Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: an examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.
Application of Anand-Type Viscoplastic Solder Material Model for Thermal Stress Analysis/Life Prediction of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Module

Aiming at understanding the structural integrity of a concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) module configuration, Finite Element (FE) thermal stress analysis is carried out in this investigation. Nonlinear viscoplastic analysis using the temperature profile of CPV cell fatigue test, is performed to evaluate the structure strength and subsequently predict the life of a CPV module. The result reveals that the maximum characteristic stresses of the PV cell components and heat sink are below the strength allowable for the corresponding materials under both the steady-state and over-night idle conditions. Critical locations on the solder that are potentially susceptible to structural failure after a few thousand thermal cycles due to excessive shear stress are identified. A rough estimation of the module life is provided and compared with the fatigue test. This investigation provides firsthand understanding of the structural integrity of CPV modules and is thus beneficial for the solar energy community.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Eventually consistent failure detectors

The concept of unreliable failure detector was introduced by T.D. Chandra and S. Toueg (1996) as a mechanism that provides information about process failures. This mechanism has been used to solve different problems in asynchronous systems, in particular the Consensus problem. In this paper, we present a new class of unreliable failure detectors, which we call Eventually Consistent and denote by /spl square/C. This class adds to the failure detection capabilities of other classes an eventual leader election capability. This capability allows all correct processes to eventually choose the same correct process as leader. We study the relationship between /spl square/C and other classes of failure detectors. We also propose an efficient algorithm to trans form /spl square/C into /spl square/P in models of partial synchrony. Finally, to show the power of this new class of failure detectors, we present a Consensus algorithm based on /spl square/C. This algorithm successfully exploits the leader election capability of the failure detector and performs better in number of rounds than all the previously proposed algorithms for failure detectors with eventual accuracy.
Application of Extended Modal Operators as a Tool for Constructing Inclusion Indicators over Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

In this paper, we revisit the notion of inclusion for intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). Applying the extended modal logic operators Dα over IFSs, we construct a new class of two–valued inclusion indicators; we compare it to the original proposal from [1]; and finally we exploit it to define an intuitively meaningful notion of graded inclusion indicators over IFSs, parallelling and clarifying earlier work on (direct) generalizations of fuzzy inclusion measures.
Rheology of concentrated solutions of poly(γ-benzyl-glutamate)

Steady shear viscosity, dynamic viscosity, dynamic modulus, and normal force were measured via rotational rheometry for concentrated solutions of racemic mixtures of poly(benzyl-glutamate) and poly(benzyl-D-glutamate) in m-cresol. A transition from the isotropic state to liquid-crystalline order with increase in concentration was indicated by optical anisotropy and maxima in all four material functions. This occurred at a critical concentration higher than the Flory prediction. Over a well-defined range of concentrations and shear stresses, some of the liquid-crystalline solutions exhibited negative first normal-stress differences that were not due to inertial effects.
A Review on Rice Bran Protein: Its Properties and Extraction Methods

Rice bran protein has been found to be of high quality and of importance for food and pharmaceutical applications. It is a plant protein that can be derived from rice bran, an abundant and cheap agricultural byproduct. The protein content in rice bran is about 10-15% and it consists of 37% water-soluble, 31% salt-soluble, 2% alcohol-soluble, and 27% alkali-soluble storage proteins. Its unique property as being hypoallergenic and having anti-cancer activity makes it a superior cereal protein that may find a wide range of applications. There were already reports on the extraction of rice bran protein several decades ago. However, as of now, commercial rice bran protein is still unavailable in the market. This review is aimed at providing valuable discussions on rice bran protein, that is, storage protein, its various properties, and extraction methods for the development of an effective processing scheme. Also, an update on the current processing methods is also included.
Personal Email Networks: An Effective Anti-Spam Tool

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095(Dated: February 3, 2004)We provide an automated graph theoretic method for identifying individual users’ trusted net-works of friends in cyberspace. We routinely use our social networks to judge the trustworthiness ofoutsiders, i.e., to decide where to buy our next car, or to ﬁnd a good mechanic for it. In this work,we show that an email user may similarly use his email network, constructed solely from sender andrecipient information available in the email headers, to distinguish between unsolicited commercialemails, commonly called “spam”, and emails associated with his circles of friends. We exploit theproperties of social networks to construct an automated anti-spam tool which processes an individualuser’s personal email network to simultaneously identify the user’s core trusted networks of friends,as well as subnetworks generated by spams. In our empirical studies of individual mail boxes, ouralgorithm classiﬁed approximately 53% of all emails as spam or non-spam, with 100% accuracy.Some of the emails are left unclassiﬁed by this network analysis tool. However, one can exploittwo of the following useful features. First, it requires no user intervention or supervised training;second, it results in no false negatives i.e., spam being misclassiﬁed as non-spam, or vice versa. Wedemonstrate that these two features suggest that our algorithm may be used as a platform for acomprehensive solution to the spam problem when used in concert with more sophisticated, butmore cumbersome, content-based ﬁlters. I. INTRODUCTION
Use of Semantic Knowledge Base for Enhancement of Coherence of Code-mixed Topic-Based Aspect Clusters

In social media code-mixing is getting very popular due to which there is enormous generation of noisy and sparse multilingual text which exhibits high dispersion of useful topics which people discuss. Also, the semantics is expressed across random occurrence of code-mixed words. In this paper, we propose c ode-m ixed k nowledge based LDA (cmk-LDA), which infers latent topic based aspects from code-mixed social media data. We experimented on FIRE 2014, a code-mixed corpus and showed that with the help of semantic knowledge from multilingual external knowledge base, cmk-LDA learns coherent topic-based aspects across languages and improves topic inter-pretibility and topic distinctiveness better than the baseline models . The same is shown to have agreed with human judgment.
Fly division

S Tumps in animal cells (reviewed by Rappaport, 1986; Satterwhite and Pollard, 1992; Fishkind and Wang, 1995) provide a view of cytokinesis whereby in each dividing cell, a contractile ring of interdigitated anti-parallel actin and bipolar myosin (nonmuscle myosin II) filaments forms in the equatorial region of the cell cortex, and then constricts, in purse string-like fashion, to pinch the cell in two. A number of key questions about this process remain unresolved. An understanding of the signal(s? ) that spatially and temporally orchestrate ring formation is lacking. A comprehensive catalog of the proteins that act in concert with actin and myosin to form the ring is also not yet available. In addition, our knowledge of how the ring is integrated into the cortex at large and is associated with the plasma membrane is only rudimentary. Finally, molecular mechanisms by which each protein contributes to the assembly of the complex, supramolecular structure of the ring and functions in chemomechanical force production are far from clear. The multidisciplinary approaches that are being applied in Drosophila are likely to provide insight into the many aspects of furrow function that remain poorly understood. Recently, genetic approaches have identified several new proteins that are required for cytokinesis and cell biological and biochemical methods have revealed proteins that localize in cytokinetic structures. Together, these findings have expanded the list of the molecules implicated in cytokinesis and are harbingers of a new understanding of cytokinesis at the molecular level.
Facilitators and barriers of stroke survivors in the early post-stroke phase

Purpose. To identify facilitators and barriers among persons with first-ever stroke discharged to the home in the first 3 months post-stroke by means of ICF categories. Method. Stroke survivors were interviewed using semi-structured questions based on the ICF categories of Environmental factors of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for Stroke (extended version) at 6 weeks and at 3 months post-stroke. Results. The study sample exists of 67 stroke survivors with an average age of 71 years (51% women). Eleven environmental factors from the ICF chapters ‘support and relationship’, ‘products and technology’ and ‘services, systems and policies’ were experienced to be facilitators and only ‘physical geography’ was experienced as a barrier by 50% or more of the participants in the study. Conclusions. It was possible to document facilitators and barriers among stroke survivors in a structured way using ICF categories. The high number of experienced facilitators gives an idea of how well stroke care functions in Sweden. There is a great need for further studies examining environmental factors in the post-stroke phase.
Study of CuO–SnO2 heterojunction nanostructures for enhanced CO gas sensing properties

In this study, a facile hydrothermal method was adopted to fabricate SnO2 and CuO–SnO2 nanoparticles. The CuO content was chosen as 5 mol. -% (sample 1), 10 mol. -% (sample 2) and 15 mol. -% (sample 3). Microstructures and surface morphologies for all samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A systematic comparison study reveals an enhanced gas sensing performance for the CuO–SnO2 gas sensor towards CO gas. The improved gas sensing properties are attributed to the formation of p–n junctions and the absorbed oxygen species as well as to the heterojunctions of the CuO to the SnO2 nanoparticles which provide additional reaction rooms. The results represent an advance of heterojuction nanostructures in further enhancing the functionality of gas sensors, and this simple method could be applicable to many sensing materials.
A Self-Adaptive Model-Based Wi-Fi Indoor Localization Method

This paper presents a novel method for indoor localization, developed with the main aim of making it useful for real-world deployments. Many indoor localization methods exist, yet they have several disadvantages in real-world deployments—some are static, which is not suitable for long-term usage; some require costly human recalibration procedures; and others require special hardware such as Wi-Fi anchors and transponders. Our method is self-calibrating and self-adaptive thus maintenance free and based on Wi-Fi only. We have employed two well-known propagation models—free space path loss and ITU models—which we have extended with additional parameters for better propagation simulation. Our self-calibrating procedure utilizes one propagation model to infer parameters of the space and the other to simulate the propagation of the signal without requiring any additional hardware beside Wi-Fi access points, which is suitable for real-world usage. Our method is also one of the few model-based Wi-Fi only self-adaptive approaches that do not require the mobile terminal to be in the access-point mode. The only input requirements of the method are Wi-Fi access point positions, and positions and properties of the walls. Our method has been evaluated in single- and multi-room environments, with measured mean error of 2–3 and 3–4 m, respectively, which is similar to existing methods. The evaluation has proven that usable localization accuracy can be achieved in real-world environments solely by the proposed Wi-Fi method that relies on simple hardware and software requirements.
Mercury vapor air–surface exchange measured by collocated micrometeorological and enclosure methods – Part II: Bias and uncertainty analysis

Abstract. Dynamic flux chambers (DFCs) and micrometeorological (MM) methods are extensively deployed for gauging air–surface Hg0 gas exchange. However, a systematic evaluation of the precision of the contemporary Hg0 flux quantification methods is not available. In this study, the uncertainty in Hg0 flux measured by the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method, the aerodynamic gradient method (AGM), the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method, as well as DFC of traditional (TDFC) and novel (NDFC) designs, are assessed using a robust data set from two field intercomparison campaigns. The absolute precision in Hg0 concentration difference (ΔC) measurements is estimated at 0.064 ng m−3 for the gradient-based MBR and AGM systems. For the REA system, the parameter is Hg0 concentration (C) dependent at 0.069 + 0.022C. During the campaigns, 57 and 62 % of the individual vertical gradient measurements are found to be significantly different from 0, while for the REA technique, the percentage of significant observations is lower. For the chambers, non-significant fluxes are confined to a few night-time periods with varying ambient Hg$^{0}$ concentrations. Relative bias for DFC-derived fluxes is estimated to be ~ ±10, and ~ 85% of the flux bias is within ±2 ng m−2 h−1 in absolute terms. The DFC flux bias follows a diurnal cycle, which is largely affected by the forced temperature and irradiation bias in the chambers. Due to contrasting prevailing micrometeorological conditions, the relative uncertainty (median) in turbulent exchange parameters differs by nearly a factor of 2 between the campaigns, while that in ΔC measurement is fairly consistent. The estimated flux uncertainties for the triad of MM techniques are 16–27, 12–23 and 19–31% (interquartile range) for the AGM, MBR and REA methods, respectively. This study indicates that flux-gradient-based techniques (MBR and AGM) are preferable to REA in quantifying Hg0 flux over ecosystems with low vegetation height. A limitation of all Hg0 flux measurement systems investigated is their inability to obtain synchronous samples for the calculation of ΔC. This reduces the precision of flux quantification, particularly in the MM systems under non-stationarity of ambient Hg0 concentration. For future applications, it is recommended to accomplish ΔC derivation from simultaneous collected samples.
How people use the web on mobile devices

This paper describes a series of user studies on how people use the Web via mobile devices. The data primarily comes from contextual inquiries with 47 participants between 2004 and 2007, and is complemented with a phone log analysis of 577 panelists in 2007. We report four key contextual factors in using the Web on mobile devices and propose mobile Web activity taxonomy. The framework contains three user activity categories identical to previous stationary Web studies: information seeking, communication, and transaction, and a new category: personal space extension. The new category refers to the practice that people put their content on the Web for personal access, therefore extending their personal information space.
Cytogenomic Evaluation of Subjects with Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Conotruncal Heart Defects

Despite considerable advances in the detection of genomic abnormalities in congenital heart disease (CHD), the etiology of CHD remains largely unknown. CHD is the most common birth defect and is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality, and conotruncal defects constitute 20% of all CHD cases. We used array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) to retrospectively study 60 subjects with conotruncal defects and identify genomic imbalances. The DNA copy number variations (CNVs) detected were matched with data from genomic databases, and their clinical significance was evaluated. We found that 38.3% (23/60) of CHD cases possessed genomic imbalances. In 8.3% (5/60) of these cases, the imbalances were causal or potentially causal CNVs; in 8.3% (5/60), unclassified CNVs were identified; and in 21.6% (13/60), common variants were detected. Although the interpretation of the results must be refined and there is not yet a consensus regarding the types of CHD cases in which array-CGH should be used as a first-line test, the identification of these CNVs can assist in the evaluation and management of CHD. The results of such studies emphasize the growing importance of the use of genome-wide assays in subjects with CHD to increase the number of genomic data sets associated with this condition.
THE OPTICALLY UNBIASED GRB HOST (TOUGH) SURVEY. III. REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION

We present 10 new gamma-ray burst (GRB) redshifts and another five redshift limits based on host galaxy spectroscopy obtained as part of a large program conducted at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The redshifts span the range 0.345 ⩽ z ≲ 2.54. Three of our measurements revise incorrect values from the literature. The homogeneous host sample researched here consists of 69 hosts that originally had a redshift completeness of 55% (with 38 out of 69 hosts having redshifts considered secure). Our project, including VLT/X-shooter observations reported elsewhere, increases this fraction to 77% (53/69), making the survey the most comprehensive in terms of redshift completeness of any sample to the full Swift depth, analyzed to date. We present the cumulative redshift distribution and derive a conservative, yet small, associated uncertainty. We constrain the fraction of Swift GRBs at high redshift to a maximum of 14% (5%) for z > 6 (z > 7). The mean redshift of the host sample is assessed to be 〈z〉 ≳ 2.2, with the 10 new redshifts reducing it significantly. Using this more complete sample, we confirm previous findings that the GRB rate at high redshift (z ≳ 3) appears to be in excess of predictions based on assumptions that it should follow conventional determinations of the star formation history of the universe, combined with an estimate of its likely metallicity dependence. This suggests that either star formation at high redshifts has been significantly underestimated, for example, due to a dominant contribution from faint, undetected galaxies, or that GRB production is enhanced in the conditions of early star formation, beyond that usually ascribed to lower metallicity.
Converter life enhancement through optimisation of operating practices

Converter lining life is an important technical and economic concern of the steelmaking process. An increase in lining life decreases refractory consumption and reduces steelmaking costs. Increased availability of furnaces increases production rates and steel yield. Extended lining life was achieved by utilising the slag as a consumable refractory by splashing it over the lining. Slag splashing is a simple and effective technique followed worldwide to increase the converter life. This paper highlights the online study on various operating parameters and slag characteristics for consistent slag splashing in a 130 t converter. Parameters such as lance height, blow pattern, gas flowrate, bottom purging flowrates, tapping temperature, combination of gunniting with splashing, slag height and slag chemistry, were investigated. An optimised slag has been developed which served effectively to balance the lining erosion during blowing and maintain a uniform thickness throughout the campaign. Some innovative practices and design changes are also discussed. The developed slag regime and optimised parameters have helped in increasing the converter life to an international benchmark. JSW Steel has achieved the converter lining life of 13 771 heats, which is the highest ever recorded in India.
Identification of Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline as a Compatible Solute and Its Biosynthesis and Molecular Characterization in Halobacillus halophilus

Halobacillus halophilus, a moderately halophilic bacterium, accumulates a variety of compatible solutes including glycine betaine, glutamate, glutamine, proline, and ectoine to cope with osmotic stress. Non-targeted analysis of intracellular organic compounds using 1H-NMR showed that a large amount of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (Hyp), which has not been reported as a compatible solute in H. halophilus, was accumulated in response to high NaCl salinity, suggesting that Hyp may be an important compatible solute in H. halophilus. Candidate genes encoding proline 4-hydroxylase (PH-4), which hydroxylates L-proline to generate Hyp, were retrieved from the genome of H. halophilus through domain searches based on the sequences of known PH-4 proteins. A gene, HBHAL_RS11735, which was annotated as a multidrug DMT transporter permease in GenBank, was identified as the PH-4 gene through protein expression analysis in Escherichia coli. The PH-4 gene constituted a transcriptional unit with a promoter and a rho-independent terminator, and it was distantly located from the proline biosynthetic gene cluster (pro operon). Transcriptional analysis showed that PH-4 gene expression was NaCl concentration-dependent, and was specifically induced by chloride anion, similar to the pro operon. Accumulation of intracellular Hyp was also observed in other bacteria, suggesting that Hyp may be a widespread compatible solute in halophilic and halotolerant bacteria.