Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vertical distribution of H2O in the stratosphere as determined by UV fluorescence in‐situ measurements

The stratospheric H2O mixing ratio profile in the 10-24 km altitude range is derived from in-situ measurements, using a new technique: OH fluorescence produced when H2O molecules are photodissociated by a V.U. V. light source. The flight instrument and its calibration are described in some details. A decrease of the mixing ratio is observed below 24 km, down to 21 km. The stratospheres-troposphere transition shows vertical structure.
Forms and availability of sediment phosphorus in carbonate sand of Bermuda seagrass beds

Primary production by seagrasscs in tropical and subtropical carbonate sediments often appears to be phosphorus (P) limited, and several studies have sought to identify the possible sources of P for long‐term growth. Here, we quantify concentrations of particulate and dissolved P and fluoride (F−) in carbonate sediments, sediment‐water P exchange, and leaf‐tissue P concentrations in three seagrass beds in Bermuda. We also present data on the sequential extraction of P and F‐ from the sediments at each site. Total sediment P (TPsed) in the upper 20 cm ranged from 650 to 1,250 mmol P m−2 and was some 500‐fold larger than the pool of P dissolved in pore waters. Loosely adsorbed inorganic P comprised 2% of TPsed, while a surface‐bound inorganic P pool extracted by dithionite buffer constituted 15‐20%. Most of the remaining P and nearly all of the Ca and F∑ present in the sediment was recovered when the remaing sediment was dissolved in an acetic acid buffer solution. This pool includes calcium‐fluoroapatite (CFA), which is considered the primary diagenetic sink for P in carbonate sands. Dissolved inorganic P and F were both elevated in the rhizosphere pore waters from the three seagrass beds. In combination with our analysis of sediments by sequential extraction, this result indicates that the carbonate matrix of the sediment is being dissolved in the rhizosphere, with a resulting release of P to the pore water and hence to the seagrass roots. We suggest that this is important in the P economy of these subtropical seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) beds and note that the carbonate‐bound P pool is large enough to sustain seagrass P requirements for decades. Nonetheless, primary production in such seagrass systems can remain P limited if the rate of P release from sediment dissolution is too slow to support maximum seagrass growth rates. Analysis of seagrass leaf tissues revealed that P availability was highest at the site with the highest anthropogenic influences: This site was also characterized by the highest sediment P release, indicating that high P availability may also be partly due to higher release of P as sediments are dissolved. Phosphorus was released from the sediment mainly as dissolved organic P causing a net efflux of dissolved P at all sites in April and at two sites in August.
Crustal tilting derived from Holocene sea‐level observations along the east coast of Hokkaido in Japan and upper mantle rheology

Late Holocene sea-level observations at sites along the east coast of Hokkaido in Japan indicate a gradual decrease of the altitude of relative sea-level eastward toward the tip of Nemuro Peninsula. These observations in seismically active areas can be explained by glaciohydroisostatic adjustment due to the last deglaciation for an Earth model with a thin lithosphere of 30–40 km thickness and with no low viscosity layer, or with a 25 km lithosphere overlying a low viscosity layer less than 50 km, although more data as a function of time are needed to distinguish these models. Thus the vertical crustal displacement associated with the subduction of the Pacific plate seems to has not been cumulated on a time scale of 103–104 years.
Type I feline coronavirus spike glycoprotein fails to recognize aminopeptidase N as a functional receptor on feline cell lines

There are two types of feline coronaviruses that can be distinguished by serology and sequence analysis. Type I viruses, which are prevalent in the field but are difficult to isolate and propagate in cell culture, and type II viruses, which are less prevalent but replicate well in cell culture. An important determinant of coronavirus infection, in vivo and in cell culture, is the interaction of the virus surface glycoprotein with a cellular receptor. It is generally accepted that feline aminopeptidase N can act as a receptor for the attachment and entry of type II strains, and it has been proposed that the same molecule acts as a receptor for type I viruses. However, the experimental data are inconclusive. The aim of the studies reported here was to provide evidence for or against the involvement of feline aminopeptidase N as a receptor for type I feline coronaviruses. Our approach was to produce retroviral pseudotypes that bear the type I or type II feline coronavirus surface glycoprotein and to screen a range of feline cell lines for the expression of a functional receptor for attachment and entry. Our results show that type I feline coronavirus surface glycoprotein fails to recognize feline aminopeptidase N as a functional receptor on three continuous feline cell lines. This suggests that feline aminopeptidase N is not a receptor for type I feline coronaviruses. Our results also indicate that it should be possible to use retroviral pseudotypes to identify and characterize the cellular receptor for type I feline coronaviruses.
Transient radius of influence model

In the traditional analysis, the radius is defined as a constant radial distance beyond which the aquifer is undisturbed by the pumping of water from a well. In the real world, the radius is a transient variable. Its value is zero when the pumping starts, and it expands radially in the aquifer as pumping proceeds. A transient radius of influence is a proper concept to describe well hydraulics. Traditional analyses in well hydraulics were focused on water table drawdown, and less attention was given to the cone of depression volume. From the conservation of mass principle, the cone of depression volume is related to the amount of water removed from the aquifer and is, therefore, related to the pumping time. Such an concept is employed to obtain transient solutions of well drawdown and radius of influence for a well in an unconfined aquifer under a constant recharge rate.
The experimental replacement of ilmenite by rutile in HCl solutions

Abstract To determine the mechanism of acid-leaching of ilmenite to ultimately forming rutile, we have carried out an experimental study of ilmenite alteration in autoclaves at 150ºC in HCl solutions. The resulting products were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopy. In some experiments the solution was initially enriched in 18O and the distribution of the isotope in the alteration products mapped from the frequency shift of cation−oxygen stretching bands in the Raman spectra. The alteration begins at the original ilmenite crystal surface and has also taken place along an intricate branching network of fractures in the ilmenite, generated by the reaction. Element-distribution maps and chemical analyses of the reaction product within the fractures show marked depletion in Fe and Mn and a relative enrichment of Ti. Chemical analyses however, do not correspond to any stoichiometric composition, and may represent mixtures of TiO2 and Fe2O3. The fracturing is possibly driven by volume changes associated with dissolution of ilmenite and simultaneous reprecipitation of the product phases (including rutile) from an interfacial solution along an inward moving dissolution-reprecipitation front. Raman spectroscopy shows that the 18O is incorporated in the rutile structure during the recrystallization. Throughout the alteration process, the original morphology of the ilmenite is preserved although the product is highly porous. The rutile inherits crystallographic information from the parent ilmenite, resulting in a triply-twinned rutile microstructure. The results indicate that the ilmenite is replaced directly by rutile without the formation of any intermediate reaction products. The reaction is described in terms of an interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanism.
On the Wind-Driven Cross-Equatorial Flow in the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The zonally-integrated curl of the wind stress across the equatorial Atlantic Ocean results in a southward transport of 10 × 106 m3 s−1 of water into the South Atlantic, which must be returned in a western boundary current Historical hydrographic and wind data have been used together with a simple steady model to calculate the vertical and horizontal structure of the southward Sverdrup transport. In contrast to the Pacific Ocean, the meridional currents are southward over most of the equatorial Atlantic with strongest flow in the central Atlantic near the surface; the major exception to the pattern is between 31°–39°W where near surface currants are northward. Estimates of the meridional heat transport associated with this steady wind-driven circulation are 0.6–0.8 × 1015 W. Climatological data also reveal an extraordinary correlation (0.86) between seasonally varying meridional wind stress and meridional sea surface slope in the central and western equatorial Atlantic, as if the ocean were respo.
Radon short range forecasting through time series preprocessing and neural network modeling

In the framework of studies about the relevance of radon progeny measurements for the estimation of the mixing height, here a time series of radon data is analyzed and used for a short range forecasting activity. After a preprocessing of the time series in order to subtract the known periodicities, we perform forecasts of the future values of the residual series by means of neural network modeling. Finally we apply a simple box model to real data and forecast results, and obtain useful predictions of the mixing height during stability conditions.
Suppression of chikungunya virus replication and differential innate responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells during co-infection with dengue virus

Dengue and chikungunya are viral diseases transmitted to humans by infected Aedes spp. mosquitoes. With an estimated 390 million infected people per year dengue virus (DENV) currently causes the most prevalent arboviral disease. During the last decade chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused large outbreaks and has expanded its territory causing millions of cases in Asia, Africa and America. The viruses share a common mosquito vector and during the acute phase cause similar flu-like symptoms that can proceed to more severe or debilitating symptoms. The growing overlap in the geographical distribution of these mosquito-borne infections has led to an upsurge in reported cases of DENV/CHIKV co-infections. Unfortunately, at present we have little understanding of consequences of the co-infections to the human host. The overall aim of this study was to define viral replication dynamics and the innate immune signature involved in concurrent DENV and CHIKV infections in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We demonstrate that concomitant infection resulted in a significant reduction of CHIKV progeny and moderate enhancement of DENV production. Remarkably, the inhibitory effect of DENV on CHIKV infection occurred independently of DENV replication. Furthermore, changes in type I IFN, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IP-10 production were observed during concomitant infections. Notably, co-infections led to a significant increase in the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, cytokines that are widely considered to play a crucial role in the early pathogenesis of both viral diseases. In conclusion, our study reveals the interplay of DENV/CHIKV during concomitant infection and provides a framework to investigate viral interaction during co-infections.
CASI data utilized for mapping suspended matter concentrations in sediment plumes and verification of 2-D hydrodynamic modelling

A combined tunnel and bridge between Denmark and Sweden, The Øresund Link, is presently under construction (1995-2001). The dredging spills and environmental effects are monitored continuously. The monitoring involves the simulation of suspended matter concentrations in sediment plumes from dredging operations using 2-D hydrodynamic modelling (MIKE 21 PA/MT). A Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) acquisition was used to map suspended matter concentrations in a plume from 10 June 1997. Suspended matter concentrations were in the range of 1-30mgl-1 with background concentrations around 1-3mgl-1, while concentrations in the plume were 3-30mgl-1. A map of suspended matter concentration was derived from an empirical algorithm between in situ irradiance reflectance at 550 nm and suspended matter concentration determined from water samples taken both inside and outside the plume. The map was used to verify the results derived by the 2-D hydrodynamic model. A comparison of the concentration variations derived using the two methods presented here shows a reasonable agreement, in spite of the fact that the remote sensing data have far more spatial details than the MIKE 21 simulation.
OPTIMIZATION MODELING OF A NEW FACILITY FOR THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PROJECT 1

ABSTRACT: A non‐linear optimization model is applied to the California State Water Project (SWP) and portions of the Central Valley Project (CVP). The model accounts for the major hydrologic, regulatory, and operational features of both projects. The model maximizes long‐term SWP yields over a 70‐year period, using a quarterly time step. The potential for increased yield associated with a proposed facility improvement is evaluated with the model. The proposed facility is an extension of the Folsom‐South Canal, which would allow water to be conveyed from the American River below Folsom Reservoir into New Melones Reservoir on the Stanislaus River or into the California Aqueduct. Model results indicate that extension of the Folsom‐South Canal has the potential to increase SWP yields by 13 percent.
Extraction of Moho‐Generated Phases from Vertical and Radial Receiver Functions of a Seismic Array

Abstract Receiver‐function analysis is an effective tool for investigating crustal seismological structure. Here, we present the extraction of the Moho‐reflected PpPp that emerges in teleseismic P coda via a deconvolution process. Using nonlinear waveform analysis (an approach using simulated annealing technique) we estimate the source wavelet of a teleseismic P wave from records of the vertical component observed at an array of seismometers. PpPp recorded on the vertical component can be extracted by deconvolving individual vertical components by the resulting source wavelet. By employing this technique in a case study in southwestern Japan, seismic images from PpPp , as well as from Ps and PpPs , successfully image the continental Moho, the oceanic Moho, and the top surface of the Philippine Sea slab. In addition, we found that the amplitude of PpPp is useful in precisely determining crustal properties, such as vertically averaged V P / V S and the crustal thickness, by grid‐search techniques. It is also important to take into account the variations of the conversion/reflection coefficients for decreasing errors of the parameters in the grid‐search technique. Moreover, we demonstrate that improved seismic images of horizontal discontinuities can be obtained by using a stacking technique.
Smoothing, filtering, and boundary effects

Numerical integrations of finite-difference analogs of systems of nonlinear partial differential equations, such as those arising in atmospheric dynamics, are subject to computational instability from a variety of causes. One type of instability is produced by a spurious, nonlinear growth of high-frequency components that may be introduced by roundoff, truncation, and observational error. This type of instability, first discussed by N. A. Phillips, can be suppressed by a suitable choice of finite-difference method or by the use of a filter that selectively damps the high-frequency components. Though much effort is being devoted to the development of stable finite-difference procedures, and considerable success has been achieved, all such methods involve high-frequency smoothing either implicitly or explicitly. It is therefore important that the effects of such filtering be fully understood. Filtering and smoothing operators are developed for use in conjunction with the numerical integration of nonlinear systems and for other purposes. The general procedure is demonstrated for simple one-dimensional operators and the properties of such operators are thoroughly explored. The development is then expanded to allow for compound operators designed to suit some particular requirement and further extended to more than one dimension. Both real and complex operators are discussed. Reverse smoothers or wave amplifiers are introduced, and some of the problems associated with their use are discussed. A general procedure is outlined for the construction of an ‘ideal’ low-pass filter; that is, a filter that removes the shortest resolvable wave component (the 2-grid-interval wave) but restores all other wave components as close as is desired to their original amplitudes without amplifying or changing the phase of any wave component. Finally, the effects, sometimes disastrous, of finite domains on the properties of the smoothing operators are explored for a variety of common boundary assumptions.
The Impact of Surface Flux– and Circulation-Driven Feedbacks on Simulated Madden–Julian Oscillations

Abstract The intent of this study is to measure the total contribution of individual wind- and moist flux–induced feedback mechanisms on the generation and maintenance of simulated Madden–Julian oscillations (MJOs). This task is accomplished through the use of an idealized GCM that is also employed to examine the impact of sea surface temperatures on the robustness of the MJO signal. Among the mechanisms investigated are Conditional Instability of the Second Kind (CISK), Wind Induced Surface Heat Exchange (WISHE), and the feedback due to specific humidity differences between the surface and the boundary layer. A series of numerical experiments was conducted in which one or more of these feedbacks were suppressed. The resulting structure and periodicity of the simulated mode was analyzed using eigenvector and spectral analysis methods. The relative phases of surface wind, turbulent flux, and boundary layer moisture anomaly fields were then contrasted. It was found that the model produced a far stronger sig.
Feasibility of Using a Novel 2.45 GHz Double Short Distance Slot Coaxial Antenna for Minimally Invasive Cancer Breast Microwave Ablation Therapy: Computational Model, Phantom, and In Vivo Swine Experimentation

Microwave ablation (MWA) by using coaxial antennas is a promising alternative for breast cancer treatment. A double short distance slot coaxial antenna as a newly optimized applicator for minimally invasive treatment of breast cancer is proposed. To validate and to analyze the feasibility of using this method in clinical treatment, a computational model, phantom, and breast swine in vivo experimentation were carried out, by using four microwave powers (50 W, 30 W, 20 W, and 10 W). The finite element method (FEM) was used to develop the computational model. Phantom experimentation was carried out in breast phantom. The in vivo experimentation was carried out in a 90 kg swine sow. Tissue damage was estimated by comparing control and treated micrographs of the porcine mammary gland samples. The coaxial slot antenna was inserted in swine breast glands by using image-guided ultrasound. In all cases, modeling, in vivo and phantom experimentation, and ablation temperatures (above 60°C) were reached. The in vivo experiments suggest that this new MWA applicator could be successfully used to eliminate precise and small areas of tissue (around 20–30 mm2). By modulating the power and time applied, it may be possible to increase/decrease the ablation area.
Proteomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Fulminant Case of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease, but in rare fulminant cases rapid progression may lead to death shortly after diagnosis. Currently there is no diagnostic test to predict disease course. The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers/proteins related to rapid progression. We present the case history of a 15-year-old male MS patient. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was taken at diagnosis and at the time of rapid progression leading to the patient’s death. Using isobaric tag labeling and nanoflow liquid chromatography in conjunction with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry we quantitatively analyzed the protein content of two CSF samples from the patient with fulminant MS as well as one relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patient and one control headache patient, whose CSF analysis was normal. Seventy-eight proteins were identified and seven proteins were found to be more abundant in both fulminant MS samples but not in the RR MS sample compared to the control. These proteins are involved in the immune response, blood coagulation, cell proliferation and cell adhesion. In conclusion, in this pilot study we were able to show differences in the CSF proteome of a rapidly progressing MS patient compared to a more typical clinical form of MS and a control subject.