Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dedekind $\eta$-function, Hauptmodul and invariant theory

We solve a long-standing open problem with its own long history dating back to the celebrated works of Klein and Ramanujan. This problem concerns the invariant decomposition formulas of the Hauptmodul for $\Gamma_0(p)$ under the action of finite simple groups $PSL(2, p)$ with $p=5, 7, 13$. The cases of $p=5$ and $7$ were solved by Klein and Ramanujan. Little was known about this problem for $p=13$. Using our invariant theory for $PSL(2, 13)$, we solve this problem. This leads to a new expression of the classical elliptic modular function of Klein: $j$-function in terms of theta constants associated with $\Gamma(13)$. Moreover, we find an exotic modular equation, i.e., it has the same form as Ramanujan's modular equation of degree $13$, but with different kinds of modular parametrizations, which gives the geometry of the classical modular curve $X(13)$.
MAXI INVESTIGATION INTO THE LONG-TERM X-RAY VARIABILITY FROM THE VERY-HIGH-ENERGY γ-RAY BLAZAR Mrk 421

The archetypical very-high-energy γ-ray blazar Mrk 421 was monitored for more than three years with the Gas Slit Camera on board Monitor of All Sky X-ray Image (MAXI), and its long-term X-ray variability was investigated. The MAXI light curve in the 3–10 keV range was transformed into the periodogram in the frequency range f = 1 × 10−8–2 × 10−6 Hz. The artifacts on the periodogram, resulting from data gaps in the observed light curve, were extensively simulated for variations with a power-law-like power spectrum density (PSD). By comparing the observed and simulated periodograms, the PSD index was evaluated as α = 1.60 ± 0.25. This index is smaller than that obtained in the higher-frequency range (f ≳ 1 × 10−5 Hz), namely, α = 2.14 ± 0.06 in the 1998 ASCA observation of the object. The MAXI data impose a lower limit on the PSD break at fb = 5 × 10−6 Hz, consistent with the break of fb = 9.5 × 10−6 Hz suggested from the ASCA data. The low-frequency PSD index of Mrk 421 derived with MAXI falls well within the range of typical values among nearby Seyfert galaxies (α = 1–2). The physical implications from these results are briefly discussed.
On the efficiency of the Blandford–Znajek mechanism for low angular momentum relativistic accretion

The Blandford–Znajek (BZ) mechanism has usually been studied in the literature for accretion with considerably high angular momentum leading to the formation of either a cold Keplerian disc or a hot and geometrically thick sub-Keplerian flow as described within the framework of advection-dominated accretion flow/radiatively inefficient accretion flow. However, in nearby elliptical galaxies, as well as for our own Galactic Centre, accretion with very low angular momentum is prevalent. Such quasi-spherical strongly sub-Keplerian accretion has complex dynamical features and can accommodate stationary shocks. In this Letter, we present our calculation for the maximum efficiency obtainable through the BZ mechanism for complete general relativistic weakly rotating axisymmetric flow in the Kerr metric. Both shocked and shock-free flows have been studied in detail for rotating and counter-rotating accretion. Such a study has never been done in the literature before. We find that the energy extraction efficiency is low, about 0.1 per cent, and increases by a factor of 15 if the ram pressure is included. Such an efficiency is still much higher than the radiative efficiency of such optically thin flows. For the BZ mechanism, shocked flow produces a higher efficiency than the shock-free solutions and retrograde flow provides a slightly larger value of the efficiency than that for the prograde flow.
THE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICAL MODEL OF KILOHERTZ QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS IN NEUTRON STAR LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARIES (II)

We study the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) in neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) with a new magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model, in which the compressed magnetosphere is considered. The previous MHD model is reexamined and the relation between the frequencies of the kHz QPOs and the accretion rate in LMXBs is obtained. Our result agrees with the observations of six sources (4U 0614+09, 4U 1636–53, 4U 1608–52, 4U 1915–15, 4U 1728–34, and XTE 1807–294) with measured spins. In this model, the kHz QPOs originate from the MHD waves in the compressed magnetosphere. The single kHz QPOs and twin kHz QPOs are produced in two different parts of the accretion disk and the boundary is close to the corotation radius. The lower QPO frequency in a frequency–accretion rate diagram is cut off at a low accretion rate and the twin kHz QPOs encounter a top ceiling at a high accretion rate due to the restriction of the innermost stable circular orbit.
Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Vegetable-Borne Listeria monocytogenes Isolates

Fresh vegetables play a significant role in the human diet. However, ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables have been associated with increasing foodborne outbreaks including L. monocytogenes, which is a common human pathogen associated with foodborne infections resulting in listeriosis. This study aims to assess the resistance of vegetable-borne L. monocytogenes to antibiotics. L. monocytogenes was isolated and molecularly characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from 17 RTE vegetable samples. The confirmed L. monocytogenes was further assessed for phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance using the disc diffusion test and PCR primers targeting six antibiotic classes and thirty-one related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), respectively. The results revealed that Listeria counts ranged from 1.60 to 3.44 log10 CFU/g in the samples. The isolates exhibited high resistance against penicillin G, erythromycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and nitrofurantoin among the 108 isolates tested. A total of 71 multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were observed in the isolates, which ranged from resistance to 3 to 13 antibiotics. The MAR index was ˃0.2 in 97% of the isolates. Some of the highly detected ARG subtypes included SulI (100%), TEM (76.9%), tetA (59%), and tetM (54.7%). The findings show a high occurrence of multidrug-resistant L. monocytogenes and clinical ARGs in fresh vegetables, which constitutes an immediate danger for the health security of the public.
Determining the Therapeutic Potential of Experimental Antibacterial Agents: The Use of Animal Models

Animal models of infection are the most predictive preclinical test for projecting clinical success of experimental antibacterial therapeutics. The first screen for antibacterial drug efficacy is usually prevention of mortality in animal models of infection. Secondary trials for drug efficacy measure the reduction of bacterial burden in defined body sites such as lung, kidney, and soft tissue. These trials determine potential clinical indications for the experimental compounds. Promising compounds are then advanced for additional testing in animal models to identify the key pharmacodynamic parameter predictive of efficacy. The value of the pharmacodynamic parameter that yields efficacy is then numerically defined and related to the blood concentration of experimental drug needed for clinical efficacy. Animal trials to determine appropriate length of therapy are conducted at optimal pharmacodynamic values. Efficacy against relevant drug resistant bacteria should also be determined prior to clinical development. Preliminary toxicity studies are conducted during efficacy testing and safety margins should be known prior to bulk synthesis of drug for formal toxicity studies. At all stages of testing, appropriate clinical antibacterial drugs are used as positive controls. Proper use of animal models will keep the drug development pipeline clear of compounds with little probability of clinical efficacy. This testing program will cause. the selection of experimental anti-bacterial compounds with significant promise for rapid advancement through clinical trials to medical and commercial success.
An observational evaluation of magnetic confinement in the winds of BA supergiants

Magnetic wind confinement has been proposed as one explanation for the complex wind structures of supergiant stars of spectral types B and A. Observational investigation of this hypothesis was undertaken using high-resolution ({\lambda}/{\Delta}{\lambda} {\sim} 65,000) circular polarization (Stokes V ) spectra of six late B and early A type supergiants ({\beta} Ori, B8Iae; 4 Lac, B9Iab; {\eta} Leo, A0Ib; HR1040, A0Ib; {\alpha} Cyg, A2Iae; {\nu} Cep, A2Iab), obtained with the instruments ESPaDOnS and Narval at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and the Bernard Lyot Telescope. Least Squares Deconvolution (LSD) analysis of the Stokes V spectra of all stars yields no evidence of a magnetic field, with best longitudinal field 1{\sigma} error bars ranging from {\sim}0.5 to {\sim}4.5 G for most stars. Spectrum synthesis analysis of the LSD profiles using Bayesian inference yields an upper limit with 95.4% credibility on the polar strength of the (undetected) surface dipole fields of individual stars ranging from 3 to 30 G. These results strongly suggest that magnetic wind confinement due to organized dipolar magnetic fields is not the origin of the wind variability of BA supergiant stars. Upper limits for magnetic spots may also be inconsistent with magnetic wind confinement in the limit of large spot size and filling factor, depending on the adopted wind parameters. Therefore, if magnetic spots are responsible for the wind variability of BA supergiant stars, they likely occupy a small fraction of the photosphere.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Structural Characteristics of New Carbon-Based Materials Generated in Molten Salts

This article is devoted to providing a new feasible route to realize carbon dioxide reduction and resource utilization. With the wide electrochemical window, high thermal stability and fast mass transfer rate of molten salt electrolyte, new carbon-based materials can be synthesized on the surface of the inexpensive Fe cathode. EDS (Electron-Dispersive-Spectroscope), SEM (Scanning-Electron-Microscope) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analyzers are selected to detect the critical element, microstructures and specific surface area of the new carbon-based materials generated via electrolysis. It is demonstrated that eutectic carbonates’ electrochemical reduction, ranging from 450 °C to 750 °C prefers to produce carbons with no high-value structure. While carbon products are observed with honeycomb-like and platelet structures at 450 °C with an increase in current density. Additionally, the feedstock CO2 could be converted into carbon-based materials with high value such as high surface area carbon, spherical carbon and cellular porous carbon production by optimizing the electrolysis parameters of temperature, current density and molten salt conformation. This paper shows a viable way for one-pot CO2 utilization and facile production of micro-scale structure carbon materials, in line with the concept of sustainable development.
Isospin-violating dark matter from a double portal

We study a simple model that can give rise to isospin-violating interactions of Dirac fermion asymmetric dark matter to protons and neutrons through the interference of a scalar and U(1)′ gauge boson contribution. The model can yield a large suppression of the elastic scattering cross section off Xenon relative to Silicon thus reconciling CDMS-Si and LUX results while being compatible with LHC findings on the 126 GeV Higgs, electroweak precision tests and flavour constraints.
Role of NADPH Oxidases in Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Ischemic Stroke

NADPH oxidases (Nox) are one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS). While these enzymes have been shown to be involved in physiological regulation of cerebral vascular tone, excessive ROS produced by Nox1-5 play a critical role in blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in numerous neuropathologies. Nox-derived ROS have been implicated in mediating matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation, downregulation of junctional complexes between adjacent brain endothelial cells and brain endothelial cell apoptosis, leading to brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and consequently, increases in BBB permeability. In this review, we will highlight recent findings on the role played by these enzymes in BBB disruption induced by ischemic stroke.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF KONJO DIALECT AND LAKIUNG DIALECT OF MAKASSAR LANGUAGE: A DIALECTOLOGICAL APPROACH

This study discusses the relationship, namely the differences and similarities between the Lakiung (LK) dialect and the Konjo (KJ) dialect Makassar language at the phonological and lexical level with a dialectological approach. This study was conducted to find phonological and lexical differences as well as inventories of the status of the language and dialect map in the Konjo dialect and the Lakiung dialect of the Makassar language. This research uses quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collection in this study used the capable method and the listening method. The source of the research data is field data and literature data obtained through research instruments in the form of basic vocabularies of Morrish Swadesh. The data were analyzed quantitatively (dialectometry) and qualitatively. The results of the analysis showed that in the calculation of the phonological dialectometry scale on fifteen meaning fields there were 90 different glosses with a percentage of 25.86%. It can be categorized as a language difference. The lexical dialectometry scale shows a difference of 95 glosses with a percentage of 27.29%. It is included in the category of no difference in language and dialect. Furthermore, the results of the dialectometry calculation of the overall difference were 185 glosses with a percentage of 53.16%. So the Lakiung dialect and the Konjo dialect are included in the category of dialect differences. The vocal phonemes in the Lakiung dialect and the Konjo dialect are the same, that is, there are five vocal phonemes each, namely /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, and /o/. The consonant phonemes in the Konjo dialect and the Lakiung dialect are also the same, that is, both have eighteen consonants, namely /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/, /p/, /b/, /m/, /ʦ/, /ʤ/, /ɲ/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /j/, /r/, /l/, /w/, /s, and /h/.
Process-Oriented Profiling of Speech Sound Disorders

The differentiation between subtypes of speech sound disorder (SSD) and the involvement of possible underlying deficits is part of ongoing research and debate. The present study adopted a data-driven approach and aimed to identify and describe deficits and subgroups within a sample of 150 four to seven-year-old Dutch children with SSD. Data collection comprised a broad test battery including the Computer Articulation Instrument (CAI). Its tasks Picture Naming (PN), NonWord Imitation (NWI), Word and NonWord Repetition (WR; NWR) and Maximum Repetition Rate (MRR) each render a variety of parameters (e.g., percentage of consonants correct) that together provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses of different processes involved in speech production. Principal Component Analysis on the CAI parameters revealed three speech domains: (1) all PN parameters plus three parameters of NWI; (2) the remaining parameters of NWI plus WR and NWR; (3) MRR. A subsequent cluster analysis revealed three subgroups, which differed significantly on intelligibility, receptive vocabulary, and auditory discrimination but not on age, gender and SLPs diagnosis. The clusters could be typified as three specific profiles: (1) phonological deficit; (2) phonological deficit with motoric deficit; (3) severe phonological and motoric deficit. These results indicate that there are different profiles of SSD, which cover a spectrum of degrees of involvement of different underlying problems.
Complex Spherical Designs and Codes

Real spherical designs and real and complex projective designs have been shown by Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel to give rise to association schemes when the strength of the design is high compared to its degree as a code. In contrast, designs on the complex unit sphere remain relatively uninvestigated, despite their importance in numerous applications. In this paper, we develop the notion of a complex spherical design and show how many such designs carry the structure of an association scheme. In contrast with the real spherical designs and the real and complex projective designs, these association schemes are nonsymmetric.
Oncologic Imaging and Radiomics: A Walkthrough Review of Methodological Challenges

Simple Summary Radiomics could increase the value of medical images for oncologic patients, allowing for the identification of novel imaging biomarkers and building prediction models. Unfortunately, despite the many promises and encouraging findings, the translation of radiomics into clinical practice appears as a distant goal. Indeed, challenges such as generalizability and reproducibility are slowing down the process and must be faced with a rigorous and robust radiomic methodology. In this review, we turn the spotlight to the methodological complexity of radiomics, providing an outline of dos and don’ts aimed at facilitating state-of-the-art research. Abstract Imaging plays a crucial role in the management of oncologic patients, from the initial diagnosis to staging and treatment response monitoring. Recently, it has been suggested that its importance could be further increased by accessing a new layer of previously hidden quantitative data at the pixel level. Using a multi-step process, radiomics extracts potential biomarkers from medical images that could power decision support tools. Despite the growing interest and rising number of research articles being published, radiomics is still far from fulfilling its promise of guiding oncologic imaging toward personalized medicine. This is, at least partly, due to the heterogeneous methodological quality in radiomic research, caused by the complexity of the analysis pipelines. In this review, we aim to disentangle this complexity with a stepwise approach. Specifically, we focus on challenges to face during image preprocessing and segmentation, how to handle imbalanced classes and avoid information leaks, as well as strategies for the proper validation of findings.
NGC 5252: a pair of radio-emitting active galactic nuclei?

The X-ray source CXO J133815.6+043255 has counterparts in the UV, optical, and radio bands. Based on the multiband investigations, it has been recently proposed by Kim et al. as a rarely seen off-nucleus ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) source with a black hole mass of >= 10(4)M(circle dot) in the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 5252. To explore its radio properties at very high angular resolution, we performed very long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.7 GHz. We find that the radio counterpart is remarkably compact among the known ULXs. It does not show a resolved structure with a resolution of a few milliarcsecond (mas), and the total recovered flux density is comparable to that measured in earlier sub-arcsecond-resolution images. The compact radio structure, the relatively flat spectrum, and the high radio luminosity are consistent with a weakly accreting supermassive black hole in a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus. The nucleus of NGC 5252 itself has similar radio properties. We argue that the system represents a relatively rare pair of active galactic nuclei, where both components emit in the radio.
The impact of Diaphragmatic Dysfunction assessed by chest ultrasound on noninvasive ventilation outcome in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The Abstract: Background : Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is now seen as first-line treatment in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory acidosis (AECOPD). Therefore, the identiﬁcation of the predictive factors of NIV failure could assist clinicians in detecting the patients at greater risk of negative outcomes. One of these factors is the diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD). Although the measurement of trans-diaphragmatic pressure is the gold current standard for assessing diaphragmatic function, ultrasonography (US) of the diaphragm at the bedside is capable of identifying (DD) in several clinical conditions. Objectives: to evaluate the prevalence of diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) during AECOPD, and its impact on NIV outcome. Setting: Department of Chest, Respiratory intensive care unit (ICU), Beni-Suef University Hospital. Methods: a prospective observational study which was conducted on 41 adult patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were admitted to respiratory ICU of chest department Beni-Suef University hospital for NIV. The cases underwent diaphragmatic assessment by bedside diaphragmatic ultrasound. Diaphragmatic thickness fraction (DTF) was calculated from the following formula: (Diaphragmatic thickness at end inspiration – Diaphragmatic Thickness at end expiration) / Diaphragmatic Thickness at end expiration. NIV outcomes (failure and success groups) was analyzed to find a cutoff point of DTF to predict success of NIV. Results: The prevalence of diaphragmatic dysfunction in all studied patients was 18 patients (43.5%) out of 41 patients most of them were among NIV failure group [12 (70.5%) out of 17 patients]. The cut off point of DTF was below 0.306 to predict failure of NIV . with a P value 0.002. Conclusions : Assessment of DTF by diaphragm ultrasound in B-mode represents an easy to-obtain new index for prediction of success or failure of NIV in AECOPD patients needing NIV.
ELECTROSTATIC BARRIER AGAINST DUST GROWTH IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS. II. MEASURING THE SIZE OF THE “FROZEN” ZONE

Coagulation of submicron-sized dust grains into porous aggregates is the initial step of dust evolution in protoplanetary disks. Recently, it has been pointed out that negative charging of dust in the weakly ionized disks could significantly slow down the coagulation process. In this paper, we apply the growth criteria obtained in Paper I to finding out a location (“frozen” zone) where the charging stalls dust growth at the fractal growth stage. For low-turbulence disks, we find that the frozen zone can cover a major part of the disks at a few to 100 AU from the central star. The maximum mass of the aggregates is approximately 10−7g at 1 AU and as small as a few monomer masses at 100 AU. Strong turbulence can significantly reduce the size of the frozen zone, but such turbulence will cause the fragmentation of macroscopic aggregates at later stages. We examine a possibility that complete freezeout of dust evolution in low-turbulence disks could be prevented by global transport of dust in the disks. Our simple estimation shows that global dust transport can lead to the supply of macroscopic aggregates and the removal of frozen aggregates on a timescale of 106 yr. This overturns the usual understanding that tiny dust particles get depleted on much shorter timescales unless collisional fragmentation is effective. The frozen zone together with global dust transport might explain “slow” (∼106 yr) dust evolution suggested by infrared observation of T Tauri stars and by radioactive dating of chondrites.