Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dust and gas in active galaxies

There are strong evidences which favour the existence of dust in active galaxies. Understanding the way in which dust interacts with the radiation and influences the physical conditions of the gas is crucial if we want to learn about the nature of the central active nucleus and about the physical conditions of the ISM in such galaxies. Not taking into account such effects may lead us towards misleading interpretations. Many intriguing questions concerns to the nature and the existence of dust in active galaxies: for instance, under which conditions does the very hard ionizing continuum of an AGN allows the survival of dust grains? Is the composition and size distribution of the dust the same as in our local interstellar medium? How is dust distributed compared to the gas which is at least in part highly ionized by the central AGN? Does dust also exist in radio galaxies at very high redshifts? The work developed in this thesis tries to find answers to some of these questions, through a detailed theoretical and observational research of the mechanisms which control the interaction of dust with the radiation and with the ions. The observable effects of the dust on the emission line spectrum are also analyzed in detail. The final goal has been to give clues about more general questions: origin of the emitting gas, ionization mechanisms, geometry, connection between low and high redshift active galaxies or the validity of the unification scenario. This thesis tries, in summary, to provide a clearer understanding of active galaxies in general.
The social network: How people infer relationships from mutual connections.

People infer that individuals are socially related if they have overlapping preferences, beliefs, and choices. Here we examined whether people also infer relationships by attending to social network information. In five preregistered experiments, participants were shown the social networks of two target people and their friends or acquaintances within a group, and judged if the targets were socially related to one another. In the first three experiments, adults (total N = 528) were more likely to judge that individuals were friends when a high rather than low proportion of their friendships were mutual. Adults also considered other factors when inferring friendships, such as the number of friends each individual had. In the final two experiments, 5-7-year-olds (total N = 135) were also sensitive to the proportion of mutual relationships. Together, our work suggests that people use proportional information and statistical inferences when assessing whether individuals are socially related. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Of Fixed-Effects and Time-Invariant Variables

What follows is a longish controversy (two critiques, a reply and two rejoinders) over the quality of the estimates and associated SEs provided by Plümper and Troeger's (2007) “fixed-effect vector decomposition” (FEVD) procedure; Plümper and Troeger (PT) will refer to that article and not any persons. My role is to lay out some issues that separate the authors rather than to adjudicate between them. As with many controversies, a bit of heat is generated along with some light. Readers care a bit less than the authors about what was said when, but they do care a lot about what appropriate method to use when a panel data model has both unit-specific intercepts and variables that are invariant over a unit. Thus, I also take it upon myself to discuss some things that I gleaned from this controversy; this discussion has a bit less heat than what follows, but of course readers should judge the evidence for themselves.
Strong evidence for an accelerating Universe

A recent analysis of supernova Ia (SN Ia) data claims a “marginal” (~ 3 σ ) evidence for a cosmic acceleration. This result has been complemented with a non-accelerating R h = ct cosmology, which was presented as a valid alternative to the ΛCDM model. In this paper we use the same analysis to show that non-marginal evidence for acceleration is truly found. We compare the standard Friedmann models to the R h = ct cosmology by complementing SN Ia data with baryon acoustic oscillations, gamma ray bursts, and observational Hubble datasets. We also study the power-law model, which is a functional generalisation of R h = ct . We find that the evidence for late-time acceleration cannot be refuted at a 4.56 σ confidence level from SN Ia data alone, and at an even stronger confidence level (5.38 σ ) from our joint analysis. In addition, the non-accelerating R h = ct model fails to statistically compare with the ΛCDM, having a Δ(AIC) ~ 30.
Replication of Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning for the "Hide and Seek" Problem

Reinforcement learning generates policies based on reward functions and hyperparameters. Slight changes in these can significantly affect results. The lack of documentation and reproducibility in Reinforcement learning research makes it difficult to replicate once-deduced strategies. While previous research has identified strategies using grounded maneuvers, there is limited work in more complex environments. The agents in this study are simulated similarly to Open Al's hider and seek agents, in addition to a flying mechanism, enhancing their mobility, and expanding their range of possible actions and strategies. This added functionality improves the Hider agents to develop a chasing strategy from approximately 2 million steps to 1.6 million steps and hiders
Iterative Method to Predict Effective Elastic Moduli of Multiphase Particulate Composites

AbstractIn multiphase particulate composites, the deviation and mismatch of the elastic moduli of different particles may significantly affect the overall mechanical performance of the composites. This study investigates the effects of such deviations on the macroscopic properties of multiphase composites via an iterative micromechanics-based method. The elastic properties of the particles are assumed to obey certain statistical distributions. In the proposed iterative method, the composites are divided into multiple two-phase composites and their strain concentration tensors are derived by means of the inclusion matrix–reference medium model, which is a modification of the generalized self-consistent method. Iterative solutions are established that take into account the effects of the variation in the elastic properties of the particles in terms of the effective shear and bulk moduli. The findings show that the proposed iterative method converges quickly and that the results agree well with the experimen.
Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-mass Stars. III. A High Mass and Low Envelope Fraction for the Warm Neptune K2-55b

K2-55b is a Neptune-sized planet orbiting a K7 dwarf with a radius of , a mass of 0.688 ± 0.069 , and an effective temperature of K. Having characterized the host star using near-infrared spectra obtained at IRTF/SpeX, we observed a transit of K2-55b with Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) and confirmed the accuracy of the original K2 ephemeris for future follow-up transit observations. Performing a joint fit to the Spitzer/IRAC and K2 photometry, we found a planet radius of , an orbital period of days, and an equilibrium temperature of roughly 900 K. We then measured the planet mass by acquiring 12 radial velocity (RV) measurements of the system using the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer on the 10 m Keck I Telescope. Our RV data set precisely constrains the mass of K2-55b to , indicating that K2-55b has a bulk density of g cm−3 and can be modeled as a rocky planet capped by a modest H/He envelope (Menvelope = 12 ± 3% Mp). K2-55b is denser than most similarly sized planets, raising the question of whether the high planetary bulk density of K2-55b could be attributed to the high metallicity of K2-55. The absence of a substantial volatile envelope despite the high mass of K2-55b poses a challenge to current theories of gas giant formation. We posit that K2-55b may have escaped runaway accretion by migration, late formation, or inefficient core accretion, or that K2-55b was stripped of its envelope by a late giant impact.
Authority Brings Responsibility: Feedback from Experts Promotes an Overweighting of Health-Related Pseudoscientific Beliefs

The popularity and spread of health-related pseudoscientific practices is a worldwide problem. Despite being counteracted by competent agents of our societies, their prevalence and spread continue to grow. Current research has focused on identifying which characteristics make us more likely to hold pseudoscientific beliefs. However, how we hold these beliefs despite all the available information against them is a question that remains unanswered. Here, we aimed to assess if the development of health-related pseudoscientific beliefs could be driven by a positive bias in belief updating. Additionally, we aimed to explore whether this bias could be exacerbated, depending on source credibility. In this study, participants (N = 116) underwent a belief updating task where they offered their agreement with various health-related pseudoscientific statements before and after receiving supporting and discrediting feedback from (a) experts (doctors), (b) peers, or (c) a random number generator. Our results suggest that when receiving feedback from experts (but not from peers or random feedback), the participants preferentially integrated supporting information relative to discrediting information about health-related pseudoscience. We discuss the implications of this biased belief updating pattern on health-related pseudoscientific research and suggest new strategies for intervention focused on increasing awareness, training, and consensus among healthcare practitioners.
The improvement of the 3-D reconstruction uniformity using depth-adaptive regularization in diffuse optical tomography (DOT)

We study DOT using 2-dimensional continuous-wave source-detector arrays on the surface of semi-infinite medium, aiming at imaging the perfusion and the hemoglobin oxygen saturation variation of the human cerebral cortex with the brain activation. We had been formulating the inverse problem with the Moore-Penrose inversion. When we use simple regularization in the inverse problem, the reconstruction sensitivity decreases markedly with the depth so that the signal in the deep range may be masked by the unwanted signal in the shallow range. In this report, we propose a reconstruction of a depth-adaptive regularization scheme, in which we assign the smaller regularization parameter with the depth. We demonstrate the improvement of the 3-dimensional reconstruction uniformity using proposed scheme.
Remaining Useful Life Estimation for Rolling Bearings Using MSGCNN-TR

Rolling bearing is one of the core parts of modern industrial equipment, with high safety and reliability. Therefore, predicting its remaining useful life (RUL) is essential and far-reaching. The critical difficulty of RUL estimation technology is how to extract the features reflecting the bearing degradation trend and how to select the RUL estimation algorithm. Although the RUL estimation algorithms based on deep learning [DL, such as convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN)] have achieved remarkable results recently, these methods are not good at analyzing and predicting long time series. We propose a transformer prediction model with a multiscale gated CNN (MSGCNN-TR) to solve this question to predict the RUL of rolling bearings. This model mainly includes sample feature extraction and bearing RUL estimation. The first part is a feature extractor composed of a depth convolution path with residual and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) path. It can effectively extract the spatial and temporal features that reflect the bearing degradation trend in the rolling bearing life data. The second part is an RUL estimation model composed of a four-layer transformer encoder. The multihead self-attention mechanism in the transformer encoder can effectively capture the long- or short-term dependency relationship in the rolling bearing life data. Finally, we performed comparative and ablation experiments on the IEEE PHM2012 dataset. The results prove that the performance of the proposed model is better than those of other methods in the comparative experiment, and the ablation experiment proves the necessity and effectiveness of each module.
Efficient Combinatorial Optimization Using Quantum Annealing

The recent availability of the first commercial quantum computers has provided a promising tool to tackle NP hard problems which can only be solved heuristically with present techniques. However, it is unclear if the current state of quantum computing already provides a quantum advantage over the current state of the art in classical computing. This article assesses the performance of the D-Wave 2X quantum annealer on two NP hard graph problems, in particular clique finding and graph partitioning. For this, we provide formulations as Qubo and Ising Hamiltonians suitable for the quantum annealer and compare a variety of quantum solvers (Sapi, QBSolv, QSage provided by D-Wave Sys, Inc.) to current classical algorithms (METIS, Simulated Annealing, third-party clique finding and graph splitting heuristics) on certain test sets of graphs. We demonstrate that for small graph instances, classical methods still outperform the quantum annealer in terms of computing time, even though the quality of the best solutions obtained is comparable. Nevertheless, due to the limited problem size which can be embedded on the D-Wave 2X chip, the aforementioned finding applies to most of problems of general nature solvable on the quantum annealer. For instances specifically designed to fit the D-Wave 2X architecture, we observe substantial speed-ups in computing time over classical approaches.
Anisotropy in the equation of state of strongly magnetized quark matter within the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model

In this article, we calculate the magnetization and other thermodynamical quantities for strongly magnetized quark matter within the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model at zero temperature. We assume two scenarios, chemically equilibrated charge neutral matter present in the interior of compact stars and zero-strangeness isospin-symmetric matter created in nuclear experiments. We show that the magnetization oscillates with density but in a much more smooth form than what was previously shown in the literature. As a consequence, we do not see the unphysical behavior in the pressure in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field that was previously found. Finally, we also analyze the effects of a vector interaction on our results.
Characterisation of Radiation Damage in Perovskite Superconductor Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide

High temperature superconducting materials are currently utilised to generate the magnetic fields required for the confinement of plasma in fusion reactors. The present study aims to assess the microstructural degradation resulting from ion implantation at room temperature with 2 MeV Xe+ ions to a total fluence of 1 x 1016 ions/cm2 in Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) using high-resolution characterisation techniques. Atom Probe Tomography (APT) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed and correlated with alterations in superconducting behaviour measured using a Magnetic Properties Measurement System (MPMS). TEM analysis was performed to depth-profile the degree of crystallinity on irradiated samples. The maximum-damage layer was found 800 nm below the sample surface. Ion implantation caused the superconducting temperature to decrease by 10 K and the critical current density to display a 10-fold reduction.
Kaluza-Klein consistency, Killing vectors and Kähler spaces

We make a detailed investigation of all spaces Qn1nNq1qN of the form of U(1) bundles over arbitrary products ∏iCPni of complex projective spaces, with arbitrary winding numbers qi over each factor in the base. Special cases, including Q1111 (sometimes known as T11), Q111111 and Q2132, are relevant for compactifications of type IIB and D = 11 supergravity. Remarkable `conspiracies' allow consistent Kaluza-Klein S5, S4 and S7 sphere reductions of these theories that retain all the Yang-Mills fields of the isometry group in a massless truncation. We prove that such conspiracies do not occur for the reductions on the Qn1nNq1qN spaces, and that it is inconsistent to make a massless truncation in which the non-Abelian SU(ni + 1) factors in their isometry groups are retained. In the course of proving this we derive many properties of the spaces Qn1nNq1qN of more general utility. In particular, we show that they always admit Einstein metrics, and that the spaces where qi = (ni + 1)/l all admit two Killing spinors. We also obtain an iterative construction for real metrics on CPn, and construct the Killing vectors on Qn1nNq1qN in terms of scalar eigenfunctions on CPni. We derive bounds that allow us to prove that certain Killing-vector identities on spheres, necessary for consistent Kaluza-Klein reductions, are never satisfied on Qn1nNq1qN.
InVEST model-based estimation of water yield in the Upper Tuul river basin

The estimation and mapping of water yield are of significant importance to the effective planning and management of water resources in Mongolia. In this study, we quantified and assessed the water yield of the Upper Tuul River basin using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Water yield model. The study aimed to test whether it is possible to estimate the water yield of the selected research area using the model. The required input data included land use and land cover, mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, and plant available water content. In addition, those data were obtained from Landsat 8, Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Product (MOD16), and International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) database. Finally, we generated spatial distribution maps, namely, mean actual evapotranspiration (mm), mean water yield (mm), and the volume of water yield (km3) by pixel within the research area. According to the modelling results, the estimated value for mean annual precipitation was 295.08 mm, and 827.09 mm respectively for potential evapotranspiration, 229.13 mm for average actual evapotranspiration, 55.89 mm and 0.43 km3 for water yield within the study area. The result was slightly higher (15.1 mm) in terms of mean actual evapotranspiration compared to the results of previous studies, conducted in the same research area, and it was found that the potential water yield in the study area has also been impacted. However, the InVEST (Water Yield) model can be used for future research studies concerning water yield and resource in river basins as it is possible to further improve the model results by using in-situ measurement data and satellite products with high spatial accuracy as input data.
Spatio-temporal evolution analysis of spatial form in Nanfeng based on spatial syntax

ABSTRACT Urban space is the carrier of human social life, and its form plays an important role in urban development. We here employ space syntax model to analyse the urban morphology of Nanfeng in the city of Fuzhou, China during five time periods: the late Qing Dynasty, 1960, 2004, 2014, and 2021. Results show that the spatial form of Nanfeng has gone through three stages: concentrated development, axial development, and decentralized development. The spatial development of Nanfeng is concentrated in the south and dispersed in the north. The direction of the urban spatial form is consistent with the development direction of the integrated core centre, and the transfer of the urban center is synchronized with the evolution of the spatial form. The ancient city is centred on a ‘cross’ street structure with a relatively dense and complex internal spatial texture, and the overall space of the new city is sparse and has a grid-like form. Here, we reveal the development patterns of urban spatial forms under urbanization, and provide guidance for the protection of ancient cities and the sustainable development of new cities as well as for urban spatial optimization.
A tough nanofiber hydrogel incorporating ferritin

We have developed tough nanofiber hydrogels incorporating ferritin nanoparticles with a core-shell structure that is suitable for stress concentration reduction. The swelling properties of the nanocomposite hydrogel under external forces were enhanced, leading to fast water absorption. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the nanocomposite hydrogel measured in solutions were dramatically enhanced as compared to those of the bare polymer hydrogel. During the tensile tests, the strong bonding between the nanofiller and polymer matrix played an important role in enhancing the toughness of the composite hydrogel fibers.
Investigating Teachers’ Beliefs about Language Awareness in EFL Context in Indonesia

This research provides an in-depth investigation into the views of teachers beliefs’ a language knowledge approach to foreign language education in secondary school. The goal of the study is to deepen our understanding of the differences in the views of teachers on language awareness and to encourage debate on the inclusion of language awareness in foreign language curricula. Two EFL teachers have been interviewed about their language awareness values. Review of the interviews found that teachers do not have a common understanding of the notion of language awareness. The findings suggest a range of issues that need to be tackled when integrating language knowledge into the education of foreign languages. These problems could serve as a starting point for a conversation with teachers and between them. In addition, teachers should be motivated to figure out how language knowledge works best within the new EFL curriculum.
Following the Cosmic Evolution of Pristine Gas. II. The Search for Pop III–bright Galaxies

Direct observational searches for Population III (Pop III) stars at high redshift are faced with the question of how to select the most promising targets for spectroscopic follow-up. To help answer this, we use a large-scale cosmological simulation, augmented with a new subgrid model that tracks the fraction of pristine gas, to follow the evolution of high-redshift galaxies and the Pop III stars they contain. We generate rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions for our galaxies and find that they are consistent with current observations. Throughout the redshift range , we identify “Pop III–bright” galaxies as those with at least 75% of their flux coming from Pop III stars. While less than 1% of galaxies brighter than mag are Pop III–bright in the range , roughly 17% of such galaxies are Pop III–bright at z = 9, immediately before reionization occurs in our simulation. Moving to z = 10, mag corresponds to larger, more luminous galaxies, and the Pop III–bright fraction falls off to 5%. Finally, at the highest redshifts, a large fraction (29% at z = 14 and 41% at z = 15) of all galaxies are Pop III–bright regardless of magnitude. While mag galaxies are extremely rare during this epoch, we find that 13% of galaxies at z = 14 are Pop III–bright with mag, a intrinsic magnitude within reach of the James Webb Space Telescope using lensing. Thus, we predict that the best redshift to search for luminous Pop III–bright galaxies is just before reionization, while lensing surveys for fainter galaxies should push to the highest redshifts possible.