Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Equivalence and Containment Problems for Formal Languages

Sufficient but general conditions on a family of formal languages ~ and a language L~ m ~ are given such that ( l) "'= L0" is as hard as "= {0, 1}*" for,~', (2) "_~ Lo" is as hard as "= {0, 1}*" for if', and (3) "= L0" and "C_ Lo" are as hard as "= ~ " lor ~: For many interesting families such as the regular sets and contextfree languages, a sufficient condmon for (1) is that Lo has an unbounded regular subset; a sufficient condinon for (2) is that Lo has an unbounded context-free subset, and a sufficient condition for (3) is that L0 has no unbounded regular subsets Numerous applications of these results to specific families of languages are hsted Many context-free languages are shown to contain unbounded regular subsets
Improved FCLSD algorithm based on LTE/LTE-A system

In order to meet the high data rate, large capacity and low latency in LTE, advanced MIMO technology has been introduced in LTE system, which becomes one of the core technologies in physical layer. In a variety of MIMO detection algorithms, the ZF and MMSE linear detection algorithms are the most simple, but the performance is poor. MLD algorithm can achieve optimal detection performance, but it’s too complexity to be applied in practice. CLSD algorithm has similar detection performance and lower complexity with the MLD algorithm, but the uncertainty of complexity will bring hardware difficulties. FCLSD algorithm can maximize the advantages of CLSD algorithm and solve difficult problems in practice. Based on advanced FCLSD algorithm and combined with LTE / LTE-A practical system applications, this article designed two improved algorithms. The two improved algorithms can be flexibly and adaptively used in various antenna configurations and modulation scene in LTE / LTE-A spatial multiplexing MIMO system. The Simulation results show that the improved algorithm can achieve an approximate performance to the original FCLSD algorithm; in addition, it has a fixed complexity and could be carried out by parallel processing.
New approaches for the control of powered prostheses particularly by high-level amputees.

a Support for the research and clinical application described here came from the Medical Research Council of Canada, University of Alberta Hospital Research Fund, War Amputations of Canada, Medical Services Research Foundation of Alberta, and related private foundations. b Present address : Laboratory of Neural Control, NINCDS, National Institutes of Health, Building 36, Room 5A 29, Bethesda, Maryland 20205. c Present address : Occupational Therapy Department, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, B . C . , Canada New Approaches for the Control of Powered Prostheses Particularly by High-Level Amputees a
Maintaining a Hive-graph between Two Sweep Lines

Given a set of horizontal line segments, the hive-graph is a data structure that supports queries of the form \given a point p belonging to a line segment report the segment above (or below) and visible from p", answering in constant time. It has been introduced in a static setting 1]. In this paper we provide algorithms that maintain a hive-graph of a set of n horizontal line segments between two vertical sweep lines. The sweep lines can independently move right and left (giving rise to insertions and deletions of endpoints). Space and update time are O(n) and O(log n), respectively. We retain the optimal query time of the static solution. What we actually maintain is a simpliied version of the original hive-graph, obtained through a relaxation of its constraint on rectangles abutting.
Structural features of reconstituted wheat wax films

Cuticular waxes are essential for the well-being of all plants, from controlling the transport of water and nutrients across the plant surface to protecting them against external environmental attacks. Despite their significance, our current understanding regarding the structure and function of the wax film is limited. In this work, we have formed representative reconstituted wax film models of controlled thicknesses that facilitated an ex vivo study of plant cuticular wax film properties by neutron reflection (NR). Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) waxes were extracted from two different wheat straw samples, using two distinct extraction methods. Waxes extracted from harvested field-grown wheat straw using supercritical CO2 are compared with waxes extracted from laboratory-grown wheat straw via wax dissolution by chloroform rinsing. Wax films were produced by spin-coating the two extracts onto silicon substrates. Atomic force microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that the two reconstituted wax film models are ultrathin and porous with characteristic nanoscale extrusions on the outer surface, mimicking the structure of epicuticular waxes found upon adaxial wheat leaf surfaces. On the basis of solid–liquid and solid–air NR and ellipsometric measurements, these wax films could be modelled into two representative layers, with the diffuse underlying layer fitted with thicknesses ranging from approximately 65 to 70 Å, whereas the surface extrusion region reached heights exceeding 200 Å. Moisture-controlled NR measurements indicated that water penetrated extensively into the wax films measured under saturated humidity and under water, causing them to hydrate and swell significantly. These studies have thus provided a useful structural basis that underlies the function of the epicuticular waxes in controlling the water transport of crops.
Notes on random optimization problems

These notes are under construction. They constitute a combination of what I have said in the lectures, what I will say in future lectures, and what I will not say due to time constraints. Some sections are very brief, and this is generally because they are not yet written. Some of the “problems and exercises” describe things that I am actually going to write down in detail in the text. This is because I have used the problems & exercises section in this way to take short notes of things I should not forget to mention.
SSDExplorer: A Virtual Platform for Performance/Reliability-Oriented Fine-Grained Design Space Exploration of Solid State Drives

Currently available electronic design automation tools for design space exploration of solid state drives (SSDs) are not able to assess: 1) the device architecture inefficiencies; 2) architecture overdesign for a target performance; and 3) performance degradation caused by the disk usage. These tools feature either an overly high abstraction modeling strategy or lack the required flexibility to perform design exploration. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes SSDExplorer, a tool for fine-grained yet reasonably fast design space exploration of different SSD architectures highlighting possible bottlenecks. To prove its accuracy SSDExplorer has been validated with two real SSDs. SSDExplorer efficiency has been assessed by evaluating the impact of the NAND flash read retry algorithm impact on the SSD performance as a function of its internal architecture.
An Intelligent System for Prolonging Independent Living of Elderly

The number of elderly people is constantly increasing in the developed countries. Elderly tend to lead an isolated life away from their offspring; however, they may fear being unable to obtain help if they are injured or ill. During the last decades, this fear has generated research attempts to find assistive technologies for making living of elderly people at homes easier and independent, as is the aim of this research work. Research study proposes a generalized approach to an intelligent and ubiquitous care system to recognize a few of the most common and important health problems of the elderly, which can be detected by analyzing their movement. In the event that the system was to recognize a health problem, it would automatically notify a physician with an included explanation of the automatic diagnosis. It is two-step approach; in the first step it classifies person's activities into five activities: fall, unconscious fall, walking, standing/sitting, lying down/lying. In the second step, it classifies walking patterns into five different health states; one healthy and four unhealthy: hemiplegia (usually the result of stroke), Parkinson’s disease, leg pain and back pain. Moreover, since elderly having these health problems are less stable and more prone to falls, recognizing them leads not only to detection but indirectly also to prevention of falls of elderly people. In the initial approach movement of the user is captured with the motion capture system, which consists of the tags attached to the body, whose coordinates are acquired by the sensors situated in the apartment. In the current approach wearable inertial sensors are used, allowing monitoring inside or outside of the buildings. Output time-series of coordinates are modeled with the proposed data mining approach to recognize the specific health problem.
On the probabilistic computation of the stopping redundancy of LDPC codes

On the binary erasure channel (BEC), the performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes decoded by iterative algorithms is estimated by the small stopping sets in the codes. The size of smallest stopping set is called the stopping distance. Since it depends on the structure of parity-check matrix for the code, we can construct the parity-check matrix by adding dependent rows so that the stopping distance is equal to the minimum distance. The stopping redundancy is defined as the smallest number of rows in such a parity-check matrix. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic algorithm for computing the stopping redundancy of LDPC codes. Additionally, we show numerical results of computing the stopping redundancy of (155,64), (504,252) and (1008,504) LDPC codes.
Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Prognostic Evaluation of Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a potentially life threatening disease. The spectrum of severity of the illness ranges from mild self-limiting disease to a highly fatal severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Despite intensive research and improved patient care, overall mortality still remains high, reaching up to 30–40% in cases with infected pancreatic necrosis. Although little is known about the exact pathogenesis, it has been widely accepted that premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreatic acinar cell is the trigger that leads to autodigestion of pancreatic tissue which is followed by infiltration and activation of leukocytes. Extensive research has been done over the past few decades regarding their role in diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of severe acute pancreatitis. Although many standalone biochemical markers have been studied for early assessment of severity, C-reactive protein still remains the most frequently used along with Interleukin-6. In this review we have discussed briefly the pathogenesis and the role of different biochemical markers in the diagnosis and severity evaluation in acute pancreatitis.
Dewey Working Paper Alfred P. Sloan School of Management the Economic Long Wave: Theory and Evidence the Economic Long Wave: Theory and Evidence the Economic Long Wave: Theory and Evidence

The economic crisis of the 1980s has revived interest in the economic long wave or Kondratiev cycle. Since 1975 the System Dynamics National Model has been the vehicle for the development of a dynamic, endogenous, integrated theory of the economic long wave. This paper describes the integrated theory that has now emerged from extensive analysis of the full National Model and from simple models. Simulations of the model are presented to show the wide range of empirical evidence accounted for by the model, including many of the symptoms of the present economic crisis. In particular, the theory suggests the long wave arises from the interaction of two fundamental facets of modern industrial economies. First, the existence of physical lags in the economy, information limitations, and bounded rationality in economic decisionmaking creates the potential for oscillatory behavior. For example, the physical lags in capital acquisition coupled with locally rational decision rules governing production and investment create the potential for highly damped fluctuations in capital investment with a period of roughly twenty years. In isolation, these oscillatory structures are stable and do not produce a long wave. However, a wide range of self-reinforcing processes exist which amplify the inherent oscillatory tendencies of the economy, leading to the long wave. A large number of these self-reinforcing processes have been identified. These processes involve many sectors of the economy including capital investment, labor markets and workforce participation, real interest rates, inflation, debt, savings and consumption, and international trade. The paper discusses the relative strengths of these mechanisms and the amplification of the long wave through their interactions. The linkages of the long wave theory to innovation, technological progress, social innovation, and political value change are discussed.
Valuing Open Space and Land Use Chaos in Urban Watersheds: An Hedonic Property Value Analysis

ABSTRACT : This paper presents the methodology and justification for a hedonic property value analysis of 4,000homes within an urban watershed in the northeastern United States. The formal analysis will be of multiple listservice real estate sales data combined with GIS data on land use and socioeconomic characteristics and field dataon water quality and biodiversity. In order to effectively apply the hedonic price technique and to accuratelyrepresent the environmental conditions within the watershed we use spatial techniques and GIS maps of land use.We incorporate into this database data on open space, land use diversity and other environmental variables tocapture spatial variation in environmental quality. Preliminary results suggest that variables describing land use andenvironmental quality are influential in determining human values. INTRODUCTION This paper presents the methodology, justification and preliminary results for a hedonic propertyvalue analysis of 4,000 homes within an urban watershed in the northeastern United States. Theformal analysis will be of multiple list service real estate sales data combined with GIS data onland use and socioeconomic characteristics and field data on water quality and biodiversity.These spatial components of watershed quality are delineated by hydrologic subwatersheds.Eighteen subwatersheds varying on a gradient of population density and water quality will beevaluated. The use of sophisticated spatial variables is relatively new to the hedonics literature.Preliminary results will be presented along with this paper at the EAERE meetings in Venice.We expect to find that variables representing urban watershed health and integrity, includingland use and open space, significantly affect consumer choices of location and willingness to payfor housing. Preliminary results suggest that variables describing land use and environmentalquality are influential in determining human values.The project from which this paper derives is an attempt to combine the disciplinary approachesof natural and social scientists to describe the linkages between natural resources and humansocieties within a watershed. The main thesis of the project is that human values are significantly
Fiscal Federalism in Argentina: Policies, Politics, and Institutional Reform

Argentine fiscal federalism is considered to be very inefficient by all specialists. Its allocation of tax and spending authorities, and its system of intergovernmental transfers do not correspond to any economic criteria and provide all sorts of perverse incentives and obstacles for sound economic policies. Agreeing with the above diagnostic, we attempt to take a step further and to provide an explanation for the many inefficient features of Argentine fiscal federalism. In order to do that, we apply and further develop an approach, presented in Spiller and Tommasi (2000) that tries to explain public policies as the outcome of political transactions. These approach argues that the nature and characteristics of the observed policies will be conditioned by the rules of the political game under which those transactions / policies are made. Hence, it refocuses policy recommendations" from the level of policy reform to the level of institutional reforms, with emphasis on political institutions. "
Determinants of demand for technology in relationships with complementary assets among Japanese firms

ABSTRACT There has been growing interest in open innovation by firms creating new value by combining internal and external ideas. Technology insourcing, however, has not been satisfactorily investigated compared to technology outsourcing in empirical literature. In this paper, we examine the determinants of external technology sourcing by types of the counterpart in new product development (NPD). We use a novel dataset at the product level, conducted by RIETI in 2011. We highlight cases in which a technology partner is also a business partner, such as a supplier or customer, from those where this is not the case. In contrast, in cases when a technology partner is not a business partner, patents play an important role in moderating transaction costs in partnerships. In contrast, in cases when a technology partner is also a business partner, we found a pattern of co-specialization of managerial resources with the partner firm. Abbreviations: B2B: Business to business; NPD: New product development; RBV: Resource-based view
Finding the Amplitudes of Migration Hyperbolas from the Kinematics

In migration and DMO, the kinematic problem is easier to solve than the amplitude problem. Where a purely analytical approach is normally used to obtain the amplitude of a migration operator, we attempt to obtain amplitude information by combining an assumption of a at spectrum with the kinematical formulation. This hyperbola whitening is done with a 2-D prediction-error lter. This technique is applied to three hyperbolas: a kinematic-only hyperbola, a amplitude-corrected hyperbola, and an amplitude-corrected hyperbola with a half-derivative lter. The results show that the assumption of a at spectrum connicts with the existence of an evanescent zone, creating unresolved diiculties.
FACIAL EXPRESSION SYNTHESIZATION USING GEOMETRICAL WARPING

Facial expression transfer has long been an important topic in computer graphics and vision, driven by applications in character animation, computer games, advertising and more recently, healthcare. However, how to make the synthesized facial expression realistic remains a challenge due to the complexity of human facial anatomy and our inherent sensitivity to facial expression. The current thesis describes a system that automates facial expression transfer. The process consists of two main parts: feature points detection and geometrical deformation. Feature points detection is achieved by using Active Shape Model (ASM). Inaccurate feature locations in ASM are subsequently corrected by recursively searching for the maximum gradient in local area. This is followed by geometrical deformation in which geometrical warping parameters estimated between feature points from the source faces are applied to the target face. The experimental results show that this method works well on still frontal facial expressions.
Pre- and Postoperative Vomiting in Children Undergoing Video-Assisted Gastrostomy Tube Placement

Background. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of pre- and postoperative vomiting in children undergoing a Video-Assisted Gastrostomy (VAG) operation. Patients and Methods. 180 children underwent a VAG operation and were subdivided into groups based on their underlying diagnosis. An anamnesis with respect to vomiting was taken from each of the children's parents before the operation. After the VAG operation, all patients were followed prospectively at one and six months after surgery. All complications including vomiting were documented according to a standardized protocol. Results. Vomiting occurred preoperatively in 51 children (28%). One month after surgery the incidence was 43 (24%) in the same group of children and six months after it was found in 40 (22%). There was a difference in vomiting frequency both pre- and postoperatively between the children in the groups with different diagnoses included in the study. No difference was noted in pre- and postoperative vomiting frequency within each specific diagnosis group. Conclusion. The preoperative vomiting symptoms persisted after the VAG operation. Neurologically impaired children had a higher incidence of vomiting than patients with other diagnoses, a well-known fact, probably due to their underlying diagnosis and not the VAG operation. This information is useful in preoperative counselling.
Comparison of spatial normalization procedures and their impact on functional maps

The alignment accuracy and impact on functional maps of four spatial normalization procedures have been compared using a set of high resolution brain MRIs and functional PET volumes acquired in 20 subjects. Simple affine (AFF), fifth order polynomial warp (WRP), discrete cosine basis functions (SPM), and a movement model based on full multi grid (FMG) approaches were applied on the same dataset for warping individual volumes onto the Human Brain Atlas (HBA) template. Intersubject averaged structural volumes and tissue probability maps were compared across normalization methods and to the standard brain. Thanks to the large number of degrees of freedom of the technique, FMG was found to provide enhanced alignment accuracy as compared to the other three methods, both for the grey and white matter tissues; WRP and SPM exhibited very similar performances whereas AFF had the lowest registration accuracy. SPM, however, was found to perform better than the other methods for the intra‐cerebral cerebrospinal fluid (mainly in the ventricular compartments). Limited differences in terms of activation morphology and detection sensitivity were found between low resolution functional maps (FWHM ∼10 mm) spatially normalized with the four methods, which overlapped in 42.8% of the total activation volume. These findings suggest that the functional variability is much larger than the anatomical one and that precise alignment of anatomical features has low influence on the resulting intersubject functional maps. When increasing the spatial resolution to approximately 6 mm, however, differences in localization of activated areas appear as a consequence of the different spatial normalization procedure used, restricting the overlap of the normalized activated volumes to only 6.2%. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:228–250, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ROUTING WITH LOAD BALANCING IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS

Wireless mesh networks technology has drawn considerable attention as a promising broadband access technology despite the increase in the number of internet access technologies. It has been found that increasing the number of the gateways ordinarily, does not results in network throughputs as it is intended unless load balancing scheme is also employed in the network. A load balancing scheme is required to balance the traffic in the network across the various gateways nodes and avoids overloading any gateway node. In this paper, AODV routing protocol is modified to combine the route discovery process with a load balancing technique. The modified AODV selects a route to the destination based on the current load of the intermediate nodes and selects a gateway from the available mesh network gateways based on its current load, the simulations show that this load balancing technique will improve the performance of the wireless mesh networks. © Copy Right, IJCR, 2011, Academic Journals. All rights reserved