Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gist-based conceptual processing of pictures remains intact in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE The picture superiority effect, better memory for pictures compared to words, has been found in young adults, healthy older adults, and, most recently, in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Although the picture superiority effect is widely found, there is still debate over what drives this effect. One main question is whether it is enhanced perceptual or conceptual information that leads to the advantage for pictures over words. In this experiment, we examined the picture superiority effect in healthy older adults and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to better understand the role of gist-based conceptual processing. METHOD We had participants study three exemplars of categories as either words or pictures. In the test phase, participants were again shown pictures or words and were asked to determine whether the item was in the same category as something they had studied earlier or whether it was from a new category. RESULTS We found that all participants demonstrated a robust picture superiority effect, better performance for pictures than for words. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the gist-based conceptual processing of pictures is preserved in patients with MCI. While in healthy older adults preserved recollection for pictures could lead to the picture superiority effect, in patients with MCI it is most likely that the picture superiority effect is a result of spared conceptually based familiarity for pictures, perhaps combined with their intact ability to extract and use gist information.
Potentials and Limitations of Discourse-Centred Online Ethnography

This article outlines aims and procedures of discourse-centred online ethnography, a combination of systematic observation of online activities and interviews with online actors, which was developed as a complement to the linguistic analysis of log data. Drawing on research on computer-mediated discourse on German-based websites of hip-hop and diaspora groups, I discuss how ethnographic data fit in with a sociolinguistic approach to computer-mediated communication. I suggest that ethnographic insights may supplement and support the linguistic analysis of log data in three ways: reconstructing fields of computer-mediated discourse, reconstructing participants' literacy practices, and analysing their sociolinguistic awareness.
Airborne management of traffic conflicts in descent with arrival constraints

NASA is studying far-term air traffic management concepts that may increase operational efficiency through a redistribution of decision-making authority among airborne and ground-based elements of the air transportation system. One component of this research, en route free maneuvering, allows trained pilots of equipped "autonomous" aircraft to assume responsibility for traffic separation. Ground-based air traffic controllers would continue to separate traffic unequipped for autonomous operations and would issue flow management constraints to all aircraft. To evaluate en route free maneuvering operations, a human-in-the-loop experiment was jointly conducted by the NASA Ames and Langley Research Centers. In this experiment, test subject pilots used workstation-based flight simulators to resolve conflicts in cruise and descent, and to adhere to air traffic flow constraints issued by test subject controllers. Simulators at NASA Langley were equipped with a prototype autonomous operations planner (AOP) flight deck toolset to assist pilots with conflict management and constraint compliance tasks. Results from the experiment are presented, focusing specifically on operations during the initial descent into the terminal area. Airborne conflict resolution performance in descent, conformance to traffic flow management constraints, and the effects of conflicting traffic on constraint conformance are all presented. Subjective data from subject pilots are also presented, showing perceived levels of workload, safety, and acceptability of AFR arrival operations. Finally, potential AOP functionality enhancements are discussed along with suggestions to improve AFR arrival procedures.
Adaptive Image Matching Using Discrimination of Deformable Objects

We propose an efficient image-matching method for deformable-object image matching using discrimination of deformable objects and geometric similarity clustering between feature-matching pairs. A deformable transformation maintains a particular form in the whole image, despite local and irregular deformations. Therefore, the matching information is statistically analyzed to calculate the possibility of deformable transformations, and the images can be identified using the proposed method. In addition, a method for matching deformable object images is proposed, which clusters matching pairs with similar types of geometric deformations. Discrimination of deformable images showed about 90% accuracy, and the proposed deformable image-matching method showed an average 89% success rate and 91% accuracy with various transformations. Therefore, the proposed method robustly matches images, even with various kinds of deformation that can occur in them.
Long-distance navigation in sea turtles

Adult sea turtles of several species migrate across vast expanses of ocean to arrive at specific nesting areas and feeding sites. Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for this remarkable navigation. The first is that chemical cues emanating from target areas guide turtles to their destinations. The second is that turtles can approximate their position relative to target regions using features of the earth's magnetic field. Because animals often rely on multiple cues while migrating, the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Satellite tracking experiments have revealed that migrating turtles often swim directly to distant goals, even when traveling perpendicularly to water currents. Because animals usually change course frequently while seeking the source of a chemical plume, the consistency of headings casts doubt on the hypothesis that turtles follow such plumes over great distances. Chemical cues may nevertheless play a role in enabling turtles to recognize a target area in the final stages.
Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study

Abstract Objective: To identify predictors of postnatal catch-up growth from birth to two years and its relation to size and obesity at five years. Design: Regional prospective cohort study. Setting: Avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood, United Kingdom. Subjects: 848 full term singletons from a 10% random sample of the Avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood. Main outcome measures: Maternal birth weight, prepregnancy weight, pregnancy weight gain, height, smoking, and parity, and paternal height. Weight and length of infants at birth, two years, and five years expressed as standard deviation (SD) scores from the UK reference scores for 1990. Percentage fat mass and total fat mass (estimated from skinfolds) and waist circumference at five years. Results: Size at birth was representative of the national reference. Overall, 30.7% (260 of 848) of infants showed a gain in SD score for weight greater than 0.67 SD scores between zero and two years, indicating clinically significant catch-up growth. These children had lower weight, length, and ponderal index at birth than other children, and were more often from primiparous pregnancies. They also had taller fathers than other children, and their mothers had lower birth weights and were more likely to smoke during pregnancy. Children who showed catch-up growth between zero and two years were heavier, taller, and fatter (body mass index, percentage body fat, and waist circumference) at five years than other children. Conclusions: In this contemporary well nourished cohort, catch-up growth was predicted by factors relating to intrauterine restraint of fetal growth. Children who showed catch-up growth between zero and two years were fatter and had more central fat distribution at five years than other children. Mechanisms that signal and regulate early catch-up growth in the postnatal period may influence associations between small size at birth and risks for disease in adulthood.
An Implementation of the IFF Procedure in DALI

Abductive Logic Programming (ALP) [11] [12] has found broad pplication as a powerful tool for hypothetical reasoning with incomplete know ledge, as it combines: abduction, that operates by labeling some pieces of informati on as abducibles, i.e. as possible hypotheses which can be assumed to hold, provided t hat they are consistent with the given knowledge base; and logic programming, enric hed with integrity constraints to further restrict the range of possible hypothes es. In recent years, a variety of proof procedures for ALP have be en proposed. A very important one is the IFF procedure of Fung and Kowalski [8]. A mong the other proposals, the ACLP procedure [13] integrates abductive reasonin g with constraint solving. Some recent procedures are explicitly aimed at improving th e IFF. The CIFF [7] procedure is aimed at providing increasing generality on the ki nd of constraints that can be expressed, also in view of the definition of logical agents a d multi-agent systems. On the same line, in the SCIFF procedure [1] abducibles repre s nt hypotheses about agent behaviour; SCIFF deals with the concept of fulfillment , i.e., the correspondence of abduced atoms with events (that a logical agent has percei v d) recorded in a history. All these procedures are sound, but have problems with compl eteness, which is not achieved for the general case. In this paper, we present a novel implementation of the IFF pr oof procedure. The approach of this paper is indebted to [6], that proposes some abstract argumentationbased proof procedures for assumption-based reasoning (of which abduction is an instance) building on the stable model semantics of [9]. We ove rcome completeness problems and obtain a correct and complete implementation b y adopting a completely different novel approach. Rather that re-implementing the procedure in fact, wetranslatean ALP program into other formalisms, of which we exploit the inference engines. In particular, our proposal relies upon: Answer Set Program ming (ASP), which is a new logic programming paradigm [14] the Answer Set (or eq uivalently Stable Model) semantics [9]; and the new logic programming languag e DALI [3] [16], which provides special proactivefeatures, so that one can specify conditions that are to be automatically checked. Precisely, a given ALP program is (automatically) translat ed into: (i) an ASP program, that generates a superset of the abductive explanatio ns (that are the expected results of the ALP program) and (ii) a DALI program that rules out incorrect solutions. Due to the proactive features of DALI, there is no need of defin ing a meta-interpreter: rather, the different conditions of each IFF rule are checke d concurrently (and, potentially, in parallel) by means of the special DALI mechanism o f internal events.
The impact of mental health literacy, stigma, and social support on attitudes toward mental health help-seeking

Abstract Guided by the theory of reasoned action, this study built a model to examine the ways in which mental health literacy (MHL), personal stigma, self-stigma, and social support collectively influence attitudes toward mental health help-seeking. A sample of 211 participants (age range 22–64; 67.62% females) from a cross-sectional survey that examined MHL of local public housing staffs in Texas were included in a structural equation modeling analysis. MHL directly influenced attitudes. Personal and self-stigma did not mediate the relationship between MHL and attitudes. Yet, self-stigma was significantly associated with attitudes. Social support positively predicted attitudes. Findings suggest the need for improving MHL and strengthening social support to promote positive attitudes toward mental health help-seeking. Mental health education to those who are at risk for mental illness and to families who are likely to influence help-seeking attitudes of those with mental illness could be useful.
On the Computation and Properties of Real-time Interfaces for State-based Component Models

Event arrival curves [13] are an abstract way of characteriz ing event streams or arrival patterns as used in the context of real-ti me analysis of embedded systems. One may employ these abstract stre am descriptions as part of analytic, assume/guarantee (A/G), real-time interfaces and thereby define the traffic a component is willi ng to accept, and what it guarantees to emit. This extended abstra ct presents the machinery for deriving analytic A/G real-time int rfaces based on arrival curves from Timed Automata (TA) [2] ba sed component models. Moreover, we develop the criteria for whi ch composition, as well as refinement, of components is safe, i. e. ,it does not interfere with the interface-derived properties o f the overall system. This way we strictly advocate the component-wis e evolution of system designs.
Who Benefits from the "Sharing" Economy of Airbnb?

Sharing economy platforms have become extremely popular in the last few years, and they have changed the way in which we commute, travel, and borrow among many other activities. Despite their popularity among consumers, such companies are poorly regulated. For example, Airbnb, one of the most successful examples of sharing economy platform, is often criticized by regulators and policy makers. While, in theory, municipalities should regulate the emergence of Airbnb through evidence-based policy making, in practice, they engage in a false dichotomy: some municipalities allow the business without imposing any regulation, while others ban it altogether. That is because there is no evidence upon which to draft policies. Here we propose to gather evidence from the Web. After crawling Airbnb data for the entire city of London, we find out where and when Airbnb listings are offered and, by matching such listing information with census and hotel data, we determine the socio-economic conditions of the areas that actually benefit from the hospitality platform. The reality is more nuanced than one would expect, and it has changed over the years. Airbnb demand and offering have changed over time, and traditional regulations have not been able to respond to those changes. That is why, finally, we rely on our data analysis to envision regulations that are responsive to real-time demands, contributing to the emerging idea of ``algorithmic regulation''.
Toward Higher-Order Qualitative Representations

Qualitative reasoning typically proceeds by instantiating type-level constraints to produce a complete propositional model of a scenario, and then reasoning over this propositional representation. As we pursue the problem of learning qualitative models and applying them to openended construction domains, the limitations of this approach have become increasingly acute. Consequently, we have been developing representations and techniques for higherorder qualitative reasoning, which supports qualitative reasoning without needing to generate a full propositional scenario model. We present our type-level vocabulary and describe our experience with it in learning qualitative influences in a strategy game domain.
Investigating suitability for server virtualization using business application benchmarks

Server virtualization is now required for data center systems to reduce the number of servers. However, it is still unclear which business applications are suitable for virtualization. We present our evaluation results for four types of business application benchmarks on our virtualization system. The results show that the virtualization performance of a TPC-H workload, which mainly executes referencing on a database, uses about 90% of the non-virtualized performance, and that the virtualization performance of the TPC-H workload is better than that of the other benchmark applications. The results of a new performance characteristic for virtualization indicated that application programs, which have performance bottlenecks in disk I/Os and low CPU utilizations in a non-virtualized environment, are suitable for virtualization.
Higher-derivative chiral superfield actions coupled to N = 1 supergravity

We construct N=1 supergravity extensions of scalar field theories with higher-derivative kinetic terms. Special attention is paid to the auxiliary fields, whose elimination leads not only to corrections to the kinetic terms, but to new expressions for the potential energy as well. For example, a potential energy can be generated even in the absence of a superpotential. Our formalism allows one to write a supergravity extension of any higher-derivative scalar field theory and, therefore, has applications to both particle physics and cosmological model building. As an illustration, we couple the higher-derivative DBI action describing a 3-brane in 6-dimensions to N=1 supergravity. This displays a number of new features-- including the fact that, in the regime where the higher-derivative kinetic terms become important, the potential tends to be everywhere negative.
Adinda: a knowledgeable, browser-based IDE

In practice, many people have to work together to develop and maintain a software system. However, the programmer's key tool, the Integrated Development Environment (IDE), is a solo-tool, serving to help individual programmers understand and modify the system. Such an IDE does not leverage the knowledge other team members may have of the design and implementation of the system. We propose to resolve this problem by exploring, experimentally, new ways of inferring knowledge from past IDE-interactions, and of maximizing collaboration among developers. Our approach, called Adinda, revolves around transforming the IDE into a set of integrated services, accessible via a web browser, and enriched with Web 2.0 technologies. Such services will not only help developers perform traditional IDE tasks, but also facilitate the required informal communication and collaboration needs of software development projects. In this paper, we report on our vision, approach and challenges for building Adinda, and initial results.
Intrapopulational variation in the standard metabolic rate of insects: repeatability, thermal dependence and sensitivity (Q10) of oxygen consumption in a cricket

SUMMARY Studies focusing on physiological variation among individuals, and its possible evolutionary consequences, are scarce. A trait can only be a target of natural selection if it is consistent over time, that is, a trait must be repeatable. In ectotherms it has been suggested that standard metabolic rate (MR) is related to Darwinian fitness, since it reflects energy usage and expenditure. The metabolic rate of the cricket Hophlosphyrum griseus was determined at three ambient temperatures. Repeatability of MR was estimated by product–moment correlation on residuals of body mass, as well as the thermal sensitivity of MR on an individual basis (individual Q10). The MR of H. griseus was significantly repeatable (r=0.53) and highly dependent on ambient temperature, and its sensitivity (Q10) was dependent on the temperature range. Our estimation of MR repeatability was high in comparison to published studies in vertebrates. Ours is the second report of repeatability (i.e. consistency over time of an individual's performance ranking within a population) of any aspect of energy metabolism in an insect, and also the first study to report significant repeatability of MR. Individual Q10 values revealed important interindividual variation, which reflects the existence of intrapopulational variability in the thermal sensitivity of MR. In addition, individual Q10 values were negatively correlated between temperature ranges. This means that crickets having low Q10 at low temperatures, presented high Q10 at high temperatures, and vice versa. Our results suggest that MR could be of selective value in insects, showing consistency over time and intrapopulational variability in its thermal dependence. Nevertheless, its heritability remains to be determined.
Pattern of primary resistance of Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole or clarithromycin in the United States.

BACKGROUND Therapy for Helicobacter pylori is generally empiric despite the fact that resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin compromise therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to aid clinicians in choosing a course of therapy for H pylori infection in the United States. METHODS The frequency of primary clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance among H pylori isolated from patients enrolled in US-based clinical trials between 1993 and 1999 was reviewed in relation to patient age, sex, region of the United States, and test method (Etest and 2 agar dilution procedures). RESULTS Clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance rates were based on the results of 3439 pretreatment Etest determinations and 3193 agar dilution determinations. Sex and age were available on 900 and 823 individuals, respectively. Metronidazole resistance was 39% by Etest and 21.6% by agar dilution (P<.001). Clarithromycin resistance was 12% by Etest and 10.6% by agar dilution. Amoxicillin or tetracycline resistance was rare. Metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance was more common in women than men (eg, 34.7% vs 22.6% for metronidazole and 14.1% vs 9.7% for clarithromycin (P =.01 and P =.06, respectively). Antibiotic resistance increased gradually up to age 70 years, then declined significantly (P<.05) regardless of test method. Regional differences in antimicrobial resistance did not occur. CONCLUSIONS While age and sex had significant effects on resistance rates, regional differences were not present. The high prevalence of resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin may soon require the performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of H pylori isolates prior to initiating treatment.
Two Drosophila melanogaster proteins related to intermediate filament proteins of vertebrate cells

Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against a 46,000 mol wt major cytoplasmic protein from Drosophila melanogaster Kc cells. These antibodies reacted with the 46,000 and a 40,000 mol wt protein from Kc cells. Some antibodies showed cross-reaction with 55,000 (vimentin) and 52,000 mol wt (desmin) proteins from baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells that form intermediate sized filaments in vertebrate cells. In indirect immunofluorescence, the group of cross reacting antibodies stained a filamentous meshwork in the cytoplasm of vertebrate cells. In Kc cells the fluorescence seemed to be localized in a filamentous meshwork that became more obvious after the cells had flattened out on a surface. These cytoskeletal structures are heat-labile; the proteins in Kc or BHK cells rearrange after a brief heat shock, forming juxtanuclear cap structures.