Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Maintenance Complexity of Makefiles

Build systems, the tools responsible for compiling, testing, and packaging software systems, play a vital role in the software development process. It is therefore important that they be maintained and kept up-to-date, which has been shown to be required for up to 27% of source code changes. Make, one such build tool, uses a declarative language based on Makefiles to specify the build and thus is not amenable to traditional complexity metrics. Because of this, most research into the complexity of Makefiles has focused on simple measures such as the number of lines, targets, or dependencies. In this paper, we take a different approach and observe that a large component of software maintenance is about understanding. Since the understanding task is dominated by following links and searching for related parts, we propose a new complexity metric based on the number of indirections (i.e. instances of features that require the reader to look somewhere else). We present an empirical study of the indirection complexity of a set of almost 20,000 Makefiles from more than 150 open source projects.
A smartphone-only solution for detecting indications of acute myocardial infarction

In this paper we consider the detection of indications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) through a smartphone only solution. AMI is a serious heart condition where a blood vessel of the heart is fully or partially blocked e.g. by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, the arrival of oxygen to the heart muscle is disturbed, and part of the heart muscle tissue dies (irreversible injury) due to insufficient oxygen supply. When a person feels obscure acute chest pain (angina pectoris), it may be caused, for instance, by heartburn or it may be a symptom of AMI. The goal of this paper is to develop a solution, which could either be integrated into an emergency App for the use of telemedicine by trained medical personnel or as a standalone solution to smartphone users in order to help recognizing this life-threatening condition earlier. The developed solution extracts the heart signal of a patient who lies in supine position by utilizing the built-in accelerometer and gyroscope within a smart device (e.g. a smartphone), which is placed on the chest of the patient. The solution does not require any external sensors for the smartphone to operate, but in the future it could be supplemented with ECG, for instance, to improve its performance. We have collected data with smartphone running Google Android from 17 AMI patients before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and in addition, control recordings were performed in 23 healthy individuals (CG) and in 12 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) before elective PCI.
Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modeling Fracture Processes under Mode II in Concrete Composites Containing Fly-Ash Additive at early Age

Mode II fracture analysis is especially important. This mode is vital in relation to concrete, due to its relatively low shearing strength and high sensitivity to such type of stress. Nowadays, the structural concretes containing an additives of fly-ash are quite commonly used in the construction industry. Initial cracks origin and development research was carried out using samples for three concrete mixtures: concrete without silica fly-ash (FA), concrete with 20% and concrete with 30% FA additive. 150x150x150 concrete cube with two initial cracks was used as a test sample. Experimental investigation under Mode II fracture was carried out in concrete composites at early age (after 3, 7, 14 and 21 days). X-FEM method enables observation of defect initiation and development, there is no need to input the original conditions. Calculations used peak principal stress criterion. Most calculations coincide with results of experimental research. There was a convergence of: cracks shapes, FQ critical force values, force - displacement graphs.
Center of Mass Approximation During Walking as a Function of Trunk and Swing Leg Acceleration

The 3D center of body mass (COM) trajectory provides us with a measure of movement performance and level of stability while walking. As an alternative to directly calculating the COM from motion trajectories and anthropometric data, we propose developing models to estimate the COM trajectory during walking on irregular surfaces. The inputs to the models were acquired via two accelerometers, one representing the trunk segment placed on T2 and the second representing the swing leg placed on the lateral malleolus. The subjects walked on a fixed surface and encountered an uneven, irregular surface, causing instability in the balance system. The results were encouraging, providing an estimate of the COM trajectory with a low error of 4.17plusmn1. 94%. The reasonable accuracy, portability, ease of use and low cost (compared with video motion analysis systems) of the accelerometers increases the range of clinical applications of the proposed method
Sex Differences in the Association between Serum Levels of Testosterone and Frailty in an Elderly Population: The Toledo Study for Healthy Aging

Background Age-associated decline in testosterone levels represent one of the potential mechanisms involved in the development of frailty. Although this association has been widely reported in older men, very few data are available in women. We studied the association between testosterone and frailty in women and assessed sex differences in this relationship. Methods We used cross-sectional data from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging, a population-based cohort study of Spanish elderly. Frailty was defined according to Fried's approach. Multivariate odds-ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with total (TT) and free testosterone (FT) levels were estimated using polytomous logistic regression. Results In women, there was a U-shaped relationship between FT levels and frailty (p for FT2 = 0.03). In addition, very low levels of FT were observed in women with ≥4 frailty criteria (age-adjusted geometric means = 0.13 versus 0.37 in subjects with <4 components, p = 0.010). The association of FT with frailty appeared confined to obese women (p-value for interaction = 0.05). In men, the risk of frailty levels linearly decreased with testosterone (adjusted OR for frailty = 2.9 (95%CI, 1.6–5.1) and 1.6 (95%CI, 1.0–2.5), for 1 SD decrease in TT and FT, respectively). TT and FT showed association with most of frailty criteria. No interaction was found with BMI. Conclusion There is a relationship between circulating levels of FT and frailty in older women. This relation seems to be modulated by BMI. The relevance and the nature of the association of FT levels and frailty are sex-specific, suggesting that different biological mechanisms may be involved.
HOMS: Hindi opinion mining system

With the increasing popularity of the Web 2.0, we are provided with more documents which express opinions on different issues. Online posting reviews has become an increasingly preferred way for people to express opinions and sentiments towards the products bought/used or services received. Analysing the large volume of online review data available, would produce useful knowledge, which could be of economic values to vendors and other interested parties. A lot of work in Opinion Mining exists for English language. In the last few years, web contents are increasing in other languages also at a faster rate and hence there is a requirement to execute opinion mining in other languages. In this paper, a Hindi Opinion Mining System (HOMS) is proposed for movie review data. It performs the task of opinion mining at the document level and classifies the documents as positive, negative and neutral using two different methods: Machine learning technique and Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging. We have used Naive Bayes Classifier for Machine learning and in POS tagging, we have considered adjectives as opinion words. Extensive simulations conducted on a large movie data set confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Fibring in the Leibniz Hierarchy

This article studies preservation of certain algebraic properties of propositional logics when combined by fibring. The logics analyzed here are classified in protoalgebraic, equivalential and algebraizable. By introducing new categories of algebrizable logics and of deductivizable quasi-varieties, it is stated an isomorphism between these categories. This constitutes an alternative to a similar result found in the literature.
The need for bias modelling in MVEM based estimators

Mean Value Engine Models (MVEM) have been used extensively in automotive controls especially over the last 20 years. An MVEM was derived from a detailed Within-Cycle, Crank-Angle based Model (WCCM) that modelled the fluctuating cylinder combustion driven dynamics of a Spark Ignition engine. The model was designed for eventual use in a Fault Diagnoser built for an automobile engine system. While using this model in Extended Kalman Filter based estimators for fault residue generation, it was noted that the model suffered from biases that impaired the quality of estimation results. The biases were found to originate from the inherent simplifications associated with MVEMs. This led to an understanding of the limits of accuracy of a traditional MVEM model, the need for accurate bias modelling and the development of more robust estimators. Estimation results were found to improve after bias correction using Least-Square Support Vector Regressors.
Concrete Study Using Infrared Thermography and Forced Resonant Frequency

The performance of materials made from Portland cement is usually evaluated by tensile strength under compression loads, elastic modulus and porosity. Modulus of elasticity is usually determined from compression tests, and the results show large dispersions. With the advances in data acquisition and signal processing, the infrared thermography and forced resonant frequency have been increasingly used in the study of materials. However, these studies are devoted almost entirely to metals. In this paper it is evaluates the use of the method of forced longitudinal resonance frequency and infrared thermography as a tool for characterization of the buildings cementitious materials. The results show that thermography and forced resonant frequency are Able to detect changes in concrete macrostructure as well as the nature of its constituents.
Email Formality in the Workplace: A Case Study on the Enron Corpus

Email is an important way of communication in our daily life and it has become the subject of various NLP and social studies. In this paper, we focus on email formality and explore the factors that could affect the sender's choice of formality. As a case study, we use the Enron email corpus to test how formality is affected by social distance, relative power, and the weight of imposition, as defined in Brown and Levinson's model of politeness (1987). Our experiments show that their model largely holds in the Enron corpus. We believe that the methodology proposed in the paper can be applied to other social media domains and be used to test other linguistic or social theories.
Automated Lamina Cribrosa Microstructural Segmentation in Optical Coherence Tomography Scans of Healthy and Glaucomatous Eyes References and Links

We demonstrate an automated segmentation method for in-vivo 3D optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the lamina cribrosa (LC). Manual segmentations of coronal slices of the LC were used as a gold standard in parameter selection and evaluation of the automated technique. The method was validated using two prototype OCT devices; each had a subject cohort including both healthy and glaucomatous eyes. Automated segmentation of in-vivo 3D LC OCT microstructure performed comparably to manual segmentation and is useful for investigative research and in clinical quantification of the LC. Imaging of the retinal nerve fibre layer for glaucoma, " Br. J. Optical coherence tomography longitudinal evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma, " Arch. Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: pattern of RNFL defects in glaucoma, " macular substructures with optical coherence tomography for glaucoma diagnosis, Comparison of three optical coherence tomography scanning areas for detection of glaucomatous damage, " Am. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer, optic nerve head, and macular thickness measurements for glaucoma detection using optical coherence tomography, " Am. " Ultrahigh-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of the lamina cribrosa, " Ophthalmic Surg.dimensional evaluation of the lamina cribrosa using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in glaucoma, " Invest. Three-dimensional high-speed optical coherence tomography imaging of lamina cribrosa in glaucoma, Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage, " Arch. The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage, " Prog. Multiscale finite element modeling of the lamina cribrosa microarchitecture in the eye, " in Visualization of the lamina cribrosa using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, " Am. In vivo evaluation of focal lamina cribrosa defects in glaucoma, " Arch. Diagnostic capability of lamina cribrosa thickness by enhanced depth imaging and factors affecting thickness in patients with glaucoma, " Ophthalmology 120(4), 745–752 (2013). Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography at 120,000 depth scans/s for non-invasive cellular phenotyping of the living human retina, " Opt. Cellular resolution volumetric in vivo retinal imaging with adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography, " Opt. In vivo morphometry of the lamina cribrosa and its relation to visual field loss in glaucoma, " Curr. In vivo imaging of lamina cribrosa pores by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, " Invest. Reproducibility of measuring …
Near-Capacity H.264 Multimedia Communications Using Iterative Joint Source-Channel Decoding

In this tutorial, a unified treatment of the topic of near capacity multimedia communication systems is offered, where we focus our attention not only on source and channel coding but also on their iterative decoding and transmission schemes. There is a paucity of up-to-date surveys and review articles on the unified treatment of the topic of near capacity multimedia communication systems using iterative detection aided joint source-channel decoding employing sophisticated transmission techniques - even though there is a plethora of papers on both iterative detection and video telephony. Hence this paper aims to fill the related gap in the literature.
Genetic Evidence for PLASMINOGEN as a Shared Genetic Risk Factor of Coronary Artery Disease and Periodontitis

Background—Genetic studies demonstrated the presence of risk alleles in the genes ANRIL and CAMTA1/VAMP3 that are shared between coronary artery disease (CAD) and periodontitis. We aimed to identify further shared genetic risk factors to better understand conjoint disease mechanisms. Methods and Results—In-depth genotyping of 46 published CAD risk loci of genome-wide significance in the worldwide largest case–control sample of the severe early-onset phenotype aggressive periodontitis (AgP) with the Illumina Immunochip (600 German AgP cases, 1448 controls) and the Affymetrix 500K array set (283 German AgP cases and 972 controls) highlighted ANRIL as the major risk gene and revealed further associations with AgP for the gene PLASMINOGEN (PLG; rs4252120: P=5.9×10−5; odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–1.4 [adjusted for smoking and sex]; 818 cases; 5309 controls). Subsequent combined analyses of several genome-wide data sets of CAD and AgP suggested TGFBRAP1 to be associated with AgP (rs2679895: P=0.0016; odds ratio, 1.27 [95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.5]; 703 cases; 2.143 controls) and CAD (P=0.0003; odds ratio, 0.84 [95% confidence interval, 0.8–0.9]; n=4117 cases; 5824 controls). The study further provides evidence that in addition to PLG, the currently known shared susceptibility loci of CAD and periodontitis, ANRIL and CAMTA1/VAMP3, are subjected to transforming growth factor-&bgr; regulation. Conclusions—PLG is the third replicated shared genetic risk factor of atherosclerosis and periodontitis. All known shared risk genes of CAD and periodontitis are members of transforming growth factor-&bgr; signaling.
Introducing security aspects with model transformation

Aspect oriented programming and subsequently aspect oriented software development have received great attention recently and constitutes an interesting field of research in computer science. The goal of this paper is to propose a more precise understanding of aspects based on the idea of crosscutting concerns in view of model transformation. This proposal considers security aspects as an example of a behavior applied over a desired software product. This implies improving the actual definition of aspects. The work introduces the main current concepts of aspect, defines aspects as behavioral entities, presents examples, and outlines a method for model transformation based on the proposed definition.
Iterative MAP detection of coded M-DPSK signals in fading channels with application to IS-136 TDMA

Maximum a posteriori (MAP) detection of M-DPSK modulated signals is proposed for both time-nondispersive and time-dispersive fading channels. When the communication system comprises an inner convolutional encoder with a bit-interleaver, it is shown that an iterative receiver obtained from the concatenation of a MAP M-DPSK detector and a MAP convolutional decoder is capable of improving the performance in both channel environments. Such a receiver is based on the turbo decoding concept of refining the reliability information provided at the output of each soft-in/soft-out receiver stage, by running multiple detection/decoding iterations in a receiver with feedback from the outer stage to the inner stage. Furthermore, the general case of multiple receiving antennas is considered. Combining the received signals is addressed in both an environment characterized by thermal noise (i.e. AWGN) uncorrelated through the antenna elements, and an environment characterized by spatially correlated noise such that arising in the presence of cochannel interference in a TDMA system (e.g. IS-136).
Replicating Contralateral Haptic Feedback

Haptic sensation is difficult to describe verbally. An experiment was performed to evaluate the viability of using a contra lateral haptic replication task to elicit haptic information from subjects, bypassing verbal description. Subjects received force input of four magnitudes in four directions from one haptic device to the hand, and attempted to reproduce it in another haptic device that was held in the contra lateral hand. Results showed that although subjects tended to overshoot when reproducing the forces, it is a viable method for decoding and encoding haptic information without verbal description.
Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids at High Temperature

The goal purchased in this paper is to implement a pulse method to measure the thermal conductivity of liquid silica glass above 1200°C until 1600°C. A heat flux stimulation controlled in energy and in time is generated on the front face of an experimental cell. The temperature rise is measured on the rear face of this cell face by using a fast cooled infrared camera. The choice of the measurement cell geometry is fundamental to be able to estimate at the same time the thermal diffusivity and the specific heat of the liquid by an inverse technique. The parameters estimation problem takes into account the optimization of the cell wall thickness. The theoretical model used for the inversion takes into account the coupled heat transfer modes (conduction, convection and radiation) that can occur during the experiment, particularly the thermal conductive short-cut through metallic lateral walls of the cell and radiative transfer within the semi-transparent and participating medium. First measurements are performed on a cell filled with water at ambient temperature in order to validate the parameters estimation procedure.
Glazed Steatite Beads from Merhgarh and Nausharo (Pakistani Balochistan)

Steatite ornaments have been found all along the different phases of occupation of the sites of Mehrgarh and Nausharo (Indus area) which range from about 7000 to 2000 BC. We show that the emergence of the first glazed beads goes back to the ancient Chalcolithic period (around 4000 BC) and that this use of glaze has undergone some changes during the following two millennia. For the moment we think that the changes that have been observed are only linked to a local evolution of the traditional glazing techniquess rather than to the existence of different workshops.
Two-pass switching filter based on modification of Dempster’s combination rule for fuzzy image restoration

A new two-pass switching rank-ordered arithmetic mean (TSRAM) filter controlled by evidence fusion is proposed for fuzzy image restoration. The new filter mechanism is composed of an efficient impulse detector based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory and a rank-ordered arithmetic mean filter that works by estimating the noise-free ordered mean values. A modified Dempsterpsilas combination rule is proposed and applied to the impulse detector. In addition, to improve the filtering performance, a second pass filtering is performed using a simple switching median filter. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed filter outperforms other switching-based median filters in terms of both noise suppression and detail preservation. The proposed new filter also provides excellent robustness at various percentages of impulsive noises.
Landscape size affects the relative importance of habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality on forest birds

It is important to understand the relative effects of landscape habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality on biodiversity, so that potential management options can be appropriately ranked. However, their effects and relative importance may change with the size of the landscape considered because the multiple (and potentially conflicting) ecological processes that are influenced by landscape structure occur at different spatial scales (e.g. dispersal, predation, foraging). We estimated the relative effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality (measured as the amount of forest, the proportion of forest area contained in large core forests, and the density of roads respectively) on fragmentation-sensitive forest birds in southern Ontario, Canada using a range of landscape sizes (0.8-310 km 2 ). We used three complementary statistical approaches to estimate relative effects of these correlated landscape factors - 1) multiple regression, 2) information theoretic (AIC) estimates of the most parsimonious model, and 3) multi-model inference to average effects across all supported models. We controlled for spatial autocorrelation, local habitat, roadside sampling bias, time of day, season, habitat heterogeneity, and the interaction between the effects of habitat amount and fragmentation. We found that relative effects of habitat amount and fragmentation were scale dependent; habitat amount had a consistently positive effect that was consistent over more than two orders of magnitude in landscape area (∼ 1―300 km 2 ). In contrast, the effects of habitat fragmentation depended on the size of the landscape considered. Indeed, for veery Catharus fuscescens, habitat fragmentation had positive effects at one scale and negative effects at another. The effects of matrix quality were generally weak and changed little with scale. For the number of fragmentation sensitive species and the presence of veery, habitat amount was most important in large landscapes and habitat fragmentation in small landscapes but for the presence of ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla, habitat amount was most important at all scales.