Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IPO Underpricing: A Meta–Analysis and Research Synthesis

Initial public offerings (IPOs) have been a prominent focus of academic and popular press attention, especially in recent years. Much of this attention can be attributed to the increase in IPO activity as a function of the “dot com” phenomenon. Of particular interest to both academics and practitioners is IPO underpricing. Review of existing research suggests little consensus regarding those factors associated with underpricing. We provide a meta–analysis of published studies. Our findings reveal a number of significant relationships, many of which are opposite that predicted by signaling theory. Implications of these findings for practice and future research are discussed.
Primary empty sella syndrome in a series of 142 patients.

OBJECT The primary empty sella syndrome (ESS) represents a heterogeneous clinical picture characterized by endocrine disturbances and signs of intracranial hypertension. An increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) is proposed to be one of the involved pathogenetic factors. METHODS The series included 142 patients who were observed during a period of 20 years. All patients underwent an ICP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics evaluation through the use of a lumbar constant-rate infusion test. Impairment of ICP and CSF dynamics was observed in 109 patients (76.8%). In 35 of the 36 patients affected by severe intracranial hypertension without rhinorrhea, improvement in adverse neurological symptoms was achieved after implanting a CSF shunt. Visual function, already seriously compromised before surgery, remained severely altered in one patient. In the group of 34 patients affected by rhinorrhea, CSF leakage was controlled using different surgical treatments: CSF shunt placement in 16 cases, surgical repair of the sellar floor in three, and both procedures in the remaining 13. Two patients refused any surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS The role of increased ICP in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of primary ESS has been confirmed. Adverse neurological signs and a CSF leak are correlated with an actual increase in ICP and are relieved after CSF shunt insertion. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is more common than generally thought. Its resolution can be achieved using a careful diagnostic protocol and sometimes may require different surgical procedures.
Strategic management: An analysis of its representation and focus in recent hospitality research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of strategic management topic representation within the academic field of hospitality. The study addresses the following questions: what is the frequency of articles related to the topic of strategy in recent hospitality journals? How does the content of these articles differ from the more general field of strategic management? And, what are the potential gaps where researchers in the hospitality field can make contributions? Design/methodology/approach – This study looks at the number and percentage of strategy-related articles published in leading hospitality journals for 2005 through 2009. The determination of the percentage of strategy-related articles published and categorizing these articles by key strategy topic area required several steps: defining strategic management as an academic area within hospitality; determining key strategy topic areas and key words or terms; and defining characteristics of the hospitality field that may impact what is and what is not strategic management in hospitality. Hospitality journal articles were then coded as strategy-related or other, and (if determined to be strategy-related) the articles were categorized into one of ten key topic areas. Findings – Overall strategy articles represent about 27 percent of the total journal articles from the five-year period. In comparing hospitality journals to the sole top-tier business journal focusing on strategy, this study indicates differences exist among key topic areas of focus. These differences seem to indicate that researchers in general strategic management tend to focus on less applied and more theoretical notions of strategy where researchers in hospitality strategic management tend to focus on more tactical methods when addressing questions of strategy. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of this study are: the study focuses on four hospitality journals and the top-rated general strategy journal; and categorizing strategy articles was done using inter-judge reliability by the authors. Future research might identify a socially constructed definition of strategic management in hospitality. Practical implications – The importance of strategic management and strategic thinking in hospitality and hospitality research has never been greater. With increasing turbulence in the global environment, the field of hospitality (and its related research) must assess and provide strategic approaches to address challenges and opportunities for the future. Originality/value – The value of this study is in providing an overview of what has been studied in hospitality strategy in the recent past and pointing out future research opportunities for hospitality strategic management issues.
An Efficient Approach for Steiner Tree Problem by Genetic Algorithm

We have applied a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the Steiner Minimal Tree problem in graphs. In this a simple bit string representation is used, where a 1 or 0 corresponds to whether or not a node is included in the solution tree. The standard genetic operators-selection, crossover and mutation-are applied to both random and seeded initial populations of representations. Various parameters within the algorithm have to be set and we discuss how and why we have selected the values used. A standard set of graph problems used extensively in the comparison of Steiner tree algorithms has been solved using our resulting algorithm. We report our results (which are encouragingly good) and draw conclusions the proposed algorithm has several advantages. One advantage is that, it guarantees convergence to an optimal solution with probability one. And another advantage is that, not only the resultant solutions all are feasible, the solution quality is also much higher than that obtained by the other methods (immensely, in almost every case in our simulations, the algorithm can find the optimal solution of the problem).
Environmental Justice and Southern California’s “Riskscape”

Past research on “environmental justice” has often failed to systematically link hazard proximity with quantifiable health risks. The authors employ recent advances in air emissions inventories and modeling techniques to consider a broad range of outdoor air toxics in Southern California and to calculate the potential lifetime cancer risks associated with these pollutants. They find that such risks are attributable mostly to transportation and small-area sources and not the usually targeted large-facility pollution emissions. Multivariate regression suggests that race plays an explanatory role in risk distribution even after controlling for other economic, land-use, and population factors. This pattern suggests the need for innovative emissions reduction efforts as well as specific strategies to alter the spatial and racial character of the environmental “riskscape” in urban centers.
Women and "Hopeless" Congressional Candidacies

This article examines the extent to which women were nominated by the major parties to run for the House of Representatives in contests they had little chance of winning. The findings indicate that between 1916 and 1978, a larger proportion of women than men was nominated for "hopeless" contests, but the difference, while significant at times, is not as great as might be expected. Republican women fared better than Democratic women during the first 50 years, but that pattern was recently reversed. Nevertheless, Democrats were not much better off in the 1970s than they were in the 1930s, and Republicans were decidedly worse off. A steady increase in the number of women nominated for House seats suggests that the number of women Representatives will grow, in spite of continued gender-related differences in the nominating process.
The Impact of Institutional Coup-Proofing on Coup Attempts and Coup Outcomes

Coup-proofing pertains to political leaders’ strategies that will prevent groups inside or outside the state apparatus from seizing power via a coup d’état. One particular form of these strategies divides a country’s military into rivaling organizations, thereby creating an artificial balance between and structural obstacles for the armed forces. Despite the general claim that this institutional coup-proofing is indeed effective, a recent empirical study does not obtain evidence for a negative impact on the risk of coup attempts or coup outcomes. The authors take this finding as a motivation for their re-evaluation of the effect of institutional coup-proofing on coup risk and outcomes. By developing an argument that rests on the concepts of collective action and polarization, it is contended that institutional coup-proofing and coups are characterized by a U-shaped relationship: Institutional coup-proofing is likely to lower the likelihood of coup onsets and successful outcomes, yet only until a tipping point of about two equally strong military organizations. After this turning point, the risk of coup onset as well as coup success may increase again. Using time-series cross-section data for 1975–1999, the authors find strong and robust support for their claims in terms of coup onset, but not coup outcomes.
Do the sick retire early? Chronic illness, asset accumulation and early retirement

Our objective is to determine how chronic illness affects asset accumulation and retirement. Previous studies have found that poor health leads to early retirement, but those studies failed to look at the indirect impact of chronic illness on retirement. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we define an illness as chronic if the individual reports having asthma, cancer, heart disease, stroke or diabetes for four or more years. We first estimate how a chronic illness influences asset accumulation. We then estimate how asset accumulation and current poor health influence retirement. We observe that the vast majority of the chronically ill population do not report their general health to be poor nor do they report functional limitations in activities of daily living. Nevertheless, our results indicate that chronic illness leads these people to accumulate fewer assets during their working years and consequently retire later. Neither researchers nor policy-makers discussing the many critical issues surrounding illness and retirement have addressed this issue.
Crossing trails in the marshes: rigidity and flexibility in the governance of the Danube Delta

In this paper, we revisit the utility of the concepts of path dependence and interdependence for the analysis of participatory environmental governance. We investigate the evolution of environmental governance in the Romanian Danube Delta, and, starting from an observation of problematic citizen participation, demonstrate how specific patterns of path and interdependence shaped both the present situation and the reform options. For the Delta, it is argued that direct citizen participation, without working with other institutions, would not solve the problems observed, but would rather reinforce unwanted informal institutions. Theoretically, we utilise a combination of path dependence theory and social systems theory, allowing a grasp of both rigidity and flexibility in the evolution of governance systems. Empirically, expert and lay interviews, long-term observation and analysis of policy documents underpin our analysis.
A 36/44 MHz Switched-capacitor Bandpass Filter for Cable-TV Tuner Application

A 36/44-MHz wide-band switched-capacitor (SC) band-pass filter is proposed for cable-TV tuner systems. The 14th-order SC biquadratic filter employs 2-path technique to achieve high attenuation and wide bandwidth at high frequency. Implemented in a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the filter measures center frequencies of 36 MHz and 44 MHz with a bandwidth of 5.0 MHz and 6.2 MHz, respectively. Adjacent-channel attenuation of -58 dBc and pass-band ripple of less than 0.6 dB are achieved.
Service innovation and organisational development through public?private partnership

The study examines three successful service improvement cases by the public sector in order to highlight their common success factors. The methodology includes interviews, focus-group discussions and the applications of the Grounded Theory. The findings reveal that the public? private partnership has primarily contributed to improved services and better organisational development for the public sectors. Other common factors are the attention on understanding citizens' expectation and limitations, the interpretations of social trends such as city life styles and families with working parents, and constantly measuring service satisfaction and consistency. The findings should further assist future organisational development and management for public agencies as they are faced with budget and resource constraints.
HCV-Induced Immune Responses Influence the Development of Operational Tolerance After Liver Transplantation in Humans

Persistent HCV infection does not preclude the establishment of liver allograft tolerance in humans. Turning the Tables on Tolerance When it comes to transplantation, chronic viral infection may not be so bad after all. Bohne et al. demonstrate that chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) does not prevent the development of tolerance in liver transplant patients. Animal studies have previously indicated that immune responses to infection prevent the establishment of transplantation tolerance, which has resulted in the exclusion of individuals with persistent infection from transplantation tolerance trials. This prospective trial of immunosuppression withdrawal in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients found that the HCV-induced immune response did not influence outcome. Rather, tolerance induction was associated with expression of immunoregulatory genes that were specific for HCV infection. Thus, HCV infection not only does not always prevent the development of transplantation tolerance but also may actually contribute to restraining antitransplant immune responses. Pathogen-induced immune responses prevent the establishment of transplantation tolerance in experimental animal models. Whether this occurs in humans as well remains unclear. The development of operational tolerance in liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection allows us to address this question. We conducted a clinical trial of immunosuppression withdrawal in HCV-infected adult liver recipients to elucidate (i) the mechanisms through which allograft tolerance can be established in the presence of an ongoing inflammatory response and (ii) whether anti-HCV heterologous immune responses influence this phenomenon. Of 34 enrolled liver recipients, drug withdrawal was successful in 17 patients (50%). Tolerance was associated with intrahepatic overexpression of type I interferon and immunoregulatory genes and with an expansion of exhausted PD1/CTLA4/2B4-positive HCV-specific circulating CD8+ T cells. These findings were already present before immunosuppression was discontinued and were specific for HCV infection. In contrast, the magnitude of HCV-induced proinflammatory gene expression and the breadth of anti-HCV effector T cell responses did not influence drug withdrawal outcome. Our data suggest that in humans, persistent viral infections exert immunoregulatory effects that could contribute to the restraining of alloimmune responses, and do not necessarily preclude the development of allograft tolerance.
Education–Job Match, Salary, and Job Satisfaction Across the Public,, Non-Profit, and For-Profit Sectors: Survey of recent college graduates

Abstract Using data from the 2006 Survey of Recent College Graduates, this study examines how education–job match and salary may explain recent college graduates’ job satisfaction in the public, non-profit, and for-profit sectors. The results imply that while education–job match increases job satisfaction in all three sectors, for-profit workers may compensate the loss in job satisfaction due to poor match with increased satisfaction from higher salary. The findings suggest that, in the public and non-profit sectors, increased salary cannot make up the loss in job satisfaction from poor education–job match as much as it does in the for-profit sector.
A review of micro-analyses of tourist expenditure

Tourist expenditure is an important measure of international tourism demand. This study is a review of expenditure analyses in a tourism context presenting a range of factors that could affect tourism demand and expenditure. A review of 27 tourism expenditure studies that used micro-data was conducted, to elicit the sample size, model specification, as well as the dependent and independent variables. The study concluded that greater emphasis should be given to micro-economic modelling of tourism demand and to the investigation of the effect of psychological and destination-related factors on tourist expenditure.
Physician Specialty and Variations in Adoption of Electronic Health Records

Summary Objective: Efforts to promote adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) have focused on primary care physicians, who are now expected to exchange data electronically with other providers, including specialists. However, the variation of EHR adoption among specialists is underexplored. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study to determine the association between physician specialty and the prevalence of EHR adoption, and a retrospective serial cross-sectional study to determine the association of physician specialty and the rate of EHR adoption over time. We used the 2005–2009 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We considered fourteen specialties, and four definitions of EHR adoption (any EHR, basic EHR, full EHR, and a novel definition of EHR sophistication). We used multivariable logistic regression, and adjusted for several covariates (geography, practice characteristics, revenue characteristics, physician degree). Results: Physician specialty was significantly associated with EHR adoption, regardless of the EHR definition, after adjusting for covariates. Psychiatrists, dermatologists, pediatricians, ophthalmologists, and general surgeons were significantly less likely to adopt EHRs, compared to the reference group of family medicine / general practitioners. After adjustment for covariates, these specialties were 44 – 94% less likely to adopt EHRs than the reference group. EHR adoption increased in all specialties, by approximately 40% per year. The rate of EHR adoption over time did not significantly vary by specialty. Conclusions: Although EHR adoption is increasing in all specialties, adoption varies widely by specialty. In order to insure each individual’s network of providers can electronically share data, widespread adoption of EHRs is needed across all specialties. Citation: Grinspan ZM, Banerjee S, Kaushal R, Kern LM. Physician specialty and variations in adoption of electronic health records. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 225–240 http://dx.doi. org/10.4338/ACI-2013-02-RA-0015
Cytoplasmic MTOCs control spindle orientation for asymmetric cell division in plants

Significance Cell division axis orientation is critical for differentiation and morphogenesis. In animal cells, centrosome-driven mitotic spindle orientation is key to orient cell divisions. However, in naturally acentrosomal plants, the mechanism underlying spindle orientation is poorly understood. Using two model systems, asymmetrically dividing cells in the moss Physcomitrella patens and tobacco tissue culture cells, we identified de novo assembled microtubule organizing centers during mitotic prophase as a common critical mechanism for spindle orientation. Disruption of these microtubule organizing centers caused misoriented spindles and cell plates. The “phragmoplast guidance” mechanism, which directs cell plate orientation, could not fully restore initial spindle orientation defects. Thus, this study identifies spindle orientation as a conserved factor in land plants to assist division plane orientation. Proper orientation of the cell division axis is critical for asymmetric cell divisions that underpin cell differentiation. In animals, centrosomes are the dominant microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) and play a pivotal role in axis determination by orienting the mitotic spindle. In land plants that lack centrosomes, a critical role of a microtubular ring structure, the preprophase band (PPB), has been observed in this process; the PPB is required for orienting (before prophase) and guiding (in telophase) the mitotic apparatus. However, plants must possess additional mechanisms to control the division axis, as certain cell types or mutants do not form PPBs. Here, using live imaging of the gametophore of the moss Physcomitrella patens, we identified acentrosomal MTOCs, which we termed “gametosomes,” appearing de novo and transiently in the prophase cytoplasm independent of PPB formation. We show that gametosomes are dispensable for spindle formation but required for metaphase spindle orientation. In some cells, gametosomes appeared reminiscent of the bipolar MT “polar cap” structure that forms transiently around the prophase nucleus in angiosperms. Specific disruption of the polar caps in tobacco cells misoriented the metaphase spindles and frequently altered the final division plane, indicating that they are functionally analogous to the gametosomes. These results suggest a broad use of transient MTOC structures as the spindle orientation machinery in plants, compensating for the evolutionary loss of centrosomes, to secure the initial orientation of the spindle in a spatial window that allows subsequent fine-tuning of the division plane axis by the guidance machinery.
A Generalized Clustering Problem, with Application to DNA Microarrays

We think of cluster analysis as class discovery. That is, we assume that there is an unknown mapping called clustering structure that assigns a class label to each observation, and the goal of cluster analysis is to estimate this clustering structure, that is, to estimate the number of clusters and cluster assignments. In traditional cluster analysis, it is assumed that such unknown mapping is unique. However, since the observations may cluster in more than one way depending on the variables used, it is natural to permit the existence of more than one clustering structure. This generalized clustering problem of estimating multiple clustering structures is the focus of this paper. We propose an algorithm for finding multiple clustering structures of observations which involves clustering both variables and observations. The number of clustering structures is determined by the number of variable clusters. The dissimilarity measure for clustering variables is based on nearest-neighbor graphs. The observations are clustered using weighted distances with weights determined by the clusters of the variables. The motivating application is to gene expression data.
A digitally controlled PLL for SoC applications

A fully integrated digitally controlled phase-locked loop (PLL) used as a clock multiplying circuit is designed and fabricated. The PLL has no off-chip components and it is made from standard cells found in most digital standard cell libraries. The design is, therefore, portable between technologies as an IP block. Using a 0.35-/spl mu/m standard CMOS process and a 3.0-V supply voltage, the PLL has a frequency range of 152 to 366 MHz and occupies an on-chip area of 0.07 mm/sup 2/. In addition, the next version of this all-digital PLL is described in synthesizable VHDL code, which simplifies digital system simulation and change of process. A new time-to-digital converter with higher resolution is designed for the improved PLL. An improved digitally controlled oscillator is also suggested.