Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Weak and Strong Formal Institutions in Resolving Social Dilemmas: Are They Double-Edged Swords?

Many modern societies sustain large-scale cooperation among strangers and maintain the provision of public goods through well-functioning top-down formal institutions. However, it is important to understand the differences between weak and strong formal institutions in achieving two key goals in social dilemma situations: sustaining socially beneficial equilibria and fostering individual prosocial behavior. Additionally, we need to examine what happens to cooperation when the credibility of a formal institution is undermined and what occurs when it ceases to function. In this novel experiment of a repeated public goods game, we explore the effects of an exogenous centralized punishment mechanism with a low probability, which serves as a weak formal institution, and compare it with a strong formal institution. Our findings are encouraging, as they demonstrate that even under a weak formal institution, relatively high levels of cooperation can be sustained. However, irrespective of whether the punishment probability for free riders is low or high, once the punishment mechanism is removed, cooperation breaks down to a similarly low level. This suggests that regardless of the strength of the formal institution, there is an alike effect of crowding out an individual’s intrinsic motivation for cooperation. Therefore, the application of a centralized punishment mechanism as a policy tool to promote cooperation, regardless of its strength, appears to be a double-edged sword: socially beneficial outcome and intrinsically motivated cooperation hardly can be attained simultaneously.
Regional Case

The Cihampelas River is one of river that crosses the Regency and City of Bandung, West Java, with a length of 8.5 km. This study aims to assess the water quality status of Cihampelas River based on the STORET method and Pollution Index. The research was conducted at four stations based on the level of anthropogenic activity from July to September 2016. Measurements of the physical and chemical parameters of the waters were carried out five times at two-week intervals. Water quality status was assessed using the STORET method and Pollution Index based on the parameters TDS, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and total phosphorus (TP). Using the STORET method, shows a score of -20 to -46 in the category of moderately to severely polluted waters. Based on the Pollution Index method, the waters of the Cihampelas River show lightly to severely polluted conditions with a score of 1.14 to 44.66. The water quality status of the Cihampelas River shows a decreasing trend from the upstream to the downstream.
A Conceptual Development of Risk and Well-Being in Homestay Tourism: Facing the Post Covid-19 Era

Entering the “New Era” tourists could “recharge” their well-being yet tourists also still facing varieties of risks due to more than two years the tourism destination have no visitors therefore, for instance, control and maintenance in their facilities are questionable. The aim of this study is to analyses a conceptual development of Risk and Well-Being to manage tourists to revisit in homestay tourism facing the Post Covid-19 era. This study is using review literatures of Homestay’s Risk Classification; Service Quality; Well-Being; Subjective Well-Being (SWB) on Tourism; Risk Management and SWB; and Risk Management, SWB, and Tourism, then examine a conceptual development. The conceptual development of Risk and Well-Being consists of model and matrix of Risk and Well-Being. The study proposes six proposition: P1: SERVQUAL influences Risk Management; P2: Risk Management serves as a contributor to Eudaimonic well-being; P3: Risk Management serves as a contributor to Hedonic well-being; P4: Eudaimonic well-being leads to Intention to Revisit; P5: Hedonic well-being leads to Intention to Revisit; P6: There are 2 dimensions of Risk and Well-Being Matrix that consists of: reflexivity; reactivity; reconnectability; and recreativity.
Dung-inhabiting ascomycetes from the Ukrainian Carpathians.

1 Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko, 87 Romenska Street, UA-40002, Sumy, Ukraine; lytvynenko2014@gmail.com 2 Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska Street, UA-01601, Kyiv, Ukraine; dzhagan@yahoo.com 3 State Scientific Research Forensic Centre of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, 10 Bohomoltsa Street, UA-01024, Kyiv, Ukraine; yulia.shcherbakova@ukr.net
A spatial data warehouse to predict lithic sources of tombs from South Portugal: mixing geochemistry, petrology, cartography and archaeology in spatial analysis

O projeto Megageo tem como objetivo encontrar a proveniência dos materiais líticos utilizados na construção de sepulcros. Nesse sentido foi constituída uma equipa multidisciplinar, com investigadores das diferentes áreas de conhecimento envolvidas. Neste trabalho é apresentado um armazém de dados espaciais criado especialmente para este projeto, constituído por informação dos arquivos arqueológicos nacionais, cartografia geológica e informação geográfica a diferentes escalas, assim como novos dados geoquímicos e petrográficos obtidos durante o projeto. A área de estudo do Redondo é apresentada como um caso de estudo, da aplicação do armazém de dados espaciais e com ele são analisadas as relações entre a geoquímica, a geologia e os sepulcros presentes nesta área.
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad

Secondary cloud forests (SCF) play a valuable role in regulating the hydrological cycle, providing habitat for biodiversity and resources for local livelihoods in cloud forest landscapes. At present, there is limited information on the potential of SCF for timber production. In this study, we determined the growth rates of 4 common SCF tree species, relative to tree size, crown exposure to light, and basal area of neighbouring trees. We used dendrometric bands to measure annual diameter growth in 375 individuals for 2 years, in SCF in Veracruz, Mexico. Average diameter growth rates were: Clethra mexicana = 0.53 ± 0.04 cm y -1 , Juglans pyriformis = 0.41 ± 0.03 cm y -1 , Liquidambar styraciflua = 0.41 ± 0.03 cm y -1 , and Trema micrantha = 0.22 ± 0.04 cm y -1 . Tree size was a significant predictor of diameter growth rate; diameter growth rate increased with tree size in all 4 species. Trees with crown laterally illuminated showed higher growth than trees without direct illumination in L. styraciflua . The basal area of neighbouring trees did not affect diameter growth in any species. The results indicate that young trees have high growth potential.
Uplink-downlink resource optimization for provisioning 5G application considering SUI fading channel models

Recently, superposition coding (SC), Stanford University Interim (SUI) fading channel, user clustering, successive interference cancellation (SIC) mechanism has been incorporated into the power allocation design for attaining good performance. Nonetheless, the existing model works with cluster size up to 4 user per cluster and induce higher control channel overhead. In addressing this paper introduce an effective resource allocation (ERA) design for power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) system. The ERA, first employ Zadoff Chu (ZC) coding, then power is allocated according to the distance considering 5 user per cluster. Finally, multi-level SIC is done at the receiver end. The ERA performance is studied by varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in terms of bit error rate (BER) considering a maximum of five users per cluster. Further, the ERA performance in terms of BER is tested under different scenario defined in SUI propagation scenario such as higher pathloss, moderate path loss, and low path loss. The throughput performance under varied density and speed is also studied; the ERA achieves much better performance in terms of ERA, SNR and throughput than standard multi-user downlink resource allocation (MUDRA) model.
Manual Follow-up of Sheep on Free Range Pasture

Norwegian farmers are required by law to perform an observation trip at least once a week while their sheep roam on a free-range pasture. During these trips, the farmer has to walk through the pasture and register his findings, which can range from wounded and dead sheep to predators. Today, most farmers write down their findings using pen and paper. When the season ends, farmers aggregate their findings and send a report to the government. In cases where farmers collaborate together, they submit a shared report. In recent years, the supervisor of the project has experienced first-hand the observation trips performed by the farmers. Through his experience, it became apparent that the current pen and paper method is cumbersome and could be modernized. He envisioned a solution, where the farmers could register their findings through a mobile device. This laid the foundation for this research project, which will aim to ascertain the viability of the solution. The research was conducted through the development of a prototype application named Pecora. Furthermore, the utilization of modern technologies for developing mobile applications was of interest. Thus this project will also investigate what benefits these modern technologies can provide. Based on the feedback received from interviews and user tests, we believe that the concept of Pecora is a viable solution. Compared to what is used today, it would also be a significant improvement in terms of efficiency and functionality. Through the creation of Pecora, we have observed that there are several benefits to usingmodern technologies for developing applications. Although there are some disadvantages from utilizing these technologies, it is easier to write better code in the long-term; therefore using them is a worthwhile investment.
Collisional Processes in the Crust of the Northern Tien Shan Inferred From Velocity and Attenuation Tomography Studies

Based on seismic data from existing seismic networks in Kyrgyzstan, we have constructed new crustal models of seismic velocity and attenuation for P and S wave s beneath the Kyrgyz Tien Shan. With data from more than 6,000 events recorded by the international KNET network, the most detailed structures were detected in the central‐northern part of the study region, where the Kazakh Shield collides with the northern Tien Shan. The independently computed 3‐D distributions of P and S wave attenuation show features that are consistent with the main structural elements. The high‐attenuation areas correspond to folded areas of the northern Tien Shan, whereas the partitions of the stable Kazakh Shield and the Issyk Kul block match with the low‐attenuation areas. The velocity model reveals some structures that help to determine the details of the collision processes in the northern Tien Shan. In the upper crust, we observe the alternation of several higher‐ and lower‐velocity anomalies that likely represent the interaction of brittle and ductile crustal layers of the collided Kazakh and Tien Shan plates. In deeper sections, both P and S wave velocity models show a prominent low‐velocity anomaly just beneath the northern boundary of Tien Shan. We propose that this anomaly represents an anomalous crustal thickening at the point of underthrusting of the Kazakh Plate beneath Tien Shan.
Interferometry Modeling and Height Reconstruction for High-Rise Buildings in Complex Scenes Based on One Single Interferogram

Benefiting from the advantages of height sensitivity, the short time span, and the low data cost, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology has the potential for 3-D reconstruction. However, the layover problem has always been the limitation for the InSAR-based height reconstruction of buildings in complex scenes because of the mixing of scatterings from building facade, roof, and other interferers. In this article, the above layover problem was addressed, and the height reconstruction of buildings in complex scenes was first achieved based on one single interferogram. Specifically, the layover mechanism in complex scenes in the InSAR system was fundamentally explored and was summarized as a general interferometry model. Based on the established model, a height reconstruction method for high-rise buildings was proposed. The main idea is to recognize the facade scattering-dominated area and then reconstruct the complete facade interferometric phase based on the interferometry model and derived facade phase gradient characteristic. Finally, the building height can be obtained based on the phase-height conversation. TerraSAR-X InSAR data in six different complex scenes were used for experiments. For results based on the proposed method, the mean absolute error and root-mean-square error are less than 1.2 m, and compared with the building height reconstruction based on the original layover phase, the accuracy is improved by several meters to tens of meters, indicating that the height reconstruction of buildings in complex scenes can be achieved with high accuracy based on the proposed method.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Sea Ice Mass Balance From the Central Arctic to the Greenland Sea

The seasonal evolution of sea ice mass balance between the Central Arctic and Fram Strait, as well as the underlying driving forces, remain largely unknown because of a lack of observations. In this study, two and three buoys were deployed in the Central Arctic during the summers of 2010 and 2012, respectively. It was established that basal ice growth commenced between mid‐October and early December. Annual basal ice growth, ranging from 0.21 to 1.14 m, was determined mainly by initial ice thickness, air temperature, and oceanic heat flux during winter. An analytic thermodynamic model indicated that climate warming reduces the winter growth rate of thin ice more than for thick ice because of the weak thermal inertia of the former. Oceanic heat flux during the freezing season was 2–4 W m−2, which accounted for 18–31% of the basal ice energy balance. We identified two mechanisms that modified the oceanic heat flux, i.e., solar energy absorbed by the upper ocean during summer, and interaction with warm waters south of Fram Strait; the latter resulted in basal ice melt, even in winter. In summer 2010, ice loss in the Central Arctic was considerable, which led to increased oceanic heat flux into winter and delayed ice growth. The Transpolar Drift Stream was relatively weak in summer 2013. This reduced sea ice advection out of the Arctic Ocean, and it restrained ice melt because of the cool atmospheric conditions, weakened albedo feedback, and relatively small oceanic heat flux in the north.
Ternate Smart City Policy Implementation

The implementation of Smart City Policy has been applied in several cities in Indonesia including Ternate City which has been applied since 2017. In its implementation there are still obstacles faced in the form of budget limitations, human resources and community participation. This research aims to find out the implementation of Smart City policy in Ternate City, this research uses descriptive with qualitative approach. The results of the study can reveal several important things related to the implementation of smart city policies such as; First, budget constraints due to budget refocusing factors that occur at almost all levels of government in order to focus on handling covid-19, so that the SPBE master plan draft has not been implemented and internet capacity spending is still small which results in not all areas of Ternate City getting free internet facilities. Second, the aspect of the availability of human resources that are representative and able to become a motor in the movement of smart city policy implementation. Diskomsandi still needs many more experts even though the current Diskomsandi staff are qualified enough for that, but on a further development scale, of course, the Ternate City Communication, Information and Standardization Office really needs more qualified experts. Third, the aspect of the Command Center, the unavailability of Command Center facilities where data related to the implementation of smart city policies can be centralized all at the Ternate City Communication, Informatics and Coding Office.
A Sub-1-V Nanopower MOS-Only Voltage Reference

A novel low-power MOS-only voltage reference is presented. The Enz–Krummenacher–Vittoz (EKV) model is adopted to provide a new perspective on the operating principle. The normalized charge density, introduced as a new variable, serves as an indicator when trimming the output temperature coefficient. The proposed voltage reference consists of a specific current generator and a 5-bit trimmable load. Thanks to the good match between the current source stage and the output stage, the nonlinear temperature dependence of carrier mobility is automatically canceled out. The circuit is designed using 55 nm COMS technology. The operating temperature ranges from −40 °C to 120 °C. The average temperature coefficient of the output voltage can be reduced to 21.7 ppm/°C by trimming. The power consumption is only 23.2 nW with a supply voltage of 0.8 V. The line sensitivity and the power supply rejection ratio at 100 Hz are 0.011 %/V and −89 dB, respectively.
The Influence of Atmospheric Rivers over the South Atlantic on Winter Rainfall in South Africa

AbstractA climatology of atmospheric rivers (ARs) impinging on the west coast of South Africa (29°–34.5°S) during the austral winter months (April–September) was developed for the period 1979–2014 using an automated detection algorithm and two reanalysis products as input. The two products show relatively good agreement, with 10–15 persistent ARs (lasting 18 h or longer) occurring on average per winter and nearly two-thirds of these systems occurring poleward of 35°S. The relationship between persistent AR activity and winter rainfall is demonstrated using South African Weather Service rainfall data. Most stations positioned in areas of high topography contained the highest percentage of rainfall contributed by persistent ARs, whereas stations downwind, to the east of the major topographic barriers, had the lowest contributions. Extreme rainfall days in the region are also ranked by their magnitude and spatial extent. The results suggest that although persistent ARs are important contributors to heavy rai.
Why Female Smokers Have Poorer Long-Term Health Outcomes than Male Smokers: The Role of Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy

Objectives: Women’s health status is better than men but the opposite is true for female smokers who usually have poorer long-health outcomes than male smokers. The objectives of this study were to thoroughly reviewed and analyzed relevant literature and to propose a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon. Methods: We conducted a search of literature from three English databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar) from inception to 13 November 2023. A combination of key words and/or subject headings in English was applied, including relevant terms for cigarette smoking, sex/gender, pregnancy, and health indicators. We then performed analysis of the searched literature. Results: Based on this review/analysis of literature, we proposed a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon: female smokers have worse long-term health outcomes than male smokers because some of them smoke during pregnancy, and the adverse effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is much stronger than cigarette smoking during non-pregnancy periods. Conclusion: Approval of our pregnancy-amplification theory could provide additional evidence on the adverse effect on women’s long-term health outcomes for cigarette smoking during pregnancy.
Sources and Decomposition of Dissolved Organic Matter in Desert Streams

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important part of aquatic foodwebs because it contains carbon, nitrogen, and other biological elements required by heterotrophic organisms. It has many sources that determine its molecular composition, nutrient content, and biological lability and in turn, influence whether it is retained and processed in the stream reach or exported downstream. I examined the composition of DOM from vascular wetland plants, filamentous algae, and riparian tree leaf litter in Sonoran Desert streams and its decomposition by stream microbes. I used a combination of field observations, in-situ experiments, and a manipulative laboratory incubation to test (1) how dominant primary producers influence DOM chemical composition and ecosystem metabolism at the reach scale and (2) how DOM composition and nitrogen (N) content control microbial decomposition and stream uptake of DOM. I found that differences in streamwater DOM composition between two distinct reaches of Sycamore Creek did not affect in-situ stream respiration and gross primary production rates. Stream sediment microbial respiration rates did not differ significantly when incubated in the laboratory with DOM from wetland plants, algae, and leaf litter, thus all sources were similarly labile. However, whole-stream uptake of DOM increased from leaf to algal to wetland plant leachate. Desert streams have the potential to process DOM from leaf, wetland, and algal sources, though algal and wetland DOM, due to their more labile composition, can be more readily retained and mineralized.
New gridded surface subsurface hydrologic analysis model computer-based calibration capabilities

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: Research at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) has focused on the development of methodologies, or improvement of the efficiency of native algorithms, for the computer-based calibration of hydrologic and environmental models. Efficiency for these efforts is measured in the number of forward model calls necessary for the calibration algorithm to converge on a solution. Our calibration software accommodates a popular model independent control file protocol (Doherty 2004; 2007a. b, c). Two ERDC Technical Reports published in early 2012 (Skahill et al. 2012a, b) demonstrate, by way of example(s), how to use the ERDC implementations of:
Improvement of Motor Skills and Motivation to Learn Physical Education Through the Use of Traditional Games

Study purpose. This study aims to investigate motor skills and motivation to learn physical education through traditional games. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using an experimental method and involved 60 students from primary schools in Purwodadi District, Grobogan Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected by measuring motor skills and learning motivation through affective, cognitive and psychomotor tests that were examined for validity and reliability. In addition, students' character was also measured through observational tests of students' basic movement skills. The measurement of basic movement skills was carried out before and after the intervention, which lasted for 8 sessions over one month. Data analysis was carried out using the ANOVA technique, reinforced by regression of research results using SPSS 22 software. Results. The results showed that the traditional game approach had a significant effect on increasing students' motivation to learn physical education. The traditional games approach also contributed positively to students' learning outcomes. Through hands-on experience in these traditional games, students can develop motor skills, coordination, speed, strength, as well as cognitive aspects such as strategy, spatial intelligence and situation analysis. Conclusions. By participating in traditional games, students can understand and respect cultural heritage and broaden their horizons about cultural diversity. Suggestions for future investigations include extending the research and development activities by including a larger sample, which may provide greater statistical power to support research findings in the area of traditional games.