Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sepsis in Africa: practical steps to stem the tide

Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and particularly in Africa where awareness is low and resources are limited. There are limited reports on the epidemiology, management and outcomes of the sepsis syndromes from Africa. However, this region is likely to account for a significant proportion of the global burden of sepsis which goes unrecognized. It is imperative to address this through research, increased awareness, capacity building and introduction of practical clinical guidelines. Infections are responsible for an estimated 300 million annual deaths worldwide, the majority from developing countries [1]. Sepsis can be triggered by almost any infection and is responsible for an estimated 8 million annual deaths worldwide [1]. In the United Kingdom (UK), sepsis is the third most important cause of death in hospital with an average management cost of £20,000 per admission [2]. Given the high incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other infections in the African continent, it is likely that the burden of sepsis is at least equal if not higher than estimates from Europe and North America.
The Selection of Weighting Functions For Linear Arrays Using Different Techniques

Uniformly spaced linear arrays are the most elementary in array processing techniques. In this paper we consider four methods of selecting the weighting functions for uniformly-spaced linear arrays. We present a new innovation of the Hamming window, called the modified Hamming window, with a variable parameter ‘a’ so that the desired beampattern can be adjusted. This window is further utilized in the null-steering method. The frequency-wavenumber response Υ(ω,k) at the frequency ω and wavenumber k is defined as the continuous domain Fourier Transform of spectral weights wn. For linear arrays with equal spacing, Υ(ω,k) reduces to the familiar Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) so that the results from time domain can be used directly. However there are two important differences between array processing and time domain processing: (i) In time domain signal processing, for a given signal and noise model, the number of samples can be varied to change performance. But in array processing, we have two dimensions to take care of: N , the number of sensors and K, the number of samples that can be varied to improve the performance (ii) In some cases, maintaining the amplitude and phase calibration of the sensors is ∗mailto:dr_ravishankar2001@yahoo.co.in †mailto:hvkrvcetc@yahoo.co.in ‡mailto:bdsatish@gmail.com difficult for a number of reasons (for example, mutual coupling) and the overall array calibration changes due to changes in sensor location. The methods analyzed are: (i) spectral weighting using windows (ii) minimum beamwidth for a specified side-lobe level (iii) Least Squares Error Pattern Synthesis (iv) null steering
Risk Perception among Sexually Abused Female Adolescents

Risk Perception among Sexually Abused Female Adolescents Andrea M. Jones Previous research investigating risk recognition in female victims of child sexual abuse has focused on college-aged women and young adults to the exclusion of adolescent females, who are just entering the stage where dating and sexual relationships are becoming important. Research with college-aged women and young adults has demonstrated that women with a history of child sexual abuse are less likely to detect risk cues in social environments. Understanding how adolescents perceive risky situations is important in preventing the trajectory from child sexual abuse to later adult victimization. It also is important to understand deficits in risk perception across a developmental period to better inform programs aimed at preventing sexual revictimization. In addition, coping mechanisms have been heavily studied in adults with a history of child sexual abuse but not in adolescents with the same history. The purpose of the present study was to address the current deficit in the literature regarding child sexual abuse and perception of danger cues, as well as coping strategies used by adolescents, who are victims of child sexual abuse. Seventeen adolescent females between the ages of 14 and 16 with a sexual abuse history comprised the target sample, while twenty-four in the same age range without a sexual abuse history are included in the comparison sample. Analyses indicated that there were no differences in identified risk cues between the target and comparison sample; however, a trend was observed for individuals in the target group to leave risky social situations sooner. There was a trend for individuals with higher levels of avoidant coping to leave the scene sooner than individuals with higher levels of self-destructive coping. There also was a trend for individuals with nervous/anxious coping to leave the scene sooner than individuals with selfdestructive coping. Social anxiety was associated with longer latencies to leave dangerous settings in the target sample. Finally, abuse severity was positively associated with the number of identified risk cues, PTSD symptoms, and harm avoidance. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Semantic sentence structure search engine

Many of current web search engines rely on inverted index-based data structures as document information store. Since and inverted index is a map from individual document words to their respective locations, such data structure destructs semantic links between the words, and thus does not support structural user queries. In other words, such systems can only find the documents that contain user-specified words. In this paper we propose to create semantic links between the terms contained in inverted index, and in such way create a semantic network. This network will preserve the internal structure of the stored documents, and will enable the users to perform structural queries. Both structural-saving indexation and structural user search query allow to save semantic speech meaning of the text while search process.
How FreeBSD Boots: a soft-core MIPS perspective

We have implemented an FPGA soft-core, multithreaded, 64-bit MIPS R4000-style CPU called BERI to support research on the hardware/software interface. We have ported FreeBSD to this platform including support for multithreaded and soon multicore CPUs. This paper describes the process by which a BERI system boots from CPU startup through the boot loaders, hand off to the kernel, and enabling secondary CPU threads. Historically, the process of booting FreeBSD has been documented from a user perspective or at a fairly high level. This paper aims to improve the documentation of the low level boot process for developers aiming to port FreeBSD to new targets.
Decision Making in the Reward and Punishment Variants of the Iowa Gambling Task: Evidence of “Foresight” or “Framing”?

Surface-level differences in the reward and punishment variants, specifically greater long-term decision making in the punishment variant of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) observed in previous studies led to the present comparison of long-term decision making in the two IGT variants (n = 320, male = 160). It was contended that risk aversion triggered by a positive frame of the reward variant and risk seeking triggered by a negative frame of the punishment variant appears as long-term decision making in the two IGT variants. Apart from the frame of the variant as a within-subjects factor (variant type: reward and punishment), the order in which the frame was triggered (order type: reward–punishment or punishment–reward), and the four types of instructions that delineated motivation toward reward from that of punishment (reward, punishment, reward and punishment, and no-hint) were hypothesized to have an effect on foresighted decision making in the IGT. As expected, long-term decision making differed across the two IGT variants suggesting that the frame of the variant has an effect on long-term decision making in the IGT (p < 0.001). The order in which a variant was presented, and the type of the instructions that were used both had an effect on long-term decision making in the two IGT variants (p < 0.05). A post hoc test suggested that the instructions that differentiated between reward and punishment resulted in greater foresight than the commonly used IGT instructions that fail to distinguish between reward and punishment. As observed in previous studies, there were more number of participants (60%) who showed greater foresight in the punishment variant than in the reward variant (p < 0.001). The results suggest that foresight in IGT decision making is sensitive to reward and punishment frame in an asymmetric manner, an observation that is aligned with the behavioral decision making framework. Benefits of integrating findings from behavioral studies in decision neuroscience are discussed, and a need to investigate cultural differences in the IGT studies is pointed out.
Residual functional connectivity in the split-brain revealed with resting-state functional MRI

Split-brain patients present a unique opportunity to address controversies regarding subcortical contributions to interhemispheric coordination. We characterized residual functional connectivity in a complete commissurotomy patient by examining patterns of low-frequency BOLD functional MRI signal. Using independent components analysis and region-of-interest-based functional connectivity analyses, we demonstrate bilateral resting state networks in a patient lacking all major cerebral commissures. Compared with a control group, the patient's interhemispheric correlation scores fell within the normal range for two out of three regions examined. Thus, we provide evidence for bilateral resting state networks in a patient with complete commissurotomy. Such continued interhemispheric interaction suggests that, at least in part, cortical networks in the brain can be coordinated by subcortical mechanisms.
Methane production and bubble emissions from arctic lakes: Isotopic implications for source pathways and ages

[1] This study reports an atmospheric methane (CH4) source term previously uncharacterized regarding strength and isotopic composition. Methane emissions from 14 Siberian lakes and 9 Alaskan lakes were characterized using stable isotopes (13C and D) and radiocarbon (14C) analyses. We classified ebullition (bubbling) into three categories (background, point sources, and hot spots) on the basis of fluxes, major gas concentrations, and isotopic composition. Point sources and hot spots had a strong association with thermokarst (thaw) erosion because permafrost degradation along lake margins releases ancient organic matter into anaerobic lake bottoms, fueling methanogenesis. With increasing ebullition rate, we observed increasing CH4 concentration of greater radiocarbon age, depletion of 13CCH4, and decreasing bubble N2 content. Microbial oxidation of methane was observed in bubbles that became trapped below and later within winter lake ice; however, oxidation appeared insignificant in bubbles sampled immediately after release from sediments. Methanogenic pathways differed among the bubble sources: CO2 reduction supported point source and hot spot ebullition to a large degree, while acetate fermentation appeared to contribute to background bubbling. To provide annual whole-lake and regional CH4 isofluxes for the Siberian lakes, we combined maps of bubble source distributions with long-term, continuous flux measurements and isotopic composition. In contrast to typical values used in inverse models of atmospheric CH4 for northern wetland sources (δ13CCH4 = −58‰, 14C age modern), which have not included northern lake ebullition as a source, we show that this large, new source of high-latitude CH4 from lakes is isotopically distinct (δ13CCH4 = −70‰, 14C age 16,500 years, for North Siberian lakes).
A mathematical model of the interactions between pollinators and their effects on pollination of almonds

California’s almond industry, valued at $2.3 billion per year, depends on the pollinator services of honey bees, although pollination by other insects, mainly solitary wild bees, is being investigated as an alternative because of recent declines in the number of honey bee colonies. Our objective is to model the movements of honey bees and determine the conditions under which they will forage in less favorable areas of a tree and its surroundings when other pollinators are present. We hypothesize that foraging in less favorable areas leads to increased movement between trees and increased cross pollination between varieties which is required for successful nut production. We use the Shigesada-Kawasaki-Teramoto model (1979) which describes the density of two species in a two-dimensional environment of variable favorableness with respect to intrinsic diffusions and intraand interspecific interactions of species. The model is applied to almond pollination by honey bees and other pollinators with environmental favorableness based on the distribution of flowers in trees. Using the spectral-Galerkin method in a rectangular domain, we numerically approximated the two-dimensional nonlinear parabolic partial differential system arising in the model. When cross-diffusion or interspecific effects of other pollinators was high, honey bees foraged in less favorable areas of the tree. In the model, high cross-diffusion also resulted in increased activity in honey bees which manifested itself in the field in terms of accelerations, decelerations, and changes in direction, indicating rapid redistribution of densities to an equilibrium state. Empirical analysis of the number
The Cobweb

" By William Gibson. Martin Seeker 6? Warburg Ltd. 15/-. Perhaps it is professional prejudice, but psychiatric interviews in novels are seldom convincing and The Cobweb is not an exception. The theme, however, need not have been set in a psychiatric hospital. Almost any setting could have been used, and in itself it is interesting and exciting. The book gives a lively account of interpersonal tensions, and shows how the conflicting wills of the hospital staff affect the patients. It works up to a climax and effectively illustrates the reactions of an insecure individual, who fears being let down and yet invites this by always looking for it. There is
The Origin of the X-Ray and Ultraviolet Emission in NGC 7469

We present a spectral analysis of a ~30 day, near-continuous observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469 with RXTE. Daily integrations show strong spectral changes during the observation. Our main result is that we find the X-ray spectral index to be correlated with the UV flux. Furthermore, the broadband X-ray photon flux is also correlated with the UV continuum. These correlations point toward a model in which the X-rays originate via thermal Comptonization of UV seed photons. Furthermore, the UV is also correlated with the extrapolation of the X-ray power law into the soft X-ray/EUV region. Our data analysis therefore reopens the possibility that the UV photons and their variability arise from reprocessing, as long as the primary source of heating is photoelectric absorption in the reprocessor, rather than Compton downscattering. A coherent picture of the X-ray/UV variability can therefore be constructed whereby absorption and reprocessing of EUV/soft X-rays in a standard accretion disk produce a variable seed photon distribution, which is in turn upscattered into the X-ray band. We also find a significant correlation between the 2-10 keV flux and the 6.4 keV iron Kα line, suggesting that at least some portion of the line originates within ~1 light day of the X-ray continuum source. Neither the power-law photon index nor the Compton reflection component are correlated with the 2-10 keV flux. The latter is not correlated with the iron Kα line flux either. We do find an apparent correlation between the X-ray spectral index and the strength of the Compton reflection component. In an Appendix we show, however, that this can be produced by a combination of statistical and systematic errors. We conclude that the apparent variations in the Compton reflection component may be an artifact of these effects.
Differential Influences of Depression and Personality Traits on the Use of Facebook

Depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among younger populations and have been clearly associated with lowered activity in general. Focusing on Facebook use as an extremely popular leisure activity, this study examines the influence of depressive tendencies on the intensity of using Facebook by considering the moderating effects of relevant personality traits and different motivations associated with social network site (SNS) use. Based on an online survey among 510 young Facebook users, this study shows that increasing depressive tendencies are associated with an increased frequency of posting status updates—most likely for negative reasons. Moderated mediation models show that the personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion only influence the motivations behind using Facebook and not the time spent on the SNS. Findings are also discussed with regard to novel digital help offers for Facebook users with depressive tendencies.
THE ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MATRIX METALOPROTEINASES ON HABITUATION OF THE HEAD-SHAKE RESPONSE TASK/CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PARADIGM

By Roberta V. Wiediger, Ph.D. Washington State University December 2008 Chair: John W. Wright These experiments were designed to find evidence regarding the relationship between the hippocampus and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) during the head-shake response (HSR) task/classical conditioning paradigm. Habituation is the simplest form of learning, where an organism’s response is decreased due to a repeated presentation of a harmless stimulus. The HSR task has been very predictable in showing habituation to repeated air stimulation to a rat’s ear and the spontaneous recovery of the habituated response twenty-four hours later. Since the hippocampus and MMPs are implicated in learning and memory, these experiments investigated their role during a HSR task when a classical conditioning paradigm was added. Therefore these studies were designed to investigate the following: 1) Can a tone serve as the conditioned stimulus (CS) during the HSR task? 2) Is the dorsal hippocampus important during the HSR/Classical conditioning paradigm? 3) Are hippocampal MMPs important during the CS-US
An modified beyond belief propagation algorithm over AWGN channel

Recently one decoding algorithm called as beyond belief propagation (BP) algorithm for LDPC Codes is derived using the knowledge of trapping set and different from standard BP algorithm, whose performance outperforms that of the latter over binary symmetric channel (BSC). However, the former is not suitable for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In this paper how to improve bit error rate (BER) performance of Beyond BP Algorithm is investigated over AWGN channel. It is found that this algorithm can be modified through setting appropriate penalty factor and obtains better performance than BP one over AWGN channel. The simulation results show dependently on choosing penalty factor modified Beyond BP Algorithm outperforms BP one over AWGN channel in high signal noise rate (SNR) region or almost whole SNR one and there are some differences for different code rates. Concretely, for medium or low code rate proposed algorithm can obtain more performance gain relative to high one when short frame is used.
Relativistic Stern-Gerlach Interaction in an RF Cavity

The general expression of the Stern-Gerlach force is deduced for a relativistic charged spin2 particle which travels inside a time varying magnetic field. This result was obtained either by means of two Lorentz boosts or starting from Dirac’s equation. Then, the utilization of this interaction for attaining the spin states separation is reconsidered in a new example using a new radio-frequency arrangement. 1 The Relativistic Stern-Gerlach Force The time varying Stern-Gerlach, SG, interaction of a relativistic fermion with an e.m. wave has been proposed to separate beams of particles with opposite spin states corresponding to different energies[1]. We will show how spin polarized particle will exchange energy with the electromagnetic field of an RF resonator. Let us denote with (x, y, z) the coordinates of a particle in the laboratory, and with (x, y, z) the coordinates in the particle rest frame, PRF. In the latter the SG force that represents the action of an inhomogeneous magnetic field on a particle endowed with a magnetic moment ~μ is ~ f ′ SG = ∇′(~μ∗ · ~ B) = ∂ ∂x (~μ · ~ B)x̂ + ∂ ∂y (~μ · ~ B)ŷ + ∂ ∂z (~μ · ~ B)ẑ (1) with ~μ = g e 2m ~ S. (2) Here e is the elementary charge with “ + ” for protons and positrons, p, e, and ′′ = for antiprotons and electrons, p̄, e, making ~μ and ~ S either parallel or antiparallel to 1 each other, respectively. m is the rest mass of the particle, g the gyromagnetic ratio and a the anomaly defined as a = g−2 2 = 
KOREAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' RANKS OF DIFFICULTY AND FREQUENCY OF ATTITUDE ON TEST-TAKING

This study determined Korean university students' ranks of difficulty as well as rank and frequency of attitude on test-taking. Specifically, difficulties on 1) test instructions, 2) test contents, 3) test types, and 4) frequency of attitude towards testing were determined by employing the exploratory-quantitative-qualitative- interpretative type of research design. Through students' survey questionnaire and focused group discussion as well as teachers' interview, the findings are concluded that: 1) having been taught basic grammar points and vocabulary with the use of the learning materials, the students could still not communicate confidently and spontaneously in conversation practice that made them not able to display desirable competence in some written tests and activities; 2) students' attitudes made an impact in learning the language as most of them did not see the importance of it for future life, because they did not exert effort to learn by studying religiously and participating in all activities; 3) the students were not able to develop their linguistic and communicative potentials because only an hour and fifty minutes were spent for each class in a week, covering the four macro skills with grammar and vocabulary enrichments; and, 4) for the teachers, tests were difficult to construct for validating language proficiencies because extremely poor and extremely good students were made to attend in one class altogether. It is implied that the students were not emotionally- and intellectually-prepared. To establish remedy, the teachers should provide 1) elaborated lecture-discussion to internalize knowledge, 2) appropriate teaching techniques to assimilate and accommodate language inputs, 3) sufficient examples of a test with various test types to demonstrate well their language skills, and 4) constant dialogue with them to establish rapport in a language testing environment and language classroom learning in general. The recommendations made by Lado (1961) and Jianrattanapong (2011) may also work in this study.