Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teleost chloride cell. II. Autoradiographic localization of gill Na,K- ATPase in killifish Fundulus heteroclitus adapted to low and high salinity environments

The specific binding and inhibitory action of (3H)ouabain were employed to localize transport Na,K-ATPase in the euryhaline teleost gill, a NaCl-transporting osmoregulatory tissue in which both enzyme activity and transepithelial transport vary with environmental salinity. In killifish fully adapted to 10%, 100%, or 200% seawater, the gills were internally perfused and externally irrigated in situ. After suitable internal or external exposure to (3H)ouabain, individual gill arches were excised for Na,K-ATPase assay, measurement of radiolabel binding, or quantitative high-resolution autoradiography. Internal exposure to 50 muM ouabain resulted in essentially complete enzyme inhibition, and binding paralleled the increases in enzyme activity at higher salinities; in contrast, external exposure gave minimal and erratic results consistent with leakage of external ouabain into interstitial fluid. (3H)Ouabain autoradiographs demonstrated that, irrespective of exposure or salinity, most of the gill binding was associated with chloride cell. These cells increased in size and number with salinity and, at the subcellular level, the distribution pattern for bound ouabain was always identical to that for the amplified basal-lateral (tubular system) membrane. The combined physiologicmorphologic results constitute final direct proof that chloride cells are the primary site of gill Na,K-ATPase. More important, they provide convincing evidence for unexpected increases in basal-lateral enzyme at higher salinities and thus raise a fundamental objection to the long-postulated role of the Na pump in secretory NaCl transport.
Contributions of Nonalcoholic Beverages to the U.S. Diet

This report analyzes consumer demand and nutritional issues associated with nonalcoholic beverages purchased for at-home use by looking at demographic variables such as household size, household income, education level, and region. The beverages include milk, carbonated soft drinks, bottled water, fruit juices, fruit drinks, coffee, tea, and isotonics (sports drinks). The report's focus is on the impact of nutritional quality from beverage purchase choices that a household makes, looking at the household's availability of calories, calcium, vitamin C, and caffeine from these beverage choices. Using the Daily Values on the Nutrition Facts portion of the food label as a reference, we find that nonalcoholic beverages purchased for at-home consumption provided, on a per-person basis: 10 percent of daily value for calories; 20 percent of the daily value for calcium; 70 percent of daily value for vitamin C. Statistical analyses included the use of descriptive cross-tabulations and regression analyses, with profiles of households that were more or less likely to purchase the beverages, as well as key determinants associated with the probability of purchasing selected beverages.
Medieval military logistics: a case for distributed agent-based simulation

Historical studies are frequently perceived to be characterised as clear narratives defined by a series of fixed events or actions. In reality, even where critical historic events may be identified, historic documentation frequently lacks corroborative detail that supports verifiable interpretation. Consequently, for many periods and areas of research, interpretation may rarely rise above the level of unproven assertion and is rarely tested against a range of evidence. Simulation provides an opportunity to break cycles of academic claim and counter-claim. This paper discusses the development and utilisation of large scale distributed Agent-based simulations designed to investigate the medieval military logistics in order to generate new evidence to supplement existing historical analysis. The work aims at modelling logistical arrangements relating to the battle of Manzikert (AD 1071), a key event in Byzantine history. The paper discusses the distributed simulation infrastructure and provides an overview of the agent models developed for this exercise.
WiMAX uplink video streaming behavior

IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) uplink behavior is a relatively neglected area of investigation, but emerging interactive multimedia services have highlighted the need for closer investigation of uplink issues. In this simulation study of uplink queue management, video streaming by TFRC was found to offer advantages. However, temporal behavior of the queuing disciplines exhibits oscillations in buffer occupancy with build-up of delay during video streaming. The study offers a strategy to cope in these circumstances based on video frame type inspection.
Social and linguistic behavior and its correlation to trait empathy

A growing body of research exploits social media behaviors to gauge psychological character-istics, though trait empathy has received little attention. Because of its intimate link to the abil-ity to relate to others, our research aims to predict participants’ levels of empathy, given their textual and friending behaviors on Facebook. Using Poisson regression, we compared the vari-ance explained in Davis’ Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) scores on four constructs (em-pathic concern, personal distress, fantasy, perspective taking), by two classes of variables: 1) post content and 2) linguistic style. Our study lays the groundwork for a greater understanding of empathy’s role in facilitating interactions on social media.
Lamprey Robots

We have developed a biologically based underwater, autonomous vehicle modeled after a simple vertebrate, the sea lamprey. The robot consists of a cylindrical Plexiglas electronics bay with a polyurethane undulator actuated by shape memory alloy artificial muscles. Sensors include a compass, pitch and roll inclinometers and sonar rangers, the signals of which are quantized into a labeled line code. Behavioral parameters are reverse engineered from the behavior of the target organisms. Fig. 1 Lamprey Robot Prototype
Operational Safety Assessment of Turbo Generators with Wavelet Rényi Entropy from Sensor-Dependent Vibration Signals

With the rapid development of sensor technology, various professional sensors are installed on modern machinery to monitor operational processes and assure operational safety, which play an important role in industry and society. In this work a new operational safety assessment approach with wavelet Rényi entropy utilizing sensor-dependent vibration signals is proposed. On the basis of a professional sensor and the corresponding system, sensor-dependent vibration signals are acquired and analyzed by a second generation wavelet package, which reflects time-varying operational characteristic of individual machinery. Derived from the sensor-dependent signals’ wavelet energy distribution over the observed signal frequency range, wavelet Rényi entropy is defined to compute the operational uncertainty of a turbo generator, which is then associated with its operational safety degree. The proposed method is applied in a 50 MW turbo generator, whereupon it is proved to be reasonable and effective for operation and maintenance.
Degree project Visual Analysis of Publication Networks

This thesis documents the development of a web-application attacking the problem of visualization of co-authorship networks. The visualization encompasses several views. Each of them shows different aspects of the data which is loaded from Academic Archive Online (DiVa), a library system which holds all publications released in the Linnaeus University. To detect relationships among authors, a new interactive layout for Node-Link Diagrams was developed which shows publications, authors and correspondening organizations (faculties, departments) in a radial manner. This Network-View is connected to another view showing the attributes (year, type) of the publications. In development, particular emphasis was placed on a rich support of user interaction in order to equip the user with a tool that allows graphical and explorative analysis of the underlying data.
Histochemical and molecular analyses of distraction osteogenesis in a mouse model

A tibial lengthening scheme in the mouse was used to study the molecular and cellular events regulating tissue regeneration during distraction osteogenesis. Here, we report on the surgical technique and frame design and describe the histochemical and molecular aspects of distraction during different phases of treatment. A total of 26 mice were used in this study. The treatment protocol was divided into a latency period of 7 days, a phase of active distraction that lasted 10 days with a distraction rate of 0.42 mm/day, and a maturation phase of 9 days. During latency, the distraction site resembled a stabilized fracture callus bn both a histochemical and a molecular level. During active distraction, the gap was characterized by a central fibrous interzone bordered by primary matrix fronts, regenerate bone aligned with the distraction force, parallel columns of vascular sinusoids, and a medullary cavity. Alkaline phosphatase activity was detectedin the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone ends. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed that osteoclasts remodeled the bone regenerate as it formed. Collagen type I was expressed in the periosteum and the primary matrix front during distraction, whereas collagen type‐II transcripts were localizedto discrete regions on the periosteal surfaces, immediately adjacent to the osteotomy ends. Collagen type‐II transcripts were not detected in the fibrous interzone. During the maturation phase, cells within the fibrous interzone expressed collagen type I and exhibited abundant alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that they had begun to terminally differentiate. Collectively, these data demonstrate the utility of a mouse model to study the molecular and cellular bases for the regeneration and remodeling of tissue.
Objectives and outcomes of means testing under the British welfare state

The principal objective of this thesis is to determine why, how and with what outcomes means tests for 'non-income-replacement' benefits were adopted in England and Wales from the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s. The approach taken is to explore four benefits: free prescription medicines; free school meals; student grants; and civil legal aid. I use documents to identify the objectives, administrative details and design of the benefits which are the focus of this thesis. The method used to find out how many and what sorts of people were eligible under the means tests is microsimulation with micro-data. There was no high point of generosity in the mid-1970s for these benefits, as the historiography often suggests. These four benefits had very different objectives. There was also incoherence in objectives over time, as governments struggled with spending constraints rather than following a welfare ideology, which serves to undermine theories which assume that welfare states are a unified institution. The changing income levels for entitlement for benefit show that who was deemed to be 'in need' of a particular benefit shifted over time. The results show little support for the theory of middle class 'capture' of the welfare state, which implies that the influence of pressure groups on welfare state change is more subtle than that theory suggests. Although the intention of restricting entitlement for all the benefits was achieved, they were not very well targeted on those with the lowest incomes, especially in the 1990s. This finding shows that the outcome did not meet all the stated objectives, with implications for the design of future policy. I also find that means tested benefits have embodied values, which are not necessarily made explicit as policy objectives. This, along with the failure to target effectively, demonstrates that the way a means testing policy is implemented does matter.
Proposal of the performance evaluation method for a MIMO antenna

This paper has proposed the evaluation method of the MIMO antenna performance including frequency characteristics. Since the performance of the MIMO antenna depends on both radiation efficiency and correlation coefficient, the task for evaluating the antenna, especially including frequency characteristic is heavy and time consuming. The effective radiation efficiencies based on the radiated power and the MIMO channel capacity have been proposed and fundamental numerical data were presented. The relation between the effective radiation efficiencies and the MIMO channel capacity will be investigated and the applicable condition should be clarified in detail.
A paradox in a theology of freedom and equality : the experiences of pastors' wives (amayi busa) in the Baptist Convention of Malawi (Bacoma)

vi GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . viii DEFINITIONS . x POLITICAL MAP OF MALAWI . xv LIST OF TABLES . xvi CHAPTER ONE . 1 INTRODUCING THE STUDY . 1 1.
Linguistic Convergence in Societies with Asymmetrically Distributed Reputation

Following the line of research introduced by (Baronchelli et al., 2006) and developed by (Brigatti, 2008), this paper explores the impact of reputation in the process on linguistic convergence. To do that, we consider socie- ties with two groups of asymmetrically distributed reputation, and simulate processes of language change under several configurations of the society and values of reputation.
Estimation of a Panel Data Sample Selection Model

The author considers the problem of estimation in a panel data sample selection model, where both the selection and the regression equation of interest contain unobservable individual-specific effects. He proposes a two-step estimation procedure, which 'differences out' the sample selection effect and the unobservable individual effect from the equation of interest. In the first step, the unknown coefficients of the 'selection' equation are consistently estimated. The estimates are then used to estimate the regression equation of interest. The estimator proposed in this paper is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. The proposed estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Its finite sample properties are investigated in a small Monte Carlo simulation.
Sensing and Displaying Spatially Distributed Fingertip Forces in Haptic Interfaces for Teleoperator and Virtual Environment Systems

This article reports a variety of sensory and perceptual consequences of eliminating, via a rigid fingertip sheath, the spatially distributed fingertip force information that is normally available during tactile and haptic sensing. Sensory measures included tactile spatial acuity, tactile force, and vibrotactile thresholds. Suprathreshold tasks included perception of roughness, perception of 2-D edge orientation, and detection of a simulated 3-D mass in simulated tissue via fingertip palpation. Of these performance measures, only vibrotactile thresholds and texture perception failed to show substantial impairment. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the future design of haptic interfaces for teleoperator and virtual environment systems.
Multi Ant LA: An adaptive multi agent resource discovery for peer to peer grid systems

Grid system has become an important tool in solving large complex problems in recent years. This has led to further growth in the infrastructure. The centralized or hierarchical approach in the discovery of resources has failed to provide the required efficiency in the infrastructure. Although the synergy between grid and Peer to peer (P2P) systems was explored to address the problem encountered in the conventional resource discovery approaches, they are however still faced with issues ranging from network flooding to poor performance in dynamic networks. This paper proposes a mechanism based on the Learning Automata (LA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for resource discovery in a grid infrastructure. The Mobile Ants provided by the ACO locates the shortest paths within the grid system and the LA selects the optimal path for the mobile ants decision making. While compared to some existing resource discovery approaches, the proposed mechanism showed an improved performance.
Religion and the Family: The Case of the Amish

I construct a model of religion as an institution that provides community enforcement of contracts within families. Family altruism implies that family members cannot commit to reporting broken contracts to the community, so the community must monitor contract performance as well as inflicting punishment. The community has less information than family members, and so community monitoring is inefficient. I provide evidence from a study of Amish institutions, including qualitative evidence from sociological accounts and quantitative evidence from a novel dataset covering nearly the entire Amish population of Holmes county, Ohio. I find that 1) Amish households are not unitary, 2) the Amish community helps to support families by inflicting punishments on wayward family members, 3) without the community Amish people have difficulty committing to punishing family members, and 4) Amish community membership strengthens family ties, while otherwise similar religious communities in which there is less need for exchange between family members have rules that weaken family ties. My model has implications for understanding selection into religious practice and the persistence of culture.
A linear-time algorithm for minimum-time velocity planning of autonomous vehicles

Velocity planning on a path to be followed by a wheeled autonomous vehicle may be difficult when high curvatures and velocities are allowed. A fast, straightforward algorithm to address this problem is presented. It has linear-time computational complexity and provides an optimal minimumtime velocity profile. The algorithm is based on a curvilinear discretization that makes easy to take into account the constraint on the vehicle's maximal normal acceleration. Formal proofs of the algorithm's properties are included. Two examples illustrate the proposed approach.
A Sticky-Information General-Equilibrium Model for Policy Analysis

This paper presents a dynamic stochastic general-equilibrium model with a single friction in all markets: sticky information. In this economy, agents are inattentive because of costs of acquiring, absorbing and processing information, so that the actions of consumers, workers and firms are slow to incorporate news. This paper presents the details of how an economy with pervasive inattentiveness functions, and develops a set of algorithms that solve the model quickly. It then applies these to estimate the model using data for the United States post-1986 and for the Euro-area post-1993, and to conduct counterfactual policy experiments. The end result is a laboratory that is rich enough to account for the dynamics of at least five macroeconomic series (inflation, output, hours, interest rates, and wages), and which can be used to inform applied monetary policy.
Medición de la pobreza: consecuencias de compatibilizar ingresos de encuestas de hogares con cuentas nacionales

Chile’s Casen household survey (Encuesta de Caracterizacion Socioeconomica Nacional) is the basic instrument for measuring the sources and levels of income and living conditions in the country. The survey, carried out every two or three years, provides the income and employment data used in the construction of social welfare indicators, such as poverty headcounts and inequality measures of income distribution. The raw data, however, are adjusted to bring national aggregates, such as total income earned by self-employment, into line with totals in national accounts. Nevertheless, the literature indicates that household surveys and national accounts offer inconsistent measures when counting the poor or assessing income inequality. Indeed there is no reason to privilege national accounts over household surveys in the analysis of poverty and the incomes of the poorest. Using the Casen 2011, this study assesses the impact of income adjustments on the poverty headcount. It finds that using adjusted incomes underestimates poverty relative to using unadjusted incomes (nationally, 14.45% versus 16.25%); moreover, this underestimation is greater for the self-employed and the indigenous in rural areas.
Study On Electrochemical-Based Biosensors

Biosensors based on electrochemical sensors for multiple analytes were the first scientifically proposed as well as successfully commercialized biosensors.A long time study has been done for electrochemical biosensors.A typical platform for the construction of biosensors is represented by transducers based on semiconductors and screen printed electrodes.The most common biorecognition components of biosensors are enzymes or enzyme labeled antibodies.In this review, the description of the principles of and the most typical applications for electrochemical biosensors is done. Potentiometric, amperometric and conductimetric are the three types of relevant systems according to the operating principles governing their method of the measurement and for each group some representatives devices are described. In the text, some of the most typical essays are also mentioned.
Reconsideration about clustering analysis

Clustering analysis is a crucial part of pattern recognition, which refers to the procedure of pattern labeling, and this paper would like to give a survey on this technology. We notice that existing clustering methods are not of goodness when the clustering rules and constricts are not concerned comprehensively. The understanding of clustering analysis concept is another critical issue while designing a clustering method. Though various clustering techniques are presented literally in decades, aiming to solve different kinds of problems, clustering results are still far from that expected, and we should demonstrate the reason. Components of clustering methods are already introduced literally such as concept, clustering algorithms, data type, similarity measure, clustering tendency and validity.
Experience report: A characteristic study on out of memory errors in distributed data-parallel applications

Out of memory (OOM) errors occur frequently in data-intensive applications that run atop distributed data-parallel frameworks, such as MapReduce and Spark. In these applications, the memory space is shared by the framework and user code. Since the framework hides the details of distributed execution, it is challenging for users to pinpoint the root causes and fix these OOM errors. This paper presents a comprehensive characteristic study on 123 real-world OOM errors in Hadoop and Spark applications. Our major findings include: (1) 12% errors are caused by the large data buffered/cached in the framework, which indicates that it is hard for users to configure the right memory quota to balance the memory usage of the framework and user code. (2) 37% errors are caused by the unexpected large runtime data, such as large data partition, hotspot key, and large key/value record. (3) Most errors (64%) are caused by memory-consuming user code, which carelessly processes unexpected large data or generates large in-memory computing results. Among them, 13% errors are also caused by the unexpected large runtime data. (4) There are three common fix patterns (used in 34% errors), namely changing the memory/dataflow-related configurations, dividing runtime data, and optimizing user code logic. Our findings inspire us to propose potential solutions to avoid the OOM errors: (1) providing dynamic memory management mechanisms to balance the memory usage of the framework and user code at runtime; (2) providing users with memory+disk data structures, since accumulating large computing results in in-memory data structures is a common cause (15% errors).