Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Models of pedestrian crossing behavior at signalized intersections

The traditional approach to reduce accidents at intersections has been to install traffic control devices. However, it has not been established that installation of such devices as signals, signs, or pavement markings, substantially improves pedestrian safety. On the contrary, empirical investigations have indicated that these devices tend to create a false sense of security. The major criteria used in installing these devices are vehicular volumes, pedestrian volumes, and engineering judgment. The compliance with these devices is, however, dependent on the pedestrian behavior. It is therefore necessary to study the crossing behavior, not only to realize the full benefits of signalization, but also to develop and evaluate new strategies to deal with the pedestrians. This report focuses on the crossing behavior of pedestrians at traffic signalised intersections. Since a non-compliant pedestrian attempting to cross on a "don't walk "phase looks for gaps in the traffic stream, the gap-acceptance theory is used to model the crossing maneuver. An inconsistent behavior model is assumed wherein the critical gap is treated as a random quantity varying both within and across individuals. Four possible crossing modes are identified, but only two could be studied because of sample size restrictions. Group interactions are incorporated in the models, as the behavior of individual pedestrians within the group may not be independent. Also, the pedestrians within the group may not be independent. Moreover, the pedestrian push-button choice behavior is integrated with the gap-acceptance models, as these two behaviors are correlated. Models are developed in the framework of random utility maximization theory using a multinomial probit approach. A data collection methodology was developed using a stratified sampling approach, with land use as the exogenous variable. The procedure was applied to selected intersections from the city of Austin, Texas. On-site surveys were conducted to obtain information on the behavior using a video recording technique. The calibration package used applies the Monte Carlo simulation technique to compute the choice probabilities, and obtains maximum likelihood estimates for the model parameters.
Tutorial: migration imaging conditions

Migration of seismic data is the process that attempts to build an image of the Earth’s interior from recorded field data, by repositioning these data into their ‘true’ geological position in the subsurface, using various numerical approximations of either a wave-theoretical or ray-theoretical description of the propagation of sound waves in the subsurface. This migration can be described as being performed in a number of stages, both for ray and wave-extrapolation based methods. The final stage of the migration process is that which forms the image, via what is known as an imaging condition. In this tutorial, I will outline the various methods involved in forming imaging conditions, primarily for the case of wave-extrapolation methods, and describe some of the techniques used to build gathers of pre-stack-migrated data for use in post-migration velocity analysis.
Anatomy and formation of oblique continental collision: South Falkland basin

The South Falkland basin is a partially filled Cenozoic foreland basin located south of the Falkland Plateau. It was formed by flexure of this southern edge of the South American plate when the load represented by Burdwood Bank collided. This continental fragment belongs to the predominantly oceanic Scotia plate. Flexure probably started in early Cenozoic times and has continued to the present day. The whole region is submarine and so the detailed stratigraphy and structure of the basin has been well imaged by seismic reflection profiling. The clarity of this imagery has made analysis of structures within the collision zone possible. The plate boundary itself is an active oblique thrust fault which has controlled the growth of a frontal fold. There is evidence for older phases of thrusting and folding further south. Within and beneath the sediments which blanket the flexed South American plate, normal faulting occurs on a variety of scales. Episodes of stratigraphic growth associated with the largest of these faults demonstrates that they were active during flexural bending. We have modeled the development of the South Falkland basin using two different approaches, both of which are based upon the simplest elastic model. Inverse modeling of free‐air gravity and bathymetric profiles suggest that the elastic thickness of the loaded crust is 5–20 km. A complementary approach based upon the spectral analysis of free‐air gravity and bathymetry shows that the elastic thickness is 15 ± 5 km. Both techniques indicate that the flexed continental lithosphere is weak, a conclusion supported by the presence of normal faults within the flexed plate. A small increase in elastic thickness from west to east appears consistent with a change in the density and penetration of normal faulting.
Fluvial seismic geomorphology: a view from the surface

Abstract Three-dimensional seismic data enable geoscientists to image the stratigraphic record along selected stratal or time slices. These slices provide detailed images of the planform geometry of ancient depositional systems and environments. In this presentation we attempt to provide a partial answer to the question: what kind of information do nonmarine channel and valley patterns and parameters convey regarding sediment load, channel stability, structural or climatic history of the area, and palaeochannel and reservoir architecture? Geomorphologists have long recognized four basic channel patterns: straight, meandering, braided and anastomosing. They have also developed a classification based on aerial pattern and sediment load. This relationship seems straightforward; however the patterns form a continuum with a great deal of complexity related to degree and character of sinuosity, braiding and anabranching. For example an equal- width sinuous pattern suggests moderate to high lateral stability, and low bed load to suspended load deposits. A wide bend sinuous pattern suggests low to moderate lateral stability, and higher bed load to suspended load deposits. Because of convergence and divergence, interpretation of controls on palaeochannel patterns is difficult. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the various controls on modem river morphology and dynamics can produce useful information regarding palaeo-systems. For example, river type (straight, braided, meandering and anastomosing) depends upon upstream controls such as geologic history (glaciated v. non-glaciated systems), tectonics (relief), lithology (sediment type) and climate (hydrology and vegetation), and downstream controls such as base-level (up and down) and length (avulsion). In addition, factors such as bedrock, active tectonics, floods and vegetation cause considerable pattern variability. Only by taking into account the effect of these controls and by using all available data can there be more predictive and interpretive explanations of seismic data.
Comparative in situ X-ray diffraction study of San Carlos olivine: Influence of water on the 410 km seismic velocity jump in Earth’s mantle

Abstract A comparative study of the equation of states of hydrous (0.4 wt% H2O) and anhydrous San Carlos olivine (<30 ppm H2O) was conducted using synchrotron X-rays up to 11 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) at ambient temperature. Both samples were loaded in the same high-pressure chamber of the DAC to eliminate the possible pressure difference in different experiments. The obtained compression data were fitted to the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, yielding a bulk modulus K0 = 123(3) GPa for hydrous olivine and K0 = 130(4) GPa for anhydrous olivine as K0′ is fixed at 4.6. Therefore, 0.4 wt% H2O in olivine results in a 5% reduction in bulk modulus. Previous studies reported bulk modulus reduction by water in olivine’s high-pressure polymorph (wadsleyite), to which the transformation from olivine gives rise to the seismic discontinuity at 410 km depth. The new data results in a reduction in the magnitude of the discontinuity by 50% in vP and 30% in vS (for 1:5 water partitioning between olivine and wadsleyite) with respect to anhydrous mantle. Previous knowledge of the influence of water on this phase transition has been in opposition to a large amount of water [e.g., 200 ppm by Wood (1995)] existing at 410 km depth. Calculation of the seismic velocities based on newly available elasticity data of the hydrous phases indicates that the presence of water is favorable for the mineral composition model (pyrolite) and seismic observations in terms of the magnitude of the 410 km discontinuity.
Automatic 2D Scintillation Camera and Computed Tomography Whole-body Image Registration to perform Dosimetry Calculation.

In this paper we present a software tool that has been developed to allow automatic registrations of 2D Scintillation Camera (SC) and Computed Tomography (CT) images. This tool, used with a dosimetric software with Integrated Activity or Residence Time as input data, allows the user to assess physicians about effects of radiodiagnostic or radioterapeutic practices. Images are registered locally and globally, maximizing Mutual Information coefficient between regions been registered. In the regional case whole-body images are segmented into five regions: head, thorax, pelvis, left and right legs. Each region has its own registration parameters, which are optimized through Powell-Brent minimization method that maximizes Mutual Information coefficient. This software tool allows the user to draw ROIs, input isotope characteristics and finally calculate Integrated Activity or Residence Time in one or many specific organ. These last values can be introduced in many dosimetric softwares to finally obtain Absorbed Dose values.
Partitioning and Transport of Total and Methyl Mercury in the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin

To investigate transport and partitioning processes of HgT in the Fox River, we coupled detailed time series data of total mercury (HgT) at the river mouth with transect sampling in the Lower Fox River. Unfiltered HgT concentrations in the Fox River during the study period (April 1994−October 1995) ranged from 1.8 to 182 ng L-1 with a median of 24.8 ng L-1, predominantly (93.6%) in the particulate phase. These levels were significantly elevated compared with other large tributaries to Lake Michigan (Hurley, J. P.; Shafer, M. M.; Cowell, S. E.; Overdier, J. T.; Hughes, P. E.; Armstrong, D. E. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 2093−2098). Transect sampling revealed progressively increasing water column HgT concentrations and HgT particulate enrichment downstream, which were consistent with trends in sediment HgT levels in the river. Resuspended sediments are likely the predominant source of Hg from the Fox River into Green Bay. Despite elevated HgT concentrations, methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations were re.
Left Ventricular Torsion Shear Angle Volume Approach for Noninvasive Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction in Preserved Ejection Fraction

Background Accurate noninvasive diagnostic tools for evaluating left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) are limited in preserved LV ejection fraction. We previously proposed the relationship of normalized rate of change in LV torsion shear angle (φ′) to corresponding rate of change in LV volume (V′) during early diastole (represented as −dφ′/dV′) as a measure of LV diastolic function. We prospectively evaluated diagnostic accuracy of −dφ′/dV′ in respect to invasive LV parameters. Methods and Results Participants (n=36, age 61±7 years) with LV ejection fraction ≥50% and no acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angiography for chest pain and/or dyspnea evaluation were studied. High‐fidelity invasive LV pressure measurements and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with tissue tagging were performed. τ, the time constant of LV diastolic relaxation, was 58±10 milliseconds (mean±SD), and LV end‐diastolic pressure was 14.5±5.5 mm Hg. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging‐derived −dφ′/dV′ was 5.6±3.7. The value of −dφ′/dV′ correlated with both τ and LV end‐diastolic pressure (r=0.39 and 0.36, respectively, P<0.05). LVDD was defined as τ>48 milliseconds and LV end‐diastolic pressure >12 mm Hg (LVDD1), or, alternatively, τ>48 milliseconds and LV end‐diastolic pressure >16 mm Hg (LVDD2). Area under the curve (AUC) of −dφ′/dV′ for identifying LVDD1 was 0.83 (0.67‐0.98, P=0.001), with sensitivity/specificity of 72%/100% for −dφ′/dV′ ≥6.2. AUC of −dφ′/dV′ for identifying LVDD_2 was 0.82 (0.64‐1.00, P=0.006), with sensitivity/specificity of 76%/85% for −dφ′/dV′ ≥6.9. There were good limits of agreement between pre‐ and post‐nitroglycerin −dφ′/dV′. Conclusions The −dφ′/dV′ obtained from the LV torsion volume loop is a promising parameter for assessing global LVDD with preserved LV ejection fraction and requires further evaluation.
Semiannual losses of nitrogen as NO and N2O from unburned and burned chaparral

Nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements were made at unburned and burned sites within a semiarid chaparral ecosystem located in southern California. Some sites were burned during the dry season (July); others at the start of the wet season (December). This report primarily describes measurements of gas fluxes and soil parameters at unburned sites and sites burned in December. Burning greatly increased the concentrations of ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−) and potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soil. Nitrate concentrations at sites burned in December were much higher than those at sites burned in July, indicating active nitrification and decreased water stress. Irrigation usually produced immediate but short-lived increases in NO flux; however, these increases were more moderate than those observed in July. Diurnal studies performed at irrigated and nonirrigated burned sites both in July and December indicated a high correlation of NO flux with temperature (r2 > 0.81) at most sites, provided that the soil moisture was greater than 30%. Results of diurnal studies were used to normalize daily fluxes and to calculate semiannual losses of nitrogen from both burned and unburned sites. Over a six-month period, 0.3 g N m−2 was lost as NO from burned chaparral, representing 75% of the exchangeable nitrogen lost over the same period and 3.9% of the potentially mineralizable nitrogen present in the soil. From unburned soil, 0.1 g N m−2 was lost as NO, representing 33% of the exchangeable nitrogen and 3.3% of the potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soil. These studies indicate that over a six-month period following a burn, much of the NH4+ produced by the burning of aboveground vegetation is lost to the atmosphere as NO. These emissions may be expected to persist for periods in excess of six months because of the increased mineralizable nitrogen available in soil as a result of the burn. Losses of nitrogen both during and following a burn may impact soil fertility, contribute to both air and water pollution, and yield significant inputs to the global atmospheric budgets of both NO and N2O.
Effects of spatial variability on annual average water balance

Spatial variability of soil and vegetation causes spatial variability of the water balance. For an area in which the water balance is not affected by lateral water flow, the frequency distributions of storm surface runoff, evapotranspiration, and drainage to groundwater are derivable from distributions of soil hydraulic parameters by means of a point water balance model and local application of the vegetal equilibrium hypothesis. Means and variances of the components of the budget can be found by Monte Carlo simulation or by approximate local expansions. For a fixed set of mean soil parameters, soil spatial variability may induce significant changes in the areal mean water balance, particularly if storm surface runoff occurs. Variability of the pore size distribution index and permeability has a much larger effect than that of effective porosity on the means and variances of water balance variables. The importance of the pore size distribution index implies that the microscopic similarity assumption may underestimate the effects of soil spatial variability. In general, the presence of soil variability reduces the sensitivity of water balance to mean properties. For small levels of soil variability, there exists a unique equivalent homogeneous soil type that reproduces the budget components and the mean soil moisture saturation of an inhomogeneous area.
New records of rare water mites from the Netherlands (Acari: Hydrachnidia)

Nieuwe waarnemingen van zeldzame watermijten in Nederland (Acari: Hydrachnidia) De recent gepubliceerde atlas van de Nederlandse watermijten heeft een aantal mensen gestimuleerd meer aandacht aan deze groep van aquatische macrofauna te besteden. In de korte periode sinds deze publicatie zijn vijf nieuwe soorten voor de Nederlandse fauna gevonden: Lebertia sefvei, Atractides gibberipalpis, Atractides tener, Arrenurus tetracyphus en Arrenurus nielseni. Verder zijn er vijf soorten gevonden die al enkele decennia niet meer waren waargenomen. Deze nieuwe waarnemingen zijn slechts voor een deel toe te schrijven aan de vergrote interesse in deze groep. Verscheidene waarnemingen zijn namelijk gedaan in beken die al intensief in de periode 1990-2000, of zelfs nog langer, gemonitord werden. Aangezien de meest interessante waarnemingen afkomstig zijn uit beken, is de voorzichtige conclusie getrokken dat de kwaliteit van beken, in de breedste zin, verbeterd is. De kwaliteit is echter nog lang niet op het oude niveau. Een aantal genera, zoals Aturus, was vroeger zeer talrijk, maar is tegenwoordig nog steeds zeldzaam.
Forest condition in Europe: 2012 technical report of ICP Forests

M. Lorenz (Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products) G. Becher (Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products) V. Mues (Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products) R. Fischer (Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products) R. Becker (OEKODATA) V. Calatayud (Fundación CEAM) N. Dise (The Open University, Milton Keynes) G. H. M. Krause (Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen) M. Sanz (Fundación CEAM) E. Ulrich (Office National des Forêts)
A Structural Proof of the Soundness of Rely/guarantee Rules

Various forms of rely/guarantee conditions have been used to record and reason about interference in ways that provide compositional development methods for concurrent programs. This paper illustrates such a set of rules and proves their soundness. The underlying concurrent language allows fine-grained interleaving and nested concurrency; it is defined by an operational semantics; the proof that the rely/guarantee rules are consistent with that semantics (including termination) is by a structural induction. A key lemma which relates the states which can arise from the extra interference that results from taking a portion of the program out of context makes it possible to do the proofs without having to perform induction over the computation history. This lemma also offers a way to think about expressibility issues around auxiliary variables in rely/guarantee conditions. © 2007 University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Printed and published by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Claremont Tower, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England. Bibliographical details COLEMAN, J. W. , JONES, C. B. A structural proof of the soundness of rely/guarantee rules (revised) [By] J. W. Coleman, C. B. Jones. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Computing Science, 2007. (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Technical Report Series, No. CS-TR-1029)
The Cloud_cci simulator for the ESA Cloud_cci climate data record
and its application to a global and a regional climate model

Abstract. The Cloud&lowbar;cci satellite simulator has been developed to enable comparisons between the Cloud&lowbar;cci Climate Data Record (CDR) and climate models. The Cloud&lowbar;cci simulator is applied here to the EC-Earth Global Climate Model as well as the RACMO Regional Climate Model. We demonstrate the importance of using a satellite simulator that emulates the retrieval process underlying the CDR as opposed to taking the model output directly. The impact of not sampling the model at the local overpass time of the polar-orbiting satellites used to make the dataset was shown to be large, yielding up to 100 % error in Liquid Water Path (LWP) simulations in certain regions. The simulator removes all clouds with optical thickness smaller than 0.2 to emulate the Cloud&lowbar;cci CDR's lack of sensitivity to very thin clouds. This reduces Total Cloud Fraction (TCF) globally by about 10 % for EC-Earth and by a few percent for RACMO over Europe. Globally, compared to the Cloud_cci CDR, EC-Earth is shown to be mostly in agreement on the distribution of clouds and their height, but it generally underestimates the high cloud fraction associated with tropical convection regions, and overestimates the occurrence and height of clouds over the Sahara and the Arabian sub-continent. In RACMO, TCF is higher than retrieved over the northern Atlantic Ocean, but lower than retrieved over the European continent, where in addition the Cloud Top Pressure (CTP) is underestimated. The results shown here demonstrate again that a simulator is needed to make meaningful comparisons between modelled and retrieved cloud properties. It is promising to see that for (nearly) all cloud properties the simulator improves the agreement of the model with the satellite data.
Analysing air-travel choice behaviour in the Greater London area

The analysis of air-passengersÂ’ choices of departure airport in multi-airport regions is a crucial component of transportation planning in many large metropolitan areas, and has been the topic of an increasing number of studies over recent years. In this paper, we advance the state of the art of modelling in this area of research by making use of a Cross-Nested Logit (CNL) structure that allows for the joint representation of inter-alternative correlation along the three choice dimensions of airport, airline and access-mode. The analysis uses data collected in the greater London area, which arguably has the highest levels of inter-airport competition of any multi-airport region; the authors of this paper are not aware of any previous effort to jointly analyse the choice of airport, airline and access-mode in this area. The results of the analysis reveal significant influences on passenger behaviour by access-time, access-cost, flight-frequency and flight-time. A structural comparison of the different models shows that the cross-nested structure offers significant improvements over simple Nested Logit (NL) models, which in turn outperform the Multinomial Logit (MNL) model used as the base model.