Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting cyberbullying text using the approaches with machine learning models for the low-resource Bengali language

The rising usage of social media sites and the advances in communication technologies have led to a considerable increase in cyberbullying events. Here, people are intimidated, harassed, and humiliated via digital messaging. To identify cyberbullying texts, several research have been undertaken in English and other languages with abundant resources, but relatively few studies have been conducted in low-resource languages like Bengali. This research focuses on Bengali text to ﬁnd cyberbullying material by experimenting with pre-processing, feature selection, and three types of machine learning (ML) models: classical ML, deep learning (DL), and transformer learning. In classical ML, four models, support vector machine (SVM), multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR) are used. In DL, three models, long short term memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM, and convolutional neural network with bidirectional LSTM (CNN-BiLSTM) are employed. As the transformer-based pretrained model, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) is utilized. Using our proposed pre-processing tasks, the MNB-based approach achieves the best accuracy of 78.816% among the other classical ML models, the LSTM-based approach gains the highest result of 77.804% accuracy among the DL models, and the BERT-based approach outperforms both with 80.165% accuracy.
Production of biodiesel from microalgae

Biodiesel production from microalgae is a promising technique, with advantages of high biomass yield with high lipid content. Challenges include effective techniques to harvest the grown microalgae, extraction of the algal oil and its transesterification to biodiesel. A microalgae strain was selected from 8 different species screened for growth rate and lipid content. A Tubular Photobioreactor was designed and constructed to study microalgae growth. Productivity of 1 g of dry algal biomass per liter of medium within 12 days was achieved, with lipid content up to 20 %. The observed 10 fold increase in biomass is higher than those reported for open ponds and helical photobioreactors In situ transesterification of dry algae to fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) was achieved using ultrasonication. A Gas Chromatograph was used to analyze the FAMEs. Biodiesel produced through 20 minutes of in situ transesterification yields up to 3.679 mg of FAMEs per g of dry algal.
Isoprene and its oxidation products, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein, in the rural troposphere

The mixing ratios of methyl vinyl ketone (CH2=CHCOCH3) and methacrolein (CH2=C(CH3)COH) were measured at a site located in the Kinterbish Wildlife Management Area in western Alabama. The measurements were made between June 15 and July 20, 1990. Considering all the data over the whole measurement period, the concentrations of these two carbonyls were approximately equal at this isolated rural site. The average mixing ratios for methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein were 0.98 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) and 0.66 ppbv, respectively, while the medians were 0.87 ppbv and 0.57 ppbv. The methyl vinyl ketone mixing ratio varied from 3.4 ppbv to the detection limit of the instrument, ≈0.01 ppbv, while the methacrolein mixing ratio varied from 2.6 ppbv to 0.027 ppbv. These carbonyls constituted a significant fraction of the volatile organic compounds observed at the site: their mixing ratios, measured 2 m above the top of the forest canopy, were less than that of the dominant compound isoprene but were considerably greater than the mixing ratios of anthropogenic compounds (e.g., benzene). The mixing ratios of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein were found to be highly correlated and exhibited a systematic variation with respect to each other. On average, during the day, methyl vinyl ketone was larger than methacrolein, while methacrolein tended to be slightly larger during the night. The systematic behavior of these compounds with respect to each other and other compounds measured at the site were simulated using a one-dimensional photochemical model. These observations were consistent with the production and loss of isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, and methacrolein by photochemical oxidation reactions.
A Graphics Device Driver Implementation Compliant with OpenGL SC 2.0.1 Standard Specification

Various 3D graphics outputs are increasingly required in the field of safety-critical applications including military, avionics, aerospace, and medical applications. In this paper, we present a graphics device driver implementation of OpenGL SC (Open Graphics Library – Safety Critical) 2.0. 1, a 3D graphics standard specification that reflects the needs of the safety-critical field. OpenGL SC 2.0. 1 was newly announced in 2019, and only a few limited number of implementation cases have been reported so far. In this paper, to increase its own portability, we designed to only use some functions of DRM (direct rendering manager) in a general Linux environment, while various test results were confirmed targeting specific GPUs, in our case, Intel HD630 GPU. The implementation results can be used to implement 3D graphics terminals in the military and aviation fields.
Phytohormones as Regulators of Mitochondrial Gene Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

The coordination of activities between nuclei and organelles in plant cells involves information exchange, in which phytohormones may play essential roles. Therefore, the dissection of the mechanisms of hormone-related integration between phytohormones and mitochondria is an important and challenging task. Here, we found that inputs from multiple hormones may cause changes in the transcript accumulation of mitochondrial-encoded genes and nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial (mt) proteins. In particular, treatments with exogenous hormones induced changes in the GUS expression in the reporter line possessing a 5′-deletion fragment of the RPOTmp promoter. These changes corresponded in part to the up- or downregulation of RPOTmp in wild-type plants, which affects the transcription of mt-encoded genes, implying that the promoter fragment of the RPOTmp gene is functionally involved in the responses to IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and ABA (abscisic acid). Hormone-dependent modulations in the expression of mt-encoded genes can also be mediated through mitochondrial transcription termination factors 15, 17, and 18 of the mTERF family and genes for tetratricopeptide repeat proteins that are coexpressed with mTERF genes, in addition to SWIB5 encoding a mitochondrial SWI/SNF (nucleosome remodeling) complex B protein. These genes specifically respond to hormone treatment, displaying both negative and positive regulation in a context-dependent manner. According to bioinformatic resources, their promoter region possesses putative cis-acting elements involved in responses to phytohormones. Alternatively, the hormone-related transcriptional activity of these genes may be modulated indirectly, which is especially relevant for brassinosteroids (BS). In general, the results of this study indicate that hormones are essential mediators that are able to cause alterations in the transcript accumulation of mt-related nuclear genes, which, in turn, trigger the expression of mt genes.
A robust technique for precise registration of radar and optical satellite images

Combining data from different sensors for visual or classification analysis is a common task in remote sensing. The first step is normally to register the images which may be considered geometric integration; the accuracy of this step is important to create a valuable final hybrid image. This paper addresses geometric integration and introduces a new method for automatically registering two dissimilar images, such as, a radar image and an optical image with high accuracy. Pre-registration of the two images to within a specified tolerance is required. In our examples, this tolerance is up to 17 pixels (at the scale of the higher resolution image) and may be achieved by, for example, visually located control points. The described approach then uses large-scale edge gradient contours in a process that automatically locates candidate control points on the contours. The points are selected using a cost function that measures the degree of match between all possible pairs of points. Numerous control points (typically around 50 pairs) are found from matched pairs of gradient contours and used in a global, rubber sheet, polynomial warp to refine the registration. This approach is applied to register a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image (ERS2, 12.5 m pixels) and a Thematic Mapper (TM) optical image (Landsat-5, 28.5 m pixels) automatically. Several examples with different scene content are shown to validate the approach and discussed in terms of residual registration error and processing efficiency.
Analytical Studies on Techniques and Algorithms of Automatic Number Plate Recognition

The city's efforts to improve traffic make a big step forward when license plates can be read. It explains how an intelligent transportation system should work and what steps should be taken for it to be successful. Because the number of cars is growing so quickly, ANPR is a must-have for managing traffic control. Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) is mostly used to keep an eye on traffic and keep people safe. Number plate recognition uses image processing and the most recent advances in technology to automatically read the characters on a vehicle's license plate. In the last few years, there have been a number of technological advances in the field of studying how to read license plates. Image processing techniques like OCR make it possible for traffic surveillance to solve a wide range of problems that come up during criminal investigations, the collection of tolls, the monitoring of traffic, the regulation of speed, and the management of parking, among other things. If you want to control traffic and keep an eye on a large number of people in a transportation system, you need an ANPR system. Image processing techniques and the collection of photos of vehicles for use in the dataset have made it possible to keep an eye on traffic on a large scale. Automatic License Plate Reader (ANPR) is a way to take the steps needed to run a good intelligent transportation network. Traffic control has become an absolute must because the number of cars has grown so quickly. The main goal of ANPR is to keep an eye on and record traffic for defense purposes. To read the text on license plates, number plate recognition uses image processing, optical character recognition (OCR), and edge detection technology. The model is made up of three different parts called, respectively, the module for car detection, the module for license plate segmentation, and the module for recognition. Image processing made us more determined to stop a wide range of illegal activities, such as armed robberies of cars, breaking traffic rules, and the way law enforcement is handled. This review study looked at all of the different designs for reading license plates that have been put into use so far.
Biological observations of Salmostoma novacula fishery of a protected reservoir in India

Feeding and breeding biology of a prominent indigenous fishery of Peechi Reservoir(protected reservoir) was assessed using 300 specimens in this study. Catch compositionstudies identified Salmostoma sp. as the major species contributing to the reservoir fishery.With the help of mitochondrial CO1 gene, the species was identified as Salmostomanovacula. The feeding biology of the fishes was studied using index of preponderance(IOP), gastro-somatic index (GaSI) and relative gut length (RGL). IOP of S. novacula revealedthat zooplankton dominated the gut of the species to the tune of nearly 70.82%. The meanRGL and GaSI of S. novacula was estimated at 1.42 (1.42±0.25) and 4.22 respectively. Theindices used for reproductive study were size at first maturity, sex ratio, gonado-somaticindices and fecundity. The size at first maturity for S. novacula was found to be 13.0 cm. Thesex ratio and relative fecundity were estimated at 1.2:1.0 and 8500-8833 nos. per gram bodyweight of fish. The study indicated that the fishes mature during March to August and exhibitspawning activity in September. The paper emphasises a need for enforcing minimum legalsize and restricted monsoon fishing for sustained fisheries in this reservoir. Keywords:CO1 gene, Feeding biology, Fisheries management,Reproductive biology, Salmostoma novacula
The Potential of Double-Faced Polyester-Viscose Woven Fabric as a Porous Substrate for Direct-Coating and Multilayer Concept

Textile-based sensors fabricated using the direct-coating method are the appropriate choice to meet the aspects of flexibility, non-invasiveness, and lightness for continuous monitoring of the human body. The characteristics of the sensor substrate are directly influenced by factors such as the type of weave, thread fineness, fabric density, and the type of polymeric constituent fibers. The fabric used as the sensor substrate, fabricated using the direct-coating method, must be capable of retaining the electrode paste solution, which has higher viscosity, on one surface of the fabric to avoid short circuits during the fabrication process. However, during its application, this fabric should allow the easy passage of analyte solutions with low viscosity as much as possible. Hence, an appropriate fabric construction is required to serve as the substrate for textile-based sensors to ensure the success of the fabrication process and the effectiveness of the resulting sensor’s performance. The development of the structural design of the fabric to be used as a substrate for non-invasive biosensors with a multilayer concept is carried out by weaving and sewing processes utilizing polyester-viscose fibers. During the production process, variations are applied, such as weft yarn density, the characterization of wetting time, absorption rate, maximum wetted radius, spreading speed, and accumulative one-way transport index. The most suitable fabric for use as a substrate for non-invasive biosensors with a multilayer concept, such as in this research, is a fabric with a weft thread density of 70 strands per inch, along with the addition of an analyte transfer thread configuration.
Differential Burning, Recrystallization, and Fragmentation of Archaeological Bone

Abstract This paper presents research on the conditions under which progressive levels of burning may occur to archaeological bone, and how burning damage changes bones' crystal structure and susceptibility to fragmentation (a.k.a. friability). Experiments were conducted to simulate common patterns of high-temperature bone diagenesis and fragmentation previously documented in Paleolithic shelter sites. Bones buried up to 6 cm below the coal beds of the experimental fires were carbonized, but calcination occurred only with direct exposure to live coals. Analysis by infra-red spectroscopy reveals that marked changes in crystallinity accompany the macroscopic transformations in colour and friability of modern, fire-altered bone; specifically, a monotonic, non-linear decrease in mean fragment length across six colour categories was observed when samples were agitated or trampled, and a concordant decline in bone identifiability, first with respect to skeletal element and ultimately the recognizability of bone tissue itself. These findings help qualify the behavioural and taphonomic implications of fragmented, burned bones in archaeological sites, especially with regard to potential stratigraphic associations between artefacts and hearth features in sites and the intensity of space use by human occupants. The identification of burning damage on archaeological bone is a separate issue, however. It was found that the molecular signatures of recrystallization in modern burned bones partly overlap with recrystallization caused by weathering after only 1 to 2 years of exposure in an arid setting and by partial fossilization of archaeological bones over the long term. While infra-red and X-ray diffraction techniques effectively describe heat-induced changes in modern bone mineral and are an important aid for modelling diagenetic processes, these techniques did not reliably identify burning damage to archaeological bones. Cross-referencing readily visible colour phases with HCl-insoluble fraction data proves much more effective and economically feasible for the latter purpose.
Phytotherapy in the Family and Community Medicine Residency Program in Paraná, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Phytotherapy, as a therapeutic method, uses medicinal plants and their derivatives for the treatment of diseases. The aim of this study is to know how Phytotherapy is conceived as a medical practice among Family and Community Medicine residents in training. Materials and Methods: This research is exploratory and descriptive. The study was conducted in quantitative and qualitative phases, starting with a cross-sectional research design based on an online questionnaire, followed by a qualitative phase, based on Social Representations, using Free Lexical Evocation. This study sample consisted of 46 Family and Community Medicine residents. They were invited to participate in the research through groups in message applications. Results and Discussion: The gap between acceptance and knowledge can be reduced with the insertion of phytotherapy in the current medical curriculum, so that future physicians can better communicate with their patients about this therapeutic modality. Educational interventions, through continuing education programs, are also indicated to give physicians the opportunity to update their knowledge in this area. Equipping public health institutions with products from the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, as well as the availability of electronic databases to answer questions that may arise in the course of clinical practice, may be steps towards access to information. Conclusion: Phytotherapy can and should be used as a transformative tool, allowing university-community interaction. However, more studies should be carried out to discuss the use of phytotherapy drugs as treatment and to demystify the use of these compounds to treat various diseases.
Sources of Knowledge and Productivity: How Robust is the Relationship?

We estimate domestic productivity relationships for a sample of 16 OECD countries through probably the most general specification yet. We identify ten key determinants of productivity - all derived from different theoretical models. Our specification may address the potential problem of omitted variables. The issues of cross-country heterogeneity and endogeneity are addressed. The sources of knowledge appear robust in driving productivity; however, other determinants postulated by different theoretical models are also significant. The productivity relationships are heterogeneous across OECD countries implying that country-specific factors may play an important role in domestic productivity policy. Quelle est la robustesse de la relation entre sources de connaissances et productivite ? Nous estimons des relations concernant la productivite interieure pour un echantillon de 16 pays de l'OCDE, en utilisant une specification qui est probablement la plus generale ayant ete employee jusqu'ici. Nous identifions dix determinants essentiels de la productivite, tous obtenus a partir de modeles theoriques differents. Notre specification peut permettre de remedier au probleme potentiel souleve par l'omission de certaines variables. Les problemes d'heterogeneite entre pays et d'endogeneite sont egalement traites. La relation de determination existant entre les sources de connaissances et la productivite semble robuste, mais d'autres determinants retenus par differents modeles theoriques jouent egalement un role significatif. Les relations concernant la productivite sont heterogenes entre les pays de l'OCDE, ce qui tend a indiquer que des facteurs nationaux specifiques peuvent jouer un role important dans la politique relative a la productivite interieure.
SOLO-Net: A Sparser but Wiser Method for Small Object Detection in Remote-Sensing Images

Small object detection in remote-sensing images is essential, yet challenging due to the unique characteristics of small objects. On the one hand, it can be difficult to distinguish small objects from complex backgrounds. On the other hand, due to their minuscule size, small objects are also easily submerged during feature fusion. This letter proposes a novel detection method called sparse outlook network (SOLO-Net) to address these issues. First, we propose a top-k sparse outlook (TKSO) attention module and the sparse outlook path aggregation network (SOLO-PAN) as the fundamental component of SOLO-Net. This module improves the performance of the path aggregation network (PANet), thereby enhancing the ability of the model to focus on small objects. Second, we propose a Sigmoid-intersection over union (IoU) loss function specifically designed for small objects, accelerating model convergence and improving detection performance. Finally, we evaluate our model on the RSOD and DIOR datasets, achieving mean average precision (mAP) scores of 93.8% and 74.5%, respectively.
The role of regulation in the relationship between financial development and inclusive finance in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract This study seeks to examine the role of regulation in the relationship between financial development and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Based on available data, the study used 30 SSA economies from 2008 to 2020, employing a generalized method of moments. The study found that as much as financial development enhances financial inclusion directly in SSA and regulation on its own brings more people into the financial system, increasing regulations that restrict financial sector activities in the region should not be above the level of 1.6047, or it would hinder financial development from improving financial inclusion. The study recommends that the financial sector introduce user-friendly products, including low-cost financial services. Second, the central banks of SSA economies can recognise or award financial firms that are the best contributors to financial inclusion. This will encourage other financial firms to do their best. Additionally, policymakers should consider the threshold when employing regulations to enhance financial sector-induced financial inclusion in SSA. Specifically, the study indicates that at least the mean of the current two years of regulations should be computed and compared to the threshold before deciding whether to be more restrictive or not.