Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Jupiter: friend or foe?

Jonti Horner and Barrie W Jones re-examine the role of giant planets in the evolution of life – specifically, whether Jupiter has in fact shielded Earth from excessive extraterrestrial bombardment. Abstract The idea that Jupiter has shielded the Earth from potentially catastrophic impacts has long permeated the public and scientific mind. But has it shielded us? We are carrying out the first detailed examination of the degree of shielding provided by Jupiter and have obtained some surprising results. Rather than Jupiter acting as a defensive presence, we found that it actually makes little difference – but if Jupiter were significantly smaller, the impact rate experienced by the Earth would be considerably enhanced. Indeed, it seems that a giant planet in the outer reaches of a planetary system can actually pose a threat to the habitability of terrestrial worlds closer to the system's parent star.
Optical properties of the grating with 1300 lines/mm at PGS-2 spectrograph

The spectral properties of the plane grating with 1300 lines/mm mounted at PGS-2 spectrograph constructed by Carl Zeiss GmbH were investigated. We elaborated the adjustable parameters for this grating and also we made some analysis of the matching for standard monochromator with our grating at PGS-2 spectrograph.
Color transparency and Dirac-based spin effects in (e,e'p) reactions

Color transparency (CT) in high momentum transfer ([ital e],[ital e][prime][ital [rvec p]]) and ([ital e],[ital e][prime][ital [rvec p]]) reactions is explored. The vector nature of the photon and the spin of the proton and photon are treated explicitly by describing the initial bound proton and the ejected wave packet as four-component Dirac spinors. Such effects, ignored in previous calculations, yield several results: (1) The use of Dirac-based optical potentials in the standard calculation'' (ignoring CT) leads to smaller cross sections than predicted before. (2) The normal component of the ejectile polarization, which vanishes in the limit of full CT, is found to approach zero very slowly as the energy increases. (3) Due to the presence of the 1[ital H][sub 11/2] orbital, a measurement of the normal-transverse response in [sup 208]Pb could afford the opportunity to see CT at quite low momentum transfers [similar to]1 GeV/[ital c]. (4) The four-component nature of our formalism allows us to determine that our calculations are roughly consistent with current conservation, except when the momentum of the struck nucleon is greater than about 150 MeV/[ital c].
Structure and evolution of a metallic nanowire-tip junction

We discuss the stability and evolution of metallic nanowires attached to tips. Using surface energy arguments we show that the junction between tip and wire will occupy only a small fraction of the total length of the wire, explaining why perfect wire segments can show up in experiment. Energetic arguments can also be used to understand the observed preferential stability of gold wires grown along the [110] direction. The thinning process of an fcc [110] wire at finite temperature is found by Monte Carlo simulation to occur slowly and layer by layer, as opposed to [100] and [111] wires that are unstable and quickly destroy themselves. We finally analyze the way in which ``weird'' tubular wires, highly ordered but noncrystalline, attach to, and can be pulled from, crystalline wires or tips. A mechanism based on tension-induced dislocation delocalization, that appears to be important in the process of wire uncoiling from a tip or from a thicker wire, is identified.
ESTIMATION OF THE VARIANCE FOR THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATES IN NORMAL MIXTURE MODELS AND NORMAL HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS

In this article, we derive the observed information matrices for normal mixture models and normal hidden Markov models. We also describe the parametric bootstrap method for the said models. The matrices and the method mentioned above are used to estimate the variance of the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) obtained by the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. Finally, a numerical example is shown using a data set named \faithful" given in the free statistical software R
Line scan acquisition for time-resolved imaging through scattering media

Transmission images of highly scattering objects can be produced by recording and discriminating between the times of flight of transmitted photons. High spatial resolution requires a detector with high temporal resolution, and a streak camera has proven to be particularly effective. However, since the aperture of a streak camera is necessarily a narrow slit, the camera must consecutively sample different regions of the object in order to generate a two-dimensional image. A method is described that involves sampling a series of lines across an object. The benefits and limitations of this method are discussed, and the results of an experiment are presented that illustrate the inherent spatial resolution. Our conclusion is that the line scan method is more efficient than a point scan method in terms of light collection and probably need not result in a substantial decrease in spatial resolution.
Cyclic macro‐element for soil–structure interaction: material and geometrical non‐linearities

This paper presents a non‐linear soil–structure interaction (SSI) macro‐element for shallow foundation on cohesive soil. The element describes the behaviour in the near field of the foundation under cyclic loading, reproducing the material non‐linearities of the soil under the foundation (yielding) as well as the geometrical non‐linearities (uplift) at the soil–structure interface. The overall behaviour in the soil and at the interface is reduced to its action on the foundation. The macro‐element consists of a non‐linear joint element, expressed in generalised variables, i.e. in forces applied to the foundation and in the corresponding displacements. Failure is described by the interaction diagram of the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation under combined loads. Mechanisms of yielding and uplift are modelled through a global, coupled plasticity–uplift model.
Focal plane arrays for large reflector antennas: first results of a demonstrator project

The surveying speed of large reflectors can be increased by one or two orders of magnitude when the focal fields are sampled with a dense phased array. In a dense array consisting of a large number of antenna elements (100 up to 1000), multiple beams can be synthesised and steered electronically. This collecting and manipulating of the entire electric field in the focal plane creates the possibility of a simultaneously improvement in the efficiency of existing telescopes and open up wide fields-of-view. This paper will describe the first results of the EU project FARADAY. The approach chosen in FARADAY is to use a Vivaldi array of 72 antenna elements configured in 8x9 grid. The analogue beamformer, integrated with the antenna array, syntheses beams by using for example 3x3 elements combined in three rings, where each ring is given a specific weight factor. The number of beams has been limited to two in this demonstrator project. Further more we will explore the possibilities and limitations of the large-scale use of Focal Plane Array's, in particular for the fourteen 25-meter reflectors of the Westerbork Syntheses Radio Telescope (WSRT).
Thermal generation currents in hydrogenated amorphous silicon p - i - n structures

Dark conductivity in amorphous silicon p‐i‐n devices arising from thermal generation through bulk defect states is explored. The current decays slowly after a voltage is applied, due to depletion of charge from the undoped layer, and is voltage dependent due to a field‐enhanced generation rate. Creation of metastable bulk defects by light soaking reversibly increases the current. The steady‐state generation current is dervied from the measured relaxation time and depletion charge.
Transmission spectra of some transition metal dichalcogenides. II. Group VIA: trigonal prismatic coordination

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 5, 3531 (1972). The transmission spectra of the layer type group VIA transition metal dichalcogenides have been measured at liquid helium temperature. Considerable sharpening of previously reported features have been found in addition to a great deal of new fine structure not reported in earlier work. The problem of two dimensional excitons has been discussed. The nature and origin of the observed features of the spectra and the trends which they follow from compound to compound have also been discussed. In the case of MoS2 the authors have attempted to assign and fit them in conjunction with other available data for this material to allowed transitions of a band structure.
Ein resonanzphänomen in der theorie akustischer und elektromagnetischer wellen

We discuss the asymptotic behaviour of acoustic and electromagnetic waves, generated by given time‐harmonic exterior forces with frequency ω, in the unbounded region between the parallel planes X3 = 0 and X3 = 1, and show that the principle of limiting amplitude is violated if ω = πn(n = 1, 2,…). For these values of the frequency, forces with compact support can be chosen such that the amplitudes of the waves increase with a logarithmic rate as t → ∞.
Performance of the ASML EUV Alpha Demo Tool

The 22nm technology node is the target for insertion of Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) lithography into pre-production. To prepare this insertion, the issues that arise with the use of an EUV lithographic scanner in a pre-production environment need to be addressed. To gain better understanding of the issues that come with an EUV lithographic scanner, the Alpha Demo Tool (ADT) from ASML was installed at IMEC and is now in use since mid of 2008. In July 2009, the source was upgraded to a 170W/2π source to allow for higher uptime and wafer output by means of the semi-automatic tin refill. Also a new advanced resist, the SEVR-59 resist was introduced after the installation of the 170W/2π source to allow printing of 32nm Lines-Spaces (LS). After these changes, the ADT has been monitored closely with respect to the imaging performance. In this paper, we report on both the CD fingerprint analysis and the exposure tool stability. For 32nm dense LS, the ADT shows a wafer CD Uniformity (CDU) of 2.5nm 3σ, without any corrections for process or reticle. As for 40nm LS, the wafer CDU is correlated to different factors that are known to influence the CD fingerprint from traditional lithography: reticle CD error, slit intensity uniformity, focal plane deviation but also EUV specific reticle shadowing. The ADT shows excellent wafer-to-wafer stability (<0.5nm CD range in a 5-wafer lot) and the average CD as a function of exposure sequence is stable (<0.5nm 3σ in a 5-wafer lot). The ADT shows good CD stability over 5 months of operation with the 170W/2π source, both intrafield and across wafer. There is a 5nm difference in overlay performance (measured or after corrections) between the ADT and the XT:1900Gi production tool (using the same etched silicon wafers as a reference). Below 32nm, the ADT shows good wafer CDU for 30nm dense LS (60nm pitch). First 27nm dense line CDU data are achieved (54nm pitch). The results indicate that the ADT can be used effectively for EUV process development before installation of the pre-production tool, the ASML NXE:3100 at IMEC.
An X-ray study of the Centaurus cluster of galaxies using Einstein

Einstein Imaging Proportional Counter observations of the core of the Centaurus Cluster of galaxies have been analyzed to map the 0.5-3.5 keV surface brightness and temperature of the intracluster gas. The emission is centered on NGC 4696, the elliptical galaxy believed to be at or near the dynamical center of the cluster. Because the X-ray-emitting gas responds to the gravitational potential of the cluster, the observations may be used to measure the total mass distribution around the central region. It is shown that the gas is very likely in hydrostatic equilibrium. It is found that surrounding NGC 4696, like M87 at the center of the Virgo Cluster, is a dark, massive halo, with a gravitating mass of about 2 x 10 to the 13th M out to a radius of about 20 arcmin (or 200 kpc for H(o) = 50 km/s Mpc). The elliptical galaxy NGC 4709, at the core of a more distant cluster, is also detected with a luminosity of 2 x 10 to the 40th ergs per sec. 47 references.
Properties of Estimators for the Gamma Distribution

Accurate moments of maximum likelihood and moment estimators for the scale and shape parameters of a two parameter gamma density are given, the former being tabulated over a segment of the parameter space. In addition, joint acceptance regions are given for a particular case. The three parameter model is also considered and comments made on second order asymptotics for the maximum likelihood estimators
Deep Residual Auto-Encoders for Expectation Maximization-based Dictionary Learning

Convolutional dictionary learning (CDL) has become a popular method for learning sparse representations from data. State-of-the-art algorithms perform dictionary learning (DL) through an optimization-based alternating-minimization procedure that comprises a sparse coding and a dictionary update step respectively. Here, we draw connections between CDL and neural networks by proposing an architecture for CDL termed the constrained recurrent sparse auto-encoder (CRsAE). We leverage the interpretation of the alternating-minimization algorithm for DL as an Expectation-Maximization algorithm to develop auto-encoders (AEs) that, for the first time, enable the simultaneous training of the dictionary and regularization parameter. The forward pass of the encoder, which performs sparse coding, solves the E-step using an encoding matrix and a soft-thresholding non-linearity imposed by the FISTA algorithm. The encoder in this regard is a variant of residual and recurrent neural networks. The M-step is implemented via a two-stage back-propagation. In the first stage, we perform back-propagation through the AE formed by the encoder and a linear decoder whose parameters are tied to the encoder. This stage parallels the dictionary update step in DL. In the second stage, we update the regularization parameter by performing back-propagation through the encoder using a loss function that includes a prior on the parameter motivated by Bayesian statistics. We leverage GPUs to achieve significant computational gains relative to state-of-the-art optimization-based approaches to CDL. We apply CRsAE to spike sorting, the problem of identifying the time of occurrence of neural action potentials in recordings of electrical activity from the brain. We demonstrate on recordings lasting hours that CRsAE speeds up spike sorting by 900x compared to notoriously slow classical algorithms based on convex optimization.
(De) Constructing Bias on Skin Lesion Datasets

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Automated skin lesion analysis plays an important role for early detection. Nowadays, the ISIC Archive and the Atlas of Dermoscopy dataset are the most employed skin lesion sources to benchmark deep-learning based tools. However, all datasets contain biases, often unintentional, due to how they were acquired and annotated. Those biases distort the performance of machine-learning models, creating spurious correlations that the models can unfairly exploit, or, contrarily destroying cogent correlations that the models could learn. In this paper, we propose a set of experiments that reveal both types of biases, positive and negative, in existing skin lesion datasets. Our results show that models can correctly classify skin lesion images without clinically-meaningful information: disturbingly, the machine-learning model learned over images where no information about the lesion remains, presents an accuracy above the AI benchmark curated with dermatologists' performances. That strongly suggests spurious correlations guiding the models. We fed models with additional clinically meaningful information, which failed to improve the results even slightly, suggesting the destruction of cogent correlations. Our main findings raise awareness of the limitations of models trained and evaluated in small datasets such as the ones we evaluated, and may suggest future guidelines for models intended for real-world deployment.
Photogrammetrically Determined Cloud-Free Lines-Of-Sight Through The Atmosphere

Abstract Relative frequencies of cloud-free lines-of-sight were determined at specified elevation angles and directions by utilizing data from photographs taken with a camera with a 180° (fish-eye) lens and infrared film to produce high-quality photographs of the sky. Four summers of hourly daytime data were used to find relative frequencies as functions of viewing angle, sky cover, sunshine and cloud type. Persistence and recurrence relative frequencies, comparisons between “clear” and cloud-free lines-of-sight, and a general method for estimating probabilities of cloud-free lines-of-sight for any location are presented and discussed.
Exploiting the properties of carbon nanotubes for nanolithography

Carbon nanotube tips are explored in fabricating oxide nanostructures on silicon surfaces with an atomic force microscope. Nanotubes can write nanostructures at speeds up to 0.5 mm/s over large surface areas, and present a solution to the long-standing tip-wear problem. Experimental and theoretical work find that nanotube tips are impervious to high compressive and lateral forces and breakdown in high electric fields. A “cleaving” method is developed to reproducibly obtain dome-closed multi-walled nanotube tips with suitable length. Nanotube materials could become key elements for future miniaturization applications.
Deformation-immunized optical deposition of graphene for ultrafast pulsed lasers

We demonstrate deformation-suppressed optical deposition of graphene onto an optical fiber by forming a graphene/polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) composite for ultrafast nonlinear photonics. With pure graphene, its nonlinear operation threshold is elevated by the optical deposition that cannot guarantee the intact two-dimensional nanoshape of graphene. The role of PVAc that provides immunity to graphene against deleterious degradation of morphology and optical nonlinearity is elucidated via electron microscope analysis, Raman characterization, and realizing passive mode-locking operation of fiber lasers. Resultant center wavelength, spectral width, and repetition rate of the laser pulses are 1572.6 nm, 0.6 nm, and 91.5 MHz, respectively.
Applicability of the SIFT operator to geometric SAR image registration

The SIFT operator's success for computer vision applications makes it an attractive alternative to the intricate feature based SAR image registration problem. The SIFT operator processing chain is capable of detecting and matching scale and affine invariant features. For SAR images, the operator is expected to detect stable features at lower scales where speckle influence diminishes. To adapt the operator performance to SAR images we analyse the impact of image filtering and of skipping features detected at the highest scales. We present our analysis based on multisensor, multitemporal and different viewpoint SAR images. The operator shows potential to become a robust alternative for point feature based registration of SAR images as subpixel registration consistency was achieved for most of the tested datasets. Our findings indicate that operator performance in terms of repeatability and matching capability is affected by an increase in acquisition differences within the imagery. We also show that the proposed adaptations result in a significant speed-up compared to the original SIFT operator.
SOCIOPHYSICS — A REVIEW OF RECENT MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS

Computational models for social phenomena are reviewed: Bonabeau et al. for the formation of social hierarchies, Donangelo and Sneppen for the replacement of barter by money, Solomon and Weisbuch for marketing percolation, and Sznajd for political persuasion. Finally we review how to destroy the internet.
New Exact Solutions for an Oldroyd-B Fluid with Fractional Derivatives: Stokes' First Problem

Abstract The first problem of Stokes for an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid with fractional derivatives is studied using Fourier sine and Laplace transforms. The solutions that have been obtained, unlike the known solutions from the literature, are presented as a sum between the Newtonian solutions and the non-Newtonian contributions. The non-Newtonian contributions, as expected, tend to zero for α = β and λ → λr. Furthermore, the solutions for ordinary Oldroyd-B, fractional and ordinary Maxwell, fractional and ordinary second grade fluid, performing the same motion, are also obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. The present solution for ordinary Oldroyd-B and second grade fluids are verified by comparison with the previously well known results. Finally, the influence of material and fractional parameters on the fluid motion, as well as a comparison among fractional Oldroyd-B, fractional Maxwell, fractional second grade and Newtonian fluids, is also analyzed by graphical illustrations.
Transient response of lightly damped rooms: A finite element approach

The finite element method is used to calculate the impulse response of an irregular room. Although only a finite number of degrees of freedom are used, there is sufficient information in the model to predict the early reflections from the walls to a source at any location within the room’s interior. The results of calculations, performed for a room with a curved roof, show how absorption material placed at strategic points on the walls can affect the temporal response.
2D Car Detection in Radar Data with PointNets

For many automated driving functions, a highly accurate perception of the vehicle environment is a crucial prerequisite. Modern high-resolution radar sensors generate multiple radar targets per object, which makes these sensors particularly suitable for the 2D object detection task. This work presents an approach to detect 2D objects solely depending on sparse radar data using PointNets. In literature, only methods are presented so far which perform either object classification or bounding box estimation for objects. In contrast, this method facilitates a classification together with a bounding box estimation of objects using a single radar sensor. To this end, PointNets are adjusted for radar data performing 2D object classification with segmentation, and 2D bounding box regression in order to estimate an amodal 2D bounding box. The algorithm is evaluated using an automatically created dataset which consist of various realistic driving maneuvers. The results show the great potential of object detection in high-resolution radar data using PointNets.
Curvilinear turbulence modelling of open channel flow

In the numerical simulation of turbulent flows with a free surface, an additional conservation equation called the space conservation law has to be solved along with the mass and momentum conservation equations.A surface adaptive finite volume method for solving free surface turbulent flows is presented. The computational mesh define hexahedra that are used as the control volumes in a finite-volume method in which the mesh moves to adapt to the free surface and dependent variables are located at the centre of each volume. Numerical computations are carried out for turbulent flow and are compared with experimental data and other computed results. It is found that these are in agreement and indicate that the method can be extended to more complex turbulent flows with a free surface.
DELTA SHOCK WAVES FOR THE CHROMATOGRAPHY EQUATIONS AS SELF-SIMILAR VISCOSITY LIMITS

The Riemann problem for the changed form of the chromatography system is considered here. It can be shown that the delta shock wave appears in the Riemann solution for exactly specified initial states. The generalized Rankine-Hugoniot relation of the delta shock wave is derived in detail. The existence and uniqueness of solutions involving the delta shock wave for the Riemann problem is proven by employing the self-similar viscosity vanishing approach.