Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Human TUT1 Nucleotidyl Transferase as a Global Regulator of microRNA Abundance

Post-transcriptional modifications of miRNAs with 3′ non-templated nucleotide additions (NTA) are a common phenomenon, and for a handful of miRNAs the additions have been demonstrated to modulate miRNA stability. However, it is unknown for the vast majority of miRNAs whether nucleotide additions are associated with changes in miRNA expression levels. We previously showed that miRNA 3′ additions are regulated by multiple nucleotidyl transferase enzymes. Here we examine the changes in abundance of miRNAs that exhibit altered 3′ NTA following the suppression of a panel of nucleotidyl transferases in cancer cell lines. Among the miRNAs examined, those with increased 3′ additions showed a significant decrease in abundance. More specifically, miRNAs that gained a 3′ uridine were associated with the greatest decrease in expression, consistent with a model in which 3′ uridylation influences miRNA stability. We also observed that suppression of one nucleotidyl transferase, TUT1, resulted in a global decrease in miRNA levels of approximately 40% as measured by qRT-PCR-based miRNA profiling. The mechanism of this global miRNA suppression appears to be indirect, as it occurred irrespective of changes in 3′ nucleotide addition. Also, expression of miRNA primary transcripts did not decrease following TUT1 knockdown, indicating that the mechanism is post-transcriptional. In conclusion, our results suggest that TUT1 affects miRNAs through both a direct effect on 3′ nucleotide additions to specific miRNAs and a separate, indirect effect on miRNA abundance more globally.
Youth Unemployment and Work Histories

This study teaches life history techniques as a way of understanding empirical research. The text brings together a collection of papers which examine the life, work and unemployment histories of both men and women. Particular areas focused on include analyses of reminiscence in the elderly, severe head injury recovery, absenteeism, redundancy and social mobility, as well as a study of two recent new British work history data sets. The contributors aim to evaluate critically the past two decades of developments in data collection as well as contributing to the topics under discussion in an analytical fashion.
Screening adolescents for depression and parent-teenager conflict in an ambulatory medical setting: a preliminary investigation.

Because more than 60% of adolescent visits to physicians last less than 10 minutes, simple screening devices to identify persons at risk for social morbidity are needed. The result of a pilot screening instrument for depression and parent-teenager conflict is described. A seven-item questionnaire (three items for depression and four items for parent-teenager conflict), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Conflict Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), were administered to 226 adolescents at a high-risk adolescent heath center. After the visit, the provider rated each patient on a five-point Likert scale for level of depression and parent-teenager conflict. The screening questionnaire and the provider ratings were compared with the BDI and CBQ for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. A majority of the subjects (61% for depression and 63% for parent-teenager conflict) had no positive screening responses and, of these, less than 3% were classified as being depressed or having parent-teenager conflict by the BDI or CBQ. There were three or four positive screening responses (three responses for the depression questions and 20 responses for the parent-teenager conflict questions) among 23 adolescents and all of these scored in the abnormal range on the BDI or CBQ. Approximately one third of the subjects had intermediate responses. With one positive response, the predictive value for depression and parent-teenager conflict was 17% and 24%, respectively, whereas with two positive responses the predictive values were 56% and 26%. It was shown by receiver operating characteristic curves that the combined sensitivity and specificity of the screening questionnaire was superior to that of the physician ratings. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Carbohydrate-binding Modules Recognize Fine Substructures of Cellulose*

Competition isotherms are used to identify the set of cellulose substructures to which cellulose binding modules (CBMs) from families 2a, 3, 4, 9, and 17 bind. The experiments are based on coupling a unique fluorescent tag to each CBM in a manner that does not alter the natural binding properties of the CBM and therefore allows the surface and solution concentrations of each CBM to be monitored as a function of time and composition. Adsorption and surface exchange of like or competing CBMs are monitored using a range of cellulose preparations varying in both crystallinity and provenance. CBMs from families 2a, 3, 4, 9, and 17 are shown to recognize different physical forms of prepared cellulose. The demonstration of the very fine binding specificity of cellulose-specific CBMs implies that the polysaccharide targets of CBMs extend down to the resolution of cellulose microstructures.
‘Overcoming the divide’ between comparative politics and international relations approaches to the EC: What role for ‘post‐decisional politics'? 1

Political scientists have normally considered the European Community (EC) from the standpoint either of international relations or comparative politics/public policy. Although the division between the two sub‐disciplines of political science is well known and deeply rooted, it is now commonly viewed as a barrier to greater understanding of the neo‐state structure of the EC. Using a case study of the implementation of EC coastal‐bathing water policy in Britain over the last 20 years, this article argues that closer investigation of the long‐term outcome of individual policies at the national and sub‐national level provides a sounder basis upon which to adjudicate between the two main theories of integration, namely inter‐governmentalism and neo‐functionalism, than studies of short‐term policy outputs emanating from the Council of Ministers or the grand ‘history‐making’ bargains hammered out in the European Council.
Relationships Between Substance Use and Recent Deployments Among Women and Men in the Military

Relatively little is known about the proclivity of military personnel to engage in substance use during deployments that do not include direct combat, even though such use has negative implications for military readiness and the safety of personnel. Using data from the 1995 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel, we examined whether substance use was associated with deployment in the past 30 days among women and men in the military. Regression models, controlling for sociodemographic factors, showed higher rates of heavy alcohol use among deployed women and men than among those not deployed. This relationship was particularly notable for women: Those deployed were almost 3 times more likely than their nondeployed counterparts to report heavy alcohol use. Among men in the military, deployment also was found to be associated with higher rates of cigarette use, nonheavy alcohol use, and alcohol dependence. Implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.
Pre‐transfusion management of children with severe malarial anaemia: a randomised controlled trial of intravascular volume expansion

Symptomatic severe malarial anaemia (SMA) has a high fatality rate of 30–40%; most deaths occur in children awaiting blood transfusion. Blood transfusion services in most of Africa are not capable of delivering adequate supplies of safe blood in a timely manner to critically ill children with SMA. Contrary to widely held belief, hypovolaemia, rather than heart failure, has emerged as a common complication in such children. We examined the safety of pre‐transfusion management (PTM) by volume expansion, aimed at stabilizing children and obviating the urgency for blood transfusion. Kenyan children with severe falciparum anaemia (haemoglobin < 5 g/dl) and respiratory distress were randomly assigned to 20 ml/kg of 4·5% albumin or 0·9% saline or maintenance only (control) while awaiting blood transfusion. PTM was apparently safe since it did not lead to the development of pulmonary oedema or other adverse events. There was no significant difference in the primary outcome [mean percentage reduction in base excess between admission and 8 h (95% confidence interval)] between the control group 42% (19–66%) albumin group 44% (32–57%) and saline group 36% (16–57%); adjusted analysis of variance F = 0·31, P = 0·7. However, the number of children requiring emergency interventions was significantly greater in the control group, four of 18 (22%) than the saline group 0 of 20 (P = 0·03). We have established the safety of this PTM in children with SMA whilst awaiting blood transfusion at a hospital with an adequate blood‐banking program. The impact on mortality should be assessed where blood transfusion services are unable to supply emergency transfusions.
Optical Fault Masking Attacks

This paper introduces some new types of optical fault attacks called fault masking attacks. These attacks are aimed at disrupting of the normal memory operation through preventing changes of the memory contents. The technique was demonstrated on an EEPROM and Flash memory inside PIC microcontrollers. Then it was improved with a backside approach and tested on a PIC and MSP430microcontrollers. These attacks can be used for the partial reverse engineering of semiconductor chips by spotting the areas of activity in reprogrammable non-volatile memory. This can assist in data analysis and other types of fault injection attacks later, thereby saving the time otherwise required for exhaustive search. Practical limits for optical fault masking attacks in terms of sample preparation, operating conditions and chip technology are discussed, together with possible countermeasures.
Properties of groups of galaxies in the vicinity of massive clusters

This work analyses the properties of groups of galaxies in the surroundings of clusters. On the basis of a very large public Virgo Consortium Simulation, we identified systems of galaxies in a wide range of masses. Systems with masses greater than Mcut = 4×10 14 M⊙ h −1 are considered ”host”, whereas smaller systems are taken as groups. Our results show that groups properties are affected by the proximity of massive hosts. Physical properties such as velocity dispersion, internal energy (E) and virial radius, show an increment, whereas the mean density decreases as the host-group distance is smaller. By analysing groups with different properties, we find that the low mass and the weakly bounded (E > 0) subsamples, are strongly affected by the presence of the host; on the other hand, massive groups and groups with E < 0 do not show dependence on the host-group distance. Using a sample of groups identified in the final version of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, we find a very similar velocity dispersion behaviour in the observational data compared to results in the simulation. We also study the dependence of the groups velocity dispersion on the host masses in both, observations and simulation; finding that the larger is the host mass the higher is the effect on its vicinity.
Bystander vs EMS first-responder CPR: initial rhythm and outcome in witnessed nonmonitored out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVES To assess whether outcome and first-monitored rhythm for patients who sustain a witnessed, nonmonitored, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with on-scene CPR provider group. METHODS A retrospective, cohort analysis was conducted in a suburban, heterogeneous EMS system. Patients studied were > or = 19 years of age, had had an arrest of presumed cardiac origin between July 1989 and January 1993, had gone into cardiac arrest prior to ALS arrival, and had received CPR on collapse. First-monitored rhythms and survival rates were compared for two patient groups who on collapse either: 1) had received CPR by nonprofessional bystanders (BCPR) or 2) had received CPR by on-scene EMS system first responders (FRCPR). RESULTS Of 217 cardiac arrest victims, 153 (71%) had received BCPR and 64 (29%) had received FRCPR. The BCPR patients were slightly younger (62.4 vs 68.4 years, p = 0.01) and had slightly shorter ALS response intervals (6.4 vs 7.7 minutes, p = 0.02). There was no difference in BLS response time intervals or automatic external defibrillator (AED) use rates. The percentage of patients with a first-monitored rhythm of pulseless ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) and the percentage of patients grouped by CPR provider who survived to hospital admission or to hospital discharge were: [see text]
Prediction of eating problems: An 8-year study of adolescent girls.

Little prospective work has charted the onset and predictors of subclinical or clinical eating problems. Eating problems were studied in 116 adolescent girls drawn from a normal population of students enrolled in private schools in a major metropolitan area who have been followed longitudinally over an 8-year period from young adolescence to young adulthood. Over a quarter of the sample scored above the level identifying a serious eating problem at each of the 3 times of assessment (mean ages=14.3, 16.0, and 22.3 years)
Skew variability in 3-D ICs with multiple clock domains

The effect of process variations on the clock skew in three dimensional (3-D) circuits with multiple clock domains is investigated. In 3-D ICs, the combined effect of inter-die and intra-die process variations should be considered in the design of clock distribution networks. A statistical clock skew model incorporating spatially correlated intra-die process variations is employed to describe this effect. The clock skew is shown to change in different ways with the allocation of the clock domains within the 3-D circuit. Various schemes to assign the clock domains are investigated. Different scenarios of inter-die and intra-die process variations and an intra-die spatial correlation model are applied to these schemes. An approach where each physical plane corresponds to a single clock domain is shown to be inferior to other clocking schemes for specific variation scenarios. Tradeoffs between the number of clock domains within a physical plane and the number of planes a clock tree spans are discussed and related design guidelines are offered.
Adjoining classified and unclassified information by abstract interpretation

Completeness in abstract interpretation models the ideal situation where no loss of precision is introduced in computations by approximating concrete data by their abstractions. If we interpret the abstraction as the ability of an attacker to distinguish, i.e., observe, properties of public computations, and the computation as the concrete denotational semantics of the program, then the lack of precision, encoded in abstract interpretation as a lack of completeness, corresponds precisely to the leakage of information corresponding to a violated security policy. This correspondence allows us to inherit, in the field of language-based security, the whole theory and methodology for making abstract domains complete. In particular, we prove that an adjoint relation exists between the power of the attacker and the amount of the information released - the more the attacker can observe, the less information can be kept private. This characterisation is achieved by interpreting, in the security context, the standard adjoint transformations making an abstract domain complete by refining and simplifying abstractions.
Normal mapping with low-frequency precomputed visibility

Normal mapping, ubiquitous in video games, decouples details stored at high spatial frequencies, often tiled or repeated, from unique lighting information stored at a lower sampling rates. Our technique enables normal maps on static geometry to interact with soft shadows from smooth distant lighting more efficiently compared to previous work. The visibility function is represented using low-order spherical harmonics, and the product of the cosine function and the lighting environment is tabulated in textures, decoupling normal variation from visibility. PCA compresses the results and accelerate the computation.
Preface: Organizing Science

3 Laurie Cohen is a professor of organisational studies at the Business School, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; tel. : (01509) 228272; fax: (01509) 223960; e-mail: L.Cohen@lboro.ac. uk. Joanne Duberley is a senior lecturer at the Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; tel. : (0121) 4146387; fax: (0121) 4142971; e-mail: J.P.Duberley@bham.ac. uk. Int. Studies of Mgt. & Org. , vol. 37, no. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 3–8. © 2007 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN 0020–8825 / 2007 $9.50 + 0.00. DOI 10.2753/IMO0020-8825370100
Media repertoires as a result of selective media use. A conceptual approach to the analysis of patterns of exposure

Abstract This article sets out to provide a conceptual contribution to theoretical and empirical work on the level of media repertoires. We will first discuss theoretical approaches which allow for an explanation of media repertoires and relate them to the most prominent approaches to selective audience behavior. Secondly, in order to empirically analyze media repertoires we propose a combination of secondary analyses of existing surveys on media use and qualitative studies on the internal ‘architecture’ of these repertoires and their practical meaning in the user's everyday life. These proposals for secondary analyses are illustrated by two examples based on different data sets and referring to different levels of analysis.
Heme Concentration Dependence and Metalloporphyrin Inhibition of the System I and II Cytochrome c Assembly Pathways

ABSTRACT Studies have indicated that specific heme delivery to apocytochrome c is a critical feature of the cytochrome c biogenesis pathways called system I and II. To determine directly the heme requirements of each system, including whether other metal porphyrins can be incorporated into cytochromes c, we engineered Escherichia coli so that the natural system I (ccmABCDEFGH) was deleted and exogenous porphyrins were the sole source of porphyrins (ΔhemA). The engineered E. coli strains that produced recombinant system I (from E. coli) or system II (from Helicobacter) facilitated studies of the heme concentration dependence of each system. Using this exogenous porphyrin approach, it was shown that in system I the levels of heme used are at least fivefold lower than the levels used in system II, providing an important advantage for system I. Neither system could assemble holocytochromes c with other metal porphyrins, suggesting that the attachment mechanism is specific for Fe protoporphyrin. Surprisingly, Zn and Sn protoporphyrins are potent inhibitors of the pathways, and exogenous heme competes with this inhibition. We propose that the targets are the heme binding proteins in the pathways (CcmC, CcmE, and CcmF for system I and CcsA for system II).
Dendritic Cells in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses against Influenza Virus

Dendritic cells (DC) are major players in both innate and adaptive immune responses against influenza virus. These immune responses, as well as the important interface between the innate and adaptive systems, are orchestrated by specialized subsets of DC, including conventional steady-state DC, migratory DC and plasmacytoid DC. The characteristics and efficacy of the responses are dependent on the relative activity of these DC subsets, rendering DC crucial for the development of both naïve and memory immune responses. However, due to their critical role, DC also contribute to the immunopathological processes observed during acute influenza, such as that caused by the pathogenic H5N1 viruses. Therein, the role of different DC subsets in the induction of interferon type I, pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses is important for the outcome of interaction between the virus and host immune defences. The present review will present current knowledge on this area, relating to the importance of DC activity for the induction of efficacious humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. This will include the main viral elements associated with the triggering or inhibition of DC activation. Finally, the current knowledge on understanding how differences in various vaccines influence the manner of immune defence induction will be presented.
Corrélats physiologiques de l’accent en français

Abstract This investigation examines the relation between the prosodemes of stress in French and some of its prosodic features (both physiological and acoustic). Airflow is not found to provide much information about emphatic or unemphatic stress. Subglottal pressure patterns for unemphatic stress are very much like Lieberman’s ‘archetypal normal breath-group’. Emphatic stress is characterized by a sharp increase of subglottal pressure occurring on or just before the stressed syllable. A comparison with English shows that for the English subject the average subglottal pressure is markedly higher for emphatic stress than for unemphatic stress, whereas for the two French subjects this average is of the same order of magnitude for both types of accent, with a marked difference only on the stressed syllable.
Ligand-gated diffusion across the bacterial outer membrane

Ligand-gated channels, in which a substrate transport pathway is formed as a result of the binding of a small-molecule chemical messenger, constitute a diverse class of membrane proteins with important functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Despite their widespread nature, no ligand-gated channels have yet been found within the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria. Here we show, using in vivo transport assays, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and X-ray crystallography, that high-affinity (submicromolar) substrate binding to the OM long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL from Escherichia coli causes conformational changes in the N terminus that open up a channel for substrate diffusion. The OM long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL from E. coli is a unique paradigm for OM diffusion-driven transport, in which ligand gating within a β-barrel membrane protein is a prerequisite for channel formation.
Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing

Abstract 1. Folate, an essential micronutrient, is a critical cofactor in one-carbon metabolism. Mammals cannot synthesize folate and depend on supplementation to maintain normal levels. Low folate status may be caused by low dietary intake, poor absorption of ingested folate and alteration of folate metabolism due to genetic defects or drug interactions. 2. Folate deficiency has been linked with an increased risk of neural tube defects, cardiovascular disease, cancer and cognitive dysfunction. Most countries have established recommended intakes of folate through folic acid supplements or fortified foods. External supplementation of folate may occur as folic acid, folinic acid or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). 3. Naturally occurring 5-MTHF has important advantages over synthetic folic acid – it is well absorbed even when gastrointestinal pH is altered and its bioavailability is not affected by metabolic defects. Using 5-MTHF instead of folic acid reduces the potential for masking haematological symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, reduces interactions with drugs that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and overcomes metabolic defects caused by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism. Use of 5-MTHF also prevents the potential negative effects of unconverted folic acid in the peripheral circulation. 4. We review the evidence for the use of 5-MTHF in preventing folate deficiency.