Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Verification of Phase Current Detection Method of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Three Sampling Resistors Configuration

In the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control system, the phase current sampling unit is an important part of the whole motor control system. Traditionally, the hall-effect components are used to detecting the phase currents of the PMSM. However, the size of the hardware with Hall-effect components are often large. In this paper, a scheme of detecting the phase currents of PMSM by using three sampling resistors on the main circuit was discussed. In order to overcome the phenomenon that phase currents flow discontinuously across the three sampling resistors, a method for reconstructing the phase currents was proposed. Both simulation results and experimental results show that the phase currents can be reconstructed successfully and the high sampling accuracy can be obtained.
Theoretical Study on Gas Sensing of SO2 on TH-SixCy

The adsorption process of SO2 on TH-SixCy is studied using first principles and the adsorption behavior is evaluated by parameters such as adsorption energy, band structure, and DOS. By analyzing the adsorption properties of SO2, it is found that the chemical adsorption of SO2 on TH-SiC makes TH-SiC change from semiconductor to metal. Thereby changing the electrical conductivity of TH-SiC and enabling sensing becomes feasible. However, SO2 and TH-SiC2 are formed with physical adsorption, and the band structure of TH-SiC2 is not changed, so it can effectively resist the pollution of SO2.
Magnetic Skyrmions on a Two-Lane Racetrack

Magnetic skyrmions are particle-like textures in magnetization, characterized by a topological winding number. Nanometer-scale skyrmions have been observed at room temperature in magnetic multilayer structures. The combination of their small size, topological quantization and their ef ﬁ cient electric manipulation makes them interesting candidates for information carriers in high-performance memory devices. A skyrmion racetrack memory has been suggested, in which information is encoded in the distance between skyrmions moving in a one-dimensional nanostrip. Here, I propose an alternative design where skyrmions move in two ( or more ) parallel lanes and the information is stored in the lane number of each skyrmion. Such a multilane track can be constructed by controlling the height pro ﬁ le of the nanostrip. Repulsive skyrmion – skyrmion interactions in narrow nanostrips guarantee that skyrmions on different lanes cannot pass each other. Current pulses can be used to induce a lane change, and combining these elements provides a robust, ef ﬁ cient design for skyrmion-based storage devices.
Chromium doped tungsten alloy for plasma-facing components of fusion reactors formed by compression plasma flows

Chromium doped tungsten (Cr-W) alloys are formed by compression plasma flows (CPFs) treatment at different absorbed energy densities (20 – 50 J/cm2), and are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), and the Vickers hardness test. XRD analysis betokens that the dominant crystal orientation changes from (110) to (200) after CPFs treatment, and the intensity ratio (I200/I110) between the diffraction lines corresponding to (200) and (110) planes increases with an increase in the absorbed energy density. SEM and EDX analyses betoken spatial inhomogeneity at 20 J/cm2, improved uniformity at 30 J/cm2, and cracks at higher energy density. The hardness of the Cr-W alloy varies with absorbed energy density and has a maximum value of 379 HV at 20 J/cm2.
Fine-structure transitions as a tool for studying variation of α at high redshifts

Star-forming galaxies at high redshifts are the ideal targets to probe the hypothetical variation of the fine-structure constant alpha over cosmological time scales. We propose a modification of the alkali doublets method which allows us to search for variation in alpha combining far infrared and submillimeter spectroscopic observations. This variation manifests as velocity offsets between the observed positions of the fine-structure and gross-structure transitions when compared to laboratory wavelengths. Here we describe our method whose sensitivity limit to the fractional changes in alpha is about 5*10^-7. We also demonstrate that current spectral observations of hydrogen and [C II] 158 micron lines provide an upper limit on |Delta alpha/alpha| < 6*10^-5 at redshifts z = 3.1 and z = 4.7.
Visibility study of graphene multilayer structures

The visibility of graphene sheets on different types of substrates has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Although single layer graphene is observable on various types of dielectrics under an optical microscope, it is invisible when it is placed directly on most of the semiconductor and metallic substrates. We show that coating of a resist layer with optimum thickness is an effective way to enhance the contrast of graphene on various types of substrates and makes single layer graphene visible on most semiconductor and metallic substrates. Experiments have been performed to verify the results on quartz and NiFe-coated Si substrates. The results obtained will be useful for fabricating graphene-based devices on various types of substrates for electronics, spintronics, and optoelectronics applications.
Penetrative turbulence associated with mesoscale surface heat flux variations

This article investigates penetrative turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Using a large eddy simulation approach, we study characteristics of the mixed layer with respect to surface heat flux variations in the range from 231.48 W/m$^2$ to 925.92 W/m$^2$, and observe that the surface heterogeneity on a spatial scale of $20$ km leads to downscale turbulent kinetic energy cascade. Coherent fluctuations of mesoscale horizontal wind is observed at 100m above the ground. Such a surface induced temporal oscillations in the horizontal wind suggest a rapid jump in mesocale wind forecasts, which is difficult to parameterize using traditional one-dimensional ensemble-mean models. Although the present work is idealized at a typical scale (20km) of surface heterogeneity, the results help develop effective subgrid scale parameterization schemes for classical weather forecasting mesoscale models.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSION ON THE PARTICLE SPECTRA IN PULSAR WIND NEBULAE

A possible way to calculate particle spectra as a function of position in pulsar wind nebulae is to solve a Fokker–Planck transport equation. This paper presents numerical solutions to the transport equation with the processes of convection, diffusion, adiabatic losses, and synchrotron radiation included. In the first part of the paper, the steady-state version of the transport equation is solved as a function of position and energy. This is done to distinguish the various effects of the aforementioned processes on the solutions to the transport equation. The second part of the paper deals with a time-dependent solution to the transport equation, specifically taking into account the effect of a moving outer boundary. The paper highlights the fact that diffusion can play a significant role in reducing the amount of synchrotron losses, leading to a modification in the expected particle spectra. These modified spectra can explain the change in the photon index of the synchrotron emission as a function of position. The solutions presented in this paper are not limited to pulsar wind nebulae, but can be applied to any similar central source system, e.g., globular clusters.
Shielding electrostatic fields in polar semiconductor nanostructures

Modern opto-electronic devices are based on semiconductor heterostructures employing the process of electron-hole pair annihilation. In particular polar materials enable a variety of classic and even quantum light sources, whose on-going optimisation endeavours challenge generations of researchers. However, the key challenge - the inherent electric crystal polarisation of such materials - remains unsolved and deteriorates the electron-hole pair annihilation rate. Here, our approach introduces a sequence of reverse interfaces to compensate these polarisation effects, while the polar, natural crystal growth direction is maintained provoking a boost in device performance. Former research approaches like growth on less-polar crystal planes or even the stabilization of unnatural phases never reached industrial maturity. In contrast, our solution allows the adaptation of all established industrial processes, while the polarisation becomes adjustable; even across zero. Hence, our approach marks the onset of an entire class of ultra-fast and efficient devices based on any polar material.
The Electroweak Gauge Couplings in SO(5) × U(1) Gauge-Higgs Unification

The electroweak currents of quarks and leptons in the SO(5)×U(1) gauge-Higgs unification model in the Randall-Sundrum warped space are determined. The 4D gauge couplings deviate from those in the standard model and the weak universality is slightly violated. It is shown that the model is free from 4D anomalies and the deviations of the gauge couplings are tiny, less than 1% except for the top quark. The ZtL tL, ZtR tR, ZbLbL and ZbRbR couplings deviate from those in the standard model by −7%, 18%, 0.3% and 0.9% with the warp factor zL = 10 , respectively. The violation of the μ-e, τ -e and t-e universality in the charged current interactions is O(10−8), O(10−6) and 2.3%, respectively.
Public perceptions on Twitter of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: The use of social media platforms to convey public opinions and attitudes has exponentially increased over the last decade on topics related to health. In all these social media postings related to the pandemic, specific attention has been focused on healthcare professionals, specifically nurses. Objective: This study aimed to explore how the keyword ‘nurse’ is located in COVID-19 pandemic-related tweets during a selected period of the pandemic in order to assess public perception. Methods: Tweets related to COVID-19 were downloaded from Twitter for the period January 1st, 2020, to November 11th, 2021. Sentiment analysis was used to identify opinions, emotions, and approaches expressed in tweet which included ‘nurse’, ‘COVID-19’, and ‘pandemic’ as either keyword or hashtags. Results: A total of 2,440,696 most used unique words in the downloaded 582,399 tweets were included and the sentiment analysis indicated that 24.4% (n = 595,530) of the tweets demonstrated positive sentiment while 14.1% (n = 343,433) of the tweets demonstrated negative sentiment during COVID-19. Within these results, 17% (n = 416,366) of the tweets included positive basic emotion words of trust and 4.9% (n = 120,654) of joy. In terms of negative basic emotion words, 9.9% (n = 241,758) of the tweets included the word fear, 8.3% (n = 202,179) anticipation, 7.9% (n = 193,145) sadness, 5.7% (n = 139,791) anger, 4.2% (n = 103,936) disgust, and 3.6% (n = 88,338) of the tweets included the word surprised. Conclusions: It is encouraging to note that with the advent of major health crises, public perceptions on social media, appears to portray an image of nurses which reflects the professionalism and values of the profession.
1D2DSimScore: A novel method for comparing contacts in biomacromolecules and their complexes

The biologically relevant structures of proteins and nucleic acids and their complexes are dynamic. They include a combination of regions ranging from rigid structural segments to structural switches to regions that are almost always disordered, which interact with each other in various ways. Comparing conformational changes and variation in contacts between different conformational states is essential to understand the biological functions of proteins, nucleic acids, and their complexes. Here, we describe a new computational tool, 1D2DSimScore, for comparing contacts and contact interfaces in all kinds of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes, including proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules. 1D2DSimScore can be used to compare structural features of macromolecular models between alternative structures obtained in a particular experiment or to score various predictions against a defined “ideal” reference structure. Comparisons at the level of contacts are particularly useful for flexible molecules, for which comparisons in 3D that require rigid‐body superpositions are difficult, and in biological systems where the formation of specific inter‐residue contacts is more relevant for the biological function than the maintenance of a specific global 3D structure. Similarity/dissimilarity scores calculated by 1D2DSimScore can be used to complement scores describing 3D structural similarity measures calculated by the existing tools.
Effects of fish oil on methotrexate‐induced reproductive damage in rats

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist that is commonly used in paediatric and adult oncology to treat a variety of malignancies. Internal organs, including the testis, are severely cytotoxic and genotoxic to MTX. Omega‐3, as an antioxidant, has been shown to protect rat testis tissue from injury. The effect of fish oil (FO) on MTX‐induced reproductive damage in rats was investigated in this work. The 28 animals were divided into four groups for this purpose (control, FO, MTX, and MTX‐FO). On the third day, the MTX group received a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg MTX. Furthermore, in the FO and MTX‐FO groups, FO was delivered through gavage once daily for 14 days. All animals euthanized under general anaesthesia on the 15th day. TBARS, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase levels were measured biochemically. The Cosentino grading system was utilized for histology. Germ cell thickness and caspase‐3 activity were also evaluated. In addition, sperm motility rate, epididymal sperm count, aberrant sperm rate, and sperm vitality were measured to assess sperm quality. Some TBARS levels have increased, but GSH levels decreased significantly in the MTX group. FO reduced TBARS levels while considerably increasing GSH levels. All sperm quality measures were significantly lowered in the MTX group, while FO had a recovery effect. There were no notable variations in histopathology across groups except for germ cell thickness, which reduced considerably in the MTX group and recovered with FO treatment. As a result, FO has been shown to reduce testicular toxicity following MTX treatment in rats.
A CORONAL SEISMOLOGICAL STUDY WITH STREAMER WAVES

We present a novel method to evaluate the Alfvén speed and the magnetic field strength along the streamer plasma sheet in the outer corona. The method is based on recent observations of streamer waves, which are regarded as the fast kink body mode carried by the plasma sheet structure and generated upon the impact of a fast coronal mass ejection (CME) on a nearby streamer. The mode propagates outward with a phase speed consisting of two components. One is the phase speed of the mode in the plasma rest frame and the other is the speed of the solar wind streaming along the plasma sheet. The former can be well represented by the Alfvén speed outside the plasma sheet, according to a linear wave dispersion analysis with a simplified slab model of magnetized plasmas. The radial profiles of the Alfvén speed can be deduced with constraints put on the speed of the solar wind, which is done by making use of the measurements of streamer blobs flowing passively in the wind. The radial profiles of the strength of the coronal magnetic field can be depicted once the electron density distribution is specified, this is done by inverting the observed polarized brightness data. Comparing the diagnostic results corresponding to the first wave trough and the following crest, we find that both the Alfvén speed and magnetic field strength at a fixed distance decline with time. This is suggestive of the recovering process of the CME-disturbed corona.
Characterization of pig skin microbiome and appraisal as an in vivo subcutaneous injection model

Pig skin is commonly used in the medical industry as an injection model due to its compelling physiological affinity to human skin. However, the pig neck skin microflora remains largely uncharacterized, which may have undesirable implications for the translatability of results to humans. This study aimed to characterize pig neck skin microbiome with direct comparison with human skin microflora at emblematic injection sites to appraise its suitability as an injection model. Ten minipigs were sampled with tape strips and swabs and analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and 16S/ITS high throughput sequencing and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results were directly compared with previous investigations of human injection sites. Pig skin was dominated by phyla 94.8% Firmicutes, 3% Proteobacteria, and 2.2% Actinobacteria. Staphylococcus spp. prevailed (44.4%) at the genus level with S. capitis and S. chromogenes present in all samples. Pig skin revealed populations in the 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/cm2 range with 3% identified as Gram-negative and increased alpha diversity (compared with 102 CFU/cm2 and 10% in humans). While notable taxonomical differences on species levels were seen, pig skin encompassed 97.1% of genera found in human samples. The increased population and variation found support the pig neck as an imperfect but fidelitous subcutaneous injection model that can adequately challenge devices from a microbial standpoint.
On the quasi‐periodic oscillations in magnetars

We study torsional Alfven oscillations of magnetars, i.e., neutron stars with a strong magnetic field. We consider the poloidal and toroidal components of the magnetic field and a wide range of equilibrium stellar models. We use a new coordinate system (X, Y ), where X = p a1 sin θ, Y = p a1 cos θ and a1 is the radial component of the magnetic field. In this coordinate system, the 1 + 2-dimensional evolution equation describing the quasi-periodic oscillations, QPOs, see Sotani et al. (2007), is reduced to a 1 + 1-dimensional equation, where the perturbations propagate only along the Y -axis. We solve the 1+1-dimensional equation for different boundary conditions and open magnetic field lines, i.e., magnetic field lines that reach the surface and there match up with the exterior dipole magnetic field, as well as closed magnetic lines, i.e., magnetic lines that never reach the stellar surface. For the open field lines, we find two families of QPOs frequencies; a family of "lower" QPOs frequencies which is located near the X-axis and a family of "upper" frequencies located near the Y -axis. According to Levin (2007), the fundamental frequencies of these two families can be interpreted as the turning points of a continuous spectrum. We find that the upper frequencies are constant multiples of the lower frequencies with a constant equaling 2n+ 1. For the closed lines, the corresponding factor is n + 1 . By these relations, we can explain both the lower and the higher observed frequencies in SGR 1806-20 and SGR 1900+14.
Aloe Vera coated Dextran Sulfate/Chitosan nanoparticles (Aloe Vera @ DS/CS) encapsulating Eucalyptus essential oil with antibacterial potent property

Abstract The goal of this work is to encapsulate Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil in biopolymer matrices, to optimize the biological effects and the antibacterial properties of this oil. In this study, Eucalyptus extract was encapsulated in Aloe Vera coated Dextran Sulfate/Chitosan nanoparticles to form a hydrogel with potent properties. In this study, Eucalyptus extract was loaded on to Aloe Vera coated Dextran Sulphate/Chitosan nanoparticles to obtain a nano-hydrogel with potent properties. The characterization of nanoparticles was evaluated using transmission and scanning electron microscopes, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and antibacterial activity. The E. staigeriana release profile from the prepared nanoparticles was studied in vitro at a pH of 7.4. The results showed that this nano-carrier controls Eucalyptus release. Aloe Vera coated Dextran Sulfate/Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated with E. staigeriana inhibited the bacteria by 47.27%. These investigations concluded that E. staigeriana loaded Aloe Vera coated Dextran Sulfate/Chitosan hydrogel could be used as a powerful dressing material to accelerate wound healing.
INTERPRETATION OF THE UNPRECEDENTEDLY LONG-LIVED HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION OF GRB 130427A

High-energy photons (>100 MeV) are detected by the Fermi/Large Area Telescope from GRB 130427A up to almost one day after the burst, with an extra hard spectral component discovered in the high-energy afterglow. We show that this hard spectral component arises from afterglow synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission. This scenario can explain the origin of >10 GeV photons detected up to ∼30, 000 s after the burst, which would be difficult to explain via synchrotron radiation due to the limited maximum synchrotron photon energy. The lower energy multi-wavelength afterglow data can be fitted simultaneously by the afterglow synchrotron emission. The implication of detecting the SSC emission for the circumburst environment is discussed.
Determination of $c_\mathrm A$ in three-flavour lattice QCD with Wilson fermions and tree-level improved gauge action

We report on an ongoing non-perturbative determination of the improvement coefficient of the axial current, $c_\mathrm A$, with three flavours of dynamical $\mathrm O(a)$ improved Wilson quarks and tree-level Symanzik improved gauge action. Our computations are based on simulations with the openQCD code. The improvement condition for a range of couplings is formulated with Schr\"odinger functional boundary conditions and imposed along a line of constant physics in parameter space. Our analysis involves correlation functions with boundary wave functions such that a large sensitivity to $c_\mathrm A$ can be reached by exploiting the PCAC relation with two different pseudoscalar states.
Cursor movements to targets labelled “stop”: a kinematic analysis

Abstract The label ‘Stop’ potentially generates conflict—signifying important corrective action, or a warning not to touch. To examine potential conflict between an incongruent label (i.e. STOP) and an imperative command (i.e. MOVE! ), 18 participants used a computer mouse to move a crosshair cursor to targets with superimposed labels. Trials systematically varied Imperative (blank or MOVE! ), Label (+GO + or STOP) and movement Distance. Kinematic analyses examined response latency, movement duration and accuracy. Incongruent labels had little impact upon response latencies, but they affected cursor deceleration and the variability of cursor placement. Although reading is assumed to be obligatory, the impact of written labels is not immediate, instead affecting cursor deceleration. Indeed, responses to controls labelled STOP were less accurate than those labelled + GO+. As labelled interfaces can create error versus command confusions, enhancing the discriminability of controls to afford more obvious visible cues as to method of use is recommended. Practitioner summary: Emergency stop and shutdown controls can cause response conflict as their labels signify both urgent corrective actions and ‘don’t touch’. Response conflict caused by confusing superimposed labels is resolved as cursors near the target control and may result in reduced movement accuracy. Prior warnings may influence resolution of response conflict. Abbreviations: Hz: Hertz; M: Mean; ms: millisecond; mm: millimetre; S: second; SD: Standard Deviation; SE: Standard Error; USB: Universal Serial Bus
A review of pulsating stars from the ASAS data

Abstract The All-Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) appeared to be extremely useful in establishing the census of bright variable stars in the sky. A short review of the characteristics of the ASAS data and discoveries based on these data and related to pulsating stars is presented here by an enthusiastic user of the ASAS data.