Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergent Speciation by Multiple Dobzhansky–Muller Incompatibilities

The Dobzhansky–Muller model posits that incompatibilities between alleles at different loci cause speciation. However, it is known that if the alleles involved in a Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibility (DMI) between two loci are neutral, the resulting reproductive isolation cannot be maintained in the presence of either mutation or gene flow. Here we show that speciation can emerge through the collective effects of multiple neutral DMIs that cannot, individually, cause speciation—a mechanism we call emergent speciation. We investigate emergent speciation using models of haploid holey adaptive landscapes—neutral networks—with recombination. We find that certain combinations of multiple neutral DMIs can lead to speciation. Furthermore, emergent speciation is a robust mechanism that can occur in the presence of migration, and of deviations from the assumptions of the neutral network model. Strong recombination and complex interactions between the DMI loci facilitate emergent speciation. These conditions are likely to occur in nature. We conclude that the interaction between DMIs may cause speciation. Author Summary Most species are kept distinct by incompatibilities between the genes they carry. These genetic incompatibilities cause hybrids between the species to have low fitness. Here we propose that combinations of several incompatibilities can collectively cause the origin of species, although they cannot do so acting alone—a mechanism we call emergent speciation. We use flat fitness landscapes with many holes in them to extend the classic Dobzhansky–Muller model, and capture the essence of the phenomenon. We find that emergent speciation can, indeed, occur through the combined effects of multiple genetic incompatibilities. Furthermore, the conditions that facilitate emergent speciation are likely to occur in nature. We conclude that the interaction between genetic incompatibilities may be a root cause of the origin of species.
Power Estimation of a C algorithm on a VLIW Processor

A complete methodology to estimate power consumption directly at the C-level for on-the-shelf processors is proposed. It relies on a power model of the processor that describes the consumption variations relatively to algorithmic and configuration parameters. The algorithmic parameters represent the power and quality metrics of the code and can be predicted directly from the C-algorithm with simple assumptions on the compilation. To check the algorithm performances with the application constraints without compiling, direct estimation results on the C code can be summarized on a consumption map. This method strongly reduces the design complexity in terms of number of lines to be studied and allows to spot the ’hot parts’ of the code in order to target the writing effort. Applied to a VLIW processor, the TI TMSC6201, the estimation method provides an accurate power consumption estimation together with the maximum and minimum bounds; a maximum error of 8% against measurements for only 1.3% of the code studied is obtained for a MPEG decoder; other classical DSP applications are also presented.
Auditing emotions: what should we count?

Imagine that you receive an official-looking letter from an organization you have never heard of. Assuming that you have time to open it, you find inside a letter telling you that your household has been randomly selected to take part in a survey on health and emotion, a two-sided questionnaire and a return envelope. The research group that sent this document sounds important and official, and everything seems professionally produced. What do you do? Of course you may well discard the package without reading it carefully. After all no-one ever chases you up on mail-shots of this kind. On the other hand perhaps you will take a closer look before making up your mind. Let’s assume that your curiosity is pricked to the extent that you make an initial stab at the questionnaire. After the usual items about age, gender, marital status, etc., you are asked to report on symptoms relating to your physical and psychological health. Then you are expected to describe ‘‘an event that caused you to experience an emotion’’ yesterday. Did you experience such an event? Did it have any bearing on your physical and psychological health? And what exactly do they mean by ‘‘an emotion’’ in this context
Bioequivalence of a Generic Quetiapine (Ketipinor®) in Healthy Male

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. Uses of generic drugs are essential due to economic reason. Interchangeability of drugs is determined by bioequivalence studies. We aim to study the bioequivalence of a generic quetiapine (Ketipinor®, Orion Corporation, Finland) and the innovator product (Seroquel ® , AstraZeneca, UK). The study was a randomized, two-way crossover design with a two-week washout period in 24 healthy Thai male volunteers. After a single 200-mg oral dosing, serial blood samples were collected at appropriate interval up to 48 h. Plasma quetiapine concentrations were determined by using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using the WinNonlin ® software with non- compartment model analysis. The mean ± SD of maximum plasma concentration (C max ), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 48 h (AUC 0-last ) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC 0-∞) of Ketipinor ® v.s. Seroquel ® were 632.27 ± 304.43 v.s. 638.83 ± 214.49 ng/ml; 2,625.21 ± 972.14 v.s. 2,511.82 ± 704.21 ng.h/ml and 2,640.25 ± 979.10 v.s. 2,526.45 ± 704.37 ng.h/ml, respectively. The time to reach Cmax (Tmax) of Ketipinor ® and Seroquel ® were 1.34 ± 1.11 and 1.01 ± 0.63 h. , respectively. The Tmax of Ketipinor ® was within the acceptance range of ±20% of the median T max of the reference product. The 90% confidence interval of the ratios of the log-transformed data of C max , AUC 0-last and AUC 0-∞ were 80.75 - 102.60%, 91.32 - 108.42% and 88.47 - 106.77%, respectively, which were within the acceptance range of 80.00 - 125.00%. Power of the test for Cmax, AUC 0-last and AUC 0-∞ were 92.16%, 96.34% and 95.96%, respectively. In conclusion, Ketipinor® was bioequivalent to Seroquel ® in terms of both the rate and extent of absorption under fasting condition.
HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS IN THE COSMOS SURVEY: THE SPACE DENSITY OF z > 3 X-RAY SELECTED QSOs

We present a new measurement of the space density of high-redshift (z≃ 3.0–4.5), X-ray-selected quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) obtained by exploiting the deep and uniform multiwavelength coverage of the COSMOS survey. We have assembled a large (40 objects), homogeneous sample of z > 3 QSOs with X-ray flux F0.5–2 keV > 10−15 erg cm−2 s−1, and available spectroscopic (22) or photometric (18) redshifts. We discuss their optical (color–color diagrams) and X-ray properties, their number counts and space densities and compare our findings with previous works and model predictions. We find that the optical properties of X-ray-selected quasars are not significantly different from those of optically selected samples. There is evidence for substantial X-ray absorption (logNH > 23 cm−2) in about 20% of the sources in the sample. We find that the comoving space density of luminous (LX ≳ 1044 erg s−1) QSOs declines exponentially (by an e-folding per unit redshift) in the z∼ 3.0–4.5 range, with a behavior similar to that observed for optically bright unobscured QSOs selected in large area optical surveys. Prospects for future, large and deep X-ray surveys are also discussed.
Spanking in the home and children's subsequent aggression toward kindergarten peers

Abstract Although spanking of children is almost universal in U.S. society, its effects are not well understood. We examined the longitudinal relation between parental spanking and other physical punishment of preschool children and children's aggressive behavior toward peers later in kindergarten. A total of 273 boys and girls from diverse backgrounds served as subjects. The findings were consistent with a socialization model in which higher levels of severity in parental punishment practices are associated with higher levels of children's subsequent aggression toward peers. Findings indicated that children who had been spanked evidenced levels of aggression that were higher than those who had not been spanked, and children who had been the objects of violent discipline became the most aggressive of all groups. Patterns were qualified by the sexes of the parent and child and subtypes of child aggression (reactive, bullying, and instrumental). The findings suggest that in spite of parents' goals, spanking fails to promote prosocial development and, instead, is associated with higher rates of aggression toward peers.
Profound Sound: Family Theater Radio, 1947-1970

In 1947, Fr. Patrick Peyton launched Family Theater, a sustaining radio series that ran for 2 decades on the Mutual Network. His anticommunist, pro- American, profamily message fit the political culture of Post- World War II America; and his series fulfilled public service obligations on Mutual's affiliated stations. But these factors alone do not account for Family Theater's longevity. Fr. Peyton had a unique ability to win people to his cause, convincing celebrities to participate in the dramas and radio executives to continue scheduling the series. Using personal interviews and extensive archival research, this study tells the history of Fr. Peyton's radio programs and, through this history, sheds light on the business of Hollywood radio production in the 1940s and 1950s.
Does status affect intergroup perceptions of humanity?

Across three studies, we examined whether ingroup status may affect intergroup perceptions of humanity. In Studies 1 and 2, we considered real groups: Northern versus Southern Italians; in Study 3, we manipulated the socioeconomic status of two minimal groups. In all studies, members of higher status groups perceived the ingroup as more human than the outgroup, while members of lower status groups did not assign a privileged human status to the ingroup. Such findings were obtained using different implicit techniques: the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT). Further, results suggest that the different perceptions of humanity may depend on the stereotypic traits generally ascribed to higher and lower status groups. The implications of results for infrahumanization research are discussed.
Attendance patterns and factors affecting participation in organized walks: an investigation of Natural England's Walking for Health programme

This paper examines the Natural England database of registered walkers to identify patterns of attendance in organized walks and differences in walking behaviour based on the profile of participants in Walking for Health (WfH), one of the largest public health interventions for physical activity in the UK. The investigation is informed by walk-history data relating to more than 79,000 participants over a two-year period. Methods used include measures of participant adherence and chi-squared automatic interaction detector analysis. The results indicate that absolute participation numbers have a strong seasonal element, with a marked decline occurring around the Christmas period. Age emerges as the most significant determinant of organized walking behaviour, with older age groups exhibiting higher intensity of participation relative to younger age groups. The research facilitates a better understanding of participation in WfH and can serve to inform future delivery and the marketing of organized walking initiatives.
'Schizophrenia' as a Metaphor in Greek Newspaper Websites

Often, newspapers use the term 'schizophrenia' as a metaphor with negative connotations. The use of the term in Greek newspapers, has never been investigated. The aim of this study is to examine how the term 'schizophrenia' is used in Greek newspaper websites. For 2014, 'To Vima', 'Kathimerini', and 'Eleftherotypia', were the most popular newspaper websites. By searching the term 'schizophrenia' in Greek ('σχιζoφρενεια'), the first fifty results were collected from the three websites (N=150). Deductive content analysis was applied. Out of the included articles (N=140), the majority were news (n=39, 28%), while more than a third (n=48, 34%) reported schizophrenia as a metaphor. The metaphoric use of 'schizophrenia' indicated predominately incoherence/contradiction/split (n=43, 90%). Monitoring how schizophrenia is presented within popular media is crucial, since it could influence public perceptions regarding the disorder. Continual use of schizophrenia as a metaphor could contribute to maintaining the stigma attached to mental illness.
Dark microglia: A new phenotype predominantly associated with pathological states

The past decade has witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia. These immune cells were shown to actively remodel neuronal circuits, leading to propose new pathogenic mechanisms. To study microglial implication in the loss of synapses, the best pathological correlate of cognitive decline across chronic stress, aging, and diseases, we recently conducted ultrastructural analyses. Our work uncovered the existence of a new microglial phenotype that is rarely present under steady state conditions, in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus, but becomes abundant during chronic stress, aging, fractalkine signaling deficiency (CX3CR1 knockout mice), and Alzheimer's disease pathology (APP‐PS1 mice). Even though these cells display ultrastructural features of microglia, they are strikingly distinct from the other phenotypes described so far at the ultrastructural level. They exhibit several signs of oxidative stress, including a condensed, electron‐dense cytoplasm and nucleoplasm making them as “dark” as mitochondria, accompanied by a pronounced remodeling of their nuclear chromatin. Dark microglia appear to be much more active than the normal microglia, reaching for synaptic clefts, while extensively encircling axon terminals and dendritic spines with their highly ramified and thin processes. They stain for the myeloid cell markers IBA1 and GFP (in CX3CR1‐GFP mice), and strongly express CD11b and microglia‐specific 4D4 in their processes encircling synaptic elements, and TREM2 when they associate with amyloid plaques. Overall, these findings suggest that dark microglia, a new phenotype that we identified based on their unique properties, could play a significant role in the pathological remodeling of neuronal circuits, especially at synapses. GLIA 2016;64:826–839
Health Barriers to Learning

This article summarizes the results from a 2013 online survey with 408 principals and assistant principals in New York City public elementary and middle schools. The survey assessed three primary areas: health issues in the school, health issues perceived as barriers to learning for affected students, and resources needed to address these barriers. Eighteen of the 22 health conditions listed in the survey were considered a moderate or serious issue within their schools by at least 10% of respondents. All 22 of the health issues were perceived as a barrier to learning by between 12% and 87% of the respondents. Representatives from schools that serve a higher percentage of low-income students reported significantly higher levels of concern about the extent of health issues and their impact on learning. Respondents most often said they need linkages with organizations that can provide additional services and resources at the school, especially for mental health.
Belief in the primacy of fantasy is misleading and unnecessary

We can live in fantasy only if we survive in reality. Visual experience that carries information about the real world – that is, normal perception – serves that goal. Normal perception is not merely constrained hallucination, and it can usually be distinguished from internally generated images, with which it is rarely confused. Modulatory processes, such as attention, do indeed affect most levels of perceptual processing, but they do so without invalidating the transmission of the signals that they modulate.
Cerebral Microbleeds: A Review of Clinical, Genetic, and Neuroimaging Associations

Cerebral microbleeds (microbleeds) are small, punctuate hypointense lesions seen in T2* Gradient-Recall Echo (GRE) and Susceptibility-Weighted (SWI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequences, corresponding to areas of hemosiderin breakdown products from prior microscopic hemorrhages. They occur in the setting of impaired small vessel integrity, commonly due to either hypertensive vasculopathy or cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Microbleeds are more prevalent in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia and in those with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. However they are also found in asymptomatic individuals, with increasing prevalence with age, particularly in carriers of the Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele. Other neuroimaging findings that have been linked with microbleeds include lacunar infarcts and white matter hyperintensities on MRI, and increased cerebral β-amyloid burden using 11C-PiB Positron Emission Tomography. The presence of microbleeds has been suggested to confer increased risk of incident intracerebral hemorrhage – particularly in the setting of anticoagulation – and of complications of immunotherapy for AD. Prospective data regarding the natural history and sequelae of microbleeds are currently limited, however there is a growing evidence base that will serve to inform clinical decision-making in the future.
Moving Beyond a Single Perfusion Threshold to Define Penumbra: A Novel Probabilistic Mismatch Definition

Background and Purpose— The mismatch lesion volumes defined by perfusion-weighted imaging exceeding diffusion-weighted imaging have been used as a marker of ischemic penumbral tissue. Defining the perfusion lesion by thresholding has shown promise as a practical tool; several positron emission tomography studies have indicated a more probabilistic relationship between perfusion and infarction. Here, we used a randomized controlled trial dataset of tissue-type plasminogen activator 3 to 6 hours after stroke to: (1) quantify the relationship between severity of hypoperfusion (measured by Tmax) and risk of infarction; (2) exploit this relationship to present a novel definition of mismatch based on infarct probabilities rather than dichotomies; and (3) examine the treatment response in the subgroup of patients with mismatch by the new definition. Methods— Patients from the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET) were included. Baseline perfusion-weighted imaging and 90-day T2-weighted imaging were coregistered. Perfusion-weighted imaging lesion volumes were divided into 10 Tmax delay strata, and infarct risk was defined as the fraction of the tissue at a given Tmax strata that progressed to infarction by day 90. Results— Sixty-two patients were studied. Infarct risk was an increasing function of Tmax for all subgroups, including the whole cohort. The probabilistic approach outperformed all Tmax thresholds, with exception of the Tmax ≥10 threshold, for which it was only favored by a trend. Conclusions— Infarct risk and treatment effect increased with severity of perfusion abnormalities. This suggests that a severity-weighted mismatch definition may define penumbral tissue more accurately.
Functional outcome and complications following surgery for Dupuytren’s disease: a multi-centre cross-sectional study

Variables associated with recurrent Dupuytren’s disease, or a ‘diathesis’, have been investigated, but those associated with functional outcome and complications are less well studied. Outcomes 1 or 5 years after an aponeurotomy, fasciectomy or dermofasciectomy were assessed by patient interview and examination at five UK centres. A total of 432 procedures were studied. The reoperation rate did not differ at 1 year (p = 0.396, Chi-square test with Monte Carlo simulation), but was higher after aponeurotomy in the 5-year group (30%, versus 6% after fasciectomy and 0% after dermofasciectomy, p = 0.003, Chi square test with Monte Carlo simulation). Loss of function (DASH>15) did not differ between procedures at 5 years, even when reoperation and other variables were controlled. Diabetes, female gender and previous ipsilateral surgery were associated with poorer function in logistic regression analysis. The variables associated with poor function after treatments differ from diathesis variables. Aponeurotomy had lower complication rates than fasciectomy and dermofasciectomy. This may counterbalance the former’s higher recurrence rate and explain why aponeurotomy demonstrated similar long-term functional outcome compared with excisional surgery in this study. Level of evidence: III
Implementing and Accelerating the EM Algorithm for Positron Emission Tomography

Since the publication of Shepp and Vadi's [ 14] maximum likelihood reconstruction algorithm for emission tomography (ET), many medical research centers engaged in ET have made an effort to change their reconstruction algorithms to this new approach. Some have succeeded, while others claim they could not adopt this new approach primarily because of limited computing power. In this paper, we discuss techniques for reducing the computational requirements of the reconstruction algorithm. Specifically, the paper discusses the data structures one might use and ways of taking advantage of the geometry of the physical system. The paper also treats some of the numerical aspects of the EM (expectation maximization) algorithm, and ways of speeding up the numerical algorithm using some of the traditional techniques of numerical analysis.
The Exam-A-Day Procedure Improves Performance in Psychology Classes

Students in 4 classes had a short exam at the start of every class. Grades were significantly better than in previous classes where the same material was taught but with only 4 exams, and there were fewer withdrawals from the exam-a-day classes. Students taught with the exam-a-day procedure also performed better on a retention test than did students from classes taught using less frequent exams. Responses to anonymous questionnaires administered in all 4 classes indicated that most students believed having an exam every day led to more studying and better learning than in their other classes and that they liked the procedure.
A fleet management service for smart cities: The S2-move project

This paper proposes a novel Fleet Management service, suitable for mobility improvement in modern cities. The proposed solution is based on the idea of monitoring and control the vehicles motion in urban environments, aiming to improve road safety, fuel consumption and environmental impact. Vehicles can process real-time data and observe the overall environment through an On-Board Unit (hereafter simply OBU), a smart embedded system installed on the vehicle, and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technology for inter-vehicles communication. A map-based interface provides the Fleet Management service to the driver and several experiments conducted in real traffic conditions confirm the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
Studies on recombination within the mouse H-2 complex. I. Three recombinants which position the Ss locus within the complex.

A series of genetic crosses conducted to map the Ss serum variant with respect to the H—2 complex is described in detail. Three intra-H—2 recombinants were detected. These crossovers, designated H—2al, H—2ol and H—2tl, position the Ss gene in the middle of the H—2 complex between the regions H—2K and H—2D. The production of eight new congenic resistant inbred strains is also described.