Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simple error detection methods for hardware implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard

In order to prevent the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) from suffering from differential fault attacks, the technique of error detection can be adopted to detect the errors during encryption or decryption and then to provide the information for taking further action, such as interrupting the AES process or redoing the process. Because errors occur within a function, it is not easy to predict the output. Therefore, general error control codes are not suited for AES operations. In this work, several error-detection schemes have been proposed. These schemes are based on the (n+1, n) cyclic redundancy check (CRC) over GF(28), where nisin{4,8,16}. Because of the good algebraic properties of AES, specifically the MixColumns operation, these error detection schemes are suitable for AES and efficient for the hardware implementation; they may be designed using round-level, operation-level, or algorithm-level detection. The proposed schemes have high fault coverage. In addition, the schemes proposed are scalable and symmetrical. The scalability makes these schemes suitable for an AES circuit implemented in 8-bit, 32-bit, or 128-bit architecture. Symmetry also benefits the implementation of the proposed schemes to achieve that the encryption process and the decryption process can share the same error detection hardware. These schemes are also suitable for encryption-only or decryption-only cases. Error detection for the key schedule in AES is also proposed and is based on the derived results in the data procedure of AES
CONTEXT, CONTACT, AND COGNITION IN ORAL FLUENCY ACQUISITION: Learning Spanish in At Home and Study Abroad Contexts

This study investigates the role of context of learning in second language (L2) acquisition. Participants were 40 native speakers of English studying Spanish for one semester in one of two different learning contexts—a formal classroom at a home university (AH) and a study abroad (SA) setting. The research looks at various indexes of oral performance gains—particularly gains in oral fluency as measured by temporal and hesitation phenomena and gains in oral proficiency based on the Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI). The study also examines the relation these oral gains bore to L2-specific cognitive measures of speed of lexical access (word recognition), efficiency (automaticity) of lexical access, and speed and efficiency of attention control hypothesized to underlie oral performance. The learners also provided estimates of the number of hours they spent in extracurricular language-contact activities. The results show that in some respects learners in the SA context made greater gains, both in terms of temporal and hesitation phenomena and in oral proficiency as measured by the OPI, than learners in the AH context. There were also, however, significant interaction effects and correlational patterns indicating complex relationships between oral proficiency, cognitive abilities, and language contact. The results demonstrate the importance of the dynamic interactions that exist among oral, cognitive, and contextual variables. Such interactions may help explain the enormous individual variation one sees in learning outcomes, and they underscore the importance of studying such variables together rather than in isolation.This research was funded in part by a grant to Barbara F. Freed from the Council on International Educational Exchange, New York, in part by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to Norman Segalowitz, and in part by a grant from the Dean's Office, Faculty of Arts and Science at Concordia University, to Segalowitz. The authors wish to thank Joe Collentine, Manuel Díaz-Campos, and Barbara Lafford, who are members of the research team involved in the larger project of which this study is one part. A special note of thanks is due to Nicole Lazar, who is also a member of the research team, for her invaluable statistical advice. Finally, the authors would like to thank Conchita Bueno, Hazel Casas, Elizabeth Gatbonton, Randall Halter, Guy Lacroix, Anne-Marie Linnen, Magnolia Negrete, Irene O'Brien, Laura Renteria-Díaz, Marlene Taube, and Naomi Yamasaki, who helped during various phases of this project.
Achieving Subpixel Georeferencing Accuracy in the Canadian AVHRR Processing System

Precise geolocation is one of the fundamental requirements for satellite imagery to be suitable for climate applications. The Global Climate Observing System and the Committee on Earth Observing Satellites identified the requirement for the accuracy of geolocation of satellite data for climate applications as 1/3 field of view (FOV). This requirement for the series of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration platforms cannot be met without implementing the ground control point (GCP) correction, particularly for historical data, because of limited accuracy of orbit modeling and knowledge of satellite attitude angles. This paper presents a new method for precise georeferencing of the AVHRR imagery developed as part of the new Canadian AVHRR processing system (CAPS) designed for generating high-quality AVHRR satellite climate data record at 1-km spatial resolution. The method works in swath projection and uses the following: 1) the reference monthly images from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer at 250-m resolution; 2) orthorectification to correct for surface elevation; and 3) a novel image matching technique in swath projection to achieve the subpixel resolution. The method is designed for processing daytime data as it intensively employs observations from optical solar bands, the near-infrared channel in particular. The application of the developed processing system showed that the algorithm achieved better than 1/3 FOV geolocation accuracy for AVHRR 1-km scenes. It has very high efficiency rate (> 97%) due to the dense and uniform GCP coverage of the study area (5700 × 4800 km2 ), covering the entire Canada, the Northern U.S., Alaska, Greenland, and surrounding oceans.
The Impact of Flexible Working Arrangements on Work–life Conflict and Work Pressure in Ireland

Recent rapid economic growth in Ireland has been accompanied by a strong surge in the number of women in employment, and this has led to a significant increase in the proportion of dual-earner families. These changes have brought the issue of reconciliation between work and care commitments to the fore. Flexible working arrangements in firms have been identified as one important means of balancing work and other commitments (Evans 2001). In this paper we investigate the relationship between four flexible working arrangements ? flexi-time, part-time hours, working from home and job-share ? and two key employee outcomes ? work pressure and work-life conflict, using data from the first national survey of employees in Ireland in 2003. Our results show that while part-time work and flexi-time tend to reduce work pressure and work-life conflict, working from home is associated with greater levels of both work pressure and work-life conflict. We conclude that it is important to distinguish between flexible working arrangements to discover their potential for reducing work pressure and work-life conflict.
Inside the Concept: Rethinking Dōgen's Language

One of the most characteristic features of the philosophy of Dōgen is his idiosyncratic use of language, in particular, the replacement of expected semantic connections between two adjacent Chinese characters with improbable, but grammatically possible ones, from which new philosophical concepts are then derived. The article places this writing technique in the context of the linguistic changes that were taking place both in China and Japan at the time of Dōgen's writing as well as the general attitude of Chan/Zen thinkers toward language, arguing that the Chan/Zen critique was not pointed to language as such, but its reified and alienated forms. Dōgen's concept-making could accordingly be seen as an effort to keep language ‘alive. ’ The article offers two possible ways of interpreting his concepts: they can either be seen as relativisations of the mainstream reading norms, or as the creation of total semantic links in which all the existing ways of linking two characters are simultaneously possible.
Diabetes related knowledge, attitude and practices of family physicians in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) towards diabetes of Family Physicians (FPs) working in urban and rural areas of Pakistan. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional survey was conducted on FPs through an interview by a trained person and filling up a questionnaire focused on diagnosis, treatment and complications of diabetes. The answers were scored by assigning marks and conversion to percentages. The computer package SPSS version 10 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 767 FPs (756 males, 11 females, average age 42.18 years) with a mean clinical practice duration of 13.41 years, with 681 practicing in urban areas and 86 in rural areas, participated in the study. Each FP saw on an average 58 patients daily, spending a mean of 8.5 minutes with each case. More than 90% FPs treated diabetics and 107 (14%) of the doctors were diabetic themselves. Overall 62% answers were correct, with the FPs from Sindh having the highest score of 66% and the Federal Capital Area with the lowest 54%. The questions answered correctly by less than 50% of FPs pertained to diagnostic blood values of glucose, treatment of children with diabetes, pregnant diabetics, monitoring of diabetics and technique of insulin injection. The questions answered correctly by more than 50% of FPs were related to diagnosis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), insulin in pregnancy, importance of education in diabetics and diabetes complications, screening and management. CONCLUSION This study has explored several aspects of diabetes related KAP of Family Physicians and identified the need for improvement in their practices for treating and educating diabetics. Awareness and education programmes are recommended to update the FPs on early detection and management of diabetes.
Dominant Mutations in S. cerevisiae PMS1 Identify the Mlh1-Pms1 Endonuclease Active Site and an Exonuclease 1-Independent Mismatch Repair Pathway

Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolypsis colorectal cancer or HNPCC) is a common cancer predisposition syndrome. Predisposition to cancer in this syndrome results from increased accumulation of mutations due to defective mismatch repair (MMR) caused by a mutation in one of the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2/scPMS1. To better understand the function of Mlh1-Pms1 in MMR, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify six pms1 mutations (pms1-G683E, pms1-C817R, pms1-C848S, pms1-H850R, pms1-H703A and pms1-E707A) that were weakly dominant in wild-type cells, which surprisingly caused a strong MMR defect when present on low copy plasmids in an exo1Δ mutant. Molecular modeling showed these mutations caused amino acid substitutions in the metal coordination pocket of the Pms1 endonuclease active site and biochemical studies showed that they inactivated the endonuclease activity. This model of Mlh1-Pms1 suggested that the Mlh1-FERC motif contributes to the endonuclease active site. Consistent with this, the mlh1-E767stp mutation caused both MMR and endonuclease defects similar to those caused by the dominant pms1 mutations whereas mutations affecting the predicted metal coordinating residue Mlh1-C769 had no effect. These studies establish that the Mlh1-Pms1 endonuclease is required for MMR in a previously uncharacterized Exo1-independent MMR pathway.
Estrés parental, estrategias de afrontamiento y evaluación del riesgo en madres de familias en riesgo usuarias de los Servicios Sociales

In this study parenting stress and coping strategies in a sample of 109 mothers from at-risk families were analyzed. Results obtained show over half of these women experienced clinical levels of parenting stress, and problem focused coping strategies were the most commonly used. Moreover, the main characteristics of these families and their trajectories in Child and Family Protection Services were correlated with parenting stress and coping strategies. The global valuation of family risk informed by professionals was significantly related to parenting stress.
Aminophylline Partially Prevents the Decrease of Body Temperature during Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery

Aminophylline can elicit thermogenesis in rats or increase metabolic rate during cold stress in lambs. We tested the hypothesis that aminophylline would reduce the change in core body temperature during laparoscopic abdominal surgery requiring pneumoperitoneum. Fifty patients were randomly divided into an aminophylline group (n=25) and a saline control group (n=25). Esophageal temperature, index finger temperature, and hemodynamic variables, such as mean blood pressure and heart rate, were measured every 15 min during sevoflurane anesthesia. In the aminophylline group, esophageal temperatures at T45 (36.1±0.38 vs. 35.7±0.29, P=0.024), T60 (36.0±0.39 vs. 35.6±0.28, P=0.053), T75 (35.9±0.34 vs. 35.5±0.28, P=0.025), T90 (35.8±0.35 vs. 35.3±0.33, P=0.011), and T105 (35.8±0.36 vs. 35.1±0.53, P=0.017) and index finger temperatures at T15 (35.8±0.46 vs. 34.9±0.33, P<0.001), T30 (35.7±0.36 vs. 35.0±0.58, P=0.029), T45 (35.8±0.34 vs. 35.2±0.42, P=0.020), T60 (35.7±0.33 vs. 34.9±0.47, P=0.010), T75 (35.6±0.36 vs. 34.8±0.67, P=0.028), T90 (35.4±0.55 vs. 34.4±0.89, P=0.042), and T105 (34.9±0.53 vs. 33.9±0.85, P=0.024) were significantly higher than in the saline control group. Aminophylline is effective in maintaining the core temperature through a thermogenic effect, despite reduced peripheral thermoregulatory vasoconstriction. Graphical Abstract
INTELLIGENCE AND CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN OLDER PEOPLE: CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the author and has determined that none of the authors have any financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this letter. Kiyohito Okumiya received funding for Project 3-4 of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Author Contributions: Kiyohito Okumiya, Masayuki Ishine, and Kozo Matsubayashi conceived and designed the project. All authors participated in the medical survey in Japan. Kiyohito Okumiya and Kozo Matsubayashi engaged in the analysis and interpretation of data and the preparation of the letter. Sponsor’s Role: None.
Tc1/Tc2 ratio in the inflammatory process in patients with Behçet's disease.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood CD8+ T cells expressing interferon gamma and interleukin-4 (IL-4), and lacking CD28 molecules, were responsible for the dynamic interplay between peripheral blood and inflammatory sites. INTRODUCTION: The aim of the current study was to define in Behçet's disease (BD), CD8+ T-cell subsets using CD28 and CD11b monoclonal antibodies, and the characterization of the Tc1/Tc2 ratio and perforin expression. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used for intracytoplasmic cytokines and perforin expression. Effector cells were investigated by adhesion of CD8+ T cells to human microvascular endothelial cells and by chemotaxis using beta-chemokine. RESULTS: Interferon-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells in active and remission BD patients were increased, which induce a significant increase of the Tc1:Tc2 ratio in BD. CD8(+)CD28(-)CD11b+ T cells were found to be more expanded in BD patients than in age-matched healthy controls. The expression of CD11b molecules in active BD allowed to CD8(+)CD28+/CD8(+)CD28- subsets to adhere to human microvascular endothelial cells, with more efficiency in BD. Using MIP-1alpha, we observed that the migratory process of CD28(-)CD11b(+) is more important in BD. CD28(-)CD11b+ exhibited an increased perforin expression in BD patients. CONCLUSION: Taken together these results suggest the presence of immune activation, probably in response to a profound inflammation affecting BD patients. The physiopathological significance of these results were toward autoimmune diseases and/or infectious process.
Unique Properties of Human β-Defensin 6 (hBD6) and Glycosaminoglycan Complex

Background: Defensins regulate leukocyte trafficking, and the extracellular matrix is known to be important for these functions. Results: NMR studies of hBD6 indicate that glycosaminoglycan (GAG) induces dimerization and that the binding site overlaps with the CCR2-binding site. Conclusion: GAG binding modulates multiple structural and dynamic properties of defensin. Significance: This study provides novel structural insights and may help to understand how defensins orchestrate leukocyte recruitment. Defensins are components of the innate immune system that promote the directional migration and activation of dendritic cells, thereby modulating the adaptive immune response. Because matrix glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is known to be important for these functions, we characterized the structural features of human β-defensin 6 (hBD6) and GAG interaction using a combination of structural and in silico analyses. Our results showed that GAG model compounds, a pentasaccharide (fondaparinux, FX) and an octasaccharide heparin derivative (dp8) bind to the α-helix and in the loops between the β2 and β3 strands, inducing the formation of a ternary complex with a 2:1 hBD6:FX stoichiometry. Competition experiments indicated an overlap of GAG and chemokine receptor CCR2 binding sites. An NMR-derived model of the ternary complex revealed that FX interacts with hBD6 along the dimerization interface, primarily contacting the α-helices and β2-β3 loops from each monomer. We further demonstrated that high-pressure NMR spectroscopy could capture an intermediate stage of hBD6-FX interaction, exhibiting features of a cooperative binding mechanism. Collectively, these data suggest a “sandwich-like” model in which two hBD6 molecules bind a single FX chain and provide novel structural insights into how defensin orchestrates leukocyte recruitment through GAG binding and G protein-coupled receptor activation. Despite the similarity to chemokines and hBD2, our data indicate different properties for the hBD6-GAG complex. This work adds significant information to the currently limited data available for the molecular structures and dynamics of defensin carbohydrate binding.
Inclusive fitness and differential productivity across the life course determine intergenerational transfers in a small-scale human society

Transfers of resources between generations are an essential element in current models of human life-history evolution accounting for prolonged development, extended lifespan and menopause. Integrating these models with Hamilton's theory of inclusive fitness, we predict that the interaction of biological kinship with the age-schedule of resource production should be a key driver of intergenerational transfers. In the empirical case of Tsimane’ forager–horticulturalists in Bolivian Amazonia, we provide a detailed characterization of net transfers of food according to age, sex, kinship and the net need of donors and recipients. We show that parents, grandparents and siblings provide significant net downward transfers of food across generations. We demonstrate that the extent of provisioning responds facultatively to variation in the productivity and demographic composition of families, as predicted by the theory. We hypothesize that the motivation to provide these critical transfers is a fundamental force that binds together human nuclear and extended families. The ubiquity of three-generational families in human societies may thus be a direct reflection of fundamental evolutionary constraints on an organism's life-history and social organization.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: New Molecular Insights

Both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are major causes of death worldwide. In most cases this reflects cigarette smoke exposure which is able to induce an inflammatory response in the airways of smokers. Indeed, COPD is characterized by lower airway inflammation, and importantly, the presence of COPD is by far the greatest risk factor for lung cancer amongst smokers. Cigarette smoke induces the release of many inflammatory mediators and growth factors including TGF-β, EGFR, IL-1, IL-8 and G-CSF through oxidative stress pathways and this inflammation may persist for decades after smoking cessation. Mucus production is also increased by these inflammatory mediators, further linking airway inflammation to an important mechanism of lung cancer. A greater understanding of the molecular and cellular pathobiology that distinguishes smokers with lung cancer from smokers with and without COPD is needed to unravel the complex molecular interactions between COPD and lung cancer. By understanding the common signalling pathways involved in COPD and lung cancer the hope is that treatments will be developed that not only treat the underlying disease process in COPD, but also reduce the currently high risk of developing lung cancer in these patients.