Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploration of gaps in Bitly's spam detection and relevant counter measures

Existence of spam URLs over emails and Online Social Media (OSM) has become a growing phenomenon. To counter the dissemination issues associated with long complex URLs in emails and character limit imposed on various OSM (like Twitter), the concept of URL shortening gained a lot of traction. URL shorteners take as input a long URL and give a short URL with the same landing page in return. With its immense popularity over time, it has become a prime target for the attackers giving them an advantage to conceal malicious content. Bitly, a leading service in this domain is being exploited heavily to carry out phishing attacks, work from home scams, pornographic content propagation, etc. This imposes additional performance pressure on Bitly and other URL shorteners to be able to detect and take a timely action against the illegitimate content. In this study, we analyzed a dataset marked as suspicious by Bitly in the month of October 2013 to highlight some ground issues in their spam detection mechanism. In addition, we identified some short URL based features and coupled them with two domain specific features to classify a Bitly URL as malicious / benign and achieved a maximum accuracy of 86.41%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large scale study to highlight the issues with Bitly's spam detection policies and proposing a suitable countermeasure.
UDesignIt: Towards social media for community-driven design

Online social networks are now common place in day-to-day lives. They are also increasingly used to drive social action initiatives, either led by government or communities themselves (e.g., SeeClickFix, LoveLewisham.org, mumsnet). However, such initiatives are mainly used for crowd sourcing community views or coordinating activities. With the changing global economic and political landscape, there is an ever pressing need to engage citizens on a large-scale, not only in consultations about systems that affect them, but also involve them directly in the design of these very systems. In this paper we present the UDesignIt platform that combines social media technologies with software engineering concepts to empower communities to discuss and extract high-level design features. It combines natural language processing, feature modelling and visual overlays in the form of “image clouds” to enable communities and software engineers alike to unlock the knowledge contained in the unstructured and unfiltered content of social media where people discuss social problems and their solutions. By automatically extracting key themes and presenting them in a structured and organised manner in near real-time, the approach drives a shift towards large-scale engagement of community stakeholders for system design.
Where do people from different socio–economic groups receive diagnosis and treatment for presumptive malaria, in south–eastern Nigeria?

Abstract The relationship between the socio–economic status (SES) of a household and its sources of malaria diagnosis and treatment was explored in south–eastern Nigeria. One aim was to see if, as seems likely, the poorest people generally seek care from 'low-level' providers, such as traditional healers and community-based healthworkers, because of their severe budget constraints. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect information from 1197 randomly selected respondents from four villages where malaria is holo-endemic. An index was used to categorize the study households into SES quartiles. The self-diagnosis of presumptive malaria and the use of patent-medicine dealers for treatment were very common among all the SES groupings. Compared with the other interviewees, however, the least-poor were significantly more likely to rely on laboratory tests for diagnosis and to visit hospitals when seeking treatment for presumptive malaria. The most-poor, in contrast, were significantly more likely to seek treatment from traditional healers or community-based healthworkers. Thus, even though the use of low-level providers was so common, there was still evidence of wealth-related inequity — in terms of the probabilities of the good diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Improvements in the quality of malaria diagnosis and treatment by the providers patronised by the most-poor villagers would help to redress this inequity, at least in the short- to medium-term.
Screening for risk of rehospitalization from home care: use of the outcomes assessment information set and the probability of readmission instrument.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Outcomes Assessment Information Set (OASIS) compared with the Probability of Readmission (P(ra)) instrument for use in predicting rehospitalization during home care. Using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the P(ra) instrument was found to be significantly better at predicting rehospitalization than the OASIS case mix weight, clinical, or service scores. The area under the curve (AUC) for the P(ra) was . 686 compared with . 549 for the OASIS case mix weight (p =.010). Similar results were found for the OASIS clinical and service scores. The AUC for the function score of >/=2 (.599) provided the closest approximation to the P(ra) (.686), and the difference between the two was not statistically significant (p =.120). The OASIS function score could be used to identify at-risk home care patients without having to also use the P(ra) instrument.
Detection of human papillomavirus in dental biofilm and the uterine cervix of a pregnant adolescent

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Adolescence and pregnancy are considered to be risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The relationship between this infection in the uterine cervix and oral HPV infection is controversial. CASE REPORT: This report describes a case of a pregnant 16-year-old adolescent who presented HPV infection in the uterine cervix and the mouth. Smears were collected from the cervix and the tongue/palate. Dental biofilm samples were also collected. The microarray technique was used to detect HPV. The HPV 56 subtype was observed in the cervical smear and HPV 6 in dental biofilm. CONCLUSION: In this pregnant adolescent, HPV infection was present in both the cervix and the mouth, but the HPV subtypes infecting these two areas were different.
Identification of influential instances in temporal networks

Temporal social network exhibits evolution of a network with different scales of dynamics over a period of time. Detection of community along with its strength is a challenging task in these time varying networks. The impact of the incremental changes in the network over time on community strength must be analyzed to capture its behavior. In this paper, we extended the notion of community detection and its strength of the static network to the temporal social network. A methodology is proposed to study the affect of the incremental links on strength of the detected communities within the network. It also includes a method to identify a set of instances during which information flow is effective by observing the strength pattern of the detected communities. It also demonstrates the utilization of the precise temporal information associated with each interaction. Proposed approach is applied on an email network and identified the instances over which the impact of the incremental links is observed.
Appendix A . Background Information for Uranium

Studies conducted in human adults indicate that gastrointestinal absorption of ingested soluble uranium salts is <5%. On the basis of studies in animals, absorption of more water soluble uranyl compounds is greater than less soluble oxides and tetrahalide compounds. Studies in animals also provide evidence that gastrointestinal absorption of uranium may be increased by fasting and diets deficient in iron, and is higher in neonates than in adults. The rate of absorption of uranium compounds deposited in the respiratory tract varies with solubility of the uranium compound; more water soluble uranyl compounds are absorbed more readily than less soluble oxides and tetrahalide. Absorbed uranium appears to distribute initially to kidney, liver, and other soft tissues; however, under steady state conditions, the kidneys and skeleton contain most of the uranium in the body. Most of the uranium entering the kidney and soft tissue is lost over a period of days, but a small amount is retained for years. Uranium is lost from bone in multiple phases having half-lives of days, months, and years. As a result, the major depot for uranium is the bone within months or years after exposure ceases. Uranium is not known to be metabolized. The uranyl ion forms complexes with bicarbonate, citrate, and other soluble anionic species, and binds to proteins in tissue and plasma. Absorbed uranium is excreted primarily in urine (ATSDR 1999b). Uranium radioisotopes, although they emit alpha radiation, behave in a chemically identical manner relative to stable uranium isotopes. As such, no differences in the kinetics of stable and radioactive uranium isotopes are expected, and the kinetics of distribution of the emitted radiation, which has a very short path length, can be predicted based on the pharmacokinetic parameters of stable uranium. Absorbed uranium is nephrotoxic. Clinical case studies indicate that uranium can produce nephrotoxic effects in humans (ATSDR 1999b; Lussenhop et al. 1958). Epidemiological studies have found indications of possible nephrotoxicity (e.g., tubular proteinuria, aminoaciduria, glucosuria, and enzymuria) in uranium mill workers and in populations exposed to uranium in well water (ATSDR 1999b). Nephrotoxicity has been observed in a variety of animal species including dogs, rabbits, and rats exposed to uranyl salts (e.g., uranyl acetate, fluoride or nitrate) by the oral route, in rats exposed by the 34 inhalation route, in dogs, rabbits, and rats subjected to whole-body exposures to airborne uranium, or after parenteral dosing (reviewed in ATSDR 1999b and Diamond 1989). The …
An Evaluation of a Primary Prevention Programme for Schools

A drug education programme, developed in the USA, for primary aged children was evaluated. Pupils attending an inner-London junior school were randomly assigned to receive Project Charlie (n = 65) or to the control group (n = 55). After one year of weekly 30 minute lessons, the children who had received Project Charlie had a greater knowledge of the effects of medicinal, social and illicit drugs. They could generate both more and higher quality solutions to hypothetical social dilemmas and were more secure in their ability to resist peer pressure to commit anti-social acts. However, Project Charlie children did not have significantly higher self-esteem than the control children, nor did the two groups differ in their intentions to use drugs, or their reported current use.
Using text and acoustic features to diagnose progressive aphasia and its subtypes

This paper presents experiments in automatically diagnosing primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and two of its subtypes, semantic dementia (SD) and progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), from the acoustics of recorded narratives and textual analysis of the resultant transcripts. In order to train each of three types of classifier (naive Bayes, support vector machine, random forest), a large set of 81 available features must be reduced in size. Two methods of feature selection are therefore compared – one based on statistical significance and the other based on minimum-redundancy-maximum-relevance. After classifier optimization, PPA (or absence thereof) is correctly diagnosed across 87.4% of conditions, and the two subtypes of PPA are correctly classified 75.6% of the time.
What constrains grammatical gender effects on semantic judgements? Evidence from Portuguese

Four studies investigated whether grammatical gender biases the semantic judgements of Portuguese speakers, relative to speakers of English. Some research reports that grammatical gender has a pervasive influence on speakers' cognitive representations (e.g., Boroditsky, Schmidt, & Philips, 2003; Sera, Elieff, Forbes, Burch, & Rodriguez, 2002). Others argue that effects of grammar arise through linguistic processing (e.g., Vigliocco, Vinson, Paganelli, & Dworzynski, 2005) and are restricted to animate categories for which gender is a pertinent feature. The present results found effects of gender in Portuguese speakers' judgements of inanimate objects, but only when gender was task relevant and/or when the stimuli were words, rather than pictures. These findings support the view that gender effects on cognitive judgements arise as a function of linguistic processing and/or task demands, rather than directly influencing conceptual or semantic representations.
Cellular stress induces Bax-regulated nuclear bubble budding and rupture followed by nuclear protein release

Cellular stress triggers many pathways including nuclear protein redistribution. We previously discovered that this process is regulated by Bax but the underlying mechanism has not yet been studied. Here we define this mechanism by showing that apoptotic stimuli cause Bax-regulated disturbances in lamin A/C and nuclear envelope (NE)-associated proteins which results in the generation and subsequent rupture of nuclear protein-containing bubbles. The bubbles do not contain DNA and are encapsulated by impaired nuclear pore-depleted NE. Stress-induced generation and rupture of nuclear bubbles ultimately leads to the discharge of nuclear proteins into the cytoplasm. This process precedes morphological changes of apoptosis and occurs independently of caspases. Rescue experiments revealed that this Bax effect is non-canonical, i.e. it requires the BH3 domain and α-helices 5 and 6 but it is not inhibited by Bcl-xL. Targeting Bax to the NE by the Klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne-1 homology (KASH) domain effectively triggers the generation and rupture of nuclear bubbles. Overall, our findings provide evidence for a novel stress-response, which is regulated by a non-canonical action of Bax on the NE.
Theorizing African American Women's Leadership Experiences: Socio-Cultural Theoretical Alternatives

Leadership is generally associated with an individual being in a position of authority, and holding a certain measure of power and influence within an organization. However, for African American women (AAW) in predominantly white organizations, race, gender, and social class may restrict the process of leadership. Rather than being mechanisms of leadership, power and influence may be means of restricting AAW's leadership authority over others.Whites often use their privilege to circumvent, diminish, overrule, and control the actions of blacks in the workplace (Deitch et al., 2003). Even blacks in positions of leadership are subject to having their authority undermined. King and Ferguson (1996) suggest the presence of AAW as leaders in predominantly white organizations is in itself ambiguous in that these roles are beyond the customary expectations for black women. Although the number of AAW leaders in predominantly white organizations is increasing (Catalyst, 2004), the dilemma remains that socially constructed hierarchies of race, gender, and social class together may serve to disempower the process of leadership (Collins, 1999). Furthermore, AAW's marginalized status may limit access to social connections in predominantly white organizations. Access to power as well as the freedom to exercise one's own power and authority often lies in informal social networking systems (Gostnell, 1996). Lack of access to these systems may disadvantage the AAW leader's ability to influence organizational processes and actions.
Neurologic complications of liver transplantation in adults

Objective: To describe the incidence and nature of neurologic complications following liver transplantation. Methods: Adult patients who received liver transplants at St. James’s University Hospital between September 1, 1990, and August 31, 2000, were identified. Case notes were reviewed and demographic data, details of the liver disease, neurologic complications, and discharge information were recorded. Results: The authors identified 657 patients and traced the case notes of 627 (95.4%). These patients had a total of 711 transplants. Neurologic complications occurred following 185 transplants (26%) affecting 170 patients (27%). The most common complications were diffuse encephalopathies, which affected 66 patients (11%), and seizures, which affected 37 patients (6%). Forty-three percent of patients with alcoholic liver disease and 41% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis experienced a neurologic complication. These proportions were higher than for other transplant indications (p < 0.001). Patients who experienced a neurologic problem spent longer in hospital (p < 0.01) and had a poorer outcome (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Neurologic complications occur following 26% of liver transplants. A higher proportion of patients who received transplants for alcoholic liver disease and primary biliary cirrhosis experienced neurologic complications than those receiving transplants for other reasons. Patients who experience a neurologic problem spend longer in hospital and have a poorer outcome.
Green DSL: Energy-Efficient DSM

Dynamic spectrum management (DSM) has been recognized as a key technology for tackling multi-user crosstalk interference for DSL broadband access. Up to now, DSM design has mainly been focusing on maximization of data rates. However, recently, reducing the total power has become a main target, as IT power consumption has been identified as a significant contributor to global warming. In this paper we extend traditional DSM design towards a much wider energy-efficient scope and show how to tackle the corresponding optimization problems. The impact of this 'green DSL' approach is evaluated for practice with some surprisingly good numerical results. Furthermore bounds are provided on the trade-off between data rate performance and power saving.
Results from a monocentric phase II trial of erlotinib in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Erlotinib is an orally active small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeted against human epidermal growth factor receptor 1/epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1), known to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a phase II monocentric study of 30 patients with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, 29 had castration-resistant prostate cancer and 23 had received prior chemotherapy. Patients received erlotinib: 150 mg/day, increased to 200 mg at week 4, and continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Efficacy was defined as a decrease or stabilization of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) without clinical progression. Clinical benefit was evaluated by Karnofsky performance status and pain intensity, and response was an improvement in one of these parameters without worsening in the other. RESULTS Median age was 69 years (range 51-77 years), and median PSA 102 ng/ml (range 3-1213 ng/ml). Dose escalation to 200 mg was possible in 16 (55%) patients. Moderate toxicity was observed. No patient had a decrease in PSA, 14% had stabilization, less than the >or=20% expected. PSA-doubling time, evaluated before and after erlotinib, was increased for 10 patients (P = 0.0058). Clinical benefit was achieved in 40% of patients. CONCLUSION Erlotinib demonstrated an improvement in clinical benefit. Future directions should include evaluating its use in less advanced prostate cancer.
Slip Speed Feedback for Grip Force Control

Grasp stability in the human hand has been resolved by means of an intricate network of mechanoreceptors integrating numerous cues about mechanical events, through an ontogenetic grasp practice. An engineered prosthetic interface introduces considerable perturbation risks in grasping, calling for feedback modalities that address the underlying slip phenomenon. In this study, we propose an enhanced slip feedback modality, with potential for myoelectric-based prosthetic applications, that relays information regarding slip events, particularly slip occurrence and slip speed. The proposed feedback modality, implemented using electrotactile stimulation, was evaluated in psychophysical studies of slip control in a simplified setup. The obtained results were compared with vision and a binary slip feedback that transmits on-off information about slip detection. The slip control efficiency of the slip speed display is comparable to that obtained with vision feedback, and it clearly outperforms the efficiency of the on-off slip modality in such tasks. These results suggest that the proposed tactile feedback is a promising sensory method for the restoration of stable grasp in prosthetic applications.
Warmer temperatures attenuate the classic offspring number and reproductive investment trade-off in the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara

Life-history traits involved in trade-offs are known to vary with environmental conditions. Here, we evaluate the response of the trade-off between ‘offspring number’ versus ‘energy invested per offspring’ to ambient temperature in 11 natural populations of the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara. We provide evidence at both the intra- and interpopulation levels that the trade-off is reduced with an increase in air temperature. If this effect enhances current individual fitness, it may lead to an accelerated pace of life in warmer environments and could ultimately increase adult mortality. In the context of global warming, our results advocate the need for more studies in natural populations to explore interactions between life-history traits' trade-offs and environmental conditions.
Prevention and therapy of periodontal diseases and oral malodour

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Global Competition and Corporate Responsibilities of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

In the following I would like to propose and argue for the view that exercising corporate responsibility, the epitome of corporate ethics, is not only possible but also necessary for small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) to become and remain successful in the global economy; furthermore, by doing so, SMEs make significant contributions to improve globalization. In the ongoing fierce debate on globalization this uncommon view seems to be bold but unrealistic. It pleases those who are convinced that ethics are essential for sustainable business, but leaves skeptical those who can see nothing but an unrelenting struggle for survival in the international arena.