Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optical unwrapping by triple illumination interferometer

Here, we present a triple illumination phase interferometer to have a more flexible unwrapping measurement range for single shot optical unwrapping. Three beams of this interferometer illuminate a sample at different incident angles, three phases of the different incident angles are simultaneously recorded using three spatial frequencies. The different direction phases can be used for dual illumination optical unwrapping; as a result, the phase can be unwrapped by more than one measurement range. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by measuring a stepped object with heights of 150 and 660 μm. The smaller stepped phase is unwrapped by two measurement range; however, the phase of larger step is wrapped for only one of the measurement range.
A study of pulsed energized particle collection in a bench‐scale cylindrical electrostatic precipitator

Careful laboratory measurements have been conducted on a 5‐cm‐diam wire‐cylinder electrostatic precipitator (ESP) in order to examine and understand the salient electrical behavior, particle charging, and collection characteristics for pulse powering under clean plate conditions. The importance of electrical parameters has been examined experimentally to determine the variation in performance for medium width pulses up to 250 μs. Operation at reduced current levels is shown to be possible only when the dc pedestal voltage is below corona inception. A good fit of the experimental data to predictions given by a spatiotemporal model indicates that the physics can be effectively described for both dc‐powered and pulsed systems. In particular, the impact and interplay of particle diffusivity and electron charging is investigated. For ESPs of small size, electron charging appears to be significant.
A two‐phase flow interface capturing finite element method

A new interface capturing algorithm is proposed for the finite element simulation of two‐phase flows. It relies on the solution of an advection equation for the interface between the two phases by a streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) scheme combined with an adaptive mesh refinement procedure and a filtering technique. This method is illustrated in the case of a Rayleigh–Taylor two‐phase flow problem governed by the Stokes equations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the fly finger knuckle print authentication

Finger knuckle print authentication has been researched not only as a supplemental authentication modality to fingerprint recognition but also as a method for logging into a PC or entering a building. However, in previous works, some specific devices were necessary to capture a finger knuckle print and users had to keep their fingers perfectly still to capture their finger knuckle. In this paper, we propose a new on the fly finger knuckle print authentication system using a general web camera. In our proposed authentication system, users can input their finger knuckle prints without needing their hand to remain motionless during image capture. We also evaluate the authentication accuracy of the proposed system, achieving an 7% EER under best conditions.
Metric learning with convex optimization

Many machine learning algorithms rely heavily on the existence of a good measure of (dis-)similarity between input vectors. One of the most commonly used measures of dissimilarity is the Euclidean distance in input space. This is often suboptimal in many ways. The Euclidean distance metric does not incorporate any side-information that might be available and it does not take advantage of the data structure or specifics of the machine learning goals. Ideally a metric should be learned for each specific task. Recent advances in numerical optimization provide us with a powerful tool for metric learning (and machine learning in general): Convex optimization. I will investigate two approaches to metric learning based on convex optimization for two different data scenarios: The first algorithm, Large Margin Nearest Neighbor (LMNN), operates in a supervised scenario. LMNN learns a metric specifically to improve k-nearest neighbors classification. This is achieved through a linear transformation of the input data that moves similarly labeled inputs close together and separates differently labeled inputs by a large margin. LMNN can be written as a semidefinite program that could be applied to large data sets with up to 60000 training samples. The second algorithm, Maximum Variance Unfolding (MVU), is designed for an unsupervised scenario. The algorithm finds a low dimensional Euclidean embedding of the data that preserves local distances while globally maximizing the variance. Similar to LMNN, MVU can also be phrased as a semidefinite program. This formulation gives local guarantees and distinguishes the algorithm from prior work.
Influence of axial self-magnetic field component on arcing behavior of spiral-shaped contacts

The transverse magnetic field (TMF) contact design is commonly used in vacuum interrupters. When arcing occurs between the TMF contacts, the contact structure can create a self-induced magnetic field that drives the arc to move and rotate on the contact, and thus local overheating and severe erosion can be avoided. However, TMF contacts could also create an axial self-magnetic component, and the influence of this component on the arc behavior has not been considered to date. In this paper, five different types of Cu-Cr spiral-shaped TMF contacts with three different structures are investigated in a demountable vacuum chamber that contains a high-speed charge-coupled device video camera. It was found that the contact structure greatly influenced the arc behavior, especially in terms of arc rotation and the effective contact area, while contacts with the same slot structure but different diameters showed similar arc behavior and arc motion. The magnetic field distribution and the Lorentz force of each of the three different contact structures are simulated, and the axial self-magnetic field was first taken into consideration for investigation of the TMF contact design. It was found that contact designs that have higher axial self-magnetic field components tend to have arc columns with larger diameters and show poorer arc motion and rotation performance in the experiments.
A linear stratified ocean model of the coastal undercurrent

The linear, stratified ocean model of McCreary (1981) is used to study the wind-driven response of the ocean near an eastern coast. The model can be regarded as an extension of the inviscid models of Lighthill (1969) and of Gill & Clarke (1974) that allows the vertical diffusion of heat and momentum into the deep ocean. Solutions are still found as expansions of vertical normal modes. Vertical mixing affects each mode as a linear drag with a drag coefficient that increases rapidly with mode-number, n. A zonally uniform band of steady equatorward winds forces the ocean, and the resulting flow field has many features in common with observations at eastern boundaries. There is a surface equatorward jet and a poleward Coastal Undercurrent confined within 10— 20 km of the coast. Both currents extend well poleward of the wind band. Upwelling does not reach great depths, but occurs only above the core of the Undercurrent. Weak downwelling occurs at greater depths. There is offshore Ekman drift in the surface mixed layer and return flow at a depth slightly above the core of the Undercurrent. The baroclinic alongshore pressure gradient field and the vertical mixing of heat and momentum are essential elements of the model dynamics, but the ^-effect and horizontal mixing are not. Low-order vertical modes (n < 6) tend to adjust to Sverdrup balance by the radiation of Kelvin and Rossby waves. These modes establish the alongshore pressure gradient field. High-order modes (n > 6) tend toward a two-dimensional balance. They generate the transverse circulation pattern associated with coastal Ekman pumping.
Characterization and birefringence effect on embedded optical fiber Bragg gratings

This study characterizes the performance of embedded optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) used as strain sensors. Focus is provided to FBGs embedded in a quasi-isotropic lay-up of carbon fiber epoxy lamina both parallel and perpendicular to adjacent structural fibers. It studies the birefringence induced during curing and quantifies the residual transverse strain differences on the fibers by measuring the split from a single reflected Bragg wavelength into two. The association between light polarization and loading directions relative to the optical fiber (in-plane parallel, in-plane transverse, and out-of-plane transverse) are analyzed. Birefringence was seen to increase when a compressive out-of-plane load was applied to the embedded optical fiber. In contrast, in-plane loads did not lead to an increase in birefringence as indicated by reflected wavelengths that split during curing shifting equally and linearly during tensile load tests. An effective strain-optic coefficient was determined that resulted in strong correlations between FBG and surface mounted electrical strain gauge measurements.
ESTIMATION OF FAMILIAL CORRELATIONS UNDER AUTOREGRESSIVE CIRCULAR COVARIANCE

Circular covariance matrices play an important role in modeling phenomena in numerous epidemiological, communications and physical contexts. In this article, we propose a parsimonious, autoregressive type of circular covariance structure for modeling correlations between the “siblings” of a “family”. This structure, similar to AR(1) structure used in time series models, involves only two parameters. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of these parameters, and discuss testing of hypotheses about the autoregressive parameter. Estimation of “parent-sib” correlation, namely, the interclass correlation, is also considered. Estimation of the parameters when there are unequal numbers of siblings in different families is also discussed.
Stepwise and Simultaneous Multiple Comparison Procedures of Repeated Measures’ Means

Stepwise multiple comparison procedures (MCPs) for repeated measures’ means based on the methods of Hayter (1986), Hochberg (1988), Peritz (1970), Ryan (1960)-Welsch (1977a), Shaffer (1979 , 1986), and Welsch (1977a) were compared for their overall familywise rates of Type I error when multisample sphericity and multivariate normality were not satisfied. Robust stepwise procedures were identified by Keselman, Keselman, and Shaffer (1991) with respect to three definitions of power. On average, Welsh’s (1977a) step-up procedure was found to be the most powerful MCP.
Performance of HgCdTe, InGaAs and quantum well GaAs/AlGaAs staring infrared focal plane arrays

The ability to hybridize various detector arrays in disparate technologies to an assortment of state-of-the-art silicon readouts has enabled direct comparison of key IR detector technologies including photovoltaic (PV) HgCdTe/Al2O3, PV HgCdTe/CdZnTe, PV InGaAs/InP, and the photoconductive (PC) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well IR photodetector (QWIP). The staring focal plane arrays range in size from 64 X 64 to 1024 X 1024; we compare these IR detector technologies versus operating temperature and background flux via hybrid FPA test at operating temperatures from 32.5 K to room temperature and photon backgrounds from mid-105 to approximately equals 1017 photons/cm2-s. Several state-of-the-art IR FPAs are included: a 1.7 micrometers 128 X 128 InGaAs hybrid FPA with room temperature D of 1.5 X 1013 cm-Hz1/2/W and 195K D of 1.1 X 1015 cm-Hz1/2/W; a 3.2 micrometers 1024 X 1024 FPA for surveillance; a 4.6 micrometers 256 X 256 HgCdTe/Al2O3 FPA for imaging with BLIP NE(Delta) T of 2.8 mK at 95K; and a 9 micrometers 128 X 128 GaAs QWIP with 32.5 K D > 1014 cm-Hz1/2/W at 32.5K and 8 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2W at 62K.
Two‐Terminal Asymmetrical and Symmetrical Silicon Negative Resistance Switches

By making use of an emitter region shorted by a metallic contact to an adjacent base region, a new form of p‐n‐p‐n switch is obtained. Several new structures are described, including a symmetrical (or ac) switch. Typical experimental results on switches which breakdown in the range from 25 to 40 v are presented.
Fault estimation and accommodation for networked control systems with nonuniform sampling periods

This paper deals with the problem of fault estimation and accommodation for a class of networked control systems with nonuniform uncertain sampling periods. Firstly, the reason why the adaptive fault diagnosis observer cannot be applied to networked control systems is analyzed. Based on this analysis, a novel robust fault estimation observer is constructed to estimate both continuous‐time fault and system states by using nonuniformly discrete‐time sampled outputs. Furthermore, using the obtained states and fault information, a nonuniformly sampled‐data fault tolerant control law is designed to preserve the stability of the closed‐loop system. The proposed scheme can not only guarantee the impact of continuous‐time uncertainties and discrete‐time sampled estimation errors on the faulty system to satisfy a H ∞ performance index but also repress the negative effect of the unknown intersample behavior of continuous‐time fault by use of an inequality technique. Finally, simulation results are included to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated piezoresistive sensors for atomic force-guided scanning Hall probe microscopy

We report the development of an advanced sensor for atomic force-guided scanning Hall probe microscopy whereby both a high mobility heterostructure Hall effect magnetic sensor and an n-Al0.4Ga0. 6As piezoresistive displacement sensor have been integrated in a single III–V semiconductor cantilever. This allows simple operation in high-vacuum/variable-temperature environments and enables very high magnetic and topographic resolution to be achieved simultaneously. Scans of magnetic induction and topography of a number of samples are presented to illustrate the sensor performance at 300 and 77 K.
High‐resolution turbulent simulations using the Connection Machine‐2

The spectral method provides an efficient algorithm for solving the three dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in periodic boundaries. Most people, so far, have used vectorized machines, such as the CRAY‐2, to implement fast Fourier transformations and time integrations in the spectral calculations. In this paper, new results are presented using the spectral calculations on the Connection Machine‐2 with a parallel algorithm. The large memory of the Connection Machine‐2 and the parallel algorithm allows one, for the first time, to implement a 5123 mesh resolution for high Reynolds number flows. The computational speed of the present code is about 30% faster than the fastest CRAY‐2 simulations with four processors. Parallel machines, such as the Connection Machine‐2, will possibly provide new computational power for understanding the intermittency and cascade mechanism in fluid turbulence.
Improving Chord Prediction in Jazz Music using Melody Information

Chord prediction in jazz is one of the ways in which machine learning can be used in the field of music. Using the jazz songs included in the Weimar Jazz Database , this study investigates whether an LSTM model including melody information in the input data can achieve higher chord prediction accuracy than a similar model using only chord progressions as input. A statistical trend is found suggesting that the inclusion of melody information indeed improves prediction performance, but this improvement is not statistically significant. The way in which prediction accuracy changes for specific tunes is analyzed using two example tunes. Our investigation also shows that for the model with melody information there is substantial improvement on root note prediction.
The Association of Resilience with Mental Health in a Large Population-Based Sample (LIFE-Adult-Study)

Resilience describes a good adaptation to adversity. Strengthening resilience is a promising approach in the prevention of mental health problems. Yet, research on the association of resilience with mental health symptoms in the general population is scarce. The aim of our study is to examine comprehensively the association of resilience with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and perceived stress in a large population-based sample. We analyzed data of n = 3762 participants from the follow-up assessment of the LIFE-Adult-Study, a population-based cohort study in Leipzig. Assessments included resilience (RS-11), depressive symptoms (CES-D), anxiety (GAD-7), and perceived stress (PSQ). The association of resilience with mental health symptoms was examined via multiple linear regression analyses. In our analyses, higher resilience predicted less mental health problems and contributed significantly to the explained variance in mental health outcomes. Women, individuals with previous mental disorders, and those without employment had higher mental health symptoms. Resilience is closely associated with mental health problems in the general population. Vulnerable groups should be targeted with public health measures. Strengthening resilience is a promising approach in the large-scale prevention of mental disorders.
The Numerical Simulation of Radiative Shocks. II. Thermal Instabilities in Two-dimensional Models

We present the results of high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations of stable and overstable radiative shocks. A one-dimensional resolution study, incorporating both power-law and realistic astrophysical cooling functions, agrees well with analytical solutions both in the spatial structure of the shocked zone and in the frequencies of overstable oscillations. This builds upon previous work by Strickland & Blondin, evaluating the accuracy of our code and estimating the resolution required to construct credible multidimensional models of interstellar radiative shocks. These models show that accurate modeling of the spatial and temporal structure induced by cooling processes in a multidimensional hydrodynamic simulation requires high resolution. We then present inhomogeneous two-dimensional models with varying input density fluctuation spectra and show that the resulting postshock density and velocity structures are largely independent of the initial seed fluctuation spectrum and that small fluctuations can result in a dense filamentary structure in two dimensions being fully developed in a single cooling timescale. These inhomogeneous two-dimensional structures are described by a fractal dimension, which takes a characteristic value in these two-dimensional simulations. Cooling inhomogeneous shocks have enhanced cooling efficiency, due to their fractal structure, compared to homogeneous one- and two-dimensional models. The increased radiative efficiency is accompanied by a decrease in the conversion of kinetic to thermal energy as the additional degrees of freedom in the two-dimensional models allow kinetic energy to be redirected in other directions, resulting in two-dimensional turbulence.
Hierarchical structure of the logical Internet graph

The study of the Internet topology has recently received much attention from the research community. In particular, the observation that the network graph has interesting properties, such as power laws, that might be explored in a myriad of ways. Most of the work in characterizing the Internet graph is based on the physical network graph, i.e., the connectivity graph. In this paper we investigate how logical relationships between nodes of the AS graph can be used to gain insight to its structure. We characterize the logical graph using various metrics and identify the presence of power laws in the number of customers that a provider has. Using these logical relationships we define a structural model of the AS graph. The model highlights the hierarchical nature of logical relationships and the preferential connection to larger providers. We also investigate the consistency of this model over time and observe interesting properties of the hierarchical structure.
Kalman-mean shift tracking algorithm based on wavelet moment

Robust real-time tracking of non-rigid objects is a challenging task. The difficulty in visual tracking is how to match targets from frame to frame quickly and reliably. Mean shift algorithm (MSA) is a typical nonparametric evaluation algorithm that needs great computation. Some scholars join Kalman filter to perform state prediction in the mean shift algorithm for reducing the computing of template matching. However, traditional Kalman filter sometimes can't track human movement very accurately because of the particularity of human joint. While wavelet moment has the multiresolution properties in addition to the invariant to the translation, scaling and rotation, so it is suitable for differentiating the details of the motion objects. Therefore, Kalman-mean shift tracking algorithm based on wavelet moment (W-K-MSA) is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, a Kalman filter algorithm, which is used to estimate the motion parameters of targets, is improved based on wavelet moment features in the searching process. And searching window is adaptively changed, as a result, searching scope is reduced greatly, and the processing velocity and veracity is improved during model matching. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tracking algorithm is robust and practical.
Experimental study of intense radiation in terahertz region based on cylindrical surface wave resonator

Periodical corrugations structured on a cylindrical conductor have cylindrical surface waves (CSWs), which are reflected at the corrugation ends and form a CSW-resonator. In this paper, intense radiations in terahertz region based on the CSW-resonator are reported. The CSW-resonators with upper cut off frequencies in the modern IEEE G-band (110–300 GHz) are excited by a coaxially injected annular beam in a weakly relativistic region less than 100 kV. It is shown that there exists an oscillation starting energy for the CSW-resonator. Above the starting energy, very intense terahertz radiations on the order of kW are obtained. The operation frequencies in the range of 166–173 GHz and 182–200 GHz are obtained using two types of CSW-resonator with the different corrugation amplitude. Electromagnetic properties of the CSW-resonator can be controlled by the artificial structure and may play an important role in high-intensity terahertz generations and applications.
Ultrasmall volume refractive index detection using microinterferometry

A microinterferometric backscatter detector (MIBD) has been developed to perform subnanoliter volume refractive index measurements using a simple, folded optical train based on the interaction of a laser beam and a fused silica capillary tube. Positional changes of the interference pattern extrema (fringes) allow for the determination of Δn at the 10−7 level, corresponding to 5.3 pmole or 0.48 ng of solute, when thermal noise is controlled at 8×10−3 °C. MIBD is relatively path-length insensitive for capillaries ranging in inner diameter from 75 to 775 μm, allowing a large range of detection volumes, from 350 pL to 40 nL, to be produced. A theoretical model of the microinterferometric backscatter detector has also been developed and evaluated and has been found to be in agreement with experimental data. This model indicates increased sensitivity of the instrument as the wavelength of the probe beam and the wall thickness of the capillary tube are reduced.