Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Luminance enhancement of electroluminescent devices using highly dielectric UV-curable polymer and oxide nanoparticle composite

A flexible hybrid structure electroluminescent (HSEL) device was fabricated from ZnS:Cu phosphor microparticles dispersed in a UV-curable polymer matrix. We observed a maximum luminance of 111 cd/m2 at 10 kHz and 170 V from a device wherein the mixing ratio between the phosphor particles and highly dielectric polymer binder was 70:30 wt%. Furthermore, by uniformly dispersing highly dielectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles within the polymer matrix, we were able to obtain a luminance of up to 211 cd/m2 in the HSEL device. Compared to the conventional thermal curing process, this UV process greatly simplifies the fabrication steps by combining phosphors and dielectric materials at room temperature. This process also demonstrates a promising pathway toward creating flexible and printed EL devices in the future.
Characterization of silicon layers via guided wave optics

The usefulness of guided wave optics as a tool for characterizing general purpose thin films is demonstrated in two cases of practical interest, i.e., silicon on sapphire and amorphous silicon on glass. Important results are as follows: (i) optical wave propagation at λ=1.15 μm has been observed along a few millimeters in silicon layers; (ii) silicon on sapphire layers show a very high photoelastically induced quasiuniaxial birefringence (Δn≃0.02); (iii) amorphous silicon layers exhibit a nonrectangular index profile, a high birefringence (Δn≃0.02), and finally an anomalously low value of their mean ordinary index (n≃3.04±0.01).
Numerical investigation of the Krypton Large IMpulse Thruster

Although xenon has long remained the propellant of choice for Hall effect and ion thrusters, its very high price has motivated the investigation of other noble gases as cost-effective options. The development of a 500 W-class Hall thruster at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) aims at demonstrating the possibility of operating with krypton at efficiencies close to that obtained with xenon. However, krypton's lower ionization cross-sections need to be compensated by a significant increase of the mass flow rate in comparison with xenon. The subsequent increase of the thermal load has a large impact on the thermal design of the thruster. In order to assess the operating parameters and the thermal fluxes expected during krypton operation, an extensive parametric study of Krypton Large Impulse Thruster's performance was conducted with the one-dimensional time-dependent hydrodynamic HETMAn solver developed at IPPLM. Comparative computations for xenon and krypton confirm that high efficiencies with krypton are possible, with a predicted maximum efficiency only a few per cent below that of xenon, although at mass flow rates ∼50% higher.
Estimating the Population in a Census Year 1980 and beyond

Abstract The wisdom of adjusting U.S. decennial census counts and the theory and methods that might be used for that purpose have been matters of hot dispute in certain recent court cases involving expert testimony from numerous leading statisticians and demographers. This article by Ericksen and Kadane and the ensuing comments address the theoretical and practical issues from both sides of the controversy. In order to provide a context for the reader, I am including the following brief history, as it has been explained to me. Between the 1970 and the 1980 decennial censuses, a demand for greater accuracy of census counts arose because of the increased uses of census numbers in fund-allocation formulas for states and other political jurisdictions. The undercount became a particular target of concern, because estimates provided by the Bureau of the Census show that it is more concentrated among blacks than whites, among men than women, and among the young rather than the old. A lawsuit was filed on Census .
A Stochastic Transportation Problem

When the market demands for a commodity are not known with certainty, the problem of scheduling shipments to a number of demand points from several supply points is a stochastic transportation problem. If the dynamic aspects of the problem may be neglected, i.e., if the effects of “stock outs” and “inventory carry-overs” can be reflected in terms of linear penalty costs in the case of undersupply and linear salvage values in case of oversupply, one obtains a convex nonlinear programming problem. We show that the author's algorithm for the case of known demands can be generalized to obtain a solution algorithm for this stochastic problem. In case the joint cumulative distribution function for the demand is continuous, however, the algorithm is better described as a special constructive case of Dantzig's general method for convex programming. Each of these methods is, in turn, based on the decomposition algorithm. No assumptions are made as to the independence or dependence of the probability distributions of the various demands. If Fξ1,. , ξn is the joint cumulative distribution function for the demands, we assume only that each of the first moments of F exist are finite, and that F is regular enough for the integration by parts formula to be valid. The analysis here is applicable subject to a qualification to the case of indivisible commodities, as well as the case of infinitely divisible ones.
Nanostructured bulk MnBi magnets fabricated by hot compaction of cryomilled powders

Cryomilling was employed for Mn50+xBi50−x (x = 0,5) alloys to synthesize nanocrystalline powders with particle size of 400–500 nm without much increase of the unwanted secondary Bi phase. At room temperature, the cryomilled powders showed large coercivity (Hc) values of 18.5 kOe and 20.7 kOe for Mn50Bi50 and Mn55Bi45, respectively. Cryomilled powders were hot compacted to form a bulk nanostructured MnBi magnet. The Mn50Bi50 hot compacted magnet exhibits Hc of 12.9 kOe with remanence value of 26 emu g−1 at room temperature. The microstructure of hot compacted magnet illustrates uniform grains with an average size of 40 nm. Furthermore, the magnet shows a large positive temperature coefficient of Hc which reaches a value of more than 30 kOe above 450 K.
Translation and related bounds for the response of a nonlinear composite conductor

Lower bounds for the overall energy functions of a class of nonlinear composite conductors are established by two different methods: the translation method, and the use of a comparison linear composite. When the properties of the comparison linear composite are themselves estimated by the translation method, the resulting comparison bound is demonstrated never to be superior to the bound obtained by direct application of the translation method to the nonlinear composite. Examples show, however, that the bounds obtained by these two methods in fact often coincide; when they do, the use of the comparison medium permits the development of more refined bounds, by exploiting better bounds for the linear composite. Particular emphasis is placed on a limiting case of material behaviour for which explicit results can be obtained: a composite dielectric that displays breakdown when the local electric field exceeds a critical value. The formalism delivers an upper bound for the value of the mean field in the composite which induces breakdown in the composite. Bounds are also established for a composite with a power-law relation between current and electric field.
Etching Damages on AlGaN, GaN and InGaN Caused by Hybrid Inductively Coupled Plasma Etch and Photoenhanced Chemical Wet Etch by Schottky Contact Characterizations

The surface damaging effects of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etch and the photoenhanced chemical (PEC) wet etch on AlGaN, GaN and InGaN were systematically investigated. The surface morphologies and the etch rates after ICP etch and PEC wet etch were explored to achieve optimum conditions for a hybrid etch technique. The etch rates increased with the ICP power or concentration of KOH(aq) and the surface roughness was less after PEC wet etch than it was after ICP etch. Schottky characterizations of GaN and AlGaN diodes after pure ICP etch, pure PEC etch and hybrid ICP/PEC etch were investigated to elucidate the damaging effects on the surfaces. It shows that the PEC etch is an effective way to achieve a damage-free surface for GaN-based materials, and the hybrid ICP/PEC etch can be used for applications which require high etch rate and damage-free surfaces.
Itinerant-electron magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy of YCo 5 and related compounds

The contribution of the itinerant states to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MA) energy of ${\mathrm{YCo}}_{5}$ and isostructural compounds has been calculated using a fully relativistic optimized LCAO band-structure scheme within the framework of density-functional theory in local spin density approximation (LSDA), and its dependence on lattice geometry and Fe substitution has been investigated. Additionally taking into account orbital polarization, a correction to LSDA accounting for Hund's second rule, enhances the calculated orbital moments, orbital moment anisotropies and MA energies, and leads to good agreement with available experimental data for ${\mathrm{YCo}}_{5}. $ The MA energies are found to be strongly affected by changes of the lattice geometry $(c/a$ ratio and volume) resulting from (i) uniaxial strain in ${\mathrm{YCo}}_{5}$ and (ii) the lanthanide contraction along the $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ $(R=\mathrm{Y},$ La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) series, because of the sensitivity of the MA energy to changes of the band structure. We obtain a large variation of the MA energy of $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ along the R series which is shown to be predominantly a lattice geometry effect. It is in contrast to the commonly assumed independence of the transition-metal sublattice MA on the R constituent. The calculated band-filling dependence of the MA energies of ordered $\mathrm{Y}({\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{)}_{5}$ compounds $(x=0,0.4,0.6,1.0)$ qualitatively explains the experimentally observed concentration dependence of the MA energy in $\mathrm{Y}({\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{)}_{5}$ pseudobinaries at low Fe concentrations.
Multiset Canonical Correlation Analysis Using for Blind Source Separation

To solve the problem of blind source separation, a novel algorithm based on multiset canonical correlation analysis is presented by exploiting the different temporal structure of uncorrelated source signals. In contrast to higher order cumulant techniques, this algorithm is based on second order statistical characteristic of observation signals, can blind separate super-Gaussian and sub-Gaussian signals successfully at the same time with relatively light computation burden. Simulation results confirm that the algorithm is efficient and feasible.
Liquid crystals for display applications

Active Matrix (AM) LCDs and STN LCDs are the leading display technologies for portable applications such as notebook computers. Recently, new LCD device configurations and new LCD operation modes have been introduced. The existing technologies and the new LCD operation modes require improved liquid crystal materials. The history of liquid crystals for display applications and recent progress in new liquid crystal structures is presented.
Development of the Backflow Model for Simplified Impurity Exhaust in Monte‐Carlo Calculation

The Monte‐Carlo (MC) approach has a lot of flexibility in impurity transport modeling in the SOL and divertor region. However, in the divertor plasma simulation with the noble impurity seeding, characteristic time of the impurity transport especially in the sub‐divertor chamber is long because the MC calculation of the impurity gas transport can be finished only by exhaust. The impurity MC calculation for such long exhaust processes is difficult in a series of the iterative calculation of a suite of integrated divertor codes SONIC. In order to overcome such a problem, a backflow model has been developed. Amount of the backflow flux from the sub‐divertor chamber to the divertor region is evaluated in advance, and then simulating impurity flux is injected from the exhaust slot to the divertor region like a backflow. By this model, the MC calculation time is reduced significantly and iterative calculation of SONIC becomes possible within a reasonable calculation time. As a demonstration, the SONIC code with the backflow model has been applied to investigation of power handling in JT‐60SA divertor. The SONIC simulation showed that low divertor heat load (< 10 MW/m2) with the low SOL density (< 1.5 × 1019m–3), which is required in the full non‐inductive current drive scenario, was achieved by the Ar gas puffing of 0.86 Pa m3/s. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interannual Variability of Tropical Rainfall Characteristics and the Impact of the Altitude Boost from TRMM PR 3A25 Data

Global and regional interannual variations of rainfall characteristics over the tropics were examined by applying empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to TRMM PR 3A25 data from December 1997 to December 2007. The TRMM PR 3A25 data and other TRMM datasets detect the interannual variation of rainfall over the tropics, in concert with the SST change, which is closely related to the El Nino/La Nina cycle, including the pseudo-El Nino periods in 2002 and 2004. In addition, we examined the impact of the altitude boost of the TRMM satellite from 350 km to 400 km in August 2001 and found that the boost affects the annual cycle in light rain rates (total, convective, and stratiform). A baseline shift occurs in the annual cycle of light convective rain rate (convRainH) with more (less) frequent occurrence before (after) the boost. In addition, amplitude changes were observed in the annual cycle of light stratiform and total rain rates with more (less) frequent occurrence before (after) the boost. However, for the interannual variation, the coherent spatio-temporal structure of the El Nino/La Nina cycle is evident, and the interannual variation does not indicate any boost impact. In contrast, for heavy convRainH, the number events decreases after the boost, especially over land; however, it is difficult to conclude that this reduction is related to the boost.
DfM, the teenage years

To quantify current DfM value and future DfM potential, a mathematical framework to compare the DfM opportunity of present and future technology nodes is derived. Parallels are drawn between the evolution of DfM and the transition from 'soft RET' to 'hard RET'. DfM accomplishments in the current 'soft DfM' era are presented as compiled from a DfM workshop held by IBM's technology development partners. IBM's vision of profitable CMOS scaling in the era of 'hard DfM' is presented and its core computational technology elements are discussed. Feasibility demonstrations of key technical elements are reviewed. The paper shows that current technology nodes benefit from the emergence of integrated DfM solutions that provide incremental yet hard to quantify yield and performance benefits but also argues that DfM's role will continue to grow as computational scaling replaces physical scaling in the not to distant future.
Hot carrier effects in AlGaAs/InGaAs high electron mobility transistors: Failure mechanisms induced by hot carrier testing

A new failure mechanism of AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors has been observed after hot carrier dc accelerated testing. Hot carrier effects have been characterized by means of gate current measurements and electroluminescence spectroscopy. After accelerated testing, a permanent degradation has been found, consisting of the decrease of drain current ID, and of the absolute value of the pinch-off voltage Vp, at low drain-source voltage VDS, resulting in the development of a remarkable “kink” in the output characteristics. Direct current, pulsed, and low-frequency ac measurements demonstrate that the failure mechanism consists of the creation of deep levels under the gate which act as electron traps at low gate-to-drain electric fields. Deep level transient spectroscopy and photoinjection measurements reveal the presence of two levels at 0.77 eV and 1.22 eV. The intensity of the 1.22 eV peak is correlated with the degradation observed in stressed devices.
ML frame synchronization for the Gaussian channel with ISI

The problem of locating a periodically inserted frame synchronization pattern in random data for a binary pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) digital communication system over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with intersymbol interference (ISI) is considered. The optimum maximum-likelihood (ML) decision rule for frame synchronization over an AWGN channel with ISI is derived. The performances of an ordinary correlation rule are compared with those of the ML rule. A high SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) approximation to the ML rule, which can be implemented as simply as the correlation rule, is also derived. <<ETX>>
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN COMBUSTION PROCESSES CROSS-CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL SPECKLE PHOTOGRAPHY

This paper describes new algorithms for processing noisy specklograms, which permit quantitative diagnostics of the microstructure of shock-wave fl ows with a subpicosecond accuracy with the use of statistical analysis of numerically registered speckle fi elds disturbed by the refraction in the investigated fl ows. The software developed by us permits reconstructing up to 10,000 vector angles of probe radiation defl ection in a two-dimensional region of size 20 × 30 mm2 in imaging a speckle fi eld with optical magnifi cation M = 1.
Determination of absolute ion yields from a MALDI source through calibration of an image-charge detector

MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) is one of the most important techniques used to produce large biomolecular ions in the gas phase. Surprisingly, the exact ionization mechanism is still not well understood and absolute values for the ion yields are scarce. This is in part due to the unknown efficiencies of typical detectors, especially for heavy biomolecular ions. As an alternative, charged particles can be non-destructively detected using an image-charge detector where the output voltage signal is proportional to the total charge within the device. In this paper, we report an absolute calibration which provides the voltage output per detected electronic charge in our experimental arrangement. A minimum of 3 × 103 ions were required to distinguish the signal above background noise in a single pass through the device, which could be further reduced using filtering techniques. The calibration results have been applied to raw MALDI spectra to measure absolute ion yields of both matrix and analyte ions.
Remarks on Functional Canonical Variates, Alternating Least Squares Methods and Ace

We discuss properties of some data-analytic methods which are intimately related to each other: alternating least squares (ALS), correspondence analysis and more recently Breiman and Friedman's ACE algorithm. The application of these methods to regression produces nonparametric estimators of nonlinear transformations, both of the response and the predictors. We point out some anomalies as well as some curiosities in the mathematics of these methods, and we relate them to some areas in computer-aided tomography, projection pursuit regression and nonlinear devices in the theory of noise
Outflow-induced Dynamical and Radiative Instability in Stellar Envelopes with an Application to Luminous Blue Variables and Wolf-Rayet Stars

Theoretical models of the remnants of massive stars in a very hot, post-red-supergiant phase display no obvious instability if standard assumptions are made. However, the brightest observed classical luminous blue variables (LBVs) may well belong to such a phase. A simple time-dependent theory of moving stellar envelopes is developed in order to treat deep hydrodynamical disturbances caused by surface mass loss and to test the moving envelopes for dynamical instability. In the case of steady state outflow, the theory reduces to the equivalent of the Castor, Abbott, & Klein formulation for optically thick winds at distances well above the sonic point. The time-dependent version indicates that the brightest and hottest LBVs are both dynamically and radiatively unstable, as a result of the substantial lowering of the generalized Eddington luminosity limit by the mass-loss acceleration. It is suggested that dynamical instability, by triggering secular cycles of mass loss, is primarily what differentiates LBVs from the purely radiatively unstable Wolf-Rayet stars. Furthermore, when accurate main-sequence mass-loss rates are used to calculate the evolutionary tracks, the predicted surface hydrogen and nitrogen abundances of the blue remnants agree much better with observations of the brightest LBVs than before.
On the Poisson sum formula for the analysis of wave radiation and scattering from large finite arrays

Poisson sum formulas have been previously presented and utilized in the literature for converting a finite element-by-element array field summation into an alternative representation that exhibits improved convergence properties with a view toward more efficiently analyzing wave radiation/scattering from electrically large finite periodic arrays. However, different authors appear to use two different versions of the Poisson sum formula; one of these explicitly shows the end-point discontinuity effects due to array truncation, whereas the other contains such effects only implicitly. It is shown, via the sifting property of the Dirac delta function, that first of all, these two versions of the Poisson sum formula are equivalent. Second, the version containing implicit end point contributions has often been applied in an incomplete fashion in the literature to solve finite-array problems; it is also demonstrated that the latter can lead to some errors in finite-array field computations.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY OF ACCRETION

The paper reviews what we consider to be the essential aspects of the theory of accretion. A general overview is given in Section I. The treatments of accretion of cold gas onto a moving star by Hoyle and Lyttleton and of spherical adiabatic accretion by Bondi are summarized in Section II. The formation of spectra in accretion flows onto neutron stars and white dwarfs is described in Section III, with brief mention of the effects of a magnetic field anchored to the star. Spherical accretion onto black holes is treated in Section IV; in particular we underline the differences between classes of models leading to different efficiencies and spectra. We stress the role of a magnetic field entangled in the infalling plasma and the importance of the Comptonization process. The effects of radiation pressure in spherical accretion are then discussed. Thin accretion disks in the standard α approximation are introduced in Section V. The stability for thermal and viscous processes are examined and the bivalued region of the {SIGMA}, Mdot^ plot is discussed in view of a possible limit cycle behavior. Thick disks and their stability are briefly treated in Section VI. Section VII offers threads between theory and observations mentioning the astrophysical systems where accretion plays a major role (cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries, Active Galactic Nuclei) pointing out successes and weaknesses of the present models.