Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Polarimetry of the Disk Around the T Tauri Star RNO 91

We present 3-5 microns spectra and a 2.2 microns polarimetric image of the T Tauri star RNO 91. We report the detection of three absorption bands centered at 3250 cm-1 (3.08 mum), 2139 cm-1 (4.68 mum), and 2165 cm-1 (4.62 mum) in spectra of RNO 91. These features are due to frozen H2O, CO, and possibly XCN along the line of sight toward RNO 91. Our 2187-2107 cm-1 spectrum of RNO 90, the only other T Tauri star in the dark cloud L43, does not show the CO or XCN absorption bands. By comparing our observed polarimetric image with modeled images of scattered light from bipolar nebulae or circumstellar disks as well as with known morphology of the RNO 91 bipolar outflow, we demonstrate that the reflection nebulosity seen in the near-infrared is most likely a circumstellar disklike structure with a radius of ˜1700 AU. The location of both RNO 90 and RNO 91 in front of or near the front of L43 suggests that the intracloud optical depths toward both stars are small and, therefore, that the frozen H2O, CO, and XCN molecules are located on grains in circumstellar material around RNO 91 at distances from the central star of perhaps 10-1700 AU. This frozen material may represent precometary grains orbiting RNO 91.
Voting behavior as social action: Habits, norms, values, and rationality in electoral participation

The aim of the study is to contribute, theoretically and empirically, to an improved understanding of the social processes and mechanisms generating a citizen’s decisions regarding electoral participation. It seeks to contribute to a solution for the legendary paradox of electoral participation based on formalized social-psychological dual process theories by integrating the Weberian typology of rationalities and related social action into a comprehensive explanation of voter turnout. The empirical analysis, based on two German surveys carried out in 1998 and 2017, reveals that the instrumentally rational voting (purposively rational action) emphasized in the classic rational choice theories used in economic electoral research is rather a special case among modal types of action such as habitual voting (traditional action), norm-related voting (norm-guided action), and voting due to value rationality (value-rational action). Most voters vote out of habit and based on norms and values, while purely purposive-rational voting is more of a special case.
Ground State, Spectrum, and Phase Diagram of Two-Dimensional Incommensurate Crystals

A model of a monolayer of atoms adsorbed on a crysta l l ine surface is d i scussed . When the initial incommensurabili ty, 6, between a rec iprocal lat t ice vector of the monolayer and one of the substra te is small , the monolayer has a one-dimensional supers t ruc tu re with period depending on 6. For 6 >6C(T) the s tate is incommensura te ; 6C(T) d ec rea se s and vanishes at a Tc given by the e las t ic moduli of the monolayer . The spec t rum of small oscillations has two acoustic branches , one vanishing at the phase t rans i t ion .
Proper motions and natures of First Byurakan Survey blue stellar objects

A new method for combined calculations of proper motions (PMs) based on accurate measurements of POSS1 and POSS2 epoch plates is given. The positional accuracy of various surveys and catalogues is estimated, and statistical weights for each of them are established. To achieve the best positions, weighted averaging of direct measurements on DSS1/DSS2, and data from APM, MAPS, USNO-A2.0, USNO-B 1.0 and GSC 2.3. 2 catalogues were used. The rms accuracy of positions achieved for POSS1 is 119 mas in each coordinate and 168 mas total, and for POSS2 it is 69 mas in each coordinate and 98 mas total. Using these accurate positions and the large separation in years between POSS1 and POSS2, we calculated the best possible PMs: 3.9 mas yr -1 in each coordinate and 5.5 mas yr -1 total. We developed methods to control and exclude the accidental errors that appear in any survey. We compared and combined our PMs with those given in USNO-B 1.0, SDSS DR7 and Tycho-2 catalogues and obtained even better results: 3.0 mas yr -1 in each coordinate and 4.2 mas yr -1 total PM. This approach was applied to the First Byurakan Survey blue stellar objects, containing significant numbers of white dwarfs and subdwarfs. In total, 640 objects were revealed with PM ≥ 10 mas yr -1 , the detection limit for this method, and an electronic table of these objects is given. For more confident PMs, we adopt the limit 20 mas yr -1 (333 objects). Adopting a 50 km s -1 upper limit for tangential velocities, we calculated maximum distances and absolute magnitudes and estimated luminosity types for these objects, obtaining 185 probable white dwarfs (M > 8 mag), 69 possible white dwarfs (6 < M < 8 mag), and 42 candidate subdwarfs/white dwarfs (3 < M < 6 mag). Given that we rediscovered 141 genuine white dwarfs among the classified objects, the success rate for the discovery of white dwarfs is estimated as 83 per cent, and as 38 per cent for our probable and possible white dwarfs, respectively.
Electron Spin Resonance Experiments on Donors in Silicon. II. Electron Spin Relaxation Effects

The different relaxation processes that connect the four energy levels in phosphorus doped silicon have been investigated experimentally. The relaxation time ${T}_{s}$ ($\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{s}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{I}=0$) was found to be independent of phosphorus concentration below \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{16}$ P/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Its value at 3200 oersteds and 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K was \ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{+3}$ seconds and varied as $\frac{1}{T}$ for $1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}lTl2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$ and as $\frac{1}{{T}^{7}}$ for $2.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}lTl4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$. The magnetic field dependence in the $\frac{1}{T}$ region suggests a direct phonon process. In the $\frac{1}{{T}^{7}}$ region ${T}_{s}$ was independent of the magnetic field between 3000 and 8000 oersteds. Above a concentration of ${10}^{16}$ P/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${T}_{s}$ varied rapidly with donor concentration, dropping to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ seconds at 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ P/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. In this concentration dependent region ${T}_{s}$ was independent of the magnetic field but depended on the number of acceptors present. None of the ${T}_{s}$ mechanisms can at present be accounted for by the theories of Pines, Bardeen, and Slichter, and Abrahams. The relaxation time ${T}_{x}$ ($\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{s}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{I}=\ensuremath{\mp}1$) was \ensuremath{\sim}30 hours at 3000 oersteds and \ensuremath{\sim}5 hours at 8000 oersteds in fair agreement with the theory of PBS. The relaxation time ${T}_{N}$ ($\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{I}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{s}=0$) at 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K exceeded 10 hours.
The reduced-description particle-in-cell model for the two plasmon decay instability

Recently, motivated by the resurgent interest in suprathermal electron generation by two plasmon decay (TPD) in direct-drive laser-fusion [J. A. Delettrez et al., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 53, 248 (2008); V. A. Smalyuk et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 185005 (2008); B. Yaakobi et al., Phys. Plasmas 12, 062703 (2005)], the fully kinetic, reduced-description, particle-in-cell (RPIC) methodology has been extended to include TPD. It provides a computationally efficient fully kinetic simulation tool, especially in nonlinear regimes where the Langmuir decay instability (LDI) is a dominant saturation mechanism. This RPIC methodology is an extension of the modeling of laser-plasma instabilities in underdense plasmas reported previously [H. X. Vu, B. Bezzerides, and D. F. DuBois, J. Comput. Phys. 156, 12 (1999)]. The relationship between RPIC and the extended Zakharov model previously used for TPD [D. F. DuBois, D. A. Russell, and H. A. Rose, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3983 (1995)] is explored theoretically and tested in simulations. The modification of the electron velocity distribution—in particular, the generation of hot electrons—as calculated in RPIC leads to weakening of the wave turbulence excited by TPD compared to the Zakharov model predictions but the locations in wave vector space of important spectral features, e.g., arising from the LDI, of the nonlinear wave fluctuations are exactly the same in the two approaches. New results involving two oblique, overlapping laser beams, a common geometrical feature in direct-drive schemes, are presented. The two laser beams can cooperatively excite common primary Langmuir waves which initiate the LDI process.
Robust control of multi‐axis magnetic bearing systems

This paper proposes robust control schemes for multi‐axis magnetic bearing systems under current control and voltage control. The control schemes are based on a model which characterizes not only the electromagnetic interaction but also secondary effects such as flux leakage, fringing fluxes, and finite core permeance in the magnetic bearing. In the current control case, a sliding‐mode‐based robust controller, whose control parameters have to be deliberately chosen to account for the uni‐directionality of magnetic forces, is proposed to provide robust performance against uncertain dynamics. In the voltage control case, a control scheme that combines the sliding methodology and the backstepping technique is used to provide robust performance under the influence of the electrical dynamics. It is demonstrated through simulations and experiments that, because the nonlinearity and the uncertainty inherently residing in the system behaviour are directly tackled, the proposed controllers achieve superior tracking performances compared to control lers based on linearization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dunajski generalization of the second heavenly equation: dressing method and the hierarchy

Dunajski generalization of the second heavenly equation is studied. A dressing scheme applicable to the Dunajski equation is developed; an example of constructing solutions in terms of implicit functions is considered. A Dunajski equation hierarchy is described, and its Lax–Sato form is presented. The Dunajski equation hierarchy is characterized by the conservation of a three-dimensional volume form, in which a spectral variable is taken into account.
Alignment Structure of Dimeric Liquid Crystal Molecules Having Bent Molecular Structure

Antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLCs) composed of low-mass mesogens do not show the nematic (N) phase. Recently, it has been reported that an AFLC containig dimeric molecules may show the N phase. However, it is not obvious why the antiferroelectric SmC (SmCA) and N phases may coexist in the phase sequence of the dimeric LCS. In this study, the molecular alignment structure has been investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As a result, It is found that dimeric LCs, mPY11OCB (m = 6 and 8), have the same layer spacing between the SmA and SmCA phases, and therefore, the molecular shape is bent even in the SmA phase. The difference between both phases is due to the thermal motion of bent molecules around the molecular axis. Furthermore, it is obvious that in the SmCA phase, the alignment of dimeric LC molecules can be localized in two directions in a cell with rubbed alignment films. Furthermore, we tried to estimate the bent angle of the dimeric molecule by analyzing the relation between the absorbance of IR and the thermal motion of molecules, and then, found that the bent angles of 6PY11OCB and 8PY11OCB are 40 and 38 deg, respectively.
A note on the use of the K–S statistic as a measure of model strength

The “K–S statistic” is a popular (in fact, almost a standard) measure of model strength for credit risk scoring models. This article defines the “K–S statistic” and explains how it is used in the context of testing statistical hypotheses. It also points out a common interpretation error made when using this statistic. This article was written with the credit marketer, who uses risk models in conjunction with his direct mail campaigns, in mind. But since any measure of risk model strength may also be used to measure the strength of a response model, it is hoped that this article is found useful by the rest of the direct marketing world who employ modeling to its advantage.
Understanding the current-voltage characteristics of industrial crystalline silicon solar cells by considering inhomogeneous current distributions

Solar cells made from multi- or mono-crystalline silicon wafers are the base of today’s photovoltaics industry. These devices are essentially large-area semiconductor p-n junctions. Technically, solar cells have a relatively simple structure, and the theory of p-n junctions was established already decades ago. The generally accepted model for describing them is the so-called two-diode model. However, the current-voltage characteristics of industrial solar cells, particularly of that made from multi-crystalline silicon material, show significant deviations from established diode theory. These deviations regard the forward and the reverse dark characteristics as well as the relation between the illuminated characteristics to the dark ones. In the recent years it has been found that the characteristics of industrial solar cells can only be understood by taking into account local inhomogeneities of the dark current flow. Such inhomogeneities can be investigated by applying lock-in thermography techniques. Based on these and other investigations, meanwhile the basic properties of industrial silicon solar cells are well understood. This contribution reviews the most important experimental results leading to the present state of physical understanding of the dark and illuminated characteristics of multi-crystalline industrial solar cells. This analysis should be helpful for the continuing process of optimizing such cells for further increasing their energy conversion efficiency.
The Relationship between Tropical Warm Pool Precipitation, Sea Surface Temperature, and Large-Scale Vertical Motion in IPCC AR4 Models

AbstractA regime sorting analysis is used to identify Caribbean and western Pacific precipitation, sea surface temperature, and large-scale vertical circulation relationships and biases within coupled and uncoupled Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) general circulation models. This analysis shows that an oversensitivity of precipitation to both SST and vertical circulation (as represented by ω500) is inherent in the atmospheric models in both regions, with models using a spectral-type convective parameterization performing best in the Caribbean, but less separation between convective parameterization groups is seen in the western Pacific. The error in magnitude of precipitation for a given SST and vertical circulation causes uncoupled models to overestimate Caribbean and western Pacific mean precipitation. In coupled models, however, errors in the frequency of occurrence of SSTs (the distribution is cold biased in both regions) and deep convective vertical circul.
Criticism of Feynman’s analysis of the ratchet as an engine

The well‐known discussion on an engine consisting of a ratchet and a pawl in [R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (Addison‐Wesley, Reading, MA, 1963), Vol. 1, pp. 46.1–46.9] is shown to contain some misguided aspects: Since the engine is simultaneously in contact with reservoirs at different temperatures, it can never work in a reversible way. As a consequence, the engine can never achieve the efficiency of a Carnot cycle, not even in the limit of zero power (infinitely slow motion), in contradiction with the conclusion reached in the Lectures.
Time resolved optical methods for investigation of phase transformations in materials exposed to nanosecond laser pulses

Infrared (IR) radiometry and time resolved reflectivity (TRR) methods can be used for investigation of laser pulse effects on materials in nanosecond time scale. The methods in combination are capable to quantify object temperature and detect phase transformations in the solid state, melting and plasma formation from vapour. Measurements with different laser pulse energy densities provide threshold of the transformation. The melt duration can be also determined. The experimental system is described. It contains KrF excimer laser with homogenizer and variable attenuator, fast IR detector for radiometry, continuous probing laser with Si photodiode for reflectivity measurement and UV detector for pump laser pulse reflection measurement. The system was applied to investigation of responses to laser light of silicon and different pure metals and alloys. The range of energy densities used was 1-5500 mJ.cm-2 and measurements were done with temporal resolution of 6 ns for radiometry and 1 ns for reflectivity.
Error estimates for discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for a neuron network model

A nonlinear partial integro-differential equation, modeling neuron networks, has been considered. We approximate the model by using piecewise polynomials in space. We establish the boundedness and the invertibility of the model operator. We study the order of accuracy of a finite element approximation (in space) of the model with a full Galerkin inner product as well as with a quadrature inner product considering the solutions are in and in each subdomain such that .
Observation of parity-violating optical rotation in atomic thallium

Parity-violating optical rotation induced by the neutral weak-current interaction has been detected and measured for the first time in atomic thallium vapour. Accurate atomic calculations predicting the size of the rotation are available for this element; thallium also benefits from the Z3 enhancement of the effect. The magnetic-dipole transition 6p1/2-6p3/2 at 1.283 μm was excited using a single-mode semiconductor laser and the small optical rotation was measured using a sensitive polarimeter. The result, expressed in terms of the quantity R = Im E1p.v. /M1, is - 12.5(19)10-8 and is consistent with recent calculations based on the standard model.
Fuzzy parametric sample selection model: Monte Carlo simulation approach

Over a few decades, regression model has received considerable attention and has been shown to be successful when applied together with other models. One of the most successful models is the sample selection model or the selectivity model. However, uncertainties and ambiguities do exist in the models, particularly the relationship between the endogenous and exogenous variables. Therefore, it will disrupt the ability and effectiveness of the model proceeded to give the estimated value that can explain the actual situation of a phenomenon. These are the questions and problems that are yet to be explored and the main aim of this study. A new framework for estimation of the sample selection model using the concept of fuzzy modelling is introduced. In this approach, a flexible fuzzy concept hybrid with the parametric sample selection model is known as fuzzy parametric sample selection model (FPSSM). The elements of vagueness and uncertainty in the models are represented in the model construction, as a way of i.
Method of moments analysis of a waveguide crossed slot by using the eigenmode basis functions derived by the edge-based finite-element method

A hybrid analysis of the method of moments (MoM) and the finite-element method (FEM) is proposed for a waveguide crossed slot. The eigenmode functions of an X-shaped waveguide, with the geometry of a crossed slot in the cross section, are utilised as the basis functions of the magnetic currents in the MoM. They are derived as vectors by the edge-based FEM to express the current flow accurately around the crossing part. Reactions in the wall-thickness region of the rectangular waveguide can be simply and accurately evaluated without taking mode summation because of the orthogonality of the eigenmodes. The proposed method is advantageous for a crossed slot, especially with a wide slot width and a thick waveguide wall. For the verification of the analysis, the calculated results of the transmission coefficient, and the radiation pattern are compared with the measured ones using a 12 GHz model antenna. The agreement in the transmission coefficient is very good both in amplitude and phase from 10 to 15 GHz.
Tracing activity in distant supermassive black holes with X-rays

Supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies have long been thought to be the engines of quasars, which emit more energy than any other sources in the Universe. In the local Universe, dormant supermassive black holes have been detected through the motions of stars and gas near the galactic centres. In the distant Universe, high energy X-ray observations are now revealing the accretion of matter onto supermassive black holes, even when the black holes are highly obscured by gas and dust. Great advances are being made in obtaining a cosmic census of supermassive black holes. The duration, times, and mass inflow rates to these black holes are being traced via multiwavelength follow-up observations with ground-based telescopes and a time history of the accretion is thereby being reconstructed.
A note on centre-by-finite-exponent varieties of groups

We refer the reader to Hanna Neumann [7] for notation and other undefined terms. Let and denote the varieties of groups defined by the laws (xy)n=xnyn, [x, y]n=1 and [x, yn]respectively, where n is an integer. (n)-groups were termed “n-abelian” by R. Baer [1] and have been a subject matter of investigation by various authors (see [3], [5], [6] and the references therein). Recently KaluŽnin [5] has shown that , thus clarifying the relationship between U(n) and the familiar varieties. From the elementary inequalities(n ≠ 0,1)it is easily deduced that(see for instance [5]). If G = Cm Wr C∞, then cleary but for any Thus and . It is also easy to see that in general (see for instance [6] § 5.1) and we are led to ask
Non-axisymmetric instability of centrifugally stable stratified Taylor–Couette flow

The stability is investigated of the swirling flow between two concentric cylinders in the presence of stable axial linear density stratification, for flows not satisfying the well-known Rayleigh criterion for inviscid centrifugal instability, d(Vr)2/dr < 0. We show by a linear stability analysis that a sufficient condition for non-axisymmetric instability is, in fact, d(V/r)2/dr < 0, which implies a far wider range of instability than previously identified. The most unstable modes are radially smooth and occur for a narrow range of vertical wavenumbers. The growth rate is nearly independent of the stratification when the latter is strong, but it is proportional to it when it is weak, implying stability for an unstratified flow. The instability depends strongly on a non-dimensional parameter, S, which represents the ratio between the strain rate and twice the angular velocity of the flow. The instabilities occur for anti-cyclonic flow (S < 0). The optimal growth rate of the fastest-growing mode, which is non-oscillatory in time, decays exponentially fast as S (which can also be considered a Rossby number) tends to 0. The mechanism of the instability is an arrest and phase-locking of Kelvin waves along the boundaries by the mean shear flow. Additionally, we identify a family of (probably infinitely many) unstable modes with more oscillatory radial structure and slower growth rates than the primary instability. We determine numerically that the instabilities persist for finite viscosity, and the unstable modes remain similar to the inviscid modes outside boundary layers along the cylinder walls. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamics of the anti-cyclonic flow are dominated by the linear instability for a substantial range of Reynolds numbers.