Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Somatic mutations in the development of lung cancer

Lung cancers exhibit complex heterogeneous karyotypes and to date sequencing the serial somatic mutations which give rise to malignant change has proved difficult. Cigarette smoke causes a field change in the respiratory mucosa with mutations demonstrable even in histologically normal areas. After smoking cessation many of these mutations seem to persist indefinitely so that the risk of an ex-smoker developing lung cancer never reverts to that of a life-long non-smoker. Demonstration of specific somatic mutations in biopsy or sputum samples may eventually provide a useful method of screening for lung cancer. Somatic mutations give useful information about prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer and they are the key to exciting future retroviral and monoclonal antibody mediated therapies.
Suggestions for a New Integration in the Psychology of Morality

To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are reviewed, comparing those put forward before and after the emergence of evolutionary psychology in the last quarter of the 20th century. Concepts of embodied sociality and reciprocal moral emotions are introduced. Three ‘morality clusters’ consisting of relational models (Fiske, 1991), moral domains (Shweder, Much, Mahapatra, & Park, 1997) and reciprocal sets of other-blaming and self-conscious emotions are linked to three evolutionary bases for morality (kin selection, social hierarchy, and reciprocal altruism). Evidence regarding these concepts is marshaled to support the model. The ‘morality clusters’ are compared with classifications based on Haidt's moral foundations (Haidt & Graham 2007). Further evidence regarding hierarchy based on sexual selection, exchange and reciprocity, moral development, cultural differences and universals, and neurological discoveries, especially mirror neurons, is also discussed.
Dimensions of complexity of intelligent agents

This paper aims to provide a framework for understanding the construction of intelligent agents. This is used to explain the history of AI, and provide a roadmap of future research. Research has progressed by making simplifying assumptions about the representations of the agents or about the environments the agents act in. In particular, we present a number of dimensions of simplifying assumptions that have been made. For each of these dimensions, there is a simplified case and progressively more complex cases. We argue that an intelligent agent needs the complex value in each of these dimensions (i.e., to simultaneously give up many simplifying assumptions). However these dimensions interact in complex ways. Much of the recent history can be seen as understanding the interaction of these dimensions.
Visual and physical segmentation of novel objects

The ability to recognize novel items in complex environment is fundamental to robot intelligence and manipulation. In this work, we consider the issue of segmenting visual and physical aspects of novel objects of interest, specifically ones that are being seen for the first time and located in the proximity of unidentified obstacles. Illumination at different wavelengths and angles are projected by a robot, thus acquiring additional information about the scene and exploiting it for successful novel objects segmentation. By analyzing shades and reflections of a scene's objects, we were able to form and identify true edges and visually separate items of interest. In order to recognize the physical characteristics of segmented objects, we introduce a novel material classification technique which utilizes static electricity charge sensing. Our proposed methods do not require predefined models of target objects and assume no previously assigned targets' pose. Using extracted object visual and physical aspects, an autonomous robot manipulator successfully performed a trash separation task.
Cutting Edge: Generation of Memory Precursors and Functional Memory CD8+ T Cells Depends on T Cell Factor-1 and Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor-1

T cell factor (TCF)-1 and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF)-1 transcription factors have redundant roles in promoting thymocyte maturation. TCF-1 has been recently shown to critically regulate memory CD8+ T cell differentiation and persistence. The complete spectra of regulatory roles for TCF-1 and LEF-1 in CD8+ T cell responses are yet unknown. We conditionally targeted LEF-1, and by combination with germline deletion of TCF-1, we found that loss of both factors completely abrogated the generation of KLR G1loIL-7Rα+ memory precursors in effector CD8+ T cell populations in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Whereas CD8+ effectors deficient for TCF-1 and LEF-1 retained the capacity to express IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin, they were defective in TNF-α production. In the memory phase, the Ag-specific CD8+ T cells lacking TCF-1 and LEF-1 exhibited an effector phenotype and were severely impaired in secondary expansion upon rechallenge. Thus, TCF-1 and LEF-1 cooperatively regulate generation of memory precursors and protective memory CD8+ T cells.
Critical agency, resistance and a post-colonial civil society

IR’s dominant theoretical and methodological approaches are, to varying degrees, compliance oriented. IR needs a theory of resistance if it is to survive its current methodological and ethical crisis. Resistance, read from a broadly Foucaultian perspective, is a process in which hidden, small-scale and marginal agencies have an impact on power, on norms, civil society, the state and the ‘international’. This may be in the form of individual or grass-roots critical agency not coordinated or mobilized on a large scale but still globally connected. Such agency is often discursive and aimed at peaceful change and transformation. Through such critical agency a post-colonial civil society has emerged, which is transversal, transnational, fragmented, but may be constitutive of new, hybrid and post-liberal forms of peace.
RepairNET: A bioinformatics toolbox for functional exploration of DNA damage response

DNA damage response is one of the essential cellular mechanisms to maintaining the genomic integrity of the cell. Aberrations in the mechanism of DNA damage response often result in cancer. We describe here RepairNET, a protein–protein interaction network associated with the DNA damage response. RepairNET is assembled from the published literature by using a protocol that involved computational data mining of the MEDLINE and manual curation. This network represents the current knowledge on the intrinsic signaling pathways related to the DNA damage response process. RepairNET currently contains more than 1,200 proteins with over 2,300 functional interactions. A number of web‐interface tools have been implemented to facilitate a user‐friendly environment. The users can navigate through the cellular network associated with the DNA damage response via a Java‐based interactive graphical interface. In order to help users explore the functional relationships between the interacting proteins, we have assigned functional domains to the proteins in RepairNET based on their sequences. A total of 365 unique functional domains are assigned. RepairNET is available online at http://guanyin.chem.temple.edu/RepairNET.html. It could become an essential resource center for cancer research, providing clues to understanding the functional relationship between proteins in the network, and to building scientific models for the mechanism of DNA damage response and cancer proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 293–299, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the Paradox of Teaching Ethics for Social Work Practice

Ethics is a central area for professional education in social work. The main educational strategies for the ethics component in social work programmes are often a combination of explicit attention to principles and implicit grounding in practice examples (such as ‘case study’ vignettes). These approaches equip students to recognise and respond to the complexities of ethics in practice. However, they may also encourage students to understand ethics as ‘rules of conduct’, in which there are ‘correct answers’ that can be learned and applied. This paper advances the view that it is more helpful to consider ethics as a ‘framework for thinking’ about the means/ends relationship in practice. It is argued that, as a consequence, the goal of ethics education should be to enable student social workers to grasp the inherently moral nature of practice and the ambiguities that follow from this. Such a position points to the paradox of social work education, that it involves teaching about things that cannot ‘exist’ separately from their being created in action. To explore this paradox in teaching ethics, the paper considers inductive approaches in learning as a way of responding to the ambiguities that are inherent not only in the subject but also in the experience of professional education.
Urban Origins of Separate Development

MAYNARD W. SWANSON is an Assistant Professor of History at Yale University. This article comprises with minor changes the tcxt of a paper given to the African Studies Association at Indiana University in October 1966. One view of the genesis of separate development, in relation to the urban areas of South Africa, is that it sprang to life in the Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923, under the stimulus of industrial expansion caused by World War I. This Act, much amended as time went on, became one of lhc foundation stones upon which the formal structure of apartheid was built. Tie basic idea of the Act has sometimes been ascribed to the Report of the Transvaal Local Gover nment Commission (the Stallard Commission) in 1922, which said that the towns are the white I11aI1’S peculiar creation while natives, being naturally alien to that environment, might only enter the towns temporarily to serve the white man. Ellen Hellmann follows this approach in an article on ’The Application of the Concept of Separate Development to Urban Areas in the Union of South Africa’,’ and suggests also that formerly, before the Union of 1910, little official attention was paid to Africans in the towns. Nor were the European citizens supposed to be much concerned with urban African concentrations, while local native administration was conducted as an exercise in
Asymptotic cost in document conversion

In spite of a hundredfold decrease in the cost of relevant technologies, the role of document image processing systems is gradually declining due to the transition to an on-line world. Nevertheless, in some high-volume applications, document image processing software still saves millions of dollars by accelerating workflow, and similarly large savings could be realized by more effective automation of the multitude of low-volume personal document conversions. While potential cost savings, based on estimates of costs and values, are a driving force for new developments, quantifying such savings is difficult. The most important trend is that the cost of computing resources for DIA is becoming insignificant compared to the associated labor costs. An econometric treatment of document processing complements traditional performance evaluation, which focuses on assessing the correctness of the results produced by document conversion software. Researchers should look beyond the error rate for advancing both production and personal document conversion.
BIOMATERIALS : CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF PROPERTIES , EXPERIMENTAL MODELS AND BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

In the past thirty years, a number of biomaterials have shown the ability to induce bone formation when implanted at heterotopic sites, an ability known as osteoinduction. Such biomaterials – osteoinductive biomaterials – hold great potential for the development of new therapies in bone regeneration. Although a variety of well characterised osteoinductive biomaterials have so far been reported in the literature, scientists still lack fundamental understanding of the biological mechanism underlying the phenomenon by which they induce bone formation. This is further complicated by the observations that larger animal models are required for research, since limited, if any, bone induction by biomaterials is observed in smaller animals, including particularly rodents. Besides interspecies variation, variations among individuals of the same species have been observed. Furthermore, comparing different studies and drawing general conclusions is challenging, as these usually differ not only in the physico-chemical and structural properties of the biomaterials, but also in animal model, implantation site and duration of the study. Despite these limitations, the knowledge of material properties relevant for osteoinduction to occur has tremendously increased in the past decades. Here we review the properties of osteoinductive biomaterials, in the light of the model and the conditions under which they were tested. Furthermore, we give an insight into the biological processes governing osteoinduction by biomaterials and our view on the future perspectives in this research fi eld.
A case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a progressive subacute demyelinating disease caused by neurotropic papova virus, usually in immunocompromised patients. As the number of cases of AIDS increases so close the incidence of PML, the ability to diagnose PML noninvasively is of increasingly importance. A case of PML is presented with conventional magnetic resonance and diffusion-weighted images (DWI) performed at two consecutive months. Conventional MR imagings were performed on a 0.5 T and DWI was performed on 3 T scanner at follow-up.
Emotional stress, positive emotions, and psychophysiological coherence.

In this chapter, we describe two core tools of the HeartMath system, the Freeze-Frame and Heart Lock-In techniques, and then explore the scientific basis of their effectiveness. This discussion is built upon a conceptual framework that emphasizes the emotional component of the experience of stress and the proposition that truly transforming stress requires intervention at the emotional level. To understand how stress is generated and processed in the brain and body, we present a model of emotion, based on Pribram’s theory, in which the brain functions as a complex pattern-matching system. From this perspective, it is shown that the heart is a key component of the emotional system, with the patterns of its extensive inputs to the brain making an important contribution to emotional experience. We also provide an overview of the Institute of HeartMath’s research on the physiological correlates of positive emotions, which has led to the characterization of a distinctive mode of psychophysiological functioning known as psychophysiological coherence. Through the use of tools and technologies that foster positive emotions and psychophysiological coherence, individuals can effectively initiate a repatterning process, whereby habitual emotional patterns underlying stress are replaced with new, healthier patterns that establish increased emotional stability, mental acuity, and physiological efficiency as a new familiar baseline or norm. Basic Research
High-Endurance Hybrid Cache Design in CMP Architecture With Cache Partitioning and Access-Aware Policies

In recent years, nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies, such as spin-transfer torque random-access memory (RAM) (STT-RAM) and phase change RAM, have drawn a lot of attention due to their low leakage and high density. However, both of these NVMs suffer from high write latency and limited endurance problems. To mitigate the write pressure on NVM, many static RAM (SRAM)/NVM hybrid cache designs have been proposed with write management policies. Unfortunately, existing hybrid cache designs do not consider the unbalanced workload of each core in (chip multiprocessor) architecture, resulting in unbalanced wear out of hybrid caches. This paper considers the unbalanced write distribution of a hybrid cache for CMP architecture as well as a novel hybrid cache design that includes SRAM cache, STT-RAM cache, and STT-RAM/SRAM hybrid cache banks. Based on the proposed hybrid cache design, two access-aware policies are proposed to mitigate unbalanced wearout of the STT-RAM region, and a wearout-aware dynamic cache partitioning scheme is proposed to dynamically partition the hybrid cache, improving the unbalanced write pressure among different cache partitions. The experimental results show that our proposed scheme and policies can achieve an average of 89 times improvement in cache lifetime and are able to reduce energy consumption by 58% compared with a SRAM cache.
Differential ring oscillators with multipath delay stages

This work presents a differential ring oscillator architecture along with a design methodology that yields a compact, well-matched layout. A process independent attribute called the effective number of stages quantifies performance trade-offs in speed, jitter and power consumption. Design guidelines eliminate undesired modes of operation and guarantee robust differential oscillation. Theoretical predictions for four, five and six stage oscillators agree with measurements of CMOS 90nm and 0.13/spl mu/m implementations operating from 25 MHz to 6 GHz.
Controlling Linguistic Coreference in Graphical Interfaces

A system for leveling a vehicle such as a recreational vehicle or the like includes three jacks in the form of hydraulic cylinders mounted to the vehicle frame. A series of manually actuated switches, oriented in a diamond pattern, are located within the interior of the vehicle and are interconnected with the jacks to provide selective extension of the jacks to adjust the attitude of the vehicle relative to level. A level sensor is mounted to the vehicle and is interconnected with the jacks and the switches, and an operating system is responsive to the level sensor for controlling operation of the jacks and providing information to the control panel. The operating system alerts the operator as to which of the switches should be actuated in order to level the vehicle, and also functions to cut-off extension of each jack when the level sensor has detected that the vehicle in the vicinity of the jack has attained a level condition. The system further includes a level indicator for providing a visual indication to the operator that the vehicle has attained a level condition.
The Dual Role of Exosomes in Hepatitis A and C Virus Transmission and Viral Immune Activation

Exosomes are small nanovesicles of about 100 nm in diameter that act as intercellular messengers because they can shuttle RNA, proteins and lipids between different cells. Many studies have found that exosomes also play various roles in viral pathogenesis. Hepatitis A virus (HAV; a picornavirus) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV; a flavivirus) two single strand plus-sense RNA viruses, in particular, have been found to use exosomes for viral transmission thus evading antibody-mediated immune responses. Paradoxically, both viral exosomes can also be detected by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) leading to innate immune activation and type I interferon production. This article will review recent findings regarding these two viruses and outline how exosomes are involved in their transmission and immune sensing.
The Treatment of Combat Trauma in Veterans Using EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques): A Pilot Protocol

With a large number of U.S. military service personnel coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid psychological conditions, a need exists to find protocols and treatments that are effective in brief treatment time frames. In this study, a sample of 11 veterans and family members were assessed for PTSD and other conditions. Evaluations were made using the SA-45 (Symptom Assessment 45) and the PCL-M (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist—Military) using a time-series, within-subjects, repeated measures design. A baseline measurement was obtained 30 days prior to treatment and immediately before treatment. Participants were then treated with a brief and novel exposure therapy, EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques), for 5 days. Statistically significant improvements in the SA-45 and PCL-M scores were found at posttest. These gains were maintained at both the 30- and 90-day follow-ups on the general symptom index, positive symptom total, and the anxiety, somatization, phobic anxiety, and interpersonal sensitivity subscales of the SA-45, and on PTSD. The remaining SA-45 scales improved posttest but were not consistently maintained at the 30-and 90-day follow-ups. One-year follow-up data were obtained for 7 of the participants and the same improvements were observed. In summary, after EFT treatment, the group no longer scored positive for PTSD, the severity and breadth of their psychological distress decreased significantly, and most of their gains held over time. This suggests that EFT can be an effective postdeployment intervention.
Implications of Wife Abuse and Battering for Self-Esteem, Depression, and Anxiety as Revealed by the Second Palestinian National Survey on Violence Against Women

The article focuses on the incidence of different patterns of wife abuse and battering and on some of their mental health consequences. Data are based on findings from the Second Palestinian National Survey conducted among a systematic random sample of 1,334 Palestinian women from the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The results reveal that 87.2%, 54%, 40%, and 44% of the Palestinian women indicated they had experienced one or more acts of psychological abuse, physical violence, sexual abuse, and economic abuse, respectively, at least once by their husbands during the 12 months preceding the survey. Also, results indicated that significant amounts of the variances in women's low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety are significantly explained by their experiences with abuse, over and above the explained variances in these psychological consequences by women's sociodemographic characteristics. The study's limitations are discussed, and recommendations for further research and program development in Palestinian society presented.
The role of visual and mechanosensory cues in structuring forward flight in Drosophila melanogaster

SUMMARY It has long been known that many flying insects use visual cues to orient with respect to the wind and to control their groundspeed in the face of varying wind conditions. Much less explored has been the role of mechanosensory cues in orienting insects relative to the ambient air. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster, magnetically tethered so as to be able to rotate about their yaw axis, are able to detect and orient into a wind, as would be experienced during forward flight. Further, this behavior is velocity dependent and is likely subserved, at least in part, by the Johnston's organs, chordotonal organs in the antennae also involved in near-field sound detection. These wind-mediated responses may help to explain how flies are able to fly forward despite visual responses that might otherwise inhibit this behavior. Expanding visual stimuli, such as are encountered during forward flight, are the most potent aversive visual cues known for D. melanogaster flying in a tethered paradigm. Accordingly, tethered flies strongly orient towards a focus of contraction, a problematic situation for any animal attempting to fly forward. We show in this study that wind stimuli, transduced via mechanosensory means, can compensate for the aversion to visual expansion and thus may help to explain how these animals are indeed able to maintain forward flight.