Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visualization of multivariate data using preattentive processing

A new method for designing multivariate data visualization tools is presented. Multivariate data visualization involves representation of data elements with multiple dimensions in a low dimensional enviroment, such as a computer screen or printed media. Our tools are designed to allow users to perform simple tasks like estimation, target detection, and detection of data boundaries rapidly and accurately. These techniques could be used for large datasets where more traditional techniques do not work well or for time-sensitive applications that require rapid understanding and informative data displays. Our design technique is based on principles arising in an area of cognitive psychology called preattentive processing. Preattentive processing studies visual features that are \preattentively" detected by the human visual system. Viewers do not have to focus their attention on particular regions of an image to determine whether elements with certain features are present or absent. Examples of preattentive features include colour, orientation, intensity, size, shape, curvature, and line length. Because this ability is part of the low-level human visual system, detection is performed very rapidly, almost certainly using a large degree of parallelism. In this thesis we investigate the hypothesis that these features can be used to e ectively represent multivariate data elements. Visualization tools that use this technique will allow users to perform rapid and accurate visual processing of their data displays. We chose to investigate two known preattentive features, colour and orientation. The particular question investigated is whether rapid and accurate estimation is possible using these preattentive features. Experiments that simulated displays using our preattentive visualization tool were run. The experiments used data similar to that which occurred in a set of salmon migration studies. This choice was made to investigate the likelihood of our techniques being relevant to real-world problems. Analysis of the results of the experiments showed that rapid and accurate estimation is possible with both colour and orientation. A second question, whether interaction occurs between the two features, was answered negatively. Additional information about exposure durations and feature and data interaction were also discovered. ii
Labor, State, and Crisis: An Israeli Case Study

FORTY YEARS AGO, Michal Kalecki argued forcefully that while the goal of full employment was economically achievable, it would come aground on a political bedrock: the opposition of employers (and consequently the state') to losing the power hitherto afforded by the presence of a jobless reserve army. Kalecki s prediction is mirrored, albeit in very different terms, in the Philips Curve assumption of tradeoff between unemployment and labor "pushfulness. More recently, though, many observers of the European scene claim to have discerned a seemingly painless alternative to the discipline of recession for regulating trade union power. This alternative—corporatism— involves explicit or implicit bargaining between strong union peak organizations and the state, in which the unions agree to restrain worker demands and actions in return for supportive public policies. In addition to the presence of an authoritative union confederation with a broad membership base, corporatist political exchange is thought to be fostered by the stable presence in government of a political party with strong ties to the union movement. Generalized across nations, the argument is that both the degree to which labor market conditions approach full employment, and the degree to which trade unions are oriented to self-restraint and partnership with employers, are a function of just a few institutional and political variables—the scope, unity, and centralization of the unions, the political power of Labor or Social Democratic parties, and the ties that bind party and union.
Metabolic plasticity and critical temperatures for aerobic scope in a eurythermal marine invertebrate (Littorina saxatilis, Gastropoda: Littorinidae) from different latitudes

SUMMARY Effects of latitudinal cold adaptation and cold acclimation on metabolic rates and aerobic scope were studied in the eurythermal marine gastropod Littorina saxatilis from temperate North Sea and sub-arctic White Sea areas. Animals were acclimated for 6-8 weeks at control temperature (13°C) or at 4°C, and their respiration rates were measured during acute temperature change (1-1.5°C h-1) in a range between 0°C and 32°C. In parallel, the accumulation of anaerobic end products and changes in energy status were monitored. Starting from 0°C, aerobic metabolic rates of L. saxatilis rose quickly with increasing temperatures up to a point at or slightly above the respective acclimation temperature. Beyond this value, thermal sensitivity of oxygen consumption rate (V̇O2) greatly decreased in a wide, 15°C range of experimental temperatures. This change in metabolic regulation was also reflected in the activation energy of aerobic metabolism (Ea), which was approximately seven times lower at temperatures above Arrhenius breakpoint temperatures (ABTs) than at temperatures below ABTs. Warming progressively led to a discrepancy between energy demand and energy production, as demonstrated by a decrease in the levels of high-energy phosphates [phosho-L-arginine (PLA) and ATP], and resulted in the onset of anaerobiosis at critically high temperatures, indicating a limitation of aerobic scope. The comparison of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic rates in L. saxatilis in air and water suggests that the heat-induced onset of anaerobiosis is due to the insufficient oxygen supply to tissues at high temperatures. Cold acclimation led to an increase in aerobic metabolic rates and a considerable downward shift of the upper critical temperature in North Sea L. saxatilis but not in White Sea L. saxatilis. Limited metabolic plasticity in response to cold acclimation in sub-arctic White Sea snails as compared with their temperate North Sea counterparts suggests that metabolic depression occurs during overwintering under the more extreme winter conditions at the White Sea.
Fine Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Peripheral Exocrine Gland in Rat Pancreas Using Transmission Electron Microscopic Examination of Serial Sections

To the Editor: R ecent studies of pancreatic gland regeneration have focused on peripheral pancreatic duct cells or centroacinar cells. However, the normal 3-dimensional (3D) structure of the peripheral exocrine gland in the pancreas remains controversial. We previously reported the 3D structure of FIGURE 1. Illustration of perfusion and result of isolated islets. A, Procedure of mouse pancreas perfusion and harvest, following the number. B, Analysis of isolated mouse islets. The images show the islets after dithizone (a, b, c) and AO/PI staining (d, e, f), in which the living cells fluoresce green and the dead or dying cells are red. (a, d) Completely digested islets are viable, having smooth surface. (b,e) Incompletely digested islets do not separate from acinar cells. (c,f) Excessively digested islets are small, rough, and apoptotic. Scale bars, 200 Km. Pancreas & Volume 41, Number 7, October 2012 Letters to the Editor
An integrated view of human, organizational, and technological challenges of IT security management

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the main challenges that IT security practitioners face in their organizations, including the interplay among human, organizational, and technological factors.Design/methodology/approach – The data set consisted of 36 semi‐structured interviews with IT security practitioners from 17 organizations (academic, government, and private). The interviews were analyzed using qualitative description with constant comparison and inductive analysis of the data to identify the challenges that security practitioners face.Findings – A total of 18 challenges that can affect IT security management within organizations are indentified and described. This analysis is grounded in related work to build an integrated framework of security challenges. The framework illustrates the interplay among human, organizational, and technological factors.Practical implications – The framework can help organizations identify potential challenges when implementing security standards, and.
FENCE to prevent deforestation using an event based sensor network

Research in wireless sensor networks is ongoing at a large scale for applications deployable world-wide like forest monitoring etc. To design, deploy and evaluate novel wireless systems, large and critical application requires a substantial effort. One of the major applications of wireless sensor networks is in event detection. The main objective of this paper is to monitor the forest tree theft and alert using wireless sensor networks. In forest monitoring application, event occurrence is rare, so the communication node is kept in at sleep mode. Whenever an event occurrence has been detected by sensor, it triggers the communication node. Subsequently, the event is reported to the sink node as quickly as possible and an alert is generated. In addition to this, the second objective of this work is power harvesting and power managing that has been achieved using event detection technique.
The evolution of empathy

Empathy—the ability to feel what another organisms feels, because that other organism feels it—is a trait that is widespread in the animal kingdom. As I make clearer in this chapter, it is plausible (though further work is needed to confirm this) that there are two distinct sources of selective pressures that led to the evolution of this trait. First, empathy can facilitate cooperation, which, in turn, can be highly adaptive (e.g. when it comes to helping offspring). However, it furthermore turns out that this cooperative empathy can be altruistically or egoistically constituted. Second, empathy can facilitate fast responding to environmental contingencies (such as predatory attacks). Considering these adaptive pressures on the evolution of empathy is useful, as they have several further implications: they provide a partial explanation for why empathy is so widely instantiated, they suggest that empathy can be inter-specific, they suggest that empathy is biased towards certain types of organisms, and they give partial support to the suggestion that empathy has less moral importance than is often supposed.
Dynamic user-level CPU allocation for volunteer computing in CFS-based scheduler environment

In this paper, we propose a CPU allocation technique to solve the problem of running volunteer application on a system with Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) using adaptive reservation. Our allocation technique works across user boundary without requiring administrative privilege. We implemented and evaluated our technique on Linux-based system with the CFS. Our technique could mitigate performance loss of foreground workload. In compute-heavy test and video playback test, performance loss is negligible. While in latency sensitive web server test, performance loss is only about 10 percent. Our technique also improves background workload performance up to 50 percent comparing to traditional static allocation method.
NEW PROTOCOLS FOR TACTICAL DATA by Clifford Warner and C. M. Keune

Tactical networks handle data types which are very different from those handled by conventional networks such as the ARPANET. The characteristics of tactical data call for the development of new reliable connectionless host-to-host protocols. This paper discusses the data likely to be handled by a tactical network, their characteristics, and the design of new protocols suitable for use with that data.
Inflation Targeting Regimes, Institutional Flexibility and Growth Performance: A Keynesian/Kaldorian Perspective in a Dynamic Panel Analysis

The objective of this paper is to investigate if Inflation Targeting Regime (hereafter ITR) institutional design has any relationship with growth performance of ITR countries. The theoretical model to be presented here shows that flexibility in the definition of the target rate of inflation is an important issue for a balanced growth in the long-run. This result supports the main empirical hypothesis of this paper according to which the level of institutional flexibility of an ITR has a positive relationship with output performance of the ITR countries. The empirical results we constructed support the hypothesis that the adoption of core inflation indexes, the establishment of a convergence horizon for targeting longer than the minimum (one year), and the ability of central banks in avoiding target losses are positive factors to preserve a strong and sustainable economic growth of ITR countries.
Methods to Measure Olfactory Behavior in Mice

Mice rely on the sense of olfaction to detect food sources, recognize social and mating partners, and avoid predators. Many behaviors of mice, including learning and memory, social interaction, fear, and anxiety are closely associated with their function of olfaction, and behavior tasks designed to evaluate those brain functions may use odors as cues. Accurate assessment of olfaction is not only essential for the study of olfactory system but also critical for proper interpretation of various mouse behaviors, especially learning and memory, emotionality and affect, and sociality. Here we describe a series of behavior experiments that offer multidimensional and quantitative assessments for mouse olfactory function, including olfactory habituation, discrimination, odor preference, odor detection sensitivity, and olfactory memory, with respect to both social and nonsocial odors. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Driving strategic development in Finnish universities : Reflecting on two case study examples

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Potassium channel openers exhibit cross-tolerance with morphine in two experimental models of pain.

OBJECTIVE The study was performed to assess the effect of potassium channel openers on morphine tolerance and vice-versa. METHODS Swiss albino mice of either gender weighing between 25-30 g were used for the study The study assesses the effect of potassium channel openers (cromakalim, diazoxide and minoxidil) on morphine tolerance and vice-versa, using formalin and tail-flick tests. RESULTS The antinociceptive effect of cromakalim and minoxidil was significantly reduced when administered to morphine-tolerant mice, in both the behavioural tests. However reduced analgesic effect of diazoxide was observed on morphine-tolerance in the formalin test but not in the tail-flick test. Tolerance was observed when morphine was administered to animals chronically treated with any of the potassium channel openers. The same effect was observed when morphine was injected into a group treated with a combination of morphine and any of the potassium channel openers. CONCLUSIONS This study, therefore, suggests that both morphine and potassium channel openers are cross-tolerant. However such interaction occurs at the level of potassium channels rather than at the level of receptors.
Improving Robot Motor Learning with Negatively Valenced Reinforcement Signals

Both nociception and punishment signals have been used in robotics. However, the potential for using these negatively valenced types of reinforcement learning signals for robot learning has not been exploited in detail yet. Nociceptive signals are primarily used as triggers of preprogrammed action sequences. Punishment signals are typically disembodied, i.e., with no or little relation to the agent-intrinsic limitations, and they are often used to impose behavioral constraints. Here, we provide an alternative approach for nociceptive signals as drivers of learning rather than simple triggers of preprogrammed behavior. Explicitly, we use nociception to expand the state space while we use punishment as a negative reinforcement learning signal. We compare the performance—in terms of task error, the amount of perceived nociception, and length of learned action sequences—of different neural networks imbued with punishment-based reinforcement signals for inverse kinematic learning. We contrast the performance of a version of the neural network that receives nociceptive inputs to that without such a process. Furthermore, we provide evidence that nociception can improve learning—making the algorithm more robust against network initializations—as well as behavioral performance by reducing the task error, perceived nociception, and length of learned action sequences. Moreover, we provide evidence that punishment, at least as typically used within reinforcement learning applications, may be detrimental in all relevant metrics.
Influence Prediction for Continuous-Time Information Propagation on Networks

We consider the problem of predicting the time evolution of influence, the expected number of activated nodes, given a set of initially active nodes on a propagation network. To address the significant computational challenges of this problem on large-scale heterogeneous networks, we establish a system of differential equations governing the dynamics of probability mass functions on the state graph where the nodes each lumps a number of activation states of the network, which can be considered as an analogue to the Fokker-Planck equation in continuous space. We provides several methods to estimate the system parameters which depend on the identities of the initially active nodes, network topology, and activation rates etc. The influence is then estimated by the solution of such a system of differential equations. This approach gives rise to a class of novel and scalable algorithms that work effectively for large-scale and dense networks. Numerical results are provided to show the very promising performance in terms of prediction accuracy and computational efficiency of this approach.
Considering covariates in the covariance structure of spatial processes

In spatial statistics one usually assumes that observations are partial realizations of a stochastic process $\{ Y({\bf x}),{\bf x}{\in} {\rm I\! R}^{C} \} $, where commonly C = 2, and the components of the location vector x are geographical coordinates. Frequently, it is assumed that $Y(\cdot )$ follows a Gaussian process (GP) with stationary covariance structure. In this setting the usual aim is to make spatial interpolation to unobserved locations of interest, based on observed values at monitored locations. This interpolation is heavily based on the specification of the mean and covariance structure of the GP. In environmental problems the assumption of stationary covariance structures is commonly violated due to local influences in the covariance structure of the process.
South African hospitality graduates ‟ perceptions of employment in the hospitality industry

The purpose of this study was to identify hospitality graduates‟ perceptions of employment in the hospitality industry in South Africa and to determine why these perceptions affect their chances of being employed and retained in the industry. Ninety-four hospitality management graduates from Tshwane University of Technology in South Africa completed a questionnaire in which the characteristics influencing their employment and retention in the hospitality industry were rated. Certain characteristics deemed to be the cause of the negative perceptions that led to hospitality graduates not being attracted to and retained in the industry. These results reveal that graduates have unrealistic expectations of employment in the hospitality industry.
Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: a review.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a myocardial disorder of primarily the right ventricle, with unknown cause and prevalence and with a frequent familial occurrence. The typical clinical manifestation consists of ventricular arrhythmias with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern that occur predominantly in young adults. ARVD may result in sudden death. Other manifestations are electrocardiographic repolarization and depolarization changes, structural abnormalities that range from subtle wall aneurysms within the so-called "triangle of dysplasia" to biventricular regional or global dysfunction, and localized or widespread fibrofatty infiltration of the right ventricular myocardium. The diagnosis of ARVD is based on the presence of major and minor criteria encompassing genetic, electrocardiographic, pathophysiologic, and histopathologic factors. The imaging modalities used to evaluate right ventricular abnormalities include conventional angiography, echocardiography, radionuclide angiography, ultrafast computed tomography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Among these techniques, MR imaging allows the clearest visualization of the heart. Because MR imaging depicts both functional and structural abnormalities, positive MR imaging findings should be used as important additional criteria in the clinical diagnosis of ARVD. MR imaging appears to be the optimal technique for detection and follow-up of clinically suspected ARVD.