Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study and implementation of fluxgate current sensor with wireless connectivity for finger exoskeleton rehabilitation

A fully integrated fluxgate magnetometer has been developed to monitor motor current in a finger exoskeleton device. The use of a fluxgate sensor can provide more accurate and natural movement of the fingers, as well as reducing the weight and complexity of the exoskeleton design. The sensor we developed incorporates several advanced features that provide enhanced sensitivity and accuracy compared to existing state‐of‐the‐art sensors. These features include a fluxgate frontend readout circuit with chopping stabilization technology, which achieves a gain of 14.3 V/T, a low noise density of 4.5 nT/√Hz, and a wide measurement range of ±1.5 mT. The gain variation of the sensor is only 1.5% at an 850 kHz bandwidth, and it has a wide dynamic current range from 0.005 mA to 100 A. The sensor also features an integrated 2.4 GHz wireless circuit for easy data transmission. The use of a fluxgate sensor in monitoring motor torque in the proximal interphalangeal joint can provide more precise and natural finger movement and reduce the weight and complexity of the exoskeleton design.
Compact SCSRR‐based quad‐band antenna for Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN, and fixed‐satellite services

This research describes the detailed analysis and design of the compact complex‐free structural metamaterial quad band radiating element applicable for Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN, and fixed‐satellite service. The radiating element designed is composed of an inner angle‐rotated circular Split Ring Resonator (SRR) placed within the outer square‐shaped SRR interlinked by a strip to design the multiband operational characteristics and is fed by a coplanar waveguide. Suggested radiating element is imprinted over the FR4 substrate material with the electrical dimension of 28 × 31.26 × 0.8 mm3. The initial outer‐closed square ring offers dual‐band operation by resonating at 2.8 and 8.5 GHz frequencies, and the incorporation of a circular SRR offers quad‐band operation. The unique negative permeability feature of the proposed Square and Circular Split Ring Resonator (SCSRR) structure is extracted, and its band characteristics are analyzed. Results obtained from the simulated radiating element are validated with the fabricated antenna. The measured E plane pattern resembles a numeric eight shape, and the H plane pattern is omnidirectional. Suggested SCSRR antenna offers a gain of above 3.2 dBi in all the operating bands.
High-Speed all-GaN Gate Driver with reduced power consumption

This paper presents a gate driver topology designed in a GaN on Si technology to be implemented on the same substrate with a 650-V, $500-\mathrm{m}\Omega$ power GaN switch. The driver consists of three buffer stages, three anti-cross conduction networks, two level shifters, and three bootstrap capacitors. Simulations of the proposed GaN driver are presented and a comparison with the conventional solution, assuming the same static current consumption, is provided. The proposed circuit not only solves cross-conduction problems, which are crucial for the limitation of undue dynamic power consumption, but it is also aimed at limiting static current consumption by using a bootstrap technique. Simulations show that the power GaN transistor driven by a 6-V, 2.5-MHz PWM signal with 50% duty cycle through the proposed driver, reaches a nominal switching speed as high as 50 V/ns at 27 °C, with an average current consumption of about 1 mA, over the entire range of temperature from −40 °C to 150 °C.
ESTIMATING ORIGIN DESTINATION MATRICES FROM OBSERVED FLOWS

The high cost of surveys, combined with the trend in transportation planning towards a shift from long term planning studies to intermediate and short term planning with limited budgets, has led in recent years to the development of low cost techniques for estimating trip matrices from network data. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current models and methods for estimating trip matrices from traffic counts. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD no 283191. (TRRL)
Simulations of the North Tropical Atlantic Mode–ENSO Connection in CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models

The North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) mode is a dominant component of sea surface temperature (SST) variability over the northern tropical Atlantic, which is crucial to the occurrence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study utilizes the historical simulation of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6) to evaluate the simulations of the NTA mode and NTA–ENSO connection. We found that the CMIP5 and CMIP6 could reproduce the spatial pattern of the NTA mode similarly. Most of them could reasonably reproduce the spatial pattern of the NTA mode similar to the observation. Still, there are some differences in the central values and position of the NTA mode. In addition, the analysis further suggests that the CMIP5/CMIP6 models have a large diversity in the NTA–ENSO connection, which may be due to their differences in simulating the spring climatological mean Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) precipitation and spring‐to‐summer NTA SST persistence. Models with stronger spring climatological mean Atlantic ITCZ precipitation in favor of the spring NTA‐related SST anomalies stimulate local precipitation anomalies, resulting in a more powerful atmospheric circulation reaction over the tropical Pacific. Additionally, the stronger spring‐to‐summer NTA SST persistence for sustaining the teleconnection, which constantly transmits impacts from the tropical Atlantic into the tropical Pacific. The CMIP6 models show improvements to the CMIP5 models regarding simulations of the spring climatological mean Atlantic ITCZ precipitation and spring‐to‐summer NTA SST persistence. Therefore, the CMIP6 models simulate the NTA–ENSO connection better than the CMIP5 models.
Period Estimation of Spread Spectrum Codes Based on ResNet

In order to more effectively monitor and interfere with enemy signals, it is particularly important to accurately and efficiently identify the intercepted signals and estimate their parameters in the increasingly complex electromagnetic environment. Therefore, in non-cooperative situations, it is of great practical significance to study how to accurately detect direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals in real time and estimate their parameters. The traditional time-delay correlation algorithm encounters the challenges such as peak energy leakage and false peak interference. As an alternative, this paper introduces a Pseudo-Noise (PN) code period estimation method utilizing a one-dimensional (1D) convolutional neural network based on the residual network (CNN-ResNet). This method transforms the problem of spread spectrum code period estimation into a multi-classification problem of spread spectrum code length estimation. Firstly, the In-phase/Quadrature(I/Q) two-way of the received DSSS signals is directly input into the CNN-ResNet model, which will automatically learn the characteristics of the DSSS signal with different PN code lengths and then estimate the PN code length. Simulation experiments are conducted using a data set with DSSS signals ranging from −20 to 10 dB in terms of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Upon training and verifying the model using BPSK modulation, it is then put to the test with QPSK-modulated signals, and the estimation performance was analyzed through metrics such as loss function, accuracy rate, recall rate, and confusion matrix. The results demonstrate that the 1D CNN-ResNet proposed in this paper is capable of effectively estimating the PN code period of the non-cooperative DSSS signal, exhibiting robust generalization abilities.
Design Model for Empowering Partner Farmers of PT SBI through Design Thinking Approach and Triple Layered BMC

The purpose of this study is to design an empowerment model for shallot farmers who are partners of PT SBI in Brebes Regency to improve their welfare through a mentoring unit as part of PT SBI. The empowerment model was designed using a design thinking approach. First, an Empathy process was conducted through interviews with farmer representatives and a Focus Group Discussion with PT SBI management to map stakeholders and identify the problems. In the Define process, the main problems were concluded: farmer's capital, standardization of shallot production and market development. The idea process was carried out using the Triple-Layered Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) to design a mentoring unit model on the economic, social, and environmental layers. The result of this study is a prototype of the shallot farmer empowerment model through a mentoring unit at PT SBI.
Time-Varying Operating Regions of End-Users and Feeders in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks

Dynamic operating envelopes (DOEs) are promising to cater for the strong uptake of distributed energy resources (DERs) in low-voltage (LV) distribution networks while ensuring secure network operation. Under the current framework, DOEs only specify active-reactive power set-points at households' point of connection (POC). In this regard, DOEs do not provide information on the feasible operating region (FOR) of end-users, which is helpful for an aggregator's market decisions. This article proposes a near real-time approach to determine DOEs that specify the FOR at end-users' POC in an LV distribution network. First, Latin hypercube sampling (LHS)-based load flow studies are performed to identify feasible pairs of P-Q injections at the POC that would not breach voltage limits. Secondly, the convex hull of feasible pairs is constructed to obtain household DOEs. Finally, a feeder-level time-varying envelope that represents the aggregate flexibility of downstream nodes of the network is calculated. A comprehensive analysis on a real Australian LV distribution network using realistic data suggests that the proposed approach is scalable and encourages active power exports beyond current industry practice. Moreover, the framework ensures privacy and separation between the distribution network service provider (DNSP) and the aggregator aligned with the existing policy and regulatory frameworks.
A rare tumor of atypical scrotal location

Apocrine hidrocystoma is a rare benign adnexal tumor considered a cystic proliferation of the apocrine glands, rather than simple retentive cysts of the apocrine sweat glands [3]. It occurs most often in adults on the neck and head and especially on the external canthus of the eye [1,2]. They vary in size from 3 to 15 millimeters and are most often pigmented, blue, blue-black, grayish, translucent or violet in color. Apocrine hidrocystomas located in other sites such as the shoulders, fingers, abdomen and genital region have been rarely described.Differential diagnoses of apocrine hidrocystomas of scrotal location include eccrine hidrocystomas, blue nevus, melanoma, median raphe cyst, milium grain, epidermoid or pilar cyst, and hemolymphangioma
Tacit knowledge sharing to improve teachers’ performance

In the current industrial revolution 4.0 era, teachers are required to constantly develop themselves and improve their performance. This is because teachers are the frontliners who directly interact with students. Teachers are one of the spearheads in educational institutions that determine student success. Teachers who are of superior quality will certainly give their best performance. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how teachers are able to exploit the knowledge and skills that exist in themselves by optimizing all sources of knowledge around them through knowledge sharing activities among teachers, particularly tacit knowledge sharing so that they can improve their performance. The methodology used in this research is a systematic approach with the Systematic Literature Review method with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) model from articles published from 2012 to 2022. Based on the results of these studies, it is learnt that knowledge sharing activities among teachers will encourage individual knowledge improvement and produce new knowledge as a process of exchanging knowledge both implied and explicit from each individual.
The Impact of Periodic Variable Switching Frequency Modulation on Power Transmission in Dual-Active-Bridge Converter and an Improved Scheme

Variable switching frequency modulation (VSFM) is an effective means to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI). It disperses the energy of narrow-band harmonic to a wider spectrum range, so that the EMI spikes can be attenuated. However, the current application of VSFM on dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters has compatibility issues, and the variation of switching frequency may cause extra fluctuations of power transmission. This article takes the DAB converter as the research object, and derives the spectrum mathematical representation of the active bridge's output voltage with periodic VSFM theoretically. VSFM introduces extra periodic components to the active bridge's output voltage, which can impact power transmission and EMI mitigation. Subsequently, an improved phase-shifted VSFM scheme is proposed, which controls the power delivery to match the variation of switching frequency by establishing a functional relationship between the degree of freedom of the phase shift and the switching frequency. On one hand, the conducted EMI spikes are mitigated through VSFM; on the other hand, as the by-products of the variation of switching frequency, the secondary dc voltage and power fluctuations are also effectively suppressed. Simulation and experiments are provided to prove the feasibility and validity of the proposed method in a DAB converter.
Finite‐time input/output‐to‐state stability of nonlinear stochastic switched time‐varying systems with mode‐dependent average dwell time

This article investigates the finite‐time input/output‐to‐state stability (FTIOSS) of stochastic switched nonlinear delay systems (SSNDS). This article extends the well‐known concepts of input/output‐to‐state stability to finite‐time control problems. By using the finite‐time stable function and generalized 𝒦ℒ function, we establish an unified FTIOSS criteron for stochastic switched systems, where both stable and unstable switching signals are considered. Compare with the existing works, the main advantage is that the constructed Lyapunov function (LF) is permitted to own indefinite‐derivative. Meanwhile, the Razumikhin technique and the mode‐dependent average‐dwell time (MDADT) approach are introduced to guarantee the FTIOSS of the system. The efficacy of the obtained results is demonstrated by an example.
Dynamic Probability-Density-Dependent Event-Triggered $\mathcal {L}_{\infty }$ LFC for Power Systems Subject to Stochastic Delays

The dynamic event-triggered $\mathcal {L}_{\infty }$ load frequency control (LFC) problem is investigated for power systems subject to stochastic transmission delays and disturbances. To fully use the stochastic features of delay, a probability density function is used to describe the distribution of transmission delay. To save the transmission cost, a dynamic event-triggered scheme (ETS) is constructed for power systems. Compared to the existing ETSs, dynamic parameters are used as trigger threshold. Under the dynamic ETS, a new system model is used to describe the event-triggered LFC system with stochastic transmission delays and disturbances. Then, sufficient conditions are formulated to guarantee the system stability in terms of the constructed Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. A two-area power system is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A Routing Algorithm for High-Speed Mobile Ad Hoc Network Based on Deep Q Network

In this paper, a high-speed Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing algorithm based on Deep Q Network (DQN) is proposed. The routing decision problem is modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The current node id with packets and the distance from the destination node are taken as the input state. The reward function is designed considering the neighbor nodes' number, the remaining capacity of the link and the relative speed between the current node and the next node. DQN is used to determine the next hop for data transmission. Simulation results show that compared with AODV, the proposed algorithm reduces the communication delay by 75% and increases the data arrival rate by 15%. Compared with Q-Routing, the communication delay and data arrival rate of this algorithm are more stable in the network where nodes move at high speed. The algorithm can adjust the routing decision in time when network topology changes and improve the stability of the network.
SWIPT-Enabled Cooperative Wireless IoT Networks With Friendly Jammer and Eavesdropper: Outage and Intercept Probability Analysis

Physical layer security (PLS) and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) in cooperative relaying have gained great interest as technologies for security and energy enhancement in Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. In this work, we investigate PLS for a SWIPT- and AF-enabled cooperative wireless IoT system, consisting of one source, multiple energy harvesting (EH) relays, and one destination, in the presence of an eavesdropper that tries to overhear the confidential information. Furthermore, an EH-friendly jammer is deployed to transmit jamming signals aimed at the eavesdropper to improve the security system. In this context, a low-complexity, sub-optimal, but efficient relay selection method is proposed. More specifically, the relay is selected to convey information such that it has the best channel to the source. Based on the proposed system model, the performance analysis of the intercept probability (IP), asymptotic IP, and non-zero secrecy probability (NZSP) is analyzed by considering the time switching (TS)-based relaying strategy. Particularly, the exact closed-form expression of IP is achieved by applying modified Bessel function expansion. Monte-Carlo simulations are employed to corroborate the correctness and efficiency of our mathematical analysis. The time splitting factor <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> makes variations on the IP of about <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha \in [{0.1, 0.8}]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. However, a dramatic reduction of the IP up to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$317\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is observed as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> increases from 0.8 to 0.9.
Aspergillus nomiae and fumigatus Ameliorating the Hypoxic Stress Induced by Waterlogging through Ethylene Metabolism in Zea mays L.

Transient and prolonged waterlogging stress (WS) stimulates ethylene (ET) generation in plants, but their reprogramming is critical in determining the plants’ fate under WS, which can be combated by the application of symbiotically associated beneficial microbes that induce resistance to WS. The present research was rationalized to explore the potential of the newly isolated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase-producing fungal endophytic consortium of Aspergillus nomiae (MA1) and Aspergillus fumigatus (MA4) on maize growth promotion under WS. MA1 and MA4 were isolated from the seeds of Moringa oleifera L. , which ably produced a sufficient amount of IAA, proline, phenols, and flavonoids. MA1 and MA4 proficiently colonized the root zone of maize (Zea mays L.). The symbiotic association of MA1 and MA4 promoted the growth response of maize compared with the non-inoculated plants under WS stress. Moreover, MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants enhanced the production of total soluble protein, sugar, lipids, phenolics, and flavonoids, with a reduction in proline content and H2O2 production. MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants showed an increase in the DPPH activity and antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and POD, along with an increased level of hormonal content (GA3 and IAA) and decreased ABA and ACC contents. Optimal stomatal activity in leaf tissue and adventitious root formation at the root/stem junction was increased in MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants, with reduced lysigenous aerenchyma formation, ratio of cortex-to-stele, water-filled cells, and cell gaps within roots; increased tight and round cells; and intact cortical cells without damage. MA1 and MA4 induced a reduction in deformed mesophyll cells, and deteriorated epidermal and vascular bundle cells, as well as swollen metaxylem, phloem, pith, and cortical area, in maize plants under WS compared with control. Moreover, the transcript abundance of ethylene-responsive gene ZmEREB180, responsible for the induction of the WS tolerance in maize, showed optimally reduced expression sufficient for induction in WS tolerance, in MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants under WS compared with the non-inoculated control. The existing research supported the use of MA1 and MA4 isolates for establishing the bipartite mutualistic symbiosis in maize to assuage the adverse effects of WS by optimizing ethylene production.
A 2-D-Material FET Verilog-A Model for Analog Neuromorphic Circuit Design

We present a charge-based Verilog-A model for 2-D-material (2DM)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) with application in neuromorphic circuit design. The model combines the explicit solution of the drift-diffusion transport and electrostatics, including Fermi–Dirac statistics. The Ward–Dutton linear charge partitioning scheme is then employed for terminal charges and capacitance calculations. The model accurately predicts the electrical behavior of experimental MoS2 FETs, and it is applied to simulate neuromorphic-circuit building blocks, including a floating-gate (FG) current-mirror (CM) vector-matrix multiplier (VMM), extracting the effective number of bits under different operation conditions.
Numerical Study of Predicting Forming Process Based on Different Hardening Models in Advanced High Strength Steel Sheets

Sheet metal shaping for advanced high strength (AHS) steel sheets is commonly utilized in the manufacturing of automobile components. This helps to decrease the weight of new structures and increase the crashworthiness performance of these structures. The phenomenon known as springback deviation plays a significant role in creating such components via deformation and fracture. This study investigated the production of an S-rail from components made of steel grade 780 with a thickness of 1 millimeter by employing appropriate simulations using finite elements (FE) and generation. The materials were initially tested in order to collect the necessary parameter sets for the models being employed. The Barlat89 yield function, the Y-U kinematic hardening model, and a model combining the Y-U kinematic hardening model with the Barlat89 yield function were all used in the simulations. In addition, the forming limit curves (FLCs were utilized to assess the computed formabilities and served as the failure criteria. The deformation, springback effect, deviations, and twist springback of the components developed after the S-rail forming were subsequently studied, measured, and the findings compared. It was discovered that the proposed yield criteria and kinematic hardening models could accurately predict the formability of the material without causing any damage. The strain distributions acquired from the Y-U kinematic hardening indicated that the sidewall curl area was slightly larger than what was predicted by previous models. The model combining the Y-U kinematic hardening model with the Barlat89 yield function produced the most accurate predictions for overall springback effect, deviations, and twist springback of the AHS steel sheets.