Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Data-Oriented Language Processing. An Overview

Data-oriented models of language processing embody the assumption that human language perception and production works with representations of concrete past language experiences, rather than with abstract grammar rules. Such models therefore maintain large corpora of linguistic representations of previously occurring utterances. When processing a new input utterance, analyses of this utterance are constructed by combining fragments from the corpus; the occurrence-frequencies of the fragments are used to estimate which analysis is the most probable one. This paper motivates the idea of data-oriented language processing by considering the problem of syntactic disambiguation. One relatively simple parsing/disambiguation model that implements this idea is described in some detail. This model assumes a corpus of utterances annotated with labelled phrase-structure trees, and parses new input by combining subtrees from the corpus; it selects the most probable parse of an input utterance by considering the sum of the probabilities of all its derivations. The paper discusses some experiments carried out with this model. Finally, it reviews some other models that instantiate the data-oriented processing approach. Many of these models also employ labelled phrase-structure trees, but use different criteria for extracting subtrees from the corpus or employ different disambiguation strategies; other models use richer formalisms for their corpus annotations.
Rarest first and choke algorithms are enough

The performance of peer-to-peer file replication comes from its piece and peer selection strategies. Two such strategies have been introduced by the BitTorrent protocol: the rarest first and choke algorithms. Whereas it is commonly admitted that BitTorrent performs well, recent studies have proposed the replacement of the rarest first and choke algorithms in order to improve efficiency and fairness. In this paper, we use results from real experiments to advocate that the replacement of the rarest first and choke algorithms cannot be justified in the context of peer-to-peer file replication in the Internet.We instrumented a BitTorrent client and ran experiments on real torrents with different characteristics. Our experimental evaluation is peer oriented, instead of tracker oriented, which allows us to get detailed information on all exchanged messages and protocol events. We go beyond the mere observation of the good efficiency of both algorithms. We show that the rarest first algorithm guarantees close to ideal diversity of the pieces among peers. In particular, on our experiments, replacing the rarest first algorithm with source or network coding solutions cannot be justified. We also show that the choke algorithm in its latest version fosters reciprocation and is robust to free riders. In particular, the choke algorithm is fair and its replacement with a bit level tit-for-tat solution is not appropriate. Finally, we identify new areas of improvements for efficient peer-to-peer file replication protocols.
Pretty-Simple Password-Authenticated Key-Exchange Protocol

We propose pretty simple password-authenticated key-exchange protocol which is based on the difficulty of solving DDH problem. It has the following advantages: (1) Both $y_1$ and $y_2$ in our protocol are independent and thus they can be pre-computed and can be sent independently. This speeds up the protocol. (2) Clients and servers can use almost the same algorithm. This reduces the implementation costs without accepting replay attacks and abuse of entities as oracles.
Inconsistent parameter estimation in Markov random fields: Benefits in the computation-limited setting

Consider the problem of joint parameter estimation and prediction in a Markov random field: i.e., the model parameters are estimated on the basis of an initial set of data, and then the fitted model is used to perform prediction (e.g., smoothing, denoising, interpolation) on a new noisy observation. Working under the restriction of limited computation, we analyze a joint method in which the \emph{same convex variational relaxation} is used to construct an M-estimator for fitting parameters, and to perform approximate marginalization for the prediction step. The key result of this paper is that in the computation-limited setting, using an inconsistent parameter estimator (i.e., an estimator that returns the ``wrong'' model even in the infinite data limit) can be provably beneficial, since the resulting errors can partially compensate for errors made by using an approximate prediction technique. En route to this result, we analyze the asymptotic properties of M-estimators based on convex variational relaxations, and establish a Lipschitz stability property that holds for a broad class of variational methods. We show that joint estimation/prediction based on the reweighted sum-product algorithm substantially outperforms a commonly used heuristic based on ordinary sum-product.
A New Ultrasound Technique for Osteoporosis: Analysis of Broadband Attenuation Images of the Calcaneus

Most ultrasound diagnosing systems for osteoporosis lack diagnostic precision due to the measurement of specific regions of interest (ROI). As well as using the existing ROI measurement method, this study introduced the concept of analyzing the distribution patterns of bone quality. Linear scanning and ultrasound transmission techniques were used to obtain the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) images of the calcaneus. A 13mm-diameter ROI was selected as the position of minimum BUA value locally in the posterior calcaneus. Mean values of BUA and speed of sound (SOS) at the ROI, as well as the osteoporosis index (OI), by their linear combination, were defined. For a more accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis, OI and images of the bone quality distribution of the calcaneus were utilized together. The calcaneus is inhomogeneous and, furthermore, its images are not perpendicular to the direction of the ultrasound beam. Hence, the mean values of BUA and SOS for the entire calcaneus do not have any significant meaning. Accordingly, four image patterns of other OI in the calcaneus were defined in order to increase the correlation between diagnostic parameter and age. The results revealed a higher correlation between the bone quality index and age (r=0.75, p<0.0001), for which the pattern index was reflected on OI, than that (r=0.65, p<0.0001) of OI merely at ROI. This result confirmed the possibility of a new osteoporosis diagnostic method using the BUA distribution images of the entire calcaneus.
Succinct quantum proofs for properties of finite groups

The article considers a quantum computational variant of nondeterminism based on the notion of a quantum proof, which is a quantum state that plays a role similar to a certificate in an NP-type proof. Specifically, we consider quantum proofs for properties of black-box groups, which are finite groups whose elements are encoded as strings of a given length and whose group operations are performed by a group oracle. We prove that for an arbitrary group oracle, there exist succinct (polynomial-length) quantum proofs for the Group Non-Membership problem that can be checked with small error in polynomial time on a quantum computer. Classically, this is impossible; it is proved that there exists a group oracle, relative to which this problem does not have succinct proofs that can be checked classically with bounded error in polynomial time (i.e., the problem is not in MA relative to the group oracle constructed). By considering a certain subproblem of the Group Non-Membership problem, we obtain a simple proof that there exists an oracle relative to which BQP is not contained in MA. Finally, we show that quantum proofs for non-membership and classical proofs for various other group properties can be combined to yield succinct quantum proofs for other group properties not having succinct proofs in the classical setting, such as verifying that a number divides the order of a group and verifying that a group is not a simple group.
Computing Presuppositions by Contextual Reasoning

Copyright 1999, American Association for ArtificialIntelligence. All rights reserved. This paper has been published by the American Association for ArtificialIntelligence (http://www.aaai.org) This paper describes how automated deduction methods for natural language processing can be applied more efficientlyby encoding context in a more elaborate way. Our work is based on formal approaches to context, and we provide a tableau calculus for contextual reasoning. This is explained by considering an example from the problem area of presupposition projection.
Applying Explanation-based Learning to Control and Speeding-up Natural Language Generation

This paper presents a method for the automatic extraction of subgrammars to control and speeding-up natural language generation NLG. The method is based on explanation-based learning EBL. The main advantage for the proposed new method for NLG is that the complexity of the grammatical decision making process during NLG can be vastly reduced, because the EBL method supports the adaption of a NLG system to a particular use of a language.
Deriving the Predicate-Argument Structure for a Free Word Order Language

In relatively free word order languages, grammatical functions are intricately related to case marking. Assuming an ordered representation of the predicate-argument structure, this work proposes a Combinatory Categorial Grammar formulation of relating surface case cues to categories and types for correctly placing the arguments in the predicate-argument structure. This is achieved by treating case markers as type shifters. Unlike other CG formulations, type shifting does not proliferate or cause spurious ambiguity. Categories of all argument-encoding grammatical functions follow from the same principle of category assignment. Normal order evaluation of the combinatory form reveals the predicate-argument structure. The application of the method to Turkish is shown.
The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013

Background The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors study used the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) to quantify the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. This paper provides an overview of injury estimates from the 2013 update of GBD, with detailed information on incidence, mortality, DALYs and rates of change from 1990 to 2013 for 26 causes of injury, globally, by region and by country. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the extensive GBD mortality database, corrections for ill-defined cause of death and the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient data sets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories, and seven follow-up studies with patient-reported long-term outcome measures. Results In 2013, 973 million (uncertainty interval (UI) 942 to 993) people sustained injuries that warranted some type of healthcare and 4.8 million (UI 4.5 to 5.1) people died from injuries. Between 1990 and 2013 the global age-standardised injury DALY rate decreased by 31% (UI 26% to 35%). The rate of decline in DALY rates was significant for 22 cause-of-injury categories, including all the major injuries. Conclusions Injuries continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. The decline in rates for almost all injuries is so prominent that it warrants a general statement that the world is becoming a safer place to live in. However, the patterns vary widely by cause, age, sex, region and time and there are still large improvements that need to be made.
Mathematical modelling of solute segregation in solidifying materials

Abstract The physical and mechanical properties of materials are strongly affected by processing conditions. For many materials, one of the major stages is solidification. During this process, the homogeneity of the liquid phase is often destroyed, resulting in a material with non-uniform properties, which can be considerably different than those of a comparable homogeneous alloy. Solute segregation as a result of solidification is discussed in terms of the mathematical models which have been developed over the past 75 years. Models are reviewed according to the major phenomena they seek to simulate: this includes the effects of morphology, solid and liquid phase diffusion, convection, phase transformations, and multiple components. The coupling of macroscopic and microscopic models to yield a more unified picture of mass transfer resulting from solidification is also discussed.
Robust approach for textured image clustering

Texture is considered as a big issue in image clustering and influence directly on the processing results. So, the idea here is to propose a new approach for image segmentation based on texture-isolation to reduce their effects and to identify easily the different clusters in an image. In this aim, we propose to use first a pre-processing method based on multiscale approach to separate a textured image into texture and geometrical components, applying a filtering process to smooth boundaries, at the end the geometrical component will be used in the classification stage. Several multiscale models, filtering algorithm and classification approaches have been tested on this paper. Simulation results with a comparison study show the good quality of the proposed approach.
Strategies for target cell recognition by natural killer cells

Summary: Stimulation of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by a complex balance of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors expressed by NK cells. However, the interaction of stimulatory receptors and their ligands is poorly understood. One stimulatory receptor, NKG2D, is expressed by all NK cells, stimulated CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells and macrophages. Recently, progress has been made in defining cellular ligands for NKG2D. Four different families of ligands have been identified in mice and humans, all of which are distantly related to MHC class I molecules. Some of the ligands are upregulated in transformed and infected cells, provoking an attack by the innate and adaptive immune systems. It appears that these “induced‐self” ligands recognized by the NKG2D receptor may be a precedent for a new strategy of target cell recognition by the immune system.
Research Progress in Sequences Comparison and Crystal Structure of Silk Fibroin

Silk fibroin is native fibrous protein extracted from silk. It has good mechanical properties because of its unique amino acid composition, complex of sequence characterization and the transform of crystalline structure under different condition. The characteristics of silk fibroin makes it better biological biocompatibility and biodegradability and have been used widely as biomaterials in the field of tissue engineering. Based on the introduction of its properties, the researches on the amino acid composition, sequence characteristics, molecular conformation, and its performance were reviewed in this paper.
Biomedical Applications of Vibration and Acoustics in Imaging and Characterizations

Chapter 1: DYNAMIC RADIATION FORCE OF ACOUSTIC WAVES Chapter 2: NUMERICAL MODELING FOR ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN OF ULTRASOUND VIBROACOUSTOGRAPHY SYSTEMS Chapter 3: STRAIN INDUCED BY DUAL ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE AND ITS ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT Chapter 4: COMPUTATIONAL INVERSE PROBLEM TECHNIQUES IN VIBRO-ACOUSTICS Chapter 5: ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE IMPULSE (ARFI) IMAGING: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND IMAGE FORMATION Chapter 6: CARDIOVASCULAR ELASTICITY IMAGING Chapter 7: HARMONIC MOTION IMAGING IN HIFU MONITORING Chapter 8: CHARACTERIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ELASTICITY USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE ELASTOGRAPHY Chapter 9: ACOUSTIC RESPONSE OF THE HUMAN ARTERIES Abstract Chapter 10: NON-INVASIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING LOCAL VISCOELASTICITY OF ARTERIAL VESSELS Chapter 11: TISSUE HARMONIC MOTION ESTIMATION FOR TISSURE CHARACTERIZATION USING ULTRASOUND AND KALMAN FILTER Chapter 12: CHARACTERIZATION OF TISSUE VISCO-ELASTICITY FROM SHEAR WAVE SPEED DISPERSION Chapter 13: APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR ELASTIC WAVE SPECTROSCOPY (NEWS) TO IN VITRO DAMAGE ASSESMENT IN CORTICAL BONE Appendices Selected Safety Statements from International Organizations.
Elevated IOP alters the space–time profiles in the center and surround of both ON and OFF RGCs in mouse

Significance Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and many patients with glaucoma do not realize they have the disease until a significant visual deficit occurs. Here we record from mouse retinal ganglion cells and determine how they properties change in a mouse model of experiment glaucoma. We identify multiple changes to retinal ganglion cell functional properties and potential circuits mediating these changes. The findings from this study will help glaucoma patients in two ways. The novel functional changes we see can help identify new diagnostic tests that could identify patients prior to gross vision loss. Additionally, identification of specific retinal pathways mediating glaucomatous injury will help develop new treatments that extend to retinal cells that are currently being ignored. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, and is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. An experimental model of glaucoma has been established by elevating the intraocular pressure (IOP) via microbead occlusion of ocular fluid outflow in mice. Studies in this model have found visual dysfunction that varied with adaptational state, occurred before anatomical changes, and affected OFF RGCs more than ON RGCs. These results indicate subtle alterations in the underlying retinal circuitry that could help identify disease before irreversible RGC changes. Therefore, we looked at how RGC function was altered with elevated IOP under both photopic and scotopic conditions. We first found that responses to light offset are diminished with IOP elevation along with a concomitant decrease in receptive field center size for OFF RGCs. In addition, the antagonistic surround strength and size was reduced in ON RGCs. Furthermore, elevation of IOP significantly accelerated the photopic temporal tuning of RGC center responses in both ON and OFF RGCs. We found that some of the IOP-induced functional changes to OFF RGCs relied on ON cross-over pathways, indicating dysfunction in inner retinal circuitry. Overall, these results suggest that IOP alters multiple functions in the retina depending on the adaptational state. They provide a basis for designing multiple functional tests for early detection of glaucoma and for circuit-specific therapeutic targets in treatment of this blinding disease.
Capturing knowledge of user preferences: ontologies in recommender systems

Tools for filtering the World Wide Web exist, but they are hampered by the difficulty of capturing user preferences in such a dynamic environment. We explore the acquisition of user profiles by unobtrusive monitoring of browsing behaviour and application of supervised machine-learning techniques coupled with an ontological representation to extract user preferences. A multi-class approach to paper classification is used, allowing the paper topic taxonomy to be utilised during profile construction. The Quickstep recommender system is presented and two empirical studies evaluate it in a real work setting, measuring the effectiveness of using a hierarchical topic ontology compared with an extendable flat list.
Analysis and Modeling of Traffic in Modern Data Communication Networks

In performance analysis and design of communication netword modeling data traffic is important. With introduction of new applications, the characteristics of the data traffic changes. We present a brief review the different models of data traffic and how they have evolved. We present results of data traffic analysis and simulated traffic, which demonstrates that the packet train model fits the traffic at source destination level and long-memory (self-similar) model fits the traffic at the aggregate level.
Experiments on tribo-electricity. I.—The tribo-electric series

I. - Historical . Little exact knowledge of tribo-electricity has yet been accumulated, and this subject has certainly not been raised to the dignity of a quantitative science. In the present paper will be found an account of experiments in which the conditions of the solid bodies rubbed together have been greatly varied. Thus, temperature has been changed both before and during friction; the surfaces used have been rubbed with considerable pressure while hot; they have, wherever possible, been rubbed together when flexed; and they have been prepared before rubbing by being ground and polished in various ways. Much information has thus come to light as to the electrical surface conditions of a variety of solids. Before setting forth the methods and results of this paper, let us note the information previously available. Good summaries of the subject will be found in Wiedemann's 'Electriciat' (2) and Chwolson's treatise. (1).
Selection Relaying at Low Signal to Noise Ratios

Performance of cooperative diversity schemes at Low Signal to Noise Ratios (LSNR) was recently studied by Avestimehr et. al. [1] who emphasized the importance of diversity gain over multiplexing gain at low SNRs. It has also been pointed out that continuous energy transfer to the channel is necessary for achieving the max-flow min-cut bound at LSNR. Motivated by this we propose the use of Selection Decode and Forward (SDF) at LSNR and analyze its performance in terms of the outage probability. We also propose an energy optimization scheme which further brings down the outage probability.
Performance of Gaussian Signalling in Non Coherent Rayleigh Fading Channels

The mutual information of a discrete time memoryless Rayleigh fading channel is considered, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver has the knowledge of the channel state information except the fading statistics. We present the mutual information of this channel in closed form when the input distribution is complex Gaussian, and derive a lower bound in terms of the capacity of the corresponding non fading channel and the capacity when the perfect channel state information is known at the receiver.
Learning Complexity Dimensions for a Continuous-Time Control System

This paper takes a computational learning theory approach to a problem of linear systems identification. It is assumed that inputs are generated randomly from a known class consisting of linear combinations of k sinusoidals. The output of the system is classified at some single instant of time. The main result establishes that the number of samples needed for identification with small error and high probability, independently from the distribution of inputs, scales polynomially with n, the system dimension, and logarithmically with k.
Effect of Soil Conditions on the Seismic Response of Spatial Structure

This paper is to study the seismic response of spatial structure incorporating the soil structure interaction (SSI). The SSI model for the long-span spatial structure with supporting substructure is proposed and the relevant soil parameters according to the IBC code are presented. A procedure for calculating the total damping ratios for one DOF system is used in the seismic analysis of spatial structure including SSI. The displacement and the axial force in the member under different soil conditions are compared and some important conclusions are drawn.