Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galactic Center gas clouds and novel bounds on ultralight dark photon, vector portal, strongly interacting, composite, and super-heavy dark matter

Cold gas clouds recently discovered hundreds of parsecs from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy have the potential to detect dark matter. With a detailed treatment of gas cloud microphysical interactions, we determine Galactic Center gas cloud temperatures, free electron abundances, atomic ionization fractions, heating rates, cooling rates, and find how these quantities vary with metallicity. Considering a number of different dark sector heating mechanisms, we set new bounds on ultra-light dark photon dark matter for masses $10^{-22}-10^{-10}$ eV, vector portal dark matter coupled through a sub-MeV mass boson, and up to $10^{60}$ GeV mass dark matter that interacts with baryons.
Thermodynamic route to field equations in Lanczos-Lovelock gravity

Spacetimes with horizons show a resemblance to thermodynamic systems and one can associate the notions of temperature and entropy with them. In the case of Einstein-Hilbert gravity, it is possible to interpret Einstein's equations as the thermodynamic identity TdS=dE+PdV for a spherically symmetric spacetime and thus provide a thermodynamic route to understand the dynamics of gravity. We study this approach further and show that the field equations for the Lanczos-Lovelock action in a spherically symmetric spacetime can also be expressed as TdS=dE+PdV with S and E given by expressions previously derived in the literature by other approaches. The Lanczos-Lovelock Lagrangians are of the form L=Q{sub a}{sup bcd}R{sup a}{sub bcd} with {nabla}{sub b}Q{sub a}{sup bcd}=0. In such models, the expansion of Q{sub a}{sup bcd} in terms of the derivatives of the metric tensor determines the structure of the theory and higher order terms can be interpreted as quantum corrections to Einstein gravity. Our result indicates a deep connection between the thermodynamics of horizons and the allowed quantum corrections to standard Einstein gravity, and shows that the relation TdS=dE+PdV has a greater domain of validity than Einstein's field equations.
The UK’s wet and stormy winter of 2013/2014

W ea th er – F eb ru ar y 20 15 , V ol . 7 0, N o. 2 Ed ito ria l should also be acknowledged: at the start of 2015 these still comprise over one-third of the UK’s official climatological station network. The UK is a small and geographically complex country, and often a high density of weather stations is needed to capture localised features of our climate. As demonstrated during winter 2013/2014, even a small range of hills such as the North York Moors – rising to a modest 454m above sea level at the highest point – can have a profound effect on the weather. It is the interaction between the highly variable climate and complex geography across the UK that makes monitoring its weather so interesting. We thank all writers for their contributions to this issue. Correspondence to: michael kendon
An adaptive grid with directional control

Abstract A variational formulation of Winslow's variable diffusion method is combined with a directional control functional to derive an adaptive grid generator for adaptive node movement. The addition of directional control allows one to align mesh lines with a prescribed vector field while adapting the spacing to resolve the data. It is shown that harmonic function theory can be applied to define the conditions under which unique solutions of the resulting elliptic equations exist. The grid generator is applied to the complex problem of magnetic field reconnection driven by fluid instability. The results demonstrate that the cost of a computation with an adaptive grid with directional control is only one-tenth of the cost of either a calculation on an Eulerian grid or on an adaptive grid without directional control.
Quasiperiodic tilings with tenfold symmetry and equivalence with respect to local derivability

Two 2D quasiperiodic tilings with generalized tenfold symmetry are derived from the lattice A4R, the reciprocal of the root lattice A4. Both tilings are built from four tiles, triangles in one case, rhombi and hexagons in the other. After a brief description of the tilings and their structures, the authors introduce the equivalence concept of mutual local derivability. They present its key properties and its application to several tenfold tilings and discuss some implications on a future classification of tilings in position space.
Optical and infrared spectroscopy of the type IIn SN 1998S: days 3–127

We present contemporary optical and infrared spectroscopic observations of the type IIn SN 1998S covering the period between 3 and 127 days after discovery. During the first week the spectra are characterized by prominent broad H, He and C iii/N iii emission lines with narrow peaks, superimposed on a very blue continuum (T∼24 000 K). In the following two weeks the C iii/N iii emission vanished, together with the broad emission components of the H and He lines. Broad, blueshifted absorption components appeared in the spectra. The temperature of the continuum also dropped to ∼14 000 K. By the end of the first month the spectrum comprised broad, blueshifted absorptions in H, He, Si ii, Fe ii and Sc ii. By day 44, broad emission components in H and He reappeared in the spectra. These persisted to as late as days ∼100–130, becoming increasingly asymmetric. We agree with Leonard et al. that the broad emission lines indicate interaction between the ejecta and circumstellar material (CSM) emitted by the progenitor. We also agree that the progenitor of SN 1998S appears to have gone through at least two phases of mass-loss, giving rise to two CSM zones. Examination of the spectra indicates that the inner zone extended to ≤90 au, while the outer CSM extended from 185 au to over 1800 au. We also present high-resolution spectra obtained at days 17 and 36. These spectra exhibit narrow P Cygni H i and He i lines superimposed on shallower, broader absorption components. Narrow lines of [N ii], [O iii], [Ne iii] and [Fe iii] are also seen. We attribute the narrow lines to recombination and heating following ionization of the outer CSM shell by the UV/X-ray flash at shock breakout. Using these lines, we show that the outer CSM had a velocity of 40–50 km s−1. Assuming a constant velocity, we can infer that the outer CSM wind commenced more than 170 years ago, and ceased about 20 years ago, while the inner CSM wind may have commenced less than 9 years ago. During the era of the outer CSM wind the outflow from the progenitor was high – at least ∼2×10−5 M⊙ yr−1. This corresponds to a mass-loss of at least ∼0.003 M⊙, suggesting a massive progenitor. The shallower, broader absorption is of width ∼350 km s−1, and may have arisen from a component of the outer CSM shell produced when the progenitor was going through a later blue supergiant phase. Alternatively, it may have been produced by the acceleration of the outer CSM by the radiation pressure of the UV precursor. We also describe and model first-overtone emission in carbon monoxide observed in SN 1998S. We deduce a CO mass of ∼10−3 M⊙ moving at ∼2200 km s−1, and infer a mixed metal/He core of about 4 M⊙, again indicating a massive progenitor. Only three core-collapse supernovae have been observed in the K band at post-100 days, and all three have exhibited emission from CO.
Numerical simulations of intensity scintillation using the power law phase screen model

Simulations of radio wave scintillation in power law media were performed to study the structure of the intensity and phase spectra when the Fresnel radius is much smaller than the outer scale or the low-frequency limit of the power law regime in the in situ irregularity spectrum. The results verify the critical dependence of intensity scintillation on the power law index as predicted by both asymptotic and more refined theoretical computations. Because of more recent findings, the scintillation characteristics of propagation in media characterized by a two-component power law were also investigated. The results reconcile the interpretation of scintillation data from the Wideband satellite which showed a shallowly sloped power law phase spectrum with more recent intensity scintillation data.
Marginal asymmetry model for square contingency tables with ordered categories

For the analysis of square contingency tables with ordered categories, this paper proposes a model which indicates the structure of marginal asymmetry. The model states that the absolute values of logarithm of ratio of the cumulative probability that an observation will fall in row category i or below and column category i+1 or above to the corresponding cumulative probability that the observation falls in column category i or below and row category i+1 or above are constant for every i. We deal with the estimation problem for the model parameter and goodness-of-fit tests. Also we discuss the relationships between the model and a measure which represents the degree of departure from marginal homogeneity. Examples are given.
Stellar-to-halo mass relation of cluster galaxies

Laboratorio Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia (LIneA); project Equip@Meso of the program 'Investissements d'Avenir' [ANR-10-EQPX-29-01]; CNRS; CNPq; FAPERJ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [TR33, Hi 1495/2-1]; Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research (MIUR) [RBSI14P4IH]
Monte Carlo simulation of pulsed laser deposition

Using the Monte Carlo method, we have studied the pulsed laser deposition process at the submonolayer regime. In our simulations, dissociation of an atom from a cluster is incorporated. Our results indicate that the pulsed laser deposition resembles molecular-beam epitaxy at very low intensity, and that it is characteristically different from molecular-beam epitaxy at higher intensity. We have also obtained the island size distributions. The scaling function for the island size distribution for pulsed laser deposition is different from that of molecular-beam epitaxy.
Fiber-coupled Fabry-Pérot notch filter combining in-plane axis, high speed MEMS tunability and large etching depth

Notch filters based on fiber-coupled Fabry-Pérot cavity are formed by a reflector placed in close proximity to a dielectric-coated end of an optical fiber. This kind of optical filters is easy to tailor for a given application because the external mirror has less mechanical and optical constraints. In this paper we present a fiber-coupled Fabry-Pérot filter based on dielectric-coated optical fiber inserted into a fiber groove facing a metallized micromirror, where the latter is driven by a high-speed MEMS actuator. The microsystem is fabricated using Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) technology on SOI wafer. The optical axis is in-plane and the components are self-aligned. The DRIE etching depth is 150 μm; chosen for improving the out-of-plane stiffness of the actuator and increasing the micromirror optical throughput. The MEMS actuator type is closing-gap while its quality factor is improved by slotting the fixed plate. The actuator, therefore, achieves a travel distance larger than 800 nm and has a resonance frequency of 90 kHz. The notch filter exhibits a free spectral range up to 100 nm and a notch rejection ratio of 20 dB around a wavelength of 1300 nm. The presented device provides low cost wafer level production of the filter.
Planetary Ring Dynamics -- The Streamline Formalism -- 2. Theory of Narrow Rings and Sharp Edges

The present material covers the features of large scale ring dynamics in perturbed flows that were not addressed in part 1 (astro-ph/1606.00759); this includes an extensive coverage of all kinds of ring modes dynamics (except density waves which have been covered in part 1), the origin of ring eccentricities and mode amplitudes, and the issue of ring/gap confinement. This still leaves aside a number of important dynamical issues relating to the ring small scale structure, most notably the dynamics of self-gravitational wakes, of local viscous overstabilities and of ballistic transport processes. As this material is designed to be self-contained, there is some 30% overlap with part 1. This work constitutes a preprint of Chapter 11 of the forthcoming Cambridge University book on rings (Planetary Ring Systems, Matt Tiscareno and Carl Murray, eds).
On attractors for a sharp interface model of exothermic phase transitions

We study a free interface problem related to combustion of condensed matter and some non-equilibrium exothermal phase transitions. In spite of a variety of non-trivial dynamical scenarios exhibited by the model the solutions are uniformly bounded and the interface velocity is a smooth function. The main result of the paper establishes existence of a compact connected attractor for the classical solutions of the problem. Numerical evidence leads to the conjecture that the fractal dimension of the attractor is finite.
A Remark on Torsion Euler Classes of Circle Bundles

We show that any torsion class $e\in H^{2}(M;Z)$ of any closed manifold $M$ is realized as the Euler class of a smoothly foliated orientable circle bundle over $M$ . In the case where $M$ is a 3-manifold, we construct the homomorphism $\pi_{1}(M)\rightarrow SO(2)\subset Diff_{+}^{\infty}(S^{1})$ explicitly whose Euler class is the given torsion class.
A note on real tunnelling geometries

In the Hartle–Hawking ‘no boundary’ approach to quantum cosmology, a real tunnelling geometry is a configuration that represents a transition from a compact Riemannian spacetime to a Lorentzian universe. I complete an earlier proof that in three spacetime dimensions, such a transition is ‘probable’, in the sense that the required Riemannian geometry yields a genuine maximum of the semiclassical wavefunction.
Immigrant generation, acculturation, and mental health literacy among former Soviet Union immigrants in Israel

Background: Research on Mental Health Literacy (MHL) has been growing in different geographical and cultural contexts. However, little is known about the relationship between immigrant generations, acculturation, stigma, and MHL among immigrant populations. Aims: This study aims to examine differences in MHL among immigrant generations (first, 1.5, and second) from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel and to assess whether differences are accounted for by immigration generation or acculturation. Method: MHL was assessed among 420 participants using a cross-sectional survey adapted from the Australian National Survey. Associations of immigrant generation, socio-demographic characteristics, and acculturation with MHL indices were examined using bivariate and multivariable analyses. Results: First generation immigrants reported poorer identification of mental disorders and higher personal stigma than both 1.5- and second-generation immigrants. Acculturation was positively associated with identification of mental disorders and negatively associated with personal stigma across all immigrants’ generations. When all variables were entered into a multivariate model predicting MHL indices, acculturation and gender were associated with personal stigma and only acculturation was associated with better identification of mental disorders. Conclusion: Differences in MHL among FSU immigrants in Israel are mainly explained by acculturation rather than by immigrant generation. Implications for policy makers and mental health professionals working with FSU immigrants are discussed.
Strong-field approximation for intense-laser-atom processes: The choice of gauge

The strong-field approximation (SFA) can be and has been applied in both length gauge and velocity gauge with quantitatively conflicting answers. For ionization of negative ions with a ground state of odd parity, the predictions of the two gauges differ qualitatively: in the envelope of the angular-resolved energy spectrum, dips in one gauge correspond to humps in the other. We show that the length-gauge SFA matches the exact numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation.
Knowing and accepting oneself: Exploring possibilities of self-awareness among working autistic young adults

Autistic people have historically been described as incapable of developing a deeper sense of self-awareness, and autistic understandings of self-awareness have been largely disregarded. The aim of this study is to explore the way young autistic adults try to understand their functionality and who they are, or to develop their sense of self-awareness, in work and in private life contexts. In 12 qualitative interviews conducted with four autistic adults without learning difficulties, we identified a rich set of reflections on knowing and accepting oneself. The overarching theme of self-knowledge has three subthemes: learning from previous experiences, learning about oneself by securing the support of others, and understanding and accepting autistic functionality. The strategy of self-knowledge was used by these young adults to help them achieve functional lives in the work and private domains. Our results show that young autistic adults both actively explore and develop their self-awareness. We suggest that it is important for practitioners and employers working with autistic individuals to engage with their journeys of self-awareness as a vital part of understanding and supporting them. Lay abstract When researchers and professionals talk about autism, they commonly point out problems and risks with autism or being autistic. Several interventions are based on the idea of the problems and risks of autism. Another way of talking about autism is to point out autistic people’s strengths and strategies which they use to handle barriers and problems in their lives in order to live good lives on their own terms. In this article, the researchers explore how autistic young adults formulate their own difficulties, strengths and support needs in order to get right support from support people. To be able to formulate this, autistic people need to get to know oneself and one’s own way of functioning. Autistic own self-knowledge must be central when formal support people, such as social workers, formulate support and interventions aimed at helping autistic people, in order for the support/intervention to be helpful.
Calretinin Staining in Anorectal Line Biopsies Accurately Distinguished Hirschsprung Disease in a Retrospective Study

Introduction: The absence of submucosal ganglion cells does not reliably distinguish Hirschsprung disease from non Hirschsprung disease in anorectal line biopsies. Calretinin staining might be helpful in these biopsies. To determine its value, we analyzed calretinin positive mucosal neurites in anorectal line biopsies. Methods: Two pediatric pathologists, without access to patient data, evaluated calretinin positive mucosal neurites in anorectal line junctional mucosa in archival rectal biopsies contributed by 17 institutions. A separate investigator compiled patient information and sent data for statistical analysis. Results: Biopsies with anorectal junctional mucosa from 115 patients were evaluated for calretinin positive mucosal neurites. 20/20 Hirschsprung disease biopsies were negative. 87/88 non Hirschsprung disease biopsies and 7/7 post pullthrough Hirschsprung disease neorectal biopsies were positive. Statistical analysis of the 108 non pullthrough biopsies yielded an accuracy of 99.1% (sensitivity 100%, specificity 98.9%). Age range was preterm to 16 years. Biopsy size was less than 1 mm to over 1 cm. Conclusions: Absence of calretinin positive mucosal neurites at the anorectal line was highly accurate in distinguishing Hirschsprung disease from non Hirschsprung disease cases in this blinded retrospective study. Calretinin staining is useful for interpreting biopsies from the physiologic hypoganglionic zone up to the anorectal line.
The effects of bowling lines and lengths on the spatial distribution of successful power-hitting strokes in international men’s one-day and T20 cricket

ABSTRACT This study examined 503 power-hitting strokes that resulted in the maximum of 6-runs being scored in international men’s one-day and T20 cricket. Chi-Squared analyses were conducted to determine if performance and situational variables were associated with the distribution (direction) of aerial power-hitting strokes. Results revealed that bowling length, bowling line, bowler type and powerplays were all significantly (p < 0.001) associated with ball-hitting distribution. Post-hoc analysis of the standardised residuals revealed that greater than expected 6ʹs were scored behind square and were associated with short-pitched bowling, fast bowling and the power-play. Similarly, bowling the half-volley length and the outside off line resulted in greater than expected 6ʹs on the off-side. The results suggest that bowlers should try to avoid offering width outside the off stump as well as bowling the half-volley and short-pitched lengths as these bowling lines and lengths present batters with greater opportunities to score maximum runs. Fast bowling is revealed to be more susceptible to power-hitting strokes than spin bowling. Conversely, batters may wish to target the areas behind square or on the off-side for opportunities to score maximum runs, and they should look to take full advantage of the powerplay field restrictions.
New Mathematical Tools in Direction Finding and Spectral Analysis

Linear Algebra (i.e., the algebra of vector spaces) provides widely used mathematical tools and concepts which are today being considered for implementation in special compute architectures. It seems that so many signal processing problems can be expressed and, more importantly, implemented efficiently as a sequence of vector and matrix operations, that a signal processing system with a capability for high speed linear algebra is necessary if the more advanced signal processing algorithms are to be implemented to operate in real time. The purpose of this paper is to support the notion that linear algebra is a sound basis for important signal processing system implementations and, further, to suggest that multilinear algebra (i.e., the algebra of vector, bivector, trivector, etc. spaces) offers an even broader set of signal processing "tools". Examples and ideas from direction finding and time series analysis are discussed.
Termitomyces pakistanensis, a new mushroom species from Pakistan based on scanning electron microscopy and ITS‐rDNA barcoding

Termitomyces pakistanensis sp. nov. is a member of an edible genus generally distributed in Asia and Europe. This species has been described as new species based on its different morphology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of basidiospores. The novelty and degree of endemism is confirmed by analyzing the genetic variation of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1–5.8 S–ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA gene, a universal fungal marker. The evolutionary affinities of new species is also evaluated with Asian and European species by phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences. In our phylogenetic analysis, this genus is found monophyletic comprising of two monophyletic sub clades: Clade I, Microcarpus, with small sized fruiting bodies generally less than 5 cm without pseudorrhiza and Clade II, Macrocarpus, with large sized fruiting bodies generally more than 5 cm having pseudorrhiza. All collections of Pakistani species clustered independently in Microcarpus clade showing their endemic genetic makeup as it is clustering independently. A comprehensive description, photographs of the basidiocarps and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of spores are provided.
Multivariate Shrinkage for Image Denoising in Shearlet Domain

A new multivariate threshold function for image denoising in the shearlet transfrom is proposed. The new threshod exploits a multivariate normal inverse gaussian probability density function to model neighboring shearlet coefficients. Under this prior, a multivariate Bayesian shearlet estimator is derived by using the maximum a posteriori rule. Experimental results show that the new method achieves state-of-art performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM) index and visual quality than existing shearlet-based image denoising methods.