Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of household food insecurity between selected coffee and wheat growers of Ethiopia

Abstract Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries where food insecurity is dominant in rural households. Coffee and wheat are the most important cash and staple crops, respectively, in Ethiopia and yet their association with household food security is not sufficiently addressed. This study was conducted in coffee growers of Gomma district and wheat farmers of Dodota district to assess status and determinants of household food insecurity. A total of 370 households were interviewed in the two districts. Semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informants interview were used to engage with the farmers. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to measure household food insecurity. Determinants of household food security status (FSS) were elicited using ordered logit econometric model. The result indicated 43.2% and 56.8% of sample households were food secure and insecure, respectively. The majority (60.5%) of food insecure households were found in coffee growers. Educational level, land degradation, access to market, agricultural advisory services and credit positively influenced FSS of both wheat and coffee growers, yet purpose of production had significant effect only on FSS of wheat growers while remittance had strong association with coffee growers’ FSS. Household occupation, annual farm income and total household asset values also had positive effect on FSS of sample respondents. Hence, mixed development policies and strategies that aimed to address demographic, socioeconomic and institutional aspects of wheat and coffee producers should be designed to assure food security at household level.
Misspecification of a binary dependent variable in the logistic model controlling for the repeated longitudinal measures

Many medical applications are interested to know the disease status. The disease status can be related to multiple serial measurements. Nevertheless, owing to various reasons, the binary outcome can be measured incorrectly. The estimators derived from the misspecified outcome can be biased. This paper derives the complete data likelihood function to incorporate both the multiple serial measurements and the misspecified outcome. Owing to the latent variables, EM algorithm is used to derive the maximum-likelihood estimators. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to compare the impact of misspecification on the estimates. A retrospective data for the recurrence of atrial fibrillation is used to illustrate the usage of the proposed model.
Around unipotence in groups of finite Morley rank

The central question about groups of finite Morley rank is the Cherlin-Zil’ber Conjecture, which states that the infinite simple ones are algebraic. The search for satisfactory analogues in the context of groups of finite Morley rank of key notions in algebraic group theory has therefore been a continuing concern. Semisimple and unipotent elements are fundamental for understanding affine algebraic groups. While Carter subgroups of groups of finite Morley rank (Definition 6.5) offer a reasonably well-behaved analogue of maximal tori in algebraic groups (see [12], [14] and [21]), there has been more than one proposition for an analogue of unipotent subgroups of algebraic groups. The most recent and most effective of these has been introduced by Burdges in [7] (see section 2). In this article, following up on Burdges’ ideas, we introduce and study U -groups (Definition 5.1) as a new analogue of unipotent subgroups for groups of finite Morley rank. Our main result is:
The expectation of success using a Monte Carlo factoring method—some statistics on quadratic class numbers

A method has been proposed for factoring an integer N by using the structure of the class groups of quadratic fields of radicand -kN for various small multipliers k. We discuss the method and an implementation of the method, and various theoretical questions which have an impact on the practical use of the method in factoring. Some of the theoretical questions relate to the nature of class numbers and class groups; we present extensive statistical results on the class numbers and class groups of imaginary quadratic fields. 1. The Method. We deal with binary quadratic forms (a, b, c) of discriminant b2 4ac = -N, N > 0. The equivalence classes of forms of a fixed discriminant under transformations of the modular group T form a finite abelian group, the class group. The order of the class group is the class number h = h(N). The crucial fact, used either implicitly or explicitly in several factoring methods, is that for odd N the classes of order 2 in the class group, called ambiguous classes, are precisely the classes containing forms (P, P,(P2 + N)/4P) for the various divisors P of TV. Thus finding ambiguous forms leads to finding factors. (For even TV there are also ambiguous classes represented by forms (P,0, N/P) in addition to the classes mentioned above. ) Shanks used the explicit class group structure in his factoring method CLASNO [SHAN]. He estimated h with the product formula, then "fiddled" in the class group until the exact value for h was found. He then found an ambiguous form by finding a form/ = (a, b, c) for which/*/2 was not the identity. The new method, which we shall henceforth refer to as the CPS method ((Classgroup/CLASNO)-(Pollard P-l)-(Synthesis)), is somewhat less direct [SCHN]. We let M be the product of all "small" odd primesp(i) raised to "large" exponents a(i). We then compute/^ = g for forms/until we find an/for which/^ is not the identity. Writing h = 2mh', it is certainly true that if h'\ M, then g2"" is ambiguous. In short, we exponentiate forms to huge odd powers that we hope contain all the odd factors of the class number. If this comes to pass, then we can get ambiguous forms and then factors of N. Actually, as with many factoring methods, there are several deeper levels of subtlety. First, it is not really necessary that h'\M. The class groups, being finite Received March 8, 1983; revised October 11, 1983. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 10-04, 10A25, 12A25. '1984 American Mathematical Society 0025-5718/84 $1.00 + $. 25 per page
The cup-mark: the smallest, most frequent, cosmo-politan and most complicated symbol

In Adoranten 2018, a collection of articles have been assembled centred around the theme of the context of cup-marks. Recent notable discoveries of cup-marked stones in dateable contexts across Scandinavia have given research one of the most significant insights to date concerning the most numerous and widely distributed figure: the cup-mark. In this contribution, we wish to commit to paper a proposal developed by the first named author, presented at the Annual 2017 Working Seminar, concerning a suggested categorization of the contexts where cup-marks are found and the ways that cup-marks are represented. At the same time, the authors explore the universal symbolism of cup-marks across time and space.
KNOWLEDGE OF OPPOSITION ATTACKING TENDENCIES ON VOLLEYBALL BLOCKING

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of providing probabilistic information, obtained from video-performance analytics on passing direction tendencies in opposing volleyball setters, on blocking performance in a high skilled female volleyballer. Data on reaction times, decision-making and quality of movement execution of the skilled blocker were analyzed during 1117 blocking actions in 18 competitive matches, before and after receiving information from the passing tendencies of opposition setters. Results revealed that the blocker reacted significantly earlier in those matches when she received information about
NEXT LOCATION PREDICTION MODEL: A GEOHASHED BASED RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK

This work investigates the significance of choosing appropriate recurrent neural networks (RNNs) architecture for a spatiotemporal next location prediction framework. Dockless shared micro-mobility sharing programs provide spatial trajectory data that entails essential information for city planners and developers. The study compares (i) the variable-sized geohash tessellation and (ii) two common RNN architectures: Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), using bike/scooter location data for Washington DC, USA. LSTM and GRU networks are used for modeling and incorporating information from spatial neighbors into the model. The study suggests that the LSTM model yields slightly better performance than the GRU model based on the same tessellation. However, geohash size might play a significant role in model performance. The study highlights the need to explore hyperparameter tuning, multiple spatial partitioning techniques especially with the Google S2 library, and more trip data for improving the prediction performance in neural network models.
Stratospheric influence on the winter North Atlantic storm track in subseasonal reforecasts

Abstract. Extreme stratospheric polar vortex events, such as sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) or extremely strong polar vortex events, can have a significant impact on surface weather in winter. SSWs are most often associated with negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) conditions, cold air outbreaks in the Arctic and a southward-shifted midlatitude storm track in the North Atlantic, while strong polar vortex events tend to be followed by a positive phase of the NAO, relatively warm conditions in the extratropics and a poleward-shifted storm track. Such changes in the storm track position and associated extratropical cyclone frequency over the North Atlantic and Europe can increase the risk of extreme windstorm, flooding or heavy snowfall over populated regions. Skillful predictions of the downward impact of stratospheric polar vortex extremes can therefore improve the predictability of extratropical winter storms on subseasonal timescales. However, there exists a strong inter-event variability in these downward impacts on the tropospheric storm track. Using ECMWF reanalysis data and reforecasts from the Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Prediction Project database, we investigate the stratospheric influence on extratropical cyclones, identified with a cyclone detection algorithm. Following SSWs, there is an equatorward shift in cyclone frequency over the North Atlantic and Europe in reforecasts, and the opposite response is observed after strong polar vortex events, consistent with the response in reanalysis. However, although the response of cyclone frequency following SSWs with a canonical surface impact is typically captured well during weeks 1–4, less than 25 % of the reforecasts manage to capture the response following SSWs with a “non-canonical” impact. This suggests a possible overconfidence in the reforecasts with respect to reanalysis in predicting the canonical response after SSWs, although it only occurs in about two-thirds of the events. The cyclone forecasts following strong polar vortex events are generally more successful. Understanding the role of the stratosphere in subseasonal variability and predictability of storm tracks during winter can provide a key for reliable forecasts of midlatitude storms and their surface impacts.
Nonexpansive Fixed Point Technique Used to Solve Boundary Value Problems for Fractional Differential Equations

Nonexpansive Fixed Point Technique Used to Solve Boundary Value Problems for Fractional Differential Equations In this paper, by using the technique of nonexpansive operators we shall establish sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of boundary value problems for fractional differential equations involving the Caputo fractional derivative and nonlinear integral boundary value conditions.
Feature optimization based on improved novel global harmony search algorithm for motor imagery electroencephalogram classification

Background Effectively decoding electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern for specific mental tasks is a crucial topic in the development of brain-computer interface (BCI). Extracting common spatial pattern (CSP) features from motor imagery EEG signals is often highly dependent on the selection of frequency band and time interval. Therefore, optimizing frequency band and time interval would contribute to effective feature extraction and accurate EEG decoding. Objective This study proposes an approach based on an improved novel global harmony search (INGHS) to optimize frequency-time parameters for effective CSP feature extraction. Methods The INGHS algorithm is applied to find the optimal frequency band and temporal interval. The linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine are used for EEG pattern decoding. Extensive experimental studies are conducted on three EEG datasets to assess the effectiveness of our proposed method. Results The average test accuracy obtained by the time-frequency parameters selected by the proposed INGHS method is slightly better than artificial bee colony (ABC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. Furthermore, the INGHS algorithm is superior to PSO and ABC in running time. Conclusion These superior experimental results demonstrate that the optimal frequency band and time interval selected by the INGHS algorithm could significantly improve the decoding accuracy compared with the traditional CSP method. This method has a potential to improve the performance of MI-based BCI systems.
Evaluation of a rumen modifier to limit pellet intake in beef brood cows

Winter supplementation of gestating beef cows is often necessary to ensure energy and protein requirements remain satisfied. However, it is difficult to prevent over- or under-consumption by individual animals fed in a group. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake limiting effects of 3 levels of tea saponin (TS) on pelleted feed consumption when compared with a TS-free control treatment. Commercial beef cows in late gestation (n = 24) were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments delivered via a pelleted feed supplement: 0% (A), 0.16% (B), 0.32% (C), or 0.64% (D) TS on a dry matter basis. Cows were assigned so that initial mean body weights and body condition scores were similar among treatment groups. Supplement was delivered once daily via Calan gates at a rate of 2.5% of BW for 42 days. Refusals were collected daily to calculate intake. Treatment differences were observed for pellet DMI, cow BW, and cow BCS (P < 0.0001). Cow hay intake, calf birth weight, and calf weaning weight were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake of pellets as a percent of BW (DMIBW) was significantly different for all treatments (P < 0.0001) with intake declining as TS content increased. Considerable variability in DMIBW of all treatments was observed from day 0 to 15 but intakes plateaued between 1.75 and 2.5% DMIBW for the remainder of the trial with Treatment D intake remaining noticeably lower than the other treatments. Treatment D was found to be successful at limiting pellet intake to an average DMIBW of 1.51%. This study concluded that short-term pellet intake can be limited by inclusion of TS, highlighting it as a potential intake limiter product for beef cattle producers.
TJ-M2010-5, a novel CNS drug candidate, attenuates acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the MyD88/NF-κB and ERK pathway

Background: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) inevitably occurs after vascular recanalization treatment for ischemic stroke. The accompanying inflammatory cascades have a major impact on outcome and regeneration after ischemic stroke. Evidences have demonstrated that TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling contributes to CIRI. This study aimed to investigate the druggability of MyD88 in the central nervous system (CNS) and the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the MyD88 inhibitor TJ-M2010-5 on CIRI. Methods: A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used to simulate CIRI in mice. BV-2 cells were stimulated with oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) or lipopolysaccharide, and SH-SY5Y cells were induced by OGD/R in vitro. Neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarction volumes were evaluated. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to measure neuronal damage and apoptosis in the brain. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of TJ-M2010-5 was evaluated by analyzing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, activation of microglia, and infiltration of peripheral myeloid cells. The expression of proteins of the MyD88/NF-κB and ERK pathway was detected by Simple Western. The concentrations of TJ-M2010-5 in the blood and brain were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The cerebral infarction volume decreased in mice treated with TJ-M2010-5, with the most prominent decrease being approximately 80% of the original infarction volume. Neuronal loss and apoptosis were reduced following TJ-M2010-5 treatment. TJ-M2010-5 inhibited the infiltration of peripheral myeloid cells and the activation of microglia. TJ-M2010-5 also downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the MyD88/NF-κB and ERK pathway. Furthermore, TJ-M2010-5 showed good blood-brain barrier permeability and no neurotoxicity. Conclusion: TJ-M2010-5 has an excellent therapeutic effect on CIRI as a novel CNS drug candidate by inhibiting excessive neuroinflammatory responses.
Insights into the biotechnology potential of Methanosarcina

Methanogens are anaerobic archaea which conserve energy by producing methane. Found in nearly every anaerobic environment on earth, methanogens serve important roles in ecology as key organisms of the global carbon cycle, and in industry as a source of renewable biofuels. Environmentally, methanogenic archaea play an essential role in the reintroducing unavailable carbon to the carbon cycle by anaerobically converting low-energy, terminal metabolic degradation products such as one and two-carbon molecules into methane which then returns to the aerobic portion of the carbon cycle. In industry, methanogens are commonly used as an inexpensive source of renewable biofuels as well as serving as a vital component in the treatment of wastewater though this is only the tip of the iceberg with respect to their metabolic potential. In this review we will discuss how the efficient central metabolism of methanoarchaea could be harnessed for future biotechnology applications.
EGFR-targeted bacteriophage lambda penetrates model stromal and colorectal carcinoma tissues, is taken up into carcinoma cells, and interferes with 3-dimensional tumor formation

Introduction Colorectal cancer and other adult solid cancers pose a significant challenge for successful treatment because the tumor microenvironment both hinders the action of conventional therapeutics and suppresses the immune activities of infiltrating leukocytes. The immune suppression is largely the effect of enhanced local mediators such as purine nucleosides and eicosanoids. Genetic approaches have the promise of interfering with these mechanisms of local immunosuppression to allow both intrinsic and therapeutic immunological anticancer processes. Bacterial phages offer a novel means of enabling access into tissues for therapeutic genetic manipulations. Methods We generated spheroids of fibroblastic and CRC cancer cells to model the 3-dimensional stromal and parenchymal components of colorectal tumours. We used these to examine the access and effects of both wildtype (WT) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-presenting bacteriophage λ (WT- λ and EGF-λ) as a means of delivery of targeted genetic interventions in solid cancers. We used both confocal microscopy of spheroids exposed to AF488-tagged phages, and the recovery of viable phages as measured by plaque-forming assays to evaluate access; and measures of mitochondrial enzyme activity and cellular ATP to evaluate the outcome on the constituent cells. Results Using flourescence-tagged derivatives of these bacteriophages (AF488-WT-λ and AF488-EGF-λ) we showed that phage entry into these tumour microenvironments was possible and that the EGF ligand enabled efficient and persistent uptake into the cancer cell mass. EGF-λ became localized in the intracellular portion of cancer cells and was subjected to subsequent cellular processing. The targeted λ phage had no independent effect upon mature tumour spheroids, but interfered with the early formation and growth of cancer tissues without the need for addition of a toxic payload, suggesting that it might have beneficial effects by itself in addition to any genetic intervention delivered to the tumour. Interference with spheroid formation persisted over the duration of culture. Discussion We conclude that targeted phage technology is a feasible strategy to facilitate delivery into colorectal cancer tumour tissue (and by extension other solid carcinomas) and provides an appropriate delivery vehicle for a gene therapeutic that can reduce local immunosuppression and/or deliver an additional direct anticancer activity.
Light responsive hydrogels for controlled drug delivery

Light is an easy acquired, effective and non-invasive external stimulus with great flexibility and focusability. Thus, light responsive hydrogels are of particular interests to researchers in developing accurate and controlled drug delivery systems. Light responsive hydrogels are obtained by incorporating photosensitive moieties into their polymeric structures. Drug release can be realized through three major mechanisms: photoisomerization, photochemical reaction and photothermal reaction. Recent advances in material science have resulted in great development of photosensitizers, such as rare metal nanostructures and black phosphorus nanoparticles, in order to respond to a variety of light sources. Hydrogels incorporated with photosensitizers are crucial for clinical applications, and the use of ultraviolet and near-infrared light as well as up-conversion nanoparticles has greatly increased the therapeutic effects. Existing light responsive drug delivery systems have been utilized in delivering drugs, proteins and genes for chemotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, wound healing and other applications. Principles associated with site-specific targeting, metabolism, and toxicity are used to optimize efficacy and safety, and to improve patient compliance and convenience. In view of the importance of this field, we review current development, challenges and future perspectives of light responsive hydrogels for controlled drug delivery.
The effects of grammatical gender on the processing of occupational role names in Slovene: An event-related potential study

The event-related potential method has proven to be a useful tool for studying the effects of gender information in language. Studies have shown that mismatch between the antecedent and the following referent triggers two ERP components, N400 and P600. In the present study, we investigated how grammatical gender affects the mental representation of the grammatical subject. A match-mismatch paradigm was used to investigate how masculine grammatical gender and gender-balanced forms (the explicit mention of masculine and feminine forms as word pairs) as role nouns affect the processing of the referent in Slovenian. The morphological complexity of Slovenian language required the use of anaphoric verbs instead of nouns/pronouns, on which previous research was based. The results showed that following both the gender-balanced and the masculine generic forms, P600 (but not N400) was observed in response to the feminine verb but not to the masculine verb. The P600 amplitude was smaller in the case of the gender-balanced form than in the case of the masculine generic form only. We have concluded that gender-balanced forms are more open to feminine continuations than masculine generic forms. This is the first ERP study in Slovenian to address the effects of processing grammatical gender, thus contributing to existing research on languages with grammatical gender. The great strength of the study is that it is one of the first ERP studies to test the mental inclusivity of gender-balanced forms.