Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validation of shale brittleness index calculation from wireline log of well BETRO-001 by using XRD test results and uniaxial test as parameters for determining potential of shale hydrocarbon - brown shale of Pematang Group Formation, Central Sumatra Basin, Bengkalis Trough

The parameter of the shale brittleness index is the key to success in hydrocarbon shale stimulation, as in Barnett Shale, Texas, USA, where brittleness is controlled by quartz content. Based on the mineral content of the shale, the ductility (opposite of brittleness) is controlled by the content of clay and calcite. The Brittleness index determines the value of ductile and brittle a rock formation, based on its mineral content. Brittleness of hydrocarbon shale, needed for initiation and propagation of hydraulic fracturing and fracture re-opening. Shale fractability can be evaluated based on geomechanical and mineralogical evaluations for optimization of stimulation planning. Laboratory tests on shale samples from the Brown Shale Formation, Pematang Group in the Central Sumatra Basin, were carried out to obtain elastic properties of rocks, such as Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and unconfined compressive strength. Furthermore, mineralogical analysis is carried out to predict brittleness based on the results of the XRD test, which produces mineral content in rocks. Brittleness analysis is very important for hydraulic fracturing stimulation planning, and to get a valid calculation result from BETRO-001 well log data which is dynamic data, it must be validated using static data, namely from uniaxial compressive tests on in-situ rock cores, but because of the difficulty of obtaining core data from BETRO-001 well drilling and other wells in the research location, a coring approach from analog outcrops is considered to represent the target formation. From the results of prospect criteria according to Matt McKeon (2013), it can be concluded that the Brown Shale Formation in Bengkalis Trough has good hydrocarbon shale potential and can be carried out for further research, because oil production from conventional Indonesian reservoirs in general has experienced a significant decline.
Ultraconserved words point to deep language ancestry across Eurasia

The search for ever deeper relationships among the World’s languages is bedeviled by the fact that most words evolve too rapidly to preserve evidence of their ancestry beyond 5,000 to 9,000 y. On the other hand, quantitative modeling indicates that some “ultraconserved” words exist that might be used to find evidence for deep linguistic relationships beyond that time barrier. Here we use a statistical model, which takes into account the frequency with which words are used in common everyday speech, to predict the existence of a set of such highly conserved words among seven language families of Eurasia postulated to form a linguistic superfamily that evolved from a common ancestor around 15,000 y ago. We derive a dated phylogenetic tree of this proposed superfamily with a time-depth of ∼14,450 y, implying that some frequently used words have been retained in related forms since the end of the last ice age. Words used more than once per 1,000 in everyday speech were 7- to 10-times more likely to show deep ancestry on this tree. Our results suggest a remarkable fidelity in the transmission of some words and give theoretical justification to the search for features of language that might be preserved across wide spans of time and geography.
Reflective Regression of 2D-3D Face Shape Across Large Pose

In this paper we present a novel reflective method to estimate 2D-3D face shape across large pose. We include the knowledge that a face is a 3D object into the learning pipeline, and formulate face alignment as a 3DMM fitting problem, where the camera projection matrix and 3D shape parameters are learned by an extended cascaded pose regression framework. In order to improve algorithm robustness in difficult poses, we introduce a reflective invariant metric for failure alert. We investigate the relation between reflective variance and face misalignment error, and find there is strong correlation between them. Consequently this finding is exploited to provide feedback to our algorithm. For the samples predicted as failure, we restart the algorithm with better initialisations based on explicit head pose estimation, which enhances the possibility of convergence. Extensive experiments on the challenging AFLW and AFW datasets demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performance over the state-of-the-art methods.
Surveillance Source Compression with Background Modeling for Video Big Data

Video source is a kind of critical component in big data. As a typical video source, the cost of storage and transmission is extremely high for surveillance source. Thus, it is the coding target to get a tradeoff between bit-rate and visual quality for surveillance video. Devoted to this subject, this work proposes a new background modeling scheme for surveillance source, which adopts the residual gradient and the block edge differences to construct background picture. The constructed background picture preserves the spatial characteristics of the source contents and then it is chosen as the long-term reference picture. This work proposes a novel background-based coding optimization algorithm (BCOA) for both picture level and the largest coding unit (LCU) level in video compression. According to the effective adjustment of quantization parameter (QP) and lagrange multiplier (λ), the proposed BCOA improves the visual quality. Compared with the background-modeling-based hierarchical prediction structure optimization, experimental results show that BCOA achieves better visual quality and BD-Rate gain up to 46.68%.
Multitasking information seeking and searching processes

Recent studies show that humans engage in multitasking behaviors as they seek and search information retrieval (IR) systems for information on more than one topic at the same time. For example, a Web search session by a single user may consist of searching on single topics or multitasking. Findings are presented from four separate studies of the prevalence of multitasking information seeking and searching by Web, IR system, and library users. Incidence of multitasking identified in the four different studies included: (1) users of the Excite Web search engine who completed a survey form, (2) Excite Web search engine users filtered from an Excite transaction log from 20 December 1999, (3) mediated on-line databases searches, and (4) academic library users. Findings include: (1) multitasking information seeking and searching is a common human behavior, (2) users may conduct information seeking and searching on related or unrelated topics, (3) Web or IR multitasking search sessions are longer than single topic sessions, (4) mean number of topics per Web search ranged of 1 to more than 10 topics with a mean of 2.11 topic changes per search session, and (4) many Web search topic changes were from hobbies to shopping and vice versa. A more complex model of human seeking and searching levels that incorporates multitasking information behaviors is presented, and a theoretical framework for human information coordinating behavior (HICB) is proposed. Multitasking information seeking and searching is developing as major research area that draws together IR and information seeking studies toward a focus on IR within the context of human information behavior. Implications for models of information seeking and searching, IR/Web systems design, and further research are discussed.
MOEA/D-ACO: A Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm Using Decomposition and AntColony

Combining ant colony optimization (ACO) and the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (EA) based on decomposition (MOEA/D), this paper proposes a multiobjective EA, i.e., MOEA/D-ACO. Following other MOEA/D-like algorithms, MOEA/D-ACO decomposes a multiobjective optimization problem into a number of single-objective optimization problems. Each ant (i.e., agent) is responsible for solving one subproblem. All the ants are divided into a few groups, and each ant has several neighboring ants. An ant group maintains a pheromone matrix, and an individual ant has a heuristic information matrix. During the search, each ant also records the best solution found so far for its subproblem. To construct a new solution, an ant combines information from its group's pheromone matrix, its own heuristic information matrix, and its current solution. An ant checks the new solutions constructed by itself and its neighbors, and updates its current solution if it has found a better one in terms of its own objective. Extensive experiments have been conducted in this paper to study and compare MOEA/D-ACO with other algorithms on two sets of test problems. On the multiobjective 0-1 knapsack problem, MOEA/D-ACO outperforms the MOEA/D with conventional genetic operators and local search on all the nine test instances. We also demonstrate that the heuristic information matrices in MOEA/D-ACO are crucial to the good performance of MOEA/D-ACO for the knapsack problem. On the biobjective traveling salesman problem, MOEA/D-ACO performs much better than the BicriterionAnt on all the 12 test instances. We also evaluate the effects of grouping, neighborhood, and the location information of current solutions on the performance of MOEA/D-ACO. The work in this paper shows that reactive search optimization scheme, i.e., the “learning while optimizing” principle, is effective in improving multiobjective optimization algorithms.
The Anatomic Basis for High‐Frequency Components in the Electrocardiogram

In a correlative study between selected body-surface potential recordings and anatomic findings, multilead sets of high-fidelity, high-speed records from 128 persons were studied in connection with the results of our detailed postmortem dissections of their hearts. Attention was focused on high-frequency components (notching and slurring of the expanded QRS) as described by Langner.We found that (1) groups with ventricular enlargement without scarring were indistinguishable from groups with infarction on the basis of the number of high-frequency components; (2) both of these groups were clearly distinguishable from normal subjects on this basis alone; and (3) the high-frequency component count in the group with ventricular enlargement showed high negative correlation with age and high positive correlation with right and left ventricular weights.These findings suggest that the appearance of high-frequency components in the vectorcardiogram or electrocardiogram may relate to the struggle between competing generator sites of ventricular enlargement as well as to the classic concept of shattering of the wave of activation on the shoals of infarction.
Constrained eigenfilter design without specified transition bands

The design of the FIR filter with constraints in the frequency domain and/or the time domain is considered. We further consider the design specification without an explicitly specified transition band. A constrained eigenfilter is proposed to design the FIR filter with various design constraints, and without a transition band specification. We have suggest the possible design tradeoff between transition band bandwidth and the ripple size of the filter. The proposed algorithm can design filters with optimal tradeoff between transition band bandwidth and the peak constrained ripple size. The eigenfilter formulation further allows the filter design specification to incorporate time domain constraints. Various design examples are presented to illustrate the versatility of the digital filter obtained by the proposed filter design method.
Searching Sequence Databases Over the Internet: Protein Identification Using MS‐Fit

Peptide fingerprint mass mapping is widely used for initial identification of proteins separated by gel electrophoresis. This method involves the enzymatic in‐gel digestion of proteins to generate peptides, followed by mass measurement of the cleaved peptides. The experimental mass values are then compared with theoretical values from protein databases, calculated using the cleavage specificity of the enzyme. This unit describes the use of the search program MS‐Fit to identify the closest match or matches.
Hydrogen Production in Chlamydomonas: Photosystem II-Dependent and -Independent Pathways Differ in Their Requirement for Starch Metabolism1[W]

Under sulfur deprivation conditions, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii produces hydrogen in the light in a sustainable manner thanks to the contribution of two pathways, direct and indirect. In the direct pathway, photosystem II (PSII) supplies electrons to hydrogenase through the photosynthetic electron transport chain, while in the indirect pathway, hydrogen is produced in the absence of PSII through a photosystem I-dependent process. Starch metabolism has been proposed to contribute to both pathways by feeding respiration and maintaining anoxia during the direct pathway and by supplying reductants to the plastoquinone pool during the indirect pathway. At variance with this scheme, we report that a mutant lacking starch (defective for sta6) produces similar hydrogen amounts as the parental strain in conditions of sulfur deprivation. However, when PSII is inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, conditions where hydrogen is produced by the indirect pathway, hydrogen production is strongly reduced in the starch-deficient mutant. We conclude that starch breakdown contributes to the indirect pathway by feeding electrons to the plastoquinone pool but is dispensable for operation of the direct pathway that prevails in the absence of DCMU. While hydrogenase induction was strongly impaired in the starch-deficient mutant under dark anaerobic conditions, wild-type-like induction was observed in the light. Because this light-driven hydrogenase induction is DCMU insensitive and strongly inhibited by carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone or 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, we conclude that this process is regulated by the proton gradient generated by cyclic electron flow around PSI.
Rejection of Intraocular Tumors by CD4+ T Cells Without Induction of Phthisis1

Immune privilege of the eye protects against sight-threatening inflammatory events, but can also permit outgrowth of otherwise nonlethal immunogenic tumors. Nonetheless, ocular tumor growth can be controlled by cellular immune responses. However, this will normally result in phthisis of the eye, in case tumor rejection is mediated by a delayed-type hypersensitivity response orchestrated by CD4+ T cells. We now show that intraocular tumors can be eradicated by CD4+ Th cells without inducing collateral damage of neighboring ocular tissue. Injection of tumor cells transformed by the early region 1 of human adenovirus type 5 in the anterior chamber of the eye leads to intraocular tumor formation. Tumor growth is transient in immunocompetent mice, but lethal in immunodeficient nude mice, indicating that T cell-dependent immunity is responsible for tumor clearance. Tumor rejection has all the characteristics of a CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response, as the tumor did not express MHC class II and only tumor tissue was the subject of destruction. However, analysis of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in tumor clearance revealed that perforin, TNF-α, Fas ligand, MHC class I, and CD8+ T cells did not play a crucial role in tumor eradication. Instead, effective tumor rejection was entirely dependent on CD4+ Th cells, as CD4-depleted as well as MHC class II-deficient mice were unable to reject their intraocular tumor. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that CD4+ T cells are able to eradicate MHC class II-negative tumors in an immune-privileged site without affecting surrounding tissues or the induction of phthisis.
An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU.

BACKGROUND Catheter-related bloodstream infections occurring in the intensive care unit (ICU) are common, costly, and potentially lethal. METHODS We conducted a collaborative cohort study predominantly in ICUs in Michigan. An evidence-based intervention was used to reduce the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Multilevel Poisson regression modeling was used to compare infection rates before, during, and up to 18 months after implementation of the study intervention. Rates of infection per 1000 catheter-days were measured at 3-month intervals, according to the guidelines of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. RESULTS A total of 108 ICUs agreed to participate in the study, and 103 reported data. The analysis included 1981 ICU-months of data and 375,757 catheter-days. The median rate of catheter-related bloodstream infection per 1000 catheter-days decreased from 2.7 infections at baseline to 0 at 3 months after implementation of the study intervention (P< or =0.002), and the mean rate per 1000 catheter-days decreased from 7.7 at baseline to 1.4 at 16 to 18 months of follow-up (P<0.002). The regression model showed a significant decrease in infection rates from baseline, with incidence-rate ratios continuously decreasing from 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47 to 0.81) at 0 to 3 months after implementation of the intervention to 0.34 (95% CI, 0.23 to 0.50) at 16 to 18 months. CONCLUSIONS An evidence-based intervention resulted in a large and sustained reduction (up to 66%) in rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection that was maintained throughout the 18-month study period.
Visual Processing Affects the Neural Basis of Auditory Discrimination

The interaction between auditory and visual speech streams is a seamless and surprisingly effective process. An intriguing example is the McGurk effect: The acoustic syllable /ba/ presented simultaneously with a mouth articulating /ga/ is typically heard as /da/ [McGurk, H. , & MacDonald, J. Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264, 746748, 1976]. Previous studies have demonstrated the interaction of auditory and visual streams at the auditory cortex level, but the importance of these interactions for the qualitative perception change remained unclear because the change could result from interactions at higher processing levels as well. In our electroencephalogram experiment, we combined the McGurk effect with mismatch negativity (MMN), a response that is elicited in the auditory cortex at a latency of 100250 msec by any above-threshold change in a sequence of repetitive sounds. An odd-ball sequence of acoustic stimuli consisting of frequent /va/ syllables (standards) and infrequent /ba/ syllables (deviants) was presented to 11 participants. Deviant stimuli in the unisensory acoustic stimulus sequence elicited a typical MMN, reflecting discrimination of acoustic features in the auditory cortex. When the acoustic stimuli were dubbed onto a video of a mouth constantly articulating /va/, the deviant acoustic /ba/ was heard as /va/ due to the McGurk effect and was indistinguishable from the standards. Importantly, such deviants did not elicit MMN, indicating that the auditory cortex failed to discriminate between the acoustic stimuli. Our findings show that visual stream can qualitatively change the auditory percept at the auditory cortex level, profoundly influencing the auditory cortex mechanisms underlying early sound discrimination.
Knowledge Collaboration in Distributed Practice Communities

Information Technology is now making distributed collaboration possible on a very large-scale and across many different kinds of boundaries, thereby transforming professional work. Yet, our understanding of how such work is accomplished in large, distributed environments is limited. Professional work tends to be complex, uses established procedures, and is rooted in specific historically and materially situated practices. Approaches that take the social and situated nature of knowledge and learning into account, such as the literature on communities of practice, have been developed largely in relation to small, collocated groups. The practices that enable knowledge collaboration in large, distributed environments, mediated by a variety of information technology and other artefacts, have not received attention. Therefore, we undertook an empirical investigation of the practices through which work is accomplished in a professional legal association, whose more than ten thousand members are scattered around North America and play an essential role in shaping how the laws related to their practice areas are developed and implemented. Our investigation revealed two sets of practices that allow this organization to balance the competing demands of stability and change. These practices shed light on how larger communities of practice overcome diversity, dispersion, and a complex set of boundaries to achieve a deeper and more dynamic level of collaboration.
Conceptional Association for Compound Noun Analysis

This paper describes research toward the automatic interpretation of compound nouns using corpus statistics. An initial study aimed at syntactic disambiguation is presented. The approach presented bases associations upon thesaurus categories. Association data is gathered from unambiguous cases extracted from a corpus and is then applied to the analysis of ambiguous compound nouns. While the work presented is still in progress, a first attempt to syntactically analyse a test set of 244 examples shows 75% correctness. Future work is aimed at improving this accuracy and extending the technique to assign semantic role information, thus producing a complete interpretation.
The prevalence and consequences of malnutrition risk in elderly Albanian intensive care unit patients

Purpose Many investigators have reported rising numbers of elderly patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition risk in the ICU by comparing the prevalence of malnutrition between older adults (aged 65 years and above) and adults (aged 18–64 years), and to examine the negative consequences associated with risk of malnutrition in older adults. Materials and methods A prospective cohort study in the ICU of the University Hospital Center of Tirana, Albania, was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of malnutrition risk on the length of ICU stay, the duration of being on the ventilator, the total complications, the infectious complications, and the mortality. Results In this study, 963 patients participated, of whom 459 patients (47.7%) were aged ≥65 years. The prevalence of malnutrition risk at the time of ICU admission of the patients aged ≥65 years old was 71.24%. Logistic regression adjusted for confounders showed that malnutrition risk was an independent risk factor of poor clinical outcome for elderly ICU patients, for 1) infections (odds ratio [OR] =4.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.61–7.31); 2) complications (OR =6.73; 95% CI: 4.26–10.62); 3) mortality (OR =2.68; 95% CI: 1.72–4.18); and 4) ICU length of stay >14 days (OR =5.18, 95% CI: 2.43–11.06). Conclusion Malnutrition risk is highly prevalent among elderly ICU patients, especially among severely ill patients with malignancy admitted to the emergency ward. ICU elderly patients at malnutrition risk will have higher complication and infection rates, longer duration of ICU stay, and increased mortality. Efforts should be made to implement a variety of nutritional care strategies, to change the nutritional practices not only at ward level, but nationally, according to the best clinical practice and recent guidelines.