Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical processes affecting availability of dissolved silicate for diatom production in the Arabian Sea

A passive tracer to represent dissolved silicate concentrations, with biologically realistic uptake kinetics, is successfully incorporated into a three-dimensional, eddy-resolving, ocean circulation model of the Indian Ocean. Hypotheses are tested to evaluate physical processes which potentially affect the availability of silicate for diatom production in the Arabian Sea. An alternative mechanism is offered to the idea that open ocean upwelling is primarily responsible for the high, vertical nutrient flux and consequent large-scale phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon. Model results show that dissolved silicate in surface waters available for uptake by diatoms is primarily influenced by the intensity of nearshore upwelling from southwest monsoonal wind forcing and by the offshore advective transport of surface waters. The upwelling, which in the model occurs within 200±50 km of the coast, appears to be a result of a combination of coastal upwelling, Ekman pumping, and divergence of the coastal flow as it turns offshore. Localized intensifications of silicate concentrations appear to be hydrodynamically driven and geographically correlated to coastal topographic features. The absence of diatoms in sediments of the eastern Arabian Basin is consistent with modeled distributional patterns of dissolved silicate resulting from limited westward advection of upwelled coastal waters from the western continental margin of India and rapid uptake of available silicate by diatoms. Concentrations of modeled silicate become sufficiently low to become unavailable for diatom production in the eastern Arabian Sea, a region between 61°E and 70°E at 8°N on the south, with the east and west boundaries converging on the north at ∼67°E, 20°N.
Comparison of the Scaling Characteristics of Rainfall Derived from Space-Based and Ground-Based Radar Observations

Abstract In view of the importance of tropical rainfall and the ubiquitous need for its estimates in climate modeling, the authors assess the ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) to characterize the scaling characteristics of rainfall by comparing the derived results with those obtained from the ground-based radar (GR) data. The analysis is based on 59 months of PR and GR rain rates at three TRMM ground validation (GV) sites: Houston, Texas; Melbourne, Florida; and Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. The authors consider spatial scales ranging from about 4 to 64 km at a fixed temporal scale corresponding to the sensor “instantaneous” snapshots (∼15 min). The focus is on the scaling of the marginal moments, which allows estimation of the scaling parameters from a single scene of data. The standard rainfall products of the PR and the GR are compared in terms of distributions of the scaling parameter estimates, the connection between the scaling pa.
A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation

Summary. For the purposes of describing its large-scale and long-term deformation, the continental lithosphere is regarded as a continuum, obeying a Newtonian or a power law rheology. The flow of a thin sheet of power law material overlying an inviscid substrate is studied under the assumption that vertical gradients of the horizontal velocity are negligible. A numerical model is used to investigate the deformation of such a sheet under conditions approximating those of continent-continent collision. The material flows in response to forces applied to its boundaries (for example, the indenting of one continent by another) and to forces in its interior arising from gradients in crustal thickness. The horizontal divergence of the flow produces changes in the crustal thickness and hence a time-dependent form to the flow itself. For a given set of boundary conditions, the flow depends on the stress exponent in the power law rheology, n, and on the Argand number& which is a measure of the ratio between the stress arising from crustal thickness contrasts and the stress required to deform the material at the ambient strain rates. When the effective viscosity of the medium is very high (Ar-+O), crustal thickness variations do not influence the flow. If the material is Newtonian (n = l), the deformation associated with an influx of material (approximating an indenter) is of much greater lateral dimension than the width of the indenter, whereas when material has a power law rheology (n = 3, 5 are used), the deformation is confined to a region of lateral extent comparable to that of the indenter. As Ar increases, the forces arising from crustal thickness contrasts exert more influence on the flow, and the maximum crustal thickness that can be sustained by a given influx of material is related by a simple expression to the effective viscosity of the medium at the ambient strain rates. In the limit of a very weak medium (Ar> 10) the lithosphere is unable to sustain appreciable crustal elevation contrasts. The results of these numerical experiments show that systems in which the effective viscosities are such that the maximum deviatoric stresses are between 1 kbar
Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains

Course Description and Goals: In this hands-on laboratory course, we will take an in-depth study of the human skeleton as a dynamic, living system. We will examine each bone, with a review of normal and abnormal variations. In the course of this examination, we will cover bone biology, growth and development, and anatomy. You will learn how to record osteological observations and apply this knowledge to make determinations about age, sex, stature, and pathological conditions. We will also discuss how these data are used in the anthropological interpretation of historic and prehistoric patterns of health, disease, stress, and trauma, as well as discuss ethical considerations in studying human remains. Much of the course will be based on handling real human bones, so be prepared (and be gentle with material)!
Rethinking the Benefits of Youth Employment Programs: The Heterogeneous E ects of Summer Jobsú

This paper reports the results of two randomized field experiments, each o ering di erent populations of youth a supported summer job in Chicago. The program consistently reduces violent-crime arrests, even after the summer, without improving employment, schooling, or other types of crime; if anything, property crime increases over 2-3 postprogram years. Using a machine learning method to predict treatment heterogeneity, we describe who benefits and leverage the heterogeneity to explore mechanisms. We conclude that brief youth employment programs can generate substantively important behavioral change, but for di erent outcomes, di erent youth, and di erent reasons than those most often considered in the literature. úDavis: University of Chicago, Saieh Hall for Economics, 1160 E 58th St, Chicago IL 60637, jonmvdavis@gmail.com. Heller: University of Michigan, 611 Tappan Ave, 238 Lorch Hall, Ann Arbor MI 48109, sbheller@umich.edu. This research was generously supported by contract B139634411 and a Scholars award from the U.S. Department of Labor, grant 2012-MIJ-FX-0002 from the O ce of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, O ce of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, and graduate research fellowship 2014-IJ-CX-0011 from the National Institute of Justice. The 2012 study was pre-registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Both studies are registered in the American Economic Association Registry for randomized control trials under trial numbers 1472 and 2222. For helpful comments, we thank Stephane Bonhomme, Eric Janofsky, Avi Feller, Jon Guryan, Kelly Hallberg, Jens Ludwig, Parag Pathak, Guillaume Pouliot, Sebastian Sotelo, Alexander Volfovsky, and numerous seminar participants. We are grateful to the sta of the University of Chicago Crime and Poverty Labs (especially Roseanna Ander) and the Department of Family and Support Services for supporting and facilitating the research, to Susan Athey for providing the beta causal forest code, and to Valerie Michelman and Stuart Hean for research assistance. We thank Chicago Public Schools, the Department of Family and Support Services, the Illinois Department of Employment Security, and the Illinois State Police via the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority for providing the data used for this analysis. The analysis and opinions here do not represent the views of any of these agencies, and any further use of the data must be approved by each agency. Any errors are our own.
Pairwise kidney exchange

The literature on exchange of indivisible goods finds natural application in the exchange of live donor kidneys for transplant. However, in kidney exchange, there are constraints on the size of exchanges. Initially, kidney exchanges are likely to be between just two patient–donor pairs. We show that, although this constraint eliminates some potential exchanges, there is a wide class of constrained-efficient mechanisms that are strategy-proof when patient–donor pairs and surgeons have 0–1 preferences. This includes deterministic mechanisms that accommodate the priority setting that organ banks currently use to allocate cadaver organs, and stochastic mechanisms that allow distributive justice issues to be addressed. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C78; D02; D63; I10
Pilot study of a cell phone-based exercise persistence intervention post-rehabilitation for COPD

Objective: To determine the feasibility and efficacy of a six-month, cell phone-based exercise persistence intervention for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) following pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods: Participants who completed a two-week run-in were randomly assigned to either MOBILE-Coached (n = 9) or MOBILE-Self-Monitored (n = 8). All participants met with a nurse to develop an individualized exercise plan, were issued a pedometer and exercise booklet, and instructed to continue to log their daily exercise and symptoms. MOBILE-Coached also received weekly reinforcement text messages on their cell phones; reports of worsening symptoms were automatically flagged for follow-up. Usability and satisfaction were assessed. Participants completed incremental cycle and six minute walk (6MW) tests, wore an activity monitor for 14 days, and reported their health-related quality of life (HRQL) at baseline, three, and six months. Results: The sample had a mean age of 68 ± 11 and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) of 40 ± 18% predicted. Participants reported that logging their exercise and symptoms was easy and that keeping track of their exercise helped them remain active. There were no differences between groups over time in maximal workload, 6MW distance, or HRQL (p  0.05); however, MOBILE-Self-Monitored increased total steps/day whereas MOBILE-Coached logged fewer steps over six months (p = 0.04). Conclusions: We showed that it is feasible to deliver a cell phone-based exercise persistence intervention to patients with COPD post-rehabilitation and that the addition of coaching appeared to be no better than self-monitoring. The latter finding needs to be interpreted with caution since this was a purely exploratory study. Trial registration : ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00373932).
Financial Business Cycles∗

Using Bayesian methods, I estimate a DSGE model where a recession is initiated by losses suffered by financial institutions and exacerbated by their inability to extend credit to the real economy. The event that triggers the recession is similar to a redistribution shock: a small sector of the economy – borrowers who use their home as collateral – defaults on their loans (that is, they pay back less than contractually agreed). When banks hold little equity in excess of regulatory requirements, their losses require them to react immediately, either by recapitalizing or by deleveraging. By deleveraging, banks transform the initial redistribution shock into a credit crunch, and, to the extent that some firms depend on bank credit, amplify and propagate the financial shocks to the real economy. I find that this shock – combined with other financial shocks that affect leveraged sectors of the economy – accounts for more than one half of the decline in output during the Great Recession.
Fluvial response to an historic lowstand of the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Understanding fluvial adjustments to base level changes benefits the fields of sequence stratigraphy, geomorphology and petroleum geology. This investigation is a modern case study of the channel dynamics of Lee Creek and the Goggin Drain, two streams that are part of the Jordan River drainage into the endorheic Great Salt Lake of northern Utah, a lacustrine system that has experienced multiple, decadal‐scale base level changes. Since 1965, the lake level has fluctuated in elevation more than 6 m, transitioning from an historic lowstand [< 1279 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] to an historic highstand (>1284 m a.s.l.), and in 2009–2010 approaching an historic lowstand. This study uses detailed aerial images, fieldwork and LiDAR data to link the modern geomorphology and channel hydraulics to specific variations in sediment transport, channel form, and avulsion behavior. Although Lee Creek and the Goggin Drain are situated only a few kilometers apart and share similar shore zone gradients, substrates and vegetation patterns, and have been subjected to the same changes in lake level, their channel forms have evolved very differently. Differences in discharge patterns are likely the most influential factor causing the meandering form of Lee Creek and the braiding channel of the Goggin Drain. Despite the differences in discharge, total sediment eroded from the two streams is comparable and can be attributed to similar stream power/unit stream width in the two streams. Although Lee Creek has not recently been avulsive, three major avulsions of the Goggin Drain have taken place since 1965. Two possible styles of avulsion are interpreted: an allogenic response to changing base level, and an autogenic response dictated by channel morphology and hydraulics. Despite a wealth of available information, avulsions cannot be unequivocally attributed to one style or another. Caution should be used when attempting to link the complex process of avulsion to causal mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations of reconnection exhausts associated with large-scale current sheets within a complex ICME at 1 AU

During 26-27 November 2000 a complex interplanetary coronal mass ejection, composed of four flux ropes, was detected by Wind and ACE at 1 AU. We identify two Petschek-like exhaust events within the interiors of the second and third flux ropes, respectively. In the first event, Wind and ACE detected an exhaust at the same side from the reconnection site, which was associated with a large-scale bifurcated current sheet with a spatial width of similar to 10,000 ion inertial lengths and the magnetic shear was 155 degrees. In the second event, the two spacecraft observed the oppositely directed exhausts from a single reconnection X line. The exhausts were also related to a large-scale current sheet with a spatial width of similar to 3000 ion inertial lengths and a shear angle of about 135 degrees. The two exhaust events resulted from fast and quasi-stationary reconnection. The related current sheets were both flat on the scale of a few hundred Earth radii and located close to the centers of subflux ropes. The decrease of radial expansion speed of each flux rope might account for the formation of the two current sheets. Reconnections at the centers of flux ropes may change the entire topology of the flux ropes and may fragment them into smaller ones.
Predicting Voluntary Contributions by ‘Revealed-Preference Nash-Equilibrium’ §

: One-shot public-good situations are prominent in the public debate, and a prime example for behaviour diverging from the standard Nash-equilibrium. But does behaviour diverge from equilibrium because the equilibrium fails to account for social preferences or—as recent research suggests—because a Nash-equilibrium cannot possibly predict one-shot public-good behaviour? I show that a ‘revealed-preference Nash-equilibrium’ (rpne) out-of-sample predicts one-shot public-good behaviour, out-performing other social-preference models. The rpne is the set of ‘mutual conditional contributions’, interpreting elicited conditional contributions as best-responses. Individual-level analyses confirm the results and allow for studying equilibrium selection. The modal choice corresponds to the Pareto-dominant equilibrium. However, many participants use other criteria. Given the predictive positive-contributions rpnes, the heterogeneity in selection criteria may turn out to be the origin of the litera-ture’s low late-round contribution levels. Conversely, many real-life public-good situations may be solvable at least partially if the players can coordinate on an equilibrium-selection criterion beforehand.
Accuracy in correlation and ecological aspects of the planktonic foraminiferal zonation of the mediterranean pliocene

Pliocene planktonic foraminiferal assoclatlOns from Cretan, Sicilian and Calabrian sections have been studied qualitatively and quantitatively in order to evaluate the Pliocene biozonation for the Mediterranean. Six zones can be clearly distinguished and in the middle part of the Pliocene a further division into subzones is possible. However, it is often difficult to assign individual samples to one particular subzone. An investigation into the nature of the datum levels in the Mediterranean biostratigraphic scheme had to include a study of Atlantic material. It was found that all the datum levels in the Mediterranean are related with migrations of the bioprovinces in the Atlantic. Within the Mediterranean these bioevents are more or less synchronous but many of their Atlantic counterparts are not. A large climatic deterioration during the middle part of the Pliocene must have been responsible for numerous migrations in the Atlantic and indirectly for the datum levels in the Mediterranean. However, the water temperature in the Mediterranean, as can be constructed from the Orbulina diameter, was not affected by this climatic deterioration until a certain moment corresponding to a level in the upper part of the Pliocene. Laminated sapropelitic and diatomaceous sediments are regularly present in our sections. The fauna associations from these sediments indicate that stagnant conditions, which led to laminite-formation, were due to good stratification of the water column. A process of periodically increased run-off is thought to be responsible for this condition during the Pliocene.
Experimental Plans in Factorial Surveys

The factorial survey is an experimental design where respondents are asked to judge descriptions of varying situations (vignettes) presented to them. Combining the vignette variables (factors) and their levels is done by the researcher, who also takes the responsibility for getting an optimal design. To represent the universe of possible level combinations as accurately as possible, random designs are mostly used. A possible alternative are quoted designs. Up to now, there has been little discussion and only few research studies done about the pros and cons of random and quota samples for factorial surveys. The purpose of this article is to contribute to filling this gap. The conclusions drawn from the statistical considerations are illustrated by example analyses on the basis of fictitious data. Since the data structure produced by a factorial survey is a hierarchical one, the empirical analyses are carried out by using a multilevel program.
INFLATION PERSISTENCE IN STRUCTURAL MACROECONOMIC MODELS ( RG 10 )

This paper analyses the response of inflation in the euro area to various macroeconomic shocks through the use of Eurosystem macroeconomic models. The paper contributes to the Eurosystem’s Inflation Persistence Network (IPN), and the results reported in the paper have been produced in collaboration with the Working Group on Econometric Modelling (WGEM). The IPN studies inflation persistence from a variety of angles, such as micro-data, surveys on price-setting behaviour, time series models, and DSGE models. The present paper adds to existing literature for the following reasons.
Shock pressure attenuation in water ice at a pressure below 1 GPa

Shock pressure attenuation in water ice was studied at an impact pressure below 1 GPa and a temperature of 255 K. The observed shock wave showed a multiple shock wave structure: A precursor wave was followed by a main wave, which had a longer rise time and higher amplitude. The Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of water ice was measured to be in the range from 0.1 to 0.3 GPa when associated with precursor waves traveling at 3.86 km/s. The peak amplitude of the main wave Pm was observed to decrease with its propagation x from 3 to 60 mm (from 0.4 to 8 times as large as a projectile radius) in two series of experiments in which initial shock pressures Pi at the impact point were 0.60 and 0.87 GPa. The Pm was described as the power law relation Pm/Pi = (x/2.6 mm)−89. The precursor wave disappears as the Pm attenuated to a pressure <0.1 GPa. The measured wave profiles were used to calculate the loading path of water ice in shock compression between the HEL and 0.6 GPa. The loading path obtained by Lagrangian analysis was closely consistent with previous Hugoniot data regarding water ice.
Flexible formwork technologies – a state of the art review

Concrete is our most widely used construction material. Worldwide consumption of cement, the strength-giving component of concrete, is estimated at 4.10 Gt per year, rising from 2.22 Gt just ten years ago [1]. This rate of consumption means that cement manufacture alone is estimated to account for 5.2 % of global carbon dioxide emissions [2]. Concrete offers the opportunity to economically create structures of almost any geometry. Yet its unique fluidity is seldom capitalised upon, with concrete instead being cast into rigid, flat moulds to create unoptimised geometries that result in high material use structures with large carbon footprints. This paper will explore flexible formwork construction technologies which embrace the fluidity of concrete to facilitate the practical construction of concrete structures with complex and efficient geometries. This paper presents the current state of the art in flexible formwork technology, highlighting practical uses, research challenges and new opportunities.
What Makes an Annular Mode “Annular”?

AbstractAnnular patterns with a high degree of zonal symmetry play a prominent role in the natural variability of the atmospheric circulation and its response to external forcing. But despite their apparent importance for understanding climate variability, the processes that give rise to their marked zonally symmetric components remain largely unclear. Here the authors use simple stochastic models in conjunction with an atmospheric model and observational analyses to explore the conditions under which annular patterns arise from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the flow. The results indicate that annular patterns arise not only from zonally coherent fluctuations in the circulation (i.e., “dynamical annularity”) but also from zonally symmetric statistics of the circulation in the absence of zonally coherent fluctuations (i.e., “statistical annularity”). It is argued that the distinction between dynamical and statistical annular patterns derived from EOF analysis can be inferred from the asso.