Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of acetylcholine on membrane currents in guinea‐pig papillary muscle.

1. The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the membrane current components in guinea‐pig papillary muscle was studied by the single sucrose gap voltage clamp method. 2. The slow inward current (is) elicited by various depolarizations from the holding potential of ‐40 mV was evidently diminished by ACh greater than 5 x 10(‐7) M. The amplitude of is, estimated as the difference between the peak of is and the current at 150 msec, was reduced to 56.8 +/‐ 12.9% (mean +/‐ S.D., n = 34) by 2 x 10(‐8) M‐ACh when estimated at the membrane potential where the amplitude was maximal. 3. is was suppressed almost completely by 2 mM‐Co2+, is obtained by subtracting the current remaining in 2 mM‐Co2+ was also diminished to the same extent by 2 x 10(‐6) M‐Ach with little change in its time course; the degree of decrease was not dependent on the membrane potential. 4. The time‐dependent outward current during the depolarizing pulse was also diminished by 2 x 10(‐6) M‐Ach. Correspondingly, the positive tail current obtained when the membrane was repolarized to the holding potential of ‐40 mV after various 1 sec depolarizations was reduced in a proportionate manner to 68.6 +/‐ 7.3% (n = 10). 5. The time‐independent inward rectifying outward current was not affected by 2 x 10(‐6) M‐Ach. 6. Atropine (10(‐6) M) restored is and the time‐dependent outward current which had been previously depressed by 2 x 10(‐6) M‐ACh. 7. ACh may decrease tension development by depressing is, thereby preserving the duration of the action potential with relatively little change, since, different from atrial muscle, ACh does not increase the outward current in mammalian ventricular muscle.
ICT Industry-Specific Optimal R & D Index Using Growth Performance : An Extreme Value Model * 1 )

This study develops an ICT industry-specific optimal R&D index for midto long-term policy implementation. We propose R&D infrastructure for ICT sector’s global markets and top priority areas for long-term ICT policy. The extreme value theory is used for the analysis and for the development of the optimal R&D index based on the specifics of the ICT industry. In addition, results are applied to the analysis of the CPND ecosystem. Results of this study highlight the importance of R&D for the maximum effectiveness of content and of software platforms, and lead to the following recommendations: increase in the R&D budget for content and platform, encouragement of diversity and creativity in the ICT industry, and promotion of entrepreneurship in ICT services.
Cayley differential unitary space - Time codes

One method for communicating with multiple antennas is to encode the transmitted data differentially using unitary matrices at the transmitter, and to decode differentially without knowing the channel coefficients at the receiver. Since channel knowledge is not required at the receiver, differential schemes are ideal for use on wireless links where channel tracking is undesirable or infeasible, either because of rapid changes in the channel characteristics or because of limited system resources. Although this basic principle is well understood, it is not known how to generate good-performing constellations of unitary matrices, for any number of transmit and receive antennas and for any rate. This is especially true at high rates where the constellations must be rapidly encoded and decoded. We propose a class of Cayley codes that works with any number of antennas, and has efficient encoding and decoding at any rate. The codes are named for their use of the Cayley transform, which maps the highly nonlinear Stiefel manifold of unitary matrices to the linear space of skew-Hermitian matrices. This transformation leads to a simple linear constellation structure in the Cayley transform domain and to an information-theoretic design criterion based on emulating a Cauchy random matrix. Moreover, the resulting Cayley codes allow polynomial-time near-maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding based on either successive nulling/canceling or sphere decoding. Simulations show that the Cayley codes allow efficient and effective high-rate data transmission in multiantenna communication systems without knowing the channel.
Recapitulation of Tumor Heterogeneity and Molecular Signatures in a 3D Brain Cancer Model with Decreased Sensitivity to Histone Deacetylase Inhibition

Introduction Physiologically relevant pre-clinical ex vivo models recapitulating CNS tumor micro-environmental complexity will aid development of biologically-targeted agents. We present comprehensive characterization of tumor aggregates generated using the 3D Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS). Methods CNS cancer cell lines were grown in conventional 2D cultures and the RCCS and comparison with a cohort of 53 pediatric high grade gliomas conducted by genome wide gene expression and microRNA arrays, coupled with immunohistochemistry, ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and drug sensitivity evaluation using the histone deacetylase inhibitor, Vorinostat. Results Macroscopic RCCS aggregates recapitulated the heterogeneous morphology of brain tumors with a distinct proliferating rim, necrotic core and oxygen tension gradient. Gene expression and microRNA analyses revealed significant differences with 3D expression intermediate to 2D cultures and primary brain tumors. Metabolic profiling revealed differential profiles, with an increase in tumor specific metabolites in 3D. To evaluate the potential of the RCCS as a drug testing tool, we determined the efficacy of Vorinostat against aggregates of U87 and KNS42 glioblastoma cells. Both lines demonstrated markedly reduced sensitivity when assaying in 3D culture conditions compared to classical 2D drug screen approaches. Conclusions Our comprehensive characterization demonstrates that 3D RCCS culture of high grade brain tumor cells has profound effects on the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic profiles of cultured cells, with these cells residing as an intermediate phenotype between that of 2D cultures and primary tumors. There is a discrepancy between 2D culture and tumor molecular profiles, and RCCS partially re-capitulates tissue specific features, allowing drug testing in a more relevant ex vivo system.
Transmission capacity of ad-hoc networks with multiple antennas using transmit stream adaptation and interference cancelation

The transmission capacity of an ad-hoc network is the maximum density of active transmitters in an unit area, given an outage constraint at each receiver for a fixed rate of transmission. Assuming channel state information is available at the receiver, this paper presents bounds on the transmission capacity as a function of the number of antennas used for transmission, and the spatial receive degrees of freedom used for interference cancelation at the receiver. Canceling the strongest interferers, using a single antenna for transmission together with using all but one spatial receive degrees of freedom for interference cancelation is shown to maximize the transmission capacity. Canceling the closest interferers, using a single antenna for transmission together with using a fraction of the total spatial receive degrees of freedom for interference cancelation depending on the path loss exponent, is shown to maximize the transmission capacity.
Searching and surfing the Web using a semi-adaptive meta-engine

Global Search is a World Wide Web agent which integrates and enhances many well-known search techniques in order to improve the quality of information gathered from the usual Web search engines. It features intelligent merging of relevant documents from different search engines, anticipated adaptive exploration and evaluation of links from the current result set, and automated derivation of refined queries based on user relevance feedback.
Potential pitfalls of process modeling: part A

Purpose – This paper summarizes typical pitfalls as they can be observed in larger process modeling projects.Design/methodology/approach – The identified pitfalls have been derived from a series of focus groups and semi‐structured interviews with business process analysts and managers of process management and modeling projects.Findings – The paper provides a list of typical characteristics of unsuccessful process modeling. It covers six pitfalls related to strategy and governance (1‐3) and the involved stakeholders (4‐6). Further issues related to tools and related requirements (7‐10), the practice of modeling (11‐16), the way we design to‐be models (17‐19), and how we deal with success of modeling and maintenance issues (19‐21) will be discussed in the second part of this paper.Research limitations/implications – This paper is a personal viewpoint, and does not report on the outcomes of a structured qualitative research project.Practical implications – The provided list of total 22 pitfalls increases th.
PqsA is required for the biosynthesis of 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ), a newly identified metabolite produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia thailandensis

Abstract A new metabolite, 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ), was identified in cultures of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia thailandensis. We found that the biosynthesis of DHQ correlates with the presence of a functional PqsA, which is a product of the pqsABCDE operon responsible for the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) in P. aeruginosa. However, DHQ is not a degradation product or precursor of HAQs. This finding sheds some light on the poorly understood biosynthesis pathway of HAQs, which includes important communication signals regulating the expression of virulence factors.
Robust Models of CEO Turnover: New Evidence on Relative Performance Evaluation

We examine the robustness of empirical models of CEO turnover and revisit prominent findings in the literature regarding the CEO turnover-performance relation. We find that the procedure used to categorize turnover events and the method used to construct performance metrics can have large effects on model inferences. We show that common modeling choices have potentially serious shortcomings including (a) ignoring important information, (b) relying on information that may be systematically biased towards the hypothesis of interest, and (c) weighing extreme observations more heavily than the underlying theory would suggest. We identify a small set of robustness checks and model permutations that are likely to span the reasonable set in many turnover modeling contexts. Using these checks, we show that the widely documented significant sensitivity of CEO turnover to a firm’s abnormal stock performance is an extremely robust result. In contrast, the surprising recent evidence that CEO turnover depends on industry returns is fragile and non-robust, and in general there is no convincing evidence of an independent role of industry stock returns in predicting CEO turnover. We conclude that efforts to explain the general presence of an industry factor in turnover are misguided and that a simple efficient learning view of turnover with full relative performance evaluation is a reasonable description of the CEO turnover process.
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Foods Food Trials and Diet Options

Food allergy (food hypersensitivity) is the term used to describe the clinical disease induced by food ingestion in which there is an immunological reaction. The immunological reaction is usually associated with dietary water-soluble glycoproteins that have molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 70,000 kD. Food intolerance is the term used for a non-immunological abnormal physiological response including metabolic, toxic, idiosyncratic or pharmacological effects of foods or food additives. Food intolerance may be caused by digestive enzyme deficiencies, proteins, toxins, food additives, vasoactive amines and contaminants such as bacteria. In a clinical setting, food allergy and food intolerance are rarely differentiated. Thus, the phrase cutaneous adverse reactions to foods (CARF) is used to reference both conditions. One should note that this differentiation of hypersensitivity versus intolerance has been discussed for many years but, in reality, there are virtually no well-documented cases of skin-related food intolerance reported in the dog or cat. Cutaneous disease appears to be seen only in truly food allergic patients.
THERMAL EQUILIBRIA OF MAGNETICALLY SUPPORTED BLACK HOLE ACCRETION DISKS

We present new thermal equilibrium solutions for optically thin and optically thick disks incorporating magnetic fields. The purpose of this paper is to explain the bright hard state and the bright/slow transition observed in the rising phases of outbursts in black hole candidates. On the basis of the results of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we assume that magnetic fields inside the disk are turbulent and dominated by the azimuthal component and that the azimuthally averaged Maxwell stress is proportional to the total (gas, radiation, and magnetic) pressure. We prescribe the magnetic flux advection rate to determine the azimuthal magnetic flux at a given radius. Local thermal equilibrium solutions are obtained by equating the heating, radiative cooling, and heat advection terms. We find magnetically supported (β = (pgas + prad)/pmag < 1), thermally stable solutions for both optically thin disks and optically thick disks, in which the heating enhanced by the strong magnetic field balances the radiative cooling. The temperature in a low-β disk (T ∼ 107–1011K) is lower than that in an advection-dominated accretion flow (or radiatively inefficient accretion flow) but higher than that in a standard disk. We also study the radial dependence of the thermal equilibrium solutions. The optically thin, low-β branch extends to , where is the mass accretion rate and is the Eddington mass accretion rate, in which the temperature anticorrelates with the mass accretion rate. Thus, optically thin low-β disks can explain the bright hard state. Optically thick, low-β disks have the radial dependence of the effective temperature Teff ∝ ϖ−3/4. Such disks will be observed as staying in a high/soft state. Furthermore, limit cycle oscillations between an optically thick low-β disk and a slim disk will occur because the optically thick low-β branch intersects with the radiation pressure dominated standard disk branch. These limit cycle oscillations will show a smaller luminosity variation than that between a standard disk and a slim disk.
Excitation‐Contraction Coupling of Isolated Cardiac Fibers with Disrupted or Closed Sarcolemmas: CALCIUM‐DEPENDENT CYCLIC AND TONIC CONTRACTIONS

Single cells of adult rat ventricle were separated with 0.1% trypsin and 0.05−0.1% collagenase. Ten percent of these cells were tubular and striated, contracted spontaneously in the presence of 0.05 mM CaCl2 or after addition of 0.1−0.5 mM CaCl2, and developed contracture in 1 mM CaCl2. A resting potential of −30 to −50 mv and an action potential more than 100 msec in duration were recorded in some of the cells. These relatively intact cells were contrasted with myocardial fibers (10−100μ) obtained by homogenization. In the presence of 0.025 mM ethyleneglycol bis(β-aminoethylether)-N, N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), localized cyclic contractions with intracellular asynchrony were observed under the phase microscope in obviously disrupted areas of these mechanically separated fibers. These contractions were insensitive to the ratio of Na+ to K+, and neither resting potentials nor action potentials were observed. Thus, these disrupted fibers were considered skinned fibers of cardiac muscle; this assumption was further supported by the absence of modification of fiber sensitivity to Ca2+ by simultaneous skinning with EDTA. Effects of Ca2+ were studied with control of pCa in the medium by EGTA-Ca buffers, either directly on the homogenate or after depletion of Ca2+ content of the tissue. At 22°C, pH 7.0, and in the presence of 4 mM MgCl2, 5 mM adenosine triphosphate, and 2 mM EGTA, cyclic contractions were inhibited and a tonic contraction was induced at a pCa of 6.25−6.5, which represented the threshold for activation of myofilaments. With the same medium but with low EGTA (less than 0.2 mM), cyclic contractions were obtained if pCa was equal to or lower than 7.4−7.6. Therefore, these contractions corresponded to a cyclic release of Ca2+ from cellular stores, yielding a transient activation of myofilaments. This large release of Ca2+ within the fiber was induced by a small addition of Ca2+ to the medium. It was concluded that a regenerative release of Ca2+ could be demonstrated in heart muscle under these conditions. Localized cyclic contractions were not observed in disrupted fibers of frog heart, in which spontaneously beating cells could be separated with enzymes.
`Two-Way Windows': Clinicians as Medical Managers

This paper uses the metaphor of the `two-way window' to understand the aspirations and activities of clinical directors (doctors with management responsibilities). Clinical directors work simultaneously with sets of ideas from both clinical practice and from management, therefore, their role (as `two-way windows') allows the possibility to create a new area of expertise — medical-management. To explore how `two-way windows' are being constituted, clinician managers in three medical organizations were interviewed. Three narratives were constructed from their accounts. The first narrative outlines the theories-in-use of clinical directors, the second and third consist of the strategizing of clinical directors as they seek to maintain their primary focus on clinical work whilst, at the same time, developing their management expertise and influence. The paper concludes that clinical directors can relatively easily occupy the `two-way' space opened up by the mediation of medicine and management. Only a lack of financial management expertise renders their new organizational positioning vulnerable. All public bureaucracies now involve complex mediation between professionals and managers; hence, `two-way windows' will become increasingly significant in organizational development. These `two-way' roles privilege professional over managerial expertise as it is assumed that the appropriate professional training is of paramount importance. Unique professional/managerial discourses are being created in public-sector organizations. This paper provides a basis for understanding the development of such discourses.
The Production function and the Theory of Capital

The dominance in neo-classical economic teaching of the concept of a production function, in which the relative prices of the factors of production are exhibited as a function of the ratio in which they are employed in a given state of technical knowledge, has had an enervating effect upon the development of the subject, for by concentrating upon the question of the proportions of factors it has distracted attention from the more difficult but more rewarding questions of the influences governing the supplies of the factors and of the causes and consequences of changes in technical knowledge. Moreover, the production function has been a powerful instrument of miseducation. The student of economic theory is taught to write 0 f f (L, C) where L is a quantity of labour, C a quantity of capital and 0 a rate of output of commodities. ' He is instructed to assume all workers alike, and to measure L in man-hours of labour; he is told something about the index-number problem involved in choosing a unit of output ; and then he is hurried on to the next question, in the hope that he will forget to ask in what units C is measured. Before ever he does ask, he has become a professor, and so sloppy habits of thought are handed on from one generation to the next. The question is certainly not an easy one to answer. The capital in existence at any moment may be treated simply as " part of the environment in which labour works. "2 We then have a production function in terms of labour alone. This is the right procedure for the short period within which the supply of concrete capital goods does not alter, but outside the short period it is a very weak line to take, for it means that we cannot distinguish a change in the stock of capital (which can be made over the long run by accumulation) from a change in the weather (an act of God). We may look upon a stock of capital as the specific list of all the goods in existence at any moment (including work-in-progress in the pipe lines of production). But this again is of no use outside the strict bounds of the short period, for any change in the ratio of capital to labour involves a re-organisation of methods of production and requires a change in the shapes, sizes and specifications of many or all the goods appearing in the original list. 3 As soon as we leave the short period, however, a host of difficulties appear. Should capital be valued according to its future earning power or its past costs ? When we know the future expected rate of output associated with a certain capital good, and expected future prices and costs, then, if we are given a rate of interest, we can value the capital good as a discounted stream of future profit which it will earn. But to do so, we have to begin by taking the rate of interest as given, whereas the main purpose of the production function is to show how wages and the rate of interest (regarded as the wages of capital) are determined by technical conditions and the factor ratio.
‘And How Would You Describe Yourself?’ Researchers and Researched in the First Stages of a Qualitative, Longitudinal Research Project

This article discusses methodological issues and some initial substantive findings from the first two years of the 12 to 18 Educational Research Project. The 12 to 18 Project is a qualitative, longitudinal study of girls and boys from the end of Year 6 and as they proceed through each year of their secondary schooling. The article discusses epistemological and ethical issues related to how and with what implications the researchers ‘construct’ the researched in this long-term empirical study. It then discusses background literature and some initial findings in the three areas with which the project is concerned: the development of gendered subjectivity in the years of secondary school; schools, inequalities, and students' changing relationship to curriculum; and students' changing thinking about their futures.
Lambda effect from forced turbulence simulations

Aims. We determine the components of the Λ-effect tensor that quantifies the contributions to the turbulent momentum transport even for uniform rotation. Methods. Three-dimensional numerical simulations are used to study turbulent transport in triply periodic cubes under the influence of rotation and anisotropic forcing. Comparison is made with analytical results obtained via the so-called minimal tau-approximation. Results. In the case where the turbulence intensity in the vertical direction dominates, the vertical stress is always negative. This situation is expected to occur in stellar convection zones. The horizontal component of the stress is weaker and exhibits a maximum at latitude 30 ◦ – regardless of how rapid the rotation is. The minimal tau-approximation captures many of the qualitative features of the numerical results, provided the relaxation time tau is close to the turnover time, i.e. the Strouhal number is of order unity.