Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Centrally administered cholecystokinin suppresses feeding through a peripheral-type receptor mechanism.

Agonists and antagonists selective for the brain-type [cholecystokinin (CCK)-B] and the peripheral-type (CCK-A) CCK receptor were used to localize the site(s) of action at which CCK inhibits food consumption. BC 264, a highly selective CCK-B receptor agonist, did not decrease consumption of a palatable meal when administered either i.p. or into the lateral ventricles of the brain, whereas CCK decreased feeding when administered i.p. at the same doses. CCK decreased feeding when administered i.v. t. at a high dose, 5 micrograms. L-364,718, an antagonist selective for the CCK-A receptor, blocked completely the action of centrally administered CCK, whereas L-365,260, a selective CCK-B receptor antagonist, had no effect on the ability of centrally administered CCK to inhibit feeding. To estimate the quantity of i.v. t. administered CCK which reached the periphery, a tracer of radiolabeled [3H]p-CCK8 ([3H]CCK octapeptide sulfate), combined with unlabeled pCCK8 (5 micrograms) was administered i.c. t. Thirty minutes after administration, intact radiolabeled pCCK8 was extracted from the plasma and measured in the blood in nanomolar concentrations, exceeding the amounts of CCK octapeptide sulfate reported previously to be present in the plasma after a meal. Intraventricularly administered CCK thus appears to reduce feeding in the rat through a mechanism involving a CCK-A receptor subtype in the periphery.
Botulinum Toxin: Dosing and Dilution

Francisco GE: Botulinum toxin: Dosing and dilution. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83(suppl):S30–S37. In the United States, the popularity of botulinum toxins as agents to treat muscle hypertonia has grown significantly over the last decade, despite lack of approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the indication of spasticity. Botox (botulinum toxin type A) and Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) are Food and Drug Administration–approved for other indications, such as cervical dystonia. Another commercial preparation of type A, Dysport, has yet to reach the United States market as of this writing. Although botulinum toxin’s efficacy in influencing spastic hypertonia is well accepted, the impact of certain clinical issues, such as dosing and dilution, on treatment outcome is not well established by published studies. This article will review important articles and selected abstracts on the use of botulinum toxin, specifically for spastic hypertonia in adults, with emphasis on current clinical practices as they relate to dosing and dilution.
Using story topics for language model adaptation

The subject matter of any conversation or document can typically be described as some combination of elemental topics. We have developed a language model adaptation scheme that takes a piece of text, chooses the most similar topic clusters from a set of over 5000 elemental topics, and uses topic specific language models built from the topic clusters to rescore N-best lists. We are able to achieve a 15% reduction in perplexity and a small improvement in WER by using this adaptation. We also investigate the use of a topic tree, where the amount of training data for a specific topic can be judiciously increased in cases where the elemental topic cluster has too few word tokens to build a reliably smoothed and representative language model. Our system is able to fine-tune topic adaptation by interpolating models chosen from thousands of topics, allowing for adaptation to unique, previously unseen combinations of subjects.
“Having the Right Chemistry”: A Qualitative Study of Mentoring in Academic Medicine

Purpose To develop a deeper understanding of mentoring by exploring lived experiences of academic medicine faculty members. Mentoring relationships are key to developing productive careers in academic medicine, but such alliances hold a certain “mystery. ” Method Using qualitative techniques, between November 1999 and March 2000, the authors conducted individual telephone interviews of 16 faculty members about their experiences with mentoring. Interviews were taped and transcribed and authors identified major themes through multiple readings. A consensus taxonomy for classifying content evolved from comparisons of coding by four reviewers. Themes expressed by participants were studied for patterns of connection and grouped into broader categories. Results Almost 98% of participants identified lack of mentoring as the first (42%) or second (56%) most important factor hindering career progress in academic medicine. Finding a suitable mentor requires effort and persistence. Effective mentoring necessitates a certain chemistry for an appropriate interpersonal match. Prized mentors have “clout,” knowledge, and interest in the mentees, and provide both professional and personal support. In cross-gender mentoring, maintaining clear boundaries is essential for an effective relationship. Same-gender or same-race matches between mentor and mentee were not felt to be essential. Conclusions Having a mentor is critical to having a successful career in academic medicine. Mentees need to be diligent in seeking out these relationships and institutions need to encourage and value the work of mentors. Participants without formalized mentoring relationships should look to peers and colleagues for assistance in navigating the academic system.
Ty1 Proteolytic Cleavage Sites Are Required for Transposition: All Sites Are Not Created Equal

ABSTRACT The retroviral protease is a key enzyme in a viral multienzyme complex that initiates an ordered sequence of events leading to virus assembly and propagation. Viral peptides are initially synthesized as polyprotein precursors; these precursors undergo a number of proteolytic cleavages executed by the protease in a specific and presumably ordered manner. To determine the role of individual protease cleavage sites in Ty1, a retrotransposon from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cleavage sites were systematically mutagenized. Altering the cleavage sites of the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon produces mutants with distinct retrotransposition phenotypes. Blocking the Gag/PR site also blocks cleavage at the other two cleavage sites, PR/IN and IN/RT. In contrast, mutational block of the PR/IN or IN/RT sites does not prevent cleavage at the other two sites. Retrotransposons with mutations in each of these sites have transposition defects. Mutations in the PR/IN and IN/RT sites, but not in the Gag/PR site, can be complemented in trans by endogenous Ty1 copies. Hence, the digestion of the Gag/PR site and release of the protease N terminus is a prerequisite for processing at the remaining sites; cleavage of PR/IN is not required for the cleavage of IN/RT, and vice versa. Of the three cleavage sites in the Gag-Pol precursor, the Gag/PR site is processed first. Thus, Ty1 Gag-Pol processing proceeds by an ordered pathway.
Leadership and Organizations

To understand leadership, it is necessary to understand the purpose of an organization. Organizations are hierarchies with leaders at the top. Why do we have leaders instead of an algorithm making decisions? The theory of the firm recognizes benefits to centralizing authority but these organizational benefits from hierarchy have not been clearly separated from the specific contributions of leaders. Leadership is the ability to successfully manage transaction costs of an organization. Prominent amongst organizational transaction costs are agency and coordination costs. The balance between these two types of costs depends on the purpose of the organization. We hypothesize that changing leaders is likely to have a larger effect within organizations with relatively lower scope or scale of purpose because of the way in which decision rights tend to be relatively concentrated in such organizations. We test our hypotheses with data on NFL coaches, and deans of business and law schools. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber. org.
Distractor-Free Recognition Tests of Memory

An historical perspective is developed for the common laboratory procedure of testing recognition memory by including distractors on the recognition test. It is emphasized that this practice has been based primarily on methodological considerations rather than conceptual ones. The major concern has been with the validity of the recognition responses. Distractors play an important methodological role in recognition testing because they provide a check on the responses subjects make. It is argued in the present article that alternative procedures for evaluating the validity of recognition responses are available. Two published experiments evaluating distractor-free recognition test procedures are summarized, and two previously unpublished experiments are reported. The distractor-free method is an adequate procedure for testing recognition. The experiments revealed that selected variables (word frequency, list structure, perceptual isolation) that have affected recall and distractor recognition differently have very similar effects in distractor recognition and distractor-free recognition.
Local-Habitat, Watershed, and Biotic Features Associated with Bull Trout Occurrence in Montana Streams

Abstract We evaluated the association of local-habitat features, large-scale watershed factors, the presence of nonnative brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and connectivity to neighboring populations with patterns of occurrence of threatened bull trout S. confluentus in 112 first-order to fourth-order streams in the Bitterroot River drainage in western Montana. Species presence or absence was estimated via single-pass electrofishing, local-habitat features were measured in 500-m sampling reaches, watershed variables were obtained from topographic maps, and potential demographic support from nearby bull trout populations occupying larger main-stem streams was estimated from electrofishing data records. We defined a set of nine candidate models that represented various combinations of these four main factors and used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the relative plausibility of competing models. Models combining local habitat (width, gradient, and woody debris) with brook trout presence and th.
Atom Tunneling in the Water Formation Reaction H2 + OH → H2O + H on an Ice Surface

OH radicals play a key role as an intermediate in the water formation chemistry of the interstellar medium. For example, the reaction of OH radicals with H2 molecules is among the final steps in the astrochemical reaction network starting from O, O2, and O3. Experimentally, it was shown that, even at 10 K, this reaction occurs on ice surfaces. Because the reaction has a high activation energy, only atom tunneling can explain such experimental findings. In this study, we calculated reaction rate constants for the title reaction on a water-ice Ih surface. To our knowledge, low-temperature rate constants on a surface are not available in the literature. All surface calculations were performed using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics framework (BHLYP/TIP3P) after a thorough benchmark of different density functionals and basis sets to highly accurate correlation methods. Reaction rate constants are obtained using the instanton theory, which takes atom tunneling into account inherently, with reaction rate .
Algorithms for exact polynomial root calculation

This thesis discusses two sets of fully specified algorithms which, given a univariate polynomial with integer coefficients (with possible multiple roots) and a positive rational error bound, uses infinite-precision arithmetic and Sturm's Theorem to compute intervals containing the real roots of the polynomial and whose lengths are less than the given error bound, The algorithms also provide a simple means of determining the number of real roots in any interval.The first set of algorithms uses infinite-precision integer arithmetic to compute the sequence of polynomials required by Sturm's Theorem and also to do all the required polynomial evaluations. The second set uses congruence arithmetic to compute the images of the sequence of polynomials over the finite fields GF(pi) for several primes pi and then uses the natural homomorphisms from the integers onto the finite fields GF(pi) and the Chinese Remainder Theorem to do the evaluations. The primary advantage of the use of congruence arithmetic in the second set of algorithms is that the computing time to multiply any two elements of GF(pi) is a constant whereas the time to multiply any two integers is proportional to the square of their lengths.The computing times of both sets of algorithms are analyzed in detail using the techniques of computing time analysis developed in the past few years by G. E. Collins and D. Knuth. It is shown that if P is a primitive, positive, univariate polynomial over the integers of positive degree, m, whose coefficients are bounded in magnitude by d, and which has L real roots, and ε is some positive rational number, 0 < ε ≤ 1, then the computing time to approximate the roots of P to within is:[EQUATION]using either set of algorithms.The empirical results of applying the two sets of algorithms to random polynomials and the first ten Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials are reported. Neither set of algorithms proved to be faster for all the polynomials tested.
Stereopsis and Color Vision Impairment in Patients with Right Extrastriate Cerebral Lesions

Background and Aim: The extrastriate cortex is a visual processing structure beyond the striate cortex. This region contains cells that differ in selectivity for different features of stimuli such as color, motion and stereopsis. We studied stereopsis and color vision in patients with right extrastriate cerebral lesions. Methods: Patients with right extrastriate cerebral lesions determined by MRI were recruited among consecutive inpatients. Patients with cognitive impairment (Mini Mental Status Examination score <24) were excluded. An ophthalmologist performed cortical visual testing: visual acuity, stereopsis, color vision and strabismus within 1 week after the insult. Results: Cortical visual testing was performed in 12 patients. Among the patients studied, 11 demonstrated abnormalities: reduced stereoacuity (8/12), color vision abnormalities (7/12). Seven patients showed complex cortical visual abnormalities. However, only 2 patients complained of subjective clinical symptoms. The MRI lesions in patients with disturbance of stereopsis were located in the dorsal occipitoparietal area and the ventral occipitotemporal area. Color vision abnormalities corresponded to lesions in the ventral occipitotemporal area. Conclusions: Patients with lesions in the right extrastriate cortex tend to have disturbance of stereopsis and color vision abnormalities, even in the absence of visual complaints.
Social psychological implications of voice frequency correlations: analyzing conversation partner adaptation by computer

Several earlier papers have discussed the results of a technique for analyzing paralinguistic adaptation of partners in conversation. The previous research showed that in a group of eleven tape-recorded dyadic conversations, where the actual conversation partners have been separated and then scrambled together, a set of computer routines is capable of rematching a digitized version of the actual conversation partners through an analysis of voice frequency levels. In another paper based upon the same data set and making use of the same techniques of analysis, it was found that the adaptation phenomenon is also capable of quantitatively and objectively selecting out from a scrambled sample of group and nongroup members, specific conversations associated with persons who share membership in a consolidated group. Members of a consolidated group in comparison with desparate individuals engage in a kind of paralinguistic crypto-communication constituting a code signifying their membership. These sociolinguistic techniques present innovative new ways of researching a multitude of general social psychological areas such as conversational affectivity, conflict and effectiveness, which obviously specifically influence social interaction between patient and therapist, non-native speakers and native speakers, salespeople and customers, professional interviewers and subjects, as well as a multitude of other diverse applications. Though ideas dealt with here are not difficult to understand, some of the techniques used are less accessible. This paper explicitly sets forth methods used in this type of research in a less technical manner, in an effort to make techniques more accessible to the social psychological researcher.
A strategic approach to adaptation in Europe

Adaptation to climate change will be a permanent fe a ure of decision making from now on. As such it is important to go about it in a strategic, rational w y. This paper explores the key elements of a strat egic approach to adaptation and applies them to Europe. A strategic approach to adaptation involves setting priorities, both spatially ( where to adapt) and inter-temporally ( when to adapt). The paper reviews the available evidence to indicate geographic adaptatio n priorities. In terms of inter-temporal priorities , it recommends fast-tracking two types of action: Win-w measures that yield an immediate return, such as water efficiency, and strategic decisions on infras tructure and planning that have long-term consequen ces for Europe’s vulnerability profile. A strategic approach to adaptation involves careful project design to ensure adaptation measures are c osteffective (how to adapt). An important complication in this respe ct is the deep level of uncertainty that still exists about future climate change at the local lev el. This puts a premium on flexible designs that ca n be adjusted when new information becomes available. Th final element of a strategic approach to adaptati on is division of labour between the state on the one hand, and private actors (households and firms) on the other (who should adapt). The paper argues that the tradition al fu ctions of the state – the provision of public goods, creation of an enabling environment a nd protection of the vulnerable – also apply to adaptation.
Advances in the understanding and classification of pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension has a complex pathobiology and the term pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) includes a variety of pulmonary hypertensive diseases that have different aetiologies, but which may have a similar clinical presentation and, in some cases, the same response to medical treatment. More recent classifications have been based on aetiology, functional data and clinical presentation, but morphometric studies have shown differences in the distribution and prevalence of vascular changes amongst cases of PAH of different aetiologies. Recent advances in the understanding of some aspects of the genetic and molecular mechanisms, together with detailed descriptions of the histopathological findings in PAH cases of different aetiologies, should contribute to a better understanding of the relationships of the various subsets of the disease, the prognostic implications and possible treatment options.
Segmentation of Touching Characters in Mathematical Expressions Using Contour Feature Technique

Touching symbols cannot be segmented accurately which is one of the main reasons for false recognition of typeset mathematical expressions. To solve this problem, a technique which is based on contour feature is presented for the segmentation of touching symbols in mathematical expressions. Partitioning paths can be constructed ground on contour feature and the ratio of the width and the height, and then touching symbols are segmented. Experimental results show the effectiveness on the accuracy improvement of mathematical expression recognition.
The modifier effect: Default inheritance in complex noun phrases

The modifier effect is the reduction in judged likelihood of a generic statement (Apples are sweet) when the subject is modified (Chinese apples are sweet). Connolly, Fodor, Gleitman and Gleitman, (2007) argued that this effect undermines the principle of default property inheritance in conceptual combination. In a series of studies, we replicated the effect and its interaction with modifier typicality. We elicited justifications for the judgments, and found three common accounts were given – pragmatics, knowledge-based reasoning, and uncertainty about attribute inheritance. We also showed that the mutability of a property for the subject concept affected its judged likelihood when the concept was modified, and that likelihood judgments were correlated between modified and unmodified versions of sentences. It is argued that contrary to the claims of Connolly et al., the modifier effect provides clear evidence for the default inheritance of prototypical properties in modified concepts.
What Are You Cookin' on a Hot?: Movement Constraints in the Speech of A Three-Year-Old Blind Child

We consider an anomalous but internally consistent set of wH-questions produced by a 3k-year-old child. They are of theoretical interest because they appear to violate constraints against the movement of constituents out of noun phrases, thus raising questions about the conditions of applicability of such constraints. After giving an account of the probable sources of these questions in several kinds of verbal interactions between the child and his father, we propose that discourse patterns may affect the acquisition of sentence grammar in unexpected ways, and may even allow the language learner to temporarily modify the domain of applicability of universal constraints. *
Is There an Ebay for Ideas? Insights from Online Knowledge Marketplaces

The market for knowledge has grown dramatically over the past decades. Extant work underscores the factors shaping market efficacy: (a) the cost of searching for innovative knowledge; (b) asymmetric-information between inventors and investors; and (c) the inherent difficulty in maintaining ownership over knowledge. Recently, market transactions have been taking place online, matching disperse owners (entrepreneurs or inventors), and seekers (investors or licensees), of knowledge. This phenomenon constitutes a sharp departure from past practices where transactions tend to materialize around one's social circle (e.g., venture capitalists' social ties). We investigate the drivers of market efficacy in a setting where social ties are not available ex-ante, and identify alternative market mechanisms that emerge in such settings. Using novel hand-collected data for 30 online knowledge marketplaces, we find overwhelming evidence of adverse-selection-mitigating mechanisms (e.g., screening through upfront fees and disclosure requirements). We discuss theoretical explanations that are consistent with the observed mechanisms.
Couple childbearing desires, intentions, and births

Using new panel data from the National Surveys of Families and Households, I investigate the effects of wives’ and husbands’ childbearing desires on their spouses’ intentions, and the effects of spouses’ desires and intentions on subsequent births. The results show clearly that husbands’ desires and intentions influence couples’ births, with approximately equal force to that of wives’ desires and intentions. When couples disagreed about wanting a child, each partners’ intentions were shifted toward not having a child; and disagreement in desires or intentions were reflected in birth rates that were lower than average. These patterns were generally not different for couples with more or less traditional gender roles or attitudes.