Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generality of Order of Concept Attainment

Some years ago Heidbreder (1947, 1952) advanced the intriguing hypothesis that the readiness with which a concept is attained depends directly upon the "thing-character" of the concept. Heidbreder and her students found a consistent order of difficulty in concept learning, with concepts of concrete objects being learned with the least difficulty, concepts of farms with somewhat greater difficulty, and concepts of nunzbers with even greater difficulty. This regularity has been confirmed by some other investigators (Nadelman, 1957; Wenzel & Flurry, 1948) , but there has been considerable debate concerning [he explanation of the findings (Baum, 1954; Dactman & Israel, 1951; Heidbreder, 1952) . The present study was an exploratory test of the generality of the objecrform-number order of concept difficulty for groups differing in age, sex, personal interest, status in formal education, and cultural background. Using the procedures and stimuli developed by Heidbreder, the study tested the hypothesis that the relative levels of difficulty of acquiring concepts will vary with Ss' characteristics. In this study five groups were compared, early adolescents, adults, art students, Chinese students, and a group of college students comparable to those used in previous studies. Exploratory hypotheses guiding the selection of groups assumed [hat age and learning experiences influence the relative difficulty of acquiring different sets of concepts. Observations of developmental psychologists suggest that abstract concepts are learned later in childhood than concrete concepts. A reasonable hypothesis follows that adults will similarly acquire abstract concepts more readily than younger Ss. Special kinds of learning experiences may selectively influence the ease of learning form abstractions. For Chinese students the strong form qualicy of the Chinese language might lead to relatively greater ease in forming fornz concepts. I t was also reasoned that college students majoring in arc, because of both selection and training, might also learn form concepts more readily than ocher groups. Currenc involvement in formal education also might be expected to contribute relatively more to the ease of acquiring abstract than concrete concepts. College studencs may differ from adults with an approximately equivalent educational background, but who have not attended school for a number of years.
Developing a strategy for computational lab skills training through Software and Data Carpentry: Experiences from the ELIXIR Pilot action

Quality training in computational skills for life scientists is essential to allow them to deliver robust, reproducible and cutting-edge research. A pan-European bioinformatics programme, ELIXIR, has adopted a well-established and progressive programme of computational lab and data skills training from Software and Data Carpentry, aimed at increasing the number of skilled life scientists and building a sustainable training community in this field. This article describes the Pilot action, which introduced the Carpentry training model to the ELIXIR community.
This turnip's not for turning: Children's morphological awareness and their use of root morphemes in spelling

We report on a study designed to examine children's understanding of (1) the connection between root morphemes and the spelling of inflected words and (2) the role of morphological awareness in this understanding. Seven- to 9-year-old children were given clues (e.g. turn) to the spelling of inflected and control words (e.g. turning and turnip). While the use of the clue was not specific to inflected words, spelling was better of the first segments (e.g. turn) of the inflected than of the control words. This difference suggests that children appreciate the role of root morphemes in spelling of inflected words. Further, it seems that morphological awareness is employed in the spelling of a wide range of words. These results are placed in context of current theories of spelling development.
Selective loss of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate-facilitated L-glutamate transport in forebrain neurons of aged rats.

Phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), an activator of protein kinase C, was used to evaluate potential age-related changes in phosphorylation-dependent facilitation of high-affinity L-glutamate uptake in the rat central nervous system (CNS). Forebrain homogenates from male Fischer-344/brown Norway F1 hybrid rats were separated into glia-enriched (glial plasmalemmal vesicles) and neuron-enriched fractions (synaptosomes) and assayed for sodium-dependent transport of L-[3H]glutamate. Glial fractions from rats aged 5, 25, 31, and 37 months exhibited similar rates of basal L-[3H]glutamate transport and demonstrated no significant age-related differences with respect to the maximal facilitatory effect of PDBu (1-100 microM). In contrast, neuronal fractions exhibited an age-related decline in both indices, with basal L-[3H]glutamate transport decreasing from 710+/-31 to 560+/-40 pmoL/mg protein/90 s for the 5- and 37-month groups, respectively (p < .03) and PDBu having a significantly attenuated effect in aged animals. Together, these results provide support for the hypothesis that aging is associated with a decrease in the number of neuronal L-glutamate transporters as well as a diminished capacity to up-regulate these transporters through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway.
The development and component processes of the attachment system: Some suggestions for their rediscovery

of the original article: Noam Chomsky and other linguists and psychologists have suggested that human linguistic behavior is somehow governed by a mental representation of a transformational grammar. Challenges to this controversial claim have often been met by invoking an explicitly computational perspective: It makes perfect sense to suppose that a grammar could be represented in the memory of a computational device and that this grammar could govern the device's use of a language. This paper urges, however, that the claim that humans are such a device is unsupported and that it seems unlikely that linguists and psychologists really want to claim any such thing. Evidence for the linguists' original claim is drawn from three main sources: the explanation of language comprehension and other linguistic abilities; evidence for formal properties of the rules of the grammar; and the explanation of language acquisition. It is argued in this paper that none of these sources provides support for the view that the grammar governs language processing in something like the way a program governs the operation of a programmed machine. The computational approach, on the contrary, suggests ways in which linguistic abilities can be explained without the attribution of any explicit representation of rules governing linguistic behavior. Language processing and computer programs
Two birds with one stone: a graph-based framework for disambiguating and tagging people names in web search

The ever growing volume of Web data makes it increasingly challenging to accurately find relevant information about a specific person on the Web. To address the challenge caused by name ambiguity in Web people search, this paper explores a novel graph-based framework to both disambiguate and tag people entities in Web search results. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in tag discovery and name disambiguation.
Generalized Joint Hypermobility Is Predictive of Hip Capsular Thickness

Background: The pathomechanics of hip microinstability are not clearly defined but are thought to involve anatomical abnormalities, repetitive forces across the hip, and ligamentous laxity. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) and hip capsular thickness. The hypothesis was that GJH would be predictive of a thin hip capsule. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A prospective study was performed on 100 consecutive patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for the treatment of hip pain. A Beighton test score (BTS) was obtained prior to each procedure. The maximum score was 9, and a score of ≥4 was defined as hypermobile. Capsular thickness at the level of the anterior portal, corresponding to the location of the iliofemoral ligament, was measured arthroscopically using a calibrated probe. The presence of ligamentum teres (LT) pathology was also recorded. Results: Fifty-five women and 45 men were included in the study. The mean age was 32 years (range, 18-45 years). The median hip capsule thickness was statistically greater in men than women (12.5 and 7.5 mm, respectively). The median BTS for men was 1 compared with 4 for women (P < .001). A statistically significant association was found between BTS and capsular thickness; a BTS of <4 is strongly predictive of having a capsular thickness of ≥10 mm, while a BTS ≥4 correlates with a capsular thickness of <10 mm. There was a statistically greater incidence of LT tears in patients with a capsular thickness of ≤7.5 mm and a BTS of ≥4 (P < .001). Conclusion: Measurement of the GJH is highly predictive of hip capsular thickness. A BTS of <4 correlates significantly with a capsular thickness of ≥10 mm, while a BTS ≥4 correlates significantly with a thickness of <10 mm.
An open-learning approach to career management and guidance

Abstract Assumptions about the nature of career development are changing in the face of organisational and technical change in the workplace. Individuals are now less likely to experience secure, lifelong employment, and instead will need to face the process of career review and change with greater frequency. They will therefore need to be skilled in managing their careers effectively. Open-learning approaches to career management and guidance have until recently been comparatively little used and yet they offer the potential for action-oriented career planning, provide a career decision framework for learners, and encourage increased ownership of the career management process by the individual taking part. They can be used in educational and commercial settings to facilitate both the processes of initial career choice and those of career development and progression. From the perspective of the careers practitioner, they offer a high-volume, but not necessarily low-cost, approach to the delivery of career.
Tobacco smoking in seven Latin American cities: the CARMELA study

Objective This study aimed to explore tobacco smoking in seven major cities of Latin America. Methods The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study is a cross-sectional epidemiological study of 11 550 adults between 25 and 64 years old in Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico; Quito, Ecuador; and Santiago, Chile. Tobacco smoking, including cigarettes, cigars and pipes, was surveyed among other cardiovascular risk factors. Results Santiago and Buenos Aires had the highest smoking prevalence (45.4% and 38.6%, respectively); male and female rates were similar. In other cities, men smoked more than women, most markedly in Quito (49.4% of men vs 10.5% of women). Peak male smoking prevalence occurred among the youngest two age groups (25–34 and 35–44 years old). Men and women of Buenos Aires smoked the highest number of cigarettes per day on average (15.7 and 12.4, respectively). Men initiated regular smoking earlier than women in each city (ranges 13.7–20.0 years vs 14.2–21.1 years, respectively). Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke at workplace for more than 5 h per day was higher in Barquisimeto (28.7%), Buenos Aires (26.8%) and Santiago (21.5%). The highest prevalence of former smokers was found among men in Buenos Aires, Santiago and Lima (30.0%, 26.8% and 26.0% respectively). Conclusions Smoking prevalence was high in the seven CARMELA cities, although patterns of smoking varied among cities. A major health and economic burden is inevitable in urban Latin America unless effective comprehensive tobacco control measures recommended by the World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control are implemented.
Volumetric Operations with Surface Margins

Cheap cameras and fast processors have made it possible to visually exploit geometric constraints in real time. It has been shown that the fast depth segmentation (FDS) algorithm successfully exploits geometric constraints to perform visual foreground/background segmentation in environments where other vision routines fail. This paper presents new insights into the operation of the FDS algorithm that lead to the concept of a virtual surface margin. We then show how surface margins can be used to extend the FDS algorithm and thereby enable a class of logical volume operations that go far beyond simple background segmentation tasks. An example application called TouchIt is demonstrated. Touchit utilizes surface margins to create a virtual volume configuration that is useful for detecting physical proximity to a surface. We also present refinements in the the implementation of the FDS algorithm that make these volumetric computations practical for interactive applications by taking advantage of the single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction set extensions that have recently become commonly available in consumer-grade microprocessors.
Young people, masculinities, religion and race: new social geographies

Ideas about race and racism have been a centrepiece of social geography for as much as 50 years, yet it was not until the 1990s that markers of difference rooted in religion, masculinities and generation achieved the same critical attention. Moreover, while all of these literatures are now well established in the discipline, relatively few studies – within or beyond human geography – have sought to bring them together. Focusing on recent research about race, religion, young people and masculinities, from within human geography as well as from neighbouring disciplines, I suggest various ways in which human geographers might seek to include the experiences, identities and practices of young racialized and religious men in their future research. In engaging with the lived experiences of young people whose voices are usually silenced, often unheard and frequently distorted, this article seeks to explore some of the ways in which masculinities and the experiences of young people may be mediated by the geographies of racism and religion. Initially offering a brief summary of some of the recent trends in the geography of race and racism, religion, youth and masculinities, I then suggest ways in which an agenda for research with young racialized and religious men might be taken forward.
The Effects of Positive and Negative Verbal Feedback on the Intrinsic Motivation of Male and Female Subjects

Summary The effects upon intrinsic motivation in 60 college student Ss were investigated in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial study which combined type of feedback (positive, negative, or no feedback) with sex of S and sex of E. Twenty additional Ss, divided equally by sex, served later in a second control condition. Only the feedback variable was found to be significant. Contrary to predictions based on Deci's cognitive evaluation theory, both positive and negative feedback increased intrinsic motivation, regardless of the sex of the S. Although the results are discussed in terms of an evolving socialization process, the present findings are more consistent with a general behavior theory than a cognitive one.
Pavlov's Theory and Russian Psychology 1Revised version of T.N. Ushakova (1983). The Madrid speech of I.P. Pavlov. Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 4, 130-134.

The main Pavlovian ideas about connections between physiology and psychology are sketched here, with particular emphasis placed on the principle of their interrelations suggested by I.P. Pavlov. Some examples are given where physiological and psychological phenomena were described in coordination with each other. The schools and approaches in Russian psychology exploring Pavlov's ideas are also presented: the research of Teplov, Nebylitsyn, Boiko, Sokolov, Livanov, and Lebedev is briefly reviewed. Some points of criticism of Pavlov's theory are analyzed.
The characteristic ultrasound features of specific types of ovarian pathology (Review)

Characterizing ovarian masses enables patients with malignancy to be appropriately triaged for treatment by subspecialist gynecological oncologists, which has been shown to optimize care and improve survival. Furthermore, correctly classifying benign masses facilitates the selection of patients with ovarian pathology that may either not require intervention, or be suitable for minimal access surgery if intervention is required. However, predicting whether a mass is benign or malignant is not the only clinically relevant information that we need to know before deciding on appropriate treatment. Knowing the specific histology of a mass is becoming of increasing importance as management options become more tailored to the individual patient. For example predicting a mucinous borderline tumor gives the opportunity for fertility sparing surgery, and will highlight the need for further gastrointestinal assessment. For benign disease, predicting the presence of an endometrioma and possible deeply infiltrating endometriosis is important when considering both who should perform and the extent of surgery. An examiner’s subjective assessment of the morphological and vascular features of a mass using ultrasonography has been shown to be highly effective for predicting whether a mass is benign or malignant. Many masses also have features that enable a reliable diagnosis of the specific pathology of a particular mass to be made. In this narrative review we aim to describe the typical morphological features seen on ultrasound of different adnexal masses and illustrate these by showing representative ultrasound images.
Technology classification, industry, and education for Future Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is developing rapidly and becoming a hot topic around the world. On the basis of the reorganized Unit IoT and Ubiquitous IoT, two models for Future IoT are proposed in this paper. A dimension model is established to classify the complicated IoT technologies and a layer model is built for Future IoT system architecture. Then, the IoT vision and its development phases prediction are presented. Furthermore, the thought of regarding IoT as an emerging industry is explained to be inappropriate because IoT is a new stage of intelligentization and informatization development. Meanwhile, the necessity of training qualified personnel in colleges is introduced. Then, the relation between IoT and the science and technology system and IoT relevant subjects is analyzed. At the end, this paper raises the problem of setting IoT as a major in college and proposes some suggestions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting the Continua of Biliteracy: International and Critical Perspectives

The continua model of biliteracy offers a framework in which to situate research, teaching, and language planning in linguistically diverse settings. Arguing from this model, and citing examples of Cambodian and Puerto Rican students in Philadelphia's public schools as illustrative of the challenge facing American educators, Hornberger has suggested that the more their learning contexts allow learners to draw on all points of the continua, the greater are the chances for their full biliterate development. The present paper revisits the continua model from the perspective of several international cases of educational policy and practice in linguistically diverse settings - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, and from a critical perspective which seeks to make explicit the power relationships which define bi(multi)literacies in these contexts. Building from these perspectives and from continuing research in Philadelphia's Cambodian and Puerto Rican communities, we propose an expanded continua model which takes into account not only biliterate contexts, media, and development, but also, crucially, the content of biliteracy. We conclude with comments on how the insights of the continua model of biliteracy can contribute to our understanding not only of linguistically diverse classrooms, but also of all classrooms.
NATIVE AND NONNATIVE PHONOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS

L'A. examine la relation entre les representations phonologiques sous-jacentes chez les locuteurs non-natifs (LNN) et leur representation de surface. Dans l'acquisition de la L1, la representation sous-jacente de l'enfant est approximativement la meme que celle de l'adulte et les realisations de surface sont dues, non pas aux difficultes de perception, mais plutot a des processus provoquant des deviations par rapport a la finalite adulte. Par contre, dans l'acquisition de la L2, les representations sous-jacentes peuvent etre semblables, differentes ou intermediaires par rapport a celles du LN. Les processus produisant les formes de surface peuvent aussi varier de ces trois facons, ce qui donne un total de 9 combinaisons logiques possibles
Animal model of cochlear implantation: influence of age and site for electrical stimulation on Fos immunocytochemical reactions in the rat

groups, it started to recover only after the second week, about 1 week later than the steroid groups. After 4 weeks, hearing loss in steroid groups was less than that in control groups. Mean maximal amplitudes of I/O function from steroid groups decreased to the lowest level at the third day. It started to recover in the second week. Amplitudes in the control group stayed at a low level during the period of 3 days to 2 weeks. They recovered from the third week post operation.
Self-Efficacy as a Mediator Variable for Adolescents' Adherence to Treatment for Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Bandura's (1982) self-efficacy theory was applied to explain the process by which self-efficacy for managing pediatric diseases can be enhanced. Adolescents (N = 143) diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) completed measures of adherence to IDDM treatment, self-efficacy for diabetes care, personal responsibility for diabetes care, and a measure of supportive and nonsupportive diabetes-specific behaviors exhibited by their parents. Self-efficacy was tested as a mediator variable for hypothesized relations between adherence to treatment and 2 methods proposed to enhance self-efficacy, including mastery experience (i.e., responsibility for treatment) and social persuasion (i.e., supportive and nonsupportive parental behaviors). Regression analyses revealed support for self-efficacy as a mediator variable for the relation between mastery experience and adherence to treatment. Self-efficacy was also a mediator variable for the relation between nonsupportive parental behaviors and adolescents' nonadherence to blood glucose monitoring but not for nonadherence to other components of treatment or for overall adherence. Self-efficacy, however, was not a significant mediator for the relation between supportive parental behaviors and adherence.