Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model for the voltage and temperature dependence of the soft breakdown current in ultrathin gate oxides

The voltage and temperature dependence of the soft breakdown conduction mechanism in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors and transistors with ultrathin dielectric layers is investigated. A physical derivation of the quantum point contact model and its parameters is presented, which incorporates the smearing of the Fermi function at the electrodes as well as the effect of thermal vibrations of the constriction’s bottleneck. The model also takes into account the boundary conditions at the two ends of the breakdown path by considering the semiconductor band bending occurring in the nondamaged surrounding device area. Good agreement between model and experimental curves is found. Because of its analytical nature, the proposed model can be implemented in circuit simulators.
A new formulation of generalized discrete-time time-frequency distributions

A definition of generalized discrete-time time-frequency distributions is introduced. This definition utilizes the full information provided by a data sequence so that one can avoid aliasing which is troublesome in the existing definition. The formulation provides a unified framework for implementing Cohen's class of generalized time-frequency distributions which was formulated in the continuous-time domain. Some requirements for the discrete-time kernel in the approach are discussed in association with desirable distribution properties. <<ETX>>
Interaction of bubbles in a cluster near a rigid surface

A model for the interaction of two bubbles in a sound field [E. A. Zabolotskaya, Sov. Phys. Acoust. 30, 365–368 (1984)] is extended to account for an arbitrary number of bubbles interacting in a cluster. Compressibility of the liquid is taken into account through radiation damping and time delays due to the finite sound speed. Bubble coalescence is also included. A numerical method for implementing the model is described, and simulations of the growth and collapse of a bubble cluster near a rigid surface are presented. The relative effects of compressibility and coalescence are discussed.
Early Indicators of Autism in Infants: Development of the IMES Screening Tool

We developed the Infant, Motor, and Engagement Scale (IMES) to address the public health goal of early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The IMES is a screening tool that assesses quality of infants’ interaction with people and objects during early play. We aimed to examine the IMES’ preliminary psychometric properties and its value in discriminating between infants later diagnosed with ASD and typically developing infants. We used the IMES to score retrospective home videos of 15 male infants, 7 who were later diagnosed with autism. We examined interrater reliability using Cohen’s Kappa, internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha and content validity through expert review. Preliminary data support validity and reliability of the IMES for early identification for infants at 6 to 9 months. With further research, the IMES has the potential to identify at risk infants at a young age that may have long-term impact on child and family outcomes.
Multigrid solution of the 3‐D compressible euler equations on unstructured tetrahedral grids

A low storage, computationally efficient algorithm for the solution of the compressible Euler equations on unstructured tetrahedral meshes is developed. The algorithm takes the form of a centred scheme with the explicit addition of a high accuracy artificial viscosity and the solution is advanced to steady state by means of a multi-stage time stepping method. The side based data structure which is employed enables a clear connection to be established between the proposed algorithm and upwind cell vertex schemes for unstructured meshes. The computational efficiency of the procedure is improved by incorporating an unstructured multigrid acceleration procedure. A number of flows of practical interest are analysed to demonstrate the numerical performance of the proposed approach.
Raman Spectroscopy Study of Oxygen Vacancies in PbTiO3 Thin Films Generated Heat-Treated in Hydrogen Atmosphere

Raman spectroscopy is utilized to study the evaluation of vacancies in PbTiO3 thin films subjected to hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment. The B1 mode consisted of only oxygen ion vibration was shifted to lower frequency with increasing heat treatment temperature. It was considered that the oxygen ions were lacking from PbTiO3, and that oxygen vacancies were generated. It was found that the frequency of the B1 mode is proportional to oxygen ion content. Pb ions were also lacking in the PbTiO3 thin films with oxygen ions and the number of oxygen vacancies was larger than that of Pb ions. We suggest that the Raman spectroscopy is a suitable tool for the evaluation of oxygen vacancies in PbTiO3 thin films.
A Process Monitoring Scheme Controlling False Discovery Rate

A new process monitoring scheme is proposed by using the Storey procedure for controlling the positive false discovery rate in multiple testing. For the 2-span control scheme, it is shown numerically that the proposed method performs better than X-bar chart in terms of the average run length. Some simulations are accomplished to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of the average run length and the conditional expected delay. The results are compared with those of the existing monitoring schemes including the X-bar chart. The false discovery rate is also estimated and compared with the target control level.
Stability of Sheet Pinch

The growth rate of the sheet pinch instability is calculated in the small Larmor radius limit using the method of integration along unperturbed orbits. It is found that the instability is driven by a small group of ``resonant'' electrons which cross and drift about the neutral plane having zero velocity along the field lines. The microinstability is absolute and develops fastest for a critical perturbation wavelength, of the order of several times the thickness of the plasma sheet.
Unveiling and addressing implementation barriers of vaccination communication strategy: Perspectives from government officials at national and provincial levels

ABSTRACT Communication strategy is one of the support of primary health care (PHC) that can address demand-side barriers and socio-cultural factors to promote better services. Conversely, communication strategies have not been a distinct emphasis of vaccination research in the country until now. Therefore, this study aimed to find the elements that influence the provision of vaccination communication in Pakistan. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in vaccine communication were conducted using qualitative methodologies (Jan 2022–March 2022). The interviews revolved around factors affecting the implementation of communication. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. By using the SURE framework, numerous factors that affect vaccination communication were identified under three major themes such as organizational-level, constitutional, and community-level factors. Five subthemes marked the organizational-level factors such as constrained budget, infrastructure deficits, inconsistent comprehensive strategy, health workforce, and inadequate training. Two subthemes are derived regarding constitutional and community-level factors, respectively, such as governance and leadership, health communication interventions not a policymaker's priority, community perceptions and practices, and formal partnership lacking between national and local stakeholders. Additionally, employment of established communication committees, improved money allocation, engagement of traditional and religious institutions, and political backing were identified as solutions for improvement. Communication activities are an important part of immunization programs in order to increase vaccination coverage. To be able to execute communication interventions more successfully, national and provincial stakeholders must work together to identify the elements that affect vaccine provision. Additional rigorous implementation studies could aid in the development of clearer knowledge of the system-wide constraints obstructing the program’s efficiency.
The use of segregation analysis in interpretation of sequence variants in SMAD3: A case report

While representing a significant improvement, the introduction of next‐generation sequencing in genetic diagnosis also prompted new challenges. Despite widely recognized consensus guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants, many variants remain unclassified or are discordantly interpreted. In heritable thoracic aortic aneurysms with dissection (HTAAD), most cases are caused by a heterozygous, private missense mutation, possibly contributing to the relatively common reports of variants with uncertain significance in this group. Segregation analysis necessitates advanced likelihood‐based methods typically inaccessible to non‐experts and is hampered by reduced penetrance, possible phenocopies, and non‐availability of DNA from deceased relatives.
Soft x-ray resonant reflectivity of low-Z material thin films

Soft x-ray resonant reflectivity, a method for low-Z materials that combines aspects of neutron reflectivity and x-ray reflectivity, is presented. Resonant reflectivity provides enhanced and selective sensitivity to specific chemical moieties near the absorption edges of constituent elements and was demonstrated through the characterization of a bilayer polymer thin film. The relative reflectivity of a particular interface could be tuned by adjusting the incident photon energy near the carbon 1s absorption edge. The resulting chemical specificity is analogous to using deuteration as a tracer or marker in neutron reflectivity, but without requiring special sample synthesis or preparation.
Transmission anomalies in Kerr media photonic crystal circuits: Intrinsic localized modes

A study is made of the exact solutions of a system of nonlinear difference equations that model the propagation of electromagnetic radiation in photonic crystal waveguides and networks of interconnecting photonic crystal waveguides (photonic crystal circuits) containing Kerr nonlinear dielectric media. The transmission properties of a waveguide formed of linear dielectric material and containing a barrier of Kerr nonlinear material are determined and shown to exhibit anomalies similar to those due to gap solitons in layered Kerr nonlinear optical media. Similar discussions for a nonlinear segment bisected by a waveguide composed of linear dielectric media are given. The transmission properties of a junction formed from Kerr nonlinear media connecting three semi-infinite waveguides formed from linear dielectric materials are also determined. The transmission of electromagnetic energy through the junction is found to exhibit anomalies similar to those due to gap solitons in layered Kerr nonlinear media. The transmission anomalies in the systems we study are shown to arise from intrinsic localized modes that are found in the Kerr nonlinear media of the system. Intrinsic localized modes are solitonlike modes that can only exist in nonlinear systems. Previous transmission studies presented by us have concentrated on systems formed of linear media, and no previous transmission studies have been presented by us on systems supporting intrinsic localized modes. The central focus of this paper and new results presented are the study of resonant transmission anomalies in photonic crystal circuits containing Kerr media and the identification of some of these resonances with intrinsic localized modes that exist is the Kerr media.
Limits to Transcriptional Silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Mating-type switching in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae relies on the Sir protein complex to silence HML and HMR, the two loci containing copies of the alleles of the mating type locus, MAT. Sir-based transcriptional silencing has been considered locus-specific, but the recent discovery of rare and transient escapes from silencing at HMLα2 with a sensitive assay called to question if these events extend to the whole locus. Adapting the same assay, we measured that transient silencing failures at HML were more frequent for the α2 gene than α1, similarly to their expression level in unsilenced cells. By coupling a mating assay, at HML we found that one of the two genes at that locus can be transiently expressed while the other gene is maintained silent. Thus transient silencing loss can be a property of the gene rather than the locus. Cells lacking the SIR1 gene experience epigenetic bistability at HML and HMR. Our previous result led us to ask if HML could allow for two independent epigenetic states within the locus in a sir1Δ mutant. A simple construct using a double fluorescent reporter at HMLα1 and HMLα2 ruled out this possibility. Each HML locus displayed a single epigenetic state. We revisited the question of the correlation between the states of two HML loci in diploid cells, and showed they were independent. Finally, we determined the relative strength of gene repression achieved by Sir-based silencing with that achieved by the a1-α2 repressor.
Changes in early optical coherence tomography angiography among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Relation to fibroblast growth factor 21

Current diagnostic and treatment modalities target late stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) when retinopathy has already been established. Novel and more sensitive strategies are needed. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) permits non‐invasive visualisation of retinal microcirculation. Fibroblast growth factor‐21 (FGF21) plays an important role in glucose and lipid homoeostasis. This study assesses early OCTA changes among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) compared to fundus photography and correlates them to diabetes‐duration, glycaemic control, and FGF21; hence, it determines their value in early detection of DR.
Effect of low numerical-aperture femtosecond two-photon absorption on (SU-8) resist for ultrahigh-aspect-ratio microstereolithography

We report the quantitative characterization and analysis on the solidification of SU-8, a chemically amplified near-ultraviolet ultrathick resist, based on two-photon-absorbed (TPA) near-infrared photopolymerization. The resolution of TPA photopolymerized SU-8 voxels and lines is studied as a function of laser-pulse energy, single-shot exposure time, and scanning speed. Two-photon microstereolithography using SU-8 as the matrix material was verified by the fabrication of SU-8 photoplastic structures with subdiffraction-limit resolution. We show that the nonlinear velocity dependence of TPA photopolymerization can be used as the shutter mechanism for disruptive three-dimensional (3D) lithography. This mechanism, when combined with low numerical-aperture optics is exploited for the rapid 3D microfabrication of ultrahigh-aspect-ratio (up to 50:1) photoplastic pillars, planes, and cage structures.
Pattern-formation under acoustic driving forces

Chemical and metallurgical processes enhanced by high intensity acoustic waves, thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators, fuel rods in nuclear reactors, heat exchanger tubes, offshore and vibrating structures, solar thermal collectors, acoustic levitators, microfluidic devices, cycling, musical acoustics, blood flow through veins/arteries, hearing in the mammalian ear, carbon nanotube loudspeakers, etc. The evolution of a myriad of processes involving the oscillation of viscous fluids in the presence of solid boundaries is up to a certain extent influenced by acoustic streaming. In addition to the sound field, viscous energy dissipation at the fluid–solid boundary causes a time-independent fluid circulation, which can lead to a significant enhancement of heat, mass and momentum transfer at large oscillation amplitudes. A particularly relevant phenomenon that can be notably affected by acoustic streaming is the promotion of sound waves by temperature gradients or viceversa (thermoacoustics), which is at the basis of potentially efficient and environmental friendly engines and refrigerators that have attracted a renewed interest in the last years. In the present manuscript, historical developments and the underlying basic physics behind acoustic streaming and thermoacoustics are reviewed from an unifying perspective.
Assessment of flood frequency models using empirical distribution function statistics

Tests of goodness of fit of the generalized extreme value (GEV) and the generalized logistic (GL) distribution based on the empirical distribution function are described. Significance points for the Anderson-Darling (Anderson and Darling, 1952, 1954) and a recently introduced modified Anderson- Darling (Sinclair et al., 1987) test statistic are obtained by simulation. For each of these distributions the unknown parameters are estimated from the sample data using probability weighted moments. Approximations for the probability of significance of these test statistics are provided. This enables assessment of GEV and GL flood frequency models for a hydrological region based on all the annual maximum series in the region.
Affective Memory in Gamified Learning: A Usability Study

Gamified learning has the potential to improve learning outcomes, but most strategies are focused on using Points-Badges-Leaderboards (PBL) while neglecting other game elements. Drawing upon research discussing nostalgia’s potential to improve user experience and engagement, we hypothesized affective memory could aid in designing gamification’s visual aesthetics. To start testing that hypothesis, we conducted a moderated usability study aiming to understand how Pokémon-based gamification compares to a trophy-based approach. Nine undergraduate students used two versions of a gamified quiz prototype (Pokémon and trophy-based) to complete multiple-choice items, then discussed their experiences in a semi-structured interview. Our findings suggest affective memory plays a significant role in gamified learning and indicate Pokémon-based gamification might maximize intrinsic motivation. Thus, informing practitioners that gamification targeting affective memory can enhance learning by increasing engagement and intrinsic motivation, and calling researchers to further investigate affective memory and other brands in gamification research.
Introduction to Web Information Retrieval: A User Perspective

In this article, we describe Web Information Retrieval (WebIR) and issues in searching the World Wide Web from a user perspective. We review different kinds of search engines and the features they offer. With the help of ex amples, we show how these features can be utilized to narrow down on the search results.
CHIANTI—An Atomic Database for Emission Lines. IV. Extension to X-Ray Wavelengths

CHIANTI provides a database of atomic energy levels, wavelengths, radiative transition probabilities, and electron excitation data for a large number of ions of astrophysical interest. It also includes a suite of Interactive Data Language programs to calculate optically thin synthetic spectra and to perform spectral analysis and plasma diagnostics. This database allows the calculation of theoretical line emissivities necessary for the analysis of optically thin emission-line spectra. The first version (1.01) of the CHIANTI database was released in 1996 and published by Dere et al. in 1997 as Paper I in this series. The second version, released in 1999 by Landi et al., included continuum emission and data for additional ions. Both versions of the CHIANTI database have been used extensively by the astrophysical and solar communities to analyze emission-line spectra from astrophysical sources. Now the CHIANTI database has been extended to wavelengths shorter than 50 Å by including atomic data for the hydrogen and helium isoelectronic sequences, inner-shell transitions and satellite lines, and several other ions. In addition, some of the ions already present in the database have been updated and extended with new atomic data from published calculations.
Stealing from Physics: Modeling with Mathematical Functions in Data-Rich Contexts.

In the course of a project to create physics education materials for secondary schools in the USA (Erickson and Cooley, 2004) we have, not surprisingly, had insights into how students develop certain mathematical understandings. Some of these translate directly into the mathematics classroom. With our materials, students get data from a variety of sources, data that arise in realworld phenomena. Students find functions to model the data; these appear as curves on scatter plots. Through this, students learn about the phenomena, and also about the mathematics behind the functions. This is neither complicated nor particularly new (see, e.g., Hestenes 1987; Wells et al. 1995). Thus this paper focuses on some details. How do students model the data? In what ways do students find these tasks challenging? And why don’t we already do this more commonly? The observations we make in this paper are conjectures based on observations of students in classrooms in the San Francisco, USA area; documenting them more thoroughly is the object of ongoing research. In this paper, we will discuss how students do modeling, describe the search for meaning in the parameters (for example, the meaning of slope), and describe some of the problems students seem to have coordinating the data and the models.
Improving Classification Accuracy based on Random Forest Model through Weighted Sampling for Noisy Data with Linear Decision Boundary

Background: Random forest algorithms tend to use a simple random sampling of observations in building their decision trees. The random selection has the chance for noisy, outlier and non informative data to take place during the construction of trees. This leads to inappropriate and poor ensemble classification decision. This paper aims to optimize, the sample selection through probability proportional to size sampling (weighted sampling) in which the noisy, outlier and non informative data points are down weighted to improve the classification accuracy of the model. Methods: The weights of each data point is determined in two aspects, finding each data point influence on the model through Leave-One-Out method using a single classification tree and measuring the deviance residual of each data point using logistic regression model, these are combined as the final weight. Results: The proposed Finest Random Forest (FRF) performs consistently better than the conventional Random Forest (RF) in terms of classification accuracy. Conclusion: The classification accuracy is improved when random forest is composed with probability proportional to size sampling (weighted sampling) for noisy data with linear decision boundary.
Automatic classification of subjective attributes from student messages in virtual learning environments

Accompanying students in virtual learning environments to identify those who need help is a difficult and time-consuming task. Identifying subjective attributes that recognize students’ feelings can help teachers and tutors in pedagogical interventions. The interaction must motivate and keep students engaged. This article proposes an architecture capable of automatically carrying out some pedagogical intervention. The architecture uses automatic textual classification models to detect multiple attributes in post messages, such as Sentiment, Post Type, Urgency, and Confusion. The main goal is to predict learning problems and act to minimize their impacts. The evaluation was performed with data from the Stanford MOOCPosts Dataset to verify if the models allow the automatic classification of subjective attributes. Our results show that the proposal outperforms other approaches in this dataset.