Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fundus Findings in Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and their Correlation with Neurologic Characteristics

Purpose To determine the incidence of fundus findings in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and their correlation with neurologic characteristics. Methods In a prospective case series, 202 eyes of 101 patients with SAH were evaluated from September 2003 to September 2006. The incidence of fundus findings was detected and correlated with gender, age, consciousness state, Fisher score, site and number of aneurysms, laterality of aneurysms, aneurysmal rebleeding, and mortality rate. Results Fifty (49.5%) patients had normal and 51 (50.5%) patients had abnormal funduscopic examination. Of all eyes, disc swelling in 85 (42.1%), retinal hemorrhage in 51 (25.2%), subhyaloid hemorrhage in 6 (3%), and vitreous hemorrhage in 3 (1.5%) eyes were detected. No relation was found between gender, age, Fisher score, number of aneurysms, laterality of aneurysms, aneurysmal rebleeding, and mortality rate and fundus findings. However, a correlation was observed between consciousness state and retinal hemorrhage (p=0.002) and disc swelling (p=0.002), and also between the anterior communicating artery location of aneurysm and retinal hemorrhage (p=0.017) and any kind of fundus findings (p=0.007). Conclusions Fundus findings including hemorrhage and disc swelling are common in patients with SAH and are related to the consciousness state and anterior communicating artery location of aneurysm.
Impact of exercise on retinal microvascular regulation measured by dynamic vessel analysis in healthy individuals

We assessed the acute impact of physical exercise on the retinal vessel diameter and the regulation of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation owing to flicker that has never been examined before. Forty young (mean age 24 years) healthy subjects (26 women and 14 men) had retinal examinations with dynamic vessel analysis prior and after (0·5, 1·5 and 2·5 h) intense exercise of 20 min. The measurements were always taken on continuous same eye, each with a 350‐s permanent dynamic vascular analysis including three cycles of 20 s with 12·5‐Hz flicker provocation of the retinal vessel analyser system (RVA) device. Blood pressure values were measured before and after the dynamic vessel analysis with a portable, automatic blood pressure monitor. Dynamic vessel analysis revealed that exercise had a substantial quickly and long‐lasting effect on arterial and venous diameter (F = 30·38 and 35·85, P<0·001) and arterial dilatation owing to flicker (F = 10·67, P<0·005). The effect of flicker on arterial constriction was not significant for all time periods (F = 0·26). Friedman test revealed that arterial constriction to flicker was significantly increased at 30 and 90 min (χ2 = 43·3 and 49·2, P<0·001). Exercise had a significant effect on venous constriction and dilatation owing to flicker (F = 11·14, P<0·001, F = 3·77, P<0·05). Our results demonstrate that the expected impact of exercise can be accurately assessed with the RVA. We therefore suggest that the RVA is a valid instrument to assess early structural and functional alterations in the retinal vascular system.
Endothelial control of the pulmonary circulation in normal and chronically hypoxic rats.

1. The effect of blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in pulmonary endothelium by two L‐arginine analogues was tested in isolated blood‐perfused lungs of normal rats and rats exposed chronically to 10% O2. 2. In both groups of rats the analogues (N‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) and N‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME)) enhanced hypoxic vasoconstriction. In normal rats, with rare exceptions, these analogues had little or no effect on pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) at constant blood flow during normoxia. However, chronically hypoxic rats have pulmonary hypertension and in these rats the analogues always raised Ppa; the rise in Ppa after L‐NMMA but not L‐NAME could be partially reversed by L‐arginine. L‐NAME was more potent than L‐NMMA. 3. To see whether the difference between rat groups was due to the high Ppa in chronically hypoxic rats, in control rats we raised Ppa passively by lung inflation to values higher than found in chronically hypoxic rats. L‐NAME did not alter the effects of lung inflation on Ppa. 4. Ppa was also raised passively by plotting pressure‐flow lines up to high flow rates; the lines were changed minimally by both analogues in control rats but in chronically hypoxic rats the lines were raised to higher pressures and steepened substantially. 5. In control rats, during vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia, endothelin 1 and almitrine, L‐NAME caused further rises in pressure. We conclude that a stimulus for nitric oxide release in control rats is the narrowing of vessels caused by vasoconstriction rather than passive increases in intravascular pressure. 6. In chronically hypoxic rats arterioles are narrowed by growth of new muscle and there is some muscle tone even in normoxia. Thus narrowing of the vascular lumen is the stimulus common to both groups of rats which leads to nitric oxide synthesis and attenuation of Ppa by a negative feedback process. Narrowing is associated with a large increase in shear stress due to two factors; the pressure drop along a vessel segment is increased and the surface area of the lining of the affected segment is decreased. 7. Atrial natriuretic peptide caused dose‐dependent pulmonary vasodilation in both rat groups but had a greater effect in chronically hypoxic rats. The action persisted and was enhanced after blockade of NO synthesis.
Assessment of Upper-Limb Sensorimotor Function of Subacute Stroke Patients Using Visually Guided Reaching

Objective. Using robotic technology, we examined the ability of a visually guided reaching task to assess the sensorimotor function of patients with stroke. Methods. Ninety-one healthy participants and 52 with subacute stroke of mild to moderate severity (26 with left- and 26 with right-affected body sides) performed an unassisted reaching task using the KINARM robot. Each participant was assessed using 12 movement parameters that were grouped into 5 attributes of sensorimotor control. Results. A number of movement parameters individually identified a large number of stroke participants as being different from 95% of the controls—most notably initial direction error, which identified 81% of left-affected patients. We also found interlimb differences in performance between the arms of those with stroke compared with controls. For example, whereas only 31% of left-affected participants showed differences in reaction time with their affected arm, 54% showed abnormal interlimb differences in reaction time. Good interrater reliability (r > 0.7) was observed for 9 of the 12 movement parameters. Finally, many stroke patients deemed impaired on the reaching task had been scored 6 or less on the arm portion of the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment Scale, but some who scored a normal 7 were also deemed impaired in reaching. Conclusions. Robotic technology using a visually guided reaching task can provide reliable information with greater sensitivity about a patient’s sensorimotor impairments following stroke than a standard clinical assessment scale.
A Grounded Theory of the Development of Noble Youth Purpose

Having a noble purpose in life is an important component of positive youth development; however, little is known about how noble purposes develop over time. Therefore, using three waves of interviews over a 5-year period with 9 adolescents (N = 9) who demonstrated intense commitments to various noble purposes, the present study developed a grounded theory of the development of noble purpose, including a focus on how commitment was initiated, sustained, increased, and changed over time. Results revealed the exemplars made commitments early in life. With the exception of triggering experiences, which immediately intensified their level of commitment, commitment generally grew slowly but steadily in response to positive feedback. Mentors and like-minded peers played an important role in supporting noble purposes over time, and access to new resources led exemplars to expand their focus. Implications for supporting the development of noble purposes are addressed.
Priming Price: Prior Knowledge and Context Effects

Category priming has recently stirred the interest of judgment researchers. By unobtrusively presenting exemplars of a category, that category becomes temporarily more accessible from memory and more likely to be used subsequently in processing new information. This research extends work in cognitive and social psychology to consumer judgments. The two studies presented here examine conditions under which cognitive categories of price may be primed and the resulting effects on product judgment. The results also suggest that these effects are influenced by individual difference in consumer knowledge. Copyright 1989 by the University of Chicago.
Response Styles in Marketing Research: A Cross-National Investigation

Response styles are a source of contamination in questionnaire ratings, and therefore they threaten the validity of conclusions drawn from marketing research data. In this article, the authors examine five forms of stylistic responding (acquiescence and disacquiescence response styles, extreme response style/response range, midpoint responding, and noncontingent responding) and discuss their biasing effects on scale scores and correlations between scales. Using data from large, representative samples of consumers from 11 countries of the European Union, the authors find systematic effects of response styles on scale scores as a function of two scale characteristics (the proportion of reverse-scored items and the extent of deviation of the scale mean from the midpoint of the response scale) and show that correlations between scales can be biased upward or downward depending on the correlation between the response style components. In combination with the apparent lack of concern with response styles evidenced in a secondary analysis of commonly used marketing scales, these findings suggest that marketing researchers should pay greater attention to the phenomenon of stylistic responding when constructing and using measurement instruments.
Applications of Telemetry in Small Laboratory Animals for Studying Cardiovascular Diseases

Telemetry is a state-of-the-art method of monitoring physiological functions in awake and freely moving laboratory animals, while minimizing stress artefacts. Currently, telemetry systems are employed for measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow, electrocardiogram, respiratory rate, sympathetic nerve activity, body temperature and many other biological signals in a wide range of animal species including rats, mice, dogs, rabbits, gerbils, hamsters, monkeys, guinea pigs and pigs (Kramer et al., 2001; Butz & Davisson, 2001; Galvin et al., 2006; Moons et al., 2007; Hess et al., 2007; Shaw et al., 2007; Greene et al., 2008). Although telemetry technology has existed for at least 50 years, it has only been in the last decade or so that affordable, reliable, and user friendly commercial products have been available for monitoring physiological signals in the laboratory setting. In particular, the use of telemetry for measuring blood pressure in mice and rats has aided researchers in discovering fundamental mechanisms involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure and pre-eclampsia (Kramer & Kinter, 2003; Zimmerman et al., 2004; Hoffman et al., 2008, Burmeister et al., 2011). Moreover, drug discovery for treating hypertension has significantly benefited from telemetry since it allows for drug effects to be investigated chronically and longitudinally. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss the significant contributions of telemetry towards advancing the field of cardiovascular physiology/pathophysiology, emphasizing chronic studies using several experimental models of hypertension. In the second part, we will discuss the benefits of using telemetry in regards to animal welfare and some strategies to refine the telemetry technique in order to reduce the cost and the number of animals used in experiments while improving animal welfare.
Relationship between elastic recoil and closing volume in smokers and nonsmokers.

Closing volume by the single breath nitrogen technique and static elastic recoil were measured in 87 apparently normal subjects of whom 46 were smokers and 41 nonsmokers. The ratio of closing volume to total lung capacity was higher in smokers (mean ± SD: 40 ± 7.7 per cent) than nonsmokers (33.6 ± 7.5 per cent). However, closing pressures, obtained by an exponential extrapolation of static pressure-volume curves, were the same (smokers: 3.3 ± 1 cm H2O; nonsmokers: 3.1 ± 0.9 cm H2O). The higher closing volume corresponded to a loss of elastic recoil demonstrated in the smokers. At 60 per cent of total lung capacity, the recoil pressures for smokers were 5.7 ± 1.7 cm H2O and for nonsmokers, 6.8 ± 2.1 cm H2O. This suggests that changes in closing volume in smokers are primarily due to loss of elastic recoil and do not necessarily reflect intrinsic small airways disease.
Idiographische und nomothetische Ansätze in der Psychologie

Zusammenfassung: Das Spannungsverhaltnis zwischen idiographischen und nomothetischen Ansatzen in der Psychologie des 20.Jahrhunderts wird aus methodologischer Sicht diskutiert. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, das einige sogenannte allgemeine Gesetze verborgene individuelle Parameter enthalten (z. B. das Weber-Fechnersche Gesetz) und nicht so universell sind wie sie scheinen. Schon Lewin stellte fest, das sie Gesetze auf Aggregatebene beschreiben und das der Schlus vom Aggregat auf das Individuum irrefuhrend sein kann. Das gilt nicht nur fur mittlere Trends, sondern auch fur Korrelationen, also auch fur die Personlichkeitspsychologie. Sterns und Allports Kritik am differentialpsychologischen Zugang zur Individualitat wird mit zwei neueren Versuchen kontrastiert, nomothetische Analysen um idiographische Daten anzureichern: personorientierte Analysen von Personlichkeitstypen und Mehrebenenanalysen individueller Funktionen. Schlusfolgerung ist, das idiographische und nomothetische Ansatze auf fruchtbare Weise kom.
Protein crystals can be incommensurately modulated

For a normal periodic crystal, the X-ray diffraction pattern can be described by an orientation matrix and a set of three integers that indicate the reciprocal lattice points. Those integers determine the spacing along the reciprocal lattice directions. In aperiodic crystals, the diffraction pattern is modulated and the standard periodic main reflections are surrounded by satellite reflections. The successful indexing and refinement of the main unit cell and q vector using TWINSOLVE, developed by Svensson [(2003). Lund University, Sweden], are reported here for an incommensurately modulated, aperiodic crystal of a profilin: actin complex. The indexing showed that the modulation is along the b direction in the crystal, which corresponds to an 'actin ribbon' formed by the crystal lattice. Interestingly, the transition to the aperiodic state was shown to be reversible and the diffraction pattern returned to the periodic state during data collection. It is likely that the protein underwent a conformational change that affected the neighbouring profilin: actin molecules in such a way as to produce the observed modulation in the diffraction pattern. Future work will aim to trap the incommensurately modulated crystal state, for example using cryocooling or chemical crosslinking, thus allowing complete X-ray data to be collected.
Use of Collagen Implant for Posterior Rectopexy in Complete Rectal Prolapse: Preliminary Communication

A variety of materials has been used for perirectal implantation in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse. A new material (Zenoderm) prepared from porcine corium has been used successfully in 4 patients. The material proved to be inert, biologically non-irritant, pliable, workable and strong.
Private Business and Economic Reform in China

Argues that the existence and maintenance of an evil organization is a complex interaction of individuals, organizations, and environmental factors. The book achieves five distinct objectives: it gives professionals, scholars, and students a broad understanding of evil from a conceptual and practical vantage it provides a scientific paradigm for interdisciplinary research and theory it serves as a synthesis linking the divergent, interdisciplinary perspectives on evil into a cohesive whole, making it the seminal work in the field it provides a better understanding of the potential relationships between organizational evil and various aspects of organizational functioning and it integrates a philosophical and pragmatic understanding of organizational evil into a coherent approach to management and administration in the private, public, and nonprofit sectors.
Are we in the middle of a video streaming revolution?

It has been roughly 20 years since the beginning of video streaming over the Internet. Until very recently, video streaming experiences left much to be desired. Over the last few years, this has significantly improved making monetization of streaming, possible. Recently, there has been an explosion of commercial video delivery services over the Internet, sometimes referred to as over-the-top (OTT) delivery. All these services invariably use streaming technologies. Initially, streaming had all the promise, then for a long time, it was download and play, later progressive download for short content, and now it is streaming again. Did streaming win the download versus streaming contest? Did the best technology win? The improvement in streaming experience has been possible through a variety of new streaming technologies, some proprietary and others extensions to standard protocols. The primary delivery mechanism for entertainment video, both premium content like movies and user generated content (UGC), tends to be HTTP streaming. Is HTTP streaming the panacea for all problems? The goal of this article is to give an industry perspective of what fundamentally changed in video streaming that makes it commercially viable now. This article outlines how a blend of technology choices between download and streaming makes the current wave of ubiquitous streaming possible for entertainment video delivery. After identifying problems that still need to be solved, the article concludes with the lessons learnt from the video streaming evolution.
Personality Assessment in the Workplace

Evidence for an indigenous Interpersonal Relatedness (IR) personality trait that is distinct from the Big Five personality taxonomy has been demonstrated in Chinese culture; however, research has not yet established whether this construct is specific to the Chinese culture or whether it is more universal. The current research extended this personality construct to a workplace context and examined the relevance of the Workplace IR trait within Taiwanese (n = 573) and U.S. (n = 155) employees. Results indicated that in both cultural groups the Workplace IR construct emerged and was not subsumed within the workplace Big Five domains; however, the content of the Workplace IR construct varied slightly between Taiwanese and U.S. employees. These findings suggest that this purported indigenous Chinese personality trait has potential relevance for working adults in Western as well as Eastern cultures.
Teaching Socially Expressive Behaviors to Children with Autism Through Video Modeling

Children with autism often lack complex socially expressive skills that would allow them to engage others more successfully. In the present study, video modeling was used to promote appropriate verbal comments, intonation, gestures, and facial expressions during social interactions of three children with autism. In baseline, the children rarely displayed any of the target behaviors. In treatment, each child watched a videotape of two persons interacting in a play setting. One person acted as the therapist and presented the social cues. The second acted as the child, and provided models of appropriate responses including verbal comments, intonation, gestures, and facial expressions. Results indicated that video modeling led to rapid acquisition of socially expressive behaviors. All three children reached criterion for all four target behaviors after viewing the video only three or four times. The children also displayed generalization of these socially expressive behaviors in probes across setting, stimuli, and persons.
Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after Motor Vehicle Accident

Abstract Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other reactions including driving phobias and depression have in recent years been clearly identified as common motor vehicle accident (MVA) sequelae. To date, no treatment outcome data exist for PTSD following MVA beyond case study reports and one pilot investigation. The present study reports on the first randomized control trial for PTSD following MVA. Twenty volunteer participants who had motor vehicle accidents resulting in physical injury requiring medical attention and PTSD were recruited through rehabilitation service providers, other psychologists, community physicians, and lawyers. Assessments included a structured interview for diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale) by an independent rater, a range of self-report symptom questionnaires and a behavioural test wherein they had their heart rate and subjective distress measured in reaction to idiosyncratic audio descriptions of their accident. Participants were randomly assigned to eight to ten hours of individual cognitive-behavioural therapy (n=10) or to a wait list control group (n=10). Treatment included education about post-trauma reactions, relaxation training, exposure therapy with cognitive restructuring and instruction for self-directed graduated behaviour practice. Results demonstrated statistically and clinically significant treatment effects across structured interviews, self-report questionnaires and the behavioural test. Treatment gains were maintained over a 6 month follow-up using self-report questionnaires.