Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defining the space in a general spacetime

A global vector field $v$ on a ``spacetime" differentiable manifold $\mathrm{V}$, of dimension $N+1$, defines a congruence of world lines: the maximal integral curves of $v$, or orbits. The associated global space $\mathrm{N}_v$ is the set of these orbits. A ``$v$-adapted" chart on $\mathrm{V}$ is one for which the $\mathbb{R}^N$ vector ${\bf x}\equiv (x^j)\ (j=1,.,N)$ of the ``spatial" coordinates remains constant on any orbit $l$. We consider non-vanishing vector fields $v$ that have non-periodic orbits, each of which is a closed set. We prove transversality theorems relevant to such vector fields. Due to these results, it can be considered plausible that, for such a vector field, there exists in the neighborhood of any point $X\in \mathrm{V}$ a chart $\chi $ that is $v$-adapted and ``nice", i.e., such that the mapping $\bar{\chi }: l\mapsto {\bf x}$ is injective --- unless $v$ has some ``pathological" character. This leads us to define a notion of ``normal" vector field. For any such vector field, the mappings $\bar{\chi }$ build an atlas of charts, thus providing $\mathrm{N}_v$ with a canonical structure of differentiable manifold (when the topology defined on $\mathrm{N}_v$ is Hausdorff, for which we give a sufficient condition met in important physical situations). Previously, a local space manifold $\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{F}$ had been associated with any ``reference frame" $\mathrm{F}$, defined as an equivalence class of charts. We show that, if $\mathrm{F}$ is made of nice $v$-adapted charts, $\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{F}$ is naturally identified with an open subset of the global space manifold $\mathrm{N}_v$.
The relationship between protoporphyrin IX photobleaching during real‐time dermatological methyl‐aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT) and subsequent clinical outcome

The relationship between protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photobleaching and cellular damage during aminolevulinic (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been studied at the cellular level. This study assessed the capability of a non‐invasive fluorescence imaging system (Dyaderm, Biocam, Germany), to monitor changes in PpIX during real time methyl‐aminolevulinate (MAL) PDT in dermatological lesions, and thus to act as a predictive tool in terms of observed clinical outcome post‐treatment.
Psychological Correlates of Depressive Symptomology Among High School Students

Conducted studies to identify psychosocial correlates of depressive symptoms among adolescents. Batteries of psychosocial instruments were administered twice to 2000 students in four different high schools one month apart. As with adults, dysphoria was correlated with a wide range of difficulties, with girls reporting significantly more symptoms. From the two self-reports of depression, four groups were formed: high-high, high-low, low-high, and low-low. Girls were disproportionately represented among the high-high group. Some variables were concomitants of dysphoria. Others were more stable characteristics of adolescents either resistant or prone to becoming depressed, or were either risk or protective factors for increased dysphoria.
Efficient and Directive Generation of Two Distinct Endoderm Lineages from Human ESCs and iPSCs by Differentiation Stage-Specific SOX17 Transduction

The establishment of methods for directive differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is important for regenerative medicine. Although Sry-related HMG box 17 (SOX17) overexpression in ESCs leads to differentiation of either extraembryonic or definitive endoderm cells, respectively, the mechanism of these distinct results remains unknown. Therefore, we utilized a transient adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression system to mimic the SOX17 expression pattern of embryogenesis. The number of alpha-fetoprotein-positive extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) cells was increased by transient SOX17 transduction in human ESC- and iPSC-derived primitive endoderm cells. In contrast, the number of hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HEX)-positive definitive endoderm (DE) cells, which correspond to the anterior DE in vivo, was increased by transient adenovirus vector-mediated SOX17 expression in human ESC- and iPSC-derived mesendoderm cells. Moreover, hepatocyte-like cells were efficiently generated by sequential transduction of SOX17 and HEX. Our findings show that a stage-specific transduction of SOX17 in the primitive endoderm or mesendoderm promotes directive ExEn or DE differentiation by SOX17 transduction, respectively.
Whole genome sequencing shows sleeping sickness relapse is due to parasite regrowth and not reinfection

The trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) is a cause of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) endemic to many parts of sub‐Saharan Africa. The disease is almost invariably fatal if untreated and there is no vaccine, which makes monitoring and managing drug resistance highly relevant. A recent study of HAT cases from the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported a high incidence of relapses in patients treated with melarsoprol. Of the 19 Tbg strains isolated from patients enrolled in this study, four pairs were obtained from the same patient before treatment and after relapse. We used whole genome sequencing to investigate whether these patients were infected with a new strain, or if the original strain had regrown to pathogenic levels. Clustering analysis of 5938 single nucleotide polymorphisms supports the hypothesis of regrowth of the original strain, as we found that strains isolated before and after treatment from the same patient were more similar to each other than to other isolates. We also identified 23 novel genes that could affect melarsoprol sensitivity, representing a promising new set of targets for future functional studies. This work exemplifies the utility of using evolutionary approaches to provide novel insights and tools for disease control.
Exploiting multiple levels of parallelism in OpenMP: a case study

Most current shared-memory parallel programming environments are based on thread packages that allow the exploitation of a single level of parallelism. These thread packages do not enable the spawning of new parallelism from a previously activated parallel region. Current initiatives (like OpenMP) include in their definition the exploitation of multiple levels of parallelism through the nesting of parallel constructs. This paper analyzes the requirements towards an efficient multi-level parallelization and reports some conclusions gathered from the experience in the parallelization of two benchmark applications. The underlying system is based on: i) an OpenMP compiler which accepts some extensions to the original definition and ii) a user-level threads library that supports the exploitation of both fine-grain and multi-level parallelism.
Knowtator: A Protégé plug-in for annotated corpus construction

A general-purpose text annotation tool called Knowtator is introduced. Knowtator facilitates the manual creation of annotated corpora that can be used for evaluating or training a variety of natural language processing systems. Building on the strengths of the widely used Protege knowledge representation system, Knowtator has been developed as a Protege plug-in that leverages Protege's knowledge representation capabilities to specify annotation schemas. Knowtator's unique advantage over other annotation tools is the ease with which complex annotation schemas (e.g. schemas which have constrained relationships between annotation types) can be defined and incorporated into use. Knowtator is available under the Mozilla Public License 1.1 at http://bionlp.sourceforge. net/Knowtator.
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin increases the fractional clearance rate of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in miniature pigs.

We have previously shown in vivo that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor atorvastatin decreases hepatic apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion into plasma. To test the hypothesis that atorvastatin modulates exogenous triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism in vivo, an oral fat load (2 g fat/kg body wt) containing retinol (50 000 IU) was given to 6 control miniature pigs and to 6 animals after 28 days of treatment with atorvastatin 3 mg. kg-1. d-1. A multicompartmental model was developed by use of SAAM II and kinetic analysis performed on the plasma retinyl palmitate (RP) data. Peak TRL (d<1.006 g/mL; Sf>20) triglyceride concentrations were decreased 29% by atorvastatin, and the time to achieve this peak was delayed (5.2 versus 2.3 hours; P<0.01). The TRL triglyceride 0- to 12-hour area under the curve was decreased by 24%. In contrast, atorvastatin treatment had no effect on peak TRL RP concentrations, time to peak, or its rate of appearance into plasma; however, the TRL RP 0- to 12-hour area under the curve was decreased by 20%. Analysis of the RP kinetic parameters revealed that the TRL fractional clearance rate was increased significantly, 1.4-fold (3.093 versus 2.276 pools/h; P=0.012), with atorvastatin treatment. The percent conversion of TRL RP from the rapid-turnover to the slow-turnover compartment was decreased by 47% with atorvastatin treatment. The TRL RP fractional clearance rate was negatively correlated with very low density lipoprotein apoB production rate measured in the fasting state (r=-0.49). Thus, although atorvastatin had no effect on intestinal TRL assembly and secretion, plasma TRL clearance was significantly increased, an effect that may relate to a decreased competition for removal processes by hepatic very low density lipoprotein.
Measuring Fiscal Sustainability on the Municipal Level: A German Case Study

The consequences of ageing populations for federal and state fiscal policies are, due to the research efforts of the last two decades, well known. However, it is rather less well known how the municipal level is affected. Therefore, by using a modification of the sustainability definition formulated by Blanchard, Chouraqui, Hagemann, and Sartor (1990) and the concepts of Auerbachs, Kotlikoffs and Gokhales Generational Accounting (1991) we define a new framework focusing on capital stock, financial management and depreciation of municipal assets. This papers purpose is to deliver a concept which is able to provide sound indicators for long-term budgeting by local authorities. We apply this framework to three German cities with different typologies, Munich, Freiburg and Schwabisch Hall.
Khat: pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen

Fresh leaves of the khat tree (Catha edulis Forsk.) are chewed for their euphoric properties in East Africa and parts of the Middle East, such as The Yemen. This review describes the history, cultivation and constituents of khat, and the social aspects of khat chewing in Yemen. The major pharmacologically active constituent of the fresh leaves is (−)‐S‐cathinone. The pharmacology of (−)‐S‐cathinone in the central nervous system and the peripheral effects are described. (−)‐S‐Cathinone is regarded as an amphetamine‐like sympathomimetic amine and this mechanism of action is discussed in relation to the central stimulant actions and the cardiovascular effects of increasing blood pressure and heart rate. The risk factors associated with khat chewing are described, with emphasis on the reported increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed leadership: conceptual confusion and empirical reticence 1

The school leadership field is particularly susceptible to new leadership terms that are temporarily popular, only to be quickly supplemented with more fashionable ideas or theories. The field is replete with different labels for leadership, even though it is clear that leadership does not take on a different meaning simply because a new word is put in front of it. In a recent synthesis of research on the impact of leadership on student learning outcomes the need to be sceptical about the ‘leadership by adjective’ literature was highlighted (Leithwood et al. 2006: 8). Yet this literature continues to flourish and grow. While some of this writing offers interesting, new perspectives on leadership, much of it is not well grounded in research evidence. The empirical base underpinning many of the new ideas or theories in leadership is either weak or non-existent. As a consequence, many contemporary and popular leadership ideas exist without the benefit of any empirical substantiation. Distributed leadership is, without question, the latest fashionable idea to capture the imagination of those in the educational leadership field (Harris 2004a, 2004b, 2005, Spillane 2006). Part of this current popularity stems from the fact that it is able to accommodate a wide variety of interpretations and positions. Its chameleon-like quality makes it appealing to policy-makers, researchers and practitioners alike, even though interpretations of its meaning clearly vary. A recent review of the literature highlighted how different definitions of the term ‘distributed leadership’ has resulted in conceptual ambiguity. Bennett et al. (2003: 4) pointed out that distributed leadership has been used as a synonym for ‘shared, collaborative, facilitative and participative’ leadership. Similarities have also been noted between distributed leadership and democratic leadership (Woods 2004). This accumulation of overlapping concepts has served to obscure the precise meaning of the term, rendering it a catch-all phase for any type of devolved, shared or dispersed leadership practice in schools (Harris 2004a, 2004b). It is an idea so conceptually vast that it is difficult to separate what does and doesn’t constitute distributed leadership (Gronn 2003).
Leptin in pediatrics: A hormone from adipocyte that wheels several functions in children

The protein leptin, a pleiotropic hormone regulates appetite and energy balance of the body and plays important roles in controlling linear growth, pubertal development, cardiovascular function, and immunity. Recent findings in the understanding of the structure, functional roles, and clinical significance of conditions with increased and decreased leptin secretion are summarized. Balance between leptin and other hormones is significantly regulated by nutritional status. This balance influences many organ systems, including the brain, liver, and skeletal muscle, to mediate the essential adaptation process. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible physiological functions of leptin and its signaling pathways during childhood and adolescence including control of food intake, energy regulation, growth and puberty, and immunity. Moreover, its secretion and possible roles in the adaptation process during different disease states (obesity, malnutrition, eating disorders, delayed puberty, congenital heart diseases and hepatic disorders) are discussed. The clinical manifestations and the successful management of patients with genetic leptin deficiency and the application of leptin therapy in other diseases including lipodystrophy, states with severe insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus are discussed.
Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure, a phagocyte recognition signal, on apoptotic T lymphocytes

The appearance of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell surface during apoptosis in thymocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell lines provokes PS-dependent recognition by activated macrophages. Flow cytometric analysis of transbilayer lipid movements in T lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis reveals that downregulation of the adenosine triphosphate- dependent amino-phospholipid translocase and activation of a nonspecific lipid scramblase are responsible for PS reaching the surface from its intracellular location. Both mechanisms are expressed at the same time, and precede DNA degradation, zeiosis, and cell lysis in the apoptotic pathway.
Essential Role of Sugar Transporter OsSWEET11 During the Early Stage of Rice Grain Filling

This study investigated the role of the sugar transporter OsSWEET11 during the early stage of rice caryopsis development using β-glucoronidase (GUS) to represent its expression, together with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated knockout, cross-fertilization and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses. The results showed that OsSWEET11 was expressed strongly in developing caryopsis, particularly in the ovular vascular trace, nucellar epidermis and cross cells. The knockout of OsSWEET11 significantly decreased the sucrose concentration in the mutant embryo sacs and led to defective grain filling compared with that of the wild-type (WT) plant. Moreover, the expression of 2,549 genes in the mutant caryopsis was affected. The grain weight and seed setting percentage were also decreased in the mutants. The cross-fertilization of the mutant and WT rice revealed that the mutated maternal donor induced defective grain filling. These results strongly suggested that OsSWEET11 played an important role in sucrose release from maternal tissue to the maternal-filial interface during the early stage of caryopsis development. It might also induce sucrose release from the ovular vascular trace and cross cells of developing caryopsis. These findings bridge the gap in the understanding of post-phloem sugar transport during the early stage of rice caryopsis development.
In Vivo Potentiostatic Studies at the Electrode Tissue Interface: Filter Properties of the Monophasic Action Potential (Ag/AgCl) Electrode in Living Rat Heart

The monophasic action potential (Franz) catheter is regarded as the criterion standard for high fidelity recording of a class of physiological signals. However, its signal modulation characteristics have never been reported. Broadband impedance spectroscopy was performed in perfused living rat heart in a three‐electrode potentiostatic configuration to determine the filtering characteristics of the MAP and model Ag/AgCl electrode‐tissue interfaces. The filter transfer function H(f) (attenuation [dB] vs log(f) [log(Hz)]) was derived for the frequency range 10 Hz‐106 Hz. As a filter, the MAP interface is characterized by two ranges of filtering behavior. At high frequency the MAP interface is a high‐pass filter with passband frequency 54 kHz‐549 kHz (median 321 kHz) and with —3 dB cutoff points ranging from 10 kHz to 302 kHz. In this high frequency range the transfer function is characterized by decreasing attenuation per decade. However, in the lower frequency range relevant to physiological signals (the monophasic action potential, 0.1‐40 Hz), it is a severely attenuating nondiodic high‐pass filter element with an average attenuation of 16.87 dB relative to passband. In this physiological range, rolloff is nonlinear with increasing attenuation per decade. While the MAP electrode and model Ag/AgCl electrodes are high‐pass filters with robust transfer functions for high frequency signals in the living heart, the attenuation of signals in a frequency range relevant to in vivo physiological recording imparts extreme attenuation that may distort physiological signals unpredictably. This disadvantage may be mitigated by amplitude scaling to a calibrated pure tone signal within the physiological frequency band to recover a reproducible signal.
Challenges of evaluating the information visualisation experience

Information Visualisation (InfoVis) is defined as an interactive visual representation of abstract data. We view the user's interaction with InfoVis tools as an experience which is made up of a set of highly demanding cognitive activities. These activities assist users in making sense and gaining knowledge of the represented domain. Usability studies that involve a task-based analysis and usability questionnaires are not enough to capture such an experience. This paper discusses the challenges involved when it comes to evaluating InfoVis tools by giving an overview of the activities involved in an InfoVis experience and demonstrating how they affect the visualisation process. The argument in this paper is based on our experiences in designing, building and evaluating an academic literature visualisation tool.
[Cognitive and emotional empathy in children with ADHD and conduct disorder].

OBJECTIVES This study assesses the cognitive and emotional empathic competence in groups of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders compared to a nonclinical control group. Subjective and objective diagnostic measures were employed. METHODS A total of 96 boys were tested: 20 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I); 20 with ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-C); 20 with conduct disorder (CD); 36 healthy boys (control group; CG). Mean age was 12.0 years (SD = 2.36). As aspects of cognitive and emotional empathy emotional reactivity, we tested emotion recognition and perspective taking with subjective questionnaires and objective tasks, using as subjective questionnaires the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1983) and the Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA; Bryant, 1982). As objective tasks, we adopted the Empathy Response Task (ERT; Ricard & Kamberk-Kilicci, 1995) and a task measuring emotion recognition according to Buitelaar et al. (1999). RESULTS The CG outperformed participants with ADHD-C and CD in objective tasks assessing perspective taking, particularly when complex tasks were applied as stimuli. Children with ADHD-I showed significantly more emotional empathy than boys with ADHD-C when presented with simple tasks. No group differences were found for emotion recognition and subjective questionnaires. DISCUSSION Deficits in perspective taking and emotional empathy were found for children with ADHD-C and CD, largely in accordance with the literature. Similar to the processing of cognitive information, the processing of emotional information seems to differ in ADHD subtypes. Objective tasks and tasks with a high ecological validity seem suitable for the measurement of empathy.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Labellum and Inner Lateral Petals in Cymbidium ensifolium Flowers

The labellum in orchids shares homology with the inner lateral petals of the flower. The labellum is a modified petal and often distinguished from other petals and sepals due to its large size and irregular shape. Herein, we combined two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) approaches to identify the differentially expressed proteome between labellum and inner lateral petal in one of Orchid species (C. ensifolium). A total of 30 protein spots were identified, which showed more than a two-fold significant difference (p < 0.05) in their expression. Compared with C. ensifolium transcriptome (sequenced in house), 21 proteins matched the translated nucleotide. The proteins identified were classified into 48 categories according to gene ontology (GO). Additionally, these proteins were involved in 18 pathways and 9 possible protein-protein interactions. Serine carboxypeptidase and beta-glucosidase were involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which could regulate biosynthesis of floral scent components. Malate dehydrogenase (maeB) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) in carbon fixation pathway could regulate the energy metabolism. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XET/XTH) could promote cell wall formation and aid the petal’s morphogenesis. The identification of such differentially expressed proteins provides new targets for future studies; these will assess the proteins’ physiological roles and significance in labellum and inner lateral petals.