Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multilingual crews: communication and the operation of ships

Modern merchant shipping increasingly utilises a global labour market for seafarers. In recent years this trend has been accompanied by increasing technological innovation at sea including the introduction of direct voice–based communication technologies which have made traditional and universal forms of communication at sea, such as Morse lamps, wholly redundant. Thus with the introduction of multilingual crews and the loss of universal forms of communication the importance of English as the ‘lingua franca’ of the sea has become paramount. To improve standards of English amongst seafarers and to militate against accidents and incidents at sea caused by poor communication, a ‘top down’ approach to language learning has been utilised by industry regulators and training establishments. This paper considers the effectiveness of ‘top down’ approaches to language development drawing upon ethnographic research conducted aboard vessels with multilingual crews. It considers the importance of communication on board highlighting both job–related and social interaction and communication, and describing how these cannot be considered in isolation. It concludes that with regard to multilingual crews the evidence suggests that ‘bottom up’ learning is more effective aboard than a ‘top down’ approach. This has implications for seafarers and the shipping industry, but the paper's findings also support the work of linguists advocating ‘immersion’ teaching and learning programmes in providing evidence of the ways in which effective learning and communication occur in a ‘real’ work and social context beyond the confines of a classroom.
Isolation and Characterization of Burkholderia rinojensis sp. nov., a Non-Burkholderia cepacia Complex Soil Bacterium with Insecticidal and Miticidal Activities

ABSTRACT Isolate A396, a bacterium isolated from a Japanese soil sample demonstrated strong insecticidal and miticidal activities in laboratory bioassays. The isolate was characterized through biochemical methods, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, sequencing of 16S rRNA, multilocus sequence typing and analysis, and DNA-DNA hybridization. FAME analysis matched A396 to Burkholderia cenocepacia, but this result was not confirmed by 16S rRNA or DNA-DNA hybridization. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated closest matches with B. glumae and B. plantarii. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with B. plantarii, B. glumae, B. multivorans, and B. cenocepacia confirmed the low genetic similarity (11.5 to 37.4%) with known members of the genus. PCR-based screening showed that A396 lacks markers associated with members of the B. cepacia complex. Bioassay results indicated two mechanisms of action: through ingestion and contact. The isolate effectively controlled beet armyworms (Spodoptera exigua; BAW) and two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae; TSSM). In diet overlay bioassays with BAW, 1% to 4% (vol/vol) dilution of the whole-cell broth caused 97% to 100% mortality 4 days postexposure, and leaf disc treatment bioassays attained 75% ± 22% mortality 3 days postexposure. Contact bioassays led to 50% larval mortality, as well as discoloration, stunting, and failure to molt. TSSM mortality reached 93% in treated leaf discs. Activity was maintained in cell-free supernatants and after heat treatment (60°C for 2 h), indicating that a secondary metabolite or excreted thermostable enzyme might be responsible for the activity. Based on these results, we describe the novel species Burkholderia rinojensis, a good candidate for the development of a biocontrol product against insect and mite pests.
Morphology, Orthography, and Phonology in Reading Chinese Compound Words

The interaction between morphological, orthographic, and phonological information in reading Chinese compound words was investigated in five sets of experiments, using both masked priming and visual-visual priming lexical decision tasks. Words sharing common morphemes were consistently found to facilitate each other, although the priming effects were modulated by spatial overlap of orthographic forms in masked priming. Priming effects were also found for words having homographic-homophonic characters, but the effect tended to be inhibitory when the SOA between primes and targets was long and when the competing morphemes corresponding to the characters were at the initial constituent position of primes and targets. Priming effects between words having homographic but non-homophonic characters were more inhibitory, compared with effects between words having homographic-homophonic characters. Words having orthographically different homophonic morphemes did not prime each other throughout the experiments. The.
Factors that contribute to HIV-related stigma and discrimination within the Christian faith community : a survey of the Christ Embassy Church in Windhoek

This study investigated the problem of HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination in faith communities and explored the contributing factors in order to inform effective intervention strategies. The non-experimental quantitative research method using questionnaires was used to collect data. The study surveyed a total of 60 respondents who belonged to the Christ Embassy Church in Windhoek. The survey included several aspects of stigma, such as: negative attitudes and values towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA); perceived risk of HIV infection due to casual contact with PLHA; disclosure of HIV status; social distancing from PLHA and sources of information on HIV/AIDS. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results showed that knowledge of HIV/AIDS amongst respondents was considerably high. However, no significant relationship was found between knowledge and stigma. The findings established the existence of personal stigma which was manifested in the fears of casual contact and stigmatizing values exhibited by a significant number of respondents. The respondents held highly judgmental beliefs, shame and blame for PLHA. Although incidences of enacted stigma were generally low, it was apparent that lack of space for HIV/AIDS discussions, lack of disclosure, lack of dissemination of HIV/AIDS information and deeply rooted religious beliefs played a major role in perpetuating stigma in the Church. Personal stigma was defined as the individual‟s own attitude towards PLHA and enacted stigma were the actual acts of discrimination.
The dynamics of early childhood spaces: opportunities for outdoor play?

Taylor and Francis RECR_A_525917. sgm 10.1080/1350293X.2010. 525917 Europe Ea ly Childhood Education Research Journal 350-293X (print)/1752-1807 (onl ne) Original Article 2 1 & Fr ncis 8 40 0 002010 imW ler t.waller@wlv.ac. uk This special edition of the European Early Childhood Education Research Association (EECERA) Journal has been a collaborative effort by the members of the EECERA Special Interest Group (SIG) Outdoor Play and Learning. The possibility of forming an Outdoor Play SIG was first discussed by Tim Waller (England) and Wendy Schiller (Australia) at the EECERA Annual Conference in Malta in 2004. In the following conferences in Dublin and Reykjavik the number of papers concerning outdoor play and learning increased considerably, reflecting a growing interest in establishing a SIG. At the Annual Conference in Prague in 2007 further discussions were held with Thomas Moser, Kari-Anne Jørgensen and Kari Emilson (Norway), culminating with an inaugural meeting of the SIG held in Stavanger in 2008 attended by 22 members from across the world. The group sought to:
Fragile X Syndrome: Steps towards Therapy

textabstractIn a continuously developing society we are still confronted with intellectual disability (ID) and autism around us with quite a high prevalence. 1 in 88 children is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), while 2-3% of the general population is affected by intellectual disability. These two conditions are often comorbid, with approximately 75% of people with autism having a non-verbal Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in the intellectual disability range (below 70). The causes of both ID and ASD are numerous, either genetic or environmental, but the leading inherited single-gene cause of both afflictions if known to be the Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), with approximately 10% of intellectually disabled and 2-6% of autistic individuals being diagnosed with FXS. This syndrome was initially named Martin-Bell syndrome, after the two doctors who first described an X-linked intellectual disability in multiple male members of a family in 1943. Later it was linked to a “fragile site” on the X chromosome, and the name was changed into “fragile X syndrome” in 1970. Only in 1991 the gene responsible for FXS, the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1), was discovered, and from that moment on research flourished. The apparent cause of FXS is a CGG trinucleotide repeat longer than 200 CGG units, which leads to hypermethylation and consequently silencing of the FMR1 gene, resulting in the absence of FMR1’s protein product, the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP).
Scheduling Network Television Programs: A Heuristic Audience Flow Approach to Maximizing Audience Share

Abstract A heuristic method for scheduling a television network's programs in order to maximize the network's share of audience, or any other criterion related to viewership is proposed. Using an extension of the audience flow model of individual viewing choice, combined with a heuristic search procedure, it is indicated that network audience shares may be unexpectedly sensitive to scheduling. The proposed method may be used either to evaluate candidate program schedules or to select the schedule which maximizes the heuristic's objective function. Managerial constraints, such as requiring childrens' programs to be shown before 8 p.m. may be easily incorporated.
In Vivo Analysis of the Role of atTic20 in Protein Import into Chloroplasts

The import of nucleus-encoded preproteins into plastids requires the coordinated activities of membrane protein complexes that facilitate the translocation of polypeptides across the envelope double membrane. Tic20 was identified previously as a component of the import machinery of the inner envelope membrane by covalent cross-linking studies with trapped preprotein import intermediates. To investigate the role of Tic20 in preprotein import, we altered the expression of the Arabidopsis Tic20 ortholog (atTic20) by antisense expression. Several antisense lines exhibited pronounced chloroplast defects exemplified by pale leaves, reduced accumulation of plastid proteins, and significant growth defects. The severity of the phenotypes correlated directly with the reduction in levels of atTic20 expression. In vitro import studies with plastids isolated from control and antisense plants indicated that the antisense plastids are defective specifically in protein translocation across the inner envelope membrane. These data suggest that Tic20 functions as a component of the protein-conducting channel at the inner envelope membrane.
Modeling the Expressivity of Input Text Semantics for Chinese Text-to-Speech Synthesis in a Spoken Dialog System

This work focuses on the development of expressive text-to-speech synthesis techniques for a Chinese spoken dialog system, where the expressivity is driven by the message content. We adapt the three-dimensional pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal and dominance-submissiveness (PAD) model for describing expressivity in input text semantics. The context of our study is based on response messages generated by a spoken dialog system in the tourist information domain. We use the P (pleasure) and A (arousal) dimensions to describe expressivity at the prosodic word level based on lexical semantics. The D (dominance) dimension is used to describe expressivity at the utterance level based on dialog acts. We analyze contrastive (neutral versus expressive) speech recordings to develop a nonlinear perturbation model that incorporates the PAD values of a response message to transform neutral speech into expressive speech. Two levels of perturbations are implemented-local perturbation at the prosodic word level, as well as global perturbation at the utterance level. Perceptual experiments involving 14 subjects indicate that the proposed approach can significantly enhance expressivity in response generation for a spoken dialog system.
Statistical Machine Translation with Scarce Resources Using Morpho-syntactic Information

In statistical machine translation, correspondences between the words in the source and the target language are learned from parallel corpora, and often little or no linguistic knowledge is used to structure the underlying models. In particular, existing statistical systems for machine translation often treat different inflected forms of the same lemma as if they were independent of one another. The bilingual training data can be better exploited by explicitly taking into account the interdependencies of related inflected forms. We propose the construction of hierarchical lexicon models on the basis of equivalence classes of words. In addition, we introduce sentence-level restructuring transformations which aim at the assimilation of word order in related sentences. We have systematically investigated the amount of bilingual training data required to maintain an acceptable quality of machine translation. The combination of the suggested methods for improving translation quality in frameworks with scarce resources has been successfully tested: We were able to reduce the amount of bilingual training data to less than 10 of the original corpus, while losing only 1.6 in translation quality. The improvement of the translation results is demonstrated on two German-English corpora taken from the Verbmobil task and the Nespole! task.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Pleconaril for Treatment of Colds Due to Picornaviruses in Adults: Results of 2 Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials

Abstract The novel capsid-binding antiviral pleconaril inhibits in vitro replication of most rhinoviruses and enteroviruses. Oral pleconaril treatment was studied in 2 parallel randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Among 1363 picornavirus-infected participants (65%) in the studies combined, the median time to alleviation of illness was 1 day shorter for pleconaril recipients than for placebo recipients (P > .001). Cold symptom scores and frequency of picornavirus cultured from nasal mucus specimens were lower among pleconaril recipients by day 2 of treatment. No treatment effects were seen in those without picornavirus infection. Pleconaril was associated with a higher incidence of nausea (6% vs. 4%) and diarrhea (9% vs. 7%) and with small increases in mean serum cholesterol levels and platelet counts, compared with baseline measurements. A subsequent 6-week prophylaxis study found that pleconaril induces cytochrome P-450 3A enzymes, which metabolize a variety of drugs, including ethinyl estradiol. Early pleconaril treatment was well tolerated and significantly reduced the duration and severity of colds due to picornaviruses in adults.
Matching Split Distance for Unrooted Binary Phylogenetic Trees

The reconstruction of evolutionary trees is one of the primary objectives in phylogenetics. Such a tree represents the historical evolutionary relationship between different species or organisms. Tree comparisons are used for multiple purposes, from unveiling the history of species to deciphering evolutionary associations among organisms and geographical areas. In this paper, we propose a new method of defining distances between unrooted binary phylogenetic trees that is especially useful for relatively large phylogenetic trees. Next, we investigate in detail the properties of one example of these metrics, called the Matching Split distance, and describe how the general method can be extended to nonbinary trees.
CEDAL: time-efficient detection of erroneous links in large-scale link repositories

More than 500 million facts on the Linked Data Web are statements across knowledge bases. These links are of crucial importance for the Linked Data Web as they make a large number of tasks possible, including cross-ontology, question answering and federated queries. However, a large number of these links are erroneous and can thus lead to these applications producing absurd results. We present a time-efficient and complete approach for the detection of erroneous links for properties that are transitive. To this end, we make use of the semantics of URIs on the Data Web and combine it with an efficient graph partitioning algorithm. We then apply our algorithm to the LinkLion repository and show that we can analyze 19,200,114 links in 4.6 minutes. Our results show that at least 13% of the owl :sameAs links we considered are erroneous. In addition, our analysis of the provenance of links allows discovering agents and knowledge bases that commonly display poor linking. Our algorithm can be easily executed in parallel and on a GPU. We show that these implementations are up to two orders of magnitude faster than classical reasoners and a non-parallel implementation.
Threat in Context

Schools with very few and relatively low-performing marginalized students may be most likely to trigger social identity threats (including stereotype threats) that contribute to racial disparities. We test this hypothesis by assessing variation in the benefits of a self-affirmation intervention designed to counteract social identity threat in a randomized trial in all 11 middle schools in Madison, Wisconsin. We find that school context moderates the benefits of self-affirmation for black and Hispanic students’ grades, with partial support among standardized achievement outcomes. Self-affirmation reduced the very large racial achievement gap in overall grade point average by 12.5 percent in high-threat school contexts and had no effect in low-threat contexts. These self-affirmation activities have the potential to help close some of the largest racial/ethnic achievement gaps, though only in specific school contexts.
Modelling electronic service systems usingUML

This paper presents a profile for modelling systems of electronic services using UML. Electronic services encapsulate business services, an organisational unit focused on delivering benefit to a consumer, to enhance communication, coordination and information management. Our profile is based on a formal, workflow-oriented description of electronic services that is abstracted from particular implementation technologies. Resulting models provide the basis for a formal analysis to verify behavioural properties of services. The models can also relate services to management components, including workflow managers and Electronic Service Management Systems (ESMSs), a novel concept drawn from experience of HP Service Composer and DySCo (Dynamic Service Composer), providing the starting point for integration and implementation tasks. Their UML basis and platform-independent nature is consistent with a Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) development strategy, appropriate to the challenge of developing electronic service systems using heterogeneous technology, and incorporating legacy systems.
Model of Problematic Internet Use in People with a Sexual Interest in Children

Agencies working with sex offenders are starting to see the emergence of people with a sexual interest in children who meet some of their needs through the use of child pornography, or the seduction of children, through the Internet. While CBT models dominate our understanding of sex offenders, there has been little research into the role that such new technologies may play in offending behavior. Data from the COPINE project has been used to generate a model of such offending behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions in both the etiology, engagement with and problematic use of the Internet for those with a sexual interest in children. Such a model seeks to incorporate contemporary thinking about the role of cognitions in Pathological Internet Use, but applies this from a nonpathological perspective. This model is a first step towards providing a conceptual framework for such offending that will help inform both assessment and therapy.
Application of look-up table approach to high-K gate dielectric MOS transistor circuits

In this paper, we study the circuit performance issues of high-K gate dielectric MOSFETs using the Look-up Table (LUT) approach. The LUT approach is implemented in a public-domain circuit simulator SEQUEL. We observed an excellent match between LUT simulator and mixed mode simulations using MEDICI. This work clearly demonstrates the predictive power of the new simulator, as it enables evaluation of circuits directly from device simulation results without going through model parameter extraction.
Playing with audio: towards a genuine relationship between game play and music

A musical composition is like a game in that the rules and parameters controlling the structure of an aesthetic experience are devised prior to its realisation in performance. In a musical work, the composer specifies how these rules and parameters should be realised over time and an ideal performance is a manifestation of the composer’s artistic intentions. In a game, however, it is the player who determines its trajectory. In light of this, a game experience can be viewed as an exceptionally rich data source: a product of the designed dynamics of a game world and a player’s traversal, or interpretation, of this world. This product has rich musical and experiential possibilities. While many new electronic games prominently feature music, very few attempt to produce a genuinely original musical experience derived from the manner in which the game is played. Game play as a data source is left untapped. This paper argues that an interdisciplinary understanding of game design theory provides the tools for analysing and interacting with game play as a data source; music can be linked to the underlying design of a game rather than merely its visual representation. A composer can design games in which a player’s sense of musicality forms part of the game rules; games in which a player’s sense of game play shapes a musical experience. The author’s Battle Metris is presented as a game which allows a new type of musical experience for observers and participants which is a mixture of the individual participant’s musicality and sense of game play.