Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Paying to Save: Tax Withholding and Asset Allocation among Low- and Moderate-Income Taxpayers

We analyze the phenomenon that low- and moderate-income (LMI) tax filers exhibit a "preference for over-withholding" their taxes, a measure we derive from a unique set of questions administered in a dataset of 1,003 households, which we collected through the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. We argue that the relationship between their withholding preference and portfolio allocation across liquid and illiquid assets is consistent with models with present-biased preferences, and that individuals exhibit self-control problems when making their consumption and saving decisions. Our results support a model in which individuals use commitment devices to constrain their consumption. Using data on other tax-filing behaviors, we also show that mental accounting and loss aversion explanations for tax filers' "preference for over-withholding" are unlikely to explain the patterns in the data. Present-biasedness and dynamic inconsistency among LMI tax filers have important implications for saving policies and tax administration.
Drainage of CSF through lymphatic pathways and arachnoid villi in sheep: measurement of 125l‐albumin clearance

We investigated lymphatic drainage pathways of the central nervous system in conscious sheep and quantified the clearance of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tracer into lymph and blood. In the first group of studies, 125I‐HSA was injected into the lateral ventricles of the brain or into lumbar CSF and after 6 h, various lymph nodes and tissues were excised and counted for radioactivity. Multiple lymphatic drainage pathways of cranial CSF existed in the head and neck region defined by elevated 125I‐HSA in the retropharyngeal/cervical, thymic, pre‐auricular and submandibular nodes. Implicated in spinal CSF drainage were mainly the lumbar and intercostal nodes. In a second group of experiments, multiple cervical vessels and the thoracic duct were cannulated and lymph diverted from the animals. Transport of tracer through arachnoid villi was taken from recoveries in venous blood. Following intraventricular administration, the 6 h recoveries of 125I‐HSA in the lymph (sum of cervical and thoracic duct) and blood were 8.2%± 3.0 and 12.5%± 4.5 respectively and at 22 h, 25.1%± 6.9 and 20.8%± 4.1 respectively. When 125I‐HSA was injected into lumbar CSF, the 6 h recoveries of tracer in thoracic duct and blood were 11.6%± 2.7 and 16.3%± 3.7 respectively. Total lymph and blood recoveries were not significantly different in any experiment. We conclude that the clearance of 125I‐HSA from the CSF is almost equally distributed between lymphatic and arachnoid villi pathways.
THE MARKET RESPONSE TO INSIDER SALES OF RESTRICTED STOCK VERSUS UNRESTRICTED STOCK

Insiders holding both restricted and unrestricted stock must decide which type of equity to trade. We investigate the relation between this choice and the market response to insider sales. If insiders choose restricted stock, the sale must be preannounced, but if they choose unrestricted stock, the sale is disclosed after the sale occurs. Preannounced trades are less likely to reflect informed trades. Consistent with this, in the pre-Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) period, we find a more negative market response to unrestricted stock sales than preannounced restricted stock sales. The result does not hold for our post-SOX period when reporting times were accelerated. Our results suggest researchers who examine data over the pre-SOX period should consider the effect of restricted stock sales in tests of informed insider trading.
Bronchial Artery Embolization for Hemoptysis

Bronchial artery bleeding is the most common cause of life-threatening hemoptysis. The most common underlying etiologies include tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, aspergillosis, and cystic fibrosis. Bronchial artery embolization is an important treatment for significant hemoptysis, given its high early success rate and relatively low risk compared with alternative medical and surgical treatments. In this article, the relevant anatomy and pathophysiology leading to bronchial artery bleeding is discussed, including the roles of parenchymal lung diseases and of collateral and aberrant vessels. The indications for treatment, success rate, and complication rate for bronchial artery embolization are reviewed. Preprocedure clinical stabilization and evaluation, including the roles of radiographs, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography examination are evaluated. Details of technique, including the published variety of approaches, and an emphasis on avoidance of nontarget embolization of important mediastinal structures and of the anterior spinal artery are discussed.
Nonlinear chaotic component extraction for postural stability analysis

This paper proposes a nonlinear analysis of the human postural steadiness system. The analyzed signal is the displacement of the centre of pressure (COP) collected from a force plate used for measuring postural sway. Instead of analyzing the classical nonlinear parameters on the whole signal, the proposed method consists of analyzing the nonlinear dynamics of the intrinsic mode functions (IMF) of the COP signal. Based on the computation of the IMFs Lyapunov exponents, it is shown that pre-processing the COP signal with the Empirical Mode Decomposition allows an efficient extraction of its chaotic component.
Chemical Therapeutics Discovery & Preclinical Development Antitumor Activity of a Duocarmycin Analogue Rationalized to Be Metabolically Activated by Cytochrome P 450 1 A 1 in Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

We identify cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) as a target for tumor-selective drug development in bladder cancer and describe the characterization of ICT2700, designed to be metabolized from a prodrug to a potent cytotoxin selectively byCYP1A1. ElevatedCYP1A1 expressionwas shown in human bladder cancer relative to normal human tissues. RT112 bladder cancer cells, endogenously expressing CYP1A1, were selectively chemosensitive to ICT2700, whereas EJ138 bladder cells that do not express CYP1A1 were significantly less responsive. Introduction of CYP1A1 into EJ138 cells resulted in 75-fold increased chemosensitivity to ICT2700 relative to wild-type EJ138. Negligible chemosensitivity was observed in ICT2700 in EJ138 cells expressing CYP1A2 or with exposure of EJ138 cells to CYP1B1or CYP3A4-generated metabolites of ICT2700. Chemosensitivity to ICT2700 was also negated in EJ138-CYP1A1 cells by the CYP1 inhibitor a-naphthoflavone. Furthermore, ICT2700 did not induce expression of the AhR-regulated CYP1 family, indicating that constitutive CYP1A1 expression is sufficient for activation of ICT2700. Consistent with the selective activity by CYP1A1 was a time and concentration-dependent increase in g-H2AX protein expression, indicative of DNA damage, associated with the activation of ICT2700 in RT112 but not EJ138 cells. In mice-bearing CYP1A1positive and negative isogenic tumors, ICT2700 administration resulted in an antitumor response only in the CYP1A1-expressing tumor model. This antitumor response was associated with detection of the CYP1A1activatedmetabolite in tumors but not in the liver. Our findings support the further development of ICT2700 as a tumor-selective treatment for human bladder cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(1); 27–37. 2012 AACR.
Endomorphin-1 and -2 inhibit human vascular sympathetic norepinephrine release: lack of interaction with mu 3 opiate receptor subtype.

AIM To determine if endomorphin-1 (End-1) and -2 (End-2) interact with mu 3 opiate receptor subtype and in this way cause vascular hypotension. METHODS Amperometric nitric oxide (NO) determinations associated with opiate binding displacement analysis and preloaded [3H]norepinephrine KCl stimulated release in human vascular tissues from sympathetic nerve fibers in vitro. RESULTS The endomorphins did not release NO from human monocytes, granulocytes, saphenous vein, and internal thoracic artery endothelium and did not displace opiate alkaloid binding to mu 3 receptor. However, they did inhibit KCl-stimulated [3H]norpinephrine release from vascular nerves. CONCLUSION The data strongly suggested that End-1 and -2 caused hypotension by blocking sympathetic vascular sympathetic activity.
A novel description of FDG excretion in the renal system: application to metformin-treated models

This paper introduces a novel compartmental model describing the excretion of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) in the renal system and a numerical method based on the maximum likelihood for its reduction. This approach accounts for variations in FDG concentration due to water re-absorption in renal tubules and the increase of the bladder’s volume during the FDG excretion process. From the computational viewpoint, the reconstruction of the tracer kinetic parameters is obtained by solving the maximum likelihood problem iteratively, using a non-stationary, steepest descent approach that explicitly accounts for the Poisson nature of nuclear medicine data. The reliability of the method is validated against two sets of synthetic data realized according to realistic conditions. Finally we applied this model to describe FDG excretion in the case of animal models treated with metformin. In particular we show that our approach allows the quantitative estimation of the reduction of FDG de-phosphorylation induced by metformin.
Optimal IFN‐free therapy in treatment‐naïve patients with HCV genotype 1 infection

There has been a revolution in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Several oral regimens combining direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) from different families [NS5B nucleotide inhibitors, NS5B non‐nucleoside inhibitors, NS5A replication complex inhibitors and NS3/4A protease inhibitors (PI)] are under development. These regimens result in an increase in sustained virological response (SVR) rates to above 90% and reduce the duration of treatment to twelve weeks or less. As of 2015 several regimens will be approved with additive potencies, without cross‐resistance and with a good safety profile. Remaining issues will include increasing screening and access to care so that HCV may become the first chronic viral infection eradicated worldwide. This review summarizes results obtained with oral DAAs combinations, that have been approved and/or have completed phase III clinical trials for HCV genotype 1 (HCV‐1) treatment‐naïve patients.
Long-Run Stock Returns Following Briloff's Analyses

Abraham Briloff is well known for more than four decades of insightful analysis and criticism of the accounting practices of various companies. His critiques, in the form of articles published in Barron's, consist of detailed financial analyses of the questionable accounting practices of the companies he examines. Previous research has shown that the companies criticized by Briloff in Barron's experience significant negative abnormal returns around the article's publication date. To understand the valuation effect associated with his financial analyses, this article examines long-run abnormal returns following the publication date. In addition to the initial negative reaction on publication of the articles, the companies in the sample experienced further significant risk-adjusted returns for one and two years of, respectively, −15.51 percent and −22.88 percent. The results show that a decline in future operating performance appears to be an important reason for the poor stock market performance of the com.
Pilferage from Opaque Food Subsidy Programs: Theory and Evidence

Theft rates from subsidized food programs vary greatly and strongly influence program efficiency. Unfortunately, the determinants of these variations remain understudied because the agencies that run these programs seldom publicize the allocations of subsidized food to local markets. We develop a theoretical model of pilferage which predicts that: (i) pilferage from opaque programs is likely to rise more than proportionately with per capita food allocations; (ii) pilferage of inferior goods may be lower in poorer communities; (iii) pilferage rates need not rise as price subsidies are increased; and (iv) pilferage may rise as the relative quality of subsidized food is reduced. A comprehensive literature review and new estimates of pilferage across regions of the Philippines validates these predictions. Our finding, that around 48% of the subsidized rice went missing, is robust to new tests for sampling and recall error. Our policy discussion encourages geographic over administrative targeting, greater transparency in food allocations, and the use of realistic quotas.
Ablation of Arginase II Spares Arginine and Abolishes the Arginine Requirement for Growth in Male Mice.

Background: Arginine is considered a semiessential amino acid in many species, including humans, because under certain conditions its demand exceeds endogenous production. Arginine availability, however, is determined not only by its production but also by its disposal. Manipulation of disposal pathways has the potential to increase availability and thus abolish the requirement for arginine.Objective: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that arginase II ablation increases arginine availability for growth.Methods: In a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments, postweaning growth was determined for 3 wk in male and female wild-type (WT) mice and arginase II knockout mice (ARGII) on a C57BL/6J background fed arginine-sufficient [Arg(+); 8 g arginine/kg] or arginine-free [Arg(-)] diets. Tracers were used to determine citrulline and arginine kinetics.Results: A sex dimorphism in arginine metabolism was detected; female mice had a greater citrulline flux (∼30%, P < 0.001), which translated to greater de novo synthesis of arginine (∼31%, P < 0.001). Female mice also had greater arginine fluxes (P < 0.015) and plasma arginine concentrations (P < 0.01), but a reduced arginine clearance rate (P < 0.001). Ablation of arginase II increased plasma arginine concentrations in both sexes (∼27%, P < 0.01) but increased arginine flux only in males (P < 0.01). The absence of arginine in the diet limited the growth of male WT mice (P < 0.01), but had no effect on male ARGII mice (P = 0.12). In contrast, WT females on the Arg(-) diet grew at the same rate and achieved final weight similar to that of female WT mice fed the Arg(+) diet (P = 0.47). Conclusion: The ablation of arginase II in male mice spares arginine that can then be used for growth and to meet other metabolic functions, thus abolishing arginine requirements.
Declining incidence of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among persons with AIDS in an era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1995-2000.

BACKGROUND Our goal was to describe trends in invasive pneumococcal disease incidence among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS We used time-trend analysis of annual invasive pneumococcal disease incidence rates from a population-based, active surveillance system. Annual incidence rates were calculated for 5 July-June periods by use of data from San Francisco county, the 6-county Baltimore metropolitan area, and Connecticut. The numerators were the numbers of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among persons 18-64 years of age with AIDS; the denominators were the numbers of persons living with AIDS, estimated on the basis of AIDS surveillance data. RESULTS The annual incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease declined from 1094 cases/100,000 persons with AIDS (July 1995-June 1996) to 467 cases/100,000 persons living with AIDS (July 1999-June 2000). The annual percentage changes in incidence were -34%, -29%, -8%, and -1%. Declines were similar by surveillance area, sex, and race/ethnicity. During the final year of the study, the invasive pneumococcal disease incidence in persons with AIDS was half that of the pre-HAART era but was still 35 times higher than that in similarly aged non-HIV-infected adults. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, invasive pneumococcal disease incidence declined sharply across a range of subgroups living with AIDS during the period after widespread introduction of HAART. Despite these gains, persons with AIDS remain at high risk for invasive pneumococcal disease.
Geographical variations of negative cloud-to-ground lightning parameters: A review

This paper reviews the information available on the dependence of negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics on geographical location. From the information available in the literature at the present time, there is no conclusive evidence of a significant dependence of negative CG lightning parameters on geographical location, except maybe for current intensity (first and subsequent stroke peak current and average continuing current), for which a small (less than 50% variation) dependence may exists, and multiplicity. Nevertheless, it cannot rule out that the differences in current measurements are due to reasons other than “geographical location”.
Basic Documents in American History

Timely and timeless, these basic documents are designed to remind us of the durable qualities of American values and traditions, and how adaptable they are to a changing world. This concise collection forcibly demonstrates that national growth and prosperity have been achieved in the face of honest and persistent differences of opinion over policy, both domestic and foreign. Included are Supreme Court decisions banning segregation of races in public schools, and President Kennedy's proclamation of a quarantine of offensive weapons to Cuba.
Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Monetary Policy

This paper discusses what recent economic research tells us about exchange rate pass-through and what this suggests for the control of monetary policy. It first focuses on exchange rate pass-through from a macroeconomic perspective and then examines the microeconomic evidence. In light of this evidence, it then discusses the implications of exchange rate movements on the conduct of monetary policy.
Modern Technology and Economic Efficiency of Philippine Rice Farmers

Farmer's recent study and Frankel's review of Griffin's book suggest that belief in a gap between actual and potential agricultural production in developing countries has regained currency in the development community. , Timmer's concern with measuring technical efficiency and the attempts of Shapiro and Miiller to relate modernization and information to technical efficiency focus on differences in productivity among farmers as indicators of such a gap.2 Among technologists the gap hypothesis has a number of faithful adherents, including the former director of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), who could not understand "why the Asian farmer who had adopted the new rice varieties was not doing better. Somehow [he felt that] the rice scientists who had obtained yields of 5 to 10 metric tons per hectare on the IRRI farm still could not explain why so many Filipino farmers [for example] obtained, on the average, less than one metric ton per hectare increase in yield after shifting from the traditional to the high yielding varieties. "3 In response to these persistent questions, in 1974 scientists at IRRI began a research project to measure the yield gap and to understand the factors responsible for it. The "yield gap" was defined by biologists as the difference, under farmers' conditions, between the maximum yield possible
Implementation of a low-cost inertial navigation system on a real-time Linux platform

Inertial navigation generally involves inertial based acceleration and rotation rate, and GPS position and velocity measurements of a platform. Software algorithms are used to convert the readings to meaningful navigational information. A feasibility study was done on the implementation of an inertial navigation system on a single board computer operating under a open-source real-time Linux distribution. Basic navigation theory is discussed. The real-time performance of the given platform is characterized and implemented software structure and execution method is given. An analysis of the execution time of the system is done. Finally introductory navigational results of the system is presented. This paper proves the viability of implementing a navigation system on commercial and open-source products, which reduces system cost.
Detection of HBsAg mutants in a population with a low prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection

Two independent studies were conducted to evaluate performance of two HBsAg immunoassay products performed on the Abbott ARCHITECT and Bayer ADVIA Centaur immunoassay analyzers. One was a retrospective study of 484 stored samples and the second was a prospective study of 349 samples from random population. In the process of the evaluation, a number of discordant samples from HBsAg‐positive patients were found which led to the discovery of a number of HBsAg mutants in the general Australian population. Following viral DNA sequencing, these were identified as HBsAg escape mutants. Whilst the existence of HBsAg mutants has been well documented in various regions of the world, this is surprising in an area of low endemicity and demonstrates the necessity of an HBsAg assay to detect mutants reliably in a diagnostic situation where HBsAg is used as the only marker to detect an HBV infection. These studies demonstrate the ability of the Abbott ARCHITECT and AxSYM HBsAg immunoassays to detect these HBsAg mutations which were not detected by the Bayer ADVIA Centaur. J. Med. Virol. 79:351–355, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Performance Near‐IR Photodetector Using Low‐Bandgap MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.5Sn0.5I3 Perovskite

Photodetectors with ultrafast response are explored using inorganic/organic hybrid perovskites. High responsivity and fast optoelectronic response are achieved due to the exceptional semiconducting properties of perovskite materials. However, most of the perovskite‐based photodetectors exploited to date are centered on Pb‐based perovskites, which only afford spectral response across the visible spectrum. This study demonstrates a high‐performance near‐IR (NIR) photodetector using a stable low‐bandgap Sn‐containing perovskite, (CH3NH3)0.5(NH2CHNH2)0.5Pb0.5Sn0.5I3 (MA0.5FA0.5Pb0.5Sn0.5I3), which is processed with an antioxidant additive, ascorbic acid (AA). The addition of AA effectively strengthens the stability of Sn‐containing perovskite against oxygen, thereby significantly inhibiting the leakage current. Consequently, the derived photodetector shows high responsivity with a detectivity of over 1012 Jones ranging from 800 to 970 nm. Such low‐cost, solution processable NIR photodetectors with high performance show promising potential for future optoelectronic applications.