Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is Activated after a Spinal Nerve Ligation in Spinal Cord Microglia and Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Contributes to the Generation of Neuropathic Pain

The possible involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in the development of peripheral neuropathic pain has been explored. Ligation of the L5 spinal nerve (SNL) on one side in adult rats produces an early onset and long-lasting mechanical allodynia. This lesion results in activation of p38 in the L5 segment of the spinal cord, most prominently in the ipsilateral dorsal horn, starting soon after the lesion (<1 d) and persisting for >3 weeks. The activated p38 in the spinal cord is restricted entirely to microglia; phospho-p38 colocalizes only with the microglial marker OX-42 and not with either the neuronal marker neuronal-specific nuclear protein or the astrocyte marker GFAP. In contrast, SNL induces a delayed (>3 d) activation of p38 in the L5 DRG that occurs predominantly in neurons. Continuous injection of the p38 inhibitor 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580) via the intrathecal route, starting before the SNL surgery, reduces SNL-induced mechanical allodynia from day 1 to day 10, with maximal effects at early time points. Post-treatment with SB203580 starting on day 1 or on day 10 after surgery also reduces established mechanical allodynia. Because the reduction in neuropathic pain by p38 inhibition occurs before the appearance of p38 activation in DRG neurons, p38 activation in spinal cord microglia is likely to have a substantial role in the earliest phase of neuropathic pain. Coactivation of p38 in DRG neurons and spinal microglia may contribute to later phases of neuropathic pain.
Measuring symmetry as an indicator of collaboration around a tabletop

Tabletop technology offers the potential for new ways to support rich collaboration. This paper describes a theoretical foundation for a new approach to help people learn to collaborate more effectively at a tabletop. We focus on cases where the people have equal status and should all contribute to the collaborative task. The core of our approach exploits the digital footprints of the users' activity at the tabletop. To interpret this data, we have built upon a theory of symmetry of action, knowledge and status. We illustrate how this theory can be used to define measures of symmetry of interaction at a tabletop, with a case study based on concept mapping, a technique that is in wide use, particularly in educational settings, for externalising knowledge. We describe the measures that we have created, based on the theory. They are cosine distance and Gini coefficient. The key contribution of this work is the formulation of a new theoretical foundation for the analysis of collaborative interaction at a tabletop. This can be used as a basis for social translucence displays, so providing people with insights into the way that they are collaborating. This can serve as a valuable basis for learning how to collaborate more effectively. Author
Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Gait Parameters in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Objective�÷ The study obtains gait feature of children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) by analysis of temporal and spatial parameters in stable walking and gait initiation (GI). Method�÷ 24 children with SCP and 18 normally-developing (ND) children were tested by three-dimensional gait analysis system with normal walking speed. Velocity, duration, single support phase (SSP), double support phase(DSP), stride length, step length, first step Length, first step time, first step velocity, first step DSP were selected as spatial and temporal parameters. Results�÷ There was significant difference between SCP group and ND group in velocity, stride length, step length, DSP, first step length, first step velocity, first step DSP (P<0.05). Conclusions�÷ Velocity, stride length, step length, DSP in stable walking and first step length, first step velocity, first step DSP in GI can be used to evaluate walking ability of children with SCP. Keywords-temporal and spatial parameters; spastic cerebral
Phillips Curves, Expectations of In#ation and Optimal Unem-ployment over Time

Readers of my article on optimal inflation over time1 will recognize its principal theme to be the following. Among all alternative equilibrium states of steady anticipated inflation or deflation, all with the same steady unemployment rate, there exists a state with an algebraic anticipated inflation rate that is "statically optimal". But, by virtue of the immediate postulated gains from over-employment-from employment in excess of the equilibrium level-and the immediate postulated losses from under-employment, social time preference plays a critical role in determining each day's optimal level of aggregate demand and thereby the ultimate steady rate of algebraic inflation that society will asymptotically settle for. The higher the rate of time preference, the more does this asymptotic algebraic inflation rate exceed the statically optimal inflation rate and the greater is the present optimal level of aggregate demand. If the current "expected rate of inflation" exceeds the asymptotic rate of algebraic inflation, then the optimal aggregate demand policy will produce transient (vanishing) underemployment and thus a rate of inflation below expectations. If the current expected rate of inflation is below the asymptotic rate of algebraic inflation, then the optimal fiscal policy aims for transient overemployment and algebraic inflation in excess of expectations. It is odd that Mr. Williamson, in his Comment, 2 should find a "deflationist moral" in this even-handed theme. My article rejected the conventional approach to the choice of aggregate demand, which takes expectations as exogenous or irrelevant, not any conventional conclusion about the merits of inflationary policies. One conclusion of the model is that a society with the requisite time preference can rationally opt for over-employment, unexpectedly high inflation and its aftermath of high steady inflation in the eventual future equilibrium. Even the statically optimal rate of algebraic inflation-in my formulation this is the maximum rate of algebraic inflation consistent with "full liquidity" or "monetary efficiency"-might be one of mild inflation if the real rate of interest is small enough. The interesting variation on this dynamic model that Williamson proposes would, loosely speaking, make more deflation worse than less deflation on the "other side" of the static optimum. There are
Ionic determinants of pH of acidic compartments under hypertonic conditions in trout hepatocytes

SUMMARY Exposure of trout hepatocytes to hypertonicity induced a decrease in acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, indicating a corresponding decrease in pH inside the lumen of acidic compartments (pHL). Pre-exposure of cells to the specific V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (0.3 μmol l–1) increased AO fluorescence – unmasking H+ leaks under steady-state conditions – and partially removed the hypertonicity-induced pHL decrease. The sustainability of the luminal acidification, but not the acidification itself, appeared to depend on a low K+ and a high Cl– conductance under hypertonic conditions. Increasing K+ conductance using the specific ionophore valinomycin (10 μmol l–1) or removal of extracellular Cl– after an instant drop in AO fluorescence resulted in a reversal of luminal acidity. The alkalinization measured under hypertonic conditions in the absence of Cl– was largely attenuated when cells were bathed in HCO3–-free medium, signifying the possible presence of Cl–/HCO3– exchange. Under steady-state conditions, while a slight and brief pHL increase was measured upon exposure of cells to valinomycin, Cl– removal, unexpectedly, induced a decrease in pHL, indicating a role for extracellular Cl– in limiting luminal acidification. This was confirmed by the substantial pHL decrease measured upon exposure of cells to the anion exchanger inhibitor SITS (0.5 mmol l–1). Furthermore, hypertonicity-induced acidification was still noticeable in the presence of SITS. On the other hand, the hypertonicity-induced acidification was significantly reduced in the absence of extracellular Na+ or Ca2+. However, BAPTA-AM induced an increase in steady-state pHL that was independent of V-ATPase inhibition. Moreover, the BAPTA-induced alkalinization was still apparent after depletion of intracellular Ca2+ using the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 in Ca2+-free medium. We conclude that pHL of trout hepatocytes is sensitive to hypertonicity and ionic determinants of hypertonicity. Thus, changes in pHL should be considered when studying pH adaptations to hypertonic stress.
Using the Text Corpus to Create a Comprehensive List of Phrasal Verbs

The paper describes extraction of Estonian multi-word verbs from text corpora, using a languageand task-specific software tool SENVA, which is based on a statistical language-independent software tool SENTA (Dias et al, 2000). The outcome is a comprehensive list of 16,000 phrasal verbs. We describe the extraction tool, manual post-editing principles, and evaluate the outcome in terms of precision and recall, comparing the results with man-made electronic dictionaries, and with the results of a manual extraction experiment of a sub-set of the MWV-s.
On the thermodynamic instability of LST

The high energy thermodynamics of Little String Theory (LST) is known to be unstable. An unresolved question is whether the corresponding instability in LST holographic dual is of stringy or supergravity origin. We study UV thermodynamics of a large metric deformation of the LST dual realized (in the extremal case) by type IIB fivebranes wrapping a two-sphere of a resolved conifold, and demonstrate that the resulting black hole has negative specific heat. This explicitly shows that the high energy thermodynamic instability of the LST holographic dual is of the supergravity origin.
Evaluation of Pradhana Sharira and Manas Prakriti (bodily and mental constitution) on disease manifestations in generalized anxiety disorder

Background and Aim: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most menacing disorder in Ayurveda and it is equated to Chittodvega. The concept of Prakriti (human constitution) can be applied for manifestation and prognosis of diseases. Therefore, in this study, we intend to study Pradhana Sharira and Manas Prakriti (dominant bodily and mental constitution) in Chittodvega (GAD) patients. Methods: Prakriti of 101 patients of Chittodvega was assessed as per Prakriti assessment pro forma. Vata, Pitta, and Kapha Doshas (bodily humor) dominant Prakriti were analyzed according to their characteristics found in the patients. Results: The data was expressed as percentage. Vata Pradhana Prakriti and Rajas Pradhana Prakriti patients were found maximum. Conclusion: Dominant Vata and Rajas Prakriti has an influence on the manifestations of that Dosha-dominant disease Chittodvega (GAD).
Gravity Driven Flows over Two-Dimensional Topographies Measurement of the Free Surface using Phase Stepped Interferometry

Thin films are important in Philips products like CD, DVD, displays and electronic devices. When deposited from the liquid phase, the final thickness uniformity of the thin film will depend on the behaviour of the flow over existing topographies. Our purpose is to understand this behaviour. For one-dimensional (1D) topographies a lot of experiments have already been performed. Our goal is to see what happens when the topography is two-dimensional (2D). To this end, the existing single-arm interferometer, suitable for 1D flows, has been replaced by a phase-stepped interferometer, that automatically delivers the 2D free-surface profile in the field of view. This report is thus divided into : • Description of the Phase-stepped Interferometer. • Observation of 1-dimensional features. • Observation of 2-dimensional features, influence of different parameters on the free-surface. In each part a comparison with theory is performed. Conclusions: The Phase-Stepped Interferometer is well adapted to measure the free surface of fluid over 2D features. It is fast and accurate (1% precision in the profile). The vertical dimension of the feature must not be too large. The best results have been seen with 10 microns topographies. For c ©Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. 2000 iii UR 2000/829 Unclassified Report 20 microns, the measurement is harder. Beyond 20 microns, it is not possible to have measurements extending over large lateral scales. Local measurements are always possible with a suitable choice of tilt. The range of flow rates used allows to have thicknesses from 50 microns to 120 microns. All the measurements have thus been done in this range of flow rate. The technique can be extended to real topographies occurring for instance in displays. iv c ©Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. 2000 Unclassified Report UR 2000/829
A Generalized Stability Theorem for Continuous Chaos Systems and Design of Pseudorandom Number Generator

This study first proposes a concept of generalized stability (GST) for continuous chaos system, which is the generalization of chaos generalized synchronization (CGS). Then this study sets up a constructive theorem of GST for continuous chaos system, which provides a general representation of GST in continuous chaos system. Using the theorem designs an 8- dimensional GST system consisting of a driving chaotic system and a driven chaotic system. Numerical simulation verifies the chaotic dynamic behaviors of such GST system, which is used to design a chaotic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG). Using FIPS 140-2 test suite and G FIPS 140-2 test suite test the randomness of four 1,000-key streams consisting of 20,000 bits generated respectively by the CPRNG, the RC4 algorithm, the ZUC algorithm and a 6-dimensional CGS-based CPRNG. The results show that the randomness performances of the CPRNG is promising, and suggest that the statistical properties of the randomness of the sequences generated via the two CPRNGs and the two algorithms do not have significant differences. In addition, the key space of the CPRNG is larger than 21195.
Transcript Collision Attacks: Breaking Authentication in TLS, IKE and SSH

In response to high-profile attacks that exploit hash function collisions, software vendors have started to phase out the use of MD5 and SHA-1 in third-party digital signature applications such as X.509 certificates. However, weak hash constructions continue to be used in various cryptographic constructions within mainstream protocols such as TLS, IKE, and SSH, because practitioners argue that their use in these protocols relies only on second preimage resistance, and hence is unaffected by collisions. This paper systematically investigates and debunks this argument. We identify a new class of transcript collision attacks on key exchange protocols that rely on efficient collision-finding algorithms on the underlying hash constructions. We implement and demonstrate concrete credential-forwarding attacks on TLS 1.2 client authentication, TLS 1.3 server authentication, and TLS channel bindings. We describe almost-practical impersonation and downgrade attacks in TLS 1.1, IKEv2 and SSH-2. As far as we know, these are the first collision-based attacks on the cryptographic constructions used in these popular protocols. Our practical attacks on TLS were responsibly disclosed (under the name SLOTH) and have resulted in security updates to several TLS libraries. Our analysis demonstrates the urgent need for disabling all uses of weak hash functions in mainstream protocols, and our recommendations have been incorporated in the upcoming Token Binding and TLS 1.3 protocols.
Characterization of Yellow Fever Virus Infection of Human and Non-human Primate Antigen Presenting Cells and Their Interaction with CD4+ T Cells

Humans infected with yellow fever virus (YFV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, can develop illness ranging from a mild febrile disease to hemorrhagic fever and death. The 17D vaccine strain of YFV was developed in the 1930s, has been used continuously since development and has proven very effective. Genetic differences between vaccine and wild-type viruses are few, yet viral or host mechanisms associated with protection or disease are not fully understood. Over the past 20 years, a number of cases of vaccine-associated disease have been identified following vaccination with 17D; these cases have been correlated with reduced immune status at the time of vaccination. Recently, several studies have evaluated T cell responses to vaccination in both humans and non-human primates, but none have evaluated the response to wild-type virus infection. In the studies described here, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and dendritic cells (MoDC) from both humans and rhesus macaques were evaluated for their ability to support infection with either wild-type Asibi virus or the 17D vaccine strain and the host cytokine and chemokine response characterized. Human MoDC and MDM were also evaluated for their ability to stimulate CD4+ T cells. It was found that MoDC and MDM supported viral replication and that there were differential cytokine responses to infection with either wild-type or vaccine viruses. Additionally, MoDCs infected with live 17D virus were able to stimulate IFN-γ and IL-2 production in CD4+ T cells, while cells infected with Asibi virus were not. These data demonstrate that wild-type and vaccine YFV stimulate different responses in target antigen presenting cells and that wild-type YFV can inhibit MoDC activation of CD4+ T cells, a critical component in development of protective immunity. These data provide initial, but critical insight into regulatory capabilities of wild-type YFV in development of disease.
Reconstructing speech events: Comparing English and Spanish

Abstract In this article I focus on the verbs used to introduce Direct Speech in a corpus of fictional narratives in English and their Spanish translations in order to compare the way these two languages reconstruct speech events in texts by means of verbs of communication (e.g., say/decir, counter/argumentar, declare/manifestar) and other non-speech patterns (e.g., grin/sonreir, scowl/fruncir el ceño). Drawing upon typological research on motion (Talmy 1985, 1988, 1991; Slobin 1996a, 1996b, 2004, 2005, 2006), I address the following questions: (a) How do English and Spanish recreate a speech event by means of the verbs used to introduce Direct Speech? , (b) What does this say about these languages typologically-wise? and (c) Is it congruent with descriptions of Spanish and English as typological opposites in the literature? The hypothesis is that the differences between these two languages do not rest upon lexical availability, but on the weight placed in different speech elements in agreement with two different agendas regarding speech events. While congruent with typological studies, this piece of research attempts to broaden their scope and explore a topic still underexplored.
TCAM core design in 3D IC for low matchline capacitance and low power

Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) has been an emerging technology for fast packet forwarding, commonly used in longest prefix match routing. Large table size requirements and wider lookup table data widths have led to higher capacity TCAM designs. However, the fully parallel characteristic of TCAM makes large TCAM design more challenging and limits its capacity due to intensive power consumption. This paper proposes 3D IC technology as a solution to reduce the power consumption by reducing the interconnect capacitances of TCAM. In 3D IC, multiple wafers are stacked on top of each other, and the tiers are vertically connected through 3D vias. 3D vias reduce metal interconnect lengths and parasitic capacitances, resulting in power reduction. In this paper, 3D vias are used to replace matchlines, whose transition during parallel search operations is a major source of high power consumption in TCAM. An analysis of parasitic interconnect capacitance has been done using a quasi-static electromagnetic field simulation tool, Ansoft's Q3D Extractor, on a TCAM memory core in both conventional 2D IC structure and 3D IC structure with the process parameters of the MIT Lincoln Labs 0. 18μm FDSOI process. Field analysis and spice simulation results using a capacitance model for interconnects show that a 40% matchline capacitance reduction and a 23% power reduction can be achieved by using a 3-tier 3D IC structure instead of the conventional 2D approach.
Linear and nonlinear ICA based on mutual information

Independent component analysis (ICA), both linear and nonlinear, one of the best methods is minimum the mutual information (MI) of the estimated components. Sometimes it is exist many local minima, especially nonlinear mixtures. genetic algorithm (GA) is a method against local minima, and have a high degree of flexibility in the evaluation function. This paper introduce the MI theories, and use MA and GA into the linear and nonlinear ICA. The method of adaptive algorithms for ICA will be helpful to further study, the last give some experimental results.
Performance Audits and Supreme Audit Institutions’ Impact on Public Administration: The Case of the Office of the Auditor General in Norway

Performance audit is widespread but contested. The “audit society” proposition holds that audits are rituals producing comfort, whereas the “mandatory audit” proposition in public policy presumes that audits have positive impacts. Common to both propositions is the lack of empirical evidence of audit impact. This article analyzes survey data of the auditees’ tendency to make changes as a consequence of Supreme Audit Institutions’ performance audits. Civil servants who had experienced performance audits responded that ministries and agencies tend to make changes, but instrumental, institutional, and political factors have an effect on the institution’s propensity to make changes.
Getting Started in Tiling Microarray Analysis

The availability of sequenced eukaryotic genomes and commercial oligonucleotide tiling microarrays has enabled many genomics applications. Different from expression microarrays, tiling microarrays have probes that cover the entire genome or contigs of the genome in an unbiased fashion. Currently three commercial sources provide tiling microarrays with different probe lengths and spacing, and array design characteristics. Affymetrix tiles 6 million 25-mer probes per array, which offers the lowest price per probe and the highest resolution (chromosomal distance between neighboring probe centers). Its arrays use one-color assays, so individual samples are hybridized to different arrays. NimbleGen can tile 385,000 50- to 75-mer probes, and Agilent can tile 244,000 60-mer probes per array. The latter two platforms, with longer oligonucleotide probes and two-color assays for which treatment and control samples are differentially labeled and put on the same array for competitive hybridization, have slightly better sensitivity. They are also flexible for custom array design, especially Agilent's multiplex arrays, which allow multiple samples to hybridize on different subareas of the same array. These tiling arrays offer diverse genomic applications, each with its own data analysis challenges.