Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prehospital resuscitation of the buried avalanche victim.

In North America and Europe, approximately 150 people die of avalanches per year, and fatalities are presumed to be many times higher in developing countries. Four factors are decisive for survival: grade of burial, duration of burial, presence of an air pocket and a free airway, and severity of trauma. According to Swiss data, the overall mortality rate with avalanche burial is 23%, but it largely depends on the grade of burial. While the mortality rate is 52.4% in completely buried (head below the snow) victims in the Swiss population, it is only 4.2% in partially buried (head free) victims. Additionally, survival in completely buried victims drops to 30% within the first 35 min, initially due to death from lethal trauma, followed by asphyxia in 20-35 min. Thereafter, survival decreases more gradually and victims who are not fatally injured and are able to breath under the snow slowly succumb to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and hypothermia. In the absence of fatal injuries, rescue strategies depend on the duration of burial and the victim's core temperature. With a burial time<35 min, survival depends on preventing asphyxia by rapid extrication, adequate airway management, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. With a burial time>35 min, tackling hypothermia is of utmost importance. Therefore, gentle extrication and continuous core temperature and electrocardiogram monitoring are recommended. Pulseless victims with a patent airway and a core temperature<32°C should receive uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and be transported to a hospital with extracorporeal rewarming facilities.
Supporting Adult English Language Learners' Transitions to Postsecondary Education

Adult education programs serve both learners who are native English speakers and those whose first, or native, language is not English. Native English speakers attend adult basic education (ABE) classes to learn basic skills so they can earn high school equivalency certificates or achieve other goals related to job, family, or further education. English language learners attend English as a second language (ESL) or ABE classes to improve their oral and written skills in English and to accomplish goals similar to those of native English speakers.
Interactive robot learning of visuospatial skills

This paper proposes a novel interactive robot learning approach for acquiring visuospatial skills. It allows a robot to acquire new capabilities by observing a demonstration while interacting with a human caregiver. Most existing learning from demonstration approaches focus on the trajectories, whereas in our approach the focus is placed on achieving a desired goal configuration of objects relative to one another. Our approach is based on visual perception which captures the object's context for each demonstrated action. The context embodies implicitly the visuospatial representation including the relative positioning of the object with respect to multiple other objects simultaneously. The proposed approach is capable of learning and generalizing different skills such as object reconfiguration, classification, and turn-taking interaction. The robot learns to achieve the goal from a single demonstration while requiring minimum a priori knowledge about the environment. We illustrate the capabilities of our approach using four real world experiments with a Barrett WAM robot.
An antioxidant response is involved in resistance of Giardia duodenalis to albendazole

Albendazole (ABZ) is a therapeutic benzimidazole used to treat giardiasis that targets β-tubulin. However, the molecular bases of ABZ resistance in Giardia duodenalis are not understood because β-tubulin in ABZ-resistant clones lacks mutations explaining drug resistance. In previous work we compared ABZ-resistant (1.35, 8, and 250 μM) and ABZ-susceptible clones by proteomic analysis and eight proteins involved in energy metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, and antioxidant response were found as differentially expressed among the clones. Since ABZ is converted into sulphoxide (ABZ-SO) and sulphone (ABZ-SOO) metabolites we measured the levels of these metabolites, the antioxidant enzymes and free thiols in the susceptible and resistant clones. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and levels of ABZ-SO/ABZ-SOO induced by ABZ were determined by fluorescein diacetate-based fluorescence and liquid chromatography respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant enzymes (NADH oxidase, peroxiredoxin 1a, superoxide dismutase and flavodiiron protein) in these clones were determined by RT-PCR and proteomic analysis. The intracellular sulfhydryl (R-SH) pool was quantified using dinitrobenzoic acid. The results showed that ABZ induced ROS accumulation in the ABZ-susceptible Giardia cultures but not in the resistant ones whilst the accumulation of ABZ-SO and ABZ-SOO was lower in all ABZ-resistant cultures. Consistent with these findings, all the antioxidant enzymes detected and analyzed were upregulated in ABZ-resistant clones. Likewise the R-SH pool increased concomitantly to the degree of ABZ-resistance. These results indicate an association between accumulation of ABZ metabolites and a pro-oxidant effect of ABZ in Giardia-susceptible clones. Furthermore the antioxidant response involving ROS-metabolizing enzymes and intracellular free thiols in ABZ-resistant parasites suggest that this response may contribute to overcome the pro-oxidant cytotoxicity of ABZ.
Quantifying Community Growth in Dynamic Social Networks

Community detection in social networks is a method that helps us to discover groups of users that are tightly connected. So far, most research has focused on detecting communities in static networks. However, networks evolve over time, and so do the communities within these networks. Understanding the evolution of communities is important to gain insight into macroscopic trends that drive changes in the network. Such an understanding may also help us to predict future growth and trends within the network. In this paper we will present a new model and algorithm for identifying changing, or dynamic , communities in evolving networks. We use will use dynamic communities to develop the concept of community growth rate , which quantiﬁes how fast a community grows relative to the overall network. We then show that the community growth rate is only one example of a family of more general community evolution metrics . Finally, we evaluate our model on real-world data using the Angellist dataset, a network of entrepreneurs, and show how the community evolution event we identiﬁed make intuitive sense based on our understanding of the domain.
Performance Analysis of Co-Phased Combining for Achieving Binary Consensus Over Fading  Wireless Channels With Imperfect CSI

This paper considers the problem of achieving binary consensus among a set of nodes using physical layer communication over noisy wireless links. The channel state information (CSI) available at the nodes is imperfect due to practical estimation errors. Two schemes for updating the majority bit estimates at the nodes are contrasted: a linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) based scheme and a co-phased combining scheme. The evolution of network consensus is modeled as a Markov chain, and the average transition probability matrix (TPM) is analytically derived for the co-phased combining scheme, whereas, for the LMMSE based scheme, the average TPM is computed through Monte Carlo simulations. The co-phased combining scheme is found to perform better at low to intermediate pilot SNRs, in addition to being analytically tractable and having lower computational complexity, compared with the LMMSE-based scheme. Also, to further characterize the consensus behavior, the probability of accurate consensus, the second eigenvalue of the TPM, the average hitting time to the first consensus state, and the average consensus duration are derived for the co-phased combining scheme. The power allocation between the pilot and data symbols is optimized, subject to a total power constraint. It is found that the optimal power allocation can lead to a significant improvement in the consensus performance. Monte Carlo simulation results validate the theoretical results, and provide insights into the complexity and performance tradeoffs involved.
Overexpression and mass spectrometry analysis of mature human acid ceramidase

Abstract Human acid ceramidase catalyzes the last step of lysosomal sphingolipid degradation, the hydrolysis of ceramide to sphingosine and free fatty acid. Inherited deficiency of acid ceramidase activity leads to Farber disease (Farber lipogranulomatosis). In this study, we describe the overexpression and processing of recombinant human acid ceramidase in Sf21 insect cells, its purification and characterization. Infection of Sf21 cells with a recombinant baculovirus encoding acid ceramidase precursor led to a mixture of human acid ceramidase precursor and mature enzyme secreted into the medium. Acidification of the cell culture supernatant to pH 4.2–4.3 triggered the processing of the precursor and resulted in a homogeneous sample of mature human acid ceramidase. The enzyme was purified by chromatography on Concanavalin A Sepharose and Octyl Sepharose yielding 1 mg purified protein per liter of supernatant. The recombinant enzyme was deglycosylated with peptide N-glycosidase F and the main component of the released oligosaccharides was identified as GlcNAc2(Fuc)Man3 by electrospray mass spectrometry. Apparently, five of the six potential N-glycosylation sites were used. Tryptic digestion of the functional recombinant enzyme and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight- and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of the resulting peptides indicated disulfide bridges between C10–C319, C122–C271 and C367–C371.
The Pancreas

Acute Pancreatitis Elevation of the serum amylase remains the most valuable means of confirming a clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Unfortunately the serum amylase is not always raised in acute pancreatitis while, on the other hand, the enzyme may be increased in conditions other than pancreatitis: acute cholecystitis, perforated duodenal ulcer, perforated colonic diverticulum, intestinal strangulation, mesenteric arterial occlusion, renal failure, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, obstructed afferent loop, and macroamylasemia.
Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: context-specific effects of facial resemblance

If humans are sensitive to the costs and benefits of favouring kin in different circumstances, a strong prediction is that cues of relatedness will have a positive effect on prosocial feelings, but a negative effect on sexual attraction. Indeed, positive effects of facial resemblance (a potential cue of kinship) have been demonstrated in prosocial contexts. Alternatively, such effects may be owing to a general preference for familiar stimuli. Here, I show that subtly manipulated images of other-sex faces were judged as more trustworthy by the participants they were made to resemble than by control participants. In contrast, the effects of resemblance on attractiveness were significantly lower. In the context of a long-term relationship, where both prosocial regard and sexual appeal are important criteria, facial resemblance had no effect. In the context of a short-term relationship, where sexual appeal is the dominant criterion, facial resemblance decreased attractiveness. The results provide evidence against explanations implicating a general preference for familiar-looking stimuli and suggest instead that facial resemblance is a kinship cue to which humans modulate responses in a context-sensitive manner.
OPTN/SRTR 2012 Annual Data Report: Kidney

For most end‐stage renal disease patients, successful kidney transplant provides substantially longer survival and better quality of life than dialysis, and preemptive transplant is associated with better outcomes than transplants occurring after dialysis initiation. However, kidney transplant numbers in the us have not changed for a decade. Since 2004, the total number of candidates on the waiting list has increased annually. Median time to transplant for wait‐listed adult patients increased from 2.7 years in 1998 to 4.2 years in 2008. The discard rate of deceased donor kidneys has also increased, and the annual number of living donor transplants has decreased. The number of pediatric transplants peaked at 899 in 2005, and has remained steady at approximately 750 over the past 3 years; 40.9% of pediatric candidates undergo transplant within 1 year of wait‐listing. Graft survival continues to improve for both adult and pediatric recipients. Kidney transplant is one of the most cost‐effective surgical interventions; however, average reimbursement for recipients with primary Medicare coverage from transplant through 1 year posttransplant was comparable to the 1‐year cost of care for a dialysis patient. Rates of rehospitalization are high in the first year posttransplant; annual costs after the first year are lower.
Towards Sustainability of eMarketplaces

The growth of eMarketplaces has attracted interest from researchers in recent years and their low survival rates have also been reported in the literature. The success of some eMarketplaces and the failure of others raised the question as to what factors lead to eMarketplace sustainability. Much of the existing research has focused on transactional cost, supply chain management and hierarchical structure. Applying the theory of service science and value co–creation (both of which have been applied and tested in other business fields) to the study of eMarketplaces, this paper proposes a framework for eMarketplace sustainability. The framework is tested on a dataset of 85 eMarketplaces in Saudi Arabia, which plays a leadership role in information and communication (ICT) development in the Middle East region. Saudi Arabia’s experience with eMarketplaces is expected to influence other countries in the region and beyond. Eight factors were tested and only five were found to be statistically significant in influencing eMarketplace sustainability. The results suggest that service science factors are the major factors influencing eMarketplace sustainability. This paper makes two significant contributions: (1) it provides an initial framework for eMarketplace sustainability; and (2) it enhances the understanding of eMarketplaces in Saudi Arabia, particularly in terms of factors that ensure their sustainability.
(Re)Thinking Teacher Networking in the Russian Federation

This article presents the findings of research in Russia on the degree to which teachers and school principals are active and how they currently network with their colleagues. It builds on the work of David Frost and John Bangs (2012) on teacher self-efficacy using a survey and semi-structured interviews with teachers and principals to collect data. It defines active teachers as those who are committed to and take pleasure from teaching both in their work with individual students and as part of a larger education community, see a personal career trajectory, and take responsibility for their own professional development. We found that the factors that indicate a teacher is more likely to be active are: age, position, size of school, opportunities to participate in decision making, frequent collaboration with others, and networking both in person and online through social networking sites. Specifically, older teachers and teachers in smaller schools are more likely to be active, as are teachers who use the Internet daily. Active teachers are more likely to work in schools that allow teachers to influence policies and practices in the classroom and where teachers collaborate with their colleagues.
Diviner Lunar Radiometer Observations of Cold Traps in the Moon’s South Polar Region

Watering the Moon About a year ago, a spent upper stage of an Atlas rocket was deliberately crashed into a crater at the south pole of the Moon, ejecting a plume of debris, dust, and vapor. The goal of this event, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) experiment, was to search for water and other volatiles in the soil of one of the coldest places on the Moon: the permanently shadowed region within the Cabeus crater. Using ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectroscopy data from accompanying craft, Colaprete et al. (p. 463; see the news story by Kerr; see the cover) found evidence for the presence of water and other volatiles within the ejecta cloud. Schultz et al. (p. 468) monitored the different stages of the impact and the resulting plume. Gladstone et al. (p. 472), using an ultraviolet spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), detected H2, CO, Ca, Hg, and Mg in the impact plume, and Hayne et al. (p. 477) measured the thermal signature of the impact and discovered that it had heated a 30 to 200 square-meter region from ∼40 kelvin to at least 950 kelvin. Paige et al. (p. 479) mapped cryogenic zones predictive of volatile entrapment, and Mitrofanov et al. (p. 483) used LRO instruments to confirm that surface temperatures in the south polar region persist even in sunlight. In all, about 155 kilograms of water vapor was emitted during the impact; meanwhile, the LRO continues to orbit the Moon, sending back a stream of data to help us understand the evolution of its complex surface structures. A controlled spacecraft impact into a crater in the lunar south pole plunged through the lunar soil, revealing water and other volatiles. Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment surface-temperature maps reveal the existence of widespread surface and near-surface cryogenic regions that extend beyond the boundaries of persistent shadow. The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) struck one of the coldest of these regions, where subsurface temperatures are estimated to be 38 kelvin. Large areas of the lunar polar regions are currently cold enough to cold-trap water ice as well as a range of both more volatile and less volatile species. The diverse mixture of water and high-volatility compounds detected in the LCROSS ejecta plume is strong evidence for the impact delivery and cold-trapping of volatiles derived from primitive outer solar system bodies.
Individuation and Grammatical Number Marking in English and Japanese

This paper is about the cognitive status of nominal expressions in English and Japanese, and its implication on the universals of number delimitation devices. Following partly the findings in my earlierstudies,I argue that a bare noun1 functions as a class-designator and that when itis made part of a syntactic NP, the cognitive status of the represented entity (entities) is variously coded by the singular/plural morphology, determiners and other delimitative constituents of the NP. This will be reviewed in the light of two pairs of notions 'individuation'and 'boundedness'. The paper is organized as follows: in section 1, a sketch of the grammatical number marking on English nouns is given. Section 2 reviews the class-designating function of bare nouns, along with preliminary arguments for the cognitive analysis of noun delimitation. In section 3, the analysis of nominals in terms of individuation/non-individuation is given, showing why itis favored over the long-established analysis with two pairs of features [±count] and [±plural]. In section 4, a distinctionbetween bounded and unbounded noun phrases is proposed. Section 5 is an attempt at a unified analysis of the number delimitation devices in both languages. Some general conclusions to be drawn from this work are: 1) bare nouns by themselves are class -designators; 2) singularity/plurality marking reflects the speaker's cognition of the entity/entities as individuated; 3) noun phrases with determiners and/or other delimitative markers represent the entities as bounded, whereas non-delimited noun phrases represent the entitiesas unbounded; 4) an identical denumeration system is at work in the marking of English uncountable nouns and Japanese nouns in general.
Expression of magA in Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia-1 Is Developmentally Regulated and a Marker of Formation of Mature Intracellular Forms

ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila displays a biphasic developmental cycle in which replicating forms (RFs) differentiate postexponentially into highly infectious, cyst-like mature intracellular forms (MIFs). Using comparative protein profile analyses (MIFs versus RFs), we identified a 20-kDa protein, previously annotated as “Mip-like” protein, that was enriched in MIFs. However, this 20-kDa protein shared no similarity with Mip, a well-characterized peptidyl-prolyl isomerase of L. pneumophila, and for clarity we renamed it MagA (for “MIF-associated gene”). We monitored MagA levels across the growth cycle (in vitro and in vivo) by immunoblotting and established that MagA levels increased postexponentially in vitro (∼3-fold) and nearly 10-fold during MIF morphogenesis in HeLa cells. DNA sequence analysis of the magA locus revealed an upstream divergently transcribed gene, msrA, encoding a peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase and a shared promoter region containing direct and indirect repeat sequences as well as −10 hexamers often associated with stationary-phase regulation. While MagA has no known function, it contains a conserved CXXC motif commonly found in members of the thioredoxin reductase family and in AhpD reductases that are associated with alkylhydroperoxide reductase (AhpC), suggesting a possible role in protection from oxidative stress. MIFs from L. pneumophila strain Lp02 containing a magA deletion exhibited differences in Giménez staining, as well as an apparent increase in cytopathology to HeLa cells, but otherwise were unaltered in virulence traits. As demonstrated by this study, MagA appears to be a MIF-specific protein expressed late in intracellular growth that may serve as a useful marker of development.
Linguistic scope-based and biological event-based speculation and negation annotations in the Genia Event and BioScope corpora

Background: The treatment of negation and hedging in natural language processing has received much interest recently, especially in the biomedical domain. However, open access corpora annotated for negation and/or speculation are hardly available for training and testing applications, and even if they are, they sometimes follow different design principles. In this paper, the annotation principles of the two largest corpora containing annotation for negation and speculation – BioScope and Genia Event – are compared. BioScope marks linguistic cues and their scopes for negation and speculation while in Genia biological events are marked for uncertainty and/or negation. Results: Differences among the annotations of the two corpora are thematically categorized and the frequency of each category is estimated. We found that the largest amount of differences is due to the issue that scopes – which cover text spans – deal with the key events and each argument (including events within events) of these events is under the scope as well. In contrast, Genia deals with the modality of events within events independently. Conclusions: We think that the useful information for the biologist can be acquired from the key events, thus if we aim to detect ”new knowledge”, an automatic scope-detector trained on BioScope can contribute to biomedical information extraction. However, for detecting the negation and speculation status of events (within events) syntax-based rules investigating the dependency path between the modality cue and the event cue may be employed.