Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suddenly loaded arrays of pillars with variable range of load transfer

This paper deals with multicomponent systems subjected to suddenly applied loads. Such multicomponent systems consist of functionally identical elements, but the elements differ in their ability to sustain the applied load. Specifically, arrays of pillars are an example of the multicomponent systems. The capability of the array to sustain the applied load depends not only on the strength of the pillars but also on how the load coming from failed pillars is redistributed to the intact ones. We employ a Fiber Bundle Model with load transfer restricted within a rectangular region generated dynamically after each pillar’s destruction. We investigate strength of the array and its survivability.
Excursion set mass functions for hierarchical Gaussian fluctuations

Most schemes for determining the mass function of virialized objects from the statistics of the initial density perturbation field suffer from the «cloud-in-cloud» problem of miscounting the number of low-mass clumps, many of which would have been subsumed into larger objects. We propose a solution based on the theory of the excursion sets of F(r, R f ), the four-dimensional initial density perturbation field smoothed with a continuous hierarchy of filters of radii Rf. We identify the mass fraction of matter in virialized objects with mass greater than M with the fraction of space in which the initial density contrast lies above a critical overdensity when smoothed on some filter of radius greater than or equal to R f (M).
Catalyst-free synthesis of diverse fluorescent polyoxadiazoles for the facile formation and morphology visualization of microporous films and cell imaging

The development of facile polymerizations toward functional heterocyclic polymers is of great significance for chemistry and materials science. As an important class of heterocyclic polymers, polyoxadiazoles (PODs) have found applications in various fields. However, the synthetic difficulties of PODs greatly restrict their structural diversity and property investigation. Herein, we report a series of catalyst-free multicomponent polymerizations (MCPs) that can facilely synthesize functional PODs with well-defined and diversified topological structures from commercially available or readily accessible aldehydes, carboxylic acids, secondary amines, and (N-isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane at room temperature. Unlike conventional Ugi polycondensations, the present Ugi-type MCPs can in situ generate oxadiazole moieties in polymer backbones. The obtained PODs possess good solubility, high thermal and morphological stability, and excellent film-forming ability. The introduction of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) moieties together with the inherent structural features of PODs endow these polymers with multiple functionalities. The AIE-active linear PODs can form fluorescent microporous films with stable and ordered structures based on the simple breath figure patterning method, and the self-assembly morphologies can be directly visualized by fluorescence microscopy in a high-contrast and sensitive manner. Moreover, both the linear and hyperbranched AIE-active PODs possess excellent biocompatibility, good lysosome specificity, and excellent photobleaching resistance, which enable them to serve as promising lysosome-specific fluorescent probes in biological imaging.
Temporal analysis of urban forest in Beijing using Landsat imagery

Urban forest is of great interest to a variety of scientific and urban planning applications. This paper presents a strategy for monitoring urban forest using Landsat TM/ETM+ (Thematic Mapper / Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) imagery time series and calculating its ecological benefits. And the strategy is applied to the temporal analysis of the zone inside the 4th Ring Road in Beijing. The analysis consists of two key steps in: the first is to extract urban forest from Landsat images; the second is to calculate the ecological benefits of urban forest. The extraction of urban forest from Landsat imagery is accomplished implementing classification models, which are based on empirical relationships between forest coverage and the spectrum on Landsat imagery, and are generated using regression tree techniques. Quickbird images and field investigations are applied to generate classification models and to assess their accuracies. Subsequently, the ecological benefits calculation about urban forest is carried out introducing CITYgreen model. This paper mainly concerns carbon storage and the function in air pollution reduction. In the following part, the results of the analysis are presented, as well as the figures that illustrate their variations. At the end, the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy are discussed.
Recent Advances in Discovery, Bioengineering, and Bioactivity-Evaluation of Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-translationally Modified Peptides

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are of increasing interest in natural products as well as drug discovery. This empowers not only the unique chemical structures and topologies in natural products but also the excellent bioactivities such as antibacteria, antifungi, antiviruses, and so on. Advances in genomics, bioinformatics, and chemical analytics have promoted the exponential increase of RiPPs as well as the evaluation of biological activities thereof. Furthermore, benefiting from their relatively simple and conserved biosynthetic logic, RiPPs are prone to be engineered to obtain diverse analogues that exhibit distinct physiological activities and are difficult to synthesize. This Review aims to systematically address the variety of biological activities and/or the mode of mechanisms of novel RiPPs discovered in the past decade, albeit the characteristics of selective structures and biosynthetic mechanisms are briefly covered as well. Almost one-half of the cases are involved in anti-Gram-positive bacteria. Meanwhile, an increasing number of RiPPs related to anti-Gram-negative bacteria, antitumor, antivirus, etc., are also discussed in detail. Last but not least, we sum up some disciplines of the RiPPs’ biological activities to guide genome mining as well as drug discovery and optimization in the future.
When God came to Town - Urban Development and Religious Practices in early medieval Odense, Denmark

This article presents a contextual approach to studying the role of the urban environment in introducing Christianity to Denmark between 900 and 1250. We consider sensory experience and apply the concept of lived religion to the highly varied and sometimes limited archaeological material from St Alban’s church in Odense, its cemetery, and the surrounding settlement, to show that the urban environment played an active role in integrating Christianity into everyday life. The church and king used the urban environment to stage their authority. The message of Christianity was propagated through religious practices, such as celebrating Saint Cnut with spectacular processions, and dress accessories with religious motifs. These practices facilitated the transformation from an elite-oriented missionary religion promoted by the king and the elite to a widely accepted religion integrated into the everyday lives of Odense’s inhabitants.
On the origin of 4640-4650 A emission in X-ray stars

The origin is investigated for a prominent and rapidly variable emission feature near the 4640-A line which has been observed in the optical counterparts of Sco X-1, Cyg X-2, Her X-1, Cen X-3, 3U 0900-40, and 3U 1700-37. It is suggested that the emission is generated in the vicinity of a compact X-ray source by the interaction of X-rays with nearby gaseous matter and that three likely sources of the emission are the ions C III, N III, and O II. Results are presented for a detailed mathematical model of an X-ray source surrounded by a uniform distribution of matter and are used to evaluate possible emission mechanisms. It is concluded that selective emission of N III (4634 to 4641 A) in the Bowen fluorescence process may be the responsible mechanism.
Two-photon ionisation of excited atomic hydrogen at the photoelectric threshold and above

Two-photon ionisation of atomic hydrogen is considered in the non-relativistic dipole approximation at the photoelectric threshold and above it. In this region are obtained convergent analytical expressions for the radial transitions matrix elements, necessary for the calculation of ionisation rates. Partial and total cross sections per unit intensity are calculated for two-photon ionisation of atomic hydrogen in excited states with 2<or=n<or=9 by linearly and circularly polarised light at the photoelectric threshold and above it. At the photoelectric threshold calculations are also carried out for the two-photon ionisation of atomic hydrogen in the ground state.
Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover study

Insomnia or difficulty falling and or staying asleep is experienced by up to 30% of the general population. This randomised crossover double‐blind placebo‐controlled 6‐week trial aimed to assess the tolerability and effectiveness of the Entoura‐10:15 medicinal cannabis oil on sleep in adults with insomnia. A total of 29 participants with self‐reported clinical insomnia completed the crossover trial. Participants were randomly allocated to receive placebo or active oil containing 10 mg/ml tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 15 mg/ml cannabidiol (CBD) over 2‐weeks titrated 0.2–1.5 ml/day, followed by a 1‐week wash‐out period before crossover. Tolerability was assessed by daily diary. Effectiveness was measured by saliva midnight melatonin levels, validated questionnaires, i.e., the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Fitbit activity/sleep wrist tracker. Entoura‐10:15 medicinal cannabis oil was generally well tolerated, and was effective in improving sleep, whereby 60% of participants no longer classified as clinical insomniacs at the end of the 2‐week intervention period. Midnight melatonin levels significantly improved in the active group by 30% compared to a 20% decline in the placebo group (p = 0.035). Medicinal cannabis oil improved both time and quality of sleep, in particular light sleep increased by 21 min/night compared to placebo (p = 0.041). The quality of sleep improved overall by up to 80% in the active group (pPhase2 = 0.003), including higher daily functioning (p = 0.032). Observed effects were more pronounced in Phase 2 due to the period effect and loss of blinding. Entoura‐10:15 medicinal cannabis oil was well tolerated and effective in improving sleep in adults with insomnia.
Jizz in birdwatching activity and clinical practice: how it works and why?

The world “jizz” is part of the language of birding in the English-speaking nations. It’s meaning is combination of characteristics which identify kind of a bird, but this characteristics may not be distinguished individually. Jizz is described as embodied way of seeing that instantaneously reveals the identity of a birds species, suspending the laborious and meticulous study of an diagnostic characteristics. In medicine there is an idea of “clinical intuition” - making judgments and clinical diagnoses without clear awareness of consecutive stages of reasoning. Intuitive decision making has been found in some cases to improve decisions and eventually lead into better performance than analytic deliberation. Can a certain sudden conclusions that appear in minds of both birdwatchers (about bird species) and medical doctors (established diagnosis), based on the use of an incomplete set of information, be accurate? And how we can use this similarity to understand process of formulating medical diagnoses? In this paper we discuss the phenomena of jizz and “clinical intuition” in the light of theory of brain as a tool of making predictions. According to this view the primary function of the brain is to make predictions about the word, rather than laborious analysis of the stimuli coming in from the environment at each successive moment. That theory according to us can explain both Jizz observed by birdwatchers and clinical intuition in medical practice.
Enhanced motor fault detection system based on a dual-signature image classification method using CNN

This paper proposes a new Motor Image Classification (MIC) approach based on a multi-signal conversion technique using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In this regard, two one-dimensional (1D) signals are combined and converted into a (2D) color image with motor information pixels. Initially, the vibration signal is converted into the frequency domain. Each point of this signal is firstly assigned a color according to its amplitude and then placed successively on a specific column to obtain a pixilated image. An outline is added to the image representing the internal motor temperature. Therefore, the vibratory and thermal situation of the engine is clearly represented in a Dual-Signature Image (DSI). Our system proves the efficiency of the color compared to grayscale images. It ensures fast and effective prevention, which results in a long service lifetime and maximum motor availability. The diagnostic success rate of our system is 99.93%.
Cognitive Load Theory on Virtual Mathematics Laboratory: Systematic Literature Review

The primary goal of cognitive load theory is to improve the learning of complex cognitive tasks by transforming current scientific knowledge on how cognitive structures and processes are organized into guidelines for instructional design. Cognitive load theory assumes that the bottleneck for acquiring new secondary biological knowledge is the limited working memory capacity. In the ideal situation, the working memory resources required for learning do not exceed the available resources. Despite this, in reality, there will often be a high cognitive load, or even ”overload,” for two reasons. First, dealing with interactive information elements in complex cognition imposes a high intrinsic working memory load. Second, learners also have to use working memory resources for activities that are extraneous to performing and learning tasks, that is, activities that are not productive for learning. Virtual Laboratory is a form of animation that can visualize abstract phenomena or complex experiments in natural laboratories to increase learning activities and develop problem-solving skills. A virtual math laboratory was created to optimize dual coding memory, namely verbal and audio learning. The investigation tracked the approved reporting Items for Systematics Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, illustrating the outcomes of the literature searches and articles selection process. It is used to provide that the selection process is replicable and transparent. We accomplished a computerized bibliometric analysis from 2002-2022 for articles retrieved from the SCOPUS database. Data were collected in July 2022. Keywords: cognitive load theory, virtual laboratory, mathematics education
A Multisensor System Embedded in a Computer Mouse for Occupational Stress Detection

Occupational stress is a major challenge in modern societies, related with many health and economic implications. Its automatic detection in an office environment can be a key factor toward effective management, especially in the post-COVID era of changing working norms. The aim of this study is the design, development and validation of a multisensor system embedded in a computer mouse for the detection of office work stress. An experiment is described where photoplethysmography (PPG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) signals of 32 subjects were obtained during the execution of stress-inducing tasks that sought to simulate the stressors present in a computer-based office environment. Kalman and moving average filters were used to process the signals and appropriately formulated algorithms were applied to extract the features of pulse rate and skin conductance. The results found that the stressful periods of the experiment significantly increased the participants’ reported stress levels while negatively affecting their cognitive performance. Statistical analysis showed that, in most cases, there was a highly significant statistical difference in the physiological parameters measured during the different periods of the experiment, without and with the presence of stressors. These results indicate that the proposed device can be part of an unobtrusive system for monitoring and detecting the stress levels of office workers.
On Fast-Diffusion Equations with Infinite Equilibrium Entropy and Finite Equilibrium Mass

Abstract We extend the existing theory on large-time asymptotics for convection–diffusion equations, based on the entropy–entropy dissipation approach, to certain fast diffusion equations with uniformly convex confinement potential and finite-mass but infinite-entropy equilibrium solutions. We prove existence of a mass preserving solution of the Cauchy problem and we show exponential convergence, as , at a precise rate to the corresponding equilibrium solution in the L 1 norm. As by-product we also derive corresponding generalized Sobolev inequalities.
Spatial structures and periodic travelling waves in an integro-differential reaction-diffusion population model

An integro-differential reaction-diffusion equation is proposed as a model for populations where local aggregation is advantageous but intraspecific competition increases as global populations increase. It is claimed that this is inherently more realistic than the usual kind of reaction-diffusion model for mobile populations. Three kinds of bifurcation from the uniform steady-state solution are considered, (i) to steady spatially periodic structures, (ii) to periodic standing wave solutions, and (iii) to periodic travelling wave solutions. These correspond to aggregation and motion of populations.
Eliassen-Palm Cross Sections for the Troposphere

Abstract “Eliassen-Palm (EP) cross sections” are meridional cross sections showing the Eliassen-Palm flux F by arrows and its divergence by contours. For large-scale, quasi-geostrophic motion F is defined to have φ and ρ components r0 cosφ[−u′v′, fv′θ′/θp] where φ is latitude, ρ pressure, θ potential temperature, r0 the radius of the earth, bars and primes denote zonal means and deviations and (u,v) is horizontal velocity. The theoretical reasons for using EP cross sections diagnostically are reviewed. The divergence of F reflects the magnitude of transient and irreversible eddy processes at each height and latitude, and is proportional to the northward flux of quasi-geostrophic (not Ertel's) potential vorticity. It is a direct measure of the total forcing of the zonal-mean state by the eddies. The direction of F indicates the relative importance of the principal eddy fluxes of heat and momentum. If the eddy dynamics is Rossby wavelike, then F is also a measure of net wave propagation from one height and .
Determining the flare dispensing program effectiveness against conical-scan and spin-scan reticle systems via Gaussian mixture models

The reticle systems which are considered as the classical approach for determining the angular position of radiating targets in infrared band are widely used in early generation surface-to-air and air-to-air infrared guided missile seekers. One of the cost-effective ways of protecting aircrafts against these missiles is to dispense flare decoys from the countermeasure dispensing system (CMDS) integrated into the aircraft platform. Although this counter-measuring technique seems very simple, if not optimized carefully, it may not be effective for protecting the aircraft. Flares should be dispensed in accordance with a specific dispensing program which determines the number of flares to be dispensed from each dispenser of the CMDS and timing sequence of dispensing. Optimizing the parameters of the dispensing program is not trivial. It requires a good understanding of the operating principle of the threat seeker, operational capabilities of own platform and engagement scenario between them. In the present paper, we propose a complete simulation-based procedure to form an effectiveness boundary of flare dispensing programs against the spin-scan and conical-scan reticle seekers. The region of effectiveness is determined via Gaussian mixture models. The raw data is collected via extensive number of simulations using a MATLAB-coded simulator which models reticle-based seeker, aircraft radiation, aircraft motion, aircraft CMDS system, flare motion and flare radiation.
Via-hole-based vertical GaN light emitting diodes

A vertical GaN-light emitting diode (LED) has been fabricated on a sapphire substrate with periodic via holes formed by a laser drilling technique. n-contact metal which was deposited on the backside of sapphire substrate was directly connected with an Ohmic metal of n-GaN layer through the via holes. The via-hole-based vertical GaN-LED demonstrated an optical power improvement of up to 12.5% with lower forward operating voltage compared with a conventional GaN-LED. In addition, this vertical LED showed just 0.8% and 1.5% variations of optical power and operation voltage at the 500h reliability test.
Consistency of the Semi‐parametric MLE in Linear Regression Models with Interval‐censored Data

Abstract. Consider the model Y=β′X+ε. Let F0 be the unknown cumulative distribution function of the random variable ε. Consistency of the semi‐parametric Maximum likelihood estimator of (β,F0), denoted by , has not been established under any interval censorship (IC) model. We prove in this paper that is consistent under the mixed case IC model and some mild assumptions.
A Multiconserving Discretization with Enthalpy as a Thermodynamic Prognostic Variable in Generalized Hybrid Vertical Coordinates for the NCEP Global Forecast System

AbstractA new vertical discretization used in the atmospheric dynamics of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) is illustrated, with enthalpy as the thermodynamic prognostic variable to reduce computation in thermodynamic equations while concerning all gas tracers in the model. Mass, energy, entropy, and angular momentum conservations are utilized as constraints to discretize the vertical integration with a finite-difference scheme. A specific definition of a generalized hybrid vertical coordinate, including sigma, isobaric, and isentropic surfaces, is introduced to define pressure at the model levels. Vertical fluxes are obtained by the equation of local changes in variables defined for vertical coordinates at all model layers. The forward-weighting semi-implicit time scheme is utilized to eliminate computational noise for stable integration. Because of time splitting between the dynamic and physics processes, the vertical advection is required both in the .
Arbitrage, Hedging and Utility Maximization Using Semi-Static Trading Strategies with American Options

We consider a financial market where stocks are available for dynamic trading, and European and American options are available for static trading (semi-static trading strategies). We assume that the American options are infinitely divisible, and can only be bought but not sold. In the first part of the paper, we work within the framework without model ambiguity. We first get the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FTAP). Using the FTAP, we get the dualities for the hedging prices of European and American options. Based on the hedging dualities, we also get the duality for the utility maximization. In the second part of the paper, we consider the market which admits non-dominated model uncertainty. We first establish the hedging result, and then using the hedging duality we further get the FTAP. Due to the technical difficulty stemming from the non-dominancy of the probability measure set, we use a discretization technique and apply the minimax theorem.