Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geminoid: Teleoperated Android of an Existing Person

Why are people attracted to humanoid robots and androids? The answer is simple: because human beings are attuned to understand or interpret human expressions and behaviors, especially those that exist in their surroundings. As they grow, infants, who are supposedly born with the ability to discriminate various types of stimuli, gradually adapt and fine-tune their interpretations of detailed social clues from other voices, languages, facial expressions, or behaviors (Pascalis et al., 2002). Perhaps due to this functionality of nature and nurture, people have a strong tendency to anthropomorphize nearly everything they encounter. This is also true for computers or robots. In other words, when we see PCs or robots, some automatic process starts running inside us that tries to interpret them as human. The media equation theory (Reeves & Nass, 1996) first explicitly articulated this tendency within us. Since then, researchers have been pursuing the key element to make people feel more comfortable with computers or creating an easier and more intuitive interface to various information devices. This pursuit has also begun spreading in the field of robotics. Recently, researcher’s interests in robotics are shifting from traditional studies on navigation and manipulation to human-robot interaction. A number of researches have investigated how people respond to robot behaviors and how robots should behave so that people can easily understand them (Fong et al., 2003; Breazeal, 2004; Kanda et al., 2004). Many insights from developmental or cognitive psychologies have been implemented and examined to see how they affect the human response or whether they help robots produce smooth and natural communication with humans. However, human-robot interaction studies have been neglecting one issue: the "appearance versus behavior problem. " We empirically know that appearance, one of the most significant elements in communication, is a crucial factor in the evaluation of interaction (See Figure 1). The interactive robots developed so far had very mechanical outcomes that do appear as “robots. ” Researchers tried to make such interactive robots “humanoid” by equipping them with heads, eyes, or hands so that their appearance more closely resembled human beings and to enable them to make such analogous human movements or gestures as staring, pointing, and so on. Functionality was considered the primary concern in improving communication with humans. In this manner, many studies have compared robots with different behaviors. Thus far, scant attention has been paid to robot appearances. Although
Role of a nonimmunoglobulin cell surface determinant in the activation of B lymphocytes by thymus-independent antigens

Lyb 5 is a B-cell alloantigen which is expressed on 50-60% of B cells. It was defined originally on the basis of cytotoxicity. We have described a new reactivity within the anti-Lyb 5 serum on the basis of selective inhibition of antibody responses in vitro by this antiserum in the absence of complement. This inhibitory activity of anti-Lyb 5.1 serum appears to be due to recognition of antigenic determinants different from the prototype antigens detected in the cytotoxicity assay. Anti-Lyb 5 serum incorporated into spleen cell cultures selectively inhibits antibody responses to a class of thymus- independent antigens (TI-2) previously characterized by their failure to elicit antibody formation in immature mice or in the defective CBA/N strain. Responses to optimal concentrations of TI-1 antigens, which can induce antibody synthesis in these mice, are unaffected by the addition of anti-Lyb 5.1 serum. The B-cell alloantigen defined by this functional assay is designated tentatively Lyb 7 and it is shown to be distinct from cell surface immunoglobulins. Lyb 7 appears to have a role in the activation of B lymphocytes by the TI-2 class of thymus- independent antigens.
Jean Émile Gombert, Metalinguistic development . Hemel Hempstead, Herts: Harvester Wheatsheaf, Transl, by Pownall Tim, 1992. 238 pp.

deserves. This book is a welcome indication that this crucial aspect of child development is now coming more into the limelight. Because of its wide coverage of research in the field, both classic and recent, this book has a lot to offer as a reference guide for both psychologists and linguists seeking to be directed to work in the area. It is very much an overview, rather than a detailed explication of any theoretical position, but I feel that it would also be of interest to students of both these disciplines. In a field such as child development, where there is so much overlap between the traditions of psychology and linguistics, it cannot but be beneficial for students following courses rooted in either tradition to gain the kind of overview of alternative approaches which this book presents.
Peptidoglycan lytic system associated with mesosomal membranes from Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

The chemical properties of this polysaccharide support the contention that it is sulphated. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide precipitates the polysaccharide even after acidification to pH 2 with acetic acid, indicating that the acidic group is still ionized at pH2. This material is also strongly adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and requires 1M-salt at pH6 for elution, providing further evidence for the anionic nature of the polymer. This report appears to be the first indication of sulphated polysaccharides in bacteria. Such polymers are more typically found in the mucopolysaccharides of higher organisms and seaweeds.
An examination of psychological contracts, careerism and ITL

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationships between elements of the psychological contract (i.e. type and fulfilment) and an employee's intention to leave (ITL) their current organisation. The role of careerism as a potential mediating and moderating variable is also to be explored.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 202 allied health professionals (AHPs) completed a questionnaire containing measures of the psychological contract, careerism and ITL.Findings – As predicted, path analyses conducted via structural equation modelling demonstrated that careerism partially mediates the relationship between contract types and ITL. These findings suggest that employees with transactional contracts are more careerist, resulting in higher ITL, while employees with relational contracts are less careerist, resulting in lower ITL. Contrary to expectation, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that careerism failed to moderate the relationship between perceived contract fulfil.
Lagrangian sensing: traffic estimation with mobile devices

An inverse modeling algorithm is developed to reconstruct the state of traffic (velocity field) on highways from GPS measurements gathered from mobile phones traveling on-board vehicles. The algorithm is based on ensemble Kalman filtering (EnKF), to overcome the nonlinearity and non-differentiability of a distributed highway traffic model for velocity. The algorithm is implemented in an architecture which includes GPS enabled phones and a privacy aware data collection infrastructure based on the novel concept of Virtual Trip Lines (a technology developed by Nokia). The data collection infrastructure is connected to a traffic estimation server running the EnKF algorithm online, and the estimation results are broadcast in real time back to mobile phones and to the internet. Results from the algorithm are presented using data collected during the February 8, 2008 Mobile Century experiment, in which a shock wave from a five-car accident is captured. A prototype estimation algorithm and system were run during the experiment, and highlight that measurements from as few as 2% to 5% of the commuting public are sufficient to accurately reconstruct the highway traffic state.
Popular vs. Professional Aspects of Economics Texts in English

This article takes up the important issue of distinguishing popular from professional texts using economic texts as the object of analysis. It reports on a limited corpus study of authentic texts produced by native English professionals and published for na-tive English readers, but differing in the nature of intended audience (lay/expert). Economics/electronic money transactions constituted the textual domain/subdomain, and the dominant text type was expository. Following a basic quantitative check and a tentative readability ranking the text samples were scrutinized with respect to lexical profile, frequency band penetration, terminological density and uniqueness. A detailed collocation study was then made of focal multi-word terms as well as personal pronouns. Standard corpus techniques were employed in exposing regularities and produ-cing supporting documentation. At the same time possible reflections of communicative situation, pragmatic purpose and semiotic significance were noted. An attempt was then made to integrate such internal (“linguistic”) and external (“situational”) var-iables as revealed by a comprehensive textual analysis in a synopsis intended to bring out a possible clustering of features. The general question to which an answer was sought was to what extent is each perspective necessary and/or sufficient in defining the textual genre?
Method effects on theory testing: the case of organizational coupling in education

Shows how methodological choices are not theoretically neutral. Draws attention to ways in which different analyses of the same data may affect inferences about teachers’ policy coupling in school systems. In this case study of the Jerusalem school system the authors used three statistical procedures to assess teachers’ perceived policy alignment among three organizational levels (teachers; schools; and the Israel Ministry of Education (IMOE)). Analyses using descriptive statistics show that the perceived policies at the three levels are similar, thus giving some support to the theory of tight coupling. Smallest Space Analysis shows that there are close connections between the teachers’ own policies and those they impute to schools, but not those they impute to the IMOE. These findings support a moderate view of organizational coupling. Finally, variance component analyses find almost no consensus in schools regarding policies. In contrast to the other approaches, these models support a loose coupling hypothesis. In overview, shows how methodological choices affect the support given to rival theoretical hypotheses. Suggests that theoretical looseness with regard to explicit falsification conditions is at the root of contrasting evidence about teacher coupling in school systems.
Discrepancy, Arousal and Labeling: Towards a Psychosocial Theory of Emotion*

The relation of schematic discrepancy to emotional experience is discussed. It is argued that schematic discrepancy constitutes one important basis of emotional arousal and that we label arousal according to rules defined by discrepancy. The identifying and processing of discrepancies is described within an information processing framework. The labeling of both positive and negative emotions (defined as differing in the resolution of discrepancy) is discussed. Cultural influences on both the experiencing and labeling of emotion are elaborated and implications are drawn.
Network on Chip - Design Aspects

Network-on-Chip is a packet switched platform for single chip systems which scales well to an arbitrary number of processor like resources. The network-on-chip (NoC) design paradigm is seen as a way of enabling the integration of an exceedingly high number of computational and storage blocks in a single chip. This provides vertical integration of physical and architectural levels in system design. A chip consists of contiguous areas called regions, which are physically isolated from each other but have special mechanism for communication among each other. The NOC architecture essentially is the on chip communication infrastructure comprising the physical layer, the data link layer and the network layer of the OSI protocol stack. NOC architecture, a general purpose on-chip interconnection network replaces the traditional design- specific global on-chip wiring, by the use of switching fabric or routers to connect IP cores or processing elements (PEs).
Ungewissheitstoleranz, Belastung und Befinden bei BerufsschullehrerInnen

Zusammenfassung. Mit einer Langsschnittstudie konnte die Hypothese einer positiven Beziehung zwischen Ungewissheitstoleranz und dem beruflichen sowie allgemeinen Befinden von Lehrenden berufsbildender Schulen (N = 94) belegt werden. Fur einen Zeitraum von 10 Monaten konnte ein adaptiver Einfluss der Ungewissheitstoleranz auf den positiven Affekt und das berufliche Befinden (Arbeitsunzufriedenheit, Leistungsmangel) nachgewiesen werden. Gleichzeitig ging eine ausgepragte Ungewissheitstoleranz jedoch mit einem vermehrten Kontrolliertheitserleben sowie mehr negativem Affekt einher. Der Einfluss der Ungewissheitstoleranz auf das Befinden der Lehrenden blieb auch nach Kontrolle anderer Personmerkmale (Selbstwert, Angstlichkeit, Selbstwirksamkeit) erhalten. Die Ergebnisse sprechen insgesamt dafur, dass Ungewissheitstoleranz eine Ressource im Lehrerberuf darstellt. Sie weisen aber gleichzeitig darauf hin, dass sich die ungewissheitstoleranten Lehrenden starker durch das Schulsystem kontrolliert fuhlen.
A Low Radar Cross Section Dipole Antenna Array Simulation

This paper reports a new method for reducing the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) of a metal backed dipole antenna. Numerical simulations are used to show that when the Perfect Electrical Conductor (PEC) is replaced by a carefully designed Frequency Selective Surface (FSS), the electromagnetic performance of the antenna is similar in band, but the RCS of the structure is significantly lower out of band. The design of the FSS and the return loss, radiation patterns and RCS are presented for an antenna which operates at a center frequency of 4 GHz and the results are compared with a conventional metal backed arrangement. Keywords—Low RCS; Radar Cross-section; Dipole Antenna; Frequency Selective Surface; FSS; Jerusalem Cross
A sampling-based approach to identify QoS for web service orchestrations

QoS parameters are used to describe services in terms of their behavior and can be used to rank services according to non-functional criteria. To provide an accurate characterization of the quality of a service, we propose a sampling-based technique. The proposed technique uses Adaptive and Sequential Sampling strategies to estimate the QoS parameters that satisfy the required confidence levels while the size of the sample remains small. QoS estimates are used by a hybrid composer, named PT-SAM, to identify the service compositions that satisfy a functional condition and best meet non-functional criteria of a user query. PT-SAM adapts a Petri-Net unfolding algorithm to find a desired marking from an initial state by using a utility function defined on QoS estimates and functional properties of the available services. PT-SAM uses a QoS-based utility function to guide the search into portions of good quality service compositions; thus, PT-SAM is able to scale up to large-scale search spaces of services. We report on the quality of the sampling techniques and the performance of the composer. First, we show correlation between the estimates and the real values of the QoS parameters; then, we report on the benefits of using these estimates to traverse large search spaces of service compositions (e.g., in the range of 1,000 to 100,000 services). Our experiments show that the quality of the compositions identified by our algorithm is close to the optimal solution produced by the exhaustive algorithm.
Presentation of local and international culture in current international English-language teaching textbooks

The place of culture in teaching English as an international language (EIL) is a complex issue, given the diversity of contexts in which English is currently being used globally. Building on a sociocultural perspective that language use is open to negotiation and is context-dependent, this paper argues that the design and content of English-language teaching (ELT) textbooks should reflect the multiple perspectives inherent in EIL. Findings from an analysis of the cultural content of seven series of internationally distributed ELT textbooks are reported. Our study showed that even though cultural aspects were proportionally diverse in each textbook series, inner circle cultural content still dominates most of the textbooks. Furthermore, cultural presentation still largely remains at the traditional knowledge-oriented level and does not engage learners in deep levels of reflection. The findings are discussed in light of existing studies, and some recommendations for future textbook writers and classroom practice are suggested.
Biology and mechanisms of action of synergistically stimulated myeloid progenitor cell proliferation and suppression by chemokines

A number of cytokines can act together to stimulate/enhance the proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in a greater than additive fashion. An example of this is the combination of a colony‐stimulating factor with a potent costimulating molecule such as steel factor. Certain members of the chemokine family of cytokines can suppress this synergistically enhanced proliferation. This review focuses on cytokines involved in these stimulating/enhancing/suppressing effects with regard to biological activity and what is beginning to be learned about the intracellular signal transduction events that may be mediating these effects. Examples of intracellular mediators involved include, but are not limited to, the Raf‐1/ MAP kinase pathway and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p21cip−1 and p27kip−1 for cell proliferation, and eukaryotic initiation factor‐4E and 4E binding protein 1 for protein synthesis. Stem Cells 1997; 15 (suppl 1): 69–78
Rapid redistribution of clathrin onto macrophage plasma membranes in response to Fc receptor-ligand interaction during frustrated phagocytosis

We have observed increases in assembled clathrin on the plasma membrane during "frustrated phagocytosis," the spreading of macrophages on immobilized immune complexes. Resident macrophages freshly harvested from the peritoneal cavity of mice and attached to bovine serum albumin (BSA)-anti-BSA-coated surfaces at 4 degrees C had almost no clathrin basketworks on their adherent plasma membrane (less than 0.01 coated patch/micron 2), as observed by immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and platinum-carbon replica techniques, although abundant assembled clathrin was observed in the perinuclear Golgi region. When the cells were warmed to 37 degrees C they started to spread by 4 min and reached their maximum extent by 20 min. Spreading preceded clathrin assembly at the plasma membrane. Clathrin-coated patches were first observed on the adherent plasma membrane at 6 min. Between 12 and 20 min assembled clathrin coats appeared on both adherent and nonadherent plasma membranes with a concomitant decrease in identifiable clathrin in the perinuclear region. A new steady state emerged by 2 h, as perinuclear clathrin began to reappear. At 20 min at 37 degrees C the adherent plasma membranes of macrophages spreading on BSA alone had 0.9 coated patch/micron 2, whereas in cells spread on immune complex-coated surfaces, the clathrin patches increased, dependent on ligand concentration, to a maximum of 2.1 coated patches/micron 2. Because frustrated phagocytosis of immune complex-coated surfaces at 37 degrees C increased the area of adherent plasma membrane, the total area coated by clathrin basket-works increased 5-fold (28 micron 2/cell) as compared with cells plated on BSA alone (5.6 micron 2/cell) and 200- fold as compared with cells adhering to immune complexes at 4 degrees C. We then determined that macrophages cultured on BSA-coated coverslips for 24 h already have abundant surface clathrin. When immune complexes were formed by the addition of anti-BSA IgG to already spread macrophages cultured on BSA-coated coverslips for 24 h, clathrin assembled at the sites of ligand-receptor interaction even at 4 degrees C, before spreading, and a 2.6-fold increase in assembled clathrin was observed on the adherent plasma membrane of cells on immune complexes as compared with cells on BSA alone. Clathrin was reversibly redistributed to the Golgi region, returning to the steady state by 2 h. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Monoclonal Antibody–Chemotherapeutic Conjugate Designed for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

MLN2704 is an antibody-chemotherapeutic conjugate designed to target prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). PSMA is a transmembrane receptor whose expression is largely restricted to prostatic epithelium and prostate cancer cells with its expression level increasing during the progression of malignancy. MLN2704 consists of a de-immunized, monoclonal antibody that is specific for PSMA conjugated to drug maytansinoid 1 (DM1), a microtubule-depolymerizing compound. After antibody binding to PSMA and the subsequent cellular internalization of this complex, DM1 is released leading to cell death. MLN2704 has an approximate half-life of 39 hours in scid mice bearing CWR22 tumor tissue, and the antibody effectively penetrates xenograft tumor tissue. Optimization of dosage and schedule of MLN2704 administration defined interdependency between these conditions that maximized efficacy with no apparent toxicity. Tumor growth delays of ∼100 days could be achieved on the optimized schedule of one dose of 60 mg/kg MLN2704 every 14 days for five doses (q14d×5). The unconjugated antibody (MLN591) demonstrated essentially no antitumor activity and DM1 alone or a non-PSMA targeted antibody–DM1 conjugate was only weakly active. Furthermore, we show that MLN2704 is active in a novel model of osteoblastic prostate cancer metastasis.
Activating Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptors in Health and Disease

Expression of non-rearranged HLA class I-binding receptors characterizes human and mouse NK cells. The postulation of the missing-self hypothesis some 30 years ago triggered the subsequent search and discovery of inhibitory MHC-receptors, both in humans and mice. These receptors have two functions: (i) to control the threshold for NK cell activation, a process termed “licensing” or “education,” and (ii) to inhibit NK cell activation during interactions with healthy HLA class I-expressing cells. The discovery of activating forms of KIRs (aKIR) challenged the concept of NK cell tolerance in steady state, as well as during immune challenge: what is the biological role of the activating KIR, in particular when NK cells express aKIRs in the absence of inhibitory receptors? Recently it was shown that aKIRs also participate in the education of NK cells. However, instead of lowering the threshold of activation like iKIRs, the expression of aKIRs has the opposite effect, i.e., rendering NK cells hyporesponsive. These findings may have consequences during NK cell response to viral infection, in cancer development, and in the initial stages of pregnancy. Here we review the current knowledge of activating KIRs, including the biological concept of aKIR-dependent NK cell education, and their impact in health and disease.