Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Status Processes and the Institutionalization of Women as Leaders

Socially disadvantaged individuals often encounter resistance when they rise to high-status positions. For example, women, according to status characteristics theory, will be disadvantaged relative to men in social interactions, other things being equal. Institutionalizing women as leaders may overcome such disadvantages. Drawing from status characteristics theory and institutional theory, it is predicted that institutionalization of female leadership can reduce the influence gap between women and men by legitimating structures of female leadership. Results of an experiment conducted to test this idea show that, as predicted, male leaders attained higher influence than did female leaders, and leaders appointed on ability attained higher influence than did randomly assigned leaders. Institutionalization, however, reduced the advantage of men such that female leaders appointed on ability when female leadership was institutionalized attained influence as high as male leaders appointed on ability when female leadership was not institutionalized.
Characterization of the Low Molecular Weight Human Serum Proteome*S

Serum potentially carries an archive of important histological information whose determination could serve to improve early disease detection. The analysis of serum, however, is analytically challenging due to the high dynamic concentration range of constituent protein/peptide species, necessitating extensive fractionation prior to mass spectrometric analyses. The low molecular weight (LMW) serum proteome is that protein/peptide fraction from which high molecular weight proteins, such as albumin, immunoglobulins, transferrin, and lipoproteins, have been removed. This LMW fraction is made up of several classes of physiologically important proteins such as cytokines, chemokines, peptide hormones, as well as proteolytic fragments of larger proteins. Centrifugal ultrafiltration of serum was used to remove the large constituent proteins resulting in the enrichment of the LMW proteins/peptides. Because albumin is known to bind and transport small molecules and peptides within the circulatory system, the centrifugal ultrafiltration was conducted under solvent conditions effecting the disruption of protein-protein interactions. The LMW serum proteome sample was digested with trypsin, fractionated by strong cation exchange chromatography, and analyzed by microcapillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled on-line with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Analysis of the tandem mass spectra resulted in the identification of over 340 human serum proteins; however, not a single peptide from serum albumin was observed. The large number of proteins identified demonstrates the efficacy of this method for the removal of large abundant proteins and the enrichment of the LMW serum proteome.
Pebbles in the Mainstream: How Do We Find Them?

Significant numbers of students who are deaf and hard of hearing are educated in regular education settings, often outside the structure of established programs. Locating participants for research on deaf education has therefore become increasingly difficult. This article describes two approaches used to recruit participants in the recent online study, the National Survey of Assessment and Accommodations for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students. The first approach is to collaborate with the professional and social networks of those who work with deaf and hard of hearing students. This involves both direct and indirect communication with organizations and individuals who can refer potential participants. Second, potential participants may also be reached via a random sample of schools nationwide. Both of these approaches are taken within the context of action research within a professional community. The article will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these methods and make recommendations for future use in nationwide online research. Finally, the importance of sustained, active participation by deaf education practitioners is discussed in light of survey techniques and goals.
Points of View: Where Do We Look When We Watch TV?

How is our gaze dispersed across the screen when watching television? An exploratory eyetracker study with a custom-designed show indicated a very strong center-of-screen bias with gaze points following a roughly normal distribution peaked near screen center. Examining the show across time revealed that people were rarely all looking at the same location, and the amount of gaze dispersion within frames was highly variable. Different forms of programming yielded different levels of dispersion: static network ‘bumpers’ created the tightest visual groupings, and gaze dispersion for frames with show content was less than the dispersion for commercials. Advertising frames with brand logos generated higher dispersion than the non-branded advertisement portions, and repeated advertisements generated higher dispersion than their first-run counterparts.
Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Do Defendants Bargain in the Shadow of the Judge?*

The 1987 sentencing reforms were expected to change profoundly the environment in which plea bargaining takes place by increasing the average length of sentences for serious crimes and by eliminating the variation in sentences imposed by different judges. Using cases initiated and resolved between 1981 and 1995 in two federal district courts of New York, we examine whether the variation in sentences attributable to individual judges has been eliminated, and we investigate whether the plea‐bargaining behavior of defendants has changed. Surprisingly, we find that the amount of variation attributable to the judge for trial sentences increases post‐reforms. Consistent with this result, defendants continue to bargain in the shadow of the judge post‐reforms, particularly for crimes involving minimum sentences. Further, sentences may not have increased as much as expected: although the average prison term for trial sentences increases post‐reforms, there is no systematic increase in the average length of the pleas.
Novel strategy to identify genetic risk factors for COPD severity: a genetic isolate

Studies using genetic isolates with limited genetic variation may be useful in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) genetics, but are thus far lacking. The associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes and lung function in COPD were studied in a genetic isolate. In 91 subjects with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage ≥1 COPD, who were members of an extended pedigree including 6,175 people from the Genetic Research in Isolated Populations study, 32 SNPs were analysed in 13 candidate genes: a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 33 gene (ADAM33), transforming growth factor-β1 gene (TGFB1), matrix metalloprotease-1 gene (MMP1), MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 gene (TIMP1), surfactant protein A1 gene (SFTPA1), SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPD, glutathione S-transferase P1 gene (GSTP1), and haem oxygenase 1 gene (HMOX1). Their relation to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), inspiratory vital capacity (IVC) and FEV1/IVC were studied using restricted maximum likelihood linear mixed modelling, accounting for pedigree structure. Significant associations were replicated in the general Vlagtwedde/Vlaardingen study. Six SNPs in TGFB1, SFTPA1, SFTPA2 and SFTPD were significantly associated with FEV1/IVC in subjects with GOLD stage ≥1 COPD. Two SNPs in TGFB1 (C to T substitution at nucleotide -509 and substitution of leucine 10 with proline (Leu10Pro)), Leu50Val in SFTPA1 and Ala160Thr in SFTPD showed evidence suggestive of association with FEV1/IVC in subjects with GOLD stage ≥2 COPD. The TGFB1 associations were replicated in GOLD stage ≥2 patients from the Vlagtwedde/Vlaardingen population, with similar effect sizes. It was shown that a genetic isolate can be used to determine the genetics of lung function, which can be replicated in COPD patients from an independent population.
A Modified Technique for Esophagojejunostomy or Esophagogastrostomy After Laparoscopic Gastrectomy

Objective: Reconstruction of the digestive tract involving esophageal anastomosis after laparoscopic gastrectomy is a surgically difficult procedure. In this study, a newly developed transoral pretilted circular anvil, a “the oral to the abdomen” method, was proven to be effective. Method: A total of 34 consecutive patients underwent esophageal anastomosis using the OrVil in our hospital from July 2009 to February 2011. The esophagus was transected and a small hole was then made in the esophageal stump through which the nasogastric tube of the OrVil was passed to insert the anvil into the abdominal cavity. After fixation with a stapler and a glove at the jejunal loop or the remnant stomach, the abdominal cavity was entered through the minilaparotomy. Pneumoperitoneum and airtightness were reestablished after the glove edge was turned over to seal off the protector. Eventually, intracorporeal esophagojejunostomy or esophagogastrostomy was accomplished under the guidance of laparoscopy. Results: There were 34 patients in the study: 1 with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 7 with stromal tumors in cardia, 23 with adenocarcinoma in the stomach, and 3 with cardia adenocarcinoma involving the lower esophagus. The surgical margins for all tumor patients were negative for tumor cells. The mean operative time was 175.0 minutes (90 to 240 min) and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 195.6 mL (50 to 800 mL). The 34 patients underwent successful laparoscopic surgeries with no open conversions. For 32 patients, there were no technological complications in the transoral insertion of the anvil to the esophageal stump. There were no anastomotic leaks after the surgery. Conclusions: The use of the OrVil device, a “the oral to the abdomen” method, changes the direction of the anvil insertion and significantly decreases both difficulty and duration of the laparoscopic surgery. More importantly, if the mass is at a higher position, this approach can achieve a higher surgical margin compared with the hand-sewn purse-string suture technique, thus avoiding the need to undergo a thoracotomy (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SLE/A83).
Adaptive Finite Element Approximations for Kohn-Sham Models

The Kohn-Sham equation is a powerful, widely used approach for computation of ground state electronic energies and densities in chemistry, materials science, biology, and nanosciences. In this paper, we study the adaptive finite element approximations for the Kohn-Sham model. Based on the residual type a posteriori error estimators proposed in this paper, we introduce an adaptive finite element algorithm with a quite general marking strategy and prove the convergence of the adaptive finite element approximations. Using D{\" o}rfler's marking strategy, we then get the convergence rate and quasi-optimal complexity. We also carry out several typical numerical experiments that not only support our theory,but also show the robustness and efficiency of the adaptive finite element computations in electronic structure calculations.
Gene‐gene interaction between RBMS3 and ZNF516 influences bone mineral density

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), a highly heritable trait that is determined, in part, by the actions and interactions of multiple genes. Although an increasing number of genes have been identified to have independent effects on BMD, few studies have been performed to identify genes that interact with one another to affect BMD. In this study, we performed gene‐gene interaction analyses in selected candidate genes in individuals with extremely high versus low hip BMD (20% tails of the distributions), in two independent U.S. Caucasian samples. The first sample contained 916 unrelated subjects with extreme hip BMD Z‐scores selected from a population composed of 2286 subjects. The second sample consisted of 400 unrelated subjects with extreme hip BMD Z‐scores selected from a population composed of 1000 subjects. Combining results from these two samples, we found one interacting gene pair (RBMS3 versus ZNF516) which, even after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, showed consistently significant effects on hip BMD. RMBS3 harbored two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs6549904 and rs7640046, both of which had significant interactions with an SNP, rs4891159, located on ZNF516 (p = 7.04 × 10−11 and 1.03 × 10−10). We further validated these results in two additional samples of Caucasian and African descent. The gene pair, RBMS3 versus ZNF516, was successfully replicated in the Caucasian sample (p = 8.07 × 10−3 and 2.91 × 10−3). For the African sample, a significant interaction was also detected (p = 0.031 and 0.043), but the direction of the effect was opposite to that observed in the three Caucasian samples. By providing evidence for genetic interactions underlying BMD, this study further delineates the genetic architecture of osteoporosis. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Influence of Toothbrushing on the Antierosive Effect of Film-Forming Agents

This study evaluated the influence of toothbrushing on the antierosive effect of solutions containing sodium fluoride (225 ppm/F), stannous chloride (800 ppm/Sn), sodium linear polyphosphate (2%/LPP), and their combinations, and deionized water as negative control (C). Solutions were tested in a 5-day erosion-remineralization-abrasion cycling model, using enamel and dentin specimens (n = 8). Erosion was performed 6 times/day for 5 min, exposure to the test solutions 3 times/day for 2min, and toothbrushing (or not) with toothpaste slurry 2 times/day for 2 min (45 strokes). Surface loss (SL) was determined by noncontact profilometry. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Brushing caused more SL than no brushing for enamel (mean ± SD, in micrometers: 52.7 ± 6.6 and 33.0 ± 4.5, respectively), but not for dentin (28.2 ± 1.9 and 26.6 ± 1.8, respectively). For enamel without brushing, F+LPP+Sn showed the lowest SL (23.8 ± 3.4), followed by F+Sn (30.6 ± 4.9) and F+LPP (31.7 ± 1.7), which did not differ from each other. No differences were found between the other groups and C (37.8 ± 2.1). When brushing, F+LPP+Sn exhibited the lowest SL (36.7 ± 2.4), not differing from F+LPP (39.1 ± 1.8). F, F+Sn and LPP+Sn were similar (46.7 ± 2.9, 42.1 ± 2.8 and 45.3 ± 4.6, respectively) and better than C (52.7 ± 4.3). Sn (55.0 ± 2.4) and LPP (51.0 ± 4.3) did not differ from C. For dentin, neither groups differed from C, regardless of brushing. In conclusion, toothbrushing did not affect the antierosive effect of F+Sn, F+LPP and F+LPP+Sn on enamel, although overall it led to more erosion than nonbrushing. F and LPP+Sn showed a protective effect only under brushing conditions, whereas Sn and LPP did not exhibit any protection. For dentin, neither toothbrushing nor the test solutions influenced the development of erosion.
SEX‐RATIO MANIPULATION IN COLOR‐BANDED POPULATIONS OF ZEBRA FINCHES

Significant correlations were found between attractiveness of leg‐band color (determined by preference tests [Burley et al., 1982]) and sex ratio of offspring in two long‐term breeding experiments involving zebra finches. In both experiments, birds with attractive band colors produced more same‐sex offspring, while birds with unattractive band colors produced more opposite‐sex offspring.
Incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cardiovascular disease: buffered aspirin versus enteric-coated aspirin

Abstract Objective. Aspirin-induced enteropathy is increasing, but whether the type of aspirin affects the gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, especially small intestine, is unclear. The incidence of GI bleeding for buffered aspirin and enteric-coated aspirin was evaluated in patients receiving long-term low-dose aspirin (LDA) for cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Methods. This retrospective cohort study assessed overt GI bleeding, decreased hemoglobin levels suspecting small bowel blood loss, and CV death in patients taking LDA for more than 1 year (LDA group) and in patients not taking LDA (control group). The LDA group was divided into two subgroups, patients taking either buffered aspirin (buffered subgroup) or enteric-coated aspirin (enteric subgroup), and their outcomes were compared. Results. A total of 1402 patients (LDA group 701, control group 701; median follow-up duration 1778 ± 747 days) were assessed. The incidences of overt GI bleeding and decreased hemoglobin were 3.9% and 1.4% in LDA group, respectively, significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.01; p < 0.01). In the LDA group, 3% died during the follow-up period. Ten (3.7%) in the buffered subgroup (n = 267) and 17 (3.9%) in the enteric subgroup (n = 434) developed GI bleeding (p = 0.92). One (0.3%) in the buffered subgroup and nine (2%) in the enteric subgroup developed decreased hemoglobin (p = 0.06, log-rank test). Conclusions. The type of aspirin does not affect the incidence of overt GI bleeding and decreased hemoglobin, but enteric-coated aspirin may be associated with an increased incidence of decreased hemoglobin.
Coarse-grained localization: extended analyses and optimal beacon distribution

The precise and "cost-efficient" localization is of particular interest in large wireless sensor networks. For this purpose, the pertinent literature proposes various algorithms, which significantly differ in localization precision, energy consumption, and hardware requirements. One of those algorithms, also known as coarse-grained localization with centroid determination, has received particular attention due to its very low (computational) requirements. This paper extensively analyzes this algorithm with respect to highest precision and minimal energy consumption in dependence of the chosen beacon distribution. In so doing, this paper proposes some algorithmic as well as architectural modifications that yield noticeable improvements under certain circumstances
Competitive-level differences on sport commitment among high school- and collegiate-level athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine competitive-level differences on psychological and social constructs related to sport commitment as a means to better understand which factors enhance commitment depending on playing level. Considerable research has consistently shown that enjoyment, investments, attractive alternatives, involvement opportunities, social constraints (SCs), and social support are important predictors of sport commitment; however, competitive-level differences in the psychological desire and resolve to continue and their predictors have only begun to be tapped. A total of 284 high school- and 207 college-level, male and female, athletes competing in several sports participated. Collegiate athletes reported significantly higher perceptions of investments, costs, involvement opportunities, perceived competence, social support, and performance-motivational climate than did high school athletes. In contrast, high school athletes reported significantly greater perceptions of parental SCs and mastery-motivational climate. Playing status differences for high school athletes also emerged; however, the only differences that emerged between collegiate athletes with differing playing status were in regard to social influence constructs. Descriptive discriminant function analysis revealed that commitment constructs differentiated high school non-players from the other five groups of athletes. Competitive-level findings appear to be consistent with past research in relation to sport commitment constructs. Future sport commitment research should continue exploring differences and/or changes in these constructs as athletes progress through various competitive levels.
Effects of long-term multidisciplinary inpatient therapy on body composition of severely obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVES To describe the effects of long-term multidisciplinary inpatient therapy on body composition of severely obese adolescents. METHODS A total of 728 extremely obese adolescents, including 249 boys (aged 15.25+/-1.56 years) and 479 girls (aged 15.34+/-1.59 years) received multidisciplinary therapy during a period of 3 to 9 months. The therapy consisted of reduced energy intake, dietetic education, physical exercises and psychological therapy. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and physical capacity was assessed by the multistage cycle ergometer test. Type and duration of each activity were recorded using a daily controlled activity diary. RESULTS There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in body mass (27.84+/-12.49 kg for boys and 21.60+/-9.87 kg for girls), body mass index (9.19+/-3.88 kg/m(2) for boys and 7.72+/-3.98 kg/m(2) for girls) and fat mass. In addition, the percentage of fat free mass increased significantly (p < 0.05) in boys (from 58.8+/-6.41 to 69.98+/-7.43%) and in girls (from 51.86+/-4.96 to 60.04+/-5.65%). CONCLUSIONS Long-term multidisciplinary approach allows significant reduction in severe obesity, preserving growth and percentage of fat free mass.
Different factors promote axonal regeneration of adult rat retinal ganglion cells after lens injury and intravitreal peripheral nerve grafting

We have investigated the differential mediators of the neurotrophic effects of intravitreal peripheral nerve grafting and lens injury on adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Lens injury and intravitreal peripheral nerve grafting both stimulated RGC neurite growth in vitro and axon regeneration past the optic nerve lesion site in vivo concomitant with activation of retinal glia and invasion of macrophages into the eye. These observations, together with the results of coculture studies using a macrophage‐free intact peripheral nerve segment, a macrophage‐free intact lens, a macrophage‐rich peripheral nerve segment, or a macrophage‐rich injured lens in retinal cultures suggest that the stimulation of RGC axon regeneration by lens injury and intravitreal peripheral nerve grafting share a common macrophage‐derived component overlain by distinct lens‐derived and peripheral nerve‐derived neurotrophic factors, respectively. RGC axon regeneration following lens injury and intravitreal peripheral nerve grafting was similar in vivo, correlating with similar retinal glia activation whereas, in vitro, the level of RGC neurite outgrowth was significantly higher following intravitreal peripheral nerve grafting compared with lens injury, concomitant with the presence of increased numbers of activated retinal glia. This suggests that in vivo RGC axon regeneration induced by lens injury and peripheral nerve grafting may be limited, in part, by factors derived from activated retinal glia. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.