Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AI for Improving Justice Delivery: International Scenario, Potential Applications & Way Forward for India

Judiciary in India has been under tremendous pressure due to large number of cases pending at various levels. From time to time, several initiatives have been taken to reduce the backlog of pending cases in the courts. One of these is leveraging information and communication technology (ICT). Under this initiative (called e-Court), ICT solutions have been developed and deployed. This has led to visible improvement in the productivity. Even during the Covid-19 pandemic, the courts in India have been functioning. However, the number of pending cases has still been growing due to various reasons including increase in economic activities, awareness in the public and ease of access to the courts. The present work explores the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the processes to improve the justice delivery in India. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted to review the applications developed and deployed in this domain in other countries viz. Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, UK
PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE: NOT FOR QUOTATION

There is an extensive theoretical literature based on what is called the scale-of-operations effect, i.e., the idea that the return to managerial ability is higher the more resources the manager influences with his or her decisions. This idea leads to various testable predictions including that higher ability managers should supervise more subordinates or equivalently have a larger span of control. And although some of this theory’s predictions have been empirically investigated, there has been little systematic investigation of the theory’s predictions concerning span of control. In this paper we first extend the theoretical literature on the scale-of-operations effect to allow firms’ beliefs concerning a manager’s ability to evolve over the manager’s career, where much of our focus is the determinants of span of control. We then empirically investigate testable predictions from this theoretical analysis using a unique single firm dataset that contains detailed information concerning the reporting relationships at the firm. Our investigation provides strong support both for the model’s predictions concerning wages, wage changes, and probability of promotion, and also for the model’s predictions concerning span of control including predictions derived from the learning component of the model. Overall, our investigation supports the notion that the scale-of-operations effect and additionally learning are important determinants of the internal organization of firms including span of control.
Option Pricing Under Stochastic Volatility and Trading Volume

This paper presents a pricing formula for European options derived from a model in which changes in the underlying price and trading volumes are jointly determined by exogenous events. This specification makes increments to the volatility depend on the current level of volatility and news and thereby accounts for the observed persistence in volatility. Moreover, it makes volatility an observable variable. The model accounts well for time varying volatility smiles and term structures, and that out-of-sample price forecasts for a sample of call options are superior to the benchmark ad hoc procedure of plugging implicit volatilities into the Black-Scholes formula.
Dynamics of Output Growth, Consumption and Physical Capital in Two-Sector Models of Endogenous Growth

Generally, two facts occur with strategic complementarities and ﬁ xed prices: i) the equilibria are multiple, and ii) if the complementarities are strong, the law of demand is violated and the equilibrium is unstable. In this paper, we analyse the e ﬀ ect of price ﬂ exibility on these features as well as on market welfare properties. Assuming an exchange economy with H agents consuming two goods with one strategic complement, we show that ﬂ exibility of prices may remove both the multiplicity of the equilibria and the instability of behaviour when the externalities are strong. The equilibrium with bene ﬁ cial externality is shown to be Pareto optimal while the equilibrium with detrimental externality requires corrections.
Climate change vulnerability and adaptation: voices from the community services sector in Victoria

Cities around Australia are increasingly affected by the impacts of climate variability and climate change, such as heatwaves, flooding, bushfires and other climate change related trends and events. While it is widely discussed in the academic literature that climate change will exacerbate existing social and economic disadvantage of urban populations, evidence of such processes in Australia is still scarce. In this paper we present findings of a current research project conducted in Victoria that explored the notion of climate change vulnerability through the prism of community sector organisations. As part of the qualitative research, different types of community service and primary health care organisations were studied to ascertain the extent to which organisations and their clients perceived to be affected by climate change impacts; if and how they were learning to respond to such impacts; and if they had made progress to proactive climate change adaptation planning in the face of future climate change. Drawing on primary interview data, we provide an account of how community service organisations perceived climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. Their views suggest that many organisations consider climate change impacts to be significant to their organisation and their clients, yet only few manage to make progress with adaptation. Factors that influence an organisation's capacity to adapt to climate change are often contextual and include the recent experience of extreme weather events, charismatic leadership and personal commitment, as well as drawing on strong partnerships and networks. The findings suggest that community-based organisations have a crucial role to play in adaptation as climate change impacts become more frequent and more intense, affecting increasingly large urban populations across Australia.
Study on the Clinical Value of Serum Pepsinogen II in Gastritis Detection

The present study aims to explore the clinical value of pepsinogen II and gastritis detection. Firstly, serum expressions of pepsinogen II in patients with Helicobacter pylori -caused gastritis, gastric ulcer and atrophic gastritis were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, followed by statistical analysis. In comparison with the normal group, serum pepsinogen II levels were increased in the above groups (p<0.01). Next, the positive cut-off value for pepsinogen II in detecting gastritis was obtained by the receiver operating characteristic curve. When the value of pepsinogen II was 10.55 μg/l, the specificity and sensitivity was 83.6 % and 74.4 % in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori -causing gastritis, 81.6 % and 80.0 % in gastric ulcer and 81.6 % and 53.1 % in atrophic gastritis. Thus, pepsinogen II at 10.55 μg/l was recommended as the positive cut-off value in gastritis detection. Besides, we observed that the ribonucleic acid and protein expressions of pepsinogen II in different gastritis groups were up-regulated by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the immunohistochemistry indicated that pepsinogen II was highly expressed in gastritis tissues compared with normal controls. In conclusion, pepsinogen II could be an independent indicator in gastritis detection.
trust in the CEO-Chair relationship

Purpose: This study explores trust development in the dyadic relationship of CEO and Chair of the Board. Approach: A narrative approach is adopted to examine the meanings that CEOs and Chairpersons give to trust in their relationship, and to explore trust as an evolving phenomenon that can increase or decline over the course of the relationship. The data include 16 CEO-Chair dyads from Finnish limited companies. Findings: The results suggest that trust may exist on different levels and evolve in various ways during the course of the relationship. Integrity and agreement on company strategy are proposed to form the foundation for trust in the CEO-Chair relationship, whereas ability and benevolence are necessary for trust to develop to a higher level. Research limitations: Studying trust development based on data generated at one point of time and in only one country are the major limitations of the study. Practical implications: It is proposed that the level of trust influences value creation in the relationship. Originality/value: The study adds to the limited number of previous studies on the CEO-Chair relationship and contributes to the literature on trust development by making visible the viewpoint of both partners, and the meaning of the different components of trust.
MOLECULAR CRYSTALS and LIQUID CRYSTALS

has been measured between 4.2 K and 0.3 K in fields up to 3.4 Tesla. The data can be described by variable-range hopping (VRH) in a magnetic field and by postulating a second transport mechanism independent of the magnetic field. A model based on orbital shrinking of the localized wavefunction (positive MR) and on a Zeeman shift of the energy levels (negative MR) can be fit to the data and yields the Bohr radius and the binding energy of the localized states as well as the variation of the density of states at the Fermi level, which in most samples is found to be quadratic. The magnetoresistance (MR) of heavily doped (CH)x We have studied the dc conductivity of heavily doped polyacetylene (IASF-) at temperatures between 4.2 K and 0.3 K and in magnetic fields up to 3.4 Tesla. From the MR in particular it is possible to obtain detailed information on the transport mechanism. 3’ 6 Our samples were polymerized by the Stuttgart group. Iodine doping was performed in Regensburg by exposing the samples to iodine vapor and consecutive vacuum pumping. The magnetic field was oriented parallel to the polyacetylene films and to the current. Typical results are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 where the relative change of the resistance as a function of the magnetic field is displayed at various constant temperatures. At high temperatures (Fig. 1 ) the MR is negative but upon cool-down continuously changes to positive values (Fig. 2). At the lowest temperatures the p o s i 1 tive M R is similar to our earlier data on less metallic samples , the differences being the two orders of magnitude smaller values 173 D o w n l o a d e d B y : [ G e r m a n N a t i o n a l L i c e n c e 2 0 0 7 ] A t : 1 3 : 3 5 2 0 D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 0 1 74 E. ETTLINOER. W. OSE AND W. SCHOEPE I . I 0 10 20 3D B (ledal 12
Determining Mental Health, Psychosocial, and Related Factors among Informal Workers in Bangkok, Thailand

Introduction: The informal workers in Bangkok have low income, high expenses, and inequity in health coverage, especially in Bangkok metropolitan area. Moreover, the urban lifestyle was severer than in rural area. However, their mental heaths were not directly determined. Therefore, the objective of this study was aimed to determine the relationship among mental health and related factors including demographic data, health behaviors, and coping responses. Methods: The research areas in Bangkok metropolitan area were included voluntarily which were Ladkrabang, Prawet, and Prapradang districts and the subjects were recruited from conventional sampling. They were interviewed by adapted questionnaire. The descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Logistic regression were applied in data analysis. Results: The subjects were 94 male and 76 female informal workers. Most of them finished primary school and an average income was 9,019.68 Bahts per month. The happiness score was 31.56 (S.D.=5.06). The mental state was 11.1(S.D.=3.04), mental capacity was 6.25 (S.D.=1.49), mental quality was 6.92(S.D.=1.31) and family support was 7.28 (S.D.=1.41). Conclusion: The happiness and work-family balance were in the medium; the other psychosocial factors were in high level. The logistic regression analysis presented that work-family balance, medium work demands, financial status, and occupations are the potential factors that affected to the mental health status which presented by the happiness scores among the informal workers.
SIMULATION TRAINING OF LAYER CARPULMONY RESUSCITATION ON SELF-EFFICIENCY IN SOCIETY

This study aims to determine the effect of lay cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation method training on self-efficacy in the management of lay cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the community. The method used is a one-group pre-post test design with convenience sampling. The results showed that the significance value of self-efficacy before and after the intervention was 0.001 (p-value <0.05). In conclusion, there is an effect of layman's CPR simulation training on community self-efficacy. This training can be an alternative for health workers to increase people's self-efficacy beliefs in CPR.
Prospect for TRMM in rainfall estimates: a case study in the Laohahe basin, China.

Four years (2002―2005) of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 (V6) and 52 monthly raingauge measurements over the Laohahe basin in northeastern China were compared. The distribution of rainfall estimated from TRMM and raingauges showed the same spatial trend: a strong north―south gradient in rainfall. The time sequence patterns of the rainfall determined by both processes were remarkably similar (the correlation coefficient is 0.99). Analysis of rain climatology in different seasons and at 52 stations showed that the calculation period and site are important factors in estimating rainfall from TRMM. In the rainy season, the degree of accuracy of the TRMM estimate is more than 46%, while in the dry season, it is only about 12%. At the annual scale, only 23.1% of station data were accurately estimated, 0.2% underestimated and 75% overestimated. Therefore, in the Laohahe basin, TRMM is useful for estimating the average values of rainfall and good for long-term climatology with application to strategic water resource management.
Gender Differences Across the Earnings Distribution: Evidence from Nls:86 & Hsb:92

This study examines gender differences in the earnings of young adults in the 1980s and 1990s. We determine changes in the gender gap over time in the middle, the tails, and the variability of the earnings distribution. We employ data from two longitudinal, nationally probability samples of high school seniors: the National Longitudinal Study of high school seniors in 1972, and the High School and Beyond Study in 1980 (and the 5th and 4th follow-up studies respectively). We compute the average differences using effect size estimates expressed in standard deviation units. Differences in the tails and the variability are computed using number and variance ratios respectively. Adjusting for employment selection our findings reveal that once education, occupation, and marital status are taken into account gender differences in earnings (in the middle, the tails, and the variance of the earnings distribution) are eliminated. We observe similar results in gender differences for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics.
Exchange Rate Regimes , Foreign Exchange Volatility and Export Performance in Central and Eastern Europe 76 ceec

of ten Central and Eastern European transition economies as well as its indirect impact via changes in exchange rate regimes. Not only aggregate but also bilateral and sectoral export flows are studied. To this end, we first analyze shifts in exchange rate volatility linked to changes in the exchange rate regimes and second, use these changes to construct dummy variables we include in our export function. The results suggest that the size and the direction of the impact of forex volatility and of regime changes on exports vary considerably across sectors and countries and that they may be related to specific periods.
Artemisinin: Tentative Mechanism of Action and Resistance

The sesquiterpene lactones constitute a large class of secondary plant metabolites, which carry a‑methylene‑g‑lactone groups as common structural element and display a number of bioactivities. Every year, 1–2 million people living in the tropics and subtropics die of malaria. Lactone artemisinin is the most effective treatment vs. malaria, the most infectious disease in the world today. Artemisinins are derived from extracts of sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) and are well established for the treatment of malaria, e.g., highly drug-resistant strains. They resulted in one of the most significant advances in the treatment of malaria since the discovery and first use of quinine over 300 years ago. Their efficacy also extends to phylogenetically unrelated parasitic infections, e.g., schistosomiasis. They showed potent and broad anticancer properties in cell lines and animal models. What hope does this drug offer for the future? The pharmacophoric peroxide –O1–O2– linkage in the endoperoxide ring triggers artemisinin to explode. Artemisinin and its derivatives present structures different from the classical quinoline. It is poorly soluble in water (and oil). When creating the first generation of artemisinin derivative drugs in 1970s, the overriding goal was to improve its solubility characteristics, so that artemisinin derivatives be more easily formulated and efficiently delivered. What did it make lactones reach cancer clinical trials? Despite much research, artemisinin remains the only known natural product to contain a 1,2,4‑trioxane ring and A. annua continues to be the only known natural source. Phytochemical investigation of the species revealed an abnormally wide range of other endoperoxides and hydroperoxides, many of which were not tested for their antimalarial activity. It was reported the design, synthesis and cytotoxicity of novel dihydroartemisinin-coumarin hybrids via click chemistry.
Transient mismatch repair gene transfection for functional analysis of genetic hMLH1 and hMSH2 variants

Background: Germline mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 can cause hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). However, the functional in vitro analysis of hMLH1 and hMSH2 mutations remains difficult. Aims: To establish an in vitro method for the functional characterisation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 mutations. Methods:hMLH1 and hMSH2 wild type (wt) genes and several mutated subclones were transiently transfected in mismatch repair deficient cell lines (HCT-116 and LOVO). Apoptosis, proliferation, and regulation of mRNA expression and protein expression of interacting proteins were analysed by Hoechst staining, AlamarBlue staining, real time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting, respectively. Results: The protein expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 mutants was significantly decreased after transfection compared with wild type transfections. The hMLH1 and hMSH2 interacting proteins hPMS2 and hMSH6 became detectable only after transfection of the respective wild type genes. In parallel, hMSH6 mRNA levels were increased in hMSH2 wt transfected cells. However, hPMS2 mRNA levels were independent of the mutation status of its interacting partner hMLH1, indicating a post-transcriptional regulating pathway. In the hMLH1 deficient HCT-116 cell line apoptosis was not affected by transfection of any mismatch repair gene, whereas complementation of hMSH2 deficency in LOVO cells increased apoptosis. Conversely, proliferative activity of HCT-116 was decreased by complementation with hMLH1wt and unaffected in hMSH2 deficient LOVO cells. Conclusion: These data show that the cellular role of the MMR genes and its mutations are assessable in a simple transient transfection system and show the influence of MMR gene regulation on major cell growth regulating mechanisms. This method is applicable for the functional definition of mutations in hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes observed in patients with suspected HNPCC.
Representation of Task Structure in Human Hippocampus and Orbitofrontal Cortex

The hippocampus is thought to support episodic memory, or memory for specific events, but recent work also suggests that it may be involved in extracting structure from the world to guide future decisions and predictions. Recent evidence in rodents suggests that the hippocampus supports decision-making in cooperation with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), possibly based on representation of task structure. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test how the human hippocampus and OFC represents decision-relevant information extracted from previous experiences. Participants performed a task in which they learned values of different foods in grocery store contexts. The task was structured such that we could examine the degree to which neural representations could reflect generalized information about different task structures. Specifically, we manipulated whether a food’s desirability varied with store context or not. Some foods were desirable in some store contexts and not in others; some foods were always desirable or undesirable. Participants needed to extract these two task sub-structures (i.e., context-determined vs. context-invariant) from the task structure. We examined hippocampal and OFC activity patterns during a decision-making task after participants were trained with the task structure. Our results showed that both hippocampus and OFC carried task structure information that was relevant to the decision outcomes. Hippocampal and lateral OFC representations differentiated between context-determined (deterministic) and context-invariant (probabilistic) task structures. The degree of this differentiation, an index of task structure representation, was highly correlated between hippocampus and lateral OFC. These results add to a mounting evidence suggesting that the hippocampus and OFC support decision-making by representing task relevant information to the decision outcomes after the task structure is learned.
When Credit Bites Back: Leverage, Business Cycles, and Crises

This paper studies the role of credit in the business cycle, with a focus on private credit overhang. Based on a study of the universe of over 200 recession episodes in 14 advanced countries between 1870 and 2008, we document two key facts of the modern business cycle: financial-crisis recessions are more costly than normal recessions in terms of lost output; and for both types of recession, more credit-intensive expansions tend to be followed by deeper recessions and slower recoveries. In additional to unconditional analysis, we use local projection methods to condition on a broad set of macroeconomic controls and their lags. Then we study how past credit accumulation impacts the behavior of not only output but also other key macroeconomic variables such as investment, lending, interest rates, and inflation. The facts that we uncover lend support to the idea that financial factors play an important role in the modern business cycle.