Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behaviors and Causal Explanations of Road-Tunnel Users During a Fire

The present study was aimed at describing the behaviors of tunnel users in the event of a road-tunnel fire,and to determine the effect of stress on these behaviors. Another aim was to identify the causal explanationsoffered by tunnel users for fires and for non-evacuation behaviors after a fire alarm is given. Several fire scenarioswere presented to 217 participants, who were asked to predict their likely behavior in the situations described,and to give explanations for the fire's occurrence. The participants' perceived stress level was also measured usinga subscale taken from the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995). The resultsshowed that the participants tended to adopt more risky behaviors in situations where traffic was moving freelythan in congested traffic. The users' perceived stress led them to adopt unsafe behaviors, but contrary to Hennessyand Wiesenthal's (1997) results, this relationship was stronger in free-flowing traffic than in a traffic jam. Someof the participants demonstrated a certain behavioral rigidity, tending to adopt identical behaviors regardless ofthe traffic situation. The behaviors stated for a given situation seem to be consistent, but they were not alwayssafety-conscious. And the more serious the fire, the more internal the explanations were. Finally, non-evacuationbehaviors were attributed mainly to internal factors that implicated the concerned individuals. Some suggestionsfor long-term preventive actions based on users' beliefs and representations are proposed
Charging for ATM-based IP Multicast Services

Charging and accounting of Internet services has been addressed in numerous proposals. However, finding a solution suitable for ATM-based IP multicast services is highly challenging. IP multicast over ATM introduces high complexity, in particular for multicast with heterogeneous QoS and separate administrative IP domains by involvement of multiple Internet service providers. This paper proposes a framework for charging of IP multicast over ATM that is suitable for heterogeneous scenarios with multiple interconnected IP service providers and non-negligible losses. A scheme for ATM-based IP multicast transmission of wavelet-encoded video is presented that uses multiple ATM service classes. The scheme supports multicast scenarios with heterogeneous QoS and allows to trade off video quality, error tolerance, end-to-end delay and costs. 1. Charging and Accounting Charging and accounting of IP services gain more and more interest as the Internet is moving from an academic to a commercially dominated environment. A satisfying charging model has to deal with the following three main aspects of charging: 1. Customer Aspects: The customer has to understand the charging model and must be aware of the costs he produces when using a service. The costs should not differ significantly from costs of the telephone tariffing system the customer is used to. This introduces a threshold of acceptance. Costs should be based on goodput, i.e. errors within the network that require additional traffic for error recovery should not lead to increased costs for the customer. 2. Economic Aspects: The model has to differentiate between several types of service and – within these types – between different levels of service quality. Thus, the customer is animated to choose the cheapest type of service to satisfy his needs. The costs can be assigned to the customer. 3. Technical Aspects: In order to minimize the effort for computing the different tariffs the charging scheme has to be as simple as possible. After having distinguished between different types of services the charging model can be optimized for each type. As cell-based charging in ATM networks is computationally demanding, dedicated hardwaresupport may be required. To summarize these three aspects, charging of ATMbased IP multicast services should be kept sufficiently simple to be feasible and intelligible, while allowing to differentiate between different types of service.
A Study of Korean Corporations ’ Strategies for Expanding into the Chinese Market : Focus on the Strategy for Distribution Channels May

Many industrialized countries including Korea are expanding into Chinese market. This study reflects logical ways for Korean companies to expand successfully into Chinese market. Examining mainly focuses on Korean companies around Chinese boarder and Pohai region. The study first raises significance and purpose of the study. Then, it begins with theoretically examining channel selection process of distribution such as considering OEM export and DI. After that, hypotheses were made mainly regarding the relationship between transactional asset peculiarity and transaction costs. Finally I introduce variables, sampling, data collection, and analyzing methods which leads to careful analysis of samples and survey participants. With data analysis and testing hypotheses, I found that Korean companies can approach Chinese market with increasing export or investment. Also the tendencies of switching from investing in labor intensive to capital intensive industries were found. On the other hand, the study also suggests that Chinese market needs to be categorized since it is such a huge market. Lastly in order to succeed in Chinese market, differentiated characteristics of Korean companies are needed from Japanese or American companies. Some limitations of the study were found due to small sample size, only testing certain industry and credibility of survey. 1 I would like to thank Dr. Geoffrey Rothwell for his tremendous support and guidance as my thesis and economics advisor. This thesis would not be possible without him. Special thanks to the freelance agent team in Korea that helped me on conducting the survey. I dedicate this work to my family and especially to my wife for her devotion and support.
Membrane Compartment Occupied by Can1 (MCC) and Eisosome Subdomains of the Fungal Plasma Membrane

Studies on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed that fungal plasma membranes are organized into different subdomains. One new domain termed MCC/eisosomes consists of stable punctate patches that are distinct from lipid rafts. The MCC/eisosome domains correspond to furrows in the plasma membrane that are about 300 nm long and 50 nm deep. The MCC portion includes integral membrane proteins, such as the tetraspanners Sur7 and Nce102. The adjacent eisosome includes proteins that are peripherally associated with the membrane, including the BAR domains proteins Pil1 and Lsp1 that are thought to promote membrane curvature. Genetic analysis of the MCC/eisosome components indicates these domains broadly affect overall plasma membrane organization. The mechanisms regulating the formation of MCC/eisosomes in model organisms will be reviewed as well as the role of these plasma membrane domains in fungal pathogenesis and response to antifungal drugs.
Nodal inequalities on surfaces

Abstract Given a Laplace eigenfunction on a surface, we study the distribution of its extrema on the nodal domains. It is classically known that the absolute value of the eigenfunction is asymptotically bounded by the 4th root of the eigenvalue. It turns out that the number of nodal domains where the eigenfunction has an extremum of such order, remains bounded as the eigenvalue tends to infinity. We also observe that certain restrictions on the distribution of nodal extrema and a version of the Courant nodal domain theorem are valid for a rather wide class of functions on surfaces. These restrictions follow from a bound in the spirit of Kronrod and Yomdin on the average number of connected components of level sets.
Frequency and significance of IgG4 immunohistochemical staining in liver explants from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Dense tissue infiltrates of IgG4+ plasma cells >50/high‐powered field (HPF) are purportedly highly specific for IgG4‐related disease. However, the frequency and significance of liver‐infiltrating IgG4+ plasma cells in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) applying these cut‐offs has not been determined. We sought to determine the incidence of intrahepatic IgG4‐positive staining in PSC patients undergoing transplantation, correlating findings with clinical parameters. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on liver explants obtained between 1991 and 2009. Of 122 explants obtained, hilar IgG4+ staining was found to be mild (10–29 IgG4+ cells/HPF) in 23.0%, moderate (30–50/HPF) in 9.0% and marked (>50/HPF) in 15.6%. Marked hilar lymphoplasmacytic infiltration was significantly associated with marked hilar IgG4+ staining (P < 0.001). No patient had marked peripheral IgG4+ staining, although mild and moderate staining was observed in 24.5% and 3.3% respectively. Marked hilar IgG4+ staining was significantly associated with the presence of dominant biliary strictures (P = 0.01) and need for biliary stenting (P = 0.001). There did not, however, exist any significant differences in the age at PSC diagnosis, presence of inflammatory bowel disease or extrahepatic autoimmune disease, frequency of cholangiocarcinoma, interval between diagnosis and transplantation, or post‐transplant PSC recurrence or survival. Of 51 control liver sections (PBC = 18; HCV = 19; HBV = 8; AIH = 6), none had marked or moderate hilar IgG4+ staining, whereas mild staining was seen in only 10% (P < 0.001). Marked (>50/HPF) hilar IgG4+ lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is frequently observed in PSC and associated with the presence of dominant biliary strictures. However, unlike serum IgG4+, this does not seemingly associate with clinical disease course.
Cerebral hemodynamics during arterial and CO(2) pressure changes: in vivo prediction by a mathematical model.

The aim of this work was to analyze changes in cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure (ICP) evoked by mean systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and arterial CO(2) pressure (Pa(CO(2))) challenges in patients with acute brain damage. The study was performed by means of a new simple mathematical model of intracranial hemodynamics, particularly aimed at routine clinical investigation. The model was validated by comparing its results with data from transcranial Doppler velocity in the middle cerebral artery (V(MCA)) and ICP measured in 44 tracings on 13 different patients during mean SAP and Pa(CO(2)) challenges. The validation consisted of individual identification of 6 parameters in all 44 tracings by means of a best fitting algorithm. The parameters chosen for the identification summarize the main aspects of intracranial dynamics, i.e., cerebrospinal fluid circulation, intracranial elastance, and cerebrovascular control. The results suggest that the model is able to reproduce the measured time patterns of V(MCA) and ICP in all 44 tracings by using values for the parameters that lie within the ranges reported in the pathophysiological literature. The meaning of parameter estimates is discussed, and comments on the main virtues and limitations of the present approach are offered.
ROBUST HMM TRAINING AND ADAPTATION IN HANDS-FREE SPEECH RECOGNITION

In this paper a challenging scenario is addressed in which a hands-free speech recognizer operates in a noisy office envi ronment with either batch or incremental model adaptation. The application of a microphone array processing compensates only for part of the mismatch between training and test ing acoustic conditions. In a previous work it was shown that the acoustic mismatch can be further reduced by conditioning hi dden Markov models to certain assumed operating acoustic condit i s. Conditioned HMMs are obtained by training using a filtered ve rsion of the clean speech corpus. In this work, starting from that result, we investigate the u se of conditioned models as initial models for both supervised batch adaptation and unsupervised incremental adaptation. Expe rimental results obtained for a hands-free connected digit recog niti n task show that models trained with filtered clean speech allo w to obtain better recognition performance than using models tr ained with clean speech with both batch and incremental model adap t tion.
A Linear-Time Algorithm for Predicting Functional Annotations from PPI Networks

Recent proteome-wide screening efforts have made available genome-wide, high-throughput protein-protein interaction (PPI) maps for several model organisms. This has enabled the systematic analysis of PPI networks, which has become one of the primary challenges for the systems biology community. Here, we address the problem of predicting the functional classes of proteins (i.e. GO annotations) based solely on the structure of the PPI network. We present a maximum likelihood formulation of the problem and the corresponding learning and inference algorithms. The time complexity of both algorithms is linear in the size of the PPI network, and our experimental results show that their accuracy in functional prediction outperforms current existing methods.
Los trastornos internalizantes: un reto para padres y docentes

Es fundamental visualizar los trastornos internalizantes en la infancia y adolescencia para poder usar las herramientas preventivas, de evaluacion y de tratamiento necesarias. La razon fundamental es el enorme efecto negativo que ejercen sobre todos los ambitos de la vida: academica, personal y social. Se exponen los datos existentes en la actualidad sobre las relaciones de estos trastornos en la infancia y adolescencia, asi como sus posteriores efectos en la adultez. Asimismo, se plantean estrategias educativas para su abordaje.
Psychological Testing, Physical Examination and Fitness Testing of Primary-School Students for Participation in Gymnastic Activities

The authors highlight significance of fitness testing, psychological and physical examinations for primary-school students, who wish to participate in gymnastic activities. The main purpose of pre-participation examination is safety of potential gymnasts, team members, coaches and staff. The prime function of end-of- term evaluation is performance assessment and possible improvement from the last term. Taking the example of a girl, who is participating in gymnastics, this work illustrates use of Growth-and- Obesity Roadmap in determining suitability for inclusion in gymnastic team, focusing on nutritional status, estimated-adult height and build of student. Build is computed using scaled percentiles adapted for the Pakistani children, which are generated from CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States) percentiles by fitting a parabolic curve. Mathematical-statistical definitions of normal, early, delayed, excessively delayed and precarious puberty are proposed. Approximate Tanner scores have been assigned to prepubertal, peripubertal, pubertal, adolescent and adult stages.
Host Identity Protocol

Host Identity Protocol (HIP) proposes a new name space, Host Identity. This name can be any globally unique name but it has been chosen to be the Public Key of a Public/Private Key pair. This paper can be seen as HIP tutorial since it provides an insight view on HIP Architecture, HIP Base Exchange, Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP) Security Association Setup, mobility and multi-homing, and some early experiences about HIP.
Calcium Sensitivity of Ca2+‐Activated K+ Channels in Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke‐Prone Rats

In previous studies, we measured a greater intraeellular free calcium concentration and net potassium efflux, possibly calcium activated, in lymphocytes from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) as compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In this study, we addressed two related questions: 1) Can the greater intralymphocytic calcium concentration of the SHRSP account for the greater net potassium efflux? 2) Is the calcium sensitivity of calcium-activated potassium channels in lymphocytes from SHRSP different as compared with that of those from WKY rats? Ionomycin, a calcium lonophore, caused a concentrationdependent and proportional increase in net potassium efflux and intraeellular free calcium concentration in lymphocytes from both strains of rat. Based on the relations between net potassium efflux and intraeellular free calcium concentration established with ionomycin, the resting net potassium efflux of lymphocytes from SHRSP is greater than would be predicted based on the resting intraeellular free calcium concentration. Using the patch clamp technique, we were able to identify and characterize a calcium-activated potassium channel in the plasma membrane of lymphocytes from both strains of rat. Potassium currents were recorded that had a slope conductance of 18.1±1.49, n=6, and 18.5±1.44, /i=7, in WKY rat and SHRSP thymocytes, respectively. The channel exhibited rectification of the outward current in both strains of rat. Channels tended to appear in clusters of two or more per patch and were recorded in 30–50% of the patches examined. Calcium sensitivity of the channels was similar; maximum activation occurred at 700 nM free calcium concentration. These observations suggest that calcium-activated potassium efflux cannot entirely account for the greater net potassium efflux in lymphocytes from SHRSP and that there is no intrinsic difference between the calcium sensitivity of calcium-activated potassium channels in lymphocytes from SHRSP as compared with those from WKY rats.
Sub-Nucleocapsid Nanoparticles: A Nasal Vaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Background Bronchiolitis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants less than two years old is a growing public health concern worldwide, and there is currently no safe and effective vaccine. A major component of RSV nucleocapsid, the nucleoprotein (N), has been so far poorly explored as a potential vaccine antigen, even though it is a target of protective anti-viral T cell responses and is remarkably conserved between human RSV A and B serotypes. We recently reported a method to produce recombinant N assembling in homogenous rings composed of 10–11 N subunits enclosing a bacterial RNA. These nanoparticles were named sub-nucleocapsid ring structure (N SRS). Methodology and Principal Findings The vaccine potential of N SRS was evaluated in a well-characterized and widely acknowledged mouse model of RSV infection. BALB/c adult mice were immunized intranasally with N SRS adjuvanted with the detoxified E. coli enterotoxin LT(R192G). Upon RSV challenge, vaccinated mice were largely protected against virus replication in the lungs, with a mild inflammatory lymphocytic and neutrophilic reaction in their airways. Mucosal immunization with N SRS elicited strong local and systemic immunity characterized by high titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgA anti-N antibodies, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report of using nanoparticles formed by the recombinant nucleocapsid protein as an efficient and safe intra-nasal vaccine against RSV.
Feeling Good, Being Intentional, and Their Relationship to Two Types of Creativity at Work

In recent years, scholars have empirically demonstrated that creativity can be described as radical or incremental creativity. In efforts to better understand the nomological networks underlying radical and incremental creativity, this study explored the role that positive emotions directly and indirectly plays in predicting each type of creativity. Further, whether the nature of these mediated relationships varied differentially as a function of employees’ tendency to also engage in such purposeful activities as monitoring their creative behaviors and deepening their expertise was also explored. The resultant moderated-mediation model was tested in a field study of 129 professional employees in a large North American consumer products organization. Results indicated that positive emotions influence incremental and radical creativity differentially through fun, and that the degree to which individuals engage in monitoring impacts their levels of creativity. Implications and future directions for research and practitioners are discussed.
Analysis of Continuous Attractors for 2-D Linear Threshold Neural Networks

This brief investigates continuous attractors of the well-developed model in visual cortex, i.e., the linear threshold (LT) neural networks, based on a parameterized 2-D model. On the basis of existing results on nondegenerate equilibria in mathematics, we further discuss degenerate equilibria for such networks and present properties and distributions of the equilibria, which enables us to draw the coexistence conditions of nondegenerate and degenerate equilibria (e.g., singular lines). Our theoretical results provide a useful framework for precise tuning on the network parameters, e.g., the feedbacks and visual inputs. Simulations are also presented to illustrate the theoretical findings.
User-Centric Research Challenges in Community Information Management Systems

In Cimple, a joint project between Wisconsin and Yahoo! Research, we are building systems that manage information for online communities. In this paper we discuss the fundamental roles users play in such systems, then the difficult user-centric research challenges raised by these roles, with respect to contributing to the system, accessing and using it, and leveraging the social interaction of users.
A subtilisin-like serine protease involved in the regulation of stomatal density and distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Stomata are specialized cellular structures in the epidermis of aerial plant organs that control gas exchange (H(2)O release and CO(2) uptake) between leaves and the atmosphere by modulating the aperture of a pore flanked by two guard cells. Stomata are nonrandomly distributed, and their density is controlled by endogenous and environmental factors. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating stomatal distribution, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered stomatal characteristics were isolated and examined. The sdd1-1 mutant exhibits a two- to fourfold increase of stomatal density and formation of clustered stomata (i.e., stomata that are not separated by intervening pavement cells), whereas the internal leaf architecture is not altered. The SDD1 gene was identified by map-based cloning. It encodes a subtilisin-like serine protease related to prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. We propose that SDD1 acts as a processing protease involved in the mediation of a signal that controls the development of cell lineages that lead to guard cell formation.
Age-related differences in peak joint torques during the support phase of single-step recovery from a forward fall.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that older adults have a reduced ability to recover balance with a single step after a forward-induced fall. To better understand the reasons for this reduced ability, this study investigated any age-related differences in peak joint torques during the support phase of a single-step balance recovery from a forward fall. METHODS Ten young (19-23 years old) and 10 older (65-83 years old) men were released from forward-leaning positions and attempted to recover their balance with a single step. Lean was increased until they failed to recover their balance with a single step. Peak extensor torques were calculated for the support phase of balance recovery and were compared across age groups. RESULTS A consistent pattern of joint torques emerged during the support phase of balance recovery, suggesting a similar strategy across young and older participants. Despite this similarity, older participants exhibited smaller peak knee extensor torques during the support phase of single-step balance recoveries, and trends toward larger peak extensor torques at the hip and ankle. CONCLUSIONS The age-related differences found are believed to be the combined result of an age-related reduction in muscle strength and an age-related neuromuscular adaptation to mitigate the effects of muscle strength loss on physical performance capabilities.