Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding star formation in molecular clouds I. A universal probability distribution of column densities

Column density maps of molecular clouds are one of the most important observables in the context of molecular cloud- and starformation (SF) studies. With Herschel it is now possible to reveal rather precisely the column density of dust, which is the best tracer of the bulk of material in molecular clouds. However, line-of-sight (LOS) contamination from fore- or background clouds can lead to an overestimation of the dust emission of molecular clouds, in particular for distant clouds. This implies too high values for column density and mass, and a misleading interpretation of probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the column density. In this paper, we demonstrate by using observations and simulations how LOS contamination a ects the PDF. We apply a first-order approximation (removing a constant level) to the molecular clouds of Auriga and Maddalena (low-mass star-forming), and Carina and NGC3603 (both high-mass SF regions). In perfect agreement with the simulations, we find that the PDFs become broader, the peak shifts to lower column densities, and the power-law tail of the PDF for higher column densities flattens after correction. All corrected PDFs have a lognormal part for low column densities with a peak at Av 2 and a deviation point (DP) from the lognormal at Av(DP) 4‐5 (corresponding to a surface density of 45 M pc 2 ). For higher column densities, all PDFs have a power-law tail with an average slope that corresponds to an exponent = 1.9 0.2 for an equivalent spherical density distribution / r consistent with a structure dominated by self-gravity (local free-fall of individual cores and global collapse of gas on larger scales, such as filaments). Our PDF study suggests that there is a common, universal column density break at Av 4‐5 for all cloud types where the transition between supersonic turbulence and self-gravity takes place.
Pulse poling of side-chain and crosslinkable copolymers

The growth of the macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical properties of side-chain and crosslinkable copolymer species is theoretically modeled. The model describes the rotational diffusion of nonlinear diazo-dye dipoles, in the presence of crosslinking sites randomly distributed in the copolymer matrix, under application of a periodic electric poling field. Solutions for the fundamental equations, describing the time-dependent orientational probability distribution for the crosslinked dipoles, have been obtained in the frame of two complementary approximations. Such distributions have been used in order to evaluate the temporal growth of the second-order nonlinear optical properties and their asymptotic value when saturation of the crosslinking process is attained. The two approximations are shown to give equivalent results, in the range of parameters where both are valid. The influence of the poling electric field frequency and of the volume density of crosslinking sites on the asymptotic second-orde.
Angular dependence of surface-relief gratings for solar and lighting applications

Transmission gratings that combine a large diffraction angle with a high diffraction efficiency and low angular and wavelength dispersion can be used to concentrate sunlight in a light guide and for lighting applications. Surface-relief gratings with sub-wavelength grating periods can have these properties. In this paper we study their diffraction efficiency for general conical angles of incidence. We show the presence of regions in the space of incident angles where light is efficiently coupled into or out of total internal reflection. It is demonstrated how this distribution of the diffraction efficiency over angular space can be adjusted by changing the grating geometry. Finally, these properties are qualitatively verified using holographically produced surface relief gratings.
Evidence for space weather at Mercury

Mercury's sodium atmosphere is known to be highly variable both temporally and spatially. During a week-long period from November 13 to 20, 1997, the total sodium content of the Hermean atmosphere increased by a factor of 3, and the distribution varied daily. We demonstrate a mechanism whereby these rapid variations could be due to solar wind-magnetosphere interactions. We assume that photon-stimulated desorption and meteoritic vaporization are the active source processes on the first (quietest) day of our observations. Increased ion sputtering results whenever the magnetosphere opens in response to a southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) or unusually large solar wind dynamic pressure. The solar wind dynamic pressure at Mercury as inferred by heliospheric radial tomography increased by a factor of 20 during this week, while the solar EUV flux measured by the Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) increased by 20%. While impact vaporization provides roughly 25% of the source, it is uniformly distributed and varies very little during the week. The variations seen in our data are not related to Caloris basin, which remained in the field of view during the entire week of observations. We conclude that increased ion sputtering resulting from ions entering the cusp regions is the probable mechanism leading to large rapid increases in the sodium content of the exosphere. While both the magnitude and distribution of the observed sodium can be reproduced by our model, in situ measurements of the solar wind density and velocity, the magnitude and direction of the interplanetary magnetic field, and Mercury's magnetic moments are required to confirm the results.
NUMERICAL METHODS FOR CONVECTION-DOMINATED DIFFUSION PROBLEMS BASED ON COMBINING THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS WITH FINITE ELEMENT OR FINITE DIFFERENCE PROCEDURES*

Finite element and finite difference methods are combined with the method of characteristics to treat a parabolic problem of the form $cu_t + bu_x - (au_x )_x = f$. Optimal order error estimates in $L^2 $ and $W^{1,2} $ are derived for the finite element procedure. Various error estimates are presented for a variety of finite difference methods. The estimates show that, for convection-dominated problems $(b \gg a)$, these schemes have much smaller time-truncation errors than those of standard methods. Extensions to n-space variables and time-dependent or nonlinear coefficients are indicated, along with applications of the concepts to certain problems described by systems of differential equations.
Viscoelastic properties of colloidal gels

The microstructure and scaling of mechanical properties of dense colloidal gels were investigated as a function of volume fraction and strength of interparticle attraction. Gels were reversibly formed by cooling suspensions of octadecyl silica particles in decalin or tetradecane. Shear history independence of mechanical properties was ensured by preshearing the suspensions in the gelled state. Gelation resulted in suspensions with apparent fractal dimensions of 1.4. Shear densification resulted in an apparent fractal dimension of 2.5 for structures containing many particles. When the gelled suspension was presheared, just after the shear rate was set to zero, elastic moduli were small. Over time, the moduli recovered to a time independent value, G∞′, at a rate α. When measured over a wide range of volume fraction, φ, and strength of interparticle attraction, G∞′, α, and the strain limiting the extent of linear response to oscillatory deformations, γM, fell onto master curves when plotted as a function of .
Some Numerical Approaches to Solve Fluid Structure Interaction Problems in Blood Flow

Some numerical approaches to solve fluid structure interaction problems in blood flow are reviewed. Fluid structure interaction is the interaction between a deformable structure with either an internal or external flow. A discussion on why the compliant artery associated with fluid structure interaction should be taken into consideration in favor of the rigid wall model being included. However, only the Newtonian model of blood is assumed, while various structure models which include, amongst others, generalized string models and linearly viscoelastic Koiter shell model that give a more realistic representation of the vessel walls compared to the rigid structure are presented. Since there exists a strong added mass effect due to the comparable densities of blood and the vessel wall, the numerical approaches to overcome the added mass effect are discussed according to the partitioned and monolithic classifications, where the deficiencies of each approach are highlighted. Improved numerical methods which are more stable and offer less computational cost such as the semi-implicit, kinematic splitting, and the geometrical multiscale approach are summarized, and, finally, an appropriate structure and numerical scheme to tackle fluid structure interaction problems are proposed.
Application of sensor analysis methodology in fish snacks technology for express bars with regulated histamine content

The object of research is the technology of fish snacks for express bars with a regulated histamine content for the rational correction of certain diets of the population. One of the most problematic places in the technology of fish fermented products is the accumulation of biogenic amines with toxic properties. An increased intake of histamine can cause the so-called «histamine» migraine (Horton's syndrome), headache (Harris' neuralgia, characterized by pain in the eyes, forehead, temporal part of the head, lacrimation, inflammation of the nasal mucosa) and other symptoms, including the gastrointestinal tract, sweat, increased secretion of gastric juice, increased heart rate, and decreased diastolic (lower) blood pressure. In addition, the appearance, namely the shape and color of snacks, reduces the attractiveness of snack products. In the course of the study, methods of sensory analysis, standard methods for studying physical and chemical quality indicators were used. The chosen methodology makes it possible to timely correct technological processes for the production of fish snacks to obtain high-quality, safe food products with a harmonic sensory profile, as well as to control the accumulation of biogenic amines. The obtained results of the research conducted allow to state that the proposed technological methods and the developed ingredient composition of the mince mixture in the production of snacks contribute to the expansion of the range of snack products for a healthy diet with high consumer properties that provide an attractive appearance, safety, and biological value. This is due to the fact that the consumer preferences for shape, color, usefulness and safety taken into account made it possible, based on the methodology of sensory analysis, to scientifically substantiate the choice of raw materials, form requirements for the appearance of finished products and containers used for packaging snacks. The main raw material for the production of snacks is fish from inland waters of Ukraine with a low-active enzymatic system and, accordingly, a small amount of low-molecular volatile substances involved in the formation of odor. The production process ensures a high sanitary level and the use of consumer packaging of small capacity, which meets the modern requirements of visitors to express bars. In addition, natural biopolymers of plant origin have been introduced into the recipe composition of the minced mixture, which allow to control the process of accumulation of biogenic amines.
Effect of incident probe on HAADF STEM images

Atomic‐resolution incoherent high‐angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of [011]‐oriented Si have been recorded using different incident beam probes, and analysed by means of dynamical image calculation based on the Bloch wave description. It is shown how atomic‐resolution images are influenced by the semiangle of the probe and the spherical aberration and defocus of the probe‐forming lens. The resolution of an incoherent HAADF STEM image can be simply perceived by the contrast transfer function of incoherent imaging which is the Fourier transform of the incident probe intensity.
Application of low-discrepancy sequences for evaluation of illumination optical systems

In this article, we introduce the quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) method that applies a low-discrepancy sequence (LDS) for the evaluation of illumination optical systems. LDS is used in sequence-generation methods for numerical calculation, with high-order integration, and a characteristic of the QMC method that adopts a LDS is that it can deliver faster convergence than the Monte Carlo (MC) method, which uses random numbers. In this study, we have applied a LDS to the evaluation of illumination optical systems, which are conventionally evaluated by using the MC method, and verified its effectiveness. By assuming the evaluated system to have a gradient-index (GRIN) lens and comparing its illuminance distribution with the theoretical illuminance distribution, we confirmed that by using the QMC method, the evaluation process could be sped up by approximately five times compared to the MC method at the equivalent precision level. Furthermore, we established a method to reconstruct the image by using the QMC method that applies a LDS to evaluate the image-forming characteristics of the lens system and compared its results with those of the conventional MC method. It was found that the QMC method that applies a LDS was superior to the MC method even in this case, in both precision and conversion speed. On the basis of these results, it is evident that the QMC method that applies a LDS is extremely useful in the evaluation of illumination optical systems.
Cohomology of sheaves of holomorphic functions satisfying boundary conditions on product domains

This paper considers sheaves of germs of holomorphic functions which satisfy certain boundary conditions on product domains in C". Very general axioms for boundary behavior are given. This includes as special cases LP boundary behavior, 1 < p < oo; continuous boundary behavior; differentiable boundary behavior of order m, 0 < m < oo, with an additional H6lder condition of order a, 0 < a < 1, on the mth derivatives. A fine resolution is constructed for those sheaves considered, and the main result of the paper is that all higher cohomology groups for these sheaves are zero.
X-ray emission from compact groups of galaxies

We report the existence of very compact groups, or ''poor cluster,'' of galaxies as a category of X-ray source. By analogy with X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies, we assume that the extended X-ray emission is due to thermal bremsstrahlung from hot has in the groups. The derived X-ray temperature luminosities, and sizes are similar to those for X-ray emitting, rich clusters of galaxies. We infer that these groups are in a late evolutionary stage because of the presence of a dominant galaxy, the absence of spiral galaxies, and the short cooling time inferred for 2A 0335+096.
A Joint Score Test for Heteroscedasticity in the Two Way Error Components Model

This article extends the work by Holly and Gardiol (2000) (A score test for individual heteroscedasticity in a one-way error component model. In: Krishnakumar, J., Ronchetti, E., Eds. Panel Data Econometrics: Future Directions. Elsevier, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 199–211, Ch. 10) to the two-way error components model. It deals exclusively with a joint heteroscedasticity test by first deriving Rao's efficient score statistics. Then, based on appropriate set of assumptions, we deduce the asymptotic distribution of the score under contiguous alternatives. Finally, we provide the expression for the score test statistic in the presence of heteroscedasticity and discuss its asymptotic local power.
Transient response of wavelength switching in multicavity mode‐locked laser diodes

We report the transient response of wavelength switching in multicavity laser diodes. Spatially separated Bragg gratings embedded in a single fiber are used to map optical emission wavelength to photon round‐trip time in an external cavity mode‐locked laser diode. Transient emission wavelength and mode‐locked pulse formation are explored by switching applied radio frequency modulation. Initial conditions are found to dominate transient response. A hot photon cavity has a characteristic rise time corresponding to approximately two photon cavity round trips. A cold photon cavity exhibits significant turn‐on delay and rise time that depends on applied radio frequency signal power and is independent of above threshold steady‐state current bias.
Generation of Radioisotopes with Accelerator Neutrons by Deuterons

A new system proposed for the generation of radioisotopes with accelerator neutrons by deuterons (GRAND) is described by mainly discussing the production of 99Mo used for nuclear medicine diagnosis. A prototype facility of this system consists of a cyclotron to produce intense accelerator neutrons from the natC(\(d\),\(n\)) reaction with 40 MeV 2 mA deuteron beams, and a sublimation system to separate 99mTc from an irradiated 100MoO3 sample. About 8.1 TBq/week of 99Mo is produced by repeating irradiation on an enriched 100Mo sample (251 g) with accelerator neutrons for two days three times. It meets about 10% of the 99Mo demand in Japan. The characteristic feature of the system lies in its capability to reliably produce a wide variety of high-quality, carrier-free, carrier-added radioisotopes with a minimum level of radioactive waste without using uranium. The system is compact in size, and easy to operate; therefore it could be used worldwide to produce radioisotopes for medical, research, and industrial.
Identification and tracking of individual sea ice floes from ENVISAT wide swath SAR images: a case study from Fram Strait

Observations from satellites play an important role in tracking sea ice movement. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are preferred because they are neither weather nor daylight dependent. Tracking the movement of individual objects (icebergs or sea ice floes) that may threaten ships or installations is of particular interest. The Ice Tracking from SAR Images (ITSARI) algorithm was originally developed to track large icebergs in the Antarctic. An adaptation of this algorithm to identify and track the movement of sea ice floes in Arctic conditions is presented, using ENVISAT wide swath SAR images of the Fram Strait acquired at 1–3-day intervals during the month of February 2008. It is shown that the algorithm can be successfully adapted to gain a general sense of the direction of movement of the ice due to both winds and ocean currents and, significantly, to identify and track specific objects of interest over a series of images.
Interpolating Curved Grids Using Quasi-developable Bi-cubic Gregory Patches

ABSTRACTThe problem of interpolating a quadrilateral free-form network with a quasi-developable patch is investigated in this paper. The boundaries of the quadrilateral are assumed to be degree 3 Bezier curves. The interpolated surface is a bi-cubic Gregory patch, which guarantees G1 Continuity. All inner control points of the Gregory patch are determined by imposing G1 continuity constraint and solving an optimization to maximize the surface developability. The optimization model minimizes the value of the integral Gaussian curvature over the entire patch. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of this approach in several industrial applications.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Human Reaginic Antibody

The reaginic activity in sera from ragweed-sensitive patients was inactivated after the precipitation of serum proteins with the rabbit antihuman globulin serum which did not contain any of the antibodies specific for γG-, γA-, γM-globulins and for light chains of immunoglobulins. The rabbit antiserum gave a γ1-globulin precipitin band with the reagin-containing fraction which contained γA but none of the γG-, γM- or γD-globulins. The specificity of the precipitin band was different from the γA-anti-γA band. By radioimmunoelectrophoresis and by radioimmunodiffusion, the antibody against ragweed pollen-extract (antigen E) was detected in the γ1-globulin, indicating the presence of a unique γ1-immunoglobulin. The protein was tentatively designated γE-globulin. Precipitation of γE-globulin anti-ragweed antibody in the reagincontaining fraction was accompanied by the loss of reaginic activity, whereas the precipitation of the γA-globulin antibody in the fraction did not result in any decrease of reaginic activity. The results highly suggest that the reaginic activity is associated with γE-globulin.
Lineal eddy features under strong shear conditions

Abstract Large eddy simulation of a marine boundary layer (BL) with strong wind shear and weak buoyancy flux, over a relatively large horizontal domain (25×18 km) and long time period (16 h), produces lineal eddy structures with along-axis variations. These “rolls” are transient, their lifetime being roughly 8 h and their horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio increases with time. At all heights above the surface layer, even above the BL, temporally coherent features propogate with a speed slightly slower than the vertically averaged BL velocity. The length scale of along-roll variation is about four and one-half times the corresponding cross-roll length scale. To examine the importance of the roll circulations, fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor are partitioned into roll and non-roll contributions, and additionally separated into contributions from the ascending and descending roll regions, to reveal differences in advective roll transport and in roll modulation of smaller-scale transfer. The roll in.
Application of Gaussian mixture field and wavelet-domain hidden Markov model to medical image denoising

In this paper, we propose a new Wavelet-domain Hidden Markov Model (WHMM) for image denoising, which can exploit the local statistics and also capture intra-scale dependencies of the wavelet coefficients. Firstly, a Gaussian Mixture Field (GMF) on the wavelet transform is developed. In the GMF, we assume each wavelet coefficient follows a local Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) which is determined by its own neighborhood. The GMF contains rich local statistics of wavelet coefficients, which can be further combined with the contextual WHMM (CWHMM) to capture inter-scale or intra-scale dependencies. Based on our numerous simulation results, we find that the combination of the GMF and the inter-scale CWHMIM performs better than the combination of the GMF and the intra-scale CWHMM. We also notice that there is no significant benefit to consider both the inter-scale and intra-scale dependencies together in the GMF. Therefore, for the simplification of implementation, we consider the combination of the GMF and the intra-scale CWIHMM and name the novel model Gaussian Mixture Field Wavelet-domain Hidden Markov Model (GMFWWVIIM) in this work. The newly proposed GMFWHMM allows more accurate image modeling with improved denoising performance at the low computational complexity. Finally, the novel model is applied to medical image denoising with interesting results.
Dependence of magnetic anisotropy on MgO thickness and buffer layer in Co20Fe60B20-MgO structure

We investigated the dependence of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFeB-MgO on the MgO layer thickness. Magnetization curves show that a clear perpendicular magnetic easy axis is obtainable in a 1.5-nm thick CoFeB layer by depositing MgO of more than three monolayers. We investigated anisotropy in CoFeB-MgO deposited on four different buffer layers. Results show that a counter interface of CoFeB-nonmagnetic metal affects the perpendicular anisotropy of CoFeB/MgO.