Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tilted plutons in the Klamath Mountains of California and Oregon

Geologic and petrologic evidence indicates that the Ashland pluton and the Wooley Creek batholith, two major plutons of the Klamath Mountain province, have been significantly tilted subsequent to emplacement. Late Cretaceous sandstone depositionally overlies the Ashland pluton and dips approximately 25° toward the ENE. Contact metamorphic assemblages in diverse wall rocks surrounding the Wooley Creek batholith suggest at least 30° of tilt toward the WSW. Subsequent erosion has exposed at least 12 km of structural relief in the Wooley Creek batholith. Tilting was accomplished, at least in part, by thrusting of the plutons and their host rocks over low-density rocks of the western Jurassic belt, followed by regional doming of deeply buried rocks of the underthrust terrane (Condrey Mountain Schist). Diagrammatic reconstruction of the plutons to pretilt positions suggests inward chemical fractionation of the Ashland pluton but upward fractionation of the Wooley Creek batholith and comagmatic Slinkard pluton. The results of this study indicate that rootless plutons in accretionary margins can undergo significant tilting, facilitating petrologic interpretations. In addition, the study suggests that for Klamath plutons, the effects of tilting must be taken into account before meaningful paleomagnetic interpretations can be made.
Climatology of internal tides at a shelf-break location on the Australian North West Shelf

The concept of defining an internal tide climate is used as a means of providing an assessment of the amplitude of semi-diurnal vertical displacements of density interfaces and of horizontal baroclinic currents at a particular location. The analysis uses current meter and thermistor chain observations from North Rankin, a location just seaward of the shelf break on the Australian North West Shelf, spanning a period of 28 months. Contributions from both principal lunar (M2) and principal solar (S2) period internal waves are considered. The final climatological averages (monthly values) show the baroclinic currents to be comparable to or stronger than the semi-diurnal barotropic currents at the same location for the majority of the year (October through to May). The temporal variability closely follows the variability in the stratification with very weak baroclinic motion during the winter months (June to September).
Observations of shear-coupled PL waves from shallow earthquakes in the Sumatra and Java subduction zones

SUMMARY S phases generated by shallow earthquakes in the Sumatra subduction zone and recorded at the Geoscope station PAF on the Kerguelen Isles in the southern Indian Ocean, are often followed by a long and particularly large wave train on the longitudinal component. The wave train has a dominant period of 25‐30 s and lasts usually for more than 100 s. It shows slight normal dispersion, and has a prograde elliptical motion in the vertical propagation plane. These characteristics suggest that the observed waves are shear-coupled PL (SPL) waves. Similar wave trains are not observed for events at comparable distances in other source regions. A computational scheme, based on the reflectivity method and allowing for different crust and upper mantle structures beneath source and receiver, has been used to model the SPL waveforms for six of the events located beneath the accretionary domain and outer high of the Sumatra subduction zone. For the source area, a model representing the structure seaward of the trench has been used, comprising a 5.5 km water layer and 600 m of sediments. By placing the sources in the sedimentary layer, the SPL wave train on the longitudinal component is reproduced quite well. These findings suggest that wave energy is guided into the water and sedimentary layers seaward of the trench, where P and S wave reverberations are generated and leak as SV waves into the mantle. The guidance can be explained by trapping of wave energy within the wedge shaped accretionary domain and outer high, or in oceanic sediments which are subducted with the oceanic plate.
Dilatancy and Strength of an Unsaturated Soil-Cement Interface in Direct Shear Tests

AbstractThe dilatancy of a soil is significantly influenced by matric suction, and it affects the apparent friction angle and shear strength of the soil. To examine the influence of dilatancy on interface behavior, a series of direct shear box tests are conducted on a compacted completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil–grout interface in a cast in situ condition under different matric suctions and net normal stresses. The test results indicate that matric suction and net normal stress have significant influence on the hardening-softening and dilatancy of the soil–cement grout interface. The failure envelopes for different matric suctions are observed as linear. The apparent interface friction angle and adhesion intercept increase with matric suction. The suction envelope is found to be nonlinear as the δb-angle decreases with matric suction. A modified model is proposed to consider the influence of dilatancy on the apparent interface friction angle and hence on the interface shear strength. Experimental sh.
The Roles of the RII (cid:2) Linker and N-terminal Cyclic Nucleotide-binding Domain in Determining the Unique Structures of the Type II (cid:2) Protein Kinase A

Background: The RII (cid:2) subunit of PKA exhibits unique isoform-specific structural features. Results: The unique structural properties of RII (cid:2) do not require the C-terminal cAMP-binding domain. Conclusion: The RII (cid:2) linker and N-terminal cAMP-binding domain confer unique subunit structure and organization of the type II (cid:2) holoenzyme. Significance: The subunit structure and organization of the type II (cid:2) holoenzyme contribute to its unique isoform-specific biochemical properties and functions.
Do Oil-Degrading Rhodococci Contribute to the Genesis of Deep-Water Bitumen Mounds in Lake Baikal?

This study sought to understand the origin and fate of one of the bitumen mounds found on the bottom of Lake Baikal. These mounds are located at a depth of 900 m beneath oil spots detected on the surface of Lake Baikal (53° 18′24″, 108° 23′20″). The two mounds were sampled with a manipulator from a “MIR” deep-water manned submersible. Mature mound No. 8 was subjected to chemical and microbiological studies. Mound No. 3 was subjected only to chemical studies; we failed to perform microbiological analyses of this mound for logistic reasons. Oil spots collected from the water surface, samples of mound No. 3 and No. 8, were subjected to GC/MS analysis. The water contained aliphatic hydrocarbons with chains between C8 and C23, with the most abundant chain length being C18. Mound No. 3 with the most abundant chain length being C18 actively released oil droplets into the water. It contained 770 mg/g of C13-C32 n-alkanes, with a maximum at C23 (160 mg/g). Mound No. 8 was inactive and contained 148 mg/g of aliphatic C22-C34 n-alkanes, with a maximum at C25. Mound No. 8 also consisted of 3% inorganic matter, 48% unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and less than 1% other compounds (polyaromatic hydrocarbons, isoprenoids, carotenoids, and hopanes). The core of this sample used as inoculate, yielded Rhodococci when cultivated on oil as the only source of carbon. Cultivation of the sample on agar-containing Raymond inorganic medium with crude West Siberian oil as the only source of carbon revealed colonies of these bacteria, which all appeared identical. PCR was performed with DNA isolated from 5 colonies, using primers for 16S rRNA genes. Comparison of the sequences of the 5 PCR products over a length of 714 bp revealed that they were almost identical. Phylogenetic analysis of these homologous sequences showed that they were similar to the corresponding sequences of the genus Rhodococcus. Substrate demands, the morphology of the colonies, and SEM and TEM data confirmed that the isolates obtained could indeed be Rhodococci. All of the isolates could grow in bulk cultures with inorganic medium supplemented with crude oil. Moreover, all of the isolates degraded aliphatic hydrocarbons with lengths between C11 and C29. C23-C29 hydrocarbons were degraded completely. The isolates could grow at 4–37°C. The most unexpected finding was that of the many microorganisms capable of consuming oil, only Rhodococci exhibited this ability in the inactive bitumen mound. The possible mechanisms of how crude oil is transformed into bitumen mounds and mature bitumen are discussed.
Development of an UPSA Short Form for Use in Longitudinal Studies in the Early Alzheimer’s Disease Spectrum

Background In individuals with only mild or very mild cognitive attenuations (i.e., so-called pre-clinical AD), performance-based measures of function may be superior to informant-based measures because of increased sensitivity, greater reliability, and fewer ceiling effects. Objective We sought to determine if a performance-based measure of everyday function would demonstrate adequate psychometric properties and validity in the context of serial assessment over a one-year period in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and early stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Design Participants were assessed with the performance-based measure at baseline, six weeks, and one year. Setting A specialized center for the assessment and treatment of AD. Participants Three groups of subjects participated: a healthy subjects (HS) older cognitively intact group (N=43), an MCI group (N=20), and an AD group (N=26). Measurements A three subtest short form of the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) (called the UPSA-3) was the measure of interest. It consisted of the Communication, Planning, and Finance subtests. RESULTS: Mixed model repeated measures were used to assess performance over time. Large group effects were present (HS>MCI>AD). Additionally, the AD and MCI groups demonstrated declines over one year, while the HS group remained stable (group x time interaction p=.11). The MCI/AD group demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability and did not demonstrate ceiling or floor effects. Conclusion Our data indicate that the UPSA-3 is suitable for clinical trials in that it has adequate ecological coverage and reasonable psychometric properties, and perhaps most importantly, demonstrates validity in serial assessments.
The Three Georgias: Emerging Realignments at the Dawn of the New Millennium

This research examines spatial realignments within Georgia, pointing to the rise of a tripartite regional model consisting of declining urban cores, dynamic suburban sprouts, and stagnant rural poverty regions. Rapid growth and restructuring during the 1990s resulted in significant new patterns of development. A process of creative destruction impacted old manufacturing centers and led to a rapid rise in new high-tech sectors, without accompanying changes in historic poverty areas. Roughly dividing the state's population into corresponding thirds, these transformations portend shifts with both political and economic consequences at the dawn of the 21st century. Active intervention at the state, regional, and local levels will be needed to create a more balanced development pattern in the state in the future.
The New “York” Regression: Application of an Improved Statistical Method to Geochemistry

York's (1969) method of regression, determining the best-fit line to data with errors in both variables using a least-squares solution, has become an integral part of isotope geochemistry. Although other methods agree with York's best-fit line (e.g., maximum likelihood), there is little agreement on the standard-error estimates for slope and intercept values. The reasons for this are differing levels of approximation used to compute the standard error, doubts concerning procedures for determining a confidence interval once the standard error has been estimated, and a typographical error in the original publication. This paper examines York's method of regression and standard errors of the parameters of a best-fit line. A very accurate method for determining the standard error in slope and intercept values is introduced, which eliminates the need to multiply the standard-error estimate by the goodness-of-fit parameter known as MSWD. In addition, a derivation of a fixed-intercept method of regression is int.
Observations of wind‐blown sand under various meteorological conditions at a beach

[1] Field observations were conducted on a natural, open ocean beach system in Japan to investigate characteristics of wind-blown sand transport under various weather conditions including a storm event. Data sets over periods of several hours included blown sand impact counts, three-dimensional wind conditions, hourly precipitation, and moisture content of the sediment surface. The intermittent blown sand impact data shifted by 1 s ahead of the wind velocity correlated with the wind velocity during a no-rainfall period (for an assumed dry surface) and in the longshore wind direction (for sufficiently long fetch length). The 5-min mean wind velocity/impact counts relationship was well constrained by both second- and third-order polynomial fitting of velocity under similar weather conditions. During a no-rainfall period and in the longshore wind direction, the relationship between the wind velocity and sand flux estimated from the counts coincides with existing studies in wind tunnel experiments. The sand flux, however, decreased by 1 order of magnitude because of a change in the wind direction from longshore to cross-shore and then by more than 1 order of magnitude because of an increase in the moisture content. Threshold wind velocity calculated using the time fraction equivalence method with the impact counts and the horizontal wind velocity in 5-min sampling periods was approximately equal to the value predicted using Bagnold's equation during the no-rainfall period and increased significantly during the rainfall phase. The sand flux sensor has several limitations for complex conditions in the field; however, it provides a number of characteristics of sand transport under various meteorological conditions.
Coherence Scales of Wave-Induced Suspended Sand Concentration Fluctuations

Multifreqiiency acoustic backscatter measurements made in the nearshore zone are analyzed to determine the correlation structure of the instantaneous suspended sediment concentration field at horizontal separations of 20 cm. Large-amplitude backscatter fluctuations, representing suspended sediment concentrations more than a factor of 10 greater than the mean and with vertical coherence scales many times greater than the logarithmic wave boundary layer thickness, are shown to be spatially correlated at horizontal separations less than the wave orbital amplitude over successive wave cycles. The time lag between the appearance of fluctuations in different acoustic beams is inversely proportional to the fluid velocity, showing that the fluctuations in backscatter amplitude contain real information on fluctuations in suspended sediment concentration, advected with the fluid. It is found that the instantaneous suspended sediment field in shore-normal cross section is punctuated by spatially discrete clouds extending well above the (logarithmic) wave boundary layer. The fluctuations appear to be present even in the absence of small-scale ripples. It is suggested that the sediment clouds may be due to vortex shedding from megaripples, other bed forms of intermediate scale, or coherent structures in combined wave-current flows.
Use of midlatitude soil moisture and meteorological observations to validate soil moisture simulations with biosphere and bucket models

Abstract Soil moisture observations in sites with natural vegetation were made for several decades in the former Soviet Union at hundreds of stations. In this paper, the authors use data from six of these stations from different climatic regimes, along with ancillary meteorological and actinometric data, to demonstrate a method to validate soil moisture simulations with biosphere and bucket models. Some early and current general circulation models (GCMS) use bucket models for soil hydrology calculations. More recently, the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) was developed to incorporate the effects of vegetation on fluxes of moisture, momentum, and energy at the earth's surface into soil hydrology models. Until now, the bucket and SiB have been verified by comparison with actual soil moisture data only on a limited basis. In this study, a Simplified SiB (SSIB) soil hydrology model and a 15-cm bucket model are forced by observed meteorological and actinometric data every 3 h for 6-yr simulations at the six statio.
Auditory event-related brain potentials for an early discrimination between normal and pathological brain aging☆

The brain as a system with gradually decreasing resources maximizes its chances by reorganizing neural networks to ensure efficient performance. Auditory event-related potentials were recorded in 28 healthy volunteers comprising 14 young and 14 elderly subjects in auditory discrimination motor task (low frequency tone – right hand movement and high frequency tone – left hand movement). The amplitudes of the sensory event-related potential components (N1, P2) were more pronounced with increasing age for either tone and this effect for P2 amplitude was more pronounced in the frontal region. The latency relationship of N1 between the groups was tone-dependent, while that of P2 was tone-independent with a prominent delay in the elderly group over all brain regions. The amplitudes of the cognitive components (N2, P3) diminished with increasing age and the hemispheric asymmetry of N2 (but not for P3) reduced with increasing age. Prolonged N2 latency with increasing age was widespread for either tone while between-group difference in P3 latency was tone-dependent. High frequency tone stimulation and movement requirements lead to P3 delay in the elderly group. The amplitude difference of the sensory components between the age groups could be due to a general greater alertness, less expressed habituation, or decline in the ability to retreat attentional resources from the stimuli in the elderly group. With aging, a neural circuit reorganization of the brain activity affects the cognitive processes. The approach used in this study is useful for an early discrimination between normal and pathological brain aging for early treatment of cognitive alterations and dementia.
The effect of superphosphate on the cadmium content of soils and plants

The cadmium content of phosphatic fertilizers manufactured in New South Wales ranged from 18 to 91 p.p.m. and was closely correlated with phosphorus content. Superphosphate contained 38-48 p.p.m. cadmium. The evidence suggests that the rock phosphate raw material was the sole source of the fertilizer cadmium. The cadmium in superphosphate was soluble in water and was associated with both the phosphate and sulphate components of the fertilizer. It appeared to be as readily. available to plants as the cadmium in cadmium chloride. Cadmium impurities in superphosphate accumulated in the soil, mostly in the surface 10 cm, principally in a cation exchangeable form, and this increased the supply of available cadmium to plants. This accumulated cadmium was extracted from the soil by hydrochloric acid. Increases of up to five-fold in total soil cadmium were found in soils which had been fertilized with superphosphate, and in one soil there was a 12-fold increase in hydrochloric acid-soluble cadmium. Plant uptake of cadmium from soil was generally small and ranged from 0.4 to 7% of that available. Uptake was greatly influenced by soil type, and addition of calcium carbonate reduced the uptake by subterranean clover from cadmium residues in soil. Plant species differed greatly in their ability to take up cadmium, and the concentration of cadmium varied widely within the plant. Generally only 12-18 % of the cadmium in cereal plant tops was translocated to the grain which had a lower cadmium content than any other part of the plant. The addition of cadmium to soil, either as cadmium chloride or in superphosphate, always increased the cadmium content of the grain of cereals or the edible portion of vegetables. Top-dressing of improved pastures with superphosphate brought about considerable increases in the cadmium content of pasture species, especially that of subterranean clover. Analyses of wheat grain and cereal breakfast foods indicated that, although Australian cereal growing soils have long histories of superphosphate usage, the cadmium content of the grain produced is low, the range found being 0.012 to 0.036 p.p.m. Low values, < 0.010 to 0.015 p.p.m. , were also found in processed green peas.
Minerals from Macedonia. IV. Discrimination between some carbonate minerals by FTIR spectroscopy

The use of FTIR spectroscopy to distinguish between some geologically im- portant carbonate minerals (calcite - CaCO 3, aragonite - CaCO 3, siderite - FeCO 3, magnesite - MgCO 3 and dolomite - CaMg(CO 3)2) originating from Macedonia and to detect mineral impurities in them is considered. It was shown that the series of the studied isomorphous calcite type minerals is an ideal test case for the evaluating the in- fluence of the corresponding cation upon the band frequencies of the carbonate n3, n2 and n4 modes in their infrared spectra. It enables to distinguish the isomorphous calcite type carbonates from one another. In the course of the quantitative determination of the composition of mixtures it is shown that the limit of detection of impurities of ara- gonite in the mixtures with calcite (or other calcite type minerals) is around 1wt %. The spectra of natural calcite and siderite were compared to those of their synthetic analogues.
Transport of arsenic in some affected soils of Indian subtropics

An experiment on transport of aqueous arsenic (As) from both affected and unaffected soils of West Bengal, India, was conducted with the help of double-chambered columns in the laboratory. In the vertical column study, the sigmoid shape of breakthrough curves (BTCs) suggests hydrodynamic dispersion, whereas the inflexion of BTCs at a much lesser relative concentration indicates retention of As in the affected soils. In the horizontal column study, the affected soils showed lower mechanical filtration capacity and solute permeability and higher reflection coefficient, indicating greater As retention in these soils. The frictional coefficients for soil-water solute derived from the horizontal flow also indicate As retention by the affected soils. The As retention capacity of these soils was attributed to the greater clay content, illitic minerals, organic matter, specific surface area, and amorphous iron and aluminium content.