Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Errors in lamina growth of primary olfactory axons in the rat and mouse olfactory bulb

In the adult olfactory nerve pathway of rodents, each primary olfactory axon forms a terminal arbor in a single glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. During development, axons are believed to project directly to and terminate precisely within a glomerulus without any exuberant growth or mistargeting. To gain insight into mechanisms underlying this process, the trajectories of primary olfactory axons during glomerular formation were studied in the neonatal period. Histochemical staining of mouse olfactory bulb sections with the lectin Dolichos biflorus‐agglutinin revealed that many olfactory axons overshoot the glomerular layer and course into the deeper laminae of the bulb in the early postnatal period. Single primary olfactory axons were anterogradely labelled either with the lipophilic carbocyanine dye, 1,1′‐dioctodecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), or with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by localized microinjections into the nerve fiber layer of the rat olfactory bulb. Five distinct trajectories of primary olfactory axons were observed in DiI‐labelled preparations at postnatal day 1.5 (P1.5). Axons either coursed directly to and terminated specifically within a glomerulus, branched before terminating in a glomerulus, bypassed glomeruli and entered the underlying external plexiform layer, passed through the glomerular layer with side branches into glomeruli, or branched into more than one glomerulus. HRP‐labelled axon arbors from eight postnatal ages were reconstructed by camera lucida and were used to determine arbor length, arbor area, and arbor branch number. Whereas primary olfactory axons display errors in laminar targeting in the mammalian olfactory bulb, axon arbors typically achieve their adult morphology without exuberant growth. Many olfactory axons appear not to recognize appropriate cues to terminate within the glomerular layer during the early postnatal period. However, primary olfactory axons exhibit precise targeting in the glomerular layer after P5.5, indicating temporal differences in either the presence of guidance cues or the ability of axons to respond to these cues. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:20–30, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of glass particle size of resin cements on bonding to glass ceramic: SEM and bond strength evaluation

This study investigated the effect of the filler particle size (micron or submicron) of experimental resin cements on the microtensile bond strength to a glass‐ceramic pretreated with hydrofluoric acid (HFA) etching or alumina airborne‐particle abrasion (AA). Cements were obtained from a Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA mixture filled with 60 mass% micron‐sized (1 ± 0.2 µm) or submicron‐sized (180 ± 30 µm) Ba‐Si‐Al glass particles. Ceramic blocks (PM9; VITA) were treated with 10% HFA for 60 s or AA for 15 s. Silane and adhesive were applied. Ceramic blocks were bonded to resin composite blocks (Z250; 3M ESPE) using one of the cements. Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams (n = 20/group) and subjected to microtensile bond strength tests. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student‐Newman‐Keuls' tests (5%). Failure modes were classified under magnification. Morphologies of the treated ceramic surfaces and bonded interfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The HFA‐submicron group had lower bond strengths than the other groups. All AA‐submicron specimens debonded prematurely. Mixed failures were predominant for HFA groups, whereas interfacial failures predominated for AA groups. SEM revealed a honeycomb‐like aspect in the HFA‐treated ceramic, whereas the AA‐treated groups showed an irregular retentive pattern. Continuity of cement infiltration along the bonded interface was more uniform for HFA‐treated compared to AA‐treated specimens. Cracks toward the bulk of the ceramic were observed in AA‐treated specimens. Particle size significantly influenced the ceramic bond strength, whereas surface treatment had a minor effect. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:363–367, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parasympathetic Regulation and Parental Socialization of Emotion: Biopsychosocial Processes of Adjustment in Preschoolers

Variations in parents' emotion socialization have been linked to children's social competence (SC) and behavior problems, but parental influences do not act independently of children's characteristics. A biopsychosocial model was tested, in which children's parasympathetic regulation of cardiac function and paternal and maternal socialization of negative emotions were examined as joint predictors of young children's SC and behavior problems at daycare and preschool. Mothers and fathers responded differently to children's emotions, and cardiac vagal tone moderated the relations between parents' emotion socialization and children's behavior in early childcare settings. Both maternal and paternal emotion socialization strategies were more strongly associated with preschool adjustment for children with relatively less parasympathetic self-regulatory capacities than for more self-regulated children. Paternal reactions to children's anger, and maternal responses to children's sadness and fear, were particularly closely tied to variations in SC and internalizing and externalizing problems.
Academy for eating disorders position paper: eating disorders are serious mental illnesses.

It is the position of the Academy for Eating Disorders (AED) that anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, along with their variants, are biologically based, serious mental illnesses (BBMI) that warrant the same level and breadth of health care coverage as conditions currently categorized in this way (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder). As set forth below, we advocate this position unequivocally based on an emerging science that affirms with a reasonable degree of medical and scientific certainty that eating disorders are significantly heritable; influenced by alterations of brain function; significantly impair cognitive function, judgment, and emotional stability; and restrict the life activities of persons afflicted with these illnesses. Accordingly, the denial or restriction of equitable and sufficient treatment necessary to avert serious health consequences and risk of death is untenable and should be vigorously protested. Commentary
Renal biomarkers for the prediction of cardiovascular disease

Purpose of review Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Renal biomarkers might be valuable in predicting CVD. Investigation of these biomarkers may uncover some of the poorly understood mechanisms that link renal and CVD as well as aid in the modification of disease and serve as a useful tool in diagnosing early disease and monitoring therapeutic responses. In this review we discuss the clinical utility of emerging and known renal biomarkers in predicting CVD. Recent findings Prior to adopting a biomarker into routine clinical practice, evidence-based laboratory medicine requires optimal technical and analytical performance, which is a prerequisite to have confidence in the result. Furthermore, an ideal biomarker should have evidence of its utility in predicting clinical, therapeutic and other health outcomes as well as proving its organizational impact and cost-effectiveness. The renal biomarkers that have been associated with CVD include cystatin C as a better marker of glomerular filtration than creatinine, albuminuria, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, a marker of acute kidney injury, fibroblast growth factor-23 and parathyroid hormone. Only urine albumin has been adopted into routine clinical practice. Summary Of all the renal biomarkers, only albumin is clearly associated with CVD. The other biomarkers are earlier in clinical development and the evidence base for their clinical utility needs to be expanded substantially before they can be adopted into routine practice.
Performance Comparison of Sarsa ( λ ) and Watkin ’ s Q ( λ ) Algorithms

This paper presents a performance comparison between two popular Reinforcement Learning algorithms: the Sarsa-Lambda algorithm and Watkin’s Q-Lambda algorithm. The algorithms were implemented on two classic reinforcement learning problems – the Pole Balancing problem and the Mountain Car problem. Further work and improvements have been suggested in the conclusion.
Assessment of adolescents' learned helplessness in achievement situations.

Three studies are reported that describe the development, reliability, and initial validation of the Mastery Orientation Inventory (MOI; Reynolds & Miller, in press) as a measure of generalized learned helplessness in adolescents. In Study 1, an initial version of 50 items was administered to a sample of 112 adolescents. A revised 40-item scale with an internal consistency reliability of . 94 was then constructed, which correlated significantly with measures of locus of control and depression. Study 2 involved the administration of the 40-item MOI to 645 adolescents. In this study, the reliability of the MOI was . 92, and MOI scores were significantly correlated with subjects' depression scores and with self-reported grade point average. Factor analysis of the MOI items produced a strong first factor with high loadings for every item. In Study 3, the 112 subjects who participated in Study 1 were, 3 months later, readministered the MOI, locus of control, and depression measures. As an external criterion variable, 13 teachers provided global ratings of learned helpless/mastery-oriented behaviors for 99 of these subjects. The MOI demonstrated high internal consistency (r alpha = .95) and adequate test-retest (rtt = .77) reliability. Validity was supported by significant correlations between the MOI and the three criterion variables (/rs/ = .49-.58). The results of these investigations provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the MOI as a measure of learned helplessness.
COMBINED USE OF GENETIC PROGRAMMING AND DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES FOR THE INDUCTION OF GENERALIZED APPROXIMATE THROUGHPUT FORMULAS IN SHORT EXPONENTIAL PRODUCTION LINES WITH BUFFERS

An attempt is made to combine standard decomposition techniques and genetic programming approaches, for the induction of generalized approximate throughput formulas in short exponential serial production lines with finite intermediate buffers. The domain of serial production lines lacks the existence of general formulas for acquiring useful measurements and line characteristics, such as throughput. Throughput approximation in literature takes place usually with the aid of algorithmic computer-based decomposition techniques. In this paper, decomposition-based data for every different number of stations are used as training cases into a genetic programming scheme, which tries to generalize the calculation of throughput within a single mathematical formula. The proposed formula, obtains accuracy higher than 99% for the training (i.e,. known) data, whereas, it deviates, on average, 5-15% from the accurate decomposed value, for testing (i.e. unknown) production line characteristics.
Critical discourse analysis and metaphor: toward a theoretical framework

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) explores the role of discourse structures in constituting social inequality. Metaphorical structure, however, has received relatively little attention in explicit CDA. The paper aims to redress this by developing a coherent theoretical framework for CDA and metaphor. This framework adopts conceptual blending theory over conceptual metaphor theory, where the latter is perceived to be incompatible with CDA. The framework is applied in a CDA of metaphors for nation and immigration in the British National Party's 2005 general election manifesto.
Estrogen Affects the Cellular Metabolism of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Investigations from this laboratory have established the presence of estrogen receptors in the human an terior cruciate ligament. This study further investigates the effects of 17β-estradiol on the cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts derived from the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament. Fibroblast prolifera tion and collagen synthesis in response to near log concentrations of 17β-estradiol (at 0.0029, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 ng/ml) were assessed by measuring [3H]thymidine and [14 C]hydroxyproline incorporation, respectively. Collagen synthesis was significantly re duced with increasing local estradiol concentration (P < 0.001). Declining collagen synthesis was first noted at a 17β-estradiol concentration of 0.025 ng/ml. Within normal physiologic levels of estrogen (0.025 to 0.25 ng/ml), collagen synthesis was reduced by more than 40% of control, and at pharmacologic levels of 2.5 and 25 ng/ml, by more than 50% of control. A signifi cant reduction of fibroblast proliferation was also ob served with increasing estradiol concentrations (P = 0.023). Clinically, alterations in anterior cruciate liga ment cellular metabolism caused by estrogen fluctua tions may change the composition of the ligament, rendering it more susceptible to injury.
Skeleton-based design and simulation flow for Computation-in-Memory architectures

Memristor-based Computation-in-Memory is one of the emerging architectures proposed to deal with Big Data problems. The design of such architectures requires a radically new automatic design flow because the memristor is a passive device that uses resistance to encode its logic value. This paper proposes a design flow for mapping parallel algorithms on the CIM architecture. Algorithms with similar data flow graphs can be mapped on the crossbar using the same template containing scheduling, placement, and routing information; this template is named skeleton. By configuring such a skeleton with different pre-designed circuits, we can build CIM implementations of the corresponding algorithms in that class. This approach does not only map an algorithm on a memristor crossbar, but also gives an estimation of its performance, area, and energy consumption. It also supports user-defined constraints and parallel SystemC simulation. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and the potential of the approach.
Transmission Dynamics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Medical Intensive Care Unit in India

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global pathogen and an important but seldom investigated cause of morbidity and mortality in lower and middle-income countries where it can place a major burden on limited resources. Quantifying nosocomial transmission in resource-poor settings is difficult because molecular typing methods are prohibitively expensive. Mechanistic statistical models can overcome this problem with minimal cost. We analyse the transmission dynamics of MRSA in a hospital in south India using one such approach and provide conservative estimates of the organism's economic burden. Methods and Findings Fifty months of MRSA infection data were collected retrospectively from a Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) in a tertiary hospital in Vellore, south India. Data were analysed using a previously described structured hidden Markov model. Seventy-two patients developed MRSA infections and, of these, 49 (68%) died in the MICU. We estimated that 4.2% (95%CI 1.0, 19.0) of patients were MRSA-positive when admitted, that there were 0.39 MRSA infections per colonized patient month (0.06, 0.73), and that the ward-level reproduction number for MRSA was 0.42 (0.08, 2.04). Anti-MRSA antibiotic treatment costs alone averaged $124/patient, over three times the monthly income of more than 40% of the Indian population. Conclusions Our analysis of routine data provides the first estimate of the nosocomial transmission potential of MRSA in India. The high levels of transmission estimated underline the need for cost-effective interventions to reduce MRSA transmission in hospital settings in low and middle income countries.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Bcl-2-associated Protein BNIP-2 by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 Prevents Its Binding to Cdc42GAP and Cdc42*

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in the regulation of cell growth, development, and differentiation in a variety of tissues. To isolate potential signaling molecules in the FGF signaling pathway, we have initiated a yeast two-hybrid screening using the cytosolic domain of FGF receptor-1 (Flg). Here we report the identification of BNIP-2, a previously cloned Bcl-2- and adenovirus E1B-associated protein, as a putative substrate of the receptor. When cotransfected in 293T cells, BNIP-2 was tyrosine-phosphorylated via Flg, but their interaction was transient and could only be seen by “capture” experiments with catalytically inert kinase mutants. When responsive cells were challenged with basic FGF, endogenous tyrosine-phosphorylated BNIP-2 could be precipitated with a BNIP-2 antibody. In addition, the recombinant BNIP-2 expressed in bacteria could be phosphorylated by active Flg in vitro. BNIP-2 shares a region of homology with the noncatalytic domain of Cdc42GAP, a GTPase-activating protein for the small GTP-binding molecule, Cdc42. We show here that BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP could directly bind to each other and they also compete for the binding to the same target, Cdc42. Unexpectedly, BNIP-2, either produced as a bacterial recombinant protein or expressed in 293T cells, could stimulate the intrinsic GTPase activity of Cdc42. In all cases, tyrosine phosphorylation of BNIP-2 severely impaired its association with Cdc42GAP and its induced GTPase-activating protein-like activity toward Cdc42. These findings should allow us to further characterize the integration of signaling between receptor tyrosine kinases, GTP-binding molecules, and apoptotic pathways.
Genetic Diversity in Laboratory Colonies of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Including a Nondiapause Colony

Abstract Laboratory-reared western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, from colonies maintained at the North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory (NCARL) in Brookings, SD, are used extensively by many researchers in studies of the biology, ecology, behavior, and genetics of this major insect pest. A nondiapause colony developed through artificial selection in the early 1970s is particularly attractive for many studies because its generation time is much shorter than that of typical diapause colonies. However, the nondiapause colony has been in culture for ≈190 generations without out-crossing. We compared variation at six microsatellite loci among individuals from the NCARL nondiapause colony (≈190 generations), main diapause colony (≈22 generations), four regional diapause colonies (3–8 generations), and four wild populations. Genetic diversity was very similar among the diapause laboratory colonies and wild populations. However, the nondiapause colony showed ≈15–39% loss of diversity depending on the measure. Pairwise estimates of FST were very low, revealing little genetic differentiation among laboratory colonies and natural populations. The nondiapause colony showed the greatest genetic differentiation with an average pairwise FST of 0.153. There was little evidence that the laboratory colonies had undergone genetic bottlenecks except for the nondiapause colony. The nondiapause colony has suffered a moderate loss in genetic diversity and is somewhat differentiated from wild populations. This was not unexpected given its history of artificial selection for the nondiapause trait, and the large number of generations in culture. In contrast, the results indicate that the diapause colonies maintained at NCARL are genetically similar to wild populations.
The industrial city in Britain: urban biography in the modern style

Until the 1970s the writing of individual town histories was not regarded seriously by urban historians. It was associated either with antiquarian and topographical surveys or with town boosterism and civic celebration. However, it can now be seen that the municipal studies and economic surveys of the 1920s and 1930s had set precedents for a new wave of more scholarly writings in the post-Second World War years. In a well-known survey of urban history in 1976, Jim Dyos was concerned to guard against urban history becoming merely the urban aspect of local history whilst recognizing the potential of what he described as serious urban biography, defined as the historical study of a town as an entity and in all its phases. Since then a plethora of studies have attempted to fulfil this aspiration in which academic historians based in universities have increasingly participated, rubbing shoulders with local historians of various kinds, whether as authors of complete studies or as contributors to multi-authored volumes. The town histories under review* representative of a new phase of
Role of Differential Signaling Pathways and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of heart failure independently of underlying coronary artery disease, and many believe that diabetes leads to cardiomyopathy. The underlying pathogenesis is partially understood. Several factors may contribute to the development of cardiac dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease in diabetes mellitus. There is growing evidence that excess generation of highly reactive free radicals, largely due to hyperglycemia, causes oxidative stress, which further exacerbates the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is a major risk factor for the development of micro-vascular pathogenesis in the diabetic myocardium, which results in myocardial cell death, hypertrophy, fibrosis, abnormalities of calcium homeostasis and endothelial dysfunction. Diabetes-mediated biochemical changes show cross-interaction and complex interplay culminating in the activation of several intracellular signaling molecules. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by morphologic and structural changes in the myocardium and coronary vasculature mediated by the activation of various signaling pathways. This review focuses on the oxidative stress and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes, which underlie the development and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Enhanced Ensemble Learning Technique With A Case Study Of Video Network Traffic Forecasting

Ensemble learning technique attracted much attention in the past few years. Instead of using a single predictor, this approach utilizes a number of diverse accurate predictors to do the job. Many methods have been proposed to build such accurate diverse ensembles, of which bagging and boosting were the most popular. Another method, called Feature Subset Ensembles (FSE), is thoroughly investigated in this work. This technique builds ensembles by assigning each individual predictor in the ensemble a distinct feature subset from the pool of available features. Extensive comparisons are carried out to compare FSE with other approaches. In addition, several novel variations to the basic FSE are added. The introduced FSE variants outperformed the other methods. Experiments were carried out using three different predictor types: least square error (LSE), artificial neural networks (ANN), and CART regression trees. A case study, the video traffic flow prediction, is investigated. This is a very important application that can improve the efficiency and playback quality of video streaming over the internet. We tried two approaches in order to tackle this important problem. The first is an adaptive algorithm using Sparse Basis Selection technique. The second is the ensemble approach using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The former technique uses a novel sparse basis selection algorithm, and outperformed most known techniques. The latter is the first attempt to apply the ensemble methodology to address the video traffic prediction problem, and provided very encouraging results.