Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ontology-based detection of cyber-attacks to SCADA-systems in critical infrastructures

The integration of networks within an organization made many critical infrastructures (CI) and their underlying communication networks that were rather isolated in the past, accessible from outside via internet. CI heavily rely on the security of their supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. As attackers are using ever more sophisticated technologies the threats are always increasing. Therefore it is important to detect attacks quickly and react efficiently to them, thus increasing reliability, security and resilience of the system. To specify a model of security events, attacks and vulnerabilities, we propose an ontology. The system logs provide the events, which the intrusion detection systems (IDS) may recognize as suspicious and could be part of an attack. With the help of data bases for known vulnerabilities together with the system model ongoing attacks may be identified. The ontology-framework together with a respective reasoning component forms the common ground for compliance monitoring and correlation of security events and serves as a basis for the specification and implementation of security data normalization. Then security policies (or goals) can be refined into implementable configurations on critical infrastructure network devices.
The Consequences of Alcohol-Involved Sexual Victimization in Male and Female College Students

Alcohol intoxication is often involved for both victims and perpetrators of sexual victimization. Yet, alcohol-involved sexual victimization research has mainly focused on female victims, excluding male victims. The current study addresses gaps in the literature by focusing on sex differences in the emotional harms (anxiety and depression symptomatology) experienced by sexual victimization victims when either the perpetrator or victim was drinking. Five-hundred-and-ten undergraduate drinkers (153 male; 357 female) participated. Models included two dichotomized predictors that occurred during participants’ first year of university (sexually victimized when the victim was drinking, sexually victimized by someone who was drinking), and two emotional outcomes (anxiety, depression). Age was controlled in all path analyses and sex was examined as a moderator. When predictors were examined in separate models, both predictors were associated with increased anxiety but not depression. These effects were significantly stronger among men. When both predictors were entered simultaneously, individuals who were victimized by someone drinking displayed increased anxiety, and this relationship was stronger among men than women victims. Being victimized when drinking was no longer associated with anxiety, consistent with prior findings that post-traumatic distress may be minimized when a trauma occurs while the victim is intoxicated. Results highlight the impact sexual victimization can have for both male and female victims, and point to the need for evidence-based policies to prevent emotional second-hand alcohol harms among male and female students alike.
Robust Ranking Models Using Noisy Feedback

Direct feedback of users of search engines by click information is naturally noisy. Ranking models that integrate such feedback in their training process must cope with this noise. In worst case such noise can lead to large variance among the results for different queries in the resulting rankings. We propose to integrate model averaging like bagging and random forest methods to reduce the variance in the ranking models. We perform an experimental study on different noise levels using a state of the art ranking model.
Packet Forwarding in VANETs, the Complete Set of Results

The discrepancy between real-world radio channel behavior and its standard modeling in simulations (Unit Disk Graph) is a major reason for protocols to perform different - often worse - than predicted when deployed in a real-world setup. As researchers having to deal with real ad hoc networks are aware of, assuming a fixed border for a node's communication range might not only lead to inaccurate results but also to a wrong judgment on the comparison between different protocols. We have set up a simulation study to investigate the effects of realistic channel characteristics on packet forwarding strategies for vehicular ad hoc networks. The contributions of this technical report are threefold: i) We provide a performance evaluation of various routing/forwarding strategies under the realistic non-deterministic Nakagami radio propagation model and compare the results with the ones obtained using the standard Two-Ray-Ground model. Validated German highway movement patterns are used to model node mobility. ii) We demonstrate that realistic channel conditions present an opportunity and not only a drawback for some forwarding strategies. More specifically, we show that for contention-based forwarding (CBF) techniques, realistic channel characteristics provide a positive impact in terms of an increased average hop distance. iii) We provide an analytical derivation of the expected hop distance for CBF that provides a basis to optimally adjust CBF parameters.
Strong and weak virtual synchrony in Horus

This paper presents two variants of virtual synchrony, which are supported by Horus. The first variant, called strong virtual synchrony, includes the property that every message is delivered within the view in which it is sent. This property is very useful in developing applications, since it helps in minimizing the amount of context information that needs to be sent on messages, and the amount of computation which is required in order to process a message. However, it is shown that in order to support this property, the application program has to block messages during view changes. An alternative definition, called weak virtual synchrony, which can be implemented without blocking messages, is then presented. This definition still guarantees that messages will be delivered within the view in which they were sent, only that it uses a slightly weaker notion of what the view in which a message was sent is. An implementation of weak virtual synchrony that does not block messages during view changes as also developed in this paper.
The cytoskeletal architecture of the presynaptic terminal and molecular structure of synapsin 1

We have examined the cytoskeletal architecture and its relationship with synaptic vesicles in synapses by quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QF.DE). The main cytoskeletal elements in the presynaptic terminals (neuromuscular junction, electric organ, and cerebellar cortex) were actin filaments and microtubules. The actin filaments formed a network and frequently were associated closely with the presynaptic plasma membranes and active zones. Short, linking strands approximately 30 nm long were found between actin and synaptic vesicles, between microtubules and synaptic vesicles. Fine strands (30- 60 nm) were also found between synaptic vesicles. Frequently spherical structures existed in the middle of the strands between synaptic vesicles. Another kind of strand (approximately 100 nm long, thinner than the actin filaments) between synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes was also observed. We have examined the molecular structure of synapsin 1 and its relationship with actin filaments, microtubules, and synaptic vesicles in vitro using the low angle rotary shadowing technique and QF.DE. The synapsin 1, approximately 47 nm long, was composed of a head (approximately 14 nm diam) and a tail (approximately 33 nm long), having a tadpole-like appearance. The high resolution provided by QF.DE revealed that a single synapsin 1 cross-linked actin filaments and linked actin filaments with synaptic vesicles, forming approximately 30-nm short strands. The head was on the actin and the tail was attached to the synaptic vesicle or actin filament. Microtubules were also cross-linked by a single synapsin 1, which also connected a microtubule to synaptic vesicles, forming approximately 30 nm strands. The spherical head was on the microtubules and the tail was attached to the synaptic vesicles or to microtubules. Synaptic vesicles incubated with synapsin 1 were linked with each other via fine short fibrils and frequently we identified spherical structures from which two or three fibril radiated and cross-linked synaptic vesicles. We have examined the localization of synapsin 1 using ultracryomicrotomy and colloidal gold-immunocytochemistry of anti-synapsin 1 IgG. Synapsin 1 was exclusively localized in the regions occupied by synaptic vesicles. Statistical analyses indicated that synapsin 1 is located mostly at least approximately 30 nm away from the presynaptic membrane. These data derived via three different approaches suggest that synapsin 1 could be a main element of short linkages between actin filaments and synaptic vesicles, and between microtubules and synaptic vesicles, and between synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminals. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Tabu marking scheme for IP traceback

The IP traceback is an attractive mechanism in defending against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper we propose a new probabilistic packet marking (PPM) scheme for IP traceback, tabu marking scheme (TMS). In this scheme a router regards a packet marked by an upstream router as a tabu and does not mark it again. Furthermore we derive a new analytical result on the partial coupon collection problem for convergence analysis. Numerical results show that TMS significantly reduces the convergence time under DDoS attacks, as compared with previous PPM schemes that allow overwriting. TMS also ensures the authentication of the routers' markings.
Inner Ear Disease and Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Critical Review of Incidence, Clinical Characteristics, and Management

Background. This study is a review of the incidence, clinical characteristics, and management of secondary BPPV. The different subtypes of secondary BPPV are compared to each other, as well as idiopathic BPPV. Furthermore, the study highlights the coexistence of BPPV with other inner ear pathologies. Methods. A comprehensive search for articles including in the abstract information on incidence, clinical characteristics, and management of secondary BPPV was conducted within the PubMed library. Results. Different referral patterns, different diagnostic criteria used for inner ear diseases, and different patient populations have led to greatly variable incidence results. The differences regarding clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes may support the hypothesis that idiopathic BPPV and the various subtypes of secondary BPPV do not share the exact same pathophysiological mechanisms. Conclusions. Secondary BPPV is often under-diagnosed, because dizziness may be atypical and attributed to the primary inner ear pathology. Reversely, a limited number of BPPV patients may not be subjected to a full examination and characterized as idiopathic, while other inner ear diseases are underdiagnosed. A higher suspicion index for the coexistence of BPPV with other inner ear pathologies, may lead to a more integrated diagnosis and consequently to a more efficient treatment of these patients.
Independencia del Banco Central e Instituciones Responsables de la Política Monetaria: Pasado, Presente y Futuro

En el pasado, se esperaba que los bancos centrales ? por ley, costumbre, o ambas? usaran sus instrumentos de politica para lograr multiples objetivos, como alto crecimiento y empleo, financiamiento para el Fisco y solucion de problemas de balanza de pagos. Hoy gozan de sustancialmente mas independencia, de hecho y de derecho, que hace veinte anos, y la estabilidad de precios es su objetivo primordial. El articulo analiza los cambios institucionales que han ocurrido en las ultimas dos decadas en el area de la autonomia de los bancos centrales e instituciones responsables de la politica monetaria en el mundo, con una revision de la evidencia empirica acumulada respecto de la relacion entre la independencia del banco central y el desempeno macroeconomico. Se extraen lecciones de la estabilizacion de la inflacion en conjunto con la mencionada independencia en el contexto mas amplio de la eleccion del ancla nominal. La ultima parte considera los desafios futuros que enfrentan los bancos centrales en la era de estabilidad de precios. Una vez conquistada la inflacion, se espera de ellos que dediquen mas atencion a estabilizar la brecha de actividad. Tambien se examinan los riesgos propios de un regimen de metas de inflacion, asi como temas de rendicion de cuentas y transparencia, que cobran importancia en el nuevo regimen. Ademas se revisan los tradeoffs entre la responsabilidad democratica y la autonomia de los bancos centrales que surgen en el contexto de la distribucion de las utilidades (o perdidas) entre el banco central y el gobierno, y la determinacion del capital del banco central.
Implementation of an adaptive OFDMA PHY/MAC on USRP platforms for a cognitive tactical radio network

Cognitive radio is envisioned to solve the problem of spectrum scarcity in military networks and to autonomously adapt to rapidly changing radio environment conditions and user needs. Dynamic spectrum management techniques are needed for the coexistence of multiple cognitive tactical radio networks. Previous work has investigated the iterative waterfilling algorithm (IWFA) as a possible candidate to improve the coexistence of such networks. It has been shown that adding a constraint on the number of transmitter's sub-channels improves the convergence of IWFA. In this paper, we propose an adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) for the coexistence of multiple cognitive tactical radio networks. The proposed scheme is implemented on universal software radio peripheral (USRP) platforms using Qt4/IT++ and the USRP hardware driver (UHD) application programming interface (API).
We Are Dynamo: Overcoming Stalling and Friction in Collective Action for Crowd Workers

By lowering the costs of communication, the web promises to enable distributed collectives to act around shared issues. However, many collective action efforts never succeed: while the web's affordances make it easy to gather, these same decentralizing characteristics impede any focus towards action. In this paper, we study challenges to collective action efforts through the lens of online labor by engaging with Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. Through a year of ethnographic fieldwork, we sought to understand online workers' unique barriers to collective action. We then created Dynamo, a platform to support the Mechanical Turk community in forming publics around issues and then mobilizing. We found that collective action publics tread a precariously narrow path between the twin perils of stalling and friction, balancing with each step between losing momentum and flaring into acrimony. However, specially structured labor to maintain efforts' forward motion can help such publics take action.
Direct and indirect urban water footprints of the United States

The water footprint of the urban environment is not limited to direct water consumption (i.e., municipal supplies); embedded water in imported resources, or virtual water transfers, provides an additional component of the urban water footprint. Using empirical data, our analysis extends traditional urban water footprinting analysis to quantify both direct and indirect urban resources for the United States. We determine direct water volumes and their embedded energy through open records requests of water utilities. The indirect component of the urban water footprint includes water indirectly consumed through energy and food, relating to the food‐energy‐water nexus. We comprehensively quantify the indirect water footprint for 74 metropolitan statistical areas through the combination of various databases, including the Commodity Flow Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Water Footprint Network, and the Energy Information Administration. We then analyze spatial heterogeneity in both direct and indirect water footprints, determining the average urban water footprint in the United States to be 1.64 million gallons of water per person per year [6200 m3/person/yr or 17,000 L/person/d], dominated by indirect water. Additionally, our study of the urban water cycle extends beyond considering only water resources to include embedded energy and equivalent carbon dioxide emissions. The inclusion of multiple sectors of the urban water cycle and their underlying processes provides important insights to the overall urban environment, the interdependencies of the food‐energy‐water nexus, and water resource sustainability. Our results provide opportunities for benchmarking the urban energy‐water nexus, water footprints, and climate change potential.
A New Linear Programming Approach to Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning Problems

We consider the problem of radiation therapy treatment planning for cancer patients. During radiation therapy, beams of radiation pass through a patient, killing both cancerous and normal cells. Thus, the radiation therapy must be carefully planned so that a clinically prescribed dose is delivered to targets containing cancerous cells, while nearby organs and tissues are spared. Currently, a technique called intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is considered to be the most effective radiation therapy for many forms of cancer. In IMRT, the patient is irradiated from several beams, each of which is decomposed into hundreds of small beamlets, the intensities of which can be controlled individually. In this paper, we consider the problem of designing a treatment plan for IMRT when the orientations of the beams are given. We propose a new model that has the potential to achieve most of the goals with respect to the quality of a treatment plan that have been considered to date. However, in contrast with established mixed-integer and nonlinear programming formulations, we do so while retaining linearity of the optimization problem, which substantially improves the tractability of the optimization problem. Furthermore, we discuss how several additional quality and practical aspects of the problem that have been ignored to date can be incorporated into our linear model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on clinical data.
Dynamically similar locomotion in horses

SUMMARY It is possible for animals of very different sizes to use the same patterns of locomotion, i.e. to move in a `dynamically similar fashion'. This will only occur, however, if relevant biomechanical parameters scale with size in such a way that they compensate for the effects of size differences. Here we apply this principle to understanding the effects of size on locomotion within a species: the domestic horse. We predict that, without any factor to compensate for size differences, detectable deviations from dynamically similar locomotion would occur over the size range present in adult horses. We measured relative stride length (RSL) and duty factor (DF) in 21 trotting horses (body mass: 86-714 kg), and interpolated the data to predict RSL and DF at equivalent speeds (Froude numbers: 0.5, 0.75, 1.0). RSL and DF at equal Froude number were not significantly related to body mass. This is consistent with the hypothesis that horses trot in a dynamically similar fashion at equal Froude number. We show that the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of tendon can contribute to reducing deviations from dynamic similarity, `buffering' the effects of variation in body mass, but conclude that this effect is unlikely to explain fully our results. This suggests that a `compensatory distortion' may occur in horses, counteracting the effects of size differences. The approach used here is also applicable to understanding the consequences of size changes within an individual during growth.
Throughput and Diversity Gain of Buffer-Aided Relaying

In this paper, we consider a simple network consisting of a source, a half-duplex decode-and- forward relay, and a destination. In contrast to most of the existing literature, we assume that the relay is equipped with a buffer and show that this can lead to substantial performance gains. We propose a simple protocol which chooses either the source-relay or the relay-destination link for transmission depending on the instantaneous channel state information. For this simple protocol, we derive the throughput for adaptive rate transmission and the outage probability for fixed rate transmission. Our results show that, unlike conventional relaying, buffer-aided relaying yields a diversity gain of two. In addition, throughput gains of up to 100 % compared to conventional relaying are possible.
Neural Network Based Algorithm for Generalized Eigenvalue Problem

The present paper introduces a neural network based on approach for solving the generalized eigenvalue problem Ax = λBx, where n-by-n matrices A and B are realvalued, B is non-singular, and 1 B A - is an orthogonal matrix whose determinant is equal to 1. The approach can extract the modulus largest and the modulus smallest eigenvalues, and the corresponding n-dimensional complex eigenvectors can be extracted by using the proposed algorithm that is essentially based on an ordinary differential equation of order n. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Receipt of psychological or emotional counseling by suicidal adolescents.

OBJECTIVE This study examined utilization of psychological or emotional counseling by suicidal adolescents to answer questions about the extent to which health services can contribute to the prevention of adolescent suicide. METHOD The study used data from Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which involved a household-based interview with a nationally representative sample of 15 483 adolescents from grades 7 to 12. Of these, 2482 adolescents were classified as suicidal, as indicated by an affirmative response to the question "During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously think about committing suicide? " For this group, the study asked the following questions: 1) What proportion receives psychological or emotional counseling? 2) What are the sources of this counseling? 3) What factors are associated with receipt of such counseling? RESULTS Less than one third (28%) of suicidal adolescents received psychological or emotional counseling. The most common sources of care were private doctors' offices (37%) and schools (34%). Factors associated with receipt of counseling in the past 12 months included age, race, degree of suicidality, depression status, and having had a physical examination during the same period. CONCLUSIONS Only one third of those who report suicidal ideation and behavior receive psychological or emotional counseling. Although not all of these young people may identify a need for counseling, this finding still suggests that many of those at risk of harming themselves do not receive professional help. However, on the positive side, those who do use counseling services tend to do so on the basis of their being in the greatest need, rather than their parents' capacity to pay for services. Counseling services have an important role to play in suicide prevention, and a variety of sources of care need to be available. Although counseling services are vital, a range of other strategies is necessary to reduce the youth suicide rate.