Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen.

UNLABELLED SUMMARY Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing disease in a wide range of plants. This review summarizes current knowledge of mechanisms employed by the fungus to parasitize its host with emphasis on biology, physiology and molecular aspects of pathogenicity. In addition, current tools for research and strategies to combat S. sclerotiorum are discussed. TAXONOMY Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: kingdom Fungi, phylum Ascomycota, class Discomycetes, order Helotiales, family Sclerotiniaceae, genus Sclerotinia. IDENTIFICATION Hyphae are hyaline, septate, branched and multinucleate. Mycelium may appear white to tan in culture and in planta. No asexual conidia are produced. Long-term survival is mediated through the sclerotium; a pigmented, multi-hyphal structure that can remain viable over long periods of time under unfavourable conditions for growth. Sclerotia can germinate to produce mycelia or apothecia depending on environmental conditions. Apothecia produce ascospores, which are the primary means of infection in most host plants. HOST RANGE S. sclerotiorum is capable of colonizing over 400 plant species found worldwide. The majority of these species are dicotyledonous, although a number of agriculturally significant monocotyledonous plants are also hosts. Disease symptoms: Leaves usually have water-soaked lesions that expand rapidly and move down the petiole into the stem. Infected stems of some species will first develop dark lesions whereas the initial indication in other hosts is the appearance of water-soaked stem lesions. Lesions usually develop into necrotic tissues that subsequently develop patches of fluffy white mycelium, often with sclerotia, which is the most obvious sign of plants infected with S. sclerotiorum. USEFUL WEBSITES http://www.whitemoldresearch. com; http://www.broad. mit.edu/annotation/fungi/sclerotinia_sclerotiorum.
Management Research as a Design Science: Articulating the Research Products of Mode 2 Knowledge Production in Management

The relevance problem of academic management research in organization and management is an old and thorny one. Recent discussions on this issue have resulted in proposals to use more Mode 2 knowledge production in our field. These discussions focused mainly on the process of research itself and less on the products produced by this process. Here the focus is on the so-called field-tested and grounded technological rule as a possible product of Mode 2 research with the potential to improve the relevance of academic research in management. Technological rules can be seen as solution-oriented knowledge. Such knowledge may be called Management Theory, while more description-oriented knowledge may be called Organization Theory. In this article the nature of technological rules in management is discussed, as well as their development, their use in actual management practice and the potential for cross-fertilization between Management Theory and Organization Theory.
An Investigation of Audit Committees' Oversight Responsibilities

Audit committee performance has come under close scrutiny in recent years from a variety of policy-makers, interest groups and researchers. In particular, the adequacy of audit committee oversight has been challenged. At the same time, audit committees are under pressure to increase the scope of their oversight work. This study examines audit committee oversight from the internal perspective of active U.S. audit committee members. A two-part survey used Wolnizer's (1995) list of seventeen prescribed audit committee objectives related to accounting and reporting, auditors and auditing, and corporate governance in general as a basis to assess audit committee members' abilities to recognize their assigned objectives and explore their perceptions of the key tasks and issues currently addressed by audit committees. The results indicate that audit committee members appreciate the importance of all audit committee members having sufficient expertise in oversight areas related to accounting, auditing and the law. However, some respondents agreed they lacked sufficient expertise in many or all of these areas. In addition, the findings indicate that audit committee members tend not to recognize their assigned responsibilities, but agree with the proposed expansion of committee responsibilities. Using a multimethod approach, internal control evaluation was consistently listed and ranked as the most important oversight responsibility. These findings provide insight into the priority perceived by audit committee members as to their oversight responsibilities, and the adequacy of U.S. reporting disclosures as signals of audit committee work.
Information processing theory: implications for health care organisations

Health care organisations have seen exponential growth in the volume of internal and external information which pertains to their operational survival. As such, health care administrators must find ways to manage this flow of information and minimize uncertainty. This paper examines the options available to health care organisations in light of Galbraith's information processing theory. Several structural modifications are discussed and analysed, with vertical and horizontal information systems (including both intra-organisational and inter-organisational systems) offering the best opportunity for future enhancement of information processing capabilities.
EFFECT OF RUBOXISTAURIN (RBX) ON VISUAL ACUITY DECLINE OVER A 6-YEAR PERIOD WITH CESSATION AND REINSTITUTION OF THERAPY: Results of an Open-Label Extension of the Protein Kinase C Diabetic Retinopathy Study 2 (PKC-DRS2)

Purpose: The PKC-DRS2 was a Phase 3, randomized, double-masked, placebo (PBO)-controlled, 3-year study of the effect of 32 mg/day of ruboxistaurin (RBX), an orally administered protein kinase C inhibitor, on vision loss in patients with moderate to severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ruboxistaurin reduced the occurrence of sustained moderate visual loss (SMVL; ≥15-letter decline in visual acuity sustained for the last 6 months of study participation) from 9.1% in the PBO group (N = 340) to 5.5% in the RBX group (N = 345, P = 0.034). This study evaluates the primary end point of SMVL in a 2-year open-label extension (OLE) of the PKC-DRS2, which began a median of 466 days (range, 263-1,296 days) after the conclusion of PKC-DRS2. Methods: Visual acuity was measured by certified examiners using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart. Results: Of the 514 patients who completed PKC-DRS2, 366 did so in the 32 study centers participating in the OLE, and of these, 203 (55%) enrolled in the OLE for treatment with 32 mg/day of RBX for 2 years. Of the 203 enrolled in the OLE, 100 had previously been treated with PBO (prior PBO subgroup) and 103 had been treated with RBX (prior RBX subgroup). PKC-DRS2 baseline patient and ocular characteristics were well matched between these two subgroups and were similar to the PKC-DRS2 patient population as a whole. Using the PKC-DRS2 baseline as the starting point, SMVL occurred in 6% of the prior PBO subgroup during the PKC-DRS2, increasing to 26% by the end of the OLE. However, in the prior RBX subgroup, SMVL occurred in only 4% and 8% during the PKC-DRS2 and by the end of the OLE, respectively (P < 0.001 for difference at the end of the OLE). In the prior PBO subgroup, mean visual acuity declined from 79.6 letters at PKC-DRS2 baseline to 73.1 letters at OLE end point (−6.5 letters). In the prior RBX subgroup, this loss was 2.7 letters (79.8 to 77.1) over the same period (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Over a 6-year study period incorporating 3 years of a rigorously placebo-controlled trial, approximately 1 year off treatment and 2-year OLE where all groups received therapy, those patients with greatest RBX exposure (∼5 years) experienced less SMVL compared with those in the original PBO group (∼2-year RBX exposure).
Industrial Conflict and Business Fluctuations

I IT HAS long been recognized that there are cycles of strikes and that they are probably related to the business cycle. If the forces which tend to create a pattern of regularity in strike fluctuations can be identified, it is important to do so. Unless we learn to understand this pattern, cyclical changes in the level of strikes may be mistaken for permanent changes in the economic, social, or psychological determinants of industrial conflict. Since strikes are often the subject of legislation or other government action, mistakes in the diagnosis of strike fluctuations may contribute to errors in public policy. Without looking at the data, one might expect either a positive or an inverse correlation between strikes and the business cycle. An expectation of a positive correlation would follow from the view that strikes are typically conducted by "business unions," which are always seeking gains for their members, and will adjust their strategy to business fluctuations so as to maximize these gains. The expectation of an inverse correlation would result from the view that strikes are essentially a protest of workers against intolerable conditions and that the conditions which provoke strikes are most common during depressions. It should be possible to choose between these views on the basis of empirical evidence. Unfortunately, various students of the question have not agreed on the nature of the relation between strikes and business fluctuations. Hansen, analyzing strike data from 1881 to 1919, concluded that "strikes correlate inversely with the business cycle in periods of long run falling prices, while they correspond directly with the business cycle in periods of long run rising prices. "2 Griffen, analyzing strike data for 1881 to 1937, concluded that the troughs of his strike cycles corresponded generally with the years of depressions, and ten of the I I am indebted to Professor Milton Friedman for valuable advice especially in connection with the statistical methods used. Professors Joel Seidman and Harold L. Wilensky have also made helpful suggestions. Albert Guttenberg, George S. Colburn, and Carla Zingarelli did the computation. 2 Alvin H. Hansen, "Cycles of Strikes," American Economic Review, XI (1921), 620.
CONVEX RISK MEASURES FOR GOOD DEAL BOUNDS

We study convex risk measures describing the upper and lower bounds of a good deal bound, which is a subinterval of a no‐arbitrage pricing bound. We call such a convex risk measure a good deal valuation and give a set of equivalent conditions for its existence in terms of market. A good deal valuation is characterized by several equivalent properties and in particular, we see that a convex risk measure is a good deal valuation only if it is given as a risk indifference price. An application to shortfall risk measure is given. In addition, we show that the no‐free‐lunch (NFL) condition is equivalent to the existence of a relevant convex risk measure, which is a good deal valuation. The relevance turns out to be a condition for a good deal valuation to be reasonable. Further, we investigate conditions under which any good deal valuation is relevant.
Periurban Land Redevelopment in Vietnam under Market Socialism

Starting in the 1990s, the Vietnamese state sought to expand and modernise the country’s urban system after four decades of anti-urban policies. This paper examines the reworking of the socialist land regime that followed from this shift. It begins by explaining how new legislation and institutions combined market and socialist principles to lure domestic enterprises into realising the state’s new urban ambitions. It then shows how this hybrid reordering of policy triggered local experiments with periurban land redevelopment and new forms of alliances between the state and private capital. Using the case of the Land-for-Infrastructure mechanism, which uses land as in-kind payment for the building of infrastructure, it is found that this experiment undermines the implementing of official planning orientations and regulations. Finally, the paper explores the relationship between this problematic outcome and the political-economic environment within which recent land policy changes have been implemented in Vietnam.
Dynamics of Representation: The Case of US Spending on Defence

The representation of public preferences in public policy is fundamental to most conceptions of democracy. If representation is effectively undertaken, we would expect to find a correspondence between public preferences for policy and policy itself. If representation is dynamic, policy makers should respond to changes in preferences over time. The integrity of the representational connection, however, rests fundamentally on the expectation that the public actually notices and responds to policy decisions. Such a public would adjust its preferences for ‘more’ or ‘less’ policy in response to what policy makers actually do, much like a thermostat. Despite its apparent importance, there is little research that systematically addresses this feedback of policy on preferences over time. Quite simply, we do not know whether the public adjusts its preferences for policy in response to what policy makers do. By implication, we do not fully understand the dynamics of representation. This research begins to address these issues and focuses on the relationships between public preferences and policy in a single, salient domain.
Dictatorship in a single export crop economy

We provide an analysis of a power-maximising model for dictatorial behaviour. In the model, the dictator’s revenues depend on the exports of a single crop. Using export earnings the dictator buys loyalty from the producers of the export crop by setting the domestic producer price. Revenues resulting from the difference between the international and the domestic price of the crop are used to finance a repressive apparatus. We present a complete comparative statics analysis of the choice between repression and loyalty to obtain power, in response to changes in the international price of the single crop in the economy. The results allow for a novel classification of power-maximising behaviour into benevolent, tyrannical and totalitarian dictatorships. We argue that the model and the associated dictatorship typology can be embedded into Wintrobe’s more general specification of a dictator’s objective function, which combines aspirations for power with rent-seeking motives. We compare our analysis with empirical observations of the Habyarimana regime in Rwanda (1973–1994). JEL Classification Numbers: D72, H30, H56.
Start-ups and Local Entrepreneurial Social Capital in the Municipalities of Sweden

Westlund H. , Larsson J. P. and Olsson A. R. Start-ups and local entrepreneurial social capital in the municipalities of Sweden, Regional Studies. This paper contains one of the first empirical attempts to investigate the influence of local entrepreneurial social capital (ESC) on start-up propensity. A unique database, including not only total start-ups but also data on start-ups divided into six sectors, is used to study the impact of ESC on start-ups per capita. The results support the hypothesis that social capital, measured both as (1) firm perception of local public attitudes to entrepreneurship and (2) the share of small businesses influences start-up propensity in Swedish municipalities. The findings also support previous results suggesting that social capital has a somewhat stronger influence in rural areas than in urban areas.
Use of Dipeptides for the Synthesis of Glutathione by Astroglia‐Rich Primary Cultures

Abstract: The intracellular content of glutathione in astroglia‐rich primary cultures derived from the brains of newborn rats was used as an indicator for the ability of these cells to use dipeptides for glutathione synthesis. For restoration of the glutathione level, after a 24‐h starvation period in the absence of glucose and amino acids, glucose, glutamate, cysteine, and glycine have to be present in the incubation buffer. The dipeptides CysGly and γGluCys were able to substitute for cysteine plus glycine and glutamate plus cysteine, respectively. Half‐maximal contents of glutathione were found at 20 µM CysGly and 3 mMγGluCys. In addition, the oxidized forms of the dipeptides CysGly and GlyCys could replace cysteine plus glycine for glutathione restoration, and the glycine‐containing dipeptides GlyGly, GlyLeu, GlyGlu, GlyGln, and γGluGly could partially substitute for the glycine necessary for the replenishment of glutathione. The glutathione resynthesis in the presence of CysGly plus glutamate was totally inhibited in the presence of buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase. In contrast, glutathione restoration from γGluCys at a concentration of 10 mM in the presence of glycine was not influenced by the inhibitor. The use of CysGly or γGluCys was not affected by the presence of the dipeptidase inhibitors cilastatin or bestatin. In addition, carnosine and several other dipeptides applied in a 50‐fold excess only slightly prevented the use of CysGly, hinting at the existence in astroglial cells of a transport system specific for CysGly. The results demonstrate that astroglial cells can use dipeptides for intracellular glutathione synthesis and that the dipeptides most likely are taken up as intact molecules into astroglial cells before intracellular hydrolysis occurs.
Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest*

Objectives:Lipid emulsion infusion is an emerging antidotal therapy for toxin-induced cardiac arrest. To compare the efficacy of resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced asystole using lipid emulsion infusion vs. vasopressin, alone and with epinephrine. Design:Prospective, randomized, animal study. Setting:University research laboratory. Subjects:Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Interventions:Instrumented rats were given an intravenous bolus of 20 mg/kg bupivacaine to induce asystole (zero time). Rats (n = 6 for all groups) were ventilated with 100% oxygen, given chest compressions, and randomized to receive 30% lipid emulsion (L, 5 mL/kg bolus then 1.0 mL/kg/min infusion) and vasopressin 0.4 U/kg bolus alone (V) or combined with epinephrine, 30 &mgr;g/kg (V + E); boluses (L, V, or V + E) were repeated at 2.5 and 5 minutes for a rate–pressure product (RPP) less than 20% baseline. Measurements and Main Results:The arterial blood pressure and electrocardiogram were measured continuously for 10 minutes when blood was drawn for arterial blood gas analysis, lactate content, and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvpO2). Hemodynamic parameters of the L group at 10 minutes (30,615 ± 4782 mm Hg/min; 151 ± 19.1 mm Hg; 197 ± 8.6 min−1; RPP, systolic blood pressure and heart rate, respectively) exceeded those of the V group (5395 ± 1310 mm Hg/min; 85.8 ± 12 mm Hg; 61 ± 10.8 min−1) and the V + E group (11,183 ± 1857 mm Hg/min−1; 75.5 ± 12.9 min−1, RPP and heart rate, respectively; systolic blood pressure was not different). Metrics indicated better tissue perfusion in the L group (7.24 ± 0.02; 83% ± 3.5%; 2.2 ± 0.36 mmol/L; pH, ScvpO2, lactate, respectively) than V (7.13 ± 0.02; 29.9% ± 4.4%; 7.5 ± 0.6 mmol/L) and V + E groups (7.07 ± 0.03; 26.2% ± 8.9%; 7.7 ± 1 mmol/L). Wet-to-dry lung ratios in V (8.3 ± 0.6) and V + E (8.7 ± 0.2) were greater than that in the L group (6.2 ± 05) (mean ± sem; p < 0.05 for all shown results). Conclusions:Lipid emulsion in this rat model provides superior hemodynamic and metabolic recovery from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest than do vasopressors. Systolic pressure was not a useful metric in the vasopressor groups. Vasopressin was associated with adverse outcomes.
Partnership agreement adoption and survival in the British private and public sectors

This article assesses the adoption and survival of labour-management partnership agreements in Britain. In contrast to predictions that British employers will avoid partnership agreements, significantly more agreements have been signed than expected with 248 partnership agreements signed between 1990 and 2007. Partnership agreements covered almost ten percent of all British employees in 2007 and one-third of public sector employees. The majority of agreements are now in the public sector as part of government plans to reform the delivery of public services and in the devolved health services of Scotland and Wales as part of the potentially distinctive social democratic approach adopted by the devolved Governments. In contrast to predictions that, once signed, partnership agreements are unlikely to survive, four-fifths (80 percent) of all agreements survived to the close of 2007. Public sector agreements appear particularly robust.
L'intérêt d'un renforcement des fonds propres bancaires (et de mesures complémentaires) pour concilier stabilité financière, performance et bon fonctionnement des banques

Les banques ont entre autres vocations a collecter les depots. Ces depots representent leur principale source de financement et jouent un role important (a la fois theoriquement et empiriquement) sur leur bon fonctionnement. Il semble donc normal que les banques aient un niveau de levier relativement eleve. Neanmoins, le fort levier des banques genere des externalites negatives pour l'ensemble de l'economie. Ainsi, des exigences plus elevees en fonds propres seraient une reponse adequate aux problemes de liquidations d'actifs, a la reticence des banques a lever du capital en temps de crise, aux incitations a prendre des risques resultant des garanties des Etats, a la hausse de la competition et au changement de role des banques. Un renforcement des fonds propres bancaires permettrait donc d'ameliorer la stabilite du secteur financier. Cette stabilite serait benefique pour l'ensemble de l'economie et ne serait pas obtenue au prix d'une baisse de valeur, d'efficacite ou de performance des banques. En effet, un renforcement des fonds propres bancaires ne devrait pas affecter negativement la valeur des banques, leur bonne gouvernance, leur distribution de credits ou leur creation de liquidite. De plus, le capital contribue a ameliorer la performance et la probabilite de survie des banques en temps de crise. Malgre les effets benefiques d'une plus forte capitalisation, les banques semblent reticentes a augmenter leurs fonds propres. Cette reticence est notamment liee a l'effet negatif qu'aurait un renforcement des fonds propres sur la discipline des dirigeants. Des mesures complementaires comme la creation d'un compte special de capital ou d'actions a responsabilite limitee ont ainsi ete proposees pour apporter une solution a ce probleme. Enfin, modifier la remuneration des dirigeants de banques, reduire la taille des banques ou mettre en place des augmentations de capital contingentes pourraient diminuer les risques et couts de faillite des banques.
Physical models of size-dependent nanofilament formation and rupture in NiO resistive switching memories

NiO films display unipolar resistance switching characteristics, due to the electrically induced formation and rupture of nanofilaments. While the applicative interest for possible use in highly dense resistance switching memory (RRAM) is extremely high, switching phenomena pose strong fundamental challenges in understanding the physical mechanisms and models. This work addresses the set and reset mechanisms for the formation and rupture of nanofilaments in NiO RRAM devices. Reset is described in terms of thermally-accelerated diffusion and oxidation processes, and its resistance dependence is explained by size-dependent Joule heating and oxidation. The filament is described as a region with locally-enhanced doping, resulting in an insulator–metal transition driven by structural and chemical defects. The set mechanism is explained by a threshold switching effect, triggering chemical reduction and a consequent local increase of metallic doping. The possible use of the observed resistance-dependent reset and set parameters to improve the memory array operation and variability is finally discussed.