Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Multi- versus a Single-classifier Approach for the Identification of Modality in the Portuguese Language

This work presents a comparative study between two different approaches to build an automatic classiﬁcation system for Modality values in the Portuguese language. One approach uses a single multi-class classiﬁer with the full dataset that includes eleven modal verbs; the other builds different classiﬁers, one for each verb. The performance is measured using precision, recall and F 1 . Due to the unbalanced nature of the dataset a weighted average approach was calculated for each metric. We use support vector machines as our classiﬁer and experimented with various SVM kernels to ﬁnd the optimal classiﬁer for the task at hand. We experimented with several different types of feature attributes representing parse tree information and compare these complex feature representation against a simple bag-of-words feature representation as baseline. The best obtained F 1 values are above 0.60 and from the results it is possible to conclude that there is no signiﬁcant difference between both approaches.
Post-stroke Intranasal (+)-Naloxone Delivery Reduces Microglial Activation and Improves Behavioral Recovery from Ischemic Injury

Abstract Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability, and effective therapeutic strategies are needed to promote complete recovery. Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in stroke pathophysiology, and there is limited understanding of how it affects recovery. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatiotemporal expression profile of microglial activation and whether dampening microglial/macrophage activation post-stroke facilitates the recovery. For dampening microglial/macrophage activation, we chose intranasal administration of naloxone, a drug that is already in clinical use for opioid overdose and is known to decrease microglia/macrophage activation. We characterized the temporal progression of microglia/macrophage activation following cortical ischemic injury in rat and found the peak activation in cortex 7 d post-stroke. Unexpectedly, there was a chronic expression of phagocytic cells in the thalamus associated with neuronal loss. (+)-Naloxone, an enantiomer that reduces microglial activation without antagonizing opioid receptors, was administered intranasally starting 1 d post-stroke and continuing for 7 d. (+)-Naloxone treatment decreased microglia/macrophage activation in the striatum and thalamus, promoted behavioral recovery during the 14-d monitoring period, and reduced neuronal death in the lesioned cortex and ipsilateral thalamus. Our results are the first to show that post-stroke intranasal (+)-naloxone administration promotes short-term functional recovery and reduces microglia/macrophage activation. Therefore, (+)-naloxone is a promising drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and further studies should be conducted.
A new equilibrium torus solution and GRMHD initial conditions

Context. General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations are providing influential models for black hole spin measurements, gamma ray bursts, and supermassive black hole feedback. Many of these simulations use the same initial condition: a rotating torus of fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium. A persistent concern is that simulation results sometimes depend on arbitrary features of the initial torus. For example, the Bernoulli parameter (which is related to outflows), appears to be controlled by the Bernoulli parameter of the initial torus. Aims. In this paper, we give a new equilibrium torus solution and describe two applications for the future. First, it can be used as a more physical initial condition for GRMHD simulations than earlier torus solutions. Second, it can be used in conjunction with earlier torus solutions to isolate the simulation results that depend on initial conditions. Methods. We assume axisymmetry, an ideal gas equation of state, constant entropy, and ignore self-gravity. We fix an angular momentum distribution and solve the relativistic Euler equations in the Kerr metric. Results. The Bernoulli parameter, rotation rate, and geometrical thickness of the torus can be adjusted independently. Our torus tends to be more bound and have a larger radial extent than earlier torus solutions. Conclusions. While this paper was in preparation, several GRMHD simulations appeared based on our equilibrium torus. We believe it will continue to provide a more realistic starting point for future simulations.
The modern haemodialysis factory: must quality improvement trump personalized care?

Haemodialysis (HD) patients expect and deserve sufficient access to nephrologists, personalized patient-directed care and effective provision of services, as our mentors and role models have taught us [1]. While this may be ideal, it may only be possible in relatively small HD facilities and in home peritoneal dialysis (PD) and HD programs. Most large, modern HD units will face enormous challenges in fulfilling this. Epidemic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) growth rates, in concert with a static number of trained nephrologists, result in an ever-increasing patientto-physicianratio.Fortunately,technologicalimprovements over the last 20 years have facilitated more efficient management, such that it takes less physician time per patient. However, the size of modern HD facilities often reaches 50 stations or more. This patient volume is outstripping the time efficiencies realized through technology, and causes the HD unit to become more like a factory and less like a health care clinic each year. The analogy of the HD unit as a factory might be offensive to some. We do not intend to promote the notion that our patient care processes are analogous to manufacturing widgets.Indeed,wewouldbedelightedifitwerepossibleto stabilize or reduce the patient-to-nephrologist ratio. Patient care should continue to be personalized, but it is just not possible to spend 10 min per patient when 50 or more patients are treated during a 4- or 5-h shift. In the face of these time constraints, perhaps we can improve high quality HD care by carefully considering the industrial factory analogy. The application of industrial models of quality control and continuous quality improvement (CQI) to our HD facilities is one strategy. Indeed, volume-driven processes of care in HD would seem to be amongst the most ideal health care models available to implement and study modified industrial solutions. Why look to industry for a new paradigm? Consider that serious error rates in ultra-safe industries like commercial aviation are one in a million [2], while more people in the
Hydrogen sulfide pathway and skeletal muscle: an introductory review

The presence of the H2S pathway in skeletal muscle (SKM) has recently been established. SKM expresses the three constitutive H2S‐generating enzymes in animals and humans, and it actively produces H2S. The main, recognized molecular targets of H2S, that is, potassium channels and PDEs, have been evaluated in SKM physiology in order to hypothesize a role for H2S signalling. SKM dysfunctions, including muscular dystrophy and malignant hyperthermia, have also been evaluated as conditions in which the H2S and transsulfuration pathways have been suggested to be involved. The intrinsic complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in excitation‐contraction (E‐C) coupling together with the scarcity of preclinical models of SKM‐related disorders have hampered any advances in the knowledge of SKM function. Here, we have addressed the role of the H2S pathway in E‐C coupling and the relative importance of cystathionine β‐synthase, cistathionine γ‐lyase and 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in SKM diseases.
How stakeholder interactions can reduce space for moral considerations in decision making: A contested CCS project in the Netherlands

We analyse the dynamics of a decision-making process on a contested carbon capture and storage project in The Netherlands by investigating the interactions between the involved stakeholders and how these reinforced, or were shaped by, a meta-frame. Our analysis suggests that from the start of the project, the interactions between stakeholders were shaped by, and reinforced, a goal-rational meta-frame. This frame, and the respective interactions, did not function well in aligning project proponents and the local community. For the latter group, issues were at stake that could not be addressed within the goalrational frame, such as moral considerations of procedural and distributive justice. Yet it was a very powerful frame that remained dominant and kept being reproduced throughout the process. Our analysis suggests that policy processes on projects like this should create interactions that leave open the opportunity for divergent, latent frames to become articulated. We identify three challenges for policy and planning of low-carbon technologies concerning the need for frame reflexivity in planning and decision making, the articulation of divergent stakeholder views and the design of stakeholder interactions.
Japanese Dialogue Corpus of Information Navigation and Attentive Listening Annotated with Extended ISO-24617-2 Dialogue Act Tags

Large-scale dialogue data annotated with dialogue states is necessary to model a natural conversation with machines. However, large-scale conventional dialogue corpora are mainly built for speciﬁed tasks (e.g., task-oriented systems for restaurant or bus information navigation) with specially designed dialogue states. Text-chat based dialogue corpora have also been built due to the growth of social communication through the internet; however, most of them do not reﬂect dialogue behaviors in face-to-face conversation, including backchannelings or interruptions. In this paper, we try to build a corpus that covers a wider range of dialogue tasks than existing task-oriented systems or text-chat systems, by transcribing face-to-face dialogues held in natural conversational situations in tasks of information navigation and attentive listening. The corpus is recorded in Japanese and annotated with an extended ISO-24617-2 dialogue act tag-set, which is deﬁned to see behaviors in natural conversation. The developed data can be used to build a dialogue model based on the ISO-24617-2 dialogue act tags.
Topic : Neurovascular and neuroinflammation mechanisms associated with bipolar disorder

© 2015 Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation | Published by Hongkong Partner Publishing Co. Limited According to the World Health Organization, mood disorders are a major source of morbidity, disability and mortality worldwide. [1] In fact, they are the leading cause of suicide. [2] Consistent data have been collected regarding their epidemiology and clinical, neurobiological and neuropsychological characteristics but their etiology and pathophysiology still remain to be elucidated. The dearth of data limits the possibility of developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes.
Improvements in the Diagnostic Approach for Patients with Suspected Deep Vein Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism

Introduction Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), collectively known as venous thromboembolism (VTE), are common medical disorders that cause considerable morbidity and may result in fatalities if not promptly diagnosed and appropriately treated.1,2 In recent years there have been several important advances that have improved the diagnostic testing strategies for patients with suspected VTE. First, the accuracy and utility of the clinical diagnosis has been reevaluated and found to be a valuable adjunct to objective testing. Second, the fibrin degradation product, D-dimer, has been shown to be a sensitive and potentially useful test to exclude the diagnosis of VTE. Third, newer imaging modalities, such as spiral computerized tomographic angiography (spiral CT), have become available for the investigation of patients with suspected PE. Finally, diagnostic testing algorithms that rely primarily on non-invasive imaging procedures have been validated for the investigation of patients with suspected DVT and PE. The purpose of this chapter is to update the reader about recent advances and current strategies for the investigation of patients with suspected VTE. As a result of clinical trials, safe and feasible approaches for the management of patients with suspected VTE have been validated that minimize the need for invasive testing and are practical even for small centers with limited radiologic facilities.
Left ventricular dilatation and neurohumoral activation as arrhythmogenic factors in myocardial infarction

Background . Progressive left ventricular dilatation is an important determ i-nant of prognosis after myocardial infarction. The association of this process with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias is less well established. Methods and Results . Of 153 patients with a first anterior myocardial infar c-tion treated with thrombolytic therapy 34 (22%) had high-grade ventricular a r-rhythmias (Lown classes 4A and B) during Holter monitoring after one year. Patients with high-grade ventricular arrhythmias had a larger end-systolic vo l-ume (38 ± 12 vs 25 ± 11 ml/m 2 , p < 0.001) at hospital discharge and more left ventricular dilatation (10 ± 18 vs 1 ± 9 ml/m 2 , p=0.011) during follow up. Both an increased end-systolic volume at discharge and subsequent dilatation proved independent predictors of high-grade ventricular arrhythmias. Six patients died suddenly during the first 12 months after myocardial infarction. Four of these patients had an enlarged end-systolic volume (LVESVI > 22 ml/m 2 ) at discharge, and the three patients who died suddenly after three months showed a significant increase in end-systolic volume from discharge to three months co m-pared to survivors (16 ± 6 vs 2 ± 9, p=0.008). Conclusion . Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction is an ind e-pendent predictor for the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias late after my o-cardial infarction.
Interprofessional practice and decision support: An organizational framework applied to a mental health setting

Decision support as a means to assist people in making healthcare decisions has been discussed extensively in the medical literature. However, the potential for use of decision support and decision aids with people with psychiatric disabilities in order to promote recovery has only begun to be researched and discussed in the mental health literature. Organizational factors that foster interprofessional practice within a decision support environment focused on mental health issues are examined in this paper.
A Rare Duodenal Subepithelial Tumor: Duodenal Schwannoma

Schwannomas are uncommon neoplasms that arise from Schwann cells of the neural sheath. Gastrointestinal schwannomas are rare among mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, and only a few cases have been reported to date. Duodenal schwannomas are usually discovered incidentally and achieving a preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Schwannomas can be distinguished from other subepithelial tumors on endoscopic ultrasonography; however, any typical endosonographic features of duodenal schwannomas have not been reported due to the rarity of these tumors. Immunohistochemistry is essential to distinguish schwannomas from gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas. We report a case of duodenal schwannoma found incidentally during a health check-up endoscopy. On endoscopic ultrasonography, this tumor was suspected as a gastrointestinal stromal tumor; therefore, the patient underwent laparoscopic wedge resection of the tumor. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed that the duodenal lesion was a benign schwannoma.
Efficacy of opioids versus placebo in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of enriched enrollment randomized withdrawal trials

Introduction Opioids have been used for millennia for the treatment of pain. However, the long-term efficacy of opioids to treat chronic non-cancer pain continues to be debated. To evaluate opioids’ efficacy in chronic non-cancer pain, we performed a meta-analysis of published clinical trials for μ-opioid receptor agonists performed for US Food and Drug Administration approval. Methods MEDLINE and Cochrane trial register were searched for enriched enrollment randomized withdrawal studies (before June 2016). Selection criteria included: adults, ≥10 subjects per arm, any chronic pain condition, double-blind treatment period lasting ≥12 weeks, and all μ-agonist opioids approved in the USA. Results Fifteen studies met criteria. Opioid efficacy was statistically significant (p<0.001) versus placebo for pain intensity (standardized mean difference: −0.416), ≥30% and ≥50% improvement in pain (risk difference: 0.166 and 0.137), patient global impression of change (0.163), and patient global assessment of study medication (0.194). There were minor benefits on physical function and no effect on mental function. Conclusion Opioids are efficacious in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain for up to 3 months in randomized controlled trials. This should be considered, alongside data on opioid safety, in the use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain.
Learning to Communicate via Supervised Attentional Message Processing

Many tasks in AI require the collaboration of multiple agents. Generally, these agents cooperate with each other by message-passing communication. However, agents may suffer from being overwhelmed by massive received messages and have difficulties in obtaining useful information. To this end, we use an attention-based message processing (AMP) method to model agents' interactions by considering the relevance of each received message. To improve the efficiency of learning correct interactions, a supervised variant SAMP is then proposed to directly optimize the attentional weights in AMP with a target auxiliary interaction matrix from the environment. The empirical results demonstrate our proposal outperforms other competing multi-agent methods in "predator-prey-toxin" domain, and prove the superiority of SAMP in correctly guiding the optimization of attentional weights in AMP.
Essays on the theory of production and technical progress.

Title: Essays on the Theory of Production and Technical Progress Author: Eytan Sheshinski In the first chapter we consider a production model in which machines embody the technology of their date of construction and obsolescence takes its toll when rising wages absorb the revenues from a particular machine. The length of life of machines is a variable that is determined by equilibrium conditions. Chapter II analyses a model in which the freedom to choose techniques with varying capital-labor ratios exists only before a machine is constructed but not later (ex-ante but not ex-post). Chapter III provides a generalization of the former: there may be some scope for variation in labor requirements ex-post, but not as much as ex-ante. In all these chapters we discuss conditions of short-run equilibrium and we prove that, under certain conditions, any equilibrium solution converges asymptotically to a unique balanced growth path in which the vintage distribution of capital remains stationary. In Chapter IV we consider a multi-sectoral model in which a number of discrete activities are available to each sector. The analysis concentrates on the recently-revived question of whether it is possible to order the techniques that are chosen at each rate of interest, such that their choice is a monotonic function of the rate of interest. It is shown that in general no such order exists, although conditions that ensure its existence can be formulated. Chapter V is a comparison of the characteristics of socially optimum and competitive paths of capital accumulation in an aggregative model in which technical progress is viewed as a process of learning by doing. We adopt Arrow' s hypothesis that learning by doing is measured by cumulated gross investments. The implications of the hypothesis for prices and equilibrium conditions in the two-sector case are briefly dis cus s ed. Chapter VI presents an empirical research on the significance of the learning by doing hypothesis. While in most cases the "learning coefficients" prove to be positive, their significance and, in particular, their interpretation as technical progress (and not, say, conventional economies of scale) is ambiguous. Thesis supervisor: Robert M. Solow Title: Professor of Economics Department of Economics and Social Science ii
A Pragmatic Approach for Classical Chinese Word Segmentation

Word segmentation, a fundamental technology for lots of downstream applications, plays a significant role in Natural Language Processing, especially for those languages without explicit delimiters, like Chinese, Korean, Japanese and etc. Basically, word segmentation for modern Chinese is worked out to a certain extent. Nevertheless, Classical Chinese is largely neglected, mainly owing to its obsoleteness. One of the biggest problems for the researches of Classical Chinese word segmentation (CCWS) is lacking in standard large-scale shareable marked-up corpora, for the fact that the most excellent approaches, solving word segmentation, are based on machine learning or statistical methods which need quality-assured marked-up corpora. In this paper, we propose a pragmatic approach founded on the difference of t-score (dts) and Baidu Baike (the largest Chinese-language encyclopedia like Wikipedia) in order to deal with CCWS without any marked-up corpus. We extract candidate words as well as their corresponding frequency from the Twenty-Five Histories ( Twenty-Four Histories and Draft History of Qing ) to build a lexicon, and conduct segmentation experiments with it. The F-Score of our approach on the whole evaluation data set is 76.84%. Compared with traditional collocation-based methods, ours makes the segmentation more accurate.
Evolution of genomic variation in the burrowing owl in response to recent colonization of urban areas

When a species successfully colonizes an urban habitat it can be expected that its population rapidly adapts to the new environment but also experiences demographic perturbations. It is, therefore, essential to gain an understanding of the population structure and the demographic history of the urban and neighbouring rural populations before studying adaptation at the genome level. Here, we investigate populations of the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), a species that colonized South American cities just a few decades ago. We assembled a high-quality genome of the burrowing owl and re-sequenced 137 owls from three urban–rural population pairs at 17-fold median sequencing coverage per individual. Our data indicate that each city was independently colonized by a limited number of founders and that restricted gene flow occurred between neighbouring urban and rural populations, but not between urban populations of different cities. Using long-range linkage disequilibrium statistics in an approximate Bayesian computation approach, we estimated consistently lower population sizes in the recent past for the urban populations in comparison to the rural ones. The current urban populations all show reduced standing variation in rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but with different subsets of rare SNPs in different cities. This lowers the potential for local adaptation based on rare variants and makes it harder to detect consistent signals of selection in the genome.