Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attempted break-up of Rodinia at 850 Ma: geochronological evidence from the Seve–Kalak Superterrane, Scandinavian Caledonides

Lower thrust sheets of the Scandinavian Caledonides derive from the margin of Baltica, which was imbricated during Early Palaeozoic closure of oceans formed during separation of the Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia cratons. At Vistas (Kebnekaise Mts), the Seve Nappe Complex preserves rare lenses of a dolerite-intruded granite formed by anatexis during emplacement of gabbro into metasedimentary rocks. Ion microprobe U–Pb dating of prismatic zircons from the granite yielded an age of 845 ± 14 Ma (mean square weighed deviation (MSWD) 1.15), interpreted to date magmatic crystallization. Cores of complex crystals indicate protolith ages of 1778 ± 11 Ma (MSWD 0.86); one core yielded an Archaean age. From narrow rims, a 605 ± 42 Ma metamorphic age is obtained, and is interpreted to reflect the emplacement of the extensive Vendian rift magmatic dolerite dyke swarm. The age pattern allows correlation with a previously dated magmatic complex within the equivalent Kalak Nappe Complex 300 km to the north. Bimodal magmatic complexes with this age pattern do not occur within the basement of the Caledonide foreland, nor elsewhere within the Baltic Shield. However, recent reinterpretations of the Knoydartian event in Scotland as rift related invites correlation with the West Highland Granite Gneiss, which intruded Moine metasedimentary rocks at c. 870 Ma. In Central Taimyr, 850–900 Ma granites of continental crustal derivation and with 1800–1900 Ma Sm–Nd model age occur associated with c. 740 Ma plagiogranites. Using recent palaeogeographical reconstructions, we interpret the evidence of 850–900 Ma magmatism in Scandinavia, Scotland and Taimyr as bimodal rift magmatism in connected arms during an attempted break-up of Rodinia.
Self-Assembled Colloidal Superparticles from Nanorods

Beyond Quantum Dots Semiconducting colloidal nanoparticles—quantum dots—are of interest for their unusual properties. One current challenge is the controlled assembly of colloidal particles into larger structures, such as two-dimensional lattices on a substrate, or three-dimensional superparticles. Wang et al. (p. 358) present a two-step self-assembly of CdSe/CdS semiconductor nanorods to form mesoscopic colloidal superparticles. The particles show well-defined super-crystalline domains with dimensions ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several microns, and with the particle morphology controlled by the number of constituent rods. Films of the needle-shaped superparticles were able to act as polarizing light-emitting diodes. Colloidal rods self-assemble into semiconducting superparticles with a shape controlled by the number of rods. Colloidal superparticles are nanoparticle assemblies in the form of colloidal particles. The assembly of nanoscopic objects into mesoscopic or macroscopic complex architectures allows bottom-up fabrication of functional materials. We report that the self-assembly of cadmium selenide–cadmium sulfide (CdSe-CdS) core-shell semiconductor nanorods, mediated by shape and structural anisotropy, produces mesoscopic colloidal superparticles having multiple well-defined supercrystalline domains. Moreover, functionality-based anisotropic interactions between these CdSe-CdS nanorods can be kinetically introduced during the self-assembly and, in turn, yield single-domain, needle-like superparticles with parallel alignment of constituent nanorods. Unidirectional patterning of these mesoscopic needle-like superparticles gives rise to the lateral alignment of CdSe-CdS nanorods into macroscopic, uniform, freestanding polymer films that exhibit strong photoluminescence with a striking anisotropy, enabling their use as downconversion phosphors to create polarized light-emitting diodes.
Application of ASTER data to hazard evaluation with an example of damage evaluation of the landslide in Pakistan

For the effective evaluation of the hazard, the data should have been acquired before the hazard occurrence and should be quickly acquired after it. While there have been a lot of discussions on application of remote sensing data to hazard evaluation, there are few results on effective application of remote sensing data. To fulfill the first condition, it is necessary to have world coverage of data. For the second condition, flexible and timely data acquisition is mandatory. ASTER seems to fulfill the both conditions. In case of the giant landslide (Hattian slide) occurred in Pakistan on October 8, 2005, the data acquired before and just after the landslide are both available. And the damage was quantitatively evaluated by using DEM generated from ASTER stereo pairs obtained before and after it.
Three Dimensional Subsurface Structure beneath the Hino River Flat, South-East Shore of Lake Biwa, Central Japan

The subsurface structure of the region has been surveyed with several seismic methods simultaneously, i.e., observations of microseisms, the Common Depth Point (CDP) profiling method and the Pseudo-Reflection Profiling (PRP) method. In the first stage of the survey, a probable discontinuity of subsurface structure is detected from observations of microseisms along two linear arrays on the flat, and the difference in the basement rock depth on the western and eastern parts of the flat is roughly estimated. In the second stage, two small portions of the flat are surveyed with the CDP method in order to determine subsurface structure in more detail. Moreover, the PRP method is invoked to supplement the coverage of CDP profiling method.
Present-day strain accumulation and slip rates associated with southern San Andreas and eastern California shear zone faults

[1] We present the first results from a dense network of 36 campaign and 46 continuous GPS stations located in the Eastern Transverse Ranges Province (ETR), a transition zone between the southernmost San Andreas fault (SSAF) and eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). We analyzed the campaign data together with available data from continuous GPS stations for the period 1994–2009. We used the GPS velocity estimates to constrain elastic block models to investigate fault-loading rates representing four hypotheses characterized by different fault-block geometries. Fault-block scenarios include blocks bounded by the east-striking left-lateral Pinto Mountain, Blue Cut, and Chiriaco faults of the ETR; blocks bounded by a right-lateral north-northwest striking structure (the “Landers-Mojave earthquake line”) that cuts obliquely across the ETR and mapped Mojave Desert faults; and combinations of these end-member hypotheses. Each model implies significantly different active fault geometries, block rotation rates, and slip rates for ETR and ECSZ structures. All models suggest that SSAF slip rate varies appreciably along strike, generally consistent with rates derived from tectonic geomorphology and paleoseismology, with a maximum of ∼23 mm/yr right-lateral along the southernmost Coachella Valley strand, decreasing systematically to <10 mm/yr right-lateral through the San Gorgonio Pass region. Slip rate estimates for the San Jacinto fault are ∼12 mm/yr for all models tested. All four models fit the data equally well in a statistical sense. Qualitative comparison among models and consideration of geologic slip rates and other independent data reveals strengths and weaknesses of each model.
Climatic trends and interdecadal variability from south‐central Pacific coral records

We study climate variability over interdecadal time scales from δ13C and δ18O records, measured in a Porites lutea coral core drilled in the Moorea lagoon. Previously, we demonstrated that the annual δ18O variations reflect those in sea‐surface temperature (SST), while the annual δ13C variations record primarily cloud‐cover changes. We apply two distinct spectral analysis methods to the δ13C and δ18O time series from 1853 to 1989. Our analysis of the δ18O record shows a secular warming trend and a 35‐year oscillation in temperatures over the last 137 years. A trend and a 34‐year cycle are also found in the δ13C record. The latter trend may be caused by either anthropogenic effects or a cloud‐cover increase in this region of the Pacific Ocean, while the interdecadal oscillation appears to be related to changes in cloud cover, as well as in precipitation.
HYDROLOGIC STAGE PERIODICITY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BEFORE AND AFTER SYSTEMATIC CHANNEL MODIFICATIONS 1

ABSTRACT: Periodic flood disturbance is a well known controlling factor of in channel and floodplain ecosystem function. However, channel manipulations during the last century have potentially altered hydrologic fluctuations, and thus ecosystem function. We examined temporal river stage hydrology, through autocorrelation analysis, at seven gauges along the Mississippi River to quantify flow periodicity and effects of systematic channel modifications on flow periodicity. Intraannual variation follows a strong one‐year cycle of six months higher flow and six months lower flow for the entire Mississippi River drainage, with precipitation as a driving force. Interannual hydrologic variation differs between the upper and lower river segments. A clear quasi‐biennial oscillation pattern was evident throughout the lower river section. The effect of channel alterations was a decreased magnitude of differences between lower and higher flows. The upper section, however, suggests a 12‐to 14‐year periodicity prior to alterations and a decreased duration of lower flow years following systematic modifications. Interannual variograms clearly depict very different temporal hydrology between the upper Mississippi River and the lower Mississippi River, suggesting the simple transfer of knowledge from one segment to the other oversimplifies the complexity of a large river system.
Significance of Conodonts, Graptolites, and Shelly Faunas from the Ordovician of Western and North-Central Newfoundland

Numerous collections of graptolites, conodonts, and shelly fossils provide new information about the age of several previously imprecisely dated formations on Newfoundland. The Long Point Formation is raised to group rank with two new formations, the Lourdes Limestone and the Winterhouse Formation. The Lourdes is largely Porterfieldian, indicating a pre-Nemagraptus gracilis Zone age for the Bonnian phase of the Taconian orogeny. In northern Newfoundland, the Nemagraptus gracilis Zone has been identified in the Lawrence Harbour Shale, and in shales along the Trans-Canada highway; the Diplograptus multidens Zone in argillites at the base of the Point Leamington Greywacke; the Dicranograptus clingani Zone in the same argillites, shales east of Gander Bay, the Rodgers Cove Shale, the Dark Hole Formation, and unit C of the Summerford Group; and the Pleurograptus linearis Zone in the Point Leamington Greywacke, unit C of the Summerford Group and the Rodgers Cove Shale. The Pygodus anserinus and Pygodus serrus c.
STRAIN RATE EFFECT ON LONG-TERM CONSOLIDATION OF OSAKA BAY CLAY

The consolidation characteristics of clay, based on the isotache concept in which the strain rate effect is considered, have been studied by many researchers. Most of these studies are aimed at calculating the secondary consolidation with high accuracy in order to evaluate the long-term settlement of large structures. In this study, as the first step toward improving the accuracy of the evaluation of long-term settlement at the Kansai International Airport, the consolidation characteristics of Osaka Bay clay are examined and organized based on the isotache concept. This study proposes a simplified model based on the isotache concept by using a compression curve and the relationship between the consolidation yield stress and the strain rate. The former and the latter are obtained from the constant rate of strain consolidation (CRS) tests and long term consolidation (LT) tests, respectively. The latter is expressed by an equation with three isotache parameters. This model is very practical because it requires a minimum of only one CRS test and one LT test. It is widely applicable to the Osaka Bay clay. The isotache parameters used in this model can be commonly determined for the Osaka Bay clays retrieved from various depths at the Kansai International Airport.
Observations of neutral winds in the auroral E region during the magnetospheric storm of August 3–9, 1972

Auroral zone E region neutral winds have been derived from simultaneous measurements of ion drift velocities in different altitudes by the incoherent radar facility at Chatanika, Alaska (L=5.6, Λ=65°), on a quiet day before and during the great magnetospheric storm of August 3–9, 1972. The neutral wind expected for a day-night pressure asymmetry appears to be strongly opposed by ion drag and local pressure gradients in the auroral oval.
Seeking Anderson's faulting in seismicity: A centennial celebration

The reactivation of faults with near‐optimal orientations is commonly considered to control the state of stress in the crust. Near the surface, where a principal stress direction is vertical, the attitude of such faults is explained by Anderson's theory. This raises the questions of how prevalent this type of faulting actually is in current seismicity, down to what depth it frequently occurs, and what range of friction angles explains it best. The Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalog is analyzed to address these questions. Dip‐slip and strike‐slip mechanisms are dominant, and oblique slips are relatively rare for well‐constrained events with depths shallower than 30 km. Preferred Andersonian faulting is the simplest, but not the unique, explanation for this dominance. Isolating reverse, strike‐slip, and normal events reveals an asymmetry in the distribution of nodal plane dips and plunges of the P, B, and T axes between reverse and normal faulting. Assuming that the most frequent events correspond to reactivation near optimal orientations yields 40–60° and 0–20° friction angles for reverse and normal faults, respectively. This indicates that reverse and normal faulting mechanics are not symmetrical with respect to stress configuration as predicted by Anderson's theory.
Reclamation's Research on Climate Change Impact on Reservoir Capacity

This study assesses the impacts of projected climate changes on reservoir sedimentation. Much attention has been paid to the impact of climate change on water supply (e.g., timing and magnitude of flows); however, little is known about the effects of climate change on reservoir sedimentation. Elephant Butte Reservoir on the Rio Grande in New Mexico was selected for this purpose. To predict the effects of climate change on reservoir sedimentation, several steps are involved. First, all of the 112 downscaled climate projections were divided into five categories, which provide average and extreme scenarios for reservoir sediment management and water operations. Second, hydrologic responses were simulated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model to obtain the un-impaired flows at various gaging stations, which are then used to calculate regulated flows into the reservoir with the Upper Rio Grande Water Operations Model (URGWOM). Third, the total sediment load into the reservoir was calculated using the Bureau of Reclamation Automated Modified Einstein Procedure (BORAMEP), based on each sample’s hydraulic properties, measured suspended load, and bed material gradation. Finally, sediment loads under the historical and climate change scenarios were calculated based on the adjusted rating curves.
Woody vegetation increase in Alpine areas: a proposal for a classification and validation scheme

This paper presents a change detection analysis based on a region growing segmentation approach which combines both spectral and spatial information. The test site is a French Alpine protected area, which like many other mountain areas is characterised by a general increase of forest and woody vegetation due to the abandonment of traditional land use practices. Two Landsat images of the years 1984 and 2000 were used and a classification scheme nomenclature based on four vegetation change classes, implying a gradual modification of land cover, was adopted. The accuracy of the change map was assessed both during two visits on the field and using a bi‐temporal aerial photographic coverage. A sampling scheme specifically conceived for change detection products was adopted. Error matrices and accuracy indices to assess commission and omission errors of the change maps were generated. The proposed change detection methodology circumvents limitations which are intrinsic to traditional classification procedures based only on spectral information. On the basis of the accuracy assessment, overall accuracy was 90.1% and the increase of woody vegetation turned out to be the vegetation change class better estimated, with user and producer accuracies of, respectively, 62.3% and 70%. However, confusion between the no change and the other vegetation change classes was noticed, due to standard problems encountered in change studies. Advantages and drawbacks of the use of multitemporal aerial photographs as the validation data set are also discussed.
Water and energy fluxes in the lower Mackenzie valley, 1994/95

Abstract The 1994/95 water year in the lower Mackenzie Valley was an extraordinary year hydrologically, with the important winter to summer transition being the earliest on record. Unlike more temperate areas, the northern water year is dominated, to a great extent, by this onset of spring which results in the melting of nearly half of the annual precipitation over a period of a few weeks, initiates the thawing of the river and lake ice and the soil active layer, and marks the beginning of the evaporation season. An early winter to summer transition occurred at two small research basins in the Inuvik area and at the East Channel of the Mackenzie River Delta. At the research basins, for example, the spring of 1994/95 had the earliest onset of continuous above‐freezing air temperatures, removal of the snow cover, and initiation of runoff. Consideration of the entire water year at the research basins demonstrates that rain and snow were nearly equal in magnitude, evaporation exceeded runoff, and the annual change in storage was negative to near zero. This negative change in storage was related to the long, snow‐free evaporation season, above‐average air temperatures, and below‐normal precipitation. The unusual winter to summer transition on the Mackenzie River in the eastern portion of the Mackenzie Delta was, in many ways, even more remarkable than that in the research basins. Earlier work had suggested that the timing of the spring breakup was very consistent from year to year. An analysis of the timing of breakup from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, however, shows a trend towards earlier spring breakup, with the mean for the 1990s being nine days earlier than that for the 1960s, and with the 1995 breakup being the earliest on record. Such an early breakup is not only an indication of warm local conditions, but of warm temperatures and an early runoff event over the more southerly areas of the Mackenzie basin. A companion Mackenzie Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment study illustrates the importance of a high pressure circulation pattern centred east of the basin to this early melt event.
Role of deep stratification in transporting deep water from the Atlantic to the Pacific

We investigate the mechanism of the connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific deep water through the Antarctic Circumpolar Current by using an idealized two-basin model. It is found that the presence of the marked density stratification in the circumpolar region well below the Drake Passage sill is essential for reproducing the realistic connection. The deep stratification forms when a body forcing is imposed at the bottom level in the bottom water formation region. The body forcing is to mimic the formation process of the Antarctic Bottom Water, in which its characteristics are obtained through entrainment during downwelling. Then the bottom water is confined to the depths well below the Drake Passage sill and the deep water from the north tends to occupy the depths even below the Drake Passage sill. Flowing around Antarctica the water from the north upwells owing to the Ekman suction. Consequently, realistic water property distributions in the deep Pacific are well reproduced. It is demonstrated that this mechanism works in the world ocean model.
Contribution of dinitrogen fixation to bacterial and primary productivity in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)

Abstract. We evaluated the seasonal contribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic diazotrophy to the total dinitrogen (N2) fixation in a representative pelagic station in the northern Gulf of Aqaba in early spring when the water column was mixed and during summer under full thermal stratification. N2 fixation rates were low during the mixed period (∼ 0.1 nmol N L−1 d−1) and were significantly coupled with both primary and bacterial productivity. During the stratified period N2 fixation rates were four-fold higher (∼ 0.4 nmol N L−1 d−1) and were significantly correlated solely with bacterial productivity. Furthermore, while experimental enrichment of seawater by phosphorus (P) enhanced bacterial productivity and N2 fixation rates during both seasons primary productivity was stimulated by P only in the early spring. Metatranscriptomic analyses from the stratified period identified the major diazotrophic contributors as related to heterotrophic prokaryotes from the Euryarchaeota and Desulfobacterales (Deltaproteobacteria) or Chlorobiales (Chlorobia). Moreover, during this season, experimental amendments to seawater applying a combination of the photosynthetic inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and a mixture of amino acids increased both bacterial productivity and N2 fixation rates. Our findings from the northern Gulf of Aqaba indicate a~shift in the diazotrophic community from phototrophic and heterotrophic populations, including small blooms of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, in winter/early spring, to predominantly heterotrophic diazotrophs in summer that may be both P and carbon limited as the additions of P and amino acids illustrated.
Characteristics of the Attentional Network in Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Purpose To explore the characteristics of the attentional network and related factors in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Patients and Methods A total 228 children (200 children aged 6–10 years with snoring or mouth breathing, admitted to our hospital from May 2020 to July 2022, and 28 healthy children recruited from the community as the control group) were enrolled. All participants underwent polysomnography (PSG) and completed the ADHD rating scale and child version of the Attention Network Test. According to their SDB history and obstructive apnea hypopnea index (OAHI), the participants were divided into control (n = 28), primary snoring (PS; n = 67) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; n = 133) groups. Results The OSA and PS groups were younger than controls (P < 0.05). The proportion of boys was higher in the OSA than control group (P < 0.05). Body mass index was higher in the OSA than control and PS groups (P < 0.01). Attention deficit and hyperactive impulsivity scores were independently associated with the OAHI (P < 0.001). The efficiency of the alerting network was higher in the OSA than in controls (P = 0.020), but was not correlated with OAHI after adjusting for age, sex and SDB history duration (P > 0.05). Conclusion Children with OSA have impaired attention, characterized by excessive alerting network activation. However, alerting network efficiency did not change linearly with disease severity. More research is needed to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying attention deficits in pediatric OSA.