Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The new Americans: economic demographic and fiscal effects of immigration.

This report was prepared by the National Research Councils Panel on the Demographic and Economic Impacts of Immigration and concerns the economic demographic and fiscal effects of immigration to the United States. "Three key questions are explored: What is the influence of immigration on the overall economy especially national and regional labor markets? What are the overall effects of immigration on federal state and local government budgets? [and] What effects will immigration have on the future size and makeup of the nations population over the next 50 years? The study examines what immigrants gain by coming to the United States and what they contribute to the country the skills of immigrants and those of native-born Americans the experiences of immigrant women and other groups and much more. It offers examples of how to measure the impact of immigration on government revenues and expenditures--estimating one years fiscal impact in California New Jersey and the United States and projecting the long-run fiscal effects on government revenues and expenditures. Also included is background information on immigration policies and practices and data on where immigrants come from what they do in America and how they will change the nations social fabric in the decades to come. " (EXCERPT)
Distribution system reliability evaluation considering DG impacts

Under the force of environment issue and energy issue, distributed generation (DG) technique has achieved prodigious progress recently. Since normally distributed generators are installed near the customer side, so it will have a great impact on power system especially on distribution system. This paper discusses how distributed generations affect the reliability level of distribution system. A three-state model of DG is built. With given upstream and downstream island division of the load points, the probability of islanding is calculated. Based on short-term analysis, a method for the reliability evaluation in the distribution system which contains two or more distributed generators is proposed. Finally, the proposed method is used to analyze a sample system. On the one hand it demonstrates that the distributed generation has the ability of improving the reliability of system and customers. On the other hand it provides some useful conclusions such as the impact of the site of DG on reliability of distribution system.
An accurate fault location method based on configuration bitstream analysis

As SRAM-based FPGAs are increasingly being used; there are more and more researches on the SEU effects of FPGA. To emulate the effects of SEUs, a variety of fault injection techniques have been studied. As fault injection process is black box testing method, it helps little to SEU mechanism study. For further study of the SEU effects and the mitigation techniques, a novel accurate fault location method is studied in this paper. The Accurate Fault Location System (AFLS) based on this method is developed to locate faults, which are detected by the fault injection system, in the FPGA resources. The precise location of resource corresponding to the faults will be obtained by converting the configuration bit location into FPGA resource physical location. Using this system will help the study of SEU effects and the mitigation techniques, and then encourage the utilization of FPGAs for space-based applications. KeywordsFPGA; SEU; fault locating; configuration
The influence of banner placement and navigation style on the recognition of advertisement banners

This pre-study examined the influence of navigation style (aimless browsing vs. goal oriented information search) and banner placement (bottom vs. top of the page) on recall and recognition of online advertisements. A sample of 83 undergraduate students was randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Subjects were asked to either browse an online shop for jackets or search specific pieces of clothing. Results indicate that navigation style, but not banner placement influences recognition and recall. Further research should look into more subtle differences in navigation style and eye-tracking data could reveal additional insights.
Neurone specific enolase immunostaining in the diagnosis of breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation. Its usefulness and limitations

Thirty‐eight infiltrating ductal carcinomas, nine infiltrating lobular carcinomas, two tubular carcinomas and one papillary carcinoma were studied by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Seventeen cases showed immunoreactivity for NSE. Immunostaining for different peptide‐hormones was observed in 12 of these 17 cases and in none of the 10 NSE‐negative cases used for controls. Scattered cells were positive for gastrin in five cases, pancreatic polypeptide in five, leu‐enkephalin in three, sub‐P in two, ACTH in one, bombesin in one and β‐endorphin in one case. Four cases revealed immunoreactivity for more than one peptide‐hormone. Typical neuroendocrine granules were seen in five cases (all positively stained for NSE). Small, electron dense granules of possible neuroendocrine nature were not found in any of the 33 NSE‐negative tumours. Our results confirm that immunoreactivity for NSE is present in a high proportion of breast carcinomas, but that neuroendocrine differentiation cannot be proved to be present in all these cases.
Patient pressure for referral for headache: a qualitative study of GPs' referral behaviour.

BACKGROUND Headache accounts for up to a third of new specialist neurology appointments, although brain lesions are extremely rare and there is little difference in clinical severity of referred patients and those managed in primary care. This study examines influences on GPs' referral for headache in the absence of clinical indicators. DESIGN OF STUDY Qualitative interview study. SETTING Eighteen urban and suburban general practices in the South Thames area, London. METHOD Purposive sample comprising GPs with varying numbers of referrals for headache over a 12-month period. Semi-structured interviews with 20 GPs were audio taped. Transcripts were analysed thematically using a framework approach. RESULTS All GPs reported observing patient anxiety and experiencing pressure for referral. Readiness to refer in response to pressure was influenced by characteristics of the consultation, including frequent attendance, communication problems and time constraints. GPs' accounts showed variations in individual's willingness or 'resistance' to refer, reflecting differences in clinical confidence in identifying risks of brain tumour, personal tolerance of uncertainty, views of patients' 'right' to referral and perceptions of the therapeutic value of referral. A further source of variation was the local availability of services, including GPs with a specialist interest and charitably-funded clinics. CONCLUSION Referral for headache is often the outcome of patient pressure interacting with GP characteristics, organisational factors and service availability. Reducing specialist neurological referrals requires further training and support for some GPs in the diagnosis and management of headache. To reduce clinical uncertainty, good clinical prediction rules for headache and alternative referral pathways are required.
Technical Note: Relating to the Parameter Values Given by Nelder and Mead in their Algorithm

The popular Nelder and Mead (NM) algorithm has four parameters associated to the operations known as reflection, expansion, contraction and shrinkage. The authors set their values to 1, 2, 0.5 and 0.5, respectively, which have been universally used. Here, we propose to use NM to calibrate itself. A computational experiment is carried out and results show that the parameter values originally proposed by NM are better than those obtained with more sophisticated ways.
A New Progressivism

Based on an address for a conference on Law and Transformation in South Africa, this paper explores problems with two twentieth-century approaches to government: the way of markets and the way of planning. It urges that the New Progressivism simultaneously offers (1) a distinctive conception of government's appropriate means, an outgrowth of the late-twentieth-century critique of economic planning, and (2) a distinctive understanding of government's appropriate ends, an outgrowth of evident failures with market arrangements and largely a product of the mid-twentieth-century critique of laissez faire. It emphasizes the need to replace bans and commands with appropriate incentives, and to attend to social norms and social meanings in leading human behavior in welfare-promoting directions. The ultimate goal is to promote some of the goals associated with America's New Deal and Europe's social democracy, but without using the crude, inflexible, and often counterproductive methods associated with those approaches. Some attention is devoted to the effects of globalization, the AIDS crisis, crime prevention, and the role of economic growth.
An Examination of Public Capital's Role in Production

This paper examines whether or not the long-term government bond rate could reasonably be employed as the rate of return on public capital when calculating public sector gross domestic product. It finds that the rate of return on public capital is lower than often reported and is roughly consistent with the rate of return on private capital. Given that there is a range of estimates that are plausible, the paper concludes that the long-run government bond rate could be used as a conservative estimate for the rate of return for public infrastructure. Previous studies have shown that production function estimates tend to find rates of return that are implausibly large, while cost function estimates appear more reasonable. This paper shows that public capital and total factor productivity (TFP) growth behave similarly, and argues that production function estimates for the impact of public capital overstate its impact as a result, catching part of what belongs in estimates of TFP. It also shows that the similarity between the growth in public capital and TFP leads to a large confidence interval around public capital elasticity estimates derived from the production function framework. The paper then proceeds by generating a confidence interval from the production function estimated first with and then without TFP growth. It then uses a cost function to pinpoint more precisely estimates for the marginal cost savings from public capital. Importantly, the estimate derived from the cost function is found in the lower part of the confidence interval derived from the production function. The rate of return associated with the overlapping estimates is then shown to cover a range that extends from the average long-run government bond rate to the rate of return on private capital.
Conservation on private land: a review of global strategies with a proposed classification system

With parks and protected areas insufficient to sustain global biodiversity, the role of private land in biodiversity conservation is becoming increasingly significant. This paper reviews global voluntary and involuntary strategies for private land conservation. Involuntary strategies can achieve effective conservation outcomes, but often lack social acceptability. In contrast, voluntary strategies enjoy greater social acceptance but may not achieve sufficient uptake to have meaningful conservation objectives. Based on the review, we propose a classification system for private land conservation as a complement to the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN's) classification of global protected areas. The classification system provides a framework for identifying and describing conservation strategies on private land on the dimension of tenure and security. It also identifies opportunities and vulnerabilities in achieving conservation on private land while emphasising the need for systematic data collection similar to IUCN's efforts for protected areas.
Lookback options with discrete and partial monitoring of the underlying price

We show that in the world of Black and Scholes (1973) lookback options where the underlying price is monitored discretely instead of continuously can be priced in semi-closed form. We derive pricing formulas for a variety of full and partial lookback options, where monitoring takes place at not necessarily equally-spaced points in time. Analysis of the results shows that monitoring the underlying price discretely instead of continuously may have a significant effect on the prices of lookback options but does not introduce new hedging problems.
The Size and Book-to-Market Effects and Their Role as Risk Proxies in the Istanbul Stock Exchange

In this paper, we explore the relationship of firm-size and book-to-market equity with stok returns and with firm-specific and macro-economic fundamentals in the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE). We apply two different popular asset pricing models, the one factor CAPM and the three-factor Fama and French (1993) model, to individual stock returns and to size/book-to-market sorted portfolios. We find both size and book-to-market effects to be significant, but the size effect has a higher explanatory power. We also evaluate additional firm-specific risk characteristics of our extreme portfolios and their returns in different states of the Turkish economy and relate the size and book-to-market related Fama and French factors to macro-economic indicators. Our results reveal some new empirical regularities in the ISE and support the Fama and French findings to justify models for additional risk factors in returns.
Consumers’ travel website transferring behaviour: analysis using clickstream data-time, frequency, and spending

Using clickstream data, this research aims to predict e-travellers' purchasing behaviours by observing websites transferring phenomena. Clickstream data are useful in predicting e-travellers' behaviours, in that they provide the detailed transactional information that is tracked and recorded [Bucklin, R.E. , Lattin, J.M. , Ansari, A. , Gupta, S. , Bell, D. , Coupey, E. , et al. (2002). Choice and the Internet: From clickstream to research stream. Marketing Letters, 13(3), 245–258]. This research proposes that an e-traveller's purchasing behaviour is explained as a function of search motivation and on-site involvement. An e-traveller who deliberately enters a travel website in a direct access manner (i.e. typing the URL) is hypothesized to be linked with a goal-directed search motivation, whereas a referring website transferred consumer (i.e. transferred from other websites) is associated with an exploratory search motive. An e-traveller who approaches a travel website in direct access manner is expected to purchase more in comparison with a website transferred e-traveller. Subsequently, the relationship between situational involvement level and purchasing behaviour as an on-site effect is examined. The website duration and the number of pages viewed within a travel website are linked to the involvement levels (i.e. high vs. low) by the dual cognitive paths (i.e. central route vs. peripheral route). Lastly, the interaction effect between website transfer and the website duration, the number of pages viewed on the purchased amount, is examined. Using 1190 online panels, hierarchical regression analysis is performed to test the proposed research questions. The results reveal the referring website transferred consumers purchase less than non-site transferred e-travellers. The longer an e-traveller stays on the website and the fewer pages viewed, she or he is more likely to purchase. However, this effect is reversed for the website transferred group of e-travellers.
The Capitalist Mode of Power: A Research Seminar(YorkU, GS/POLS 6260 6.0, Graduate, Fall Term, 2010-2011)

Capitalism is often understood as a mode of production and consumption. The seminar critiques this view and offers an alternative perspective of capitalism as a mode of power. Thematically, the course consists of five parts: (1) Dilemmas of Political Economy: the two basic bifurcations separating 'politics' from 'economics' and the 'real' from the ‘nominal’, and how these dualities have gradually fractured political economy; (2) The Enigma of Capital: the liberal and Marxists conceptions of value and capital and why political economists still try to sort them out; (3) Capitalization: how discounting conquered the world while political economists looked the other way; (4) Bringing Power Back In: the history and theory of the capitalist mode of power; and (5) Capital as Power: a radical alternative to liberal and Marxists theories of accumulation. Pedagogically, the seminar seeks to prepare students toward conducting their own independent research. Students are introduced to various electronic data sources, instructed in different methods of analysis and tutored in developing their empirical research skills. As the seminar progresses, these skills are used both to assess various theories and to develop the students’ own theoretical/empirical research project.
Violence as an Obstacle to Development

This document is one of a series of technical notes that describe the nature and magnitude of violence in the region, its causes and effects, and how it can be prevented and controlled. The notes provide useful information on designing programs and policies to prevent and deal with violence. This note focuses on the economic and non-economic costs of violence. The authors show how violence impedes economic development. From a macroeconomic point of view, violence reduces foreign and domestic investment as well as domestic savings, thus hindering prospects for long term growth. From the microeconomic standpoint, one of the effects of violence is to dissuade individuals from investing time and money in education; it may deter some people from attending night school out of fear of becoming a victim of violent crime, or it may even induce some individuals to turn to a life of crime instead of completing their education. Domestic violence against women and children is also a stumbling block to economic development. Tending to the consequences of both domestic and social violence cuts into the scarce resources available to society.
Increased activity of factor VIII coagulant associated with venous ulcer in a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome

Klinefelter's syndrome is the most frequent major abnormality of sexual differentiation in men with two or more X chromosomes. Recurrent venous ulcers as a result of a post‐thrombotic syndrome are a well known symptom in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Until now the underlying pathomechanisms are not completely understood. Platelet hyperaggregability, factor V Leiden mutation and abnormalities in fibrinolysis were implicated as possible contributing factors. Here we describe the detection of an increased activity of factor VIII coagulant (factor VIII:C). This is the first case report on increased factor VIII:C activity associated with venous ulcers in a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome. Elevated factor VIII plasma levels are gradually accepted to be associated with an increased risk for venous thromboembolism. Therefore, we discuss that the examination of factor VIII:C may help in clarifying individual thromboembolic risks, especially in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome.
CoRoT 223992193: Investigating the variability in a low-mass, pre-main sequence eclipsing binary with evidence of a circumbinary disk

CoRoT 223992193 is the only known low-mass, pre-main sequence eclipsing binary that shows evidence of a circumbinary disk. The system displays complex photometric and spectroscopic variability over a range of timescales and wavelengths. Using two optical CoRoT runs from 2008 and 2011/2012 (spanning 23 and 39 days), along with infrared Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 μm observations (spanning 21 and 29 days, and simultaneous with the second CoRoT run), we model the out-of-eclipse light curves, finding that the large scale structure in both CoRoT light curves is consistent with the constructive and destructive interference of starspot signals at two slightly different periods. Using the vsini of both stars, we interpret this as the two stars having slightly different rotation periods: the primary is consistent with synchronisation and the secondary rotates slightly supersynchronously. Comparison of the raw 2011/2012 light curve data to the residuals of our spot model in colour-magnitude space indicates additional contributions consistent with a combination of variable dust emission and obscuration. There appears to be a tentative correlation between this additional variability and the binary orbital phase, with the system displaying increases in its infrared flux around primary and secondary eclipse. We also identify short-duration flux dips preceding secondary eclipse in all three CoRoT and Spitzer bands. We construct a model of the inner regions of the binary and propose that these dips could be caused by partial occultation of the central binary by the accretion stream onto the primary star. Analysis of 15 Hα profiles obtained with the FLAMES instrument on the Very Large Telescope reveal an emission profile associated with each star. The majority of this is consistent with chromospheric emission but additional higher velocity emission is also seen, which could be due to prominences. However, half of the secondary star’s emission profiles display full widths at 10% intensity that could also be interpreted as having an accretion-related origin. In addition, simultaneous u and r-band observations obtained with the MEGACam instrument on the Canada France Hawaii Telescope reveal a short-lived u-band excess consistent with either an accretion hot spot or stellar flare. The photometric and spectroscopic variations are very complex but are consistent with the picture of two active stars possibly undergoing non-steady, low-level accretion; the system’s very high inclination provides a new view of such variability.
Advocacy Organizations and the Organizational Digital Divide

The development of electronic advocacy techniques have offered advocates important ways to deal with the challenges presented by the new advocacy environment. These challenges include globalization, devolution and the growth of wired government. Unfortunately, many organizations lack the technology capacity to take advantage of these new tools. This paper discusses the organizational digital divide as it applies to advocacy groups, discusses the consequences of the digital divide for advocacy organizations and analyzes the challenges that these groups will face overcoming the divide. The paper also discusses strategies that might be employed to provide needed resources.