Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annotation: self-injurious behaviour in children with learning disabilities: recent advances in assessment and intervention.

There has been a discernible shift in the focus of research on self-injurious behaviour in people with learning disabilities in the last 10 years. Within the behavioural literature an emphasis on the technological features of treatments has been replaced by a more analytical approach. This has in part been spurred by the debate about the use of aversive stimuli in interventions but is also a product of research that has increased in breadth and volume. Gentral to this analytical approach is the examination of the environment determinants of self-injurious behaviour, best exemplified by the increasing attention paid to the methodology and utility of functional analysis. Research in this area has fostered a more prescriptive and constructional approach to behavioural interventions, by highlighting the adaptive properties of self-injury and by empirical study of a variety of environmental determinants. This shift in emphasis has promoted the importance of considering the functions of all challenging behaviours over their forms. Whilst aggression and self-injury may differ immensely in terms of the actions, they may be evoked and reinforced by similar events. They may thus be said to have functional equivalence, i.e. may serve the same "purpose", and both will be influenced in the same way if the events are similarly manipulated. Viewed from this perspective self-injury is no different to other challenging behaviours. It shares with them the property of being able to influence the behaviour of others because of its aversive nature. Another development in self-injury research in the past 15 years has been the steady accumulation of studies that implicate biological determinants, more
Single event upset immune latch circuit design using C-element

Downscaling trend in CMOS technology on the one hand and reducing supply voltage of the circuits on the other hand, make devices more susceptive to soft errors such as SEU. Latch circuits are prone to be affected by SEUs. In this article, we propose a new circuit design of latch using redundancy with the aim of immunity against SEUs. According to simulation results, our design not only guaranties full immunity, but also has the advantage of occupying less area and consuming much less power and performance penalty in comparison with other SEU immune latches. The simulation results show that our solution has 65.76% reduction in power and about 50.65% reduction in propagation delay in comparison with TMR-latch.
Urine color for assessment of dehydration among college men students in Hebei, China - a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To examine the association between quantified urine color and urine osmolality, and its validity in distinguishing hydration status among college men in Hebei, China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN Sixty-eight college men aged 18~25 years completed a cross-sectional study. All participants were asked to complete a 24-h fluid intake record to estimate fluid intake from beverages after anthropometric measurements. The foods eaten by participants were weighed to assess fluid intake from foods. All urine samples for the day were collected by participants to determine urine osmolality and urine color by chromatogram spectrophotometry (in accord with the Commission Internationale de l'Eclarige (CIE) notation L*a*b*). RESULTS A total 413 urine samples from 68 participants were collected and 151 (36.6%) samples indicated dehydration according to urine osmolality. The dehydrated group versus hydrated group had a smaller urine color L* (94.88 vs 98.06) and a* (- 2.39 vs -1.91), bigger b* (30.41 vs 15.15), and higher osmolality (958 mOsm/kg vs 486 mOsm/kg). Urine color and osmolality were closely correlated, especially for b* (0.86, p<0.0001). The percentage variance in urine osmolality (R2) explained by a partial least squares (PLS) model was 79%. Urine color b* contributed most substantially to the PLS model, with variable importance for projection of 1.35. The cutoff for b* for adequate hydration was 17.78 (area under the curve=0.899). CONCLUSIONS Differences in urine color between dehydrated and hydrated status related to urine osmolality. Urine color quantification is a reliable method to assess hydration status among young Chinese men.
Learning more, perceiving more? A comparison of L1 Cantonese–L2 English–L3 French speakers and L1 Cantonese–L2 English speakers in Hong Kong

This paper reports on a study examining the relationship between language learning and perceived language differences. Two groups of native Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong, L1 Cantonese–L2 English (CE) and L1 Cantonese–L2 English–L3 French (CEF), were asked to complete two tasks: a placement test in English (as well as in French for the CEF group) and a questionnaire on linguistic perception. While their performance in the placement test indicated that their English levels were comparable, their ratings and responses in the questionnaire indicated distinctive degrees of awareness and perception in the distance between their L1 Cantonese and L2 English. The advanced French participants in the CEF group were also found to be in the seemingly best position to express the similarities/differences among the languages. The differences observed are suggested to be related to enhanced cross-linguistic experience and the different L3 French proficiency levels the CEF group possessed.
Application of ultra-fast comparator for UWB pulse time of arrival measurement

The paper contains the proposal of an ultra wideband pulse detector intended for application in positioning system receiver. The detector design is based on an ultra-fast comparator. The paper contains results of comparator measurements. The parameters essential to the UWB pulse of arrival measurement are presented and discussed. In the second part of the paper description of the developed detector and evaluation of its parameters are included.
Massive MIMO Performance with Pilot Reuse

Achieving the promising gains of massive multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) relies on accurate channel state information. In this paper, results from detailed time-dynamic system simulations of reciprocity based massive MIMO systems in the 3GPP 3D scenarios are presented. Downlink (DL) multi- user MIMO performance is found to be sensitive to errors in channel estimates obtained from uplink (UL) sounding. Inter-cell coordination of UL sounding sequences by applying a comb reuse pattern in an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing based system is shown to significantly improve DL system performance. With a comb reuse 1/3 or 1/9 pattern, results show up to 75\% increased DL non-full buffer traffic capacity, thanks to reduced inter-cell interference in the channel estimation.
Automated Implementation Process of Machine Translation System for Related Languages

The paper presents an attempt to automate all data creation processes of a rule-based shallow-transfer machine translation system. The presented methods were tested on four fully functional translation systems covering language pairs: Slovenian paired with Serbian, Czech, English and Estonian language. An extensive range of evaluation tests was performed to assess the applicability of the methods.
Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance—Epidemiological and Mechanistic Aspects

Uncomplicated urinary tract infections are typically monobacterial and are predominantly caused by Escherichia coli. Although several effective treatment options are available, the rates of antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates of E. coli have increased during the last decade. Knowledge of the actual local rates of antibiotic resistant pathogens as well as the underlying mechanisms are important factors in addition to the geographical location and the health state of the patient for choosing the most effective antibiotic treatment. Recommended treatment options include trimethoprim alone or in combination with sulfamethoxazol, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, fosfomycin-trometamol, and nitrofurantoin. Three basic mechanisms of resistance to all antibiotics are known, i.e., target alteration, reduced drug concentration and inactivation of the drug. These mechanisms—alone or in combination—contribute to resistance against the different antibiotic classes. With increasing prevalence, combinations of resistance mechanisms leading to multiple drug resistant (mdr) pathogens are being detected and have been associated with reduced fitness under in vitro situations. However, mdr clones among clinical isolates such as E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131) have successfully adapted in fitness and growth rate and are rapidly spreading as a worldwide predominating clone of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli.
The Perceptions of Academic Lawyers Concerning the Effects of the United Kingdom's Research Assessment Exercise

In this article, the authors analyse quantitative and qualitative data compiled from a large-scale postal survey of legal academics concerning the United Kingdom's Research Assessment Exercise. The purpose of the study was to measure the attitudes of academic lawyers affected by the RAE rating process and institutional responses to that process. The study reveals that a substantial number of respondents lack faith in the objectivity of the rating process, believe institutional responses to the RAE have caused damage to academic working environments, and perceive that the RAE has failed to improve the quality of legal research.
Formalisation of Techniques: Chopping down the Methodology Jungle

In this article we discuss formalisation of techniques in the context of Information System Development methodologies. When such methodologies are developed, the primary goal is applicability. After the methodology has proven itself in practice, the methodology will be applied in more sophisticated situations, pushing the methodology to its limits. In those cases, informal de(cid:12)nitions are known to be inappropriate. We will go into some typical problems. After that, we describe a procedure for proper formalisation. The Predicator Model ([3] and [24]) is presented as an extended example. Finally, we describe some experiences with this approach to formalisation
The Role of Relational Governance in Innovation Performance in Clusters

Abstract-This paper aims to examine the effects of two kind of inter-firm relationship characteristics to the firm's innovation performance. In addition, a 'climatic' characteristic, namely industrial symmetry was also involved in the framework to explore the contingency role of the two relationship characteristics on relational governance. Using survey data from a sample of 211 firms from mainland China, we found that both kinds of relationship features have a positive impact on innovation performance because they facilitate relational governance at the firm level. We also find that relational governance have a inverted U shape effect on the outcome variable. Further industrial symmetry positively moderates the relationship between inter-firm trust and innovation performance.
White Matter Lesions in Migraine and Right-to-Left Shunt: A Conventional and Diffusion MRI Study

Subjects with migraine with aura (MA) have a high prevalence of white matter lesions (WMLs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, right-to-left shunt (RILES), mainly due to patent foramen ovale, is frequently associated with MA. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between RILES and WML in MA. We enrolled 87 consecutive subjects affected by MA. Patients were screened for migraine characteristics and cerebrovascular risk factors. Transcranial Doppler was used to diagnose RILES and MRI with T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to evaluate presence, number and volume of WMLs. RILES was present in 45% of patients. We did not detect any DWI hyperintense lesion; WMLs were present in 61% of patients on T2-weighted images. Presence of WMLs did not correlate with any migraine clinical feature, whereas the presence, number and volume of WMLs increased with subjects' age. There was no significant difference in the total volume and number of WMLs in the group with and without RILES. In conclusion, RILES does not increase the likelihood of finding WMLs in migraineurs.
Holistic face encoding is modulated by perceived face race: Evidence from perceptual adaptation

Human expertise at processing faces relies on how facial features are encoded: as a whole template rather than as a sum of independent features. This holistic encoding is less prominent for other-race faces, possibly accounting for the difficulty one encounters in recognizing these faces (the ‘other-race effect’). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of holistic face encoding can be modulated by racial categorization of the face. Caucasian participants performed a face-composite task with ‘racially-ambiguous’ face-stimuli (cross-race morphed faces, equally categorized as Asian or Caucasian faces in an independent task). The perceived race of the ambiguous faces was manipulated using adaptation. Experiment 1 showed that identical morphed face-stimuli were processed more holistically when perceived as ‘same-race’ than as ‘other-race’, i.e., following adaptation to ‘other-race’ versus ‘same-race’, respectively. Experiment 2 ascertained that the determining factor in the observed holistic processing modulation was the race of the racially-ambiguous face as perceived, rather than expected, by the participants, which supports the idea that the holistic processing of the face-stimuli was modulated by their race-categorization at the perceptual level.
Mixed Phase Pt-Ru Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Anode by Flame Aerosol Synthesis

A spray-flame aerosol catalyzation technique was studied for producing Pt-Ru anode electrodes for the direct methanol fuel cell. Catalysts were produced as aerosol nanoparticles in a spray-flame reactor and deposited directly as a thin layer on the gas diffusion layer. The as-prepared catalyst was found to be a mixture of nanocrystalline, mostly unalloyed Pt and an amorphous phase mostly of Ru and to a lesser extent of Pt oxides on top of the crystalline phase. The flame-produced Pt1Ru1 demonstrated similar onset potential but -60% higher activity compared to commercially available Pt1Ru1/Vulcan carbon. The kinetics of methanol oxidation on the mixed phase catalyst was also explored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Population structure and genetic basis of the agronomic traits of upland cotton in China revealed by a genome‐wide association study using high‐density SNPs

Gossypium hirsutum L. represents the largest source of textile fibre, and China is one of the largest cotton-producing and cotton-consuming countries in the world. To investigate the genetic architecture of the agronomic traits of upland cotton in China, a diverse and nationwide population containing 503 G. hirsutum accessions was collected for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 16 agronomic traits. The accessions were planted in four places from 2012 to 2013 for phenotyping. The CottonSNP63K array and a published high-density map based on this array were used for genotyping. The 503 G. hirsutum accessions were divided into three subpopulations based on 11 975 quantified polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By comparing the genetic structure and phenotypic variation among three genetic subpopulations, seven geographic distributions and four breeding periods, we found that geographic distribution and breeding period were not the determinants of genetic structure. In addition, no obvious phenotypic differentiations were found among the three subpopulations, even though they had different genetic backgrounds. A total of 324 SNPs and 160 candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions were identified as significantly associated with the 16 agronomic traits. A network was established for multieffects in QTLs and interassociations among traits. Thirty-eight associated regions had pleiotropic effects controlling more than one trait. One candidate gene, Gh_D08G2376, was speculated to control the lint percentage (LP). This GWAS is the first report using high-resolution SNPs in upland cotton in China to comprehensively investigate agronomic traits, and it provides a fundamental resource for cotton genetic research and breeding.
How Last.fm Illustrates the Musical World: User Behavior and Relevant User-Generated Content

Over the last few years, online multimedia exchange platforms have experienced a rapid growth. They allow users to share their own content and access other’s in turn and hence form very large public collections of User-Generated Content. While research is mostly looking at photo sharing platforms, such as Flickr, much less is known about online music communities. In this paper we present the results of an observational user study followed by a large-scale online survey, which investigated the behavior and the relevant content generated by the users of Last.fm, one of the most popular music communities. Based on the analysis of the results, we present implications for the usage of UserGenerated Content in online music communities. Then we developed a first prototype based on the implications for improving semantic understanding of collaborative tags. We believe our study gives insights for developing information visualization and recommender systems for online music communities. Author Keywords Online music community, User-Generated Content, user behavior, Last.fm.
A comparison of two 810 diode lasers for hair removal: Low fluence, multiple pass versus a high fluence, single pass technique

Laser hair removal has become an increasingly popular method to remove unwanted or excessive hair. We have assessed the relative efficacy and discomfort associated with competing hair removal techniques, namely a high average power 810 nm diode laser using an “in‐motion” technique with a market‐leading 810 nm device with a single‐pass vacuum‐assisted technique. This study has determined the long‐term (6–12 months) hair reduction efficacy and the relative pain induction intensities of these devices.
Correlation between subjective driver state measures and psychophysiological and vehicular data in simulated driving

Advanced driver assistance systems require better knowledge of the driver's state. This would allow for adapting driving support functions, e.g. adaptive automation. To detect the emotional and cognitive state of the driver, it is necessary to know which signals contain accurate information about the state. In this paper the results of a driving simulator study, in which different emotional and cognitive states were induced in 46 subjects via traffic scenarios, are presented. In the study, psychophysiological and vehicular data was measured in addition to subjective state estimations of the subjects. A correlation analysis confirmed that physiological data can potentially predict subjective driver states.
Tutorial: SoC Power Management Verification and Testing Issues

Power consumption has become one of the most important differentiating factors for semiconductor products. Voltage is the strongest handle for managing chip power consumption. We look in detail at some of key power management techniques such as power gating, adaptive voltage scaling and active body-bias that leverage voltage as a handle. We discuss the implications of power management architecture design, partitioning and new challenges in functional validation. The characteristics of new power states in such designs and some techniques used for their validation are examined. We also look at some design techniques to address power issues in testing. We use design examples from mobile baseband and application processor arena to explain these points.
Using RosettaLigand for Small Molecule Docking into Comparative Models

Computational small molecule docking into comparative models of proteins is widely used to query protein function and in the development of small molecule therapeutics. We benchmark RosettaLigand docking into comparative models for nine proteins built during CASP8 that contain ligands. We supplement the study with 21 additional protein/ligand complexes to cover a wider space of chemotypes. During a full docking run in 21 of the 30 cases, RosettaLigand successfully found a native-like binding mode among the top ten scoring binding modes. From the benchmark cases we find that careful template selection based on ligand occupancy provides the best chance of success while overall sequence identity between template and target do not appear to improve results. We also find that binding energy normalized by atom number is often less than −0.4 in native-like binding modes.
Adaptationism and adaptive thinking in evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychologists attempt to infer our evolved psychology from the selection pressures present in our ancestral environments. Their use of this inference strategy—often called “adaptive thinking”—is thought to be justified by way of appeal to a rather modest form of adaptationism, according to which the mind's adaptive complexity reveals it to be a product of selection. I argue, on the contrary, that the mind's being an adaptation is only a necessary and not a sufficient condition for the validity of adaptive thinking, and that evolutionary psychology's predictive project is in fact committed to an extremely strong and highly implausible form of adaptationism. According to this “strong adaptationism,” the macroevolutionary trajectory of a population is determined by, and therefore predictable on the basis of, the selection pressures acting upon it. Not only is this form of adaptationism prima facie highly implausible, it requires making a number of naïve and likely false assumptions concerning the nature of heritable phenotypic variation in natural populations. In particular, it assumes that phenotypic variation is inevitably small in its extent, unbiased in its direction, and copious in its quantity. Because it is unlikely that these conditions obtain as a general rule, and even more unlikely that they obtained in early human populations, I conclude that there is little reason to believe that adaptive thinking can be used to infer the current structure of our minds from evidence of past selection pressures.
Small LDL-cholesterol is superior to LDL-cholesterol for determining severe coronary atherosclerosis.

AIM Recent evidence suggests that small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) particles are more atherogenic than large-LDL in spite of their lower cholesterol content. This study aimed to determine whether sd-LDL-cholesterol (sd-LDL-C) is superior to LDL-C as a biomarker of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS LDL particle size determined by gradient gel electrophoresis and sd-LDL-C concentrations quantified by heparin-magnesium precipitation were compared between 482 stable CHD patients and 389 non-diabetic subjects without CHD who were not receiving any lipid-lowering drugs. RESULTS Both male and female CHD patients had significantly smaller LDL particles and lower large-LDL-C concentrations (estimated by subtracting the sd-LDL-C concentration from the LDL-C concentration), and significantly higher sd-LDL-C concentrations than the control subjects. LDL-C concentrations were modestly higher and sd-LDL-C concentrations were significantly higher in 258 patients with angiographically documented severe CHD than in the patients with mild CHD irrespective of treatment by LDL-lowering drugs and history of myocardial infarction and/or coronary revascularization. Large-LDL-C concentrations, in contrast, were similar between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that sd-LDL-C levels were significantly associated with severe CHD independently of LDL-C. CONCLUSION sd-LDL-C levels are more powerful than LDL-C levels for the determination of severe stable CHD.