Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bridging Risk Measures and Classical Risk Processes

The Cramer-Lundberg's risk model has been studied for a long time. It describes the basic risk process of an insurance company. Many interesting practical problems have been solved with this model and under its simplifying assumptions. In particular, the uncertainty of the risk process comes from several elements: the intensity parameter, the claim severity and the premium rate. Establishing an efficient method to measure the risk of such process is meaningful to insurance companies. Although several methods have been proposed, none of these can fully reflect the influence of each element of the risk process. In this thesis, we try to analyze this risk from different perspectives. First, we analyze the survival probability for an infinitesimal period, we derive a risk measure which only relies on the distribution of the claim severity. A second way is to compare the adjustment coefficient graphically. After that, we extend the method proposed by Loisel and Trufin (2014). And last, inspired by the concept of the shareholders' deficit, we construct a new risk measure based on solvency criteria that include all the above risk elements. In Chapter 5, we make use of the risk measures derived in this thesis to solve the classical problem of optimal capital allocation. We see that the optimal allocation strategy can be set out by use of the Lagrange method. Some recent findings on such problems are also presented.
Seed Size, Not Dispersal Syndrome, Determines Potential for Spread of Ricefield Weeds by Gulls

Recent field data suggest that migratory gulls disperse many rice field weeds by gut passage (endozoochory), most of which are dry fruited and widely assumed to have no long-distance dispersal mechanisms, except via human activity. We investigated this mechanism with a feeding experiment, in which seeds of five common rice field weeds (in order of increasing seed size: Juncus bufonius, Cyperus difformis, Polypogon monspeliensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, and the fleshy-fruited Solanum nigrum) were fed to seven individuals of lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus held in captivity. We quantified seed survival after collecting faeces at intervals for 33 h after ingestion, then extracting intact seeds and running germination tests, which were also conducted for control seeds. All five species showed high seed survival after gut passage, of >70%. Gut retention times averaged 2–4 h, but maxima exceeded 23 h for all species. Germinability after gut passage was 16–54%, and gut passage accelerated germination in J. bufonius and S. nigrum, but slowed it down in the other species. All species had lower germinability after gut passage compared to control seeds (likely due to stratification prior to the experiment), but the loss of germinability was higher in smaller seeds. There was no evidence that the different dispersal syndromes assigned to the five species (endozoochory, epizoochory or barochory) had any influence on our results. In contrast, mean gut retention time was strongly and positively related to seed size, likely because small seeds pass more quickly from the gizzard into the intestines. Non-classical endozoochory of dry-fruited seeds by waterbirds is a major but overlooked mechanism for potential long-distance dispersal, and more research into this process is likely essential for effective weed management.
Calamagrostis lonana (Poaceae): a new grass species from the Pennine Alps (Switzerland)

Abstract Eggenberg, S. , L. Champoud, M. Leibundgut, C. Parisod, L. Wyss & G. Kozlowski (2023). Calamagrostis lonana (Poaceae): a new grass species from the Pennine Alps (Switzerland). Candollea 78: 1–9. In English, English and French abstracts. Calamagrostis lonana Eggenb. & Leibundg. (Poaceae) is described as a new alpine grass species from the Pennine Alps. Unlike other Central European Calamagrostis Adans. species, it is only 13–18 cm high and has so far been found only on the high plateaus of the Pas de Lona, along the Torrent de Lona. Compared to similar species, the panicle is only faintly tinged purplish, has remarkably short panicle branches, and thus remains narrow and elongated even when open. The spikelets show callus hairs that only reach about halfway up the lemmas, and these have a short, dorsal awn. The species is probably closely related to the arctic C. stricta (Timm) Koeler, which has only a few relict occurrences in Central Europe. However, it is morphologically well separable. The morphological description of the species is completed by information on the distribution, habitat, soil conditions, and potential threats of C. lonana. Submitted on April 15, 2022. Accepted on December 14, 2022. First published online on March 28, 2023. Resumé Eggenberg, S. , L. Champoud, M. Leibundgut, C. Parisod, L. Wyss & G. Kozlowski (2023). Calamagrostis lonana (Poaceae): une nouvelle espèce de graminée des Alpes pennines (Suisse). Candollea 78: 1–9. En anglais, résumés anglais et français. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.15553/c2023v781a1 Calamagrostis lonana Eggenb. & Leibundg. (Poaceae) est décrite comme une nouvelle graminée alpine des Alpes pennines. Contrairement aux autres espèces de Calamagrostis Adans. d'Europe centrale, elle ne mesure que 13–18 cm de haut et n'a été trouvée jusqu'à présent que sur les hauts plateaux du Pas de Lona, le long du Torrent de Lona. Par rapport aux espèces proches, la panicule n'est que faiblement teintée de violet, possède des branches paniculaires remarquablement courtes, et reste donc étroite et allongée même lorsqu'elle est ouverte. Les épillets présentent des poils sur leurs callus qui n'atteignent qu'environ la moitié des lemmes et ceux-ci ont une courte arête dorsale. L'espèce est probablement proche de l'espèce arctique C. stricta (Timm) Koeler, qui n'a que quelques occurrences reliques en Europe centrale. Cependant, elle est morphologiquement bien distincte. La description morphologique de l'espèce est complétée par des informations sur sa distribution, son habitat (dont les conditions de sol) et les menaces potentielles qui pèsent sur C. lonana.
Convex $\operatorname{SO}(N)\times \operatorname{SO}(n)$-invariant functions and refinements of von Neumann’s inequality

Une fonction f sur M N x n (R) qui est SO(N) x S0(n)-invariante est convexe si et seulement si sa restriction au sous-espace des matrices diagonales est convexe. Ceci resulte de variantes de l'inegalite de Von Neumann et fait appel, dans le cas ou N = n, a la notion de valeur singuliere signee.
Study on the Transformation Methods Between Rectangular Space Coordinate and Geodetic Coordinate

Aim\ To analyze the transformation methods between rectangular space coordinate and geodetic coordinate. Method\ Four iterative algorithm and one direct method were summarized and analyzed and one example is given. Results\ In the suggested four iterative algorithm,the forth method (using \%B→N→H\% iterative cycle) has the best precision. As comparing with the direct method,it has the same precision. Conclusion\ The study of GPS satellite positioning by analogy has some theoretic and practical value.
ApoE Mimetic Peptides to Improve the Vicious Cycle of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections by Targeting the Intestinal and Blood-Brain Barriers

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mimetic peptides are engineered fragments of the native apoE protein’s LDL-receptor binding site that improve the outcomes following a brain injury and intestinal inflammation in a variety of models. The vicious cycle of enteric infections and malnutrition is closely related to environmental-driven enteric dysfunction early in life, and such chronic inflammatory conditions may blunt the developmental trajectories of children with worrisome and often irreversible physical and cognitive faltering. This window of time for microbiota maturation and brain plasticity is key to protecting cognitive domains, brain health, and achieving optimal/full developmental potential. This review summarizes the potential role of promising apoE mimetic peptides to improve the function of the gut-brain axis, including targeting the blood-brain barrier in children afflicted with malnutrition and enteric infections.
Computer simulation of a carbon-deposition plasma in CH/sub 4/

A transport and reaction model of a low-pressure, high-frequency (13.56 MHz) CH/sub 4/ plasma used for diamondlike carbon (a-C:H) deposition was developed. The model includes reactions among four molecular species (CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/H/sub 6/, C/sub 2/H/sub 4/, and H/sub 2/), five radicals and atom (CH/sub 3/, CH/sub 2/, CH, C/sub 2/H/sub 5/, and H), and four ions (CH/sub 4//sup +/, CH/sub 3//sup +/, CH/sub 5//sup +/, and C/sub 2/H/sub 5//sup +/). It also accounts for the influence of the sticking coefficient of species at the walls. Calculated values of the dissociation degree for several flow rates are in good agreement with experimental measurements made by quadrupole mass spectroscopy. A simple surface-model based on the hydrogen coverage of surface and ion flux and energy at the substrate surface was established. This model permitted the calculation of the deposition rate on the powered electrode as a function of the power applied to this electrode. Good agreement between experimental and calculated growth rates was obtained when CH/sub 3/, C/sub 2/H/sub 5/, and CH/sub 2/ were assumed to participate in film formation, and when hydrogen removal by ion bombardment with variable energy as a function of the power was included in the model. >
Analytical calculation of the extraction efficiency of microcavity light-emitting diodes for display and fiber coupling applications

This paper presents a simple analytical expression of the extraction efficiency for planar dielectric microcavity light-emitting diodes (MCLEDs) based on two distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The calculations take into account the optical properties of the resonator (reflectivities and index contrast of the DBRs, cavity length, refractive index of the outside medium), as well as the spectral properties of the active material. The analytical results are compared to exact numerical calculations based on the plane wave expansion method and show good agreement. Simple design rules for optimizing the extraction efficiency of MCLEDs are proposed and discussed for display and fiber coupling applications. The limits of MCLEDs are finally investigated and compared to those of conventional light-emitting diodes.
Unsupervised classification of handwritten Farsi numerals using evolution strategies

Moments and functions of moments have been utilized as pattern features in various applications to achieve invariant recognition of two-dimensional image patterns. This paper introduces an experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of utilizing orthogonal moments such as Zernike moments, pseudo Zernike moments, and Legendre moments in recognition of the handwritten Farsi numerals. We used evolution strategies (ESs) for clustering of handwritten Farsi numerals, so that the clusters are formed only based on the inherent properties of the pattern features. Considering the fact that the classification is unsupervised, the error rate is about 5% for moments of orders higher than 5. The pseudo Zernike moments of order of 5 have the best performance among all the moment invariants.
LuMaMi28: Real-Time Millimeter-Wave Multi-User MIMO Systems With Antenna Selection

This paper presents LuMaMi28, a real-time 28 GHz multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) testbed. In this testbed, the base station has 16 transceiver chains with a fully-digital beamforming architecture (with different pre-coding algorithms) and simultaneously supports multiple user equipments (UEs) with spatial multiplexing. The UEs are equipped with a beam-switchable antenna array for real-time antenna selection where the one with the highest channel magnitude, out of four pre-defined beams, is selected. For the beam-switchable antenna array, we consider two kinds of UE antennas, with different beam-width and different peak-gain. Based on this testbed, we provide measurement results for millimeter-wave (mmWave) MU-MIMO performance in different real-life scenarios with static and mobile UEs. We explore the potential benefit of the mmWave MU-MIMO systems with antenna selection based on measured channel data, and discuss the performance results through real-time measurements.
Linear Alfvén waves in the solar atmosphere

Aims. We aim to analytically and numerically explore small-amplitude Alfven waves in the solar atmosphere. Methods. We transform the wave equations to obtain the cutoff-frequency and wave travel time for strictly linear Alfven waves. The wave equations are solved numerically to find out spatial and temporal signatures of the waves. Results. The analytical predictions are verified by numerically solving the wave equations for linear Alfven waves. The waves are impulsively generated and their characteristics and behavior in the solar atmosphere are investigated by the numerical simulations. The derived cutoff-frequency is used to determine regions in the solar atmosphere where strong reflection occurs for Alfven waves of different frequencies. Conclusions. The numerical results reveal that impulsively generated small-amplitude waves exhibit characteristic spatial and temporal signatures which agree with the predictions of the analytical theory.
PMD probability distribution for arbitrary distances

Summary form only given.Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is caused by the random birefringence present in optical fibers. In this paper we have determined the differential group delay (DGD) distribution for arbitrary distances with a realistic birefringence model. First of all, we have shown that, for a fiber correlation length that is much larger than the beat length, the Fokker-Planck equation governing the evolution of the probability density function is independent of any parameters. In addition, by numerically solving this equation, we have shown that the probability density function for the DGD approaches a Maxwellian distribution asymptotically, and that significant deviations between the actual and asymptotic distributions are present over large distances.
The impact of the QNSE‐EDMF scheme and its modifications on boundary layer parameterization in WRF: modelling of CASES‐97

In recent years, many eddy‐diffusivity mass‐flux (EDMF) planetary boundary layer (PBL) parametrizations have been introduced. Yet most validations are based on idealized set‐ups and/or single‐column models. To address this gap, this article focuses on the effect the mass‐flux part has on the performance in the Quasi‐Normal Scale Elimination‐EDMF (QNSE‐EDMF) PBL scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model by comparing the results to observations from the CASES‐97 field campaign. In addition, two refined versions, one introducing the parametrized clouds to the WRF radiation scheme, and the second adding a different entrainment formulation, have been evaluated.
Objections to Bayesian statistics

Bayesian inference is one of the more controversial approaches to statistics. The fundamental objections to Bayesian methods are twofold: on one hand, Bayesian methods are presented as an automatic inference engine, and this raises suspicion in anyone with applied experience. The second objection to Bayes comes from the opposite direction and addresses the subjective strand of Bayesian inference. This article presents a series of objections to Bayesian inference, written in the voice of a hypothetical anti-Bayesian statistician. The article is intended to elicit elaborations and extensions of these and other arguments from non-Bayesians and responses from Bayesians who might have dieren t perspectives on these is- sues.
Clinical applications of in vivo fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy

Living skin for basic and clinical research can be evaluated by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) non-invasively. CLSM imaging system can achieve skin image its native state either "in vivo" or "fresh biopsy (ex vivo)" without fixation, sectioning and staining that is necessary for routine histology. This study examines the potential fluorescent CLSM with a various exogenous fluorescent contrast agent, to provide with more resolution images in skin. In addition, in vivo fluorescent CLSM researchers will be extended a range of potential clinical application. The prototype of our CLSM system has been developed by Prof. Gweon's group. The operating parameters are composed of some units, such as illuminated wavelength 488 nm, argon illumination power up to 20mW on the skin, objective lens, 0.9NA oil immersion, axial resolution 1. 0μm, field of view 200μm x 100μm (lateral resolution , 0.3μm). In human volunteer, fluorescein sodium was administrated topically and intradermally. Animal studies were done in GFP transgenic mouse, IRC mouse and pig skin. For imaging of animal skin, fluorescein sodium, acridine orange, and curcumine were used for fluorescein contrast agent. We also used the GFP transgenic mouse for fluorescein CLSM imaging. In intact skin, absorption of fluorescein sodium by individual corneocyte and hair. Intradermal administrated the fluorescein sodium, distinct outline of keratinocyte cell border could be seen. Curcumin is a yellow food dye that has similar fluorescent properties to fluorescein sodium. Acridin Orange can be highlight nuclei in viable keratinocyte. In vivo CLSM of transgenic GFP mouse enable on in vivo, high resolution view of GFP expressing skin tissue. GFP signals are brightest in corneocyte, kertinocyte, hair and eccrine gland. In intact skin, absorption of fluorescein sodium by individual corneocyte and hair. Intradermal administrated the fluorescein sodium, distinct outline of keratinocyte cell border could be seen. In papillary dermis, fluorescein distribution is more homogeneous. Curcumin is a yellow food dye that has similar fluorescent properties to fluorescein sodium. In vivo CLSM of transgenic GFP mouse enable on in vivo, high resolution view of GFP expressing skin tissue. GFP signals are brightest in corneocyte, kertinocyte, skin appendage and blood vessels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the usefulness of CLSM as technique for imaging skin in vivo. In addition, CLSM is non-invasive, the same tissue site may be imaged over a period of time to monitor the various change such as wound healing, severity of skin diseases and effect of therapeutic management.
A comparative study of instruments for measuring the liquid water content of snow

Different dielectric sensors for measuring the liquid water content of snow are compared and described in detail. The instruments make use of the significant difference in the dielectric properties of ice and liquid water at radio frequencies; they are operated with frequencies ranging from 1 MHz up to 1.3 GHz. Plate condensers in connection with ac bridges are used as sensors in the frequency range up to 100 MHz whereas open resonators are used in the GHz regime. Test measurements with the different sensors on homogeneous samples like dry sand and mixed and prepared snow showed the same results for the dielectric constant: the discrepancies are less than 1%. In the natural, inhomogeneous snow cover, the special properties of the different sensors appear. Snow wetness is calculated from the measured dielectric constant and the snow density using the model of Polder and van Santen. The comparative field measurements were made with Alpine snow in the Stubai Alps in Austria.
Cladding modes in photonic crystal fiber: characteristics and sensitivity to surrounding refractive index

Abstract. Characteristics of cladding modes in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with triangular air-hole lattice in the cladding are numerically analyzed using a finite element method. The transition for LP11 cladding mode to core mode with variation of the normalized wavelength has been shown. The transition of the LP01 cladding mode to the outer silica mode and reorganization of the LP0m cladding modes caused by varying the fiber radius has been investigated. By choosing the optimized fiber radius, which is located in the cladding modes’ reorganization region, the sensitivity of the coupled wavelength between the core mode LP01 and cladding mode LP03 to surrounding refractive index is increased by a factor of five and reaches to 2660 nm/refractive index unit over the range of 1.40 to 1.42. The sensitivity is competitive with that of long-period grating in PCF in response to changes in refractive indices of the medium contained in the cladding air channels.
Ultrasonic velocity in suspensions of solids in solids-a comparison of theory and experiment

Twelve theoretical models for the ultrasonic velocity in a system consisting of a solid matrix containing solid spherical inclusions have been compared with experimental data obtained from the literature. Four of the models failed to predict the experimentally observed minimum in the velocity-inclusion concentration curve, and can therefore only be considered suitable for low-concentration computations. All of the remaining models give qualitative agreement with the experimental systems considered and no one model is obviously superior to the others. There is a clear need for more high quality experimental data on solid-solid suspensions.
A Classical Study of Catch-Effort Models for Hector's Dolphins

Effective management is the key to the protection of many endangered species. Identification of the primary factors that affect their survival often lead to the introduction of strategies to improve survival rates. In this article, we consider a small population of Hector's dolphins located off the coast of New Zealand and the impact that the establishment of a seasonal sanctuary has on their survival and migration rates. Using Akaike's information criterion and an extension of the simulated annealing algorithm, we distinguish between a wide range of competing models that correspond to different assumptions as to the region and temporal dependence of the survival rates. We also examine the impact of the inclusion of catch-effort information and demonstrate the added value that these data provide in terms of both model discrimination and parameter estimation. In particular, we find a whole class of models that provide a far better fit to the data (and therefore better prediction and ultimately better management) than those adopted for previous analyses.