Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cerebral herniation in patients with acute E liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration

Cerebral edema leading to cerebral herniation CHis a common cause of death in acute liver failure ALF. Animal studies have related ammonia with this complication. During liver failure, hepatic ammonia removal can be expected to determine the arterial ammonia level. In patients with ALF, we examined the hypotheses that high arterial ammonia is related to later death by CH, and that impaired removal in the hepatic circulation is related to high arterial ammonia. Twenty‐two patients with ALF were studied retrospectively. In addition, prospective studies with liver vein catheterization were performed after development of hepatic encephalopathyHEin 22 patients with ALF and 9 with acute on chronic liver disease AOCLD. Cerebral arterial‐venous ammonia difference was studied in 13 patients with ALF. In all patients with ALF n= 44, those who developed CH n = 14 had higher arterial plasma ammonia than the non‐CHn = 30patients 230 ± 58 vs. 118 ± 48 μmol/L;P< . 001. In contrast, galactose elimination capacity, bilirubin, creatinine, and prothrombin time were not differentNS. Cerebral arterial‐venous differences increased with increasing arterial ammonia (P< 001. Arterial plasma ammonia was lower than hepatic venous in ALF 148 ± 73 vs. 203 ± 108 μmol/L;P< . 001. In contrast, arterial plasma ammonia was higher than hepatic venous in patients with AOCLD91 ± 26 vs. 66 ± 18 μmol/L;P lt; . 05. Net ammonia release from the hepatic‐splanchnic region was 6.5 ± 6.4 mmol/h in ALF, and arterial ammonia increased with increasing release. In contrast, there was a net hepatic‐splanchnic removal of ammonia 2.8 ± 3.3 mmol/hn patients with AOCLD. We interpret these data that in ALF in humans, vast amounts of ammonia escape hepatic metabolism, leading to high arterial ammonia concentrations, which in turn is associated with increased cerebral ammonia uptake and CH.
Presidential Influence on Congressional Appropriations Decisions

We investigate the extent to which possession of the veto allows the president to influence congressional decisions regarding regular annual appropriations legislation. The most important implication of our analysis is that the influence the veto conveys is asymmetrical: it allows the president to restrain Congress when he prefers to appropriate less to an agency than they do; it does not provide him an effective means of extracting higher appropriations from Congress when he prefers to spend more than they do. This asymmetry derives from Constitutional limitations on the veto, the sequencing of the appropriations process provided by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1920, and the presence of a de facto reversionary expenditure level contained in continuing resolutions (Fanno, 1966). We find strong support for this proposition in a regression of presidential requests upon congressional appropriations decisions.
HACL*: A Verified Modern Cryptographic Library

HACL* is a verified portable C cryptographic library that implements modern cryptographic primitives such as the ChaCha20 and Salsa20 encryption algorithms, Poly1305 and HMAC message authentication, SHA-256 and SHA-512 hash functions, the Curve25519 elliptic curve, and Ed25519 signatures. HACL* is written in the F* programming language and then compiled to readable C code. The F* source code for each cryptographic primitive is verified for memory safety, mitigations against timing side-channels, and functional correctness with respect to a succinct high-level specification of the primitive derived from its published standard. The translation from F* to C preserves these properties and the generated C code can itself be compiled via the CompCert verified C compiler or mainstream compilers like GCC or CLANG. When compiled with GCC on 64-bit platforms, our primitives are as fast as the fastest pure C implementations in OpenSSL and libsodium, significantly faster than the reference C code in TweetNaCl, and between 1.1x-5.7x slower than the fastest hand-optimized vectorized assembly code in SUPERCOP. HACL* implements the NaCl cryptographic API and can be used as a drop-in replacement for NaCl libraries like libsodium and TweetNaCl. HACL* provides the cryptographic components for a new mandatory ciphersuite in TLS 1.3 and is being developed as the main cryptographic provider for the miTLS verified implementation. Primitives from HACL* are also being integrated within Mozilla's NSS cryptographic library. Our results show that writing fast, verified, and usable C cryptographic libraries is now practical.
Valuation of american interest rate options by the least-squares Monte Carlo method

The purpose of this study is to verify the efficiency and the applicability of the Least-Squares Monte Carlo method for pricing American interest rate options. Results suggest that this technique is apromising alternative to evaluate American-style interest rate options. It provides accurate option price estimates which are very close to results provided by a binomial model. Besides, actual implementation can be easily adapted to accept different interest rate models.
Estimation of a fractionally cointegrated demand system: evidence from the Japanese expenditure data

In this article, we investigate the exact integration of series and analyse the cointegration relationship in the Japanese demand system. We find that the series considered in this analysis follow a fractionally I(d) process, not an exact I(1) one. Further, the Japanese demand system comprises the fractional cointegration relationships. Therefore, the use of a standard cointegration analysis might have a possibility of misleading the demand system with a fractionally cointegrated I(d) process.
A Real-Time Gait Event Detection for Lower Limb Prosthesis Control and Evaluation.

Lower extremity amputees suffer from mobility limitations which will result in a degradation of their quality of life. Wearable sensors are frequently used to assess spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters providing the means to establish an interactive control of the amputee-prosthesis-environment system. Gait events and the gait phase detection of an amputee's locomotion are vital for controlling lower limb prosthetic devices. The paper presents an approach to real-time gait event detection for lower limb amputees using a wireless gyroscope attached to the shank when performing level ground and ramp activities. The results were validated using both healthy and amputee subjects and showed that the time differences in identifying Initial Contact (IC) and Toe Off (TO) events were larger in a transfemoral amputee when compared to the control subjects and a transtibial amputee (TTA). Overall, the time difference latency lies within a range of ± 50 ms while the detection rate was 100% for all activities. Based on the validated results, the IC and TO events can be accurately detected using the proposed system in both control subjects and amputees when performing activities of daily living and can also be utilized in the clinical setup for rehabilitation and assessing the performance of lower limb prosthesis users.
Analytical Design of SPM-Limited Systems With Optical Phase Conjugation

Optical phase conjugation (OPC) is a promising technique to compensate the nonlinear impairment in optical fiber communications. However, the compensation for nonlinearity by use of OPC is limited by the asymmetry of signal power. Thus, the optimization of a link taking advantage of OPC is demanded. In this letter, an analytical model is proposed to optimize the design of self-phase-modulation (SPM)-limited systems in which the nonlinearity is compensated by OPC. Using the model, the optimal location of the phase conjugator can be evaluated, and an analytical expression of optimal net residual dispersion is obtained. Moreover, the SPM-compensation efficiency of OPC can be estimated conveniently.
Estimation of Extreme Value-at-Risk: An EVT Approach for Quantile GARCH Model

We proposed a method to estimate extreme conditional quantiles by combining quantile GARCH model of Xiao and Koenker (2009) and extreme value theory (EVT) approach. We first estimate the latent volatility process using the information of intermediate quantiles. We then apply EVT to the tail observations to obtain a sound estimate of the likelihood of experiencing an extreme event. Quantile autoregression and EVT together improve efficiency in estimation of extreme quantiles, by borrowing information from neighbor quantiles. Monte Carlo simulation indicates that, the proposed method is promising to provide more accurate estimates for VaR of a financial portfolio, where non-Gaussian tail is present.
Biogenetic Temperament and Character Profiles and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Korean Adolescents with Problematic Internet Use

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biogenetic temperament and character profiles in Korean adolescents with problematic Internet use. Six hundred eighty-six high school students completed the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), and Conners/Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale: Short Form (CASS: Short). The problematic Internet use group showed higher scores in the Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness profiles and lower scores in the Novelty Seeking and Self-Transcendence profiles of the JTCI, compared with the nonproblematic Internet use group, after controlling for the ADHD symptoms. The results of this study suggest that temperament/character patterns should be considered in accounts of the etiology of problematic Internet use.
Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT)--study protocol.

BACKGROUND There is currently limited data on which drug should be used to improve blood pressure control in patients with resistant hypertension. Recent observational trials reported spironolactone as having good effects. This study is designed to assess the effect of the addition of 25 mg of spironolactone on blood pressure (BP) in patients with resistant arterial hypertension. METHODS Patients with office systolic BP > 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > 90 mmHg despite treatment with at least 3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic, are enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Patients are randomly assigned to receive spironolactone or a placebo at a ratio of 1:1 by the method of simple randomisation. Our primary endpoints are to show a statistically significant difference in the fall of mean day-time systolic and diastolic BP by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), between the spironolactone and placebo groups, after 8 weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes are changes of serum potassium, natrium, creatinine, body weight, casual blood pressure in office, difference in the fall of mean night-time and 24-hour ABPM BP and treatment response depending on different baseline levels of aldosterone and aldosterone/PRA ratio. DISCUSSION If spironolactone proves effective, it might become the standard of treatment in patients with resistant arterial hypertension.
Integration of bacteriophage SP24 into the chromosome of group A streptococci

The group A streptococcal bacteriophage SP24 contains a unique phage att site and integrates into a common chromosomal locus in two unrelated group A streptococcal strains, CS24 and CS112. Southern blot analysis suggested that the terminally redundant phage DNA recombines to form the unit-length genome observed in the prophage state. Phage DNA integration appears to be required for stable lysogen formation and conversion to the M+ state; however, the precise role of the bacteriophage and the relationship of phage integration to increased M protein synthesis are unclear.
Oriental-script text detection and extraction in videos

Urdu text detection and extraction from videos especially from news feed is a challenging task. The main challenge is to design a robust algorithm that can accurately detect and localize Urdu text regions in videos. Urdu language is originated from oriental languages like Arabic, Persian and Turkish, so alphabets of these languages are very similar. Due to the similarities of basic alphabets and writing styles, this research is equally applicable to Arabic or Persian text. The development of an OCR that gives acceptable results on Urdu is still an ongoing research area. Thus need of a good text detection and extraction system is needed that can reduce the recognition errors as much as possible. It is because if the input image contains only text candidate regions, then possibilities of errors will be reduced for the same OCR. The proposed system is evaluated on a set of videos of news channels that vary along the dimensions of intensity variations, scale and orientation. Accuracy in terms of precision and recall rates is analyzed to determine the success and limitations of the approach. Problems, possible errors and suggestions for improvements are also discussed in the paper.
Evaluation of the Performance of Two Selective Enrichment Media and Two Selective Plating Media for the Detection of Salmonella from Primary Poultry Production, According to ISO 6579:2002

Salmonellosis remains a major problematic food born zoonosis worldwide. Poultry and poultry products have been frequently incriminated as the major sources for the aetiological agent, Salmonella species. The implementation of appropriate surveillance and monitoring programme for food safety ultimately requires the examination of food for the presence of food borne pathogens. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) and Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate-novobiocin (MKTTn) selective enrichment media for the isolation of Salmonella, as well as assessment of the performance of xylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD) agar as the classical and preferential selective plating medium by comparing it with Brilliant Green (BG) agar for the detection of Salmonella in the primary production of poultry based on the ISO 6579:2002. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) samples from the primary poultry production system underwent the traditional culture method for the detection of Salmonella involving pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, selective plating and confirmation. The rate of recovery of Salmonella from the entire samples was 59.1%. The rate of recovery of Salmonella from XLD and BG selective plating media when MSRV selective enrichment media was used was 98.2% and 95.5% respectively whereas 90.0% and 64.3% respectively when MKTTn selective enrichment media was used. The highest sensitivity was observed in the combination of MSRV/XLD (0.98), followed by MSRV/BG (0.95). The combination of MSRV/BG had the highest specificity (0.88) followed by MKTTn/BG (0.65). Based on the results of this study, selective enrichment media play a substantial role on the sensitivity and specificity of the selective plating media. MSRV was revealed as the most important selective enrichment medium, necessary for the investigation of Salmonella and that its combination with BG selective plating media yielded the best result for the selective isolation of Salmonella in the primary production of poultry.
On Coalition Formation with Heterogeneous Agents

We propose a framework to analyze coalition formation with heterogeneous agents. Existing literature defines stability conditions that do not ensure that, once an agent decides to sign an agreement, the enlarged coalition is feasible. Defining the concepts of refraction and exchanging, we set up conditions of existence and enlargement of a coalition with heterogeneous agents. We use the concept of exchanging agents to give necessary conditions for internal stability and show that refraction is a sufficient condition for the failure of an enlargement of the coalition. With heterogeneous agents we can get a situation where a group of members of an unstable coalition does not deviate, neither within the coalition nor within the extended coalition. Hence, the possibilities of agreement are richer than in the standard analysis with homogeneous agents. Examples of industrial economics are used for illustration, and an application to climate change negotiations is discussed in more detail.
Farewell to Childcare?

The paper argues that in the early years field England has started a process of change from what is termed a ‘childcare discourse’ to a ‘pedagogical discourse’, the former representing a fragmented approach to services for children, the latter the sort of integrated and holistic approach to which the Every Child Matters policy aspires. It considers the experience of countries which have already made the turn to a pedagogical discourse, what this change might mean in the area of school-age provision and the barriers to England completing the process of change, which requires restructuring to be grounded in rethinking.
Configuration of an X-band FMCW radar targeted for drone detection

This paper discusses the detection of drone with Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) Radar system. The system employs 11GHz to 11.15GHz frequency bandwidth to generate sawtooth linear wave through bistatic antennas with the gain of 33.7dBi, and the output transmitter power is 35dBm. Metal baffles were placed between and each side of the antennas to minimize the direct path interference. The system also includes digital down converter to obtain IQ signal with minimum mismatch. In the actual performance measurement, the drone signal was detected up to more than 500m distance in real-time with the error of less than 0.1%. The data has been saved as bin file and then later processed with MATLAB.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is insufficient for growth factor receptor-mediated PC12 cell differentiation

When expressed in PC12 cells, the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (beta PDGF-R) mediates cell differentiation. Mutational analysis of the beta PDGF-R indicated that persistent receptor stimulation of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway alone was insufficient to sustain PC12 cell differentiation. PDGF receptor activation of signal pathways involving p60c-src or the persistent regulation of phospholipase C gamma was required for PC12 cell differentiation. beta PDGF-R regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, the GTPase-activating protein of Ras, and the tyrosine phosphatase, Syp, was not required for PC12 cell differentiation. In contrast to overexpression of oncoproteins involved in regulating the MAP kinase pathway, growth factor receptor-mediated differentiation of PC12 cells requires the integration of other signals with the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase pathway.
OPTIMAL PRODUCTION POLICY FOR MULTI-PRODUCT WITH INVENTORY-LEVEL-DEPENDENT DEMAND IN SEGMENTED MARKET

Market segmentation has emerged as the primary means by which firms achieve optimal production policy. In this paper, we use market segmentation approach in multi-product inventory system with inventory-level-dependent demand. The objective is to make use of optimal control theory to solve the inventory-production problem and develop an optimal production policy that minimizes the total cost associated with inventory and production rate in segmented market. First, we consider a single production and inventory problem with multi-destination demand that vary from segment to segment. Further, we describe a single source production and multi destination inventory and demand problem under the assumption that firm may choose independently the inventory directed to each segment. The optimal control is applied to study and solve the proposed problem.
Functional Organization of Area V2 in the Alert Macaque

We studied the relation between anatomical structure and functional properties of cells in area V2 of the macaque. Visual function was assessed in the alert animal during fixation of gaze. Recording sites were reconstructed with respect to cortical lamination and the cytochrome oxidase pattern. We measured orientation and direction selectivity, end‐stopping, sensitivity to binocular disparity and ocular dominance, and determined more complex functions like sensitivity to anomalous contours and lines defined by coherent motion. Orientation selectivity was found in all parts of area V2, with high frequencies in the pale and thick stripes of the cytochrome oxidase pattern, and with lower frequency in the thin stripes. Representations of anomalous contours were found in the pale and thick stripes with similar frequencies, but generally not in the thin stripes, which have been thought to process colour. Lines defined by coherent motion were most frequently represented in the thick stripes; they were less frequent in the pale stripes, and (as with anomalous contours) were not found in the thin stripes. Sensitivity to binocular disparity was found in all types of stripes, but more frequently in the thick stripes, where the exclusively binocular neurons were also concentrated. By contrast, no segregation was found for direction selectivity and end‐stopping. All neuronal properties were distributed evenly across cortical laminae. We conclude that mechanisms for figure–ground segregation involve the pale and the thick stripes of the cytochrome oxidase pattern, perhaps with greater emphasis on 'shape from motion’and 'stereoscopic depth’in the thick stripes, while more elementary neuronal properties are distributed almost evenly across the stripe pattern.
Dissecting Trade: Firms, Industries, and Export Destinations

We examine entry across 113 national markets in 16 different industries using a comprehensive data set of French manufacturing firms. The data are unique in indicating how much each firm exports to each destination. Looking across all manufacturers: (1) Firms differ substantially in export participation, with most selling only at home; (2) The number of firms selling to multiple markets falls off with the number of destinations with an elasticity of ? 2.5; (3) Decomposing French exports to each destination into the size of the market and French share, variation in market share translates nearly completely into firm entry while about 60 percent of the variation in market size is reflected in firm entry. Looking within each of 16 industries we find little variation in these patterns. We propose that any successful model of trade and market structure must confront these facts.
Analysis of commercial profitability of poplar plantations aged 24 years

The commercial profitability of poplar cultivation was analysed in an artificial poplar plantation, rotation 25 years. The aim of the study was to check the justification of the invested financial means in artificial poplar plantations, based on the analysis of costs and receipts in the period of 25 years, by using the method of analysis of commercial profitability. The evaluation of investments was performed by modern methods which, in this way, found their practical implementation in forestry.
Causality between trade and tourism: empirical evidence from China

Current literature concerning tourism forecasting points out the role played by international trade in affecting international tourism flows. This study investigates the nature of causal relationship, if any, between international tourism and international trade flows using the case of China. The study applies the Granger no-causality procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto in a vector autoregresion (VAR) model, and attempts to improve previous tourism forecasting studies, in the context of tourist demand function, by identifying the direction of the endogeniety between tourist travel and international trade. Findings indicate a two-way Granger causality between international travel and international trade and hence imply that trade flows do link with tourism in the case of China. Thus, previous tourism forecasting studies using a single equation approach may lead to biased estimates since they fail to consider possible feedbacks between international trade and international tourism.