Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nuevos horizontes del multilateralismo global: El desarrollo de la Responsabilidad de Proteger y la perspectiva de Chile

Contextualizando el analisis en un escenario internacional crecientemente multipolar, determinado importantemente por el proceso de globalizacion y sus consecuencias sobre la soberania de los Estados, el presente articulo estudia el desarrollo que ha tenido el concepto de la Responsabilidad de Proteger desde sus origenes. En esta linea, se destaca que esta materia no cuenta con el consenso de la comunidad internacional en su contenido y aspectos politicos. Bajo esta perspectiva, el trabajo examina las distintas posiciones adoptadas al respecto por los paises de la region de America Latina, enfocandose especialmente en el caso de Chile, que ha sido un activo impulsor del concepto In the context of an increasingly multipolar international scenario, fundamentally influenced by the globalization process and its consequences on State sovereignty, the present article analyzes the development of the concept of Responsibility to Protect from its origins. The text underscores that its elements and political aspects do not have the consensus of the international community. Based on this view, the work examines the different positions that exist on the issue by the countries of Latin America, focusing especially on the case of Chile, who has actively supported the concept.
Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction and Inflammation Contribute to the Increased Cardiovascular Mortality Risk Associated With Depression

Objective: To investigate prospectively whether autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and inflammation play a role in the increased cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality risk associated with depression. Methods: Participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (n = 907; mean age, 71.3 ± 4.6 years; 59.1% women) were evaluated for ANS indices derived from heart rate variability (HRV) analysis (frequency and time domain HRV, and nonlinear indices, including detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA1) and heart rate turbulence). Inflammation markers included C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, and white blood cell count). Depressive symptoms were assessed, using the 10-item Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the mortality risk associated with depression, ANS, and inflammation markers, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Results: Depression was associated with ANS dysfunction (DFA1, p = .018), and increased inflammation markers (white blood cell count, p = .012, fibrinogen p = .043) adjusting for covariates. CVD-related mortality occurred in 121 participants during a median follow-up of 13.3 years. Depression was associated with an increased CVD mortality risk (hazard ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–2.86). Multivariable analyses showed that depression was an independent predictor of CVD mortality (hazard ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.83) when adjusting for independent HRV and inflammation predictors (DFA1, heart rate turbulence, interleukin-6), attenuating the depression-CVD mortality association by 12.7% (p < .001). Conclusion: Autonomic dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the increased cardiovascular mortality risk associated with depression, but a large portion of the predictive value of depression remains unexplained by these neuroimmunological measures. ANS = autonomic nervous system; LF = low frequency; CI = confidence interval; PNN50 = percent of successive RR interval differences >50 ms; CRP = C-reactive protein; CES-D = Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; PVC = premature ventricular complex; RMSSD = root mean square successive difference of RR intervals; CHS = Cardiovascular Health Study; CVD = cardiovascular disease; SD = standard deviation; DFA1 = detrended fluctuation analysis; SDNN = standard deviation of the NN intervals; HF = high frequency; HR = hazard ratio; HRT = heart rate turbulence; TO = turbulence onset; HRV = heart rate variability; TS = turbulence slope; VLF = very low frequency; IL-6 = interleukin-6; WBC = white blood cell count.
Chronic Effect of Different Load Distributions on the Autonomic Heart Rate Modulation

Braz TV, Ornelas F, Matos NR, Germano MD, Sindorf MAG, Moreno MA, Lopes CR. Chronic Effect of Different Load Distributions on the Autonomic Heart Rate Modulation. JEPonline 2016;19(2):55-67. The purpose of the current study was to assess and compare the chronic effect of exercise training and different external training load distributions (ETL) on the autonomic heart rate (HR) modulation of 21 healthy adult women who were randomly divided into 3 groups: Linear Load (LL, n = 8); Undulating Load (UL, n = 8), and Control Load (CL, n = 5). They were assessed before (A1) and after (A2) 12 aerobic training sessions: Heart rate variability (HRV) at rest (HRVrest) and post exercise (HRVpost-exercise), Heart Rate at Rest (HRrest), incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and HRV threshold (HRVT). The internal training load (ITL) was calculated using the Foster method. The ETL in the CL group Zone 1 was greater than that of the LL and UL groups (P = 0.008). There was no significant difference (P = 0.575) between the ITL of the CL (13474 ± 1059 a.u.), LL (12650 ± 1411 a.u.), and UL (12734 ± 846 a.u.) groups. All variables showed significant differences (P<0.05) from A1 to A2, with the exception of HRrest for CL and LL and of HRVpost-exercise for CL. The effect size was great for HRVpost-exercise and HRVT in the UL group (ES = 2.07 and 2.97). The findings indicate that the subjects improved in aerobic capacity, HRVT speed and HRrest regardless of the load distribution. However, the CL group needed more ETL than the LL and UL groups in Zone 1. The ITL did not differ during the sessions, indicating that the ETL periodization increased the chronic adaptations of the proposed training, especially for UL.
Coral Settlement on a Highly Disturbed Equatorial Reef System

Processes occurring early in the life stages of corals can greatly influence the demography of coral populations, and successful settlement of coral larvae that leads to recruitment is a critical life history stage for coral reef ecosystems. Although corals in Singapore persist in one the world’s most anthropogenically impacted reef systems, our understanding of the role of coral settlement in the persistence of coral communities in Singapore remains limited. Spatial and temporal patterns of coral settlement were examined at 7 sites in the southern islands of Singapore, using settlement tiles deployed and collected every 3 months from 2011 to 2013. Settlement occurred year round, but varied significantly across time and space. Annual coral settlement was low (~54.72 spat m-2 yr-1) relative to other equatorial regions, but there was evidence of temporal variation in settlement rates. Peak settlement occurred between March–May and September–November, coinciding with annual coral spawning periods (March–April and October), while the lowest settlement occurred from December–February during the northeast monsoon. A period of high settlement was also observed between June and August in the first year (2011/12), possibly due to some species spawning outside predicted spawning periods, larvae settling from other locations or extended larval settlement competency periods. Settlement rates varied significantly among sites, but spatial variation was relatively consistent between years, suggesting the strong effects of local coral assemblages or environmental conditions. Pocilloporidae were the most abundant coral spat (83.6%), while Poritidae comprised only 6% of the spat, and Acroporidae <1%. Other, unidentifiable families represented 10% of the coral spat. These results indicate that current settlement patterns are reinforcing the local adult assemblage structure (‘others’; i.e. sediment-tolerant coral taxa) in Singapore, but that the replenishment capacity of Singapore’s reefs appears relatively constrained, which could lead to less resilient reefs.
Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: Endocrine Basis and Contribution to Pregnancy Outcome

For a majority of women, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is an unpleasant but normal feature of pregnancy. NVP has a largely unknown etiology, but it is widely agreed that physiological, psychological, genetic, and cultural components are contributing factors. The occurrence of NVP may be of benefit in pregnancy, and NVP-associated pregnancies are less likely to result in miscarriage, preterm delivery, or intrauterine growth retardation. It has been suggested that NVP is promoted by secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), largely on the basis of the coincidence between the onset of NVP and hCG secretion and the peaks of both at around 12 to 14 weeks’ gestation. Concentrations of hCG that are above or below the normal range are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. It seems that NVP and hCG are related and that nutrient restriction during critical periods of embryonic development may ensure production of hCG at optimal levels, protect placental development, and optimize nutrient partitioning between maternal and fetal tissues. Target Audience: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Learning Objectives: After completion of this article, the reader will be able to list potential associations with NVP, outline the various factors implied in the etiology of NVP, and describe the patterns of NVP.
Measuring secondhand smoke exposure in children: an ecological measurement approach.

OBJECTIVE Behavioral, environmental, and biological measures of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure are reviewed with special consideration of medically at-risk children. METHODS An ecological measurement framework is introduced to examine SHS exposure of children in the context of their physical and social environments. RESULTS The proposed approach emphasizes the need to measure (a) who uses tobacco, (b) where and when exposure takes place, (c) what media are contaminated, (d) how exposure takes place, (e) how much a child was exposed, and (f) factors that contribute to why tobacco is used in a child's environment. CONCLUSIONS Existing research suggests that medically at-risk children are among the most vulnerable populations for the harmful effects of SHS exposure. Yet, little is currently known about how SHS exposure affects these populations. The proposed approach provides a framework for the comprehensive assessment of SHS exposure to study its health effects and to design effective interventions.
Suspected non-small cell lung cancer: incidence of occult brain and skeletal metastases and effectiveness of imaging for detection--pilot study.

PURPOSE To estimate the incidence of occult metastases to the brain and skeleton in patients suspected of having non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (stage higher than T1Nomo) with surgically resectable disease, to assess the accuracy of screening magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and radionuclide bone scanning for help in identifying occult metastases, and to determine the effectiveness of a high dose of MR contrast material. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients suspected of having NSCLC localized to the lung or to the lung and regional nodes underwent preoperative MR imaging with contrast material enhancement and radionuclide bone scanning for detection of brain or skeletal metastases. Patients were followed up for 12 months to determine the incidence of clinical metastatic disease. RESULTS Eight (28%) patients had occult metastatic disease to the brain or skeleton. Brain metastases were identified on MR images in five of six patients. Bone metastases were identified on MR images in four of five patients and on bone scans in three of five patients. MR imaging was no more accurate than bone scanning for skeletal evaluation. A high dose of MR contrast material allowed detection of more metastases and of small lesions. CONCLUSION Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the brain is indicated for the exclusion of brain metastases in patients with clinically operable known or possible NSCLC and a large (> 3-cm) lung mass. Skeletal imaging may be indicated if an isolated brain metastasis is detected.
An Invasive Grass and a Desert Adapted Rodent: is there an Effect on Locomotory Performance and is it Modified by Prior Experience or Familiarization?

iv ABSTRACT An Invasive Grass and a Desert Adapted Rodent: Is there an Effect on Locomotory Performance and is it Modified by Prior Experience or Familiarization? Camille Delphine Boag Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) are frequently characterized as keystone species for their role in altering soil characteristics, changing habitat structure through seed consumption and dispersal, and being important primary consumers in their ecosystem. They are arid adapted and known to forage in areas with sparse vegetation. Studies suggests densely vegetated habitat to be unsuitable for kangaroo rats because plants are an impediment to their locomotion and predator avoidance behaviors. This study focuses on an invasive grass, South African Veldt (Ehrharta calycina), that converts landscapes with sparse vegetation into dense grassland habitats, and the Lompoc kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni arenae) that occupies some of those modified landscapes. I explored the proximate effects of Veldt grass by assessing the locomotion of D.h. arenae in three Veldt grass densities. I hypothesized that Veldt grass influences kangaroo rat locomotion, but that performance could also be influenced by experience with the grass. Kangaroo rats with long-term experience with Veldt grass (i.e., those occupying a habitat containing Veldt grass) and short-term experience (two-night habituation in an artificial Veldt grass patch) were tested by pursing the animals through runways of different grass densities and measuring the amount of time spent crossing the runway, amount of time spent stopped, average velocity, and amount of motivation required to initiate and sustain movement. I also monitored habitat use during the two-night habituation period in order to assess habitat utilization among three Veldt grass density habitat patches. I hypothesized that Veldt grass may influence normal habitat utilization patterns in D.h. arenae: specifically, the avoidance of the densest habitats and preference or disproportionate utilization of the most open habitat. I found, when the animals were left alone to forage and explore, they spent significantly more time in habitat patches containing Veldt grass than in a control patch containing zero percent cover. However, in locomotion trials, Veldt grass had a negative effect on locomotory performance. These effects seem to scale with grass density, and were ameliorated to some degree by familiarization: animals from a Veldt grass habitat of origin performed better in novel Veldt grass templates than animals from a non-Veldt habitat of origin; however, both groups performed equally well after two nights' habituation to the templates. These results suggest that learning occurred in …
Coordinación y liderazgo de tecnología para gobierno electrónico

Electronico – Un Modelo para GCIO Ignacio Marcovecchio, Elsa Estevez, Pablo Fillottrani, Tomasz Janowski United Nations University IIST Center for Electronic Governance P.O. Box 3058, Macao SAR, China +853 85040499 Departamento de Ciencias e Ingenieria de la Computacion Universidad Nacional del Sur Av. Alem 1253 – Bahia Blanca, Argentina +54 291 459 5135 Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina ignacio@iist.unu. edu, {ece,prf}@cs.uns. edu.ar, tomasz@iist.unu. edu
[Pulmonary symptomatic tuberculosis' diagnostic delay study].

OBJECTIVE To study symptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnostic delay. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective study of new symptomatic PTB cases (aged > or = 15 years) by structured interview with the patients and their families. The main variables analyzed were patient's delay (PD), doctor's delay (DD), diagnostic process delay (DPD), health care system delay (HCSD) and total delay between the onset of symptoms and start of treatment (TD). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed for each component of delay. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven patients were studied. The mean delays in days standard deviations were TD 81.8 77.3; PD 43.3 55.7; DD 28.4 59.6; DPD 10.0 17.7, and HCSD 38.5 62.5. CONCLUSIONS Patients are responsible for 50% of excess delay in diagnosing symptomatic PTB. Patients in the health care system experienced diagnostic delays over 60 days in 18.5% of cases, doctors being responsible for 75% of the diagnostic delay attributable to the system.
Determinants affecting the likelihood of volunteering in Barretstown camp for sick children

Substantial past research has focused on the positive effects that volunteering has on subjective wellbeing while research into the domain of wellbeing increasing the likelihood of volunteering remains low. This study was designed to assess subjective wellbeing and age in determining volunteer behaviour in Barrelstown. This study consisted of volunteers from Barretstown and a control group from the Dublin Business School (n = 93; 38 = volunteers; 55 = non-volunteers). The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), an adapted extraversion questionnaire (AEQ) and qualitative data were used. The hypotheses are supported by the results and consistent with the findings of other studies. Limitations and avenues for future research will also be discussed.
Capsaicin may have important potential for promoting vascular and metabolic health

Capsaicin, the phytochemical responsible for the spiciness of peppers, has the potential to modulate metabolism via activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors, which are found not only on nociceptive sensory neurons, but also in a range of other tissues. TRPV1 activation induces calcium influx, and in certain tissues this is associated with increased activation or expression of key proteins such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), KLF2, PPARdelta, PPARgamma, and LXRα. The calcium influx triggered by TRPV1 activation in endothelial cells mimics the impact of shear stress in this regard, activating and increasing the expression of eNOS—but also increasing expression of cox-2, thrombomodulin, and nrf2-responsive antioxidant enzymes, while decreasing expression of proinflammatory proteins. Hence, dietary capsaicin has favourably impacted endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rodents. TRPV1-mediated induction of LXRα in foam cells promotes cholesterol export, antagonising plaque formation. Capsaicin-mediated activation of TRPV1-expressing neurons in the gastrointestinal tract promotes sympathetically mediated stimulation of brown fat, raising metabolic rate. The increased expression of UCP2 induced by TRPV1 activation exerts a protective antioxidant effect on the liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and on vascular endothelium in the context of hyperglycaemia. In rodent studies, capsaicin-rich diets have shown favourable effects on atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension and stroke risk. Clinically, ingestion of capsaicin—or its less stable non-pungent analogue capsiate—has been shown to boost metabolic rate modestly. Topical application of capsaicin via patch was found to increase exercise time to ischaemic threshold in patients with angina. Further clinical studies with capsaicin administered in food, capsules, or via patch, are needed to establish protocols that are tolerable for most patients, and to evaluate the potential of capsaicin for promoting vascular and metabolic health.
Das Timing der Familiengründung und dessen Folgen für Familien

Zusammenfassung Ausgehend vom luckenhaften Forschungsstand zu den Folgen des Timing von Elternschaft fur die Lebenslage, Lebensform, und Lebensfuhrung von Muttern, Vatern und Kindern werden Hypothesen zu diesem Zusammenhang entwickelt und anschliesend mit Daten des DJI-Surveys AID:A fur die Familiengrundungsphase uberpruft. Wo moglich, werden die Befunde mit Daten aus dem Mikrozensus 2007 validiert. Der Analyse sind Uberlegungen zur Definition von „fruher“ und „spater“ Elternschaft vorgeschaltet. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass zentrale Aspekte der sozialen Lage und der Institutionalisierungsgrad der Paarbeziehung mit dem biografischen Zeitpunkt der Familiengrundung variieren. Das Zeitbudget fur das Kind und die Zufriedenheit der Eltern werden durch den biografischen Zeitpunkt der Familiengrundung aber kaum beeinflusst. Schlagworte: Familiengrundung, Elternschaft, Zeitverwendung, Zufriedenheit ----- The timing of family formation and its consequences for families Abstract Little is known about the consequences of the timing of family formation for the living conditions, the civil status, the conduct of life and the well-being of mothers, fathers and their children. This study is based on the DJI Survey AID:A, and the official statistics of the 2007 German Microcensus. The analysis includes considerations about the definition of “early” and “late” parenthood. Results: Living conditions, educational background, marital status and the stability of partnership vary by the timing of the first child. The timing of family formation hardly has an impact on the time that parents spend with their first child nor does it influence their contentment. Keywords: family formation, parenthood, time use, contentment
Accurate extraction of inductively-affected delay using an optimized tapered partitioning scheme for global interconnects

The delay caused by global interconnects plays a critical role in the performance of VLSI circuits, particularly for transmission effects in nano scales. This paper presents an analytical formulation for the delay of tapered partitioning scheme of buffer insertion in long global interconnects. The inductive effects have been taken into account in RLC delay expressions. Because of complexity of the expressions and various design parameters simulated annealing has been used to extract accurate optimum values for the parameters. Using this method, we have achieved 60% improvement in the delay reduction.
Efficiency and envy-freeness in fair division of indivisible goods: logical representation and complexity

We consider the problem of allocating fairly a set of indivisible goods among agents from the point of view of compact representation and computational complexity. We start by assuming that agents have dichotomous preferences expressed by propositional formulae. We express efficiency and envy-freeness in a logical setting, which reveals unexpected connections to nonmonotonic reasoning. Then we identify the complexity of determining whether there exists an efficient and envy-free allocation, for several notions of efficiency, when preferences are represented in a succinct way (as well as restrictions of this problem). We first study the problem under the assumption that preferences are dichotomous, and then in the general case.
A Taxonomy and Classification of Adaptive Event Based Middleware with Support for Service Guarantees

Event Broker Networks are scalable versions of the publish subscribe paradigm that take the form of P2P overlays of broker nodes. Several routing schemes help disseminate events efficiently from publishers to subscribers on different overlay topologies. While there exist various frameworks that demonstrate several overlay topologies and routing schemes, attention has now turned to exploring nonfunctional attributes of such systems. Although many efforts have started addressing these needs, there does not exist a taxonomy and a comprehensive survey of adaptive event based middleware with provision for service guarantees. In this effort, we first present a detailed taxonomy and a survey of existing event based middleware efforts, centered around qualities of service and adaptation. In the process of putting together this survey we have also identified open research problems in the area.