Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinct element analysis for regional tectonic stress fields at Baihetan Power Station, China

Baihetan Hydro-electrical Power Station, which has a 275 m dam height and 12,000 MW installed capacity, is one of the largest plants in southwest China, and is planned to be built on the lower reaches of the Jinsha River near Xichang city, Sichuan Province. On the based of analysis and measurement of regional tectonic stresses, this paper describes the simulation of the value and direction of the regional tectonic stress field surrounding the Baihetan hydroelectric station by using systematic numerical modelling of the distinct element method with UDEC code. In situ stress measurement results indicated that both magnitude and orientation of stress vary greatly. It is thought that these variations are related to the development of fractures. The results show that the activities of the fractures change from place to place under the current regional stress field. Based on the analysis and simulated regional tectonic stress, the maximum principal stress is 15.0~18.0 MPa, and the direction is N70°W. The results also show that both magnitude and orientation of stress change in the vicinity of fractured zones coincide well with the measured result. The principal stress reorientates near the fractured zone and the reoriented angle depends on the angle between fractured zone and the direction of the boundary stress. The result provided quantitative data for the evaluation of the regional tectonic stability of the hydropower station.
TO BELIEVE OR NOT TO BELIEVE

Making a trust decision in interpersonal relationship involves forming positive expectation toward the decision outcome. Previous studies have suggested that trust and distrust are qualitatively distinct and have differential neurocognitive substrates. In this study, we investigated how trust choice would modulate brain responses to decision outcome in a modified coin-toss game. Participants received statements from partners concerning the results of coin-toss and decided whether to believe the truthfulness of the statements. In two experiments, event-related potentials (ERPs) to the real results revealed after the trust choice demonstrated differential patterns following trust and distrust choices. Both the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the P300 showed effects of outcome valence following trust choices, but the FRN effect was reduced following distrust choices. Thus, trust choice creates different contexts in which aspects of decision outcome can be encoded simultaneously by the FRN. The FRN may reflect the subjective evaluation of decision outcome in a specific context rather than a general expectancy towards the outcome. © 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Satellite Remote Sensing of Land Use Inter-annual Dynamic Change in Xiamen,China

Three land use classification maps of Xiamen in SE China in 1989,1995,and 2000 with their changeconversion matrixes were obtained using the multi-stage classification and the change detection(post-classifica-tion comparison)techniques.The result clearly reveals the land use changes in Xiamen during the 11-yearstudy period with rapid economic development and urbanization process.The land use has changed significant-ly,especially in the main land use types such as the built-up land,the arable land,and the forested land.Alarge amount of arable lands are replaced by the built-up lands due to urban expansion,resulting in not onlythe decrease of quantity but also reduction in quality of the arable lands.Analysis revealed that the main driv-ing forces causing these changes in Xiamen include the progress in industrialization and urbanization,the popu-lation growth,and the topographic environment.The study finally concludes that dynamic monitoring of land useinter-annual change can rapidly and efficiently identify the characteristics and the inherent rules of land usechange of the city by using multi-temporal and muhi-spectral resolution remote sensing images,with a combi-nation of geographic information system(GIS)and global position system(GPS)technique,and the result canserve as a reference for decision-making and urban planning of the local government.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY EVALUATION OF THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE SMALL WATER RESERVOIRS: THE BIODIVERSITY ASPECT

Small water reservoirs are the very important landscape elements for effective water management. Although these man-made artificial biotopes change the proportion of lotic and lentic habitats and thus influence the species community structure, them secondarily offer a broader scale of microhabitats and, in general, can significantly influence the fauna’s sustainable development. The evaluation of the function and importance of small water reservoirs in the biodiversity development on all levels is still unappreciated. In this case, preliminary results of the study on six small water reservoirs in West Slovakia are presented. The research has covered the major species groups (phytobentos, macrophytes, benthic and pelagic invertebrates, mollusks, fish and birds). As the first step, we are focusing on the description of the biodiversity patterns within the particular water reservoirs followed by the analyses of species links to the environmental variables using the multidimensional methods (neural networks, ordination methods and generalized linear methods) as the second step. The third step covers the compilation of obtained results and evaluation of the function and importance of the small water reservoirs. The major benefits of this study are as follows: (i) significant improvement of the knowledge on the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems influenced by small water reservoirs, (ii) implementation of the innovative methods of the multidisciplinary ecological research, (iii) support for sustainable development of the biodiversity in artificial biotopes, development of the multidisciplinary network of researchers and experts from the applied sphere, (iv) effective application of outputs in the ecological management oriented to the sustainable development of the artificial aquatic ecosystems in combination with their primary use and implementation of the results gained at the international scale.
Representing Data Quality

Information on data quality is important for effective use of GIS data. It impacts the credibility of data representation and the confidence that is attached to data interpretations. It impacts the reliability of interpretations and thus decision making based on GIS modeling and data exploration. A number of impediments to representing data quality can be cited, including impediments to definition and assessment, to attribution in a database, and to graphical depiction. This paper elaborates on impediments to representing data quality. The discussion provides a window through which the complexity of representing data quality may be viewed, and to introduce current research efforts and avenues for further research addressing each impediment. L'information sur la qualite des donnees est importante pour un usage des donnees des SIG. Elle a un impact sur la credibilite de la representation des donnees et la confiance que l'on attache a l'interpretation des donnees. Elle a un impact sur la fiabilite de l'inter.
Remote sensing methods and techniques as a tool for the implementation of environmental legislation. The Greek Forest Law case study

Implementation of environmental legislation can be supported by the production of maps with two information levels, one which identifies areas where a legal rule is enforced and another which identifies areas where there is an infringement of that rule. This paper investigates the efficiency of remote sensing methods and techniques for the production of such a map regarding a specific law case, the Greek Forest Law. To do this, we identified, with the use of KVR-1000 very high resolution imagery, potential illegal buildings in forests and forest areas, which were mapped at a scale of 1:5000. For this purpose, an image processing method was developed which integrates spectral and first-order texture signatures, detects disturbances in forest environment, and classifies them in order for the buildings to be identified among other disturbances. The texture signatures were selected after an investigation of the performance of first- and second-order statistical texture methods in detecting disturbances in forest environment. By the method developed, buildings are mapped by segmented parts of their edges. Based on a sample of 163 buildings, the accuracy of the method was calculated at approximately 89%, i.e. 11% of the buildings included in the sample were not detected. The map produced would probably not be acceptable in court, however it can adequately support administrative procedures in ministries, forest services, etc., regarding identification of illegal building, incorporation of forest areas in an existing city plan, organization of the forest and forest area register book, etc.
Corrections and Retraction

MICROBIOLOGY Correction for “Genomic epidemiology of the Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreaks in Europe, 2011,” by Yonatan H. Grad, Marc Lipsitch, Michael Feldgarden, Harindra M. Arachchi, Gustavo C. Cerqueira, Michael FitzGerald, Paul Godfrey, Brian J. Haas, Cheryl I. Murphy, Carsten Russ, Sean Sykes, Bruce J. Walker, Jennifer R. Wortman, Sarah Young, Qiandong Zeng, Amr Abouelleil, James Bochicchio, Sara Chauvin, Timothy DeSmet, Sharvari Gujja, Caryn McCowan, Anna Montmayeur, Scott Steelman, Jakob Frimodt-Møller, Andreas M. Petersen, Carsten Struve, Karen A. Krogfelt, Edouard Bingen, François-Xavier Weill, Eric S. Lander, Chad Nusbaum, Bruce W. Birren, Deborah T. Hung, and William P. Hanage, which appeared in issue 8, February 21, 2012, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (109:3065–3070; first published February 6, 2012; 10.1073/pnas.1121491109). The authors note that on page 3066, right column, second full paragraph, lines 6–7, “Of the 14 SNPs within coding regions, 4 (28.6%) are synonymous” should instead appear as “Of the 14 SNPs within coding regions, 5 (36%) are synonymous. ” Additionally, the authors note that Table 2 appeared incorrectly. The corrected table and its legend appear below.
WORKING PAPER SERIES THE PERSISTENCE OF TEACHER-INDUCED LEARNING GAINS

Educational interventions are often narrowly targeted and temporary, and evaluations often focus on the short-run impacts of the intervention. Insofar as the positive effects of educational interventions fadeout over time, however, such assessments may be misleading. In this paper, we develop a simple statistical framework to empirically assess the persistence of treatment effects in education. To begin, we present a simple model of student learning that incorporates permanent as well as transitory learning gains. Using this model, we demonstrate how the parameter of interest – the persistence of a particular measurable education input – can be recovered via instrumental variables as a particular local average treatment effect. We initially motivate this strategy in the context of teacher quality, but then generalize the model to consider educational interventions more generally. Using administrative data that links students and teachers, we construct measures of teacher effectiveness and then estimate the persistence of these teacher value-added measures on student test scores. We find that teacher-induced gains in math and reading achievement quickly erode. In most cases, our point estimates suggest a one-year persistence of about one-fifth and rule out a one-year persistence rate higher than one-third. Brian A. Jacob Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Michigan 735 South State Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109 and NBER bajacob@umich.edu Lars Lefgren 130 Faculty Office Bulding Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602-2363 l-lefgren@byu.edu David Sims 130 Faculty Office Building Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602-2363 davesims@byu.edu
Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Oligocene-Miocene carbonate succession in Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil

The present investigation of the Cenozoic carbonate succession of the Campos Basin, offshore southeastern Brazil, has resulted in a high resolution biostratigraphic profile of the region based on cores and cutting samples. In general, the studied carbonate successions evolved during three depositional stages: 1) In the Oligocene a warm period prevailed where temperature-sensitive organisms, such as larger benthic foraminifera, corals, algae and arthropods thrived in a reefal setting. Four different benthic foraminiferal biozones (BF1 – BF4) were defined based upon the occurrence of the following foraminiferal assemblages which were dominated by (BF1) lepidocyclinids, (BF2) miogypsinids, (BF3) Miogypsina-Amphistegina, and (BF4) Miogypsina and Heterostegina. These biozones, are equivalent to the P18-P22 planktonic foraminiferal biozones, and reflect temporal changes of environmental and ecological conditions associated with minor sea level fluctuation. 2) The warm period continued through the early Miocene, where corals, bryozoans, rare planktonic foraminifera and larger benthic foraminifera thrived in clear agitated waters of a forereefal setting. This period was represented by two benthic foraminiferal zones, BF5 - BF6, equivalent to the N4-N7 planktonic foraminiferal biozones. Miogypsinids, Lepidocyclina and Heterostegina dominate BF5, while attached forms growing in a massive branching structure, such as Sporadotrema are prominent in BF6. 3) The third depositional stage is reflected by a rapid deepening of the carbonate facies at the onset of the middle Miocene, coeval with a global warming event, the so-called mid-Miocene Climatic Maximum. This resulted in the replacement of the reefal organisms by pelagic sediments containing planktonic foraminifera. The planktonic foraminiferal biozones PF1 and PF2 are equivalent to N8-N12 planktonic foraminiferal biozones, and were present in all wells. This rapid sea level change is inferred to be related to a global warming event and related oceanographic changes. The high resolution depositional and biostratigraphic scheme put forward here for the Campos Basin will enable a more detailed understanding of the general regional evolution of the economically important Cenozoic carbonate facies that are found off the Atlantic margins of South America, the Caribbean and West Africa.
Evaluation and Parameter-Sensitivity Study of a Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model (SLUCM) with Measurements in Nanjing, China

AbstractAn offline single-layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) was driven by the surface energy balance observations in winter in Nanjing, China, to evaluate the capability of the model to simulate the urban surface energy balance. The results of the evaluation suggest that the simulated daytime net radiation is approximately 20% lower than the observed and display relatively high systematic error, which is due to the relatively poor capacity of the model to simulate the daytime longwave radiation (which is underestimated by approximately 35%). By contrast, the simulated sensible heat flux shows mainly unsystematic error. Moreover, the one-at-a-time method is used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the major factors affecting the surface energy balance are the albedo, the thermal conductivity, and the roof and wall volumetric heat capacity. The influences of the shape of the street canyon and the average height of buildings are relatively weak.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names

The X.500 Directory uses distinguished names as the primary keys to entries in the directory. Distinguished Names are encoded in ASN.1 in the X.500 Directory protocols. In the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, a string representation of distinguished names is transferred. This specification defines the string format for representing names, which is designed to give a clean representation of commonly used distinguished names, while being able to represent any distinguished name.
Tracing high energy radiation with molecular lines near deeply embedded protostars

Aims. The aim is to probe high energy radiation emitted by deeply embedded protostars. Methods. Submillimeter lines of CN, NO, CO + and SO + , and upper limits on SH + and N 2 O are observed with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in two high-mass and up to nine low-mass young stellar objects and compared with chemical models. Results. Constant fractional abundances derived from radiative transfer modeling of the line strengths are $x({\rm CN}) \approx$ a few $\times$10 -11 –10 -8 , $x({\rm NO}) \approx 10^{-9}$–10 -8 and $x({\rm CO^+}) \approx 10^{-12}$–10 -10 . SO + has abundances of a few $\times 10^{-11}$ in the high-mass objects and upper limits of ≈ 10 -12 –10 -11 in the low-mass sources. All abundances are up to 1–2 orders of magnitude higher if the molecular emission is assumed to originate mainly from the inner region ( ≲ 1000 AU) of the envelope. For high-mass sources, the CN, SO + and CO + abundances and abundance ratios are best explained by an enhanced far-ultraviolet (FUV) field impacting gas at temperatures of a few hundred K. The observed column densities require that this region of enhanced FUV has scales comparable to the observing beam, such as in a geometry in which the enhanced FUV irradiates outflow walls. For low-mass sources, the required temperatures within the FUV models of $T \gtrsim 300$ K are much higher than found in models, so that an X-ray enhanced region close to the protostar ($r \lesssim 500$ AU) is more plausible. Gas-phase chemical models produce more NO than observed, suggesting an additional reduction mechanism not included in current models. Conclusions. The observed CN, CO + and SO + abundances can be explained with either enhanced X-rays or FUV fields from the central source. High-mass sources likely have low opacity regions that allow the FUV photons to reach large distances from the central source. X-rays are suggested to be more effective than FUV fields in the low-mass sources. The observed abundances imply X-ray fluxes for the Class 0 objects of $L_{\rm X} \approx 10^{29}$–10 31 erg s -1 , comparable to those observed from low-mass Class I protostars. Spatially resolved data are needed to clearly distinguish the effects of FUV and X-rays for individual species.
The  project

We present the results of the <bigwig> project, which aimsto design and implement a high-level domain-specific language forprogramming interactive Web services. A fundamental aspect of the development of the World Wide Webduring the last decade is the gradual change from static to dynamicgeneration of Web pages. Generating Web pages dynamically in dialogwith the client has the advantage of providing up-to-date andtailor-made information. The development of systems forconstructing such dynamic Web services has emerged as a whole newresearch area. The <bigwig> language is designed by analyzing itsapplication domain and identifying fundamental aspects of Webservices inspired by problems and solutions in existing Web servicedevelopment languages. The core of the design consists of asession-centered service model together with a flexibletemplate-based mechanism for dynamic Web page construction. Usingspecialized program analyses, certain Web-specific properties areverified at compile time, for instance that only valid HTML 4.01 isever shown to the clients. In addition, the design provideshigh-level solutions to form field validation, caching of dynamicpages, and temporal-logic based concurrency control, and itproposes syntax macros for making highly domain-specificlanguages. The language is implemented via widely available Webtechnologies, such as Apache on the server-side and JavaScript andJava Applets on the client-side. We conclude with experience andevaluation of the project.
*Stochastic nonparametric framework for basin wide streamflow and salinity modeling: Application for the Colorado River Basin

The Colorado River system recently experienced the worst five year drought in the 100 years of measured streamflows. The vast network of reservoirs that sustain and fuel development were drawn below 50% of system capacity to historic lows. The dry period also impacted water quality, increasing salinity concentration as a result of low flows. Paleo reconstructions of streamflow in the basin indicate that such dry spells are not uncommon. Given these factors, the key question for this research is how to plan for effective and sustainable management of water resources in the basin? This requires two key components, (i) a robust framework to generate realistic basin-wide streamflow and associated salinity scenarios and (ii) a decision support model to evaluate operating policy alternatives for efficient management and sustainability of water resources in the basin. To achieve this, three inter-related modules were developed including. (i) A stochastic nonparametric model for basin-wide streamflow generation based on historic observations conditioned on paleo reconstructed streamflow. This new model is data driven and improves considerably upon traditional approaches, besides being simple, robust and flexible. A nonhomogeneous Markov Chain based approach to combine hydrologic state information (i.e., wet or dry) from the paleo streamflow and flow magnitude from the historic data is a unique and novel method to combine the strengths of these two different data sets. (ii) A basin-wide stochastic model for generating salinity scenarios extending the nonparametric flow model for salinity simulation. (iii) A realistic decision model of the basin that evaluates policy alternatives under various flow and salinity scenarios. This comprehensive framework provides the ability to generate scenarios of basin-wide streamflows and salinity that are statistically consistent, realistic and also incorporate paleo information. These scenarios are used in a long-term planning model of the Colorado River Basin to evaluate two alternate reservoir operation policies on various system risk and reliability estimates.
Physical oceanography of the Southeast Asian waters

This book is the outcome of my analysis of all available knowledge of the Southeast Asian Waters. It is hoped that workers in the region, whether in oceanography or other branches of science may find it a source of information and a stimulus to undertake further research in these waters. Some chapters in this book are summaries and condensations of already known facts, but others offer new ideas and interpretations, particularly those chapters on monsoon circulations and their dynamics, on deep circulation and its relation to surface circulation, on the energy exchange between sea and atmosphere, and on the quantitative description of the exchange of water in the deep sea basins.
High‐frequency seismic noise generated from breaking shallow water ocean waves and the link to time‐variable sea states

Breaking waves in the nearshore are known to generate a significant amount of high‐frequency (f > 5 Hz) energy. We investigate the correlation between the spectrum of seismic energy and the local sea states. We deployed a single three‐component broadband seismometer approximately 50 m from the seashore and recorded continuously for approximately 10 days. Our observations show that during elevated sea states, and presumably larger breaking waves in the surf zone, the power spectral density of the wave‐generated seismic energy shifts to lower frequencies and higher spectral amplitudes. This is similar to the observation that large plunging breakers generate 1–20 Hz acoustic infrasound, suggesting that a significant portion of the infrasound couples into seismic energy at the water/sea floor interface. Based on our observations and previous models, it appears that the seismic spectrum is sensitive to the wave size but not sediment movement. Regardless, the correlation of the seismic spectral power to the height and period of ocean waves suggests that seismic observations can be used as a proxy for local sea states, which may have implications for seashore sediment transport.