Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array: Spatial filtering of daily positions for estimating coseismic and postseismic displacements induced by the 1992 Landers earthquake

The June 28, 1992 (M w =7.3) Landers, California, earthquake was the first earthquake to be surveyed by a continuously operating Global Positioning System (GPS) array. The coordinate time series of seven sites are evaluated for station displacements during an interval of 100 days centered on the day of the earthquake. We employ a new spatial filtering technique that removes common-mode errors from the coordinate time series. This approach provides precise estimates of site-specific displacements compared to the cumbersome method of analyzing baselines between pairs of stations. All sites indicate significant coseismic horizontal displacements of 5-65 mm with uncertainties of 1-2 mm. Horizontal displacements are in general agreement with elastic dislocation models, in particular for sites closer to the epicenter. Vertical displacements range from -13 to +7 mm with uncertainties of 2-4 mm. The observed vertical displacements in all cases show 5-10 mm more subsidence than expected from geodetic and seismic/geologic models. Significant postseismic horizontal displacements totaling 6±2 mm (10-20% of the coseismic displacement) are detected at the three sites closest to the epicenter. These displacements are modeled as a short-term exponential relaxation with a decay time of 22±10 days superimposed on a longer-term linear interseismic trend. Scaling the observed coseismic and postseismic displacements at one of the sites with the distance to the epicenter provides a measure of site strain, which agrees well with the direction and magnitude determined from more precise laser strain meter data. The time series do not show any detectable preseismic displacements.
Imaging the Water Table by Filtering Self‐Potential Profiles

In suitable cases, digital filtering of self‐potential anomalies produces images of the water table. Two hypothetical cases and four field examples from New Hampshire yield images in reasonable agreement with known water tables. Filtering for a sheet of dipolar sources (that is, the water table) would be a useful addition to routine interpretation of self‐potential data.
Stock identity of beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) in Eastern Canada and West Greenland based on organochlorine contaminants in their blubber

Belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ) caught by hunters from various hamlets in the Arctic differed in the concentrations of organochlorine contaminants in their blubber. By applying Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) it was possible to separate all seven sampling locations from each other. Over 90% of the samples could be classified back to their landing location based on the data transformations developed by CDA. This analysis suggested that “stock” or management unit for belugas is best described by the culturally transmitted behaviour of their migration route. The analysis also provides evidence that most belugas caught by hunters from Grise Fiord are not the same as belugas caught while migrating along West Greenland; that some belugas caught in Sanikiluaq are not the same as beluga caught in the Nastapoka River estuary; and that the belugas caught in Kimmirut are not the same as belugas caught in Cumberland Sound. There is a need to redefine the stock descriptions of some belugas in Canada and Greenland.
Mantle diapir‐induced arc volcanism: The Ueno Basalts, Nomugi‐Toge and Hida volcanic suites, central Japan

Stratigraphic and geochronological data show that the late Cenozoic Ueno Basalts and related Nomugi‐Toge and Hida volcanic suites of the Norikura Volcanic Chain, Japan, were active for ~ 1 million years. Temporal and spatial variations of the volcanic activity and chemistry of the volcanic products suggest that it was induced by a common mantle diapir. The Ueno Basalts are small monogenetic volcanoes scattered over an area 50 km in diameter, and comprise a small volcanic province. The Ueno Basalts are almost all subalkalic basalt to basaltic andesite, erupted through the late Pliocene to the earliest Pleistocene (2.7–1.5 Ma). Andesite to dacite of the Nomugi‐Toge volcanic rocks were concurrently active in the back arc side, and two eruption stages (2.6–2.2 and 2.1–1.7 Ma) are recognizable. Two voluminous dacite and rhyolite ignimbrites, the Hida Volcanic Rocks, were erupted deeper in the back‐arc region, at ca 1.75 and 1.7 Ma. Both the Nomugi‐Toge and Hida suites are also subalkalic, except for the last ignimbrite. In the Ueno Basalts, alkali olivine basalt was erupted in the earliest stage, and was followed by subalkalic basalt, showing that the magma segregation depth ascended with time. This coincided with uplift of the volcanic province and with quasi‐concentric expansion of the eruption centers, suggesting that an upwelling mantle diapir was the cause of the volcanism. The Nomugi‐Toge andesite–dacite lavas and the Hida dacite and rhyolite ignimbrites are considered to have originated from the same mantle diapir, because of their close proximity to the Ueno Basalts and their near‐contemporaneous activity. Mantle diapirs have a significant role in the origin of subalkalic volcanic rocks in the island arcs.
Combined Impact of Soil Heterogeneity and Vegetation Type on the Annual Water Balance at the Field Scale

The hydraulic behavior of soil is determined by its hydraulic properties and their variability in space. In agricultural soils, this heterogeneity may stem from tillage or may have natural origin. The root distribution of plants will adapt to some extent to this soil heterogeneity. However, the combined impact of soil heterogeneity and root water uptake (RWU) on long‐term soil water budgets has not received much attention. Numerical experiments helped identify how soil heterogeneity affects plant transpiration, soil evaporation, and groundwater recharge. Two‐dimensional virtual soils with hierarchical heterogeneity, both natural and tillage induced, served as a basis for modeling soil water dynamics for a 10‐yr climate record from two weather stations in Germany that vastly differ in annual precipitation. The complex interactions between soil and vegetation were explored by (i) comparing different RWU strategies (depth‐, structure‐, and time‐dependent root profiles), (ii) land use types (perennial grass and annual winter crops), (iii) a combination of textures (silt above sand and sand above loam), and (iv) RWU with or without a compensation mechanism. The simulations were repeated with one‐dimensional, effective representations of these virtual soils. In the framework of hydropedology, this study shed some light on the interaction between plants and pedological features and its impact on the macroscopic soil water budget. We demonstrated that land use has a major impact on the annual water balance through the partitioning of evapotranspiration into bare soil evaporation and plant transpiration. Compensational RWU becomes important for the annual water balance when the root zone comprises contrasting materials with respect to water holding capacity. Soil heterogeneity has in fact a minor impact on long‐term soil water budgets. As a consequence, the relative contribution of plant transpiration, soil evaporation, and groundwater recharge to the total soil water loss was well reproduced by simulations in one‐dimensional effective soil profiles. This advocates the application of one‐dimensional soil–atmosphere–vegetation transfer (SVAT) models at larger scales. These findings only hold for assumptions made in our numerical simulations including flat area without lateral flow and no macropore flow.
Changing Rural Landscapes in Albania: Cropland Abandonment and Forest Clearing in the Postsocialist Transition

Postsocialist transitions in eastern Europe have focused on the establishment of private property rights, often to the exclusion of other aspects of rural land-use systems. After the demise of socialism in 1991, Albania privatized virtually all agricultural land by redistributing formerly collective land on an equal per capita basis. This article examines the dramatic effects of the transition in general and the land reform in particular on Albania's rural landscapes. A village-level survey was conducted to analyze household resources and constraints. The survey was integrated with data derived from satellite image interpretation and geographic information systems to develop statistical models of two key land-cover changes of interest: the abandonment of cropland and forest-cover loss. Statistical corrections were implemented to control for cross-scale interactions and geocomputation was employed to assess the goodness of fit of the models and the robustness of the results. Findings indicate that most cropland abandonment at the onset of the transition period was concentrated in marginal, less densely populated areas. More recently, abandonment was increasingly shaped by economic returns from cultivation and the growing competition with nonfarm livelihood strategies. Land fragmentation, an outcome of Albania's land reform, was associated with greater abandonment in the later stages of transition. Patterns of forest clearing were subsistence driven and found around populated areas in the period immediately following the collapse of socialism, whereas more commercial clearing patterns emerged over time. Because of the range of social and environmental impacts of large-scale policy shifts, studies of postsocialist landscapes necessitate a multiscale spatial framework.
Modeling of the Indian Ocean Tsunami

Shallow Water Equations are solved using an Unstructured Explicit Finite Element Method (UEFEM) to simulate long waves in the ocean. The formulation of the UEFEM has been described and found to be computationally efficient for large problems such as basin level modeling of tsunamis. Different domains have been considered to simulate the propagation of the waves due to an artificially imposed initial disturbance. The domain of Bay of Bengal has been considered for simulation with an initial disturbance which resembles the type and location of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The Wave elevation and deformations as well as time of travel of tsunami are reproduced. The method hence has high potential of being attractive for application of simulation of global tsunamis.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
ERNIE-based Named Entity Recognition Method for Traffic Accident Cases

Traffic accident case named entity recognition, which helps mine key information in traffic accident texts, plays a vital role in downstream tasks such as the construction of knowledge graphs in road traffic and intelligent policing. In this paper, we construct a named entity recognition model based on the EDE (Entity Data Enhancement)-ERNIE-Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Network (BiGRU)-Conditional Random Field (CRF) to address the current situation of low traffic accident case data and poor recognition of long-text entities. First, the amount of accident case data is enhanced using the entity random substitution method. Next, the text data of traffic accident cases are characterized as a dynamic word vector using the ERNIE pretraining model. Then, the BiGRU network learns the long-distance dependency relationship in the text to enhance the effect of the model on long-text entity recognition. Finally, the result sequence is constrained by the CRF layer to realize the named entity recognition model. The experimental part uses data related to real traffic accident cases in a domestic area. The data enhancement method increases the data volume three times compared to the original data volume. Experimental results show that the EDE-ERNIE-BiGRU-CRF model achieves better F1 values, recall and precision achieved better performance than the entity recognition methods of BERT-BiGRU-CRF, ERNIE-BiGRU-CRF, ERNIE-BiLSTM-CRF, ERNIE-CRF, ERNIE, BiGRU-CRF, ROBERTA-wwm-ext-BiGRU-CRF and verify its effectiveness for entity recognition in traffic accident cases.
Do river profiles record along‐stream variations of low uplift rate?

environments (� 1m m yr � 1 ) where climate changes may have erased tectonic features. We evaluate the respective contribution of low uplift rate (� 0.1 mm yr � 1 ) and Pleistocene climate oscillations on gradient variations of two comparable river profiles crossing different uplift zones in the southern Upper Rhine Graben. We compare the observed points of discontinuity in river profile (knickpoints) and convex portions (knickzones) with those predicted by a detachment-limited model that includes stochastic short-term and cyclic long-term variations in climate, a bedrock detachment threshold and rock uplift. The detachment-limited model is chosen as it predicts the development of persistent knickpoints. Differing values of the shear stress exponent, erosion threshold, climate variability and uplift pattern have been checked. Our modeling suggests that climate changes had no significant effects on profiles and that anomalies are more likely due to anticline growth. This surprising result arises from the combination of a very low regional uplift rate and the detachment-limited assumption. The detachment-limited model implies an upstream propagation of knickpoints and knickzones generated by uplift at the outlet during dry climate periods of low erosion. The greater the uplift rate, the larger the variations in river bed elevation. Thus, for high uplift rate, knickpoints and knickzones generated by climate oscillations are more likely to hide tectonic features. This result seems counterintuitive because it suggests that tectonic knickzones will be better preserved in low uplift rate environments, provided that the lithology is homogeneous.
Energy use pattern analysis for production of fish in open and greenhouse pond—An experimental study

SYNOPSIS Greenhouse fish farming for cold climates is a new approach for the enhancement of fish growth. However, current studies related to energy use patterns and resources in fish production are very limited. In this communication an attempt was made to investigate the energy use patterns in open and greenhouse fish production to determine the energy output-input ratio. The energy ratio was 0.23 and 0.26 in open and greenhouse, respectively. The operational energy and energy source requirement were found to be 505.26 and 326.18 MJ/18 m3 in case of open and 542.22 and 584.83 MJ/18 m3 for greenhouse fish production, respectively. The specific energy was found to be 4.27 and 3.86 MJ/18 m3 respectively in open and greenhouse fish farming. The useful energy gain from the greenhouse structure was determined as 46,671.56 MJ/18 m3 for 150 days of fish production. The energy pay-back time (EPBT) was calculated as 0.9 and 0.65 years with and without equivalent thermal energy. Of the two different treatments, the greenhouse fish farming showed better performance in terms of energy return. Exergy analysis was carried out and the value was 3165.61 MJ/18 m3.
A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer

As a first step toward the development of coupled, basin scale models of ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycling, we present a model of the annual cycles of plankton dynamics and nitrogen cycling in the oceanic mixed layer. The model is easily modified and runs in FORTRAN on a personal computer. In our initial development and exploration of the model's behavior we have concentrated on modeling the annual cycle at Station "S" near Bermuda using seven compartments (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Bacteria, Nitrate, Ammonium, Dissolved organic nitrogen and Detritus). This choice of compartments and the attendant flows (fluxes or intercompartmental exchanges) permits a functional distinction between new and regenerated production. We have examined over 200 different runs and carried out sensitivity analyses. Results of model runs with detrital sinking rates of I and 10 meters per day are presented. In these runs, the phytoplankton biomass-specific mortality rate was varied to adjust the annual net primary production (NPP) for the mixed layer to a value equivalent to 45 gC m-2, which was calculated from the literature. Modelled cycles of zooplankton and bacterial stocks, and magnitudes of their annual production which cannot be validated due to sparse observations, are driven by the amplitude of the spring bloom and by changes in foodweb structure. Most, but not all model runs exhibit a spring bloom triggered by the winter depression of zooplankton stocks and the vernal increase in solar irradiance. The bloom is driven by nitrate entrained into the mixed layer during the wintertime deepening of the mixed layer. Following the shoaling of the pycnocline to ca 20 m, nitrate supply is limited to diffusional inputs, nitrate stocks are depleted, and regenerated production exceeds new production. The resulting cycles of new and regenerated production produce an annual cycle of the f-ratio with winter maxima approaching 0.8-0.9 and summer minima reaching ca 0.1-0.2, with annual values averaging 0.7. The model reproduces the "Eppley Curve," a hyperbolic relationship of increasing f with increasing primary production. This curve is shown to be the trajectory of the production system in the f-NPP phase plane. These model runs reproduce the annual cycles of areal NPP, and average annual NPP, new production, and particulate N flux values reported in the literature. The model demonstrates that currently accepted values for these annual fluxes can be reconciled only if the f-ratio has a high annual average. At present, the annual averagef-ratio is poorly quantified due to severe undersampling in fall and winter. Our model's ecological structure has been successfully incorporated into the Princeton general circulation model for the North Atlantic Ocean. I. Institute of OceanographicSciences,DeaconLaboratory,Natural EnvironmentalResearchCouncil, BrookRoad,Wormley,Godalming,UnitedKingdom,GUSSUB. 2. Horn Point EnvironmentalLaboratories, Universityof Maryland, Center for Environmentaland EstuarineSciences,P. O. Box775,Cambridge,Maryland,21613U.S. A.
An overview of Arctic Ocean acoustics

This paper presents a review of the underwater acoustics of the Arctic Ocean. It discusses the main features of the underwater acoustic environment and how they are so strongly affected by the presence of ice cover. The paper also discusses the history of Arctic Ocean acoustics research, how the motivation was originally military in character during the Cold War and how it changed to being driven by environmental considerations today. Originally, the physics of the Arctic Ocean was studied in order to predict its acoustic properties, and now acoustic techniques are used to help understand its physical environment.
Mineralogical characterization of Juventae Chasma, Mars: evidences from MRO-CRISM

Juventae Chasma is a long depression associated with Valles Marineris and this study discusses the spectral observation made after analysing the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) Full Resolution targeted (FRT) Images in the wavelength region of 1000–2600 nm. Observations reveal the presence of hydrous sulphates, pyroxenes (mafic minerals) and silica rich minerals, more likely opaline silica or glass. Hydrous mineral identified shows the absorption bands, which are more consistent with gypsum. Absorption bands at 2300–2350 nm, and 2500–2550 nm, which are characteristics of carbonates, have been also identified in the region. Presence of this mineral assemblage, confirmed by the observed spectral signatures ranging from volcanic to sedimentary origin, implies a relatively geologically active area, and a significant region in terms of aqueous activity.
CO2 exchange in the Hudson Bay lowlands: Community characteristics and multispectral reflectance properties

Net ecosystem CO2 exchange was measured during the 1990 growing season (June to August) along a transect starting 10 km inland from James Bay and extending 100 km interior to Kinosheo Lake, Ontario. Sites were chosen in three distinct areas: a coastal fen, an interior fen, and a bog. For the most productive sites in the bog, net daily uptake rates reached a maximum of 2.5 g C-CO2 m−2 d−1 with an area-weighted exchange of 0.3 g C-CO2 m−2 d−1 near midsummer. This site was estimated to be a net carbon source of 9 g C-CO2 m−2 to the atmosphere over a 153-day growing season. The interior fen was less productive on a daily basis with a net maximum uptake of 0.5 g C-CO2 m−2 d−1 and with corresponding area-weighted uptake of 0.1 g C-CO2 m−2 d−1 during midsummer. Early and late season release of carbon to the atmosphere resulted in a net loss of 21 g C-CO2 m−2 over the growing season from this site. The coastal fen was the most productive site with uptake rates peaking near 1.7 g C-CO2 m−2 d−1 which corresponded to an area-weighted uptake of 0.8 g C-CO2 m−2 d−1 during midsummer and an estimated net uptake of 6g C-CO2 m−2 for the growing season. Associated with net CO2 exchange measurements, multispectral reflectance properties of the sites were measured over the growing season using portable radiometers. These properties were related to exchange rates with the goal of examining the potential for satellite remote sensing to monitor biosphere/atmosphere CO2 exchange in this biome. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) computed from surface reflectance was correlated with net CO2 exchange for all sites with the exception of areas with large proportions of Sphagnum moss cover. These mosses have greater near-infrared reflectance than typical surrounding vegetation and may require special adjustment for regional exchange/remote sensing applications.
Development of emission reduction measures of particulate matter emitted from coal fired power plants in Indonesia

Currently, Indonesia has committed to achieve Net Zero Emissions (NZE) efforts on their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) and at the same time focusing on air pollution abatement. One of the dominant emissions sources of particulate matter as well as Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) is from coal fired power plants. It contributes 50% to the total energy consumption in power generation, therefore the major power plant in Indonesia. Therefore, efforts to reduce GHGs and particulate emissions are needed to achieve the NZE target as well as to improve air quality. The research objective is to determine the particulate pollution load based on the Business as Usual (BaU) scenario and also under the emission reduction scenario for the year of 2030. Particulate pollution load was calculated using the emissions inventory methodology described in the brown cloud atmosphere workbook (ABC-EIM). Particulate emission reduction scenarios were developed using the assumption of full installation of Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) technology to control PM emission. In 2030, the emission reductions PM10, PM2.5, Black Carbon (BC), and Organic Carbon (OC) are 57,854 ton/year, 57,854 ton/year, 432 ton/year, and 1,723 ton/year.