Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of UV radiation at the Earth's surface from TOMS-measured UV-backscattered radiances

Daily global maps of monthly integrated UV-erythemal irradiance (290–400 nm) at the Earth's surface are estimated using the ozone amount, cloud transmittance, aerosol amounts, and surface reflectivity from the solar UV radiation backscattered from the Earth's atmosphere as measured by the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) and independently measured values of the extraterrestrial solar irradiance. The daily irradiance values at a given location show that short-term variability (daily to annual) in the amount of UV radiation, 290–400 nm, reaching the Earth's surface is caused by (1) partially reflecting cloud cover, (2) haze and absorbing aerosols (dust and smoke), and (3) ozone. The reductions of UV irradiance estimated from TOMS data can exceed 50 ± 12% underneath the absorbing aerosol plumes in Africa and South America (desert dust and smoke from biomass burning) and exceeded 70 ± 12% during the Indonesian fires in September 1997 and again during March 1998. Recent biomass burning in Mexico and Guatemala have caused large smoke plumes extending into Canada with UV reductions of 50% in Mexico and 20% in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. Where available, ground-based Sun photometer data show similar UV irradiance reductions caused by absorbing aerosol plumes of dust and smoke. Even though terrain height is a major factor in increasing the amount of UV exposure compared to sea level, the presence of prolonged clear-sky conditions can lead to UV exposures at sea level rivaling those at cloudier higher altitudes. In the equatorial regions, ±20°, the UV exposures during the March equinox are larger than during the September equinox because of increased cloudiness during September. Extended land areas with the largest erythemal exposure are in Australia and South Africa where there is a larger proportion of clear-sky days. The large short-term variations in ozone amount which occur at high latitudes in the range ±65° cause changes in UV irradiance comparable to clouds and aerosols for wavelengths between 280 nm and 300 nm that are strongly absorbed by ozone. The absolute accuracy of the TOMS monthly erythemal exposure estimates over a TOMS field of view is within ±6%, except under UV-absorbing aerosol plumes (dust and smoke) where the accuracy is within ±12%. The error caused by aerosols can be reduced if the height of the aerosol plume is more accurately known. The TOMS estimated irradiances are compared with ground-based Brewer spectroradiometer data obtained at Toronto, Canada. The Brewer irradiances are systematically 20% smaller than TOMS irradiance estimates during the summer months. An accounting of systematic errors brings the Brewer and TOMS irradiances into approximate agreement within the estimated instrumental uncertainties for both instruments.
TMPRSS2‐ERG fusions linked to prostate cancer racial health disparities: A focus on Africa

The androgen‐regulated gene TMPRSS2 to the ETS transcription factor gene ERG fusion is the most common genomic alteration acquired during prostate tumorigenesis and biased toward men of European ancestry. In contrast, African American men present with more advanced disease, yet their tumors are less likely to acquire TMPRSS2‐ERG. Data for Africa is scarce.
Forest clearance and regrowth in northern Ethiopia during the last 3000 years

Pollen and charcoal analysis of sediment cores from two lakes in the highlands of northern Ethiopia provide evidence that the vegetation has changed in response to human impact during the last 3000 years. The natural, pre-disturbance vegetation of the area was Podocarpus-Juniperus forest. At about 500 bc, following Semitic immigration to northern Ethiopia, the forests were cleared and replaced by a secondary vegetation of Dodonaea scrub and grassland that persisted for 1800 years. Grasslands were dominant from about ad 1200 to 1400, probably as a result of further intensification of grazing, perhaps exacerbated by drought. Juniperus forest, with Olea and Celtis, then expanded from ad 1400 to 1700, possibly because of drought-induceddepopu lation followed by increased rainfall. Deforestation and soil erosion has again intensified during the last three centuries. Since forest regrowth was possible after 1800 years of human impact, northern Ethiopia should again be capable of supporting forest under appropriate land management.
Latitude versus local effects on echinoderm assemblages along the Victoria Land coast, Ross Sea, Antarctica

Data from two new cruises is used to assess whether latitude plays any role in influencing broad-scale spatial patterns in echinoderm assemblage composition along the Victoria Land coast and the Balleny Islands as a contribution to the Latitudinal Gradient Project. Our results indicate that a latitudinal gradient is influencing assemblage structure in subtle and non-linear ways. The Balleny Islands system is different from the Victoria Land coast, probably because of a different biogeographic origin and current oceanographic conditions. Along the Victoria Land coast, latitude related differences arise when taking into account benthic biodiversity at different spatial scales. Alpha diversity increases from north to south, but beta diversity shows the opposite trend, although not linearly, suggesting the different importance of the iceberg disturbance along the northern Victoria Land coast.
Unraveling the Complex Interplay of Phase Transitions in Spinel Ferrites: A Comprehensive Quantum Mechanical Vibrational Study of ZnFe2O4

The rich phase transition landscape of spinel ferrites and its profound impact on their physical properties have garnered significant interest in recent years. The complex interplay of divalent and trivalent cations distributed across A- and B-sites gives rise to a captivating variety of interactions. In this study, we delve into the structural, electronic, magnetic, and vibrational properties of ZnFe2O4 as a function of the degree of inversion, employing first-principles density functional theory with global and range-separated hybrid functionals and a local basis set. The ground state of ZnFe2O4 is an open-shell system, characterized by Zn atoms occupying tetrahedral sites, Fe atoms residing in octahedral sites, and Fe atom spins exhibiting ligand parallel alignment. In the normal structure, the antiparallel arrangement is less stable than the ferro arrangement by 0.058 eV (673 K) for fully relaxed structures, decreasing to 0.034 eV (395 K) upon incorporating a zero-point vibrations contribution. For normal ferromagnetic ZnFe2O4, we calculated scattering for A1g, Eg, and 3T2g symmetry at 676.6, 367.1, and (189.7, 457.7, 602.3) cm–1, respectively. Additionally, four T1u vibrational frequencies predicted by group theory were obtained at 524.59, 358.48, 312.49, and 192.9 cm–1, demonstrating excellent agreement with the experimental studies. We also explored the influence of spin rearrangement and inversion (X = 0.5 and 1) on Raman and infrared spectra. By analyzing the infrared spectra of isotopic substitutions, we reevaluated the assignments of the four T1u modes in light of available experimental data. Notably, the sensitivity of peak positions and intensities for some Raman modes, particularly A1g and T2g(2), to spin arrangement could provide a convenient experimental tool for detecting phase transitions induced by changes in temperature or external electric fields. This investigation shines a light on the complex interplay of phase transitions in spinel ferrites, paving the way for a deeper understanding of their properties and potential applications.
CHANGES IN HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE DUE TO STREAM NETWORK EXTENSION VIA LAND DRAINAGE ACTIVITIES 1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work is to determine the effects of extension of a stream network through land drainage activities during the late 1800s on the hydrologic response of a watershed. The Mackinaw River Basin in Central Illinois was chosen as the focus and the pre‐land and post‐land drainage activity hydrologic responses were obtained through convolution of the hill slope and channel responses and compared. The hill slope response was computed using the kinematic wave model and the channel response was determined using the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph method. Our hypothesis was that the hydrologic response of the basin would exhibit the characteristic effects of settlement (i.e., increases in peak discharges and decreases in times to peak). This, indeed, is what occurred; however, the increase in peak discharges diminishes as scale increases, leaving only the decrease in times to peak. At larger scales, the dispersive effects of the longer hill slope lengths in the pre‐settlement scenario seem to balance the depressive effects of the longer path lengths in the post‐settlement scenario, thus the pre‐settlement and post‐settlement peak discharges are approximately equivalent. At small scales, the dispersion caused by the hill slope is larger in the pre‐settlement case; thus, the post‐settlement peak discharges are greater than the pre‐settlement.
Validation of Questionnaire on Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices of Cooperative Group Work Assessment

This paper aimed to validate a questionnaire intended to measure secondary school teachers’ beliefs and practices of cooperative group work assessment in selected secondary schools in SNNPRS, Ethiopia. To this effect, five experts were selected to rate the content and face validity of the tool. To rate the questionnaire for construct validity, 213 randomly selected secondary school teachers were involved. The validation procedures made use of face validity index, Item Content Validity Index (I-CVIs) and Content Validity Index for scale (S-CVI/Ave), principal component analysis (PCA), and Cronbach alpha. The final questionnaire, which consisted of 31 items, has been found psychometrically valid and reliable to measure teachers’ beliefs and practices of cooperative group work assessment.
Education Gradients in Parental Time Investment and Subjective Well-being

College-educated mothers spend substantially more time in intensive childcare than less educated mothers despite their higher opportunity cost of time and working more hours. Using data from the 2010–2013 and 2021 waves of the Well-being Module of the American Time Use Survey, we investigate this puzzle by testing the hypothesis that college-educated mothers enjoy childcare more. We find that among all mothers, spending time in childcare is associated with higher positive feelings compared to spending time in other activities. However, college-educated mothers experience no more positive feelings and no fewer negative feelings during intensive childcare than other mothers. Moreover, college-educated mothers report substantially fewer positive feelings for time spent in management activities and substantially more negative feelings for time spent in educational activities with their child. Findings are robust to controlling for a rich set of covariates, mother fixed effects, and simulations to account for selection into intensive childcare. Ariel Kalil Harris School of Public Policy University of Chicago 1307 E. 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 akalil@uchicago.edu Susan Mayer Harris School of Public Policy University of Chicago 1307 E. 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 smayer@uchicago.edu William Delgado Boston University 621 Commonwealth Ave Boston, MA 02215 wdelgadophd@gmail.com Lisa A. Gennetian Sanford School of Public Policy Duke University 212 Rubenstein Hall 302 Towerview Road Durham, NC 27708 and NBER lisa.gennetian@duke.edu
Some Basic Problems in Tephrochronology

So much tephra deposits which are popularly called “Loam” or “Brown ash”, obscure discrimination of particular tephra layer from many others within the Quaternary section in Japan. Detailed description in petrography and in lithology is therefore needed for characterizing any particular tephra layers. Our attentions should first be called to petrographic feature of such essential vesiculated materials as pumice and scoria beds which usually prove to be the marker bed in the field. The marker bed may be an early product ejected during a series of many eruptions, of what is called “an eruption cycle”, and individual marker bed represents a lower part of a “tephra member” (Table 1). Recognition of each tephra member becomes more difficult with increasing distance from the source vent, and only pumice or scoria bed unmistakably marks the existence of a member within a tephra formation or merely within a tephra section in far distance. Buried soil or palaeosol can be used for detection of appreciably long interval of ash showering to establish a “member” or a “formation” in the field, but the strict application may not always be easy, as in Japan the accumulation of humic soil through Holocene time is said to have got a much greater rate than that during Pleistocene times.Through sequence of several tephra members, some of which being marked respectively by a pumice or scoria bed, are often recognized systematic variations in the type of eruption and in chemical composition of their products (Momose et al., 1968; Kobayashi et al., 1971). The problem on the homogeneity of vesiculating magma was discussed according to informations from samples at every horizon closely spaced in a single marker bed. As to a single marker bed maybe consisting of single shower beds or fall-units (Nakamura, 1960, 1964), sometimes orthopyroxene in the upper part somewhat contains more amount of Mg than those in the lower part, seemi ngly indicating that the magma chamber or column had a zonation due to crystallization differentiation (Arai, 1970, 1971, 1972, this number). Additionally, slight decrease in Curie temperature and increase in TiO2-content of ferromagnetic minerals also correspond, from lower to upper, well with the coexisting mineral assemblage mentioned above (Kobayashi et al., 1971). In most cases, however, the inhomogeneity of petrographic feature of the marker beds falls within a small range of variation, so that the marker bed can usually be represented by samples from comparatively a few horizons of a single bed.
HOXB13 overexpression is an independent predictor of early PSA recurrence in prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy

HOXB13 is a prostate cancer susceptibility gene which shows a cancer predisposing (G84E) mutation in 0.1–0.6% of males. We analyzed the prognostic impact of HOXB13 expression by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing more than 12,400 prostate cancers. Results were compared to tumor phenotype, biochemical recurrence, androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) as well as molecular subtypes defined by ERG status and genomic deletions of 3p, 5q, 6q, and PTEN. HOXB13 immunostaining was detectable in 51.7% of 10,216 interpretable cancers and considered strong in 9.6%, moderate in 19.7% and weak in 22.3% of cases. HOXB13 expression was linked to advanced pT stage, high Gleason grade, positive lymph node status (p < 0.0001 each), high pre-operative PSA levels (p = 0.01), TMPRSS2:ERG fusion, PTEN deletions, AR expression, cell proliferation, reduced PSA expression and early PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001 each). The prognostic value of HOXB13 was independent from established parameters including Gleason, stage, nodal stage and PSA. Co-expression analysis identified a subset of tumors with high HOXB13 and AR but low PSA expression that had a particularly poor prognosis. HOXB13 appears to be a promising candidate for clinical routine tests either alone or in combination with other markers, including AR and PSA.
On strategic spatial planning

The goal of this paper is to explain the origin and development of strategic spatial planning, to show complex features and highlight the differences and/or advantages over traditional, physical spatial planning. Strategic spatial planning is seen as one of approaches in legally defined planning documents, and throughout the display of properties of sectoral national strategies, as well as issues of strategic planning at the local level in Serbia. The strategic approach is clearly recognized at the national and sub-national level of spatial planning in European countries and in our country. It has been confirmed by the goals outlined in documents of the European Union and Serbia that promote the grounds of territorial cohesion and strategic integrated planning, emphasizing cooperation and the principles of sustainable spatial development. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 176017]
Gender Dimensions in Disaster Management : A Focus on Aquaculture and Fishing Communities in the Philippines

approved: ______________________________________________________ Hillary S. Egna Many nations that invest in aquaculture and fisheries for improved nutrition and food security are located in areas prone to natural disasters, such as typhoons. While all residents are vulnerable to the effects of disasters, research suggests that women are disproportionately affected at all stages of disaster management: preparedness, response, and recovery. These inequities contribute to a diminished community capacity of resilience to future disasters. In 2010, the Philippines introduced disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) legislation designed to improve DRRM coordination and effectiveness. In 2013 and 2014, the Philippines experienced two of the largest typhoons to ever hit land, affecting an archipelago of around 7,100 island communities dependent on coastal and marine natural resources. The second typhoon arrived while 28 semi-structured interviews were being conducted with respondents working in DRRM, fishing and aquaculture, and women’s organizations in the Philippines, almost exactly one year after the previous typhoon. Data were collected to contextualize changes in gender integration in response to disasters. This research extends the 2009 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) study that indicated a high level of awareness of the importance of gender integration for DRRM in the Philippines, by examining gender dimensions as the disaster management process unfolds. Results reveal that important steps are being taken to integrate gender at the DRRM programmatic level, yet gaps remain at the community level. Changes are due in part to a combination of improved policies and lessons learned from recent disaster events. Interviews across sectors and governing levels one year after devastating Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) and amidst Typhoon Hagupit (Ruby) offer insightful comparisons, and show that perceptions of gender differences vary significantly across social and political settings. These differing perspectives also reveal important information regarding some of the barriers to gender integration in DRRM such as evacuation protocols, recovery efforts, overall DRRM awareness, and political challenges. Additionally, respondents shared some successes in disaster management, offering a positive outlook for forthcoming improvements. Addressing these shortcomings and focusing attention on attainable outcomes can help foster more resilient communities in the Philippines and nations worldwide. ©Copyright by Morgan Chow September 14, 2015 All Rights Reserved Gender Dimensions in Disaster Management: A Focus on Aquaculture and Fishing Communities in the Philippines
Abrupt Feature Extraction Via the Combination of Sparse Representations

The complexity of channels in 3D seismic data always makes detailed interpretation challenging. Similarly, definition of sand bars and beaches is also complicated as they are only partially visible when seismic amplitude is examined. To improve the imaging of these features, current interpretation workflows use advanced color and opacity based co-rendering techniques to merge multiple attributes information. Other than to enhance these sedimentary features in 3D views with combinations of different attributes, this paper proposes to separate their reflection waveforms directly from 3D imaging data by exploiting the waveform diversity mechanism. Our separation model is set up upon the assumption that seismic data are composed of coherent events and abrupt features (correspond to sedimentary features). According to their appearance in vertical sections, we model these two kinds of seismic features as linear structures and punctate structures respectively. Two appropriate waveform dictionaries are chosen, one of which is used for the representation of the coherent events and the other for the sedimentary features. The separation process is promoted by the sparsity of both waveform components in their corresponding representing dictionaries. The capacity of the proposed method is illustrated using modeling data and real 3D seismic data with complex depositional systems.
Human Impact on the Coastal Landforms in the Area between Gamasa and Kitchner Drains, Northern Nile Delta, Egypt

Abstract To detect the spatial characteristics of coastal landforms in a section of the Nile Delta region (Egypt) between 1984 and 2006, multitemporal satellite imagery was examined. The study area between Gamasa drain and Kitchner drain (Northern Nile Delta) shows significant changes that are supposed to be functions of the aeolian and coastal processes. This is, however, not the case where unprecedented human activities played a trigger factor in reshaping this area. The intervention of human activities in this area has resulted in a significant transformation of the existing landforms and introduced new land use classes. Remote sensing techniques offered a real-time source of information that aided in determining 11 landforms or use classes. A geographic information system spatial analysis model has generated a spatial matrix that quantified the rate of changes and therefore defined the controlling factors of such a highly dynamic environment. The local economy and socioeconomic circumstances have been shown to be driving forces of landforms transformation in favor of developing reclaimed land and fish farms. These two land use class were significantly increased by 37% and 11% of the total area in the last two decades, respectively.
Diagnosing errors in a land surface model (CABLE) in the time and frequency domains

[1] We present an approach for diagnosing errors in land surface models in the time and frequency domains. The approach is applied to the Community Atmosphere-Biosphere-Land Exchange (CABLE). We compare modeled and observed fluxes of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE), latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) at two different forested flux station sites. Using wavelet analysis, we identify the frequencies where model errors are relatively large, and then analyze the sensitivities of model errors at those frequencies to selected model parameters, yielding significant improvements in several measures of model performance. At Harvard Forest, the predictions by CABLE using the modified parameter values reduce model errors at daily to yearly timescales for all three fluxes, but not at interannual timescales for NEE. At the Tumbarumba site, predictions by CABLE with modified parameter values reduce the variance of model errors of all three fluxes from daily to interannual timescales, but do not improve the agreement with the observed mean diurnal or daily time series for H. We conclude that analyzing both mean and variance of model errors at a range of time/frequency scales is useful for identifying and reducing errors of a land surface model.