Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Realization of the candela by electrically calibrated radiometers

The paper describes an experimental realization of the SI base unit for photometry, the candela, according to its new definition, by means of electrically calibrated radiometers. A group of seven stable radiometers has been developed, the value of irradiance measured by each radiometer differing from the mean value for the group by less than 0.1%. Corrections for the reflectance and thermal resistance of the black coating used in the conical cavity of each radiometer, and for shortcomings of the heat sink, have been measured precisely. Two sets of high-quality V(λ) filters have been made by a subtractive combination of coloured optical glasses and their spectral transmittances measured using a double monochromator. BDQ8 and BDQ7 gas-filled tungstenfilament lamps, specially developed as secondary standards for luminous intensity, and stable within ±0.05%, were calibrated against the radiometers. The total uncertainty for the realization of the luminous intensity unit with the electrically calibrated radiometers is ±0.28%.
LYSO scintillator studies for a fast low-energy calorimeter

Detector cells consisting of fast LYSO crystals viewed by avalanche photo-diodes were designed, built and bench-tested. Using two avalanche photo-diodes per crystal and using fast pulse shaping provided the light yield, low noise, and fast response needed for use in 50 MeV calorimetry for high beam rates. The achieved stochastic term coefficient is 0.17% and the time response was characterized by a single decay term of 50 ns.
Molecular motion and mobility in an organic single crystal: Raman study and model

We report Raman spectra of the organic semiconductor 5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene (rubrene) in the temperature range 30--300 K. The linewidths of certain low-frequency peaks increase significantly, especially in the range 150--200 K. These peaks correspond to the vibrations of the phenyl side groups of the rubrene molecules, and their couplings to intermolecular vibrational modes. We propose a model in which the strong increase in mobility observed with increasing temperature between 30 and 150 K results from disorder as the phenyl groups exchange sides of the backbone plane and break the symmetry. This model explains previous experimental observations of structural and calorimetric changes near 150 K.
Inverted-opal photonic crystals for ultra light-trapping in solar cells

We investigated a three dimensional inverted opal having the potential to notably increase light-trapping in solar cells. The 3D photonic crystal top layer is an angle- and direction-selective filter, which decreases the acceptance cone of the solar cell. Numerical optimisation methods are used to verify the optical and electrical properties for a large angluar and energy spectrum for a system consisting of an inverted opal on top of a thin crystalline silicon solar cell. It is numerically shown that an inverted opal grown in the Τ - Xdirection might fulfill the requirement for such a filter. An estimate for the theoretically achievable efficiency for nonconcentrated light is presented that do show an enchanced efficiency near the electronic band edge of the absorber. The fabrication of first opals grown in Τ - Xdirection is presented and discussed with respect to the quality and large scale fabrication.
Acceleration-Driven-Damper (ADD): An Optimal Control Algorithm For Comfort-Oriented Semiactive Suspensions

The problem considered in this paper is the design and analysis of control strategies for semiactive suspensions in road vehicles. The most commonly used control framework is the well-known Sky-Hook (SH) damping. Two-state or linear approximation of the SH concept are typically implemented. The goal of this paper is to analyze the optimality of SH-based control algorithms, and to propose an innovative control strategy, named Acceleration-Driven-Damper (ADD) control. It is shown that ADD is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the vertical body acceleration (comfort objective) when no road-preview is available. This control strategy is extremely simple; it requires the same sensors of the SH algorithms, and a simple two-state controllable damper. In order to assess and to compare the closed-loop performance of the SH and ADD control strategies, both a theoretical and a numerical analysis of performance are proposed.
Some Transient Results on the M/SM/1 Special Semi-Markov Model in Risk and Queueing Theories

We consider a usual situation in risk theory for which the arrival process is a Poisson process and the claim process a positive (J — X) process inducing a semi-Markov process. The equivalent in queueing theory is the M/SM/1 model introduced for the first time by Neuts (1966). For both models, we give an explicit expression of the probability of non-ruin on [o, t] starting with u as initial reserve and of the waiting time distribution of the last customer arrived before t. “Explicit expression” means in terms of the matrix of the aggregate claims distributions.
Coherence and RIP Analysis for Greedy Algorithms in Compressive Sensing

In this paper we define a new coherence index, named 2-coherence, of a given dictionary and study its relationship with the traditional mutual coherence and the restricted isometry constant. By exploring this relationship, we obtain more general results on sparse signal reconstruction using greedy algorithms in the compressive sensing (CS) framework. In particular, we obtain an improved bound over the best known results on the restricted isometry constant for successful recovery of sparse signals using orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP). We also initialized a study of a thresholding type greedy algorithm named orthogonal matching pursuit with thresholding (OMPT), which is more feasible in practice than OMP. We analyze its performance in CS framework for both noiseless and noisy cases in terms of coherence indices and the restricted isometry constant. We show that given the same assumptions as required for OMP, it achieves exactly the same reconstruction performance as OMP.
Bent Diamond Crystals and Multilayer Based Optics at the new 5‐Station Protein Crystallography Beamline ‘Cassiopeia’ at MAX‐lab

A new 5-station beamline for protein crystallography is being commissioned at the Swedish synchrotron light source MAX-II at Lund University. Of the 2K/gamma = 14 mrad horizontal wiggler fan, the central 2 mrad are used and split in three parts. The central 1 mrad will be used for a station optimized for MAD experiments and on each side of the central fan, from 0.5 mrad to 1 mrad, there are two fixed energy stations using different energies of the same part of the beam. These, in total five stations, can be used simultaneously and independently for diffraction data collection. The two upstream monochromators for the side stations are meridionally bent asymmetric diamond(111) crystals in Laue transmission geometry. The monochromators for the downstream side stations are bent Ge(111) crystals in asymmetric Bragg reflection geometry. Curved multilayer mirrors inserted in the monochromatic beams provide focusing in the vertical plane. The first side station is under commissioning, and a preliminary test protein data set has been collected. ©2004 American Institute of Physics
Numerical Investigation of Shock-Reflection Phenomena in Overexpanded Supersonic Jets

The transition from regular to Mach reflection in a supersonic planar jet operating under overexpanded conditions has been studied numerically. First, inviscid computations are performed by the solution of Euler equations. The results demonstrate that a hysteresis phenomenon is observed as the jet/ambient pressure ratio decreases and increases, causing a change in the angle of incidence of the nozzle-lip shock and, as a consequence, the transition from regular to Mach reflection and back. The angles of forward and backward transitions are close to the theoretical detachment and von Neumann criteria, respectively. Furthermore, turbulent computations (by the use of an improved two-equation model) are conducted to investigate the transition in a more realistic situation
Will Smart Improvements to Child Restraints Increase Their Popularity?

In developing countries, child safety seat use remains low, which contributes to the consistently high rate of child injuries and deaths in traffic accidents. In order to protect the safety of child passengers, it is necessary to improve the public acceptance of child restraints. We improved the shortcomings of the traditional child restraints by adding some new features: 1, tightening Isofix automatically; 2, using temperature sensing, a high-temperature alarm, automatic ventilation, and cooling; 3, using pressure sensing, if the child is left alone it will set off the car alarm; 4, voice control to adjust the angle of the backrest; 5, the seat can be folded into the trunk. These functions make human-computer interaction more humane. The authors collected changes in parental acceptance of child restraints using the interview method and questionnaires. We found that acceptance increased significantly after making intelligent improvements to the child restraints. The authors used the Technology Acceptance Model to identify the key caveats influencing users’ use of intelligent child restraints. Performance expectations, effort expectations, social influence, convenience, and hedonic motivation positively and significantly impacted the willingness to use intelligent child restraints, so the authors suggest that these points should be emphasized when promoting the product. The current study findings have theoretical and practical implications for smart child restraint designers, manufacturers, sellers, and government agencies. To better understand and promote child restraint, researchers and marketers can analyze how people accept child restraint based on our research model.
Transmission Backlash Compensation and Grasping Force Estimation of Surgical Instruments for the Laparoscopic Minimally Invasive Surgery Robot

It is difficult to install the sensor on the end effector of a minimally invasive surgical robot with a narrow space within which to obtain the position and grasping force; thus, the elongation effect of cable-driven surgical instruments results in low precision control, which may damage the tissues and organs of patients. A novel transmission backlash compensation and grasping force saturation limitation algorithm based on the tension and displacement transmission model of a cable-pulley system is proposed to improve the operation’s accuracy and safety. The algorithm considers the force and position transmission characteristics of each stage of the cable-pulley system including the transition stage. Experimental verifications show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the position tracking accuracy of surgical instruments and the safety of grasping operations.
Psychotherapy as A Chaotic Process I. Coding the Client-Therapist Interaction by Means of Sequential Plan Analysis and the Search for Chaos: A Stationary Approach

It is a commonly shared idea that psychotherapy can be conceptualized as a complex dynamic system, wherein biological, mental, and social processes are interrelated. Just as nonlinear dynamics characterize the functioning of living systems, we also expect that nonlinear phenomena are ubiquitous in the process of psychotherapy. This article focuses on the identification of deterministic chaos within the interactional behavior of client and therapist by means of a direct test for determinism (Kaplan and Glass, 1992), estimations of fractal dimensionality and the search for Largest Lyapunov Exponents (LLE). The data base for all analytical procedures consists of the time series of the self-presentation behavior of client and therapist. The encoding of the interactional behavior was completed through the use of a newly developed idiographic method, called Sequential Plan Analysis. The high frequency time series (coding unit: 10 seconds) of our single case study represent global interactional plans or self-pre.
Effects of rapid thermal processing and pulse-laser sintering on CdTe nanofilms for photovoltaic applications

Effects of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and dual compression-pulse-laser sintering (compression-PLS) on photovoltaic, CdTe nanowire (NW) and quantum dot (QD) films are investigated. Unlike regular furnace annealing, RTA involves raising the temperature of a substrate’s atmosphere by several hundred degrees in a matter of seconds, letting it sit for 30 to 120 seconds, then cooling it back to T0. To the best of our knowledge, such treatments of CdTe nanocrystal (NC) films have not been documented. In compression-PLS, a large pressure (MPa) is applied to a film through a laser-pulsing mechanism. Next, a high-energy, high frequency laser beam is pulsed onto it for sintering. During the compression, we used a single pulse of 5 nanoseconds. For the sintering, we used a 7.05 mJ beam for two pulses, at 25 ns per pulse. Such parameters were determined from SEM and other preliminary film characterization results. Morphology, material content, and conductivity of the films are analyzed before and after treatment using tunneling and scanning electron microscopy, EDS, and two-probe measurements, respectively. This study provides new knowledge regarding the morphological and structural outcomes of RTA and compression-PLS on CdTe nanoparticle films. Furthermore, RTA and compression-PLS can increase the film electrical conductivity by improving their contact with each other. We found that RTA partially sinters the film and enhances inplane current density by a factor of ~1.7, for a values on the order of ~10-7A/cm2. Compression-PLS successfully sinters the NW film and improves current density up to a factor of ~167, for values on the order of ~10-5 A/cm2. On the other hand, QD films do not exhibit current density improvement with treatments. These values remain on the order of ~10-7 A/cm2. The resistivities of the sintered NW films reach as low as 6.7*106 Ω*cm, while the RTA’d NW film has a resistivity on the order of 108 Ω*cm. These values are comparable to values of bulk and thin-film CdTe: single crystalline, undoped CdTe resistivity values range from 105 to 108 Ω*cm,8,9 while polycrystalline thin-film values range from 104 to 106 Ω*cm.11,12 The QD films also have comparable resistivities to these results, albeit on the higher side.
Aerodynamic shape optimization of supersonic aircraft configurations via an adjoint formulation on distributed memory parallel computers

This work describes the application of a control theory-based aerodynamic shape optimization method to the problem of supersonic aircraft design. The design process is greatly accelerated through the use of both control theory and a parallel implementation on distributed memory computers. Control theory is employed to derive the adjoint differential equations whose solution allows for the evaluation of design gradient information at a fraction of the computational cost required by previous design methods [13, 12, 44, 38]. The resulting problem is then implemented on parallel distributed memory architectures using a domain decomposition approach, an optimized communication schedule, and the MPI (Message Passing Interface) Standard for portability and efficiency. The final result achieves very rapid aerodynamic design based on higher order computational fluid dynamics methods (CFD). In our earlier studies, the serial implementation of this design method [19, 20, 21, 23, 39, 25, 40, 41, 42, 43, 9] was shown to be effective for the optimization of airfoils, wings, wing-bodies, and complex aircraft configurations using both the potential equation and the Euler equations[39, 25]. In our most recent paper, the Euler method was extended to treat complete aircraft configurations via a 'Student Member AIAA t Student Member AIAA ^Student Member AIAA Sjames S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Aerospace Engineering, AIAA Fellow "Copyright © 1996 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved new multiblock implementation. Furthermore, during the same conference, we also presented preliminary results demonstrating that this basic methodology could be ported to distributed memory parallel computing architectures [24]. In this paper, our concern will be to demonstrate that the combined power of these new technologies can be used routinely in an industrial design environment by applying it to the case study of the design of typical supersonic transport configurations. A particular difficulty of this test case is posed by the propulsion/airframe integration.
Microstructuring by printing and laser curing of nanoparticle solutions

In this letter, the process of printing and laser curing of nanoparticle solutions is presented. A liquid solvent is employed as the carrier of gold nanoparticles (the material of interest in this study) possessing a low melting temperature compared to that of bulk gold. Using a specifically designed printing system, the gold nanoparticle solution is deposited on a substrate and cured with laser radiation. In this manner, the potential of writing gold structures on temperature sensitive substrates is demonstrated. The interaction between the laser radiation and nanoparticles drives the solvent evaporation and controls the quality of the microstructures printing process. The latter is also affected by thermocapillary flow at the free surface, developing during the curing process. An optical method for estimating the curing times is also developed and discussed.
MEASUREMENT OF INTERMITTENCY OF ANISOTROPIC MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE IN HIGH-SPEED SOLAR WIND

We investigate the intermittency of anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in high-speed solar wind. Using the data recorded by the Ulysses spacecraft, we apply the Castaing function to model the probability density functions of the fluctuating magnetic field and calculate the magnetic structure functions (SFs) Sp of the order p in the coordinates (r, Θ), with r being the length scale and Θ the direction of the local mean field. The scaling exponent ζ, from Sp(r, Θ)∝rζ(p, Θ), has an anomalous nonlinear dependence on p, implying the intermittent scaling of solar wind turbulence, which has been observed for decades. Furthermore, we study the anisotropy of solar wind turbulence introduced by the strong mean magnetic field. From Sp(Θ = 0)∝Sp(Θ = π/2), we obtain r⊥∝rαp∥ with αp = ζ∥/ζ⊥ denoting the perpendicular–parallel spatial correlation of the moment of the pth order. For the magnetic field difference , we find α2 = 1.78 ± 0.26, consistent with recent theories and observations. However, when the contribution from the intermittent fluctuations begins to dominate the scaling, α is not a constant but increases with p, e.g., α5 = 1.97 ± 0.41 and α8 ≈ 2.42 ± 0.64. This complication of the perpendicular–parallel spatial correlation due to the intermittency raises new questions for MHD turbulence theory.
Stock Market Prediction Using Machine Learning Techniques

The stock market is a very important activity in the finance business. Its demand is consistently growing. Stock market prediction is the process of determining the future value of company stock or other financial instruments traded on a financial exchange. For some decades Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which is one intelligent data mining technique has been used for Stock Price Prediction. It has been trusted as the most accurate consideration. This paper surveys different machine learning models for stock price prediction. We have trained the available stock data of American Airlines for this project. The programming language that we have used in this paper is Python. The Machine Learning (ML) models used in this project are Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), and ANN. The data here is split into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The dataset contains stock data for the last 5 years. From the simulation results, it is shown that Random Forest performs better as compared to others. Thus, it can be used in the real-time implementation.
A Stochastic Controller Design Using an Approximate Solution of FPK Equation

The Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equation is a powerful tool with Markovian response for analyzing dynamic systems. In this study we consider the design of a stochastic controller using FPK for a system subjected to a wide band random disturbance with constant power spectral density. The time-domain dynamic system equation is transformed into a general dynamic statistical moment equation in the stochastic domain via the FPK equation. The system transformation cannot be realized in real time. In order to improve stochastic controller design in real time, a new method of designing a stochastic controller and its implementation are proposed. The practical efficiency of the proposed method using the approximate probability density function is verified via numerical simulation.
Fuzzy approximation-based model reference adaptive control of nonlinear systems

Based on the universal approximation capability of the Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy systems, we present a solution to the model reference control of continuous-time nonlinear system problem. Using the assumption that a fuzzy model exists for the considered nonlinear systems class, a direct TS fuzzy adaptive controller is designed to achieve the tracking objective. It is not required to estimate the fuzzy model; only its existence assumption is required. It is proved; using Lyapunov stability tools, that this adaptive scheme is asymptotically stable and the tracking error converges to zero. Simulation results illustrate the proposed algorithm performance.
Electronic structure of the GaSe/Si (111) and InSe/Si (111) heterojunctions

A tight-binding calculation of the electronic properties of the semiconductor GaSe/Si(111) and InSe/Si(111) heterojunctions is performed in a charge-dependent tight binding approach where the only Coulomb effect is a shift of all the pseudoatomic levels of a given atom at site i by the same quantity ${U}_{i}. $ The fitting parameters ${U}_{i}$ are determined in the framework of constrained optimization techniques using the conjugate gradient method. The band offsets at the interfaces are determined and found to be in quantitative agreement with recent experiments on both heterojunctions. In addition, this optimization technique allows us to give more insight in the charge transfer between atomic planes at the heterojunction. As a result of the the strain induced by the lattice mismatch of the III-VI half layer grafted to the Si(111) surface the charge distribution does not match the simple charge neutrality condition in the case of InSe/Si(111).
High-Tc SQUID gradiometer system for immunoassays

A high-Tc dc SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) gradiometer was developed for magnetic immunoassays where magnetic nanoparticles are used as markers to detect biological reactions. The gradiometer was fabricated on a 5 × 10 mm2 SrTiO3 bicrystal substrate and has a gradiometer resolution of 2.1 pT cm−1 Hz−1/2. A magnetic signal was detected from a sample of 1 µl of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a 40 mg ml−1 solution kept in a microcavity fabricated on Si wafers with Si3N4 membranes using MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical-systems) technology. It was found that volumes as small as 0.3 nl in principle would be detectable with our present device. This corresponds to a total number of particles of 2.2 × 107. The estimated average dipole moment per particle is 4.8 × 10−22 A m2. We are aiming at reading out immunoassays by detecting the Brownian relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles, and we also intend to integrate MEMS technology into our system.