Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing and Modeling the Urban Climate in Lisbon

Cities cover less than 1.5% of the Earth’s land surface. However, urban populations are currently growing at a much faster rate than the population as a whole, particularly in developing countries. Furthermore, mega-cities (with populations of 10 million or more) have brought about serious environmental problems [BRI 06]. The climate of a city depends on regional and local geographic characteristics, such as latitude, distance from water bodies, altitude, and topography, among others. Conversely, urban areas have a strong influence on natural environment, including climate, by modifying radiative, thermal, moisture and aerodynamic pre-existent characteristics. Consequently, there is a great variety of urban climates and a vast number of local and microclimates can be found within each city, depending on air composition, urban morphology, and land cover (including the presence of green areas and water bodies). Urban climate casts an imprint on the surrounding areas, particularly downwind, but the influence of cities on “global” changes should be brought to attention as a considerable amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted in the urban environment [GRI 06a; ALC 08].
AIRS views transport from 12 to 22 July 2004 Alaskan/Canadian fires: Correlation of AIRS CO and MODIS AOD with forward trajectories and comparison of AIRS CO retrievals with DC‐8 in situ measurements during INTEX‐A/ICARTT

[1] We present observations of transport of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) obtained by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on board NASA's Aqua satellite during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America (INTEX-A) field campaign in the summer of 2004, part of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT). In situ measurements from NASA's DC-8 provide crucial assessment of AIRS midtropospheric (400–500 mbar) CO retrievals. For the nine best INTEX-A profiles, convolution of the in situ profiles with AIRS verticality functions demonstrates version 4 AIRS CO retrievals between 400 and 500 mbar are biased high by approximately 8% with a standard deviation slightly less than 5%. The 400–500 mbar region is the only portion of the version 4 AIRS CO retrievals that can be validated as presented here. In some cases, AIRS CO retrievals may be sensitive to CO in the lower to midtroposphere (800–500 mbar). Focusing on one major episode, we investigate transport of CO from a large fire outbreak in the Alaskan/Canadian Yukon region from 11 to 14 July 2004 and follow it downwind to the southeastern United States and Europe by 22 July 2004. Comparison of AIRS CO maps and forward trajectories from fire locations reveals substantial variations in fire emissions especially emission injection height. Any useful forecast model must control for such fire emission variabilities to predict correctly the downwind impact. To match the forward trajectory analyses with AIRS CO observations requires some fires to have directly injected emissions to at least 500 mbar and perhaps as high as 300 mbar. Ground-based lidar observations show smoke plume altitudes from 3 to 11 km over Wisconsin and from 1 to 4 km over Maryland in agreement with the forward trajectories. The Wisconsin lidar profiles on the afternoon of 18 July 2004 constrain the altitude of CO-rich smoke observed by AIRS and MODIS to lie between 2 and 5.5 km above the surface, roughly 800 to 500 mbar. We find that changes in the correlation between AIRS CO and MODIS AOD reflect changes in the CO vertical distribution during this event. This finding is confirmed by in situ measurements, meteorological analyses, and forward trajectory analyses.
A GPS and Cold Ocean Brightness Temperature Calibration of the ERS-2 and TOPEX/Poseidon Microwave Radiometers

Sea-level change studies from altimetric satellites are reliant on range stability of the sea surface heights computed from orbital positioning and geophysically corrected data. One such correction, namely the wet tropospheric delay induced by the highly variable atmospheric water vapor content, is provided by radiometers onboard ERS-2 and TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P). In this study the long-term stability of the ERS-2 microwave radiometer (E2MR) and the T/P microwave radiometer (TMR) are investigated with the observed drift in the brightness temperatures approximated by reference to the coldest temperatures over the oceans. The E2MR stability is characterized by a gain anomaly fall in 1996 and a drift in the 23.8 GHz channel. For the TMR, investigations show that the dominant drift is about 0.2 K/year in the 18 GHz channel over the first 7–8 years but stabilizing and even decreasing slightly thereafter. In contrast, the 21 GHz and 37 GHz channels are comparatively stable. Utilizing correction formulae a modified wet tropospheric range is inferred from “small-change” analysis of the radiometric correction given on the altimetric Geophysical Data Records. The accuracy of this formulism is validated by independent comparison against GPS derived wet tropospheric delays inferred at 14 coastal IGS stations with near continuous data from September 1992 through to the present day. Comparisons between GPS results for ERS-2 and T/P show that the E2MR path delay is 14 mm short. For T/P, the spatial distribution of the wet tropospheric enhancement is further investigated to show that the nonuniformity can equate to a deviation in sea-level height change of about 0.1 mm/year compared with global average sea-level change. Finally, the altimetric range stability of T/P is revisited by comparison against time series from the global network of tide gauges. Analysis shows that the validated TMR drift correction results in a residual trend of −0.27 ± 0.11 mm/yr which is not significant at the 3σ level.
The Space and Place of Grief in Geography: The "Avalanche Lady"

iv Acknowledgements v List of Figures vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Robyn, James, and Stuart Gordon 2 How to Research Grief: ‘Won’t You Just Upset People’? 5 Cultural and Social Geographies 6 Space, Place, and Grief 8 Thesis Outline 9 Chapter Two: A Space and Place for Theory 12 Space and Place 12 Emotional Geographies 14 Grief and Geography: At a Glance 18 The Place of Mobility in Geography 21 Toward an Ecology of Place: Let the Spectres Gather 24 Conclusion 27 Chapter Three: Research “Tool-Box” 29 Feminist Methodology 30 Psychotherapeutic Aspects of Geographical ‘Work’ 34 Choosing a Case Study Approach 35 Visual Methods 39 Research Analysis 43 Conclusion 44 Chapter Four: Place: Home, Memorials, and Mountains 46 Home: A Place Transformed by Grief 47 Pongaroa as a Place for Robyn’s Grief 48 People and Place Dialectic: Realms of Snow and Cold 50
Post-Beijing 2008: Geopolitics, Sport and the Pacific Rim

1. Prologue: 'Middle Kingdom' Resurgent! Sports Dominance as Soft Power Politics on the Pacific Rim - Reflections on Rim Realpolitik J. A. Mangan China Post-Beijing 2008: Reflections from inside and Outside 2. Politics and the Olympic Transaction: Measuring China's Accomplishments Victor D. Cha 3. Chinese State Sports Policy: Pre- and Post-Beijing 2008 Fan Wei, Fan Hong and Lu Zhouxiang 4. Post-Beijing 2008 and Confucian Outreach in a New Game: China's Next Move Kevin Caffrey 5. Asia Pride, China Fear, Tokyo Anxiety: Japan Looks Back at Beijing 2008 and Forward to London 2012 and Tokyo 2016 William W. Kelly Post-Beijing 2008: Eastern Pacific Perspectives 6. Beijing 2008: Symbolic Hegemonic Assertion? South Korean Media Reactions and Responses to the Chinese Olympics J. A. Mangan and Gwang Ok 7. Bigger than Beijing 2008: Politics, Propaganda and Physical Culture in Pyongyang Udo Merkel 8. Post-Beijing 2008: Generating Indonesia's Self-Esteem Rusli Lutan 9. Reading American Readings of Beijing 2008 Mark Dyreson 10. The Geopolitical Balance of the Asia-Pacific Region Post-Beijing 2008: An Australian Perspective Peter Horton Post-Beijing 2008: Western Pacific Rim Responses 11. Too Far and Too Remote! European Indifference to the Impact of Beijing 2008 on the Pacific Rim Thierry Terret 12. After Beijing 2008: The Need for Sports to Foster Cooperation as well as Competition in an Increasingly Global World Roberta J. Park 13. One World, Real World, Memory and Dream: Shadows of the Past and Images of the Future in Contemporary Asian Sports Internationalisms John D. Kelly 14. Epilogue: Branding China: The Beijing Olympics and Beyond Fan Hong
Sensitivity of North Atlantic Multidecadal Variability to Freshwater Flux Forcing

In this paper, an explanation is proposed for the changes in the amplitude of multidecadal variability found in the GFDL climate model when different restoring salinity fields in the flux adjustments were considered. This explanation arises from a study of the stability of three-dimensional thermohaline flows in an idealized coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. The shape of the freshwater flux affects the stability properties of the thermohaline flows, in particular the growth rate of a stable interdecadal mode. The physics of this change in decay rate is explained by analyzing the energy conversions in the flows. Under a stronger freshening of the northern North Atlantic, the interdecadal mode destabilizes, which can result in an increase of the amplitude of the multidecadal variability.
Models of Geothermal Brine Chemistry

Many significant expenses encountered by the geothermal energy industry are related to chemical effects. When the composition, temperature of pressure of the fluids in the geological formation are changed, during reservoir evolution, well production, energy extraction or injection processes, the fluids that were originally at equilibrium with the formation minerals come to a new equilibrium composition, temperature and pressure. As a result, solid material can be precipitated, dissolved gases released and/or heat lost. Most geothermal energy operations experience these phenomena. For some resources, they create only minor problems. For others, they can have serious results, such as major scaling or corrosion of wells and plant equipment, reservoir permeability losses and toxic gas emission, that can significantly increase the costs of energy production and sometimes lead to site abandonment. In future operations that exploit deep heat sources and low permeability reservoirs, new chemical problems involving very high T, P rock/water interactions and unknown injection effects will arise.
Depression analysis using process mining techniques

This research has used process mining techniques to analyze depression [4] based on the emotional data obtained from the PAM [5] application from StudentLife [6] research. This research use two techniques of process mining: Fuzzy Miner [19] from Disco [10] and Dotted chart analysis [21][22] from ProM [11] to find the group's emotional process model of sample students. They are moderate, moderate severe and severe depression. This research was found that both techniques of process mining, which able to show and indicate the continuity and frequency of the emotional who has depression of the three groups. The emotional groups that appear are “Sleepy”, “Tired”, “Frustrated” and discomfort and then these emotions occur repeatedly (Rework [25]) in high numbers
Case study evaluation of geomorphologic rainfall - runoff model, incorporating linear infiltration expression

This paper presents case study applications for the hydraulically-based geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH), developed by Diaz-Granados et al. (1986). This IUH was derived as a function of watershed geomorphology and stream response to lateral inflows. This response was determined by solving one-dimensional linearized equations of motion including a simple infiltration expression approximated by an infiltration coefficient multiplied by the streamflow discharge. Three gauged watersheds in Saudi Arabia are selected as case studies. A procedure for estimating the stream response parameters (the flow depth, the flow velocity, and the infiltration coefficient) is provided. A comparison is made between the observed and computed hydrographs and an evaluation of the IUH results and limitations is provided.
New Zealand Regions, 1986-2001: Population Geography

This paper is primarily concerned with the spatial aspects of population, namely with: (i) patterns of settlement (urban, rural) and attendant population size variations by region, (ii) changes over time between rural and urban areas at a Regional Council level, (iii) and between regions in New Zealand. It is important to look at this because many trends in human capital, social equity, families and health that are seen at a regional level may be gaps between more urbanised and more isolated areas. There are, in fact, significant differences in levels of urbanisation between regions and these have major implications for policy.
Utility of the MBT/CBT paleotemperature proxy in lake sediments: Spatial variation in bacteria and bacterial lipid distribution in two New Zealand lake catchments

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), produced by unidentified bacteria, have been found ubiquitously in terrestrial and marine environments. The methylation and cyclisation of branched GDGTs is known to change in soils due to mean annual air temperature and pH, respectively. The identification of branched GDGTs produced within the water column and sediments of lakes indicates strong potential for the development of a temperature proxy for lake environments. In order to help develop the applicability of using branched bacterial GDGT lipids as a temperature proxy in lacustrine environments, this research set out to determine the distribution and provenance of bacterial communities and their corresponding GDGT lipids present in lake sediments in two small New Zealand lakes, the Karori Upper Dam and Lake Pounui. The Karori Upper Dam is a small lake, directly fed by two tributaries. Lake Pounui, in comparison, is much larger and fed by tributaries which are buffered by swamps. Water and sediment samples from Lake Pounui and its catchment indicate a predominantly autochthonous production of branched GDGTs. However, the lake calibrated MBT/CBT paleotemperature proxy is not applicable to sites similar to that of the Karori Upper Dam which have a strong terrestrial branched GDGT signature. This research concluded that it can be expected that a terrestrial GDGT signature of some extent will be present in all lacustrine sites; however, only some sites will display a strong authochthonous lacustrine GDGT signal suitable for the application of the MBT/CBT paleotemperature proxy. Through the use of ARISA DNA analysis this research identified bacterial species which statistically explain a significant portion of variance in branched GDGT abundances. Based on the seasonal fluctuations of measured environmental controls it can be assumed that species abundance will also fluctuate. Future work will need to be undertaken in order to further understand this relationship as the sample size for this research was too small to determine the seasonal pattern of these bacteria.
Potential of ambient seismic noise techniques to monitor the St. Gallen geothermal site (Switzerland)

The failures of two recent deep geothermal energy projects in Switzerland (Basel, 2006; St. Gallen, 2013) have again highlighted that one of the key challenges for the successful development and operation of deep underground heat exchangers is to control the risk of inducing potentially hazardous seismic events. In St. Gallen, after an injection test and two acid injections that were accompanied by a small number of micro‐earthquakes (ML<0.2), operators were surprised by an uncontrolled gas release from the formation (gas kick). The “killing” procedures that had to be initiated following standard drilling procedures led to a ML3.5 earthquake. With ambient seismic noise cross correlations from nine stations, we observe a significant loss of waveform coherence that we can horizontally and vertically constrain to the injection location of the fluid. The loss of waveform coherence starts with the onset of the fluid injections 4 days prior to the gas kick. We interpret the loss of coherence as a local perturbation of the medium. We show how ambient seismic noise analysis can be used to assess the aseismic response of the subsurface to geomechanical well operations and how this method could have helped to recognize the unexpected reservoir dynamics at an earlier stage than the microseismic response alone, allowed.
Hemispheric asymmetries and seasonal variations of the lowermost stratospheric water vapor and ozone derived from

The distributions of water vapor and ozone in the lowermost stratosphere, the part of the stratosphere between the tropopause and the 380-K potential temperature surface, are examined using the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II measurements for the period of March 1989 to February 1990. The monthly mean values of water vapor and ozone are computed for the stratospheric portions of the 320-K and 350-K potential temperature surfaces for both hemispheres. We find a strong seasonal cycle in the water vapor mixing ratio on the 320-K potential temperature surface for both hemispheres, with maximum values in the summer season and minimum values in early spring. The seasonal cycle at the 350-K isentrope is similar to that at the 320 K but with a reduced amplitude. Comparisons with their distributions on the 420-K isentrope are made in order to explore information on stratosphere-troposphere exchange via the extratropical tropopause. Both water vapor and ozone data suggest that troposphere to stratosphere exchange across the extratropical tropopause has a significant influence on the lowermost stratosphere, especially for the northern hemisphere in the summer season.
A Geostatistical Approach to the Conditional Estimation of Spatially Distributed Solute Concentration and Notes on the Use of Tracer Data in the Inverse Problem

This paper presents a theoretical framework for deriving the moments of the concentration, based on the Lagrangian approach and using a stochastic framework, conditional to measurements of conductivity and hydraulic head. The method consists of deriving the spatial correlations between concentration and travel time and hydrologic variables such as the conductivity and the hydraulic head. These correlations allow the conditioning of the moments of the concentration on measurements. By conditioning the concentration the uncertainty associated with its estimation can be reduced substantially. Consequently, difficulties associated with estimation of the extent of contamination can be alleviated. The theoretical framework and derivations may also be used to condition the moments of the conductivity on tracer data such as concentrations, travel times, and displacements. An application of such an approach would require a configuration of sources and samplers. We show that measured concentration is inferior to travel time and displacements in terms of efficient conditioning.
Sedimentology and basin evolution of the Siluro-Devonian Helderberg Group, Central Appalachians

ABSTRACT The Late Silurian-Early Devonian Helderberg Group, central Appalachians, is a sequence of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments that was deposited during relative tectonic quiescence on a ramp that was built out from low-relief tectonic highlands bordering the eastern side of the Appalachian Basin. The Helderberg Group is a third-order Vail cycle that lasted about 8-10 m.y. Three transgressive-regressive sequences are also recognized. Each sequence was deposited over 2-3 m.y. ; subsidence rates during deposition were about 1-2 cm/1,000 yr. Lithofacies patterns resulted from eustatic sea-level changes, differential basin subsidence, and varying sedimentation rates. Skeletal grainstone/rudstone formed fringing skeletal banks that developed during regression and prograded away from the eastern side of the basin at rates of 35-50 m/1,000 yr. Quartz sandstone tongues in the Helderberg Group probably were reworked from underlying Silurian sandstone and were introduced to the basin by rivers that nearly coincided with ancestral Silurian drainage systems. Siliciclastic influx was never great enough to shut carbonate production off completely. Thick Middle Devonian siliciclastic sediments buried the Helderberg Group and updip subaerial exposures accompanying the onset of the Acadian Orogeny.
Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide. 3. Tropical Cyclone Formation

Abstract : One of the keys to safe and successful naval operations in the tropics is a thorough understanding of tropical meteorology. The Tropical Cyclone Reference Guide is designed primarily as a ready reference for midlatitude forecasters required to provide tropical meteorology support to staff commanders. This report presents a comprehensive overview of tropical cyclone genesis forecast support and is Chapter 3 of the reference guide. Subjects discussed include tropical cyclone genesis forecast products, major warning center operations, tropical cyclone genesis terminology, and significant ranges of tropical cyclone genesis phenomena by basin that could be encountered in the world marine environment. Tropical cyclone genesis, Tropical cyclone forecast center, Tropical cyclone climatology
Gene expression profiling: good housekeeping and a clean message.

Microarray technology offers us the means of monitoring gene expression on a scale which was hard to envisage only a few years ago. There is no doubt that gene expression studies based on evaluating mRNA levels for single or multiple genes of interest in human lung biopsy tissue have had a major impact on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying respiratory disease. The recent advent of microarray technology has added further impetus to the central paradigm that mRNA quantification in lung tissue can shed light on pathogenesis and identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. This technology is now so advanced that it allows the parallel monitoring of entire genomes using microarrays with a surface area equivalent to just a few square centimetres and as little as 5 μg RNA starting material. Since its first application in the mid 1990s,1 microarray technology has been applied to all aspects of biomedical research with over 60 papers in respiratory research alone. It has been successfully used for the classification and molecular diagnosis of lung cancer,2 the identification of potential target genes for therapeutic intervention in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,3 mechanistic studies in animal models of asthma4 and pulmonary fibrosis,5 and for profiling lung development.6 Global expression profiling of cellular responses in vitro has provided new insights into the transcriptional programs involved in cytokine signalling,7 growth arrest and apoptosis,8 and it is already enabling us to understand the operation of functional gene networks. Although a number of microarray platforms have been developed, microarrays come in two basic formats. Complementary DNA (cDNA) arrays usually contain polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products generated from cDNA libraries or clone collections, spotted onto glass slides or nylon membranes. Expression values are based on the competitive hybridisation of two samples being directly …