Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical habitat dynamics in four side-channel chutes, lower Missouri River

Construction of side-channel chutes has become a popular means to rehabilitate habitat of the Lower Missouri River. We studied various aspects of hydrology, hydraulics, and geomorphology of four side-channel chutes to document a range of existing conditions in the Lower Missouri River. The Cranberry Bend side-channel chute has existed for at least 40 years and is an example of a persistent, minimally engineered chute. The Lisbon Bottom side-channel chute is a young chute, created by extreme floods during 1993 – 1996, and allowed to evolve with minimum engineering of inlet and outlet structures. The Hamburg Bend and North Overton Bottoms side-channel chutes were constructed in 1996 and 2000, respectively, as part of the Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project. These side-channel chutes provide increased areas of sandbars and shallow, slow water – habitats thought to be substantially diminished in the modern Missouri River. Depths and velocities measured in side-channel chutes are also present in the main channel, but the chutes provide more areas of slow, shallow water and they increase the range of discharges over which shallow, slow water is present. The 3.6 km long Lisbon Bottom chute provides as much as 50% of the entire shallow water habitat that exists in the encompassing 15 km reach of the river. At Cranberry Bend and Lisbon Bottom, the side-channel chutes provided 10 – 40% of the available sandbar area in the reach, depending on discharge. Each of the side-channel chutes shows evidence of continuing erosion and deposition. The longevity of the Cranberry Bend chute attests to dynamic stability – that is, a chute that maintains form and processes while shifting in position. The Hamburg chute similarly shows evidence of lateral movement and construction of flood plain to compensate for erosion. The Lisbon Bottom chute – the most intensively studied chute – appears to have achieved an equilibrium width and continues to migrate slowly; however, evidence of aggradation indicates that the chute has not reached an ultimate form, and may be continuing to adjust to altered hydrology and sediment availability. The North Overton Bottoms chute is the newest in the study. In its originally constructed form, the North Overton Bottoms pilot chute was extremely stable, even while being subjected to two floods in excess of 2-year recurrence interval and after accumulating large, potentially destabilizing large woody debris jams. Ongoing adaptive re-engineering of the North Overton Bottoms chute has prevented assessment of how the chute might have adjusted its form in the absence of intervention. 2 Side-channel chutes, Lower Missouri River
Fundamentals of Tree Ring Research

Although there are other scientific means of dating climatic and environmental events, dendrochronology provides the most reliable of all palaeorecords. This comprehensive text addresses all of the subjects that a reader who is new to the field will need to know and will be a welcome reference for practitioners at all levels. It includes a history of the discipline, biological and ecological background, principles of the field, basic scientific information on the structure and growth of trees, the complete range of dendrochronology methods, and a full description of each of the relevant subdisciplines.
UNGKAPAN ETNIS PETANI JAWA DI DESA JAPANAN, KECAMATAN CAWAS, KABUPATEN KLATEN: KAJIAN ETNOLINGUISTIK

The study aims at describing ethnic expressions and their intention of Javanesefarmers at Japanan district based on their social and cultural context. It uses descriptivequalitative research and the data are analyzed by Spreadly’s ethnographicanalysis. The analysis tries to describe the linguistic units and their intension basedon the social and cultural contexts. The findings show that the ethnic expressionsconsist of words and phrases. Those expression are used in all steps of agriculturalactivities done by the farmers, for examples, pranatamangsa ‘months’, mangsa udan‘wet season’, macul ‘to hoe’, mangsa sada ‘the eleventh month’, gawe pinihan ‘cultivationof seedlings’, mangsa kanem ‘the sixth month’, ketiga ‘dry season’, luku andgaru ‘plows’, ngrabuk ‘to fertilize’, matun ‘to clear away the weeds in the farms’,mangsa panen ‘harvest moon’, dewi sri ‘rice’, den bagus ‘rats’, methik/guwakan ‘misticor ritual ceremony before harvesting time’, sedhekah bumi/bersih desa/rasulan ‘misticceremony after harvesting with wayang kulit show entitled sri boyong, sri mulih, or srisadana.
Comprehensive plate models for the thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere

Seafloor spreading and the cooling of oceanic lithosphere is a fundamental feature of plate tectonics in the Earth, the details of which are unveiled by modeling with constraints from mineral physics and geophysical observations. To work toward a more complete model of the thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere, we investigate the contributions of axial hydrothermal circulation, oceanic crust, and temperature‐pressure‐dependent thermal properties. We find that models with only temperature‐dependent properties disagree with geophysical observations unless properties are artificially modified. On the other hand, more comprehensive models are in better agreement with geophysical observations. Our preferred model requires a thermal expansivity reduction of 15% from a mineral physics estimate, and predicts a plate thickness of about 110–130 km. A principal result of our analysis is that the oceanic crust is a major contributor to the cooling of oceanic lithosphere. The oceanic crust acts as an insulating lid on the mantle, causing the rate of lithospheric cooling to increase from “crustal” values near the ridge to higher mantle values at old‐age. Major consequences of this insulation effect are: (a) low seafloor subsidence rate in proximity to ridge axes (<5 Ma), (b) the thermal structure of oceanic lithosphere is significantly warmer than previous models, (c) seafloor heat flow is significantly lower over young (<35 Ma) seafloor compared to simple models, (d) a low net seafloor heat flux (∼27 TW), and (e) temperature at the base of the seismogenic zone extends to 700–800°C mantle.
Application of passive microwave and optical signatures to monitor submerging of vegetation due to floods

In this article, passive microwave observations in synergy with optical data are exploited to monitor floods and estimate vegetation submerging. The selected site is Sundarban Delta, at the borders between India and Bangladesh. The area is subject to severe monsoon in summer, producing heavy floods and vegetation submerging. Because of their high spatial resolution, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) signatures are used to evaluate the coverage fractions of bare soil, vegetated fields, and permanent water. Multifrequency Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) signatures are used to monitor vegetation submerging during monsoon. Results are compared with ground measurements of water level and plant biomass in both agriculture areas and wetlands. Previous studies indicated that, during monsoon, there is a clear effect of brightness temperature decrease and polarization index increase in the C, X and Ka bands over the areas affected by floods. X band data prove to be particularly useful since the sensitivity to flood effects is appreciable and the spatial resolution is better than at C band. In this article, the vegetation submerging effect is estimated with the aid of a radiative transfer model. In the pre-monsoon season, the retrieved value of emerged biomass is close to that of the measured total biomass. During monsoon, it is estimated that up to 3 kg m−2 of vegetation biomass is submerged by flood. For both agricultural fields and wetlands, obtained results are consistent with ground measurements of water level.
Numerical modeling of magma withdrawal during explosive caldera‐forming eruptions

We propose a simple physical model to characterize the dynamics of magma withdrawal during the course of caldera-forming eruptions. Simplification involves considering such eruptions as a piston-like system in which the host rock is assumed to subside as a coherent rigid solid. Magma behaves as a Newtonian incompressible fluid below the exsolution level and as a compressible gas-liquid mixture above this level. We consider caldera-forming eruptions within the frame of fluid-structure interaction problems, in which the flow-governing equations are written using an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation. We propose a numerical procedure to solve the ALE governing equations in the context of a finite element method. The numerical methodology is based on a staggered algorithm in which the flow and the structural equations are alternatively integrated in time by using separate solvers. The procedure also involves the use of the quasi-Laplacian method to compute the ALE mesh of the fluid and a new conservative remeshing strategy. Despite the fact that we focus the application of the procedure toward modeling caldera-forming eruptions, the numerical procedure is of general applicability. The numerical results have important geological implications in terms of magma chamber dynamics during explosive caldera-forming eruptions. Simulations predict a nearly constant velocity of caldera subsidence that strongly depends on magma viscosity. They also reproduce the characteristic eruption rates of the different phases of an explosive caldera-forming eruption. Numerical results indicate that the formation of vortices beneath the ring fault, which may allow mingling and mixing of parcels of magma initially located at different depths in the chamber, is likely to occur for low-viscosity magmas. Numerical results confirm that exsolution of volatiles is an efficient mechanism to sustain explosive caldera-forming eruptions and to explain the formation of large volumes of ignimbrites.
Topography and radiation exchange of a mountainous watershed

Abstract This report deals with the radiation exchange of a complex terrain. A relatively simple network for computing topographic parameters global radiation, and net radiation of a mountainous terrain was developed and applied to a forested Appalachian watershed encompassing 39.2 ha (Watershed 4, U.S. Forest Service at Parsons, West Virginia, 39°20′N, 79°40′W). Monthly sums of global radiation and net radiation of the watershed were computed for the period of 40 years (195190). Topographic map of the watershed in scale 1:2500 and data on global radiation at a horizontal surface in the study area (195577), monthly average air temperature, moisture and cloudiness were used in the analysis. The topographic analysis showed that for the 432 terrain segments, covering the whole area of the watershed, the average daily possible sunshine duration varied from 9.3 to 11.9 h, with an average of 11.0 h, which is about 92% of the possible sunshine duration at a horizontal surface at the study area. The sky view fa.
Evaluation of heterogeneous processes in the polar lower stratosphere in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

[1] Chemical ozone loss in the polar lower stratosphere is derived from an ensemble of three simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM3) for the period 1960–2003, using the tracer-tracer correlation technique. We describe a detailed model evaluation of the polar region by applying diagnostics such as vortex temperature, sharpness of the vortex edge, and the potential of activated chlorine (PACl). Meteorological and chemical information about the polar vortex, temperature, vortex size, and activation time, and level of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine, are included in PACl. Discrepancies of the relationship between chemical ozone loss and PACl between model and observations are discussed. Simulated PACl for Antarctica is in good agreement with observations, owing to slightly lower simulated temperatures and a larger vortex volume than observed. Observed chemical ozone loss of 140 ± 30 DU in the Antarctic vortex core are reproduced by the WACCM3 simulations. However, WACCM3 with the horizontal resolution used here (4 × 5) is not able to simulate the observed sharp transport barrier at the polar vortex edge. Therefore the model does not produce an homogeneous cold polar vortex. Warmer temperatures in the outer region of the vortex result in less chemical ozone loss over the entire polar vortex than observed. For the Arctic, WACCM3 temperatures are biased high (by 2–3 degrees in the annual average) and the vortex volume and chlorine activation period is significantly smaller than observed. WACCM3 Arctic chemical ozone loss only reaches 20 DU for cold winters, where observations suggest ≈80–120 DU.
TF026

Layer thicknesses which are achievable using powder-based fabrication techniques such as tape casting continue to improve, but are still significant portions of a micron. We have developed an alternative approach to the fabrication of multilayer capacitors that is based upon chemical solution deposition and which has enabled us to decrease dielectric layer thicknesses to as thin as 20 nm in a 10-layer structure. For layers thinner than ~100 nm, phase development and interactions between the dielectric layers and Pt electrodes become increasingly problematic, but we have found that exploiting the reversibility of the perovskite¿fluorite phase transition is helpful in achieving ultrathin films with excellent electrical properties. Quantitative SIMS and TEM investigations of Pt-Pb interactions have also offered further insight into the critical electrode-dielectric interface. Under optimized processing conditions, electrical properties such as capacitance, leakage current, and temperature characteristics of ultrathin multilayer capacitors vary directly with the number of layers, indicating consistency of film quality with increased layers. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy¿s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL8500.
Simplicity and design as key success factors of the OER repository LeMill

espanolEl presente articulo se centra en el deposito de recursos educativos abiertos (REA) LeMill, una comunidad virtual que permite buscar, crear y compartir recursos educativos, de acceso gratuito y abierto a todos en: http://lemill.net. A diferencia de los otros depositos de REA que cuentan con contenido autoritativo, LeMill depende de la labor de la base para crear nuevo contenido, pues todos sus recursos son obra de autores de contenido y profesores voluntarios. El exito de LeMill demuestra que un deposito de REA creado por la base puede convertirse en algo tan importante que atrae a nuevos miembros y recursos por si mismo. La tecnologia subyacente no es particularmente innovadora, pero su diseno extensivo y su simplicidad hacen de LeMill un deposito de REA diferente. La premisa del articulo postula que lo que ha permitido cambios fundamentales en el comportamiento de la gente es la aparicion de herramientas lo suficientemente sencillas. A partir de las experiencias del desarrollo de LeMill, la recomendacion de diseno mas importante respecto a cualquier deposito de REA consiste en que se debe involucrar a verdaderos profesores a lo largo de todo el proyecto de desarrollo. Los consejos y criticas de los profesores deben aceptarse en todo momento, pero no al pie de la letra. A modo de conclusion, describimos un innovador modelo de negocios para depositos de REA fundamentado en una economia ternaria, en la que participan profesores, la administracion educativa y los editores de libros de texto. EnglishThis article focuses on the OER (Open Educational Resources) repository LeMill, which is a web community for finding, authoring and sharing learning resources, provided as a free and open service to everyone at http://lemill.net. Unlike many OER repositories that have authoritative content, LeMill relies on grassroots activity to get new content. All resources are created and edited by volunteer teachers and content authors. The success of LeMill shows that a grassroots OER repository can grow to be so valuable that it attracts new members and new resources by itself. The technology behind the community is not spectacularly ground-breaking, but the extensive design and simplicity are what make LeMill different from most other OER repositories. As a premise, this article claims that it is the emergence of simple enough tools that allow fundamental changes in people's behaviour. Based on the experiences of developing LeMill, the most critical design recommendation for an OER repository is to involve actual teachers throughout the development project. Teacher feedback must be accepted at all times, although it should not be taken at face value. As a closing of this paper, we describe an innovative trinary economy business model for OER repositories which involves teachers, educational administration and text book publishers.
A preliminary assessment of meteorological and hydrological drought indicators for application to catchments across the UK

Standardised indicators for drought are widely used for drought monitoring and early warning, but have found only limited application in the UK. Important questions remain concerning the choice of appropriate probability distributions for their application. Here, we present a first pass appraisal of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Stand-ardized Flow Index (SFI) for application to UK catchments, using a diverse set of 121 near-natural catchments. In general terms, the Pearson type 3 distribution is most appropri-ate for precipitation and the Generalised Extreme Value distribution for flow. We also ex-plore relationships between SPI and SFI accumulation periods across a range of catch-ments, using Base Flow Index (BFI) as a surrogate for storage. Unsurprisingly, longer ac-cumulation periods are more appropriate for high-storage catchments, but the relationship with BFI is not straightforward, suggesting more work is needed using a wider range of catchment descriptors.
Calcul direct du rayonnement acoustique généré par une cavité cylindrique sous une aile d'avion

Les sources de bruit d'origine aerodynamique sont multiples pour un avion. A l'atterrissage, la source preponderante est le bruit du a l'ecoulement autour de la voilure, du fuselage et du train d'atterrissage. Sous l'impulsion d'Airbus, le projet AEROCAV (Aeroacoustique des cavites) s'interesse au bruit genere par des cavites cylindriques qui se situent sous les ailes des avions pour evacuer un eventuel surplus de carburant. Elles emettent un rayonnement acoustique intense et tres marque en frequence. Afin d'etudier les mecanismes de generation sonore, des simulations numeriques du rayonnement acoustique du a l'ecoulement affleurant une cavite cylindrique sont realisees par calcul direct du bruit. Ce type de simulation requiert des algorithmes numeriques de haute precision afin de resoudre la turbulence fine echelle et le rayonnement acoustique associe de faible amplitude. Afin de gerer la geometrie complexe, une technique de recouvrement de maillages a ete developpee. Le point principal est le choix d'une interpolation compatible avec ces schemas de haute precision pour la communication entre les differentes grilles. Un travail specifique est realise sur les methodes de generation d'une condition d'entree turbulente afin de reproduire de facon realiste les conditions de la soufflerie. Deux Simulations des Grandes Echelles sont realisees pour une cavite de diametre et profondeur de 100 mm et une vitesse amont de 70 m/s, l'un avec la nouvelle condition d'entree turbulente et l'autre sans. Ils permettent de reproduire les principales caracteristiques de l'ecoulement et du champ acoustique mesurees durant la campagne experimentale du projet AEROCAV.
Development of a CFD based dam evaporation model

Current trends of increased temperature and reduced rainfall in primary areas of agricultural production are driving Water Use Efficiency (WUE) research in Australia. Irrigation accounts for approximately 70% of fresh water use. Much of this stored in a million or so small dams, accounting for 9% of the total stored or 7000 GL. Approximately one half of this may be lost due to evaporation, but precise figures are unknown due to a lack of understanding of the relevant dam thermodynamics and associated evaporation physics. Work has commenced through an Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments (ACSC) grant to develop a Computational Fluid Dynamics Dam Evaporation Model (DamCFD) to adequately quantify this loss, which constitutes a major economic limiting factor to Australia, and also gross inefficiency in terms of the environmental sustainability our fresh water resource. The aim of the project is to use CFD modeling to incorporate aerodynamic, heat transfer and thermodynamic theory to predict the evaporation of agricultural water, with storage morphology and characteristics of the surrounding terrain treated as important input parameters. Consideration of the flow of air, water and heat is required principally to simulate the vertical temperature profiles, air stability and the advective accumulation of warm surface water at the downwind end of the dam. It is intended that the development of this research capability at USQ will promote increased understanding of the complexities involved in open water evaporation. This will lead to more accurate estimates and better strategies for managing and controlling the evaporative loss of fresh water in Australia.
Regional sustainability assessment based on long periods of ecological footprint: A case study of Zhejiang Province, China

China has experienced unprecedented economic growth for three decades since the implementation of economic reform. This paper argued that the capitalization of environment and resources fuel the economic growth. It was documented through a case of Zhejiang Province based on long periods of ecological footprint analysis. It concluded that: (1) ecological footprint per capita and ecological deficit from 1990 to 2006 in Zhejiang Province is increasing year by year; (2) ecological footprint per 10000 GDP tends to decline and the economic capability grows in the past 17 years; (3) however, the economic capability growth mainly depends on the expands of ecological footprint per capita, while diversity index tends to decline. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the rapid economic growth of Zhejiang Province relies on the capitalization of environment and resources. The Janus-faced nature of industrial development indicated that ecological civilization should be given priority over industrial civilization in China and other developing countries. Key words: Sustainability, ecological footprint, Zhejiang Province
Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol . 11 , No . 3 ; June 2004 425 tracking and erosion suppression mechanism of alumina

Silicone rubber samples, filled with 30% alumina trihydrate, subjected to the ASTM inclined plane test, show good correlation between the measured harmonic power components of dry band arcing and the surface temperature recorded with a thermovision camera. The simultaneous study of the low frequency Fast Fourier Transform and variations in temperature shows that when the temperature rises above 100 C there is a well defined increase in the low frequency harmonic components of the measured power; however, this trend is not verified by the fundamental component. The eroded mass of the samples is measured independently by a laser approach and a model to rank the tested samples using the Inclined Plane Test is developed. The model is validated by applying it to both the recorded harmonic power components and temperature, resulting in the correct ranking of damage on the samples tested in the Inclined Plane test. Index Terms — Inclined plane test, dry band arcing, surface temperature, erosion resistance, thermal degradation, filled silicone rubber, erosion resistance.