Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of substrate noise generation mechanisms with CMOS technology scaling

Substrate noise is a major obstacle for single-chip integration of mixed-signal systems. To reduce this problem and to assess its evolution with CMOS technology scaling, the different mechanisms that generate substrate noise and their dependencies on different parameters need to be well understood. In this paper, we show that with downscaling of the technology, substrate noise due to supply coupling becomes the dominant coupling mechanism when the chip substrate is directly biased with the digital ground. With Kelvin ground substrate biasing on the other hand, source/drain capacitive coupling becomes the dominant coupling mechanism. Further, we show that with downscaling, the peak value of the supply coupling noise component becomes more dependent on the relative ratio of the switching capacitance to the nonswitching capacitance, which is formed by the circuit decoupling and the nonswitching circuit elements, rather than the Ldi/dt noise. These insights illustrated in a quantitative framework are believed to be very useful for the systematic use of digital low-noise design techniques in future CMOS technologies.
Update on the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940–2000

Background We previously reported that the prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in Olmsted County, Minnesota, had risen significantly between 1940 and 1993. We sought to update the incidence and prevalence of these conditions in our region through 2000. Methods The Rochester Epidemiology Project allows population‐based studies of disease in county residents. CD and UC were defined by previously used criteria. County residents newly diagnosed between 1990 and 2000 were identified as incidence cases, and persons with these conditions alive and residing in the county on January 1, 2001, were identified as prevalence cases. All rates were adjusted to 2000 US Census figures for whites. Results In 1990–2000 the adjusted annual incidence rates for UC and CD were 8.8 cases per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2–10.5) and 7.9 per 100,000 (95% CI, 6.3–9.5), respectively, not significantly different from rates observed in 1970–1979. On January 1, 2001, there were 220 residents with CD, for an adjusted prevalence of 174 per 100,000 (95% CI, 151–197), and 269 residents with UC, for an adjusted prevalence of 214 per 100,000 (95% CI, 188–240). Conclusion Although incidence rates of CD and UC increased after 1940, they have remained stable over the past 30 years. Since 1991 the prevalence of UC decreased by 7%, and the prevalence of CD increased about 31%. Extrapolating these figures to US Census data, there were ≈1.1 million people with inflammatory bowel disease in the US in 2000. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007)
Correlation between human detection accuracy and observer model-based image quality metrics in computed tomography

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to compare computed tomography (CT) low-contrast detectability from human readers with observer model-based surrogates of image quality. A phantom with a range of low-contrast signals (five contrasts, three sizes) was imaged on a state-of-the-art CT scanner (Siemens’ force). Images were reconstructed using filtered back projection and advanced modeled iterative reconstruction and were assessed by 11 readers using a two alternative forced choice method. Concurrently, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), area-weighted CNR (CNRA), and observer model-based metrics were estimated, including nonprewhitening (NPW) matched filter, NPW with eye filter (NPWE), NPW with internal noise, NPW with an eye filter and internal noise (NPWEi), channelized Hotelling observer (CHO), and CHO with internal noise (CHOi). The correlation coefficients (Pearson and Spearman), linear discriminator error, E, and magnitude of confidence intervals, |CI95%|, were used to determine correlation, proper characterization of the reconstruction algorithms, and model precision, respectively. Pearson (Spearman) correlation was 0.36 (0.33), 0.83 (0.84), 0.84 (0.86), 0.86 (0.88), 0.86 (0.91), 0.88 (0.90), 0.85 (0.89), and 0.87 (0.84), E was 0.25, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.25, 0.4, and 0.45, and |CI95%| was 2.84×10−3, 5.29×10−3, 4.91×10−3, 4.55×10−3, 2.16×10−3, 1.24×10−3, 4.58×10−2, and 7.95×10−2 for CNR, CNRA, NPW, NPWE, NPWi, NPWEi, CHO, and CHOi, respectively.
Hypergraph based semi-supervised learning for gender classification

Graph-based methods are an important category of semi-supervised learning techniques. However, in many situations the graph representation of relational patterns can lead to substantial loss of information. This is because in real-world problems objects and their features tend to exhibit multiple relationships rather than simple pairwise ones. In this paper, we develop a semi-supervised learning method which is based on a weighted hypergraph representation. There are two main contributions in this paper. The first is that we develop a hypergraph representation based on the attributes of feature vectors, i.e. a feature hypergraph. With this representation, the structural information latent in the data can be more effectively modeled. Secondly, to address semi-supervised classification, we derive a l1-norm for the spectral embedding minimization problem on the learned hypergraph. This leads to sparse and direct clustering results. We apply the method to the challenging problem of gender determination using features delivered by principal geodesic analysis (PGA). We obtain a classification accuracy as high as 91% on 2.5D facial needle-maps when 50% of the data are labeled.
Work Status and Return to the Workforce after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and/or Heart Valve Surgery: A One-Year-Follow Up Study

Background. Several characteristics appear to be important for estimating the likelihood of reentering the workforce after surgery. The aim of the present study was to describe work status in a two-year time period around the time of cardiac surgery and estimate the probability of returning to the workforce. Methods. We included 681 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or heart valve procedures from 2003 to 2007 in the North Denmark Region. We linked hospital data to data in the DREAM database which holds information of everyone receiving social benefits. Results. At the time of surgery 17.3% were allocated disability pension and 2.3% were allocated a permanent part-time benefit. Being unemployed one year before surgery reduced the likelihood of return to the workforce (RR = 0.74 (0.60–0.92)) whereas unemployment at the time of surgery had no impact on return to the workforce (RR = 0.96 (0.78–1.18)). Sickness absence before surgery reduced the likelihood of return to the workforce. Conclusion. This study found the work status before surgery to be associated with the likelihood of return to the workforce within one year after surgery. Before surgery one-fifth of the population either was allocated disability pension or received a permanent part-time benefit.
Conflict adaptation is predicted by the cognitive, but not the affective alexithymia dimension

Stimulus-induced response conflict (e.g., in Simon or Stroop tasks) is often reduced after conflict trials—the Gratton effect. It is generally assumed that this effect is due to a strengthening of the representation of the current intention or goal, which in turn increases the degree of stimulus and/or response control. Recent evidence suggests that the motivational signal driving the Gratton effect might be affective in nature. If so, individual differences in either the strength of affective signals and/or the ability to interpret such signals might explain individual differences in cognitive-control adjustments as reflected in the Gratton effect. We tested this hypothesis by relating individual sizes of the Gratton effect in a Simon task to scores on the affective and the cognitive dimension of the Bermond/Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ)—which we assumed to assess individual differences in affective-signal strength and ability to interpret affective signals, respectively. Results show that the cognitive, but not the affective dimension predicted control adjustment, while the accuracy of heartbeat detection was only (and only weakly) related to online control. This suggests that the motivation to fine-tune one's cognitive-control operations is mediated by, and may depend on one's ability to interpret one's own affective signals.
First-Aid Algorithms in Dental Avulsion

Almost one fourth of traumatic dental injuries occur at schools or in their surroundings. Prevalence of tooth avulsion varies from 0.5% to 16% of all cases of dental trauma. Children with dental avulsion may seek help from school nurses so they should be able to provide first-aid treatment. However, many studies showed that the general level of knowledge of medical staff concerning tooth avulsion is unsatisfactory and that it could be improved by educational activities. This article attempts to give short algorithms of first-aid management of avulsed tooth.
Cellular Localization, Oligomerization, and Membrane Association of the Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia 3A (SPG3A) Protein Atlastin*

Hereditary spastic paraplegias comprise a group of clinically heterogeneous syndromes characterized by lower extremity spasticity and weakness, with distal axonal degeneration in the long ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. The early onset hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG3A is caused by mutations in the atlastin/human guanylate-binding protein-3 gene (renamed here atlastin-1), which codes for a 64-kDa member of the dynamin/Mx/guanylate-binding protein superfamily of large GTPases. The atlastin-1 protein is localized predominantly in brain, where it is enriched in pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In cultured cortical neurons, atlastin-1 co-localized most prominently with markers of the Golgi apparatus, and immunogold electron microscopy revealed a predominant localization of atlastin-1 to the cis-Golgi. Yeast two-hybrid analyses and co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that atlastin-1 can self-associate, and gel-exclusion chromatography and chemical cross-linking studies indicated that atlastin-1 exists as an oligomer in vivo, most likely a tetramer. Membrane fractionation and protease protection assays revealed that atlastin-1 is an integral membrane protein with two predicted transmembrane domains; both the N-terminal GTP-binding and C-terminal domains are exposed to the cytoplasm. Together, these findings indicate that the SPG3A protein atlastin-1 is a multimeric integral membrane GTPase that may be involved in Golgi membrane dynamics or vesicle trafficking.
Dietary assessment methods in epidemiological research: current state of the art and future prospects

Self-reported dietary intake is assessed by methods of real-time recording (food diaries and the duplicate portion method) and methods of recall (dietary histories, food frequency questionnaires, and 24-hour dietary recalls). Being less labor intensive, recall methods are more frequently employed in nutritional epidemiological investigations. However, sources of error, which include the participants’ inability to fully and accurately recall their intakes as well as limitations inherent in the food composition databases applied to convert the reported food consumption to energy and nutrient intakes, may limit the validity of the generated information. The use of dietary biomarkers is often recommended to overcome such errors and better capture intra-individual variability in intake; nevertheless, it has its own challenges. To address measurement error associated with dietary questionnaires, large epidemiological investigations often integrate sub-studies for the validation and calibration of the questionnaires and/or administer a combination of different assessment methods (e.g. administration of different questionnaires and assessment of biomarker levels). Recent advances in the omics field could enrich the list of reliable nutrition biomarkers, whereas new approaches employing web-based and smart phone applications could reduce respondent burden and, possibly, reporting bias. Novel technologies are increasingly integrated with traditional methods, but some sources of error still remain. In the analyses, food and nutrient intakes always need to be adjusted for total daily energy intake to account for errors related to reporting.
FatFonts: combining the symbolic and visual aspects of numbers

In this paper we explore numeric typeface design for visualization purposes. We introduce FatFonts, a technique for visualizing quantitative data that bridges the gap between numeric and visual representations. FatFonts are based on Arabic numerals but, unlike regular numeric typefaces, the amount of ink (dark pixels) used for each digit is proportional to its quantitative value. This enables accurate reading of the numerical data while preserving an overall visual context. We discuss the challenges of this approach that we identified through our design process and propose a set of design goals that include legibility, familiarity, readability, spatial precision, dynamic range, and resolution. We contribute four FatFont typefaces that are derived from our exploration of the design space that these goals introduce. Finally, we discuss three example scenarios that show how FatFonts can be used for visualization purposes as valuable representation alternatives.
Minueto Student Software Engineering Project Courses Become Fun

This paper presents Minueto, a cross-platform, Java-based game development framework specifically designed for undergraduate software engineering project courses. Minueto has been designed to hide complex graphics programming (full-screen mode, double-buffering, hardware acceleration), and keyboard/mouse input handling behind simple-to-use objects. Despite of being implemented in pure Java, Minueto achieves frame rates of over 60 framesper-second on mid-range Windows, Linux and Macintosh systems. The large quantity of documentation, tutorials and sample code allows students familiar with basic Java programming to start developing games after a very short learning period. The effectiveness of Minueto is discussed based on 3 years of student evaluation.
Worldwide timing of growth faltering: implications for nutritional interventions.

OBJECTIVE It is widely assumed that growth faltering starts at around 3 months of age, but there has been no systematic assessment of its timing using representative national datasets from a variety of countries. METHODOLOGY The World Health Organization Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition includes the results of 39 nationally representative datasets from recent surveys in developing countries. Based on these data, mean z scores of weight for age, length/height for age, and weight for length/height were compared with the National Center for Health Statistics and Cambridge growth references, for children younger than 60 months. RESULTS Mean weights start to falter at about 3 months of age and decline rapidly until about 12 months, with a markedly slower decline until about 18 to 19 months and a catch-up pattern after that. Growth faltering in weight for length/height is restricted to the first 15 months of life, followed by rapid improvement. For length/height for age, the global mean is surprisingly close to National Center for Health Statistics and Cambridge references at birth, but faltering starts immediately afterward, lasting well into the third year. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need for prenatal and early life interventions to prevent growth failure.
On identity testing of tensors, low-rank recovery and compressed sensing

We study the problem of obtaining efficient, deterministic, black-box polynomial identity testing algorithms for depth-3 set-multilinear circuits (over arbitrary fields). This class of circuits has an efficient, deterministic, white-box polynomial identity testing algorithm (due to Raz and Shpilka [36]), but has no known such black-box algorithm. We recast this problem as a question of finding a low-dimensional subspace H, spanned by rank 1 tensors, such that any non-zero tensor in the dual space ker(H) has high rank. We obtain explicit constructions of essentially optimal-size hitting sets for tensors of degree 2 (matrices), and obtain the first quasi-polynomial sized hitting sets for arbitrary tensors. We also show connections to the task of performing low-rank recovery of matrices, which is studied in the field of compressed sensing. Low-rank recovery asks (say, over R) to recover a matrix M from few measurements, under the promise that M is rank ≤ r. In this work, we restrict our attention to recovering matrices that are exactly rank ≤ r using deterministic, non-adaptive, linear measurements, that are free from noise. Over R, we provide a set (of size 4nr) of such measurements, from which M can be recovered in O(rn2+r3n) field operations, and the number of measurements is essentially optimal. Further, the measurements can be taken to be all rank-1 matrices, or all sparse matrices. To the best of our knowledge no explicit constructions with those properties were known prior to this work. We also give a more formal connection between low-rank recovery and the task of sparse (vector) recovery: any sparse-recovery algorithm that exactly recovers vectors of length n and sparsity 2r, using m non-adaptive measurements, yields a low-rank recovery scheme for exactly recovering n x n matrices of rank ≤ r, making 2nm non-adaptive measurements. Furthermore, if the sparse-recovery algorithm runs in time τ, then the low-rank recovery algorithm runs in time O(rn2+nτ). We obtain this reduction using linear-algebraic techniques, and not using convex optimization, which is more commonly seen in compressed sensing algorithms. Finally, we also make a connection to rank-metric codes, as studied in coding theory. These are codes with codewords consisting of matrices (or tensors) where the distance of matrices M and N is rank(M-N), as opposed to the usual hamming metric. We obtain essentially optimal-rate codes over matrices, and provide an efficient decoding algorithm. We obtain codes over tensors as well, with poorer rate, but still with efficient decoding.
Muscle‐derived factors induce proliferation and astrocytic phenotypic expression in C‐6 glial cells

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that C‐6 glial cells in culture express astrocytic phentoypes with increasing cell passage. Early passage glial cells have been shown to respond to various factors by expressing either astrocytic or oligodendrocytic phenotype. In view of the numerous reports on the trophic effects of muscle‐derived factors on spinal cord neurons, we examined the effect of muscle‐dervied factors on C‐6 glial cells from both early and late passages. Soluble factors were obtained from either leg (LME) or breast (BME) muscle from 15‐day‐old chick embryos by homogenization followed by high velocity centrifugation. Both LME‐ and BME‐derived factors triggered the proliferation and differentiation of early passage glial cells as assessed by cell number and glutamine synthetase activity, respectively. Late passage glial cells responded to muscle‐derved factors with enhanced proliferation and only with a slight increase in glutamine synthetase activity. These findings indicate that glial cells of both early and late passages respond to signals produced by muscle cells.
Nonsmooth Developable Geometry for Interactively Animating Paper Crumpling

We present the first method to animate sheets of paper at interactive rates, while automatically generating a plausible set of sharp features when the sheet is crumpled. The key idea is to interleave standard physically based simulation steps with procedural generation of a piecewise continuous developable surface. The resulting hybrid surface model captures new singular points dynamically appearing during the crumpling process, mimicking the effect of paper fiber fracture. Although the model evolves over time to take these irreversible damages into account, the mesh used for simulation is kept coarse throughout the animation, leading to efficient computations. Meanwhile, the geometric layer ensures that the surface stays almost isometric to its original 2D pattern. We validate our model through measurements and visual comparison with real paper manipulation, and show results on a variety of crumpled paper configurations.
Empirically inspired simulated electro-mechanical model of the rat mystacial follicle-sinus complex

In whiskered animals, activity is evoked in the primary sensory afferent cells (trigeminal nerve) by mechanical stimulation of the whiskers. In some cell populations this activity is correlated well with continuous stimulus parameters such as whisker deflection magnitude, but in others it is observed to represent events such as whisker–stimulator contact or detachment. The transduction process is mediated by the mechanics of the whisker shaft and follicle–sinus complex (FSC), and the mechanics and electro–chemistry of mechanoreceptors within the FSC. An understanding of this transduction process and the nature of the primary neural codes generated is crucial for understanding more central sensory processing in the thalamus and cortex. However, the details of the peripheral processing are currently poorly understood. To overcome this deficiency in our knowledge, we constructed a simulated electro–mechanical model of the whisker–FSC–mechanoreceptor system in the rat and tested it against a variety of data drawn from the literature. The agreement was good enough to suggest that the model captures many of the key features of the peripheral whisker system in the rat.
Alloantigen-specific idiotype-bearing receptors on mouse T lymphocytes. I. Specificity characterization and genetic association with the heavy- chain IgG allotype

The present study describes the qualitative reactions of a xenogeneic anti-idiotype (Id) antiserum produced in a mouse-gamma-globulin- tolerant rabbit (5,936) against B6 anti-CBA IgG antibodies. The results showed that such an anti-Id antiserum reacts specifically against anti- H-2k antibodies and against H-2k alloantigen-activated T cells from the following pairs of congenic mice: B10 (H-2b) and B10.D2 (H-2d); and A.BY (H-2b) and A.SW (H-2s), but not against C3H.SW (H-2b) and C3H.OH (H-2o); and BALB/b (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d). CB 20 (BALB/c mice with the Ig-1b allotype) anti-CBA T blasts also express idiotypic determinants that react with rabbit 5,936 antiserum. Thus, positive reactions are obtained between rabbit 5,936 anti-Id antiserum and anti- H-2k IgG preparations and T blasts from mice carrying the Ig-1b or Ig- 1e allotype, but not from mice carrying the Ig-1a allotype. These reactions are qualitatively independent of the H-2 genotype of the Id- producing mice. Such a finding strongly suggests that the Id-bearing receptor molecules on mouse T cells are coded for by genes that are associated with the Ig heavy-chain-linkage group and not to the mouse histocompatibility complex. Furthermore, the anti-Id antibodies studied react preferentially against anti-H-2k antibodies or T cells with specificity toward the IAk-region-associated serological specificities. Thus, genes associated with the Ig heavy-chain-linkage group seem to be structural genes for at least T-cell receptors with specificity for IA- region-coded membrane antigens.