Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensible heat fluxes control cloud trail strength

Convective cloud bands known as “cloud trails” (CTs) are commonly found downwind of small islands (< O$$ \mathcal{O} $$ (100) km2) throughout the world. They occur primarily in the afternoon, and are known to form in response to land–sea contrasts under the presence of background flow. A set of idealized numerical experiments with 100‐m horizontal grid spacing is performed to quantify the relationship between the surface forcing produced by an island and the strength of the resulting CT circulation. These experiments are based on observed environmental conditions for which a CT occurred off Bermuda, a small subtropical island. For these simulations, the CT circulation is found to be controlled by the strength of the integrated excess heating of the flow as it passes over the island. This excess heating is in turn controlled by the strength of the island heat fluxes when the wind speed and the island geometry are kept constant. Our experiments show, all else equal, a linear relationship between CT circulation strength and the island surface heat flux.
The input admittance and near‐field coupling of a TEM‐driven concentric annular slot array

A theoretical study of a pair of TEM-driven concentric annular slot antennas radiating through a perfectly conducting ground plane is described. The problem solution is accomplished in the rigorous Maxwell equation-boundary value sense. Closed-form solutions are obtained for the annular slot admittance and mutual coupling. These expressions include the effects of higher-order TM modes which exist only in the evanescent state. Approximate solutions are obtained to a number of infinite coupling-type integrals which are subsequently employed for numerical evaluation of the admittance and mutual coupling for several annular slot configurations. The effects to the annular slot admittance and mutual coupling are separable into those that are purely TEM induced and those that result from the presence of the beyond-cutoff higher-order TM modes. The analysis shows that the higher-order mode perturbations are relatively minor provided that the width of the annular slots is less than one half wavelength. The method of analysis presented can be readily extended to multiple annular slot ring arrays under any set of TEM-driven conditions.
Fixed‐grid fluid–structure interaction in two dimensions based on a partitioned Lattice Boltzmann and p‐FEM approach

Over the last decade the Lattice Boltzmann method, which was derived from the kinetic gas theory, has matured as an efficient approach for solving Navier–Stokes equations. The p‐FEM approach has proved to be highly efficient for a variety of problems in the field of structural mechanics. Our goal is to investigate the validity and efficiency of coupling the two approaches to simulate transient bidirectional Fluid–Structure interaction problems with geometrically non‐linear structural deflections. A benchmark configuration of self‐induced large oscillations for a flag attached to a cylinder can be accurately and efficiently reproduced within this setting. We describe in detail the force evaluation techniques, displacement transfers and the algorithm used to couple these completely different solvers as well as the results, and compare them with a benchmark reference solution computed by a monolithic finite element approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Application of Pound–Drever–Hall Technology in High-Resolution Sensing—A Review

Pound–Drever–Hall (PDH) technology is a frequency stabilization technology, which is widely used in laser frequency stabilization systems. The high-frequency stability in this technology has attracted the attention of sensor researchers. In this article, we review the basic principle of PDH technology and introduce the related improved PDH technology. In view of the wide application of PDH technology in high-resolution sensors in recent years, we will introduce the sensors involved in this technology in detail according to the core optical sensing components and their main features. Furthermore, we summarize the physical quantities suitable for high-resolution sensing using PDH technology. The problems and prospects of PDH in high-resolution sensors are presented at the conclusion to assist researchers in clarifying their research directions. This article presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of research regarding PDH-related high-resolution sensor technologies and makes a prognosis regarding the future direction of the high-resolution sensor, which can improve the sensing performance in many areas.
Ultrasound Imaging of the Periodontium Complex: A Reliability Study

Background Ultrasonography is a noninvasive, low-cost diagnostic tool widely used in medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated that ultrasound imaging might have the potential to be used intraorally to assess periodontal biomarkers. Objectives To evaluate the reliability of interlandmark distance measurements on intraoral ultrasound images of the periodontal tissues. Materials and Methods Sixty-four patients from the graduate periodontics (n = 33) and orthodontics (n = 31) clinics were recruited. A 20 MHz handheld intraoral ultrasound transducer was used to scan maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars. Distances between the alveolar bone crest and cementoenamel junction (ABC-CEJ), gingival thickness (GT), and alveolar bone thickness (ABT) were measured by 3 raters. The intercorrelation coefficient (ICC) and mean absolute deviation (MAD) were calculated among and between the raters. Raters also scored images according to quality. Results The ICC scores for intrarater reliability were 0.940 (0.932–0.947), 0.953 (0.945–0.961), and 0.859 (0.841–0.876) for ABC-CEJ, GT, and ABT, respectively. The intrarater MAD values were 0.023 (±0.019) mm, 0.014 (±0.005) mm, and 0.005 (±0.003) mm, respectively. The ICC scores for interrater reliability were 0.872 (95% CI: 0.836–0.901), 0.958 (95% CI: 0.946–0.968), and 0.836 (95% CI: 0.789–0.873) for ABC-CEJ, GT, and ABT, respectively. The interrater MAD values were 0.063 (±0.029) mm, 0.023 (±0.018) mm, and 0.027 (±0.012) mm, respectively. Conclusions The present study showed the high reliability of ultrasound in both intrarater and interrater assessments. Results suggest there might be a potential use of intraoral ultrasound to assess periodontium.
Surface and Constriction Engineering of Nanoparticle Based Structures Towards Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity as Prospective Thermoelectric Materials

ABSTRACT The superior thermal insulating properties of nanostructured semiconductor materials over their bulk counterparts, make them promising candidates for Thermo-Electric (TE) applications. In this study, the superior thermal insulating properties of a new class of one-dimensional nanostructures made by sintering linearly placed nanoparticles, called Nano Particle Chains (NPC) are analyzed for a variety of surface and constriction modifications. The NPC structure which has been shown to be capable of achieving a one-order reduction in thermal conductivity over comparably sized nanowires is revealed to house a new phonon suppression mechanism in addition to commonly discussed phonon boundary scattering and quantum confinement effects. In the current work, this quantum confinement based thermal conductivity reduction mechanism is revealed to be a variation in the phonon Density of States (DoS) along the longitudinal/transport direction of the structure due to the presence of the nanoscale constrictions. Subsequently, the phonons are forced to change the distribution of modes while traveling across the structure, thus resulting in lower thermal conductivity. Additionally, the effects of common phonon suppression techniques such as superlattice, shell alloy, and surface atom removal, used in semiconductor nanostructures are also evaluated on NPC configurations to fully determine the phonon transport characteristics within different classes of the material.
Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity, Lipid Profile, and Minerals of the Skin and Seed of Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.), Pistachios (Pistacia vera) and Almonds (Prunus dulcis)—A Comparative Analysis

Nuts are dry, single-seeded fruits with a combination of beneficial compounds that aid in disease prevention and treatment. The aims of this research are to evaluate the total antioxidant activity (AI) by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, fatty acids by acid-catalyzed esterification method, and minerals by inductively coupled plasma optical emission (ICP-OE) spectrometer in hazelnuts, pistachios, and almond seeds and skins. Considering total AI, the results demonstrated that the highest activity was found in hazelnut and pistachio skin. The results considering minerals demonstrated that manganese, zinc, and iron levels are high in almond and hazelnut skins, copper is dominant in pistachio skin and hazelnut seed, and selenium is high in pistachio and almond skins and seed. Finally, the results showed palmitic acid is present in almond skin and pistachio seed, palmitoleic acid is high in almond and pistachio skins, and stearic acid is present in almond and hazelnut skins. Oleic acid was found in hazelnut seeds and their skin, linoleic acid in almond skin and pistachio seeds, and α-linolenic acid in almond and pistachio skins. In conclusion, hazelnut, pistachio, and almond skins are a great source of antioxidants, minerals, and healthy fatty acids, making them useful for nutraceutical development.
An enhanced multi‐scale approach for masonry wall computations with localization of damage

This contribution presents a multi‐scale framework for the computational study of masonry structures. In order to overcome the need for excessively complex closed‐form constitutive equations, a first‐order computational homogenization framework is applied to infer the non‐linear material behaviour of brick masonry in the presence of quasi‐brittle damage. A localization analysis is carried out based on the macroscopic homogenized tangent stiffness. It is shown that localization is detected along preferential orientations, which are consistent with the underlying mesostructural failure patterns and with the applied loading. The macroscopic description is enhanced with a finite width damage band model in order to allow the treatment of macroscopic localization resulting from damage growth in the constituents. As a result of the use of homogenization techniques on finite volumes and the presence of quasi‐brittle constituents, mesostructural snap‐back may occur in the homogenized material response. A methodology to introduce this type of response in the multi‐scale technique is proposed. The numerical implementation of the multi‐scale solution scheme using a finite element method is outlined. The results obtained by the framework are illustrated by means of elementary examples, and by an example of a structural wall computation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small sample comparison of six bivariate survival curve estimators 1

We study the performance of six proposed bivariate survival curve estimators on simulated right censored data. The performance of the estimators is compared for data generated by three bivariate models with exponential marginal distributions. The estimators are compared in their ability to estimate correlations and survival functions probabilities. Simulated data results are presented so that the proposed estimators in this relatively new area of analysis can be explicitly compared to the known distribution of the data and the parameters of the underlying model. The results show clear differences in the performance of the estimators.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF BOUNDED ECONOMIC VARIABLES

Abstract. We propose the logistic transformation as an appropriate instantaneous transformation for time series variables known to be bounded, such as those measured as proportions, and present an application to two unemployment rate series. Since such series are often analysed in logarithmic form, the two transformations are compared, and a likelihood ratio selection criterion is developed, which marginally favours the logistic transformation. We consider the question of transformation bias and its removal. The logistic transformation of bounded variables ensures consistency with the limiting behaviour and is symmetric, thus on transforming and modelling the unemployment rate or its complement, the employment rate, equivalent results are obtained.
Revisiting the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Importance of Neural Input to Pancreatic Islets and the Therapeutic Capability of Stem Cell Educator TM Therapy to Restore Their Integrity

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with a shortage of islet β cells. To date, the etiology of T1D remains elusive. Increasing clinical evidence and animal studies demonstrate that autoimmune cells are directed against the nervous system of pancreatic islets, contributing to the development of T1D. Therefore, it highlights the necessity to explore novel clinical approaches to fundamentally correct the T1D autoimmunity not only focusing on islet β cells but also on protecting the islet nervous system. This allows the restoration of the integrity of islet innervation and the normal islet β-cell function. To address these issues, we developed a novel technology designated the Stem Cell Educator TM therapy, based on immune education by human cord-blood-derived multipotent stem cells (CB-SC). International amulticenter clinical trials demonstrated its clinical safety and efficacy to treat T1D and other autoimmune diseases. Stem Cell Educator TM therapy may have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of T1D, without the safety and ethical concerns associated with conventional immune and/or stem cell-based therapies.
Fast and Statistically Optimal Period Search in Uneven Sampled Observations

The classical methods for searching for a periodicity in uneven sampled observations suffer from a poor match of the model and true signals and/or use of a statistic with poor properties. We present a new method employing periodic orthogonal polynomials to fit the observations and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistic to evaluate the quality of the fit. The orthogonal polynomials constitute a flexible and numerically efficient model of the observations. Among all popular statistics, ANOVA has optimum detection properties as the uniformly most powerful test. Our recurrence algorithm for expansion of the observations into the orthogonal polynomials is fast and numerically stable. The expansion is equivalent to an expansion into Fourier series. Aside from its use of an inefficient statistic, the Lomb-Scargle power spectrum can be considered a special case of our method. Tests of our new method on simulated and real light curves of nonsinusoidal pulsators demonstrate its excellent performance. In particular, dramatic improvements are gained in detection sensitivity and in the damping of alias periods.
Gaussian rough surfaces and Kirchhoff approximation

Electromagnetic scattering is often solved by applying the Kirchhoff approximation to the Stratton-Chu scattering integral. In the case of rough surfaces, it is usually assumed that this is possible if the incident electromagnetic wavelength is small compared to the mean radius of curvature of the surface. Accordingly, evaluation of the latter is an important issue. This paper generalizes the groundwork of Papa and Lemon (see ibid., vol.36, p.647-50, May 1988) by computing the mean radius of curvature for Gaussian rough surfaces with no restriction on its correlation function. This is an interesting extension relevant to a variety of natural surfaces. Relations between the surface parameters and the mean radius of curvature are determined and particular attention is paid to the relevant small slope regime.
Minimum spanning tree on the HMESH architecture

A fast algorithm to compute the minimum spanning tree of a given undirected graph on a hierarchical mesh-connected computer (HMESH) is presented. The time complexity of the algorithm is O(log/sup 2/ n), where n is the number of nodes in the graph. HMESH is a broadcast bus VLSI architecture which consists of n*n processing elements (PEs) in a mesh-connected structure and a hierarchy of broadcast buses in each row and column of the mesh structure such that each broadcast bus is connected to exactly k PE's, where k is a small constant. It is shown that with simple modifications to the algorithm, the MST of an n node graph can be found on a HMESH of size p*p in O(n/p)/sup 2/ log n log p) time. It is also shown how to compute connected components and transitive closure of a given undirected graph in O(log/sup 2/ n) with a few modifications to the algorithm presented for computing the minimum spanning tree. <<ETX>>
A randomization test for PLS component selection

During the last two decades, a number of methods have been developed and evaluated for selecting the optimal number of components in a PLS model. In this paper, a new method is introduced that is based on a randomization test. The advantage of using a randomization test is that in contrast to cross validation (CV), it requires no exclusion of data, thus avoiding problems related to data exclusion, for example in designed experiments. The method is tested using simulated data sets for which the true dimensionality is clearly defined and also compared to regularly used methods for 10 real data sets. The randomization test works as a good statistical selection tool in combination with other selection rules. It also works as an indicator when the data require a pre‐treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman Spectroscopic Study of Five Typical Plasticizers Based on DFT and HF Theoretical Calculation

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are the most commonly used plasticizers, and long-term or high levels of exposure to PAEs have a huge potential risk to human health. In this study, the theories of Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) with different hybrid methods and basis sets were used to calculate the theoretical Raman spectra of five PAEs, and the comparison of calculated spectra between different theories, hybrid methods, and basis sets was conducted to determine the suitable theory with hybrid method and basis set for PAEs. Also, the Raman vibrations were assigned to the Raman peaks of PAEs according to the theoretical and experimental Raman spectra. The results indicate that DFT is more suitable for the theoretical study of PAEs than HF. In DFT, the hybrid method of B3LYP is more applicable to the theoretical study of PAEs than B3PW91, and the basis set of 6-311G(d, p) obtains the most consistent theoretical Raman spectra with the experimental spectra for PAEs. This study finds the optimal combination of the theoretical method and basis set for PAEs, and it will contribute to the establishment of the Raman fingerprint and the development of rapid detection for PAEs in the future.
Error-Resilient Data Compression With Tunstall Codes

Data compression has been commonly employed to reduce the required memory size for emerging applications with large storage needs like Big Data and Machine Learning (ML). When considering the flexibility of decompression and its hardware implementation, variable-to-fixed length codes (e.g., Tunstall codes) are usually selected. However, memories are prone to suffer different types of errors, causing the stored data to be corrupted; if an error affects the compressed data, it can propagate and cause corruption in a sequence of bits of the decompressed data. Therefore, error resilience should be built-in as part of the memory design to provide reliable data, especially for safety-critical applications. However, Error Correction Codes (ECCs) that are widely used for memory protection, are not very efficient to protect compressed data, because ECCs further increase the memory size and the additional decoding process can impact the latency to decompress the stored data. In this paper, an efficient error-resilient data compression technique with Tunstall codes is proposed; it requires almost no memory overhead and can correct most errors during the decompression process by introducing a conversion table. An enhanced design is also presented to reduce the impact of errors when they cannot be corrected. The proposed scheme has been implemented and evaluated on three ML datasets; results show that it can deal with up to 99.98% errors with almost no memory overhead when Tunstall codes with smaller than 16-bit symbols are employed. The scheme has also been evaluated for two ML applications; results show that even though a small number of errors cannot be corrected in the proposed scheme, they have an extremely low impact on the classification results and the protection overhead is significantly lower than existing ECC techniques.
Active species in microwave postdischarge for steel-surface nitriding

Production of nitrogen atoms has been studied in a 2.45-GHz flowing postdischarge in N/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/-H/sub 2/ gas mixtures with Ar as a buffer gas in the high-pressure regime (5*10/sup 3/ to 6.5*10/sup 4/ Pa). N atom densities have been measured by NO titration in the 10/sup 14/-10/sup 15/ cm/sup 3/ range and monitored by the first positive emission resulting from the N atom recombination. The rate coefficient of the N+N+N/sub 2/ recombination has been found to be /sub k/=6*10/sup -33/ cm/sup 6/ atom/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ at T/sub 0/=300 K, which agrees with previously published data. The N atom production (or degree of N/N/sub 2/ dissociation) in front of an Fe-0.1%C substrate correlates well with the thickness of a gamma ' Fe/sub 4/N layer produced by the postdischarge treatment. The H/sub 2/ gas was first introduced in the initial phase of treatment to remove surface oxidizing and then was cut off to keep high densities of N atoms. It is deduced that N atoms are more active nitriding species than NH-type radicals. >
Colloid filtration prediction by mapping the correlation‐equation parameters from transport experiments in porous media

Colloid filtration theory (CFT) is a conceptual construct for predicting the characteristic rate of colloid‐surface collisions during transport in granular porous media. A central product of this theory is the correlation equation for predicting collection‐efficiency (η), based exclusively on theoretical model development. Specifically, the η‐equation has terms combining dimensionless groups (of physicochemical properties) with unknown parameters that are usually fitted so that the predicted η matches that determined by colloid‐surface collisions simulated in idealized pore‐scale models. In this study, we replace the simulated colloid‐surface collisions in idealized models with experimental column‐scale data on apparent colloid‐surface collisions. A new correlation equation is obtained by minimizing the difference between η determined by the correlation equation and that determined experimentally, using data from a collection of experiments for favorable conditions for colloid filtration. In this way, we parameterize a mechanistically based η‐equation with empirical evidence. The impact of different properties of colloids and porous media is studied by comparing experimental properties with different terms of the correlation equation. This comparison enables insight about the different processes that occur during colloid transport and retention in porous media, such as diffusion and interception, and provides directions for future CFT developments that will need to account for these processes differently than the current theory does. Additionally, we find that while most of the parameters of the presented η‐equation are only slightly different than those proposed in previous theoretical studies, the match between theory and observation is significantly improved. For the available experimental data, which provide a reasonable representation of property ranges for many applications of CFT, the proposed equation provides a closer match to the experimentally measured collection efficiencies compared to available theories to date.