Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Irving Fisher and the Red Guards

The "social contradiction," which Mao states in vague terms, can be more precisely expressed by the economist. In a world where more than one individual wants the same scarce resources, competition is implied. Hence, there arises among competing individuals the conflict of who gets how much of what, and it is essential to establish some rules for competition known as property rights. On this Mao and the economist agree. But the economist postulates, among other things, that the individual behaves so as to maximize wealth or utility subject to the property right constraint. Given the constrained maximization, economic theory derives different implications for income distribution and resource allocation from different systems of property rights. If we ignore problems of transaction cost, the constraint of private property rights leads to a set of equilibrium conditions which define economic efficiency. The attributes of private property are exclusive and transferable resource rights. Hence the market, which gives and takes away, is one criterion for solving the people's conflict. Consider the following: (1) postulates on individual behavior (preference functions), (2) private ownership of resources (one specific opportunity set), and (3) efficient resource allocation (some implied outputs given the objects of choice). Basically, Mao wants (3). Influenced by Marx's labor theory of value, however, Mao sees the people's conflict in (2). In doing away with (2), he disagrees with the economist on (1), in the belief that dialectical materialism will bail him out.
No evidence of contagious yawning in the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria

Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it is the result of non-conscious mimicry emerging through close links between perception and action or that it is the result of empathy, involving the ability to engage in mental state attribution. This set of experiments sought to distinguish between these hypotheses by examining conta- gious yawning in a species that is unlikely to show nonconscious mimicry and empathy but does respond to social stimuli: the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria. A demonstrator tortoise was conditioned to yawn when presented with a red square-shaped stimulus. Observer tortoises were exposed to three conditions: observation of conditioned yawn, non demonstra- tion control, and stimulus only control. We measured the number of yawns for each observer animal in each condition. There was no difference between conditions. Experiment 2 therefore increased the number of conditioned yawns presented. Again, there was no significant difference between conditions. It seemed plausible that the tortoises did not view the conditioned yawn as a real yawn and therefore a final experiment was run using video recorded stimuli. The observer tortoises were presented with three conditions: real yawn, conditioned yawns and empty background. Again there was no significant difference between conditions. We therefore conclude that the red-footed tortoise does not yawn in response to observing a conspecific yawn. This suggests that contagious yawning is not the result of a fixed action pattern but may involve more complex social processes (Current Zoology 57 (4): 477-484, 2011).
Graph theoretical modeling of brain connectivity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, there has been an explosion of studies on network modeling of brain connectivity. This review will focus mainly on recent findings concerning graph theoretical analysis of human brain networks with a variety of imaging modalities, including structural MRI, diffusion MRI, functional MRI, and EEG/MEG. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have utilized graph theoretical approaches to investigate the organizational principles of brain networks. These studies have consistently shown many important statistical properties underlying the topological organization of the human brain, including modularity, small-worldness, and the existence of highly connected network hubs. Importantly, these quantifiable network properties were found to change during normal development, aging, and various neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Moreover, several studies have also suggested that these network properties correlate with behavioral and genetic factors. SUMMARY The exciting research regarding graph theoretical analysis of brain connectivity yields truly integrative and comprehensive descriptions of the structural and functional organization of the human brain, which provides important implications for health and disease. Future research will most likely involve integrative models of brain structural and functional connectivity with multimodal neuroimaging data, exploring whether graph-based brain network analysis could yield reliable biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment.
Scorn, Not Just Rejection: Attitudes toward Evolution in Egypt

Middle Eastern countries have some of the highest percentages of citizens that reject evolution, presumably due in large part to the impact of religious fundamentalism and the deeply rooted belief in creationism (Hameed 2008). These societies are characterized by the prevalence of rigorism, adherence to a system of strict moral rules and beliefs that are applied to all people at all times (Crisp 1999). In religiously rigorist societies, the more religion-agreeable course of action is favored in cases of doubt. In the Muslim world, Islamic rigorists often work to prevent proper education of the most important and unifying theory in biology—evolution—by misrepresenting it to students and public. Here we will argue that cultural milieu rather than the mere (mis)understanding of evolutionary theory is the main stumbling block for acceptance of evolution among Egyptians. Further, we will draw parallels to the situations in both Turkey and the United States.
Seasonal variability of stratospheric methane: implications for constraining tropospheric methane budgets using total column observations

Global and regional methane budgets are markedly uncertain. Conventionally, estimates of methane sources are derived by bridging emissions inventories with atmospheric observations employing chemical transport models. The accuracy of this approach requires correctly simulating advection and chemical loss such that modeled methane concentrations scale with surface fluxes. When total column measurements are assimilated into this framework, modeled stratospheric methane introduces additional potential for error. To evaluate the impact of such errors, we compare Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and GEOS-Chem total and tropospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of methane. We find that the model's stratospheric contribution to the total column is insensitive to perturbations to the seasonality or distribution of tropospheric emissions or loss. In the Northern Hemisphere, we identify disagreement between the measured and modeled stratospheric contribution, which increases as the tropopause altitude decreases, and a temporal phase lag in the model's tropospheric seasonality driven by transport errors. Within the context of GEOS-Chem, we find that the errors in tropospheric advection partially compensate for the stratospheric methane errors, masking inconsistencies between the modeled and measured tropospheric methane. These seasonally varying errors alias into source attributions resulting from model inversions. In particular, we suggest that the tropospheric phase lag error leads to large misdiagnoses of wetland emissions in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Japanese cost management meets Sri Lankan politics: Disappearance and reappearance of bureaucratic management controls in a privatised utility

The Sri Lanka Telecommunications company was recently partially privatised and a major Japanese company became responsible for its management. Previously, it was a government department characterised by rule bound, bureaucratic management and political interventions into operational issues. The longitudinal study illustrates how a Japanese manager's charismatic and patrimonial leadership eliminated bureaucratic controls, brought new management controls and reward systems, and achieved some commercial success. However, some employees unsympathetic to the changes allied with politicians frustrated with their exclusion from organisational affairs to get the Japanese manager removed and restore formal bureaucracy. This was achieved not through direct intervention but largely through the politicians' control of the regulatory system. Conflicts between the two competing management control ideologies were profound and violent. The paper traces how modes of production and management accounting and controls in less developed countries are related, and are transformed in an unpredictable and often unexpected fashion due to cultural, economic, and political factors.
Total quality management—the critical success factors

This article examines the key elements of TQM and the critical factors that influence the TQM implementation process. An extensive literature survey suggests that there are eight critical TQM factors. A survey was carried out to evaluate the experiences of a range of organizations against the identified critical factors. The survey indicated that the eight critical factors can be arranged in a hierarchy of criticality. Management behaviour is the most important critical factor.
Long-Term Anatomical and Functional Results in Patients Undergoing Observation for Idiopathic Nontractional Epiretinal Membrane

Purpose To evaluate the anatomical and functional course without surgical intervention in patients with nontractional epiretinal membrane (ERM) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in a long-term follow-up of 38.2 ± 30.6 months. Methods Participants were 58 patients with nontractional ERM, which was defined as a tear or rip of the ERM in at least one line of OCT scan. All patients were observed without any surgical intervention. All patients underwent ophthalmologic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, funduscopy, and SD-OCT. Routine follow-up visits were performed every 6 months or earlier at the discretion of the investigator. Results There was no statistically significant difference in BCVA or central foveal thickness (CFT) at all time points of the follow-up. About 84.4% of patients presented improvement or stabilization in BCVA at the end of the follow-up, while 53.4% of patients had a decrease in CFT. All patients had intact ellipsoid zone and none of them needed surgical intervention at the end of the follow-up of 38.2 ± 30.6 months. Conclusions In patients with nontractional ERM, BCVA and CFT may remain stable in a long-term follow-up. Therefore, if ellipsoid zone is intact and there is a tear or rip of ERM in at least one OCT scan, patients can be monitored and surgery may be deferred because of high percentage of structural and functional stability.
The Commission’s internal conditions for social re-regulation: Market efficiency and wider social goals in setting the rules for financial services in Europe

The European Union is often considered as a prime example of a liberal regulatory state. We argue, however, that being limited to the regulatory policy does not prevent the European Commission from pursuing political aims going beyond market efficiency. We draw up two ideal-type perspectives of market regulation – being either efficiency or equality enhancing – that differ systematically in terms of rationale, degree of intervention, patterns of stakeholder access and conflict within the regulator. We trace these aspects in three financial services initiatives on the registration and supervision of reinsurers, equal treatment in financial services and the regulation of consumer credit. Our analyses suggest that there is scope for equality-enhancing re-regulation when proactive agents proceed decidedly on the basis of social-treaty concerns and frame regulatory beneficiaries as market participants as well as when they seek the redistribution of rights instead of resources.
Uncoupling of IL-2 Signaling from Cell Cycle Progression in Naive CD4+ T Cells by Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T Lymphocytes1

Prior reports have shown that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress naive T cell responses by inhibiting IL-2 production. In this report, using an Ag-specific TCR transgenic system, we show that naive T cells stimulated with cognate Ag in the presence of preactivated CD4+CD25+ T cells also become refractory to the mitogenic effects of IL-2. T cells stimulated in the presence of regulatory T cells up-regulated high affinity IL-2R, but failed to produce IL-2, express cyclins or c-Myc, or exit G0-G1. Exogenous IL-2 failed to break the mitotic block, demonstrating that the IL-2 production failure was not wholly responsible for the proliferation defect. This IL-2 unresponsiveness did not require the continuous presence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. The majority of responder T cells reisolated after coculture with regulatory cells failed to proliferate in response to IL-2, but were not anergic and proliferated in response to Ag. The mitotic block was also dissociated from the antiapoptotic effects of IL-2, because IL-2 still promoted the survival of T cells that had been cocultured with CD4+CD25+ T cells. IL-2-induced STAT5 phosphorylation in the cocultured responder cells was intact, implying that the effects of the regulatory cells were downstream of receptor activation. Our results therefore show that T cell activation in the presence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells can induce an alternative stimulation program characterized by up-regulation of high affinity IL-2R, but a failure to produce IL-2, and uncoupling of the mitogenic and antiapoptotic effects of IL-2.
Factors Affecting Systematic Risk in the US Restaurant Industry

This study examines the effects of the financial ratios on systematic risk in the restaurant industry. The effects of those determinants on risk were also compared between the quick-service and full-service segments. The study used 58 publicly traded restaurant firms listed in COMPUSTAT within the category of eating and drinking places (SIC code 5812). To explain systematic risk, six financial variables were included in the study: profitability, leverage, efficiency, liquidity, growth and firm size. The most significant financial variables that affect systematic risk were profitability (return on investment), leverage and liquidity.
Illegitimate recombination mediated in vitro by DNA gyrase of Escherichia coli: structure of recombinant DNA molecules.

We have developed a cell-free system from Escherichia coli for studying illegitimate recombination between nonhomologous DNA molecules. The recombination is stimulated by oxolinic acid, an inhibitor of DNA gyrase. The stimulation is abolished by coumermycin A1 and is not found in extracts of nalidixic acid-resistant (gyrA) mutants. We therefore inferred that DNA gyrase directly participates in illegitimate recombination, at least in the presence of oxolinic acid [Ikeda, H. , Moriya, K. & Matsumoto, T. (1981) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 45, 399--408]. The structure of recombinant DNA molecules formed in the presence of oxolinic acid from a cross between phage lambda and plasmid pBR322 DNAs was analyzed by heteroduplex mapping. Among nine isolates tested, two recombinants were formed by the insertion of the plasmid into the lambda genome. The seven other recombinants had more complicated genome structures. Insertion of pBR322 was accompanied by a deletion on one of the genomes. In all cases, the end points of deletions coincided with one end of the pBR322 insertion. Recombination sites seemed to be distributed randomly on the lambda and pBR322 genomes. Analysis of nucleotide sequences of the recombination junctions proved that the crossover took place between nonhomologous DNA sequences. A model for DNA gyrase-mediated illegitimate recombination is discussed.
Defining “Third Force” Activity: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Eugene de Kock

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Economic Globalization and Industrial Pollution

Abstract In order to study the relationship between economic globalization and industrial pollution, this paper developed the theoretical framework and used simultaneous equations. The result shows that economic globalization has influences on the industrial pollution mainly by the direct effect of scale, structure and technology as well as the indirect effect of income and policy. Considering all the factors, economic globalization, especially foreign direct investment (FDI), will reduce industrial pollution, in which technology spillover effect plays an important role.
Personality changes in the aged

ABSTRACT– As part of a comprehensive epidemiological study in the elderly the Eysenck Personality Inventory was administered to 70‐, 75‐ and 79‐year‐old samples. Extraversion and Lie scores were approximately normally distributed whereas Neuroticism was positively skewed. There was a negative correlation between Lie‐scale and Neuroticism. Norms for EPI scores in 70‐year‐olds are presented. Transectional comparisons with 50‐year‐old samples showed that in 70‐year‐olds Extraversion was lower in both sexes, Neuroticism was higher in females, and Lie scores were higher in both sexes. Between 70 and 79 years of age Neuroticism scores were progressively lower for males, which may be explained by selective mortality. Females scored significantly higher than males on Neuroticism in all four age groups. Subjects with lower intelligence scored higher on Extraversion and Neuroticism than subjects with higher intelligence. Subjects with mild‐moderate dementias and with neurotic conditions scored higher on Neuroticism than subjects with no diagnosis. There were also some differences associated with subjective age, sexual activity and survival, indicating that subjects who were more vital in these respects scored higher on Extraversion and lower on Neuroticism.
Stock Price Anomalies Subsequent to Stock Split Announcements: Japanese Evidences

This study examines the existence of stock price anomalies subsequent to stock split announcements through event study methodology and analyzes the determinants of the abnormal returns through cross-section regressions. We found strongly positive reactions to more than 500 announcements on average and tested hypothesis that the returns had positive relationship to the split ratios holding size and profitability fixed. The Commercial Law revision in 2001 made stock split decisions easy to use by firms. On the other hand, that brought about a side-effect of considerable degree of price appreciations caused by limits of arbitrage.
Implementing the balanced scorecard in the mechanical industry: evidence from a case study

The objective of this study is twofold. First, to develop a balanced scorecard (BSC) model designed and delimited for firms belonging to the mechanical industry, and in particular to the agricultural machinery field. Second, to show how BSC can be implemented successfully for small-medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in that market field. To this purpose, through a combination of literature analysis, Delphi technique and case study-based research, we design a measurement instrument that includes all appropriate variables, financial and non-financial, starting from the classical structure of the BSC. A case study with an SME belonging to the above-mentioned industry shows how the tool developed can be effectively implemented. Results demonstrate the successful application of BSC for a SME, whose sales growth, after the implementation of BSC, has doubled the industry average, and offer managerial insights and guidelines for similar implementations. The constructed indicators could serve as a reference for the mechanical industry to establish applicable performance appraisal indicators.
Evidence of increased secretion of apolipoprotein B-48-containing lipoproteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes Published, JLR Papers in Press, March 3, 2007.

Patients with type 2 diabetes have high levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), including apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48)-containing TRLs of intestinal origin, but the mechanism leading to overaccumulation of these lipoproteins remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the in vivo kinetics of TRL apoB-48 and VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL apoB-100 in type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 11) and nondiabetic controls (n = 13) using a primed-constant infusion of l-[5,5,5-D3]leucine for 12 h in the fed state. Diabetic subjects had significantly higher fasting glycemia, higher fasting insulinemia, higher plasma triglyceride, and lower HDL-cholesterol levels than controls. Compared with controls, diabetic subjects had increased TRL apoB-48, VLDL apoB-100, and IDL apoB-100 pool sizes as a result of increased production rates (PRs) and reduced fractional catabolic rates of these lipoprotein subfractions. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the diabetic/control status was an independent predictor of TRL apoB-48 PR and represented nearly 35% of its variance. These results suggest that the overaccumulation of TRLs seen in patients with type 2 diabetes is attributable to increased PRs of both intestinally derived apoB-48-containing lipoproteins and TRL apoB-100 of hepatic origin and to decreased catabolism of these subfractions.
Who did worse? a comparison of US and British non–white unemployment 1970–1998

US and British unemployment rates for non–white males and females are compared over the period 1970–1998. Whereas US rates remained fairly steady, there was a marked increase in British non–white unemployment rates. The reasons for this poor performance, relative to the good performance of US non–whites are explored. It is shown that non–white unemployment behaves in different ways across the two countries. For example, British rates rise faster in a recession than white rates, whereas US rates appear not to follow this British hypercyclical pattern.
Combinative Effects of Innovation Types and Organizational Performance: A Longitudinal Study of Service Organizations

Innovation research suggests that innovation types have different attributes, determinants, and effects. This study focuses on consequences of adoption of three types of innovation (service, technological process, and administrative process) in service organizations. Its main thesis is that the impact of innovation on organizational performance depends on compositions of innovation types over time. We examine this proposition by analysing innovative activity in a panel of 428 public service organizations in the UK over four years. Our findings suggest that focus on adopting a specific type of innovation every year is detrimental, consistency in adopting the same composition of innovation types over the years has no effect, and divergence from the industry norm in adopting innovation types could possibly be beneficial to organizational performance. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory and research on innovation types.