Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of polysol, a newly developed preservation solution, on cold storage of steatotic rat livers

Chronic shortage of donor organs has led to acceptance of steatotic livers as grafts, although there is a higher risk of primary graft dysfunction. We herein report the beneficial impact of Polysol, a newly developed preservation solution, on cold storage of steatotic rat livers. Dietary hepatic steatosis was induced in Wistar rats by 2‐day fasting and subsequent 3‐day re‐feeding with a fat‐free, carbohydrate‐rich diet. Fatty livers were retrieved, flushed and then stored at 4°C for 24 hours with either HTK or Polysol. Functional integrity of the grafts was evaluated by isolated reperfusion with oxygenated Krebs‐Henseleit buffer at 37°C for 45 minutes in both groups. Polysol preservation resulted in significant reductions of not only parenchymal (AST (IU/L); 6728±824 in HTK vs. 3107±718 in Polysol; P < 0.001) but also mitochondrial (GLDH (IU/L); 3189±773 vs. 1282±365; P < 0.01) enzyme release throughout reperfusion. Moreover, PVP (16.9±2.7 vs. 7.8±1.5 mmHg; P < 0.05), hepatic O2 consumption (0.291±0.047 vs. 1.056±0.053 μmol/g liver/min; P < 0.001), tissue ATP content (0.695±0.086 vs. 1.340±0.157 μmol/g dry‐liver; P < 0.005), bile production (0.79±0.11 vs. 4.08±0.66 μL/g liver/45‐min; P < 0.001), malondialdehyde into the perfusate (1.922±0.198 vs. 0.573±0.094 nmol/L; P < 0.0001) and wet/dry‐weight ratio of the liver tissues (5.20±0.31 vs. 3.85±0.15; P < 0.005) were all better preserved by Polysol. In line with these benefits, electron microscopy revealed that Polysol preservation substantially suppressed deleterious mitochondrial alterations in steatotic livers. In conclusion, cold storage using Polysol resulted in significantly better integrity and function of steatotic livers. Polysol, therefore, may be a new alternative especially for “marginal” organs. Liver Transpl, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Social Capital Formation in Rural, Urban and Suburban Communities

In this paper, we define social capital from different perspectives and show how it is linked to the concept of a community. Based on these definitions, a conceptual framework for analyzing and measuring social capital and its indicators is developed. A typology for analyzing social capital is then created based on different types of communities. The characteristics of three prototype communities–a small rural community, a modern city suburb, and a community located in the core of a central city are outlined. For each prototype community, social capital formation strategies and indicators suggesting evidence of social capital are identified. Implications for future research efforts dealing with social capital are discussed.
Synaptic Pharmacology of the Hippocampus

There is a wealth of information available regarding the complex synaptic pharmacology of the mammalian hippocampus. It is clear that many neurotransmitters are present in the hippocampus. Fig. 3 is an attempt to summarize in a schematic manner some of the synaptic connections of this structure and the neurotransmitters involved. The pyramidal cell and its inputs are shown and how various neurotransmitters modify its action in an excitatory (+) and inhibitory (-) manner. The hippocampus is an excellent model system for studying not only normal brain physiology, but also pathologic processes such as seizures, aging, etc. In view of the important role of the hippocampus in learning and memory and other brain functions, it is essential that the detailed synaptic mechanisms of the hippocampus be thoroughly understood. The present review is an attempt to integrate our knowledge of this structure into a rational basis for understanding how it functions and how it can be modified by pharmacological agents.
Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris Is Susceptible to Salivary Histatin 5 Killing and to Intrinsic Host Defenses

ABSTRACT Candida auris is a newly identified species causing invasive candidemia and candidiasis. It has broad multidrug resistance (MDR) not observed for other pathogenic Candida species. Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a well-studied salivary cationic peptide with significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans and is an attractive candidate for treating MDR fungi, since antimicrobial peptides induce minimal drug resistance. We investigated the susceptibility of C. auris to Hst 5 and neutrophils, two first-line innate defenses in the human host. The majority of C. auris clinical isolates, including fluconazole-resistant strains, were highly sensitive to Hst 5: 55 to 90% of cells were killed by use of 7.5 μM Hst 5. Hst 5 was translocated to the cytosol and vacuole in C. auris cells; such translocation is required for the killing of C. albicans by Hst 5. The inverse relationship between fluconazole resistance and Hst 5 killing suggests different cellular targets for Hst 5 than for fluconazole. C. auris showed higher tolerance to oxidative stress than C. albicans, and higher survival within neutrophils, which correlated with resistance to oxidative stress in vitro. Thus, resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is likely one, though not the only, important factor in the killing of C. auris by neutrophils. Hst 5 has broad and potent candidacidal activity, enabling it to combat MDR C. auris strains effectively.
Expression of Rapeseed Microsomal Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase Isozymes Enhances Seed Oil Content in Arabidopsis1

In higher plants, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), located in the cytoplasmic endomembrane compartment, plays an essential role in the synthesis of phosphatidic acid, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids in all tissues and storage lipids in developing seeds. In order to assess the contribution of LPAATs to the synthesis of storage lipids, we have characterized two microsomal LPAAT isozymes, the products of homoeologous genes that are expressed in rapeseed (Brassica napus). DNA sequence homologies, complementation of a bacterial LPAAT-deficient mutant, and enzymatic properties confirmed that each of two cDNAs isolated from a Brassica napus immature embryo library encoded a functional LPAAT possessing the properties of a eukaryotic pathway enzyme. Analyses in planta revealed differences in the expression of the two genes, one of which was detected in all rapeseed tissues and during silique and seed development, whereas the expression of the second gene was restricted predominantly to siliques and developing seeds. Expression of each rapeseed LPAAT isozyme in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in the production of seeds characterized by a greater lipid content and seed mass. These results support the hypothesis that increasing the expression of glycerolipid acyltransferases in seeds leads to a greater flux of intermediates through the Kennedy pathway and results in enhanced triacylglycerol accumulation.
Systemic and regional blood flows during graded treadmill exercise in dogs.

The purpose of the study was to describe hemodynamic response and regional blood flows through various organs and tissues (microsphere technique) in dogs (n = 8), at rest and during mild (4 km/h, 13% slope; heart rate = 154 bpm), moderate (4 km/h, 26% slope; heart rate = 201 bpm), and severe (4 km/h, 39% slope; heart rate = 266 bpm) exercise on treadmill. Cardiac output (rest: 3.2 +/- 0.3; 39% slope: 10.2 +/- 1.3 l/min; mean +/- SE), systolic aortic pressure (rest: 122 +/- 4; 39% slope: 158 +/- 9 mm Hg), and left atrial pressure (rest: 5 +/- 0.7; 39% slope: 11.0 +/- 0.6 mm Hg) increased linearly with workload. On the contrary stroke volume increased from rest (35 +/- 2 ml) to mild (38 +/- 2 ml) and moderate (42 +/- 3 ml) exercise but decreased in response to the severe workload (38 +/- 5 ml). Regional blood flows across the brain, femoral bone, adrenal glands and temporalis muscle were not modified during exercise. On the contrary, a marked increase in regional blood flow was observed through the flexor and extensor muscles of the limb (X 5 to X 15), the muscles of the back (X 4) and the diaphragm (X 2.5). The small inconsistent increase in nutritional tongue blood flow probably underestimated the increased perfusion through arteriovenous shunts in the mucosa for heat-loss purposes. Myocardial blood flow increased in a linear fashion with work load in both ventricles. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Probiotic Guideline for Necrotizing Enterocolitis Prevention in Very Low-Birth-Weight Neonates

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal emergency that leads to inflammation and intestinal necrosis. Although probiotics can decrease the incidence of NEC, consistent recommendations for probiotic administration to very low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates are lacking. Here, the best available evidence is reviewed and a practice guideline for probiotic administrations to VLBW neonates is described. A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE, and the strength of evidence was classified using the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine classification schema. Probiotics for VLBW neonates may decrease the incidence of NEC. Providers may choose to give probiotics to VLBW neonates at risk of acquiring NEC in facilities with a high NEC incidence. Clinicians must monitor infants for possible adverse effects. Contraindications for probiotic use include extremely low birth weight, clinical instability, abnormal abdominal examination, the presence of congenital abnormalities, post-NEC, stage III asphyxia, and umbilical catheters.
Production and marketing innovations in Fair Trade and organic coffee cooperatives in the Cordoba-Huatusco corridor in Veracruz, Mexico

The conditions brought about by neoliberal policies represented challenges, but also opportunities, for smallholder coffee cooperatives (SCCs) and their farmers to change practices. This study focuses on the production, processing, marketing, and organizational innovations that result from coffee farmers taking the decision to form cooperatives for the purpose of marketing their coffee as a specialty crop (Fair Trade/organic) rather than simply as a commodity. These innovations are examined at both the level of the cooperative and the individual farm. Field research was conducted in the Cordoba-Huatusco corridor from July to October 2013, where six coffee cooperatives and an independent group of seven conventional farmers agreed to participate in this study. For SCCs, challenges, such as increasing production costs, stagnant coffee prices, and lack of low-or moderate-interest credit options, have reduced their opportunities to make a living through their participation in the coffee value chain. Chapter 2 examines how changes in agricultural policies, particularly government financial support programs for the coffee sector, have influenced the responses of SCCs to changes in the market. Since market liberalization occurred in Mexico, the Mexican government implemented several economic policies to comply with the rules and regulations imposed by international organizations. Multinational corporations vertically integrated in the value chain have become principal actors in international coffee markets. Within markets, cooperatives that received Fair Trade payment for their coffee production attributed their increasing incomes to the following factors. 1) Farmers received more training to improve record keeping; 2) Cooperative leaders are more familiar with procedures and paperwork to obtain certification and re-certification annually on time; and 3) Investments in infrastructure, training, and professionals hired have led to an
Efficient energy utilization based on task distribution and cooling airflow management in a data center

With the recent emergence of smartphones, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), our society has become more dependent on the Internet. In these circumstances, increasing energy consumption in data centers is becoming a crucial problem worldwide and data center managers are required to run them efficiently in terms of energy consumption. This study aims to reduce cooling airflow energy by achieving appropriate task distribution and adding a shutter control system, which reduces the energy consumption of an air-conditioner. In most cases, servers tend to be unnecessarily cooled at low temperatures, even when their exhaust temperatures are not high. Our proposed method solves this problem by using shutter control and introducing a task allocation method. We built an experimental rack model and implemented our proposed control system, validating it with a real HTTP data request. The results show that our experimental system reduces the cooling airflow energy by 4.4%.
Protective Effect of Vitamin E and N-Nitro L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) on Cigarette Induced Kidney Damage

Sigara, tutun bitkisinin yapraklarindan elde edilen ve bircok insan tarafindan rahatlatici etkisi olduguna inanilan bir maddedir. Sigara bilesenlerinin, oksidatif stres maruziyeti nedeniyle bobrek fonksiyonu uzerinde olumsuz etkileri oldugu bilinmektedir. E vitamini organizmayi cesitli mekanizmalarla koruyan ve hucresel boyutta hasari onleyen onemli bir antioksidan olarak bilinir. L-NAME nitrik oksit (NO) sentaz enzimini inhibe ederek NO olusumunu azaltir ve reaktif turlerin neden oldugu oksidatif hasari azaltmaya katkida bulunur. Bu calismada, sigara maruziyetinin sican bobrekleri uzerindeki etkisini ve E vitamini ile L-NAME'nin koruyucu etkilerini arastirmayi amacladik. Bu amacla, kirk bes erkek albino sican bes gruba ayrildi: kontrol, sigara, sigara + E vitamini, sigara + L-NAME, sigara + E vitamini + L-NAME. Sicanlar, ozel kafeslerde inhalasyon ile sigara dumanina maruz birakilmis ve 42 gun boyunca her gun tedavi gruplarina 200 mg/kg BW Vitamin E ve/veya 50 mg/kg BW L-NAME intraperitoneal olarak uygulanmistir. 42. gunun sonunda, sicanlarin bobrek dokulari ve kani biyokimyasal ve histolojik analiz icin alindi. Sican serumunda kreatinin ve kan ure azotu (BUN) ile bobrek dokusu homojenatinda malondialdehid (MDA), glutatyon (GSH) ve katalaz (CAT) olcumleri yapildi. Sigaraya maruz kalan sicanlarda serumda kreatinin, BUN ve dokuda ise MDA duzeyleri anlamli olarak artmisken, GSH duzeyleri ve CAT aktivitesi anlamli olarak azaldi. Serumda kreatinin, BUN, dokuda ise MDA, GSH duzeyleri ve CAT aktivitesinin tedavi gruplarinda normalize oldugu goruldu (p<0.05). Histolojik incelemeler, tedavi gruplarinda iyilesme oldugunu gosterdi. Bu calismada sigara maruziyetinden kaynaklanan bobrek hasarinin, E vitamini ve L-NAME kullanimi ile duzeltilebilecegi gorulmustur.
Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology Maximum Likelihood for Genome Phylogeny on Gene Content

With the rapid growth of entire genome data, reconstructing the phylogenetic relationship among different genomes has become a hot topic in comparative genomics. Maximum likelihood approach is one of the various approaches, and has been very successful. However, there is no reported study for any applications in the genome tree-making mainly due to the lack of an analytical form of a probability model and/or the complicated calculation burden. In this paper we studied the mathematical structure of the stochastic model of genome evolution, and then developed a simplified likelihood function for observing a specific phylogenetic pattern under four genome situation using gene content information. We use the maximum likelihood approach to identify phylogenetic trees. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method works well and can identify trees with a high correction rate. Real data application provides satisfied results. The approach developed in this paper can serve as the basis for reconstructing phylogenies of more than four genomes.
A circular polarization selective surface employing Jerusalem cross-based polarizers

This paper presents a circular polarization selective surface formed through cascading a linear polarizer with a low reflection circular polarizer based on Jerusalem cross unit cells. The small cell size and low reflectivity of the circular polarizer allows the design process to be modularized whereby each component is synthesized separately, simplifying the design methodology and reducing the computational costs. The sub-wavelength CPSS cell is approximately 0. 13λ×0. 13λ, has a profile of ∼0. 7λ, and offers axial ratios of 1 dB and 3 dB over 4.4% and 11.1% fractional bandwidths at around 20 GHz, respectively.
Kernel-based Nonlinear Fit with Total Least Square(TLS) Method

In this paper, on the basis of linear fit in the total least square(TLS) method sense, we proposed a method of nonlinear fit in the TLS method sense via kernel representation. Namely, by using an appropriate kernel function, the problems of nonlinear fit can be transformed to the problems of linear fit without paying the computational penalty and without the precondition that the fitting function type of the data points is known. The experimental results show that the algorithm presented in this paper is available.
Biochemical safety profiles of gadolinium‐based extracellular contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Gadolinium (Gd)‐based paramagnetic contrast agents are relatively safe when used in clinically recommended doses. However, with the rapidly expanding body of literature linking Gd‐based paramagnetic contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), awareness of the potential side effects and adverse reactions from Gd is now an important requirement for practicing radiologists. In addition to the ongoing accumulation and analyses of clinical NSF data, it is also essential for the practicing radiologist to understand the biochemical characteristics of the extracellular Gd‐chelates. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and update the available information on known side effects, adverse reactions, and toxicity of the Gd chelates, with particular emphasis on the potential mechanisms of NSF. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1190–1197. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Novel Supervised Text Classifier from a Small Training Set

Text classification methods have been evaluated on supervised classification tasks of large datasets showing high accuracy. Nevertheless, due to the fact that these classifiers, to obtain a good performance on a test set, need to learn from many examples, some difficulties may be found when they are employed in real contexts. In fact, most users of a practical system do not want to carry out labeling tasks for a long time only to obtain a better level of accuracy. They obviously prefer algorithms that have high accuracy, but do not require a large amount of manual labeling tasks. In this paper we propose a new supervised method for single-label text classification, based on a mixed Graph of Terms, that is capable of achieving a good performance, in term of accuracy, when the size of the training set is 1% of the original. The mixed Graph of Terms can be automatically extracted from a set of documents following a kind of term clustering technique weighted by the probabilistic topic model. The method has been tested on the top 10 classes of the ModApte split from the Reuters-21578 dataset and learnt on 1% of the original training set. Results have confirmed the discriminative property of the graph and have confirmed that the proposed method is comparable with existing methods learnt on the whole training set.
Exchange Rate Volatility Analysis of the Rwandan Franc (1990-2010)

This study analyses the volatility of foreign exchange rate and its causes in the Rwandan Economy and then derives appropriate statistical models for forecasting the foreign exchange rate of that economy. Univariate volatility and conventional time series models are applied to the exchange rate data and their forecasting powers compared using a set of accuracy measures like AIC, Log Likelihood and BIC. The study also sought to investigate whether News affect exchange rates of Rwanda. The News includes the genocide of 1994 and the country’s joining of EAC in July 2007. Significant volatility models are obtained for Rwandan exchange rate data implying that the concept of volatility has relevance in this particular economy. The models both symmetric and asymmetric used in this research are GARCH and its family of models like EGARCH. The EVIEWS statistical package is used in the analysis. The models obtained indicated that the Rwanda exchange rate is highly volatile and is affected by news. The 1994 genocide was found to increase the exchange rate volatility while the integration of the economy into the East African Community was found to reduce the exchange rate volatility. The country is therefore encouraged to open up its economy to the outside markets especially those in the region. This will not only reduce the exchange rate volatility but also Original Research Article British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 4(4): 654-671, 2014 655 encourage both local and foreign investors.
Racial and ethnic differences in utilization of mental health services among high-risk youths.

OBJECTIVE Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health service use have been identified as a major public health problem. However, the extent to which these disparities may be accounted for by other confounding sociodemographic or clinical predictors of service use (e.g., family income, functional impairment, caregiver strain) is relatively unexplored, especially for youth services. The goal of this study was to test for racial/ethnic disparities in use of a variety of outpatient, inpatient, and informal mental health services among high-risk youths, with the effects of other predictive factors controlled. METHOD Participants were 1,256 youths ages 6-18 years who received services in a large, publicly funded system of care (including the child welfare, juvenile justice, special education, alcohol and drug abuse, and mental health service sectors). Youths and caregivers were interviewed with established measures of mental health service use, psychiatric diagnoses, functional impairment, caregiver strain, and parental depression. RESULTS Significant racial/ethnic group differences in likelihood of receiving any mental health service and, specifically, formal outpatient services were found after the effects of potentially confounding variables were controlled. Race/ethnicity did not exert a significant effect on the use of informal or 24-hour-care services. CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic disparities in service use remain a public health problem.
Faulty spindle checkpoint and cohesion protein activities predispose oocytes to premature chromosome separation and aneuploidy

Aneuploidy accounts for a major proportion of human reproductive failures, mental and physical anomalies, and neoplasms. To heighten our understanding of normal and abnormal chromosome segregation, additional information is needed about the underlying molecular mechanisms of chromosome segregation. Although many hypotheses have been proposed for the etiology of human aneuploidy, there has not been general acceptance of any specific hypothesis. Moreover, it is important to recognize that many potential mechanisms exist whereby chromosome missegregation may occur. One area for investigating aneuploidy centers on the biochemical changes that take place during oocyte maturation. In this regard, recent results have shown that faulty mRNA of spindle‐assembly checkpoint proteins and chromosome cohesion proteins may lead to aneuploidy. Also, postovulatory and in vitro aging of mouse oocytes has been shown to lead to decreased levels of Mad2 transcripts and elevated frequencies of premature centromere separation. The intent of this review is to highlight the major events surrounding chromosome segregation and to present the published results that support the premise that faulty chromosome cohesion proteins and spindle checkpoint proteins compromise accurate chromosome segregation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.