Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth, Industrialization, and the Intergenerational Correlation of Advantage

The shift from feudalism to industrial capitalism was generally accompanied by an increase in social mobility. We ask whether such an increase has occurred in a developing nation currently undergoing rapid industrialization, Indonesia. It has, at least as measured by a declining intergenerational correlation of education. To highlight the effects of economic growth on intergenerational mobility, we contrast Indonesia’s experience with that of Bangladesh, where industrialization has proceeded more slowly and the correlation between parents’ and children’s education has been roughly stable. We also examine potential causal channels for the rising educational mobility we find in Indonesia, but cannot identify specific pathways related to above-average school building or rapid industrialization.
Clinicopathological Significance of Stromal Myofibroblasts in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of CD34-positive fibroblasts and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-reactive myofibroblasts in the stroma of benign and malignant breast lesions and, secondly, to determine whether the presence of stromal myofibroblasts is associated with some of the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. The presence of stromal CD34-positive fibroblasts and myofibroblasts was investigated (as defined immunohistochemically) in 8 normal breast tissue samples, 58 invasive ductal carcinomas, 9 ductal carcinomas in situ and 16 specimens with benign lesions of the breast (fibroadenomas, ductal hyperplasias). We further studied the correlations between the presence of stromal myofibroblasts with 7 clinicopathological parameters in 58 invasive ductal carcinomas. The results indicated that the stroma of normal breast tissues contained CD34-positive fibroblasts. All benign breast lesions exhibited stromal CD34-positive fibroblasts. In contrast, the stroma of ductal carcinomas showed a complete loss of CD34-positive fibroblasts. α-SMA expression in stromal fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) was not detected in normal tissue samples or benign lesions except in 1 case of fibroadenoma, whereas positive myofibroblasts were found in 44.4% of ductal carcinomas in situ and 56.9% of invasive breast carcinomas. Comparison of clinicopathological parameters between invasive ductal carcinomas with and without stromal myofibroblasts revealed significant differences in lymph node metastasis, high histological grade and high microvessel density. These results suggest that CD34 loss and the presence of myofibroblasts favor the diagnosis of breast carcinoma. In invasive ductal carcinoma, the presence of stromal myofibroblasts correlated significantly with pathological parameters associated with a poor prognosis.
The Tribonacci substitution.

We study the discretised segments generated by the iterated Tribonacci substitution and the projections of the integer points on them to some plane. After suitable transformations we get a sequence of finite two-dimensional words which tends to a doubly rotational word on Z 2. (Without scaling we would get the Rauzy fractal.) As an introduction we start with the corresponding case of the Fibonacci substitution. 1. The Fibonacci Word If there would exist Miss Word elections, the Fibonacci word would be an excellent candidate to win. In this section we give an overview of the properties of the Fibonacci word. For background information for this and other sections we refer to [L] and [B]. The Fibonacci substitution is the substitution φ over the 2-letter alphabet A := {0, 1} defined by φ(0) = 01, φ(1) = 0. If we start with 0 and repeatedly apply φ we get successively u 0 = 0 u 1 = 01 u 2 = 010 u 3 = 01001 u 4 = 01001010 u 5 = 0100101001001 u 6 = 010010100100101001010.
Biased logarithmic arithmetic in digital signal processing

Logarithmic arithmetic supports efficient multiplications but suffers from the drawback of cumbersome addition and subtraction operations, which require lookup tables. Recently, a biasing method has been proposed, providing savings in the table size. The original use of the method was in finite impulse response filters. In this work, the biasing approach is extended to recursive digital filters. The use of biased logarithmic addition in infinite impulse response filters is described, and the properties of the biased logarithmic number system are analysed.
Patients with Alzheimer's disease have reduced activities in midlife compared with healthy control-group members

The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) later in life may be reflective of environmental factors operating over the course of a lifetime. Educational and occupational attainments have been found to be protective against the development of the disease but participation in activities has received little attention. In a case-control study, we collected questionnaire data about 26 nonoccupational activities from ages 20 to 60. Participants included 193 people with probable or possible AD and 358 healthy control-group members. Activity patterns for intellectual, passive, and physical activities were classified by using an adaptation of a published scale in terms of “diversity” (total number of activities), “intensity” (hours per month), and “percentage intensity” (percentage of total activity hours devoted to each activity category). The control group was more active during midlife than the case group was for all three activity categories, even after controlling for age, gender, income adequacy, and education. The odds ratio for AD in those performing less than the mean value of activities was 3.85 (95% confidence interval: 2.65–5.58, P < 0.001). The increase in time devoted to intellectual activities from early adulthood (20–39) to middle adulthood (40–60) was associated with a significant decrease in the probability of membership in the case group. We conclude that diversity of activities and intensity of intellectual activities were reduced in patients with AD as compared with the control group. These findings may be because inactivity is a risk factor for the disease or because inactivity is a reflection of very early subclinical effects of the disease, or both.
Locomotor Adaptation by Transtibial Amputees Walking With an Experimental Powered Prosthesis Under Continuous Myoelectric Control

Lower limb amputees can use electrical activity from their residual muscles for myoelectric control of a powered prosthesis. The most common approach for myoelectric control is a finite state controller that identifies behavioral states and discrete changes in motor tasks. An alternative approach to state-based myoelectric control is continuous proportional myoelectric control where ongoing electrical activity has a proportional relationship to the prosthetic joint torque or power. To test the potential of continuous proportional myoelectric control for powered lower limb prostheses, we recruited five unilateral transtibial amputees to walk on a treadmill with an experimental powered prosthesis. Subjects walked using the powered prosthesis with and without visual feedback of their control signal in real time. Amputee subjects were able to adapt their residual muscle activation patterns to alter prosthetic ankle mechanics when we provided visual feedback of their myoelectric control signal in real time. During walking with visual feedback, subjects significantly increased their peak prosthetic ankle power ( p = 0.02, ANOVA) and positive work ( p = 0.02, ANOVA) during gait above their prescribed prosthesis values. However, without visual feedback, the subjects did not increase their peak ankle power during push off. These results show that amputee users were able to volitionally alter their prosthesis mechanics during walking, but only when given an explicit goal for their residual muscle motor commands. Future studies that examine the motor and learning capabilities of lower limb amputees using their residual muscles for continuous proportional myoelectric control are needed to determine the viability of integrating continuous high-level control with existing finite state prosthetic controllers.
Bioassay-guided evaluation of wound healing effect of fatty acids-incorporated collagen-based films.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of fatty acids-incorporated collagen-based dressing films on wound healing in rodents. METHODS Therefore, surgical wounds were performed in the back of 80 Wistar rats, and dressed with collgane-based films (COL), and collagen-based films containing fatty acids (AGEF50 and AGEF100). Undressed wounds were regarded as controls (CTR). The animals were euthanized after three, seven, 14 and 21 days, and the macroscopic wound contraction rates (WRC) were assessed. The wounded area was also analyzed by conventional and polarized light microscope. RESULTS No sign of abscess or hypertrophic scar formation was observed in none of the groups. At seven days, the WRR of AGEF50 was significantly higher than CTR (p<0.01), whereas at 14 days, both AGE 50 and AGE100 showed a significant increase of the WRR compared to CTR (p<0.001) and COL (p<0.01). Both films promoted increased influx of neutrophils at three days (p<0.01), but reduced significantly the mononuclear infiltrate at 14 days (p<0.05). It was also observed earlier maturation of the granulation tissue, full epithelization and cutaneous appendages development, as well as better collagenization, in AGEF50 and AGEF100. CONCLUSION The application of AGEF50/100 as wound dressing improved wound healing in rodents.
Huprines for Alzheimer's disease drug development

Background: So far, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have dominated the therapeutic arsenal for Alzheimer's disease. Although conceptually developed as symptomatic drugs, mounting evidence suggests that these compounds can positively modify the disease progression, which has spurred the development of novel classes of AChE inhibitors. Objective: This article reviews the development of novel classes of high affinity AChE inhibitors following a design strategy based on molecular hybridization by stepwise incorporation of different fragments of the known AChE inhibitors (–)-huperzine A and tacrine. Methods: This review covers the existing literature dealing with the design, synthesis and structural and pharmacological characterization of the title compounds. Results/conclusion: Three novel classes of AChE inhibitors of increasing structural complexity and affinity have been developed, namely huprines, 13-amidohuprines and huprine–tacrine heterodimers. Particularly, huprines and huprine–tacrine heterodimers exhibit a unique profile encompassing both cholinergic and non-cholinergic disease-modifying effects and, thus, constitute promising anti-Alzheimer drug candidates.
The Next Generation Feedstock of Biofuel: Jatropha or Chlorella as Assessed by Their Life-Cycle Inventories

Promising energy crops such as Jatropha curcas Linnaeus ( JCL ), which are planted on marginal lands, or microalgae such as Chlorella , which are cultivated in ponds located on mudflats or deserts, have been regarded with high hopes to solve the shortage of food crops and increase the amount of biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FAME) production. However, the annual yields of biomass and transport fuels (t/ha) of both are still unclear and often exaggerated in the literature. Large portions of JCL biomass, including tree trunks and leaves, can also be used to generate electricity along with FAME, which is produced from seed lipids. Meanwhile, lipid extracted algae (LEA) are composed of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids other than glycerides which are unable to be esterified to form FAME and much more abundant in the microalgae than oil cake in the oil crops. Therefore, it has been strongly suggested that not only transesterification or esterification but also Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process and bio-electricity generation should be considered as routes to produce biofuels. Otherwise, the yield of biofuel would be extremely low using either JCL or Chlorella as feedstock. The Life-Cycle Inventories (LCI) of the biofuel processes with whole biomass of JCL and Chlorella were compared based on their net energy ratio (NER) and CO 2 emission saving (CES). It was shown that the technological improvement of irrigation, cultivation, and processing for either economic-crops or microalgae were all necessary to meet the requirements of commercial biofuel production.
Monitoring Reactive Systems with Dynamic Channels

Given the increasingly sensitive data that web applications deal with, a lot of attention has been put into their security. Dynamic methods for ensuring confidentiality of secret data, such as monitors, are usually preferred due to their permissiveness and ability to adapt to dynamic features of web languages. One dynamic approach to confidentiality is through secure multi-execution, a technique which transforms programs into secure ones. A recent refinement of this technique led to a monitor for reactive systems such as web applications which is precise, in the sense that it raises an alarm exactly when a security condition is violated, and transparent, in the sense that the semantics of secure programs is preserved. A limitation of this and other approaches based on secure multi-execution is that there is a fixed set of channels with a fixed security level. However, most web applications create channels dynamically, even by doing something as trivial as adding a button to a page. Moreover, the security level of such new channel would be chosen dynamically. In this work, we overcome the limitation of assuming a fixed set of channels and introduce a model of reactive systems with dynamic channels and present a precise and transparent monitor for it.
Intervention for Feeding Difficulties in Children With a Complex Medical History: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: This study aimed to compare outcomes of different multidisciplinary feeding therapy approaches in children with feeding difficulties. Methods: Children aged 2 to 6 years with feeding difficulties and a medically complex history (MC) were recruited. Children with feeding difficulties and a nonmedically complex history (NMC) were included as a comparison group. Participants attended a clinical assessment, and eligible participants were randomized to receive targeted feeding intervention incorporating either operant conditioning or systematic desensitization. Parents could elect to receive intervention in an intensive (10 sessions in a week) or weekly (10 sessions during 10 weeks) format. Both groups received immersive parent training. A review was completed 3 months post-intervention. Results: In total, 98 participants were eligible to participate (MC, n = 43; NMC, n = 55). Data from 20 children from the MC group (47%) and 41 children from the NMC group (75%) were included in the final analysis. Clinically significant improvements were observed following both arms of therapy, consistent with previous research. Parents of children in the MC arm were significantly more likely to elect for intensive intervention than weekly (MC = 12/20, 60%; 12/41, 29%; P = 0.02). Conclusions: Both therapy protocols were considered clinically effective. The difference in attrition rates between the etiological groups suggests primary differences in how service delivery should be managed. Progress for the medically complex child may be slower while medical issues are stabilized, or while the focus for parents shifts to other developmental areas. In planning services for a medically complex group, therefore, it is essential that consideration be given to medical and family needs.
Prospective evaluation of thoracic ultrasound in the detection of pneumothorax.

BACKGROUND Thoracic ultrasound may rapidly diagnose pneumothorax when radiographs are unobtainable; the accuracy is not known. METHODS We prospectively evaluated thoracic ultrasound detection of pneumothorax in patients at high suspicion of pneumothorax. The presence of "lung sliding" or "comet tail" artifacts were determined in patients by ultrasound before radiologic verification of pneumothorax by residents instructed in thoracic ultrasound. Results were compared with standard radiography. RESULTS There were 382 patients enrolled; the cause of injury was blunt (281 of 382), gunshot wound (22 of 382), stab wound (61 of 382), and spontaneous (18 of 382). Pneumothorax was demonstrated on chest radiograph in 39 patients and confirmed by ultrasound in 37 of 39 patients (95% sensitivity); two pneumothoraces could not be diagnosed because of subcutaneous air; the true-negative rate was 100%. CONCLUSION Thoracic ultrasound reliably diagnoses pneumothorax. Expansion of the focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) examination to include the thorax should be investigated for terrestrial and space medical applications.
Intention, consciousness, and climate change

INTENTION, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE By Tiffany Paige Thompson The intersection of consciousness-rising and the fields of intention and human potential presents human kind with a powerful set of tools with which we, collectively, can reverse and potentially halt climate change, repairing the environmental devastation that humans have invoked upon the planet, particularly during the 20 th and 21 st centuries. Using a hermeneutic methodological lens, this thesis places these concepts—intention, consciousness, and climate change—in dialogue while incorporating empirical research surrounding the subtopics of quantum physics, scientific experiments on intention, neuropsychology and neurophysiology, placebo effect, and visualization. The philosophical subtopics of the history of thought and consciousness development, the history of “intention” via popular authors and scientific theories, the Asclepian paradigm, ecopsychology, religious fundamentalism, and the role of ego are also explored to explicate the various means by which we can trace consciousness-rising and the power of intention in making desired situations manifest. The relationship of intention and consciousness-rising is applied to the problem of climate change and its ramifications, in recognition of climate change as the most perilous problem human civilization has yet faced.
Mast cells contribute to initiation of autoantibody-mediated arthritis via IL-1

Mast cells are immune sentinels that participate in the defense against bacteria and parasites. Resident within the joint, mast cells become activated in human rheumatoid arthritis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental murine synovitis. However, their arthritogenic role remains undefined. Using a model of autoantibody-induced arthritis, we show that mast cells contribute to the initiation of inflammation within the joint by elaboration of IL-1. Mast cells become activated to produce this cytokine via the IgG immune complex receptor FcγRIII. Interestingly, mast cells become dispensable for the perpetuation of arthritis after delivery of IL-1, highlighting the contribution of this lineage to arthritis induction. These findings illuminate a mechanism by which mast cells can participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis and provide insights of potential relevance to human rheumatoid arthritis.
Pass-through Effect of Oil Price into Consumer Price: An Empirical Study

The fuel price in Malaysia is subsidizes by the government with the aim to improve the standard living of the poor by making fuels affordable and obtainable. However, the government has begun phasing out the subsidy by stages due to the adverse effect on the country’s development in the long run. Nevertheless, the most demanded type of fuel in Malaysia is diesel and it is still subsidized by the government. Hence, the primary objective of this paper is to study the pass-through effect of actual diesel price and subsidized retail diesel price into Malaysia’s consumer price. Essentially, this paper highlights on whether there will be difference in the transmission effect of diesel price into consumer price at both aggregated as well as the disaggregated level. The well-established Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method is adopted by incorporating the quarterly data spanning from 2005 until 2013. The results indicated that the transmission effect of actual diesel price is more prominent whereby no subsidy is given comparatively to the retail diesel price whereby the price is subsidizes by the government.
Maxillary Artery: Anatomical Landmarks and Relationship with the Mandibular Subcondyle

Background: The maxillary artery can be injured during procedures in the subcondylar portion of the mandible. Thorough knowledge of this region is mandatory to avoid accidental puncture of the maxillary artery, which can lead to profuse bleeding that is hard to control. Methods: In 16 halves of eight embalmed cadaver heads, the maxillary artery was dissected from the branching point to the entrance point to the maxillary sinus. Its anatomical relationships with certain landmarks were recorded numerically. Results: The mean distance of the branching point of the maxillary artery to the tragal pointer was 16.2 mm (range, 14.97 to 16.80 mm) in the horizontal plane and 21.4 mm (range, 19.14 to 23.53 mm) in the vertical plane. The mean vertical distance of the branching point to the Frankfort horizontal plane was 25.7 mm (range, 24.86 to 27.47 mm). The mean distance of the branching point of the maxillary artery to the tip of the condyle was 22.4 mm (range, 21.66 to 23.99 mm). The mean distance of the artery to the medial border of the subcondylar portion of the mandible was 6.8 mm (range, 4.06 to 8.47 mm). The mean distance between the deepest point of the sigmoid notch and the junction of the maxillary artery and sigmoid notch was 5.1 mm (range, 4.97 to 5.95 mm). The mean distance of the maxillary artery–sigmoid notch junction to the tragal pointer was 22.9 mm (range, 20.95 to 25.05 mm). Conclusions: The maxillary artery can be injured during surgical procedures performed in the temporomandibular region. Its relationship with the subcondylar portion of the mandible varies.
Rapid, Opioid-sensitive Mechanisms Involved in Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Sensitization*

TRPV1 is a nociceptive, Ca2+-selective ion channel involved in the development of several painful conditions. Sensitization of TRPV1 responses by cAMP-dependent PKA crucially contributes to the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. However, the pathways involved in potentiation of TRPV1 responses by cAMP-dependent PKA remain largely unknown. Using HEK cells stably expressing TRPV1 and the μ opioid receptor, we demonstrated that treatment with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin significantly increased the multimeric TRPV1 species. Pretreatment with the μ opioid receptor agonist morphine reversed this increased TRPV1 multimerization. FRET analysis revealed that treatment with forskolin did not cause multimerization of pre-existing TRPV1 monomers on the plasma membrane and that intracellular pools of TRPV1 exist mostly as monomers in this model. This suggests that increased TRPV1 multimerization occurred from an intracellular store of inactive TRPV1 monomers. Treatment with forskolin also caused an increase in TRPV1 expression on the plasma membrane not resulting from increased TRPV1 expression, and this rapid TRPV1 translocation was inhibited by treatment with morphine. Thus, potentiation of TRPV1 responses by cAMP-dependent PKA involves plasma membrane insertion of functional TRPV1 multimers formed from an intracellular store of inactive TRPV1 monomers. This potentiation occurs rapidly and can be dynamically modulated by activation of the μ opioid receptor under conditions where cAMP levels are raised, such as with inflammation. Increased translocation and multimerization of TRPV1 channels provide a cellular mechanism for finetuning of nociceptive responses that allow for rapid modulation of TRPV1 responses independent of transcriptional changes.