Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential deployment of paralogous Wnt genes in the mouse and chick embryo during development

Genes encoding Wnt ligands are crucial in body patterning and are highly conserved among metazoans. Given their conservation at the protein‐coding level, it is likely that changes in where and when these genes are active are important in generating evolutionary variations. However, we lack detailed knowledge about how their deployment has diverged. Here, we focus on four Wnt subfamilies (Wnt2, Wnt5, Wnt7, and Wnt8) in mammalian and avian species, consisting of a paralogous gene pair in each, believed to have duplicated in the last common ancestor of vertebrates. We use three‐dimensional imaging to capture expression patterns in detail and carry out systematic comparisons. We find evidence of greater divergence between these subgroup paralogues than the respective orthologues, consistent with some level of subfunctionalization/neofunctionalization in the common vertebrate ancestor that has been conserved. However, there were exceptions; in the case of chick Wnt2b, individual sites were shared with both mouse Wnt2 and Wnt2b. We also find greater divergence, between paralogues and orthologues, in some subfamilies (Wnt2 and Wnt8) compared to others (Wnt5 and Wnt7) with the more highly similar expression patterns showing more extensive expression in more structures in the embryo. Wnt8 genes were most restricted and most divergent. Major sites of expression for all subfamilies include CNS, limbs, and facial region, and in general there were more similarities in gene deployment in these territories with divergent patterns featuring more in organs such as heart and gut. A detailed comparison of gene expression patterns in the limb showed similarities in overall combined domains across species with notable differences that may relate to lineage‐specific morphogenesis.
Possible Time-Dependent Effect of Ions and Hydrophilic Surfaces on the Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions

The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of mechanical and electrical treatment on the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions. Solutions were treated mechanically by iteration of two steps: 1:100 dilution and vigorous shaking. These two processes were repeated until extremely dilute solutions were obtained. For electrical treatment the solutions were exposed to strong electrical impulses. Effects of mechanical (as well as electrical) treatment could not be demonstrated using electrical conductivity measurements. However, significantly higher conductivity than those of the freshly prepared chemically analogous solutions was found in all aged solutions except for those samples stored frozen. The results surprisingly resemble a previously observed weak gel-like behavior in water stored in closed flasks. We suggest that ions and contact with hydrophilic glass surfaces could be the determinative conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon.
Recruiting for diversity

This paper describes some of the findings of an ongoing research study sponsored by a major UK graduate employer wishing to increase the number of job applications that it receives from women. The findings suggest that males and females may hold different perceptions of particular organisations and that this factor may be as significant as different (career) needs or desires in determining their different job application intentions. The paper reviews some of the related points from the organisational choice and work values literature, before going on to describe the research and its findings in more detail. The implications for organisations are discussed, with a particular focus on the role of personal interaction between (current) employees and potential recruits. The application of concepts from the organisational image and identity literatures is used to explore whether making changes to an organisation’s recruitment image, in order to attract more diverse recruits, first requires changing existing employees’ view of the organisation.
Ad-hoc Constructs for Non Functional Aspects Mattia Monga

Aspect-oriented programming [1] (AOP) tries to provide linguistic mechanisms to factor out design concerns, which can be defined, understood, and evolved separately from the functional core of the application. A first approach to AOP can be the definition of a general-purpose AspectOriented Language (AOL) with full visibility of the internal details of its associated functional module. In our previous work [2, 3] we analysed AspectJ [4] – an AOP following this approach – and came to the conclusion that it violates objectoriented principles of protection and encapsulation, thus hindering reuse. Another approach, followed by Hyper/J [5], is based on the idea of partitioning a software system in small atomic units, that can be aggregated according to different dimensions of concern. We found that the number of connections among units increases the overall intricacy of the system, again hindering comprehension and evolution. We claim that such limitations are intrinsic to all general solutions to the problem and we suggest to predefine the set of aspects an AOL should deal with, providing ad-hoc AOLs (one for each aspect) with constructs supporting limited visibility of certain features of the functional module to which the different aspects apply. In our Malaj (Multi Aspect LAnguage for Java) we define an AOL specific for synchronisation and one specific for distribution and mobility.
Maturation of somatic embryos as a model for soybean seed development

Soybean somatic embryos have attracted attention both as a model of zygotic embryos and as explants for the generation of stable transgenic plants. We have now characterized the maturation of soybean somatic embryos in detail by examining both the accumulation of the major seed storage proteins β-conglycinin and glycinin as well as changes in cellular organization. Protein storage vacuoles and oil bodies, which are the main depositories of seed storage reserves, formed within cells during the maturation of somatic embryos. The seed storage proteins were gradually synthesized and accumulated in the protein storage vacuoles in a manner similar to that apparent in seeds. The α and α′ subunits of β-conglycinin were detected earlier than the β subunit of this protein and glycinin. In addition, The α and α′ subunits of β-conglycinin accumulated in both the cotyledons and the hypocotyl of somatic embryos, whereas the β subunit of β-conglycinin and glycinin accumulated only in the cotyledons. These temporal and spatial characteristics of storage protein production in maturating somatic embryos are similar to those in developing seeds, although the maturation of somatic embryos ceases prematurely without attainment of the final stages of development. Our findings suggest that somatic embryos are suitable for verification of seed-specific traits such as the biosynthesis of seed components.
TIME-VARYING FILTER IN NON-UNIFORM BLOCK CONVOLUTION

This paper will describe further research on a real-time convolution algorithm for long a FIR filter based on nonuniform bock partitioning. The static behaviour of the algorithm which solves the dilemma between the computational load and the latency of the processing operation is well examined in literature. New directions are investigated to exploit the inherent features of the algorithm and utilise them for audio applications. Especially a dynamic exchange of filter coefficients or subsets of them of a room impulse response is discussed and implemented. Unlike to traditional DSP solutions the prototype is realised in portable software objects and components that can be compiled on multi-propose processing units like off-the-shelf computers with standard audio facilities and different operating systems.
European Competition Law and Economics: A Comparative Perspective

The aim of this book is to explore the economic fundamentals of European competition law. Even though most commentators would agree that competition policy is concerned with the economic consequences of market power, they would not all subscribe the view that curing the possible inefficiencies of market power is the sole aim of competition law. In the USA, under influence of the Chicago School, the antitrust regulation focuses on economic goals and more specifically on allocation and production efficiency. However, in European competition policy non-economic goals play a more important role. European competition policy embraces a multitude of political goals. The most prominent of these objectives, among others, is the achievement of market integration, which eventually may come at the expense of inefficiencies in the organisation of production and distribution. In addition, European competition policy puts emphasis on consumer welfare, freedom of action and fairness and on the protection of small and medium sized companies. Nevertheless, this book shows that an economic interpretation of the European competition rules remains possible; it is only required to broaden the traditional theorems of welfare economics with a full consideration of the consequences of efficiency savings for consumers, which obviously adds an additional layer of complexity to the analysis.
Collaboration among a group of self-autonomous mobile robots with diversified personalities

In a simulated world, a group of robots with diversified personalities performs a task where they carry several pieces of baggage to the destination. In this simulation, each robot makes a mutual concession to avoid collision and helps each other to carry some of baggage too big to be carried by one robot. Moreover, each robot makes learning the personalities of other robot in this simulation. We verify the influence that the learning the personalities exerts on the task efficiency. We give each robot three kinds of personalities; positivity, tenderness and temper. From the result, it was found that each robot has more versatile actions when each robot learns the personalities of the other robots, and the versatile actions of the robot result in better task efficiency. Thus, in this study, the learning of the others' personalities worked effectively, as in the case of biological evolution.
Argatroban Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

BackgroundHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated syndrome caused by heparin. Complications range from thrombocytopenia to thrombocytopenia with thrombosis. We report a prospective, historical- controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, as anticoagulant therapy in patients with HIT or HIT with thrombosis syndrome (HITTS). Methods and ResultsPatients with HIT (isolated thrombocytopenia, n=160) or HITTS (n=144) received 2 &mgr;g · kg−1 · min−1 IV argatroban, adjusted to maintain the activated partial thromboplastin time 1.5 to 3.0 times baseline value. Treatment was maintained for 6 days, on average. Clinical outcomes over 37 days were compared with those of 193 historical control subjects with HIT (n=147) or HITTS (n=46). The incidence of the primary efficacy end point, a composite of all-cause death, all-cause amputation, or new thrombosis, was reduced significantly in argatroban-treated patients versus control subjects with HIT (25.6% versus 38.8%, P =0.014). In HITTS, the composite incidence in argatroban-treated patients was 43.8% versus 56.5% in control subjects (P =0.13). Significant between-group differences by time-to-event analysis of the composite end point favored argatroban treatment in HIT (P =0.010) and HITTS (P =0.014). Argatroban therapy, relative to control subjects, also significantly reduced new thrombosis and death caused by thrombosis (P <0.05). Argatroban-treated patients achieved therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin times generally within 4 to 5 hours of starting therapy and, compared with control subjects, had a significantly more rapid rise in platelet counts (P =0.0001). Bleeding events were similar between groups. ConclusionsArgatroban anticoagulation, compared with historical control subjects, improves clinical outcomes in patients who have heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, without increasing bleeding risk.
Elderly Asset Management and Health: An Empirical Analysis

We present models of asset management by the elderly. We focus on saving, spend-down of assets, and gift-giving, and the influence of health on these precesses. We also study the evolution of elderly health and the impact of economic variables on health outcomes. We present results from estimating our models using data from waves one and two of the AHEAD dataset. Our model of asset management links elderly decisions about saving, spend-down of assets, and gift-giving in a system of equations. We divide households for which head and partner (if present) are in poor health and those for which head and partner are in good health; our specification allows for differences in health to affect both the average level of economic outcomes and the marginal effects of income and wealth on the outcomes. We also include in our model a set of sociodemographic control variables. Our model of health outcomes links health in the preceding period to health in the current period, allowing for three outcomes good health, poor health, or death. In our models of health outcomes we include variables measuring health in the previous period, wealth, age, education, and control variables. Our main results are the following. First, results for gift-giving suggest that at least some elderly do plan their estate transfer - those that have established trust funds or for which households assets exceed the estate tax filling threshold have a significantly greater propensity to give gifts. Second, the average level of gift-giving is lower for those in poor health, but the marginal effect of increasing wealth on gift-giving is much greater. This result is important in showing the ways in which health can interact with economic variables in influencing economic decision-making. Third, income is an important determinant of saving and spend-down. Fourth, other things equal, households that save are also more likely to give gifts. Fifth, sudden changes in family structure and health are associated with changing patters of economic behavior - most especially, becoming a widow or widower is associated with a significant increase in the likelihood both of spending out of assets and of making gifts. Finally, variables related to children have less effect on propensity to give gifts than expected - the only variable that has a significant effect is the number of children for which parents cannot provide income information, suggesting that the quality of the relationship between parents and children is important for gift-giving.
Visual Content Description System IP core

The paper presents a real-time Visual Content Description System (VCDS) based on MPEG-7 descriptors. The proposed system architecture could be used for real-time video indexing and retrieval, content summarization, content delivery, surveillance, personalized services, etc. Descriptors’ extractor IP core designed for ASIC realization in CMOS 0. 35μm is proposed. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the hardware architectures are also presented.
DIVERSITY AND CONTRASTIVITY IN PROSODIC AND SYLLABIC DEVELOPMENT

There is disclosed a package containing a series of side-by-side label rolls and an ink roll package positioned in a tubular opening in the label rolls and having a flange against the side of the endmost roll. The flange provides a stop to limit migration or insertion of the ink roll package into the opening. The flange provides a surface to which a cover sheet or label can be releasably attached. The cover sheet can carry a substantial amount of information and is peelable to release the ink rolls.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtypes 1 and 5 Are Activators of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Required for Inflammatory Pain in Mice

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are expressed abundantly in the spinal cord and have been shown to play important roles in the modulation of nociceptive transmission and plasticity. Most previous studies have focused on the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) and activation of phospholipase C signaling by these receptors in modulating nociception. Recently, it was shown that the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)/mitogen-activated protein kinases are activated in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in response to stimulation of nociceptors and that ERK signaling is involved in nociceptive plasticity. In the present studies, we sought to test the hypothesis that group I mGluRs modulate nociceptive transmission or plasticity via modulation of ERK signaling in dorsal horn neurons. We show that activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 leads to activation of ERK1 and ERK2 in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we find that inflammation-evoked ERK activation, which is required for nociceptive plasticity, is downstream of mGluR1 and mGluR5. Finally, we show colocalization of group I mGluRs with activated ERK in dorsal horn neurons. These results show that mGluR1 and mGluR5 are activated in dorsal horn neurons in response to peripheral inflammation and that activation of these group I mGluRs leads to activation of ERK1 and ERK2, resulting in enhanced pain sensitivity.
A Type Theory for Software Architectures

Software architectures have the potential to substantially improve the development and evolution of large, complex, multilingual , multi-platform, long-running systems. However, in order to achieve this potential, specific architecture-based modeling, analysis, and evolution techniques must be provided. This paper motivates and presents one such technique: a type theory for software architectures, which allows flexible, controlled evolution of software components in a manner that preserves the desired architectural relationships and properties. Critical to the type theory is a taxonomy that divides the space of subtyping relationships into a small set of well defined categories. The paper also investigates the effects of large-scale development and off-the-shelf reuse on establishing type conformance between interoperating components in an architecture. An existing architecture is used as an example to illustrate a number of different applications of the type theory to architectural modeling and evolution. 1 1. INTRODUCTION In order for large, complex, multilingual , multi-platform, long-running systems to be economically viable, they need to be evolvable. Support for software evolution includes techniques and tools that aid interchange, reconfiguration, extension, and scaling of software modules and/or systems. Evolution in the current economic context also requires support for reuse of third-party components. The costs of system maintenance (i.e., evolution) are commonly estimated to be as high as 60% of overall development costs [7]. Practitioners have traditionally faced many problems with curbing these costs. The problems are often the result of poor understanding of a system's overall architecture, unintended and complex dependencies among its components, decisions that are made too early in the development process, and so forth. Traditional development approaches (e.g., structural programming or object-oriented analysis and design) have in particular failed to properly decouple computation from communication within a system, thus supporting only limited reconfigurability and reuse. Evolution techniques have also typically been programming language (PL) specific (e.g., inheritance) and applicable on the small scale (e.g., separation of concerns or
Assessing the prognosis of dengue-infected patients

Dengue infections pose a huge burden to health care providers in most tropical countries. Careful clinical examination and history-taking supplemented by newer rapid diagnostic tests may lead to early etiological diagnosis. For severe dengue, early recognition of vascular permeability followed by rapid physiological replacement of fluids is life-saving. Prognosis of patients depends upon optimum management, an outcome that requires preparation via organization, training, and use of evidence-based practice guidelines.
Campaign Advertising and Election Outcomes: Quasi-Natural Experiment Evidence from Gubernatorial Elections in Brazil

Whether campaign advertising influences election outcomes is an open question; a paradox given the amount spent on campaigning in general and TV advertising in particular. We argue that such “absence of documentation” is due to the focus of the empirical literature on the United States, in which the allocation of campaign spending and advertising is decentralized. We explore a quasinatural experiment that enables us to mitigate the omitted variables and reverse causality problems caused by decentralized allocation. In Brazil, gubernatorial elections work in a two-round system. In the first round, candidates’ TV time shares are determined by their coalitions’ share of seats in the National Parliament. In the second round, TV time is split equally between the first-round winner and runner-up. Using differences between rounds as a source of variation, we find a large causal effect of TV advertising on election outcomes.
A Finite-State Approach to Machine Translation

The problem of machine translation can be viewed as consisting of two subproblems: (a) lexical selection; (b) lexical reordering. We propose stochastic finite-state models for these two subproblems. Stochastic finite-state models are efficiently able to learn from data, effective for decoding and are associated with a calculus for composing models which allows for tight integration of constraints from various levels of language processing. We present a method for learning stochastic finite-state models for lexical choice and lexical reordering that are trained automatically from pairs of source and target utterances. We use this method to develop models for English-Japanese translation and present the performance of these models for translation of speech and text. We also evaluate the efficacy of such a translation model in the context of a call routing task of unconstrained speech utterances.
Adipocyte Turnover: Relevance to Human Adipose Tissue Morphology

OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue may contain few large adipocytes (hypertrophy) or many small adipocytes (hyperplasia). We investigated factors of putative importance for adipose tissue morphology. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subcutaneous adipocyte size and total fat mass were compared in 764 subjects with BMI 18–60 kg/m2. A morphology value was defined as the difference between the measured adipocyte volume and the expected volume given by a curved-line fit for a given body fat mass and was related to insulin values. In 35 subjects, in vivo adipocyte turnover was measured by exploiting incorporation of atmospheric 14C into DNA. RESULTS Occurrence of hyperplasia (negative morphology value) or hypertrophy (positive morphology value) was independent of sex and body weight but correlated with fasting plasma insulin levels and insulin sensitivity, independent of adipocyte volume (β-coefficient = 0.3, P < 0.0001). Total adipocyte number and morphology were negatively related (r = −0.66); i.e., the total adipocyte number was greatest in pronounced hyperplasia and smallest in pronounced hypertrophy. The absolute number of new adipocytes generated each year was 70% lower (P < 0.001) in hypertrophy than in hyperplasia, and individual values for adipocyte generation and morphology were strongly related (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). The relative death rate (∼10% per year) or mean age of adipocytes (∼10 years) was not correlated with morphology. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue morphology correlates with insulin measures and is linked to the total adipocyte number independently of sex and body fat level. Low generation rates of adipocytes associate with adipose tissue hypertrophy, whereas high generation rates associate with adipose hyperplasia.