Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved Time Bounds for the Maximum Flow Problem Improved Time Bounds for the Maximum Flow Problem Improved Time Bounds for the Maximum Flow Problem

Recently, Goldberg proposed a new approach lo the maximum netv.ork flow problem. The approach yields a ver>' simple algorithm nmning in 0{n^) time on n-vertex networks. Incorporation of the dynamic tree data structure of Sleator and Tarjan yields a more complicated algorithm with a running time of 0{rvn log {n^ Im)) on m-arc networks. Ahuja and Orlin developed a variant of Goldberg's algorithm that uses scaling and runs in 0(,rm + n' logL') time on networks with integer arc capacities bounded by U. In this paper we explore possible improvements to the Ahuja-Oriin algorithm. First we obtain an improved running lime of 0(,nm -tn^ logL'/log logL') by using a nonconsiant scaling factor. Then we obtain an even better bound of 0{run -tn^Qogt/)'^) by combining the Ahuja-Orlin algorithm with the wave algorithm of Tarjan. Fmally. we show that the use of dynamic trees in the laner algorithm reduces the running time to 0{rvn log(— Gogt/)' ' + 2)). This result shows that the combined use of three tn different techniques results in speed not obtained by using any of the techniques alone. Slcxn School at . Min»ganent, MIT, Ciinbndge, MA 02139 Retearch ptrtUDy fupponed b> i Prendenti«] Yoimg Invesuguor Fello»ihip from Uie NSF. Cooiria S-JflSP ECS. ind grinu from . ViiJog DeMcts. Kpfit Compuitr Inc. «nd f^ime Computer. On Itive from Indian Inrntuie of Technology. Kjnpur. Indu. Dqx of Computer Saence. Pnncaon Univemry. Pnnceuxi. M 085*4 ind ATAT Bell Ubs. Murray Hill, N7 0^974. Reie*n* p«ru*l]y luppone^l by NSF Gr»nt DCR-860596; md Office of Ntvxl Rettin* Coniiia N00014-87-K-O467. Improved Time Bounds for the Maximum Flow Problem Ravindra K. Ahuja JamesBOrlin '
Static stress interactions in extensional earthquake sequences: An example from the South Lunggar Rift, Tibet

[1] An extensional earthquake sequence occurred in 2004–8 across a graben in the South Lunggar Rift on the Tibetan Plateau. We use InSAR data to determine the location, fault geometry and slip distribution of these earthquakes and to test whether the sequence is compatible with static stress triggering. The Mw 6.2 and 6.3 earthquakes in 2004 and 2005 both ruptured west-dipping faults on the east side of a graben. In 2008, a Mw 6.7 earthquake ruptured a pair of east-dipping fault segments on the other side of the graben, offset from the earlier ruptures. We compute first-order dislocation models of stress change and demonstrate that the order and spatial configuration of this sequence of events is compatible with triggering by static stress transfer. A continuation of the sequence would be most likely to occur on the northern extension of the 2008 rupture, although variable slip rate along the rift may mean that the sequence has run its course. The InSAR data for the 2008 earthquake also reveal slip on a fault that cuts the graben at a highly oblique angle. We suggest that this is a release fault accommodating differential throw in the hanging wall, and associate the deformation with a Mw 6.0 aftershock. Activity on such a release fault has not been directly imaged before. The Zhongba sequence is one of several examples of recent clustered normal-fault earthquakes on the Plateau, and may be an example of phase-locking of similar faults.
Tectonic overpressure and underpressure in lithospheric tectonics and metamorphism

The lithostatic pressure concept is most commonly applied on a geological scale for lithospheric processes and related evolution of metamorphic rock complexes. Here, various aspects of non‐lithostatic overpressure and underpressure phenomena in lithospheric tectonics and metamorphism are reviewed on the basis of recently published literature. The main conclusion from this short review is that these phenomena certainly exist in nature on all time and space scales including geological ones. They are, in particular, responsible for some geological processes, which are otherwise difficult to explain, such as downward water suction into the interior of subducting slabs. Magnitudes of overpressure and underpressure are strongly variable and may potentially reach up to ±100% of the lithostatic pressure and up to a GPa‐level. These magnitudes depend mainly on the rheology of deforming rocks and on the nature of related tectonic process. Rheological heterogeneity of deforming rock units, which is common in nature, has a tendency to enhance overpressure and underpressures. Large overpressure can typically be expected in rheologically strong (dry) bending rock units, in particular in the mantle lithosphere. However, rheological weakness of rocks and small local deviatoric stresses do not guarantee the absence of large overpressures in these rocks. Therefore, the influence of significant tectonic overpressure and/or underpressure cannot be excluded for any metamorphic complex a priori but should be instead tested by exploring realistic thermomechanical models for envisaged tectono‐metamorphic scenarios. Many lithospheric rocks subjected to large overpressures and underpressures cannot be studied as they do not exhume to the surface. Some controversy exists concerning overpressure magnitudes for the ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks and several conflicting hypotheses are proposed, which need to be thoroughly tested in the future. In this respect, the Alpine region may offer a unique opportunity for the testing of geological‐scale overpressures in (U)HP rocks by combining structural‐geological and petrological data with realistic lithospheric‐scale numerical modelling.
Biodiversity of Nearshore Benthic Habitats in Gwangyang Bay, Korea

Gwangyang Bay is one of the most quickly developing coastal areas in Korea.In the1970s,a mainly estuarine delta and tidal flats along the bay were reclaimed to develop a huge industrial complex. Therefore,the various habitats around Seomjin river estuary and the shallow water embayment in Gwangyang Bay have been seriously impacted during the last three decades by industrial pollutants and in creased freshwater discharges.This study focused on the spatial variability of macrofaunal assemblages. Samples were collected along a3km transect extending from the intertidal to subtidal zones,including an eelgrass bed.Different assemblages were identified by multi-dimensional scaling(MDS)ordination and cluster analysis. Five different communities were identified in three major habitats.The eelgrass bed and subtidal shal low water embayment contained discrete communities.The unvegetated tidal flat was subdivided into three different communities according to tidal elevation.A total of254species of benthic macrofaunal inverte brates was recorded in this survey.Polychaetes dominated species richness,but molluscs dominated abun dance and biomass.Macrobenthic biodiversity was highest in the eelgrass bed(48.3species/0.1m2),fol lowed by the subtidal zone(45.4species/0.1m2)and unvegetated tidal flat(24.6species/0.1m2). Each community can be identified by a few characteristic species.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Putative Polyketide Synthase Gene Involved in Hispidin Biosynthesis in Sanghuangporus sanghuang

Abstract Hispidin is an important styrylpyrone produced by Sanghuangporus sanghuang. To analyze hispidin biosynthesis in S. sanghuang, the transcriptomes of hispidin-producing and non-producing S. sanghuang were determined by Illumina sequencing. Five PKSs were identified using genome annotation. Comparative analysis with the reference transcriptome showed that two PKSs (ShPKS3 and ShPKS4) had low expression levels in four types of media. The gene expression pattern of only ShPKS1 was consistent with the yield variation of hispidin. The combined analyses of gene expression with qPCR and hispidin detection by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with ion-trap and time-of-flight technologies (LCMS-IT-TOF) showed that ShPKS1 was involved in hispidin biosynthesis in S. sanghuang. ShPKS1 is a partially reducing PKS gene with extra AMP and ACP domains before the KS domain. The domain architecture of ShPKS1 was AMP-ACP-KS-AT-DH-KR-ACP-ACP. Phylogenetic analysis shows that ShPKS1 and other PKS genes from Hymenochaetaceae form a unique monophyletic clade closely related to the clade containing Agaricales hispidin synthase. Taken together, our data indicate that ShPKS1 is a novel PKS of S. sanghuang involved in hispidin biosynthesis.
A Brief History of Spices in Ethiopia

There are no detailed records available on the history of spices in Ethiopia. However, throughout the history of Ethiopia, during various periods there had been several allusions made to certain spices in scattered accounts. Most of these sketchy accounts pertain to the search and trade of spices like frankincense, myrrh, etc. In ancient times, frankincense and myrrh in particular were in high demand in Pharaohnic Egypt to honor the gods and embalm the dead. Myrrh was also a popular ingredient of Hebrew anointing oil (Ex. 30:22-24). Ancient Egyptian pharaohs from time to time organized great fleets, which went to the “Land of Punt” in search of these precious spices.1
A Freely Available Syntactic Lexicon for English

This paper presents a syntactic lexicon for English that was originally derived from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and the Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, and then modified and augmented by hand. There are more than 37,000 syntactic entries from all 8 parts of speech. An X-windows based tool is available for maintaining the lexicon and performing searches. C and Lisp hooks are also available so that the lexicon can be easily utilized by parsers and other programs.
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada, 2021

Background In Canada, gonorrhea is the second most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection. The Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP - Canada), a passive surveillance system monitoring antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada since 1985, is the source for this summary of demographics, antimicrobial resistance and N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) of gonococcal isolates collected in Canada in 2021. Methods Provincial and territorial public health laboratories submitted N. gonorrhoeae cultures and data to the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg as part of the surveillance system. The antimicrobial resistance and molecular type of each isolate received were determined. Results In total, 3,439 N. gonorrhoeae cultures were received from laboratories across Canada in 2021, a 9.9% increase since 2020 (n=3,130). Decreased susceptibility to cefixime increased significantly (p<0.001) in 2021 (1.5%) compared to 2017 (0.6%). No significant change in decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone was detected between 2017 and 2021 (0.6%) (p>0.001); however, one ceftriaxone-resistant isolate was identified. Azithromycin resistance decreased significantly (p<0.001) in 2021 (7.6%) compared to 2017 (11.7%); however, there was a significant increase (p<0.001) in the proportion of cultures with an azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentration of at least 1 mg/L (2017=22.2% to 2021=28.1%). In 2021, NG-MAST-19875 (15.3%) was the most prevalent sequence type in Canada; 20.3% of isolates with this sequence type were resistant to azithromycin. Conclusion The spread of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea is a significant public health concern. The continued regional and national surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae is essential in ensuring effective treatment therapies are recommended.
RAINFALL-RUNOFF SIMULATION BY USING DISTRIBUTED INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH DERIVED FROM APPLYING FLOW ACCUMULATION VALUE OF DEM

Flow Accumulation Value (FAV) denotes water accumulates along the flow paths dictated by the topography. For any specific location in a basin, by adjusting FAV to proper units, the flow accumulation is synonymous with drainage area. In this study, by combining DEM and Kinematic Wave routing method, discharge of the surface runoff of specific location inside the basin within given rainfall intensity has been calculated, and water depth and velocity also has been derived. By adopting the concept of IUH and through describing the runoff mechanism, the traveling time of water movement from any specific location of the basin to the outlet is examined; consequently, a distributed instantaneous unit hydrograph of the basin is derived.
Evaluation of a Regional Climate Modeling Effort for the Western United States Using a Superensemble from Weather@home*

AbstractSimulations from a regional climate model (RCM) as part of a superensemble experiment were compared with observations of surface meteorological variables over the western United States. The RCM is the Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model, version 3, with improved physics parameterizations (HadRM3P) run at 25-km resolution and nested within the Hadley Centre Atmosphere Model, version 3 (HadAM3P). Overall, the means of seasonal temperature were well represented in the simulations; 95% of grid points were within 2.7°, 2.4°, and 3.6°C of observations in winter, spring, and summer, respectively. The model was too warm over most of the domain in summer except central California and southern Nevada. HadRM3P produced more extreme temperatures than observed. The overall magnitude and spatial pattern of precipitation were well characterized, though HadRM3P exaggerated the orographic enhancement along the coastal mountains, Cascade Range, and Sierra Nevada. HadRM3P produced warm/dry northwest, cool/wet south.
Latitudinal variation of spectral optical thickness and columnar size distribution of the El Chichon stratospheric aerosol layer

Multiwavelength solar radiometer observations of directly transmitted solar radiation have been obtained at 10 discrete wavelengths between 0.440 and 2.233 pm during an airborne latitudinal survey in late April and early May 1983. These observations have been used to derive the spectral optical thickness of the El Chichon stratospheric aerosol layer from 68”N to 56% The stratospheric optical thicknesses 1 year after the eruptions of El Chichon were still greatly enhanced over background levels for the stratosphere. The maximum optical thickness of 0.14 (0.670-pm wavelength) was found at 5O”N, rather than at 20‘N as was found during an airborne latitudinal survey in late October and early November 1982. Columnar aerosol size distributions have been inferred from the 1982 and 1983 data sets by numerically inverting the aerosol optical thickness measurements as a function of wavelength. In May 1983, latitudes north of 5”s had bimodal stratospheric aerosol size distributions, while latitudes south of 5’S had monomodal size distributions. During October 1982, when optical thickness measurements were obtained only from 0.440 to 0.871 pm, the size distributions showed a strong latitudinal variation but were everywhere monomodal. For both dates the northern hemisphere distribution indicated a significantly higher ratio of large particles to small particles than the southern hemisphere distribution. The addition of the near-infrared wavelengths in the May 1983 experiment increased the accuracy of the size distribution determinations at the large-particle end of the spectrum, as anticipated, but was also found to increase the accuracy at the small-particle end.
Measuring distributions of hydraulic conductivity and specific storativity by the double flowmeter test

The flowmeter test, when modified, can be applied long before the well response reaches a quasi-steady state. In many practical applications the traditional flowmeter test provides only an order of magnitude estimate of the hydraulic conductivity distribution. Conducting the double flowmeter test, i.e., running the flowmeter test on the same borehole twice (at appropriate times), improves the accuracy of the estimated downhole distribution of the hydraulic conductivity and, in addition, provides the downhole distribution of the specific storativity. Formulae for the hydraulic conductivity and specific storativity of each layer are derived for a case of a layered aquifer. The accuracy of the estimated parameter distributions is evaluated via a first-order sensitivity analysis. A formula is also found for the equivalent specific storativity of a layered aquifer. In addition, it is shown that accounting for well bore storage in the flowmeter test leads to an inconsistent model, and hence the flowmeter test should be conducted only after well bore storage effects disappear.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Seasonal Precipitation Variability in China, 1951-1999

Rainfall variability in China for the period from 1951 to 1999 was investigated. Monthly rainfall data for 160 stations were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. Mean seasonal rainfall amounts were grouped into four distinct precipitation regions by cluster analysis. These regions differed in size and extent in each season and were related to the rainfall-generating mechanism operating at that time of year. The Asian monsoon played a major role in shaping the precipitation regime. Local topography also helped in casting the seasonal variability patterns within regions. To understand the impact of large scale circulation on rainfall variability, areally averaged anomaly percentages were correlated with major atmospheric teleconnection features. It was discovered that the Polar-Eurasia (POL) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) index were positively associated with winter precipitation, indicating the significance of the winter monsoon in producing the rainfall pattern. Negligible effects of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), West Pacific (WP), and North Pacific (NP) patterns on precipitation were observed.
Water table profiles and discharges for an inclined ditch-drained aquifer under temporally variable recharge

This paper presents the solution of the linearized Boussinesq equation for an inclined, ditch-drained aquifer, with a temporally varying recharge rate. Water-table profiles and flow rates into the ditches are calculated. As an initial condition the steady-state profile for a constant recharge rate is used, and the linearized Boussinesq equation is solved for a different recharge rate. Then, at a specified time, the transient water table profile is used as initial condition for the Boussinesq equation with a new recharge rate. The transient solution at a new specified time is then used as the initial condition for the Boussinesq equation with a different recharge rate, and so on. Using the Darcy equation, analytical expressions for the flow rates into the ditches can be obtained. The solution allows the calculation of the transient behavior of the groundwater table and its flow rates due to temporally variable recharge rates.
Multifunctional Supramolecular Hybrid Materials Constructed from Hierarchical Self-Ordering of In Situ Generated Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Nanoparticles

A synergistic approach is described to engineer supramolecular hybrid materials based on metal-organic frameworks, encompassing HKUST-1 nanoparticles formed in situ, coexisting with an electrically conducting gel fiber network. The following findings are made: i) multistimuli-responsive structural transformation via reversible sol-gel switching and ii) radical conversion of a soft hybrid gel into a mechanically malleable, viscoelastic matter.
Assessment of oak wilt threat to habitat of the golden-cheeked warbler, an endangered species, in central Texas

A major epidemic of oak wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt, has been killing trees in Central Texas for at least 40 years. This has created large and expanding canopy gaps in the vast, homogenous live oak woodlands (Quercus fusiformis Small) in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas. The changes in stand structure may have detrimental consequences for an endangered migratory songbird, the golden-cheeked warbler (GCW, Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater & Salvin). More information is needed to assess the direct impact of oak wilt on the GCW and how oak wilt control measures might affect bird populations. In our study, two surveys with different objectives were conducted at the Fort Hood Military Installation in Central Texas. In 2001, IKONOS 1-meter pan-sharpened satellite imagery was used to assess the incidence and severity of oak wilt. The disease was found to be the cause of mortality in 69 percent of the sampled plots. Only a small proportion of the oak wilt centers (12 percent) were located in designated GCW habitat. A second survey was conducted in 2003-04 to determine the key characteristics of GCW nesting sites and how they compare to those of oak wilt centers. This systematic survey was based on randomly selected cluster sample plots stratified in five resource categories based on the presence or absence of oak wilt, GCW habitat, or GCW nesting sites, or both. Stand densities ranged from 90 trees/ha (GCW habitat, no oak wilt) to 1,298 trees/ha (GCW habitat, nesting site). Juniper (Juniperus ashei Buchh.) to oak ratios ranged from 0.24:1 (GCW habitat, no oak wilt) to 6.57:1 (GCW habitat, no oak wilt). Classification tree analysis was conducted to identify independent variables associated with the presence of nesting sites in GCW habitat. Key variables in the resulting model included road density, selected Landsat and SPOT 10 satellite imagery bands, elevation, and distance to roads. In terms of tree mortality, the impact of oak wilt on GCW home ranges may be minimal. Further analyses are needed to evaluate the impacts of other site disturbances caused by oak wilt, such as fragmentation and alterations in stand composition. The results of this project will be used to aid natural resource managers when conflicts occur between endangered species management and oak wilt control.
Strype: Frame-Based Editing tool for programming the micro:bit through Python

Frame-Based Editing (FBE) is a relatively new programming paradigm that sits between Block and Text based editing, by implementing good features of both practices. Moreover, FBE is designed as a middle step between block and text based editing, in order to ease the transition from the first to the later. Strype is a new online editor which implements FBE’s idea for Python and is used for programming the micro:bit. This demo will showcase the unique elements of Strype and demonstrate its use. This demo aims in introducing FBE and Strype to the educational community in order to generate fruitful discussions, get feedback and also promote its use to educational settings.