Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rise in Lifetime Earnings Inequality Among Men

Recent trends in lifetime earnings inequality in the United States have been barely explored, despite the fact that lifetime earnings are a better measure of access to resources than the more widely studied annual earnings. This paper demonstrates that lifetime earnings inequality has increased over the past 30 years. We first explore how starting wages and wage growth have changed over time and link the changes to trends in lifetime earnings and the lifetime skill-premium. We then calculated a broader measure of lifetime earnings inequality and show that since the late 1960s, lifetime earnings inequality has increased by a third. Between the late 1960s and mid-1970s a rise in within-education-group inequality more than accounts for the increase; since then the growth in between-education-group inequality accounted for a majority of the rise. These results are consonant with the data on starting wages and wage growth. Finally, we show that the increase in inequality has been largely driven by greater dispersion in hourly wages, although declining hours of work among low-education young men did play a role. The analysis uses data from the March Current Population Survey as well as matched CPS data. Thus we demonstrate how repeated cross-sections and short panels of data can be used to examine issues usually reserved for long panels.
The Impact Of Education On Economic Growth: The Case Of Mauritius

This paper focuses on the impact of investment in education on economic growth in Mauritius. It is an attempt to explore the extent to which education level of the Mauritian labour force affects its economic growth that is its output level. We have used the Cobb-Douglas production function with constant returns to scale where human capital is treated as an independent factor of production in the human capital augmented growth model. We expect to contribute to the existing literature by bringing evidence from a data set for the period 1990 to 2006 obtained from the central statistical office and Bank of Mauritius reports. The results reveal that human capital plays an important role in economic growth mainly as an engine for improvement of the output level. There is compelling evidence that human capital increases productivity, suggesting that education really is productivity-enhancing rather than just a device that individuals use to signal their level of ability to the employer.
Attribution Theory in the Organizational Sciences: The Road Traveled and the Path Ahead

Individuals make attributions when they infer causes about particular outcomes. Several narrative reviews of attributional research have concluded that attributions matter in the workplace, but note that attribution theory has been underutilized in organizational research. To examine the predictive power of attributions in organizational contexts, we present a meta-analysis of existing attribution theory research. Our findings suggest that attributions have consistently demonstrated effect sizes that are comparable to more commonly utilized predictor variables of workplace outcomes. Expanding on these findings, we argue that attributions are an integral part of individuals' cognitive processes that are associated with critical organizational outcomes. We conclude with suggestions to help expand and optimize the contribution of attributional research to understanding and managing organizational outcomes.
INFERENCES FROM A RAPIDLY MOVING HYBRID ZONE

Abstract Anartia fatima and Anartia amathea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) are sister taxa whose ranges abut in a narrow hybrid zone in eastern Panama. At the center of the zone, hybrids are abundant, although deviations from Hardy-Weinberg and linkage disequilibria are strong, due in part to assortative mating. We measured differences across the zone in four wing color-pattern characters, three allozyme loci, and mitochondrial haplotype. Wing pattern, allozyme, and mitochondrial clines were coincident (i.e., had the same positions) and concordant (i.e., all markers had similar cline shapes, about 28 km wide). Repeated samples demonstrated that the hybrid zone has been moving eastwards at an average rate of 2.5 km/year over the past 20 years, accompanied by an equivalent movement of the mtDNA cline. No introgression of mtDNA haplotypes were found in the “wake” of the moving cline, as might be expected for a neutral marker. The concordance of morphological and mtDNA clines between 1994 and 2000, in spite of hybrid zone movement, suggests strong epistasis between the mitochondrial genome and nuclear loci. Cline movement is achieved mainly by pure fatima immigrating into amathea populations; hybrids had little effect, and were presumably outcompeted by fitter pure fatima genotypes. This movement can be explained if random dispersal of 7–19 km.gen−1/2 is coupled with a competitive advantage to A. fatima genomes of 2–5%. Hybrid zone motion is equivalent to Phase III of Wright's shifting balance. Hybrid zone movement has rarely been considered likely in the past, but our results show that it may be more important in biogeography and evolution than generally realized. Corresponding Editor: M. Whitlock
Design space exploration with a cycle-accurate systemC/TLM DRAM controller model

In this paper, we developed a high-level simulation model for DRAM controllers to capture such features as burst alignment, scheduling policies, etc. The model is based on SystemC/TLM for ESL platform integration. Compared to a commercial RTL implementation, the model has a worst-case error of 4.5%. Due to its fast simulation speed, we then apply the model to demonstrate two design trade-offs. The results show that it's possible to improve 10.9% throughput if we share command queues among ports. And average read latency can have up to 10.7% improvement over an increase of write latency (tolerable with more write buffers) by tuning read/write switching policy.
Effect of Alpha-lactalbumin Gene Polymorphism on Milk Production Traits in Water Buffalo

A genetic study was conducted to elucidate the effect of alpha-Lactalbumin (α-LA) gene polymorphism on milk production traits involving total milk yield and daily milk yield during first lactation in two breeds of water buffaloes namely, Murrah and Bhadawari. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was carried out to explore genetic polymorphism present at this locus. For this study, exon 1 region of α-LA was analyzed. Finally, polymorphism data was associated with milk production traits by employing least square analysis. In Murrah buffalo, five genotypes such as AB, BB, BC, CC and CD and four alleles A, B, C and D were detected whereas in Bhadawari buffalo two genotypes namely, AB and BC and three alleles namely, A, B and C were found. Genotypes showed significant effects (p≤0.05) on total milk yield and daily milk yield in Bhadawari buffalo but had non-significant effects on these traits in Murrah buffalo. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 3 : 305-308)
Conserved Chloroplast Open-reading Frame ycf54 Is Required for Activity of the Magnesium Protoporphyrin Monomethylester Oxidative Cyclase in Synechocystis PCC 6803

Background: The cyclase step in chlorophyll biosynthesis remains uncharacterized. Results: Ycf54 forms a complex with other oxidative cyclase components, and a ycf54 mutant accumulates the cyclase substrate. Conclusion: Ycf54 is essential for cyclase function. Significance: Identification of all of the components of chlorophyll biosynthesis is a step closer. The cyclase step in chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis has not been characterized biochemically, although there are some plausible candidates for cyclase subunits. Two of these, Sll1214 and Sll1874 from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803, were FLAG-tagged in vivo and used as bait in separate pulldown experiments. Mass spectrometry identified Ycf54 as an interaction partner in each case, and this interaction was confirmed by a reciprocal pulldown using FLAG-tagged Ycf54 as bait. Inactivation of the ycf54 gene (slr1780) in Synechocystis 6803 resulted in a strain that exhibited significantly reduced Chl levels. A detailed analysis of Chl precursors in the ycf54 mutant revealed accumulation of very high levels of Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyl ester and only traces of protochlorophyllide, the product of the cyclase, were detected. Western blotting demonstrated that levels of the cyclase component Sll1214 and the Chl biosynthesis enzymes Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase and protochlorophyllide reductase are significantly impaired in the ycf54 mutant. Ycf54 is, therefore, essential for the activity and stability of the oxidative cyclase. We discuss a possible role of Ycf54 as an auxiliary factor essential for the assembly of a cyclase complex or even a large multienzyme catalytic center.
DDoS attack algorithm using ICMP flood

The increasing rate of Cyber Attacks based on the DDoS principle has created various new areas of concern for information security. It has also raised a pertinent question - Are we protected against such simplified attacks? With significant rise in the number of attacks and resulting reports of high vulnerability to Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks, perhaps we need to reconsider and revisit the pros and cons of the various Protocol such as ICMP, TCP/IP etc. This research is aimed at giving readers a brief outline of DDoS Attacks and its constituents, primarily the ICMP Protocol. We also propose an algorithm to carry out a DDoS Attack based on ICMP Flooding technique.
The Incentive Factors for the (Non‐)Disclosure of Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: Evidence from J‐SOX Mandated Audits

This study uses data on Japanese listed companies for the period from 2009 to 2012 to examine the incentive factors for the (non-)disclosure of material weakness (MW) in internal control over financial reporting (ICFR). The propensity score matching results of matched and potential MW companies from the research sample reveal that companies that do not disclose MW have longer management tenure, Big 3 auditors, lower audit fees, larger boards of directors, fewer outside directors, and greater main bank involvement than those companies that disclose MW. In addition, the non-disclosure of MW at the company level is associated with longer management tenure, larger management shareholdings, and greater main bank involvement, whereas the non-disclosure of MW at the account-specific level is associated with longer management tenure, Big 3 auditors, lower audit fees, significant non-audit services, and greater main bank involvement. These results suggest that the assessment and audit process of internal control systems in Japan is sensitive to management- and audit-related (non-)disclosure incentives. The findings provide useful academic insights as well as practical guidance for companies in Japan, the United States, and other countries.
Redefining Ecotourism: The Need for a Supply-Side View

This article reviews the existing literature on ecotourism definitions and provides a supply-side view of ecotourism based on the findings of a nationwide survey of 282 U.S.-based ecotour operators. A content analysis of ecotourism definitions revealed that ecotourism is a new form of nonconsumptive, educational, and romantic tourism to relatively undisturbed and undervisited areas of immense natural beauty, and cultural and historical importance for the purposes of understanding and appreciating the natural and sociocultural history of the host destination. The current view of ecotourism by the sample of tour operators reflects and confirms definitions of ecotourism found in existing literature. If the definitions provided by this sample of ecotour operators are to be considered representative of their business vision or mission statement, it is plausible to expect their business objectives and operational behavior to be congruent with their description of ecotourism. Whether or not their actual behavior will reflect their visions remains to be determined.
Solid Waste Management Practices in Selected Hotel Chains and Individual Properties

Results of a descriptive study of solid waste management issues in selected hotel chains and individual properties are presented. The majority of the hotel corporations and individual hotel properties had implemented a program to decrease the volume of waste. Issues impacting the decision to initiate a solid waste management program rated most important by both groups were waste disposal fees and a positive public image. Practices implemented most frequently included: collapsing cardboard boxes, sorting waste by type of material, crushing glass, and baling paper and cardboard. The practices implemented and the type of materials recycled varied by geographic location of the property, corporate's emphasis on the importance of recycling and reduction of waste disposal costs, and the infrastructure of the organization. Key Words: Solid waste, hotel, recycle, disposal costs, cor porate policy, public image and the environment.
Differential effects on bone of estrogen receptor α and androgen receptor activation in orchidectomized adult male mice

Androgens may regulate the male skeleton either directly by stimulation of the androgen receptor (AR) or indirectly by aromatization of androgens into estrogens and, thereafter, by stimulation of the estrogen receptors (ERs). To directly compare the effect of ER activation on bone in vivo with the effect of AR activation, 9-month-old orchidectomized wild-type and ER-inactivated mice were treated with the nonaromatizable androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 17β-estradiol, or vehicle. Both ERα and AR but not ERβ activation preserved the amount of trabecular bone. ERα activation resulted both in a preserved thickness and number of trabeculae. In contrast, AR activation exclusively preserved the number of trabeculae, whereas the thickness of the trabeculae was unaffected. Furthermore, the effects of 17β-estradiol could not be mediated by the AR, and the effects of 5α-dihydrotestosterone were increased rather than decreased in ER-inactivated mice. ERα, but not AR or ERβ, activation resulted in preserved thickness, volumetric density, and mechanical strength of the cortical bone. ERα activation increased serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I, which were positively correlated with all the cortical and trabecular bone parameters that were specifically preserved by ERα activation but not by AR activation, suggesting that insulin-like growth factor I might mediate these effects of ERα activation. Thus, the in vivo bone-sparing effect of ERα activation is distinct from the bone-sparing effect of AR activation in adult male mice. Because these two pathways are clearly distinct from each other, one may speculate that a combined treatment of selective ER modulators and selective AR modulators might be beneficial in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Human papillomavirus as a risk factor for the increase in incidence of tonsillar cancer

Smoking and alcohol are well‐known etiological factors in tonsillar cancer. However, as in cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently found in a sizable proportion of tonsillar cancer. Recent reports from the U.S. and Finland show an increase in the incidence of tonsillar cancer, without a parallel rise in smoking and alcohol consumption. This study investigates whether the incidence of tonsillar cancer has also changed in Sweden and whether a possible explanation of the increase is a higher proportion of HPV‐positive tonsillar cancer. The incidence of tonsillar cancer between 1970 and 2002 in the Stockholm area was obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry. In parallel, 203 pretreatment paraffin‐embedded tonsillar cancer biopsies taken during 1970–2002 from patients in the Stockholm area were tested for presence of HPV DNA by PCR. The incidence of tonsillar cancer increased 2.8‐fold (2.6 in men and 3.5 in women) from 1970 to 2002. During the same period, a significant increase in the proportion of HPV‐positive tonsillar cancer cases was observed, as it increased 2.9‐fold (p < 0.001). The distribution of HPV‐positive cases was 7/30 (23.3%) in the 1970s, 12/42 (29%) in the 1980s, 48/84 (57%) in the 1990s and 32/47 (68%) during 2000–2002. We have demonstrated a highly significant and parallel increase both in the incidence of tonsillar cancer and the proportion of HPV‐positive tumors. Hence, HPV may play an important role for the increased incidence of tonsillar cancer. This should definitely influence future preventive strategies as well as treatment for this type of cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention through community screening for atrial fibrillation using iPhone ECG in pharmacies

Summary Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes a third of all strokes, but often goes undetected before stroke. Identification of unknown AF in the community and subsequent anti-thrombotic treatment could reduce stroke burden. We investigated community screening for unknown AF using an iPhone electrocardiogram (iECG) in pharmacies, and determined the cost-effectiveness of this strategy. Pharmacists performed pulse palpation and iECG recordings, with cardiologist iECG over-reading. General practitioner review/12-lead ECG was facilitated for suspected new AF. An automated AF algorithm was retrospectively applied to collected iECGs. Cost-effectiveness analysis incorporated costs of iECG screening, and treatment/outcome data from a United Kingdom cohort of 5,555 patients with incidentally detected asymptomatic AF. A total of 1,000 pharmacy customers aged ≥65 years (mean 76 ± 7 years; 44% male) were screened. Newly identified AF was found in 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8–2.5%); mean age 79 ± 6 years; all had CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2. AF prevalence was 6.7% (67/1,000). The automated iECG algorithm showed 98.5% (CI, 92–100%) sensitivity for AF detection and 91.4% (CI, 89–93%) specificity. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of extending iECG screening into the community, based on 55% warfarin prescription adherence, would be $AUD5,988 (€3,142; $USD4,066) per Quality Adjusted Life Year gained and $AUD30,481 (€15,993; $USD20,695) for preventing one stroke. Sensitivity analysis indicated cost-effectiveness improved with increased treatment adherence. Screening with iECG in pharmacies with an automated algorithm is both feasible and cost-effective. The high and largely preventable stroke/thromboembolism risk of those with newly identified AF highlights the likely benefits of community AF screening. Guideline recommendation of community iECG AF screening should be considered. Previous Presentation: This study was presented in part as an oral presentation at the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Conference; 9 August 2013; Sydney, Australia, abstract published in Heart Lung Circulation 2013;22:S223. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand clinical trials registry: ACTRN12612000406808.
FEEDBACK TRADING z

Order flow has been found to carry information to the market. When assessing how informative order flow is, the VAR methodology is typically employed, using impulse response functions. However, in such analyses, the direction of causality runs explicitly from order flow to asset return. If data are sampled at anything other than at the highest frequencies then any feedback trading may well appear contemporaneous; trading in period t depends on the asset return in that interval. The implications of contemporaneous feedback trading are examined in the spot USD/EUR currency market and we find that when data are sampled at the 1 and 5 minute frequencies, such trading strategies cause the price impact of order flow to be significantly larger than when feedback trading is ruled out. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Order flow, one way buying or selling pressure, has a contemporaneous impact on prices, while at the very highest frequencies, the converse is not true. However, when aggregated over time, order flow and prices can be expected to impact on each other simultaneously, a phenomenon we call contemporaneous feedback trading. The existence of contemporaneous feedback trading implies that such models cannot be estimated with traditional techniques. This is unfortunate, since empirical models with feedback trading can be expected to give firmer support for theoretical models than models that ignore such trading strategies. In this paper, we argue that feedback trading is an inevitable consequence of time aggregation of order flow models, and propose an estimator of such models by using instrumental variable techniques. We find that the price impact of trades is much stronger when feedback trading is incorporated, further supporting market microstructure theories generally, and the validity of the order model specifically. It is well known in the theoretical microstructure literature that order flow conveys private information to the market as a whole. In this way, information is aggregated via the trading process implying that order flow has permanent effects on prices. See Kyle (1985), Glosten and Milgrom (1985), Easley and O’Hara (1987), and Evans and Lyons (2002b) for examples of such models. These models imply that if trades carry private information then the informativeness of trades can be accessed by their price impact. Furthermore, in empirical models when data are employed at the very highest frequencies, order flow, by definition, can only be affected by the lags of price changes. However, when data are aggregated, transactions and order entry are simultaneous, frustrating empirical investigations. The existence and profitability of feedback trading strategies has been considered in a number of papers. De Long et al. (1990) build a model of feedback trading with rational speculators who will buy (sell) when the price rises (falls). The profitability of a number of feedback trading strategies in stock markets is considered in Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) and the existence of high-frequency positive feedback trading in the US treasury market is documented in Cohen and Shin (2003).
Poverty and Vulnerability Amid Plenty: Perspectives of People in the Highland Forested Region of Odisha, India

The dichotomy of poverty amid plenty paints a complex governance and policy framework from which to develop an inclusive growth agenda and avoid proven tensions between lagging regions and growth centers. Such tensions are often manifested in conflicts and masked poverty, which are camouflaged by macroindices of economic growth. Spatial disparity is evident in Odisha’s highland forested region despite special federal policies and programs, prompting the need to find answers and address policy contradictions, implementation deficiencies, and the appropriateness of governance frameworks. This article unravels these issues by highlighting the perceptions of local communities in the discussion about lagging regions.