Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supra-convergent schemes on irregular grids

As Tikhonov and Samarskil showed for k = 2, it is not essential that k th-order compact difference schemes be centered at the arithmetic mean of the stencil's points to yield second-order convergence (although it does suffice). For stable schemes and even k, the main point is seen when the k th difference quotient is set equal to the value of the k th derivative at the middle point of the stencil; the proof is particularly transparent for k = 2. For any k, in fact, there is a ( k/2J -parameter family of symmetric averages of the values of the k th derivative at the points of the stencil which, when similarly used, yield second-order convergence. The result extends to stable compact schemes for equations with lower-order terms under general boundary conditions. Although the extension of Numerov's tridiagonal scheme (approximating D2y = f with third-order truncation error) yields fourth-order con- vergence on meshes consisting of a bounded number of pieces in which the mesh size changes monotonically, it yields only third-order convergence to quintic polynomials on any three- periodic mesh with unequal adjacent mesh sizes and fixed adjacent mesh ratios. A result of some independent interest is appended (and applied): it characterizes, simply, those functions of k variables which possess the property that their average value, as one translates over one period of an arbitrary periodic sequence of arguments, is zero; i.e., those bounded functions whose average value, as one translates over arbitrary finite sequences of arguments, goes to zero as the length of the sequences increases.
Using Spectral Vectors and M-Tree for Graph Clustering and Searching in Graph Databases of Protein Structures

— In this paper, we represent protein structure by using graph. A protein structure database will become a graph database. Each graph is represented by a spectral vector. We use Jacobi rotation algorithm to calculate the eigenvalues of the normalized Laplacian representation of adjacency matrix of graph. To measure the similarity between two graphs, we calculate the Euclidean distance between two graph spectral vectors. To cluster the graphs, we use M-tree with the Euclidean distance to cluster spectral vectors. Besides, M-tree can be used for graph searching in graph database. Our proposal method was tested with graph database of 100 graphs representing 100 protein structures downloaded from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and we compare the result with the SCOP hierarchical structure.
Reducing Network Energy Consumption via Rate- Adaptation and Sleeping

We present the design and evaluation of two forms of power management schemes that reduce the energy consumption of networks. The first is based on adapting the rate of network operation to the offered workload, reducing the energy consumed when actively processing packets. The second is based on putting network components to sleep during idle times, reducing energy consumed in the absence of packets. Using real-world network topologies and traffic workloads, we show that: (1) even simple schemes for sleeping or rate-adaptation can offer substantial savings without significantly degrading network performance and (2) both forms of solutions are valuable depending (primarily) on the power profile of network equipment and the utilization of the network itself.
Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making Lineex Working Papers 47/03 a Taxonomy of Behaviour in Non-cooperative Games Involving Cooperation: the Weight of One's Consciousness a Taxonomy of Behaviour in Non-cooperative Games Involving Cooperation: the Weight of One's Consciousness

In this paper we use payment cards in experimental games, specifically in a Prisoners' Dilemma game. This provides us with information about beliefs. We are able to characterise individual behaviour according to both actions and beliefs. We …nd that (i) half of the population thinks that social issues do not matter, (ii) 17% of the population believes that his rival will be cooperative, (iii) 16% of the population plays in fact the cooperative strategy. We also develop a model to rationalise cooperative behaviour, based on the concept of weight of one's consciousness. By this we mean that playing the non-cooperative strategy entails a cost. We …nd that in our experiment, 10% of the population is cooperative whereas 6% is altruistic. ¤ We are grateful to Enrique Fastas and Aurora García for their comments on the design of this experiment. Also to Nikos Georgantzis, Ulrike Leopold, Robin Pope and Reinhart Selten for their helpful comments on a earlier draft. Financial support from centrA: is acknowledged. Pablo Brañas acknowledges the hospitality of IESA-CSIC during this research.
Why Cortical Neurons Cannot Divide, and Why Do They Usually Die in the Attempt?

Cortical neurons are prime examples of terminally differentiated, postmitotic cells. However, under experimental or pathological conditions, they can re‐enter the cell cycle and replicate DNA but are unable to divide, dying by apoptosis or becoming either polyploid or aneuploid. Any cellular state that depends on the action of genes and their products can be reverted or bypassed by spontaneous or induced mutations, yet there are currently no reports of dividing cortical neurons. Thus, it seems unlikely that the remarkably stable postmitotic condition of cortical neurons depends on specific gene functions. This Review summarizes evidence that the postmitotic state of cortical neurons depends on the high stability of its underlying nuclear structure that results from an entropy‐driven process aimed at dissipating the intrinsic structural stress present in chromosomal DNA in such a way that the structural stability of the neuronal nucleus becomes an insurmountable energy barrier for karyokinesis and mitosis. From this perspective, the integral properties of the nuclear higher order structure in neurons provide an explanation not only for why cortical neurons cannot divide but also for why they usually die if they happen to replicate their DNA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RPCA based time-frequency signal separation algorithm for narrow-band interference suppression

Narrow-band interference (NBI) is a common jamming signal against synthetic aperture radar (SAR), in which the imaging quality can be degraded severely. To suppress NBI effectively, a novel interference suppression algorithm using robust principal component analysis (RPCA) based time-frequency signal separation is proposed. The RPCA algorithm is introduced for time-frequency signal separation for the first time. The experimental results of simulated and measured data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only can suppress interference effectively, but also preserve the useful information as much as possible.
Do Satisfied Tourists Really Intend to Come Back? Three Concerns with Empirical Studies of the Link between Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention

Explaining human behavior is a primary concern for tourism research and a substantial body of research concludes that highly satisfied tourists are more likely to return to a particular destination. In this article, we provide an analysis of this body of work, arriving at three concerns relating to the strength of association between satisfaction and behavioral intention: (1) the link between constructs is complex, resulting in the frequent omission of causal factors; (2) inconsistency with construct operationalization impedes cumulative knowledge development; and (3) explainable variance is impeded by between-study heterogeneity. We illustrate these problems by analyzing empirical guest survey data and conducting a meta-analysis of published papers in the three top tourism journals between 2002 and 2011. We offer four recommendations for future research investigating the link between satisfaction and behavioral intention.
The End of Affirmative Action in Washington State and Its Impact on the Transition from High School to College

Changes in affirmative action policies in some states create possibilities for “natural experiments” to observe the effect of public policy on racial and ethnic inequality in American society. This study measured the impact of Initiative 200, a ballot measure that eliminated affirmative action in Washington State, on the transition from high school to college. As of 1999, the year after I-200 passed, the proportion of minority high school seniors who went to college in Washington State decreased temporarily. The impact of I-200 was registered almost entirely at the University of Washington, the flagship public institution in the state. This decrease, however, stemmed less from changes in minority admission rates than from declines in application rates. Affirmative action programs may provide a signal of an institutional “welcoming environment” that serves as a counterweight to the normal reluctance of prospective students to apply to institutions that may be perceived as intimidating. Although the impact of I-200 was short-lived, significant racial and ethnic differences remain in the transition from high school to college.
How Organizational Stakeholders Shape Performance Measurement in Nonprofits

Research on performance measurement by nonprofit organizations increasingly focuses on the use of outcome measurement (OM) to assess organizational effectiveness. This article applies a strategic choice framework to analyze how nonprofit managers’ evaluation of the importance of organizational stakeholders is associated with patterns of OM. The article introduces a multidimensional measure of nonprofits’ implementation of OM that incorporates its extent of program use, as well as whether resources are specifically allocated for this evaluative practice. This multidimensional measure is examined using data from a new survey of service providing nonprofits in the city of Boston. Our multivariate analysis investigates how three sets of influences—resource providers, networks, and internal stakeholders—impact patterns of OM. The findings indicate that the factors driving program use (internal stakeholders) are distinct from those that impact resource allocation (resource providers).
A better way to design communication protocols

In this thesis a framework for the design of communication protocols is presented. It provides a theoretical foundation for an existing design method used in industry. The framework supports the specification of protocols as well as the generation of protocol interfaces. For the specification an appropriate formal design language is defined based on dataflow algebras. The language contains operators for conditional choice, hierarchical modelling and the specification of pipelines. For a protocol specification the framework provides decomposition rules that produce an interface for each component of the system for which the protocol has been defined. These rules formally relate dataflow-algebraic models with process-algebraic ones. Thus, the framework provides an intuitive and general as well as formally defined design method for communication protocols. As a case study the PI-bus protocol has been modelled using this framework.
JOB TYPE AS A MODERATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SITUATIONAL JUDGMENT AND PERSONALITY

Situational judgment tests (SJTs) present job applicants with actual scenarios they may face on the job. These tests are highly face valid and have consistently been shown to predict job performance. However, despite their more widespread use, little is known about what is exactly being measured in these tests or why they can so accurately predict performance. Some previous studies have sought to find personality variables that are linked to situational judgment in order to better understand what is being measured. However previous research has provided conflicting results as to the correlation between situational judgment and personality. This may have occurred because they did not take into consideration the job type involved. The main hypothesis in the current study is that job type moderates the relationship between situational judgment and personality. The participants included two groups of employees: maintenance technicians and leasing agents. These two job types were used so that a comparison could be made between the blue collar and white collar workers. The project started by creating two different situational judgment tests, one for each job type selected. Then the tests were administered to the employees along with a personality inventory. The results supported the theory that there are in fact large differences in the correlations between situational judgment and personality between the two job types. In particular, the maintenance technicians who scored high in situational judgment also scored high in social confidence and being outgoing but also scored low in being controlling and achievement oriented. Conversely, the leasing agents who scored high in situational judgment also scored high in being democratic and affiliative but scored low in being decisive, competitive, and innovative. These are important findings because it could potentially add a whole new dimension to SJT research. Previous studies did not consider job type as a separate and independent variable that may be affecting the outcome of SJT scores. However based on the findings of this study, this item should be considered as a separate variable. The differences between the two job types of the current study are explored further and implications for future research are provided.
Improving System Energy Efficiency with Memory Rank Subsetting

VLSI process technology scaling has enabled dramatic improvements in the capacity and peak bandwidth of DRAM devices. However, current standard DDRx DIMM memory interfaces are not well tailored to achieve high energy efficiency and performance in modern chip-multiprocessor-based computer systems. Their suboptimal performance and energy inefficiency can have a significant impact on system-wide efficiency since much of the system power dissipation is due to memory power. New memory interfaces, better suited for future many-core systems, are needed. In response, there are recent proposals to enhance the energy efficiency of main-memory systems by dividing a memory rank into subsets, and making a subset rather than a whole rank serve a memory request. We holistically assess the effectiveness of rank subsetting from system-wide performance, energy-efficiency, and reliability perspectives. We identify the impact of rank subsetting on memory power and processor performance analytically, compare two promising rank-subsetting proposals, Multicore DIMM and mini-rank, and verify our analysis by simulating a chip-multiprocessor system using multithreaded and consolidated workloads. We extend the design of Multicore DIMM for high-reliability systems and show that compared with conventional chipkill approaches, rank subsetting can lead to much higher system-level energy efficiency and performance at the cost of additional DRAM devices. This holistic assessment shows that rank subsetting offers compelling alternatives to existing processor-memory interfaces for future DDR systems.
A Mail Client Plugin for Privacy-Preserving Spam Filter Evaluation

We describe a plugin extension to the Thun-derbird Mail Client to support standardized evaluation of multiple spam ﬁlters on private mail streams. Researchers need not view or handle the subject users’ messages and subject users need not be familiar with spam ﬁl-ter evaluation methodology. All that is required of the user is to install the plugin as a standard extension and to run it on his or her mailbox. The plugin evaluates a spam ﬁlter, assuming the user’s existing classiﬁcation to be accurate, and sends summary results only to the researcher, after allowing the user to verify exactly what is sent. This plugin addresses an outstanding challenge in spam ﬁl-ter evaluation: that of using a broad base of realistic data while satisfying personal and legislative privacy requirements. Previous efforts have used public data which may not be representative, captured data which may be insuﬃciently private, and obfuscation techniques which compromise the integrity of the data and may also be insuﬃciently private. We show preliminary results using the tool to evaluate some ﬁlters previously evaluated at TREC.
Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis.

headache, fatigue, malaise, intermittent fever, anorexia, weight loss, sore throat and generalized adenopathy with splenomegaly was seen by several physicians and infectious mononucleosis was repeatedly diagnosed. A late-appearing syphilid on the tongue was diagnosed as thrush. The skin lesions were so slight as to be easily missed. Secondary syphilis had not been considered in the differential diagnosis; a VDRL test at the onset of illness would have saved the patient considerable time and expense and protected society from further spread of infection. As suggested by Volan,8 the physician may sometimes have extreme difficulty in the differential diagnosis of early syphilis with atypical manifestations. This case is an example of how the physician might have made an early diagnosis by not forgetting syphilis and by broadening his indications for serological examination. Such indications should include VDRL tests in ali cases of infectious mononucleosis-like syndromes, hepatitis, pityriasis rosea or fever of unknown origin.
Contour analysis of the photoplethysmographic pulse measured at the finger

Analysis of the contour of the peripheral pulse to assess arterial properties was first described in the nineteenth century. With the recognition of the importance of arterial stiffness there has been a resurgence of interest in pulse wave analysis, particularly the analysis of the radial pressure pulse acquired using a tonometer. An alternative technique utilizes a volume pulse. This may conveniently be acquired optically from a finger (digital volume pulse). Although less widely used, this technique deserves further consideration because of its simplicity and ease of use. As with the pressure pulse, the contour of the digital volume pulse is sensitive to changes in arterial tone induced by vasoactive drugs and is influenced by ageing and large artery stiffness. Measurements taken directly from the digital volume pulse or from its second derivative can be used to assess these properties. This review describes the background to digital volume pulse contour analysis, how the technique relates to contour analysis of the pressure pulse, and current and future applications.
Correlation of CD4:CD8 ratio and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α levels in induced sputum with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in pulmonary sarcoidosis

BACKGROUND An increased CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio and raised cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid are characteristic of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sputum induction has been used as a non-invasive tool for investigating the airways and may be useful in investigating inflammation in patients with sarcoidosis in whom endobronchial, peribronchial, and parenchymal inflammation is present. This study aimed to correlate the total and differential cell counts, CD4:CD8 ratio, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α levels between induced sputum and BAL fluid in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. METHODS Fourteen patients with newly diagnosed biopsy proven sarcoidosis and six healthy controls were investigated. Sputum induction and BAL was carried out at the initial visit and repeated following six months of treatment with oral prednisone. RESULTS There was no correlation of differential cell counts between induced sputum and BAL fluid. The CD4:CD8 ratio in induced sputum correlated strongly with that in BAL fluid (5.5 (0.4:1) versus 4.4 (0.2:1);r = 0.8, p<0.001) and the fall in the ratio following six months of treatment in sputum paralleled that in BAL fluid (3.4 (0.2:1) versus 2.4 (0.2:1)). The TNFα levels in sputum also correlated with levels in the BAL fluid (11.9 (1.5) pg/ml versus 17.6 (2.7) pg/ml; r = 0.8, p<0.001). The fall in sputum TNFα levels following six months of treatment paralleled the fall in BAL fluid levels (6.7 (0.9) pg/ml versus 11.6 (1.3) pg/ml). CONCLUSIONS The CD4:CD8 ratio and TNFα levels in induced sputum correlated with those in BAL fluid and paralleled changes with treatment. Induced sputum may therefore be a non-invasive surrogate for certain parameters in BAL fluid in patients with sarcoidosis.
CT differentiation of pyogenic liver abscesses caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae vs non-Klebsiella pneumoniae.

OBJECTIVE Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the organisms most commonly isolated from pyogenic liver abscesses in Asian populations. We compared CT findings in liver abscesses caused by K. pneumoniae with those caused by other bacterial pathogens. METHODS Of 214 patients with liver abscesses examined over a 5 year period, 129 patients with positive blood or aspirate cultures were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups: the K. pneumoniae monomicrobial liver abscess (KLA) group (n = 59) and the non-K. pneumoniae monomicrobial or polymicrobial liver abscess (non-KLA) group (n = 70). Two radiologists blinded to the culture results evaluated the CT images, recording the number, size, location and configuration of abscesses, the thickness of the abscess wall, the pattern of rim enhancement, septal enhancement, the double target sign, internal necrotic debris, internal gas bubbles and underlying biliary disease. The presence of diabetes and metastatic infection was also compared between groups. Statistical analyses were performed using univariate (Student's t-test and χ(2) test) and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed that a thin wall, necrotic debris, metastatic infection and the absence of underlying biliary disease were the most significant predictors of KLA. When three of the four criteria were used in combination, a specificity of 98.6% was achieved for the diagnosis of KLA. CONCLUSION A thin-walled abscess, internal necrotic debris, the presence of metastatic infection and the absence of underlying biliary disease may be useful CT findings in the early diagnosis of K. pneumoniae liver abscesses.
Finite element analysis of the piezoelectric vibrations of quartz plate resonators with higher-order plate theory

A finite element formulation of the vibrations of piezoelectric quartz resonators based on Mindlin plate theory is derived. The higher-order plate theory is employed for the development of a collection of successively higher-order plate elements which can be effective for a broad frequency range including the fundamental and overtone modes of thickness-shear vibrations. The presence of electrodes is also considered for its mechanical effects. The mechanical displacements and electric potential are combined into a generalized displacement field, and the subsequent derivations are carried out with all the generalized equations. Through standard finite element procedure, the vibration frequency and vibration mode shapes including the electric potential distribution are obtained. The frequency spectra is compared with some well-known experimental results with good agreement. Our previous experience with finite element analysis of high frequency quartz plate vibrations leads us to believe that memory and computing time will always remain as key issues despite the advances in computers. Hence, the use of sparse matrix techniques, efficient eigenvalue solvers, and other reduction procedures are explored.