Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Projections of Excitatory and Inhibitory Dorsal Horn Interneurons Relaying Information from Group II Muscle Afferents in the Cat Spinal Cord

Dorsal horn interneurons with input from group II muscle spindle afferents are components of networks involved in motor control. Thirteen dorsal horn interneurons with monosynaptic group II input were characterized electrophysiologically and labeled intracellularly with Neurobiotin. Their axonal projections were traced, and neurotransmitter content was established by using immunocytochemistry. Two subpopulations were identified: five interneurons had axons that contained vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and hence were glutamatergic and excitatory. Terminals of the remaining eight interneurons were immunoreactive for the glycine transporter 2 or were apposed to gephyrin but did not contain the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and were therefore glycinergic and inhibitory. Excitatory cells were located mainly in the central region of lamina IV and had relatively small somata and restricted dendritic trees. In contrast, inhibitory interneurons were located more ventrally, in lamina V and had relatively larger somata and more extensive dendritic trees. Axonal projections of the two subpopulations differed considerably. Excitatory interneurons predominantly projected ipsilaterally, whereas most inhibitory interneurons projected both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Three inhibitory axons formed contacts with large cholinergic cells in motor nuclei, thus revealing a novel direct coupling between inhibitory dorsal horn interneurons and motoneurons. The organization of the excitatory interneurons is consistent with current knowledge of reflex pathways to motoneurons, but the existence and connections of the inhibitory subpopulation could not be predicted from previous data. Our results indicate that these latter interneurons exercise widespread inhibitory control over a variety of cell types located on both sides of the spinal cord.
Effects of point massage of liver and stomach channel combined with pith and trotter soup on postpartum lactation start time

Abstract Delay in lactation initiation causes maternal anxiety and subsequent adverse impact on maternal exclusive breast feeding. It is important to explore a safe and convenient way to promote lactation initiation. The feasibility of point massage of liver and stomach channel combined with pith and trotter soup on prevention of delayed lactation initiation was investigated in the present study. 320 women were enrolled and randomly divided into four groups, control group (80 women), point massage group (80 women), pith and trotter soup group (80 women), and massage + soup group (80 women) to compare the lactation initiation time. We found that women in point massage group, pith and trotter soup group and massage + soup group had earlier initiation of lactation compared with control group. Women in massage + soup group had the earliest initiation time of lactation. There were significant differences between massage + soup group and pith and trotter soup group. But, there were no significant differences between massage + soup group and massage group. We conclude that point massage of the liver and stomach channel is easy to operate and has the preventive effect on delayed lactation initiation. Impact statement What is already known on this subject: Initiation of lactation is a critical period in postpartum milk secretion. Delays in lactation initiation lead to maternal anxiety and have an adverse impact on maternal exclusive breastfeeding. Sucking frequently by babies and mammary massage might be effective but insufficient for delayed lactation initiation. What the results of this study add: We found in the present study that lactation initiation is significantly earlier in women receiving routine nursing combined with point massage of liver and stomach channel, or pith trotters soup, or massage of liver and stomach channel with pith and trotters soup than in a control group receiving routine nursing. These three methods are all effective, while the most effective method is point massage combined with pith trotter soup. There was no maternal drug allergy, postpartum bleeding or other adverse reactions noted in all women. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: The present study suggested that the application of point massage in clinic might be useful for preventing lack of milk postpartum by delayed lactation initiation and improving the exclusive breastfeeding rate. Further research might explore that molecular mechanism of lactation promotion by point massage using blood samples or animal models.
High-Energy Emission and Cosmic Rays from Gamma-Ray Bursts

This paper is devoted to the analysis of particle acceleration in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and its radiative consequences. Therefore, we get on one hand constraints on the physics and on the other hand possible signatures of particle acceleration that could be recorded by new gamma-ray instruments. In a recent paper we have shown that UHECRs can be generated in GRBs even with conservative assumptions about the magnetic field and the scattering capability of its perturbations, provided that a suitable relativistic Fermi process is at work during the so-called internal shock phase. In this paper we extend the analysis of the consequences of these assumptions to the whole prompt emission of both electrons and protons. Indeed, assuming that the magnetic field decays as 1/r2 and that the scattering time of particles is longer than the Bohm assumption, in particular, with a rule derived from Kolmogorov scaling, we show that the four following events naturally happen with no other parameter adaptation than the intensity of the magnetic field, which turns out to be subequipartition: (1) UHECRs can be generated with a sufficient flux (≃1 km-2 yr-1) within the GZK sphere to account for the CR spectrum at the ankle. (In the previous paper, we showed that the associated pγ-neutrino emission is tiny.) (2) A thermal component below the so-called Epeak is often unavoidable and even amplified when the shocks start before the photosphere. (3) The CRs could radiate gamma rays around 67 MeV (in the comoving frame, which implies ≃20 GeV for the observer) due to π0 decay and a low-energy neutrino emission (around 0.2 GeV) associated with neutron decay and also neutrinos of energy between 5 and 150 GeV due to muon decay (as predicted in the previous paper). (4) The UHECRs radiate high-energy gamma rays between a few hundred MeV and 10 GeV (taking the pair creation process into account) due to their synchrotron emission, with a sufficient flux to be observable.
Self-organization in psychotherapy : demarcations of a new perspective

By Way of Introduction: Can We Make a Non-Classical Psychology? - A Metaphor from Quantum Physics and from Phenomenology. - The Weakness of the 'Inside' Tradition: the Method Fades Out. - The Weakness of the 'Outside' Tradition: the Object Fades Out. - Object-Method Complementarity and the Relation between both Traditions. - The Domain of a Non-Classical Psychology. - The Inaccessibility of Psychotherapy to Research. - Second Order Cybernetics and Self-Organizing Systems. - Self-Organization in Psychotherapy. - References. - Life, the Multiverse and Everything an Introduction to the Ideas of Humberto Maturana. - Life: Love and Languaging. - Conversations as Structural Perturbations. - The Multiverse: Expanding the Universe through the Ontology of the Observer. - Problems with Perception: How is it that We Make Mistakes? - Operations of Distinction. - Brief Example: The Family as a System. - And Every Thing is Structure. - Implications of Maturana's Theory for Psychotherapy. - Concluding Comments. - References. - Gestalt Psychology, Gestalt Therapy and the Theory of Autopoiesis. - Definition of Gestalt. - Gestalt Theory and the Theory of Autopoiesis. - The Goal of Gestalt Therapy. - The Gestalt Therapy Process. - The Relation Client - Therapist. - References. - Toward a More Detailed Understanding of Self-Organizing Processes in Psychotherapy. - A Framework for the Description of Change in Psychotherapy: The Selective Activation Model. - The Enactment of a Cognitive System: The Transition From its Inert to its Active Form. - The Formation of New Possibilities. - Self-Referential Experiences. - How does the Enacted "Function" Become an Internal Function? - Change in the Client's Structures - without a Therapist? - The Model of the Negative Class. - Discussion. - References. - Anticipating Autopoiesis: Personal Construct Psychology and Self-Organizing Systems. - Introduction: Varieties of Constructivism. - Self-Organizing Systems. - The Personal Construct System as a Self-Organizing System. - Structure. - Change and Stability. - Stabilizing Change. - The Cognitive Domain. - Implications for Psychotherapy and Ethics. - Apostolic Zeal. - Transference. - Resistance. - Insight. - Praxis. - Kelly: Types of Change. - Concluding Comments. - References. - The Art of Self-Management. - The Image/Symbol Process in the Therapeutic System. - References. - How to Make Use of Oneself as an Instrument in Systemic Therapy. - Differences and Abnormality. - Action and Meaning. - Reflexivity between Action and Meaning. - Autonomy and Structural Coupling. - Assessment and Structural Coupling. - Relation between Object and Process. - Reflection in Action. - References. - On Blindness and Incomprehension. - Blindness. - Incomprehension. - References. - About the Contributors. - Name Index.
Adjunctive Corticotherapy for Community Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) induces lung and systemic inflammation, leading to high morbidity and mortality. We systematically reviewed the risks and benefits of adjunctive corticotherapy in the management of patients with CAP. Methods We systematically searched Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials comparing adjunctive corticotherapy and antimicrobial therapy with antimicrobial therapy alone in patients with CAP. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay, time to clinical stability and severe complications. Results 14 trials (2077 patients) were included. The reported 30-day mortality was 7.9% (80/1018) among patients treated with adjunctive corticotherapy versus 8.3% (85/1028) among patients treated with antimicrobial therapy alone (RR 0.84; 95%CI 0.55 to1.29). Adjunctive corticotherapy was associated with a reduction of severe complications (RR 0.36; 95%CI 0.23 to 0.56), a shorter length of stay (9.0 days; 95%CI 7.6 to 10.7 vs 10.6 days; 95%CI 7.4 to 15.3) and a shorter time to clinical stability (3.3 days; 95% CI 2.8 to 4.1 vs 4.3 days; 95%CI 3.6 to 5.1). The risk of hyperglycemia was higher among patients treated with adjunctive corticotherapy (RR 1.59; 95%CI 1.06 to 2.38), whereas the risk of gastro-intestinal bleeding was similar (RR 0.83; 95%CI 0.35 to 1.93). In the subgroup analysis based on CAP severity, a survival benefit was found among patients with severe CAP (RR 0.47; 95%CI 0.23 to 0.96). Conclusion Adjunctive corticotherapy is associated with a reduction of length of stay, time to clinical stability, and severe complications among patients with CAP, but the effect on mortality remains uncertain.
Biological control of potato black scurf by rhizosphere associated bacteria

The present work was carried out to study the potential of plant rhizosphere associated bacteria for the biocontrol of potato black scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khun AG-3. A total of twenty-eight bacteria isolated from diseased and healthy potato plants grown in the soil of Naran and Faisalabad, Pakistan were evaluated for their antagonistic potential. Nine bacterial strains were found to be antagonistic in vitro, reduced the fungal growth and caused the lysis of sclerotia of R. solani in dual culture assay as well as in extracellular metabolite efficacy test. The selected antagonistic strains were further tested for the production and efficacy of volatile and diffusible antibiotics, lytic enzymes and siderophores against R. solani. Selected antagonistic bacteria were also characterized for growth promoting attributes i.e., phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation and indole acetic acid production. Biocontrol efficacy and percent yield increase by these antagonists was estimated in greenhouse experiment. Statistical analysis showed that two Pseudomonas spp. StT2 and StS3 were the most effective with 65.1 and 73.9 percent biocontrol efficacy, as well as 87.3 and 98.3 percent yield increase, respectively. Potential antagonistic bacterial strain StS3 showed maximum homology to Pseudomonas sp. as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These results suggest that bacterial isolates StS3 and StT2 have excellent potential to be used as effective biocontrol agents promoting plant growth with reduced disease incidence.
Postoperative Pulmonary Dysfunction and Mechanical Ventilation in Cardiac Surgery

Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction (PPD) is a frequent and significant complication after cardiac surgery. It contributes to morbidity and mortality and increases hospitalization stay and its associated costs. Its pathogenesis is not clear but it seems to be related to the development of a systemic inflammatory response with a subsequent pulmonary inflammation. Many factors have been described to contribute to this inflammatory response, including surgical procedure with sternotomy incision, effects of general anesthesia, topical cooling, and extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and mechanical ventilation (VM). Protective ventilation strategies can reduce the incidence of atelectasis (which still remains one of the principal causes of PDD) and pulmonary infections in surgical patients. In this way, the open lung approach (OLA), a protective ventilation strategy, has demonstrated attenuating the inflammatory response and improving gas exchange parameters and postoperative pulmonary functions with a better residual functional capacity (FRC) when compared with a conventional ventilatory strategy. Additionally, maintaining low frequency ventilation during ECC was shown to decrease the incidence of PDD after cardiac surgery, preserving lung function.
Towards Requirements Communication and Documentation Guidelines for Agile Teams

We gained detailed empirical knowledge about rolespecific information needs that have to be satisfied in requirements documents in traditional software development processes. Motivated by the widespread use of agile development and existing challenges in industry regarding agile requirements engineering our current research aims at investigating whether agile teams could also benefit from results of our previous research. To support typical agile development characteristics like extensive collaboration and communication, we envision the elaboration of communication and documentation guidelines based on empirical data about information needs. As a first step, we compared the scope and content of RE artifacts produced in agile activities (e.g. user stories) to previously investigated traditional RE artifacts. This analysis shows that artifacts resulting from agile activities cover key requirements information, but the level of detail is often less than in traditional RE artifacts. In order to better understand possible implications, we conducted interviews and a survey with agile team members. Initial results reveal that, for example, less detailed documentation leads to problems like product inconsistencies in agile settings. Moreover, we gained first insights into the relevance of RE-related agile artifacts for activities like architecture design, user interface design and testing.
Outcome of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus infection in the liver transplant recipient

BACKGROUND In many transplant centres lamivudine is an important component of prophylaxis against, and treatment of, hepatitis B virus (HBV) graft infection. Drug resistant HBV species with specific polymerase mutations may emerge during lamivudine treatment. AIMS To examine the clinical consequences of graft infection by lamivudine resistant virus. METHODS The clinical course of four liver transplant patients who developed graft infection with lamivudine resistant virus was reviewed. The response of HBV infection to reduction of immunosuppression and to manipulation of antiviral therapy was assessed. For each patient, serum viral titre was measured and the viral polymerase gene was sequenced at multiple time points. RESULTS High serum titres were observed following emergence of the lamivudine resistant species. Wild type HBV re-emerged as the dominant serum species after lamivudine withdrawal. All patients developed liver failure, and onset of liver dysfunction was observed when resistant virus was the dominant serum species. In three patients, liver recovery was observed when immunosuppression was stopped and when alternative antivirals were given. Wild type virus appeared to respond to ganciclovir, and to reintroduction of lamivudine. For one patient, introduction of famciclovir was associated with clinical, virological, and histological response. CONCLUSIONS Failure of lamivudine prophylaxis may identify patients at special risk for the development of severe graft infection. Treatment of graft reinfection should include reduction of immunosuppression, and systematic exposure to alternative antivirals. Viral quantitation and genetic sequencing are essential components of therapeutic monitoring.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STEROIDS

The wide application, which GLC has found in the chemistry of steroidal compounds is reflected by an imposing number of publications. Although the greater part of these articles is related to the analysis of steroid hormones for clinical purposes, much work has also been done in the field of steroidal compounds, derived from botanical material. Thus, the GLC investigation of unsaponifiable matter in plant lipids has become a routine method for identification purposes [l-81. Other plant steroids which have been subjected to GLC: are sapogenins [9], cardiac glycosides [ lo, 111, steroidal amines [12] etc. One could conceive of many further examples, where the application of GLC would prove to be a very efficient substitute for the painstaking and time consuming work which until now is mostly done by more conventional methods. Rather than to go into details about the applications, this paper will give only a brief survey of current experimental methods.
Sharing the Loves: Understanding the How and Why of Online Content Curation

This paper looks at how and why users categorise and curate content into collections online, using datasets containing nearly all the relevant activities from Pinterest.com during January 2013, and Last.fm in December 2012. In addition, a user survey of over 25 Pinterest and 250 Last.fm users is used to obtain insights into the motivations for content curation and corroborate results. The data reveal that curation tends to focus on items that may not rank highly in popularity and search rankings. Yet, curated items exhibit their own skewed popularity, with the top few items receiving most of the attention; indicative of a synchronised community. We distinguish structured curation by active categorisation from a more passive bookmarking by `liking' an item, and find the former more prevalent for popularly curated items. Likes, however, are initially accumulated at a faster pace. Finally, we study the social value of content curation and show that curators attract more followers with consistent activity, and diversity of interests. Interestingly, our user study indicates a divided opinion on the relevance of the social network.
Patterns, sources and ecological implications of clonal diversity in apomictic Ranunculus carpaticola (Ranunculus auricomus complex, Ranunculaceae)

Sources and implications of genetic diversity in agamic complexes are still under debate. Population studies (amplified fragment length polymorphisms, microsatellites) and karyological methods (Feulgen DNA image densitometry and flow cytometry) were employed for characterization of genetic diversity and ploidy levels of 10 populations of Ranunculus carpaticola in central Slovakia. Whereas two diploid populations showed high levels of genetic diversity, as expected for sexual reproduction, eight populations are hexaploid and harbour lower degrees of genotypic variation, but maintain high levels of heterozygosity at many loci, as is typical for apomicts. Polyploid populations consist either of a single AFLP genotype or of one dominant and a few deviating genotypes. genotype/genodive and character incompatibility analyses suggest that genotypic variation within apomictic populations is caused by mutations, but in one population probably also by recombination. This local facultative sexuality may have a great impact on regional genotypic diversity. Two microsatellite loci discriminated genotypes separated by the accumulation of few mutations (‘clone mates’) within each AFLP clone. Genetic diversity is partitioned mainly among apomictic populations and is not geographically structured, which may be due to facultative sexuality and/or multiple colonizations of sites by different clones. Habitat differentiation and a tendency to inhabit artificial meadows is more pronounced in apomictic than in sexual populations. We hypothesize that maintenance of genetic diversity and superior colonizing abilities of apomicts in temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments are important for their distributional success.
Hot-Electron-Induced Degradation in BCB- and SiN-Passivated  $\hbox{Al}_{0.25}\hbox{Ga}_{0.75}\hbox{As/In}_{0.2}\hbox{Ga}_{0.8}\hbox{As}$ PHEMTs

In this paper, the hot-electron-induced degradation in Al0.25Ga0. 75As/In0.2Ga0. 8As pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors passivated by low-k benzocyclobutene (BCB) has been investigated. Compared to the more commonly used silicon nitride (SiN), BCB has a lower dielectric constant and loss tangent and is becoming popular for passivation. However, its influence on the device hot-electron reliability has not been extensively studied so far. This paper examines the changes in the device dc drain-current, transconductance, and OFF-state breakdown voltages before and after hot-electron stress. For comparison purposes, the results for a device passivated using SiN have been included. The dominant mechanism that is responsible for the degradation in each technology has also been proposed and explained.