Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial interpolation of daily rainfall stochastic generation parameters over East Africa

Downscaling seasonal rainfall predictions to daily time-scale, for crop yield simulation for instance, can be performed using stochastic generators (SGs). The spatial interpolation of the SG parameters is required to generate rainfall time-series at ungauged places. A methodology is defined which makes use of topography to interpolate these parameters, in a region with a rugged terrain covering Kenya and north-eastern Tanzania. A first-order Markov chain was used to model rainfall occurrence, and a gamma distribution was used to model amounts. The 2 para meters of the Markov models, p01 and p11, and the 2 parameters of the gamma distribution are computed at 121 stations. The Kolmogorov −Smirnov test for goodness-of-fit shows that 88% (99%) of the stations and months have their dry (wet) spell frequencies successfully reproduced by first-order Markov chains, and two-third of the stations have their daily amounts satisfactorily fitted by the gamma distribution. Local regression, using elevation as the predictor and weighting stations according to distance from the target pixel and to environmental variables, is used to interpolate the 4 SG para meters. Cross-validation indicates that distance-weighted regression provides good estimates, but the inclusion of topographical variables (aspect in particular) improves the results further. The final maps show a strong orographic control of both the Markov and gamma parameters. However, while elevation has an effect on rainfall occurrence, rainfall intensity is more strongly related to local slope aspect, with eastward to southeastward oriented foothills and coastlines displaying the highest gamma scale values. These results suggest that a statistical disaggregation of daily rainfall is improved by taking explicitly into account topography through its effect on the spatial distribution of SG parameters.
A study of industrial agglomeration and co-location in China

In this thesis, we link the impacts of manufacturing activities to geographical location and examine the endogenous and exogenous factors that have a significant impact on economic performance of the manufacturing in mainland China. We demonstrate the geographic distribution through employing the agglomeration index and study the patterns of industrial agglomeration in mainland China and our case city. Moreover, we also examine the impacts of agglomeration by using various variables including ownership and export ratio. A comparison between the agglomeration results of mainland China and Tianjin which is our case city is also applied and an appropriate explanation is given. In the study from the impacts of natural disasters on manufacturing productions, we employ the wind-field model to estimate wind speed together with other weather indicators who have potential damages to the local economy. Our results show the different patterns of industrial agglomeration when make comparisons among mainland China, Tianjin and other developed countries. In the determinants of agglomeration analysis, ownership together with export and other variables show a significant impact on the industrial agglomeration. Typhoon, in general, has negative and short term impacts on the local economy. More labour and lower wage help to recover the production quickly in the coastal regions in China.
Catch statistics for belugas in West Greenland 1862 to 1999

Information and statistics including trade statistics on catches of white whales or belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ) in West Greenland since 1862 are presented. The period before 1952 was dominated by large catches south of 66o N that peaked with 1,380 reported kills in 1922. Catch levels in the past five decades are evaluated on the basis of official catch statistics, trade in mattak (whale skin), sampling of jaws and reports from local residents and other observers. Options are given for corrections of catch statistics based upon auxiliary statistics on trade of mattak, catches in previous decades for areas without reporting and on likely levels of loss rates in different hunting operations. The fractions of the reported catches that are caused by ice entrapments of whales are estimated. During 1954-1999 total reported catches ranged from 216 to 1,874 and they peaked around 1970. Correcting for underreporting and killed-but-lost whales increases the catch reports by 42% on average for 1954-1998. If the whales killed in ice entrapments are removed then the corrected catch estimate is on average 28% larger than the reported catches.
To What Extent Do Improved Practices Increase Productivity of Small-Scale Rice Cultivation in A Rain-fed Area? : Evidence from Tanzania

This paper investigates the impact of training provided by a large-scale private farm on the performance of surrounding small-scale rice farmers in a rain-fed area in Tanzania. We found that the training effectively enhances the adoption of improved rice cultivation practices, paddy yield, and profit of rice cultivation by small-holder farmers. In fact, the trainees achieve paddy yield of 5 tons per hectare on average, which is remarkably high for rain-fed rice cultivation. Our results suggest high potential of small-scale rain-fed lowland rice cultivation and extension services by private large scale farms.
Assessing satellite based PM2.5 estimates against CMAQ model forecasts

In this work, we focus on estimations of fine particulate matter using MODIS AOD as part of a neural network scheme and compare this to both simple linear regressions and GEOS-CHEM products. In making this comparison, it is well known the seasonal and geographical dependences observed in the PM2.5-AOD relationship; thus, to enhance our predictions, we apply WRF PBL information to our neural network method and assess its performance. As part of our analysis, we first explore the baseline effectiveness of AOD and PBL as strong factors in estimating PM2.5 in a local experiment using data collected at one site in New York City. Then, we expand our analysis to a regional domain where daily estimations are obtained based on site location and season. In our local test, we find the high efficiency of the neural network estimations when AOD, PBL and seasonality are primarily assessed (R~0.94 in summer). Later, we test our regional network and compare it with the GEOS-CHEM PM2.5 product. From this, we see better estimations from our experiment using urban/non-urban stations and applying different spatial schemes for training the neural network (RNN~0.80, RGEOS-CHEM~0.57 in an urban station with a distance radius of 0.1 degree; RNN~0.74, RGEOSCHEM~0.69 in a non-urban station with a distance radius of 0.3 degree). Finally, we create regional daily PM2.5 maps and compare them to GEOS-CHEM outputs, evaluating the corresponding estimations using ground readings.
Relocation of local earthquakes by seismic ray tracing

Seismic ray tracing is used to relocate a set of local earthquakes recorded by a dense seismic array in Bear Valley, California. The crustal velocity structure is two-dimensional and incorporates most of the known and inferred velocity differences in the region. Relocated hypocenters fall within the San Andreas fault zone, and P residuals, without elevation or station corrections, now appear to be more internally consistent in the rms sense. Ray takeoff angles and azimuths are distinctly different from those of a uniformly layered earth model. Focal mechanism solutions using only traced data are well determined and have few inconsistent data. Zones of convergence and divergence of rays suggest large variations in observed amplitudes across the local network.
Mechanical versus kinematical shortening reconstructions of the Zagros High Folded Zone (Kurdistan region of Iraq)

This paper compares kinematical and mechanical techniques for the palinspastic reconstruction of folded cross sections in collision orogens. The studied area and the reconstructed NE–SW trending, 55.5 km long cross section is located in the High Folded Zone of the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The present‐day geometry of the cross section has been constructed from field as well as remote sensing data. In a first step, the structures and the stratigraphy are simplified and summarized in eight units trying to identify the main geometric and mechanical parameters. In a second step, the shortening is kinematically estimated using the dip domain method to 11%–15%. Then the same cross section is used in a numerical finite element model to perform dynamical unfolding simulations taking various rheological parameters into account. The main factor allowing for an efficient dynamic unfolding is the presence of interfacial slip conditions between the mechanically strong units. Other factors, such as Newtonian versus power law viscous rheology or the presence of a basement, affect the numerical simulations much less strongly. If interfacial slip is accounted for, fold amplitudes are reduced efficiently during the dynamical unfolding simulations, while welded layer interfaces lead to unrealistic shortening estimates. It is suggested that interfacial slip and decoupling of the deformation along detachment horizons is an important mechanical parameter that controlled the folding processes in the Zagros High Folded Zone.
Decadal changes in the wind forcing over the North Sea

Using data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for the 40 yr period from 1958 to 1997, a wind statistic for the North Sea is derived. This analysis includes consideration of the monthly mean wind speed and decadal variability in angular distribution. The wind density function is introduced, which combines frequency of occurence and mean wind speed for a given direction. The North Sea is subdivided into 3 sectors. Changes in the wind density function for the 3 regions are analysed for 2 seasons, October to January and February to March. The annual mean wind speed for the North Sea shows a rising trend of ~10% during the last 40 yr, mainly restricted to the period from October to March. For October to January, west-southwesterly wind directions are enhanced in the last 3 decades compared to the period from 1958 to 1967 for the whole North Sea area. The last decade from 1988 to 1997 is outstanding: The duration of typical winter wind conditions, with high wind speeds and the prevalence of west-southwesterly winds, is extended from October to January in the first 3 decades towards February and March in the last one. The wind density functions for both sea- sons investigated and all of the 3 sectors resemble each other in the last decade. In the first 3 decades an enhancement of southerly wind directions is found in the northern part of the North Sea, north- ward of 59° N. This trend is broken in the last decade when west-southwesterly directions for the whole North Sea area predominate.
Estimating Near-Surface Fracture Systems From Seismic Anisotropy Using a Combination of Crosshole Surveys VSPs, And Reverse VSPs

Shear-waves in combined crosshole surveys, VSPs, and reverse VSPs at the Conoco Borehole Test Facility, Oklahoma, are analyzed to examine the relationship between shear-wave propagation and natural fracture systems. The surveys cover a range of azimuths and angles of incidence, and give the possibility of studying fracture-related azimuthal anisotropy in some detail. The data display several features characterisitic of seismic anisotropy. Shear-wave splitting, displaying substantial time delays between the split shear-waves of up to 7ms for source-geophone distances of less than 50m, suggests large fracture density. Estimates of faster shear-wave polarizations and time delays confirm the N30” f 15”E fracture strike deduced from other geological and hydrological observations. Analyses of crosshole data including modelling with synthetic seismograms suggest that at least the dominant fracture set is rotated by 20” from the vertical. A good match of synthetic seismograms with observations were obtained, which further support our analyses.
Partitioning the net CO2 flux of a deciduous forest into respiration and assimilation using stable carbon isotopes

Partitioning net ecosystem CO2 fluxes measured by the eddy covariance technique into their components assimilation and respiration is crucial for predicting future responses and feedbacks of ecosystems to a changing climate. On the basis of an isotopic approach with 13C, we partitioned the daytime net CO2 fluxes of a deciduous forest in central Germany into assimilation and respiration fluxes over a period of 3 weeks. This is the first attempt so far to quantify component fluxes with stable isotopes over the period of 3 weeks, enabling us to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the partitioned fluxes. Large variability in environmental conditions during the 3‐week measurement campaign led to strong changes in isotopic disequilibrium between assimilation and respiration, ranging from 1 to 5‰. Although this approach is still associated with large uncertainty, we found reasonable patterns in ecosystem respiration and assimilation, and a significant correlation of daytime respiration with soil temperature (R2 = 0.48). The ratio of respiration to assimilation was highly variable on a day‐to‐day basis, ranging from 10% to more than 25%. This ratio was mainly controlled by soil temperature (R2 = 0.61), indicating a strong sensitivity of ecosystem carbon dynamics to temperature changes and higher carbon uptake efficiency during cooler days.
Multi-frequency satellite beacons and receivers for ionospheric irregularity imaging

A new set of satellite radio beacons called the Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) should be available in 2006 and 2007 for measurements of ionospheric total electron content and radio scintillations. The CERTO beacons transmit unmodulated radio waves at VHF, UHF and L-Band frequencies. A fixed ratio of 3/8 is used between successive frequencies. Total electron content (TEC) is obtained using the differential phase technique. The radio scintillation effects caused by diffraction when propagating through ionospheric irregularities are investigated over a wide frequency range with the CERTO transmissions. All of the CERTO beacons are in low earth orbit (LEO) with satellite inclinations ranging from 13 to 98 degrees. Each satellite that carries CERTO has other plasma sensors that complement the beacon data. In addition, a sCintillation and Tomography Receiver In Space (CITRIS) instrument will be launched in late 2006 to detect signals from the CERTO beacons and from the array of 56 DORIS VHF/S-Band radio beacons placed around the word by the French CNES. CITRIS will record ionospheric occultations and radio scintillations using a unique LEO geometry between satellites and between the ground and space. New algorithms have been developed for the multi-frequency CERTO and CITRIS data to provide TEC and scintillation data with greater accuracy than previously obtained with dual-band beacons. The data from the beacon receivers will be used to update space weather models.
Anomalous rare earth element, yttrium and zirconium mobility associated with uranium mineralization

The mobility of REE, Y and Zr during the Variscan uranium mineralization event in high‐grade metasediments of the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic has been investigated to understand their behaviour in alkaline hydrothermal alterations. The REE patterns together with high mobility of Y and Zr point to movement of REE, Y, Zr and U by highly mineralising, oxidising basinal fluids in the Permian. Their high mobility during the origin of an economically important uranium mineralization is supported by the occurrence of Y‐ and Zr‐rich coffinite.
Radial velocity observations of the extended lunar sodium tail

We report the first velocity resolved sodium 5889.950 Å line profile observations of the lunar sodium tail observed in the anti‐lunar direction near new Moon. These observations were made on 29 March 2006, 27 April 2006 and 28 April 2006 from Pine Bluff (WI) observatory with a double etalon Fabry‐Perot spectrometer at a resolving power of ∼80,000. The observations were made within 2–14 hours from new Moon, pointing near the anti‐lunar point. The average observed radial velocity of the lunar sodium tail in the vicinity of the anti‐lunar point for the three nights reported was 12.4 km s−1 (from geocentric zero). The average Doppler width of a single Gaussian fit to the emission line was 7.6 km s−1. In some cases the line profile appears asymmetric, with excess lunar sodium emission at higher velocity (∼18 km s−1 from geocentric zero) that is not accounted for by our single Gaussian fit to the emission.
Complex spatial feedbacks of tephra redistribution, ice melt and surface roughness modulate ablation on tephra covered glaciers

Tephra fallout from the 2011 Grímsvötn eruption onto Svínafellsjökull, Iceland, created an ice‐ash landscape of a type that is rarely studied but is nevertheless common in glacio‐volcanic regions. We used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to measure ice surface topography and absorption at high spatial resolution, confirming ablation rates either reduce or increase under thick (insulating) and thin (reduced albedo) ash deposits, respectively. Fourier transform analysis of the TLS data identified that a three‐fold increase in aerodynamic roughness was attributable to an increase in larger (> 0·2 m) surface features. Moreover, TLS measurements revealed the importance of ash redistribution by meltwater in generating differential melting which modifies roughness and ash patchiness, such that the net effect of these spatial ash–ice feedbacks was to reduce ablation rates by up to 59%. The modulating effects of these previously undocumented feedbacks on ablation rates are, therefore, significant and must be correctly parameterized if ash‐covered glacier mass balances are to be predicted correctly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electroosmotic flow and the validity of the classical Darcy equation in silty shales

Electroosmotic flow represents the flow of pore water through a porous medium submitted to an electrical field or an electrical current density. A model is developed to describe the coupled electric/hydraulic flow problem in silty shales. The strength of electroosmotic flow is modeled here as a function of porosity, grain shape, pH, and ionic strength of the pore water. In the case of forced flow under a pore fluid pressure gradient, electroosmosis reduces the filtration velocity. This effect can be modeled by introducing an effective or apparent permeability into the classical form of the Darcy equation. This apparent permeability can be much smaller than the intrinsic permeability and becomes very sensitive to the salinity of the pore water.
Infiltration of a Liquid Front in an Unsaturated, Fractured Porous Medium

We consider liquid infiltrating by gravity flow into a system of parallel, regularly spaced fractures in an unsaturated porous medium. The position of the fracture liquid front as a function of time, under some simplifying assumptions, is shown to obey a nonlinear integrodifferential equation. Approximate analytic solutions are developed, showing that the movement of the liquid front exhibits three major flow periods: (1) at early time, the frontal position is determined by the fracture inlet boundary condition and the gravity-driven flow behavior of the fracture with negligible influence by the matrix; (2) at intermediate time, matrix imbibition retards the frontal advance against the pull of gravity; (3) at late time, the matrix approaches saturation and the frontal velocity approaches a limiting value. A two-dimensional numerical model is used to confirm the approximate solutions. Implications of the model for nuclear waste storage are discussed. The analysis is applicable not only to fractured rock but also to lateral infiltration into coarse-grained sediments lying between layers of fine-grained soil.
The Garnedd-wen Formation (Ashgillian) of the Towyn-Abergynolwyn district, Merionethshire

Summary A lithostratigraphy is described and related to that in the adjacent Corris-Machynlleth district. Thickness of the Formation is estimated to be c. 500 m near Towyn rather than c. 1000 m as generally accepted, although poor exposure precludes accurate determination. Palaeocurrent data are given for a prominent interval of turbidite arenites, here termed the Llyn Barfog Member. Sedimentary facies are interpreted as slope-base and deep basinal deposits and are consistent with control of sedimentation by the Bala and Corris ‘basement faults’.
Are ureilites residues from partial melting of chondritic material? The answer from MAGPOX

Abstract— Calculations performed using MAGPOX show that no bulk compositions having chondritic Ca/Al ratio and within the range of chondritic Si/Mg ratios can produce the olivine‐pigeonite ureilites (which constitute 65% of those for which modal abundances are known) as residues of single‐stage equilibrium partial melting. Calcium/aluminum ratios of 2–3.5 × CI are required. In addition, all the ureilites could not have formed from a single composition at various degrees of reduction, because they show no correlation between pigeonite/olivine ratio and mg ratio. Materials with various Al/Mg ratios, ranging from subchondritic to superchondritic, are required. If these materials are primitive (i.e., created by nebular processes rather than planetary igneous processes), they are unknown in the meteorite record. Excess accretion (relative to chondrites) of 5–10 mol% of a high‐temperature condensate component, which was itself almost completely depleted in corundum due to early fractionation, could create the necessary compositions. The plausibility that such processes occurred on a parent‐body sized scale is difficult to assess. In contrast, lodranites can be produced as residues of ∼3–30% equilibrium partial melting of an average ordinary chondritic composition at the appropriate level of reduction. Although many features of ureilites suggest that they are relatively primitive residues produced by low degrees of melting of chondritic materials, and thus resemble lodranites and other groups of primitive achondrites, their predominantly pigeonite + olivine mineralogy remains difficult to explain within this simple scenario.
The Topographic Effect in Electromagnetic Fields

By making use of the analogy between the network quantities and the electromagnetic fields, a numerical method is employed to investigate the possible topographic effect in the earth's EM fields for several simple models in two dimensional problems. It is found that various topographies may give rise to distortions in the earth's EM fields, and some EM anomalies observed on the ground surface may be simply due to such a topographic effect.
7-(1,3-Dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-9-ium tetrachloridoferrate(III)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C11H15N4O4)[FeCl4], contains two independent protonated 7-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione (doxofyllinium) and two tetrahedral tetrachloridoferrate(III) anions. In the doxofyllinium, two disordered methylene C atoms are observed in each dioxolane ring with an occupancy ratio of 0.54 (4):0.46 (4). In the crystal, molecules are connected by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl interactions.