Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using computer-extracted image features for modeling of error-making patterns in detection of mammographic masses among radiology residents.

PURPOSE Mammography is the most widely accepted and utilized screening modality for early breast cancer detection. Providing high quality mammography education to radiology trainees is essential, since excellent interpretation skills are needed to ensure the highest benefit of screening mammography for patients. The authors have previously proposed a computer-aided education system based on trainee models. Those models relate human-assessed image characteristics to trainee error. In this study, the authors propose to build trainee models that utilize features automatically extracted from images using computer vision algorithms to predict likelihood of missing each mass by the trainee. This computer vision-based approach to trainee modeling will allow for automatically searching large databases of mammograms in order to identify challenging cases for each trainee. METHODS The authors' algorithm for predicting the likelihood of missing a mass consists of three steps. First, a mammogram is segmented into air, pectoral muscle, fatty tissue, dense tissue, and mass using automated segmentation algorithms. Second, 43 features are extracted using computer vision algorithms for each abnormality identified by experts. Third, error-making models (classifiers) are applied to predict the likelihood of trainees missing the abnormality based on the extracted features. The models are developed individually for each trainee using his/her previous reading data. The authors evaluated the predictive performance of the proposed algorithm using data from a reader study in which 10 subjects (7 residents and 3 novices) and 3 experts read 100 mammographic cases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methodology was applied for the evaluation. RESULTS The average area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the error-making models for the task of predicting which masses will be detected and which will be missed was 0.607 (95% CI,0.564-0.650). This value was statistically significantly different from 0.5 (p<0.0001). For the 7 residents only, the AUC performance of the models was 0.590 (95% CI,0.537-0.642) and was also significantly higher than 0.5 (p=0.0009). Therefore, generally the authors' models were able to predict which masses were detected and which were missed better than chance. CONCLUSIONS The authors proposed an algorithm that was able to predict which masses will be detected and which will be missed by each individual trainee. This confirms existence of error-making patterns in the detection of masses among radiology trainees. Furthermore, the proposed methodology will allow for the optimized selection of difficult cases for the trainees in an automatic and efficient manner.
Paraoxonases-2 and -3 Are Important Defense Enzymes against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factors due to Their Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

The pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes serious damage in immunocompromised patients by secretion of various virulence factors, among them the quorum sensing N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3OC12) and the redox-active pyocyanin (PCN). Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) may protect against P. aeruginosa infections, as it efficiently inactivates 3OC12 and diminishes PCN-induced oxidative stress. This defense could be circumvented because 3OC12 mediates intracellular Ca2+-rise in host cells, which causes rapid inactivation and degradation of PON2. Importantly, we recently found that the PON2 paralogue PON3 prevents mitochondrial radical formation. Here we investigated its role as additional potential defense mechanism against P. aeruginosa infections. Our studies demonstrate that PON3 diminished PCN-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, it showed clear anti-inflammatory potential by protecting against NF-κB activation and IL-8 release. The latter similarly applied to PON2. Furthermore, we observed a Ca2+-mediated inactivation and degradation of PON3, again in accordance with previous findings for PON2. Our results suggest that the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions of PON2 and PON3 are an important part of our innate defense system against P. aeruginosa infections. Furthermore, we conclude that P. aeruginosa circumvents PON3 protection by the same pathway as for PON2. This may help identifying underlying mechanisms in order to sustain the protection afforded by these enzymes.
A Bayesian reconstruction method for micro‐rotation imaging in light microscopy

The authors present a three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction algorithm and reconstruction‐based deblurring method for light microscopy using a micro‐rotation device. In contrast to conventional 3D optical imaging where the focal plane is shifted along the optical axis, micro‐rotation imaging employs dielectric fields to rotate the object inside a fixed optical set‐up. To address this entirely new 3D‐imaging modality, the authors present a reconstruction algorithm based on Bayesian inversion theory and use the total variation function as a structure prior. The spectral properties of the reconstruction by simulations that illustrate the strengths and the weaknesses of the micro‐rotation approach, compared with conventional 3D optical imaging, were studied. The reconstruction from real data sets shows that this method is promising for 3D reconstruction and offers itself as a deblurring method using a reconstruction‐based procedure for removing out‐of‐focus light from the micro‐rotation image series. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A hands-on assessment of transport protocols with lower than best effort priority

Last year, the official BitTorrent client switched to LEDBAT, a new congestion control algorithm targeting a lower-than Best Effort transport service. In this paper, we study this new protocol through packet-level simulations, with a special focus on a performance comparison with other lower-than Best Effort protocols such as TCP-LP and TCP-NICE: our aim is indeed to quantify and relatively weight the level of Low-priority provided by such protocols. Our results show that LEDBAT transport generally achieves the lowest possible level of priority, with the default configurations of TCP-NICE and TCP-LP representing increasing levels of aggressiveness. In addition, we perform a careful sensitivity analysis of LEDBAT performance, by tuning its main parameters in both an inter-protocol (against TCP) and intra-protocol (against LEDBAT itself) scenarios. In the inter-protocol case, even in case of misconfiguration LEDBAT competes as aggressively as TCP, but we show that it is not possible to achieve an arbitrary level of low-priority by merely tuning its parameters. In the intra-protocol case, we show that coexistence of legacy flows with slightly dissimilar settings, or experiencing different network conditions, can result in significant unfairness.
Supersymmetric Defect Expansion in CFT from AdS Supertubes

The AdS/dCFT correspondence is used to show that a planar q-dimensional superconformal CFT defect expands, under the addition of electric charge and angular momentum, to a supersymmetric higher-dimensional defect of geometry q × , where is an arbitrary curve. The dual string theory process is the expansion of D-branes and fundamental strings into a supertube in an AdS background.
Stroke: Highlights of Selected Articles

The reported long-term risk of dementia after an ischemic stroke is substantial, but there is less available data on the risk of dementia after hemorrhagic strokes. Corraini and colleagues sought to clarify the burden of poststroke dementia in different stroke types. They conducted a population-based matched cohort study in Denmark using national medical databases. They included all citizens aged ≥18 years, and who had 3-month survival of a first time inpatient stroke from 1982 to 2013. Patients with previous dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or amnestic syndrome were excluded. Using data from the universal Danish healthcare system, information was collected on all national hospital admissions, neuroimaging, and psychiatric admissions. An ageand sex-matched control cohort was selected. The study outcome was incident all-cause inpatient or outpatient dementia diagnoses. The stroke cohort included 215 118 eligible patients with median age of 72 years. A total of 84 220 had ischemic stroke, 16 723 had intracranial hemorrhage, 9872 had subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 104 303 had strokes of unspecified type. The general population comparison cohort included 1 075 588 individuals. The 30-year absolute risk of dementia among stroke survivors was 11.5% (95% confidence interval, 11.2%–11.7%). Stroke survivors had a 1.80 (95% confidence interval, 1.77–1.84) increased risk of dementia when compared with controls. The relative risk was higher during the first year after stroke. The incidence of dementia increased with increasing age at the time of the incident stroke, but the relative risk was higher for younger patients at the time of the event. The 30-year risk (95% confidence interval) of dementia was 11.8% (11.4%–12.2%) for ischemic stroke, 13.3% (12.5%–14.1%) for intracranial hemorrhage, and 11.6% (10.3%– 13.0%) for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hemorrhagic stroke survivors had higher relative risks of dementia than ischemic stroke survivors. The authors conclude that stroke increases the long-term risk of dementia appreciably, especially for sufferers of intracranial hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This was especially important for young stroke survivors, in whom the societal burden of dementia is particularly high. See p 180.
Chemical variations and genetic relationships between the Hess and Foy offset dikes at the Sudbury impact structure

Offset dikes are found concentrically around—and extending radially outward from—the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC), which represents an ~3 km thick differentiated impact melt sheet. The dikes are typically composed of an inclusion‐rich, so‐called quartz diorite (IQD) in the center of the dike, and an inclusion‐poor quartz diorite (QD) along the margins of the dike. New exposures of the intersection between the concentric Hess and radial Foy offset dikes provide an excellent opportunity to understand the relationship between the radial and concentric offset dikes and their internal phases. The goal was to constrain the timing of the dike emplacements relative to the impact and formation of the SIC. Results herein suggest that (1) the timing between the emplacement of the QD and IQD melts was geologically short, (2) the Hess and Foy dikes coexisted as melts at the same time and the intersection between them represents a mixture of the two, (3) the Foy dike has a slightly more evolved chemical composition than the Hess dike, and (4) the IQD melt from the Foy dike underwent some degree of chemical fractionation after its initial emplacement.
Contextual Person Identification in Multimedia Data

Automatic tracking and identification of faces and persons are essential tasks in many video analysis systems, for example to automatically generate meta data or as basis for higher level applications. In many cases, identification is based on a single modality such as faces. In this work, we propose methods to improve person identification by integration of multiple cues including multiple modalities and contextual information. We motivate and evaluate our proposed methods in the context of multimedia data, specifically TV series. Despite its usually high resolution, multimedia data presents many challenges. For example, camera views change constantly at shot boundaries, the camera position is generally unknown and image conditions and poses of faces and poses can change rapidly due to the underlying plot. Since we make only few assumptions about the underlying data, our methods are applicable to other domains as well, for example in the area of safety and security. Before we can identify a face, it has to be localized in the image first. In videos we can further associate localizations over time to consecutive face tracks. Face tracks can then be identified jointly and errors in single frames (e.g., due to noise in the data or imprecise localization) can be mitigated, improving overall identification accuracy. In this work, we propose a detector-based face tracking approach based on a large bank of detectors which cover a range of head poses. We integrate the detectors in a particle filter such that these can be used efficiently, i.e. only one detector out of 49 is evaluated for each particle. We evaluate our approach on a data set of two TV series, which we annotated with ground truth face positions. The data set contains over 100 000 annotated faces and is one of the largest public data sets available for the evaluation of face tracking. With our proposed tracking approach we achieve an improvement of 0.15 in Multiple Object
Enhancement of PM2.5 Concentrations by Aerosol‐Meteorology Interactions Over China

Aerosol‐meteorology interactions can change surface aerosol concentrations via different mechanisms such as altering radiation budget or cloud microphysics. However, few studies investigated the impacts of different mechanisms on temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations over China. Here we used the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model with online chemistry (WRF‐Chem) to quantify the enhancement of PM2.5 concentrations by aerosol‐meteorology feedback in China in 2014 for different seasons and separate the relative impacts of aerosol radiation interactions (ARIs) and aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACIs). We found that ARIs and ACIs could increase population‐weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentration over China by 4.0 μg/m3 and 1.6 μg/m3, respectively. We found that ARIs play a dominant role in aerosol‐meteorology interactions in winter, while the enhancement of PM2.5 concentration by ARIs and ACIs is comparable in other three seasons. ARIs reduced the wintertime monthly mean wind speed and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height by up to 0.1 m/s and 160 m, respectively, but increased the relative humidity by up to 4%, leading to accumulation of pollutants within PBL. Also, ARIs reduced dry deposition velocity of aerosols by up to 20%, resulting in an increase in PM2.5 lifetime and concentrations. ARIs can increase wintertime monthly mean surface PM2.5 concentration by a maximum of 30 μg/m3 in Sichuan Basin. ACIs can also increase PM2.5 concentration with more significant impacts in wet seasons via reduced wet scavenging and enhanced in‐cloud chemistry. Dominant processes in PM2.5 enhancement are also clarified in different seasons. Results show that physical process is more important than chemical processes in winter in ARIs, while chemical process of secondary inorganic aerosols production may be crucial in wet seasons via ACIs.
Kinship verification in the wild: The first kinship verification competition

Kinship verification from facial images in wild conditions is a relatively new and challenging problem in face analysis. Several datasets and algorithms have been proposed in recent years. However, most existing datasets are of small sizes and one standard evaluation protocol is still lack so that it is difficult to compare the performance of different kinship verification methods. In this paper, we present the Kinship Verification in the Wild Competition: the first kinship verification competition which is held in conjunction with the International Joint Conference on Biometrics 2014, Clearwater, Florida, USA. The key goal of this competition is to compare the performance of different methods on a new-collected dataset with the same evaluation protocol and develop the first standardized benchmark for kinship verification in the wild.
Non-Coherent Direction of Arrival Estimation from Magnitude-Only Measurements

We consider the classical Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation problem in the presence of random sensor phase errors are present at each sensor. To eliminate the effect of these phase errors, we propose a DOA recovery technique that relies only on magnitude measurements. This approach is inspired by phase retrieval for applications in other fields. Ambiguities typically associated with phase retrieval methods are resolved by introducing reference targets with known DOA. The DOA estimation problem is formulated as a nonlinear optimization in a sparse framework, and is solved by the recently proposed GESPAR algorithm modified to accommodate multiple snapshots. Numerical results demonstrate good DOA estimation performance. For example, the probability of error in locating a single target within 2 degrees is less than 0.1 for SNR ≥ 15 dB and one snapshot, and negligible for SNR ≥ 10 dB and five snapshots.
Energy losses in digital CMOS integrated circuits: State-of-the-art and future trends

This paper is devoted to investigations into static and dynamic energy consumption of digital CMOS VLSI systems. The analyses are performed for currently available technologies as well as the predictive ones and cover technologies from 32 nm to 3 mum. Next, the formula that describes the ratio of static versus dynamic parts of energy consumption is proposed and further analyses for technology scaling down to 10 nm are carried out.
Decreased Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in CX3CR1/Apolipoprotein E Double Knockout Mice

Background—Fractalkine (CX3CL1), a CX3C chemokine, is expressed in the vessel wall and mediates the firm adhesion and chemotaxis of leukocytes expressing its receptor, CX3CR1. A polymorphism in the CX3CR1 gene is associated with low CX3CR1 expression and reduced risk of acute coronary disease in humans. Methods and Results—We generated CX3CR1-deficient mice (CX3CR1−/−) by targeted gene disruption and crossed them with the proatherogenic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE−/−). Here we show that the extent of lipid-stained lesions in the thoracic aorta was reduced by 59% in CX3CR1/apoE double knockout mice compared with their CX3CR1+/+/apoE−/− littermates. The development of atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus was also markedly altered in the double knockout mice, with 50% reduction in macrophage accumulation. Although lesions of CX3CR1−/− mice were smaller in size, they retained a substantial accumulation of smooth muscle cells and collagen, features consistent with a stable plaque phenotype. Finally, CX3CR1+/−/apoE−/− mice showed the same reduction in atherosclerosis as the CX3CR1−/−/apoE−/− mice. Conclusions—The CX3CR1-CX3CL1 pathway seems to play a direct and critical role in monocyte recruitment and atherosclerotic lesion development in a mouse model of human atherosclerosis.
Physical and biochemical research of oligonucleotides influence on HPV 16 DNA transcription and replication

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are natural plant steroidal compounds that promote growth and affect a broad spectrum of physiological responses at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. The effect of 24-epibrassinolide (epiBL; 10–15–10–6 M) on growth and levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars and protein in Wolffia arrhiza after 7 days of cultivation is reported. Application of epiBL (10–12–10–7 M) to W. arrhiza cultures stimulates the growth and increases the content of photosynthetic pigments, sugar and protein. The greatest effect of epiBL is observed at a concentration of 10–9 M. At concentrations below 10–13 M, epiBL had no influence on the growth of W. arrhiza. Thus, there are two types of response to epiBL in a dose-dependent fashion. One is the stimulation of growth, where stimulation is directly related to epiBL concentration (10–12–10–7 M). The second response to epiBL is toxicity of the cultures (≥10–5 M). In general, the stimulatory effect of epiBL was characterized by little activity on the growth and biochemical changes in W. arrhiza cultures. However, knowledge of the role played by BRs in W. arrhiza is still fragmentary but the above results suggest that BRs are importantly involved in regulation of many processes in this plant. The further studies are required to explain unclear the mechanism of BR action in W. arrhiza.
GreenLoc: An energy efficient architecture for WiFi-based indoor localization on mobile phones

With the ubiquity of WiFi-enabled smartphones, and large-scale access point deployment, WiFi-based localization is one of the most promising indoor localization systems. Existing WiFi localization solutions, however, exhibit high power demand due to the periodic updates required, which raises the barrier for deployment on mobile devices since battery life is a crucial resource. In this paper, we present an energy efficient architecture, GreenLoc, that leverages the numerous sensors existing on mobile devices, along with typical group mobility patterns, in order to lower the average energy cost for indoor localization. We also propose a cluster-based localization algorithm, integrate it with our GreenLoc architecture, and evaluate its performance via simulation and prototype implementation. Our results show up to 60% reduction in average energy consumed with a small penalty in accuracy that does not impact the performance of the range of applications we target.
Room Equalization Based on Iterative Simple Complex Smoothing of Acoustic Impulse Responses

This paper presents a room equalization method based on iterative simple complex smoothing of measured acoustic impulse responses. This is useful in cases of long duration impulse responses. Corresponding time reduced impulse responses are derived which conform to perceptual principles. The smoothed impulse responses are then used to design equalization filters. Results from an audio-conferencing reverberant room using objective and subjective tests show that we can improve the measured and perceived quality of audio reproduction
Modulation of Polyamine Biosynthesis in Transformed Tobacco Plants by Targeting Ornithine Decarboxylase to an Atypical Subcellular Compartment

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the direct decarboxylation of L-ornithine to putrescine, one of the rate-limiting steps of polyamine biosynthesis in plants. We targeted recombinant human ODC to the cytosol and apoplast of transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants, and evaluated the impact of subcellular com- partmentalization on the accumulation of the enzyme and its corresponding metabolic product. Immunoblot analysis showed that human ODC accumulated to high levels in both the cytosol and apoplast of transiently transformed tobacco leaves. In stably transformed tobacco plants with ODC targeted to the apoplast, enzyme activity increased by up to 32- fold (P < 0.001) and putrescine levels increased by up to 8.5-fold (P < 0.05) compared to wild type plants. These results demonstrate that the subcellular targeting of polyamine pathway enzymes may provide a useful strategy to enhance the accumulation and activity of enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis and may increase metabolic flux toward desired end products.