Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversification of Revenue Strategies: Evolving Resource Dependence in Nonprofit Organizations

This article examines the effects of three major revenue strategies in nonprofit organizations. Evolving resource dependence is demonstrated by the shifting reliance on each source of funds: private contributions, government funding, and commercial activities. A wide-ranging literature review is condensed into summary profiles comparing revenue volatility, goal displacement, process, and structure effects of each strategy. The profiles are drawn upon to anticipate potential advantages and disadvantages of increasingly diversified revenue strategies employed by nonprofits to combat resource dependence. The potential interaction effects raise critical but unanswered questions about nonprofit performance, legitimacy, and public policy issues.
Sequence analysis of EBV immediate‐early gene BZLF1 and BRLF1 in lymphomas

The immediate‐early (IE) genes, BZLF1 and BRLF1, play an important role in switching Epstein‐Barr virus from the latent to the lytic state. The functions of the two IE genes and their respective proteins: ZEBRA and Rta have been well studied, but little is known about their DNA coding sequence variations and disease association. In order to investigate the sequence variation patterns and elucidate their association with lymphomas, BZLF1 and BRLF1 were analyzed in 26 and 33 lymphomas using PCR‐direct sequencing method respectively. Three sequence variation types of BZLF1 gene were identified. The type BZLF1‐A and BZLF1‐B was detected in 34.6% (9/26) and 57.7% (15/26) of the tumor specimens, respectively. Among the three functional domains of ZEBRA, the transactivation domain had the most mutations. Three variation types were also identified in BRLF1 gene where type BR1‐A and BR1‐C were detected in 27.3% (9/33) and 69.7% (23/33) of specimens, respectively. Among the three functional domains of Rta, the dimerization domain was well conserved while multiple mutations were detected in both the DNA binding domain and the transactivation domain. The variation types BZLF1‐B and BR1‐C were more frequent in the lymphomas, compared with the throat washing samples from the healthy donors. These results suggest that the type BZLF1‐B and BR1‐C may be associated with the tumorigenesis of lymphoma. J. Med. Virol. 86: 1788–1795, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of household food poverty in South Africa: results from a large, nationally representative survey

Abstract Objectives: Household food insecurity is a major determinant of undernutrition, yet there is little information on its prevalence in the South African population. This paper assesses household food insecurity in South Africa using a quantitative and objective measure, known as food poverty, and provides prevalence estimates by geographic area and socio-economic condition. Design: Secondary data analysis combining two sources: Statistics South Africa's household-based 1995 Income and Expenditure Survey; and the University of Port Elizabeth's Household Subsistence Level series, a nationally-conducted, market-based survey. Setting: South Africa. Subjects: A nationally representative sample of the entire country – stratified by race, province, and urban and non-urban areas – consisting of 28 704 households. Results: A household is defined to be in food poverty when monthly food spending is less than the cost of a nutritionally adequate very low-cost diet. The prevalence of food poverty in South Africa in 1995 was 43%. Food poverty rates were highest among households headed by Africans, followed by coloureds, Indians and whites. Higher food poverty rates were found with decreasing income, increasing household size, and among households in rural areas or those headed by females. Conclusions: The widespread nature of household food insecurity in South Africa is documented here. Prevalence rates by geographic and socio-economic breakdown provide the means for targeting of nutritional interventions and for monitoring progress in this field. The corroboration of these findings with both internal validation measures and external sources suggests that food poverty is a useful, objective measure of household food insecurity.
International Union of Pharmacology. LIX. The Pharmacology and Classification of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily: Thyroid Hormone Receptors

The initial identification of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs[1][1]) was based on binding studies ([Oppenheimer et al., 1972][2]). The TR main ligand is 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3). T3 production primarily results from deiodination of thyroxine (T4), which is secreted by the thyroid gland. Most
The Role of Generalized Explicit and Implicit Guilt and Shame in Interpersonal Traumatization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and interpersonal traumatization are frequently associated with trauma-related guilt and shame. However, research on generalized guilt and shame in PTSD is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate generalized explicit and implicit guilt and shame in interpersonal traumatization and PTSD. Interpersonally traumatized women either with PTSD (n = 28) or without PTSD (n = 32) and 32 nontraumatized women completed the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 and the Implicit Association Test to measure explicit and implicit guilt and shame. Explicit guilt and shame were significantly higher in women with PTSD than in traumatized women without PTSD. Traumatized women without PTSD showed significantly higher levels of explicit guilt and shame than nontraumatized women did. PTSD was associated with implicit guilt but not implicit shame. In addition to trauma-related guilt and shame, generalized explicit guilt and shame and implicit guilt seem to play a crucial role in PTSD.
The shell‐forming proteome of Lottia gigantea reveals both deep conservations and lineage‐specific novelties

Proteins that are occluded within the molluscan shell, the so‐called shell matrix proteins (SMPs), are an assemblage of biomolecules attractive to study for several reasons. They increase the fracture resistance of the shell by several orders of magnitude, determine the polymorph of CaCO3 deposited, and regulate crystal nucleation, growth initiation and termination. In addition, they are thought to control the shell microstructures. Understanding how these proteins have evolved is also likely to provide deep insight into events that supported the diversification and expansion of metazoan life during the Cambrian radiation 543 million years ago. Here, we present an analysis of SMPs isolated form the CaCO3 shell of the limpet Lottia gigantea, a gastropod that constructs an aragonitic cross‐lamellar shell. We identified 39 SMPs by combining proteomic analysis with genomic and transcriptomic database interrogations. Among these proteins are various low‐complexity domain‐containing proteins, enzymes such as peroxidases, carbonic anhydrases and chitinases, acidic calcium‐binding proteins and protease inhibitors. This list is likely to contain the most abundant SMPs of the shell matrix. It reveals the presence of both highly conserved and lineage‐specific biomineralizing proteins. This mosaic evolutionary pattern suggests that there may be an ancestral molluscan SMP set upon which different conchiferan lineages have elaborated to produce the diversity of shell microstructures we observe nowadays.
Income Distribution, City Size, and Urban Growth

The relationship between city size, urban growth, and the metropolitan income distribution is discussed in this paper. Drawing on basic economic theory we develop the 'monopoly' hypothesis which suggests that increases in city size and urban growth will lead to greater income inequality. The monopoly hypothesis suggests that increases in size and growth raise monopoly rents earned by those insulated from competition. Regression results using the Gini concentration ratio as a measure of family and male income inequality on 1970 are consistent with the hypothesis. Our results suggest the benefits of urban growth are unevenly distributed and increase measured income inequality.
Welfare Implications of Fiscal Reform The Case of Food Subsidies in India

This paper investigates the effect of a food subsidy programme in India on child malnutrition by addressing the following linked questions using household survey data that includes information on usage of the public distribution system. First, does the food subsidy induce higher expenditures on food? Second, are there gender inequalities in the distribution of food within the household, and in the gains from the food subsidy? Third, does food spending impact on child health? Is this effect similar for boys and girls and in the short and the medium term? These questions are of interest with respect to the unusually high incidence of malnutrition in India, and they are topical in the context of current and controversial reform of the public distribution system through which the food subsidy operates.
Contingent valuation of a Taiwanese wetland

Wetlands provide a variety of important environmental services including flood control, wildlife habitat, waste treatment, and recreational opportunities. Because most of these services are public goods, the value of wetland preservation cannot be directly obtained from market prices but may be estimated using revealed-preference or stated-preference methods. We estimate the value to local residents of protecting the Kuantu wetland in Taiwan using contingent valuation. Estimates are sensitive to question format, with estimates using a double-bounded dichotomous-choice format about three times larger than estimates using a single open-ended question. Using the open-ended format, the estimated annual mean household willingness to pay to preserve the Kuantu wetland is about US$21. Using the dichotomous-choice questions, the value is about US$65. These estimates suggest the total present-value willingness to pay to preserve Kuantu wetland is about US$200 million to US$1.2 billion (discounted at 5–10%).
Influence of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin on Antibody and Cytokine Responses to Human Neonatal Vaccination1

The immaturity of the immune system increases the susceptibility of young infants to infectious diseases and prevents the induction of protective immune responses by vaccines. We previously reported that Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces a potent Th1 response to mycobacterial Ags in newborns. In this study, we evaluated the influence of BCG on the response to unrelated vaccines given in early life. Newborns were randomly allocated to one of three study groups receiving BCG at birth, when infants received their first dose of hepatitis B and oral polio vaccines; at 2 mo of age, when infants received their first dose of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines; or at 4.5 mo of age, when immune responses to vaccines were measured. Administration of BCG at the time of priming markedly increased the cellular and Ab responses to the hepatitis B vaccine, but had only a limited influence on the cytokine response to tetanus toxoid and no effect on the Ab responses to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. Although BCG induced a potent Th1-type response to mycobacterial Ags, it promoted the production of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in response to unrelated vaccines. The effect of BCG was apparent at the systemic level, as it increased the Ab response to oral polio vaccine. These results demonstrate that BCG influences the immune response to unrelated Ags in early life, likely through its influence on the maturation of dendritic cells.
Improved algorithmic mapping of color to texture

Several improved algorithms to map color information to color or black texture are introduced. The new algorithms are based on pattern mixing and halftoning. The detailed algorithms are described along with the comparative analysis of their implementation. The analysis and the experiment result show that the halftone based algorithms described in this paper have advantages over the pattern mixing algorithm.
Residual motion of lung tumours in gated radiotherapy with external respiratory surrogates

Due to respiration, many tumours in the thorax and abdomen may move as much as 3 cm peak-to-peak during radiation treatment. To mitigate motion-induced irradiation of normal lung tissue, clinics have employed external markers to gate the treatment beam. This technique assumes that the correlation between the external surface and the internal tumour position remains constant inter-fractionally and intra-fractionally. In this work, a study has been performed to assess the validity of this correlation assumption for external surface based gated radiotherapy, by measuring the residual tumour motion within a gating window. Eight lung patients with implanted fiducial markers were studied at the NTT Hospital in Sapporo, Japan. Synchronized internal marker positions and external abdominal surface positions were measured during the entire course of treatment. Stereoscopic imaging was used to find the internal markers in four dimensions. The data were used retrospectively to assess conventional external surrogate respiratory-gated treatment. Both amplitude- and phase-based gating methods were investigated. For each method, three gating windows were investigated, each giving 40%, 30% and 20% duty cycle, respectively. The residual motion of the internal marker within these six gating windows was calculated. The beam-to-beam variation and day-to-day variation in the residual motion were calculated for both gating modalities. We found that the residual motion (95th percentile) was between 0.7 and 5.8 mm, 0.8 and 6.0 mm, and 0.9 and 6.2 mm for 20%, 30% and 40% duty cycle windows, respectively. Five of the eight patients showed less residual motion with amplitude-based gating than with phase-based gating. Large fluctuations (>300%) were seen in the residual motion between some beams. Overall, the mean beam-to-beam variation was 37% and 42% from the previous treatment beam for amplitude- and phase-based gating, respectively. The day-to-day variation was 29% and 34% from the previous day for amplitude- and phase-based gating, respectively. Although gating reduced the total tumour motion, the residual motion behaved unpredictably. Residual motion during treatment could exceed that which might have been considered in the treatment plan. Treatment margins that account for motion should be individualized and daily imaging should be performed to ensure that the residual motion is not exceeding the planned motion on a given day.
Early Stent Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Primary Coronary Stenting for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Incidence, a Simple Risk Score, and Prognosis

Background: One of the major concerns remaining in the treatment with stenting of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the occurrence of stent thrombosis (ST). The aim of the current study is to investigate the incidence, predictors, and long-term outcomes of early ST after primary coronary stenting for AMI in a large population. Methods: We reviewed 1960 consecutive patients (mean age 56 ± 11.6 years, 1658 males) treated with primary coronary stenting for AMI between 2003 and 2008. All clinical, angiographic, and follow-up data were retrospectively collected. Early ST was defined as thrombosis that occurred in the first 30 days after primary coronary stenting. Results: Early ST was observed in 89 (4.5%) patients. Five variables, selected from the multivariate analysis, were weighted proportionally to their respective odds ratio (OR) for early ST (premature clopidogrel therapy discontinuation [10 points], stent diameter ≤3 mm [5 points], current smoker [4 points], diabetes mellitus [DM; 3 points], and age >65 years [2 points]). Three strata of risks were defined (low risk, score 0-4; intermediate risk, score 5-12; and high risk, score 13-24) and had a strong association with early ST and long-term cardiovascular mortality. Long-term cardiovascular mortality was 5-fold more in patients with early ST than that without ST (24.1% vs 4.7%, respectively, P < .001). Conclusions: Early ST after primary coronary stenting in AMI is strongly related with increased long-term cardiovascular mortality. Premature clopidogrel therapy discontinuation is the most powerful predictor of early ST.
Erythropoietin stimulates proliferation of human renal carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND We reported recently that normal human, rat, and mouse tubular cells express authentic erythropoietin-receptors (EPO-R) through which EPO stimulates mitogenesis. The present study examines whether EPO could elicit such a proliferative and thereby potentially detrimental response in cells of human renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Nephrectomy samples were screened from patients with RCC (one chromophilic, two clear cell) as well as cell lines of human (Caki-2, 786-0) and mouse (RAG) renal adenocarcinomas for expression of EPO-R transcripts and protein. Cells were further tested for specific 125I-EPO binding and mitogenic response to EPO. RESULTS Authentic EPO-R transcripts and protein (approximately 72 kD) were detected in renal tumors and cell lines. Tumors showed low-level EPO expression, while cell lines did not. In cells, specific 125I-EPO binding to a single class of EPO-R (apparent Kd 1. 3 to 1.4 nmol/L, Bmax 2.2 to 2.6 fmol/mg protein) was observed. EPO stimulated cell proliferation dose dependently, and the individual mitogenic effects of either EPO or 10% newborn calf serum were markedly amplified when both were coadministered. CONCLUSION These data are the first to demonstrate, to our knowledge, that human RCCs express EPO-R message and protein and that receptor activation stimulates their proliferation in vitro. If these mitogenic effects of EPO are also operative in patients with RCC, endogenous EPO or its administration for the treatment of anemia could potentially hasten proliferation of renocellular malignancies.
Clavicle Fractures are Associated With Arthritis of the Glenohumeral Joint in a Large Osteological Collection

Objectives: Recent data has challenged the historical precedent of nonoperative care for many clavicle fractures; clinical and biomechanical studies have shown altered joint-contact forces occur in the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) after fracture and shortening of the clavicle. However, to date, there have been no analyses documenting the long-term effects of these altered shoulder girdle mechanics on the GHJ. Methods: The clavicles of 2899 cadaveric skeletons were manually inspected for evidence of fracture. Shortening, fracture location, and laterality were recorded along with demographic information. Degenerative joint disease of the GHJ was graded. Correlations between the presence of a clavicle fracture and ipsilateral GHJ osteoarthritis were evaluated with multiple regression analysis using an age-, gender-, race-, and laterality-matched control group of 1154 GHJs. Results: One hundred three specimens had 104 clavicle fractures, a prevalence of 3.6% (103/2899) in this collection. There was a strong correlation between the presence of an ipsilateral clavicle fracture (standardized beta 0.108, P < 0.001), age (standardized beta 0.332, P < 0.001), male gender (standardized beta −0.069, P = 0.009), and laterality (right sided, standardized beta 0.056, P = 0.032) on the development of GHJ arthritis. There was a trend toward increased GHJ arthritis in specimens with shortening >20 mm (standardized beta 0.156, P = 0.109), although this subanalysis may have been underpowered. Conclusions: This is the first study to report long-term consequences of clavicle fracture on the development of ipsilateral GHJ osteoarthritis; clavicle fractures were shown to have a higher degree of GHJ osteoarthritis. Future clinical studies are needed to confirm these relationships.
The Salience of Gains in Third-World Integrative Systems

Integration theorists are increasingly turning their attention away from an examination of the relationship of gains to the integration process and towards the elaboration of complex models in which the salience of the former is obscured. As this variable appears to influence the durability of integrative systems among third-world countries and, by entering into actor calculations of alternatives, effects changes within the integrative system, an analysis is warranted which places the relationship of gains to the integration process in bolder relief.
High-speed object tracking across multiple networked cameras

This paper presents a networked vision system for tracking objects moving across multiple camera views at high speed. Frame acquisition in each camera is triggered by a personal computer (PC), which also computes the target position and sends data to another PC via an Ethernet link. The data includes the tracked target position and the timestamp when the frame acquisition was triggered. The timescale on which the timestamps are based is precisely synchronized between the PCs by using the precision time protocol (PTP). Therefore, locally acquired data in each PC and data received via Ethernet can be precisely aligned in time. A 5 mm-diameter object moving across two cameras at 4000 mm/s at a distance of 300 mm from the cameras was successfully tracked by the system with an average frame rate of more than 720 frames-per-second.
Brainstem galanin‐synthesizing neurons are differentially activated by chemoreceptor stimuli and represent a subpopulation of respiratory neurons

The ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM) of the brainstem contains neurochemically heterogeneous neurons that have a critical role in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation. Previous anatomical studies have shown the existence of galanin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata, but a detailed characterization is lacking. In this study, we demonstrate three populations of preprogalanin mRNA (PPG)‐expressing neurons in the VLM of the adult, male Sprague‐Dawley rat: a retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) group, a group in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG), and a subpopulation of A1 neurons. PPG+ neurons express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) only in the A1 region of the VLM, where approximately 56% of PPG+ neurons contain TH (79 ± 14; n = 4). PPG+ neurons do not express vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT) in the VLM (n = 3). However, 33% of PPG+ neurons contain neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK1R) in the rVRG (126 ± 12; n = 12), accounting for ∼28% of all NK1R+ neurons in the region. Retrogradely transported cholera toxin B injected into the thoracic spinal cord (T1) revealed that bulbospinal PPG+ neurons are present in the rVRG (n = 3; ∼26% of PPG+ neurons). PPG+ neurons in the RTN and locus coeruleus are selectively activated (Fos) following 2 hours of exposure to hypercapnia, but not by hypoxia. Neurons in the A1, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsomedial hypothalamus are activated by both chemoreceptor stimuli. The results suggest that PPG+ neurons represent a population of brainstem neurons that play a critical and differential role in the chemoreflex responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. J. Comp. Neurol. , 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Analysis of the Effects of Index Returns on the Asymmetry of Implied Volatility

This study investigates the daily negative asymmetric risk-return relation between the returns on the KOSPI 200(or futures index) and the VKOSPI. We observe strong negative and asymmetric relations between the returns and volatility. The results from this study imply that the leverage hypothesis and the volatility feedback hypothesis are unable to explain the daily asymmetric return-risk relations. Instead, the empirical results are consistent with behavioral explanations. The magnitude of the asymmetric volatility appears to be stronger the returns on the KOSPI 200than the returns on the KOSPI 200futures index for the entire returns and vice versa for the negative returns. Finally, the results from regression analyses show that the returns on the KOSPI200 futures explain asymmetry more effectively than the returns on the KOSPI200. Keyword: asymmetric volatility, volatility index, implied volatility, representativeness, affect heuristic, extrapolation bias