Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association of possible sleep bruxism in children with different chronotype profiles and sleep characteristics

ABSTRACT Sleep bruxism (SB) in children has been associated with several sleep characteristics, which may alter their sleep pattern. This change affects the internal biological clock and consequently the chronotype profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of an association between possible SB in children with specific chronotype profiles and sleep characteristics. The study included 207 parents/guardians of children aged between 3 and 12 years who were waiting for their children’s dental treatment at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A questionnaire on the socio-demographic characteristics of parents and children as well as on the features of the children’s sleep was applied. In addition, the CIRENS scale (Circadian Energy Scale) was completed by the parents to identify the children’s chronotype. A chi-squared test was used to determine the association between possible SB, the chronotype, and sleep characteristics. A multiple logistic regression model was implemented to observe the influence of chronotype, age, and other independent variables on the possible SB. The logistic regression model demonstrated that nocturnal agitation (p = 0.009; OR = 3.42) and nightmares (p = 0.045; OR = 3.24) were associated with possible SB in children. Although no significant association (p = 0 .089) between the chronotype profile and possible SB was observed in the 3 to 5 years age group, a proportional difference was observed between the chronotype categories in this age group—12.5% of children with SB had a morning type, while 26.4% had an intermediate type and 47.8% an evening type compared to those without possible SB. Nocturnal agitation and nightmares were associated with possible SB. In addition, young children with an evening chronotype had a tendency toward possible SB.
Explaining Performance in Annual Reports: Are American or Japanese Executives More Self-Serving?

When a company experiences a year of disap pointing results, are executives more likely to blame themselves or "challenging" eco nomic conditions? And when a company has a banner year, are executives more likely to credit themselves or favorable economic circumstances? Psychologists refer to this pattern? where in dividuals see themselves as fully responsible for their successes yet blame external sources for their failures? as the self-serving attributional bias. The classic example is the student who attributes his superior grades to internal reasons (e.g., intelli gence or hard work) but relies heavily on external reasons to explain lousy grades (e.g., lousy teach ers). Generally speaking, researchers have found that individuals use the self-serving attributional bias to maintain their psychological well-being and to manage impressions. Considering that the self-serving attributional bias has been shown by many classic social psy chological studies to be fairly common, it may have also found its way into the executive suite. In particular, corporate leaders may stand to gain if they can take credit for success while avoiding blame for failure, especially when it comes to firm performance. Reggy Hooghiemstra of the Univer sity of Groningen in the Netherlands addressed this topic in a recent study that compared how U.S. and Japanese companies apply the self-serv ing attributional bias in explanations of their an nual performance to shareholders. The fact that most research on the self-serving attributional bias has been conducted in the United States raises questions about the extent to which this phenomenon exists in other cultures. Indeed, studies have shown that the self-serving attributional bias tends to be less prevalent in Asian cultures (e.g., China and Japan) than it is in the United States. Essentially, in Western cultures a person's self-esteem and identity are much more connected with his individual achievements and unique contributions than in many Asian cul tures. As a result, individuals from Western cul tures generally may have a greater need to protect their self-esteem through biased explanations of their own behavior than do their counterparts in Asia. Conversely, in Japan and other Asian soci eties, people may feel more social pressure to blend in and harmonize with their peer groups, making it socially awkward to take credit for any successes that would make them stand out. Con
Pathways to Poverty Reduction

type="main" xml:id="dpr12167-abs-0001"> Of the myriad approaches to reducing poverty, which have proved effective on a national scale? This article analyses 15 systematically selected national cases of demonstrated rapid poverty reduction, seeking insights into effective approaches to reducing poverty. From these 15 economies, in which the bottom quintile experienced an annual increase in income of at least 6% over at least a decade, emerge four poverty-reduction pathways: (1) industrialisation, (2) rural development, (3) social welfare and (4) petroleum-generated employment. In addition to helping us understand what policy approaches have actually helped reduce poverty, this article has implications for the understanding of economic growth, the impact of pro-growth policies, the relationship between state and market, and the roles of non-government organisations (NGOs) and civil society.
Control of body size by oxygen supply reveals size-dependent and size-independent mechanisms of molting and metamorphosis

Body size profoundly affects many aspects of animal biology, including metamorphosis, allometry, size-dependent alternative pathways of gene expression, and the social and ecological roles of individuals. However, regulation of body size is one of the fundamental unsolved problems in developmental biology. The control of body size requires a mechanism that assesses size and stops growth within a characteristic range of sizes. Under normal growth conditions in Manduca sexta, the endocrine cascade that causes the brain to initiate metamorphosis starts when the larva reaches a critical weight. Metamorphosis is initiated by a size-sensing mechanism, but the nature of this mechanism has remained elusive. Here we show that this size-sensing mechanism depends on the limited ability of a fixed tracheal system to sustain the oxygen supply to a growing individual. As body mass increases, the demand for oxygen also increases, but the fixed tracheal system does not allow a corresponding increase in oxygen supply. We show that interinstar molting has the same size-related oxygen-dependent mechanism of regulation as metamorphosis. We show that low oxygen tension induces molting at smaller body size, consistent with the hypothesis that under normal growth conditions, body size is regulated by a mechanism that senses oxygen limitation. We also found that under poor growth conditions, larvae may never attain the critical weight but eventually molt regardless. We show that under these conditions, larvae do not use the critical weight mechanism, but instead use a size-independent mechanism that is independent of the brain.
An Empirical Test of the Validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange

We test the empirical validity of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE) using cross-sectional stock returns on 31 stocks listed on the ZSE between March 2009 and February 2014. We conclude that, although the explanatory power of beta tends to fall rapidly for prediction horizons >6 months, beta significantly explains average monthly stock returns on the ZSE. Tests to validate the CAPM reject its validity for the ZSE however, primarily due to liquidity and skewness anomalies. We nevertheless fail to detect any size effects. There is encouraging evidence to suggest that the CAPM performs reasonably well in predicting average monthly returns over prediction horizons of between 3 and 6 months. We recommend that investors and analysts must exercise extreme caution in applying the CAPM. Furthermore, we discourage strategies based on the existence of a size premium on the ZSE. Instead, investors may consider neglected and negatively skewed stocks, albeit over appropriate horizons. Further research on other African Stock Markets will help verify if the optimal performance range of the CAPM is indeed 3-6 months. Development of standard continental proxy market portfolios will also improve the estimation of betas and enhance results of cross-country tests of the CAPM.
Comparison of the Bronchodilating Effect of Salmeterol and Zafirlukast in Combination with That of Their Use as Single Treatments in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: It has been suggested that the effect of a β2-agonist is additive with that of a cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor antagonist. Objectives: The present study was designed to answer the question of whether combined administration of inhaled salmeterol and oral zafirlukast at the standard doses would result in greater bronchodilation in patients with chronic airway obstruction than the use of either drug alone. Methods: The study was performed using a double-blind, double-dummy, crossover, randomised design, and was conducted on 4 non-consecutive days. Sixteen patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 10 non-smoker asthmatic patients received 40 mg of oral zafirlukast, 50 µg of inhaled salmeterol, 50 µg of inhaled salmeterol plus 40 mg of oral zafirlukast of placebo. Lung function was assessed before drug administration and 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min thereafter. At the end of the 4-hour period, each patient received 400 µg of inhaled salbutamol and spirometric testing was performed 30 min later. Results: In both asthmatic and COPD patients, the overall effect of salmeterol and zafirlukast on the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was considered extremely significant (p < 0.0001), with a maximum bronchodilation above baseline after 180 min (20.7 and 11.0%, respectively) in asthmatics and after 2 h (21.7 and 11.2%, respectively) in COPD subjects. Zafirlukast did not produce any further significant acute bronchodilation in addition to that achieved with salmeterol alone in either asthmatic or COPD patients. Nevertheless, 7 out of 16 COPD patients and 7 out of 10 asthmatic patients had a further improvement after the combination of salmeterol and zafirlukast. The mean difference in pre- and post-salbutamol FEV1 values in both asthmatic and COPD patients after zafirlukast was significant (p < 0.05), but that after salmeterol and the combination of the two drugs was not significant (p > 0.05). The difference between placebo and zafirlukast was not significant following inhaled salbutamol given 4 h after each treatment. Conclusions: Both salmeterol and zafirlukast induced a significant increase in FEV1, although salmeterol elicited a greater improvement in both asthmatic and COPD patients. Apparently, zafirlukast at the clinically recommended dose did not produce any further significant acute bronchodilation in addition to that achieved with salmeterol alone, either in asthma or COPD. In any case, evaluation of the effect of the combination over a 12-hour period is mandatory.
LPBoost with Strong Classifiers

The goal of boosting algorithm is to maximize the minimum ma rgin on sample set. Based on minimax theory, the goal can be converted into minimize the maximum edge. This idea motivates LPBoost and its variants (including TotalBoost, SoftBoost, ERLPBoost) which solve the optimization problem by linear programming. These algorithms ignore the strong classifier and just minimize the maximum edge of weak classifiers so that all the edges of weak classifier are at mostγ . This paper shows that the edge of strong classifier may be higher than the maximum edge of weak classifiers and proposes a novel boosting algorithm which introduced strong classifier into the optimization problem and constrained the edges of both weak and strong classifiers no more than γ . Furthermore, we justified the reasonability of introducing strong classifier using minimax theory. We compared our algorithm with other approaches including AdaBoost, LPBoost, TotalBoost, SoftBoost, and ERLPBoost on the UCI benchmark dataset. In simulation studies we show that our algorithm converges faster than SoftBoost and ERLPBoost. In a benchmark comparison we illustrate the competiveness of our approach from the aspect of time consuming, and generalization error.
Breast Involvement by Hematologic Malignancies: Ultrasound and Elastography Findings with Clinical Outcomes

Objective: Hematological malignancies very rarely involve the breast. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate B-mode ultrasound (US) and elastography (ES) findings of breast involvement by hematologic malignancies with clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: All core-needle biopsy results that were performed at our tertiary breast center from January 2013 to September 2016 were searched. Our search revealed 9 patients with breast involvement either by leukemia or lymphoma. All patients were examined using B-mode US and ES. US and ES findings were analyzed with the consensus of two radiologists, and clinical outcomes were noted. Results: The mean age of the study population was 41.6 years (range, 20–83 years). Two patients showed diffuse hypoechoic parenchymal infiltration. The elasticity assessments of these lesions were soft and intermediate. The remaining 7 patients had mass lesions. The elasticity assessment of these masses according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System US was as follows: Soft (n = 1), intermediate (n = 4), high (n = 2). Conclusions: It is important to consider that hematologic malignancies may appear as soft or intermediate lesions on ES. Patients' history and clinical background should help us to consider breast involvement. In addition, the clinical outcomes may not be related with elasticity assessments.
Effect of leaching and aging on the bioavailability of lead to the springtail Folsomia candida

Because it is unclear if leaching can account for differences in metal bioavailability observed between metal‐spiked soils and historically contaminated field soils, we simultaneously assessed Pb toxicity to the springtail Folsomia candida in three transects of Pb‐contaminated soils and in leached and unleached soils spiked at similar total Pb concentrations. Total Pb concentrations of 3,877 mg/kg dry weight and higher always caused significant effects on F. candida reproduction in the spiked soils. In the transects, only the soil with the highest Pb concentration of 14,436 mg/kg dry weight significantly affected reproduction. When expressed as pore‐water concentrations, reproduction was never significantly affected at Pb concentrations of 0.539 mg/L, whereas reproduction was always significantly affected at Pb concentrations of 0.678 mg/L and higher, independent of the soil treatment. These results indicate that pore‐water Pb concentrations can explain, at least in part, the observed differences in the toxicity data expressed as total Pb concentrations. Leaching after the spiking procedure only caused small differences in Pb toxicity and, therefore, cannot account for toxicity differences between laboratory‐spiked soils and historically contaminated field soils.
HIV reproducibly establishes a latent infection after acute infection of T cells in vitro

The presence of latent reservoirs has prevented the eradication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from infected patients successfully treated with anti‐retroviral therapy. The mechanism of postintegration latency is poorly understood, partly because of the lack of an in vitro model. We have used an HIV retroviral vector or a full‐length HIV genome expressing green fluorescent protein to infect a T lymphocyte cell line in vitro and highly enrich for latently infected cells. HIV latency occurred reproducibly, albeit with low frequency, during an acute infection. Clonal cell lines derived from latent populations showed no detectable basal expression, but could be transcriptionally activated after treatment with phorbol esters or tumor necrosis factor α. Direct sequencing of integration sites demonstrated that latent clones frequently contain HIV integrated in or close to alphoid repeat elements in heterochromatin. This is in contrast to a productive infection where integration in or near heterochromatin is disfavored. These observations demonstrate that HIV can reproducibly establish a latent infection as a consequence of integration in or near heterochromatin.
The Effect of Settlement Rules on the Incentive to Bang the Close

Closing prices on financial exchanges are often used as reference prices in other contracts. As such, the robustness of the process determining closing prices is an important feature of exchanges. This paper examines whether the 2012 change in the Chicago Board of Trade's (CBT) closing price procedure made reference prices more robust, especially regarding potential manipulation. We propose a theoretical model exploring incentives to manipulate reference prices under two alternative closing price regimes. We test several predictions of the model using a proprietary data set comprised of individual transactions in CBT corn futures, and find empirical support for these predictions.
Coordinated Nonvectorial Folding in a Newly Synthesized Multidomain Protein

The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a typical example of a multidomain protein, for which in vivo folding is assumed to occur vectorially from the amino terminus to the carboxyl terminus. Using a pulse-chase approach in intact cells, we found instead that newly synthesized LDL-R molecules folded by way of “collapsed” intermediates that contained non-native disulfide bonds between distant cysteines. The most amino-terminal domain acquired its native conformation late in folding instead of during synthesis. Thus, productive LDL-R folding in a cell is not vectorial but is mostly posttranslational, and involves transient long-range non-native disulfide bonds that are isomerized into native short-range cysteine pairs.
A double-talk detector based on coherence

We address the problem of detecting double-talk in a full duplex transmission line. A new double-talk detector (DTD) based on measuring the similarity between the far- and near-end speech signals is proposed. The detector is block oriented and operates in the frequency domain where the similarity between the signals is measured by means of the coherence function. The coherence is estimated with a short sequence of data by exploiting the multiple window spectrum estimation technique. Theoretical evaluation and examples of its performance are presented. The proposed DTD operates accurately in a wide range of situations, i.e., a difference in speech levels and hybrid attenuations ranging from 0 to 20 dB.
Globalization and democracy

Keynes used to affirm that Montesquieu was definitively the best French economist. In the opposite side of Channel, this statement was considered as an additional provocation against France from the famous English economist. Perhaps Montesquieu does not hold in the economic thought the same place that in the field of political ideas. Other French economists as Quesnay, Cournot or Walras are more frequently quoted. However, in support to the Keynes's assertion, Montesquieu has approached a very contemporaneous question: the relationship between democracy and globalization. He wrote "In a constrained nation, people work more to preserve than to acquire. In a free nation, people work more to acquire than to preserve " 1 . Free nations are more inclined to trade, inside and outside the borders. They protect safeness and property rights better than tyrannies. Montesquieu is even further when he distinguishes the luxury trade, which would be the fact of autocracies, and the "economic" trade assumed to be the practice of the "government of several " 2 . The democratic nations would exchange more and the trade would be more gainful. Democratic nations would have a common interest to support peace. Indeed, a tyrant eventually might to give up his sumptuary purchases from an adverse country in the prospect that the war should increase its future consumption. At the opposite, a democratic nation will be reluctant to give up the "economic" imports of goods which are note produced inside. Peace will support the trade expansion because "soft manners" are a necessary and sufficient condition. 3
Consanguinity and its relevance to clinical genetics

Marriage between close biological relatives is generally regarded with suspicion and distaste within Western society, reflecting historical and religious prejudice. By comparison, in many other populations there is a strong preference for consanguineous unions, most frequently contracted between first cousins, and marriage outside the family is perceived as a risky and disruptive option. The increasing importance of the genetic contribution to the overall disease profile in both developed and developing countries has highlighted potential problems associated with detrimental recessive gene expression in consanguineous progeny. This review examines the outcomes of consanguineous unions, with proposals as to how the ongoing preference for consanguinity in many communities can best be accommodated from a clinical genetics perspective.
High Prevalence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Gonorrhea Among Female Sex Workers in Kampala, Uganda (2008–2009)

Background Recent antimicrobial resistance data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae are lacking in Uganda, where, until 2010, ciprofloxacin was the nationally recommended first-line treatment of presumptive gonorrhea. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of N. gonorrhoeae isolates cultured from female sex workers (FSWs) in Kampala. Methods Gonococci were isolated from endocervical specimens collected from women enrolled in a FSW cohort for 18 months (2008–2009). Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 7 antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, spectinomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline) were determined for 148 isolates using Etest strips. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing version 1.3 clinical breakpoints were used to assign susceptibility categories. The 2008 World Health Organization N. gonorrhoeae panel was used for quality assurance purposes. Results For ciprofloxacin, 123 (83.1%) gonococcal isolates were resistant, 2 (1.4%) had intermediate susceptibility, and 23 (15.6%) were fully susceptible. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and spectinomycin, whereas 1 isolate (0.7%) was resistant to cefixime. For azithromycin, 124 isolates (83.8%) were susceptible, 20 (13.5%) had decreased susceptibility, and 4 (2.7%) were resistant. Most isolates were resistant to penicillin (101; 68.2%) and tetracycline (144; 97.3%). The minimum inhibitory concentration ranges for each antibiotic were as follows: ciprofloxacin (0.002–32 mg/L), ceftriaxone (⩽0.002–0.064 mg/L), cefixime (⩽0.016–0.38 mg/L), spectinomycin (2–24 mg/L), azithromycin (0.023–1 mg/L), penicillin (0.094–32 mg/L), and tetracycline (0.019–256 mg/L). Conclusions The high prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant gonorrhea observed in Kampala-based FSW emphasizes the need for sustainable gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs in Uganda and, in general, Africa.