Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unitarismo pluralista, uma proposta integradora para estudar a memória humana

A classification of the different mechanisms of memory is a necessary step for the development of a Science of human memory. Without such classification, the scientific initiatives do not possess an integrated overview of its object of study, a condition that tends to reduce the efficacy of the research efforts, which are carried out isolated among themselves. In this article, we evaluate the two main proposals about the mechanisms of memory (unitarism and pluralism) from its epistemological feasibility. Historically, unitarism does not constitute a promising line of inquiry, while pluralism showed to be fruitful for the expansion of memory studies. Despite that, we defend the need to follow a third road, which takes advantage of the virtues of both ways of approach, being at the same time able to avoid their limitations
Waist circumference remains useful predictor of coronary heart disease

EDITOR,—Margaret Ashwell and colleagues1 have produced evidence from the 1992 health survey for England to support our suggestion that waist circumference is a good predictor of risk of cardiovascular disease.2 We are puzzled, however, by their suggestion that the ratio of waist circumference to height may be a better predictor of risk than waist circumference alone. In fact, …
Analytical And Numerical Study Of Kramers' Exit Problem II ∗

Kramers' exit problem is concerned with noise activated escape from a poten- tial well. In case the noise strength, ", is small this becomes a singular pertur- bation problem. The distribution of exit points on the separatrix (in the phase plane) is shown to be spread away from the saddle point, where the energy is minimal. The stochastic dynamics of the escaping trajectories, conditioned on not returning to a given critical energy contour, are studied analytically and nu- merically.
Alzheimer's Disease: The Long Bereavement

Offers practical advice to relatives, friends and carers of people with Alzheimer's disease and explores the emotional and psychological dimensions of caring. Throughout the book there is an emphasis on the needs of the carer. There is a dilemma between relating to a person whose behaviour has altered beyond recognition and grieving the loss of someone who is still physically present. This conflict is confronted in a sensitive way.
Conceptions of Assessment: Understanding What Assessment Means to Teachers and Students

Preface Introduction to Conceptions Conceptions of Assessment Related Conceptions in Education Contexts of Research: Education in New Zealand and Queensland Research Methods For Investigating Conceptions Teachers' Conceptions of Assessment Students' Conceptions of Assessment Integration of Teachers' Conceptions of Assessment, Teaching, Learning, Curriculum and Efficacy Implications and Future Directions Index.
Distributed computation of the mode

This paper studies the problem of computing the most frequent element (the mode) by means of a distributed algorithm where the elements are located at the nodes of a network. Let k denote the number of distinct elements and further let m<sub>i</sub> be the number of occurrences of the element e<sub>i</sub> in the ordered list of occurrences m<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>≥ . ≥ m<sub>k</sub>. We give a deterministic distributed algorithm with time complexity O(D+k) where D denotes the diameter of the graph, which is essentially tight. As our main contribution, a Monte Carlo algorithm is presented which computes the mode in O(D + F<sub>2</sub>/m<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>*log k) time with high probability, where the frequency moment F<sub>t</sub> is defined as F<sub>t</sub> = sum<sub>i=1</sub><sup>k</sup> m<sub>i</sub><sup>t</sup>. This algorithm is substantially faster than the deterministic algorithm for various relevant frequency distributions. Moreover, we provide a lower bound of Omega(D+F<sub>5</sub>/(m<sub>1</sub><sup>5</sup>B)), where B is the maximum message size, that captures the effect of the frequency distribution on the time complexity to compute the mode.
Mechanistic Studies of the Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway

Since eukaryotic cells constantly encounter various environmental insults, they have evolved defense mechanisms to cope with toxicant- and carcinogen-induced oxidative stress or electrophiles. One of the most important cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress or electrophiles is mediated by the transcription factor Nrf2. Under the basal condition, Nrf2-dependent transcription is repressed by a negative regulator Keap1. When cells are exposed to oxidative stress, electrophiles, or chemopreventive agents, Nrf2 escapes Keap1-mediated repression and activates antioxidant responsive element (ARE)-dependent gene expression to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Beyond its antioxidant function, Nrf2 has recently been recognized as a key factor regulating an array of genes that defend cells against the deleterious effects of environmental insults. Since this Nrf2-dependent cellular defense response is able to protect multi-organs or multi-tissues, activation of Nrf2 has been implicated in conferring protection against many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, acute and chronic lung injury, autoimmune diseases, and inflammation. Therefore, understanding of Nrf2 regulation is crucial in the development of drugs for therapeutic intervention. This review will discuss recent progress in the field of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway, with emphasis on the mechanistic studies of Nrf2 regulation by Keap1, oxidative stress, or chemopreventive compounds.
Instantaneous Pressure‐Volume Relationship of the Canine Right Ventricle

The instantaneous isovolumic and ejecting pressure-volume relationship of the right ventricle was studied in 11 cross-circulated, isolated canine hearts to characterize the right ventricular contractile state. Accurate measurement of volume was achieved by the use of a water-filled, thin latex balloon in the right ventricle connected to a special volume loading and transducing chamber. Pressure was measured with a miniature pressure transducer mounted within the balloon. Wide variations in loading conditions were achieved by changing the volume of air above the volumetric chamber. The pressure and volume data were collected from multiple beats under a constant contractile state in the same mode of contraction while the left ventricle was vented to air. Linear regression analysis applied to each of the isochronal pressure-volume data sets at 20-msec intervals from the onset of contraction showed a highly linear correlation between the pressure and the volume. Both the slope and the volume intercept of the regression lines changed with time throughout the cardiac cycle. The maximal slope of the regression line (E,max) averaged 2.50 ± 0.49 mm Hg/ml (mean ± SD) for ejecting beats and 2.68 ± 0.55 mm Hg/ml for isovolumic beats. Epinephrine infusions of 12.5 μg/min and 25.0 μg/min increased Emax by 31% and 82%, respectively (P < 0.005). We conclude that: (1) The instantaneous pressure-volume relationships of the right ventricle in the isovolumic and ejecting modes can be regarded as linear, at least within the physiological range; however, these two modes of contraction did not yield an identical relationship. (2) The slope of these pressure-volume relationship curves changes with a change in the contractile state. cire Res 44: 309-315, 1979
Mood Classification Of Social Media Text

The research work investigates the problem of feature selection for text categorization in the domain of social media data analysis. Specifically, large repositories of textual content expressed by the users in social media in the form of tweets/blogs is analysed based on ‘Sentiment’ lexicon. Naïve Bayes classifiers are used to determine the emotion based on mood words and polarity based on normal words of a given tweet and the results are combined to classify the tweet into one of the mood patterns. The data set used to implement the mood classification is ‘Twitter Data’ which is a live streaming content.
Circuit OPRAM: A (Somewhat) Tight Oblivious Parallel RAM

An Oblivious Parallel RAM (OPRAM) provides a general method to simulate any Parallel RAM (PRAM) program, such that the resulting memory access patterns leak nothing about secret inputs. OPRAM was originally proposed by Boyle et al. as the natural parallel counterpart of Oblivious RAM (ORAM), which was shown to have broad applications, e.g., in cloud outsourcing, secure processor design, and secure multiparty computation. Since parallelism is common in modern computing architectures such as multi-core processors or cluster computing, OPRAM is naturally a powerful and desirable building block as much as its sequential counterpart ORAM is. Although prior work (in particular, Circuit ORAM) has shown how to construct ORAM schemes that are asymptotically tight under certain parameter ranges, the performance of known OPRAM schemes still do not match their sequential counterparts, leaving open two main questions: (i) whether one can construct an OPRAM scheme whose performance is competitive relative to known sequential counterparts; and (ii) whether one can construct OPRAM schemes that are asymptotically optimal. Our paper answers the first question positively and gives partial answers to the second question. Specifically, we construct Circuit OPRAM, a new OPRAM scheme that makes the following contributions: 1. We achieve asymptotical improvement in terms of both total work and parallel runtime in comparison with known OPRAM schemes. More specifically, we improve the total work by a logarithmic factor and parallel runtime by poly-logarithmic factors. 2. We show that under sufficiently large block sizes, we can construct an OPRAM scheme that is asymptotically optimal both in total work and parallel runtime when the number of CPUs is not too small. 3. Our construction features a combination of novel techniques that enable us to (i) have asymptotically tight stochastic processes that do not suffer from worst-case and average-case discrepancies; and (ii) temporally reallocate work over offline and online stages of the algorithm such that we can achieve small parallel runtime overall. These techniques can be of independent interest in the design of of parallel oblivious algorithms in general. ∗The University of Hong Kong. Email: hubert@cs.hku. hk †Cornell University. Email: elaine@cs.cornell. edu
Towards unconstrained face recognition from one sample. (Contributions à la reconnaissance de visages à partir d'une seule image et dans un contexte non-contrôlé)

Although having been an active research topic for 30 years, recognizing a person from surveillance having seen only one image is unsolved. Within this context, the two greatest challenges are the variations of pose and illumination. Moreover, there are strict constraints upon the complexity in both terms of computational time and stockage requirements. The work developed throughout this dissertation gives several advantages in the context of real-time and unconstrained face recognition. Firstly, an illumination normalization method simulating the performance of human retina is proposed as preprocessing algorithm. Secondly, we propose novel features called POEM (Patterns of Oriented Edge Magnitudes) for representing a local image structure. This descriptor is discriminative and robust to exterior variations (variations of pose, illumination, expression and pose that we always see when dealing with face images). Thirdly, a statistical model for robust face recognition across poses, entered on modeling how facial patch appearance changes as the viewpoint varies, is proposed. Finally, a novel approach modeling the spatial relationships between face components is developed. Except the last algorithm, all proposed methods are very fast and are therefore suitable for the constraints upon real-time of surveillance applications.
Vectors Based on Modified Vaccinia Ankara Expressing Influenza H5N1 Hemagglutinin Induce Substantial Cross-Clade Protective Immunity

Background New highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses are continuing to evolve with a potential threat for an influenza pandemic. So far, the H5N1 influenza viruses have not widely circulated in humans and therefore constitute a high risk for the non immune population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-protective potential of the hemagglutinins of five H5N1 strains of divergent clades using a live attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector vaccine. Methodology/Principal Findings The replication-deficient MVA virus was used to express influenza hemagglutinin (HA) proteins. Specifically, recombinant MVA viruses expressing the HA genes of the clade 1 virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (VN/1203), the clade 2.1. 3 virus A/Indonesia/5/2005 (IN5/05), the clade 2.2 viruses A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005 (TT01/05) and A/chicken/Egypt/3/2006 (CE/06), and the clade 2.3. 4 virus A/Anhui/1/2005 (AH1/05) were constructed. These experimental live vaccines were assessed in a lethal mouse model. Mice vaccinated with the VN/1203 hemagglutinin-expressing MVA induced excellent protection against all the above mentioned clades. Also mice vaccinated with the IN5/05 HA expressing MVA induced substantial protection against homologous and heterologous AH1/05 challenge. After vaccination with the CE/06 HA expressing MVA, mice were fully protected against clade 2.2 challenge and partially protected against challenge of other clades. Mice vaccinated with AH1/05 HA expressing MVA vectors were only partially protected against homologous and heterologous challenge. The live vaccines induced substantial amounts of neutralizing antibodies, mainly directed against the homologous challenge virus, and high levels of HA-specific IFN-γ secreting CD4 and CD8 T-cells against epitopes conserved among the H5 clades and subclades. Conclusions/Significance The highest level of cross-protection was induced by the HA derived from the VN/1203 strain, suggesting that pandemic H5 vaccines utilizing MVA vector technology, should be based on the VN/1203 hemagglutinin. Furthermore, the recombinant MVA-HA-VN, as characterized in the present study, would be a promising candidate for such a vaccine.
Scalar Measures vs . Vector Measures of Performance

Our concern in this chapter will be with database benchmarks — performance tests by which different database hardware/software platforms are compared in terms of price and performance. The reader would benefit from having read other chapters of this Handbook as a prelude to what follows. Specifically, it would be useful to have already read the chapters on Concurrency Control and Recovery (Mike Franklin), Tuning Database Design for High Performance (Dennis Shasha), and Query Optimization (Yannis Ioannidis).
Nitrogen-phosphorus relationship in high mountain lakes: effects of the size of catchment basins

We analyzed the changes in epilimnetic total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in 31 small high-mountain lakes in the Sierra Nevada (Spain) during an annual cycle, just after the spring thaw, and in the middle of the growing season. Chlorophyll a, TN, and TP increased, whereas the TN:TP ratio fell substantially between the two periods, reaching values generally between 25 and 10 (by weight). On the contrary, DIN, SRP, and DIN:SRP ratios were similar for both periods in each lake. DIN:SRP ratios generally ranged from 5 to 20 (by weight). This ratio was low in the lakes with small catchment areas and increased progressively with catchment basin size. A regression analysis for the smallest catchments showed that chlorophyll a concentrations were not accounted for by variability in TP concentration. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the influence of episodes of Saharan dust, rich in P, reaching the Southern Mediterranean area. Resume : Nous avons analyse les variations de l'azote total (NT), du phosphore total (PT), de l'azote inorganique dissous (NID) et du phosphore soluble reactif (PSR) de l'epilimnion de 31 petits lacs de haute montagne de la Sierra Nevada (Espagne) pendant un cycle annuel, tout juste apres le degel du printemps et au milieu de la saison de croissance. Les concentrations de chlorophylle-a, de NT et de PT ont augmente tandis que le rapport NT:PT a diminue de facon appreciable entre les deux periodes pour atteindre des valeurs se situant generalement entre 25 et 10 (en poids). Au contraire, les concentrations de NID et de PSR de meme que le rapport NID:PSR etaient semblables au cours des deux periodes et dans chaque lac. Le rapport NID:PSR se situait generalement entre 5 et 20 (en poids). Le rapport etait faible dans les lacs a bassin versant peu etendu et augmentait progressivement avec la superficie du bassin. Une analyse de regression portant sur les bassins les plus petits a montre que les concentrations de chlorophylle-a ne se refletaient pas dans la variabilite de la concentration de PT. Les resultats obtenus sont traites dans le contexte de l'influence de vents en provenance du Sahara qui transportaient de la poussiere, riche en P, et atteignait le sud de la Mediterranee.
MCMC and the Label Switching Problem in Bayesian Mixture Modelling 1 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods and the Label Switching Problem in Bayesian Mixture Modelling

In the past ten years there has been a dramatic increase of interest in the Bayesian analysis of finite mixture models. This is primarily because of the emergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Whilst MCMC provides a convenient way to draw inference from complicated statistical models, there are many, perhaps under appreciated, problems associated with the MCMC analysis of mixtures. The problems are mainly caused by the nonidentifiability of the components under symmetric priors, which leads to so called label switching in the MCMC output. This will mean that ergodic averages of component specific quantities will be identical and thus useless for inference. We review the solutions to the label switching problem, such as artificial identifiability constraints (e.g. Diebolt & Robert (1994)), relabelling algorithms (Stephens 1997a) and label invariant loss functions (Celeux, Hurn & Robert 2000). We also review various MCMC sampling schemes that have been suggested for mixture models and discuss posterior sensitivity to prior specification.
Egg maturation, egg resorption and the costliness of transient egg limitation in insects

Although there is widespread agreement that the cost of oviposition underlies selective oviposition in insects, there is no consensus regarding which factors mediate the cost of oviposition. Models have suggested that egg costs are often paramount in those insects that do not continue to mature eggs during the adult stage (pro–ovigenic insects). Here we address the hypothesis that egg costs are generally less significant in synovigenic insects, which can replenish oocyte supplies through continuous egg maturation. A dynamic optimization model based on the biology of a highly synovigenic parasitoid, Aphytis aonidiae, suggests that the maximum rate of egg maturation is insufficient to balance the depletion of eggs when opportunities to oviposit are abundant. Transient egg limitation therefore occurs, which imposes opportunity costs on reproducing females. Thus, whereas the most fundamental constraint acting on the lifetime reproductive success of pro–ovigenic species is the fixed total number of eggs that they carry at eclosion, the most fundamental constraint acting on a synovigenic species is the maximum rate of oocyte maturation. Furthermore, the ability of synovigenic species to reverse the flow of nutrients from the soma to oocytes (i.e. egg resorption) has a dramatic influence on the cost of oviposition. Whereas females in host–rich environments may experience oviposition–mediated egg limitation, females in host–poor environments may experience oosorption–mediated egg limitation. Both forms of egg limitation are costly. Contrary to initial expectations, the flexibility of resource allocation that typifies synovigenic reproduction actually appears to broaden the range of conditions under which costly egg limitation occurs. Egg costs appear to be fundamental in mediating the trade–off between current and future reproduction, and therefore are an important factor favouring selective insect oviposition.
Automated Reasoning in Modal and Description Logics via SAT Encoding: the Case Study of K(m)/ALC-Satisfiability

In the last two decades, modal and description logics have been applied to numerous areas of computer science, including knowledge representation, formal verification, database theory, distributed computing and, more recently, semantic web and ontologies. For this reason, the problem of automated reasoning in modal and description logics has been thoroughly investigated. In particular, many approaches have been proposed for efficiently handling the satisfiability of the core normal modal logic Km, and of its notational variant, the description logic ALC. Although simple in structure, Km/ALC is computationally very hard to reason on, its satisfiability being PSpace-complete. In this paper we start exploring the idea of performing automated reasoning tasks in modal and description logics by encoding them into SAT, so that to be handled by state-of-the-art SAT tools; as with most previous approaches, we begin our investigation from the satisfiability in Km. We propose an efficient encoding, and we test it on an extensive set of benchmarks, comparing the approach with the main state-of-the-art tools available. Although the encoding is necessarily worst-case exponential, from our experiments we notice that, in practice, this approach can handle most or all the problems which are at the reach of the other approaches, with performances which are comparable with, or even better than, those of the current state-of-the-art tools.