Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parallel Misuse and Anomaly Detection Model

In this paper a novel hybrid model is being proposed for misuse and anomaly detection. C4.5 based binary decision trees are used for misuse and CBA (Classification Based Association) based classifier is used for anomaly detection. Firstly, the C4.5 based decision tree separates the network traffic into normal and attack categories. The normal traffic is sent to anomaly detector and parallel attacks are sent to a decision trees based classifier for labelling with specific attack type. The CBA based anomaly detection is a single level classifier where as the decision trees based misuse detector is a sequential multi-level classifier which labels one attack at a time in a step by step manner. The model is trained and tested on two disjoint datasets provided in the KDD Cup 99. Results show that 99.995% misuse detection rate with an anomaly detection rate of 99.298% is achievable. The overall at-tack detection rate is 99.911% and false alarm ratio of the integrated model is 3.229%. To overcome the deficiencies in KDD 99 dataset, a new improved dataset is also proposed. The overall accuracy of integrated model trained on new dataset is 97.495% compared to 97.24% of the old dataset.
The SRTM Data Finishing Process and Products

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) successfully acquired terrain elevation data for 80 percent of the Earth’s landmass in February 2000. The radar system and data collection scheme designed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) met the global requirements of the U.S. Department of Defense for Level 2 Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED ® ). JPL processed the raw data into unfinished DTED ® 2 and other products that were delivered to two contractors of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. The contractors edited the unfinished DTED ® 2, updated the associated products, and generated finished products for distribution. Automated processes were developed by each contractor to identify, delineate and set heights for lakes, rivers, and ocean coastlines in conformance with an extensive set of editing rules created to maintain consistency and uniformity in the final products. The finished DTED ® is significantly better than the 16 m vertical accuracy required by the original specification.
β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer

Enhanced sympathetic signaling, often associated with obesity and chronic stress, is increasingly acknowledged as a contributor to cancer aggressiveness. In prostate cancer, intact sympathetic nerves are critical for tumor formation, and sympathectomy induces apoptosis and blocks tumor growth. Perineural invasion, involving enrichment of intra-prostatic nerves, is frequently observed in prostate cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), the most abundant receptor for sympathetic signals in prostate luminal cells, has been shown to regulate trans-differentiation of cancer cells to neuroendocrine-like cells and to affect apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, migration, and metastasis. Epidemiologic studies have shown that use of β-blockers, inhibiting β-adrenergic receptor activity, is associated with reduced prostate cancer-specific mortality. In this review, we aim to present an overview on how β-adrenergic receptor and its downstream signaling cascade influence the development of aggressive prostate cancer, primarily through regulating neuroendocrine differentiation.
Separation logic, abstraction and inheritance

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming, allowing new classes to be defined in terms of old classes. When used with care, inheritance is an essential tool for object-oriented programmers. Thus, for those interested in developing formal verification techniques, the treatment of inheritance is of paramount importance. Unfortunately, inheritance comes in a number of guises, all requiring subtle techniques. To address these subtleties, most existing verification methodologies typically adopt one of two restrictions to handle inheritance: either (1) they prevent a derived class from restricting the behaviour of its base class (typically by syntactic means) to trivialize the proof obligations; or (2) they allow a derived class to restrict the behaviour of its base class, but require that every inherited method must be reverified. Unfortunately, this means that typical inheritance-rich code either cannot be verified or results in an unreasonable number of proof obligations. In this paper, we develop a separation logic for a core object-oriented language. It allows derived classes which override the behaviour of their base class, yet supports the inheritance of methods without reverification where this is safe. For each method, we require two specifications: a static specification that is used to verify the implementation and direct method calls (in Java this would be with a super call); and a dynamic specification that is used for calls that are dynamically dispatched; along with a simple relationship between the two specifications. Only the dynamic specification is involved with behavioural subtyping. This simple separation of concerns leads to a powerful system that supports all forms of inheritance with low proof-obligation overheads. We both formalize our methodology and demonstrate its power with a series of inheritance examples.
Does computational thinking correlate with personality?: the non-cognitive side of computational thinking

Computational thinking (CT) is being considered as a key set of problem-solving skills to be acquired by the new generations of digital citizens and workers in order to thrive in a computer-based world. However, from a psychometric point of view, CT is still a poorly defined psychological construct: there is no full consensus on a formal definition of CT or how to measure it; and its correlations with other psychological constructs, whether cognitive or non-cognitive, have not been completely established. In response to the latter, this paper aims to study specifically the correlations between CT and the several dimensions from the 'Big Five' model of human personality: Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. To do so, the Computational Thinking Test (CTt) and the Big Five Questionnaire-Children version (BFQ-C) are administered on a sample (n = 99) of Spanish students from 5th to 10th grade. Results show statistically significant correlations between CT and: Openness to Experience (r = 0.41), Extraversion (r = 0.30), and Conscientiousness (r = 0.27). These results are partially consistent with the literature about the links between cognitive and personality variables, and corroborate the existence of a non-cognitive side of CT. Hence, educational interventions aimed at fostering CT should take into account these non-cognitive issues in order to be comprehensive and successful.
Self-Organization of Color Receptive Fields based on the Infomax Principle

Various self-organization models with Hebb-type unsupervised learning have been proposed to explain the functional role of retinal or cortical neuron. In unsupervised learning paradigm, unlike supervised learning such as BP which needs desired outputs, desired property of the representation to be learned is provided. Infomax principle (Linsker, 1989) is an information-theoretic objection for perceptual processing: neural system should learn to preserve as much information as possible about the input signal. Hebbian learning which extracts the principal components of the input signal distribution is known as one of the powerful methods achieving the Infomax criterion under the certain conditions. Further, it has been shown that simple Hebbian learning rule based on this criterion can produce the center-surround and/or orientation selective receptive elds found in visual system (Sanger, 1989). Nevertheless, most of the analysis of the receptive eld self-organized in the computational model focused only on its spatial properties. To understand the relationship between functional role of the receptive eld found in visual system and visual processing including color vision, we need to know not only spatial property but also chromatic property of the receptive eld. This study discusses selforganization of color receptive elds by Hebbian learning rule using the random color noise images as learning data, which extracts the principal components of input distribution, and investigates the spatio-chromatic properties of self-organized color receptive elds.
GangKlang: facilitating a movement-oriented walking experience through sonic interaction

Sedentary lifestyle and resulting health problems have increased interest in design strategies to supports people's motivation for physical activity. In our experience-driven approach, we focus on renewing walkers' sensibility to embodied aesthetic qualities of the processing activity itself. In this paper, we present our steps to design sonic interaction tailored towards re-emphasizing the bodily dimension within walker's experience. We designed and developed a mobile application that makes the user's walking movement audible. Using our mobile application, users' walking movements trigger sounds that evolve into a dynamic soundscape changing in real time. We discuss initial findings on how listening to a walking-generated soundscape influences walkers' experience in terms of attention focus.
Sex di erences in brain-behavior relationships between verbal episodic memory and resting regional cerebral blood

Women have better verbal memory, and higher rates of resting regional cerebral blood ̄ow (rCBF). This study examined whether there are also sex dierences in the relationship between verbal episodic memory and resting rCBF. Twenty eight healthy right-handed volunteers (14 male, 14 female) underwent a neuropsychological evaluation and a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) O-water study. Immediate and delayed recall was measured on the logical memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale Ð Revised (WMS-R), and on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Resting rCBF (ml/100 g/min) was calculated for four frontal, four temporal, and four limbic regions of interest (ROIs). Women had better immediate recall on both WMS-R and CVLT tasks. Sex dierences in rCBF were found for temporal lobe regions. Women had greater bilateral blood ̄ow in a mid-temporal brain region. There were also sex dierences in rCBF correlations with performance. Women produced positive correlations with rCBF laterality in the temporal pole. Greater relative CBF in the left temporal pole was associated with better WMS-R immediate and delayed recall in women only. These results suggest that trait dierences in temporal pole brain-behavior relationships may relate to sex dierences in verbal episodic memory. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mechanochemistry: A Force of Synthesis

The past decade has seen a reawakening of solid-state approaches to chemical synthesis, driven by the search for new, cleaner synthetic methodologies. Mechanochemistry, i.e., chemical transformations initiated or sustained by mechanical force, has been advancing particularly rapidly, from a laboratory curiosity to a widely applicable technique that not only enables a cleaner route to chemical transformations but offers completely new opportunities in making and screening for molecules and materials. This Outlook provides a brief overview of the recent achievements and opportunities created by mechanochemistry, including access to materials, molecular targets, and synthetic strategies that are hard or even impossible to access by conventional means.
PASSWORD CRACKING BASED ON SPECIAL KEYBOARD PATTERNS

Passwords are still the most commonly used mechanism for user authentication. However, they are vulnerable to dictionary attacks. In order to guard against such attacks, administrative policies force the use of complex rules to create passwords. One commonly used “trick” is to use keyboard patterns, i.e., key patterns on a keyboard, to create passwords that conform to the complex rules. This paper proposes an efficient and effective method to attack passwords generated from some special keyboard patterns. We create a framework to formally describe the commonly used keyboard patterns of adjacent keys and parallel keys, called AP patterns, to generate password databases. Our simulation results show that the password space generated using AP patterns is about 2 times smaller than that generated for a brute-force attack. We also design a hybrid password cracking system consisting of different attacking methods to verify the effectiveness. Our results show that the number of passwords cracked increases up to 114% on average than without applying AP patterns.
The RecA protein as a recombinational repair system

The Escherichia coli RecA protein plays a central role in homologous genetic recombination, recombinational repair, and several other processes in bacteria. In vitro, an extended filament involving thousands of RecA monomers promotes a reaction in which individual ONA strands switch pairing partners (DNA strand exchange). This reaction has been extensively studied as a paradigm for the central steps in recombination. Because the strand‐exchange reaction is relatively simple and Isoenergetic, the complexity of the RecA system that carries it out has led to controversy about the functional significance of many fundamental properties of RecA. Filamentous protein structures involving thousands of RecA monomers, which hydrolyse 100 ATPs per base pair of heteroduplex DNA formed, are hard to rationalize in the context of recombination between two homologous DNAs. The thermodynamic barriers to strand exchange are much too small. These molecular features of the system can be easily rationalized, however, by shifting the focus to DNA repair.
Sensor Network for Structuring People and Environmental Information

Recently numbers of studies have been performed to make robots behave and interact with people more friendly and effectively. For example, nonverbal human-like behaviors such as eye-contact or maintaining suitable distance are known to be important in forming social relationships with people (Yoshikawa et al., 2006; Huettenrauch et al., 2006; Walters et al., 2005). To provide services effectively and behave humanlike, robots needs to obtain detailed information on where people exist or what they have been doing. Moreover, robots can provide services to people in two different ways: people find and approaches robots, or robots approach person that needs assistance. When we look for services in the current world, shops, information kiosks or wall maps in public spaces are typical examples of the first type. In order to receive the service, people need to find out where the service is provided and have to approach the place. On the contrary, there had been few examples for the second form. Lifeguards at the swimming pool may be a rare example. When someone drawn is found, s/he dives in to help the person. Although the latter form is much more convenient, why can they be rarely seen in our everyday life? This is because services of this form need monitoring and recognition of people requirements which is still a difficult task. However, with the progress in ubiquitous sensing systems, this convenient form of service is becoming real. Several research projects have been running under this intent. One typical example is the aware home (Kidd et al., 1999)0, where sensors are installed in the residence and making the home a smart, intelligent space for supporting life. However, due to the high cost required in building such system on individual houses, it is hard to imagine every home having these facilities. Instead, public space such as shopping malls, stations or airports are more likely to be equipped with these sensing systems. However, public spaces show typical natures that cannot be seen in individual homes such as: 1. they are typically crowded with people, 2. the area is wide, and 3. most of the places are designed for certain purpose. The first two shows that sensing is much more challenging in these places. But by the last feature, there is a 23
From genetics to genomics: ethics, policy, and parental decision-making.

OBJECTIVE Ethical evaluation of genetic testing in children is traditionally based on balancing clinical benefits and risks. However, this focus can be inconsistent with the general practice of respecting parental decision-making about their children's health care. We argue that respect for parental decision-making should play a larger role in shaping pediatric genetic testing practices, and play a similar role regarding decisions to use emerging genomic technologies. METHODS Genomic testing involves the examination of thousands of DNA markers spanning genes throughout the genome and their interrelationships, yielding virtually limitless interpretations. We presume that parents and providers should proceed cautiously in applying genomic testing in children, as we explore how genomic testing will stress the fault lines of the traditional ethical analysis. RESULTS Empirical data about the psychosocial risks and benefits of genetic testing of children do not reveal serious harms, yet virtually no such data exist yet about genomic testing. Unless empirical social and behavioral data indicate that genomic testing is highly likely to cause serious harms to the children, parental decisions to obtain comprehensive genomic testing in their children should be respected. Once comprehensive genomic testing of children becomes routine, resultant information may be more easily integrated by families than anticipated. CONCLUSIONS Research on the social and behavioral impact of comprehensive genomic testing on children and their families is needed to further inform parents, clinicians, and policy makers.
Creating a nested melodic representation: competition and cooperation among bottom-up and top-down Gestalt principles

A set of principles (based on Gestalt theory) governing how we group notes into meaningful groups has been widely accepted in the literature. Based on these principles, many divergent theories of melodic segmentation and representation have been proposed. However, these theories have not succeeded in achieving a comprehensive and verifiable representation of melody. This is largely due to the fact that multiple competing segmenting factors produce, for any single melody, a large number of possible segmentations and therefore representations. Here a model is proposed, which incorporates widely accepted principles of segmentation. These rules govern three types of factors: (1) changes in proximity (for producing disjunctive segmentation), (2) changes in overall contour and intervallic texture and (3) patterns and periodicity that create parallelism among segments. Because of the nature of the segmentation rules, these same rules establish the attributes of the groups they produce. Based on original research in Singer 2004, principles for establishing preferences among competing rules are formulated in order to create a few preferred representations for approximately 1,000 monophonic folksongs.
Interacting Effects of Climate Change, Landscape Conversion, and Harvest on Carnivore Populations at the Range Margin: Marten and Lynx in the Northern Appalachians

Abstract: Assessing the effects of climate change on threatened species requires moving beyond simple bioclimatic models to models that incorporate interactions among climatic trends, landscape change, environmental stochasticity, and species life history. Populations of marten (Martes americana) and lynx (Lynx canadensis) in southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States represent peninsular extensions of boreal ranges and illustrate the potential impact of these threats on semi‐isolated populations at the range margin. Decreased snowfall may affect marten and lynx through decreased prey vulnerability and decreased competitive advantage over sympatric carnivores. I used a spatially explicit population model to assess potential effects of predicted changes in snowfall by 2055 on regional marten and lynx populations. The models' habitat rankings were derived from previous static models that correlated regional distribution with snowfall and vegetation data. Trapping scenarios were parameterized as a 10% proportional decrease in survival, and logging scenarios were parameterized as a 10% decrease in the extent of older coniferous or mixed forest. Both species showed stronger declines in the simulations due to climate change than to overexploitation or logging. Marten populations declined 40% because of climate change, 16% because of logging, and 30% because of trapping. Lynx populations declined 59% because of climate change, 36% because of trapping, and 20% in scenarios evaluating the effects of population cycles. Climate change interacted with logging in its effects on the marten and with trapping in its effects on the lynx, increasing overall vulnerability. For both species larger lowland populations were vulnerable to climate change, which suggests that contraction may occur in the core of their current regional range as well as among smaller peripheral populations. Despite their greater data requirements compared with bioclimatic models, mesoscale spatial viability models are important tools for generating more biologically realistic hypotheses regarding biotic response to climate change.
Force Control in One Legged Hopping Robot while Landing

In this paper, the issue of control of impact forces generated during the interaction between the hopping robot toe and the ground during landing has been considered. The force thus generated can damage the robot altogether. With the objective to control these impact forces impedance control strategy has been applied to the hopping robot system. The dynamics pertaining to the impact between robot toe and ground has been modeled as in case of a ball bouncing on the ground. Bond Graph theory has been used for the modeling of the hopping robot system. Simulation results show that impact forces generated during the landing has been controlled to a specified limiting value. This model and the corresponding analysis can be further extended for understanding the dynamics involved in continuous hopping of robot with constant height and velocity control.