Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dispersion of Response times Reveals Cognitive Dynamics Dispersion and Interactions among System Components

Trial-to-trial variation in word-pronunciation times exhibits 1/f scaling. One explanation is that human performances are consequent on multiplicative interactions among interdependent processes—interaction dominant dynamics. This article describes simulated distributions of pronunciation times in a further test for multiplicative interactions and interdependence. Individual participant distributions of Ϸ1,100 word-pronunciation times were successfully mimicked for each participant in combinations of lognormal and power-law behavior. Successful hazard function simulations generalized these results to establish interaction dominant dynamics, in contrast with component dominant dynamics, as a likely mechanism for cognitive activity. Cognitive studies of response times almost always concern components of cognitive architecture. This article is not about cognitive architecture. Instead, it poses a complementary question: How do the essential processes of cognitive activities interact to give rise to cognitive performance? The shapes of response time distributions supply information about how a system's processes interact. The response time data used to answer this question come from speeded naming of individual printed words. The characteristic shapes of pronunciation-time distributions (and their hazard functions) reveal the kind of interactions generally in cognitive activity. This is not a new idea, and a familiar precedent exists for the logical inferences that are required. Familiar Gaussian distributions also support conclusions about how components interact, without requiring first that one know the identities, or details, of interacting components. This logic is introduced next using the example of skilled target shooting. Ballistics research was historically very important in the discovery and characterization of Gaussian distributions. The explanation is somewhat tutorial, however , and readers who are familiar with how dispersion informs system theories and with the properties of lognormal and power-law distributions could skip forward to the section on the cocktail hypothesis. A skilled target shooter's bullets form a familiar bell-shaped pattern around a bull's-eye. Strikes mostly pile up close to the bull's-eye. Moving further from the bull's-eye, on any radius, fewer and fewer strikes are observed. This pattern of bullet strikes is distributed as a bivariate Gaussian distribution, a fact worked out in late 19th century and early 20th century ballistics research. The Gaussian provides a relatively complete statistical description of how the bullet strikes are distributed. Theoretical conclusions about the idealized bivariate Gaussian distribution explain how separate components of the target-shooting system combine to distribute bullet strikes in the Gauss-ian pattern. The dispersion or variability around the bull's-eye is the product of small accidental differences from shot to shot in …
Modelling the chloride signal at Plynlimon, Wales, using a modified dynamic TOPMODEL incorporating conservative chemical mixing (with uncertainty)

The application of a modified version of dynamic TOPMODEL for two subcatchments at Plynlimon, Wales is described. Conservative chemical mixing within mobile and immobile stores has been added to the hydrological model in an attempt to simulate observed stream chloride concentrations. The model was not fully able to simulate the observed behaviour, in particular the short‐ to medium‐term dynamics. One of the primary problems highlighted by the study was the representation of dry deposition and cloud‐droplet‐deposited chloride, which formed a significant part of the long‐term chloride mass budget. Equifinality of parameter sets inhibited the ability to determine the effective catchment mixing volumes and coefficients or the most likely partition between occult mass inputs and chloride mass inputs determined by catchment immobile‐store antecedent conditions. Some success was achieved, in as much as some aspects of the dynamic behaviour of the signal were satisfactorily simulated, although spectral analysis showed that the model could not fully reproduce the 1/f power spectra of observed stream chloride concentrations with its implications of a wide distribution of residence times for water in the catchment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lower Bound Estimation on the Numbers of LUT Blocks and Micro-Registers for Time-Mulitplexed FPGA Synthesis

In this paper, we present a unified estimation technique to find the lower bounds on the number of LUT blocks and that of the micro-registers which can be obtained by any partitioning or synthesis methods, respectively, without performing any actual synthesis and/or design space exploration. The lower bound estimation is very important in sense that it greatly helps to evaluate the results of the previous work and even the future work. Some experimental results on lower bound estimation are shown and compared with the previous results published in the literature.
A numerical simulation of flow at Fieberling Guyot

A numerical sigma-coordinate ocean circulation model is used to investigate tidally forced flow near Fieberling Guyot. The aim is to reproduce the observed currents and to identify the dominant physical mechanisms that lead to the complex three-dimensional flow fields at this tall and steep seamount in the northeast Pacific. Our very high resolution simulation (with 500 m horizontal and less than 20 m vertical grid spacing in the vicinity of the seamount summit) was performed with the newest version of the terrain-following sigma-coordinate primitive equation model (SPEM). As in previous more idealized studies, the seamount was placed in the center of a uniformly rotating periodic channel and forced by diurnal barotropic tides. The exponential initial stratification, the tidal forcing amplitude, and its orientation were chosen based on observations from the Fieberling area. Three major characteristics of the flow observed at Fieberling Guyot are reproduced both qualitatively and quantitatively: diurnal currents reach about 20 cm s−1, a twentyfold amplification relative to the tidal flow away from the seamount; the time-mean anticyclonic flow speeds are close to the observed 10 cm s−1 maximum azimuthal velocity; and the spatial structure of this vortex shows a maximum at about 6 km radius between 400 and 600 m depth, clearly lifted off the bottom. The time-mean flows are found to be maintained by diurnal waves of a mixed type: the net motion shows characteristics of both bottom-intensified seamount trapped waves and vertically propagating vortex trapped waves. While the former are mainly responsible for setting up a time-mean anticyclonic flow along the upper flanks at the bottom, the latter are needed to redistribute the momentum and time-mean density, thereby reproducing the observed structure with a flow maximum off the bottom. An analysis of the energy, momentum, and density fluxes shows that rectification depends critically on the eddy fluxes that balance the time-mean downwelling over the seamount summit and upper flanks. The results of sensitivity and parameter studies are utilized to further interpret the role of individual physical mechanisms and the time-mean dynamical balances.
First record of a complete giant theropod egg clutch from Upper Cretaceous deposits, South Korea

Here, we report the first occurrence of a complete Macroelongatoolithus clutch from outside of China. Excavated from Upper Cretaceous strata of Aphae-do in Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do Province, South Korea, the clutch of 19 eggs is characterised by large, elongate, symmetrical eggs arranged in a single-layered ring-shaped clutch. Eggs are inclined towards the centre of the 2.3-m diameter clutch, and average 41.17 cm long and 15.58 cm wide. Of the 19 eggs, 8 clearly retain a paired configuration. This specimen represents only the second report of large theropod eggs from South Korea and is the most complete Macroelongatoolithus clutch known from the region to date. Eggshell microstructural features are consistent with Macroelongatoolithus xixiaensis (oofamily Elongatoolithidae), previously known only from Cenomanian strata of southeastern China. This first record of a giant theropod egg clutch, here assigned to M. xixiaensis, extends the stratigraphic and paleogeographic range of Macroelongatoolithus eggs and parent animals to include the Campanian of South Korea.
On The spectral reflectance properties of materials exposed at the Viking landing sites

Bidirectional reflectances, calibrated to within 10% uncertainties, for blue (0.40–0.52 μm), green (0.50–0.59 μm), and red (0.60–0.74 μm) channels were determined for 31 block and soil exposures imaged by the Viking Lander Cameras. Reflectances were corrected for atmospheric attenuation by using optical depth measurements obtained by the Lander Cameras and for skylight illumination by subtracting the brightness values of adjacent shadowed areas. Reflectances for two facets on each of two large blocks were computed for a common geometry by determining facet orientations from high resolution Lander stereo images and by fitting the Hapke-Irvine photometric function to reflectances estimated for several geometries. Results indicate that individual facets on the same block have different optical properties. The darkest, grayest block facets have properties similar to laboratory reflectance spectra of mafic rocks that are thinly coated with ferric iron-rich palagonite. Most block surfaces have reflectances consistent with thin to optically thick covers of palagonitic material. Limited exposures of soil have spectra that are also similar to palagonitic material. The majority of the soils sampled and a few block surfaces have spectra with steeper slopes and greater spectral curvatures than the palagonite analog, consistent with greater degree of ferric iron crystallinity. The soils could be an intimate mixture of palagonitic material and other materials not seen in end member form, but, if so, these other materials would need an even greater slope and curvature than observed soils. The differences in reflectance properties for common block surfaces compared to common soils imply that local weathering of blocks has not contributed significantly to the soil exposed at the landing sites.
A Numerical Study of the Response of an Idealized Ocean to Large-Scale Surface Heat and Momentum Flux

Abstract A numerical model of a 6-level, baroclinic ocean with a flat bottom and a regular coast line extending from 51.25S to 48.75N is integrated over 125 years of simulated time using a finite-difference analog of the primitive equations. The surface atmospheric conditions which drive the circulation, both mechanically and thermally, are prescribed and depend on latitude only. The numerical integration is done in two phases. In the first phase (100 years), the temperature is predicted from the complete thermal energy equation, while the equations of horizontal motion are linear and the vertical mean current is constant in time. In the second phase (25 years), the complete primitive equations are used, and the coefficients of eddy viscosity and eddy conductivity are reduced. Integration of the first phase produces western boundary currents in both hemispheres, a surface counter-current at 7N, an eastward undercurrent at the equator, and a narrow band of cold surface water along the equator which is main.
Single tree detection in heterogeneous boreal forests using airborne laser scanning and area-based stem number estimates

Adaptive single tree detection methods using airborne laser scanning (ALS) data were investigated and validated on 40 large plots sampled from a structurally heterogeneous boreal forest dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine. Under the working assumption of having uniformly distributed tree locations, area-based stem number estimates were used to guide tree crown delineation from rasterized laser data in two ways: (1) by controlling the amount of smoothing of the canopy height model and (2) by obtaining an appropriate spatial resolution for representing the forest canopy. Single tree crowns were delineated from the canopy height models (CHMs) using a marker-based watershed algorithm, and the delineation results were assessed using a simple tree crown delineation algorithm as a reference method (‘RefMeth’). Using the proposed methods, approximately 46–50% of the total number of trees were detected, while approximately 5–6% false positives were found. The detection rate was, in general, higher for Scots pine than for Norway spruce. The accuracy of individual tree variables (total height and crown width) extracted from the laser data was compared with field-measured data. The individual tree heights were better estimated for deciduous tree species than for the coniferous species Norway spruce and Scots pine. The estimation of crown diameters for Scots pine and deciduous species achieved comparable accuracy, being better than for Norway spruce. The proposed methodology has the potential for easy integration with operational laser scanner-based stand inventories.
The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment: Science and implementation

This paper gives an overview of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. The experiment consists of scanning and nonscanning radiometer packages on three spacecraft. One is a satellite with a 57° inclination orbit which processes around the earth once every 2 months. Packages are also flown on the sun-synchronous NOAA-F and NOAA-G operational meteorological satellites. The scanning radiometer includes three channels: shortwave, long-wave, and total. The nonscanner package encompasses a pair of wide-field-of-view radiometers and a pair of medium-field-of-view radiometers. Each pair consists of a total and a shortwave radiometer. The scientific importance and objectives of the mission are described, including the need for the three spacecraft and the utility of the complementary types of radiometers.
Climate Modeling for Renewable Energy Applications

CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoHuei-PingHuang;hp.huang@asu.eduReceived27November2014;Accepted27November2014;Published22December2014Copyright©2014Huei-PingHuangetal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Effect of grid size on effective parameters and model performance of the MIKE‐SHE code

The present study discusses the application of the physically based distributed MIKE‐SHE code to a medium size catchment using different grid sizes to investigate scale effects on the model results. First a 600 m grid‐square model was calibrated. This was then subjected to a multi‐resolution (MR) validation test by using the effective parameters of the calibrated model in a 300 m and a 1200 m grid‐square model. The MR test indicated that the models for the resolutions analysed only differ marginally. Secondly, the effect of grid size on both the calibrated effective model parameters and the model performance was analysed in the scope of a multi‐calibration test in which the calibration and validation processes were kept as unique and standard as possible for every grid size. The model was calibrated and validated for every grid size against both daily catchment discharge measurements and observed water levels using both a split sample procedure and a multi‐site validation test. The investigation indicated that the best validation results, in terms of river discharge, were obtained with a 600 m grid‐resolution, independent of the stream‐flow station. This, together with the exponential increase in computation time when reducing the grid size, indicates that, for the given level of data input and quality, the model type and structure, and the time step, a 600 m grid‐resolution is most appropriate for the catchment under study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of dielectric properties of moist soils

Heating of soil using microwaves has several applications in geosciences, including soil remediation, neutralization of land mines, and microwave-enhanced thermography. Numerical simulation of microwave-induced soil heating processes requires knowledge of the electrical properties of the soil as a function of temperature, moisture content, and frequency of the electromagnetic wave. This paper describes a semi-empirical model for calculating the dielectric properties of moist soils at various moisture contents, temperatures, and frequencies (within the band of 1–10 GHz). The proposed model is an extension of the generalized refractive mixing dielectric model (GRMDM) for moist soils. Predictions of the proposed model were found to be in good agreement with experimental data reported in the literature. Results of a parametric study suggest that the temperature dependency of the dielectric properties of moist sand is more pronounced for higher volumetric moisture contents.
Multi-sensor image registration based on visual attention

Inspired by the process of manual registration, a method based on visual attention is proposed in this paper for multi-sensor image registration. In the first stage, the corner points are selected from both of the multi-sensor images using multi-scale Harris detector and then the outlines are extracted by Gabor filter. In the second stage, the selected points are described based on the contour images to find the matching pairs. Finally, the parameters of the affine transformation model between the images are obtained according to the matching pairs. Pairs of visible and infrared images are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and SIFT algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve good performance for registering visible and infrared images.
Response of the West Florida Shelf circulation to climatological wind stress forcing

The response of the west Florida continental shelf circulation to monthly mean climatological wind forcing is investigated by using the three-dimensional, primitive equation Princeton Ocean Model. Two basic seasonal patterns of circulation and sea surface elevation occur under a barotropic setting: a winter pattern from October to March and a summer pattern from April to September. An interesting finding in winter is an anticyclonic gyre over the northeastern (Florida Big Bend) region that merges with a northwestward flow from the south. The Big Bend Gyre is caused by a convergence of two separate flows: a nearshore along-shelf southeastward flow and an offshore northwestward flow. Winter circulation characteristics also include offshore surface transport, coastal upwelling, and relatively low coastal sea level. The summer pattern features a continuous northwestward directed flow, onshore surface transport, coastal downwelling, and relatively high coastal sea level. Transitions between the two seasonal patterns show either a development or relaxation of the Big Bend Gyre. These three-dimensional circulation patterns result from wind-driven Ekman transports and their resulting surface-slope-induced geostrophic flows. Qualitative agreement exists in some respects with recent in situ observations, historical drift bottle retrievals, and tide gauge data. However, climatological wind stress forcing alone does not account for the seasonally varying southeastward currents observed at midshelf. Thus it may be concluded that for depths less than 50 m the seasonal winds may play a dominant role in the seasonal variation of the shelf circulation; and beyond this limit seasonal density related effect must also be a factor in the seasonally varying circulation on the West Florida Shelf.
On the graphical presentation of raindrop size data

Abstract Five different methods for presenting raindrop size data graphically are discussed. The various methods were developed to help determine the form and estimate the parameters of the drop size distribution functions, even for small sample sizes with the associated problems of size classification and sampling variability. Each method provides a different view of the drop size distribution and each has certain advantages. Plots of cumulative number or mass concentrations with size are the most useful in determining the form and estimating the parameters of the size distribution functions. Those plots are also helpful in examining the question of possible truncation of the distributions at some maximum size.
Contextual methods for multisource land cover classification with application to Radarsat and SPOT data

For the classification of the radar data, several techniques have been developed, which take the statistical properties of the radar distribution into account and use a priori segmentation to have better contextual information. The introduction of synthetic neo-channels, describing the local texture of radar images, improve the classification process. We also test two different processes to minimize the inter- class confusion caused by the speckle noise: a pixel-by-pixel basis classification which requires a preliminary spatial and/or temporal speckle filtering, or a contextual method without filtering. In the case of the multi-source data classification, we present a fusion algorithm which consists in implementing different statistical rules for radar or optical images.
Plate tectonics and sandstone compositions

Detrital framework modes of sandstone suites from different kinds of basins are a function of provenance types governed by plate tectonics. Quartzose sands from continental cratons are widespread within interior basins, platform successions, miogeoclinal wedges, and opening ocean basins. Arkosic sands from uplifted basement blocks are present locally in rift troughs and in wrench basins related to transform ruptures. Volcaniclastic lithic sands and more complex volcano-plutonic sands derived from magmatic arcs are present in trenches, forearc basins, and marginal seas. Recycled orogenic sands, rich in quartz or chert plus other lithic fragments and derived from subduction complexes, collision orogens, and foreland uplifts, are present in closing ocean basins, diverse succ ssor basins, and foreland basins. Triangular diagrams showing framework proportions of quartz, the two feldspars, polycrystalline quartzose lithics, and unstable lithics of volcanic and sedimentary parentage successfully distinguish the key provenance types. Relations between provenance and basin are important for hydrocarbon exploration because sand frameworks of contrasting detrital compositions respond differently to diagenesis, and thus display different trends of porosity reduction with depth of burial.