Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subclassified Loss: Rethinking Data Imbalance From Subclass Perspective for Semantic Segmentation

Semantic segmentation plays a crucial role in enabling intelligent vehicles to perceive and understand their surroundings. However, datasets used for semantic segmentation often suffer from data imbalance, where the number of pixels belonging to different classes varies significantly. To address this challenge, various novel loss functions have been proposed at the class or pixel level to counterbalance the data imbalance. In this study, we propose a novel approach to mitigate this problem from a subclass perspective. Specifically, we identify subclasses within each class based on the similarity of feature maps. These subclasses are then reweighted according to their distribution. Our approach can seamlessly transition into widely used loss functions, such as cross-entropy loss and class-weighted cross-entropy loss, in extreme cases. The proposed loss function is compatible with existing semantic segmentation methods, serving as a plug-in component for both current and future methodologies. We conducted extensive experiments on challenging datasets, namely SemanticKITTI and Cityscapes, to evaluate the effectiveness and generalization of our subclassified loss. Our experiments involved LiDAR-based and image-based methods, including RangeNet++, KPRNet, PointRend, STDC, and SegFormer, resulting in substantial improvements in terms of intersection-over-union (IoU) for segmentation. The codes are publicly available at https://github.com/skyshoumeng/Subclassified-Loss
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Cc by Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is known as a provider of dynamic services using very large scalable and virtualized resources over the Internet. Many industries have started offering Cloud services on a " pay-as-you-go " basis. The developments have led to the concept of market exchange that provides the trading between cloud provider and consumer. A light weight and platform is proposed as independent framework called " Market Environment " , which allow the consumers and providers to trade computing resources according to their requirements. In this paper, we drive our design and discuss how trading can be done with the help of auctions. Finally we evaluate the performance in terms of scalability.
Evaluating Physician Stress During Patient Handoffs: Analysis of Physician Heart Rate Variability, Patient Handoff Characteristics, and ED Metrics

Patient handoffs represent a critical point in patient care, specifically in hospital Emergency Departments (EDs) where handoffs occur at every shift change. Previous studies have examined ED patient handoffs primarily by evaluating handoff communication methods and scheduling models that improve and reduce the prevalence of handoffs. In this study, we provided a quantitative analysis of physician stress by measuring the HRV of outgoing and oncoming physicians during patient handoffs. We recorded descriptive data of each observed patient handoff using the status of patient disposition as a measure of physician workload, and retrospectively gathered patient outcome and ED metric data for multivariate analysis. Results demonstrate that attending physicians experience increased HRV during handoff periods over non-handoff periods, with a significant increase observed in outgoing physicians (α = 0.05). This study creates a framework for future work that considers health care worker stress and evaluates ED handoffs via the stress and workload transferred between emergency physicians.
State-of-the-art polyetheretherketone three-dimensional printing and multifunctional modification for dental implants

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer with an elastic modulus close to that of the jawbone. PEEK has the potential to become a new dental implant material for special patients due to its radiolucency, chemical stability, color similarity to teeth, and low allergy rate. However, the aromatic main chain and lack of surface charge and chemical functional groups make PEEK hydrophobic and biologically inert, which hinders subsequent protein adsorption and osteoblast adhesion and differentiation. This will be detrimental to the deposition and mineralization of apatite on the surface of PEEK and limit its clinical application. Researchers have explored different modification methods to effectively improve the biomechanical, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, antioxidative, osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic, and soft tissue adhesion properties. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in material property advantages, three-dimensional printing synthesis, and functional modification of PEEK in the fields of implant dentistry and provides solutions for existing difficulties. We confirm the broad prospects of PEEK as a dental implant material to promote the clinical conversion of PEEK-based dental implants.
Insight into the thermodynamic model for reforming of methane over nickel catalyst

The reforming of light hydrocarbons to produce synthesis gas, H2 and CO, is an important intermediate for manufacturing valuable basic chemicals and synthesis fuels. In order to understand these reforming processes better, elementary step reaction mechanisms are developed. In the available literature, the surface reaction mechanisms are usually achieved with the help of reaction kinetic parameters without using the thermochemistry of the species referred to kinetic models due to the unavailability of the thermochemistry of the intermediate species involved in the multi-step reaction mechanism. In this work, investigations are made to obtain the thermochemistry of the intermediate species to establish thermodynamic equilibrium in order to develop thermodynamic model for steam reforming of methane over nickel. The thermochemistry of the surface bound species is taken from different sources available in the literature and after that a detailed sensitivity analysis is performed to match the results with experiments. The simulation set up is adapted from the literature experiments given in [1]. The results produced with the one-dimensional tool using the thermodynamic model developed in the present investigation consisting of 21 reversible reactions are compared with the kinetic scheme with 42 irreversible reactions from reference simulation along with their experimental results. Both the models show some major differences in the reaction pathways which provides a useful insight into the key rate determining steps and needs further investigations.
Therapist use of cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing components for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in practice settings

Introduction Treatment practice guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) recommend both Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT); however, implementation in practice setting remains challenging. Here we aim to foster implementation efforts for PTSD by identifying the relative use of the various components of empirically supported treatments by therapists and the characteristics that predict their use. Methods Surveyed 346 therapists (84.07% female) of whom 272 participants (78.61%) were trained primarily in CBT and 135 participants (39.02%) were trained in primarily in EMDR. Assessed relative use of various EMDR and CBT components as well as several training and personality factors. Results Psychoeducation about trauma was the most common element used. “Off label” use of components was also identified with application of EMDR techniques to other diagnoses. Findings also suggest underutilization of in vivo exposure techniques across therapists. EMDR therapists reported relatively high use of core EMDR techniques (i.e., greater use of EMDR core techniques). Big five personality factors, therapy efficacy, and anxiety were associated with differential component use. Discussion Results identify trends in empirically supported component use and therapist characteristics that are associated with the use of various techniques for PTSD. The findings suggest implementation efforts could foster training in underused techniques, address barriers to their utilization and develop knowledge of effective packages of components.
Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor Using Dual Air- Filled Fabry-Pérot Cavities With Variable Pressure

We present an approach for high temperature measurement using a pair of fiber-optic Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavities filled with gas of identical but variable pressure. One of the FPs (reference FP) is placed in the cold zone with a known temperature. The temperature of the measuring FP can be deduced by the spectral fringe shift vs. pressure of the two FPs. This method does not require measurement of the pressure or the knowledge of the optical properties of the gas. The use of gas as the sensing material and the measurement mechanism also implies long-term stability and eliminates the cross-sensitivity to strain. We fabricated the sensors and tested them for measuring temperature up to 800 °C. The sensor shows good linearity in the range. Long-term test conducted at 800 °C exhibited the stability of the sensor with fluctuations of ≤0.3% over a duration exceeding 100 hours.
The Enigma of Bullying and Unhealthy Atmosphere in Higher Education

The motivation behind this paper is to give an outline of university bullying among pupils and indicate the soft targetsfor the bully and the impact of unhealthy class environment on students’ education and behavior. This study employed anexplanatory and quantitative approach. Following a non-probability sampling technique, this research resorted to usingconvenience sampling by disseminating a structured questionnaire among 200 students enrolled in public and privateuniversities in Karachi. The outcomes revealed that health behavior significantly influences the quality education ofstudents. While, direct or indirect bullying may not only affect the health but the quality education of students as well. Inaddition, results showed that Education on bullying and socio demographic influence may increase the quality ofeducation but in our case, the relationship is not significant. The authors suggest that examining students’ experiencesand their practice, outcome of training programs with the help of a group of professors will assist in suggestingprocedures and tactics to promote the quality of education. This study conceives bullying at educational institutes as acritical quality issue and paves the way for further developments intended to enhance university educational services’effectiveness.
Towards Directive Driving Automation: Nudging Driver’s Away From Overriding Using Social Norms

We propose the concept of directive driving automation that positively influences drivers’ intentions to achieve shared goals. As a step toward directive driving automation, this survey study explored how social norms can persuade drivers to continue using driving automation. We tested social norm messages using a 2x2x2x2 factorial within-subject design: norm type (descriptive vs. injunctive), explanation (absent vs. present), spatial scale (local vs. global), and outcome criticality (safety-critical vs. non-safety-critical). The results suggest that framing messages as descriptive norms and providing explanations relevant to the driver can encourage them to continue using automation, especially with safety-critical outcomes. This study highlights the importance of considering message characteristics in persuasive interventions to promote the safe use of driving automation.
Meat fatty acids profile including metabolic, qualitative, nutritional indices, and organoleptic evaluation as affected by Rumex nervosus leaves meal fortified broiler diets

Abstract The effects of dietary supplementation with Rumex nervosus leaves (RNL) on fatty acid (FAs) indices, organoleptic evaluation, performance index, and feed efficiency were investigated. This study consists of five treatments. Broilers in treatments 1–4 received basal feed plus RNL at doses of 0, 1, 3, and 5 g/kg, while broilers in treatment 5 received basal feed plus the antibiotic Colimex. On day 34, FAs profile and organoleptic assessment were evaluated, and performance index and feed efficiency were determined for the entire experimental period. Results showed that FAs profile of the breast meat was affected by treatments with varying degrees (p˂0.05). The 1 g RNL resulted in the highest eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid, which resulted in the highest meat lipid quality, the highest elongation index, improved organoleptic characteristics, and tended to improve performance index, feed efficiency, and nutritional index. The 5 g RNL treatment reduced total saturated fatty acids (ƩSFAs), omega-6/omega-3 ratio, especially linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratio, alanine aminotransferase, and increased total omega-3 fatty acids, unsaturation index, and Δ9-desaturase. In conclusion, RNL can be introduced to broiler diets, especially at an incorporation rate of 1 g, and it promotes broiler health and performance because it contains phytoconstituents that can alter the content and indices of FAs meat and improve storability and sensory quality. HIGHLIGHTS Oxidative chemicals increase lipid peroxidation and decrease sensory quality of broiler meat. As antioxidants, natural RNL inhibit oxidative degradation and prevent lipid peroxidation. RNL contains phytoconstituents that increase the fatty acid content and oxidative stability of meat. Fat deposition and associated markers in breast meat differed between low and high RNL levels. RNL improved nutritional index, sensory quality, performance index, and feed efficiency.
How far has globalization gone? A tale of two regions

We study the globalization of trade in Latin America and Asia over the past 25 years and quantify its economic impact. Employing structural gravity models, we first estimate a proxy of trade globalization that captures the ease of trading internationally with respect to trading domestically. The results indicate similar trade globalization patterns in the two regions, albeit with a high degree of heterogeneity within them. Trade globalization has been particularly strong in agriculture, mining and manufacturing, but has lagged in services. Within-region heterogeneity is associated with a set of trade policy instruments, including tariffs, non-tariff measures, WTO membership and trade agreements. Next, we quantify the economic implications of the estimated globalization trends. Simulations of a multi-sector trade model point to heterogeneous long-term impacts of globalization on GDP (some countries exhibiting substantial gains and others experiencing large losses), with no single sector playing a predominant role.
Transform-margin model of hydrocarbon migration: the Guyana–Suriname case study

Abstract The study focuses on the Guyana–Suriname transform margin, utilizing well and reflection seismic data. Both datasets allow the permeability stratigraphy to be interpreted. It consists of areally extensive reservoir horizons separated by intraformational shale horizons and erosional unconformities. The youngest strata are deformed by the two generations of gravity glides, which took place fairly late in post-break-up history. Hydrocarbon shows from wells indicate that strata deformed by gravity glides are the only sedimentary packages where the vertical hydrocarbon migration dominates. Clusters of oil and gas shows have random spatial distribution in respective reservoir horizons within gravity glides. The base of the rock volume with dominating vertical migration is determined by the detachment horizon of the gravity-glide system. However, the areas unaffected by gravity glides are dominated by lateral migration, causing zonal distribution of oil and gas shows. Oil shows occur in wells penetrating the proximal margin and gas shows are found in wells penetrating the distal margin in respective reservoir horizons. Both sets are fed by the source rock occurring in the oceanic basin and the adjacent distal margin. The best example of this situation is provided by the Paleocene–Eocene reservoirs.
Few-Shot SAR Target Recognition Through Meta-Adaptive Hyperparameters’ Learning for Fast Adaptation

In synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition (SAR-ATR), the limitations of imaging environment and observation conditions make it challenging to acquire a substantial amount of high-value targets, resulting in a severe shortage of datasets. This scarcity leads to poor performance and instability in few-shot SAR target recognition. To address these shortcomings, this article proposes meta-adaptive stochastic gradient descent (Mada-SGD), a novel inner loop parameter update approach based on meta-adaptive hyperparameter learning. By considering the correlation information between multiple update steps, Mada-SGD learns the weight distribution information of initialization parameters across previous and current update steps, akin to a memory mechanism. This approach enhances feature extraction and representation ability for few-shot SAR targets. In addition, an adaptive hyperparameter update strategy is introduced to simultaneously learn the initialization, weight factor, update factor, and update direction in the meta-learner. This effectively resolves parameter updating issues in meta-learning models while improving fast adaptation for few-shot SAR targets. Experimental results on the specialized moving and stationary target acquisition and recognition few-shot learning (MSTAR-FSL) dataset demonstrate that Mada-SGD outperforms the latest few-shot SAR target recognition model in terms of SAR target recognition performance, validating its advancement and superiority.
FACTORS AFFECTING DOMESTIC TOURISTS’ INTENTION TO CHOOSE DONG VAN KARST PLATEAU – HA GIANG TOURIST ATTRACTION

The research focuses on understanding the factors affecting domestic tourists’ intention to choose Dong Van Karst Plateau – Ha Giang tourist attraction. The factor model is built based on the theory of reasoned action model - TRA, the theory of planned behavior model - TPB and the tourism consumer behavior model of Engel, Kollat and Blackwell (1968). The research team conducted and received opinions from 478 Vietnamese tourists, including 277 people who have been to or intend to travel to Dong Van Karst Plateau - Ha Giang, in the near future. The number of valid votes included in the analysis of influencing factors is 256/277 votes. The collected data is then analyzed using the SMARTPLS method to test the influencing factors and influence levels. Research results show that at a 5% significance level, “Source of information” (NTT) has the strongest impact on domestic tourists’ intention to travel to Dong Van Karst Plateau, Ha Giang, with an impact level of 0.406. ; Next is the factor “Perceived tourism capability” (NTKN), with an impact level of 0.351. The two factors, travel motivation (DCDL) and attraction image (HADD), are not statistically significant enough to conclude that they have an influence on tourists’ intention to choose the Dong Van Karst plateau – Ha Giang tourist attraction. With the results obtained, the research team exchanged and discussed ideas to develop tourism in Dong Van Karst Plateau, Ha Giang.
Assessment Of Desertification Risk In Semi-Arid Agh-Band Region, Golestan Province, Iran

Nowadays, risk has a widespread and multi-dimensional meaning which depends on safety, economic, social and environmental issues. The best definition for the risk may be the correlation between parameter (element) and hazard word. This research was conducted in the semi-arid region of Agh-Band, Golestan province, Iran, with one area of about 3062.5 km 2 . The main purpose of the research was assessment of desertification risk. To assess the desertification hazard, the Iranian 9-criteria model of IMDPA and geomorphology faces were used. Map of working units (geomorphology faces) was prepared based on geological and land-use maps, satellite images, and field surveys. The differences between areas of map classes were compared using Chi-square test. To prepare the risk map, first elements at hazard were determined and classified. Then, by using the hazard intensity map and degree of vulnerability each element, the desertification risk classes were obtained via general equation of risk(R= H.E.V)at four classes. From land use and topography maps, area of agricultural lands and number of springs, number of residential sites, length of roads were determined and then were transformed based on these information the map of element at hazard was prepared. To determine vulnerability classes of components, an expert coefficient was used. The results showed that the numerical value of desertification intensity for the entire study area was 2.03 which according to the current classification of IMDPA model, is considered as moderate desertification class (II). Also, for each pixel the risk value was calculated and classified in four classes, namely low, moderate, high and very high, based on turning points of the cumulative frequency curve.About 30.03% percent of the study area was classified as high and very high (III and IV) classes of risk.
Clinical SMN1 and SMN2 Gene-Specific Sequencing to Enhance the Clinical Sensitivity of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Diagnostic Testing

Purpose. Therapeutic advances in the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) prompt the need for robust and efficient molecular diagnosis of this disease. Approximately five percent of SMA cases are attributable to one copy of SMN1 with a hypomorphic or inactivating variant in trans with a deleted or converted allele. These intragenic variants are challenging to definitively localize to SMN1 due to its sequence homology with the SMN2 gene. To enhance the clinical sensitivity of SMA diagnostic testing, we present an optimized gene-specific sequencing assay to localize variants to either SMN1 or SMN2. Methods. SMN1 and SMN2 genes are independently amplified by long-range allele-specific PCR. Long-range products are used in subsequent nested PCR reactions to amplify the coding exons of SMN1 and SMN2. The resulting products are sequenced using standard Sanger-based methodologies and analyzed for disease-associated alterations. Results. 83 probands suspicious for a clinical diagnosis of SMA with a nondiagnostic SMN dosage result were sequenced for intragenic variants in the SMN1 gene. Gene-specific sequencing revealed likely disease-associated variants in SMN1 in 42 cases (50.6%). Of the 42 variants, 27 are unique including 16 loss-of-function variants, 9 missense variants, 1 in-frame deletion variant, and 1 splice site variant. Conclusions. Herein, we describe an optimized assay for clinical sequencing of the full coding region of SMN1 and SMN2. This assay uses standard techniques and equipment readily available to most molecular diagnostic laboratories.
Risk assessment of soil erosion in Xiangxi River Basin of Yangtze River

The amount of soil erosion in Xiangxi River Basin has an important impact on the sediment concentration in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.The risk assessment of soil erosion in the basin is conducted with the combinative use of geostatistics and spatial analysis of GIS technology.The results show that the soil erosion of Xiangxi River Basin is mainly moderate and intensive,and the risk of erosion is mainly light.The main areas of soil erosion are the areas with coverage of vegetation less than 45% and the slope steeper than 25 °,as well as the area of yellow soil.Almost all sloping farmlands with gradient greater than 15° are dangerous.All of these results provide a scientific basis for the prevention of soil erosion in the region.