Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrical and morphological factors influencing the depolarizing after‐potential in rat and lizard myelinated axons.

1. Intra‐axonal recording and electron microscopy were applied to intramuscular myelinated axons in lizards and rats to investigate factors that influence the amplitude and time course of the depolarizing after‐potential. 2. Depolarizing after‐potentials in lizard axons had larger peak amplitudes and longer half‐decay times than those recorded in rat axons (mean values 10 mV, 35 ms in lizard; 3 mV, 11 ms in rat). These differences were not due to differences in temperature, resting potential or action potential amplitude or duration. 3. For a given axon diameter, the myelin sheath in lizard fibres was thinner and had fewer wraps than in rat fibres. There was no significant difference in myelin periodicity. Calculations suggest that the thinner myelin sheath accounts for < 30% of the difference between depolarizing after‐potential amplitudes recorded in lizard and rat axons. 4. Consistent with a passive charging model for the depolarizing after‐potential, the half‐time of the passive voltage transient following intra‐axonal injection of current was shorter in rat than in lizard axons. 5. Aminopyridines prolonged the falling phase of the action potential and increased the amplitude of the depolarizing after‐potential in both types of axon. 6. During repetitive stimulation the depolarizing after‐potentials following successive action potentials exhibited little or no summation. Axonal input conductance in the interspike interval increased during the train. 7. These findings suggest that the amplitude and time course of the depolarizing after‐potential are influenced not only by the passive properties of the axon and myelin sheath, but also by persisting activation of axolemmal K+ channels following action potentials.
Realizing Envisat's potential for rain cloud studies

Owing to the highly variable nature of rain both in space and time and the difficulties in obtaining accurate in situ measurements, increasing reliance is being placed on the various types of satellite data now available. The multi‐sensor payload of Envisat is of particular interest because the data are co‐located and simultaneous, thus reducing some of the uncertainty found in multi‐platform analyses. This paper shows variations in cloud and precipitation data derived from AATSR, RA‐2 and MWR‐2 measurements in an overpass of Hurricane Juan, revealing significant asymmetry in the spatial distribution. The results are discussed in the context of similar data from other tropical and sub‐tropical features in the western Atlantic. The combination of data from these sensors allows us to see the effects of different drop‐size distribution at varying distances from the hurricane's eye and to conclude that active microwave systems are needed for studying small‐scale variations in rainfall.
Routing in Large-Scale Buses Ad Hoc Networks

A disruption-tolerant network (DTN) attempts to route packets between nodes that are temporarily connected. Difficulty in such networks is that nodes have no information about the network status and contact opportunities. The situation is different in public bus networks because the movement of buses exhibits some regularity so that routing in a deterministic way is possible. Many algorithms use a contacts oracle that provides the exact meeting times and durations between all nodes. However, in a real vehicular environment, an oracle is not always accurate, and deterministic routing gives poor results. In this paper, we present BLER, a routing algorithm that achieves effective routing in a buses environment. BLER, compared to other algorithms, performs routing at bus line level instead of bus level; it uses specific bus lines information to achieve good performances. We evaluate BLER on real traces of the bus network of Shanghai, and compare it to other routing algorithms. Performances provide good results for this kind of DTNs.
Neural networks and fuzzy systems: a dynamical systems approach to machine intelligence

This work combines neural networks and fuzzy systems, presenting neural networks as trainable dynamical systems and developing mechanisms and principles of adaption, self-organization, convergence and global stability. It includes the new geometric theory of fuzzy sets, systems and associated memories, and shows how to apply fuzzy set theory to adaptive control and how to generate structured fuzzy systems with unsupervised neural techniques.
Microsatellite Markers Variation and Seed Oil Composition of Some Safflower Genotypes Differing in Salt Tolerance

Genetic variation of some safflower genotypes differing in salinity tolerance were analyzed using microsatellite markers, seed oil, and fatty acid composition. Molecular analysis revealed high polymorphism among the genotypes. Cluster analyses based on the Jaccard’s similarity coefficient separated the safflower genotypes into two distinct groups and the physiological characters of these two groups were significantly different under salt stress conditions. Analysis of variance for seed oil content and fatty acid composition revealed significant differences among the genotypes. The salinity tolerant genotype, PI-506426, had the highest seed oil content and percentage of linoleic acid in its oil. These results indicated that high genetic variation observed among safflower genotypes could be useful for improving the salinity tolerance of safflower genotypes with high quantity and quality of seed oil. The potential of the microsatellite markers for marker assisted selection could be tested by intercrossing the genotypes from diverse groups separated by microsatellite data with different salinity tolerance ability.
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

In the porcine reproductive tract, the oviduct is the vital organ for fertilization and early embryonic development. Repeat breeder (RB) gilts have previously shown the abnormal histological changes and deviant hormonal levels throughout estrous cycle. The aim of present study was to examine the oviduct epithelium of gilts culled due to RB (n = 9) in comparison to normal sows (controls, n = 6) by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The reproductive organs were collected after sending the RB gilts to local abattoir and their ovaries were kept to classify the estrous cycle. The ultrastructural details of control oviduct epithelium composed of ampulla, isthmus and uterotubal junction (UTJ) at follicular (n = 3) and luteal (n = 3) phases were similar to earlier studies. The surface of lining epithelium differed in appearance between controls and RB gilts. In all segments of gilt oviducts, the cilia were fused together with mucous-like substance and disarrangement; microvilli were sparse and almost disappeared. The epithelial surface was obviously covered with mucous-like debris and inflammatory cells. In the ampulla, the secretory cells were smaller and less cytoplasmic protrusions including sloughing of epithelial cells. The findings indicate that the abnormal ultrastructure presented in the RB gilts affected the oviductal environment and function resulting in failure of gamete transports, fertilization and early embryonic development.
Behavioural Brain Research

Preterm-birth increases the risk of several physical, cognitive, neuromotor, and psychosocial problems in children, and is also related to di ﬃ culties in the parent – child relationship. Research suggests that the development of early parent – child interactions in general is a ﬀ ected by deviations from typical infant facial characteristics, which may also be important in the case of small, preterm born infants. Therefore, we examined mothers ’ ( N = 22, of whom 17 had no direct experience with preterm birth) neural responses to pictures of preterm and full-term infants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also explored whether neural responses to preterm and full-term infants correlated with mothers ’ self-reported tendencies to be nurturing and protective with children, and with mothers ’ ratings of a ﬀ ection or aversion toward pictures of preterm infants. Results revealed that, compared to pictures of full-term infants, those of preterm infants elicited more activity in speci ﬁ c areas of the brain (dmPFC, right insula, left caudate, hippocampi, parahippocampi, and PAG), that have previously been associated with processing of negative emotions and with empathy. In addition, less activity was seen in one area of the brain (vmPFC) known to be associated with reward-motivation or mental state understanding and perspective-taking. Higher self-reported maternal nurturance was associated with increased activity to pictures of preterm infants vs full-term infants in the caudate, which might re ﬂ ect approach-or reward-related processing. To conclude, neural responses to preterm infants are related to reward-motivation, menta-lizing, negative emotions, and empathy. Future studies should examine whether such neural processing of preterm infant stimuli might underlie di ﬃ culties in the parent – child relationship of parents with a preterm child.
Iterative Learning Double Closed-Loop Structure for Modeling and Controller Design of Output StochAstic Distribution Control Systems

Stochastic distribution control (SDC) systems are known to have the 2-D characteristics regarding time and probability space of a random variables, respectively. A double closed-loop structure, which includes iterative learning modeling (ILM) and iterative learning control (ILC), is proposed for non-Gaussian SDC systems. The ILM is arranged in the outer loop, which takes a longer period for each cycle termed as a BATCH. Each BATCH is divided into a modeling period and a number of control intervals, called batches, being arranged in the inner loop for ILC. The output probability density functions (PDFs) of the system are approximated by a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) model, whose parameters are updated via ILM in each BATCH. Based on the RBFNN approximation of the output PDF, a state-space model is constructed by employing the subspace parameter estimation method. An IL optimal controller is then designed by decreasing the PDF tracking errors from batch to batch. Model simulations are carried out on a forth-order numerical example to examine the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. To further assess its application feasibility, a flame shape distribution control simulation platform for a combustion process in a coal-fired gate boiler system is constructed by integrating WinCC interface, MATLAB simulation programs, and OPC communication together. The simulation study over this industrial simulation platform shows that the output PDF tracking performance can be efficiently achieved by this double closed-loop iterative learning strategy.
An objective tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature gradient index for studies of south Amazon dry-season climate variability and change

Future changes in meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in the tropical Atlantic could influence Amazon dry-season precipitation by shifting the patterns of moisture convergence and vertical motion. Unlike for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, there are no standard indices for quantifying this gradient. Here we describe a method for identifying the SST gradient that is most closely associated with June–August precipitation over the south Amazon. We use an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) integrations forced by observed SST from 1949 to 2005. A large number of tropical Atlantic SST gradient indices are generated randomly and temporal correlations are examined between these indices and June–August precipitation averaged over the Amazon Basin south of the equator. The indices correlating most strongly with June–August southern Amazon precipitation form a cluster of near-meridional orientation centred near the equator. The location of the southern component of the gradient is particularly well defined in a region off the Brazilian tropical coast, consistent with known physical mechanisms. The chosen index appears to capture much of the Atlantic SST influence on simulated southern Amazon dry-season precipitation, and is significantly correlated with observed southern Amazon precipitation. We examine the index in 36 different coupled atmosphere–ocean model projections of climate change under a simple compound 1% increase in CO2. Within the large spread of responses, we find a relationship between the projected trend in the index and the Amazon dry-season precipitation trends. Furthermore, the magnitude of the trend relationship is consistent with the inter-annual variability relationship found in the AGCM simulations. This suggests that the index would be of use in quantifying uncertainties in climate change in the region.
Place as a Practical Concern of Mobile Workers

In this paper we examine the spatial practices of mobile workers—how mobile workers manage their use of technology and place. Data from interviews with highly mobile workers and ‘hot-deskers’ are used to explore the reciprocal relationship between practice and place: how places change work, but also how work changes places. Mobile workers often need to configure their activities to take account of the different places in which they find themselves. This can involve considerable ‘juggling’ of their plans, humble office equipment, and their coworkers. In turn mobile workers change places, as they appropriate different sites for their work. Specifically, technology allows for the limited reappropriation of travel and leisure sites as places for work (such as trains and cafés). Time is also an important practical concern for mobile workers. Although mobile work may be seen as relatively flexible, fixed temporal structures allow mobile workers to ‘accomplish synchronicity’ with others. Although this paper focuses on the specific practices of mobile workers, it also explores how ‘grand social theory’ can help us understand the practical details of mobile work, yet how practice cannot be simply reduced to theory.
Impact of Banana Puree on Viability of Probiotic Soy Yoghurt During Storage

The present investigation was made with an attempt to manufacture banana based probiotic soy yoghurt with addition of probiotic culture and banana puree, were examined. Probiotic soy yoghurt samples were produced from soy milk fermented with yoghurt and probiotic culture i.e. Streptococcus thermophilus NCDC-074, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus NCDC-009, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15 and Bifidobacterium bifidum NCDC-235. The viability (SPC) of these four strains were analyzed during storage at refrigerated temperature with the selective media of MRS, ST, MRS-sorbitol and MRS-maltose agar. These counts generally decreased during the storage period. Supplementation of banana fortified soy yoghurts with 5, 10 and 15% of banana puree, improved the viability of probiotic bacteria during storage period. However, the yoghurt supplemented with banana puree, at 15% level, showed highest viability (10 6 cfu/ g) among all treatment combinations up to four weeks of refrigerated storage.
Querying Semistructured (Meta)Data and Schemas on the Web: The case of RDF RDFS

The need for descriptive information, i.e., metadata, about Web resources has been recognized in several application contexts (e.g., digital libraries, infomediaries, portals, etc.). The Resource Description Framework (RDF) aims at facilitating the creation and exchange of metadata, as any other Web data. In particular, the de nition of schema vocabularies enables the interpretation of RDF descriptions across several communities. Unfortunately, existing RDF-enabled systems (e.g., browsers, search engines) totally ignore RDF schemas. In this paper, we propose RQL, a declarative language suitable for querying both RDF descriptions and schemas. RQL relies on a graph data model capturing the RDF modeling primitives in terms of classes and relationship types, organized into appropriate subsumption taxonomies. Furthermore, a graph instantiation mechanism is introduced to interpret semistructured RDF data using schema information. Taxonomies of labels are then exploited transparently in order to facilitate querying of complex semistructured data as well as of the schema vocabularies themselves. To the best of our knowledge RQL is the rst language o ering this functionality.
Range and Motion Estimation of a Monocular Camera Using Static and Moving Objects

We propose a method of estimating the motion of a monocular camera looking at moving objects and their range. Unlike the previous studies where the camera and object motion should be constrained in estimating structure and motion (SaM) of moving objects, the proposed method do not require those constraints even though only a monocular camera is used. By first arranging the SaM dynamics in terms of the measurable states, we design robust nonlinear observers in a sequential way for both static (stationary) and dynamic (moving) objects. Through the combination of these estimates obtained by nonlinear observers, the reconstruction of the 3-D structure of the dynamic objects can be achieved using just 2-D images of a monocular camera. Simulations are performed in the case of changing camera and object velocities, such that the advantages of the proposed method can be clearly demonstrated.
Ikaros is absolutely required for pre-B cell differentiation by attenuating IL-7 signals

Pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) signaling and migration from IL-7-rich environments cooperate to drive pre-B cell differentiation via transcriptional programs that remain unclear. We show that the Ikaros transcription factor is required for the differentiation of large pre-B to small pre-B cells. Mice deleted for Ikaros in pro/pre-B cells show a complete block of differentiation at the fraction C' stage, and Ikaros-null pre-B cells cannot differentiate upon withdrawal of IL-7 in vitro. Restoration of Ikaros function rescues pre-B cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo and depends on DNA binding. Ikaros is required for the down-regulation of the pre-BCR, Igκ germline transcription, and Ig L chain recombination. Furthermore, Ikaros antagonizes the IL-7-dependent regulation of >3,000 genes, many of which are up- or down-regulated between fractions C' and D. Affected genes include those important for survival, metabolism, B cell signaling, and function, as well as transcriptional regulators like Ebf1, Pax5, and the Foxo1 family. Our data thus identify Ikaros as a central regulator of IL-7 signaling and pre-B cell development.
Timed consistent network updates

Network updates such as policy and routing changes occur frequently in Software Defined Networks (SDN). Updates should be performed consistently, preventing temporary disruptions, and should require as little overhead as possible. Scalability is increasingly becoming an essential requirement in SDN. In this paper we propose to use time-triggered network updates to achieve consistent updates. Our proposed solution requires lower overhead than existing update approaches, without compromising the consistency during the update. We demonstrate that accurate time enables far more scalable consistent updates in SDN than previously available. In addition, it provides the SDN programmer with fine-grained control over the tradeoff between consistency and scalability.
RCM : A user friendly Router Configuration Machine

In this paper a router configuration machine for Cisco routers using GUI is presented. It is developed using Visual C# . NET programming, in which the interface provides GUI platforms for various types of configuration for entire series of Cisco routers. It communicates with the Cisco Internetwork Operating System to configure the router. It includes the configuration for all interior routing protocols and all types of most common used tools. The developed system is implemented on different series of Cisco routers and it worked successfully. It is observed that it eliminates the traditional use of Command Line Interface (CLI) for configuration of Cisco routers.
On emission-line spectra obtained from evolutionary synthesis models I. Dispersion in the ionising flux and Lowest Luminosity Limits

Stellar clusters with the same general physical properties (e.g., total mass, age, and star-formation mode) may have very different stellar mass spectra due to the incomplete sampling of the underlying mass function; such differences are especially relevant in the high-mass tail of the mass function due to the smaller absolute number of massive stars. Since the ionising spectra of star-forming regions are mainly produced by massive stars and their by-products, the dispersion in the number of massive stars across individual clusters also produces a dispersion in the properties of the corresponding ionising spectra. This implies that regions with the same physical properties may produce very different emission line spectra, and occupy different positions in emission-line diagnostic diagrams. In this paper, we lay the basis for a future analysis of this effect by evaluating the dispersion in the ionising fluxes of synthetic spectra computed with evolutionary models. As an important consequence of the explicit consideration of sampling effects, we found that the intensities of synthetic fluxes at different ionisation edges are strongly correlated, a fact suggesting that no additional dispersion will result from the inclusion of sampling effects in the analysis of diagnostic diagrams; this is true for $\ion{H}{ii}$ regions on all scales, those ionised by single massive stars through those ionised by super stellar clusters. This finding is especially relevant in consideration of the fact that real $\ion{H}{ii}$ regions are found in a band sensibly narrower than predicted by standard methods. Additionally, we find convincing suggestions that the $\ion{He}{ii}$ line intensities are strongly affected by sampling, especially during the WR phase, and so cannot be used to constrain the evolutionary status of stellar clusters. We also establish the range of applicability of synthesis models set by the Lowest Luminosity Limit for the ionising flux, that is the lowest limit in cluster mass for which synthesis models can be applied to predict ionising spectra. This limit marks the boundary between the situations in which the ionising flux is better modeled with a single star as opposed to a star cluster; this boundary depends on the metallicity and age of the stellar population, ranging from 10 3 to more than 10$^6~M_\odot$ in the case of a single burst event. As a consequence, synthesis models should not be used to try to account for the properties of clusters with smaller masses.
Testbed Evaluation of a Delay Aware Routing Metric for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless ad hoc networks are a type of wireless network that is regarded as infrastructureless, dynamic and selforganising. To date, the challenges facing QoS in these networks have enjoyed much attention in simulation. To address this issue we practically implement enhancements on the Ad Hoc Ondemand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. We change the routing metric from hop count to measured end-to-end delay. The enhanced protocol, Delay Aware Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (DA-AODV), will now be able to take the requirements of delay-sensitive services into account when selecting a route. We investigate whether the change of routing metric holds any real world benefit through experimental evaluation in a four node wireless prototype testbed. The experimental evaluation encompasses four distinct scenarios. Analysis of the experimental results show that the delay metric exhibits beneficial QoS properties, but the benefit of using DA-AODV seems to be outweighed by factors influencing both routing protocols when more than 3 nodes are traversed and the network load is high.