Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting N2O Emission from Upland Cultivated with Pepper through Related Soil Parameters

An empirical model of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil has been applied. It is based on the relationship between and three soil parameters, soil mineral N(ammonium plus nitrate) content in the topsoil(0-15cm), soil water-field pore space, and soil temperature, determined in a study on clay loam and sandy loam at the pepper field in 2004. For comparisons between estimated and observed values of emissions in the pepper field, it was investigated that amount in the clay loam and sandy loam were overestimated as 12.2% and less estimated as 30%, respectively. However, emissions were overestimated as 27.1% in the clay loam and 14.7% in the sandy loam from gas samples collected once a week at the same time analyzing soil parameters. This modelling approach, based as it is well established and widely used soil measurements, has the potential to provide flux estimates from a much wider range of agricultural sites than would be possible by direct measurement of emissions.
Determination of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Milk by Solid-Phase Extraction Using a Coordination Polymer Based on Cobalt Trimesinate as a Sorbent

The coordination polymer was obtained based on cobalt trimesinate. It was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The polymer was studied as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of tetracycline antibiotics. Cobalt trimesinate had a high adsorption capacity (400 mg/g). Antibiotic adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. The process proceeded spontaneously, as indicated by the calculated thermodynamic parameters. The resulting coordination polymer has good stability and recyclability. The possibility of using cobalt trimesinate for the determination of tetracycline in various milk samples was investigated. This work holds great promise for the development and application of a cobalt trimesinate-based coordination polymer for use in sample preparation to replace the time-consuming vacuum evaporation procedure with a relatively simple solid-phase extraction procedure.
Darfur Model, Rwanda, and the ICTR: John Hagan’s Sociology of Genocide Continued

Abstract Core contributions from John Hagan’s scholarship on genocide are at stake in this article. First, this article examines, for the Rwandan genocide, the applicability of Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond’s multi-level causal model of genocide, developed in Darfur and the Crime of Genocide. Asking how causal factors and processes highlighted in that model play out in scholarship on the Rwandan genocide, it moves toward answering the question of external validity versus historical specificity. Second, the article examines, again with a focus on Rwanda, the relationship between social scientific explanation and judicial thought. While it highlights—in line with the first author’s previous work—how judicial narratives address or select out core factors highlighted in the Darfur model, the article focuses—in line with Hagan’s Justice in the Balkans—on the question of what knowledge social science can nevertheless gain from court proceedings. An analysis of a sample of cases processed by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda identifies overlaps with social science analyses, but it also highlights distinctions.
Energy crops utilization as an alternative agricultural production

Nowadays an increasing attention is given to the production and use of solid biofuels as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels. The common raw material for the production of solid biofuels is a biomass of vegetal origin, which is mainly represented by waste and secondary agricultural products as well as forest or wood residues. Unfortunately, these types of materials do not always meet the quality requirements for the production of biofuels in the form of pellets and briquettes. This is primarily due to the fact that much of the agricultural wastes have low calorific value, high ash content, low density, etc. and at the end all these facts also negatively affects the price of biofuels. In addition, an intensive use of agricultural waste as a raw material for the purpose of biofuels' production could have a negative impact on soil fertility. Based on abovementioned disadvantages of agricultural biomass, there is a big potential in utilization of alternative biomass such as energy crops. Several energy crops from the same biological family Asteraceae were selected for the research purposes. The main focus of this article is evaluation and comparison of the main solid biofuels' properties, which were measured according to European and International standards. Assessment of an energy potential of selected crops for the Republic of Moldova is presented here as well.
An Efficient Approach for Breast Abnormality Detection through High-Level Features of Thermography Images

Breast cancer is a significant global health concern affecting millions of women worldwide. Timely detection is paramount in improving prognosis and survival rates. In this context, infrared thermography has emerged as a promising noninvasive imaging modality for breast cancer diagnosis. This study used raw and preprocessed images using contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and contrast enhancement techniques. One of the key challenges in analyzing breast infrared thermogram images is extracting meaningful features that can aid in accurate diagnosis. To address this, three well-known pre-trained convolutional neural networks, such as AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and SqueezeNet, were used to extract high-level features automatically. Subsequently, the resulting features were subjected to the principal component analysis and the top 100 features were selected, which were then utilized as input for supervised learning classifiers. The proposed method was validated using a publicly available DMR dataset of 100 healthy and 100 abnormal breast thermal images. Notably, the proposed methodology achieves an outstanding accuracy of 99.60% and sensitivity of 100% by employing AlexNet features derived from CLAHE pre-processed images in conjunction with a decision tree classifier. These results underscore the efficacy of the proposed approach in accurate breast cancer detection using infrared thermography.
EspB and HtpG interact with the type III-A CRISPR/Cas system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has a type III-A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system consisting of a Csm1-5 and CRISPR RNA (crRNA) complex involved in the defense against invading nucleic acids. However, CRISPR/Cas system in the MTB still is clearly unknown and needs to be further explored. Methods: In our work, two non-Cas system proteins EspB and HtpG protein were found and identified by LC-MS/MS. The effect of EspB and HtpG on Type III-A CRISPR/Cas System of M. tuberculosis was examined by using Plasmid interference assay and Co-immunoprecipitation analyses. We explored that EspB could interact with the crRNA RNP complex, but HtpG could inhibit the accumulation of the MTB Csm proteins and defense the mechanism of CRISPR/Cas system. Results: The proteins ESAT-6 secretion system-1(Esx-1) secreted protein B (EspB) and high-temperature protein G (HtpG), which were not previously associated with CRISPR/Cas systems, are involved in mycobacterial CRISPR/Cas systems with distinct functions. Conclusion: EspB is a novel crRNA-binding protein that interacts directly with the MTB crRNP complex. Meanwhile, HtpG influences the accumulation of MTB Csm proteins and EspB and interferes with the defense mechanism of the crRNP complex against foreign DNA in vivo. Thereby, our study not only leads to developing more precise clinical diagnostic tool to quickly detect for MTB infection, but also knows these proteins merits for TB biomarkers/vaccine candidates.
Feeling Your Way with Navibar: A Navigation System using Vibrotactile Feedback for Personal Mobility Vehicle Users

Navigating routes using navigation systems while using Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) like bikes or scooters can lead to visual distraction in outdoor environments, creating possibilities for an accident. This article proposes a new navigation system called NaVibar for PMVs that uses vibrotactile feedback on the handlebar to enhance route information delivery and reduce visual distraction. The study aims to answer four research questions about visual distraction, route recognition, mental workload, and usability. The results of the study showed that vibrotactile feedback can be an effective and useful addition to the PMVs navigation system, reducing visual distraction, and enhancing the user experience. Also, vibrotactile feedback did not affect the participants' route recognition, but it positively affected the participants’ lower workload levels. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the addition of vibrotactile feedback could enhance the usability and safety of PMV navigation systems.
Subsequent welding of mild steel in the pipeline industry: mechanical, wear and microstructure characteristics

Abstract In this work, an attempt was made to join MS IS2062 using a combination of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) processes using various welding parameters to get the best weldability. An initial scanning electron microscope study was conducted to determine the microstructure of the sample. In addition to measuring and correlating microstructures and welding parameters, mechanical properties like tensile strength and microhardness are also measured. Here, friction force (FF) and specific wear rate (SWR) were carried out to analyse the tribological behaviour of the weld joint. It was found that the weld MS IS2062 by subsequent welding achieved 15% and 5% higher yield strength and 5% and 4% harder than SMAW and GTAW. Pull-off and cracks were found in the tensile fracture image, and changes in grain boundaries have been observed in the microstructural study. The contact pressure shows the greatest influence on roughness and FF; at the same time, velocity influences the SWR, as found in the experimental results. The subsequent welding process was performed with good stabilisation by balancing between the SMAW and GTAW welding, and to obtain superior properties, we must optimise our results and choose the best possible method.
How can doctoral supervision be improved? Views from doctoral students in two faculties of education at South African universities

This study aims to address the void left by earlier researchers by establishing how full-time doctoral students’ views can be employed to improve doctoral studies. By employing habitus, field, social and cultural capital, and agency as a theoretical framework for this article, open-ended questions in a qualitative study were designed and executed purposively among sampled doctoral candidates at two faculties of education in South African universities. This approach was hinged on the thought that what PhD candidates were going through was vital when thinking of improving PhD supervision. Out of this study, PhD students point to some of their experiences as the starting point for possible supervision improvement. The study findings reveal that if academic leadership at the faculty level is actively involved in this process at the strategy formulation level, the experiences of students can change for the better. This can be done through the introduction and establishment of seminars, small and large group engagements, and the widening of social capital. Widening of social capital will ensure that both PhD supervisors and PhD students share productive supervision experiences while buttressing multidirectional relationships between supervisors, students and their peers aimed at improving completion rates and the doctoral journey.
Flotation Dephosphorization of High-Phosphorus Oolitic Ore

The feasibility of dephosphorization using the flotation process and its mechanism of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite were discussed in this paper. The results showed that phosphorus minerals mainly exist in the form of collophane, which can be divided into three types. Block collophane and band collophane could be effectively removed through flotation, while the third type could not be eliminated through physical concentration alone. A lab-made fatty acid was identified as an effective collector for high-phosphorus oolitic hematite, resulting in a product containing 57.67% iron and 0.14% phosphorus with a flotation recovery rate of 82.43%. The study of the flotation mechanism revealed that, in the presence of starch and the lab-made fatty acid, there was both physical absorption and chemisorption occurring on the surfaces of apatite. However, only very weak physical absorption was observed on the surface of hematite.
Competition for nitrogen and moisture in a Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system

A 3 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to examine the outcome and some of the competitive mechanisms between P. radiata (D. Don) and pasture for N and soil moisture. The factors examined were the monthly addition of 30 kg N/ha versus no additional N, and the manipulation of the level of pasture competition by spraying and simulated-grazing to give three levels of pasture competition. The experiment coincided with a period of severe drought which greatly increased the competition for soil moisture. Removal of pasture competition by spraying released a large amount of N into the soil mineral N pool. It also reduced overall demand for N and water because of the reduction in competition resulting in improved tree growth and greater N uptake by trees. However, it was apparent that moisture was the main limiting factor for tree growth in the plus-pasture treatments because, whilst trees did take up some of the applied N in the plus-pasture treatments, they showed no increase in growth and N uptake. A localized effect of trees on pasture dry matter production and N content occurred. Directly beneath trees and in the area predominantly occupied by tree roots competition for water and N was intense. Pasture response to N was greatest away from the tree rooting zone. Pasture appeared to compete successfully due to the nature of its root system which consists of a large biomass of very fine roots compared to the small biomass of fine pine roots in the surface soil. Competition between pasture and trees was further examined using the stable isotope 15N to trace a single 15N-labelled application of N fertilizer in spring. Recovery of 15N during the split fertilizer application program was assessed by periodic pasture harvests in the simulated-grazing treatment and by obtaining a complete balance sheet after 249 days. The dynamics of plant availability of applied 15N and retention of 15N in the soil was also followed. The recovery and retention of 15N03and 15NH4 + in particular were compared in the simulated-grazing treatment. Larger quantities of 15N03remained available to plants than 15NH4 + and 15N was still found in the KCl-extractable mineral N pool at 154 and 249 days after application. P. radiata assimilated the same amount of 15N when added as 15N03 or 15NH4 + in the simulated-grazing treatment but uptake into the aboveground biomass of pasture was greater for 15N03 than for 15NH4 +. However, pasture uptake of 15N03and 15NH4 + was not significantly different when pasture stubble and roots were include in the total recovery for all harvests. Removal of pasture competition increased the availability of 15N for the period just after application but 15N uptake by P. radiata was only doubled.
Numerical Simulation of Liulin-MO Instrument for Measuring Cosmic Radiation Onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

We present the results from numerical simulation of Liulin-MO instrument for measurement of the space radiation on board Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) satellite of ExoMars-2016 mission during its transit to Mars in April-September 2016 [Semkova J., T. Dachev, St. Maltchev, B. Tomov, Yu. Matviichuk} et al. (2015) Radiation environment investigations during ExoMars mission to Mars – objectives, experiments and instrumentation, C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 68 (4), 485–496] [Semkova J., R. Koleva, V. Benghin, T. Dachev, Yu. Matviichuk et al. (2018) Charged particles radiation measurements with Liulin-MO dosimeter of FREND instrument aboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter during the transit and in high elliptic Mars orbit, Icarus, 303, 53–66], using the Geant4 package. The methodology for calculating galactic cosmic rays (GCR) linear energy transfer (LET) is described. A methodology for screening false signals in the deposited energy spectra in the Liulin-MO detectors and correspondingly LET spectra is proposed. The contribution of the individual components of the spectrum of GCR in the LET spectrum is estimated. The calculated average radiation quality factor of GCR using the cleaned from false signals LET spectrum is compared with the experimental results obtained during the transit to Mars and a reasonable agreement is observed.
Comparative Analysis of Algorithms to Cleanse Soil Micro-Relief Point Clouds

Detecting changes in soil micro-relief in farmland helps to understand degradation processes like sheet erosion. Using the high-resolution technique of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), we generated point clouds of three 2 × 3 m plots on a weekly basis from May to mid-June in 2022 on cultivated farmland in Germany. Three well-known applications for eliminating vegetation points in the generated point cloud were tested: Cloth Simulation Filter (CSF) as a filtering method, three variants of CANUPO as a machine learning method, and ArcGIS PointCNN as a deep learning method, a sub-category of machine learning using deep neural networks. We assessed the methods with hard criteria such as F1 score, balanced accuracy, height differences, and their standard deviations to the reference surface, resulting in data gaps and robustness, and with soft criteria such as time-saving capacity, accessibility, and user knowledge. All algorithms showed a low performance at the initial measurement epoch, increasing with later epochs. While most of the results demonstrate a better performance of ArcGIS PointCNN, this algorithm revealed an exceptionally low performance in plot 1, which is describable by the generalization gap. Although CANUPO variants created the highest amount of data gaps, we recommend that CANUPO include colour values in combination with CSF.
A regionalized multivariate approach to target selection in geochemical exploration

Characteristic analysis is proposed as a multivariate technique for comparing regional unknown cell data with data for explored areas. Original data are first converted into binary arrays according to whether or not each measured variable at a given location is considered to be favorable (1) or of indeterminate favorability (0) in terms of mineralization. A characteristic vector is calculated for the model selected, and each region cell is compared with the model vector. Region cells are ranked according to the measure of association with the model, and the results to be interpreted are plotted on a map. An interactive computer program was written to perform the analysis.Twelve separate mineralized areas were selected as models in the Coeur d9Alene district, Idaho. The area comprising1 all twelve mineralized areas was selected as a thirteenth model. Geochemical data for Hg, Te, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Cd, As, Sb, Na, and K in 4,000 rock samples were used as the variables. The map derived for each model shows the distribution of degrees of association of all cells in the district. A structural restoration of the aggregate mineralization model shows that nonmodel cells located between major models have high degrees of association with the aggregate model, implying continuity of mineralization. Because these cells would be the logical potential target areas considering the known geology, it is concluded that characteristic analysis is a powerful analytical tool in exploration.
Compact Tunable Bandpass Filter with Continuous Control of Center Frequency and Bandwidth Independently

: This paper presents a compact electrically tunable bandpass filter with continuous control of center frequency and bandwidth independently. The filter consists of two coaxial dielectric resonators loaded with two varactors for center frequency tuning. A symmetrical Y-type capacitor network used for tuning bandwidth is proposed. A prototype made of dielectric ceramics with dielectric constant of 88 has been designed, fabricated, and measured. The center frequency varies from 0.562GHz to 0.845GHz, and 3dB bandwidth is tuned from 117MHz to 194MHz at the center frequency of 845MHz. A constant absolute bandwidth of 141MHz is realized by varying simultaneously bias voltages. The volume of fabricated filter containing bias networks is 24 × 22 × 6 . 5 mm 3 (0.045 λ 0 × 0 . 041 λ 0 × 0 . 012 λ 0 ) . The measured results agree with the simulation outcome.
Pets as family members: Conflicting practices in the use of third-person pronouns to refer to companion animals in written biographical stories in Finnish

In many languages, the category of ‘humans’ is linguistically separate from other animals. In Standard Finnish, for example, separate pronouns are used. Companion animals in modern societies, in a way, falls between humans and animals, since people often consider them as distinct persons and family members. The article examines how Finnish writers waver between these two pronouns in references to pets in biographical stories. Although the writers aim at following Standard Finnish norms in most other aspects, one out of three writers uses personal pronouns to refer to animals. Many writers humanize pets in other ways but do not deviate from the pronoun norm. For them, the idea of standard language seems to override the possibility of expressing attitudes towards animals with pronoun choice. Others adopt pronoun variation as a stylistic effect, or the colloquial system with perspective taking as the reason for pronoun variation conveyed to the texts. Kokkuvõte. Katri Priiki: Lemmikloomad nagu pereliikmed: lemmikloomadele viitavate pronoomenite vastuoluline kasutamine soomekeelsetes elulugudes. Paljudes keeltes eristatakse inimesi ja loomi grammatiliselt. Soome standardkeeles kasutatakse inimeste ja loomade kohta erinevaid pronoomeneid. Artiklis uuritakse, kuidas mitteprofessionaalsed soome keeles kirjutajad vahetavad biograafilistes tekstides lemmikloomadele viitavaid pronoomeneid. Kaasaegses ühiskonnas jäävad lemmikloomad mõnes mõttes inimese ja teiste loomade vahele, sest inimesed peavad neid sageli omaette isikuks ja oma pere liikmeks. Kuigi kirjutajad järgivad üldiselt soome keele standardnorme, kasutab üks kolmest kirjutajast lemmikloomadele viitamiseks isikulist asesõna. Ülejäänud humaniseerivad lemmikloomi muul viisil ega kaldu pronoomenite kasutusnormidest kõrvale. Isikuliste asesõnade hän ’tema’ ja he ’nad’ kasutamine tekstides on mõjutatud mitmetest teguritest: soome kõnekeelest, võõrkeeltest, eriti inglise keelest, ja lemmikloomade muutuvast staatusest.