Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEM linewidth measurements of anisotropically etched silicon structures smaller than 0.1 µm

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a standard method for linewidth (CD) metrology. For structure sizes smaller than 0.1 µm the information volume of the scanning electron probe is of the same order of magnitude as the structure size and the resulting SEM signal profile is a superposition of structural information from the whole structure. Evaluation of top and bottom linewidths needs to take into account the electron diffusion in the solid state. SEM linewidth measurements at anisotropically etched silicon structures with an exact edge slope angle of 54.7° and a top linewidth smaller than 0.1 µm were performed by a low-voltage SEM metrology system. Different algorithms were applied for linewidth evaluation which were especially adapted for measurements at small structures. The results of SEM linewidth evaluation were compared among each other and to AFM measurements performed by a large-range scanning probe microscope.
International Journal of Human Sciences / Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi

Following dissolution of empires, nation-states appeared on the stage of history in the 19th century when they were established as a result of nationalism that came into prominence based on unity of common language and history. it would not be wrong to say that the nationalist movements that started in the 19th century and the transition period to the nation-state structure took place simultaneously. Nationalism has an important role in the process of losing the legitimacy of traditional structures and the emergence of modern states. The nationalist movement and its studies, which gained momentum especially after the world wars, were gen-erally evaluated together with modernism. Even if nationalism is not an ideology, it is undeniable that the na-tion form has existed in social life since ancient times. In addition to the economic, social and cultural reasons and changes that helped the emergence of the nation-state, there is also the concept of "nationalism", which was of interest to sociology at the end of the 19th cen-tury and at the beginning of the 20th century. The nation-state differs from previous state structures with its nationalist nature. Reasons such as changing economic functions, their organization and social change have found reality in the nation-state structure on the political axis and have also formed the cultural essence. It would be appropriate to emphasize that nationalism is undoubtedly the dominant element in the structuring of the nation-state, whether it is based on blood ties, language or cultural unity. The nation-states, which we accept as the modern period state structure, have formed today's modern nation-state structure by adopting nationalism as an ideology in order to integrate their people. This study seeks to answer certain questions such as whether the idea of nationalism influences the for-mation of nation-state and whether nation-states play an active role in the rise of nationalism. As a result of evaluations, it appears that the idea of nationalism, on one hand, has an active role in the formation of nation-state and nation-state, on the other hand, plays a role in the rise of nationalism as an ideology for keeping together the population living within its territory after its formation process.
Quantum limits of super-resolution via sparsity constraint

Sparsity constraint is a priori knowledge of the signal, which means that in some properly chosen basis only a small percentage of the signal components is nonzero. Sparsity constraint has been used in signal and image processing for a long time. Recent publications have shown that by taking advantage of the Sparsity constraint of the object, super-resolution beyond the diffraction limit could be realized. In this paper we present the quantum limits of super-resolution for the sparse objects. The key idea of our paper is to use the discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (DPSS) as the sensing basis. We demonstrate both analytically and numerically that this sensing basis gives superior performance over the Fourier basis conventionally used for sensing of sparse signals. The explanation of this phenomenon is in the fact that the DPSS are the eigenfunctions of the optical imaging system while the Fourier basis are not. We investigate the role of the quantum fluctuations of the light illuminating the object, in the performance of reconstruction algorithm. This analysis allows us to formulate the criteria for stable reconstruction of sparse objects with super-resolution.
The Structure and Formation Mechanism of Transversal Cloud Bands Associated with the Japan-Sea Polar-Airmass Convergence Zone

During a cold-air outbreak, a broad cloud band is occasionally observed over the Japan-Sea Polar-Airmass Convergence Zone (JPCZ) that forms over the Sea of Japan from the base of the Korean Peninsula to the Japanese Islands. On 14 January 2001, a broad cloud band associated with the JPCZ (JPCZ cloud band) extended in a southeastward direction from the base of the Korean Peninsula to Wakasa Bay, and it stagnated for half a day. The JPCZ cloud band consisted of two cloud regions: one was a long cloud band extending along its southwestern edge (a developed convective cloud band), and the other was the region consisting of cloud bands normal to a wind direction of winter monsoon (transversal cloud bands). The structure and formation mechanism of the transversal cloud bands were examined on the basis of observations (e.g., satellite images, in situ measurement and cloud-pro.ling radar data from an instrumented aircraft and upper-air soundings from observation vessels) and simulation results of a cloud-resolving model with a horizontal resolution of 1 km.The transversal cloud bands had the following characteristic structures; they extended along a northeast-southwest direction, which was parallel to the direction pointed by the vertical shear vector of horizontal wind in the mixed layer, they mainly consisted of convective clouds, which slanted with height toward the down-shear side, and they widened and deepened toward southwest, as the depth of the mixed layer increased. An examination of simulation results presented that the transversal cloud bands were accompanied by roll circulations. The axes of rolls were oriented nearly parallel to the direction of the vertical shear vector in the mixed layer. An analysis of the eddy kinetic energy budget indicated that the roll circulations derived most of its energy from the mean vertical shear and the buoyancy.
On a Risk Model With Delayed Claims Under Stochastic Interest Rates

This article studies a compound binomial risk model where the delayed claims are considered, and defines two types of individual claims, main claims and by-claims, respectively. Each by-claim is induced by the main claim and may be delayed for one time period with a certain probability. An extended definition of the Gerber-Shiu discounted penalty function is proposed to analyze this risk model in the framework of stochastic interest rates which follow a Markov chain with finite state space. By applying generating function and generalized Rouch’s theorem, we derive an explicit expression for this generalized Gerber-Shiu discounted penalty function in terms of the zeros of a determinant. Furthermore, we examine the original Gerber-Shiu discounted penalty function in the compound binomial model with delayed claims. In addition, we prove that the original Gerber-Shiu discounted penalty function satisfies a defective renewal equation, and derive the exact solution of this equation via an associated compound geometric distribution. Moreover, the closed form expressions of ruin probability and the distribution function of the surplus before ruin are obtained for some special cases. Finally, numerical results are provided to illustrate the applicability of our main result and the impact of the delay of by-claims on the Gerber-Shiu discounted penalty functions.
NIGUN: A two-dimensional simulation program for the extraction of H− ions

A new theory for a multiparticle plasma sheath in the case of H− extraction recently provided the basis to modify the well-established two-dimensional (2D) computer program IGUN. © As in the case of IGUN, stability of convergence is obtained for the very nonlinear sheath region by directly inserting the analytical space charge according to the Poisson equation for each mesh point above the wall potential. For three-component plasmas (e, p, and H−) only the relation of proton birth potential to electron energy and H− energy to electron energy is needed to obtain all parameters. For four-component plasmas (e, p, H−, and Cs+) the density and energy ratios of protons and Cs+ ions are required as input for the calculations. Up to 10 different positive ion species may be declared, also requiring the input of the corresponding ratios for density and energy. The actual field strength in the extraction gap is used to determine the proper densities of all particles by the program. The numerical “proof” will be given.
Estimation of (Co)variance Function Coefficients for Test Day Yield with a Expectation-Maximization Restricted Maximum Likelihood Algorithm

Abstract Coefficients for (co)variance functions were obtained via random regression models using the expectation-maximization REML algorithm. Data included milk, fat, and protein yields from 176,495 test days of 22,943 first lactation Holstein cows that calved in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin from 1990 through 1996. Three approximately equal-sized data sets were created: one for Pennsylvania and two for Wisconsin. Random regressions were on third order Legendre polynomials. Genetic and permanent environmental (co)variances each were described by three coefficients. The model contained a fixed effect for age, season, and lactation stage rather than a fixed regression on days in milk. Fixed contemporary groups were based on herd, test day, and milking frequency. The coefficient matrices were dense and included around 70,000 equations. Estimated (co)variance function coefficients, as well as the heritabilities and correlations computed from them, were quite variable across data sets. Heritabilities were at a minimum (0.14 for milk and fat and 0.13 for protein) around peak yield, increased to a maximum (0.24 for milk and protein and 0.21 for fat) around the eighth month in milk, and declined slightly afterwards. Genetic correlations between early and late lactation were low (values of
A nomogram for predicting prognosis of multiple myeloma patients based on a ubiquitin-proteasome gene signature

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant hematopoietic disease that is usually incurable. However, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) genes have not yet been established as a prognostic predictor for MM, despite their potential applications in other cancers. Methods: RNA sequencing data and corresponding clinical information were acquired from Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF)-COMMPASS and served as a training set (n=787). Validation of the prediction signature were conducted by the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases (n=1040). To develop a prognostic signature for overall survival (OS), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regressions, along with Cox regressions, were used. Results: A six-gene signature, including KCTD12, SIAH1, TRIM58, TRIM47, UBE2S, and UBE2T, was established. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the training and validation cohorts revealed that patients with high-risk conditions had a significantly worse prognosis than those with low-risk conditions. Furthermore, UPS-related signature is associated with a positive immune response. For predicting survival, a simple to use nomogram and the corresponding web-based calculator (https://jiangyanxiamm.shinyapps.io/MMprognosis/) were built based on the UPS signature and its clinical features. Analyses of calibration plots and decision curves showed clinical utility for both training and validation datasets. Conclusions: As a result of these results, we established a genetic signature for MM based on UPS. This genetic signature could contribute to improving individualized survival prediction, thereby facilitating clinical decisions in patients with MM.
Stabilizability, detectability, and spectrum assignment for linear autonomous systems with general time delays

A general linear autonomous system with both discrete and distributed delays in state and control variables is considered and an open-loop stabilizability problem is posed. It is proven that a simple algebraic rank condition, similar to the well-known Hautus condition, is necessary for open-loop stabilizability. This condition is also shown to be sufficient by constructing a proper stabilizing state feedback. The detectability problem for systems with general state and output delays is proven to be dual to state-feedback stabilizability of a transposed system with state and control delays. If the delays appear in control variables only the state-feedback spectrum assignability is equivalent to formal controllability of a certain pair of real matrices and, equivalently, to system state controllability.
Struggling with Digital Pandemic: Students’ Narratives about Adapting to Online Learning at Home during the COVID-19 Outbreak

With the ongoing catastrophe of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world seems to have come to a standstill. Daily living routines, work, and schools predominantly launched into a state of confusion, and people across the globe excessively find ways to cope with their experiences of this traumatic disaster. Concerning schools, the pandemic has dramatically challenged the education system with teaching and learning processes managed remotely, utilising online platforms. This paper explores university students’ perception of online learning, specifically during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, to uncover how they respond to this ‘new normal’ digital mode of teaching and learning and how they seek to regain control over the sudden shift in their lives. Through interviews with students from Universiti Darussalam (UBD) and Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali UNISSA, this original article reveals students’ transformative behaviours during online learning, and institutional supports that contribute to the shaping of students' online learning experiences in Brunei.
Equilibrium unfolding of yeast triosephosphate isomerase: a monomeric intermediate in guanidine-hci and two-state behavior in urea

This is the first experimental evidence of an equilibrium intermediate in the unfolding of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM). The reversible unfolding of S. cerevisiae TIM induced by both guanidine­ HCl (Gdn-HCl) and urea, are apparently monophasic when followed by spectroscopic techniques. Kinetic analysis and ANS binding data confirm a two-state transition in urea. nevertheless, in Gdn-HCl they indicate an intermediate. Hydrodynamic properties of the intermediate are consistent with a compact monomer.
Rating and Evaluation of Ethical Behaviors of Education Managers with AHP Analysis Technique, one of the Modern Decision Support Systems

This study aims to create a model for rating and evaluation the ethical behaviors that education administrators will use in decision-making processes by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is one of the modern decision support systems. The research used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, one of the modern decision support systems developed by Saaty (1980), which allows the joint analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The data collection instrument for the study is the Ethical Leadership Scale developed by Ylmaz (2006). Research data were collected from 15 school administrators and teachers working in Kartal, Pendik, Maltepe, and Sultanbeyli districts on the Anatolian side of Istanbul province during. The purposive sampling method was used to determine the study group. The ethical behaviors identified using the sub-dimensions of the scale were compared in pairs and ranked according to their importance. The results revealed that the most important ethical behaviors managers should have in all their values and behavioral ethics are truthfulness and honesty. In the dimension of environmental ethics, managers are expected to create the freest environments, while managers are expected to be the fairest in the dimension of communication ethics. Managers are expected to have these values and apply them in their lives. When managers make decisions in the management process, they should act rationally and consider the ethical dimensions of the decisions.
A Compact High Power Laser-Diode Side-Pumped Tm,Ho:YAG Laser Nearly at Room Temperature with Intracavity Tm:YAG Laser

We report a compact high power Tm,Ho:YAG laser nearly at room temperature. The laser-diode side-pumped Tm:YAG and Tm,Ho:YAG laser modules are operated in the same cavity. The laser yields 37.34 W of continuous wave output power under the temperature of 6°C, corresponding to a maximum slope efficiency of 16.7% when the output power lies from 5.1 W to 27.0 W. This is the first report on the combined Tm:YAG and Tm,Ho:YAG lasers for obtaining high power 2.1 μm laser.
Time-of-flight non-contact fluorescence diffuse optical tomography with numerical constant fraction discrimination

We introduce a novel non-contact fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (FDOT) approach for localizing a fluorescent inclusion embedded in a scattering medium. It uses the time of flight of early photons arriving at several detector positions around the medium. It is a true and direct time-of-flight approach in that arrival times are converted to distance. The arrival time of early photons is found via a recently introduced numerical constant fraction discriminator applied to fluoresced photons time-of-flight distributions (fluorescence time pointspread functions (FTPSFs)). Time-correlated single photon counting and an ultrafast photon counting avalanche photodiode are used for measuring FTPSFs that form tomographic data sets. The FDOT localization algorithm proceeds in two steps. The first determines the angular position of the inclusion as the average, over projections, of angular detector positions with smallest arrival time. The second determines the inclusion's radial position based on relative arrival times obtained at several detector positions within each tomographic projection relatively to a reference detector position, the latter being that of shortest arrival time in the projection. The radial position found minimizes the discrepancy between relative arrival times computed for several possible inclusion positions and relative arrival times deduced from experimental data. Two methods are presented for this.
Fixed points for discontinuous quasi-monotone maps in ⁿ

Let Kn be the unit cube in Rn and f = (fl,f2,. fn): Kn Rn. It is known that f has maximal and minimal fixed points in Kn if f: Kn -p Kn and f is monotone increasing. In this paper, a weaker condition, namely quasi-monotonicity, is considered and it is proved that the above mentioned conclusion is still true if f is either quasi-monotone and liminf [fi(x + tei) fi(x)] o t 0 t or -f is quasi-monotone and lim sup [fi (x + te) fi (x)] + t-0 t
Organic Thin Film Transistor-Driven Liquid Crystal Displays on Flexible Polymer Substrate

In this report, organic thin film transistor (OTFT)-driven active-matrix liquid crystal display (AM-LCD) on flexible polymer substrate is demonstrated. A polymer material, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was used as the active layer and printed by a rubber stamp printing method using a prepatterned silicone elastomer stamp. With this method, the active layer was easily printed on the device without further patterning process. The saturation field-effect mobility of the rubber-stamp-printed TFT array was 0.025 cm2/V·s and the on/off ratio was 104. From the results, a 2'' OTFT-LCD panel with 35×24 pixels was successively fabricated and operated using a polycarbonate substrate. In addition, we investigated the reliability of the OTFT device under various conditions with or without a passivation layer to realize more stable devices.
Interaction between cucumber green mottle mosaic virus MP and CP promotes virus systemic infection

Abstract The movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) of tobamoviruses play critical roles in viral cell‐to‐cell and long‐distance movement, respectively. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a member of the genus Tobamovirus. The functions of CGMMV MP and CP during viral infection remain largely unclear. Here, we show that CGMMV MP can interact with CP in vivo, and the amino acids at positions 79–128 in MP are vital for the MP–CP interaction. To confirm this finding, we mutated five conserved residues within the residue 79–128 region and six other conserved residues flanking this region, followed by in vivo interaction assays. The results showed that the conserved threonine residue at the position 107 in MP (MPT107) is important for the MP–CP interaction. Substitution of T107 with alanine (MPT107A) delayed CGMMV systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, but increased CGMMV local accumulation. Substitutions of another 10 conserved residues, not responsible for the MP–CP interaction, with alanine inhibited or abolished CGMMV systemic infection, suggesting that these 10 conserved residues are possibly required for the MP movement function through a CP‐independent manner. Moreover, two movement function‐associated point mutants (MPF17A and MPD97A) failed to cause systemic infection in plants without impacting on the MP–CP interaction. Furthermore, we have found that co‐expression of CGMMV MP and CP increased CP accumulation independent of the interaction. MP and CP interaction inhibits the salicylic acid‐associated defence response at an early infection stage. Taken together, we propose that the suppression of host antiviral defence through the MP–CP interaction facilitates virus systemic infection.
Unitary Representations of the Homogeneous Lorentz Group in an O(2, 1) Basis

Unitary irreducible representations of the homogeneous Lorentz group, SO(3, 1), belonging to the principal series and containing integral angular momenta, are reduced with respect to the subgroup SO(2, 1). It is found that the representation {j0, ρ} of SO(3, 1), where j0 is a nonnegative integer and ρ a real number, contains each representation of SO(2, 1) of the continuous class (nonexceptional and integral) twice, and each of the discrete representations Dk(±) of SO(2, 1) once, for k = 1, 2, ⋯, j0. The latter representations are absent for j0 = 0. It is shown that the basis states of the representation Dk(±) (for k ≥ 2) lie in the domain of those generators of SO(3, 1) that are outside the SO(2, 1) subalgebra, while the states of the representations D1(±) do not lie in this domain. It is further shown that from the point of view of the nature of this domain, the representations D1(±) of SO(2, 1) are very intimately connected to the continuous class representations of SO(2, 1), and that these two discret.