Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response restriction produces discriminated responding consisting of high rates of communicative responses when reinforcement is available and low/no communicative responding when reinforcement is unavailable while maintaining low rates of destructive behavior in four young children

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Fisher, W.W. , Greer, B.D. , Querim, A.C. , & DeRosa, N. (2014). Decreasing excessive functional communication responses while treating destructive behavior using response restriction. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 2614–2623. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and no conflicts of interest reported by the original authors of this research report.
Quantifying the limited and gradual concept drift assumption

Nonstationary environments, where underlying distributions change over time, are becoming increasingly common in real-world applications. A specific example of such an environment is concept drift, where the joint probability distributions of observed data drift over time. Such environments call for a model that can update its parameters to adapt to the changing environment. An extreme case of this scenario, referred to as extreme verification latency, is where labeled data are only available at initialization, with unlabeled data becoming available in a streaming fashion thereafter. In such a scenario, the classifier must update its hypothesis based on only unlabeled data drawn from the drifting distributions. In our prior work, we described a framework, called COMPOSE, that works well in this type of environment, provided that the data distributions experience limited (or gradual) drift. Limited drift assumption is common in many concept drift algorithms yet - surprisingly - there is little or no formal definition of this assumption. In this contribution, we describe a mechanism to formally quantify limited drift. We define two metrics, one that represents the normalized class separation drift, and the other that uses the ratio of between-class separations and within class drift through time. We test these metrics on both synthetic and real world problems, and argue that the latter can be more suitably used.
Computational analysis of ABL kinase mutations allows predicting drug sensitivity against selective kinase inhibitors

The ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib has been used as front-line therapy for Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. However, a significant proportion of imatinib-treated patients relapse due to occurrence of mutations in the ABL kinase domain. Although inhibitor sensitivity for a set of mutations was reported, the role of less frequent ABL kinase mutations in drug sensitivity/resistance is not known. Moreover, recent reports indicate distinct resistance profiles for second-generation ABL inhibitors. We thus employed a computational approach to predict drug sensitivity of 234 point mutations that were reported in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Initial validation analysis of our approach using a panel of previously studied frequent mutations indicated that the computational data generated in this study correlated well with the published experimental/clinical data. In addition, we present drug sensitivity profiles for remaining point mutations by computational docking analysis using imatinib as well as next generation ABL inhibitors nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, axitinib, and ponatinib. Our results indicate distinct drug sensitivity profiles for ABL mutants toward kinase inhibitors. In addition, drug sensitivity profiles of a set of compound mutations in ABL kinase were also presented in this study. Thus, our large scale computational study provides comprehensive sensitivity/resistance profiles of ABL mutations toward specific kinase inhibitors.
Improved audio coding using a psychoacoustic model based on a cochlear filter bank

Perceptual audio coders use an estimated masked threshold for the determination of the maximum permissible just-inaudible noise level introduced by quantization. This estimate is derived from a psychoacoustic model mimicking the properties of. masking. Most psychoacoustic models for coding applications use a uniform (equal bandwidth) spectral decomposition as a first step to approximate the frequency selectivity of the human auditory system. However, the equal filter properties of the uniform subbands do not match the nonuniform characteristics of cochlear filters and reduce the precision of psychoacoustic modeling. Even so, uniform filter banks are applied because they are computationally efficient. This paper presents a psychoacoustic model based on an efficient nonuniform cochlear filter bank and a simple masked threshold estimation. The novel filter-bank structure employs cascaded low-order IIR filters and appropriate down-sampling to increase efficiency. The filter responses are optimized for the modeling of auditory masking effects. Results of the new psychoacoustic model applied to audio coding show better performance in terms of bit rate and/or quality of the new model in comparison with other state-of-the-art models using a uniform spectral decomposition. The low delay of the new model is particularly suitable for low-delay coders.
Detection of carriers of haemophilia A: use of bioassays and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP).

BACKGROUND Haemophilia A is a sex-linked bleeding disorder carried by unaffected females. Currently, the two main methods used for the determination of carrier status in women from families with haemophilia A are bioassays and DNA-based assays using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). AIM The aim of this paper was to assess the current usefulness of these two methods. METHODS Bioassays measured factor VIII coagulation activity by a two-stage coagulation assay and von Willebrand antigen by immunoelectrophoresis. RFLP were determined with two intragenic probes (p114 and p486) and two linked probes (St14 and DX13). Data were analysed using a Bayesian analysis to allow for all possible recombination events. We also incorporated an estimate for the risk of mosaicism into calculations in isolated haemophilia families. Both bioassays and RFLP were used to determine carrier status in 63 women, 31 from known haemophilia families and 32 from families of isolated cases. The techniques were assessed for their ability to classify the patients as normal (p < 0.2) or carrier (p > 0.7). Where applicable, intron 22 inversion was also tested. RESULTS In the known families, six women could not be classified after bioassay, but all could be classified by RFLP. Of the 32 women from families of isolated cases, eight were unclassified by bioassay and 12 were not definitely classified using RFLP. However, RFLP was useful in determining that a recent mutation had occurred in six of the eight families in which DNA from the grandparents was available. CONCLUSION For diagnosis of carriers of haemophilia, RFLP is the preferred method in familial haemophilia, but is less useful in isolated haemophilia.
Proposed optical cross connect using a planar arrangement of beam steerers

We propose a design for a strict-sense nonblocking N/spl times/N spatial optical cross connect that employs planar lightwave beam steerers. The beam steerers allow for a modular design without requiring two-dimensional chip-to-chip waveguide interconnections. The modular design and the fact that the number of electrical leads scales as N log N in turn allows the possibility of constructing large, robust, solid-state cross connects. We also propose a cascaded beam-steerer design that substantially relaxes the phase shifter strength requirement.
Grave Robbers from Outer Space: Using 9P2000 Under Linux

This paper describes the implementation and use of the Plan 9 distributed resource protocol 9P under the Linux 2.6 operating system. The use of the 9P protocol along with the recent addition of private name spaces to the 2.6 kernel creates a foundation for seamless distributed computing using Linux. We review the design principles and benefits of Plan 9 distributed systems, go over the basics of the 9P protocol, describe 9P extensions to better support UNIX® file systems, and show some example Linux distributed applications using 9P to provide system and application services. We conclude by providing a performance analysis of the protocol versus NFS for sharing a static file system.
Enabling computer decisions based on EEG input

Multilayer neural networks were successfully trained to classify segments of 12-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) data into one of five classes corresponding to five cognitive tasks performed by a subject. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to segregate obvious artifact EEG components from other sources, and a frequency-band representation was used to represent the sources computed by ICA. Examples of results include an 85% accuracy rate on differentiation between two tasks, using a segment of EEG only 0.05 s long and a 95% accuracy rate using a 0.5-s-long segment.
Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes: Clinical implications

Purpose: This integrative literature review focused on Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive, chronic illness with the potential for debilitating complications that disproportionately affect Hispanic adults. By understanding Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes, health professionals will be able to offer more culturally competent health care. Data sources: Published research reports on Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes were obtained using multiple computerized databases and by searching reference lists of published reports. A total of 15 research reports comprised this review. Conclusion: While there was some variance among Hispanic subgroups, in general, Hispanic adults’ understanding of the etiology of diabetes was an integration of biomedical causes such as heredity and traditional or folk beliefs such as susto, which is the concept of strong emotions. Hispanic adults believed that diabetes is a serious illness and that they could identify many of the symptoms of diabetes. They identified both biomedical and herbal treatments for diabetes. Negative attitudes toward insulin were common. Religious beliefs also factored into Hispanic adult’s explanatory models of type 2 diabetes. Implications for practice: Hispanic adults have a fairly cohesive explanatory model of diabetes. Healthcare professionals can use this information as a starting point to discuss each individual patient’s explanatory model of illness, clarify misconceptions, and develop an individualized plan of care.
Hot topics in epigenetic mechanisms of aging: 2011

Aging is a complex process that results in compromised biological functions of the organism and increased susceptibility to disease and death. Although the molecular basis of aging is currently being investigated in many experimental contexts, there is no consensus theory to fully explain the aging process. Epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA expression, may play central roles in controlling changes in gene expression and genomic instability during aging. In this Hot Topic review, we first examine the mechanisms by which these epigenetic factors contribute to aging in diverse eukaryotic species including experimental models of yeasts, worms, and mammals. In a second section, we will emphasize in the mammalian epigenetic alterations and how they may affect human longevity by altering stem cell function and/or somatic cell decline. The field of aging epigenetics is ripe with potential, but is still in its infancy, as new layers of complexity are emerging in the epigenetic network. As an example, we are only beginning to understand the relevance of non‐coding genome to organism aging or the existence of an epigenetic memory with transgenerational inheritance. Addressing these topics will be fundamental for exploiting epigenetics phenomena as markers of aging‐related diseases or as therapeutic targets.
Detection of the early negative response in fMRI at 1.5 Tesla

Recent experimental studies have revealed an initial decrease in magnetic resonance (MR) signal that is consistent with optical imaging results. This initial response, thought to arise from a transient increase in deoxyhemoglobin concentration, is probably more localized to the site of neuronal activation. However, with MR imaging, this early response has only been demonstrated at high fields. In this paper, the observation of the initial response at 1.5 T is reported. Compared with results obtained at 4 T, the present study reveals that the initial response grows more rapidly with the field strength than the late positive response, suggesting a more microvascular origin of the initial response. Magn Reson Med 41:1088–1092, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twenty First Century Cyberbullying Defined: An Analysis of Intent, Repetition and Emotional Response.

“Technology . consists of more than structures and machines alone, more than just ‘hardware. ’ It includes the uses of those structures and machine in the organization, evolution, and sometimes destruction of society” (Segal, 1994, p.2). Historian Howard Segal’s suggestion that technology developments are a mixed blessing is profound when one considers the phenomenon of cyberbullying. The plethora of affordable technologies, used by Millennials, enhances the need for exploration into how they are used to bully others. This study evaluates the currently accepted definition of cyberbullying. College undergraduates walk a line between the immature behavior of secondary school and their emerging adulthood. While some research indicated that cyberbullying is most severe in middle school and decreased during secondary school (Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007; Wolak Mitchell, & Finkelhor, 2007; Williams & Guerra, 2007), it is also evident that the college environment is not immune to cyberbullying (Englander, Mills, & McCoy 2009; Finn, 2004; Walker, Sockman, & Koehn, 2010).
An adaptive quasi-notch filter for a biased sinusoidal signal estimation

This note presents an alternative approach to classical adaptive notch filters designed to identify the frequency, magnitude, phase and offset of a biased sinusoidal signal. The algorithm takes advantages of an adaptive law for the resonant frequency of a third-order generalized integrator as a part of an orthogonal-signals generator system. The resulting estimator presents a dynamic order equal to 4. The strength of the discussed strategy results in a fast and accurate signal tracking capability and a good rejection to noise. The properties of the algorithm are verified in simulations in a range of signal conditions, such as step and sweep changes in frequency and voltage sag confirming the effectiveness of the strategy for estimation and tracking of time-varying parameters.
Effect of standby mode operation of some household appliances on disturbance voltage and current in frequency range of 9–150 kHz produced by other equipment in low voltage network

Most household appliances commercially available today on the market are equipped with the inverter technology favoring to its smaller size, advanced performance, and energy efficient. Notwithstanding its benefits, unfortunately, this technology may introduce current disturbance according to its relevant frequency switching and eventually degrades power quality. The switching frequency of inverter for household appliances is generally in the range of 9-150 kHz causing the disturbance and may influence the working performance of other appliances. The voltage and current disturbances in the frequency range of 9-150 kHz are not completely covered and currently subject to standardization work. Some household appliances can be operated in standby mode in order to display the time and setting information or to allow them to operate quickly even though it also gives a drawback regarding to its energy consumed. This study investigates the characteristics of standby mode operation of some appliances and its effect to the voltage and current disturbance in the frequency range of 9-150 kHz. The result shows that the standby mode operation of particular household appliances can filter and significantly reduce the voltage and current disturbance in the low voltage (LV) installation network for specific frequency in the range of 9-150 kHz.
The mobile data explosion and new approaches to network planning and monetization

The rapid introduction of new mobile data services presents many challenges to wireless service providers. Unlike voice services, whose traffic characteristics are well understood, new data services are far more volatile and their demand on network resources is harder to predict. Data volumes are exploding and impacting not only the ability of the network to support such traffic but are also driving down operator's gross margins. Bell Labs has done analysis around some key solutions to deal with this situation. Insights gained through this work will be shared in this paper.
Unbiased Estimation of Parameter Sensitivities for Stochastic Chemical Reaction Networks

Estimation of parameter sensitivities for stochastic chemical reaction networks is an important and challenging problem. Sensitivity values are important in the analysis, modeling and design of chemical networks. They help in understanding the robustness properties of the system and also in identifying the key reactions for a given outcome. In a discrete setting, most of the methods that exist in the literature for the estimation of parameter sensitivities rely on Monte Carlo simulations along with finite difference computations. However these methods introduce a bias in the sensitivity estimate and in most cases the size or direction of the bias remains unknown, potentially damaging the accuracy of the analysis. In this paper, we use the random time change representation of Kurtz to derive an exact formula for parameter sensitivity. This formula allows us to construct an unbiased estimator for parameter sensitivity, which can be efficiently evaluated using a suitably devised Monte Carlo scheme. The existing literature contains only one method to produce such an unbiased estimator. This method was proposed by Plyasunov and Arkin and it is based on the Girsanov measure transformation. By taking a couple of examples we compare our method to this existing method. Our results indicate that our method can be much faster than the existing method while computing sensitivity with respect to a reaction rate constant which is small in magnitude. This rate constant could correspond to a reaction which is slow in the reference time-scale of the system. Since many biological systems have such slow reactions, our method can be a useful tool for sensitivity analysis.
Improving e-Health Services and System Requirements by Modelling the Health Environment

E-health is a rising research area in the public health, business and medical informatics sectors and refers to health and information services that are delivered or improved by using the Internet and other related information technologies. Various aspects of e-health are discussed in the literature; however, there is a research gap in the areas of system requirements engineering and e-health business goals. It is widely accepted that e-health business goals can play a pivotal role in capturing the details of e-health system requirements. Therefore, understanding e-health goals is important to obtain suitable e-health system requirements. This paper focuses on how business goal–driven requirements are elicited in e-health to help to fill this gap in the literature. This will aid e-health system developers in developing systems according to e-health business expectations. A case study on routine patient consultation visits in a health environment has been used to validate the approach and to ensure that an e-health system that successfully fulfils the needs of the e-health business is developed.
Biohydrogenation of Linoleic Acid by Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Production of Functional Cultured Dairy Products: A Review

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have attracted significant attention due to their important physiological properties, which have been observed in humans. Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) demonstrate the ability to produce CLA isomers (C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12) from the linoleic acid (LA) present in milk or in synthetic media. CLA isomers can be synthesized in vitro by LAB using vegetable oils rich in LA. The aim of this review is to present an update on the studies that have been conducted on the production of CLA isomers from LA mainly by LAB and of the factors that influence this conversion (source and concentration of LA and fermentation conditions). In addition, this review presents the relationship between the consumption of CLA isomers and their health benefits in humans such as anti-atherosclerosis and anti-carcinogenic effects. There is considerable variation between the studies concerning the beneficial effects of CLA in animal models, which have not been reflected in human studies. This can be attributed to the differences in the doses of CLA isomers used and to the different sources of CLA. Furthermore, the regulatory and scientific information classifying the physiological properties of CLA, which serve as support for the claims of its potential as a functional ingredient, are presented. More research is needed to determine whether CLA production by LAB can be enhanced and to determine the optimal requirements for these microbial cultures. Furthermore, safety and efficacy of CLA consumption have to be investigated in the future.
Socioeconomic differentials in mortality risk among men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: II. Black men.

OBJECTIVES This study examined socioeconomic differentials in risk of death from a number of causes in a large cohort of Black men in the United States. METHODS For 20 224 Black men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial between 1973 and 1975, data were collected on median family income of Black households in zip code of residence, age, cigarette smoking, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, previous heart attack, and drug treatment for diabetes. The 2937 deaths that occurred over the 16-year follow-up period were grouped into specific causes and related to median Black family income. RESULTS There was an inverse association between age-adjusted all-cause mortality and median family income. There was no attenuation of this association over the follow-up period, and the association was similar for the 22 clinical centers carrying out the screening. The gradient was seen for most of the specific causes of death, although the strength of the association varied. Median income was markedly lower for the Black men screened than for the White men, but the relationship between income and all-cause mortality was similar. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic position is an important determinant of mortality risk for Black men. Even though Blacks lived in areas with substantially lower median family income than Whites, the association of income with mortality was similar for Blacks and Whites.
Violencia y Desarrollo Social: Más Allá de una Perspectiva de Trauma

Es ampliamente conocido que la exposicion a violencia tiene consecuencias en la salud mental de los individuos. Sin embargo, un gran numero de personas que crecen en medio de contextos violentos no es diagnosticado con algun trastorno psicologico. La evidencia que presentamos en el presente articulo muestra que las experiencias de violencia de estas personas no han pasado desapercibidas y que hay un impacto en el desarrollo social de las mismas y mas especificamente en su razonamiento moral. Las implicaciones de abordar los analisis desde una perspectiva diferente a un modelo de trauma permiten explorar nuevos aspectos que estan relacionados con la perpetuacion de ciclos de violencia.