Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DDoS Detection and Traceback with Decision Tree and Grey Relational Analysis

As modern life becomes increasingly closely bound to the Internet, network security becomes increasingly important. Like it or not, we all live under the shadow of network threats. The threats could cause leakage of privacy and/or economic loss. Among network attacks, the DDoS (distributed denial-of-service) attack is one of the most frequent and serious. In a DDoS attack, an attacker first breaks into many innocent computers (called zombies) by taking advantages of known or unknown bugs and vulnerabilities in the software. Then the attacker sends a large number of packets from these already-captured zombies to a server. These packets either occupy a major portion of the server's network bandwidth or they consume much of the server's time. The server is then prevented from conducting normal business operations.In order to mitigate the DDoS threat, we design a system to detect DDoS attacks based on a decision-tree technique and, after detecting an attack, to trace back to the approximate locations of the attacker with a traffic-flow pattern-matching technique. We conduct our experiment on the DETER system. According to our experiment results, our system could detect the DDoS attack with the false positive ratio about 1.2% - 2.4%, false negative ratio about 2% - 10% with different kind of attack, attack sending rate and find the attack path in trace back with the false negative rate 8% - 12% and false positive rate 12% - 14%.
Asset mispricing, arbitrage, and volatility

Market efficiency remains a contentious topic among financial economists. The theoretical case for efficient markets rests on the notion of risk-free, cost-free arbitrage. In real markets, however, arbitrage is not risk-free or cost-free. In addition, the number of informed arbitrageurs and the supply of financial resources they have to invest in arbitrage strategies is limited. This article builds on an important recent model of arbitrage by professional traders who need—but lack—wealth of their own to trade. Professional abitrageurs must convince wealthy but uninformed investors to entrust them with investment capital in order to exploit mispricing and push market prices back toward intrinsic value. The authors introduce an objective function for the arbitrageur that resembles real-world contracts. Also, the authors calibrate the objective function to show that arbitrage generally has a price-stabilizing influence and reduces volatility in asset returns.
Kernel-based memory simulation (extended abstract)

To overcome the limitations of trace-driven simulation, we have developed an alternative approach in which memory simulators run in an active operating system kernel. This method, called kernel-based memory simulation, allows us to account for all system activity, including multiple process and kernel interactions. Further, by using privileged machine operations to cause traps into the simulator only when a miss in a simulated memory structure occurs, a kernel-based simulator is able to process hits at the full speed of the underlying host hardware.
Hybrid User-level Sandboxing of Third-party Android Apps

Users of Android phones increasingly entrust personal information to third-party apps. However, recent studies reveal that many apps, even benign ones, could leak sensitive information without user awareness or consent. Previous solutions either require to modify the Android framework thus significantly impairing their practical deployment, or could be easily defeated by malicious apps using a native library. In this paper, we propose AppCage, a system that thoroughly confines the run-time behavior of third-party Android apps without requiring framework modifications or root privilege. AppCage leverages two complimentary user-level sandboxes to interpose and regulate an app's access to sensitive APIs. Specifically, dex sandbox hooks into the app's Dalvik virtual machine instance and redirects each sensitive framework API to a proxy which strictly enforces the user-defined policies, and native sandbox leverages software fault isolation to prevent the app's native libraries from directly accessing the protected APIs or subverting the dex sandbox. We have implemented a prototype of AppCage. Our evaluation shows that AppCage can successfully detect and block attempts to leak private information by third-party apps, and the performance overhead caused by AppCage is negligible for apps without native libraries and minor for apps with them.
A NALYSIS OF P HOTOVOLTAIC C ELLS WITH C LOSED L OOP B OOST C ONVERTER

The Conventional sources of energy are rapidly depleting and cost of power has been escalating day by day. Thus an alternative renewable source of energy has become a vital necessity. Photovoltaic system is one of the most promising renewable sources of energy. Its ability to produce power by directly converting solar energy has led to tremendous surge in its demand. The output power generated by it is very less but can be increased by interfacing it with boost converter. Therefore we have proposed a model of Photovoltaic array interfaced with closed loop dc-dc boost converter which considerably steps up the output voltage which could meet the demand of power. In this paper the various characteristics of PV cells and design parameters of boost converter have been discussed in detail. The results and graphs of simulink and hardware model have been compared and discussed.
A methodology for software cost estimation

Software Cost Estimation is an empirical process to be applied to find out basically the effort and development time requirements for the software product which is going to be developed. The process starts with the planning phase activities and refined throughout the development. It is very important for managing and scheduling the software project. Various cost estimation methods are available to be used for software development process. Depending on the size of the software, a macro (for the information systems requiring more than 30 man years to develop) or a micro cost model can be used for estimation. The paper discusses available work on the cost estimation methods and proposes a methodological view in cost estimation. Basically, the methodology involves; how to combine available cost estimation techniques to have better estimation and, how to apply the methodology through software development. In the application of the cost estimation techniques, SD (Structured Development/Design) methodology is assumed as applied during the development. Some of the observations in the experiments are also given in the paper.
Historical Implications of the Black Civil Rights Movement Prior to the Brown Decision on Legislation for the Disabled

HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT PRIOR TO THE BROWN DECISION ON LEGISLATION FOR THE DISABLED Robert Michael Thomas, B.A., M.S. Marquette University, 2011 Black children achieved equal protection rights to attend K-12 public schools following the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court holding in 1954. Scholars claimed Brown was a catalyst for admittance of disabled students as well. They believed tactics of the Black Civil Rights Movement influenced advocates of disabled students during the Civil Rights Era (1954-68). Scholars assumed race and minority status were key to obtaining due process legislation for the disabled in the 1970’s. An historical analysis of primary sources including court cases, Congressional testimony, biographical and personal statements of disabled individuals, and secondary sources of authors and journal writers revealed the Disability Rights Movement was influenced more by Supreme Court cases during 1948-50 than by the Brown decision. These cases emphasized individuality and the value of personal equal protection rights over race, group consciousness, and minority status. The study reveals how revisiting the relationship between the pre-Brown activity around equal protection and the passage of due process rights legislation for the disabled changes the way scholars must now view special education.
Symmetry and reversibility of martensitic transformations

on the basis of the change in crystal symmetry during the transition. In particular, we show that martensitic transformations fall into two categories. In one case the energy barrier to plastic deformation (via lattice-invariant shears, as in twinning or slip) is no higher than the barrier to the phase change itself. These transformations are therefore irreversible, as observed in steels. In the other case, the energy barrier to lattice-invariant shears can be much higher than that pertaining to the phase change. Consequently, transformations of this type can occur with virtually no plasticity and can be reversible, as for shape-memory alloys. Martensitic transformations are at the basis of numerous technological applications. Most notable amongst these is in steel, where the transformation induced by quenching (fast cooling) is exploited for enhancing the alloy’s strength 1 . Another is the fascinating shape-memory eect
Chapter: Learning and Retention

Learning and retention are important for design. Learning provides performance improvements, sometimes dramatic improvements with practice on a task or with an interface. These improvements can make designs that appear too slow on first use to become more usable and remove errors in performance. Learning, the rate at which it occurs, the stages of learning, how to predict it, and when learning transfers are all important aspects of human behavior for design. Retention is also important. The retention curve is similar to the learning curve in that dramatic skill loss is possible with the passage of time, which can be dangerous. The knowledge we have about learning and retention yields numerous suggestions for system design, including how to evaluate interfaces (with trained or novice testers), how and how often to train (to retain declarative knowledge and to create proceduralized knowledge where possible), and how to present information (so that it can be learned).
HOMOLOGY 3-SPHERES IN CODIMENSION THREE

For smooth embeddings of an integral homology 3-sphere in the 6-sphere, we define an integer invariant in terms of their Seifert surfaces. Our invariant gives a bijection between the set of smooth isotopy classes of such embeddings and the integers. It also gives rise to a complete invariant for homology bordism classes of all embeddings of homology 3-spheres in the 6-sphere. As a consequence, we show that two embeddings of an oriented integral homology 3-sphere in the 6-sphere are isotopic if and only if they are homology bordant. We also relate our invariant to the Rohlin invariant and accordingly characterize those embeddings which are compressible into the 5-sphere.
A Block-wise-based Fragile Watermarking Hybrid Approach using Rough Sets and Exponential Particle Swarm Optimization

In this paper, we propose a fragile watermarking hybrid approach using rough set kmeans and exponential particle swarm optimization (EPSO) systems. It is based on a block-wise dependency mechanism which can detect any alterations made to the protected image. Initially, the input image is divided into blocks with equal size in order to improve image tamper localization precision. Then feature sequence is generated by applying rough k-means and EPSO clustering to create the relationship between all image blocks and cluster all of them since EPSO is used to optimize the parameters of rough k-means. Both feature sequence and generated secret key are used to construct the authentication data. Each resultant 8-bit authentication data is embedded into the eight least significant bits (LSBs) of the corresponding image block. We gives experimental results which show the feasibility of using these optimization algorithms for the fragile watermarking and demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed approach. The performance comparison of the approach was also realized. The performance of a fragile watermarking approach has been improved in this paper by using exponential particle swarm optimization (EPSO) to optimize the rough kmean parameters. The proposed approach can embed watermark without causing noticeable visual artifacts, and does not only achieve superior tamper detection in images accurately, it also recovers tampered regions eectively. In addition, the results show that the proposed approach can eectively thwart dierent attacks, such as the cut-and paste attack and collage
An Alldiﬀerent Constraint Solver in SMT

The ﬁnite domain alldifferent constraint, requiring that all given variables have diﬀerent values, is one of the fundamental global constraints in constraint programming (CP). Many ﬁltering algorithms for alldifferent have been developed and successfully used in CP. Combining these with state-of-the-art SAT solvers is a promising research direction. Support for alldifferent within SMT solvers can make them suitable for solving constraint satisfaction and optimization problems. We formulate alldifferent as a ﬁrst order theory and describe a DPLL( T ) solver for it. The solver relies on R´egin’s ﬁltering algorithm but introduces a novel algorithm for explaining propagations and conﬂicts. A prototype implementation has been made and tested on large Sudoku instances with encouraging preliminary results.
1‐factorization of regular graphs by colour exchange

We present a new general theory that deals with the problem of determining a 1‐factorization of a graph using only the elementary technique of colour exchange. Our work is inspired by an old question of Vizing, who in [Cybernetics 3 (1965) 32–41] asked whether an optimal edge colouring of any multigraph G can always be obtained from an arbitrary edge colouring of G by repeatedly exchanging colours along bicoloured chains and suppressing empty colour classes. We conjecture that the answer to Vizing's question is affirmative. We apply our theory to the class of regular graphs of even order at most 10, proving the validity of this conjecture for this class of graphs. This yields an algorithm for finding a 1‐factorization of any 1‐factorizable graph of order at most 10. We also formulate two (stronger) conjectures and prove that they hold for the same class of graphs. Our method can be extended to graphs of larger order and to non‐regular graphs or multigraphs.
The Inhibition of RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis through the Suppression of p38 Signaling Pathway by Naringenin and Attenuation of Titanium-Particle-Induced Osteolysis

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of naringenin on osteoclastogenesis and titanium particle-induced osteolysis. Osteolysis from wear-induced particles and aseptic loosening are the most frequent late complications of total joint arthroplasty leading to revision of the prosthesis. Osteolysis during aseptic loosening is most likely due to increased bone resorption by osteoclasts. Through in vitro studies, we demonstrated that naringenin, a naturally occurring flavanone in grapefruit and tomatoes, exerts potent inhibitory effects on the ligand of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and revealed that the mechanism of action of naringenin, which inhibited osteoclastogenesis by suppression of the p38 signaling pathway. Through in vivo studies, we proved that naringenin attenuated titanium particle-induced osteolysis in a mouse calvarial model. In general, we demonstrated that naringenin inhibited osteoclastogenesis via suppression of p38 signaling in vitro and attenuated titanium particle-induced osteolysis in vivo. This study also suggested that naringenin has significant potential for the treatment of osteolysis-related diseases caused by excessive osteoclast formation and activity.
Classifier Ensembles with the Extended Space Forest

The extended space forest is a new method for decision tree construction in which training is done with input vectors including all the original features and their random combinations. The combinations are generated with a difference operator applied to random pairs of original features. The experimental results show that extended space versions of ensemble algorithms have better performance than the original ensemble algorithms. To investigate the success dynamics of the extended space forest, the individual accuracy and diversity creation powers of ensemble algorithms are compared. The Extended Space Forest creates more diversity when it uses all the input features than Bagging and Rotation Forest. It also results in more individual accuracy when it uses random selection of the features than Random Subspace and Random Forest methods. It needs more training time because of using more features than the original algorithms. But its testing time is lower than the others because it generates less complex base learners.
Effect of Dietary Fibers on Cecal Microbiota and Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Azoxymethane Treated A/J Min/+ Mice

Foods naturally high in dietary fiber are generally considered to protect against development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the intrinsic effect of dietary fiber on intestinal carcinogenesis is unclear. We used azoxymethane (AOM) treated A/J Min/+ mice, which developed a significantly higher tumor load in the colon than in the small intestine, to compare the effects of dietary inulin (IN), cellulose (CE) or brewers spent grain (BSG) on intestinal tumorigenesis and cecal microbiota. Each fiber was tested at two dose levels, 5% and 15% (w/w) content of the AIN-93M diet. The microbiota was investigated by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V4). We found that mice fed IN had approximately 50% lower colonic tumor load than mice fed CE or BSG (p<0.001). Surprisingly, all three types of fiber caused a dose dependent increase of colonic tumor load (p<0.001). The small intestinal tumor load was not affected by the dietary fiber interventions. Mice fed IN had a lower bacterial diversity than mice fed CE or BSG. The Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was significantly (p = 0.003) different between the three fiber diets with a higher mean value in IN fed mice compared with BSG and CE. We also found a relation between microbiota and the colonic tumor load, where many of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) related to low tumor load were significantly enriched in mice fed IN. Among the OTUs related to low tumor load were bacteria affiliated with the Bacteroides genus. These results suggest that type of dietary fiber may play a role in the development of CRC, and that the suppressive effect of IN on colonic tumorigenesis is associated with profound changes in the cecal microbiota profile.
Towards Empowered Design

Introduction This paper examines the way in which one can best design digital technology for the developing world. We start out by examining technology-driven design, such as is used in developed ‘western’ economies, where new technologies are created at an ever increasing pace. From there we look at sustainable design, wherein we work with the existing infrastructure and create solutions for that infrastructure without having to introduce new technology. Finally, we examine what we term ‘empowered design’ whereby technology is created that can be modified and adapted by the end user. It is this final paradigm that we see as being the solution for the creation of appropriate ICTs in developing countries.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Male Reproductive System in Rats

There has been no study reporting on the influence of sleep deprivation on the male reproductive system including sperm quality. In this study, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation could lead to adverse effect on the male reproductive system. The rats were divided into three groups: 1) control (home-cage, n = 10); 2) SD4 (sleep deprivation for 4 days, n = 10); and 3) SD7 (sleep deprivation for 7 days, n = 10). Sleep deprivation was performed by a modified multiple platform method. Sperm quality (sperm motion parameters and counts), hormone levels (corticosterone and testosterone), and the histopathology of testis were evaluated and compared between the three groups. A statistically significant reduction (P = 0.018) was observed in sperm motility in the SD7 group compared to those of the control group. However, there were no significant differences in other sperm motion parameters, or in sperm counts of the testis and cauda epididymis between three groups. Compared with the control group, the SD4 (P = 0.033) and SD7 (P = 0.002) groups exhibited significant increases of corticosterone levels, but significant decreases of testosterone levels were found in the SD4 (P = 0.001) and SD7 (P < 0.001) groups. Seminiferous tubular atrophy and/or spermatid retention was partially observed in the SD4 and SD7 groups, compared with the normal histopathology of the control group. Sleep deprivation may have an adverse effect on the male reproductive system in rats.
NMR multiple quantum coherences in quasi-one-dimensional spin systems: Comparison with ideal spin-chain dynamics

The 19 F spins in a crystal of fluorapatite have often been used to experimentally approximate a onedimensional spin system. Under suitable multipulse control, the nuclear-spin dynamics may be modeled to first approximation by a double-quantum one-dimensional Hamiltonian, which is analytically solvable for nearestneighbor couplings. Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to investigate the multiple quantum coherence dynamics of fluorapatite, with an emphasis on understanding the region of validity for such a simplified picture. Using experimental, numerical, and analytical methods, we explore the effects of longrange intrachain couplings, cross-chain couplings, as well as couplings to a spin environment, all of which tend to damp the oscillations of the multiple quantum coherence signal at sufficiently long times. Our analysis characterizes the extent to which fluorapatite can faithfully simulate a one-dimensional quantum wire.
Extending the Italian WordNet with the Specialized Language of the Maritime Domain

In this paper we describe the creation, we are carrying out of a special- ized lexicon belonging to the maritime domain (including the technical and commer- cial/maritime transport domain) and the link of this lexicon to the generic one of the ItalWordNet lexical database. The main characteristics of the lexical semantic database and the specic features of the specialized language are described together with the coding performed according to the ItalWordNet semantic relations model and the ap- proach adopted to connect the terminological database to the generic one. Some of the problems encountered and a few expected advantages are also considered.