Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Price volatility of south-east fishery's quota species: an empirical analysis

This study investigates the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and generalized-ARCH (GARCH) effects in the price series of Australian South-East Fishery's quota species. It is found that in all cases significant ARCH and/or GARCH effects are present. To search for the origins of these effects a weakly exogenous variable (trading volume) is introduced to the conditional variance equation of the ARCH and GARCH models, provided that such effects are observed in the first stage of investigation. It is found that in 14 cases the estimated coefficients of the trading volume are negative. In all cases, the 'trading volume' variable does not contribute to the removal of the ARCH and/or GARCH effects. Finally, the policy implications of the findings are discussed.
“A False Dilemma”: Should Decisions about Education Resource Use Be Made at the State or Local Level?

Over the past 30 years, states have assumed a greater role in financing education. The presumption of local control has been superseded by systems of state control. This shift in authority raises several critical questions. Chief among them is, “What effect has centralization of education financing had on the capacity of school districts to provide educational services? ” Has increased state participation led to a more equitable, effective, accountable, or efficient system of education? The authors suggest that the question poses a false dilemma. Instead of questioning who should control resource decisions, we should ask, “What obstacles prevent better connections between real dollars and valuable resources for students? ”
Copper‐dependent regulation of NMDA receptors by cellular prion protein: implications for neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract N‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate a wide range of important nervous system functions. Conversely, excessive NMDA receptor activity leads to cytotoxic calcium overload and neuronal damage in a wide variety of CNS disorders. It is well established that NMDA receptors are tightly regulated by a number of cell signalling pathways. Recently, it has been shown that NMDA receptor activity is modulated by cellular prion protein (PrPC) in a copper‐dependent manner. Here we give an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the novel concept of potent modulation of this receptor's kinetics by copper ions, and the interplay between NMDA receptors and PrPC in the context of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, pain and depression.
Molecular characterization and localization of the RIC‐3 protein, an effector of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression

The RIC‐3 protein acts as a regulator of acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (nAChR) expression. In Xenopus laevis oocytes the human RIC‐3 (hRIC‐3) protein enhances expression of α7 receptors and abolishes expression of α4β2 receptors. In vitro translation of hRIC‐3 evidenced its membrane insertion but not the role as signal peptide of its first transmembrane domain (TMD). When the TMDs of hRIC‐3 were substituted, its effects on nAChR expression were attenuated. A certain linker length between the TMDs was also needed for α7 expression enhancement but not for α4β2 inhibition. A combination of increased α7 receptor steady state levels, facilitated transport and reduced receptor internalization appears to be responsible for the increase in α7 membrane expression induced by hRIC‐3. Antibodies against hRIC‐3 showed its expression in SH‐SY5Y and PC12 cells and its induction upon differentiation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of RIC‐3 in rat brain localized, in general, in places where α7 nAChRs were found.
International Evidence on Persistence in Output in the Presence of an Episodic Change

This paper uses some newly developed methods and techniques to examine the dynamic properties of international output in the presence of a structural break. The author provides statistical evidence to show that the unit root test results can, in some cases, be sensitive to whether a one-time structural break in the data is modeled exogenously or endogenously. However, in most cases the unit root test results remain robust to specification of the structural break exogenously or endogenously; moreover, he finds that the null hypothesis of a unit root in output can be rejected in favor of a "flexible" trend alternative for a number of countries such as Canada, Denmark, France, and the United States. Copyright 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SURVEYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREE CASH FLOW AND DIVIDENDS DURING THE COMPANY'S LIFE CYCLE

The main purpose of this study is surveying the relationship between free cash flow and dividends during the company’s life cycle. The population of the study was all company that listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in 2008-2012. The sample size of this research was set at 138 company. In order to analyze the data resulted from collected questionnaires deductive and descriptive statistical methods are used. The results K-S Test shows the test distribution is Normal. So we can use Pearson correlation and Regression to test the hypothesis of the research. In order to determine the relationship between the variables of the study, the SPSS tool has been used. Findings show thst there is a relationship between free cash flow and dividends during the company’s life cycle.
Scrapie prion protein accumulation by scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells abrogated by exposure to a prion protein antibody

Exposure of susceptible neuroblastoma N2a cells to mouse scrapie prions leads to infection, as evidenced by the continued presence of the scrapie form of the prion protein (PrPSc) and infectivity after 300 or more cell doublings. We find that exposure to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC) or to the monoclonal anti-prion protein (PrP) antibody 6H4 not only prevents infection of susceptible N2a cells but also cures chronically scrapie-infected cultures, as judged by the long-term abrogation of PrPSc accumulation after cessation of treatment. A nonpassaged, stationary infected culture rapidly loses PrPSc when exposed to the antibody or PIPLC, indicating that the PrPSc level is determined by steady state equilibrium between formation and degradation, and that depletion of the cellular form of PrP can interrupt the propagation of PrPSc. These findings encourage the belief that passive immunization may provide a therapeutic approach to prion disease.
An enhanced entity-attribute-value data model for representing high dimensional and sparse healthcare data

Healthcare data are naturally sparse, high dimensional, and require frequent schema change during storage. To overcome the above challenges, both simple and multi-data-type Entity-Attribute-Value (EAV) data storage models are often used in place of the traditional horizontal data model. However, representing data in either of the formats generally result into queries that are both inefficient and rather complex. In this paper we present an enhanced data model for representing this class of data which dramatically improves the efficiency and reduces the complexity of the queries thereof. This is achieved by finding a compromise between the conventional horizontal data model and the EAV data models. To attest the validity of the new crossbreed model, Enhanced Entity-Attribute-Value (EEAV), its performance is evaluated against that of conventional horizontal data model, simple EAV data model and multi-data-type EAV data model with regard to querying of data sets of varying sizes.
A Compact Broadband Horizontally Polarized Omnidirectional Antenna Using Planar Folded Dipole Elements

A compact horizontally polarized (HP) omnidirectional antenna with broadband characteristic is presented. The antenna is composed of four planar folded dipole antennas (PFDAs) as radiation elements of a square array and a broadband microstrip feeding structure composed of baluns and matching networks. The folded dipole antennas are chosen in order to achieve wide bandwidth operation within a compact size. The folded dipole elements are modified to compensate for the mutual coupling effects and also to improve the bandwidth and radiation performance of the antenna. The antenna is fabricated and its input impedance and radiation pattern are measured. The measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth is about 53.2% (1.19-2 GHz) and the gain variation in all directions of azimuth plane is less than 2 dB over the frequency band 1.2-1.9 GHz, and is increased to 2.8 dB at 2 GHz. The gain is almost constant over the entire band with a peak gain about 1.2 dB. The co-pol and cross-pol isolation is more than 20 dB for all azimuth directions and frequencies over the entire band.
Massive MIMO With Nonlinear Precoding: Large-System Analysis

In this paper, we consider time-domain vector perturbation (TDVP) in a large-system limit when channel state information (CSI) is imperfect due to pilot contamination, and we derive the system's achievable sum rate per cell. We use random matrix methods to avoid time-consuming Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical results show that, in general, linear precoding ensures a higher sum rate than TDVP in the massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) regime.
The Impact Of Situational Factors On The Evaluation Of Hospitality Services

This questionnaire study examined the influence of three dining situations on the selection of a restaurant. The three situations were a weekday lunch with associates or friends, an important business dinner, and a weekend eveningfamily meal; hypothetical selection was based on the five attributes of type of cuisine, price, quality of service, ambiance, and quality of food. The results demonstrate that it is necessary to explicitly define a situation when requesting evaluations of attribute importance.
Velocity and the Variability of Money Growth: Evidence from Granger-Causality Tests: Comment

In a recent issue of this Journal Hall and Noble (1987) employ the Grangercausality method to test Milton Friedman's (1970) hypothesis that money growth volatility is a causal factor in changes in velocity. The background of Hall and Noble's investigation is based on (1) the controversial marked decline in M 1 velocity in 1982; and (2) the apparent weakening of the money/nominal GNP linkage implicit in the velocity decline. This latter aspect of the drop in velocity would appear to undermine a basic plank of monetarism, and has been described by Robert Gordon (1983) as the "demise of monetarism. " Friedman (1984) has countered this argument by relating the velocity decline, in part, to the unprecedented volatility of money growth following the Federal Reserve's 1979 shift to nonborrowed reserves targeting. Implicit in Friedman's reasoning is that general uncertainty regarding money growth enters as an important argument in the public's money demand function. Thus, Friedman explains, the 1982 velocity decline does not undermine monetarism. Rather, it reflects one aspect of general portfolio readjustment under conditions of extreme perceived monetary uncertainty and the Elnancial instability that characterized the period. Using quarterly data from 1963:I through 1984:II Hall and Noble Granger-test the Friedman hypothesis by estimating the following regression:
MONETARY POLICY AND FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

This paper reviews Singapore's monetary policy and financial development since independence, including the immediate challenges in the 1960s, the turbulent years of the 1970s with the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system and the global oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, the introduction of a unique exchange rate-centered monetary policy in 1981, the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 and the global financial crisis of 2007–2009. Despite being a late starter (1971) and given a number of obstacles, not least the high degree of openness of the Singapore economy to trade and capital flows, the Monetary Authority of Singapore has built up a high degree of credibility within a relatively short space of time and delivered low and stable inflation. Although financial development has been "government made" rather than market-driven, proactive and sensible policies have built on Singapore's long history as a regional trading hub to turn Singapore into a premier financial center in terms of foreign exchange trading, offshore money market intermediation and asset management. Nonetheless, some challenges remain: How monetary policy can deal with asset price bubbles and deflationary pressures and steer a careful course to maintain price stability without jeopardizing Singapore's transitory restructuring process to achieve sustainable economic growth.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Domestic Private Investment in Africa: An Empirical Analysis

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, many African countries experienced a profound slowdown in economic growth. The growth rate of real per capita GDP fell from 0.4% per year during the 1973-80 period to 1.2% per year during the 1980-89 period. ' The causes-internal and external-of Africa's economic decline and the strategies for restoring economic growth are much debated. Nevertheless, broad consensus has emerged on the importance of (i) increasing total investment and (ii) promoting private-sector development and increasing its share of total investment for long-term growth.2 It is widely recognized that gross domestic investment fell substantially in Africa during the 1980s and remains severely depressed across the region. The proportion of total domestic investment in GDP fell from 20.8% per year during 1973-80 to 16.1% per year during 1980-89. In some countries, investment has fallen to less than 10% of GDP-a level that is insufficient even to replace depreciated capital. In Africa, the minimum investment needed to replace depreciated capital is estimated at 13% of GDP.3 In recent years, there has also been a growing recognition among many African leaders, faced with new realism and pragmatism, that the private sector could play a significant role in economic development. The focus in the longer term of structural adjustment programs and sectoral reforms adopted by these countries is on creating more appropriate incentives and a framework for private-sector development as the basis for achieving sustainable economic growth. In addition, multilateral and bilateral institutions have developed new initiatives with priorities for private-sector development. In 1989, the International Finance Corporation, an affiliate of the World Bank, es-
Análisis de las diferencias salariales entre trabajadores indefinidos

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las diferencias salariales entre los trabajadores indefinidos en Espana, dependiendo de si su contrato cuenta con alguna bonificacion en la cuota de la Seguridad Social o no. La base de datos utilizada para ello es la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL) del ano 2005. Junto a un analisis descriptivo que pone de manifiesto una diferencia salarial a favor de los contratos no bonificados y diferencias en las caracteristicas de ambos tipos de trabajadores, se lleva a cabo un analisis econometrico y una descomposicion de la diferencia, teniendo en cuenta la censura de los datos. Los resultados asignan al menos el 45% de la diferencia media a una superior remuneracion de las caracteristicas de los contratos sin bonificacion. El analisis por cuantiles muestra que la diferencia salarial es creciente y se debe tanto a un aumento en la discriminacion como en la diferencia en dotaciones. En definitiva, la politica de bonificaciones, ademas de la influencia que haya podido tener en el volumen de contratacion estable, ha generado la presencia de dos tipos de trabajadores con caracteristicas y puestos de trabajo diferentes, apareciendo una discriminacion hacia los trabajadores bonificados que tiene una magnitud no despreciable y se da en todos los niveles.
Stagflationary Effects of Stabilization Programs in Reforming Socialist Countries: Enterprise-Side and Household-Side Factors

Dismantling subsidies could give rise to serious macroeconomic difficulties in the short run. This article explores a view based on the enterprise sector as a central source and main channel of the stagflation phenomenon, using as an example the stagflation that followed the 1990 stabilization program in Poland. The stagflation phenomenon is linked to features of the financial market that are somewhat peculiar to reforming socialist economies: the weak credit links between households and enterprises, and the existence of large interenterprise debt. The policy implications of the enterprise-side view include more explicit consideration of initial conditions in the credit market, implementation of privatization schemes, and the development of a domestic banking system. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press.
An introduction to the implementation of digital control — Leading to the control of electrical power systems

The control of modern electrical power systems is, in some respects, limited by traditional analogue control methods. It is recognised that digital control can offer significant advantages in enhancing a power system's closed-loop performance and improve control implementation over traditional analogue methods. In particular, an electrical power system can exhibit optimum performance throughout its operating range and even enhance its operating range through the use of dynamic digital control-coefficients. This paper seeks to describe the process by which a system under continuous-time control can be converted into one which operates with digital control. The aim is to provide an introduction to digital control, based on a design process using the open-loop frequency response of a system. Several problems encountered when designing a digital controller are highlighted; in particular, the effect of the sampling time on the performance of the system. The system performance under digital control is compared to its analogue equivalent, and suggestions are made to minimise the difference between the performances of the two types of implementations.
A New Yeast Poly(A) Polymerase Complex Involved in RNA Quality Control

Eukaryotic cells contain several unconventional poly(A) polymerases in addition to the canonical enzymes responsible for the synthesis of poly(A) tails of nuclear messenger RNA precursors. The yeast protein Trf4p has been implicated in a quality control pathway that leads to the polyadenylation and subsequent exosome-mediated degradation of hypomethylated initiator tRNAMet (tRNAi Met). Here we show that Trf4p is the catalytic subunit of a new poly(A) polymerase complex that contains Air1p or Air2p as potential RNA-binding subunits, as well as the putative RNA helicase Mtr4p. Comparison of native tRNAi Met with its in vitro transcribed unmodified counterpart revealed that the unmodified RNA was preferentially polyadenylated by affinity-purified Trf4 complex from yeast, as well as by complexes reconstituted from recombinant components. These results and additional experiments with other tRNA substrates suggested that the Trf4 complex can discriminate between native tRNAs and molecules that are incorrectly folded. Moreover, the polyadenylation activity of the Trf4 complex stimulated the degradation of unmodified tRNAi Met by nuclear exosome fractions in vitro. Degradation was most efficient when coupled to the polyadenylation activity of the Trf4 complex, indicating that the poly(A) tails serve as signals for the recruitment of the exosome. This polyadenylation-mediated RNA surveillance resembles the role of polyadenylation in bacterial RNA turnover.
High performance 3D stacked DRAM processor architectures with micro-fluidic cooling

In this work we consider new 3D IC processor architectures that become feasible only when aggressive cooling is used. In traditional air cooled 3D processors, heat removal is a big issue, and so designers often pursue low performance architectures in order to prevent thermal violations. We attempt to explore the new design space that is available to computer architects when micro-fluidic cooling is applied to the 3D chip. We show that adding more memory controllers to a 3D processor can offer the potential for huge increases in performance, but also drastically increases the temperature of an uncooled chip, making them infeasible. With micro-fluidic cooling, these performance increases become realizable and new high performance architectures can be designed when cooling is co-designed with the architecture. We observe a 2.4x increase in average performance when comparing a 3D stacked memory processor with and without micro-fluidic cooling. This performance increase occurs because the cooling unlocks the possibility of adding more memory controllers as well as more aggressive frequency scaling. Cooling also improves the energy efficiency of the processors since a slight increase in cooling power helps to significantly reduce the leakage levels. This combined with improvements in performance due to aggressive cooling helps to increase energy efficiency on average 16.8x.
Can Suicide and Parasuicide be Prevented?

Suicide Prospects for preventive strategies are best viewed against the current epidemiological profile of suicide, and in relation to recent trends, in order to ascertain which aspects of the problem are of increasing or decreasing importance and hence to identify priorities for action. Much depends on how long a perspective one adopts: for present purposes we may focus on the past 30 years. Table 1 shows the rates for adult male suicides (excluding undetermined deaths) in 1955 and 1985 for England and Wales, ignoring the many interesting fluctuations that have occurred within that period. In 1955 male suicide rates increased almost linearly with age and was predominantly a problem of later life. By 1985 the picture had dramatically changed, with some increase in the rates of young men and a marked fall in those over age 65 years. There has been much talk of the increase in youth suicides, especially in the United States of America where young men up to age 25 years now carry the highest rates of all age groups, but in the United Kingdom the shift has been much less striking. Exactly which group has changed most depends upon whether the change is assessed in absolute or proportional terms: in absolute numbers it is the increase in 25-34 year age group which currently gives most concern. For women the pattern of change is different, with most age-specific rates having fallen somewhat, especially for those over 45 years (Table 1). Despite a great deal of epidemiological research the reasons for these changes have not been established. For men there is some evidence to suggest that the increase in the younger groups might be attributed particularly to an increase in suicide among those of social class V. From case studies, rather than from macrolevel data, the suggestion also emerges that unemployment may be particularly relevant, especially in view of the changes that occurred during the last phase of mass unemployment during the 1930s (Figure 1). Increasing alcohol consumption might be another major factor. It is paradoxical that at the other end of the age span the dramatic fall of the rates ofthe elderly has attracted little research, presumably because problems which are receding generate little interest despite their scientific importance. The changes in female rates also await explanation, as distinct from an excess of sociological speculation. Despite these gaps in our understanding of the basic epidemiology we must nevertheless consider what can be done to minimize suicide in our society . We may begin by considering what the clinicians can contribute.