Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” by Updating the “Five Provisions” and Introducing Aligned “Animal Welfare Aims”

Simple Summary A Five Provisions/Welfare Aims paradigm has been formulated as a coherent alternative to the Five Freedoms. It retains the memorable simplicity of the original paradigm and is linked to it, but avoids the acknowledged complications that arise by using the term “freedoms”. Also, it accommodates current scientific understanding of animal welfare, is easily understood and provides guidance on beneficial objectives for animal welfare management. It is an evocative and engaging paradigm anticipated to be of particular interest to non-specialist members of the lay public who are concerned about animal welfare. Abstract Although the Five Freedoms paradigm has been very influential in shaping animal welfare thinking for the last two decades, it has two key disadvantages. First, the focus on “freedom” from a range of negative experiences and states has been misunderstood in a number of quarters to mean that complete freedom from these experiences and states is possible, when in fact the best that can be achieved is for them to be minimised. Second, the major focus of the Freedoms on negative experiences and states is now seen to be a disadvantage in view of current understanding that animal welfare management should also include the promotion of positive experiences and states. The challenge therefore was to formulate a paradigm that overcame these two main problems and yet was straightforward enough to be accessible to non-specialists, including members of the lay public who are interested in animal welfare. This was achieved by highlighting the Five Provisions, originally aligned with the Five Freedoms, but now updated to direct welfare management towards activities that both minimise negative experiences or states and promote positive experiences or states as specified by particular Animal Welfare Aims assigned to each Provision. Aspects of the four welfare principles from the European Welfare Quality assessment system (WQ®) and elements of all domains of the Five Domains Model for animal welfare assessment have been incorporated into the new Five Provisions/Welfare Aims paradigm. Thus, the paradigm is easily understood and provides clear guidance on beneficial objectives for animal welfare management. It is anticipated that the paradigm will have application to many species found in a wide range of circumstances.
Report on the first meeting of the International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Gastric Cancer.

Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide (1). Although hereditary gastric cancer is estimated to account for 5%–10% of all gastric adenocarcinomas (2,3), the paucity of consistent clinical criteria available to identify families with the disease has hindered the description of its genetic heterogeneity, prevalence, natural history, and clinical expression. Moreover, the existence of two distinct histopathologic subtypes, intestinal and diffuse, adds to the complexity of definitions. The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Gastric Cancer (ICG-HGC) was founded in April 1999 in Seoul, South Korea, during the 3rd International Gastric Cancer Congress. The ICG-HGC was established to define the clinical criteria for hereditary gastric cancer, to develop strategies for the management of affected families, and to promote international collaborative studies. The inaugural meeting of the ICG-HGC was held in Seoul on August 22, 1999, with 110 participants from six countries. Coincident with the organization of the ICG-HCG, the International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium (IGCLC) hosted its first workshop in Cambridge, U.K., in June 1999. The consensus statements agreed on for hereditary gastric cancer during the IGCLC workshop have been recently published as an “overview and guidelines for management” (4). Because the aims of these two independent groups were concordant, they have merged under the IGCLC designation. Here we describe the criteria proposed by ICG-HGC for the ascertainment of hereditary gastric cancer families and summarize the recommendations for the clinical management of these families. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF HEREDITARY GASTRIC CANCER
Welfare migration? Free movement of EU citizens and access to social benefits

This article analyzes the political impact of the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) case law concerning the free movement of EU citizens and their cross-border access to social benefits. Public debates about ‘welfare migration’ or ‘social tourism’ often fluctuate between populist hysteria and outright denial, but they obscure the real political and legal issues at stake: that ECJ jurisprudence incrementally broadens EU citizens’ opportunities to claim social benefits abroad while narrowing member states’ scope to regulate and restrict access to national welfare systems. We argue that legal uncertainty challenges national administrations in terms of workload and rule-of-law standards, while domestic legislative reforms increasingly shift the burden of legal uncertainty to EU migrants by raising evidentiary requirements and threatening economically inactive EU citizens with expulsion. We illustrate this argument first with a brief overview of the EU’s legal framework, highlighting the ambiguity of core concepts from the Court’s case law, and then with empirical evidence from the UK, Germany and Austria, analyzing similar domestic responses to the ECJ’s jurisprudence. We conclude that EU citizenship law, while promising to build the union from below on the basis of equal legal entitlements, may, in fact, risk rousing further nationalism and decrease solidarity across the union.
Chromosome structure at interfaces between major chromatin types: Alpha‐ and Beta‐heterochromatin

The chromocenter of Drosophila polytene chromosomes, which consists of two major chromatin types, has long been a troublesome region in molecular terms. The recent microcloning of part of this region, the isolation of a monoclonal antibody to a beta‐heterochromatin binding protein, and new in situ studies now shed a little more light on this chromosomal region.
The Psychology and Management of Pain

The theory and treatment of pain have undergone major changes since 1950. Significant has been the gate control theory of pain, first described in 1965. This theory symbolizes a new epistemology and praxis of pain by redefining pain as a process. The redefinition legitimated new treatment possibilities for pain, making all of a patient's existence fair game for professional management. Social uses of the new psychology of pain are examined, in the context of a critique of the object of medical knowledge and power, the patient as a `person'. In the name of overcoming Cartesian dualism (which today carries a negative value), the new theory and treatment possibilities (which are holistic, therefore `better') promote a greater technical management of human suffering.
The Heidelberg Sports Activity Score - A New Instrument to Evaluate Sports Activity

Objective: An appropriate measuring instrument for assessing if sports activity changes after a surgical treatment is not available yet. We hypothesised that the Heidelberg Sport Activity Score is a valid and adequate instrument for measuring sport activity in patients before and after operative treatment. Design: This retrospective study presents a new score (Heidelberg Sports Activity Score - HAS) for measuring the sport activity in 11 selected sports. Validity, sensitivity and test-retest-reliability have been assessed. Setting: The score includes importance of the sports for patients, impairment of the corresponding joint, and frequency and duration of the sporting activities undertaken. The HAS was validated using 3 criteria: external validation, internal comparison of groups and correlation with the Tegner Score. Patients: A total of 655 patients were recruited for this study. The inclusion criterion was a planned or already received reconstruction (such as a high tibial osteotomy or implantation of a hip or knee prosthesis). The sport activity of these patients was evaluated before and after treatment. Main Outcome Measurement: The mean HAS was 32.1 points preoperatively and 37.0 postoperatively (p=0.017). Results: A high correlation was found between the HAS and the Tegner Score (TS) (r=0.729; p=0.010). The Test-Retest- Reliability was performed within a time interval of 2 weeks and a significant correlation of r=0.752 was found (p<0.01). Sensitivity was analysed using a sample of patients before and after high tibial osteotomy. Conclusions: The HAS is a new, easy to use, effective and valid measuring instrument for the assessment of sports activity in patients before and after operative treatment.
Cameron as Prime Minister: the intra-executive politics of Britain's coalition government

Forming a coalition involves compromise, so a prime minister heading up a coalition government, even one as predominant a party leader as David Cameron, should not be as powerful as a prime minister leading a single-party government. Cameron has still to work with and through ministers from his own party, but has also to work with and through Liberal Democrat ministers; not least the Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg. The relationship between the prime minister and his deputy is unchartered territory for recent academic study of the British prime minister. This article explores how Cameron and Clegg operate within both Whitehall and Westminster: the cabinet arrangements, the prime ministers patronage, advisory resources and more informal mechanisms. Cameron and Clegg both possess institutional and personal resources, but Cameron remains the predominant resource-rich actor, so at this stage in the coalition government we can observe that no formal, substantial change in the role of prime minister has been enacted. Camerons predominance, by leading a coalition, is partially constrained by Clegg, but he too constrains Clegg. This prime minister, then, can be predominant even when he is constrained in significant ways by the imperatives of coalition government. Cameron is presently no more constrained than a prime minister who is faced with a pre-eminent intra-party rival with a significant power base.
Ureteric stents: Investigating flow and encrustation

Blockages of the ureter, e.g. due to calculi (kidney stones), can result in an increase in renal pelvic pressure. This may be relieved by inserting a stent (essentially a permeable hollow tube). However, a number of complications are associated with stent use. Stents can result in reflux (backflow of urine along the ureter), which will promote recurrent urinary infection and possible renal parenchymal damage. Furthermore, long-term stent use is associated with infection and precipitation of salts from the urine, which can lead to a build-up of crystalline deposits on the stent surface, making stent removal difficult and painful. This paper examines factors governing urine flow in a stented ureter, the implications for reflux, and the processes by which the stent surface encrusts, in particular focusing on the influence of bacterial infection. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted, involving a combination of theoretical investigations and novel experiments.
Crime and Justice in the ‘Big Society’

It remains to be seen whether the Prime Minister, David Cameron, and senior ministers in the coalition government continue to deploy ‘Big Society’ talk. Of all the phrases coined for the 2010 Conservative Manifesto, and from time to time resurrected since, no other has been the source of as much passionate advocacy, derision, confusion and critically righteous anger. Even the Conservative press has run cartoons mocking the Big Society.1 But whether or not the phrase survives as a party political slogan, the governmental impetus behind it is unlikely to go away – nor the analysis of what was attempted and whether anything changed. In what follows I consider what the government says the Big Society signifies, what its crime and justice elements are or might be and whether these developments are feasible and defensible.
Academic Visual Identity (AVI): an act of symbolic leadership

Extensive scholarship exists on both symbolic leadership and corporate visual identity (CVI), yet little scholarly attention has been focused on the intersection of these two bodies of knowledge. In the field of education, that intersection is known as academic visual identity (AVI). The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that AVI development, evaluation, management, and change are essential components of effective symbolic leadership, especially as it is practiced in schools, colleges, and universities. This paper provides an overview of the history, theories, and practices of symbolic leadership in both higher education and the corporate sector. It links those theories and practices to mutually relevant concepts and models in the fields of AVI and CVI. This study is designed for administrators, faculty, staff, students, scholars, and marketing and public relations professionals who are concerned with AVI. This paper raises awareness of the cultural, organizational, technical, and leadership challenges involved in effectively developing, evaluating, managing, and changing AVI.
Towards a geography of education

The contribution of the discipline of geography to the field of education is complex since they have both been dependent upon the contributions of other social science disciplines, particularly those in the mainstream of social sciences (economics, sociology and political science). Indeed, the number of researchers who would consider themselves as working within the sub‐discipline of the geography of education is small, but apparently growing. While the paper suggests that to date there has been relatively little debate at the intersection of these two fields of enquiry it goes on to propose that the potential contribution this would have for both fields remains significant. The pivotal contribution of geography to all the social sciences, that of space (and place), has been central to UK education research since the early origins of a national education system and the roles education and curricular developments have played in nation building. The role of space has also featured heavily in analyses of territorial justice and governance at the level of local authorities and further down in scale to spatial analyses of the classroom. But in order to fully appreciate its contribution the paper utilises the related concept of scale to systematically explore the relationship between space and education, in terms of its analytical, theoretical and methodological uses. The paper also considers the recent ‘spatial turn’ in education (and the social sciences more generally) and the equivalent focus on education matters within the field of human geography. In developing this approach it becomes apparent where interdisciplinary research across and between the disciplines of geography and education remains limited and what further contributions from geography would be beneficial to the field of education.
Capturing Data in the Presence of Noise for Artificial Intelligence Systems

In this paper we present the results of a number of experiments testing various methods to rank and sort data in the presence of noise. We model different forms of noise which are intended to simulate output from potentially unreliable sources such as estimated fitness functions, physical sensors, or the results of a study with human subjects. We conclude that while the optimal algorithm in any situation is dependant on the expected noise pattern and the requirements of a specific application, ground truth data can be obtained in most circumstances with a predictable accuracy.
Combining Content-Based and URL-Based Heuristics to Harvest Aligned Bitexts from Multilingual Sites with Bitextor

Combining Content-Based and URL-Based Heuristics to Harvest Aligned Bitexts from Multilingual Sites with Bitextor Nowadays, many websites in the Internet are multilingual and may be considered sources of parallel corpora. In this paper we will describe the free/open-source tool Bitextor, created to harvest aligned bitexts from these multilingual websites, which may be used to train corpus-based machine translation systems. This tool uses the work developed in previous approaches with modifications and improvements in order to obtain a tool as adaptable as possible to make it easier to process any kind of websites and work with any pairs of languages. Content-based and URL-based heuristics and algorithms applied to identify and align the parallel web pages in a website will be described and, finally, some results will be presented to show the functionality of the application and set the future work lines for this project.
Derald Wing Sue: From All of the Places We’ve Been

The personal and professional accomplishments of one of psychology’s most accomplished and prolific scholars are profiled in this article. Dr. Derald Wing Sue is a familiar name to many who traverse the landscape of multicultural counseling and Asian American psychology issues. Yet this article affords the reader a rare glimpse into the mindset of a contemporary figure considered by many to be a cultural icon. In chronicling a career spanning four decades, this article highlights both the challenges and opportunities Dr. Sue has managed in both the personal and professional domains of his life. Also revealed are the complexities of his psychological development as a person of Chinese American descent and how his identity crystallization serves as a conceptual template for his academic instruction, therapeutic practice, and research endeavors. The article also serves as a tribute to Dr. Sue, as voiced from the perspective of students, friends, and colleagues alike.
CBSTM-IoT: Context-based social trust model for the Internet of Things

Recent advancements in the “Internet of Things” allowed “Things” or “nodes” to have virtual identities and exchange data and services. “Things” form distributed systems which lack central control and have flexible topologies. In this context, it is crucial to have a robust, scalable and adaptive trust model for trustworthy node communication between nodes (i.e., Things). In this paper, A Context-based Social Trust model for the Internet of Things (CBSTM-IoT) is presented. CBSTM-IoT integrates numerous factors such as direct and indirect trust; transaction context; owner trust; and social modelling of trust. Performance evaluation results validate that CBSTM-IoT benefits from using both direct observations and indirect recommendations to counter attacks and achieves satisfactory results in isolating malicious nodes in the network.
Mixed Ovarian Epithelial Carcinomas With Clear Cell and Serous Components are Variants of High-grade Serous Carcinoma: An Interobserver Correlative and Immunohistochemical Study of 32 Cases

There are conflicting data about chemoresistance and prognosis in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC). This could be due to significant interobserver variation in the diagnosis of CCC and other ovarian surface epithelial tumors containing clear cells. Thirty-two cases previously diagnosed as CCC, high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma (SC), and mixed surface epithelial carcinoma (SEC) with clear cell and serous components were reviewed by 4 gynecologic pathologists blinded to the original diagnoses. Interobserver reproducibility was evaluated. Each case was also assessed using immunohistochemical markers Wilm tumor 1, estrogen receptor, and p53. The interobserver reproducibility was greatest for pure CCC (κ of 0.82), and lowest for the mixed SEC (κ of 0.32). Moderate agreement was seen in the pure SC category (κ of 0.59). All pure SC and most mixed SEC presented as stage III or IV diseases. Most pure CCC presented as stage I or II diseases. Immunoreactivities of the mixed SECs were similar to those of pure SC, but significantly different from those of pure CCC for Wilm tumor 1 (P=0.0011 for both components), estrogen receptor (P=0.0003 for clear cell component, P=0.0001 for serous component), and p53 (P=0.0062 for both components). The serous and clear cell components of mixed SEC showed higher mitotic rates than pure CCC (P=0.004 and P=0.023, respectively), but the mitotic rate of pure SC was similar to the mixed SEC. We conclude that (1) pure CCC is reproducibly diagnosed. (2) The diagnosis of mixed ovarian SEC with clear cell component is not reproducible. (3) Mixed SEC with clear cell and serous components show similar stage, mitotic activities, and immunoreactivities to those of pure SC, and likely represent SC with clear cell changes.
A New Approach Toward Analyzing Peripheral Nerve Fiber Populations. I. Variance in Sheath Thickness Corresponds to Different Geometric Proportions of the Internodes

The thickness of the myelin sheath is known to increase with axon caliber, but there is also a superimposed, slight variation in sheath thickness depending on whether a fiber of a given caliber has very long or very short internodes. This relationship between myelin sheath thickness and the geometric proportion of the internode has been shown in subserial sections of isolated nerve fibers. It allows a prediction of sheath thickness from the quotient internode length/axon caliber, or conversely, a prediction of internode foreshortening from sheath thickness. We applied this new approach to the analysis of sciatic fiber populations of frogs, mice, rats and cats. The geometric proportions of these fibers were defined by the quotient internode length/fiber caliber. This quotient was compared with minor variation in sheath thickness as determined with a computer-assisted technique measuring large numbers of fibers in low-power electron micrographs. The method also calculated fiber shrinkage and recalculated all data for circular fiber profiles. The data obtained confirmed previous electron microscopic measurements showing that there is a slight reduction in sheath thickness when a fiber of a given caliber has relatively short internodes, and vice versa. A population of very thin, thinly myelinated fibers was also revealed. Sheath thickness and the geometric proportions of internodes in frogs differed markedly from those in mammals.