Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charge Dynamics in Organic Photovoltaic Materials: Interplay between Quantum Diffusion and Quantum Relaxation

This paper discusses the mechanism of generation of free charges in organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) from electrostatically bound electron–hole pairs. The efficiency of this process is explained when interfacial charge-transfer (CT) states are generated by direct optical excitation. We used semiclassical quantum dynamics at a short time scale (∼100 fs) and Redfield theory at a relatively long time scale (∼10–100 ps) to cover both the process of dissociation and the relaxation to the lowest energy state. Our calculations suggest that a CT state with an intermediate electron–hole separation can evolve into a charge-separated (CS) state on ultrafast time scales (∼100 fs) as a result of quantum diffusion. On long time scales, however, the CS states ultimately relax to the low-energy CT states due to the interaction with the thermal bath, indicating that the yield of free charge carrier generation is determined by the interplay between ultrafast charge separation, due to quantum diffusion, and the much slower .
Student-Initiated Student-Repair in Classroom

This paper analyzes a classroom data of English class on short-term study abroad programme, and focuses on how Japanese students repair their mistakes. Although teachers usually play an important role in correcting students’ mistakes in a classroom, students occasionally do amend their utterances. The data shows how the student cooperates with other student in order to repair own mistake by using Japanese Aizuchi (backchannelling). Through the analysis of repairs using Aizuchi in class, it helps teachers understand why communication breakdown occurs and prompts students to achieve communicative competence in their target language.
International Conference on Engineering Design, Iced'07 Modelling Iteration in Engineering Design

This paper examines design iteration and its modelling in the simulation of New Product Development (NPD) processes. A framework comprising six perspectives of iteration is proposed and it is argued that the importance of each perspective depends upon domain-specific factors. Key challenges of modelling iteration in process simulation frameworks such as the Design Structure Matrix are discussed, and we argue that no single model or framework can fully capture the iterative dynamics of an NPD process. To conclude, we propose that consideration of iteration and its representation could help identify the most appropriate modelling framework for a given process and modelling objective, thereby improving the fidelity of design process simulation models and increasing their utility. 1 INTRODUCTION Many engineering companies recognise the need to improve their development processes and thereby meet the demand for cycle time reductions. Process modelling and simulation is one way to support this, for example as a method to evaluate risks, predict outcomes and identify potential improvements. However, New Product Development (NPD) processes are difficult to model when compared to others such as manufacturing and business workflow. This is partly due to the uncertainty surrounding design processes, which is derived from their complexity and long cycle time together with the limited overview of specialised participants [1]. Design processes are also difficult to model because the rate of process change is often significant relative to project duration, and because process outcomes depend on technical decisions that are made by examining the design in-situ. Most design processes also exhibit adaptive qualities, i.e., they are flexible to respond to incorporate new opportunities, requirement changes, etc. In these factors of uncertainty, complexity, novelty, in-situ decisions and adaptive qualities, design is thus different to repeatable processes which are known a-priori. Another distinguishing characteristic of NPD is the iteration which is ubiquitous in design. Iteration is a major driver of process complexity in the development of engineered products. It is increasingly recognised as such with the move away from linear, stage-gate paradigms of the design process (see, e.g. [2] for a review) towards those such as Dynamic Product Development [3], which highlights factors such as delegation of control, the independent initiation of activity streams to reach goals, and the need for iteration in response to emerging issues and requirements [4]. Most NPD process simulations in the literature incorporate design iteration; this is usually considered necessary for an adequate model. However, despite the …
A Lyapunov-based approach for differentiated service admission control and scheduling in cloud

Open cloud platform provides compute, storage and network resources as services to application developers. It is unrealistic to require all the third-party developers to develop stable applications. Hence admission control and reasonable scheduling of all the requests are very necessary for the platform stability. Based on the theory of Lyapunov drift and Lyapunov optimization, a differentiated service admission control model for open cloud platform is proposed in this paper. This model supports heterogeneous back-end Web cluster, and can distinguish between different types of requests. In the paper, we give a specific admission control and resource scheduling algorithm, which achieve an objective value only worse than the optimum by a constant factor. This property is achieved without any statistics of the arrival flows. Finally, we give a formal proof and some simulations, the result shows our algorithm runs well as we expected.
Effect of 82% Lactic Acid in Treatment of Melasma

Melasma is an acquired, chronic, and symmetrical hypermelanosis, characterized by brown patches of variable darkness on sun exposed areas of body. There are numerous modalities of treatment currently in use for this disease, of which the chemical peeling is very commonly used. Therefore, the present work was done to see the effect of 82% lactic acid peel in the treatment of melasma. A total number of 20 patients of either sex attending the OPD of dermatology department with clinically evident melasma were included in the study. 82% Lactic acid peel was applied on the face for 12 weeks in each patient. Patients were evaluated clinically and photographically at various intervals and in follow-up till 24 weeks. Assessment of patient satisfaction and side effects were also noted. All the subjects completed the study. Application of this peel for 12 weeks significantly decreased the melasma area severity index score and also melasma severity scale score. Patient and physician analogue scales also showed the improvement by the treatment. Regarding the adverse effects, burning sensation was the only side effect noted in our study. In conclusion, 82% lactic acid peel is well tolerated and can be used for the treatment of melasma.
Complex Mediation

This article has its starting point in a large number of empirical findings regarding computer-mediated work. These empirical findings have challenged our understanding of the role of mediation in such work; on the one hand as an aspect of communication and cooperation at work and on the other hand as an aspect of human engagement with instruments of work. On the basis of previous work in activity-theoretical and semiotic human—computer interaction, we propose a model to encompass both of these aspects. In a dialogue with our empirical findings we move on to propose a number of types of mediation that have helped to enrich our understanding of mediated work and the design of computer mediation for such work.
ANALYTIC METHODS FOR PRICING DOUBLE BARRIER OPTIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY

While there exist closed-form solutions for vanilla options in the presence of stochastic volatility for nearly a decade, practitioners still depend on numerical methods - in particular the Finite Difference and Monte Carlo methods - in the case of double barrier options. It was only recently that Lipton proposed (semi-)analytical solutions for this special class of path-dependent options. Although he presents two different approaches to derive these solutions, he restricts himself in both cases to a less general model, namely one where the correlation and the interest rate differential are assumed to be zero. Naturally the question arises, if these methods are still applicable for the general stochastic volatility model without these restrictions. In this paper we show that such a generalization fails for both methods. We will explain why this is the case and discuss the consequences of our results.
Wireless Sensor Networks: Attack Models and Detection

Unattended installation of sensor nodes (Motes) in the environment causes many security threats in the wireless sensor networks. Sinkhole attack is among the most destructive routing attacks for these networks. It may cause the intruder to lure all or most of the data flow that has to be captured at the base station (2). Routing protocol MintRoute is used to implement this attack. Once sinkhole attack has been implemented and the adversary node has started to work as network member in the data routing, it can apply some more threats such as, forwarding only the selective packets i. e. selective forwarding or dropping all the packets and forming a blackhole. Ultimately this drop of some important data packets can disrupt the sensor networks completely. This paper presents a mechanism to launch sinkhole attack based attacks such as selective forwarding and balckhole attack in wireless sensor networks. The proposed work includes detection and countermeasure rules to make the sensor network secure from these attacks. It is observed through simulation that our proposed methods for detection and countermeasure achieve high degree of security with negligible overheads.
Disney’s Metaphorical Exploration of Racism and Stereotypes: A Review of Zootopia

Through Zootopia, Walt Disney Animation Studios has created a utopian space for mammalian creatures, where predators and prey live side by side in harmony; a space “where anyone can be anything. ” Zootopia attempts to utilize the literary device of metaphor to explore stereotypes, race, and racism; the consequences of one’s actions; and the power that one being’s beliefs can hold. Disney Animation uses both the physical appearance and the ethos of a variety of mammals in order to extend their racial metaphor. For example, they place a lion as the mayor, a lamb as his assistant, a water buffalo as the chief of police, rats as mobsters, a weasel as a thief, and an elephant as the proverbial “elephant in the room. ” The story revolves around the actions, related consequences, and belief system of two main characters, Judy Hopps and her “partner,” Nick Wilde. The three themes found in Zootopia are compelling for educators as they work with students whomay experience one or more of these themes in their day-to-day lives. Components of the film are directly related to education, whether explicitly involving an educational setting, or implicitly through references to how one’s education has led to a particular moment. The film provides an interesting, albeit limited, representation of American education and how it shapes social norms and values. Beyond this explicit representation, however, the film has a number of compelling openings for educators in our fields. Grand themes woven throughout the film address a number of relevant discussions to be had with students, including how to live in a world chock full of stereotypes, race, and racism; that consequences come with each action; and that there is power in one’s beliefs. The “danger of [presenting] a single story” (Adichie 2009) is something that must be recognized, and with that in mind, we present our view of Zootopia and how it may be used within a formal education space.
Nitrotyrosine Proteome Survey in Asthma Identifies Oxidative Mechanism of Catalase Inactivation1

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by epithelial and inflammatory cells are key mediators of the chronic airway inflammation of asthma. Detection of 3-nitrotyrosine in the asthmatic lung confirms the presence of increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, but the lack of identification of modified proteins has hindered an understanding of the potential mechanistic contributions of nitration/oxidation to airway inflammation. In this study, we applied a proteomic approach, using nitrotyrosine as a marker, to evaluate the oxidation of proteins in the allergen-induced murine model of asthma. Over 30 different proteins were targets of nitration following allergen challenge, including the antioxidant enzyme catalase. Oxidative modification and loss of catalase enzyme function were seen in this model. Subsequent investigation of human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed that catalase activity was reduced in asthma by up to 50% relative to healthy controls. Analysis of catalase isolated from asthmatic airway epithelial cells revealed increased amounts of several protein oxidation markers, including chloro- and nitrotyrosine, linking oxidative modification to the reduced activity in vivo. Parallel in vitro studies using reactive chlorinating species revealed that catalase inactivation is accompanied by the oxidation of a specific cysteine (Cys377). Taken together, these studies provide evidence of multiple ongoing and profound oxidative reactions in asthmatic airways, with one early downstream consequence being catalase inactivation. Loss of catalase activity likely amplifies oxidative stress, contributing to the chronic inflammatory state of the asthmatic airway.
Kinds Of Agents And Types Of Dialogues

In recent years we have seen an increase in the work on the empirical foundations of computational theories of discourse, as well as in the increased use of empirical evaluation methods for natural language systems. In this paper I argue that presenting results from well conducted empirical studies of particular discourses or dialogues is necessary and important but not enough to foster the development of computational theories of discourse. Equally important is making clear to which other cases of agents and situations the results obtained apply. As far as the issue of agents is concerned, it is argued that present day computational theories of discourse can only be seen as theories of computer's processing of language, and not for all kinds of agents, and some consequences of this position are discussed. When, on the other hand, we come to the issue of dialogue situation I do not present any speciic theoretical position. Instead a number of dimensions or parameters that seem to innuence the language used, supporting the arguments with examples from our own studies of these issues, as well as results and observations from other workers in the eld are described.
Multiple lifestyle behaviours and overweight and obesity among 9-11 year old children : Results from the UK site of the International Study of Childhood Obesity , Lifestyle and the Environment

GENERAL COMMENTS This is a well written paper describing the independent and interactive associations between a number of lifestyle behaviours and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the UK sample from the ISCOLE study. The study is clearly outlined and utilises sound methodology. The higher impact papers from ISCOLE will come from pooling/cross comparison of international studies/sites that adopted a consistent testing methodology. However, I still believe that results from this site specific study holds merit but may be improved after consideration of the comments below.
Using impact analysis in industry

Software is subjected to continuous change, and with increasing size and complexity performing changes becomes more critical. Impact analysis assists in estimating the consequences of a change, and is an important research topic. Nevertheless, until now researchers have not applied and evaluated those techniques in industry. This paper contributes an approach suitable for an industrial setting, and an evaluation of its application in a large software system.
How to find long narrow-band gravitational wave transients with unknown frequency evolution

We present two general methods, the so-called Locust and the generalized Hough algorithm, to search for narrow-band signals of moderate frequency evolution and limited duration in datastreams of gravitational wave detectors. Some models of long gamma-ray bursts (e.g. van Putten et al 2004 Phys. Rev. D 69 044007) predict narrow-band gravitational wave burst signals of limited duration emitted during the gamma-ray burst event. These types of signals give rise to curling traces of local maxima in the time–frequency space that can be recovered via image processing methods (Locust and Hough). Tests of the algorithms in the context of the van Putten model were carried out using injected simulated signals into Gaussian white noise and also into LIGO-like data. The Locust algorithm has the relative advantage of having higher speed and better general sensitivity; however, the generalized Hough algorithm is more tolerant of trace discontinuities. A combination of the two algorithms increases search robustness and sensitivity at the price of execution speed.
Performance Evaluation of the Transmission Control Protocols with the Dynamic Link Control Scheme for Power Saving

Energy saving technologies are currently of significant concern in the Internet with the ever increasing traffic demand. Many studies have been conducted, but in general, they share one basic idea: dynamically controlling the transmission capacity to save power in response to the amount of arriving traffic. Thus, a flow will be transferred with a power-aware switch equipped with a dynamic transmission control scheme in the future Internet. We investigate how this dynamic transmission control affects the performance of the transmission control protocol. Based on this investigation, we propose a slow start scheme called measurement-based slow start (MSS) that takes into account congestion by calculating the round trip time. From simulation results, MSS can provide compound TCP (CTCP) with an effective slow start mechanism in the networks equipped with the dynamic link control scheme.
Modified LEACH: A QoS-aware clustering algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy efficient Routing algorithms for wireless sensor network play a vital role among many other algorithms for improving lifetime of sensor network. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the major hierarchical routing protocols for WSNs, in which cluster heads are randomly elected. In this paper, a Modified LEACH algorithm is proposed to maximize the lifetime of the network. The network is partitioned into clusters using simulated annealing technique. The cluster head and next heads are chosen by the base station based on their residual energy. Unlike LEACH, re-clustering is not done after completion of each round. Re-clustering is done once the energy of the elected heads goes below the threshold. This in turn reduces the node and network failure, thus making the network fault-tolerant. The QoS parameters such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and network lifetime are metrics used to measure the performance of Modified LEACH. Simulation results show that Modified LEACH outperforms the LEACH protocol and the AODV protocol.
Two Kinds of Ideal Contrast Visual Cryptography Schemes

The (k, n) visual cryptography schemes (VCS) is a perfect secure method that encrypts a secret image by breaking it into shadow images. A Visual Crypto (VC) system based on the polarisation of light which has good resolution, contrast and color properties is introduced. Mathematically, the VC system is described by the XOR operation, which just mean modulo two addition and is equivalence of addition in the finite field GF(2). In this paper, we investigate threshold visual secret sharing schemes mixed XOR and OR operation with reversing and based on binary linear error-correcting code. Firstly, we show that 2 out of 2 schemes mixed on XOR and OR operation with reversing where the reconstruction of both black and white pixels is perfect. It turns out that scheme have much better resolution than their OR-based counterparts. Secondly, we provide one construction for general k out of n schemes based on binary linear error-correcting code. And we show these two schemes are ideal contrast.
Comparative efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The aim of this study was to directly compare efficacy of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in treatment of children and adolescents 6- 18 years. Methods: All published, randomized, open label or double blind trials, comparing the efficacy of methylphenidate with atomoxetine in treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD, using DSM-IV criteria were included in this study; ADHD Rating Scale–IV–Parent Version: Investigator Administered and Scored (ADHDRS) scores was used. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was used as a measure of effect size. Results: Eleven studies were included with a total of 2,772 participants. The meta-analysis did not find a significant difference in the efficacy between methylphenidate and atomoxetine (SMD= 0.09, 95% CI -0.06, 0.25) (Z= 1.18, p= 0.24). Sub group analysis showed a significant standardized mean difference favoring OROS methylphenidate (SMD= 0.31, 95% CI 0.16, 0.47 (Z= 3.91, p< 0.0001); immediate release methylphenidate was not superior to atomoxetine (SMD= -0.05, 95% CI -0.20, 0.10) (Z= 0.68, p= 0.49). Open label trials did not make a difference in the standardized mean difference (SMD= 0.10, 95% CI -0.02, 0.23) (Z= 1.17, p= 0.09). There was significant heterogeneity among the studies (p= 0.003, I2= 63%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that heterogeneity was because of the open label trials (p= 0.009, I2= 79%). Conclusion: Atomoxetine and methylphenidate showed comparable efficacy in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD. However, Osmotic (Controlled) Release Oral (Delivery) System (OROS) methylphenidate is more effective than atomoxetine in treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents that is suggested as a first-line treatment in ADHD. Moreover, comparing the immediate release (IR) methylphenidate to atomoxetine did not lead to the benefit of IR methylphenidate.
The Effect of Saquinavir on the Rate of Metabolism of Midazolam

Abstract : Midazolam (MDZ) is used extensively for sedation by clinicians including anesthesia providers. There have been reports that its effects have been enhanced in the presence of other drugs with negative patient outcomes. The P450 mixed function oxidase system contains an enzyme subfamily known as CYP3A. These enzymes have been identified as primarily responsible for the metabolism of MDZ. Protease inhibitors such as saquinavir may inhibit some P450 isoforms. The metabolism of MDZ in the presence of protease inhibitors is presently unclear. This study examines the effect of saquinavir on the rate of metabolism of MDZ. Human liver microsomes were incubated with MDZ with and without saquinavir.