Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship education and the propensity for business creation: testing a structural model

This study aims to identify the factors that contribute the most to the intention to start up a business. The research also aims to identify the profile of student who is a potential entrepreneur concerning several aspects: personal attributes, family, demographic variables and motivations. Based on a sample of university students, a structural model was tested. Research findings include the idea that entrepreneurship education is the most relevant factor in the propensity for business creation. On the other hand, personal characteristics have an important role in shaping the motivation to start up a business and perceived hurdles have a negative impact on the intention to start one up.
Cytoskeletal dynamics and spermatogenesis

Different cellular events occur during spermatogenesis, and these include (i) mitosis for self-renewal of spermatogonia, (ii) differentiation of type A spermatogonia into type B and commitment of type B spermatogonia to develop into preleptotene primary spermatocytes, (iii) transit of preleptotene/leptotene spermatocytes across the blood–testis barrier in coordination with germ cell cycle progression and meiosis, (iv) spermiogenesis and spermiation. These events also associate with extensive changes in cell shape and size, and germ cell movement. The cytoskeleton, which comprises actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments, is believed to function in these cellular events. However, few studies have been conducted by investigators in the past decades to unfold the role of the cytoskeleton during spermatogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the field relating to cytoskeletal dynamics in the testis, and highlights areas of research that require additional emphasis so that new approaches for male contraception, as well as therapeutic approaches to alleviate environmental toxicant-induced reproductive dysfunction in men, can possibly be developed.
Primates exposed to cocaine in utero display reduced density and number of cerebral cortical neurons

This study examined the effects of cocaine use during the second trimester of pregnancy on cerebral neocortical volume and density, and total number of neocortical neurons and glia in offspring. We also evaluated the extent of postnatal recovery of cytoarchitectural abnormalities previously observed in the neocortex of two‐month‐old primates born from cocaine‐treated mothers (Lidow [1995] Synapse 21:332–334). Pregnant monkeys received cocaine orally (20 mg/kg/day) from the 40th to 102nd days of pregnancy (embryonic day [E]40–E102). On E64 and E65, the animals were injected with [3H]thymidine. Cerebral hemispheres of the offspring were examined at three years of age. We found a reduction in the neocortical volume and density and total number of neocortical neurons. The observed reduction in neuronal number within the neocortex was not accounted for by the increase in the number of neurons in the white matter of cocaine‐exposed animals, because the number of these “extra” neurons was equal to only half that of missing neurons. We detected no significant changes in the number of neocortical glia. The cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the neocortex of prenatally cocaine‐exposed three‐year‐old monkeys closely resembled previously described neocortical abnormalities in similarly exposed two‐month‐old animals: the neocortex lacked a discernible lamination; the majority of the cells labeled by [3H]thymidine injected during neocortical neuronogenesis did not reach their proper position within the cortical plate. Therefore, postnatal maturation is not associated with significant improvement in neocortical organization in primates prenatally exposed to cocaine. There was, however, a postnatal recovery of low glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity previously observed in 2‐month‐old cocaine‐exposed animals. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:263–275, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frank Ramsey's: A Mathematical Theory of Saving

In 1928, Frank Ramsey, a British mathematician and philosopher, at the time aged only 25, published an article (Ramsey, 1928) whose content was utterly innovative and sowed the seeds of many subsequent developments. Beside the theory of optimal growth, as developed in Cass (1965) and Koopmans (1965), one could argue that the essence of several subsequent influential theories, such as the permanent income/life cycle theory of consumption to model individual saving choices, were already contained in that seminal article. Ramsey, F.P. (1928). ‘A mathematical theory of saving’, Economic Journal, vol. 38(152), pp. 543–59.
Autism, Accommodation and Treatment: A Rejoinder to Chong‐Ming Lim's Critique

We are very grateful to Chong-Ming Lim for his thoughtful reply published in this journal on one of our articles, which motivated us to think more carefully about accommodating autistic individuals and treating autism. However we believe there are some confusions in Lim's argument. Lim uses the accommodation thesis, according to which we should accommodate autistic individuals rather than treat autism, as the starting point for his reasoning. He claims that if the accommodation thesis is right, then we should not treat autistic individuals for their autism, not even low-functioning (i.e. intellectually disabled) ones, because this would be disrespectful to all autistic individuals. We should instead limit ourselves to accommodate all autistic individuals. However, the opposition between accommodation and treatment is not valid in the case of autism, because of ambiguity in the concepts of accommodation and treatment. Moreover there is confusion in Lim's reasoning caused by omitting important facts about the practice of treating autism.
A House Divided

Mixed-member electoral systems embrace two views of representation by electing some legislators in single-member district elections and others in a proportional representation election. This can potentially create a “mandate divide” in legislatures, because single-member district legislators have an incentive to embrace parochial issues and proportional representation legislators have an incentive to center on national issues. Previous studies of this question have only found limited evidence of its existence. The author argues that the level of party system institutionalization will fundamentally determine whether a mandate divide will exist in a mixed-member legislature. Using roll-call voting data from the Hungarian National Assembly, the Russian Duma, and the Ukrainian Rada, the author analyzes patterns of party discipline in each legislature. The empirical results show that a mandate divide only existed in the legislature with the most weakly institutionalized party system, the Russian Duma.
Labor Market Discrimination Against Men with Disabilities in the Year of the ADA

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides civil rights protections to persons with disabilities, but the debate that preceded passage of the Act was not based on empirical estimates that could be used to measure its performance. This article estimates the extent of wage discrimination against men with disabilities in 1990, providing a reference that can be used to evaluate the impact of the ADA. The results show large productivity-standardized wage differentials between disabled and nondisabled men that are weakly correlated with the strength of prejudice against different impairments. Physical limitations explain part, but not all, of the wage differentials. The results also show that low employment rates are a more serious problem than wage discrimination for workers with disabilities. provide civil rights protections to persons with disabilities. The Act's supporters promised that it would increase the employment and wages of persons with disabilities and reduce their dependency on public programs. The promises were not based on empirical estimates of discrimination, and there is no empirical base against which to compare the promises to the performance of the ADA. This article estimates the extent of wage discrimination against men with disabilities in 1990, providing a reference that can be used to evaluate the impact of the Act. The ADA does not grant a right to employment to all persons with disabilities. It requires that persons with disabilities be able to perform the jobs they seek, subject to "reasonable accommodations" by employers. This article, therefore, considers men who are able to work even though their health limits the amount or kind of work they can perform. The ADA's provisions assume that low wages and low employment rates for persons with disabilities are the result of discrimination caused by prejudice. Prejudice against persons with disabilities is well documented, but so are the limiting effects of physical impairments on workplace productivity (Hahn 1987; Margolis and Shapiro 1987; Clogston 1990). The core of the debate concerning the value of the ADA is whether the poor labor market outcomes of persons with disabilities are the result of discrimination or the limiting effects of health con
Dynamic feature selection with fuzzy-rough sets

Various strategies have been exploited for the task of feature selection, in an effort to identify more compact and better quality feature subsets. Most existing approaches focus on selecting from a static pool of training instances with a fixed number of original features. However, in practice, data may be gradually refined, and information regarding the problem domain may be actively added or removed. In this paper, a technique based on fuzzy-rough sets is extended to support dynamic feature selection. The proposed method is capable of carrying out on-line selection with incrementally added features or instances. Also, the cases of feature or instance removal are investigated. This brings a novel and beneficial addition to the current research in feature selection. Four possible dynamic selection scenarios are considered, with algorithms proposed in order to handle such individual situations. Simulated experimentation is carried out using real world benchmark data sets, in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed work.
Models and discovery strategies for new therapies of retinoblastoma

Introduction: Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children. Treatment success approaches 100% at specialized centers with globe-salvaging modalities. Primary management of retinoblastoma consists of chemoreduction with local consolidation, although newer techniques include local delivery via intra-arterial chemotherapy, periocular, or intravitreal injection. Animal models have played an integral role in the understanding of retinoblastoma tumorigenesis and have contributed to the development of globe-salvaging treatments. Areas covered: This review focuses on the use of models and discovery strategies on translational research in retinoblastoma. The article reviews gene expression profiling, knockout models, and transgenic animal models. In addition, the review discusses translational applications of hyperthermia, chemotherapy (systemic and local delivery), radiation therapy, and novel targets such as hypoxia, angiogenesis, cellular metabolism, and tumor suppressor functions. Expert opinion: Retinoblastoma treatment success has been driven by translational research using novel animal models and discovery strategies. Future developments require further understanding of the unique genetic events that result in tumor growth and development, as well as an understanding of the complex interactions of tumor cells with the local tumor microenvironment and how this affects tumor growth, metastasis, and response to treatment.
Public Housing for Whom? Experiences in an Era of Mature Neo-Liberalism: The Netherlands and Amsterdam

Public housing in the Netherlands is rapidly changing. While it used to be an example of how government intervention could successfully contribute to create descent housing for all, and while public housing was seen as the instrument to get rid of inhumane housing conditions, currently the sector is moving into another position. The sector is still large and of high quality, but its function is significantly changing. In this paper, a brief history of Dutch and Amsterdam public housing is presented, as well as an interpretation of the main forces behind its development. These descriptions are seen as essential ingredients for understanding the rise and current decline of the sector. An empirical analysis shows for whom the sector is functioning and what the directions of change are. The sector is not only declining but also residualising. Its position in the housing market is getting weaker, while the sector increasingly functions for lower-level socio-economic categories only.
Investigation of pulmonary epithelial permeability in patients after hyperbaric oxygen therapy by 99mTc diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid aerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of pulmonary epithelial permeability damage in patients after hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) by 99mTc diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) aerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy. Twenty-five controls and 21 patients with normal chest X-rays and no cigarette smoking for at least 1 year were recruited for the study. 99mTc-DTPA aerosol inhalation lung scans were performed after 20 HBOT sessions in 21 patients with refractory osteomyelitis or diabetic foot. The HBOT with 100% oxygen at 2.5 atm absolute for 100 min was performed five times a week. Clearance rates (%/min) of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol in each lung field were calculated from the dynamic images for 30 min. Clearance rates of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol were compared between patients and controls by the unpaired t test. Thirteen patients who had 99mTc-DTPA aerosol lung scans before and after HBOT therapy studies were tested for statistical significance by using the paired t test. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05, unpaired t test) between patients and controls in every lung field. For the 13 patients who had 99mTc-DTPA aerosol studies both before and after 20 HBOT sessions, the results also showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05, paired t test). It is concluded that there was no demonstrable pulmonary epithelial permeability change under current clinical HBOT protocol.
The Health Care Seeking Behavior of Schizophrenic Patients in 6 East Asian Areas

The patterns of health care seeking behavior of 1061 schizophrenics and the factors that affect the determination of the patterns were studied in 6 areas of 5 nations in east Asia: Hunan and Sichuan Provinces in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines. The information was gathered through a structured questionnaire developed by the authors. The subjects generally favored psychiatry-oriented health care, but with frequent interruptions or combination with other types of managements. Most Japanese subjects sought care in western medicine, while subjects from Hunan, Sichuan and Korea alternated between western medicine and magicoreligious therapies or traditional herbal medicine. In the Philippines and Malaysia, the majority of the subjects sought magicoreligious therapies first, then later sought western psychiatric care. The choice of western psychiatric care was mostly influenced by the decision maker's knowledge and interpretation of the patient's illness. In determining the choice of management among various types of non- psychiatric management, cost, location, and societal attitudes played substantial roles as well as knowledge and interpretation. Suggestions and opinions were discussed to improve health care services for schizophrenic patients in each community.
Akt-Mediated YB-1 Phosphorylation Activates Translation of Silent mRNA Species

ABSTRACT YB-1 is a broad-specificity RNA-binding protein that is involved in regulation of mRNA transcription, splicing, translation, and stability. In both germinal and somatic cells, YB-1 and related proteins are major components of translationally inactive messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) and are mainly responsible for storage of mRNAs in a silent state. However, mechanisms regulating the repressor activity of YB-1 are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that association of YB-1 with the capped 5′ terminus of the mRNA is regulated via phosphorylation by the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt. In contrast to its nonphosphorylated form, phosphorylated YB-1 fails to inhibit cap-dependent but not internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation of a reporter mRNA in vitro. We also show that similar to YB-1, Akt is associated with inactive mRNPs and that activated Akt may relieve translational repression of the YB-1-bound mRNAs. Using Affymetrix microarrays, we found that many of the YB-1-associated messages encode stress- and growth-related proteins, raising the intriguing possibility that Akt-mediated YB-1 phosphorylation could, in part, increase production of proteins regulating cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation, and stress response.
Do Consumers Value Nutritional Labels

The European Union is contemplating making the provision of nutritional labels in food products mandatory. Using data collected from food shoppers, we assessed consumers' valuation of nutritional labels by analysing their willingness to pay a premium for a box of cookies with a nutritional label. On average, the mean willingness to pay (WTP) for a box of cookies with a nutritional label is estimated to be about 11 per cent above the price of the box of cookies without a nutritional label. Consistent with prior expectations, our results also indicate a difference between the WTP of individuals suffering from diet-related health problems (estimated mean 13 per cent) and those who do not suffer any diet-related health problems (estimated mean 9 per cent).
The Association Between Financial Reporting Risk and Audit Fees Before and After the Historic Events Surrounding SOX

This study investigates whether the association between financial reporting risk and audit fees changed during 2000-2003: a time period marked by momentous and historic events for auditors. We find a positive statistically and economically significant relationship between financial reporting risk and audit fees paid to Big 4 auditors. More importantly, we predict and find that the relation between financial reporting risk and audit fees strengthened significantly in 2002 and 2003, consistent with a shift in the way auditors priced risk, likely in response to the events surrounding the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Finally, we provide evidence that a commercially developed, comprehensive risk measure effectively proxies for an element of risk beyond what has traditionally been captured by various risk measures in audit fee models: namely, the risk that financial statements have been intentionally misstated. We believe this risk measure will be of interest to future researchers.
Péter Koroknai: Hungary's external liabilities in international comparison

Attention has recently turned again to the vulnerability of emerging economies, due to the credit market turmoil emanating from the United States. As one of the most important underlying factors contributing to the emergence of financial crises in developing countries has been the weakness of their external balance sheets, the degree of and recent developments in Hungary’s financial exposure may be of particular importance. As was discussed in detail in an article in the Spring 2008 issue of the MNB Bulletin, 1
Improving Biochemical Named Entity Recognition Using PSO Classifier Selection and Bayesian Combination Methods

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a basic step for large number of consequent text mining tasks in the biochemical domain. Increasing the performance of such recognition systems is of high importance and always poses a challenge. In this study, a new community based decision making system is proposed which aims at increasing the efficiency of NER systems in the chemical/drug name context. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is chosen as the expert selection strategy along with the Bayesian combination method to merge the outputs of the selected classifiers as well as evaluate the fitness of the selected candidates. The proposed system performs in two steps. The first step focuses on creating various numbers of baseline classifiers for NER with different features sets using the Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). The second step involves the selection and efficient combination of the classifiers using PSO and Bayesisan combination. Two comprehensive corpora from BioCreative events, namely ChemDNER and CEMP, are used for the experiments conducted. Results show that the ensemble of classifiers selected by means of the proposed approach perform better than the single best classifier as well as ensembles formed using other popular selection/combination strategies for both corpora. Furthermore, the proposed method outperforms the best performing system at the Biocreative IV ChemDNER track by achieving an F-score of 87.95 percent.
Parenthood Without Penalty: Time Use And Public Policy In Australia And Finland

Housework and child care continue to be assigned on the basis of gender. Women are significantly disadvantaged by their unequal share of unpaid work. Three remedies for this situation have been advanced: (1) renegotiation of domestic division of labor, (2) substitution of market provision for unpaid labor, and (3) public provision of key services. Using time use and expenditure data from Australia this paper shows that most changes in the domestic division of labor have come from women's, rather than men's, adaptations. Furthermore, much of the change is attributable to increased reliance on market substitutes for women's domestic labor. A comparison of social policy and time use in Australia and Finland shows how entitlement to generous parental leave and public provision of child care can significantly reduce the economic and social penalties faced by mothers.
Mountain Tourism: Toward a Conceptual Framework

Abstract A conceptual framework is proposed to examine tourism and recreation issues in mountainous regions. First, six mountain-specific resource characteristics are discussed, which include diversity, marginality, difficulty of access, fragility, niche and aesthetics. It is argued that these characteristics are unique to mountainous regions and, as such, have specific implications for mountain recreation and tourism development. The paper then examines the changing nature of recreation and tourism use in the mountains, especially increasing levels of recreation and tourism activities sought by local recreationists, tourists and amenity migrants, and the implications of these activities for mountain tourism planning and management. A three-class system of recreation and tourism land-use settings is proposed to resolve planning and management challenges associated with increasingly diverse needs of these users. Tourism planning and management in mountainous regions should consider and incorporate mountain-specific resource characteristics. It is argued that the proposed framework not only assists in developing an integrated perspective on mountain tourism planning and management but also advances research fronts in areas of mountain resource characteristics, mountain amenity users and mountain recreational zoning.