Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An automated method for registration and perfusion analysis of pulmonary CT data for evaluating response to radiotherapy in patient with non-small cell lung cancer

Perfusion computed tomography (CT) has been widely used to assess the response of lung cancer treatment. However, the respiratory motion has become the major obstacle to the pixel-based time-series analyses. To minimize the effect of respiratory motion and investigate the feasibility of perfusion CT for prediction of tumor response and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer, an image registration framework is proposed by unifying a virtual 3D local rigid alignment and 3D global non-rigid alignment. The basic idea is to use the perfusion CT data and routine whole-lung CT data, respectively. To realize this idea, maximum intensity projection (MIP) of the time series perfusion CT images is first generated, followed by decomposing the MIP image into region of interest (ROI), which is located on a lung nodule. For the ROI, affine transformation model based on mutual information is performed to estimate the virtual three dimensional linear deformations. Following that, the 3D thin plate spline (TPS) is carried out to establish the pixel correspondence between the paired volumetric CT data. The control points for the TPS are global feature points chosen from the boundary of whole lung, which are automatically derived by using the iterative closest point (ICP) matching Algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively on real lung perfusion CT datasets. From the time-intensity curves and perfusion parameters, the experiment results suggest that the findings on perfusion CT images obtained after treatment may be considered as a significant predictor of lung cancer.
Euler potential models of Jupiter's magnetospheric field

We present a new model of the Jovian magnetospheric field which couples the internal field spherical harmonic coefficients from the Goddard Space Flight Center O6 model with an Euler potential formulation of the external field. The effects of the hinging and the delay of the Jovian current sheet and the sweep-back of the field lines resulting from the subcorotation of plasma in the magnetosphere are incorporated self-consistently into the Euler potential equations. Because Jovian magnetosphere undergoes substantial temporal changes in its configuration, it was found necessary to obtain different fit parameters for each of the outbound passes of Pioneer 10, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2. A detailed comparison of the model with the observations obtained in the nightside Jovian magnetosphere reveals that the Euler potential approach can be used successfully to represent the field of external origin in the Jovian magnetosphere. The proposed models are applicable to the inner magnetosphere at all local times and to the middle and the outer magnetosphere on the nightside. The models should provide reliable magnetic field predicts along the trajectory of Galileo in all 11 of the initially planned orbits. We also discuss further extensions of the model which would extend their applicability to all local times and radial distances.
A mixed effects changepoint quantile regression model for longitudinal data with application on COVID-19 data

Introduction Longitudinal individual response profiles could exhibit a mixture of two or more phases of increase or decrease in trend throughout the follow-up period, with one or more unknown transition points (changepoints). The detection and estimation of these changepoints is crucial. Most of the proposed statistical methods for detecting and estimating changepoints in literature rely on distributional assumptions that may not hold. In this case, a good alternative is to use a robust approach; the quantile regression model. There are methods in the literature to deal with quantile regression models with a changepoint. These methods ignore the within-subject dependence of longitudinal data. Methods We propose a mixed effects quantile regression model with changepoints to account for dependence structure in the longitudinal data. Fixed effects parameters, in addition to the location of the changepoint, are estimated using the profile estimation method. The stochastic approximation EM algorithm is proposed to estimate the fixed effects parameters exploiting the link between an asymmetric Laplace distribution and the quantile regression. In addition, the location of the changepoint is estimated using the usual optimization methods. Results and discussion A simulation study shows that the proposed estimation and inferential procedures perform reasonably well in finite samples. The practical use of the proposed model is illustrated using COVID-19 data. The data focus on the effect of global economic and health factors on the monthly death rate due to COVID-19 from 1 April 2020 to 30th April 2021. the results show a positive effect on the monthly number of patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units (ICUs) for both 0.5th and 0.8th quantiles of new monthly deaths per million. The stringency index, hospital beds, and diabetes prevalence have no significant effect on both 0.5th and 0.8th quantiles of new monthly deaths per million.
A SECTION APPROACH TO A TRAFFIC FLOW MODEL ON NETWORKS

The development of real time traffic flow models for urban road networks is of paramount importance for the purposes of optimizing and control of traffic flow. Motivated by the modeling of road networks in last decade, this paper proposes a different and simplified approach, known as section approach to model road networks in the framework of macroscopic traffic flow models. For evaluation of the traffic states on a single road, an anisotropic continuum GK-model developed by [Gupta and Katiyar, J. Phys. A 38, 4069 (2005)] is used as a single-section model. This model is applied to a two-section single lane road with points of entry and exits. In place of modeling the effect of off- and on-ramps in the continuity equation, a set of special boundary condition is taken into account to treat the points of entry and exit. A four-section road network comprised of two one-lane roads is also modeled using this methodology. The performances of the section approaches are investigated and obtained results are demonstrated over simulated data for different boundary conditions.
The nodal cubic surfaces and the surfaces from which they are derived by projection

The cubic surfaces have been classified according to the character of their singularities by Schlafli and by Cayley, who find that there are 21 types in addition to ruled surfaces. In their treatment of the matter each case is considered separately by algebraical methods, and there is a marked lack of any simple unifying principle, which it is the object of this paper to supply. A means whereby this can be done is suggested by the theorem that every surface is the projection of a non-singular surface in higher space. The considerations employed in the proof of this result are somewhat abstruse, and the purely geometrical significance is obscure, so that the more detailed examination of particular cases is of genuine interest. Accordingly, the subject of this paper is the generation of the various nodal cubic surfaces by the projection of non-singular surfaces, specifically the non-ruled surfaces of order n in space of n dimensions (denoted throughout by F n ); it will be shown that these arise by the projection of the same surface, F9.
Lithium abundances of very low mass members of Chamaeleon I

Aims. We present the first study of the lithium abundances of very low mass objects in Chamaeleon I close to the hydrogen burning mass limit based on atmospheric models and high-resolution spectroscopic observations. The studied objects, Cha Hα 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8, are very young brown dwarf candidates and very low mass stars on the verge of lithium depletion. Methods. For this analysis, we have computed a new “GAIA-cond” class model grid over effective temperatures from 2600 K to 3100 K, surface gravities from log(g) = 3.5 to 5.5, and lithium abundances from log � = 0. 0t o 3.7, for two different line profile setups introduced in previous work. Calculated synthetic spectra are compared with high-resolution UVES / VLT echelle spectra of the objects. Results. We find good descriptions of the lithium resonance doublet lines at 6708 A and of the surrounding pseudo-continuum and determine a consistent set of lithium abundances (log(� ) = 1.55). However, the derived lithium abundances are lower than the meteoritic one (log(� ) = 3.31) and that of higher mass stars in Cha I (log(� ) = 3.1/3.4 for LTE–/non-LTE–calculations). By modeling the TiO-line, we demonstrate that veiling does not make the lithium lines appear weaker. We can also rule out that the results are spoiled by the presence of spots. Conclusions. A possible explanation for these results would be that the objects are either more massive, or much older, than previously thought, so that the lithium depletion has already started. Although the uncertainties of the masses and ages are large, they are not large enough as to explain the observed lithium depletion. Therefore, the most likely explanation is either a lack of understanding of the details of the formation of the lithium line, or a lack of understanding of the internal structure of the very young low-mass objects.
Grid adaptive interpolation filters

A general framework for image interpolation in a uniformly spaced image grid is presented. The proposed formulation is suitable for representing fractional (or sub-pixel) pixels as well as integer pixel interpolations. Also, by fitting an interpolation kernel to the grid formulation, finite impulse response filter coefficients can be readily determined for a given sampling interval and filter length. As an example, a four-tap lowpass filter is derived by fitting the Lagrange interpolation kernel to a row (or column) expansion by 2 on integer pixel locations.
Performance Analysis of a Thermoelectric Cooler Placed between Two Thermoelectric Generators for Different Heat Transfer Conditions

The thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules have several appealing features, including fixed parts, high reliability, low maintenance costs, and seamless connection with other heating equip - ment, accompaniment, can be powered by a variety of low-energy renewable energy sources such as solar water/ air collectors, ground heat exchangers or heat from biomass. The thermoelectric assembly was integrated into the TEC using the TEG in this study. A prototype was developed in which recently developed thermoelectric modules were integrated into a thermoelectric cooler. For this purpose, a TEC sandwiched between two TEGs with differ - ent heat transfer conditions was established, to simulate the heat transfer and thermoelectric behavior of both the TEG and the TEC system, and evaluate the effect of the combined TEG-TEC on the performance parameters of the good system by comparing different cooling modes ranging from natural convection, forced convection, and water-cooling tests. It was shown that to the natural convection of heat transfer, as the TEC voltage increases, the hot surface temperature of the upper TEG increases, and the cold surface temperature of the lower TEG decreases, where the lowest TEC temperature reaches 1.36 A. When using forced convection (by using a fan), the temperature profile decreases over time, starting at around 70 ℃ for 7V, and after almost 60 minutes, the temperature drops to around 45 ℃ for 3V. This turned out to be a match between experiment and theory in all traces shown, with a voltage difference of 25 mV for 3V TEC and ending at 70 mV for 8V TEC.
Mental Health Disorders in Ultra Endurance Athletes per ICD-11 Classifications: A Review of an Overlooked Community in Sports Psychiatry

Introduction: Although research suggests that exercise benefits mental health, psychiatric disorders have been acknowledged in the ultra-endurance-athlete population. At present, the mental-health consequences of high-volume training associated with ultra-endurance sports are not well understood. Methods: We conducted a narrative review summarizing primary observations about mental disorders per ICD-11 criteria in ultra-endurance athletes using a keyword search in Scopus and PubMed. Results: We identified 25 papers discussing ICD-11-classified psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia in ultra-endurance athletes. Discussion: Although evidence is limited, available papers indicate that there is a sizable incidence of mental-health issues and composite psychopathological vulnerabilities in this community. We contend that ultra-endurance athletes may represent a different, though similar, demographic than elite and/or professional athletes, as they often engage in high-volume training with similarly high motivation. This can have regulatory implications, which we also highlight. Conclusion: Mental illness in ultra-endurance athletes is an underrepresented topic in sports medicine, though psychiatric disorders may be especially prevalent in this population. Further inquiry is necessary to inform athletes and healthcare practitioners about the possible mental-health implications associated with participation in ultra-endurance sports.
Is the middle Cambrian Brooksella a hexactinellid sponge, trace fossil or pseudofossil?

First described as a medusoid jellyfish, the “star-shaped” Brooksella from the Conasauga shale Lagerstätten, Southeastern USA, was variously reconsidered as algae, feeding traces, gas bubbles, and most recently hexactinellid sponges. In this work, we present new morphological, chemical, and structural data to evaluate its hexactinellid affinities, as well as whether it could be a trace fossil or pseudofossil. External and cross-sectional surfaces, thin sections, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and micro-CT imaging, revealed no evidence that Brooksella is a hexactinellid sponge or a trace fossil. Although internally Brooksella contains abundant voids and variously orientated tubes consistent with multiple burrowing or bioeroding organisms, these structures have no relation to Brooksella’s external lobe-like morphology. Furthermore, Brooksella has no pattern of growth comparable to the linear growth of early Paleozoic hexactinellids; rather, its growth is similar to syndepositional concretions. Lastly, Brooksella, except for its lobes and occasional central depression, is no different in microstructure to the silica concretions of the Conasauga Formation, strongly indicating it is a morphologically unusual endmember of the silica concretions of the formation. These findings highlight the need for thorough and accurate descriptions in Cambrian paleontology; wherein care must be taken to examine the full range of biotic and abiotic hypotheses for these compelling and unique fossils.
An Effective Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Assisted Security Protocol for Cloud-Based Digital Twin Environment

Recently, the Digital Twin (DT) technology has procured a lot of attention because of its applicability in the manufacturing and space industries. The DT environment involves the formation of a clone of the tangible object to perform simulations in the virtual space. The combination of conceptual development, predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and simulation characteristics of DT has increased the utilization of DT in different scenarios, such as medical environments, healthcare, manufacturing industries, aerospace, etc. However, these utilizations have also brought serious security pitfalls in DT deployment. Towards this, several authentication protocols with different security and privacy features for DT environments have been proposed. In this article, we first review a recently proposed two-factor authentication protocol for DT environments that utilizes the blockchain technology. However, the analyzed scheme is unable to offer the desirable security and cannot withstand various security attacks like offline password-guessing attack, smart card stolen attack, anonymity property, and known session-specific temporary information attack. We also demonstrate that an attacker can impersonate the analyzed protocol’s legal user, owner, and cloud server. To mitigate these security loopholes, we devise an effective three-factor privacy-preserving authentication scheme for DT environments. The proposed work is demonstrated to be secure by performing the informal security analysis, the formal security analysis using the widely recognized Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, and the Real-or-Random (ROR) model. A detailed comparative study on existing competing schemes including the analyzed scheme demonstrates that the devised framework furnishes better security features while also having lower computation costs and comparable communication costs than the existing schemes.
Feasibility of [18F]FSPG PET for Early Response Assessment to Combined Blockade of EGFR and Glutamine Metabolism in Wild-Type KRAS Colorectal Cancer

Early response assessment is critical for personalizing cancer therapy. Emerging therapeutic regimens with encouraging results in the wild-type (WT) KRAS colorectal cancer (CRC) setting include inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and glutaminolysis. Towards predicting clinical outcome, this preclinical study evaluated non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) with (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG) in treatment-sensitive and treatment-resistant WT KRAS CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Tumor-bearing mice were imaged with [18F]FSPG PET before and one week following the initiation of treatment with either EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy, glutaminase inhibitor therapy, or the combination. Imaging was correlated with tumor volume and histology. In PDX that responded to therapy, [18F]FSPG PET was significantly decreased from baseline at 1-week post-therapy, prior to changes in tumor volume. In contrast, [18F]FSPG PET was not decreased in non-responding PDX. These data suggest that [18F]FSPG PET may serve as an early metric of response to EGFR and glutaminase inhibition in the WT KRAS CRC setting.
Moment-based oscillation properties of mixture models

Consider finite mixture models of the form g(x;Q) = ∫ f f(x;θ) dQ(θ), where f is a parametric density and Q is a discrete probability measure. An important and difficult statistical problem concerns the determination of the number of support points (usually known as components) of Q from a sample of observations from g. For an important class of exponential family models we have the following result: if P has more than p components and Q is an appropriately chosen p-component approximation of P, then g(x;P) - g(x;Q) demonstrates a prescribed sign change behavior, as does the corresponding difference in the distribution functions. These strong structural properties have implications for diagnostic plots for the number of components in a finite mixture.
Water on the outside of carbon nanotube bundles

Molecular-dynamics simulations of water on the outer surface of a bundle of carbon nanotubes are reported. We observed a first-order phase transition from a low-density regime in which the water molecules are confined in the grooves between tubes and a high-density one, characterized by adsorption of water on all the surface exposed. Both phases could be experimentally detected by the differences in the locations of the main peaks of their infrared spectra.
Interpolation using cosine transforms generalized to Lie groups

Interpolation methods are often used in many applications for image generation and processing, such as image compression and resampling. This paper introduces a new family of interpolation algorithms to dimensions n greater-than or equal to 1. Each version of the method is based on a compact semisimple Lie groups of rank n, although here we explore mainly the cases n=2. The approach can be viewed as a generalization of discrete and continuous cosine transform.
Stochastic modeling of groundwater flow by unconditional and conditional probabilities: 1. Conditional simulation and the direct problem

Mathematical modeling of groundwater flow in heterogeneous porous formations of large extent is investigated. The formation properties (hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity) as well as flow variables (head, specific discharge, solute concentration) are regarded as random variables subjected to uncertainty. The main aim of the study is to analyze the influence of conditional probability of input variables upon the statistical structure of the dependent variables. The unconditional probability density functions are supposed to be stationary multivariate normal, while conditioning accounts for the measured values at a few points of the formation. Two problems of groundwater flow are discussed in part 1: conditional simulation and the direct problem for steady flow. Analytical results are obtained by using perturbation approximations. Average uniform head gradient flows as well as recharge and flow to wells are discussed. In unconditional modeling the input variable (the conductivity or transmissivity log) is regarded as stationary and is represented by its constant mean and variogram. The ensemble of formations on which statistical calculations are carried out represents all aquifers with same probability density distributions. In conditional modeling the measured values at a few points are kept fixed and uncertainty prevails only at other points. Consequently, statistical computations are performed for the subensemble of aquifers which preserve the measured values, and as a result, both input and output variables are nonstationary. The main effect of conditioning is to reduce the variance, i.e., the uncertainty, of these variables. This effect is particularly important in the case of flow toward wells. Application of the modeling method to field problems is outlined.
Blue polymer electrophosphorescent devices with different electron-transporting oxadiazoles

We report that the performances of blue polymer electrophosphorescent devices are crucially depending on the choice of the electron transporting material incorporated into the emissive layer. Devices with 1,3-bis[(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxidiazolyl]phenylene (OXD-7) doped at ∼40wt% into a poly(vinylcarbazole) matrix exhibited significantly higher efficiencies than those with 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD), yielding maximum luminous and power efficiency values of 18.2 Cd∕A and 8.8 lm∕W, respectively. Time resolved photoluminescence measurements revealed a long lifetime phosphorescence component in layers with PBD, which we assign to significant triplet harvesting by this electron-transporting component.
Chromospherically active stars. VIII, HD 155638 = V792 Herculis : observational constraints on evolutionary theory

V792 Her is an eclipsing RS CVn binary with an orbital period of 27.54 days whose components have spectral types of K0 III and F2 IV. New spectroscopic observations combined with existing photometry have resulted in masses of 1.47 + or - 0.003 solar mass and 1.41 + or - 0.003 solar mass for the K giant and F star, respectively. Additional fundamental parameters are derived. Standard evolutionary models were specifically computed by VandenBerg (1990) for the two stars. The best fit occurs if the components are somewhat metal poor with Fe/H/ = - 0.46. Ages of about 2.3 x 10 to the 9th yr derived for the two components differ by less than 3 percent. Thus, standard evolutionary models with no convective overshoot are able to fit the observed parameters of stars as massive as 1.45 solar mass. However, a definitive comparison is not yet possible since the metal abundance of the stars is unknown and metal-poor convective-overshoot tracks in this mass range are needed. 35 refs.