Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic environmental modelling in GIS: 2. Modelling error propagation

Environmental modelling languages provide the possibility to construct models in two or three spatial dimensions. These models can be static models, without a time component, or dynamic models. Dynamic models are simulations run forward in time, where the state of the model at time t is defined as a function of its state in a period or time step preceding t. Since inputs and parameters of environmental models are associated with errors, environmental modelling languages need to provide techniques to calculate how these errors propagate to the output(s) of the model. Since these techniques are not yet available, the paper describes concepts for extending an environmental‐modelling language with functionality for error‐propagation modelling. The approach models errors in inputs and parameters as stochastic variables, while the error in the model outputs is approximated with a Monte Carlo simulation. A modelling language is proposed which combines standard functions in a structured script (program) for building environmental models, and calculation of error propagation in these models. A prototype implementation of the language is used in three example models to illustrate the concepts.
QUALITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGY, RETURNS TO PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

We incorporate a production technology that exhibits increasing returns to scale for small values of the capital stock and diminishing returns for the higher stocks at the firm level in a discrete-time version of Romer's endogenous growth model. We study the social planner's problem where the social production technology exhibits globally increasing returns to scale. The properties of the optimal paths are characterized. It is proved that for a given quality of knowledge technology, the countries can take off if their initial stock of capital is above a critical value. We analyze the effect of three factors on the critical value: initial knowledge, quality of knowledge technology, and level of fixed costs associated with production.
Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders - a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research.

BACKGROUND Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders with a complex etiology involving transactions among sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences. Most research and reviews, however, focus on only one level of analysis. To address this gap, we provide a qualitative review and summary using an integrative biopsychosocial approach. METHODS We selected variables for which there were available data using integrative methodologies (e.g., twin studies, gene-environment interactions) and/or data at the biological and behavioral level (e.g., neuroimaging). Factors that met these inclusion criteria were idealization of thinness, negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency, inhibitory control, cognitive inflexibility, serotonin, dopamine, ovarian hormones. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed. Variables were classified as risk factors or correlates of eating disorder diagnoses and disordered eating symptoms using Kraemer et al.'s (1997) criteria. FINDINGS Sociocultural idealization of thinness variables (media exposure, pressures for thinness, thin-ideal internalization, thinness expectancies) and personality traits (negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency) attained 'risk status' for eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms. Other factors were identified as correlates of eating pathology or were not classified given limited data. Effect sizes for risk factors and correlates were generally small-to-moderate in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Multiple biopsychosocial influences are implicated in eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms and several can now be considered established risk factors. Data suggest that psychological and environmental factors interact with and influence the expression of genetic risk to cause eating pathology. Additional studies that examine risk variables across multiple levels of analysis and that consider specific transactional processes amongst variables are needed to further elucidate the intersection of sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences on eating disorders.
A prognostic role for anti‐phosphatidyl choline antibodies in human cerebral malaria

Anti‐phosphatidyl choline antibodies (αPC) have been measured in adult patients from Orissa, India with Plasmodium falciparum infection of varying clinical severity. Significantly raised levels of αPC were observed in infected individuals in comparison with controls. The IgG αPC were found to be generally more than IgM αPC in most cases. The IgG αPC levels were significantly more in those cases of cerebral malaria who recovered fully after quinine administration in comparison with fatal cases not responding to quinine therapy, indicating a role for αPC in prognosis of adult cerebral malaria. There was no significant difference in levels of αPC IgG between non‐cerebral and fatal cerebral malaria patients, indicating an absence of a direct protective role in the development of cerebral manifestations. Subgroup typing of IgG with αPC activity indicated IgG3 to be the predominant type, followed by IgG2. IgG1 and IgG4. A significant inverse relationship between serum tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) levels and IgG1 antibodies with αPC activity was found, emphasizing the importance of αPC in modifying disease severity. These observations appear to give credence to recent reports in the literature indicating that toxic malarial antigens consist of phospholipids and that antibodies to phospholipids (αPL) inhibit such antigens in experimental systems.
Was It Real? The Exchange Rate‐Interest Differential Relation over the Modern Floating‐Rate Period

This paper explores the relation between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials for the United States, West Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Contrary to theories based on the joint hypothesis that domestic prices are sticky and monetary dis turbances are predominant, the authors find little evidence of a stab le relationship between real interest rates and real exchange rates. They consider both in-sample and out-of-sample tests. One hypothesis which is consistent with their findings is that real disturbances may be a major source of exchange rate volatility. Copyright 1988 by American Finance Association.
Publicness and Organizational Performance

The date was the November 4, 2008. A group of scholars gathered in the library of the Department of Public Administration and Policy at the University of Georgia. The global financial crisis was moving toward it peak and the final act in the US Presidential election was being played out. The subprime mortgage crisis, which would spill out into the global recession, was in the process of changing the boundaries of public policy making, public management, and business practice. Writing this introduction in 2010, the publicness map of much of the world is very different to that prior to the recession, and the first decade of the twentieth century, the ‘‘noughties,’’ that preceded it. Publicness is conceptualized variously as the influences of political authority (Bozeman 1987; Wamsley and Zald 1973), as organizational ownership (Rainey, Backoff, and Levine 1976), or as the relationship between the two (Dunsire et al. 1988; Rainey and Bozeman 2000). In the middle of 2010, patterns of publicness have changed in unanticipated ways as banks, the bastions of privateness, have been subjected to greatly increased external political control and publicness (Moulton 2009). Institutions of private financial might have become reliant on tax dollars and new forms of regulation are being developed to restrain the ‘‘pure privateness’’ of unfettered markets. The perpetual interest in publicness and in comparing public and private sectors within the public administration discipline (Rainey, Backoff, and Levine 1976) together with the early inklings of change on the publicness horizon had spurred a group of scholars to meet 1 year earlier at the Kingfisher Restaurant in Tucson Arizona during the 9th Public Management Research Association Conference at the University of Arizona. Their discussion focused around the following research questions: ‘‘is management different in the public and private sectors, how does political authority affect management regardless of sector, and what are the implications of ownership and publicness for organizational performance? ’’ Conversation started from the counterfactual assumption in the generic management literature that ‘‘management is management’’ and is likely to be the same in all sectors. Is this correct and, if so, is generic management more accurately portrayed by models in the public or private sectors? The characteristics of management that may vary across sectors include strategies, structures, processes and values, and functions such as finance and human resources management. Why do such variations occur? Are they attributable, for example, to differences in performance criteria and accountability requirements? How are the achievements of public and private organizations affected by these
Dual innervation of end‐plate sites and its consequences for neuromuscular transmission in muscles of adult Xenopus laevis.

1. Electrophysiological study of dually innervated end‐plate sites was carried out in Xenopus laevis pectoral muscle fibres. End‐plate potentials (e.p.p.s) and miniature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) have been recorded in Mg‐blocked preparations. 2. The mean quantal content (m) of each e.p.p. at dually innervated end‐plates was significantly smaller than the corresponding values obtained at singly innervated ones. At a given doubly innervated end‐plate site the values of m tended to be inversely related, so that the compound value of m (obtained by adding them) was in the same range as that found in singly innervated junctions. These findings were taken to suggest the existence of an upper limit in the average amount of transmitter released at a synaptic site. 3. It was found that neither intermittent presynaptic conduction block, nor particular muscle fibre properties could account for the low values of m in dual end plates. The small size of the nerve terminals appears to be the most likely explanation. 4. The sensitivity to acetylcholine and muscle fibre electrical properties were investigated; no differences were found between fibres with sub‐ or suprathreshold e.p.p.s. 5. The nature of the factors responsible for this presumed small size of the nerve endings (competition between nerve endings for a limited synaptic space on the muscle membrane or reciprocal interaction between closely located terminals) as well as the possible origins of polyinnervation are discussed.
A Framework for Assessing Higher Education Supply and Demand: Results for the Southern Region 1970-80.

An interacting system of elements for matching the supply and demand for workers from higher education is outlined. A portion of the system is exercised to obtain a provisional evaluation of supply and demand levels under selected assumptions of increased educational upgrading and industrial growth for the Southern region and its component states. The level of educational upgrading of workers necessary to accommodate all graduates during the 1970s is established, given most current projections of employment growth and degree production from four-year institutions. The impact of collegetrained supply and demand imbalances in each state is explored with respect to the required adjustment responses from the local and regional labor market and supply sources, and with regard to the significance of resulting fiscal outlays and "savings" in oversupply and shortage areas.
Pricing and Hedging Oil Futures: A Two-Regime Approach

We develop and empirically test a continuous-time equilibrium model for the pricing of oil futures. Our model provides a link between no-arbitrage and expectations-oriented models, and highlights the role of inventories in identifying different pricing regimes. We compare the hedging performance of our model with five other one- and two-factor pricing models. Our hedging problem relates to Metallgesellschaft's strategy to hedge long-term forward commitments with short-term futures. In the base case, the downside risk distribution of our inventory-based model stochastically dominates those of the other models. We test the stability of our results by varying the empirical design.
The Metaspatialities of Control Management in Tourism: Backpacking in India

ABSTRACT The need to predict and regulate outside interferences is a powerful everyday motivation which is further enhanced in Other culture situations. This paper explores the spatial and behavioural aspects of control as a result of cumulative learning in intercultural adaptation in tourism. An important geographical dimension of control management is the tactic of escape to the metaworlds: the ways tourists travel between the secluded metaspaces of tourism and the Other public space in order to regulate their exposure to cultural difference. In the case discussed – today's institutionalized backpacking in India – the perception of control is achieved by an interesting variety of spatiotemporal and behavioural decisions which together create the metaspatial dimension of tourism. The search for predictability and cultural dominance and the consequent segregation, rather than limitless individual exploration, construct the culture of today's international tourism.
Geometrical Considerations on Heston's Market Model

We propose to discuss a new technique to derive an good approximated solution for the price of a European call and put options, in a market model with stochastic volatility. In particular, the model that we have considered is the Heston's model. This allows arbitrary correlation between volatility and spot asset returns. We are able to write the price of European call and put, in the same form in which one can see in the Black-Scholes model. The solution technique is based upon coordinate transformations that reduce the initial PDE in a straightforward one-dimensional heat equation.
Making Teacher Work Samples Work at the University of Northern Colorado

JOPERD • Volume 81 No. 1 • January 2010 T eacher Work Samples (TWS) can be viewed in terms of a product and a process. As a product, the TWS measures a teacher candidate’s (TC’s) ability to promote student achievement, documents that TCs have met minimum national standards, and validates teacher education programs. It (1) is real in that it replicates actual teaching, (2) is naturalistic as it occurs in classrooms with children, (3) provides meaning by mirroring the important aspects of teaching, and (4) helps teachers to reflect on practice. Teacher candidates engage in observable, job-related behaviors that serve as predictors of criterion performance. As it leads to a product that measures a TC’s ability to promote student achievement, the process of using TWS broadens and deepens the thinking of TCs. This article describes both the process and the product of TWS methodology as used at the University of Northern Colorado (UNC). As required by state and university mandate, we have used TWS methodology for nine years as an assessment item for our K-12 physical education TCs. During that time we have learned as much about the process as TCs did about the product. This article describes the product of a TWS in terms of its components, followed by a discussion of the process of TWS development with TCs, the rubric used to provide feedback, and the pitfalls and highlights of our experience.
Episodic paroxysmal hemicrania

Episodic paroxysmal hemicrania (EPH) is a rare disorder characterized by discrete bouts of hemicranial headache separated by headache-free remissions. Although EPH resembles episodic cluster headache in the location and quality of pain as well as the pattern of associated autonomic features, it is distinguished by the greater frequency and shorter duration of individual headaches. Differentiation of these disorders is important because EPH almost invariably responds to treatment with indomethacin but not to standard cluster headache therapy.
Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Rank Regularization and Hard Constraint

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is well known to be an effective tool for dimensionality reduction in problems involving big data. For this reason, it frequently appears in many areas of scientific and engineering literature. This letter proposes a novel semisupervised NMF algorithm for overcoming a variety of problems associated with NMF algorithms, including poor use of prior information, negative impact on manifold structure of the sparse constraint, and inaccurate graph construction. Our proposed algorithm, nonnegative matrix factorization with rank regularization and hard constraint (NMFRC), incorporates label information into data representation as a hard constraint, which makes full use of prior information. NMFRC also measures pairwise similarity according to geodesic distance rather than Euclidean distance. This results in more accurate measurement of pairwise relationships, resulting in more effective manifold information. Furthermore, NMFRC adopts rank constraint instead of norm constraints for regularization to balance the sparseness and smoothness of data. In this way, the new data representation is more representative and has better interpretability. Experiments on real data sets suggest that NMFRC outperforms four other state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of clustering accuracy.
Microbrewing and Entrepreneurship

This paper reports on an exploratory two-stage study of microbreweries in the UK. The first stage comprises an analysis of data from the Small Independent Breweries Association to offer an aggregate picture of the sector. The second stage reports on a qualitative study of the experiences of 14 microbreweries. The findings from the fieldwork show that the UK microbrewing sector is growing, that competitiveness within the brewing establishment is based on artisan manufacture, provenance and diversity rather than price, and that the sector is contestable but operates as a competitive fringe within the greater industry. The study illustrates that microbreweries can contribute to local economies and that, because of the innovation, diversity and growth in the sector, entrepreneurship is in evidence. While saturation seems a threat, the evidence presented here suggests that UK microbrewing is a healthy sector, with the prospect of ongoing growth and contribution.
The Economics of Trade Union Organization and Administration

Analysis of the union resembles the examination of the elephant by the blind men: it reveals a creature of diverse characteristics. The union may be regarded as, among other things, a political organization, a social fraternity, a beneficial society, a pressure group, or a bargaining agency. In this article, the union is appraised in yet another role--that of a business organization which must equate its expenditures with its income. Although the union does not function to make a profit, yet it cannot sustain for long an over-all financial loss on its operations and must operate within the rules of economic logic. Analysis of the financial problems faced by the union may explain, according to the author, such matters as the slow expansion of union membership, the concentration of strength in urban areas, and the increasing tendency of unions to seek members in diverse crafts and industries. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)
Can Financial Innovation Help to Explain the Reduced Volatility of Economic Activity?

The stabilization of economic activity in the mid 1980s has received considerable attention. Research has focused primarily on the role played by milder economic shocks, improved inventory management, and better monetary policy. This paper explores another potential explanation: financial innovation. Examples of such innovation include developments in lending practices and loan markets that have enhanced the ability of households and firms to borrow and changes in government policy such as the demise of Regulation Q. We employ a variety of simple empirical techniques to identify links between the observed moderation in economic activity and the influence of financial innovation on consumer spending, housing investment, and business fixed investment. Our results suggest that financial innovation should be added to the list of likely contributors to the mid-1980s stabilization.
In Search of a Nominal Anchor

Since the break-up of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in the early-1970s, there has been a protracted search for a credible nominal anchor. This article examines the experiences of several industrial countries who have experimented with monetary targets, exchange rate targets and more recently, inflation targets. While it is acknowledged that the results of inflation targeting have been very encouraging so far, the article concludes by arguing that for the UK at least, inflation targets need to be combined with targets for the monetary base to prevent the central bank from acting dynamically inconsistently.
Doctoral Education and Economic Development: The Flow of New Ph.D.s to Industry

Doctoral education in science and engineering is critical to the university’s role in fostering economic development. One aspect of this is the placement of recent graduates with firms. Despite the role Ph.D.s play in this process, little work has documented and analyzed these firm placements. This article takes a first step at rectifying this deficiency, using data from the 1997-1999 Survey of Earned Doctorates administered by the National Science Foundation to all doctoral recipients in the United States. The authors show that knowledge sources, as measured by the training location of new Ph.D.s going to industry, are concentrated in different geographic centers from those that university R&Dexpenditure data would suggest. The authors also find significant outflows from the Midwest of Ph.D.s and significant inflows to the Pacific and northeast regions of the country. The authors’work suggests that many states fail to capture the economic development advantages that come from training a skilled work force.
Global Private Politics: A Research Agenda

In this concluding essay to the special issue on Private Regulation in the Global Economy, I review the main findings, focused on the answers that the papers in this issue jointly suggest to the three sets of core questions noted in the introductory essay: (1) How do private bodies attain regulatory authority? Why do private regulators provide governance and why do the targets of these rules comply? (2) Who governs? Who are the key actors in private regulation and what are their motivations? (3) What is the effect of the rise of private regulation on public regulatory authority and capacity? I then identify and discuss several key issues to develop a research agenda for what I call “global private politics. ”