Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural change, Services and Employment - an econometric comparison of two North Rhine- Westphalian regions

Structural change often is characterised by a win-loose-situation. As service employment grows while industrial employment declines in the long run, this explanation seems to be intuitive. Nevertheless, it ignores the division of labour by industries. A large extent of tertiarisation depends on gaining importance of service industries as a supplier of manufacturing. This paper analyses structural employment change for two largely different, but neighboured North Rhine-Westphalian regions: Emscher-Lippe as a part of the northern Ruhrgebiet is faced with most of the “rust belt” problems including lagging employment of service industries. On the other hand, Münsterland is a more rural landscape with considerable employment successes in manufacturing as well as in services. These facts obviously conflict with a substitution pattern favouring services and burdening manufacturing . This requires a closer examination by means of an input-output approach. The results suggest that a competitive industrial base is one of the key factors of employment growth in service industries.
Factors Influencing the Pedestrian Injury Severity of Micromobility Crashes

The growth of micromobility transport in cities has created a new mobility paradigm, but this has also resulted in increased traffic conflicts and collisions. This research focuses on understanding the impacts of micromobility vehicles on pedestrian injury severity in urban areas of Spain between 2016 and 2021. The Random Forest classification model was used to identify the most significant factors and their combinations affecting pedestrian injury severity. To address the issue of unbalanced data, the synthetic minority oversampling technique was employed. The findings indicate that pedestrians’ age, specifically those 70 years or older, is the most important variable in determining injury severity. Additionally, collisions at junctions or on weekends are associated with worse outcomes for pedestrians. The results highlight the combined influence of multiple factors, including offenses and distractions by micromobility users and pedestrians. These factors are more prevalent among younger micromobility users and those riding for leisure or on weekends. To enhance micromobility road safety and reduce pedestrian injuries, separating micromobility traffic from pedestrian areas is recommended, restricting micromobility vehicle use on sidewalks, providing training and information to micromobility users, conducting road safety campaigns, increasing enforcement measures, and incorporating buffer zones in bike lanes near on-street parking.
Zonal Two Equation Kappa-Omega Turbulence Models for Aerodynamic Flows

Two new versions of the kappa-omega two-equation turbulence model will be presented. The new Baseline (BSL) model is designed to give results similar to those of the original kappa-omega model of Wilcox, but without its strong dependency on arbitrary freestream values. The BSL model is identical to the Wilcox model in the inner 50% of the boundary-layer but changes gradually to the standard kappa-epsilon model (in a kappa- omega formulation) towards the boundary-layer edge. The free shear layers. The second version of the model is called Shear-Stress Transport (SST) model. It is a variation of the BSL model with the additional ability to account for the transport of the principal turbulent shear stress in adverse pressure gradient boundary-layers. The model is based on Bradshaw's assumption that the principal shear-stress is proportional to the turbulent kinetic energy, which is introduced into the definition of the eddy-viscosity. Both models are tested for a large number of different flowfields. The results of the BSL model are similar to those of the original kappa-omega model, but without the undesirable freestream dependency. The predictions of the SST model are also independent of the freestream values but show better agreement with experimental data for adverse pressure gradient boundary-layer flows.
A new multispectral cloud retrieval method for ship‐based solar transmissivity measurements

Within the German Leibniz‐network OCEANET project, ship‐based lidar and microwave remote sensing as well as spectral zenith radiance observations with the COmpact RAdiation measurements System (CORAS) were performed. During three cruises latitudes between 50°N and 50°S were covered. A new spectral retrieval method to derive the cloud optical thickness τ and the droplet effective radius reff using CORAS measurements is developed. The method matches CORAS measurements of ratios of spectral transmissivity at six wavelengths with modeled transmissivities. This retrieval is fast and accurate and thus suitable for operational purposes. The new approach circumvents ambiguities of existing cloud retrievals and reduces the influence of measurement uncertainties. It is applied to homogenous and heterogeneous liquid water and cirrus clouds. In boundary layer liquid water clouds, the retrieved effective radius was more variable, whereas in the cirrus it was rather constant. Furthermore, the liquid water path LWP was derived and compared to data from a microwave radiometer. The new retrieval tends to overestimate LWP for thick liquid water clouds but slightly underestimate LWP for thin clouds. The presented method cannot be applied to mixed‐phase clouds. The maximum retrieval of τ and reff for liquid water clouds is 80 in τ and 30 μm in reff, respectively; for cirrus clouds the limitations of the retrieval are 10 in τ and 60 μm in reff.
Ecology and conservation of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in the Cerrado grasslands of central Brazil

Owing to habitat conversion and conflict with humans, many carnivores are of conservation concern. Because of their elusive nature, camera trapping is a standard tool for studying carnivores. In many vertebrates, sex-specific differences in movements – and therefore detection by cameras – are likely. We used camera trapping data and spatially explicit sexspecific capture-recapture models to estimate jaguar density in Emas National Park in the central Brazilian Cerrado grassland, an ecological hotspot of international importance. Our spatially explicit model considered differences in movements and trap encounter rates between genders and the location of camera traps (on/off road). We compared results with estimates from a sex-specific non-spatial capture-recapture model. The spatial model estimated a density of 0.29 jaguars 100km and showed that males moved larger distances and had higher trap encounter rates than females. Encounter rates with off-road traps were one tenth of those for on-road traps. In the non-spatial model, males had a higher capture probability than females; density was here estimated at 0.62 individuals 100km. The nonspatial model likely overestimated density because it did not adequately account for animal movements. The spatial model probably underestimated density because it assumed a uniform distribution of jaguars within and outside the reserve. Overall, the spatial model is preferable because it explicitly considers animal movements and allows incorporating site-specific and individual covariates. With both methods, jaguar density was lower than reported from most other study sites. For rare species such as grassland jaguars, spatially explicit capturerecapture models present an important advance for informed conservation planning.
Trapping of synoptic‐scale disturbances into the North‐Pacific subtropical jet core in midwinter

Over the Northwestern (NW) Pacific, a subtropical jet stream develops at ∼30°N in midwinter, as the East Asian winter monsoon intensifies. Eddies with subweekly periods propagating through the midlatitude tropopause into the NW Pacific storm track tend to be trapped into the jet core ∼1000 km away from a surface baroclinic zone at ∼40°N, while lifted up by ∼3 km. The trapping appears to weaken the interaction of the upper‐level eddies with the baroclinic zone, thus acting against eddy amplification and thereby contributing to the midwinter minimum in the eddy activity as observed before the late 1980s. Since then, under the reduced trapping effect by the weakened jet, upper‐level eddies tended to propagate right above the surface baroclinic zone, while strongly interacting it, even in midwinter as in fall and spring. This midwinter tendency acted to enhance the eddy amplification that led to the recent disappearance of the activity minimum.
Sea water intrusion model of Amchitka Island, Alaska

During the 1960s and 1970s, Amchitka Island, Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests, referred to as Milrow, Long Shot and Cannikin. Amchitka Island is located in the western part of the Aleutian Island chain, Alaska. The groundwater systems affected by the three underground nuclear tests at Amchitka Island are essentially unmonitored because all of the current monitoring wells are too shallow and not appropriately placed to detect migration from the cavities. The dynamics of the island`s fresh water-sea water hydrologic system will control contaminant migration from the three event cavities, with migration expected in the direction of the Bering Sea from Long shot and Cannikin and the Pacific Ocean from Milrow. The hydrogeologic setting (actively flowing groundwater system to maintain a freshwater lens) suggests a significant possibility for relatively rapid contaminant migration from these sites, but also presents an opportunity to use projected flowpaths to a monitoring advantage. The purpose of this investigation is to develop a conceptual model of the Amchitka groundwater system and to produce computer model simulations that reflect the boundary conditions and hydraulic properties of the groundwater system. The simulations will be used to assess the validity of the proposed conceptual model and highlight the uncertainties in hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The uncertainties will be quantified by sensitivity analyses on various model parameters. Within the limitations of the conceptual model and the computer simulations, conclusions will be drawn regarding potential radionuclide migration from the three underground nuclear tests.
World Values Survey

The World Values Survey was developed to document and enabling an understanding of values across cultures and across time with waves of data collection from 1981 until the present. It has information from over 100 countries on all six continents. Two dimensions of cross-cultural differences are tapped by the WVS: Traditional/Secular-rational and Survival/Self-expression. Together, these two dimensions explain a large part of the difference in values between cultures. Keywords: values; value change; cross-cultural values
Garnet crystal plasticity in the continental crust, new example from south Madagascar

Garnet (10 vol.%; pyrope contents 34–44 mol.%) hosted in quartzofeldspathic rocks within a large vertical shear zone of south Madagascar shows a strong grain‐size reduction (from a few cm to ∼300 μm). Electron back‐scattered diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope imaging coupled with quantitative analysis of digitized images (PolyLX software) have been used in order to understand the deformation mechanisms associated with this grain‐size evolution. The garnet grain‐size reduction trend has been summarized in a typological evolution (from Type I to Type IV). Type I, the original porphyroblasts, form cm‐sized elongated grains that crystallized upon multiple nucleation and coalescence following biotite breakdown: biotite + sillimanite + quartz = garnet + alkali feldspar + rutile + melt. These large garnet grains contain quartz ribbons and sillimanite inclusions. Type I garnet is sheared along preferential planes (sillimanite layers, quartz ribbons and/or suitably oriented garnet crystallographic planes) producing highly elongated Type II garnet grains marked by a single crystallographic orientation. Further deformation leads to the development of a crystallographic misorientation, subgrains and new grains resulting in Type III garnet. Associated grain‐size reduction occurs via subgrain rotation recrystallization accompanied by fast diffusion‐assisted dislocation glide. This plastic deformation of garnet is associated with efficient recovery as shown by the very low dislocation densities (1010 m−3 or lower). The rounded Type III garnet experiences rigid body rotation in fine‐grained matrix. In the highly deformed samples, the deformation mechanisms in garnet are grain‐size‐ and shape‐dependent: dislocation creep is dominant for the few large grains left (>1 mm; Type II garnet), rigid body rotation is typical for the smaller rounded grains (300 μm or less; Type III garnet) whereas diffusion creep may affect more elliptic garnet (Type IV garnet). The P–T conditions of garnet plasticity in the continental crust (≥950 °C; 11 kbar) have been identified using two‐feldspar thermometry and GASP conventional barometry. The garnet microstructural and deformation mechanisms evolution, coupled with grain‐size decrease in a fine‐grained steady‐state microstructure of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase, suggests a separate mechanical evolution of garnet with respect to felsic minerals within the shear zone.
Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019—Executive Summary

Sexual and reproductive health care encompasses a broad range of services that ensure people can decide whether and when to have children, experience safe pregnancy and delivery, have healthy newborns, and have a safe and satisfying sexual life. These services are important investments both because they enhance individual well-being and allow people to exercise their sexual and reproductive rights, and because they have far-reaching benefits for societies and for future generations. This report examines core services that women need and use during their reproductive years: contraceptive services, pregnancy-related care (including maternal health care and abortion services), newborn care and treatment for STIs. It identifies services that, if expanded and strengthened, could improve the health of women, their partners and their children. It focuses on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and, like prior Adding It Up reports, presents the need for, impacts of and costs associated with providing services at internationally defined standards of care. The report’s goal is to illustrate for national and local governments, the private sector and international development partners the investments needed to expand and improve sexual and reproductive health services, which are essential components of health care.
Fuzzy summarization of data using fuzzy cardinalities

The paper investigates the following knowledge extraction method from a database. A set of a small number of attributes of interest are chosen. The idea is to figure out to what extent one of the attributes (the “output at-tribute” B ) is influenced by the others (called “input attributes” A i ). Each of the input attribute domain are supposed to be equipped with a fuzzy partition made of a relatively small number (2 to 5) of fuzzy sets A ij or B k respectively. These fuzzy partitions are supposed to be meaningful for the user and/or to be in agreement with the way the attribute values are scattered. For a given tuple (A 1j ,., A nj , B k ), we compute the fuzzy cardinality of the set of items of the database which are A 1j and . and A nj and B k , and of the set of items which are A 1j and . and A nj . From which we can easily obtain the fuzzy-valued confidence and support of the association rule "if x is A 1j and . and A nj , then x is B k ". In order to obtain more interesting association rules, the B k are not chosen beforehand, but on the basis of a possibilistic case-based reasoning machinery which provides the fuzzy set of possible output values for a class of situations described in terms of labels A ij of the fuzzy partitions of the input attributes. Thus a set of fuzzy association rules summarizing a database can be obtained.
Escenario y problemática de conservación de los Murciélagos (Chiroptera) cavernícolas del Complejo Volcánico de Colima, Jalisco-Colima, México.

Resumen Our research was conducted Colima Volcanic Complex (CVC) and was to make a first list of cave-dwelling bats on the basis of bibliographic records and sampling in caves and forests. We found 25 species of which six are new records for the area (Glossophaga morenoi, Hylonycteris underwoodi, Chiroderma salvini, Artibeus hirsutus A. intermedius, and Myotis velifer) also were recorded and described the anthropic disturbances underground roosts in the area inhabited by bats. The roosts found were seven from wich five species are that inhabit. The main disturbances were found demolishment and local tourism, the biggest disturbance roosts were three caves in Apastepetl and the cave Argum. Also included a study of risk categories based on the abundance and local distribution in two forest types area representative. We found 17 species of cave bats found by sampling in: the cloud forest and Abies forest. Seven species were obtained within two main categories. Of which H. underwoodi and A. hirsutus were categorized as locally rare and restricted
True Random Number Generator Based on RRAM-Bias Current Starved Ring Oscillator

This work presents a resistive random access memory (RRAM)-bias current-starved ring oscillator (CSRO) as true random number generator (TRNG), where the cycle-to-cycle variability of an RRAM device is exploited as source of randomness. A simple voltage divider composed of this RRAM and a resistor is considered to bias the gate terminal of the extra transistor of every current starved (CS) inverter of the ring oscillator (RO). In this way, the delay of the inverters is modified, deriving an unpredictable oscillation frequency every time the RRAM switches to the high resistance state (HRS). The oscillation frequency is finally leveraged to extract the sequence of random bits. The design is simple and adds low area overhead. Experimental measurements are performed to analyze the cycle-to-cycle variability in the HRS. The very same measurements are subsequently used to validate the TRNG by means of electrical simulations. The obtained results passed all the National Institute of Standards and Technology randomness tests (NIST) tests without the need for postprocessing.
Solfeggio Teaching Method Based on MIDI Technology in the Background of Digital Music Teaching

This research aims at teaching solfeggio and ear training in college music and proposes a teaching method for college music note recognition that combines the musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) and hidden Markov models (HMM). The experiment showcases that after preprocessing the music frequency sample signal using HMM model, it achieves the target accuracy after 20 times of training. From the HMM transition probability matrix diagram estimated from all training data sets, it can be seen that the transition matrix is close to the diagonal matrix. This indicates its high transfer efficiency. This study compares the HMM model with the other two algorithms, and the results show that its accuracy rate is about 99.56%. The probability of insertion errors and elimination errors is 0.52% and 2.58%. This is superior to the other two algorithms. In summary, the HMM model proposed in the study has extremely strong performance in the teaching of music note feature recognition in universities and can provide better teaching methods.
Convergencia oblicua: modelo estructural alternativo para la dorsal Neuquina (39ºs) - Neuquén

Oblique convergence: alternative structural model for the Neuquen high (39o S), Neuquen. The regional scale structural lineament recognized as Neuquen high developed at 39o S latitude, is extended for more than 270 km in an E-W direction, defining the natural northern boundary of the Argentine Patagonia. The tectonic activity in this zone during Jurassic and Cretaceous times controlled the sedimentation of the basin, given place to a series of growth sequen- ces and related unconformities. The structural features allows the recognition of a western sector where NE trending anticli- nes predominate related to high angle reverse basement faults and an eastern sector where the lineaments are NW trending and developed right-lateral wrench structures. The particular orientation of the Neuquen high, almost orthogonal to the Andean belt, and its complex structural features, were traditionally explained by two end-member models: wrench and inver- sion tectonics. Based on new subsurface data and the development of new structural concepts, an alternative model is pro- posed combining wrench-dominated tectonics trends with oblique inversion of half-grabens and basement related tectonics without influence of previous extensional features. The plan-view distribution of the structures and its evolution through time is explained by oblique convergence between a rigid block located to the southeast (Northpatagonian Craton), acting as a backstop with its boundaries sub-parallel to Negro and Limay rivers; which converge with a zone to the north able to be fol- ded represented by the Neuquen basin, under an NW-SE oriented stress field. This model explains the distribution and orien- tation of the compressive and wrench dominated zones and its structural evolution where younger structures are developed from the SE to the NW towards the outer part of the system.