Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral observations of FUV auroral arcs and comparison with inverted‐V precipitating electrons

[1] This paper presents first simultaneous observations of far ultraviolet (FUV) spectra of discrete and diffuse auroras, together with precipitating electrons measured on the same spacecraft, to emphasize the importance of high-resolution FUV images for accurate estimation of precipitating energy flux in the auroral region. An FUV spectrograph image with ∼2 km × 3 km resolution show small-scale features were embedded in the auroral arcs. Comparison of peak energies of inverted-V events with the corresponding FUV spectra shows that the observed long band N 2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) emission (long LBH band (LBHL): 160.0-171.5 nm) varied more sensitively to the peak energies compared to the short band. Comparison of the inverted-V structures and their energy fluxes with the LBHL irradiance for ∼10 km × 10 km regions show they are well correlated for peak energy >2 keV. When the data are averaged over a larger area (70 km × ∼140 km), on the other hand, the LBHL irradiance becomes less bright for the corresponding electron energy flux due to the contribution from the low-intensity background diffuse aurora produced by secondary electrons. This study demonstrates a reliable relationship between precipitating electron energy flux and LBHL intensity is obtained only if the precipitating region and FUV intensity are locally matched with a scale of less than 10 km corresponding to the size of discrete auroras.
Three‐dimensional to two‐dimensional cross‐strata transition in the lower Pleistocene Catanzaro tidal strait transgressive succession (southern Italy)

Sandstone tidal cross‐strata are the predominant sedimentary feature of strait‐fill stratigraphic successions. However, although widely described in numerous studies, tidal strait‐fill two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional cross‐strata have rarely been reported to occur in discrete intervals which are laterally adjacent or vertically stacked, and the meaning of this stratigraphic architecture has not yet been fully investigated. Understanding of the processes responsible for changes in the internal features of modern and ancient tidal bedforms is essential in order to predict lateral and vertical heterogeneities in analogous reservoir strata. This facies‐based study aims to interpret the three‐dimensional to two‐dimensional cross‐strata transition observed in the lower Pleistocene mixed siliciclastic/bioclastic sandstone filling the Catanzaro Strait, in southern Italy, during a continuous phase of tectonically driven marine transgression. Tidal cross‐strata disappear in the uppermost interval of the studied succession, where mudstone strata prevail. This stratigraphic trend is interpreted as the evidence of an important change in the tidal strait hydrodynamics due to a phase of relative sea‐level rise. At the beginning of the transgression, three‐dimensional tidal dunes migrated throughout the ca 3 to 4 km wide and ca 30 km long, WNW–ESE‐oriented Catanzaro Strait, due to strong tidal currents amplified through the seaway and flowing in semi‐diurnal phase opposition. As the intermediate phase of transgression enlarged the seaway width, the tidal current strength decreased as tidal water exchange occurred over a larger cross‐sectional area. The progressive reduction of the bed shear stress modified three‐dimensional tidal dunes into an extensive two‐dimensional bedform field. At the end of the transgression, the further widening of the Catanzaro Strait into a ca 10 to 12 km wide marine passageway changed the tidally dominated strait into a non‐tidal open shelf. The results of this research suggest the presence of a ‘critical cross‐sectional area’ in the narrowest strait‐centre zone which controls the activation and deactivation of tidal current amplification along a marine seaway.
Mapping mineral abundances of the Musgrave Block, South Australia, using airborne hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR data

A large area survey of 32 contiguous airborne hyperspectral HyMap image flightlines were acquired over outcropping crystalline basement units of the Proterozoic Giles Complex in the Musgrave Province of South Australia. Rainfall prior to the survey was sufficient to stimulate growth of vegetation in an environment recognised as typically arid. As a consequence, vegetation signatures are present in most pixel spectra obscuring most of the mineralogical information. Nevertheless, new geological information is affected by these data, especially in areas broadly mapped as altered granites. Minerals identified in the HyMap spectra include Fe-chlorite, Mg-chlorite, amphibole, well-ordered kaolinite and kaolin associated with bound water. White mica is poorly developed. This mineralogy is consistent with alteration of ferromagnesian host rocks, some of which is constrained to a network of fractures associated with an apparent dextral fault that parallels other structures mapped in the area.
Floristic and Environmental Characteristics of Sub-boreal Peatlands in Minnesota and Western Wisconsin

Clement, Kevin Douglas Floristic and Environmental Characteristics of Sub-boreal Peatlands in Minnesota and Western Wisconsin Advisor: Bradley J. Cook, Ph.D. Peatland communities in the sub-boreal region of Minnesota and western Wisconsin were characterized by floristic composition, structure and environmental characteristics to determine the natural variation among peatland communities in the region and their shared associations with the boreal and temperate peatlands of North America. Floristic classification revealed five, distinct peatland community types, identified as Sphagnum Bogs, Herbaceous Fens, Forested Fens, Rich/Calcareous Fens and Phalaris anrundinacea – Dominated Peatlands. Differences among sub-boreal peatlands largely reflected changes in the significant indicator and dominant plant species identified, which were found to exhibit high fidelities to a particular peatland community type. Floristic variations among sub-boreal peatlands were observed to correlate with changes in pore-water chemistry along a strong pH-alkalinity gradient. Ordinal analysis by non-metric multidimensional scaling also indicated a strong community association with soil and pore-water chemistry, which reflected the geomorphic and hydrologic settings in which communities developed and the transitional nature of peatlands in the region. In addition, the broad physiological tolerance and invasive nature of P. anrundinacea was found to pose a substantial threat to the biodiversity and ecological functioning of sub-boreal peatland communities.
Transit time determination for a riverbank filtration system using oxygen isotope data and the lumped-parameter model

Abstract The mathematical description of the lumped-parameter Dispersion Model is presented, and its use for estimating transit time and proportion of river water in a riverbank filtration system on Szentendre Island (in the Danube River, Hungary) is assessed by applying stable oxygen isotope data. The modelling approach could only be used to analyse single oxygen-isotope peaks observed during a 6-month-long time series, because the mean input (Danube) concentration was very close to the output (well) concentration. The water level in the Danube varied, but the lumped-parameter approach is only applicable for steady-state conditions. Isotope data observed during quasi steady-state hydraulic conditions selected at medium and higher water levels were modelled. At low water levels the method could not be used because the 18O content of the Danube water and of collector wells was similar. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor M.D. Fidelibus Citation Kármán, K. , Maloszewski, P., Deák, J., Fórizs, I. and Szabó, C. , 2014. Transit time determination for a riverbank filtration system using oxygen isotope data and the lumped-parameter model. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (6), 1109–1116. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/02626667.2013. 808345
Obsidian Production and Mortuary Practices at CA-NAP-399, Napa Valley: Inferences from AMS Radiocarbon Assays

Abstract Twenty-two accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon determinations were derived from human burials at CA-NAP-399 in Napa County, California. The site was excavated during an archaeological data recovery project related to flood control improvements along the Napa River east of downtown St Helena. Except for one historic burial with 251 glass beads, the radiocarbon data indicate a discrete period of 500 years during the Middle Period (ca. 2,450 to 1,950 B.P.) when the site appears to have transitioned from an obsidian biface workshop to a cemetery. Following an overview of the project, we present the AMS data and explore their significance.
Modelling the Impact of Built Environment, Geographical Scales and Latent Constructs On Individual Travel Behaviour

Due to its complexity and interest for transport planning, the relationship between built environment and travel behaviour has been studied in a number of cases. However, there is no clear consensus about the results. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the impact of built environment on mobility patterns, specifically on trip-frequency and tour type. For this purpose, a data-base from 3 different data sources was used, and different geographical scales and unobserved effects are tested. A set of empirical analyses was carried out for analyzing the effect of “self-selection”, “propensity to travel” and built environment attributes in trip-frequency and tour type. Self-selection was tested by estimating jointly both residential location and trip frequency. Similarly, a multinomial-hybrid model was developed, it is composed by a discrete choice model and a latent variable called “Propensity to Travel”, which is measured by the number of trips. The results show the relative importance of demographic versus built-environment variables, demographic variables become irrelevant after controlling by built-environment. The influence of self-selection in the relationship between built environment and trip frequency was proved to be weak. By contrast, the results also show that propensity to travel influences tour complexity and it has different impact depending on the activities during a full-day tour. And finally, the goodness of fit improves by adding the latent variable, and simultaneous estimation leads to more efficient and consistent estimates. According to this, policy implications must consider the development of mixed areas (work, study and leisure facilities), and also avoid isolated urban developments. Policy makers must consider endowing outskirt areas with appropriate public transport for reducing simple trips from suburban areas. And, taking into account the influence of attitudes and perceptions in tour complexity, stakeholders must ponder how to optimize the implementation path of transport measures in order to ensure the acceptability.
A method for object-oriented land cover classification combining Landsat TM data and aerial photographs

Object-oriented classification techniques based on image segmentation are gaining interest as methods for producing output maps directly storable into Geophysical Information System (GIS) databases. A limitation in efficiently applying image segmentation is often represented by the spatial resolution of the image. This contribution proposes a method for overcoming this problem, based on the integrated use of images of different resolution. A high-resolution black and white (b/w) orthophoto and a subscene of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image have been used to obtain an object-oriented classification of the land cover of a study area in northern Italy. The method consists of a sequential application of segmentation and classification techniques. First, the TM image was classified using the maximum likelihood classifier and additional empirical rules. Subsequently, the orthophoto was segmented by applying a region-based segmentation algorithm. Finally, the classification of the segmented images was performed using as a reference the TM image previously classified. The resulting land cover map was tested for accuracy and the results are dicusssed.
Radon‐222 monitoring of soil diffusivity

The temporal evolution of activity profiles of the radon isotope 222Rn in the top 50 cm of soil is used to quantify diffusive gas transport in the air‐filled pore space. Air is continuously collected from gas‐permeable, hydrophobic membrane tubes placed at various depths under the surface and circulated through a high‐sensitivity Rn detector. With a micro‐processor controlled inlet system an automatic monitoring of several levels is possible for extended periods of time with a typical time resolution of one hour. In addition, a new dynamic approach to measure the in‐situ soil diffusivity Ds (m²/s) around the subsurface tubes is presented where the recovery from air injection is evaluated every 3 hours. Within a test period of 3 weeks Ds dropped from 10−6 m²/s to 3 10−7 m²/s at a depth of z=50 cm due to increasing water content of the soil.
High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of a clastic foredeep succession (Paleocene, Spitsbergen): An example of peripheral-bulge-controlled depositional architecture

ABSTRACT The current tectonic interpretation of the Paleogene Central Basin on Spitsbergen operates with two stages, involving Paleocene strike slip and Eocene compression, in accordance with available offshore evidence for paleotectonic regime along a controlling, major intraplate transform fault zone west of Spitsbergen. This paper suggests a new interpretation for the Central Basin, in which the entire Paleocene-Eocene basin fill is incorporated into a foreland-basin scenario. The interpretation is facilitated by recent time constraints on Late Cretaceous and Paleogene sea-floor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea and Arctic Sea, and recent field data from Spitsbergen. The Central Basin succession displays cyclicity of several scales of magnitude, with a large-scale landward-stepping-basinward-stepping stacking pattern. The Paleocene, overall landward-stepping, eastward-migrating succession of coastal-plain-to-shelf deposits was derived from the peripheral bulge east of the present basin margin, and the Eocene basinward-stepping, also east-migrating succession of clastic wedges was derived from the West Spitsbergen Orogen to the west of the basin. The landward-stepping-basinward-stepping trend is interpreted to be a result of gradual eastward translation of the entire basin in response to lithospheric shortening. The Paleocene, overall landward-stepping trend is perturbed by two intermediate-scale transgressive-regressive cycles. Intermediate-scale transgressions and regressions are interpreted to result from episodic uplift and erosion of the peripheral bulge. Each intermediate-scale cycle in turn consists of numerous stacked, small-scale depositional sequences. Small-scale sequences within the transgressive limbs of intermediate-scale cycles are thin and tabular, and onlap the eastern basin-margin. They probably formed during tectonically "quiet" periods where the peripheral-bulge relief was gradually eroded and the basin floor was gently downwarped due to sediment loading. Small-scale sequences of the regressive limbs are wedge shaped, strongly basinward stepping, and associated with regional unconformities along the eastern basin margin. They probably formed during periods of tilting of the eastern basin margin in response to uplift and basinward migration of the peripheral bulge.
Ground-Motion Attenuation, Source, and Site Effects for the 26 September 2003 M 8.1 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake Sequence

Abstract On 26 September 2003 a megathrust earthquake of M 8.1 occurred at the Kurile trench, Northern Japan. We used accelerograms recorded on more than 300 K-NET stations, ranging in distance from 40 to 500 km, to determine source, attenuation, and site effects for the mainshock and four aftershocks with M 7.3, 6.4, 5.9, and 5.5. The analyses are based on linear regression applied to the Fourier spectra data of each event. The ground-motion attenuation for all the events can be modeled using an assumed geometric spreading coefficient b 1 =-1.0 with an associated anelastic attenuation model given by an apparent Q =135 f 0.76 . By using dummy variables in the regression, site amplifications relative to National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) C sites are determined for D and E sites. Nonlinear site amplification was investigated for the M 8.1 data but was not significant in determining the overall amplification factors. Fourier spectra data were corrected to a reference near-source distance and site condition (hard rock). The source spectrum for each event was compared to that of the theoretical Brune-model spectrum, in order to compute seismic moment and stress drop. Seismic moments obtained in this manner agree with those of other studies. Stress drops range from 100 to 200 bars with no apparent dependence on magnitude. The mainshock stress drop was 120 bars. A similar value (100 bars) was calculated for an interface aftershock. Events with the highest stress drops (near 200 bars) may have been in-slab events.
Basement controls upon basin development in the Caledonian Foreland, NW Scotland

Abstract The Hebridean basins are part of a compartmentalized half-graben developed in the hanging wall of the partially reactivated Outer Isles Fault. The importance of geological inheritance in the development of these basins can be demonstrated clearly using the widespread exposure of metamorphic basement around the basin margins. The basement structures have been analysed using thematically mapped Landsat images in conjunction with selective field studies. Results of such studies have been integrated with maps generated from the interpretation of offshore multichannel seismic reflection profiles to produce an architectural framework for basin development. It can be demonstrated that the principal basement faults originated in the early Proterozoic as mid-crustal shear zones and that they have subsequently been partially reactivated during post-Caledonian basin development beginning in the Carboniferous and probably also during an earlier period of basin development in the late Proterozoic (the Torridonian). It is the geometry of the pre-existing basement structures that has controlled the three-dimensional shape of the sedimentary basins and the spatial and temporal distribution of the basin fill.
CALCULATION OF SOME OZONE POLLUTION INDEXES FOR BULGARIA

As an active photo-oxidant the atmospheric ozone can cause serious damages to human health and vegetation – forests, crops. That is why the ozone studies are of primary importance for adequate formulation of the environmental policy of the country. A set of integral ozone characteristics (ozone indices) has been developed, which make it possible the ozone pollution impact on human health and ecosystems to be quantitatively evaluated. Calculation and analysis of these ozone indices for Bulgaria are the overall goals of the present work. The US EPA Models-3 system is chosen as a modelling tool. As the NCEP Global Analysis Data with 1 degree resolution is used as meteorological background, the MM5 and CMAQ nesting capabilities are applied for downscaling the simulations to a 9 km resolution over Balkans and 3 km over Bulgaria. The TNO emission inventory is used as emission input. Special pre-processing procedures are created for introducing temporal profiles and speciation of the emissions. The study is based on a large number of numerical simulations carried out day by day for years 2000-2007.
Variability of Indonesian throughflow within Makassar Strait, 2004–2009

[1] In contrast to earlier measurements, January 2004 through May 2009 Makassar Strait velocities within the main Pacific inflow pathway of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) are larger with a clear signal of the Asian-Australian monsoon overriding the relatively weak 2006/2007 El Nino and 2007/2008 La Nina. The Makassar flow is thermocline intensified with maximum along-channel velocity of −0.8 m/s near 120 m during the southeast monsoon, July to September, decreasing to −0.6 m/s from October to December, during the transition to the northwest monsoon. The temperature variability is highly correlated to ENSO, and the salinity variability reveals low-salinity surface water inputs to the ITF, possibly from the Java and Sulu seas. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the velocity profile reveals that the first mode (45%) is dominated by the intrusions of Kelvin waves from the south, the second mode (30%) reflects ENSO modulation, and the third mode (17%) is associated with regional monsoon winds. The strength of the northward intrusions of Kelvin waves plays an important role in the total transport. The 2004–2009 average seasonal transport varied from −15.5 Sv (Sv = 106 m3/s) during the northwest monsoon (January to March) to −9.6 Sv during the monsoon transition (October to December). The annual mean transport is southward at 13.3 ± 3.6 Sv, with small year-to-year range from 12.5 to 14.0 Sv, substantially higher than measurements from 1997 when El Nino suppressed the transport (9.2 Sv).
Changes in Microbial Nitrogen Across a 100‐Year Chronosequence of Upland Hardwood Forests

Soil microorganisms mediate many of the major processes involved in soil N cycling. Also, they are strong competitors with plants for available soil N. Thus, changes in microbial N because of forest harvesting may have significant impacts on N availability and overall forest N cycling. A chronosequence of upland hardwood forest stands in southern Indiana, USA, ranging in age from 1 to 100 yr since last harvest, was chosen to evaluate changes in microbial N with stand development. Microbial N was measured in the A and B soil horizons during different seasons from 1997 to 1999. Peak levels of microbial N were highest in the youngest forest stand (1 to 3 yr old), but seasonal variability was greater than differences by stand age. Microbial N concentration (mg kg-1) varied significantly by season and soil horizon within stands ranging in age from 1 to 30 yr since harvest, but not in the mature, 80- to 100-yr-old stand. There were few significant differences in microbial N content (kg ha-1). Harvesting did not appear to have long-term effects on microbial N, but spatial variability in microbial N appeared to be greater in the younger forest stands.