Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Engaging in European Spatial Planning: A Central and Eastern European Perspective on the Territorial Cohesion Debate

The following paper sets out to determine the differential extent of the engagement of Central and Eastern European (CEE) member states with the European spatial planning (ESP) debate over territorial cohesion. It focuses on the written statements submitted in response to the European Commission “Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion” consultation in 2009. The geographical distribution of the respondents is analysed, before CEE member states’ responses are examined in detail, to explore the diverse interpretations of the concept of “territorial cohesion” among CEE actors. While the data collection for this paper has been restricted empirically to the consultation process, it reflects its findings in consideration of member states’ engagement with the debate as it manifested before and after the Green Paper. The debate over the exact conceptual and operational “framing” of territorial cohesion, launched by the European Commission's Green Paper, constitutes one of the many arenas through which ESP currently evolves, together with the transnational initiatives developed in the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation objective, the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (ESPON) and the process that recently led to the publication of the Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020. The paper concludes that the overall level of engagement of CEE actors in ESP is proportionally lower in comparison with that of their northwestern European counterparts. The increasing involvement of some CEE member states within the ESPON 2013 Programme, as well as the activities undertaken by the Hungarian and Polish EU Presidencies in 2011, suggests that this level of CEE engagement is growing albeit differentially.
The tourism: Policy and planning conference, New Zealand, August 30‐september 2, 1999

Following an earlier meeting in Canberra in 1996, a second international conference with the focus on tourism policy and planning was held in Oamaru, New Zealand this year (30 August 2 September 1999). The Tourism: Policy and Planning Conference was a regional meeting of the IGU Study Group on the Geography of Sustainable Tourism, hosted by the Centre for Tourism at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand.
Protection by Tariff Barriers and International Transaction Costs

Using estimates of protection in the EU market against US exports, this paper illustrates the relative importance of natural and policy sources of protection and the measurement errors induced in the measurement of effective protection by omitting transactions costs. It also considers protection in the EU 'domestic' and export market, and the implications of the elimination of tariff barriers only on relative rates of protection in 'domestic' and export markets. Copyright (c) Scottish Economic Society 2005.
Investment, Exports, and Output in South Korea: A VAR Approach to Growth Empirics

This study examines the time-series behavior of investment, exports, and output in South Korea from 1956 to 1996. Impulse-response analysis and variance decompositions indicate that investment rates and export growth rates have significant short-run effects on the growth rates of per capita output. While there are long-run effects to the levels of per capita output, statistically all growth rate effects disappear within four years. No special role for equipment investment was found. These findings are consistent with the predictions of the Solow growth model. The study found no empirical support for endogenous growth theory. Copyright 2001 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
The Missing Stratum: Technical School Education in England 1900-1990s

List of Tables Preface 1 An Edwardian Problem 2 A Solution: The Junior Technical School, 1905-1918 3 The Problems of the Junior Technical Schools, 1918-1939 4 The Junior Technical Schools and Industry, 1918-1939 5 The Junior Technical Schools and the Second World War, 1939-1945 6 Policy and the Technical School from Spens to the Butler Act 7 Change and Decay, 1945-1960s 8 Why This Matters Notes Selected Bibliography Index
Extrapleural solitary fibrous tumor in thymic area

Rationale: Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare benign soft tissue mesenchymal neoplasm. There have been a few reports of extrapleural SFTs although it can occur anywhere in the body. Patient concerns: A 30-year-old male presented with an anterior neck mass since one month. Diagnoses: Based on physical and radiologic examination, preliminary differential diagnosis was thymic neoplasm or intrathoracic goiter. Interventions: We performed surgical excision of the neck mass. Outcomes: The histopathological examination revealed an extrapleural SFT Lessons: We present a case of extrapleural SFT in the thymus which was misdiagnosed as thymoma based on radiologic findings.
Nucleoside diphosphate‐linked moiety X‐type motif 15 C415T variant as a predictor for thiopurine‐induced toxicity in Indian patients

Interindividual variation seen in the thiopurine metabolism is attributed to the genetic variant in thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) gene leading to myelosuppression. In Asians, the thiopurine‐induced toxicity is not completely explained by TPMT variants. Literature indicates that a newer genetic variant in nucleoside diphosphate‐linked moiety X‐type motif 15 (NUDT15) gene is associated with thiopurine intolerance. We aimed to determine the risk allele frequency of NUDT15 genetic variant and its association with thiopurine‐induced toxicity in Indian patients.
Knowledge-based Industry Clusters: Evidenced by Geographical Patterns of Patents in Manufacturing

Since Porter introduced his diamond model of industry clusters, clusters have become a mantra in economic development literature for many academics and professionals alike. There is, however, little consensus on how to define and identify industry clusters. Firms may co-locate looking for high quality suppliers, a large pool of skilled workers or local knowledge stock. Therefore, characteristics of industry clusters may differ according to the type of 'glue' that creates formal and informal ties and binds firms together. Most previous cluster studies investigated the first two factors, but knowledge still remains unexplored. This study presents an exploratory analysis of US industry clusters from the perspective of knowledge and its flows using a common data reduction technique and patent data. The study also examines geographical patterns of knowledge-based clusters in the US in terms of employment and patents. The analysis shows that the distributions of employment and patents are significantly associated. However, the degree of association varies cluster by cluster.
A Neutrophil’s Perspective: the Innate Response to Tuberculosis Infection and the Induction of Adaptive Immunity

Neutrophils were traditionally viewed as short lived, terminal, innate effector cells that eliminate microbes and remove cellular debris at the site of infection or inflammation. They mediate this by phagocytosis, the release of reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial proteins and proteolytic enzymes. During recent years, studies have demonstrated that they are longer lived than initially thought and they mediate a large number of immune functions by the release of a variety of preformed and newly synthesized molecules such as cytokines and chemokines. In this review we will reconsider the mechanism by which neutrophils operate, especially focusing on the response to tuberculosis infection and we will look at a recent study indicating neutrophils as sophisticated mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Successful vascular access management for home haemodialysis: a practical approach.

BACKGROUND The literature in the field of access management in relation to home haemodialysis (HHD) was reviewed. FINDINGS One of the greatest benefits of HHD is the possibility for high dose dialysis. There is, however, concern about its adverse effects on access survival. Furthermore, for the patients, self-cannulation is often the biggest obstacle for HHD. Both problems might be resolved by applying a single needle dialysis technique or, in case of arterio-venous fistulae, using the buttonhole (BH) method. As for the BH method there is one limitation-the elevated risk of life-threatening infections. However, in none of the trials referred to in this paper, the BH method was abandoned, probably due to the implementation of successful, problem-tackling measures. CONCLUSION Continued training and re-training of staff and patients is vital to gain and maintain a wide understanding of successful vascular access management.
Comparison of smooth muscle effects of crotonoside (isoguanosine) and adenosine.

Crotonoside (isoguanosine) has been shown to be much more active than adenosine in reducing the blood pressure in rabbits and cats, in decreasing the tone of isolated intestinal strips of the rabbit, guinea pig and hamster and in stimulating the isolated uterus of guinea pigs and hamsters. The difference in activity of these two compounds is considerably more marked with the guinea pig tissues than with those of the rabbit, cat or hamster. Possible relationships to theories of action of adenosine are discussed.
Factors Affecting the Selection of Business Arrangements by U.S. Hog Farmers

This study examines the influences of risk, transaction costs, autonomy, size, farm demographics, and socioeconomic characteristics on the choice of four business arrangements by U.S. hog producers. Data for this analysis were obtained from a national survey of U.S. hog producers. This research supports other studies that discuss the role of risk in the advent of contracting and transaction costs in the selection of business arrangements. The study results suggest that those who value autonomy less are currently adopters of contracts. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
Efficacy of Two Pyrethroid Insecticides Applied as Barrier Treatments for Managing Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Suburban Residential Properties

Abstract Increased threat of mosquito-borne disease coupled with decreased tolerance of nuisance mosquitoes has opened a market for pest management professionals to offer mosquito control services for homeowners. A pest management professional applied bifenthrin (0.08%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.1%) at their maximum label concentrations as barrier treatments. We tested treatments residual efficacy in reducing adult mosquito populations and compared these chemicals against a water control at 24 residential properties (eight replications by three treatments). Mosquito populations were measured on each property by using five methods: CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps (without a light), human landing rates, CDC gravid traps, ovitraps, and sweep nets. Populations were monitored weekly for 2 wk before treatment and 8 wk posttreatment. Additionally, to confirm residual efficacy of each insecticide, a randomly treated leaf underwent a no-choice bioassay with laboratory-reared Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Trap collections were dominantly Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens L. Both insecticidal treatments significantly reduced Aedes spp. lambda-Cyhalothrin- and bifenthrin-treated sites had 89.5 and 85.1% fewer Ae. albopictus bites than the untreated control, respectively. Ae. albopictus bioassay results showed significant residual efficacy for both insecticides up to 6 wk posttreatment. There were no significant differences between properties treated with the two insecticides. In contrast, Culex spp. were not reduced by either insecticidal treatment. Our study indicated that barrier sprays applied to low-lying vegetation do not properly target adult daytime resting sites for Culex mosquitoes but that they can reduce Aedes mosquitoes. Perhaps by treating upper tree canopies Culex spp. abundance may be reduced.
Assessment of prediction accuracy of protein function from protein–protein interaction data

Functional prediction of open reading frames coded in the genome is one of the most important tasks in yeast genomics. Among a number of large‐scale experiments for assigning certain functional classes to proteins, experiments determining protein–protein interaction are especially important because interacting proteins usually have the same function. Thus, it seems possible to predict the function of a protein when the function of its interacting partner is known. However, in vitro experiments often suffer from artifacts and a protein can often have multiple binding partners with different functions. We developed an objective prediction method that can systematically include the information of indirect interaction. Our method can predict the subcellular localization, the cellular role and the biochemical function of yeast proteins with accuracies of 72.7%, 63.6% and 52.7%, respectively. The prediction accuracy rises for proteins with more than three binding partners and thus we present the open prediction results for 16 such proteins. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review

Summary. Antithrombin (AT) is a potent inactivator of thrombin and factor Xa and the major inhibitor of blood coagulation. Inherited AT deficiencies are uncommon, with prevalences in the general population between 1 in 500 and 1 in 5000. They are either quantitative (type I) or qualitative (type II). Type II is subdivided into the more common, but less thrombogenic, type IIb deficiency caused by a defect in the heparin‐binding region of AT and the less common, but more thrombophilic, type IIa variant caused by mutations in the thrombin‐binding site. A pleiotropic type IIc deficiency also exists. In the evaluation of a thrombophilic individual, a functional AT assay (AT activity) should be used and the diagnosis of AT deficiency only established after acquired causes have been ruled out and repeat AT testing on an additional sample has been performed. A subsequent antigenic AT assay result leads to differentiation between type I and type II deficiency. Further specialized tests help subclassify the type II deficiencies, but this is typically not carried out for clinical purposes, even though it might be helpful to assess thrombosis risk. AT deficiency is associated with an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and pregnancy loss. The association with arterial thrombosis is only weak. VTE prophylaxis and treatment management will be discussed in this article and existing treatment guidelines presented. The lack of data surrounding the use of AT concentrates and the resulting ambiguity as to when to use such concentrates will be discussed.
Antileukemic activity of Bidens pilosa L. var. minor (Blume) Sherff and Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

To evaluate the anti-leukemic activity of Bidens pilosa L. var. minor (Blume) Sherff and Houttuynia cordata Thunb. , cytotoxicity tests with an XTT-based colorimetric assay were used. Five leukemic cell lines, namely L1210, U937, K562, Raji and P3HR1, were cultured with hot water extracts of B. pilosa var. minor or H. cordata. Hot water extracts of B. pilosa var. minor inhibited these five leukemic cells with IC50s between 145 microg/ml and 586 microg/ml. The effect was greatest on four cell lines, namely L1210, P3MR1, Raji and K562, with IC50s below 200 microg/ml and a selective index of more than 5. Hot water extract of H. cordata inhibited these five leukemic cells with IC50s between 478 microg/ml and 662 microg/ml. The selective index was between 1.5 and 2.1. B. pilosa var. minor was more effective than H. cordata in inhibiting most of the leukemic cells in our study. We suggest that B. pilosa L. var. minor (Blume) Sherff may prove to be a useful medicinal plant for treating leukemia.
A novel modeling framework for ordinal data defined by collapsed counts

Adolescent alcohol use is a serious public health concern. Despite advances in the theoretical conceptualization of pathways to alcohol use, researchers are limited by the statistical techniques currently available. Researchers often fit linear models and restrictive categorical models (e.g., proportional odds models) to ordinal data with many response categories defined by collapsed count data (0 drinking days, 1–2days, 3–6days, etc.). Consequently, existing models ignore the underlying count process, resulting in disjoint between the construct of interest and the models being fitted. Our proposed ordinal modeling approach overcomes this limitation by explicitly linking ordinal responses to a suitable underlying count distribution. In doing so, researchers can use maximum likelihood estimation to fit count models to ordinal data as if they had directly observed the underlying discrete counts. The usefulness of our ordinal negative binomial and ordinal zero‐inflated negative binomial models is verified by simulation studies. We also demonstrate our approach using real empirical data from the 2010 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Results show the benefit of the proposed ordinal modeling framework compared with existing methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orexin B/hypocretin 2 increases glutamatergic transmission to ventral tegmental area neurons

The orexins (hypocretins) play a crucial role in arousal, feeding and reward. Highly relevant to these functions, orexin‐containing neurons from the lateral hypothalamus project densely to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is the origin of dopamine projections implicated in motivation and reward. Orexin A/hypocretin 1 (oxA/hcrt‐1) can enable long‐term changes associated with drugs of abuse; however, the effects of orexin B/hypocretin 2 (oxB/hcrt‐2) on excitatory synaptic transmission in the VTA are unknown. We used whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology in rat horizontal midbrain slices to examine the effects of oxB/hcrt‐2 on excitatory synaptic transmission. We observed that oxB/hcrt‐2 has distinct effects from oxA/hcrt‐1 in the VTA. oxB/Hcrt‐2 (100 nm) increased presynaptic glutamate release in addition to a postsynaptic potentiation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). The oxB/hcrt‐2‐mediated postsynaptic potentiation of NMDARs was mediated via activation of orexin/hypocretin 2 (OX2/Hcrt‐2) receptors and protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, the increase in transmitter release probability was also PKC‐dependent, but not through activation of orexin/hypocretin 1 (OX1/Hcrt‐1) or OX2/Hcrt‐2 receptors. Finally, oxB/hcrt‐2 or the selective OX2/Hcrt‐2 receptor agonist ala11‐d‐leu15‐orexin B, significantly reduced spike‐timing‐induced long‐term potentiation. Taken together, these results support a dual role for oxB/hcrt‐2 in mediating enhanced glutamatergic transmission in the VTA, and suggest that oxA/hcrt‐1 and oxB/hcrt‐2 exert different functional roles in modulating the enhancement of the motivational components of arousal and feeding.
Do the Determinants of Promotion Differ for Blacks and Whites?

A central assumption of much of the previous research on race differences is that the process by which Blacks and Whites advance in the workplace is race blind so that if Blacks and Whites had the same amount of education and job experience and were located across the same bureaucratized structures, the gap in Black-White attainment in the workplace would disappear. The authors argue that to understand the systematic differences in Black-White outcomes in the workplace, we need to reexamine this assumption. The authors develop a theoretical argument for the existence of race-specific models of attainment that builds on Kanter's concept of “homosocial reproduction. ” They then test this argument by estimating whether the determinants of promotion differ by race, using a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers and their employing organizations. Their findings indicate that the determinants of promotion systematically differ for Blacks and Whites.
Real-World Vehicle Emissions: A Summary of the Thirteenth Coordinating Research Council On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop

Abstract The Coordinating Research Council held its thirteenth Vehicle Emissions Workshop in April 2003, when results of the most recent on-road vehicle emissions research were presented. Ongoing work from researchers who are engaged in improving understanding of the contribution of mobile sources to ambient air quality and emission inventories is summarized here. Participants in the workshop discussed efforts to improve mobile source emission models, the role of on-board diagnostic systems in inspection and maintenance programs, light- and heavy-duty vehicle emissions measurements, on- and off-road emissions measurements, effects of fuels and lubricating oils on emissions, as well as topics for future research.
Absorption line profile measurement of rovibrational transition of acetylene molecule using a fiber comb spectrometer

We have been developing a spectrometer to record an accurate absorption line profile of a rovibrational transition of acetylene in the 1.54 mum region using an extended cavity laser diode (ECLD) and a mode-locked fiber frequency comb. With the spectrometer, we have recorded the absorption line profiles for various pressures and have observed the collisional narrowing effect on the inhomogeneous Gaussian widths. Information of the Gaussian width which reflects the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be used to estimate accurate temperature of the sample gas and also have possibility to provide a way to determine the Boltzmann constant.
A bidirectional power converter for electric vehicles in V2G systems

Focused on the rational utilization of large-scale electric vehicle energy storage medium, the bidirectional and efficient power converter technique is important for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system. This paper explores the structure design ways of reducing electrical stress of LLC resonant circuit components, presents a novel power converter topology with two-stage architecture and its control strategy. The voltage source PWM converter (VSC) is used as the front-stage, and the post-stage is composed of the symmetrical half-bridge (SHB) LLC resonant converter. The power flow is bidirectional between electric vehicle (EV) and the grid through the power converter proposed in this paper. It also has the advantages such as isolated, high efficiency, high power density, small size, wide output voltage range, good dynamic performance and low cost. The operational theory and control strategy of the power converter are introduced respectively. The validity of the proposed concept is verified by simulations and experimental results.
A Fair Service and Dynamic Round Robin scheduling scheme for CICQ switches

The limitations in complexities and extensibilities of CICQ switchespsila scheduling policies are first analyzed. Then, based on this analysis, the guidelines for designing high extensible scheduling policies and the concept of virtual channel are proposed. Based on the guidelines and virtual channel, it comes up with a dynamic round robin scheduling algorithm-FDR (fair service and dynamic round robin), which is simple, high efficiency and fair service. FDR is based on round robin mechanism and its complexity is O(1). It allots the scheduling share for each virtual channel according to its current states. Thus, FDR has good dynamic and real-time performance, and it can adapt to unbalanced traffic load network environment. Simulation results under SPES show that FDR performs good delay, throughput and anti-burst performance, which can be applied in high performance routing and switching devices.