Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbubble dynamics in brain microvessels

Background Focused ultrasound stimulation of microbubbles is being tested in clinical trials for its ability to deliver drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This technique has the potential to treat neurological diseases by preferentially delivering drugs to targeted regions. Yet despite its potential, the physical mechanisms by which microbubbles alter the BBB permeability remain unclear, as direct observations of microbubbles oscillating in cerebral capillaries have never been previously recorded. The purpose of this study was to reveal how microbubbles respond to ultrasound when within the microvessels of living brain tissue. Methods Microbubbles in acute brain slices acquired from juvenile rats perfused with a concentrated solution of SonoVue® and dye were exposed to ultrasound pulses typically used in BBB disruption (center frequency: 1 MHz, peak-negative pressure: 0.2–1 MPa, pulse length: up to 10 ms) and observed using high-speed microscopy at up to 10 million frames per second. Results We observed that microbubbles can exert mechanical stresses on a wide region of tissue beyond their initial location and immediate surroundings. A single microbubble can apply mechanical stress to parenchymal tissues several micrometers away from the vessel. Microbubbles can travel at high velocities within the microvessels, extending their influence across tens of micrometers during a single pulse. With longer pulses and higher pressures, microbubbles could penetrate the vessel wall and move through the parenchyma, refuting a previous assumption that microbubbles are confined to vessels. The probability of extravasation scales approximately with mechanical index, being rare at low pressures, but much more common at a mechanical index ≥ 0.6. Conclusions These observations provide important insight into microbubble dynamics in microvessels, and are critical leads into ultimately identifying the microbubble activities that lead to both safe drug delivery and into activities we seek to avoid, such as petechiae and other bioeffects.
Modification to Einstein's field equations imposed by string theory Modification to Einstein's field equations imposed by string theory and consequences for the classical tests of general relativity and consequences for the classical tests of general relativity

String theory imposes slight modiﬁcations to Einstein’s equations of general relativity (GR). In [4] the authors claim that the gravitational ﬁeld equations in empty space, which in GR are just R µν = 0, should hold one extra term which is ﬁrst order in the string constant α
Robust error correction in infofuses

Supplementary data pa.2011. 0316.DC1. html http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2011/09/28/rs "Data Supplement" References pa.2011. 0316.full. html#ref-list-1 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/early/2011/09/28/rs This article cites 13 articles, 1 of which can be accessed free P<P journal. Published online 28 September 2011 in advance of the print Subject collections (87 articles) materials science  (1 articles) algorithmic information theory  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
TREBOL: Tree-Based Routing and Address Autoconﬁguration for Vehicle-to-Internet Communications

—Efﬁcient vehicle-to-Internet routing and address au-toconﬁguration are two of the missing pieces required to provide Internet connectivity from vehicles. Here, we propose TREBOL, a tree-based and conﬁgurable protocol which beneﬁts from the inherent tree-shaped nature of vehicle to Internet trafﬁc to reduce the signaling overhead while dealing efﬁciently with the vehicular dynamics. The paper describes the design and rationale of the solution
Big Push or Big Grab? Railways, Government Activism, and Export Growth in Latin America, 1865–1913

Railways were one of the main engines of the Latin American trade boom before 1914. Railway construction often required financial support from local governments, which depended on their fiscal capacity. But since the main government revenues were trade-related, this generated a two-way feedback between government revenues and railways with a potential for multiple equilibria. The empirical tests in this paper support the hypothesis of a positive two-way relationship. The main implication of our analysis is that the build-up of state capacity was a necessary condition for railway expansion and, given the importance of the export sector in these economies, for economic growth and divergence in the region.
Explicit Solutions for a General Class of Optimal Allocation Problems

We revisit the problem of minimizing a separable convex function with a linear constraint and box constraints. This optimization problem arises naturally in many applications in economics, insurance, and finance. Existing literature exclusively tackles this problem by using the traditional Kuhn-Tucker theory, which leads to either iterative schemes or yields explicit solutions only under some special classes of convex functions. Instead, we present a new approach of solving this constrained minimization problem explicitly by using the theory of comonotonicity. The key step is to apply an integral representation result to express each convex function as the expected stop-loss of some suitable random variable.
CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION : PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE Concurrency Computat

This paper presents a formal framework of a distributed computation based on a publish/subscribe system. The framework abstracts the system through two delays, namely the subscription/unsubscription delay and the diffusion delay. This abstraction allows one to model concurrent execution of publication and subscription operations without waiting for the stability of the system state and to define a Liveness property which gives the conditions for the presence of a notification event in the global history of the system. This formal framework allows us to analytically define a measure of the effectiveness of a publish/subscribe system, which reflects the percentage of notifications guaranteed by the system to subscribers. A simulation study confirms the validity of the analytical measurements. Copyright c © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of the Expression of the Distalless-B gene in gene in Ciona is regulated by a pan-is regulated by a pan-ectodermal enhancer module ectodermal enhancer module

The Ci-Dll-B gene is an early regulator of ectodermal development in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (Imai et al., 2006). Ci-Dll-B is located in a convergently transcribed bigene cluster with a tandem duplicate, Ci-Dll-A . This clustered genomic arrangement is the same as those of the homologous vertebrate Dlx genes, which are also arranged in convergently transcribed bigene clusters. Sequence analysis of the C. intestinalis Dll-A-B cluster reveals a 378 bp region upstream of Ci-Dll-B , termed B1, which is highly conserved with the corresponding region from the congener Ciona savignyi . The B1 element is necessary and sufficient to drive expression of a lacZ reporter gene in a pattern mimicking the endogenous expression of Ci-Dll-B at gastrula stages. This expression pattern which is specific to the entire animal hemisphere is activated preferentially in posterior, or b-lineage, cells by a central portion of B1. Expression in anterior, or a-lineage cells, can be activated by this central portion in combination with the distal part of B1. Anterior expression can also be activated by the central part of B1 plus both the proximal part of B1 and non-conserved sequence upstream of B1. Thus, cis -regulation of early Ci-Dll-B expression is activated by a required submodule in the center of B1, driving posterior expression, which works in combination with redundant submodules that respond to differentially localized anterior factors to produce the total animal hemisphere expression pattern. Interestingly, the intergenic region of the cluster, which is important for expression of the Dlx genes in vertebrates, does not have a specific activating function in the reporter genes tested, but acts as an attenuator in combination with upstream sequences.
Progress in Organic Coatings

The aim of the study was to synthesized organic-inorganic experimental nanocomposite materials via sol – gel dip coating and to characterized its biological response. The sols consist of an inorganic – organic matrix based on ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , Li + and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The obtained hybrid-coated titanium samples have been characterized using atomic force microscope (AFM), Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). Biocompatibility of the hybrid coatings was evaluated by cytotoxicity tests. AFM analysis detailed that the obtained materials were rough nanostructured hybrids. SEM results presented covered surfaces and the presence of particles with di ﬀ erent sizes and formats. The EDX data allowed to know the quantitative percentage of the elements present on the surface of the hybrid-coated titanium samples compatible with the sols composition. Cytotoxicity showed that all the hybrid-coated titanium samples had non-cytotoxic e ﬀ ect on target cells, having the groups that included Li+ in the surface higher cellular grown. The sol gel dipcoating method represents a viable alternative to include inorganic and organic elements on titanium and form stable hybrid layers. The modi ﬁ ed surfaces of titanium with the experimental materials were rough, presented biocompatible elements and allowed high cellular grown.
Antibody Neutralization Virus Capsid Mediates Escape from Flexibility in Surface-Exposed Loops in a

New human norovirus strains emerge every 2 to 3 years, partly due to mutations in the viral capsid that allow escape from antibody neutralization and herd immunity. To understand how noroviruses evolve antibody resistance, we investigated the structural basis for the escape of murine norovirus (MNV) from antibody neutralization. To identify specific residues in the MNV-1 protruding (P) domain of the capsid that play a role in escape from the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) A6.2, 22 recombinant MNVs were generated with amino acid substitutions in the A=B= and E=F= loops. Six mutations in the E=F= loop (V378F, A382K, A382P, A382R, D385G, and L386F) mediated escape from MAb A6.2 neutralization. To elucidate underlying structural mechanisms for these results, the atomic structure of the A6.2 Fab was determined and fitted into the previously generated pseudoatomic model of the A6.2 Fab/MNV-1 virion complex. Previously, two distinct conformations, A and B, of the atomic structures of the MNV-1 P domain were identified due to flexibility in the two P domain loops. A superior stereochemical fit of the A6.2 Fab to the A conformation of the MNV P domain was observed. Structural analysis of our observed escape mutants indicates changes toward the less-preferred B conformation of the P domain. The shift in the structural equilibrium of the P domain toward the conformation with poor structural complementarity to the antibody strongly supports a unique mechanism for antibody escape that occurs via antigen flexibility instead of direct antibody-antigen binding.
Modeling Trust in Human Conversation

If we are ever to have intelligent systems, they will need memory. Memory is the core of learning; intelligence is about entering, extracting, and synthesizing its contents. What makes the memory problem difficult is that memory is not a simple collection of facts. The how and why of where those facts were acquired is a key part of how they are internalized and used later. As a step towards solving this large and difficult problem, I have focused on how people learn to trust each other when they have a conversation. The model I have created represents people as sets of self-organizing maps; each has a map to represent his own beliefs, and a map to represent what he thinks of another person. Beliefs are in this model restricted to likes and dislikes, across a wide range of topics. In this thesis I describe the program implemented in Java to test this model. The model has been tested on four different kinds of conversations, with the topics of animals and cars, to determine whether its behavior looks reasonable to a human observer. In this work I show how a simple, natural model can closely approximate human behavior, without need for tweaking parameters. Thesis Supervisor: Patrick H. Winston Title: Ford Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science
Search For Rare Events in V-NN = 200 GeV Au + Au PHOBOS Data

In this analysis, we set an upper bound on the rate of rare events: events whose dN distribution deviates more than statistically from the ensemble average distribution for s = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions in PHOBOS data. We carefully remove events that may exhibit non-statistical fluctuations due to other effects, such as event pileup and detector pathology. We also use very fine binning in the z and y vertex positions to eliminate fluctuations due to different event vertices. We eliminate global correlations within the d distributions by using a covariance matrix in the analysis, which is used to scale out correlations between difference pseduorapidity (ri) regions. In the end we produce a value of X2 per degree of freedom (X2 ) for each event, which reflects how well the event agrees with the ensemble average. We compare this distribution with the distribution we would expect for a model using uncorrelated random variables with the same degrees of freedom of our system, and find remarkable agreement between our data and this random distribution. This allows us to conclude that most events in our data set are statistical fluctuations about the ensemble average. We are further able to determine that there is a signal of non-statistical events with XV > 2.22, and that the rate of these events in the PHOBOS data is less than (1.97 ± 0.4(stat) O0.1(sys)) x 10 5 rare events Thesis Supervisor: George Stephans Title: Senior Research Scientist Abstract A. Mott
Inference of Climate Sensitivity from Analysis of Earth's Energy Budget

Recent attempts to diagnose equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) from changes in Earth's energy budget point toward values at the low end of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)'s likely range (1.5–4.5 K). These studies employ observations but still require an element of modeling to infer ECS. Their diagnosed effective ECS over the historical period of around 2 K holds up to scrutiny, but there is tentative evidence that this underestimates the true ECS from a doubling of carbon dioxide. Different choices of energy imbalance data explain most of the difference between published best estimates, and effective radiative forcing dominates the overall uncertainty. For decadal analyses the largest source of uncertainty comes from a poor understanding of the relationship between ECS and decadal feedback. Considerable progress could be made by diagnosing effective radiative forcing in models.
Analysis on Temporal Variation of Environmental Impact Based on STIRPAT Model——A Case Study of Energy Consumption of China

Human activities have dramatically altered the global environment,quantitative analysis on the impacts of human activities on environment is one of the highlights in the research field of sustainable development.The total energy consumption and the pollutions from energy consumption processes were taken as the indexes of two different kinds of environmental impacts.Utilizing the STIRPAT model,taking total energy consumption time-series data of China from 1952 to 2003 as an example,this paper analyzed the effect by the anthropogenic driving forces on environmental impacts,including total population,affluence,energy intensity and chosen behavior of energy consumption.The result showed that a 1% change in total population or energy intensity results in a 1.992% or 0.777% change,respectively.With the growth of affluence,the coefficient of affluence elasticity of impact will increase.So,in this empirical study,the overall findings do not support the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis.In different decades,the effects of the anthropogenic driving forces vary dramatically.The growth of total population and affluence has positive effect on environmental impacts;however,the fluctuation of energy intensity has positive or negative effect on environmental impacts in different decades.The behavior of clean energy consumption is helpful to control the environmental impacts which takes the pollution from energy consumption processes as an index.The change of environmental impacts was determined by the net effect of all kinds of anthropogenic driving forces.
Short‐term Experimental Fire Effects in Soil and Water Losses in Southern of Spain

This study deals with the experimental fire effects in overland flow and soil erosion at plot scale and considering rainfall erosivity. The study was conducted in from May 2011 to Dec 2013. Six plots of 12‐m length and 2‐m width are considered: four of them were burned, whilst two of them remained in natural conditions. Overland flow was collected in deposits of 250 L after each rainfall event, measured at a meteorological station. Larger rainfall intensities and erosivity were registered after summer and, thus, overland flow and sediment yield, but one order of magnitude higher in the burned plots than in the unburned ones. Especially, the difference in overland flow and soil loss between both set of plots were nearly three folds larger whether the rainfall intensity exceeded 30 mm h−1 during 15‐min intensity. It is remarkable that the most erosive event generating the maximum values of overland flow and soil loss was registered 16 months after the experimental fire when a rainfall event of 99·2 mm h−1 occurred. This delay is considered as consequence of soil surface conditions and ash cover. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trans-Aesthetics : The Art of Ming Wong between Nation and State

1. I was in Manchester for a conference and Ming Wong happened to be one of a dozen artists showcasing their works in an exhibition at the Cornerhouse. Typical of his practice, Wong in his video work, After Chinatown (2012), directs and acts in two of the main roles of Roman Polanski's original film from 1974 (Figure 1). The action, where a detective and a femme fatale character are caught in a cat-and-mouse chase in one of the world's many Chinatowns, was screened on an outmoded television monitor and accompanied by non-diegetic, stirring string music. Standing in contradistinction to the twelve-inch monitor was a gigantic, wall-wide billboard painted in red and black that advertised the 'film. ' On the left hand side of the composition is Wong dressed in a black suit and hat, and on the right is also Wong but dressed in a shoulder-length wig, black shades and a winter coat. Between the figures are the words, AFTER CHINATOWN, painted in bold red against a yellowish background, which represented a spotlight on the words.
A machine learning approach to identify important variables for distinguishing between fallers and non-fallers in older women

Falls are a significant ongoing public health concern for older adults. At present, few studies have concurrently explored the influence of multiple measures when seeking to determine which variables are most predictive of fall risks. As such, this cross-sectional study aimed to identify those functional variables (i.e. balance, gait and clinical measures) and physical characteristics (i.e. strength and body composition) that could best distinguish between older female fallers and non-fallers, using a machine learning approach. Overall, 60 community-dwelling older women (≥65 years), retrospectively classified as fallers (n = 21) or non-fallers (n = 39), attended three data collection sessions. Data (281 variables) collected from tests in five separate domains (balance, gait, clinical measures, strength and body composition) were analysed using random forest (RF) and leave-one-variable-out partial least squares correlation analysis (LOVO PLSCA) to assess variable importance. The strongest discriminators from each domain were then aggregated into a multi-domain dataset, and RF, LOVO PLSCA, and logistic regression models were constructed to identify the important variables in distinguishing between fallers and non-fallers. These models were used to classify participants as either fallers or non-fallers, with their performance evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The study found that it is possible to classify fallers and non-fallers with a high degree of accuracy (e.g. logistic regression: sensitivity = 90%; specificity = 87%; AUC = 0.92; leave-one-out cross-validation accuracy = 63%) using a combination of 18 variables from four domains, with the gait and strength domains being particularly informative for screening programmes aimed at assessing falls risk.
Analysis of Low-Frequency Precipitation Variability in CMIP5 Historical Simulations for Southwestern North America

AbstractDrier future conditions are projected for the arid southwest of North America, increasing the chances of the region experiencing severe and prolonged drought. To examine the mechanisms of decadal variability, 47 global climate model historical simulations performed for phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were assessed. On average, the CMIP5 models have higher climatological precipitation over the past century in southwestern North America than current instrumental or reanalysis products. The timing of the winter peak in climatological precipitation over California and Nevada is accurately represented. Models with resolutions coarser than 2° show a larger spread in the location and strength of the North American monsoon ridge and subsequent summer precipitation, in comparison with the higher-resolution models. Less than 20% of decadal variability in wintertime precipitation over California is associated with North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, a larger proporti.
Sarcopenic Dysphagia and Simplified Rehabilitation Nutrition Care Process: An Update

Sarcopenic dysphagia is characterized by weakness of swallowing-related muscles associated with whole-body sarcopenia. As the number of patients with sarcopenia increases with the aging of the world, the number of patients with sarcopenic dysphagia is also increasing. The prevalence of sarcopenic dysphagia is high in the institutionalized older people and in patients hospitalized for pneumonia with dysphagia in acute care hospitals. Prevention, early detection and intervention of sarcopenic dysphagia with rehabilitation nutrition are essential. The diagnosis of sarcopenic dysphagia is based on skeletal and swallowing muscle strength and muscle mass. A reliable and validated diagnostic algorithm for sarcopenic dysphagia is used. Sarcopenic dysphagia is associated with malnutrition, which leads to mortality and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) decline. The rehabilitation nutrition approach improves swallowing function, nutrition status, and ADL. A combination of aggressive nutrition therapy to improve nutrition status, dysphagia rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other interventions can be effective for sarcopenic dysphagia. The rehabilitation nutrition care process is used to assess and problem solve the patient’s pathology, sarcopenia, and nutrition status. The simplified rehabilitation nutrition care process consists of a nutrition cycle and a rehabilitation cycle, each with five steps: assessment, diagnosis, goal setting, intervention, and monitoring. Nutrition professionals and teams implement the nutrition cycle. Rehabilitation professionals and teams implement the rehabilitation cycle. Both cycles should be done simultaneously. The nutrition diagnosis of undernutrition, overnutrition/obesity, sarcopenia, and goal setting of rehabilitation and body weight are implemented collaboratively.