Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Update on blocked impurity band detector technology from DRS

The Blocked Impurity Band (BIB) detector technology team at DRS Sensors and Targeting Systems specializes in providing the highest performance, broadest application range of BIB detector products. These include detectors, Focal Plane Arrays (FPA), and sensor assemblies for ground, airborne and space applications. We offer flight proven low flux Si:As and Si:Sb FPAs in square formats up to 1024x1024. We also offer high-flux FPA systems for ground-based telescopes and airborne applications in several square and rectangular formats, such as 160×640 sensors for push-broom spatial-spectral imaging. NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mission selected DRS 1024×1024 arrays for its the 12 and 24 micron wavelength bands. The Spitzer Space Telescope utilizes DRS 128×128 Si:As and Si:Sb FPAs, and 1024×1024 Si:Sb arrays are being fabricated by DRS for an upgrade to the SOFIA FORCAST instrument. DRS is unique in providing detectors and FPAs in alternate detector materials such as Si:Sb, Si:Ga, and Si:P to optimize wavelength range vs operating temperature. Sensor assemblies include detectors or FPAs packaged with cryogenic cabling and electronics and ambient temperature drive and data acquisition electronics--fully tested, and environmentally qualified. DRS is also unique in extending its conventional BIB detector product line to include novel detector architectures for a variety of applications. Si:As detectors with avalanche gain (~40,000X) function as number-mode photon counters at visible or mid-infrared wavelengths. A recent DRS innovation is the extension of Si:As BIB detectors designs to achieve wavelength extension into the far-infrared (low THz) wavelength region. Wavelength extension to ~50 microns (6 THz) has been demonstrated, with further extension to at least ~100 microns (3 THz) in progress.
A Multiple Scattering Model for C-Band Backscatter of Wheat Canopies

A radar backscatter model for wheat canopy is developed to interpret the variations of the C-band backscattering coefficient measured by the spaceborne ERS SAR during the wheat growth. Since the wheat canopy appears to be a dense medium during the fully developed stage, a multiple scattering modeling is required. In the presented model, wheat canopy is described by vertical stems over a rough ground and a system of linear equations is solved using the Multiple Scattering Foldy-Lax formulation. Because of the great number of unknowns. An efficient Generalized Minimal Residual iterative method coupled with the Sparse Matrix Canonical Grid has been developed. The modeling results are compared with data acquired by ERS.
Catalytic site mutations confer multiple states of G protein activation

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding proteins (G proteins) that function as molecular switches for cellular growth and metabolism are activated by GTP and inactivated by GTP hydrolysis. In uveal melanoma, a conserved glutamine residue critical for GTP hydrolysis in the G protein α subunit is often mutated in Gαq or Gα11 to either leucine or proline. In contrast, other glutamine mutations or mutations in other Gα subtypes are rare. To uncover the mechanism of the genetic selection and the functional role of this glutamine residue, we analyzed all possible substitutions of this residue in multiple Gα isoforms. Through cell-based measurements of activity, we showed that some mutants were further activated and inactivated by G protein–coupled receptors. Through biochemical, molecular dynamics, and nuclear magnetic resonance–based structural studies, we showed that the Gα mutants were functionally distinct and conformationally diverse, despite their shared inability to hydrolyze GTP. Thus, the catalytic glutamine residue contributes to functions beyond GTP hydrolysis, and these functions include subtype-specific, allosteric modulation of receptor-mediated subunit dissociation. We conclude that G proteins do not function as simple on-off switches. Rather, signaling emerges from an ensemble of active states, a subset of which are favored in disease and may be uniquely responsive to receptor-directed ligands. Description The structures and activation states of G protein α-subunits are determined by a residue required for GTP hydrolysis. The active states of Gα proteins Ligand binding to a GPCR leads to G protein activation through the displacement of GDP by GTP at the α-subunit and the subsequent dissociation of Gα from Gβγ. The GTPase activity of Gα, which depends on a conserved glutamine residue, hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, thereby deactivating the G protein. Noting that rare mutations of the catalytic glutamine residue confer constitutive activity to some G proteins, Hewitt et al. analyzed the effect of mutating this residue to all other possible residues in multiple G protein α-subunits. Through biochemical, functional, and structural studies, the authors showed that whereas all possible mutants tested exhibited no GTPase activity, not all were constitutively active, some retained the ability to be further activated or inhibited by GPCRs, and some still bound to Gβγ. In addition, different mutations resulted in the generation of multiple active state conformations. These data suggest that the role of this conserved glutamine residue goes beyond catalysis to regulate G protein structure and function. —JFF
Microgravity and immune cells

The microgravity environment experienced during spaceflight severely impaired immune system, making astronauts vulnerable to various diseases that seriously threaten the health of astronauts. Immune cells are exceptionally sensitive to changes in gravity and the microgravity environment can affect multiple aspects of immune cells through different mechanisms. Previous reports have mainly summarized the role of microgravity in the classification of innate and adaptive immune cells, lacking an overall grasp of the laws that microgravity effects on immune cells at different stages of their entire developmental process, such as differentiation, activation, metabolism, as well as function, which are discussed and concluded in this review. The possible molecular mechanisms are also analysed to provide a clear understanding of the specific role of microgravity in the whole development process of immune cells. Furthermore, the existing methods by which to reverse the damage of immune cells caused by microgravity, such as the use of polysaccharides, flavonoids, other natural immune cell activators etc. to target cell proliferation, apoptosis and impaired function are summarized. This review will provide not only new directions and ideas for the study of immune cell function in the microgravity environment, but also an important theoretical basis for the development of immunosuppression prevention and treatment drugs for spaceflight.
G × G × E effect on phenotype expression in a non-conventional model organism, the unicellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum

In metazoans, the expression of key phenotypic traits is sensitive to two- and three-way interactions between variation in mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA and the external environment. Whether gene-by-environment interactions affect phenotypes in single-celled eukaryotes is poorly studied, except in a few species of yeast and fungi. We developed a genetic panel of the unicellular slime mould, Physarum polycephalum containing strains differing in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA haplotypes. The panel also included two strains harbouring a selfishly replicating mitochondrial-fusion (mF) plasmid that could affect phenotype expression. We assayed movement and growth rate differences among the strains across two temperature regimes: 24° and 28°C. We found that the slime mould's growth rate, but not movement, is affected by G × G × E interactions. Predictably, mtDNA × nDNA interactions significantly affected both traits. The inter-trait correlation across the strains in each temperature regime was positive. Surprisingly, the mF plasmid had no negative effects on our chosen traits. Our study is the first to demonstrate genetic regulation of phenotype expression in a unicellular slime mould. The genetic effect on phenotypes manifests via epistatic interactions with the thermal environment, thus shedding new light on the role of G × G × E interactions in trait evolution in protists.
Pshychological Resilience and Percieved Stress Level in Nurses: Experience of Nurses in Turkey

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of psychological resilience levels of nurses on perceived stress levels in this study. Methods: The research was carried out with 153 nurses. Socio-demographic Questionnaire, The Brief Resilience Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale were used as data collection tools. Results: The nurses’ total Brief Resilience Scale score average was 17.72 ± 4.48, and the total Perceived Stress Scale score average was 31.74 ± 7.18. There was a negative and moderately significant relationship between the resilience and stress level of the nurses. During the pandemic process, the level of stress that nurses perceive increases as their psychological resilience decreases. Conclusion: Psychological resilience and coping with stress are traits that can be improved. It is important to establish strategies to increase the resilience of nurses and improve their ability to cope effectively with stress.
On the Legendre transformation for singular Lagrangians and related topics

The authors study the concept of projectability by the Legendre transformation FL:TQ to T*Q induced by a singular Lagrangian, and the restrictions on this concept when submanifolds of TQ are considered. The FL projectability of the characteristic vector fields and constraint functions relative to such a submanifold is analysed, thus giving a way of characterising the submanifolds of TQ according to their behaviour under FL, by means of the study of the tangency of the fields belonging to ker FL*. The application of some of the results to the theory of constrained systems is discussed.
Study on Image Corner Extraction Based on the Improved Canny Edge Detector

In computer vision system, the corners position need to be extracted from plane plate image. This paper presented a novel algorithm that improved the accuracy of corner detection from pixel to sub-pixel. The Canny operator was used to detect the corner edge pixels, and Gaussian filter was substituted by the bilateral filtering. It can remove noise and retain more slight edge information. Then, the corner edge pixels were transformed by Zernike moment and the sub-pixel edges of the corner were getted. Finally these sub-pixel edge points were linearly fitted and it was resulted in the corner coordinates of the intersection of two fitting straight lines. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the corner detection precision to 0.1 pixel.
FT-IR Study on Behavior of Surface Hydroxyls Under Irradiation of Energetic Particles

D2O adsorption and desorption behavior on Fe2O3 have been studied with a Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrometer (FT-IR). The absorption peaks of the O-D stretching vibration band were observed in the region of 2500-2750 cm-1, which were considered to be from the surface OD on the sample. Desorption behavior by irradiation of energetic particles was not uniform but depended on FTIR wave numbers. Hence, desorption of D2O was found to be heterogeneous on the surface.
An interior-point method for nonlinear optimal power flow using voltage rectangular coordinates

The paper describes the solution of an optimal power flow (OPF) problem in rectangular form by an interior-point method (IPM) for nonlinear programming. Some OPF variants when formulated in rectangular form have quadratic objective and quadratic constraints. Such quadratic features allow for ease of matrix setup, and inexpensive incorporation of higher-order information in a predictor-corrector procedure that generally improves IPM performance. The mathematical development of the IPM in the paper is based on a general nonlinear programming problem. Issues in implementation to solve the rectangular OPF are discussed. Computational tests apply the IPM to both the rectangular and polar OPF versions. Test results show that both algorithms perform extremely well.
Photopyroelectric spatially resolved imaging of thermal wave fields

Spatially resolved photothermal scanning imaging of metallic samples using the photopyroelectric (P2E) effect is reported. Unlike that for conventional photothermal detection, the new instrumentation involves polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin pyroelectric film and a metal-tip detection geometry, which permits monitoring of the local values of the laser-induced diffractive and/or interferometric thermal-wave field in a sample. The effects of the relative PVDF surface-tip position, of the laser beam modulation frequency, and of the presence of subsurface defects in the sample on the spatial resolution of the P2E images are examined.
A survey of the galactic plane with EXOSAT

La distribution de l'emission RX, 2-6 keV, dans le plan galactique a ete mesuree dans le premier et le quatrieme quadrant galactique par une serie d'observations par balayage effectuee par le satellite EXOSAT en juin 1984. Les resultats sont presentes sous la forme de cartes de niveaux et d'un catalogue de 70 sources RX discretes
Effect of CoPtCr/Cr on the magnetic properties of Permalloy

The effect of a hard bias material, CoCrPt, on the magnetic properties of Permalloy has been studied as a function of spacer layer thickness. In particular, a large increase in the coercivity without reduction in squareness of NiFe is observed. This increase may have relevant implications in the design of magnetoresistive heads. The results are explained qualitatively using a Random Field approach in the Imry-Ma.
Magnetic Fields from SOHO MDI Converted to the Mount Wilson 150 Foot Solar Tower Scale

In order to permit the construction of long-duration time series dependent on the Sun's magnetic field, this paper presents a detailed cross-correlation between sets of simultaneous magnetograms from the Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) aboard the SOHO spacecraft. The MWO 150 foot (45.72 m) solar tower telescope magnetogram data are for the Fe I 525.0 nm and Ni I 676.8 nm lines, and the MDI data are level 1.8 magnetograms also for the Ni I 676.8 nm spectral line. In these comparisons, we apply a saturation correction factor to the MWO 525.0 nm fields prior to the derivation of the MDI scale factor. Data from 1997 March to 2002 August are used for this work. We have found that the ratio of MWO Fe I 525.0 nm magnetograms over MDI magnetograms is about 1.7, and it is a function of the center-to-limb angle. Moreover, there are differences between the west-side and the east-side ratios, and these differences may come from the angle dependence of the Michelson filters in the MDI instrument. The MDI tuning changes, on the other hand, are not associated with significant jumps in the derived scale factor ratio. The average scale factors should be adequate for the construction of MDI images closely comparable to those of the saturation-corrected long-duration MWO 525.0 nm sequence.
Low temperature hydrothermal epitaxy and Raman study of heteroepitaxial BiFeO3 film

By hydrothermal epitaxy, a heteroepitaxial BiFeO3 (BFO) film of ∼2.5 μm thickness was grown on a (100)-oriented single-crystalline SrTiO3 (STO) substrate at 200 °C, which is at least 250 °C lower than the conventional techniques used thus far. The x-ray diffraction pattern indicated the formation of a single-phase perovskite structure that was highly oriented along the (00l) lattice plane. Pole-figure and Φ-scan results confirmed the cube-on-cube epitaxial relationship of BFO∥STO. The Raman active vibrational modes showed anomalous changes in the vicinity of the Neel temperature (TN), which was attributed to spin-phonon coupling.
Development of validation metrics using biorthogonal decomposition for the comparison of magnetic field measurements

The Helicity Injected Torus-Steady Inductive (HIT-SI) injectors have been operated experimentally and simulated with a 3D pressureless Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code (NIMROD) at frequencies of 14.5, 36.8, 53.5 and 68.5 kHz. Simulations are compared to experimental data using biorthogonal decomposition (BD) of real and synthetic surface magnetic probe signals. First, the time-averaged magnetic field squared (B2), measured by the surface probes, is compared between experiment and simulation. Next, the spatial basis set from a reference shot is used to decompose other experimental and computational data sets. The output of the decomposition is compared back to the original basis set. This method reduces the comparison of the spatial distribution and time evolution of the magnetic signals to a single number. Finally, the modal distribution of the magnetic signals is compared using this data driven basis set.
Air–sea interaction in the Gulf of Guinea at intraseasonal time‐scales: wind bursts and coastal precipitation in boreal spring

The role of air–sea interaction in the boreal spring precipitation of the West African monsoon is explored through the wind variability in the Gulf of Guinea. Linear regressions are performed in May–June during the decade 2000–2009 to investigate the origin and effect of the surface wind strengthening north of the Equator. It appears that the equatorial sea‐surface temperature cooling intensifies a surface‐wind equatorial divergence/coastal convergence circulation, and generates a cross‐equatorial pressure gradient, which both strengthen the southerlies north of the Equator. This increases subsidence above the ocean and convection in the northern Gulf of Guinea. In addition, an abrupt change is observed in the surface wind pattern in the eastern equatorial Atlantic (EEA) between April and July. To investigate the transition mechanisms, a reference date is defined as the date when the surface wind north of the Equator becomes and remains stronger than south of the Equator. Thus the maintenance of strong southerlies north of the Equator is linked to a coincident installation of a deep circulation on the whole troposphere and a northward shift of the low atmospheric local circulation. The resulting sharp seasonal transition coincides each year with a southeasterly wind burst, suggesting that the equatorial SST cooling plays a role in the precipitation along the African coast during boreal spring. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The EINSTEIN soft X-ray survey of the Pleiades.

The results of a 0.1-4.5-keV X-ray survey of a 2 x 2-deg area centered on the Pleiades open cluster, performed using the imaging proportional counter and high-resolution imager of the Einstein Observatory on four days in 1980-1981, are presented in extensive tables, graphs, maps, histograms, and finding charts and characterized. A total of 61 sources are detected, and 44 of these are identified with cluster members of spectral types B-M. Findings discussed include Lx/Lbol of 10 the -7th for early-type stars; F-star mean Lx like that of F stars in the Hyades and in the field (denying time evolution of Lx); mean G-star Lx = 3.7 x 10 to the 29th erg/sec; G-star activity decay more gradual than 1/sq rt t, with sharp fall for t greater than 1 Gyr; and no evidence for X-ray-emissivity/rotational-velocity correlation in a homogeneous sample of K dwarfs or a sample of K and M stars with established V sin i data.
On Ising's model of ferromagnetism

Ising discussed the following model of a ferromagnetic body: Assume N elementary magnets of moment μ to be arranged in a regular lattice; each of them is supposed to have only two possible orientations, which we call positive and negative. Assume further that there is an interaction energy U for each pair of neighbouring magnets of opposite direction. Further, there is an external magnetic field of magnitude H such as to produce an additional energy of − μH (+ μH) for each magnet with positive (negative) direction.
An Algorithm for Infinite Horizon Lot Sizing with Deterministic Demand

We analyze an infinite horizon discrete time inventory model with deterministic but non-stationary demand for a single product at a single stage. There is a finite cycle of vectors of characteristics of the environment (demand, fixed ordering cost, variable procurement cost, holding cost) which is repeated after a finite number of periods. Future cost is discounted. In general, minimization of the sum of discounted total cost over the cycle does not give the minimum of the sum of discounted total cost over the infinite horizon. We construct an algorithm for computing of an optimal strategy over the infinite horizon. It is based on a forward in time dynamic programming recursion.
On the maximum drawdown of a Brownian motion

The maximum drawdown at time T of a random process on [0,T] can be defined informally as the largest drop from a peak to a trough. In this paper, we investigate the behaviour of this statistic for a Brownian motion with drift. In particular, we give an infinite series representation of its distribution and consider its expected value. When the drift is zero, we give an analytic expression for the expected value, and for nonzero drift, we give an infinite series representation. For all cases, we compute the limiting (T → ∞) behaviour, which can be logarithmic (for positive drift), square root (for zero drift) or linear (for negative drift).
Energy Efficient and Variability Immune Adder Circuits using Short Gate FinFET INDEP Technique at 10nm technology node

ABSTRACT Due to the continuous scaling of MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) devices over the past few decades, power consumption has increased tremendously. To reduce power dissipation at lower technology nodes, digital logic circuits are designed with modern (FinFET) devices. In this paper, FinFET INDEP (input dependent) technique-based short gate (SG) FinFET Adder circuits are proposed at 10 nm technology node. The performance comparison of INDEP technique-based adder circuits is done with the SG FinFET adder circuits. The analysis of adder circuits is performed first in terms of functional verification (transient characteristics) and finally for different performance parameters such as propagation delay, power dissipation and power delay product (PDP). The proposed FinFET INDEP technique proves as one of the best leakage reduction techniques for FinFET adder circuits at lower technology nodes. To test the reliability of the circuits, Monte Carlo analysis is also performed. The PDP is improved by 16.8% and 13.73% in INDEP SG FinFET half adder(HA) and INDEP SG FinFET full adder(FA) at 10 nm technology, respectively, in comparison with the ones without INDEP technique. The Monte Carlo simulation results with 3σ Gaussian distribution at ±10% process, voltage and temperature variations show the improvement in PDP in case of SG INDEP FinFET FA and SG INDEP FinFET HA circuit in comparison to SG FinFET FA and FinFET HA circuit, respectively. Simulation is performed using HSPICE tool at 10 nm process technology node.