Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evoked Potential Audiometry: Fundamentals and Applications

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Mary J. Schleppegrell, The language of schooling: A functional linguistics perspective

Mary J. Schleppegrell, The language of schooling: A functional linguistics perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004. Pp. 190. Hb. $45.00 This is an important contribution to the discussion in the field of educational linguistics on the nature of academic language proficiency. The title itself evokes some of the questions in dispute: What aspects of “language” might the author have in mind? And is there really a different kind that could be said to be “of schooling? ” Chap. 1 starts by delimiting the domain of school-related language ability that will be the object of scrutiny: advanced literacy. The skeptic may object that neither “school-related” (in relation to “language”) and “advanced” (in relation to “literacy”) are coherent, well-defined categories. In fact, some educators might go so far as to describe Schleppegrell's analysis as a type of “deficit model” of literacy, a characterization frequently directed toward attempts to differentiate between conversational ability and the kind of language ability required for advanced literacy (see Edelsky 1996). Cummins 2000, for example, has been strongly criticized along these lines.
Treated Wastewater Effluent as a Source of Microbial Pollution of Surface Water Resources

Since 1990, more than 1.8 billion people have gained access to potable water and improved sanitation worldwide. Whilst this represents a vital step towards improving global health and well-being, accelerated population growth coupled with rapid urbanization has further strained existing water supplies. Whilst South Africa aims at spending 0.5% of its GDP on improving sanitation, additional factors such as hydrological variability and growing agricultural needs have further increased dependence on this finite resource. Increasing pressure on existing wastewater treatment plants has led to the discharge of inadequately treated effluent, reinforcing the need to improve and adopt more stringent methods for monitoring discharged effluent and surrounding water sources. This review provides an overview of the relative efficiencies of the different steps involved in wastewater treatment as well as the commonly detected microbial indicators with their associated health implications. In addition, it highlights the need to enforce more stringent measures to ensure compliance of treated effluent quality to the existing guidelines.
Differential activation of c‐fos and caspase‐3 in hippocampal neuron subpopulations following neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia

Neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) induces immediate early gene (IEG) c‐fos expression as well as neuron death. The precise role of IEGs in neonatal HI is unclear. We investigated the temporal and spatial patterns of c‐Fos expression in postnatal day 7 mice after unilateral carotid ligation and exposure to 8% oxygen. mRNA levels of c‐fos quantitated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) increased nearly 40‐fold (log 1.2 ± 0.4) in the ipsilateral hippocampus 3 hr following neonatal HI, then returned to basal levels within 12 hr, although no change was observed in c‐jun mRNA. Frozen coronal brain sections were stained with cresyl violet or used for immunohistochemical detection of c‐Fos, cleaved caspase‐3, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the mature neuron marker NeuN. c‐Fos immunoreactivity increased throughout the injured hippocampus 3 hr after HI but became restricted to the CA2–3 subregion and the dentate gyrus (DG) at 6–12 hr and declined by 24 hr. In contrast, cleaved (activated) caspase‐3 immunoreactivity was most abundant in the ipsilateral CA1 region at 3–6 hr after neonatal HI, then became more prominent in CA2–3 and DG. Double‐labeling experiments showed c‐Fos and cleaved caspase‐3 immunoreactivity localized in spatially distinct neuron subpopulations. Prominent c‐Fos immunoreactivity was observed in surviving CA2–3 and external granular DG neurons, and robust cleaved caspase‐3 immunoreactivity was observed in pyknotic CA1, CA2–3, and subgranular DG neurons. The differential expression of c‐Fos in HI‐resistant hippocampal subpopulations vs. cleaved caspase‐3 in dying neurons suggests a neuroprotective role for c‐Fos expression in neonatal HI. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optics for laser rasters.

A number of instruments use rasters generated by deflecting one or more laser beams with some scanning device. Optics for shaping and manipulating these beams are described, with particular attention to the dual role of each element in terms of the (instantaneous) beam and the scanned pattern. A solution is shown to the problem of chromaticity in diffraction scanners. Specific examples are drawn from the scanning laser ophthalmoscope, a scanning instrument using two lasers with real-time TV display.
Significant Family Dynamics Related to Postdivorce Adjustment in Parents and Children

ABSTRACT This study concentrates on the postdivorce adjustment of parents and children in families with shared parenting time arrangements. Thirty divorcing parents with children aged 12 to 59 months old were interviewed using a semistructured telephone interview regarding their early experiences in the divorce process. Findings showed that work–family balance issues were related to postdivorce parental adjustment for mothers. Interparental hostility was related to child alienation and paternal overnight stays. Length of time since physical separation was related to number of overnight stays. These results shed light on the early experiences of families with young children going through the divorce process.
When message tailoring backfires: The role of initial attitudes in affect–cognition matching

This research explores when and how tailoring messages to attitudinal bases backfires. Study 1 demonstrated that for attitudes (toward education subsidies) that were based more on beliefs than emotions, recipients whose initial attitudes were incongruent with the message position (i.e., message opponents) showed mismatching effects, such that the affective message was more persuasive than the cognitive message. Study 2 replicated these mismatching effects among message opponents for attitudes (toward a rival university) that were primarily affective. Study 3 controlled for effects of initial attitude certainty and replicated the mismatching effects of Study 2 for affective attitudes toward an increase in tuition. Finally, Study 4 suggested a potential mechanism for mismatching effects, revealing that for attitudes (toward an online course management system) that were based more on beliefs than emotions, message opponents counter-argued with the cognitive appeal more intensely than the affective appeal. Contrary to the notion in the extant literature that mismatching effects are relatively rare compared with matching effects, the current research suggests that mismatching effects occur for both primarily affective and cognitive attitudes when the recipient is highly opposed to the message position. The present findings also demonstrate the utility of examining attitudinal bases at the object level in the context of message tailoring. Implications for message tailoring and for affective versus cognitive attitudes are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: expanding clinical indications and refining patient selection

Purpose of review Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. However, a proportion of patients do not respond to CRT. This review addresses important clinical questions regarding patient selection for CRT. Recent findings Three recent large randomized trials show that CRT reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II heart failure. Observational studies and a recent meta-analysis suggest that patients with NYHA III heart failure and atrial fibrillation may benefit from CRT. However, atrioventricular node ablation should be considered in this population to ensure greater than 92% biventricular pacing. Data from clinical trials do not support the use of CRT in patients with baseline right bundle branch block (RBBB). Summary Careful selection of CRT candidates is vital to improve patient outcomes and reduce exposure to unnecessary complications. This review summarizes recent data on the selection of CRT candidates, with emphasis on patients with NYHA I and II heart failure, atrial fibrillation and RBBB.
Affine Loop Optimization Based on Modulo Unrolling in Chapel

This paper presents modulo unrolling without unrolling (modulo unrolling WU), a method for message aggregation for parallel loops in message passing programs that use affine array accesses in Chapel, a Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) parallel programming language. Messages incur a non-trivial run time overhead, a significant component of which is independent of the size of the message. Therefore, aggregating messages improves performance. Our optimization for message aggregation is based on a technique known as modulo unrolling, pioneered by Barua [3], whose purpose was to ensure a statically predictable single tile number for each memory reference for tiled architectures, such as the MIT Raw Machine [18]. Modulo unrolling WU applies to data that is distributed in a cyclic or block-cyclic manner. In this paper, we adapt the aforementioned modulo unrolling technique to the difficult problem of efficiently compiling PGAS languages to message passing architectures. When applied to loops and data distributed cyclically or block-cyclically, modulo unrolling WU can decide when to aggregate messages thereby reducing the overall message count and runtime for a particular loop. Compared to other methods, modulo unrolling WU greatly simplifies the complex problem of automatic code generation of message passing code. It also results in substantial performance improvement compared to the non-optimized Chapel compiler. To implement this optimization in Chapel, we modify the leader and follower iterators in the Cyclic and Block Cyclic data distribution modules. Results were collected that compare the performance of Chapel programs optimized with modulo unrolling WU and Chapel programs using the existing Chapel data distributions. Data collected on a ten-locale cluster show that on average, modulo unrolling WU used with Chapel's Cyclic distribution results in 64 percent fewer messages and a 36 percent decrease in runtime for our suite of benchmarks. Similarly, modulo unrolling WU used with Chapel's Block Cyclic distribution results in 72 percent fewer messages and a 53 percent decrease in runtime.
Molecular Excitation and Differential Gas-Phase Depletions in the IC 5146 Dark Cloud

We present a combined near-infrared and molecular line study of a 25′ × 8′ area in the northern streamer of the IC 5146 cloud. Using the technique pioneered by Lada and coworkers, we construct a Gaussian-smoothed map of the infrared extinction with the same resolution as the molecular line observations in order to examine correlations of integrated intensities and molecular abundances with extinction for C17O, C34S, and N2H+. We find that over a visual extinction range of 0-40 mag, there is good evidence for the presence of differential gas-phase depletions in the densest portions of IC 5146. Both CO and CS exhibit a statistically significant (factor of ~3) abundance reduction near AV ~ 12 mag, while, in direct contrast, at the highest extinctions (AV > 10 mag), N2H+ appears relatively undepleted. Moreover, for AV < 4 mag, there exists little or no N2H+. This pattern of depletions is consistent with the predictions of chemical theory. Through the use of a time- and depth-dependent chemical model, we show that the near-uniform or rising N2H+ abundance with extinction is a direct result of a reduction in its destruction rate at high extinction because of the predicted and observed depletion of CO molecules. The observed abundance threshold for N2H+, A ~ 4 mag, is examined in the context of this same model, and we demonstrate how this technique can be used to test the predictions of depth-dependent chemical models. Finally, we find that cloud density gradients can have a significant effect on the excitation and detectability of high dipole moment molecules, which are typically far from local thermodynamic equilibrium. Density gradients also cause chemical changes since reaction rates and depletion timescales are density-dependent. Accounting for such density/excitation gradients is crucial to a correct determination and proper interpretation of molecular abundances.
Ropinirole alters gene expression profiles in SH-SY5Y cells: a whole genome microarray study

Ropinirole (ROP) is a dopamine agonist that has been used as therapy for Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we aimed to detect whether gene expression was modulated by ROP in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cell lines were treated with 10 µM ROP for 2 h, after which total RNA was extracted for whole genome analysis. Gene expression profiling revealed that 113 genes were differentially expressed after ROP treatment compared with control cells. Further pathway analysis revealed modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, with prominent upregulation of PIK3C2B. Moreover, batches of regulated genes, including PIK3C2B, were found to be located on chromosome 1. These findings were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Our study, therefore, revealed that ROP altered gene expression in SH-SY5Y cells, and future investigation of PIK3C2B and other loci on chromosome 1 may provide long-term implications for identifying novel target genes of Parkinson's disease.
Knowledge Bases, Talents, and Contexts: On the Usefulness of the Creative Class Approach in Sweden

Abstract The geography of the creative class and its impact on regional development has been debated for some years. While the ideas of Richard Florida have permeated local and regional planning strategies in most parts of the Western world, critiques have been numerous. Florida’s 3T’s (technology, talent, and tolerance) have been adopted without considering whether the theory fits into the settings of a specific urban and regional context. This article aims to contextualize and unpack the creative class approach by applying the knowledge-base approach and break down the rigid assumption that all people in the creative class share common locational preferences. We argue that the creative class draws on three different knowledge bases: synthetic, analytical, and symbolic, which have different implications for people’s residential locational preferences with respect to a people climate and a business climate. Furthermore, the dominating knowledge base in a region has an influence on the importance of a people climate and a business climate for attracting and retaining talent. In this article, we present an empirical analysis in support of these arguments using original Swedish data.
Reliability of ultrasound elastography for the quantification of transversus abdominis elasticity

Background The transversus abdominis (TrA), which is considered to be involved in controlling spinal stability, is covered by two muscles (i.e. the external and internal oblique muscles) as well as subcutaneous fat. Therefore, there were doubts about whether it was possible to perform highly reliable measurements of muscle elasticity. Purpose To investigate the reliability of ultrasound elastography for the quantification of elasticity of the TrA. Material and Methods A skilled and an unskilled operator of ultrasound elastography measured TrA elasticity in 10 healthy men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 172.0 ± 5.2 cm; weight, 72.3 ± 12.0 kg) in the supine position. The tests were repeated six times; of the six measured values, a group of four measurements showing the lowest coefficient of variation (CV) was adopted and the mean values were used for further analysis. This procedure was repeated twice on each participant on two different days. Results The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between days for skilled and unskilled operators were 0.86 (P < 0.00) and 0.59 (P = 0.02), respectively, and the CVs were 8.7% and 13.8%, respectively. The ICCs between operators and CVs were in the range of 0.56–0.57 (P = 0.02–0.03) and 13.5–15.5%, respectively. No systematic error was found for any comparison. Conclusion The reliabilities of the skilled and unskilled operators were high and moderate, respectively.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Stimulates Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Recruitment to New Focal Adhesions of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Paxillin in Endothelial Cells*

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple components in confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) including bands of M r 205,000, corresponding to the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR, and M r 145,000, 120,000, 97,000, and 65,000–70,000. VEGF caused a striking and transient increase in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity and stimulated phospholipase C-γ tyrosine phosphorylation, but it had no effect on phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase activity. VEGF caused a marked increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p125 focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK), which was both rapid and concentration-dependent. VEGF produced similar effects on p125FAK in the endothelial cell line ECV.304. VEGF stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the 68-kDa focal adhesion-associated component, paxillin, with similar kinetics and concentration dependence to that for p125FAK. Thrombin and the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, also increased p125FAK tyrosine phosphorylation in HUVECs. The effect of VEGF on p125FAK tyrosine phosphorylation was completely inhibited by the actin filament-disrupting agent cytochalasin D and was partially inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway using a specific inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase had no effect on p125FAK tyrosine phosphorylation. VEGF stimulated migration and actin stress fiber formation in confluent HUVEC, and VEGF-induced p125FAK/paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation was accompanied by increased immunofluorescent staining of p125FAK, paxillin, and phosphotyrosine in focal adhesions in confluent cultures of HUVECs. These findings identify p125FAK and paxillin as components in a VEGF-stimulated signaling pathway and suggest a novel mechanism for VEGF regulation of endothelial cell functions.
Estimation of Firing Pattern of Primary Afferents from Joint Kinematics During Voluntary Arm Movements of Monkeys

Understanding the information of firing pattern of peripheral afferents is important for determining the optimal parameters of primary afferent stimulation to transmit the sensory signal in bidirectional brain machine interfaces. To investigate whether the temporal firing pattern of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons could be estimated from the forelimb joint kinematics of behaving macaque monkeys, we implanted 2 multi-electrode arrays chronically in the DRGs at the level of C7 and C8 spinal segments of two monkeys. Sixteen and 14 neurons were recorded in Monkey 1 and 2, respectively. For a subpopulation of neurons, the temporal firing pattern could be reconstructed precisely from forelimb joint kinematics using the sparse linear regression algorithm (SLiR) and an integrate and fire model. The results suggest that the estimation method from forelimb joint kinematics of behaving monkeys can be useful for designing sensory feedback systems.
A lipid nanoparticle system improves siRNA efficacy in RPE cells and a laser-induced murine CNV model.

PURPOSE To explore the possibility of the PEGylated liposome-protamine-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (PEG-LPH-NP) loaded with siRNA (PEG-LPH-NP-S) in ARPE19 cells and a laser-induced rat model for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS PEG-LPH-NP-S was characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The encapsulation efficiency of siRNA in PEG-LPH-NP was analyzed by ultracentrifugation, whereas the protection of siRNA by PEG-LPH-NP was evaluated by electrophoresis. Human RPE cells (ARPE19) were used as the cell model for the studies of cellular uptake and the inhibition of VEGFR1 expression, visualized by a laser scanning confocal microscope. The area of CNV in the laser-induced rat model after intravitreous injection was measured. The distribution of the lipid nanoparticles in the retina after intravitreous administration was investigated by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the TUNEL test and morphologic observation of the retina were conducted. RESULTS It was indicated that PEG-LPH-NP-S was approximately 132 nm in particle size with a positive charge of approximately 20 mV, whereas the encapsulation efficiency of siRNA in PEG-LPH-NP was >95%. PEG-LPH-NP could protect the siRNA load and could facilitate the intracellular delivery of fluorescein-labeled siRNA to ARPE19 cells. VEGFR1 expression in ARPE19 cells could be inhibited, and the CNV area in the murine model could be reduced more effectively by PEG-LPH-NP-S compared with naked siRNA and by PEG-LPH-NP with negative siRNA. It seems that the toxicity of PEG-LPH-NP-S on the rat retina is low, based on the results of TUNEL testing and morphologic observation. CONCLUSIONS PEG-LPH-NP may be a promising lipid nanoparticle system for the siRNA treatment of CNV.