Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning in Equilibrium Models of Arbitration

This paper analyzes strategic communication in equilibrium models of conventional and final-offer interest arbitration. Both models emphasize the role of learning by the arbitrator from the parties offers about the state of the employment relationship, which is known to the parties but not to the arbitrator. In both models, the arbitrators equilibrium behavior is identical to the reduced-form decision rule typically assumed in the empirical literature. The paper thereby provides a structural interpretation for the existing empirical work. The paper also represents progress towards a complete theory of arbitration because it satisfies three conditions that will be required of any such theory. First, the models predictions match the existing empirical evidence. Second, the models describe equilibrium behavior. And third, the models are built on a common set of assumptions about preferences, information, and commitment. The paper therefore not only provides an equilibrium foundation for the intuition that the arbitrator might learn from the parties offers, but also uses the idea of learning to develop a unified analytical treatment of the two major forms of interest arbitration.
Global Amphibian Extinction Risk Assessment for the Panzootic Chytrid Fungus

Species are being lost at increasing rates due to anthropogenic effects, leading to the recognition that we are witnessing the onset of a sixth mass extinction. Emerging infectious disease has been shown to increase species loss and any attempts to reduce extinction rates need to squarely confront this challenge. Here, we develop a procedure for identifying amphibian species that are most at risk from the effects of chytridiomycosis by combining spatial analyses of key host life-history variables with the pathogen's predicted distribution. We apply our rule set to the known global diversity of amphibians in order to prioritize pecies that are most at risk of loss from disease emergence. This risk assessment shows where limited conservation funds are best deployed in order to prevent further loss of species by enabling ex situ amphibian salvage operations and focusing any potential disease mitigation projects.
Evidence for X-Ray Emission from a Large-Scale Filament of Galaxies?

Cosmological simulations predict that a large fraction of the baryonic mass of the universe exists as 105-107 K diffuse, X-ray-emitting gas, tracing low-density filament and sheetlike structures exterior to massive clusters of galaxies. If present, this gas helps reconcile the current shortfall in observed baryon counts relative to the predictions of the standard big bang model. We present here the discovery and analysis of a 5 σ significance half-degree filamentary structure, which is present in both the I-band galaxy surface density and the unresolved X-ray emission in a deep ROSAT PSPC field. The estimated diffuse X-ray emission component of this structure has a surface brightness of ≃1.6 × 10-16 ergs s-1 cm-2 arcmin-2 (0.5-2 keV), comparable to the predictions for intercluster gas, and may represent a direct detection of this currently unconfirmed baryonic component.
Composing Tests from Examples

task. In principle, tests can be a good source of information about how the system works. Unfortunately, tests are frequently unstructured and disconnected from each other and from their units under test. We propose a new approach to organizing unit tests in which tests produce examples of their units under tests which also can be reused for composing higher-level tests. The approach is based on the Eg meta-model, which classies tests according to their granularity and their goals. We have developed the EgBrowser, an experimental tool for specifying tests that conform to the Eg metamodel while keeping track of the connection between tests themselves and their units under test. Initial usability studies suggest that the approach is both easy to learn and more ecient than the programmatic approach to developing tests.
A Study of the Relationship of Corporate Governance and Stock Price of the Marine Industry in Taiwan: Using the Ohlson Model

The Asian financial crises in 1997 as well as the dishonest accounting records from some companies in the US made the world pay attention to the importance of corporate governance to protect the public investors. However, the stockholders often show a strong interest in how the stock price is affected. By using the Ohlson model, the study first proves that the higher the corporate book value and earnings per share and the BDI would positively increase the stock price of marine corporation, while an increase of fundamental interest rate would decrease the stock price. For corporate governance, this study evidenced that both the size of board and the internal directors does not mean the more the better, and that a large amount of them will negatively affect the stock price. While the board members and foreign fund investor possess more percentage of ownership interest, the higher stock price will result.
Conteúdo relativo e incremental do lucro e do fluxo de caixa das operações no mercado de capitais brasileiro

Since the works of Ball and Brown (1968) and Beaver (1968) researches on the relation between capital market and the accounting information has been growing quickly. The present study analyzes the reaction of the brazilian capitals market, regarding the stock price, to the information content of the accounting earnings and operating cash flow in different intervals temporal (quarterly, annual and two-years) and having base data of comphanias listed in Bovespa, between first quarter of 1997 to the fourth quarter of 2004. It was considered the premise of that the accounting earnings information overcomes the operating cash flow, but that when prolonging the interval of analyzed time’s the cash flow converge to the accounting earnings. The empiric tests performed with the utilization of the method of panel data, fixed effects model, present evidences that in periods quarterly the operational income has larger explanation power and when being prolonged the interval of time for one year, the operating cash flow if it turns superior to the accounting earnings in explain the stock return. But there are no evidences of information incremental of the analyzed accounting variables. The tests of unitary roots in the series and of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelacion of the residues reinforce the consistence of the results. Key-words: Stock return, Accounting earnings, Operations cash flow, Capitals market and the accounting information.
Alcohol and pancreatic cancer in blacks and whites in the United States.

A population-based, case-control study of pancreatic cancer based on direct interviews with 307 white and 179 black incident cases and 1164 white and 945 black population controls was conducted in three areas of the United States to determine the role alcohol drinking plays as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer and to estimate the extent to which it may explain the higher incidence of pancreatic cancer in blacks compared to whites. Our findings indicate that alcohol drinking at the levels typically consumed by the general population of the United States is probably not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Our data suggest, however, that heavy alcohol drinking may be related to pancreatic cancer risk. Among men, blacks and white who drank at least 57 drinks/week had odds ratios (ORs) of 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-5.6] and 1.4 (95% CI = 0.6-3.2), respectively. Among women, blacks who drank 8 to < 21 drinks/week had an OR of 1.8 (95% CI = 0.8-4.0), and those who drank at least 21 drinks/week had an OR of 2.5 (95% CI = 1.02-5.9), but whites with the same levels of alcohol intake experienced no increased risk. Compared to whites, blacks had significantly higher ORs associated with heavy alcohol drinking (> or = 57 drinks/week) in men (P = 0.04) and with moderate-to-heavy drinking (> or = 8 drinks/week) in women (P = 0.03). Additional research is needed to determine whether heavy alcohol drinking is causally related to pancreatic cancer and whether the risk of alcohol-related pancreatic cancer is greater in blacks than in whites.
Locating support vectors via /spl beta/-skeleton technique

Recently, support vector machine (SVM) has become a very dynamic and popular topic in the neural network community for its abilities to perform classification, estimation, and regression. One of the major tasks in the SVM algorithm is to locate the points, or rather support vectors, based on which we construct the discriminant boundary in classification task. In the process of studying the methods for finding the decision boundary, we conceive a method, /spl beta/-skeleton algorithm, which reduces the size of the training set for SVM. We describe their theoretical connections and practical implementation implications. In this paper, we also survey four different methods for classification: the SVM method, k-nearest neighbor method, /spl beta/-skeleton algorithm used in the above two methods. Compared with the methods without using /spl beta/-skeleton algorithm, prediction with the edited set obtained from /spl beta/-skeleton algorithm as the training set, does not lose the accuracy too much but reduces the real running time.
Intergenerational Transfers from a Life Course Perspective; A Longitudinal Comparison of Gifts and Bequests (Schenkungen Und Erbschaften Im Lebenslauf; Vergleichende Längsschnittanalysen Zu Intergenerationalen Transfers - in German)

The research on private financial transfers between generations lacks a longitudinal perspective. Gifts as intergenerational transfers inter vivos allow us to study the importance of life course events for the chances of receiving transfers. In Germany, gifts are highly private and leave more scope for decision-making than the regulated bequests. Thus, gifts are better suited to test theories on family solidarity and transfer behavior. Our analysis focuses on larger transmissions, which parents and grandparents give to their descendents. Bequests provide a comparative reference to highlight similarities and differences between transfers inter vivos and mortis causa. In our account, gift-giving is purposive action driven primarily by economic needs of the receivers, but also by non-material aspects of family ties. Bequeathing is characterized as behavior which is not necessarily purposive and highly restricted by normative and legal obligations. Hypotheses for both types of transfers are tested with retrospective data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We use event history models to study the effects of changes in the life course on the chances of receiving transfers. Increased chances to receive a large gift occur in the first years after marriage and also immediately after divorce. Women are clearly disadvantaged as their chances to receive a gift and the transfer amounts are considerably lower. In low status families, large transfers inter vivos are a rare event. If they occur, these gifts often replace bequests. In high status families, gifts are transferred more frequently, and often as a complement to subsequent bequests.
Detection rate analysis for user to root attack class using correlation feature selection

Intrusion detection system (IDS) research field has grown tremendously in the past decade. Improving the detection rate of user to root (U2R) attack classes is an open research problem. Current IDS uses all data features to detect intrusions. Some of the features may be redundant to the detection process. The purpose of this empirical study is to identify important features to improve the detection rate of U2R attack class. The investigated correlation feature selection improved the overall accuracy, detection rate of U2R attack. The empirical results have given a noticeable improvement in detection rate of U2R.
Describing Network Traffic Using the Index of Variability

Commonly used measures of traffic burstiness do not capture the fluctuation of traffic variability over the entire range of time-scales. In this paper, we present a measure of variability, called the Index of Variability (Hv(tau)), that depicts the degree of variability (burstiness) of a typical network traffic process at each time-scale and is analytically tractable for many traffic models. As an illustration, we derive the closed-form expressions of Hv(tau) for two traditional traffic models and generate a variety of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Index-of-Variability curves. These curves demonstrate that the Index of Variability can help in determining the complexities of the network traffic variability over the network performance relevant time-scales. We then introduce a practical method for estimating the Index-of-Variability curve from a given traffic trace. Using this method, we estimate the Index-of-Variability curves for 12 long NLANR network traffic traces. The results indicate that the variability of real network traffic varies with time-scales and that the Index of Variability has the ability to discern qualitative differences between traffic traces obtained from different networks. Thus, the Index of Variability offers the potential to gain insights into the dynamics of network traffic that existing tools do not offer.
Developing Leadership Capacity within the Teaching Ranks: One District's Approach.

With the increased state and national focus on student achievement, school leaders are pursuing a variety of strategies to better serve their students. Many effective principals are embracing distributive leadership, relying on their best teachers to also provide instructional leadership. Yet, many effective teachers have not had training (and often not the desire) to step into leadership roles. To respond to the challenge of increasing student achievement while building the instructional leadership capacity within its teaching staff, one district developed the concept of The Instructional Team, referred to in the district as The “I” Team. Three years after implementation, district teachers were surveyed and some participated in focus groups regarding The “I” Team’s impact oninstructionalteachingstrategies. Although The “I” Team seemed to enjoy support among the teaching ranks and scores on state-mandated tests were improving, changes in the administrative leadership prompted a scaling back of this successful program.
Assessment of the influence of intrinsic environmental and geographical factors on the bacterial ecology of pit latrines‡

Improving the rate and extent of faecal decomposition in basic forms of sanitation such as pit latrines would benefit around 1.7 billion users worldwide, but to do so requires a major advance in our understanding of the biology of these systems. As a critical first step, bacterial diversity and composition was studied in 30 latrines in Tanzania and Vietnam using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and correlated with a number of intrinsic environmental factors such as pH, temperature, organic matter content/composition and geographical factors. Clear differences were observed at the operational taxonomic unit, family and phylum level in terms of richness and community composition between latrines in Tanzania and Vietnam. The results also clearly show that environmental variables, particularly substrate type and availability, can exert a strong structuring influence on bacterial communities in latrines from both countries. The origins and significance of these environmental differences are discussed. This work describes the bacterial ecology of pit latrines in combination with inherent latrine characteristics at an unprecedented level of detail. As such, it provides useful baseline information for future studies that aim to understand the factors that affect decomposition rates in pit latrines.
Pathways towards the nuclear revival in Finland, France, and the UK

Nuclear power is undergoing a revival in a number of countries of both developed and developing world, and is increasingly presented as a solution to the problems of climate change and energy security. This paper analyses the history of and the debates on nuclear power in France, the UK and Finland, all of which are in the process of either planning or building new nuclear plants. The paper traces the history of nuclear power since the early post-War years, distinguishing five distinct phases of development, from the early period of nuclear enthusiasm, through the emergence of doubt and risk in the 70s and 80s, to the recent 'nuclear renaissance'. Emphasis in the analysis is placed on issue framings, argumentative strategies, the role of independent expertise, public opinion and the degree of openness of decision-making. Key similarities, converging trends and differences between the countries are identified and tentative conclusions drawn on the potential stability of the current framing of nuclear energy as a response to the double challenge of climate change and energy security.
Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Stenosis and Obliteration of the Cerebral Aqueduct of hyh Mutant Mice Developing Congenital Hydrocephalus

Two phases may be recognized in the development of congenital hydrocephalus in the hyh mutant mouse. During embryonic life the detachment of the ventral ependyma is followed by a moderate hydrocephalus. During the first postnatal week the cerebral aqueduct becomes obliterated and a severe hydrocephalus develops. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the cellular phenomena occurring at the site of aqueduct obliteration and the probable participation of the subcommissural organ in this process. Electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and lectin histochemistry were used to investigate the aqueduct of normal and hydrocephalic hyh mice from embryonic day 14 (E-14) to postnatal day 7 (PN-7). In the normal hyh mouse, the aqueduct is an irregularly shaped cavity with 3 distinct regions (rostral, middle, and caudal) lined by various types of ependyma. In the hydrocephalic mouse, these 3 regions behave differently; the rostral end becomes stenosed, the middle third dilates, and the caudal end obliterates. The findings indicate that the following sequence of events lead to hydrocephalus: 1) denudation of the ventral ependyma (embryonic life); 2) denudation of dorsal ependyma and failure of the subcommissural organ to form Reissner fiber (first postnatal week); 3) obliteration of distal end of aqueduct; and 4) severe hydrocephalus. No evidence was obtained that NCAM is involved in the detachment of ependymal cells. The process of ependymal denudation would involve alterations of the surface sialoglycoproteins of the ependymal cells and the interaction of the latter with macrophages.
Restoration of Movement Using Functional Electrical Stimulation and Bayes' Theorem

Various computational approaches have been applied to predict aspects of animal behavior from the recorded activity of populations of neurons. Here we invert this process to predict the requisite neuromuscular activity associated with specified motor behaviors. A probabilistic method based on Bayes' theorem was used to predict the patterns of muscular activity needed to produce various types of desired finger movements. The profiles of predicted activity were then used to drive frequency-modulated muscle stimulators to evoke multijoint finger movements. Comparison of movements generated by electrical stimulation with desired movements yielded root mean squared errors between ∼18 and 26%. This reasonable correspondence between desired and evoked movements suggests that this approach might serve as a useful strategy to control neuroprosthetic systems that aim to restore movement to paralyzed individuals.
Omniware: A Universal Substrate for Web Programming

This paper describes Omniware, a system for producing and executing mobile code. Next generation Web applications will use mobile code to specify dynamic behavior in Web pages, implement new Web protocols and data formats, and dynamically distribute computation between servers and browsers, Like all mobile code systems, Omniware provides portability and safety. The same compiled Omniware module can be executed transparently on different machines, and a module's access to host resources can be precisely controlled. In addition to portability and safety, Omniware has two unique features. First, Omniware is open. Omniware uses software fault isolation (SFI) to enforce safe execution of standard programming languages, enabling Web developers to leverage the vast store of existing software and programming expertise. For example, Omniware developers can use C++ to create programs for Web pages. Second, Omniware is fast. We evaluated Omniware under the Solaris 2.4 operating system on a SPARCstation 5 using eight C benchmark programs, including five programs from the C SPEC92 benchmark suite. We evaluated the performance of Omniware in two ways. First, we showed that Omniware modules can be represented compactly, reducing the space consumption compared to Sun-Pro cc shared object files by an average of 38%. Second, we showed that Omniware modules execute at near native speeds. Including the runtime overhead necessary to ensure that Omniware modules are both portable and safe, our benchmark programs ran within 6% of native performance.
Mining Colorectal Polyp Images for Colon Examination based on Texture Description and Decision Tree Induction

Medical disease examination is often based on images. Mining these images in order to obtain the classification knowledge for automatic image classification is a challenging task. This task belongs to the field of image mining. Image mining is usually not only comprised of mining a table of numbers it has also to do with transforming the image in the right image description. Both, the image description and the classification knowledge, determine the quality of the classifier. Texture is a powerful method to describe the appearance of different biological objects in images. There are different texture descriptors around. Which one is the best for medical images is still an open question. The most used texture descriptor is the well-known Haralicks texture descriptor. We propose a texture descriptor based on random sets. This descriptor gives us more freedom in describing different textures. In this paper we develop two classification models based on decision tree induction, one for each of the two texture descriptors. We compare the two texture descriptors based on a medical data set. We review the theory of the two texture descriptors and describe the procedure for the comparison of the two methods. A medical data set is used that is derived from colon examination. Decision tree induction is used to learn a classifier model. Cross-validation is used to calculate the error rate. The comparison of the two texture descriptors is based on the error rate, the properties of the two best classification models, the runtime for the feature calculation, the selected features, and the semantic meaning of the texture descriptors.