Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small subgroups of SL(3,Z)

The study of representations of the fundamental groups of finite volume hyperbolic surfaces and finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds into Lie groups has been long studied. Classical cases such as the case of the Lie groups SL(2,R), SL(2,C) and SU(2) have provided powerful tools to bring to bear in the study of these groups, and the geometry and topology of the manifolds. More recently, this has been pursued in other Lie groups (see [6], [9], and [20] to name a few). In particular, [6] provides a powerful method for the construction of representations into the groups SL(n,R) for n ≥ 3. This paper was motivated by an examination of the integral points of such representations with a view to addressing questions about the subgroup structure of SL(3,Z). In particular, we can answer a question of Lubotzky which we now describe. The group SL(3,Z) has the Congruence Subgroup Property, and in this sense its finite index subgroup structure is much simpler than that of a lattice in SL(2,C). However, some interesting questions about the structure of subgroups of finite index had remained. For example, in [11], Lubotzky asked the following question:
Exclusive Preference on Concurrent Schedules in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Treatment programs often utilize positive consequences to establish, increase, or maintain behavior. Recently, Dube and McIlvane (2002) examined the sensitivity of individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities to differences in the frequency and magnitude of reinforcing consequences. Six individuals were exposed to a concurrent-choice procedure during which each option was associated with a range of schedules differing in reinforcer frequency or magnitude. Data were analyzed in accordance with the generalized matching law (Baum, 1974) and the positive slopes of obtained matching functions indicated sensitivity to the programmed reinforcer disparities. In recent follow-up work, we have been using the methods of Dube and McIlvane (2002) to assess sensitivity to changes in reinforcer frequency in individuals at lower functioning levels. During pretraining, a number of our recent participants developed exclusive or near-exclusive stimulus preferences that have proven difficult to overcome. This “Research in Progress” report is intended to highlight this challenge, describe efforts to overcome it, and to report potentially promising remedial procedures.
Clinical Outcomes Associated with Brand-to-Generic Phenytoin Interchange

Background: Concerns that antiepileptic brand-to-generic interchange results in disruption of seizure control are widespread. However, little within-patient evidence exists examining such interchanges. Objective: To compare within-patient seizure control before and after the interchange of a branded to a single-source generic Phenytoin among patients with seizures in a managed care organization. Methods: This was a pre-post, self-controlled, retrospective study. Adults with a history of seizure who used Dilantin Kapseals 100 mg extended Phenytoin sodium, USP, capsules and whose therapy was interchanged to Taro Pharmaceuticals’ AB-rated generic extended phenytoin sodium capsules, USP, 100 mg between July 2007 and May 2008 were included. Study outcomes included the comparisons of the proportions of patients with at least emergency department (ED) visit/inpatient hospitalization and medical office visit/nonoffice consultation for acute seizure in the 6 months before and after interchange. Outcomes were confirmed with manual chart reviews and adjusted for potential confounding medication use. Results: A total of 222 patients were included in the study. Patients were primarily middle-aged (mean 56 years), equally mixed by sex (47% female); most had nonintractable seizures. The majority of patients (~70%) were on phenytoin as monotherapy and had equivalent rates of purchases for potentially confounding medications in both pre- and postinterchange time periods (all p < 0.05). Low serum concentrations were detected more often in the postinterchange study period (adjusted p < 0.001). Despite this, there were low proportions of patients with confirmed seizure events that resulted in an ED visit/inpatient hospitalization in both pre- and postinterchange periods (both 6.3%, adjusted p = 0.937). The proportion of patients with confirmed seizure events diagnosed at a medical office visit was not significantly different between the preinterchange and postinterchange periods (12.2% vs 11.3%, adjusted p = 0.545). Conclusions: NO increased proportion of seizures was observed within patients when branded phenytoin was interchanged to an AB-rated, single-source, generic equivalent. More rigorous studies should be conducted to more thoroughly evaluate patient tolerability and drug efficacy when antiepileptic drugs are interchanged from brand to generic formulations.
Superthermal electron energy interchange in the ionosphere‐plasmasphere system

A self‐consistent approach to superthermal electron (SE) transport along closed field lines in the inner magnetosphere is used to examine the concept of plasmaspheric transparency, magnetospheric trapping, and SE energy deposition to the thermal electrons. The dayside SE population is generated both by photoionization of the thermosphere and by secondary electron production from impact ionization when the photoelectrons collide with upper atmospheric neutral particles. It is shown that a self‐consistent approach to this problem produces significant changes, in comparison with other approaches, in the SE energy exchange between the plasmasphere and the two magnetically conjugate ionospheres. In particular, plasmaspheric transparency can vary by a factor of two depending on the thermal plasma content along the field line and the illumination conditions of the two conjugate ionospheres. This variation in plasmaspheric transparency as a function of thermal plasma and ionospheric conditions increases with L‐shell, as the field line gets longer and the equatorial pitch angle extent of the fly‐through zone gets smaller. The inference drawn from these results is that such a self‐consistent approach to SE transport and energy deposition should be included to ensure robustness in ionosphere‐magnetosphere modeling networks.
Reproductive aging and its consequences for general health

Reproductive aging coincides with endocrine changes that are not solely reproductive in nature and culminates in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and amenorrhea. These changes are identifiable biochemically regardless of clinical manifestations. Changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis are associated with changes in other hormonal axes, specifically the adrenal androgen and the somatotropic axis. A large body of literature indicates that reproductive aging is associated with a decline in the somatotropic axis. The interactions between reproductive aging and changes in the adrenal androgen axis are more complex and complicated by age‐related declines in the adrenal axis early in the reproductive years. These changes may play an important role in overall health maintenance. Attempts to ameliorate hormonal declines with exogenous hormonal therapy have produced mixed results. Finally, the age‐specific timing as well as the rapidity of the changes that occur with reproductive aging seems to have important consequences on metabolism, cardiovascular risk, cognition, bone density, and even mortality.
Pds5p Is an Essential Chromosomal Protein Required for Both Sister Chromatid Cohesion and Condensation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The PDS5 gene (precocious dissociation of sisters) was identified in a genetic screen designed to identify genes important for chromosome structure. PDS5 is an essential gene and homologues are found from yeast to humans. Pds5p function is important for viability from S phase through mitosis and localizes to chromosomes during this cell cycle window, which encompasses the times when sister chromatid cohesion exists. Pds5p is required to maintain cohesion at centromere proximal and distal sequences. These properties are identical to those of the four cohesion complex members Mcd1p/Scc1p, Smc1p, Smc3p, and Scc3p/Irr1p (Guacci, V., D. Koshland, and A. Strunnikov. 1997. Cell. 91:47–57; Michaelis, C., R. Ciosk, and K. Nasmyth. 1997. Cell. 91:35–45; Toth, A., R. Ciosk, F. Uhlmann, M. Galova, A. Schleiffer, and K. Nasmyth. 1999. Genes Dev. 13:307–319). Pds5p binds to centromeric and arm sequences bound by Mcd1p. Furthermore, Pds5p localization to chromosomes is dependent on Mcd1p. Thus, Pds5p, like the cohesin complex members, is a component of the molecular glue that mediates sister chromatid cohesion. However, Mcd1p localization to chromosomes is independent of Pds5p, which may reflect differences in their roles in cohesion. Finally, Pds5p is required for condensation as well as cohesion, which confirms the link between these processes revealed through analysis of Mcd1p (Guacci, V., D. Koshland, and A. Strunnikov. 1997. Cell. 91:47–57). Therefore, the link between cohesion and condensation is a general property of yeast chromosomes.
A Usability Study of Four Secure Email Tools Using Paired Participants

Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page. ” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study.
Transcription factor expression in cell lines derived from natural killer-cell and natural killer-like T-cell leukemia-lymphoma

Although a number of transcription factors (TFs) have been identified that play a pivotal role in the development of hematopoietic lineages, only little is known about factors that may iniluence development and lineage commibnent of natural killer (NK) or NK-like T (NKT)-cells. Obviously to fully appreciate the NK- and NKT-cell differentiation process, it is important to identify and characterize the TFs effecting the NK- and NKT-cell lineage. Furthermore, these TFs may play a role in NK- or NKT-cell leukemias, in which the normal differentiation program is presumably disturbed. ’Ihe present study analyzed the expression of the following 13 TFs: AML1, CEBPA, E2A, ETS1, GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, IKAROS, IRF1, PAX5. PU1, TBET and TCF1 in 7 malignant NK-cell lines together with 5 malignant NKT-cell lines, 5 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines including 3 γ /δ T-cell receptor (TCR) type and 2 α/β TCR type, and 3 B-cell precursor (BCP) leukemia cell lines. AML1. E2A, ETS1, IKAROS and IRF1 were found to be positive for all cell lines tested whereas GATA1 turned out to be universally negative. CEBPA, PAX5 and PU1 were negative for all cell lines tested except in the three positive BCP-cell lines. GATA2 was positive for 3/5 T-cell lines but negative for the other cell lines. GATA3 was positive for 7/7 NK-, 4/5 NKT-, 5/5 T-and 2/3 BCP-cell lines. TBET was positive for all NK- and NKT-cell lines and negative for all T- and BCP-cell lines except one BCP-cell line. In contrast to the expression of TBET. TCFl was negative for all NK- and NKT-cell lines. being positive for 4/5 T- and 1/3 BCP-cell lines. Expression analysis of TFs revealed that NK- and NKT-cell lines showed identical profiles, clearly distinct from those of the other T-ALL or BCP-ALL leukemiaderived cell lines.
Biosocial correlates of identity disturbance among suicidal youth

The current study was designed to examine biosocial correlates of identity disturbance in a sample of suicidal youth at high risk for borderline personality disorder compared with community controls. We used a multimethod, multi-informant design to examine vulnerability and risk for identity disturbance, including biological assessments, selfand informant-report. Participants’ electrodermal responding (EDR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and fundamental frequency were collected during a motherchild discussion task regarding adolescents’ personality characteristics. We predicted (1) suicidal adolescents would endorse greater overall identity distress across more domains compared with community controls, and (2) that biological vulnerabilities (e.g., EDR, RSA) and contextual risks (e.g., parent emotional arousal assessed with digital signal processing) would interact to predict higher self-reported identity distress among suicidal adolescents. Results indicate significant differences on identity scales for control and self-injuring adolescents. However, indices of biological and contextual risk did not interact to predict identity problems. Methodological limitations of the current study are discussed, along with implications for future research. To my many mentors who have encouraged my pursuit of science and the study of the vulnerable populations.
Hyperspectral tecniques for water quality monitoring: Application to the “Sacca di Goro” — Italy

The paper presents a comparison between an empirical algorithm and a physics based model for the assessment of water compound concentrations by remote sensing hyperspectral data. At the purpose a series of in situ measurements were carried out monthly, from June to October 2005, to spectrally characterize the water of the “Sacca di Goro” (Italy) at spatial (horizontal and vertical) and temporal (daily and seasonal) scales. The results obtained by the application of the two different methods to the in situ acquired data showed that an appreciable improvement is obtainable by considering the physical approach.
Effective and new potent drug combination: Histone deacetylase and Wnt/β‐catenin pathway inhibitors in lung carcinoma cells

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide with a high mortality rate. In this study, the therapeutic effect of combination valproic acid and niclosamide was investigated on human lung cancer cell line. The effects of the compounds alone and combination therapy on cell viability were determined by sulforhodamine B and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate viability assays. Flow cytometry was used to determine the cell death mechanism and DNA damage levels responsible for the cytotoxic effects of combination therapy. The presence of apoptosis in cells was supported by fluorescence microscopy and also by using inhibitors of the apoptotic signaling pathway. The increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in combination therapy was determined by H2DCFDA staining. The effect of N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine combination on ROS increase was investigated on cell viability. In addition, the expression levels of the proteins associated with epigenetic regulation and cell death were analyzed by Western blotting and gene expression levels were determined using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.It was observed that the combination therapy showed a cytotoxic effect on the A549 lung cancer cells compared to the individual use of the inhibitors. The absence of this effect on normal lung cells revealed the presence of a selective toxic effect. When the mechanism of cytotoxicity is examined, it has been observed that combination therapy initiates the activation of tumor necrosis receptors and causes apoptosis by activated caspase. It was also observed that this extrinsic apoptotic pathway was activated on the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, ER stress and mitochondrial membrane potential loss associated with increased ROS levels induce cell death. When the data in this study were evaluated, combination therapy caused a dramatic decrease in cell viability by inducing the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in lung cancer cell line. Therefore, it was concluded that it can be used as an effective and new treatment option for lung cancer.
Prenatal HIV Testing in the US-Mexico Border Region, 2005: The Brownsville-Matamoros Sister City Project for Women’s Health

Introduction Routine prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening provides a critical opportunity to diagnose HIV infection, begin chronic care, and prevent mother-to-child transmission. However, little is known about the prevalence of prenatal HIV testing in the US-Mexico border region. We explored the correlation between prenatal HIV testing and sociodemographic, health behavior, and health exposure characteristics. Methods The study sample consisted of women who delivered live infants in 2005 in hospitals with more than 100 deliveries per year and resided in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico (n = 489), or Cameron County, Texas (n = 458). We examined univariate and bivariate distributions of HIV testing in Matamoros and Cameron County and quantified the difference in odds of HIV testing by using logistic regression. Results The prevalence of prenatal HIV testing varied by place of residence — 57.6% in Matamoros and 94.8% in Cameron County. Women in Cameron County were significantly more likely than those in Matamoros to be tested. Marital status, education, knowledge of methods to prevent HIV transmission (adult-to-adult), discussion of HIV screening with a health care professional during prenatal care, and previous HIV testing were significantly associated with prenatal HIV testing in Matamoros, although only the latter 2 variables were significant in Cameron County. Conclusion Although national policies in both the United States and Mexico recommend prenatal testing for HIV, a greater proportion of women in Cameron County were tested, compared with women in Matamoros. Efforts between Matamoros and Cameron County to improve HIV testing during pregnancy in the border region should consider correlates for testing in each community.
RF versus slice selective RF tagging pulses in brain ASL

Introduction: Arterial spin labeling (ASL) [1] is an important technique for the diagnosis of various cerebrovascular diseases. Standard perfusion ASL methods for functional brain imaging use inversion pulses in a transversal slice to determine the cerebral perfusion territories of all major blood vessels. However due to tagging of all feeding arteries, regions supplied by different arteries can not be distinguished. In this work, therefore, we implemented a two-dimensional selective inversion pulse to tag either the left or the right internal carotid artery (ICA). Alternatively, a sagittal slice selective inversion pulse along the ICA was used to tag the inflowing blood. Both techniques are based on an EPI sequence with the same parameters for data acquisition. Resulting ASL images and relative perfusion signals were compared to determine the optimal measurement technique.
Modeling the dose effects of soybean oil in salad dressing on carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin bioavailability in salad vegetables.

Background: Previously, we showed that vegetable oil is necessary for carotenoid absorption from salad vegetables. Research is needed to better define the dose effect and its interindividual variation for carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins.Objective: The objective was to model the dose-response relation between the amount of soybean oil in salad dressing and the absorption of 1) carotenoids, phylloquinone, and tocopherols in salad vegetables and 2) retinyl palmitate formed from the provitamin A carotenoids.Design: Women (n = 12) each consumed 5 vegetable salads with salad dressings containing 0, 2, 4, 8, or 32 g soybean oil. Blood was collected at selected time points. The outcome variables were the chylomicron carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin area under the curve (AUC) and maximum content in the plasma chylomicron fraction (Cmax). The individual-specific and group-average dose-response relations were investigated by fitting linear mixed-effects random coefficient models.Results: Across the entire 0-32-g range, soybean oil was linearly related to the chylomicron AUC and Cmax values for α-carotene, lycopene, phylloquinone, and retinyl palmitate. Across 0-8 g of soybean oil, there was a linear increase in the chylomicron AUC and Cmax values for β-carotene. Across a more limited 0-4-g range of soybean oil, there were minor linear increases in the chylomicron AUC for lutein and α- and total tocopherol. Absorption of all carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins was highest with 32 g oil (P < 0.002). For 32 g oil, the interindividual rank order of the chylomicron AUCs was consistent across the carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Within the linear range, the average absorption of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins could be largely predicted by the soybean oil effect. However, the effect varied widely, and some individuals showed a negligible response. There was a global soybean oil effect such that those who absorbed more of one carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin also tended to absorb more of the others. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02867488.
Speech Bandwidth Extension Using Temporal Envelope Modeling

Speech bandwidth extension (SBE) assumes that high-frequency components of a speech signal, e.g., the frequency band of 4-7 kHz, can be estimated by parameters extracted from the narrowband signal (0-4 kHz). Therefore, it is very important to understand the characteristics of the highband signal as well as perceptual cues to represent the highband signal. This letter proposes a new SBE algorithm using a temporal envelope model. The temporal envelope model considers band-limited temporal envelopes as the perceptual cue of the 4-7 kHz band signal while it deemphasizes the importance of rapidly varying components. To implement the SBE with no additional bits, the proposed method adopts a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to estimate the temporal envelope of the highband signal from that of the narrowband one. Simulation results confirm that the proposed SBE algorithm shows better perceptual quality than a conventional source-filter model-based approach.
Nitrogen Removal by a Nitritation-Anammox Bioreactor at Low Temperature

ABSTRACT Currently, nitritation-anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) bioreactors are designed to treat wastewaters with high ammonium concentrations at mesophilic temperatures (25 to 40°C). The implementation of this technology at ambient temperatures for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater following carbon removal may lead to more-sustainable technology with energy and cost savings. However, the application of nitritation-anammox bioreactors at low temperatures (characteristic of municipal wastewaters except in tropical and subtropical regions) has not yet been explored. To this end, a laboratory-scale (5-liter) nitritation-anammox sequencing batch reactor was adapted to 12°C in 10 days and operated for more than 300 days to investigate the feasibility of nitrogen removal from synthetic pretreated municipal wastewater by the combination of aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox. The activities of both anammox and AOB were high enough to remove more than 90% of the supplied nitrogen. Multiple aspects, including the presence and activity of anammox, AOB, and aerobic nitrite oxidizers (NOB) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, were monitored to evaluate the stability of the bioreactor at 12°C. There was no nitrite accumulation throughout the operational period, indicating that anammox bacteria were active at 12°C and that AOB and anammox bacteria outcompeted NOB. Moreover, our results showed that sludge from wastewater treatment plants designed for treating high-ammonium-load wastewaters can be used as seeding sludge for wastewater treatment plants aimed at treating municipal wastewater that has a low temperature and low ammonium concentrations.