Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of reverse and forward bias absorption and gain spectra in semiconductor laser material

A simple technique for measuring absorption and gain spectra under reverse and forward bias in a two section semiconductor laser is described. Results are presented for an AlGaAs/GaAs multiquantum well laser. For reverse bias, exciton broadening and shifting are observed; and for forward bias, relative gain spectra are measured.
B Cells in Breast Cancer Pathology

Simple Summary B cells in the tumour microenvironment and lymph nodes have affirmed their role in breast cancer pathology. Multiplex imaging, single cell, and spatial transcriptomics of cancer patients’ breast carcinomas and lymph nodes have illustrated the diversity and spatial context of B cells in this disease. Their anti-tumoural and pro-tumoural functions make B cells an attractive research area to improve chemo- and immuno-therapy responses for breast cancer patients. Abstract B cells have recently become a focus in breast cancer pathology due to their influence on tumour regression, prognosis, and response to treatment, besides their contribution to antigen presentation, immunoglobulin production, and regulation of adaptive responses. As our understanding of diverse B cell subsets in eliciting both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in breast cancer patients increases, it has become pertinent to address the molecular and clinical relevance of these immune cell populations within the tumour microenvironment (TME). At the primary tumour site, B cells are either found spatially dispersed or aggregated in so-called tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). In axillary lymph nodes (LNs), B cell populations, amongst a plethora of activities, undergo germinal centre reactions to ensure humoral immunity. With the recent approval for the addition of immunotherapeutic drugs as a treatment option in the early and metastatic settings for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, B cell populations or TLS may resemble valuable biomarkers for immunotherapy responses in certain breast cancer subgroups. New technologies such as spatially defined sequencing techniques, multiplex imaging, and digital technologies have further deciphered the diversity of B cells and the morphological structures in which they appear in the tumour and LNs. Thus, in this review, we comprehensively summarise the current knowledge of B cells in breast cancer. In addition, we provide a user-friendly single-cell RNA-sequencing platform, called “B singLe cEll rna-Seq browSer” (BLESS) platform, with a focus on the B cells in breast cancer patients to interrogate the latest publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing data collected from diverse breast cancer studies. Finally, we explore their clinical relevance as biomarkers or molecular targets for future interventions.
Convective Inhibition, Subgrid-Scale Triggering Energy, and Stratiform Instability in a Toy Tropical Wave Model

A toy model of large-scale deep convection variations is constructed around a radiative‐convective equilibrium climate, with an observed mean sounding as its thermodynamic basic state. Vertical structure is truncated at two modes, excited by convective (one-signed) and stratiform (two-signed) heating processes in tropical deep convection. Separate treatments of deep and shallow convection are justified by observations that deep convection is more variable. Deep convection intensity is assumed to be modulated by convective available potential energy (CAPE), while occurrence frequency is modulated by the ratio of convective inhibition (CIN) to ‘‘triggering energy’’ K, a scalar representing the intensity of subgrid-scale fluctuations. Deep convective downdrafts cool and dry the boundary layer but also increase K. Variations of K make the relationship between convection and thermodynamic variables (CAPE, CIN, ue) nonunique and amplify the deep convective response to temperature waves of small (;18C) amplitude. For a parameter set in which CAPE variations control convection, moist convective damping destroys all variability. When CIN/K variations have dominant importance (the ‘‘inhibition-controlled’’ regime), a mechanism termed ‘‘stratiform instability’’ generates large-scale waves. This mechanism involves lower-tropospheric cooling by stratiform precipitation, which preferentially occurs where the already cool lower troposphere favors deep convection, via smaller CIN. Stratiform instability has two subregimes, based on the relative importance of the two opposite effects of downdrafts: When boundary layer ue reduction (a local negative feedback) is stronger, small-scale waves with frequency based on the boundary layer recovery time are preferred. When the K-generation effect (positive feedback) is stronger, very large scales (low wavenumbers of the domain) develop. A mixture of these scales occurs for parameter choices based on observations. Model waves resemble observed waves, with a phase speed ; 20 ms 21 (near the dry wave speed of the second internal mode), and a ‘‘cold boomerang’’ vertical temperature structure. Although K exhibits ‘‘quasi-equilibrium’’ with other convection variables (correlations . 0.99), replacing the prognostic K equation with diagnostic equations based on these relationships can put the model into wildly different regimes, if small time lags indicative of causality are distorted. The response of model convection to climatological spatial anomalies of ue (proxy for SST) and K (proxy for orographic and coastal triggering) is considered. Higher SST tends broadly to favor convection under either CAPE-controlled or inhibition-controlled regimes, but there are dynamical embellishments in the inhibition-controlled regime. The Kelvin wave seems to be the preferred structure when the model is run on a uniform equatorial b plane.
A new synergistic strategy for ranking restaurant locations: A decision-making approach based on the hexagonal fuzzy numbers

This research addresses the problem of restaurant locations ranking with applications for a cosmopolitan big city like Kolkata, India. A restaurant selection is based on occasions, spending capability, environment, location, comfort, quality of the food etc. In this research paper an exhaustive set of factors and sub-factors is taken into consideration to select and rank restaurants situated at different locations in the city of Kolkata with a population of around fifteen million. The ranking of restaurants depends on complex, conflicting qualitative attributes. In the paper Hexagonal Fuzzy Numbers (HFN) have been used to suitably depict the imprecise uncertain environment. HFN, its distance measure and defuzzification have been applied to deal with the hesitancy and impreciseness of the decision makers. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tool to obtain factors and sub-factors weights. TOPSIS and COPRAS methods were used for ranking different restaurant locations. Using comparative analysis it is shown that HFN with the TOPSIS and COPRAS method gives better result than other fuzzy numbers. The sensitivity analysis portion also gives a direction for taking a suitable decision in different possible scenario.
Opportunities and challenges of integrated report based on the principles of dialogic accounting and the engagement of stakeholders

The study aimed to identify the opportunities and challenges in the development of Integrated Reporting based on the principles of dialogic accounting and to analyze the elements related to engagement with stakeholders. An analogy was made between the principles of dialogic accounting and integrated reporting and a content analysis in the reports evidenced by the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento, referring to the years 2018 to 2020. The following opportunities were identified: engagement with stakeholders, provision of accounts and transparency and improved dialogue. And as challenges: understanding the content. Furthermore, it was understood that the bank appreciates the engagement with its stakeholders and presents non-financial information providing a scenario for the development of dialogic accounting and integrated reporting.
Pattern–mixture and selection models for analysing longitudinal data with monotone missing patterns

Summary. We examine three pattern–mixture models for making inference about parameters of the distribution of an outcome of interest Y that is to be measured at the end of a longitudinal study when this outcome is missing in some subjects. We show that these pattern–mixture models also have an interpretation as selection models. Because these models make unverifiable assumptions, we recommend that inference about the distribution of Y be repeated under a range of plausible assumptions. We argue that, of the three models considered, only one admits a parameterization that facilitates the examination of departures from the assumption of sequential ignorability. The three models are nonparametric in the sense that they do not impose restrictions on the class of observed data distributions. Owing to the curse of dimensionality, the assumptions that are encoded in these models are sufficient for identification but not for inference. We describe additional flexible and easily interpretable assumptions under which it is possible to construct estimators that are well behaved with moderate sample sizes. These assumptions define semiparametric models for the distribution of the observed data. We describe a class of estimators which, up to asymptotic equivalence, comprise all the consistent and asymptotically normal estimators of the parameters of interest under the postulated semiparametric models. We illustrate our methods with the analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial of contracepting women.
Biosensing Technologies: A Focus Review on Recent Advancements in Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission

In the past decade, novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Recently, metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). While the process parameters and conditions to realize optimum coupling efficiency between the radiating dipoles and the plasmon polaritons in SPCE framework have been extensively discussed, the utility of disruptive nano-engineering over the SPCE platform and analogous interfaces such as ‘ferroplasmon-on-mirror (FPoM)’ as well as an alternative technology termed ‘photonic crystal-coupled emission (PCCE)’ have been seldom reviewed. In light of these observations, in this focus review, the myriad nano-engineering protocols developed over the SPCE, FPoM and PCCE platform are succinctly captured, presenting an emphasis on the recently developed cryosoret nano-assembly technology for photo-plasmonic hotspot generation (first to fourth). These technologies and associated sensing platforms are expected to ameliorate the current biosensing modalities with better understanding of the biophysicochemical processes and related outcomes at advanced micro-nano-interfaces. This review is hence envisaged to present a broad overview of the latest developments in SPCE substrate design and development for interdisciplinary applications that are of relevance in environmental as well as biological heath monitoring.
Microbiome in urological diseases: Axis crosstalk and bladder disorders

Since the identification of the human urinary microbiome, numerous studies have characterized this microbial community and improved our knowledge of its association with urinary diseases. This association between urinary diseases and microbiota is not confined to the urinary microbiota; it is interconnected with the microbiota of other organs. The gastrointestinal, vaginal, kidney, and bladder microbiota all affect urinary diseases because they work with their respective organs to control the growth and operation of the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems through dynamic bidirectional communication along the bladder-centered axis. Therefore, disturbances in the microbial communities may result in the emergence of urinary diseases. In this review, we describe the increasing and intriguing evidence of complicated and critical relationships that may contribute to the development and progression of urinary diseases through disruption of the microbiota in various organs.
Triaxial search coil measurements of ELF waves in the plasmasphere: Initial results from EXOS‐D

Triaxial search coil measurements of ELF waves in the frequency range below 50 Hz have been made with the polar orbiting satellite, EXOS-D (AKEBONO), in the plasmasphere. Single component electric field measurements were also obtained along with measurements of the magnetic field. A survey of realtime telemetry data received for the period of March - October, 1989 reveals the existence of variety of plasma waves in the frequency range around ion gyrofrequencies near the equatorial region of the plasmasphere. Electromagnetic noises with a multi-band structure were observed mostly above the local helium gyro-frequency (f{sub He{sup +}}), in the region of L values of 1.5{approximately}2.5. Multi-band ELF emission are common in the daytime and were observed in 49 out of 250 orbits examined here. Another type of electromagnetic ELF waves with a broad-band spectrum are also observed in the frequency range above the helium gyrofrequency in 10 orbits. Both types of wave spectra extend above the local proton gyrofrequency, but no absorption effect is observed at the local proton gyrofrequency. The electric field measurements clearly show spectral cut-off for both of these two types of waves near f {equals} (1.3{approximately}2.5) f{sub He{sup +}}. On the other hand, several spectral bands sometimesmore » appear between the helium and oxygen gyrofrequencies in magnetic field components of multi-band emissions. « less
Development of Tofacitinib Loaded pH-Responsive Chitosan/Mucin Based Hydrogel Microparticles: In-Vitro Characterization and Toxicological Screening

Tofacitinib is an antirheumatic drug characterized by a short half-life and poor permeability, which necessitates the development of sustained release formulation with enhanced permeability potential. To achieve this goal, the free radical polymerization technique was employed to develop mucin/chitosan copolymer methacrylic acid (MU-CHI-Co-Poly (MAA))-based hydrogel microparticles. The developed hydrogel microparticles were characterized for EDX, FTIR, DSC, TGA, X-ray diffraction, SEM, drug loading; equilibrium swelling (%), in vitro drug release, sol–gel (%) studies, size and zeta potential, permeation, anti-arthritic activities, and acute oral toxicity studies. FTIR studies revealed the incorporation of the ingredients into the polymeric network, while EDX studies depicted the successful loading of tofacitinib into the network. The thermal analysis confirmed the heat stability of the system. SEM analysis displayed the porous structure of the hydrogels. Gel fraction showed an increasing tendency (74–98%) upon increasing the concentrations of the formulation ingredients. Formulations coated with Eudragit (2% w/w) and sodium lauryl sulfate (1% w/v) showed increased permeability. The formulations equilibrium swelling (%) increased (78–93%) at pH 7.4. Maximum drug loading and release (%) of (55.62–80.52%) and (78.02–90.56%), respectively, were noticed at pH 7.4, where the developed microparticles followed zero-order kinetics with case II transport. Anti-inflammatory studies revealed a significant dose-dependent decrease in paw edema in the rats. Oral toxicity studies confirmed the biocompatibility and non-toxicity of the formulated network. Thus, the developed pH-responsive hydrogel microparticles seem to have the potential to enhance permeability and control the delivery of tofacitinib for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Electrodeposition of Pd nanoparticles on single-walled carbon nanotubes for flexible hydrogen sensors

Single-walled carbon nanotubes on thin plastic substrates have been decorated with Pd nanoparticles through a simple electrochemical deposition process and have been used to fabricate high-performance hydrogen sensors with excellent mechanical flexibility. The typical flexible sensors exhibit sensitivity (i.e., the change of resistance) of ∼75% for 0.05% hydrogen in air and response time of ∼3s for 1% hydrogen at room temperature. The performance of the as-fabricated devices keeps essentially unchanged even when they are bent to curving profile with bending radius of 7.5mm and after they are operated for 2000cycles of bending/relaxing.
Security Establishment in ADS-B by Format-Preserving Encryption and Blockchain Schemes

In the next generation modernization plan, the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) system plays a pivotal role. However, the ADS-B’s low level of security and its vulnerabilities have raised valid concerns. The main objectives of this paper are to highlight the limitations of legacy ADS-B systems and to assess the feasibility of using Format-preserving (F), Feistel-based encryption (F), with multiple implementation variances (X) (FFX) algorithms, for enhancing ADS-B’s security. The offered solution is implemented in a standard software-defined radio (SDR) ADS-B to be utilized in real-time applications. Furthermore, a new proposed blockchain scheme is used as a secured database to manage the cipher key. The metric of message entropy is used to assess an algorithm’s ability to confuse and diffuse predictable ADS-B messages; correlation and serial correlation of plain data and cipher data are deployed to evaluate the proposed method’s security level. The authors provide both MATLAB simulations and flight test outcomes to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Based on our security analysis, ADS-B information can be kept confidential through our scheme. The performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed scheme is achievable, compatible, and efficient for the avionics industry.
Genetic Diversity of Autosomal STR Markers in the Brahmin Population of Rajasthan and Haryana: Significance in Population and Forensic Genetics

The aim of the study is to evaluate the suitability of STRs for molecular characterization and forensic applications in unrelated Brahmins of Rajasthan and Haryana states, India. Materials and Methods A total of 203 male DNA samples from various districts of Haryana (n=104) and Rajasthan (n=99) were genotyped using the GlobalFiler® PCR Amplification Kit. Allelic frequencies and different forensic parameters like PD, PE, PIC, PM, Ho, He, UHe, and TPI were calculated with different software. Results More than 200 alleles were present in both populations, ranging from 6.0 to 35.2 and SE33 was the most polymorphic marker. The combined power of discrimination was 1. To know the relatedness with other Indian Brahmin populations, the UPGMA dendrogram and principal component analysis plot were visualized to show that both populations are close to each other and in nearby Saraswat Brahmins of Himachal Pradesh. This study showed a genetic relationship and forensic examination in the Haryana and Rajasthan Brahmin populations and various ethno-linguistically diverse populations of India. Conclusion The results imply that the highly polymorphic 21 autosomal STR loci might be applied for individuals’ forensic identification and parentage testing. This study also suggests that the kit having both autosomal and Y-STR markers is appropriate for a better understanding of the genetic and forensic examination in the Brahmin population of Haryana and Rajasthan.
Torque Ripple Reduction of BLDC Motor with a Low-Cost Fast-Response Direct DC-Link Current Control

In this article, a new low-cost direct DC-link current control (DDLCC) is proposed for the brushless direct current motors. The newly proposed DDLCC method has a fast dynamic torque response analogous to the direct torque control (DTC) method. Additionally, torque ripple reduction between two consequent commutations, the standstill and low-speed operation, the low-cost drive, and the reliability enhancement are provided by the proposed DDLCC method compared with the DTC method. Transferring the motor variables to the stationary or synchronous reference frame, which leads to having a high computational burden, is not required in this method. A simple derivative-based (SDB) method is proposed as well to provide the torque ripple without its dc offset value. The commutation interval is easily detected by a two-level hysteresis controller, and the commutation torque ripple is suppressed by applying the appropriate voltage vectors. Both the DDLCC and SDB methods are analyzed and then compared with some of the available DTC methods. Finally, the validity and performance of all analyzed methods are appraised by simulation and experimental results.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Fruit Shape-Related Traits in Areca catechu

The areca palm (Areca catechu L.) is one of the most economically important palm trees in tropical areas. To inform areca breeding programs, it is critical to characterize the genetic bases of the mechanisms that regulate areca fruit shape and to identify candidate genes related to fruit-shape traits. However, few previous studies have mined candidate genes associated with areca fruit shape. Here, the fruits produced by 137 areca germplasms were divided into three categories (spherical, oval, and columnar) based on the fruit shape index. A total of 45,094 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified across the 137 areca cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the areca cultivars into four subgroups. A genome-wide association study that used a mixed linear model identified the 200 loci that were the most significantly associated with fruit-shape traits in the germplasms. In addition, 86 candidate genes associated with areca fruit-shape traits were further mined. Among the proteins encoded by these candidate genes were UDP-glucosyltransferase 85A2, the ABA-responsive element binding factor GBF4, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH1, and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERECTA. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the gene that encoded UDP-glycosyltransferase, UGT85A2, was significantly upregulated in columnar fruits as compared to spherical and oval fruits. The identification of molecular markers that are closely related to fruit-shape traits not only provides genetic data for areca breeding, but it also provides new insights into the shape formation mechanisms of drupes.
Image‐based modelling and analysis of microstructures for two‐scale problems in geomechanics

This paper focuses on the geometry modelling and numerical analysis of microstructures of geomaterials employing the concept of image‐based engineering. The novel modelling and analysis techniques with digital images are incorporated with the mathematical homogenization method to study the interaction between individual phases, each of whose shape and spatial distribution are irregular. Owing to the distinctive features of these computational techniques, the evaluation of homogenized properties for geomaterials provides the reliable information about the micro‐ or macroscopic mechanical behaviours for engineering practice. It is, naturally, inevitable that engineers' demands on safety and efficient design place emphasis on quantitative estimates for these values. Thus, calibration accompanied with actual measurements comes within the scope of this study so that these properties would be realistic and practical from the engineering viewpoints. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.