Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motion-detection model with two stages: Spatiotemporal filtering and feature matching

We propose a method of computing two-dimensional-image motion that combines spatiotemporal-filtering and feature-matching schemes. In our two-stage model, several velocity candidates are first detected as the intersection of the various constraint bands, each of which represents the possible solutions on the velocity plane. Each constraint band is obtained by using the spatiotemporal filter proposed by Watson and Ahumada [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A2, 322 ( 1985)]. The second stage determines a unique velocity by the feature-matching scheme, in which several kinds of feature vote for the velocity candidates, and the velocity with the highest score is assigned to each pixel as the best estimate. The filtering stage reduces the computational load and the number of false matches in the matching stage by limiting the range of correspondence. The accuracy problem of the filtering stage is overcome in the matching stage. We applied our two-stage model to some natural-image sequences and obtained accurate estimations.
REVIEW ON ABSORPTION TECHNOLOGY WITH EMPHASIS ON SMALL CAPACITY ABSORPTION MACHINES

The aim of this paper is to review the past achievements in the field of absorption systems, their potential and possible directions for future development. Various types of absorption systems and research on working fluids are discussed in detail. Among various applications, solar cooling and combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) are identified as two most promising applications for further development of absorption machines. Under the same framework, special attention is given to the small capacity absorption machines and their current status at the market. Although this technology looks promising, it is still in development and many issues are open. With respect to that fact, this paper covers all the relevant aspects for further development of small capacity absorption machines.
Epitaxial growth and characteristics of N-doped anatase TiO2 films grown using a free-radical nitrogen oxide source

This paper reports on a systematic investigation of nitrogen (N) doping in single-crystalline TiO2 films possessing an anatase phase. TiO2 films heavily doped with N were grown with high crystallinity by employing a pulsed laser ablation technique using a close lattice-matched LaAlO3 (100) substrate and NO as the source gases for N doping. N15 and O18 isotope tracing by secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy confirmed that N and O atoms were simultaneously incorporated into the films as a consequence of the gas phase reactions between Ti-related chemical species ablated by the laser and NO free radicals. The films yielded an absorption band at around 3.0 eV, as expected from the yellowish color, with band tailing becoming stronger with increasing N concentration. It is suggested that N-related complex defects in TiO2 acted as carrier compensation centers. Micro-Raman spectroscopy with a spatial resolution of 1μm2 revealed host-lattice defects and generation of secondary phases at the microscopic scale by N dopin.
Fast solution of mixed dielectric/conducting scattering problem using volume-surface adaptive Integral method

This paper presents the adaptive integral method utilized to solve scattering problems of mixed dielectric and conducting objects using volume-surface integral equation. The scattering problem is formulated using volume integral equation and surface integral equation for dielectric material object and conducting object, respectively. The combined field integral equation is formulated to treat closed conducting surfaces. The method of moments is applied to discretize the integral equations. The resultant matrix system is solved by an iterative solver where the adaptive integral method is employed to accelerate the matrix-vector multiplication. The block diagonal preconditioner is implemented to further accelerate the convergence of the present solution. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the technique.
Preparing potential teachers for the transition from employment to teacher training: an evaluative case study of a Maths Enhancement Course

In response to a UK government drive to improve maths teaching in schools, the South West London Maths Enhancement Course (MEC) has been set up through collaboration between three higher education institutions (HEIs) to provide an efficient route for non‐maths graduates in employment to upgrade their subject knowledge and give a smooth transition into teacher training (PGCE). An evaluation of the scheme, measured against Teacher Development Agency (TDA) objectives and success criteria agreed by university staff, involved thematic analysis of focus‐group discussions and interviews with students and staff during both the MEC and PGCE courses. This has revealed a high level of satisfaction and success related to a number of underlying issues, particularly around student recruitment, curriculum design, peer support and staff collaboration. The model offers an example of practice transferable to a range of programmes aimed at supporting students in the transition between levels and institutions.
Surface electronic structures of ferromagnetic Ni(111) studied by STM and angle-resolved photoemission

Spin-polarized surface electronic states in Ni(111) have been examined using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) combined with high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (HR-ARPES). Standing waves derived from the majority-spin Shockley surface state (SS) have been observed in the STM and $dI/dV$ images. The fast Fourier transform $(\text{FFT})\text{\ensuremath{-}}dI/dV$ image at a different sample bias exhibited a circular contour in the reciprocal space. The radius of the $\text{FFT-}dI/dV$ image was in agreement with that of the corresponding constant-energy contour given by the HR-ARPES. The majority-spin Shockley SS is partially occupied and disperses upward, crossing the Fermi level $({E}_{F})$ at a wave number of ${k}_{F}=0.081\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005\text{ }{\text{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The effective mass $({m}^{\ensuremath{\ast}})$ with respect to the free-electron mass $({m}_{e})$ of the majority-spin Shockley SS was evaluated to be ${m}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}/{m}_{e}=0.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. The STS spectrum indicated a pair of the Shockley SS below and above ${E}_{F}$ with an exchange splitting of $\ensuremath{\sim}190\text{ }\text{meV}$. By the line-shape analyses of the HR-ARPES spectrum, the lifetime broadening at the $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point was calculated to be 53.6 meV, which agrees well with the width (49 meV) of the steplike structure in the STS spectrum. The results from the STM/STS and HR-ARPES experiments were found to be mutually consistent.
Two-step preparation of 6H–SiC(0001) surface for epitaxial growth of GaN thin film

A scratch-free and atomically flat 6H–SiC(0001) surface has been successfully prepared by a two-step method which combines atmospheric hydrogen treatment and ultrahigh vacuum Si etching. On this surface, a high-quality GaN(0001) thin film is obtained by radio frequency nitrogen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Its surface exhibits a typical terrace-plus-step morphology, which enables us to study various GaN(0001) surface superstructures and hollow-core defects with atomic resolution by scanning tunneling microscopy.
Analysis of backside-electrode and gate-field-plate effects on buffer-related current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

Two-dimensional transient analysis of gate-field-plate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with a backside electrode is performed by considering a deep donor and a deep acceptor in a buffer layer. Effects of introducing a field plate and a backside electrode on buffer-related lag and current collapse are studied. It is shown that gate field plate introduction is effective in reducing lag and current collapse when the acceptor density in the buffer layer is high. On the other hand, backside electrode introduction is shown to be effective in reducing drain lag and current collapse, particularly when the acceptor density in the buffer layer is relatively low, because the fixed potential at the backside electrode reduces electron injection into the buffer layer and the resulting trapping effects.
A study of the sheath helix with a conducting core and its application to the helical antenna

A theoretical study of the sheath helix antenna with a conducting core is made via the complex solutions of an associated determinantal equation. The variation of the characteristics of operation with respect to core size and pitch angle is established. A comparison of the complex solutions for the sheath helix and tape helix indicates that a good understanding of the helical antenna can be gained from the sheath model. In particular, explaining broadside radiation in terms of complex solutions is shown to give results in agreement with previously reported empirical data. However, this comparison also points out the limitations of the sheath model in predicting the operational parameters accurately.
Non‐linear coupled multi‐field mechanics and finite element for active multi‐stable thermal piezoelectric shells

In this paper, a coupled multi‐field mechanics framework is presented for analyzing the non‐linear response of shallow doubly curved adaptive laminated piezoelectric shells undergoing large displacements and rotations in thermal environments. The mechanics incorporate coupling between mechanical, electric and thermal fields and encompass geometric non‐linearity effects due to large displacements and rotations. The governing equations are formulated explicitly in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and are combined with the kinematic assumptions of a mixed‐field shear‐layerwise shell laminate theory. A finite element methodology and an eight‐node coupled non‐linear shell element are developed. The discrete coupled non‐linear equations of motion are linearized and solved, using an extended cylindrical arc‐length method together with a Newton–Raphson technique, to enable robust numerical predictions of non‐linear active shells transitioning between multiple stable equilibrium paths. Validation and evaluation cases on laminated cylindrical strips and cylindrical panels demonstrate the accuracy of the method and its robust capability to predict non‐linear response under thermal and piezoelectric actuator loads. Moreover, the results illustrate the capability of the method to model piezoelectric shells undergoing large shape changes by actively jumping between stable equilibrium states and quantify the strong relationship between shell curvature, applied electric potential, applied temperature differential and induced shape change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical Magnetization Curves for Particles with Cubic Anisotropy

Theoretical hysteresis loops have been calculated for a single-crystal ferromagnetic particle with only cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. These calculations have been carried out for various cyrstal orientations with the applied field. The method of computation consists of determining the magnetostatic energy over the unit sphere and then searching for minima. The curves appear similar to those resulting from shape anisotropy (Stoner-Wohlfarth) except that with certain orientations, states of stable magnetization appear which are inaccessible by traversing hysteresis loops. Averaging of the coercive force over all orientations for both positive and negative anisotropy has been carried out in that range of fields where no jumps occur. A complication which causes some uncertainty is the existence, with certain particle orientations, of several stable states at which a jump might terminate. It is impossible to decide from our static energy calculation which path the magnetization follows during reversal.
Liapunov redesign of model reference adaptive control systems

The model reference adaptive control system has proved very popular on account of a ready-made, but heuristically based, rule for synthesizing the adaptive loops-the so-called "M.I. T. rule. " A theoretical analysis of loops so designed is generally very difficult, but analyses of quite simple systems do show that instability is possible for certain system inputs. An alternative synthesis based on Liapunov's second method is suggested here, and is applied to the redesign of adaptive loops considered by some other authors who have all used the M.I. T, rule. Derivatives of model-system error are sometimes required, but may be avoided in gain adjustment schemes if the system transfer function is "positive real," using a lemma due to Kalman. This paper amplifies and extends the work of Butchart and Shackcloth reported at the IFAC (Teddington) Symposium, September, 1965.
Observed Decadal North Atlantic Tripole SST Variability. Part I: Weather Noise Forcing and Coupled Response

AbstractThe mechanisms responsible for the decadal variability of the tripole mode of North Atlantic SST during the latter half of the twentieth century are diagnosed using a new technique. The SST and associated ocean variability are reconstructed by forcing an interactive ensemble coupled GCM by the surface fluxes resulting from weather noise. The weather noise surface fluxes are obtained from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis by removing the simulated atmospheric feedback to the observed SST evolution. Simulations are performed to reconstruct and estimate the contributions of the local weather noise heat flux and wind stress to the observed evolution of the tripole pattern. The results indicate that the North Atlantic tripole pattern is forced primarily by the local weather noise surface heat flux. The roles of several types of ocean circulation variability, including gyres forced by the wind stress weather noise, the wind stress feedback to the SST, and the meridional overturning circulation, are also examined.
All-angle negative refraction imaging effect with complex two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystals

A complex two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal consisting of silicon (Si) and silica (SiO2) cylinders embedded in the air background is proposed to achieve the effect of all-angle negative refraction imaging. Compared with normal hexagonal-lattice photonic crystals consisting of Si, the reduction of symmetry of the complex photonic crystal results in a large band gap between the second energy band and the third energy band, whereas in a normal hexagonal photonic crystal there is no gap between these two bands. Furthermore, the depressed energy band structures provide advantages to realize all-angle left-handed negative refraction similar to metamaterials. The far-field superlens imaging with an effective refractive index of −1 was demonstrated theoretically in the infrared region at the frequency of 200THz. We also showed the far-field subwavelength resolution for imaging of two point sources with a distance of 0. 66λ.
The transition from university to work: a multilevel approach to the analysis of the time to obtain the first job

The aim of the paper is to characterize the factors that determine the transition from university to work as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of universities and course programmes with respect to the labour market outcomes of their graduates. The study is focused on the analysis of the time to obtain the first job, taking into account the graduates' characteristics and the effects pertaining to course programmes and universities. For this a three‐level discrete time survival model is used, where the logit of the hazard—conditionally on the random effects at course programme and university level—is a linear function of the covariates. The analysis is accomplished by using a large data set from a survey on job opportunities for the 1992 Italian graduates.
Current Status of the Diagnostic Rhyme Test

The diagnostic rhyme test, a two‐choice test of consonant discriminability, has been subjected to extensive experimental evaluation during the past 6 years. On the basis of this evaluation it has undergone a succession of refinements of content and scoring technique. This report summarizes the major results of this evaluation and presents a version of the diagnostic rhyme test, along with various scoring options, based on these results.
Mechanisms of subdiffraction free-space imaging using a transmission-line metamaterial superlens: An experimental verification

This work presents experimental verification of free-space subdiffraction imaging using a Veselago-Pendry superlens [Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968); Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000)] based on the negative-refractive-index transmission-line approach. The superlens is able to resolve two sources λ0∕3 apart not only at the design frequency of 2.40GHz, where the metamaterial possesses μ and ϵ equal to −μ0 and −ϵ0, respectively, but also at 2.08GHz, where the metamaterial experiences a resonance in μ.
A universal coding scheme based on minimizing minimax redundancy for sources with an unknown model

The author describes the construction of a universal code for minimizing L.D. Davisson's minimax redundancy in a range where the true model and stochastic parameters are unknown. Minimax redundancy is defined as the maximum difference between the expected per-symbol code length and the per-symbol source entropy in the source range. A universal coding scheme is formulated in terms of the weight function, i.e., a method is presented for determining a weight function which minimizes the minimax redundancy even when the true model is unknown. It is subsequently shown that the minimax redundancy achieved through the presented coding method is upper-bounded by the minimax redundancy of J. Rissanen's semi-predictive coding method. <<ETX>>
A stretchable temperature sensor based on elastically buckled thin film devices on elastomeric substrates

Stretchable electronics and sensors have been attracting significant attention due to their unique characteristics and wide applications. This letter presents a prototype of a fully stretchable temperature sensor on an elastomeric substrate. The sensor was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator wafer and then transferred to a prestrained elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane substrate. Releasing the prestrain on the substrates led to the formation of the microscale, periodic, wavy geometries of the sensor. The thin wavy sensor device can be reversibly bent and stretched up to 30% strain without any damage or performance degradation. A theoretical analysis was also developed to estimate the wavy profile.
NOVEL PHASES OF VORTICES IN SUPERCONDUCTORS

An overview is given of the new theories and experiments on the phase diagram of type II superconductors, which in recent years have progressed from the Abrikosov mean field theory to the "vortex matter" picture. We then detail some theoretical tools which allow to describe the melting of the vortex lattice, the collective pinning and creep theory, and the Bragg glass theory. It is followed by a short presentation of other glass phases of vortices, as well as phases of moving vortices.
Effect of bus electrode position in a high resolution AC plasma display panel with high Xe included gas mixtures

With a two-dimensional fluid code, different alternating current (ac) plasma displays having opposite bus electrode position were simulated. In a conventional plasma display, the bus electrode was located at the outer part of each cell. However, in a proposed in-bus structure, the bus electrode was positioned at the inner part of each cell. The differences in electron density and the wall charge distributions between two structures were studied. The discharge and wall charges in the in-bus structure tended to accumulate more at the center of cell than in the conventional structure. 7.5-in test panels in 0.68 mm/spl times/0.30 mm cell pitch, compatible with 42-in XGA cell pitch, were fabricated for the measurements of Xe infrared (IR) emission, luminous efficacy, and driving characteristics. From the IR measurements, the differences in the emission distribution between two structures were distinguished. In Xe 8%-Ne mixture, both structures showed very similar efficacies and luminance, but in Xe 14%-Ne mixture, the in-bus structure showed 5% higher efficacy and luminance than the conventional structure. In order to evaluate the driving characteristics of two different geometries in Xe 14%-Ne mixture, the delays of discharge ignition during address period were measured. Total delay of the ignition in the in-bus structure showed 13%-25% shorter than total delay in the conventional structure.
Line profile variability and magnetic fields of Wolf-Rayet stars: WR 135 and WR 136

We have obtained spectropolarimetric observations of two Wolf-Rayet stars, WR 135 (WC8) and WR 136 (WN6), with the 6-m Russian telescope in July 2009 and July 2010. We have studied the He II 5412 angstrom line region, which contains also the C IV 5469 angstrom line (for WR 135 only). Our goals were to investigate the rapid line-profile variability (LPV) in WR star spectra and to search for magnetic fields. We find small amplitude emission peaks moving from the center of He II line to its wings during the night in spectra of both stars. These emission peaks are likely a signature of accelerating clumps in the stellar wind. We obtained upper limits of the magnetic field strength: approximate to 200G for WR 135 and approximate to 50G for WR 136. (C) 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Efficiency and Convergence Properties of Slice Samplers

The slice sampler (SS) is a method of constructing a reversible Markov chain with a specified invariant distribution. Given an independence Metropolis–Hastings algorithm (IMHA) it is always possible to construct a SS that dominates it in the Peskun sense. This means that the resulting SS produces estimates with a smaller asymptotic variance than the IMHA. Furthermore the SS has a smaller second‐largest eigenvalue. This ensures faster convergence to the target distribution. A sufficient condition for uniform ergodicity of the SS is given and an upper bound for the rate of convergence to stationarity is provided.
Atomistic cluster alignment method for local order mining in liquids and glasses

An atomistic cluster alignment method is developed to identify and characterize the local atomic structural order in liquids and glasses. With the ``order mining'' idea for structurally disordered systems, the method can detect the presence of any type of local order in the system and can quantify the structural similarity between a given set of templates and the aligned clusters in a systematic and unbiased manner. Moreover, population analysis can also be carried out for various types of clusters in the system. The advantages of the method in comparison with other previously developed analysis methods are illustrated by performing the structural analysis for four prototype systems (i.e., pure Al, pure Zr, ${\text{Zr}}_{35}{\text{Cu}}_{65}$, and ${\text{Zr}}_{36}{\text{Ni}}_{64}$). The results show that the cluster alignment method can identify various types of short-range orders (SROs) in these systems correctly while some of these SROs are difficult to capture by most of the currently available analysis methods (e.g., Voronoi tessellation method). Such a full three-dimensional atomistic analysis method is generic and can be applied to describe the magnitude and nature of noncrystalline ordering in many disordered systems.