Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter spectra of six Seyfert 1 galaxies

We present the results from ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter observations of six Seyfert 1 galaxies in the soft (0.1-2.0 keV) X-ray band. The sources (Mrk 335, ESO 198-G24, ESO 141-G55, Mrk 509, NGC 7469, and MCG-2-58-22) were chosen to have low absorbing column densities along the line of sight. As expected, it is found that all the sources possess significantly steeper spectra below about 1 keV than observed at higher X-ray energies. Assuming a simple absorbed power-law spectral model, the mean (photon) spectral index for the sample is Gamma = 2.38 +/- 0.25, compared to the canonical 1.7 typically observed in the 2-10 keV band. Furthermore, we find strong evidence for soft X-ray spectral features in half the sources. In NGC 7469 and ESO 198-G24, we find that the addition of a narrow emission line or an absorption edge to the underlying continuum is a significant improvement to the parameterization of the spectra. Mrk 335 also shows evidence for spectral complexity, but from these data it is not possible to unambiguously distinguish between an absorption edge and a steepening of the spectrum at low energies. We examine these results in the light of the accuracy of the PSPC spectral calibration.
CONSTRUCTION OF AN ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM OF A QUARTER CAR MODEL USING THE CONCEPT OF SLIDING MODE CONTROL

This paper is concerned with the construction of an active suspension system for a quarter car model using the concept of sliding mode control. The active control is derived by the equivalent control and switching function where the sliding surface is obtained by using Linear quadratic control (LQ control) theory. The active control is generated with non-negligible time lag by using a pneumatic actuator, and the road profile is estimated by using the minimum order observer based on a linear system transformed from the exact non-linear system. The experimental result indicates that the proposed active suspension system is more effective in the vibration isolation of the car body than the linear active suspension system based on LQ control theory and the passive suspension system.
Data reduction typology and the bimodal distribution bias

Abstract Confronting low data reduction typologies, as established by using data from parallel texts, with the high data reduction typologies of WALS reveals a systematic bias of WALS typologies toward highly bimodal distribution. Properties with a distribution supporting a discrete feature analysis in many languages are likelier to be represented in WALS and to be represented accurately. This bias has important consequences when WALS typologies are interpreted theoretically or further processed statistically.
Convective amplification of real simple sources

This paper examines the problem of a pulsating compact body moving with constant velocity. This problem is usually incorrectly treated as a convected monopole. The analysis here shows that the motion of such a ‘real’ source introduces additional coupled multipoles, whose combined effects generate previously unexpected convective features. The amplification obtained is not the monopole convective amplification (1 — Mr)−2. It is found to depend on the virtual mass tensor of the body, the minimum effect being (1 — Mr)−3. There is also amplification in the direction perpendicular to the flight path (unless the motion is parallel to a principal axis of the virtual mass tensor). The field produced by oscillation of a convected compact body of constant geometry is also investigated. Again, this problem is often misrepresented as a moving dipole. Here it is shown that the effect of convection on such a real source is surprising and complicated. It cannot be described completely by Doppler factors, and there is amplification in the direction perpendicular to the source motion. These two model problems serve as a warning that the effect of flight on real sources cannot be anticipated until such real sources are correctly modelled, and that also the influence of source motion is likely to be much greater than has so far been anticipated.
Covariant kinetic dispersion theory of linear waves in anisotropic plasmas. I. General dispersion relations, bi-Maxwellian distributions and nonrelativistic limits

The properties of longitudinal and transverse oscillations in unmagnetized anisotropic plasmas of arbitrary composition are investigated on the basis of Maxwell equations and the relativistic Vlasov equation. The longitudinal and transverse dispersion relations for plasmas with arbitrary distribution functions are derived. These dispersion relations describe the linear response of the system to the initial perturbations and thus define all existing linear plasma modes in the system. By analytic continuation the dispersion relations in the whole complex frequency plane are constructed. The further analysis is restricted to the important case of anisotropic bi-Maxwellian equilibrium plasma distribution functions. Explicit forms of the relativistically correct longitudinal and transverse dispersion relations are derived that hold for any values of the plasma temperatures and the temperature anisotropy. In the limit of nonrelativistic plasma temperatures the longitudinal and transverse dispersion relations ca.
Upscaling Tracer‐Aided Ecohydrological Modeling to Larger Catchments: Implications for Process Representation and Heterogeneity in Landscape Organization

Stable isotopes of water are ideal tracers to integrate into process‐based models, advancing ecohydrological understanding. Current tracer‐aided ecohydrological modeling is mostly conducted in relatively small‐scale catchments, due to limited tracer data availability and often highly damped stream isotope signals in larger catchments (>100 km2). Recent model developments have prioritized better spatial representation, offering new potential for advancing upscaling in tracer‐aided modeling. Here, we adapted the fully distributed EcH2O‐iso model to the Selke catchment (456 km2, Germany), incorporating monthly sampled isotopes from seven sites between 2012 and 2017. Parameter sensitivity analysis indicated that the information content of isotope data was generally complementary to discharge and more sensitive to runoff partitioning, soil water and energy dynamics. Multi‐criteria calibrations revealed that inclusion of isotopes could significantly improve discharge performance during validations and isotope simulations, resulting in more reasonable estimates of the seasonality of stream water ages. However, capturing isotopic signals of highly non‐linear near‐surface processes remained challenging for the upscaled model, but still allowed for plausible simulation of water ages reflecting non‐stationarity in transport and mixing. The detailed modeling also helped unravel spatio‐temporally varying patterns of water storage‐flux‐age interactions and their interplay under severe drought conditions. Embracing the upscaling challenges, this study demonstrated that even coarsely sampled isotope data can be of value in aiding ecohydrological modeling and consequent process representation in larger catchments. The derived innovative insights into ecohydrological functioning at scales commensurate with management decision making, are of particular importance for guiding science‐based measures for tackling environmental changes.
Joint Monitoring of Several Types of Shocks in Normal Dynamic Linear Models: A Bayesian Decision Theoretic Approach

In this article we consider the sequential monitoring process in normal dynamic linear models as a Bayesian sequential decision problem. We use this approach to build a general procedure that jointly analyzes the existence of outliers, level changes, variance changes, and the development of local correlations. In addition, we study the frequentist performance of this procedure and compare it with the monitoring algorithm proposed in an earlier article.
Peer Intervention following Suicide-Related Emergency Department Presentation: Evaluation of the PAUSE Pilot Program

The risk for future suicidal behaviours is elevated following suicide attempts, particularly for those with complex needs or those who are disconnected from healthcare systems. The PAUSE program was designed to address this gap using peer workers to provide continuity and coordination of care following suicide-related emergency presentations. This study aimed to evaluate the pilot program’s effect on suicidal ideation and hope, and to explore the acceptability and participants’ experiences. A mixed-methods design was employed with pre- and post-evaluation questionnaires, including the GHQ-28-SS (general health questionnaire suicide scale), AHS (adult hope scale), and K10 (Kessler psychological distress scale). Participant engagement rates and semi-structured interviews were used to explore program acceptability. In total, 142 people were engaged with the PAUSE pilot between 24 August 2017 and 11 January 2020. There were no significant gender differences in engagement. The suicidal ideation scores decreased, and the hope scores increased after participation in PAUSE. A thematic analysis revealed that participants identified that the key program mechanisms were holistic and responsive support, ongoing social connectedness, and having peer workers who understood their experiences and treated them like people rather than clients. The small number of participants and lack of a control group limited the result generalizability. The findings suggest that PAUSE was an effective and acceptable model for supporting people following suicide-related hospitalisations in this pilot sample.
Immune Profiling Reveals the T-Cell Effect of Ocrelizumab in Early Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Background and Objectives Ocrelizumab (OCR), a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is highly efficient in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). We assessed early cellular immune profiles and their association with disease activity at treatment start and under therapy, which may provide new clues on the mechanisms of action of OCR and on the disease pathophysiology. Methods A first group of 42 patients with an early RR-MS, never exposed to disease-modifying therapy, was included in 11 centers participating to an ancillary study of the ENSEMBLE trial (NCT03085810) to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of OCR. The phenotypic immune profile was comprehensively assessed by multiparametric spectral flow cytometry at baseline and after 24 and 48 weeks of OCR treatment on cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells and analyzed in relation to disease clinical activity. A second group of 13 untreated patients with RR-MS was included for comparative analysis of peripheral blood and CSF. The transcriptomic profile was assessed by single-cell qPCRs of 96 genes of immunologic interest. Results Using an unbiased analysis, we found that OCR as an effect on 4 clusters of CD4+ T cells: one corresponding to naive CD4+ T cells was increased, the other clusters corresponded to effector memory (EM) CD4+CCR6− T cells expressing homing and migration markers, 2 of them also expressing CCR5 and were decreased by the treatment. Of interest, one CD8+ T-cell cluster was decreased by OCR corresponding to EM CCR5-expressing T cells with high expression of the brain homing markers CD49d and CD11a and correlated with the time elapsed since the last relapse. These EM CD8+CCR5+ T cells were enriched in the CSF of patients with RR-MS and corresponded to activated and cytotoxic cells. Discussion Our study provides novel insights into the mode of action of anti-CD20, pointing toward the role of EM T cells, particularly a subset of CD8 T cells expressing CCR5.
Elevation of artemisinin content by co-transformation of artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes and trichome-specific transcription factors in Artemisia annua

Artemisinin, derived from Artemisia annua, is currently used as the first-line treatment for malaria. However, wild-type plants have a low artemisinin biosynthesis rate. Although yeast engineering and plant synthetic biology have shown promising results, plant genetic engineering is considered the most feasible strategy, but it is also constrained by the stability of progeny development. Here we constructed three independent unique overexpressing vectors harboring three mainstream artemisinin biosynthesis enzymes HMGR, FPS, and DBR2, as well as two trichomes-specific transcription factors AaHD1 and AaORA. The simultaneous co-transformation of these vectors by Agrobacterium resulted in the successful increase of the artemisinin content in T0 transgenic lines by up to 3.2-fold (2.72%) leaf dry weight compared to the control plants. We also investigated the stability of transformation in progeny T1 lines. The results indicated that the transgenic genes were successfully integrated, maintained, and overexpressed in some of the T1 progeny plants’ genomes, potentially increasing the artemisinin content by up to 2.2-fold (2.51%) leaf dry weight. These results indicated that the co-overexpression of multiple enzymatic genes and transcription factors via the constructed vectors provided promising results, which could be used to achieve the ultimate goal of a steady supply of artemisinin at affordable prices around the world.
Distribution and Power of the Absolute Normal Scores Test

Abstract Some rejection limits of the absolute normal scores test (K) for symmetry are extended from sample size 10 to 17 and partially to 20, by essentially forming all possible values of K for fixed sample size. These limits are compared with normal and Edgeworth approximations, which seem to be quite satisfactory in that the percent error in test size for sample size greater than 20 should be less than 12% for the normal approximation and less than 2% for the Edgeworth approximation (see (3.3)), for test size ≥ . 01. The powers of the absolute normal scores (K), Wilcoxon (W), binary (B), sign (S), and t(T) tests are estimated from Monte Carlo trials for shifts of symmetrical hypothesized populations which are normal, logistic, double exponential, and rectangular. The powers of T and K are usually very close, with T more powerful for normal shifts and large rectangular shift, and K more powerful for the others, though the differences may not be substantial. In terms of decreasing power, the tests are ord.
A comparison of constraint-handling methods for the application of particle swarm optimization to constrained nonlinear optimization problems

We present a comparison of two constraint-handling methods used in the application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) to constrained nonlinear optimization problems (CNOPs). A brief review of constraint-handling techniques for evolutionary algorithms (EAs) is given, followed by a direct comparison of two existing methods of enforcing constraints using PSO. The two methods considered are the application of nonstationary multistage penalty functions and the preservation of feasible solutions. Five benchmark functions are used for the comparison, and the results are examined to assess the performance of each method in terms of accuracy and rate of convergence. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions for the applicability of each method to real-world CNOPs are given.
Type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits are not causal factors of delirium: A two-sample mendelian randomization analysis

This study aims to explore the genetic causal association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and glycemic traits (fasting glucose [FG], fasting insulin [FI], and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) on delirium using Mendelian randomization (MR). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data for T2D and glycemic traits were obtained from the IEU OpenGWAS database. GWAS summary data for delirium were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium. All the participants were of European ancestry. In addition, we used T2D, FG, FI, and HbA1c as exposures and delirium as outcomes. A random-effects variance-weighted model (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were used to perform MR analysis. In addition, MR-IVW and MR-Egger analyses were used to detect heterogeneity in the MR results. Horizontal pleiotropy was detected using MR-Egger regression and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outliers (MR-PRESSO). MR-PRESSO was also used to assess outlier single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The “leave one out” analysis was used to investigate whether the MR analysis results were influenced by a single SNP and evaluate the robustness of the results. In this study, we conducted a two-sample MR analysis, and there was no evidence of a genetic causal association between T2D and glycemic traits (T2D, FG, FI, and HbA1c) on delirium (all p > 0.05). The MR-IVW and MR-Egger tests showed no heterogeneity in our MR results (all p values >0.05). In addition, The MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO tests showed no horizontal pleiotropy in our MR results (all p > 0.05). The MR-PRESSO results also showed that there were no outliers during the MR analysis. In addition, the “leave one out” test did not find that the SNPs included in the analysis could affect the stability of the MR results. Therefore, our study did not support the causal effects of T2D and glycemic traits (FG, FI, and HbA1c) on delirium risk.
Numerical Simulations of a Gravity Wave Event over CCOPE. Part III: The Role of a Mountain–Plains Solenoid in the Generation of the Second Wave Episode

Abstract Mesoscale model simulations have been performed of the second episode of gravity waves observed in great detail in previous studies on 11–12 July 1981 during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment. The dominant wave simulated by the model was mechanically forced by the strong updraft associated with a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS). As this updraft impinged upon a stratified shear layer above the deep, well-mixed boundary layer that developed due to strong sensible heating over the Absaroka Mountains, the gravity wave was created. This wave rapidly weakened as it propagated eastward. However, explosive convection developed directly over the remnant gravity wave as an eastward-propagating density current produced by a rainband generated within the MPS leeside convergence zone merged with a westward-propagating density current in eastern Montana. The greatly strengthened cool pool resulting from this new convection then generated a bore wave that appeared to be continuous with the move.
Z-scan characterization of the nonlinear refractive index of single crystal ZnSe in the 1.20-1.95 μm wavelength range

The nonlinear refractive index, n2, of single crystal ZnSe was characterized in the 1200-1950 nm wavelength region using the z-scan technique with picosecond pulses provided by a widely tunable traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier. We have found that the n2 values range from ~15.8×10-6 to ~9.3×10-6 cm2/GW. The measured spectrum and scaling of the nonlinear refractive index complements previously reported values at shorter wavelengths, and is in good agreement with a theoretical model based on the nonlinear Kramers-Kroenig transformation.
The Fractal Character of Localizable Measure‐Valued Processes. I — Random Measures on Product Spaces

Summary. In part II the evolution of large populations of infinitesimal particles is studied, in which one can follow the path of any particle surviving up to time t. To construct the distribution of the totality of these paths — the so-called backward tree —, we need a general extension theorem for random measures. The present part gives such a theorem under very natural conditions, and its variante for product spaces.
Transitions in Mn ii of astrophysical importance

We present results of extensive configuration interaction calculations of absorption oscillator strengths for transitions in Mn II from the ground a 7 S 3 state to the lower 7 P o J and 5 P o J states. Of particular importance are the weak transitions to the y 7 P o J and x 7 P o J levels, which themselves strongly interact. These weaker lines are important in determining the interstellar abundance of Mn. We have also extended these calculations to examine intercombination lines of the form a 7 S 3 - 5 P o J .
UBE3A expression during early postnatal brain development is required for proper dorsomedial striatal maturation

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) caused by loss of functional ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A). Previous studies showed that UBE3A plays an important role in the first postnatal weeks of mouse brain development, but its precise role is unknown. Since impaired striatal maturation has been implicated in several mouse models for NDDs, we studied the importance of UBE3A in striatal maturation. We used inducible Ube3a mouse models to investigate the maturation of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from dorsomedial striatum. MSNs of mutant mice matured properly till postnatal day 15 (P15) but remained hyperexcitable with fewer excitatory synaptic events at later ages, indicative of stalled striatal maturation in Ube3a mice. Reinstatement of UBE3A expression at P21 fully restored MSN excitability but only partially restored synaptic transmission and the operant conditioning behavioral phenotype. Gene reinstatement at P70 failed to rescue both electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes. In contrast, deletion of Ube3a after normal brain development did not result in these electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes. This study emphasizes the role of UBE3A in striatal maturation and the importance of early postnatal reinstatement of UBE3A expression to obtain a full rescue of behavioral phenotypes associated with striatal function in AS.
Mode identification of three low-amplitude classical Cepheids: V1334 Cyg, V440 Per and V636 Cas

To identify the pulsation mode of three low-amplitude classical Cepheids, namely V1334 Cyg, V440 Per and V636 Cas, we use absolute magnitudes which are based upon Mv–Fe II/Fe I line depth relations. We determine that V1334 Cyg is pulsating in the first overtone, and that V440 Per and V636 Cas are fundamental mode pulsators. Their low amplitudes are due to their position close to the edge of the instability strip.
Collisional excitation of O2 by H2: the validity of LTE models in interpreting O2 observations

Context. Oxygen molecules (O2) are of particular interest because of their crucial role in astrochemisty. Modelling of O2 molecular emission spectra from interstellar clouds requires the calculation of rate coefficients for excitation by collisions with the most abundant species. Aims. Rotational excitation of O2(X 3 Σ − )b y H 2 is investigated theoretically and experimentally and we check the validity of the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approach for interpreting O2 observations. Methods. Using a new ab initio potential energy surface, collisional excitation of O2 is studied using a full close-coupling approach. The theoretical calculations are validated by comparison with crossed beam scattering experiments. We also performed calculations for the excitation of O2 from a large velocity gradient (LVG) radiative transfer code using the new rate coefficients. Results. State-to-state rate coefficients between the 27 lowest levels of O2 were calculated for temperatures ranging from 5 K to 150 K. The critical densities of the O2 lines are found to be at >10 4 cm −3 for temperatures higher than 50 K. This value is slightly larger than the one previously determined using previous He rate coefficients. Conclusions. The new rate coefficients will help in interpreting O2 emission lines observed where LTE conditions are not fully fulfilled and enable an accurate determination of the O2 abundance in the interstellar medium.