Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional Variation of Inner Core Anisotropy from Seismic Normal Mode Observations

Clearing Up the Inner Core The behavior of Earth's core controls the planet's heat budget and magnetic field, yet its structure remains enigmatic. For instance, the seismic properties of the solid inner core suggest hemispherical structural asymmetry, but questions remain as to how these variations arose (see the Perspective by Buffett). Monnereau et al. (p. 1014, published online 15 April) modeled grain sizes of crystalline iron—the predicted dominant mineral phase in the core—and found that a slow translational motion eastward may trigger melting in the Eastern Hemisphere and solidification in the Western Hemisphere, creating a lopsided core. Deuss et al. (p. 1018, published online 15 April) examined the normal-mode seismic structure of the inner core, collected from 90 large earthquakes, which reveal not just simple hemispherical variations, but more nuanced regional structures. The overlap of the seismic data with Earth's magnetic field suggests that directionally dependent crystal alignment in the inner core formed during the solidification of the core or as a consequence of strong forces exerted by magnetism. Seismic data from the inner core reveal that anisotropic regions overlap with gravitational anomalies. Earth’s solid inner core is surrounded by a convecting liquid outer core, creating the geodynamo driving the planet’s magnetic field. Seismic studies using compressional body waves suggest hemispherical variation in the anisotropic structure of the inner core, but are poorly constrained because of limited earthquake and receiver distribution. Here, using normal mode splitting function measurements from large earthquakes, based on extended cross-coupling theory, we observe both regional variations and eastern versus western hemispherical anisotropy in the inner core. The similarity of this pattern with Earth’s magnetic field suggests freezing-in of crystal alignment during solidification or texturing by Maxwell stress as origins of the anisotropy. These observations limit the amount of inner core super rotation, but would be consistent with oscillation.
Managerial Economics and Organizational Architecture

PART 1: Basic Concepts Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Economists' View of Behavior Chapter 3: Markets, Organizations, and the Role of Knowledge PART 2: Managerial Economics Chapter 4: Demand Chapter 5: Production and Cost Chapter 6: Market Structure Chapter 7: Pricing with Market Power Chapter 8: Economics of Strategy: Creating and Capturing Value Chapter 9: Economics of Strategy: Game Theory Chapter 10: Incentive Conflicts and Contracts PART 3: Designing Organizational Architecture Chapter 11: Organizational Architecture Chapter 12: Decision Rights: The Level of Empowerment Chapter 13: Decision Rights: Bundling Tasks into Jobs and Subunits Chapter 14: Attracting and Retaining Qualified Employees Chapter 15: Incentive Compensation Chapter 16: Individual Performance Evaluation Chapter 17: Divisional Performance Evaluation Capstone Case Study on Organizational Architecture: Arthur Andersen LLP PART 4: Applications of Organizational Architecture Chapter 18: Corporate Governance Chapter 19: Vertical Integration and Outsourcing Chapter 20: Leadership: Motivating Change within Organizations Chapter 21: Understanding the Business Environment: The Economics of Regulation Chapter 22: Ethics and Organizational Architecture Chapter 23: Organizational Architecture and the Process of Management Innovation Glossary Index
Use of national food balance data to estimate the adequacy of zinc in national food supplies: methodology and regional estimates

Abstract Objectives Adequate zinc nutriture is critically important for human health, but the development of programmes to control zinc deficiency is limited by the lack of reliable information on population zinc status. The present analyses were conducted to: (1) estimate the absorbable zinc content of national food supplies; (2) compare this information with theoretical population requirements for zinc; and (3) use these results to predict national risks of inadequate zinc intake. Setting and design: National food balance data were obtained for 176 countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The amount of absorbable zinc in these foods was estimated from food composition data, and zinc absorption was predicted using a model developed by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG). Demographic data were obtained from United Nations estimates, and age- and sex-specific physiological requirements for absorbable zinc were estimated using IZiNCG recommendations. Results and conclusions: The mean per capita absorbable zinc content of national food supplies ranged from 2.98–3.01 mg day−1 in Western Europe and USA & Canada to 2.09 mg day−1 in Southeast Asia. The estimated percentage of individuals at risk of inadequate zinc intake ranged from 9.3–9.5% in the regions of North Africa & Eastern Mediterranean and USA & Canada to 33.1% in Southeast Asia. Overall, approximately 20.5% of the world's population is estimated to be at risk of inadequate zinc intake. Data on the absorbable zinc content of national food supplies can be used to determine whether further assessments of population zinc status and development of intervention programmes are warranted.
Pressure-flow relations of human blood in hollow fibers at low flow rates.

Suspensions of human red cells in citrated plasma, in Ringer solution, and in Ringer solution containing albumin were passed through straight and curved glass and plastic hollow fibers (diameter range, 100–1,000 μ). Pressure-flow relations were measured over the pressure range of 0.1– 800 mm water, corresponding to a shear stress range of 0.01– 80 dynes/cm2. The suspensions were tested simultaneously in a rotational viscometer. It was found that red cell suspensions exhibit a yield shear stress only if the plasma protein fibrinogen is present. Experimental pressure-flow data in hollow fibers were in excellent agreement with rotational viscometer measurements and with analytical predictions based on the assumptions that blood flows as a homogeneous continuum and that the velocity at the wall is zero. Effects of tube surface characteristics and curvature on the pressure drop-flow rate relation were not discernible. microcirculation models; model blood flow; yield stress of blood; capillary blood flow and viscometry; fibrinogen and blood flow in hollow fibers; non-Newtonian flow of blood in hollow fibers Submitted on July 20, 1964
Multinational Learning under Asymmetric Information

The aim of this paper is to analyze the competition between a multinational and the incumbent firm in a foreign market under asymmetric information about demand and unobservable outputs. It is shown that the incumbent firm increases its production in the first period to signal to the multinational that the demand is low. The multinational reduces its output in the foreign market in order to signal-jam. In addition, the multinational increases its production in the other market. However, total production of the multinational is lower. Implications for research and development expenditure by the multinational are examined.
Greater Monetary Policy Transparency for the G3: Lessons from Full-Fledged Inflation Targeters

The experience of full-fledged inflation targeting (FFIT) countries is used here to shed light on the costs and benefits of greater monetary policy transparency for the G3. For the United States and the euro area, a hypothetical adoption of FFIT would incur a cost of less discretion while gaining the benefit of locking in a highly credible framework. The adoption of FFIT by Japan would create the risk of a further hit to credibility if policy was not able to end deflation. In practice, the G3 are already moving toward a new monetary regime that resembles FFIT in transparency, but not in accountability.
Serum leptin and weight gain over 8 years in African American and Caucasian young adults.

OBJECTIVE There is considerable interest in how to prevent weight gain in adulthood. Leptin, a peptide hormone expressed in adipose tissue, is believed to signal the central nervous system about the level of body fat stores, and thereby may control appetite. Little information exists on whether the serum leptin concentration influences long-term weight changes in the free-living population. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES From an ongoing cohort study of young African American and white adults, we selected a sample of participants (n=492), stratified on sex, race, and weight changes over 8 years. Serum leptin was measured on stored specimens using a radioimmunoassay. Weight change was modeled in relation to baseline leptin concentrations. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, leptin concentration was associated positively with body mass index, negatively with physical activity level, and was higher in women than men. These variables explained 72% of the variance in serum leptin. Over the 8 years, the sample gained an average of 7.8 kg (standard deviation = 10.8). There was no evidence that 8-year weight change was associated with initial leptin concentration: 8-year weight change was only 0.5 kg less (95% confidence interval =-1.8 to 0.8, p = 0.47) per each 10 ng/ mL increment (approximately one standard deviation) of baseline leptin. In contrast, leptin change correlated highly (r=0.62) with weight change. DISCUSSION Our data corroborate evidence that adiposity determines leptin levels but do not support the hypothesis that leptin deficiency plays an important role in obesity in the general population.
Welfare Improving Fiscal Policies in a Two-Country Model

This paper analyzes the effects of various tax policiesconsumption, labor income and capital income taxeson world welfare by employing a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with incomplete asset markets. In order to capture the nonlinear dynamics of the model, we adopt a second-order accurate solution method and derive impulse responses and welfare effects of various tax policies. In particular, we investigate the possibility of welfare improving business cycle stabilizing tax policies and tax policy harmonization. We also Þnd the optimal degree of Þscal transfers across countries for welfare maximization. We show that business-cycle-stabilizing Þscal policies can increase welfare of the economy by reducing negative effects from suctuations of business cycles. We also demonstrate that international Þscal policy harmonization can improve world welfare by mitigating inefficient resource allocations from limited cross-border capital movements. The results of this paper provide potentially important implications on tax policy reforms in various economic zones such as the European Union, NAFTA, etc.
Exact and Closed-Form Outage Probability of Opportunistic Single Relay Selection in Decode-and-Forward Relaying

In this letter, we first provide the closed-form exact outage probability of opportunistic single relay selection in decode-and-forward (DF) relaying with the direct source-destination link under arbitrarily distributed Rayleigh fading channels. The signals from the source and the selected relay are combined at the destination by using maximal ratio combining (MRC). We derive the probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative density function (CDF) of received SNR at the destination. Numerical results show that the analytic results exactly match with the simulated ones.
Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Primary Human Macrophages

ABSTRACT Permissiveness of monocytes and macrophages to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is modulated by various stimuli. In this study we demonstrate that stimulation of primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) through the receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (FcγR) inhibits HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Viral p24 production was decreased by 1.5 to 3 log units in MDM infected with both R5 and X4 HIV-1 strains upon stimulation by immobilized IgG but not upon stimulation by soluble IgG or by F(ab′)2 IgG fragments. Although MDM activation by immobilized IgG induced high levels of macrophage-derived chemokine secretion as well as a sustained down-regulation of CD4 and a transient decrease in CCR5 expression, these factors did not appear to play a major role in the suppression of HIV-1 replication. Single-cycle infection of FcγR-stimulated MDM with HIV-1 virions pseudotyped with either HIV-1 R5 or vesicular stomatitis virus G envelopes was inhibited, suggesting a postentry restriction of viral replication. PCR analyses of HIV-1 DNA intermediate replication forms suggested that reverse transcription is not affected by stimulation with immobilized human IgG, at least during the first replication cycle. The accumulation of PCR products corresponding to nuclear unintegrated two-long-terminal-repeat circles and the relative decrease of integrated HIV-1 DNA signals suggest an inhibition of proviral integration. Our data, showing that FcγR-mediated activation of MDM is a potent mechanism of HIV-1 suppression, raise the possibility that FcγR cross-linking by immune complexes may contribute to the control of viral replication in macrophages.
Sexual dimorphism of the somatotrophic axis.

The somatotrophic axis is one of the major hormonal systems regulating postnatal growth in mammals. Several aspects of this axis are sexually dimorphic, which might account for some of the sex differences in growth rate and body composition. This review will discuss male–female differences in the hormone levels, receptor concentrations and binding protein levels of this system. We will summarise sex differences in growth phenotype and then discuss differences in temporal profiles of growth hormone (GH), responses to GH including plasma and tissue levels of insulin-like growth factors, factors that may affect GH responsiveness, and conclude by discussing sex differences in regulation of GH synthesis and secretion. The established and potential effects of gonadal steroids acting prenatally and postnatally on the somatotrophic axis will also be examined. Readers are also referred to previous reviews on sexual dimorphism and gonadal steroid effects on growth hormone secretion ( Jansson et al. 1985, Devesa et al. 1991, Kerrigan & Rogol 1992, Wehrenberg & Giustina 1992, Chowen et al. 1996, Veldhuis 1996).
British Trade Unions in Decline: What Has Happened to Trade Union Recognition in British Establishments

De‐unionization has been one of the most significant features of the British labour market in the 1980s. All conventional measures of union presence and power vividly demonstrate this. The proportion of British establishments which recognised manual or non‐manual trade unions for collective bargaining over pay and conditions fell by almost 20% (from 0.67 to 0.54) between 1980 and 1990; the proportion of workers covered by a collective agreement fell from 0.71 in 1984 to 0.51 in 1990 (Millward et al., 1992); aggregate union membership fell from 13.2 million in 1980 to 9.9 million by 1990; the corresponding fall in aggregate union density was from 54% to 38% (and it has continued to fall post‐1990). The longer time series profile of aggregate union density (defined as the number of union members divided by the total workforce) is very dramatic. The 1980s declines have completely reversed the gains achieved in the 1970s and union density now stands at its lowest level for 30 years.
Mining Sandboxes for Linux Containers

A container is a group of processes isolated from other groups via distinct kernel namespaces and resource allocation quota. Attacks against containers often leverage kernel exploits through system call interface. In this paper, we present an approach that mines sandboxes for containers. We first explore the behaviors of a container by leveraging automatic testing, and extract the set of system calls accessed during testing. The set of system calls then results as a sandbox of the container. The mined sandbox restricts the container's access to system calls which are not seen during testing and thus reduces the attack surface. In the experiment, our approach requires less than eleven minutes to mine sandbox for each of the containers. The enforcement of mined sandboxes does not impact the regular functionality of a container and incurs low performance overhead.
The impact of urban pattern on claiming ‘place’: case studies from Istanbul

The main hypothesis of this study is that, along with other influences, urban pattern (spatial configuration of neighbourhoods) plays a role in claiming the ‘place’ (developing environmental protective behaviour). In this context, three settlements in Istanbul, Turkey, are examined and compared, and the relationship between spatial configuration of the neighbourhoods and emergence of a neighbourhood initiative against a possible environmental threat is investigated. The effective protests demonstrated by residents in two of the selected settlements, against construction of a third bridge in the first case and against the construction activity in the last green space of the neighbourhood in the second case was the reason why these particular case studies were selected. The residents of the third settlement, although exposed to the same environmental damage with the first settlement, did not openly oppose the proposed interventions. This was therefore selected as a comparison case. In the investigation, using Space Syntax as a method to evaluate the social logic of space, findings from the case studies reveal similarities in the spatial patterns of two of the settlements, in that they form a neighbourhood integration core that has the potential to support human co-presence and social encounter, and therefore act as a foundation on which to establish NGO activity which might be referred to as environmentally protective behaviour. The differences in the third analysed settlement, which has the same socio demographic and natural factors but in which environmental protests were not seen, reveals the impact of the urban pattern. Therefore, the article presents data on the potential impact of urban pattern, in terms of organisation of its open spaces, on raising environmental protective behaviour of its residents.
Improved Packet Reordering Metrics

This document presents two improved metrics for packet reordering, namely, Reorder Density (RD) and Reorder Buffer-occupancy Density (RBD). A threshold is used to clearly define when a packet is considered lost, to bound computational complexity at O(N), and to keep the memory requirement for evaluation independent of N, where N is the length of the packet sequence. RD is a comprehensive metric that captures the characteristics of reordering, while RBD evaluates the sequences from the point of view of recovery from reordering. These metrics are simple to compute yet comprehensive in their characterization of packet reordering. The measures are robust and orthogonal to packet loss and duplication. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
THEORY OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF THE FIRM

I. INTRODUCTION IN BOTH ECONOMICS AND finance there hardly exists a complete model of the optimum capital structure of the firm. Many of the concepts needed to construct such a model are available in the literature, but in most cases the authors have been content to set up and use only such partial constructs as would serve their larger purposes. ' The present article is an attempt to develop a self-contained theory of the financial structure of the individual firm. It has been said that the problem of the capital or financial structure is a firm, not a plant, decision. The underlying notion is that, whereas the optimum output (a plant function) is uniquely determined if demand and costs are known, financing is, in large part, a matter of the individual taste for risk and is therefore an ownership or firm decision, for which a unique solution may not be possible. I should like to present the contrary view, that there is perhaps a single optimum capital structure for any given firm or that, at the least, the range of rational capital structures is narrowly bounded. In the real world, uncertainty and lack of knowledge as to the relevant variables may make this optimum solution a difficult achievement. Under cer* The author is indebted to Professor Elmer C. Bratt for valuable criticism on an earlier draft of this paper. He is very grateful to Professor Herbert Fraser, of Muhlenberg
Union Membership Decline in New Zealand, 1990—2002

This article uses individual-level data from the New Zealand Election Study surveys to analyse trade union membership decline between 1990 and 2002. The abrupt decline in union density during the first two-and-a-half years of the Employment Contracts Act 1991 was concentrated almost entirely in the private and mixed/non-profit sectors, and was sharpest among workers in the secondary labour market. Across 1990—2002, compositional change (i.e. change in the structure of the economy and workforce) and attitudinal change, as captured in our analysis, had little impact on union density decline. Most of the decline in density explained in this analysis can be attributed to within-group behavioural change. A number of explanations are discussed. The findings are consistent with the thesis that the sharp decline in union membership under the Employment Contracts Act 1991 was largely due to receding union reach, resulting in the current unfulfilled demand for union membership reported elsewhere.
Automobile Fuel Demand: A Critical Assessment of Empirical Methodologies

Abstract Many surveys have attempted to convey and synthesize the information of hundreds of studies on automobile fuel demand. In most cases, the focus has been placed in giving assessments of the most likely values of various elasticities, particularly price and income, while trying to explain the differences between results. However, given the summary characteristic of these surveys, the most popular approaches and methodologies—such as dynamic reduced‐form demand models with time‐series data—have dominated the core values obtained. The present survey focuses instead on the various approaches and methods that have been used. It reviews and classifies them, showing that there are relevant findings, raised by studies using less popular approaches, which seem to challenge some of the accepted core results in the literature. These other approaches include: co‐integration techniques, use of disaggregate data at the household level and flexible functional forms, and structural models of automobile fuel consumption.