Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficiently Methods for Embedded Frequent Subtree Mining on Biological Data

As a technology based on database, statistics and AI, data mining provides biological research a useful information analyzing tool. The key factors which influence the performance of biological data mining approaches are the large-scale of biological data and the high similarities among patterns mined. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm named IRTM for mining frequent subtrees embedded in biological data. We also advanced a string encoding method for representing the trees, and a scope-list for extending all substrings for frequency test. The IRTM algorithm adopts vertically mining approach, and uses some pruning techniques to further reduce the computational time and space cost. Experimental results show that IRTM algorithm can achieve significantly performance improvement over previous works.
Processing of Information in the Human Visual System

1.1 Preface To gather as much necessary information as possible of the visual world, and neglect as much unnecessary information as possible, the visual system has undergone an impressive optimization in the course of evolution which is fascinating , in each detail that is examined. A few aspects will be described in this chapter. Similar limitations may exist in machine vision, and comparisons to the solutions developed in the visual system in the course of 5 billion years of evolution might provide some insights. As in any camera, the first step in vision is the projection of the visual scene on an array of photodetectors. In the vertebrate camera eye, this is achieved by the cornea and lens in the eye (Fig. 1.1) which transmit the light in the visible part of the spectrum, 400 nm to 780 nm, by 60 to 70%. Another 20– 30% are lost due to scattering in the ocular media. Only about 10% are finally absorbed by the photoreceptor pigment [2]. Due to the content of proteins, both cornea and lens absorb in the ultraviolet and due to the water content, the transmission is blocked in the far infrared. The cornea consists of a thick central layer, the stroma, which is sandwiched between two semipermeable membranes (total thickness about 0.5 mm). It is composed of collagen fibrils with mucopolysaccharides filling the space between the fibrils. Water content is tightly regulated to 75–80%, and clouding occurs if it changes beyond these limits. The crystalline lens is built up from proteins, called crystallines, which are characterized on the basis of their water solubility. The proteins in the
Effectiveness and safety of endoscopy for treatment of surgical site infection: A randomized control trial

The aim of this randomized control study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endoscopy for the treatment of surgical site infection (SSI), compared with conventional therapy. One hundred and six patients who were diagnosed with severe SSI were included in the study, performed from May 2005 to July 2012 at Tianjin Binhai New Area Dagang Hospital, China. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: 57 patients in group A treated by endoscopy and 49 patients in group B treated by conventional therapy for SSI. The primary outcome was the healing period of the wound; the secondary outcomes were the blood loss following surgery, visual analog scale (VAS) measurement, volume of irrigation saline during surgery, rate of skin transplantation, length of hospital stay and other complications. The mean wound healing time was significantly less in group A (10.0±2.5 days) than in group B (19.4±5.2 days). The mean VAS score 7 days after surgery in group A was significantly less compared with group B. The intra-operative blood loss, intra-operative volume of irrigation saline and length of the hospital stay were significantly reduced in group A compared with group B. No significant differences between the groups were revealed in terms of the duration of surgery and the clinical complications. This study demonstrated that the endoscopy procedure for the treatment of SSI reduces the wound healing time compared with that of traditional surgery, without increasing any risk of clinical events. The present study showed that endoscopy was not only effective but also safe in the therapy of serious SSI. However, a further randomized control trial is necessary to testify our conclusions.
Effects of mitomycin C on the expression of chymase and mast cells in the conjunctival scar of a monkey trabeculectomy model

Purpose To determine the effects of mitomycin C (MMC) on the expression of chymase and mast cells in the conjunctival scar after trabeculectomy. Methods Ten eyes of five monkeys were used. Three eyes underwent trabeculectomy with MMC (MMC-treated), four eyes had trabeculectomy without MMC (placebo-treated), and three eyes served as control eyes. Intraocular pressure was measured before and three weeks after surgery. The scores of the degree of conjunctival adhesion were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the densities of proliferative cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, chymase-positive cells, and mast cells. The ratio of collagen fiber areas to conjunctival and scleral lesions was analyzed by Mallory-Azan staining. Results After trabeculectomy, the intraocular pressure reduction of MMC-treated eyes was significantly different from placebo-treated and control eyes (p=0.032, 0.035). The adhesion score of MMC-treated eyes was also significantly lower than that of placebo-treated eyes (p=0.034). Densities of proliferative cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, chymase-positive cells, and areas of collagen fiber in conjunctival and scleral lesions were significantly decreased in MMC-treated eyes, compared with placebo-treated eyes (p=0.034, 0.034, 0.049, respectively). There was a tendency for the density of mast cells to be suppressed in MMC-treated eyes (p=0.157). Conclusions Chymase might be involved in one of the mechanisms by which MMC suppresses scar formation after trabeculectomy.
Voice pitch alters mate-choice-relevant perception in hunter–gatherers

In humans, voice pitch is thought to be a cue of underlying quality and an important criterion for mate choice, but data from non-Western cultures have not been provided. Here we test attributions to and preferences for voices with raised and lowered pitch in hunter–gatherers. Using a forced-choice playback experiment, we found that both men and women viewed lower pitched voices in the opposite sex as being better at acquiring resources (e.g. hunting and gathering). While men preferred higher pitched women's voices as marriage partners, women showed no overall preference for voice pitch in men. However, women who were currently breastfeeding had stronger preferences for higher pitched male voices whereas women not currently breastfeeding preferred lower pitched voices. As testosterone is considered a costly signal associated with dominance, heritable immunity to infection and low paternal investment, women's preferences potentially reflect a trade-off between securing good genes and paternal investment. Men's preferences for higher pitched female voices are probably due to an evolved preference for markers of fecundity, reflected in voice pitch.
Reliability and breakdown characteristics of HfO2-based GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with a thin Si interface layer

The electrical characteristics and reliability of HfO2-based p-GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors (EOT: 2.4 nm to 4.8 nm) with a thin Silicon (Si) interfacial passivation layer (IPL) have been investigated with different thicknesses of HfO2. SILC generation kinetics and flat band instability were investigated via CVS and CCS measurements. In addition, breakdown voltages of gate oxide according to different thicknesses of HfO2 were studied. It is found that an optimum Si IPL and a thin HfO2 layer are essential to improve reliability characteristics of GaAs MOS capacitors which will enable gate oxide scaling down in GaAs system.
Audiovisual speech integration and lipreading in autism.

BACKGROUND During speech perception, the ability to integrate auditory and visual information causes speech to sound louder and be more intelligible, and leads to quicker processing. This integration is important in early language development, and also continues to affect speech comprehension throughout the lifespan. Previous research shows that individuals with autism have difficulty integrating information, especially across multiple sensory domains. METHODS In the present study, audiovisual speech integration was investigated in 18 adolescents with high-functioning autism and 19 well-matched adolescents with typical development using a speech in noise paradigm. Speech reception thresholds were calculated for auditory only and audiovisual matched speech, and lipreading ability was measured. RESULTS Compared to individuals with typical development, individuals with autism showed less benefit from the addition of visual information in audiovisual speech perception. We also found that individuals with autism were significantly worse than those in the comparison group at lipreading. Hierarchical regression demonstrated that group differences in the audiovisual condition, while influenced by auditory perception and especially by lipreading, were also attributable to a unique factor, which may reflect a specific deficit in audiovisual integration. CONCLUSIONS Combined deficits in audiovisual speech integration and lipreading in individuals with autism are likely to contribute to ongoing difficulties in speech comprehension, and may also be related to delays in early language development.
Improving embedding capacity with minimum degradation of stego-image

Embedding maximum information in a stego-image with minimum change in its appearance has been a major concern in image-based steganography techniques. In this paper, we present a strategy of attaining maximum embedding capacity in an image in a way that maximum possible neighboring pixels are analyzed for their frequencies, to determine the amount of information to be added in each pixel. The technique provides a seamless insertion of data into the carrier image and reduces the error assessment and artifacts insertion required to a minimal. We justify our approach with the help of an experimental evaluation on a prototypic implementation of the proposed model.
Register Reverse Rematerialization

Reversible computing could be in more or less long term mandatory for minimizing heat dissipation inherent to computing. It aims at keeping all information on input and intermediate values available at any step of the computation. Rematerialization in register allocation amounts to recomputing values instead of spilling them in memory when registers run out. In this paper we detail a heuristic algorithm for performing reverse register materialization and we use the high memory demanding LQCD (Lattice Quantum ChromoDynamics) application to demonstrate that important gains of up to 33% on register pressure can be obtained. This in turn enables an increase in Instruction-Level Parallelism and Thread-Level Parallelism. We demonstrate a 16.8% (statically timed) gain over a basic LQCD computation. Basic ideas of the algorithm and experimental results were already presented in a poster of another conference.
Study on the Microstructure and Ferroelectricity of Sr0.5Ba0.5-x Bix TiO3 Thin Films

The influences of bismuth (Bi) on the microstructure and ferroelectricity of Sr<sub>0.5</sub>Ba<sub>0.5-x</sub>Bi<sub>x</sub>TiO <sub>3</sub> (BST) thin films were studied. The Pr, Ps and Ec was 0.22muC/cm<sup>2</sup>, 0.72muC/cm<sup>2</sup> and 60 Kv/cm respectively for Sr<sub>0.5</sub>Ba<sub>0.485</sub>Bi<sub>0.015</sub>TiO <sub>3</sub> thin film at 100 Hz, 20V. The microstructure and phase analyses of BST thin films were examined by XRD, FTIR and TEM. The results show that tetragonal perovskite crystal grains existed in BST thin films. Moreover the grain size was decreased with the increasing Bi <sup>3+</sup> doping ration
Independent Study Report : Propose Partial Replication Schemes for Replicated Declustering and Compare Their Performance

In this course, under the supervision of our professor, we have focused on the techniques for declustering data into multiple disks. Our aim is to get familiar with all the related work done till today so we have started from the very beginning of declustering which is done on relational databases and Cartesian product files [4, 5]. We have explored the literature and find out the most outstanding, milestone quality papers about declustering, read them and have small discussions each weak on one or two papers. This way we tried to understand the increased interest and need on declustering of data to multiple disks, which was parallel to the increase in the amount of data used in today’s high performance, high complexity computing environments. Those environments utilize multiple disks controlled with multiple processors compared to single disk and single processor machines used at the early times of declustering research. Today, algorithms and approaches have adjusted to multiple disk systems that generally store spatial data and frequently receive range queries. Today’s database systems manipulate terabytes of data related to different fields of sciences like cartography, epidemiology, transportation and Geographical Information Systems [10]. We have observed several approaches aimed at decreasing the amount of time required for retrieval of data under different types of queries. Most of the queries fall into one of the groups; range query, arbitrary query and connected query. Those queries are investigated and several algorithms proposed for each of them separately in the literature. Our initial reference point for partial replication schemes was the research paper of our professor which analyses and compares all of the replicated declustering schemes proposed till now. We examined the comparisons of different methods for replicated declustering under different query types and loads.
HINDI SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING HTK

Speech recognition is the process of converting an acoustic waveform into the text similar to the information being conveyed by the speaker. In the present era, mainly Hidden Markov Model (HMMs) based speech recognizers are used. This paper aims to build a speech recognition system for Hindi language. Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK) is used to develop the system. It recognizes the isolated words using acoustic word model. The system is trained for 30 Hindi words. Training data has been collected from eight speakers. The experimental results show that the overall accuracy of the presented system is 94.63%.
Hyperlink-Aware Object Retrieval

In this paper, we address the problem of object retrieval by hyperlinking the reference data set at subimage level. One of the main challenges in object retrieval involves small objects on cluttered backgrounds, where the similarity between the querying object and a relevant image can be heavily affected by the background. To address this problem, we propose an efficient object retrieval technique by hyperlinking the visual entities among the reference data set. In particular, a two-step framework is proposed: subimage-level hyperlinking and hyperlink-aware reranking. For hyperlinking, we propose a scalable object mining technique using Thread-of-Features, which is designed for mining subimage-level objects. For reranking, the initial search results are reranked with a hyperlink-aware transition matrix encoding subimage-level connectivity. Through this framework, small objects can be retrieved effectively. Moreover, our method introduces only a tiny computation overhead to online processing, due to the sparse transition matrix. The proposed technique is featured by the novel perspective (object hyperlinking) for visual search, as well as the object hyperlinking technique. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our hyperlinking and retrieval methods by experimenting upon several object-retrieval data sets.
The adaptive problem of absent third-party punishment

Language is a uniquely human behaviour, which has presented unique adaptive problems. Prominent among these is the transmission of information that may affect an individual’s reputation. The possibility of punishment of those with a low reputation by absent third parties has created a selective pressure on human beings that is not shared by any other species. This has led to the evolution of unique cognitive structures that are capable of handling such a novel adaptive challenge. One of these, we argue, is the propositional theory of mind, which enables individuals to model, and potentially manipulate, their own reputation in the minds of other group members, by representing the beliefs that others have about the first party’s intentions and actions. Support for our theoretical model is provided by an observational study on tattling in two preschools, and an experimental study of giving under threat of gossip in a dictator game.
Omega Centauri: Nucleus of a Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal?

We focus on two aspects of Omega Cen that are rather uncharacteristic of globular clusters: its metallicity distribution and its orbit. We use (1) a Washington (M-T_2,M)_o color-magnitude diagram containing 130,000 stars, (2) DDO51 photometry to separate out giants from field dwarfs, and (3) a mapping of (M-T_2,M-DDO51)_o colors to [Fe/H] to derive a metallicity distribution function (MDF) for Omega Cen. The MDF is corrected for field giant contamination by a radial velocity membership study of a subsample of stars spanning all abundances. As with previous studies, the MDF is very wide with a peak near [Fe/H]=-1.7 and extending to both higher and lower abundance, but with few stars having [Fe/H] >~ -1.2. The orbit of Omega Cen is strongly retrograde, has small apogalacticon and is almost coplanar with the Milky Way disk -- i.e., an orbit unlike any known for almost all Galactic globular clusters, and unique among clusters with its horizontal branch type and [Fe/H]. We propose that the MDF and orbit of Omega Cen, when considered in light of other unusual Omega Cen properties are consistent with a picture wherein this object is the remains (nucleus) of a once larger satellite dwarf galaxy that has been substantially reduced by tidal stripping. A model wherein Omega Cen faced considerable stripping by the Galactic disk can account for the cluster's current state. A present-day counterpart of this process may be the Sagittarius dSph system, for which the globular cluster M54 (which has a mass similar to Omega Cen) has been purported to be the nucleus. A larger proto-Omega Cen on a retrograde orbit plowing through the Milky Way disk may have aided thick disk formation both through the contribution of tidally stripped stars and through substantial thin disk heating.
Synaptic patterns of thalamocortical afferents in mouse barrels at postnatal day 11

This study focuses on the synaptic output patterns of thalamocortical axons in mouse barrel cortex at postnatal day (P) 11. Axons were labeled by biotinylated dextran amine transported anterogradely following injection in vivo into the ventrobasal thalamus. Labeled axons in the posteromedial barrel subfield were examined by light and electron microscopy and then reconstructed in three dimensions to assess the spatial distribution of their synapses. Thalamocortical axons form asymmetrical synapses, both at varicosities and along cylindrical portions of the axons; usually, only one synapse occurs per site, contrasting with the case in the adult, in which multiple synapses are typical. At P11, varicosities without synapses are common. As in adult barrels, approximately 80% of synapses formed by thalamocortical axons are with dendritic spines; 20% are with dendritic shafts. The similarity in the distribution of thalamocortical synapses onto spines vs. dendrites in developing and mature barrels indicates that adult synaptic patterns already are specified at a very early stage of thalamocortical synaptogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:63–77, 2002. ©2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of gender and defensive opponent on the biomechanics of sidestep cutting.

PURPOSE Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often occur in women during cutting maneuvers to evade a defensive player. Gender differences in knee kinematics have been observed, but it is not known to what extent these are linked to abnormal neuromuscular control elsewhere in the kinetic chain. Responses to defense players, which may be gender-dependent, have not been included in previous studies. This study determined the effects of gender and defense player on entire lower extremity biomechanics during sidestepping. METHODS Eight male and eight female subjects performed sidestep cuts with and without a static defensive opponent while 3D motion and ground reaction force data were recorded. Peak values of eight selected motion and force variables were, as well as their between-trial variabilities, submitted to a two-way (defense x gender) ANOVA. A Bonferroni-corrected alpha level of 0.003 denoted statistical significance. RESULTS Females had less hip and knee flexion, hip and knee internal rotation, and hip abduction. Females had higher knee valgus and foot pronation angles, and increased variability in knee valgus and internal rotation. Increased medial ground reaction forces and flexion and abduction in the hip and knee occurred with the defensive player for both genders. CONCLUSIONS A simulated defense player causes increased lower limb movements and forces, and should be a useful addition to laboratory protocols for sidestepping. Gender differences in the joint kinematics suggest that increased knee valgus may contribute to ACL injury risk in women, and that the hip and ankle may play an important role in controlling knee valgus during sidestepping. Consideration of the entire lower extremity contributes to an understanding of injury mechanisms and may lead to better training programs for injury prevention.
Lazy-Update B+-Tree for Flash Devices

With the rapid increasing capacity of flash chips, flash-aware indexing techniques are highly desirable for flash devices. The unique features of flash memory, such as the erase-before-write constraint and the asymmetric read/write cost, severely deteriorate the performance of the traditional B+-tree algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new indexing method, called lazy-update B+-tree, to overcome the limitations of flash memory. The basic idea is to defer the time of committing update requests to the B+-tree by buffering them in a segment of main memory. They are later committed in groups so that each write operation can be amortized by a bunch of update requests. We identify a victim selection problem for the lazy-update B+-tree and develop two heuristic-based commit policies to address the problem. Simulation results show that the proposed lazy-update method, along with a well-designed commit policy, greatly improves the update performance of the traditional B+-tree while preserving the query efficiency.
Dynamical and spectral properties of complex networks

Dynamical properties of complex networks are related to the spectral properties of the Laplacian matrix that describes the pattern of connectivity of the network. In particular we compute the synchronization time for different typesof networks and different dynamics. We show that the main dependence of the synchronization time is on the smallest nonzero eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix, in contrast to other proposals in terms of the spectrum of the adjacency matrix. Then, this topological property becomes the most relevant for the dynamics.