Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Getting Back Up: Understanding How Enterprise Data Backups Fail

In the enterprise world, retaining data backups is the de-facto solution against data loss in the event of catastrophic failures. As backup software evolves to achieve faster backup and recovery times, however, backup systems deploying it become increasingly complex to administer. This complexity stems from optimizations targeted to specific applications, which increase the number of configuration parameters for the system. Still, there is no work in the literature that attempts to study the error characteristics of enterprise backup systems, despite our reliance on the guarantees they provide. With this study we aim to help researchers and practitioners understand how backup system jobs fail, and identify factors that can be used to predict these failures. Our results are derived from an analysis of data on 775 million jobs, collected from more than 20,000 backup software installations over a span of 3 years. We confirm that trends reported in the software reliability literature also hold for backup systems, such as that the majority of job errors are due to misconfigurations. For the systems in our dataset, we find that error rates remain stable across software versions and over time. To better understand these errors, we investigate the effect of several factors on the system's error rate, such as job sizes and policy complexity, and demonstrate their predictive power for future errors.
G protein-coupled receptors in stem cell maintenance and somatic reprogramming to pluripotent or cancer stem cells

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large class of transmembrane receptors categorized into five distinct families: rhodopsin, secretin, adhesion, glutamate, and frizzled. They bind and regulate 80% of all hormones and account for 20-50% of the pharmaceuticals currently on the market. Hundreds of GPCRs integrate and coordinate the functions of individual cells, mediating signaling between various organs. GPCRs are crucial players in tumor progression, adipogenesis, and inflammation. Several studies have also confirmed their central roles in embryonic development and stem cell maintenance. Recently, GPCRs have emerged as key players in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, migration, and self-renewal in pluripotent (PSCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our study and other reports have revealed that the expression of many GPCRs is modulated during the generation of induced PSCs (iPSCs) or CSCs as well as during CSC sphere formation. These GPCRs may have crucial roles in the regulation of selfrenewal and other biological properties of iPSCs and CSCs. This review addresses the current understanding of the role of GPCRs in stem cell maintenance and somatic reprogramming to PSCs or CSCs. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(2): 68-80]
Minimization of NBTI performance degradation using internal node control

Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) is a significant reliability concern for nanoscale CMOS circuits. Its effects on circuit timing can be especially pronounced for circuits with standby-mode equipped functional units because these units can be subjected to static NBTI stress for extended periods of time. This paper proposes internal node control, in which the inputs to individual gates are directly manipulated to prevent this static NBTI fatigue. We give a mixed integer linear program formulation for an optimal solution to this problem. The optimal placement of internal node control yields an average 26.7% reduction in NBTI-induced delay over a ten year period for the ISCAS85 benchmarks. We find that the problem is NP-complete and present a linear-time heuristic that can be used to quickly find near-optimal solutions. The heuristic solutions are, on average, within 0.17% of optimal and all were within 0.60% of optimal.
Effect of a ketoacid-aminoacid-supplemented very low protein diet on the progression of advanced renal disease: a reanalysis of the MDRD feasibility study.

BACKGROUND We reanalyzed the data of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) feasibility study to ascertain the effects of ketoacid- and aminoacid-supplemented very low protein diets. METHODS Sixty-six patients with advanced renal disease (Study B, baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 7.5-24 ml/min/1.73 m2) were randomly assigned to a low protein diet (L, 0.575 g/kg/d), or a very low protein diet (0.28 g/kg/d) supplemented either with a ketoacid-aminoacid mixture (diet K) or with a mixture of essential aminoacids (diet J). Thirty patients with moderate renal disease (Study A, baseline GFR 25-80 ml/min/1.73 m2) were randomly assigned to a usual protein diet (M, 1.2 g/kg/d), diet L, or diet K. Mean follow-up was 14 months. RESULTS In Study B, GFR decline differed among the three diets (p = 0.028). Pairwise comparisons showed that the mean +/- SE GFR decline in ml/min/mo in diet K [-0.250+/-0.072] was slower than in diet J [-0.533+/-0.074] (p = 0.008) despite similar achieved protein intakes. The mean GFR decline in diet L [-0.394+/-0.068] was intermediate between, and did not differ significantly from the rates of decline in the other two groups. In Study A, consistent with a hemodynamic effect, the mean GFR decline varied directly with the reduction in protein intake in diets M, L and K (p = 0.028) during the first four months of follow-up, but thereafter did not differ among the diet groups (p = 0.76). CONCLUSION The study suggests that supplementation of a very low protein diet with the ketoacid-aminoacid mixture used in this feasibility study slowed the progression of advanced renal disease more than supplementation with an amino acid mixture.
A preliminary study on multi-wavelength PPG based pulse transit time detection for cuffless blood pressure measurement

Pulse transit time (PTT) has been widely studied as an index of blood pressure (BP) changes. In recent years, some prototypes of PTT-based wearable BP measurement devices have been developed, which can relieve users from the discomfort caused by the inflating cuff used in auscultatory and oscillometric BP measurement techniques. However, in the common practice for PTT detection, multi-site sensor implementation on human body is required, making it difficult for the integration of wearable devices. Since multi-wavelength (MW) photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals carry blood pulsation information of different blood vessels embedded in different skin depths, the time difference between different wavelength PPG signals collected at the same body site can be treated as a special PTT on a short length of blood vessels beneath the skin. In this work, the time difference between MW PPG, denoted as PTT_MW, was explored to track BP changes as a substitute of infrared (IR) PTT_EP. (PTT_EP is the time interval between electrocardiogram (ECG) and IR PPG. ) Ten healthy adult subjects participated in the experiment, and their continuous BP, ECG and fingertip MW PPG signals generated from blue, green, yellow and IR light were recorded after 2-minute static handgrip exercise at 33% maximal voluntary contraction. The results showed that the correlation between Systolic BP (SBP) and IR-Blue PTT_MW (|r|= 0.52) was comparable to the correlation between SBP and IR PTT_EP (|r|= 0.59). Moreover, we optimized the wavelength combination of PTT_MWs for each subject and found the average value of optimal correlation between SBP and PTT_MW reached 0.76, which was significantly (p<;0.01) higher than the correlation between IR PTT_EP and SBP. This study reveals that the time difference between MW PPG can be potentially used as PTT for cuffless BP measurement with its unique advantage in simple sensor implementation at only one body site.
The Legitimacy of the People

In political theory it goes without saying that the constitution of government raises a claim for legitimacy. With the constitution of the people, however, it is different. It is often dismissed as a historical question. The conviction is that since the people cannot decide on its own composition the boundaries of democracy must be determined by other factors, such as the contingent forces of history. This article critically assesses this view. It argues that like the constitution of government, the constitution of the people raises a claim for legitimacy. The failure to see this is what makes many theorists run into the arms of history. They submit the legitimacy of the people to the arbitrary and asymmetrical forces of the present.
Subwavelength Terahertz Imaging of Graphene Photoconductivity

Using a spatially structured, optical pump pulse with a terahertz (THz) probe pulse, we are able to determine spatial variations of the ultrafast THz photoconductivity with subwavelength resolution (75 μm ≈ λ/5 at 0.8 THz) in a planar graphene sample. We compare our results to Raman spectroscopy and correlate the existence of the spatial inhomogeneities between the two measurements. We find a strong correlation with inhomogeneity in electron density. This demonstrates the importance of eliminating inhomogeneities in doping density during CVD growth and fabrication for photoconductive devices.
An Empirical Comparison of Acculturation Models

The unidirectional and bidirectional models of acculturation were compared in a sample of 291 Asian Americans. Both models produced good predictions of Asian preferences, cultural knowledge, ethnic identification, and generational status. The bidirectional model, however, failed to demonstrate its reputed independence across home culture and host culture orientations. The unidirectional model is recommended as an economical proxy measure of acculturation, the bidirectional model is recommended for full theoretical investigations of acculturation, and a speculative tridirectional model is proposed to clarify the distinction between acculturation and ethnogenesis (the creation of a new ethnicity).
Automatic mood detection from acoustic music data

Music mood describes the inherent emotional meaning of a music clip. It is helpful in music understanding, music search and some music-related applications. In this paper, a hierarchical framework is presented to automate the task of mood detection from acoustic music data, by following some music psychological theories in western cultures. Three feature sets , intensity, timbre and rhythm, are extracted to represent the characteristics of a music clip. Moreover, a mood tracking approach is also presented for a whole piece of music. Experimental evaluations indicate that the proposed algorithms produce satisfactory results.
Herpes simplex virus keratitis: an update of the pathogenesis and current treatment with oral and topical antiviral agents

Ophthalmic herpes simplex viral keratitis is responsible for a range of ocular manifestations from superficial epithelial disease to stromal keratitis and endotheliitis. The Herpetic Eye Disease Study has guided the management of herpetic eye disease for almost twenty years, but newer medications such as valacyclovir are now available and are considered to have better bioavailability than acyclovir. In this review, we examine the existing evidence on the pathogenesis of different ophthalmic herpes simplex viral keratitis disease modalities and the role of oral and topically administered antiviral drugs in the treatment of herpes simplex viral keratitis.
Novel treatment approaches for refractory anxiety disorders

The Anxiety Disorders Association of America convened a conference of experts to address treatment‐resistant anxiety disorders and review promising novel approaches to the treatment of refractory anxiety disorders. Workgroup leaders and other participants reviewed the literature and considered the presentations and discussions from the conference. Authors placed the emerging literature on new therapeutic approaches into clinical perspective and identified unmet needs and priority areas for future research. There is a relative paucity of efforts addressing inadequate response to anxiety disorder treatment. Systematic efforts to exhaust all therapeutic options and overcome barriers to effective treatment delivery are needed before patients can be considered treatment refractory. Cognitive behavioral therapy, especially in combination with pharmacotherapy, must be tailored to accommodate the effects of clinical context on treatment response. The literature on pharmacologic treatment of refractory anxiety disorders is small but growing and includes studies of augmentation strategies and non‐traditional anxiolytics. Research efforts to discover new pharmacologic targets are focusing on neuronal systems that mediate responses to stress and fear. A number of clinical and basic science studies were proposed that would advance the research agenda and improve treatment of patients with anxiety disorders. Significant advances have been made in the development of psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatments for anxiety disorders. Unfortunately, many patients remain symptomatic and functionally impaired. Progress in the development of new treatments has great promise, but will only succeed through a concerted research effort that systematically evaluates potential areas of importance and properly uses scarce resources. Depression and Anxiety 0:1–10, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delegitimizing Science: Risk or Opportunity?

This response argues that the delegitimization of scientific authority provides a much‐needed opportunity to examine the ethics, pragmatics and metaphysics of science’s relationship to other forms of knowledge. While sharing Nanda’s concerns about an unreflexive valorizaion of indigenous knowledge particularly as it applies to Hindu‐nationalist justifications of its own reactionary project, I suggest that the political implications of science critique can only be evaluated fairly through an understanding of what is at stake in specific contexts. Rather than rejecting STS approaches and visions of ‘alternative modernities’ tout court, I argue that they can assist in furthering the Enlightenment project of critical reason. Using empirical examples form research on health and the environment, the paper suggests ways in which the blurring of nature, technology, society and the human could be politically productive.
On the asymptotic capacity of stationary Gaussian fading channels

We consider a peak-power-limited single-antenna flat complex-Gaussian fading channel where the receiver and transmitter, while fully cognizant of the distribution of the fading process, have no knowledge of its realization. Upper and lower bounds on channel capacity are derived, with special emphasis on tightness in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Necessary and sufficient conditions (in terms of the autocorrelation of the fading process) are derived for capacity to grow double-logarithmically in the SNR. For cases in which capacity increases logarithmically in the SNR, we provide an expression for the "pre-log", i.e., for the asymptotic ratio between channel capacity and the logarithm of the SNR. This ratio is given by the Lebesgue measure of the set of harmonics where the spectral density of the fading process is zero. We finally demonstrate that the asymptotic dependence of channel capacity on the SNR need not be limited to logarithmic or double-logarithmic behaviors. We exhibit power spectra for which capacity grows as a fractional power of the logarithm of the SNR
Cultural differences in reward allocation: Is collectivism the explanation?

This article examines how reward allocation behaviour is influenced by culture (Chinese vs. American), personality differences (psychological individualism vs. collectivism), social relationships (allocation to one's friend vs. colleague at work), and availability of resources (limited vs. unlimited). Subjects made monetary allocation to themselves and to a partner in a hypothetical situation. Two kinds of deviation from proportional allocation were distinguished. They were egalitarianism and generosity. Results showed that subjects tended to be more egalitarian in their allocation when their contribution had been high. As a group, Chinese subjects were more generous (using an allocation rule that was to the partner's advantage) than American subjects, especially when dealing with friends. Furthermore, when there was no limit on the amount of reward to be distributed, Chinese subjects were more egalitarian than the Americans. Finally, the Chinese subjects' egalitarian tendency away from proportional distribution of rewards was curtailed when collectivism was statistically controlled. However, the same statistical procedure did not reduce their tendency toward generosity. The role of collectivism as an explanation for cross-cultural differences in reward allocation is discussed.
Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: analysis of prevailing hypotheses

Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin, are highly effective anticancer agents that produce a well‐described but incompletely understood cardiac toxicity. According to a popular hypothesis, anthracyclines injure the heart by generating oxygen‐centered free radicals. This free radical hypothesis, however, appears to be inconsistent with many observations, such as the frequent failure of anthracyclines at cardiotoxic doses to produce evidence of increased free radical generation. Other explanations of cardiotoxicity involve platelet‐activating factor, prostaglandins, histamine, calcium, and C‐13 hydroxy anthracycline metabolites. These C‐13 hydroxy metabolites, on the basis of in vitro data, are considerably more potent than parent compounds as myocardial depressants and as inhibitors of ATPases of sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and sarcolemma. Further studies will be required to determine whether metabolites or the other putative injurious agents discussed contribute substantially to the cardiomyopathy of anthracycline therapy. The hypotheses presented in this paper should provide a useful framework for subsequent investigations into the mechanisms of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. — Olson, R. D. ; Mushlin, P. S. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: analysis of prevailing hypotheses. FASEB J. 4: 3076‐3086; 1990.
From Wrapping to Knowledge: Domain Ontology Learning from Deep Web

The next generation of the Web, called Semantic Web, has to improve the Web with semantic page annotations to enable knowledge-level querying and searches. However, manual construction of these ontologies is a time consuming and difficult task. In this paper, we describe an automatic extraction method that learns domain ontologies for semantic web from deep web. Our approach first learns a base ontology from deep web query interfaces, then grows the current ontology by probing the sources and discovering additional concepts and instances from the result pages. We have evaluated our approach in several real-world domains. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed extraction method discovers concepts and instances with high accuracy.
Chitosan/lecithin liposomal nanovesicles as an oral insulin delivery system

Abstract In the present work, insulin–chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes associated to lecithin liposomes were investigated as a new carrier for oral delivery of insulin. The preparation was characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Surface tension measurements revealed that insulin–chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes have some degree of hydrophobicity and should be added to lecithin liposomal dispersion and not the vice versa to prevent their adsorption on the surface. Stability of insulin was enhanced when it was associated to liposomes. Significant reduction of blood glucose levels was noticed after oral administration of liposomal preparation to streptozotocin diabetic rats compared to control. The hypoglycemic activity was more prolonged compared to subcutaneously administered insulin.
Ethnic Relations, the EU, and Geopolitical Implications: The Cases of Estonia and Croatia

Abstract This study is a comparison between the patterns for managing ethnic relations in Croatia and Estonia within the context of the EU's eastward enlargement. It sets in context how internal and external actors impact upon the management of ethnic relations in both states. Systemic transformation has generated the circumstances towards the formulation of a consistent and extensive legislation on minority rights in Croatia. Meanwhile, in Estonia, the emphasis on national survival and safeguarding the ‘Estonian’ character of the republic has halted more substantial developments despite the state of social stability.
Modulation of Hemodynamic and Vascular Filtration Changes in Diabetic Rats by Dietary myo-inositol

To assess the potential of myo-inositol-supplemented diets to prevent diabetes-induced vascular functional changes, we examined the effects of diets supplemented with 0.5,1, or 2% myo-inositol on blood flow and vascular filtration function in nondiabetic control rats and rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes (STZ-D). After 1 mo of diabetes and dietary myo-inositol supplementation, 1) 131I-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) permeation of vessels was assessed in multiple tissues, 2) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated as renal plasma clearance of 57Co-labeled EDTA, 3) regional blood flows were measured with 15-μm 85Sr-labeled microspheres, and 4) endogenous albumin and IgG urinary excretion rates were quantified by radial immunodiffusion assay. In STZ-D rats, 131I-BSA tissue clearance increased significantly (2- to 4-fold) in the anterior uvea, choroid-sclera, retina, sciatic nerve, aorta, new granulation tissue, diaphragm, and kidney but was unchanged in skin, forelimb muscle, and heart, myo-inositol-supplemented diets reduced diabetes-induced increases in 131I-BSA clearance (in a dose-dependent manner) in all tissues; however, only in new granulation tissue and diaphragm did the 2% myo-inositol diet completely normalize vascular albumin permeation. Diabetes-induced increases in GFR and in urinary albumin and IgG excretion were also substantially reduced or normalized by dietary myo-inositol supplements. Increased blood flow in anterior uvea, choroid-sclera, kidney, new granulation tissue, and skeletal muscle in STZ-D rats also was substantially reduced or normalized by the 2% myo-inositol diet, myo-inositol had minimal if any effects on the above parameters in control rats. These observations indicate that diabetes-induced increases in regional blood flow, 131I-BSA permeation, GFR, and urinary protein excretion can be markedly reduced or normalized by consumption of myo-inositol-supplemented diets that raise plasma myo-inositol levels approximately fivefold. The failure of the 2% myo-inositol diet to normalize GFR and blood flow and albumin permeation in several tissues despite markedly elevated plasma myo-inositol levels and normal or elevated tissue myo-inositol levels indicates that if vascular functional changes in these tissues are linked to altered myo-inositol levels, they are resistant to normalization by elevation of plasma myo-inositol levels. These results suggest that other factors independent of changes in relative or absolute tissue myo-inositol levels may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced vascular functional changes in these tissues. The finding that myo-inositol-supplemented diets had no effect on body weight gain, renal hypertrophy, or urine volume indicates that these changes were not linked to imbalances in myo-inositol metabolism.
WiDiSi: A Wi-Fi direct simulator

This paper describes WiDiSi, a research-oriented prototype simulator for Wi-Fi Direct networks. WiDiSi is provided as an extension of PeerSim, a widely-used, open-source simulation framework for large-scale peer to peer networks. WiDiSi's main goal is to allow Android Wi-Fi direct applications to be easily tested in large-scale dynamic scenarios. In this article, we explain how WiDiSi was modeled and present its general architecture. We also provide evaluation results that show the correctness and the capabilities of the simulator.