Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Categorizing sentence structures for phrase level morphological analyzer for English to Hindi RBMT

Algorithms for morphological analyzers have evolved majorly around words. Since writing styles are changing due to impact of languages on each other, higher version of morphological analyzers are desired for various NLP systems such as Machine Translation, Knowledge Extraction, Information Retrieval, etc. Often word level morphological analyzers adhere to language grammars and knowledge set pertaining to GNP and dictionary. Some algorithms use phrasal dictionaries also. But, impact of languages on each other leads to changes in GNP, grammatical and phrasal usage of words. General morph algorithms cannot deal with impact of such usage of words or phrases. Therefore new generation of morph analyzers are desired to handle cross lingual impact. In this paper, methodology for English language morphological analyzer is proposed for interpretation of phrases and group of words to derive knowledge in Hindi for tourism domain. The methodology, although general, is oriented towards Machine Translation. Proposed methodology is based on creation of knowledge base for morph analyzers using formulations of FST and RTN. Using this methodology, ten categories of phrasal structures in sentences have been identified which when used in MA of RBMT would improve the functional efficiency of MT in producing correct translation.
Direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells toward adventitious root formation in forest tree species: the effect of the juvenile–adult transition

Cellular plasticity refers, among others, to the capability of differentiated cells to switch the differentiation process and acquire new fates. One way by which plant cell plasticity is manifested is through de novo regeneration of organs from somatic differentiated cells in an ectopic location. However, switching the developmental program of adult cells prior to organ regeneration is difficult in many plant species, especially in forest tree species. In these species, a decline in the capacity to regenerate shoots, roots, or embryos from somatic differentiated cells is associated with tree age and maturation. The decline in the ability to form adventitious roots from stem cuttings is one of the most dramatic effects of maturation, and has been the subject of investigations on the basic nature of the process. Cell fate switches, both in plants and animals, are characterized by remarkable changes in the pattern of gene expression, as cells switch from the characteristic expression pattern of a somatic cell to a new one directing a new developmental pathway. Therefore, determining the way by which cells reset their gene expression pattern is crucial to understand cellular plasticity. The presence of specific cellular signaling pathways or tissue-specific factors underlying the establishment, maintenance, and redirection of gene expression patterns in the tissues involved in adventitious root formation could be crucial for cell fate switch and for the control of age-dependent cellular plasticity.
Universal quantum computation with ideal Clifford gates and noisy ancillas (14 pages)

We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of elementary operations is limited to Clifford unitaries, the creation of the state |0>, and qubit measurement in the computational basis. In addition, we allow the creation of a one-qubit ancilla in a mixed state rho, which should be regarded as a parameter of the model. Our goal is to determine for which rho universal quantum computation (UQC) can be efficiently simulated. To answer this question, we construct purification protocols that consume several copies of rho and produce a single output qubit with higher polarization. The protocols allow one to increase the polarization only along certain "magic" directions. If the polarization of rho along a magic direction exceeds a threshold value (about 65%), the purification asymptotically yields a pure state, which we call a magic state. We show that the Clifford group operations combined with magic states preparation are sufficient for UQC. The connection of our results with the Gottesman-Knill theorem is discussed.
Intraretinal leakage and oxidation of LDL in diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is not fully understood. Clinical studies suggest that dyslipidemia is associated with the initiation and progression of DR. However, no direct evidence supports this theory. METHODS Immunostaining of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100, a marker of low-density lipoprotein [LDL]), macrophages, and oxidized LDL was performed in retinal sections from four different groups of subjects: nondiabetic, type 2 diabetic without clinical retinopathy, diabetic with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and diabetic with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Apoptosis was characterized using the TUNEL assay. In addition, in cell culture studies using in vitro-modified LDL, the induction of apoptosis by heavily oxidized-glycated LDL (HOG-LDL) in human retinal capillary pericytes (HRCPs) was assessed. RESULTS Intraretinal immunofluorescence of ApoB100 increased with the severity of DR. Macrophages were prominent only in sections from diabetic patients with PDR. Merged images revealed that ApoB100 partially colocalized with macrophages. Intraretinal oxidized LDL was absent in nondiabetic subjects but present in all three diabetic groups, increasing with the severity of DR. TUNEL-positive cells were present in retinas from diabetic subjects but absent in those from nondiabetic subjects. In cell culture, HOG-LDL induced the activation of caspase, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in HRCPs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potentially important role for extravasated, modified LDL in promoting DR by promoting apoptotic pericyte loss.
Travel Time Collection and Traffic Monitoring Via GPS Technologies

Recently, GPS (Global Positioning System) technologies have been increasingly used in various applications of transportation planning and operations. When combined with GIS (geographic information systems), GPS data can be matched with spatial map features such as highways and roads for monitoring traffic conditions on those links. As one such application, GISTT (GPS-GIS integrated system for travel time surveys) was developed. GISTT collects and analyses traffic conditions of links by monitoring speed of probe vehicle(s) and then estimates travel time data both in static and dynamic modes. The static mode refers to the case of offline processing of GPS data from previously dispatched GPS-equipped vehicles to specified road links. The dynamic mode refers to the real time monitoring of speed on the links using a GPS-wireless Internet-equipped probe vehicle. GISTT is tested in various field tests and the results are found to be promising. Furthermore, the GISTT is to be extended by incorporating more complex dynamic algorithms to provide reliable real time traffic conditions. This paper sets a framework of the extended GISTT that contains algorithm to monitor traffic conditions by processing massive data from multiple GPS probes or GPS-enabled-cell-phones in real time. The algorithm involves identifying the traveling mode based on patterns found in relatively short time frame
The triple helix and international collaboration in science

Previous studies of international scientific collaboration have rarely gone beyond revealing the structural relationships between countries. Considering how scientific collaboration is actually initiated, this study focuses on the organization and sector levels of international coauthorship networks, going beyond a country‐level description. Based on a network analysis of coauthorship networks between members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), this study attempts to gain a better understanding of international scientific collaboration by exploring the structure of the coauthorship network in terms of university‐industry‐government (UIG) relationships, the mode of knowledge production, and the underlying dynamic of collaboration in terms of geographic, linguistic, and economic factors. The results suggest that the United States showed overwhelming dominance in all bilateral UIG combinations with the exception of the government‐government (GG) network. Scientific collaboration within the industry sector was concentrated in a few players, whereas that between the university and industry sectors was relatively less concentrated. Despite the growing participation from other sectors, universities were still the main locus of knowledge production, with the exception of 5 countries. The university sector in English‐speaking wealthy countries and the government sector of non–English‐speaking, less‐wealthy countries played a key role in international collaborations between OECD countries. The findings did not provide evidence supporting the institutional proximity argument.
Pyramid contextual constrained ICA based foreground detection for indoor surveillance

Foreground detection, which directly affects the performance of the following target tracking, object recognition and behavior analysis process, is very important for video surveillance. Recently, Independent Component Analysis (ICA) based foreground detection strategies have been proposed. However, the matter of uneven change of illumination is not well handled in the existing methods. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient spatial pyramid strategy based on ICA, which is robust to uneven illumination changes. Concretely, we partition the video frames into suitable number of subregions and apply Contextual Constrained Independent Component Analysis technique inside each subregion. Two set of video frames involving room lights turn on/off and room door open/closed are selected in the training and test process. The experiment results demonstrate the improvement of our strategy compared with the temporal differencing, basic ICA model and the Contextual Constrained Independent Component Analysis strategy.
Evaluation of boolean graphs in software testing

The paper presents an algorithm for producing the logic conditions that result in the effects of a cause-effect graph belonging to a given software. These conditions yield the test cases of the software. The algorithm applies a three-valued Boolean algebra, and is based on the successive justification of logic values in a combinational network, where the primary inputs are the causes, and the primary outputs are the effects. The computations are performed by traversing a decision tree, where backtracking is required if a decision leads to a logic contradiction. The main advantage of the algorithm is that it reduces the number of decisions to a great extent by using don't care values in the process. The calculation principle is comparatively simple. It is based only on successive line-value justification, and it yields an opportunity to be realized by an efficient computer program. The logic model introduced in the paper is completely general, in that it is applicable to any kind of cause-effect graphs, without any constraint.
Isolated Meningeal Recurrence of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Meningeal carcinomatosis occurs in 1–18% of patients with solid tumours, most commonly carcinomas of the breast and lung or melanomas. There are relatively few reports of meningeal carcinomatosis in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Isolated meningeal recurrence is particularly uncommon, and we present an unusual case of this in a 58-year-old man. The case was further complicated by the somewhat atypical presentation with a confirmed ischaemic stroke. The patient died one month after presentation.
Power saving in a mobile multimedia terminal

This paper developed power consumption profiles of mobile multimedia terminal for typical application scenarios of WCDMA communications. The power consumptions and their efficiencies are investigated for the terminal architecture featuring with the combined application of the BF antenna and the OFDM technologies. Processing MIPs requirement for media data processor is also investigated together with the evaluation of the power saving effect of applying the multi-level supply voltages and operating frequencies, which is named as a dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technology. Average power saving of 25% can be achieved for high-speed multimedia terminals using the DVS along with the OFDM modulation scheme
Declining interspecific competition during character displacement: Summoning the ghost of competition past

Prevailing theories of biotic diversification incorporate resource competition as a leading cause of divergence between new species. In support of this, many cases of divergent character displacement between close relatives (congeners) are known. Yet, experimental tests of underlying mechanisms are uncommon. In a pond experiment with threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus spp.), we tested the prediction that competition between species should decline as character divergence proceeds, yielding descendants whose present-day interaction is a ‘ghost’ of its former strength. Competition’s impact on the marine threespine stickleback (G. aculeatus) was contrasted between two treatments simulating early and late stages of a hypothesized character displacement series that began at the end of the last ice age when marine sticklebacks colonized lakes containing an earlier descendant. Growth rate and niche specialization of marine sticklebacks were higher in the ‘post-displacement’ treatment than in the ‘pre-displacement’ treatment, suggesting a decline in competition strength through time. The result supports the idea that interspecific competition favoured divergence between sympatric sticklebacks, with reduced competition the outcome. The influence of other interactions on divergence between sympatric species may be tested with analogous experimental designs.
Facilitation of human startle eyeblink responses by puretone background stimulation

This study investigated the lacilitatory effects of pure-tone background stimulation on the human startle response. Startle eyeblink responses of 13 subjects to an intense white noise were measured under four conditions: silence condition and pure-tone background stimulations at one of three intensities (65, 75, or 85 dB). Amplitudes of startle responses were increased with the background stimulation and the extent of amplitude facilitation was positively related to the intensity of the background stimulus. Although the onset latency of startle was also shortened with the background stimulation, no change was shown with the increase of the background stimulus intensity. These results Were discussed and compared with the previous studies in rats.
A compact X-band circulator with embedded feed line based on substrate integrated waveguide

In this paper, a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) circulator with metallic-via inductive window is presented and investigated with simulation and experimental results, which can provide 20 dB isolation with 13.7% fractional bandwidth at the center frequency of 9.41 GHz. Besides, in order to connect with microstrip circuits, a compact SIW to microstrip transition with embedded feed-line is included in this design. Under the same bandwidth, the size of the proposed circulator with embedded feed-line can be decreased by 60% of the traditional circulator.
Effect of implementing different PID algorithms on controllers designed for SOPDT process

The most important control objective in a control system analysis is to design an optimal controller for the known process model. In the present analysis, various PID controllers based on different tuning methods have been designed for a selected Second Order plus Dead Time model. Also different algorithms of PID controllers such as parallel, parallel with derivative filter, series, series with derivative filter and cascade form are implemented. The steady state and dynamic characteristics of closed loop responses for the designed controllers are compared and analyzed.
Inflation , Investment Composition and Total Factor Productivity

This paper employs a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with a financial market friction to rationalize the empirically observed negative relationship between inflation and total factor productivity (TFP). Specifically, an empirical analysis of US macroeconomic time series establishes that there is a negative causal effect of inflation on aggregate productivity. Rather than taking the productivity process as exogenous, the model is therefore set up to feature an endogenous component of TFP. This is achieved by allowing physical investment to be channelled into two distinct technologies: a safe, but return-dominated technology and a superior technology which is subject to idiosyncratic liquidity risk. An agency problem prevents complete insurance against liquidity risk, and the scope for insurance is endogenously determined via the relevant liquidity premium. Since the liquidity premium is positively related to the rate of inflation, the model demonstrates how nominal fluctuations have an influence not only on the overall amount, but also on the qualitative composition of aggregate investment and hence on TFP. The quantitative relevance of the underlying transmission mechanism which links nominal fluctuations to TFP via corporate liquidity holdings and the composition of aggregate investment is corroborated by means of the quantitative analysis of the calibrated model economy as well as a detailed analysis of industry-level and firm-level panel data. Notably, the empirical findings are consistent with both the properties of the agency problem postulated in the theoretical model and its implications for corporate liquidity holdings and physical investment portfolios. ∗email: mevers@uni-bonn.de, stefan.niemann@uni-bonn.de, marc.schiffbauer@uni-bonn.de. We are grateful to Almut Balleer, Jörg Breitung, Andrea Caggese, Martin Hellwig, Michael Massmann, Monika Merz and Jürgen von Hagen for valuable comments and helpful discussions. Needless to say, all remaining errors are our own responsibility.
Definable functions in the simply typed lambda-calculus

It is a common knowledge that the integer functions definable in simply typed lambda-calculus are exactly the extended polynomials. This is indeed the case when one interprets integers over the type (p->p)->p->p where p is a base type and/or equality is taken as beta-conversion. It is commonly believed that the same holds for beta-eta equality and for integers represented over any fixed type of the form (t->t)->t->t. In this paper we show that this opinion is not quite true. We prove that the class of functions strictly definable in simply typed lambda-calculus is considerably larger than the extended polynomials. Namely, we define F as the class of strictly definable functions and G as a class that contains extended polynomials and two additional functions, or more precisely, two function schemas, and is closed under composition. We prove that G is a subset of F. We conjecture that G exactly characterizes strictly definable functions, i.e. G=F, and we gather some evidence for this conjecture proving, for example, that every skewly representable finite range function is strictly representable over (t->t)->t->t for some t.
Determinants of protection among HIV‐exposed seronegative persons: an overview.

Both clinical experience and a growing medical literature indicate that some persons who have been exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain uninfected. Although in some instances this may represent good fortune, cohorts of uninfected persons have been reported who are considered at high risk for infection. In these cohorts a variety of characteristics have been proposed as mediating protection, but to date only the 32–base pair deletion in the chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor 5 gene, which results in complete failure of cell surface expression of this coreceptor, has been associated with high‐level protection from HIV infection. With this in mind, there are probably many other factors that may individually or in combination provide some level of protection from acquisition of HIV infection. Because some of these factors are probably incompletely protective or inconsistently active, identifying them with confidence will be difficult. Nonetheless, clarifying the determinants of protection against HIV infection is a high priority that will require careful selection of high‐risk uninfected cohorts, who should undergo targeted studies of plausible mediators and broad screening for unexpected determinants of protection.
Peer Information and Risk-Taking Under Competitive and Non-Competitive Pay Schemes

Incentive schemes that reward participants based on their relative performance are often thought to be particularly risk-inducing. Using a novel, real-effort task experiment in the laboratory, we find that the relationship between incentives and risk-taking is more nuanced and depends critically on the availability of information about peers’ strategies and outcomes. Indeed, we find that when no peer information is available, relative rewards schemes are associated with significantly less risk-taking than non-competitive rewards. In contrast, when decision-makers receive information about their peers’ actions and/or outcomes, relative incentive schemes are associated with more risk-taking than non-competitive schemes. The nature of the feedback—whether subjects receive information about peers’ strategies, outcomes, or both—also affects risk-taking. We find no evidence that competitors imitate their peers when they face only feedback about other subjects’ risk-taking strategies. However, decision-makers take more risk when they see the gaps between their performance score and their peers’ scores grow. Combined feedback about peers’ strategies and performance—from which subjects may assess the overall relationship between risk-taking and success—is associated with more risk-taking when rewards are based on relative performance; we find no similar effect for non-competitive rewards.
Minimum cost homomorphisms to digraphs

For digraphs D and H, a homomorphism of D to H is a mapping f : V (D)→V (H) such that uv ∈ A(D) implies f(u)f(v) ∈ A(H). Suppose D and H are two digraphs, and ci(u), u ∈ V (D), i ∈ V (H), are nonnegative integer costs. The cost of the homomorphism f of D to H is ∑ u∈V (D) cf(u)(u). The minimum cost homomorphism for a fixed digraph H, denoted by MinHOM(H), asks whether or not an input digraph D, with nonnegative integer costs ci(u), u ∈ V (D), i ∈ V (H), admits a homomorphism f to H and if it admits one, find a homomorphism of minimum cost. Our interest is in proving a dichotomy for minimum cost homomorphism problem: we would like to prove that for each digraph H, MinHOM(H) is polynomial-time solvable, or NP-hard. Gutin, Rafiey, and Yeo conjectured that such a classification exists: MinHOM(H) is polynomial time solvable if H admits a k-Min-Max ordering for some k ≥ 1, and it is NP-hard otherwise. For undirected graphs, the complexity of the problem is well understood; for digraphs, the situation appears to be more complex, and only partial results are known. In this thesis, we seek to verify this conjecture for “large” classes of digraphs including reflexive digraphs, locally in-semicomplete digraphs, as well as some classes of particular interest such as quasitransitive digraphs. For all classes, we exhibit a forbidden induced subgraph characterization of digraphs with k-Min-Max ordering; our characterizations imply a polynomial time test for the existence of a k-Min-Max ordering. Given these characterizations, we show that for a digraph H which does not admit a k-Min-Max ordering, the minimum cost homomorphism problem is NP-hard. This leads us to a full dichotomy classification of the complexity of minimum cost homomorphism problems for the aforementioned classes of digraphs.