Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The logical basis of evaluation order and pattern-matching

An old and celebrated analogy says that writing programs is like proving theorems. This analogy has been productive in both directions, but in particular has demonstrated remarkable utility in driving progress in programming languages, for example leading towards a better understanding of concepts such as abstract data types and polymorphism. One of the best known instances of the analogy actually rises to the level of an isomorphism: between Gentzen's natural deduction and Church's lambda calculus. However, as has been recognized for a while, lambda calculus fails to capture some of the important features of modern programming languages. Notably, it does not have an inherent notion of evaluation order, needed to make sense of programs with side effects. Instead, the historical descendents of lambda calculus (languages like Lisp, ML, Haskell, etc.) impose evaluation order in an ad hoc way. This thesis aims to give a fresh take on the proofs-as-programs analogy—one which better accounts for features of modern programming languages—by starting from a different logical foundation. Inspired by Andreoli's focusing proofs for linear logic, we explain how to axiomatize certain canonical forms of logical reasoning through a notion of pattern. Propositions come with an intrinsic polarity, based on whether they are defined by patterns of proof, or by patterns of refutation. Applying the analogy, we then obtain a programming language with built-in support for pattern-matching, in which evaluation order is explicitly reflected at the level of types—and hence can be controlled locally, rather than being an ad hoc, global policy decision. As we show, different forms of continuation-passing style (one of the historical tools for analyzing evaluation order) can be described in terms of different polarizations. This language provides an elegant, uniform account of both untyped and intrinsically-typed computation (incorporating ideas from infinitary proof theory), and additionally, can be provided an extrinsic type system to express and statically enforce more refined properties of programs. We conclude by using this framework to explore the theory of typing and subtyping for intersection and union types in the presence of effects, giving a simplified explanation of some of the unusual artifacts of existing systems.
HIGH DUST DEPLETION IN TWO INTERVENING QUASAR ABSORPTION LINE SYSTEMS WITH THE 2175 Å EXTINCTION BUMP AT z ∼ 1.4

We present the column densities of heavy elements and dust depletion studies in two strong Mg ii absorption systems at z ∼ 1.4 displaying the 2175 Å dust extinction feature. Column densities are measured from low-ionization absorption lines using an Apparent Optical Depth Method on the Keck/ESI spectra. We find that the dust depletion patterns resemble that of cold diffuse clouds in the Milky Way (MW). The values, [Fe/Zn] ≈−1.5 and [Si/Zn]<−0.67, are among the highest dust depletion measured for quasar absorption line systems. In another 2175 Å absorber at z = 1.64 toward the quasar SDSS J160457.50+220300.5, Noterdaeme et al. reported a similar dust depletion measurement ([Fe/Zn] = −1.47 and [Si/Zn] = −1.07) and detected C i and CO absorption lines on its VLT/UVES spectrum. We conclude that heavy dust depletion (i.e., a characteristic of cold dense clouds in MW) is required to produce a pronounced 2175 Å extinction bump.
Theory of superconducting and magnetic proximity effect in S/F structures with inhomogeneous magnetization textures and spin-active interfaces

We present a study of the proximity effect and the inverse proximity effect in a $\text{superconductor}\ensuremath{\mid}\text{ferromagnet}$ bilayer, taking into account several important factors which mostly have been ignored in the literature so far. These include spin-dependent interfacial phase shifts (spin-DIPS) and inhomogeneous textures of the magnetization in the ferromagnetic layer, both of which are expected to be present in real experimental samples. Our approach is numerical, allowing us to access the full proximity effect regime. In Sec. II of this work, we study the superconducting proximity effect and the resulting local density of states in an inhomogeneous ferromagnet with a nontrivial magnetic texture. Our two main results in Sec. II are a study of how Bloch and N\'eel domain walls affect the proximity-induced superconducting correlations and a study of the superconducting proximity effect in a conical ferromagnet. The latter topic should be relevant for the ferromagnet Ho, which was recently used in an experiment to demonstrate the possibility to generate and sustain long-range triplet superconducting correlations. In Sec. III of this work, we investigate the inverse proximity effect with emphasis on the induced magnetization in the superconducting region as a result of the ``leakage'' from the ferromagnetic region. It is shown that the presence of spin-DIPS modifies conclusions obtained previously in the literature with regard to the induced magnetization in the superconducting region. In particular, we find that the spin-DIPS can trigger an antiscreening effect of the magnetization, leading to an induced magnetization in the superconducting region with the same sign as in the proximity ferromagnet.
Pressure-driven flow of oligomeric fluid in nano-channel with complex structure. A dissipative particle dynamics study

We develop a simulational methodology allowing for simulation of the pressure-driven flow in the pore with flat and polymer-modified walls. Our approach is based on dissipative particle dynamics and we combine earlier ideas of fluid-like walls and reverse flow. As a test case we consider the oligomer flow through the pore with flat walls and demonstrate good thermostatting qualities of the proposed method. We found the inhomogeneities in both oligomer shape and alignment across the pore leading to a non-parabolic velocity profiles. The method is subsequently applied to a nano-channel decorated with a polymer brush stripes arranged perpendicularly to the flow direction. At certain threshold value of a flow force we find a pillar-to-lamellar morphological transition, which leads to the brush enveloping the pore wall by a relatively smooth layer. At higher flow rates, the flow of oligomer has similar properties as in the case of flat walls, but for the narrower effective pore size. We observe stretching and aligning of the polymer molecules along the flow near the pore walls.
The Influence of CeO2 Concentration on Some Physical Properties of Y2O3 Thin Films

Thin films of pure yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and doped with cerium oxide (CeO2) were prepared by the chemical spray pyrolysis(CSP)method. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the prepared films were investigated. The analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) thin films revealed that the undoped and doped Y2O3 were amorphous with a broad hump around 27o and narrow humps around 48o and 62o for all samples. Except for the Y2O3:6wt. %CeO2 thin film, all had signal preferential orientation along the (100) plane at 2θ=12.71o which belongs to CeO2, Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) images confirmed the formation of the nanosized particles which resembles circles and others revealed rods and balls shape. UV-Vis spectra study showed peak absorption at a wavelength of 305 nm, with blue shift due to quantum confinement, and this also happened for the doped films, with direct energy band gaps. The photoluminescence spectra (PL) of undoped Y2O3 and doped thin films showed an emission peak at 365 nm at the same wavelength of all the prepared samples with a slight difference. All prepared films show three activation energies except Y2O3:6wt. %CeO2 film has two activation energies. From I-V characteristic curves, the prepared films have Schottky behavior except Y2O3:6wt. %CeO2 film, which displayed ohmic behavior. Y2O3:6wt. %CeO2 fabricated device revealed good photosensitivity for VIS and IR wavelength.
Global Barotropic Tide Modeling Using Inline Self‐Attraction and Loading in MPAS‐Ocean

We examine ocean tides in the barotropic version of the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS‐Ocean), the ocean component of the Department of Energy Earth system model. We focus on four factors that affect tidal accuracy: self‐attraction and loading (SAL), model resolution, details of the underlying bathymetry, and parameterized topographic wave drag. The SAL term accounts for the tidal loading of Earth's crust and the self‐gravitation of the ocean and the load‐deformed Earth. A common method for calculating SAL is to decompose mass anomalies into their spherical harmonic constituents. Here, we compare a scalar SAL approximation versus an inline SAL using a fast spherical harmonic transform package. Wave drag accounts for energy lost by breaking internal tides that are produced by barotropic tidal flow over topographic features. We compare a series of successively finer quasi‐uniform resolution meshes (62.9, 31.5, 15.7, and 7.87 km) to a variable resolution (45 to 5 km) configuration. We ran MPAS‐Ocean in a single‐layer barotropic mode forced by five tidal constituents. The 45 to 5 km variable resolution mesh obtained the best total root‐mean‐square error (5.4 cm) for the deep ocean ( > $ > $ 1,000 m) M2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ tide compared to TPXO8 and ran twice as fast as the quasi‐uniform 8 km mesh, which had an error of 5.8 cm. This error is comparable to those found in other forward (non‐assimilative) ocean tide models. In future work, we plan to use MPAS‐Ocean to study tidal interactions with other Earth system components, and the tidal response to climate change.
The HIE-ISOLDE project

The HIE‐ISOLDE project is a major staged upgrade of the existing ISOLDE facility. It includes an energy increase of the REX post‐accelerator up to 5.5 MeV/u with a future option of going to 10 MeV/u, as well as an upgrade of the REX low energy stage capacity. The beam quality will be improved e.g. with the installation of a RFQ cooler and a new Resonant Laser Ionization System. The driver intensity will be increased, at first from a faster cycling of the PS Booster and later from the new Linac‐4.
A Primary Study on the Reclamation of Coastal Saline Soil with Freezing Irrigation of Saline Water in Winter

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of freezing irrigation with saline water in winter on the dynamics of soil salinity and moisture in coastal saline soil.Four irrigation amounts(0,90,135 and 180 mm) with the shallow brackish groundwater(15 g/L) were exploited in this experiment in winter.Results showed that top soil layer was well desalinized with freezing irrigation in the next spring when soil freezing layer thawed.The desalinizing ratio is 12.7%,73.8% and 80.9% in 90,135 and 180 mm irrigation treatments,respectively.However the no irrigation treatment showed intensive salinization in spring.The possible reason is that the ice layer restrains the freezing and thawing process of the saline soil and the leaching effect of fresh water produced from the melted saline ice.
Highly Conserved Interaction Profiles between Clinically Relevant Mutants of the Cytomegalovirus CDK-like Kinase pUL97 and Human Cyclins: Functional Significance of Cyclin H

The complex host interaction network of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) involves the regulatory protein kinase pUL97, which represents a viral cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) ortholog. pUL97 interacts with the three human cyclin types T1, H, and B1, whereby the binding region of cyclin T1 and the pUL97 oligomerization region were both assigned to amino acids 231-280. We further addressed the question of whether HCMVs harboring mutations in ORF-UL97, i.e., short deletions or resistance-conferring point mutations, are affected in the interaction with human cyclins and viral replication. To this end, clinically relevant UL97 drug-resistance-conferring mutants were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing and used for genetic marker transfer experiments. The recombinant HCMVs indicated conservation of pUL97–cyclin interaction, since all viral UL97 point mutants continued to interact with the analyzed cyclin types and exerted wild-type-like replication fitness. In comparison, recombinant HCMVs UL97 Δ231-280 and also the smaller deletion Δ236-275, but not Δ241-270, lost interaction with cyclins T1 and H, showed impaired replication efficiency, and also exhibited reduced kinase activity. Moreover, a cellular knock-out of cyclins B1 or T1 did not alter HCMV replication phenotypes or pUL97 kinase activity, possibly indicating alternative, compensatory pUL97–cyclin interactions. In contrast, however, cyclin H knock-out, similar to virus deletion mutants in the pUL97–cyclin H binding region, exhibited strong defective phenotypes of HCMV replication, as supported by reduced pUL97 kinase activity in a cyclin H-dependent coexpression setting. Thus, cyclin H proved to be a very relevant determinant of pUL97 kinase activity and viral replication efficiency. As a conclusion, the results provide evidence for the functional importance of pUL97–cyclin interaction. High selective pressure on the formation of pUL97–cyclin complexes was identified by the use of clinically relevant mutants.
DETECTING THE SUPERNOVA BREAKOUT BURST IN TERRESTRIAL NEUTRINO DETECTORS

We calculate the distance-dependent performance of a few representative terrestrial neutrino detectors in detecting and measuring the properties of the νe breakout burst light curve in a Galactic core-collapse supernova. The breakout burst is a signature phenomenon of core collapse and offers a probe into the stellar core through collapse and bounce. We examine cases of no neutrino oscillations and oscillations due to normal and inverted neutrino-mass hierarchies. For the normal hierarchy, other neutrino flavors emitted by the supernova overwhelm the νe signal, making a detection of the breakout burst difficult. For the inverted hierarchy (IH), some detectors at some distances should be able to see the νe breakout burst peak and measure its properties. For the IH, the maximum luminosity of the breakout burst can be measured at 10 kpc to accuracies of ∼30% for Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) and ∼60% for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) and Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) lack the mass needed to make an accurate measurement. For the IH, the time of the maximum luminosity of the breakout burst can be measured in Hyper-K to an accuracy of ∼3 ms at 7 kpc, in DUNE to ∼2 ms at 4 kpc, and JUNO and Super-K can measure the time of maximum luminosity to an accuracy of ∼2 ms at 1 kpc. Detector backgrounds in IceCube render a measurement of the νe breakout burst unlikely. For the IH, a measurement of the maximum luminosity of the breakout burst could be used to differentiate between nuclear equations of state.
Numerical versus analytical accuracy of the formulae for light propagation

Numerical integration of the differential equations of light propagation in the Schwarzschild metric shows that in some situations relevant for practical observations the well-known post-Newtonian solution for light propagation has an error up to 16 μas. The aim of this work is to demonstrate this fact, identify the reason for this error and to derive an analytical formula accurate at the level of 1 μas as needed for high-accuracy astrometric projects (e.g., Gaia). An analytical post-post-Newtonian solution for the light propagation for both Cauchy and boundary problems is given for the Schwarzschild metric augmented by the parametrized post-Newtonian and post-linear parameters β, γ and ϵ. Using analytical upper estimates of each term we investigate which post-post-Newtonian terms may play a role for an observer in the solar system at the level of 1 μas and conclude that only one post-post-Newtonian term remains important for this numerical accuracy. In this way, an analytical solution for the boundary problem for light propagation is derived. That solution contains terms of both post-Newtonian and post-post-Newtonian order, but is valid for the given numerical level of 1 μas. The derived analytical solution has been verified using the results of a high-accuracy numerical integration of differential equations of light propagation and found to be correct at the level well below 1 μas for an arbitrary observer situated within the solar system. Furthermore, the origin of the post-post-Newtonian terms relevant for the microarcsecond accuracy is elucidated. We demonstrate that these terms result from an inadequate choice of the impact parameter in the standard post-Newtonian formulae. Introducing another impact parameter, that can be called ‘coordinate independent’, we demonstrate that all these terms disappear from the formulae.
Improving optical properties of wurtzite GaN with C and Fe co-doping: A DFT+U study

Density Functional Theory with Hubbard U parameter (DFT + U) was used to study the impact of C (6.25%) and Fe (12.5%) mono- and co-doping on wurtzite GaN, which modified the structural, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Under conditions of abundant N, the doping effect led to an increase in thermodynamic formability. For all the dopant combinations, a reduction in the band gap was seen. GaN becomes a ferrimagnetic material because of co-doping. The performance of the C and Fe co-doped GaN was the best due to the redshift of the absorption edge, which resulted in the improved absorption of near ultraviolet (UV) and visible-infrared (VIS-IR) photonic energies for both monodoping and co-doping structures. The doping caused an increase in the refractive index and dielectric constant. For C and Fe co-doped GaN, the maximum static dielectric constant and refractive index were 19.58 and 4.45, respectively. The findings of this work therefore point to the possible use of C, Fe mono- and co-doped GaN in UV, IR optoelectronic and photonic devices.
Banados and SUSY: on supersymmetry and minimal surfaces of locally AdS3 geometries

We extend the classification of supersymmetric locally AdS3 geometries, beyond BTZ black holes, to the Bañados geometries, noting that supersymmetries are in one-to-one correspondence with solutions to the Hill differential condition. We show that the number of global supersymmetries is an orbit invariant quantity and identify geometries with zero, one, two, three and four global supersymmetries. As an application of our classification, we exploit supersymmetry, which is preserved locally in the bulk, to determine space-like co-dimension two surfaces in AdS3. In the process, we by-pass geodesics or mappings of AdS3, neither of which have an analogue in higher dimensions, to recover known Hubeny–Rangamani–Takayanagi surfaces. Our findings suggest supersymmetry may be exploited to find extremal surfaces in holographic entanglement entropy.
Cavity QED of a leaky planar resonator coupled to an atom and an input single-photon pulse

In contrast to the free-space evolution of an atom governed by a multi-mode interaction with the surrounding electromagnetic vacuum, the evolution of a cavity-QED system can be characterized by just three parameters, (i) atom-cavity coupling strength g, (ii) cavity relaxation rate \kappa, and (iii) atomic decay rate into the non-cavity modes \gamma. In the case of an atom inserted into a planar resonator with an input beam coupled from the outside, it has been shown by Koshino [Phys. Rev. A 73, 053814 (2006)] that these three parameters are determined not only by the atom and cavity characteristics, but also by the spatial distribution of the input pulse. By an ab-initio treatment, we generalize the framework of Koshino and determine the cavity-QED parameters of a coupled system of atom, planar (leaky) resonator, and input single-photon pulse as functions of the lateral profile of the pulse and the length of resonator. We confirm that the atomic decay rate can be suppressed by tailoring appropriately the lateral profile of the pulse. Such an active suppression of atomic decay opens an attractive route towards an efficient quantum memory for long-term storage of an atomic qubit inside a planar resonator.
THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROJECT: LIGHT-CURVE FITTING WITH SNooPy

In providing an independent measure of the expansion history of the universe, the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP) has observed 71 high-z Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the near-infrared bands Y and J. These can be used to construct rest-frame i-band light curves which, when compared to a low-z sample, yield distance moduli that are less sensitive to extinction and/or decline-rate corrections than in the optical. However, working with NIR observed and i-band rest-frame photometry presents unique challenges and has necessitated the development of a new set of observational tools in order to reduce and analyze both the low-z and high-z CSP sample. We present in this paper the methods used to generate uBVgriYJH light-curve templates based on a sample of 24 high-quality low-z CSP SNe. We also present two methods for determining the distances to the hosts of SN Ia events. A larger sample of 30 low-z SNe Ia in the Hubble flow is used to calibrate these methods. We then apply the method and derive distances to seven galaxies that are so nearby that their motions are not dominated by the Hubble flow.
A Quantum Neural Network Computes Entanglement

An outstanding problem in quantum computing is the calculation of entanglement, for which no closed-form algorithm exists. Here we solve that problem, and demonstrate the utility of a quantum neural computer, by showing, in simulation, that such a device can be trained to calculate the entanglement of an input state, something neither an algorithmic quantum computer nor a classical neural net can do.
The relative impact of the dual-rotor wind turbine and the conventional single-rotor wind turbine on the transient stability of the power system

Comparison of the aerodynamic efficiency of the single-rotor and dual-rotor wind turbine (SRWT and DWRT, respectively) demonstrates the superiority of the latter; at the same wind speed, the DRWT is almost 9% relatively more efficient than the SRWT. Based on this reported advantage, the DRWT should possess a good potential to be manufactured and installed in new wind farms. However, a comparison of the transient responses of these two types of wind turbine technology is required before concluding that the performance of the DRWT is superior to that of the SRWT. In this dissertation, a comparative assessment of the transient responses of the DRWT and the SRWT is carried out with respect to four categories of power system transient stability: transient angle stability; transient voltage stability; transient frequency stability; and subsynchronous resonance. As a first step, using the multi-objective drive train method, an accurate dynamic model is developed for the prime mover of the DRWT, including shafts, corresponding gearboxes, hubs and blades. The impact of the DRWT on the grid fault-ride-through capability is evaluated and compared with the SRWT through mathematical modelling, eigenvalue analysis and numerical simulations. Both quantitative and numerical approaches show that DRWTbased wind farms improve the transient angle stability margin of the network in comparison to SRWT-based wind farms. The main reason for this is the lower rate of speed change in the DRWT. Further, the transient frequency control capability of the DRWT is compared with that of the SRWT for three different de-loading methods: a pitching control method; a sub-optimal method; and a combination of both methods. It is shown that, by appropriate tunning of a droop controller integrated into the pitch control system, the DRWT is more successful in arresting the transient frequency deviation in the first and third controlling modes; in comparison, the SRWT is more advantageous in suboptimal mode. It is also recognized that, in addition to the released kinetic energy (KE), the transient variation of the aerodynamic energy is also influential in the inertial response of the wind turbine, whereas, in the literature prior to this work the only factor considered for the study of the inertial response was the impact of the released KE.