Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among College Students: A Nationwide Survey in Japan

To clarify the prevalence of dietary supplement use among college students, we conducted Internet-based nationwide questionnaire surveys with 157,595 Japanese college students aged between 18 to 24 years old who were registrants of Macromill Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Among the 9066 respondents (response rate 5.8%), 16.8% were currently using dietary supplements. The prevalence of dietary supplement use did not differ significantly between males (17.1%) and females (16.7%). However, it increased according to their grade (13.1% to 20.5%), and it was higher in medical and pharmaceutical college students (22.0%) compared to others (16.7%). The main purpose of dietary supplement use was for the health benefits in both males and females. Other reasons were to build muscle in males, and as a beauty supplement and for weight loss in females. According to the purpose of dietary supplement use, the most commonly-used dietary supplements were vitamin/mineral supplements in both males and females, then protein and weight loss supplements in males and females, respectively. Although most students obtained information about dietary supplements via the Internet, they typically purchased the supplements from drug stores. Of the students surveyed, 7.5% who were currently using or used to use dietary supplements experienced adverse effects, with no significant difference between genders (8.8% in male, 7.0% in female). In conclusion, the prevalence of dietary supplement use increased with grade among college students in Japan. Some of them experienced adverse effects. Education may be important to prevent adverse effects resulting from supplement use in college.
Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States.

Despite significant recent public concern and media attention to the environmental impacts of food, few studies in the United States have systematically compared the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with food production against long-distance distribution, aka "food-miles. " We find that although food is transported long distances in general (1640 km delivery and 6760 km life-cycle supply chain on average) the GHG emissions associated with food are dominated by the production phase, contributing 83% of the average U.S. household's 8.1 t CO2e/yr footprint for food consumption. Transportation as a whole represents only 11% of life-cycle GHG emissions, and final delivery from producer to retail contributes only 4%. Different food groups exhibit a large range in GHG-intensity; on average, red meat is around 150% more GHG-intensive than chicken or fish. Thus, we suggest that dietary shift can be a more effective means of lowering an average household's food-related climate footprint than "buying local. " Shifting less than one day per week's worth of calories from red meat and dairy products to chicken, fish, eggs, or a vegetable-based diet achieves more GHG reduction than buying all locally sourced food.
An Algorithmic Theory of Lattice Points in Polyhedra

We discuss topics related to lattice points in rational polyhedra, including efficient enumeration of lattice points, “short” generating functions for lattice points in rational polyhedra, relations to classical and higher-dimensional Dedekind sums, complexity of the Presburger arithmetic, efficient computations with rational functions, and others. Although the main slant is algorithmic, structural results are discussed, such as relations to the general theory of valuations on polyhedra and connections with the theory of toric varieties. The paper surveys known results and presents some new results and connections.
A PHONETICIAN’S VIEW OF VERSE STRUCTURE

May I say, right away, that my interest in prosody, in the study of verse structure, is not an amateur's interest. * I would like to claim prosody as part of my own subject, phonetics; and I would therefore assert that my interest in prosody is a professional one. It is true that, in fact, most phoneticians have paid little attention to verse structure. Most writers on prosody, moreover, have paid little attention to phonetics, which is possibly why they have never reached any agreement on a common body of knowledge. I claim prosody as part of my subject, because verse is verse as a result of the way certain aspects of the sound, or rather perhaps the soundproducing movements, of speech have been exploited or organised. The study of the sound of speech, in all its aspects, and of the bodily movements which produce the sound, is the province of phonetics. Phonetic techniques of observation and analysis can be applied to verse structure as successfully as they can to any other aspect of language where the sound is important. I would like to start, therefore, with that part of elementary phonetic theory which is relevant to our present purpose. Speech, as is well known, depends on breathing: the sounds of speech are produced by an air-stream from the lungs. This air-stream does not issue from the lungs in a continuous flow, as might be thought at first. The flow is "pulse-like": there is a continuous and rapid fluctuation in the air-pressure, which results from alternate contractions and relaxations of the breathing muscles. Each muscular contraction, and consequent rise in air-pressure, is a chest-pulse (so called because it is the intercostal muscles in the chest that are responsible); and each chestpulse constitutes a syllable. This syllable-producing process, the system of chest-pulses, is the basis of human speech. This, however, is not the whole story of the production of the air-
VIBRATION CONTROL OF PIEZOELECTRIC FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE USING ROBUST CONTROL METHODOLOGY

Active vibration control of a smart flexible cantilever beam was studied by using mode theory and μ synthesis method. The actuator is piezoceramic patch, the sensor is strain gauge. The finite element method and experimental modal test was applied to obtain the dynamic model of the smart structure. Taking account into uncertainty of the external disturbance and measurement noise, and uncertainty of natural frequency, damping ratio and actuator parameters of the system, μ synthesis approach was applied to design the vibration controller by selecting mode displacement as evaluation signal and selecting appropriate weighting function according to amplitude and frequency characteristics of the actual signal. A H∞ controller with same weightings was also designed and implemented for comparison analysis. The performances of the controller are verified experimentally in this study. Experimental results showed that μ -controller can provide good disturbance rejection and is more robust to parameter variations than H∞ controller. And the proposed controllers can effectively suppress the vibration response of the flexible beam.
Welcoming Meta-Analysis and Emerging Ideas to HRDR

Meta-analysis has developed an enormously successful track record as a tool to aggregate statistical findings across studies. It has enabled researchers to reconcile what have appeared to be conflicting findings in research by controlling for sampling error and other study-specific statistical artifacts that influence findings. In some cases, it has revolutionized how researchers view certain phenomena. For example, views about the effects of personality on performance were fundamentally altered by Barrick and Mount (1991), which showed that the dispositional effects of personality do influence job performance, contrary to the conflicting findings of the studies they aggregated. Despite its success as a statistical aggregation tool, the editors of HRDR believe that meta-analysis has vast untapped potential to advance theory building in HRD. At the simplest level, one can easily see how any aggregation of findings about the relationship between any set of variables can aid in theory building. However, we agree with Yang (2002) that the potential is far greater that that. Although meta-analysis has most often been used to simply examine the empirical relationship between variables, we believe that it can advance theory building if (a) the analysis is guided by a theoretical framework, (b) the findings are used to modify or enhance existing theoretical frameworks, or c) the empirical aggregation leads to a proposed new theoretical framework. We should be careful to note here that we are not critical of the more empirical uses of meta-analysis. Rather, we would like to see new uses of metaanalysis in the theory-building arena. For this reason, we are modifying HRDR’s editorial policy to invite metaanalytic articles whose primary purpose is advancing theory in a particular domain and that meet the above criteria. We challenge meta-analysts to reach beyond statistical aggregation of findings to enhance HRD theory.
A Novel Real-Time Speech Summarizer System for the Learning of Sustainability

As the number of speech and video documents increases on the Internet and portable devices proliferate, speech summarization becomes increasingly essential. Relevant research in this domain has typically focused on broadcasts and news; however, the automatic summarization methods used in the past may not apply to other speech domains (e.g., speech in lectures). Therefore, this study explores the lecture speech domain. The features used in previous research were analyzed and suitable features were selected following experimentation; subsequently, a three-phase real-time speech summarizer for the learning of sustainability (RTSSLS) was proposed. Phase One involved selecting independent features (e.g., centrality, resemblance to the title, sentence length, term frequency, and thematic words) and calculating the independent feature scores; Phase Two involved calculating the dependent features, such as the position compared with the independent feature scores; and Phase Three involved comparing these feature scores to obtain weighted averages of the function-scores, determine the highest-scoring sentence, and provide a summary. In practical results, the accuracies of macro-average and micro-average for the RTSSLS were 70% and 73%, respectively. Therefore, using a RTSSLS can enable users to acquire key speech information for the learning of sustainability.
Molecular requirements for the mutagenicity of malondialdehyde and related acroleins.

Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis, is mutagenic in Salmonella. To determine the molecular requirements for its mutagenicity, we tested a series of beta-substituted acroleins in Salmonella typhimurium hisD3052 . Mutagenicity is dependent on the steric bulk of the substituent (revertants/mumol) at the beta position: beta- methoxyacrolein , 220; beta- ethoxyacrolein , 110; and beta- isobutoxyacrolein , 40. A good leaving group at the beta position substantially increases the mutagenic activity (revertants/mumol): beta-(p-nitrophenoxy)acrolein, 620; beta- benzoyloxyacrolein , 320; beta- chloroacrolein , 890; and di-gamma- oxopropenyl ether, 870. These data suggest that nucleophilic attack on the beta-carbon followed by elimination of the beta substituent is important for mutagenicity. Substitution of a methyl group at the alpha-carbon abolishes mutagenicity of these compounds. This effect can be explained by the lack of chemical reactivity of the alpha-methyl analogues toward oxygen or nitrogen nucleophiles. Propynal , which can add nucleophiles to generate a substituted acrolein, exhibits the highest mutagenicity (1370 revertants/mumol) in this series. The importance of the aldehyde functionality is suggested by the nonmutagenicity of propiolonitrile , ethyl propiolate , 4-benzoyloxy-3- buten -2-one, and 4-methoxy-3- buten -2-one. Aldehyde addition subsequent to the formation of the Michael adduct is, therefore, important for mutagenesis. An investigation of the toxicity of the present series indicates that toxicity and mutagenicity are independent events based on different chemical reactions.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndromes*

Objectives: To provide a comprehensive review of dengue, with an emphasis on clinical syndromes, classification, diagnosis, and management, and to outline relevant aspects of epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, and prevention strategies. Dengue, a leading cause of childhood mortality in Asia and South America, is the most rapidly spreading and important arboviral disease in the world and has a geographic distribution of >100 countries. Data Source: Boolean searches were carried out by using PubMed from 1975 to March 2009 and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1993 to March 2009 to identify potentially relevant articles by key search terms such as: “dengue”; “dengue fever”; “dengue hemorrhagic fever”; “dengue shock syndrome”; “severe dengue” and “immunopathogenesis,” pathogenesis,” “classification,” “complications,” and “management. ” In addition, authoritative seminal and up-to-date reviews by experts were used. Study Selection: Original research and up-to-date reviews and authoritative reviews consensus statements relevant to diagnosis and therapy were selected. Data Extraction and Synthesis: We considered the most relevant articles that would be important and of interest to the critical care practitioner as well as authoritative consensus statements from the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue viral infections are caused by one of four single-stranded ribonucleic acid viruses of the family Flaviviridae and are transmitted by their mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. The clinical syndromes caused by dengue viral infections occur along a continuum; most cases are asymptomatic and few present with severe forms characterized by shock. Management is predominantly supportive and includes methods to judiciously resolve shock and control bleeding while at the same time preventing fluid overload. Conclusions: Dengue is no longer confined to the tropics and is a global disease. Treatment is supportive. Outcomes can be optimized by early recognition and cautious titrated fluid replacement, especially in resource-limited environments.
Comparison of peak power and energy requirements in different actuation concepts for active knee prosthesis

In this paper we investigated the peak power (PP) and energy (E) requirements for different active knee actuation concepts at three different gaits. A lower PP or ER requirement is an important issue because it could lead to a smaller motor and less battery chargings. In this paper we compare the PP and E requirements of direct drive (DD), series elastic actuator (SEA), series elastic damping actuator (SEDA) with passive and variable damping and parallel elastic damping actuator (PEDA) with passive and variable damping at level ground walking, stairs ascending and stairs descending. SEDA (variable damping) and PEDA (variable damping) were found to be the best concepts for the reduction of PP and E requirement with an E requirement reduction of 46.3 % and 48.5 % compared to the DD concept (at level ground walking). This advantage comes with the cost and control effort for variable damping. The SEA concept with an E requirement of 23.9 % compared to the DD concept in level ground walking is a suitable option for a simple design.
Advance Organizers: Concrete Versus Abstract

AbstractWe used two experiments to examine the relative effects of concrete and abstract advance organizers on students’ memory for subsequent prose. In Experiment 1, students who effectively encoded a concrete organizer recalled significantly more of the content of a brief subsequent text than did students who effectively encoded an abstract organizer or who read the passage without an organizer. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 with a 5,000-word passage. The results of the second experiment confirmed those of the first. The results of the experiments are discussed in terms of the memorability, familiarity, and visualizability of concrete and abstract verbal materials.
Explicit Ramsey graphs and orthonormal labelings

We describe an explicit construction of triangle-free graphs with no independent sets of size m and with ›(m 3=2 ) vertices, improving a sequence of previous constructions by various authors. As a byproduct we show that the maximum possible value of the Lovasz µ-function of a graph on n vertices with no independent set of size 3 is £(n 1=3 ), slightly improving a result of Kashin and Konyagin who showed that this maximum is at least ›(n 1=3 = logn) and at most O(n 1=3 ). Our results imply that the maximum possible Euclidean norm of a sum of n unit vectors in R n , so that among any three of them some two are orthogonal, is £(n 2=3 ).
Effect of stray capacitances on bio-impedances in quasi-static electric field

Evaluating bio-impedances, inevitable stray capacitances have considerable impact on the measurement data. If the stray capacitances are not considered when simulating the electric impedance tomography problem, incorrect conductivities are reconstructed. To study the effect of the stray capacitances, a finite-element model of a test person in surroundings exposed to a quasi-static electric field is used to simulate the measuring setup. Results clearly demonstrate that the displacement currents at high frequencies in air have to be modeled appropriately.
Fine Tuning Recommendations for Older Adults with Memory Complaints: Using the Independent Living Scales with the Dementia Rating Scale

The purpose of this study was to describe how functional test performance changed as global cognitive functioning dropped, as well as to examine the relationship of demographic variables and depression with functional test results. We found that level of performance on the Independent Living Scales (ILS) correlated highly with Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) scores in 83 older adults presenting for clinical neuropsychological assessment, while correlations with demographic factors and depression were nonsignificant or modest. Based on DRS scores, we divided our sample into four groups: normal cognitive status, borderline cognitive impairment, likely mild dementia, and likely moderate dementia. ILS profiles of the borderline impairment and mild dementia groups were similar and reflected particularly poor performance on subscales tapping financial management and everyday memory. Individuals with likely moderate dementia were markedly impaired on all subscales.
Consensus Recommendations for Advancing Breast Cancer: Risk Identification and Screening in Ethnically Diverse Younger Women

A need exists for a breast cancer risk identification paradigm that utilizes relevant demographic, clinical, and other readily obtainable patient-specific data in order to provide individualized cancer risk assessment, direct screening efforts, and detect breast cancer at an early disease stage in historically underserved populations, such as younger women (under age 40) and minority populations, who represent a disproportionate number of military beneficiaries. Recognizing this unique need for military beneficiaries, a consensus panel was convened by the USA TATRC to review available evidence for individualized breast cancer risk assessment and screening in young (< 40), ethnically diverse women with an overall goal of improving care for military beneficiaries. In the process of review and discussion, it was determined to publish our findings as the panel believes that our recommendations have the potential to reduce health disparities in risk assessment, health promotion, disease prevention, and early cancer detection within and in other underserved populations outside of the military. This paper aims to provide clinicians with an overview of the clinical factors, evidence and recommendations that are being used to advance risk assessment and screening for breast cancer in the military.
Fully automatic hippocampus segmentation and classification in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment applied on data from ADNI

The hippocampus is among the first structures affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging volumetry is a potential biomarker for AD but is hindered by the limitations of manual segmentation. We proposed a fully automatic method using probabilistic and anatomical priors for hippocampus segmentation. Probabilistic information is derived from 16 young controls and anatomical knowledge is modeled with automatically detected landmarks. The results were previously evaluated by comparison with manual segmentation on data from the 16 young healthy controls, with a leave‐one‐out strategy, and eight patients with AD. High accuracy was found for both groups (volume error 6 and 7%, overlap 87 and 86%, respectively). In this article, the method was used to segment 145 patients with AD, 294 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 166 elderly normal subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. On the basis of a qualitative rating protocol, the segmentation proved acceptable in 94% of the cases. We used the obtained hippocampal volumes to automatically discriminate between AD patients, MCI patients, and elderly controls. The classification proved accurate: 76% of the patients with AD and 71% of the MCI converting to AD before 18 months were correctly classified with respect to the elderly controls, using only hippocampal volume. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inter/Multicultural Education on the European (Semi)periphery: notes on an action‐research project in four Portuguese schools

Abstract This article aims firstly at providing information on the historical and social context in which an action‐research project in inter/ multicultural education is being carried out in four Portuguese state‐schools. Secondly, it aims at providing information on the project itself. It is affirmed that the project, in addition to arguing for the importance of action‐research methodology in bringing together teachers/researchers from different sectors of the education system, attempts to counteract a ‘monocultural’ education tradition in Portugal through developing the concept of the inter/multicultural teacher.
Middle Ear Mechanics of Cartilage Tympanoplasty Evaluated by Laser Holography and Vibrometry

Goals: To assess the effects of thickness and position of cartilage used to reconstruct the tympanic membrane (TM) using a novel technique, time-averaged laser holography. Background: Cartilage is commonly used in TM reconstruction to prevent formation of retraction pockets. The thickness, position, and shape of the cartilage graft may adversely affect TM motion and hearing. We sought to systematically investigate these parameters in an experimental setting. Methods: Computer-assisted optoelectronic laser holography was used in 4 human cadaveric temporal bones to study sound-induced TM motion for 500 Hz to 8 kHz. Stapes velocity was measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer. Baseline (control) measurements were made with the TM intact. Measurements were repeated after a 0.5- or 1.0-mm-thick oval piece of conchal cartilage was placed on the medial TM surface in the posterior-superior quadrant. The cartilage was rotated so that it was either in contact with the bony tympanic rim and manubrium or not. Results: At frequencies less than 4 kHz, the cartilage graft had only minor effects on the overall TM fringe patterns. The different conditions had no effects on stapes velocity. Greater than 4 kHz, TM motion was reduced over the grafted TM, both with 0.5- and 1.0-mm-thick grafts. No significant differences in stapes velocity were seen with the 2 different thicknesses of cartilage compared with control. Conclusion: Computer-assisted optoelectronic laser holography is a promising technique to investigate middle ear mechanics after tympanoplasty. Such positioning may prevent postoperative TM retraction. These findings and conclusions apply to cartilage placed in the posterior-superior TM quadrant.