Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional water budget accounting and uncertainty analysis using a deuterium-calibrated discrete state compartment model: White Pine County, Nevada, and adjacent areas in Nevada and Utah

Groundwater budgets for a 12-basin carbonate aquifer study area were evaluated using a steady-state groundwater mass-balance accounting model. The groundwater budgets included components of recharge, evapotranspiration (ET) discharge, and interbasin flow and incorporated previous and recent estimates for recharge and groundwater ET discharge. Deuterium was used as a conservative tracer in the discrete-state compartment (DSC) model and the model optimization algorithm was varied to include either deuterium values or a combination of deuterium values and target groundwater ET rates. Uncertainty of the accounting model predictions was evaluated deterministically by varying model inputs and objective functions and stochastically by performing a series of Monte Carlo simulations using distributions for recharge inputs and target groundwater ET rates. Modeling results suggest that incorporation of target discharge values in the model’s objective function is necessary in order to yield basin discharge rates which are realistic for the assumed hydrogeologic constraints and groundwater losses through ET for some basins. Regional groundwater flow systems discharging at varying rates from White River Valley and Snake Valley were predicted by the model for all simulations.
Mega debris flow deposits on the western Wilkes Land margin, East Antarctica

Multichannel seismic data collected off Western Wilkes Land (East Antarctica) reveal the occurrence of mega debris flow deposits on the lower slope and rise that were formed throughout the Miocene. Commonly, debris flow units are separated by thin deposits of well-stratified facies, interpreted as predominantly glaciomarine mixed contouritic and distal turbidite deposits. These units could act as weak layers and could have played a major role in the slope instability. High sedimentation rates, due to large amounts of sediment delivered from a temperate, wet-based ice sheet, constituted a key factor in the sediment failures. The main trigger mechanism would probably have been earthquakes enhanced by isostatic rebound following major ice sheet retreats.
A protocol of Chinese expert consensuses for the management of health risk in the general public

Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Robust evidence has demonstrated that modifiable lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity are the primary causes of NCDs. Although a series of guidelines for the management of NCDs have been published in China, these guidelines mainly focus on clinical practice targeting clinicians rather than the general population, and the evidence for NCD prevention based on modifiable lifestyle factors has been disorganized. Therefore, comprehensive and evidence-based guidance for the risk management of major NCDs for the general Chinese population is urgently needed. To achieve this overarching aim, we plan to develop a series of expert consensuses covering 15 major NCDs on health risk management for the general Chinese population. The objectives of these consensuses are (1) to identify and recommend suitable risk assessment methods for the Chinese population; and (2) to make recommendations for the prevention of major NCDs by integrating the current best evidence and experts’ opinions. Methods and analysis For each expert consensus, we will establish a consensus working group comprising 40–50 members. Consensus questions will be formulated by integrating literature reviews, expert opinions, and an online survey. Systematic reviews will be considered as the primary evidence sources. We will conduct new systematic reviews if there are no eligible systematic reviews, the methodological quality is low, or the existing systematic reviews have been published for more than 3 years. We will evaluate the quality of evidence and make recommendations according to the GRADE approach. The consensuses will be reported according to the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT).
Deformation of Eastern Turkey from seismic and geodetic strain rates

Crustal deformation is the study of active geophysical processes that occur within the earth’s lithosphere. Geodesy provides facilities to investigate the earth’s crust movements and shares these data with the other disciplines. The various sources of geodetic data can be used to observe crustal deformation. Especially, GPS has gained wider acceptance worldwide for monitoring crustal dynamics for earthquake studies. GPS velocities help to improve the estimation of long-term strain rate tensor field. Seismic strain rates are also essential for determining seismic hazard of a region. Current studies show agreement between seismic strain rates inferred from earthquakes and regional tectonic strain patterns. In this study, a strain rate model was presented for the Eastern Turkey based on GPS velocities and earthquake focal mechanisms. The dense data coverage in this region allows a comparison of the seismic strain rate field with tectonic strain rate field observed geodetically. The principal strain rates were derived from the 16 GPS velocities (2003 - 2006) relative to Eurasia, which are in the range of 16 - 24 mm/year, and moment tensors of moderate-sized earthquakes with 30 years time span. The results are consistent with the current studies and strain rates confirm the active state of the secondary faults in the region. Key words: Crustal deformation, GPS, seismicity, NAFZ, EAFZ, focal mechanisms.
Defining metabolic phenotypes in cancer cells

Malignant transformation of cells is often characterized by aerobic glycolysis, the conversion of glucose into lactate, despite the presence of oxygen. This metabolic shift, known as the Warburg effect, [1] can occur as a result of the activation or mutation of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, or as an adaptive response to hypoxia [2]. In contrast, normal differentiated cells rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate ATP [3]. These bioenergetic alterations associated with malignant transformation are being exploited to identify potential cancer-selective therapeutics.
A New Weighting Method in Meta-Analysis: The Weighting with Reliability Coefficient

This study aimed to investigate the impact of various weighting methods for effect sizes on the outcomes of meta-analyses that examined the effects of the 5E teaching method on academic achievement in science education. Two effect size weighting methods were explored: one based on the inverse of the sampling error variance and the other utilizing the reliability of measures in primary studies. The study also assessed the influence of including gray literature on the meta-analysis results, considering factors such as high heterogeneity and publication bias. The research followed a basic research design and drew data from 112 studies, encompassing a total of 149 effect sizes. An exhaustive search of databases and archives, including Google Scholar, Dergipark, HEI Thesis Center, Proquest, Science Direct, ERIC, Taylor & Francis, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and five journals was conducted to gather these studies. Analyses were performed by utilizing the CMA v2 software and employing the random effects model. The findings demonstrated divergent outcomes between the two weighting methods—weighting by reliability coefficient yielded higher overall effect sizes and standard errors compared to weighting by inverse variance. Ultimately, the inclusion of gray literature was found to not significantly impact any of the weighting methods employed.
Individualization and the fragmentation of work values: Evidence from the European values study

This article focuses on two main topics of modernization theory: individualization and value fragmentation. According to this theory it is to be expected that 1. individualized orientations will be dominant in modern society, and 2. that values in modern society are fragmented. These ideas were empirically investigated for the values in the domain of work using the survey data from the 1990 European Values Study. It is assumed that the process of individualization has induced a shift in basic orientations in the domain of work from instrumental towards expressive. Another distinctive feature of modern society is value fragmentation. Value fragmentation denotes first of all a process of increasing heterogeneity of the populations of modernized societies. Modern people pick and choose their attitudes and values according to their own preferences and it has become less likely that they will make similar choices. All kinds of combinations of choices are possible and this implies that values no longer do constitute coherent patterns. In other words, a weakening of associations between value orientations will have occurred. Four regions have been distinguished in Europe: North, West, South and East and hypotheses with respect to value preferences and fragmentation have been formulated for these regions. Finally, the impact of age and education, two important predictors of values and value changes, has been investigated.
Advancing Understanding of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Multiplexed Antibody-Based Spatial Imaging Technologies

Simple Summary Non-small cell lung cancer is common and potentially lethal. Existing treatments that enable a person’s own immune system to attack their cancer significantly improve survival, but only for a minority of people. This difference between people likely depends on the types of cells, secreted molecules and other conditions present in and around the tumour. New technologies have recently allowed many cell types and molecules to be identified on the same tumour slide, whereas previously only a few cell markers could be used; this allows common and rare cell types to be reliably identified, and the relationships between different cells and cell types to be studied in far greater detail than before. These technologies may help to identify new cancer treatments to improve outcomes for patients. Here, we review studies which have used these new technologies in non-small cell lung cancer, and aim to summarise their findings. Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, despite significant advances made in its treatment using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) over the last decade; while a minority experience prolonged responses with ICIs, benefit is limited for most patients. The development of multiplexed antibody-based (MAB) spatial tissue imaging technologies has revolutionised analysis of the tumour microenvironment (TME), enabling identification of a wide range of cell types and subtypes, and analysis of the spatial relationships and interactions between them. Such study has the potential to translate into a greater understanding of treatment susceptibility and resistance, factors influencing prognosis and recurrence risk, and identification of novel therapeutic approaches and rational treatment combinations to improve patient outcomes in the clinic. Herein we review studies that have leveraged MAB technologies to deliver novel insights into the TME of NSCLC.
Automated Assessment of Digital Images of Uterine Cervix Captured Using Transvaginal Device—A Pilot Study

In low-resource settings, a point-of-care test for cervical cancer screening that can give an immediate result to guide management is urgently needed. A transvaginal digital device, “Smart Scope®” (SS), with an artificial intelligence-enabled auto-image-assessment (SS-AI) feature, was developed. In a single-arm observational study, eligible consenting women underwent a Smart Scope®-aided VIA-VILI test. Images of the cervix were captured using SS and categorized by SS-AI in four groups (green, amber, high-risk amber (HRA), red) based on risk assessment. Green and amber were classified as SS-AI negative while HRA and red were classified as SS-AI positive. The SS-AI-positive women were advised colposcopy and guided biopsy. The cervix images of SS-AI-negative cases were evaluated by an expert colposcopist (SS-M); those suspected of being positive were also recommended colposcopy and guided biopsy. Histopathology was considered a gold standard. Data on 877 SS-AI, 485 colposcopy, and 213 histopathology were available for analysis. The SS-AI showed high sensitivity (90.3%), specificity (75.3%), accuracy (84.04%), and correlation coefficient (0.670, p = 0.0) in comparison with histology at the CINI+ cutoff. In conclusion, the AI-enabled Smart Scope® test is a good alternative to the existing screening tests as it gives a real-time accurate assessment of cervical health and an opportunity for immediate triaging with visual evidence.
In situ photo-crosslinked hydrogel promotes oral mucosal wound healing through sustained delivery of ginsenoside Rg1

Oral mucosal wounds exhibit an increased susceptibility to inflammation as a consequence of their direct exposure to a diverse range of microorganisms. This causes pain, slow healing, and other complications that interfere with patients’ daily activities like eating and speaking. Consequently, patients experience a significant decline in their overall quality of life. Therefore, the pursuit of novel treatment approaches is of great importance. In this study, ginsenoside Rg1, a natural active substance extracted from ginseng root, was chosen as a therapeutic agent. It was encapsulated in a screened photo-crosslinked hydrogel scaffold for the treatment of mucosal defects in the rat palate. The results demonstrated that Rg1-hydrogel possessed excellent physical and chemical properties, and that oral mucosa wounds treated with Rg1-hydrogel exhibited the greatest healing performance, as evidenced by more pronounced wound re-epithelialization, increased collagen deposition, and decreased inflammatory infiltration. Subsequent investigations in molecular biology confirmed that Rg1-hydrogel stimulated the secretion of repair-related factors and inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors. This study demonstrated that the hydrogel containing ginsenoside Rg1 significantly promotes oral mucosal tissue healing in vivo. Based on the findings, it can be inferred that the Rg1-hydrogel has promising prospects for the therapeutic management of oral mucosal wounds.
Montana Seismic Network Performance: An Evaluation through the SNES Method

In this paper we analyze the location performance of the Montana Regional Seismic Network (MRSN) using the Seismic Network Evaluation through Simulation (SNES) method. Montana has a high level of seismicity that includes approximately 1500 locatable earthquakes annually. The MRSN comprises 38 stations deployed over an area of approximately 50,000 km2. The application of the SNES method permits us to evaluate the background noise levels of the network stations and estimate an empirical law that links the variance of P and S travel‐time residuals to hypocentral distance. This in turn permits us to assess the appropriateness of the velocity model used by the MRSN in the location routine. We constructed SNES maps for M L 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, and 2.2, fixing the hypocentral depth at 10 km and at the 95% confidence level. Through application of the SNES method, we show that MRSN provides the best monitoring coverage in the Flathead Valley of northwestern Montana, with errors for M L 2 that are less than 2 and 6 km for epicenter and hypocentral depth, respectively. At magnitude 2.2, this seismic network is capable of locating earthquakes as deep as 150 km and provides a threshold of completeness down to magnitude 1.5 for most of western Montana. We delineate some seismogenic areas of western Montana, including the central portion of the centennial tectonic belt in extreme southwestern Montana, that are not adequately covered by the MRSN alone.
Innovative Strategies of Reprogramming Immune System Cells by Targeting CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome-Editing Tools: A New Era of Cancer Management

Abstract The recent developments in the study of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system have revolutionized the art of genome-editing and its applications for cellular differentiation and immune response behavior. This technology has further helped in understanding the mysteries of cancer progression and possible designing of novel antitumor immunotherapies. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing is now often used to engineer universal T-cells, equipped with recombinant T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In addition, this technology is used in cytokine stimulation, antibody designing, natural killer (NK) cell transfer, and to overcome immune checkpoints. The innovative potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in preparing the building blocks of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy has opened a new window of antitumor immunotherapy and some of them have gained FDA approval. The manipulation of immunogenetic regulators has opened a new interface for designing, implementation and interpretation of CRISPR/Cas9-based screening in immuno-oncology. Several cancers like lymphoma, melanoma, lung, and liver malignancies have been treated with this strategy, once thought to be impossible. The safe and efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system within the immune cells for the genome-editing strategy is a challenging task which needs to be sorted out for efficient immunotherapy. Several targeting approaches like virus-mediated, electroporation, microinjection and nanoformulation-based methods have been used, but each procedure offers some limitations. Here, we elaborate the recent updates of cancer management through immunotherapy in partnership with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Further, some innovative methods of targeting this genome-editing system within the immune system cells for reprogramming them, as a novel strategy of anticancer immunotherapy is elaborated. In addition, future prospects and clinical trials are also discussed.
A Free-Standing Polymer Polypyrrole/Cellulose Composite Film via Spatial-Confined Interfacial Electrodeposition for Flexible Supercapacitors

As a kind of energy storage device, a flexible supercapacitor has the characteristics of high capacity, fast charge/discharge rate, good stability, portability and softness. Conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) can be used as an electrode material for supercapacitors due to its environmental friendliness, simple synthesis process, good conductivity and potential for large-scale production. However, pristine PPy inevitably suffers from structural rupture due to repeated doping/de-doping during charge and discharge processes, which in turn impairs its cycle stability. In general, compounding with flexible substrates like soft carbon materials, cellulose or nylon fabric, is a good strategy to weaken the inner stress and restrain the structure pulverization of PPy. Herein, cellulose is utilized as a soft substrate to compound with PPy based on the electrochemical oxidation of polypyrrole. The interfacial electrodeposition method can successfully obtain a smooth, uniform and flexible PPy/cellulose composite film, which shows good conductivity. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor with PPy/cellulose film has an optimized specific capacitance of 256.1 mF cm−2, even after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, there is no significant capacitance loss even after 180° bending of the device. This work provides a new means to prepare flexible, low-cost, environmentally friendly and high-performance electrode materials for energy conversion and storage systems.
Aerosol effects on the development of a supercell storm in a double-moment bulk-cloud microphysics scheme

[1] This study investigates the aerosol effects on the development of an idealized three-dimensional supercell storm, focusing on storm morphology and precipitation during a quasi steady state of a storm. The impact of the aerosol concentration on the simulated storm is evaluated by varying the initial cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration in the Weather Research and Forecasting Double-Moment Six-Class microphysics scheme. A right-moving, quasi-steady supercell with two diverging echo masses was reproduced, compared with the previous modeling study. In the experiment with a high CCN number concentration, storm intensity was weakened, and surface precipitation was reduced. On the other hand, the simulation that excluded the graupel substance produced a weaker low-level downdraft, thus less near-surface vorticity, compared with the simulation that included graupel. The CCN number concentrations did not affect the storm structures in the absence of graupel. In addition, the aerosol effects on the surface precipitation with respect to the initial CCN value were diametrically opposed. The major reason for the different responses to aerosol can be attributed to the exaggerated snow mass loading across the convective core when the graupel species is excluded. The results indicate that graupel species and related microphysics are crucial to the realistic representation of the aerosol-precipitation interactions within a supercell storm.
Lactobacillus johnsonii Attenuates Liver Steatosis and Bile Acid Dysregulation in Parenteral Nutrition-Fed Rats

Parenteral nutrition (PN), a vital therapy for patients with intestinal failure, can lead to the development of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) in a rat model of PNALD. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-fed rats were used to assess the role of L. johnsonii in liver steatosis, bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota, and hepatocyte apoptosis. We observed a depletion of L. johnsonii that was negatively correlated with the accumulation of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), a known apoptosis inducer, in rats subjected to TPN. L. johnsonii attenuated TPN-induced liver steatosis by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation. TPN resulted in a decrease in bile acid synthesis and biliary bile secretion, which were partially restored by L. johnsonii treatment. The gut microbial profile revealed depletion of pathogenic bacteria in L. johnsonii-treated rats. L. johnsonii treatment reduced both hepatic GCDCA levels and hepatocyte apoptosis compared with the TPN group. In vitro, L. johnsonii treatment inhibited GCDCA-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via its bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Our findings suggest that L. johnsonii protects against liver steatosis, bile acid dysregulation, and hepatocyte apoptosis in TPN-fed rats.