Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tailoring adhesion and wetting properties of cellulose fibers and model surfaces

For the first time the dry adhesion was measured for an all-wood biopolymer system using Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) contact mechanics. The polydimethylsiloxane hemisphere was successfully surface-modified with a Cellulose I model surface using layer-by-layer assembly of nanofibrillated cellulose and polyethyleneimine. Flat surfaces of cellulose were equally prepared on silicon dioxide substrates, and model surfaces of glucomannan and lignin were prepared on silicon dioxide using spin-coating. The measured work of adhesion on loading and the adhesion hysteresis was found to be very similar between cellulose and all three wood polymers, suggesting that the interaction between these biopolymers do not differ greatly. Surface energy calculations from contact angle measurements indicated similar dispersive surface energy components for the model surfaces. The dispersive component was dominating the surface energy for all surfaces. The JKR work of adhesion was lower than that calculated from contact angle measurements, which partially can be ascribed to surface roughness of the model surfaces and overestimation of the surface energies from contact angle determinations.
Inertial particle relative velocity statistics in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

Abstract In the present study, we investigate the scaling of relative velocity structure functions, of order two and higher, for inertial particles, both in the dissipation range and the inertial subrange using direct numerical simulations (DNS). Within the inertial subrange our findings show that contrary to the well-known attenuation in the tails of the one-point acceleration probability density function (p.d.f.) with increasing inertia (Bec et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 550, 2006, pp. 349–358), the opposite occurs with the velocity structure function at sufficiently large Stokes numbers. We observe reduced scaling exponents for the structure function when compared to those of the fluid, and correspondingly broader p.d. f.s, similar to what occurs with a passive scalar. DNS allows us to isolate the two effects of inertia, namely biased sampling of the velocity field, a result of preferential concentration, and filtering, i.e. the tendency for the inertial particle velocity to attenuate the velocity fluctuations in the fluid. By isolating these effects, we show that sampling is playing the dominant role for low-order moments of the structure function, whereas filtering accounts for most of the scaling behaviour observed with the higher-order structure functions in the inertial subrange. In the dissipation range, we see evidence of so-called ‘crossing trajectories’, the ‘sling effect’ or ‘caustics’, and find good agreement with the theory put forth by Wilkinson et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 97, 2006, 048501) and Falkovich & Pumir (J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 64, 2007, 4497) for Stokes numbers greater than 0.5. We also look at the scaling exponents within the context of the model proposed by Bec et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 646, 2010, pp. 527–536). Another interesting finding is that inertial particles at low Stokes numbers sample regions of higher kinetic energy than the fluid particle field, the converse occurring at high Stokes numbers. The trend at low Stokes numbers is predicted by the theory of Chun et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 536, 2005, 219–251). This work is relevant to modelling the particle collision rate (Sundaram & Collins, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 335, 1997, pp. 75–109), and highlights the interesting array of phenomena induced by inertia.
Free Vibration Analysis of FG Skew Plates Based on Second Order Shear Deformation Theory

In this paper free vibration analysis of skew plates with fully clamped boundary condition made of functionally graded materials is investigated. The study is based on the second order shear deformation plate theory (SSDT) using Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method. With a proper transformation, partial differential equations of a rectangular plate in Cartesian coordinates into skew coordinates are obtained; the governing differential equations are seven second order partial differential equations. The comparison of simulation results with those presented previously in the literature shows the accuracy of the proposed method. Also, fast rate of convergence is achieved by this method. Finally, the effects of angle of skew plate, power law index and plate geometrical parameters on the natural frequencies of the plate are also obtained and the related results are presented in this paper.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF X-RAY PHASE RETARDERS (INVITED)

Transmission x‐ray phase retarders (TXPRs) in both Bragg and Laue diffraction geometries were investigated at the Photon Factory. The TXPRs were used for polarization control of SR as well as for complete determination of the polarization state. A novel optics to produce high‐quality circularly polarized x rays with high throughput at an x‐ray beamline of SR facilities is discussed.
Performance of Terra MODIS solar diffuser and solar diffuser stability monitor

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflective solar bands (RSB) cover wavelengths from 0.41 to 2. 2μm. They are calibrated on-orbit by a solar diffuser (SD) panel, made of space-grade Spectralon. During each SD calibration a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) is operated concurrently to track the changes of the SD bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF). The SDSM views alternately the sunlight (Sun View) through a fixed transmission screen and the sunlight diffusely reflected from the SD panel (SD view). A design error in the SDSM system, not discovered until post-launch, has caused significant ripples in the SDSM Sun view responses. Consequently an alternative normalization approach has been developed to remove the ripples in the SDSM Sun view responses and their impacts on the SD degradation analysis. This approach has been successfully used in the SDSM measurements on-orbit. In order to reduce the direct solar exposure onto the SD panel, the MODIS instrument was designed with a SD door that is normally commanded to an "open" position during SD/SDSM observations and to a "closed" position when the calibration is completed. For Terra MODIS launched in December 1999, an SD door related anomaly occurred in May 2003 that led to a decision to set the SD door permanently at the open position. This operational configuration has resulted in extra time of direct solar illumination on the SD plate and therefore a much faster SD degradation rate. In this paper we provide a brief description of the MODIS RSB calibration algorithm and the on-board SD and SDSM system used for the calibration. We examine the Terra MODIS SD degradation rate and its spectral dependency. The results from five years of SDSM observations are summarized in this paper and used to evaluate the SD on-orbit performance and its impact on the MODIS RSB calibration uncertainty. Prior to the SD door anomaly, the SD annual degradation rate was approximately 3% at 0.41μm, 2% at 0. 47μm, and 1% at 0. 53μm. After the SD door anomaly, the SD annual degradation rate has increased to 10% at 0.41μm, 7% at 0. 47μm, and 4.5% at 0. 53μm.
A note on the use of a continued fraction for perturbation theory

An implicit eigenvalue-eigenvector problem usually solved using perturbation theory is shown to lead to a nonperturbation solution in terms of a continued fraction. In this note we summarize a method to obtain a nonperturbativ e solution to the implicit eigenvalue-eigenvector problem arising in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (1) :
Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of HD 44179, The Red Rectangle

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and deep ground-based images of the Red Rectangle (RR), a bipolar proto–planetary nebula associated with the post-AGB binary system HD 44179. The high-resolution HST images reveal complex new structures, many of them unique to this object. The RR nebula is dominated by a discontinuous "bicone," whose bright, sharp linear edges give the nebula an overall X-shaped appearance. The edges of the bicone are connected by a remarkable series of linear features elongated perpendicular to the radius vector, giving the object a ladder-like structure. The "rungs" of the ladder structure show a quasi-periodic spacing, suggesting that they have arisen from discrete episodes of mass loss from the central star, separated by a few hundred years. The total timescale over which mass has been shed into the visible nebula is of order 14,000 yr. Outside the X-shaped bicone, parabolas curl inward, resembling wineglasses, which terminate on the bicone edges in large, limb-brightened vortices. The central object is bisected by a dark band, indicating that the star is not seen directly but is instead obscured by a surrounding opaque dust disk.
Evaluation of 25-nm pitch SiO2/Si multilayer grating reference using CD-SEM

We have developed a 25-nm pitch multilayer grating pattern for CD-SEM magnification calibration instead of the conventional 100-nm pitch grating reference. The 25-nm pitch grating reference was fabricated by multilayer deposition of alternative alternating SiO2 and Si layers and then the reference chip was fabricated by substrate bonding and polishing process. Finally the 25-nm pitch grating pattern was achieved using the material-selective chemical etching of the polished cross-sectional surface. We evaluated the 25-nm pitch grating reference chip using CD-SEM. A high-contrast secondary electron image of the grating pattern was obtained under 1-kV acceleration voltage. The uniformity of the 25-nm pitch size of the grating was less than 1 nm in 3σ. The line edge roughness of the grating pattern was also less than 1 nm. Such a fine and uniform grating pattern will fulfill the requirements of a magnification calibration reference for next-generation CD-SEM.
Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports Devising New Australian Rules Football Scoring Systems

In every AFL season, there are usually one or two round matches that end in a draw. This situation is handled in finals matches by playing extra time. Whilst the scoring systems used in finals matches could be applied to round matches to eliminate draws, we devise new alternative systems that have better statistical properties by increasing the probability for the stronger team to win, increasing fairness and spectator interest, and reducing the likelihood of long matches occurring. Further, these new scoring systems could also be used in finals matches.
Temperature dependence of electrical conductance in a single porous SnO2 nanoribbon

Porous SnO2 nanoribbons, with their width and thickness of around 20&mgr;m and 20nm, respectively, have been fabricated from the metallo-organic dimethyldineodecanoate tin using electrospinning and thermal decomposition techniques. The electrical conductance of one synthesized single ribbon has been measured using the two-probe method in atmosphere following a cycle of heating from 300 to 660K and subsequent cooling from 660K to 300K. During the heating, the conductance, G is not so sensitive to the temperature below 380K and, above that, follows an Arrhenius relation with a thermal activation energy of 0.918±0.004 eV until 660K; upon cooling, G follows the same Arrhenius relation until 570K and, below that, observes another Arrhenius relation with its activation energy decreasing to 0.259±0.006eV down to 300K. After a cycle of heating and cooling, G returns to a value higher than its initial one. The Arrhenius relations are attributed to the surface adsorption and desorption of moisture and oxygen, and the G hysteresis between 300 and 380K is attributed to the partial replacement of adsorbed oxygen by moisture because of the porous nature of the surface.
Asymptotic-numerical methods and pade approximants for non-linear elastic structures

In this paper, we apply asymptotic–numerical methods for computing non-linear equilibrium paths of elastic beam, plate and shell structures. The non-linear branches are sought in the form of asymptotic expansions, and they are determined by solving numerically (FEM) several linear problems with a single stiffness matrix. A large number of terms of the series can be easily computed by using recurrence formulas. In comparison with a more classical step-by-step procedure, the method is rapid and automatic. We show, with some examples, that the choice of the expansion's parameter and the use of Pade approximants play an important role in the determination of the size of the domain of convergence.
Micro-optic reflection and transmission interferometer for complete microlens characterization

A combined Twyman–Green and Mach–Zehnder interferometer especially designed for the characterization of refractive microlenses is presented. This instrument allows for the quantitative characterization of the microlens form, the transmitted wavefront errors, the radius of curvature and the front focal length without removing the sample under test. All of these microlens properties are important when benchmarking different microlens fabrication technologies (Ottevaere et al 2006 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 S407–29). The interferometer was calibrated by the random ball test method. This paper describes the optical design and demonstrates the performance with the characterization of the instrument bias and measurements of a typical microlens. The performance is also compared with that of a semi-commercial instrument.
Theory of Light Scattering by Magnetic Crystals

A theory of the Raman scattering of light due to spin systems in magnetic crystals is developed by using the spin dependent electric polarizability. The polarization characteristics of the scattering, the scattering intensity and its temperature dependence are treated with particular referenc to antiferromagnetic iron group fluorides, where one- and two-magnon scatterings have been observed. Agreement between the theory and the experimental results is satisfactory.
Detection System of Single Event Upset Based on FPGA

As the semiconductor process progresses into deep submicron nodes, single event upsets (SEUs) have severely deteriorated the reliability of Integrated circuits (ICs), especially for the satellite electronic equipment. Traditional methods of SEU is radiation scanning with fine resolutions over the surface for inspection, which is just sample test with workload statistics and experiences as the qualitative criterion, thus results in costly, time-consuming and error-prone test procedures. In this paper, we propose a SEU detection system based on FPGA by using the controllability and observability of scan chain, which can automatically generate test vectors for scan chain of DUT (design under test), analyze test results and synchronize irradiation source and DUT. Our proposed detection system not only reduce the cost of testing, but also increase the flexibility of testing. The proposed system can automatically detect the reliability of DUT and count the number of soft errors caused by SEU with low cost overhead. Experimental results on ISCAS’89 benchmark circuits implementation demonstrate the validity of this method.
On the Comparison of Reliability Experiments Based on the Convolution Order

In this article we study the comparison of experiments in system reliability theory when the component lifetimes are independent and identically distributed random variables that have a common two-parameter exponential distribution with a location parameter θ. For this purpose, we define a new stochastic order, which we call the convolution order, and study some basic properties of it. We then focus our attention on the family of distribution functions that are mixtures of distributions of partial sums of independent exponential random variables, and derive results that identify several conditions under which members of this family are ordered in the convolution stochastic order. We apply the results to order lifetimes of coherent systems, and as a consequence we obtain information inequalities among various lifetimes of coherent systems. We find situations wherein high reliability decreases statistical information.
13CO and C 18O Maps of N-Body Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Dark Clouds

We present detailed 13 CO and C 18 O J=1-0 line profiles of N-body, MHD simulations of dark clouds as well as their corresponding integrated intensity and velocity maps. We start from a uniform, magnetically subcritical model of mass 1.3×10 3 M ○. that is agitated by a spectrum of Alfven waves with velocities scaling as v∞λ β . This wave index β is the only tunable parameter in our simulations. We allow the initial state to relax for several dynamical time scales. All of our profiles and maps correspond to models that have scaled radii of 2 pc and mean densities of 10 3 cm −3 , characteristic of dark clouds. We find our line profiles to be in good agreement with those of observed dark clouds
Structure and Properties of Synoptic-Scale Wave Disturbances in the Intertropical Convergence Zone of the Eastern Atlantic.

Abstract Data from a dense network of ship observations are used to study the structure and properties of westward-moving wave disturbances observed in the eastern Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during Phase III of the GAPP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). Comparisons are made with similar disturbances found in the ITCZ of the western Pacific. Wave fields are determined by fitting low-order polynomials to the ship data with use of the method of least squares. The wave structures in the two regions are found to be similar in many respects, the principal difference being in the divergence field and associated vertical motion. Unlike in the Pacific a multi-layer divergence pattern exists in the eastern Atlantic, leading us to hypothesize the existence of three main cloud populations with outflow levels near 800, 500 and 250 mb. The soundings for the Atlantic exhibit lesser parcel instability then the Pacific soundings in agreement with the reduced vigor of the convective cells and the gre.
Mechanical buckling of single-walled carbon nanotubes: Atomistic simulations

Various geometric sizes and helical types (i.e., armchair, zigzag, and chiral) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered in molecular dynamics simulations in order to systematically examine the length-to-radius ratio and chirality effects on the buckling mechanism. The buckling strain is getting smaller as the CNT becomes slender for most nanotubes, which implies that the slender nanotubes have lower buckling resistance regardless of the radius of the CNTs. The applicability of the continuum buckling theory, which has been well developed for thin tubes, on predicting the buckling strain of the CNT is also examined. In general, the corresponding buckling strain and buckling type predicted by the continuum buckling theory could agree reasonably well with simulation results except at the transition region due to the competition of two buckling mechanisms.
Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Aim: This study aims to determine the morphological and morphometric dif - ferences of the corpus callosum in terms of sex using high-resolution images obtained from formalin-fixed sheep brains by 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: In the study, a total of 18 adult healthy Akkaraman sheep brains (9 females and 9 males), which had no anomaly and were fixed with formaldehyde, were used. Morphometric measurements in sheep bra - ins were performed on T2-weighted images obtained from 3T MRI. First, the midsagittal cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum was calculated using MIMICS. Before morphometric measurements, images were converted from DICOM format to NIfTI format in the MRcronGL. Then, the normalization of the images were performed using the standard template in the ITK-SNAP. After that images were opened in the ITK-SNAP, and morphometric measurements were performed in genu corporis callosi, truncus corporis callosi, and spleni - um corporis callosi. Results: In sheep, the lower surface of the truncus corporis callosi, which forms the roof of the ventriculus lateralis, was more concave than dog and cat, and flatter than human, horse and rabbit. There was no sexual dimorphism in corpus callosum length, midsagittal corpus callosum cross-sectional area, genu corporis callosi width, truncus corporis callosi width and splenium cor - poris callosi width. Similarly, no sexual dimorphism was observed in the ratio between midsagittal corpus callosum cross-sectional area and brain weight and volume. However, it was observed that the ratio between surface area and volume was very close to the difference frequently encountered in this para - meter in studies conducted in humans and other mammals. Conclusion: It is thought that the findings obtained from healthy sheep brains in this study can be used in neurodegenerative disease models created in she - ep in neuroscience studies and experimental studies.
A graph partitioning approach to signal decoding with applications in biomedicine

A partitioning theorem is applied to reduce greatly the computational complexity involved in the search of graphs representing high-level constraints in one-dimensional and multidimensional biomedical signal-decoding problems. For an N node graph the overall solution will generally involve O( square root N) complexity, a significant reduction with respect to conventional decoding approaches. The authors highlight the following advantages of the partitioning approach over conventional left-to-right strategies. (1) The planar separator theorem (PST) used provides a drastic reduction in computational cost from O(N) to O( square root N). (2) The PST provides a flexible and systematic way of selecting nodes with which to make a high pruning safety per computational load evaluation of all the paths in the graph. (3) The partitioning can be done offline so that many 'preparations' of graph can be attempted before it is used in a search. (4) Since nodes are selected at scattered locations throughout the graph, rather than always from the left, better statistical use of the observations is made in doing evaluations in the partitioned case. <<ETX>>
Conditional moment closure for turbulent reacting flow

Equations governing the variation through the flow field of averages of quantities such as species mass fractions, conditional on mixture fraction, are derived and modeled. The conditioning variable adds to the independent dimensions of the problem, but it is found that this is offset in some cases by reduction in the spatial dimensionality needed. Predictions are made for the reacting scalar mixing layer, and these show good agreement with experiment. The methodology effectively decouples the kinetics from the large inhomogeneity or macromixing aspects of the flow while preserving the input from the scalar dissipation or micromixing. Arbitrarily complex kinetics may be used within reasonable computational cost.
The Least Trimmed Differences Regression Estimator and Alternatives

Abstract This article proposes and studies the performance in theory and practice of the least trimmed differences (LTD) linear regression estimator. The estimator minimizes the sum of the smallest quartile of the squares of the differences in each pair of residuals. We obtain the breakdown point, maxbias curve, and large-sample properties of a class of estimators including the LTD as special case. The LTD estimator has a 50% breakdown point and Gaussian efficiency of 66%—substantially higher than other common high-breakdown estimators such as least median of squares and least trimmed squares. The LTD estimator is difficult to compute, but can be performed using a “feasible solution” algorithm. Half-sample jackknifing is effective in producing standard errors. In simulations we find the LTD to be more stable than other high-breakdown estimators. In an example, the LTD still shows instability like other high-breakdown estimators when there are small changes in the data.