Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the Motivations for Organizational Insider Computer Abuse through the Rational Choice and Life Course Perspectives

Criminal organizational insider computer abuse (ICA) research has focused on factors that influence either ICA intentions, or actual behavior during the ICA process. However, we argue that this research has not correctly conceptualized the decision-making processes involved in ICA. Thus, our first aim is to demonstrate this opportunity by leveraging the rational choice perspective (RCP) from criminology. The RCP advances an "event" stage, in which choices are made leading up to and during the criminal act. However, the RCP also acknowledges a preceding "initial involvement" stage, which encompasses those factors that lead an individual to consider participation in crime. RCP explains that if, during the initial involvement stage, an individual becomes motivated and decides that future criminal behavior is the most suitable course of action, then he or she will have reached a state of "readiness. " It is only after an individual has become readied, and at a later time, does the individual make event decisions in the perpetration of a specific crime. Consequently, extant ICA research has overlooked consideration of why-prior to the crime-an individual initially considers engaging in such criminal activity in the first instance. Notably, this consideration should not to be conflated with intentions. We argue that there needs to be a clear distinction between those motivational factors that would lead to the consideration of such engagement at the initial involvement stage, and those factors that would lead an individual at the event stage to perpetrate a crime. We thus propose a revised version of the extended security action cycle (ESAC), which reflects these criminal decision-making stages. Moreover, we provide a means through which to identify and understand the relationship among those factors that may motivate an individual during the initial involvement stage by drawing on the life course perspective (LCP). With a focus on time, context, and process, the LCP offers a framework in which four key principles are inscribed. Through examples drawn from the LCP and white-collar crime literature, we illustrate how these principles can provide a basis for conceptualizing factors that motivate ICA and open up new avenues for future research/theory development.
Importance of Priority Areas for Multi-Objective Forest Planning: A Central European Perspective

SUMMARY In the framework of multi-objective forest management, ‘priority areas’ which are relatively more important for the selected management objectives are commonly designated. Using a comparative analysis of guided interviews, we examined the use and importance of priority areas in forest planning in nine Central European countries. In all countries, priority areas have been widely used, forest function areas and protected areas being the most common. According to management objectives, more than 20 types of priority areas were recognised, with priority areas for protection against natural hazards, nature conservation, recreation, welfare, and production being the most prevalent. Criteria for the designation differ among the countries; however, site conditions and infrastructure facilities are most often used. The scale of designation ranges from 1:10 000–1:50 000, and the size of priority areas varies from 0.1 ha to several hundreds of ha. The level of participation of stakeholders involved in the designation of priority areas differs among and within the countries. The effectiveness of priority areas for forest management can be improved by transparent designation criteria, objective oriented management measures, and efficient financial instruments.
Transfection of mu MDR 1 inhibits Na(+)-independent Cl-/-HCO3 exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

We have used single-cell photometry to measure intracellular pH (pHi) for several MDR cell lines constructed by stably transfecting LR73 chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts with mutant and wild type murine MDR 1 genes. In addition, plasma membrane electrical potential (delta psi) has been measured for the same cells by the K+/valinomycin null point titration method using the ratiometric styryl probe di-4-ANEPPS. Both the untransfected, parental cell line and a cell line expressing substantial mutant MDR 1 protein (K432R/K1074R) that is unable to confer the MDR phenotype are found to have delta psi > or = -40 (+/- 5) mV and pHi < or = 7.16 (+/- 0.03) units. In contrast, MDR cell lines constructed by transfecting wild type mu MDR 1 cDNA are found to exhibit delta psi from 15 to 19 mV lower and pHi from 0.13 to 0.34 units higher. A cell line that overexpresses crippled MDR protein (S941F) that is not resistant to colchicine or doxorubicin, but which is resistant to vinblastine [Gros, P., Dhir, R. , Croop, J., & Talbot, F. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 7289-7293], exhibits elevated pHi and slightly elevated delta psi, relative to LR73. Northern and western blot analyses confirm the substantial overexpression of the mu MDR genes and proteins in these lines, as well as the mild overexpression of endogenous hamster p-GP mRNA in some lines. In general agreement with previous studies that examined myeloma cells overexpressing hu MDR 1 protein [Roepe, P.D. , Wei, L. -Y. , Cruz, J., & Carlson, D. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 11042-11056] we find that overexpression of wild type mu MDR 1 protein inhibits Cl(-)- and -HCO3-dependent pHi homeostasis. Via single-cell photometry studies we now conclude that this is due to inhibition of Na(+)-independent Cl-/-HCO3 exchange (strict anion exchange or AE). As concluded previously for other MDR cells, decreased AE activity is not due to decreased expression of the exchanger; in fact, again similar to previous work [Roepe et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 11042-11056], we find increased levels of AE mRNA in some MDR cell lines. Models that may explain these data that are also consistent with the known physiology of cells that endogenously express MDR protein are suggested. These data are consistent with a model for MDR protein function wherein overexpression of the protein decreases delta psi and/or elevates pHi via Cl(-)- and -HCO3-dependent mechanisms.
Linking Small Farms to Rural Communities with Local Food: A Case Study of the Local Food Project in Fairbury, Illinois

The literature on sustainability and local food systems often takes for granted a positive impact on rural communities. This paper attempts to interrogate this notion through a systematic evaluation of a local food system project in Central Illinois, Using case studies and survey research, this paper focuses on an innovative relationship forged between farmers and a local independently owned supermarket in a small rural community, which created an “indoor farmers' market” inside the store. This growing group of farmers committed to providing their community with food grown using sustainable farming practices, while the grocery store owners committed to the project to support local farmers and as a competitive marketing strategy. Although one key measurement of the success of this business relationship is evident in the doubling of local produce sales within the store each year, benefits are accruing beyond the economic impacts. Based on the “Fairbury Local Food Project” we recommend nine key elements of success that can be used to measure impacts and evaluate the success of local food system projects in rural communities.
The postnatal development of neocortical neurons in the dog

Examinations were made by means of the Golgi‐Cox method of the developing neuronal elements of the cortex of the dog during the first ten weeks of life. The neuronal elements undergo gradual morphological differentiation during the first week. From 2–4 weeks of age the most dramatic changes in the development of dendritic arborizations occur. After this time the changes are slower with terminal maturation of cellular elements, cessation of neuronal growth and final organization of apical and basilar dendrites and their collaterals. Comparison with the development of the kitten shows close similarity in the development of canine and feline neocortex. In dogs, however, an essentially mature neocortex is not reached until after four weeks of age. The relation of these data to biochemical and electrophysiological development and behavioral patterns in the young dog is discussed.
A novel feature ranking modelling in GIS context: Addressing complexity and cost issues

nowadays, there is the trend to carry out decisions and analysis on geospatial data by a massive computational approach. The amount of geospatial information available is increasing exponentially as result of the increasing interoperability between informative systems. In a multiplicity of applications and services spatial decision is carried out to pursue business goals, often without involving experts in geography. The informative systems have an increasing autonomous decisional capability on information selection and analysis. The demand is to have systems that require only an input goal, and produces decisions that humans can understand and integrate with their own decisions. In this paper it is proposed an automatic method of feature ranking, which can sort a heterogeneous set of features by their importance in accomplishing an analytical goal. This method produces a rank model that helps to select the minimal set of features needed to pursue a goal with a wanted accuracy or resources involvement. This feature ranking is expected to supports fundamental decisional making in elaborating geospatial data. The method is based on data mining algorithms; the obtained rank model appears to be spatially scalable and fits well to human form of knowledge.
A Study of the Optimal Asset Allocation as Raising Taxes on the Rich

We study the effects of introducing taxation in classical continuous-time optimization problems with utility from consumption and optimal asset allocation as taxation on the rich. This paper employs the framework of original Merton's model to a new optimal portfolio selection that consists of a riskless asset as well as a risk asset. The aim of this article is to analyze the portfolio strategies that are adopted a dynamic model of consumption, as the impact on optimal portfolio rules concerns the contribution-hedge strategy. We thus emphasize that the current practice of taxing the rich only is appropriate when trying to reduce the distortions of the taxation system on the portfolio behavior of the investor, and that taxation applied on contributions would be more adapted.
Efficacy of High-Intensity Laser Therapy in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis: A First Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). BACKGROUND Due to increased number of randomized controlled trials evaluating efficiency of HILT in patients with knee OA, there was a need to present them in the form of systematic review. METHODS The search includes the databases as well as a manual search until August, 2017. The quality of the selected articles was determined in accordance with the revised guidelines of the CONSORT statement. RESULTS Six studies were included. Laser fluence ranged from 0.51 to 120 J/cm2 for one treatment. The total energy transmitted during one treatment ranged from 1250 to 3000 J. All the selected studies found HILT to be beneficial in treatment of knee OA. CONCLUSIONS HILT seems to be efficient in reducing pain and for providing functional improvements in patients with knee OA.
Botulinum toxin A in the management of focal muscle overactivity in children with cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy comprises a heterogenous group of neurological disorders representing a continuum of pathologies and clinical phenotypes. Although cerebral palsy is not a focal disorder, it is appropriate to treat identified focal problems as long as the intervention is goal directed. This paper reviews principles of managing muscle imbalance in the growing, changing child using a range of complementary, carefully timed intervention options. Over the past two decades these options have increasingly included intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin-A to manage focal spasticity and dystonia. The predictable movement patterns and postures characteristic of spasticity enable a systematic clinical rationale to be developed to determine the role of botulinum toxin-A to manage the spasticity and subsequently improve function. The management of dystonia with botulinum toxin-A is more complex, particularly when spasticity and dystonia are present in combination. An active therapy programme remains central to the management of movement problems in the child with cerebral palsy, including task-specific motor training, maintenance of muscle lengths, and improved muscle strength, aiming to achieve carry over improvements that persist beyond the pharmacological effects of the botulinum toxin-A. A series of case examples are presented to highlight the role of botulinum toxin-A in the overall management of the child with focal muscle hyperactivity.
Security Implications of Publicly Reachable Building Automation Systems

In a connected world Internet security is becoming increasingly important. Attacks, which are frequently executed by botnets, can impact people in their everyday life. A ubiquitous kind of attack is the amplification attack, a special type of Denial-of-Service attack. Several protocols such as DNS, NTP, and SNMP are known to be vulnerable to amplification attacks when security practices are not followed. In this work we evaluate the vulnerability of BACnet, a building automation and control protocol, to amplification attacks. To assess BACnet's vulnerability we conduct active traffic measurements on an Internet-wide scale. We find 16 485 BACnet devices, the largest number to date. Additionally, more than 14 k of these devices can be misused as amplifiers, with some generating amplification factors up to 120. To remediate this potential threat we employ a vulnerability notification campaign in close coordination with a CERT. Finally, we also give suggestions to thwart the amplification attack potential of BACnet.
Implementing Qualitative Data Management Plans to Ensure Ethical Standards in Multi-Partner Centers

Thorough data management is crucial for the protection of people who participate in research and the ability for researchers to share results with the public. The impact of inadequate adherence to data management is particularly evident in small field sites and among vulnerable populations partoicipating in Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR). CBPR presents exciting opportunities for multimedia and multi-sectoral dissemination of research results and policy change, especially concerning the impact of research on health equity for underrepresented populations. In this article, we discuss how we defined data boundaries and protections to adhere to ethical standards while also prioritizing data dissemination while using CBPR with American Indians in Arizona. Although complex partnerships can introduce additional risks to data oversight, data management practices can also increase opportunities for wide-reaching dissemination. We hope to contribute to the literature on data sharing in multi-partnership projects to bolster the impact of dissemination while also protecting participants and populations who chose to collaborate in research and policy practices.
Structure and Behaviour: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case

Japan uses simple plurality elections with multi-member districts to elect its lower house. This system tends to produce competition among n + 1 candidates per district. This ‘law of simple plurality elections’ is a structural generalization akin to Duverger's Law. Evidence from Japan also indicates that the causal mechanism behind this ‘law’ is not strategic voting, although strategic voting occurs, but elite coalition building. It is further argued that the connection between structure and behaviour is learning and not rationality. Equilibria are reached slowly through trial and error processes. Once reached, the equilibrium is unstable because parties and candidates try to change it. Even without rational actors and stable equilibria, however, this structural generalization accurately describes the dynamics of electoral competition at the district level in Japan.
Cholecystokinin Type 1 Receptor

Cholecystokinin (CCK) exerts its physiological actions through the activation of two structurally-related class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) identified as type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R) and type 2 CCK receptor (CCK2R) (also known as CCKAR and CCKBR, respectively, related to their prominent presence in “alimentary tract” and “brain”) (14, 47). These receptors have an extracellular amino-terminal tail domain, seven hydrophobic segments representing transmembrane helices that are connected by intracellular and extracellular loops to form a helical bundle domain, and an intracellular carboxyl-terminal tail. These receptors are highly homologous to each other and share 50% overall identity, with the transmembrane segment regions reaching 70% identity (47). The focus of this article is on the type 1 receptor, CCK1R. CCK peptides of different lengths with a common carboxyl-terminal-amide sequence are produced from a single 115-residue preprohormone precursor. Mature peptides range from 58, 39, 33, to 8 residues, with each containing a sulfated tyrosine residue seven residues from the carboxyl terminus (15, 47, 62). The CCK1R requires the carboxyl-terminal CCK heptapeptide-amide that includes a sulfated tyrosine for high affinity binding and full biological potency (47). This is in contrast to the CCK2R that only requires the carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide-amide that is shared by CCK and gastrin, and that is not influenced by the sulfation state of the tyrosine residue.
Fetal ossification centers as predictors of gestational age in normal and abnormal pregnancies.

The main fetal ossification centers appear ultrasonically as egg‐shaped echo‐rich areas. The calcaneal and talar ossification centers are seen at the level of the tarsus osseus, and the distal femoral epiphyseal and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers are found at the level of the knee. Examination of 312 normal pregnancies between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation showed that the calcaneal ossification center was detectable for 24 weeks of gestation, the talar ossification center from 26 weeks, and the distal femoral epiphyseal and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers, from 32 and 36 weeks, respectively. Corresponding figures found for 36 pregnancies showing intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), examined between 34 and 40 weeks of gestation, were similar for the calcaneal and talar ossification centers but showed delays in the development of the epiphyseal ossification centers, which were particularly striking in cases of symmetrical IUGR. The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was also evaluated in 51 normal pregnancies between 31 and 38 weeks of gestation and was found to be greater than or equal to 2 in every case where the distal femoral epiphyseal ossification center was greater than or equal to 6 mm in diameter. Evaluation of fetal ossification centers may be another useful means to evaluate gestational age in late pregnancy
Antithrombotic effects of S 18886, a novel orally active thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist

Summary. Platelet activation and thrombus formation play a critical role in the onset of acute coronary syndromes. Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) is among the different chemical modulators released by activated platelets. TxA2 is considered one of the most powerful agonists for platelet activation. In addition, TxA2 exerts a vasoconstrictor effect by serving as an agonist of the thromboxane receptor (TP) on the vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. The putative effect of TxA2 on thrombosis is demonstrated by the clinical effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in the prevention of acute coronary syndromes. Among the clinically used antiplatelet agents, clopidogrel has shown to be slightly more effective than ASA in the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with peripheral arterial disease, and is one of the most widely used after aspirin. The aims of the study were to study the antithrombotic effects of escalating doses of the TP‐receptor antagonist, S 18886 and to compare its effects with those achieved by the administration of ASA (5 mg kg−1 day−1), and clopidogrel (3 mg kg−1 day−1). The study was undertaken at high and low shear rate conditions using the Badimon perfusion chamber in a porcine model. Antithrombotic effects were assessed as changes on platelet and fibrin(ogen) deposition. The doses of 30 and 100 µg kg−1 day−1 were selected based on a previous platelet aggregation study. S 18886 shows a dose‐dependent antithrombotic response. The dose of S‐100 develops similar antithrombotic effects to those of clopidogrel and superior to those of aspirin. The antithrombotic effects were statistically significant at both studied shear rate conditions. Therefore, the orally active TP‐receptor antagonist, S 18886, appears to be a new and effective agent to prevent atherothrombotic complications.
'Who's on first': an empirical test of the Coase Theorem in baseball

Because of their highly developed skills, major league baseball players generate significant economic rents. According to the ‘weak version’ of the Coase theorem, the allocation of these players is independent of who controls the rights to these rents, which depends on the rules governing competition in the baseball labour market. The rules of Major League Baseball establish a dual system. For senior players the market is competitive, and players have the right of ‘free agency,’ allowing them to attempt to contract with the team of their choice; for players with fewer years of experience the market is monopsonistic, and a player's right to play baseball is owned by his current team. Consequently, we simultaneously observe two different allocations of property rights. Using individual player data for 1979 and 1980 we test whether baseball player movement is independent of the ownership of these rents. We estimate the wage (marginal revenue) determination process for free-agent and non free agent movers and non-movers. This permits us to generate expected gains from a move for both free-agent eligible and non free-agent eligible players. Coase's theorem is tested by determining if both player types, and, hence, player allocation, are equally responsive to gains from migration.
Voting with Your Fork? Industrial Free-Range Eggs and the Regulatory Construction of Consumer Choice

Labeling and information disclosure to support consumer choice are often proposed as attractive policy alternatives to onerous mandatory business regulation. This article argues that choices available to consumers are constructed and constrained by actors in the chains of production, distribution, and exchange who bring products to retail. It traces how “free-range” eggs come to market in Australia, finding that the “industrial free-range” label dominating the market is not substantially different from caged-egg production in the way that it addresses animal welfare, public health, and agro-ecological values. I show how the product choices available to consumers have been constructed not just by the regulation (or nonregulation) of marketing and labeling, but also by the regulatory paths taken and not taken all along the food chain.