Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role for Cyclin A-dependent Kinase in DNA Replication in Human S Phase Cell Extracts*

Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases. Using in vitro replication of SV40 origin containing DNA as a model system, we have performed a detailed analysis of the dependence on cyclin-associated kinases of mammalian DNA replication. Complete immunodepletion of cyclin A from human S phase cell extracts decreases replication, and replication activity of cyclin A-depleted S phase extracts can subsequently be restored by the addition of purified CDK2-cyclin A kinase. Addition of cyclin A alone reconstitutes both kinase activity and DNA replication, whereas addition of cyclin E or cyclin B reconstitutes neither. We therefore conclude that reconstitution of DNA replication specifically correlates with an increase in kinase activity. By comparison, depletion of cyclin E from S phase cell extracts does not have any significant inhibitory effect on DNA replication. Moreover, specific p21Waf1 mutants that bind to CDK2-cyclin and inhibit both cyclin A and cyclin E kinase activities, but do not bind to proliferating cell nuclear antigen, inhibit DNA replication to the same extent as cyclin A depletion. Together, these results show that the kinase activity associated with cyclin A, but not with cyclin E, is primarily responsible for activating SV40 plasmid replication in mammalian S phase cell extracts. Finally, we present evidence that the cyclin-dependent kinase does not influence the assembly of initiation complexes but acts at a stage prior to elongation.
School leaders’ opportunities to learn: a descriptive analysis from a distributed perspective

Most work on professional learning opportunities in education focuses on classroom teachers and school principals. In this paper the authors take a broader look at school leaders’ opportunities to learn from a distributed perspective. Using one mid‐sized urban school district as their case, they examine the opportunities to learn (OTL) of school principals, administrators and teacher leaders, attending to both formal and on‐the‐job OTL. The analysis shows that an exclusive focus on the school principal substantially underestimates the school system’s investment in school leader learning. The authors argue that efforts to understand school leader learning must move beyond an exclusive focus on the school principal to include the OTL of other formally designated school leaders – both administrators and teacher leaders. Further, they contend that analyzing school leaders’ opportunities to learn must also focus on both formal professional development as well as on‐the‐job learning, and the relations between the two.
Golden Ghettos: Gated Communities and Class Residential Segregation in Montevideo, Uruguay

In this paper, I examine the local expression of a global phenomenon: gated communities in Montevideo, Uruguay. Focusing on the residents' perspective, I investigate microlevel processes of class segregation. I analyze residential and class trajectories, motivations for moving, and consequences of the move. I rely on interviews with residents, developers, architects, and real-estate agents; advertisements; and ethnographic field notes. A major finding is that gated communities do not always increase social and residential segregation. In Montevideo, families in these neighborhoods were already segregated from lower classes. Residents experienced changes in family and community life, but those changes rarely corresponded to changes in their class segregation. This challenges the central focus of the literature on gated communities: a presumed effect on increased class segregation regardless of the context. Another major finding is that residents moved to new neighborhoods to secure class reproduction and gain control over their immediate environment, something that they saw the open city was threatening. Surprisingly, these motivations are very similar to those reported in studies of gentrification. Rather than calling for yet another stretching of the meaning of gentrification, based on these similarities I argue that comparative urban research would profit from a more acute focus on underlying social processes rather than on manifest physical forms.
Human Resource Management: A Critical Text

PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Human Resource Management Today: An Assessment John Storey (Open University) 2. The HR Function: Integration or Fragmentation? Raymond Caldwell (Birkbeck College, University of London), and John Storey (Open University) 3. Networked Organizations and the Negation of HRM? Karen Legge (University of Warwick) PART 2: STRATEGIC ISSUES 4. What is Strategic HRM? John Storey (Open University) 5. Facing up to the Challenges of Success: Putting 'Governance at the Heart of HRM Keith Sisson (Emeritus Professor, Warwick University) PART 3: CORE PRACTICE AREAS 6. Employee Resourcing and Talent Management Paul Iles (University of Teesside) 7. Measure for Measure: Mapping the Terrain of the Training, Learning and Skills Debates Alan Felstead (Cardiff University) 8. Managers Knowledge and the Management of Change Graeme Salaman (Open University) 9. Reward Choices: Strategy and Equity Ian Kessler (Templeton College, University of Oxford) 10. Employee Involvement and Participation: Structures, Processes and Outcomes Mick Marchington and Annette Cox (both University of Manchester) PART 4: INTERNATIONAL HRM 11. HRM: The Comparative Dimension Chris Brewster (Henley Management College) 12. Dynamic Organizations: Achieving Marketplace Agility Through Workforce Scalability Lee Dyer (Cornell University) and Jeff Ericksen (University of Illinois) 13. Global Staffing and the Multinational Enterprise David Collings (University of Sheffield) and Hugh Scullion (University of Strathclyde) PART 5: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 14. Technology in HRM: The Means to Become a Strategic Business Partner? Emma Parry and Shaun Tyson (both Cranfield School of Management) 15. Ethics and HRM David Bevan (Kings College, University of London)
Recommender System Based on Purely Probabilistic Model from Pooled Sequence Statistics

In this paper we present a method to obtain a recommendation ranking for items in a collection using a marginalization technique to estimate conditional probabilities. The method uses no content-related information and rests on a probabilistic model based on implicitly collected data from past user behaviour. Given a query triplet of items for which a list of recommended results is required, the technique uses estimates for the conditional probabilities of items appearing after the three doublets defined by the triplet. The technique leads to the evaluation of a score function which takes the simple form of a sum of these conditional probabilities. Results show that the approach has good performance with respect to other methods.
Blocking Synaptic Removal of GluA2-Containing AMPA Receptors Prevents the Natural Forgetting of Long-Term Memories

The neurobiological processes underpinning the natural forgetting of long-term memories are poorly understood. Based on the critical role of GluA2-containing AMPA receptors (GluA2/AMPARs) in long-term memory persistence, we tested in rats whether their synaptic removal underpins time-dependent memory loss. We found that blocking GluA2/AMPAR removal with the interference peptides GluA23Y or G2CT in the dorsal hippocampus during a memory retention interval prevented the normal forgetting of established, long-term object location memories, but did not affect their acquisition. The same intervention also preserved associative memories of food-reward conditioned place preference that would otherwise be lost over time. We then explored whether this forgetting process could play a part in behavioral phenomena involving time-dependent memory change. We found that infusing GluA23Y into the dorsal hippocampus during a 2 week retention interval blocked generalization of contextual fear expression, whereas infusing it into the infralimbic cortex after extinction of auditory fear prevented spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response. Exploring possible physiological mechanisms that could be involved in this form of memory decay, we found that bath application of GluA23Y prevented depotentiation, but not induction of long-term potentiation, in a hippocampal slice preparation. Together, these findings suggest that a decay-like forgetting process that involves the synaptic removal of GluA2/AMPARs erases consolidated long-term memories in the hippocampus and other brain structures over time. This well regulated forgetting process may critically contribute to establishing adaptive behavior, whereas its dysregulation could promote the decline of memory and cognition in neuropathological disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neurobiological mechanisms involved in the natural forgetting of long-term memory and its possible functions are not fully understood. Based on our previous work describing the role of GluA2-containing AMPA receptors in memory maintenance, here, we tested their role in forgetting of long-term memory. We found that blocking their synaptic removal after long-term memory formation extended the natural lifetime of several forms of memory. In the hippocampus, it preserved spatial memories and inhibited contextual fear generalization; in the infralimbic cortex, it blocked the spontaneous recovery of extinguished fear. These findings suggest that a constitutive decay-like forgetting process erases long-term memories over time, which, depending on the memory removed, may critically contribute to developing adaptive behavioral responses.
Defective Cx40 Maintains Cx37 Expression but Intact Cx40 Is Crucial for Conducted Dilations Irrespective of Hypertension

The gap junction channel protein connexin40 (Cx40) is crucial in vascular and renal physiology, because Cx40-deficient mice exhibit impaired conduction of endothelium-dependent dilations and pronounced hypertension. The latter precludes mechanistic insights into the role of endothelial Cx40, because long-lasting hypertension itself may affect conduction and Cx expression. We aimed to identify endothelial Cx40 functions, their dependency on the conductive capability, and to separate these from hypertension-related alterations. We assessed conduction and Cx expression in mice with cell type–specific deletion of Cx40 and in mice expressing a defective Cx40 (Cx40A96S) identified in humans, which forms nonconducting gap junction channels. Confined arteriolar stimulation with acetylcholine or bradykinin elicited local dilations that conducted upstream without attenuation of the amplitude for distances up to 1.2-mm in controls with a floxed Cx40 gene (Cx40fl/fl). Conducted responses in hypertensive animals devoid of Cx40 in renin-producing cells were unaltered but remote dilations were reduced in normotensive animals deficient for Cx40 in endothelial cells (Cx40fl/fl:Tie2-Cre). Surprisingly, Cx37 expression was undetectable by immunostaining in arteriolar endothelium only in Cx40fl/fl:Tie2-Cre; however, transcriptional activity of Cx37 in the cremaster was comparable with Cx40fl/fl controls. Cx40A96S mice were hypertensive with preserved expression of Cx40 and Cx37. Nevertheless, conducted responses were blunted. We conclude that endothelial Cx40 is necessary to support conducted dilations initiated by endothelial agonists and to locate Cx37 into the plasma membrane. These functions are unaltered by long-lasting hypertension. In the presence of a nonconducting Cx40, Cx37 is present but cannot support the conduction highlighting the importance of endothelial Cx40.
Mislocalization of DNAH5 and DNAH9 in respiratory cells from patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.

RATIONALE Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by recurrent infections of the airways and situs inversus in half of the affected offspring. The most frequent genetic defects comprise recessive mutations of DNAH5 and DNAI1, which encode outer dynein arm (ODA) components. Diagnosis of PCD usually relies on electron microscopy, which is technically demanding and sometimes difficult to interpret. METHODS Using specific antibodies, we determined the subcellular localization of the ODA heavy chains DNAH5 and DNAH9 in human respiratory epithelial and sperm cells of patients with PCD and control subjects by high-resolution immunofluorescence imaging. We also assessed cilia and sperm tail function by high-speed video microscopy. RESULTS In normal ciliated airway epithelium, DNAH5 and DNAH9 show a specific regional distribution along the ciliary axoneme, indicating the existence of at least two distinct ODA types. DNAH5 was completely or only distally absent from the respiratory ciliary axoneme in patients with PCD with DNAH5- (n = 3) or DNAI1- (n = 1) mutations, respectively, and instead accumulated at the microtubule-organizing centers. In contrast to respiratory cilia, sperm tails from a patient with DNAH5 mutations had normal ODA heavy chain distribution, suggesting different modes of ODA generation in these cell types. Blinded investigation of a large cohort of patients with PCD and control subjects identified DNAH5 mislocalization in all patients diagnosed with ODA defects by electron microscopy (n = 16). Cilia with complete axonemal DNAH5 deficiency were immotile, whereas cilia with distal DNAH5 deficiency showed residual motility. CONCLUSIONS Immunofluorescence staining can detect ODA defects, which will possibly aid PCD diagnosis.
The Shaping of the Fulton Report on the Civil Service

Early access to the papers of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-68, and to the still unpublished oral evidence that the Committee received, which has been officially granted to the author, enables the manner in which the Committee shaped its Report, and particularly the controversial opening Chapter of that Report to be studied fully for the first time. * The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Economic and Social Research Council. The work was funded by E.S. R.C. award R000231033. The material drawn from the papers of the Fulton Committee of 1966-68 (PRO: BA1/1-97), and hence, from within the period still covered by the Thirty Year Rule is reproduced by permission of the Secretary of the Cabinet and Head of the Home Civil Service, and the Keeper of the Public Records. The papers of Lord Simey of Toxteth, which are referred to in the text, are housed in the University of Liverpool. The papers of Lord Fulton of Falmer will be eventually housed in the University of Sussex but they are now available to scholars. The papers of Lord Crowther-Hunt are to be housed eventually in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, but they will be unavailable to scholars for the foreseeable future, and scholars should note that the box numbers given relate to the provisional sort.
Socioeconomic Status and Instrumental Music: What Does the Research Say about the Relationship and Its Implications?

Socioeconomic status (SES), as defined by Bornstein and Bradley (2003), is “the relative position of individuals, families, or groups in stratified social systems where some societal values (e.g., occupational prestige, education) are not uniformly distributed” (p. 2). Kozol (1991) argued that SES is a factor that influences teaching and substantiated his thoughts by describing the dismal conditions and equipment of lowSES schools he visited. In those schools, teachers often had low expectations and standards for minority students, a finding supported by Ogbu (1974). Kozol concluded that the public often does not acknowledge the inequalities in education that so many students suffer and stated that “none of the national reports I saw made even passing reference to inequality or segregation. Low reading scores, high dropout rates, poor motivation—symptomatic matters seem to dominate the discussion” (p. 3). Kozol’s findings could have implications for instrumental music. Monetary investments necessary to participate in an instrumental music program include obtaining and maintaining an instrument and purchasing supplies such as reeds, oil, strings, and sheet music. Low-SES parents may value school activities such as instrumental music programs, but the associated costs may prohibit their children from participating. If SES influences one’s choice to participate in a school activity, then the quality of teaching for that activity may be influenced by SES as well, as Kozol (1991) and Ogbu (1974) suggest. However, does this influence also extend to instrumental music instruction? A review of the published literature can assist practitioners in becoming more aware of the possible influences of SES on instrumental music programs. The purpose of this article is to review the published literature addressing recruitment, retention, and participation in instrumental music; student attitudes toward music; and school support for instrumental music. At the end, the article offers recommendations for teaching practice and future research in these areas.
A set of corpus-based text-to-speech synthesis technologies for Mandarin Chinese

This paper presents a set of corpus-based text-to-speech synthesis technologies for Mandarin Chinese. A large speech corpus produced by a single speaker is used, and the speech output is. synthesized from waveform units of variable lengths, with desired linguistic properties, retrieved from this corpus. Detailed methodologies were developed for designing "phonetically rich" and "prosodically rich" corpora by automatically selecting sentences from a large text corpus to include as many desired phonetic combinations and prosodic features as possible. Automatic phonetic labeling with iterative correction rules and automatic prosodic labeling with a multi-pass top-down procedure were also developed such that the labeling process for the corpora can be completely automatic. A hierarchical prosodic structure for an arbitrary desired text sentence is then generated based on the identification of different levels of break indices, and the prosodic feature sets and appropriate waveform units are finally selected and retrieved from the corpus, modified if necessary, and concatenated to produce the output speech. The special structure of Mandarin Chinese has been carefully considered in all these technologies, and preliminary assessments indicated very encouraging synthesized speech quality.
Nigeria : paradoxes de l'abondance et démocratisation en trompe-l'œil

Dresser un bilan de la gestion du Nigeria par les equipes civiles au pouvoir depuis 1999 revient d’abord a souligner le contraste entre une volonte de reforme que nul ne conteste et la poursuite d’un cycle de delitement de la cohesion politique et territoriale du pays. Les resultats tangibles dont peuvent se prevaloir le president Obasanjo et son equipe relevent d’abord de l’evolution de la conjoncture petroliere internationale et des excellents rapports tisses avec la communaute internationale. A l’interieur du pays, les ambitions affichees par l’administration Obasanjo peinent a se concretiser, qu’il s’agisse de la lutte contre la corruption ou de l’amelioration de la vie quotidienne des Nigerians. La situation quasi-insurrectionnelle dans le delta du Niger fait figure de condense explosif de problemes face auxquels l’administration federale continue a reveler son impuissance. La contestation de plus en plus radicale des fondements du federalisme nigerian va desormais de pair avec un delitement du controle territorial et une contestation de l’ethique developpementale et seculaire de l’Etat. Derriere les crises a repetition, c’est la transformation du Nigeria en un pays sans Etat qui se profile.
FROM CONTRACT TO UMBRELLA AGREEMENT

It is now widely accepted that English contract law does not deal equally well across the whole range of agreements that are made. The model which fits best to English contract law is one in which the parties move immediately from no contract to completed contract. There is great difficulty with situations where the parties spend a long time in an area where there are obligations and understandings but not yet a fully completed contract. This article considers an important development that attempts to deal with this difficulty. That is the increasing use by contracting parties of what may be called umbrella agreements.
Separation and extraction of energy variants from human motion using temporal minimization

This paper presents a new approach based on temporal minimization for separation and extraction of high/low-energy variants embedded in human motion. A data set of over 6500 frames is used for training the proposed algorithm. Spatiotemporal cubic splines are employed for approximating the trajectories associated with walking sequences. The optimal numbers of control points required for synthesizing the neutral movements are calculated. We illustrate that by minimizing an error value with respect to the training data set and reconstructing the trajectories, the low and high-energy variants can be separated from the main gait and hence extracted.
Reducing the Reliability Over-Cost in Reconfiguration-Based Fault Tolerant Control Under Actuator Faults

This note addresses reconfiguration-based fault tolerance under actuator faults, for linear time invariant systems. Based on the concept of bottom-up extensible controls, a fault tolerance scheme that mixes the passive and active approaches is designed to recover all recoverable faults, and an algorithm is proposed to reduce the reliability overcost with respect to previous designs.
Classification of hyperbolicity and stability preservers: the multivariate Weyl algebra case

A multivariate polynomial is stable if it is nonvanishing whenever all variables have positive imaginary parts. We characterize all finite order linear differential operators in the Weyl algebra An that preserve stability. An important tool that we develop in the process is the multivariate generalization of the notion of multiplier sequence. We give a complete description of all multivariate multiplier sequences as well as those of finite order. Next, we formulate and prove a natural analog of the Lax conjecture for real stable polynomials in two variables and use it to classify all finite order linear differential operators that preserve univariate hyperbolic polynomials by means of determinants and homogenized symbols. As a further consequence of our methods we establish symbol curve theorems and a duality theorem showing that a differential operator preserves stability if and only if its Fischer-Fock adjoint has the same property. These are vast generalizations of the classical HermitePoulain-Jensen theorem, Pólya’s curve theorem and Schur-Maló-Szegö type composition theorems in the univariate case as well as natural multivariate extensions of the aforementioned theorems. We also give several other applications of our results and discuss further directions and open problems.
Expert interpretation of bar and line graphs: the role of graphicacy in reducing the effect of graph format

The distinction between informational and computational equivalence of representations, first articulated by Larkin and Simon (1987) has been a fundamental principle in the analysis of diagrammatic reasoning which has been supported empirically on numerous occasions. We present an experiment that investigates this principle in relation to the performance of expert graph users of 2 × 2 “interaction” bar and line graphs. The study sought to determine whether expert interpretation is affected by graph format in the same way that novice interpretations are. The findings revealed that, unlike novices—and contrary to the assumptions of several graph comprehension models—experts' performance was the same for both graph formats, with their interpretation of bar graphs being no worse than that for line graphs. We discuss the implications of the study for guidelines for presenting such data and for models of expert graph comprehension.