Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using a Probabilistic Translation Model for Cross-Language Information Retrieval

Abst rac t There is an increasing need for document search mechanisms capable of matching a natural language query with documents written in a different language. Recently, we conducted several experiments aimed at comparing various methods of incorporating a cross-linguistic capability to existing information retrieval (IR) systems. Our results indicate that translating queries with off-theshelf machine translation systems can result in relatively good performance. But the results also indicate that other methods can perfonn even better. More specifically, we tested a probabilistic translation model of the kind proposed by Brown & al. [2]. The parameters of that system had been estimated automatically on a different, unrelated, corpus of parallel texts. After we augmented it with a small bilingual dictionary, this probabilistic translation model outperformed machine translation systems on our cross-language IR task.
Detection of the Opening of the Bundle Crossing in KcsA with Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy Reveals the Existence of Two Gates for Ion Conduction

The closed KcsA channel structure revealed a crossing of the cytosolic ends of the transmembrane helices blocking the permeation pathway. It is generally agreed that during channel opening this helical bundle crossing has to widen in order to enable access to the inner cavity. Here, we address the question of whether the opening of the inner gate is sufficient for ion conduction, or if a second gate, located elsewhere, may interrupt the ion flow. We used fluorescence lifetime measurements on KcsA channels labeled with tetramethylrhodamine at residues in the C-terminal end of TM2 to report on the opening of the lower pore region. We found two populations of channels with different fluorescence lifetimes, whose relative distribution agrees with the open probability of the channel. The absolute fraction of channels found with an open bundle crossing is too high to explain the low open probability of the KcsA-WT channel. We found the same distribution as in the WT channel between open and closed bundle crossing for two KcsA mutants, A73E and E71A, which significantly increase open probability at low pH. These two results strongly suggest that a second gate in the ion permeation pathway exists. The location of the mutations A73E and E71A suggests that the second gate may be the selectivity filter, which resides in an inactivated state under steady-state conditions. Since the long closed times observed in KcsA-WT are not present in KcsA-A73E or -E71A, we propose that KcsA-WT remains predominantly in a state with an open bundle crossing but closed (inactivated) second gate, while the mutations A73E and E71A sharply decrease the tendency to enter in the inactivated state, and as a consequence, the second gate is predominantly open at steady state. The ability to monitor the opening of the bundle crossing optically enables the direct recording of the movement of the pore helices while the channel is functioning.
Relationships among Retrospective Perceptions of Parents and Current Perceptions of Partner to Psychological Distress of Middle-Age Adults

This study was designed as a constructive replication of Wintre and Gates’ (2006) research which investigated the relationships between recalled parents’ parenting styles and perceptions of reciprocity with their parents in adolescence, as well as current perceptions of spousal/partner reciprocity to their current psychological distress as middle-age adults. The operational definition of parenting styles for this research study is based on Baumrind’s theory of childhood parenting styles, and the construct of parentchild reciprocity is derived from Youniss’ theory of late adolescents’ perceived reciprocity. The present study was based on the data individually collected from 100 adults 40-58 years of age living in a small southwestern city. The same measures from the Wintre and Gates (2006) study were used to assess the variables of this study, and a questionnaire developed by the researcher obtained additional background information from the participants. The results of the present study were highly similar to the findings of the previous study; given the smaller size sample, even when a relationship was not statistically significant, the directionality of the relationships remained the same. The
Outcome of Kidney Transplantations Performed With Preformed Donor‐Specific Antibodies of Unknown Etiology

The detection of preformed donor‐specific alloantibodies (DSA) with multiplex‐bead arrays has led to the common observation that individuals without a history of pregnancy, transfusion or transplantation can have circulating anti‐HLA antibodies of unknown etiology. We retrospectively analyzed the risk of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) and graft outcome in 41 kidney transplant recipients with DSA of unknown etiology (DSA cause‐unk) at the time of transplantation. Twenty‐one patients received a posttransplantation desensitization protocol, and 20 received standard immunosuppressive therapy. The mean number of DSA was 1.4 ± 0.8, ranging from 1 to 5. Complement‐dependent cytotoxicity crossmatches were negative for all the patients. Flow cytometry crossmatches were positive in 47.6% of cases. The incidence of acute AMR was 14.6% at 1 year, regardless of the immunosuppressive regimen. No patients experienced graft loss following AMR. At month 12, across the entire population of patients with DSA cause‐unk, the outcomes were favorable: the measured glomerular filtration rate was 63.8 ± 16.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, the screening biopsies showed low frequencies of microvascular inflammation and no transplant glomerulopathy, and graft and patient survival were 100%. In conclusion, patients with DSA cause‐unk are able to mount AMR but have favorable 1‐year outcomes.
Plodders, pragmatists, visionaries and opportunists: career patterns and employability

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore individual approaches to career and employability through the career stories of a group of mid‐level to senior managers in career transition. Career patterns are identified and then compared with traditional, boundaryless and protean models of career. The study aims to consider the extent to which individuals in this group had adopted behaviours supportive of future employability as opposed to behaviours more in line with traditional careers.Design/methodology/approach – The research adopted an interpretive and qualitative approach. In‐depth interviews were conducted with people currently going through a career transition program. The interviews were recorded and then transcribed, coded and analysed using NVivo, a qualitative research software tool.Findings – Career patterns appeared to be shifting away from traditional careers and more towards protean and boundaryless models. There was evidence of increased responsibility for career self‐management and of.
Conifer Stored Resources and Resistance to a Fungus Associated with the Spruce Bark Beetle Ips typographus

Bark beetles and associated fungi are among the greatest natural threats to conifers worldwide. Conifers have potent defenses, but resistance to beetles and fungal pathogens may be reduced if tree stored resources are consumed by fungi rather than used for tree defense. Here, we assessed the relationship between tree stored resources and resistance to Ceratocystis polonica, a phytopathogenic fungus vectored by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. We measured phloem and sapwood nitrogen, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and lipids before and after trees were attacked by I. typographus (vectoring C. polonica) or artificially inoculated with C. polonica alone. Tree resistance was assessed by measuring phloem lesions and the proportion of necrotic phloem around the tree's circumference following attack or inoculation. While initial resource concentrations were unrelated to tree resistance to C. polonica, over time, phloem NSC and sapwood lipids declined in the trees inoculated with C. polonica. Greater resource declines correlated with less resistant trees (trees with larger lesions or more necrotic phloem), suggesting that resource depletion may be caused by fungal consumption rather than tree resistance. Ips typographus may then benefit indirectly from reduced tree defenses caused by fungal resource uptake. Our research on tree stored resources represents a novel way of understanding bark beetle-fungal-conifer interactions.
Calcium-activated potassium channels in ischemia reperfusion: a brief update

Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury constitutes one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The discovery of new therapies to block/mediate the effects of IR is therefore an important goal in the biomedical sciences. Dysfunction associated with IR involves modification of calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa) through different mechanisms, which are still under study. Respectively, the KCa family, major contributors to plasma membrane calcium influx in cells and essential players in the regulation of the vascular tone are interesting candidates. This family is divided into two groups including the large conductance (BKCa) and the small/intermediate conductance (SKCa/IKCa) K+ channels. In the heart and brain, these channels have been described to offer protection against IR injury. BKCa and SKCa channels deserve special attention since new data demonstrate that these channels are also expressed in mitochondria. More studies are however needed to fully determine their potential use as therapeutic targets.
Exemplar-based speech enhancement and its application to noise-robust automatic speech recognition

In this work an exemplar-based technique for speech enhancement of noisy speech is proposed. The technique works by finding a sparse representation of the noisy speech in a dictionary containing both speech and noise exemplars, and uses the activated dictionary atoms to create a time-varying filter to enhance the noisy speech. The speech enhancement algorithm is evaluated using measured signal to noise ratio (SNR) improvements as well as by using automatic speech recognition. Experiments on the PASCAL CHiME challenge corpus, which contains speech corrupted by both reverberation and authentic living room noise at varying SNRs ranging from 9 to -6 dB, confirm the validity of the proposed technique. Examples of enhanced signals are available at http://www.cs. tut.fi/ ˜tuomasv/. Index Terms: speech enhancement, exemplar-based, noise robustness, sparse representations
Conjunctivitis and subclinical infection in smallpox

SUMMARY Attempts were made to demonstrate variola virus in the conjunctival exudate of 84 smallpox patients who developed conjunctivitis in the acute stage of the illness or during convalescence. Variola virus was isolated from 60 but not from the remaining 24. Of the 64 from whom virus was isolated the conjunctivitis developed from the onset up to the 15th day of illness. From conjunctivitis developing later virus was not recovered. In some patients who developed conjunctivitis early in the disease we failed to recover virus from the conjunctival exudate. Of 55 close family contacts who stayed in hospital with smallpox patients four developed smallpox. In 21, conjunctivitis but no other illness developed. From 12 of these, variola virus was recovered from the conjunctival exudate and four of these 12, who were further investigated, showed after the appearance of conjunctivitis antibody titres similar to those seen in typical smallpox cases. From nine of the contacts who developed conjunctivitis virus was not recovered. One of these had antibody titres in serum collected before the onset of conjunctivitis which indicated recent smallpox infection. In another there was a marked antibody rise during her hospital stay although examination of conjunctival exudate on three separate occasions failed to yield variola virus. Twenty-six family contacts who developed no illness in hospital had antibody determinations made on sera collected soon after admission to hospital. In eight of these antibody titres were such as to indicate recent smallpox infection although there were no signs, in the form of scarring, or history of recent smallpox infection. These findings have been discussed in relation to the occurrence of minimal and subclinical infection in close family contacts of smallpox patients. This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant AI–1632–16 VR from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by the World Health Organization and by the Marcus T. Reynolds III Fund.
Coexisting/Coexpressing Genomic Libraries (CoGeL) identify interactions among distantly located genetic loci for developing complex microbial phenotypes

In engineering novel microbial strains for biotechnological applications, beyond a priori identifiable pathways to be engineered, it is becoming increasingly important to develop complex, ill-defined cellular phenotypes. One approach is to screen genomic or metagenomic libraries to identify genes imparting desirable phenotypes, such as tolerance to stressors or novel catabolic programs. Such libraries are limited by their inability to identify interactions among distant genetic loci. To solve this problem, we constructed plasmid- and fosmid-based Escherichia coli Coexisting/Coexpressing Genomic Libraries (CoGeLs). As a proof of principle, four sets of two genes of the l-lysine biosynthesis pathway distantly located on the E. coli chromosome were knocked out. Upon transformation of these auxotrophs with CoGeLs, cells growing without supplementation were found to harbor library inserts containing the knocked-out genes demonstrating the interaction between the two libraries. CoGeLs were also screened to identify genetic loci that work synergistically to create the considerably more complex acid-tolerance phenotype. CoGeL screening identified combination of genes known to enhance acid tolerance (gadBC operon and adiC), but also identified the novel combination of arcZ and recA that greatly enhanced acid tolerance by 9000-fold. arcZ is a small RNA that we show increases pH tolerance alone and together with recA.
Mast Cells Recruited to Mesenteric Lymph Nodes during Helminth Infection Remain Hypogranular and Produce IL-4 and IL-6

Mast cells (MC) and basophils share expression of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) but can be distinguished by their divergent expression of KIT and CD49b. In BALB/c mice, MC lineage cells expressing high levels of FcεRI by flow cytometry were seen only in bone marrow whereas those expressing intermediate levels of FcεRI were present in bone marrow and spleen of naive mice and in mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) of Trichinella spiralis–infected mice. These FcεRI+KIT+CD49b− cells had a membrane phenotype similar to i.p. connective tissue-type MC, but were smaller and hypogranular by flow cytometry forward and side scatter profiles, respectively. Consistent with this, they lacked the prominent secretory granules identified by histochemistry and immunodetection for the MC-specific granule proteases that are readily seen in mature jejunal mucosal MC that also are induced by the infection and present at the same time. The concentration of these MC lineage cells in mLN determined by flow cytometry was comparable to that of MC progenitors (MCp) measured by limiting dilution and clonal expansion with maturation. We observed upregulation of IL-4 transcription by MCp in mLN and spleens of helminth-infected 4get mice, and we demonstrated by intracellular cytokine staining production of IL-4 and IL-6 by the mLN MCp in helminth-infected mice. Furthermore, treatment of helminth-infected mice with anti-FcεRI mAb, a protocol known to deplete basophils, also depleted mLN MCp. Thus, this study identifies a hypogranular subset of MCp recruited to mLN by helminth infection that may be an important unrecognized source of cytokines.
HIERARCHICAL TEXT CATEGORIZATION USING CODING MATRICES

We discuss the task of ontology population as a machine learning problem with a large hierarchy of classes. Since many machine learning methods are designed primarily for two-class problems, it is desirable to transform the multiclass classification problem into several two-class problems. Coding matrices are a unifying formalism for describing such transformations. We present an approach for constructing coding matrices in a greedy way, with a focus on achieving good performance with a tractable number of two-class classification models.
Do T3 Levels in Incubating Eiders Reflect the Cost of Incubation among Clutch Sizes?

Complete development of avian eggs requires external heat, inducing in most species an energetic cost of incubation for the parents. Triiodothyronine (T3) has been implicated in the control of the metabolic rate and is decreased during fasting in most bird species. This raises the question of the regulation of T3 during reproduction when incubation (thus heat production) is associated with fasting (and energy sparing). In this study, plasma concentrations of T3 were studied for different clutch sizes in incubating, as well as in nonincubating, fasting female eiders. Our results show that the T3 levels decrease during fasting in nonincubating birds, whereas they were maintained during the incubation fast. T3 levels increased in female eiders at hatching. The plasma T3 level did not vary among natural clutch sizes in eiders but did so when manipulated. T3 levels increased when eggs were added (to a maximum of six eggs, i.e., the biggest natural clutch size) or removed (to two eggs, i.e., the smallest natural clutch size). Our results suggest that (1) high T3 levels during incubation may participate to a threshold of heat production and incubation metabolic rate in eiders despite the fact that they are fasting; (2) since T3 is associated with the energy expenditure in birds, incubating an enlarged or reduced clutch size may lead to a higher energetic cost of incubation in eiders; and (3) the energy demand of the ducklings at hatching is probably important, as the female T3 concentrations are then at their highest levels. Thus, any modification of the natural clutch size leads to a rise in the T3 level of the incubating female, suggesting an additional cost of incubation. Knowing that there is no variation of T3 levels among natural clutch sizes, this study suggests that a female eider produces a number of eggs corresponding to the energy she can invest in incubation.
Linguistic creativity and mental representation with reference to intercategorial

In this thesis, the phenomenon of intercategorial polysemy is approached from two related but previously unconnected perspectives, namely that of linguistic creativity and mental representation. It is argued that the creativity that is part and parcel of the linguistic abilities of each and every human being, has been neglected in the study of linguistics, and should, in fact, form the basis of studies such as these in cognitive lexical creativity. It is argued that structural productivity (the generative view of linguistic creativity) and conceptual creativity lie on a continuum, the middle ground of which is covered by phenomena which are both productive and creative and which have both a formal and a semantic aspect to them. One such a phenomenon is intercategorial polysemy. Explaining the way in which speakers of a language such as English can systematically and productively produce and interpret words that belong to more than one syntactic category (for example, hammerN – hammerV, tableN – tableV, skyN – skyV), which may range from the conventionalised to the completely innovative, has long been a problem for linguists. Traditional morphological accounts involving theoretical notions such as zero derivation have always been found to be inadequate, mostly because zero derivation does not account for the variation in meaning and the background knowledge that is needed to produce and interpret novel instances. The main problem addressed in this thesis then is the question as to the nature of the lexical knowledge of speakers and its mental representation, so that it can form the basis for the cognitive processes that will enable language users to be linguistically creative. Various theoretical models that have been proposed to account for intercategorial polysemy, namely the representationalderivational model, the network-activation model, as well as the theory of conceptual integration (also called blending), are presented and evaluated in the light of a representative sample of completely novel instances of intercategorial polysemy. Key terms: creativity, linguistic creativity, mental representation, polysemy, intercategorial polysemy, conversion, multifunctionality, zero derivation, activation, network activation, mental space, conceptual integration, blending LINGUISTIC CREATIVITY AND MENTAL REPRESENTATION WITH REFERENCE TO INTERCATEGORIAL POLYSEMY
Construction and validation of an Emotional Stroop Task to assess attention bias in women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder

O vies de atencao para estimulos percebidos como ameacadores pode estar envolvido na causa ou manutencao de transtornos de ansiedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi construir e testar uma tarefa de Stroop Emocional para avaliar a existencia de um vies para palavras ameacadoras em mulheres com Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG). Participaram 22 mulheres, sendo 12 diagnosticadas com TAG e 10 controles emparelhados. Palavras ansiogenicas e palavras-controle foram selecionadas do banco de palavras ANEW, a lista final foi selecionada por 6 psicoterapeutas experientes. Os participantes demonstraram vies de atencao para palavras ansiogenicas, sem haver diferenca entre os dois grupos. A tarefa de Stroop desenvolvida foi suficientemente sensivel para detectar o vies de atencao para estimulos percebidos como ameacadores e pode ser util para avaliar intervencoes clinicas no futuro.
Multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study of selected variables affecting rehabilitation outcome

Problem: The diversity of physical and cognitive impairments seen in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), make it difficult to identify the factors that influence neurorehabilitation outcome. Improvements in a motor disability scale must be considered in the context of the patient's physical and cognitive starting points, if the process of neurorehabilitation is to be properly understood. Method: Data was collected from 38 patients (mean age 41 years, 16 men and 22 women) with clinically definite MS (of whom all but one were in the progressive phase of the disease), who were consecutively admitted to a neurorehabilitation unit. Patients' physical disability was assessed on the motor scale of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) on admission and discharge. Cognitive and neurological assessments were completed on admission. The cognitive battery comprised the WAIS-R, NART, RMT, CVLT CMT, GNT, GDA, and VOSP (some in short form). Emotional measures were the STAI, STAXI and BDI. Results: The mean improvement on the FIM was 6 points. A multiple regression analysis was performed to determine which cognitive and neurological variables related to reduced disability after neurorehabilitation. To take account of each patient's starting point, the model included their FIM admission score. This variable, together with vocabulary skills and cerebellar function accounted for 57% of the variance in the patients' improvements. These results suggest that verbal intelligence and cerebellar function are influential in determining rehabilitation outcome. Although these findings will be unsurprising to clinicians, this is the first quantitative demonstration of these effects.