Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fast algorithm and implementation of 2-D discrete cosine transform

An algorithm for the fast computation of a 2-D discrete cosine transform (DCT) is presented. It is shown that the N*N DCT, where N=2/sup m/, can be computed using only N 1-D DCTs and additions, instead of using 2N 1-D DCTs as in the conventional row-column approach. Hence the total number of multiplications for the proposed algorithm is only half of that required for the row-column approach and is also less than that of most of other fast algorithms, whereas the number of additions is almost comparable to that of others. It is also shown that only N/2 1-D DCT module are required for hardware parallel implementation of the proposed algorithm. Thus the number of actual multipliers being used is only a quarter of that required for the conventional approach. >
Stellar Photometric Structures of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei

We present detailed image analysis of rest-frame optical images of 235 low-redshift (z ≲ 0.35) Type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. The high-resolution images enable us to perform rigorous two-dimensional image modeling to decouple the luminous central point source from the host galaxy, which, when warranted, is further decomposed into its principal structural components (bulge, bar, and disk). In many cases, care must be taken to account for structural complexities such as spiral arms, tidal features, and overlapping or interacting companion galaxies. We employ Fourier modes to characterize the degree of asymmetry of the light distribution of the stars as a quantitative measure of morphological distortion due to interactions or mergers. We examine the dependence of the physical parameters of the host galaxies on the properties of the AGNs, namely, radio-loudness and the width of the broad emission lines. In accordance with previous studies, narrow-line (Hβ FWHM ≤ 2000 km s−1) Type 1 AGNs, in contrast to their broad-line (Hβ FWHM > 2000 km s−1) counterparts, are preferentially hosted in later-type, lower-luminosity galaxies, which have a higher incidence of pseudo-bulges, are more frequently barred, and are less morphologically disturbed. This suggests that narrow-line Type 1 AGNs experienced a more quiescent evolutionary history driven primarily by internal secular evolution instead of external dynamical perturbations. The fraction of AGN hosts showing merger signatures is larger for more luminous sources. Radio-loud AGNs generally preferentially live in earlier-type (bulge-dominated), more massive hosts, although a minority of them appear to contain a significant disk component. We do not find convincing evidence for enhanced merger signatures in the radio-loud population.
Application of Bipolar Coordinates to the Two-Dimensional Creeping Motion of a Liquid. III. Separation in Stokes Flows

When there is a linear shear flow along a plane wall with a cylindrical depression, flow penetrating into the cavity separates from the wall, if the ratio of the depth of the cavity to the width of its mouth exceeds a critical value which is about 0.32. The pressure becomes infinite at the sharp edges of the cavity, while for the flow over a projection the pressure is a continuous function which on the boundary has two extremum values symmetrically about the cylindrical portion. As another example of separation in Stokes flows, the flow generated by the rotation of a circular cylinder which is eccentrically encircled with a larger cylinder or placed near a plane is considered.
Εffect of summer drought in the natural regeneration of valonia oak

This paper presents an initial attempt to investigate the effect of drought in the mortality of valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis) seedlings and young saplings in a silvopastoral system in western Greece. The experiment was conducted in fenced experimental plots where the number of seedlings and young samplings was measured in May and October before and after the dry summer period for the years 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The results show that the number of seedlings and young saplings decreased on average by 24.7% in October attributed mainly to the effect of summer drought.
Thermal Comptonization and Disk Thermal Reprocessing in NGC 3516

We present an application of the thermal Comptonization/disk reprocessing model recently proposed by Zdziarski, Lubiński, & Smith. We show that the absence of strong optical variations in the presence of strong concurrent X-ray variations, similar to those found by Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) monitoring observations of NGC 3516, can be explained by changing the geometry of the Comptonizing plasma rather than the accretion disk itself. The total X-ray luminosity of the Comptonizing plasma must decrease as its spatial extent increases. In contrast, the disk inner radius must be roughly fixed in order not to produce optical/ultraviolet color variations stronger than observed. By including emission due to internal viscous dissipation in the disk, we can roughly match the optical and X-ray flux levels and variability amplitudes seen from NGC 3516 during the HST/RXTE campaign.
Uniqueness of Absolute Minimizers for L∞-Functionals Involving Hamiltonians H(x, p)

For a bounded domain U ⊂ Rn , consider the L∞-functional involving a nonnegative Hamilton function H : U ×Rn → [0,∞). In this paper, we will establish the uniqueness of absolute minimizers u ∈ W 1,∞ loc (U ) ∩ C(U ) for H , under the Dirichlet boundary value g ∈ C(∂U ), provided that: (A1) H is lower semicontinuous in U ×Rn , and H(x, ·) is convex for any x ∈ U . (A2) H(x, 0) = minp∈Rn H(x, p) = 0 for any x ∈ U , and ⋃ x∈U { p : H(x, p) = 0 } is contained in a hyperplane of Rn . (A3) For any λ > 0, there exist 0 < rλ Rλ < ∞, with limλ→∞ rλ = ∞, such that B(0, rλ) ⊂ { p ∈ Rn | H(x, p) < λ } ⊂ B(0, Rλ) ∀ λ > 0 and x ∈ U . This generalizes the uniqueness theorem by Jensen (Arch Ration Mech Anal 123:51–74, 1993), Jensen et al. (Arch Ration Mech Anal 190:347–370, 2008), Armstrong et al. (Arch Ration Mech Anal 200:405–443, 2011) and Koskela et al. (Arch Ration Mech Anal 214:99–142, 2014) to a large class of Hamiltonian functions H(x, p) with x-dependence. As a corollary, we confirm an open question on the uniqueness of absolute minimizers posed by Jensen et al. (Arch Ration Mech Anal 190:347–370, 2008). The proofs rely on the geometric structure of the action function Lt (x, y) induced by H , and the identification of the absolute subminimality of u with convexity of the Hamilton–Jacobi flow t → T tu(x).
embeddedminimal annuli in H 2 × R

In this paper we study the moduli space of properly Alexandrov-embedded, minimal annuli in H2 ×R with horizontal ends. We say that the ends are horizontal when they are graphs of C2,α functions over ∂∞H. Contrary to expectation, we show that one can not fully prescribe the two boundary curves at infinity, but rather, one can prescribe one of the boundary curves, but the other one only up to a translation and a tilt, along with the position of the neck and the vertical flux of the annulus.We also prove general existence theorems for minimal annuli with discrete groups of symmetries.
Limiting distribution of translates of the orbit of a maximal -torus from identity on

Consider the orbit of real points of a maximal Q-torus from identity coset on SL(N , R)/SL(N , Z), it naturally carries a possibly infinite Haar measure. We classify all possible limit measures of it when translated by a sequence of elements from SL(N , R). This is a natural extension of Shapira and Zheng’s work where onlyQ-split tori are considered. Mathematics Subject Classification 37A17 · 37A05 · 37A45
Fredholm and regularity theory of Douglis–Nirenberg elliptic systems on R N

We give a fairly complete exposition of the Fredholm properties of the Douglis–Nirenberg elliptic systems on R N in the classical (unweighted) L p Sobolev spaces and under “minimal” assumptions about the coefﬁcients. These assumptions rule out the use of classical pseudodifferential operator theory, although it is indirectly of assistance in places. After generalizing a necessary and sufﬁcient condition for Fredholmness, already known in special cases, various invariance properties are established (index, null space, etc.), with respect to p and the Douglis–Nirenberg numbers. Among other things, this requires getting around the problem that the L p spaces are not ordered by inclusion. In turn, with some work, invariance leads to a regularity theory more general than what can be obtained by the method of differential quotients.
M ITIGATING P ARTICULATE M ATTER G ENERATIONS IN A C OMMERCIAL C AGE - FREE H ENHOUSE

more and to their natural behaviors (e.g., perching, dust bathing, and foraging). However, housing poses a number of inherent environmental challenges, among which are high levels of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH 3 ). Spraying water on CF henhouse litter (e.g., 125 mL m -2 per cm litter depth) has been shown to mitigate generation of PM by 60-70% in our previous lab-scale tests. The objectives of this study were to verify the lab-study findings of PM reduction in a commercial CF henhouse in central Iowa and to evaluate the indoor air quality (e.g., PM and NH 3 concentrations) and litter moisture content affected by water 3), but NH 3 concentrations in the treatment and control sections were similar during the test.
The nature of the dust around R Coronae Borealis stars - Isolated amorphous carbon or graphite fractals?

Wright (1989) has proposed that the R CrB phenomenon is caused by the occurrence of graphite fractal grains, each composed of numerous, less than 15-nm-radius graphite spheres. It is shown that both the observational data and models of dust formation are more in accord with an earlier model by Hecht et al. (1984): that the R CrB type dust is composed of isolated small (less than 100-nm-radius) glassy or amorphous carbon grains. It cannot be ruled out that a significant number of fractal grains exist, provided that they have dielectric properties different from bulk graphite and closer to amorphous carbon, and that the individual grains in the fractals are below 1 nm in size. However, the existence of such fractal grains around R CrB stars might be ruled out by the lack of a 2400-A feature in the interstellar extinction curve. 30 refs.
A Numerical study of spectral properties of the area operator in loop quantum gravity

The lowest 37000 eigenvalues of the area operator in loop quantum gravity is calculated and studied numerically. We obtain an asymptotical formula for the eigenvalues as a function of their sequential number. The multiplicity of the lowest few hundred eigenvalues is also determined and the smoothed spectral density is calculated. The spectral density is presented for various number of vertices, edges and SU(2) representations. A scaling form of spectral density is found, being a power law for one vertex, while following an exponential for several vertices. The latter case is explained on the basis of the one vertex spectral density.
Using the modified matrix element method to constrain $L_\mu - L_\tau$ interactions

In this paper, we explore the discriminatory power of the matrix element method (MEM) in constraining the $L_\mu-L_\tau$ model at the LHC. The $Z'$ gauge boson associated with the spontaneously broken $U(1)_{L_\mu-L_\tau}$ symmetry only interacts with the second and third generation of leptons at tree level, and is thus difficult to produce at the LHC. We argue that the best channels for discovering this $Z'$ are in $Z \to 4\mu$ and $2\mu+\displaystyle{\not}E_T$. Both these channels have a large number of kinematic observables, which strongly motivates the usage of a multivariate technique. The MEM is a multivariate analysis that uses the squared matrix element to quantify the likelihood of the testing hypotheses. We find that with $300 \, \text{fb}^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity, we are sensitive to the couplings of $ g_{Z'} \gtrsim 0.002 ~ g_1$ and $M_{Z'} < 20 \text{ GeV}$, and $g_{Z'} \gtrsim 0.005 g_1$ and $20\, \text{GeV} <M_{Z'} < 40 ~ \text{GeV}$, which is about an order of magnitude improvement over the cut-and-count method for the same amount of data.
Shintani cocycles and the order of vanishing of p -adic Hecke L -series at s = 0

Let χ be a Hecke character of ﬁnite order of a totally real number ﬁeld F . By using Hill’s Shintani cocycle we provide a cohomological construction of the p -adic L -series L p (χ, s ) associated to χ . This is used to show that L p (χ, s ) has a trivial zero at s = 0 of order at least equal to the number of places of F above p where the local component of χ is trivial.
Hybrid Mie-MCML Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation in skin layers

Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues (MCML) has been used for simulating light transport in human skin layers. The Monte Carlo simulations can perform ray tracing of light on the basis of optical energy. A hybrid simulator combining MCML with Mie scattering theory (HMCS) has been developed in this study to analyze light propagating in human skin on the amplitude basis. The HMCS and MCML are compared in terms of diffused light intensity profile in the skin surface and photon fluence in the penetration for the three-layered model of skin tissue.
Relative impacts of different grade scales on student success in introductory physics

In deciding on a student's grade in a class, an instructor generally needs to combine many individual grading judgments into one overall judgment. Two relatively common numerical scales used to specify individual grades are the 4-point scale (where each whole number 0-4 corresponds to a letter grade) and the percent scale (where letter grades A through D are uniformly distributed in the top 40% of the scale). This paper uses grading data from a single series of courses offered over a period of 10 years to show that the grade distributions emerging from these two grade scales differed in many ways from each other. Evidence suggests that the differences are due more to the grade scale than to either the students or the instructors. One major difference is that the fraction of students given grades less than C- was over 5 times larger when instructors used the percent scale. The fact that each instructor who used both grade scales gave more than 4 times as many of these low grades under percent scale grading suggests that the effect is due to the grade scale rather than the instructor. When the percent scale was first introduced in these courses in 2006, one of the authors of this paper, who is also one of the instructors in this data set, had confidently predicted that any changes in course grading would be negligible. They were not negligible, even for this instructor.
The Distinct Evolutionary Nature of Two Class 0 Protostars in Serpens Main SMM4

We have observed the submillimeter continuum condensation SMM4 in Serpens Main using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array during its Cycle 3 in 1.3 mm continuum, 12CO J = 2–1, SO JN = 65–54, and C18O J = 2–1 lines at angular resolutions of ∼0. ″55 (240 au). The 1.3 mm continuum emission shows that SMM4 is spatially resolved into two protostars embedded in the same core: SMM4A showing a high brightness temperature, 18 K, with little extended structure and SMM4B showing a low brightness temperature, 2 K, with compact and extended structures. Their separation is ∼2100 au. Analysis of the continuum visibilities reveals a disk-like structure with a sharp edge at r ∼ 240 au in SMM4A, and a compact component with a radius of 56 au in SMM4B. The 12CO emission traces fan-shaped and collimated outflows associated with SMM4A and SMM4B, respectively. The blue and red lobes of the SMM4B outflow have different position angles by ∼30°. Their inclination and bending angles in the 3D space are estimated at ib ∼ 36°, ir ∼ 70°, and α ∼ 40°, respectively. The SO emission traces shocked regions, such as cavity walls of outflows and the vicinity of SMM4B. The C18O emission mainly traces an infalling and rotating envelope around SMM4B. The C18O fractional abundance in SMM4B is ∼50 times smaller than that of the interstellar medium. These results suggest that SMM4A is more evolved than SMM4B. Our studies in Serpens Main demonstrate that continuum and line observations at millimeter wavelengths allow us to differentiate evolutionary phases of protostars within the Class 0 phase.
Relativistic Localizing Processes Bespeak an Inevitable Projective Geometry of Spacetime

Surprisingly, the issue of events localization in spacetime is poorly understood and a fortiori realized even in the context of Einstein’s relativity. Accordingly, a comparison between observational data and theoretical expectations might then be strongly compromised. In the present paper, we give the principles of relativistic localizing systems so as to bypass this issue. Such systems will allow to locate users endowed with receivers and, in addition, to localize any spacetime event. These localizing systems are made up of relativistic auto-locating positioning sub-systems supplemented by an extra satellite. They indicate that spacetime must be supplied everywhere with an unexpected local four dimensional projective structure besides the well-known three dimensional relativistic projective one. As a result, the spacetime manifold can be seen as a generalized Cartan space modeled on a four dimensional real projective space, i.e., a spacetime with both a local four dimensional projective structure and a compatible (pseudo-)Riemannian structure. Localization protocols are presented in details, while possible applications to astrophysics are also considered.
Support vector machines: heuristic of alternatives

In this paper it will be presented Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) default heuristic optimization. SMO is an algorithm for solving Support Vector Machines (SVM) problem. SMO default heuristic chooses to the active set the worst two parameters based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. The proposed heuristic of alternatives chooses parameters to the active set on the basis of not only KKT conditions, but also objective function value growth. Tests show that heuristic of alternatives is generally better than SMO default heuristic.
Site‐selective deposition of single‐wall carbon nanotubes by patterning self‐assembled monolayer for application to thin‐film transistors

We have demonstrated a site‐selective deposition of uniform single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films on a SiO2/Si substrate using patterned self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). Non‐polar octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) SAM was patterned by ultraviolet (UV) light through shadow mask. Then polar 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) SAM was selectively formed at the channel area of thin film transistors (TFTs). Finally, SWCNT thin films were selectively deposited on the TFT channel using these patterned SAMs. In this work, 25 TFTs were fabricated simultaneously on the same substrate using semiconductor‐enriched SWCNTs (s‐SWCNTs) solution. As a result, 23 TFTs showed high on/off current ratios over 104 without any post‐treatment. It was confirmed that this method is useful to produce a large number of TFTs at a same time and applicable to the low cost production of SWCNT‐integrated circuits in near future.
Topics in algorithmic randomness and computable analysis

This dissertation develops connections between algorithmic randomness and computable analysis. In the first part, it is shown that computable randomness can be defined robustly on all computable probability spaces, and that computable randomness is preserved by a.e. computable isomorphisms between spaces. Further applications are also given. In the second part, a number of almost-everywhere convergence theorems are looked at using computable analysis and algorithmic randomness. These include various martingale convergence theorems and almosteverywhere differentiability theorems. General conditions are given for when the rate of convergence is computable and for when convergence takes place on the Schnorr random points. Examples are provided to show that these almost-everywhere convergence theorems characterize Schnorr randomness.
On the Use of Cause-Specific Failure and Conditional Failure Probabilities: Examples from Clinical Oncology Data

Abstract Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of the probability of failing from a particular cause by time t in the presence of other acting causes (i.e., the cause-specific failure probability) is discussed. A commonly used incorrect approach is to take 1 minus the Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimator (1 – KM), whereby patients who fail of extraneous causes are treated as censored observations. Examples showing the extent of bias in using the 1-KM approach are presented using clinical oncology data. This bias can be quite large if the data are uncensored or if a large percentage of patients fail from extraneous causes prior to the occurrence of failures from the cause of interest. Each cause-specific failure probability is mathematically defined as a function of all of the cause-specific hazards. Therefore, nonparametric estimates of the cause-specific failure probabilities may not be able to identify categorized covariate effects on the cause-specific hazards. These effects would be correctly identified .
Multiple Andreev reflection in single atom niobium junctions

Single atom junctions between superconducting niobium leads are produced using the Mechanically Controllable Break Junction technique. The current-voltage characteristics of these junctions are analysed using an exact formulation for a superconducting quantum point contact. For tunnelling between two single atoms with a sufficiently large vacuum barrier, it is found that a single channel dominates the current, and that the current-voltage characteristic is described by the theory, without adjustable parameters. For a contact of a single Nb atom it is shown that five conductance channels contribute to the conductance, in agreement with the number expected based on the number of valence orbitals for this d-metal. For each of the channels the transmission probability is obtained from the fits and the limits of accuracy for these numbers are discussed.
Export and import market-speciﬁc characteristics How they drive the decision to trade and how much

Using a rich ﬁrm-level dataset on the Italian manufacturing industry, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the role that ﬁrms and market characteristics play in shaping ﬁrms’ trade activities. We enhance the previous analyses by considering ﬁrms’ engagement in international transactions, by focusing on either exports or imports. We show that the determinants of a ﬁrm’s export participation and value across countries also drive import behavior. Our research is consistent with the presence of country-speciﬁc sunk costs and with a qualitatively similar role of gravity forces and other country attributes on both sides of trading activities. Our evidence, however, militates in favor of a framework where variations in market characteristics have a larger impact on imports than exports.
Investigating the dynamical history of the interstellar object 'Oumuamua

Here we try to find the origin of 1I/2017 U1 ’Oumuamua, the first interstellar object recorded inside the solar system. To this aim, we searched for close encounters between ’Oumuamua and all nearby stars with known kinematic data during their past motion. We had checked over 200 thousand stars and found just a handful of candidates. If we limit our investigation to within a 60 pc sphere surrounding the Sun, then the most probable candidate for the ’Oumuamua parent stellar habitat is the star UCAC4 535-065571. However GJ 876 is also a favourable candidate. However, the origin of ’Oumuamua from a much more distant source is still an open question. Additionally, we found that the quality of the original orbit of ’Oumuamua is accurate enough for such a study and that none of the checked stars had perturbed its motion significantly. All numerical results of this research are available in the appendix.