Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of particulate size and chemistry in the association between summertime ambient air pollution and hospitalization for cardiorespiratory diseases.

In order to address the role that the ambient air pollution mix, comprised of gaseous pollutants and various physical and chemical measures of particulate matter, plays in exacerbating cardiorespiratory disease, daily measures of fine and coarse particulate mass, aerosol chemistry (sulfates and acidity), and gaseous pollution (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide) were collected in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in the summers of 1992, 1993, and 1994. These time series were then compared with concurrent data on the number of daily admissions to hospitals for either cardiac diseases (ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and dysthymias) or respiratory diseases (tracheobronchitis, chronic obstructive long disease, asthma, and pneumonia). After adjusting the admission time series for long-term temporal trends, seasonal variations, the effects of short-term epidemics, day of the week effects, and ambient temperature and dew point temperature, positive associations were observed for all ambient air pollutants for both respiratory and cardiac diseases. Ozone was least sensitive to adjustment for the gaseous and particulate pollution measures. However, the association between the health outcomes and carbon monoxide, fine and coarse mass, sulfate levels and aerosol acidity could be explained by adjustment for exposure to gaseous pollutants. Increases in ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide equivalent to their interquartile ranges corresponded to an 11% and 13% increase in daily hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiac diseases, respectively. The inclusion of any one of the particulate air pollutants in multiple regression models did not increase these percentages. Particle mass and chemistry could not be identified as an independent risk factor for the exacerbation of cardiorespiratory diseases in this study beyond that attributable to climate and gaseous air pollution. We recommend that effects of particulate matter on health be assessed in conjunction with temporally covarying gaseous air pollutants. ImagesFigure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.
Spiking Signatures of Spontaneous Activity Bursts in Hippocampal Cultures

Dense dissociated hippocampal cultures are known to generate spontaneous bursting electrical activity which can be recorded by multielectrode arrays. We have analyzed spatio-temporal profiles of the distribution of spikes in the bursts recorded after 2 weeks in vitro. We have found a statistically significant similarity between the spiking patterns in sequential bursting events, we refer to these spiking patterns as spiking signatures. Such spiking signatures may appear in different parts of the bursts, including the activation patterns – the first spike times in the bursts, and deactivation patterns – the last spike times in the bursts. Moreover, these patterns may display apparent time scaling, e.g., they may be replayed in the subsequent bursts at different speeds, while preserving the spiking order. We discuss how such properties of the bursts may be associated with the formation of repeatable signaling pathways in cultured networks in vitro.
Pixel Correlation-based Impulse Noise Reduction

Median filtering based on switching is known that one of the most effective algorithms for reducing impulse noise. In this paper, we introduce a Pixel Correlation based Impulse Noise Reduction. The proposed algorithm consists of two main steps, detection and correction. In the first step, noise detection is performed using a scalable detection mask and morphological operation. In the second step, a corrupted pixel is corrected using the correlation between the uncorrupted pixels in the mask. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can reduce more impulse noise and preserve more edge information than state-of-the-art standard median filter and switching median filters (adaptive median filter and iterative adaptive switching median filter) by an average of 2.75 and 0.37 dB, respectively.
Applying Agent-Based Technology to University Knowledge Management

A university knowledge management system is composed by three components: the educational management, the research management, and the institutional management. The high complexity of the whole university knowledge management system, that is also a distributed system, can be handled by using a multi-agent system. Through communication and cooperation the agents are solving different problems specific to knowledge management in a real or virtual university. The agents are associated to the humans involved in all processes (e.g. educational, research, institutional) that are running in a university, such as professors, assistants, students, researchers, technical staff, management staff, administrative staff etc. The paper presents an university knowledge management system based on agents technology. Two case studies are described in detail, one for the university research management, and the other for the educational management. The implementation of the agent-based system was done in ZEUS, a toolkit for multiagent systems development.
On hypertext narrative

Annals and chronicles may be the foundation of accounting, but writers of stories and histories have long known that they seldom render a satisfactory account of complex events. In place of a simple chronological list, narrative instead organizes our account in new sequences in order to illuminate the interplay of actors and events. We want hypertext narrative to do things we cannot achieve in print; though we may occasionally use links to introduce variation in presentation or in story; it is now clear that hypertext will most frequently prove useful in changing (or adapting) plot. After discussing the ways in which plot may be varied, I describe the use of stretchtext as a reaction against the perceived incoherence of classic hypertext narrative, demonstrate the limitations that conventional stretchtext necessarily imposes on hypertext narrative, and describe an implemented generalization of stretchtext that matches the expressive and formal capabilities of classical hypertext systems while appearing to be a mere stretchtext and while running within the confines of a Web browser.
The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life

The past few years have seen the publication of numerous books and articles on the origins of agriculture, but this work by MacNeish surely ranks as the most idiosyncratic of the bunch. In The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life, MacNeish carries on in the style of his The Science of Archaeology? These two books are largely autobiographical, the former documenting the evolution of his research, this one attempting to fit global agricultural origins into the developmental rubric he began to develop in Tehuacan. Both recount his lifelong personal quest to reconstruct the texture of the past from the shreds of prehistory, but his indomitable will and seemingly boundless energy and endless excavations have not sufficed to finally lay to rest the question of how and why agriculture started. As he says at the end, "we have reached no final conclusions. "
Differential Point Rendering

We present a novel point rendering primitive, called Differential Point (DP), that captures the local differential geometry in the vicinity of a sampled point. This is a more general point representation that, for the cost of a few additional bytes, packs much more information per point than the traditional point-based models. This information is used to efficiently render the surface as a collection of local neighborhoods. The advantages to this representation are manyfold: (1) it delivers a significant reduction in the number of point primitives that represent a surface (2) it achieves robust hardware accelerated per-pixel shading – even with no connectivity information (3) it offers a novel point-based simplification technique that has a convenient and intuitive interface for the user to efficiently resolve the speed versus quality tradeoff. The number of primitives being equal, DPs produce a much better quality of rendering than a pure splatbased approach. Visual appearances being similar, DPs are about two times faster and require about 75% less disk space in comparison to splatting primitives.
ANALYSIS OF THE PINOCYTIC PROCESS IN RAT KIDNEY

Pinocytosis was induced in rat kidney by exposure to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Pinocytic vesicle preparations were enriched after homogenization of kidney cortex by differential centrifugation and free-flow electrophoresis with HRP as an exogenous marker. Vesicles were identified by enzymatic analysis and by electron microscopy, including specific staining procedures. Typical brush-border enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase, 5'-nucleotidase, lysosomal acid phosphatase, and mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase were reduced in the vesicular fraction, compared to the kidney cortex homogenate. Glucose-6-phosphatase and Na+-K+-ATPase were only slightly increased in the fraction. These results indicate that preparations of pinocytic vesicles from rat kidney cortex can be enriched. They have biochemical characteristics that differ from those of the cell organelles and membranes previously purified from renal tissue.
Research of Software Reliability Combination Model Based on Neural Net

In order to improve the accuracy of software reliability prediction, a neural network software reliability combination model is proposed from analyzing the classical software reliability models and neural network model. The proposed model combines the software reliability model and neural networks by constructing the transfer function corresponding to the selected base model. The neural network combination model can obtain a satisfactory generalization with a smaller network. The results of experiments show that the neural network combination model can effectively improve the forecasting accuracy of software reliability.
Lingering effects of inattention on the recognition of novel forms

Two experiments are reported in which participants were instructed to attend to one of two overlapping figures and report how distinctive it was (Experiment 1), or how angular it was or what it resembled (Experiment 2). Tests of recognition memory indicated that recognition of the unattended figures was below chance, consistent with the conclusion that an implicit memory of the unattended figures and an “action tag” to not respond to the figures combine at recognition to suppress positive identification. Furthermore, participants that scored high on an index of working memory ability showed worse memory for the unattended shapes, suggesting that the ability to control attention not only enhances memory for attended items, but also leads to greater suppression of unattended distractors.
Protective Efficacy of N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Acetamide against Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterized by synovial proliferation and tissue destruction. Proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play a key role in the disease process and elevate energy expenditure, which further increases the joint pain and stiffness. To explore the effects of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (NA-2) on the development of arthritis, clinical signs, histopathology of knee joints, nociception analysis, and the serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were monitored. Arthritis was induced by intradermal administration of heat-killed adjuvant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra in rats. NA-2 and indomethacin treatments were started in their respective group on the same day when adjuvant was administered. Experiments were terminated when arthritic score of 4 was observed in arthritic control group. NA-2 (5 mg/kg) treatment significantly ameliorated the disease severity. Reduction in body weight and increase in paw oedema were significantly reversed in arthritic animal receiving NA-2. The nociceptive sensation was also inhibited in the NA-2 treated arthritic rats. Remission was associated with improved histology and significant decreased expression of serum proinflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05 for IL-1β and TNF-α). Based on our observations, it can be suggested that NA-2 possesses promising anti-arthritic property, and it can be used as a therapeutic agent for arthritis.
An iterative method for constructing equilibrium phase models of stellar systems

We present a new method for constructing equilibrium phase models for stellar systems, which we call the iterative method. It relies on constrained, or guided evolution, so that the equilibrium solution has a number of desired parameters and/or constraints. This method is very powerful, to a large extent due to its simplicity. It can be used for mass distributions with an arbitrary geometry and a large variety of kinematical constraints. We present several examples illustrating it. Applications of this method include the creation of initial conditions for N-body simulations and the modelling of galaxies from their photometric and kinematic observations.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of porcine Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from Switzerland

The anaerobic spirochaete Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery (SD), a severe mucohaemorrhagic diarrheal disease in pigs worldwide. Currently, no data for antimicrobial susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae from Switzerland are available and though antimicrobial treatment is the main therapy, no standardised methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing are established. Therefore, a broth microdilution test was performed for 30 Swiss porcine field isolates and evaluated for its suitability in diagnostics. For the pleuromutilins, tiamulin and valnemulin, a good reproducibility in testing and susceptibility at low concentrations could be observed. The reproducibility for doxycycline was acceptable. A part of the isolates showed reduced susceptibility. For lincomycin and the macrolides, tylosin and tylvalosin, reproducibility was influenced by the occurrence of so-called skips. Furthermore, reduced susceptibility for lincomycin and resistance for tylosin could be detected. Sequencing of the 23S rDNA revealed, that a point mutation is responsible for resistance and a possible explanation for the skipped wells. In a European comparison Switzerland is still in a favourable situation. However, accurate determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations is questionable, and a classification of isolates into susceptible and resistant isolates is difficult due to the lack of unambiguous classification criteria. Zusammenfassung Die anaerobe Spirochate Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae ist der ursachliche Erreger der Schweinedysenterie (SD), einer weltweit vorkommenden schweren mukohamorrhagischen Durchfallerkrankung bei Schweinen. Derzeit gibt es keine Daten aus der Schweiz zur Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit von B. hyodysenteriae und obwohl die Behandlung mit Antibiotika die wichtigste Therapie ist, sind keine standardisierten Methoden zur Empfindlichkeitsprufung etabliert. Deshalb wurden 30 Schweizer Feldisolate aus dem Schwein mittels eines Mikrodilutionstests untersucht und dessen Eignung fur die Diagnostik evaluiert. Fur die Pleuromutiline, Tiamulin und Valnemulin, konnte eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit unter der Testung und eine Hemmung bei geringen Konzentrationen beobachtet werden. Die Reproduzierbarkeit fur Doxycyclin war akzeptabel. Ein Teil der Isolate zeigte eine reduzierte Empfindlichkeit. Fur Lincomycin und die Makrolide Tylosin und Tylvalosin war die Reproduzierbarkeit von sogenannten Skips beeinflusst. Daruber hinaus konnte eine reduzierte Empfindlichkeit fur Lincomycin und Resistenz bei Tylosin entdeckt werden. Die Sequenzierung der 23S rDNS zeigte, dass eine Punktmutation fur die Resistenz verantwortlich ist. Ausserdem stellt sie eine mogliche Erklarung fur die Skips dar. Im europaischen Vergleich ist die Situation der Schweiz immer noch gunstig. Trotzdem ist die akkurate Bestimmung der minimalen Hemmstoffkonzentration fragwurdig und eine Klassifizierung der Isolate in sensibel und resistent ist aufgrund des Mangels an eindeutigen Klassifizierungskriterien schwierig. 4
Emergence of Adaptive Computation by Single Neurons in the Developing Cortex

Adaptation is a fundamental computational motif in neural processing. To maintain stable perception in the face of rapidly shifting input, neural systems must extract relevant information from background fluctuations under many different contexts. Many neural systems are able to adjust their input–output properties such that an input's ability to trigger a response depends on the size of that input relative to its local statistical context. This “gain-scaling” strategy has been shown to be an efficient coding strategy. We report here that this property emerges during early development as an intrinsic property of single neurons in mouse sensorimotor cortex, coinciding with the disappearance of spontaneous waves of network activity, and can be modulated by changing the balance of spike-generating currents. Simultaneously, developing neurons move toward a common intrinsic operating point and a stable ratio of spike-generating currents. This developmental trajectory occurs in the absence of sensory input or spontaneous network activity. Through a combination of electrophysiology and modeling, we demonstrate that developing cortical neurons develop the ability to perform nearly perfect gain scaling by virtue of the maturing spike-generating currents alone. We use reduced single neuron models to identify the conditions for this property to hold.
Structural Characterization of the Catalytic Active Site in the Latent and Active Natural Gelatinase B from Human Neutrophils*

Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases that have a leading role in the catabolism of the macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix in a variety of normal and pathological processes. Human gelatinase B is a zinc-dependent proteinase and a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family that is involved in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cancer. We have conducted x-ray absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission, and quantum mechanics studies of natural and activated human gelatinase B. Our results show that the natural enzyme contains one catalytic zinc ion that is central to catalysis. In addition, upon enzyme activation, the catalytic zinc site exhibits a conformation change that results in the expansion of the bond distances around the zinc ion and the replacement of one sulfur with oxygen. Interestingly, quantum mechanics calculations show that oxygen ligation at the catalytic zinc ion exhibits a greater affinity to the binding of an oxygen from an amino acid residue rather than from an external water molecule. These results suggest that the catalytic zinc ion plays a key role in both substrate binding and catalysis.
Downregulation of Transient K+ Channels in Dendrites of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons by Activation of PKA and PKC

We have reported recently a high density of transient A-type K+ channels located in the distal dendrites of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons and shown that these channels shape EPSPs, limit the back-propagation of action potentials, and prevent dendritic action potential initiation (Hoffman et al., 1997). Because of the importance of these channels in dendritic signal propagation, their modulation by protein kinases would be of significant interest. We investigated the effects of activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase (PKC) on K+ channels in cell-attached patches from the distal dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Inclusion of the membrane-permeant PKA activators 8-bromo-cAMP (8-br-cAMP) or forskolin in the dendritic patch pipette resulted in a depolarizing shift in the activation curve for the transient channels of ∼15 mV. Activation of PKC by either of two phorbol esters also resulted in a 15 mV depolarizing shift of the activation curve. Neither PKA nor PKC activation affected the sustained or slowly inactivating component of the total outward current. This downregulation of transient K+ channels in the distal dendrites may be responsible for some of the frequently reported increases in cell excitability found after PKA and PKC activation. In support of this hypothesis, we found that activation of either PKA or PKC significantly increased the amplitude of back-propagating action potentials in distal dendrites.
Patients with acute coronary syndromes express enhanced CD40 ligand/CD154 on platelets

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether CD40L/CD154 on platelets and soluble CD40L/CD154 may play a role in the inflammatory process of acute coronary syndromes. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study in a university hospital. PATIENTS 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 25 patients with unstable angina, 15 patients with stable angina, and 12 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES CD40L/CD154 on platelets, P-selectin/CD62P on platelets, soluble CD40L/CD154 serum concentrations. RESULTS Mean (SD) CD40L/CD154 expression on platelets was 6.2 (2.8) MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) in the infarct group, 11 (3.3) MFI in the unstable angina group (p < 0.001 v infarction), 3.6 (0.9) MFI in the stable angina group (p < 0.01 vinfarction; p < 0.001 v unstable angina), and 3.2 (1.0) MFI in the controls (p < 0.01v infarction; p < 0.001v unstable angina; NSv stable angina). Soluble CD40L/CD154 concentration was 5.2 (1.1) ng/ml in the infarct group, 4.2 (0.7) ng/ml in the unstable angina group (p < 0.001v infarction), 2.9 (1.0) ng/ml in stable angina group (p < 0.001 v infarction and unstable angina), and 3.0 (0.5) ng/ml in the controls (p < 0.001v infarction and unstable angina; NSv stable angina). At a six months follow up, there was lower expression of CD40L/CD154 on platelets in patients with unstable angina (12.3 (3.6) v 3.8 (1.2) MFI, p < 0.0001) and acute myocardial infarction (6.2 (2.8)v 3.5 (0.8) MFI, p < 0.01) compared with their admission values six months earlier. Patients with unstable angina who needed redo coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or who had recurrence of angina were characterised by increased CD40L/CD154 expression on platelets compared with the remainder of the study group (recurrence of angina: 12.7 (3.2) v 9.7 (1.6) MFI, p < 0.05; re-do PTCA: 14.3 (4.2) v10.3 (2.1) MFI, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both CD40L/CD154 on platelets and soluble CD40L/CD154 are raised in patients with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. These findings suggest that CD40–CD40L/CD154 interactions may play a pathogenic role in triggering and propagation of acute coronary syndromes.