Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
T cell replacing factor substitutes for an I-J+ idiotype-specific T helper cell

An in vitro system for the study of idiotype (Id) expression on antitrimethylamino hapten antibody-producing cells and its regulation by two classes of helper T cells is described. These cells are distinguished in four ways: one requires a hapten-carrier bridge and gives a good response that is low in Id; it does not bind to Id-coated dishes and is not affected by anti-I-J plus complement. The other requires antigen but not a hapten-carrier bridge, is bound by Id-coated dishes and is killed by anti-I-J and complement. The Id-specific cell appears to be antigen specific and acts via a soluble factor(s).
Effects of N-Acetylcysteine, Quercetin, and Phytic Acid on Spontaneous Hepatic and Renal Lesions in LEC Rats

The effects of anti-oxidants were examined in Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, which develop acute hepatic injury, and subsequent hepatic and renal tumors due to accumulation of excess Cu. The rats, at the age of 15 weeks, were supplied a diet containing either 1% of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), quercetin (QC), or phytic acid (PA), or basal diet alone. At weeks 2 and 6 posttreatment, animals were sacrificed for collection of blood and tissue samples. In the NAC-treated group, the development of hepatic and renal lesions was dramatically reduced. In addition, accumulation of Cu and Fe in the liver was suppressed. Acrolein-modified protein, a new marker for lipid peroxidation, was not detected in the liver or kidney of NAC treated rats, even though deposition was evident in control. Neither QC nor PA affected the development of spontaneous hepatic lesions. These results indicate that oxidative stress was reduced by NAC in the liver and kidney, and suggest that Cu and Fe may be involved in the generation of oxidative stress in the liver. In addition, it was suggested that the different effects of the anti-oxidants on lesion development in LEC rats might be related to different mechanisms of action with regard to oxidative stress.
NATURAL FORMATION OF IRIS HYBRIDS: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HYBRID ZONES

BOAG, P. T. , AND A. VAN NOORDWIJK. 1987. Quantitative genetics. Pp. 45-78 in E Cooke, and P. A. Buckley, eds. Avian genetics: A population and ecological approach. Academic Press, New York. BOYCE, M. S. 1979. Seasonality and patterns of natural selection for life histories. Am. Nat. 114:569-583. FRETWELL, S. D. 1972. Populations in a seasonal environment. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. GOMULKIEWICZ, R. , AND M KIRKPATRICK. 1992. Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms. Evolution 46:390411. GRANT, B. R. , AND P. R. GRANT. 1989. Evolutionary dynamics of a natural population: The large cactus finch of the Galapagos. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. ---. 1993. Evolution of Darwin's finches caused by a rare climatic event. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B BioI. Sci. 251: 111-117. GRANT, P. R. 1986. Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. GREENBERG, R. 1979. Body size, breeding habitat, and winter exploitation systems in Dendroica. Auk 96:756-766. ---. 1981. Dissimilar bill shapes in New World tropical versus temperate forest foliage-gleaning birds. Oecologia 49:143-147. GROTH, J. G. 1993. Evolutionary differentiation in morphology, vocalizations, and allozymes among nomadic sibling species in the North American red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) complex. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. , Berkeley. LANDE, R. , AND S. J. ARNOLD. 1983. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37:1210-1226. LEMON, W. C. 1991. Fitness consequences of foraging behaviour in the zebra finch. Nature 352:153-155. ---. 1993. The energetics of lifetime reproductive success in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata. Physiol. Zool. 66:946-963. LEVINS, R. 1968. Evolution in changing environments. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. LIEM, K. E, AND L. S. KAUFMAN. 1984. Intraspecific macroevolution: Functional biology of the polymorphic cichlid species Cichlasoma minckleyi. Pp. 203-215 in A. A. Echelle, and 1.Kornfield, eds. Evolution of fish species flocks. Univ. of Maine Press, Orono. McKAYE, K. R. , AND A. MARSH. 1983. Food switching by two specialized algae-scrapping cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa. Oecologia 56:245-248. MITCHELL-OLDS, T. , AND R. G. SHAW. 1987. Regression analysis of natural selection: Statistical inference and biological interpretation. Evolution 41:1149-1161.
Opioids affect focal contact-mediated cell–substrate adhesion

Earlier observations suggested that opioids modify cell–substrate adhesion on agar. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether opioids also interfere with cell adhesion to biologically relevant substrates, including interstitial matrix and basement membrane components. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with FLAG-tagged μ-opioid receptor were used as an experimental model. The cells were cultured on tissue culture plastic, collagen types I and IV, fibronectin, laminin and human amnion fragments in the absence or presence of morphine. Cultures were immunolabelled with antivinculin to visualize focal contacts. Morphine-treated cultures on tissue culture plastic, collagen types I and IV and fibronectin, but not on laminin, covered less substrate than untreated cultures; individual cells were difficult to distinguish and their nuclei piled up in contrast to untreated cultures. The same effects were observed on human amnion fragments: morphine changed the morphotype of cultures on the stromal side, but not on the basement membrane side. Cultures that were treated with morphine displayed fewer focal contacts than untreated cultures on collagen type I, whereas untreated and morphine-treated cultures were indistinguishable on laminin. In conclusion, morphine can modify focal contact-mediated cell–substrate adhesion on some extracellular matrix ligands, but not on laminin. We suggest that after activation of the μ-opioid receptor by morphine a signalling network is activated that ultimately leads to suppression of integrin activation, which results in a reduction of focal contacts. Modified cell–substrate adhesion by opioids changes cell morphology and migration.
Decentralized Welfare Capitalism: The Case of Employment and Industrial Policies

The article has a threefold aim: At first we argue against a generalized, ahistorical and functionalistic welfare state concept which cannot dif ferentiate between different policy arenas and national 'destinies' We then argue for the fact that for more than a decade the Nordic welfare states have been under transformation towards increased decentralized and municipal policy responsibility We try to demonstrate concretely the implications of this for welfare state policies in the employment and industrial policy areas. State interventionism is being overtaken by a municipal interventionism , which operates more market orientated, bargaining organized and inequality making. Politically-administratively this decentralized welfare capitalism develops a permanent coordination and control deficit. It is concluded finally that welfare state objectives must be differentiated according to the national, regional and local will and ability to realize them.
Finding their way: A critical ethnography of five of African American women educators' early experiences to develop into culturally relevant pedagogues

FINDING THEIR WAY: A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF FIVE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN EDUCATORS’ EARLY EXPERIENCES TO DEVELOP INTO CULTURALLY RELEVANT PEGAGOGUES by Rachel Beatrice Dunbar Teacher education programs have been charged with the responsibility to equip all teachers to work successfully in increasingly diverse elementary classrooms around the nation (NCES, 1996). However, the composition of the nation’s teaching force has not kept pace with these changes. Additionally, there is concern that many Pre-service teachers are ill prepared to work with culturally diverse students, partly because teacher education programs (TEPs) often adopt a monocultural, one-size-fits-all approach to preparation, ignoring race, class, and gender considerations (King & Castnell, 2001). African American women who seek preparation are greatly impacted by this singular approach to teacher education, which influences the way in which they experience their training. Consequently, they are often underserved in TEPs (Cozart & Price, 2005). It has been argued that TEPs will have to broaden their approaches to preparation by using a culturally relevant approach to teaching (Gay & Kirkland, 2003). Given the necessity for teachers to be equipped to meet the needs of culturally diverse learners in the classroom, it is imperative that TEPs are designed to cultivate culturally appropriate practices within Pre-service teachers. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the nature of the diversity preparation of five African American women and their teaching experiences following the completion of their teacher education training. The critical ethnographic case studies that developed were theoretically framed in Culturally Relevant Pedagogy (Ladson-Billings, 1995), Black Feminist Thought (Collins, 1990), and Womanism (Phillips, 2006). Data were collected from classroom observations, individual, and group interviews. Using a system of open coding (Strauss & Corbin, 1998), data analysis resulted in the emergence of three overarching themes: a) the formal diversity preparation offered by the university, b) the women’s individual perspectives of cultural relevance, and c) the ways in which the women incorporated their perspectives into their classroom practices. The experiences the young women encountered significantly influenced their understandings of culture and its impact on learning for diverse student populations. The results of this study suggest the need for teacher educators to reconsider how TEPs are structured to better prepare minority Pre-service teachers in the future to teach culturally diverse students. FINDING THEIR WAY: A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF FIVE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN EDUCATORS’ EARLY EXPERIENCES TO DEVELOP INTO CULTURALLY RELEVANT PEGAGOGUES by Rachel B. Dunbar
COMPARTMENTATION OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE METABOLISM IN BRAIN: LABELLING OF GLUTAMATE, GLUTAMINE, ASPARTATE AND GABA BY SEVERAL RADIOACTIVE TRACER METABOLITES 1

—(1) Compartmentation of the metabolism of amino acids in brain has been studied in slices of cerebral cortex incubated with sodium [1‐14C]acetate, sodium [1‐14C]‐bicarbonate, [1‐14C]GABA or l‐[1‐14C]glutamate and in samples of brain after injection in vivo of [1‐14C]‐ or [3H]acetate.
Compensating Wage Differentials in the Union and Nonunion Sectors

This paper tests for the existence of structurally different compensating payments in the union and nonunion sectors of the economy. Significant differences may stem from the different mechanisms by which such payments are determined: markets are the primary mechanism in the nonunion sector, while Political processes play a major role in the union sector. The empirical results provide tentative support for the structural differences hypothesis; They also reveal an absence of positive and significant compensating payments in nonunion labor markets.
Stabilization and mobility of the head, neck and trunk in horses during overground locomotion: comparisons with humans and other primates

SUMMARY Segmental kinematics were investigated in horses during overground locomotion and compared with published reports on humans and other primates to determine the impact of a large neck on rotational mobility (>20 deg.) and stability (≤20 deg.) of the head and trunk. Three adult horses (Equus caballus) performing walks, trots and canters were videotaped in lateral view. Data analysis included locomotor velocity, segmental positions, pitch and linear displacements and velocities, and head displacement frequencies. Equine, human and monkey skulls and cervical spines were measured to estimate eye and vestibular arc length during head pitch displacements. Horses stabilized all three segments in all planes during all three gaits, unlike monkeys and humans who make large head pitch and yaw rotations during walks, and monkeys that make large trunk pitch rotations during gallops. Equine head angular displacements and velocities, with some exceptions during walks, were smaller than in humans and other primates. Nevertheless, owing to greater off-axis distances, orbital and vestibular arc lengths remained larger in horses, with the exception of head–neck axial pitch during trots, in which equine arc lengths were smaller than in running humans. Unlike monkeys and humans, equine head peak-frequency ranges fell within the estimated range in which inertia has a compensatory stabilizing effect. This inertial effect was typically over-ridden, however, by muscular or ligamentous intervention. Thus, equine head pitch was not consistently compensatory, as reported in humans. The equine neck isolated the head from the trunk enabling both segments to provide a spatial reference frame.
Using Medicare Claims for Outcomes Research

Medicare claims databases have several advantages for use in constructing episodes of care for outcomes research. They are population-based, relatively inexpensive to obtain, include large numbers of cases, and can be used for long-term follow-up. However, the sheer size of these claims databases, along with their primarily administrative (as opposed to clinical) nature, requires that researchers take special care in using them. The 10 PORTs using Medicare claims provided information on their approach to several key issues in working with these data, including: 1) identifying the index cases or patient cohorts to be studied; 2) defining the length of the episode; and 3) measuring outcomes. This paper reports the experience and knowledge gained by these PORTs in using these claims to create and analyze episodes of care.
The Impact of Investment Opportunities and Free Cash Flow on Financial Liberalization:A Cross‐Firm Analysis of Emerging Economies

"This study undertakes firm-level analysis of investment opportunities and free cash flow in an attempt to explain the source of the wealth effect of financial liberalization for 14 emerging countries. We find that the market's responses to stock market liberalization announcements are more favorable for high-growth firms than for low-growth firms, a result that is consistent with the investment opportunities hypothesis. We also demonstrate that firms with high cash flow experience lower announcement-period returns associated with stock market liberalization than do firms with low cash flow. Our findings suggest that the free cash flow hypothesis dominates the corporate governance hypothesis in terms of the net effect of stock market liberalization on a firm's stock returns. We further document similar evidence with regard to banking liberalization. Finally, we demonstrate that stock market liberalization leads to the more efficient allocation of capital. " Copyright (c) 2009 Financial Management Association International.
Functional and morphological changes of the thyroid gland following 5 days of pulsatile TRH stimulation in male rats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the selective effects of a small increase in plasma TSH levels on thyroid function, proliferation and morphology. Chronically catheterized male Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated i.v. over 5 days either with TRH (2 micrograms TRH in 100 microliters 0.9% (w/v) NaCl (TRH-P) or the NaCl carrier alone (P), both given as pulses every 2 h. Control groups were cotreated i.v. with 10 micrograms thyroxine (T4)/100 g body weight per day (TRH-P + T4) starting 2 days before pulsatile stimulation. TSH plasma levels were approximately doubled by TRH-P (P < or = 0.001), T4 plasma levels significantly increased (P < or = 0.001) but tri-iodothyronine plasma levels did not change compared with treatment with P. No significant changes between groups were found in thyroid weight and in intrathyroidal iodine content, but the percentage of 5-bromo-2'-desoxyuridine-labelled thyrocytes as a marker of proliferation in TRH-P-treated animals was significantly increased over P or TRH-P + T4 (P < or = 0.001). Ultrastructural analysis of the thyroid evaluated by electron microscopy revealed a significant increase in the number of lysosomes (P < or = 0.001). The size of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in relation to the cytoplasm was significantly increased when treated with TRH-P compared with P or TRH-P + T4 (P < or = 0.001). Post-embedding immunogold staining revealed Tg as a major product within ER cisternae. Immunogold labelling was moderate in controls and higher densities of gold particles were obtained in TRH-P-treated animals (P < or = 0.001). In conclusion, short-term pulsatile TRH stimulation increasing the plasma levels of immunoreactive TSH only twofold is capable of inducing hypertrophy of the thyrocytes by gross ultrastructural changes which are paralleled by an increase in circulating T4. These data underscore the dominant role of TSH on thyroid ultrastructure within the narrow boundaries of normal physiological regulation.
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EVOLVING UNDER EXPERIMENTALLY ENFORCED POLYANDRY OR MONOGAMY

Abstract Reproduction has classically been viewed as a predominantly cooperative process. However, over the last 20 years this concept has steadily yielded ground to one of continual conflict in which the interests of the sexes are typically discordant. Within this framework, males and females are seen to be locked into a perpetual arms race, each adaptation by one sex promoting the evolution of countermeasures in the other sex. However, under strict genetic monogamy, the interests of the sexes become congruent, and hence antagonistic coevolution does not occur. We subjected the fly Sepsis cynipsea, a species with conspicuous sexual conflict, to experimentally enforced monogamy or polyandry for 29 generations and evaluated the microevolutionary consequences. We found that there were longevity costs to females consistent with sexually antagonistic coevolution. However, our measure of female fitness, offspring emergence, did not differ between treatments, even though life-history characters such as fertility and fecundity did. Results are discussed in terms of costs and benefits of sexual selection and sexual conflict.
Quality of life at older ages and marital status : gender and welfare regime variation

Background: Evidence of an association between marital status and well-being has been demonstrated, with married people reporting higher levels of well-being. However, the strength of this relationship in later life may be influenced by both societal context and gender. This thesis will examine the association between marital status and quality of life in older people and consider if this relationship varies by welfare arrangements and if gender moderates these associations. This research will also explore how quality of life is experienced within married couples. Methods: Quality of life was measured using CASP-12. The relationship with both current and past marital status was examined. Analyses were conducted using data from The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). A welfare state regime approach was used to examine societal context and due to feminist criticisms of these approaches, two further methods of comparison were used. A dyadic data technique was also used to examine the interdependence of quality of life for married people. Results: Current marital status was found to be a predictor of quality of life at older ages. However, variation in this association was observed across the welfare state regimes. When health and socio-economic circumstances were taken into account, the advantage of marriage for quality of life was often attenuated. Gender differences in this relationship were also observed; especially when gender focused methods were examined. Spousal interdependence of quality of life was also observed within married couples. Conclusions: This research expands our understanding of the association between marriage and well-being by suggesting that societal context is important and that marriage may offer men and women different kinds of protection as they age. It also suggests that for older married couples, quality of life is not just an individual experience.
Catastrophe theory as a tool for DG placement decision making

A big promotion of distributed generation (DG) is a direct consequence of sustainable development policy in world environment and advancement in technology, therefore it is urgent to find an effective way to evaluate the DGs located at power system. A Hierarchical model for placement of DGs synthetic evaluation is present with duly consideration to the impact of environmental and economic context. A hierarchical evaluation system for power quality is also established, and it presents another method to rank the locations for DG from the perspective of the DG's influence to power quality, as indicated in the second cases in Section IV as well. Two case studies are given to show the effectiveness of the catastrophe theory.
Recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid carcinoma: usefulness of Ki-67 immunostaining in the diagnosis of a malignant parathyroid tumor.

Parathyroid carcinoma is a very rare disease occurring in less than 2-3% of all the cases showing clinical features of primary hyperparathyroidism. Several histological markers have been used for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors of the parathyroid glands. However, most of these markers are not easily applicable and clinical prognosis cannot be predicted by histopathological criteria alone. A recent study has drawn attention to the role of the cell cycle associated antigen Ki-67 detected by MIB-1 monoclonal immunocytochemistry in parathyroid tumors: in fact, Ki-67 seems to be a valuable marker of malignancy in such tumors since it permits an easy detection of proliferating and dividing cells. Here we report in detail a case of severe recurrent hyperparathyroidism in a 51-year-old female patient undergoing regular hemodialysis treatment. In the surgical specimens of the parathyroid glands, the tumor proliferative fraction of 56, expressed as the number of Ki-67-positive nuclei per thousand cells, and the mean mitosis count of 0.5, expressed as the percentage of the total amount of Ki-67 positive nuclei, support the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma despite the scanty amount of microscopical signs considered characteristic of malignancy, i.e. extensive thick fibrous bands or prominent nucleoli. To our knowledge this paper is the first clinical report that supports the diagnostic role of the cell cycle associated antigen Ki-67 in parathyroid carcinoma in a case of secondary hyperparathyroidism in a patient undergoing hemodialysis.
Corporate restructuring and career advancement in Hong Kong

This paper examines the factors that contribute to career advancement in a sample of forty-four Hong Kong managers working in three local companies that had undergone restructuring. The findings indicate that they were acutely aware of shifts in the nature of their career paths but generally were reactive to changes rather than proactive. Their concerns about changes were mostly instrumental and pragmatic judgements about how things might affect their job security and career prospects. To increase their chances of getting promoted, they focused on human-capital investment by upgrading and widening their work skills. While they felt obligated to work overtime and enhance their performance by taking on extra duties and responsibilities, they sought to develop a harmonious relationship with the environment rather than dominate it. They disliked challenging their superiors, preferring instead to imitate their superiors' behavioural patterns. In their efforts to increase opportunities for career advancement, they employed business networking and visibility as ‘wooing’ strategies. Furthermore, the desire to avoid losing face and humiliation were effective motivators.