Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An empirical study on parallelism in modern open-source projects

Writing parallel programs is hard, especially for inexperienced programmers. Parallel language features are still being added on a regular basis to most modern object-oriented languages and this trend is likely to continue. Being able to support developers with tools for writing and optimizing parallel programs requires a deep understanding of how programmers approach and implement parallelism. We present an empirical study of 135 parallel open-source projects in Java, C# and C++ ranging from small (< 1000 lines of code) to very large (> 2M lines of code) codebases. We examine the projects to find out how language features, synchronization mechanisms, parallel data structures and libraries are used by developers to express parallelism. We also determine which common parallel patterns are used and how the implemented solutions compare to typical textbook advice. The results show that similar parallel constructs are used equally often across languages, but usage also heavily depends on how easy to use a certain language feature is. Patterns that do not map well to a language are much rarer compared to other languages. Bad practices are prevalent in hobby projects but also occur in larger projects.
Sintagmatizacija kao sredstvo veze između paremiologije i frazeologije / Syntagmatization as a Means of Connection Between Paremiology and Phraseology

The language continuum is expressed in many ways: through the coexistence of autonomous language layers (and their corresponding language disciplines) and transitional units between certain categories, through the transitional varieties of the dialects of a language, etc. The very fact that there are transitional (hybrid) units that ensure the elasticity and permeability of the borders between language layers opens up a series of questions and challenges and puts before linguists the task of defining the minimum unit of some analysis as precisely as possible and its further hierarchical branching. However, since it is impossible to stop change in language, we should not harbor many illusions that movements in language will not open new fields and perspectives for understanding the particularity of a certain linguistic phenomenon. The elastic stability of language – and the continuity between paremiology and phraseology – can also be recognized in the possibilities of paremies to syntagmatize as sentence structures, i.e. to turn them into open structures that, like other idiom groups, fit into the grammatical perspective of the sentence in which they appear. This is possible probably due to the fact that idiom groups are created by the lexicalization of the “prominent part of the script”, i.e. due to the possibility of separating the so-called crystallization nucleus. In this paper, we have dealt with the mentioned type of paremis economization and we have tried to single out possible patterns of syntagmatization.
Dynamic ridesharing

Ridesharing, which offers empty seats in a car to other passengers, is an efficient way of transportation. In this way, the utilization of seats can be improved and the number of cars used can be reduced. Ridesharing has the potential to solve the problems of congestion, pollution, high travel cost, and energy. The development of internet, smart phone, GPS allows dynamic matchings of travel requests with available cars through real-time travel planning systems. However, matching requests and cars under certain constrains in large scale remains challenging. In this paper, we formally address the problem of dynamic ridesharing and introduce the solution framework of filter and refine, under which we summarize existing state-of-the-art works. Finally, we point out possible research directions and problems needed to be solved.
Algorithm for thermodynamically based prediction of DNA/DNA cross-hybridisation

A careful design of DNA strands is crucial for several biological applications such as microarray techniques, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and DNA computing. For this, the important criterion under laboratory conditions is the hybridisation energy of two DNA strands. During the last decade, a thermodynamic model was developed that allows for the calculation of the DNA/DNA hybridisation energy and recently also the cross-hybridisation energy of structural motifs. Employing this model a new algorithm for the secondary structure prediction of DNA/DNA cross-hybridisation complexes called HYBGRAPH is introduced. The method is based on Gibbs free energy minimisation and the paradigm of dynamic programming.
SocioScope: an Integrated Framework for Understanding Society from Social Data

We recognize the importance of data, especially in the period of Internet of Things. However, effectively collecting social data from different sources and analyzing relationships between them to understand our society is actually a big challenge. SocioScope is built to solve this problem. Besides, we recognize that many researchers are spending time for conducting same work (i.e., collecting and pre-processing data). Therefore, we aim to provide SocioScope as a framework for reducing their effort time. Outputs of our system are not only used for understand about social data but also possible to use as inputs for other work to create useful applications.
Assessment of Ameliorative Effect of Myrica esculenta in a DSS-Induced Murine Model against Ulcerative Colitis

Background. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) delineated by inflammation or ulcers in the colon that may cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, blood in the stool, tenesmus, etc. Objective. To determine therapeutic effectiveness and explore the mechanism of MeEt extract against DSS (3%)-induced UC in Swiss albino mice. Methods. Six mice were allocated into five groups at random: group1: vehicle control; group 2: DSS control; group 3: DSS+mesalazine (MSZ, 100 mg/kg BW); group 4: DSS+MeEt (200 mg/kg BW); and group 5: DSS+MeEt (400 mg/kg BW). Except for group 1, DSS (3%) in drinking water was given to all other groups to induce UC. %BW, average food intake, and mean stool consistency were determined for obtaining DAI scores. Mice were euthanized on the 8th day, and colonic tissues were taken to measure the colon length. Serum and tissue levels of the cytokines were also determined using ELISA kits, followed by histopathological analysis of colon tissue. In addition, hematological and serum biochemical parameters were also determined to assess the treatment effectiveness. Result. During the induction, DAI scores, colon length, and cytokines levels were significantly increased. MSZ at 100 mg/kg BW and MeEt at 400 mg/kg BW doses via oral route significantly reversed the DAI scores and colon length. Further, MeEt 400 also downregulated the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1 and upregulated the production of IL-1β and IL-10. Also, improvements in hematological and serum biochemical parameters were reported. Histopathological analysis revealed a decrease in inflammation and damage to colon tissue with the administration of MeEt extract. Conclusion. MeEt at a 400 mg/kg BW dose may be used as an alternate treatment for the management of UC, which is comparable with that of MSZ.
Wearable Real-Time Skateboard Trick Visualization and Its Community Perception

Motion visualization is an attractive way to provide support for a range of recreational and competitive sports. In skateboarding, sensor technology in particular can help visualization systems capture the motion of athletes to provide relevant information to athletes, judges, and spectators. This article describes the authors' proposed application of a 9D inertial-magnetic measurement unit (IMMU) based real-time trick classification and visualization system. It also reports on a survey they conducted with skateboarders that asked about the usefulness, acceptance, and future ideas of such a system.
Estimation of the Variation in Specific Discharge Over Large Depth Using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) Measurements of the Heat Pulse Response

An approach is presented to determine groundwater flow in unconsolidated aquifers with a heat pulse response test using a heating cable and a fiber‐optic cable. The cables are installed together using direct push so that the cables are in direct contact with the aquifer. The temperature response is measured for multiple days along the fiber‐optic cable with Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). The new approach fits a two‐dimensional analytical solution to the temperature measurements, so that the specific discharge can be estimated without knowledge of the position of the fiber‐optic cable relative to the heating cable. Two case studies are presented. The first case study is at a managed aquifer recharge system where fiber‐optic cables are inserted 15 m deep at various locations to test the fitting procedure. Similar and relatively large specific discharges are found at the different locations with little vertical variation (0.4–0.6 m/day). The second case study is at a polder, where the water level is maintained 2 m below the surrounding lakes, resulting in significant groundwater flow. The heating and fiber‐optic cables are inserted to a depth of 45 m. The specific discharge varies 0.07–0.1 m/day and is significantly larger in a thin layer at 30‐m depth. It is shown with numerical experiments that the estimated specific discharge is smoother than in reality due to vertical conduction, but the peak specific discharge is estimated correctly for layers thicker than ∼1.5 m.
Real-Time Visualization of Virtual Huge Texture

Huge texture is an important component in many civil and military simulations. These textures are often too large to fit into video memory, even system memory, causing a bottleneck. In this paper, we present an efficient large texture management technique which is inspired by clip map[11]. The clipmap algorithm caches a subset of the texture mipmap pyramid in video memory and updates incrementally based on toroidal mapping. To date, it is not supported on most GPU. We provide an approach to implement it on the latest generation of commodity GPUs using programmable shaders, and has some supplement or improvement in data organization, rendering quality, efficiency, etc. The experiment shows the high efficient and high quality of this algorithm by visualizing a 2^16×2^15 virtual texture.
Host OS page cache hit ratio improvement based on guest OS page drop

In a virtualized environment, such as a cloud computing environment, guest and host operating systems (OS) run simultaneously. Both of the operating systems have page caches for disk accesses. In such an environment, the second level cache does not work effectively because of negative temporal locality of access and duplicated storing in both the caches. In this paper, we propose a method for increasing the hit ratio of the host operating system page cache. The method monitors pages dropped from the guest operating system page cache and stores the pages into the host operating system cache. After the proposal, we introduce the design and implementation of our system. Our implementation aims to be applicable without modification to the hypervisor, and thus it can be applied for an environment with a proprietary hypervisor. Lastly, we present the evaluation of the hit ratio of the host operating system cache, and then demonstrate that our method can improve the cache hit ratio.
Tissue distribution of imipenem in critically ill patients

Imipenem is a broad‐spectrum antibiotic used mainly for serious infections in critically ill patients. Because the infection originates mostly from a certain tissue, we assessed tissue concentrations of imipenem using microdialysis in patients in intensive care with serious infections compared with healthy volunteers. Most patients were >60 years old and had renal failure; most patients also had impaired liver, heart, or lung function.
Exosomal Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) and Caveolin-1 as Potential Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer—Evidence from Serbian Population

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and caveolin-1 are membrane proteins that are overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and are involved in tumor growth and increase in aggressiveness. The aim of the present study is therefore to evaluate PSMA and caveolin-1 proteins from plasma exosomes as effective liquid biopsy biomarkers for PCa. This study included 39 patients with PCa and 33 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The shape and size of the exosomes were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Immunogold analysis showed that PSMA is localized to the membrane of exosomes isolated from the plasma of both groups of participants. The relative protein levels of PSMA and caveolin-1 in the plasma exosomes of PCa and BPH patients were determined by Western blot analysis. The relative level of the analyzed plasma exosomal proteins was compared between PCa and BPH patients and the relevance of the exosomal PSMA and caveoin-1 level to the clinicopathological parameters in PCa was investigated. The analysis performed showed an enrichment of exosomal PSMA in the plasma of PCa patients compared to the exosomes of men with BPH. The level of exosomal caveolin-1 in plasma was significantly higher in PCa patients with high PSA levels, clinical-stage T3 or T4 and in the group of PCa patients with aggressive PCa compared to favorable clinicopathological features or tumor aggressiveness. Plasma exosomes may serve as a suitable object for the identification of potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of PCa as well as carriers of therapeutic agents in precision medicine of PCa treatment.
The Booster Break program: description and feasibility test of a worksite physical activity daily practice.

OBJECTIVE Work breaks are underutilized opportunities to promote health. The Booster Break program is a co-worker led physical activity group session devoted exclusively to standard 15-minute work breaks. The purpose of this study was to report the fidelity, attendance, feasibility, and sustainability of the Booster Break program and to explore its potential impact. PARTICIPANTS The study site was a small business that provides legal and court reporting services to lawyers. The company's services include legal videography, litigation, records retrieval, and videoconferencing to civil attorneys. Established in 1973, the organization has 14 employees (8 women and 6 men), from 32 to 66 years of age. METHODS For six months, this small business implemented the Booster Break program. Booster Break facilitators conducted the group sessions according to protocol, which included describing, cueing, and executing the physical activity sequence. RESULTS During the six month period, 117 sessions were conducted. The average monthly attendance ranged from 76% to 86%. Participants significantly improved HDL cholesterol (p=0.04) and lost an average of 14 pounds. CONCLUSIONS The Booster Break program is a feasible physical activity program for small business settings. The implications of the Booster Break program for future research in worksite settings are discussed.
Directly perceiving Gibson: a further reply to Gyr.

Gyr (1972) forcefully criticized James Gibson's direct theory of perception. In his reply, Gibson (1973) argued that Gyr did not address two significant issues. The first is whether or not stimulus information (in Gibson's sense) exists, and the second is whether perception is based on stimulus information or on sensations. Gibson did not choose to correct several blatant misrepresentations of his position that provided the explicit foundation for Gyr's criticism. Since such misrepresentations appear to be common (e.g., Gregory, 1972; Haber & Hershenson, 1973, p. 335), it is important that they be corrected so that future discussion can be founded on substantial issues. The most glaring error in Gyr's caricature of Gibson's theory is the claim that Gibson believes stimulus structure can cause or determine what an organism perceives. For instance, Gyr interprets Gibson's position as one that maintains that "optic array information is sufficient for predicting a given perceptual process" (p. 248). This is the version of direct perception that Gyr criticizes. However it is not Gibson's version. Gibson does not believe that stimulus structure causes perception. He could not, for he believes that stimulus structure is indefinitely
Does novelty influence the foraging decisions of a scavenger?

Acquiring knowledge about the environment is crucial for survival. Animals, often driven by their exploratory tendencies, gather valuable information regarding food resources, shelter, mating partners, etc. However, neophobia, or avoiding novel environmental stimuli, can constrain their exploratory behaviour. While neophobia can reduce potential predation risks, decreased exploratory behaviour resulting from it may limit the ability to discover highly rewarding resources. Dogs (Canis familiaris) living in semi-urban and urban environments as free-ranging populations, although subject to various selection forces, typically have negligible predation pressure. These dogs are scavengers in human-dominated environments; thus, selection against object-neophobia can provide benefits when searching for novel food resources. Although captive pack-living dogs are known to be less neophobic than their closest living ancestors, wolves (Canis lupus), little is known about free-ranging dogs’ behavioural responses to novel objects, particularly in foraging contexts. Using an object choice experiment, we tested 259 free-ranging dogs from two age classes, adult and juvenile, to investigate their object-neophobia in a scavenging context. We employed a between-subject study design, providing dogs with a familiar and a potentially novel object, both baited with equal, hidden food items. Adult and juvenile dogs significantly inspected the novel object first compared to the familiar one, even when the hidden food item was partially visible. To validate these findings, we compared novel objects with different strengths of olfactory cues (baited vs. false-baited) and found that they were inspected comparably by adults and juveniles. No significant differences were found in the latencies to inspect the objects, suggesting that free-ranging dogs may still be cautious when exploring their environments. These results indicate that free-ranging dogs, evidently from an early ontogenetic phase, do not show object-neophobia, as demonstrated by their preference for novel over familiar food sources. We conclude that little to no constraint of neophobia on exploratory behaviour in semi-urban and urban-dwelling animals can guide foraging decision-making processes, providing adaptive benefits.
A novel methodology for robustness analysis of QCA circuits

Although QCA (Quantum-dot Cellular Automata) is a promising nanotechnology to replace CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor), it has several known reliability problems. Consequently, the design of robust QCA circuits is a mandatory step towards the consolidation of this new technology. This paper presents a novel methodology for error analysis of QCA circuits based on deterministic and random insertion of possible defects. Further features are an evaluation of circuit robustness and identification of the most susceptible design elements. Simulation results indicate the feasibility of this novel methodology and reveal starting-points for robustness improvements of known QCA structures.
Robot Motion Control Using Stepping Ahead Firefly Algorithm and Kinematic Equations

The use of robots to carry out activities in various fields has evolved over the years. Robots can move from one location to another according to a plan and have a good understanding of the environment to perform their assigned tasks. Robot movements are based on motion planning and control algorithms. This paper proposes a new hybrid motion planning and control algorithm called FAStep-Kinematic (Stepping Ahead Firefly algorithm and Kinematic equations). This algorithm includes the Firefly Stepping Ahead algorithm to avoid obstacles, the equation of motion to control the movement of the robot, and a method to detect obstacles. The algorithm starts with the equation of motion and switches to the stepping ahead firefly algorithm when an obstacle is detected. The stepping ahead firefly algorithm then plans the robot’s next step to avoid obstacles. The robot moves to this step. This procedure is repeated until the robot successfully avoids an obstacle and reaches its target. The obstacles used in this article are static and are known to robots. The hybrid algorithm will be used to navigate robots in a cluttered environment. The new algorithm’s effectiveness will be seen with an application to tractor-trailer robotic systems. The results show that the robots are able to reach their destination safely and using a shorter route. Additionally, this research compared the new hybrid algorithm’s performance with that of the ACO-Kinematic (Ant Colony Optimization and Kinematic equations) algorithm in terms of path length and convergence time. The analysis show that the hybrid algorithm is superior to the ACO-Kinematic algorithm. The proposed algorithm improves the path length by 0.37%, 9.22%, and 5.79% compared to the ACO-Kinematic algorithm in three different scenarios.
Characterization of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes and apoptosis in colitis‐associated neoplasia: comparison with sporadic colorectal cancer

The development of colorectal cancer is a major complication for patients with chronic idiopathic colitis. Colitis‐associated tumours tend to occur at a younger age and be more aggressive than sporadic colorectal cancers. While we have previously associated the presence of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and increased apoptosis in sporadic colorectal cancer with high‐level microsatellite instability and improved prognosis, little is known of the relationship between these variables in colitis‐associated colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to correlate TILs and tumour cell apoptosis in colitis‐associated neoplasms stratified according to microsatellite instability. Twenty tumour and 11 dysplastic samples resected from 21 patients with long‐standing colitis were analysed for microsatellite instability at 10 microsatellite markers. TIL distribution (CD3, CD8) and function (granzyme B) were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Neoplastic cell apoptosis was assessed using the M30 CytoDEATH antibody. These findings were compared with 40 microsatellite stable (MSS) sporadic colorectal cancers previously evaluated for TILs and neoplastic apoptosis. Low‐level microsatellite instability was found in 1/20 colitis‐associated tumours. All other colitis‐associated lesions were designated MSS. CD3+ and CD8+ TIL counts were significantly higher in colitis‐associated lesions compared with MSS sporadic colorectal cancer (p < 0.0001, p = 0.001 respectively). Despite their higher TIL density, colitis‐associated tumours were more likely to present late (Dukes' stage C or D) (p = 0.02). Functionally, colitis‐associated TILs demonstrated significantly less granzyme B expression compared to sporadic cancers (p = 0.002). The level of tumour cell apoptosis was similar between the two groups (sporadic, 1.53%; colitis cancers, 1.45%). In conclusion, MSS colitis‐associated tumours have a higher prevalence of CD3+/CD8+ TILs but no associated increase in tumour cell killing by apoptosis. Unlike cytotoxic T cells in sporadic colorectal cancer, TILs do not appear to enhance the prognosis of colitis‐associated colorectal cancer. This may be related to an impairment of granzyme B expression within these lesions. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.