Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sources of baroclinic tidal energy in the Gaoping Submarine Canyon off southwestern Taiwan

[1] A three-dimensional model driven by tidal constituents O1, K1, M2 and S2 was adopted to evaluate the sources of baroclinic tidal energy in the Gaoping Submarine Canyon (GPSC) off southwestern Taiwan. The model domain covered the probable primary generation sites, including the Luzon Strait (LS) and the southeastern Taiwan Strait (TS). The simulated baroclinic tides agreed with the observations of tidal current velocity, isotherm vertical displacement, and baroclinic tidal energy flux (Fbc) in the GPSC. The depth-integrated, seven-day-averaged Fbc computed from the model result was 2.2 kW m−1 in the GPSC, and the corresponding area-integrated Fbc reached 189.4 MW. The results obtained from the model suggest that the baroclinic tides lead to strong turbulent mixing near the canyon head with a vertical diffusivity of 3.5 × 10−3 m2 s−1. Baroclinic tidal energy in the GPSC is mainly generated on the western ridge in the LS and on the steep topography in the southeastern TS. The local generation of baroclinic energy only accounts for 4.4% of the total value. The other 95.6% of the baroclinic tidal energy is remotely generated at the LS and the southeastern TS of which 31.9% and 8.8% are directly emanated, respectively, into the GPSC. The northwestward and southeastward baroclinic energy beams radiating from the LS and the southeastern TS, respectively, meet each other and form internal partial standing tides outside the GPSC. The transverse baroclinic energy from the internal partial standing tides accounts for the remaining 54.9% of the baroclinic tidal energy in the GPSC.
Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen

[1] Plane strain, thermal-mechanical numerical models are used to examine the development of midcrustal channel flows in large hot orogens. In the models, radioactive self-heating reduces the viscosity of tectonically thickened crust and increases its susceptibility to large-scale horizontal flow. Channels can be exhumed and exposed by denudation focused on the high-relief transition between plateau and foreland. We interpret the Himalaya to have evolved in this manner. Channel flows are poorly developed if the channel has a ductile rheology based on wet quartz flow laws, and well developed if there is an additional reduction in viscosity to 1019 Pa s. This reduction occurs from 700°C to 750°C in the models and is attributed to a small percentage of in situ partial melt (“melt weakening”). Model HT1 provides an internally consistent explanation for the tectonic evolution of many features of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic system. Erosional exhumation exposes the migmatitic channel, equivalent to the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), between coeval normal and thrust sense ductile shear zones, corresponding to the South Tibetan Detachment and the Main Central Thrust systems. Outward flow of unstable upper crust rotates these shears to low dip angles. In the model both the GHS and the Lesser Himalayan Sequence are derived from Indian crust, with the latter from much farther south. Similar models exhibit a range of tectonic styles, including the formation of domes resembling north Himalayan gneiss domes. Model results are relatively insensitive to channel heterogeneities and to variations in the behavior of the mantle lithosphere beneath the model plateau.
Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic change on Auckland Island, Subantarctic New Zealand

Auckland Island is a small uninhabited Subantarctic island south (c.51°S) of the New Zealand mainland. It is the southernmost outpost of tall forest in the southwest Pacific. Pollen analysis of two closely adjacent peat cores near tree-line documents climate change and forest dynamics during the Lateglacial and Holocene. After the retreat of glaciers before 15 000 14C yr BP, mountain tundra communities dominated on mineral soils under a cooler (c.3°C lower) climate than now. By 11 000 14C yr BP, a transition to Chionochloa 14C yr BP shrub/grassland became dominant. Forest tree species (Metrosideros umbellata, Dracophyllum longifolium and Raukaua simplex) spread slowly from 10–000 14C yr BP, but did not form tall forest until 5500–4000 14C yr BP, despite southern ocean temperatures being warmer in the early Holocene. We suggest that warm, cloudy, low-radiation environments inhibited forest growth during the early Holocene in this intensely oceanic setting, through promoting saturated soils and reducing net photosynthesis. It was only in the later Holocene, when increased westerly windflow brought sunnier, although cooler and windier, climates, that forest expansion occurred on sheltered lowland sites. The forest at the study site collapsed to scrub at least twice within the last 2000 years, most likely because of extended periods of saturated soils.
Sediment Erosion and Transport Experiments in Laboratory using Artificial Rainfall Simulator

Catchments soil erosion, one of the most serious problems in the mountainous environment of the world, consists of a complex phenomenon involving the detachment of individual soil particles from the soil mass and their transport, storage and overland flow of rainfall, and infiltration. Sediment size distribution during erosion processes appear to depend on many factors such as rainfall characteristics, vegetation cover, hydraulic flow, soil properties and slope. This study involved laboratory flume experiments carried out under simulated rainfall in a 3.0 m long × 0.8 m wide × 0.7 m deep flume, set at 17° slope. Five experimental cases, consisting of twelve experiments using three different sediments with two different rainfall conditions, are reported. The experiments consisted of detailed observations of particle size distribution of the out-flow sediment. Sediment water mixture out-flow hydrograph and sediment mass out-flow rate over time, moisture profiles at different points within the soil domain, and seepage outflow were also reported. Moisture profiles, seepage outflow, and movement of overland flow were clearly found to be controlled by water retention function and hydraulic function of the soil. The difference of grain size distribution of original soil bed and the out-flow sediment was found to be insignificant in the cases of uniform sediment used experiments. However, in the cases of non-uniform sediment used experiments the outflow sediment was found to be coarser than the original soil domain. The results indicated that the sediment transport mechanism is the combination of particle segregation, suspension/saltation and rolling along the travel distance.
Stochastic regularization: Smoothness or similarity?

Inversions of geophysical data often involve solving large‐scale underdetermined systems of equations that require regularization, preferably through incorporation of a priori information. Since many natural phenomena exhibit complex random behavior, statistical properties offer important a priori constraints. Inversion constrained by model covariance functions, a form of stochastic regularization, is formally equivalent to imposing simultaneously the auxiliary constraints of (i) model correlation (smoothness) and (ii) similarity with a preferred model (damping). We show that a priori stochastic information defines uniquely the relative contributions of smoothing and damping, such that the higher the fractal dimension the greater the damping contribution. However, if the model discretization interval exceeds the characteristic scale length of the parameters to be resolved, stochastic regularization artificially reduces to only damping constraints.
A Holocene pollen record for the Kalahari Desert of Botswana from a U-series dated speleothem

A 61 cm core through a speleothem column in Drotsky's Cave, Botswana, has yielded a U-series dated pollen record of Holocene vegetation changes in the Kalahari Desert. Between c.10000-7000BP, the site was surrounded by an arid grassland with dry-adapted trees and shrubs such as Acacia and Commiphora. An increase in pollen of Combretaceae and Cyperaceae, and the appearance of pollen of such mesic savanna plants as Grewia between c. 7000—6000 BP, may indicate the onset of slightly wetter conditions. Combretaceae and other mesic pollen types increase between c. 6000-3000 BP, but the late Holocene record appears variable, with the period c. 5000-4000 BP being somewhat dryer than the millennia before and after. It would appear that Kalahari vegetation has changed less during the Holocene than many other African environments previously investigated. Despite the limitations imposed by pollen analysis of cave sites, the record from Drotsky's Cave shows good agreement with regional trends derived from other studies. The use of U-series dated pollen spectra derived from speleothems holds potential for expanding the geographic scope of palynological studies to areas lacking suitable lakes and bogs, and for extending the dated pollen record back an order of magnitude beyond the 14C timescale.
Editing Motion Graphics Video via Motion Vectorization and Transformation

Motion graphics videos are widely used in Web design, digital advertising, animated logos and film title sequences, to capture a viewer's attention. But editing such video is challenging because the video provides a low-level sequence of pixels and frames rather than higher-level structure such as the objects in the video with their corresponding motions and occlusions. We present a motion vectorization pipeline for converting motion graphics video into an SVG motion program that provides such structure. The resulting SVG program can be rendered using any SVG renderer (e.g. most Web browsers) and edited using any SVG editor. We also introduce a program transformation API that facilitates editing of a SVG motion program to create variations that adjust the timing, motions and/or appearances of objects. We show how the API can be used to create a variety of effects including retiming object motion to match a music beat, adding motion textures to objects, and collision preserving appearance changes.
Pedestrian simulation and distribution in urban space based on visibility analysis and agent simulation

Spatial visibility analysis is the important direction of pedestrian behaviors because our visual conception in space is the straight method to get environment information and navigate your actions. Based on the agent modeling and up-tobottom method, the paper develop the framework about the analysis of the pedestrian flow depended on visibility. We use viewshed in visibility analysis and impose the parameters on agent simulation to direct their motion in urban space. We analyze the pedestrian behaviors in micro-scale and macro-scale of urban open space. The individual agent use visual affordance to determine his direction of motion in micro-scale urban street on district. And we compare the distribution of pedestrian flow with configuration in macro-scale urban environment, and mine the relationship between the pedestrian flow and distribution of urban facilities and urban function. The paper first computes the visibility situations at the vantage point in urban open space, such as street network, quantify the visibility parameters. The multiple agents use visibility parameters to decide their direction of motion, and finally pedestrian flow reach to a stable state in urban environment through the simulation of multiple agent system. The paper compare the morphology of visibility parameters and pedestrian distribution with urban function and facilities layout to confirm the consistence between them, which can be used to make decision support in urban design.
Wind‐stress coefficients over sea surface from breeze to hurricane

The empirical formula proposed recently relating wind-stress coefficient to wind velocity, C10 = (0.8 + 0.065 U10) × 10−3, appears to be applicable even in hurricanes. This formula also agrees with the correlation curve proposed earlier, C10 = [κ/ln(1/aC10F2)]2, F = U10/(gZ)1/2, where a = 0.0185 is the Charnock constant and Z = 10 m is the anemometer height.
Slow initial phase generated by microearthquakes occurring in the western Nagano Prefecture, Japan ‐The source effect‐

Near‐source observations of microearthquakes occurring in the Western Nagano prefecture show that durations of recorded slows initial phases were almost constant independently of focal distance. Although a closer inspection revealed that the durations of the slow initial phases slightly increased with focal distance, they were not proportional to focal distance. Thus, it is concluded that the slow initial phases do not mainly reflect the whole path Q. If the slow initial phases were attributed to the strong anelastic attenuation in the surface layer combined with that of the whole path Q, the rise time of the P‐wave velocity pulse at the source for a M2.4 event would be estimated as about 3 ms and the source radius of the M2.4 event would be estimated as about 10 m. This value of the source radius is too small for M2.4. This suggests that the slow initial phase does not arise from the strong anelastic attenuation in the surface layer. It is likely that the slow initial phase does not mainly reflect a path effect but a source effect.
Γ-convergence of quadratic functionals with non uniformly elliptic conductivity matrices

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We investigate the homogenization through <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ \Gamma $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-convergence for the <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ L^2({\Omega}) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-weak topology of the conductivity functional with a zero-order term where the matrix-valued conductivity is assumed to be non strongly elliptic. Under proper assumptions, we show that the homogenized matrix <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ A^\ast $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> is provided by the classical homogenization formula. We also give algebraic conditions for two and three dimensional <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ 1 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-periodic rank-one laminates such that the homogenization result holds. For this class of laminates, an explicit expression of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ A^\ast $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> is provided which is a generalization of the classical laminate formula. We construct a two-dimensional counter-example which shows an anomalous asymptotic behaviour of the conductivity functional. </p>
Perturbation of the Izmit earthquake aftershock decaying activity following the 1999 Mw 7.2 Duzce, Turkey, earthquake

[1] Triggering and quiescence patterns of seismicity in western Turkey, following the occurrence of the 12 November 1999 Mw 7.2 Duzce earthquake are investigated. The changes in seismicity rate are analyzed along the North Anatolian Fault segments that had ruptured 3 months earlier during the 17 August 1999 Mw 7.4 Izmit earthquake. Detection of triggering and quiescence is done by comparing the seismicity rate that would be expected if the Duzce earthquake had not happened to the actual observed rate. The expected rates are estimated by extrapolating the preexisting seismicity pattern, using two complementary models: a simple Omori-Utsu's law and the ETAS model. Fault segments located to the east of the Izmit epicenter show a mild case of quiescence following the Duzce earthquake. These segments had previously experienced an anomalous triggering episode in the 5 days preceding the Duzce earthquake, correlated with the occurrence of two strong (Mw ≥ 5) Izmit aftershocks. However, it is not clear whether this observed quiescence is real or spurious, as it coincides with a local reconfiguration of the seismological network: a temporary increase of 0.1 to 0.15 in completeness magnitude would be enough to explain this apparent deactivation. Fault segments located to the west of the Izmit epicenter exhibit triggering of seismicity following the Duzce earthquake. This observed triggering is mostly restricted to a cluster of events located in the geothermal area of Yalova. The increase of seismicity rate is delayed by 18 hours after the waves travelling from the Duzce rupture had hit this zone. Our analysis suggests that this 15-day-long reactivation can be explained by a short-lived perturbation, the local seismic activity then sustaining itself for the remaining 15 days. We argue that this particular behavior is likely to correspond to a case of dynamic triggering. By the end of year 1999, the Yalova cluster shows a significant quiescence that lasted for several months; this shutting down does not coincide with the occurrence of any local earthquake that would be large enough to stress shadow this area, suggesting an aseismic cause to this pattern. These results highlight the fact that (1) seismicity triggered by a major earthquake is not restricted to areas loaded by static stress and (2) that seismic activity associated with geothermal geological settings is highly sensitive to stress perturbations, but also to aseismic processes, that can both delay reactivation and cause this activity to suddenly decrease.
Transport and transformation of total reactive nitrogen over the East China Sea

[1] Ground-based measurement of total reactive nitrogen (NOy), NO y(g) (gas phase NO x + HNO 3 ), and particulate NO 3 - was carried out at the Cape Hedo Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (CHAAMS) in Okinawa, Japan, from spring to winter in 2006. The concentrations of NO y NO y(g) , and particulate NO 3 were simultaneously high in spring but low in summer. This difference was mainly caused by air mass history, which was strongly associated with the typical weather pattern observed in the east Asian region for each season. The chemical transformation process of particulate NO 3 - during transport was examined using the data measured at Qingdao, China, in spring 2006. As the transport time of air masses increased, particulate NO 3 - continuously shifted from fine mode to coarse mode. It was found that the chemical transformation of particulate NO 3 - was mainly associated with the transport time of air masses, the geographical position of CHAAMS, and the transition from NH 4 NO 3 to gas phase HNO 3 . In air masses from Qingdao, China, the ratio of NOy concentration observed at CHAAMS to that at Qingdao was about 0.1, which was lower than that of SO y (SO 2 + nss-SO 2- 4 ). Sulfate was found in fine particles at CHAAMS in contrast to particulate NO 3 - . As the lifetimes of NOy and SO y depend on the particle size, the difference in chemical transformation process during transport largely influences the abundance of transported NO y The variations of NO y(g) and particulate NO 3 - were analyzed when dust plumes reached CHAAMS. The presence of dust causes the formation of particulate NO 3 - in coarse mode from NO y(g) and an increase of its fraction in NO y The effect of volcanic activity on particulate NO 3 - concentration was also analyzed. It is suggested that particulate NO 3 - escaped to gas phase HNO 3 through the uptake of abundant volcanic H 2 SO 4 by aerosols.
Guess & Sketch: Language Model Guided Transpilation

Maintaining legacy software requires many software and systems engineering hours. Assembly code programs, which demand low-level control over the computer machine state and have no variable names, are particularly difficult for humans to analyze. Existing conventional program translators guarantee correctness, but are hand-engineered for the source and target programming languages in question. Learned transpilation, i.e. automatic translation of code, offers an alternative to manual re-writing and engineering efforts. Automated symbolic program translation approaches guarantee correctness but struggle to scale to longer programs due to the exponentially large search space. Their rigid rule-based systems also limit their expressivity, so they can only reason about a reduced space of programs. Probabilistic neural language models (LMs) produce plausible outputs for every input, but do so at the cost of guaranteed correctness. In this work, we leverage the strengths of LMs and symbolic solvers in a neurosymbolic approach to learned transpilation for assembly code. Assembly code is an appropriate setting for a neurosymbolic approach, since assembly code can be divided into shorter non-branching basic blocks amenable to the use of symbolic methods. Guess&Sketch extracts alignment and confidence information from features of the LM then passes it to a symbolic solver to resolve semantic equivalence of the transpilation input and output. We test Guess&Sketch on three different test sets of assembly transpilation tasks, varying in difficulty, and show that it successfully transpiles 57.6% more examples than GPT-4 and 39.6% more examples than an engineered transpiler. We also share a training and evaluation dataset for this task.
A steepness index unit volume flood hydrograph approach for sub‐daily flow disaggregation

The estimation of sub‐daily flows from daily flood flows is important for many hydrological and hydraulic applications. Flows during flood events often vary significantly within sub‐daily time‐scales, and failure to capture the sub‐daily flood characteristic can result in an underestimation of the instantaneous flood peaks, with possible risk of design failure. It is more common to find a longer record of daily flow series (observed or modelled using daily rainfall series) than sub‐daily flow data. This paper describes a novel approach, known as the steepness index unit volume flood hydrograph approach, for disaggregating daily flood flows into sub‐daily flows that takes advantage of the strong relationship between the standardized instantaneous flood peak and the standardized daily flood hydrograph rising‐limb steepness index. The strength of this relationship, which is considerably stronger than the relationship between the standardized flood peak and the event flood volume, is shown using data from six rivers flowing into the Gippsland Lakes in southeast Australia. The results indicate that the steepness index unit volume flood hydrograph approach can be used to disaggregate modelled daily flood flows satisfactorily, but its reliability is dependent on a model's ability to simulate the standardized daily flood hydrograph rising‐limb steepness index and the event flood volume. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ice ablation as evidence of climate change in the Alps over the 20th century

[1] Over fifty years of cumulative annual mass balance data for several glaciers in the Alps shows similar fluctuations which seem to provide evidence of a common climatic signal. Separate winter and summer mass balance measurements from the Claridenfirn (glacier in Switzerland) since 1914 and the Sarennes glacier (France) since 1949 show that (1) the annual mass balance is primarily driven by the summer mass balance term and (2) melting rate variations with time are very similar for these two glaciers located 290 km apart. The increase in the ablation rate of 0.5 cm w.e. day−1 between the two periods 1954–1981 and 1982–2002 over these two glaciers corresponds to a 20 Wm−2 rise in the energy flux at the glacier surface. These results suggest that a common summer melting rate change may have affected the Alps as a whole. Detailed observations on the Sarennes glacier show that the origin of this strong increase in summer ablation since 1982 is not only a rise in the summer melting rate, but also an increase in the ablation period during the months of September and October.