Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generation of contractile actomyosin bundles depends on mechanosensitive actin filament assembly and disassembly

Adhesion and morphogenesis of many non-muscle cells are guided by contractile actomyosin bundles called ventral stress fibers. While it is well established that stress fibers are mechanosensitive structures, physical mechanisms by which they assemble, align, and mature have remained elusive. Here we show that arcs, which serve as precursors for ventral stress fibers, undergo lateral fusion during their centripetal flow to form thick actomyosin bundles that apply tension to focal adhesions at their ends. Importantly, this myosin II-derived force inhibits vectorial actin polymerization at focal adhesions through AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of VASP, and thereby halts stress fiber elongation and ensures their proper contractility. Stress fiber maturation additionally requires ADF/cofilin-mediated disassembly of non-contractile stress fibers, whereas contractile fibers are protected from severing. Taken together, these data reveal that myosin-derived tension precisely controls both actin filament assembly and disassembly to ensure generation and proper alignment of contractile stress fibers in migrating cells. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06126. 001
Load-Current-Corrected Capacitor Voltage Control in Eight-Level DC–AC Converter Using Extended Commutation Cells

The extended commutation cell is a four-port four-switch cell that allows for bidirectional energy transport in two orthogonal directions throughout the cell. By cascading multiple cells, a multilevel converter can be constructed with a high number of levels. The voltage across each cell capacitor can be adjusted independently of the load, resulting in high flexibility in output levels. This paper presents an improved method for capacitor voltage control, based on a system model and the measured output current. The proposed method is analyzed and verified on a $4.4\text{-}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}$ eight-level dc-ac converter. The obtained reduction in capacitor voltage ripple is more than $75\%$.
Nonlinear MPC of HIV-1 infection with periodic inputs

Although many papers address the issue of therapy design for HIV-1 infection based on control methods, the results available in the literature do not in general consider the fact that the manipulated variable is not continuous but a train of pulses. In addition, they are usually concerned only with the relation between drug effect (assumed to be manipulated) and virus dynamics. In order to improve the direct relation with actual clinical practice, the present work takes as manipulated variable a train of impulses that represent the pills taken by the patient and includes pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug models. In addition, patient adherence to treatment and their impact on virus drug resistance is also modeled. The problem of driving the viral load to a low specified value while minimizing the amount of drugs administered to the patient is thus addressed by nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) with periodic inputs. Therefore, the paper contributions consist in the characterization of the results obtained with this type of control strategy in a HIV-1 infection model comprising drug PK and PD, development of virus resistance to drugs and virus dynamics. Furthermore, it is shown that various amounts of reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) and protease inhibitor (PI) drugs can be given depending on the weights of the cost function minimized by periodic NMPC, while attaining the same control objective. It is proposed that these weights can be adjusted to minimize the toxicity of the drug cocktail administered.
A Type System Equivalent to the Modal Mu-Calculus Model Checking of Higher-Order Recursion Schemes

The model checking of higher-order recursion schemes has important applications in the verification of higher-order programs. Ong has previously shown that the modal mu-calculus model checking of trees generated by order-n recursion scheme is n-EXPTIME complete, but his algorithm and its correctness proof were rather complex. We give an alternative, type-based verification method: Given a modal mu-calculus formula, we can construct a type system in which a recursion scheme is typable if, and only if, the (possibly infinite, ranked) tree generated by the scheme satisfies the formula. The model checking problem is thus reduced to a type checking problem. Our type-based approach yields a simple verification algorithm, and its correctness proof (constructed without recourse to game semantics) is comparatively easy to understand. Furthermore, the algorithm is polynomial-time in the size of the recursion scheme, assuming that the formula and the largest order and arity of non-terminals of the recursion scheme are fixed.
Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus in women: a case–control study

Oesophageal cancer rates in women in the UK are more than 3 times higher than in most other European populations. A population-based matched case–control study of histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus in women was carried out in 4 regions in England and Scotland. Interviews were carried out in hospital or at home and topics included: smoking; alcohol; tea and coffee consumption; medical and obstetric history; and diet. Response rates were 62% for cases and 65% for first-chosen controls. There were 159 case–control pairs. Significant results were found for: eating salads (odds ratio (OR) 0.42, 95% CI 0.20–0.92 in the highest quartile of consumption) and a light (as distinct from no) breakfast (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.07 – 0.48) were protective; quantity of tea was a risk factor and there was a significant positive trend with temperature at which hot drinks were consumed (P = 0.03). Alcohol consumption was unrelated to risk, but there was a significant trend with years of smoking (P = 0.015). A protective effect of aspirin consumption was confined to the English centres (OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.56). Comparison with a parallel study of adenocarcinoma indicated a common protective effect of a healthy diet but otherwise distinct risk factors. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer. com
Deviance and Conflict in Small Group Decision Making

This study looked at deviance and conflict in small group decision making. Six types of behavior and circumstances that may lead to perceptions of deviance were observed: lack of participation, personality, "testing" others' opinions and solutions, incompatibility of views, the leadership-emergence process, and coalition deviance. Based on these types of deviant behavior, the process of labeling deviance in small group decision making is described. Further, the study indicates that individuals labeled as deviant by the group are nomore likely to initiate conflict than are othergroupmembers, butspecific types of deviance do appear to be related to conflict initiation.
Mhc supertypes confer both qualitative and quantitative resistance to avian malaria infections in a wild bird population

Major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes are believed to play a key role in the genetic basis of disease control. Although numerous studies have sought links between Mhc and disease prevalence, many have ignored the ecological and epidemiological aspects of the host–parasite interaction. Consequently, interpreting associations between prevalence and Mhc has been difficult, whereas discriminating alleles for qualitative resistance, quantitative resistance and susceptibility remains challenging. Moreover, most studies to date have quantified associations between genotypes and disease status, overlooking the complex relationship between genotype and the properties of the Mhc molecule that interacts with parasites. Here, we address these problems and demonstrate avian malaria (Plasmodium) parasite species-specific associations with functional properties of Mhc molecules (Mhc supertypes) in a wild great tit (Parus major) population. We further show that correctly interpreting these associations depends crucially on understanding the spatial variation in risk of infection and the fitness effects of infection. We report that a single Mhc supertype confers qualitative resistance to Plasmodium relictum, whereas a different Mhc supertype confers quantitative resistance to Plasmodium circumflexum infections. Furthermore, we demonstrate common functional properties of Plasmodium-resistance alleles in passerine birds, suggesting this is a model system for parasite–Mhc associations in the wild.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing three distinct, phosphorylated carbohydrate epitopes in the lipopolysaccharide of the deep rough mutant I‐69 Rd−/b+ of Haemophilus influenzae

Monoclonal antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the deep rough mutant I‐69 Rd−/b+ of Haemophilus influenzae were obtained after immunization of mice with sheep erythrocytes which had been coated with de‐O‐acylated LPS. Characterization of antibodies was performed by enzyme immuno assay (EIA) using LPS or neoglycoconjugates containing partial structures of LPS as solid‐phase antigens and by haemagglutination with sheep erythrocytes coated with de‐O‐acylated LPS. Binding data were confirmed by EIA inhibition experiments using deacylated LPS or synthetic partial structures thereof. Three antibodies were specific for 3‐deoxy‐d‐manno‐octulopyranosonic acid‐ (Kdo) 5‐phosphate, one for Kdo‐4‐phosphate, and one required, in addition to a Kdo‐phosphate, parts of the phosphorylated glucosamine backbone of lipid A. All antibodies also bound in (i) Western blots to bacterial whole‐cell lysates or isolated LPS separated by SDS–PAGE, (ii) bacterial colony blots, and (iii) immunofluorescence with live bacteria. The latter result indicated that Kdo‐4‐ and Kdo‐5‐phosphate are synthesized by the bacteria and are not the result of phosphate migration.
A Pilot Study of Integrated Listening Systems for Children With Sensory Processing Problems

This pilot study explored the effects of Integrated Listening Systems (iLs) Focus Series on individualized parent goals for children with sensory processing impairments. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline, repeated measure across participants, single-case study design was employed (n = 7). The 40-session intervention was delivered at home and in the clinic. Individualized family goals served as the repeated measure. Exploratory analyses included the evaluation of physiological arousal. Participants showed improvement in home and education-related goals. Changes in physiologic arousal were noted in five of seven participants. Standardized scales demonstrated sensitivity to change. Thus, the iLs program may be beneficial for school- or clinic-based intervention.
Integrating Semantics into the Visualization Process

Most of today's visualization systems give the user considerable control over the visualization process. Many parameters might be changed until the obtention of a satisfactory visualization. The visualization process is a very complex exploration activity and, even for skilled users, it can be difficult to arrive at an effective visualization. We propose the construction of a visualization prototype to assist users and designers throughout the stages of the visualization process, and the integration of such process with a reasoning procedure that allows the configuration of the visualization, based on the entailed conclusions. We are working on a formal representation of the Visualization field. We aim to establish a common visualization vocabulary, include the underlying semantics, and enable the definition of visualization specifications that can be executed by a visualization engine with ontological support. An ontological description of a visualization should be enough to specify the visualization and, thus, to generate a runtime environment that is able to bring that visualization to life. The visualization ontology defines the vocabulary. With the addition of inference rules to the system, we can derive conclusions about visualization properties that allow to enhance the visualization, and guide the user throughout the entire process toward an effective result.
Construction of a Temporal Coherency Preserving Dynamic Data Dissemination Network

In this paper, we discuss various techniques for the efficient organization of a temporal coherency preserving dynamic data dissemination network. The network consists of sources of dynamically changing data, repositories to replicate this data, and clients. Given the temporal coherency properties of the data available at various repositories, we suggest methods to intelligently choose a repository to serve a new client request. The goal is to support as many clients as possible, from the given network. Secondly, we propose strategies to decide what data should reside on the repositories, given the data coherency needs of the clients. We model the problem of selection of repositories for serving each of the clients as a linear optimization problem, and derive its objective function and constraints. In view of the complexity and infeasibility of using this solution in practical scenarios, we also suggest a heuristic solution. Experimental evaluation, using real world data, demonstrates that the fidelity achieved by clients using the heuristic algorithm is close to that achieved using linear optimization. To improve the fidelity further through better load sharing between repositories, we propose an adaptive algorithm to adjust the resource provisions of repositories according to their recent response times. It is often advantageous to reorganize the data at the repositories according to the needs of clients. To this end, we propose two strategies based on reducing the communication and computational overheads. We evaluate and compare the two strategies, analytically, using the expected response time for an update at repositories, and by simulation, using the loss of fidelity at clients, as our performance measure. The results suggest that a considerable improvement in fidelity can be achieved by judicious reorganization.
A Descriptive Study of Situational and Individual Influences upon Individuals' Responses to Sexual Harassment

Recently, Thacker and Ferris (1991) proposed a theoretical model in which they suggested that targets' responses to sexual harassment would be influenced by the nature of the working relationship between the target and the harasser, the type of harassment, and gender. The purpose of this study is to investigate these potential influences, as well as duration, another situational influence, upon two types of target response: complaint/refusal and avoidance/going along. Respondents are employees of the Federal government. Findings suggest that both situational and individual influences have differential effects upon target response. Implications for the design of user-friendly sexual harassment prevention policies are discussed.
Carcinosarcoma of the oesophagus with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation

We report a case of oesophageal carcinosarcoma with prominent rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Immunohistochemically, the rhabdomyblasts were mainly reactive to vimentin, cytokeratin, desmin, muscle‐specific actin, myosin, and myoglobin, and were surrounded by laminin and type IV collagen‐positive basement membranes. The tumour had dual differentiation, carcinomatous and sarcomatous, but also showed evident features of transition between the two components, suggesting a common origin. An epithelial‐mesenchymal conversion could be the pathogenetic mechanism involved in the histogenesis of this lesion. The word carcinosarcoma, from a descriptive point of view, seems the most suitable to describe a tumour composed of both carcinomatous and true sarcomatous elements.
Computing (or not) Quasi-periodicity Functions of Tilings

We know that tilesets that can tile the plane always admit a quasi-periodic tiling [4, 8], yet they hold many uncomputable properties [3, 11, 21, 25]. The quasi-periodicity function is one way to measure the regularity of a quasi-periodic tiling. We prove that the tilings by a tileset that admits only quasi-periodic tilings have a recursively (and uniformly) bounded quasi-periodicity function. This corrects an error from [6, theorem 9] which stated the contrary. Instead we construct a tileset for which any quasi-periodic tiling has a quasi-periodicity function that cannot be recursively bounded. We provide such a construction for 1-dimensional effective subshifts and obtain as a corollary the result for tilings of the plane via recent links between these objects [1, 10].
Presence in Virtual Theater

Using empirical data, this research suggests that key features of a typical theatrical rehearsal process can significantly improve the sense of presence for participants within a shared virtual environment. Research of shared virtual environments (VEs) for the production of theater shows suggests that theater applications have specific requirements for presence. These can be summarized as characterization, repetition, and group dynamic, while the level of presence is dependent on the actor-avatar, actor-space, and actor-actor relationships.
A critical role for transforming growth factor-beta but not interleukin 4 in the suppression of T helper type 1-mediated colitis by CD45RB(low) CD4+ T cells

A T helper type 1 (Th1)-mediated colitis with similarities to inflammatory bowel disease in humans developed in severe combined immunodeficiency mice reconstituted with CD45RB(high) CD4+ splenic T cells and could be prevented by cotransfer of CD45RB(low) CD4+ T cells. Inhibition of this Th1 response by the CD45RB(low) T cell population could be reversed in vivo by an anti-transforming growth factor (TGF) beta antibody. Interleukin (IL) 4 was not required for either the differentiation of function of protective cells as CD45RB(low) CD4+ cells from IL-4-deficient mice were fully effective. These results identify a subpopulation of peripheral CD4+ cells and TGF-beta as critical components of the natural immune regulatory mechanism, which prevents the development of pathogenic Th1 responses in the gut, and suggests that this immunoregulatory population is distinct from Th2 cells.
Investigations of the Role of Gaze in Mixed-Reality Personal Computing

This short paper constitutes our first investigation of how eye tracking and gaze estimation can help create better mixed-reality personal computing systems involving both physical (real world) and virtual (digital) objects. The role of gaze is discussed in the light of the situative space model (SSM) which determines the set of objects a given human agent can perceive, and act on, in any given moment in time. As a result, we propose to extend the SSM in order to better incorporate the role of gaze, and for taking advantage of emerging mobile eye tracking technology. Author Keywords Interaction paradigm, gaze tracking.
On Network Tools for Network Motif Finding : A Survey Study

Network motifs have been called the building blocks of networks [1]. Graph theory is used to computationally represent and search networks. Many efforts have been put into developing motif discovery tools to search for and find network motifs, patterns or subgraphs within the input network that occur more frequently in the input network than in randomized networks where patterns occur by chance [2]. Complications involved with network motif discovery include the graph isomorphism problem which is NP-complete. A myriad of tools and algorithms have been developed for both full enumeration of subgraphs and methods for avoiding full enumeration in order to lessen runtimes and required computational power. Experimental data from various tools is provided in this paper including (1) runtimes for different subgraph sizes, network sizes, and number of random networks generated, (2) differences in frequencies based on different search restrictions, and (3) protein-protein interaction (PPI) network results. The limitations that still exist especially concerning size of motifs and networks that can be searched are also included. This paper presents a survey study of current network motif discovery tools; algorithms, experimental data, limitations, and pros and cons of tools are examined and discussed.
Cutting Edge: Endotoxin Tolerance in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Correlates with Down-Regulation of Surface Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression1

Monocytes/macrophages exposed to LPS show reduced responses to second stimulation with LPS, which is termed LPS tolerance. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanism of LPS tolerance in macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophages pre-exposed to LPS exhibited reduced production of inflammatory cytokines in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Activation of neither IL-1 receptor-associated kinase nor NF-κB was observed in macrophages that became tolerant by LPS pretreatment, indicating that the proximal event in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MyD88-dependent signaling is affected in tolerant macrophages. Although TLR4 mRNA expression significantly decreased within a few hours of LPS pretreatment and returned to the original level at 24 h, the surface TLR4 expression began to decrease within 1 h, with a gradual decrease after that, and remained suppressed over 24 h. A decrease in inflammatory cytokine production in tolerant macrophages well correlates with down-regulation of the surface TLR4 expression, which may explain one of the mechanisms for LPS tolerance.
Effects of Different Intensities of Resistance Exercise on Regulators of Myogenesis

Wilborn, CD, Taylor, LW, Greenwood, M, Kreider, RB, and Willoughby, DS. Effects of different intensities of resistance exercise on regulators of myogenesis. J Strength Cond Res 23(8): 2179-2187, 2009-A single bout of high-intensity resistance exercise is capable of activating the expression of various genes in skeletal muscle involved in hypertrophy such as myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), and growth factors. However, the specific role exercise intensity plays on the expression of these genes is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise intensity on MHC (type I, IIA, IIX), MRF (Myo-D, myogenin, MRF-4, myf5), and growth factor (insulin-like growth factor [IGF]-1, IGF-1 receptor [IGF-R1], mechano-growth factor [MGF]) mRNA expression. Thirteen male participants (21.5 ± 2.9 years, 86.1 ± 19.5 kg, 69.7 ± 2.7 in.) completed bouts of resistance exercise involving 4 sets of 18-20 repetitions with 60-65% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 4 sets of 8-10 repetitions with 80-85% 1RM. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained immediately before exercise, and at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 6 hours after each bout. The levels of mRNA expression were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using 2 × 4 multivariate analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). For both intensities, MHC type IIX, IGF-1, IGF-R1, MGF, Myo-D, myogenin, MRF-4, and myf5 mRNA were all significantly increased in response to resistance exercise by 2 hours after exercise, whereas myostatin and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip were decreased at 2 hours after exercise (p < 0.05). Resistance exercise between 60-85% 1RM upregulates the mRNA expression of MHC and factors involved in myogenic activation of satellite cells while concomitantly decreasing expression of myogenic inhibitors.
Fear of Crime: A Review of the Literature1

The literature on fear of crime has grown rapidly in the last three decades. This paper examines the reasons for this growth and attempts to put some structure on the work to date. The inadequacies of measures of fear of crime are discussed and alternative approaches suggested. Alternative explanatory theories are compared and strategies for reducing fear reviewed.