Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mission Immiscible: Distinct Subduction Components Generate Two Primary Magmas at Pagan Volcano, Mariana Arc

Pagan is one of the largest volcanoes along the Mariana arc volcanic front. It has a maximum elevation of 570 m (Mt. Pagan), but its submarine flanks descend to 2000^3000 m below sea level, and are unexplored. Bathymetric mapping and ROV Hyper-Dolphin dives (HPD1147 and HPD1148) on the submarine NE and SW flanks of Pagan were carried out during cruise NT10-12 of R.V. Natsushima in July 2010. There are no systematic compositional differences between subaerial lavas reported in the literature and differentiated submarine lavas collected in HPD1148, with57 wt % MgO, suggesting they are derived from the same magmatic system. However, these differentiated lavas show complexities including magma mixing; thus we concentrate on magnesian submarine lavas (47 wt % MgO). Twenty least-fractionated basalts (48·5^50 wt % SiO2) collected during HPD1147 extend to higher MgO (10^11wt %) and Mg# (66^70) than the subaerial lavas. Olivine (up to Fo94) and spinel (Cr# up to 0·8) compositions suggest that these Pagan primitive magmas formed from high degrees of mantle melting. Two basalt types can be distinguished based on their geochemistry at similar (10^11wt %) MgO; these erupted recently, 500 m apart. Both contain clinopyroxene and olivine phenocrysts and are referred to as COB1 and COB2. LowerTiO2, FeO, Na2O, K2O, incompatible trace element abundances, and Nb/ Yb suggest that COB1 formed from higher degrees of mantle melting. In addition, light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment and higherTh/Nb in COB2 contrast with LREE depletion and lower Th/Nb in COB1. Higher Ba/Th and Ba/Nb and lowerTh/Nb indicate that the main subduction addition in COB1 was dominated by hydrous fluid, whereas that in COB2 was dominated by sediment melt. Sr^Nd^Pb^Hf isotopes are also consistent with this interpretation.These observations suggest that the subduction component responsible for the greater degree of melting of the COB1 source was mostly hydrous fluid. The origin of such different metasomatic agents resulted in different primary magmas forming in the same volcano. Both hydrous fluid and sediment melt components may have unmixed from an originally homogeneous supercritical fluid in or above the subducting slab below the volcanic front. These may
Mechanisms of Neonatal Mucosal Antibody Protection1

Following an abrupt transition at birth from the sterile uterus to an environment with abundant commensal and pathogenic microbes, neonatal mammals are protected by maternal Abs at mucosal surfaces. We show in mice that different Ab isotypes work in distinct ways to protect the neonatal mucosal surface. Secretory IgA acts to limit penetration of commensal intestinal bacteria through the neonatal intestinal epithelium: an apparently primitive process that does not require diversification of the primary natural Ab repertoire. In contrast, neonatal protection against the exclusively luminal parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus required IgG from primed females. This immune IgG could either be delivered directly in milk or retrotransported via neonatal Fc receptor from the neonatal serum into the intestinal lumen to exert its protective effect.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci

In the present study, we have evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha piperita, and Melaleuca alternifolia against 32 erythromycin-resistant [Mininum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ≥1 μg/mL; inducible, constitutive, and eﬄux-mediated resistance phenotype; erm(TR), erm(B), and mef(A) genes] and cell-invasive Group A streptococci (GAS) isolated from children with pharyngotonsillitis in Italy. Over the past decades erythromycin resistance in GAS has emerged in several countries; strains combining erythromycin resistance and cell invasiveness may escape β-lactams because of intracellular location and macrolides because of resistance, resulting in difficulty of eradication and recurrent pharyngitis. Thyme and origanum essential oils demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity with MICs ranging from 256 to 512 μg/mL. The phenolic monoterpene carvacrol [2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) phenol] is a major component of the essential oils of Origanum and Thymus plants. MICs of carvacrol ranged from 64 to 256 μg/mL. In the live/dead assay several dead cells were detected as early as 1 h after incubation with carvacrol at the MIC. In single-step resistance selection studies no resistant mutants were obtained. A synergistic action of carvacrol and erythromycin was detected by the checkerboard assay and calculation of the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) Index. A 2- to 2048-fold reduction of the erythromycin MIC was documented in checkerboard assays. Synergy (FIC Index ≤0.5) was found in 21/32 strains and was highly significant (p < 0.01) in strains where resistance is expressed only in presence of erythromycin. Synergy was confirmed in 17/23 strains using 24-h time-kill curves in presence of carvacrol and erythromycin. Our findings demonstrated that carvacrol acts either alone or in combination with erythromycin against erythromycin-resistant GAS and could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic tool.
Incremental clustering and dynamic information retrieval

Motivated by applications such as document and image classification in information retrieval, we consider the problem of clustering dynamic point sets in a metric space. We propose a model called incremental clustering which is based on a careful analysis of the requirements of the information retrieval application, and which should also be useful in other applications. The goal is to efficiently maintain clusters of small diameter as new points are inserted. We analyze several natural greedy algorithms and demonstrate that they perform poorly. We propose new deterministic and randomized incremental clustering algorithms which have a provably good performance, and which we believe should also perform well in practice. We complement our positive results with lower bounds on the performance of incremental algorithms. Finally, we consider the dual clustering problem where the clusters are of fixed diameter, and the goal is to minimize the number of clusters.
Automated Classification to Predict the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease Using Whole-Brain Volumetry and DTI

Objective This study proposes an automated diagnostic method to classify patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) of degenerative etiology using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers. Methods Twenty-seven patients with subjective memory impairment (SMI), 18 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 27 patients with AD participated. MRI protocols included three dimensional brain structural imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to assess the cortical thickness, subcortical volume and white matter integrity. Recursive feature elimination based on support vector machine (SVM) was conducted to determine the most relevant features for classifying abnormal regions and imaging parameters, and then a factor analysis for the top-ranked factors was performed. Subjects were classified using nonlinear SVM. Results Medial temporal regions in AD patients were dominantly detected with cortical thinning and volume atrophy compared with SMI and MCI patients. Damage to white matter integrity was also accredited with decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity (MD) across the three groups. The microscopic damage in the subcortical gray matter was reflected in increased MD. Classification accuracy between pairs of groups (SMI vs. MCI, MCI vs. AD, SMI vs. AD) and among all three groups were 84.4% (±13.8), 86.9% (±10.5), 96.3% (±4.6), and 70.5% (±11.5), respectively. Conclusion This proposed method may be a potential tool to diagnose AD pathology with the current clinical criteria.
Evolution of gravity anomalies across collisional mountain belts: Clues to the amount of continental convergence and underthrusting

A series of density models illustrates the gross form of free air and Bouguer gravity anomalies anticipated during ocean basin closure and consequent development of collisional orogens. When compared to gravity anomalies observed across some mountain belts, the hypothetical anomalies provide a clue to the degree of under thrusting of crust associated with one lithospheric plate beneath crust of the opposing plate margin. The results of the study suggest very early stage collision in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and the Sulaiman Range of Pakistan, with thin transitional or oceanic crust still intact on the lower plate. In contrast, the Himalaya of Pakistan represent a much more advanced stage of collision, where continental crust may have underthrust the mountains for 600 km.
A fully abstract semantics for a first-order functional language with logic variables

There is much interest in combining the functional and logic programming paradigms; in particular, there have been several proposals for adding logic variables to functional languages, since that permits incremental construction of data structures through constraint intersection, While it is straightforward to give an abstract semantics for functional languages and for logic languages, it has proven surprisingly difficult to give a proper semantic account of functional languages with logic variables. We solve this problem in this paper. First, we present a first-order functional language with logic variables and give its meaning using a structural operational semantics. Then, we give it a denotational semantics, using a novel technique involving closure operators on a Scott domain. Finally, we show that these two semantics correspond in the strongest possible way: we show that the denotational semantics is fully abstract with respect to the operational semantics. The techniques developed in this paper are quite general and can be used to give semantics to any constraint-based logic programming language, Ourresults canalso reinterpreted asageneralization of Kahn semantics for dataflow networks in which processes not only exchange messages, but have access to a shared global address space in which variables are bound through constraint intersection,
Identifying mothers' and children's use and perceptions of power in their relationship

This study investigated attributes of power in the parent-child relationship. This concept was examined in three domains of conflict: personal, conventional, and prudential. Forty-one children (20 boys, 21 girls) ranging from seven to 12 years ( M = 10.12, SD = 1.42) and their mothers from a middle-class background participated in this study. This research assessed parents and children's perceptions of the types and level of power (French & Raven, 1959) through an interview consisting of 12 conflict-provoking situations. The dyad completed the Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (PCRQ; Furman & Giberson, 1995) and mothers completed the Parental Authority Questionnaire-Revised (PAQ-R; Reitman et. al., 2002), Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SD; Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972). Results show that in the personal domain, children were rated as having more power, and in both the conventional and prudential domains, mothers were rated as having more power. Children of mothers with an authoritarian parenting style rated the mother as having more power in the personal, conventional, and prudential domains, while mothers rated themselves as having more power in the prudential domain. Permissive parenting was related to children rating themselves as having more power in the prudential domain. For types of power, mothers used more coercive and information power than their children, whereas children used more legitimate and sneaky power. This research may aid in parents' understanding that use of power could differ across domains.
Envelhecimento cognitivo: principais mecanismos explicativos e suas limitações

impacto significativo da idade no funcionamento cognitivo. Mas de que falamos quando falamos de envelhe-cimento cognitivo? A cognição não diz respeito a um processo único, mas a um conjunto de desempenhos e comportamentos em tarefas de laboratório ou em tarefas do dia-a-dia. Sejam quais forem, emanam da actividade de um cérebro em funcionamento revelando-se em performances e manifestações observáveis quer do ponto de vista qualitativo quer Abstract This paper* presents a synthesis based on an intense research of literature about cognitive aging. The gathered information was mainly based in scientific papers from journals with peer review as well as in reference books about the subject. Starting by defining cognitive aging, and briefly discussing the effects of aging in cognitive function, this review then presents a detailed critical analisis of the cognitive mechanims that are usually used to explain the effects of aging in cognition. Four mechanisms are discussed. 1 Decrease of processing speed; 2. Working memory decline; 3. Inhibitory function decline; 4. Sensory Functioning decline. To each of these mechanisms a critical analysis of the mechanims strengths and limitations is made. This review ends with a brief general discussion.
Laboratory observations of the hydraulic behavior of a permeable fracture from 3800 m depth in the KTB pilot hole

A thorough search through core recovered from the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) pilot hole in the vicinity of the high-permeability zone near 3800 m depth revealed three intervals containing undisturbed fractures that had the appearance of high-permeability fluid conduits. We report here a detailed study in the laboratory of one of those fractures, an epidote-filled fracture in amphibolite, aimed at determining if the fracture was fluid conducting at in situ stresses and, if so, what characteristics of the fracture allowed it to remain open over geologic times. We found that the presence of the fracture made the core sample 4–7 orders of magnitude more permeable than the host rock at confining pressures near 100 MPa. Fine scale measurements of the shape of the fracture aperture, made with a specially designed profilometer, suggest that water flows through a distributed network of very small (order of 1 mm) high-aspect-ratio (order of 10) channels that cover 30–70% of the fracture surface. In contrast, fresh, well-mated fractures in granite at comparable conditions and for a comparable amount of fracture closure are slightly more compliant normal to the fracture plane and more prone to concentrate flow into channels than the mineralized fracture, suggesting fundamentally different hydraulic conduction mechanisms in fresh versus mineralized fluid-conducting fractures.
Mesenchymal stem cells in the human corneal limbal stroma.

PURPOSE Peripheral and limbal corneal stromal cells (PLCSCs), which contain keratocytes, have a complex phenotype. Knowledge of keratocyte cell properties, function, and origin is limited. Evidence available thus far has suggested both mesenchymal stromal and hematopoietic characteristics. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are found in an increasing number of tissues and are the subject of considerable interest and investigation in the disciplines of tissue engineering, immunology, gene therapy, and oncology. METHODS Isolated PLCSCs were characterized by markers aldehyde dehydrogenase and keratocan, cultured, and analyzed against a set of criteria for the identification of MSCs developed by the International Society of Cellular Therapy (ISCT). PLCSCs were directly compared to fetal liver MSCs (flMSCs). Additional cell surface markers were also used to quantify differentiation, which was also performed on both cell types. RESULTS PLCSCs were found to be plastic adherent, displayed the correct profile and proportions of CSMs, and demonstrated trilineage potential in accordance with the ISCT guidelines. Furthermore, PLCSCs displayed a high degree of similarity to flMSCs and this likeness extended into the non-ISCT MSC cell surface markers and trilineage differentiation, which were often but not always comparable. CONCLUSIONS Herein we report a novel observation that PLCSCs conform to all the ISCT criteria and are therefore MSCs. Furthermore, this study has identified the limbal stroma as yet another MSC niche and presents a new perspective on the role of the PLCSC.
Charges and energy in Chern–Simons theories and Lovelock gravity

Starting from the SO(2, 2n) Chern–Simons form in (2n + 1) dimensions, we calculate the variation of conserved quantities in Lovelock gravity and Lovelock–Maxwell gravity through the covariant formalism developed in [23]. Despite the technical complexity of the Lovelock Lagrangian, we obtain a remarkably simple expression for the variation of the charges ensuing from the diffeomorphism covariance of the theory. The viability of the result is tested in specific applications and the formal expression for the entropy of Lovelock black holes is recovered.
Performance Comparison of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and a Maximum Likelihood (ML) Classifier in Measuring Driver Behavior with Smartphones

The ubiquitous presence of smartphones provides a new platform on which to implement sensor networks for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications. Smartphone-based driving behavior monitoring has applications in the insurance industry, fleet management, driver training, and for law enforcement. In this paper we propose a Maximum Likelihood (ML) classifier to identify and classify the recklessness of driving maneuvers using the embedded sensors and GPS receiver of a smartphone. We compare the developed approach to the commonly used Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) based method. The solutions are both suitable for real-time applications, such as driver assistance and safety systems. An endpoint detection algorithm is used on filtered accelerometer and gyroscope data to find the start- and endpoints of driving events. The events are isolated with the endpoint detection algorithm are then classified using the DTW algorithm and an ML classifier. Results show that the ML classifier outperforms the DTW approach.
Finding the buried record of past earthquakes with GPR-based palaeoseismology: a case study on the Hope fault, New Zealand

In places where sedimentation and erosion compete at fast rates, part of the record of past earthquakes on faults may be buried, hence hidden, in the first few metres below the surface. We developed a novel form of palaeoseismology, of geophysical type, based on the use of a dense pseudo-3-D Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey to investigate such possible buried earthquake traces, on a long, fast-slipping strike-slip fault (Hope fault, New Zealand), at a site (Terako) where marked alluvial conditions prevail. We first used LiDAR data to analyse the ground surface morphology of the 2 km2 site at the greatest resolution. Nineteen morphological markers were observed, mainly alluvial terrace risers and small stream channels that are all dextrally offset by the fault by amounts ranging between 3 and 200 m. The measurements document about 10 past earthquake slip events with a mean coseismic slip of 3.3 +/- 1 m, with the most recent earthquake event having a slip of 3 +/- 0.5 m. We then investigated a detailed area of the site (400 x 600 m2) with pseudo-3-D GPR. We measured 56, similar to 400 m long, 510 m spaced GPR profiles (250 MHz), parallel to the fault and evenly distributed on either side. The analysis revealed the existence of a palaeosurface buried at about 3 m depth, corresponding to the top of alluvial terraces of different ages. That buried surface is incised by a dense network of stream channels that are all dextrally offset by the fault. We measured 48 lateral offsets in the buried channel network, more than twice than at the surface. These offsets range between 6 and 108 m, as observed at the surface, yet provide a more continuous record of the fault slip. The similarity of the successive slip increments suggests a slip per event averaging 4.4 +/- 1 m, fairly similar to that estimated from surface data. From the total surface and buried 67 offset collection, we infer that a minimum of 30 large earthquakes have broken the Hope fault at the Terako site in the last about 67 kyr, with an average coseismic slip of 3.2 +/- 1 m, a minimum average recurrence time of about 200 yr, and a magnitude of at least Mw 7.07. 4. Our study therefore confirms that part of the record of past earthquakes may indeed reside in the first few metres below the surface, where it may be explored with geophysical, GPR-based palaeoseismology. Developing such a new palaeoseismological tool should provide rich information that may complement surface observations and help to document the past earthquakes on faults.
Association of MTRR 66A>G Polymorphism With Superoxide Dismutase and Disease Activity in Patients With Crohn's Disease

OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association of nutritional (folate, vitamin B12) and genetic (MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, TCN) determinants of homocysteine metabolism and of superoxide dismutase with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODSOne hundred forty patients with CD were compared with 248 matched healthy controls.RESULTSPlasma homocysteine levels were higher in CD patients than controls (11.8 vs 10.4 μmol/L, P = 0.0004). Vitamin B12 and folate levels were lower in CD subjects compared to controls (207 vs 255 pmol/L, P = 0.0082, and 8.6 vs 11 nmol/L, P = 0036, respectively). Patients with a personal history of ileal resection, ileitis, or colectomy had significantly lower vitamin B12 levels. In multivariate analysis, vitamin B12 and MTHFR 677 TT carriers were the two significant independent factors of plasma homocysteine >15 μmol/L in CD patients (P = 0.0187 and 0.0048, respectively). The significant association between homocysteine and vitamin B12 levels remained significant only in patients with the highest superoxide dismutase values (P < 0.0001). The MTRR AA genotype was a significant independent predictor of CD risk (odds ratio 3.7, 95% CI 1.218–11.649, P = 0.0213). The level of superoxide dismutase was significantly higher (P = 0.0143) and was correlated with Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores (P for trend = 0.0276) in patients carrying MTRR AA genotype.CONCLUSIONSVitamin B12 and MTHFR 677 TT genotype are the main determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in CD patients. The association of MTRR 66A>G polymorphism with oxidant stress and disease activity provides rationale for screening vitamin deficiencies in these patients.
Function of the Thyroarytenoid Muscle in a Canine Laryngeal Model

Fundamental frequency is controlled by contraction of the thyroarytenoid (TA) and cricothyroid (CT) muscles. While activity of the CT muscle is known to tense and thin the vocal folds, little is known about the effect of the TA muscle on vocal fold vibration. An in vivo canine laryngeal model was used to examine the role of the TA muscle in controlling phonation. Isolated TA muscle activation was obtained by stimulating sectioned terminal TA branches through small thyroid cartilage windows. Subglottic pressure measures, electroglottographic and photoglottographic signals, and acoustic signals were obtained in 5 mongrel dogs during dynamic and static variations in TA muscle activity. Results indicated that TA muscle activation is a major determinant in sudden shifts from high-frequency to modal phonation. Subglottic pressure increased and open quotient decreased gradually with increasing TA activation.