Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

0749-5978/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Inc. A doi:10.1016/j.obhdp. 2010.04. 002 * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: rfehr@psyc.umd. edu (R. Feh (M.J. Gelfand). Apologies are useful social tools that can act as catalysts in the resolution of conflict and inspire forgiveness. Yet as numerous real-world blunders attest, apologies are not always effective. Whereas many lead to forgiveness and reconciliation, others simply fall on deaf ears. Despite the fact that apologies differ in their effectiveness, most research has focused on apologies as dichotomous phenomena wherein a victim either (a) receives an apology or (b) does not. Psychological research has yet to elucidate which components of apologies are most effective, and for whom. The present research begins to address this gap by testing the theory that perpetrators’ apologies are most likely to inspire victim forgiveness when their components align with victims’ self-construals. Regression and hierarchical linear modeling analyses from two studies support the primary hypotheses. As predicted, victims reacted most positively to apologies that were congruent with their self-construals. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Real World: BME graduates reflect on whether universities are providing adequate preparation for a career in industry.

Let? s face it: In the United States, a college degree isn? t what it used to be. These days, 46% of recent college graduates consider themselves underemployed and in jobs that do not require their college degrees? degrees that have already cost many of these grads and their families hundreds of thousands of dollars in student loans, with no promise of a job and salary to pay those loans back. But engineering majors are said to be outliers. Engineering as a field is widely considered one of, if not the most, lucrative academic paths for students seeking well-paid employment immediately following college. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that nearly 40% of the 45 most highly paid professions that require only a bachelor? s degree are in engineering. Salaries for all biomedical engineers, entry level or not, are among the highest, with a median pay of US$86,960. And engineering departments at colleges are not shy to advertise these numbers: the Biomedical Engineering Department at the University of Texas, Austin, declares on its Web page that, ? electing to graduate with a major in biomedical engineering opens the door to an ever-growing amount of job opportunities,? citing a 72%, ten-year job growth forecast. Boston University? s program cites U.S. News and World Report? s claim that BME is the country? s fastest-growing occupation.
Effects of Macrobiota on the Transfer Efficiency of Essential Elements and Fatty Acids From Phytoplankton to Zooplankton Under Eutrophic Conditions

The transfer pathways of organic matter and elements from phytoplankton to zooplankton in freshwater ecosystems are important for understanding how aquatic ecosystems function. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to determine how fish and zebra mussels altered the transfer efficiencies of essential substances including carbon (C), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), total fatty acids (FAs), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) from phytoplankton to zooplankton. We assessed the transfer efficiencies of the essential substances from phytoplankton to zooplankton as the ratio of their zooplankton production (P) per unit of biomass (B) to that of phytoplankton to exclude grazing or predation effects. We hypothesized that zebra mussels and fish would affect the transfer of materials from phytoplankton to zooplankton by altering the contents of essential elements and FAs in phytoplankton and zooplankton communities and/or due to shifts in the planktonic community structure mediated by grazing and/or predation. Fish increased the transfer efficiencies of eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 ω-3 (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid 22:6 ω-3 (DHA), and P relative to the control. We speculated that fish weakened the control of zooplankton over algal assemblage by selectively feeding on larger cladocerans such as Daphnia. Therefore, fish can increase the relative proportion of high-quality food for zooplankton, improving food conditions for the available zooplankton. In contrast, zebra mussels reduced the transfer efficiencies of EPA and DHA relative to the control treatment likely due to competition with zooplankton for PUFA-rich food particles. However, zebra mussels did not have any impact on the transfer efficiencies of C, total FAs, N, and P. EPA, DHA, and P were transferred more efficiently than C from phytoplankton to zooplankton, while total FAs, which are commonly used as an energetic source, were transferred as efficiently as C. The enrichment of consumers with the most important substances relative to their basal food sources creates the potential for the successful transport of these substances across aquatic trophic webs.
Drought: Past Problems and Future Scenarios

Preface 1. Introduction 2. What is Drought? 3. The Science of Drought 4. Quantifying Drought 5. Paleo-Drought: The Occurrence of Drought over Past Millennia 6. Drought in the 20th Century 7. Major Drought Events of the 20th Century 8. Drought in the 21st Century 9. Summary and Recommendations. Index
Technological change: An analysis of the diffusion and implications of e-business technologies

This is a monograph that presents both a comprehensive literature review and original research results on the diffusion and the implications of e-business technologies. The diffusion of e-business technologies among firms is regarded as part of the ongoing process of technological change and economic development. It is shown that increasing returns to adoption can arise if the technologies do not substitute each other in their functionalities, leading to an endogenous acceleration mechanism of technological development. Hence, the probability to adopt any e- business technology is hypothesized to be an increasing function of previously adopted, related technologies. Early mover advantages can exist until the early mover has exhausted all possibilities of the new technological paradigm that promise positive returns on investment. Thus, history matters for the technological development of a firm and adoption decision today affect the expected value of any other related technology in the future. The existence of the endogenous acceleration mechanism has important implications for the management of new technologies, the performance of enterprises, the development of market structures and entire economies. The theory is empirically tested and supported in four independent inquiries, using two different exceptionally large datasets and different econometric methods. The existence of a growing digital divide among companies is demonstrated for the period between 1994 and 2002. In addition, the adoption of new e-business technologies by firms creates opportunities to conduct innovation, either to reduce the costs for a given output, to create a new product or service, or to deliver products to customers in a way that is new to the enterprise. Hence, it is argued that the adoption of new technologies does have strategic relevance for firms. Empirical evidence is presented showing that e-business technologies are currently an important enabler of innovations. It is found that innovative firms are more likely to grow. Also, e-business related innovations are at the very least not inferior to traditional kinds of innovations in terms of simultaneous occurrence with superior financial performance of enterprises. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach by relating both to the economics and the management literature, with the objective to show complementarities between both research fields and to draw conclusions for both kinds of audiences.
Clovis Caches: Recent Discoveries and New Research

The Paleoindian Clovis culture is known for distinctive stone and bone tools often associated with mammoth and bison remains, dating back some 13,500 years. While the term Clovis is known to every archaeology student, few books have detailed the specifics of Clovis archaeology. This collection of essays investigates caches of Clovis tools, many of which have only recently come to light. These caches are time capsules that allow archaeologists to examine Clovis tools at earlier stages of manufacture than the broken and discarded artefact's typically recovered from other sites. The studies comprising this volume treat methodological and theoretical issues including the recognition of Clovis caches, Clovis lithic technology, mobility, and land use.
MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL IN CHINA: AN URBAN CHALLENGE.

The purpose of this paper is to review the environmental consequences of an increase in road traffic in China and to summarise the strategies that could be used to improve the situation. The first section reviews the adverse effects of pollution, in particular lead, lead scavengers, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and particulates. This is followed by an assessment of the role played by motor vehicles in pollution in other parts of the world. The current situation in China and likely future trends are discussed. Strategies for the control of emissions are reviewed including appropriate maintenance, alternative fuels, clean vehicle technologies and traffic management. The application of these strategies to China is considered in more detail and examples from other asian countries are discussed. For the covering abstract see IRRD 890936.
Efficient Yet Robust Privacy for Video Streaming

MPEG-DASH is a video streaming standard that outlines protocols for sending audio and video content from a server to a client over HTTP. The standard has been widely utilized by the video streaming industry. However, it creates an opportunity for an adversary to invade users’ privacy. While a user is watching a video, information is leaked in the form of meta-data, the size and time that the server sent data to the user. This information is not protected by encryption and can be used to create a fingerprint for a video. Once the fingerprint is created, the adversary can use this to identify whether a target user is watching the corresponding video. Successful attack schemes have been proposed based on this leakage of user data using both Machine Learning (ML) and algorithmic approaches. Only one defense strategy has been proposed to deal with this problem: using differential privacy that adds a sufficient amount of noise in order to muddle the attacks. However, this strategy still suffers from the trade-off between the privacy level and efficiency for both the server and the client. To break through the problem, this paper proposes two schemes. A server-side defense and a client-side defense against the attacks with rigorous privacy and performance constraints, creating a totally private, scalable solution that outperforms the extant schemes. Our two proposed schemes, No Data are Alone (NDA) and a proposed scheme that uses only a single cluster (Single Cluster Solution), are developed based on KMeans clustering and are highly efficient. The experimental results show that our schemes are more than two times as efficient, in terms of excess downloaded video (represented as waste), than the most efficient differential privacy-based scheme. Additionally, no classifier can achieve an accuracy above 7.07% against videos obfuscated with our scheme NDA and 2.5% against our Single Cluster Solution. Efficient Yet Robust Privacy for Video Streaming A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Computer Science Department
Long-term causal effects of access to institutional delivery service on dementia risk

This paper analyzes the early-life determinants of later-life dementia risk. We exploit a Swedish intervention that affected supply of hospital maternity wards during the 1926–46 period. Using exogenous variation in the supply of maternity wards to instrument the likelihood of institutional delivery, we find that delivery in hospital has substantial effects on late-life dementia. Exploiting the longitudinal dimension of our data, we are able to show that an improvement in cognitive abilities is visible already in childhood, and also manifest in the task contents of mid-life occupations. We argue that a decrease in child morbidity due to better treatment of complications is a likely mechanism. We also study the selection into treatment and argue that there seems to be very strong selection into treatment, which implies that the estimated LATE would seriously overstate the population-level treatment effect.
The Relationship Between Authentic Leadership and Organizational Change Readiness: The Mediating Role of Psychological Safety

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE READINESSS: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY by Paulina Christine Manzano The purpose of the current study was to examine the mediating effect of psychological safety on the relationship between authentic leadership and organizational change readiness in the workplace. A total of 107 employees participated in the study, which utilized online survey distribution. Results showed that psychological safety partially mediated the relationship between authentic leadership and organizational change readiness. In other words, the more employees perceived their leadership to be authentic, the more likely employees felt safe taking risks at work, which in turn, increased employees’ emotional and cognitive inclination to adopt and embrace organizational change. Based on these findings, organizations contemplating planned organizational change should concentrate their efforts on strategies that enhance authentic leadership to foster an environment in which employees feel safe taking risks, which is likely to increase employees’ levels of organizational change readiness.
Scalable nonparametric Bayesian learning for dynamic velocity fields

Learning and understanding heterogeneous patterns in complex spatio-temporal data is an important and challenging task across domains in science and engineering. In this work, we develop a model for learning heterogeneous and dynamic patterns of velocity ﬁeld data, motivated by applications in the transportation domain. We draw from basic nonparametric Bayesian modeling elements such as the inﬁnite hidden Markov model and Gaussian process and focus on making the learning of such a stochastic model scalable for voluminous and streaming data. This is achieved by employing sequential MAP estimates from the inﬁnite HMM model, an efﬁcient sequential sparse GP posterior computation, and reﬁnement of the estimates using the Viterbi algorithm, which is shown to work effectively on a careful simulation study. We demonstrate the efﬁcacy of our techniques to the NGSIM dataset of complex multi-vehicle interactions.
Ecological guidelines for waterpoints in extensive protected areas

Augmenting natural water supplies by providing artificial waterpoints is an intervention commonly adopted by managers of national parks and other large protected areas. Contrasting policies are currently being followed in three of the premier national parks in southern Africa. Some empirical guidelines for waterpoint provision are suggested by case histories of these and other wildlife reserves. A geometric model, based on the rotation of water-dependent herbivores between wet season and dry season ranges, is outlined to indicate the appropriate spacing between perennial waterpoints. The aim is to apportion vegetation impacts evenly between these ranges, and allow plants a period of recovery from severe grazing pressure. The model suggests that a much wider spacing between perennial water sources is advisable than is currently operative in most conservation areas. Seasonal waterpoints reduce the period of concentration near perennial water, but prolong use of vegetation in the wet season range. Excessive waterpoints (1) favour water-dependent ungulates and elephants at the expense of rarer ungulates, (2) increase predator impacts on prey populations, (3) widen vegetation degradation, (4) worsen animal mortality during droughts, (5) decrease ecosystem stability, and (6) lead to a loss of biodiversity.
Sudden cardiac death in athletes: the Lausanne Recommendations

Objectives This study reports on sudden cardiac death (SCD) in sport in the literature and aims at achieving a generally acceptable preparticipation screening protocol (PPSP) endorsed by the consensus meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Background The sudden death of athletes under 35 years engaged in competitive sports is a well-known occurrence; the incidence is higher in athletes (∼ 2/100 000 per year) than in non-athletes (2.5:1), and the cause is cardiovascular in over 90%. Methods A systematic review of the literature identified causes of SCD, sex, age, underlying cardiac disease and the type of sport and PPSP in use. Methods necessary to detect pre-existing cardiac abnormalities are discussed to formulate a PPSP for the Medical Commission of the IOC. Results SCD occurred in 1101 (1966–2004) reported cases in athletes under 35 years, 50% had congenital anatomical heart disease and cardiomyopathies and 10% had early-onset atherosclerotic heart disease. Forty percent occurred in athletes under 18 years, 33% under 16 years; the female/male ratio was 1/9. SCD was reported in almost all sports; most frequently involved were soccer (30%), basketball (25%) and running (15%). The PPSP were of varying quality and content. The IOC consensus meeting accepted the proposed Lausanne Recommendations based on this research and expert opinions (http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_886.pdf). Conclusion SCD occurs more frequently in young athletes, even those under the age of 18 years, than expected and is predominantly caused by pre-existing congenital cardiac abnormalities. Premature atherosclerotic disease forms another important cause in these young adults. A generally acceptable PPSP has been achieved by the IOC's acceptance of the Lausanne Recommendations.
A Real-Time MODIS Vegetation Composite for Land Surface Models and Short-Term Forecasting

The NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center is producing real-time, 1- km resolution Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) gridded composites over a Continental U.S. domain. These composites are updated daily based on swath data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor aboard the polar orbiting NASA Aqua and Terra satellites, with a product time lag of about one day. A simple time-weighting algorithm is applied to the NDVI swath data that queries the previous 20 days of data to ensure a continuous grid of data populated at all pixels. The daily composites exhibited good continuity both spatially and temporally during June and July 2010. The composites also nicely depicted high greenness anomalies that resulted from significant rainfall over southwestern Texas, Mexico, and New Mexico during July due to early-season tropical cyclone activity. The SPoRT Center is in the process of computing greenness vegetation fraction (GVF) composites from the MODIS NDVI data at the same spatial and temporal resolution for use in the NASA Land Information System (LIS). The new daily GVF dataset would replace the monthly climatological GVF database (based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer [AVHRR] observations from 1992-93) currently available to the Noah land surface model (LSM) in both LIS and the public version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The much higher spatial resolution (1 km versus 0.15 degree) and daily updates based on real-time satellite observations have the capability to greatly improve the simulation of the surface energy budget in the Noah LSM within LIS and WRF. Once code is developed in LIS to incorporate the daily updated GVFs, the SPoRT Center will conduct simulation sensitivity experiments to quantify the impacts and improvements realized by the MODIS real-time GVF data. This presentation will describe the methodology used to develop the 1-km MODIS NDVI composites and show sample output from summer 2010, compare the MODIS GVF data to the AVHRR monthly climatology, and illustrate the sensitivity of the Noah LSM within LIS and/or the coupled LIS/WRF system to the new MODIS GVF dataset.
Effects of chemical cues and prior experience on predator avoidance in crayfish

Abstract Multisensory stimuli provide organisms with information to assess the threat present in the surroundings. Olfactory cues show dominance over other sensory modalities in the aquatic environment. The impact of chemical predator cues combined with experiences gained (learning) in species without previous contact is not fully understood. We investigated the foraging and shelter‐seeking behaviour of naïve and experienced marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis juveniles in response to the chemical signals of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus alone and in combination with alarm chemicals produced by preyed‐upon conspecifics. Naïve and experienced (previously exposed to pumpkinseed predation) juveniles were stocked in an arena with shelter and feed and exposed (1) to water from a tank containing a predator actively feeding on conspecifics, (2) water from a tank with predator only and (3) water only as control. Crayfish exposed to the combined stimuli avoided the inlet zone and gravitated to shelter zone of the arena to a greater extent than did those exposed to predator‐only cues and the control. Regardless of the treatment, experienced crayfish showed significantly reduced interest in feeding. Our findings imply that crayfish response to threat‐associated odours with the greatest potency when visual or tactile cues are present, while previous encounters with predators may make them more cautious.
Multiple Imputation of Missing Complex Survey Data using SAS®: A Brief Overview and An Example Based on the Research and Development Survey (RANDS)

Multiple imputation (MI) is a widely used analytic approach to address missing data problems. SAS® (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, N.C.) has established MI procedures including PROC MI and PROC MIANALYZE. We illustrate the use of these procedures for conducting MI analysis of complex survey data by an example from RANDS. Section 1 contains the introduction. Section 2 includes some necessary methodological background. Section 3 shows a MI example with an arbitrary missing data pattern. Section 4 concludes the paper with a discussion.
Molecular docking of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase in Rhizopus oryzae

Recent expansion of immunocompromised population has led to significant rise in zygomycosis caused by filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae. Due to emergence of fungal resistance and side-effects of antifungal drugs, there is increased demand for novel drug targets. The current study elucidates molecular interactions of peptide drugs with G-6-P synthase (catalyzing the rate-limiting step of fungal cell wall biosynthetic pathway) of R.oryzae by molecular docking studies. The PDB structures of enzyme in R.oryzae are not known which were predicted using I-TASSER server and validated with PROCHECK. Peptide inhibitors, FMDP and ADGP previously used against enzyme of E.coli (PDBid: 1XFF), were used for docking studies of enzyme in R.oryzae by SchrödingerMaestro v9.1. To investigate binding between enzyme and inhibitors, Glide and Induced Fit docking were performed. IFD results of 1XFF with FMDP yielded C1, R73, W74, T76, G99 and D123 as the binding sites. C379 and Q427 appear to be vital for binding of R.oryzae enzymes to inhibitors. The comparison results of IFD scores of enzyme in R.oryzae and E.coli (PDBid: 2BPL) yield appreciable score, hinting at the probable effectiveness of inhibitors FMDP and ADGP against R.oryzae, with ADGP showing an improved enzyme affinity. Moreover, the two copies of gene G-6-P synthase due to extensive fungal gene duplication, in R. oryzae eliminating the problem of drug ineffectiveness could act as a potential antifungal drug target in R. oryzae with the application of peptide ligands.