Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controllability, observability, pole allocation, and state reconstruction

In this paper we discuss the concepts of controllability, reachability, reconstructibility, and observability and attempt to show why these concepts are important in linear systems theory. We show how the above concepts allow us to solve the existence problem of closed-loop regulation of a linear time-invariant finite-dimensional system. The main results related to this are Theorems 4 and 5. Similar but less sharp results are also presented for time-varying systems. The discussion then proceeds to the precise relationships that exist between input-output and state descriptions of systems. Finally, the question of equivalence of internal and input-output stability is discussed.
Trust in Institutions and Tax Compliance. A Multilevel Analysis of the Regions of Spain

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The aim of this work is to delve into the significance of trust in the phenomenon of tax compliance. Specifically, the relationship between taxpayers’ trust in the Government, administrations and institutions and their reported disposition towards tax compliance is explored based on the case of Spain and at regional level (NUTS2). Methodology: Using 2017 data collected by the European Values Study (EVS) and the Quality of Government Institute at the University of Gothenburg (QoG), a multilevel linear model is proposed where we assess the impact of citizen support for the Government and institutions on the disposition towards tax compliance. This model allows to simultaneously capture the relationships at taxpayer level and the effects of regional factors in the same equation. Results of the research: The results of the multilevel estimation allow the authors to reject the null hypothesis and accept, at least provisionally, the existence of a direct effect of trust in the institutions on tax compliance at regional level. Additionally, the low significance observed in the regional level variables suggests that citizens have non-decentralized perception of tax obligations. Furthermore, given that the effects are measured in terms of the quality of the institutions and government, the implications for regional policy and the actions of regional governments are of significant interest for the study of tax behavior and compliance.
Silicon Oxynitride Waveguides for Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Planar optical waveguides on p-type Si wafers have been fabricated by a photo-induced deposition process. Silicon oxynitride was deposited using a gaseous mixture of SiH4 (2% in Ar), NH3 and N2O under 253.7 nm UV radiation. The oxynitride composition was varied by changing N2O: ( N2O+NH3) ratio while keeping N2O+NH3 and SiH4 flow rates constant. The refractive index varied from 1.46 to 1.95. The optical energy gap increased from 4.8 to 5.7 as the flow rate ratio varied from 0 to 0.25. Si–N bond shifts to higher energy owing to the incorporation of oxygen. A planar waveguide structure was fabricated using thermally grown SiO2 buffer layer of 1.1 µ m thickness. The loss was estimated to be 1.1 dB/cm for TE0 mode at 632.8 nm. The accuracy of measurements is 0.02 dB/cm.
Tetrahedron and 3D reflection equations from quantized algebra of functions

Soibelman’s theory of quantized function algebra Aq(SLn) provides a representation theoretical scheme to construct a solution of the Zamolodchikov tetrahedron equation. We extend this idea originally due to Kapranov and Voevodsky to Aq(Sp2n) and obtain the intertwiner K corresponding to the quartic Coxeter relation. Together with the previously known three-dimensional (3D) R matrix, the K yields the first ever solution to the 3D analogue of the reflection equation proposed by Isaev and Kulish. It is shown that matrix elements of R and K are polynomials in q and that there are combinatorial and birational counterparts for R and K. The combinatorial ones arise either at q = 0 or by tropicalization of the birational ones. A conjectural description for type B and F4 cases is also given.
Advances in Pediatric HIV-1 Cure Therapies and Reservoir Assays

Significant advances in the field of HIV-1 therapeutics to achieve antiretroviral treatment (ART)-free remission and cure for persons living with HIV-1 are being made with the advent of broadly neutralizing antibodies and very early ART in perinatal infection. The need for HIV-1 remission and cure arises due to the inability of ART to eradicate the major reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells (the latent reservoir), and the strict adherence to lifelong treatment. To measure the efficacy of these cure interventions on reservoir size and to dissect reservoir dynamics, assays that are sensitive and specific to intact proviruses are critical. In this review, we provided a broad overview of some of the key interventions underway to purge the reservoir in adults living with HIV-1 and ones under study in pediatric populations to reduce and control the latent reservoir, primarily focusing on very early treatment in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies. We also summarized assays currently in use to measure HIV-1 reservoirs and their feasibility and considerations for studies in children.
Serum Iron Level and 10-Year Survival after Melanoma

The malignant melanoma of the skin is a very aggressive tumor. The determination of prognostic biomarkers is important for the early detection of recurrence, and for the enrollment of the patients into different treatment regimens. An evaluation of a cohort of 375 Polish MM cases revealed that a low serum iron concentration (i.e., below 893.05 µg/L) was associated with increased mortality. The study group was followed up from the date of melanoma diagnosis until death or 2020. Patients were assigned to one of four categories in accordance with increasing iron level (I–IV quarters). Patients with a low iron level of below 893.05 µg/L (I quarter) had a significantly lower survival rate when compared to the subgroup with the highest iron level, above 1348.63 µg/L (IV quarter; HR = 4.12; p = 0.028 and HR = 4.66; p = 0.019 for uni- and multivariable models, respectively). Multivariable analysis took into account the following factors: iron levels, Clark, sex, and age. Future studies based upon the examination of a larger number of cases should be conducted to confirm our findings.
Political Fake News Detection from Different News Source on Social Media using Machine Learning Techniques

People are more dependable on online news systems than ever in this modern time and day. The more people depend on online news, magazines, and journals, the more likely it will have more significant consequences of fake news or rumors. In the era of social networking, it has become a significant problem that negatively influences society. The fact is that the internet has become more accessible than ever, and its uses have increased exponentially. From 2005 to 2020, overall web users have increased from 1.1 billion to 3.96 billion. As most individuals' primary sources are microblogging networks, fake news spreads faster than ever. Thus it has become very complicated to detect fake news over the internet. For that purpose, we have used four traditional machine learning (ML) algorithms and long short-term memory (LSTM) methods. The four traditional methods are as follows logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT) classification, k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classification, and naive bayes (NB) classification. To conduct this experiment, we first implemented four traditional machine learning methods. Then we trained our dataset with LSTM and Bi-LSTM (bidirectional long-short term memory) to get the best-optimized result. This paper experimented with four traditional methods and two deep learning models to find the best models for detecting fake news. In our research, we can see that, from four traditional methods, logistic regression performs best and generate 96% accuracy, and the Bi-LSTM model can generate 99% accuracy, which outbreaks all previous scores.
Semiparametric Additive Accelerated Life Models

In this paper we investigate the asymptotic properties of estimators obtained for the semiparametric additive accelerated life model proposed by Bagdonavicius & Nikulin (1995). This model generalizes the well known additive hazards model of survival analysis and is close to the general transformation model (see Dabrowska & Doksum, 1988). Asymptotic properties of the estimator of the regression parameter and the estimator of the reliability function are given in the case of right censoring for discretized data and a numerical example illustrates these results.
Elevated Ozone Layers over the Seoul Metropolitan Region in Korea: Evidence for Long-Range Ozone Transport from Eastern China and Its Contribution to Surface Concentrations

Abstract Elevated layers of high ozone concentration were observed over the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) in Korea by ozonesonde measurements during 6–9 June 2003. An analysis of the synoptic-scale meteorological features and backward trajectories revealed that the layers were associated with the long-range transport of ozone from eastern China. Further examination of the long-range transport process responsible for the development of these layers was performed using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. CMAQ demonstrated that the upward mixing of ozone by convective activity in eastern China and subsequent horizontal transport aloft in the periphery of a slow-moving high pressure system led to the development of thick ozone layers over the SMR. Through comparative simulation studies, it was found that the surface ozone levels in the SMR can be significantly enhanced by the vertical down-mixing of ozone from the layer aloft with the growing mixed layer. On average, about 25% of the surface .
Uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes

A photodiode (PD) that can provide both high speed and high saturation output is of great importance for the development of future large-capacity fiber-optic communication systems and ultrafast measurement systems. A high output PD combined with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier can eliminate the need for a broadband electronic post-amplifier and thus enables us to construct photoreceivers with a much faster response. We recently developed a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (UTCPD) that satisfies these requirements. We describe the characteristic features and photoresponse performance of the InP/InGaAs UTC-PD, and outline its application to fiber-optic communication systems.
Design of compliant constant-output-force mechanisms using topology optimization

ABSTRACT Compliant constant-force mechanisms (CCFMs) are compliant mechanisms that provide nearly constant forces over prescribed deflection ranges. This study proposes a topology optimization method for designing hinge-free compliant constant-output-force mechanisms. Bifurcation cause the objective function to oscillate, leading to convergence failure. Therefore, a constraint for preventing bifurcation in constant-output-force mechanisms is proposed. Moreover, a minimum scale constraint method that extends the design domain is utilized in the proposed optimization algorithm. The relationship between the minimum length scale and the force variation in the optimized CCFM is obtained and discussed, and an optimized CCFM is fabricated and tested. The optimized CCFM exhibits a force variation of 0.7% over a constant-force stroke of 26% of the CCFM length and is thus competitive among recently proposed CCFMs.
The Greedy Matching Algorithm in Random Regular Graphs and Hypergraphs

In this note, we analyze the performance of the greedy matching algorithm in sparse random graphs and hypergraphs with fixed degree sequence. We use the differential equations method and apply a general theorem of Wormald. The main contribution of the paper is an exact solution of the system of differential equations. In the case of $k$-uniform, $\Delta$-regular hypergraphs this solution shows that the greedy algorithm leaves behind \[\left(\frac{1}{(k-1)(\Delta-1)}\right)^\frac{\Delta}{(k-1)(\Delta-1)-1} + o(1)\] fraction of the vertices.
Confining a Tokamak Plasma with rf-Driven Currents.

P has to increase much further for the disruption to occur in the second case than in the first one. This would be seen as longer sawteeth in the second ease. Both results are in qualitative agreement with the results of TFR. Nonideal effects, like finite resistivity and finite-Larmor-radius stabilization, may also be important in explaining the experimental results. " However, a theory including these effects which is also valid near the magnetic axis remains to be developed. We are thankful to Dr. C. Copenhaver for providing a copy of his thesis and for warning us about the weak-coupling assumption that he has used in the derivation of Eq. (1). We are thankful also to Dr. K. Weimer, Dr. J. Goedbloed, and Professor B. Coppi for enlightening discussions. This work has been partly supported by Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Foundacto de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (Brazil).
Bayesian synaptic plasticity makes predictions about plasticity experiments in vivo

Humans and other animals learn by updating synaptic weights in the brain. Rapid learning allows animals to adapt quickly to changes in their environment, giving them a large selective advantage. As brains have been evolving for several hundred million years, we might expect biological learning rules to be close to optimal, by exploiting all locally available information in order to learn as rapidly as possible. However, no previously proposed learning rules are optimal in this sense. We therefore use Bayes theorem to derive optimal learning rules for supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning. As expected, these rules prove to be significantly more effective than the best classical learning rules. Our learning rules make two predictions about the results of plasticity experiments in active networks. First, we predict that learning rates should vary across time, increasing when fewer inputs are active. Second, we predict that learning rates should vary across synapses, being higher for synapses whose presynaptic cells have a lower average firing rate. Finally, our methods are extremely flexible, allowing the derivation of optimal learning rules based solely on the information that is assumed, or known, to be available to the synapse. This flexibility should allow for the derivation of optimal learning rules for progressively more complex and realistic synaptic and neural models --- allowing us to connect theory with complex biological reality.
The Discounted Penalty Function with Multi-Layer Dividend Strategy in the Phase-Type Risk Model

This paper considers a Sparre Andersen model in which the inter-claim times have a phase-type distribution and the premium rate is a step function depending on the current surplus level. We derive the system of piecewise integro-differential equations for the Gerber–Shiu discounted penalty functions and obtain the closed form expressions of the Gerber–Shiu functions if the claim amount distribution belongs to the rational family. We provide a recursive approach to calculate Gerber–Shiu functions and present an example.
The Adaptive Characteristics of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in Nile Tilapia Fed a High-Fat Diet

Since high-fat diet (HFD) intake elevates liver cholesterol and enhanced cholesterol-bile acid flux alleviates its lipid deposition, we assumed that the promoted cholesterol-bile acid flux is an adaptive metabolism in fish when fed an HFD. The present study investigated the characteristic of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after feeding an HFD (13% lipid level) for four and eight weeks. Visually healthy Nile tilapia fingerlings (average weight 3.50 ± 0.05 g) were randomly distributed into four treatments (4-week control diet or HFD and 8-week control diet or HFD). The liver lipid deposition and health statue, cholesterol/bile acid, and fatty acid metabolism were analyzed in fish after short-term and long-term HFD intake. The results showed that 4-week HFD feeding did not change serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST) enzyme activities, along with comparable liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content. But higher serum ALT and AST enzyme activities and liver MDA content were observed in fish fed 8-week HFD. Intriguingly, remarkably accumulated total cholesterol (mainly cholesterol ester, CE) was observed in the liver of fish fed 4-week HFD, along with slightly elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) and comparable TG contents. Further molecular analysis in the liver showed that obvious accumulation of CE and total bile acids (TBAs) in fish fed 4-week HFD was mainly attributed to the enhancement of cholesterol synthesis, esterification, and bile acid synthesis. Furthermore, the increased protein expressions of acyl-CoA oxidase 1/2 (Acox1 and Acox2), which serve as peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) rate-limiting enzymes and play key roles in the transformation of cholesterol into bile acids, were found in fish after 4-week HFD intake. Notably, 8-week HFD intake remarkably elevated FFA content (about 1.7-fold increase), and unaltered TBAs were found in fish liver, accompanied by suppressed Acox2 protein level and cholesterol/bile acid synthesis. Therefore, the robust cholesterol-bile acid flux serves as an adaptive metabolism in Nile tilapia when fed a short-term HFD and is possibly via stimulating peroxisomal FAO. This finding enlightens our understanding on the adaptive characteristics of cholesterol metabolism in fish fed an HFD and provides a new possible treatment strategy against metabolic disease induced by HFD in aquatic animals.
Mass Segregation in Young Large Magellanic Cloud Clusters. I. NGC 2157

We have carried out Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 V- and I-band imaging of the young LMC cluster NGC 2157. Construction of a color-magnitude diagram and isochrone fitting yield an age of τ = 108 yr, a reddening E(B - V) = 0.1, and a distance modulus of 18.4 mag. Our data cover the mass range 0.75 M⊙ ≤ m ≤ 5.1 M⊙. We find that the cluster mass function changes significantly from the inner regions to the outer regions, becoming steeper (larger number of low-mass stars relative to high-mass stars) at larger radii. The age of NGC 2157 is comparable to its two-body relaxation timescale only in the cluster core. The observed steepening of the mass function at larger radii is therefore most likely an initial condition of the cluster stars. Such initial conditions are predicted in models of cluster star formation in which dissipative processes act more strongly upon more massive stars.
A Silicon-Based Radio Platform for Integrated Edge Sensing and Communication Toward Sustainable Healthcare

Faced with COVID-19 and the trend of aging, it is demanding to develop an online health metrics sensing solution for sustainable healthcare. An edge radio platform owning the function of integrated sensing and communications is promising to address the challenge. Radar demonstrates the capability for noncontact healthcare with high sensitivity and excellent privacy protection. Beyond conventional radar, this article presents a unique silicon-based radio platform for health status monitoring supported by coherent frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar at Ku-band and communication chip. The radar chip is fabricated by a 65-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process and demonstrates a 1.5-GHz chirp bandwidth with a 15-GHz center frequency in 220-mW power consumption. A specific small-volume antenna with modified Vivaldi architecture is utilized for emitting and receiving radar beams. Biomedical experiments were implemented based on the radio platform cooperating with the antenna and system-on-chip (SoC) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) edge unit. An industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)-band frequency-shift keying (FSK) communication chip in 915-MHz center frequency with microwatt-level power consumption is used to attain communications on radar-detected health information. Through unified integration of radar chip, management software, and communication unit, the integrated radio platform featuring −72-dBm sensitivity with a 500-kb/s FSK data rate is exploited to drastically empower sustainable healthcare applications.
The F-theorem and F-maximization

This contribution contains a review of the role of the three-sphere free energy F in recent developments related to the F-theorem and F-maximization. The F-theorem states that for any Lorentz-invariant RG trajectory connecting a conformal field theory CFTUV in the ultraviolet to a conformal field theory CFTIR, the F-coefficient decreases: F_{\rm IR}$ ? >FUV>FIR. I provide many examples of CFTs where one can compute F, approximately or exactly, and discuss various checks of the F-theorem. F-maximization is the principle that in an N=2 SCFT, viewed as the deep IR limit of an RG trajectory preserving N=2 supersymmetry, the superconformal R-symmetry maximizes F within the set of all R-symmetries preserved by the RG trajectory. I review the derivation of this result and provide examples.
Dark current and diffusion length in InGaAs photodiodes grown on GaAs substrates

In0.53Ga0. 47As photodiodes grown on GaAs substrates have been fabricated and analyzed. The dislocation density in the InGaAs layer is 2×107 cm−2. A lowest dark current of 3.8×10−4 A/cm2 at 10 V bias is obtained, which is very stable during a bias‐temperature test of Vb=−10 V, T=175 °C, and t=100 h. The quantum efficiency is more than 85% at λ=1.3 μm. This device is expected to be practically used. The dark current has been successfully explained by the thermionic emission and thermionic field emission from traps at midgap. The diffusion length of holes in the InGaAs layer is explained by the recombination at dislocations with the finite recombination velocity of S∼104 cm/s.
GIRK channel activity in prelimbic pyramidal neurons regulates the extinction of cocaine conditioned place preference in male mice

Drug‐induced neuroadaptations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been implicated in drug‐associated memories that motivate continued drug use. Chronic cocaine exposure increases pyramidal neuron excitability in the prelimbic subregion of the PFC (PL), an adaptation that has been attributed in part to a suppression of inhibitory signalling mediated by the GABAB receptor (GABABR) and G protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK/Kir3) channels. Although reduced GIRK channel activity in PL pyramidal neurons enhances the motor‐stimulatory effect of cocaine in mice, the impact on cocaine reward and associated memories remains unclear. Here, we employed Cre‐ and CRISPR/Cas9‐based viral manipulation strategies to evaluate the impact of GIRK channel or GABABR ablation in PL pyramidal neurons on cocaine‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and extinction. Neither ablation of GIRK channels nor GABABR impacted the acquisition of cocaine CPP. GIRK channel ablation in PL pyramidal neurons, however, impaired extinction of cocaine CPP in male but not female mice. Since ablation of GIRK channels but not GABABR increased PL pyramidal neuron excitability, we used a chemogenetic approach to determine if acute excitation of PL pyramidal neurons impaired the expression of extinction in male mice. While acute chemogenetic excitation of PL pyramidal neurons induced locomotor hyperactivity, it did not impair the extinction of cocaine CPP. Lastly, we found that persistent enhancement of GIRK channel activity in PL pyramidal neurons accelerated the extinction of cocaine CPP. Collectively, our findings show that the strength of GIRK channel activity in PL pyramidal neurons bi‐directionally regulates cocaine CPP extinction in male mice.