Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lymphoma with central nervous system involvement in a young patient with Crohn disease treated with azathioprine.

790 A 15-year-old girl was referred with recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and excessive flatulence for 3 years. She complained of central abdominal pain, which radiated all over the abdomen, relieved partly by the passage of flatus. She had 3 to 4 bowel movements per day with variable consistency and without blood or mucus. She had reportedly lost 13 kg of weight during the last 7 months and had not attained menarche. There was no family history of bowel disorders or malignancy. On examination, she had right iliac fossa tenderness with a palpable mass. There was no suggestion of lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Her weight was below the 50th centile (50.25 kg) and height on the 75th centile (165 cm). Blood tests showed raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (21 mm/h), C-reactive protein (9 mg/L), acid glycoprotein (>2.5 g/L, range 0.5–1.4 g/L), low albumin (20 g/L), normal full blood count, renal and liver function tests. Abdominal x-ray showed dilated bowel loops centrally. Ultrasound of the abdomen demonstrated bowel wall thickening in the region of the terminal ileum. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy were macroscopically normal. Terminal ileum was not intubated. The histology of biopsies taken from upper gastrointestinal tract and colon showed no significant abnormality. However, barium follow-through demonstrated ulceration, pseudo-sacculation, and area of narrowing consistent with distal ileal CD. There was an area of poorly defined narrowing in the proximal ileum as well. With the clinical picture and suggestive radiological features, a diagnosis of terminal ileal CD was made and the patient was commenced on exclusive polymeric enteral feeding as treatment. In the subsequent 7 weeks, her abdominal pain resolved and inflammatory markers dropped to the normal range. Interestingly, she started menstrual periods. However, symptoms recurred on reintroduction of normal diet and had to be treated with oral steroids. She was also treated with mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) at a dose of 30 mg kg 1 day . A second course of steroid was needed 2 months later for relapse symptoms.
PTEN regulates IGF‐1R‐mediated therapy resistance in melanoma

Inhibition of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a major advance in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, its therapeutic success is limited by the rapid emergence of drug resistance. The insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) is overexpressed in melanomas developing resistance toward the BRAFV600 inhibitor vemurafenib. Here, we show that hyperactivation of BRAF enhances IGF‐1R expression. In addition, the phosphatase activity of PTEN as well as heterocellular contact to stromal cells increases IGF‐1R expression in melanoma cells and enhances resistance to vemurafenib. Interestingly, PTEN‐negative melanoma cells escape IGF‐1R blockade by decreased expression of the receptor, implicating that only in melanoma patients with PTEN‐positive tumors treatment with IGF‐1R inhibitors would be a suitable strategy to combat therapy resistance. Our data emphasize the crosstalk and therapeutic relevance of microenvironmental and tumor cell‐autonomous mechanisms in regulating IGF‐1R expression and by this sensitivity toward targeted therapies.
Relationships between embolism, stem water tension, and diameter changes.

A model for embolism in the sapflow process was developed, in which embolism is described as a physical process linked to real physical properties of the conduits and the thermodynamic state of water. Different mechanisms leading to embolism and their effect on water relations and especially diurnal diameter changes in a tree were examined. The mechanisms of heterogeneous nucleation, air-seeding, and bubble growth have been considered. The significance of embolism has been revealed here by examining diameter changes, which is an easily measurable quantity under field conditions. The most fundamental effects of embolism on sapflow are decrease in permeability and release of water from embolizing conduits to the transpiration stream. These can be indirectly detected by observing diameter changes. If possible changes in elasticity are not accounted for, embolism generally tends to enhance the amplitude of the diurnal diameter changes due to reduced permeability and increased tensions. In the case of reduced elasticity, embolism gives rise to smaller amplitudes of diameter changes.
The inflammation highway: metabolism accelerates inflammatory traffic in obesity

As humans evolved, perhaps the two strongest selection determinants of survival were a robust immune response able to clear bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection and an ability to efficiently store nutrients to survive times when food sources were scarce. These traits are not mutually exclusive. It is now apparent that critical proteins necessary for regulating energy metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors, Toll‐like receptors, and fatty acid‐binding proteins, also act as links between nutrient metabolism and inflammatory pathway activation in immune cells. Obesity in humans is a symptom of energy imbalance: the scale has been tipped such that energy intake exceeds energy output and may be a result, in part, of evolutionary selection toward a phenotype characterized by efficient energy storage. As discussed in this review, obesity is a state of low‐grade, chronic inflammation that promotes the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Ironically, the formation of systemic and/or local, tissue‐specific insulin resistance upon inflammatory cell activation may actually be a protective mechanism that co‐evolved to repartition energy sources within the body during times of stress during infection. However, the point has been reached where a once beneficial adaptive trait has become detrimental to the health of the individual and an immense public health and economic burden. This article reviews the complex relationship between obesity, insulin resistance/diabetes, and inflammation, and although the liver, brain, pancreas, muscle, and other tissues are relevant, we focus specifically on how the obese adipose microenvironment can promote immune cell influx and sustain damaging inflammation that can lead to the onset of insulin resistance and diabetes. Finally, we address how substrate metabolism may regulate the immune response and discuss how fuel uptake and metabolism may be a targetable approach to limit or abrogate obesity‐induced inflammation.
Generative Stock Question Answering

We study the problem of stock related question answering (StockQA): automatically generating answers to stock related questions, just like professional stock analysts providing action recommendations to stocks upon user's requests. StockQA is quite different from previous QA tasks since (1) the answers in StockQA are natural language sentences (rather than entities or values) and due to the dynamic nature of StockQA, it is scarcely possible to get reasonable answers in an extractive way from the training data; and (2) StockQA requires properly analyzing the relationship between keywords in QA pair and the numerical features of a stock. We propose to address the problem with a memory-augmented encoder-decoder architecture, and integrate different mechanisms of number understanding and generation, which is a critical component of StockQA. We build a large-scale dataset containing over 180K StockQA instances, based on which various technique combinations are extensively studied and compared. Experimental results show that a hybrid word-character model with separate character components for number processing, achieves the best performance. By analyzing the results, we found that 44.8% of answers generated by our best model still suffer from the generic answer problem, which can be alleviated by a straightforward hybrid retrieval-generation model.
The Dark Side of IFN-γ: Its Role in Promoting Cancer Immunoevasion

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has long been praised as an important effector molecule of anti-tumor immunity, capable of suppressing tumor growth through various mechanisms. On the contrary to such a bright side of IFN-γ, it has also been involved in promoting an outgrowth of tumor cells with immunoevasive phenotype suggesting an existence of a dark “tumor-promoting” side effect of IFN-γ. In this review, we will summarize this multi-functional role of IFN-γ in tumor context, how it promotes changes in tumor phenotype towards increased fitness for growth in immunocompetent host. Furthermore, we summarize how IFN-γ is involved in homeostatic or cancer-triggered mechanisms to establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
Can communication skills training improve empathy? A six-year longitudinal study of medical students in Japan

Abstract Background: Empathy is an important component of overall clinical competence; thus, enhancing empathy in medical education is essential for quality patient care. Aim: This longitudinal study was designed to address the following questions: 1. Can a targeted educational program in communication skills training enhance empathy in medical students? and 2. Can such a program have a sustained effect? Methods: Study participants included 116 students who entered Okayama University Medical School in 2011. Students participated in a communication skills training program aimed to enhance their empathy, and completed the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) five times: at the beginning of medical school, prior to participation in the program, immediately after the program, and in last years of medical school. A total of 69 students, representing 59% of the cohort, completed the JSE in all five test administrations. Results: Students’ total scores on the JSE and its two factors (Perspective Taking and Compassionate Care) increased significantly (p < 0.001) after participation in the communication skills training program. However, the program did not have a sustained effect. Conclusions: Targeted educational programs to enhance empathy in medical students can have a significant effect; however, additional reinforcements may be needed for a sustained effect.
The Association between Leptin Level and Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Background Contradictory results have been reported regarding the association between leptin level and breast cancer. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate this issue. Methods Published literature from PubMed and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database was retrieved. This study was performed based on different cases and control groups. The combined effect () with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using fixed-effects or random-effects model analysis. Results Overall, the mean serum leptin level of case groups was significantly higher than that of control groups. A) For 9 studies comparing breast cancer cases and healthy controls the combined effect was 0.58 with 95% CI (0.48, 0.68). B) For 4 studies comparing premenopausal breast cancer cases and healthy controls the was 0.32 (0.12, 0.52). C) For 5 studies comparing postmenopausal cases and healthy controls the was 0.65 (0.46, 0.84). D) For 4 studies comparing breast cancer cases and breast benign controls the was 0.38 (0.17, 0.59). E) For 2 studies comparing premenopausal breast cancer cases and breast benign controls the was 0.33 (-0.25, 0.91). F) For 6 studies comparing postmenopausal breast cancer cases and breast benign controls the was 0.39 (0.19, 0.60). G) For 4 studies comparing lymph node metastasis positive cases and negative controls the was 0.72 (0.45, 1.00). H) For 3 studies comparing breast benign cases and healthy controls the was 0.71 (0.41, 1.01). Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that leptin level plays a role in breast cancer and has potential for development as a diagnostic tool.
Extending ontologies by finding siblings using set expansion techniques

Motivation: Ontologies are an everyday tool in biomedicine to capture and represent knowledge. However, many ontologies lack a high degree of coverage in their domain and need to improve their overall quality and maturity. Automatically extending sets of existing terms will enable ontology engineers to systematically improve text-based ontologies level by level. Results: We developed an approach to extend ontologies by discovering new terms which are in a sibling relationship to existing terms of an ontology. For this purpose, we combined two approaches which retrieve new terms from the web. The first approach extracts siblings by exploiting the structure of HTML documents, whereas the second approach uses text mining techniques to extract siblings from unstructured text. Our evaluation against MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) shows that our method for sibling discovery is able to suggest first-class ontology terms and can be used as an initial step towards assessing the completeness of ontologies. The evaluation yields a recall of 80% at a precision of 61% where the two independent approaches are complementing each other. For MeSH in particular, we show that it can be considered complete in its medical focus area. We integrated the work into DOG4DAG, an ontology generation plugin for the editors OBO-Edit and Protégé, making it the first plugin that supports sibling discovery on-the-fly. Availability: Sibling discovery for ontology is available as part of DOG4DAG (www.biotec.tu-dresden.de/research/schroeder/dog4dag) for both Protégé 4.1 and OBO-Edit 2.1. Contact: ms@biotec.tu-dresden.de; goetz.fabian@biotec.tu-dresden.de Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Adults with complex congenital heart disease have impaired skeletal muscle function and reduced confidence in performing exercise training

Background Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) usually have reduced aerobic exercise capacity compared with controls. However, their skeletal muscle function is less studied. Material and methods In this cross-sectional study, unilateral isotonic shoulder flexion, unilateral isotonic heel-lift, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were tested in 85 patients with ACHD (35 women, mean age 36.8 ± 14.8 years), classed as either ‘complex’ (n = 43) or ‘simple’ (n = 42), and 42 age and gender matched controls (16 women, mean age 36.9 ± 14.9). Maximum number of shoulder flexions and heel-lifts were measured. MIP/MEP was tested using a handheld respiratory pressure meter. Exercise self-efficacy, measuring confidence in performing exercise training, was evaluated. Results Adults with complex lesions performed fewer shoulder flexions compared with controls and patients with simple lesions (28.2 ± 11.1 vs. 63.6 ± 40.4, p < 0.001 and 28.2 ± 11.1 vs. 54.9 ± 24.9, p < 0.001), as well as fewer heel-lifts compared with controls and patients with simple lesions (17.6 ± 7.7 vs. 26.3 ± 12.8, p < 0.001 and 17.6 ± 7.7 vs. 23.2 ± 7.0, p = 0.024), lower MIP than controls (80.7 ± 26.7 vs. 111.1 ± 29.9 cm H2O, p < 0.001) and lower MEP compared with controls (110.8 ± 39.9 vs. 141.8 ± 39.5, p < 0.001). Their exercise self-efficacy was lower than controls (28.0 ± 8.3 vs. 33.4 ± 6.1, p = 0.002). In a linear regression model complex heart lesions were independently associated with impaired limb muscle function. Conclusion Adults with complex congenital heart disease have impaired skeletal muscle function compared with patients with simple lesions and healthy controls. They also had lower confidence in performing exercise training. Thus, this population might have a potential for rehabilitation focusing on improving muscle function and confidence in performing exercise training.
The Impact of Abstract vs. Concrete Feedback Design on Behavior Insights from a Large Eco-Driving Field Experiment

About 17% of the worldwide CO2-emissions can be ascribed to road transportation. Using information systems (IS)-enabled feedback has shown to be very efficient in promoting a less fuel-consuming driving style. Today, in-car IS that provide feedback on driving behavior are in the midst of a fundamental change. Increasing digitalization of in-car IS enables virtually any kind of feedback. Still, we see a gap in the empirical evidence on how to leverage this potential, raising questions on future HCI-based feedback design. To address this knowledge gap, we designed an eco-driving feedback IS and, building upon construal level theory, hypothesize that abstract feedback is more effective in reducing fuel consumption than concrete feedback. Deployed in a large field experiment with 56 participants covering over 297,000km, we provide first empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis. Despite its limitations, this research may have general implications for the design of real-time feedback.
The Streptococcus pyogenes NAD+ glycohydrolase modulates epithelial cell PARylation and HMGB1 release

Streptococcus pyogenes uses the cytolysin streptolysin O (SLO) to translocate an enzyme, the S. pyogenes NAD+ glycohydrolase (SPN), into the host cell cytosol. However, the function of SPN in this compartment is not known. As a complication, many S. pyogenes strains express a SPN variant lacking NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. Here, we show that SPN modifies several SLO‐ and NAD+‐dependent host cell responses in patterns that correlate with NADase activity. SLO pore formation results in hyperactivation of the cellular enzyme poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) and production of polymers of poly‐ADP‐ribose (PAR). However, while SPN NADase activity moderates PARP‐1 activation and blocks accumulation of PAR, these processes continued unabated in the presence of NADase‐inactive SPN. Temporal analyses revealed that while PAR production is initially independent of NADase activity, PAR rapidly disappears in the presence of NADase‐active SPN, host cell ATP is depleted and the pro‐inflammatory mediator high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) protein is released from the nucleus by a PARP‐1‐dependent mechanism. In contrast, HMGB1 is not released in response to NADase‐inactive SPN and instead the cells release elevated levels of interleukin‐8 and tumour necrosis factor‐α. Thus, SPN and SLO combine to induce cellular responses subsequently influenced by the presence or absence of NADase activity.
Efficient solutions to the absolute pose of cameras with unknown focal length and radial distortion by decomposition to planar and non-planar cases

In this paper we present new efficient solutions to the absolute pose problems for cameras with unknown focal length and unknown focal length and radial distortion from four 2D-to-3D point correspondences. We propose to solve these problems separately for non-planar and for planar scenes. By decomposing the problems into these two situations we obtain simpler and more efficient solvers than the previously known general solvers. We demonstrate in synthetic and real experiments significant speedup of our solvers. Especially our new solvers for absolute pose problem for camera with unknown focal length and radial distortion are about 40 × (non-planar) and 160 × (planar) faster than the general solver. Moreover, we show that our specific solvers can be joined into new general solvers, based on performing either planar or non-planar solver according to the scene structure or performing both solvers simultaneously and selecting the better result. Such joined solvers give comparable or even better results than the existing general solvers for planar as well as non-planar scenes.
The Effect of Glutaraldehyde on Hydroxyapatite-Gelatin Composite with Addition of Alendronate for Bone Filler Application

Based on data from Indonesian Health Ministry in 2009, osteoporosis case reached 19,7 % of the populations in Indonesia, especially women in menopause period. The treatment was performed by consuming bisphosphonate drugs per oral which was not effective since the absorption intake of the drug was only less than 55% of the intake dosage. Because of that, the bone filler which also has a function as drug delivery system was developed. The hydroxyapatite-gelatin bone filler with the addition of alendronate was studied. To increase the characteristics of this bone filler, glutaraldehyde was introduced in the composite as a crosslinking agent. The concentration of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% were used. The bone filler was then characterized based on FTIR test, morphology test, compressive strength test, cytotoxicity test, and degradation test. The FTIR result showed that there was no significant difference between the sample with and without glutaraldehyde since the crosslinking bond of glutaraldehyde and gelatin was C=N bond which also presented in the gelatin. The morphology of the samples depicted a bigger pore size for higher glutaraldehyde concentration which also supported by lower compressive strength. All the samples were non-toxic based on the cytotoxicity test which had cell viability more than 100%. The degradation tests showed that with the presence of glutaraldehyde in the bone filler could maintain its form longer than the bone filler without glutaraldehyde. In conclusion, the presence of glutaraldehyde could increase the characteristics of the hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite with the addition of alendronate as a bone filler candidate for osteoporotic bone.
Hourly resolved cloud modification factors in the ultraviolet

Cloud impacts on the transfer of ultraviolet (UV) radiation through the atmosphere can be assessed by using a cloud modification factor (CMF). CMF, which is based on total global solar irradiation (SOL CMF), has proved to be a solid basis to derive CMFs for the UV radiation (UV CMF). This is an advantage, because total global irradiance, the ba- sis for SOL CMF, is frequently measured and forecasted by numerical weather prediction systems and includes all rele- vant effects for radiation transmission, such as cloud opti- cal depth, different cloud layers, multiple reflection, as well as the distinct difference as to whether the solar disc is ob- scured by clouds or not. In the UV range clouds decrease the irradiance to a lesser extent than in the visible and infrared spectral range. Thus the relationship between CMFs for so- lar radiation and for UV-radiation is not straight forward, but will depend on whether, for example, the solar zenith angle (SZA) and wavelength band or action spectrum in the UV have been taken into consideration. Den Outer et al. pro- vide a UV CMF algorithm on a daily basis, which accounts for these influences. It requires as input a daily SOL CMF and the SZA at noon. The calculation of SOL CMF uses the clear-sky algorithm of the European Solar Radiation Atlas to account for varying turbidity impacts. The algorithm's ca- pability to derive hourly UV CMFs based on the SZA at the corresponding hour and its worldwide applicability is vali- dated for erythemal UV using observational data retrieved from the databases of the COST-Action 726 on "Long-term changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe" and the USDA UVB Monitoring Program. The clear-sky part of the models has proved to be of good quality. Accumulated to daily doses it forms a tight cluster of points to the highest measured daily sums. All sky model performances for hourly resolution are shown to be comparable in accuracy with the well performing daily models of the COST-726 model inter- comparison.