Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic detection of sudden commencements using neural networks

The aim of this work is to develop an automatic system to detect sudden commencements (SCs). SCs are produced by a sudden increase of solar wind dynamic pressure and are detected simultaneously everywhere on the ground (Araki, 1994). Since 1975, Ebro Observatory is responsible to elaborate the list of SC, following the morphological rules given by Mayaud (1973). Nowadays, this task is still done manually and presents some difficulties; the most worrying one is the decreasing number of observatories who collaborate with this task because most of them opted for the installation of unattended observatories. Hence, the necessity of an alternative method to continue the service becomes a urgency. The automatic method presented in this work is based on neural network analysis. To succeed with neural networks, we did a previous work of characterization and parameterization of SCs by statistical analysis. In this way, we focused on the determination of the appropriate parameters to be used as the inputs of the network which resulted to be: slope, change of magnetic activity and difference of the levels before and after the jump. We worked with X component and also with Y component. An important criteria introduced in this work is the necessary coherence of the results obtained with this new automatic method with those obtained with the manual method and reported in the old list of SC. Finally, the neural network is able to recognize the SC pattern successfully, but now this is achieved in a non-manned way. A robust quasi-real-time detection can be undertaken in the future.
Animal bone archeology: from objectives to analysis

With a Middle Eastern emphasis, treats bones as a source of evidence for the identification of animal categories. Topics include: samples; the nature and terminology of the vertebrate skeleton; collecting, recording, and conserving bone; and the analysis of single bone finds, of a taxonomic category, and of an assemblage.
A window for carbon uptake in the southern subtropical Indian Ocean

Atmospheric CO2 sinks in the southern Indian Ocean was examined for their seasonal, interannual and interdecadal variability. Two distinct zones of CO2 uptake are identified; located in the 15°S–35°S band is the northern box where CO2 uptake is dominated by the solubility pump, and in the latitudinal range of 35°S–50°S is the southern box where both the solubility and biological pump are equal players. The anthropogenic CO2 inventories appear to be a result of deepening subduction of CO2 and subsequent invasion into the northern domain. The seasonal and interannual variability of CO2 sinks to the north are rather surface trapped, while the deep CO2 variability is found to be coherent with the atmospheric forcing, consistent with decadal wind stress curl anomalies. This is a step towards separating the secular trends of deep ocean CO2 from its natural variability in the analysis region.
Testing the boundaries of the state: Gangs, militias, vigilantes and violententrepreneurs in Southeast Asia

On 23 November 2009 a convoy of 57 men and women were stopped at a roadblock in the southern Philippines by an armed agent of a local warlord, together with a number of local police. On their way to register Esmael Mangudadatu as a candidate for the elections for governor in the province of Maguindanao in the southern Philippines, the group, which included Mangudadatu's wife, were taken to a remote area and brutally killed and their bodies buried in a mass grave. Those behind this unprecedented and audacious act of political violence were linked to the Ampatuan clan, a powerful family which had held sway over Maguindanao since the late 1990s (ICG 2009). The killings were apparently intended as a warning to Mangudadatu, the only other significant challenger to the rule of the head of the clan and governor of Maguindanao, Andal Ampatuan Sr. This outrage presented the Arroyo government with a grievous dilemma. It had been reliant upon the clan to secure votes for the president and patronage from Manila had allowed them to develop their power unchecked. The massacre reflected their sense of impunity. Extreme even by the standards of the Philippines, where political violence and murder is endemic around election times, the murders brought to the attention of the country and the world the existence of well-armed groups operating outside the law and prepared to use extreme violence with state funding and consent. Subsequent raids by the Philippines military on the compound of the Ampatuan clan during a week-long state of emergency uncovered a massive weapons cache.
Oceanic heat content variability and El Nino cycles

Abstract Tropical Pacific heat content variability is studied in the context of a linear dynamical model forced by observed winds in the period 1970–87. The results confirm the relationships between equatorial heat content, surface winds, and SST predicted by coupled models of ENSO, and are consistent with sea level observations during this period. It is found that the meridional transports at the western boundary generally act to oppose the tendency in equatorial heat content, but are more than compensated for by the interior transports. Such a scenario is consistent with the reflection of equatorial (long) Rossby waves, but not off-equatorial ones, suggesting a dominant role for the former. In agreement with previous studies, an interhemispheric exchange of heat content is found in association with the ENSO cycle. The structure of heat content and transport anomaly fields throughout a composite ENSO cycle is presented and discussed in the context of existing theories, which highlight the role of Rossby .
Centrifuge Modeling of Slope Instability

This paper demonstrates the use of a centrifuge modeling technique in studying slope instability. The slope models were prepared from sand, and sand mixed with 15 and 30% fines by weight, compacted at optimum water content. The validity of the modeling technique was confirmed using slope models of different heights, inclinations, and soil types. The soil behavior was studied under triaxial and plane strain conditions, and the extended Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was found relevant for expressing the strength of unsaturated compacted soil based on the angle of internal friction and apparent cohesion. The Bishop's circular mechanism, together with the extended Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, was able to simulate the slope failure reasonably well. The rainfall of different intensities was then induced on the 60° stable slopes of sand with 15% fines. It was found that the failure of slope under rainfall may be interpreted as a reduction in apparent cohesion. The centrifuge tests also allowed the rainfall intensity-duration threshold curve (local curve) to be generated for the test slopes, and the accumulated rainfall corresponded well to some of the reported field observations.
Ground Topography Retrieval on Forested Areas Based on Polarimetric SAR Interferometry

The work shown in this paper analyzes the topographic phase retrieval process on forested areas by means of Polarimetric Interferometric SAR (PolInSAR) data. On the basis of the Random Volume over Ground scattering model, an alternative implementation for the retrieval of the topographic phase, avoiding the bias introduced by the volumetric scattering components is presented. An evaluation based on simulated data is presented, where preliminary results show the capacity to retrieve the topographic phase, unambiguously and without the effect of the volume contribution. Results based also in experimental PolInSAR data acquired with the ESAR DLR’s system are presented.
3D tunnel model reconstruction from monocular image

For the special shape of the tunnel and the limitation to the image sequences capturing inside the tunnel, conventional stereo algorithms are difficult to apply for 3D reconstruction of the tunnel. This paper presents an automatic reconstruction method for 3D tunnel reconstruction from the monocular image. The proposed method assumes one 3D wireframe model of the tunnel can be easily obtained by a few known data. Any lines on this model can be expressed with Plucker matrix, by using detected lines on the image, the line projection matrix can be obtained. Then the whole 3D wireframe model can be mapped onto the image, so that a texture can be extracted for the 3D wireframe model, then one textured 3D tunnel model is obtained. The experimental results show that our method can be easily and effective performed in the practice.
Spontaneous Generation of Low-Frequency Modes of Variability in the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation

In idealized models that aim to understand the temporal variability of the wind-driven ocean circulation, lowfrequency instabilities associated with so-called oscillatory gyre modes have been found. For the double-gyre case, the spectral origin of these modes as well as the physical mechanism of the instability is explained. In a barotropic quasigeostrophic model, the low-frequency modes arise spontaneously from the merging between two nonoscillatory eigenmodes. Of the latter two, one is called here the P-mode and is responsible for the existence of multiple steady states. The other is called the L-mode and it controls the intensity of the gyres. This merging turns out to be robust over a hierarchy of models and can even be found in a low-order truncated quasigeostrophic model. The latter model is used to determine the physical mechanism of the instability. The low-frequency oscillation results from the conjugate effects of shear- and symmetry-breaking instabilities and is free of Rossby wave dynamics.
Evaluation of speckle noise MAP filtering algorithms applied to SAR images

This work proposes new speckle reduction filters for multi-look, amplitude-detected Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images based on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) approach and compares their performance. The new filters use an adaptive approach based on the one-dimensional k-means clustering algorithm over the variance ratio and also a region-growing procedure. The trade-off between the loss of radiometric resolution and edge preservation is evaluated in the filtered images. In order to obtain quantitative measures of the speckle reduction and of the edge blurring, we used some parameters such as the classical equivalent number of looks and the Hough transform. Experiments have been carried out with natural images corrupted with synthetic speckle noise following the Rayleigh and square root of gamma distributions and with real SAR images.
Annual cycles of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations in the global ocean: A satellite view

Conceptual and mathematical models show that annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass are different within different regions of the ocean. The purpose of this manuscript is to use coastal zone color scanner chlorophyll imagery (CZCS-Ch1) to determine annual cycles in phytoplankton chlorophyll (biomass) averaged over very large areas of the global ocean. A possible result is that large-scale averaging of CZCS-Ch1 will yield no interpretable signals because of spatial variability in annual cycles at scales much smaller than our averaging scale. Alternatively, if our analyses show regular and persistent global patterns, then our results will jprovide a basin-scale overview of phytoplankton biomass seasonally for comparison with model results or with other large-scale oceanographic measurements. Our results show that monthly mean CZCS-Ch1 imagery (and using in situ concentrations for winter at latitudes poleward of 40 deg) resolves important differences in annual phytoplankton chlorophyll cycles for different ocean basins and latitude belts. As predicted by simple models of plankton dynamics, our results show: (1) global subtropical waters have circa 2X higher CZCS-Ch1 concentrations in winter than in summer and (2) subpolar waters in the northern hemisphere (NH) have mean monthly CZCS-Ch1 concentrations during May and June that are manyfold higher than in winter, particularly in the North Atlantic. Our results also show: (1) Northern Indian Ocean is the major subtropical anomaly, (2) subpolar waters in the SH do not show differences between spring maxima and winter minima as large as those in the subpolar NH and (3) larger ocean area in the SH is compensated by higher mean annual CZCS-Ch1 concentrations in the NH, so that annual hemispherical integrals (mean annual concentrations multiplied by ocean areas) are very similar. The simple patterns we report imply that mean annual cycles in phytoplankton biomass averaged over very large areas of the global ocean are largely explainable by very simple mathematical models such as those presented several decades ago by Cushing, Riley, Steele, and others.
Associations between large‐scale atmospheric circulation and polar low developments over the North Atlantic during winter

[1] Polar lows are intense mesoscale weather systems which develop in response to combinations of upper tropospheric vorticity advection, low-level baroclinicity near the sea ice-ocean margin and strong air-sea thermodynamical fluxes. In this paper, an evaluation of the associations between dominant patterns of low-frequency variability in the atmospheric circulation and polar low developments over the North Atlantic during winter is presented. Because polar lows are rather poorly represented in reanalyses, the temperature (T500) and geopotential height at 500 hPa, the wind at 925 hPa, the SST, and the difference (SST-T500), which are critical for their formation, are considered. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has a strong impact on all these variables, but it is contrasted spatially and temporally. Polar low formation is stimulated in the Labrador Sea for a positive NAO phase, while over the Norwegian Sea, there is an increase of polar lows forming on the flank of synoptic storms. Still over the Norwegian Sea, higher SST from January on favor the formation of polar lows of predominantly convective nature, while to the east of Greenland, the reduction of sea ice plus the northerly low-level flow lead to a larger number of polar lows. Other teleconnection patterns also exhibit associations with polar low developments. The Scandinavia pattern shows a strong negative association with the studied variables over the Norwegian and Barents seas, but only marginally affects the Labrador Sea. The formation of polar lows is encouraged over the Norwegian and Greenland seas when the Polar/Eurasia pattern is in its negative phase.
Hf-W Chronometry of Angrites: Constraints on the Absolute Age of CAIs and Planetesimal Accretion Timescales

Introduction: One of the key issues in cosmochronology is to combine the timescales obtained from long-lived chronometers (e.g., 207 Pb206 Pb) with those derived from short-lived chronometers (e.g., 182 Hf182 W, 26 Al26 Mg). This is essential for constraining the sequence of events in the early solar system, such as the duration of chondrule formation and the timescales for the accretion of planetesimals. The 182 Hf182 W system is a powerful tool for dating processes in the early solar system and here we calibrate the 182 Hf182 W system to an absolute timescale using angrites. These meteorites are well suited for this task because (i) they cooled rapidly, such that differences in closure temperatures among different chronometers do not result in resolvable age differences, and (ii) they exhibit high U/Pb ratios, such that precise Pb-Pb ages are available [1]. Amelin [1] recently reported precise 207 Pb206 Pb ages for several angrites that reveal an age dispersion of ~7 Ma. This range in ages makes it possible to intercalibrate the 182 Hf182 W and 207 Pb206 Pb systems. Here we present internal Hf-W isochrons for the angrites Northwest Africa 4590 and 4801 and use these to constrain the absolute age of CAIs as well as the timescales for the accretion of chondrite parent bodies. Methods: Pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase separates were obtained using heavy liquids and handpicking, and were washed in ethanol. Small metal grains were removed using a hand-magnet. All samples were dissolved in Savillex beakers using HF-HNO3 at 120°C on a hotplate. After drying, samples were redissolved several times in HNO3-H2O2 and finally in 6 M HCl-0.06 M HF. At this stage complete dissolution was achieved and a ~10% aliquot was spiked with a mixed 180 Hf183 W tracer for isotope dilution measurements. All measurements were performed using a Nu Plasma MC-ICPMS at ETH Zurich. Tungsten isotope ratios of the samples were determined relative to two bracketing measurements of the W standard and are expressed in ε 182 W, which is the 0.01% deviation from the terrestrial 182 W/ 184 W. Each run was performed with 1.5-2 V for 182 W, resulting in an external reproducibility of ±0.30. 4 εW (2σ). Results: Olivine and plagioclase separates from both angrites have low 180 Hf/ 184 W and 182 W/ 184 W ratios, whereas the pyroxenes exhibit high 180 Hf/ 184 W and radiogenic 182 W/ 184 W ratios. These radiogenic W isotope compositions make it possible to obtain high precision ages. For both angrites, the Hf-W data for the mineral separates define precise isochrons (Figure 1). For NWA 4801, the fines and a mix fraction also plot on the isochron, whereas for NWA 4590 these fractions plot off the isochron, indicating a slight disturbance of the Hf-W system in this sample.
Phytocoenological and ecological study of beech forests from PăDurea Craiului Mountains (North-Western Romania, Bihor County).

The Pădurea Craiului Mountains have a surface of about 1150km, and resemble a platform fragmented in a series of peaks and isolated massifs or under the form of hills whosw heights decrease from south-east to north-west. The climate is different according to the altitude, ranging from a relatively warm climate, humid enough in the low marginal territories to arelatively warm climate, humid enough in the low marginal territories to a relatively cold and humid climate in the high places from the south-east part of the massif. From a phytosociologic point of view, the beech forests of the Pădurea Craiului Mountains are included in the following associations: Symphyto cordati – Fagetum, Pulmonario rubrae – Fagetum, Hieracio rotundati – Fagetum, PhyllitidiFagetum, Epipacteto – Fagetum.
Multinational patterns of second line antihyperglycaemic drug initiation across cardiovascular risk groups: federated pharmacoepidemiological evaluation in LEGEND-T2DM

Objective To assess the uptake of second line antihyperglycaemic drugs among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are receiving metformin. Design Federated pharmacoepidemiological evaluation in LEGEND-T2DM. Setting 10 US and seven non-US electronic health record and administrative claims databases in the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics network in eight countries from 2011 to the end of 2021. Participants 4.8 million patients (≥18 years) across US and non-US based databases with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had received metformin monotherapy and had initiated second line treatments. Exposure The exposure used to evaluate each database was calendar year trends, with the years in the study that were specific to each cohort. Main outcomes measures The outcome was the incidence of second line antihyperglycaemic drug use (ie, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sulfonylureas) among individuals who were already receiving treatment with metformin. The relative drug class level uptake across cardiovascular risk groups was also evaluated. Results 4.6 million patients were identified in US databases, 61 382 from Spain, 32 442 from Germany, 25 173 from the UK, 13 270 from France, 5580 from Scotland, 4614 from Hong Kong, and 2322 from Australia. During 2011-21, the combined proportional initiation of the cardioprotective antihyperglycaemic drugs (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors) increased across all data sources, with the combined initiation of these drugs as second line drugs in 2021 ranging from 35.2% to 68.2% in the US databases, 15.4% in France, 34.7% in Spain, 50.1% in Germany, and 54.8% in Scotland. From 2016 to 2021, in some US and non-US databases, uptake of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increased more significantly among populations with no cardiovascular disease compared with patients with established cardiovascular disease. No data source provided evidence of a greater increase in the uptake of these two drug classes in populations with cardiovascular disease compared with no cardiovascular disease. Conclusions Despite the increase in overall uptake of cardioprotective antihyperglycaemic drugs as second line treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, their uptake was lower in patients with cardiovascular disease than in people with no cardiovascular disease over the past decade. A strategy is needed to ensure that medication use is concordant with guideline recommendations to improve outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Shelf record of climatic changes in flood magnitude and frequency, north-coastal California

Continental-shelf deposits off the Eel River, north-coastal California, document a recent increase in the magnitude and frequency of major hydrologic floods (≥10 yr recurrence interval). The shelf record reveals a sudden, three-fold increase in sedimentation rate ca. 1954 and a concomitant increase in the frequency of preserved flood beds. Comparison of sedimentary and river-discharge records reveals that major floods after ca. 1950 had a more pronounced effect on coastal sediment delivery and accumulation offshore than previous recorded events of similar magnitude, and that stratigraphic preservation of flood events is highly dependent on flood frequency and net sedimentation rate. We contend that this change in marine sedimentation is a response to documented climatic phenomena that have increased the frequency of major floods throughout the western United States during the past half century, together with intrabasinal impacts of extreme floods in 1955 and 1964. Anthropogenic increase in watershed-sediment production is a probable secondary factor.
Superior protein thermophilicity prediction with protein language model embeddings

Abstract Protein thermostability is important in many areas of biotechnology, including enzyme engineering and protein-hybrid optoelectronics. Ever-growing protein databases and information on stability at different temperatures allow the training of machine learning models to predict whether proteins are thermophilic. In silico predictions could reduce costs and accelerate the development process by guiding researchers to more promising candidates. Existing models for predicting protein thermophilicity rely mainly on features derived from physicochemical properties. Recently, modern protein language models that directly use sequence information have demonstrated superior performance in several tasks. In this study, we evaluate the usefulness of protein language model embeddings for thermophilicity prediction with ProLaTherm, a Protein Language model-based Thermophilicity predictor. ProLaTherm significantly outperforms all feature-, sequence- and literature-based comparison partners on multiple evaluation metrics. In terms of the Matthew’s correlation coefficient, ProLaTherm outperforms the second-best competitor by 18.1% in a nested cross-validation setup. Using proteins from species not overlapping with species from the training data, ProLaTherm outperforms all competitors by at least 9.7%. On these data, it misclassified only one nonthermophilic protein as thermophilic. Furthermore, it correctly identified 97.4% of all thermophilic proteins in our test set with an optimal growth temperature above 70°C.