Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apical root resorption caused by orthodontic forces: A brief review and a long-term observation

External apical root resorption (ARR) is a common iatrogenic consequence of orthodontic treatment. One of the aims of this article is to present a brief overview of the literature, including; diagnosis and etiology, with emphasis on orthodontic forces to facilitate an understand of the prevention or management of ARR in orthodontic patients. We also present a long-term follow-up observation of severe ARR, including the last obtained cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) records, to demonstrate the effect of orthodontic forces on ARR.
A Study of Market Efficiency from Option Prices Evidence from the National Stock Exchange of India

This paper investigates the market efficiency of S&P CNX Nifty equity index options for at-the-money non-overlapping monthly implied volatilities. Under the rational expectation hypothesis, call and put implied volatilities are calculated using Black and Scholes option pricing-model for the period June, 2001 to May, 2011. The ordinary least squares estimation clearly shows that implied volatility is the best estimate of future realized volatility. An empirical result on Granger causality shows that there is only unidirectional causality prevails in the Indian options market. Granger causality test (Sims and Geweke) indicates that call and put implied volatility causes the realized volatility but realized volatility cannot cause implied volatility. Granger causality test also confirms that for Indian options market historical volatility does not subsume useful information what already contained in the option price (i.e. implied volatility). The study concludes that volatility estimates based on the option’s price are the best estimate for the future volatility and useful in the pricing of derivatives and portfolio-risk-management.
Public sector trade unionism in the UK

This article explores the potential contribution of Habermas’s social theory to debates on union decline and renewal in the UK public sector. It employs data relating to 2004—5 research on the National Union of Teachers (NUT) to suggest that two of Habermas’s concepts are particularly valuable when considering strategies to increase membership activity. The concept of ‘communicative action’ is useful for highlighting the importance of spaces for collective discussion among members, while the concept of ‘colonization’ allows an appreciation of the ways in which these ‘communicative spaces’ are being increasingly eroded in the course of public sector restructuring. In this context, NUT strategies for renewing membership activity involve opening up alternative communicative spaces for members in schools, the union, and online.
Strategic marketing planning for national tourism

The objective of this article is to present a model of tourism strategic planning in relation to product positioning, image creation and demand management. However, tourism is a complex product created as the composite of a number of key inputs. The final product has to be planned taking into consideration the peculiar characteristics of a number of divers tourism services. Finally, both public and private organisations are involved in providing the services which are required to market and sustain tourism demand.
Autoimmune thyroid disease: arterial spin-labeling perfusion MR imaging.

PURPOSE To assess thyroid perfusion in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases compared with that in healthy control subjects by using an arterial spin-labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance (MR) technique and to assess whether thyroid perfusion is associated with endocrine laboratory abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the local institutional review board. All participants gave written informed consent. Perfusion imaging of the thyroid gland was performed in 10 patients with Graves disease (GD) and 10 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). Ten healthy individuals served as control subjects. Perfusion imaging was performed with a 1.5-T MR unit by using a flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery-true fast imaging with steady-state precession technique. Perfusion maps of the entire thyroid gland were calculated on the basis of extended Bloch equations. Analysis of variance with a post hoc test (Tukey honestly significant difference) was performed to assess differences in perfusion between groups. Associations between perfusion and laboratory parameters were analyzed with univariate regression analysis. RESULTS Mean thyroid perfusion was 1596 mL/min/100 g +/- 436 (standard deviation) in patients with GD, 825 mL/min/100 g +/- 264 in patients with HT, and 491 mL/min/100 g +/- 89 in healthy control subjects. Perfusion was significantly higher in patients with GD (P < .0001) and those with HT (P < .05) than in control subjects. A significant difference in thyroid perfusion was detected between the two autoimmune entities (P < .0001). In patients with GD, significant associations were found between perfusion and serum concentrations of free thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (P < .05 for all). CONCLUSION Quantitative ASL perfusion imaging of the thyroid gland revealed significant perfusion differences in the autoimmune thyroid diseases GD and HT. Absolute quantification of thyroid perfusion may be useful in the clinical assessment of autoimmune thyroid disorders and when monitoring therapeutic treatment in GD.
Time to coronary angiography in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: how fast should patients go to the catheterization laboratory?

Purpose of review This review describes available data on the optimal timing of an early invasive strategy in patients with high-risk non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, along with challenges with type of studies. We also discuss the implication of timing in the overall management of the non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients. Recent findings The issue of timing of the coronary angiography has been addressed mainly with observational analyses. The only, small, randomized clinical trial, the Intracoronary Stenting With Antithrombotic Regimen Cooling-Off, indicated a superiority of an expedited approach compared with a much deferred angiography. A recent observational analysis adopting special statistical methodologies confirmed the finding of the Intracoronary Stenting With Antithrombotic Regimen Cooling-Off trial in patients undergoing an early invasive strategy in the first 48 h of presentation. Summary Current evidence is not sufficient to recommend the use of a routine expedite invasive strategy but suggests that it may be a viable approach.
Reduced-Order Modeling Technique for Weakly Non-Linear Time-Varying Circuits with Memory

A technique for modeling weakly non-linear time-varying circuits with memory, such as signal modulators or mixers, is presented. The simulation of this kind of circuits can be very expensive in computational resources and simulation time, because of the complexity of the circuit and the very different time-scales involved in the circuit operation. From the circuit description, a low-pass equivalent reduced model is proposed, providing accurate simulation results with significant reduction on simulation time. The model captures the memory and the input-output weakly non-linear behavior of the circuit and is able to work both in time and frequency domain.
Price-Volume Relationship: Some Evidence from the Indian Stock Market

A contemporaneous relation between price and volume has been established by the present study which proves contrary to the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The methodology adopted for the study is that of Granger-Causality Test which investigates the dynamic relationship between price and volume between two time series. The study tests whether the knowledge of the behaviour of past volume improves conditional price forecasts over price forecast based on past price alone. The information could be considered to be either simultaneous or sequential. The result of the study supports the sequential information arrival hypothesis which states that knowledge of the behaviour of past volume improves the price forecasts. Of the twenty shares studied, 17 shares support the leading and lagging relation between price and volume.
Unemployment in the Gulf: Time to Update the“Social Contract”

© 2010, The Author Journal Compilation © 2010, Middle East Policy Council The growing level of national unemployment in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries remains one of the region’s key domestic policy challenges. This is clear, even if one does not share the hyperbolic depiction of it as an “impending time bomb” that could culminate in “armed insurrection. ” In order to provide adequate (and productive) employment opportunities for all nationals, not only is a major overhaul of educational systems required; there also needs to be a renewed focus on policies designed to facilitate economic diversification that generates the sorts of jobs nationals consider appropriate. Moreover, the region’s ruling elites need to modify and then recommunicate their respective social contracts (“ruling bargains”). These, in many senses, lie at the heart of the issue. For it is the way in which oil wealth has been historically distributed that has led to a situation in which nationals choose to remain unemployed until they obtain a government job. It is the primary transmission mechanism of the social contract — the provision of well-remunerated publicsector jobs — that, albeit unwittingly, has caused GCC labor markets to become so highly segmented. The concomitant laissez faire approach to the private-sector labor market has further exacerbated distortions. From the 1960s onward, an influx of expatriate workers, while pivotal to the impressive and rapid transformation of the region’s infrastructure, accepted wages at levels far below those being offered to nationals in the public sector. There is, it seems now, a growing realization within the region that public-sector bureaucracies have reached the saturation point. They can no longer act as employer of first and last resort. It is therefore likely that, in the coming period, both perceptions of entitlement and the manner in which hydrocarbon wealth is distributed will need to be reconsidered, regardless of the predicted rebound in oil prices (see Chart 1). For Bahrain, Oman and Saudi Arabia, where per capita oil revenues are much lower, the imperative to address this issue is considerably greater (see Table 1). Nevertheless, many citizens, especially those who operate local businesses, have a vested interest in the status quo. Unemployment in the GUlf: time to Update the “Social contract”
Learning from markets

Public sector managers hear the slogan ‘do it like the private sector’ a lot, but the private sector actually functions in complex and differentiated ways. To get around uncertainty people use markets in ways that do not fit the stereotype. Public sector managers may learn from the way in which markets actually operate, but should ignore the slogans.
Reduction of conducted EMC using busbar stray elements

Busbar structures must first achieve the principal function of a low inductive, multiport interconnection. Therefore, large sheets, very close to each other are used. An interesting issue is to use the inherent capacitive effects of busbars for achieving an integrated EMI filter function. However, this may not cause any inductance degradation. Busbar topology including the ground potential brings some EMC filtering capability. A multilayer topology is proposed to both increase the capacitances of interest and decrease the stray inductance. This has been validated using simulations and experimental results. Finally, multipurpose busbars (Electrical link, Mechanical support, thermal dissipator, EMC filter) may be one of the future key points of Power Electronics integration.
Equilibrium Unemployment Theory - 2nd Edition

An equilibrium theory of unemployment assumes that firms and workers maximize their payoffs under rational expectations and that wages are determined to exploit the private gains from trade. This book focuses on the modeling of the transitions in and out of unemployment, given the stochastic processes that break up jobs and lead to the formation of new jobs, and on the implications of this approach for macroeconomic equilibrium and for the efficiency of the labor market. This approach to labor market equilibrium and unemployment has been successful in explaining the determinants of the "natural" rate of unemployment and new data on job and worker flows, in modeling the labor market in equilibrium business cycle and growth models, and in analyzing welfare policy. The second edition contains two new chapters, one on endogenous job destruction and one on search on the job and job-to-job quitting. The rest of the book has been extensively rewritten and, in several cases, simplified.
Exophiala sp. LHL08 reprograms Cucumis sativus to higher growth under abiotic stresses.

Endophytic fungi are potential sources of secondary metabolites; however, they are little known for phytohormones secretion and amelioration of plant growth under abiotic stresses. We isolated a novel endophyte from the roots of Cucumis sativus and identified it as a strain of Exophiala sp. by sequencing internal transcribed spacer/large subunit rDNA and phylogenetic analysis. Prior to identification, culture filtrate (CF) of Exophiala sp. has shown significant growth promotion of Waito-C [a gibberellins (GAs)-deficient mutant cultivar] and Dongjin-byeo (normal GAs biosynthesis cultivar) rice seedlings. CF analysis of Exophiala sp. showed the presence of physiologically active GAs (GA₁, GA₃, GA₄ and GA₇) and inactive GAs (GA₅, GA₈, GA₉, GA₁₂ and GA₂₀). Exophiala sp. had higher GAs in its CF than wild-type strain of Gibberella fujikuroi except GA₃. Influence of Exophiala sp. was assessed on cucumber plant's growth and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and bioactive GAs under salinity and drought stresses. Exophiala sp. -treated plants have shown significantly higher growth and rescued the host plants from stress promulgated water deficit, osmotic and cellular damage. The altered levels of stress-responsive ABA showed low level of stress confined to endophyte-applied plants than control. Elevated levels of SA and bioactive GAs (GA₃ and GA₄) in endophyte-associated plants suggest stress-modulating response toward salinity and drought. In conclusion, symbiotic relations between Exophiala and cucumber have reprogrammed the host plant growth under abiotic stresses, thus indicating a possible threshold role of endophytic fungi in stress alleviation. This study could be extended for improving agricultural productivity under extreme environmental conditions.
Ascorbate Offsets the Inhibitory Effect of Inositol Phosphates on Iron Uptake and Transport by Caco-2 Cells

Abstract Differentiated monolayer cultures of Caco-2 human intestinal cells were used as a model to examine interactions between various dietary factors related to the intestinal uptake and absorption of nonheme Fe. Caco-2 cells accumulated 91–98 pmol Fe/mg protein from uptake buffer containing 12 nmol of Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetate during a 1-hr incubation at 37°C. Addition of a 10-fold molar excess of inositol hexa-phosphate (IP6) and its lesser phosphorylated derivatives (IP3, IP4, and IP5) decreased cellular uptake and transport of Fe from the lumenal compartment. Addition of ascorbic acid (AA) to the solution containing IPs stimulated Fe uptake and transport in a manner dependent upon the ratio of AA to IP and inversely proportional to the degree of phosphorylation of inositol (i.e., IP3 > IP4 > IP5 > IP6). A mixture of essential amino acids had minimal impact on Fe uptake in either the absence or presence of IPs. Cellular acquisition of Fe from solutions containing IPs was further enhanced by simultaneous addition of essential amino acids and AA. The stimulatory influence of ascorbic acid on Fe uptake from solutions containing IP6 was associated with an increase in the level of ferrous ion. These data further support the usefulness of Caco-2 cells as a model for investigating the effects of various dietary factors on mineral bioavailability.
Societal Transformation and Programmatic Change in the CDU

This article places the changing policy profile of the CDU into the context of the gradual transformation of German society since the 1970s and especially since unification in 1990. It argues that in order to understand key areas where the CDU has reformed its programme, we must first understand the broader, meta-level trends in society. In its main section, the article sketches out the long-term changes that have occurred in three principal areas (demographics, labour market outcomes and the economic status and the role of women), and relates these to debates that have taken place in the CDU's programmatic profile. The article therefore concludes that consideration of the societal context complements agency-based explanations for programmatic change.
More Baskets? Renewable Energy and Energy Security

Energy security increasingly becomes an issue in the face of rising worldwide energy demand and dwindling resources. Threats to energy security are seen in political instabilities of resource exporting countries, decreasing reserves, geostrategic and geopolitical factors and the structure of the relevant energy markets in terms of market power, monopolies, cartels and trusts. The European Commission has issued two Green Papers on a strategy for the security of energy supply, supporting competitive international energy market (European Commission, 2000 and 2008). The large infrastructure and gas pipeline development project Nabucco through Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Austria that has recently been launched is motivated by the assumed increase in energy security.
Multiprotein bridging factor-1 (MBF-1) is a cofactor for nuclear receptors that regulate lipid metabolism.

Multiprotein bridging factor (MBF-1) is a cofactor that was first described for its capacity to modulate the activity of fushi tarazu factor 1, a nuclear receptor originally implicated in Drosophila development. Recently, it has been shown that human MBF-1 stimulates the transcriptional activity of steroidogenic factor 1, a human homolog of fushi tarazu factor 1, which is implicated in steroidogenesis. Here we show that this cofactor enhances the transcriptional activity of several nonsteroid nuclear receptors that are implicated in lipid metabolism, i.e. the liver receptor homolog 1, the liver X receptor alpha, and PPARgamma. MBF-1 interacts with distinct domains in these receptors, depending on whether the receptor binds DNA as a monomer or as a heterodimer with RXR. MBF-1 does not possess any of the classical histone modifying activities such as histone acetyl- or methyl transferase activities, linked to chromatin remodeling, but interacts in vitro with the transcription factor IID complex. MBF-1 seems therefore to act as a bridging factor enabling interactions of nuclear receptors with the transcription machinery.
High Pay and Low Morale — Can High Pay, Excellent Benefits, Job Security, and Low Job Satisfaction Coexist in a Public Agency?

This article focuses on the unexpected relationship between high pay and low job satisfaction in one public sector agency. The results of an Employee Opinion Survey of agency employees are examined in light of the agency's position as a community pay leader. The author concludes that high pay will not alleviate problems of low employee job satisfaction. The use of career anchors is suggested as a means to increase employee job satisfaction and to maintain acceptable turnover levels even in the absence of high pay.
Structural, Biochemical, and Phylogenetic Analyses Suggest That Indole-3-Acetic Acid Methyltransferase Is an Evolutionarily Ancient Member of the SABATH Family1[W][OA]

The plant SABATH protein family encompasses a group of related small-molecule methyltransferases (MTs) that catalyze the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methylation of natural chemicals encompassing widely divergent structures. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) methyltransferase (IAMT) is a member of the SABATH family that modulates IAA homeostasis in plant tissues through methylation of IAA's free carboxyl group. The crystal structure of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) IAMT (AtIAMT1) was determined and refined to 2.75 Å resolution. The overall tertiary and quaternary structures closely resemble the two-domain bilobed monomer and the dimeric arrangement, respectively, previously observed for the related salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase from Clarkia breweri (CbSAMT). To further our understanding of the biological function and evolution of SABATHs, especially of IAMT, we analyzed the SABATH gene family in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome. Forty-one OsSABATH genes were identified. Expression analysis showed that more than one-half of the OsSABATH genes were transcribed in one or multiple organs. The OsSABATH gene most similar to AtIAMT1 is OsSABATH4. Escherichia coli-expressed OsSABATH4 protein displayed the highest level of catalytic activity toward IAA and was therefore named OsIAMT1. OsIAMT1 exhibited kinetic properties similar to AtIAMT1 and poplar IAMT (PtIAMT1). Structural modeling of OsIAMT1 and PtIAMT1 using the experimentally determined structure of AtIAMT1 reported here as a template revealed conserved structural features of IAMTs within the active-site cavity that are divergent from functionally distinct members of the SABATH family, such as CbSAMT. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that IAMTs from Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar (Populus spp.) form a monophyletic group. Thus, structural, biochemical, and phylogenetic evidence supports the hypothesis that IAMT is an evolutionarily ancient member of the SABATH family likely to play a critical role in IAA homeostasis across a wide range of plants.
The Slow Pace of Reform Clouds the Libyan Succession

Over the last decade, Libya has undergone a remarkable international transformation, re-establishing commercial and diplomatic relations with the world�s leading powers. Domestically, Libya has also attempted to move in new directions; unfortunately, internal reforms have not been as speedy or as far-reaching as Libya�s international make-over. Several factors have contributed to the sporadic and incomplete reforms implemented to date. However, the most significant one remains the gulf that exists between the myths, ideas and beliefs of the One September Revolution and the social, economic and political realities they profess to explain. Conservative and progressive forces in Libya continue to struggle over the direction and pace of internal reform, a fight whose outcome will likely influence, if not determine, the eventual successor to Muammar al-Qaddafi.