Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Key Characteristics of 71 Data Protection Laws

This research is the first ever systematic study that unlocks six paramount characteristics in the literal text of 71 Data Protection Laws (DPLs). The quantification fosters comparison of a potential federal U.S. law with DPLs in the rest of the world. It can also be used for empirical legal research in information security by linking the index or subsets to data concerning, for instance, deep packet inspection. This research is exploratory: adding more characteristics to the database is one of the key next steps for future research.There are some noteworthy initial results: only 5 out of 71 DPLs have penalties that deter companies for non-compliance. Also, compared to the U.S. states, few countries have data breach notification laws. Principal component analysis reveals more information. Characteristics can be grouped in two unobserved factors, which explain ‘basic characteristics’ across laws and ‘add ons’ to these characteristics.By summing these two factors a privacy index is constructed. Countries that are not known for their stringent privacy control such as Mauritius and Mexico cover a top position of this index. Member States of the European Union have DPLs with a privacy control score above average but no absolute top position.
THE PROPULSION OF SEA-URCHIN SPERMATOZOA

The movement of any short length of the tail of a spermatozoon of Psammechinus mtUaris and the characteristic changes which it undergoes during each cycle of its displacement through the water can be described in terms of the form and speed of propagation of the bending waves which travel along the tail (Gray, 1953, 1955); the form of the wave depends on the maximum extent of bending reached by each element and on the difference in phase between adjacent elements. The object of this paper is to consider the forces exerted on the tail as it moves relative to the surrounding medium and to relate the propulsive speed of the whole spermatozoon to the form and speed of propagation of the bending waves generated by the tail. The mathematical theory of the propulsive properties of thin undulating filaments has recently been considered by Taylor (1951, 1952) and by Hancock (1953); the present study utilizes and extends their findings but approaches the problem from a somewhat different angle.
GLTP-fold interaction with planar phosphatidylcholine surfaces is synergistically stimulated by phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine[S]

Among amphitropic proteins, human glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) forms a structurally-unique fold that translocates on/off membranes to specifically transfer glycolipids. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers with curvature-induced packing stress stimulate much faster glycolipid intervesicular transfer than nonstressed PC bilayers raising questions about planar cytosol-facing biomembranes being viable sites for GLTP interaction. Herein, GLTP-mediated desorption kinetics of fluorescent glycolipid (tetramethyl-boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-label) from lipid monolayers are assessed using a novel microfluidics-based surface balance that monitors lipid lateral packing while simultaneously acquiring surface fluorescence data. At biomembrane-like packing (30–35 mN/m), GLTP uptake of BODIPY-glycolipid from POPC monolayers was nearly nonexistent but could be induced by reducing surface pressure to mirror packing in curvature-stressed bilayers. In contrast, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) matrices supported robust BODIPY-glycolipid uptake by GLTP at both high and low surface pressures. Unexpectedly, negatively-charged cytosol-facing lipids, i.e., phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine, also supported BODIPY-glycolipid uptake by GLTP at high surface pressure. Remarkably, including both 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (5 mol%) and POPE (15 mol%) in POPC synergistically activated GLTP at high surface pressure. Our study shows that matrix lipid headgroup composition, rather than molecular packing per se, is a key regulator of GLTP-fold function while demonstrating the novel capabilities of the microfluidics-based film balance for investigating protein-membrane interfacial interactions.
Retrospective study of prevalence of face fractures in southern Brazil.

CONTEXT Trauma has been an important public health problem worldwide. Facial injuries are among the most common types of trauma treated at emergency departments, associated or not with injuries in other anatomic sites. The patterns of facial fractures are usually affected by geography and socioeconomic conditions. AIM To investigate the prevalence of facial fractures in Lages, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, from September 2003 to August 2008. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Cross-sectional, retrospective, epidemiological study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on patients' gender, age, etiological agent, and facial region affected by fracture were collected from the charts of patients treated with facial fractures. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies, and quantitative variables as means and standard deviation. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between gender, traffic accidents and facial region affected. The association between etiological agents and facial region affected was assessed using the chi-square test and the adjusted residuals analysis. RESULTS 492 patients presented with oral and maxillofacial trauma, with 988 facial fractures; 80.9% of the patients were men, and the most frequent age group was 21-30 years (29.5%). The most frequent causes of fractures were: Traffic accidents in 27.9%, physical assault in 14.9%, and bicycle falls in 10.5%; several other causes scored below 10%. CONCLUSION Regular publication of epidemiological data is extremely important for the implementation of prevention campaigns and for an increased awareness of the etiology of fractures affecting the face and other anatomic sites.
oferta de Trabalho dos Indivíduos com Idade Superior a 50 Anos: Algumas Características da Década de 90

This paper aims to analyze the participation in the labor market of the individuals older than 50 in Brazil, in the years of 1992 and 1999. Our results show that social security benefits play a key role to explain labor force participation. Nevertheless, the value of the benefit doesn t seem to be relevant. Afterwards, the most relevant aspects that explain their wages are studied.
Liquid-Metal-Filled 3-D Antenna Array Structure With an Integrated Feeding Network

This letter describes the fabrication and characterization of a microstrip patch array and a three-dimensional (3-D) coaxial feed network embedded within a 3-D printed part. Internal cavities within the acrylic structure are filled with a gallium-based liquid metal alloy using a vacuum-driven process to form conducting elements. In this way, four rectangular patch elements and a feeding network, including power dividers and vertical transitions, are embedded within a single 3-D printed acrylic geometry. Simulations and measurements of a 6 GHz array show that the array produces a matched response and moderate gain at the design frequency. This procedure can be employed to integrate numerous radiating elements and their corresponding feeding networks into a single monolithic acrylic structure, eliminating the need for separate fabrication of printed-circuit-board-based antennas and feeds. The procedure can serve as a convenient approach for rapid prototyping of complex array designs that exploit the additional spatial degrees of freedom to enhance their electromagnetic performance. Furthermore, manipulating the liquid-phase metallization inside these acrylic cavities can potentially be used to produce frequency- or pattern-reconfigurable arrays in the future.
Pillars Article: The foreign antigen binding site and T cell recognition regions of class I histocompatibility antigens.

Most of the polymorphic amino acids of the class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2, are clustered on top of the molecule in a large groove identified as the recognition site for processed foreign antigens. Many residues critical for T-cell recognition of HLA are located in this site, in positions allowing them to serve as ligands to processed antigens. These findings have implications for how the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) recognize foreign antigens.
Training auditors in strategic systems auditing using online computerised systems: can prior schema affect auditors’ knowledge acquisition?

Auditing firms can potentially increase their organisational memory and enhance learning from computerised aids. One potential application of computerised aids in auditing firms is training for strategic systems auditing (SSA) or business risk auditing, which is increasingly popular in these firms. Even the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, (AICPA) has endorsed the use of SSA for evaluating audit evidence (AICPA, 2002; Power, 2007). Better SSA expertise among auditors might help to avoid the problems that have been observed with this method. We suggest that different training mechanisms be implemented when training novice and experienced auditors.
Can Government Regulate Fertility? An Assessment of Pronatalist Policy in Eastern Europe

The authoritarian governments in Eastern Europe have played an active role in the fertility regulation of their citizenry. This article examines government attempts to encourage population growth in Eastern Europe with particular attention given to Romania Hungary and the German Democratic Republic. Governments attempting to influence reproductive behavior can utilize 3 types of policies--the moral-propagandistic the economic and the legal-administrative. Romania has focused on the latter issuing a decree in 1966 banning abortion for women under age 45 with less than 4 children. Hungary has pursued a policy with some legal-administrative aspects but it has included more positive economic incentives for families to have children. Allowances were raised for a second child and monthly maternity payments were increased through the third offspring. Hungary also expanded its network of family planning centers and offered more courses on sex education and family life. The German Democratic Republic has emphatically followed an economic incentive approach in its pronatalist policy. In 1976 the government adopted regulations that raised paid maternity leave to 26 weeks provided cash allowances during the time of unpaid leave for 2nd and 3rd births gave working mothers a fully paid work week of 40 hours raised the value of birth grants and provided newly married couples with loans to buy and furnish homes. The population growth policy followed by Romania is likely to fail--abortion is deeply engrained in Romanian culture. Hungarys mixed administrative-economic approach should be effective. But the purely economic incentives of the German Democratic Republic should work permanently.
Combined Analysis of Cortical (EEG) and Nerve Stump Signals Improves Robotic Hand Control

Background. Interfacing an amputee’s upper-extremity stump nerves to control a robotic hand requires training of the individual and algorithms to process interactions between cortical and peripheral signals. Objective. To evaluate for the first time whether EEG-driven analysis of peripheral neural signals as an amputee practices could improve the classification of motor commands. Methods. Four thin-film longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes (tf-LIFEs-4) were implanted in the median and ulnar nerves of the stump in the distal upper arm for 4 weeks. Artificial intelligence classifiers were implemented to analyze LIFE signals recorded while the participant tried to perform 3 different hand and finger movements as pictures representing these tasks were randomly presented on a screen. In the final week, the participant was trained to perform the same movements with a robotic hand prosthesis through modulation of tf-LIFE-4 signals. To improve the classification performance, an event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) procedure was applied to EEG data to identify the exact timing of each motor command. Results. Real-time control of neural (motor) output was achieved by the participant. By focusing electroneurographic (ENG) signal analysis in an EEG-driven time window, movement classification performance improved. After training, the participant regained normal modulation of background rhythms for movement preparation (α/β band desynchronization) in the sensorimotor area contralateral to the missing limb. Moreover, coherence analysis found a restored α band synchronization of Rolandic area with frontal and parietal ipsilateral regions, similar to that observed in the opposite hemisphere for movement of the intact hand. Of note, phantom limb pain (PLP) resolved for several months. Conclusions Combining information from both cortical (EEG) and stump nerve (ENG) signals improved the classification performance compared with tf-LIFE signals processing alone; training led to cortical reorganization and mitigation of PLP.
Disparités spatiales de productivité, accumulation du capital et économies d'agglomération.

Résumé L'étude vise à saisir les disparités régionales de productivité, notamment la surproductivité relative de l'Île-de-France dans l'industrie et de manière encore plus manifeste dans les services aux entreprises, à dégager l'influence particulière sur celles-ci du capital privé et public, des différentes économies d'agglomération, et à spécifier leur rôle dans le processus de métropolisation observé ces dernières années.
The Effect of Life Events on Poverty Transitions for the U.S. Elderly

The purpose of this study is to examine the likelihood of poverty transition and the effects of different events on poor elderly. This study is important because the aging population has grown rapidly, and elderly poverty involves many complex relationships across an individual’s life span. The contributions of this study are to improve the understanding of elderly poverty and to provide considerable policy implications for elderly demographic changes in the future. The data for this study are from the years 1992-2006 of the Health and Retirement Study(HRS) and the sample consists of 30,405 elderly individuals from eight waves. To examine the incidence and dynamics of elderly poverty, the poverty exit(re-entry) hazard rate based on Kaplan-Meier productlimit estimates are used. Entry into and exit from elderly poverty models are separately used to estimate the conditional relationship between poverty transition and multiple trigger events as well as various covariates using the discrete-time hazard model. These multivariate techniques show a more realistic picture of elderly poverty transition in terms of providing a preliminary explanation of the unobserved heterogeneity of the elderly poverty. The major findings are: (1) in terms of poverty entry and exit rates, the exit rate was decreased during the 1990s, but the rate was increased during the 2000s while the entry rate fell somewhat during the 1990s and rose somewhat during the 2000s; (2) as the length of the poverty spell increased, the probability of poverty exit decreased; (3) as the non-poverty duration increases, the poverty reentry rates are constant at around 10 percent; (4) retirement and a negative change in health condition both have significant effects on elderly poverty entry, while retirement, increase in total wealth, and becoming insured from any government health program all have significant effects on elderly poverty exit; and (5) life history variables, such as total years of work and length of marriage have significant effects on both elderly poverty entry and exit. Results from the hazard rates(exit and re-entry rate) imply that a person who falls into poverty during his or her elderly years is highly likely to remain poor ecause the exit probabilities fall as the length of the poverty spell increases. In addition, the results of constant re-entry rates infer that the elderly population is exposed to the risk of falling to an income that puts them below the poverty line. Results from multivariate analysis suggest that retirement has an important role in elderly poverty transition and a negative change in health condition also has positive impact on elderly poverty entry. Thus, effective income support programs and social policies for the elderly help to prevent elderly individuals from becoming poor.
Did Adoption of Forward-Looking Valuation Methods Improve Valuation Accuracy in Shareholder Litigation?

Before 1984, Delaware judges relied exclusively on the Delaware Block method—an appraisal formula based on trailing earnings and liquidation value—to price shares in shareholder litigation. In 1984, the Delaware Supreme Court changed the law to permit its judges to use any valuation method they deem appropriate. As a result, judges and litigants began switching from the Block method and adopting forward-looking valuation techniques based on cash flow and earnings forecasts. While the use of forward-looking methods potentially improves valuation accuracy by incorporating forecast information, the use of forecasts allows more room for subjective manipulation. Did the adoption of forward-looking methods improve or reduce valuation accuracy in shareholder litigation? We address this question using a comprehensive hand-collected sample of all Delaware corporate “appraisal-remedy” cases published between 1966 and 2002 in Lexis-Nexis. The sample identifies, on a case-by-case basis, the plaintiff's, the defendant's, and the judge's valuation methods and resulting valuation estimates. We show that the adoption of forward-looking valuation methods improves litigants' valuation accuracy on average.
Measuring Productivity of Software Projects: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Current economic conditions are forcing information system departments to focus simultaneously on decreasing costs while increasing software productivity. Improving software productivity is becoming critical because software costs of large in-house software companies have been increasing rapidly. For many organizations, however, measuring software productivity has been a difficult task. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), this research study investigates the productivity of 78 commercial system projects. The results of this study have practical implications for software project managers undertaking software development. The results showed that the DEA technology can be successfully used to identify efficient and inefficient software projects. Furthermore, within the inefficient group, DEA can also identify factors that affect software productivity in a positive or negative manner, allowing managers to take corrective actions. Based on the findings of this study, the manuscript also provides some practical guidelines for managers to follow in software development.
Effect of parenteral administration of selenium and vitamin E on health status of mammary gland and on selected antioxidant indexes in blood of dairy cows.

This study focuses on the effect of parenteral administration of Selenium (Se) and vitamin E on concentration of Se in plasma and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the blood of dairy cows during peripartal period and their effect on the reduction of clinical mastitis. From a 220 individuals Holstein herd in a two-four lactation-gestation cycle the control group (C), 1st (D1) and 2nd (D2) experimental group were selected. Every group consisted of 15 cows in the last phase of the pregnancy. All cows were fed with the diet containing 0.1 mg of Se per kg/DM. The blood samples from vena jugularis were collected approximately 21 days before calving (control sampling), 3 days, 12 days and 21 days after calving. On the day of control sampling and 12 days before calving in D1 group, cows were injected subcutaneously in the sprescapular region with preparation Selevit inj. a.u. v. at the doses of 48.4 mg/head of Se, and 550 IU/head of alpha-Tocoferol (alpha-Toc). In D2 group, cows were injected by the same preparation only on 21th day before calving with the same doses of Se and alpha-Toc. The increase in the concentration of Se in the plasma and activity GPx in blood in D1 group on the 3rd day and 12th day after calving were determined. Increase in plasmatic concentrations alpha-Toc on 3rd day after calving and reduction of occurrence of clinical mastitis (13.3%) as compared with control group were found.
ETHICS AND DISTANCE EDUCATION: STRATEGIES FOR MINIMIZING ACADEMIC DISHONESTY IN ONLINE ASSESSMENT

This paper discusses ethics and student assessment, as applicable to the growing field of distance education. In particular, this paper discusses strategies for minimizing academic dishonesty in online student assessment. Among the strategies discussed are acknowledging the disadvantages of online assessment and overcoming them, designing an effective, cheat-proof online assessment, keeping online courses current, and providing students with an academic dishonesty policy. Overview of Ethics and Assessment One of the more pervasive issues that an educator faces is the "age-old concerns about ethical practices in assessment (i.e., cheating)" (Abbott, Siskovic, Nogues, and Williams 2000). In fact, recent studies are indicative that academic dishonesty is on the rise (Niels). For example, McMurtry (2001) cites a 1998 survey from Who’s Who Among American High School Students which reported that out of 3,123 students, 80 percent of them "admitted to cheating on an exam, a 10-point increase since the question was first asked 15 years ago" (Bushweller 1999). Furthermore, 50 percent of them "did not believe cheating was necessarily wrong," and 95 percent of those who had cheated "said they had never been caught" (Kleiner and Lord 1999). Such statistics clearly indicate the pervasiveness of cheating in our schools. In Classroom Assessment: Concepts and Application, Airasian presents a partial list (adapted from Cizek 1999) of ways in which students cheat. Below is Airasian’s list: Looking at another pupil’s test paper during a test. 1. Dropping ones paper so that other pupils can cheat off it. 2. Dropping one’s paper and having another pupil pick it up, cheat from it, and re-drop the paper so the original dropper can reclaim his or her paper. 3. Passing an eraser between two pupils who write test information on the eraser. 4. Developing codes such as tapping the floor three times to indicate that a multiple-choice item should be answered "C. " 5. Looking at pupils’ papers while walking up to the teacher to ask a question about the test. 6.
Open Source Development Around the World: A Comparative Study

Open source software has an increasing importance in our modern society, providing basic services to other software systems and also supporting the rapid development of a variety of end-user applications. Recently, world-wide code sharing platforms, like GitHub, are also contributing to open source's growth. However, little is known on how this growth is distributed around the world and about the characteristics of the projects developed in different countries. In this article, we provide a characterization of 2,648 open source projects developed in 20 countries. We reveal the number of projects per country, the popularity and programming language of each country's project and also show how the number of projects in a country correlates to its GDP. Finally, we assess the maintainability and internal code quality of the studied projects, using a tool called BetterCodeHub.