Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Balanced Incomplete Block Designs with Sets of Identical Blocks

Vajda [6, 7], when defining a balanced incomplete block design, imposed the restriction that no two blocks of the design may be identical. As observed by Preece [5], this restriction is foreign to the accepted definition of balanced incomplete block designs (see [1]) and has no relevance for experimental design. Furthermore, this restriction distracts attention from many potentially useful combinatorial arrangements. If there is a balanced incomplete block design with, in the standard notation, parameters (v, r', b', k, X'), the various non-isomorphic balanced incomplete block designs with parameters (v, r = nr', b = nb', k, X = nX'), n > 1, may have various numbers of identical blocks. For example (see [2]) the four non-isomorphic designs with parameters (7, 3n, 7n, 3, n), n = 2, have 1, 0, 3 and 7 pairs of identical blocks. All four of these designs can be got by "putting together" two designs with parameters (7, 3, 7, 3, 1). Table 1 gives nine balanced incomplete block designs with identical blocks, for r < 20, and for which r, b and X have no common factor. The first two of these designs, l(i) and l(ii), are non-isomorphic solutions for a single set of parameters. Design 1(i) was published by Parker [3], and designs 1(ii), 2 and 5 by Preece [4]. The solutions given in Table 1 for parameter sets 4 to 8 inclusive are cyclic; their representations are given in the standard notation of, for example, Fisher and Yates' Table XIX1 (see [1]). By reversing the order of the differences for one of the initial blocks, further solutions with identical blocks can be got from the solutions given for parameter sets 5 and 6. For example, the differences (2, 3) for the initial block
Polarization of far-infrared radiation from molecular clouds

The paper reports measurements of the polarization of far-infrared emission from dust in nine molecular clouds. Detections were obtained in Mon R2, in the Kleinmann-Low (KL) nebula in Orion, and in Sgr A. Upper limits were set for six other clouds. A comparison of the 100 micron polarization of KL with that previously measured at 270 microns provides new evidence that the polarization is due to emission from magnetically aligned dust grains. Comparing the results for Orion with measurements at optical wavelengths, it is inferred that the magnetic field direction in the outer parts of the Orion cloud is the same as that in the dense core. This direction is nearly perpendicular to the ridge of molecular emission and is parallel to both the molecular outflow in KL and the axis of rotation of the cloud core. In Mon R2, the field direction which the measurements imply does not agree withthat derived from 0.9-2.2 micron polarimetry. The discrepancy is attributed to scattering in the near-infrared. In Orion and Sgr A, where comparisons are possible, the measurements are in good agreement with 10 micron polarization measurements. 55 refs.
Oscillating field current drive for reversed field pinch discharges

Oscillating field current drive (OFCD), also known as F‐Θ pumping, is a steady‐state current drive technique proposed for the reversed field pinch (RFP). Unlike other current drive techniques, which employ high technology, invasive, and power intensive schemes using radio frequency or neutral particle injection, F‐Θ pumping entails driving the toroidal and poloidal magnetic field circuits with low‐frequency (audio) oscillating voltage sources. Current drive by this technique is a consequence of the strong nonlinear plasma coupling in the RFP. Because of its low frequency and efficient plasma coupling, F‐Θ pumping shows excellent promise as a reactor relevant current drive technique. A conceptual and computational study of this concept, including its experimental and reactor relevance, is explored in this paper.
Exact solutions of the Boltzmann equation

The nonlinear Boltzmann equation for the relaxation to equilibrium of a homogeneous one‐component gas, is considered for a class of collision models. The models are characterized by elastic cross sections inversely proportional to the relative speed, but with arbitrary dependence on center‐of‐mass scattering angle. The Boltzmann equation is solved exactly for a particular family of physically interesting initial distributions. The distribution functions are of the similarity form and consist of the product of a Maxwell function with ’’time‐dependent temperature’’ and a linear function of v2.
Marking the Ends of ECG T-Waves for Assessing Cardiac Safety: Algorithms and Experts

The prolongation of QT interval on electrocardiogram (ECG) is the current measure for cardiac safety that is used in drug development and drug approval. Although in thorough QT studies pharmaceutical companies need to measure QT intervals for thousands of beats, they mainly rely on experts to mark the QT interval endpoints. However, selected beats of data show that the difference between two experts’ marks can easily exceed 10 milliseconds. Note that for QT analyses presented to the FDA, if the maximal difference over all time points between QT measures comparing control to drug exceeds 10 milliseconds, the question of cardiac safety requires further discussion. Indeed experts appear to use the slope and curvature of the waveform differently in judging the end of the T-wave. This article develops a Bayesian approach combining both slope and curvature information. We show that the difference between the automatic Bayesian marks and either of the experts’ marks is not statistically larger than the difference between two experts’ marks, thus this approach is successful in closely approximating the experts’ results in marking T-wave end, and it is much faster and cost efficient. Being algorithmic, our method offers the opportunity to be more consistent.
Analytical trial function method for development of new 8‐node plane element based on the variational principle containing Airy stress function

Purpose − The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel and simple strategy for construction of hybrid‐“stress function” plane element. Design/methodology/approach − First, a complementary energy functional, in which the Airy stress function is taken as the functional variable, is established within an element for analysis of plane problems. Second, 15 basic analytical solutions (in global Cartesian coordinates) of the stress function are taken as the trial functions for an 8‐node element, and meanwhile, 15 unknown constants are then introduced. Third, according to the principle of minimum complementary energy, the unknown constants can be expressed in terms of the displacements along element edges, which are interpolated by element nodal displacements. Finally, the whole system can be rewritten in terms of element nodal displacement vector. Findings − A new hybrid element stiffness matrix is obtained. The resulting 8‐node plane element, denoted as analytical trial function (ATF‐Q8), possesses excellent.
Stability analysis and large-eddy simulation of rotating turbulence with organized eddies

Rotation strongly affects the stability of turbulent flows in the presence of large eddies. In this paper, we examine the applicability of the classic Bradshaw-Richardson criterion to flows more general than a simple combination of rotation and pure shear. Two approaches are used. Firstly the linearized theory is applied to a class of rotating two-dimensional flows having arbitrary rates of strain and vorticity and streamfunctions that are quadratic. This class includes simple shear and elliptic flows as special cases. Secondly, we describe a large-eddy simulation of initially quasi-homogeneous three-dimensional turbulence superimposed on a periodic array of two-dimensional Taylor-Green vortices in a rotating frame. The results of both approaches indicate that, for a large structure of vorticity W and subject to rotation Ω, maximum destabilization is obtained for zero tilting vorticity (½W + 2Ω = 0) whereas stability occurs for zero absolute vorticity (2Ω = 0) These results are consistent with the Bradshaw-Richardson criterion; however the numerical results show that in other cases the Bradshaw-Richardson number $B=2\Omega(W+2\Omega)/W^2$ is not always a good indicator of the flow stability.
Residual diagnostics for mixture models

Abstract A sample is commonly modeled by a mixture distribution if the observations follow a common distribution, but the parameter of interest differs between observations. For example, we observe the lengths but not the ages of a sample offish. It may be reasonable to assume that length is normally distributed about an unknown mean that depends on the age of the fish. Provided there is more than one age class in the sample, then the data are distributed as a mixture of normals. In this article we assume that the data are a random sample from a mixture of exponential family distributions and that for each observation the parameter of interest is sampled independently from an unknown mixing distribution Q. The adequacy of a fitted mixture model can be assessed by examining residuals based on the ratio of the observed to expected fit. Residuals based on the homogeneity model (in which Q is a one-point distribution) display a convexity property when the data follow a mixture model; this becomes the basis fo.
Sufficient conditions for 3D 6-subiteration parallel thinning algorithms to preserve connectivity

Thinning is a process which erodes an object layer by layer until only its skeleton is left. A thinning algorithm should preserve connectivity, i.e., any object and its skeleton should maintain the same connectivity structure. In this paper, we propose sufficient conditions so that any 3D 6-subiteration parallel thinning algorithm satisfying these conditions is guaranteed to preserve connectivity.
Pricing Options With Curved Boundaries

This paper provides a general valuation method for the European options whose payoff is restricted by curved boundaries contractually set on the underlying asset price process when it follows the geometric Brownian motion. Our result is based on the generalization of the Levy formula on the Brownian motion by T. W. Anderson in sequential analysis. We give the explicit probability formula that the geometric Brownian motion reaches in an interval at the maturity date without hitting either the lower or the upper curved boundaries. Although the general pricing formulae for options with boundaries are expressed as infinite series in the general case, our numerical study suggests that the convergence of the series is rapid. Our results include the formulae for options with a lower boundary by Merton (1973), for path-dependent options by Goldman, Sossin, and Gatto (1979), and for some corporate securities as special cases. Copyright 1992 Blackwell Publishers.
Steady-state isothermal bounded plasma with neutral dynamics

The Tonks-Langmuir, Godyak, and Schottky steady-state isothermal models are extended when the dynamics of the neutral gas is taken into account. Exact analytic quadratures for the electron temperature, densities, and potential profiles are obtained for these three models within the plasma approximation. It is shown that, contrary to the uniform neutral pressure case, the particle and the power balance are both necessary to determine the electron temperature when neutral dynamics is included. When neutral dynamics is governed by collisions with ions, the neutral density that results from ionization is predicted to have a minimum at the center of the discharge, as indeed is observed in experiment. It is found that even a small amount of ionization can result in a rather strong neutral depletion. However, when the drag on neutrals due to collisions with ions is negligible, the predicted profile of the neutral density that results from intense ionization is reversed and exhibits an unexpected maximum at the center of the discharge.
Validation of a 4D Finite Volume Method for Blade Flutter

A finite volume method for blade flutter analyses, using moving grids is presented and partly validated. The method which solves the unsteady three-dimensional Euler equations is formulated in the four-dimensional time-space domain. An algebraic grid generation technique based on transfinite interpolation is used to move and deform the grid to conform to the blade motion. Fluxes are calculated using a third-order upwind-biased scheme. For time marching both an explicit three-stage Runge-Kutta scheme and a Crank-Nicolson scheme is used. Internal and external flows are calculated using the present method. Calculated results agree well with the corresponding experiments and with results obtained using other methods.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Component and correspondence analysis: dimension reduction by functional approximation

Contributions to this work begin from a homogeneous-analytic point of view, then go further to analyze continuous variables, extending the geometrical approach of Gifi, and applying functional analytic techniques to problems involving replicated time series data (which are not subject to classical correspondence analysis and principal component analysis). Closing chapters address probability coding (which is related to fuzzy coding), and two approaches to component analysis: optimal scaling (which uses montone splines) embedded in a more classical statistical framework; and the connection between explorative multivariate data analysis and confirmation analysis based on statistical modelling.
A note on some upper bounds for permanents of (0, 1)-matrices

Abstract In [1], Al-Kurdi proves two new upper bounds on the permanents of (0, 1) -matrices. In this note, we provide a very short combinatorial proof of these bounds by interpreting the permanent of a (0, 1) -matrix as the number of ways to choose a system of distinct representatives. We also sharpen these bounds and show that in certain situations they improve on the well-known Minc-Brégman bound. We provide numerical evidence that the bound here also improves on the Minc-Brégman and a bound of Liang and Bai a fraction of the time for the generic case of a very sparse (0, 1) -matrix.
The Quasi-Gaussian Density-Velocity Relationship

The exact relationship between the density and the divergence of the velocity field is derived, including all nonlinear features, in the case of an infinitely small variance. The result is found to be very close to δ v = (3 Ω 0.6 /2) [1 - (1 + δ) 2/3 ], where δ v is the divergence of the velocity field (in units of H 0 ). However, possible departures may appear due to the smoothing procedures used in practical determinations of this relationship. This correction is specified for the quadratic term and is seen to be small
ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION AND ITS REFLECTION FROM THE GROUND

Abstract The complex physical meanings of multiple spectral-line absorption and reradiation by nearer air molecules can be represented satisfactorily by block-spectral bands within the Planckian curves of spectral intensity distribution. Experimental determination of whole-spectrum, long-wave atmospheric transmissivity by parallel-beam radiometers permits the construction of an empirical, graphical integration chart. By this means, the half-space atmospheric radiation can be readily determined for ordinary air from soundings of temperature and moisture, if the magnitudes of these two factors are known in detail close to the flux plane. For a characteristic polar-continental air mass there is no need to separate the CO2 from the H2O radiation, as called for by earlier charts. The complex problem of the reflection of spectral-band radiation by a “gray” surface is evaluated by an inverted integration chart, including the estimation of absorption of reflected radiation by overlying air. The supplementation of.
Evaluation of the Exact Coagulation Kernel under Simultaneous Brownian Motion and Gravitational Settling

The analytic representation of the exact coagulation kernel for combined Brownian motion and gravitational settling entails an infinite sum of ratios of modified Bessel functions. Heretofore, the evaluation of this sum has been limited to relatively small arguments due to computational difficulties, hindering the numerical solution of the general dynamic equation in computational aerosol transport simulations. An approximation and an asymptotic extension have been available, but their accuracy for large arguments has not been established, and they have been shown to lead to numerical diffusion and oscillation. Using multiple-precision arithmetic, exact values for the kernel are presented in this paper for large arguments, and it is shown that both the asymptotic and approximating formulae provide a poor fit in the range of practical interest. Based on the results, the asymptotic formula is rectified and it is shown that the approximation is no longer needed. Practical formulae are given to facilitate rapid numerical evaluation of the exact kernel for all arguments.
Computation of Three Dimensional Dendrites with Finite Elements

Starting from an initial seed crystal inside an undercooled liquid, the solid phase begins to grow rapidly and develops unstable growth patterns. Some growth directions are preferred because of anisotropic parameters in the physical model. This results in the development of dendrites. The physical model includes the heat equation for both the liquid and solid phases; the GibbsÂ? Thomson law couples velocity and curvature of the interface and the temperature. We describe a numerical method that enables us to compute dendritic growth of crystals in two and three space dimensions. The method consists of two coupled finite element algorithms. The first one solves the heat equation; the other operates on a discretization of the free boundary and computes the evolution of this moving interface. The two methods work with totally independent grids. By using timedependent, locally refined and coarsened adaptive meshes in both methods, we are able to reach a spatial resolution necessary to compute dendritic growth in two and three space dimensions.
Social Science and Social Policy

The line of thought from which contemporary Social Science has come forth was occupied with problems of public policy in a way which has since become very much less prominent in the work of social scientists. The classic figures of social thought -Aristotle, Plato, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Jeremy Bentham, James and John Stuart Mill, Ricardo, Hobbes and Locke, Burke, Machiavelli and Hegel-were all involved in the consideration of the fundmental problems of policy from the point of view of the man who had to exercise power and to make practical decisions. Even where they themselves lived in remoteness from practical affairs the clarification of the standards for the judgment and guidance of public policy was always close to the centre of their attention. The politician's problems, reduced to fundamentals, were their problems. The problem of maintaining order through the prince's exercise of power was the point of departure of classical political philosophy; it was extended by modern liberalism to the maintenance of liberty in a framework of order. Political philosophy was regarded by those who professed it, as a means of enlightening rulers-and citizens-as to the right ends and the approximate means. The great ancestor of modern empirical social research, Sir William Petty, who regarded his task as the quantitative matter-of-fact description of what existed, viewed his problem as set by the prince's need to safeguard and maximise his power. Early economic theory accepted the same task. Even after mercantalism gave way to liberalism, economic theory was still intended to be a guide to policy. A rather fundamental change occurred in the course of the nineteenth century. The social sciences became de-politicised; even the study of politics adulterated its preoccupation with policy by concrete receipes of administration and the aproblematic description of governmental processes. The other social sciences-economics and the slowly-growing sociology and anthropology-were explicitly and implicitly apolitical. The problems were not selected in accordance with an explicit standard of relevance to the making or execution of a policy-maker's decision; the policy-making process did not become the object of realistic investigation and finally the practitioners of these subjects even disavowed any interest in policy-making. This general tendency towards de-politicisation might in part have resulted from the "separation" of the various spheres of life in the liberal society of the nineteenth century. The relative autonomy of the spheres fostered a belief in the possibilities of separate fields of study, with the resultant expulsion of political elements from sociological and economic discipline. (The academic separation of political science, sociology and economics from one another and their consequent de-politicisation never went as far in Germany as it did the Western countries where liberalism flourished.) Moreover, the nature of the ideal economy, "prescribed" by the liberal economic theory, which was the most striking product of this intellectual division of labor, minimized the importance
An Ocean Observing and Prediction Experiment in Prince William Sound, Alaska

The observing and forecasting conditions of coastal oceans in Alaska is technically challenging because of the mountainous terrain, the notoriously stormy seas, and a complex hydrological system of freshwater from rivers and glaciers. The Alaska Ocean Observing System and their partners developed a demonstration project over a 5-yr period in Prince William Sound. This location was chosen because of historical efforts to monitor ocean circulation following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. The primary goal is to develop a quasi-operational system that delivers weather and ocean information in near–real time to diverse user communities. This observing system now consists of a spatial array of atmospheric and oceanic sensors and a new generation of computer models to numerically simulate and forecast weather, waves, and ocean circulation. The project culminated in a 2009 field experiment that evaluated the performance of the model forecasts. Three ships, 44 surface drifters, an underwater glider, and an au.
Predictions of the responsivity of terahertz quantum well infrared photodetectors

This letter focuses on the first-principles model of the photocurrent in quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). The model explores the absorption coefficient measured experimentally. Then we move to show how the responsivity and quantum efficiency vary with α. The work in this paper shows that the device response indeed increases as QWIPs are designed and fabricated to detect longer wavelengths despite the fall in device performance as a result of the growing effect of the dark (noise) current.
Radio‐Frequency Vibrations of Rectangular AT‐Cut Quartz Plates

A combined theoretical and experimental study is presented of the coupled thickness shear and flexural vibration modes of rectangular AT‐cut quartz plates. The theoretical approach (taking into account piezoelectric effects) involves a variational technique which allows for a significant refinement of the mathematical analysis over that heretofore presented in the literature. A reliable experimental technique was used to obtain the functional dependence of frequency vs crystal dimensions. Comparison of experimental crystal resonant frequencies and polarization distributions with those derived from our theory reveals excellent agreement. A discussion is included describing the nature and significance of charts relating resonant frequencies with the ratio length/thickness of crystal dimensions.