Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PREY ADAPTATION AS A CAUSE OF PREDATOR‐PREY CYCLES

We analyze simple models of predator‐prey systems in which there is adaptive change in a trait of the prey that determines the rate at which it is captured by searching predators. Two models of adaptive change are explored: (1) change within a single reproducing prey population that has genetic variation for vulnerability to capture by the predator; and (2) direct competition between two independently reproducing prey populations that differ in their vulnerability. When an individual predator's consumption increases at a decreasing rate with prey availability, prey adaptation via either of these mechanisms may produce sustained cycles in both species' population densities and in the prey's mean trait value. Sufficiently rapid adaptive change (e.g., behavioral adaptation or evolution of traits with a large additive genetic variance), or sufficiently low predator birth and death rates will produce sustained cycles or chaos, even when the predator‐prey dynamics with fixed prey capture rates would have been stable. Adaptive dynamics can also stabilize a system that would exhibit limit cycles if traits were fixed at their equilibrium values. When evolution fails to stabilize inherently unstable population interactions, selection decreases the prey's escape ability, which further destabilizes population dynamics. When the predator has a linear functional response, evolution of prey vulnerability always promotes stability. The relevance of these results to observed predator‐prey cycles is discussed.
A 7/3-Approximation for Feedback Vertex Sets in Tournaments

We consider the minimum-weight feedback vertex set problem in tournaments: given a tournament with non-negative vertex weights, remove a minimum-weight set of vertices that intersects all cycles. This problem is $\mathsf{NP}$-hard to solve exactly, and Unique Games-hard to approximate by a factor better than 2. We present the first $7/3$ approximation algorithm for this problem, improving on the previously best known ratio $5/2$ given by Cai et al. [FOCS 1998, SICOMP 2001].
A Novel Link Quality Assessment Method for Mobile Multi-Rate Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Accurate and fast wireless link quality assessment (LQA) for wireless channels would bring huge benefits for mobile multi-hop and multi-rate wireless ad hoc and sensor networks in the form of improved end-to-end performance. In this paper, we propose a novel LQA method based on cross-layer information. The method is implemented in a real test-bed, which is based on IEEE 802.11b/g, and achieved a significant LQA improvement up to 50% in mobile scenarios without introducing overhead. The effectiveness of accurate and fast LQA is demonstrated by feeding it into the routing layer to enable the route decisions to adapt faster during changing situations, especially in mobile scenarios. The experiment results show that the proposed LQA method can lead to faster and smarter routing decisions and higher end-to-end throughput compared to traditional methods, which only use hello packets to determine the link quality in mobile scenario.
Three Cheers—Psychological, Theoretical, Empirical—for Loss Aversion

This note emphasizes the special role of prospect theory in drawing psychophysical considerations into theories of decision making with respect to risk. An example of such a consideration is the dependence of outcome value on a reference point and the increased sensitivity of loss relative to gain (i.e., loss aversion). Loss aversion can explain the St. Petersburg paradox without requiring concave utility, it has the correct psychological foundation, it is theoretically useful, and it is a parsimonious principle that can explain many puzzles. A few open questions are whether loss aversion is a stable feature of preference, whether it is an expression of fear, and what are its properties.
Does Linguistic Communication Rest on Inference

It is often claimed that, because of semantic underdetermination, one can determine the content of an utterance only by appealing to pragmatic considerations concerning what the speaker means, what his intentions are. This supports ‘inferentialism' : the view that, in contrast to perceptual content, communicational content is accessed indirectly, via an inference. As against this view, I argue that primary pragmatic processes (the pragmatic processes that are involved in the determination of truth-conditional content) need not involve an inference from premisses concerning what the speaker can possibly intend by his utterance. Indeed, they need not involve any inference at all : communication, I argue, is as direct as perception.
Defining spirit at work: finding common ground

Debate over the definition of “spirit at work” continues in both the popular and academic literatures. The lack of a clear, accepted definition has hindered the development of useful measures and has delayed research that would advance our understanding of the conditions/characteristics that influence the experience of spirit at work and the individual and organizational outcomes that result from spirit at work. To obtain a clearer understanding of an individual level construct of spirit at work, an exploratory, qualitative study was conducted. A total of 14 professionals, who not only experienced spirit at work, but whose work also involved researching or promoting spirit at work, participated through face‐to‐face interviews, telephone interviews, or written surveys. Participants were asked about what is spirit at work and then they were asked to describe a personal experience of spirit at work. Although most people had difficulty providing a comprehensive definition for spirit at work, they found it very easy to recall and describe such an experience. These rich descriptions of their personal experiences of spirit at work revealed much consistency in experiences among individuals. Participants’ descriptions revealed that spirit at work is a distinct state that has physical, affective, cognitive, interpersonal, spiritual, and mystical dimensions. This state involves physiological arousal, positive affect, a belief that one's work makes a contribution, a sense of connection to others and common purpose, a sense of connection to something larger than self, and a sense of perfection and transcendence. The usefulness of a clear, comprehensive definition of spirit at work to advancing theory, research, and practice is discussed.
Do premorbid and post-onset cognitive functioning differ between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by a broad global cognitive impairment that precedes the onset of the disease. By contrast, some studies suggest that premorbid deficits are absent, or even reversed, in bipolar disorder (BD). However, studies have shown impairments in cognitive functioning after the illness onset in both disorders. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyze those studies that compared premorbid and/or post-onset global cognitive function between SZ and BD. Method We searched Medline (PubMed), EMBASE and PsycINFO for studies where information on cognitive functioning was collected in both SZ and BD within the same study or using the same methods. Results Compared to healthy comparison groups, SZ patients showed a significant premorbid cognitive impairment [standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.597, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.707 to −0.487, p < 0.0001] and a large post-onset impairment (SMD −1.369, 95% CI −1.578 to −1.160, p < 0.0001). We found small significant deficits in premorbid intellectual function in the BD group when this was assessed retrospectively (−0.147, 95% CI −0.238 to −0.056, p = 0.001) but not prospectively (−0.029, 95% CI −0.199 to + 0.142, p = 0.744), and moderate cognitive impairment after onset (SMD −0.623, 95% CI −0.717 to −0.529, p < 0.0001). Conclusions SZ is characterized by significant deficits in premorbid intellectual function but the evidence regarding premorbid function in BD is equivocal. After illness onset, patients with both disorders seem to suffer a further decline in cognitive function but the magnitude of the impairment remains greater in SZ than in BD.
History of Child Welfare and Protection Social Work in Northern Ireland: Finding Continuity amongst Discontinuity in Case Files from 1950 to 1968

This article reports on research carried out on 189 child welfare files from the largest welfare authority in Northern Ireland from 1950 to 1968. The literature review provides a commentary on some of the major debates surrounding child welfare and protection social work from the perspective of its historical development. The report of the research that follows offers an insight into this important period of child welfare history in Northern Ireland between the two Children and Young Persons Acts (1950 and 1968). Using a method of discourse analysis influenced by Michel Foucault, a detailed description of the nature of practice is offered. This article is offered as a work in progress, focusing specifically on the case file analysis. Further work is planned for dissemination of more detailed analysis and discussion of the broader context within which the practice operated. The research seeks to raise questions based on problems identified in the present with our current understandings of child welfare and protection histories. While recognising the limitations of this study and the need for contextualisation surrounding child welfare practice at the moment, it is argued that some salient conclusions can be drawn about continuity and discontinuity in practice that are of interest to practitioners and students of child welfare social work and can raise questions for further research.
Bullying: teachers’ views and school effects

Summary Fifty‐one teachers completed a questionnaire and 20 teachers were interviewed about bullying. The teachers taught at two Outer London schools with high proportions of ethnic minority pupils where pupils had previously reported significantly different incidences of bullying. Analyses of the teachers’ responses indicated that at the school where pupils had reported a higher incidence of bullying, teachers were significantly more likely to perceive behaviour as bullying, observe bullying and have pupils report bullying to them. The majority of teachers interviewed endorsed gender differences in type of bullying. Only a minority of teachers believed that there were clear‐cut bully typologies but most believed that there were typical victim personalities. These results are discussed within a phenomenological approach to bullying.
Customer orientation pays off: How E-tailers build customer trust successfully

This study attempts to investigate how perceived information quality (PIQ) and perceived customer orientation (PCO) engage in affecting customer trust. These two constructs are expected to have direct and synergistic effects on customer trust during an online shopping. This article exploits the moderating role of PCO in the effect of PIQ on customer trust, in addition to the direct effects of PIQ and PCO. Results show the substantial direct effect of PIQ and PCO, and the interactive effect of PIQ and PCO. The moderating effect of PCO means that the strength of the relationship between PIQ and customer trust in E-tailers decreases as perceived PCO increases.
Intersectionality and the determinants of health: a Canadian perspective

Despite Canada's leadership in the field of population health, there have been few successes in reducing the country's health inequities. There is an increasing recognition that regardless of the progress made to date, significant gaps remain in comprehending fully the root causes of inequities, including the complex ways in which the determinants of health relate, intersect and mutually reinforce one another. Calls are being made to draw on the theoretical insights of critical social science perspectives to rethink the current framing of health determinants. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the theoretical project of population health by exploring the innovative paradigm of intersectionality to better understand and respond to the ‘foundational’ causes of illness and disease, which the health determinants perspective seeks to identify and address. While intersectionality has taken hold among health researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, the transformative potential of this approach in the context of health determinants is largely unexamined.
‘Managing change’ in British tennis 1990—2006: Unintended outcomes of LTA talent development policies

Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) initiated several policies aimed at developing talent in British tennis, chief of which was the transformation of traditional tennis club cultures to make them more open, accessible and performance-oriented. The 1990s also witnessed other changes that influenced the LTA’s overall position: a shift in emphasis from mass to elite-level provision within wider British sport policy, the introduction of new investment opportunities through the National Lottery, the rise of New Labour, a change in LTA leadership and a swell in LTA investment drawn from Wimbledon profits. This article draws upon Norbert Elias’s Game Models theoretical framework to: i) examine some of the talent development policies introduced by the LTA from the early 1990s onwards; ii) analyse the gradual shifting power relations throughout the late 20th century between the LTA and its affiliated tennis clubs, which came to influence the former’s ability to implement policy; iii) uncover problems that the LTA encountered in delivering policy objectives in tennis clubs; and, iv) analyse the overall unintended and undesired outcomes of these policies for the LTA itself, and for British tennis clubs, coaches and players.
Does Web Advertising Work? Memory for Print vs. Online Media

Is memory for an advertisement related to the medium in which the ad was viewed? A between-subjects experiment (N = 48) was designed to answer this question. One-half of the subjects was exposed to a print newspaper front-page with two news stories and one advertisement whereas the other half was exposed to the online version of the same content. Results showed that print subjects remembered significantly more ad material than online subjects.
Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of gastric cancer in Changle County,Fujian Province,China.

AIM:To evaluate the effects of Helicobacter pylor infection and other environmental factors on the development of gastric cancer.METHODS:A population-based case control study was conducted in Changle County, Fujian Province. The primary gastric cancer cases were histologically confirmed or diagnosed by surgery between January 1996 and March 1998. Healthy controls were randomly selected and matched by age, sex, and neighborhood of residence.A total of 101 pairs were included in the study. Specially trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with the subjects according to a standardized questionnaire. Helicobacter pylori infections were measured by serum IgG antibody to Helicobacter pylori. Conditional Logistic Regression analysis was used.RESULTS:The presence of IgG antibody to Helicobacter pylori was 63.7% in study subjects, 56.0% in patients with cardiac cancer, and 60.5% in patients with non-cardiac gastric cancer. The risk factors of gastric cancer in Changle County were identified such as low educational level (OR = 3.864; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.604-9.311), low consumption of fresh vegetables (OR = 4.925; 95%CI 1.356-17.885), high intake of fish sauce (OR = 10.587; 95%CI 2.821-39.738), unscheduled meals (OR = 4.254; 95%CI 1.445-12.552), and Helicobacter pylori infection (OR = 3.453; 95%CI 0.901-13.224). CONCLUSION:Helicobacter pylori infection may be important in the etiology of gastric cancer, but major risk factors other than Helicobacter pylori are responsible for the high gastric morbidity in Changle County.
Designing for Manufacturability in Riveted Joints

The study of human experts in the areas of design and manufacturing has lead to two hypotheses concerning the problem solving methods which these engineers utilize to attack difficult problems. The basis of both hypotheses is a modular approach to problem solving. One hypothesis addresses the nature of the modules utilized while the other hypothesis deals with the organization of the modules. A knowledge-based system has been designed and implemented under the philosophy expressed in these hypotheses. The domain is the design and manufacture of riveted joints in sheet metal. Special emphasis is given to the integration of design knowledge and manufacturing knowledge for the concept of "designing for manufacturability". The implementation is described in some detail and two example problems are presented with their solutions.
Psychoanalytical psychotherapy: Death in the afternoon

One afternoon, a patient who had been in three‐times‐weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapy for over fi ve years with the author left the offi ce after her session, drove down to the train tracks half a mile away, and sat down facing an oncoming train. Her suicide occurred a little over a year after 19 hijackers took over four passenger airplanes and fl ew two of them into the World Trade Center, and during the period of the massive buildup for a pre‐emptive war with Iraq. This paper explores the very personal impact of these interlocking events of personal, political, and state‐sponsored terrorism on the author. Interweaving the patient's and the author's personal struggle with the patient's overwhelming destructiveness‐and how it ultimately failed‐with the inability to stop the war despite the unprecedented mobilization of voices for peace across the world, it is a journey through the shattering impact of violence into the tentative discovery of a sustaining vision of hope. It explores the theme of terrorism, both personal and political, as a theater of violence designed to create maximum impact, and how fantasies of redemption, fueled and blinded by righteous certainty, can transmute into acts of breathtaking violence, and fi nd justifi cation in their own mad logic. Through the elaboration of the patient's story and its impact on the author, she offers a very personal attempt to understand and reckon with violence and destructiveness as manifested in these different forms, to grasp how openings of hope and new creative possibility are often followed by a violent regressive backlash, and to fi nd a way to survive them without losing heart for the work.
Hardware-Efficient Built-In Redundancy Analysis for Memory With Various Spares

Memory capacity continues to increase, and many semiconductor manufacturing companies are trying to stack memory dice for larger memory capacities. Therefore, built-in redundancy analysis (BIRA) is of utmost importance because the probability of fault occurrence increases with a larger memory capacity. A traditional spare structure that consists of simple rows and columns is somewhat inadequate for multiple memory blocks BIRA because the hardware overhead and spare allocation efficiency are degraded. The proposed BIRA uses various types of spares and can achieve a higher yield than a simple row and column spare structure. Herein, we propose a BIRA that can achieve an optimal repair rate using various spare types. The proposed analyzer can exhaustively search not only row and column spare types but also global and local spare types. In addition, this paper proposes a fault-storing content-addressable memory (CAM) structure. The proposed CAM is small and collects faults efficiently. The experimental results show a high repair rate with a small hardware overhead and a short analysis time.
DeepQA Jeopardy! Gamification: A Machine-Learning Perspective

DeepQA is a large-scale natural language processing (NLP) question-and-answer system that responds across a breadth of structured and unstructured data, from hundreds of analytics that are combined with over 50 models, trained through machine learning. After the 2011 historic milestone of defeating the two best human players in the Jeopardy! game show, the technology behind IBM Watson, DeepQA, is undergoing gamification into real-world business problems. Gamifying a business domain for Watson is a composite of functional, content, and training adaptation for nongame play. During domain gamification for medical, financial, government, or any other business, each system change affects the machine-learning process. As opposed to the original Watson Jeopardy! , whose class distribution of positive-to-negative labels is 1:100, in adaptation the computed training instances, question-and-answer pairs transformed into true-false labels, result in a very low positive-to-negative ratio of 1:100 000. Such initial extreme class imbalance during domain gamification poses a big challenge for the Watson machine-learning pipelines. The combination of ingested corpus sets, question-and-answer pairs, configuration settings, and NLP algorithms contribute toward the challenging data state. We propose several data engineering techniques, such as answer key vetting and expansion, source ingestion, oversampling classes, and question set modifications to increase the computed true labels. In addition, algorithm engineering, such as an implementation of the Newton-Raphson logistic regression with a regularization term, relaxes the constraints of class imbalance during training adaptation. We conclude by empirically demonstrating that data and algorithm engineering are complementary and indispensable to overcome the challenges in this first Watson gamification for real-world business problems.
Drug Similarity Search Based on Combined Signatures in Gene Expression Profiles

Objectives Recently, comparison of drug responses on gene expression has been a major approach to identifying the functional similarity of drugs. Previous studies have mostly focused on a single feature, the expression differences of individual genes. We provide a more robust and accurate method to compare the functional similarity of drugs by diversifying the features of comparison in gene expression and considering the sample dependent variations. Methods For differentially expressed gene measurement, we modified the conventional t-test to normalize variations in diverse experimental conditions of individual samples. To extract significant differentially co-expressed gene modules, we searched maximal cliques among the co-expressed gene network. Finally, we calculated a combined similarity score by averaging the two scaled scores from the above two measurements. Results This method shows significant performance improvement in comparison to other approaches in the test with Connectivity Map data. In the test to find the drugs based on their own expression profiles with leave-one-out cross validation, the proposed method showed an area under the curve (AUC) score of 0.99, which is much higher than scores obtained with previous methods, ranging from 0.71 to 0.93. In the drug networks, we could find well clustered drugs having the same target proteins and novel relations among drugs implying the possibility of drug repurposing. Conclusions Inclusion of the features of a co-expressed module provides more implications to infer drug action. We propose that this method be used to find collaborative cellular mechanisms associated with drug action and to simply identify drugs having similar responses.