Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resistance development, stability, cross-resistance potential, biological fitness and biochemical mechanisms of spinetoram resistance in Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

BACKGROUND Spinetoram, a new type of spinosyn with novel modes of action, has been used in effective thrips control programs, but resistance remains a threat. In the present study, a laboratory Thrips hawaiiensis population was subjected to spinetoram for resistance selection to investigate resistance development, stability, cross-resistance potential, biological fitness and underlying biochemical mechanisms. RESULTS Resistance to spinetoram in T. hawaiiensis rapidly increased 103.56-fold (for 20 generations of selection with spinetoram) compared with a laboratory susceptible population, and the average realized heritability (h2 ) of resistance was calculated as 0.1317. Maintaining the resistant population for five generations without any further selection pressure resulted in a decline in the resistance ratio from 19.42- to 9.50-fold, suggesting that spinetoram resistance in T. hawaiiensis is unstable. Moreover, the spinetoram-resistant population exhibited a lack of cross-resistance to other classes of insecticides, and showed biological fitness costs. The results of synergism experiments using enzyme inhibitors and biochemical analyses revealed that metabolic mechanisms might not be responsible for the development of spinetoram resistance in T. hawaiiensis. CONCLUSION The current study expands understanding of spinosyn resistance in thrips species, providing a basis for proposing better integrated pest management strageties for thrips control programs and defining the most appropriate tools for such resistance management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Automatic classification of ovarian cancer types from cytological images using deep convolutional neural networks

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies. Accurate classification of ovarian cancer types (serous carcinoma, mucous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, transparent cell carcinoma) is an essential part in the different diagnosis. Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) can provide useful advice for pathologists to determine the diagnosis correctly. In our study, we employed a Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) based on AlexNet to automatically classify the different types of ovarian cancers from cytological images. The DCNN consists of five convolutional layers, three max pooling layers, and two full reconnect layers. Then we trained the model by two group input data separately, one was original image data and the other one was augmented image data including image enhancement and image rotation. The testing results are obtained by the method of 10-fold cross-validation, showing that the accuracy of classification models has been improved from 72.76 to 78.20% by using augmented images as training data. The developed scheme was useful for classifying ovarian cancers from cytological images.
The Irresistible Charm of a Simple Current Flow Pattern – 25% with a Solar Cell Featuring a Full-Area Back Contact

Screen-printed Al-BSF silicon solar cells have dominated the PV market for decades. Their long-term success is based on a low-complexity cell architecture and a robust production sequence. The full-area rear contact allows a simple and effective one-dimensional current flow pattern in the base resulting in high fill factors. Some of the successor technologies of this simple but yet successful cell architecture, i.e. partial rear contact (PRC) and interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells, have a significantly higher process and pattern complexity. This paper discusses a cell structure with an architecture very similar to the classical screen-printed aluminium back surface field (Al-BSF) solar cell but with a higher efficiency potential. This is achieved by substituting the full-area doped back surface region by a passivated contact scheme consisting of a tunnel oxide covered by a heavily doped silicon film, called TOPCon. The champion efficiency of 25.1% on n-type silicon shows that this structure has a high potential while keeping the process effort low and the current flow pattern simple. The very high open circuit voltage of 718 mV and fill factor of 83.2% results from both, the very low recombination and transport losses caused by this contact scheme and cell architecture.
The Autophagy Gene BcATG8 Regulates the Vegetative Differentiation and Pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT Autophagy is a conserved degradation process that maintains intracellular homeostasis to ensure normal cell differentiation and development in eukaryotes. ATG8 is one of the key molecular components of the autophagy pathway. In this study, we identified and characterized BcATG8, a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) ATG8 in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Yeast complementation experiments demonstrated that BcATG8 can functionally complement the defects of the yeast ATG8 null mutant. Direct physical interaction between BcAtg8 and BcAtg4 was detected in the yeast two-hybrid system. Subcellular localization assays showed that green fluorescent protein-tagged BcAtg8 (GFP-BcAtg8) localized in the cytoplasm as preautophagosomal structures (PAS) under general conditions but mainly accumulated in the lumen of vacuoles in the case of autophagy induction. Deletion of BcATG8 (ΔBcAtg8 mutant) blocked autophagy and significantly impaired mycelial growth, conidiation, sclerotial formation, and virulence. In addition, the conidia of the ΔBcAtg8 mutant contained fewer lipid droplets (LDs), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays revealed that the basal expression levels of the LD metabolism-related genes in the mutant were significantly different from those in the wild-type (WT) strain. All of these phenotypic defects were restored by gene complementation. These results indicate that BcATG8 is essential for autophagy to regulate fungal development, pathogenesis, and lipid metabolism in B. cinerea. IMPORTANCE The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is an economically important plant pathogen with a broad host range. Although there are fungicides for its control, many classes of fungicides have failed due to its genetic plasticity. Exploring the fundamental biology of B. cinerea can provide the theoretical basis for sustainable and long-term disease management. Autophagy is an intracellular process for degradation and recycling of cytosolic materials in eukaryotes and is now known to be vital for fungal life. Here, we report studies of the biological role of the autophagy gene BcATG8 in B. cinerea. The results suggest that autophagy plays a crucial role in vegetative differentiation and virulence of B. cinerea.
Nanosuspension: A Potential Nanoformulation for Improved Delivery of Poorly Bioavailable Drug

Nanotechnology is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation, and application of functional materials, devices, and delivery systems through control of matter at the nanometer scale. These include nanovectors, nanotubes, nanosensors, nanowires and nanocantilever arrays, nanopores and nanoformulations. These advances will lead to significant applications relevant to the diagnosis, management, and in the treatment of many diseases. The application of nanotechnology has attracted much interest as a new approach to deliver poorly soluble drugs in the form of colloidal nano-dispersion “nanosuspension” due to flexibility in processing during manufacturing and benefits like, improvement in oral bioavailability, high drug loading, and targeting capabilities and so on. Nanosuspensions formulation was found to be an efficient delivery system for oral as well as non oral routes like parenteral, ocular, pulmonary and targeted delivery. In this article, we will highlight formulation aspects of nanosuspensions in the light of a brief introduction to the pharmaceutical technology and will summarize the application of nanosuspensions via a variety of administration routes.
Spectral–Energy Efficiency Tradeoff in Full-Duplex Two-Way Relay Networks

Owing to its high spectral efficiency (SE), two-way relaying (TWR) has aroused tremendous research interests. Recently, substantial progress in self-interference (SI) cancelation makes full-duplex (FD) TWR practical. For this new paradigm, analyzing spectral–energy efficiency (SE–EE) tradeoff is crucial, which has not been addressed in the existing works in the literature. In this paper, the SE–EE tradeoff in a FDTW relay network with amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying is studied by considering the residual SI at the relay. An optimization problem is formulated to maximize the EE under the SE requirement and the maximum transmission power constraints by adjusting the transmission power of the terminals and the amplification gain of the relay. A lower complexity iterative optimization algorithm is developed to solve the optimization problem. Simulation results show that: 1) the proposed algorithm can achieve optimal EE that is consistent to the one obtained by the exclusive searching method; 2) the FDTW relay network can achieve higher SE but lower optimal EE compared with the half-duplex (HD) one; and 3) the optimal EE is insensitive to the residual power of SI, when the relay is located near either terminal.
Phosphorylation of Ago2 and Subsequent Inactivation of let-7a RNP-Specific MicroRNAs Control Differentiation of Mammalian Sympathetic Neurons

ABSTRACT MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by base pairing to the target mRNAs in animal cells. KRas, an oncogene known to be repressed by let-7a miRNAs, is expressed and needed for the differentiation of mammalian sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells. We documented a loss of let-7a activity during this differentiation process without any significant change in the cellular level of let-7a miRNA. However, the level of Ago2, an essential component that is associated with miRNAs to form RNP-specific miRNA (miRNP) complexes, shows an increase with neuronal differentiation. In this study, differentiation-induced phosphorylation and the subsequent loss of miRNA from Ago2 were noted, and these accounted for the loss of miRNA activity in differentiating neurons. Neuronal differentiation induces the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and the downstream kinase mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1). This in turn upregulates the phosphorylation of Ago2 and ensures the dissociation of miRNA from Ago2 in neuronal cells. MSK1-mediated miRNP inactivation is a prerequisite for the differentiation of neuronal cells, where let-7a miRNA gets unloaded from Ago2 to ensure the upregulation of KRas, a target of let-7a. We noted that the inactivation of let-7a is both necessary and sufficient for the differentiation of sympathetic neurons.
Omics approaches for food authentication

The development of analytical strategies to fight against food fraud is currently one of the most developing fields in food science as the food value chain becomes increasingly complex and global. Food can be certified by clear labeling but also by objective analytical methods. As shown recently by several groups, the omics technologies such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and isotopolomics are suitable to prove the geographical origin, the production or cultivation process, and the biological and the overall chemical identity of food. This article describes different analytical approaches beginning with non‐targeted strategies as well as the further developmental stages of transferring the methods to routine laboratories.
Properties and applications of supercapacitors From the state-of-the-art to future trends

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors, also known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, are electrical storage devices, which have a relatively high energy storage density simultaneously with a high power density. Recent developments in basic technology, materials and manufacturability have made supercapacitors an imperative tool for shortterm energy storage in power electronics. With much higher energy density than today's capacitors and none of the problems associated with conventional battery technology, supercapacitors give an access to new power electronic and industrial storage applications.
In operando Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of SEI Formation and Structure in Li-Ion and Li-Metal Batteries

Lithium ion and Li-metal batteries are being used to meet the increased demand for electrical energy storage in electrical vehicle, grid storage, and portable electronic device applications. While Li batteries utilizing Li metal as the anode have one of the highest specific capacities (3840 mAh/g), their use is discouraged given its tendency to form dendrites during charging, which can short the battery. Li dendrite formation mechanisms are not well understood, although it is known that a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) spontaneously forms at the Li-metal/electrolyte interface during charge discharge cycling. To obtain a fundamental understanding of the Li electrodeposition/dendrite formation and SEI growth, in situ electrochemical TEM (ec-TEM) studies have been conducted. The SEI is a nm-scaled passivating layer that forms locally at the anode/electrolyte interface as a result of electrolyte decomposition during the initial charging cycle. The ongoing formation of radicals (due to the highly negative reduction potential of Li, -3 V) can lead to the formation of a disordered SEI. Controlling the SEI ’ s structure and chemistry are essential to the development of longer lasting and safer Li-ion and Li-metal batteries; however, SEI formation mechanisms and structural growth and evolution have remained elusive due to the lack of in situ high spatial resolution imaging coupled with electrochemical characterization The SEI layer ’ s physiochemical properties and performance depend on several factors including the anion, electrolyte, solvent, electrode material, and electrochemical conditioning.
Chylous Ascites: A Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment

Abstract Chylous ascites (CA) is a rare form of ascites that results from the leakage of lipid-rich lymph into the peritoneal cavity. This usually occurs due to trauma and rupture of the lymphatics or increased peritoneal lymphatic pressure secondary to obstruction. The underlying etiologies for CA have been classified as traumatic, congenital, infectious, neoplastic, postoperative, cirrhotic or cardiogenic. Since malignancy and cirrhosis account for about two-thirds of all the cases of CA in Western countries, in this article we have attempted to reclassify CA based on portal and non-portal etiologies. The diagnosis of CA is based on the distinct characteristic of the ascitic fluid which includes a milky appearance and a triglyceride level of >200 mg/dL. The management consists of identifying and treating the underlying disease process, dietary modification, and diuretics. Some studies have also supported the use of agents such as orlistat, somatostatin, octreotide and etilefrine. Paracentesis and surgical interventions in the form of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (commonly known as TIPS), peritoneal shunt, angiography with embolization of a leaking vessel, and laparotomy remain as treatment options for cases refractory to medical management.
A highly-linearized ring amplifier with gain offset calibration

This paper presents a high-accuracy and highly-linearized self-biased ring amplifier for switched capacitor analog and RF circuits with offset cancellation and common-mode stabilization. The proposed ring amplifier alleviates the accuracy problems of the conventional ring amplifiers by cancelling the offset caused by the charge sharing due to the difference between the auto-zero voltage (VAZ) and the common-mode voltage (VCM) while maintaining the benefits of low power, fast slew-based charging and rail-to-tail output swing. Moreover, the proposed architecture also introduces a signal-detection solution to balance the resetting speed and total power consumption for RF design. A prototype ring amplifier was designed and simulated in a 40-nm CMOS technology with a standard 1.1 V supply voltage. The simulated SFDR of the ring amplifier is 84.46dB (100MS/s), 74.12dB (200MS/s) and 61.4dB (300MS/s), respectively, with a total power consumption of 164 μW and a gain error within 1%.
Green operators for low regularity spacetimes

In this paper we define and construct advanced and retarded Green operators for the wave operator on spacetimes with low regularity. In order to do so we require that the spacetime satisfies the condition of generalised hyperbolicity which is equivalent to well-posedness of the classical inhomogeneous problem with zero initial data where weak solutions are properly supported. Moreover, we provide an explicit formula for the kernel of the Green operators in terms of an arbitrary eigenbasis of H1 and a suitable Green matrix that solves a system of second order ODEs.
The corticospinal tract: Evolution, development, and human disorders

The corticospinal tract (CST) plays a major role in cortical control of spinal cord activity. In particular, it is the principal motor pathway for voluntary movements. Here, we discuss: (i) the anatomic evolution and development of the CST across mammalian species, focusing on its role in motor functions; (ii) the molecular mechanisms regulating corticospinal tract formation and guidance during mouse development; and (iii) human disorders associated with abnormal CST development. A comparison of CST anatomy and development across mammalian species first highlights important similarities. In particular, most CST axons cross the anatomical midline at the junction between the brainstem and spinal cord, forming the pyramidal decussation. Reorganization of the pattern of CST projections to the spinal cord during evolution led to improved motor skills. Studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in CST formation and guidance in mice have identified several factors that act synergistically to ensure proper formation of the CST at each step of development. Human CST developmental disorders can result in a reduction of the CST, or in guidance defects associated with abnormal CST anatomy. These latter disorders result in altered midline crossing at the pyramidal decussation or in the spinal cord, but spare the rest of the CST. Careful appraisal of clinical manifestations associated with CST malformations highlights the critical role of the CST in the lateralization of motor control. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 810–829, 2017
Narrative Friction in Alternate Reality Games: Design Insights from Conspiracy For Good

Alternate Reality Games (ARG) tend to have story-driven game structures. Hence, it is useful to investigate how player activities interact with the often pre-scripted storyline in this genre. In this article, we report on a study of a particular ARG production, Conspiracy For Good (CFG), which was at the same time emphasising the role of strong storytelling, and active on-site participation by players. We uncover multiple levels of friction between the story content and the mode of play of live participants, but also between live and online participation. Based on the observations from the production, we present design recommendations for future productions with similar goals.
A portable surgical navigation device to display resection planes for bone tumor surgery

Abstract Introduction: Surgical navigation has been used in musculoskeletal tumor surgical procedures to improve the precision of tumor resection. Despite the favorable attributes of navigation-assisted surgery, conventional systems do not display the resection margin in real time, and preoperative manual input is required. In addition, navigation systems are often expensive and complex, and this has limited their widespread use. In this study, we propose an augmented reality surgical navigation system that uses a tablet personal computer with no external tracking system. Material and methods: We realized a real-time safety margin display based on three-dimensional dilation. The resection plane induced by the safety margin is updated in real time according to the direction of sawing. The minimum separation between the saw and the resection plane is also calculated and displayed. The surgeon can resect bone tumors accurately by referring to the resection plane and the minimum separation updated in real time. Results: The effectiveness of the system was demonstrated with experiments on pig pelvises. When the desired resection margin was 10 mm, the measured resection margin was 9.85 ± 1.02 mm. Conclusions: The proposed method exhibits sufficient accuracy and convenience for use in bone tumor resection. It also has favorable practical applicability due to its low cost and portability.
Risk and burden of adverse intrapartum-related outcomes associated with non-cephalic and multiple birth in rural Nepal: a prospective cohort study

Objectives Intrapartum-related complications are the second leading cause of neonatal death worldwide. We estimate the community-level risk and burden of intrapartum-related fetal/neonatal mortality and morbidity associated with non-cephalic and multiple birth in rural Sarlahi District, Nepal. Design Community-based prospective cohort study. Setting Rural Sarlahi District, Nepal. Participants Pregnant women residing in the study area. Methods We collected data on maternal background characteristics, conditions during labour and delivery, fetal presentation and multiple birth during home visits. We ran log-binomial regression models to estimate the associations between non-cephalic/multiple births and fresh stillbirth, early neonatal mortality and signs of neonatal encephalopathy, respectively, and calculated the per cent attributable fraction. To better understand the context under which these adverse birth outcomes are occurring, we also collected data on maternal awareness of non-cephalic presentation and multiple gestation prior to delivery. Primary outcome measures Risk of experiencing fresh stillbirth, early neonatal encephalopathy and early neonatal mortality associated with non-cephalic and multiple birth, respectively. Results Non-cephalic presentation had a particularly high risk of fresh stillbirth (aRR 12.52 (95% CI 7.86 to 19.95), reference: cephalic presentation). 20.2% of all fresh stillbirths were associated with non-cephalic presentation. For multiple births, there was a fourfold increase in early neonatal mortality (aRR: 4.57 (95% CI 1.44 to 14.50), reference: singleton births). 3.4% of early neonatal mortality was associated with multiple gestation. Conclusions Globally and in Nepal, a large percentage of stillbirths and neonatal mortality is associated with intrapartum-related complications. Despite the low incidence of non-cephalic and multiple birth, a notable proportion of adverse intrapartum-related outcomes is associated with these conditions. As the proportion of neonatal deaths attributable to intrapartum-related complications continues to rise, there is a need to investigate how best to advance diagnostic capacity and management of these conditions. Trial registration number NCT01177111; pre-results.