Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A finite element stress analysis of the transmandibular implant system.

PURPOSE The aim of this work was a simulation of the onset of osseointegration of the transmandibular implant system in the mandible. This was achieved by imposing joint elements at the implant-bone interface. MATERIALS AND METHODS The geometric model was derived from the anatomic measurement of several mandibles by tomographic scanning. The spring constants of the joint elements interposed at the implant-bone interface were varied between 1 N/mm and 10(9) N/mm to represent the conditions leading to osseointegration. RESULTS Increasing the value of the spring constant at the joint elements gradually increases the effective stress in an increasing volume of crestal cortical bone. Additionally, a larger volume of crestal cortical bone assumes a higher stress value as the simulation proceeds. CONCLUSION This work indicates that considerable changes in stress magnitude and distribution occur in the crestal cortical bone margins as osseointegration is simulated, which may be the necessary stimulus for bone remodeling.
Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Complication Risk in Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE—The presence of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome are known risk markers for macrovascular disease in patients with and without type 2 diabetes. This study has examined whether these also were predictors of micro- and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetic patients participating in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used to identify the metabolic syndrome in 1,337 Caucasian DCCT patients at baseline. Insulin resistance was calculated using their estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR). Insulin dose (units/kg) was also used as a separate marker of insulin resistance. RESULTS—The eGDR (but not insulin dose or metabolic syndrome) at baseline strongly predicted the development of retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease (hazard ratios 0.75, 0.88, and 0.70, respectively, per mg · kg−1 · min−1 change; P < 0.001, P = 0.005, and P = 0.002, respectively). Through mainly weight gain, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased steadily from baseline to year 9 in conventionally treated (from 15.5 to 27.2%) and especially in the intensively treated (from 13.7 to 45.4%) patients. CONCLUSIONS—Higher insulin resistance at baseline in the DCCT (as estimated by eGDR) was associated with increased subsequent risk of both micro- and macrovascular complications. Insulin dose and the presence of IDF-defined metabolic syndrome were poor predictors by comparison. Although intensive treatment was associated with a higher subsequent prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the benefits of improved glycemia appear to outweigh the risks related to development of the metabolic syndrome.
Control of a 4 DoF Barrett WAM robot — Modeling, control synthesis and experimental validation

Precise model based control of robotic manipulators necessitates the requirement of an accurate model of the robotic system. The main contribution of this work is the development of a dynamic model for a 4 Degree of Freedom (DoF) Barrett Whole Arm Manipulator (WAM), and its validation through rigorous experimentation. The nominal model of the system has been developed using the recursive Newton-Euler technique. The accuracy of the model so developed is analysed by performing several trajectory tracking experiments (in the joint space) using two popular nonlinear control strategies-Backstepping and Sliding Mode. While several papers have addressed the trajectory tracking problem in simulation studies on two link planar rigid manipulators, the differences existing between the nominal model and the real model, owing to friction and other unmodeled dynamic terms, make experimental validation a challenging task. We present a detailed comparative study of the two control techniques, and through the precision achieved in our experiments, we validate the developed model.
Ageing of Mineral Oil Impregnated Cellulose by Acid Catalysis

Acid catalyzed ageing of oil impregnated kraft paper has been studied experimentally. Five different carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, laevulinic, stearic and naphtenic acid) have been added to mineral oil to arrive at a neutralization value of 0.4 mg KOH/g. Thereafter, kraft paper of two different humidities has been allowed to equilibrate with the oil. The results show that the lower the molecular weight of the carboxylic acids is the more is absorbed by the paper. Furthermore, a clear synergy for the paper ageing rates between moisture and the lower molecular weight acids is found, while for the higher molecular weight acids almost no effects were found. It is concluded that present techniques for measuring acidity of oils do not reflect these detailed conditions. It is suggested to introduce a new measuring technique for neutralization value where water rinsing is used to identify the content of low molecular weight, water soluble acids.
Diffusion of environmentally-friendly energy technologies: buy versus lease differences in residential PV markets

Diffusion of microgeneration technologies, particularly rooftop photovoltaic (PV), represents a key option in reducing emissions in the residential sector. We use a uniquely rich dataset from the burgeoning residential PV market in Texas to study the nature of the consumer’s decision-making process in the adoption of these technologies. In particular, focusing on the financial metrics and the information decision-makers use to base their decisions upon, we study how the leasing and buying models affect individual choices and, thereby, the adoption of capital-intensive energy technologies. Overall, our findings suggest that the leasing model more effectively addresses consumers’ informational requirements and that, contrary to some other studies, buyers and lessees of PV do not necessarily differ significantly along socio-demographic variables. Instead, we find that the leasing model has opened up the residential PV market to a new, and potentially very large, consumer segment—those with a tight cash-flow situation.
Interferon-tau polymorphisms and their potential functions in ruminants

In ruminants, the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy requires production of a Type I interferon, termed IFN-o. This protein is synthesized by the developing conceptus and interacts with the uterus to promote continued secretion of progesterone. Multiple genes encode IFN-o, and a majority of these genes are transcribed during early pregnancy. The proteins possess divergent biological activities, including the ability to prevent the corpus luteum from regressing at the end of a normal estrous cycle. In all likelihood multiple IFN-o isoforms are produced during early pregnancy to ensure that sufficient quantities of bioactive IFN-o are present to modulate uterine biology during early pregnancy. Although IFN-o has evolved to serve as the pregnancy recognition hormone in ruminants, other Type I IFNs, such as IFN-a and IFN-u, are capable of producing a uterine response similar to that of IFN-o. Hence, the polymorphic nature of IFN-o genes appear to have generated new and potentially more active forms of the hormone, but the unique expression pattern for IFN-o is likely the preeminent feature ensuring its use as the maternal recognition of pregnancy factor in ruminants
Running Backwards and in High Heels

The question of whether voter bias exists toward female politicians remains unsettled. Although anecdotal accounts of gender inequality abound, systematic research demonstrates that women “do as well as men” when they run. Previous work suggests that these conflicting observations result from an omitted variables problem. Specifically, if women are higher quality than men, and if quality is omitted from models of vote-share, then voter bias may be concealed. Using a unique measure of incumbents’ political quality, the author’s research documents a sex-based quality gap and importantly, is the first to link the quality gap to the gender parity in electoral success.
Understanding European Foreign Policy Cooperation

[From the introduction] This paper examines questions about CFSP activity by studying it in the context of a random sample of world events. It asks to what kinds of events or issues does the Union respond, and compares the results with the Union’s Treaty-established interests. The results are somewhat surprising: the EU is not particularly sensitive to events in neighboring regions, nor is it particularly responsive to abuses of human rights. Human rights issues are actually much less likely to attract Union attention than almost any other type of issue, though this trend appears to decline with time. The impact of the 1995 expansion dissipates rapidly, and contrary to the conventional wisdom, the new members’ historic neutrality does not appear to have affected cooperation in any way. Two important conclusions emerge: first, cooperation does not appear to have expanded with time in either scope of issues addressed or volume of events addressed. At best, the development of the Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy has kept pace with the growth of world interactions. Second, characteristics of the state holding the presidency are insignificant predictors of CFSP activity, suggesting at least moderate support for a norm of presidencies working for the general interest.
Macroeconomic Conversion Déjà Vu

Scope. Macroeconomic theory determines either an unemployment equilibrium or an inflation equilibrium. Consider an economy producing a single good. Unemployment theory determines the physical output of that good; inflation theory determines its price. Twice in the history of economic thought an unemployment equilibrium reversed itself into an inflation equilibrium. First, in the eighteenth century the unemployment equilibrium of William Petty (1662) and A. Yarranton (1677) reversed itself into the inflation equilibrium of David Hume (1752) and A. R. J. Turgot (1769–1770). Second, in our own century the unemployment equilibrium of J. M. Keynes (1936) reversed itself into the inflation equilibrium of Milton Friedman (1968).
Effects of early-life adversity on cognitive decline in older African Americans and whites

Objectives: Early-life adversity is related to adult health in old age but little is known about its relation with cognitive decline. Methods: Participants included more than 6,100 older residents (mean age = 74.9 [7.1] years; 61.8% African American) enrolled in the Chicago Health and Aging Project, a geographically defined, population-based study of risk factors for Alzheimer disease. Participants were interviewed at approximately 3-year intervals for up to 16 years. The interview included a baseline evaluation of early-life adversity, and administration of 4 brief cognitive function tests to assess change in cognitive function. We estimated the relation of early-life adversity to rate of cognitive decline in a series of mixed-effects models. Results: In models stratified by race, and adjusted for age and sex, early-life adversity was differentially related to decline in African Americans and whites. Whereas no measure of early-life adversity related to cognitive decline in whites, both food deprivation and being thinner than average in early life were associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline in African Americans. The relations were not mediated by years of education and persisted after adjustment for cardiovascular factors. Conclusions: Markers of early-life adversity had an unexpected protective effect on cognitive decline in African Americans.
The Impact of Open Data in the UK: Complex, Unpredictable and Political

This article examines the democratic impact of the UK coalition government's Transparency Agenda, focusing on the publication of all local government spending over £500 by councils in England. It looks at whether the new data have driven increased democratic accountability, public participation, and information transmission. The evidence suggests that the local government spending data have driven some accountability. However, rather than forging new ‘performance regimes’, creating ‘armchair auditors’, or bringing mass use and involvement, the publication creates a further element of political disruption. Assessment of the use and impact of the new spending data finds it is more complex, more unpredictable, and more political than the rhetoric around Open Data indicates. The danger is that the gap between aims and impact invites disappointment from supporters.
High-Frequency Low-Power Magnetic Full-Adder Based on Magnetic Tunnel Junction With Spin-Hall Assistance

Perpendicular-anisotropy magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is one of the most promising candidates to build hybrid logic-in-memory architecture, because of its nonvolatility, infinite endurance, and 3-D integration with a CMOS technology. A novel magnetic full-adder (MFA) based on this architecture is proposed, with MTJs switched by spin-Hall-assisted spin-transfer torque (STT). Owing to the assistance of spin-Hall effect (SHE), MTJ switching time can significantly be reduced, and high operation frequency can be achieved. Moreover, the endurance of oxide barrier is largely enhanced as the requirement of lower write voltage. Using an industrial CMOS 28 nm design kit and a physics-based three-terminal spin-Hall-assisted STT-MTJ model, functionality and performance of the proposed MFA have been simulated and validated. A 1 ns STT current pulse assisted by 0.35 ns SHE current pulse is sufficient to switch the MTJ configuration. When compared with the previous MFAs based on STT-MTJ, the proposed MFA achieves 38% less operation time and 31% less power consumption to perform read and write operations.
Pesticides and asthma

Purpose of reviewSeveral clinical and epidemiological studies have reported an association between exposure to pesticides, bronchial hyper-reactivity and asthma symptoms. This article reviews the mechanistic evidence lending support to the concept that either acute or chronic low-level inhalation of pesticides may trigger asthma attacks, exacerbate asthma or increase the risk of developing asthma. Recent findingsPesticide aerosols or gases, like other respiratory irritants, can lead to asthma through interaction with functional irritant receptors in the airway and promoting neurogenic inflammation. Cross-talk between airway nerves and inflammatory cells helps to maintain chronic inflammation that eventually damages the bronchial epithelium. Certain organophosphorus insecticides cause airway hyper-reactivity via a common mechanism of disrupting negative feedback control of cholinergic regulation in the lungs. These pesticides may interact synergistically with allergen sensitization rendering individuals more susceptible for developing asthma. SummaryMany pesticides are sensitizers or irritants capable of directly damaging the bronchial mucosa, thus making the airway very sensitive to allergens or other stimuli. However, most pesticides are weakly immunogenic so that their potential to sensitize airways in exposed populations is limited. Pesticides may increase the risk of developing asthma, exacerbate a previous asthmatic condition or even trigger asthma attacks by increasing bronchial hyper-responsiveness.
Preservation of genetic and regulatory robustness in ancient gene duplicates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Biological systems remain robust against certain genetic and environmental challenges. Robustness allows the exploration of ecological adaptations. It is unclear what factors contribute to increasing robustness. Gene duplication has been considered to increase genetic robustness through functional redundancy, accelerating the evolution of novel functions. However, recent findings have questioned the link between duplication and robustness. In particular, it remains elusive whether ancient duplicates still bear potential for innovation through preserved redundancy and robustness. Here we have investigated this question by evolving the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 2200 generations under conditions allowing the accumulation of deleterious mutations, and we put mechanisms of mutational robustness to a test. S. cerevisiae declined in fitness along the evolution experiment, but this decline decelerated in later passages, suggesting functional compensation of mutated genes. We resequenced 28 genomes from experimentally evolved S. cerevisiae lines and found more mutations in duplicates—mainly small-scale duplicates—than in singletons. Genetically interacting duplicates evolved similarly and fixed more amino acid–replacing mutations than expected. Regulatory robustness of the duplicates was supported by a larger enrichment for mutations at the promoters of duplicates than at those of singletons. Analyses of yeast gene expression conditions showed a larger variation in the duplicates’ expression than that of singletons under a range of stress conditions, sparking the idea that regulatory robustness allowed a wider range of phenotypic responses to environmental stresses, hence faster adaptations. Our data support the persistence of genetic and regulatory robustness in ancient duplicates and its role in adaptations to stresses.
Antimicrobial Activity of Six Constituents of Essential Oil from Salvia

The antimicrobial activity of three Salvia species, i.e. S. santolinifolia, S. hydrangea and S. mirzayanii, essential oils were investigated. The essential oils were obtained from the aerial parts of plants and analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of aforementioned species were α-pinene (72.4%), β-pinene (6.6%) and limonene (5.3%); β-caryophyllene (25.1%), 1,8-cineol (15.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.5%); α-terpinenyl acetate (22.6%), 1,8-cineol (21.2%) and linalool (8.9%), respectively. Bioassays exhibited that the property of the oil of S. myrzayanii was superior to others. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Salvia species may well be due to the presence of synergy between six tested compounds (linalool, 1,8-cineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene and limonene) and other constituents of the oils with various degrees of antimicrobial activity. Among these, linalool and 1,8-cineol had the highest antimicrobial activity.
The impact of human and social capital on the internationalisation of German consulting firms

Professional service firms (PSFs) are increasingly urged to expand beyond national borders. Whereas, the internationalisation of large industrial firms has been a traditional element of international business research, interest in PSFs is a more recent element of the IB-research agenda. This study analyses the impact of elements of human and social capital on a PSF's degree of internationalisation and presents an empirical analysis based on a dataset of German consulting firms. The concept is tested against data from 314 German consultants aggregated on the firm level using correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results only partially support the assumed relationships between elements of social capital and consulting firms' degrees of internationalisation. The assumed relationship between elements of human capital and internationalisation is not supported. Possible explanations for the unexpected results are discussed.
The female labour market in Italy from a historical perspective

The paper investigates the evolution of the demand and supply of female labour in Italy from 1959 to date with regard to the number of people employed in the resident population and with regard to the labour force. The article asserts that women’s access to the labour market has been slow and more difficult compared with other European countries. It shows how women have had to adapt to male behavioural patterns in order to penetrate the labour market. Education has played a fundamental role in increasing female participation and the service sector has provided the largest number of job opportunities. The extreme rigidity of the Italian labour market limits the use of part‐time work and other flexible working arrangements. In addition, gender stereotypes, still deeply rooted in Italian society, are responsible for a postponement of a “new labour force creation” and for the under‐representation of women in managerial positions and high level jobs.
Optimal Corporate Governance and Compensation in a Dynamic World

We model long-run firm performance, management compensation, and corporate governance in a dynamic, nonstationary world. Many features of governance and compensation that have caused consternation among commentators arise naturally in this dynamic setting, even though boards are rational and managers are powerless. Compensation changes depend on changes in the evolution of a latent state variable outside the manager's control. Board passivity is positively correlated with both the value of management compensation and the firm's good fortune. Managerial opportunism tends to follow sudden reversals of good fortune. Moreover, managerial private benefits, by increasing managers' stake in the long-run viability of the firm, may actually ameliorate agency conflicts. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.
Infer, Predict, and Assure: Accounting Opportunities in Data Analytics

SYNOPSIS: The business use of data analytics is growing rapidly in the accounting environment. Similar to many new systems that involve accounting information, data analytics has fundamentally changed task processes, particularly those tasks that provide inference, prediction, and assurance to decision-makers. Thus, accounting researchers and practitioners must consider data analytics and its impact on accounting practice in their work. This paper uses the organizing principles from Mauldin and Ruchala's (1999) meta-theory of accounting information systems (AIS) to identify current data analytics use, examine how data analytics impacts the accounting environment, and discuss challenges and research opportunities.
Robust designs for multivariate generalized linear models with misspecification in the linear predictor: A quantile dispersion graphs approach

The purpose of this article is to evaluate and compare designs for multivariate generalized linear models using quantile dispersion graphs when the linear predictor is misspecified. The uncertainty in the linear predictor is represented by an unknown function. The comparison of the designs are based on a scalar-valued function of the mean square error of prediction (MSEP) matrix, which incorporates both variance and bias of the prediction caused by the misspecification in the linear predictor. For a given design, quantiles of the largest eigenvalue of the MSEP matrix are obtained within a certain region of interest. The quantiles depend on the unknown parameters of the linear predictor and the unknown function assumed to be the cause of model misspecification. If initial data is available, the unknown function is estimated using multivariate parametric kriging. To address the dependence of the quantiles on the unknown parameters, a 100(1-α)% confidence region of the parameters is computed and used as a parameter space. A numerical example based on multinomial response models is presented to illustrate the methodology.