Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemics of will, failures of self-esteem: Responding to fat bodies in The Biggest Loser and What Not to Wear

Fat people are greatly underrepresented on US television, and when they appear in fictional shows they are usually the objects of derision. Reality television, with its claims to authenticity and endless search for new participants, has offered more opportunities to represent obese people. Makeover television shows, in particular, have included obese people and explicitly addressed obesity as an issue. How do viewers of the US versions of two makeover shows, What Not to Wear and The Biggest Loser, talk about the representation and treatment of obese people on these shows? Audience responses to the shows suggest that even viewers who consider themselves ‘fans’ critique them for narrow and unkind representations, and for inadequate or bad advice. Yet audiences concur with the underlying premise of both shows: an obese body is evidence of an inner malaise. In particular, epidemics of the will and failures of self-esteem are seen as both the cause and the outcome of the problems that makeover shows must address. What Not to Wear and The Biggest Loser appeared on US television in the context of increasing concern about growing rates of obesity in the United States, where two out of three people are estimated to be overweight or fat (Ogden et al. 2006). This concern was reflected in press coverage of obesity; one researcher found 2700 US articles in a LexisNexis search on ‘obesity’ in the second half of 2007 alone (Nagler 2007). Yet although obese people have become the focus of much debate in society, they remain underrepresented on television. In 2003 Greenberg, Eastin, Hofschire, Laclan, and Brownell found a ‘comparative neglect of overweight individuals on television and [an] imbalance toward thinner men and, especially, thinner women’ (2003, 1346). In their content analysis of 210 hours of primetime network programming they estimate that ‘whereas 1 in 4 women in reality are obese, the television figure was 3 in 100, . [and] men in real life are 3 times more likely to be obese than their television peers’ (1343). Moreover, when larger people are portrayed on television, ‘fat women are frequently figures of fun, occasionally villainesses, often “bad examples” of people with no self-control or low self esteem’ (LeBesco 2004, 41, quoting Debbie Notkin). Fat men tend to appear on situation comedies (Drew Carey, The King of Queens) where the ‘frequent employment of the soft, fat male to represent the impotence of patriarchal power invests male fat with an effeminacy (or “sensitivity”) for which the heterosexual masculine ideal has little tolerance’ (Mosher 2001, 187). Except for those few occasions where obese men represent the threat of brute, physical power, as in crime dramas and The Sopranos, fat people in fictional shows are ‘figures of fun’ or failure, and are rarely credited with a subjectivity that isn’t entirely constructed by their size.
The analysis of intermodulation interference for coexistence of different systems including 2G/3G/4G

In mobile communication systems, the intermodulation interference caused by the non-linearity of passive components may have a greater impact on the performance of networks, especially in a scene of multi-system combiners or sites deployed adjacent to each other. In this paper, we comprehensively analysis all the intermodulation interference may face by coexistence of multiple systems based on the third-order, the fifth-order and the seventh-order of passive intermodulation characteristics and with the frequency band of mobile communication systems for all mobile communication operators, which provide important reference for network design and construction.
TOMM: Tactile omnidirectional mobile manipulator

In this paper, we present the mechatronic design of our Tactile Omnidirectional Robot Manipulator (TOMM), which is a dual arm wheeled humanoid robot with 6DoF on each arm, 4 omnidirectional wheels and 2 switchable end-effectors (1 DoF grippers and 12 DoF Hands). The main feature of TOMM is its arms and hands which are covered with robot skin. We exploit the multi-modal tactile information of our robot skin to provide a rich tactile interaction system for robots. In particular, for the robot TOMM, we provide a general control framework, capable of modifying the dynamic behavior of the entire robot, e.g., producing compliance in a non-compliant system. We present the hardware, software and middleware components of the robot and provide a compendium of the base technologies deployed in it. Furthermore, we show some applications and results that we have obtained using this robot.
A Clinical Study of the Role of Enterococci as Sole Agents of Wound and Tissue Infection

Patients who had enterococci isolated from wounds or tissues were identified from laboratory records. The charts of patients with pure cultures of enterococci were reviewed to determine the degree of clinically significant infection. We found that the frequency of infections in patients with pure cultures of enterococci was not significantly different from the frequency of infections in a control series of patients with negative cultures, but that it was significantly different from the frequency of infections in a series of patients with pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. Our conclusion that enterococci are not by themselves significant pathogens in wound or tissue infections is supported by a few experimental studies of other authors.
La organización en red del poder corporativo. Una tipología de redes corporativas

This research arises from the interest in understanding how power is organized around the world. We study the corporate power structure or corporate network when firms share directors (interlocking directorates). We analyze corporate interlock networks in various countries to empirically derive a typology of corporate networks that suggest different theories of the organization of power. We identify an “elitist” corporate network based on unity, centralization and control; and a “pluralist” corporate network based on members’ autonomy, decentralization and communication ties. The results suggest avenues of research to find out how networks are configured and what impacts have on society.
Pathogenesis of Metastatic Calcification and Acute Pancreatitis in Adult T-Cell Leukemia under Hypercalcemic State

Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Hypercalcemia is common in patients with ATL. These patients rarely develop metastatic calcification and acute pancreatitis. The underlying pathogenesis of this condition is osteoclast hyperactivity with associated overproduction of parathyroid hormone-related protein, which results in hypercalcemia in association with bone demineralization. The discovery of the osteoclast differentiation factor receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), its receptor RANK, and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of ATL-associated hypercalcemia. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 are important molecules that enhance the migration and differentiation of osteoclasts and the associated enhanced production of RANKL for osteoblast formation. In this paper, we focus on metastatic calcification and acute pancreatitis in ATL, highlighting recent advances in the understanding of the molecular role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system including its interaction with various cytokines and calciotropic hormones in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis for bone resorption in hypercalcemic ATL patients.
Family Flow: The Pleasures of “Being Together” in a Holiday Home

Academia has taken two distinct approaches to the social experience of family holiday, emphasizing the moments of togetherness either as the experiences of “just-being-together” or experiences of an escapist realm of family members' immersion into shared activities and fun. Based on 26 in-depth whole-family interviews with Danish, German and Norwegian families on holiday in a Danish holiday home and a conceptual foundation in “flow” and “reversal theory”, this article focusses on the pleasures of being-together from parents' and children's perspectives. The article illustrates that the social experience of family holiday and special moments of togetherness during holiday in a holiday home appear as a composition of reverse pleasures and continuous reversals between excitement and relaxation. An intra-family dynamic of reverse yet interrelated pleasures creating a social balance – or a “family flow” – providing optimal holiday experiences for both parents and children are argued to be an important factor of being together on family holiday.
Effect of Microtubule Disruption on Dynamics of Acidic Organelles in the Axons of Primary Cultured Retinal Ganglion Cells

ABSTRACT Purpose: Axonal transport is fundamental to autophagy in neuronal cells. To understand its biological significance in various conditions, it is necessary to monitor the process of autophagy. However, monitoring methods are often limited to static analyses, such as protein expression and histological observations. Autophagy has multistep process and is highly dynamic; therefore, additional techniques are necessary to study autophagy. In this study, we quantified the dynamics of autophagy-related organelle transport under conditions of dynamic instability and catastrophic disruption of microtubules using in vitro live imaging. Materials and methods: Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were isolated from postnatal day 3 Sprague–Dawley rats by immunopanning. After 7 days of culture, acidic organelles were stained by LysoTracker. Dynamics of acidic organelles was quantified using kymographs. Colchicine was used to induce microtubule disruption. Movement of acidic organelles was observed at five time points: before, and at 6, 24, 72, and 120 h after colchicine stimulation. Ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1) was used to determine cell viability. Results: The status of axonal transport of acidic organelles (n = 363) from 27 RGCs was classified into four categories: anterograde (1.4%), retrograde (90%), stationary (8.0%), and fluttering (0.28%). Six hours after the induction of microtubule disruption in 14 of 27 RGCs, almost all acidic organelles (n = 236) were stationary. All acidic components had completely stopped moving 24 h later. At 72 h after stimulation, axonal fragmentation, and shrinking and disappearance of soma were observed in 71% of RGCs. Finally, the remaining RGCs became positive for EthD-1. In the control (13 of 27 RGCs), axonal transport was maintained for 120 h and EthD-1-positive RGCs were not observed. Conclusion: Almost all acidic organelles were transported retrogradely along the axon, which was inhibited by colchicine. Understanding the dynamics of acidic organelles may provide useful parameters for characterizing autophagy of neuronal cells in pathophysiological conditions.
Hormone replacement therapy and acute myocardial infarction: a large observational study exploring the influence of age.

BACKGROUND We examined whether the discrepancy between observational studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on myocardial infarction (MI) could be explained by differences in age of participants at the time of either HRT initiation or the MI event. METHODS A matched case-control study was performed using the General Practice Research Database. Cases (n = 22 225) had a first diagnosis of MI between 1987 and 2001; up to six controls (n = 144 085) were matched to each case based on age, sex, and practice. Conditional logistic regression was performed adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, as well as, cardiovascular drug use and consultation rate. RESULTS HRT users had a lower overall risk of MI compared with never users [odds ratio (OR): 0.76; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.68-0.86); results were similar for opposed (OR: 0.73; 95% CI 0.68-0.86) and unopposed (OR: 0.79; 95% CI 0.66-0.96) therapy. This apparent benefit increased with older age at HRT initiation(18-44 years: OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.74-1.33; 45-54 years: OR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.71-1.00; 55-64 years: OR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.54-0.82; 65-74 years: OR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.34-0.74; >75 years: OR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.23-1.32). Moreover, the cardioprotective effect was greater for MIs occurring at older ages (P-value for interaction = 0.003). CONCLUSION The effect of HRT on MI becomes more pronounced with older age at initiation and at older ages at the time of an MI event. These findings contradict the hypothesis that the apparent protection seen in observational studies was due to the inclusion of younger participants.
Geometric quantification of the plant endoplasmic reticulum

One of the most difficult obstacles to make biological sciences more quantitative is the lack of understanding the interplay of form and function. Each cell is full of complex‐shaped objects, which moreover change their form over time. To tackle this problem, we suggest the use of geometric invariants that are able to produce precise reference points to compare a cell's different functional elements such as organelles under fixed and varying physiological conditions. In this paper, we look at the topology of an almost static sample of the plant cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) under close‐to‐normal physiological conditions using a multi‐disciplinary approach combining confocal microscopy, image processing techniques, visualization, computational geometry and graph theory. Data collected from a series of optical sections taken at short, regular intervals along the optical axis are used to reconstruct the ER in three dimensions. A graph structure of the ER network is obtained after thinning the ER geometry to its essential features. The graph is the final and most abstract quantification of the ER and serves very well as a geometrical invariant, even and very importantly, in cases in which the ER sample is moving or slightly changing shape during image acquisition. Moreover, graph theoretic features, such as the number of nodes and their degrees and the number of edges and their lengths, are very robust against different kinds of small perturbations that should not change the ER function. We will also attach surface areas and volumes estimated for the plant ER network as weights to the graph, allowing an even more precise quantitative characterization of this organelle. In total, we have compared 28 different samples under similar experimental conditions. The methods used in this paper should also be applicable to the quantification of other organelles in which geometric abstraction is possible to analyse function. Finally, by the use of confocal microscopy, our techniques will be transferable to situations in which protein markers can move inside the organelle's lumen and/or on the membrane surface to test further aspects of protein distribution.
Recruiting Small Manufacturing Worksites That Employ Multiethnic, Low-wage Workforces Into a Cancer Prevention Research Trial

Introduction Worksites, including those that employ multiethnic, low-wage workforces, represent a strategic venue for reaching populations at risk for developing cancer. Methods We surveyed 197 small manufacturing worksites prior to an effort to recruit their workforces into a randomized clinical trial designed to test the effectiveness of a cancer prevention intervention among multiethnic, low-wage manufacturing workers. This paper assesses the external validity of the trial based on three factors: the percentage of potential trial sites excluded from consideration, the percentage of eligible worksites that adopted the trial, and worksite characteristics associated with adoption. Results We found no statistically significant differences between worksites that adopted the trial and worksites that declined the trial with regard to employee demographics, anticipated changes in workforce size, and perceived importance and history of offering health promotion and occupational health and safety activities. Conclusion Small manufacturing worksites present a viable venue for reaching multiethnic, low-wage populations with cancer prevention programs, although program adoption rates may be low in this sector. Worksites that adopted the trial are likely to represent worksites deemed eligible for the trial.
To profit or not to profit : the commercial transformation of the nonprofit sector

Preface Introduction 1. The nonprofit mission and its financing: growing links between nonprofits and the rest of the economy Burton A. Weisbrod Part I. Basic Issues and Perspective: 2. Competition, commercialization, and the evolution of nonprofit organizational structures Howard P. Tuckman 3. Modeling the nonprofit organization as a multi-product firm: a framework for choice Burton A. Weisbrod 4. Pricing and rationing nonprofit organizations with distributional objectives Richard Steinberg and Burton A. Weisbrod 5. Differential taxation of nonprofits and the commercialization of nonprofit revenues Joseph J. Cordes and Burton A. Weisbrod 6. Interdependence of commercial and donative revenues Lewis M. Segal and Burton A. Weisbrod 7. Conversion from nonprofit to for-profit legal status: why does it happen and should anyone care? John H. Goddeeris and Burton A. Weisbrod Part II. Industry Studies: 8. Commercialism in nonprofit hospitals Frank A. Sloan 9. Universities as creators and retailers of intellectual property: life sciences research and economic development Walter W. Powell and Jason Owen-Smith 10. Commercialism in nonprofit social service associations: its character, significance, and rationale Dennis R. Young 11. Zoos and aquariums Louis Cain and Dennis Meritt, Jr 12. Commerce and the muse: are art museums becoming commercial? Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler 13. The funding perils of the corporation for public broadcasting Craig L. LaMay and Burton A. Weisbrod Part III. Concluding Remarks: 14. Commercialism among nonprofits: objectives, opportunities and constraints Estelle James 15. Conclusions and public policy issues: commercialism and the road ahead Burton A. Weisbrod References.
Association of Antiretroviral and Clinic Adherence With Orphan Status Among HIV-Infected Children in Western Kenya

Background:Pediatric adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not well studied in resource-limited settings. Reported ART adherence may be influenced by contextual factors, such as orphan status. Objectives:The objectives of this study were to describe self- and proxy-reported pediatric ART adherence in a resource-limited population and to investigate associated contextual factors. Patients and Methods:This was a retrospective study involving pediatric, HIV-infected patients in Western Kenya. We included patients aged 0-14 years, who were on ART and had at least 1 adherence measurement (N = 1516). We performed logistic regression to assess the association between orphan status and odds of imperfect adherence, adjusting for sex, age, clinic site, number of adherence measures, and ART duration, stratified by age and ART duration. Results:Of the 1516 children, only 33% had both parents living when they started ART. Twenty-one percent had only father dead, 28% had only mother dead, and 18% had both parents dead. Twenty-nine percent reported imperfect ART adherence. The odds of ART nonadherence increase for children with both parents dead. Fifty-seven percent of children had imperfect clinic adherence. There was no significant association between orphan status and imperfect clinic adherence. Conclusions:The majority of pediatric patients in this resource-limited setting maintained perfect ART adherence, though only half kept all scheduled clinic appointments. Understanding contextual factors, such as orphan status, will strengthen adherence interventions.
Phase I study of subcutaneously administered recombinant human interleukin 12 in patients with advanced renal cell cancer.

A phase I study was conducted to characterize the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacokinetics of a single dose followed by three times weekly s.c. injections of recombinant human interleukin 12 (rHuIL-12). The study encompassed 28 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. rHuIL-12 was administered on day 1, followed by an observation period of 7 days. Starting on day 8, repeated s.c. injections were administered 3 times a week for 2 weeks. The MTD of the initial injection was evaluated at dose levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 microg/kg. DLT was observed at 1.0 microg/kg and consisted of fever, perivasculitis of the skin, and leukopenia. The MTD of the subsequent repeated injections after 1 week of rest was studied at dose levels 0.5, 1.0, and 1.25 microg/kg. DLT at 1.25 microg/kg comprised deterioration of performance status, fever, vomiting, mental depression, and leukopenia. Other notable toxicities were oral mucositis and elevation of hepatic enzymes. Fever, leukopenia, and elevation of hepatic enzymes were more severe after the initial injection than after repeated injections at the same dose level. At dose level 0.5 microg/kg, the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased from 7.4 ng/h/ml after the first injection to 3.3 ng x h/ml (P = 0.034) after repeated administrations, and at dose level 1.0 microg/kg, it ranged from 31.8 ng/h/ml to 6.0 ng x h/ml (P = 0.041). One patient had a partial response and seven had stable disease. The MTD of a single s.c. injection of rHuIL-12 was 0.5 microg/kg, and the MTD of three subsequent administrations per week was 1.0 microg/kg. In comparison with a single administration, the three times weekly administrations at the same dose level was accompanied with a milder pattern of side effects and a reduction of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve.
The Contribution of Logical Reasoning to the Learning of Mathematics in Primary School.

It has often been claimed that children's mathematical understanding is based on their ability to reason logically, but there is no good evidence for this causal link. We tested the causal hypothesis about logic and mathematical development in two related studies. In a longitudinal study, we showed that (a) 6-year-old children's logical abilities and their working memory predict mathematical achievement 16 months later; and (b) logical scores continued to predict mathematical levels after controls for working memory, whereas working memory scores failed to predict the same measure after controls for differences in logical ability. In our second study, we trained a group of children in logical reasoning and found that they made more progress in mathematics than a control group who were not given this training. These studies establish a causal link between logical reasoning and mathematical learning. Much of children's mathematical knowledge is based on their understanding of its underlying logic.
Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage Guidance for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH)

This document updates the Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements for the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH). It also adds usage guidance to help in the selection of these algorithms. ESP and AH protocols make use of various cryptographic algorithms to provide confidentiality and/or data origin authentication to protected data communications in the IP Security (IPsec) architecture. To ensure interoperability between disparate implementations, the IPsec standard specifies a set of mandatory-to- implement algorithms. This document specifies the current set of mandatory-to-implement algorithms for ESP and AH, specifies algorithms that should be implemented because they may be promoted to mandatory at some future time, and also recommends against the implementation of some obsolete algorithms. Usage guidance is also provided to help the user of ESP and AH best achieve their security goals through appropriate choices of cryptographic algorithms.