Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecological issues: A reply to Todd, Fiddick, & Krauss

Gigerenzer, Todd, and the ABC research group (1999) have contributed the first volume to a series (under the general editorship of Stephen Stich for Oxford University Press) on Evolution and Cognition. This series is sure to be of great value to those of us interested in the relation between these topics, and explicitly or implicitly, Gigerenzer et al. raise many important issues that are bound to be clarified and explored further in later volumes. The comment by Todd, Fiddick, and Krauss on my review of this first volume (Over, 2000) itself advances our understanding of these issues, but I think that there are important points to discuss immediately. Todd, Fiddick, and Krauss refer to the distinction between theoretical and practical reasoning, which, as they say, goes back to Aristotle (Audi, 1989), and they point out how we should focus on practical reasoning for the deepest understanding of rationality. This is a point that some of us have already made the basis of our analysis of rationality (Evans & Over, 1996, pp. 14–16; Evans, Over, & Manktelow, 1993). But it implies that people’s rationality should be defined in terms of the reliable achievement of their goals, and not, at the most basic level, in terms of the rationality of highly specific heuristics. Yet like Gigerenzer et al., Todd, Fiddick, and Krauss continue to explain ecological rationality only as a property of these heuristics. We can illustrate the problem here by noting that we have some really elementary heuristic or module for identifying foods high in fat or sugar as nice to eat. Such a disposition was adaptive under primitive conditions, but it can cause most of us trouble much of the time in contemporary society, given that we have an underlying preference for good health and do not want to gain too much weight. A heuristic cannot be rational if its operation prevents us from reaching an overriding goal we have as whole individuals. Ecological or evolutionary arguments should help us to get new insights into practical reasoning. The classic problem (again going back to Aristotle) of this reasoning is weakness of the will (Over & Manktelow, 1993). We may give in to
Cortical NOS inhibition raises the lower limit of cerebral blood flow-arterial pressure autoregulation

Jones, Stephen C. , Carol R. Radinsky, Anthony J. Furlan, Douglas Chyatte, and Alejandro D. PerezTrepichio. Cortical NOS inhibition raises the lower limit of cerebral blood flow-arterial pressure autoregulation. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 45): H1253–H1262, 1999. — The maintenance of constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) as arterial blood pressure is reduced, commonly referred to as CBF-pressure autoregulation, is typically characterized by a plateau until the vasodilatory capacity is exhausted at the lower limit, after which flow falls linearly with pressure. We investigated the effect of cortical, as opposed to systemic, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition on the lower limit of CBF-pressure autoregulation. Forty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane and N2O in O2. With a closed cranial window placed the previous day in a ventilated and physiologically stable preparation, we determined the CBF using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Animals with low reactivity to inhaled CO2 and suffused ADP or ACh were excluded. Five arterial pressures from 100 to 40 mmHg were obtained with controlled hemorrhagic hypotension under cortical suffusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and then again after suffusion for 35 (n 5 5) and 105 min (n 5 10) with aCSF, 1023 M Nv-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; n 5 12), or 1023 M Nv-nitro-D-arginine (D-NNA; n 5 5). An additional group (n 5 7) was studied after a 105-min suffusion of L-NNA followed by a single blood withdrawal procedure. The lower limit of autoregulation was identified visually by four blinded reviewers as a change in the slope of the five-point plot of CBF vs. mean arterial blood pressure. The lower limit of 90 6 4.3 mmHg after 105 min of 1 mM L-NNA suffusion was increased compared with the value in the time-control group of 75 6 5.3 mmHg (P , 0.01; ANOVA) and the initial value of 67 6 3.7 mmHg (P , 0.001). The lower limit of 84 6 5.9 mmHg in seven animals with 105 min of suffusion of 1 mM L-NNA without previous blood withdrawal was significantly increased (P , 0.01) in comparison with 70 6 1.9 mmHg from those with just aCSF suffusion (n 5 37). No changes in lower limit for the other agents or conditions, including 105 or 35 min of aCSF or 35 min of L-NNA suffusion, were detected. The lack of effect on the lower limit with D-NNA suffusion suggests an enzymatic mechanism, and the lengthy L-NNA exposure of 105 min, but not 35 min, suggests inhibition of a diffusionally distant NOS source that mediates autoregulation. Thus cortical suffusion of L-NNA raises the lower limit of autoregulation, strongly suggesting that nitric oxide is at least one of the vasodilators active during hypotension as arterial pressure is reduced from normal.
Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation

Informal verbal interaction is the core matrix for human social life. A mechanism for coordinating this basic mode of interaction is a system of turn-taking that regulates who is to speak and when. Yet relatively little is known about how this system varies across cultures. The anthropological literature reports significant cultural differences in the timing of turn-taking in ordinary conversation. We test these claims and show that in fact there are striking universals in the underlying pattern of response latency in conversation. Using a worldwide sample of 10 languages drawn from traditional indigenous communities to major world languages, we show that all of the languages tested provide clear evidence for a general avoidance of overlapping talk and a minimization of silence between conversational turns. In addition, all of the languages show the same factors explaining within-language variation in speed of response. We do, however, find differences across the languages in the average gap between turns, within a range of 250 ms from the cross-language mean. We believe that a natural sensitivity to these tempo differences leads to a subjective perception of dramatic or even fundamental differences as offered in ethnographic reports of conversational style. Our empirical evidence suggests robust human universals in this domain, where local variations are quantitative only, pointing to a single shared infrastructure for language use with likely ethological foundations.
Staying put? Towards a relational politics of mobility at a time of migration

Most research on labour migration from Central Asia has explored the motivations and strategies of those who move. Comparatively less attention has been given to the experience of family members who stay behind. This paper draws on ethnographic research amongst the wives of migrant husbands in a site of gendered out-migration in eastern Uzbekistan to explore diverse experiences of ‘staying put’. Whilst spousal absence is experienced by some women as expanding the possibilities for social and spatial mobility, for others it can exacerbate the degree of control exerted by in-laws. Through this ethnography the author argues for a relational politics of mobility: that is, attention to the ways in which the movement of some can constrain (or compel) the mobility of others. Gendered out-migration is both embedded in, and transforms, the domestic organization of honour (nomus), in ways that are socially consequential. In Central Asia, the author argues, a richer understanding of labour migration can be gained by bringing different scales of movement into the same analytical frame and by attending ethnographically to the habitual production of place.
SELF‐CONCEPT AND IMAGE CONGRUENCE: SOME RESEARCH AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

Self‐concept, despite its marketing relevance, has been overshadowed by other psychological concepts. The self‐concept is, however, significant and relevant to the study of consumer behavior because many purchases made by consumers are directly influenced by the image an individual has of himself. A fundamental question involves the process of the formation of the self‐concept. Several distinct qualities exist within the self‐concept, and once the self‐concept is established, these have a bearing upon the individual's behavior and his relationship with his objective, subjective, social, and ideal self. For marketers, an understanding of the self‐concept and self‐image can provide the means for developing more effective marketing programs. Consistency and congruence also play an important part in establishing the relationship between the self‐concept, the individual's image, and final purchase behavior. Other factors also play a part in the process and, in some situations, misunderstandings about their importance can result in less than effective marketing efforts. Careful research and analysis of the relevant factors affecting the self‐concept and their effect on purchase behavior can make for more effective market strategic planning. This article examines the various issues related to the marketing applicability of the self‐concept and discusses its implications in terms of research and market strategic planning.
Avoidance of Phrasal Verbs—A Case for Contrastive Analysis

Schachter (1974) drew attention to the importance, in error analysis, of examining not only the L2 forms actually produced by the learners of a foreign language in their attempts to express themselves in L2, but also the L2 forms they seem consistently to avoid using. She also noted the close interrelation between such avoidance phenomena and the Contrastive Analysis approach to L2 teaching and learning: avoidance is the reverse side of negative transfer, since learners tend to avoid using in L2 those structures that have no parallel in their L1 and therefore provide them with no pattern for transfer. Of course, as Kleinmann (1977) has pointed out, “avoidance” implies that the structure in question is known to (i.e., can be passively recognized by) the learners, but not freely used by them; failure to use a structure or word that is unknown to the learners is an indication merely of ignorance, not of learning difficulty. Now a prime constructive purpose of error analysis is (or should be) to identify the sources of a learner's difficulties, as a necessary preliminary to helping him or her overcome them. Hence the importance of genuine avoidance phenomena that, when properly identified, can throw light on what would otherwise remain hidden recesses of uncertainty in the learner's mind. Levenston (1971) has convincingly argued, with numerous illustrations, that avoidance (“under-representation” in his terminology) of various English “clause (or group) structures” by Hebrew-speaking learners of English can be explained by the lack of Hebrew “translation-equivalents” for the English structures in question and the learners' consequent choice of less appropriate but more L1-equivalent structures. However, since Levenston was concerned not with avoidance phenomena as such, but rather with the evidence they provide of L1 interference with L2 learning and their stylistic effect on the learner's L2, he took the phenomena in question as established facts (on the basis, presumably, of his own teaching experience), without attempting to examine their frequency and extent.
Realistic real-time audio rendering in virtual environments

Spatial audio rendering plays an important role in simulating realistic virtual environments. This report gives an overview. It contains an introduction to the physical background of sound and the psychophysical background of sound. Spatial audio in current applications such as video games is reviewed and an overview of acoustical simulations and applications with special interest in real-time application is given. Numerical and geometric methods are presented and compared.
Novel function of keratins 5 and 14 in proliferation and differentiation of stratified epithelial cells

Keratin expression in stratified epithelia is tightly regulated during squamous cell differentiation. Keratins 5 and 14 are expressed in mitotically active basal layer cells, but their function is not well defined. Reported here is the possible role of K14 in regulation of cell proliferation/differentiation in stratified epithelial cells.
Assessing historical exposure is like solving a mystery

Commentary on the paper by Brown and Rushton (see page 446) Brown and Rushton1 have conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of 2700 workers in the industrial sand industry. Work in the industrial sand industry results in exposure to crystalline silica, and the focus of the study was whether exposure to silica causes lung cancer. Retrospective exposure assessment, based on air measurements since 1978, and some assumptions about exposure before then, was used to estimate exposure levels for different jobs in the industry over time. The resulting job-exposure matrix was used to assign estimated exposure levels to each worker and to estimate cumulative silica exposure, which is commonly the exposure measure of interest for chronic diseases such as lung cancer. Brown and Rushton did not find an excess of lung cancer in this cohort compared to the general population (lung cancer SMR 0.99, 77 deaths), nor did they find any excess silicosis (only two silicosis deaths were observed). Furthermore, they did not find a positive exposure-response trend for lung cancer by cumulative exposure category (rate ratios of 1.0, 1.24, 1.42, and 0.88 by increasing exposure). Should this negative result be considered surprising? After all, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) declared in 1997 that crystalline silica was a group I (definite) human carcinogen, based on lung cancer findings across a large number of existing occupational studies and positive animal studies.2 The National Toxicology Program (NTP) (www.ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/toc11.html) in the USA followed this by declaring silica a known human carcinogen in 2000. Our own subsequent pooled analysis of 10 …
U.S. National Security Discourse and the Political Construction of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

ABSTRACT The controversy concerning oil development in the federally protected Arctic National Wildlife Refuge of Alaska is constituted by actors with multiple perspectives on security. Development of the region is often claimed by the Bush Administration as a national security imperative, necessary to alleviate U.S. dependence on foreign oil. Other participants in the debate, including environmentalists, oil companies, the Alaskan state government, organized labor, and Alaskans, perceive different threats and hold conflicting perspectives on security. This article adds to research on the “social construction of nature” by exploring the constitutive effects of the invocation of national security discourse on the refuge, both as a place and as the subject of national debate. It combines perspectives on “social nature” and “critical geopolitics” to explore how this invocation helps construct notions of threat and identity within the debate. This is accomplished via textual analysis of articles of public argumentation, including congressional testimony, press releases, and both environmental and antienvironmental web sites.
Student-to-Student Tutoring in Economics.

While student-to-student tutoring has been used with some success in several disciplines, there have been relatively few evaluations of its impact in economics. This note reports on the impact of using student-to-student tutoring in freshman economics at Duke University. We conclude that this rather simple to implement teaching technique conveys notable benefits to those being tutored. Indeed, in the case being reported, student-to-student tutoring conveys positive impacts on student achievement in economics which are more than twice as large as either (a) the impact of having had high school economics, or (b) the impact of having had high school differential calculus.
A Recombinant Immunotoxin Targeting CD22 With Low Immunogenicity, Low Nonspecific Toxicity, and High Antitumor Activity in Mice

Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are genetically engineered proteins designed to kill cancer cells. The RIT HA22 contains the Fv portion of an anti-CD22 antibody fused to a 38 kDa fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38). As PE38 is a bacterial protein, patients frequently produce antibodies that neutralize its activity, preventing retreatment. We have earlier shown in mice that PE38 contains 7 major B-cell epitopes located in domains II and III of the protein. Here we present a new mutant RIT, HA22-LR-6X, in which we removed most B-cell epitopes by deleting domain II and mutating 6 residues in domain III. HA22-LR-6X is cytotoxic to several lymphoma cell lines, has very low nonspecific toxicity, and retains potent antitumor activity in mice with CA46 lymphomas. To assess its immunogenicity, we immunized 3 MHC-divergent strains of mice with 5 μg doses of HA22-LR-6X, and found that HA22-LR-6X elicited significantly lower antibody responses than HA22 or other mutant RITs with fewer epitopes removed. Furthermore, large (50 μg) doses of HA22-LR-6X induced markedly lower antibody responses than 5 μg of HA22, indicating that high doses can be administered with low immunogenicity. Our experiments show that we have correctly identified and removed B-cell epitopes from PE38, producing a highly active immunotoxin with low immunogenicity and low animal toxicity. Future studies will determine if these properties carry over to humans with cancer.
A 1V 5mA multimode IEEE 802.15.6/bluetooth low-energy WBAN transceiver for biotelemetry applications

In recent years there has been significant interest and growth in low-power wireless technologies beyond traditional consumer use cases into medical applications [1]. Previously a bastion for application specific wireless propriety protocols, the WBAN community has worked together to develop a communication standard IEEE802.15. 6 optimised for low power devices in and around the human body offering the levels of QoS required for personal medical data. Additionally, the consumer electronic industry has migrated existing standardised wireless protocols such as Bluetooth to meet the demanding low energy yet robust needs of WBAN. This paper presents a transceiver chip for both IEEE802.15. 6 Narrow-Band (NB) PHY draft [2] and Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) 4.0 standards as well as proprietary protocols. Multi-mode operation offers the best solution in terms of flexibility and interoperability between devices and networks, and the appropriate protocol can be chosen to optimise power consumption in numerous applications scenarios where data throughput varies dramatically; such as streaming multi-lead ECG or episodic temperature measurements. The chip operates in the 2.36GHz MBANs spectrum, specifically allocated for medical devices, and the worldwide 2.4GHz ISM band. A TX for the 780/868/915/950MHz licence-free bands in China, EU, North America and Japan respectively, is also included. The chip is architected and designed for 5mW peak active power dissipation for compatibility with 1V button cells, hence enabling small-form factor non-intrusive body worn applications.
Quality of life among long‐term survivors of breast cancer: different types of antecedents predict different classes of outcomes

Quality of life (QOL) has many aspects, both in the short‐term and in the long‐term. Different aspects of QOL may have different types of precursors: demographic, medical, and psychosocial. We examined this possibility in a group of long‐term breast cancer survivors. Early‐stage breast cancer patients (N=163) who had provided information about medical, demographic, and psychosocial variables during the year after surgery completed a multidimensional measure of QOL 5–13 years later. Initial chemotherapy and higher stage predicted greater financial problems and greater worry about appearance at follow‐up. Being partnered at diagnosis predicted many psychosocial benefits at follow‐up. Hispanic women reported greater distress and social avoidance at follow‐up. Initial trait optimism predicted diverse aspects of better psychosocial QOL at follow‐up, but not other aspects of QOL. Thus, different aspects of QOL at long‐term follow‐up had different antecedents. Overall, psychological outcomes were predicted by psychosocial variables, presence of a partner at diagnosis, and ethnicity. Financial outcomes, in contrast, were predicted by medical variables, which otherwise predicted little about long‐term QOL. This divergence among aspects of QOL should receive closer attention in future work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ionic hydrogen bond and ion solvation. 5- OH.cntdot..cntdot..cntdot.O- bonds. Gas-phase solvation and clustering of alkoxide and carboxylate anions.

Dissociation energies, . delta.H/sup 0//sub D/, of RO/sup -/ x HOR, RCOO/sup -/ x HOR, and RCOO/sup -/ x HOOCR complexes range from 14 to 29 kcal/mol. Large values of . delta.H/sup 0//sub D/ are observed for the symmetric dimers CH/sub 3/O/sup -/ x HOCH/sub 3/ (28.8 kcal/mol) and CH/sub 3/COO/sup -/ x HOOCCH/sub 3/ (29.3 kcal/mol). delta.H/sup 0//sub D/ decreases as the difference between the acidities of the components increase; e.g., for dimers with large . delta delta.H/sup 0//sub acid/ such as CH/sub 3/COO/sup -/ x H/sub 2/O and HCOO/sup -/ x H/sub 2/O (.delta delta.H/sup 0//sub acid/ = 42.2 and 45.5 kcal/mol, respectively), . delta.H/sup 0//sub D/ = 16.0 kcal/mol. For 13 dimers, a linear correlation of the form . delta.H/sup 0//sub D/ = 28.4 - 0.29 . delta delta.H/sup 0//sub acid/ is obtained. Some dimers deviate substantially from the correlation, suggesting special structural effects. For example, the large value of . delta.H/sup 0//sub D/ = 36.8 kcal/mol for HCOO/sup -/ x HOOCH suggests double hydrogen bonding, involving a CH.O/sup -/ type bond. On the other hand, the data suggest that only one hydrogen bond is formed in RCOO/sup -/ x H/sub 2/O. Comparison between anionic and cationic hydrogen bonded systems shows that the bondingmore » energies are similar for RO/sup -/ x B and ROH/sub 2//sup +/ x B complexes involving the same ligand B, suggesting primarily electrostatic interactions in both, while RCOO/sup -/ x B is weaker by 4-6 kcal/mol than RCOOH/sub 2//sup +/ x B, probably due to charge delocalization in RCOO/sup -/. « less
Pharmacotherapy of obstructive sleep apnea

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a common public health problem in the general population. The important health-related consequences of obstructive sleep apnea include cardiovascular disorders, such as myocardial infarction and hypertension, stroke, sudden death and difficult blood sugar control related to diabetes mellitus. The current main treatment options include body weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure, oral appliances and surgical treatment. The effects of pharmacotherapy on sleep apnea continue to be controversial and supplemental only. Current medications for sleep apnea mainly act through reducing risk factors, treating predisposing endocrine disorders, improving residual sleepiness post management and controlling associated hypertension and metabolic disorders. Areas covered: This article discusses the pharmacotherapy of sleep apnea, including ventilatory stimulants, serotoninergic and REM sleep suppressant agents, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, medications for predisposing endocrine disorders, stimulants, associated sleep apnea health problems and sleep apnea patient anesthetic precaution. Weight loss is not a direct pharmacological approach and is only briefly mentioned. Expert opinion: At present, there is no appropriate pharmacological treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. There are adjunct treatments such as anti-allergy treatment, and, if residual sleepiness is present, nonamphetaminic stimulants can help. Usage of these stimulants will, however, produce negative effects in an anticipated rate of about 10% of subjects taking these medications.