Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Longitude-dependent decadal changes of total ozone in boreal winter months during 1979-92

A statistical analysis shows that the decadal change of zonally asymmetric total ozone (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data) has a distinct spatial similarity with the decadal change of the 300-hPa geopotential patterns during December‐February of 1979‐92 in the Northern Hemisphere: Regions of ozone increase correspond with regions of geopotential decrease and vice versa. An area of strong ozone decrease above Europe is surrounded by areas of ozone increase over the North America‐North Atlantic region and the eastern Europe‐Siberia region, in both December and January. In February the picture is changed by the appearance of a region of ozone increase above Europe. In all three months an area of ozone decrease exists in the east Asia‐Pacific region, with one region in January and two regions in December and February. In all cases the centers of decadal ozone change as well as their month to month alterations are significantly anticorrelated with those of the 300-hPa geopotential. These statistical results are investigated with a linear quasigeostrophic transport model. Taking into account 14 layers between 500 and 1 hPa the contributions of horizontal and vertical advection to ozone transport were estimated separately. In December and January the complexity of the spatial distribution of ozone change is mainly due to the contribution of advection by wavenumbers 3 and 4, but wavenumbers 1 and 2 also contribute a comparable amount. The January ozone decrease above Europe has different causes: in northeast Europe the contribution from wavenumbers 1 and 2 dominates, whereas in central Europe that from horizontal advection by wavenumbers 3 and 4 prevails. In February the spatial structure is mainly determined by wavenumbers 1 and 2 alone, with equal contributions from horizontal and vertical advection. In the vertical distribution in midlatitudes the essential contributions come from the height region between the upper troposphere and the ozone layer maximum. December’s and January’s structures are similarly determined by wavenumbers 3 and 4 with unchanged vertical phase. Here the contribution of the horizontal advection to the total decadal ozone change occurs in a higher-altitude range (100‐50 hPa) and that of the horizontal together with the vertical advection in a lower-altitude range (200‐100 hPa). In February the wavenumbers 1 and 2 determine to a large extent the height distribution of the ozone trend in the midlatitudes by the contribution of the horizontal advection.
Understanding the place attachement of campers along the southern Ningaloo Coast, Australia

Place attachment and place related concepts were developed to examine bonds individuals form with places. Place concepts have been adopted by managers of natural areas to help refine their understanding of visitor preferences. These concepts, consisting predominantly of place meanings and place attachment, have been studied extensively in terrestrial natural areas with limited focus on marine and coastal areas. Therefore this study aimed to use a mixed-method approach to understand place meanings ascribed to coastal areas and the effect of place attachment on proenvironmental behaviours and support for management actions. The qualitative method photo-elicitation was employed to ascertain meanings ascribed to Ningaloo Marine Park and its adjacent coastline. Analysis of participant photographs and interviews identified four categories of meaning 13 physical environment, recreational activities, social ties and emotional connections 13 with each nuanced by the presence of water. This analysis identified a new form of emotional connection 13 everybody 19s happy 13 which described the enjoyment of all members of a group with a holiday to Ningaloo. This was included in a subsequent quantitative visitor survey along with more traditional dimensions of place attachment and questions pertaining to pro-environmental behaviours and management actions. Structural equation modelling identified place identity as the only dimension to have a significant effect on on-site behaviours individuals would do themselves, telling others to do these same behaviours, and off-site conservation actions. To identify the relationships between dimensions of place attachment and support for management actions each dimension was clustered based on level of attachment, with these clusters subjected to multivariate stepwise correlation modelling (via PRIMER) with the management actions. No significant relationships were found, other than with one cluster within the everybody 19s happy place attachment dimension. The thesis concludes with a research agenda suggesting further reflection on the construction of place identity and its influences on perceptions of leisure settings. Also required is consideration of the newly identified and reconceptualised construct 13 everybody 19s happy 13 and its broader applicability beyond this coastal-based study.
A perturbative view on the subsurface water pressure response at hillslope scale

This work deals with a rearrangement of Richards Equation to obtain a better understanding of the components of the subsurface water and pressure flows and their interactions in a hillslope. The basic idea proposed in this paper is the normalization of the spatial and temporal coordinates according to the physical knowledge of the processes and the geometry of a hillslope. The pressure head and all the other quantities contained in Richards Equation are rescaled to obtain a dimensionless equation. The pressure head is also split into an equilibrium component and a transient component and expanded in a perturbation series. Subsequently, Richards Equation itself is conveniently split into two equations connected by a source/sink term. Results of these manipulations show that, for the first order approximation, the water and pressure flow is slope‐normal, while slope‐parallel effects only occur at successive orders. Integrating the perturbed equation obtained for the long‐term pressure head component results in the well‐known Boussinesq Equation for the water table level. Further integrations then lead to the hillslope‐storage Boussinesq model and finally to a generalization of the O'Loughlin formula for the slope‐parallel long‐term subsurface flow. The introduced source/sink term is estimated at the first order of approximation to be proportional to the temporal variation of water pressure head at the bottom of the integration domain. The treatment of the equations clarifies some of the mechanisms acting in water pressure redistribution at hillslope scale, even without solving the equation.
The Goldstone solar system radar: A science instrument for planetary research

The Goldstone Solar System Radar (GSSR) station at NASA's Deep Space Communications Complex in California's Mojave Desert is described. A short chronological account of the GSSR's technical development and scientific discoveries is given. This is followed by a basic discussion of how information is derived from the radar echo and how the raw information can be used to increase understanding of the solar system. A moderately detailed description of the radar system is given, and the engineering performance of the radar is discussed. The operating characteristics of the Arcibo Observatory in Puerto Rico are briefly described and compared with those of the GSSR. Planned and in-process improvements to the existing radar, as well as the performance of a hypothetical 128-m diameter antenna radar station, are described. A comprehensive bibliography of referred scientific and engineering articles presenting results that depended on data gathered by the instrument is provided.
Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modelling of In Vitro Drug Susceptibility and Molecular Correlates of Multidrug Resistant Plasmodium falciparum

The analysis of in vitro anti-malarial drug susceptibility testing is vulnerable to the effects of different statistical approaches and selection biases. These confounding factors were assessed with respect to pfmdr1 gene mutation and amplification in 490 clinical isolates. Two statistical approaches for estimating the drug concentration associated with 50% effect (EC50) were compared: the commonly used standard two-stage (STS) method, and nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. The in vitro concentration-effect relationships for, chloroquine, mefloquine, lumefantrine and artesunate, were derived from clinical isolates obtained from patients on the western border of Thailand. All isolates were genotyped for polymorphisms in the pfmdr1 gene. The EC50 estimates were similar for the two statistical approaches but 15–28% of isolates in the STS method had a high coefficient of variation (>15%) for individual estimates of EC50 and these isolates had EC50 values that were 32 to 66% higher than isolates derived with more precision. In total 41% (202/490) of isolates had amplification of pfmdr1 and single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in 50 (10%). Pfmdr1 amplification was associated with an increase in EC50 for mefloquine (139% relative increase in EC50 for 2 copies, 188% for 3+ copies), lumefantrine (82% and 75% for 2 and 3+ copies respectively) and artesunate (63% and 127% for 2 and 3+ copies respectively). In contrast pfmdr1 mutation at codons 86 or 1042 were associated with an increase in chloroquine EC50 (44–48%). Sample size calculations showed that to demonstrate an EC50 shift of 50% or more with 80% power if the prevalence was 10% would require 430 isolates and 245 isolates if the prevalence was 20%. In conclusion, although nonlinear mixed-effects modelling did not demonstrate any major advantage for determining estimates of anti-malarial drug susceptibility, the method includes all isolates, thereby, potentially improving confirmation of candidate molecular markers of anti-malarial drug susceptibility.
How continuous and precise is the record of P–T paths? Insights from combined thermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling into subduction dynamics (Schistes Lustrés, W. Alps)

Pressure–temperature (P–T) paths as complete as possible and with a precision on the km‐scale or less are needed to further improve the knowledge of deformation, re‐equilibration processes and element/fluid transfer, in particular along subduction zones. This contribution attempts to (i) critically evaluate the precision and continuity with which metamorphic P–T histories are retrieved today and (ii) discuss implications for regional‐scale accretionary processes in subduction zones, through application to the Schistes Lustrés complex (Haute Maurienne, W. Alps). P–T estimates are compared and combined using several independent approaches: (i) from minerals assumed to be in textural equilibrium; (ii) from electron microprobe compositional maps; and (iii) from pseudosection modelling predictions. Multi‐equilibrium calculations were performed with tweequ and thermocalc, and pseudosections were built with Perple_X and Theriak/Domino. These P–T estimates were also compared with maximum temperatures (Tmax) deduced from the Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous matter. The different methods used here yield the peak of pressure for the lower structural unit of the Schistes Lustrés at 480 °C and 23 kbar and document the retrograde path for both the Median and Lower Units. The results show that P–T conditions are recorded almost continuously and can be determined with a precision of ±1 kbar and ±30 °C at best. This study underlines the complementarity of the various thermobarometric methods and demonstrates that precision could be increased by improving solid solution models for chlorite. Observed tectonic patterns, major lithological boundaries, pressure–temperature and Tmax data suggest that underplating processes and early structural development played a key role in the Schistes Lustrés accretionary complex.
Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage is a Specialized Cell Wall that Can be Used as a Model for Genetic Analysis of Plant Cell Wall Structure and Function

Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells produce a large quantity of mucilage that is extruded upon exposure to water. Chemical analyses and cell biological techniques suggest that this mucilage represents a specialized type of secondary cell wall composed primarily of pectin with lesser amounts of cellulose and xyloglucan. Once extruded, the mucilage capsule has a distinctive structure with an outer non-adherent layer that is easily removed by shaking in water, and an inner adherent layer that can only be removed with strong acid or base. Most of the cellulose in the mucilage is present in the inner layer and is responsible at least in part for its adherence to the seed. There are also differences in the pectin composition between the two layers that could contribute to the difference in adherence. The Arabidopsis seed coat epidermis and its mucilage are not essential for seed viability or germination. This dispensability, combined with the fact that the epidermal cells synthesize an accessible pectin-rich cell wall at a specific time in development, makes them well suited as a genetic model for studying cell wall biogenesis, function, and regulation. Mutants defective in seed mucilage identified by both forward and reverse genetic analyses are proving useful in establishing connections between carbohydrate structure and cell wall properties in vivo. In the future, genetic engineering of seed coat mucilage carbohydrates should prove useful for testing hypotheses concerning cell wall structure and function.
The Use of Size as an Estimator of Age in the Subantarctic Cushion Plant, Azorella selago (Apiaceae)

Abstract Plant species with morphological features that enable the age of individuals to be estimated are potentially useful for understanding past environmental conditions. Here, the size and growth rate of the cushion plant, Azorella selago Hook. (Apiaceae), are examined to determine if an accurate and reliable age can be assigned to individual plants using the phytometric model detailed by Frenot et al. (1993). Plant size, growth rate, epiphyte load, nearest-neighbor characteristics, and spatial position (used as a surrogate, to encompass a range of abiotic conditions to which plants were exposed) were measured at three sites. Additionally, variation in some of these variables was quantified across three altitudinal transects. Relationships were examined using regression, trend surface and partial regression approaches. Growth rate was independent of plant size, differed between sites, and was related to abiotic as well as other biotic factors. As a result, the phytometric model's age estimates may be biased by environmental variables. The results of the phytometric model, albeit in the absence of support for one assumption, estimated mean plant age at 30 yr, with some plants estimated as older than 80 yr. Using a simulation model, the accuracy of age estimates was shown to vary with temporal variation in plant growth rate and plant size. Nonetheless, even a conservative approach suggested these estimates to be accurate to within 2 to 15 yr. While further development of the phytometric model would improve its reliability, the model remains a valuable tool for estimating plant ages in an environment where many related techniques can not be applied.
Movement Patterns of the Threatened Blackside Dace, Chrosomus cumberlandensis, in Two Southeastern Kentucky Watersheds

Abstract Chrosomus cumberlandensis (Blackside Dace) is a threatened stream fish endemic to the upper Cumberland River drainage in Kentucky and Tennessee. Little is known about the movement patterns of this species. Acquiring an understanding of baseline dispersal patterns is necessary to inform management and recovery actions. We tagged 653 Blackside Dace with visible implant elastomer injections in the Big Lick Branch and Rock Creek watersheds of southeastern Kentucky to determine the frequency, spatial extent, directionality, and environmental correlates of dace movements. We recaptured dace from February 2003 through March 2004 using baited minnow traps. Most tagged dace (81% in Big Lick Branch and 58% in Rock Creek) were recaptured within the same 200-m stream reach where tagging occurred. However, several individuals moved considerable distances from the original tagging site, including the first documented intertributary movement for this species. Mean (± SD) distances moved upstream in Big Lick Branch (148 ± 138 m) and Rock Creek (733 ± 1259 m) were not significantly different from mean distances moved downstream (77 ± 29 m and 314 ± 617 m, respectively). However, the mean overall distance moved was greater in Rock Creek, a longer stream than Big Lick Branch. The spatial arrangement of traps in both watersheds likely produced a distance-weighted bias such that we slightly overestimated the frequency of short-distance movements and underestimated the frequency of long-distance movements. Our results for Blackside Dace are consistent with a number of other studies that found stream fish populations composed of a large sedentary group and a smaller mobile group. The demonstrated ability of Blackside Dace to move into and between tributaries will remain vital for long-term population viability, and emphasizes the importance of maintaining suitable corridors within and among Cumberland River tributary streams.
Computer arithmetic - algorithms and hardware designs

Ideal for graduate and senior undergraduate courses in computer arithmetic and advanced digital design, Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs, Second Edition, provides a balanced, comprehensive treatment of computer arithmetic. It covers topics in arithmetic unit design and circuit implementation that complement the architectural and algorithmic speedup techniques used in high-performance computer architecture and parallel processing. Using a unified and consistent framework, the text begins with number representation and proceeds through basic arithmetic operations, floating-point arithmetic, and function evaluation methods. Later chapters cover broad design and implementation topics-including techniques for high-throughput, low-power, fault-tolerant, and reconfigurable arithmetic. An appendix provides a historical view of the field and speculates on its future.An indispensable resource for instruction, professional development, and research, Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs, Second Edition, combines broad coverage of the underlying theories of computer arithmetic with numerous examples of practical designs, worked-out examples, and a large collection of meaningful problems. This second edition includes a new chapter on reconfigurable arithmetic, in order to address the fact that arithmetic functions are increasingly being implemented on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and FPGA-like configurable devices. Updated and thoroughly revised, the book offers new and expanded coverage of saturating adders and multipliers, truncated multipliers, fused multiply-add units, overlapped quotient digit selection, bipartite and multipartite tables, reversible logic, dot notation, modular arithmetic, Montgomery modular reduction, division by constants, IEEE floating-point standard formats, and interval arithmetic.Features:* Divided into 28 lecture-size chapters * Emphasizes both the underlying theories of computer arithmetic and actual hardware designs * Carefully links computer arithmetic to other subfields of computer engineering * Includes 717 end-of-chapter problems ranging in complexity from simple exercises to mini-projects * Incorporates many examples of practical designs * Uses consistent standardized notation throughout * Instructor's manual includes solutions to text problems * An author-maintained website http://www.ece. ucsb.edu/~parhami/text_comp_arit. htm contains instructor resources, including complete lecture slides
Environmental and land use factors affecting phosphate hysteresis patterns of stream water during flood events (Carpathian Foothills, Poland)

Flood events play a substantial role in the circulation of catchment phosphate (PO43−). The purpose of the research was to analyze the factors determining PO43− hysteresis patterns (direction and width) during four types of floods: short and long rainfall floods and snowmelt floods on frozen and thawed soil. The research took place in small catchments (forested, agricultural, mixed‐use) in the Carpathian Foothills in Poland. Anticlockwise hysteresis was identified in the forested catchment during short and long rainfall floods. Under the same conditions, the clockwise direction was observed in the agricultural catchment. In the mixed‐use catchment, the direction of PO43− hysteresis loops was various, driven by the share of water flowing from each part of the catchment. For snowmelt floods, the PO43− hysteresis pattern was similar in all the streams studied (usually clockwise). The direction of PO43− hysteresis loops depends on water circulation patterns, which are determined by the different influx times of particular runoff components. The stream recharge mechanism during a flood event is affected both by the factor initiating the event (precipitation, snowmelt) as well as by land use in the given catchment. Hysteresis loop width was determined by the pool of PO43− in a given catchment during the time period immediately preceding a flood event as well as by the quantity of PO43− flushed out of the soil. The greater a catchment's pool of PO43− and the greater its ability to flush PO43− out of the soil and into surface flow, the wider the hysteresis loops. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apparent/spurious multifractality of absolute increments sampled from truncated fractional Gaussian/Lévy noise

Many earth and environmental variables appear to scale as multifractals with spatial or temporal increments having exceedance probability tails decaying as powers of −α where 1 < α ≤ 2. The literature considers multifractal scaling to be associated with multiplicative random fields or processes. Elsewhere the author has demonstrated theoretically that square increments, sampled across a finite domain from one or several realizations of additive fractional Gaussian noise (fGn), behave as if the field was multifractal when in fact it is monofractal self‐affine; square increments sampled from additive fractional Lévy noise (fLn) with 1 < α < 2 exhibit spurious multifractality. This brief letter demonstrates the same numerically for random absolute increments. The results have broad implications vis‐à‐vis the scaling of variables considered in the literature to be multifractal, raising the possibility that some if not all may in fact represent truncated monofractal phenomena.