Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behavioural Inverse Limit λ-Models

We construct two inverse limit λ-models which completely characterise sets of terms with similar computational behaviours: the sets of normalising , head normalising, weak head normalisingλ-terms, those corresponding to the persistent versions of t hese notions, and the sets of closable, closable normalising, and closable he ad normalisingλ-terms. More precisely, for each of these sets of terms there is a correspo nding element in at least one of the two models such that a term belongs to the set if and only if its interpretation (in a suitable environment) is greater than or equal to that elem ent. We use the finitary logical description of the models, obtained by defining suitable int rsection type assignment systems, to prove this.
Mechanisms of non-disjunction in human female meiosis: the co-existence of two modes of malsegregation evidenced by the karyotyping of 1397 in-vitro unfertilized oocytes.

BACKGROUND Although numerous studies have been published on the chromosomal constitution of in-vitro unfertilized human oocytes, data remain highly variable and controversial because of the size of oocyte samples, technical reservations and potential misinterpretation. METHODS A cytogenetic study was undertaken on 3042 unfertilized human oocytes recovered from 792 women participating in an IVF programme for various infertility problems. Both a gradual fixation technique and an R-banding procedure were used. RESULTS The analysis was successful in 1397 oocytes (45.9%) for which interpretable metaphases were obtained. Of the 1397 oocyte karyotypes, 1088 (77.9%) were normal (23,X). The overall frequency of chromosomal abnormality was 22.1%. No correlation was found between the rate of abnormalities and the type of infertility. Aneuploidy was observed in 151 cells (10.8%), consisting of 5.4% hypohaploidies, 4.1% hyperhaploidies, 0.8% complex aneuploidies and 0.05% extreme aneuploidies with less than 18 chromosomes. Both whole chromosome non-disjunction and chromatid predivision contributed to the formation of aneuploid oocytes, but the numerical abnormalities due to single chromatids significantly exceeded conventional non-disjunctions. Abnormalities also included 5.4% diploid oocytes, 3.8% sets of chromatids alone and 2.1% structural aberrations. Aneuploidy was found in all chromosome groups. However, groups E and G exhibited significantly higher frequencies of non-disjunction than expected, whereas groups A and B showed a significantly low incidence of aneuploidy. CONCLUSIONS The implication of both chromosome and chromatid abnormalities in the occurrence of non-disjunction are discussed in relation to the recent data on chromatid cohesion throughout cell division. The results were consistent with the hypothesis of an unequal occurrence of non-disjunction among the chromosome groups in female meiosis.
Ontology and Theory for a Redesign of European Monetary Union

The Greek debt crisis opened up the policy discourse over Europe to the extent of an unprecedented extent of questioning of the original design of the Eurozone. Such a rethink requires an examination of how the European economy functions and the appropriate theoretical approach to analysing it. The purpose of this paper is to revisit the thinking behind the design of European Monetary Union and behind the Post Keynesian critique. While the mainstream response is couched in terms of addressing impediments to economic convergence through market forces, the Post Keynesian response focuses on the forces for divergence which the Eurozone framework currently exacerbates. In particular we argue that a focus on the forces for economic divergence and financial instability in Europe requires any monetary union to be supported by a system of fiscal support and a cohesive approach to bank regulation and support.
A new corporate credit scoring system using semi-supervised discriminant analysis

Corporate credit scoring is important for investors and banks in risk management. However, the high dimensional data available from public financial statements make credit analysis difficult. To address the problem, dimensionality reduction is a key step to enhance scoring accuracy. By using semi-supervised discriminant analysis (SSDA) and support vector machines (SVMs), this study develops a novel system for credit scoring, where SSDA transforms high dimensional data space (over 50 financial variables) to a perfect low dimensional representative subspace with maximal discriminating power. Constructing SVM classifier in the new space effectively reduces overfitting and enhances classification accuracy. Empirical results indicate that SSDA is better than traditional dimensionality reduction schemes, and it significant improves SVM performance. More importantly, the new classification system substantially outperforms conventional classifiers. The new decision support system can help corporate bond investors make good assessments on their risks and substantially reduce their losses. Key words: Semi-supervised discriminant analysis, dimensionality reduction, credit scoring, support vector machine, risk management.
Parallel Spherical Harmonic Transforms on heterogeneous architectures (GPUs/multi-core CPUs)

Spherical Harmonic Transforms (SHT) are at the heart of many scientific and practical applications ranging from climate modelling to cosmological observations. In many of these areas new, cutting-edge science goals have been recently proposed requiring simulations and analyses of experimental or observational data at very high resolutions and of unprecedented volumes. Both these aspects pose formidable challenge for the currently existing implementations of the transforms. This paper describes parallel algorithms for computing the SHTs with two variants of intra-node parallelism appropriate for novel supercomputer architectures, multi-core processors and Graphic Processing Units (GPU) and discusses their performance tests, alone and embedded within a top-level, MPI-based parallelization layer ported from the S$^2$HAT library, in terms of their accuracy, overall efficiency and scalability. We show that our inverse SHTs with GeForce 400 Series GPUs equipped with latest CUDA architecture ("Fermi") outperforms the state of the art implementation for a multi-core processor executed on a current Intel Core i7-2600K. Furthermore, we show that an MPI/CUDA version of the inverse transform run on a cluster of 128 NVIDIA Tesla S1070 is as much as 3 times faster than the hybrid MPI/OpenMP version executed on the same number of quad-core processors Intel Nahalem for problem sizes motivated by our target applications. For the direct transforms, the performance is however found to be at the best comparable. Here we discuss in detail optimizations of two major steps involved in the transforms calculation, demonstrating how the overall performance efficiency can be obtained, and elucidating the sources of the dichotomy between the direct and the inverse operations
The potential and limitations of neutrons, electrons and X-rays for atomic resolution microscopy of unstained biological molecules

Summary Radiation damage is the main problem which prevents the determination of the structure of a single biological macromolecule at atomic resolution using any kind of microscopy. This is true whether neutrons, electrons or X-rays are used as the illumination. For neutrons, the cross-section for nuclear capture and the associatedenergy deposition and radiation damage could be reduced by using samples that are fully deuterated and 15N-labelled and by using fast neutrons, but single molecule biological microscopy is still not feasible. For naturally occurring biological material, electrons at present provide the most information for a given amount of radiation damage. Using phase contrast electron microscopy on biological molecules and macromolecular assemblies of ˜ 105 molecular weight and above, there is in theory enough information present in the image to allow determination of the position and orientation of individual particles: the application of averaging methods can then be used to provide an atomic resolution structure. The images of approximately 10000 particles are required. Below 105 molecular weight, some kind of crystal or other geometrically ordered aggregate is necessary to provide a sufficiently high combined molecular weight to allow for the alignment. In practice, the present quality of the best images still falls short of that attainable in theory and this means that a greater number of particles must be averaged and that the molecular weight limitation is somewhat larger than the predicted limit. For X-rays, the amount of damage per useful elastic scattering event is several hundred times greater than for electrons at all wavelengths and energies and therefore the requirements on specimen size and number of particles are correspondingly larger. Because of the lack of sufficiently bright neutron sources in the foreseeable future, electron microscopy in practice provides the greatest potential for immediate progress.
Incompatibility Hypothesis: Graphical and Mathematical Explanations

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that there are certain circumstances in markets with a hyperbola-shaped demand function that support Porter’s incompatibility hypothesis. Functions that are shaped like hyperbolas are present in markets characterised by strongly differentiated (meaning pricy) products while at the same time a wide range of very low-priced products is available. The methodology is such that the turnover function is derived from the demand function which resembles the shape of a hyperbola. This does not lead to – in contrast to what has been taught so far – a reverse U-shape but a wavelike turnover function characterised by a U-shaped valley. This effect, caused by the price elasticity of demand, should contribute - in connection with economies of scale - to the phenomenon of being “stuck in the middle” in markets where a similar demand function is present. The value of the paper is that a phenomenon caused by the price elasticity of the demand is shown, which may help explain the occurrence of the effect of being stuck in the middle. The practical implications of the article lie in the fact that there is indication that the obvious strategic positioning of enterprises and the consequences for price policy may gain a better understanding to indicate that mathematical effects deriving from the price elasticity of demand may also contribute to the effect of “being stuck in the middle”. This is demonstrated by the broken-rational demand curve resp. demand function and shows why the shift from a cost leadership strategy to a differentiation strategy – or vice versa - may be difficult.
Prevalence of Breastfeeding: Findings from the First Health Service Household Interview in Hunan Province, China

Background: With the development of economy and urbanization, methods of child-feeding have significantly changed in China over the past three decades. However, little is known about breastfeeding in China since 2009. This study aims to update information on the prevalence of breastfeeding in China. Methods: Data were obtained from the first Health Service Household Interview Survey of Hunan Province, China. Of 24,282 respondents, 1659 were aged five years or younger. We ran multivariable logistic regression to examine the impact of urban/rural setting, gender, age and household income per capita on the use of breastfeeding. Results: A total of 79.4% of children aged 5 years or younger had been breastfed at some point and 44.9% been breastfed exclusively in the first 6 months of life. After controlling for setting urban/rural setting, gender and child age, children from households with average family income were more likely to be breastfed than those from households with the lowest family income (adjusted odds ratio: 2.28). Children from households with higher and the highest family income were less likely to be exclusively breastfed in the first 6 months of life compared to those from households with the lowest family income (adjusted odds ratio: 0.51 and 0.68, respectively). Conclusions: It is encouraging that the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for infants in the first 6 months of life in Hunan Province, China is approaching the goal of 50% proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Nevertheless, more efforts are needed to further promote exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months after birth.
What shapes fieldworkers' knowledge sharing when government operation goes mobile?

Effective knowledge sharing and collaborations among public servants enhances the collective innovation capability of the government. Taking a grounded approach, this study investigated what shapes fieldworkers' collaboration when government operation goes mobile? Building on empirical data, the study argues that although the use of mobile technology in government operations do improve the speed of communication and the efficiency of government operations, there are still challenges public sectors need to address before moving forward.
XML schema computations: schema compatibility testing and subschema extraction

In this paper, we propose new models and algorithms to perform practical computations on W3C XML Schemas, which are schema minimization, schema equivalence testing, subschema testing and subschema extraction. We have conducted experiments on an e-commerce standard XSD called xCBL to demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms. One experiment has refuted the claim that the xCBL 3.5 XSD is compatible with the xCBL 3.0 XSD. Another experiment has shown that the xCBL XSDs can be effectively trimmed into small subschemas for specific applications, which has significantly reduced schema processing time.
Asset Allocation and Predictability of Real Estate Returns

We examine the issue of optimal asset allocation among three broad classes of assetsA A Large Stocks (proxied by the SP real estate assets (a portfolio of thirty Equity Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) traded on major stock exchanges); and the risk-free asset (the one-month T-bill), employing the evidence on their predictability. An active strategy of investing in the assets, using predicted returns from our model outperforms investing in passive strategies, which are combinations of asset classes with fixed weights for the entire period of the study. Thus our superior performance is not due to diversification alone.
Object-based locking protocol for replicated objects

Distributed systems are composed of multiple objects. Each object supports more abstract operations than the low-level read and write operations. The objects are replicated to increase the performance, reliability, and availability. In this paper we discuss a synchronization method to make multiple replicas of objects mutually consistent. In the traditional optimistic two-phase locking (02PL), every replica is first locked in a read mode to write an object. Finally, all the replicas are locked in a write mode when the transaction commits. We propose a novel object-based locking (OBL) method based on the abstract operations. Here, the number of the replicas locked is decided based on the access frequency and the strength of the lock mode.
ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL POINT PATTERNS BY KERNEL IDENTIFICATION

In the analysis of spatial point patterns, complete spatial randomness (CSR) hypothesis,which is a restriction of a homogenous Poisson process to study region A, operates as a dividinghypothesis between “regular” and “aggregated” patterns. Meanwhile, many alternatives to CSR inaggregated patterns are extensions of homogenous Poisson processes themselves. Therefore, when theCSR hypothesis is rejected, results related to Poisson processes may be used to formulate plausiblealternatives to CSR. In this paper, we propose a new statistic for testing CSR and then by applying it inconjunction with a notion of kernels of a point pattern, we determine the “parents” of a Poisson clusterprocess when the CSR hypothesis is rejected and a Neyman-Scott process is assumed for the pointpattern under alternative hypothesis. We have made power studies for our test statistic by simulation, andhave also surveyed the performance of our method on a certain point pattern. Finally, the whole methodis carried on certain real life data.
Dark current simulation of InP/InGaAs/InP p-i-n photodiode

We report on 2D simulations of dark current for InP/InGaAs/InP p-i-n photodiode by Sentaurus DEVICE. Our simulation result is in good agreement with experiment indicating that generation-recombination is the dominant source of dark current at low bias. Effects of absorption layer thicknesses and doping concentrations on dark current are investigated in detail.
Full virtualization by re-imaging cloud hardware

This research paper examines the real world issues in various client organizations facing consulting services in the area of network planning, optimization, and service management. As enterprise application architecture becomes more complex, the challenges in establishing patterns to encapsulate enterprise application architecture are slowly emerging. To achieve an enterprise integration framework requires knowledge of designing, building, and deploying messaging solutions. This paper investigates how such an alternative network can be planned to accommodate the evolving technology in mobile computing and social networks. It is essentially consistent to exploit the potentials of the new technologies in designing alternative cloud networking virtual infrastructure. The current cloud computing exactly imports the traditional network architecture into the cloud without any redesigned accommodation for reliability or performance, instead of innovating totally different practical virtual network components. This paper proposes an optimized cloud network configuration using the absorptive attributes of resource sharing to ensure relatively manageable cloud service. The concept proposed in this research is the replacement of the traditional networking with a new model of virtual infrastructure reimaging to eliminate single points of failure common in the traditional network currently in the cloud. The new model empowers the cloud with a cluster of network connections. This is different from application enabled virtualization. This is an expert mutative virtual infrastructure with built-in hardware redundancy. The network infrastructure has a self-diagnostic algorithm that enables the system to send out a reimaging initiative. The self-recovering happens during virtualized hardware failures or during distributed denial of service attacks on critical infrastructure.
Bureaucratic Corruption and Economic Development

Corruption is usually viewed as an impediment to investment and growth. However, China's experience suggests that the issue is probably more complex: In the past government officials would go out of their way to promote investment and development. But since the start of a far-reaching anti-corruption war, they have stopped doing their job and as a consequence, investment is delayed and the economy takes a hit. This paper examines the relationship between corruption and public infrastructure development. We consider a model in which bureaucrats can exert costly effort to promote infrastructure development and examine the conditions under which corruption prompts investment. We also explore how government can attack corruption with different policies. The paper shows that increasing monitoring intensity reduces investment as well as mitigates corruption. The most effective policy, however, is to increase accountability, which reduces corruption while at the same time not decreases growth-enhancing investment. Using Chinese data we provide suggestive evidence consistent with the theoretical model.
Neurofibromatosis 2 [Bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis, central neurofibromatosis, NF2, neurofibromatosis type II]

Neurofibromatosis 2 is a dominantly inherited tumor predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the NF2 gene on chromosome 22. Affected individuals inevitably develop schwannomas typically affecting both vestibular nerves leading to deafness. Rehabilitation with brainstem implants is improving this outcome. Schwannomas also occur on other cranial nerves, on spinal nerve roots, and on peripheral nerves. Meningiomas and ependymomas are other tumor features. In excess of 50% of patients represent new mutations and as many as one third are mosaic for the underlying disease causing mutation. Although truncating mutations (nonsense and frameshifts) are the most frequent germline event and cause the most severe disease, single and multiple exon deletions are common. A strategy for detection of the latter is vital for a sensitive analysis. NF2 represents a difficult management problem with most patients facing substantial morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Surgery remains the focus of current management, although watchful waiting and occasionally radiation treatment have a role. In the future, the development of tailored drug therapies aimed at the genetic level are likely to provide huge improvements for this devastating, life limiting condition.
Uncovering strong MgII absorbing galaxies - Imaging below the Lyman limit

Context. The nature of the galaxies that give rise to absorption lines , such as damped Lyman-α systems (DLAs) or strong Mgii lines, in quasar spectra is diffi cult to investigate in emission. These galaxies can be very faint and located close to the lines of sight of the much brighter background quasars. Aims. Taking advantage of the total absorption of the QSO light bluewards of the Lyman limit of two DLAs at z> 3.4, we look for the continuum emission from intervening galaxies at z≈ 2 that are identified via strong metal absorption lines. The M gii absorbers have equivalent width large enough to be potential DLA systems. Methods. Deep images are obtained with the FOcal Reducer and Spectrograph (FORS1) on the Very Large Telescope for the fields towards SDSS J110855+120953 and SDSS J140850+020522. These quasars have Mgii absorption lines at z = 1.87 (Wr(Mgii) = 2.46 A) and z = 1.98 (Wr(Mgii) = 1.89 A), respectively, and each QSO has two intervening higher redshift DLAs at z> 3. The U and R bands of FORS1 lie blue and redwards of the Lyman limit of the background DLAs, allowing us to search for emission from the foreground galaxies directly along the lines of sight to the QSOs. Results. No galaxies are found close to the sight line of the QSO to a point source limit of UAB ∼ 28.0. In both fields, the closest objects lie at an impact parameter of∼5 ′′ corresponding to∼40 kpc in projection at z = 2, and have typical colours of star forming galaxies at that redshift. However, the currently availabl e data do not allow us to confirm if the galaxies lie at the same r edshifts as the absorption systems. A more extended structure is visible in the SDSS J14085+020522 field at an impact parameter of 0. ′′ 8 or 7 kpc. If these objects are at z≈ 2 their luminosities are 0.03‐0.04 L ∗ in both fields. The star formation rates estimated from the UV flux are 0.5‐0.6 M⊙ yr −1 , while the SFRs are half these values if the U band flux is due to Lyα emission alone. Conclusions. The non-detection of galaxies near to the line of sight is most likely explained by low metallicities and luminosities of the Mgii galaxies. Alternatively, the Mgii clouds are part of extended halos or in outflows from low-meta llicity galaxies.