Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High heat flux on ancient Mars: Evidence from rift flank uplift at Coracis Fossae

We have identified flexural uplift at the flanks of the Coracis Fossae Rift valley. Modeling the topography the elastic thickness is constrained to 10.3–12.5 km, the corresponding mechanical thickness and thermal gradient are 15–19 km and 27–33 K km−1, respectively. The time of rifting is dated by evaluating the crater size‐frequency distribution of key surface units related to the rifting. Thus, the heat flux between 3.5 and 3.9 Ga is calculated to be 54–66 mW m−2. Furthermore, the stresses supported by the rift bounding faults are estimated to be below 5 MPa. We speculate that this weakness may be connected to the presence of water below the surface.
Evaluation of cloud‐resolving and limited area model intercomparison simulations using TWP‐ICE observations: 1. Deep convective updraft properties

Ten 3‐D cloud‐resolving model simulations and four 3‐D limited area model simulations of an intense mesoscale convective system observed on 23–24 January 2006 during the Tropical Warm Pool‐International Cloud Experiment (TWP‐ICE) are compared with each other and with observed radar reflectivity fields and dual‐Doppler retrievals of vertical wind speeds in an attempt to explain published results showing a high bias in simulated convective radar reflectivity aloft. This high‐bias results from ice water content being large, which is a product of large, strong convective updrafts, although hydrometeor size distribution assumptions modulate the size of this bias. Making snow mass more realistically proportional to D2 rather than D3 eliminates unrealistically large snow reflectivities over 40 dBZ in some simulations. Graupel, unlike snow, produces high biased reflectivity in all simulations, which is partly a result of parameterized microphysics but also partly a result of overly intense simulated updrafts. Peak vertical velocities in deep convective updrafts are greater than dual‐Doppler‐retrieved values, especially in the upper troposphere. Freezing of liquid condensate, often rain, lofted above the freezing level in simulated updraft cores greatly contributes to these excessive upper tropospheric vertical velocities. The strongest simulated updraft cores are nearly undiluted, with some of the strongest showing supercell characteristics during the multicellular (presquall) stage of the event. Decreasing horizontal grid spacing from 900 to 100 m slightly weakens deep updraft vertical velocity and moderately decreases the amount of condensate aloft but not enough to match observational retrievals. Therefore, overly intense simulated updrafts may additionally be a product of unrealistic interactions between convective dynamics, parameterized microphysics, and large‐scale model forcing that promote different convective strengths than observed.
Linkage between eurasian winter snow cover and regional chinese summer rainfall

An inverse relationship has been documented by previous studies between antecedent Eurasian winter snow cover (EWSC) and all-India summer monsoon rainfall. Because both China and India are strongly influenced by the Asian monsoon system, it may be reasonable to ask whether a similar relationship exists between the EWSC and summer rainfall over China. This study seeks an answer to this question. Only a weak interannual relationship is found between the EWSC and summer rainfall over China as a whole. This weak EWSC-rainfall linkage occurs only when the averaged rainfall over the entire country is used. By dividing the country into several geographical regions based on observed features in the interannual variability of rainfall, we find much stronger regional rainfall-EWSC relationships. A strong in-phase EWSC-rainfall relationship is found in southern and northern China, whereas an inverse EWSC-rainfall relationship appears in the western, central, and north-eastern parts of China. Thus, EWSC may be a useful predictor for regional Chinese summer rainfall, but not for rainfall over the country as a whole.
Performance Measures and Intra-Firm Spillovers : Theory and Evidence 1

We revisit the question of how performance measures are used to evaluate business unit managers in response to intra-firm spillovers. Specifically, we are interested in variation in the relative incentive weightings of aggregated “above-level” measures (e.g., firm-wide net income), “own-level” business unit measures (e.g., business unit profit), and specific “below-level” measures (e.g., R&D expenses) in response to spillover arising from either the focal unit’s effect on other business units or the other units’ effect on the focal unit. Our theory highlights complementarity between aboveand below-level measures and the existence of an interaction between the two directions of spillovers. Based on a survey of 122 business unit managers, we report evidence consistent with an interaction effect and with complementarity between aboveand below-level measures. In particular, we show that firms increase the weighting on both of aboveand below-levels measures when they are coping simultaneously with high levels of spillovers on other units and spillovers from other units.
Detection of COPD in a high-risk population: should the diagnostic work-up include bronchodilator reversibility testing?

Background: Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is widespread. Early detection of COPD may improve the outcome by timely smoking cessation, a change in lifestyle, and treatment with an inhaled bronchodilator (BD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic role of BD reversibility testing in early COPD case finding. Methods: General practitioners (n = 241) consecutively recruited subjects aged  35 years with relevant exposure (history of smoking, and/or occupational exposure) and at least one respiratory symptom. Information on age, smoking status, body mass index, dyspnea score (Medical Research Council scale), and spirometry was obtained. Individuals with airway obstruction (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV 1 ]/forced vital capacity [FVC]  0.70) underwent a BD test with an inhaled β 2 agonist, which was considered positive if Δ FEV 1 was  0.20 L and  12%. Asthma and COPD were, respectively, defined as an FEV 1 increase  0.50 L and a post-BD FEV 1 /FVC  0.70. Results: In total, 4,049 subjects (51% male) were included (mean age 58 years, body mass index 27, 32 pack-years of smoking). A significant BD response was found in 143 (15%) of the 937 subjects (23%) with airway obstruction at screening spirometry. In 59% of these subjects, the post-BD FEV 1 /FVC remained  0.70. In 24% of the subjects with pre-BD airway obstruction, the post-BD FEV 1 /FVC ratio was within the reference range. In subjects with confirmed COPD, the mean increase in FEV 1 following BD was 0.11 L ± 0.10 L. The subjects with COPD and a significant BD response were characterized by a higher prevalence of dyspnea (72% versus 57%, P = 0.02) but less cough (55% versus 75%, P = 0.001) when compared with COPD subjects without BD reversibility. Conclusion: Administration of a BD in COPD case finding is important in order to determine the post-BD FEV 1 /FVC ratio. Exclusion of subjects with a significant BD response may result in underdiagnosis of COPD, and we question the need for the BD reversibility test in the diagnostic
Homeodomain protein 1 is an essential regulator of gene expression 1 during sexual differentiation of malaria parasites 2

1 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA 6 2 Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA 7 3 Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 8 4 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State 9 University, University Park, PA, 16802 10 5 Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, INSERM, Université de 11 Montpellier, Montpellier 12 6 Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 13 7 Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. 14 * Corresponding Author: bkafsack@med.cornell. edu 15
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Program for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) in Patients Over 60 Years Old

Background Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is currently widely used in many surgical specialties, but there is still a lack of concern about the cervical ERAS program for old patients (>60 years old). We aimed to determine whether our ERAS program significantly improved satisfaction and outcomes in old patients (>60 years old) with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. The study enrolled patients if they were over the age of 60 years old underwent ACDF from July 2019 and June 2021 (ERAS group) and from January 2018 and June 2019 (non-ERAS group). Data including demographic, comorbidity, and surgical information were collected. We also evaluated ERAS process compliance, primary outcome, surgical complication, and length of stay (LOS). Results There were 135 patients in the ERAS group, and 122 patients in the non-ERAS group were included. A comparison of the demographic data revealed that there were no statistically significant intergroup differences observed between the group. Overall, ERAS pathway compliance was 91.9%. There were no significant differences in the fusion levels, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative VAS score, and complications between the ERAS and non-ERAS groups. In addition, there was no significant difference in readmission and mortality at 30-day follow-up between the two groups. However, we observed a statistically significant decrease in the LOS in the ERAS group (8.68±2.34 of ERAS group versus 10.43±4.05 in non-ERAS group, p=0.013). Conclusion This report describes the first ERAS protocol used in old patients with ACDF. Our ERAS program is safe and associated with incremental benefits with respect to LOS in old patients with ACDF.
A reactive operational semantics for a lambda-calculus with time warps

This work is supported by the Emergence project “ReaLiSe” funded by the city of Paris. Abstract Many computer systems are reactive : they execute in continuous interaction with their environment. From the perspective of functional programming, reactive systems can be modeled and programmed as stream functions. Several lines of research have exploited this point of view. Works based on Nakano’s guarded recursion use type-theoretical modalities to guarantee productivity. Works based on synchronous programming use more specialized methods but guarantee incremental processing of stream fragments. In this paper, we contribute to a recent synthesis between the two approaches by describing how a language with a family of type-theoretical modalities can be given an incremental semantics in the synchronous style. We prove that this semantics coincides with a more usual big-step semantics.
Inhibitory synaptic vesicles have unique dynamics and 1 exocytosis properties

58 Maintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition is essential for 59 proper function of the central nervous system, with inhibitory synaptic transmission 60 playing an important role. Although inhibitory transmission has higher kinetic demands 61 compared to excitatory transmission, its properties are poorly understood. In particular, 62 the dynamics and exocytosis of single inhibitory vesicles have not been investigated, 63 due largely to both technical and practical limitations. Using a combination of quantum 64 dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies against the luminal domain of the vesicular GABA 65 transporter (VGAT) to selectively label GABAergic (i.e., inhibitory) vesicles together 66 with dual-focus imaging optics, we tracked the real-time three-dimensional position of 67 single inhibitory vesicles up to the moment of exocytosis (i.e., fusion). Using three-68 dimensional trajectories, we found that inhibitory synaptic vesicles traveled a short 69 distance prior to fusion and had a shorter time to fusion compared to synaptotagmin-1 70 (Syt1)-labeled vesicles, which were mostly from excitatory neurons. Moreover, our 71 analysis revealed a close correlation between the release probability of inhibitory 72 vesicles and both the proximity to their fusion site and the total travel length. Finally, 73 we found that inhibitory vesicles have a higher prevalence of kiss-and-run fusion 74 compared than Syt1-labeled vesicles. These results indicate that inhibitory synaptic 75 vesicles have a unique set of dynamics and fusion properties to support rapid synaptic 76 inhibition, thereby maintaining a tightly regulated balance between excitation and
Compliance of Nurses with Patients' Rights and their Awareness of Legal and Ethical Issues

Background: Compliance of nurses with patients' rights is a crucial human right because patients are one of the most vulnerable groups in society. The study aimed to assess nurses' compliance with patients' rights and their awareness of legal and ethical issues. Research design: A descriptive correlational research design was utilized. Setting: conducted at Liver University Hospital in Minia Governorate, Egypt. Sample: a convenient sample was included, in which the total number was (107 nurses). Tools: two tools were used: tool: a self-administrated questionnaire, and Tool: nurses' awareness about the legal and ethical issues in patient care. Results: There were more than half of the studied nursing (60.9%) had compliance with patients' rights, and more than two thirds (68.2%) had fair awareness level about legal and ethical issues occurring in the care of patients . Conclusion: there was a positive statistical correlation between total score of nurses’ awareness regarding ethical issues occurring in care of patients with total score of nurses’ compliance with patient’s rights. Recommendations: implement an educational training program for nurses regarding patient's rights and ethical and legal issues
The Minimalist Program

In his foundational book, The Minimalist Program, published in 1995, Noam Chomsky offered a significant contribution to the generative tradition in linguistics. This twentieth-anniversary edition reissues this classic work with a new preface by the author. In four essays, Chomsky attempts to situate linguistic theory in the broader cognitive sciences, with the essays formulating and progressively developing the minimalist approach to linguistic theory. Building on the theory of principles and parameters and, in particular, on principles of economy of derivation and representation, the minimalist framework takes Universal Grammar as providing a unique computational system, with derivations driven by morphological properties, to which the syntactic variation of languages is also restricted. Within this theoretical framework, linguistic expressions are generated by optimally efficient derivations that must satisfy the conditions that hold on interface levels, the only levels of linguistic representation. The interface levels provide instructions to two types of performance systems, articulatory-perceptual and conceptual-intentional. All syntactic conditions, then, express properties of these interface levels, reflecting the interpretive requirements of language and keeping to very restricted conceptual resources. In the preface to this edition, Chomsky emphasizes that the minimalist approach developed in the book and in subsequent work "is a program, not a theory. " With this book, Chomsky built on pursuits from the earliest days of generative grammar to formulate a new research program that had far-reaching implications for the field.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Advanced Ramsey-Based Büchi Automata Inclusion Testing

A variety of integrity constraints have been studied for data cleaning. While these constraints can detect the presence of errors, they fall short of guiding us to correct the errors. Indeed, data repairing based on these constraints may not ﬁnd certain (cid:12)xes that are absolutely correct, and worse, may introduce new errors when repairing the data. We propose a method for ﬁnding certain ﬁxes, based on master data, a notion of certain regions , and a class of editing rules . A certain region is a set of attributes that are assured correct by the users. Given a certain region and master data, editing rules tell us what attributes to ﬁx and how to update them. We show how the method can be used in data monitoring and enrichment. We develop techniques for reasoning about editing rules, to decide whether they lead to a unique ﬁx and whether they are able to ﬁx all the attributes in a tuple, relative to master data and a certain region. We also provide an algorithm to identify minimal certain regions, such that a certain ﬁx is warranted by editing rules and master data as long as one of the regions is correct. We experimentally verify the eﬀectiveness and scalability of the algorithm.
Understanding the limit of open search in the identification of peptides with post-translational modifications — A simulation-based study

Motivation Analyzing tandem mass spectrometry data to recognize peptides in a sample is the fundamental task in computational proteomics. Traditional peptide identification algorithms perform well when identifying unmodified peptides. However, when peptides have post-translational modifications (PTMs), these methods cannot provide satisfactory results. Recently, Chick et al., 2015 and Yu et al., 2016 proposed the spectrum-based and tag-based open search methods, respectively, to identify peptides with PTMs. While the performance of these two methods is promising, the identification results vary greatly with respect to the quality of tandem mass spectra and the number of PTMs in peptides. This motivates us to systematically study the relationship between the performance of open search methods and quality parameters of tandem mass spectrum data, as well as the number of PTMs in peptides. Results Through large-scale simulations, we obtain the performance trend when simulated tandem mass spectra are of different quality. We propose an analytical model to describe the relationship between the probability of obtaining correct identifications and the spectrum quality as well as the number of PTMs. Based on the analytical model, we can quantitatively describe the necessary condition to effectively apply open search methods. Availability Source codes of the simulation are available at http://bioinformatics.ust.hk/PST.html. Contact boningli@ust.hk or eeyu@ust.hk Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
the Least Squares Temporal Diﬀerence learning algorithm

This paper focuses on policy evaluation using the well-known Least Squares Temporal Diﬀerences (LSTD) algorithm. We give several alternative ways of looking at the algorithm: the operator-theory approach via the Galerkin method, the statistical approach via instrumental variables as well as the limit of the TD iteration. Further, we give a geometric view of the algorithm as an oblique projection. Moreover, we compare the optimization problem solved by LSTD as compared to Bellman Residual Minimization (BRM). We also treat the modiﬁcation of LSTD for the case of episodic Markov Reward Processes.
DiffPose: Toward More Reliable 3D Pose Estimation (Supplementary)

where μ = ∑M m=1 1mμm, ε G ∼ N (0, ∑M m=1(1mΣm)), and 1m ∈ {0, 1} is a binary indicator for the m component such that ∑M m=1 1m = 1, and Prob(1m = 1) = πm. We remark that Eq. 1 directly formulates ĥk as a function of h0 instead of ĥk−1, because this clearly expresses the aim of our GMM-based forward diffusion design, i.e., such that the generated ĥ1, . , ĥK can converge to the fitted GMM model φGMM . Yet, we note that the step-wise formulation of ĥk in terms of ĥk−1 can still be defined, if necessary. First, we sample according to probabilities {πm}m=1, and select a Gaussian component m̂, i.e., 1m̂ = 1. Next, we first calculate h̃0, a “centered” version of h0, using h̃0 = h0 − μ, where μ = ∑M m=1(1mμm) = μm̂. Then, we follow the step-wise formulation as follows:
Making Bioethanol from Cassava as an Environmentally Friendly Fuel Mixing Material

Bioethanol derived from cassava has the potential as an alternative energy material because cassava plants contain starch, sugar or cellulose which can be used in the process of making alternative and environmentally friendly fuels. This study aims to make bioethanol from cassava starch. This research method starts from material preparation to the process stage consisting of the fermentation process, distillation process, and the final stage, namely testing ethanol content and adding fuel. 5 kg of cassava is used to produce 98 ml of bioethanol distillation with 16% rendition. The combustion test was carried out to obtain a comparison of the calorific value between the fuel mixture - Bioethanol and fuel -Alcohol, Mixing partalalite - Bioethanol 1: 19 (95% partalaite: 5% Bioethanol) and fuel - Alcohol 1: 19 (95% partalite: 5 % alcohol). The results of the research obtained the calorific value of combustion of the partalalite - alcohol mixture: 11,649.48 kcal/kg, while for the partalalite - bioethanol mixture: 11,486.15 kcal/kg. So that the higher the concentration of ethanol mixed in partalite, the higher the calorific value.
Turbidity Removal during a Subsurface Movement of Source Water: Case Study from Haridwar, India

Due to an increase in deforestation and construction activities in the Himalayan region, there is an increase in sediment laden flow in many rivers, such as the Ganges, which originate from the Himalayan region. Many cities, located along these rivers, withdraw river water through abstraction wells located close to river banks and it is of growing interest to know how the sediment load increase in the source water may affect the turbidity, also a measure of sediment load, in the abstracted water. With this in mind, a study has been carried out to assess the variation of turbidity in the source water and the abstracted water at a river bank filtration site in Haridwar, located on the bank of the River Ganges and at the foothills of the Himalayas, for the period 2005–2006. It is found that the turbidity removal coefficient varies with the natural logarithm of influent concentration of the source water. A theoretical development, based on the use of the Sakthivadivel and Einstein model, is also provided to j.