Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hard and Highly Adhesive AlMgB14 Coatings RF Sputtered on Tungsten Carbide and High-Speed Steel

We report a new industrial application of aluminum magnesium boride AlMgB14 (BAM) coatings to enhance the hardness of tungsten carbide ceramic (WC-Co) and high-speed steel tools. BAM films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering of a single dense stoichiometric ceramic target onto commercial WC-Co turning inserts and R6M5 steel drill bits. High target sputtering power and sufficiently short target-to-substrate distance were found to be critical processing conditions. Very smooth (6.6 nm RMS surface roughness onto Si wafers) and hard AlMgB14 coatings enhance the hardness of WC-Co inserts and high-speed R6M5 steel by a factor of two and three, respectively. Complete coating spallation failure occurred at a scratch adhesion strength of 18 N. High work of adhesion and low friction coefficient, estimated for BAM onto drill bits, was as high as 64 J/m2 and as low as 0.07, respectively, more than twice the surpass characteristics of N-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) films deposited onto nitride high-speed W6Mo5Cr4V2 steel.
Gem-Quality Yellow-Green Haüyne from Oldoinyo Lengai Volcano, Northern Tanzania

GEMS & GEMOLOGY FALL 2009 ldoinyo Lengai volcano, located in the Gregory Rift, northern Tanzania, is the only active carbonatite volcano in the world (Dawson, 1962; Keller and Krafft, 1990; Mitchell and Dawson, 2007). It is a typical stratovolcano and 2,952 m high (figure 1). It consists of unusual silica-undersaturated volcanic rocks including nephelinite and phonolite, as well as natrocarbonatites. The rocks occur as ash, lapilli, tuff, and agglomerates interlayered with lava flows. The agglomerates contain blocks of unusual feldspathoid-rich plutonic rocks such as urtite and ijolite. While visiting Oldoinyo Lengai volcano in 2003, researchers from Freiburg University in Germany found a block of plutonic rock ~0.35 m in longest dimension, which proved to have a composition intermediate between ijolite and urtite. The block was coarse-grained and pegmatitic, consisting primarily of nepheline and diopside with subordinate amounts of magnetite, apatite, and perovskite. It also contained large (up to 7 cm) anhedral gemquality pale greenish yellow crystals that were subsequently identified as haüyne (figure 2), ideal formula Na6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)2. However, published data on haüyne show that it is characterized by variable contents of Ca and Na, typically contains some K, and in addition to (SO4) 2− also contains Cl and S2− (e.g., Deer et al., 2004). Thus, a more general formula of haüyne can be written as (Na,Ca,K)4–8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,S,Cl)1−2.
URBAN SPRAWL METRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL URBAN EXPANSION USING GIS

We define and present a comprehensive set of metrics for five dynamic attributes of urban spatial structure commonly associated with ‘sprawl’: (a) the extension of the area of cities beyond the walkable range and the emergence of ‘endless’ cities; (b) the persistent decline in urban densities and the increasing consumption of land resources by urban dwellers; (c) ongoing suburbanization and the decreasing share of the population living and working in metropolitan centers; (d) the diminished contiguity of the built-up areas of cities and the increased fragmentation of open space in and around them; and (e) the increased compactness of cities as the areas between their fingerlike extensions are filled in. We also introduce several metrics for key manifestations of sprawl. We present these metrics as well as actual calculations of these metrics for two cities: Bangkok and Minneapolis. A forthcoming paper will present similar results for a global sample of 120 cities.
Staycation or holiday? Exploring camping’s contribution to subjective well-being during COVID-19

ABSTRACT With the COVID-19 pandemic-related travel restrictions, and staycations emerged as a popular alternative to holidays. This study investigated whether there are differential impacts on subjective well-being between staycations and holidays, and identified the factors that influence the acquisition of subjective well-being. The results showed no significant differences in subjective well-being between the two types of activities. Furthermore, the study identified distinct factors that influenced the subjective well-being of each group. These findings have important implications for promoting sustainable and local tourism, and in understanding the effects of spatial urban planning on well-being.
Landscape Pattern Analysis and Its Ecological Benefits in Oasis Plantation of Moyu County

Using 1990,2009 TM and 2000 ETM remote sensing images,the land use information of oasis plantation and its changing catachrestic were analyzed by ERDAS and GIS,and the landscape pattern and landscape index were analyzed by FRAGSTATS,the results showed that: the study area mainly composed of desert and gobi desert which about 70% of the total area.In recent two decades,Land use style changed greatly,the area of farmland and water reduced.The main reason of Severe degradation of vegetation is changes in precipitation patterns by global climate changing,changes of oasis plantation management and development policy.In recent two decades,landscape isolation and landscape fragmentation show downward trend,and,landscape path shape diversified,it's not conducive to management.The construction of water facilities,such as canals,provide guarantee for the plantation development,but it increased water consumption and went against with ecosystem stability.The oasis plantation has ecological benefits,such as sand fixation,soil improvement,water conservation,biodiversity maintenance and social economic benefits.
DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS AND TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN SOIL SAMPLES AND PLANT LEAVES AROUND OIL REFINERIES LOCATED ON ERBIL-GWER ROAD

Several refinery complexes exist in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq that produce various kinds of petroleum products. During the refining process, different types of gases, metals, hydrocarbons, and liquids are discharged into the environment. This study aimed to determine the concentration of eight heavy metals in soil and plant leaves collected around the refineries along Erbil-Gwer Road on two occasions throughout the study period. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the levels of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in the soil samples from the area. The results of the analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, As, and Mn between the dry and wet seasons in the soil samples. However, no significant differences were observed for Cu and Zn between the two seasons. The levels of metals for both periods were as follows: Mn> Cr> Zn> Ni> Cu> Pb> As> Cd in successive forms. Regarding the plant leaves, significant differences (P<0.05) were found between the study periods for Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd, whereas no significant differences were observed for the other metals. Furthermore, the concentration of TPH in the soil samples located alongside the refinery effluent stream was higher compared to the other areas.
Variation and availability of nutrients in co-products from bio-ethanol production fed to ruminants

The main objective of this project was to investigate the effects of the type of dried distillers grains with solubles (wheat DDGS, corn DDGS, and blend DDGS (eg. wheat:corn = 70:30)) and bio-ethanol plant origin on the nutrient variation and availability in ruminants. In addition, DDGS products were studied as opposed to their parental grains. The project was divided into the several following studies. In Study 1, we studied the nutritive value of DDGS products in terms of (1) chemical profiles, (2) protein and carbohydrate sub-fractions associated with different degradation rates, and (3) digestible component nutrients and energy values using the NRC 2001-chemical approach and the in situ assay-biological approach. Also, we tested the validity of acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) to predict the potential degradability of DDGS. Due to starch fermentation in the ethanol process, the chemical components in DDGS became approximately threefold more concentrated than in feedstock grains. Slowly degraded protein (PB3) and unavailable protein (PC) increased in DDGS, indicating a decrease in the overall protein degradability in the rumen. Intermediately degraded protein (PB2) was higher for corn DDGS than for wheat DDGS and blend DDGS (54.2 vs. 27.7 vs. 30.8 %CP), while PB3 was higher for wheat DDGS and blend DDGS (29.9 vs. 51.2 vs. 53.2 %CP). Mainly as a result of differing heat conditions, PC differed significantly between wheat DDGS originated at different bio-ethanol plants (0.7 vs. 7.6 %CP). The prediction of truly digestible CP (tdCP) and NDF (tdNDF) differed between the NRC 2001-chemical approach and the in situ assay-biological approach; however, both approaches reported similar energy values. These values were the highest for corn DDGS (DE3X: 3.9 Mcal kg), followed by blend DDGS (DE3X: 3.6 Mcal kg), and wheat DDGS (DE3X: 3.4 Mcal kg). Corn DDGS was superior to corn, wheat DDGS was similar to wheat and corn, and blend DDGS was similar to corn. No significant differences in energy values were reported between bio-ethanol plants. ADICP was not an accurate indicator of the potential degradability of protein in DDGS samples, while ADL seemed to be an acceptable indicator of the potential degradability of DM (r = -0.87; P<0.01), CP (r = -0.89; P<0.01), and NDF (r = -0.82; P<0.01) in wheat DDGS samples incubated in rumen during 48 h.
ID: SEM 029 CHANGES OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET0) IN RECENT DECADES OVER BANGLADESH

The quantification of water balance is crucial in Bangladesh due to increasing demand of water for agricultural production. One way to estimate the water requirements is the determination of reference evapotranspiration (ET0). The ET0 values measured or calculated at different locations or in different seasons are comparable as they refer to the evapotranspiration from the same reference surface. The only factors that affect ET0 are the climatic parameters. Any change in climatic parameters might lead to changes in ET0 over a particular area. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the changes of ET0 in the past several decades over Bangladesh under the changing climate. Daily observed data are collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) for the 1971 to 2010 time period. ET0 are analyzed using the FAO Penman-Monteith method which is recommended as the sole method for determining ET0. A software called CROPWAT 8.0, developed by Water Resources Development and Management Service of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has been used to calculate ET0 in the study. Two historical time-slices each 20 years of length i.e. 19711990 as 1980s and 1991-2010 as 2000s are considered to investigate the change of ET0 over Bangladesh. In the recent decades, the average evapotranspiration in Bangladesh has reduced from January to April. However, from July to December, ET shows slight increase in recent decades. Spatial Analysis has revealed that ET0 has reduced more in the western part than in the eastern part of the country. The south eastern region of Bangladesh shows a notable decrease of ET0 particularly in Meherpur District during Kharif-I cropping season.
Development of Bi- and Tri-Layer Nanofibrous Membranes Based on the Sulfated Polysaccharide Carrageenan for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

Periodontitis is a microbially-induced inflammation of the periodontium that is characterized by the destruction of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone and constitutes the principal cause of teeth loss in adults. Periodontal tissue regeneration can be achieved through guided tissue/bone regeneration (GTR/GBR) membranes that act as a physical barrier preventing epithelial infiltration and providing adequate time and space for PDL cells and osteoblasts to proliferate into the affected area. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds, simulating the natural architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM), have attracted increasing attention in periodontal tissue engineering. Carrageenans are ideal candidates for the development of novel nanofibrous GTR/GBR membranes, since previous studies have highlighted the potential of carrageenans for bone regeneration by promoting the attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts. Herein, we report the development of bi- and tri-layer nanofibrous GTR/GBR membranes based on carrageenans and other biocompatible polymers for the regeneration of periodontal tissue. The fabricated membranes were morphologically characterized, and their thermal and mechanical properties were determined. Their periodontal tissue regeneration potential was investigated through the evaluation of cell attachment, biocompatibility, and osteogenic differentiation of human PDL cells seeded on the prepared membranes.
Stratigraphic continuity and fragmentary sedimentation: the success of cyclostratigraphy as part of integrated stratigraphy

Abstract The Milankovitch theory of climate change is widely accepted, but the registration of the climate changes in the stratigraphic record and their use in building high-resolution astronomically tuned timescales has been disputed due to the complex and fragmentary nature of the stratigraphic record. However, results of time series analysis and consistency with independent magnetobiostratigraphic and/or radio-isotopic age models show that Milankovitch cycles are recorded not only in deep marine and lacustrine successions, but also in ice cores and speleothems, and in eolian and fluvial successions. Integrated stratigraphic studies further provide evidence for continuous sedimentation at Milankovitch time scales (104 years up to 106 years). This combined approach also shows that strict application of statistical confidence limits in spectral analysis to verify astronomical forcing in climate proxy records is not fully justified and may lead to false negatives. This is in contrast to recent claims that failure to apply strict statistical standards can lead to false positives in the search for periodic signals. Finally, and contrary to the argument that changes in insolation are too small to effect significant climate change, seasonal insolation variations resulting from orbital extremes can be significant (20% and more) and, as shown by climate modelling, generate large climate changes that can be expected to leave a marked imprint in the stratigraphic record. The tuning of long and continuous cyclic successions now underlies the standard geological time scale for much of the Cenozoic and also for extended intervals of the Mesozoic. Such successions have to be taken into account to fully comprehend the (cyclic) nature of the stratigraphic record.
Evaluation of Clinical Outcome after Gaserian Ganglion Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation For the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Article information Background: Trigeminal neuralgia is a common cause of sever annoying facial pain that has a great effect on patient’s life, and in drug resistant cases gaserian ganglion radiofrequency is minimally invasive, safe and effective procedure specially in patients not fit for microvascular decompression [MVD]. Aim of the work: To evaluate clinical outcome after Gaserian Ganglion radiofrequency thermocoagulation treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Patients and Methods: We performed Gaserian Ganglion radiofrequency thermocoagulation on 25 patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia and followed them for 12 months after surgery to compare our findings with those of other authors in the literature. Results: 100% of cases showed immediate post RF pain relief and VAS decreased from 9.8 to 0.24. the recurrence rate after 6 months of follow up was 8% [2 cases] and after 1 year was 20% [5 cases] . 100% developed facial hypoesthesia but improved gradually and only 2 patients, [8%] still complaining of ipsilateral hypoesthesia after 2 months. 12% of patients developed mild facial swelling that subsided over 1 to 2 weeks, and 12% developed grade 4 masticatory weakness that improved over 1 month, while there were no patients recorded with anesthesia dolorosa, corneal affection, CSF leak, meningitis or vascular injury . Conclusion: The results were
Biofuels and land use in Sweden: an overview of land-use change effects

Supported by policies, biofuel production has been continuously increasing worldwide during recent years. However, concerns have been raised that biofuels, often advocated as the future substitute for greenhouse gas (GHG) intensive fossil fuels, may cause negative effects on the climate and the environment. When assessing GHG emissions from biofuels, the production phase of the biofuel crop is essential since this is the phase in which most of the GHG emissions occur during the life cycle of the fuel, often linked to land use and land management. Changes in land use can result from a wide range of anthropogenic activities including agriculture and forestry management, livestock and biofuel production. The report first presents a review of the literature in the different scientific areas related to land use change (LUC) and biofuel production. Knowledge gaps related to LUC is compiled and, a synthesis is developed highlighting major challenges and key findings. Main findings are that (i) deforestation, forest management, and climate change deforestation is a major contributor to GHG emissions and can contribute to soil erosion and carbon stock changes, (ii) albedo changes and the timing of emissions need to be better understood, (iii) to avoid degradation of biodiversity great care must be taken to develop sustainable biofuel production (iv) nutrient leakage and removal of forest residues can influence the biomass growth potential (v) to avoid fertility losses in agricultural soils during biofuel production, crops with low fertilizer needs, high nutrient use efficiency and high yields should be given priority (vi) indirect effects on land use are extremely complex to quantify without great uncertainty (vii) biofuels contribution to rising food prices and poverty even more challenging (viii) biofuel production can create jobs but also interfere with traditional ways of life and recreational values, (ix) to avoid negative effects, biofuel production should be developed in collaboration with the stakeholders involved: farmers, land owners, tourists, and industry. The literature review and synthesis presented in this report shows that land use on this planet is already placing high stress on ecosystems, atmosphere, soils and human life. Because of increased biofuel production, land use change is therefore at risk of aggravating these problems. Conclusions drawn are that the LUC caused by increasing use of biofuels can be negative to various degrees but that drawbacks can be mitigated through policy measures or technology developments. Examples include the cultivation of high-yielding crops, cultivation on abandoned arable land, and effective use of by-products and waste. To explore the opportunities that exist for beneficial land use change, continued responsible and sensitive collaboration between industry, policy-makers, researchers and local communities is a prerequisite.
Stamsammansättning av lax i det svenska kustfisket 2013 & 2014 – genetisk provtagning och analys

Ett fatal laxalvar runt Ostersjon har uppnatt dagens forvaltningsmal. For att gynna svaga vildlaxstammar ar det onskvart att kunna styra fisket mer mot starka vilda samt kompensationsodlade bestand. En forutsattning for detta ar okad kunskap om var och nar olika stammar av bade vild och odlad lax fangas i kustfisket. I denna rapport presenteras provtagning och genetisk analys av lax fangad i svenskt kommersiellt kustfiske under 2013 och 2014. Huvudsyfte har varit att med hjalp av erhallna genetiska data undersoka nar och i vilken omfattning olika laxstammar fangats langs kusten, samt att jamfora resultat mellan de bada ar som undersokts. Utover DNA (17 sa kallade mikrosatelliter) har till viss del aven information om fettfeneklippning (klippt/oklippt) anvants for att identifiera odlad och vild lax i fall dar de genetiska skillnaderna ar alltfor sma for att skilja stammarna at (t.ex. odlad Lule- och vild Pitealvslax). For fangstplatser dar lax fran bade 2013 och 2014 analyserats var stamsammansattningen stabil mellan ar. Genomgaende visade resultaten att fangsterna i de flesta redskapen dominerades av lax fran den alv som ligger narmast, med undantag for kustomraden utan specifik narhet till alvmynningar dar fler laxstammar fangades i jamnare fordelning. Pa grund av varierande fiske- och insamlingstid var det svart att faststalla skillnader i vandringstid (fangsttid) mellan olika stammar. Pa vissa platser fanns dock indikationer pa stamskillnader i vandringstid eftersom lax fran Logdealven fangades tidigare an lax fran andra vilda och odlade laxstammar. Over lag visar resultaten fran denna studie att det finns goda forutsattningar att i framtiden i hogre grad rikta kustfisket mot de laxstammar man onskar, baserat pa kunskap om laxens rumsliga fordelning vid olika kustavsnitt.
Review of Measures Taken by Intergovernmental Organizations to Address Sea Turtle and Seabird Interactions in Marine Capture Fisheries

This document reviews actions taken by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), including regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) and other relevant regional fishery bodies (RFBs), to address problematic sea turtle and seabird interactions in marine capture fisheries. Sea turtles and seabirds are subject to a number of natural and anthropogenic mortality sources, including fishing operations. As a result, all sea turtle species of known status are recognized as being endangered. All sea turtle species excluding the flatback are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which regulates international trade. Of the 61 species of seabirds affected by longline fisheries, 26 are threatened with extinction, including 19 species of albatrosses. The Convention on Migratory Species, which has a broader remit than CITES in terms of its requirements for both domestic and multilateral conservation measures, lists all sea turtles, albatrosses, giant petrels and Procellaria petrels in its Appendices. Due to concern over the status of sea turtles and certain species of seabirds and the possible negative effects of fishing on these populations, several IGOs have taken measures to address these problems. Some of these organizations have begun examining seabird or sea turtle interactions, several have adopted voluntary measures to address problematic interactions, while five RFMOs have legally binding measures requiring the employment of seabird avoidance methods in pelagic and demersal longline and trawl fisheries. There currently are no legally-binding measures in place by an IGO to manage turtle-fishery interactions or seabird interactions in coastal gillnet fisheries. Several IGOs, which lack fisheries management authority, serve as advisory mechanisms and conduct cooperative research, or have a primary responsibility of regional sea turtle or seabird conservation.