Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of MRSA in South Australian nursing homes

theatre for an awake nasal intubation (with fibreoptic visualisation) and drainage of the abscess. The larynx, pharynx and epiglottis were severely oedematous. After surgery, he remained ventilated in the intensive care unit, and clindamicin was added to the antibiotic therapy. The same evening, the patient's left submandibular area became increasingly swollen, extending past the midline, suggesting Ludwig's angina (cellulitis of the submandibular/sublingual spaces) . The area was incised and left open, but oedema rather than pus was observed. The patient remained very unwell, and, as we were concerned that he might develop descending mediastinitis;' we transported him, ventilated, half a kilometre by ambulance to the town 's only computed tomography (CT) scanner. The scan showed extensive softtissue swelling of the oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, an airway which would have been severely compromised without the nasotracheal tube, and a poss ible collection at the left mandibular angle (see Figure). We had planned to evacuate the patient to Townsville by plane for specialist care, but during tracheostomy to secure the airway further pus drained and the pharyngolaryngeal oedema decreased, so the evacuation was cancelled. Therapy with gentamicin was commenced on the basis of Gram-stain results; Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. were later identified, and the antibiotic regimen was rationalised to timentin and gentamicin. Over the next week the patient recovered. Lessons from this case are : • Although drainage of peritonsillar abscess is usually successfulr' this patient had a second collection. This may have become evident earlier had access to a CT scanner been easier. • Benzylpenicillin and metronidazole are effective in 98% of cases; ' but were not in this patient. Culture is usually considered unnecessary," but in this case it was essential for selecting the appropriate antibiotics. • Tracheostomy is absolutely indicated in patients with Ludwig's angina 5 it might have been performed earlier had we had access to specialist ear, nose and throat services. Despite Mt Isa's isolation and limited specialist services, application of basic surgical and microbiological principles resulted in a good outcome for this patient.
The nestedness of forest dependence: A conceptual framework and empirical exploration

Previous research on forest dependence has been limited by (1) an incomplete treatment of the topic (an overemphasis of timber dependence) and (2) careless specification of inferences based on data employed. This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the nested nature afforest dependence, and demonstrates how forest dependence changes when examining progressively smaller units of analysis. North Americans derive a wide variety of goods and services from their forests. A combination of human uses, including timber use, tourism/recreation use, subsistence, other nontimber use, and ecological use, comprises forest dependence at any given unit of analysis. Available data from the northeastern United States are used to show how forest dependence differs as one shifts between nested, spatial units of analysis.
Divisions of Labour, Specialization and the Enforcement of a System of Property Rights: A General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper uses a model of endogenous theft and endogenous network division of labour to formalize some of the main principles of the economics of the state and to explore related issues concerning why new constitutional rules emerge and evolve. The model suggests that fiscal competition between states facilitates important circular effects, which propel improvements in economic welfare and promote economic growth. In particular, improvements in institutional efficiency expand the demand for transactions, which in turn increases the need for further third-party protection of property rights. We illustrate our results using the growth of the state system in Western Europe. Copyright 2004 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Features of retinal prosthesis using suprachoroidal transretinal stimulation from an electrical circuit perspective

Several research groups globally have been developing retinal prostheses since the 1990s. We have been developing a retinal prosthesis based on suprachoroidal transretinal stimulation (STS). In this paper, features of STS-based retinal prosthesis will be described in detail especially from an electrical circuit perspective.
Time-Aligned Similarity Calculations for Job-Centric Monitoring

In job-centric monitoring, monitors gather series of measurements, e.g., the used CPU load, per job. In domains where jobs are expected to behave similar, job-centric monitoring allows detecting misbehaving jobs based on a reference series of measurements. However, current detection approaches neglect time-drifts in series, e.g., caused by different CPU speeds and therefore potentially cause false positives.To cope with this issue, this paper introduces a novel approach to compensate such time-drifts. Our approach is based on a transformation that aligns a series of measurements to the reference series time. In a proof-of-concept with synthetic job-centric monitoring data, we show that our approach reduces the number of false positives significant.
The Political Economy of Interest-Rate Setting, Inflation, and Income Distribution

Despite the seemingly apparent convergence over the endogeneity of money in recent years with the rise of New Consensus models, there is still considerable disagreement over the nature and role of interest rates in monetary theory and policy, both within the mainstream as well as among heterodox approaches. Conventional theory suggests that the rate of interest is the price of money, which equilibrates the demand for and supply of money. In this context, the analysis of money is similar to that of any other good, where any excess supplies or demands lead to either a decrease or an increase in the price. Indeed, the purported role of the rate of interest is to clear the money market and, in so doing, contribute to the regulation of economic activity. Yet, the theory of endogenous money necessarily challenges this vision. By stipulating that the supply of money adapts to the demand for credit, there is no longer an equilibrating role for the rate of interest: Because supply adapts to demand, there cannot be
Crime, earnings inequality and unemployment in England and Wales

Masih and Masih (1996) recently presented an analysis of crime in a temporal Granger-causal framework, and explored empirically some of the determinants of crime in Australia using annual data over the period 1963-90. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role exerted by earnings inequality and unemployment in the determination of crime. Using a panel of annual regional data from 1979 to 1993 for England and Wales, we find that the growth in earnings inequality and unemployment impact positively on five types of criminal activity examined.
The treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy

Authors' Appointments.SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION, AND OVERVIEW OF DIAGNOSIS, BIOLOGY AND THERAPY.1. INTRODUCTION: Eddy Estlin (Royal Manchester Children's Hospital) and Stephen Lowis (The Hopsital for Sick Children). 2.THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PAEDIATRIC CNS TUMOURS: GA Amos Burke (Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust). 3.PAEDIATRIC CNS TUMOURS: NEUROIMAGING: Shelley Renowden (Frenchay Hospital). 4.PATHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD CNS TUMOuRS: Lucy B Rorke-Adams (University of Pennsylvania) and Jaclyn A Biegel (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia). 5.MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO THE UNDERSTANDING AND TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD CNS TUMOuRS: Richard J Gilbertson (St Jude Children's Research Hospital). 6.SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CNS TUMOURS IN THE PAEDIATRIC POPULATION: Jerard Ross (Royal Hospital for Sick Children) and John Thorne (Royal Manchester Children's Hospital). 7.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RADIOTHERAPY: Eddy Estlin (Royal Manchester Children's Hospital) and Stephen Lowis (The Hospital for Sick Children). 8.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOTHERAPY: Eddy Estlin (Royal Manchester Children's Hospital). 9.MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS AT PRESENTATION FOR CHILDREN WITH CNS TUMOURS: Stephen Lowis (The Hospital for Sick Children). SECTION TWO: CNS TUMOURS OF CHILDHOOD.10. LOW-GRADE AND HIGH-GRADE ASTROCYTOMA: Eddy Estlin (Royal Manchester Children's Hospital) and Stephen Lowis (The Hospital for Sick Children). 11.EPENDYMOMA: Ute Bartels (Hospital for Sick Children), Douglas J Hyder (Hospital for Sick Children), Annie Huang (Hospital for Sick Children) and Eric Bouffet (Hospital for Sick Children). 12.BRAINSTEM TUMOURS: Carolyn R Freeman (McGill University) and Jean-Pierre Farmer (McGill University). 13.PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOURS: Stephen Lowis (The Hospital for Sick Children). 14.INTRACRANIAL GERM CELL TUMOURS: Susanne J Rogers (Institute of Cancer Research) and Frank H Saran (Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust). 15.CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMA AND CARCINOMA: Stephen Lowis (The Hospital for Sick Children). 16.CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA: Eddy Estlin (Royal Manchester Children's Hospital). 17.MIXED NEURONAL TUMOURS: Eddy Estlin (Royal Manchester Children's Hospital). 18.SPINAL CORD TUMOURS IN CHILDREN: Douglas J Hyder (Hospital for Sick Children), Peter B Dirks (Hospital for Sick Children), Ute Bartels (Hospital for Sick Children) and Eric Bouffet (Hospital for Sick Children). 19.METASTATIC DISEASE AFFECTING THE CNS: Stephen Lowis (The Hospital for Sick Children). SECTION THREE: LATE EFFECTS, REHABILITATION AND PALLIATIVE CARE.20. LATE EFFECTS OF CNS TUMOURS: Adam Glaser (Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust) and Gary Butler (University of Reading). 21.AN OVERVIEW OF CEREBRAL FUNCTIONING AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Andrew Curran (Alder Hey Children's Hospital). 22.PALLIATIVE CARE: Erica Mackie (Southampton General Hospital). SECTION FOUR: SUMMARY.23. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Segmentation of Visitors to a Heritage Site Using High-resolution Time-space Data

A novel method of data collection based on high-resolution time-space data recorded by global positioning system units was used to segment visitors to the Old City of Acre heritage site in Israel. This technique of accurately tracking the temporal and spatial behavior of visitors carrying the global positioning system units overcomes the well-known limitations of traditional data collection methods. Discrete-choice methods and a system of censored regressions were used to identify the decision-making process at each stage of the visit. The segmentation of the visitors was based on these decisions. It was found that different attributes associate the visitors with different segments at each level. Although the findings might be site specific, the data collection and the segmentation method could be used by tourism planners and decision makers at other sites.
Further Evidence on the Origin of Samuelson's Multiplier-Accelerator Model

I highly welcome the reactions by Claes-Henric Siven and Daniele Besomi to our article on the origin of Paul Samuelson’s multiplier-accelerator model (Heertje and Heemeijer 2002). Both contributions indicate that the development of new ideas is full of complexities and may come from different sources and places, andmay be linked to a specific time-pattern. Briefly, I shall first deal with the observations put forward by Siven and then move on to Besomi’s contribution.
Participation of an Energy Storage Aggregator in Electricity Markets

An important function of aggregators is to enable the participation of small energy storage units in electricity markets. This paper studies two generally overlooked aspects related to aggregators of energy storage: i) the relationship between the aggregator and its constituent storage units and ii) the aggregator’s effect on system welfare. Regarding i), we show that short-term outcomes can be Pareto-inefficient: all players could be better-off. In practice, however, aggregators and storage units are likely to engage in long rather than short-term relationships. Using Nash Bargaining Theory, we show that aggregators and storage units are likely to cooperate in the long-term. A rigorous understanding of the aggregator-storage unit relationship is fundamental to model the aggregator’s participation in the market. Regarding ii), we first show that a profit-seeking energy storage aggregator is always beneficial to the system when compared to a system without storage, regardless of size or market power the aggregator may have. However, due to market power, a monopolist aggregator may act in a socially suboptimal manner. We propose a pricing scheme designed to mitigate market power abuse by the aggregator. This pricing scheme has several important characteristics: its formulation requires no private information, it incentivizes a rational aggregator to behave in a socially optimal manner, and allows for regulation of the aggregator’s profit.
The Price Impact of Reverse Splits

> If, in principle, reverse splitting of common shares has no impact on the value of a firm, why do a large number of such splits occur every year? There are three possible reasons. First, managements may use reverse splitting to reduce their registrars' fees and shareholder mailing costs. Since it is unlikely, however, that the minimal future benefits to be gained would in most cases offset the immediate costs involved, this rationale deserves little consideration. Second, managements may use reverse splits to improve share marketability-the ease and speed with which a buyer can find a seller and vice versaby maneuvering share prices into some range perceived as preferable to investors. To test whether reverse splits can improve share marketability, the authors segregated their data into three groups(1) stocks with post-split prices in the split month of less than five dollars, (2) stocks with post-split prices between five and 15 dollars and (3) stocks with post-split prices over $15. They detected no significant differences between the groups in either split month or post-split month price movements. Third, managements may use reverse splits as an informal device for conveying to shareholders information about a firm's future earnings' prospects or dividend policies. According to the authors' findings, price behavior of dividend and non-dividend paying companies did not differ significantly. On the other hand, both types of companies saw their share prices deteriorate significantly during the month of the split: If reverse splits convey any information to shareholders, it is evidently negative. P
Physiological Responses of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyceae) to UV‐A and UV‐C Light

Despite intensive research focused on the effects of UV‐B, deeper metabolic responses to UV‐A and UV‐C are still scarce. Besides, especially microalgal species had to develop efficient protective features in comparison with tissue structure of vascular plants. We exposed axenic cultures of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyceae) to UV‐A (366 nm) and UV‐C (254 nm) light over 1 h. Both wavelengths stimulated increase in soluble proteins, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide, but had a nonsignificant effect on cell viability. Within 17 detected free amino acids, five (including proline) increased in response to UV‐A while only aspartic acid and histidine increased in UV‐C treatment. Total soluble phenols and flavonoids were influenced neither by UV‐A nor by UV‐C while selected flavonols (quercetin and kaempferol) decreased in UV‐A and were not detected in UV‐C treatment. Benzoic acid derivatives increased preferentially after UV‐A illumination (vanillic acid and vanillin) while cinnamic derivatives (caffeic, chlorogenic and p‐coumaric acids) decreased in both UV‐A and UV‐C. It is concluded that UV light stimulated oxidative stress while exposure time was not sufficient to stimulate larger changes in phenolic metabolites. Present findings in the context of available data and with emphasis on phenolics in algae are discussed.
Explaining African-Americans’ depressive symptoms: A stress-distress and coping perspective

Findings from five community surveys suggest that the depressive symptom scores of African-Americans are the same as, or lower than, those of Whites. This seems at odds with the minority status hypothesis that predicts higher rates of mental disorders for African-Americans. However, little is known about the role of African-American coping capacity during the life stress process which may shed light on the seeming contradiction. This cross-sectional survey examined the role of spirituality-coping, sense of control, and stress in predicting depressive symptoms among 3570 African-Americans. The findings showed that sense of control mediates the relationship between spirituality, life stressors, and depressive symptoms.
Measuring dynamic effects of advertising: a case study in India

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to estimate the relative contributions of individual marketing mix variables to sales as well as short‐term and long‐term effects of advertising in India.Design/methodology/approach – Time‐series data on sales and marketing mix variables have been collected for two brands. Two double‐log regression modes have been fitted on data to estimate the relative contribution of each effort as well as to isolate the amount of sales due to advertising only. In addition, a log‐linear partial‐adjustment model has been fitted on adjusted sales and advertising data to estimate both short‐term and long‐term effects of advertising.Findings – Results reveal that all the marketing mix variables have significant relative contributions to sales in both the cases. It is also found that advertising does have significant short‐term and long‐term effects on adjusted sales for both the brands.Practical implications – Findings provide a deep insight in dynamic perspective of advertising that m.
A computational framework for the inheritance pattern of genomic imprinting for complex traits

Genetic imprinting, by which the expression of a gene depends on the parental origin of its alleles, may be subjected to reprogramming through each generation. Currently, such reprogramming is limited to qualitative description only, lacking more precise quantitative estimation for its extent, pattern and mechanism. Here, we present a computational framework for analyzing the magnitude of genetic imprinting and its transgenerational inheritance mode. This quantitative model is based on the breeding scheme of reciprocal backcrosses between reciprocal F(1) hybrids and original inbred parents, in which the transmission of genetic imprinting across generations can be tracked. We define a series of quantitative genetic parameters that describe the extent and transmission mode of genetic imprinting and further estimate and test these parameters within a genetic mapping framework using a new powerful computational algorithm. The model and algorithm described will enable geneticists to identify and map imprinted quantitative trait loci and dictate a comprehensive atlas of developmental and epigenetic mechanisms related to genetic imprinting. We illustrate the new discovery of the role of genetic imprinting in regulating hyperoxic acute lung injury survival time using a mouse reciprocal backcross design.
Bupropion and 4-OH-bupropion pharmacokinetics in relation to genetic polymorphisms in CYP2B6.

Bupropion is applied in depression and smoking cessation. Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) may cause variability in bupropion pharmacokinetics since hydroxylation is known to be mediated by CYP2B6. Bupropion may be a probe drug for CYP2B6 activity in humans. Bupropion pharmacokinetics were studied after a single oral dose of 150 mg in 121 healthy male volunteers. The amino acid polymorphisms R22C, Q172H, S259R, K262R and R487C were analysed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism and plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by non-parametric methods and by population pharmacokinetic modelling. A unimodal distribution of bupropion and hydroxybupropion kinetic parameters was detected with a mean (range) area under the curve (AUC) of 3.64 (0.89-8.14) micromol.h/l for bupropion and 25.5 (6.72-75.3) micromol.h/l for hydroxybupropion. Population kinetic analysis revealed that bupropion total clearance via CYP2B6 alleles *1, *2, *5 and *6 did not differ, but clearance via allele *4 was 1.66-fold higher compared to wild-type allele *1 (P=0.001). Corresponding to the high clearance of bupropion, carriers of the CYP2B6 genotype *1/*4 had significantly higher Cmax of hydroxybupropion compared to all other genotypes (P=0.03). Only a minor fraction of the variability in bupropion and hydroxybupropion kinetics could be explained by the known CYP2B6 amino acid variants, in particular by the CYP2B6*4 allele. The role of this allele should also be studied in other CYP2B6 substrates, including cyclophosphamide, halothane, mianserin, promethazine and propofol.
Competition and Monopoly in the Federal Reserve System, 1914-1951: A Microeconomic Approach to Monetary History

List of figures List of tables Preface 1. Introduction 2. Microeconomics of the reserve industry 3. Peculiar economics of the founding of the Fed 4. Interest on reserves and reserve smoothing in a correspondent banking system 5. Competitive open market operations 6. High tide of the Federal Reserve System? 7. The Fed, executive branch, and public finance, 1934-9 8. World War II financing 9. Historical lessons Notes References Index.
Quantifying the Evolution of World Trade, 1870-1949

The typical narrative regarding the evolution of world trade prior to World War II refers to a secular rise starting around 1870 and a subsequent collapse beginning in 1914. This narrative, however, is based on measures of trade openness that do not fully take into account purchasing power differences across countries. Due to lack of alternative data, the measures employed in the existing literature are typically based on non-PPP-adjusted trade data denominated by PPP-adjusted GDP data. The present paper seeks to resolve this inconsistency by constructing new trade share estimates for 62 countries, representing 90% of world GDP, for the period from 1870 to 1949. Our estimates combine historical import and export figures with non-PPP-adjusted GDP values that we estimate via the short-cut method. Our estimates confirm qualitatively the narrative of a dramatic rise and fall of world trade over this period. Yet, they indicate that this rise and fall was quantitatively much more pronounced. We find that trade shares were on average 38% higher than previously documented and the world's level of trade openness in 1913 was comparable to that in 1974.
Multivariate granger causality between CO2 Emissions, energy intensity, financial development and economic growth: evidence from Portugal

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between economic growth, energy intensity, financial development and CO2 emissions over the period of 1971-2009 in case of Portugal. The stationarity analysis is conducted by applying Zivot-Andrews unit root test and ARDL bounds testing approach for long run relationship between the variables. The direction of causal relationship between the series is examined by VECM Granger causality approach and robustness of causality analysis is tested by innovative accounting approach (IAA). Our results confirmed that the variables are cointegrated for long run relationship. The empirical findings of this study reported that economic growth and energy intensity increase CO2 emissions, while financial development condenses it. The VECM causality analysis showed the feedback hypothesis between energy intensity and CO2 emissions, while economic growth and financial development Granger-cause CO2 emissions.