Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capacity of multiple-antenna fading channels: spatial fading correlation, double scattering, and keyhole

The capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channels is limited by both the spatial fading correlation and rank deficiency of the channel. While spatial fading correlation reduces the diversity gains, rank deficiency due to double scattering or keyhole effects decreases the spatial multiplexing gains of multiple-antenna channels. In this paper, taking into account realistic propagation environments in the presence of spatial fading correlation, double scattering, and keyhole effects, we analyze the ergodic (or mean) MIMO capacity for an arbitrary finite number of transmit and receive antennas. We assume that the channel is unknown at the transmitter and perfectly known at the receiver so that equal power is allocated to each of the transmit antennas. Using some statistical properties of complex random matrices such as Gaussian matrices, Wishart (1928) matrices, and quadratic forms in the Gaussian matrix, we present a closed-form expression for the ergodic capacity of independent Rayleigh-fading MIMO channels and a tight upper bound for spatially correlated/double scattering MIMO channels. We also derive a closed-form capacity formula for keyhole MIMO channels. This analytic formula explicitly shows that the use of multiple antennas in keyhole channels only offers the diversity advantage, but provides no spatial multiplexing gains. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy of our analytical expressions and the tightness of upper bounds.
Pornografía y Salud Mental.

The author seeks to clarify the conceptual lack of definition between terms like eroticism, lust, obscenity and pornography. The author points out the confusion between the psychopathological and the ideological when it comes to assessing the possible negative effects of pornography on young people and on the dignity of the woman. The author recommends that the mental health professionals faithfully collaborate with the welfare systems when confronting these phenomena, provided that the programmes that they take part in do not clash with their ethical conceptions. There is data about the possible harmfulness of pornography that, although not scientifically defined, makes it recommendable that the professionals adopt a posture of sensible reservation.
Functional localization of the human color center by decreased water displacement using diffusion‐weighted fMRI

Decreased water displacement following increased neural activity has been observed using diffusion‐weighted functional MRI (DfMRI) at high b‐values. The physiological mechanisms underlying the diffusion signal change may be unique from the standard blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) contrast and closer to the source of neural activity. Whether DfMRI reflects neural activity more directly than BOLD outside the primary cerebral regions remains unclear.
Non-linear probability estimation method used in HMM for modeling frame correlation

In this paper we present a novel method to incorporate temporal correlation into a speech recognition system based on HMM. An obvious way to incorporate temporal correlation is to condition the probability of the current observation on the current state as well as on the previous observation and the previous state. But use this method directly must lead to unreliable parameter estimates for the number of parameters to be estimated may increase too excessively to limited train data. In this paper, we approximate the joint conditional PD by non-linear estimation method. The HMM incorporated temporal correlation by non-linear estimation method, which we called it FC HMM does not need any additional parameters and it only brings a little additional computing quantity. The results in the experiment show that the top 1 recognition rate of FC HMM has been raised by 6 percent compared to the traditional HMM method.
Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems

Corrosion associated with microorganisms has been recognized for over 50 years and yet the study of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is relatively new. MIC can occur in diverse environments and is not limited to aqueous corrosion under submerged conditions, but also takes place in humid atmospheres. Biofouling of industrial water systems is the phenomenon whereby surfaces in contact with water are colonized by microorganisms, which are ubiquitous in our environment. However, the economic implications of biofouling in industrial water systems are much greater than many people realize. In a survey conducted by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers of the United States ten years ago, it was found that many corrosion engineers did not accept the role of bacteria in corrosion, and many of them that did, could not recognize and mitigate the problem. Biofouling can be described in terms of its effects on processes and products such as material degradation (bio-corossion), product contamination, mechanical blockages, and impedance of heat transfer. Microorganisms distinguish themselves from other industrial water contaminants by their ability to utilize available nutrient sources, reproduce, and generate intra- and extracellular organic and inorganic substances in water. A sound understanding of the molecular and physiological activities of the microorganisms involved is necessary before strategies for the long term control of biofouling can be format. Traditional water treatment strategies however, have largely failed to address those factors that promote biofouling activities and lead to biocorrosion. Some of the major developments in recent years have been a redefinition of biofilm architecture and the realization that MIC of metals can be best understood as biomineralization.
Bcl‐2 expression on fine‐needle aspirates from primary breast carcinoma

The bcl‐2 gene encodes for a protein that is involved in cell death regulation. It frequently is expressed in breast tumors, in which it is associated with favorable prognostic factors. It has been suggested that bcl‐2 also may act as a modulator of response to chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy. Because fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy has been established as a reliable method for the diagnosis and biologic characterization of breast carcinoma, we assessed Bcl‐2 expression on FNAs from primary breast carcinoma and evaluated its correlations with other prognostic variables.
Speech Acts and Silencing: A Social Account of Speech Action and Restrictions on Speech

There is considerable debate, in the philosophical literature, over which norm constitutes assertion. These debates are all misguided because there is no such norm. In this chapter I offer some evidence for this claim by challenging the three main motivations we seem to have for a constitutive norm of assertion. First, some are motivated by analogies between language and games. Second, some are motivated by the intuition that some assertions are worthy of criticism. Third, some are motivated by the discursive responsibilities incurred by asserting. I demonstrate that none of these offer good reasons to believe in a constitutive norm of assertion, as such a norm is understood in the literature. Others who have made similar arguments conclude that, because assertion is not normatively constituted, it does not exist at all – in other words, that there is no such thing as assertion. I disagree, and offer some reassurance: we do not have to relinquish the category of assertion just because it is not normatively constituted. I close the chapter with a sketch of an alternative understanding of assertion that has its roots in traditional speech act theory. §1. Norms and Norms The philosophical debates over which norm constitutes assertion are misguided because there is no such norm. Assertion is not normatively constituted. I don’t mean, by this, that there are no norms to which our assertions are subject. Just like our other behavior, assertions can be evaluated in myriad ways. Just as we can evaluate a person’s eating behavior as polite, graceful, ill mannered, irrational, or well advised, we can also so evaluate their assertions. Insofar as the norms according to which we judge an assertion as polite, beautiful, inefficient, etc., are norms for assertions, then certainly assertion has norms. However, just as a person’s eating habits are not defined or constituted by the norms that allow us to make these evaluations, neither are our assertoric practices. I also don’t mean that there is no accurate description of a normal assertion. Assertions are normally spoken or written. If spoken, they’re normally within some range of volumes. It would be unusual to assert in some language not shared by one’s
Dendritic location of synapses and possible mechanisms for the monosynaptic EPSP in motoneurons.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER is to bring together recent experimental and theoretical results which, when considered together, add to our understanding of the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in moto-neurons. A general mathematical neuron model has been proposed which provides a means of computing EPSP properties that result when synapses are distributed over the soma and dendrites of a nerve cell (29). This general model contains a set of theoretical parameters corresponding to such neu-ronal properties as the membrane time constan . t, the dendritic electro tonic length, the surface area ratio and the condu . ctance ra tio of dendrites to soma, the spatial distribution of synaptic input over the soma . -dendritic surface, and the time course of synaptic current or synaptic conductance. Every specific application of this general model depends upon selecting a set of values for these parameters. We wish to explore the application of this general model to the particular case of the cat spinal motoneuron. Intracellular recordings from motoneurons have provided a description of many of the properties of the monosynaptic EPSP's of these cells (4, 7, 8, 24, 32). In particular, the shapes of the unitary, miniature EPSP's resulting from activation of single Ia afferent fibers have been described. The relationship of these unitary EPSP's to the composite EPSP's elicited by electrical stimulation of many Ia fibers has been discussed (4). We wish to determine whether the experimental data will allow us to put some restrictions on the model parameters which determine EPSP shapes and to provide a more sharply defined picture of the organizati on of synapses on the motoneuronal soma and dendritic tree. In PART I of this paper we will show that a number of restrictions do emerge from\ the analysis. For example, we have found that simple variations in the time course of synaptic currents cannot reproduce the observed EPSP shapes if the synaptic input is distributed uniformly over the motoneuron surface. The most restrictive model which successfully simulates the observed data, and the model which we will discuss in some detail, involves a single time course for the synaptic current, but with the synaptic input occurring in different combinations of somatic and dendritic locations. Thus, a
Functional Implications of Synaptic Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity and Anti-Hebbian Membrane Potential Dependent Plasticity

Recent extensions of the Perceptron as the Tempotron and the Chronotron suggest that this theoretical concept is highly relevant for understanding networks of spiking neurons in the brain. It is not known, however, how the computational power of the Perceptron might be accomplished by the plasticity mechanisms of real synapses. Here we prove that spike-timing-dependent plasticity having an anti-Hebbian form for excitatory synapses as well as a spike-timing-dependent plasticity of Hebbian shape for inhibitory synapses are sufficient for realizing the original Perceptron Learning Rule if these respective plasticity mechanisms act in concert with the hyperpolarisation of the post-synaptic neurons. We also show that with these simple yet biologically realistic dynamics Tempotrons and Chronotrons are learned. The proposed mechanism enables incremental associative learning from a continuous stream of patterns and might therefore underly the acquisition of long term memories in cortex. Our results underline that learning processes in realistic networks of spiking neurons depend crucially on the interactions of synaptic plasticity mechanisms with the dynamics of participating neurons.
Higher-order functional reactive programming without spacetime leaks

Functional reactive programming (FRP) is an elegant approach to declaratively specify reactive systems. However, the powerful abstractions of FRP have historically made it difficult to predict and control the resource usage of programs written in this style. In this paper, we give a new language for higher-order reactive programming. Our language generalizes and simplifies prior type systems for reactive programming, by supporting the use of streams of streams, first-class functions, and higher-order operations. We also support many temporal operations beyond streams, such as terminatable streams, events, and even resumptions with first-class schedulers. Furthermore, our language supports an efficient implementation strategy permitting us to eagerly deallocate old values and statically rule out spacetime leaks, a notorious source of inefficiency in reactive programs. Furthermore, these memory guarantees are achieved without the use of a complex substructural type discipline. We also show that our implementation strategy of eager deallocation is safe, by showing the soundness of our type system with a novel step-indexed Kripke logical relation.
Outcomes with retrievable inferior vena cava filters: a multicenter study.

PURPOSE To retrospectively review the outcomes after placement and retrieval of retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters at two academic medical centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients who underwent retrievable filter placement between May 2001 and December 2005 were included. Hospital records at both institutions were reviewed, and relevant data were collected concerning the placement and retrieval of all removable filters. RESULTS A total of 197 patients underwent placement of a retrievable IVC filter. Of those, 143 patients (72.5%) had Günther Tulip filters (GTFs) placed, and 54 patients (27.5%) had Recovery filters placed. A total of 94 patients underwent attempted filter retrieval, accounting for just less than half of all retrievable filters placed during the study period (47.7%). Retrievals were successful in 80 patients (85.1%). Half the retrieval failures (n = 7) were the result of thrombus within the filter, and technical difficulties (eg, filter embedded in IVC wall, tilted filter) were the cause of retrieval failure in the other half. There was no significant difference in retrieval failure rates between the GTF and Recovery filter (16.4% vs 9.5%, respectively). GTFs were removed after a median implantation time of 11 days (range, 1-139 d), whereas Recovery filters were removed after a median implantation time of 28 days (range, 6-117 d). CONCLUSIONS Placement and retrieval of nonpermanent IVC filters can be performed safely with a high technical success rate. In patients at high risk for venous thromboembolism and contraindication to anticoagulation, retrievable filters may be used aggressively to prevent the potentially devastating outcome of pulmonary embolism.
Repairing Erasure Codes

Distributed storage systems introduce redundancy to increase reliability. When erasure coding is used, the exact repair problem arises: if a node storing encoded information fails, in order to maintain the same level of reliability we need to create encoded information at a new node. This amounts to a partial recovery of the code, whereas conventional erasure coding focuses on the complete recovery of the information from a subset of encoded packets. The consideration of the repair network traffic gives rise to new design challenges. Recently, it was established that maintenance bandwidth can be reduced by orders of magnitude compared to standard erasure codes using network coding techniques. We discuss this work in progress and several theoretical and practical challenges on designing erasure codes specifically for storage systems when maintenance communication matters.
Start Simple and then Refine: Bias-Variance Decomposition as a Diagnosis Tool for Leakage Profiling

Evaluating the resistance of cryptosystems to side-channel attacks is an important research challenge. Profiled attacks reveal the degree of resilience of a cryptographic device when an adversary examines its physical characteristics. So far, evaluation laboratories launch several physical attacks (based on engineering intuitions) in order to find one strategy that eventually extracts secret information (such as a secret cryptographic key). The certification step represents a complex task because in practice the evaluators have tight memory and time constraints. In this paper, we propose a principled way of guiding the design of the most successful evaluation strategies thanks to the (bias-variance) decomposition of a security metric of profiled attacks. Our results show that we can successfully apply our framework on unprotected and protected algorithms implemented in software and hardware.
Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

All proteins in mammalian cells are continually being degraded and replaced. In the cytosol, nucleus, and organelles, individual proteins are degraded at widely differing rates; some cytosolic enzymes have half-lives as short as 10 minutes, whereas others last for days. The average rate of protein turnover also varies among tissues; the majority of proteins in rat hepatocytes are replaced every few days, whereas those in muscle or brain cells are replaced every one to two weeks. The amount of intracellular protein turned over each day is quite large. In a normal 70-kg adult, about 280 g of protein is synthesized .
Nanotechnology based cell-all phone-sensors for extended network chemical sensing

The work presented here is a first ever complete intelligent network chemical sensing system with a compact, low-cost, low-power, high-speed nanosensor array-based detector integrated with a smartphone for detection of chemical threats and transmission of sensor data via cellphone communication system to a network cloud for centralizing the chemical sensing information from 29 phone-sensors at different locations across the country.
Spontaneous decrease in portal pressure with clinical improvement in cirrhosis.

THERE is much to be learned regarding the natural history of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. This is a natural consequence of the lack of a technic for direct measurement of portal pressure and the relative difficulty of documenting the presence of esophageal varices. Increased reliance on surgical portal decompression for the control of esophageal hemorrhage focuses attention on the need for knowledge regarding spontaneous fluctuations in portal pressure that may be correlated with progression or improvement in the cirrhotic process. The possibility that portal hypertension, once developed, will decrease spontaneously has been suggested by reports of reduction in size or .
Role of the 92.5-kilodalton outer membrane protein of Campylobacter jejuni in serological reactions

Outer membrane proteins from 12 strains of Campylobacter jejuni were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with rabbit antisera prepared against Formalin-treated cell suspensions of three of the strains. The 92.5-kilodalton protein was confirmed to be a minor outer membrane protein and exhibited serological heterogeneity. Serological specificities of the proteins, however, were found not to correlate with serotypic specificities of the strains, as demonstrated by slide agglutination tests with whole-cell suspensions. The results suggested that the 92.5-kilodalton proteins were not likely to be participating antigenic determinants in the immunological reactions that give rise to agglutination of live-cell suspensions in the slide test.
Riemann-Roch for Sub-Lattices of the Root Lattice An

Recently, Baker and Norine {Advances in Mathematics, 215(2): 766-788, 2007} found new analogies between graphs and Riemann surfaces by developing a Riemann-Roch machinery on a finite graph $G$. In this paper, we develop a general Riemann-Roch Theory for sub-lattices of the root lattice $A_n$ by following the work of Baker and Norine, and establish connections between the Riemann-Roch theory and the Voronoi diagrams of lattices under certain simplicial distance functions. In this way, we rediscover the work of Baker and Norine from a geometric point of view and generalise their results to other sub-lattices of $A_n$. In particular, we provide a geometric approach for the study of the Laplacian of graphs. We also discuss some problems on classification of lattices with a Riemann-Roch formula as well as some related algorithmic issues.
Perspectives on computer aiding in cognitive work domains: toward predictions of effectiveness and use

A two-stage process is proposed for evaluating computer aiding in cognitive work domains. The first stage relies on a taxonomic framework that facilitates assessments regarding the relative strengths and weaknesses of humans and computers for different computer-aiding schemes. The second stage introduces the construct of tension, which addresses the potential implications of the interplay between computer aiding constraints and human tendencies. This approach is intended to provide designers, analysts and managers with greater insight into the nature of computer aiding and ultimately to enhance their ability to predict its effectiveness as well as its prospects for being used.
Generation of 3D thermal models for dentistry applications

There are a variety of medical imaging modalities available, although each modality focus into different aspects, for example: anatomical, physiological or geometrical information. This paper presents a new imaging modality (3D THERMO-SCAN) that combines anatomical computer tomography (CT) imaging slices, together with 2D infrared thermography images and 3D scanned shaped models of the area under study. Therefore, it is presented the 3D reconstructions involving a case study of a volunteer with bruxism. Some characteristics of bruxism are the hyperactivity of the chewing muscles, which changes the dynamics of microcirculation, also changing the correspondent skin's temperature. The emphasis is to show the corresponding structures, such as jaw/mandibular region that will produce either decrease or increase in temperature, which are related to bruxism and the associated use of an occlusal splint, respectively.
Lactate during exercise at extreme altitude.

Maximal exercise at extreme altitude results in profound arterial hypoxemia and, presumably, extreme tissue hypoxia. The best evidence available indicates that the resting arterial PO2 on the summit of Mount Everest is about 28 torr and that it falls even further during exercise. Nevertheless, some 10 climbers have now reached the summit without supplementary oxygen. Paradoxically, blood lactate for a given work rate at high altitude in acclimatized subjects is essentially the same as at sea level. Because work capacity decreases markedly with increasing altitude, maximal blood lactate also falls. Extrapolation of available data up to 6300 m indicates that a climber who reaches the Everest summit will have no increase in blood lactate. The cause of the low blood lactate during exercise at extreme altitude is not fully understood. One possibility is depletion of plasma bicarbonate in acclimatized subjects, which reduces buffering and results in large increases in H+ concentration for a given release of lactate. The consequent local fall in pH may inhibit enzymes, e.g., phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.56), in the glycolytic pathway.