Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The MEC1 and MEC2 Lines Represent Two CLL Subclones in Different Stages of Progression towards Prolymphocytic Leukemia

The EBV carrying lines MEC1 and MEC2 were established earlier from explants of blood derived cells of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient at different stages of progression to prolymphocytoid transformation (PLL). This pair of lines is unique in several respects. Their common clonal origin was proven by the rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes. The cells were driven to proliferation in vitro by the same indigenous EBV strain. They are phenotypically different and represent subsequent subclones emerging in the CLL population. Furthermore they reflect the clinical progression of the disease. We emphasize that the support for the expression of the EBV encoded growth program is an important differentiation marker of the CLL cells of origin that was shared by the two subclones. It can be surmised that proliferation of EBV carrying cells in vitro, but not in vivo, reflects the efficient surveillance that functions even in the severe leukemic condition. The MEC1 line arose before the aggressive clinical stage from an EBV carrying cell within the subclone that was in the early prolymphocytic transformation stage while the MEC2 line originated one year later, from the subsequent subclone with overt PLL characteristics. At this time the disease was disseminated and the blood lymphocyte count was considerably elevated. The EBV induced proliferation of the MEC cells belonging to the subclones with markers of PLL agrees with earlier reports in which cells of PLL disease were infected in vitro and immortalized to LCL. They prove also that the expression of EBV encoded set of proteins can be determined at the event of infection. This pair of lines is particularly important as they provide in vitro cells that represent the subclonal evolution of the CLL disease. Furthermore, the phenotype of the MEC1 cells shares several characteristics of ex vivo CLL cells.
FUMOR: FUzzy Multi-hOp Routing for Wireless Sensor Network

In order to increase the life time of wireless sensor networks, using hierarchical methods which transfer its data toward sink through multi-hop would be suitable and significantly decreases the energy consumption, Also the management of networks with a lot of Nodes would be done much better. In this paper we have presented fuzzy hierarchy method FUMOR (Fuzzy Multi-hop Routing for Wireless sensor network) and the goal is to increase the life time of the network. The fuzzy logic which has a great control power is to control uncertain conditions used to choose gateway (cluster head). FUMOR method toward node data through multi-hop to increase network life time. In our proposed method we used factors like: Energy Parameters, relative Distance and Level of the Nodes as the inputs of fuzzy module. The stimulations have shown that the proposed idea has a good efficiency.
Separating the reputation and the sociability of online community users

In online communities or blogospheres, the users publish their posts, and then their posts get feedback actions from other users in the form of a comment, a trackback or a recommendation. These interactions form a graph in which the vertices represent a set of users while the edges represent a set of feedbacks. Thus, the problem of users' rankings can be approached in terms of the analysis of the social relationships between the users themselves within this graph. PageRank and HITS have often been applied for users' rankings, especially for users' reputation, but there has been no consideration of the fact that the user's sociability can affect the user's reputation. To address this problem, in this paper, we newly propose two different factors that affect the score of every user: the user's reputation and the user's sociability. Furthermore, we present novel schemes that effectively and separately can estimate the reputation and the sociability of the users. Our experimental results show that: 1) our schemes can effectively separate the user's pure reputation from the user's sociability 2) pure reputation, as it stands alone or when it is combined with sociability, is capable of producing more optimal user ranking results than can the previous works.
First Type of Evidence : The Effect of Intermittent Schoof

In this article, the authors examined the evidence for linkages among 3 variables: schooling, intelligence, and income. They concluded that intelligence and schooling have a bidirectional relationship, with each variable influencing variations in the other. Moreover, changes in both schooling and intelligence influence variations in economic outcomes. Although any single study of the interdependency of these 3 variables can be criticized on the grounds that the data are correlational--and consequently are open to alternative interpretations--when viewed together, the evidence for their linked causality is quite convincing: Each increment in school attendance appears to convey significant increases not only in economic and social returns but also in psychometric intelligence. Thus, the value o f schooling appears to extend beyond simply schooling's direct effect on income.
Efficiency Criteria as a Solution to the Uncertainty in the Choice of Population Size in Population-Based Algorithms Applied to Water Network Optimization

Different Population-based Algorithms (PbAs) have been used in recent years to solve all types of optimization problems related to water resource issues. However, the performances of these techniques depend heavily on correctly setting some specific parameters that guide the search for solutions. The initial random population size P is the only parameter common to all PbAs, but this parameter has received little attention from researchers. This paper explores P behaviour in a pipe-sizing problem considering both quality and speed criteria. To relate both concepts, this study applies a method based on an efficiency ratio E. First, specific parameters in each algorithm are calibrated with a fixed P. Second, specific parameters remain fixed, and the initial population size P is modified. After more than 600,000 simulations, the influence of P on obtaining successful solutions is statistically analysed. The proposed methodology is applied to four well-known benchmark networks and four different algorithms. The main conclusion of this study is that using a small population size is more efficient above a certain minimum size. Moreover, the results ensure optimal parameter calibration in each algorithm, and they can be used to select the most appropriate algorithm depending on the complexity of the problem and the goal of optimization.
Ergodic capacity of less noisy broadcast channel with channel state available at the receivers

In this paper we obtain capacity region for discrete memoryless 2-receiver less noisy broadcast channel when channel state is known only at the receivers, then; this region is possibly extended to discrete time and continuous alphabet fading Gaus­sian 2-receiver less noisy broadcast channel and ergodic capacity of this fading channel is obtained.
Modelling and calculation for dielectric response circuit of oil-paper insulation transformers

In order to effectively utilize dielectric response measurement for diagnosing insulation state of transformer, it is necessary to research variation of dielectric response characteristic quantity further. So it is difficult to interpret reasonably in theory based on experiment result only, which can not give satisfactory answer. This paper focuses on equivalent circuit model of transformer insulation structure based on linear dielectric response principle, and analyzes in detail the relation between Debye equivalent circuit model used commonly and dielectric response property of oil-paper insulation. The method of calculating return voltage from the equivalent model is also presented. Furthermore, the result of analysis above is testified by simulation. The result of simulation confirmed that one is in accord with the theoretical analysis. It will be helpful to analyze the correlation between the parameters of the model and actual insulation condition.
Chronic pain problems in children and young people

Chronic pain has been defined as pain persisting beyond the usual course of an acute disease or reasonable time for injury to heal (usually taken to be about 3 months) or pain that is associated with a chronological pathological process which causes continuous pain or recurrent pain which recurs at intervals for months or years. Contrary to popular belief, it is likely that substantial numbers of children suffer from chronic pain; population surveys in several countries have found that 20–60% of adolescents complain of significant recurrent pain lasting more than a year, although only a small number of these children seek medical advice, and even fewer require specialist care. Most chronic or recurrent pain in children is easily managed in primary care settings and does not result in significant functional impairment once serious treatable underlying causes have been identified or excluded. However, for a significant minority of children, pain becomes a dominant and refractory symptom needing multidisciplinary input from pain medicine specialists for effective treatment. Although chronic pain in children can arise from wellrecognized clinical conditions such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) or inflammatory bowel disease, more commonly in those attending chronic pain clinics, the cause of pain cannot be easily linked to a known or even reasonably well-understood underlying pathology. In these children, chronic pain may present in various guises including complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), widespread musculoskeletal pain ( juvenile fibromyalgia), recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), and chronic headache. In addition, although many conditions appear superficially to be similar to those found in adults, there are often important differences in epidemiology, presenting symptoms putative underlying mechanisms, appropriate treatments, and prognosis. Pain in childhood can have far-reaching effects, and not just for the child or family. The total financial burden on the UK economy of adolescent chronic pain in 2005 was estimated to be as high as £3840 million in one study. Despite this, and although clinical teams dedicated to the management of childhood chronic pain have been established in hospitals in many parts of the world, access to the most up-to-date treatment is often delayed or non-existent for many patients.
The Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Predictive for Populations at High-Risk for La Crosse Virus Infection in West Virginia

Although a large body of literature exists for the environmental risk factors for La Crosse virus (LACV) transmission, the demographic and socioeconomic risk factors for developing LACV infection have not been investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the demographic and socioeconomic risk factors for LACV infection in West Virginia from 2003 to 2007, using two forward stepwise discriminant analyses. The discriminant analyses were used to evaluate a number of demographic and socioeconomic factors for their ability to predict: 1) those census tracts with at least one reported case of LACV infection versus those census tracts with no reported cases of LACV infection and 2) to evaluate significantly high-risk clusters for LACV infection versus significantly low-risk clusters for LACV infection. In the first model, a high school education diploma or a general education diploma or less and a lower housing density were found to be predictive of those census tracts with at least one case of LACV infection. A high school or a general education diploma or less, lower housing density, and housing built in 1969 and earlier were all found to be predictive of those census tracts displaying high-risk clusters versus census tracts displaying low-risk clusters in the second model. The cluster discriminant analysis was found to be more predictive than the census tract discriminant analysis as indicated by the Eigenvalues, canonical correlation, and grouping accuracy. The results of this study indicate that socioeconomically disadvantaged populations are at the highest risk for LACV infection and should be a focus of LACV infection prevention efforts.
The role of Bunun deixis in information structure: An initial assessment

(1) Clausal topicality: the expression of the topic in a clause, i.e. the grammatical or functional identification of the pragmatically most salient participant of that clause. (2) Discourse topicality: the expression of the discursive text topic, i.e. the establishment of discursive themes through the creation of strings of cohesion (cf. Halliday & Hasan 1976). A single text or discourse can have more than one discourse topic.
Implementation of an Adaptive Total Ordering Protocol

†† Summary In distributed systems, the communication among group members often needs ordered messages to guarantee that every member receives the messages in the same order. Oftentimes, changes in distributed computing environment occur and this undermines the assumption of any ordering algorithm. Therefore, it is difficult to presume a suitable ordering algorithm and apply a single algorithm throughout the lifetime of the system. In this paper, we present an adaptive total ordering protocol and its implementation on our reconfigurable object model. Our adaptive protocol selects a suitable ordering protocol from optimistic and pessimistic total ordering protocols dynamically depending on the runtime environment. With optimistic protocol, it is possible to reduce the affect of the network latency which is not negligible in the pessimistic protocol, because the optimistic protocol delivers messages immediately after receiving them. The optimistic protocol though incurs high ordering cost during rollback, and so in this case, it is worth using the pessimistic algorithm instead. The adaptive protocol is realized on the reconfigurable object model. This object model enables dynamic changing of object behaviors by reconfiguring consists of meta-objects. The total ordering processes are dealt in one of the meta-objects, called reordering meta-object. Therefore reconfiguration makes it possible to switch a total ordering protocol to others dynamically depending on the runtime environment. We introduce the reconfigurable object model and the method to realize the total ordering protocol in this model. To explain the adaptive ordering protocol, we show the implementation including detecting environmental change and reconfiguring object. We looked into the feasibility of our adaptive total ordering protocol in this paper. We present the requirements to realize our adaptive protocol, and show how the adaptive protocol is implemented on the reconfigurable object model.
Global Control of Cysteine Metabolism by CymR in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT YrzC has previously been identified as a repressor controlling ytmI expression via its regulation of YtlI activator synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. We identified YrzC as a master regulator of sulfur metabolism. Gene expression profiles of B. subtilis ΔyrzC mutant and wild-type strains grown in minimal medium with sulfate as the sole sulfur source were compared. In the mutant, increased expression was observed for 24 genes previously identified as repressed in the presence of sulfate. Since several genes involved in the pathways leading to cysteine formation were found, we propose to rename YrzC CymR, for “cysteine metabolism repressor. ” A CymR-dependent binding to the promoter region of the ytlI, ssuB, tcyP, yrrT, yxeK, cysK, or ydbM gene was demonstrated using gel shift experiments. A potential CymR target site, TAAWNCN2ANTWNAN3ATMGGAATTW, was found in the promoter region of these genes. In a DNase footprint experiment, the protected region in the ytlI promoter region contained this consensus sequence. Partial deletion or introduction of point mutations in this sequence confirmed its involvement in ytlI, yrrT, and yxeK regulation. The addition of O-acetylserine in gel shift experiments prevented CymR-dependent binding to DNA for all of the targets characterized. Transcriptome analysis of a ΔcymR mutant and the wild-type strain also brought out significant changes in the expression level of a large set of genes related to stress response or to transition toward anaerobiosis.
A Single Finger Geometry Recognition Based On Widths And Fingertip Angles (WFTA)

We proposed a new geometric feature representation for the infrared finger image recognition system. The geometric representation is based on the fusion of two types of features, which are the finger widths and the fingertip angles. The extracted finger widths and fingertip angels are transformed into frequency domain using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to make them robust to the shifting and rotation variations. The feature sets obtained from the DFT process are fused by concatenating them into a single row vector called width and fingertip angle (WFTA) feature. To ensure the orthogonal relationship between the WFTA components, the Principle Component Analysis is adopted at the matching stage. Experimental results show that recognition accuracy is significantly enhanced using the proposed method.
Automatic API Usage Rule Extraction for Software Model Checking

The need to manually specify temporal properties of software systems is a major barrier to wider adoption of software model checking, because the specification of software temporal properties is a difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone process. To solve this problem, we propose to automatically extract temporal specifications from code. Our approach uses a model checker to check a set of API usage rule candidates against known good programs using that API, and identifies valid rules based on model checking results. These valid rules can be used to verify new programs through the same model checking process. We tested our approach by extracting API usage rules from C programs using BLAST. We successfully extracted OpenSSL API usage rules from three OpenSSL applications in product release and used them to verify an OpenSSL application in beta release.
Issues in Extensible Operating Systems

Operating systems research has traditionally consisted of adding functionality to the operating system or inventing and evaluating new methods for performing functions. Regardless of the research goal, the single constant has been that the size and complexity of operating systems increase over time. As a result, operating systems are usually the single most complex piece of software in a computer system, containing hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of lines of code. Today’s operating system research is directed at finding new ways to structure the operating system in order to increase its flexibility, allowing it to adapt to changes in the application set it must support. This paper discusses the issues involved in designing such extensible systems and the array of choices facing the operating system designer. We present a framework for describing extensible operating systems and then relate current operating systems to this framework.
On the role of classification in patent invalidity searches

Searches on patents to determine prior art violations are often cumbersome and require extensive manpower to accomplish successfully. When time is constrained, an automatically generated list of candidate patents may decrease search costs and improve search efficiency. We examine whether semantic relations inferred from the pseudo-hierarchy of patent classifications can contribute to the recognition of related patents. We examine a similarity measure for hierarchically-ordered patent classes and subclasses and return a ranked list of candidate patents, using a similarity measure that has demonstrated its effectiveness when applied to WordNet ontologies. We then demonstrate that this ranked list of candidate patents allows us to better constrain the effort needed to examine for prior art violations on a target patent.
Genomic Analysis of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Integration in Human Somatic Cells

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a non-viral integrating vector system with proven efficacy for gene transfer and functional genomics. However, integration efficiency is negatively affected by the length of the transposon. To optimize the SB transposon machinery, the inverted repeats and the transposase gene underwent several modifications, resulting in the generation of the hyperactive SB100X transposase and of the high-capacity “sandwich” (SA) transposon. In this study, we report a side-by-side comparison of the SA and the widely used T2 arrangement of transposon vectors carrying increasing DNA cargoes, up to 18 kb. Clonal analysis of SA integrants in human epithelial cells and in immortalized keratinocytes demonstrates stability and integrity of the transposon independently from the cargo size and copy number-dependent expression of the cargo cassette. A genome-wide analysis of unambiguously mapped SA integrations in keratinocytes showed an almost random distribution, with an overrepresentation in repetitive elements (satellite, LINE and small RNAs) compared to a library representing insertions of the first-generation transposon vector and to gammaretroviral and lentiviral libraries. The SA transposon/SB100X integrating system therefore shows important features as a system for delivering large gene constructs for gene therapy applications.
Diversity Takes Shape: Understanding the Mechanistic and Adaptive Basis of Bacterial Morphology

The modern age of metagenomics has delivered unprecedented volumes of data describing the genetic and metabolic diversity of bacterial communities, but it has failed to provide information about coincident cellular morphologies. Much like metabolic and biosynthetic capabilities, morphology comprises a critical component of bacterial fitness, molded by natural selection into the many elaborate shapes observed across the bacterial domain. In this essay, we discuss the diversity of bacterial morphology and its implications for understanding both the mechanistic and the adaptive basis of morphogenesis. We consider how best to leverage genomic data and recent experimental developments in order to advance our understanding of bacterial shape and its functional importance.
Biomedical photoacoustics: fundamentals, instrumentation and perspectives on nanomedicine

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an integrated biomedical imaging modality which combines the advantages of acoustic deep penetration and optical high sensitivity. It can provide functional and structural images with satisfactory resolution and contrast which could provide abundant pathological information for disease-oriented diagnosis. Therefore, it has found vast applications so far and become a powerful tool of precision nanomedicine. However, the investigation of PAI-based imaging nanomaterials is still in its infancy. This perspective article aims to summarize the developments in photoacoustic technologies and instrumentations in the past years, and more importantly, present a bright outlook for advanced PAI-based imaging nanomaterials as well as their emerging biomedical applications in nanomedicine. Current challenges and bottleneck issues have also been discussed and elucidated in this article to bring them to the attention of the readership.