Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Touch-Based Pre-Post-Editing of Machine Translation Output

We introduce pre-post-editing, possibly the most basic form of interactive translation, as a touch-based interaction with iteratively improved translation hypotheses prior to classical post-editing. We report simulated experiments that yield very large improvements on classical evaluation metrics (up to 21 BLEU) as well as on a parameterized variant of the TER metric that takes into account the cost of matching/touching tokens, confirming the promising prospects of the novel translation scenarios offered by our approach.
An orientation to researching leadership for learning

This special issue of International Journal of Leadership in Education features a series of articles on the recently completed ‘Carpe Vitam: Leadership for Learning Project’ (henceforth the Project). The research project was concerned most directly with inquiring into and supporting the development of leadership and learning practices within involved schools. In this sense the Project was an extended exercise in school development. Underpinning its design was the idea that one of the primary responsibilities of education is to create democratic citizens. The learning experience was enriched by the differing perspectives and backgrounds of the cosmopolitan company involved in the seven countries, and the dissonance created by cross-national collaboration became an important foundation for professional development and reflection on action. The Project also intended to further our understanding of these phenomena and, as such, it must be regarded as a research undertaking. In each research site we asked: how is leadership understood; how is learning understood and promoted; what is the relationship between leadership and learning? The purpose was to deepen our understanding of leadership for learning across very diverse contexts and develop more effective strategies for schools to promote learning-centred leadership. What occurs in schools—at the point where leadership and learning meet—is necessarily contextualized, but in order to adequately capture the complicated and dynamic nature of leadership in and across the participating schools, particularly given differences in governance structures across the countries involved in the Project, a distributed perspective on leadership
Human papillomavirus in tissue of bladder and bladder carcinoma specimens. A preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the significance of HPV type 6b, 11, 16 and 18 together with type-specific antibodies in the serum of bladder carcinoma. METHODS The prevalence of HPV type 6b, 11, 16 and 18 in bladder tumor, normal bladder and urethra together with type-specific antibodies in serum was investigated in 23 patients with bladder cancer and 9 patients with chronic cystitis. HPV DNA analysis was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Open reading frames of HPV were expressed in Escherichia coli as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins. RESULTS HPV 6b was demonstrated in the tumor tissue of 6 patients (19%), and in the nonmalignant specimens of 6 further patients (19%). HPV 16/18 was only found in the urethral swabs of 2 patients (6%). Anti-HPV antibodies were positive in 7 patients (22%). There was no association between the demonstration of HPV 6b and the occurrence of bladder tumor in this study. CONCLUSION Though, in this study, HPV was not associated with bladder cancer, further investigation is necessary to elucidate the role of HPV 6b in bladder tissue possibly by a semiquantitative PCR in tissue samples and of anti-HPV antibodies in serum.
The drug-binding activity of the multidrug-responding transcriptional regulator BmrR resides in its C-terminal domain

Rhodamine and tetraphenylphosphonium, the substrates of the Bacillus subtilis multidrug efflux transporter Bmr, induce the expression of Bmr through direct interaction with its transcriptional activator BmrR. Here we show that the C-terminal domain of BmrR, expressed individually, binds both these compounds and therefore can be used as a model for molecular analysis of the phenomenon of multidrug recognition.
Development of a pneumatic soft actuator with pleated inflatable structures

Abstract Many soft actuators have been studied for use in robots that come into contact with humans, including communication, entertainment, and medical/health care robots. One reason for this is that soft robots are expected to exhibit intrinsic safety in case an accident occurs. This paper proposes a plastic-film pneumatic actuator with a pleated structure that do not undergo the elastic deformation typical of rubber materials. By utilizing thin plastic films, the mass of an actuator can be significantly reduced, even if the actuators are the same size as a human arm. If the mass of the actuator is reduced, the kinetic energy when contacts with humans mechanically can be reduced considerably without reducing the working speed. More specifically, we propose a pleated structure made of plastic to achieve structural deformation generated from a two-dimensional pleated film. The pleated structure easily generates various bending motions. In this paper, a design method for determining the shape parameters of the pleated actuator structure using approximate models with considering measurement results of generating force is presented. We evaluated the adequacy of our approach in experiments using sample actuators. Furthermore, we show the constraints required to determine the necessary parameters. Thus, this paper provides an easy method for designing a lightweight and flexible plastic-film actuator.
The role of evolution in the invasion process

Biological invasions occur when organisms are transported and become established in a new range in which they persist, proliferate, and spread (1). The negative consequences of invasions include loss of native biological diversity and community structure (and in extreme cases, the extinction of native species) (2); modification of ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and productivity patterns; alteration of disturbance regimes, especially the frequency of wildfires (3); reduced agricultural productivity; human health concerns; and enormous economic costs (1, 4). Consequently, invasive species are now considered to be one of the leading contributors to global change (5) and thus have been the focus of an extensive amount of ecological and ecosystem-level research. Much of this research has focused on answering a series of questions associated with predicting invasions: Which species will become invasive? Which life-history traits contribute to invasiveness? Which communities are susceptible to invasion? What will be the ecological and ecosystem-level consequences of invasion? Unfortunately, answers to these questions remain elusive (1). It is surprising to note, however, that little research has focused on the evolutionary aspects of biological invasions and addressed how evolutionary mechanisms may contribute to the success of an invasion (2, 6, 7). In contrast, the research of Lavergne and Molofsky (8) reported in this issue of PNAS examines the factors that contribute to range expansion and the invasiveness of Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canarygrass) in North America and provides powerful insights into the role of evolution in the invasion process.
X 3 D Software Visualisation

We have a software visualisation architecture that requires tools to develop visualisations from XML execution traces and integrate the visualisations into user’s web environments. Most existing web software visualisation systems create 2D visualisations and if they do use 3D they are using technologies that are outdated, not designed for the web, and hard to extend. We are building a tool that transforms XML execution traces into X3D – the Web3D Consortium’s open standard for web 3D graphics – web enabled visualisations and exploring how suitable X3D is for use in software visualisation. Our tool and visualisations will help developers to understand the structure and behaviour of software for reuse, maintenance, re-engineering, and reverse engineering.
The effects of strategy training on acquisition of new verbal information in patients with acquired brain lesions.

We read with great interest the recent paper published by Aragon et al. [1] in NeuroRehabilitation. In their study, participants were required to remember the last word of a series of sentences with target words presented in a self-generated or provided condition. The authors demonstrated that self-generation techniques aimed at improving learning and memory benefitted patients with traumatic brain injury and healthy subjects in terms of number of words recalled. They also suggested that further research into the effects of rehabilitation programs designed to improve memory including such techniques was warranted. We have recently demonstrated evidence of this hypothesis in patients with acquired brain injury [2]. The brain correlates of strategy memory training were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuropsychological tests. Patients with acquired brain lesions in the prefrontal cortex including the dorsolateral and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex were evaluated before and after semantic strategy training using a word list-encoding paradigm. The strategy training consisted of generating and remembering words according to their common features or categories. After training, subjects were instructed to remember and
PLASMA OXYTOCIN CONCENTRATION AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

There is substantial recent interest in the role of oxytocin in social and affiliative behaviors—animal models of depression have suggested a link between oxytocin and mood. We reviewed literature to date for evidence of a potential relationship between peripheral oxytocin concentration and depressive symptoms in humans. Pubmed®and PsychINFO®were searched for biomedical and social sciences literature from 1960 to May 19, 2015 for empirical articles in English involving human subjects focused on the relationship between peripheral oxytocin concentration and depressive symptoms, excluding articles on the oxytocin receptor gene, or involving exogenous (i.e. intranasal) administration of oxytocin. Eight studies meeting criteria were identified and formally reviewed. Studies of pregnant women suggested an inverse relationship between oxytocin level and depressive symptom severity. Findings in nonpregnant women were broadly consistent with the role of oxytocin release in response to stress supported by animal studies. The relationship between oxytocin and depression in men appeared to be in the opposite direction, possibly reflecting the influence of gonadal hormones on oxytocinergic functioning found in other mammalian species. Overall, small sample sizes, heterogeneity in study designs, and other methodological limitations may account for inconsistent findings. Future research utilizing reliable oxytocin measurement protocols including measurements across time, larger sample sizes, and sample homogeneity with respect to multiple possible confounders (age, gender, race and ethnicity, ovarian status among women, and psychosocial context) are needed to elucidate the role of oxytocin in the pathogenesis of depression, and could guide the design of novel pharmacologic agents.
Definition of the σW Regulon of Bacillus subtilis in the Absence of Stress

Bacteria employ extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors for their responses to environmental stresses. Despite intensive research, the molecular dissection of ECF sigma factor regulons has remained a major challenge due to overlaps in the ECF sigma factor-regulated genes and the stimuli that activate the different ECF sigma factors. Here we have employed tiling arrays to single out the ECF σW regulon of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis from the overlapping ECF σX, σY, and σM regulons. For this purpose, we profiled the transcriptome of a B. subtilis sigW mutant under non-stress conditions to select candidate genes that are strictly σW-regulated. Under these conditions, σW exhibits a basal level of activity. Subsequently, we verified the σW-dependency of candidate genes by comparing their transcript profiles to transcriptome data obtained with the parental B. subtilis strain 168 grown under 104 different conditions, including relevant stress conditions, such as salt shock. In addition, we investigated the transcriptomes of rasP or prsW mutant strains that lack the proteases involved in the degradation of the σW anti-sigma factor RsiW and subsequent activation of the σW-regulon. Taken together, our studies identify 89 genes as being strictly σW-regulated, including several genes for non-coding RNAs. The effects of rasP or prsW mutations on the expression of σW-dependent genes were relatively mild, which implies that σW-dependent transcription under non-stress conditions is not strictly related to RasP and PrsW. Lastly, we show that the pleiotropic phenotype of rasP mutant cells, which have defects in competence development, protein secretion and membrane protein production, is not mirrored in the transcript profile of these cells. This implies that RasP is not only important for transcriptional regulation via σW, but that this membrane protease also exerts other important post-transcriptional regulatory functions.
The World of Touch

Contents: Translator's Preface. Editor's Introduction. Author's Preface. Part I: Modes of Appearance of the World of Touch. Introduction. Critical and Methodological Preamble. Types of Tactual Phenomena. Movement as a Formative Factor in Tactual Phenomena. Part II: Quantitative Studies of the Tactual Performance. Studies on Surface Touch. Studies on Touch Transparency. Analysis of Touch Movements. The Role of the Temperature Sensation in Touch. Part III: Further Analysis of the Tactual Performance. The Role of the Vibration Sense in Touch. The Contribution of Visual and Kinesthetic Processes to the Structure of Tactual Forms. Part IV: Applications.
Visual Construction of Writing in the Medieval Book

objects of knowledge, relationships between form and content, are a broad continuum whose interlinked facts require a transdisciplinary study. ’ Nowadays, attempts to discern these links seem to concern two central groups of correlations, which have been analysed from the perspective of different disciplines. In the foreground of correlations we find the relationship between the material characteristics of the mediums and the methods of access to their contents; in this field of
An evaluation of the use of the internet for the purposes of foreign language learning

Linguists involved in language teaching and thereby active in the promotion of communicative skills can not afford to by-pass the opportunities presented by developments in technology. As a result many linguists are keenly interested in using such developments in technology in the language classroom. While it is true that the approaches, interests and goals of language teachers/learners vary considerably from those of specialists from other disciplines, in a sense, any and all information available on the Internet is of interest to language teachers/learners. The difficulty or challenge which language teachers may face, however, is to adapt discrete methodological and pedagogical strategies to the use of new technologies in order to meet the language learners' requirements. In this sense, and in order to guarantee the maintenance of high academic standards while ensuring language acquisition, language teachers strive to integrate new pedagogical approaches in language classes and to introduce the principl.
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups

Abstract Growing cross-cultural awareness has led researchers to examine frequently used research instruments and assessment tools in racially diverse populations. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) among different racial groups. The DASS-21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, ideal for both clinical and research purposes. Results suggest that the internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity of the DASS-21 are similar across racial groups. Multigroup CFA, however, indicated that item loadings were invariant, while scale covariances were not invariant. This suggests that, although the items may load similarly on the depression, anxiety and stress constructs, these constructs may be differentially inter-related across groups. Implications for application in clinical practice are discussed.
Quantitative Evaluation of Rabbit Brain Injury after Cerebral Hemisphere Radiation Exposure Using Generalized q-Sampling Imaging

Radiation therapy is widely used for the treatment of brain tumors and may result in cellular, vascular and axonal injury and further behavioral deficits. The non-invasive longitudinal imaging assessment of brain injury caused by radiation therapy is important for determining patient prognoses. Several rodent studies have been performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but further studies in rabbits and large mammals with advanced magnetic resonance (MR) techniques are needed. Previously, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate radiation-induced rabbit brain injury. However, DTI is unable to resolve the complicated neural structure changes that are frequently observed during brain injury after radiation exposure. Generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI) is a more accurate and sophisticated diffusion MR approach that can extract additional information about the altered diffusion environments. Therefore, herein, a longitudinal study was performed that used GQI indices, including generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), quantitative anisotropy (QA), and the isotropic value (ISO) of the orientation distribution function and DTI indices, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) over a period of approximately half a year to observe long-term, radiation-induced changes in the different brain compartments of a rabbit model after a hemi-brain single dose (30 Gy) radiation exposure. We revealed that in the external capsule, the GFA right to left (R/L) ratio showed similar trends as the FA R/L ratio, but no clear trends in the remaining three brain compartments. Both the QA and ISO R/L ratios showed similar trends in the all four different compartments during the acute to early delayed post-irradiation phase, which could be explained and reflected the histopathological changes of the complicated dynamic interactions among astrogliosis, demyelination and vasogenic edema. We suggest that GQI is a promising non-invasive technique and as compared with DTI, it has better potential ability in detecting and monitoring the pathophysiological cascades in acute to early delayed radiation-induced brain injury by using clinical MR scanners.
Diagnosis of hypogonadism in the aging male

The diagnosis of hypoandrogenism in the aging male is still difficult, since the symptomatology is aspecific and multifactorial, and it is unknown whether the androgen requirements of elderly men are the same as those of young men. Indeed, there are arguments for decreased (increased androgen feed-back sensitivity) as well as for increased (decreased concentration of androgen receptors) requirements in elderly men. In the absence of a reliable, clinically useful, parameter of androgen activity, we have to rely on plasma androgen level, an indirect parameter. In the absence of convincing arguments for altered requirements with age, we consider that the normal range of (free) testosterone levels in young adults is also valid for elderly men, the lower normal limit being 11 nmol/l for total testosterone and 0.225 nmol/l for free testosterone. There are indirect, suggestive clinical arguments for accepting these limit values. The diagnosis of hypoandrogenism in elderly males requires both the presence of clinical symptoms and decreased (free) testosterone levels. The best methods for determining free or bioavailable testosterone, are equilibrium dialysis and ammonium sulfate precipitation, respectively. They are, however, time-consuming techniques which are not easily automated. Calculation of the free androgen index (testosterone/sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)) is not a valid method for male serum. Calculation of free testosterone from total testosterone, SHBG and albumin concentration, yields values that are in good agreement with values obtained by dialysis or ammonium sulfate precipitation. Several conditions should, however, be fulfilled: reliable methods for the determination of testosterone and SHBG, SHBG measurement in serum and not in plasma, use of fresh serum (not repeatedly frozen and thawed), absence of (exogenous) steroids competing for binding sites on SHBG and blood samples taken between 08.00 and 10.00 in the fasting state. Under these conditions an excellent correlation with dialysis and bioavailable testosterone (ammonium sulfate precipitation) is generally obtained.
Peer feedback: the learning element of peer assessment

This paper focuses on peer feedback in relation to assessment processes. It examines the rationale for peer feedback, emphasizing its potential for enhanced student learning. We draw on relevant literature to argue that the dominance of peer assessment processes using grades can undermine the potential of peer feedback for improving student learning. The paper throws further light on the issue by drawing on a large-scale questionnaire survey of tertiary students (1740) and academics (460) in Hong Kong, supplemented by interview data. The findings indicate that a significant number of academics and students resist peer assessment using grades and that the majority report that students never or rarely grade each other in assessment activities. This paper explores why there is resistance, in particular, by academics to peer assessment and argues the case for a peer feedback process as an end in itself or as a precursor to peer assessment involving the awarding of marks. It also recommends some strategies for promoting peer feedback, through engaging students with criteria and for embedding peer involvement within normal course processes.
Early warning signs in postgraduate research education: a different approach to ensuring timely completions

Recent government intervention in research higher degree policy across the globe has sharpened universities’ focus on the quality of their students’ research education experience and on timely completion rates. Studies have sought to highlight the factors that predict research students’ timely completion of their studies. Many universities have sought to tighten their selection processes as a way of improving completion rates, even verging on adopting a risk analysis approach to selecting students. Instead this paper takes a preventative, interventionist approach to improving timely completions. It explores how experienced supervisors detect and deal with early warning signs that their research students are experiencing difficulty. It also investigates the wide range of reasons some students nominate for not discussing these difficulties directly with their supervisors. It proposes that supervisors may be able to improve timely completions if they are aware of these reasons and if they adopt a range of explicit pedagogical strategies to support students’ learning.