Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic analysis of cassava production (farming) in Akwa Ibom State.

The study evaluates economic analysis of cassava production in Eket local government area of Akwa Ibom state of Nigeria. Data were collected by the use of multistage random sampling with the help of well structured questionnaire and interview schedule. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the socio-economic data, and result reveals that 60% of the farmers were female with little or no formal education the result also shows that 85% of the farmland is inherited and their investment capital is from personal savings. Gross Margin analysis was used to analyzed the cost and return data, the result reveals that for a hectare of sole cassava the gross margin was #141,950.00 giving a cost benefit ratio of #1.90; #1.00, this shows that for every #1.00 spent there is a corresponding profit of 90kobo. Nevertheless there was inefficient utilization of resources, from the findings there is need for the farmers in the study area to improve on resource allocation and these can be achieved through adequate training and educating the farmers on proper resource allocation so as to achieve the needed optimality. Keywords; Economic, Cassava, Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria.
Nonlinear Internal Wave Evolution in the Sulu Sea

Abstract This paper presents an analytical investigation of nonlinear internal wave evolution in the Sulu Sea. A solitary wave theory that describes tie evolution of internal solitons has been developed and expanded to include effects of vertical shear, variable bottom topography, radial spreading, and dissipation. A numerical parametric study has been performed in order to understand the relative importance of radial spreading and dissipation effects on soliton decay across the Sulu Sea. Using Sulu Sea environmental and initial data, the numerical simulations reproduce reasonably well the measurements at the downstream mooring from the Sulu Sea Internal Soliton Experiment. Comparison of simulations with data on the evolution of lead wave amplitude across the Sulu Sea indicates that the variable depth effect is appreciable, and the radial spreading and dissipation effects are very significant The effects of the Earth's rotation, vertical shear, variable bottom topography, radial spreading and dissipation .
Multiple Alpine Glaciation in the Leavenworth Area, Washington

In this area there is evidence for three successive Pleistocene glaciations, each of which was less extensive than the preceding one. The first two glaciations were separated by a long interval. The third is fairly well established as a distinct event but may possibly represent a phase of the preceding stage. In any case the third glaciation is undoubtedly equivalent to all or to part of the Wisconsin stage.
Joint inversion for three-dimensional S velocity mantle structure along the Tethyan margin

Abstract : For purposes of studying the lateral heterogeneity as well as for ultimately predicting seismograms for this region, we construct a new 3-D S-velocity model by jointly inverting a variety of different seismic data. We jointly invert regional waveforms, surface wave group velocity measurements, teleseismic S arrival times, and crustal thickness estimates from receiver functions, refraction lines, and gravity surveys. These data types have complementary resolving power for crust and mantle structures, vertical and lateral variations, shallow and deep mantle features, local and global structure. Therefore, a joint inversion of these data sets might help unravel the complexity of this tectonically diverse area. These measurements are made from a combination of mantle investigation of the deep suture between Europe and Africa (MIDSEA), Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL), GeoScope, Geofon, Global Seismographic Network (GSN), International Deployment of Accelerometeres (IDA), MedNet, national networks, and local deployments throughout the study region which extends from the western Mediterranean region to the Hindu Kush and encompasses northeastern Africa, the Arabian peninsula, the Middle East, and part of the Atlantic Ocean for reference. We have fitted the waveforms of regional S and Rayleigh waves from over 3800 seismograms using Partitioned Waveform Inversion. We include over 3000 crustal thickness estimates from receiver functions, gravity measurements, and refraction profiles. We include Rayleigh wave group velocities for hundred thousands of paths transecting the region. We have over 3000 teleseismic S arrival times measured through cross correlation and over 170000 from picks originally reported to the International Seismological Centre (ISC).
Evaporation from Amazonian rainforest

The results of a two-year Anglo-Brazilian study of the micrometeorology and process hydrology of undisturbed tropical rainforest at a site in central Amazonia are described. Sample measurements of dry-canopy evaporation from three intensive field campaigns and continuous measurements of rainfall interception loss are used to calibrate a micrometeorological model of evaporation from the forest canopy. Evaporation at this site is calculated by the model from September 1983 to September 1985 by using hourly-average meteorological measurements routinely taken above the canopy, and regular measurements of soil water tension averaged to a depth of one metre. The monthly evaporation derived in this way is compared with the measured precipitation and radiant energy input to the forest, and with calculated potential evaporation rates. Over the whole study period, approximately 10% of rainfall was intercepted by the forest canopy, and this accounted for 20-25 % of the evaporation. The remainder occurred as transpiration from the trees. Over this same period, about one half of the incoming precipitation is returned to the atmosphere as evaporation, a process which requires 90% of the radiant energy input. These proportions exhibit some seasonal behaviour in response to the large seasonal variation in rainfall. The average evaporation over two years was within 5% of potential evaporation. Monthly-average evaporation exceeds potential estimates by about 10% during wet months, and falls below such estimates by at least this proportion in dry months. These data provide the hitherto missing numerical basis for assessing the likely consequences of Amazonian deforestation on surface water and energy balances.
Classification of road sign type using mobile stereo vision

This paper presents a portable mobile stereo vision system designed for the assessment of road signage and delineation (lines and reflective pavement markers or "cat's eyes"). This novel system allows both geometric and photometric measurements to be made on objects in a scene. Global Positioning System technology provides important location data for any measurements made. Using the system it has been shown that road signs can be classfied by nature of their reflectivity. This is achieved by examining the changes in the reflected light intensity with changes in range (facilitated by stereo vision). Signs assessed include those made from retro-reflective materials, those made from diffuse reflective materials and those made from diffuse reflective matrials with local illumination. Field-testing results demonstrate the systems ability to classify objects in the scene based on their reflective properties. The paper includes a discussion of a physical model that supports the experimental data.
Formation and emplacement of the Dolodrook serpentinite body, Lachlan Orogen, Victoria

Serpentinised peridotite and ultramafic breccia make up an approximately 5 km‐long, 1 km‐wide fault slice within turbidites in the Dolodrook River region of the central Lachlan Orogen. The serpentinite body is surrounded by juvenile, mafic‐ultramafic sedimentary rocks with Cambrian limestone olistoliths representative of locally derived debris flows, and Middle to Upper Ordovician black shale, chert, sandstone and mudstone. The antiformal geometry and nature of the ultramafic breccia and mafic‐ultramafic sedimentary rocks (Garvey Gully Formation) indicate that the serpentinite body may have been either a former oceanic transform fault zone, a Marianas‐style serpentine seamount or a combination of these. Observations of modern‐day forearc regions show that faulting processes have led to the exposure of serpentinised peridotite horst blocks and serpentine mud volcanoes that have intruded along fault conduits (e.g. Marianas and Izu‐Bonin forearcs). At Dolodrook, the structural and metamorphic relationships with the surrounding rocks, and the lithological associations, have much in common with these observations and indicate that Dolodrook may be an ancient, on‐land example of an accreted seamount or oceanic topographic high. Structural relationships, the very low metamorphic grade of all rocks at Dolodrook, and the presence of broken formation developed in not‐fully lithified Middle to Upper Ordovician sandstone and mudstone indicate that the serpentinite body was emplaced at shallow crustal levels within the turbidite wedge (Tabberabbera Zone), possibly as an offscraped topographic high during marginal basin closure. The Dolodrook serpentinite has previously been inferred as part of the Cambrian igneous sequence (‘greenstones’) exposed in the Governor, Mt Wellington and Heathcote Fault Zones, but structural and metamorphic relationships with surrounding rocks, and the Cambrian tectonic setting in which it formed, have remained speculative.
Hybrid submarine flows comprising turbidity current and cohesive debris flow: Deposits, theoretical and experimental analyses, and generalized models

Hybrid flows comprising both turbidity current and submarine debris flow are a significant departure from many previous influential models for submarine sediment density flows. Hybrid beds containing cohesive debrite and turbidite are common in distal depositional environments, as shown by detailed observations from more than 20 modern and ancient systems worldwide. Hybrid flows, and cohesive debris flows more generally, are best classified in terms of a continuum of decreasing cohesive debris flow strength. High-strength cohesive debris flows tend to be clast rich and relatively thick, and their deposit extends back to near the site of original slope failure. They are typically confined to higher gradient continental slopes, but may occasionally form megabeds on basin plains, in both cases overlain by a thin turbidite. Intermediate-strength cohesive debris flows typically contain clasts, but their deposits may be <1 or 2 m thick on low-gradient fan fringes, and are encased in turbidite sand and mud. Clasts may be far-traveled, and meter-sized clasts can be rafted long distances across very low gradients if they are less dense than surrounding flow. Low-strength cohesive debris flows generally lack mud clasts, and as cohesive strength decreases further there is a transition into fluid mud layers that do not support sand. Intermediate- and low-strength cohesive debrites are consistently absent in more proximal parts of submarine systems, where faster moving sediment-charged flows are more likely to be turbulent. Intermediate-strength debris flows can run out for long distances on low gradients without hydroplaning. Very low strength cohesive debris flows most likely form through late-stage transformations near the site of debrite deposition, and emplaced gently to avoid mixing with surrounding seawater. The location and geometry of cohesive debrites in hybrid beds are controlled strongly by seafloor morphology and small changes in gradient. Debrites occur as fringes around raised channel-levee ridges, or in the central and lowest parts of basin plains lacking such ridges. Small variations in mud fraction produce profound changes in cohesive strength, flow viscosity, permeability, and the time taken for excess pore pressures to dissipate that span multiple orders of magnitude. Reduction in flow speed can also cause substantial increases in viscosity and yield strength in shear thinning muddy fluids. Small amounts of sediment can dampen or extinguish turbulence, especially as flow decelerates, affecting how sediment is supported or deposited. This ensures that cohesive debris flows and hybrid flows have a rich variety of behaviors.
Climate and litter quality controls on decomposition: An analysis of modeling approaches

Four mathematical models simulated decay of two litter types of contrasting quality over a 2‐year period at four sites in North America. The litter types were Drypetes glauca and Triticum aestivum, representing litter with high and low nitrogen:lignin ratios, respectively. The field sites were an Arctic tussock tundra (Alaska, United States), a warm desert (New Mexico, United States), a temperate deciduous forest (New York, United States) and a tropical rain forest (Puerto Rico). Models captured the overall patterns of site and litter quality controls on decomposition; both simulated and observed mass losses were higher in warm, moist environments (both forests) than in cold (tundra) or dry sites (desert), and simulated and observed decay was more rapid for Drypetes than Triticum. However, predictions tended to underestimate litter mass loss in the tropical forest and overestimate decay in the desert and tundra, suggesting that site controls in model formulations require refinement for use under such a broad range of conditions. Also, predicted nitrogen content of litter residues was lower than observed in Drypetes litter and higher than observed for Triticum. Thus mechanisms describing loss of nitrogen from high‐quality litter and nitrogen immobilization by low‐quality litter were not captured by model structure. Individual model behaviors revealed different sensitivities to controlling factors that were related to differences in model formulation. As these models represent working hypotheses regarding the process of litter decay, results emphasize the need for greater resolution of climate and litter quality controls. Results also demonstrate the need for finer resolution of the relationships between carbon and nitrogen dynamics during decomposition.
Householder decision-making under imminent wildfire threat: stay and defend or leave?

The study examined aspects of decision-making that distinguish between those who stay and defend their property and those who leave for an assumed safer location when a community comes under imminent threat from a severe wildfire. The data were obtained from field interviews with 49 survivors of the Murrindindi wildfire (Victoria, Australia, 7 February 2009) in which 38 people perished and that destroyed the small township of Marysville. Uncertainty about the level of threat was a major feature of the decision-making context in the period immediately preceding the impact of the fire. The majority of those who stayed and defended did so because they were committed to this plan of action. For most of those who left, the action of leaving was triggered by realisation of the severe threat posed by the intensity or location of the fire. Language: en
Influence of Relief and Land Cover on the Distribution of Values of the Land Surface Temperature in Upper Parsęta River Area

Abstract The primary research problem presented in the article is verification of the thesis on the influence of relief and land cover type on the spatial variability of the land surface temperature (LST) distribution in the area including the river catchment area of upper Parsęta. The paper presents the use of thermal channels from two Landsat ETM+ scenes pictures, Corine Land Cover database from 2000 as well as the DTED-2 digital elevation model. Two ETM+ thermal bands processing algorithms were used for calculation of the land surface temperature: Qin et al. (2001) and Jiménez-Muňoz et al. (2003). Conducted statistical tests show significant differences of the land surface temperature values between particular land cover forms as well as types of relief. LST maps can be applied in topoclimatology eg. to detail and verify the in situ measurements.
Groundwater flow to a well in a layered porous medium: 2. Nonsteady multiple‐aquifer flow

The generalized integral transform method employed in part 1 is extended to solve the problem of nonsteady flow to a well in a layered porous medium. Distinction is made between aquifers, with mainly horizontal flow, and aquitards, with vertical flow. Elastic storage is taken into account in both aquifers and aquitards. The number of layers is arbitrary. The formula obtained serves as a theoretical check on an approximate solution to the same problem that was obtained earlier.
A European Network for Earth System Modeling

The increasing complexity of Earth system models and the computing facilities needed to run those models put a heavy technical burden on research teams active in climate modeling. To ease this burden, a European collaborative venture called PRISM was initiated in December 2001 to organize a network of experts in order to share the development, maintenance, and support of Earth system modeling software tools and community standards. PRISM was recently reorganized, and a new Web portal (http://prism.enes.org) was unveiled in July 2006. The PRISM network was developed with the hope that advancing specific common standards and tools will reduce the technical development efforts of individual research teams, facilitate the assembling, running, and postprocessing of Earth system models based on state-of-the-art component models, and hence facilitate scientific collaboration between the different research groups in Europe and elsewhere.
Changes in New Zealand pan evaporation since the 1970s

Several previous studies have reported declines in pan evaporation rate throughout the Northern Hemisphere of about 2–4 mm a−2 for various periods since the 1950s. A recent analysis of Australian pan evaporation reported a similar decline and raises the possibility that part of the phenomenon may be related to the greenhouse effect. To assess that possibility, one needs to know whether the decline in evaporative demand is happening in other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. As a first step to addressing the latter question, we examined the trend in pan evaporation at 19 New Zealand sites. We found statistically significant declines in pan evaporation rate at 6 of the 19 sites. There were no sites with statistically significant increases in pan evaporation. When averaged across all 19 sites, the decline in pan evaporation rate was roughly 2 mm a−2 (i.e. mm per annum per annum) since the 1970s. Over a 30‐year period, this is equivalent to a decline of about 60 mm a−1 in annual pan evaporation. These results are generally consistent with those reported throughout the Northern Hemisphere and in Australia. We conclude that the trend for decreasing evaporative demand previously reported throughout the Northern Hemisphere terrestrial surface may also be widespread in the Southern Hemisphere. This may be, in part, a greenhouse‐related phenomenon. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Influence of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation on wintertime surface air temperature and cold surges in east Asia

[1] The variations of wintertime surface air temperature (SAT) and the occurrences of cold surges over east Asia in association with the Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO) are examined. The MJO is defined as a combination of the two leading empirical orthogonal function modes of 850 and 200 hPa zonal winds and outgoing longwave radiation in the tropics. The spatial pattern and magnitude of SAT anomalies over east Asia significantly change with respect to MJO phases. Composite analysis reveals that the MJO-SAT relationship is mainly affected by strong temperature advection in the lower troposphere. In addition, occurrences of cold surges are identified using objectively determined synoptic criteria, and their relation to the MJO is analyzed. Most extreme cold surges occur when the MJO convection center is located over the Indian Ocean, and it is suggested that MJO-induced circulation anomalies may reinforce the amplification of normal cold surges to extreme cold surges.
Mineralogy, stratigraphy, and provenance of soil coverbeds in the Kumara district, Westland

Abstract The sand and silt mineralogy of four soils preserved on fluvioglacial outwash terraces at Kumara indicates that the main soil body is developed in up to 1 m of loessial coverbeds that accumulated subsequent to cessation of gravel terrace formation. Oxygen isotope abundances of the dominant mineral quartz in these soils show a higher temperature origin for the >250 |4.m fraction, consistent with derivation from local granodiorites. Finer quartz is of a mixed provenance origin consistent with the variety of rock types in the region. The finest quartz, <5 Jim, of aerosolic origin, can be used as a proxy time record for the coverbed accumulations. The widespread 22 590 yr BP Aokautere Ash chronohorizon is preserved in three of the profiles, whilst wind redeposition of the glass shards is responsible for traces of rhyolitic glass in all subsequent horizons. Widespread landscape erosion is postulated either immediately before or during deposition of the K‐l terrace, so that similar subsequent coverbed sequences are preserved on the K‐1 and all older terraces in this district. Magnetic mineral assemblages in the profiles indicate a slightly different loessial provenance for the Cockeye, K‐l, and K‐2.1 profiles, but the K‐2.2 is significantly different from the rest. This is probably a function of aeolian winnowing and variability of source materials. In the past, different mountain catchments have connected with different lower river reaches, due to transcurrent movement on the Alpine Fault. This is interpreted as having led to changing provenance of river sediment supplying loess to local soils.
Terrestrial Heat Flow along the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico and Southern Colorado

From heat-flow data obtained in New Mexico and southern Colorado, one finds: (1) a major geothermal anomaly with heat-flow values greater than 2.5 HFU (heat-flow unit, microcal/(sq cm) sec) coincident with the western part of the Rio Grande rift; (2) a complex heat-flow pattern in the eastern Colorado Plateau with values of 1.5 HFU and less, apparently associated with major structural basins, and values of 2.0 HFU and greater, apparently associated with some intrusions and perhaps major uplifts; and (3) a regional increase in heat-flow values from 1.5 to 2.0 HFU to values greater than 2.5 HFU in southwestern New Mexico, which may be coincident with the north-trending geothermal transition zone between the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range provinces.