Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction

This issue ofSGRis dedicated to the topic of computer-mediated communication (CMC) as developed by European social psychologists. To claim that some epistemological specificity could be linked to geographical criteria is certainly controversial. In principle, science must be the same everywhere. But if this is clearly the case for the strongly paradigmatic sciences, the same cannot be said about the social sciences, where epistemological issues are more affected by cultural and ideological influences. K. Scherer reported in a conference about “Social Sciences in Western Europe” held in Berlin in April 1990 that according to the results of a questionnaire answered by 80 psychologists selected from the mailing lists of the Society for Experimental Social Psychology (SESP) and the European Association of Experimental Social Psy chology (EAESP), half of the American respondents did not acknowledge the existence of, or the need for, a special role played by European Social Psychology (ESP), in contrast to their Euro pean colleagues, who strongly agreed with the need of such a dis tinction. In very broad terms, he also remarked, perusing the cur rent literature of the field, that ESP tends to adopt, in comparison with American Social Psychology (ASP), a less individualistic ori entation and a greater concern with historical and philosophical issues; he also noted that ESP’s production appears particularly strong in the field of intergroup relations. Sometimes the differ -
Cardiac Autonomic Functions in Obese Children

Objective: The autonomic nervous system is assumed to have a role in the pathophysiology of obesity. In this study, we evaluated the autonomic system by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) in obese children. Methods: Thirty-two obese and 30 healthy children (mean ages: 11.6±2.0 years and 11.0±2.9 years, respectively) were enrolled in the study. Obesity was defined as a body mass index higher than 97th percentile for age- and gender-specific reference values. All participants were free of any disease and none of them was receiving any medication. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings were obtained and the time-domain and frequency-domain indices of HRV were analyzed. The study group was evaluated with respect to insulin resistance by HOMA-IR values. Results: A significant decrease in calculated HRV variables was observed in obese children as compared to controls. The HRV alteration was found in both time-domain and frequency-domain parameters. The subgroup analysis of the study group revealed a significant decrease in all investigated HRV parameters in the insulin-resistant obese children compared to the non-insulin-resistant obese ones. Conclusions: Our results indicate that HRV is decreased in obese children, which implies parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic predominance. A marked decrease in HRV was observed in insulin-resistant obese children compared to their non-insulin-resistant counterparts. We propose that autonomic imbalance pertaining especially to insulin resistance may be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity in pediatric patients Conflict of interest:None declared.
Biological meaning, statistical significance, and classification of local spatial similarities in nonhomologous proteins

We have completed an exhaustive search for the common spatial arrangements of backbone fragments (SARFs) in nonhomologous proteins. This type of local structural similarity, incorporating short fragments of backbone atoms, arranged not necessarily in the same order along the polypeptide chain, appears to be important for protein function and stability. To estimate the statistical significance of the similarities, we have introduced a similarity score. We present several locally similar structures, with a large similarity score, which have not yet been reported. On the basis of the results of pairwise comparison, we have performed hierarchical cluster analysis of protein structures. Our analysis is not limited by comparison of single chains but also includes complex molecules consisting of several subunits. The SARFs with backbone fragments from different polypeptide chains provide a stable interaction between subunits in protein molecules. In many cases the active site of enzymes is located at the same position relative to the common SARFs, implying a function of the certain SARFs as a universal interface of the protein‐substrate interaction.
How the Noninflammasome NLRs Function in the Innate Immune System

NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat–containing) proteins have rapidly emerged as central regulators of immunity and inflammation with demonstrated relevance to human diseases. Much attention has focused on the ability of several NLRs to activate the inflammasome complex and drive proteolytic processing of inflammatory cytokines; however, NLRs also regulate important inflammasome-independent functions in the immune system. We discuss several of these functions, including the regulation of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB activation, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, cytokine and chemokine production, antimicrobial reactive oxygen species production, type I interferon production, and ribonuclease L activity. We also explore the mechanistic basis of these functions and describe current challenges in the field.
The role of approach‐avoidance versus task and ego goals in enjoyment and cognitive anxiety in youth sport

Abstract This study investigated whether approach‐avoidance goals predicted enjoyment, concentration disruption, and worry, and compared approach‐avoidance versus task/ego goals in predicting these variables. British youth athletes (139 males, 110 females, 5 did not report gender), with a mean age of 13.57 (SD = 1.69) years and a mean sport experience of 4.81 (SD = 2.80) years, completed questionnaires measuring approach‐avoidance and task/ego goals, enjoyment, concentration disruption, worry, and perceived competence. Mastery‐approach goals positively predicted enjoyment, and negatively predicted concentration disruption and worry. The two avoidance goals positively predicted concentration disruption and worry, while performance‐approach goals did not predict any outcome variable. In hierarchical regression analyses, task/ego goals were the most important predictors of enjoyment, whereas approach‐avoidance goals were the most important predictors of concentration disruption and worry. Both sets of goals accounted for unique variance in the variables examined, suggesting the approach‐avoidance distinction is a valuable addition to achievement goal theory
Machine Translation Based on Data Mining and Deductive Schemes

Machine translation (MT) is one of the most attractive fields in natural language processing. In this paper, we propose some new ideas for designing an MT system. For this purpose, we first introduce a grammatical rule induction method. After representing the extracted knowledge by a set of finite automata, a recursive model is proposed, which uses a combination of rule and example based techniques. In the translation phase, through a hierarchical chunking process, the input sentence is divided into a set of phrases. Each phrase is first searched through the corpus of examples. If the phrase is found, it will not be chunked anymore. Otherwise, the phrase is divided into smaller sub-phrases. The experimental results show a promising accuracy and efficiency of the proposed system.
Dynamic stream weight estimation in coupled-HMM-based audio-visual speech recognition using multilayer perceptrons

Jointly using audio and video features can increase the robustness of automatic speech recognition systems in noisy environments. A systematic and reliable performance gain, however, is only achieved if the contributions of the audio and video stream to the decoding decision are dynamically optimized, for example via so-called stream weights. In this paper, we address the problem of dynamic stream weight estimation for coupled-HMM-based audio-visual speech recognition. We investigate the multilayer perceptron (MLP) for mapping reliability measure features to stream weights. As an input for the multi-layer perceptron, we use a feature vector containing different model-based and signal-based reliability measures. Training of the multilayer perceptron has been achieved using dynamic oracle stream weights as target outputs, which are found using a recently proposed expectation maximization algorithm. This new approach of MLP-based stream-weight estimation has been evaluated using the Grid audio-visual corpus and has outper-formed the best baseline performance, yielding a 23.72 % average relative error rate reduction.
Estimating Individual Rater Reliabilities

Rating scales have no inherent reliability that is independent of the observers who use them. The often reported interrater reliability is an average of perhaps quite different individual rater reliabilities. It is possible to separate out the individual rater reliabilities given a number of independent raters who observe the same sample of ratees. Under cer tain assumptions, an external measure can replace one of the raters, and individual reliabilities of two independent raters can be estimated. In a somewhat similar fashion, estimates of treatment effects present in ratings by two independent raters can provide the external frame of reference against which dif ferences in their individual reliabilities can be evaluated. Models for estimating individual rater reliabilities are provided for use in selecting, evalu ating, and training participants in clinical research.
Optimal Control Methods for Simulating the Perception of Causality in Young Infants

There is a growing debate among developmental theorists concerning the perception of causality in young infants. Some theorists advocate a top-down view, e.g., that infants reason about causal events on the basis of intuitive physical principles. Others argue instead for a bottom-up view of infant causal knowledge, in which causal perception emerges from a simple set of associative learning rules. In order to test the limits of the bottom-up view, we propose an optimal control model (OCM) of infant causal perception. OCM is trained to find an optimal pattern of eye movements for maintaining sight of a target object. We first present a series of simulations which illustrate OCM's ability to anticipate the outcome of novel, occluded causal events, and then compare OCM's performance with that of 9-month-old infants. The impications for developmental theory and research are discussed
Relative Effects of a History/Philosophy of Science Course on Student Teachers' Performance on Two Models of Science.

Abstract Student teachers exposed to a combined course on the history and philosophy of science showed increased understanding of the nature and the language of science as a result of the course. The student teachers performed better on a model on the language of science (LOS) than another model on the nature of science (NOS). This study indicates that a well integrated course in the history and philosophy of science could enhance prospective science teachers' understanding of science and consequently the students they would teach after their training.
Mood Swings and Creativity

ABSTRACT: This article evaluates recent evidence for an association between creativity and bipolar mood disorders. Eminent creativity and everyday creativity are distinguished, with high rates of major mood disorders‐particularly bipolar disorders— appearing among eminent creators in the arts. However, among everyday persons, including the 4–5% of the population that may develop a bipolar “spectrum”; disorder and their relatives, it is those with relatively milder mood disorders and normalcy who may show the greatest creative advantage. These seemingly conflicting results are reconciled through comparison of research designs and the creativity and diagnostic variables studied. Evidence regarding mood states that enhance creativity is also considered, both for eminent and everyday creators, and some preliminary results from a study of patients are presented. Here, milder mood elevations were tied most closely to the experience of creativity, although other patterns can exist. Three patterns are examined in.
The International C2 Journal the Editorial Board Associate Editors for More Information Automation Architecture for Single Operator, Multiple Uav Command and Control

About the Journal The International C2 Journal was created in 2006 at the urging of an international group of command and control professionals including individuals from academia, industry, government, and the military. The Command and Control Research Program (CCRP, of the U.S. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information Integration, or OASD-NII) responded to this need by bringing together interested professionals to shape the purpose and guide the execution of such a journal. Today, the Journal is overseen by an Editorial Board comprising representatives from many nations. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. Government agency. Rights and Permissions: All articles published in the International C2 Journal remain the intellectual property of the authors and may not be distributed or sold without the express written consent of the authors. Abstract In light of the Office of the Secretary Defense's Roadmap for unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), there is a critical need for research examining human interaction with heterogeneous unmanned vehicles. The OSD Roadmap clearly delineates the need to investigate the " appropriate conditions and requirements under which a single pilot would be allowed to control multiple airborne UA (unmanned aircraft) simultaneously. " Toward this end, in this paper, we provide a meta-analysis of research studies across unmanned aerial and ground vehicle domains that investigated single operator control of multiple vehicles. As a result, a hierarchical control model for single operator control of multiple unmanned vehicles (UV) is proposed that demonstrates those requirements that will need to be met for operator cognitive support of multiple UV control, with an emphasis on the introduction of higher levels of autonomy. The challenge in achieving effective management of multiple UV systems in the future is not only to determine whether automation can be used to improve human and system performance, but how and to what degree across hierarchical control loops, as well as determining the types of decision support that will be needed by operators given the high-workload environment. We address when and how increasing levels of automation should be incorporated in multiple UV systems and discuss the impact on not only human performance, but more importantly, on system performance.
Optimal Machine Strategies to Commit to in Two-Person Repeated Games

The problem of computing optimal strategy to commit to in various games has attracted intense research interests and has important real-world applications such as security (attacker-defender) games. In this paper, we consider the problem of computing optimal leader’s machine to commit to in two-person repeated game, where the follower also plays a machine strategy. Machine strategy is the generalized notion of automaton strategy, where the number of states in the automaton can be possibly infinite. We begin with the simple case where both players are confined to automata strategies, and then extend to general (possibly randomized) machine strategies. We first give a concise linear program to compute the optimal leader’s strategy and give two efficient implementations of the linear program: one via enumeration of a convex hull and the other via randomization. We then investigate the case where two machines have different levels of intelligence in the sense that one machine is able to record more history information than the other. We show that an intellectually superior leader, sometimes considered being exploited by the follower, can figure out the follower’s machine by brute-force and exploit the follower in return.
TIME FOR COFFEE Encodes a Nuclear Regulator in the Arabidopsis thaliana Circadian Clock[W]

The plant circadian clock is required for daily anticipation of the diurnal environment. Mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana TIME FOR COFFEE (TIC) affects free-running circadian rhythms. To investigate how TIC functions within the circadian system, we introduced markers for the evening and morning phases of the clock into tic and measured evident rhythms. The phases of evening clock genes in tic were all advanced under light/dark cycles without major expression level defects. With regard to morning-acting genes, we unexpectedly found that TIC has a closer relationship with LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) than with CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1, as tic has a specific LHY expression level defect. Epistasis analysis demonstrated that there were no clear rhythms in double mutants of tic and evening-acting clock genes, although double mutants of tic and morning-acting genes exhibited a similar free-running period as tic. We isolated TIC and found that its mRNA expression is continuously present over the diurnal cycle, and the encoded protein appears to be strictly localized to the nucleus. Neither its abundance nor its cellular distribution was found to be clock regulated. We suggest that TIC encodes a nucleus-acting clock regulator working close to the central oscillator.
3H-3-N-methylspiperone labels D2 dopamine receptors in basal ganglia and S2 serotonin receptors in cerebral cortex

Detailed studies of the properties of 3H-3-N-methylspiperone (NMSP) binding in rat and human brain homogenates were performed at 37 degrees C. In homogenates of rat striatum and frontal cortex and human caudate and frontal cortex tissues, the specific binding was found to be saturable. Rat caudate contained 33.2 pmol/gm wet-weight tissue and displayed an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 8.7 X 10(-11) M; rat frontal cortex contained 18.5 pmol/gm wet-weight tissue and displayed a Kd of 1.5 X 10(-10) M. Human caudate contained 8.96 pmol/gm wet-weight tissue and displayed a Kd of 1.1 X 10(-10) M; human frontal cortex possessed 9.8 pmol/gm wet-weight tissue and a Kd of 4.4 X 10(- 10) M. Kinetic studies revealed a very rapid rate of association in all the tissues studied. The rate of dissociation was relatively slow in all 4 tissue preparations; the dissociation rate was somewhat slower in rat striatum and human caudate relative to rat and human frontal cortex. This was consistent with the somewhat higher affinity, relative to frontal cortex, displayed by 3H-NMSP in rat striatal and human caudate tissue. The pharmacological properties of the specific binding in rat striatal and human caudate tissues were very similar and indicated the presence of brain D2 dopamine receptors. In rat and human frontal cortex tissue homogenates, the pharmacological characteristics of the specific binding indicated the presence of 5-HT2 receptors.
The Effect of Surface Roughness on Repair Bond Strength of Light-Curing Composite Resin to Polymer Composite Substrate

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the shear bond strength of a new composite resin to polymer-based composite substrates using various surface roughnesses and two kinds of polymer matrices. Materials and methods: Particulate filler composite resin with cross-linked polymer matrix and fiber-reinforced composite with semi-interpenetrating polymer matrix were used as bonding substrates after being ground to different roughnesses. Substrates were aged in water for one week before bonding to new resin composites. Twelve specimens in the substrate groups were ground with grinding papers of four grits; 320, 800, 1200 and 2400. Results: Corresponding values of surface roughness (Ra) varied from 0.09 to 0.40 for the particulate filler composite resin and 0.07 to 0.96 for the fiber-reinforced composite resin. Characteristic shear bond strength between the new resin and particulate filler composite resin was highest (27.8 MPa) with the roughest surface (Weibull modulus: 2.085). Fiber-reinforced composite showed the highest bond strength (20.8 MPa) with the smoothest surface (Weibull modulus: 4.713). Conclusions: We concluded that surface roughness did not increase the bonding of new resin to the substrate of IPN based fiber-reinforced composite, whereas the roughness contributed to bonding the new resin to the particulate filler composite resin with a cross-linked polymer matrix.
Human ATAC Is a GCN5/PCAF-containing Acetylase Complex with a Novel NC2-like Histone Fold Module That Interacts with the TATA-binding Protein*

Eukaryotic GCN5 acetyltransferases influence diverse biological processes by acetylating histones and non-histone proteins and regulating chromatin and gene-specific transcription as part of multiprotein complexes. In lower eukaryotes and invertebrates, these complexes include the yeast ADA complex that is still incompletely understood; the SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetylase) complexes from yeast to Drosophila that are mostly coactivators; and the ATAC (Ada Two-A containing) complex, only known in Drosophila and still poorly characterized. In contrast, vertebrate organisms, express two paralogous GCN5-like acetyltransferases (GCN5 and PCAF), which have been found so far only in SAGA-type complexes referred to hereafter as the STAGA (SPT3-TAF9-GCN5/PCAF acetylase) complexes. We now report the purification and characterization of vertebrate (human) ATAC-type complexes and identify novel components of STAGA. We show that human ATAC complexes incorporate in addition to GCN5 or PCAF (GCN5/PCAF), other epigenetic coregulators (ADA2-A, ADA3, STAF36, and WDR5), cofactors of chromatin assembly/remodeling and DNA replication machineries (POLE3/CHRAC17 and POLE4), the stress- and TGFβ-activated protein kinase (TAK1/MAP3K7) and MAP3-kinase regulator (MBIP), additional cofactors of unknown function, and a novel YEATS2-NC2β histone fold module that interacts with the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and negatively regulates transcription when recruited to a promoter. We further identify the p38 kinase-interacting protein (p38IP/FAM48A) as a novel component of STAGA with distant similarity to yeast Spt20. These results suggest that vertebrate ATAC-type and STAGA-type complexes link specific extracellular signals to modification of chromatin structure and regulation of the basal transcription machinery.