Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 2-catalog segmentation problem

We study the ~-CATALOG SEGMENTATION problem: GivenasetIofnitemsandafamiiyS= {Sl,S2,. ,Sp} of subsets of I, find Cl, C2 E I such that ICI ],lC21 I r and the sum CL1 ma{ ISifICl], ISinC2]} is maximized. The problem was recently introduced by Kleinberg et aE {3] and is motivated by several applications to data mining and clustering operations as detailed in [3]. Under the restriction that ISil = n(]I]) for each Siy the authors give a PTAS. But, in general, only a trivial 0.5 approximation algorithm is known -just define Cl to be r most frequently occurring elements. The question of improving upon this factor was posed as an important open problem in [3]. We make some progress towards answering this question, under the assumption that the size of the collection I is bounded by 2r, i.e. twice the catalog size. Our motivation comes from the following natural restriction of the ~-CATALOG SEGMENTATION problem: we are given Cl UC2, that is, the elements that comprise the optimal solution. How well can one approximate the optimal partition in this case? This variation of the problem appears to be a natural intermediate step towards solving the original problem and we hope that understanding it will shed some light on the structure of the general problem. By relating this problem to the well-known problem of MINIMUM BISECTIONS, we show that this restricted segmentation problem is NP-hard, even under the assumption that each Si contains at most 2 elements. Using a semidefinite programming relaxation, similar to the one used by Frieze and Jerrum [l], we obtain a 0.565-approximation for this restriction of the problem. We obtain a ratio of 0.651 when the two catalogs are required to be disjoint; this variant is referred to as the DISJOINT ~-CATALOG SEGMENTATION problem. We also obtain some results for the general ~-CATALOG SEGMENTATION problem when the sets Si E S are bounded in size by a small constant. Finally, we obtain a 0.54approximation for the DENSEST PARTITION problem defined in Section 4.
TAPping into argumentation: Developments in the application of Toulmin's Argument Pattern for studying science discourse

This paper reports some methodological approaches to the analysis of argu- mentation discourse developed as part of the two-and-a-half year project titled "Enhancing theQualityofArgumentinSchoolScience"supportedbytheEconomicandSocialResearch CouncilintheUnitedKingdom.Inthisprojectresearcherscollaboratedwithmiddle-school scienceteacherstodevelopmodelsofinstructionalactivitiesinanefforttomakeargumenta- tion a component of instruction. We begin the paper with a brief theoretical justification for why we consider argumentation to be of significance to science education. We then contex- tualize the use of Toulmin's Argument Pattern in the study of argumentation discourse and provide a justification for the methodological outcomes our approach generates. We illus- trate how our work refines and develops research methodologies in argumentation analysis. In particular, we present two methodological approaches to the analysis of argumentation resulting in whole-class as well as small-group student discussions. For each approach, we illustrate our coding scheme and some results as well as how our methodological approach has enabled our inquiry into the quality of argumentation in the classroom. We conclude withsomeimplicationsforfutureresearchinargumentationinscienceeducation. C ! 2004
From Utopia to Where?: A Strategy for Reformulating the Dahrendorf Conflict Model

This article builds on criticismsi of the Dahrendorf conflict model to suggest strategies for its reformulation. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the model, as it now stands, abandons the fruitful lead of Marx and fallls into the same anatlytical traps Dahrendorf has imputed to Parsonian functionalism. To correct for these problems, the weaknesses of the causal scheme and the variables conceptualized and incorporated into propositions are examined. This examination suggests paths along which the causal imagery and propositions can be reformulated and supplemented.
Reversal of attenuation of cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia by a nitric oxide donor after controlled cortical impact in a rat model of traumatic brain injury.

OBJECT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) attenuates the cerebral vasodilation to hypercapnia. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) also transiently reduces hypercapnic vasodilation. The authors sought to determine whether the CSD elicited by a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury masks the true effect of TBI on hypercapnic vasodilation, and whether a nitric oxide (NO) donor can reverse the attenuation of hypercapnic vasodilation following CCI. METHODS Anesthetized rats underwent moderate CCI. Cerebral blood flow was monitored with laser Doppler flowmetry and the response to hypercapnia was determined for injured and sham-injured animals. The effect of the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), on this response was also assessed. At an uninjured cortical site ipsilateral to the CCI, a single wave of CSD was recorded and the CO2 response at this location was significantly attenuated for up to 30 minutes (seven rats, p < 0.05). At the injured cortex, hypercapnic vasodilation continued to be attenuated for 7 hours. The cerebral vasodilation to CO2 was 37 +/- 5% in injured rats (six) compared with 84 +/- 10% in the sham-injured group (five rats, p < 0.05). After 30 minutes of topical superfusion with SNAP, hypercapnic vasodilation was restored to 74 +/- 7% (nine rats, p > 0.1 compared with that in the sham-injured group). In contrast, papaverine, an NO-independent vasodilator, failed to reverse the attenuation of the CO2 response to CCI. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that CSD elicited by CCI can mask the true effect of TBI on hypercapnic vasodilation for at least 30 minutes. Exogenous NO, but not papaverine, can reverse the attenuation of cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 caused by TBI. This result supports the hypothesis that NO production is reduced after TBI and that the NO donor has a potential beneficial role in the clinical management of head injury.
Stirring the lions: strategy and tactics in global higher education 1

In many parts of the world, higher education is viewed as a prime ‘motor’ for the development of a knowledge‐based economy. Under the banner of this ‘new economy’, higher education policies, programmes and practices have been increasingly co‐opted and shaped by wider geo‐strategic political and economic interests. This paper explores three, interlinked, higher education policy spaces – in Europe, the United States, and Australia. It explores how the growing range of educational initiatives at the European level has affected – both directly and indirectly – American and Australian policymaking in higher education. The European higher education project, which is increasingly perceived as having some significance to the global economy, has set off a series of dynamic reactions in both Australia and the United States, which is leading to multiple new logics and new imaginaries about the global higher education landscape. Through this, a more integrated and relational global system of higher education is emerging.
Investigating the Quality of Learning Disability Documentation Provided by Students in Higher Education

Students with specific learning disabilities (LDs) must present documentation of their disability to receive academic supports and services at the postsecondary level. The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of disability documentation being provided by students entering postsecondary education in a Canadian setting and, in doing so, to better evaluate the quality of diagnostic protocols in elementary and secondary school. Disability documentation provided by 247 students applying to receive academic supports was examined at three postsecondary institutions in Ontario. Results indicate that only half of students provided documentation including a psychological report, with the remainder providing either no documentation or school-based identification protocols. Most documentation was incomplete and did not include a clear diagnostic statement, indicating problems with the disability documentation provided by students with LDs in Ontario. Recommendations for improvement of documentation and diagnostic practices at the elementary and secondary schooling levels are discussed. Les étudiants avec des troubles d'apprentissage spécifiques doivent fournir une documentation de leurs difficultés pour pouvoir bénéficier de soutiens académiques au niveau d'enseignement supérieur. L'objet de cette étude a été d'examiner la qualité de la documentation fournie par des étudiants au niveau d'enseignement supérieur canadien, afin de mieux évaluer les protocoles de diagnostic des établissements élémentaires et secondaires. La documentation fournie par 247 étudiants qui faisaient une demande pour des soutiens académiques a été examinee dans trois institutions d'enseignement supérieurs en Ontario. Les résultats indiquent que seulement la moitié des étudiants fournissait un rapport psychologique, l'autre moitié ne fournissant aucune documentation ou uniquement des protocoles d'identification scolaire. La plupart de la documentation était incomplète et ne donnait pas un compte rendu clair du diagnostic établi, indiquant donc, en Ontario, des problèmes au sujet de la documentation présentée par les étudiants concernés. Les recommendations pour améliorer cette documentation et les pratiques de diagnostic dans les établissements élémentaires et secondaires sont discutées ici.
Election Campaigning on the WWW in the USA and UK

This article is a comparative analysis of British and American parties and candidate election campaigning on the World Wide Web during the Presidential and General Elections of 2000 and 2001, respectively. The central questions are twofold: (1) Do parties differ across the two systems in terms of how they use the Web as a campaign tool? (2) Does the Web promote a more balanced or equalized exposure for party messages than other media? A combination of interview data, content analysis of sites and analysis of online and offline media coverage of the election is used to investigate these questions. Conclusions are drawn about the similarity of Web campaigning across the two countries and about the increasing dominance of the major parties, particularly in the UK.
Quality of School-Based Prevention Programs: Results from a National Survey

A national probability sample of 3,691 school-based prevention activities operating in the spring of 1998 is used to describe the quality of implementation of typical school-based prevention practices, compare the quality of implementation of prevention practice with what is typical in prevention research, and test hypotheses about predictors of the quality of implementation. Results indicate that the quality of school-based prevention practices as they are implemented in the typical school is low. The examination of correlates of prevention quality suggests that the level of implementation of prevention practices can be improved through better integration of these activities into normal school operations; more extensive local planning and involvement in decisions about what to implement; greater organizational support in the form of high-quality training, supervision, and principal support; and greater standardization of program materials and methods. Implications for practice are discussed.
Coronary Calcium Score in the Evaluation of Diabetic Patients without Coronary Arteries Disease Symptoms

Diabetic patients are more likely to have an acute coronary syndrome or even sudden silent death. It is postulated that the basis of silent ischemia is an autonomic neuropathy with involvement of the cardiac sensory innervations [1]. Among the diabetic population there is the paradox of an early onset of coronary disease and a late diagnosis due to the absence of a striking clinic. Angina in the diabetic patient usually has an atypical presentation. It occurs with a frequency that varies between 20% and 44% according to the studies. The pain can be located at the mandible angle, neck or epigastrium, and it also can be associated with vomiting [2]. The prevalence of acute myocardial infarction in the diabetic population is increased in all ages. In addition, the existence of diabetes annuls the epidemiological benefit of the female sex for ischemic heart disease. The Framingham study showed that the prevalence of age-adjusted acute myocardial infarction in adults from 35 to 65 years old was twice as high for diabetic men as for non-diabetic men and triple for diabetic women than for women free of this disease. These data are similar in studies carried out in other populations [3]. The survival after an acute myocardial infarction is also significantly reduced in the diabetic population, basically due to the higher frequency of complications such as early stage mortality, cardiogenic shock, myocardial rupture, acute arrhythmias and heart failure [4].
Neuropathic pain: an updated grading system for research and clinical practice

Abstract The redefinition of neuropathic pain as “pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system,” which was suggested by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) in 2008, has been widely accepted. In contrast, the proposed grading system of possible, probable, and definite neuropathic pain from 2008 has been used to a lesser extent. Here, we report a citation analysis of the original NeuPSIG grading paper of 2008, followed by an analysis of its use by an expert panel and recommendations for an improved grading system. As of February, 2015, 608 eligible articles in Scopus cited the paper, 414 of which cited the neuropathic pain definition. Of 220 clinical studies citing the paper, 56 had used the grading system. The percentage using the grading system increased from 5% in 2009 to 30% in 2014. Obstacles to a wider use of the grading system were identified, including (1) questions about the relative significance of confirmatory tests, (2) the role of screening tools, and (3) uncertainties about what is considered a neuroanatomically plausible pain distribution. Here, we present a revised grading system with an adjusted order, better reflecting clinical practice, improvements in the specifications, and a word of caution that even the “definite” level of neuropathic pain does not always indicate causality. In addition, we add a table illustrating the area of pain and sensory abnormalities in common neuropathic pain conditions and propose areas for further research.
The Bifidobacterium dentium Bd1 Genome Sequence Reflects Its Genetic Adaptation to the Human Oral Cavity

Bifidobacteria, one of the relatively dominant components of the human intestinal microbiota, are considered one of the key groups of beneficial intestinal bacteria (probiotic bacteria). However, in addition to health-promoting taxa, the genus Bifidobacterium also includes Bifidobacterium dentium, an opportunistic cariogenic pathogen. The genetic basis for the ability of B. dentium to survive in the oral cavity and contribute to caries development is not understood. The genome of B. dentium Bd1, a strain isolated from dental caries, was sequenced to completion to uncover a single circular 2,636,368 base pair chromosome with 2,143 predicted open reading frames. Annotation of the genome sequence revealed multiple ways in which B. dentium has adapted to the oral environment through specialized nutrient acquisition, defences against antimicrobials, and gene products that increase fitness and competitiveness within the oral niche. B. dentium Bd1 was shown to metabolize a wide variety of carbohydrates, consistent with genome-based predictions, while colonization and persistence factors implicated in tissue adhesion, acid tolerance, and the metabolism of human saliva-derived compounds were also identified. Global transcriptome analysis demonstrated that many of the genes encoding these predicted traits are highly expressed under relevant physiological conditions. This is the first report to identify, through various genomic approaches, specific genetic adaptations of a Bifidobacterium taxon, Bifidobacterium dentium Bd1, to a lifestyle as a cariogenic microorganism in the oral cavity. In silico analysis and comparative genomic hybridization experiments clearly reveal a high level of genome conservation among various B. dentium strains. The data indicate that the genome of this opportunistic cariogen has evolved through a very limited number of horizontal gene acquisition events, highlighting the narrow boundaries that separate commensals from opportunistic pathogens.
Reliable stabilization of stochastic time-delay systems with nonlinear disturbances

This paper is concerned with the stabilization problem for a class of continuous stochastic time-delay systems with nonlinear disturbances, parameter uncertainties and possible actuator failures. Both the stability analysis and synthesis problems are considered. The purpose of the stability analysis problem is to derive easy-to-test conditions for the uncertain nonlinear time-delay systems to be stochastically, exponentially stable. The synthesis problem, on the other hand, aims to design state feedback controllers such that the closed-loop system is exponentially stable in the mean square for all admissible uncertainties, nonlinearities, time-delays and possible actuator failures. It is shown that the addressed problem can be solved in terms of the positive definite solutions to certain algebraic matrix inequalities. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development

Increasing recognition that the overall goals of environmental conservation and economic development are not conflicting but can be mutually reinforcing, has prompted calls for ‘environmentally sustainable’ economic development. Although there are difficulties in defining sustainable development in an analytically rigorous way, there is still a need to evolve a concept of sustainability that both distinguishes it from other post-war meanings of development and is useful for practical analysis and policymaking.
How Consistent are Course Grades? An Examination of Differential Grading

Differential grading occurs when students in courses with the same content and curriculum receive inconsistent grades across teachers, schools, or districts. It may be due to many factors, including differences in teacher grading standards, district grading policies, student behavior, teacher stereotypes, teacher quality, and curriculum adherence. If it occurs systematically, certain types of students may receive higher or lower grades relative to other students, despite having similar content mastery or ability. Using three years of statewide data on Algebra I and English I courses in North Carolina public high schools, I find that student characteristics are stronger predictors of differential grading than teacher, school, or district characteristics. Female, Limited English Proficient, and 12th grade students earn statistically significant higher grades than other students, holding test scores and student, teacher, school, and district characteristics constant. Low-income students, conversely, earn lower grades than other students, all else constant. With the exception of Algebra I low-income students, these differences are large enough to move a student one grade category on a plus/minus 7-point A-F grading scale. Black students earn higher Algebra I grades but lower English I grades than white or Asian students with the same test score, but these effect sizes are smaller than other student characteristics. Interactions between student and teacher race and gender yielded small estimates that were not consistent between subjects.
Evidence of a novel transduction pathway mediating detection of polyamines by the zebrafish olfactory system

SUMMARY To better understand the full extent of the odorant detection capabilities of fish, we investigated the olfactory sensitivity of zebrafish to a monoamine and several polyamines using electrophysiological and activity-dependent labeling techniques. Electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording methods established the relative stimulatory effectiveness of these odorants as: spermine >> spermidine ≈ agmatine > glutamine > putrescine ≥ cadaverine ≥ histamine > artificial freshwater. The detection threshold for the potent polyamines was approximately 1 μmol l–1. Cross-adaptation experiments suggested that multiple receptors are involved in polyamine detection. Three observations indicated that polyamine signaling may involve a transduction cascade distinct from those used by either amino acids or bile salts. Like bile salts and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, but unlike amino acid odorants, polyamines failed to stimulate activity-dependent labeling of olfactory sensory neurons with the cation channel permeant probe agmatine, suggesting a signaling pathway different from that used by amino acid stimuli. Also supporting distinct amino acid and polyamine signaling pathways is the finding that altering phospholipase C activity with the inhibitor U-73122 significantly reduced amino acid-evoked responses, but had little effect on polyamine- (or bile salt-) evoked responses. Altering cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling by adenylate cyclase activation with forskolin, which significantly reduced responses to bile salts, failed to attenuate polyamine responses, suggesting that polyamines and bile salts do not share a common transduction cascade. Collectively, these findings suggest that polyamines are a new class of olfactory stimuli transduced by a receptor-mediated, second messenger signaling pathway that is distinct from those used by amino acids or bile salts.
Explaining the Host-Finding Behavior of Blood-Sucking Insects: Computerized Simulation of the Effects of Habitat Geometry on Tsetse Fly Movement

Background Male and female tsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood. While doing so they can transmit the diseases of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in domestic stock. Knowledge of the host-orientated behavior of tsetse is important in designing bait methods of sampling and controlling the flies, and in understanding the epidemiology of the diseases. For this we must explain several puzzling distinctions in the behavior of the different sexes and species of tsetse. For example, why is it that the species occupying savannahs, unlike those of riverine habitats, appear strongly responsive to odor, rely mainly on large hosts, are repelled by humans, and are often shy of alighting on baits? Methodology/Principal Findings A deterministic model that simulated fly mobility and host-finding success suggested that the behavioral distinctions between riverine, savannah and forest tsetse are due largely to habitat size and shape, and the extent to which dense bushes limit occupiable space within the habitats. These factors seemed effective primarily because they affect the daily displacement of tsetse, reducing it by up to ∼70%. Sex differences in behavior are explicable by females being larger and more mobile than males. Conclusion/Significance Habitat geometry and fly size provide a framework that can unify much of the behavior of all sexes and species of tsetse everywhere. The general expectation is that relatively immobile insects in restricted habitats tend to be less responsive to host odors and more catholic in their diet. This has profound implications for the optimization of bait technology for tsetse, mosquitoes, black flies and tabanids, and for the epidemiology of the diseases they transmit.