Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An optical and infrared study of the region surrounding Herbig-Haro objects 1 and 2

Optical and near-IR observations of the environs of H-H objects 1 and 2 provide the basis for identifying a recently discovered radio continuum as the star responsible for powering the highly collimated mass outflow traced by these objects. Polarimetric observations show that the source (designated as VLA 1), located at the midpoint between HH 1 and 2, illuminates a biconical reflection nebula. It is suggested that VLA 1 is probably surrounded by an optically thick disk viewed edge on; an optical jet emanates from the vicinity of HH 1 and is directed along the axis of the putative disk toward HH 1; its spectrum resembles that of HH 1 and other Herbig-Haro objects. 37 references.
A graphene field effect transistor for high temperature sensing applications

As power density keeps increasing tremendously in emerging VLSI nanotechnology, the sensing and monitoring of die temperature is vital, implying the need for high performance materials compatible with current CMOS technology. Graphene is a promising material for sensor applications due to its planar geometry and high electrical and thermal conductivity. In this work, we have explored the feasibility of a thin oxide graphene field effect transistor (G-FET) as a temperature sensor. The resistivity of the device has been calculated using the semi-classical transport equations considering the scattering mechanisms by substrate polar phonons and intrinsic phonons. The generated self-heating in graphene-silicon dioxide interface, silicon dioxide layer and back-gated silicon wafer has been also considered to extract the saturation velocity of graphene at high electric field and high temperature. We have found that the resistivity of GFET is highly sensitive to high ambient temperature variation. The calculated temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of G-FET at high temperatures (~600oC) is three times higher than room temperature exhibiting the highly sensitive resistance to high temperature variation. The resistance shows third order dependence on the ambient temperature in the range of 0 to 600oC and the TCR at high temperatures has been demonstrated a high dependence on the drain-source voltage ranging from 􀍳 􀵈 􀍳􀍲􀬿􀬷􀈀 􀀆 􀀃􀭭 to 􀍵􀇤􀍳􀍷 􀵈 􀍳􀍲􀬿􀬷􀈀 􀀆􀀃 􀭭 for the voltage spanning from 5V to 1V while that of low temperature is relatively unalterable.
Effect of SiC wafer miscut angle on the morphology and Hall mobility of epitaxially grown graphene

We show that the surface morphology and electrical properties of graphene grown on SiC(0001) wafers depend strongly on miscut angle, even for nominally “on-axis” wafers. Graphene grown on pit-free surfaces with narrow terraces (miscut above 0.28°) shows substantially lower Hall mobility than graphene on surfaces with miscut angles below 0.1° that have wider terraces with some pits. The effect of pits on mobility is not detrimental if flat, pit-free areas with dimensions larger than the carrier mean free path remain between pits. Using these results, we optimized the growth process, achieving room-temperature mobility up to 3015 cm2/V s at N=2.0×1012 cm−2.
Mediating effect of mindfulness cognition on the development of empathy in a university context

Numerous interventions propose mindfulness training as a means of improving empathy. Our aim is to analyse the relationship between mindfulness practice and empathy through the mediating process of trait mindfulness. This sample comprised 264 undergraduate students (x¯=24,13years, SD = 11,39). The instruments used were Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and Toronto Empathy Questionnaire. The indirect effect was calculated using 10.000 bootstrap samples for the bootstrap confidence intervals corrected for bias. Empathy improvement is mediated by changes in the cognitions derived from mindfulness (B = .346, p<.01). The direct effect of mindfulness practice on empathy disappears in presence of this mediator (B = .133, p>.05). Mindfulness interventions that aim to improve empathy should focus on three of its components; observing, describing and nonreactivity to inner experience. Given the significance of the results, the research must be extended to larger samples.
Pricing American Options by Willow Tree Method Under Jump-Diffusion Process

Numerical solution methods for option pricing fall into two broad classes, either the lattice framework or Monte Carlo simulation. Monte Carlo simulation is problematic for American options, while the Binomial and Trinomial approaches have difficulty incorporating stochastic jumps. The probability density at expiration that is generated by a lattice typically has different skewness and kurtosis than is embedded in option market prices. The Binomial can be fitted imposing a terminal density with the right moments, using the Johnson system of distributions for example, but the problem still remains that the number of distinct nodes to calculate increases quadratically with the number of time steps. This article proposes the “Willow Tree” method, which combines a small number of large time steps that connect to many possible next period nodes, with the constraint that the terminal density, constructed from the Johnson system, has the same mean, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis as the risk neutral density extracted from prices in the options market. The result is a much faster and more accurate valuation than may be achieved through existing approaches.
HYDROGEN ATOM AND RELATIVISTIC PI MESIC ATOM IN N SPACE DIMENSIONS

We derive in simple analytic closed form the eigenfunctions and eigenenergies for the hydrogen atom in N dimensions. A section is devoted to the specialization to one dimension. Comments are made on the relation to the harmonic oscillator, the ground‐state energy per degree of freedom, the raising and lowering operators, and the radial momentum operators. By particular changes of variables, the relativistic pi‐mesic atom is solved in the same functional form.
22nm logic lithography in the presence of local interconnect

The 22nm logic node is being approached from at least two different scaling paths. One approach "B" will use Gate and 1x Metal pitches of approximately 80nm, which, combined with the appropriate design style, may allow single exposure to be used. The other combination under consideration "A" will have a Gate pitch of ~90nm and a 1x Metal pitch of 70nm. Even with immersion scanners, the Rayleigh k1 factor is below 0.32 for 90nm pitch and below the single exposure resolution limits when the pitch is below 80nm. Although highly regular gridded patterns help [1,2,3], one of the critical issues for 22nm patterning is Contact and Via patterning. The lines / cuts approach works well for the poly and interconnect layers, but the "hole" layers have less benefit from gridded designs and remain a big challenge for patterning. One approach to reduce the lithography optimization problem is to reconsider the interconnection stack. The Contact layer is complex because it is connecting two layers on the bottom - Active and Gate - to one layer on the top. Other layers such as Via-1 only have one layer on the bottom. A potential solution is a Local Interconnect layer. This layer could be formed as part of the salicide process module, where a patterned etch would replace the blanket strip of un-reacted metal of the silicide layer. Local interconnect lines would run parallel to the Gate electrodes, eliminating "wrong-way" lines in the Active layer. Depending on the final pitch chosen, Local Interconnect could be single or double patterned, or could be done with a self-aligned process plus a cut mask. Example layouts of standard cells have shown a significant benefit with local interconnects. For example, the Contact count is reduced by ~25%, and in many cases Via-1 and Metal-2 usage was eliminated. The simplified Active pattern, along with reduced contact count and density, permit a different lithography optimization for the cells designed with Local Interconnect. Metal-1 complexity was also reduced. Details of lithography optimization results for critical layers, Active, Gate, Local Interconnect, Contact, and Metal-1 will be presented.
Trends in frequency and outcome of high‐risk breast lesions at core needle biopsy in women recalled at biennial screening mammography, a multiinstitutional study

Between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016, we studied the incidence, management and outcome of high‐risk breast lesions in a consecutive series of 376,519 screens of women who received biennial screening mammography. During the 6‐year period covered by the study, the proportion of women who underwent core needle biopsy (CNB) after recall remained fairly stable, ranging from 39.2% to 48.1% (mean: 44.2%, 5,212/11,783), whereas the proportion of high‐risk lesions at CNB (i.e., flat epithelial atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ and papillary lesions) gradually increased from 3.2% (25/775) in 2011 to 9.5% (86/901) in 2016 (p < 0.001). The mean proportion of high‐risk lesions at CNB that were subsequently treated with diagnostic surgical excision was 51.4% (169/329) and varied between 41.0% and 64.3% through the years, but the excision rate for high‐risk lesions per 1,000 screens and per 100 recalls increased from 0.25 (2011) to 0.70 (2016; p < 0.001) and from 0.81 (2011) to 2.50 (2016; p < 0.001), respectively. The proportion of all diagnostic surgical excisions showing in situ or invasive breast cancer was 29.0% (49/169) and varied from 22.2% (8/36) in 2014 to 38.5% (5/13) in 2011. In conclusion, the proportion of high‐risk lesions at CNB tripled in a 6‐year period, with a concomitant increased excision rate for these lesions. As the proportion of surgical excisions showing in situ or invasive breast cancer did not increase, a rising number of screened women underwent invasive surgical excision with benign outcome.
Analysis of the high‐frequency extension for spherical eigenbeamforming microphone arrays.

The em32 Eigenmike® spherical microphone array is constructed with 32 omnidirectional pressure microphones mounted on the surface of a 8.4‐cm rigid spherical baffle. Beamforming is accomplished by the spherical harmonic decomposition eigenbeamformer and modal‐beamformer concept. Due to the array size, geometry, and average element spacing, this approach yields fully controllable beampattern control up to approximately 8 kHz. Above this frequency, spatial/modal aliasing begins to interfere with beampattern control. However, professional audio applications require an operating bandwidth to much higher frequencies. One solution is to use a single microphone capsule that is closest to the main axis of the beampattern direction at higher frequencies. It will be shown that there are some problems to this solution. As an alternative implementation it is shown that using a small subset of microphone capsules at high frequencies allows one to smoothly transition the beampattern from eigenbeamformer processing to h.
Response of US psychiatric programs to the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on trainees

Background Medical training program and hospital response to the COVID-19 pandemic has varied greatly and has impacted trainee well-being. Which factors have specifically related to trainee wellness, however, has not yet been examined in depth. The aim of the study was to understand trainee perspectives on the individual psychiatry trainee programs’ hospitals’ objective COVID-19 preparedness management. We also sought and to gauge how program changes, and general pandemic-related concerns, have been associated with trainee satisfaction and burnout. Methods A cross-sectional survey study of psychiatric trainees was distributed electronically throughout the country via various psychiatry residency program listservs in April 2020. Statistical analyses were performed utilizing simple linear regression. Results From 352 respondents (346 complete responses and 6 partial responses), the most frequent program changes were “decreased number of rotations requiring in-person patient care” and “increased call hours or duties. ” Of pandemic-related concerns surveyed, the two greatest were “spreading COVID-19 to family/friends” and “co-residents’ burnout and anxiety. ” A positive relationship was found between trainee satisfaction with perceived COVID-19 departmental response and comfort level of residents/fellows in expressing concerns with attending clinicians and department leadership. Conclusions Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, trainees have experienced a variety of changes to trainee program policies and guidelines. Overall, poor communication and trainee dissatisfaction with departmental response correlated with concern of infection and anxiety/burnout. Insights garnered from this study could provide scaffolding for the best practices to reduce trainee physician anxiety/burnout for the current and future pandemics of this variety and magnitude.
Stochastic Simulation on System Reliability and Component Probabilistic Importance of Road Network

Because of the combination explosion problem, it is difficult to use probability analytical method to calculate the system reliability of large networks. The paper develops a stochastic simulation (Monte Carlo-based) method to study the system reliability and component probabilistic importance of the road network. The proposed method considers the characteristics of the practical road network as follows: both link (roadway segment) and node (intersection) components are emphasized in the road network; the reliability for a link or node component may be at the in-between state; namely, its reliability value is between 0 and 1. The method is then implemented using the object-oriented programming language C
More About Clustering on a Scale of 0.1 C

Two lines of evidence are adduced for the proposition that the Galaxy is appended to the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex: (1) there is percolation across about 300/h(75) Mpc of a sample of rich clusters that is complete beyond the mean distance of the complex; and (2) a one-dimensional correlation analysis confirms that rich clusters within the complex lie preferentially in a plane parallel to the plane of the Local Supercluster, as defined by nearby galaxies. The main plane of the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex coincides with the principal plane of the Local Supercluster. The coincidence of the two planes of structure on such radically different scales suggests a physical connection. 17 references.
Calibration procedure for temperature measurements by thermoreflectance under high magnification conditions

We show that, in thermoreflectance measurements under high focusing conditions, the signal is not only due to the surface temperature variations. Indeed, the reflected light from the device under test interferes with the incoming one, making a parasitic Fabry-Perot. Besides, the motion of the sample surface induced, for example, by Joule heating, can produce an additional signal superimposed on the thermoreflectance one. Consequently, reliable thermoreflectance measurements under high focusing conditions, and particularly their calibration, demand a control of the distance between the objective and the sample. Using a servo loop to maintain the distance between the objective and the device constant, thermoreflectance measurements have been made in transient regime on an electronic device and the thermoreflectance coefficient of gold has been deduced.
Generalizing the standardized hazard ratio to multivariate proportional hazards regression, with an application to clinical~genomic studies

The standardized hazard ratio for univariate proportional hazards regression is generalized as a scalar to multivariate proportional hazards regression. Estimators of the standardized log hazard ratio are developed, with corrections for bias and for regression to the mean in high-dimensional analyses. Tests of point and interval null hypotheses and confidence intervals are constructed. Cohort sampling study designs, commonly used in prospective–retrospective clinical genomic studies, are accommodated.
TIME-DEPENDENT ACCELERATION OF INTERSTELLAR PICKUP IONS AT THE HELIOSPHERIC TERMINATION SHOCK USING A FOCUSED TRANSPORT APPROACH

A time-dependent focused transport approach to modeling diffusive shock acceleration of interstellar pickup ions at the termination shock is discussed. By taking into account time variations in the magnetic field angle, and thus by implication in the shock obliquity and injection speed at the termination shock using Voyager 1 observations as guide, we show that unaccelerated core interstellar pickup protons can be accelerated by the nearly perpendicular termination shock at the heliospheric nose. Many features of anomalous cosmic rays, observed by the Voyager spacecraft at energies below the big spectral dip starting at ∼3 MeV, can be successfully reproduced with this approach. This includes multiple power-law spectral slopes with stable breaking points, power-law spectral slopes that are harder than predicted by standard diffusive shock acceleration, large pitch-angle anisotropies with strong time variations upstream that converge to steady-state isotropy in the heliosheath, upstream pitch-angle anisotropies that peak at ∼1 MeV, episodic strongly anisotropic intensity spikes at the termination shock, and strong spectral volatility upstream that is reduced downstream and almost completely disappears farther downstream.
Multivariate analysis of photonic crystal microcavities with fabrication defects

Photonic crystal microcavities are defined by the spatial arrangement of materials. In the analysis of their spatial-temporal mode distributions Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) methods have proved its validity. The output of the FDTD can be seen as the realizations of a multidimensional statistic variable. At the same time, fabrication tolerances induce an added and unavoidable variability in the performance of the microcavity. In this contribution we have analyzed the modes of a defective photonic crystal microcavity. The location, size, and shape of the cylinders configuring the microcavity are modelled as having a normal distribution of their parametric descriptors. A principal component analysis is applied to the output of the FDTD for a population of defective microcavities. The relative importance of the defects is evaluated, along with the changes induced in the spatial temporal distribution of electromagnetic field obtained from the calculation.
An Information-Theoretic Measure of Term Specificity.

The inverse document frequency (IDF) and signal-noise ratio (S/N) approaches are two well known term weighting schemes based on term specificity. However, the existing justifications for these methods are still somewhat inconclusive and sometimes even based on incompatible assumptions. Although both methods are related to term specificity, their relationship has not been thoroughly investigated. An information-theoretic measure for term specificity is introduced in this study. It is explicitly shown that the IDF weighting scheme can be derived from the proposed approach by assuming that the frequency of occurrence of each index term is uniform within the set of documents containing the term. The information-theoretic interpretation of term specificity also establishes the relationship between the IDF and S/N methods. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Error Analysis of a Conceptual Cloud Doppler Stereoradar with Polarization Diversity for Better Understanding Space Applications

AbstractAn error budget analysis is performed for retrieval of along-track winds based on the design of a spaceborne Doppler radar using polarization diversity. The analysis is conducted within the framework of a case study of an Atlantic hurricane. The proposed concept consists of either a Ka-band or W-band stereoradar mounted on an LEO satellite equipped with both nadir- and forward-viewing beams and with an optional cross-scanning capability. Such a radar design is intended for observing the microphysical and dynamical structures of cloud systems, including disturbed mesoscale convective systems. Because of the high winds involved in such weather phenomena and because of the Doppler fading introduced by platform motion, polarization diversity is adopted. The simulation framework enables a breakdown of the Doppler velocity measurement error budget into its most important components, that is, nonuniform beamfilling, multiple scattering, and inherent signal noise. The impact of each of these error terms o.
Fluid-Solid Interaction of Incompressible Media Using h, p, k Mathematical and Computational Framework

This paper considers multi-media interaction processes in which the interacting media are incompressible elastic solids and incompressible liquids such as Newtonian fluids, generalized Newtonian fluids, dilute polymeric liquids described by Maxwell, and Oldroyd-B models or dense polymeric liquids with Giesekus constitutive model. The mathematical models for both solids and liquids are developed using conservation laws in Eulerian description for isothermal conditions with velocities, pressure, and deviatoric stresses as dependent variables. The constitutive equations for the solids and the liquids provide closure to the governing differential equations resulting from the conservation laws. For Newtonian and generalized Newtonian fluids, the commonly used constitutive equations are well known in terms of first convected derivative of the strain tensor, stress tensor, and the transport properties of the fluids. For dilute and dense polymeric liquids that are viscous as well as elastic, the mathematical models have been derived and used using a number of different choices of stress variables. All such choices eventually result in a system of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations in terms of chosen stresses, convected derivative of the stress and strain tensors, and the transport properties. An appropriate choice of stress variables is crucial for transparent interaction of such fluids with other fluids and solids. The choice of velocities as dependent variables necessitates rate constitutive equations for solids [1] that are utilized in the present work. A novel feature of the mathematical models presented here is that a single mathematical model describes physics of all media of an interaction process, thereby the media interactions are inherent in the mathematical model and thus do not require constraint equations at the interfaces between the interacting media as in the case of currently used methodologies. These mathematical models result in a system of nonlinear partial differential equations in space coordinates and time, i.e. initial value problems (IVPs) that are solved numerically using the space-time finite element method in h, p, k mathematical and computational framework with space-time variationally consistent (STVC) space-time integral forms. This computational methodology permits higher order global differentiability approximations for all variables in space as well as time, and ensures time-accurate evolutions as well as results in unconditionally stable computations during the entire evolution. 1D and 2D numerical examples of interaction processes are presented using elastic solids, Newtonian fluid, dilute polymeric liquid (Maxwell fluid and Oldroyd-B fluid), and polymer melts (Giesekus fluid). Model problems consist of 1D wave propagations, 2D elastic lid driven cavity, and flow between parallel plates with rigid as well as elastic boundaries.