Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A synthetic aperture acoustic prototype system

A novel quasi-monostatic system operating in a side-scan synthetic aperture acoustic (SAA) imaging mode is presented. This research project's objectives are to explore the military utility of outdoor continuous sound imaging of roadside foliage and target detection. The acoustic imaging method has several military relevant advantages such as being immune to RF jamming, superior spatial resolution as compared to 0.8-2.4 GHz ground penetrating radar (GPR), capable of standoff side and forward-looking scanning, and relatively low cost, weight and size when compared to GPR technologies. The prototype system's broadband 2-17 kHz LFM chirp transceiver is mounted on a manned all-terrain vehicle. Targets are positioned within the acoustic main beam at slant ranges of two to seven meters and on surfaces such as dirt, grass, gravel and weathered asphalt and with an intervening metallic chain link fence. Acoustic image reconstructions and signature plots result in means for literal interpretation and quantifiable analyses.
A sampling technique in the star-based monitoring of GOES imager visible-channel responsivities

Monitoring the responsivities of the visible channel of the Imagers on operational GOES satellites is a continuing effort at NOAA. To estimate the rate of degradation of the responsivity, we have been analyzing the time series of star signals measured by the Imagers for attitude and orbit determination. In this report, we begin by showing our latest results of monitoring of the responsivities of the visible channels of GOES-8, GOES-9, GOES-10, GOES-11, GOES-12, and GOES-13. One complicating factor in the analysis has been the presence in the time series of an annual cycle that modulates the gradual long-term degradation whose rate we are trying to infer. We describe a method we are developing to reduce the influence of the annual cycle on the analysis. The method enables us to include in the analysis the star observations near local midnight, which had been excluded in the past to prevent loss of accuracy in the derived long-term degradation rate. With a fuller set of data, we can subdivide the data within each year into 48 bins and estimate the degradation separately in each bin, thereby reducing the influence of the annual cycle on the derived degradation rates. One indication that the method is valid is that the degradation rates estimated in all the bins are consistent.
Performance of kernel-based fuzzy clustering

An evaluation and comparative study of kernel-based fuzzy clustering algorithms is presented. The main objective is to evaluate the performance gains provided by kernelised FCM (fuzzy C-means). It is shown that kernelised FCM provides marginal improvements in the classification rate for several popular Machine Learning data sets. It is observed that the performance of kernelised FCM depends greatly on the selection of the kernel parameters.
Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Dispersion principles 3. Unbounded isotropic and anisotropic media 4. Reflection and refraction 5. Oblique incidence 6. Wave scattering 7. Surface and subsurface waves 8. Waves in plates 9. Interface waves 10. Layer on a half space 11. Waves in rods 12. Waves in hollow cylinders 13. Guided waves in multiple layers 14. Source influence 15. Horizontal shear 16. Waves in an anisotropic layer 17. Elastic constant determination 18. Waves in viscoelastic media 19. Stress influence 20. Boundary element methods Bibliography Appendices A. Ultrasonic nondestructive testing principles, analysis and display technology B. Basic formulas and concepts in the theory of elasticity C. Basic formulas in complex variables D. Schlieren imaging and dynamic photoelasticity E. Key wave propagation experiments Index.
Monolithic multi-cell GaAs laser power converter with very high current density

A very high current density 2-Volt Laser Power Photovoltaic GaAs converter has been fabricated to produce over 360 mW of output power with monochromatic illumination of one optical Watt at 810 nm. To build-up the voltage, the converter consists of two interconnected N/P GaAs elements integrated in series on the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Several technological issues, including, conductive losses through the sheet for the series interconnection of elements, have been successfully addressed. This device operates at a nominal optical power density of 57W/cm/sup 2/, which is equivalent to over 700 suns of AM1.5D illumination, demonstrating feasibility of fabricating high voltage integrated cells for concentrator applications.
Fine Guidance Sensor for High-Precision Control of the OAO

The fine guidance sensor designed for the Princeton Experiment Package of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory is described. The sensor is capable of providing two axis error signals over a field of view of 4 arc min and with an accuracy of 0.1 arc sec. The sensor uses the light-gathering capability of the experiment's primary optical system and also has its own optical system and electronics system for signal processing. The optical system and electronics block diagram are discussed in detail. Transfer characteristics are described for each axis. The signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor is derived and presented for various star intensities. The effect of several stars in the field of view is described. The redundancy configuration is described, and the predicted reliability is discussed.
A Computational Algebraic Approach to English Grammar

Whereas type-logical grammars treat syntactic derivations as logical proofs, usually represented by two-dimensional diagrams, I here wish to defend the view that people process linguistic information by one-dimensional calculations and will explore an algebraic approach based on the notion of a ‘‘pregroup,’’ a partially ordered monoid in which each element has both a left and a right ‘‘adjoint. ’’ As a first approximation, say to English, one assigns to each word one or more ‘‘syntactic types,’’ elements of the free pregroup generated by a partially ordered set of ‘‘basic types,’’ in the expectation that the grammaticality of a string of words can be checked by a calculation on the corresponding types. This theoretical framework provides a simple foundation for a kind of feature checking that may be of general interest. According to G. A. Miller, there is a limit to the temporary storage capacity of our short-term memory, which cannot hold more than seven (plus or minus two) ‘‘chunks’’ of information at any time. I explore here the possibility of identifying these chunks with ‘‘simple types,’’ which are obtained from basic types by forming iterated adjoints. In a more speculative vein, I attempt to find out how so-called constraints on transformations can be framed in the present algebraic context.
From Color‐Matching Error to Large Color Differences

Classical color-matching error data have been compared in L, M, S cone response space to small and large color-difference data to reveal their agreements and divergences. The color-matching error data analyzed (with exception of the Brown data) and, implicitly, the Boynton–Kambe data were found to be similar, with a large ratio of S increment to L increment. Another group is formed by the Richter threshold data, small color-difference data and the CIE94 formula fitted to the latter. This group has an S/L increment ratio of approximately one third that of the first. The Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales and the Munsell set are on average comparable and intermediate in S/L increment ratio. Color-matching error data, threshold and small color-difference data as well as the formula fitted to it reveal a characteristic V shape of the cone response increment functions. It is explained as the overlay of a crispening effect onto the basic global increment function revealed in Munsell or OSA-UCS data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 384–393, 2001
An O(m2)-depth quantum algorithm for the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem over GF(2m)a

We consider a quantum polynomial-time algorithm which solves the discrete logarithmproblem for points on elliptic curves over GF(2m). We improve over earlier algorithmsby constructing an efficient circuit for multiplying elements of binary finite fields andby representing elliptic curve points using a technique based on projective coordinates.The depth of our proposed implementation, executable in the Linear Nearest Neighbor(LNN) architecture, is O(m2), which is an improvement over the previous bound ofO(m3) derived assuming no architectural restrictions.
Accommodating Coefficient Outliers in Discrete Choice Modelling: A Comparison of Discrete and Continuous Mixing Approaches

Abstract The presence of respondents with apparently extreme sensitivities in choice data may have an important influence on model results, yet their role is rarely assessed or even explored. Irrespective of whether such outliers are due to genuine preference expressions, their presence suggests that specifications relying on preference heterogeneity may be more appropriate. In this paper, we compare the potential of discrete and continuous mixture distributions in identifying and accommodating extreme coefficient values. To test our methodology, we use five stated preference datasets (four simulated and one real). The real data were collected to estimate the existence value of rare and endangered fish species in Ireland.
State-of-the-art continuous-wave InGaN laser diodes in the violet, blue, and green wavelength regimes

We present state-of-the-art performance from green, blue, and violet InGaN-based laser diodes fabricated on nonpolar and semipolar GaN substrates. Using these novel crystal orientations, we demonstrate high power, high efficiency, continuous-wave operation from single-lateral-mode electrically pumped laser diodes at wavelengths from 405 nm to 500 nm. Additionally, we present the longest reported continuous-wave lasing demonstration of 525 nm and an output power of over 9 mW at 521 nm. Wall-plug efficiencies of over 25% in the violet region, 17.5% in the blue region, over 5% at 472nm, and 2.2% in the 500 nm range are reported. These InGaN-based devices offer dramatic improvement in size, weight, and cost over conventional gas and solid state lasers and may enable a variety of new applications in defense and security.
Causal Models for Randomized Physician Encouragement Trials in Treating Primary Care Depression

This article addresses unique causal issues in the context of a randomized study on improving adherence to best practice guidelines by primary care physicians (PCP's) in treating their depressed patients. The study assessed an encouragement strategy to improve PCP guideline adherence. In this context, we compare two causal approaches: the conditional-compliance (CC) Bayesian latent class and the conditional-observable (CO) structural mean model methods. The CC methods estimate contrasts between randomized encouragement and no-encouragement arms [intent-to-treat (ITT) estimand] given latent PCP guideline complier classes. The CO methods estimate contrasts between PCP guideline adherence and nonadherence conditions (as-treated estimand) given observed PCP adherence status. The CC ITT estimand for patients with PCP compliers equals the CO as-treated estimand depending on assumptions. One such assumption pertains to the absence of physician defiers, who do the opposite of what they are encouraged to do in treating patients for depression. We relate these two estimands to each other in our clinical context when the no-defier assumption is not plausible. In other contexts, previous statistical literature has appropriately assumed the absence of defiers. However, indications in the behavioral literature, anecdotal evidence in the study, and results from the data analysis and simulations suggest that defiers do exist in the context of physician-based interventions in primary care. Both simulation and empirical results show that even with a small estimated proportion of defiers under Bayesian model assumptions, inference is sensitive to different assumptions about this class of PCP noncompliers.
Influence of a k-type Roughness on the Behaviour of Turbulence in an Unsteady Channel Flow

Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) have been carried out for a spatially fully developed turbulent channel flow with one smooth wall and one k-type rough-wall surface to study the influence of a square bar roughness on the behaviour of unsteady turbulent flow. The flow state under investigation is a uniform acceleration from an initially steady turbulent flow. Results are compared with simulations of flows in a smooth wall channel undergoing a similar acceleration, and with quasi-steady behaviour obtained using steady flow simulations. The turbulence in the wall region and the buffer layer of an accelerating flow with a rough wall shows strikingly different behaviour from that of corresponding flows with smooth walls. The characteristic long delays in the response of the streamwise turbulent velocity and the different behaviours of the three turbulent velocity components that are exhibited in smooth wall flows are not seen in the rough wall flow. This is attributed to different turbulent production mechanisms in the two types of flows. Important differences are also seen in the wall shear stress responses one wall is rough and when both walls are smooth.
An Empirical Model to Predict the Transition Between Stratified and Nonstratified Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal and Downward Inclined Pipes

The specific objective of this work is to develop an empirical model to predict the existence of stratified flow in horizontal and downward inclined gas-liquid two-phase flow. The proposed model is in nondimensional form and attempts to emulate the qualitative trend of the Taitel and Dukler mechanistic model. The key advantage of the proposed method is that it is explicit in nature and, unlike Taitel and Dukler, it does not require use of a graphical or iterative solution. The empirical parameters used in the proposed model account for the effect of pipe diameter, pipe orientation, and the liquid density on the transition line between stratified and nonstratified flow. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified against the flow visualization data collected from more than 16 data sources consisting of 8 fluid combinations, pipe diameter in a range of 8.9 to 300 mm, liquid density in a range of 780 to 1420 kg/m3, and all downward pipe inclinations including horizontal.
Magnetospheric modes and solar wind energy coupling efficiency

[1] Using observations and two different global MHD simulations, we demonstrate that the solar wind speed controls the magnetospheric response such that the higher the speed, the more dynamic and irregular is the magnetospheric response. For similar level of driving solar wind electric field, the magnetospheric modes can be organized in terms of speed: Low speed produces steady convection events, intermediate speeds result in periodic sawtooth oscillations, and high speeds drive large geomagnetic storms. We show that the control parameter of energy transfer and coupling is the electric field along the large-scale X line. We demonstrate using global MHD simulations that for slowly varying interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the reconnection line is tilted approximately by an angle θ/2, where θ is the IMF clock angle. Then, for clock angles away from northward, the magnetospheric energy entry and response scale with the electric field along the reconnection line (EPAR), rather than the traditionally used EY. If we define the energy coupling efficiency as response/EPAR, we can show it to be independent of the IMF clock angle and only weakly dependent on the solar wind dynamic pressure. These results demonstrate the ability of the localized reconnection line to control the energy input through the entire magnetopause.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ASYMMETRIC RECONNECTION AND APPLICATION TO A PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF PENUMBRAL MICROJETS

Three-dimensional (3D) component reconnection, where reconnecting field lines are not perfectly anti-parallel, is studied with a 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation. In particular, we consider the asymmetry of the field strength of the reconnecting field lines. As the asymmetry increases, the generated reconnection jet tends to be parallel to stronger field lines. This is because weaker field lines have higher gas pressure in the initial equilibrium, and hence the gas pressure gradient along the reconnected field lines is generated, which accelerates the field-aligned plasma flow. This mechanism may explain penumbral microjets and other types of jets that are parallel to magnetic field lines.
On the Kowalevski-Goryachev-Chaplygin gyrostat

The invariant separated variables are constructed for the Kowalevski-Goryachev-Chaplygin gyrostat using decomposition of the corresponding Lagrangian submanifold on a symmetric product of two copies of single spectral curve of the 2×2 Lax matrix. A generalization to the bundle of the Poisson brackets is discussed.
A real time image sequence processing algorithm for target ranging

It investigated in an image sequence procession algorithm for finding the distance from a moving target in space to the mobile camera. Through 4-pairs points matching in adjacent image frame, the radial distance variation between adjacent sampling times was calculated, with the target's azimuth, pitching, characteristic linearity and the space coordinate of the camera jointed, a 4-order non-linearity equation was set up, distance from target to the camera at former time, i.e., the only meaningful solution to the equation was solved, then obtained the distance from target to the camera at this time. The ranging principle was explained, the ranging equation was deduced, the ranging error was analyzed, and the relative measurement data and experiment results were given. It was suggested by our research that this algorithm could estimate the distance from a moving target in space to the camera with only two image needed, an experiment was conducted to illustrate the effectiveness and the validity of the algorithm. This scheme is valid to any rigid target in three-dimension movement which could be superficially imaging and had a distance variation between adjacent sampling time meanwhile, the algorithm can be realized with DSP and VLSI chips at 25 frame per second.
H-CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY OF LINEAR PERIODIC SYSTEMS*

With reference to linear periodic systems, the classical notion of controllability introduced by Kalman (K-controllability) is shown to be equivalent to the characterization of controllability (H-controllability) first proposed by Hewer as a natural extension to the periodic case of an eigenvalue-eigenvector controllability condition independently introduced by several authors for time-invariant systems only. The proof of such an equivalence also leads to the conclusion that if a T-periodic system S is K-controllable and k is the degree of the minimal polynomial of the monodromy matrix associated with S, then, at any time t, S is controllable over $(t,t + kT)$. Since k is lower than or equal to the system order, a well-known result due to Brunovsky is slightly strengthened. By duality, the corresponding observability results follow.
Multiple pairwise comparisons of repeated measures means under violation of multisample sphericity

Four pairwise multiple comparison procedures for achieving approximate familywise Type I error control were investigated when multisample sphericity was violated. The test statistic in all cases was the ratio of the corresponding sample mean difference divided by an estimate of its variance. Bonferroni, Studentized range, and Studentized maximum modulus critical values, each with Satterthwaite degrees of freedom, and an analog of the Cochran critical value were used with the test statistic
The evolution of partial least squares models and related chemometric approaches in metabonomics and metabolic phenotyping

Metabonomics is a key element in systems biology, and with current analytical methods, generates vast amounts of quantitative or qualitative metabolic data. Understanding of the global function of the living organism can be achieved by integration of ‘omics’ approaches including metabonomics, genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, increasing the complexity of the full data sets. Multivariate statistical approaches are well suited to extract the characterizing metabolic information associated with each level of dynamic process. In this review, we discuss techniques that have evolved from principal component analysis and partial least squares (PLS) methods with a focus on improved interpretation and modeling with respect to biomarker recovery and data visualization in the context of metabonomic applications. Visualization is of paramount importance to investigate complex metabolic signatures, the power and potential of which is illustrated with key papers. Recent improvements based on the removal of orthogonal variation are discussed in terms of interpretation enhancement, and are supported by relevant applications. Flexibility of PLS methods in general and of O‐PLS in particular allows implementation of derivative methods such as O2‐PLS, O‐PLS‐variance components, nonlinear methods, and batch modeling to improve analysis of complex data sets, which facilitates extraction of information related to subtle biological processes. These approaches can be used to address issues present in complex multi‐factorial data sets. Thus, we highlight the key advantages and limitations of the different latent variable applications for top‐down systems biology and assess the differences between the methods available. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive bases of spontaneous shortcut use in primary school arithmetic

1 Zusammenfassung . 3 Acknowledgements . 5 Publications Included . 7 Table of contents . 9 Introduction . 11 Cognitive fundamentals . 13 Concepts . 14 Learning and instruction . 15 Transfer . 16 Strategy . 17 Flexibility . 18 The development of mathematical abilities . 18 The development of mathematical concepts . 18 Expertise . 20 Approximate arithmetic . 21 Measuring commutativity effects in arithmetic . 23 Methods . 24 Samples and procedures . 24 Materials . 25 Arithmetic task including commutativity . 25 Dependent variables . 25 Estimation task . 26 Hypotheses . 28 Results . 30 Eye movements . 30 The influence of instruction on flexible strategy use (Hypothesis 1) . 31 Triggering one commutativity-­‐based shortcut by presenting another commutativity-­‐based shortcut before (Hypothesis 2) . 32 Commutativity is used spontaneously based on / in estimation tasks (Hypotheses 3.1, 3.2) . 32
Facet formation during solid phase epitaxy regrowth: A lattice kinetic Monte Carlo model

An atomistic model to account for the formation of facets during solid phase epitaxy regrowth (SPER) is shown. This model relies on a lattice kinetic Monte Carlo approach. The lattice atoms produce different crystalline planes growing with different planar velocities. In particular, the model explains the arrow tip formation during SPER of thin silicon fins typical for fin field effect transistors and the formation of trenches in rectangular-shaped amorphized regions in (001) and (011) silicon, caused by the distortion of the lattice by shear strain and propagated by (111) facets.