Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defining the components of fairness in the allocation of water to environmental and human uses

Abstract In many countries, water allocation has become increasingly controversial as competition has increased. This paper summarizes a research programme of seven studies over 10 years that has developed social psychological theories of justice, equity and fairness for application to the implementation and evaluation of water allocation decisions. Much of the research has been conducted in the context of the development of government sponsored water reform in Australia. This reform has emphasized the need for integrated approaches to water management which encourage efficiency of use through markets, and environmental sustainability through the introduction of environmental (in-stream) flows. The initial study tested the adequacy of equity and procedural justice theories to provide explanations about people's evaluation of decision-making in the context of water allocation. They were found to provide insufficient scope for the evaluations. Therefore, the second and third studies developed alternative universal fairness principles and adopted the fairness heuristic as a concept for judging the justice of individual water allocation decisions. It was found that the public's universal fairness principles in contrasting allocation case studies were relatively stable over a decade, and provide criteria for judging allocation decisions. Water was consistently seen as a public good; the environment was seen to have rights to water; and procedural issues were important in allocation decision-making. The most recent four studies have shifted to the local or situational fairness contexts. These four studies examined the justice or fairness principles that were appropriate for decision-making when irrigation communities were faced with possible decreased allocations to provide for environmental sustainability. Three studies were survey based, and one was an action research project to develop fairness-based rules for community management. The conclusion from these four studies was that local procedural justice issues, particularly those pertaining to public involvement for local people in decision-making, were significant determinants of judgements of the fairness of the decisions. Economic considerations had some importance, but were not the over-riding issues, and water markets were seen as unacceptable processes for water allocation or re-allocation. The research also provided evidence that self-interest is tempered by pro-social motivations such as fairness when making water-allocation decisions. Finally, it was evident that the public could make relatively complex judgements which used dimensions that go beyond the scope of traditional social psychological definitions of equity and procedural justice.
Fish flesh dielectric performance for toxicity detection

This paper investigates electrical response of fish flesh using a new design of slender steel indicator acted as probe in determining dielectric properties over a frequency range from 10Hz to 100Hz. At present, most of dielectric measurement technique uses electrode contact to under test sample, biological specimen but these techniques mostly are not suitable for living specimen. Therefore, in this research, a slender metal that resembles a pointer is designed and applied to analyse the electrical response of fish flesh dielectric properties for indicator of toxicity level in the fish body. Initial findings proven that proposed technique is feasible to be implemented.
How TK‐TD and population models for aquatic macrophytes could support the risk assessment for plant protection products

This case study of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) workshop MODELINK demonstrates the potential use of mechanistic effects models for macrophytes to extrapolate from effects of a plant protection product observed in laboratory tests to effects resulting from dynamic exposure on macrophyte populations in edge‐of‐field water bodies. A standard European Union (EU) risk assessment for an example herbicide based on macrophyte laboratory tests indicated risks for several exposure scenarios. Three of these scenarios are further analyzed using effect models for 2 aquatic macrophytes, the free‐floating standard test species Lemna sp. , and the sediment‐rooted submerged additional standard test species Myriophyllum spicatum. Both models include a toxicokinetic (TK) part, describing uptake and elimination of the toxicant, a toxicodynamic (TD) part, describing the internal concentration‐response function for growth inhibition, and a description of biomass growth as a function of environmental factors to allow simulating seasonal dynamics. The TK–TD models are calibrated and tested using laboratory tests, whereas the growth models were assumed to be fit for purpose based on comparisons of predictions with typical growth patterns observed in the field. For the risk assessment, biomass dynamics are predicted for the control situation and for several exposure levels. Based on specific protection goals for macrophytes, preliminary example decision criteria are suggested for evaluating the model outputs. The models refined the risk indicated by lower tier testing for 2 exposure scenarios, while confirming the risk associated for the third. Uncertainties related to the experimental and the modeling approaches and their application in the risk assessment are discussed. Based on this case study and the assumption that the models prove suitable for risk assessment once fully evaluated, we recommend that 1) ecological scenarios be developed that are also linked to the exposure scenarios, and 2) quantitative protection goals be set to facilitate the interpretation of model results for risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:82–95. ©2015 SETAC
Is the Indian Stock Market Integrated with the US and Japanese Markets?

The paper attempts to understand the interlinkages and causal relationship between the Nasdaq composite index in the US, the Nikkei in Japan with that of NSE Nifty and BSE Sensex in India during the period January 1999 to August 2004, using daily closing data. The Johansen co-integration test is applied to measure the long-term relationship between the two indices and the Granger-causality test is used to check the short-term causal relationship. The analysis reveals that there is no long-term relationship of the Indian equity market with that of the US and Japanese equity markets. Further, Nasdaq and Nikkei have stronger causal relationship in 1999–2001 which becomes either very weak or disappears in 2002–2004. There seems to be a disassociation in the movements of the Nasdaq and Nikkei with that of the Sensex and Nifty. When the stock markets have no tendency to move together in the long-term and causal effects become weak in the short-term then the markets are segmented and provide ample room for diversification of investments. The recent surge of FII investments to the Indian equity market is primarily a reflection of this trend.
The Management of Currency Risk: Case Studies of US and UK Multinationals

Abstract This paper presents a case study analysis of currency risk management practice in large British and American multinational companies undertaken to extend findings obtained in a preliminary survey of 51 British multinational companies. The extension examines the behaviour of American as well as British companies, not just in terms of transaction risk but with reference to translation risk as well, and focuses upon the extent of risk neutrality. Case study analysis allows interviewers to evaluate differences in behaviour which may help to explain policies adopted.
Interactive point-of-interest volume rendering visualization of PET-CT data

Due to the rapid advances in dual-modality PET-CT scanners, the access to and assimilation of critical information within these data are becoming extremely difficult with conventional 2D and even with sophisticated 3D visualization. In this study, we propose an integration of maximum intensity projection (MIP) and direct volume rendering (DVR) algorithms to provide a comprehensive solution for PET-CT visualization. In this process, interactive selection of a point-of-interest (POI) from fused-MIP of PET-CT is used to automate the image enhancements, such as transfer function generation, for subsequent DVR visualization used in further image diagnosis. Such automation can significantly ease the required manual image enhancements/manipulation that must be performed during image visualization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed volume rendering visualization scheme with its application to clinical PET-CT tumor studies.
Cyclin G 1 Is a Target of miR-122 a , a MicroRNA Frequently Down-regulated in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We investigated the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A genome-wide miRNA microarray was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in HCCs arisen on cirrhotic livers. Thirty-five miRNAs were identified. Several of these miRNAs were previously found deregulated in other human cancers, such as members of the let-7 family, mir-221, and mir-145 . In addition, the hepato-specific miR-122a was found downregulated in f70% of HCCs and in all HCC-derived cell lines. Microarray data for let-7a, mir-221, and mir-122a were validated by Northern blot and real-time PCR analysis. Understanding the contribution of deregulated miRNAs to cancer requires the identification of gene targets. Here, we show that miR-122a can modulate cyclin G1 expression in HCC-derived cell lines and an inverse correlation between miR-122a and cyclin G1 expression exists in primary liver carcinomas. These results indicate that cyclin G1 is a target of miR-122a and expand our knowledge of the molecular alterations involved in HCC pathogenesis and of the role of miRNAs in human cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6092–9]
Impact of Size on Growth/Decay of Peasant Farms: Some Evidence from Punjab

Marxist theory postulates that in commercialised agriculture 'big farms grow bigger and small ones smaller'. Chayanov, Schumpeter and Gibrat's Law, on the one hand, deny the existence of any definite relationship between size of the enterprise and its growth/decay over time. Our analysis of data on a sample of Punjab farms reveals that the probability of a farm growing/decaying via land market is independent of its initial size. Among farms that have been expanding their owned area by buying land, rate of growth was inversely related to the initial size; however, rate of decay was not related with the initial size in the case of farms that have been losing land.
Criteria for Useful Targeting: Money versus the Base and Other Variables

THE PROBLEM OF targeting variables numerically by means of monetary policy has acquired general interest as it has become increasingly clear that an all too flexible conduct of policy has led to very undesirable results. In general such flexibility is apt to accommodate inflationary price expectations in order to avoid the temporary depressive effects of nonaccommodation, and once the markets figure this out the inflationary price expectations and cost trends tend to steepen. In the event of continuous accommodation of the resultant steepening, the process would soon get out of hand; on the other hand, occasional temporary discontinuation of full accommodation produces an environment of substantial uncertainty and inefficiency. There has therefore developed growing awareness of the fact that price expectations and cost trends need to be anchored to a consistent course of demand policy. In specifiable aspects of its behavior, such a policy should
Novel approach for multidimensional data reconstruction and compression

In this paper we present a powerful approach for noisy data reconstruction and also for data compression based on our algorithms for tensor factorization and decomposition [10], [9]. This approach has many potential applications in computational neuroscience, multi-sensory, multidimensional data analysis and text mining. Our algorithms are locally stable and work well for sufficiently sparse data even if in the heavy noisy case. Moreover, the proposed approach provides promise applications for real world data. The extensive experimental results confirm the validity and high performance of the developed algorithms not only for synthetic benchmarks but also for real-world data, especially, with usage of the multi-layer hierarchical approach [4], [9].
FPGA implementation of a new parallel routing algorithm

This paper presents a new parallel processing wire routing algorithm, which finds a quasi-minimum Steiner tree for multi-point connections in a VLSI chip or a PCB. A VHDL code is written to implement the algorithm on a prototype 4times4 and 8times8 single layer grid. Two methods are proposed for the design of processing element. The algorithm has been successfully tested on a XC2VP30 Virtex-II Pro XUPV2P development system. The algorithm can be easily extended to multi-layer grids. This algorithm is found to give better quality routes and higher speedups compared to other parallel routing algorithms. Also it yields orders of magnitude speedups over software implementation.
The vertical network organization as a specific governance structure: what are the challenges for incomplete contracts theories and what are the theoretical implications for the boundaries of the (hub-) firm?

Departing from the seminal question that Coase raised in his 1937 work, this article discusses and assesses incomplete contracts theories’ analyses of the firm’s boundaries—notably transaction cost theory and the modern theory of property rights—by investigating the case of the vertical network organization (VNO). We perform a theoretical characterization and analysis of the functioning rules of the VNO to shed light on intra-network incentive provisions and coordination mechanisms. Our findings cast doubt on the role that hold-up considerations on the firm’s boundaries play and allow us to question forms of power within the VNO. Finally, we focus on the theoretical implications of the emergence of the VNO. The legal nature of the firm does not match the economic definition of the VNO, which tends to treat the firm as a specific governance structure.
Design of charge pump PLL using improved performance ring VCO

In this paper a PLL is designed at 0.18 μm CMOS technology and 3 V supply voltage. For performing phase and frequency synchronization the charge pump PLL utilizes four basic blocks which are phase detector, VCO, charge pump and first order low pass filter. An improved performance differential pair configuration based ring VCO has very high oscillation frequency up to 6.567 GHz at 2.5 V control voltage and power consumption of 6.8 mW. The phase frequency detector (PFD) is another part of PLL which is designed using CMOS realization of D-Flip Flop and NOR gate. The designed PLL has a power consumption of approximately 36 mW at the operating frequency of 500 MHz.
Measuring a Territorial Labor Market Development Index

There is a widespread debate on the importance of the quality of labor, which is the requirement for wages to cover basic needs and provide people with a decent way of life and fostering development at the same time. This paper proposes to measure a labor market development index, using variables that can usually be found in labor surveys and can be applied for regional and country comparisons with easiness of aggregation through geometric means. We consider three principal pillars that make of labor one of the main mechanics for development: equality, productivity, and welfare.
MARKET POWER, PROFITABILITY AND FINANCIAL LEVERAGE

A NUMBER of studies have examined the relationship between market power, measured by seller concentration' or by the existence of entry barriers,2 and profitability, usually measured by the ratio of net income to the book value of stockholders' equity. In general, this literature concludes that greater market power generates higher rates of profitability, and the existence of this higher profitability over time is condemned because it implies higher prices, restricted output and consequently allocative inefficiency. The degree of usage of financial leverage by individual firms will influence the results of studies such as those noted above. Since the usual measure of profitability in such studies was the ratio of net income to the book value of stockholders' equity, two firms could have similar assets, output, and prices yet have differing profitability measures only because of the amount of financial leverage utilized. F. M. Scherer clearly stated this possibility in a recently published text.
Development and validation of a measure of the quality management practices in education

The main objective of this research is to identify and confirm the most important dimensions in the quality management (QM) that can be applied in secondary schools, with the purpose of developing a measure instrument that can be used, with enough reliability and validity, for these educational institutions. This could help in knowing the school reality, pointing out the strong points and the areas of improvement. Our analysis emphasises QM practices (inputs), rather than quality performance (outputs). Starting from this diagnosis, proposals of improvement in coherence with the detected necessities could be elaborated, and a dynamic of continuous and sustainable improvement could be introduced. In the study that we present here, a panel of experts was constituted to carry out a type Delphi investigation with the intention of using their knowledge to discriminate among the different indicators of the scale and to specify which of them should be part of the measure instrument.
Therapeutic effect of apatinib on overall survival is mediated by prolonged progression-free survival in advanced gastric cancer patients

Apatinib is reported to significantly improve the overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced gastric cancer who have previously failed second-line chemotherapy. However, it is not well understood whether apatinib acts by improving progression or by prolonging post-progression survival. Here, based on phase III clinical trial data, the mediating effect of apatinib on patient overall survival was systematically quantified, through progression-free survival (PFS), post-progression survival (PPS), and the disease control rate (DCR). PFS was the primary mediator of the association between apatinib treatment and OS, with an indirect-effect mean survival time ratio of 1.63 (95%CI 1.35-1.97), which mediated 93.5% of the treatment effect. The DCR was also a significant mediator among secondary efficacy endpoints, and had an indirect-effect mean survival time ratio of 1.47 (95%CI 1.20-1.79, 50.9% mediated). Both primary and other targets of the DCR had similar results. The results indicated that apatinib treatment prolongs progression-free survival rather than post-progression survival, and in turn, leads to improved overall survival. Additionally, our study highlights the value of mediation analysis in clinical trials in providing additional information to build upon traditional primary analysis.
The member states of the European Union

1. The European Union and its Member States: An Overview PART 1 ANALYSIS 2. Europeanization: Concept, Theory and Methods PART 2 THE MEMBER STATES 3. Genuine Europeanization or Monnet for Nothing? 4. Germany: In Search of a New Balance 5. The United Kingdom: Towards Isolation and a Parting of the Ways? 6. Spain: Modernization through Europeanization 7. Sweden: From Scepticism to Pragmatic Support 8. Poland: An Awkward Partner Redeemed 9. Estonia: Excelling at Self-Exertion 10. Romania: Uneven Europeanization 11. Contrasting States of Europeanization PART 3 EUROPEANIZATION 12. Europeanization and Member State Institutions 13. Europeanization and Political Parties 14. The Europeanization of Interest Groups and Social Movements 15. The Europeanization of Member State Policy 16. Europeanization and Sub-national Authorities 17. The Europeanization of National Economies Conclusion
Barriers to creativity in the hotel industry – perspectives of managers and supervisors

Aims to identify the job‐related barriers to creativity as perceived by managers and supervisors in the Hong Kong hotel industry. Two pilot tests using individual in‐depth interview and dichotomous selection test were conducted to identify possible barriers. Based on the result of the first pilot study, 25 job‐related barriers to creativity were consolidated and finally 17 statements were developed through the respondents’ selection in the second pilot study. Factor analysis of Principal Components Analysis with a Varimax Rotation was conducted and four major dimensions of barriers were identified with a factor loading of 0.5 or higher. Significant differences were observed when analyzing the demographic variable of education with the factor of “fear of change and criticism” and “time and work pressure”. Suggests recommendations on how to reduce the barriers inhibiting creativity in the hotel industry aiming at improving the creative potential of hotel employees.
Foreign Military Interventions and Suicide Attacks

This study examines the effect of foreign military interventions on the incidence of suicide attacks. It presents three theoretical explanations. Foreign military interventions may boost insurgent use of suicide attacks by (a) fomenting a nationalist backlash that sanctions the use of more extreme and unconventional tactics like suicide attacks, (b) providing more and better targets against which suicide attacks can be launched, or (c) prompting insurgents to use suicide tactics in order to overcome their power asymmetries and to confront better defended targets that are enhanced by interventions. We test these competing explanations using a battery of statistical tests on cross-national, time-series data for 138 countries during the period from 1981 to 2005. We find that only foreign interventions with specific features—pro-government interventions involving larger numbers of ground troops—boost suicide attacks in countries experiencing interventions. This finding suggests that by tipping the balance of power against insurgents and hardening targets in the context of assisting a local government, foreign military interventions are likely to increase the use of suicide attacks by regime challengers.
DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES: IMPLICATIONS OF INCLUDING HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION

The value of household production is estimated to 40-50 percent of GNP in most western countries, and because the distribution of this income-in-kind is different from ordinary income distribution, the concept of economic well-being may include household production. The monetary value of household production is evaluated by a market alternative principle and an opportunity-cost principle. In the last case a reservation wage is estimated, and integrated in a modified opportunity principle, which means that household work of non-working women is evaluated by the reservation wage, and household work of working women and men by their wage-rate. The conclusions are among others, that the inclusion of household production reduces the inequality, and that women's contributions--money income and household production--functions as income equalizers. Copyright 1992 by The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.