables. To compare the sensitivity and specificity between groups A and B, the area under the curve was calculated from the receiver operator characteristic curve for each group. The positive predictability values were 86.36% and 93.51% for USG at 3 and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. The negative values were 84.21% and 95.83%, respectively. The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves for groups A and B were 0.853 and 0.947, respectively (P=.048). Although the predictability of a single USG at 3 months postoperatively reached approximately 85%, USG evaluation at 6 months postoperatively might be relevant for predicting structural failure after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(6):e975-e981. ].
Performance improvement of noise content video using Raspberry Pi

This paper proposes the implementation of a service running on Raspberry Pi which captures video from the camera and streams it to processor, which processes it and displays on the screen. Implementation of this scenario needs following topics to be addressed. For controlling and capturing the video, Raspberry provides the console application raspivid which can be executed with parameters specifying how the video shall be captured. You can specify parameters like width, height or frames per seconds as if the video be produced to a file to out. The service application implemented in this example internally uses the raspivid. For video capturing the service starts raspivid and then reads incoming video data from raspivid's out. The service executes raspivid with above specified parameters. Live video data continuously coming from raspivid's out needs to be transferred across the network to the connected client. To transfer the data for inter-process communication the implementation uses the lightweight cross-platform library. The communication is based directly on duplex channels to avoid serialization or deserialization. It means the service application running on Raspberry Pi uses input duplex channel and the . NET client running on PC as output channel. When a raspivid's out provides chunk of video data, the service uses the duplex channels to send data to connected clients. Then it uses output channel to receive the video data and to notify it for further processing.
Estimations of the Economic Model of Crime Using Aggregate and Individual Level Data

Much has happened in the economics of crime since Becker's [1] seminal paper of two decades ago. The theory has been refined by, among others, Ehrlich [10; 11; 12], Block and Lind [4; 5], Block and Heinke [3], and Schmidt and Witte [30]. Attempts to test the model empirically began immediately, the most cited including Ehrlich [10; 11; 12], Sjoquist [31], Carr-Hill and Stern [7], Phillips and Votey [26], Witte [38], and Myers [22; 23]. Interest continues with recent work including Layson [19], Sandelin and Skogh [29], Ehrlich and Brower [13], Cover and Thistle [9], Viscusi [36], and Tauchen, Witte, and Griesinger [33]. There has been some controversy, however, concerning the type of data more suitable to the estimation of the economic model of crime. Most of the work has used aggregate data in which the unit of observation is a political jurisdiction. But the use of aggregate data has been sharply criticized. ' The alternative is individual data. Few attempts have been made to use individual data, probably because an ideally constructed data set representative of a general population would be far too costly for most research budgets. Most of the studies that have been done have used data on releasees from prison or other criminal justice programs. They are, in effect, recidivism studies based on the economic model of crime.
Design Requirements for Interfering Particles To Maintain Coadaptive Stability with HIV-1

ABSTRACT Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are viral deletion mutants lacking essential transacting or packaging elements and must be complemented by wild-type virus to propagate. DIPs transmit through human populations, replicating at the expense of the wild-type virus and acting as molecular parasites of viruses. Consequently, engineered DIPs have been proposed as therapies for a number of diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, it is not clear if DIP-based therapies would face evolutionary blocks given the high mutation rates and high within-host diversity of lentiviruses. Divergent evolution of HIV and DIPs appears likely since natural DIPs have not been detected for lentiviruses, despite extensive sequencing of HIVs and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Here, we tested if the apparent lack of lentiviral DIPs is due to natural selection and analyzed which molecular characteristics a DIP or DIP-based therapy would need to maintain coadaptive stability with HIV-1. Using a well-established mathematical model of HIV-1 in a host extended to include its replication in a single cell and interference from DIP, we calculated evolutionary selection coefficients. The analysis predicts that interference by codimerization between DIPs and HIV-1 genomes is evolutionarily unstable, indicating that recombination between DIPs and HIV-1 would be selected against. In contrast, DIPs that interfere via competition for capsids have the potential to be evolutionarily stable if the capsid-to-genome production ratio of HIV-1 is >1. Thus, HIV-1 variants that attempt to “starve” DIPs to escape interference would be selected against. In summary, the analysis suggests specific experimental measurements that could address the apparent lack of naturally occurring lentiviral DIPs and specifies how therapeutic approaches based on engineered DIPs could be evolutionarily robust and avoid recombination.
Investment Activity and the Exit Decision

Using level data from the U.S. steel industry, this paper tests and finds support for the hypothesis that firms in a contracting industr y first disinvest from, and then close, their high-cost plants. An investment decision model is estimated using a panel data set composed of the major replacement investments made in forty-three steel plants during the years 1960-81. The results indicate that the firms disinvested from those plants are least likely to remain profitable in an environment of strong competition from imports, minimills, and stagnating domestic demand. Copyright 1988 by MIT Press.
Voice and Access

This article examines to what extent European interest associations combine public political strategies with traditional forms of inside lobbying or the seeking of access to public officials. I compare two theoretical perspectives: a resource-based explanation focusing on the nature of the mobilized interest and an institutional account emphasizing the explanatory power of varying institutional conditions. My data show that institutional variables have a significant effect on whether and how public and inside strategies are combined. Although the institutional supply of access favours specific interests, the European Union contains important institutional opportunities for diffuse interests that aim to expand the scope of political conflict or signal policy concerns by using public political strategies.
Early neurogenesis of the Drosophila brain

We have studied the formation of the neuroblasts of the Drosophila brain which segregate from the procephalic neurectoderm. The expression domains of the segment polarity gene engrailed (en) allow one to subdivide the procephalic neuroectoderm into tritocerebral, deuterocerebral, and protocerebral neuromeres. Based upon the expression pattern of the proneural gene lethal of scute (l'sc), as well as the pattern of brain neuroblast segregation, the protocerebral and deuterocerebral neuromeres can be further subdivided into a central, anterior, and posterior domain. A total of 75–80 neuroblasts segregate in a stereotyped pattern from the procephalic neurectoderm of each side during stages 9–11. With respect to their position and the expression of the markers asense (ase) and seven‐up (sup), 23 small groups of one to five neuroblasts each were identified. The first eight groups (Pc1–4, Dc1–3, Dp1), collectively called SI/II neuroblasts in analogy to the subpopulation of ventral neuroblasts which appear at the same stage), arise from the central domain of the protocerebral and deuterocerebral neurectoderm, respectively. Later groups form anteriorly and posteriorly from the earlier ones, leading to a centrifugal growth of the procephalic neuroblast population. SIII neuroblasts (Pa1–4, Pp1–2, Dp2) arise during stage 10, SIV neuroblasts (Pa5–6, Pp3–4, Da1, T1–2) during early stage 11, and SV neuroblasts (Pp5, Pdm) during late stage 11 and early stage 12. The dorsomedial domain of the procephalic neurectoderm represents a special case. Unlike other procephalic neuroblasts which delaminate from the surface ectoderm as individual cells, cells of the dorsomedial protocerebral domain are internalized during stage 12 as large, coherent clusters by a movement which can be best characterized as a combination of mass‐delamination and invagination. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The extraction of work from quantum coherence

The interplay between quantum-mechanical properties, such as coherence, and classical notions, such as energy, is a subtle topic at the forefront of quantum thermodynamics. The traditional Carnot argument limits the conversion of heat to work; here we critically assess the problem of converting coherence to work. Through a careful account of all resources involved in the thermodynamic transformations within a fully quantum-mechanical treatment, we show that there exist thermal machines extracting work from coherence arbitrarily well. Such machines only need to act on individual copies of a state and can be reused. On the other hand, we show that for any thermal machine with finite resources not all the coherence of a state can be extracted as work. However, even bounded thermal machines can be reused infinitely many times in the process of work extraction from coherence.
Justice Holmes, Ralph Kramden, and the Civic Virtues of a Tax Return Filing Requirement

A major goal of some tax reform proponents is the elimination of the return filing requirement for many or all Americans. Although the President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform heard several hours of testimony concerning the possibility of a "return-free" income tax system, the Report of the Panel failed even to discuss the issue. This Article contends that the Panel was right to recommend (by implication) the retention of a return-based tax system, given the Panel's recommendations for major tax simplification. As long as the return filing obligation is not unduly burdensome which it would not be under the Panel's simplification proposals a filing obligation has significant civic virtues. A return-based system represents an appropriate compromise on the level of visibility and painfulness of taxation, and the filing of an tax return can serve an important ceremonial function as an expression of fiscal citizenship. The civic potential of return filing is not now realized because of the tremendous complexity of the income tax, but that potential could be realized under a simplified system.