Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CESIUM TELLURIDE

Cesium telluride is the photoemissive material used in many laser-driven RF-guns like in TTF-FEL. The material has been already used since few years but a detailed study of its optical properties is still missing. In this paper, we present the measurements of the cesium telluride reflectivity versus wavelength and incidence angle. These measurements are used to calculate the real and complex part of the refractive index and to have a better understanding of the energy band structure of the cesium telluride. The knowledge of these properties is relevant in view of the measurement of the thermal emittance of this material that is in progress in our lab using a Time of Flight spectrometer. The thermal emittance is the key parameter for choosing the photocathode for the future high brightness machines. The use of cesium telluride (Cs 2Te) photocathodes as electron source for laser-driven RF guns is established since years. Nevertheless its physical properties are yet not completely known. Powell studied the energy band in the 70’s [1] and previously Taft and Apker [2]. The only information to our knowledge about optical properties of cesium telluride is an estimation presented by Johnson [3]. Due to the importance of optical parameters in the analysis of the model used to study the thermal emittance of cesium telluride, we start studying the optical properties of the photoemissive film. Due to the sensitivity of this film to gas exposure, the film is prepared and analyzed in Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) condition. Since the cathode is grown on a thick substrate, we are only able to study the reflection properties of the film. We measure the reflectivity R with unpolarized light and Rs and Rp with s-polarized and p-polarized light respectively. Moreover the film itself is only tens of nanometers thick and the interplay between the Mo substrate and the Cs2Te film has to be taken into account. Since the material is photoemissive, we use the measured Quantum Efficiency (QE) to further understand the properties of the material. The final goal of this activity is to determine the real (n) and complex (k) value of the refractive index of the material specifically at 254 nm. These parameters play a key role in understanding the physics of the photoemission process from Cs 2Te and as a consequence on the estimation of the thermal emittance of these kind of photocathodes.
Predation of Amblyseius longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Aponychus corpuzae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract Aponychus corpuzae is a pest of bamboo in Fujian, China. The predatory mite Amblyseius longispinosus was explored as a potential biocontrol agent against Ap. corpuzae in a series of experiments on its predation on Ap. corpuzae. The rate of prey consumption (per predator female) increased linearly with temperature from 1.35 at 15°C to 5.22 at 35°C (the relationship can be described by Y = -1.005 + 0.185 T; R = 0.96), whereas the rate of oviposition increased with temperature from 0.11 at 15°C to 3.58 at 30°C and then decreased to 2.27 at 35°C [the relationship can be described by Y = 0.141 (T-30)2 + 43]. The rate of predation increased linearly with prey density within the range of 1–9 prey per leaf (Y = 0.805 + 0.418 X, R = 0.96) and reached a plateau at the density of 9 prey per leaf, but the rate of oviposition increased linearly with prey density Y = 0.955 + 0.380 X (R = 0.97). As expected, the number of eggs laid by predators increased linearly with the number of prey they consumed (Y = 0.290 + 0.423 X; R = 0.93); on average, a predator consumed 1.3–2.5 prey to lay 1.0–1.5 eggs. Functional responses of predator to prey density at five different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C) and to different active life stages of spider mites (larva, protonymph, deutonymph, adult female and adult male) approximated Holling type II. Amblyseius longispinosus was considered more effective against spider mites at 25°C than at other temperatures. They are most effective against adult female spider mites but least effective against spider mite larvae. With a fixed number of prey available, predation rates per predator decreased with predator density. Aponychus corpuzae adults were observed to show defensive behaviour against predators at high prey densities.
Updatable relay selection for distributed EO-STBC cooperative system with ARQ protocol

In this paper, we investigate the closed loop extended orthogonal - space time block codes in decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative networks and propose an updatable Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol including relay selection. The relays correctly decoding the signals are incorporated into the relay set, and if there exist more than 4 relays in this set, we only choose 4 optimal relays based on the channel information. According to the number of the relays in the set, we bring forward a distributed EO-STBC method in the relay transmission to enhance the system performance. Simulation results prove that the proposed scheme can achieve better performance than the best relay and distributed-Alamouti scheme.
Teaching As a Way of Knowing

This article is about action-oriented teacher research, wherein teachers advocate for student's abilities and accomplishments. teacher researchers use the stories students reveal about the competent aspects of their lives as learners to immediately change their teaching. the article describes (a) underlying assumptions about teaching and knowing, (b) the focus of the teacher research perspective, (c) methodological considerations, and (d) applications to the study of special education. adopting a teacher research stance in special education has the potential to provide an alternative view of students in special education programs and to transform both teaching and assessment practices.
Automated Test Data Generation Using Cuckoo Search and Tabu Search (CSTS) Algorithm

Abstract. Software testing is a very important phase in the development of software. Testing includes the generation of test cases which, if done manually, is time consuming. To automate this process and generate optimal test cases, several meta-heuristic techniques have been developed. These approaches include genetic algorithm, cuckoo search, tabu search, intelligent water drop, etc. This paper presents an effective approach for test data generation using the cuckoo search and tabu search algorithms (CSTS). It combines the cuckoo algorithm's strength of converging to the solution in minimal time along with the tabu mechanism of backtracking from local optima by Lévy flight. The experimental results show that the algorithm is effective in generating test cases optimally and its performance is better than various earlier proposed approaches.
Immune and inflammatory cell involvement in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Recent studies have revealed that immune and inflammatory responses play a crucial role in pathogenesis of idiopathic PAH. OBJECTIVES To systematically evaluate the number and cross-sectional distribution of inflammatory cells in different sizes of pulmonary arteries from explanted lungs of patients with idiopathic PAH versus healthy donor lungs and to demonstrate functional relevance by blocking stromal-derived factor-1 by the Spiegelmer NOX-A12 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on lung tissue sections from patients with idiopathic PAH and healthy donors. All positively stained cells in whole-lung tissue sections, surrounding the vessels, and in the different compartments of the vessels were counted. To study the effects of blocking SDF-1, rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension were treated with NOX-A12 from Day 21 to Day 35 after monocrotaline administration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found a significant increase of the perivascular number of macrophages (CD68(+)), macrophages/monocytes (CD14(+)), mast cells (toluidine blue(+)), dendritic cells (CD209(+)), T cells (CD3(+)), cytotoxic T cells (CD8(+)), and helper T cells (CD4(+)) in vessels of idiopathic PAH lungs compared with control subjects. FoxP3(+) mononuclear cells were significantly decreased. In the monocrotaline model, the NOX-A12-induced reduction of mast cells, CD68(+) macrophages, and CD3(+) T cells was associated with improvement of hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal altered perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration in pulmonary vascular lesions of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Targeting attraction of inflammatory cells by blocking stromal-derived factor-1 may be a novel approach for treatment of PAH.
Transport protocol for real-time communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensors need data that arrive in time. This demand is fulfilled by a real-time communication for applications that use WSN technologies. The protocols, TCP and UDP, were not designed for real-time communication in wireless networks. The proposed protocol can manage data unit delays by considering time and space evaluations. The protocol designed in this study is compared with the UDP protocol. Both protocols are compared for the data units travel times and for the timelyput, which is the throughput of data units which arrive in time and which can be used by the application. This novel protocol achieves better results.
The Fetus Can Teach Us: Oxygen and the Pulmonary Vasculature

Neonates suffering from pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) continue to represent an important proportion of patients requiring intensive neonatal care, and have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The human fetus has evolved to maintain a high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in utero to allow the majority of the fetal circulation to bypass the lungs, which do not participate in gas exchange, towards the low resistance placenta. At birth, oxygen plays a major role in decreasing PVR to enhance pulmonary blood flow and establish the lungs as the organ of gas exchange. The failure of PVR to fall following birth results in PPHN, and oxygen remains the mainstay therapeutic intervention in the management of PPHN. Knowledge gaps on what constitutes the optimal oxygenation target leads to a wide variation in practices, and often leads to excessive oxygen use. Owing to the risk of oxygen toxicity, avoiding hyperoxemia is as important as avoiding hypoxemia in the management of PPHN. Current evidence supports maintaining arterial oxygen tension in the range of 50–80 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation between 90–97% in term infants with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Clinical studies evaluating the optimal oxygenation in the treatment of PPHN will be enthusiastically awaited.
An Examination of the Goals of the Rustication Program in the People's Republic of China

Through an examination of the rustication movement in its four stages from 1953 to 1980, this article contends that while the various goals of the rustication movement intermingled, and while they varied in importance at different times, a consistent and fundamental goal was the reduction of urban unemployment pressure, which was caused by China's large increase in population born during the late 1940s through the 1950s as well as by its rigid centrally-planned economic system. While Mao Zedong and his radical supporters intended the rustication more as a social revolution, especially during the Cultural Revolution, the economic planners and administrators, who may have been sincere in promoting such theories, were driven in reality also by practical considerations and economic pressures.
From Truth Tables to Programming Languages: Progress in the Design of Reversible Circuits

It is a widely supported prediction that conventional computer hardware technologies are going to reach their limits in the near future. Consequently, researchers are working on alternatives. Reversible circuits are one promising direction with applications e.g. in low-power design or quantum computation. However, no real design flow for this new kind of circuits exists so far. In this paper, the progress in the development of design methods for reversible circuits is reviewed -- with a particular focus on the synthesis steps. After a brief review on reversible circuits, the general idea of common synthesis approaches is described. This includes methods based on truth table descriptions, methods applicable to larger functions, and finally an approach based on a programming language. Discussions and an outlook to future work conclude this paper.
The principle of time-frequency duality of DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA

Direct sequence (DS) and Multi-carrier (MC) code division multiple access (CDMA) are competing schemes for wireless multiple access systems. They have been studied and compared by many researchers. Time and frequency domains have long been used to represent linear systems in dual forms. In this paper it is shown, using time-frequency duality, that DS and MC can be considered dual CDMA systems or dual representa- tions of a unique CDMA system, depending on the relationship between the spreading waveforms. The effects of transmission over a time-variant, frequency-selective channel on these dual systems are also considered. It is shown that frequency selectiv- ity produces the same effect in MC-CDMA as time variation in DS-CDMA and vice-versa. Detection strategies for DS and MC CDMA are interrelated and their performance is compared by simulation.
Evaluating the feasibility of acoustic radiation force impulse shear wave elasticity imaging of the uterine cervix with an intracavity array: a simulation study

The uterine cervix softens, shortens, and dilates throughout pregnancy in response to progressive disorganization of its layered collagen microstructure. This process is an essential part of normal pregnancy, but premature changes are associated with preterm birth. Clinically, there are no reliable noninvasive methods to objectively measure cervical softening or assess cervical microstructure. The goal of these preliminary studies was to evaluate the feasibility of using an intracavity ultrasound array to generate acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) excitations in the uterine cervix through simulation, and to optimize the acoustic radiation force (ARF) excitation for shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) of the tissue stiffness. The cervix is a unique soft tissue target for SWEI because it has significantly greater acoustic attenuation (α = 1.3 to 2.0 dB·cm-1·MHz-1) than other soft tissues, and the pathology being studied tends to lead to an increase in tissue compliance, with healthy cervix being relatively stiff compared with other soft tissues (E ≈ 25 kPa). Additionally, the cervix can only be accessed in vivo using a transvaginal or catheter-based array, which places additional constraints on the excitation focal characteristics that can be used during SWEI. Finite element method (FEM) models of SWEI show that larger-aperture, catheter-based arrays can utilize excitation frequencies up to 7 MHz to generate adequate focal gain up to focal depths 10 to 15 mm deep, with higher frequencies suffering from excessive amounts of near-field acoustic attenuation. Using full-aperture excitations can yield ~40% increases in ARFI-induced displacements, but also restricts the depth of field of the excitation to ~0.5 mm, compared with 2 to 6 mm, which limits the range that can be used for shear wave characterization of the tissue. The center-frequency content of the shear wave particle velocity profiles ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 kHz, depending on the focal configuration and the stiffness of the material being imaged. Overall, SWEI is possible using catheter-based imaging arrays to generate adequate displacements in cervical tissue for shear wave imaging, although specific considerations must be made when optimizing these arrays for this shear wave imaging application.
Socio-psychological factors associated with the public's willingness to pay for elite sport policy: does risk perception matter?

We present the results of an application of the contingent valuation method to an elite sport policy. Specifically, we aimed to address the literature gap by introducing risk perception as one of the socio-psychological factors explaining the willingness to pay (WTP) for the elite sport policy which is based on an attitudinal framework. The respondents were asked about their WTP for the Japanese elite sport policy. The annual median and truncated mean WTP were estimated at 513 and 1802 JPY (€4.15 and €14.59), respectively, through a log logit model. The statistical analysis of WTP determinants indicated that the value of an elite sport policy is based not only on the perceived positive aspects of the outcome of the policy (benefit perception), but also on the negative aspects associated with elite sport development (risk perception). Moreover, viewing athletes as role models was found to be a value driver.
Educating Children of Immigrants: Closing the Gap in Norwegian Schools

Children of immigrant parents constitute a growing share of school cohorts in many OECD countries, and their educational performance is vital for successful social and economic integration. This paper examines educational outcomes of first and second generation non- OECD immigrants in Norway. We show that children of immigrants, and particularly those born outside Norway, are much more likely to leave school early than native children. Importantly, this gap shrunk sharply over the past two decades and second generation immigrants are now rapidly catching up with the educational performance of natives. For childhood immigrants, upper secondary completion rates decline with age at arrival, with a particularly steep gradient after age seven. Finally, we find that immigrant-native attainment gaps disappear when we condition on grade points from compulsory school.
Summary of detection and location for oil and gas pipeline leak

This thesis introduces detection and location methods about oil and gas pipelines leak comprehensively in recent years. It introduces the domestic and foreign development situation about oil and gas pipelines leak; Based on the hardware and software method this essay introduces research results about methods of fault diagnosis of oil and gas pipeline in detail; also, points out the developing direction of leak detection and location techniques is described.
Effectiveness of the 4-mg dose of nicotine polacrilex for the initial treatment of high-dependent smokers.

PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of the 4-mg and 2-mg dosages of nicotine polacrilex vs placebo through the first 6 weeks of treatment (during which 75% of relapse occurs when there is no treatment) in assisting high-dependent smokers to stop smoking when instructed to use a fixed number (12 pieces) of medication daily. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety high-dependent (Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire score > or = 7 plus baseline carbon monoxide level > 15 ppm) healthy male and female smokers, highly motivated to quit smoking, were enrolled in a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which they were instructed to use 12 pieces per day of their assigned dosage formulation: 4 mg, 2 mg, or 0.5 mg (placebo) of nicotine polacrilex. The behavioral intervention did not depend on providing any special psychological training, skills, or services but rather employed a standard medical practice model that could easily be implemented by any primary care physician. RESULTS Sustained abstinence from weeks 2 through 6, determined at each visit by absolutely no cigarette use plus a carbon monoxide level of 8 ppm or lower was 59% (4-mg group), 30% (2-mg group), and 39% (placebo group) (P < .02). For the 55 of the 90 smokers who met the originally planned definition of high dependence (Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire score > or = 7 plus baseline smoking serum cotinine level > 250 ng/mL plus baseline carbon monoxide level > 15 ppm), results were 63% (4-mg group), 25% (2-mg group), and 25% (placebo group) (P < .02). In addition, the 4-mg dose produced statistically significantly higher abstinence rates in compliant subjects (P < .02) and also in subjects with high baseline serum continine levels who were compliant (P < .01) than did either the 2-mg dose or placebo. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the 4-mg dose of nicotine polacrilex is the drug and dose of choice for the initial phase of tobacco dependence treatment in high-dependent smokers; the 2-mg dose of nicotine polacrilex is not better than placebo during the first 6 weeks of treatment for high-dependent cigarette smokers, and thus should not be used for these patients during the initial treatment phase.
Empirically evaluating the use of animations to teach algorithms

As algorithm animation systems become more widely available and easy to use, instructors will have the opportunity to utilize these systems to assist their teaching. Although algorithm animation systems have generated excitement and interest in both teachers and students, little empirical evidence exists to promote their use. This article describes a study involving the use of algorithm animations in classroom and laboratory settings. Results indicated that allowing students to create their own examples in a laboratory session led to higher accuracy on a post-test examination of understanding as compared to students who viewed prepared examples or no laboratory examples. <<ETX>>
Los Angeles Unified School District Intern Program: Recruiting and Preparing Teachers for an Urban Context.

Alternative routes into teaching have been widely criticized by the teacher education community as "quick fix" solutions to teacher shortages, an approach which recruits substandard teachers, provides inadequate professional education and results in a decline in the quality of instruction in the public schools (AACTE, 1986; Gideonse, 1984; Roth, 1986). Paradoxically, such programs often represent an attempt on behalf of states and school districts to upgrade teaching standards already downgraded by teaching shortages that result in the use of emergency credentialed and misassigned teachers (Feistritzer, 1985). For at least 20 years traditional approaches to teacher recruitment have not provided sufficient numbers of teachers to meet the needs of urban areas or high demand subject areas, such as mathematics, science, bilingual education, and special education (Cagampang & Guthrie, 1988; Darling-Hammond, Hudson, & Kirby, 1989; Haberman, 1986,1988,1990; Kerchner, 1984; NCES, 1983). A whole generation of children, particularly those from inner city and minority families, is already being educated by marginally qualified teachers. Supporters of alternative routes to teacher certification argue that these programs are an effective way to recruit academically competent individuals to teach in hard-to-staff schools (Fox, 1984; Gray, 1987; Wimpelberg & King,
Knowledge Equivalence in Combined Action Theories

We investigate the relationship between two accounts of knowledge and action in the situation calculus: the Scherl and Levesque (SL) approach that models knowledge with possible worlds, and the Demolombe and Pozos Parra (DP) approach that models knowledge by a set of “knowledge fluents. ” We construct combined action theories: basic action theories that encode a correspondence between an SL and a DP theory. We prove, subject to certain restrictions, that knowledge of fluent literals are provably the same after a sequence of actions. Moreover, this knowledge equivalence extends to a rich class of formulae. These results allow us to translate certain SL theories into equivalent DP theories that avoid the computational drawbacks of possible world reasoning. They also enable us to prove the correctness of the DP treatment of knowledge and action in terms of a possible world specification.